gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modulation of the <i>sis</i> Gene Transcript During Endothelial Cell Differentiation in Vitro (1985)

Endothelial cells, which line the interior walls of blood vessels, proliferate at the site of blood vessel injury. Knowledge of the factors that control the proliferation of these cells would help elucidate the role of endothelial cells in wound healing, tumor growth, and arteriosclerosis. In vitro, endothelial cells organize into viable, three-dimensional tubular structures in environments that limit cell proliferation. The process of endothelial cell organization was found to result in decreased levels of the sis messenger RNA transcript and increased levels of the messenger RNA transcript for fibronectin. This situation was reversed on transition from the organized structure to a proliferative monolayer. These results suggest a reciprocity for two biological response modifiers involved in the regulation of endothelial cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro.
A spherical hopping robot for exploration in complex environments (2009)

Spherical robot can move efficiently on flat ground and the hopping robot can leap the obstacles over several times of its own size. In this paper, a spherical hopping robot which combines the spherical robot and hopping robot is proposed. It can roll freely in the plane, if there are barriers it can jump at the desired angle and in the desired direction after self-adjusting. Also it can jump repeatedly and stabilize itself. The design scheme for spherical hopping robot is presented. The way to achieve the function of rolling and hopping is carefully investigated by analysis of the mechanism. Details of the hopping drive mechanism are also given. Mathematical model is established for implementing both rolling and hopping process. The simulation results validate the design scheme.
Advanced RAIM Based on Inter-Constellation Comparisons to Detect Consistent Faults for LPV-200 (2010)

With the prospect of a much improved navigation capability for civil aviation in the 2020 to 2025 time frame from multiple-frequency civil signals and possibly a larger number of satellites, the FAA?s GNSS Evolutionary Architecture Study (GEAS) Panel is evaluating Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) as one of the major GPS-based architectures that could provide robust LPV-200 service worldwide circa 2020–2025. However, an early GEAS analysis showed that, even when a perhaps somewhat optimistic set of assumptions is used, RAIM cannot provide a worldwide LPV-200 service with the desired availability in this time frame without a significantly larger number of operating satellites than expected from the currently planned modernized GPS constellation of 27 satellite vehicles (SVs) in nominal orbital positions. For this reason, RAIM using multiple constellations is being given serious consideration. 
Like modernized GPS, other Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) constellations currently under development plan to provide dual-frequency transmissions that would make their user range accuracy comparable to that for modernized GPS. Therefore, using GPS and other constellations in combination can provide much more accurate position solutions and integrity with higher availability/coverage. Moreover, it requires combined constellations to be able to handle consistent faults viewed as credible. This paper first shows the limitations of the single-constellation ARAIM algorithm developed by GEAS in dealing with consistent faults. The paper then analyzes how well ARAIM based on inter-constellation comparisons can perform in the presence of consistent faults using multiple constellations.
Proteomic identification of sorting nexin 6 as a negative regulator of BACE1‐mediated APP processing (2010)

The beta-site APP cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) mediates the first cleavage of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) to yield the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), a key pathogenic agent in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using a proteomic approach based on in-cell chemical cross-linking and tandem affinity purification (TAP), we herein identify sorting nexin 6 (SNX6) as a BACE1-associated protein. SNX6, a PX domain protein, is a putative component of retromer, a multiprotein cargo complex that mediates the retrograde trafficking of the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) and sortilin. RNA interference suppression of SNX6 increased BACE1-dependent secretion of soluble APP (sAPPbeta) and cell-associated fragments (C99), resulting in increased Abeta secretion. Furthermore, SNX6 reduction led to elevated steady-state BACE1 levels as well as increased retrograde transport of BACE1 in the endocytic pathway, suggesting that SNX6 modulates the retrograde trafficking and basal levels of BACE1, thereby regulating BACE1-mediated APP processing and Abeta biogenesis. Our study identifies a novel cellular pathway by which SNX6 negatively modulates BACE1-mediated cleavage of APP.
PROJECT PERFORMANCE AND THE LOCUS OF INFLUENCE IN THE R&D MATRIX. (1985)

This study examines the relationship between project performance and the relative influence of project and functional managers in 86 R&D teams in nine technology-based organizations. Performance re...
Melanogenesis and Melanoma (2003)

Melanins are the principal surface pigments in vertebrates and, in humans, play a major role in photoprotection. Although the product (melanin) has a mainly protective function in the skin, the process of melanogenesis represents a potential cellular hazard and is confined to special membrane-limited organelles (melanosomes) in a set of specialized dendritic cells (melanocytes) which synthesize the pigment and transfer it to recipient cells. Malignant melanocytes tend to exhibit up-regulated melanogenesis and defective melanosomes. These features suggest ways in which anti-melanoma therapy may be specifically targeted. Two general chemotherapeutic modalities are considered: 1 The 'Achilles heel' approach in which the generation of reactive quinones capable of leaking into the cytosolic compartment and causing structural and functional derangement is encouraged by the use of analogue substrates. 2 The 'Trojan horse' approach, in which a cytotoxic agent is selectively released by a tyrosinase-dependent mechanism.
Rpf proteins are the factors of reactivation of the dormant forms of actinobacteria (2016)

As the response to unfavorable growth conditions, nonsporulating mycobacteria transform into the dormant state with the concomitant formation of the specialized dormant forms characterized by low metabolic activity and resistance to antibiotics. Such dormant cells can be reactivated under the influence of several factors including proteins of Rpf (Resuscitation promoting factor) family, which possess peptidoglycan hydrolase activity and were considered to belong to the group of the autocrine growth factors of the bacteria. Remarkable interest toward Rpf family is determined by its participation in resuscitation of the dormant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, what in turn is the key element in resuscitation of the latent tuberculosis - an infectious disease that affects one third of the World's population. Experiments with Rpf mutant forms and with strains deleted in these proteins revealed a relationship between the enzymatic activity of this protein and its ability to resuscitate mycobacteria both in vitro and in vivo. This review discusses possible mechanisms of Rpf action including those related to possible participation of the products of mycobacterial Rpf-mediated cell wall hydrolysis (muropeptides) as signaling molecules. The unique ability of Rpf proteins to resuscitate the dormant forms of mycobacteria and to stimulate their proliferation would allow these proteins to occupy their niche in medicine - in diagnostics and in creation of antituberculosis subunit vaccines.
Tracking properties of adaptive signal processing algorithms (1981)

Adaptive signal processing algorithms are often used in order to "track" an unknown time-varying parameter vector. This work develops an upper bound on the mean of the norm-squared error between the unknown parameter vector being tracked and the value obtained by the algorithm. The results require very mild covariance decay rate conditions on the training data and a bounded algorithm. The upper bound illustrates the relationship between the algorithm step size and the maximum rate of variation in the parameter vector being tracked.
A new mechanism of neuropathic pain through ATP receptors in spinal microglia (2007)

神経因性疼痛は，神経系の損傷や機能不全による難治性疼痛で，触覚刺激で激烈な痛みを誘発するアロディニア（異痛症とも呼ぶ）が特徴的である．この病的な痛みには，今現在も有効な治療法は確立されていない．近年，痛み情報の受容や伝達に関わる分子が次々と明らかにされてきている．その中の一つがATP受容体である．神経を損傷した神経因性疼痛モデルにおいて出現するアロディニアは，イオンチャネル型ATP受容体（P2X）の拮抗薬およびP2X4受容体アンチセンスオリゴの脊髄内投与で抑制される．脊髄内におけるP2X4受容体の発現は，ミクログリア細胞特異的に著しく増加する．ミクログリアにおけるP2X4受容体の過剰発現には，フィブロネクチンのβ1インテグリンを介したシグナルが関与している．P2X4受容体が刺激されたミクログリアは，脳由来栄養因子BDNFを放出する．BDNFは，脊髄後角ニューロンの陰イオンに対する逆転電位を脱分極側へ移行させ，抑制性伝達物質のGABAにより脱分極が誘発される．従来までは，神経因性疼痛の原因として，痛覚伝導系路における神経細胞での変化のみに注目が集まっていたが，以上のようにP2X4受容体の役割から得られた知見は，脊髄ミクログリアを介在するシグナリングの重要性を示し，新しい神経因性疼痛メカニズムを明らかにした．この新しいメカニズムは，難治性疼痛発症機序の解明と今後の治療薬開発に大きく貢献する可能性がある．
Characterization of the Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Homolog of the Herpes Simplex Virus 1 UL24 Open Reading Frame (1994)

An open reading frame (ORF) of 293 codons which partially overlaps the bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) thymidine kinase (tk) ORF in a head-to-head orientation has been identified by nucleotide sequence analysis. The predicted amino acid sequence of this ORF exhibits an overall identity of 38.1% with that of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) UL24 ORF as well as an 80.7% identity with the 57-amino-acid consensus sequence found in the UL24-like ORFs of eight herpesviruses (Jacobson et al., J. Virol, 49, 947-959, 1989). We have therefore designated this BHV1 ORF as the homolog of the HSV1 UL24 ORF with which it also shares a common position and orientation relative to the tk ORF. The BHV1 UL24-like ORF is contained within a 5.2-kb RNA transcript initiating within the tk ORF and is the largest in a group of four 3'-coterminal transcripts. This transcript pattern closely resembles that observed in HSV1-infected cells where five transcripts, the two largest of which contain the UL24 ORF, appear to be 3'-coterminal. In contrast to HSV1 mutants with lesions in the UL24 ORF, a BHV1 deletion mutant which failed to produce detectable levels of the 5.2-kb transcript grew nearly as well as wild-type virus.
A system for the registration of arthroscopic images to magnetic resonance images of the knee: for improved virtual knee arthroscopy (2009)

Knee arthroscopy is a minimally invasive procedure that is routinely carried out for the diagnosis and treatment of pathologies of the knee joint. A high level of expertise is required to carry out this procedure and therefore the clinical training is extensive. There are several reasons for this that include the small field of view seen by the arthroscope and the high degree of distortion in the video images. Several virtual arthroscopy simulators have been proposed to augment the learning process. One of the limitations of these simulators is the generic models that are used. We propose to develop a new virtual arthroscopy simulator that will allow the use of pathology-specific models with an increased level of photo-realism. In order to generate these models we propose to use registered magnetic resonance images (MRI) and arthroscopic video images collected from patients with a variety of knee pathologies. We present a method to perform this registration based on the use of a combined X-ray and MR imaging system (XMR). In order to validate our technique we carried out MR imaging and arthroscopy of a custom-made acrylic phantom in the XMR environment. The registration between the two modalities was computed using a combination of XMR and camera calibration, and optical tracking. Both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) registration errors were computed and shown to be approximately 0.8 and 3 mm, respectively. Further to this, we qualitatively tested our approach using a more realistic plastic knee model that is used for the arthroscopy training.
Secure multi-agent dynamic programming based on homomorphic encryption and its application to combinatorial auctions (2002)

This paper presents a secure dynamic programming protocol that utilizes homomorphic encryption. By using this method, multiple agents can solve a combinatorial optimization problem among them without leaking their private information. More specifically, in this method, multiple servers cooperatively perform dynamic programming procedures for solving a combinatorial optimization problem by using the private information sent from agents as inputs. Although the severs can compute the optimal solution correctly, the inputs are kept secret even from the servers.Such a secure protocol is important when a fully trusted agent is not available, e.g., an auctioneer cannot be fully trusted in a combinatorial auction. By utilizing the proposed protocol, multiple auction servers can solve the winner determination problem, while the information of bids that are not part of the optimal solution is kept secret even from the auction servers. We discuss the application of this protocol to various types of combinatorial auctions, i.e., multi-unit auctions, linear-good auctions, and general combinatorial auctions.
The <i>i</i>-AAA protease YME1L and OMA1 cleave OPA1 to balance mitochondrial fusion and fission (2014)

Mitochondrial fusion and structure depend on the dynamin-like GTPase OPA1, whose activity is regulated by proteolytic processing. Constitutive OPA1 cleavage by YME1L and OMA1 at two distinct sites leads to the accumulation of both long and short forms of OPA1 and maintains mitochondrial fusion. Stress-induced OPA1 processing by OMA1 converts OPA1 completely into short isoforms, inhibits fusion, and triggers mitochondrial fragmentation. Here, we have analyzed the function of different OPA1 forms in cells lacking YME1L, OMA1, or both. Unexpectedly, deletion of Oma1 restored mitochondrial tubulation, cristae morphogenesis, and apoptotic resistance in cells lacking YME1L. Long OPA1 forms were sufficient to mediate mitochondrial fusion in these cells. Expression of short OPA1 forms promoted mitochondrial fragmentation, which indicates that they are associated with fission. Consistently, GTPase-inactive, short OPA1 forms partially colocalize with ER-mitochondria contact sites and the mitochondrial fission machinery. Thus, OPA1 processing is dispensable for fusion but coordinates the dynamic behavior of mitochondria and is crucial for mitochondrial integrity and quality control.
Sequence Composition and Context Effects on the Generation and Repair of Frameshift Intermediates in Mononucleotide Runs in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2000)

Abstract DNA polymerase slippage occurs frequently in tracts of a tandemly repeated nucleotide, and such slippage events can be genetically detected as frameshift mutations. In long mononucleotide runs, most frameshift intermediates are repaired by the postreplicative mismatch repair (MMR) machinery, rather than by the exonucleolytic proofreading activity of DNA polymerase. Although mononucleotide runs are hotspots for polymerase slippage events, it is not known whether the composition of a run and the surrounding context affect the frequency of slippage or the efficiency of MMR. To address these issues, 10-nucleotide (10N) runs were inserted into the yeast LYS2 gene to create +1 frameshift alleles. Slippage events within these runs were detected as Lys+ revertants. 10G or 10C runs were found to be more unstable than 10A or 10T runs, but neither the frequency of polymerase slippage nor the overall efficiency of MMR was greatly influenced by sequence context. Although complete elimination of MMR activity (msh2 mutants) affected all runs similarly, analyses of reversion rates in msh3 and msh6 mutants revealed distinct specificities of the yeast Msh2p-Msh3p and Msh2p-Msh6p mismatch binding complexes in the repair of frameshift intermediates in different sequence contexts.
The role of the transmembrane domain in determining the targeting of membrane proteins to either the inner envelope or thylakoid membrane (2011)

Chloroplastic membrane proteins can be targeted to any of three distinct membrane systems, i.e., the outer envelope membrane (OEM), inner envelope membrane (IEM), and thylakoid membrane. This complex structure of chloroplasts adds significantly to the challenge of studying protein targeting to various membrane sub-compartments within a chloroplast. In this investigation, we examined the role played by the transmembrane domain (TMD) in directing membrane proteins to either the IEM or thylakoid membrane. Using the IEM protein, Arc6 (Accumulation and Replication of Chloroplasts 6), we exchanged the stop-transfer TMD of Arc6 with various TMDs derived from different IEM and thylakoid membrane proteins and monitored the subcellular localization of these Arc6-hybrid proteins. We showed that when the Arc6 TMD was replaced with a TMD derived from various thylakoid membrane proteins, these Arc6(thylTMD) hybrid proteins could be directed to the thylakoid membrane rather than to the IEM. Conversely, when the TMD of the thylakoid membrane proteins, STN8 (State Transition protein kinase 8) or Plsp1 (Plastidic type I signal peptidase 1), was replaced with the stop-transfer TMD of Arc6, STN8 and Plsp1 were halted at the IEM. From our investigation, we conclude that the TMD plays a critical role in targeting integral membrane proteins to either the IEM or thylakoid membrane.
Autosomal Ichthyosis with Hypotrichosis Syndrome Displays Low Matriptase Proteolytic Activity and Is Phenocopied in ST14 Hypomorphic Mice (2007)

Human autosomal recessive ichthyosis with hypotrichosis (ARIH) is an inherited disorder recently linked to homozygosity for a point mutation in the ST14 gene that causes a G827R mutation in the matriptase serine protease domain (G216 in chymotrypsin numbering). Here we show that human G827R matriptase has strongly reduced proteolytic activity toward small molecule substrates, as well as toward its candidate epidermal target, prostasin. To further investigate the possible contribution of low matriptase activity to ARIH, we generated an ST14 hypomorphic mouse strain that displays a 100-fold reduction in epidermal matriptase mRNA levels. Interestingly, unlike ST14 null mice, ST14 hypomorphic mice were viable and fertile but displayed a spectrum of abnormalities that strikingly resembled ARIH. Thus, ST14 hypomorphic mice developed hyperproliferative and retention ichthyosis with impaired desquamation, hypotrichosis with brittle, thin, uneven, and sparse hair, and tooth defects. Biochemical analysis of ST14 hypomorphic epidermis revealed reduced prostasin proteolytic activation and profilaggrin proteolytic processing, compatible with a primary role of matriptase in this process. This work strongly indicates that reduced activity of a matriptase-prostasin proteolytic cascade is the etiological origin of human ARIH and provides an important mouse model for the exploration of matriptase function in ARIH, as well as multiple other physiological and pathological processes.
Theoretical Design of Lithium Chloride Superionic Conductors for All-Solid-State High-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries (2020)

The development of solid electrolytes (SEs) is a promising pathway to improve the energy density and safety of conventional Li-ion batteries. Several lithium chloride SEs, Li<sub>3</sub>MCl<sub>6</sub> (M = Y, Er, In, and Sc), have gained popularity due to their high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window, and good chemical stability. This study systematically investigated 17 Li<sub>3</sub>MCl<sub>6</sub> SEs to identify novel and promising lithium chloride SEs. Calculation results revealed that 12 Li<sub>3</sub>MCl<sub>6</sub> (M = Bi, Dy, Er, Ho, In, Lu, Sc, Sm, Tb, Tl, Tm, and Y) were stable phase with a wide electrochemical stability window and excellent chemical stability against cathode materials and moisture. Li-ion transport properties were examined using bond valence site energy (BVSE) and <i>ab initio</i> molecular dynamics (AIMD) calculation. Li<sub>3</sub>MCl<sub>6</sub> showed the lower migration energy barrier in monoclinic structures, while orthorhombic and trigonal structures exhibited higher energy barriers due to the sluggish diffusion along the two-dimensional path based on the BVSE model. AIMD results confirmed the slower ion migration along the 2D path, exhibiting lower ionic diffusivity and higher activation energy in orthorhombic and trigonal structures. For the further increase of ionic conductivity in monoclinic structures, Li-ion vacancy was formed by the substitution of M<sup>3+</sup> with Zr<sup>4+</sup>. Zr-substituted phase (Li<sub>2.5</sub>M<sub>0.5</sub>Zr<sub>0.5</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>, M = In, Sc) exhibited up to a fourfold increase in ionic conductivity. This finding suggested that the optimization of Li vacancy in the Li<sub>3</sub>MCl<sub>6</sub> SEs could lead to superionic Li<sub>3</sub>MCl<sub>6</sub> SEs.
Call for details about community reforms (1992)

‘Caring for People’ is due to be finally implemented on April 1, 1993. To prepare for this date the RCN wishes to monitor community developments and would like community nurses throughout the UK to send brief details so that examples of good and bad practice can be documented.
A storage-node-boosted RAM with word-line delay compensation (1982)

A storage-node-boosted (SNB) RAM has been proposed and its advantages have been made clear for the VLSI memory. The new dynamic RAM architecture features the pulsed cell plates rather than the fixed potential cell plates, which stores 1.7 V/SUB DD/ for `H' in the cell without any boosted clocks and compensates the word-line delay. The 1 kbit test array has been fabricated with a 2 /spl mu/m level design rule. It provides a signal charge level of over 300 fC and a speed-up of 20 ns in a reading operation compared with the fixed cell plate potential cell.
Compensation of nonuniform gain induced by Raman scattering and EDFAs in ultralong-distance WDM links (1995)

The ability of EDFAs to amplify over a wide bandwidth has permitted high-capacity, long-distance wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) systems.1 However, there are several major challenges in incorporating WDM channels in a long-distance cascaded EDFA system. One difficulty is controlling the optical nonlinear interactions between the optical signal and the fiber, which can lead to interference and attenuation of the signals, resulting in system degradation. Among the nonlinearities, the stimulated-Raman-scattering (SRS) effect causes spectral gain to be wavelength dependent, with the longer wavelengths having higher gain. Another problem in WDM systems is that the EDFA gain is wavelength dependent, resulting in a severe signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) differential among many channels after the signal passes through a cascade of EDFAs.
PREFETCHING RESULTS OF WEB SEARCHES (1998)

This paper examines the behavior of users of Web search sites. The paper shows that for some sites and user populations, the probability that a user will access a document is high enough to justify prefetching it. A formula for the average hit ratio as a function of the number of prefetched documents and the distribution of access to documents returned by search engines is derived. The optimal number of documents to prefetch is computed using the formula and measurement data