gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Production of Corticotropin‐releasing Hormone‐deficient Mice by Targeted Mutation in Embryonic Stem Cells (1996)

The generation of transgenic mice by introduction of intact or altered genes into the pronuclei of fertilized oocytes has proven a powerful tool in elucidating the consequences of ectopic or tissue‐appropriate overproduction of a given gene product; in defining DNA elements responsible for gene‐specific patterns of temporal, spatial, and regulated transcription; and in targeted oncogenesis for the development of cell culture lines for detailed in vitro study. This technology, however, has had limited success in addressing the role and essential function of specific peptides in the intact organism, except in the circumstance in which dominant negative alleles, capable of abrogating function of the normal allele, are available. 1,2 With the establishment of embryonic stem (ES) cell culture systems amenable to in vitro manipulation for introduction of mutated genes, methods for selection of relatively rare homologous recombination events, and most importantly, the sustained capacity of these ES cells to contribute to the germline of chimeric mice, a method of addressing the consequences of loss of gene function has emerged. 3,5 Targeted gene inactivation in ES cells with subsequent generation of deficient mice yields inheritable, complete loss of function at all stages of development and in all tissues. This is an advantage when assessing ontogenic importance, ability of interacting systems to compensate for loss of function, and the effects of chronic deficiency. These factors can also impair whole‐organism analysis of function, inasmuch as chronic deficiency may allow up‐regulation of compensatory systems, masking the in vivo function of the mutation, and global deficiency may make characterization at a specific site of synthesis difficult to determine. Most severely, loss of expression at all stages of development may lead to organism inviability.
Design and Construction of Prestressed Timber Buildings for Seismic Areas (2008)

This paper describes the structural design of low-rise multi-storey timber buildings using a new and exciting structural system. This system, originally developed for use with pre-cast concrete, combines un-bonded post-tensioning and additional energy dissipaters, providing a recentering capability after the earthquake, while great reducing the structural damage. This new structural system can be used in multi-storey buildings, with large structural timber members made from laminated veneer lumber (LVL) or glulam timber, with lateral loads resisted by prestressed timber frames or walls, separately or in combination. A case study of a six storey timber office building in a moderate seismic area is analysed and a virtual design development of many construction and connnection details for rapid construction. Total building cost is compared to equivalent steel and reinforced concrete options.
Fabrication of Si/SiOx Anode Materials by a Solution Reaction-Based Method for Lithium Ion Batteries (2016)

Si/SiOx composite anodes were prepared using a facile solution reaction-based method. Their initial capacity was significantly improved to 1.3 times that of SiOx by incorporating 3 wt% silicon nanoparticles into the SiOx. The capacity retention of the Si/SiOx anodes after 50 charge-discharge cycles was significantly enhanced, to 99%, compared with 8% retention for the pristine silicon anode. These improved results were achieved by combining the advantages of silicon, for high capacity, with SiOx, for cyclic stability. Our current results suggest that this simple solution reaction-based approach is a promising method for fabricating low cost Si/SiOx composite anode materials for lithium ion batteries, which exhibit high electrochemical performance, of more than 1000 mAh/g capacity, and cyclic stability.
Effect of low‐dose dexmedetomidine or clonidine on the characteristics of bupivacaine spinal block (2006)

Dexmedetomidine (3 microg) or clonidine (30 microg), when added to intrathecal bupivacaine, produces a similar prolongation in the duration of the motor and sensory block with preserved hemodynamic stability and lack of sedation.
Widespread Distribution of Lysozyme g in Egg White of Birds (1974)

The g type of lysozyme, originally found in goose egg white, has now been detected immunologically in the egg white of species representing nine different orders of birds. By contrast, the type of lysozyme found in chicken egg white, lysozyme c, whose sequence and structure are so well known, has thus far been demonstrated to be present in egg white of only two orders of birds.
Aliphatic disulfides. XIV. Preparation of disulfide sulfoxides by selective oxidation (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAliphatic disulfides. XIV. Preparation of disulfide sulfoxides by selective oxidationRichard G. Hiskey and Michael A. HarpoldCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1967, 32, 10, 3191–3194Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01285a056https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01285a056research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views244Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
How the [NiFe<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>] Cluster of CO Dehydrogenase Activates CO<sub>2</sub> and NCO<sup>−</sup> (2015)

Ni,Fe-containing CO dehydrogenases (CODHs) use a [NiFe4S4] cluster, termed cluster C, to reversibly reduce CO2 to CO with high turnover number. Binding to Ni and Fe activates CO2, but current crystal structures have insufficient resolution to analyze the geometry of bound CO2 and reveal the extent and nature of its activation. The crystal structures of CODH in complex with CO2 and the isoelectronic inhibitor NCO(-) are reported at true atomic resolution (dmin ≤1.1 Å). Like CO2, NCO(-) is a μ2,η(2) ligand of the cluster and acts as a mechanism-based inhibitor. While bound CO2 has the geometry of a carboxylate group, NCO(-) is transformed into a carbamoyl group, thus indicating that both molecules undergo a formal two-electron reduction after binding and are stabilized by substantial π backbonding. The structures reveal the combination of stable μ2,η(2) coordination by Ni and Fe2 with reductive activation as the basis for both the turnover of CO2 and inhibition by NCO(-).
Radial shearing interferometer (1961)

A new type of wave front shearing interferometer is described in which two images of the wave front under test which are of different sizes are made to interfere. When the centres of the two images coincide, this results effectively in shear along the radial direction. It is shown that the interpretation of the resulting interferogram is comparatively easy. In addition, the instrument is extremely convenient to handle, since all the adjustments can be made with a white light source.
A 128K word × 8b DRAM (1984)

THE DESIGN OF A 128K word x 8b MOS DRAM, which has a 120ns access time and 290mW power dissipation, will be described. In realizing the chip 1μm NMOS technology, with double level aluminum constriction, has been utilized. The chip is non-address-multiplexed and accommodated in a 30-pin package; Figure 1. The RAM has operated on all memory cell.
Feedback synchronization: a relaxation of tracking (2000)

Tracking is concerned with driving the response of a system to follow a desired time trajectory. Many applications, however, are interested in following a desired trajectory that is indexed by some other index variable instead of time, such as thickness or length along a specified curve. When the time evolution of this index variable is fixed, then such a performance objective is equivalent to tracking. Frequently, however, one can affect the evolution of this index variable, adjusting process parameters such as machine speed, growth rate, etc. This extra degree of freedom introduces a new performance objective of synchronizing the system response with the time evolution of this index variable. Exploiting this degree of freedom in the feedback design can have a significant impact on tracking performance while explicitly trading off notions of product quality and throughput. This paper uses the feedback control of epitaxy, a critical process for the manufacture of compound semiconductor devices, to demonstrate feedback synchronization as a new approach to these inherently nonlinear problems.
Recovering three-dimensional shape from a single image of curved objects (1989)

An algorithm to recover three-dimensional shape, i.e., surface orientation and relative depth from a single segmented image is presented. It is assumed that the scene is composed of opaque regular solid objects bounded by piecewise smooth surfaces with no markings or textures. It is also assumed that the reflectance map R(n) is known. For the canonical case of Lambertian surfaces illuminated by a point light source, this implies knowing the light-source direction. A variational formulation of line drawing and shading constraints in a common framework is developed. The global constraints are partitioned into constraint sets corresponding to the faces, edges and vertices in the scene. For a face, the constraints are given by Horn's image irradiance equation. A variational formulation of the constraints at an edge both from the known direction of the image curve corresponding to the edge and shading is developed. At a vertex, the constraints are modeled by a system of nonlinear equations. An algorithm is presented to solve this system of constraints.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
1.1. Terawatt, kilohertz femtosecond laser (2003)

Summary form only given. Applications of laser generated ultra-short X ray pulses demand high photon numbers as well as high intensities. The requirement for high intensity on the target makes it necessary to obtain over 1 TW of peak power while keeping over 80% of the light in the diffraction limited spot. While impressive numbers for the peak power can be obtained they are useless if the quality of the whole source is not maintained. Although 10 Hz sources have been used to produce X-rays, the average power is in general low and very few applications of femtosecond X-rays have been demonstrated. We present here a laser system capable of producing over 1 TW pulses at 1 kHz repetition rates while keeping the diffraction limited quality of the pulse.
Two-, three-, and four-interval forced-choice staircase procedures: Estimator bias and efficiency (1990)

Threshold estimates for multiple-interval forced-choice staircase procedures were studied using computer simulations. A sigmoidal psychometric function shape governed the hypothetical subject's responses in the simulations. Parameters varied included the number of trials, the step size for stimulus level change, and decision rules that targeted 70.7% and 79.4% correct performance. Each threshold estimate was calculated by averaging the stimulus levels at which a reversal a stimulus level direction occurred. The results of the simulations suggest that, as the number of alternatives is increased from 2 to 4, the variability of repeated threshold estimates decreases or remains constant, and the accuracy of the estimator, in most cases, improves. A subset of the simulations was compared with data obtained in a detection-in-noise task. The behavioral data were consistent with the simulation results. Two major conclusions were reached. First, 3- and 4-interval forced-choice (IFC) procedures are more efficient than a 2IFC procedure with a decision rule that targets 70.7% correct performance even when the additional time required to complete 3- and 4IFC trials is considered. Second, the accuracy of 2IFC procedures can be improved by fitting the trial history of a staircase run using probit analysis.
Site-directed primary in vitro immunization: production of HIV-1 neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies from lymphocytes obtained from seronegative donors. (1994)

The design of an in vitro immunization system based on a synthetic heterotope immunogen, which was a peptide containing both T- and B-cell epitopes, that elicited a neutralizing, primary human humoral immune response against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is reported here. This heterotope construct contained the major neutralizing B-cell epitope, within the V3 region of glycoprotein 120 (gp120), linked to a promiscuous helper T-cell epitope of tetanus toxin. The peptide was used to induce a human humoral in vitro immune response against the V3 region, using lymphocytes obtained from healthy, sero-negative blood donors. The in vitro immunized peripheral blood lymphocytes were Epstein-Barr virus infected and the antibody response to the synthetic peptide was evaluated using a solid-phase ELISA with the recombinant C-terminal fragment of gp120 (pB1, amino acid residues 287-467, derived from the HIV-1 LAI isolate). The heterotope construct yielded a significantly frequency of specifically immunized B cells, in contrast to the control immunizations with individual T and B epitopes, mixtures of these epitopes or no immunogen at all. This approach allowed us to generate human monoclonal antibodies, using lymphocytes derived from sero-negative donors, that cross-neutralized several HIV-1 strains, inhibited syncytia formation as well as prevented spreading of the viral infection from cell to cell. Thus, site-directed in vitro immunization using synthetic heterotopes might prove valuable in the dissection and induction of a protective humoral immune response.
Electric heating effects in nematic liquid crystals (2006)

Electric heating effects in the nematic liquid crystal change the liquid crystal physical properties and dynamics. We propose a model to quantitatively describe the heating effects caused by dielectric dispersion and ionic conductivity in the nematic liquid crystals upon the application of an ac electric field. The temperature increase of the liquid crystal cell is related to the properties of the liquid crystal such as the imaginary part of the dielectric permittivity, thermal properties of the bounding plates, and the surrounding medium as well as frequency and amplitude of the electric field. To study the temperature dynamics experimentally, we use a small thermocouple inserted directly into the nematic bulk; we assure that the thermocouple does not alter the thermal behavior of the system by comparing the results to those obtained by a noncontact birefringent probing technique recently proposed by Wen and Wu [Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 231104 (2005)]. We determine how the temperature dynamics and the stationary value of the temperature increase depend on the parameters of the materials and the applied field. We used different surrounding media, from extremely good heat conductors such as aluminum cooling device to extremely poor conductor, Styrofoam; these two provide two limiting cases as compared to typical conditions of nematic cell exploitation in a laboratory or in commercial devices. The experiments confirm the theoretical predictions, namely, that the temperature rise is controlled not only by the heat transfer coefficient of the surrounding medium (as in the previous model) but also by the thickness and the thermal conductivity coefficient of the bounding plates enclosing the nematic layer. The temperature increase strongly depends on the director orientation and can change nonmonotonously with the frequency of the applied field.
Crossing Into Uncharted Territory: Developing Thoughtful, Ethical School Administrators (2009)

In this distrustful, unstable, and ethically polarized era, there is a need to prepare school administrators to resolve a myriad of moral dilemmas. As professors of school administration, how can we make sure that our future leaders have the capacity to make thoughtful, ethical decisions? How do we prepare these leaders to develop, foster and lead tolerant and democratic schools? What follows is a small action research project aimed at elevating moral and ethical wherewithal among graduate students studying school administration. Ninety-Six percent of the students indicated that learning through dialogue or Socratic questioning, deepened their understanding of the topic. Most importantly, one-third of the students indicated that the dialogue caused them to uncover errors and incorrect assumptions in their own thinking and change them as a result. What comes to your mind when you hear the name Bernard Madoff, the investment
辩证法还是“系统论”——评《马克思主义的社会发展辩证法还是“社会系统理论”?》 (1981)

这种二者必择其一的提问方法立刻就会引起误解:难道辩证法排除科学理论的系统性吗?因为辩证法本身就是以必然的转化而彼此联结成范畴的系统.另一方面,难道系统论排除辩证法吗?按照本书作者、东德哲学家们的意见,一般说来是不排除的.然而不存在抽象的真理,真理永远是具体的,无论是在一定条件下、还是从对辩证法和系统论的一定认识上看,实
Strong increase of the effective polarization of the tunnel current in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">F</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">l</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Al</mml:mi></mml:math>junctions with decreasing Fe layer thickness (1998)

The voltage dependence of the magnetoresistance ratio in a three-terminal device that consists of an ${\mathrm{F}\mathrm{e}/\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{O}}_{x}$ emitter, an Al/Fe/Au base, and an n-type Si collector, was measured while changing the thickness of an Fe layer in the emitter. The ratio increased with decreasing the Fe thickness and was as large as 100% for a thickness of 0.8 nm. The results were analyzed by a phenomenological model that took into account the spin-polarized tunneling of electrons from the emitter into the base as well as the spin-dependent hot electron transport in the base. The spin polarization of electrons injected from the 0.8-nm Fe was estimated to be about 40% even at the injection voltage of 1 V. It was suggested that the large polarization was caused by the suppression of spin-flip scattering for electrons tunneling from the two-dimensional Fe electrodes.
Contactless Nerve Stimulating Transducer (1972)

Stimulation of nervous tissue by means of an induced electric field produced by a contactless device is described. The unit is unique because it lends itself to surgical implantation.
Soluble graphene through edge-selective functionalization (2010)

Thermally expanded graphite was functionalized with 4-bromophenyl addends using the in situ diazonium formation procedure, and after mild sonication treatment in N,N′-dimethylformamide, thin graphene layers were exfoliated from the bulk graphite. These chemically-assisted exfoliated graphene (CEG) sheets had higher solubility than pristine graphene without any stabilizer additive. More than 70% of these soluble flakes had less than 5 layers. Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) elemental mapping provided evidence of the edge-selective diazonium functionalization with graphene. A majority of the Br signals came from the edges of the CEG indicating that the basal planes were not highly functionalized. The CEG was also characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy.
Distinct Domains Control the Addressing and the Insertion of Bax into Mitochondria (2004)

The translocation of Bax from the cytosol into the mitochondrial outer membrane is a central event during apoptosis. We report that beyond the addressing step, which involves its first alpha-helix (halpha1), the helices alpha5 and alpha6 (halpha5alpha6) are responsible for the insertion of Bax into mitochondrial outer membrane bilayer. The translocation of Bax to mitochondria is associated with specific changes in the conformation of the protein that are under the control of two prolines: Pro-13, which controls the unfolding of halpha1, and Pro-168, a proline located immediately before the hydrophobic carboxyl-terminal end (i.e. helix alpha9, halpha9), which controls the disclosure of halpha5alpha6. An additional step, the disruption of an electrostatic bond formed between Asp-33 (halpha1) and Lys-64 (BH3), allows the mitochondria addressing of Bax. We conclude that, although the intramolecular interactions of halpha1 with the BH3 region control the addressing of Bax to mitochondria, the Pro-168 is involved in the control of its membrane insertion through halpha5alpha6.
Control of Lipid Synthesis during Soybean Seed Development: Enzymic and Immunochemical Assay of Acyl Carrier Protein (1984)

During soybean seed (Glycine max, var Am Soy 71) development, the rate of lipid biosynthesis per seed increases greatly. As the seed reaches maturity, lipid synthesis declines. To study the controls over the oil synthesis and storage process, we have chosen acyl carrier protein (ACP) as a representative marker for the fatty acid synthetase pathway. We have quantitated soybean ACP levels by both enzymic and immunochemical methods. Escherichia coli acyl-ACP synthetase was used as an assay for enzymically active ACP. Total ACP protein was determined by immunoassay using antibodies prepared in rabbits against spinach ACP. These antibody preparations also bind ACP isolated from soybeans, allowing development of a radioimmunoassay based on competition with [(3)H]palmitoyl-ACP. The enzymic and immunochemical measurement of ACP at various stages of seed development have indicated that ACP activity and ACP antigen increase markedly in correlation with the in vivo increase in lipid synthesis. These results indicate that a major control over the increase in lipid synthesis arises through regulation of the levels of the fatty acid biosynthetic proteins. However, as the seed reaches maturity and lipid biosynthesis declines, ACP per seed remains relatively high. In the mature seed, we found that more than 95% of the ACP is localized in the cotyledons, less than 5% is in the axis, and less than 1% is in the seed coat.
A Machine Learning Approach to Predicting Blood Glucose Levels for Diabetes Management (2014)

Patients with diabetes must continually monitor their blood glucose levels and adjust insulin doses, striving to keep blood glucose levels as close to normal as pos-sible. Blood glucose levels that deviate from the normal range can lead to serious short-term and long-term com-plications. An automatic prediction model that warned people of imminent changes in their blood glucose lev-els would enable them to take preventive action. In this paper, we describe a solution that uses a generic phys-iological model of blood glucose dynamics to generate informative features for a Support Vector Regression model that is trained on patient specific data. The new model outperforms diabetes experts at predicting blood glucose levels and could be used to anticipate almost a quarter of hypoglycemic events 30 minutes in advance. Although the corresponding precision is currently just 42%, most false alarms are in near-hypoglycemic re-gions and therefore patients responding to these hypo-glycemia alerts would not be harmed by intervention.