gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dissolution of Intact, Divided and Crushed Circadin Tablets: Prolonged vs. Immediate Release of Melatonin (2016)

Circadin 2 mg prolonged-release tablet is the only licensed melatonin product available in the UK. Circadin is indicated for patients with primary insomnia aged 55 and over, but is more widely used "off-label" to treat sleep disorders especially in the paediatric population. Children and older people often have difficulty swallowing tablets and dividing the tablet is sometimes required to ease administration. The aim of this study was to measure the release profile of melatonin from Circadin tablets when divided or crushed, and compare this with release from intact tablets. Dissolution testing was also performed for unlicensed melatonin products for comparison. Dissolution tests were performed using the pharmacopoeial paddle apparatus, with melatonin release analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Melatonin content, hardness, friability, and disintegration of the products were also evaluated. The prolonged release of melatonin from Circadin tablets was unlike that of any other product tested. When divided into halves, Circadin preserved most of the prolonged-release characteristic (f2 = 58), whereas quarter-cut and crushed tablet had a more immediate melatonin release profile. Circadin is significantly less expensive and should be preferred to unlicensed medicines which are not pharmaceutically equivalent and offer less quality assurance.
The properties of hyaluronan and its role in wound healing. (2001)

Hyaluronan occurs naturally in the body. It appears to have an important role in wound healing and is essential to scarless healing in a fetus. Hyaluronan has now been developed as a wound dressing. This paper will examine the literature to assess the dressing's usefulness in difficult-to-heal, chronic wounds, which present a great challenge to tissue viability experts.
An Animal Model for External Ear Canal Inflammation (2000)

TPA-induced inflammation of the mouse EAC provides a suitable model for testing the therapeutic efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents being considered for clinical use.
Identification of a Precursor of β-Methyl-γ-octalactone in the Wood of Sessile Oak (<i>Quercus petraea</i>(Matt.) Liebl.) (2000)

The 6'-O-gallate derivative of (3S, 4S)-4-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy-3-methyloctanoic acid was isolated for the first time from the wood of Sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) and shown to be a precursor of cis-beta-methyl-gamma-octalactone. The structure of this precursor was determined by HRFAB-MS, NMR, LCMS, and chiral analysis of the liberated (3S,4S)-beta-methyl-gamma-octalactone on a chiral fused silica capillary column. Optical rotation was shown to be identical to that of the same compound previously isolated from the wood of Platycarya strobilacea Sieb. et Zucc. by Tanaka and Kouno in 1996. Moreover, the 6'-O-gallate derivative of a threo-4-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy-3-methyloctanoic acid was tentatively identified as a minor precursor of trans-beta-methyl-gamma-octalactone in the same wood of Sessile oak.
Tissue Distribution and Evolution of Fructosamine 3-Kinase and Fructosamine 3-Kinase-related Protein (2004)

Fructosamine 3-kinase (FN3K) and FN3K-related protein (FN3K-RP) catalyze the phosphorylation of the Amadori products ribulosamines, psicosamines, and, in the case of FN3K, fructosamines. BLAST searches in chordate genomes revealed two genes encoding proteins homologous to FN3K or FN3K-RP in various mammals and in chicken but only one gene, encoding a protein more similar to FN3K-RP than to FN3K, in fishes and the sea squirt Ciona intestinalis. This suggests that a gene duplication event occurred after the fish radiation and that the FN3K gene evolved more rapidly than the FN3K-RP gene. In agreement with this distribution, only one enzyme, phosphorylating ribulosamines and psicosamines but not fructosamines, was found in the tissues from a fish (Clarias gariepinus), whereas two enzymes with specificities similar to either FN3K or FN3K-RP were found in mouse, rat, and chicken tissues. FN3K is particularly active in brain, heart, kidney, and skeletal muscle. Its activity is also relatively elevated in erythrocytes from man, rat, and mouse but barely detectable in erythrocytes from chicken and pig, which correlates well with the low intracellular concentration of glucose in erythrocytes from these species. This is in keeping with the specific role of FN3K to repair protein damage caused by glucose. FN3K-RP was more evenly distributed in tissues, except for skeletal muscle where its activity was particularly low. This may be related to low activity of the pentose phosphate pathway in this tissue, as suggested by assays of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. This finding, together with the high affinity of FN3K-RP for ribulosamines, suggests that this enzyme may serve to repair damage caused by the powerful glycating agent, ribose 5-phosphate.
A Mutation in the MSH6 Subunit of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH2-MSH6 Complex Disrupts Mismatch Recognition (1999)

In yeast, MSH2 interacts with MSH6 to repair base pair mismatches and single nucleotide insertion/deletion mismatches and with MSH3 to recognize small loop insertion/deletion mismatches. We identified a msh6 mutation (msh6-F337A) that when overexpressed in wild type strains conferred a defect in both MSH2-MSH6- and MSH2-MSH3-dependent mismatch repair pathways. Genetic analysis suggested that this phenotype was due to msh6-F337A sequestering MSH2 and preventing it from interacting with MSH3 and MSH6. In UV cross-linking, filter binding, and gel retardation assays, the MSH2-msh6-F337A complex displayed a mismatch recognition defect. These observations, in conjunction with ATPase and dissociation rate analysis, suggested that MSH2-msh6-F337A formed an unproductive complex that was unable to stably bind to mismatch DNA.
Techniques for Small-Signal Analysis of Semiconductor Devices (1985)

Techniques for ascertaining the small-signal behavior of semiconductor devices in the context of numerical device simulation are discussed. Three standard approaches to this problem will be compared: (i) transient excitation followed by Fourier decomposition, (ii) incremental charge partitioning, and (iii) sinusoidal steady-state analysis. Sinusoidal steady-state analysis is shown to be the superior approach by providing accurate, rigorously correct results with reasonable computational cost and programming commitment.
A closed-form forward kinematics solution for the 6-6/sup p/ Stewart platform (2001)

Studies the forward kinematics of a special 6-6 Stewart platform, in which both the base and the mobile platforms are similar hexagons. A concise closed-form solution to the forward kinematics of the Stewart platform is obtained by introducing a quaternion to represent the transformation matrix. It is very interesting to find that the eight possible solutions have a very simple inner symmetry relationship. So, the solutions obtained from the approach presented in the paper are concise, represented as the squares of the four quaternion components. Besides, unnecessary complex roots are avoided automatically. Finally, only univariate quadratic equations are required to solve in this approach.
Network coding design for multi-source multi-relay cooperative wireless networks (2012)

In this paper, we study the design of network codes for multi-source, multi-relay networks over frequency non-selective slow fading channels. Specifically, we consider a system with M sources each having independent information to be transmitted to a common destination with the help of N relays (called an M - N - 1 system). A finite field (nonbinary) based method is suggested to design binary network codes. For construction of the codes, we investigate full system diversity achieving criteria and constraints imposed by it in terms of linear independence of columns (or sets of columns) of generator matrix for codes over finite fields (including binary). First, we design such full diversity achieving codes over polynomial fields of the form GF(2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">K</sup> ) and then using a novel uplifting technique (matrix representation of finite fields), convert these back into frame based binary codes to reduce encoding complexity at relays (as only binary operations are used). Simulation results confirm the diversity claims of the proposed codes under perfect as well as realistic source-to-relay (S-R) channel links. We also apply belief propagation (BP) decoding on these codes. The codes are compared with that from existing algorithm and similar performance is observed with smaller frame size for the case considered.
Scalable Object Storage with Resource Reservations and Dynamic Load Balancing (2016)

Scale-out distributed storage clusters require efficient selection of the storage targets holding replicas. This requires coordinated allocation of target IOPS, target persistent storage capacity and network bandwidth. The current generation of distributed storage solutions mostly select storage targets using consistent hashing. Implementations have become significantly more sophisticated than the algorithm originally presented for Amazon Dynamo. They (consistently) yield consistent locations for a given combination of content and clustered topology. But none of them consider dynamic factors, such as current work load or remaining capacity. Moreover, non-dynamic target selection leads to uneven distribution of network traffic. Uneven resource distribution underutilizes available capacity. We present an alternative solution, the Replicast protocol, which combines dynamic load balanced scheduling, multicast messaging and reservation-based payload delivery. Replicast has been implemented and is being deployed in a commercial solution called NexentaEdge. To evaluate Replicast for large and super-large clusters, we use a discrete event simulation framework called SURGE. In this paper, we compare the results of simulated object put benchmarks with models for conventional storage clusters that use consistent hashing and reliable unicast connections to transfer content.
Toxic ligand conjugates as tools in the study of receptor‐ligand interactions (1982)

We have constructed hybrid proteins in which the toxic A chains of ricin or diptheria toxin have been linked to either asialofetuin, fetuin, or epidermal growth factor (EGF). Both ASF-RTA and ASF-DTA are potent toxins on cultured rat hepatocytes, cells that display the asialoglycoprotein receptor. Toxicity of these two compounds is restricted to hepatocytes and can be blocked by asialoglycoproteins but not the native glycoproteins or asialoagalactoglycoprotein derivatives, indicating that the toxicity of the conjugates is mediated by the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor. The EGF-RTA conjugate is an extremely potent toxin on cells that can bind the hormone, but is only poorly effective on cells that are unable to bind EGF. The EGF-DTA conjugate, in contrast, is unable to kill 3T3 cells and is at least two orders of magnitude less effective than EGF-RTA on A431 cells, a cell line with 1-2 X 10(6) EGF receptors per cell. However, when EGF-RTA and EGF-DTA were tested on primary liver hepatocyte cultures, which were susceptible to both ASF-RTA and ASF-DTA, both EGF conjugates were potent toxins. Sensitivity of the hepatocyte cultures to ricin toxicity increases slightly during a 52-hr culture period. In contrast, sensitivity to EGF-RTA and ASF-RTA decline dramatically during this period. Receptors for both ligands remain plentiful on the cell surface during this time.
Point-Cloud Mapping and Merging Using Mobile Laser Scanner (2019)

This paper presents a method for building a 3D point-cloud map in a residential environment using a mobile laser scanner. Several submaps are generated in different small areas using normal distributions transform (NDT) scan matching based simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and full graph-based SLAM. When a loop closure (revisit) of the vehicle is detected, two constraints are used in the graph-based SLAM to improve submap accuracy: the poses of the vehicle obtained by NDT scan matching and one-to-one matching of pole-like landmarks, such as utility poles and traffic sign poles. The merging of the submaps is also performed using the full graph-based SLAM. The experimental results for three-submap generation and merging in a residential environment validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
<title>Optics In The Model 900 Projection Stepper</title> (1980)

Unique optical design features were incorporated into the Model 900 Projection Stepper. The f/4 illuminator uses a pulsed 200 w mercury short arc lamp and a glass light pipe to achieve a uniform intensity of .5 w/cm<sup>2</sup> at the reticle. The 1:1 projection lens is a folded, double-pass design which consists of a concave mirror and a cemented achromat-prism assembly. With a numerical aperture of .30, the lens achieves diffraction-limited performance at both the g and h mercury lines. Reticle to wafer alignment is detected through the lens and corrected automatically at each exposure step.
A Comparison of Hydrocarbon Emissions from Different Piston Designs in an SI Engine (1993)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The total hydrocarbon emissions and the distribution of hydrocarbon species from the emissions of two different piston and cylinder liner designs;</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"> <ol class="list nostyle"> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">1</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">reduced top land height,</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">2</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">smoother cylinder bore,</div> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">were compared with a standard production Rover K16 spark ignited engine. Reductions in total HC emissions were achieved for both designs. The variations between the relative quantities of a selection of the most significant species were investigated for each design, considerable differences were observed between these design changes.</div>
<i>Escherichia coli</i>Malic Enzymes: Two Isoforms with Substantial Differences in Kinetic Properties, Metabolic Regulation, and Structure (2007)

Malic enzymes (MEs) catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of malate in the presence of a divalent metal ion. In eukaryotes, well-conserved cytoplasmic, mitochondrial, and plastidic MEs have been characterized. On the other hand, distinct groups can be detected among prokaryotic MEs, which are more diverse in structure and less well characterized than their eukaryotic counterparts. In Escherichia coli, two genes with a high degree of homology to ME can be detected: sfcA and maeB. MaeB possesses a multimodular structure: the N-terminal extension shows homology to ME, while the C-terminal extension shows homology to phosphotransacetylases (PTAs). In the present work, a detailed characterization of the products of E. coli sfcA and maeB was performed. The results indicate that the two MEs exhibit relevant kinetic, regulatory, and structural differences. SfcA is a NAD(P) ME, while MaeB is a NADP-specific ME highly regulated by key metabolites. Characterization of truncated versions of MaeB indicated that the PTA domain is not essential for the ME reaction. Nevertheless, truncated MaeB without the PTA domain loses most of its metabolic ME modulation and its native oligomeric state. Thus, the association of the two structural domains in MaeB seems to facilitate metabolic control of the enzyme. Although the PTA domain in MaeB is highly similar to the domains of proteins with PTA activity, MaeB and its PTA domain do not exhibit PTA activity. Determination of the distinct properties of recombinant products of sfcA and maeB performed in the present work will help to clarify the roles of MEs in prokaryotic metabolism.
Signal and Linear System Analysis (1992)

Preliminary Concepts: Signal and System Characteristics and Models Convolution Continuous-Time Signals and Systems Continuous Time Signals Continuous-Time Signal Spectra Time-Domain Analysis of Continuous-Time Systems Spectral Analysis of Continuous-Time Systems Analysis of Continuous-Time Series Using the Laplace Transform Continuous-Time Filters State Variable Concepts for Continuous-Time Linear Systems Discrete-Time Signals and Systems: Discrete-Time Signals Discrete-Time Signal Spectra Time-Domain Analysis of Discrete-Time Systems Spectral Analysis of Discrete-Time Systems Analysis of Discrete-Time Systems Using the z-Transform Discrete-Time System Realizations and Discrete-Time Filters State Variable Concepts for Discrete-Time Linear Systems.
Solid phase synthesis of oligoribonucleotides using the o-nitrobenzyl group for 2'-hydroxyl protection and H-phosphonate chemistry (1987)

Oligoribonucleotides with chain length of 7, 11, 15, 17, 24 and 34 were synthesized on long chain alkylamine controlled pore glass beads (LCA-CPG) using o-nitrobenzyl protection of 2'-hydroxyls via a H-phosphonate approach either manually or by using an automatic synthesizer. The oligoribonucleotides were obtained in yields of 0.6 0.6-20%, based on initial nucleoside bound to the LCA-CPG support.
Esophagitis Associated with the Use of Alendronate (1996)

Alendronate can cause chemical esophagitis, including severe ulcerations, in some patients. Recommendations to reduce the risk of esophagitis include swallowing alendronate with 180 to 240 ml (6 to 8 oz) of water on arising in the morning, remaining upright for at least 30 minutes after swallowing the tablet and until the first food of the day has been ingested, and discontinuing the drug promptly if esophageal symptoms develop.
Production of natural and rare pentoses using microorganisms and their enzymes (2001)

Biochemical methods, usually microbial or enzymatic, are suitable for the production of unnatural or rare monosaccharides. D-Arabitol was produced from D-glucose by fermentation with Candida famata R28. D-xylulose can also be produced from D-arabitol using Acetobacter aceti IFO 3281 and D-lyxose was produced enzymatically from D-xylulose using L-ribose isomerase (L-RI). Ribitol was oxidized to L-ribulose by microbial bioconversion with Acetobacter aceti IFO 3281; L-ribulose was epimerized to L-xylulose by the enzyme D-tagatose 3-epimerase and L-lyxose was produced by isomerization of L-RI. L-ribose and L-arabinose were prepared biochemically from ribitol by oxidation using Acetobacter aceti IFO 3281 and isomerization using L-RI and L-arabinose isomerase (L-AI), respectively. Other pentoses can be produced as well by cell or enzyme bioconversions.
Bacterial community structure and function in a metal‐working fluid (2003)

The diversity of bacterial populations colonizing spatially and temporally separated samples of the same metal-working fluid (MWF) formulation was investigated. Analyses were performed with a view to improve strategies for bioaugmentation of waste MWF in bioreactor systems and prevention of in-use MWF biodeterioration in engineering workshops. Significantly, complementary phenotypic, genotypic and in situ methods revealed that the bacterial communities in operationally exhausted MWFs had low diversity and were similar in species composition from different locations and uses. Of the 179 bacterial isolates studied, only 11 genera and 15 species were identified using fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis, with culture independent analyses by 16S rDNA denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and fluorescent in situ hybridization being congruent with these FAME data. In order to gain some insight into functional role of detected populations, we correlated the MWF chemical composition and potential pollution load with bacterial abundance and community composition detected within samples.
Chemical mechanical polishing in silicon processing (2000)

Since its inception in 1966, the series of numbered volumes known as Semiconductors and Semimetals has distinguished itself through the careful selection of well-known authors, editors, and contributors. The Willardson and Beer series, as it is widely known, has succeeded in producing numerous landmark volumes and chapters. Not only did many of these volumes make an impact at the time of their publication, but they continue to be well-cited years after their original release. Recently, Professor Eicke R. Weber of the University of California at Berkeley joined as a co-editor of the series. Professor Weber, a well-known expert in the field of semiconductor materials, will further contribute to continuing the series' tradition of publishing timely, highly relevant, and long-impacting volumes. Some of the recent volumes, such as Hydrogen in Semiconductors, Imperfections in III/V Materials, Epitaxial Microstructures, High-Speed Heterostructure Devices, Oxygen in Silicon, and others promise that this tradition will be maintained and even expanded. Reflecting the truly interdisciplinary nature of the field that the series covers, the volumes in Semiconductors and Semimetals have been and will continue to be of great interest to physicists, chemists, materials scientists, and device engineers in modern industry.
New concepts for perpendicular magnetic recording hard disk system (1991)

Novel concepts for perpendicular magnetic recording are proposed. Recording mechanism analysis, head-to-media interface, and a narrow track single-pole head are described. A finite-element method simulation, with accurate medium modeling, estimates densities over 20 kFRPM (500 kFRPI). The conditions to attain high linear density are revealed quantitatively. Coercive force dispersion of the medium and head-to-medium spacing are key factors. To realize extremely narrow spacing, the authors propose contact recording, that is, a non-flying head even for bard disk systems. Using this head-to-medium interface, a very narrow track single-pole can be prepared with control of the domain structure by a wall pinning method. It was found that the normalized output increases as the track width decreases. The signal-to-noise ratio of a 6- mu m-track-width single-pole head is about 35 dB at low density. The 10/sup -9/ error rate was obtained at 4 kFRPM (100 kFRPI) with an equalizer for the read channel.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Single-chip H.324 videoconferencing (1996)

The C82 multimedia-processing DSP helps vendors respond to cost-sensitive consumer and PC markets. As shown here, it implements H.324 videoconferencing over analog phone lines.
Maternal plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA level: a determinant and projected threshold for mother-to-child transmission. (1995)

To prevent mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission, it is important to identify its determinants. Because HIV-1 RNA levels can be reduced by antiviral therapy, we examined the role of maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA level in mother-to-child transmission. We used quantitative competitive PCR to measure HIV-RNA in 30 infected pregnant women and then followed their infants prospectively; 27% of the women transmitted HIV-1 to their infants and maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA level correlated strikingly with transmission. Eight of the 10 women with the highest HIV-1 RNA levels at delivery (190,400-1,664,100 copies per ml of plasma) transmitted, while none of the 20 women with lower levels (500-155,800 copies per ml) did (P = 0.0002). Statistical analysis of the distribution of HIV-1 RNA loads in these 30 women projected a threshold for mother-to-child transmission in a larger population; the probability of a woman with a viral RNA level of < or = 100,000 copies per ml not transmitting is predicted to be 97%. Examination of serial HIV-1 RNA levels during pregnancy showed that viral load was stable in women who did not initiate or change antiviral therapy. These data identify maternal plasma HIV-1-RNA level as a major determinant of mother-to-child transmission and suggest that quantitation of HIV-1 RNA may predict the risk of transmission.