gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>In vivo</i> Cerenkov luminescence imaging: a new tool for molecular imaging (2011)

Cerenkov radiation is a phenomenon where optical photons are emitted when a charged particle moves faster than the speed of light for the medium in which it travels. Recently, we and others have discovered that measurable visible light due to the Cerenkov effect is produced in vivo following the administration of β-emitting radionuclides to small animals. Furthermore, the amounts of injected activity required to produce a detectable signal are consistent with small-animal molecular imaging applications. This surprising observation has led to the development of a new hybrid molecular imaging modality known as Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI), which allows the spatial distribution of biomolecules labelled with β-emitting radionuclides to be imaged in vivo using sensitive charge-coupled device cameras. We review the physics of Cerenkov radiation as it relates to molecular imaging, present simulation results for light intensity and spatial distribution, and show an example of CLI in a mouse cancer model. CLI allows many common radiotracers to be imaged in widely available in vivo optical imaging systems, and, more importantly, provides a pathway for directly imaging β(-)-emitting radionuclides that are being developed for therapeutic applications in cancer and that are not readily imaged by existing methods.
X-ray Structures of Human Galectin-9 C-terminal Domain in Complexes with a Biantennary Oligosaccharide and Sialyllactose (2010)

Galectin-9, a tandem-repeat-type β-galactoside-specific animal lectin with two carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) at the N- and C-terminal ends, is involved in chemoattraction, apoptosis, and the regulation of cell differentiation and has anti-allergic effects. Its ability to recognize carbohydrates is essential for its biological functions. Human galectin-9 (hG9) has high affinity for branched N-glycan-type oligosaccharides (dissociation constants of 0.16-0.70 μM) and linear β1-3-linked poly-N-acetyllactosamines (0.09-8.3 μM) and significant affinity for the α2-3-sialylated oligosaccharides (17-34 μM). Further, its N-terminal CRD (hG9N) and C-terminal CRD (hG9C) differ in specificity. To elucidate this unique feature of hG9, x-ray structures of hG9C in the free form and in complexes with N-acetyllactosamine, the biantennary pyridylaminated oligosaccharide, and α2-3-sialyllactose were determined. They are the first x-ray structural analysis of C-terminal CRD of the tandem-repeat-type galectin. The results clearly revealed the mechanism by which branched and α2-3-sialylated oligosaccharides are recognized and explained the difference in specificity between hG9N and hG9C. Based on structural comparisons with other galectins, we propose that the wide entrance for ligand binding and the shallow binding site of hG9C are favorable for branched oligosaccharides and that Arg(221) is responsible for recognizing sialylated oligosaccharides.
Photoalignment of a Nematic Liquid Crystal Fluid and Glassy−Nematic Oligofluorenes on Coumarin-Containing Polymer Films (2006)

The orientations of both a nematic liquid crystal fluid and a series of monodisperse glassy−nematic oligofluorenes were investigated on photoalignment films comprising a polymethacrylate backbone with 7-benzoyloxycoumarin pendants. Both classes of liquid crystalline material were found to undergo a transition from a parallel to a perpendicular orientation with reference to the polarization axis of UV-irradiation at a sufficiently high extent of dimerization. The UV−vis and FTIR spectroscopic analyses revealed photostability with irradiation up to a fluence of 10 J/cm2, thereby excluding photodegradation as the basis for the observed crossover. A kinetic model was used to interpret the crossover behavior for irradiation at 25 °C, leading to the conclusion that liquid crystal molecules interact more favorably with coumarin monomers than with dimers. Through thermal annealing above Tg followed by cooling to room temperature, a glassy−nematic pentafluorene film was prepared on a photoalignment film, exhibiting an orientational order parameter comparable to that on a rubbed polyimide film. At an increasing oligofluorene chain length, however, a decreasing orientational order parameter emerged, presumably because of the increased annealing temperature that causes an orientational relaxation on the part of the dimerized coumarin moieties.
Elongation complexes of Thermus thermophilus RNA polymerase that possess distinct translocation conformations (2006)

We have characterized elongation complexes (ECs) of RNA polymerase from the extremely thermophilic bacterium, Thermus thermophilus. We found that complexes assembled on nucleic acid scaffolds are transcriptionally competent at high temperature (50-80 degrees C) and, depending upon the organization of the scaffold, possess distinct translocation conformations. ECs assembled on scaffolds with a 9 bp RNA:DNA hybrid are highly stable, resistant to pyrophosphorolysis, and are in the posttranslocated state. ECs with an RNA:DNA hybrid longer or shorter than 9 bp appear to be in a pretranslocated state, as evidenced by their sensitivity to pyrophosphorolysis, GreA-induced cleavage, and exonuclease footprinting. Both pretranslocated (8 bp RNA:DNA hybrid) and posttranslocated (9 bp RNA:DNA hybrid) complexes were crystallized in distinct crystal forms, supporting the homogeneity of the conformational states in these complexes. Crystals of a posttranslocated complex were used to collect diffraction data at atomic resolution.
Chemistry of a Chromate Conversion Coating on Aluminum Alloy AA2024‐T3 Probed by Vibrational Spectroscopy (1998)

Infrared and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize a chromate conversion coating (CCC) on 2024‐T3 aluminum aircraft alloy with a long range objective of determining the anticorrosion mechanism of the CCC. Spectra were compared to those from synthetic mixed oxides of aluminum, Cr(III), and Cr(VI) made by treating pure reagents with NaOH. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectra of the CCC showed similar behavior to the chromium III/VI mixed oxide for both the initial materials and after heat‐treatment. Analysis of the CCC and chromium mixed oxide by UV‐vis spectroscopy indicated that both have a 3:1 ratio of Cr(III) to Cr(VI). When the chromium mixed oxide was immersed in pH 4 , the ratio of released to released Cr(VI) ranged from 0.98 to 1.07. In addition, a compound with a Raman spectrum very similar to that of a CCC was formed by a reaction of Cr(III) hydroxide with , or the Alodine chromating bath. The results indicate a strong structural similarity between the Cr‐mixed oxide and a major component of the CCC. A likely structure for this common material involves covalent bonding between polymeric Cr(III) hydroxide and or . This mixed oxide structure may hydrolyze to release and soluble chromate.
Effect of Surface Pressure on Oxygen Transfer across Molecular Monolayers at the Air/Water Interface:  Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Investigations Using a Mercury Hemispherical Microelectrode Probe (2004)

Investigations of the kinetics of molecular transfer across the liquid/gas interface and the effect of a molecular monolayer are of considerable interest as a model for certain biological and environmental processes. In this work, a combined scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)−Langmuir trough technique has been used to investigate the effect of the chemical character and mechanical compression of molecular monolayers on the rate of oxygen transfer across the air/water (A/W) interface. Specifically, monolayers comprising the fatty alcohol 1-octadecanol and the phospholipid l-α-dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid were considered. A mercury hemispherical microelectrode probe has been used to measure interfacial kinetics in SECM, and a numerical model has been developed for mass transport in this configuration to allow quantitative analysis of experimental data. The results obtained suggest that, for both monolayers, the oxygen-transfer rate across the interface decreased compared to that across the clean interface, with the blocking effect becoming more pronounced as the surface pressure of the monolayer increased. A simple energy-barrier model was used successfully to interpret the dependence of the rate constant of oxygen transfer on the surface pressure. The experimental data also provide evidence for the effect of the SECM probe on the deformation of the water surface at very close distances to the A/W interface.
<scp>TMEPAI</scp>/<scp>PMEPA</scp>1 enhances tumorigenic activities in lung cancer cells (2014)

TMEPAI/PMEPA1 is a transmembrane protein that was originally identified as a prostatic RNA, the synthesis of which is induced by testosterone or its derivatives. We have recently identified TMEPAI as a direct target gene of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling that participates in negative feedback control of the duration and intensity of TGF-β/Smad signaling. TMEPAI is constitutively and highly expressed in many types of cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. Here, we report that TMEPAI is highly expressed in the lung adenocarcinoma cell lines Calu3, NCI-H23, and RERF-LC-KJ. Expression of TMEPAI in these cancer cells was significantly suppressed by a TGF-β receptor kinase antagonist, SB208, and by TGF-β neutralizing antibodies. These results suggest that constitutive expression of TMEPAI in these cancer cells depends on autocrine TGF-β stimulation. Knockdown of TMEPAI in Calu3 and NCI-H23 cells enhanced levels of Smad2 phosphorylation and significantly suppressed cell proliferation in the presence of TGF-β, indicating that highly expressed TMEPAI suppresses levels of Smad phosphorylation in these cancer cells and reduces the growth inhibitory effects of TGF-β/Smad signaling. Furthermore, knockdown of TMEPAI in Calu3 and NCI-H23 cells suppressed sphere formation in vitro and tumor formation in s.c. tissues and in lungs after tail vein injection in NOD-SCID mice in vivo. Together, these experiments indicate that TMEPAI promotes tumorigenic activities in lung cancer cells.
A Combined Current Indicator and Integrator (1951)

An instrument is described which combines a current integrating circuit and a dc amplifier to provide a continuous indication of the current being integrated. The instrument is stable, easy to calibrate, and covers a range of input currents from 0.01 to 500 microamperes full scale.
Symmetrical Combiner Analysis Using S-Parameters (1982)

A general theory is developed to predict the potential efficiency (eta) and input impedance ( Z /sub ic/) of symmetrical N-way combining networks in terms of scattering parameters. A simplified version of the theory, assuming perfect symmetry, is then implemented on a semiautomatic network analyzer (SANA) which is used to characterize 2-way and 16-way TM/sub 010/ combining networks. These simplified theoretical assumptions have also been used to predict the degradation effects of power combiners when one or more sources fail. Results indicate that there is room for improvement if proper design techniques are applied.
Control space of apparent haptic motion (2011)

In this paper we present three experiments to measure the control parameter space of apparent haptic motion using a variety of stimulation attributes and body sites. In Experiment 1 we measured the range of Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA) that created the percept of continuous motion between two vibrating points on the dorsal forearm and on the back by varying the frequency, intensity and duration of stimulation. The SOA space for apparent motion varied with duration and body site but not with frequency and intensity of stimulation. In Experiment 2 we measured the SOA space for moving sensations when direction of motion and spacing between actuators were varied. On the forearm the SOA space was influenced by both the direction and spacing. However, on the back it was only affected by the direction of actuation. Finally, in Experiment 3 we measured the SOA space using four or more actuation points, creating two-dimensional apparent motion. The results of the present study are discussed in the context of designing haptic contents for movies, amusement rides and video games.
Studies on lactams. VII. 6-Isothiocyanatopenicillanate and 7-isothiocyanatodeacetoxycephalosporanate and their reactions. (1978)

6-Isothiocyanatopenicillanate and 7-isothiocyanatodeacetoxycephalosporanate were prepared since they are valuable intermediates in the syntheses of penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives. When the reaction was carried out with those isothiocyanate compounds, addition products with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide were obtained as unexpected by-products. The isothiocyanate derivatives thus obtained were treated with benzylamine to give a penillic acid derivatives.
A resource control mechanism on NGN based home network for IPTV service (2010)

Abstract In this paper, We propose a resource control mechanism for NGN based home network. Multimedia services such as HD/SD IPTV service and VOD service require an available bandwidth without loss, delay and jitter as well as efficient data transport technologies. In order to support end-to-end QoS, plenty of technology has been introduced mainly to the access and core network. But this trend is moving toward the home network, which includes desktops, laptops, IPTV STB, digital AV appliances, Wi-Fi phones, PDA, home gateway and server and so on. There exists many congestion points in home network, therefore home network needs to support end-to-end dynamic QoS control. The proposed mechanism can increase user’s QoS satisfaction in NGN based home network. This paper aims at providing a dynamic resource control mechanism and procedures in the NGN based home network.
MergeTree (2017)

Ray tracing is a computationally intensive rendering technique traditionally used in offline high-quality rendering. Powerful hardware accelerators have been recently developed that put real-time ray tracing even in the reach of mobile devices. However, rendering animated scenes remains difficult, as updating the acceleration trees for each frame is a memory-intensive process. This article proposes MergeTree, the first hardware architecture for Hierarchical Linear Bounding Volume Hierarchy (HLBVH) construction, designed to minimize memory traffic. For evaluation, the hardware constructor is synthesized on a 28nm process technology. Compared to a state-of-the-art binned surface area heuristic sweep (SAH) builder, the present work speeds up construction by a factor of 5, reduces build energy by a factor of 3.2, and memory traffic by a factor of 3. A software HLBVH builder on a graphics processing unit (GPU) requires 3.3 times more memory traffic. To take tree quality into account, a rendering accelerator is modeled alongside the builder. Given the use of a toplevel build to improve tree quality, the proposed builder reduces system energy per frame by an average 41% with primary rays and 13% with diffuse rays. In large ( > 500K triangles) scenes, the difference is more pronounced, 62% and 35%, respectively.
Asymmetry of masking revisited: Generalization of masker and probe bandwidth (1997)

A band of noise masked by a tone is audible at a much lower intensity increment between masker alone and masker plus just-detectable probe than is a tone masked by a band of noise. To better understand the mechanisms responsible for this asymmetry of masking, we measured thresholds of probe signals ranging in bandwidth from 0 to 256 Hz in the presence of masking signals also ranging in bandwidth from 0 to 256 Hz. Masker and probe center frequencies were 1 kHz in all cases. Two versions of the experiment are reported: (1) masker intensity constant at 70 dB SPL and (2) masker intensity roved over the range 65–75 dB SPL. The results confirm and extend previous results. For a fixed masker bandwidth, threshold intensity increments are essentially constant, and accounted for by a model based on long-term average energy, so long as probe bandwidth does not exceed masker bandwidth. If probe bandwidth exceeds masker bandwidth, threshold intensity increments decrease sharply for all masker bandwidths tested. Roved-intensity results are consistent with the hypothesis that detection is based on long-term average energy for probe bandwidth equal to or less than masker bandwidth, but that for probe bandwidth greater than masker bandwidth other cues are utilized. In addition, we investigated the possible contribution of off-frequency listening by developing and presenting results from a frequency-selective model of peripheral masking. Model results argue against detection based on spectral cues associated with off-frequency listening for signal bandwidths less than a critical band. The conclusion is that detection must utilize the temporal structure of the signal for probe bandwidth greater than masker bandwidth.
A High-Resolution Solid-State NMR Approach for the Structural Studies of Bicelles (2006)

Bicelles are increasingly being used as membrane mimicking systems in NMR experiments to investigate the structure of membrane proteins. In this study, we demonstrate the effectiveness of a 2D solid-state NMR approach that can be used to measure the structural constraints, such as heteronuclear dipolar couplings between 1H, 13C, and 31P nuclei, in bicelles without the need for isotopic enrichment. This method does not require a high radio frequency power unlike the presently used rotating-frame separated-local-field (SLF) techniques, such as PISEMA. In addition, multiple dipolar couplings can be measured accurately, and the presence of a strong dipolar coupling does not suppress the weak couplings. High-resolution spectra obtained from magnetically aligned DMPC:DHPC bicelles even in the presence of peptides suggest that this approach will be useful in understanding lipid-protein interactions that play a vital role in shaping up the function of membrane proteins.
Liposomes in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2014)

Liposomes are vesicular structures made of lipids that are formed in aqueous solutions. Structurally, they resemble the lipid membrane of living cells. Therefore, they have been widely investigated, since the 1960s, as models to study the cell membrane, and as carriers for protection and/or delivery of bioactive agents. They have been used in different areas of research including vaccines, imaging, applications in cosmetics and tissue engineering. Tissue engineering is defined as a strategy for promoting the regeneration of tissues for the human body. This strategy may involve the coordinated application of defined cell types with structured biomaterial scaffolds to produce living structures. To create a new tissue, based on this strategy, a controlled stimulation of cultured cells is needed, through a systematic combination of bioactive agents and mechanical signals. In this review, we highlight the potential role of liposomes as a platform for the sustained and local delivery of bioactive agents for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches.
Circuit design with Independent Double Gate Transistors (2009)

Abstract. Circuits with transistors using independently controlled gates have been proposed to reduce the number of transistors and to increase the logic density per area. This paper introduces a novel Vertical Slit Field Effect Transistor with unique independent double gate properties to demonstrate the possible advantages for independent double gate circuits. A new adder circuit is proposed, where the power could be reduced by one fifth and the area by on third compared to a tied gate configuration.
Enhancing the clinical potential of AAV vectors by capsid engineering to evade pre-existing immunity (2011)

Vectors based on adeno-associated viruses (AAV) have shown considerable promise in both preclinical models and increasingly in clinical trials. However, one formidable challenge is pre-existing immunity due to widespread exposure to numerous AAV variants and serotypes within the human population, which affect efficacy of clinical trials due to the accompanying high levels of anti-capsid neutralizing antibodies. Transient immunosuppression has promise in mitigating cellular and humoral responses induced by vector application in naïve hosts, but cannot overcome the problem that pre-existing neutralizing antibodies pose toward the goal of safe and efficient gene delivery. Shielding of AAV from antibodies, however, may be possible by covalent attachment of polymers to the viral capsid or by encapsulation of vectors inside biomaterials. In addition, there has been considerable progress in using rational mutagenesis, combinatorial libraries, and directed evolution approaches to engineer capsid variants that are not recognized by anti-AAV antibodies generally present in the human population. While additional progress must be made, such strategies, alone or in combination with immunosuppression to avoid de novo induction of antibodies, have strong potential to significantly enhance the clinical efficacy of AAV vectors.
Deuterium NMR Used To Indicate a Common Mechanism for the Biosynthesis of Ricinoleic Acid by <i>Ricinus c</i><i>ommunis</i> and <i>Claviceps </i><i>p</i><i>urpurea</i> (2004)

Previous studies have shown that ricinoleic acid from castor bean oil of Ricinus communis is synthesized by the direct hydroxyl substitution of oleate, while it has been proposed that ricinoleate is formed by hydration of linoleate in the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea. The mechanism of the enzymes specific to ricinoleate synthesis has not yet been established, but hydroxylation and desaturation of fatty acids in plants apparently involve closely related mechanisms. As mechanistic differences in the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of natural products can lead to different isotopic distributions in the product, we could expect ricinoleate isolated from castor or ergot oil to show distinct (2)H distribution patterns. To obtain information concerning the substrate and isotope effects that occur during the biosynthesis of ricinoleate, the site-specific natural deuterium distributions in methyl ricinoleate isolated from castor oil and in methyl ricinoleate and methyl linoleate isolated from ergot oils have been measured by quantitative (2)H NMR. First, the deuterium profiles for methyl ricinoleate from the plant and fungus are equivalent. Second, the deuterium profile for methyl linoleate from ergot is incompatible with this chemical species being the precursor of methyl ricinoleate. Hence, it is apparent that 12-hydroxylation in C. purpurea is consistent with the biosynthetic mechanisms proposed for R. communis and is compatible with the general fundamental mechanistic similarities between hydroxylation and desaturation previously proposed for plant fatty acid biosynthesis.
Stable Isotope Ratio Measurements on Highly Enriched Water Samples by Means of Laser Spectrometry (2001)

We demonstrate the feasibility of using laser spectrometry (LS) to analyze isotopically highly enriched water samples (i.e., delta2H < or = 15,000/1,000, 18O < or = 1,200/1,000), as often used in the biomedical doubly labeled water (DLW) method to quantify energy metabolism. The method is an important extension of a recently developed infrared laser direct absorption spectrometer. The measurements on highly enriched, small-size (10 microL liquid water) samples show a clearly better accuracy for the 2H/1H ratio. In the case of 18O/16O, the same level of accuracy is obtained as with conventional isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) analysis. With LS, the precision is better for both 18O/ 16O and 2H/1H. New is the ability to measure 17O/16O with the same accuracy as 18O/16O. A major advantage of the present technique is the absence of chemical sample preparation. The method is proven to be reliable and accurate and is ready to be used in many biomedical applications.