gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On Some Aspects of the Chemical Evolution of Cave Waters (1964)

The evolution of cave waters can be divided naturally into three stages: a stage of carbonation in the soil zone, a stage of solution of calcite and/or dolomite, and a stage of equilibration with cave air. Much of the necessary physical-chemical data for the interpretation of the chemistry of cave waters is available: the solubility of $$CO_{2}$$ in water is well known, as is the solubility of calcite and aragonite in pure water and in solutions containing dissolved $$CO_{2}$$. Only the solubility of dolomite is still in doubt. Water samples from Indian Echo Cave and Carpenter Cave in Pennsylvania and from the Luray Caverns in Virginia were analyzed, and their composition was used to interpret their chemical evolution. The waters in each cave must have absorbed a large amount of $$CO_{2}$$ on their passage through the soil zone. Even so, the calcium and magnesium content of some of the water at Luray is so large that impossibly high $$CO_{2}$$ pressures would have had to prevail in the soil zone if the solubility data of Yanat'eva (1954) and of Garrels, Thompson, and Siever (1960) for dolomite were correct. We suggest that the solubility product of dolomite is probably near $$10^{17}$$, about two orders of magnitude higher than the value proposed by Garrels, Thompson, and Siever (1960). During the precipitation of $$O_{3}$$ from cave waters, the activity product $$a_{Ca^{+2}}\cdot a_{CO_{3}^{-}}$$ has been found to exceed the solubility product of calcite by as much as a factor of seven. In bodies of standing water from which no $$CaCO_{3}$$ is precipitating the activity product is very nearly equal to the accepted value of the solubility product of calcite. Precipitation of $$O_{3}$$ takes place essentially entirely by escape of $$CO_{2}$$ from cave water to the cave air. This is demonstrated convincingly by the observed constancy of the magnesium concentration in these waters during $$O_{3}$$ precipitation. At Luray nearly all of the water is supersaturated with respect to dolomite. However, no dolomite has been observed to precipitate in the cave even where the activity product $$a_{Ca^{+2}}\cdot a_{Mg^{+2}}\cdot a_{CO_{3}^{-}}^{2}$$ is in excess of $$2 \times 10^{-15}$$. The strontium content of $$O_{3}$$ precipitated from cave water depends on the mineralogy of the precipitate and on the ratio of the concentration of strontium to the concentration of calcium in the parent water. The strontium content of our Luray aragonites is always greater than the strontium content of the Luray calcites, and the absolute value of the strontium concentration can be related satisfactorily to the strontium-calcium ratio in the parent water via the distribution coefficients $$k_{Sr}^{C}$$ and $$k_{Sr}^{A}$$ determined in the laboratory. The strontium content of the cave waters at Luray is determined by the amount of dolomite dissolved by the carbonated rain water, by the strontium content of the dissolved dolomite, and by the amount and mineralogy of the $$O_{3}$$ deposited during equilibration with cave air.
Quantitative NMR Spectroscopy for the Prediction of Base Oil Properties (2000)

The performance characteristics of mineral base oils depend largely on their physiochemical properties. These properties in turn are dependent on the type and relative amount of different hydrocarbons present in the system. The physical properties of some molecules are known to be quite different when they are in a mixture and their influence on bulk physical properties of base oils can vary considerably. The evaluation of these properties can involve long procedures, considerable manpower, a large sample and a costly laboratory infrastructure. A rapid method was developed using quantitative 13C NMR derived structural information on a set of Group 1 type base oils. The molecular level characterization is considered more accurate, requiring less time and test sample to study base oil properties. If such structural data are correlated suitably with the bulk physical properties, they can be used as reliable tools for predictive models. A best subset multi-component regression analysis of the NMR data generated on several base oils are used to develop correlations to predict base oil properties such as API gravity, pour point, aniline point and viscosity. The method and some results are reported.
AnamneVis: A Framework for the Visualization of Patient History and Medical Diagnostics Chains (2011)

The medical history or anamnesis of a patient is the factual information obtained by a physician for the medical diagnostics of a patient. This information includes current symptoms, history of present illness, previous treatments, available data, current medications, past history, family history, and others. Based on this information the physician follows through a medical diagnostics chain that includes requests for further data, diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, and eventually a report of treatment outcome. Patients often have rather complex medical histories, and visualization and visual analytics can offer large benefits for the navigation and reasoning with this information. Here we present AnamneVis, a system where the patient is represented as a radial sunburst visualization that captures all health conditions of the past and present to serve as a quick overview to the interrogating physician. The patient’s body is represented as a stylized body map that can be zoomed into for further anatomical detail. On the other hand, the reasoning chain is represented as a multi-stage flow chart, composed of date, symptom, data, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome.
A Norton Model of a Distribution Network for Harmonic Evaluation (2011)

This paper presents a Norton model for modelling distribution networks where the system configuration is not fully known. Traditionally harmonic studies use complex distribution networks modelled by harmonic current sources for specific frequencies. Although this model has been proved to be adequate for some studies, this may not be adequate for other applications. When changing the operating conditions of the supply-side system, the harmonic currents injected by the distribution network might change and to investigate these harmonic currents, the Norton model is used. The change of operating condition is obtained by switching shunt capacitors. The estimated model can be used to analyze, for example, the effect of harmonic filters under different supply system configurations or operating conditions. The method of estimating the Norton models is illustrated on a test system, simulated on the well-known simulation program EMTP-ATPDraw. Key words : Norton model; Distribution network; Operating conditions; Harmonic currents and voltages
Trichotillometry: the reliability and practicality of hair pluckability as a method of nutritional assessment (2007)

Due to significant variation in measurements, hair pluckability does not appear to be a reliable method for assessing adult nutritional status. Hair pluckability could be a useful method of nutritional assessment in complex humanitarian emergencies but only if the reliability was improved.
Purification of isopenicillin N synthetase (1984)

Isopenicillin N synthetase was extracted from Cephalosporium acremonium and purified about 200-fold. The product showed one major protein band, coinciding with synthetase activity, when subjected to electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. An isopenicillin N synthetase from Penicillium chrysogenum was purified about 70-fold by similar procedures. The two enzymes resemble each other closely in their Mr, in their mobility on electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and in their requirement for Fe2+ and ascorbate for maximum activity. Preliminary experiments have shown that a similar isopenicillin N synthetase can be extracted from Streptomyces clavuligerus.
Development of materials and process technology for dual alloy disks (1981)

Techniques for the preparation of dual alloy disks were developed and evaluated. Four material combinations were evaluated in the form of HIP consolidated and heat treated cylindrical and plate shapes in terms of elevated temperature tensile, stress rupture and low cycle fatigue properties. The process evaluation indicated that the pe-HIP AF-115 rim/loose powder Rene 95 hub combination offered the best overall range of mechanical properties for dual disk applications. The feasibility of this dual alloy concept for the production of more complex components was demonstrated by the scale up fabrication of a prototype CFM-56 disk made from this AF-115/Rene 95 combination. The hub alloy ultimate tensile strength was approximately 92 percent of the program goal of 1520 MPa (220 ksi) at 480 C (900 F) and the rim alloy stress rupture goal of 300 hours at 675 C (1250 F)/925 MPa (134 ksi) was exceeded by 200 hours. The low cycle fatigue properties were equivalent to those exhibited by HIP and heat treated alloys. There was an absence of rupture notch sensitivity in both alloys. The joint tensile properties were approximately 85 percent of the weaker of the two materials (Rene 95) and the stress rupture properties were equivalent to those of the weaker of the two materials (Rene 95).
Dorsal penile nerves and primary premature ejaculation. (2009)

Based on the study of 38 cases, the average number of dorsal penile nerves was 3.55 branches and that of patients with PPE was greater. These preliminary results suggest that the excessive dorsal penile nerves may have an impact on PPE via increased sensitivity and provide topographic data for the possible treatment of PPE.
Rapid Detection of <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 by Using Green Fluorescent Protein-Labeled PP01 Bacteriophage (2004)

A previously isolated T-even-type PP01 bacteriophage was used to detect its host cell, Escherichia coli O157:H7. The phage small outer capsid (SOC) protein was used as a platform to present a marker protein, green fluorescent protein (GFP), on the phage capsid. The DNA fragment around soc was amplified by PCR and sequenced. The gene alignment of soc and its upstream region was g56-soc.2-soc.1-soc, which is the same as that for T2 phage. GFP was introduced into the C- and N-terminal regions of SOC to produce recombinant phages PP01-GFP/SOC and PP01-SOC/GFP, respectively. Fusion of GFP to SOC did not change the host range of PP01. On the contrary, the binding affinity of the recombinant phages to the host cell increased. However, the stability of the recombinant phages in alkaline solution decreased. Adsorption of the GFP-labeled PP01 phages to the E. coli cell surface enabled visualization of cells under a fluorescence microscope. GFP-labeled PP01 phage was not only adsorbed on culturable E. coli cells but also on viable but nonculturable or pasteurized cells. The coexistence of insensitive E. coli K-12 (W3110) cells did not influence the specificity and affinity of GFP-labeled PP01 adsorption on E. coli O157:H7. After a 10-min incubation with GFP-labeled PP01 phage at a multiplicity of infection of 1,000 at 4 degrees C, E. coli O157:H7 cells could be visualized by fluorescence microscopy. The GFP-labeled PP01 phage could be a rapid and sensitive tool for E. coli O157:H7 detection.
Revealing molecular conformation–induced stress at embedded interfaces of organic optoelectronic devices by sum frequency generation spectroscopy (2021)

Interface stresses are pervasive and critical in conventional optoelectronic devices and generally lead to many failures and reliability problems. However, detection of the interface stress embedded in organic optoelectronic devices is a long-standing problem, which causes the unknown relationship between interface stress and organic device stability (one key and unsettled issue for practical applications). In this study, a kind of previously unknown molecular conformation-induced stress is revealed at the organic embedded interface through sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy technique. This stress can be greater than 10 kcal/mol per nm<sup>2</sup> and is sufficient to induce molecular disorder in the organic semiconductor layer (with energy below 8 kcal/mol per nm<sup>2</sup>), finally causing instability of the organic transistor. This study not only reveals interface stress in organic devices but also correlates instability of organic devices with the interface stress for the first time, offering an effective solution for improving device stability.
Randomized Phase III Trial of Paclitaxel Once Per Week Compared With Nanoparticle Albumin-Bound Nab-Paclitaxel Once Per Week or Ixabepilone With Bevacizumab As First-Line Chemotherapy for Locally Recurrent or Metastatic Breast Cancer: CALGB 40502/NCCTG N063H (Alliance) (2015)

In patients with chemotherapy-naive advanced BC, ixabepilone once per week was inferior to paclitaxel, and nab-paclitaxel was not superior with a trend toward inferiority. Toxicity was increased in the experimental arms, particularly for nab-paclitaxel. Paclitaxel once per week remains the preferred palliative chemotherapy in this setting.
Synthesis, Optical, and Electrical Characterization of Organically Soluble Silver Nanoparticles and Their Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Nanocomposites:  Enhanced Luminescence Property in the Nanocomposite Thin Films (2007)

The hexadecyl amine capped Ag nanoparticles in chloroform are prepared by reducing [Ag(hexadecyl amine)2]NO3 complex with sodium borohydride in a chloroform/water medium. Poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (P3HT)−silver nanoparticle composites at five different compositions [Ag10, Ag25, Ag50, Ag75, and Ag90; the number indicates percentage (w/w) of silver in the composite] are prepared by mixing the chloroform solutions of P3HT and hexadecyl amine capped Ag nanoparticles at appropriate proportions. Thin films (average thickness ∼ 50 nm) of the composites were prepared by spin-coating the above homogeneous solutions at 2000 rpm. The UV−vis spectra of the composite solutions exhibit a homogeneous mixing of the components as an intermediate absorption peak of those of the plasmon band of Ag and π−π* transition band of P3HT are observed in all cases. But the thin films retain the individual plasmon peak of Ag nanoparticle and the π−π* transition band of P3HT, showing a small red shift in both peaks at certain compositions. The TEM pictures indicate hexagonal array of Ag nanoparticles in the pure hexadecyl amine capped Ag nanoparticle film, but in the composites the Ag nanoparticles are distributed homogeneously. The histograms indicate an increase in nanoparticle size with increasing nanoparticle concentration and AFM study indicates cluster formation by organization of P3HT lamella surrounding the Ag nanoparticles. The photoluminescence spectra in the solution state shows a continuous decrease of luminescence intensity with increase in Ag nanoparticle concentration but the thin films of the nanocomposite indicate a significant (∼4 times for Ag50 and on considering P3HT concentration only it is an 8 times increase compared to that of pure P3HT) increase in fluorescence intensity. A small blue shift of the luminescence band of P3HT with increasing Ag nanoparticle concentration is also observed possibly for the coupling of plasmon vibration with the electronic levels of the excitons of P3HT. The pure hexadecyl amine capped Ag nanoparticles thin film exhibits electrical bistability, signifying switching effect in the system but the nanocomposite thin films do not show these characteristics. They show a sharp increase in current at a threshold voltage, which increase with an increase in Ag nanoparticle concentration except for the Ag75 composite. The characteristics of I−V curves of the nanocomposites promise the probable use of nanocomposite thin films as efficient light-emitting diode compared to that of pure P3HT.
Photochromism of diarylethene molecules and crystals (2010)

Photochromism is defined as a reversible transformation of a chemical species between two isomers upon photoirradiation. Although vast numbers of photochromic molecules have been so far reported, photochromic molecules which exhibit thermally irreversible photochromic reactivity are limited to a few examples. The thermal irreversibility is an indispensable property for the application of photochromic molecules to optical memories and switches. We have developed a new class of photochromic molecules named "diarylethenes", which show the thermally irreversible photochromic reactivity. The well designed diarylethene derivatives provide outstanding photochromic performance: both isomers are thermally stable for more than 470,000 years, photoinduced coloration/decoloration can be repeated more than 10(5) cycles, the quantum yield of cyclization reaction is close to 1 (100%), and the response times of both coloration and decoloration are less than 10 ps. This review describes theoretical background of the photochromic reactions, color changes of the derivatives in solution as well as in the single crystalline phase, and application of the crystals to light-driven actuators.
High temperature dielectric relaxation anomaly of Y3+ and Mn2+ doped barium strontium titanate ceramics (2014)

Relaxation like dielectric anomaly is observed in Y3+ and Mn2+ doped barium strontium titanate ceramics when the temperature is over 450 K. Apart from the conventional dielectric relaxation analysis method with Debye or modified Debye equations, which is hard to give exact temperature dependence of the relaxation process, dielectric response in the form of complex impedance, assisted with Cole-Cole impedance model corrected equivalent circuits, is adopted to solve this problem and chase the polarization mechanism in this paper. Through this method, an excellent description to temperature dependence of the dielectric relaxation anomaly and its dominated factors are achieved. Further analysis reveals that the exponential decay of the Cole distribution parameter n with temperature is confirmed to be induced by the microscopic lattice distortion due to ions doping and the interaction between the defects. At last, a clear sight to polarization mechanism containing both the intrinsic dipolar polarization and extrinsic distributed oxygen vacancies hopping response under different temperature is obtained.
Effects of Rhubarb Tannins on Uremic Toxins (1991)

The effects of each of several tannins purified from Rhei Rhizoma on serum constituents were investigated in rats with adenine-induced renal failure. Blood levels of urea nitrogen, methylguanidine (MG), and guanidinosuccinic acid (GSA) were significantly decreased in rats given (-)-epicatechin 3-O-gallate at a dose of 2.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg body weight/day for 24 days. The creatinine (Cr) level was also significantly decreased in rats given 5 and 10 mg of this compound. A significant decrease in urea nitrogen, MG, and GSA was found in rats given 6.25 mg of procyanidin B-2 3,3'-di-O-gallate. However, unlike the former two components the administration of 12.5 mg of procyanidin C-1 3,3',3''-tri-O-gallate produced a considerable or significant increase in bLood levels of urea nitrogen, Cr, MG, and GSA. RG-tannin had a weaker overall effect on serum constituents except for GSA in comparison with the corresponding effect of (-)-epicatechin 3-O-gallate and 6.25 mg of procyanidin B-2 3,3'-di-O-gallate. Rhatannin tended to increase the serum nitrogen constituents.
The Compatibility of Fingerprint Visualization Techniques with Immunolabeling (2013)

The chemical composition of a fingermark potentially holds a wealth of information about the fingermark donor, which can be extracted by immunolabeling. Immunolabeling can be used to detect specific components in fingermarks; however, to be applicable in the forensic field, it should be compatible with commonly used fingerprint visualization techniques. In this study, the compatibility of immunolabeling with two different fingerprint visualization techniques, magnetic powdering and ninhydrin staining, was investigated on fingermarks deposited on glass and on nitrocellulose membranes. With dermcidin as antigen of interest, immunolabeling was performed successfully on all developed fingermarks. We can conclude that immunolabeling is compatible with magnetic powdering and ninhydrin staining, which can be of great forensic value.
Transport phenomena in porous media: A review (2006)

This paper, a review of the state of the art of the drying process in wet porous media, presents an overview of thermodynamic relations in heat treatment of synthetic fiber fabrics. Heat and mass transfer in wet porous media are coupled in a very complicated way. The structure of the solid matrix varies widely in shape. There is, in general, a distribution of void sizes, and the structures may be locally irregular. Energy transport in such a medium occurs by conduction in all of the phases. Mass transport occurs within voids of the medium. In an unsaturated state, these voids are partially filled with a liquid, whereas the rest of the voids contain some gas. It is a common misapprehension that nonhygroscopic fibers (i.e., those with intrinsically low moisture content) will automatically produce a hydrophobic fabric. The main significance of the fine geometry of a textile structure in contributing to resistance to water penetration can be stated in a different manner.
Effect of antihypertensive treatment on focal cerebral infarction. (1992)

The goal of the current study was to determine whether treatment of hypertension reduces cerebral infarction after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs). Three-month-old SHRSPs received untreated drinking water or drinking water containing cilazapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, or hydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide. After 3 months of treatment, the left middle cerebral artery was occluded and neurological deficit was evaluated. Infarct volume was measured 3 days after occlusion using computer imaging techniques from brain slices. Cilazapril and hydralazine with hydrochlorothiazide were equally effective in reducing systolic blood pressure in SHRSPs. One day after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, neurological deficit was decreased by both cilazapril and hydralazine with hydrochlorothiazide compared with untreated SHRSPs, and the deficit 3 days after occlusion was decreased significantly only by cilazapril. Infarct volume was 178 +/- 7 mm3 (mean +/- SEM) in untreated SHRSPs, and it was significantly reduced to 117 +/- 15 mm3 by hydralazine with hydrochlorothiazide and to 101 +/- 17 mm3 by cilazapril. Infarct volume in Wistar-Kyoto rats was 27 +/- 16 mm3. Thus, reduction in arterial pressure by hydralazine with hydrochlorothiazide or an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor is protective against focal cerebral ischemia in SHRSPs.
PROARTIS: Probabilistically Analysable Real-Time Systems (2012)

Static Timing Analysis is the state-of-the-art practice to ascertain the timing behaviour of current-generation real-time embedded systems. The adoption of more complex hardware to respond to the increasing demand for computing power in next-generation systems exacerbates some of the limitations of Static Timing Analysis. In particular, the effort of acquiring (1) detail information on the hardware to develop an accurate model of its execution latency as well as (2) knowledge of the timing behaviour of the program in the presence of varying hardware conditions, such as those dependent on the history of previously executed instructions. We call these problems the Timing Analysis Walls. In this vision-statement paper we present Probabilistic Timing Analysis, a novel approach to the analysis of the timing behaviour of next-generation real-time embedded systems. We show how Probabilistic Timing Analysis attacks the Timing Analysis Walls; we then illustrate the mathematical foundations on which this method is based and the challenges we face in the effort of efficiently implementing it. We also present experimental evidence that shows how Probabilistic Timing Analysis reduces the extent of knowledge about the execution platform required to produce probabilistically-safe and tight WCET estimations.