gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of Planar Optical Waveguide Corners with Turning Mirrors (1996)

Integrated optical circuits use planar optical waveguides to perform routing, and other functional operations on the optical signals. In the routing function, these guides have to convey signals from one location on the circuit to another, and these involve the use of bends and corners. It is known that sharp discontinuities in optical waveguides result in losses in the form of radiation, and the design of these bends and corners to minimize is of considerable importance.
Implications of Heavy Chain Disease Protein Sequences for Multiple Gene Theories of Immunoglobulin Synthesis (1970)

The sequence of the amino-terminal 34 amino acids of gamma-heavy chain disease (gamma-HCD) protein Hi is homologous with the amino-terminal region of immunoglobulin heavy chains. gamma-heavy chain disease is smaller than a normal gamma-chain, but has the carboxy-terminal composition expected for gamma-chains and must, therefore, contain an internal deletion. Comparison of the Hi sequence with that of gamma-heavy chain disease Zu, which also has an internal deletion, indicates that the site of internal deletion is not a constant characteristic of gamma-heavy chain disease proteins. Heavy chains can be assigned to subgroups on the basis of variable region sequences. The variable regions of Hi and one other protein differ significantly from those determined for other heavy chains, and these two proteins are assigned to a new heavy chain variable region subgroup, V(HIV). It has been suggested that single immunoglobulin heavy chains are the products of two separate structural genes and that variable region genetic information is translocated and integrated into common region information. These multiple gene theories make no prediction as to whether DNA or RNA is translocated. gamma-heavy chain disease proteins provide unique information that indicates that if translocation is required for the production of immunoglobulin heavy chains, it is DNA, not RNA, that is translocated.
Roles of complement and complement receptor type 3 in phagocytosis of Listeria monocytogenes by inflammatory mouse peritoneal macrophages (1991)

Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular bacterium that is phagocytosed by and can proliferate within cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. However, the receptors used by macrophages to internalize this organism have not been identified. In the experiments described here, the contributions of serum complement component C3 and macrophage complement receptor type 3 (CR3) to opsonization and phagocytosis of L. monocytogenes by mouse inflammatory peritoneal macrophages were studied. An assay which allowed the distinction of adherent versus internalized bacteria was used to show that following mixing of L. monocytogenes with inflammatory macrophages, greater than 95% of the bacteria bound were internalized by these phagocytes. When immunofluorescent antibodies to C3 and immunoglobulin were used, C3 but not immunoglobulin was detected on L. monocytogenes following incubation in normal serum or ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetracetic acid-Mg(2+)-chelated serum. When macrophages were incubated with 5% serum and L. monocytogenes in a standard assay, approximately 80% of the phagocytosis was inhibited by heat-inactivated serum or by the addition of F(ab')2 anti-C3 antibody. The role of macrophage CR3 was demonstrated by the ability of anti-CR3 monoclonal antibody M1/70 to decrease phagocytosis to the same levels as those seen with heat-inactivated serum. These experiments indicated that in the presence of normal serum, L. monocytogenes is phagocytosed by inflammatory macrophages primarily because CR3 on these cells binds to C3 deposited on the bacterial surface.
Festo drives automation forwards (2011)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the latest developments, both in terms of products and manufacturing, of the Festo company. Design/methodology/approach This paper is a result of a visit made to Festo and also the Motek show in 2010. Findings Festo is developing new products which will not only enable new applications for automation, but also challenge the traditional approach of applying standard robots or gantries. Originality/value The paper provides an overview of the latest Festo developments highlighting their importance.
Synthesis of 2‘,3‘-Dideoxynucleoside 5‘-α-<i>P</i>-Borano-β,γ-(difluoromethylene)triphosphates and Their Inhibition of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (2005)

The triphosphates of antiviral 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides (ddNs) are the active chemical species that inhibit viral DNA synthesis. The inhibition involves incorporation of ddNMP into DNA and subsequent chain termination. A conceivable strategy for antiviral drugs is to employ nucleoside 5'-triphosphate mimics that can entirely bypass cellular phosphorylation. AZT 5'-alpha-R(P)-borano-beta,gamma-(difluoromethylene)triphosphate (5'-alphaB-betagammaCF(2)TP) has been identified as a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT). This work was aimed at confirming that 5'-alphaB-betagammaCF(2)TP is a useful generic triphosphate moiety and can render antiviral ddNs with potent inhibitory effects on HIV-1 RT. Thus, 10 ddNs were converted to their 5'-alphaB-betagammaCF(2)TPs via a sequence (one-pot) of reactions: formation of an activated phosphite, formation of a cyclic triphosphate, boronation, and hydrolysis. Other synthetic routes were also explored. All ddN 5'-alphaB-betagammaCF(2)TPs tested exhibited essentially the same level of inhibition of HIV-1 RT as the corresponding ddNTPs. A conclusion can be made that 5'-alphaB-betagammaCF(2)TP is a generic and promising triphosphate mimic (P3M) concerning HIV-1 RT inhibition and serum stability. It is anticipated that use of 5'-alphaB-betagammaCF(2)TP as P3M moiety will lead to the discovery of a new class of anti-HIV agents.
Research on Wearable, Immersive Augmented Reality (WIAR) Adoption in Maritime Navigation (2015)

Understanding the impact of technology introduction on users’ attitudes toward and behaviour with technology is increasingly important. This paper suggests several research questions that are important as Wearable, Immersive Augmented Reality (WIAR) systems are introduced in ship navigation: what contributions to navigation decision-making might be made by WIAR technology? And how do these influences relate to safety in marine transportation? This paper begins with an overview of information needs for shipboard navigation and piloting, and then describes the evolution of shipboard decision support systems for navigation, including the emergence of wearable, immersive augmented reality systems. An assessment of piloting and navigation information needs and the capabilities of WIAR are then presented, which suggests a conceptual model for studying the impact of WIAR systems on performance and safety in marine transportation. Conclusions and future work to explore the role and contribution of WIAR technology to the safety of navigation are then presented.
Retrotransposon‐derived elements in the mammalian genome: A potential source of disease (2004)

The plethora of genomic information gathered by the sequencing of the human and mouse genomes has paved the way for a new era of genetics. While in the past we focused mainly on the small percentage of DNA that codes for proteins, we can now concentrate on the remainder, i.e. the noncoding sequences that interrupt and separate genes. This portion of the genome is made up, in most part, of repetitive DNA sequences including DNA transposons, long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons, LINEs (long interspersed nuclear elements) and SINEs (short interspersed nuclear elements). Some of these elements are transcriptionally active and can transpose or retrotranspose around the genome, resulting in insertional mutagenesis that can cause disease. In these cases, insertions have occurred in the coding sequence. However, recent evidence suggests that the main effect of these elements is their ability to influence transcription of neighbouring genes. The elements themselves contain promoters that can initiate transcription of flanking genomic DNA. Furthermore, they are susceptible to epigenetic silencing, which is often stochastic and incomplete, resulting in complex patterns of transcription. This review discusses some diseases in both human and mouse that are caused by these repetitive elements.
<title>Multispectral and hyperspectral 3D imaging lidar based upon the multiple-slit streak tube imaging lidar</title> (2001)

An imaging lidar system is developed for capturing laser- induced fluorescence imagery. With minor changes to the transmitter and receiver optics, the system operates in a number of different modes including 3D multispectral, hyperspectral, multi-excitation hyperspectral, and fluorescence-lifetime hyperspectral. All of these sensor functions provide discriminating capabilities for targets exhibiting spectral fluorescence signatures.
Nonparametric Bayesian Methods for Large Scale Multi-Target Tracking (2006)

We consider the problem of data association for multi-target tracking in the presence of an unknown number of targets. For this application, inference in models which place parametric priors on large numbers of targets becomes computationally intractable. As an alternative to parametric models, we explore the utility of nonparametric Bayesian methods, specifically Dirichlet processes, which allow us to put a flexible, data-driven prior on the number of targets present in our observations. Dirichlet processes provide a prior on partitions of the observations among targets whose dynamics are individually described by state space models. These partitions represent the tracks with which the observations are associated. We provide preliminary data association results for the implementation of Dirichlet processes in this scenario.
MicroRNA and bladder cancer (2010)

MicroRNAs(miRNAs) are 21-23nt regulatory,non-coding RNAs that are thought to control gene expression at the post transcriptional level.It was reported that miRNAs regulate a wide range of biological and pathological processes,including histogenesis,development and tumorigenesis.Bladder cancer is the most common urinary cancer in China.Growing evidences suggested that miRNAs were involved in the processes of bladder cancer carcinogenesis and progression.Some differential expressed miRNAs might serve as potential targets for bladder cancer diagnosis and treatment.This article reviews the current knowledge about the role of miRNAs in bladder cancer carcinogenesis,their potential role in improving diagnosis and therapeutics.
A Review of Collagen Cross-Linking in Cornea and Sclera (2015)

Riboflavin/UVA cross-linking is a technique introduced in the past decades for the treatment of keratoconus, keratectasia, and infectious keratitis. Its efficacy and safety have been investigated with clinical and laboratory studies since its first clinical application by Wollensak for the treatment of keratoconus. Although its complications are encountered during clinical practice, such as infection inducing risk, minimal invasion merits a further investigation on its future application in clinical practice. Recently, collagen cross-linking in sclera shows a promising prospect. In present study, we summarized the representative studies describing the clinical and laboratory application of collagen cross-linking published in past decades and provided our opinion on the positive and negative results of cross-linking in the treatment of ophthalmic disorders.
Interactions of Human Endothelial Cells with Gold Nanoparticles of Different Morphologies (2011)

The interactions between noncancerous, primary endothelial cells and gold nanoparticles with different morphologies but the same ligand capping are investigated. The endothelial cells are incubated with gold nanospheres, nanorods, hollow gold spheres, and core/shell silica/gold nanocrystals, which are coated with monocarboxy (1-mercaptoundec-11-yl) hexaethylene glycol (OEG). Cell viability studies show that all types of gold particles are noncytotoxic. The number of particles taken up by the cells is estimated using inductively coupled plasma (ICP), and are found to differ depending on particle morphology. The above results are discussed with respect to heating efficiency. Using experimental data reported earlier and theoretical model calculations which take into account the physical properties and distribution of particles in the cellular microenvironment, it is found that collective heating effects of several cells loaded with nanoparticles must be included to explain the observed viability of the endothelial cells.
A DITADURA DE SEGURANÇA NACIONAL NO BRASIL E OS SEUS SILÊNCIOS (2012)

"Durante a Ditadura de Segurança Nacional no Brasil, os meios de coerção e censura foram amplamente utilizados, a partir da construção da Comunidade de Informações e suas ações repressivas. Pretende-se aqui abordar alguns aspectos relacionados com as formas institucionais de construção de silêncios, tendo em vista que os silêncios produzidos possuem sentidos políticos. O não acesso aos arquivos produzidos pelas Forças Armadas no período ditatorial dificulta o entendimento de suas ações. O contexto de repressão e terror criou um imaginário descontextualizado, fantasmagórico e destituído da conotação política das variadas formas de manipulação das informações sobre as ações empreendidas pelo Estado ditatorial."
Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Phase 1 and 2: Testing and Modeling Results; Preprint (2012)

The Gearbox Reliability Collaborative (GRC) investigates root causes of wind turbine gearbox premature failures and validates design assumptions that affect gearbox reliability using a combined testing and modeling approach. Knowledge gained from the testing and modeling of the GRC gearboxes builds an understanding of how the selected loads and events translate into internal responses ofthree-point mounted gearboxes. This paper presents some testing and modeling results of the GRC research during Phase 1 and 2. Non-torque loads from the rotor including shaft bending and thrust, traditionally assumed to be uncoupled with gearbox, affect gear and bearing loads and resulting gearbox responses. Bearing clearance increases bearing loads and causes cyclic loading, which couldcontribute to a reduced bearing life. Including flexibilities of key drivetrain subcomponents is important in order to reproduce the measured gearbox response during the tests using modeling approaches.
Excitatory Synaptic Inputs to Mouse On-Off Direction-Selective Retinal Ganglion Cells Lack Direction Tuning (2014)

Direction selectivity represents a fundamental visual computation. In mammalian retina, On-Off direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) respond strongly to motion in a preferred direction and weakly to motion in the opposite, null direction. Electrical recordings suggested three direction-selective (DS) synaptic mechanisms: DS GABA release during null-direction motion from starburst amacrine cells (SACs) and DS acetylcholine and glutamate release during preferred direction motion from SACs and bipolar cells. However, evidence for DS acetylcholine and glutamate release has been inconsistent and at least one bipolar cell type that contacts another DSGC (On-type) lacks DS release. Here, whole-cell recordings in mouse retina showed that cholinergic input to On-Off DSGCs lacked DS, whereas the remaining (glutamatergic) input showed apparent DS. Fluorescence measurements with the glutamate biosensor intensity-based glutamate-sensing fluorescent reporter (iGluSnFR) conditionally expressed in On-Off DSGCs showed that glutamate release in both On- and Off-layer dendrites lacked DS, whereas simultaneously recorded excitatory currents showed apparent DS. With GABA-A receptors blocked, both iGluSnFR signals and excitatory currents lacked DS. Our measurements rule out DS release from bipolar cells onto On-Off DSGCs and support a theoretical model suggesting that apparent DS excitation in voltage-clamp recordings results from inadequate voltage control of DSGC dendrites during null-direction inhibition. SAC GABA release is the apparent sole source of DS input onto On-Off DSGCs.
Assessing the variation in individual frontal sinus outlines (2004)

It is often suggested that the frontal sinus morphology of no two individuals is alike, and that the configuration of the frontal sinus is as unique to an individual as his or her fingerprints. However, no empirical, quantitative testing of the uniqueness of frontal sinus outlines has ever been performed. Such testing is necessary for frontal sinus identifications to be admissible in many courts. This study investigated frontal sinus outline variability using elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA), a geometric morphometric approach that fits a closed curve to an ordered set of data points, generating a set of coefficients that can be used to reproduce the outline. Two-dimensional representations of 808 frontal sinuses (as seen in posterior-anterior cranial radiographs) were digitized, and differences in their shapes were assessed quantitatively by comparing the Euclidean distances between EFA-generated outlines. Results show that Euclidean distances between outlines of different individuals are significantly larger than those between replicates of the same individual, and typicalities show that the probability of finding two different individuals with Euclidean distances less that that between a particular case's replicate is very small. Thus, there is a quantifiable and significant difference between the shapes of individuals' frontal sinus outlines.
Vaccines Targeting Cancer Stem Cells (2011)

Increased appreciation of intraclonal heterogeneity of tumors in the past decade has led to the resurgence of the cancer stem cell hypothesis. This hypothesis also has potential implications for immunologic approaches targeting cancer, and it has been suggested that vaccines targeting cancer stem cells may be essential for durable antitumor immunity. Recent studies have provided novel insights into the nature of antigenic targets expressed on putative cancer stem cells and the capacity of both the innate and the adaptive immune system to target these cells, as well as the associated challenges. While the phenotypic properties of cancer stem cells may be plastic, their stemness and capacity for self-renewal may depend on a limited set of genes. Several of these genes overlap with those regulating stemness in embryonal stem cells and are also emerging as potential oncogenes in some cancers. Immunologic approaches targeting stemness-associated pathways in cancer may provide an important strategy for the prevention of diverse cancers, including those occurring in the context of regenerative therapies.
Molecular Cloning of the <i>Bombyx mori</i> Prothoracicotropic Hormone (1990)

Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH), a brain secretory polypeptide of insects, stimulates the prothoracic glands to produce and release ecdysone, the steroid essential to insect development. The complementary DNAs encoding PTTH of the silkmoth Bombyx mori were cloned and characterized, and the complete amino acid sequence was deduced. The data indicated that PTTH is first synthesized as a 224-amino acid polypeptide precursor containing three proteolytic cleavage signals. The carboxyl-terminal component (109 amino acids) that follows the last cleavage signal represents one PTTH subunit. Two PTTH subunits are linked together by disulfide bonds, before or after cleavage from prepro-PTTH, to form a homodimeric PTTH. When introduced into Escherichia coli cells, the complementary DNA directed the expression of an active substance that was functionally indistinguishable from natural PTTH. In situ hybridization showed the localization of the prepro-PTTH mRNA to two dorsolateral neurosecretory cells of the Bombyx brain.
<i>In Vitro</i> Susceptibility of Macrophages to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Varies between Genetically Diverse Lines of Pigs (2005)

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to be responsible for financial losses in the swine industry worldwide. It remains undetermined whether genetic variability of the host in susceptibility to PRRSV exists and if this variability can be exploited to help control this important disease. The objective of this study was to determine if an in vitro flow cytometry (FACS) assay that detects the percentage of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) infected with PRRSV could be utilized to demonstrate genetic variability in the susceptibility between distinct lines of pigs. Over 400 growing pigs from six genetic lines maintained in a single commercial breeding herd were screened using an in vitro FACS assay. From this initial screening, two genetically diverse lines of pigs that were also divergent in their FACS results were selected for further study. An additional 264 pigs from these two lines were subsequently tested for in vitro susceptibility to PRRSV. As in the preliminary screening, the Large White line had significantly higher average percent positive MDM over the Duroc-Pietrain synthetic line. This report suggests a genetic component for susceptibility to PRRSV exists and that the in vitro assay may be useful in predicting the relative susceptibility to PRRSV in large groups of animals.
Diffusiophoresis: Migration of Colloidal Particles in Gradients of Solute Concentration (1984)

Abstract When a rigid colloidal particle is placed in a solution which is not uniform in the concentration of some solute that interacts with the particle, the particle will be propelled in the direction of higher or lower concentration of the solute. The resulting locomotion is called diffusiophoresis. Experimental observations and theoretical predictions of the migration velocity of hydrosoIs are reviewed. Present commercial applications include the formation of rubber gloves and the deposition of paint films onto a steel surface. New applications to the analysis of colloidal mixtures and solid-liquid separation are suggested.
Heavy metal ions inhibit molybdoenzyme activity by binding to the dithiolene moiety of molybdopterin in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2008)

Molybdenum insertion into the dithiolene group on the 6-alkyl side-chain of molybdopterin is a highly specific process that is catalysed by the MoeA and MogA proteins in Escherichia coli. Ligation of molybdate to molybdopterin generates the molybdenum cofactor, which can be inserted directly into molybdoenzymes binding the molybdopterin form of the molybdenum cofactor, or is further modified in bacteria to form the dinucleotide form of the molybdenum cofactor. The ability of various metals to bind tightly to sulfur-rich sites raised the question of whether other metal ions could be inserted in place of molybdenum at the dithiolene moiety of molybdopterin in molybdoenzymes. We used the heterologous expression systems of human sulfite oxidase and Rhodobacter sphaeroides dimethylsulfoxide reductase in E. coli to study the incorporation of different metal ions into the molybdopterin site of these enzymes. From the added metal-containing compounds Na(2)MoO(4), Na(2)WO(4), NaVO(3), Cu(NO(3))(2), CdSO(4) and NaAsO(2) during the growth of E. coli, only molybdate and tungstate were specifically inserted into sulfite oxidase and dimethylsulfoxide reductase. Other metals, such as copper, cadmium and arsenite, were nonspecifically inserted into sulfite oxidase, but not into dimethylsulfoxide reductase. We showed that metal insertion into molybdopterin occurs beyond the step of molybdopterin synthase and is independent of MoeA and MogA proteins. Our study shows that the activity of molybdoenzymes, such as sulfite oxidase, is inhibited by high concentrations of heavy metals in the cell, which will help to further the understanding of metal toxicity in E. coli.