gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasma-cathode electron gun (1975)

The plasma-cathode electron gun is a new type of electron source which is suitable for applications requiring a large area, high-energy electron beam. It employs a plasma generated within a cold low-voltage, hollow-cathode discharge as the source of electrons. Plasma cathode devices are characterized by their simplicity and versatility, and they offer a number of advantages over other designs. An electron gun producing a beam with dimensions of 5×125 cm has been developed for use with high-power cw gas lasers. This device has been operated at beam energies of 150 keV and cw beam current densities of 0.1–0.2 mA/cm2.
Awareness and practice of breast cancer and breast-self examination among university students in Yemen. (2010)

the majority of participants heard about BC, but their knowledge and understanding of the disease was very low. The most known method of BC detection was BSE, however the majority never practice it due to lack of knowledge about technique.
Inhibitory effect of Byakko-ka-ninjin-to on itch in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis (2000)

Byakko-ka-ninjin-to (BN) is composed of gypsum, the root of anemarrhena, ginseng, licorice and rice. The effect of BN on the inhibition of itch was studied using an NC mouse model of atopic dermatitis. BN (200 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly inhibited the scratching frequency in NC mice, and decreased the skin temperature by 1.97 degrees C. The cooling action on the skin by BN may be involved in the inhibitory mechanism of itch, at least in part, since cooling the skin is known to inhibit the itch sensation in humans. Although the myocyte-specific enhancer binding factor 2C (MEF2C) mRNA is known to be increased in the cerebral cortex correlated with the itch sensation and skin lesions in NC mice, BN did not affect the expression level of the MEF2C mRNA. This result suggests that the inhibitory effect of BN on itch does not relate to inhibition of MEF2C expression in the cerebral cortex. The present study indicates that BN has an inhibitory effect on itch, and may be a useful antipruritic drug for atopic dermatitis.
Development of Drug Delivery Systems Based on Layered Hydroxides for Nanomedicine (2014)

Layered hydroxides (LHs) have recently fascinated researchers due to their wide application in various fields. These inorganic nanoparticles, with excellent features as nanocarriers in drug delivery systems, have the potential to play an important role in healthcare. Owing to their outstanding ion-exchange capacity, many organic pharmaceutical drugs have been intercalated into the interlayer galleries of LHs and, consequently, novel nanodrugs or smart drugs may revolutionize in the treatment of diseases. Layered hydroxides, as green nanoreservoirs with sustained drug release and cell targeting properties hold great promise of improving health and prolonging life.
The In Vitro-Synthesized RNA from a cDNA Clone of Hepatitis E Virus Is Infectious (2000)

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important etiological agent of epidemic and sporadic hepatitis, which is endemic to the Indian subcontinent and prevalent in most of the developing parts of the world. The infection is often associated with acute liver failure and high mortality, particularly in pregnant women. In order to develop methods of intervention, it is essential to understand the biology of the virus. This is particularly important as no reliable in vitro culture system is available. We have constructed a cDNA clone encompassing the complete HEV genome from independently characterized subgenomic fragments of an Indian epidemic isolate. Transfection studies were carried out with HepG2 cells using in vitro-transcribed RNA from this full-length HEV cDNA clone. The presence of negative-sense RNA, indicative of viral replication, was demonstrated in the transfected cells by strand-specific reverse transcription-PCR and slot blot hybridization. The viral proteins pORF2 and pORF3 and processed components of the pORF1 polyprotein (putative methyltransferase, helicase, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) were identified in the transfected cells by metabolic pulse-labeling with [(35)S]methionine-cysteine, followed by immunoprecipitation with respective antibodies. The expression of viral proteins in the transfected cells was also demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy. Viral replication was detected in the transfected cells up to 33 days posttransfection (six passages). The culture supernatant from the transfected cells was able to produce HEV infection in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) following intravenous injection, indicating the generation of viable HEV particles following transfection of cells with in vitro-synthesized genomic RNA. This transient cell culture model using in vitro-transcribed RNA should facilitate our understanding of HEV biology.
SC-Fano Decoding of Polar Codes (2019)

In this paper, we present a novel decoding algorithm of a polar code, named SC-Fano decoding, by appropriately incorporating the Fano sequential decoding into the standard successive-cancellation (SC) decoding. The proposed SC-Fano decoding follows the basic procedures of SC decoding with an additional operation to evaluate the reliability (or belief) of a current partial path. Specifically, at every decoding stage, it decides whether to move forward along a current path or move backward to find a more likelihood path. In this way, SC-Fano decoding can address the inherent drawback of SC decoding such as one wrong-decision will surely lead to a wrong codeword. Compared with the other improvements of SC decoding as SC-List (SCL) and SC-Stack (SCS) decodings, SC-Fano decoding has much lower memory requirement and thus is more suitable for hardware implementations. Also, SC- Fano decoding can be viewed as an efficient implementation of SC-Flip (SCF) decoding without the cost of cyclic-redundancy-code (CRC). Simulation results show that the proposed SC-Fano decoding significantly enhances the performance of SC decoding with a similar complexity as well as achieves the performance of SCL decoding with a lower complexity.
Protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibition reduces degeneration of dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons and projections in 6‐OHDA treated adult rats (2007)

The survival of injured adult dopaminergic substantia nigra pars compacta neurons can be promoted by various neurotrophic factors. Most neurotrophic factor receptors are activated by intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation upon ligand binding and are subsequently inactivated or dephosphorylated by protein tyrosine phosphatases. This raised the possibility that tyrosine phosphatase inhibition might improve neuronal survival. Here, we infused the stable water-soluble tyrosine phosphatase-specific inhibitor, peroxovanadium [potassium bisperoxo(1,10-phenanthroline)oxovanadate (V) (bpV(phen))], for 14 days close to the substantia nigra starting immediately after a unilateral moderate injury by injection of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the midbrain of adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons were identified by retrograde tracing with fluorogold 7 days prior to the injury. With infusion of 3 or 10 microm peroxovanadium, 75% of these neurons survived compared to 45% in vehicle-infused rats. Degeneration of the dopaminergic projections to the neostriatum was also reduced by 10 microm peroxovanadium. Twenty minutes after an acute injection of peroxovanadium into the substantia nigra, increased tyrosine phosphorylation in Western blots of nigral extracts was seen in the same protein bands as after injections of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or NT-4. This suggests that peroxovanadium enhances endogenous neurotrophic signalling resulting in improved neuronal survival. The neuroprotective effects of this small molecule protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor represent a proof-of-principle for a novel treatment strategy in a model for Parkinson's disease.
Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O superconducting thin films with postdeposition processing using Tl-containing thin films as Tl source (1991)

We describe a new method of processing Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O (TBCCO) superconducting thin films. In this method, two identical elemental multilayer films containing Tl layers were prepared using an electron-beam deposition technique. The thin-film samples were then placed in face-to-face contact in a quartz crucible and heat treated at 740 °C for 10 min in flowing air. The x-ray microanalysis of the bottom sample indicates promising results for obtaining the desired chemical composition. Random characterization from different sections of the sample showed that the microanalysis values had less scatter than those for samples prepared using the usual bulk postdeposition method. The average chemical composition of the 13 points obtained from the random section is Tl1.8Ba1.8Ca1.9Cu2.0Ox. However, oxygen analysis showed that the concentration of oxygen is low and poorly distributed, presumeably attributable to the low oxygen flow. This method has several advantages over the conventional Tl-O vapor processing using pure metallic thallium, thallium oxide or bulk TBCCO. These advantages include: (a) increase in uniformity of thallium deposition, (b) safer processing as a result of a smaller release of thallium, and (c) reduction of processing cost.
Effect of pine bark (Pinus radiata) extracts on sporulation of coccidian oocysts (2009)

A series of experiments have been undertaken to determine the effect of water extracts from pine bark (Pinus radiata) on the inhibition of the sporulation of oocysts of three species of avian coccidia. Tubes containing coccidian oocysts isolated from droppings of coccidia-infected chickens were randomly assigned to 0, 250, 500 and 1000 microg/ml pine bark extract (PBE). The tubes were incubated at 25-29 degrees C for 48 h depending on the species of Eimeria. Sporulation inhibition bioassay was used to evaluate the activity of PBE on the sporulation of coccidian oocysts. The oocysts were gently aerated with an air pump away from sun light. The results show for the first time that water-soluble extracts from pine bark containing 35% condensed tannins have anticoccidial activity as evidenced by their ability to decrease significantly the sporulation of the oocysts of three species of Eimeria, namely Eimeria tenella (Railliet et Lucet, 1891), E. maxima Tyzzer, 1929 and E. acervulina Tyzzer, 1929, under laboratory conditions. Incubation of unsporulated oocysts of these parasites in water containing 500 microg PBE per ml resulted in inhibition of sporulation of these oocysts by about 28-84% relative to the oocysts in the control incubations. In addition, up to 12% of E. maxima oocysts exposed to 500-1000 microg pine bark/ml were containing abnormal sporocysts in terms of size, number and shape.
Altered Gene Expression in Pulmonary Tissue of Tryptophan Hydroxylase-1 Knockout Mice: Implications for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (2011)

The use of fenfluramines can increase the risk of developing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in humans, but the mechanisms responsible are unresolved. A recent study reported that female mice lacking the gene for tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (Tph1(-/-) mice) were protected from PAH caused by chronic dexfenfluramine, suggesting a pivotal role for peripheral serotonin (5-HT) in the disease process. Here we tested two alternative hypotheses which might explain the lack of dexfenfluramine-induced PAH in Tph1(-/-) mice. We postulated that: 1) Tph1(-/-) mice express lower levels of pulmonary 5-HT transporter (SERT) when compared to wild-type controls, and 2) Tph1(-/-) mice display adaptive changes in the expression of non-serotonergic pulmonary genes which are implicated in PAH. SERT was measured using radioligand binding methods, whereas gene expression was measured using microarrays followed by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). Contrary to our first hypothesis, the number of pulmonary SERT sites was modestly up-regulated in female Tph1(-/-) mice. The expression of 51 distinct genes was significantly altered in the lungs of female Tph1(-/-) mice. Consistent with our second hypothesis, qRT-PCR confirmed that at least three genes implicated in the pathogenesis of PAH were markedly up-regulated: Has2, Hapln3 and Retlna. The finding that female Tph1(-/-) mice are protected from dexfenfluramine-induced PAH could be related to compensatory changes in pulmonary gene expression, in addition to reductions in peripheral 5-HT. These observations emphasize the intrinsic limitation of interpreting data from studies conducted in transgenic mice that are not fully characterized.
Ultrasmall polarization splitter based on silicon wire waveguides (2006)

We describe an ultrasmall polarization splitter based on a simple directional coupler consisting of silicon wire waveguides. The size is only 7 x 16 microm(2), and the polarization extinction ratio is about 15 dB for a single coupler. A double-coupler structure improves the extinction ratio to over 20 dB. The excess loss is smaller than 0.5 dB for both types of device. In the device, the shape of the high-speed waveform is retained at any angle of polarization. Our polarization splitter represents a first step towards accomplishing an ultrasmall optical circuit with polarization diversity based on silicon wire waveguides.
Maximum Lifetime Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks (2004)

A routing problem in static wireless ad hoc networks is considered as it arises in a rapidly deployed, sensor based, monitoring system known as the wireless sensor network. Information obtained by the monitoring nodes needs to be routed to a set of designated gateway nodes. In these networks, every node is capable of sensing, data processing, and communication, and operates on its limited amount of battery energy consumed mostly in transmission and reception at its radio transceiver. If we assume that the transmitter power level can be adjusted to use the minimum energy required to reach the intended next hop receiver then the energy consumption rate per unit information transmission depends on the choice of the next hop node, i.e., the routing decision. We formulate the routing problem as a linear programming problem, where the objective is to maximize the network lifetime, which is equivalent to the time until the network partition due to battery outage. Two different models are considered for the information-generation processes. One assumes constant rates and the other assumes an arbitrary process. A shortest cost path routing algorithm is proposed which uses link costs that reflect both the communication energy consumption rates and the residual energy levels at the two end nodes. The algorithm is amenable to distributed implementation. Simulation results with both information-generation process models show that the proposed algorithm can achieve network lifetime that is very close to the optimal network lifetime obtained by solving the linear programming problem.
Immunochemical Identification of Specific Precipitin Lines in Quantitative Immunoelectrophoresis Patterns (1969)

AbstractMethods are described for the identification of specific precipitin lines in quantitative immunoelectrophoresis patterns by means of specific antisera or purified protein solutions. The direct comparison of complex patterns made possible by the present methods allows the task of identification to be restricted to a reference pattern.Key Words: Antigen-antibody reactionsblood proteinsimmunoelectrophoresis
FastR: fast database search tool for non-coding RNA (2004)

The discovery of novel non-coding RNAs has been among the most exciting recent developments in Biology. Yet, many more remain undiscovered. It has been hypothesized that there is in fact an abundance of functional non-coding RNA (ncRNA) with various catalytic and regulatory functions. Computational methods tailored specifically for ncRNA are being actively developed. As the inherent signal for ncRNA is weaker than that for protein coding genes, comparative methods offer the most promising approach, and are the subject of our research. We consider the following problem: Given an RNA sequence with a known secondary structure, efficiently compute all structural homologs (computed as a function of sequence and structural similarity) in a genomic database. Our approach, based on structural filters that eliminate a large portion of the database, while retaining the true homologs allows us to search a typical bacterial database in minutes on a standard PC, with high sensitivity and specificity. This is two orders of magnitude better than current available software for the problem.
An integration test-bed system for supply chain management (1998)

The paper proposes an integration test bed system for supply chain management, which forms the foundation for the construction of a valued manufacturing chain. The core system of the test bed is a hierarchical simulation system to support production management in supply chain. The test bed possesses sub components linked with the simulation system. These are: 1) an enterprise integration model which represents business and information process in supply chain, 2) the communication data interface between the simulation and the supplier's companies, 3) the decision support system based on statistical methods. The paper describes the details of the system architecture and system configuration. After the detailed description, the authors discuss simulation integration methodologies through an application example.
Correlation between the Ability of Haemophilus paragallinarum to Acquire Ovotransferrin-Bound Iron and the Expression of Ovotransferrin-Specific Receptors (1992)

J. A. Ogunnariwo, A. B. Schryvers, Correlation between the Ability of Haemophilus paragallinarum to Acquire Ovotransferrin-Bound Iron and the Expression of Ovotransferrin-Specific Receptors, Avian Diseases, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1992), pp. 655-663
<title>Wavelength multiplexing for microholographic storage disk</title> (1998)

An optical disc system has been proposed that stores data holographically in three dimensions as microholograms combining different multiplexing techniques. Such microholograms can be stored overlapping in the same volume by using angle multiplexing, wavelength multiplexing or the combination of both. Storage of several information bits in one single position on the disc increases the data rate so that the total storage capacity could reach more than 100 GBytes on a DVD sized disc. In contrast to photorefractive memory systems, the storage media are made of cheap and mass- producible photopolymer layers instead of expensive crystals. Furthermore, the microholographic storage method can be downward compatible with today's Compact-Disk (CD)- and Digital-Versatile-Disk (DVD)-systems. In this paper we report on wavelength multiplexing of microscopic reflection holograms and on thermal processing of the photopolymer.
Preservation of hatchery waste by lactic acid fermentation. 1. Laboratory scale fermentation (1997)

In Experiment 1, two types of hatchery wastes, including cockerel chicks (CC), and shell waste (SW) blended with CC (60:40 CC:SW), were ground and mixed with a by-product carbohydrate (5, 10, and 15% wt/wt) with or without a bacterial culture and fermented for a period of 21 d. Cockerel chicks fermented with 15% carbohydrate and the culture had a pleasant smell and little H2S production. Elevated H2S concentrations were recorded for CC:SW samples at all carbohydrate levels when the culture was not added. No NH3 was detected from any treatments during fermentation. The addition of culture to the CC and CC:SW by-products resulted in pH values lower (P < 0.05) than those without culture on Day 21, and the 15% carbohydrate treatment significantly reduced pH beyond the 5% carbohydrate. Final proximate composition of CC and CC:SW samples with culture were not significantly different from those without culture added. In Experiment 2, carbohydrate was added at 10.0, 13.3, 16.7, and 20.0% wt/wt to CC and CC:SW in the presence of the bacterial culture. Shell waste alone was fermented with 15, 20, and 25% carbohydrate and the culture. Moisture level in this experiment was adjusted to approximately 70% for all treatments. The lowest pH for the CC and CC:SW treatments was observed at the 16.7% carbohydrate level. Shell waste pH was better maintained at the 20 and 25% carbohydrate levels. After fermentation for 21 d CC, CC:SW and SW treatments from Experiments 1 and 2 contained negligible Escherichia coli, and no Salmonella were detected.
Automated inspection of through hole solder joints utilizing X-ray imaging (1994)

Solder joint inspection has traditionally been done by manual inspection. The disadvantage of manual inspection is the large amount of time required and the decrease in efficiency as operator fatigue occurs. This has prompted the development of automated inspection systems to speed up the inspection process and increase efficiency. Automated inspection systems typically use visible light, infrared light or X-rays to illuminate the board. These systems require solder joint position information that is provided either by CAD data or by human entry of the position information. This paper describes a preliminary, automated inspection system that finds the solder joints in an X-ray image and inspects them using an artificial neural network (ANN). The identification of solder joints in the gray-scale image is done using image processing techniques; CAD data or manual registration of the solder joints is not required. The image processing techniques also yield binary maps (i.e., black and white images) showing the locations of ICs and other components, which is useful for other diagnostics.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Surface Modification and Charge Injection in a Nanocomposite Of Metal Nanoparticles and Semiconductor Oxide Nanostructures (2020)

Combining two materials in a nanoscale level can create a composite with new functionalities and improvements in their physical and chemical properties. Here we present a high-throughput approach to produce a nanocomposite consisting of metal nanoparticles and semiconductor oxide nanostructures. Volmer-Weber growth, though unfavorable for thin films, promotes nucleation of dense and isolated metal nanoparticles on crystalline oxide nanostructures, resulting in new material properties. We demonstrate such a growth of Au nanoparticles on SnO<sub>2</sub> nanostructures and a remarkable sensitivity of the nanocomposite for detecting traces of analytes in surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Au nanoparticles with tunable size enable us to modify surface wettability and convert hydrophilic oxide surfaces into super-hydrophobic with contact angles over 150°. We also find that charge injection through electron beam exposure shows the same effect as photo-induced charge separation, providing an extra Raman enhancement up to an order of magnitude.
Error-correcting Goldschmidt dividers using time shared TMR (2002)

Several implementations of division are based on the Goldschmidt, or series expansion, algorithm. It has a number of advantages, including quadratic convergence to the solution and two independent, and hence pipelinable, multiplies per iteration. Applying time shared triple modular redundancy (TSTMR) to such a divider allows the use of a smaller multiplier and requires triplicating the divider circuit. The smaller multiplier completes larger multiplications in several cycles using feedback registers. While this reduces the size of the fault tolerant divider over that of traditional TMR, there is a substantial penalty to latency. However, because early stages of the algorithm do not require high-precision multiplications, and rounding the quotient by computing the inverse function does not require a full-precision multiplication, the algorithm can be modified to reduce multiplication cycles. The resulting error-correcting dividers can be both faster and smaller than fault-tolerant dividers using traditional TMR.