gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization and Spark Plasma Sintering of Mechanically Milled Aluminum-Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Composite Powders (2010)

Carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced metallic composites have been recently gaining a significant amount of scientific interest. The promise of transmitting part of the remarkable and outstanding properties of CNTs to metals has spurred efforts to design and manufacture metallic composites reinforced with CNTs. Out of the metallic matrices investigated, Al has received significant attention. The stability of these powders at high temperatures is important to investigate, since they would ultimately be consolidated at elevated temperatures into useful products, and service temperature limits will be important. In this article, we discuss the detailed characterization of SPEX milled Al-CNT powders (well-dispersed CNTs in an Al matrix at 2.5 and 5.0 wt% loading), their heat treatment and consolidation using spark plasma sintering.
Class I metabotropic glutamate receptors play diverse roles in axon guidance, neuronal survival and alignment of synaptic elements (2005)

Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. We propose three new roles for this neurotransmitter in the developing nervous system. First, we show that glutamate or the metabotropic class I agonist, DHPG (S-3,5-dihydroxyphenyl glycine), acting through the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1), can reduce axonal responses to multiple repellents in vitro. Specifically, we show that signaling though mGluR1 reduces the effectiveness of Slit-2 on retinal gangion cell (RGC) axons, Semaphorin 3A on dorsal root ganglion axons and Semaphorin 3C on sympathetic chain ganglia axons. This effect is mediated by a pertussis toxin sensitive activation of protein kinase A and the subsequent inactivation of Rho. In addition, we find that activation of mGluR1 promotes increased survival of dissociated embryonic RGCs cultured in minimal medium. Together, these data show that signaling through Class I mGluRs modulate axonal responses to guidance cues and can provide trophic support to developing neurons. Recently, signaling molecules originally identified as guidance cues have been shown to participate in synapse formation in the developing nervous system. We hypothesized that glutamate could be released from pre-synaptic endings and help align potential post-synaptic partners by overcoming inhibition due to repellent cues in the environment. We find that inhibiting class I mGluRs in cultured hippocampal neurons disrupts the co-localization of the pre- and post-synaptic elements, synapsin-1 and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95). The disruption caused by antagonists of class I mGluRs exceeds that of other classes of glutamatergic antagonists. Treatment with a class I mGluR agonist over four hours also reduces the alignment of these synaptic markers, partly by inducing the formation of PSD-95 clusters. This effect requires elevation of cAMP levels, is protein synthesis dependent and requires PKA activation. These data suggest that class I mGluRs play an important role in the formation or initial maintenance of the earliest excitatory synaptic contacts between neurons. We have thus identified glutamate, signaling through class I mGluRs, as a candidate modulatory guidance cue, a potential trophic factor, and an important signal participating in the proper alignment of pre-and post-synaptic elements.
Hydroisomerization of <i>n</i>-Alkanes over Pt−SAPO-11 and Pt−SAPO-31 Synthesized from Aqueous and Nonaqueous Media (1998)

The acidic and catalytic properties of the medium pore molecular sieves SAPO-11 and SAPO-31 synthesized by two different routes [from aqueous and nonaqueous (ethylene glycol) media] are compared. Samples synthesized from the nonaqueous medium possess more acidity (due to higher substitution of P5+ by Si4+ and consequent lower concentration of silica islands) and larger hydroisomerization activities and selectivities. The molecular sieves, after loading 0.5 wt % Pt, were used as catalysts for isomerization of n-hexane, n-octane, and n-hexadecane. Reactions at the pore mouth at the external surface are more predominant in the case of SAPO-31 than SAPO-11.
Computerization of a colposcopy clinic (1991)

The first phase of a paperless computer record has been developed at Hammersmith Hospital. The system was designed around the work practices of the clinic staff. In this phase the data are collected on forms which replace the normal case notes. This information is entered onto an IBM compatible computer by the secretary using a quick, user-friendly program written in a dBASE dialect and compiled with Quicksilver. The program produces letters to patients and their doctors and a printed record of the clinic findings for the case sheet to replace the handwritten form. When funding for hardware becomes available the data will be entered directly into the system by the medical staff in the clinic. Clinic appointment lists are maintained and patients "lost to follow-up' can be identified. Ad hoc enquiries can be made using dBASE III Plus or any similar program. This approach has integrated the computerized recording of data in a colposcopy clinic with the normal work of the staff involved so that no extra effort is required from medical or secretarial staff. The immediate accessibility of patient data and the ability to audit the work of the clinic have been particularly useful.
Computational cardiology: how computer simulations could be used to develop new therapies and advance existing ones (2012)

This article reviews the latest developments in computational cardiology. It focuses on the contribution of cardiac modelling to the development of new therapies as well as the advancement of existing ones for cardiac arrhythmias and pump dysfunction. Reviewed are cardiac modelling efforts aimed at advancing and optimizing existent therapies for cardiac disease (defibrillation, ablation of ventricular tachycardia, and cardiac resynchronization therapy) and at suggesting novel treatments, including novel molecular targets, as well as efforts to use cardiac models in stratification of patients likely to benefit from a given therapy, and the use of models in diagnostic procedures.
Occupancy grid computation from dense stereo and sparse structure and motion points for automotive applications (2010)

We present a complete processing chain for computing 2D occupancy grids from image sequences. A multi layer grid is introduced which serves several purposes. First the 3D points reconstructed from the images are distributed onto the underlying grid. Thereafter a virtual measurement is computed for each cell thus reducing computational complexity and rejecting potential outliers. Subsequently a height profile is updated from which the current measurement is partitioned into ground and obstacle pixels. Different height profile update strategies are tested and compared yielding a stable height profile estimation. Lastly the occupancy layer of the grid is updated. To asses the algorithm we evaluate it quantitatively by comparing the output of it to ground truth data illustrating its accuracy. We show the applicability of the algorithm by using both, dense stereo reconstructed and sparse structure and motion points. The algorithm was implemented and run online on one of our test vehicles in real time.
Role of Carboxypeptidase E in Processing of Pro-Islet Amyloid Polypeptide in β-Cells (2004)

Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP; amylin) is a peptide hormone that is cosecreted with insulin from beta-cells. Impaired processing of proIAPP, the IAPP precursor, has been implicated in islet amyloid formation in type 2 diabetes. We previously showed that proIAPP is processed to IAPP by the prohormone convertases PC1/3 and PC2 at its carboxyl (COOH) and amino (NH(2)) termini, respectively. In this study, we investigated the role of carboxypeptidase E (CPE) in the processing of proIAPP using mice lacking active CPE (Cpe(fat)/Cpe(fat)) and NIT-2 cells, a beta-cell line derived from their islets. Western blot analysis demonstrated that an approximately 6-kDa NH(2)-terminally unprocessed form of proIAPP was elevated approximately 86% in islets from Cpe(fat)/Cpe(fat) mice, compared with wild type. This increase was independent of the development of hyperglycemia (8 wk male) or obesity (18 wk female). Impaired proIAPP processing was associated with a decrease in PC2 (but not PC1/3) and both the 21- and 27-kDa forms of the PC2 chaperone protein 7B2, suggesting that PC2-mediated processing of proIAPP at its NH(2) terminus was impaired in the absence of CPE. Formation of COOH-terminally amidated (pro)IAPP was reduced approximately 75% in NIT-2, compared with NIT-1 beta-cells, supporting a direct role for CPE in maturation of IAPP by removal of its COOH-terminal dibasic residues, the step essential for IAPP amidation. We conclude that lack of CPE in islet beta-cells results in a marked decrease in processing of proIAPP at its NH(2) (but not COOH) terminus that is associated with attenuated levels of PC2 and (pro)7B2 and a great reduction in formation of mature amidated IAPP.
Quantifying Turfgrass Cover Using Digital Image Analysis (2001)

Accurate cover estimates in turfgrass research plots are often difficult to obtain because of the time involved with traditional sampling and evaluation techniques. Subjective ratings are commonly used to estimate turfgrass cover, but the data can be quite variable and difficult to reproduce. New technologies and software related to digital image analysis (DIA) may provide an alternative method to measure turfgrass parameters more accurately and efficiently than current techniques. A series of studies was conducted to determine the applicability of DIA for turfgrass cover estimates. In the first study, plots containing a range (1–16) of bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] plugs of specific diameter (15.0 cm) were established to represent values of turfgrass cover from 0.75 to 12%, by 0.75% increments. Digital images (1280 by 960 pixels) were taken with a digital camera and processed for percent green color to a software package. Estimates of green turfgrass cover by DIA were highly correlated ( r 2 > 0.99) to the calculated values of turfgrass cover. In a second study, DIA of turfgrass cover was compared by subjective analysis (SA) and line‐intersect analysis (LIA) methods for estimating cover in eight plots of zoysiagrass ( Zoysia japonica Steudel). The mean variance of percent cover determined by DIA (0.65) was significantly lower than SA (99.12) or LIA (13.18). Digital image analysis proved to be an effective means of determining turfgrass cover, producing both accurate and reproducible data. In addition, the technique effectively removes the inherent error and evaluator bias commonly associated with subjective ratings.
Estimating the total heat output of natural thermal regions (1959)

The natural flow of heat from a thermal region is a first indication of the amount of steam that might be continually drawn from bores to generate electric power. Methods are described for assessing the natural heat flow by such agencies as steaming ground, geysers, springs, fumaroles, and the underground seepage of hot water to nearby streams or lakes.
Protease-Cleavable Linkers Modulate the Anticancer Activity of Noninternalizing Antibody–Drug Conjugates (2017)

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent an attractive class of biopharmaceutical agents, with the potential to selectively deliver potent cytotoxic agents to tumors. It is generally assumed that ADC products should preferably bind and internalize into cancer cells in order to liberate their toxic payload, but a growing body of evidence indicates that also ADCs based on noninternalizing antibodies may be potently active. In this Communication, we investigated dipeptide-based linkers (frequently used for internalizing ADC products) in the context of the noninternalizing F16 antibody, specific to a splice isoform of tenascin-C. Using monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) as potent cytotoxic drug, we observed that a single amino acid substitution of the Val-Cit dipeptide linker can substantially modulate the in vivo stability of the corresponding ADC products, as well as the anticancer activity in mice bearing the human epidermoid A431 carcinoma. In these settings, the linker based on the Val-Ala dipeptide exhibited better performances, compared to Val-Cit, Val-Lys, and Val-Arg analogues. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that the four linkers displayed not only different stability in vivo but also differences in cleavage sites. Moreover, the absence of anticancer activity for a F16-MMAE conjugate featuring a noncleavable linker indicated that drug release modalities, based on proteolytic degradation of the immunoglobulin moiety, cannot be exploited with noninternalizing antibodies. ADC products based on the noninternalizing F16 antibody may be useful for the treatment of several human malignancies, as the cognate antigen is abundantly expressed in the extracellular matrix of several tumors, while being virtually undetectable in most normal adult tissues.
Fractalkine transgene induces T‐cell‐dependent antitumor immunity through chemoattraction and activation of dendritic cells (2002)

Fractalkine (FK, also called neurotactin or CX3CL1) is a CX3C chemokine that can chemoattract T lymphocytes, monocytes and NK cells. In our study, we investigated the induction of antitumor response by FK gene transfer. FK gene-modified 3LL lung carcinoma cells (3LL-FK) could both secrete soluble form and express membrane-bound form of FK. The tumor growth of 3LL-FK was decreased. Vaccination with 3LL-FK was effective in the induction of protective immunity and CTL. In vivo depletion analysis demonstrated that CD8(+) T cells are the main participating cells of the antitumor response. Obvious infiltrations of CD8(+) T cells, CD4(+) T cells and dendritic cells (DC) were observed in the tumor sites, suggesting that 3LL-FK might induce antitumor immunity through chemoattraction and activation of T cells and DC. Then we investigated the chemoattraction and activation of DC by 3LL-FK. Chemotaxis assay showed that the supernatants of 3LL-FK could chemoattract immature DC, which were found to express FK receptor CX3CR1, and the immature DC could obviously adhere to 3LL-FK. Adherence of DC to 3LL-FK resulted in phenotypic maturation and upregulated IL-12 secretion of DC, and more strong stimulation of allogeneic T-cell proliferation by DC. The increased production of IL-2 and IFNgamma in 3LL-FK tumor tissue was also observed. Our data suggested that FK gene transfer to tumor cells could induce T-cell-dependent antitumor immunity through chemoattraction and activation of DC.
Systematic Evaluation of Candidate Blood Markers for Detecting Ovarian Cancer (2008)

By systematically analyzing the performance of candidate blood markers of ovarian cancer in distinguishing women with clinically apparent ovarian cancer from women without ovarian cancer, we identified a set of serum markers with adequate performance to warrant testing for their ability to identify ovarian cancer months to years prior to clinical diagnosis. We argued for the importance of sensitivity at high specificity and of magnitude of difference in marker levels between cases and controls as performance metrics and demonstrated the importance of stratifying analyses by histological type of ovarian cancer. Also, we discussed the limitations of studies (like this one) that use samples obtained from symptomatic women to assess potential utility in detection of disease months to years prior to clinical detection.
Chlorination of Carbon Nanotubes Obtained on the Different Metal Catalysts (2013)

In this paper, a chlorination method is proposed for simultaneous purification and functionalization of carbon nanotubes, thus increasing their ability to use. Carbon nanotubes were obtained by CVD method through ethylene decomposition on the nanocrystalline iron or cobalt or bimetallic iron‐cobalt catalysts. The effects of temperature (50, 250, and 450°C) in the case of carbon nanotubes obtained on the Fe‐Co catalyst and type of catalyst (Fe, Co, Fe/Co) on the effectiveness of the treatment and functionalization were tested. The phase composition of the samples was determined using the X‐ray diffraction method. The quantitative analysis of metal impurity content was validated by means of the thermogravimetric analysis. Using X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, and also Mohr titration method, the presence of chlorine species on the surface of chlorinated samples was confirmed.
Design and Implementation of LPWA-Based Air Quality Monitoring System (2016)

Increasing attention has been paid to air quality monitoring with a rapid development in industry and transportation applications in the modern society. However, the existing air quality monitoring systems cannot provide satisfactory spatial and temporal resolutions of the air quality information with low costs in real time. In this paper, we propose a new method to implement the air quality monitoring system based on state-of-the-art Internet-of-Things (IoT) techniques. In this system, portable sensors collect the air quality information timely, which is transmitted through a low power wide area network. All air quality data are processed and analyzed in the IoT cloud. The completed air quality monitoring system, including both hardware and software, is developed and deployed successfully in urban environments. Experimental results show that the proposed system is reliable in sensing the air quality, which helps reveal the change patterns of air quality to some extent.
Cryo-EM structure and polymorphism of Aβ amyloid fibrils purified from Alzheimer’s brain tissue (2019)

The formation of Aβ amyloid fibrils is a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. However, the structure of Aβ amyloid fibrils from brain tissue is poorly understood. Here we report the purification of Aβ amyloid fibrils from meningeal Alzheimer's brain tissue and their structural analysis with cryo-electron microscopy. We show that these fibrils are polymorphic but consist of similarly structured protofilaments. Brain derived Aβ amyloid fibrils are right-hand twisted and their peptide fold differs sharply from previously analyzed Aβ fibrils that were formed in vitro. These data underscore the importance to use patient-derived amyloid fibrils when investigating the structural basis of the disease.
Environment and health: 6. Endocrine disruption and potential human health implications. (2000)

During the past 50 years, tens of thousands of chemicals have been synthesized and released into the general environment. Some of these chemicals inadvertently interfere with hormone function in animals and, in some cases, humans. The public health implications of these so-called endocrine
WDM field trial over 764 km SSMF with 16 &#x00D7; 112 Gb/s NRZ-DQPSK co-propagating with 10.7 Gb/s NRZ (2010)

A 16×112Gb/s field trial was performed at the Deutsche Telekom fiber infrastructure with partially high PMD. Using 56Gbaud NRZ-DQPSK, no penalty could be observed when co-propagating with a 10.7Gb/s NRZ. Robust Metro DWDM transmission with attractive carrier-grade margins is demonstrated.
Association Between Calcineurin Inhibitor Treatment and Peripheral Nerve Dysfunction in Renal Transplant Recipients (2013)

Neurotoxicity is a significant clinical side effect of immunosuppressive treatment used in prophylaxis for rejection in solid organ transplants. This study aimed to provide insights into the mechanisms underlying neurotoxicity in patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment following renal transplantation. Clinical and neurophysiological assessments were undertaken in 38 patients receiving immunosuppression following renal transplantation, 19 receiving calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) therapy and 19 receiving a calcineurin-free (CNI-free) regimen. Groups were matched for age, gender, time since transplant and renal function and compared to normal controls (n = 20). The CNI group demonstrated marked differences in nerve excitability parameters, suggestive of nerve membrane depolarization (p < 0.05). Importantly, there were no differences between the two CNIs (cyclosporine A or tacrolimus). In contrast, CNI-free patients showed no differences to normal controls. The CNI-treated patients had a higher prevalence of clinical neuropathy and higher neuropathy severity scores. Longitudinal studies were undertaken in a cohort of subjects within 12 months of transplantation (n = 10). These studies demonstrated persistence of abnormalities in patients maintained on CNI-treatment and improvement noted in those who were switched to a CNI-free regimen. The results of this study have significant implications for selection, or continuation, of immunosuppressive therapy in renal transplant recipients, especially those with pre-existing neurological disability.
Supercement for Annular Seal and Long-Term Integrity in Deep, Hot Wells "Deep Trek" (2005)

The purpose of this project is to formulate a ''Supercement'' designed for improving the long-term sealing integrity in HPHT wells. Phase I concentrated on chemistry studies and screening tests to design and evaluate Portland-based, hybrid Portland, and non-Portland-based cement systems suitable for further scale-up testing. Phase II work concentrated on additional lab and field testing to reduce the candidate materials list to two systems, as well as scale up activities aimed at verifying performance at the field scale. Phase II was extended thorough a proposal to develop additional testing capabilities aimed at quantifying cementing material properties and performance that were previously not possible. Two materials are being taken into Phase III for field testing and commercialization: {lg_bullet} Highly-expansive cement (Portland-based), patent pending as ''Pre-Stressed Cement'' {lg_bullet} Epoxy Resin (non-Portland-based), patent pending In Phase II, significant effort was expended on scaling up the processes for handling resin in the field, as it is quite different than conventional Portland-based cements in mixing, personnel protection, and cleanup. Through this effort, over fifty (50) field jobs were done at a variety of temperatures and depths, most with excellent results. Large-scale field testing was less relevant with Pre-stressed Cement, because the materials and surface processes do not vary from those that have been developed for conventional Portland materials over the last eighty (80) years. The formulation is quite unique, however, and performs very differently than conventional Portland cements downhole.