gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Incident Type 2 Diabetes (2003)

Although hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is more common among adults with type 2 diabetes, it is uncertain whether HCV precedes the development of diabetes. Thus, we performed a prospective (case-cohort) analysis to examine if persons who acquired type 2 diabetes were more likely to have had antecedent HCV infection when enrolled in a community-based cohort of men and women between the ages of 44 and 65 in the United States (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study [ARIC]). Among 1,084 adults free of diabetes at baseline, 548 developed diabetes over 9 years of follow-up evaluation. Incident cases of diabetes were identified by using fasting glucose and medical history and HCV antibodies were assessed at baseline. A priori, persons were categorized as low-risk or high-risk for diabetes based on their age and body mass index, factors that appeared to modify the type 2 diabetes-HCV infection incidence estimates. The overall prevalence of HCV in this population was 0.8%. Among those at high risk for diabetes, persons with HCV infection were more than 11 times as likely as those without HCV infection to develop diabetes (relative hazard, 11.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.39-96.6). Among those at low risk, no increased incidence of diabetes was detected among HCV-infected persons (relative hazard, 0.48; 95% confidence interval, 0.05-4.40). In conclusion, pre-existing HCV infection may increase the risk for type 2 diabetes in persons with recognized diabetes risk factors. Additional larger prospective evaluations are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.
A Rule-Based Software Testing Method for VHDL Models. (2003)

The microtubule-associated protein tau accumulates as cytoplasmic inclusions in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Pick's disease (PiD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). We investigated the immunoreactivity of tau-positive structures using a panel of antibodies to epitopes spanning the entire length of the tau molecule. In ethanol-fixed brain tissues, most antibodies to the microtubule-binding domain (MBD) required formic acid (FA) treatment to stain tau inclusions in PSP and CBD. This is in contrast with the intense labeling of neurofibrillary tangles in AD without FA treatment. Pick bodies (PiB) in PiD showed an intermediate pattern with respect to the immunoreactivity of the MBD because accumulated tau in PiB mostly lacks the insertion of exon 10, and the proportion of tau phosphorylated at Ser262 is smaller than in other abnormal tau structures. Such immunohistochemical profiles appeared to correlate with the occurrence of the smeared tau on immunoblot analysis of brain homogenate. The smeared tau was more abundant in AD and PiD than in PSP and CBD. Since the smeared tau was N-terminally truncated and was characteristic of advanced forms of modified tau, these findings suggest that tau accumulated in AD and PiD was processed more markedly than that in PSP and CBD. The MBD of tau may be masked in the presence of the intact N terminus and require FA treatment for antibody recognition in tissue sections. Advanced modification may expose the MBD in brain tissues of AD and PiD. It is suggested that the processing of abnormally accumulated tau characterizes the pathophysiology of each tauopathy.
Long-Term Spectral Statistics for Voice Presentation Attack Detection (2017)

Automatic speaker verification systems can be spoofed through recorded, synthetic, or voice converted speech of target speakers. To make these systems practically viable, the detection of such attacks, referred to as presentation attacks, is of paramount interest. In that direction, this paper investigates two aspects: 1) a novel approach to detect presentation attacks where, unlike conventional approaches, no speech signal modeling related assumptions are made, rather the attacks are detected by computing first-order and second-order spectral statistics and feeding them to a classifier, and 2) generalization of the presentation attack detection systems across databases. Our investigations on ASVspoof 2015 challenge database and AVspoof database show that, when compared to the approaches based on conventional short-term spectral features, the proposed approach with a linear discriminative classifier yields a better system, irrespective of whether the spoofed signal is replayed to the microphone or is directly injected into the system software process. Cross-database investigations show that neither the short-term spectral processing-based approaches nor the proposed approach yield systems which are able to generalize across databases or methods of attack. Thus, revealing the difficulty of the problem and the need for further resources and research.
Baby Check: a scoring system to grade the severity of acute systemic illness in babies under 6 months old. (1991)

A scoring system has been developed to grade the severity of acute systemic illness in babies under 6 months of age. Data were collected on 28 symptoms and 47 signs from 1007 babies with a spectrum of illness ranging from well to seriously ill. Ordinal regression analysis identified 19 symptoms and signs which in combination graded the severity of the illness most accurately. The coefficients were converted to scores. The higher the score the more serious the illness. When applied to a theoretical cohort of 10,000 babies at home, a score less than 8 has a specificity of 98%, and a score of 13 or more a sensitivity of 92%. The positive predictive value for serious illness increases from zero at a score of zero to approaching 100% at scores over 30. The scoring system has been developed into score cards for parents and professionals.
Nanoribbon edges of transition-metal dichalcogenides: Stability and electronic properties (2017)

Nanoribbons of molybdenum disulfide (${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$) are interesting one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures with intriguing electronic properties, consisting of a semiconducting bulk bounded by edges with metallic character. Edges of similar character can also be expected in other transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) nanostructures. We report first-principles electronic structure calculations for the total energy and the band structure of four representative TMDCs, ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}, {\mathrm{MoSe}}_{2}, {\mathrm{WS}}_{2}, {\mathrm{WSe}}_{2}$, in various 1D nanoribbon configurations. We compare the thermodynamic stability and the electronic structure of the 2D bulk and 35 different quasi-1D nanoribbons for each of the four materials. In each case, we consider the reconstructions of the zigzag metal-terminated edge by adding different amounts of chalcogen adatoms. The 1D structures we investigated have positive edge energies when the chalcogen chemical potential is close to the energy of the bulk chalcogen phase, and negative edge energies for higher chemical potential values. We find that the reconstruction with two chalcogen adatoms per edge metal atom is the most stable under usual experimental conditions and that all 1D nanoribbon structures exhibit metallic character.
Overview: antifungal combination therapy. (2001)

We have yet to realize the clinical benefits of combination antifungal therapy, but the literature is beginning to show the potential positive and negative aspects of this approach. Detailed laboratory-based study of each new antifungal compound will be required in order to define the interactions between the different drugs. Most important in this discussion is that a determination of the most appropriate experimental design and parameters to reflect the outcomes in the treatment of human mycoses is required. That will be the challenge for the next several years. In the meantime, combination antifungal therapy should be approached carefully and be initiated on a case-by-case basis following consideration of all the options available for the patient.
Modeling and Analyzing of Surface-Mounted Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines With Optimized Magnetic Pole Shape (2014)

Two types of eccentric magnetic pole shapes for optimizing conventional surface-mounted permanent-magnet (PM) synchronous machines with radial magnetization are presented in this paper. An analytical method based on an exact subdomain model and discrete idea is proposed for obtaining the air-gap flux density distribution in the improved motor. Cogging torque and back EMF analytical models are further built with the field solution, which provide useful tools for investigating motor performances with unequal thickness magnetic poles. The accuracy and feasibility of the models have been validated by a finite element method. Based on the analytical models, the effects of pole shape parameters on motor performance are investigated. Results show that both pole shapes can perfect magnetic field distribution, decrease harmonic content of back EMF, reduce torque ripples, and improve the utilization of PMs.
Delayed resistance to transgenic cotton in pink bollworm (2005)

Transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins kill some key insect pests and thus can reduce reliance on insecticides. Widespread planting of such Bt crops increased concerns that their usefulness would be cut short by rapid evolution of resistance to Bt toxins by pests. Pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) is a major pest that has experienced intense selection for resistance to Bt cotton in Arizona since 1997. We monitored pink bollworm resistance to Bt toxin for 8 years with laboratory bioassays of strains derived annually from 10-17 cotton fields statewide. Bioassay results show no net increase from 1997 to 2004 in the mean frequency of pink bollworm resistance to Bt toxin. A synthesis of experimental and modeling results suggests that this delay in resistance can be explained by refuges of cotton without Bt toxin, recessive inheritance of resistance, incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
A New Method For Continuous Measurement of Platelet Adhesion Under Flow Conditions (1993)

Platelet adhesion to the subendothelial tissue or biomaterial surface is an initial step in the formation of the hemostatic plug or thrombus. To clarify the mechanism of platelet adhesion in vivo, a simple and reproducible method for quantitation of platelet adhesion under flow conditions is required. In this study, a mechanical device for continuous recording of platelet adhesion under flow conditions using a quartz crystal microbalance was developed, an extremely sensitive sensor capable of measuring mass changes in the nanogram range. The relationship between surface mass change (δW) and resonant frequency change (δf) for piezoelectric crystals is given by the Sauerbrey equation: δf = -fO2δW/NAτ (fO; fundamental frequency (5MHz) A; the area of quartz plate undergoing oscillation N; frequency constant for AT-cut quartz crystal τ; density of quartz crystal). Although the perfusion of buffer solution alone or addition of washed red cell suspension (Ht 30%) and formaldehyde-fixed platelets have no effect on δf, addition of washed platelets in the presence of red cells caused an increase in δf. To confirm that the increase in δf results from platelet adhesion to the material surface, adherent and subsequently aggregated platelets were visualized by fluorescence microscopy using fluorescein-isothiocyanate labeled antiplatelet membrane glycoprotein Ib monoclonal antibody. There was a good correlation between the increase in δf and the extent of platelet adhesion and subsequent aggregation. These results may indicate that this newly developed apparatus will be helpful for continuous measurement of platelet adhesion.
All-Digital Single Sideband (SSB) Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Backscatter with an Inductor-free, Digitally-Tuned Capacitance Modulator (2020)

We present a novel all-digital approach for generating single-sideband (SSB) backscatter communication uplinks, using an inductor-free, digitally-tuned capacitance modulator. An example Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) compatible single-sideband backscatter implementation is described. The FPGA-based approach presented here consumes 35.5 mW, of which 34.8 mW (98.2%) is due to digital logic in the FPGA, and only 600 µW (1.8%) is consumed by the backscatter modulator. The measured sideband suppression ratio is 10.7 dB. Over-the-air tests demonstrate compatibility with a completely unmodified (neither hardware nor software modifications) iPad, iPhone, Samsung Android Smartphone, and an off-the-shelf BLE chipset from Nordic Semiconductor. This all-digital approach points the way toward future single-chip, inductor-free SSB BLE-compatible backscatter sensors and devices.
Hydrogenation of CO<sub>2</sub> over Ru/YSZ Electropromoted Catalysts (2012)

The effect of electrochemical promotion of catalysis (EPOC or NEMCA effect) was investigated for the hydrogenation of CO2 using Ru catalyst electrodes supported on YSZ solid electrolyte pellets at temperatures 200–300 °C and ambient pressure. Methane was found to be the main reaction product at temperatures up to 240 °C, whereas CO dominated at higher temperatures. It was found that the O2– supply to the Ru surface causes a significant increase in the CH4 formation rate and selectivity, accompanied by a significant decrease in the rate of CO formation. This is a very rare case in which electrochemical promotion is found to promote a catalytic reaction and at the same time to poison a reaction proceeding in parallel with the promoted one. The faradic efficiency values were found to be on the order of 10–103, which are among the highest reported in the EPOC hydrogenation literature. The kinetic and electropromotion results can be interpreted, using the rules of electrochemical promotion, in terms of the changes in the surface RuOx/Ru ratio induced via potential application, as observed via ex situ XPS.
Charge Transport Across Insulating Self-Assembled Monolayers: Non-equilibrium Approaches and Modeling To Relate Current and Molecular Structure (2014)

This paper examines charge transport by tunneling across a series of electrically insulating molecules with the structure HS(CH2)4CONH(CH2)2R) in the form of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), supported on silver. The molecules examined were studied experimentally by Yoon et al. (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 4658-4661), using junctions of the structure AgS(CH2)4CONH(CH2)2R//Ga2O3/EGaIn. The tail group R had approximately the same length for all molecules, but a range of different structures. Changing the R entity over the range of different structures (aliphatic to aromatic) does not influence the conductance significantly. To rationalize this surprising result, we investigate transport through these SAMs theoretically, using both full quantum methods and a generic, independent-electron tight-binding toy model. We find that the highest occupied molecular orbital, which is largely responsible for the transport in these molecules, is always strongly localized on the thiol group. The relative insensitivity of the current density to the structure of the R group is due to a combination of the couplings between the carbon chains and the transmission inside the tail. Changing from saturated to conjugated tail groups increases the latter but decreases the former. This work indicates that significant control over SAMs largely composed of nominally insulating groups may be possible when tail groups are used that are significantly larger than those used in the experiments of Yoon et al.1.
A gentle introduction to precomputed radiance transfer (2006)

Realistic image synthesis is one of the most relevant subjects in computer graphics, and many algorithms have been developed to try to reproduce the visual complexity perceived in the real world. However, rendering realistic images in real time remains a challenge even with the support of modern graphics hardware. Precomputed Radiance Transfer (PRT) is a new graphics technique capable of synthesizing highly realistic images in real time. This is achieved by restricting the solution of the rendering equation to a subset of the light transport paths that handle only energy exchange among diffuse surfaces. Due to the quality of its results, PRT has attracted the attention of many computer graphics researchers and practitioners. However, understanding and implementing PRT requires familiarity with concepts such as projection into basis functions, empirical function integration and light transport theory. This tutorial provides a gentle introduction to PRT and its required background, enabling the readers to understand and implement the technique.
Build Your Mashup with Web Services (2007)

Mashup is presenting new kind of application in web 2.0 world. Mashup is not simply about the AJAX technologies, rather, it is typically related to reuse the data and other services from other web side and web applications. There are many ways to build up the mashup.
High power 4.6 µm LEDs for CO detection grownby LPE (1999)

High-power light-emitting diodes operating at 4.6 µm with potential for use in an optical carbon monoxide sensor have been fabricated by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) with a pulsed output power in excess of 1 mW at room temperature. The InAs0.89Sb0.11 in the LED active region was purified using rare earth ion gettering of the growth solution during epitaxy.
The Behavior of Lithium Electrodes in Mixtures of Alkyl Carbonates and Ethers (1991)

Cycling efficiency of lithium electrodes in a variety of organic solvent mixtures was measured and correlated with the surface chemistry of lithium in the solutions. The electrolyte systems included and solutions in mixtures of propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2‐methyl‐THF, and dimethoxyethane. Ex situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and x‐ray microanalysis have been used in order to characterize the surface of the lithium electrodes in the various systems. The influence of active additives (e.g., water, oxygen) was also investigated. It was found that the Li cycling efficiency in all the systems studied depends primarily on a delicate balance of several interacting surface film‐forming processes.
Conserved quantitative stability/flexibility relationships (QSFR) in an orthologous RNase H pair (2005)

Many reports qualitatively describe conserved stability and flexibility profiles across protein families, but biophysical modeling schemes have not been available to robustly quantify both. Here we investigate an orthologous RNase H pair by using a minimal distance constraint model (DCM). The DCM is an all atom microscopic model [Jacobs and Dallakyan, Biophys J 2005;88(2):903-915] that accurately reproduces heat capacity measurements [Livesay et al., FEBS Lett 2004;576(3):468-476], and is unique in its ability to harmoniously calculate thermodynamic stability and flexibility in practical computing times. Consequently, quantified stability/flexibility relationships (QSFR) can be determined using the DCM. For the first time, a comparative QSFR analysis is performed, serving as a paradigm study to illustrate the utility of a QSFR analysis for elucidating evolutionarily conserved stability and flexibility profiles. Despite global conservation of QSFR profiles, distinct enthalpy-entropy compensation mechanisms are identified between the RNase H pair. In both cases, local flexibility metrics parallel H/D exchange experiments by correctly identifying the folding core and several flexible regions. Remarkably, at appropriately shifted temperatures (e.g., melting temperature), these differences lead to a global conservation in Landau free energy landscapes, which directly relate thermodynamic stability to global flexibility. Using ensemble-based sampling within free energy basins, rigidly, and flexibly correlated regions are quantified through cooperativity correlation plots. Five conserved flexible regions are identified within the structures of the orthologous pair. Evolutionary conservation of these flexibly correlated regions is strongly suggestive of their catalytic importance. Conclusions made herein are demonstrated to be robust with respect to the DCM parameterization.
Particle Size Distribution Improves Casing-While-Drilling Wellbore- Strengthening Results (2010)

Abstract This paper describes the application of particle size distribution principles for determining materials to be added to the mud system during casing while drilling operations. Casing while drilling (CwD) has been demonstrated to stop or significantly reduce lost circulation and improve wellbore strength. The mechanism by which this improvement occurs is not understood, however the results from this work significantly advance what is needed to get repeatable results. If wellbore strengthening can be systematically achieved, then wells can be drilled in known loss areas without contingency strings of casing. In addition, wells drilled in mature fields, where producing horizons have altered pressures either from depletion or pressure maintenance, can be drilled with fewer casing strings. Sidetracks become economical because hole size can be preserved for an effective completion and well costs are lowered by not using additional liners to reach the objective. By adding particles to the mud to fill in the particle size distribution, losses to natural fractures were stopped while directional wells were drilled with casing in the Piceance Basin of Colorado. Applying what was learned in a field trial of casing while drilling in the Alaskan Tarn Field, the open hole leak off resistance was improved by 3.0 pound per gallon (ppg) drilling with 7.0 inch casing in a 67 degree angled well. With this success, a four well casing while drilling campaign was executed with two wells drilled each in the Kuparuk and Tarn fields on Alaska's North Slope. Results were positive for 7.0 inch and 7.625 inch casings but wellbore strengthening did not occur sufficiently in the 5.50 inch casing trials. Annular clearance appears to be a critical component to success and is not yet fully understood. The results demonstrate that a significant improvement in fracture gradient can be achieved with the right clearance between the hole and the casing and the proper sized particles added to the mud system. In addition, the amount of material added has been demonstrated to be as low as two pounds per barrel. With confidence that strengthening can be achieved to the levels of improvement demonstrated, wells can be evaluated with significant cost savings by eliminating casing strings and preserving hole size for completions or further drilling.
Secure Compressed Domain Watermarking for H.264 Video (2010)

Exponential growth of the internet provided new ways of propagating and sharing digital video data. Thus ownership protection of the video data is critical and important in this era. Though there are many standards and technologies available to efficiently share the digital video, almost all of them lack ownership protection mechanism. This paper proposes new compressed domain secure digital watermarking algorithm for H.264 video. Our algorithm selects the macroblocks in a pseudo random sequence based on a secret key and based on the content of the macro-block. The proposed algorithm is of low complexity and suitable to embed watermark in real time along with H.264 video encoding.
Design and modeling of proximity coupled patch antenna (2002)

In this paper, the design, modeling, and experimental validation of the model of a proximity coupled or electromagnetically coupled (EMC) linearly polarized patch antenna are presented. Guidelines for developing a simple model, and design of the EMC patch antennas are outlined. This work can be used for modeling and accurate design of the proximity coupled patch antenna without resorting to time consuming experimental optimization approach. The model presented in this paper predicts the resonant frequency of the antenna accurately.