gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metabolic origin of urinary 3-hydroxydicarboxylic acids (1991)

3-Hydroxy dicarboxylic acids with chain lengths ranging from 6 to 14 carbons are excreted in human urine. The urinary excretion of these acids is increased in conditions of increased mobilization of fatty acids or inhibited fatty acid oxidation. Similar urinary profiles of 3-hydroxy dicarboxylic acids were also observed in fasting rats. The metabolic genesis of these urinary 3-hydroxy dicarboxylic acids was investigated in vitro with rat liver postmitochondrial and mitochondrial fractions. 3-Hydroxy monocarboxylic acids ranging from 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid to 3-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid were synthesized. In the rat liver postmitochondrial fraction fortified with NADPH, these 3-hydroxy fatty acids with carbon chains equal to or longer than 10 were oxidized to (omega - 1)- and omega-hydroxy metabolites as well as to the corresponding 3-hydroxy dicarboxylic acids. 3-Hydroxyhexanoic (3OHMC6) and 3-hydroxyoctanoic (3OHMC8) acids were not metabolized. Upon the addition of mitochondria together with ATP, CoA, carnitine, and MgCl2, the 3-hydroxy dicarboxylic acids were converted to 3-hydroxyoctanedioic, trans-2-hexenedioic, suberic, and adipic acids. In the urine of children with elevated 3-hydroxy dicarboxylic acid levels, 3OHMC6, 3OHMC8, 3-hydroxydecanoic, 3,10-dihydroxydecanoic, 3,9-dihydroxydecanoic, and 3,11-dihydroxydodecanoic acids were identified. On the basis of these data, we propose that the urinary 3-hydroxy dicarboxylic acids are derived from the omega-oxidation of 3-hydroxy fatty acids and the subsequent beta-oxidation of longer chain 3-hydroxy dicarboxylic acids. These urinary 3-hydroxy dicarboxylic acids are not derived from the beta-oxidation of unsubstituted dicarboxylic acids.
Impact of finite laser bandwidth on the critical dimension of L/S structures (2008)

We investigate the effect of finite laser bandwidth on line-space (L/S) imaging, both through simulations and experiment. We will show that the primary effect of laser bandwidth is a change of the optical-proximity behavior of the scanner, i.e., a modification of the critical dimensional pitch [CD(Pitch)] characteristic, and that depth of focus typically remains unaffected. The simulation part of this study resulted in a simple estimator, expressing bandwidth-induced CD changes in terms of the “quadratic focus-sensitivity” (1/2 d2CD/dF2) of the L/S structure, a parameter which we call the “second moment” of the laser spectrum, M2, and the longitudinal chromatic-aberration of the scanner (dF/d) only. The experimental part of this study, in which we measured CD(pitch) curves at different laser-bandwidth settings of the ASML XT:1700i NA=1.20 immersion scanner at Interuniversitary Micro-Electronic Centre (IMEC), confirms the results of the theoretical part, while relating the bandwidth dependency of the CD effects also to the experimentally available E95 metric. We conclude that even though the laser bandwidth of modern scanners is quite low, bandwidth effects do contribute to their proximity behavior and impact proximity stability as well as scanner-to-scanner proximity differences. We present a critical evaluation of current laser-bandwidth metrics and comment on the trade-off between the average laser bandwidth and laser bandwidth stability in order to achieve a required level of proximity control (e.g., between scanners).
Laser radar component technology (1996)

The development of the laser soon led to recognition of its potential in radar applications. As radar systems were designed and implemented, however, it became clear that major refinement of the laser sources was needed to meet specific radar transmitter requirements in terms of waveforms, spectral purity, stability, beam quality, and power. The sensitivity and bandwidth of receivers were also in some cases insufficient, and new enabling detector technologies had to be created. This article provides a framework for much of the component development by describing the wideband high-power carbon dioxide (CO/sub 2/) imaging radar system at the Firepond Laser Radar Research Facility. The paper also details the critical components developed for the Firepond CO/sub 2/ range-Doppler imaging laser radar transmitter as well as transmitters for short-range CO/sub 2/ radars.
Capacitive antenna sensor for user proximity recognition (2012)

Users of mobile devices induce detrimental electrical effects on the antenna when devices are operated in close proximity to either the head, hand or fingers. A totally covered antenna can suffer over 10 dB gain loss and force an increase in the output power of the device, which additionally causes shorter battery life and higher emissions in terms of the specific absorption rate (SAR) and hearing aid compatibility (HAC). The user effect can be minimized with compensation methods such as active antenna tuning or a spatial antenna selection. In this thesis, capacitive proximity sensors are investigated in order to provide new characteristics for user effect compensation. The thesis has three parts. In the first, hand positions along the device chassis are measured with the antenna integrated capacitive sensor. The results are in proportion to the induced hand loss in the antenna. Secondly, discrete electrode sensors are studied as hand and single finger proximity recognition and are found to have a good performance in applications. Thirdly, weaknesses of integrated and discrete sensors are evaluated. The discrete sensor had an induced low antenna loss of 0.05–0.20 dB in the 1–2 GHz bands. In contrast, the integrated sensor caused radio interference in proper GSM channels, decreasing the sensitivity of the radio receiver. The capacitive sensor is able to sense the user proximity effect regardless of antenna matching, which may be changed in a complex manner when more than one electrical resonance is used in the same frequency band or when the matching is modified mainly by the resistive component. In multiple-antenna applications, capacitive sensors are able to maintain up-dated information of user loads of all antennas. Combining the results, the discrete electrode sensors fulfilled the technical and operational objectives of this thesis. They are able to detect a single finger or other user objects, they have low losses and they can be located in such a way that will not consume extra room in mobile devices.
Community composition and population genetics of insect pathogenic fungi in the genus <scp> <i>M</i> </scp> <i>etarhizium</i> from soils of a long‐term agricultural research system (2015)

Fungi in the genus Metarhizium are insect pathogens able to function in other niches, including soil and plant rhizosphere habitats. In agroecosystems, cropping and tillage practices influence soil fungal communities with unknown effects on the distribution of Metarhizium, whose presence can reduce populations of crop pests. We report results from a selective media survey of Metarhizium in soils sampled from a long-term experimental farming project in the mid-Atlantic region. Field plots under soybean cultivation produced higher numbers of Metarhizium colony-forming units (cfu) than corn or alfalfa. Plots managed organically and via chisel-till harboured higher numbers of Metarhizium cfu than no-till plots. Sequence typing of Metarhizium isolates revealed four species, with M. robertsii and M. brunneum predominating. The M. brunneum population was essentially fixed for a single clone as determined by multilocus microsatellite genotyping. In contrast, M. robertsii was found to contain significant diversity, with the majority of isolates distributed between two principal clades. Evidence for recombination was observed only in the most abundant clade. These findings illuminate multiple levels of Metarhizium diversity that can be used to inform strategies by which soil Metarhizium populations may be manipulated to exert downward pressure on pest insects and promote plant health.
Synthesis of 3-D ordered macroporous silicate using the template formed from monodispersed polystyrene latex (2000)

Based on the template formed from monodispersed polystyrene (PS) latex, a modified fast sol-gel process was employed to synthesize a three-dimensional ( 3-D ) ordered macroporous silica material after removing the template by calcination at high temperature. It was indicated that there existed highly ordered packed pores within the whole silica material by SEM morphology observation. It was also found that the pores were interconnected. The pore size could be controlled mainly by varying the particle size of the latex ranging from 101 to 102 nm. The formation process of the ordered pores was also preliminarily discussed.
Continuous Spinal Anesthesia for Cancer and Chronic Pain (1993)

A number of new agents appear to have promise as intrathecal drugs for patients with intractable chronic and cancer pain.
Enantioselective Oxidative Biaryl Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by 1,5-Diazadecalin Metal Complexes:  Efficient Formation of Chiral Functionalized BINOL Derivatives (2003)

Chiral 1,5-diaza-cis-decalins have been examined as ligands in the enantioselective oxidative biaryl coupling of substituted 2-naphthol derivatives. Under the optimal conditions employing 2.5-10 mol % of a 1,5-diaza-cis-decalin copper(II) catalyst with oxygen as the oxidant, enantioselective couplings (44-96% ee) could be achieved for a range of 3-substituted 2-naphthols including the ester, ketone, phosphonyl, and sulfonyl derivatives. The relationship between the substitution of the naphthalene starting materials and reactivity/selectivity is determined by several factors which act in concert: (1) the effect of substituents on the oxidation potential of the substrate, (2) the ability of the substrate to participate in a chelated copper complex which depends on (a) the inherent coordinating ability of the 3-substituent and (b) substituent steric interactions that affect chelation between the 2-hydroxyl and 3-substituent, (3) the effect of substituents on dissociation of the product from the copper catalyst.
Hydrodesulfurization of 4,6‐Dimethyldibenzothiophene over Noble Metals Supported on Mesoporous Zeolites (2008)

Pores for thought: Noble-metal catalysts supported on mesoporous zeolites have been found to be much more efficient than on microporous zeolites and γ-Al2O3 for the hydrodesulfurization of 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (DMDBT, see picture). This increased efficiency arises because the relatively large DMBT molecules can fit into the relatively large pores of the mesoporous zeolites and so reach many active centers.
A Fixed-Frequency Beam-Scanning Microstrip Leaky Wave Antenna Array (2007)

A novel two-element fixed-frequency beam-scanning microstrip leaky wave antenna (MLWA) array is presented in this letter. By controlling the phase shifter, the mainlobe of the microstrip leaky wave antenna array is steered at the fixed frequency. The measured H-plane radiation patterns and the simulated results show that the mainlobe can be scanned from 41deg to 62deg continuously when the operating frequency fixes at 7 GHz. This new MLWA array can be used as a collision avoidance system or automotive radar system.
40-channel multi/demultiplexer with dynamic passband shape compensation (2001)

This letter presents an integrated multi/demultiplexer that can dynamically and independently control the curvature, tilt, and attenuation of its passband shapes, in order to reduce the signal distortion caused by other filters in the network. 40 Gb/s performance is demonstrated.
METHODOLOGY FOR ON-LINE BATTERY HEALTH MONITORING (2012)

The growing demand for electric vehicles and renewable energy sources has increased the need for safe, reliable, and cost-effective energy-storage systems, many of which include batteries. The reliability and efficiency of these battery-based systems can be significantly improved using intelligent energy-management systems that effectively indicate battery health in real time. On-line monitoring can be difficult, however, because batteries are non-linear and time-varying systems whose characteristics depend on temperature, usage history, and other factors. The key metrics of interest in a battery are its remaining capacity and health. Most of the current methods require off-line measurement, and even the available on-line methods are only good in laboratory conditions. This thesis provides an enhanced streamlined framework for on-line monitoring. In this methodology, a non-intrusive test signal is superimposed upon a battery load which causes transient dynamics inside the battery. The resulting voltage and current are used as test data and the estimation is done in two parts. First, a non-linear least-squares routine is used to estimate the electrical parameters of a battery model. Second, a state-estimation algorithm is used to estimate the open-circuit voltage. Experimental results obtained at consistent temperatures demonstrate that the open-circuit voltage and parameter values together can combine to provide capacity and health measurements. This approach requires minimal hardware and could form the basis for a robust on-line monitoring system.
Prediction of Successful Defibrillation in Human Victims of Out-of-Hospital cArdiac Arrest: A Retrospective Electrocardiographic Analysis (2008)

In the present study we sought to examine the efficacy of an electrocardiographic parameter, 'amplitude spectrum area' (AMSA), to predict the likelihood that any one electrical shock would restore a perfusing rhythm during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in human victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. AMSA analysis is not invalidated by artefacts produced by chest compression and thus it can be performed during CPR, avoiding detrimental interruptions of chest compression and ventilation. We hypothesised that a threshold value of AMSA could be identified as an indicator of successful defibrillation in human victims of cardiac arrest. Analysis was performed on a database of electrocardiographic records, representing lead 2 equivalent recordings from automated external defibrillators including 210 defibrillation attempts from 90 victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A 4.1 second interval of ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia, recorded immediately preceding the delivery of the shock, was analysed using the AMSA algorithm. AMSA represents a numerical value based on the sum of the magnitude of the weighted frequency spectrum between two and 48 Hz. AMSA values were significantly greater in successful defibrillation (restoration of a perfusing rhythm), compared to unsuccessful defibrillation (P < 0.0001). An AMSA value of 12 mV-Hz was able to predict the success of each defibrillation attempt with a sensitivity of 0.91 and a specificity of 0.97. In conclusion, AMSA analysis represents a clinically applicable method, which provides a real-time prediction of the success of defibrillation attempts. AMSA may minimise the delivery of futile and detrimental electrical shocks, reducing thereby post-resuscitation myocardial injury.
Comparison of Biocompatibility and Adsorption Properties of Different Plastics for Advanced Microfluidic Cell and Tissue Culture Models (2012)

Microfluidic technology is providing new routes toward advanced cell and tissue culture models to better understand human biology and disease. Many advanced devices have been made from poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) to enable experiments, for example, to study drug metabolism by use of precision-cut liver slices, that are not possible with conventional systems. However, PDMS, a silicone rubber material, is very hydrophobic and tends to exhibit significant adsorption and absorption of hydrophobic drugs and their metabolites. Although glass could be used as an alternative, thermoplastics are better from a cost and fabrication perspective. Thermoplastic polymers (plastics) allow easy surface treatment and are generally transparent and biocompatible. This study focuses on the fabrication of biocompatible microfluidic devices with low adsorption properties from the thermoplastics poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC), and cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) as alternatives for PDMS devices. Thermoplastic surfaces were oxidized using UV-generated ozone or oxygen plasma to reduce adsorption of hydrophobic compounds. Surface hydrophilicity was assessed over 4 weeks by measuring the contact angle of water on the surface. The adsorption of 7-ethoxycoumarin, testosterone, and their metabolites was also determined after UV-ozone treatment. Biocompatibility was assessed by culturing human hepatoma (HepG2) cells on treated surfaces. Comparison of the adsorption properties and biocompatibility of devices in different plastics revealed that only UV-ozone-treated PC and COC devices satisfied both criteria. This paper lays an important foundation that will help researchers make informed decisions with respect to the materials they select for microfluidic cell-based culture experiments.
Human herpesvirus 6A accelerates AIDS progression in macaques (2007)

Although HIV is the necessary and sufficient causative agent of AIDS, genetic and environmental factors markedly influence the pace of disease progression. Clinical and experimental evidence suggests that human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A), a cytopathic T-lymphotropic DNA virus, fosters the progression to AIDS in synergy with HIV-1. In this study, we investigated the effect of coinfection with HHV-6A on the progression of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) disease in pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Inoculation of HHV-6A resulted in a rapid appearance of plasma viremia associated with transient clinical manifestations and followed by antibody seroconversion, indicating that this primate species is susceptible to HHV-6A infection. Whereas animals infected with HHV-6A alone did not show any long-term clinical and immunological sequelae, a progressive loss of CD4(+) T cells was observed in all of the macaques inoculated with SIV. However, progression to full-blown AIDS was dramatically accelerated by coinfection with HHV-6A. Rapid disease development in dually infected animals was heralded by an early depletion of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. These results provide in vivo evidence that HHV-6A may act as a promoting factor in AIDS progression.
Identification of a human granulocyte functional antigen (GFA-2) involved in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and phagocytosis. (1985)

A human neutrophil- and eosinophil-specific surface antigen, GFA-2, has been found to be involved in the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) to extracellular targets, and in phagocytosis. The monoclonal antibody (MAb) WEM-G11 was produced which recognizes the GFA-2 structure. This MAb, when used as F(ab')2, stimulated human neutrophils to kill antibody-coated P815 cells and, in the case of human eosinophils, increased their cytotoxic effect on schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni in a dose-dependent manner. MAb WEM-G11 F(ab')2 also stimulated the phagocytosis of antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes by neutrophils. The effect of WEM-G11 F(ab')2 was specific, because other MAb, whether tested in the form of F(ab')2 fragments or as whole IgG, failed to stimulate neutrophils despite binding to these cells. In contrast to the F(ab')2 fragments of these cells. In contrast to the F(ab')2 fragments of WEM-G11, the whole IgG of this MAb inhibited ADCC and phagocytosis, presumably through interaction with granulocyte Fc receptors. WEM-G11 F(ab')2, and to a greater extent WEM-G11 IgG, induced degranulation, but only from cytochalasin B-treated neutrophils. GFA-2 was absent from lymphocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, and myeloid and erythroid colony-forming cells, as shown by flow cytometry and colony-forming experiments. GFA-2 appeared at the promyelocytic stage and increased in density as neutrophils became more mature. In the mature neutrophil, the number of binding sites for WEM-G11 were found to be about 20,000 per cell. By immunoprecipitation, it appeared that GFA-2 consisted of a polypeptide chain of about 95,000 m.w. and a low m.w. peptide of about 43,000. By immunoblotting, it was demonstrated that the epitope recognized by WEM-G11 is in the chain of m.w. 95,000. GFA-2 thus constitutes a novel human granulocyte-specific antigen that is central to the functional activity and differentiation of these cells.
RADIOLYSIS OF WATER VAPOR BY /cap alpha/-RADIATION (1963)

The yield of H/sub 2/ in the radiolysis of pure H/sub 2/O vapor by the 5,3-Mev alpha rays of a Po/sup 210/-source was found to be G(H/sub 2/) = 5.9 molecules H/sub 2/ per loo ev of absorbed radiation energy. The yield is independent of the H/sub 2/O vapor pressure in the range of 185 Torr (65 deg C) to 360 Torr (79 deg C) within an error of plus or minus 15%. It is herewith four times higher than for alpha irradiation of liquid water. The alpha particles always remained inside the vapor space; direct boundary effects of irradiation were therefore excluded. (auth)
Hepatocellular carcinoma: current management and recent advances. (2008)

Early diagnosis of HCC remains a key goal in improving the prognosis of patients. During the last two decades, operative mortality and surgical outcome of liver resection and liver transplantation for HCC have improved. Progress also has been made in multi-modality therapy which can increase the chance of survival and improve the quality of life for patients with advanced HCC.
Cross-Linked Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) (PVDF-co-HFP) Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Flexible Li-Ion Battery Integrated with Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) (2018)

Here, we fabricate poly(vinylidene fluoride-<i>co</i>-hexafluoropropene) (PVDF-<i>co</i>-HFP) by electrospinning for a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) for use in flexible Li-ion batteries (LIBs). As a solvent, we use <i>N</i>-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), which helps produce the cross-linked morphology of PVDF-<i>co</i>-HFP separator, owing to its low volatility. The cross-linked PVDF-<i>co</i>-HFP separator shows an uptake rate higher than that of a commercialized polypropylene (PP) separator. Moreover, the PVDF-<i>co</i>-HFP separator shows an ionic conductivity of 2.3 × 10<sup>-3</sup> S/cm at room temperature, comparable with previously reported values. An LIB full-cell assembled with the PVDF-<i>co</i>-HFP-based GPE shows capacities higher than its counterpart with the commercialized PP separator, confirming that the cross-linked PVDF-<i>co</i>-HFP separator provides highly efficient ionic conducting pathways. In addition, we integrate a flexible LIB cell using the PVDF-<i>co</i>-HFP GPE with a flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED), demonstrating a fully flexible unit of LIB and OLED.
Simultaneous measurement of neutron and gamma-ray radiation levels from a TRIGA reactor core using silicon carbide semiconductor detectors (2002)

The ability of a SiC detector to measure neutron and gamma radiation levels in a TRIGA reactor's mixed neutron/gamma field was demonstrated. Linear responses to an epicadmium neutron fluence rate (up to 3/spl times/10/sup 7/ cm/sup -2/ s/sup -1/) and to a gamma dose rate (0.6-234 krad-Si h/sup -1/) were obtained with the detector. Axial profiles of the reactor core's neutron and gamma-ray radiation levels were successfully generated through sequential measurements along the length of the core. The SiC detector shows a high level of precision for both neutrons and gamma rays in high-intensity radiation environments -1.9% for neutrons and better than 0.6% for gamma rays. These results indicate that SiC detectors are well suited for applications such as spent fuel monitoring where measurements in mixed neutron/gamma fields are desired.
<title>Fine-resolution astronomical imaging with phase-diverse speckle</title> (1993)

Phase-diverse speckle imaging is a novel post-detection correction technique for use in imaging through atmospheric turbulence. When the wavelength dependence is introduced, the data-collection model and problem statement are seen to accommodate a variety of existing and proposed data-collection schemes, including speckle imaging, multi-frame blind deconvolution, deconvolution with wavefront sensing, and hybrid adaptive optics.