gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential Effects of B and T Lymphocyte Attenuator and Programmed Death-1 on Acceptance of Partially versus Fully MHC-Mismatched Cardiac Allografts (2005)

Although fully MHC-mismatched murine cardiac allografts are rapidly rejected, allografts mismatched at only MHC class I or class II alleles survive long term; the immunologic basis for the long-term survival of MHC class I- or II-mismatched allografts is unknown. We examined the roles of two recently described inhibitory receptors, B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) and programmed death-1 (PD-1), in the survival of partially or fully MHC-mismatched allografts using gene-deficient recipients as well as through use of blocking mAbs in wild-type hosts. Partially MHC-mismatched allografts showed strong induction of BTLA, but not PD-1 mRNA and survived long term in wild-type recipients, whereas targeting of BTLA or its ligand, herpesvirus entry mediator, but not PD-1, prompted their rapid rejection. By contrast, fully MHC-mismatched cardiac allografts were acutely rejected in wild-type recipients despite the induction of both BTLA and PD-1. Targeting of PD-1 in several fully MHC-mismatched models accelerated rejection, whereas targeting of BTLA unexpectedly enhanced PD-1 induction by alloreactive CD4 and CD8 T cells and prolonged allograft survival. In vitro studies using allogeneic dendritic cells and T cells showed that at low levels of T cell activation, BTLA expression was primarily induced, but that with increasing degrees of T cell activation, the expression of PD-1 was strongly up-regulated. These data suggest that BTLA and PD-1 exert distinct inhibitory actions in vivo, with the BTLA/herpesvirus entry mediator pathway appearing to dominate in regulating responses against a restricted degree of allogeneic mismatch.
Detection and Tracking in Thermal Infrared Imagery (2016)

Thermal cameras have historically been of interest mainly for military applications. Increasing image quality and resolution combined with decreasing price and size during recent years have, however, opened up new application areas. They are now widely used for civilian applications, e.g., within industry, to search for missing persons, in automotive safety, as well as for medical applications. Thermal cameras are useful as soon as it is possible to measure a temperature difference. Compared to cameras operating in the visual spectrum, they are advantageous due to their ability to see in total darkness, robustness to illumination variations, and less intrusion on privacy.
Max-Log-MAP Soft Demapper with Logarithmic Complexity for <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$M$</tex></formula>-PAM Signals (2014)

A max-log-MAP soft demapping algorithm with logarithmic complexity is proposed for M-PAM signals. Its algorithm complexity is only Θ(logM) for M-PAM signals, in contrast to Θ(MlogM) as achieved by the conventional max-log-MAP algorithm using exhaustive search. The algorithm applies to both Gray-coded and natural-coded signals. The max-log-MAP algorithm with logarithmic complexity may be straightforwardly extended to rectangular QAM signals when the rectangular QAM signal can be decomposed into two independent PAM signals.
A three-phase magnetoelectric composite of piezoelectric ceramics, rare-earth iron alloys, and polymer (2002)

A class of multiferroic, three-phase particulate composites of Tb–Dy–Fe alloy, lead–zirconate–titanate (PZT), and polymer are investigated, in which a small volume fraction f of Tb–Dy–Fe alloy particles are dispersed in a PZT/polymer mixture. The measured dielectric, piezoelectric, and magnetoelectric properties demonstrate that a percolation transition occurs at f∼0.12 in the composites. When f is low (e.g., f&lt;0.07), the composites exhibit piezoelectric and increasing magnetoelectric response. In the critical f range of 0.07&lt;f&lt;0.12, such piezo- and magnetoelectric responses sharply drop, and equal zero at the percolation threshold, above which the composite becomes a conductor and a magnetostrictive composite only.
Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II is limited by melting of the promoter DNA in the region immediately upstream of the initiation site. (1994)

To further elucidate the mechanism of transcriptional initiation, we used synthetic oligonucleotides to prepare templates containing heteroduplex regions of varying size and location along the DNA of the adenovirus major late promoter. Unlike closed, linear DNA, or DNA with a downstream mismatch, DNA with a mismatch upstream of the initiation site only required the general factors TATA box-binding protein and transcription factor (TF) IIB to direct specific and accurate initiation in vitro by calf thymus RNA polymerase II. In the presence of TFIIF, initiation was possible on closed, linear DNA, but an upstream mismatch region still stimulated transcriptional initiation by more than 100-fold, leading to production of approximately 0.5 transcript/template in the absence of TFIIE, TFIIH, or ATP. The presence of a DNA mismatch was most effective in the -9 to -1 region; furthermore, stimulation by a mismatch did not require that the initiation site be included in the heteroduplex region. Efficient initiation at the immunoglobulin heavy chain promoter in the presence of TATA box-binding protein and TFIIB was also achieved when a mismatch region was introduced from -9 to +3. Our results suggest that initiation by RNA polymerase II in the absence of transcriptional activation is limited by melting of the promoter DNA upstream of the initiation site.
Pyrimethamine pharmacokinetics in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii (1996)

Pyrimethamine pharmacokinetics were studied in 11 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients who were seropositive for exposure to Toxoplasma gondii and were taking zidovudine (AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 102). Pyrimethamine was administered at 50 mg daily for 3 weeks to achieve steady state, and pharmacokinetic profiles were determined after administration of the last dose. Noncompartmental and compartmental analyses were performed. Population pharmacokinetic analysis assuming a one-compartment model yielded the following estimates: area under the 24-h concentration-time curve, 42.7 +/- 12.3 micrograms.h/ml; halflife, 139 +/- 34 h; clearance, 1.28 +/- 0.41 liters/h; volume of distribution, 246 +/- 641; and absorption rate constant, 1.5 +/- 1.3 liters/h. These values are similar to those seen in subjects without HIV infection. Pyrimethamine pharmacokinetics did not differ significantly in those subjects who were intravenous drug users. Adverse effects were noted in 73% of those initially enrolled in this study, leading to discontinuation for 38%. No association was noted between pyrimethamine levels and the incidence of adverse events. No significant differences were seen in zidovudine pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from studies performed before and during treatment with pyrimethamine. In summary, pyrimethamine exhibited pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected patients that were similar to those in non-HIV-infected subjects and it did not alter the pharmacokinetics of zidovudine in these patients.
On Primality Testing Using Purely Divisionless Operations (1994)

Based on its definition, it appears that primality testing should inherently involve a division operation. Even the popular primality testing procedure which involves modular exponentiations has a division essence. Montgomery arithmetic facilitates modular exponentiation without divisions, provided that certain precalculations which involve proper divisions are first performed. In primality testing these precalculations have to be re-done for each number whose candidacy for primality is tested. It is shown in this paper how primality testing can still be based on Montgomery arithmetic, such that no operation, including the precalculation, involves proper divisions. That is, it is shown that a complete primality testing process can be based on divisionless operations only.
Retinopathy in chronic hepatitis C patients during interferon treatment: a case report. (2010)

Ocular involvement, mainly as optic neuropathy or retinopathy, in the course of interferon therapy is clinically rare, while the subclinical retinal toxicity is quite frequent. We present a case of retinal toxicity during treatment with PEG-INF alpha 2b and ribavirin for HCV hepatitis. We suggest that all patients receive an ophthalmological examination at base-line and repeated ophthalmological examination only if clinically advisable.
Cost-optimal design of a household batch electrodialysis desalination device (2017)

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017.
Rat marrow-derived multipotent adult progenitor cells differentiate into skin epidermal cells<i>in vivo</i> (2009)

Wound repair and functional reconstruction are two key aspects for treatment of skin injury. Research on cell source for skin repair has become a focus of study. The immune rejection induced by allograft cells and the limited source of autologous epidermal stem cells have led to more attention on the multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPC). In this study, we examined the influence of the local environment of skin injury on the migration and differentiation of MAPC in nude mice. The homing of MAPC to the wounds and the epidermal differentiation of MAPC were investigated by detecting the expression of specific antigens of rat major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) antigen and the tracing markers. Three weeks after transplantation, hair follicle-like structure appeared and rat MHC-I antigen was positive in the follicles of the healed skin. PKH26-labeled cells expressing cytokeratin were found in the regenerated follicle-like structures, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. Our findings indicate that MAPC can migrate to the skin injury site and the hair follicles, and participate in skin wound healing by differentiating into epidermal cells, which contributes to the theoretical research of MAPC plasticity and provides theoretical evidence for clinical application of transplantation therapy with MAPC.
Toxicity of ricin and volkensin, two ribosome-inactivating proteins, to microglia, astrocyte, and neuron cultures (1997)

Ricin and volkensin, two potent toxins belonging to the family of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), have been largely exploited in recent years in in vivo experiments of neuronal degeneration consequent to suicide transport or immunolesioning. We have determined both the toxicity of, and the inhibition of, protein synthesis by ricin and volkensin in in vitro cultures enriched in microglial cells, astrocytes, or neurons. In microglial cultures, 50% of toxicity (estimated by LDH released from dead cells) after 24 h exposure to RIPs was obtained with volkensin at 2.2x10(-12) M concentration and 50% of protein synthesis inhibition at 2x10(-14) M concentration. Both values were higher by about one order of magnitude in astrocyte-enriched cultures. Toxicity of, and inhibition of, protein synthesis by, ricin were lower for both cell types by about 1 order of magnitude as compared to volkensin. Cerebellar granule neurons in culture survived remarkably well to 24 h exposure to ricin or volkensin, although their protein synthesis was effectively inhibited by the two toxins with a potency similar to that found for astrocytes. These results demonstrate that glial cells, in particular microglia, are very sensitive to RIPs toxicity and should, therefore, be a primary target of these toxins when injected in vivo. Thus, the damage observed after in vivo experiments could be partly related to diffusion of toxic substances from early-affected glial cells.
bcl-2 deficiency in mice leads to pleiotropic abnormalities: accelerated lymphoid cell death in thymus and spleen, polycystic kidney, hair hypopigmentation, and distorted small intestine. (1995)

Transgenic mice homozygously lacking in the bcl-2 gene were generated using homologous recombination in embryonal stem cells. The complete absence of Bcl-2 alpha and -beta proteins did not interfere with normal embryonic development. Abnormalities became evident after birth, although the severity varied among homozygous null mice, bcl-2-/- mice displayed pleiotropic abnormalities similar to those in the previously described bcl-2-/- mice, including growth retardation, smaller ears, short lives, polycystic kidney, atrophic thymus and spleen with accelerated apoptotic cell death of lymphocytes, and hair hypopigmentation in the second hair follicle cycle. Our bcl-2-/- mice also revealed novel defects in the small intestine, characterized by retarded development, accelerated exfoliation of epithelial cells, and very few mitotic progenitor cells.
Becaplermin gel in the treatment of pressure ulcers: a phase II randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study (1999)

Pressure ulcers are associated with significant rates of morbidity and mortality, particularly in the geriatric and spinal cord-injured populations. Newer pharmacologically active therapies include the use of topically applied recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB (becaplermin), the active ingredient in REGRANEX) (becaplermin) Gel 0.01%, which has been approved in the United States for treatment of lower extremity diabetic neuropathic ulcers that extend into the subcutaneous tissue or beyond and have an adequate blood supply. In this study, the efficacy of becaplermin gel in the treatment of chronic full thickness pressure ulcers was compared with that of placebo gel. A total of 124 adults (>/= 18 years of age) with pressure ulcers were assigned randomly to receive topical treatment with becaplermin gel 100 microg/g (n = 31) or 300 microg/g (n = 32) once daily alternated with placebo gel every 12 hours, becaplermin gel 100 microg/g twice daily (n = 30), or placebo (sodium carboxymethylcellulose) gel (n = 31) twice daily until complete healing was achieved or for 16 weeks. All treatment groups received a standardized regimen of good wound care throughout the study period. Study endpoints were the incidence of complete healing, the incidence of >/= 90% healing, and the relative ulcer volume at endpoint (endpoint/baseline). Once-daily treatment of chronic pressure ulcers with becaplermin gel 100 microg/g or 300 microg/g significantly increased the incidences of complete and >/= 90% healing and significantly reduced the median relative ulcer volume at endpoint compared with that of placebo gel (p < 0.025 for all comparisons). Becaplermin gel 300 microg/g did not result in a significantly greater incidence of healing than that observed with 100 microg/g. Treatment with becaplermin gel was generally well tolerated and the incidence of adverse events was similar among treatment groups. In conclusion, once-daily application of becaplermin gel is efficacious in the treatment of chronic full thickness pressure ulcers.
Purification of a Murine IgM Monoclonal Antibody (2009)

An IgM monoclonal antibody, S11-23.4, raised against the 47-62 amino acid sequence in bovine prothrombin fragment 1 (F-1, the amino-terminal 156 residues of prothrombin), was purified from tissue culture supernatants and ascites using different purification schemes to determine the best method. There are many different purification schemes for the purification of IgG antibodies, which are generally easier to purify than IgM antibodies. Several different methods and schemes were tried to purify S11-23.4, and it was determined that the best purification schemes are ion exchange chromatography for cell culture IgM antibodies, and a G-100 gel filtration column, in conjunction with precipitation, reduction, and alkylation, for the same IgM antibody in ascites.
NOx Emission From Experimental Compact Combustors (1972)

NOx emission characteristics of four basic types of experimental burners firing kerosene-type fuel at rates up to 110 lb/hr were investigated experimentally. Emission levels were found to be highly dependent upon primary-zone temperature and air-fuel ratio, but independent of firing rate and residence time over a 10:1 ratio. This independence of residence time is in marked contrast with results from simple burners used in fundamental research. The burner with the lowest NOx emission level used a cooled, rich primary zone and a lean secondary zone. Although the work was aimed at automotive Rankine-cycle systems it appears applicable to other compact combustors.
Cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of interfacial reactions of TiO <sub>2</sub> microspheres embedded in ionic liquids (2015)

Using cluster-SIMS imaging, we are able to elucidate the identity and structure of reaction products embedded in a reaction medium, a problem of long-standing interest for materials characterization. With this strategy, we have provided a new approach that may be especially useful for the characterization of biological tissue and cells within the vacuum confines of the mass spectrometer. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First investigations for the development of a microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry system to determine trace metals in gases (1994)

Up to now the direct analysis of reactive gases has not been investigated sufficiently. A continuously running sampling system has been developed for the direct determination of the iron concentration in hydrogen chloride. Atomic emission spectra were generated by using a medium power microwave induced plasma with a rectangular type cavity. Different parameters were optimized, e.g., the design of discharge tubes, gas flow, forward power and volume of sample gas. In order to characterize the plasma, the excitation and gas temperatures have been determined. The calibration was carried out by means of a certified gas reference sample containing pentacarbonyliron in argon. The detection limit was found to be 0.25 µg l–1 of iron in argon (T= 25 °C) with a reproducibility of 6%(n= 10).
A Mutation Affecting the Latency-Associated Peptide of TGFβ1 in Camurati-Engelmann Disease Enhances Osteoclast Formation<i>in Vitro</i> (2003)

Camurati-Engelmann disease (CED) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by bone pain and osteosclerosis affecting the diaphysis of long bones. CED is caused by various missense mutations in the TGFB1 gene that encodes TGFbeta1, the most common of which is an arginine-cysteine amino acid change at codon 218 (R218C) in the latency-associated peptide domain of TGFbeta1. We studied osteoclast formation in vitro from peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from three related CED patients harboring the R218C mutation, in comparison with one family-based and several unrelated controls. Osteoclast formation was enhanced approximately 5-fold (P < 0.001) and bone resorption approximately 10-fold (P < 0.001) in CED patients, and the increase in osteoclast formation was inhibited by soluble TGFbeta type II receptor. Total serum TGFbeta1 levels were similar in affected and unaffected subjects, but concentrations of active TGFbeta1 in conditioned medium of osteoclast cultures was higher in the three CED patients than in the unaffected family member. We concluded that the R218C mutation increases TGFbeta1 bioactivity and enhances osteoclast formation in vitro. The activation of osteoclast activity noted here is consistent with clinical reports that have shown biochemical evidence of increased bone resorption as well as bone formation in CED.
Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of GSK3008348, a novel integrin αvβ6 inhibitor, in healthy participants (2018)

In summary, GSK3008348 was well tolerated at single doses up to 3000 mcg in healthy participants, and its PK profile was dose proportional at potentially clinically relevant doses (300-3000 mcg). These findings support further development of GSK3008348 as a novel inhaled treatment option for IPF.
Interaction of Gum Arabic with Fatty Acid Studied Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (2010)

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is here used to study the interaction between gum arabic and a fatty acid. The EPR spectra of 5-doxyl stearic acid (5-DSA), a spin-labeled fatty acid analog, displayed increasingly anisotropic line features upon addition of gum arabic, indicating a strong immobilization of the nitroxyl moiety when the fatty acid is bound to gum arabic. To understand the nature of the interaction, EPR measurements were carried out at different pHs and using two fractions of gum arabic separated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). 5-DSA bound favorably to the hydrophobic fraction, which contains mainly glycoprotein, and a small amount of high molecular weight arabinogalactan protein (AGP). Binding occurred to a less extent to the hydrophilic fraction, which contains essentially arabinogalactan (AG). Such a hydrophobic binding mechanism is further supported by a sharp drop in the binding when pH is raised above the pK(a) value of 5-DSA (approximately pH 5). This is because the ionization of carboxylic groups would lead to increased polarity and hydrophilicity of the fatty acid. A secondary effect involving the formation of ionic hydrogen bonds between carboxylic groups in fatty acid and lysine residues in gum arabic might also contribute. This is consistent with the reduction in binding ability when the pH was elevated above the pK(a) value of lysine residue (approximately pH 10). The biological significance of these findings is considered.
Screening Nanopyramid Assemblies to Optimize Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (2010)

This Letter describes how gold pyramidal nanoshells (nanopyramids) can be assembled into low- and high-order structures by varying the rate of solvent evaporation and surface wettability. Single-particle and individual-cluster dark field scattering spectra on isolated, dimers and trimers of nanopyramids were compared. We found that the short wavelength resonances blue-shifted as the particles assembled; the magnitude of this shift was greater for high-order structures. To test which assembled architecture supported a larger Raman-active volume, we compared their surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) response of the resonant Raman molecule methylene blue (λ(ex) = 633 nm). We discovered that high-order structures exhibited more Raman scattering compared to low-order assemblies. Finite-difference time-domain modeling of nanopyramid assemblies revealed that the highest electromagnetic field intensities were localized between adjacent particle faces, a result that was consistent with the SERS observations. Thus, the local spatial arrangement of the same number of nanoparticles in assembled clusters is an important design parameter for optimizing nanoparticle-based SERS sensors.
Time-resolved photoluminescence as a probe of internal electric fields in GaN-(GaAl)N quantum wells (1999)

Very strong coefficients for spontaneous and piezoelectric polarizations have recently been predicted for III-V nitride semiconductors with natural wurtzite symmetry. Such polarizations influence significantly the mechanisms of radiative emissions in quantum-confinement heterostructures based on these materials. The photoluminescence decay time of excitons is used as a probe of internal electric fields in GaN-(Ga, Al)N quantum wells in various configurations of strain, well widths, and barrier widths. The measured decays are not only controlled by radiative lifetimes, which depend on the fields inside GaN wells but also on the nonradiative escape of carriers through ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{y}\mathrm{N}$ barriers, which depends on their widths and on the electric field in these layers. It is shown in particular that the magnitude of the field in the wells is not a simple function of the strain of these layers via the only piezoelectric effect, but rather the result of the interplay of spontaneous and piezoelectric polarizations in both well and barrier materials.