gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scaffolding of small groups’ metacognitive activities with an avatar (2011)

Metacognitive scaffolding in a computer-supported learning environment can influence students' metacognitive activities, metacognitive knowledge and domain knowledge. In this study we analyze how metacognitive activities mediate the relationships between different avatar scaffolds on students' learning. Multivariate, multilevel analysis of the 51,339 conversation turns by 54 elementary school students working in triads showed that scaffolding has an effect on students' learning. Students receiving structuring or problematizing metacognitive scaffolds displayed more metacognitive knowledge than students in the control group. Metacognitive activities mediated the effects of scaffolding, and increased metacognitive activities supported students' metacognitive knowledge. Moreover, students who were engaged in proportionately more cognitive activities or fewer off-task activities also outperformed other students on the metacognitive knowledge test. Only problematizing scaffolds led to more domain knowledge and metacognitive activities mediated the effects of the problematizing scaffolds. Moreover, students in the problematizing condition who engaged in more cognitive activities or whose group mates used more relational activities had greater domain knowledge acquisition than other students.
Tissue examination to monitor antiangiogenic therapy: a phase I clinical trial with endostatin. (2001)

Endostatin treatment was not associated with any recognizable vascular changes in tumor samples and did not perturb wound healing at the doses and the treatment schedule used.
Structural Characteristics of Alkyllithium Catalyzed Polymers Derived from Butadiene and Styrene (1967)

Abstract More than a million miles of tire testing is generally required to prove the utility of a new elastomer. For example, such a program has recently demonstrated that an alkyllithium solution polymerized butadiene styrene copolymer (Duradene rubber) has improved abrasion resistance over that of emulsion SBR 1 . It is, thus, extremely important to find meaningful relationships between the structure of an elastomer and its commercial importance to further guide the polymer chemist toward the development of new general purpose or specific application elastomers from laboratory sample through to final tire evaluation. Butadiene homopolymers and butadiene styrene copolymers prepared by alkyllithium catalysis in hydrocarbon solution offer unique opportunities to relate basic polymer structure parameters to tire compound performance. Their mixed micro-structure ( cis -1, 4, trans -1, 4, and vinyl) preclude crystalline transitions which would otherwise complicate the interpretation of structural behavior. Furthermore, this polymerization system permits the production of controlled and specific variations in molecular weight distribution and degree of branching. n -Butyllithium catalyzed 1, 4-polybutadiene with its mixed microstructure and high cis -1, 4-polybutadiene have both shown outstanding abrasion resistance, especially under conditions of severe tire service. There is as yet no generally clear molecular interpretation for the outstanding abrasion resistance of the 1, 4-polybutadienes. For reasons of both improved processing and increased wet traction, these 1, 4-polybutadienes are seldom used alone but are blended with either natural rubber or SBR plus large amounts of extending oils. As a start, using as few fundamental concepts as possible, attempts were made to relate the industrial processing, heat build up, traction, and abrasion resistance characteristics of amorphous elastomers to two features measurable in terms of molecular parameters. The macrostructure (molecular weight distribution and branching) of the polymer is especially related to processing behavior. The glass temperature, T g , of a polymer characterizes both the temperature and rate of deformation conditions in which the polymer exhibits rubbery behavior. Hence, the polymer T g is directly related to both heat build-up and failure characteristics of an elastomer. Thus we shall be mostly discussing polymer structure in just two terms (i) macrostructure and (ii) T g .
DNA sequence of both chromosomes of the cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae (2000)

Here we determine the complete genomic sequence of the gram negative, gamma-Proteobacterium Vibrio cholerae El Tor N16961 to be 4,033,460 base pairs (bp). The genome consists of two circular chromosomes of 2,961,146 bp and 1,072,314 bp that together encode 3,885 open reading frames. The vast majority of recognizable genes for essential cell functions (such as DNA replication, transcription, translation and cell-wall biosynthesis) and pathogenicity (for example, toxins, surface antigens and adhesins) are located on the large chromosome. In contrast, the small chromosome contains a larger fraction (59%) of hypothetical genes compared with the large chromosome (42%), and also contains many more genes that appear to have origins other than the gamma-Proteobacteria. The small chromosome also carries a gene capture system (the integron island) and host 'addiction' genes that are typically found on plasmids; thus, the small chromosome may have originally been a megaplasmid that was captured by an ancestral Vibrio species. The V. cholerae genomic sequence provides a starting point for understanding how a free-living, environmental organism emerged to become a significant human bacterial pathogen.
Multiple Serotonergic Mechanisms Contributing to Sensitization in<i>Aplysia</i>: Evidence of Diverse Serotonin Receptor Subtypes (2003)

The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in memory encoding in Aplysia. Early evidence showed that during sensitization, 5-HT activates a cyclic AMP-protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA)-dependent pathway within specific sensory neurons (SNs), which increases their excitability and facilitates synaptic transmission onto their follower motor neurons (MNs). However, recent data suggest that serotonergic modulation during sensitization is more complex and diverse. The neuronal circuits mediating defensive reflexes contain a number of interneurons that respond to 5-HT in ways opposite to those of the SNs, showing a decrease in excitability and/or synaptic depression. Moreover, in addition to acting through a cAMP-PKA pathway within SNs, 5-HT is also capable of activating a variety of other protein kinases such as protein kinase C, extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and tyrosine kinases. This diversity of 5-HT responses during sensitization suggests the presence of multiple 5-HT receptor subtypes within the Aplysia central nervous system. Four 5-HT receptors have been cloned and characterized to date. Although several others probably remain to be characterized in molecular terms, especially the Gs-coupled 5-HT receptor capable of activating cAMP-PKA pathways, the multiplicity of serotonergic mechanisms recruited into action during learning in Aplysia can now be addressed from a molecular point of view.
A study of inverse short-time fourier transform (2008)

In this paper, we study the inverse short-time Fourier transform (STFT). We propose a new vector formulation of STFT. We derive a family of inverse STFT estimators and a least squares one. We discuss their relationship and compare their performance with respect to both additive and multiplicative modifications to STFT. The influence of window, overlap, and zero-padding are investigated as well.
Electrocardiographic Changes after Glucose Ingestion (1964)

In order to determine the effect of glucose ingestion on the electrocardiogram, 23 men with coronary heart disease and 30 without known heart disease had electrocardiograms in the fasting state and serial tracings at 30-minute intervals after the administration of 100 Gm. of oral glucose. In both groups the mean changes after glucose ingestion were slight ST-segment depression, a moderate decrease in T-wave amplitude, and a slight increase in heart rate, although individual variability was great. When the electrocardiograms were classified by a uniform coding system, new ST-segment or T-wave classifications were recorded for eight of 23 subjects with coronary heart disease and three of 30 men without known heart disease. Since ST-segment and T-wave changes regularly follow glucose ingestion and are sometimes of sufficient degree to suggest heart disease in apparently normal individuals, electrocardiograms recorded within several hours after glucose administration must be interpreted with caution. Because of the uncertain significance of postprandial ST-segment and T-wave changes, electrocardiograms after glucose ingestion do not appear to be a very useful method for the detection of occult heart disease. Glucose ingestion should be avoided before routine clinical tracings.
Protein-bound polysaccharide isolated from basidiomycetes inhibits endotoxin-induced activation by blocking lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and CD14 functions (2004)

The protein-bound polysaccharide isolated from basidiomycetes (PSK) is a biological response modifier capable of exhibiting various biological activities, such as antitumor and antimicrobial effects. In the present study, we found that PSK suppressed interleukin (IL)-6 production in murine peritoneal macrophages stimulated with endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its synthetic lipid A (compound 506). Nitric oxide production and p38 mitogen-associated protein kinase phosphorylation induced in a murine macrophage cell line, J774-A1, by LPS and compound 506 were also inhibited by PSK. Further, PSK distinctly suppressed nuclear factor-kappaB activation in Ba/F3 cells expressing mouse Toll-like receptor 4 and MD-2, following stimulation with LPS and compound 506, however, not with Taxol. These PSK-induced inhibitory activities were caused by inhibition of the physical associations of LPS with LPS-binding protein (LBP) and CD14. PSK also protected mice from LPS-induced lethality, presumably by down-regulating IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations in serum. These findings indicate that PSK, which also has an ability to regulate LBP/CD14 functions, may be useful for clinical control of endotoxic sepsis.
Pyrocarbon versus Silicone Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthroplasty (2012)

Therapeutic, IV.
The DCS as a Universal Digital Cross-Connect System (1987)

Existing DCS (digital cross-connect system) technology performs a subset of the digital cross-connect functions required in telecommunications networks. It must be used in tandem with other cross-connection systems such as DSX's (digital signal cross-connect systems) and DF's (distributing frames). It is these two technologies which provide most of the interconnection functions for digital facilities and equipment from the interoffice, subscriber loop, and central office parts of a network. Hence, if the DCS is to serve as a more universal digital cross-connect system, it must be enhanced to provide functions now performed by DSX's and DF's. This paper proposes expansion of DCS functions to incorporate some (or all) of the capabilities of the DSX and DF at discrete bit rates of the digital transmission hierarchy. Functional requirements, technology alternatives, planning/engineering issues, and operations/maintenance considerations are discussed.
Mutation Rate and Novel <i>tt</i> Mutants of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Induced by Carbon Ions (2003)

Irradiation of Arabidopsis thaliana by carbon ions was carried out to investigate the mutational effect of ion particles in higher plants. Frequencies of embryonic lethals and chlorophyll-deficient mutants were found to be significantly higher after carbon-ion irradiation than after electron irradiation (11-fold and 7.8-fold per unit dose, respectively). To estimate the mutation rate of carbon ions, mutants with no pigments on leaves and stems (tt) and no trichomes on leaves (gl) were isolated at the M2 generation and subjected to analysis. Averaged segregation rate of the backcrossed mutants was 0.25, which suggested that large deletions reducing the viability of the gametophytes were not transmitted, if generated, in most cases. During the isolation of mutants, two new classes of flavonoid mutants (tt18, tt19) were isolated from carbon-ion-mutagenized M2 plants. From PCR and sequence analysis, two of the three tt18 mutant alleles were found to have a small deletion within the LDOX gene and the other was revealed to contain a rearrangement. Using the segregation rates, the mutation rate of carbon ions was estimated to be 17-fold higher than that of electrons. The isolation of novel mutants and the high mutation rate suggest that ion particles can be used as a valuable mutagen for plant genetics.
Chimeric Enzyme Composed of Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Synthases from Ralstonia eutropha and Aeromonas caviae Enhances Production of PHAs in Recombinant Escherichia coli (2009)

Chimeric enzymes composed of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthases from Ralstonia eutropha (Cupriavidus necator) (PhaC(Re)) and Aeromonas caviae (PhaC(Ac)) were constructed. PhaC(Re) is known for its potent enzymatic activity among the characterized PHA synthases. PhaCAc has broad substrate specificity and synthesizes short-chain-length (SCL)/medium-chain-length (MCL) PHA. We attempted to create chimeric enzymes inheriting both of the advantageous properties. Among eight chimeras, AcRe12, with 26% of the N-terminal of PhaC(Ac) and 74% of the C-terminal of PhaC(Re), exhibited comparable P(3-hydroxybutyrate) accumulation as parental enzymes in Escherichia coli JM109. Thus, AcRe12 was applied to SCL/MCL PHA production using E. coli LS5218 as the host. AcRe12 accumulated higher amount of PHA (50 wt %) than the parental enzymes. Furthermore, the PHA consisted of 2 mol % 3-hydroxyhexanoate as well as 3-hydroxybutyrate. Therefore, the chimeric PHA synthase, AcRe12, inherited the character of both of the parental enzymes and thus exhibits improved enzymatic properties.
A Survey of the Role of Nitrile Groups in Protein–Ligand Interactions (2018)

In classical medicinal chemistry, nitrile groups were commonly considered as bioisosteres of carbonyl, hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, as well as halogen atoms. However, there is a lack of in-depth understanding about the structural and energetic characteristics of nitrile groups in protein-ligand interactions. Here, we have surveyed the Protein Data Bank and ChEMBL databases with the goal of characterizing such protein-ligand interactions for nitrile-containing compounds. We discuss the versatile roles of nitrile groups in improving binding affinities, and give special attention to examples of displacing and mimicking binding-site waters by nitrile groups. We expect that this review article will further inspire medicinal chemists to exploit nitrile groups rationally in structure-based drug design.
TRANSFORMATION OF FIBROBLASTS BY ALLOGENEIC AND XENOGENEIC TRANSPLANTS OF DEMINERALIZED TOOTH AND BONE (1970)

Xenogeneic transplants of powdered, dehydrated, demineralized matrix of bone and tooth were well tolerated in three species of rodents. Differences between the species were found in competence of fibroblasts to be transformed into cartilage and bone in vivo by these preparations. Rat fibroblasts were most susceptible to transformation of this sort; they were transformed by demineralized dentin of guinea pig, mouse, and rat, and to a limited extent, by a specimen of decalcified human bone.
Search for high-performance probe-fed stacked patches using optimization (2003)

High-performance circular probe-fed stacked patch antenna designs are explored through the use of numerical optimization. New trends are sought to aid understanding and to suggest novel solutions. We describe the optimization technique, present a new design trend relating efficiency and bandwidth to the choice of substrate dielectric, and propose and demonstrate a novel, optimized antenna achieving 33% bandwidth whilst maintaining greater than 80% surface wave efficiency.
Ionic mechanisms in the generation of subthreshold oscillations and action potential clustering in entorhinal layer II stellate neurons (2004)

A multicompartmental biophysical model of entorhinal cortex layer II stellate cells was developed to analyze the ionic basis of physiological properties, such as subthreshold membrane potential oscillations, action potential clustering, and the medium afterhyperpolarization. In particular, the simulation illustrates the interaction of the persistent sodium current (I(Nap)) and the hyperpolarization activated inward current (Ih) in the generation of subthreshold membrane potential oscillations. The potential role of Ih in contributing to the medium hyperpolarization (mAHP) and rebound spiking was studied. The role of Ih and the slow calcium-activated potassium current Ikappa(AHP) in action potential clustering was also studied. Representations of Ih and I(Nap) were developed with parameters based on voltage-clamp data from whole-cell patch and single channel recordings of stellate cells (Dickson et al., J Neurophysiol 83:2562-2579, 2000; Magistretti and Alonso, J Gen Physiol 114:491-509, 1999; Magistretti et al., J Physiol 521:629-636, 1999a; J Neurosci 19:7334-7341, 1999b). These currents interacted to generate robust subthreshold membrane potentials with amplitude and frequency corresponding to data observed in the whole cell patch recordings. The model was also able to account for effects of pharmacological manipulations, including blockade of Ih with ZD7288, partial blockade with cesium, and the influence of barium on oscillations. In a model with a wider range of currents, the transition from oscillations to single spiking, to spike clustering, and finally tonic firing could be replicated. In agreement with experiment, blockade of calcium channels in the model strongly reduced clustering. In the voltage interval during which no data are available, the model predicts that the slow component of Ih does not follow the fast component down to very short time constants. The model also predicts that the fast component of Ih is responsible for the involvement in the generation of subthreshold oscillations, and the slow component dominates in the generation of spike clusters.
The effect of improved cementing techniques on component loosening in total hip replacement. An 11-year radiographic review (1990)

Improved cementing techniques have been shown to decrease the rate of aseptic loosening of femoral components of cemented total hip replacements at five to seven years. We now report our results in 105 hips in 93 patients at 10 to 12.7 years (mean 11.2). The improved techniques included use of a medullary plug, a cement gun, a doughy mix of Simplex P and a collared stem of chrome cobalt. Only three femoral components had definitely loosened, none were probably loose and 24 were graded as possibly loose. In contrast, the incidence of radiographic loosening on the acetabular side was 42%. Improved cementing techniques have produced a marked reduction in the rate of aseptic loosening of the femoral component, but the incidence of acetabular loosening is unchanged.
Properties of fixed-position Bragg diffractors for parallel detection of x-ray spectra (1993)

Advantages of wavelength-dispersive spectrometers over energy-dispersive spectrometers for parallel detection of x rays are discussed and factors involved in the design of wavelength-dispersive spectrometers are reviewed. The dispersion and collection solid angle of fixed-position Bragg diffractors used for parallel detection of x rays are calculated and the properties of four such spectrometers based on singly and doubly curved diffractors are compared with the properties of scanning monochromators. It is concluded that the previously studied parallel-detection spectrometers based on Bragg diffractors are less advantageous than scanning monochromators but they may be preferred when it is necessary to detect many characteristic x-ray lines simultaneously or to avoid the use of moving parts.
A Review of P300, SSVEP, and Hybrid P300/SSVEP Brain- Computer Interface Systems (2013)

There are several techniques for measuring brain activities such as magnetoencephalogram (MEG), near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), electrocorticogram (ECoG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and electroencephalography (EEG). Each technique has some advantages and disadvantages compared to other techniques. For example, in EEG the temporal resolution is high but the special resolution is low compared to fMRI. Because of low cost and portability, EEG has been largely used in both clinical and research applications [1][2] [3][4].
A Review of the Progress and Challenges of Developing a Vaccine for COVID-19 (2020)

A novel coronavirus, which has been designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan China and causes the highly infectious disease referred to as COVID-19. COVID-19 has now spread worldwide to become a global pandemic affecting over 24 million people as of August 26th, 2020 and claimed the life of more than 800,000 people worldwide. COVID-19 is asymptomatic for some individuals and for others it can cause symptoms ranging from flu-like to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia and death. Although it is anticipated that an effective vaccine will be available to protect against COVID-19, at present the world is relying on social distancing and hygiene measures and repurposed drugs. There is a worldwide effort to develop an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and, as of late August 2020, there are 30 vaccines in clinical trials with over 200 in various stages of development. This review will focus on the eight vaccine candidates that entered Phase 1 clinical trials in mid-May, including AstraZeneca/Oxford's AZD1222, Moderna's mRNA-1273 and Sinovac's CoronaVac vaccines, which are currently in advanced stages of vaccine development. In addition to reviewing the different stages of vaccine development, vaccine platforms and vaccine candidates, this review also discusses the biological and immunological basis required of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, the importance of a collaborative international effort, the ethical implications of vaccine development, the efficacy needed for an immunogenic vaccine, vaccine coverage, the potential limitations and challenges of vaccine development. Although the demand for a vaccine far surpasses the production capacity, it will be beneficial to have a limited number of vaccines available for the more vulnerable population by the end of 2020 and for the rest of the global population by the end of 2021.
Face poser: interactive modeling of 3D facial expressions using model priors (2007)

In this paper, we present an intuitive interface for interactively posing 3D facial expressions. The user can create and edit facial expressions by drawing freeform strokes, or by directly dragging facial points in 2D screen space. Designing such an interface for face modeling and editing is challenging because many unnatural facial expressions might be consistent with the ambiguous user input. The system automatically learns a model prior from a prerecorded facial expression database and uses it to remove the ambiguity. We formulate the problem in a maximum a posteriori (MAP) framework by combining the prior with user-defined constraints. Maximizing the posterior allows us to generate an optimal and natural facial expression that satisfies the user-defined constraints. Our system is interactive; it is also simple and easy to use. A first-time user can learn to use the system and start creating a variety of natural face models within minutes. We evaluate the performance of our approach with cross validation tests, and by comparing with alternative techniques.