gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Failure to Consider the Antigenic Diversity of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Virus Isolates May Lead to Misdiagnosis (1995)

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a recently identified viral disease of swine that is a significant problem in swine producing regions throughout the world. Because of the potential economic impact of PRRS on swine production, extensive resources have been expended on the development of accurate diagnostic tests and efficacious vaccines. One of the potential obstacles to the success of these efforts is antigenic diversity among PRRS virus isolates. Antigenic diversity has been demonstrated between North American and European PRRS virus field isolates by using homologous and heterologous polyclonal swine antiserum in an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay. Antigenic differences between US and European PRRS virus isolates have also been demonstrated using a panel of 3 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the 15kD protein of the PRRS virus: SDOW 17, which was generated against the PRRS virus isolate ATCC VR-2332, and EP147 and VO17, which were generated against the PRRS virus isolate SD1. All 3 MAbs reacted, as determined by fluorescence microscopy, with 63 of 63 US isolates originating from the north-central region of the United States. Additionally, MAb SDOW17 reacted with the Lelystad PRRS virus and 56 of 56 European isolates representing 8 different countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Luxemburg, The Netherlands, Spain, and The United Kingdom). However, neither MAb EP147 nor MAb VO17 reacted with any of these European isolates. Similar observations have been made by Canadian investigators, who reported that the same panel of MAbs reacted with 10 of 10 Canadian PRRS virus isolates. These observations suggest that MAb SDOW17 could be used as a universal diagnostic reagent for the detection of PRRS virus infection in clinical specimens. However, the following report indicates that North American isolates are antigenically more diverse than previously demonstrated and that it may not be possible to rely on a single MAb for diagnostic purposes.
The 5' noncoding and flanking regions of the avian very low density apolipoprotein II and serum albumin genes. Homologies with the egg white protein genes. (1983)

We have isolated and sequenced the 5' proximal exons and flanking regions of the chicken very low density apolipoprotein II (apo-VLDLII) and serum albumin genes. These genes specify the most abundant mRNA species present in livers of hens or estrogen-treated roosters. Sequencing revealed that the promoter region of the estrogen-dependent apo-VLDLII gene contained at least two potential transcriptional initiation sites, preceded by appropriately positioned "ATA" sequences. One is homologous with the cap site of the ovalbumin gene, and the other exhibits a match of 10 out of 12 nucleotides with the cap site of the serum albumin gene. S1 nuclease mapping indicates that both sites are active in vivo, although the "ovalbumin"-like site is by far the most efficient at all stages of the estrogenic response. The relative efficiencies of these two sites are maintained during in vitro transcription of truncated templates. A third site, that was not anticipated from sequencing data, is active in vivo but inactive in vitro. A conserved 5' flanking element, initially identified during studies on egg white protein genes, is also present upstream from the apo-VLDLII and serum albumin genes. Its removal does not affect initiation site selection in vitro. Regions of the apo-VLDLII and ovalbumin genes extending 100 nucleotides downstream from the "TATA box" contain several striking homologies that suggest a common mode of evolution.
Differential dyeing cotton. 1 – Preparation and evaluation of differential dyeing cotton yarn (1989)

Colourless cationic and anionic cellulose‐reactive compounds have been prepared and applied to cotton yarns. Yarn pretreated with cationic reagents shows better uptake of acid and direct dyes than does untreated yarn, and since the degree of differential uptake depends on the level of pretreatment, which may be readily controlled, fabrics exhibiting a variety of tone‐on‐tone effects may be produced. Treatment with an anionic reagent gives cotton dyeable with basic dyes, and combinations of anionic‐ and cationic‐treated yarns may be cross‐dyed in a single‐bath, one‐step process with very little cross‐staining. Pretreated cotton may be converted to viscose or cellulose triacetate fibre with retention of the modified dyeing properties, thus providing routes to differential dyeing viscose and triacetate fibres. We wish to thank the British Technology Group for financial support of this work for the period 1983–86, and Mrs F A Wood for technical assistance.
Lecture Notes on Cut Elimination (2012)

After presenting an interpretation of linear propositions in the sequent calculus as session types, we now return to studying properties of the sequent calculus itself in order to better understand how to search for proofs. The central theorem here is cut elimination: any provable sequent has a proof without using the cut rule. This will have many consequences. To appreciate the import of the theorem, consider the rule of cut.
Precise Control and Prediction of Hydrogel Degradation Behavior (2011)

Hydrogels are promising candidate materials for biomedical applications because of their similarities to human tissue. However, precise and independent control of their physical properties is difficult because hydrogels inevitably have inhomogeneous polymer networks. In particular, precise and independent control of biodegradability, which is one of the most important characteristics for biomaterials, has never been achieved. In order to control the degradability, we invented a novel hydrogel based on the concept of Tetra-PEG gel, which has an extremely homogeneous polymer network. The degradability was precisely controlled, and the degradation time was predicted by a universal equation with one intrinsic parameter: the degradation rate constant.
Evolving Ecological Social Dilemmas: A Spatial Individual-Based Model for the Evolution of Cooperation with a Minimal Number of Parameters (2007)

Cooperation, both intraspecific and interspecific, is a well-documented phenomenon in nature that is not well understood. Evolutionary game theory is a powerful tool to approach this problem. However, it has important limitations. First, very often it is not obvious which game is more appropriate to use. Second, in general, identical payoff matrices are assumed for all players, a situation that is highly unlikely in nature. Third, slight changes in these payoff values can dramatically alter the outcomes. Here, I use an evolutionary spatial model in which players do not have a universal payoff matrix, so no payoff parameters are required. Instead, each is equipped with random values for the payoffs, fulfilling the constraints that define the game(s). These payoff matrices evolve by natural selection. Two versions of this model are studied. First is a simpler one, with just one evolving payoff. Second is the “full” version, with all the four payoffs evolving. The fraction of cooperator agents converges in both versions to nonzero values. In the case of the full version, the initial heterogeneity disappears and the selected game is the “Stag Hunt.”
Tracking and counting moving people (2002)

The development of a system able to detect and track moving people is described. Given a sequence of time-varying images, the goal is to count the number of people crossing a counting line. A motion detection module first determines whether any person has entered the scene; a tracking module combining prediction and matching then follows people until they reach the counting line. The efficiency of the proposed approach is illustrated and assessed using sequences of images taken in a real environment.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Terahertz Biosensing Technology: Frontiers and Progress (2002)

Although FTIR and Raman spectroscopy have been recognized as a potentially useful tool for probing the biomolecular interactions in the mid- and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum for many years, a number of factors have hampered these techniques from being widely used in the far-infrared region. Recently, time-domain terahertz spectroscopy has emerged as an alternative, capable of probing biomolecular interactions in a noninvasive manner. Research into and technological development of terahertz wave sensing and imaging are extended from physics, electrical engineering, and materials science into the fields of chemistry, biology, and biomedicine. In this Highlight we report on the progress and frontiers of terahertz wave from biosensing point of view.
A 2.5-kV static induction thyristor having new gate and shorted p-emitter structures (1986)

An SI thyristor with new gate and shorted p-emitter structures (DTT-SI thyristor) is proposed to realize a high-voltage high current high-speed device having a low forward voltage drop. Investigations using fabricated 2.5-kV 100-A DTT-SI thyristors and numerical analyses show that the DTT-SI thyristor has a good trade-off between the forward voltage drop and switching characteristics when the channel width is 8-10 µm and the maximum impurity concentration is about 1 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">17</sup> to 4 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">17</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> . The typical fabricated DTT-SI thyristor has a 2.5-kV forward blocking voltage with a 58-V reverse gate bias voltage, a 1.4-V forward voltage drop with a 100-A anode current, a 2- µs turn-on time, a <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">di/dt</tex> capability higher than 4000 A/µs, and can interrupt a 900-A anode current with a 3.5-µs turn-off time and a 5.6 gate turn-off gain on application of a 100-V reverse gate bias voltage.
Notes on the British Income Tax and Company Reserves (1938)

Notes on the British Income Tax and Company Reserves Get access Ronald S. Edwards, Ronald S. Edwards London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Duncan Black Duncan Black Bangor, N. Wales Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 5, Issue 2, February 1938, Pages 114–122, https://doi.org/10.2307/2967525 Published: 01 February 1938
A 50-ns 256 K CMOS split-gate EPROM (1988)

A high-speed 32 K*8 CMOS EPROM has been designed and implemented in a polycide 1.2- mu m n-well epi CMOS technology. A high-read-current split-gate EPROM cell combined with address transition detection-based SRAM-like precharge, equalization, and clocked differential sensing schemes has resulted in a typical address access time of less than 50 ns. The typical power dissipation at 18.2 MHz is 60 mW. Row redundancy is used to enhance the yield and the part has been designed to be compatible with plastic packaging.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Will Serverless Computing Revolutionize NFV? (2019)

Communication networks need to be both adaptive and scalable. The last few years have seen an explosive growth of software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) to address this need. Both technologies help enable networking software to be decoupled from the hardware so that software functionality is no longer constrained by the underlying hardware and can evolve independently. Both SDN and NFV aim to advance a software-based approach to networking, where networking functionality is implemented in software modules and executed on a suitable cloud computing platform. Achieving this goal requires the virtualization paradigm used in these services that play an important role in the transition to software-based networks. Consequently, the corresponding computing platforms accompanying the virtualization technologies need to provide the required agility, robustness, and scalability for the services executed. Serverless computing has recently emerged as a new paradigm in virtualization and has already significantly changed the economics of offloading computations to the cloud. It is considered as a low-latency, resource-efficient, and rapidly deployable alternative to traditional virtualization approaches, such as those based on virtual machines and containers. Serverless computing provides scalability and cost reduction, without requiring any additional configuration overhead on the part of the developer. In this paper, we explore and survey how serverless computing technology can help building adaptive and scalable networks and show the potential pitfalls of doing so.
Development and implementation of new techniques to study biomarkers in Huntington disease (2012)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University\n\nPLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
Factorization of matrices associated with classes of arithmetical functions (2003)

Let $f$ be an arithmetical function. A set $S=\{x_1, \dots , x_n\}$ of $n$ distinct positive integers is called multiple closed if $y\in S$ whenever $x\,|\, y\,|\,{\rm lcm}(S)$ for any $x\in S$, where ${\rm lcm}(S)$ is the least common multiple of all ele
Structural and functional characterization of neuraminidase-like molecule N10 derived from bat influenza A virus (2012)

The recent discovery of the unique genome of influenza virus H17N10 in bats raises considerable doubt about the origin and evolution of influenza A viruses. It also identifies a neuraminidase (NA)-like protein, N10, that is highly divergent from the nine other well-established serotypes of influenza A NA (N1-N9). The structural elucidation and functional characterization of influenza NAs have illustrated the complexity of NA structures, thus raising a key question as to whether N10 has a special structure and function. Here the crystal structure of N10, derived from influenza virus A/little yellow-shouldered bat/Guatemala/153/2009 (H17N10), was solved at a resolution of 2.20 Å. Overall, the structure of N10 was found to be similar to that of the other known influenza NA structures. In vitro enzymatic assays demonstrated that N10 lacks canonical NA activity. A detailed structural analysis revealed dramatic alterations of the conserved active site residues that are unfavorable for the binding and cleavage of terminally linked sialic acid receptors. Furthermore, an unusual 150-loop (residues 147-152) was observed to participate in the intermolecular polar interactions between adjacent N10 molecules of the N10 tetramer. Our study of influenza N10 provides insight into the structure and function of the sialidase superfamily and sheds light on the molecular mechanism of bat influenza virus infection.
Use of Ferric and Ferrous Iron Containing Minerals for Respiration by Desulfitobacterium frappieri (2003)

The potential of Desulfitobacterium frappieri strain G2, which was isolated from subsurface smectite bedding, to participate in iron redox reactions was investigated. Strain G2 can use poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide, soluble forms of Fe(III) and Fe(III) in the structure of phyllosilicate minerals as electron acceptors. It can also oxidize Fe(II)-NTA or Fe(II) in the structure of phyllosilicate minerals with nitrate as the electron acceptor. These results suggest for the first time that strains of Desulfitobacterium frappieri may play an important role in iron cycling in sedimentary environments.
Solid-state self-focusing surface waveguide (microguide) (1972)

A thin-film optical waveguide with self-focusing caused by controlled distribution in the thickness was made of nitrocellulose and suspended in air. Undulation of the guided light beam was observed in the film, as well as in the self-focusing optical fiber, when a He–Ne laser beam was injected at a place apart from the thickest center of the film. From this experiment, it has been shown that the transverse focusing effect in thin-film optical-wave transmission is obtained by the distribution in thickness of the film.
Design of a handheld optical coherence microscopy endoscope (2011)

Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) combines coherence gating, high numerical aperture optics, and a fiber-core pinhole to provide high axial and lateral resolution with relatively large depth of imaging. We present a handheld rigid OCM endoscope designed for small animal surgical imaging, with a 6-mm diam tip, 1-mm scan width, and 1-mm imaging depth. X-Y scanning is performed distally with mirrors mounted to micro galvonometer scanners incorporated into the endoscope handle. The endoscope optical design consists of scanning doublets, an afocal Hopkins relay lens system, a 0.4 numerical aperture water immersion objective, and a cover glass. This endoscope can resolve laterally a 1.4-μm line pair feature and has an axial resolution (full width half maximum) of 5.4 μm. Images taken with this endoscope of fresh ex-vivo mouse ovaries show structural features, such as corpus luteum, primary follicles, growing follicles, and fallopian tubes. This rigid handheld OCM endoscope can be useful for a variety of minimally invasive and surgical imaging applications.
An Algorithm for Locating Fundamental Frequency Markers in Speech Signals (2006)

The paper describes an algorithm for determining pitch period markers in a continuous speech signal using prior knowledge of pitch values. The algorithm uses dynamic programming to determine optimal markers from a set of probable markers. Local costs are assigned based on the amplitudes of local peaks, and transition costs are based on the closeness of peak spacings to the spacing predicted by the pitch period. In tests conducted with the Keele database, it was found that over 90% of pitch markers are within /spl plusmn/0.3 ms of reference marks in the laryngograph signal recorded with the Keele acoustic data, and over 96% of markers are within /spl plusmn/1 ms of reference markers. One of the features of this algorithm is tolerance to errors in the pitch track. The algorithm can tolerate errors in the pitch track of approximately -10% to +60%, with very little degradation in performance. It also generates 1% extraneous peaks.
<title>High-efficiency Nd:YVO<formula><inf><roman>4</roman></inf></formula> laser end-pumped with a diode laser bar</title> (1999)

Diode end-pumped solid-state lasers have the potential to yield high quality laser beams with high efficiency. However, its limited pump volume results in limited output power, usually under 1W. This paper presents a high- efficiency Nd:YVO<SUB>4</SUB> laser end-pumped by a 15W diode laser bar. An optical-optical efficiency as high as 42 percent and an output laser power of over 3W were obtained with a beam quality factor, M<SUP>2</SUP> of less than 1.2 and an output stability of +/- 0.5 percent. Theoretical calculations and experimental data showed that the pumping laser beam was well-matched to the intracavity laser mode.
Isolation and Characterization of a Structural Homologue of Human PRK2 from Rat Liver (1997)

A homologue of human protein kinase C (PKC)-related kinase-2, PRK2, which had previously escaped identification in normal mammalian tissues, was isolated from rat liver as the protease-activated kinase (PAK) originally named PAK-2. The 130-kDa cytosolic enzyme was purified to homogeneity and shown by tryptic peptide and reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-amplified rat cDNA sequence analyses to be structurally related to the 116-kDa rat hepatic PAK-1/protein kinase N (PKN) and, even more closely (95% sequence identity) to the 130-kDa human PKC-related kinase, PRK2. Rat myeloma RNA was used as the RT-PCR template because of its relative abundance in PAK-2/PRK2 mRNA compared with liver and other rat tissues. The catalytic properties of PAK-2/PRK2 in many respects resembled those of hepatic PAK-1/PKN, but were distinguished by more favorable kinetics with several peptide substrates, and greater sensitivity to PKC pseudosubstrate and polybasic amino acid inhibitors. PAK-2/PRK2 was also activated by lipids, particularly cardiolipin and to a lesser extent by other acidic phospholipids and unsaturated fatty acids. Cardiolipin activation was most evident with autophosphorylation and histone H2B phosphorylation, but only marginally evident with the favored ribosomal S6-(229-239) peptide substrate for the protease-activated kinase activity. It was concluded that PAK-2 is the rat homologue of human PRK2, with biochemical properties distinct from although overlapping those of the PAK-1/PKN/PRK1 isoform.
Platinum Acetate Blue: Synthesis and Characterization (2014)

Platinum acetate blue (PAB) of the empirical formula Pt(OOCMe)2.5±0.25, a byproduct in the synthesis of crystalline platinum(II) acetate Pt4(OOCMe)8, is an X-ray amorphous substance containing platinum in the oxidation state between (II) and (III). Typical PAB samples were studied with X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis-thermogravimetric, extended X-ray absorption fine structure, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, magnetochemistry, and combined quantum chemical density functional theory-molecular mechanics modeling to reveal the main structural features of the PAB molecular building blocks. The applicability of PAB to the synthesis of platinum complexes was demonstrated by the preparation of the new homo- and heteronuclear complexes Pt(II)(dipy)(OOCMe)2 (1), Pt(II)(μ-OOCMe)4Co(II)(OH2) (2), and Pt(III)2(OOCMe)4(O3SPhMe)2 (3) with the use of PAB as starting material.
Novel Accident-Tolerant Fuel Meat and Cladding (2013)

A novel accident-tolerant fuel meat and cladding are here proposed. The fuel meat design incorporates annular fuel with inserts and discs that are fabricated from a material having high thermal conductivity, for example niobium. The inserts are rods or tubes. Discs separate the fuel pellets. Using the BISON fuel performance code it was found that the peak fuel temperature can be lowered by more than 600 degrees C for one set of conditions with niobium metal as the thermal conductor. In addition to improved safety margin, several advantages are expected from the lower temperature such as decreased fission gas release and fuel cracking. Advantages and disadvantages are discussed. An enrichment of only 7.5% fully compensates the lost reactivity of the displaced UO2. Slightly higher enrichments, such as 9%, allow uprates and increased burnups to offset the initial costs for retooling. The design has applications for fast reactors and transuranic burning, which may accelerate its development. A zirconium silicide coating is also described for accident tolerant applications. A self-limiting degradation behavior for this coating is expected to produce a glassy, self-healing layer that becomes more protective at elevated temperature, with some similarities to MoSi2 and other silicides. Both the fuel and coating may benefit from the existing technology infrastructure and the associated wide expertise for a more rapid development in comparison to other, more novel fuels and cladding.