gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dietary restriction with and without caloric restriction for healthy aging (2016)

Caloric restriction is the most effective and reproducible dietary intervention known to regulate aging and increase the healthy lifespan in various model organisms, ranging from the unicellular yeast to worms, flies, rodents, and primates. However, caloric restriction, which in most cases entails a 20-40% reduction of food consumption relative to normal intake, is a severe intervention that results in both beneficial and detrimental effects. Specific types of chronic, intermittent, or periodic dietary restrictions without chronic caloric restriction have instead the potential to provide a significant healthspan increase while minimizing adverse effects. Improved periodic or targeted dietary restriction regimens that uncouple the challenge of food deprivation from the beneficial effects will allow a safe intervention feasible for a major portion of the population. Here we focus on healthspan interventions that are not chronic or do not require calorie restriction.
A chimeric cell adhesion molecule mediates homing of lymphocytes to vascularized tumors. (1999)

To facilitate tumor colonization by adoptively transferred cells of the immune system, we created a chimeric cell adhesion molecule that mediates tumor-specific homing by binding to the integrin alpha(v)beta3 on angiogenic endothelial cells. A high-affinity cell adhesion molecule for integrin alpha(v)beta3 was generated by fusing the disintegrin kistrin to the transmembrane adhesion molecule CD31/PECAM-1. This chimeric cell adhesion molecule, termed KISS31, mediates adhesion of lymphoid cells to soluble recombinant integrin alpha(v)beta3 and to endotheliomal monolayers in vitro. KISS31-expressing lymphoid cells accumulate in angiogenic tumors in two in vivo models, in B16/129 melanoma xenografts on the chick chorioallantois and in s.c. growing Lewis lung carcinoma in mice. Our data indicate that expression of KISS31 on lymphoid cells confers tumor-specific homing. This is, to our knowledge, the first example of an experimental mechanism that targets living cells to tumors by redirecting their homing pattern.
Tubulin targets in the pathobiology and therapy of glioblastoma multiforme. I. class III β‐tubulin (2009)

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and deadliest form of primary brain cancer in adults. Despite advances in molecular biology and genetics of gliomas currently there is no effective treatment or promising molecularly targeted experimental therapeutic strategies for these tumors. In previous studies we have shown aberrant overexpression of the class III beta-tubulin isotype (betaIII-tubulin) in GBM and have proposed that this change may reflect perturbations in microtubule dynamics associated with glioma tumorigenesis, tumor progression and malignant transformation into GBM. This minireview focuses on microtubules and tubulin as emerging targets in potential therapy of GBM using a new class of betaIII-tubulin-targeted drugs in the light of recent developments concerning the function and potential role of this isotype in clinically aggressive tumor behavior, cancer stem cells, tumor hypoxia and chemoresistance to tubulin binding agents, principally taxanes.
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of <i>N,N</i>-Diethyl-<i>m</i>-toluamide in Rats (1992)

N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (mDET, DEET) is widely used as a topical insect repellent. It is the active ingredient in many consumer formulations, which usually contain 10–25% mDET in an alcohol base. More concentrated consumer products are also available, including some that are pure technical grade mDET. Persons living or employed in mosquito-infested areas may have very high seasonal exposures to mDET. Because contradictory reports had been published on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of mDET, a series of studies was conducted in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. All treatments were administered by daily subcutaneous injections of undiluted mDET. A dose finding study was done using 12 time-mated females per group treated on Gestational Days (GD) 6–15 with 0.50, 0.62, 0.78, 0.92, or 1.2 ml mDET /kg/day. No females survived 10 days of mDET dosing with 1.2 ml/kg/day. Deaths occurred in all other groups except the low dose (0.50 ml/kg/ day). Pregnant females treated on GD 6–15 with 0 or 0.30 ml/ kg/day were used for the teratology study. Half of each group was euthanized on GD 20: the second half was singly housed in nesting boxes and allowed to deliver litters. Live pups were counted and weighed soon after birth on Postnatal Day (PD) 0 and again on PD 3, 9, and 14. Proven fertile males were treated 5 days/week for 9 weeks with 0, 0.30, 0.73, 1.15, or 1.80 ml mDET /kg/day for a male dose-finding study. Each group consisted of 20 males. No males survived the 1.80 ml/kg/day. Deaths occurred in all remaining dose groups except the 0.30 ml/kg/ day and control group. Immediately following the final treatment of the male dose study, 11 males were randomly selected from the 0.30 and 0.73 ml/kg/day groups. They were cohabited for 7 days with 4 females per male during post-treatment Weeks 1 and 2. Half of the females were euthanized 12–14 days after the last day of cohabitation for a dominant lethal study; the remaining females were singly housed in nesting boxes and allowed to deliver litters. Live pups were counted and weighed on PD 0 and 3. There was no evidence of reproductive or developmental toxicity in any of these assays, but there were signs of neuro-toxicity in treated adult male and female rats, which may relate to reports of neurotoxicity in humans heavily exposed to mDET -containing insect repellents, o 1992 society of Toxicology.
[In vitro study of isolated chondrocytes concerning the prognosis of transplanted cartilage]. (1979)

In order to find out reliable criteria to conclude on the prognosis of transplanted cartilage the quality of isolated rabbit chondrocytes was assayed in vitro. Using a semisolid medium a culture system is introduced, which is able to detect colony forming units of chondrocytes. Furthermore their proliferative and differentiating capacity was investigated. Colony formation in vitro follows a strict dose response relationship. An inverse relationship was observed between the age of the donor and the colony incidence in vitro. Cells from neonatal cartilage could be induced to grow as fibroblastic colonies in the presence of conditioned medium from fibroblastic monolayer cultures. No effect, however, could be observed with chondrocyte derived conditioned medium.
Control-Flow Decoupling (2012)

Mobile and PC/server class processor companies continue to roll out flagship core micro architectures that are faster than their predecessors. Meanwhile placing more cores on a chip coupled with constant supply voltage puts per-core energy consumption at a premium. Hence, the challenge is to find future micro architecture optimizations that not only increase performance but also conserve energy. Eliminating branch mispredictions -- which waste both time and energy -- is valuable in this respect. We first explore the control-flow landscape by characterizing mispredictions in four benchmark suites. We find that a third of mispredictions-per-1K-instructions (MPKI) come from what we call separable branches: branches with large control-dependent regions (not suitable for if-conversion), whose backward slices do not depend on their control-dependent instructions or have only a short dependence. We propose control-flow decoupling (CFD) to eradicate mispredictions of separable branches. The idea is to separate the loop containing the branch into two loops: the first contains only the branch's predicate computation and the second contains the branch and its control-dependent instructions. The first loop communicates branch outcomes to the second loop through an architectural queue. Micro architecturally, the queue resides in the fetch unit to drive timely, non-speculative fetching or skipping of successive dynamic instances of the control-dependent region. Either the programmer or compiler can transform a loop for CFD, and we evaluate both. On a micro architecture configured similar to Intel's Sandy Bridge core, CFD increases performance by up to 43%, and reduces energy consumption by up to 41%. Moreover, for some applications, CFD is a necessary catalyst for future complexity-effective large-window architectures to tolerate memory latency.
Synthesis and use of 7-substituted norbornadienes for the preparation of prostaglandins and prostanoids (1986)

Syntheses of 7-substituted norbornadienes from 7-t-butoxy- and 7-halogeno-norbornadienes are described. Rearrangement of the products in the presence of peracetic acid gives bicyclic aldehydes (2) in equilibrium with enol ethers (3) which are hydrolysed to hydroxycyclopentenylacetaldehydes (4), and converted into key intermediates for the synthesis of prostaglandins and their analogues. Syntheses of prostaglandin J analogues with n-hexyl and phenyl groups replacing the ω-side-chain are described.
Is NASH underdiagnosed among African Americans? (2002)

Although there is overrepresentation of African Americans among patients with major risk factors for NASH, individuals of primarily African American descent are infrequently represented among our patients with NASH or cryptogenic cirrhosis. This could result from underrecognition, underreferral, or a true lower prevalence of these disorders among African Americans.
Stabilized Phosphogypsum:Class C Fly Ash:Portland Type II Cement Composites for Potential Marine Application (2001)

Phosphogypsum (PG, CaSO4 x H20), a byproduct of phosphoric acid manufacturing, contains low levels of Ra226. PG can be stabilized with portland type II cement and class C fly ash for use in marine environments, thus eliminating the airborne vector of transmission for radon gas. An augmented simplex centroid design with pseudocomponents was used to select 10 PG:class C fly ash:portland type II cement compositions. The 43 cm3 blocks were fabricated and subjected to a 1.5-yr field submergence test and a 28-d saltwater dynamic leaching study. All field composites survived with no signs of degradation. Dynamic leaching resulted in effective calcium diffusion coefficients ranging from 0.21 to 7.5 x 10(-14)m2 s(-1). Effective diffusion depths, calculated for t=1 and 30 yr, ranged from 0.4 to 2.2 mm and from 2.0 to 11.9 mm, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and wavelength dispersive microprobe and X-ray diffraction analyses of the leached composites identified a 40-60-microm calcite layer that was absent in the control composites. This suggests that a reaction between the composites and the saltwater results in the precipitation of calcite onto the block surface, encapsulating the composites and protecting them from saltwater attack and dissolution.
INVESTIGATION OF MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC-RESONATOR FILTERS (1963)

Abstract : Waveguide band-stop filters using dielectric resonators are considered. Two basic orientations, transverse and axial, of a dielectric resonator in a TE10-mode rectangular waveguide are analyzed. Formulas for external Q are derived in both cases. The experimental response of a three resonator band-stop filter is shown to agree well with the theoretically anticipated performance. Various configurations of dielectric resonators in waveguide that yield directional filter performance are described. Pairs of resonators operating in their fundamental mode are used as well as a single resonator operating in its second mode of resonance. Formulas are derived for several cases. Measured resonant frequency curves are presented for the first three modes of a disk as a function of length-to-diameter ratio and favorable regions of L/D yielding good mode separation are found for the cases of the first and second modes. Data showing the effect of metal-wall proximity on unloaded Q and resonant frequency are presented for an axially oriented dielectric disk in square and circular tubes below cut-off.
Chemical enhancement of coal seam permeability (1985)

A novel coalbed methane well stimulation process that utilizes chemical action rather than hydraulic fracturing was investigated in the laboratory. Hot sodium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide-methanol solutions were forced through one-inch cubes of coal from the Mary Lee seam. The solutions reacted with the coal to increase permeability both to gas and water. In coal specimens with original gas permeabilities ranging from 0.07 to 0.7 millidarcies, this treatment resulted in gas permeability enhancement factors ranging up to 23, and water permeability enhancement factors ranging up to 19. Treatment temperatures up to 175/sup 0/C, shut in times up to 10 hours, sodium hydroxide concentrations up to 30%, and methanol concentrations up to 10% were investigated. Permeability enhancement factors increased with increasing treatment temperature, shut in time, and sodium hydroxide concentration. Aqueous sodium hydroxide-methanol solutions produced better results than did aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions alone. When sodium hydroxide solutions alone were used, the minimum temperature for significant permeability enhancement was found to be about 150/sup 0/C. The experiments were conducted using an isothermal continuous-flow high pressure reactor/permeameter of novel design.
Vitreoperfusion (1989)

No satisfactory treatment is available to supply the metabolic needs of the retina in vascular occlusion. Consequently, necrosis occurs. We devised vitreoperfusion, a technique of perfusing the vitreous cavity after vitrectomy-lensectomy with selected fluids containing glucose and oxygen. We tested whether vitreoperfusion could protect the retina from severe combined retinal and choroidal ischemia. An intraocular pressure of 170 mm Hg was induced in each eye of nine cats for up to four hours, and simultaneously one eye of each cat underwent vitreoperfusion. After one week, histopathologic examination revealed retinal atrophy and dissolution in untreated eyes but not in eyes treated with vitreoperfusion. To our knowledge, such severe ischemia has never been treated successfully before. Vitreoperfusion is a potential treatment modality in various forms of ocular ischemia. Additional studies are warranted to refine the technique and determine any clinical applicability.
An application of color graphics to the display of surface curvature (1981)

In developing a mathematical representation for a surface, designers currently must use line drawing graphics to examine the curvature of a line in a plane, a two-dimensional analysis. By combining a result from differential geometry with the use of color raster graphics, the method described in this paper provides a means for the designer to examine surface curvature, a three-dimensional analysis. In particular, a formulation for the Gaussian and average curvatures is given and it is shown how these indicate the presence or absence of protrusions, hollows, etc. in a surface, i.e., how, where, and by how much the surface curves. Showing a fourth variable, curvature in this case, over a three-dimensional surface is difficult, if not impossible with traditional line drawing computer graphics. The method described solves this problem by using color as a fourth dimension. Examples are given, including both known shapes (torus) and automotive parts (hood, fender).
A family of linear programming algorithms based on thevon neumann algorithm (2004)

In this dissertation, we study an algorithm for linear programming proposed by John von Neumann. This algorithm can be considered “elementary” since it performs only simple computations. It has other attractive properties such as a low computational cost per iteration and the possibility of exploiting the sparsity of the problem data. The algorithm usually has a fast initial convergence rate, which later becomes slow. 
We present four new algorithms based on the von Neumann algorithm. Our algorithms were designed to overcome some of the convergence difficulties of the von Neumann algorithm. We have focused on the practical computational behavior of the algorithms. Testing of these algorithms on a set of linear programming instances show that they provide significant improvements when compared with the original von Neumann algorithm. 
The last part of our work deals with an application for the von Neumann and related algorithms. We have focused on the use of the optimal pair adjustment algorithm, which is the best algorithm that we propose, in conjunction with an infeasible primal-dual interior point method. Firstly, we use the optimal pair adjustment algorithm to provide a starting solution for the interior point method. Secondly, we use the optimal pair adjustment algorithm after each interior point iteration. Both strategies aim at improving the performance of the interior point method. Computational results show that, especially the second strategy provides improvements over the standard interior point algorithm that we have used.
Fire-Resistant Hydrogel-Fabric Laminates: A Simple Concept That May Save Lives (2015)

There is a large demand for fabrics that can survive high-temperature fires for an extended period of time, and protect the skin from burn injuries. Even though fire-resistant polymer fabrics are commercially available, many of these fabrics are expensive, decompose rapidly, and/or become very hot when exposed to high temperatures. We have developed a new class of fire-retarding materials by laminating a hydrogel and a fabric. The hydrogel contains around 90% water, which has a large heat capacity and enthalpy of vaporization. When the laminate is exposed to fire, a large amount of energy is absorbed as water heats up and evaporates. The temperature of the hydrogel cannot exceed 100 °C until it is fully dehydrated. The fabric has a low thermal conductivity and maintains the temperature gradient between the hydrogel and the skin. The laminates are fabricated using a recently developed tough hydrogel to ensure integrity of the laminate during processing and use. A thermal model predicts the performance of the laminates and shows that they have excellent heat resistance in good agreement with experiments, making them viable candidates in life saving applications such as fire-resistant blankets or apparel.
Flight Mechanics of Manned Sub-Orbital Reusable Launch Vehicles with Recommendations for Launch and Recovery (2003)

An overview of every significant method of launch and recovery for manned sub-orbital Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLV) is presented here. We have categorized launch methods as vertical takeoff, horizontal takeoff, and air launch. Recovery methods are categorized as wings, aerodynamic decelerators, rockets, and rotors. We conclude that both vertical takeoff and some air launch methods are viable means of attaining sub-orbital altitudes and wings and aerodynamic decelerators are viable methods for recovery. These conclusions are based on statistical methods using historical data coupled with time-stepped integration of the trajectory equations of motion. Based on the additional factors of safety, customer acceptance, and affordability, we also conclude that the preferred architecture for a commercially successful manned sub-orbital RLV is Vertical Takeoff using hybrid rocket motor propulsion and winged un-powered Horizontal Landing onto a runway (VTHL).
Class, Gender, and the Asymmetry Hypothesis (1995)

This paper reviews three interconnected issues that have been central to the controversial problem of describing the relationship between class and gender. First, the matter of taxonomy, and whether or not extant class schemes are suitable for the study of women's employment. Second, the question of how sex segregation in the occupational structure relates to regimes of class inequality and class mobility; more specifically, of the connections between absolute mobility rates and relative mobility chances. Finally, the attempt to identify the unit of class composition, in particular the so-called asymmetry hypothesis concerning the pattern of relationships among the class positions of spouses and the attributes that are said to comprise socio-political class formation. We argue that the last of these provides the most important strand to the debate, and present new cross-national data on the relationships between class identities, voting behaviour, and the social class standing of male and female partners. The findings for advanced capitalist societies support the conventional view that the unit of class composition is the household. However, those for post-communist states are contrary to conventional expectations, suggesting that processes of sociopolitical class formation may be different in East and West.
Implementation of an MPEG 2 layer III multichannel audio encoder running in real time (1996)

The RACE COUGAR project has furthered the development of the MPEG 2 Layer III audio encoding process. Software simulations have been rigorously tested. The development of a multichannel encoder that can operate in real time was the next step. A brief overview of the perceptual coding techniques employed is included, followed by a comparison of the way these might be implemented in software simulation and in real time hardware. The influences on choice of hardware, of computational speed required, quantity of data to be handled, ease of interfacing and suitability of support systems are discussed. The process of porting, partitioning and optimising the simulation software so that it will run on a distributed processor system is described. The encoder is currently working with two channels. The extension of the system to encode 5 channels is reported.
Iterative Antimicrobial Candidate Selection from Informed <scp>D</scp>‐/<scp>L</scp>‐Peptide Dimer Libraries (2013)

Growing resistance to antibiotics, as well as newly emerging pathogens, stimulate the investigation of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as therapeutic agents. Here, we report a new library design concept based on a stochastic distribution of natural AMP amino acid sequences onto half-length synthetic peptides. For these compounds, a non-natural motif of alternating D- and L-backbone stereochemistry of the peptide chain predisposed for β-helix formation was explored. Synthetic D-/L-peptides with permuted half-length sequences were delineated from a full-length starter sequence and covalently recombined to create two-dimensional compound arrays for antibacterial screening. Using the natural AMP magainin as a seed sequence, we identified and iteratively optimized hit compounds showing high antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with low hemolytic activity. Cryo-electron microscopy characterized the membrane-associated mechanism of action of the new D-/L-peptide antibiotics.
Two-phase interleaved LLC resonant converter with current-controlled inductor (2009)

Multi-phase interleaved converters represent interesting solutions in terms of reduced current rating of each module, reduction of input and output current ripples, and possibility of redundancy. However, when attempt to interleave resonant converters operating at the same switching frequency, the resonant components' tolerance can cause severe current unbalance between them. In this paper, a two-phase interleaved LLC resonant converter is proposed that employs a current-controlled inductor to adjust the resonance frequency of one module, thus compensating for component mismatch. Experimental results of a prototype rated at 24V-12A output are presented, confirming the theoretical forecasts.