gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Space-Variant Image Formation* (1965)

The application of optical transfer theory to the process of image formation requires that the image-forming system be linear and space invariant. In a space-invariant system, the point image retains its shape while the point source explores the object plane. The purpose of this paper is to investigate image-forming systems which are linear but space variant. Such systems may exceed performance limitations which are inherent in linear space-invariant systems. A method for experimentally determining space variance is devised. The degree of space invariance is defined and evaluated for several examples of space-variant systems.
Interleaver design for punctured turbo codes based on RSC code structure (2013)

Punctured turbo codes may show poor performance for some specific code rates, due to uneven error protection of input bits after puncturing. In this paper, such phenomenon is analyzed by considering the structure of recursive systematic convolutional (RSC) code and, new design criteria of interleaver are proposed such that the information bits are protected as equally as possible. Simulation results confirm that the proposed interleaver show good performance for the specific code rates considered
Acute management of migraine: triptans and beyond (1999)

Migraine is a paroxysmal disorder characterized by attacks of headache, nausea, vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia, and malaise. This review summarizes new treatment options for the therapy of acute attacks. Sumatriptan was the first specific serotonin-1B/D agonist for the treatment of acute migraine attacks. Apart from the oral and subcutaneous formulation, it is also available as nasal spray and suppository. The other new migraine drugs zolmitriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan and eletriptan differ in their pharmacological profiles, which translates into minor differences in efficacy, headache recurrence and side-effects. Importantly, in clinical practice individual patients may show a preference for one treatment over another. New drugs in migraine treatment include substance-P antagonists, nitric oxide synthetase inhibitors and calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonists.
Uplink CoMP for HSPA (2011)

Uplink co-ordinated multipoint reception (UL CoMP) has received attention recently, especially for LTE Advanced, due to its promise of increasing spectral efficiency. In this paper, UL CoMP for HSPA networks is considered. UL CoMP for HSPA may be deployed without changes to the standard, and may be applied also for legacy UEs. Comparisons and contrasts of CoMP with conventional soft/soft handover are discussed as well as practical receiver structures incorporating antenna selection within the pool of antennas available in a CoMP cell. Radio resource management issues are discussed including mobility, power control, load control, and scheduling. It is concluded that UL CoMP requires only minimal changes to these algorithms. In a practical scenario, gains in cell-edge throughput of at least 118% and 144% are demonstrated for CoMP-3 and CoMP-6, respectively, for the case of full buffer traffic. The gains are even larger for the case of short files uploads where the conventional network suffers from the inability to exploit soft/softer handover due to latencies involved in updating a UE's active set.
Current controversies in the use of haemoglobin A<sub>1c</sub> (2011)

Haemoglobin A 1c (HbA 1c ) has recently been adopted by the World Health Organization into its recommended criteria for diabetes diagnosis. Much debate continues regarding the relative benefits and potential disadvantages surrounding the use of HbA 1c for this purpose. There is a lack of consensus as to whether this alteration to the definition of diabetes is a step forward or whether it could add further confusion and ambiguity to the debate on the method and criteria for the diagnosis of this globally important disease. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current issues surrounding how HbA 1c is measured and reported; and of the evidence for and against its use in diagnosis.
Nature of the thermopower in bipolar semiconductors (1995)

The thermo-emf in bipolar semiconductors is calculated. It is shown that it is necessary to take into account the nonequilibrium distribution of electron and hole concentrations (Fermi quasilevels of the electrons and holes). We find that electron and hole electric conductivities of contacts of semiconductor samples with connecting wires make a substantial contribution to thermo-emf.
Grammatici alessandrini e grammatica del Duemila. Proposta di "grammatica essenziale" per i corsi teorici di Lingua Tedesca (2008)

Il saggio presenta le teorie grammaticali e i principi teorici essenziali utili alla didattica del Leseverstehen.
PGE2 increases inflammatory damage in<i>Escherichia coli</i>-infected bovine endometrial tissue in vitro via the EP4-PKA signaling pathway† (2018)

Endometritis is the most common bovine uterine disease following parturition. The role of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the regulation of endometrial inflammation and repair is well understood. Excess PGE2 is also generated in multiple inflammatory diseases, including endometritis. However, it remains unclear whether PGE2 is associated with pathogen-induced inflammatory damage to the endometrium. To clarify the role of PGE2 in pathogen-induced inflammatory damage, this study evaluated the production of PGE2, inflammatory factors, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in cultured Escherichia coli-infected bovine endometrial tissue. PGE2 production was significantly higher in E. coli-infected tissue, and in E. coli-infected tissue treated with 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) inhibitors, as compared to uninfected tissue. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) were also upregulated in E. coli-infected tissue, while concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA), leukotrienes, DAMPs, and other proinflammatory factors increased. The accumulation of PGE2 clearly damaged the cultured tissue. Treatment with the COX-2, mPGES-1, EP4, and protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors decreased the production of PGE2, inflammatory factors, and DAMPs, simultaneously alleviating the E. coli-induced endometrial tissue damage. Therefore, the PGE2 that was generated by COX-2 and mPGES-1 accumulated, and this pathogenic PGE2 increased inflammatory damage by upregulating inflammatory factors and DAMPs in E. coli-infected bovine endometrial tissue. This upregulation of inflammatory factors and DAMPs might be regulated by the EP4-PKA signaling pathway.
Reducing communication by honoring multiple alignments (1995)

Data Decomposition involves the mapping of array to processors of a Distributed Memory Machine goal to obtain the best possible performance of a elements with the program by keeping communication costs-low while exploiting 'parallelism. Data decomposition is typically divided into two subproblems: alignment and partitioning. Alignment deals with the relative allocation of different arrays. Partitioning is concerned with the actual distribution of the array elements among processors. Conflicting alignments may cause communication. This paper presents a technique for reducing communication by honoring multiple alignments and applies this approach in a distributed memory implementation of the strict functional language Sisal. .Multiple alignment leads to recomputation and replication of array elements, which is safe in a functional, and hence side effect free, setting.
Structural changes in hemoglobin during adsorption to solid surfaces: Effects of pH, ionic strength, and ligand binding (1998)

We have studied the adsorption of two structurally similar forms of hemoglobin (met-Hb and HbCO) to a hydrophobic self-assembled methyl-terminated thiol monolayer on a gold surface, by using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) technique. This technique allows time-resolved simultaneous measurements of changes in frequency (f) (c.f. mass) and energy dissipation (D) (c.f. rigidity/viscoelastic properties) of the QCM during the adsorption process, which makes it possible to investigate the viscoelastic properties of the different protein layers during the adsorption process. Below the isoelectric points of both met-Hb and HbCO, the DeltaD vs. Deltaf graphs displayed two phases with significantly different slopes, which indicates two states of the adsorbed proteins with different visco-elastic properties. The slope of the first phase was smaller than that of the second phase, which indicates that the first phase was associated with binding of a more rigidly attached, presumably denatured protein layer, whereas the second phase was associated with formation of a second layer of more loosely bound proteins. This second layer desorbed, e.g., upon reduction of Fe3+ of adsorbed met-Hb and subsequent binding of carbon monoxide (CO) forming HbCO. Thus, the results suggest that the adsorbed proteins in the second layer were in a native-like state. This information could only be obtained from simultaneous, time-resolved measurements of changes in both D and f, demonstrating that the QCM technique provides unique information about the mechanisms of protein adsorption to solid surfaces.
ChemInform Abstract: Enzymatic Enantioselective Ester Hydrolysis by Carboxylesterase NP. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Pulmonary Damage and Head Injury (1969)

Experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of severe head injury on the lungs of 42 unanesthetized rats. Cerebral trauma was induced by means of a captive bolt mechanism producing sufficient force to cause immediate unconsciousness or death, apparently of respiratory origin, usually within a few minutes. Rats which showed any signs of regaining consciousness after trauma (36%) were immediately given a lethal dose of sodium pentobarbital. Gross pulmonary damage including edema and congestion and increased lung wt./body ratios were found in 92% of those rats dying from the impact and in 40% of the rats killed by the lethal dose of anesthetic given after impact. Pathology reports indicated the occurrence of moderate to severe brain and lung damage in traumatized rats. Control experiments in which animals succumbed during exposure to low oxygen have demonstrated that this pulmonary pathology cannot be attributed simply to low oxygen. Results indicate that hypoxia alone in rats does not induce the severe form of pulmonary damage resulting from cerebral trauma. It is tentatively concluded that these pulmonary changes are due in large part to nervous mechanisms of central origin. The data lend substantial support to the evidence previously reported that similar pathology which attends severe epileptiform convulsions induced by the toxic action of oxygen at high pressure and by chemical convulsants such as Metrazol and picrotoxin is in large part of CNS origin, and that this effect is mediated through the sympathetics and alterations in the cardiopulmonary hemodynamics and possibly also through changes in the pulmonary parenchyma itself.
The Use of Logistic Models for the Analysis of Codon Frequencies of DNA Sequences in Terms of Explanatory Variables (1994)

The development of the regressive logistic model applicable to the analysis of codon frequencies of DNA sequences in terms of explanatory variables is presented. A codon is a triplet of nucleotides that code for an amino acid, and may be considered as a trivariate response (B1, B2, B3), where Bi (i = 1, 2, 3) is a categorical random variable with values A, C, G, T. The linear order of bases in the DNA and possible statistical dependence of the bases in a given codon make the regressive logistic model a suitable tool for the analysis of codon frequencies. A problem of structural zeros arises from the fact that the stopping codons (terminators) do not code for amino acids; this is solved by normalizing the likelihood function. Codon frequencies may also depend on the function of the gene and they are known to differ between genes of the same genome. Differences also occur between synonymous codons for the same amino acid. Thus, the use of covariates that differ between synonymous codons as well as covariates that are constant within codons of the same amino acid may be useful in explaining the frequencies. As an illustration, the method is applied to the human mitochondrial genome using the following as explanatory variables: (1) TSCORE, a measure of the number of single base mutations required for a given codon to become a terminator; (2) AARISK, an indicator of a codon's ability of changing by a single base substitution to triplets coding for amino acids with very different characteristics; (3) AVDIST, a measure of the typicality of the amino acid coded for by the triplets. The results indicate that models that incorporate dependency structure and covariates are to be preferred to either the models comprising covariates alone or dependency structure alone.
Steady-State Non-Line-Of-Sight Imaging (2019)

Conventional intensity cameras recover objects in the direct line-of-sight of the camera, whereas occluded scene parts are considered lost in this process. Non-line-of-sight imaging (NLOS) aims at recovering these occluded objects by analyzing their indirect reflections on visible scene surfaces. Existing NLOS methods temporally probe the indirect light transport to unmix light paths based on their travel time, which mandates specialized instrumentation that suffers from low photon efficiency, high cost, and mechanical scanning. We depart from temporal probing and demonstrate steady-state NLOS imaging using conventional intensity sensors and continuous illumination. Instead of assuming perfectly isotropic scattering, the proposed method exploits directionality in the hidden surface reflectance, resulting in (small) spatial variation of their indirect reflections for varying illumination. To tackle the shape-dependence of these variations, we propose a trainable architecture which learns to map diffuse indirect reflections to scene reflectance using only synthetic training data. Relying on consumer color image sensors, with high fill factor, high quantum efficiency and low read-out noise, we demonstrate high-fidelity color NLOS imaging for scene configurations tackled before with picosecond time resolution.
A nonlinear roll-yaw missile autopilot based on plant inversion and PD-spectral assignment (2002)

This paper presents the design of a roll-yaw autopilot for a non-axisymmetric missile model to robustly decouple roll tracking from yaw regulation. This method is based on trajectory linearization and consists of the design of two controller sub-sections. The first of which is designed to put the missile on the desired trajectory by inverting the nonlinear plant. The second is a PD-spectrum assignment controller, which exponentially stabilizes the linearized tracking error dynamics. This is a systematic design method which is applicable to uniformly completely controllable MIMO nonlinear time-varying systems, and is an extension of previous results on SISO designs for the pitch autopilot. After a brief background on PD-spectrum and the particular nonlinear plant is presented, the design is shown with some encouraging simulation results.
Issues Related to the Structure and Performance of Parallel Applications in a Production Environment (1996)

The Perfect Benchmark suite was an attempt to assemble a realistic collection of application codes which could be used by computer scientists for performance evaluation, exploration of new architectural features, and testing compiler technologies. This paper surveys the origin, use, and inherent biases in the suite.
Analysis and Improvement of a Scaled-Up and Stacked Microbial Fuel Cell (2009)

Scaling up microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is inevitable when power outputs have to be obtained that can power electrical devices other than small sensors. This research has used a bipolar plate MFC stack of four cells with a total working volume of 20 L and a total membrane surface area of 2 m(2). The cathode limited MFC performance due to oxygen reduction rate and cell reversal. Furthermore, residence time distribution curves showed that bending membranes resulted in flow paths through which the catholyte could flow from inlet to outlet, while leaving the reactants unconverted. The cathode was improved by decreasing the pH, purging pure oxygen, and increasing the flow rate, which resulted in a 13-fold power density increase to 144 W m(-3) and a volumetric resistivity of only 1.2 mOmega m(3) per cell. Both results are major achievements compared to results currently published for laboratory and scaled-up MFCs. When designing a scaled-up MFC, it is important to ensure optimal contact between electrodes and substrate and to minimize the distances between electrodes.
Glycosaminoglycan Binding Properties of Annexin IV, V, and VI (1998)

We have previously demonstrated that annexin IV, one of the calcium/phospholipid-binding annexin family proteins, binds to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in a calcium-dependent manner (Kojima, K., Yamamoto, K., Irimura, T., Osawa, T., Ogawa, H., and Matsumoto, I. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 7679-7685). In this study, we investigated the GAG binding specificities of annexins IV, V, and VI by affinity chromatography and solid phase assays. Annexin IV was found to bind in a calcium-dependent manner to all the GAG columns tested. Annexin V bound to heparin and heparan sulfate columns but not to chondroitin sulfate columns. Annexin VI was adsorbed to heparin and heparan sulfate columns in a calcium-independent manner, and to chondroitin sulfate columns in a calcium-dependent manner. An N-terminal half fragment (A6NH) and a C-terminal half fragment (A6CH) of annexin VI, each containing four units, were prepared by digestion with V8 protease and examined for GAG binding activities. A6NH bound to heparin in the presence of calcium but not to chondroitin sulfate C, whereas A6CH bound to heparin calcium-independently and to chondroitin sulfate C calcium-dependently. The results showed that annexin IV, V, and VI have different GAG binding properties. Some annexins have been reported to be detected not only in the cytoplasm but also on the cell surface or in extracellular components. The findings suggest that the some annexins function as recognition elements for GAGs in extracellular space.
Curvelet-based non-linear adaptive subtraction with sparseness constraints (2008)

In this paper an overview is given on the application of directional basis functions, known under the name Curvelets/Contourlets, to various aspects of seismic processing and imaging, which involve adaptive subtraction. Key concepts in the approach are the use of (i) directional basis functions that localize in both domains (e.g. space and angle); (ii) non-linear estimation, which corresponds to localized muting on the coefficients, possibly supplemented by constrained optimization. We will discuss applications that include multiple, ground-roll removal and migration denoising.
A deformable phantom for 4D radiotherapy verification: Design and image registration evaluation (2008)

Motion of thoracic tumors with respiration presents a challenge for three-dimensional (3D) conformal radiation therapy treatment. Validation of techniques aimed at measuring and minimizing the effects of respiratory motion requires a realistic deformable phantom for use as a gold standard. The purpose of this study was to develop and study the characteristics of a reproducible, tissue equivalent, deformable lung phantom. The phantom consists of a Lucite cylinder filled with water containing a latex balloon stuffed with dampened natural sponges. The balloon is attached to a piston that mimics the human diaphragm. Nylon wires and Lucite beads, emulating vascular and bronchial bifurcations, were uniformly glued at various locations throughout the sponges. The phantom is capable of simulating programmed irregular breathing patterns with varying periods and amplitudes. A tissue equivalent tumor, suitable for holding radiochromic film for dose measurements was embedded in the sponge. To assess phantom motion, eight 3D computed tomography data sets of the static phantom were acquired for eight equally spaced positions of the piston. The 3D trajectories of 12 manually chosen point landmarks and the tumor center-of-mass were studied. Motion reproducibility tests of the deformed phantom were established on seven repeat scans of three different states of compression. Deformable image registration (DIR) of the extreme breathing phases was performed. The accuracy of the DIR was evaluated by visual inspection of image overlays and quantified by the distance-to-agreement (DTA) of manually chosen point landmarks and triangulated surfaces obtained from 3D contoured structures. In initial tests of the phantom, a 20-mm excursion of the piston resulted in deformations of the balloon of 20 mm superior-inferior, 4 mm anterior-posterior, and 5 mm left-right. The change in the phantom mean lung density ranged from 0.24 (0.12 SD) g/cm3 at peak exhale to 0.19 (0.12 SD) g/cm3 at peak inhale. The SI displacement of the landmarks varied between 94% and 3% of the piston excursion for positions closer and farther away from the piston, respectively. The reproducibility of the phantom deformation was within the image resolution (0.7 x 0.7 x 1.25 mm3). Vector average registration accuracy based on point landmarks was found to be 0.5 (0.4 SD) mm. The tumor and lung mean 3D DTA obtained from triangulated surfaces were 0.4 (0.1 SD) mm and 1.0 (0.8 SD) mm, respectively. This phantom is capable of reproducibly emulating the physically realistic lung features and deformations and has a wide range of potential applications, including four-dimensional (4D) imaging, evaluation of deformable registration accuracy, 4D planning and dose delivery.
The Products of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Gene UL26 which Are Involved in DNA Packaging Are Strongly Associated with Empty but Not with Full Capsids (1988)

We report on the properties of a family of related herpes simplex virus type 1 polypeptides (designated p40) of Mr around 40,000. The intracellular localization of these polypeptides has been examined using monoclonal antibodies and their association with viral capsids within the nuclei of infected cells has been demonstrated directly by immunoelectron microscopy. Specific DNA staining and the use of mutants defective for DNA packaging has revealed, in contrast to earlier findings, that p40 is present in empty capsids. Protein p40 is not present as a major component of full capsids or of mature virions indicating that it is transiently associated with capsids and that its removal from capsids is linked with the process of DNA packaging.