gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Ultrasonic Bond Development (1978)

To enhance ultrasonic bond development, an improved understanding is needed of the processes taking place at the bond interface. This work is designed to determine the role that bonding parameters play in contributing to bond development. Of particular concern are the effects created by the machine variables, i.e., load, power, and time. Silicon was selected as a bond surface for aluminum wire bonds. The brittle nature of silicon provides a permanent record of the bonding history. With both the crystal orientation and defects of the silicon well characterized prior to bonding, features such as the location of residual bonding strains in the silicon were determined. The pattern of partially bonded material exposed by peeling underdeveloped bonds simulates a torus (or doughnut) with an unbonded central region. Features of aluminum wire bonds to aluminum, glass, beryllium, and silicon were compared to show that a common mechanism exists independent of the bond surface material. The ability to bond to silicon varies with wire composition. For example, both Al-0.5% Mg and pure Al wires bond readily, while Al-l% Si wire does not. Two modes of material flow characterize interfacial behavior. Ultrasonic energy promotes a material softening which, in conjunction with the applied load, results in a gross flow to expose fresh material for bonding. In the second stage of material flow, a wave form is propagated through the wire to the periphery of the wire-silicon interface. This wave form is observed as a periodic cutting action into the silicon perpendicular to the pulsing direction. A fine ball-like formation in the grooves of the wave region at the bond zone was a feature common to the different bonding surfaces. The wavelength and wave amplitude vary linearly with the applied power as does the tip-to-tip displacement of the wedge. The groove spacings are of the same magnitude as the wedge displacement. For constant power and time, increased load increases the size of the central bond region that does not experience the wave action. For constant load and power, the width of the wave affected periphery increases toward the center of the bond with time. The method of thermally induced stacking faults by steam oxidation was used to characterize the residual bond strains in the silicon. Faulting was found in the peripheral region of the bond where the wave action was operable. This faulting correlated to stresses generated in the pulsing direction and not to the directions of gross material flow. Reliable bonding depends upon a proper control of the gross and wave flow processes by optimizing material properties as well as machine variables. A model has been developed to qualitatively relate the influence of these variables and the manner in which a change in one parameter affects the response of the remaining variables.
Ductile End-Diaphragms for Seismic Retrofit of Slab-on-Girder Steel Bridges (1999)

A seismic retrofit strategy using ductile steel bridge end-diaphragms is presented here. By replacing the existing steel diaphragms over abutments and piers with specially designed ductile diaphragms calibrated to yield before the strength of the substructure (and superstructure for deck-truss bridges) is reached, these can be protected. For slab-on-girder bridges, stiffness of the girders must also be considered, as it has an impact on behaviour. For deck-truss bridges, conversion of the deck slab into a composite slab, replacement of the end sway-bracing panels by special ductile diaphragms, and replacement of the lower-lateral braced panels adjacent to the piers by similar ductile panels are required. In both cases, however, access to the superstructure locations requiring retrofit is relatively easy, compared to the alternative retrofit strategies that may require replacement or reinforcing of piers, bearings and many structural members. Computer simulations of the dynamic behaviour of the retrofitted bridges subjected to severe ground excitation showed satisfactory performance, and validated the analytical procedure for the proposed retrofit strategy. Experimental results obtained for slab-on-girder bridges indicate that welded ductile diaphragms perform as intended.
Preparation of oxygenated phenylacetic acids (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of oxygenated phenylacetic acidsDwight D. Weller, Eugene P. Stirchak, and Ayumu YokoyamaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 11, 2061–2063Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00185a061https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00185a061research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views599Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Bloodstream Infections Caused by Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli: Risk Factors for Mortality and Impact of Inappropriate Initial Antimicrobial Therapy on Outcome (2005)

The marked increase in the incidence of infections due to antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacilli in recent years is of great concern, as patients infected by those isolates might initially receive antibiotics that are inactive against the responsible pathogens. To evaluate the effect of inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy on survival, a total of 286 patients with antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteremia, 61 patients with Escherichia coli bacteremia, 65 with Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia, 74 with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia, and 86 with Enterobacter bacteremia, were analyzed retrospectively. If a patient received at least one antimicrobial agent to which the causative microorganisms were susceptible within 24 h of blood culture collection, the initial antimicrobial therapy was considered to have been appropriate. High-risk sources of bacteremia were defined as the lung, peritoneum, or an unknown source. The main outcome measure was 30-day mortality. Of the 286 patients, 135 (47.2%) received appropriate initial empirical antimicrobial therapy, and the remaining 151 (52.8%) patients received inappropriate therapy. The adequately treated group had a 27.4% mortality rate, whereas the inadequately treated group had a 38.4% mortality rate (P = 0.049). Multivariate analysis showed that the significant independent risk factors of mortality were presentation with septic shock, a high-risk source of bacteremia, P. aeruginosa infection, and an increasing APACHE II score. In the subgroup of patients (n = 132) with a high-risk source of bacteremia, inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy was independently associated with increased mortality (odds ratio, 3.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.13 to 11.72; P = 0.030). Our data suggest that inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy is associated with adverse outcome in antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteremia, particularly in patients with a high-risk source of bacteremia.
Nanorheology of Dioctyl Phthalate Confined between Surfaces Coated with Long Alkyl Chains (2007)

To shed light on the mechanism related to the high viscosity of a precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) dispersion in dioctyl phthalate (DOP), the viscosity of DOP in a nanometer space was investigated using the shear resonance measurement. We used mica surfaces modified with dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODA) as a model of a PCC surface which bears long alkyl chains and bare mica surfaces as a reference. We found that a resonance peak for DOP of high water content (1164 ppm) confined between the DODA-modified surfaces gradually decreased upon approach from a distance of 320.6 nm and disappeared at ca. 57 nm. This indicated that the viscosity of DOP increased with decreasing distance, and a highly ordered state appeared at a large separation of 57 nm. This highly ordered state, however, cannot be observed for DOP of low water content (469 ppm) confined between the DODA-modified surfaces. The resonance peak for DOP of high water content (1164 ppm) between bare mica surfaces gradually decreased upon approach from a distance of 358.4 nm and disappeared at 10.7 nm, which is much shorter than the value for the DODA-modified surfaces. These results could be correlated with the high macroscopic viscosity of a dispersion of PCC coated with long alkyl chains in DOP. We propose the interpenetration of the long alkyl chains and the hydrogen-bonding network of DOP molecules mediated by water molecules as a plausible model for interpreting the high viscosity of coated PCC dispersions.
Speech repair: quick error correction just by using selection operation for speech input interfaces (2005)

In this paper, we propose a novel speech input interface function, called “Speech Repair” in which recognition errors can be easily corrected by selecting candidates. During the speech input, this function displays not only the typical speechrecognition result but also other competitive candidates. Each word in the result is separated by line segments and accompanied by other word candidates. A user who finds a recognition error can simply select the correct word from the candidates for that temporal region. In order to overcome the difficulty of generating appropriate candidates, we adopted a confusion network that can condense a huge internal word graph of a large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) system. In our experiments, almost all recognition errors were corrected and the effectiveness of speech repair was confirmed.
Calsenilin Is a Substrate for Caspase-3 That Preferentially Interacts with the Familial Alzheimer's Disease-associated C-terminal Fragment of Presenilin 2 (2001)

Calsenilin is a member of the recoverin family of neuronal calcium-binding proteins that we have previously shown to interact with presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2) holoproteins. The expression of calsenilin can regulate the levels of a proteolytic product of PS2 (Buxbaum, J. D., Choi, E. K., Luo, Y., Lilliehook, C., Crowley, A. C., Merriam, D. E., and Wasco, W. (1998) Nat. Med. 4, 1177-1181) and reverse the presenilin-mediated enhancement of calcium signaling (Leissring, M. A., Yamasaki, T. R., Wasco, W., Buxbaum, J. D., Parker, I., and LaFerla, F. M. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97, 8590-8593). Here, we have used cultured mammalian cells that transiently or stably express calsenilin to extend the characterization of calsenilin and of the calsenilin-PS2 interaction. We have found that calsenilin has the ability to interact with endogenous 25-kDa C-terminal fragment (CTF) that is a product of regulated endoproteolytic cleavage of PS2 and that the presence of the N141I PS2 mutation does not significantly alter the interaction of calsenilin with PS2. Interestingly, when the 25-kDa PS2 CTF and the 20-kDa PS2 CTF are both present, calsenilin preferentially interacts with the 20-kDa CTF. Increases in the 20-kDa fragment are associated with the presence of familial Alzheimer's disease-associated mutations (Kim, T., Pettingell, W. H., Jung, Y., Kovacs, D. M., and Tanzi, R. E. (1997) Science 277, 373-376). However, the finding that the production of the 20-kDa fragment is regulated by the phosphorylation of PS2 (Walter, J., Schindzielorz, A., Grunberg, J., and Haass, C. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96, 1391-1396) suggests that it is a regulated physiological event that also occurs in the absence of the familial Alzheimer's disease-associated mutations in PS2. Finally, we have demonstrated that calsenilin is a substrate for caspase-3, and we have used site-directed mutagenesis to map the caspase-3 cleavage site to a region that is proximal to the calcium binding domain of calsenilin.
Localization of the cell proliferation and apoptosis-associated CAS protein in lymphoid neoplasms. (1997)

We have evaluated the expression and distribution of the cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CAS) protein in normal lymphoid tissue and malignant lymphomas. CAS protein, the product of the CAS gene, is associated with microtubules and the mitotic spindle. Immunohistochemistry with an antibody to CAS shows many CAS-positive cells in normal tonsils. The majority of strongly CAS-positive cells were localized to the dark zone of the follicles, whereas the mantle zone and interfollicular areas were essentially negative. Double staining for CAS and Ki-67 revealed co-expression of the two proliferation markers in approximately 85 to 90% of the CAS-positive cells. Different subtypes of lymphomas exhibited varying patterns of CAS expression. Low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma generally revealed weak staining with CAS, with 10 to 60% of all cells being positive. In contrast, highly malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and malignant cells of Hodgkin's disease displayed very strong CAS positivity, with staining of up to 80% of the atypical cells. Overall, the staining pattern of CAS and Ki-67 was superimposable within a particular lymphoma subtype. However, in all lymphomas we observed a significant fraction of CAS-positive normal and malignant lymphocytes that were Ki-67 negative, probably because they were momentarily noncycling cells. We conclude that a high expression of CAS correlates with proliferation of normal and malignant lymphoid cells. The fact that detection of CAS protein identifies a higher portion of proliferating and malignant cells than Ki-67 warrants further evaluation of CAS protein as a marker with a diagnostic potential.
Competitive Equilibrium (1994)

The development of general equilibrium theory represents one of the greatest advances in economic analysis in the latter half of the twentieth century. This book, intended for advanced undergraduates and graduate students, provides a broad introduction to competitive equilibrium analysis with an emphasis on concrete applications. The first three chapters are introductory in nature, paving the way for the more advanced second half of the book. Relative to the competition, it is much more 'user friendly' while offering exceptionally broad coverage of topics. Well-designed and interesting applications help to make potentially abstract material more accessible. The book includes 92 illustrations and nearly 200 exercises.
Proxy-Based Reference Picture Selection for Error Resilient Conversational Video in Mobile Networks (2008)

We propose a frame dependency management strategy for error robust transmission of conversational video in mobile networks. We consider an end-to-end video transmission scenario that involves both a wireless uplink as well as a wireless downlink plus some intermediate wireline network transmission. We also investigate the special cases of an end-to-end scenario where only a wireless uplink or a wireless downlink is present. We cope with packet loss on the downlink by retransmitting lost packets from the base station to the receiver for error recovery. Retransmissions are enabled by using fixed-distance reference picture selection during encoding with a prediction distance that corresponds to the round-trip time of the downlink combined with accelerated decoding. We deal with transmission errors on the uplink by sending acknowledgments and predicting the next frame to encode from those slices that have been correctly received by the base station. We show that these two separate approaches for uplink and downlink efficiently complement one another and the resulting end-to-end scheme is characterized by very low computational complexity. We compare our scheme to several state-of-the-art error resiliency approaches and report significant improvements.
Stage-specific prognostic value of molecular markers in colon cancer: Results of the translational study on the PETACC 3-EORTC 40993-SAKK 60–00 trial (2009)

4002 Background: We compared the incidence of molecular markers in stage II (SII) and III (SIII) colon cancer and tested their prognostic value per stage, using PETACC 3, an adjuvant trial with 3,278 patients. We included expression of P53, SMAD4, thymidylate synthetase (TS) and hTERT, mutations of KRAS and BRAF, microsatellite instability (MSI) and 18qLOH. Methods: 1,564 formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks were prospectively collected and DNA from normal and tumor tissue was extracted after macrodissection. High P53, TS and hTERT expression and SMAD4 loss were assessed by immunohistochemistry. MSI was studied with 10 markers. KRAS exon 2 and BRAF exon 15 mutations were analyzed by allele specific real time PCR. 18qLOH was studied by pyrosequencing 7 SNPs. Prognostic value of the markers was analysed per stage by Cox regression for Relapse Free Survival (RFS). Results: marker frequencies and stage specific p-values in prognostic models in 420 SII and 984 SIII patients are listed in the table . Significant differences in frequency per stage were found for all markers except KRAS and BRAF. An interaction test for differences between marker prognostic value for SII and SIII was significant for MSI (p=0.04) and 18qLOH (p=0.04) in SII. Multivariate analysis including markers, T stage, N stage (for SIII), Tu grade, age <60, sex, treatment arm, and Tu site found T stage (p=0.0001) and MSI (p=0.02) as independently significant clinical predictors in SII; N stage (p<0.0001), T stage (p<0.0001), SMAD4 (p<0.0001) and P53 (p=0.01) in SIII. Conclusions: Molecular markers in colon cancer have a stage specific prognostic value. The possibility that the stages represent different diseases, rather than sequential steps in the evolution of a single disease, needs to be considered. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]
EarlyBird (2015)

Social networks are the most engaging applications on mobile devices, and they are becoming the main sources for users to consume content. However, content retrieval, especially for embedded links and multimedia, can often be too slow, too energy hungry or too expensive for on-the-go mobile users. To address these issues, we collect and analyze a large set of traces from over 6000 real-life users of a popular mobile Twitter client. Based on the unique challenges identified from our dataset, we present inference-based social network content prefetcher, Earlybird. It uses the specific signals unique to social data in order to retrieve news feeds and associated links and multimedia ahead of users' usage. Our regression-based content prediction model is able to estimate a user's likely content interests 55% of the time. Second, we develop a prefetch scheduling scheme to maximize delay reduction under users' resource constraints. For validation, we apply Earlybird to our collected dataset. We show that on average users can reduce their delays by 62% at the cost of no more than 3% battery and 40MB/month cellular data.
Vapor Deposition of Ruthenium from an Amidinate Precursor (2007)

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) and pulsed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) were used to make ruthenium (Ru) thin films from a volatile Ru amidinate precursor, bis(-di-tert-butylacetamidinato)ruthenium(II) dicarbonyl. The CVD films were grown without any coreactant, while the ALD films used ammonia as a coreactant. The films are fine-grained polycrystalline ruthenium with high purity ( impurities). Ru grew as a continuous, electrically conductive, pinhole-free film on tungsten nitride (WN) films even for films as thin as . The resistivities of the films match those of pure sputtered ruthenium of the same thickness. Roughness is of the film thickness. The films are very conformal, with 80% step coverage over holes with high aspect ratios (40:1). This thermal process does not use any oxidant or plasma as a second reagent, thereby avoiding damage to sensitive substrates. The ALD growth rate can reach at a substrate temperature of .
Transversal Load Sensing With Fiber Bragg Gratings in Microstructured Optical Fibers (2009)

We present fiber Bragg grating based transversal load sensing with a highly birefringent microstructured optical fiber. For the bare fiber, the change of the Bragg peak separation under a transverse line load was simulated with a finite-element model and experimentally verified. We also show that microstructured optical fibers with fiber Bragg gratings can be successfully embedded in a carbon fiber reinforced composite material. The linear dependence of the Bragg peak separation to a transversal stress in the composite sample was measured to be 15.3 pm/MPa.
A corneal micropocket assay for angiogenesis in the rat eye. (1981)

A corneal micropocket assay for angiogenesis in the rat eye is described in detail. With our test system, a partially purified, low molecular-weight endothelial cell growth stimulatory factor isolated from the Walker 256 rat carcinosarcoma is demonstrated to have potent angiogenic activity in vivo. The advantages and applications of our rat corneal assay are discussed.
A Pathway to Enable Exponential Scaling for the Beyond-CMOS Era (2017)

Many key technologies of our society, including so-called artificial intelligence (AI) and big data, have been enabled by the invention of transistor and its ever-decreasing size and ever-increasing integration at a large scale. However, conventional technologies are confronted with a clear scaling limit. Many recently proposed advanced transistor concepts are also facing an uphill battle in the lab because of necessary performance tradeoffs and limited scaling potential. We argue for a new pathway that could enable exponential scaling for multiple generations. This pathway involves layering multiple technologies that enable new functions beyond those available from conventional and newly proposed transistors. The key principles for this new pathway have been demonstrated through an interdisciplinary team effort at C-SPIN (a STARnet center), where systems designers, device builders, materials scientists and physicists have all worked under one umbrella to overcome key technology barriers. This paper reviews several successful outcomes from this effort on topics such as the spin memory, logic-in-memory, cognitive computing, stochastic and probabilistic computing and reconfigurable information processing.
Respiratory tract immune response to microbial pathogens. (1982)

Effective resistance to respiratory tract infection depends principally on specific immunity on mucosal surfaces of the upper or lower respiratory tract. Respiratory tract immune response comprises antibody and cell-mediated systems and may be induced most readily by surface presentation of replicating agents but can result from parenteral or local presentation of highly immunogenic antigens. Upper and lower respiratory tract systems differ in immunologic competence, with the lungs having a greater inventory of protective mechanisms than the trachea or nose. Several effective vaccines have been developed for prevention or modification of respiratory tract diseases.
Processive Motion of Bipedal DNA Walkers (2009)

Made for walking: Using DNA base-pairing interactions alone, recently several examples of bipedal DNA walkers have been demonstrated experimentally (see picture). The walkers display coordinated leg movement and are able to walk processively on a supramolecular track. To achieve this behavior, the kinetics of the hybridization reactions involved in each case is intricately designed.