gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN TREMOR CHARACTERISTICS AND THE PREDICTED VOLUME OF EFFECTIVE LESIONS IN STEREOTAXIC NUCLEUS VENTRALIS INTERMEDIUS THALAMOTOMY (1983)

In 51 cases (6 cases with bilateral operations) with various kinds of tremor, stereotaxic ventralis intermedius (Vim) thalamotomies were performed using Leksell's apparatus and the results of operation evaluated. Several characteristics of the tremor, including clinical features and EMG, were correlated with the assumed location and volume of the coagulative lesion. In 54 of the 57 operations, the thalamic Vim nucleus was identified physiologically and a therapeutic lesion placed at a site that included the Vim neurons. In all these cases, except one in which the lesion was estimated to be too small, tremor was immediately abolished by a relatively small lesion. The estimated volume of the lesion was about 40 to 200 mm3 and the effect persisted over a long follow-up period (maximum ten years). The size of the lesion that was necessary apparently depended on several features of the tremor. A larger lesion was required in cases of movement type tremor, tremor with a low rate (less than 4 Hz), tremor of high amplitude (more than 600 microV), and tremor involving proximal muscles or with a wide distribution. Tremor following a cerebrovascular lesion and post-traumatic tremor were characterized by coarse oscillation (high amplitude and low frequency) involving proximal muscles. A relatively larger coagulative lesion was therefore necessary to relieve this type of tremor. In contrast, parkinsonian and essential tremor were usually of low amplitude and distal in distribution. For the relief of such tremor, the lesion could be very small: if aided by electrophysiological methods to identify Vim neurons, the minimal effective volume of the lesion was estimated as about 40 mm3 and restricted to the Vim nucleus. Based on these results, the importance of the Vim nucleus in tremor mechanisms is discussed.
A markup language for text-to-speech synthesis. (1997)

Text-to-speech synthesizers must process text, and therefore require some knowledge of text structure. While many TTS systems allow for user control by means of ad hoc `escape sequences&apos;, there remains to date no adequate and generally agreed upon system-independent standard for marking up text for the purposes of synthesis. The present paper is a collaborative effort between two speech groups aimed at producing such a standard, in the form of an SGML-based markup language that we call STML --- Spoken Text Markup Language. The primary purpose of this paper is not to present STML as a fait accompli, but rather to interest other TTS research groups to collaborate and contribute to the development of this standard. 1. INTRODUCTION In order to be able to make most efficient use of computers in the processing of online text, it is necessary to have mechanisms for marking those features of the text that are deemed to be salient, but which might be difficult or impossible to automatically de...
W-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> for photothermocatalytic CO<sub>2</sub> reduction (2020)

TiO<sub>2</sub> is one of the most widely used photocatalysts and photothermocatalysts. Tailoring their structure and electronic properties is crucial for the design of high-performance TiO<sub>2</sub> catalysts. Herein, we report a strategy to significantly enhance the performance of TiO<sub>2</sub> in the photothermocatalytic reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> by doping high crystalline nano-TiO<sub>2</sub> with tungsten. A variety of tungsten doping concentrations ranging from 2% to 10% were tested and they all showed enhanced catalytic activities. The 4% W-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> exhibited the highest activity, which was 3.5 times greater than that of the undoped TiO<sub>2</sub> reference. Structural characterization of these W-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> catalysts indicated that W was successfully doped into the TiO<sub>2</sub> lattice at relatively low dopant concentration. Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy at both the W L<sub>3</sub>- and Ti K-edges was further used to provide insight into the local structure and bonding properties of the catalysts. It was found that the replacement of Ti with W led to the formation of Ti vacancies in order to maintain the charge neutrality. Consequently, dangling oxygen and oxygen vacancies were produced that acted as catalytically active sites for the CO<sub>2</sub> reduction. As the W doping concentration increased from 2% to 4%, more such active sites were generated which thus resulted in the enhancement of the catalytic activity. When the W doping concentration was further increased to 10%, the extra W species that cannot replace the Ti in the lattice aggregated to form WO<sub>3</sub>. Due to the lower conduction band of WO<sub>3</sub>, the catalytic O sites were deactivated and CO<sub>2</sub> reduction was inhibited. This work presents a useful strategy for the development of highly efficient catalysts for CO<sub>2</sub> reduction as well as new insights into the catalytic mechanism in cation-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> photothermocatalysis.
Log-likelihood ratio-based relay selection algorithm for cooperative communications (2015)

Cooperative communication is considered one of efficient techniques to overcome fading in wireless networks since it can achieve spatial diversity. Employing all the relays in the network to transfer the data, consumes high power and cost. Selection of one or more relays reduces the complexity, decreases the power consumption and reduces the interference. In this paper, with these goals in mind, a relay selection algorithm is proposed in a slow flat fading channel. The algorithm is based on evaluating the log-likelihood ratio of all relays and the relay which has the largest magnitude of log-likelihood ratio (LLR) is selected to help the source to transmit the data to the destination. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated by simulation and compared with other relay selection algorithms. The performance is measured in terms of bit error rate (BER) and outage probability. Both decode and forward and amplify and forward protocols are investigated. The performance is evaluated for known and estimated channel. The channel is estimated using least square algorithm. The performance of channel estimation algorithm is measured in terms of the mean square error. The results show that BEP provided by LLR-based selection combining algorithm is lower than BEP provided by the conventional SNR-based selection combining schemes.
Self-healing systems - What are they? (2007)

ion level Component homogeneity Behavioral predetermination User involvement in healing System linearity System scope Design context Architectural completeness Designer Knowledge System self-knowledge System evolution System completeness 16.1.2007 12 System Completeness • Each aspect describes how system implementation affects self-healing. – Architecture completeness: How does the system deal with incomplete and unknown parts? – Designer knowledge: How do developers deal with unavoidable abstractions? – System self-knowledge: What does the system need to know about its components perform self-healing? – System evolution: How does the system cope with changing components and environments?
Molecular cloning of tyrosine kinases in the early <i>Xenopus</i> embryo: Identification of eck‐related genes expressed in cranial neural crest cells of the second (Hyoid) Arch (1995)

Growth factors and their receptors play an important role in controlling cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation during vertebrate embryogenesis. We have used the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to survey the repertoire of receptor tyrosine kinases (TK) expressed during early embryogenesis of Xenopus laevis. Twelve distinct Xenopus TK cDNA classes were identified among a total of 352 cDNAs screened. A single TK cDNA class has been described previously and encodes the fibroblast growth factor receptor FGFR-A1. The remaining 11 TK cDNA classes appear to encode novel genes of the FGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), Eph, Csk, Tyk2, and Klg subfamilies. By RNase protection assays, Xenopus TK mRNAs are rare transcripts (< 10(7) mRNA molecules/embryo), and are usually found to be expressed also maternally in the embryo. Most Xenopus TK genes examined by whole-mount in situ hybridization were expressed widely in tissues derived from multiple germ layers. Two Eck-related genes, however, were found to be restricted in their expression to neural crest of the second (hyoid) arch. Our findings are consistent with the proposed function of TKs in the regulation of specification and differentiation of embryonic tissues.
Benzothiazole derivatives augment glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells and stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells via AMPK activation (2014)

Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been identified as one of the major targets for antidiabetic drugs. This study describes two AMPK-activating agents 2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylmethylthio)-6-ethoxybenzo[d]thiazole and 2-(propylthio)benzo[d]thiazol-6-ol, that increase the rate of glucose uptake in L6 myotubes and also augment glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1E β-cells and rat islets. We believe that such unique bi-functional compounds can be further used for the development of a new class of antidiabetic drugs.
Raman effect in birefringent optical fibers (1991)

Equations governing the Raman effect in birefringent optical fibers are derived. Both the parallel and perpendicular Raman effects are taken into account. The evolution of solitons is discussed.
An efficiency study of different model-based and measurement-based connection admission control techniques using heterogeneous traffic sources (2003)

Numerous research has been done on modeling the traffic flows in a multiservice network. An alternative proposal was made by Addie et al. (1998). The authors argued that because the central limit theorem can be applied to heavy traffic processes, therefore as more traffic is aggregated together through the sharing of a transmission link, the aggregated traffic will weakly converge to a Gaussian process. In this paper, we apply this Gaussian model to the connection admission control (CAC) of a multiservice network. We consider a store-and-forward (packet or cell-switched) connection-oriented multiservice network that can be based on the concept of asynchronous transfer mode. We also make efficiency comparison with a CAC based on an effective bandwidth model. Two scenarios were considered: the first assumes that all a priori traffic specifications are known before a CAC acceptance/rejection decision is made, while the second assumes that only the peak rate of a new (requesting admission) connection is declared to the CAC mechanism. The latter scenario entails a measurement-based CAC approach.
Proposal of an alternate M-sequence spread spectrum system (2002)

The authors propose a spreading sequence that expands the design flexibility of spread spectrum systems. This new sequence, called the AM-sequence is created by multiplying a short M-sequence by a line of an N /spl times/ N Hadamard matrix. Because of the frequency characteristics and orthogonal functionality of a Hadamard matrix, each AM-sequence has frequency characteristics that do not have components duplicating those of other AM-sequences. There is therefore little mutual correlation between these derived sequences. This lack of correlation provides an effective method for avoiding the near-far problem or for overcoming narrowband interference in a spread spectrum mobile communications system. Various methods for composing AM-sequences are explored, and an experiment and correlation estimation are presented in order to show the effectiveness of AM-sequences in avoiding interference.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Expression of a Novel PDGF Isoform, PDGF-C, in Normal and Diseased Rat Kidney (2002)

Platelet-derived growth factor-C (PDGF-C) is a new member of the PDGF family. Its expression in normal and diseased kidney is unknown. Rabbit antisera were generated against human full-length, core domain, and mouse PDGF-C, and their specificity was confirmed by Western blot analyses. Renal PDGF-C expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in normal rats (n = 8), mesangioproliferative anti-Thy 1.1 nephritis (n = 4 each at days 1, 4, 6, and 85), passive Heymann nephritis (PHN, n = 4), puromycin nephrosis (PAN, n = 2), Milan normotensive rats (MN, n = 2), and obese Zucker rats (n = 3). PDGF-C expression was also studied in anti-Thy 1.1 rats treated with PDGF-B aptamer antagonists (n = 5) or irrelevant control aptamers (n = 5). PDGF-C was constitutively expressed in arterial smooth muscle cells and collecting duct epithelial cells. Mesangial PDGF-C was markedly upregulated in anti-Thy 1.1 nephritis in parallel with the peak mesangial cell proliferation. Furthermore, PDGF-CC acted as a potent growth factor for mesangial cells in vitro. Inhibition of PDGF-B via specific aptamers reduced the injury in anti-Thy 1.1 nephritis but did not affect the glomerular PDGF-C overexpression or the mitogenicity of PDGF-CC in vitro. In PHN, PAN, and obese Zucker rats, glomeruli remained negative for PDGF-C despite severe glomerular injury. PDGF-C localized to podocytes at sites of focal and segmental sclerosis in MN. Interstitial PDGF-C expression was increased at sites of fibrosing injury in obese Zucker rats. The use of the different antisera resulted in virtually identical findings. It is concluded that PDGF-C is a novel mesangial cell mitogen that is constitutively expressed in the kidney and specifically upregulated in mesangial, visceral epithelial, and interstitial cells after predominant injury to these cells. PDGF-C may therefore be involved in the pathogenesis of renal scarring.
Ultrasound molecular imaging of arterial thrombi with novel microbubbles modified by cyclic RGD in vitro and in vivo (2011)

Despite immense potential, ultrasound molecular imaging (UMI) of arterial thrombi remains very challenging because the high-shear arterial flow limits binding of site-targeted microbubbles to the thrombi. The linear Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides have been successfully applied to evaluate venous, atrial, and arteriolar thrombi, but have thus far failed in the detection of arterial thrombi. Cyclic RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Cys) is a cyclic conformation of linear RGD peptides, which has much higher binding-affinity and selectivity for binding to the glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor than its linear counterpart and thus is likely to be an optimal targeted molecular probe for ultrasound molecular imaging of arterial thrombi. In this study, we sought to assess the feasibility of a novel microbubble conjugated with cyclic RGD (Mb-cyclic RGD) in UMI of arterial thrombi in vitro and in vivo . As expected, Mb-cyclic RGD had greater GP IIb/IIIa-targeted binding capability in all shear stress conditions. In addition, the shear stress at half-maximal detachment of Mb-cyclic RGD was 5.7-fold higher than that of microbubbles with non-specific peptide (Mb-CON) (p<0.05). Mb-cyclic RGD enhanced the echogenicity of the platelet-rich thrombus in vitro whereas Mb-CON did not produce enhancement. In the in vivo setting, optimal signal enhancement of the abdominal aortic thrombus was displayed with Mb-cyclic RGD in all cases. Mean video intensity of the abdominal aortic thrombi with Mb-cyclic RGD was 3.2-fold higher than that with Mb-CON (p<0.05). The novel Mb-cyclic RGD facilitated excellent visualisation of arterial thrombi using UMI and showed great promise for clinical applications.
Stereospecific Synthesis of <i>C</i><sub>2</sub> Symmetric Diamines from the Mother Diamine by Resonance-Assisted Hydrogen-Bond Directed Diaza-Cope Rearrangement (2008)

Sixteen diphenylethylenediamine analogues including those with electron donating, electron withdrawing, and sterically bulky substituents have been prepared in good overall yields (70-90%) and in enantiomerically pure form (>99% ee) by diaza-Cope rearrangement reaction. A single chiral mother diamine, ((R,R)-1,2-bis-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-diaminoethane), is reacted with appropriate aldehydes to form the initial diimines that rearrange to give all the product diimines in the (S,S) form. The daughter diamines are obtained by hydrolysis of the product diimines. Density functional theory computation shows that resonance-assisted hydrogen-bond is the main driving force behind all the rearrangement reactions. Chiral high performance liquid chromatography and circular dichroism spectroscopy show that the highly stereospecific rearrangement reactions take place with apparent inversion of stereochemistry.
Integrated, plan-based control of autonomous robot in human environments (2001)

The authors extend the Rhino robot by adding the means for plan-based high-level control and plan transformation, further enhancing its probabilistic reasoning capabilities. The result: an autonomous robot capable of accomplishing prolonged, complex, and dynamically changing tasks in the real world.
The Alkylation of Naphthalene with Alcohols and Boron Fluoride. The Mechanism of the Reaction (1938)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Alkylation of Naphthalene with Alcohols and Boron Fluoride. The Mechanism of the ReactionCharles C. Price and Joseph M. CiskowskiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1938, 60, 10, 2499–2502Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1938Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1938https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01277a062RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views422Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (401 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Beta3 receptors mediate relaxation in stomach fundus whereas a fourth beta receptor mediates tachycardia in atria from transgenic beta3 receptor knockout mice. (2000)

Pharmacological studies have revealed a non-beta1, beta2 or beta3 adrenergic receptor that mediates tachycardia in rat and human atria. The present studies utilized transgenic mice that lack the rodent beta3 receptor to explore, in a more definitive fashion, whether a non-beta1, beta2 or beta3 receptor can mediate atrial tachycardia. Insofar as the rat stomach fundus possesses a beta3 receptor mediating relaxation, we examined the stomach fundus from beta3 receptor knockout mice for the presence or absence of the beta3 relaxant receptor. Contractile responses to carbamylcholine were similar in potency and magnitude between mouse stomach fundus from wild type and beta3 receptor knockout animals. However, the classical beta3 receptor agonist CL316243, (10(-8)-10(-6)M) relaxed stomach fundus from wild type mice, but not from the beta3 receptor knockout animals. These data provide functional evidence for the absence of the beta3 receptor in beta3 receptor knockout animals and support the role of beta3 receptors mediating relaxation in mouse stomach fundus. Atria from mice lacking the beta3 receptor responded similarly (in potency and maximal increase in heart rate) to isoproterenol (10(-9)-10(-6)M) as atria from wild type mice. Furthermore, propranolol (3 x 10(-7) M) produced a dextral shift in the concentration response to isoproterenol in atria from both the beta3 receptor knockout and wild type mice with negative log K(B) values of 8.03 and 8.09, respectively. Thus, beta receptors mediating tachycardia to isoproterenol are intact and respond similarly in atria from both knockout and wild type mice. Furthermore, CGP12177, a prototypic 'atypical' beta receptor agonist produced tachycardia with a similar EC50 and maximal response in atria from both the wild type and beta3 receptor knockout mice. Cyanopindolol was a partial agonist relative to CGP12177 in both wild type and beta3 receptor knockout mice. Tachycardia to CGP12177 and cyanopindolol was not blocked by propranolol (3 x 10(-7) M) in atria from either group. These data provide definitive evidence that the receptor mediating tachycardia to CGP12177 and to cyanopindolol in atria from the transgenic beta3 receptor knockout mice is neither the beta1, beta2, nor beta3 adrenergic receptor.
Preparative fractionation of DNA restriction fragments by reversed phase column chromatography. (1976)

Reversed phase column chromatography on RPC-5 resin was used to fractionate milligram quantities of DNA fragments generated by restriction endonucleases. Fractionation was on the basis of size, the presence or absence of sticky ends, and at least one as yet undertermined property.
The Relevance of Opioids and Opioid Receptors on Immunocompetence and Immune Homeostasis (1996)

Since the previous review on the role of opioids in the immune system, numerous investigative teams have contributed to the growing pool of information illustrating the tangible relationship between opioids and immune function, particularly as this association pertains to bacterial and viral pathogens. In addition, the recent cloning of both neural- and immune-derived opioid receptors will ultimately facilitate the identification of molecular events that are responsible for the immunomodulatory effects that are mediated by receptor ligation. Specifically, the administration of opioids in vivo can potentially affect the immune system either through direct interaction with receptors on the effector cells or indirectly, through the ligation of receptors found within the central nervous system. This indirect routing is hypothesized to involve secondary pathways including the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system ultimately resulting in immunomodulation. Consequently, a portion of this review addresses the recent data on leukocyte-derived opioid receptors and the potential immunoregulatory role relative to opiold receptors found within the central nervous system. In addition, recent observations on the effects of opioids and immunocompetence is reviewed from both a molecular and cellular perspective. Finally, the consequence of opioid exposure on the competence of the host immune system to microbial pathogens is summarized.