gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessment of relative flammability and thermochemical properties of some thermoplastic materials (1978)

Abstract The thermochemical and flammability characteristics of some typical thermoplastic materials currently in use and others being considered for use in aircraft interiors are described. The properties studied included (a) thermal mechanical properties such as glass transition and melt temperature, (b) changes in polymer enthalpy by differential scanning calorimetry, (c) thermogravimetric analysis in an anaerobic and oxidative environment, (d) oxygen index, (e) smoke evolution, (f) relative toxicity of the volatile products of pyrolysis, and (g) selected physical properties. The generic polymers which were evaluated included: acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene, bisphenol A polycarbonate, bisphenol fluorenone carbonate‐dimethylsiloxane block polymer, phenolphthalein‐bisphenol A polycarbonate, phenolphthalein polycarbonate, polyelher sulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyaryl sulfone; chlorinated poly vinyl chloride homopolymer, polyvinyl fluoride, and polyvinylidene fluoride. Processing parameters including molding characteristics of some of the advanced polymers are described. Test results and relative rankings of some of the flam inability, smoke and toxicity properties are presented. Under these test conditions, some of the advanced polymers evaluated were significantly less flammable and toxic or equivalent to polymers in current use. A relationship of the anaerobic char yield of the polymers to their relative flammability properties is shown.
Fuzzy Rule-Based Modeling with Applications to Geophysical, Biological and Engineering Systems (2022)

This book presents in a systematic and comprehensive manner the modeling of uncertainty, vagueness, or imprecision, alias "fuzziness," in just about any field of science and engineering. It delivers a usable methodology for modeling in the absence of real-time feedback.The book includes a short introduction to fuzzy logic containing basic definitions of fuzzy set theory and fuzzy rule systems. It describes methods for the assessment of rule systems, systems with discrete response sets, for modeling time series, for exact physical systems, examines verification and redundancy issues, and investigates rule response functions.Definitions and propositions, some of which have not been published elsewhere, are provided; numerous examples as well as references to more elaborate case studies are also given. Fuzzy rule-based modeling has the potential to revolutionize fields such as hydrology because it can handle uncertainty in modeling problems too complex to be approached by a stochastic analysis. There is also excellent potential for handling large-scale systems such as regionalization or highly non-linear problems such as unsaturated groundwater pollution.
The involvement of wheat U‐box E3 ubiquitin ligase TaPUB1 in salt stress tolerance (2019)

U-box E3 ubiquitin ligases play important roles in the ubiquitin/26S proteasome machinery and in abiotic stress responses. TaPUB1-overexpressing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were generated to evaluate its function in salt tolerance. These plants had more salt stress tolerance during seedling and flowering stages, whereas the TaPUB1-RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knock-down transgenic wheat showed more salt stress sensitivity than the wild type (WT). TaPUB1 overexpression upregulated the expression of genes related to ion channels and increased the net root Na<sup>+</sup> efflux, but decreased the net K<sup>+</sup> efflux and H<sup>+</sup> influx, thereby maintaining a low cytosolic Na<sup>+</sup> /K<sup>+</sup> ratio, compared with the WT. However, RNAi-mediated knock-down plants showed the opposite response to salt stress. TaPUB1 could induce the expression of some genes that improved the antioxidant capacity of plants under salt stress. TaPUB1 also interacted with TaMP (Triticum aestivum α-mannosidase protein), a regulator playing an important role in salt response in yeast and in plants. Thus, low cytosolic Na<sup>+</sup> /K<sup>+</sup> ratios and better antioxidant enzyme activities could be maintained in wheat with overexpression of TaPUB1 under salt stress. Therefore, we conclude that the U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase TaPUB1 positively regulates salt stress tolerance in wheat.
Tailoring ERP systems: a spectrum of choices and their implications (2005)

The IS literature distinguishes between custom-built and off-the-shelf software. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) packages are often viewed as off-the-shelf software, because adopters implement them by setting parameters (called configuration), rather traditional programming. Making changes to ERP software code (called modification) is usually strongly discouraged by vendors and implementation consultants. Nevertheless, field research has shown that many companies have had to modify ERP software in various ways to meet essential business needs. This suggests that ERP packages do not fit cleanly into the custom/off-the shelf distinction. The authors describe a portfolio of tailoring options between configuration and modification, with important implications for implementation risk and the difficulty of ERP system upgrades. They discuss the implications of their framework for practitioners and for further research on ERP systems.
Electrowetting films on parallel line electrodes (2006)

A lubrication analysis is presented for the spreading dynamics of a high permittivity polar dielectric liquid drop due to an electric field sustained by parallel line electrode pairs separated by a distance R(e). The normal Maxwell stress, concentrated at the tip region near the apparent three-phase contact line, produces a negative capillary pressure that is responsible for pulling out a thin finger of liquid film ahead of the macroscopic drop, analogous to that obtained in self-similar gravity spreading. This front-running electrowetting film maintains a constant contact angle and volume as its front position advances in time t by the universal law 0.43R(e)(t/T(cap))1/3, independent of the drop dimension, surface tension, and wettability. T(cap)=pi(2)mu(l)R(e)/8(epsilon0epsilonl)V2 is the electrocapillary time scale where mu(l) is the liquid viscosity, epsilon0epsilonl the liquid permittivity, and V the applied voltage. This spreading dynamics for the electrowetting film is much faster than the rest of the drop; after a short transient, the latter spreads over the electrowetting film by draining into it. By employing matched asymptotics, we are able to elucidate this unique mechanism, justified by the reasonable agreement with numerical and experimental results. Unlike the usual electrowetting-on-dielectric configuration where the field singularity at the contact line produces a static change in the contact angle consistent with the Lippmann equation, we show that the parallel electrode configuration produces a bulk negative Maxwell pressure within the drop. This Maxwell pressure increases in magnitude toward the contact line due to field confinement and is responsible for a bulk pressure gradient that gives rise to a front-running spontaneous electrowetting film.
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Broad-Spectrum Virus Entry Inhibitor (2016)

The Junin virus is responsible for outbreaks of Argentine hemorrhagic fever in South America, where 5 million people are at risk. Limited options are currently available to treat infections by Junin virus or other viruses of the Arenaviridae, making the identification of additional tools, including small-molecule inhibitors, of great importance. How Junin virus enters cells is not yet fully understood. Here we describe new cell culture models in which the cells are susceptible to Junin virus infection and to which we applied CRISPR-Cas9 genome engineering strategies to help characterize early steps during virus entry. We also uncovered ZCL278 to be a new antiviral small molecule that potently inhibits the cellular entry of the Junin virus and other enveloped viruses. Moreover, we show that ZCL278 also functions in vivo, thereby preventing Junin virus replication in a mouse model, opening the possibility for the discovery of ZCL278 derivatives of therapeutic potential.
E. WILLIAM ABRAMOWITZ, M.D. 1885-1949 (1951)

Dr. E. William Abramowitz died June 13, 1949, at his home after a lingering illness. He was 63 years old. At the time of his death he was clinical professor at the New York PostGraduate Medical School and Hospital of the New York University-Bellevue Medical Center. He had been connected with the former and its affiliate, the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital, since 1927. He was also attending dermatologist and syphilologist of the Israel-Zion Division of the Maimonides Hospital in Brooklyn and director of dermatology and syphilology at Gouverneur Hospital and the Jewish Memorial Hospital, New York city. Born in Jassy, Rumania, he was brought to New York as an infant. After studying engineering at Cooper Union he entered the New York University and Bellevue Medical College, from which he received his M.D. degree in 1907. He was an extern at Mount Sinai Hospital in 1908 and served as assistant house surgeon at the New York Lying-in Hospital that year and as house physician and surgeon at Har Moriah Hospital in 1909. In 1910 he began general practice in New York, and the following year he started to study diseases of the skin at Mount Sinai Hospital, where he was an assistant in the skin clinic for several years. In 1914 he joined the staff of the skin department of Vanderbilt Clinic, Columbia University, rising to the position of attending dermatologist. He was a member of the American Dermatological Association, a founder, past president and an honary member of the Brooklyn Dermatological Society, a former vice president of the Society for Investigative Dermatology, a former chairman of the skin section of the New York State Medical Society and a member of the New York County Medical Society and the American Medical Association. Dr. Abramowitz was a Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine and a former chairman of its section on dermatology and syphilology. He was also a former chairman of the Manhattan Dermatological Society ; a member of the American Academy of Dermatology and Syphilology and a former corresponding member of the French Society of Dermatology. He was certified as a specialist by the American Board of Dermatology and Syphilology in 1933. He belonged to the Zeta Beta Tau Fraternity. He was the author of more than 50 papers on skin diseases and related subjects. He was an ardent teacher and investigator. He lectured on pharmacol¬ ogy and drug eruptions at the New York Post-Graduate Medical School, and his work on dermatitis medicamentosa survives as an outstanding contribution. Dr. Abramowitz was a very modest and quiet man, loyal and very likable. He made friends easily and retained them. Early in his medical career he cultivated music as a hobby, became an excellent violinist and for many years entertained his friends with performance of the classic works for this instrument. Surviving are his wife. Mrs. Anne Perlman Abramowitz, and a daughter. Miss Florence Abramow-itz. Isadore Rosen
Transcription Factor-Targeted Therapies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2001)

Although the causes of inflammatory bowel disease currently are not fully understood, increasing evidence implicates cytokines as key factors in the development of this disorder. The rationale for cytokine-targeted therapy for inflammatory bowel disease has been refined significantly, and clinical studies have been initiated. Recent investigations have focused on transcription factors that regulate production and activation of cytokines, including the nuclear factor-kappa B, the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, and the Janus kinases/signal transducers and activator of transcription pathways. Although their exact role in inflammatory bowel disease is still unknown, further studies may lead to identification of additional possible targets for therapeutic intervention that could improve management of the disease.
Invariant pattern recognition using Fourier-Mellin transforms and neural networks (1991)

The authors present image descriptors and spatial filters based on the circular Fourier and radial Mellin transforms. The Fourier-Mellin descriptors have advantage in terms of the noise sensitivity. The Fourier-Mellin filters generate the shift invariant Fourier-Mellin transforms optically. An opto-neural system using the Fourier-Mellin filters and a back-propagation neural network shows shift, scale and rotation invariant pattern recognition.
Short Synthesis of Chiral 4‐Substituted (<i>S</i>)‐Imidazolinium Salts Bearing Sulfonates and Their Use in γ‐Selective Reactions of Allylic Halides with Grignard Reagents (2011)

Abstract A one‐pot reaction of Boc‐protected amino alcohols and 2‐sulfobenzoic anhydride followed by the addition of a wide variety of primary amines has allowed rapid access to diverse libraries of amidosulfonates 1,2‐C 6 H 4 (SO 3 – )(COCHR 1 CH 2 NH 2 + R 2 ) (R 1 = Bn, i Pr, Ph; R 2 = aryl, CHMePh, 1‐adamantyl), of which two examples have been characterised by X‐ray crystallography. These reactions proceed by S N 2 opening of unisolated oxazoline intermediates. The amidosulfonates have been converted to imidazolinium sulfonate zwitterions ( N ‐heterocyclic carbene precursors) in a two‐step process, which involved reduction with BH 3 · SMe 2 and cyclisation with HC(OEt) 3 . Two examples (R 1 = Bn, R 2 = 2,6‐ i PrC 6 H 3 and R 1 = i Pr, R 2 = 3,5‐Me 2 C 6 H 3 ) have been crystallographically characterised, the latter as a PF 6 salt. The imidazolinium sulfonate zwitterions (1 mol‐%) catalysed additions of RMgBr (R = alkyl) to ( E )‐ArC(R)=CHCH 2 Br (R = H, Me). Additions to cinnamyl bromides showed high γ (S N 2′) selectivity (up to 18.4:1) and provided significantly enantiomerically enriched products (up to 82 % ee ).
Decomposition of siderite to magnetite at lower oxygen fugacities; a thermochemical interpretation and geological implications (1966)

A thermodynamic argument is developed to show that the development of magnetite from siderite, as observed in Precambrian iron formations, may occur without addition of oxygen either as a consequence of increase in temperature or decrease in the fugacity of carbon dioxide. Degree of escape of carbon dioxide may be controlling at lower temperature.
Adaptive vector quantization-Part I: a unifying structure (1997)

Summary form only given. Although rate-distortion theory establishes optimal coding properties for vector quantization (VQ) of stationary sources, the fact that real sources are, in actuality, nonstationary has led to the proposal of adaptive-VQ (AVQ) algorithms that compensate for changing source statistics. Because of the scarcity of rate-distortion results for nonstationary sources, proposed AVQ algorithms have been mostly heuristically, rather than analytically, motivated. As a result, there has been, to date, little attempt to develop a general model of AVQ or to compare the performance associated with existing AVQ algorithms. We summarize observations resulting from detailed studies of a number of previously published AVQ algorithms. To our knowledge, the observations represent the first attempt to define and describe AVQ in a general framework. We begin by proposing a mathematical definition of AVQ. Because of the large variety of algorithms that have purported to be AVQ, it is unclear from prior literature precisely what is meant by this term. Any resulting confusion is likely due to a certain imprecise, and sometimes ambiguous, use of the word "adaptive" in VQ literature. However, common to a large part of this literature is the notion that AVQ properly refers to techniques that dynamically vary the contents of a VQ codebook as coding progresses. Our definition of AVQ captures this idea of progressive codebook updating in a general mathematical framework.
Acute Pericarditis (2004)

A 35-year-old woman who is otherwise healthy has had constant retrosternal chest pain for two days. The pain worsens when she lies down and improves when she sits up and leans forward. On physical examination, the patient is afebrile and has a friction rub. The 12-lead electrocardiogram shows widespread ST-segment elevation and concomitant PR-segment depression. How should this patient be evaluated and treated?
A resonant-cavity, separate-absorption-and-multiplication, avalanche photodiode with low excess noise factor (1996)

We report on the design, fabrication, and performance of a photodiode that combines the advantages of a resonant cavity with a separate-absorption-and-multiplication avalanche photodiode. The device is grown on GaAs using molecular beam epitaxy and is designed to detect light near 900 nm. This photodetector has exhibited the following characteristics: an external quantum efficiency of 70%, a spectral linewidth of less than 7 nm, an avalanche gain in excess of 30, and low dark current. In addition, a low excess noise factor corresponding to 0.2/spl les/k/spl les/0.3 has been achieved.
Loss of major histocompatibility complex-encoded transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP) in colorectal cancer. (1994)

Presentation of endogenous antigenic peptides to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is mediated by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. These antigenic peptides derived from the cytoplasmic protein pool are transported by the recently described MHC-encoded transporters (TAP1 and TAP2) into a pre-Golgi region where they take part in the assembly of MHC class I molecules. Using an affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (AK1.7) for TAP1, we analyzed 81 colorectal carcinomas, 32 adenomas, and the respective nonneoplastic mucosa. Loss of the transporter molecule (TAP1) was observed in 14% (11 of 81) of the carcinomas, either complete (7 of 11) or focal (4 of 11), whereas adenomas and normal mucosa were always positive. This study adds further information to the understanding of the mechanisms related to the defective presentation of the MHC class I molecules by tumor cells.
Prevention of Agricultural Injuries Among Children and Adolescents (2001)

Although the annual number of farm deaths to children and adolescents has decreased since publication of the 1988 American Academy of Pediatrics statement, "Rural Injuries," the rate of nonfatal farm injuries has increased. Approximately 100 unintentional injury deaths occur annually to children and adolescents on US farms, and an additional 22 000 injuries to children younger than 20 years occur on farms. Relatively few adolescents are employed on farms compared with other types of industry, yet the proportion of fatalities in agriculture is higher than that for any other type of adolescent employment. The high mortality and severe morbidity associated with farm injuries require continuing and improved injury-control strategies. This statement provides recommendations for pediatricians regarding patient and community education as well as public advocacy related to agricultural injury prevention in childhood and adolescence.
Electronic structure of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">WSe</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>: A combined photoemission and inverse photoemission study (1997)

We report on a complete determination of the experimental and theoretical valence- and conduction-band structure of ${\mathrm{WSe}}_{2}$. The results of combined angle-resolved photoemission and inverse photoemission are discussed in the context of fully relativistic linear-muffin-tin-orbital and extended linear-augmented-plane-wave calculations. We measure an indirect band gap of 1.2 eV, and find the valence-band maximum to be located at the center of the Brillouin zone and the conduction-band minimum at 0.55\ensuremath{\Gamma}K.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Anti-acetylcholinesterase Activity of 2-(2-(4-(2-Oxo-2-phenylethyl)piperazin-1-yl) ethyl)Isoindoline-1,3-dione Derivatives with Potential Anti-Alzheimer Effects. (2013)

The new synthesized phthalimide based analogs could function as potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Further studies are necessary for development of potent analogs.
X-Gen: a random test-case generator for systems and SoCs (2003)

We present X-Gen, a model-based test-case generator designed for systems and systems on a chip (SoC). X-Gen provides a framework and a set of building blocks for system-level test-case generation. At the core of this framework lies a system model, which consists of component types, their configuration, and the interactions between them. Building blocks include commonly used concepts such as memories, registers, and address translation mechanisms. Once a system is modeled, X-Gen provides a rich language for describing test cases. Through this language, users can specify requests that cover the full spectrum between highly directed tests to completely random ones. X-Gen is currently in preliminary use at IBM for the verification of two different designs - a high-end multi-processor server and a state-of-the-art SoC.
Mouse Models of Atherosclerosis (2012)

Genetically altered mice carrying mutations of genes encoding crucial components of the immune system and lipid metabolism have been widely used to study the role of immune responses and inflammation in atherosclerosis. These mice are often fed a diet, with a high content of cholesterol and saturated fat in order to induce hypercholesterolemia and arterial lesions. We review the different mouse models of atherosclerosis, type of diets, and techniques to measure lipid deposition and lesion size in the arterial walls. Moreover, the methods used to determine the presence of the immune cells in atherosclerotic lesions are also described here.