gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Entropy steered Kendall's tau measure for a fair Rank Aggregation (2011)

Rank Aggregation, in layman's term, is a technique of inferring a consensus ranking when multiple ranked lists of a set objects are given. Rank Aggregation has importance in a wide spectrum of fields including spam reduction in meta search, social choice theory of welfare economics, microarray analysis in bioinformatics etc. Unfortunately an ample Rank Aggregation is computationally a hard task to do even for a small set of objects. Till the date several heuristic algorithms have been devised towards its improvement. Almost all these heuristics rely on certain notion of disagreement between two ranked lists. Kendall's tau distance is undoubtedly quite popular among them, for its various desirable features. Kendall's tau distance is often used by different heuristics for approximating the consensus list. We in this article point out an important drawback of the Kendall's tau distance and propose a modified measure by using Shanon's Entropy formula. We also explain its benefit through some artificial and real data.
Phospholipids chiral at phosphorus. Synthesis and stereospecificity of phosphorothioate analogs of platelet-activating factor (1988)

RP and SP isomers of 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-3-thiophosphocholine (AGEPsC) have been synthesized. The activity of these isomers in platelet aggregation and serotonin secretion was compared with that of 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-3-phosphocholine (AGEPC). The results show that (SP)-AGEPsC has the same activity as AGEPC within experimental error in both assays. The RP isomer, however, is only 0.6-2% as active as AGEPC in platelet aggregation and serotonin release. The results suggest that the phosphate group of AGEPC is likely to be involved in the interactions with its receptor, at least in the events leading to platelet aggregation and secretion.
Multiple signaling pathways promote B lymphocyte stimulator–dependent B-cell growth and survival (2007)

We investigated the mechanism by which B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS)/BAFF, a tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligand, promotes B-cell survival and resistance to atrophy. BLyS stimulation activates 2 independent signaling pathways, Akt/mTOR and Pim 2, associated with cell growth and survival. BLyS blocks the cell volume loss (atrophy) that freshly isolated B cells normally undergo when maintained in vitro while concurrently increasing glycolytic activity and overall metabolism. This atrophy resistance requires Akt/mTOR. We used a genetic approach to resolve the contributions of Akt/mTOR and Pim kinase pathways to BLyS-mediated survival. Pim 2-deficient B cells are readily protected from death by BLyS stimulation, but this protection is completely abrogated by treatment with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Furthermore, rapamycin treatment in vivo significantly reduces both follicular and marginal zone B cells in Pim-deficient but not healthy hosts. BLyS-dependent survival requires the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1. Mcl-1 protein levels rise and fall in response to BLyS addition and withdrawal, respectively, and conditional deletion of the Mcl-1 gene renders B cells refractory to BLyS-mediated protection. Because BlyS is required for the normal homeostasis of all B cells, these data suggest a therapeutic strategy simultaneously inhibiting mTOR and Pim 2 could target pathogenic B cells.
A developer's survey on different cloud platforms (2009)

Cloud platforms are emerging with great potential to support developers to develop and deploy applications in the cloud. This thesis aims at getting a glimpse of this potential, by conducting a survey on several typical cloud platforms from the perspective of a developer. We found that Amazon Web Services is a very general environment that can support various types of applications, although the generality comes with minimum support for the development process; there are opportunities for third- party add-on frameworks that compensate this shortcoming in specific application categories, with Hadoop being an example in the area of distributed/parallel computing. Sun Grid Compute Utility proposes an attractive model for batch processing programs, but the service needs significant improvement to be a strong competitor. Google App Engine is a promising platform for web applications, hiding inside appropriately designed features aiming at high scalability and throughput. Microsoft Windows Azure, although at the high level provides roughly similar offerings as a general environment, consists of a very impressive and solid foundation, and promises to become a strong player in the landscape.
Genetic regulation of gibberellin deactivation in <i>Pisum</i> (1995)

Summary The regulation of gibberellin (GA) deactivation was examined using the sin (slender) mutation in the garden pea ( Pisum sativum L.). This mutation blocks the deactivation of GA 20 , the precursor of the bioactive GA 1 . Firstly, crosses were made to combine sin with the GA biosynthesis mutations na , lh i and le‐3 . The combination sin na produced a novel phenotype, with long (‘slender’) basal internodes and extremely short (‘nana’) upper internodes. In contrast, the double mutant sin lh i was phenotypically dwarf. The mutation sin causes an accumulation of GA 20 in maturing seeds, and this was unaffected by na , since the na mutation is not expressed in seeds. In contrast, lh i seeds did not accumulate GA 20 , since lh i imposes an early block on GA biosynthesis. Secondly, the effects of sin on several steps in GA deactivation were investigated. In maturing seeds, the mutation sin blocks two steps in GA 20 metabolism, namely, GA 20 to GA 29 , and GA 29 to GA 29 ‐catabolite. In the vegetative plant, on the other hand, sin blocked the step GA 20 to GA 29 , but not GA 29 to GA 29 ‐catabolite; the steps GA 20 to GA 81 and GA 20 to GA 1 were also not impaired in this mutant. It is clear that the effects of sin , like those of na , are strongly organ‐specific. The presence of separate enzymes for the steps GA 20 to GA 29 and GA 29 to GA 29 ‐catabolite was suggested by the observation that GA 8 inhibited the latter step, but not the former, and by the inability of GA 20 and GA 29 to inhibit each other's metabolism. It is suggested that the Sin gene may be a regulatory gene controlling the expression of two structural genes involved in GA deactivation.
Innate Immune Response by Ficolin Binding in Apoptotic Placenta Is Associated with the Clinical Syndrome of Preeclampsia (2007)

We identified specific in vivo circulating factors derived from the placenta that are responsible for the local immune recognition and systemic inflammatory response in the development of clinical manifestations of preeclampsia. These findings may have predictive value and also therapeutic applications to lessen adverse clinical outcomes of preeclampsia.
Single crystal growth of BiMnO<sub>3</sub>under high pressure–high temperature (2009)

In the literature, the properties of the multiferroic BiMnO3 oxide have been studied in polycrystalline and thin film materials. Here, we report the first study performed on a single crystal of BiMnO3. The single crystals were grown at high pressure–high temperature (HP–HT) in a belt system using a flux method based on H3BO3. For the first time, we have measured the Raman spectrum of BiMnO3 and solved its crystallographic structure based on the data collected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) on a single crystal. In addition, we have studied in situ the HP–HT synthesis of polycrystalline BiMnO3 by XRD. Starting from a mixture of Bi2O3 and Mn2O3, an intermediate phase has been found before the formation of the distorted perovskite BiMnO3.
[Treatment of acute iliac artery occlusion by catheter lysis, catheter dilatation and implantation of a new kind of metallic vascular endoprosthesis]. (1989)

Methods of interventional radiology have achieved a significant importance for the treatment of acute iliac artery occlusion if either local or general clinical controindications preexclude routine surgical means of vessel repair. The newly developed balloon-expandable metal mesh vascular endoprosthesis is shown to accomplish percutaneously a definitive reconstruction of heavily diseased iliac artery vessel segments which very well compares with the hemodynamic and morphologic aspect of surgical treatment such as thrombectomy combined with TEA or bypass surgery. Both, short and long-term results one year after the implantation of two balloon-expandable metallic vascular stents reflect a much higher efficacy in functional treatment of iliac artery related claudication than a routine percutaneous transluminal angioplasty alone. In addition, it is shown that local lysis based on a standard protocol of selective intrathrombus instillation of urokinase helps to clear totally clogged iliac arteries.
Disassociation of Met-Mediated Biological Responses In Vivo: the Natural Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor Splice Variant NK2 Antagonizes Growth but Facilitates Metastasis (2000)

Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) stimulates numerous cellular activities capable of contributing to the metastatic phenotype, including growth, motility, invasiveness, and morphogenetic transformation. When inappropriately expressed in vivo, an HGF/SF transgene induces numerous hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions. NK1 and NK2 are natural splice variants of HGF/SF; all interact with a common receptor, Met. Although both agonistic and antagonistic properties have been ascribed to each isoform in vitro, NK1 retains the full spectrum of HGF/SF-like activities when expressed as a transgene in vivo. Here we report that transgenic mice broadly expressing NK2 exhibit none of the phenotypes characteristic of HGF/SF or NK1 transgenic mice. Instead, when coexpressed in NK2-HGF/SF bitransgenic mice, NK2 antagonizes the pathological consequences of HGF/SF and discourages the subcutaneous growth of transplanted Met-containing melanoma cells. Remarkably, the metastatic efficiency of these same melanoma cells is dramatically enhanced in NK2 transgenic host mice relative to wild-type recipients, rivaling levels achieved in HGF/SF and NK1 transgenic hosts. Considered in conjunction with reports that in vitro NK2 induces scatter, but not other activities, these data strongly suggest that cellular motility is a critical determinant of metastasis. Moreover, our results demonstrate how alternatively structured ligands can be exploited in vivo to functionally dissociate Met-mediated activities and their downstream pathways.
Electrodeposited Nanocomposite n-p Heterojunctions for Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Photovoltaics (2000)

A new electrodeposition method for making porous ZnO layers with highly oriented and columnar morphology is reported here. A monolayer of dye is adsorbed onto the ZnO followed by electrodeposition of p-type CuSCN to create a complete inner-surface electrical contact, resulting in a bicontinuous-network heterojunction (see Figure) to give a photovoltaic cell showing record conversion efficiency.
A transceiver design for a high information rate LPI network (2002)

A high-information-rate direct sequence, or hybrid spread spectrum, transmitter/receiver for use in a multiuser network is described. The system contains a circuit that facilitates the assignment of multiple. distinct Gold code cycles to each node. Since each user has exclusive use of multiple symbols (cycles), each symbol can represent multiple bits, increasing the information rate with no penalty in processing gain and no increase in complexity of modulation type. The probability of symbol error decreases as the number of symbols per user increases, and tie maximum number of nodes in the system is inversely proportional to the number of cycles available to the individual nodes. It is shown that the combination of Reed-Solomon coding and the proposed symbol generation method provides significant performance advantages. The approach is extended to nonlinear spreading sequences.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF TIlE HEMAGGLUTININ MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEIN OF INFL1JENZA VIRUS (1987)

THE STRUCTURE OF THE HEMAGGLUTININ GLYCOPROTEIN . . . . . . . 367 Three-Dimensional Structure .... ... . . . . . . .. . .. . . . ....... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . ...... . . . 367 O/igosaccharides . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 RECEPTOR lBINDING 369 Receptor Site Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Receptor Specificity Mutants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 371 Structure of a Complex with Sialyl Lactose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 371 Ligand-Binding Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 372 Af inity Mutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 VIRAL ENTRY AND MEMBRANE F USION 376 A Low-pH-lnduced Conformational Change Activates Fusion Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Membrane Fusion Mutants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Summary of Conformational Changes . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Membram� Fusion Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... .... . . . ...... .. . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . .. . 384 ANTIGENIC VARIATION ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 The Location of the Variable Antibody-Binding Sites 385 Recognition by Thymic Lymphocytes . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 Mechanisms of Antigenic Variation 389 CONCLUSION 390
New local tone mapping and two-layer coding for HDR images (2012)

This paper proposes a two-layer High Dynamic Range (HDR) coding scheme using a new tone mapping. Our tone mapping method transforms an HDR image onto a Low Dynamic Range (LDR) image by using a base map that is a smoothed version of the HDR luminance. In our scheme, the HDR image can be reconstructed from the tone mapped LDR image. Our method makes use of this property to realize a two-layer HDR coding by encoding both of the tone mapped LDR image and the base map. This paper validates its effectiveness of our approach through some experiments.
Atg7 Induces Basal Autophagy and Rescues Autophagic Deficiency in CryAB <sup>R120G</sup> Cardiomyocytes (2011)

Atg7 induces basal autophagy, rescues the CryAB(R120G) autophagic deficiency, and attenuates the accumulation of misfolded proteins and aggregates in cardiomyocytes.
Efficacy and safety of follow-up field treatment of actinic keratosis with ingenol mebutate 0·015% gel: a randomized, controlled 12-month study (2015)

This study demonstrated the long-term benefit of IngMeb 0·015% gel for initial and follow-up therapy of AKs.
A method of measuring frictional coefficients of walk-way materials (1930)

This paper describes apparatus and methods for measuring coefficients of friction of walk-way surface materials. Conditions of the surface which affect the frictional coefficients of walk-way materials are examined, and data illustrat- ing the precision obtainable by the methods described are given and discussed in their relation to the slipping hazard in walk-ways.
Interfacial reaction effects in the growth of MgO on GaAs(001) by reactive molecular beam epitaxy (1998)

MgO has important potential uses as a buffer layer for growth of perovskite and related oxides on GaAs. Equilibrium thermochemical data indicate MgO will be stable against interfacial reaction with GaAs but, under molecular beam epitaxy growth conditions, kinetic limitations can increase the probability of an undesired Mg or O reaction with the substrate and influence epitaxial growth. In situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction and Auger spectroscopy were combined with ex situ atomic force microscopy to study the potential for nonequilibrium processes to affect MgO growth on GaAs (001) by reactive molecular beam epitaxy. Under oxygen poor conditions, Mg reacts with GaAs to form an epitaxial phase with a cubic structure and a lattice constant of 0.62±0.01 nm. The growth mode is highly three-dimensional, producing a rough surface morphology. This phase is unstable to subsequent oxidation, which leads to segregation of Mg to the surface to form a polycrystalline MgO overlayer. Three-dimensional growth of the reaction product is inhibited by oxygen pressures providing a Mg-to-O2 flux ratio on the order of 2, for growth temperatures at 700 K. However, the epitaxial quality of MgO is still degraded at these oxygen pressures suggesting that, close to stoichiometric MgO conditions, the Mg–GaAs reaction still influences the growth of epitaxial MgO.
Nonlocal language modeling based on context co-occurrence vectors (2000)

This paper presents a novel nonlocal language model which utilizes contextual information. A reduced vector space model calculated from co-occurrences of word pairs provides word co-occurrence vectors. The sum of word co-occurrence vectors represents the context of a document, and the cosine similarity between the context vector and the word co-occurrence vectors represents the long-distance lexical dependencies. Experiments on the Mainichi Newspaper corpus show significant improvement in perplexity (5.0% overall and 27.2% on target vocabulary)
THE EFFECT OF CYTOTOXIC AGENTS ON THE PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE TO LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES (1969)

Four drugs, representing four different categories of cytotoxic agents, were studied for their effect on the immune response to Listeria infection in mice. The development of the host's immune response is revealed by a progressive change in the slope of the bacterial growth curve in spleen and liver. It has its onset at 24 hr in untreated mice, but in the presence of effective immunosuppression the organism multiples uninterruptedly until the animal dies from overwhelming infection. When administered as single injections at the time of infection, cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, and azathioprine all produced an effective immunosuppression, characterized by continuous bacterial multiplication. Methotrexate was also immunosuppressive, but unlike the others its effects were reversible. They could be sustained, however, by further treatment. Studies of the time-response relationship indicated that cyclophosphamide was highly active over a broad time-span ranging from 2 days before infection to 4 days after infection. Vinblastine on the other hand was maximally active when given on the day of infection, while methotrexate had its greatest effect when given 48 hr after infection. These differences indicate that these three drugs act on different cell populations involved in the host's immune response. The effects observed have been discussed in relation to what is known of the modes of action of the drugs tested. An observation of interest was the phenomenon of enhanced immunity in animals treated with cyclophosphamide or vinblastine 7-11 days before, and with methotrexate 4 days before infection; reactive hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue following withdrawal of drug was again advanced as an explanation for the occurrence of this paradoxical effect. The experimental model employed is simple, requiring only routine bacteriological facilities and minimal equipment. It seems to offer a useful means of assessing the immunosuppressive activity of drugs and of determining the time-course of their action; it could also be of value in the screening of anticancer agents.
DeepSense: A Unified Deep Learning Framework for Time-Series Mobile Sensing Data Processing (2016)

Mobile sensing applications usually require time-series inputs from sensors. Some applications, such as tracking, can use sensed acceleration and rate of rotation to calculate displacement based on physical system models. Other applications, such as activity recognition, extract manually designed features from sensor inputs for classification. Such applications face two challenges. On one hand, on-device sensor measurements are noisy. For many mobile applications, it is hard to find a distribution that exactly describes the noise in practice. Unfortunately, calculating target quantities based on physical system and noise models is only as accurate as the noise assumptions. Similarly, in classification applications, although manually designed features have proven to be effective, it is not always straightforward to find the most robust features to accommodate diverse sensor noise patterns and user behaviors. To this end, we propose DeepSense, a deep learning framework that directly addresses the aforementioned noise and feature customization challenges in a unified manner. DeepSense integrates convolutional and recurrent neural networks to exploit local interactions among similar mobile sensors, merge local interactions of different sensory modalities into global interactions, and extract temporal relationships to model signal dynamics. DeepSense thus provides a general signal estimation and classification framework that accommodates a wide range of applications. We demonstrate the effectiveness of DeepSense using three representative and challenging tasks: car tracking with motion sensors, heterogeneous human activity recognition, and user identification with biometric motion analysis. DeepSense significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods for all three tasks. In addition, DeepSense is feasible to implement on smartphones due to its moderate energy consumption and low latency
An input stage transconductance reduction technique for high-slew rate operational amplifiers (1975)

The use of input stage transconductance reduction as a means of decreasing monolithic op amp die size and increasing slew rate is discussed. A new input stage circuit which provides improved slew rate is presented and compared to earlier techniques.