gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Host Determinant Residue Lysine 627 Lies on the Surface of a Discrete, Folded Domain of Influenza Virus Polymerase PB2 Subunit (2008)

Understanding how avian influenza viruses adapt to human hosts is critical for the monitoring and prevention of future pandemics. Host specificity is determined by multiple sites in different viral proteins, and mutation of only a limited number of these sites can lead to inter-species transmission. Several of these sites have been identified in the viral polymerase, the best characterised being position 627 in the PB2 subunit. Efficient viral replication at the relatively low temperature of the human respiratory tract requires lysine 627 rather than the glutamic acid variant found systematically in avian viruses. However, the molecular mechanism by which any of these host specific sites determine host range are unknown, although adaptation to host factors is frequently evoked. We used ESPRIT, a library screening method, to identify a new PB2 domain that contains a high density of putative host specific sites, including residue 627. The X-ray structure of this domain (denoted the 627-domain) exhibits a novel fold with the side-chain of Lys627 solvent exposed. The structure of the K627E mutated domain shows no structural differences but the charge reversal disrupts a striking basic patch on the domain surface. Five other recently proposed host determining sites of PB2 are also located on the 627-domain surface. The structure of the complete C-terminal region of PB2 comprising the 627-domain and the previously identified NLS-domain, which binds the host nuclear import factor importin alpha, was also determined. The two domains are found to pack together with a largely hydrophilic interface. These data enable a three-dimensional mapping of approximately half of PB2 sites implicated in cross-species transfer onto a single structural unit. Their surface location is consistent with roles in interactions with other viral proteins or host factors. The identification and structural characterization of these well-defined PB2 domains will help design experiments to elucidate the effects of mutations on polymerase-host factor interactions.
2-Substituted 1,3-Benzoxathiolium Tetrafluoroborates as Useful Acylating Agents of Electron-Rich Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Compounds (1987)

2-Substituted 1,3-benzoxathiolium tetrafluoroborates were used for the two-step acylation of electron-rich aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds: 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene, pyrrole and indoles. In most of the cases intermediate 2,2-disubstituted 1,3-benzoxathioles were obtained in good to high yields (55-100%) and subsequent hydrolysis of these with mercury(II) oxide and aqueous tetrafluoroboric acid (35%) in tetrahydrofuran afforded the corresponding ketones in almost quantitative yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrical Properties and Gas‐Sensing Behavior of SnO2 Films Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Synthesis of speech from unrestricted text (1976)

For many applications, it is desirable to be able to convert arbitrary English text to natural and intelligible sounding speech. This transformation between two surface forms is facilitated by first obtaining the common underlying abstract linguistic representation which relates to both text and speech surface representations. Calculation of these abstract bases then permits proper selection of phonetic segments, lexical stress, juncture, and sentence-level stress and intonation. The resulting system serves as a model for the cognitive process of reading aloud, and also as a stable practical means for providing speech output in a broad class of computer-based systems.
Mirtazapine versus amitriptyline in the long-term treatment of depression (1998)

Of 580 patients randomly assigned to short-term, double-blind treatment with either mirtazapine, amitriptyline or placebo, a total of 217 patients clinically judged to be responders subsequently continued on the same medication for up to 2 years in the long-term treatment study (mirtazapine, n = 74; amitriptyline, n = 86 and placebo, n = 57). The efficacy of mirtazapine in relapse prevention was seen in an analysis of the first 20 weeks data. Significantly fewer patients relapsed during treatment with mirtazapine compared with placebo (p < 0.05), and a significantly longer time to relapse was shown on the survival analysis. There was a significant advantage for amitriptyline compared with placebo in the first 20 weeks, with fewer patients relapsing. There was a significant advantage for mirtazapine compared with amitriptyline at 20 weeks seen on the survival analysis (p < 0.05). The significant advantage for mirtazapine compared with placebo was also seen in the prophylactic phase of treatment after 20 weeks. At the endpoint there were significantly more patients in the placebo group with a return of symptoms and significantly fewer showing sustained response. Amitriptyline was better than placebo with fewer patients suffering a recurrence of symptoms, but there was no difference from placebo in the proportion of patients with sustained response. Mirtazapine was well tolerated with a side-effect profile similar to that of placebo. The only adverse event reported significantly more frequently on mirtazapine than on placebo was weight gain. Objectively measured weight gain was more frequent with amitriptyline (22% of patients) compared with mirtazapine (13% of patients). Amitriptyline was associated with significantly more adverse events than either mirtazapine or placebo, in particular sedative and anticholinergic side effects. The efficacy of mirtazapine in reducing the risk of relapse and the recurrence of depression, which on some measures showed an advantage compared with amitriptyline, coupled with its improved side-effect profile, commends this antidepressant for the long-term treatment of depression.
Morphologically intelligent underactuated robot for underwater hull cleaning (2015)

In this paper we discuss a new type of robot for underwater hull cleaning on ships with non-magnetic hulls. This robot is based on the concept that cleaning hulls regularly, without waiting to take them out of the water, will improve the efficiency of the ships and will permit a reduction in the use of the chemicals that are usually employed to prevent the growth of marine life on the hull and which are generally harmful to the environment. The robot described in this paper is an underactuated morphologically adapted robot that through an appropriate morphology and making use of the forces and constraints of the environment solves the most difficult problems that arise when moving along hulls. Some of these are changing planes, negotiating appendices, avoiding portholes, passing corners, and other elements. This greatly simplifies the control mechanisms that are required for its operation making it an ideal candidate for completely autonomous operation. A description of the design of the robot as well as a series of examples of its operation are provided.
Managing Business Risk: An Organization-Wide Approach to Risk Management (2001)

An introduction to the subject of risk mamagement risk assessment risk control asset exposure to risk liability exposures to risk risk financing principles insurance risk management program administration.
The acid-catalysed rearrangement of tetrahydroquinoline derivatives (1966)

The acid-catalysed isomerisation of some tetrahydroquinolines (I) gives derivatives of 4-aminoindane (II) in high yields. A mechanism is suggested for this reaction. Various nitrated derivatives of the quinoline system (I) are also reported.
In vivo genotoxicity and DNA adduct levels in the liver of rats treated with safrole (1998)

The induction of chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), and the formation of DNA adducts was studied in hepatocytes of F344 rats exposed in vivo to safrole. Hepatocytes were isolated 24 h after a single dose of safrole or five repeated doses (once a day) by gastric intubation and allowed to proliferate in Williams' medium E supplemented with epidermal growth factor. Cells were fixed after 48 h in culture. Safrole-DNA adducts were detected by a nuclease P1-enhanced 32P-post-labeling assay in isolated hepatocytes from the rats. While a single dose was not sufficient to induce detectable levels of chromosome aberrations at the time of assay, five repeated doses induced these changes with a maximum frequency of 13.4%, compared with the control value of 1.8%. Both a single dose and five repeated doses induced significant SCEs, to a maximum frequency of 0.81 SCEs per chromosome, while the control value was 0.59 SCEs per chromosome. Two major and two minor DNA adducts were detected after treatment with either a single dose or five repeated doses. The maximum amount of total DNA adducts was 89.8 DNA adducts/10(7) nucleotides. These results show that safrole is a genotoxic carcinogen in the rat liver in vivo and suggest that the cytogenetic effects of this compound may result from covalent DNA modification in the rat liver. This in vivo cytogenetic assay should provide a useful means of evaluation of the genotoxicity of hepatocarcinogens.
Remedies for Misappropriation of Motion Picture and Television Story Ideas (1984)

A storyline is the foundation of any motion picture or television program. However, basic storylines are afforded little protection under the copyright laws. This note analyzes the extent of protection afforded storylines under federal and California copyright law. The author discusses ways an author may fashion his storyline in order to afford it greater copyright protection, as well as remedies available to a storyline writer when infringement does occur.
Polymeric Reagents and Catalysts (1986)

R. Bruce Merrifield was honored with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1984 for invention of peptide synthesis in polymer supports. Merrifield peptide synthesis is now used in scores of laboratories to produce natural peptides and, perhaps more importantly, analogs of natural peptides that are vital for the correlation of structures of peptides with their biological activity. The basic concept of peptide synthesis in a support seems simple in retrospect, causing many of us to say "Why didn't I think of that?" Merrifield did, and the concept was clearly described in his research notebook (1) and dated 5/26/59, four years before his first paper on the subject in the Journal of the American Chemical Society (2). There is a need for a rapid, quantitative, automatic method for synthesis of long chain peptides. A possible approach may be the use of chromatographic columns where the peptide is attached to the polymeric
Sensorless speed control of a PM synchronous motor based on sliding mode observer and extended Kalman filter (2002)

In this paper a method for rotor speed and position detection in permanent magnet synchronous motors is presented, suitable for applications where low speed and standstill operations are not required. The approach is based on the estimation of the motor back-EMF through a sliding mode observer and a cascaded Kalman filtering. Due to its characteristics, the technique can be applied to motors having distorted and whatever shaped back-EMF waveform. The equation error for the rotor position estimation is derived and discussed. Test results are presented, which show the system performance including start-up capability, which is one of the most critical conditions in back-EMF based sensorless schemes.
Effects of Prostaglandin E <sub>2</sub> , F <sub>2α</sub> , and Latanoprost Acid on Isolated Ocular Blood Vessels <i>In Vitro</i> (1998)

The vascular effects of PGE2, PGF2alpha and latanoprost acid on isolated bovine long posterior ciliary arteries and episcleral veins have been investigated using a small vessel myograph. PGE2 caused vasorelaxation both in the ciliary artery and episcleral vein (EC50: 7.9x10(-9) M and 2.1x10(-8) M respectively). Blockade of thromboxane receptors with GR 32191B, a TP receptor antagonist, shifted the concentration-response curves to the left in both preparations, probably indicating a slight co-stimulation of TP receptors in these vessels. Blockade of tachykinin NK-1 receptors had no effect on the PGE2 concentration-response curve. PGF2alpha caused a concentration dependent contraction in half of the ciliary arteries examined and relaxation in the other half. In the presence of the thromboxane receptor antagonist (GR 3211B) PGF2alpha always induced relaxation of the ciliary artery (EC50:1.3x10[-5] M). At higher concentrations PGF2alpha tended to slightly constrict the episcleral veins, but in the presence of the TP receptor antagonist (GR 32191B) only relaxation was observed. Latanoprost acid contracted the ciliary artery at concentrations above 10(-6) M. This effect was completely abolished by the TP receptor antagonist (GR 32191B). In the episcleral vein latanoprost acid induced a slight relaxation but in the presence of the TP receptor antagonist (GR 32191B) no effect was observed. These results indicate that PGE2 invariably induces vasorelaxation of bovine ciliary arteries and episcleral veins, whereas both PGF2alpha and latanoprost acid at high concentrations can cause vasoconstriction probably by stimulating TP receptors. PGF2alpha causes marked relaxation of both ciliary arteries and episcleral veins in the presence of the TP blocker which seems unlikely to be mediated by FP receptors.
A user-microprogrammable, local host computer with low-level parallelism (1983)

This paper describes the architecture of a dynamically microprogrammable computer with low-level parallelism, called QA-2, which is designed as a high-performance, local host computer for laboratory use. The architectural principle of the QA-2 is the marriage of high-speed, parallel processing capability offered by four powerful Arithmetic and Logic Units (ALUs) with architectural flexibility provided by large scale, dynamic user-microprogramming. By changing its writable control storage dynamically, the QA-2 can be tailored to a wide spectrum of research-oriented applications covering high-level language processing and real-time processing.
Comparison of the Reactions of Amidinourea and Amidinothiourea with Various Metal Ions. (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTComparison of the Reactions of Amidinourea and Amidinothiourea with Various Metal Ions.R. H. TrimbleCite this: Anal. Chem. 1962, 34, 12, 1633–1635Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1962https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60192a037RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views75Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (425 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Iron-Catalyzed Alkylation of Alkenyl Grignard Reagents (2007)

The first iron-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between alkenyl Grignard reagents and n- or s-alkyl bromides is described. The reaction is stereoselective and takes place in the presence of 5 mol % of [Fe(acac)3/TMEDA/HMTA] (1:2:1) under very mild conditions (THF, 0 degrees C, 45 min).
Automatic alignment and calibration of an inertial navigation system (2002)

In this paper we derive a simple six degree of freedom navigator, Earth-surface navigator, for terranean vehicle application, using low grade gyros. The calibration and alignment of the navigator are investigated when the system is at rest. Based on the observability of the error model when the system is at rest, a state transformation is presented. This transformation decouples the observable modes, which are based on physical insight from the unobservable modes. An example is given to illustrate the performance of a Kalman filter for calibration and alignment.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Protective effect of Geranium thunbergii against H2O2-induced oxidative stress on NCTC-1469 cells (2016)

Free radical stress leads to diseases such as arthritis, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative disease and carcinogenesis [1]. Several studies are ongoing worldwide to find natural antioxidants from plant [2,3]. We assessed the antioxidant activities of Geranium thunbergii ethanol extract (TKM2079-E) in H2O2-treated NCTC-1469 cells and free radical scavenging activities. H2O2-induced cytotoxicity was significantly attenuated by TKM-2079-E via enhancing cell viability. Intracellular ROS levels induced by H2O2 were also significantly reduced by TKM2079-E. Additionally, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of TKM2079-E were 169.4 mg/g and 48.3 mg/g respectively. TKM2079-E was also possessed free radical scavenging activities such as DPPH (IC50= 23.4 µg/mL), superoxide anion radical (IC50= 80.9 µg/mL) and ABTS+ (IC50= 46.3 µg/mL). These results suggested that the TIM2079-E is a source of natural antioxidants which might be helpful in preventing the progress of various oxidative stress mediated diseases including aging.
A novel watermarking algorithm in DCT domain to authenticate image content (2009)

This paper proposes a novel watermarking algorithm based on block DCT transform to authenticate image content. The original image is subdivided into 8×8 blocks and each block is transformed to DCT domain, then a special mark derived from certain low frequency coefficients is hided into the middle frequency DCT coefficients of another pseudo-randomly selected block. Watermark detecting is based on the correlation calculation between the low frequency coefficients and the corresponding middle frequency coefficients. Experiment shows that the algorithm is robust to JPEG compression, and it can be used to detect image content tamper. The algorithm has low rate of false detection and failure detection and it is safe to be used in image content authentication.
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus and Vitamin A Metabolism. (1999)

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, systemic, metabolic disease defined by hyperglycemia and characterized by alterations in the metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid. The cumulative effects of these metabolic derangements lead to cell damage, circulatory changes, and eventually to cardiovascular disorders, including increased plasma lipoproteins, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cardiomyopathy. Other clinical consequences of diabetes include nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. The latter can reach a proliferative phase associated with neovascularization of retinal vessels, vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment; this, in fact, is the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness in adults. Visual defects are also known to be a clinical consequence of vitamin A deficiency. Evidence to date point to the fact that diabetes is associated with an impaired metabolic availability of the vitamin. This paper delineates the link between insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (Type I) and the biochemical evidence of vitamin A deficiency.
DNA sequence characterization of the<i>G</i>gene region of bacteriophage Mu (1992)

The nucleotide sequence of a 1.2 kb region of bacteriophage Mu DNA was determined. This region contains the 3' end of the F gene, the complete G gene, and the 5' end of the I gene, all late genes involved in Mu virion morphogenesis. Identity of the G gene open reading frame was confirmed by sequencing four Gam mutations. The G open reading frame is predicted to encode proteins of 16.7 or 17.2 kDa, depending on which of two possible start codons are used to initiate translation. Four new nuB mutations in the DNA gyrase-binding site between the G and I genes were also sequenced and found to be identical to the nuB103 mutation sequenced previously.
Frequency and type of serious infections in fludarabine‐refractory B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma (2002)

Abstract BACKGROUND Treatments for fludarabine‐refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) are limited. Most new therapies being examined in fludarabine‐refractory patients have shown a high frequency of serious infection. Little data exist regarding the frequency of infections in this population treated with noninvestigational best supportive care therapies. METHODS The infectious courses of 27 patients with fludarabine‐refractory CLL/SLL were retrospectively reviewed. Fludarabine‐refractoriness was defined as either relapse within six months of completion of or failure to respond to fludarabine treatment. Infections were documented after patients met National Cancer Institute criteria for further treatment. Serious infections were defined as infections mandating admission to the hospital for intravenous antibiotics. RESULTS Patient characteristics included: median age 67 years (range, 40–83), median 3 chemotherapy treatments (range, 1–8), and hypogammaglobulinemia in 73% of patients. Pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis was given to 89% of patients. Serious infections developed in 24 out of 27 patients (89%). Patients had a median of 2 admissions (range, 0–11) for serious infection occurring at a median of 4 months (range, 0–21) from onset of fludarabine‐refractoriness. The median frequency of admission for infection was 0.17 per month. Most common sites for infection in decreasing frequency were: respiratory tract, urinary tract, blood/sepsis, and soft tissues. Bacteria caused 69 out of 88 infections (78.4%); viruses (varicella‐zoster and herpes simplex) caused 11 out of 88 (12.5%); fungi caused 4 out of 88 (4.5%); and opportunistic infections caused 4 out of 88 (4.5%). Median survival was 13.0 months (range, 1–44+). CONCLUSIONS The frequency of serious infections in patients with fludarabine‐refractory CLL/SLL is high. These findings are relevant to trials with new and highly effective agents for which the incidence of serious infections after treatment might otherwise appear to be prohibitively high. Cancer 2002;94:2033–9. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10437
Generating Test Cases for Composite Web Services by Parsing XML Documents and Solving Constraints (2015)

Web services are widely used nowadays for their interoperability and reusability. Since Web services only provide interface information for users and source codes are encapsulated, generating test cases for Web services in the view of users has more challenges than traditional software. We develop a constraint-solver based method to generate test cases for composite Web services. The technique first parses the related files, such as XSD (XML Schema Definition), WSDL (Web Service Description Language) and BPEL (Business Process Executing Language) scripts to obtain the constraints for variable types, in-out relations, conditions and orders. Then, by using the Z3-str solver, test cases are generated according to different testing coverage criterions. Our evaluation results indicate that our method is effective to generate test cases for Web services with high coverage and low redundancy.