gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of preparation methods on properties of alumina/titanias (1994)

Alumina/titanias have been prepared by three methods: complexing-agent-assisted sol–gel; coprecipitation; and hydrogel kneading. The relationship between the preparation methods and the properties of the alumina/titanias was investigated by thermal gravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA), X-ray powder diffraction, laser Raman spectroscopy, solid-state magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR), ammonia temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and nitrogen adsorption. Of the three preparation methods, the complexing-agent-assisted sol–gel method gave the most homogeneous alumina/titanias, and their acidities and specific surface areas depended on complexing agents used in the preparation and the Ti:Al ratios of the raw materials. In contrast, kneading alumina/titanias were relatively heterogeneous and their properties did not depend on the Ti:Al ratio. Regarding the dependences of properties of alumina/titanias on the Ti:Al ratio, coprecipitation alumina/titanias are intermediate between complexing-agent-assisted sol–gel and kneading ones.
TiN Thin Film Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition Method Using Cp<sub>2</sub>Ti(N<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (1993)

Two kinds of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes are described for depositing a titanium nitride (TiN) thin film using a biscyclopentadienyltitanium diazide (Cp 2 Ti(N 3 ) 2 ) source. One is photo-assisted CVD and the other is thermal CVD. The CVD-TiN films are evaluated using thermal desorption spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. The results reveal that the films include hydrocarbon components consisting of five carbon atoms, and nitrogen atoms desorbed at temperatures over 600°C, and then Ti-C bonds are formed in the films. The film composition (N/Ti) is affected by nitrogen partial pressure. This relationship is significant at substrate temperatures above 400°C. Light irradiation makes it possible to deposit the film at below 350°C. These results indicate that the photo-assisted CVD is effective in making high-quality TiN thin film at low temperature region.
Improving BERT-Based Text Classification With Auxiliary Sentence and Domain Knowledge (2019)

General language model BERT pre-trained on cross-domain text corpus, BookCorpus and Wikipedia, achieves excellent performance on a couple of natural language processing tasks through the way of fine-tuning in the downstream tasks. But it still lacks of task-specific knowledge and domain-related knowledge for further improving the performance of BERT model and more detailed fine-tuning strategy analyses are necessary. To address these problem, a BERT-based text classification model BERT4TC is proposed via constructing auxiliary sentence to turn the classification task into a binary sentence-pair one, aiming to address the limited training data problem and task-awareness problem. The architecture and implementation details of BERT4TC are also presented, as well as a post-training approach for addressing the domain challenge of BERT. Finally, extensive experiments are conducted on seven public widely-studied datasets for analyzing the fine-tuning strategies from the perspectives of learning rate, sequence length and hidden state vector selection. After that, BERT4TC models with different auxiliary sentences and post-training objectives are compared and analyzed in depth. The experiment results show that BERT4TC with suitable auxiliary sentence significantly outperforms both typical feature-based methods and fine-tuning methods, and achieves new state-of-the-art performance on multi-class classification datasets. For binary sentiment classification datasets, our BERT4TC post-trained with suitable domain-related corpus also achieves better results compared with original BERT model.
MPEG-2 AAC decoder on a fixed-point DSP (1999)

This paper presents the implementation of MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) decoder on a fixed-point DSP. AAC is a powerful coding algorithm and offers the high-quality multi-channel surround audio. We also discuss the implementation issue and effort in porting AAC algorithms to the DSP.
Invited Review: Adhesion Mechanisms of Rumen Cellulolytic Bacteria (2001)

We divided the adhesion process of the predominant cellulolytic rumen bacteria Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Ruminococcus albus into four phases: 1) transport of the nonmotile bacteria to the substrate; 2) initial nonspecific adhesion of bacteria to unprotected sites of the substrate that is dominated by constitutive elements of bacterial glycocalyx; 3) specific adhesion via adhesins or ligands formation with the substrate, which can be dominated by several bacterial organelles including cellulosome complexes, fimbriae connections, glycosylated epitopes of cellulose-binding protein (CBP) or glycocalyx, and cellulose-binding domain (CBD) of enzymes; 4) proliferation of the attached bacteria on potentially digestible tissues of the substrate. Each of the phases and its significance in the adhesion process are described. Factors affecting bacterial adhesion are described including: 1) factors related to bacterial age, glycocalyx condition, and microbial competition; 2) factors related to the nature of substrate including, cuticle protection, surface area, hydration, and ionic charge; and 3) environmental factors including pH, temperature, and presence of cations and soluble carbohydrate. Based on the information available from the literature, it appears that each of the predominant rumen bacteria--F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens, and R. albus--has a specific mechanism of adhesion to cellulose. In F. succinogenes, both the glycosidic residues of the outer membrane CBP and especially of the 180-kDa CBP, and the distinct CBD of EG2 EGF and Cl-stimulated cellobiosidase, may play a role in the adhesion to cellulose. No direct evidence, except scanning electron microscopy observations, yet supports the existence of either cellulosome complex or fimbriae structures involved in the adhesion mechanism of F. succinogenes. At least two mechanisms, cellulosome-like complexes and carbohydrate epitopes of the glycocalyx layer are involved in the specific adhesion of R. flavefaciens to cellulose. Ruminococcus albus possesses at least two mechanisms for specific adhesion to cellulose: a cellulosomal-like mechanism, and a CbpC (Pil)-protein mechanism that probably involves the production of fimbrial-like structures. Indirect and direct studies suggested that carbohydrate epitopes of CBPs and CBD epitope of cellulases may also be involved mostly in the nonspecific phase of adhesion of R. albus.
Priming of phagocytes for reactive oxygen production during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion potentiates the susceptibility for endotoxin-induced liver injury. (1994)

Plasma levels of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) as an indicator of a vascular oxidant stress, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) formation, and liver injury (alanine aminotransferase activity, histology) were monitored in male Fischer rats after 30 min of hepatic ischemia followed by up to 4 hr of reperfusion. The injection of 1 mg/kg Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin at 30 min of reflow potentiated the postischemic oxidant stress and liver injury. TNF-alpha levels increased from 10 +/- 7 pg/ml (baseline) to 3,553 +/- 738 pg/ml after ischemia-reperfusion followed by endotoxin, or to 3,670 +/- 508 pg/ml after endotoxin alone. Depletion of serum complement before ischemia attenuated the endotoxin-mediated increase of reactive oxygen formation by 70% but did not affect TNF-alpha levels. Complement activation with cobra venom factor (CVF) during reperfusion had an effect similar to that of endotoxin on the oxidant stress and liver injury. CVF did not increase TNF-alpha formation during reperfusion. Kupffer cells and neutrophils isolated from the postischemic liver 2.5 hr after endotoxin injection generated 600% and 400% more superoxide, respectively, than cells isolated from control livers. The results demonstrate a substantial priming of hepatic phagocytes for reactive oxygen production but not TNF-alpha formation, even after short periods of hepatic ischemia, and the vulnerability of the postischemic liver to severe endotoxin-induced injury. Activated complement seems to be mainly responsible for the effects. These results may explain the high risk for hepatic failure after extensive liver resection and hypovolemic shock.
Genetic Engineering for Skeletal Regenerative Medicine (2007)

The clinical challenges of skeletal regenerative medicine have motivated significant advances in cellular and tissue engineering in recent years. In particular, advances in molecular biology have provided the tools necessary for the design of gene-based strategies for skeletal tissue repair. Consequently, genetic engineering has emerged as a promising method to address the need for sustained and robust cellular differentiation and extracellular matrix production. As a result, gene therapy has been established as a conventional approach to enhance cellular activities for skeletal tissue repair. Recent literature clearly demonstrates that genetic engineering is a principal factor in constructing effective methods for tissue engineering approaches to bone, cartilage, and connective tissue regeneration. This review highlights this literature, including advances in the development of efficacious gene carriers, novel cell sources, successful delivery strategies, and optimal target genes. The current status of the field and the challenges impeding the clinical realization of these approaches are also discussed.
Mucosal immunity and vaccination (1991)

The gut mucosal immune system is a critical component of the body's defense against pathogenic organisms, especially those responsible for enteric infections associated with diarrhoeal disease. Attempts to vaccinate against infections of mucosal tissues have been less successful than vaccination against systematic infections, to a large extent reflecting a still incomplete knowledge about the most efficient means for inducing protective local immune responses at these sites. Secretory IgA (SIgA) is the predominating immunoglobulin along mucosal surfaces, and SIgA antibodies generated in gastrointestinal, respiratory or genito-urinary mucosal tissues can confer protection against infections affecting or originating in these sites. An efficacious intestinal SIgA immunity-inducing oral vaccine against cholera has been developed recently, and development of oral vaccines against other enteric infections such as those caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Shigella and rotaviruses is in progress as well. Based on the concept of a common mucosal immune system through which activated lymphocytes from the gut can disseminate immunity to other mucosal and glandular tissues, there is currently also much interest in the possibility of developing oral vaccines against infections in the respiratory and urogenital tracts. However, the large and repeated antigen doses often required to achieve a protective immune response still makes this vaccination approach impractical for many purified antigens. There is, therefore, a great need to develop strategies for enhancing delivery of antigen to the mucosal immune system as well as to identify mucosa-active immunostimulating agents (adjuvants). These and other aspects of mucosal immunity in relation to immunization and vaccine development are discussed in this short review article.
Field Performance of Sweet Corn Seed Bio-primed and Coated with Pseudomonas fluorescens AB254 (1991)

In field experiments, bio-priming and coating with Pseudomonas fluorescens AB254 consistently protected sweet corn (Zea mays L.) seeds from preemergence damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum Trow. The bio-priming seed treatment was evaluated under various disease pressures and with seeds of three sweet corn genotypes: shrunken-2 supersweet (sh-2), sugary enhancer (se), and sugary (su). While no damping-off occurred in the su sweet corn, bio-priming protected sh-2 and se sweet corn seeds at a level equivalent to that obtained by treatment with the fungicide metalaxyl. Biopriming increased seedling height of all three sweet corn genotypes at 4 weeks post-planting. Coating of sweet corn seeds with P. fluorescens AB254 provided an equivalent degree of protection from damping-off under all but the most severe conditions.
A Big Data Analysis Framework Using Apache Spark and Deep Learning (2017)

With the spreading prevalence of Big Data, many advances have recently been made in this field. Frameworks such as Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark have gained a lot of traction over the past decades and have become massively popular, especially in industries. It is becoming increasingly evident that effective big data analysis is key to solving artificial intelligence problems. Thus, a multi-algorithm library was implemented in the Spark framework, called MLlib. While this library supports multiple machine learning algorithms, there is still scope to use the Spark setup efficiently for highly time-intensive and computationally expensive procedures like deep learning. In this paper, we propose a novel framework that combines the distributive computational abilities of Apache Spark and the advanced machine learning architecture of a deep multi-layer perceptron (MLP), using the popular concept of Cascade Learning. We conduct empirical analysis of our framework on two real world datasets. The results are encouraging and corroborate our proposed framework, in turn proving that it is an improvement over traditional big data analysis methods that use either Spark or Deep learning as individual elements.
Isolation and identification of granule-associated proteins relevant for poly(3-hydroxyalkanoic acid) biosynthesis in Chromatium vinosum D (1992)

Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) granules, which harbored only four major granule-associated proteins as revealed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, were isolated from crude cellular extracts of Chromatium vinosum D by centrifugation in a linear sucrose gradient. N-Terminal amino acid sequence determination identified two proteins of M(r) 41,000 and M(r) 40,000 as the phaECv and phaCCv translational products, respectively, of C. vinosum D. In a previous study it was shown that both proteins are required for the expression of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoic acid) synthase activity. The N-terminus of the third protein (M(r) 17,000) exhibited no homology to other proteins. Lysozyme, which was added during purification of the granules, exhibited a strong affinity to PHB granules and was identified as the fourth protein enriched with the granules.
Electromygraphy (EMG) signal based hand gesture recognition using artificial neural network (ANN) (2011)

Electromyography (EMG) signal is a measure of muscles' electrical activity and usually represented as a function of time, defined in terms of amplitude, frequency and phase. This biosignal can be employed in various applications including diagnoses of neuromuscular diseases, controlling assistive devices like prosthetic/orthotic devices, controlling machines, robots, computer etc. EMG signal based reliable and efficient hand gesture identification can help to develop good human computer interface which in turn will increase the quality of life of the disabled or aged people. The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of detecting different predefined hand gestures (left, right, up and down) using artificial neural network (ANN). ANNs are particularly useful for complex pattern recognition and classification tasks. The capability of learning from examples, the ability to reproduce arbitrary non-linear functions of input, and the highly parallel and regular structure of ANNs make them especially suitable for pattern recognition tasks. The EMG pattern signatures are extracted from the signals for each movement and then ANN utilized to classify the EMG signals based on features. A back-propagation (BP) network with Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm has been used for the detection of gesture. The conventional and most effective time and time-frequency based features (namely MAV, RMS, VAR, SD, ZC, SSC and WL) have been chosen to train the neural network.
Methanotrophic bacteria for nutrient removal from wastewater: attached film system (1992)

ABSTRACT: It was hypothesized that nutrient removal from wastewater could be achieved by using methane oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs). Because methane is inexpensive, it can be used as an energy source to encourage bacterial growth to assimilate nitrogen and phosphorus and other trace elements. This initial feasibility study used synthetic nutrient mixtures and secondary sewage effluent as feed to a laboratory‐scale methanotrophic attached‐film expanded bed (MAFEB) reactor operated at 35°C and 20°C. The MAFEB system operated successfully at low nutrient concentrations under a variety of nutrientlimited conditions. Using a synthetic nutrient mixture with a nitrogemphosphorus feed ratio( w / w ) of 9:1, phosphate concentrations were reduced from 1.3 mg P/L to below 0.1 mg P/L, and ammonia was reduced from 12 mg N/L to approximately 1 mg N/L on a continuous flow basis, with a bed hydraulic retention time of 4.8 hours. The average nutrient uptake rates from synthetic nutrient mixtures were 100 mg nitrogen and 10 mg phosphorus/L of expanded bed/d. Nutrient assimilation rates increased with increasing growth rate and with increasing temperature. Nitrogen/ phosphorus uptake ratios varied from 8 to 13, and the observed yield varied from 0.11 to 0.16 g volatile solids (VS)/ g chemical oxygen demand (COD). Nutrient removal from secondary sewage effluent was successfully demonstrated using sewage effluent from two local treatment plants. Nutrient concentrations of 10‐15 mg N/L and 1.0‐1.8 mg P/L were reduced consistently below 1 mg N/L and 0.1 mg P/L. No supplemental nutrients were added to the sewage to attain these removal efficiencies since the nutrient mass ratios were similar to that required by the methanotrophs. Removal rates were lower at 20°C than at 35°C, but high removal efficiencies were maintained at both temperatures. Effluent suspended solids concentrations ranged from 8 to 30 mg volatile suspended solids (VSS)/L, and the effluent soluble COD concentration averaged 30 mg/L.
PP.29.25 (2015)

Objective: The aims of this study are to determine: 1. The prevalence of hypertension within the UK Armed Forces. 2. Ways in which the management of hypertension in the UK Armed Forces could be improved. At least 25% of the total UK adult population are hypertensive. Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, ischaemic heart disease, chronic renal failure, dementia and early death. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) provides guidance on the management of hypertension in the UK population. Successful management of hypertension may be constrained by many factors, including poor patient compliance with antihypertensive medication. Self-management of hypertension may be more effective than traditional clinic-based management. Only minimal data is currently held on the prevalence and management of hypertension in the UK Armed Forces population (n = 163,670 on 1 July 2014). Design and method: A two phase, quantitative study utilising a UK Armed Forces population level database search for hypertension prevalence data, followed by a detailed search of individual health records. Phase 1. A comparison of the prevalence of hypertension amongst the UK Armed Forces (derived from COGNOS, a Ministry Of Defence software search engine that captures Read codes) with the published prevalence of hypertension in the age/sex-matched background UK population. Phase 2. A review of individual patient health records to determine whether their hypertension management followed recommended guidelines and the recorded prevalence of self-monitoring. Results: Data collection ongoing. Results available by 1 April 15. Conclusions: This study will determine, for the first time: 1. The prevalence of hypertension amongst the UK Armed Forces population compared to the age/sex-matched background UK population. 2. How the management of hypertensive UK Armed Forces patients compares with national UK guidelines. 3. The potential utility of self-monitoring and self-management of hypertension in the UK Armed Forces.
A Comparison of the Radiosensitivity of Lymphocytes from Normal Donors, Cancer Patients, Individuals with Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) and A-T Heterozygotes (1995)

The aim was to determine whether peripheral blood lymphocytes can be used retrospectively to detect hypersensitivity to radiation in breast cancer patients who had exhibited severe reactions to radiotherapy. Blood samples were obtained from patients who developed both acute and late complications. For comparison, samples were also taken from a group of normal individuals, ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) patients, A-T gene carriers and breast cancer patients previously treated with radiotherapy who failed to develop treatment-related complications. Radiosensitivity was assessed using a limiting dilution clonogenic assay following both high (HDR) and low (LDR) dose-rate irradiation. Following HDR irradiation, only lymphocytes from individuals with A-T were significantly more radiosensitive than those from normal donors. In contrast, at LDR, lymphocytes from A-T heterozygotes and breast cancer over reactors were also, on average, more sensitive than those from normal donors. Lymphocytes from breast cancer patients treated with radiotherapy without developing complications showed no significant differences in radiosensitivity compared with normals. This work has shown that peripheral blood lymphocytes from cancer patients who suffered severe reaction to radiotherapy are, on average, more radiosensitive than those from normal donors, and suggests that lymphocytes may be useful in the future for the development of rapid predictive assays for normal tissue tolerance to radiotherapy.
Common-mode voltage characteristics of matrix converter-driven AC machines (2005)

This paper investigates the common-mode voltage characteristics induced by PWM switching of the Matrix Converter (M/spl times/C). Since the three-phase matrix converter has 27 output voltage vectors available, different common-mode voltage patterns exist even with the same line-to-line output voltages. High common-mode dv/dt contributes high leakage currents to the ground through the parasitic capacitances. Since output voltage vectors can be grouped according to the magnitude of common-mode voltage, PWM patterns should be designed to select the low common-mode voltage vector groups satisfying the requirement of output voltages and input currents. In this paper, practical PWM patterns of M/spl times/C are illustrated and their common-mode voltage characteristics are presented. A new PWM method is proposed and discussed considering both low common-mode voltage and low dv/dt in the PWM pattern. The results are also compared with the data obtained by the Voltage Source Inverter (VSI).
Apparent Triclabendazole-Resistant Human<i>Fasciola hepatica</i>Infection, the Netherlands (2012)

TO THE EDITOR: In December 2007, a 71-year-old sheep farmer sought care with a 4-month history of intermittent right upper quadrant pain, night sweats, anorexia, and a 5-kg weight loss. His medical history was unremarkable, and he had not traveled outside the Netherlands for ≈30 years. Physical examination revealed no abnormalities