gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of Different Laser Systems with Special Regard to Angioplasty (1988)

Laser angioplasty has found increasing interest in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. First clinical applications of laser angioplasty in atherosclerotic stenoses or occlusions of peripheral and coronary vessels primarily showed a high success rate, but later were followed by significant complications as aneurysm formation, late perforations and restenoses. Most of these complications were due to a thermal damage of surrounding wall structures. To avoid these complications an ideal laser system should only minimally influence surrounding tissue layers and should offer a well predictable penetration and ablation including also severely calcified material. In conventional continuous wave laser systems photo energy is mainly changed into thermal energy. Mode of application, local cooling and the use of special laser probes can reduce the thermal side effects, but nevertheless histologic examinations revealed thermal injuries of various degree to surrounding structures. Furthermore these laser systems mostly faile to ablate or penetrate calcified plaques and only pulsed Nd:YAG-lasers with high frequencies seem ot offer some improvement. Eximer lasers with their wave lengths of 193, 248 and 308 nanometers also work in a high frequent pulsed mode. They offer a very low penetration and mainly show a so called photoablative effect with only minimal thermal side effects. Within a distance of only 50 micrometers temperature raises in the surrounding tissue up to 5 degrees C and in a distance of 1 mm, up to 1.5 degrees C. Eximer lasers are moreover able to penetrate calcified material. A transluminal application is up till now limited by a lack of flexible fiber systems, which can deliver the high energy pulses. Another point of discussion are the mutagenity and cancerogenity of ultraviolet light.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fluorescent sensing of uronic acids based on a cooperative action of boronic acid and metal chelate (1997)

M. Takeuchi, M. Yamamoto and S. Shinkai, Chem. Commun., 1997, 1731 DOI: 10.1039/A703471G
Oxylipin Profiling Reveals the Preferential Stimulation of the 9-Lipoxygenase Pathway in Elicitor-treated Potato Cells (2001)

Lipoxygenases are key enzymes in the synthesis of oxylipins and play an important role in the response of plants to wounding and pathogen attack. In cultured potato cells treated with elicitor from Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight disease, transcripts encoding a linoleate 9-lipoxygenase and a linoleate 13-lipoxygenase accumulate. However, lipoxygenase activity assays and oxylipin profiling revealed only increased 9-lipoxygenase activity and formation of products derived therefrom, such as 9-hydroxy octadecadienoic acid and colneleic acid. Furthermore, the 9-lipoxygenase products 9(S),10(S),11(R)-trihydroxy-12(Z)-octadecenoic and 9(S),10(S),11(R)-trihydroxy-12(Z),15(Z)-octadecadienoic acid were identified as novel, elicitor-inducible oxylipins in potato, suggesting a role of these compounds in the defense response against pathogen attack. Neither 13-lipoxygenase activity nor 13-lipoxygenase products were detected in higher amounts in potato cells after elicitation. Thus, formation of products by the 9-lipoxygenase pathway, including the enzymes hydroperoxide reductase, divinyl ether synthase, and epoxy alcohol synthase, is preferentially stimulated in cultured potato cells in response to treatment with P. infestans elicitor. Moreover, elicitor-induced accumulation of desaturase transcripts and increased phospholipase A(2) activity after elicitor treatment suggest that substrates for the lipoxygenase pathway might be provided by de novo synthesis and subsequent release from lipids of the endomembrane system.
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (2004)

5-1 For the most up-to-date product information, see www.gelighting.com. To convert inches to millimeters, multiply by 25.4. All footnote references found at the end of this section. B Reduced Wattage ✐ High Color Rendering. PLUG-IN LAMPS 2-Pin Low Wattage Biax® 5-7 4-Pin High Lumen Biax® 5-7 2-Pin Double Biax® 5-8 4-Pin Double Biax® 5-8 4-Pin Triple Biax® 5-8 4-Pin High Output Biax® 5-9 4-Pin 2D® 5-9 SELF-BALLASTED LAMPS Spiral® 5-10 Biax® 5-10 Reflectors 5-11 Genura® 5-11 Decorative Shapes 5-12 LAMPS AND ADAPTERS Circlite® 5-13 2D®-Electronic 5-13 Replacement Adapters 5-13 ACCESSORIES Locking Devices 5-13 BRIGHT STIK® LIGHTING UNITS 5-13 CROSS REFERENCE 5-16
GaAs-Si heterojunction bipolar transistor (1988)

A GaAs/Si heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) structure is proposed having application for high-frequency operation. The structure combines the high-frequency capability of the GaAs/AlGaAs system with the advanced processing technology of Si. The proposed device consists of an n-AlGaAs/p-GaAs emitter and base layers on an n-Si collector with improved junction characteristics at the GaAs/Si heterointerface afforded by thermal annealing. This novel device structure combines the advantages associated with a wide band-gap AlGaAs emitter, the high electron mobility of GaAs, and the substantial reduction in device parasitics accorded the self-aligned structure. Additionally, the proposed device offers the possibility of planar GaAs processing. With the use of a compact transistor model, calculations of the high-speed capability of this transistor are presented. For an emitter-base junction area of 1 μm×5 μm, optimized fmax=108 GHz and fmax=ft=89 GHz were computed for the GaAs/Si HBT, compared to 76 and 62 GHz, respectively, for equivalent GaAs/AlGaAs HBT’s.
Spinal Intervention Efficacy on Correcting Cervical Vertebral Axes of Rotation and the Resulting Improvements in Pain, Disability and Psychsocial Measures (2011)

ObjectivesMean axes of rotation [MAR] of cervical joints are an effective measure of spine pathology. Khan Kinetic Treatment [KKT] is known to relieve symptoms, but its biomechanical effects have not been quantified. This study assesses KKT efficacy using MAR correction and its associated effects.MethodsThe intervention applies vibrations via stylus to a bony landmark of the spine. Using saggital plane cervical X-rays, pre-post intervention MARs were computed for 44 patients with chronic neck pain. The study was randomized, single blinded, and sham controlled for outcome measure comparisons. Mechanical input was assessed using a load cell and vertebral acceleration and the outcome measures were: 1. cervical MARs, 2. self-reported neck pain, 3. neck disability index scores, and 4. psycho-social assessments.Results1. Average peak force on vertebrae during treatment was 10.3 N and the average peak acceleration was 2.19G, 2. KKT improved pain and neck disability scores significantly over shams, 3. KKT corrected 62 percent of abnormal MARs with significantly larger MAR vector magnitude differences [pre-post] at the C5-6 level than shams, 4. in patients without changes in MAR locations, KKT significantly improved neck disability scores above shams, 5. MAR correction was significantly related to improving both pain and neck disability across all subjects.ConclusionsWe present biomechanical evidence of spinal “re-alignment” and its ability to improve both pain and neck disability. Capacity to improve neck disability despite no change in MAR locations indicates that MAR correction, while effective, is not the sole mechanism behind the interventions success.
A pulsed jumping ring apparatus for demonstration of Lenz’s law (2001)

Lenz’s law is often demonstrated in classrooms by the use of Elihu Thomson’s jumping ring. However, it is ironic that a thorough analysis of the physics of the ac jumping ring reveals that the operation is due mainly to a phase difference, not Lenz’s law. A complete analysis of the physics behind the ac jumping ring is difficult for the introductory student. We present a design for a pulsed jumping ring which can be fully described by the application of Lenz’s law. Other advantages of this system are that it lends itself to a rigorous analysis of the force balances and energy flow. The simple jumping ring apparatus closely resembles Thomson’s, but is powered by a capacitor bank. The jump heights were measured for several rings as a function of energy stored in the capacitors. A simple model describes the data well. Currents in both the drive coil and ring are measured and that of the drive coil modeled to illuminate some properties of the capacitors. An analysis of the energy flow in the system explains the higher jump heights, to 2 m, when the ring is cooled.
2-Amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine–4-hydroxybenzoic acid (1/1) (2006)

In the title compound, C 6 H 9 N 3 ·C 7 H 6 O 3 , the 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid molecules link together via N—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds to form an eight-membered R 2 2 (8) ring. Further hydrogen bonds and C—H...O interactions result in the formation of a three-dimensional network.
A web‐based learning system for question‐posing and peer assessment (2005)

A web‐based learning system has been developed to facilitate question‐posing, peer‐assessing, item‐viewing and drill‐and‐practice learning activities. In this paper, the pedagogical basis underlying the design and development of the system is explained in the light of information‐processing theory, social construction of knowledge theory and social modelling theory. A preliminary study to evaluate the instructional potential of the system has been conducted; this has also identified the factors that influence students’ use of the system. Results taken from questionnaires and open‐ended questions revealed that by enabling students to play various roles such as composers, critics and adapters, the system was perceived as a cognition‐enhancing and motivational learning tool by the participants. Data analysis further indicated that various factors worked together to influence the performance of question‐posing.
UHV/CVD growth of Si and Si:Ge alloys: chemistry, physics, and device applications (1992)

The fundamental chemical principles underlying ultra-high-vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHV CVD) are described in this overview. A variety of unique devices and structures, e.g. high-speed graded-bandgap heterojunction bipolar transistors and n-type resonant tunneling diodes, are discussed. The role of fundamental interface chemistry in making such structures possible is considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION OF MULTI-SENSOR IMAGES BY DECISION FUSION USING WEIGHTS OF EVIDENCE MODEL (2012)

Abstract. This paper proposed a novel method of decision fusion based on weights of evidence model (WOE). The probability rules from classification results from each separate dataset were fused using WOE to produce the posterior probability for each class. The final classification was obtained by maximum probability. The proposed method was evaluated in land cover classification using two examples. The results showed that the proposed method effectively combined multisensor data in land cover classification and obtained higher classification accuracy than the use of single source data. The weights of evidence model provides an effective decision fusion method for improved land cover classification using multi-sensor data.
Inhibition of Rumen Methanogenesis and Ruminant Productivity: A Meta-Analysis (2018)

Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) formed in the rumen and released to the atmosphere constitutes an energy inefficiency to ruminant production. Redirecting energy in CH<sub>4</sub> to fermentation products with a nutritional value to the host animal could increase ruminant productivity and stimulate the adoption of CH<sub>4</sub>-suppressing strategies. The hypothesis of this research was that inhibiting CH<sub>4</sub> formation in the rumen is associated with greater ruminant productivity. The primary objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate how inhibiting rumen methanogenesis relates with the efficiencies of milk production and growth and fattening. A systematic review of peer-reviewed studies in which rumen methanogenesis was inhibited with chemical compounds was conducted. Experiments were clustered based on research center, year of publication, experimental design, feeding regime, type of animal, production response, inhibitor of CH<sub>4</sub> production, and method of CH<sub>4</sub> measurement. Response variables were regressed against the random experiment effect nested in its cluster, the random effect of the cluster, the linear and quadratic effects of CH<sub>4</sub> production, and the random interaction between CH<sub>4</sub> production and the experiment nested in the cluster. When applicable, responses were adjusted by intake of different nutrients included as regressors. Inhibiting rumen methanogenesis tended to associate positively with milk production efficiency, although the relationship was influenced by individual experiments. Likewise, a positive relationship between methanogenesis inhibition and growth and fattening efficiency depended on the inclusion and weighting of individual experiments. Inhibiting rumen methanogenesis negatively associated with dry matter intake. Interpretation of the effects of inhibiting methanogenesis on productivity is limited by the availability of experiments simultaneously reporting energy losses in feces, H<sub>2</sub>, urine and heat production, as well as net energy partition. It is concluded that inhibiting rumen methanogenesis has not consistently translated into greater animal productivity, and more animal performance experiments are necessary to better characterize the relationships between animal productivity and methanogenesis inhibition in the rumen. A more complete understanding of changes in the flows of nutrients caused by inhibiting rumen methanogenesis and their effect on intake also seems necessary to effectively re-channel energy gained from CH<sub>4</sub> suppression toward consistent gains in productivity.
A transcomplementing gene drive provides a flexible platform for laboratory investigation and potential field deployment (2020)

CRISPR-based gene drives can spread through wild populations by biasing their own transmission above the 50% value predicted by Mendelian inheritance. These technologies offer population-engineering solutions for combating vector-borne diseases, managing crop pests, and supporting ecosystem conservation efforts. Current technologies raise safety concerns for unintended gene propagation. Herein, we address such concerns by splitting the drive components, Cas9 and gRNAs, into separate alleles to form a trans-complementing split-gene-drive (tGD) and demonstrate its ability to promote super-Mendelian inheritance of the separate transgenes. This dual-component configuration allows for combinatorial transgene optimization and increases safety by restricting escape concerns to experimentation windows. We employ the tGD and a small-molecule-controlled version to investigate the biology of component inheritance and resistant allele formation, and to study the effects of maternal inheritance and impaired homology on efficiency. Lastly, mathematical modeling of tGD spread within populations reveals potential advantages for improving current gene-drive technologies for field population modification.
The sae locus of Staphylococcus aureus encodes a two-component regulatory system (1999)

sae is a regulatory locus that activates the production of several exoproteins in Staphylococcus aureus. A 3.4-kb fragment of a S. aureus genomic library, screened with a probe adjacent to the transposon insertion of a sae::Tn551 mutant, was cloned into a bifunctional vector. This fragment was shown to carry the sae locus by restoration of exoprotein production in sae mutants. The sae locus was mapped to the SmaI-D fragment of the staphylococcal chromosome by pulse-field electrophoresis. Sequence analysis of the cloned fragment revealed the presence of two genes, designated saeR and saeS, encoding a response regulator and a histidine protein kinase, respectively, with high homology to other bacterial two-component regulatory systems.
The Role of Radiotherapy and Radioactive Phosphorus (32P) (1969)

ABSTRACT Little attention has been given to the beneficial results of radiation therapy in the treatment of localized carcinoma of the prostate or for palliative treatment of patients with metastatic disease,29,30 in contrast to orchiectomy or the administration of estrogenic hormones.31 The majority succumbing to the disease will ultimately exhibit clinical evidence of osseous metastases, and almost invariably, the symptomatic relief of pain becomes important. Patients in whom the diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate was made even after the appearance of metastases have a median survival of three years with proper treatment.31 In fact, it is not uncommon to see patients who have had extensive osseous involvement of more than five years' duration. Although prolongation of life does not occur, the judicious use of radiation therapy can play an important part in improving the life of the patient by alleviating pain.A survey of the recent literature
The Open Provenance Model (2007)

The Open Provenance Model (OPM) is a community-driven data model for Provenance that is designed to support inter-operability of provenance technology. Underpinning OPM, is a notion of directed acyclic graph, used to represent data products and processes involved in past computations, and causal dependencies between these. The Open Provenance Model was derived following two “Provenance Challenges”, international, multidisciplinary activities trying to investigate how to exchange information between multiple systems supporting provenance and how to query it. The OPM design was mostly driven by practical and pragmatic considerations, and is being tested in a third Provenance Challenge, which has just started. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the theoretical foundations of this data model. The formalisation consists of a set-theoretic definition of the data model, a definition of the inferences by transitive closure that are permitted, a formal description of how the model can be used to express dependencies in past computations, and finally, a description of the kind of time-based inferences that are supported. A novel element that OPM introduces is the concept of an account, by which multiple descriptions of a same execution are allowed to co-exist in a same graph. Our formalisation gives a precise meaning to such accounts and associated notions of alternate and refinement. Warning It was decided that this paper should be released as early as possible since it brings useful clarifications on the Open Provenance Model, and therefore can benefit the Provenance Challenge 3 community. The reader should recognise that this paper is however an early draft, and several sections are incomplete. Additionally, figures rely on colours but these may be difficult to read when printed in a black and white. It is advisable to print the paper in colour. 1 1
Dichroic Thin Layer Films Prepared from Alkanethiol-Coated Gold Nanoparticles (1997)

A simple method for preparing thin dichroic metal composite films is described. Alkanethiol-derivatized gold particles are incorporated into poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) matrixes that have been friction-transferred onto glass slides. Exposure of these gold particle/PTFE composites to flame (ca. 1700 °C) leads to strong dichroic properties in the visible spectrum. Extinction spectra obtained with the incident electric field polarized perpendicular to the direction of friction orientation show a plasmon extinction band with a maximum at ca. 545 nm. Spectra collected with the incident field polarized parallel to the friction orientation direction show a strong extinction band with a plateau from λ = 550 to 850 nm. The experimental polarization spectra are in general accord with the predictions of the Bruggeman effective medium approximation (EMA). EMA theory modeling suggests that the gold structures are not surrounded primarily by air, but rather are coated with, or imbedded within, a material that itself is highly absorbing.
Logic simulation of RSFQ circuits (1993)

It is shown how to modify a conventional logic editor-simulator to make it suitable for design of rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) circuits containing thousands of Josephson junctions. The key new component of the simulator is a library of RSFQ cells. This library has been developed based on an original representation of timing constraints in RSFQ of these constraints. The extended tool supports detection and location of logic design errors in an RSFQ circuit, estimation of circuit speed and throughput, and optimization of the general architecture of the circuit and its synchronization scheme. It is shown how the RSFQ editor-simulator has been employed for designing a decimation filter, a component of a digital signal processing chip currently under development at the University of Rochester.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Composite metamaterials with tunable chiral properties at terahertz frequencies (2011)

We propose a three-dimensional chiral metamaterial consisting of arrays of multi-layered mutually twisted sandwich metallic spirals. Such structure exhibits a negative refractive index at terahertz frequencies for its chirality. The chirality with varied refractive index can be achieved and tuned by changing the configurations. The presented structure offers flexibility for investigating electromagnetic properties of chiral metamaterials in the terahertz regime, thus leading to a unique route toward terahertz device applications.
Texture-Constrained Shape Prediction for Mouth Contour Extraction and its State Estimation (2006)

In this paper, we present an automatic mouth contour and state estimation system. An efficient mouth contour extraction algorithm is proposed under the framework of Active Shape Model (ASM). Considering large mouth shape variations, we propose a textureconstrained shape prediction method for initialization. To improve accuracy and robustness of classical ASM, we use classifiers trained by Real AdaBoost to characterize the local texture model. This model is proved to have much stronger discriminative power than Gaussian model of classical ASM. After extracting the mouth contour, the mouth is classified into one of 4 typical states by Support Vector Machine (SVM) based on the shape parameter. Experiments over a large set show that extracted mouth contours have achieved good accuracy, with an average 89.5% acceptable rate, and the mouth state estimation reaches an average 93% correct rate. This automatic system reaches a speed of about 10 frames per second on a Pentium-IV 1.7GHz PC, which may have potential applications in visual speech recognition etc.
A synchronization paradigm with QoS guarantees for multimedia communications (2003)

We propose a synchronization paradigm, called SYNC*, offering two quality of service (QoS) requirements, skew and throughput, for multimedia communications, SYNC* is composed of three components: an intelligent video smoother (IVS), synchronizer, and multi-thread priority manager (MPM). While IVS and synchronizer achieves intramedia and intermedia synchronization, respectively, MPM ensures satisfactory throughput before playout. The main goal of the paper is to present in detail the design and performance analysis of the second component, the synchronizer. The synchronizer is aimed at achieving bounded skew between different media through periodic marking of correlated frames. The minimum marking interval yielding a given skew is analytically determined based on a Markov batch Bernoulli process (MBBP)/D/K/1 queueing model. We demonstrate the profound agreement between analytic and simulation results. The results also indicate that, the playout quality with respect to skew is highly relevant to the traffic burstiness and decoder buffer size. On the basis of a fixed marking interval, the greater the burstiness and buffer size, the poorer the playout quality.