gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distribution of HLA class II molecules in epidermal Langerhans cells <i>in situ</i> (1995)

We performed immunoelectron microscopic studies to investigate the expression of HLA class II molecules in Langerhans cells (LC). In the epidermis, LC expressed class II molecules on the plasma membrane of the dendrites, resulting in a class II positive reticulo-epithelial network, but not on the surface of the cell body. In contrast, isolated LC as well as activated LC in situ displayed an even and strong expression of class II molecules on their entire cell surface. Therefore, isolation and/or activation results in redistribution and up-regulation of class II molecules on the cell surface. In addition, double-labeling experiments were carried out with monoclonal antibodies to class II antigens and to LAMP-1, CD63 and alpha-glucosidase, specific markers for organelles of the endosomal/lysosomal system. The results show expression of class II molecules on intracellular, electron-dense vesicular structures, and co-localization of class II molecules and the markers for late endosomes and early lysosomes in human LC in situ. Expression of these markers was not found on Birbeck granules, an LC-specific organelle.
Hypervolemic-Hemodilution and Hypertension During Temporary Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats: The Effect on Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability (1990)

The effect of hypervolemic-hemodilution, with and without hypertension, on blood-brain barrier permeability was investigated in rats, after 180 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), and 60 minutes of reperfusion. One of the following conditions was maintained during MCAo: 1) Control--hematocrit and blood pressure were not manipulated; 2) Hypervolemic-Hemodilution/Normotension--the hematocrit was decreased to 30%; 3) Hypervolemic-Hemodilution/Hypertension--the hematocrit was decreased to 30% and mean arterial pressure increased by 30 mmHg with phenylphrine. In all groups, Evans Blue was administered, and its concentration determined by spectrophotometric assay. Evans Blue (micrograms (g-1 of brain tissue [mean +/- SD]) was greater in the Hypervolemic-Hemodilution/Hypertension group (71 +/- 20) versus the Control (13 +/- 9) and Hypervolemic-Hemodilution/Normotension (17 +/- 10) groups (p less than 0.05). No other differences were present. These results support the hypothesis that during MCAo, hypervolemic-hemodilution/hypertensive therapy effects an increase in blood-brain barrier permeability in the early period of reperfusion.
HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Resistance to Nonnucleoside Inhibitors (1996)

The parameters governing the polymerization mechanism of reverse transcriptase containing the tyrosine to cysteine mutation at position 181 (Y181C) were determined using pre-steady-state techniques. The pathway for single nucleotide incorporation catalyzed by Y181C is similar to that determined for wild-type RT where a rate-limiting conformational change precedes fast chemistry and is followed by slow steady-state release of the primer/template. The Y181C mutant enzyme binds a 25/45-mer duplex DNA tightly with a Kd of 11 nM. However, the Y181C mutation weakens the nucleotide affinity 2-3-fold relative to the wild-type complex. We also determined the parameters governing the mechanism of nonnucleoside inhibitor resistance with Y181C. The Kd value of Nevirapine with the mutant E.DNA complex increased approximately 500-fold. The decreased affinity of Nevirapine for the mutant enzyme is a consequence of a faster inhibitor dissociation rate from the enzyme complex of Y181C relative to that of the wild-type. The E.DNA complex of Y181C may be saturated with Nevirapine, and the I.E.DNA complex is capable of a maximum incorporation rate of 0.1 s-1 (a 10-fold faster rate than that of the wild-type I.E.DNA complex). The overall two-step binding of nucleotide to Y181C in the presence of Nevirapine remains unaffected.
How to determine the pressure of a methane‐containing gas mixture by means of two weak Raman bands, ν<sub>3</sub> and 2ν<sub>2</sub> (2002)

Abstract Raman spectra of a pure CH 4 sample, two CH 4 C 2 H 6 mixtures and a CH 4 N 2 mixture were obtained as a function of pressure at pressures up to 39.6 MPa A (MPa absolute). These spectra are presented in the region 3120–2980 cm −1 . A clear pressure dependence of the area ratio between two weak methane bands, ν 3 (asymmetric CH stretching) and 2ν 2 (overtone of the asymmetric CH bending), is observed; the methane ν 3 band intensity is lowered relative to the methane 2ν 2 as the pressure is raised. The intensity ratios between these two bands, I (ν 3 )/ I (2ν 2 ), were determined and plotted as a function of pressure. Surprisingly it is observed that the ratio at a fixed pressure is independent of the composition and thereby of the surroundings in which the methane molecule is vibrating. A model function to predict the pressure is given. From a practical point of view, the present results could be useful for determining directly the total pressure in methane mixtures the composition of which is not known. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of biologically active thiazolo-benzopyranyl-s-triazine derivatives (2003)

6-Amino-2-oxo-2H [1]-benzopyran on oxidative cyclisation with potassium thiaocynate, acetic acid and bromine at 0-5°C gives 2-amino-7H [6]- thiazolo [5,4-d] benzopyran-7-one 1, which on treatment with cyanuric chloride inalcohol gives 2-(2'-amino-7'-oxo-7'H [6']- thiazolo [5', 4'-d] benzopyranyl)-4-6-dichloro-s-triazine 2. 6-Amino-2-oxo-2H [1]-benzopyran on refluxing with ammonium thiocynate in hydrochloric acid and ethanol gives 6-thioureido-2H [1]-benzopyran-2-one 3. Compound 2 on refluxing with 3 in alcohol gives 2-(2'-amino-7'-oxo-7'H [6']- thiazolo [5', 4'-d] benzopyranyl)-4-(6-thioureido-2H-[1]-2-oxo-benzopyranyl)-6-chloro-s-triazine 4. The similar reaction is repeated on 4 to give 2- (2'-amino-7'-oxo-7'H [6']- thiazolo [5', 4'-d] benzopyranyl)-4-(6-thioureido-2H [1]-2-oxo benzopyranyl)-6-(6'-thioureido-2'H-[1''']-2'''-oxo-benzopyranyl)-s-triazine 5. The structures of all compounds are confirmed on the basis of analytical and spectral data. Some of the compounds show significant antibacterial activity.
3-D viscoelastic anisotropic modeling of data from a multicomponent, multiazimuth seismic experiment in Northeast Texas (1995)

Abstract Three-component seismic data were acquired along six azimuths at a site in northeast Texas. Sources were inclined impacts combined to produce equivalent vertical and crossline horizontal components. The data were analyzed by iterative modeling using a new 3-D, staggered-grid, finite-differencing scheme. The 3-D model is defined in terms of spatially variable anisotropic, viscoelastic parameters (P-velocity, S-velocity, density, Qp, and Qs) and converted to elastic tensor components and relaxation times for computation. Simultaneous fitting of amplitudes of near-surface reverberations, surface waves, converted waves, and deeper reflections gives an anisotropic, viscoelastic model that provides constraints on earth properties. The assumption of transverse isotropy in previous experiments is supported by the results of this experiment.The final model consists of a stack of flat layers, each of which has isotropic P-velocity, Qp, and Qs. The Wills Point and Kincaid shales are strongly transversely isotropic, with shear propagation velocity averaging 28% higher horizontally than vertically. The geometry of the Nacatoch Sandstone is similar, with nearly equal 19% anisotropy. The marls and chalks are essentially isotropic. Observed mixing between crossline and vertical components is incorporated by simulating a small (4 degrees ) tilt of the axis of the impact source from vertical.
Bidirection shift plasma display requiring less than 20 drivers (1985)

A bidirection shift technique has been successfully demonstrated on a 512 × 120 cell array of a standard ac plasma panel. The key features of the bidirection shift technique are: electron transport for efficient information transfer, preset wall voltage for select-shift and timed select-erasure for automatic error clearing. The technique reduces the number Of line drivers to 2 four-phase drivers and 7 line drivers. A shifting speed up to 800 characters/s has been achieved with good operating voltage margins.
Reactivity ratios and microstructure determination of vinyl acetate–alkyl acrylate copolymers by NMR spectroscopy (1995)

Abstract (Vinyl acetate)/(ethyl acrylate) (V/E) and (vinyl acetate)/(butyl acrylate) (V/B) copolymers were prepared by free radical solution polymerization. 1 H‐NMR spectra of copolymers were used for calculation of copolymer composition. The copolymer composition data were used for determining reactivity ratios for the copolymerization of vinyl acetate with ethyl acrylate and butyl acrylate by Kelen‐Tudos (KT) and nonlinear Error in Variables methods (EVM). The reactivity ratios obtained are r v = 0.03 ± 0.03, r E = 4.68 ± 1.70 (KT method); r v = 0.03 ± 0.01, r E = 4.60 ± 0.65 (EV method) for (V/E) copolymers and r v − 0.03 ± 0.01, r B − 6.67 ± 2.17 (KT method); r v = 0.03 ± 0.01, r B = 7.43 ± 0.71 (EV method) for (V/B) copolymers. Microstructure was obtained in terms of the distribution of V‐ and E‐centered triads and V‐ and B‐centered triads for (V/E) and (V/B) copolymers respectively. Homonuclear 1 H 2D‐COSY NMR spectra were also recorded to ascertain the existence of coupling between protons in (V/E) as well as (V/B) copolymers. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of modifiers of arachidonic acid metabolism on radiation transformation and eicosanoid formation in C3H/10T1/2 cells. (1994)

In these studies, we performed experiments designed to elucidate the role that arachidonic acid metabolism plays in oncogenic transformation in vitro. The levels of TxB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha were elevated in cells treated with X-rays. A significant increase in the levels of these eicosanoids was observed following irradiation. Treatment of cells with the anticarcinogenic protease inhibitors, Bowman-Birk Inhibitor (BBI) and N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), significantly reduced the levels of TxB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha present. Indomethacin treatment significantly reduced the levels of TxB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha to < 10% of those present in untreated or irradiated cells. We also report that addition of lipoxygenase or minoxidil [a selective inhibitor of prostacyclin (PGl2) synthetase] led to a highly significant decrease in transformation. In addition, minoxidil treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the levels of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in irradiated cells. Our results suggest the hypothesis that the relative levels of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha are important in radiation induced transformation.
The metabolism of protocatechuic acid by a vibrio (1961)

glucosaminidase activity also had N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity and that in each case the total hydrolysis in mixtures of the two substrates was less than the sum of those of the individual substrates. There was therefore no evidence of a specific site for either substrate.
Real-Time Determination of Telomerase Activity in Cell Extracts Using an Optical Biosensor (2002)

A biosensoric approach has been developed to determine the activity of telomerase in tumor cell lysates. An optical sensor, the grating coupler, was used to monitor the association and dissociation of unlabeled compounds on the sensor surface in real time, by virtue of an evanescent field. An oligonucleotide was immobilized on the surface of the optical biosensor and linked with two other oligonucleotides by complementary sequences in an overlapping manner. The 3'-end of the last one carried the sequence of the telomeric substrate (TS) primer used for elongation by telomerase in the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay. This primer sequence was phosphorothioate (PS)-modified, which is known to strongly increase the affinity to the primer binding site of telomerase protein and consequently the velocity of the telomerase reaction. We show that the PS primer binds to the modified biosensor and is elongated effectively by the telomerase from HL-60 cell lysates. A synthesis rate of 1 nucleotide/min was determined. The inhibitory effect of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) was shown by using immobilized TS. The velocity of the telomerase reaction was slowed down and the signal intensity was below the signal-to-noise ratio. Most nucleic acid detection systems use amplification steps such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to increase the amount of the probe. Since telomerase is a polymerase itself amplification of DNA by PCR is not required. Furthermore, no purification steps were required since all measurements were performed with crude cell extract.
Acylsulfonamide safety-catch linker: promise and limitations for solid–phase oligosaccharide synthesis (2012)

Safety-catch linkers are useful for solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis as they are orthogonal to many common protective groups. A new acylsulfonamide safety-catch linker was designed, synthesized and employed during glycosylations using an automated carbohydrate synthesizer. The analysis of the cleavage products revealed shortcomings for oligosaccharide synthesis.
Sph3 Is a Glycoside Hydrolase Required for the Biosynthesis of Galactosaminogalactan in Aspergillus fumigatus (2015)

Aspergillus fumigatus is the most virulent species within the Aspergillus genus and causes invasive infections with high mortality rates. The exopolysaccharide galactosaminogalactan (GAG) contributes to the virulence of A. fumigatus. A co-regulated five-gene cluster has been identified and proposed to encode the proteins required for GAG biosynthesis. One of these genes, sph3, is predicted to encode a protein belonging to the spherulin 4 family, a protein family with no known function. Construction of an sph3-deficient mutant demonstrated that the gene is necessary for GAG production. To determine the role of Sph3 in GAG biosynthesis, we determined the structure of Aspergillus clavatus Sph3 to 1.25 Å. The structure revealed a (β/α)8 fold, with similarities to glycoside hydrolase families 18, 27, and 84. Recombinant Sph3 displayed hydrolytic activity against both purified and cell wall-associated GAG. Structural and sequence alignments identified three conserved acidic residues, Asp-166, Glu-167, and Glu-222, that are located within the putative active site groove. In vitro and in vivo mutagenesis analysis demonstrated that all three residues are important for activity. Variants of Asp-166 yielded the greatest decrease in activity suggesting a role in catalysis. This work shows that Sph3 is a glycoside hydrolase essential for GAG production and defines a new glycoside hydrolase family, GH135.
Determination of adequate coronary stent expansion using StentBoost, a novel fluoroscopic image processing technique (2006)

SB had superior correlations for stent expansion measured by IVUS when compared with QCA. A minimum stent diameter by SB measurement<2.5 mm is associated with inadequate stent expansion using IVUS criteria.
Tüketicileri Mobil Alışverişe Yönlendiren Faktörlerin İncelenmesi (2018)

Bu calismanin amaci, popularitesi her gecen gun artmakta olan mobil alisveris olgusu ve gunumuz tuketicilerini mobil alisverise yonlendiren faktorlerin incelenmesidir. Calisma kapsaminda, mobil alisveriste kullanim kolayligi, kullanislilik, keyif alma, hayat tarzina uygunluk, guvenlik, gizlilik, guven ve mobil alisverise karsi olan tutumun; tuketicilerin mobil alisveris yapma niyeti uzerindeki etkileri incelenmistir. Turkiye’de yasayan, daha once mobil alisveris yapmis 452 tuketiciye anket uygulanmis olup sonuclar yapisal esitlik modellemesi ile degerlendirilmistir. Onerilen 15 hipotezin 12’si kabul edilmistir. Yonetimsel cikarimlar ve kisitlar verilmistir.
Novel solid-phase synthesis of branched oligoribonucleotides, including a substrate for the RNA debranching enzyme (1994)

An effective new route for synthesizing branched oligoribonucleotides in the solid phase in the 5′ to 3′ direction has been developed. This required the synthesis of reversed monomers, viz. protected nucleoside 5′-phosphoramidites bearing 2′-O-Fpmp and (3′-O-pixy) protecting groups as well as special branch-point monomers, viz. protected nucleoside 5′-phosphoramidites bearing either 2′, 3′-O-dipixyl protection in the case of adenosine, cytidine and uridine, or 2′,3′-O-dilaevulinyl protection in the case of guanosine. These monomers are assembled on commercial synthesizers into branched oligoribonucleotides in high yield, the crude products are readily purified by reversedphase HPLC whilst still partially protected, and the fully deprotected products are conveniently analysed by electrospray mass spectrometry. Moreover, the branched oligoribonucleotides can be recognised and cleaved by a specific 2′–5′ phosphodiesterase present in mammalian cell nuclei. We expect that this will prove valuable for future biochemical and biological studies on the properties of branched RNA molecules and the protein factors and enzymes that interact with branched RNA substrates.
Scale-Up of Agitation Fluidized Bed Granulation. V. Effect of Moisture Content on Scale-Up Characteristics. (1997)

Characteristics of granulation scale-up with moisture variation were investigated using an agitation fluidized bed of four sizes (vessel diameter 125, 230, 500 and 750 mm). Agitation fluidized bed granulation was done under various levels of moisture content and the vessel sizes. Granule properties of mass median diameter, geometric standard deviation, apparent density, shape factor and friability were investigated to know the effect of moisture content on the scale-up characteristics. It was found that a linear relationship between granule mass median diameter and moisture content was observed regardless of the vessel size, however, the mass median diameter decreased as this size. The geometric standard deviation decreased with increase in moisture content, showing that granule size distribution was narrowed as granule growth progressed; the deviation increased, however, with increase in vessel size. The apparent density and shape factor tended to increase with moisture content and vessel size. It was concluded that these phenomena could be explained by the adhesion and separation force experienced by the granules during granulation. Also, the scale-up characteristics could be well explained by the moisture content.
Systemic IL-15, IFN-γ, and IP-10/CXCL10 signature associated with effective immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine recipients (2021)

Early responses to vaccination are important for shaping both humoral and cellular protective immunity. Dissecting innate vaccine signatures may predict immunogenicity to help optimize the efficacy of mRNA and other vaccine strategies. Here, we characterize the cytokine and chemokine responses to the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer/BioNtech) vaccine in antigen-naive and in previously coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-infected individuals (NCT04743388). Transient increases in interleukin-15 (IL-15) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels early after boost correlate with Spike antibody levels, supporting their use as biomarkers of effective humoral immunity development in response to vaccination. We identify a systemic signature including increases in IL-15, IFN-γ, and IP-10/CXCL10 after the 1<sup>st</sup> vaccination, which were enriched by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 after the 2<sup>nd</sup> vaccination. In previously COVID-19-infected individuals, a single vaccination results in both strong cytokine induction and antibody titers similar to the ones observed upon booster vaccination in antigen-naive individuals, a result with potential implication for future public health recommendations.
A New Synthesis of the Potent 5-HT<sub>1</sub>Receptor Ligand, 5-Carboxyamidotryptamine (5-CT) (1993)

Abstract A short, convenient and relatively efficient synthesis of 5-CT is developed through a modified Michael reaction. This method represents a new general synthesis for tryptamines with labile indole substituents.
Induction of Renal Tubular Cell Apoptosis in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (2004)

The hypothesis that apoptosis represents a proximate mechanism by which tubule cells are damaged in FSGS was tested. Thirty kidney biopsy specimens from children with idiopathic early FSGS were studied retrospectively. Unexpected, apoptosis was evident in both proximal and distal tubule cells. There was a significant correlation between the degree of proteinuria and the number of apoptotic cells. Fas protein was detected predominantly in the tubule cells that underwent apoptosis. When compared with patients with other chronic proteinuric states, those with FSGS displayed a proliferation/apoptosis ratio in favor of proliferation in the glomerulus but dramatically in favor of apoptosis in the tubules. When both proteinuria and apoptosis were included in a stepwise logistic regression procedure, only apoptosis was found to predict independently the development of ESRD. Prolonged incubation of cultured Madin-Darby canine kidney (distal/collecting) cells with albumin also resulted in a dose- and duration-dependent induction of apoptosis and activation of the Fas pathway, lending support to the novel finding of distal tubule cell apoptosis in patients with FSGS. The results indicate that an elevated tubule cell apoptosis rate at the time of initial biopsy represents an independent predictor of progression to ESRD in patients with early FSGS.
A General Method for the Preparation of 5-Trifluoromethylated Oxazoles from .ALPHA.-Amino Acids. (1998)

The reactions of N-acyl-N-benzyl-α-amino acids (1) or N-acylprolines (5) with trifluoroacetic anhydride in the presence of pyridine afford 5-trifluoromethyloxazoles (2 or 7) in good yields. The reaction could proceed through the transient formation of mesoionic 1, 3-oxazolium-5-olates, followed by oxazolium salts.
Modulation of cell function by electric field: a high-resolution analysis (2015)

Regulation of cell function by a non-thermal, physiological-level electromagnetic field has potential for vascular tissue healing therapies and advancing hybrid bioelectronic technology. We have recently demonstrated that a physiological electric field (EF) applied wirelessly can regulate intracellular signalling and cell function in a frequency-dependent manner. However, the mechanism for such regulation is not well understood. Here, we present a systematic numerical study of a cell-field interaction following cell exposure to the external EF. We use a realistic experimental environment that also recapitulates the absence of a direct electric contact between the field-sourcing electrodes and the cells or the culture medium. We identify characteristic regimes and present their classification with respect to frequency, location, and the electrical properties of the model components. The results show a striking difference in the frequency dependence of EF penetration and cell response between cells suspended in an electrolyte and cells attached to a substrate. The EF structure in the cell is strongly inhomogeneous and is sensitive to the physical properties of the cell and its environment. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms for frequency-dependent cell responses to EF that regulate cell function, which may have important implications for EF-based therapies and biotechnology development.
Measuring Customer Satisfaction (1995)

OVERVIEW:Survey research on measuring customer satisfaction using an index, market share and a lead user confirms that satisfaction must be with the firm as an innovator well as with the innovative service or product. The customer is defined as not only the end user or consumer but as a downstream counterpart of R&D in the same company or in other parts of the distribution chain. For an overall indication of customer satisfaction, measure the firm's responsiveness, its technology (capabilities and products) and product quality/reliability.