gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solution Structure of Polytheonamide B, a Highly Cytotoxic Nonribosomal Polypeptide from Marine Sponge (2010)

Polytheonamide B (pTB), a highly cytotoxic polypeptide, is one of the most unusual nonribosomal peptides of sponge origin. pTB is a linear 48-residue peptide with alternating d- and l-amino acids and contains a total of eight types of nonproteinogenic amino acids. To investigate the mechanisms underlying its cytotoxic activity, we determined the three-dimensional structure of pTB by NMR spectroscopy, structure calculation, and energy minimization. pTB adopts a single right-handed β6.3-helical structure in a 1:1 mixture of methanol/chloroform with a length of approximately 45 Å and a hydrophilic pore of ca. 4 Å inner diameter. These features indicate that pTB molecules form transmembrane channels that permeate monovalent cations as gramicidin A channels do. The strong cytotoxicity of pTB can be ascribed to its ability to form single molecule channels through biological membranes.
High-voltage mesa-structure GaN Schottky rectifiers processed by dry and wet etching (2000)

We have fabricated and investigated high-voltage GaN vertical Schottky-barrier rectifiers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. A mesageometry Schottky-barrier rectifier having a 5-μm-thick i region, and processed using reactive-ion etching, exhibited a reverse breakdown voltage of −450 V (at 10 mA/cm2) and an on-resistance of 23 mΩ cm2. For comparison, we have also applied wet chemical etching for the fabrication of mesageometry Schottky-barrier rectifiers. The 2-μm-thick i-region GaN mesa-Schottky rectifiers showed a breakdown voltage of −310 and −280 V for wet-etched and dry-etched devices, respectively, and an on-resistance of 8.2 and 6.4 mΩ cm2, respectively. These results indicate that the performance of the wet-etched rectifiers is comparable to or better than that of comparable dry-etched devices.
Beam shaping characteristics of an unstable-waveguide hybrid resonator (2014)

The unstable-waveguide hybrid resonator emits a rectangular, simple astigmatic beam with a large number of high-spatial-frequency oscillations in the unstable direction. To equalize the beam quality, in this paper, a beam shaping system with a spatial filter for the hybrid resonator was investigated by numerical simulation and experimental method. The high-frequency components and fundamental mode of the output beam of the hybrid resonator in the unstable direction are separated by a focus lens. The high-frequency components of the beam are eliminated by the following spatial filter. A nearly Gaussian-shaped beam with approximately equal beam propagation factor M² in the two orthogonal directions was obtained. The effects of the width of the spatial filter on the beam quality, power loss, and intensity distribution of the shaped beam were investigated. The M² factor in the unstable direction is changed from 1.6 to 1.1 by optimum design. The power loss is only 9.5%. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Kinetics and Mass Transfer Studies on the Adsorption of Arsenic onto Activated Alumina and Iron Oxide Impregnated Activated Alumina (2006)

Abstract The present investigation deals with the uptake of As(III) and As(V) ions from aqueous solution by activated alumina and a new laboratory-prepared sorbent—iron oxide impregnated activated alumina. Iron oxide impregnation onto activated alumina significantly increased the percent arsenic removal and adsorption capacity for As(III) and As(V) ions. The maximum As(III) and As(V) removals were 96.8% and 98.4%, respectively, by iron oxide impregnated activated alumina (IOIAA). Maximum As(III) and As(V) removal of 94.2% and 96.1% was observed over activated alumina. Kinetic studies were performed at different initial sorbate concentrations to determine the mechanism of mass transfer of sorbate onto this sorbent. The maximum removal of As(III) and As(V) by activated alumina and iron oxide impregnated alumina takes place within 6 h and attains equilibrium within 12 h. First-order Lagergren kinetics explained the adsorption of arsenic over activated alumina whereas a pseudo-second order rate equation explained the behaviour of As(III) adsorption over iron oxide impregnated activated alumina. Diffusional effects in solid pellets were also investigated to understand the mechanism of adsorption. These results indicate that the mechanism of arsenic adsorption is complex on both sorbents as both pore diffusion and surface diffusion contribute to the arsenic removal. During the initial period, surface diffusion was predominant but as the adsorption progresses, pore diffusion dominated the rate of adsorption.
GELRITE as an Agar Substitute in Bacteriological Media (1983)

GELRITE gellan gum (formerly known as PS-60 and S-60) is a new naturally derived, highly purified polysaccharide which displays several interesting properties, including selfgelling. The suitability of GELRITE as an agar substitute was tested by evaluating the performance of several media selected from among those most commonly used in the isolation, identification, and enumeration of microorganisms in clinical laboratories. Fifty different bacterial species previously implicated in human infections served as test strains. On the basis of the various parameters considered, namely, colony characteristics, biochemical reactions, hemolytic patterns, and plating efficiency, media gelled by agar and by GELRITE compared quite favorably.
MALE PRONENESS TO VERBAL DISPLAY PRODUCTION (2011)

The Darwinian theory of sexual selection predicts language-related sex differences in humans originating from and relevant for mate choice. Due to past sex-different selection pressures, it can be assumed that men are more prone to verbal displays than women, both in intrasexual competition and in intersexual selection (i.e., courtship). They should benefit more from high verbal proficiency in mate choice than women. Several hypotheses in the framework of these general evolutionary assumptions were tested using two questionnaires with a total sample of 234 participants
<i>Brachypodium distachyon</i> and <i>Setaria viridis</i>: Model Genetic Systems for the Grasses (2015)

The family of grasses encompasses the world's most important food, feed, and bioenergy crops, yet we are only now beginning to develop the genetic resources to explore the diversity of form and function that underlies economically important traits. Two emerging model systems, Brachypodium distachyon and Setaria viridis, promise to greatly accelerate the process of gene discovery in the grasses and to serve as bridges in the exploration of panicoid and pooid grasses, arguably two of the most important clades of plants from a food security perspective. We provide both a historical view of the development of plant model systems and highlight several recent reports that are providing these developing communities with the tools for gene discovery and pathway engineering.
Asymmetric Kharasch Reaction:  Catalytic Enantioselective Allylic Oxidation of Olefins Using Chiral Pyridine Bis(diphenyloxazoline)−Copper Complexes and <i>tert</i>-Butyl Perbenzoate<sup>,</sup> (1998)

Copper complexes of chiral pyridine bis(diphenyloxazoline)-type ligands have been studied as catalysts for the enantioselective allylic oxidation of olefins. Using 2.5−5 mol % of these chiral catalysts and tert-butyl perbenzoate as oxidant, optically active allylic benzoates were obtained in up to 86% ee. A variety of copper salts was studied under different conditions and in different solvents. Acetone was found to be a superior solvent for the reaction. Use of phenylhydrazine in conjunction with the chiral copper complex played a crucial role in increasing the rate of the reaction. Use of 4 Å molecular sieves increased the optical yield of product in almost every case.
The International Normalized Ratio (INR) for Monitoring Warfarin Therapy: Reliability and Relation to Other Monitoring Methods (1994)

Low-sensitivity thromboplastins may give erroneously high INRs in the upper therapeutic range. Plasma prothrombin times should be done with a high-sensitivity thromboplastin, particularly in patients maintained at the upper limit of the therapeutic range. An INR so obtained correlated well with an INR obtained with a portable capillary blood monitor.
Value-added publishing (1999)

The article outlines some of the fundamental issues connected with the addition of value to electronic publications. It will be increasingly important for successful publishers to add value to publications over and above the original content. While the term electronic publishing takes on a variety of different meanings in different settings, one core principle holds true across all domains, electronic publication involves the distribution of digital documents. In its simplest form, electronic publishing may amount to little more than a porting of printed information over to the digital networks via scanning, OCR technology and so forth. However, electronic publishing will redefine itself in the light of available computer and network technologies. Electronic publishing will evolve as developers and researchers are inspired to take more extensive advantage of computing and network technology and slowly but inexorably move away from the notion that the paramount value of a document is its content.
An accurate electromagnetic theory study of surface enhancement factors for silver, gold, copper, lithium, sodium, aluminum, gallium, indium, zinc, and cadmium (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAn accurate electromagnetic theory study of surface enhancement factors for silver, gold, copper, lithium, sodium, aluminum, gallium, indium, zinc, and cadmiumEllen J. Zeman and George C. SchatzCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1987, 91, 3, 634–643Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100287a028https://doi.org/10.1021/j100287a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views7059Altmetric-Citations606LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Complexes of cobalt(III) with the two isomeric diethylenetriamineacetic acids (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTComplexes of cobalt(III) with the two isomeric diethylenetriamineacetic acidsPeter W. Schneider and James P. CollmanCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1968, 7, 10, 2010–2015Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50068a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50068a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views633Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Production of Organic Oxygenates in the Partial Oxidation of Methane in a Silent Electric Discharge Reactor (2001)

This study on the partial oxidation of methane in a silent electric discharge uses an annular reactor consisting of two metal electrodes separated by a gas gap and a glass dielectric covering the outer surface of the inner electrode. The reactor operates at 7000 V and 26−178 W of AC power. The frequency ranges from 100 to 200 Hz. The organic liquid oxygenates formed from the partial oxidation of methane are principally methanol, formaldehyde, methyl formate, and formic acid. This study showed that, when the oxygen partial pressure became limited in the reaction zone, the energy efficiency of the system significantly decreased. It was also shown that, with a recycle, as opposed to without, the selectivity for organic liquids was enhanced by 12%, whereas the COx selectivity decreased by 19% because the recycle had a short per-pass residence time with removal of organic liquid oxygenate products via a condenser. Finally, experimental simulations of reactors in series with intermediate oxygen additions obtained an overall methane conversion of 59%, with 35% yield in organic liquid oxygenates.
Protecting Spreadsheets Against Fraud (2008)

Previous research on spreadsheet risks has predominantly focussed on errors inadvertently introduced by spreadsheet writers i.e. it focussed on the end-user aspects of spreadsheet development. When analyzing a faulty spreadsheet, one might not be able to determine whether a particular error (fault) has been made by mistake or with fraudulent intentions. However, the fences protecting against fraudulent errors have to be different from those shielding against inadvertent mistakes. Faults resulting from errors committed inadvertently can be prevented ab initio by tools that notify the spreadsheet writer about potential problems whereas faults that are introduced on purpose have to be discovered by auditors without the cooperation of their originators. Even worse, some spreadsheet writers will do their best to conceal fraudulent parts of their spreadsheets from auditors. In this paper we survey the available means for fraud protection by contrasting approaches suitable for spreadsheets with those known from fraud protection for conventional software.
Transmit power control and clear channel assessment in LAA networks (2015)

Unlicensed LTE system holds high potential to effectively offload data traffic/video traffic from the crowded LTE networks. Listen-before-talk is generally necessary for unlicensed LTE to coexist with existing transmissions in the unlicensed band (e.g. wireless LAN). This paper studies static and dynamic clear channel assessment, static and dynamic transmit power control in unlicensed LTE systems.
Combined Hydrogenation and Isomerization Combined Hydrogenation and Isomerization under Diffusion Limiting Conditions (2005)

Methyl oleate and methyl elaidate (two industrially relevant FAMEs, methyl esters of fatty acids) were hydrogenated in a batch slurry autoclave using a supported palladium catalyst. The mixture of reaction products formed as a result of the competitive reaction network of positional isomerization, geometrical isomerization, and hydrogenation were analyzed using gas chromatography and combined peak fitting. Diffusion limitations, even at low Thiele modulus, were found to have a significant impact on the product distribution. Depending on the starting material, either the cis or the trans double bonds apparently migrated faster along the carbon chain. Also, with increasing Thiele modulus, the conversion level at which cis−trans equilibrium was reached increased: if significant intraparticle gradients were present, the equilibrium was never reached. Several of these phenomena have previously been ascribed to different kinetics of the various isomers, which would stem from the differences in adsorption strength. For the experimental data of this work, mass transfer effects were found to satisfactorily account for the differences in product composition using a simple reaction−diffusion model for all the isomers involved, without needing to assume significant differences in adsorption strength. The result presented in this work gives fundamental insight into the product composition of fat hardening processes.
A wearable blood pressure sensor using oscillometric photoplethysmography and micro accelerometers (2007)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2007.
Multicenter Surveillance of Invasive Meningococcal Infections in Children (2006)

The morbidity and the mortality of meningococcal infections are substantial. With the recent licensure of meningococcal conjugate vaccines, our baseline trends in meningococcal disease can be compared with those seen after widespread vaccination to assess the success of routine immunization.
Extraction of Titanium Thiocyanate with Tri-<i>n</i>-octylphosphine Oxide (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTExtraction of Titanium Thiocyanate with Tri-n-octylphosphine OxideJ. P. Young and J. C. WhiteCite this: Anal. Chem. 1959, 31, 3, 393–397Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60147a019https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60147a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views70Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Tunable Syngas Production from CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O in an Aqueous Photoelectrochemical Cell (2016)

Abstract Syngas, the mixture of CO and H 2 , is a key feedstock to produce methanol and liquid fuels in industry, yet limited success has been made to develop clean syngas production using renewable solar energy. We demonstrated that syngas with a benchmark turnover number of 1330 and a desirable CO/H 2 ratio of 1:2 could be attained from photoelectrochemical CO 2 and H 2 O reduction in an aqueous medium by exploiting the synergistic co‐catalytic effect between Cu and ZnO. The CO/H 2 ratio in the syngas products was tuned in a large range between 2:1 and 1:4 with a total unity Faradaic efficiency. Moreover, a high Faradaic efficiency of 70 % for CO was acheived at underpotential of 180 mV, which is the lowest potential ever reported in an aqueous photoelectrochemical cell. It was found that the combination of Cu and ZnO offered complementary chemical properties that lead to special reaction channels not seen in Cu, or ZnO alone.
Complementary DNA encoding human colon cancer manganese superoxide dismutase and the expression of its gene in human cells. (1991)

Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a member of a family of metalloenzymes that catalyze the dismutation of the superoxide anion to H2O2. It has been shown that MnSOD activity in tumor cells is lower than that in their normal counterparts. To investigate the molecular basis for the reduced level of MnSOD activity in human tumor cells, the primary structure of human MnSOD has been determined from complementary DNA (cDNA) isolated from a human colon carcinoma (HT-29) cDNA library. The sequence of the mature protein is composed of 198 amino acids preceded by a 24-amino acid leader peptide. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the translated region of the human tumor MnSOD is virtually identical to the MnSOD sequence isolated from normal human sources but exhibits differences in both the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions. DNA blot analysis of genomic DNA isolated from HT-29, simian virus-transformed human lung fibroblast (SV-40/WI-38), and parental human lung fibroblast (WI-38) cells showed an identical pattern of hybridization to that of MnSOD cDNA. RNA blot analysis revealed that tumor cells have lower levels of MnSOD mRNA. However, the half-life of the mRNA was the same (approximately 10 h) in tumor and normal cells. Immunological measurement of the level of MnSOD in both normal and tumor cells also showed a reduced level of MnSOD protein in the tumor cells. These results suggest that the reduced level of MnSOD activity observed in human tumor cells is not due to a defect in the primary structure of the MnSOD protein, a change in the dosage of the MnSOD gene, or a decrease in the stability of MnSOD mRNA in tumor cells but rather is due to a defect or defects in the expression of the gene.
Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Microglial Activation and Neuroprotection against Experimental Brain Injury Is Independent of Hematogenous TLR4 (2012)

Intraperitoneal injection of the Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elicits a rapid innate immune response. While this systemic inflammatory response can be destructive, tolerable low doses of LPS render the brain transiently resistant to subsequent injuries. However, the mechanism by which microglia respond to LPS stimulation and participate in subsequent neuroprotection has not been documented. In this study, we first established a novel LPS treatment paradigm where mice were injected intraperitoneally with 1.0 mg/kg LPS for four consecutive days to globally activate CNS microglia. By using a reciprocal bone marrow transplantation procedure between wild-type and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mutant mice, we demonstrated that the presence of LPS receptor (TLR4) is not required on hematogenous immune cells but is required on cells that are not replaced by bone marrow transplantation, such as vascular endothelia and microglia, to transduce microglial activation and neuroprotection. Furthermore, we showed that activated microglia physically ensheathe cortical projection neurons, which have reduced axosomatic inhibitory synapses from the neuronal perikarya. In line with previous reports that inhibitory synapse reduction protects neurons from degeneration and injury, we show here that neuronal cell death and lesion volumes are significantly reduced in LPS-treated animals following experimental brain injury. Together, our results suggest that activated microglia participate in neuroprotection and that this neuroprotection is likely achieved through reduction of inhibitory axosomatic synapses. The therapeutic significance of these findings rests not only in identifying neuroprotective functions of microglia, but also in establishing the CNS location of TLR4 activation.