gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interventional Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease and Peripheral Vascular Disease (2000)

In 1950, the ground for catheter-based interventions in peripheral or coronary arteries was laid (Table⇓), but no activity had started.1 

View this table:

 Table 1. 
Milestones for Human Cardiovascular Catheterizations up to 1950



In 1958, Mason Sones and his colleagues developed selective coronary angiography and published it as an abstract in Circulation .2 As a cardiologist at the Cleveland Clinic, he performed angiography of the aortic root in a patient with valvular heart disease. Looking directly into the x-ray beam, as was customary in the era before image intensifiers coupled to television systems (Figure 1⇓), Sones recognized that the catheter had inadvertently slipped into the right coronary artery. The patient had transient asystole but no ventricular fibrillation. The high-quality picture of the right coronary artery obtained ushered in the era of selective coronary angiography. Sones subsequently refined this technique for routine use through a cut-down of the brachial artery. In parallel, Kurt Amplatz3 and Melvin Judkins4 further developed the technique using a femoral approach made possible by the Seldinger technique, introduced in 1953.5 Figure 1. 
Figure 1⇓. F. Mason Sones (1919–1985) in the catheterization laboratory in Cleveland.



The turn from purely diagnostic procedures to therapeutic interventions was launched in 1964 by Charles Dotter.6 In collaboration with Judkins at the University of Oregon in Portland, the vascular radiologist Dotter used coaxial catheters of increasing diameters to “bougie” narrowed leg arteries in patients with peripheral artery disease, analogous to the Benique technique for the urethra of 1846. The method failed to reach general acceptance, for several reasons. First, the dominance of vascular surgeons in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease in the United States invited a strong opposition to any nonsurgical therapeutic technique. Second, the method was quite crude and fraught with a considerable percentage of failures and complications. …
Mouse muscle denervation increases expression of an alpha7 nicotinic receptor with unusual pharmacology (2003)

Neuronal nicotinic alpha7 subunits have been found in chick and rat skeletal muscle during development and denervation. In the present study, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect alpha7 subunit mRNA in denervated mouse muscle. To determine whether the alpha7 subunit forms functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in muscle, choline was used to induce a membrane depolarization because choline has been considered a specific agonist of alpha7-containing (alpha7*) nAChRs. We found, however, that choline (3-10 mM) also weakly activates muscle nAChRs. After inhibiting muscle nAChRs with a specific muscle nAChR inhibitor, alpha-conotoxin GI (alphaCTxGI), choline was used to activate the alpha7* nAChRs on muscle selectively. Four weeks after denervation, rapid application of choline (10 mM) elicited a substantial depolarization in the presence of alphaCTxGI (0.1 microM). This component of the depolarization was never present in denervated muscles obtained from mutant mice lacking the alpha7 subunit (i.e. alpha7-null mice). The depolarization component that is resistant to alphaCTxGI was antagonized by pancuronium (3-10 microM) and by a 4-oxystilbene derivative (F3, 0.1-0.5 microM) at concentrations considered highly specific for alpha7* nAChRs. Another selective alpha7 antagonist, methyllycaconitine (0.05-5 microM), did not strongly inhibit this choline-induced depolarization. Furthermore, the choline-sensitive nAChRs showed little desensitization over 10 s of application with choline (10-30 mM). These results indicate that functional alpha7* nAChRs are significantly present on denervated muscle, and that these receptors display unusual functional and pharmacological characteristics.
Biological Solids Reduction Using the Cannibal Process (2007)

A laboratory study of the Cannibal process was undertaken to determine if the Cannibal system would generate less sludge compared with a conventional activated sludge system. Side-by-side sequencing batch reactors were operated--one using the Cannibal configuration and the other as conventional activated sludge. It was found that the Cannibal process generated 60% less solids than the conventional activated sludge system, without any negative effect on the effluent quality or the settling characteristics of the activated sludge. The oxygen uptake rate for the centrate from the Cannibal bioreactor showed that readily biodegradable organic matter was released from the recycled biomass in the Cannibal bioreactor. It is proposed that the mechanism for reduced solids from the Cannibal system is that, in the Cannibal bioreactor, iron is reduced, releasing iron-bound organic material into solution. When the Cannibal biomass is recirculated back to the aeration basin, the released organic material is rapidly degraded.
Dimensioning and system level analysis of an HSDPA network with relaying nodes (2006)

Multi-hop relaying techniques are currently being investigated as a potential candidate technology for increasing the throughput and coverage of existing radio communication systems. This paper provides a link level analysis of multi-hop radio transmission indicating the improvement in received signal power and SNR that it offers. It also deals with the issue of deployment dimensioning and the impact that relay positioning and transmit power setting has on multi-hop gain. System simulation of a UMTS-HSDPA cellular network is performed to both validate the findings of the link level analysis, providing an indication of gain afforded to the use of fixed relaying nodes. The results indicate that in the case of correct relay positioning and transmit power setting a gain in average packet call throughput of 75% was achievable with an increase in system capacity, however this was shown to be dependent on correct positioning of the relay and setting of transmit power. BS L − . In order to demonstrate the origins of multi-hop gain, a comparison of the received signal power at the MS in the case of the link illustrated in Fig. 1 and a direct BS to MS link is presented.
Identification of a minimal sequence of the mouse pro-alpha 1(I) collagen promoter that confers high-level osteoblast expression in transgenic mice and that binds a protein selectively present in osteoblasts. (1996)

Based on our previous transgenic mice results, which strongly suggested that separate cell-specific cis-acting elements of the mouse pro-alpha 1(I) collagen promoter control the activity of the gene in different type I collagen-producing cells, we attempted to delineate a short segment in this promoter that could direct high-level expression selectively in osteoblasts. By generating transgenic mice harboring various fragments of the promoter, we identified a 117-bp segment (-1656 to -1540) that is a minimal sequence able to confer high-level expression of a lacZ reporter gene selectively in osteoblasts when cloned upstream of the proximal 220-bp pro-alpha 1(I) promoter. This 220-bp promoter by itself was inactive in transgenic mice and unable to direct osteoblast-specific expression. The 117-bp enhancer segment contained two sequences that appeared to have different functions. The A sequence (-1656 to -1628) was required to obtain expression of the lacZ gene in osteoblasts, whereas the C sequence (-1575 to -1540) was essential to obtain consistent and high-level expression of the lacZ gene in osteoblasts. Gel shift assays showed that the A sequence bound a nuclear protein present only in osteoblastic cells. A mutation in the A segment that abolished the binding of this osteoblast-specific protein also abolished lacZ expression in osteoblasts of transgenic mice.
Semantic property activation during the interpretation of combined concepts (2007)

Interpreting a novel conceptual combination often involves selecting and using a relation to link the constituent concepts (e.g., interpreting a plastic pot as a pot made of plastic ). In two experiments, we presented the head noun along with a property that, while always at least plausibly true of the head noun, may be more or less consistent with a particular relational interpretation of the combined concept. We then asked the participants to verify particular relational interpretations of the target combination. The results indicate that manipulating what is currently active about the head noun in this way affects the acceptability of different relational interpretations of the combined concept.
Irreversible adsorption of phenolic compounds by activated carbons (1988)

Studies were undertaken to determine the reasons why phenolic sorbates can be difficult to remove and recover from activated carbons. The chemical properties of the sorbate and the adsorbent surface, and the influences of changes in the adsorption and desorption conditions were investigated. Comparison of isotherms established after different contact times or at different temperatures indicated that phenolic compounds react on carbon surfaces. The reaction rate is a strong function of temperature. Regeneration of carbons by leaching with acetone recovered at least as much phenol as did regeneration with other solvents or with displacers. The physiochemical properties of adsorbents influences irreversible uptakes. Sorbates differed markedly in their tendencies to undergo irreversible adsorption. 64 refs., 47 figs., 32 tabs.
Theoretical Approaches (1980)

IN 1815, British economic foreign policy was still largely dominated by ideas which had been inherited from the nation’s pre-industrial past and which, following Adam Smith, historians and economists have labelled `mercantilist’. Given the relatively slow growth of agriculture in the early modern period, the mercantilists looked to trade as one of the few means of increasing wealth and power rapidly. Agricultural produce was difficult to export and emphasis was placed on the need for the export of manufactures, the control of luxury trades and dominance of the carrying trade. International commerce was slow to expand and this explains the interest of nations in trade diversion and in colonial possessions with their obvious implications for international conflict.
Sub-paresthesia spinal cord stimulation reverses thermal hyperalgesia and modulates low frequency EEG in a rat model of neuropathic pain (2018)

Paresthesia, a common feature of epidural spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for pain management, presents a challenge to the double-blind study design. Although sub-paresthesia SCS has been shown to be effective in alleviating pain, empirical criteria for sub-paresthesia SCS have not been established and its basic mechanisms of action at supraspinal levels are unknown. We tested our hypothesis that sub-paresthesia SCS attenuates behavioral signs of neuropathic pain in a rat model, and modulates pain-related theta (4-8 Hz) power of the electroencephalogram (EEG), a previously validated correlate of spontaneous pain in rodent models. Results show that sub-paresthesia SCS attenuates thermal hyperalgesia and power amplitude in the 3-4 Hz range, consistent with clinical data showing significant yet modest analgesic effects of sub-paresthesia SCS in humans. Therefore, we present evidence for anti-nociceptive effects of sub-paresthesia SCS in a rat model of neuropathic pain and further validate EEG theta power as a reliable 'biosignature' of spontaneous pain.
ECAPP - A Process Planning Tool Using Artificial Intelligence (1990)

The electronics computer-aided process-planning (ECAPP) system is a rule- and frame- based generative process-planning system for the as-sembly of electronic components onto printed circuit boards (or modu-less). ECAPP uses expert process-engineering knowledge, a manufactur-ing plant’s specific process capabilities, and product information from a computer-aided design (CAD) database to generate all the feasible pro-cess routes for a product through a factory. ECAPP then recommends the best route based on the plant’s process-engineering rules and generates the numeric control code, or insertion and onsertion (onsertion refers to placing surface mount components) patterns, for the automatic as-sembly equipment. ECAPP also checks module ease of manufacture based on a specific plant’s process characterization and allows manufac-turing engineers to simulate product assembly using rule-based simula-tion before releasing a product to the manufacturing floor. ECAPP has been in use in Digital Equipment Corporation’s Augusta, Maine, manufacturing facility since March 1989. ECAPP represents two successful transfers of technology. The first transfer was from a univer-
Septic Tank Sludges: Accumulation Rate and Biochemical Characteristics (1993)

A three year field and investigative study carried out on 33 individual sanitation systems showed that the frequency of septic tank emptying could be at least 5 years, corresponding to a sludge accumulation rate of 0.21/user.day. This value should be included in the calculation of septic tank sizing. Other data showed within a septic tank the methanogenesis is only effective after 2 years of operation. Thereby a septic tank should not be desludged before this period of time. At last, among all the physico-chemical parameters monitored to study the sludge quality, the best indicators of system failures were both the solids (TS and VS) and soluble matter (COD and some VFA). Then, biochemical study of septic tank sludge showed that the main hydrolytic enzymes (cellulase, phosphatase, protease, lipase and urease) are present in septic tank sludges and linked to the insoluble particles. Their solubilization with different solvents (buffers, surfactants…) showed each enzyme was linked in a different way.
Effect of rubbing on the molecular orientation within polyimide orienting layers of liquid-crystal displays (1993)

The influence of various rubbing parameters on the molecular reorientation of thin polyimide orienting layers, used to align liquid-crystal (LC) molecules within liquid-crystal displays, has been studied. For this purpose the optical phase retardation in the polymer layer, explicitly induced during the rubbing treatment, was determined. The observed rubbing-induced phase retardation can directly be related to a molecular orientation within the polymer orienting layer, as could be shown by infrared dichroism studies. Furthermore, it is found that the top of the polymer layer, directly contacting the rubbing cloth during the actual rubbing process, is almost instantaneously oriented to a certain maximum value as soon as the rubbing is started. Additional or stronger rubbing has no detectable influence on the orientation within the top layer. Increasing the rubbing density or the rubbing pressure only results in an increase of the penetration depth of the rubbing process, i.e., molecular reorientation occurs deeper within the layer. Experiments show that the penetration depth can be varied from less than 10 nm to more than 60 nm by variation in rubbing conditions. These findings are supported by surface second-harmonic-generation studies of LC monolayers deposited onto rubbed orienting layers and by infrared dichroism studies.
Compton scatter imaging of transverse sections: an overall appraisal and evaluation for radiotherapy planning (1981)

A Compton scatter scanner has been developed to image electron density distributions of transverse body sections. The imaging performance of this device has been measured and compared with calculated limits and with the present capabilities of X-ray computed tomographic (CT) scanners. The use of Compton scatter images in radiotherapy dose calculations has been investigated and a calibration curve has also been measured from patient images to convert CT number data to electron densities for tissues in vivo. Images have been produced with a spatial resolution of 0.5 cm and an electron density accuracy of 4.3% for a radiation dose of 0.11 Gy (11 rad) to the patient. However, little potential remains for further development of the Compton scatter technique for whole-body imaging.
Mono-η-cyclopentadienyl-benzamidinato chloro compounds of titanium, zirconium and hafnium (1995)

The new compounds {M(η-C5R5)[η-CPh(NSiMe3)2]]Cl2} (where R = H, M = Ti, Zr, Hf or R = Me, M = Ti or Zr), are described. The crystal structures of {M(η-C5R5)([η-CPh(NSiMe3)2]Cl2} (R = H, M = Zr or Hf) have been determined. The compound {Zr(η-C5H5)[η-CPh(NSiMe3)2]Cl2} acts as a co-catalyst for the polymerisation of ethylene and propene.
Changes in minor transcripts from the α1 and β<sup>maj</sup>globin and glutathione peroxidase genes during erythropoiesis (1987)

We have analysed the transcriptional regulation of the murine alpha 1 and beta maj globin genes and the glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) gene, which are all highly expressed during erythropoiesis. The levels of minor RNAs compared to the major message were monitored throughout differentiation within the erythroid lineage. For each gene, upstream transcripts arise from distinct clusters of sites which are regulated differently during differentiation: some occur only during early erythropoiesis, some occur early and persist to the terminal stages, while others accumulate later and roughly in parallel with the main RNA transcript. In addition, opposite strand transcripts from the GSHPx gene were found in increasing amounts during later stages of erythropoiesis. The initiation sites for specific subsets of these minor transcripts lie close to sequences known to be involved in globin gene regulation (i.e. the TATA, CAAT and the CACCCT boxes) or other conserved sequences; others lie close to developmentally regulated DNase I hypersensitive sites around the globin and GSHPx genes.
Metabolic engineering and protein directed evolution increase the yield of <scp>L</scp>‐phenylalanine synthesized from glucose in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2004)

L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) is an aromatic amino acid with diverse commercial applications. Technologies for industrial microbial synthesis of L-Phe using glucose as a starting raw material currently achieve a relatively low conversion yield (Y(Phe/Glc)). The purpose of this work was to study the effect of PTS (phosphotransferase transport system) inactivation and overexpression of different versions of feedback inhibition resistant chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydratase (CM-PDT) on the yield (Y(Phe/Glc)) and productivity of L-Phe synthesized from glucose. The E. coli JM101 strain and its mutant derivative PB12 (PTS(-)Glc(+) phenotype) were used as hosts. PB12 has an inactive PTS, but is capable of transporting and phosphorylating glucose by using an alternative system constituted by galactose permease (GalP) and glucokinase activities (Glk). JM101 and PB12 were transformed with three plasmids, harboring genes that encode for a feedback inhibition resistant DAHP synthase (aroG(fbr)), transketolase (tktA) and either a truncated CM-PDT (pheA(fbr)) or its derived evolved genes (pheA(ev1) or pheA(ev2)). Resting-cells experiments with these engineered strains showed that JM101 and PB12 strains expressing either pheA(ev1) or pheA(ev2) genes produced l-Phe from glucose with Y(Phe/Glc) of 0.21 and 0.33 g/g, corresponding to 38 and 60% of the maximum theoretical yield (0.55 g/g), respectively. In addition, in both engineered strains the reached q(Phe) high levels of 40 mg/g-dcw.h. The metabolic engineering strategy followed in this work, including a strain with an inactive PTS, resulted in a positive impact over the Y(Phe/Glc), enhancing it nearly 57% compared with its PTS(+) counterpart. This is the first report wherein PTS inactivation was a successful strategy to improve the Y(Phe/Glc).
A Thermoplastic Gel Electrolyte for Stable Quasi‐Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells (2007)

Abstract Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are receiving considerable attention as low‐cost alternatives to conventional solar cells. In DSSCs based on liquid electrolytes, a photoelectric efficiency of 11 % has been achieved, but potential problems in sealing the cells and the low long‐term stability of these systems have impeded their practical use. Here, we present a thermoplastic gel electrolyte (TPGE) as an alternative to the liquid electrolytes used in DSSCs. The TPGE exhibits a thermoplastic character, high conductivity, long‐term stability, and can be prepared by a simple and convenient protocol. The viscosity, conductivity, and phase state of the TPGE can be controlled by tuning the composition. Using 40 wt % poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the polymeric host, 60 wt % propylene carbonate (PC) as the solvent, and 0.65 M KI and 0.065 M I 2 as the ionic conductors, a TPGE with a conductivity of 2.61 mS cm –2 is prepared. Based on this TPGE, a DSSC is fabricated with an overall light‐to‐electrical‐energy conversion efficiency of 7.22 % under 100 mW cm –2 irradiation. The present findings should accelerate the widespread use of DSSCs.
Dehydrohalogenation of 1,1,1-Trihaloethanes (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDehydrohalogenation of 1,1,1-TrihaloethanesFrancis H. Walker and Attila E. PavlathCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1965, 30, 10, 3284–3285Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01021a005https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01021a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views179Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
SAV4AV: securing authentication and verification for ad hoc vehicles (2014)

Information exchange is not easily secured in the emergency cases where the normal telecommunication infrastructure might have been collapsed. When vehicles are moving on a highway, communications between the vehicles and the base stations always result in a high delay that causes a vehicle to fail to verify all the messages received from the neighbors in real time. These situations may result in message losses and even security risks. To address these issues, we propose a scheme that combines the technologies of trusted network connect and multi-secret sharing to securing authentication and verification for ad hoc vehicles SAV4AV, in which a new vehicle is permitted to flexibly join in a platoon through collaborating with t existing vehicles and thereby to accomplish identity authentication and integrity verification. We list several possible attacks and provide a detailed security analysis on how to avoid these threats in SAV4AV. Moreover, we perform extensive simulations to investigate the performance of SAV4AV against various network scenarios with respect to time consumption and network throughput. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.