gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Infarct size reduction by propranolol before and after coronary ligation in dogs. (1977)

Coronary occlusion in the dog results in irreversible myocardial cell injury which develops first in subendocardial areas of severe ischemica and subsequently spreads into mid and subepicardial areas of moderate ischemia. The effect of propranolol on this progression of ischemic injury was evaluated. Three groups of dogs were studied: 1) untreated, 2) treated with propranolol before and throughout coronary ligation, and 3) treated with propranolol beginning three hours after ligation. Dogs were sacrificed 24 hours after coronary ligation and necrosis was quantitated from histologic sections of transmural slices through the posterior papillary muscle. Propranolol reduced infarct size by preventing necrosis in peripheral (subepicardial) areas of moderately ischemic myocardium. Pretreatment with propranolol reduced necrosis from 85 +/- 3% (untreated) to 52 +/- 4% (P less than 0.05). Delayed propranolol therapy was about half as effective as pre-treatment and reduced necrosis to 71 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05). Propranolol also limited microvascular injury so that perfusion defects, detected with the dye thioflavin S, were smaller in treated dogs.
Vertical Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors with Nanoscale Gate-All-Around (2016)

Nanowires are considered building blocks for the ultimate scaling of MOS transistors, capable of pushing devices until the most extreme boundaries of miniaturization thanks to their physical and geometrical properties. In particular, nanowires’ suitability for forming a gate-all-around (GAA) configuration confers to the device an optimum electrostatic control of the gate over the conduction channel and then a better immunity against the short channel effects (SCE). In this letter, a large-scale process of GAA vertical silicon nanowire (VNW) MOSFETs is presented. A top-down approach is adopted for the realization of VNWs with an optimum reproducibility followed by thin layer engineering at nanoscale. Good overall electrical performances were obtained, with excellent electrostatic behavior (a subthreshold slope (SS) of 95 mV/dec and a drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) of 25 mV/V) for a 15-nm gate length. Finally, a first demonstration of dual integration of n-type and p-type VNW transistors for the realization of CMOS inverter is proposed.
Properties of electronic traps at silicon/1-octadecene interfaces (2001)

Silicon surfaces with (111) orientation were hydrogenated in NH4F solution. Alkyl chain monolayers were self-assembled on the hydrogen-terminated silicon (Si–H) surface by the free-radical reaction of 1-octadecene and SiH, activated by ultraviolet (253.7 nm) illumination. Comprehensive electrical characterization of the metal/1-octadecene/silicon structures yielded experimental data on the (silicon–monolayer) interface trap parameters. The admittance data indicated the realization of a true silicon/organic-monolayer interface. The interface trap density obtained, for p-type silicon, was 1.7–3.0×1011/cm2 V over an energy range of 0.22–0.73 eV over the valence band edge. These interface trap densities can be considered remarkably low for a silicon interface formed around room temperature, and are an order of magnitude lower than what was obtained in the case of alkyl chain organic monolayers on naturally oxidized silicon surfaces. The interface trap density was found to be strongly influenced by the silicon doping type and density. This observation suggests that the position of the surface Fermi level has a strong influence on the quality of the octadecene–silicon interface.
Chromogenic Substrates Selective for Activated Protein C (1997)

To the Editor:

Over the past 20 years, efforts from several laboratories have led to the identification and synthesis of chromogenic substrates specific for thrombin, factor Xa, trypsin, kallikreins and urokinase, plasmin and tissue plasminogen activator, and other enzymes.[1][1] However, several
Instability of Lithium Garnets against Moisture. Structural Characterization and Dynamics of Li<sub>7-<i>x</i></sub>H<sub><i>x</i></sub>La<sub>3</sub>Sn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>12</sub> and Li<sub>5-<i>x</i></sub>H<sub><i>x</i></sub>La<sub>3</sub>Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (2012)

International audience
Relationship between Adherence Level, Type of the Antiretroviral Regimen, and Plasma HIV Type 1 RNA Viral Load: A Prospective Cohort Study (2008)

The relationship between adherence, antiretroviral regimen, and viral load (VL) suppression was assessed through a 1 year prospective follow-up study among 1142 HIV-infected patient. Patients on antiretroviral therapy who attended to the pharmacy during a 6-month period were considered eligible. Those included in the final analysis were patients who had been taking the same antiretroviral therapy for >6 months since their inclusion. The cohort included patients taking first line therapy (n = 243) and antiretroviral-experienced patients (n = 899). Naive patients who were included had to have reached undetectable VL at enrollment. Antiretroviral-experienced patients with detectable VL determinations in the previous 6 months were excluded. Adherence was measured by means of announced pill counts and dispensation pharmacy records. Of patients, 58% were taking NNRTI, 31.4% boosted PI, and 10.6% unboosted PI-based regimens. Overall, the relative risk of virologic failure was 9.0 (95% CI 4.0–20.1) in patients with adherence 80–89.9%, 45.6 (95% CI 19.9–104.5) with adherence 70–79.9%, and 77.3 (95% CI 34.2–174.9) with adherence <70%, compared with adherence of ≥90%. The risk of virologic failure in patients with adherence <90% taking unboosted PI was 2.5 times higher than the group taking boosted PI (95% CI 1.2–5.3). There were no statistical differences in patients taking boosted PI and those who were taking NNRTI. Less than 95% of adherence is associated with high virologic success. For patients taking NNRTI- or boosted PI-based regimens with adherence rates of 80%, the failure rate is <10%. These data do not affect the goal of achieving the highest level of adherence possible.
A Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration of 1.5 mM, as present in IMDM but not in RPMI, is critical for maximal response of Th cells to PMA/ionomycin (2014)

Restimulation of memory–effector T helper lymphocytes with PMA/ionomycin is an established technique to determine their imprinting for the expression of cytokine genes, that is their functional potential. Here, we show that for the maximal reexpression of cytokine genes, the Ca 2+ concentration of the medium has to be greater than 1.5 mM. For RPMI (Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640), the most commonly used medium, the Ca 2+ concentration has to be increased from the regular 0.42 to 1.5 mM.
Study on the sensitivity of Self-Powered Neutron Detectors (SPND) and its change due to burn-up (1996)

Self-Powered Neutron Detectors (SPND) are currently used to estimate the power generation distribution and fuel burn-up in several nuclear power reactors in Korea. While they have several advantages such as small size, low cost, and relatively simple electronics required in conjunction with its usage, it has some intrinsic problems of the low level of output current, a slow response time, the rapid change of sensitivity which makes it difficult to use for a long term. In this paper, Monte Carlo simulation was accomplished to calculate the escape probability as a function of the birth position for the typical geometry of rhodium-based SPNDs. Using the simulation result, the burn-up profile of rhodium number density and the neutron sensitivity is calculated as a function of burn-up time in the reactor. The sensitivity of the SPND decreases non-linearly due to the high absorption cross-section and the non-uniform burn-up of rhodium in the emitter rod. The method used here can be applied to the analysis of other types of SPNDs and will be useful in the optimum design of new SPNDs for long-term usage. (author)
A prototype neural network supervised control system for <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> fermentations (1994)

This article discusses the development of a prototype neural network-based supervisory control system for Bacillus thuringiensis fermentations. The input pattern to the neural network included the type of inoculum, operation temperature, pH value, accumulated process time, optical density in fermentation medium, and change in optical density. The output from the neural network was the predicted optical density for the next sampling time. The control system has been implemented in both a computer simulation and a laboratory fermentation experiment with promising results. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Instrument for the Objective Measurement of Light Flicker (2006)

Measurement of light flicker with a low cost digital device, based on light intensity measurements, is proposed. Unlike current standard instrument based on IEC EN 61000-4-15, which determines flicker severity by filtering powering voltage measurements with a standard lamp model (230V/60W), the presented methodology measures directly the disturbances caused by light intensity variations including the lamp itself in the measurement process. In this way an objective measurement of light flicker is obtained. The metrological characterization of the device has been implemented by means of an automatic testing station which includes a standard IEC flickermeter (Norma D6000) as reference instrument. Thanks to its portability, the instrument can be used to measure light flicker independently of the lighting system, over a wide range of environments spanning from home/office to industrial locations
Activation of murine cytotoxic cells with interelukin-2 and the bacterial superantigen staphylococcal entertoxin A. (1996)

Natural killer (NK) cells and T lymphocytes are the major effector cells that can recognize and kill tumor cells. NK cells have a constitutive cytotoxic activity and kill a wide spectrum of tumor cells while T cells recognize specific tumor antigens and need to be activated through their TCR to differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) killers or T helper cells. Interleukin-2 is the principal growth factor for both NK and T cells. Both in vitro and in vivo stimulation with IL-2 and the superantigen, Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) were used to characterize murine cytotoxic cells functionally and phenotypically. Culturing of lymphoid cells with IL-2 preferentially expanded NK cells and induced lymphokine activated killer (LAK) activity that preferentially was mediated by IL-2 activated NK cells (NK-LAK) and only to a minor extent by T cells (T-LAK). Stimulation of lymphoid cells with SEA preferentially expanded T cells expressing certain TCR variable beta elements both in in vitro culture and in vivo following intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of SEA. T cells responded with induction of profound cytokine production and cytotoxic activity that could be targeted to tumor cells expressing MHC class II, this is termed staphylococcal enterotoxin dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SDCC). However, SEA induced effects are transient and anergy and deletion eventually develop which lead to reduced endogenous IL-2 production and CTL activity. We could show that continuous IL-2/IL-2R stimulation through i.p. injections of rIL-2 twice a day had multiple effects on SEA induced T cell activity. Exogenous IL-2 increased T cell expansion and superinduced as well as prolonged CTL activity. Exogenous IL-2 also prevented SEA induced down-regulation of cytotoxic activity and cytokine production with maintained high levels of SDCC and endogenous IL-2 production. Combined treatment with SEA and IL-2 further superinduced cytokine production. Collectively, these data support that administration of continuous IL-2/IL-2R stimulation might be advantageous for SEA based tumor therapy.
From the Special Issue Editors: Exploring the Frontiers of Knowledge Management Transfer in the Public and Private Sector (2011)

From the philosophical and psychological underpinnings of Wittgenstein and Polanyi through to the organizational elements noted by Prusack, Davenport, Nonaka and Takeuchi and others, the field of K...
Fecal Microbiota in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Its Relation to Inflammation (2015)

Intestinal microbiota represents a potential biomarker for correlating the level of inflammation and therapeutic responses to be further validated.
A Robust Multi-Orientation Gabor Based System for Discriminating Touching White and Red Cells in Microscopic Blood Image (2006)

In many image analysis systems, segmentation is the first step. So its accuracy impacts on whole system efficiency. In normal human blood microscopic image, which contains white and red blood cells, because of high accumulation of red cells, there exist touch and overlap between these cells. They are two difficult issues in image segmentation which common segmentation algorithms cannot overcome them. Red cell has fine texture while white cell has coarse one, so texture is a very good discriminating feature for segmentation of blood cells. Gabor filters are one of the most powerful methods for texture segmentation. Blood image don't have regular textures. Common Gabor filter banks are suitable for regular texture segmentation. So we have employed a Gabor filter bank including many orientations and few frequencies in combination with sigmoid function for blood image segmentation. Results show that our approach is efficient
Correction: Sequence Variations of Latent Membrane Protein 2A in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Carcinomas from Guangzhou, Southern China (2012)

Latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), expressed in most Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancies, has been demonstrated to be responsible for the maintenance of latent infection and epithelial cell transformation. Besides, it could also act as the target for a CTL-based therapy for EBV-associated malignancies. In the present study, sequence variations of LMP2A in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) and healthy EBV carriers from Guangzhou, southern China, where nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is endemic, were investigated. Widespread sequence variations in the LMP2A gene were found, with no sequence identical to the B95.8 prototype. No consistent mutation was detected in all isolates. The immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) and PY motifs in the amino terminus of LMP2A were strictly conserved, suggesting their important roles in virus infection; while 8 of the 17 identified CTL epitopes in the transmembrane region of LMP2A were affected by at least one point mutation, which may implicate that the effect of LMP2A polymorphisms should be considered when LMP2A-targeted immunotherapy is conducted. The polymorphisms of LMP2A in EBVaGC in gastric remnant carcinoma (GRC) were for the first time investigated in the world. The LMP2A sequence variations in EBVaGC in GRC were somewhat different from those in EBVaGC in conventional gastric carcinoma. The sequence variations of LMP2A in EBVaGC were similar to those in throat washing of healthy EBV carriers, indicating that these variations are due to geographic-associated polymorphisms rather than EBVaGC-associated mutations. This, to our best knowledge, is the first detailed investigation of LMP2A polymorphisms in EBVaGC in Guangzhou, southern China, where NPC is endemic.
Principles of feedback control (1988)

From the Publisher:
This advanced text presented in two-volumes, presents detailed coverage of feedback control principles and includes numerous examples illustrating specific applications. Its broad treatment of principles and concepts provides useful information in several areas of practical systems design in which the feedback control principle is implemented.
Impacts of cross-linker chain length on the physical properties of polyampholyte hydrogels (2019)

Polymeric tissue engineering scaffolds have shown promise to aid in regeneration and repair of damaged tissue. In particular, nonfouling polymers have been proposed for eliminating biomaterial-induced concerns such as infection, scarring, and rejection by the immune system. Polyampholyte polymers are one class of nonfouling polymers that are composed of an equimolar mixture of positively and negatively charged monomer subunits. They possess nonfouling properties, bioactive molecule conjugation capabilities, and tunable mechanical properties. In this study, the influence of the cross-linker species on the degradation behavior, mechanical strength, and nonfouling properties of polyampholytes composed of a 1:1 molar ratio of [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (positively charged) and 2-carboxyethyl acrylate (negatively charged) monomers was investigated. Specifically, the impact of ethylene glycol repeat units on the overall material performance was evaluated by synthesizing and characterizing hydrogels containing di-, tri-, and tetra-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate cross-linker species. The degradation studies were conducted for over 100 days in Sorenson's buffer with pH values of 4.5, 7.4, and 9.0 by tracking the swelling behavior and weight change over time. The mechanical properties were assessed using compression and tensile testing to failure. The retention of the nonfouling and protein conjugation capabilities was demonstrated using fluorescently labeled bovine serum albumin. The results demonstrate the tunability of both degradation behavior and mechanical properties through the cross-linker selection, without impacting the underlying nonfouling and biomolecule delivery capabilities. Therefore, it is concluded that polyampholyte hydrogels represent a promising platform for tissue engineering.
Discovery of Novel Ansamycins Possessing Potent Inhibitory Activity in a Cell-based Oncostatin M Signalling Assay. (2000)

We describe the isolation and characterisation of novel non-benzoquinone ansamycin metabolites related to geldanamycin from a culture of Streptomyces sp. S6699. The compounds possess potent inhibitory activity in a cell-based assay measuring inhibition of oncostatin M signalling in a reporter cell line utilising a secreted placental alkaline phosphatase (sPAP) readout. In this paper we report the isolation and structure elucidation of the compounds and describe some of their biological properties.
Antimicrobial Action of Biguanides on the Viability of<i>Acanthamoeba</i>Cysts and Assessment of Cell Toxicity (2013)

We demonstrated that the combined use of biguanides had greater cysticidal activity than individual drug application as well as a possible protective effect on endothelial cells. The biguanide compounds tested were able to induce corneal epithelial cell death in time and concentration-independent fashions. Findings support the hypothesis concerning the cysticidal effect and the differential patterns of toxicity expressed by polyhexamethylene biguanide and chlorhexidine digluconate on the endothelial and corneal cells.
Antibiotic-induced perturbations in microbial diversity during post-natal development alters amyloid pathology in an aged APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 murine model of Alzheimer’s disease (2017)

Recent evidence suggests the commensal microbiome regulates host immunity and influences brain function; findings that have ramifications for neurodegenerative diseases. In the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we previously reported that perturbations in microbial diversity induced by life-long combinatorial antibiotic (ABX) selection pressure in the APP<sub>SWE</sub>/PS1<sub>ΔE9</sub> mouse model of amyloidosis is commensurate with reductions in amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque pathology and plaque-localised gliosis. Considering microbiota-host interactions, specifically during early post-natal development, are critical for immune- and neuro-development we now examine the impact of microbial community perturbations induced by acute ABX exposure exclusively during this period in APP<sub>SWE</sub>/PS1<sub>ΔE9</sub> mice. We show that early post-natal (P) ABX treatment (P14-P21) results in long-term alterations of gut microbial genera (predominantly Lachnospiraceae and S24-7) and reduction in brain Aβ deposition in aged APP<sub>SWE</sub>/PS1<sub>ΔE9</sub> mice. These mice exhibit elevated levels of blood- and brain-resident Foxp3<sup>+</sup> T-regulatory cells and display an alteration in the inflammatory milieu of the serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, we confirm that plaque-localised microglia and astrocytes are reduced in ABX-exposed mice. These findings suggest that ABX-induced microbial diversity perturbations during post-natal stages of development coincide with altered host immunity mechanisms and amyloidosis in a murine model of AD.
Syntheses of Phosphoryl Chloro‐ and Bromofluorides and Crystal Structures of POFCl<sub>2</sub> and POF<sub>2</sub>Cl (2006)

Abstract A simple procedure for the preparation of phosphoryl chlorofluorides, POFCl 2 and POF 2 Cl, by chlorination of the appropriate potassium fluorophosphates, K 2 PO 3 F and KPO 2 F 2 , respectively, with PCl 5 is described. The analogous bromination with PBr 5 gives POFBr 2 and POF 2 Br. However, due to low yields and high content of impurities, this method is not suitable for the synthesis of the former compound. Both chlorofluorides were crystallized from the melt at low temperatures and their crystal structures were determined by X‐ray diffraction at −153 °C. Distorted tetrahedral molecules of POFCl 2 are only weakly associated through intermolecular O···Cl contacts forming infinite chains similarly as in crystalline POCl 3 . In POF 2 Cl, however, the chains are formed by the O···P contacts, and an additional P–O···Cl bridging leads to their linkage into a double‐chain structure.
Three dimensional audio versus head down TCAS displays (1994)

The advantage of a head up auditory display was evaluated in an experiment designed to measure and compare the acquisition time for capturing visual targets under two conditions: Standard head down traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) display, and three-dimensional (3-D) audio TCAS presentation. Ten commercial airline crews were tested under full mission simulation conditions at the NASA Ames Crew-Vehicle Systems Research Facility Advanced Concepts Flight Simulator. Scenario software generated targets corresponding to aircraft which activated a 3-D aural advisory or a TCAS advisory. Results showed a significant difference in target acquisition time between the two conditions, favoring the 3-D audio TCAS condition by 500 ms.
Nano-Alloys: Potential Catalyst for Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate (2013)

Transition metal nanoalloys of Co-Cu, Co-Fe, and Co-Zn were prepared by hydrazine reduction of metal chloride in ethylene glycol at 60°C and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The average particle size forCo-Cu, Co-Zn, and Co-Fe nanoparticles was measured to be 8.71, 27.42, and 39.31 nm, respectively, using X-ray diffraction pattern. The effect of bimetal nanoallys (BMNs) on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) studies. Activation energy of high-temperature decomposition (HTD) of with different alloy nanoparticles was calculated using DSC by the Kissinger equation. The activation energy was calcuated to be 69.52 kJ/mol for Co-Cu, which was lower than that of Co-Zn (124.45 kJ/mol) and Co-Fe (147.18 KJ/mol), indicating Co-Cu to be best catalyst.