gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High density Cu-Sn TLP bonding for 3D integration (2009)

3D die stacking is a key technology for enabling 3D integration wherein two or more dies are stacked on top of each other with vertical interconnections. This result in high speed interconnects with reduced noise and crosstalk as compared to wire bonded assemblies. 3D integration may require sequential stacking of multiple dies without disturbing the previously bonded die. This can be achieved by transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding where the melting point of the intermetallic formed after the bonding is much higher than that of the solder itself. In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of narrow pitch TLP bonding for the Cu-Sn system in die stacking applications. Furthermore, we explore several process options for cost reduction, throughput enhancement and thermal budget minimization. More than 90% yielding devices are achieved on 40 mum pitch peripheral array and 100 mum pitch area array dies at 250degC using both flux and No flow UnderFill (NUF) using both die-to-die and die-to-wafer setup. Preliminary bonding results at temperature less than 200degC are also presented.
Prospects for microbeam radiation therapy of brain tumours in children to reduce neurological sequelae (2007)

Microbeam radiation therapy (MRT), a form of experimental radiosurgery of tumours using multiple parallel, planar, micrometres-wide, synchrotron-generated X-ray beams ('microbeams'), can safely deliver radiation doses to contiguous normal animal tissues that are much higher than the maximum doses tolerated by the same normal tissues of animals or patients from any standard millimetres-wide radiosurgical beam. An array of parallel microbeams, even in doses that cause little damage to radiosensitive developing tissues, for example, the chick chorioallantoic membrane, can inhibit growth or ablate some transplanted malignant tumours in rodents. The cerebella of 100 normal 20 to 38g suckling Sprague-Dawley rat pups and of 13 normal 5 to 12kg weanling Yorkshire piglets were irradiated with an array of parallel, synchrotron-wiggler-generated X-ray microbeams in doses overlapping the MRT-relevant range (about 50-600Gy) using the ID17 wiggler beamline tangential to the 6GeV electron synchrotron ring at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France. Subsequent favourable development of most animals over at least 1 year suggests that MRT might be used to treat children's brain tumours with less risk to the development of the central nervous system than is presently the case when using wider beams.
Introduction to volume rendering (1998)

1. Introduction. What Is Volume Rendering? Volume Rendering Applications. Volume Acquisition. Acquisition Techniques. Volume Rendering Pipeline. File Format. For Further Study. 2. Volume Rendering Framework. Spatial Transforms and Linear Algebra. Matrix Representations and Transformation Operations. Rasterization and Rendering a Volume. Compositing of Multiple Volumes and Other Primitives. Perspective and Orthographic Projections. For Further Study. 3. Illumination and Shading. The Gradient. More Gradient Operators. Gouraud and Phong Shading. Difference between Gouraud and Phong Shading. Using Shading in Volume Rendering. For Further Study. 4. Classification. Histograms. Transfer Functions. Coloring and Shading. Segmentation. For Further Study. 5. Interpolation. Interpolation Kernels. Volume Rendering Example. Conclusions. For Further Study. 6. Compositing. The Ray Casting Integral. Discretization of the Ray Casting Integral. Front-to-Back Compositing. Back-to-Front Compositing. Using Opacity instead of Transparency. Partial Ray Compositing. Opacity Correction when Oversampling. Opacity Weighted Color Interpolation. Other Compositing Operations. For Further Study. 7. Volume Slicing. For Further Study. 8. Trade-offs. A High-Performance Volume Visualization System. Image Quality Improvements. Speedup Techniques. For Further Study. Appendix: Volume Rendering Resources. Periodicals. Organizations and Conferences. Internet Resources. Searchable Databases. Public Domain Software. Volume Rendering Extensions for OpenGL. Table of Contents. Introduction. Terminology. Capability Queries. Volume Data Definition. Drawing a Volume. Visibility Testing. Compute Gradients. Classification. Lighting. Projection. Sampling. Interpolation. Ordering. Fragment Operations. Attribute Queries. Utilities. Usage Notes. Futures. Glossary. References. Index.
High incidence of occult leptomeningeal disease detected by flow cytometry in newly diagnosed aggressive B-cell lymphomas at risk for central nervous system involvement: the role of flow cytometry versus cytology (2004)

We assessed the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by flow cytometry and cytology in 51 newly diagnosed and 9 treated aggressive B-cell lymphomas at risk for central nervous system (CNS) involvement to examine the utility of flow cytometry, incidence of CSF disease, and clinical surrogates of CNS spread. Multicolor flow cytometry using multiple antibody panels for light chains and B- and T-cell antigens identified neoplastic clones that constituted as little as 0.2% of total CSF lymphocytes. Among 51 newly diagnosed patients, 11 (22%) had occult CSF involvement. All 11 were detected by flow cytometry but only 1 by cytology (P = .002). Among 9 treated patients, CSF involvement was detected by flow cytometry alone in 2 and also by cytology in 1 case. CSF chemistry and cell counts were similar in patients with and without CSF lymphoma. Only the number of extranodal sites was associated with occult CSF lymphoma in newly diagnosed patients by univariate (P = .006) or logistic regression analysis (P = .012). We hypothesize that the biologic phenotype associated with colonization of extranodal sites leads to CNS spread, possibly related to the microenvironment. Patients at risk for CNS spread should undergo staging CSF evaluation by flow cytometry.
A sulfonated capillary that gives reproducible migration times for capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (2005)

To obtain reproducible migration times and rapid analyses of analytes, sulfonate groups were chemically introduced to the inner wall of untreated fused-silica capillary with 2-(4-chlorosulfonylphenyl)ethyltrichlorosilane. The sulfonated capillary showed relatively constant electroosmotic mobility which was greater than that obtained by an untreated fused-silica capillary over the pH range studied (pH 2-9). In both CZE and MEKC, the RSDs of the migration times of analytes with the sulfonated capillary were less than 0.2% which were significantly lower than those obtained with an untreated fused-silica capillary (0.5-3.5%). When BGE were set at pH 7.0 for CZE and MEKC, the analysis times with the sulfonated capillary were about half those obtained with an untreated fused-silica capillary. These results indicate that the sulfonated capillary can provide highly reproducible and rapid analyses in CE.
Significance of amino acid variation at human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase residue 210 for zidovudine susceptibility (1996)

Amino acid variation at reverse transcriptase (RT) codon 210 (generally Leu-210 to Trp [L210W], TTG-->TGG) is occasionally detected after the initiation of azidothymidine (AZT) therapy. The impact of this variation on AZT resistance and viral replication was addressed by four different approaches. The frequency and genetic background of the L210W mutation in vivo were assessed by analyzing sera of AZT-naive and AZT-experienced patients by RT-PCR and DNA sequencing. The degree of AZT resistance (50% infective concentration [IC50]) of recombinant viruses constructed by using the RT of 21 clinical isolates was stratified by the presence or absence of the 210 mutation. The AZT IC50S of a panel of mutant viruses (with or without W-210) constructed by site-directed mutagenesis in an HXB2 background were assayed by using a HeLa CD4 plaque reduction assay. Finally, the effect of the 210 mutation on viral replication was assessed by replication competition of an AZT-resistant virus, RTMN (L-41/Y-215), and RTMN with the W-210 mutation in the presence and in the absence of AZT. In AZT-naive patients, tryptophan at RT residue 210 was rare. After AZT exposure, W-210 appeared in a minority of those patients, most commonly in association with L-41 and Y-215. The presence of W-210 increased the AZTIC50 by two- to fourfold, as determined by both the recombinant virus assay and site-directed mutagenesis. A significant replication advantage in favor of the wild-type L-210 over W-210 was observed, although the selection against the 210 mutant was two- to threefold lower when the viruses were grown in the presence of 5 microM AZT. In summary, the L210W mutation appears to be of marginal significance, conferring approximately two- to fourfold-reduced sensitivity to AZT compared with similar AZT-resistant genomes with L-210. The selection pressure against W-210 may account for the modest proportion of patients in which W-210 appears in vivo.
GENETIC ENGINEERING OF REPRODUCTIVE STERILITY IN PINUS RADIATA (1998)

Generation of transgenic trees for reproductive incompetence is an important application of genetic engineering to commercial forestry. This involves isolation and characterisation of the regulatory regions of the genes expressed at the very early stages of male and female reproductive organ development. A gene family showing specific expression in Pinus radiata immature male and female cone-buds was isolated and characterised. A cell ablation strategy involving expression of toxin genes, under the control of the regulatory sequences of these genes, led to the ablation of the target cells. The major problem with this strategy was 'promoter leakage', low (background) levels of expression of some flower-specific promoters in vegetative tissues during flowering and non-flowering periods. To improve the cell ablation strategy, a cascade of chimeric genes was designed. During non-flowering, controlled expression of the anti-toxin gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Barstar, in non-flowering tissues arrested the accumulation of the toxic Barnase protein.
Performance Oriented Packaging Testing of PPP-B-601 Wood Box for 300 GR/FT Flexible Linear Shaped Charge for Packing Group II Solid Hazardous Materials (1993)

Abstract : Qualification tests were performed to determine whether the in- service PPP-B-601 Wood Box used for shipping and storage of 300 Grains per Foot Flexible Linear Shaped Charges could be utilized to contain properly dunnaged solid type hazardous materials weighing up to a gross weight of 21 kg (46.2 pounds). The tests were conducted in accordance with Performance Oriented Packaging (POP) requirements specified by the United Nations Recommendations on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods, ST/SG/AC.10/1 and the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49 CFR, Parts 107 through 178. The wood box has conformed to the POP performance requirements; i.e., the box successfully retained its contents throughout the specified tests.
Characterization of affinity-purified juvenile hormone esterase from the plasma of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. (1990)

Juvenile hormone (JH) esterase found primarily in the hemolymph and tissues of insects is a low abundance protein involved in the ester hydrolysis of insect juvenile hormones, JHs. The enzyme was purified from the larval plasma of wild-type Manduca sexta using an affinity column prepared by binding the ligand, 3-[(4'-mercapto)butylthio]-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one (MBTFP), to epoxy-activated Sepharose. The purification was greater than 700-fold with a 72% recovery, and the purified enzyme appeared as a single protein on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, and amino acid sequence analysis. The molecular weight was 66,000. The plasma JH esterase in wild-type, black, and white strains of M. sexta was similar when analyzed by immunotitration, wide range (pH 3.5-9.0) isoelectric focusing, and inhibition with MBTFP and 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one (OTFP). Inhibition studies revealed a sensitive and insensitive form (I50 = 10(-9) and 10(-6) M, respectively) in these three biotypes. Narrow range isoelectric focusing (pH 4.0-7.0) indicated the presence of two major isoelectric forms with pI values of 6.0 and 5.5, but their inhibition kinetics with OTFP and O,O-diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate were identical.
Effect of supplementing the diet of lactating sows with NuPro® on sow lactation performance and piglet growth (2011)

Plante, P. A., Laforest, J.-P. and Farmer, C. 2011. Effect of supplementing the diet of lactating sows with NuPro® on sow lactation performance and piglet growth. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 295–300. The impact of supplementing the diet of lactating sows with NuPro® (a source of yeast-derived proteins) on their performance and that of their piglets was studied. Treatments were: control (CTL, n=22), 30 g of NuPro per day (NuPro30, n=22), and 60 g of NuPro per day (NuPro60, n=21). The NuPro was mixed daily with 500 g of feed and provided over a 21-d lactation. Jugular blood samples were obtained from sows on days 2, 7 and 20 of lactation to measure urea concentrations. Milk samples were obtained on days 7 and 20 of lactation for compositional analyses and quantification of 5′ monophosphate nucleotides. Litter size was standardized to 10±1 at 48 h postpartum. Sow body weight loss and backfat loss during lactation were recorded, as well as the weights of piglets until day 56. Feed intakes of sows during lactation and of piglets for 5 wk post-weaning were noted. Statistical analyses were performed with PROC MIXED using an analysis of variance with one factor (three levels) according to a completely randomized design. None of the animal performance data differed among treatments (P>0.1). Standard milk composition was also similar across treatments (P>0.1). Concentrations of nucleotides in milk were greater on day 7 than on day 20 of lactation (P<0.001) but were not affected by treatments (P>0.1). In conclusion, supplementing the diet of lactating sows with NuPro did not increase nucleotide concentrations in milk and had no beneficial effects on sow or piglet performances.
Reliability and validity of a visual analogue scale used by owners to measure chronic pain attributable to osteoarthritis in their dogs (2011)

Although valid and reliable, the pain VAS was a poor tool for untrained owners because of poor face validity (ie, owners could not recognize their dogs' behavior as signs of pain). Only after owners had seen pain diminish and then return (after starting and discontinuing NSAID use) did the VAS have face validity.
Secretion of extracellular hsp90α via exosomes increases cancer cell motility: a role for plasminogen activation (2010)

Abstract Background Metastasis is a multi-step process that is responsible for the majority of deaths in cancer patients. Current treatments are not effective in targeting metastasis. The molecular chaperone hsp90α is secreted from invasive cancer cells and activates MMP-2 to enhance invasiveness, required for the first step in metastasis. Methods We analyzed the morphology and motility of invasive cancer cells that were treated with exogenous exosomes in the presence or absence of hsp90α. We performed mass spectrometry and immunoprecipitation to identify plasminogen as a potential client protein of extracellular hsp90α. Plasmin activation assays and migration assays were performed to test if plasminogen is activated by extracellular hsp90α and has a role in migration. Results We found that hsp90α is secreted in exosomes in invasive cancer cells and it contributes to their invasive nature. We identified a novel interaction between hsp90α and tissue plasminogen activator that together with annexin II, also found in exosomes, activates plasmin. Extracellular hsp90α promotes plasmin activation as well as increases plasmin dependent cell motility. Conclusions Our data indicate that hsp90α is released by invasive cancer cells via exosomes and implicates hsp90α in activating plasmin, a second protease that acts in cancer cell invasion.
Modeling constructivist teaching functionality and structure in the KBS Hyperbook System (1999)

The KBS Hyperbook System is a system which uses explicit conceptual models and meta data to structure and connect external data. When these external data are pages on the WWW, the corresponding conceptual model takes the role of an information index and determines the navigational structure between these pages (corresponding to one or more views on the external data). The conceptual model also serves as a schema for the integration of new pages (similar to the role of a database schema). In this paper we show how such a model can be used to support three main aspects of constructivist learning in a computer supported teaching environment, namely structural support for goal-oriented learning and projects, the integration of student projects into hyperbook based lecture material and the implementation of student annotations.
Inhibition of protein kinase C by N-myristoylated peptide substrate analogs (1993)

Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of closely related phospholipid-dependent protein kinases. A fully active, phospholipid-independent catalytic fragment of PKC is produced by limited proteolysis of the enzyme. The catalytic fragment allows a simplified assay system for the analysis of PKC inhibitors that interact with the catalytic domain. Recently, we reported that N-myristoylation of the synthetic peptide substrate Arg-Lys-Arg-Thr-Leu-Arg-Arg-Leu (RKRTLRRL) transformed a peptide that completely lacked inhibitory activity against the histone kinase reactions of PKC and its catalytic fragment into a peptide that potently inhibited both of these reactions. N-Myristoylation did not alter the potency of the peptide as a PKC substrate, and the basis for the acquisition of inhibitory activity against the catalytic fragment by N-myristoylation of the peptide remained unclear. In this report, we propose a mechanism for catalytic fragment inhibition by the N-myristoylated peptide that is based on a comparison of the inhibitory potencies of several nonphosphorylatable analogs of N-myristoyl-RKRTLRRL, a kinetic analysis of the inhibition of the histone kinase activity of the catalytic fragment by nonphosphorylatable N-myristoyl-RKRTLRRL analogs, and an analysis of the inhibitory effects of the N-myristoylated peptide series on the intrinsic ATPase activity of PKC. Our results support a mechanism in which the N-myristoylated peptides inhibit the catalytic fragment by binding to PKCfree, but not to the complex PKC-ATP, at the protein-substrate binding site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Storing RSA Private Keys In Your Head (2006)

An issue when using the RSA public-key system is that for reasonable levels of security, both the public key and the private key must be quite large. Since few people are capable of memorizing a 1024-bit private key, most people must store this number on a computer hard drive or other digital storage device. There are (at least) three problems with this; the first is that if your computer is even temporarily compromised, your private key could be stolen. The second is that if you are away from your computer (and don't have your key on a portable storage device) but need your private key to access some resource, you are unable to do so. The third is that your key could be irrevocably lost because of hardware problems. This paper describes a way of generating a public/private RSA key pair from a passphrase to overcome these problems. Although the paper's focus is on the generation of RSA keys, the process can be applied to any cryptosystem (symmetric or asymmetric) which relies on random data for generating keys
Potential for up-scaling Nimr reed bed facilities, Oman : feasibility study (2004)

This report describes the findings of a feasibility study to treat oil contaminated water using reed beds, and consume the treated saline water using forestry. The feasibility study focused on the social, technical and economical feasibility of a project designed to process 45,000 m3 of water per day. Possible effects of a large scale operation on interactions between Petroleum Development Oman and local population are listed, and suggestions on the social processes involved are made. The economics of reed bed water treatment and water consumption through the use of forestry are determined and compared with the current practise of deep well disposal. The economics of the treatment-forestry system are more favorable than the economics of the deep well disposal. The technical analysis shows that the reed beds are able to treat water to remove hydrocarbons, and suggestions for management, design and development of the system are given.
Treatment of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Contact Avoidance versus Corticosteroid Treatment (1994)

OBJECTIVE: To compare the early response to oral corticosteroid treatment with contact avoidance in patients with acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis. DESIGN: Prospective evaluation of patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. who chose either contact avoidance or low dose corticosteroid treatment. STUDY POPULATION: Twenty‐eight patients with acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis. INTERVENTIONS: Each subject had a clinical evaluation, chest radiographs. lung function measurements and a bronchoalveolar lavage at diagnosis and after one month of either form of treatment (contact avoidance or oral prednisone 20 mg daily). RESULTS: Nineteen subjects (all with farmer′s lung) chose the corticosteroid arm and nine chose the contact avoidance arm (three farmer′s lung, four humidifier lung and two bird fancier′s lung). Initially subjects in both groups had similar disease severity (single breath carbon dioxide diffusion capacity [DLCO] 61.4±3.9 and 60.7±18.9% predicted. respeclively [mean ± SD]. total bronchoalveolar lavage cells 101X10 6 versus 119x10 6 . All subjects improved with either treatment. and 10 subjects considered themselves back to normal. DLCO increased from the above values to 74.6±21.9 and 77.1±18.5. respectively. Bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytos is remained unchanged after one month of either treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Both low dose oral corticosteroids and contact avoidance provided adequate initial treatment of acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Bronchoalveolar lavage cellular findings remained abnormal despite clinical improvements; this technique did not provide useful clinical information in the follow‐up of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
Dicistronic <i>LacZ</i> and Alkaline Phosphatase Reporter Constructs Permit Simultaneous Histological Analysis of Expression from Multiple Transgenes (1997)

We report here the development of convenient dicistronic transgenic markers for the rapid and efficient simultaneous analysis of transgene activity in transgenic mice. Two sensitive histological markers, the beta-galactosidase (beta-gal)-encoding lacZ gene and the human placental alkaline phosphatase (hpAP) gene, have been fused to the internal ribosome entry sequence (IRES) from the encephalomyocarditis virus, which directs efficient mRNA cap-independent entry of the translation apparatus in mammalian cells. The IRES permits efficient translation of either lacZ or hpAP when placed anywhere within transgene exonic sequences, including both 5' and 3' untranslated regions. In addition, the production of constructs for transgenic analysis of DNA regulatory elements is greatly facilitated with IRES-lacZ or IRES-hpAP, since the IRES relieves the need for complicated in frame transgene protein fusions to produce a functional beta-gal or hpAP protein.