gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and Analysis of a Scalable Watermarking Scheme for the Scalable Audio Coder (2006)

In this paper, we present a scalable approach to lossless watermarking for audio signals. The proposed watermarking framework is built on a recently standardized two-layer scalable audio coder advanced audio zip (AAZ) . By embedding watermarks in both the core layer and enhancement layer bitstreams in a special way, the watermark distortion in either layer is compensated by the watermark in the opposite layer. The proposed spread-spectrum-based solution overcomes both the problem of introducing noninvertible distortions in lossy watermark approaches and the problem of nonadaptive embedding in lossless watermarking approaches. Theoretic analysis and experiment results further confirm the validity of the proposed framework in terms of payload, robustness, data expansion property, and perceptual quality
Non-Cryogenic CeCl<sub>3</sub>-Promoted Double Additions of Methyllithium and <i>n</i>-Butyllithium to Unsaturated Nitriles (2006)

Subjection of methyl or n-butyllithium to a mixture of nitriles and activated cerium chloride in THF at -10 to 0 °C afforded the corresponding carbinamines, which were isolated as either the hydrochloride salts or acetamide or benzamide derivatives in 30-91% yields.
When monoclonal antibodies are not monospecific: Hybridomas frequently express additional functional variable regions (2018)

Monoclonal antibodies are commonly assumed to be monospecific, but anecdotal studies have reported genetic diversity in antibody heavy chain and light chain genes found within individual hybridomas. As the prevalence of such diversity has never been explored, we analyzed 185 random hybridomas, in a large multicenter dataset. The hybridomas analyzed were not biased towards those with cloning difficulties or known to have additional chains. Of the hybridomas we evaluated, 126 (68.1%) contained no additional productive chains, while the remaining 59 (31.9%) contained one or more additional productive heavy or light chains. The expression of additional chains degraded properties of the antibodies, including specificity, binding signal and/or signal-to-noise ratio, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. The most abundant mRNA transcripts found in a hybridoma cell line did not necessarily encode the antibody chains providing the correct specificity. Consequently, when cloning antibody genes, functional validation of all possible VH and VL combinations is required to identify those with the highest affinity and lowest cross-reactivity. These findings, reflecting the current state of hybridomas used in research, reiterate the importance of using sequence-defined recombinant antibodies for research or diagnostic use.
Current Aspects on Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2012)

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant epithelial neoplasm affecting the oral cavity. This article overviews the essential points of oral squamous cell carcinoma, highlighting its risk and genomic factors, the potential malignant disorders and the therapeutic approaches. It also emphasizes the importance of the early diagnosis.
IPSec-based secure wireless virtual private network (2003)

There is currently enormous interest in the design of secure wireless networks. This has been necessitated by the fact that free-space radio transmission in wireless networks makes eavesdropping easy and consequently, a security breach may result in unauthorized access, information theft, interference, jamming and service degradation. Virtual private networks (VPN) have emerged as an important solution to security threats surrounding the use of public networks for private communications. VPN provide security by integrating a set of authentication, encryption, access control and session management components. While VPN for wireline networks have matured in both research and commercial environments, the design and deployment of wireless VPN is still an evolving field. This paper presents the results of an ongoing sub-project within the Secure Active VPN Environment (SAVE) project at Dalhousie University. The primary objective of this paper is to present the design and implementation of a secure wireless LAN based on the IPSec VPN tunnelling protocol and investigate its performance. An IPSec-compliant VPN is constructed and the traffic between the wireless node and the gateway is protected by the IPSec tunnel. PGP certification is used to provide secure public key management. UDP and TCP performance analysis are done to determine the effects of IPSec service on the wireless VPN. A further TCP trace analysis is done to determine the pipe capacity usage on the wireless VPN.
Heterocyclic prostaglandins. III. Synthesis of 10-oxa-11-deoxyprostaglandin E2. (1980)

The decarboxylation of various 1-substituted-3, 7-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane-2, 8-diones (2b-j) was in vestigated. On treatment with potassium acetate in aqueous pyridine under reflux, all the compounds (2b-j) examined were decarboxylated in high yields to give the corresponding trans-3-hydroxymethyl-4-butanolides (3b-j). The synthesis of 10-oxa-11-deoxyprostaglandin E2 (1a) from the compounds 3i and 3j is also described. The Moffatt oxidation of 3i and the Wittig reaction of the resulting aldehyde (6a) with dimethyl 2-oxoheptylphosphonate gave an enone (7a), which was converted into 10-oxa-11-deoxyprostaglandin E2 methyl ester (8a) and the C15-epimer (9a) by NaBH4 reduction. Hydrolysis and subsequent relactonization of 8a gave 1a in 88% yield. A similar treatment of 9a gave 1b in 87% yield. Using a similar sequence of reactions, 1a and 1b were also prepared from the nitrile analog 3j via 8b and 9b.
Biochemical Studies of Bacterial Sporulation and Germination (1970)

RNA synthesis, one of the early events in spore germination, is underway by the 2nd min. During the first 10 min of germination, RNA synthesis can proceed in the absence of exogenous nutrients at the expense of previously existing RNA. Salvage pathways for bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides are operative during this period and utilize enzymes which are previously formed in the dormant spore. Biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines de novo begins approximately 15 to 20 min after the onset of germination. The increase in nucleotide pools sustains an increase in the rate of RNA synthesis. Protein synthesis is necessary for the initiation of nucleotide biosynthesis de novo and one of the enzymes whose synthesis is required is aspartate transcarbamylase. Amino acids generated by the proteolysis during germination are sufficient for synthesis of proteins required for nucleotide biosynthesis de novo and provide the nitrogen source for nucleotide biosynthesis, but exogenous carbon and energy sources must be supplied.
<title>Reduction of friction using piezoelectrically excited ultrasonic vibrations</title> (2001)

Piezoelectric materials are an important class of smart materials for the generation of mechanical ultrasonic vibrations. In industrial applications (for example ultrasonic cutting) the frictional contact of the vibrating tool with the workpiece is of special importance. A common observation at the contact zone is that frictional forces can be significantly reduced by superposition of ultrasonic vibrations. In this report we present a theoretical explanation for the reduction of friction. A basic system, consisting of a longitudinal ultrasonic vibrator sliding on a plane, is investigated. It is shown that a modification of Coulomb's friction law can be applied to this kind of vibrating friction contact. The macroscopically observed friction-force with ultrasonic vibration depends on the sliding velocity and the velocity of vibration: For sliding velocities higher than the vibration-amplitude the frictional force is not changed by vibration. But for small sliding velocities the friction-coefficient is significantly reduced and almost approaches zero for very slow sliding-velocity. The theoretical results were confirmed systematically by experimental investigations done on a specially designed test-rig. Energy considerations are used to calculate the ultrasonic energy which is required to achieve a prescribed reduction of the frictional forces. The model is also used for sensing the vibration-amplitude as well as the sliding-velocity without an additional sensor.
Investigation of the action of flame retardants in cellulose. I. Investigation of the flame retardant action of 2,2′‐oxybis(5,5‐dimethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaphosphorinane‐2,2′‐disulfide) in cellulose (1985)

Abstract Pyrolysis experiments were performed in high vacuum and under reduced air pressure (100 Pa). The volatile products of pure cellulose and cellulose containing various amounts of flame retardant 2,2′‐oxybis (5,5‐dimethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaphosphorinane‐2,2′‐disulfide), i.e., Sandoflam 5060 of Sandoz AG, were studied by means of gas chromatography in combination with mass spectroscopy. The volatile products were characterized with infrared spectroscopy. The studied revealed that the incorporation of the flame retardant enhanced the water release and shifted the onset of this reaction to lower temperature. On the basis of these findings an explanation for the mechanism of flame retardancy in generated cellulose fibers modified with this particular flame retardant is attempted. From experiments with different residual air pressure the influence of oxygen on the primary processes of the pyrolytic degradation of cellulose is being discussed.
Synthesis of New Family of Thiazoline and Thiazole Esters and Investigation of their Thermal Properties (2014)

A new family of thiazoline and thiazole esters has been synthesized and their thermal properties are presented and discussed. Thiazoline esters were obtained by cyclization reaction from 4-substituted benzenenitrile and amino acid L-cysteine followed by esterification reaction with selected alcohols and phenol. Subsequent oxidation step to transform thiazoline esters into thiazole esters was applied mediated by BrCCl3/DBU. The final thiazoline and thiazole esters are composed by terminal flexible hydrogenated alkyl chain from one side and to the other side by terminal segments of flexible alkyl chains (hydrogenated chain), (perfluoralkyl)alkyl chains (semifluorinated alkane) p-alkoxyphenyl chains. Some liquid crystals compounds for thiazoline and thiazole esters showed to be relevant. One of the thiazoline esters display a monotropic smectic A (SmA) mesophase while some thiazole esters show stable SmA mesophase. As expected semifluorinated alkane chain induce the formation of orthogonal mesophase by means of segregation effect.
A wideband monolithic GaAs IC amplifier (1982)

A monolithic GaAs IC wideband amplifier with a 26dB voltage gain and bandwidth of 5MHz- 3GHz, on a <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">650μ × 420μ</tex> chip, will be described.
Automatic defects separation from background LSI patterns using advanced image processing techniques (2002)

This paper presents an automatic defects separation system which automatically extracts defect information from complicated background LSI patterns. Based on a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image, the defects on the wafer are characterized in terms of their locations and sizes. For this purpose, two image processing techniques, the Hough transform and the wavelet transform, have been employed. By experiments, it has been demonstrated that the system is very effective in defect identification and will be used as an integral part in future automatic defect pattern classification systems.
Enhanced Metal Mobilization Through Leachants Containing Acetate Ion (1991)

Soils close to metal smelters often have elevated concentrations of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, and other heavy metals. Lead in wind-blown dust from the countryside adjacent to a smelter has been cited as a major source for the high levels of lead found in blood of children in these areas. Lead in soil is generally immobile and persistent. Initial studies have been carried out at U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) laboratories to examine the possibility of mobilizing metal contaminants, such as cadmium, copper, and lead, within the top foot of soil and then redepositing and stabilizing them at depths greater than 16 in. The use of acetate ion as a leachant for cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc has been investigated. Column and slurry test procedures have been used to evaluate the effects of soil depth, acetate ion concentration, leachate pH, and total soil metal concentrations on specific metal extraction efficiencies. A 0.5 F ammonium acetate solution at a pH of 4.5 can effectively mobilize cadmium and partially mobilize zinc and lead. Only small amounts of copper from the top 2.5 to 5 cm of contaminated soil could be mobilized with acetate leachants.
Montmorency Cherries Reduce the Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Responses to Repeated Days High-Intensity Stochastic Cycling (2014)

This investigation examined the impact of Montmorency tart cherry concentrate (MC) on physiological indices of oxidative stress, inflammation and muscle damage across 3 days simulated road cycle racing. Trained cyclists (n = 16) were divided into equal groups and consumed 30 mL of MC or placebo (PLA), twice per day for seven consecutive days. A simulated, high-intensity, stochastic road cycling trial, lasting 109 min, was completed on days 5, 6 and 7. Oxidative stress and inflammation were measured from blood samples collected at baseline and immediately pre- and post-trial on days 5, 6 and 7. Analyses for lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1-β), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and creatine kinase (CK) were conducted. LOOH (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.05) and hsCRP (p < 0.05) responses to trials were lower in the MC group versus PLA. No group or interaction effects were found for the other markers. The attenuated oxidative and inflammatory responses suggest MC may be efficacious in combating post-exercise oxidative and inflammatory cascades that can contribute to cellular disruption. Additionally, we demonstrate direct application for MC in repeated days cycling and conceivably other sporting scenario's where back-to-back performances are required.
Restoration of signals from their signed Fourier-transform magnitude by the method of generalized projections (1987)

We consider the problem of restoring an image from the phase-sign function (the so-called “one-bit of phase”) and the Fourier magnitude by using the method of generalized projections. The method of generalized projections is an extension of the method of convex projections and can be used when constraint sets are nonconvex, as is the case here. While a structurally similar algorithm exists for retrieval from a signed magnitude, the advantage of generalized projections is that a certain type of error-reduction property is ensured. To the best of our knowledge this claim is not made for the other algorithm. Computer simulations of restorations in one and two dimensions are furnished. The recovered images are of good quality and do not exhibit the severe stagnation that is sometimes seen in magnitude-only restorations. In addition to nonconvex sets, signed-magnitude recovery involves nonclosed sets as well. We discuss this theoretical problem in some detail.
Process Characterization Studies To Facilitate Validation of a Recombinant Protein Fermentation (1998)

A fed-batch fermentation process employing chemically-defined medium was developed for the production of a recombinant protein in yeast. Process characterization studies were carried out in 23-liter fermentors to define process capability and facilitate prospective process validation at the production scale. Key to these laboratory studies was the identification of critical process parameters that determine the quality attributes desired at the fermentation stage. Among other variables, variations in inoculum age, carbohydrate feeding scheme, and harvest criterion were found to profoundly affect the fermentation performance. A thorough understanding of process capabilities was achieved and suitable working ranges for these parameters were established. With more than twenty batches carried out under the "defined" conditions, a consistent fermentation yield which met the prespecified goal was achieved. Bridging studies suggested that the pilot-scale process capability was similar to that defined in small-scale process characterization studies, thus setting the stage for rapid process qualification and process validation at production scale.
The relationships between the structures of organic phosphites and their effectiveness in poly(vinyl chloride) stabilization (1962)

Abstract A series of thirty‐three phosphites of varied structural variations were tested at 177°C in a vinyl compound utilizing co‐precipitated barium cadmium laurate or a combination of barium nonylphenate and cadmium 2‐ethylhexoate as the primary stabilizer. Best activity was found with mixed alky‐aryl phosphites.
Prospects of vaccines for medically important fungi (2005)

Invasive aspergillosis is a disease of immunocompromised hosts and the pathogenesis of this disorder is heavily dependent upon the defect within a given host. Consequently, vaccine development is limited by our understanding of effective host responses and by limitations in our knowledge of fungal molecules that elicit protective immunity. Nonetheless, the past few years have witnessed advances in our understanding both of the immune response to this organism and in the relationship between antigenicity and the ability to confer protection. Manipulations that promote the development of T(H)1-associated responses correlate with increased resistance to disease, at least partly because of consequent enhancement of innate cellular effector function. Two areas of investigation most actively being pursued include the search for adjuvants that will allow products of Aspergillus fumigatus to become effective vaccine candidates, regardless of the form of immunity they ordinarily induce, and the identification of the specific antigens that will most effectively elicit beneficial responses. Strategies using antigen-exposed dendritic cells as adjuvants appear to be particularly promising. Though we currently are far away from a candidate that is applicable for human trials, recent progress is encouraging.
<title>Duplication Of Continuous Tone Images Using Electrophotographic Films</title> (1983)

Duplication of high-quality continuous-tone photography requires a capability to accept broad ranges of contrast and maximum density in the original negative. An electrophoto-graphic system using liquid toner and a final-imaging photoconductive film has been shown to meet these requirements. The system can be applied in continuous roll duplication of high-quality originals. A description is given of the special characteristics and control of the photoconductive film that make it applicable in this system, taking advantage of the property of persistent conductivity to augment conventional electrostatic image formation.
Y chromosome variation of mice and men. (1998)

DNA sequences from the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome were compared with autosomal and X-linked sequences from mice and humans to test the neutral prediction that ratios of polymorphism to divergence are the same for different genes. Intraspecific variation within Mus domesticus was compared with divergence between M. domesticus and Mus caroli for Sry, a region 5' to Sry, and four X-linked genes, Hprt, Plp, Amg, and Glra2. None of these comparisons revealed significantly reduced variation on the Y chromosome. Intraspecific variation within humans was compared with divergence between humans and chimpanzees for three Y-linked loci (Zfy, the YAP region, and the Sry region), seven X-linked loci (Il2rg, Plp, Hprt, Gk, Ids, Pdhal, and Dmd), and the beta-globin locus on chromosome 11. In these comparisons, the observed level of variation on the human Y chromosome was slightly lower than expected, but was significantly lower in only one case (Sry region vs. Dmd). These results suggest that the levels of variability on the Y chromosome in mice and humans are close to expected values given the effective population size and mutation rates for these loci. There is at most only a modest reduction in variability that may be attributed to natural selection (either genetic hitchhiking or background selection).
Ceramic Ultra- and Nanofiltration Membranes for Oilfield Produced Water Treatment: A Mini Review (2007)

Produced water is any fossil water that is brought to the surface along with crude oil or natural gas. By far, pro- duced water is the largest by-product or waste stream by volume associated with oil and gas production. The volume of produced water is dependent upon the state of maturation of the field. There is a need for new technologies for produced water treatment due to increased focus on water conservation and environmental regulation. Each time regulatory agencies initiate more stringent environmental control treatment technologies are refined to meet the updated standards. The Euro- pean standard for effluent from onshore petroleum activities requires less than 5 mg/l total hydrocarbons (HC) and less than 10 mg/l suspended solids; such low concentrations are unattainable when classical separation processes are used. To overcome the challenges posed by more stringent regulations, operators have turned to membrane filtration schemes which have the potential to minimize additional costs and disposal issues. Ceramic ultra- and nanofiltration membranes represent a relatively new class of materials available for the treatment of produced water. They can be manufactured from a variety of starting materials and can be processed in different ways to yield products with broad ranges of physical- chemical advantages and applications. While these membranes are effective in the separation of oils, emulsions and silts, they are prone to fouling by waxes and asphaltenes. The issues needing to be addressed are the prevention of membrane fouling during operation and the provision of an expedient, cost-effective and non-hazardous means of cleaning fouled membranes. Currently, there are not enough existing studies related to the treatment of oilfield produced water using ce- ramic membranes.
Platelet von Willebrand factor: sweet resistance (2013)

In this issue of Blood, McGrath et al show that the terminal glycan structures of platelet von Willebrand factor (VWF) are markedly different compared with such structures present on plasma VWF.1 Unexpectedly, these differences endow platelet VWF with a specific resistance against proteolysis by the VWF-cleaving protease ADAMTS13, thereby potentially increasing the hemostatic potential of platelet VWF during the formation of platelet-rich thrombi.