gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Collagenase-Mediated Tissue Modeling of Corneal Ectasia and Collagen Cross-Linking Treatments (2012)

A method for generating topographic features of corneal ectasia in human tissue is demonstrated. No significant sensitivity of K(max) to IOP was observed. CXL caused regression of steepening and induced aberrations in this model, consistent with clinical trends. The model may be useful for testing modifications to standard CXL techniques.
Recent advances in understanding GLP-1R (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor) function (2013)

Type 2 diabetes is a major global health problem and there is ongoing research for new treatments to manage the disease. The GLP-1R (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor) controls the physiological response to the incretin peptide, GLP-1, and is currently a major target for the development of therapeutics owing to the broad range of potential beneficial effects in Type 2 diabetes. These include promotion of glucose-dependent insulin secretion, increased insulin biosynthesis, preservation of β-cell mass, improved peripheral insulin sensitivity and promotion of weight loss. Despite this, our understanding of GLP-1R function is still limited, with the desired spectrum of GLP-1R-mediated signalling yet to be determined. We review the current understanding of GLP-1R function, in particular, highlighting recent contributions in the field on allosteric modulation, probe-dependence and ligand-directed signal bias and how these behaviours may influence future drug development.
Light Detection by Superconducting Weak Link Fabricated with High-Critical-Temperature Oxide-Superconductor Film (1987)

The light-induced changes in the current-voltage characteristics are studied for a superconducting weak link fabricated with a polycrystalline YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ film. The maximum superconducting current decreases by exposure to light at temperatures up to 77 K. The sensitivity of the light detection is enhanced by the use of a photoconductive semiconductor film on the surface of the weak link.
Adiabatic couplers: design rules and optimization (1998)

Explicit analytic design rules are derived for both 3 dB and full adiabatic couplers. The design rules are in excellent agreement with numerical calculations using the beam propagation method (BPM). It is shown that the length scaling for 3 dB couplers compared to full couplers makes the former more difficult to design. The design for each case is optimized to obtain the upper limit of performance and a comparison is carried out between two different design geometries for both 3 dB and full adiabatic couplers.
Generation of very flat optical frequency combs from continuous-wave lasers using cascaded intensity and phase modulators driven by tailored radio frequency waveforms (2010)

We demonstrate a scheme based on a cascade of lithium niobate intensity and phase modulators driven by specially tailored RF waveforms to generate an optical frequency comb with very high spectral flatness. In this Letter, we demonstrate a 10 GHz comb with 38 comb lines within a spectral power variation below 1 dB. The number of comb lines that can be generated is limited by the power handling capability of the phase modulator, and this can be scaled without compromising the spectral flatness. Furthermore, the spectral phase of the generated combs in our scheme is almost purely quadratic, which, as we will demonstrate, allows for high-quality pulse compression using only single-mode fiber.
Multiple Scattering in an Infinite Medium (1950)

The integro-differential diffusion equation of the multiple scattering problem in an infinite, homogeneous, medium, is studied without the usual small-angle approximation. An expansion in spherical harmonics is carried out which is rapidly convergent in the case of large-angle scattering, whose coefficients can be exactly determined, and which leads to expressions for the various moments of the spatial and angular distributions. The latter alone has previously been obtained by Goudsmit and Saunderson, and, in the small-angle approximation, by Snyder and Scott. Our results are shown to include these.
Gated Diode Design to Mitigate Radiation Damage in X-Ray Imagers (2008)

Radiation damage of amorphous silicon X-ray imagers leads to degradation of the detector's performance due to increased diode perimeter leakage. To reduce the effect of this damage, a novel pixel device based on a gated diode was fabricated. The additional gate metalization placed on the perimeter of the diode modulates the surface side-wall leakage and has been tested up to a 64 kGy absorbed dose in the diode. This new pixel design significantly reduces the increase in diode leakage and noise due to radiation damage, providing a more uniform performance and extending the lifetime of the imager.
Serum Vitamin D Metabolites in Colorectal Cancer Patients Receiving Cholecalciferol Supplementation: Correlation with Polymorphisms in the Vitamin D Genes (2013)

Cholecalciferol (D(3)) supplementation results in variable increases in serum 25(OH)D(3) levels, however, the influence of genetic polymorphisms on these variable responses is unclear. We measured serum 25(OH)D(3), 24,25(OH)(2)D(3), 1,25(OH)2D(3) and VDBP levels in 50 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients before and during 2,000 IU daily oral D(3) supplementation for six months and in 263 archived CRC serum samples. Serum PTH levels and PBMC 24-OHase activity were also measured during D(3) supplementation. TagSNPs in CYP2R1, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, VDR, and GC genes were genotyped in all patients, and the association between these SNPs and serum vitamin D(3) metabolites levels before and after D(3) supplementation was analyzed. The mean baseline serum 25(OH)D(3) level was less than 32 ng/mL in 65 % of the 313 CRC patients. In the 50 patients receiving D(3) supplementation, serum levels of 25(OH)D(3) increased (p = 0.008), PTH decreased (p = 0.036) and 24,25(OH)(2)D(3), 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), VDBP levels and PBMC 24-OHase activity were unchanged. GC SNP rs222016 was associated with high 25(OH)D(3) and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) levels at baseline while rs4588 and rs2282679 were associated with lower 25(OH)D(3) and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) levels both before and after D(3) supplementation. CYP2R1 rs12794714 and rs10500804 SNPs were significantly associated with low 25(OH)D(3) levels after supplementation but not with baseline 25(OH)D(3). Our results show that D(3) supplementation increased 25(OH)D(3) levels in all patients. GC rs4588 and rs2283679 SNPs were associated with increased risk of vitamin D(3) insufficiency and suboptimal increase in 25(OH)D(3) levels after D(3) supplementation. Individuals with these genotypes may require higher D(3) supplementation doses to achieve vitamin D(3) sufficiency.
The Role of P501S and PSA in the Diagnosis of Metastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate (2007)

Immunohistochemistry for P501S is a sensitive and highly specific marker for identifying prostate tissue. The large majority of metastatic prostatic adenocarcinomas are P501S positive (99%). A small subset of metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma shows significant differences in staining intensity and extent for PSA and P501S and, therefore, combined use of these markers may result in increased sensitivity for detecting prostatic origin.
Esophageal Penetration of the Magnetic Sphincter Augmentation Device: History Repeats Itself (2017)

Judging from the literature, MSAD implantation may be an effective way to control GERD, but the method can carry major complications, such as migration of the device into the esophagus (as in the two cases reported here). Endoscopic removal of a device possibly penetrating inside the esophagus is feasible and safe, and may later be followed up with a laparoscopic antireflux procedure without any particular difficulty.
Subirrigation System Control for Water use Efficiency (1985)

ABSTRACT Afield experiment and a computer simulation analysis were conducted to evaluate the water requirements of subirrigation under three methods of system control. First year results from the field experiment indicate that irrigation water requirements can be reduced by controlling the system such that the midpoint water table depth is allowed to fluctuate within certain limits. A simulation model based on numerical solutions to the Boussinesq equation was developed to allow comparison between the control methods using historical weather records. Several simulations were conducted for each control method to optimize the set points for starting and stopping subirrigation for the given method. Using the optimum set points, the simulations predicted a decreased irrigation requirement when the midpoint water table depth was allowed to fluctuate. The irrigation requirement was decreased by an average of 6.7% over constant water level control for five years of simulations. Much larger differences could have occurred had the set points not been optimized. That is, there is potentially more difference in irrigation water requirements for different set points within a given control method than between two different control methods. The results indicate that there is a good potential for reducing irrigation requirements of subirrigation. A slight modification in the way in which subirrigation systems are currently controlled can result in decreased subirrigation water usage.
Random light scattering by collections of ellipsoids (2012)

Theory of weak scattering of random optical fields from deterministic collections of particles with soft ellipsoidal scattering potentials of arbitrary shapes and orientations is developed. Far-field intensity distribution produced on scattering is shown to be influenced by source correlation properties as well as by a number, shapes and orientations of scatterers. The theory extends previous results on scattering from collections of spheres with soft Gaussian potentials and is applicable to analysis of a wide range of media including blood cells.
Eigenvalue analysis of very large power systems (1988)

A method of analyzing the small signal stability of very large power systems is described. The method is based on a frequency-domain approach which concentrates on the electromechanical modes of the power system under study. By using a modular modeling concept and an efficient sparsity network solution routine, systems having up to 12000 buses and 1000 detailed generator models can be studied. A comparison is made between eigenvalues calculated by this method and by other existing programs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Performance Comparison of a Fuel Cell-Battery Hybrid Powertrain and a Fuel Cell-Ultracapacitor Hybrid Powertrain (2005)

This paper studies two hybrid power systems for vehicle applications: a fuel cell-battery hybrid powertrain and a fuel cell-ultracapacitor hybrid powertrain. First, the characteristics of fuel cell, battery, and ultracapacitor as power sources are summarized. Then the configurations of the two types of hybrid fuel cell powertrains are presented. Finally, example hybrid powertrains are designed and simulated using ADVISOR. The simulation results indicate that ultracapacitors can more effectively assist the fuel cell to meet the vehicle power demand and help achieve a better performance and a higher fuel economy.
노년기 인지기능 감퇴 정도에 따른 사회 활동 참여의 변화: 성별 차이를 중심으로 (2015)

본 연구의 목적은 노인의 인지기능의 심각한 또는 경미한 저하가 종교 활동, 여가/스포츠활동, 기타 사회 활동 등을 포함한 사회활동 참여에 미치는 영향을 조사하고, 이러한 영향이 성별에 따라 어떻게 다르게 나타나는지를 확인하는 것이다. 이를 위해 고령화연구패널의2006년과 2010년 자료를 활용하였다. 인지기능은 한국형 간이정신상태검사(MMSE-K)를 이용하여 측정하였다. 조사 참여자를 MMSE-K 점수에 따라 24점 이상인 경우는 인지기능정상 집단(집단1)으로, 18점 이상 23점 이하인 경우는 가벼운 인지기능 저하 집단(집단2)로, 17점 이하인 경우는 심각한 인지기능 저하 집단(집단3)으로 분류하였다. 이러한 분류를 바탕으로 2006년에 집단1에 속해 있었으나 4년 후 집단2 혹은 집단3에 속하게 된 조사 참여자들이 4년간 정상 인지 기능을 유지한 집단과 비교해 사회활동 참여에서 어떤 차이를 보이는지를 확인하였다. 분석에서는 인지기능 집단별 사회활동 참여의 변화를 검증하기 위해 1차시 사회활동 참여 정도를 통제하였다. 분석 결과, 인지기능의 저하는 경증이든 중증이든 관계없이 사회활동 참여를 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 성별에 따른 차이는 가벼운 인지기능 저하 시에만 유의미했으며 여성 노인의 사회참여가 남성 노인의 사회참여에 비해 급격하게 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과를 바탕으로 인지기능 저하가 발생하더라도 노인의 사회활동 참여를 유지하기 위한 서비스의 필요성에 대해 논의하였다.
Conventional CD4+ T cells present bacterial antigens to induce cytotoxic and memory CD8+ T cell responses (2017)

Bacterial phagocytosis and antigen cross-presentation to activate CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells are principal functions of professional antigen presenting cells. However, conventional CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells also capture and kill bacteria from infected dendritic cells in a process termed transphagocytosis (also known as transinfection). Here, we show that transphagocytic T cells present bacterial antigens to naive CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, which proliferate and become cytotoxic in response. CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell-mediated antigen presentation also occurs in vivo in the course of infection, and induces the generation of central memory CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells with low PD-1 expression. Moreover, transphagocytic CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells induce protective anti-tumour immune responses by priming CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, highlighting the potential of CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells as a tool for cancer immunotherapy.
Single-Channel 50G and 100G Discrete Multitone Transmission With 25G VCSEL Technology (2015)

This paper explores the feasibility of single-channel 50G and 100G transmission using 25G VCSEL technology. We show through experiments the practicality of 50G transmission through 100 m of OM3 multi-mode fiber. To address the question of whether single-channel 100G transmission is feasible, we show through simulation the needed reduction in relative intensity noise of 25G VCSELs and present a novel modulation technique which offers improved performance over conventional discrete multitone with little additional computational complexity.
Adjuvant BCG immunotherapy for stage I and II malignant melanoma. (1983)

Initial adjuvant immunotherapy trials have demonstrated a greater disease-free interval in patients treated with bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) compared with historical controls. In this study 149 patients at high risk of recurrence after surgical treatment of local or regional malignant melanoma were given BCG for 2 years and were followed up for a median of 28 months from the start of immunotherapy. The 36 patients in the comparison group had a higher rate of recurrence than the patients treated with BCG, and the rate in the treatment group was close to that reported from a similar study at the University of California at Los Angeles. The relatively long disease-free interval for the high-risk comparison patients in this study suggests that the control groups at other centres may have included patients with unrecognized additional risk. The rates of survival in the Canadian treatment group were also comparable to those reported by other centres. However, reports of a favourable BCG-mediated pattern of recurrence could not be confirmed. Therefore, the routine use of adjuvant BCG immunotherapy is not recommended.
Testamento vital y objeción de conciencia (2008)

Se pretende con el presente trabajo ofrecer unas simples y escuetas ideas acerca de que debe entenderse por instrucciones previas en el ambito de la salud, su regulacion en la legislacion espanola, y especialmente sus limites, teniendo en cuenta que sobre estas cuestiones podrian alegarse multitud de opiniones que escaparian del limitado marco de simple ensayo que ha querido dar el autor a este estudio.
Pathophysiology of Progressive Nephropathies (1998)

In patients with renal diseases characterized by proteinuria, the initial insult to the kidney is usually followed by a progressive decline in the glomerular filtration rate. This decline has been thought to be due to changes in renal hemodynamics initiated by the loss of nephrons.1 When renal mass is reduced in rats, the remaining nephrons undergo sudden hypertrophy, with a concomitant lowering of arteriolar resistance and an increase in glomerular plasma flow.2,3 Afferent arteriolar tone decreases more than efferent arteriolar tone, and therefore, the hydraulic pressure in glomerular capillaries rises4 and the amount of filtrate formed by each nephron . . .
SILICONES: NEW SILICA‐BASED PLASTICS OF INTEREST TO THE CERAMIC INDUSTRY * (1946)

A bstract Silicones derive many of their most useful properties from the inorganic nature of the silicon‐to‐oxygen links which they possess in common with glass and mineral silicates. They derive plasticity, solubility, and water repellency from the organic radicals attached to their basic structures. The chemical nature of silicon in combination with oxygen permits the development of a variety of silicone compounds in various physical forms ranging from fluids through gels and resins to elastic materials. Because of their ease of application, their general heat stability, and chemical inertness, they are natural complements to ceramic bodies in many applications. They are already proving their usefulness with these materials in the production of new types of electrical insulation, in the surface treatment of glass and ceramic products, and as auxiliary dielectrics for use with ceramic insulating forms.
Isolation and Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria Inhibiting the Proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis (2009)

Propionibacterium acnes is the most common causative agent of acne. Staphylococcus epidermidis is another major bacterial strain to be found in acne lesions. Two strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from normal inhabitants of humans, which inhibited the proliferation of P. acnes and S. epidermidis. The growth of P. acnes and S. epidermidis was decreased by 4-log scales after incubation for 24 h with LAB isolates, whereas the growth rate of selected LAB isolates were not affected by these pathogenic bacteria. This antibacterial activity of LAB isolates was related to lactic acids, hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocin-like compound production. Two LAB isolates efficiently adhered to human keratinocytes HaCaT and were identified by API 50 CHL medium kit and 16S rDNA partial sequencing analysis. The similarity of 16S rDNA sequences between one isolate and Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius was 100%, which suggests that they were L. salivarius subsp. salicinius. On the other hand, 16S rDNA sequence similarity between the other isolate and Lactobacillus fermentum was 99.04%, which indicates that it was L. fermentum. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the two LAB strains isolated from human body were identified as L. salivarius subsp. salicinius and L. fermentum, which inhibit the proliferation of P. acnes and S. epidermidis.
Self-Learning Control Algorithms Used to Manage the Operating of an Internal Combustion Engine (2019)

Abstract The article presents the possibility of using self-learning control algorithms to manage subassemblies of an internal combustion engine in order to reduce exhaust emissions to the natural environment. In compression ignition (CI) engines, the issue of emissions mainly concerns two components: particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The work focuses mainly on the possibility of reducing the emission of nitrogen oxides. It is assumed that the particularly problematic points when it comes to excessive emission of harmful substances are the dynamic states in which combustion engines operate constantly. In dynamically changing operating points, it is very difficult to choose the right setting of actuators such as the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve to ensure the correct operation of the unit and the minimum emission of these substances. In the light of the above, an attempt was made to develop a self-learning mathematical model, which can predict estimated emission levels of selected substance basing on current measurement signals (e.g. air, pressure, crankshaft rotational speed, etc.). The article presents the results of the estimation of nitrogen oxides by the trained neural network in comparison to the values measured with the use of a sensor installed in the exhaust system. The presented levels of estimated and measured results are very similar to each other and shifted over time in favour of neural networks, where the information about the emission level appears much earlier. On the basis of the estimated level, it shall be possible to make an appropriate decision about specific settings of recirculation system components, such as the EGR valve. It is estimated that by using the chosen control method it is possible significantly to reduce the emission of harmful substances into the natural environment while maintaining dynamic properties of the engine.
Radiographic and CT Features of Viral Pneumonia (2018)

Viruses are the most common causes of respiratory infection. The imaging findings of viral pneumonia are diverse and overlap with those of other nonviral infectious and inflammatory conditions. However, identification of the underlying viral pathogens may not always be easy. There are a number of indicators for identifying viral pathogens on the basis of imaging patterns, which are associated with the pathogenesis of viral infections. Viruses in the same viral family share a similar pathogenesis of pneumonia, and the imaging patterns have distinguishable characteristics. Although not all cases manifest with typical patterns, most typical imaging patterns of viral pneumonia can be classified according to viral families. Although a definite diagnosis cannot be achieved on the basis of imaging features alone, recognition of viral pneumonia patterns may aid in differentiating viral pathogens, thus reducing the use of antibiotics. Recently, new viruses associated with recent outbreaks including human metapneumovirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus have been discovered. The imaging findings of these emerging pathogens have been described in a few recent studies. This review focuses on the radiographic and computed tomographic patterns of viral pneumonia caused by different pathogens, including new pathogens. Clinical characteristics that could affect imaging, such as patient age and immune status, seasonal variation and community outbreaks, and pathogenesis, are also discussed. The first goal of this review is to indicate that there are imaging features that should raise the possibility of viral infections. Second, to help radiologists differentiate viral infections, viruses in the same viridae that have similar pathogenesis and can have similar imaging characteristics are shown. By considering both the clinical and radiologic characteristics, radiologists can suggest the diagnosis of viral pneumonia. <sup>©</sup>RSNA, 2018.
Legislation for Preservation (2007)

Calls for legislation for preservation and for the prevention of illicit export of Aboriginal cultural materials that had been voiced by some collectors, as well as by officials and others in earlier decades, were eventually to be translated into action. Although the representations made over a decade earlier to the Commonwealth Government to legislate for protection of Aboriginal heritage had not been immediately followed by action, by the early 1950s there were some stirrings of interest in bureaucratic circles. Developments by the United Nations and its agencies - particularly UNESCO - provided some impetus for the Commonwealth Government to consider the question of heritage protection.