gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
NLES: A Novel Lifetime Extension Scheme for Safety-Critical Cyber-Physical Systems Using SDN and NFV (2018)

The cyber-physical system (CPS) is a promising technique that enables a safety-critical industry ecosystem. In general, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and the Internet of Things are the sensing and communication infrastructures for CPS. Currently, software-defined networking (SDN) have been used as the new networking architecture for typical WSNs and CPS. However, there are two unresolved problems for a software-defined CPS. First, a feasible systemic architecture is a must for software-defined CPS, which should provide a global virtualization management and closed-loop control between the cyber side and the physical side in a CPS. Second, the lifetime of a software-defined CPS scenario needs to be extended for critical applications. To address the above challenges, this paper proposes a systematic virtual networking architecture to perform the global virtualization control and monitoring of a CPS, in which network functions virtualization (NFV) configuration and orchestration can be realized. Moreover, based on the proposed architecture, a novel lifetime extension scheme (NLES), is proposed for a software-defined CPS. To orchestrate the resource dynamically and efficiently, the instant programmability of an SDN and instant deployment capability of NFV are utilized to control the topology of node modes of a CPS. Then, a game theoretic topology decision approach is proposed to control the topology of the clustering and virtual network function deployment of sensors at run-time in a CPS. The experimental results show that NLES has longer lifetime compared to those of the traditional schemes.
Structure and function of Fc receptors on macrophages and lymphocytes (1988)

Cell surface receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin confer on most cells of the immune system the ability to communicate with the humoral antibody response. These Fc receptors are known to be particularly important for the function of various effector cells, such as macrophages, since they are involved in mediating a variety of activities including endocytosis, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and triggering the release of potent inflammatory agents. Over the past few years, a considerable amount has been learned about the structure and functions of the Fc receptors expressed by murine and human cells, due to the availability of specific anti-receptor antibodies and the isolation of Fc receptor cDNA clones. In general, these receptors are transmembrane proteins whose extracellular domains contain two immunoglobulin-like regions and are thus members of the immunoglobulin gene family. Their domain structure consists of a glycosylated extracellular domain, a single membrane-spanning segment, and a relatively long cytoplasmic domain. The cytoplasmic tails exhibit a surprising degree of variation in length and amino acid sequence. This review summarizes some recent information concerning the structure and expression of the Fc receptors found on murine and human macrophages and lymphocytes. Particular attention is paid to the functional activities of these receptors, and the possible relationship between receptor function and receptor structure.
The effects of multiplication and synchronicity on the vascular distribution of parasites in falciparum malaria (1992)

The sequestration of erythrocytes containing mature forms of Plasmodium falciparum in the microvasculature of vital organs may cause large discrepancies between the peripheral blood parasite count and the total body parasite burden in falciparum malaria. Despite this, parasitaemia is widely used as an indicator of prognosis and response to treatment. A simple mathematical model describing the changes in circulating and sequestered parasite numbers during acute falciparum malaria is presented. The model uses two parameters only; the standard deviation (SD) of parasite age since merogony (schizogony) as as a measure of synchronicity, and a multiplication factor each 48 h asexual life cycle. The model predicts that during the rising phase of the infection the ratio of circulating to sequestered parasites is dependent largely on the synchronicity of infection rather than multiplication rate, and that in synchronous infections parasitaemias will show considerable fluctuation when the mean stage of parasite development is in the second half of the asexual life cycle. The model fitted well to serial parasite counts from 4 patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria whose infections failed to respond to ciprofloxacin. All four infections were synchronous (SD < or = 4 h), and showed large fluctuations in parasitaemia over short periods related to synchronous sequestration and subsequent reinvasion following merogony. The parasite multiplication rate was determined mainly by the efficiency of merogony or merozoite invasion rather than clearance of circulating parasitized erythrocytes. This suggests that the spleen is relatively inactive during the rising phase of the infection. Quinine treatment did not prevent sequestration but did stop subsequent multiplication.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Discovery of autism/intellectual disability somatic mutations in Alzheimer's brains: mutated ADNP cytoskeletal impairments and repair as a case study (2019)

With Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibiting reduced ability of neural stem cell renewal, we hypothesized that de novo mutations controlling embryonic development, in the form of brain somatic mutations instigate the disease. A leading gene presenting heterozygous dominant de novo autism-intellectual disabilities (ID) causing mutations is activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), with intact ADNP protecting against AD-tauopathy. We discovered a genomic autism ADNP mutation (c.2188C>T) in postmortem AD olfactory bulbs and hippocampi. RNA-Seq of olfactory bulbs also identified a novel ADNP hotspot mutation, c.2187_2188insA. Altogether, 665 mutations in 596 genes with 441 mutations in AD patients (389 genes, 38% AD-exclusive mutations) and 104 genes presenting disease-causing mutations (OMIM) were discovered. OMIM AD mutated genes converged on cytoskeletal mechanisms, autism and ID causing mutations (about 40% each). The number and average frequencies of AD-related mutations per subject were higher in AD subjects compared to controls. RNA-seq datamining (hippocampus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, fusiform gyrus and superior frontal gyrus-583 subjects) yielded similar results. Overlapping all tested brain areas identified unique and shared mutations, with ADNP singled out as a gene associated with autism/ID/AD and presenting several unique aging/AD mutations. The large fusiform gyrus library (117 subjects) with high sequencing coverage correlated the c.2187_2188insA ADNP mutation frequency to Braak stage (tauopathy) and showed more ADNP mutations in AD specimens. In cell cultures, the ADNP-derived snippet NAP inhibited mutated-ADNP-microtubule (MT) toxicity and enhanced Tau-MT association. We propose a paradigm-shifting concept in the perception of AD whereby accumulating mosaic somatic mutations promote brain pathology.
Semantic Lexicon Induction from Twitter with Pattern Relatedness and Flexible Term Length (2015)

With the rise of social media, learning from informal text has become increasingly important. We present a novel semantic lexicon induction approach that is able to learn new vocabulary from social media. Our method is robust to the idiosyncrasies of informal and open-domain text corpora. Unlike previous work, it does not impose restrictions on the lexical features of candidate terms — e.g. by restricting entries to nouns or noun phrases —while still being able to accurately learn multiword phrases of variable length. Starting with a few seed terms for a semantic category, our method first explores the context around seed terms in a corpus, and identifies context patterns that are relevant to the category. These patterns are used to extract candidate terms — i.e. multiword segments that are further analyzed to ensure meaningful term boundary segmentation. We show that our approach is able to learn high quality semantic lexicons from informally written social media text of Twitter, and can achieve accuracy as high as 92% in the top 100 learned category members.
Measurement of Parallelism of the Surfaces of a Transparent Sample Using Two-Beam Nonlocalized Fringes Produced by a Laser (1971)

A detailed analysis of an interference technique for measuring the parallelism of the two surfaces of a transparent sample is presented. The technique utilizes the displacement of the center of a set of two-beam, high-visibility, nonlocalized circular fringes, which are produced when divergent laser light is incident on the sample, to give a direct measure of the wedge angle between the two surfaces of the sample. A simple equation is given relating the displacement of the center of the circular fringe system to the wedge angle. The technique is simple and lends itself to use under shop conditions.
Anatomical, Physiological, Molecular and Circuit Properties of Nest Basket Cells in the Developing Somatosensory Cortex (2002)

Anatomical, electrophysiological and molecular diversity of basket cell-like interneurons in layers II-IV of rat somatosensory cortex were studied using patch-clamp electrodes filled with biocytin. This multiparametric study shows that neocortical basket cells (BCs) are composed of three distinct subclasses: classical large (LBC) and small (SBC) basket cells and a third subclass, the nest basket cell (NBC). Anatomically, NBCs were distinct from LBCs and SBCs in that they formed simpler dendritic arbors and an axonal plexus of inter-mediate density, composed of a few long, smooth axonal branches. Electrophysiologically, NBCs exhibited diverse discharge responses to depolarizing current injections including accommodation, non-accommodation and stuttering. Single-cell multiplex RT-PCR revealed distinct mRNA expression patterns for the calcium binding proteins parvalbumin (PV), calbindin (CB) and calretinin (CR), and the neuropeptides somatostatin (SOM), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), cholecystokinin (CCK) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) for each BC-subclass. SBCs lacked NPY expression but invariably expressed VIP, whereas neither VIP, CR nor SOM expression was detected in LBCs, and VIP and CR expression was absent in NBCs. Electro-physiologically distinct types of NBCs formed GABAergic synapses with specific dynamics onto pyramidal cells (PCs) and received either strongly facilitating or depressing synaptic inputs from PCs. Finally, NBCs were found to be the most common basket cell in layers II/III, while LBCs were the most common in layer IV. These data provide multiparametric distinguishing features of three major subclasses of basket cells and indicate that NBCs are powerful interneurons that provide most of the (peri-)somatic inhibition in the supragranular layers.
Experimental studies on arsenic absorption routes in rats (1977)

Pentavalent inorganic arsenic was introduced by intravenous, intratracheal, gastrointestinal, and skin application in doses 0.1 to 4.0 mg/kg in rats. Isotopic technics were applied by use of As(74). It was found that the dynamics of arsenic distribution in the body as well as the kinetics of its elimination in urine and feces varies very substantially, depending on the mode of administration. Intravenous administration of As causes immediate appearance of arsenic in most tissues and a slow decrease of its concentrations in time. Similar situations could be observed with intratracheal dosing, because arsenic is very rapidly absorbed from the site of administration. Concentration in tissues increases more slowly after gastrointestinal resorption. Skin application causes first the accumulation of arsenic in the skin and next continuous, slow transport from the skin into the blood stream. The rate of skin resorption was 1.14-33.1 mug/cm(2)-hr for 0.01-0.2M concentrations. The red blood cell level of arsenic is very substantial and does not change with time, which indicates the accumulation of arsenic in this tissue. The elimination of arsenic occurred chiefly in urine and feces, but the urine/feces ratio changed very substantially, depending on the route of administration. The kinetics of arsenic elimination in urine was multiphasic, being three-phase in case of intravenous and intratracheal administration and two-phase after gavage and skin resorption. After intravenous administration of As, the half-times of elimination were 2.5, 10, and 690 hr, respectively. Administration of selenium salts during the slow phase increased the rate of arsenic elimination. The straight-line relations found between the absorbed dose of arsenic and its blood or urine concentrations could serve as baselines for exposure tests for humans.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF TIN(IV) CHLORIDE WITH SILYL COMPOUNDS PART 1, REACTIONS WITH INORGANIC SILYL COMPOUNDS (1975)

Abstract Die Reaktionen zwischen SnCl 4 und (SiH3)nX (n = l, X = H, F, Cl, Br, SiH 3 , Mn(CO) 5 , Co(CO) 4 ; n = 2, X = O, S; n = 3, X = N, P) sowie mit (CH 3 ) 2 SiH) 2 O werden untersucht.
Functionalized Europium Oxide Nanoparticles Used as a Fluorescent Label in an Immunoassay for Atrazine (2003)

A method for simply and cheaply preparing inorganic phosphor nanoparticles of Eu2O3 as labels in biology has been demonstrated with a simple microwave-assisted surface chemistry. The capping process adds a silane layer to the surface of the particles and provides amine groups that can be used for biological conjugation. The surface layer also protects the particles during conjugation chemistry. The particles retain their desirable optical properties that are typical of europium, that is, a spectrally narrow, red emission and a long fluorescence lifetime. The application of the nanoparticle labels in an immunoassay yields very good sensitivity in an immunoassay for atrazine (sub-parts-per-billion detection limit) without optimization of the detection system. The microwave functionalization technique will permit a broad range of inorganic nanophase phosphors to be used in high-throughput assays for environmental monitoring.
Dietary Fat and Heart Failure: Moving From Lipotoxicity to Lipoprotection (2012)

There is growing evidence suggesting that dietary fat intake affects the development and progression of heart failure. Studies in rodents show that in the absence of obesity, replacing refined carbohydrate with fat can attenuate or prevent ventricular expansion and contractile dysfunction in response to hypertension, infarction, or genetic cardiomyopathy. Relatively low intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from marine sources alters cardiac membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition, decreases the onset of new heart failure, and slows the progression of established heart failure. This effect is associated with decreased inflammation and improved resistance to mitochondrial permeability transition. High intake of saturated, monounsaturated, or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids has also shown beneficial effects in rodent studies. The underlying mechanisms are complex, and a more thorough understanding is needed of the effects on cardiac phospholipids, lipid metabolites, and metabolic flux in the normal and failing heart. In summary, manipulation of dietary fat intake shows promise in the prevention and treatment of heart failure. Clinical studies generally support high intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from marine sources to prevent and treat heart failure. Additional clinical and animals studies are needed to determine the optimal diet in terms of saturated, monounsaturated, and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake for this vulnerable patient population.
Toward an understanding of the genetics of murine cardiac pacemaking and conduction system development (2004)

We distinguish the cardiac pacemaking and conduction system (CPCS) from neighboring working cardiomyocytes by its function to generate and deliver electrical impulses within the heart. Yet the CPCS is a series of integrated but distinct components. The components must act in a coordinated fashion, but they are also functionally, molecularly, and electrophysiologically unique. Understanding the differentiation and function of this elegant and complex system is an exciting challenge. Knowledge of genes and signaling pathways that direct CPCS development is at present minimal, but the use of transgenic mice represents an enormous opportunity for elucidating the unknown. Transgenic marker lines have enabled us to image and manipulate the CPCS in new ways. These tools are now being used to examine the CPCS in mutants where its formation and function is altered, generating new information and directions for study of the genetics of CPCS development.
A new computer-aided method of distortion sensitivity-analysis and its elimination scheme for power electronic circuits (1986)

A new general computer-aided algorithm for computing parameter sensitivities of distortion in power electronic circuits and its elimination scheme are proposed. The adjoint network approach is employed for calculating parameter sensitivities of the distortion factor and the ripple factor of current and voltage waveforms. An optimal filter design-algorithm to reduce undesirable harmonics is also proposed. Their performance is shown to be superior through demonstrated numerical examples.
Interpretation of glass transition phenomena in the light of the strength–fragility concept (1998)

The use of a phenomenological model to describe relaxation in the glassy state is reviewed, and it is shown that many important glass transition phenomena may be interpreted in this way. The key parameters of the model (the non-linearity parameter x, the non-exponentiality parameter β, and the apparent activation energy Δh*) are discussed in terms of their influence on these phenomena and, more particularly, on the relationship between relaxation in the non-equilibrium glassy state and the strength/fragility of the corresponding equilibrium melt behaviour. Good correlations between these parameters are shown, on the basis of which one can associate fragile behaviour with a high degree of non-linearity, a wide distribution of relaxation times and a large apparent activation energy. However, strong behaviour, which may be associated with a relatively linear response, a narrow distribution and a smaller apparent activation energy, can be characterized by continuity between melt and glass as the transition region is traversed on cooling. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry
Direct Observation and Control of Supported Lipid Bilayer Formation with Interferometric Scattering Microscopy (2013)

Supported lipid bilayers (SLB) are frequently used to study processes associated with or mediated by lipid membranes. The mechanism by which SLBs form is a matter of debate, largely due to the experimental difficulty associated with observing the adsorption and rupture of individual vesicles. Here, we used interferometric scattering microscopy (iSCAT) to directly visualize membrane formation from nanoscopic vesicles in real time. We observed a number of previously proposed phenomena such as vesicle adsorption, rupture, movement, and a wave-like bilayer spreading. By varying the vesicle size and the lipid-surface interaction strength, we rationalized and tuned the relative contributions of these phenomena to bilayer formation. Our results support a model where the interplay between bilayer edge tension and the overall interaction energy with the surface determine the mechanism of SLB formation. The unique combination of sensitivity, speed, and label-free imaging capability of iSCAT provides exciting prospects not only for investigations of SLB formation, but also for studies of assembly and disassembly processes on the nanoscale with previously unattainable accuracy and sensitivity.
Heart Failure: A Class Review of Pharmacotherapy. (2017)

A recent guideline update for the treatment of heart failure has created the need for a new look at the medication classes and trials related to the disease. The authors focus on pharmacological options available for treating the problem.
The Behavior of Glass Bottles Under Impact (1952)

The techniques of experimental stress analysis, i.e., bonded wire strain gauges and brittle coatings, were used to study the impact behavior of glass bottles. The magnitude and distribution of impact stresses on both the inside and outside surfaces were determined, and typical impact breakage is discussed in terms of these stresses. Fracture diagnosis on bottles broken by impact correlates well with the observed stress patterns, and these patterns in turn provide a good basis for a detailed study of impact fractures. Duration of impact and dynamic behavior of the bottles were studied with strain gauges and a cathoderay oscilloscope. A typical impact takes the form of a single pulse of about 0.001‐second duration and involves peak impact forces of the order of 1000 lb.
Emission probability of hot electrons from silicon into silicon dioxide (1977)

An experimental method is described for directly measuring the probability of electron emission from the silicon substrate into the SiO2 layer after the electron has fallen through a certain potential drop in traversing the depletion layer and reached the Si-SiO2 interface. The method is based on optically induced hot-electron injection in polysilicon-SiO2-silicon field-effect-transistor structures of reentrant geometry. The emission probability was studied as a function of substrate doping profile, substrate voltage, gate voltage, and lattice temperature. It was found that the hot electrons could be emitted by tunneling as well as by surmounting the Schottky-lowered barrier. Over-the-barrier emission dominates at large substrate voltages, where the emission probability is high, and tunnel emission becomes appreciable and may even dominate at small substrate voltages where the emission probability is low. A simple model was developed based on the assumption that only those hot electrons lucky enough to escape collision with optical phonons were emitted. Using this model, we found that the expression P=A exp(−d/λ) described very well the dependence of the emission probability on doping profile, substrate voltage, and gate voltage. Here A=2.9 is a constant, λ is the optical-phonon-electron collision mean free path, d is the distance from the Si-SiO2 interface where the potential energy is equal to the ’’corrected’’ barrier of (3.1 eV−βEOX1/2 −αEOX2/3ox), βEOX1/2 is the Schottky lowering of the barrier, and αEOX2/3 is a ’’barrier-lowering’’ term introduced to account for the probability of tunneling. The temperature dependence of the collision mean free path was found to follow the theoretical relationship λ=λo tanh(ER/2kbT), with λo=108 Å and ER=0.63 eV. This model is useful for evaluating potential hot-electron-related instability problems in IGFET and similar structures.
Randomized phase II trial of two different schedules of docetaxel plus cisplatin as first‐line therapy in advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (2007)

The weekly schedule of docetaxel plus cisplatin combination as first-line chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC, while feasible, has no clear advantage over the standard 3-weekly regimen.
A mobile gaming platform for the IMS (2004)

Mobile devices offer the opportunity to play games nearly everywhere. Moreover, networked games allow individual players to interact with other people and to participate in a larger gaming world, which also provides for new business opportunities. Hence, we currently see an increased interest from game developers, providers and players in mobile games. In this paper we propose a novel architecture and platform for games on the IMS. This allows games to utilize the features and capabilities that are inherent to the IMS. At the same time existing games can be flexibly adapted to this new type of network and have the possibility to reserve network resources for game data transmission, thus improving the experience of players.