gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cardiac gap junction channels: modulation of expression and channel properties (2001)

In the heart, intercellular gap junction channels constructed from connexin molecules are crucial for conduction of the electric impulse. Cardiomyocytes can be interconnected by channels composed of three types of connexin proteins: Cx40, Cx43 or Cx45. In mammalian hearts, these three isoforms are regionally differently expressed and even between the species differences exist. Each of these channel-types possesses specific properties and are susceptible to modulation by various mechanisms. In this paper we compare the differences in properties of these channels as deduced from studies on transfected cells and isolated cardiomyocytes and discuss the factors involved in modulation of channel properties. Next, we evaluate the consequences of alterations in expression and modulation of channel properties for cardiac function. Therefore, we have compared reports on genetically engineered animals and discuss this information in relation to various pathophysiological disorders.
Gelling Process of Alginate Gel Spheres Having Various Counterions and Their Equilibrium Swellings. (1992)

アルギン酸ナトリウムNaAlg溶液を,CaCl2,SrCl2およびBaCl2溶液中に滴下して形成されるアルギン酸ゲル(Ca-,Sr-,BaAlg)球の形成過程を重量gの経時変化および体積測定により研究した。特に,電解質溶液濃度CMの影響に注目し,CM=0.008-1.0mol/dm3の範囲で実験を行った。ゲル球の形成過程は初期(1～2時間)の急速な脱水過程とそれに続く緩慢な(3～4日)脱水過程からなることがわかった。平衡に達したゲル球の重量wg.eとNa-Alg液滴の重量比g.e/は0.4程度になり,その値は電解質の種類および濃度に依存し,CM=0.05mol/dm3近辺で極小値を示した。この極小はNaAlg液滴表面のゲル層の収縮による内部のNaAlg溶液の脱水によることがわかった。また,ゲルのwg/weはCa-＞Sr-≒BaAlgの順であり,Algと対イオンの選択結合性およびゲルの弾性率の順の逆であった。Floryの膨潤網目の理論によりCaAlgゲルの平衡膨潤を検討した結果,相互作用パラメー・ターxはCaCl2濃度増加とともに減少することがわかった。
Treatment of coal gasification wastewater with anaerobic filter technology (1983)

Coal gasification has been regarded as a promising technology for the production of the gaseous fuels needed to supplement dwindling reserves of petroleum and natural gas. The organic constituents of coal gasification wastewater are 60 to 80% phenols. The first-stage, berl-saddle-packed anaerobic filter resulted in very limited reductions in DOC, COD, and the specific organic compounds monitored. Excellent removal efficiencies of DOC, COD, and the specific organic compounds were realized in the completely mixed, expanded-bed anaerobic granular activated carbon filter. The activated carbon offers a larger sheltered microbial attachment area than does the berl-saddle plastic medium. The success of the activated carbon packed filter is probably due to surface adsorption. Some of the mass of the retained COD may represent the fraction of the feed constitutents that is nonbiodegradable in and inhibitory to the anaerobic environment. 11 figures, 4 tables. (DP)
Copper nanoparticles stabilized by reduced graphene oxide for CO2 reduction reaction (2015)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the main gases produced by human activity and is responsible for the green house effect. Numerous routes for CO2 capture and reduction are currently under investigation. Another approach to mitigate the CO2 content in the atmosphere is to convert it into useful species such as hydrocarbon molecules that can be used for fuel. In this view, copper is one of the most interesting catalyst materials for CO2 reduction due to its remarkable ability to generate hydrocarbon fuels. However, its utilization as an effective catalyst for CO2 reduction is hampered by its oxidation and relatively high voltages. We have fabricated hybrid materials for CO2 reduction by combining the activity of copper and the conductivity of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Cu nanoparticles (CuNPs) deposited on rGO have demonstrated higher current density and lower overpotential compared to other copper-based electrodes that we have tested. The CuNPs on rGO also exhibit better stability, preserving their catalytic activity without degradation for several hours.
Blood flow, metabolism, cellular microenvironment, and growth rate of human tumor xenografts. (1989)

Better understanding of the micromilieu of human tumors in situ is mandatory for further improvement of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Since investigations of untreated tumors of a wide size range are precluded in humans for ethical reasons, size-dependent changes in the pathophysiology of primary and metastatic human tumors were studied using "tissue-isolated" xenografts in nude rats. Tumor types included lung and breast cancers, ovarian and thyroid carcinomas, uterus tumors, and melanomas. A 10-fold variation in weight-adjusted tumor perfusion indicated large variations in angiogenesis which were unrelated to tumor type. Flow values obtained were consistent with data from clinical observations and were comparable to that in isografted rodent tumors. Using actual consumption and supply rates, maximum oxygen and glucose uptake rates were calculated for each tumor type. The capacity to consume oxygen and glucose varied 9-fold and 4-fold, respectively. However, considering actual consumption rates, blood flow was the principal modulator of substrate supply and tumor metabolism in these human tumor xenografts. Consequently, therapeutically relevant parameters of the metabolic micromilieu largely depended on the efficacy of the tumor circulation. Hereby, high metabolic rates concomitant with high flow values coincided with rapid tumor growth. Thus, in order to design the best individualized therapy, flow-related data should supplement histological classification and clinical staging and grading. Further development of relatively noninvasive technologies (magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, or positron emission tomography) might permit such monitoring.
Syntheses and Cycloadditions of 1,2-Aromatic Ring-fuseed 3-Cyanoindolizines (1983)

The syntheses and 1,3-dipolar and Michael type cycloaddition reactions of 1,2-aromatic ring-fused 3-cyanoindolizines such as benzo[c]pyrrolo[l.2-alpyridines,1.3-diphenylthieno[3', 4':3,4]pyrrolo[1,2-alpyridines, and 1,4-dipbenylpyrido[l',2':1, Z]pyrrolo[3,4-dlpyridazine~ are described.
EFFECTS OF INTENSIVE SEX STEROID HORMONE THERAPY IN ADVANCED BREAST CANCER (1953)

Intensive therapy with estrogens and androgens is employed in the palliative treatment of advanced cancer of the breast.<sup>1</sup>Since observations of the systemic effects and complications of this therapy may provide a clue to the mode of action of the sex steroids in breast cancer, they may be important. Many effects of sex hormone therapy have been recorded, but additional manifestations not commonly recognized have become prominent and more frequently noted at the higher dosages usually employed in breast cancer. The purpose of this report is to record these reactions and their relative frequency with intensive and prolonged hormone therapy. The duration of treatment varied from a few days to several years. Deleterious reactions occurred early in some patients, necessitating discontinuance of therapy. Thus, effects that might have occurred at later intervals could not be recorded. Most of the patients, however, were treated for a minimum of one month,
Alternative methods of selecting rat hepatocellular noduli resistant to 2‐acetylaminofluorene (1987)

Dietary 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) coupled with a stimulus for cell proliferation such as a 2/3 partial hepatectomy (PH) or a necrotizing dose of carbon tetrachloride is frequently employed to generate nodules of resistant ("initiated") rat hepatocytes. This regimen is a useful model for experimental analysis of alterations in hepatocytes during carcinogenesis, and also as an assay for initiation by various carcinogens. Because of the decreasing availability of carcinogen-containing diets from commercial sources, we have developed alternative methods of 2-AAF administration to generate nodules in rats initiated with N-nitrosodiethylamine. This study compared the nodule-selecting and cancer-promoting efficacy of 2-AAF administered by the Solt-Farber procedure (0.02% in diet for 2 weeks) with 2-AAF administered by gavage, as a suspension in 1% aqueous carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC). Three or 4 daily administrations of 2-AAF by gavage (20 mg/kg/day) followed by PH on day 4 were equivalent to the dietary regimen in generating early resistant nodules, late persistent nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas. These regimens were similar to the dietary regimen of 2-AAF in inhibiting virtually all normal hepatocyte proliferation. These regimens permit control over the duration and level of 2-AAF exposure and the resulting size of selected nodules.
Efficacy and safety of trastuzumab plus capecitabine in a German multicentre phase II study of pre-treated metastatic breast cancer (2005)

717 Background: Trastuzumab (Herceptin; H) in combination with a taxane has proven significant clinical benefits, including a survival advantage, compared with taxane alone in pts with HER2+ metastatic breast cancer (MBC). After pre-treatment with anthracyclines and/or taxanes it is necessary to offer pts an alternative regimen. Alternative agents to combine with H are therefore under investigation. Capecitabine (Xeloda; X) is an oral fluoropyrimidine carbamate with high activity in MBC and good tolerability. In-vivo data show that H+X have at least additive activity. Therefore, we investigated the combination of H+X in the clinical setting. Methods: 27 pts were enrolled in the study and received H 4mg/kg loading dose followed by 2mg/kg weekly and X 1,250mg/m2 twice daily days 1–14 of a 21-day cycle, given until disease progression. Eligible pts had IHC 3+ and/or IHC 2+/FISH+ disease. Results: Pre-treatment characteristics are based on 26 pts. 77% of pts had received radiotherapy. 88% had received prior (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy, including anthracyclines (73%) and taxanes (42%). 38% of pts had received a median of 2 previous lines of chemotherapy for MBC. 52% of pts were ER+ and 48% PgR+. Lesions involved visceral organs in 73%, with liver metastases present in 46%. Of 26 pts evaluable for HER2 status, 23 (88%) tested IHC 3+, 1 (4%) IHC 2+/FISH+, and 2 (8%) FISH+ only. 20 pts are currently evaluable for best response according to RECIST criteria and 24 for PFS. 17/26 pts have completed study treatment to date. The ORR was 60% (per protocol; 4 CR, 8 PR; n=20) and 48% (intent-to-treat; n=25). The median PFS was 28 weeks, and median OS 90 weeks. The combination was generally well tolerated. Grade 3/4 anaemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia were seen in 8%, 4% and 4% of patients, respectively. Grade 3/4 non-haematological toxicities included general aches (28%), motor dysfunction (20%), hand-foot syndrome (16%), vomiting (12%), and nausea (12%). Conclusions: These promising data highlight the efficacy and favourable tolerability of the combination of H with X in patients with HER2-overexpressing and intensively pre-treated MBC. Based on these data, further investigation of this combination is warranted. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Modification of niobium film stress by low-energy ion bombardment during deposition (1982)

The effect of ion bombardment on film stress was studied by evaporating Nb thin films in the presence of a controlled ion beam from a Kaufman ion source. Films were deposited at 4 Å/s by electron-beam evaporation with ion bombardment over the energy range 100–800 eV, at ion current densities of 0.001 to 1.1 mA/cm2. Film stress was measured by an x-ray bending-beam technique on Si substrates. Stress values were found to depend strongly on both ion flux and sample temperature. For films deposited at 400 °C, film stress is tensile in the absence of ion bombardment. Increasing argon ion flux causes a change toward compressive stress, in some cases passing through zero. For films deposited at room temperature, film stress is compressive in the absence of ion bombardment, due to incorporation of oxygen. Argon ion bombardment causes a change toward tensile stress, correlating with an improvement in film purity by preferential resputtering of oxygen. With 100 eV argon ions, an ion-to-atom ratio of only 3–10 % is sufficient to cause reversal of the sign of film stress in most cases. Results are interpreted as a combination of cleaning by resputtering and annealing or compacting the film microstructure. In addition, nitrogen ion bombardment is shown to produce superconducting NbN films with a superconducting transition temperature up to 14.5 K.
Model for haptoglobin heavy chain based upon structural homology. (1980)

A model has been constructed for haptoglobin heavy chain by using the known sequence homology to the mammalian serine proteases. The three-dimensional structures for three serine proteases, chymotrypsin, trypsin, and elastase, were compared and the structural features that are conserved in all three were extracted. The haptoglobin heavy chain sequence was aligned to the sequences of the three serine proteases by maximizing sequence homology in the regions of conserved structure. The resulting alignment shows that haptoglobin heavy chain must be very closely homologous to these proteases in structure as well as in sequence. Coordinates were derived for the heavy chain by using the homologous structures. The problems associated with these coordinates are outlined and methods for solving them are indicated. The features of the haptoglobin heavy chain structure are described. Implications of the structure for the very strong interaction between this subunit and hemoglobin are discussed.
Principles of Polymer Engineering (2026)

Abstract Polymers are important engineering materials. This book introduces the reader to what polymers are and how they are structured, provides understanding of their engineering properties, and explains how products are designed and manufactured from them. It is a substantial revision of the previous edition. The new Introduction reviews the range of industrial applications of polymers and also addresses problems for the environment that can arise, and how these are managed sustainably. Chemical structures and physical microstructures of polymers are explained, especially aspects of special interest to the engineer: melting, crystallization, and the glass transition. Distinctive mechanical properties of polymers are highlighted—rubber elasticity and viscoelasticity—and analytical tools provided for predicting such responses. The reader also learns of polymer failure mechanisms under load, including their pressure-dependent yield and the distinctive crazing that sometimes accompanies fracture. Reinforced polymers contain stiffer, stronger fibres or other particles: the engineer must then be able to anticipate resulting mechanical properties. The reader is introduced to this task using an approximate but consistent three-dimensional approach to the micromechanics required. During product manufacture, polymers are shaped by flow in the liquid state followed by solidification by cooling or crosslinking. The principles of polymer processing are explained, together with the distinctive features of numerous forming processes, including extrusion, injection moulding, and the newer additive manufacturing processes. Finally, the reader learns how product design with polymers takes account of all the above, with the aim to achieve products that perform as required and are sustainable.
Polymerisation von Trioxan (1967)

Nach einem Überblick über die Polymerisationsmöglichkeiten für Trioxan wird auf die heutigen Vorstellungen über den Ablauf der Polymerisation eingegangen. Kennzeichnend für die unter Ringöffnung verlaufende Polymerisation des Trioxans sind einige Nebenreaktionen der wachsenden Polyoxymethylenkationen, wie Kettenübertragung, Transacetalisierung und Hydridwanderung. Sie bestimmen nicht nur die Art der Endgruppen und das Molekulargewicht, sondern sind auch für die chemische und molekulare Einheitlichkeit der entstehenden Polyoxymethylene verantwortlich. Weiterhin wird die Rolle des monomeren Formaldehyds hervorgehoben, der während der Polymerisation des Trioxans gebildet wird.
Frequency shifting and pulse shaping with photonic‐crystal fibers for coherent nonlinear spectroscopy (2006)

Abstract The frequency‐shifted and pulse‐shaped output of photonic‐crystal fibers (PCFs) pumped by amplified femtosecond Cr:forsterite laser pulses is employed for frequency‐ and time‐resolved four‐wave mixing (FWM) spectroscopy. Cross‐correlation frequency‐resolved optically gated laser‐induced grating (LIG) technique is applied for the characterization of the pulse‐shaped blue‐shifted PCF output. The light pulses produced in the PCF are combined with the second‐harmonic output of the Cr:forsterite laser, to probe a doublet of Raman resonances in the nonlinear response of a test object by means of coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real-time pose estimation of 3D objects from camera images using neural networks (2002)

This paper deals with the problem of obtaining a rough estimate of three dimensional object position and orientation from a single two dimensional camera image. Such an estimate is required by most 3-D to 2-D registration and tracking methods that can efficiently refine an initial value by numerical optimization to precisely recover 3-D pose. However the analytic computation of an initial pose guess requires the solution of an extremely complex correspondence problem that is due to the large number of topologically distinct aspects that arise when a three dimensional opaque object is imaged by a camera. Hence general analytic methods fail to achieve real-time performance and most tracking and registration systems are initialized interactively or by ad hoc heuristics. To overcome these limitations we present a novel method for approximate object pose estimation that is based on a neural net and that can easily be implemented in real-time. A modification of Kohonen's self-organizing feature map is systematically trained with computer generated object views such that it responds to a preprocessed image with one or more sets of object orientation parameters. The key idea proposed here is to choose network topology in accordance with the representation of 3-D orientation. Experimental results from both simulated and real images demonstrate that a pose estimate within the accuracy requirements can be found in more than 81% of all cases. The current implementation operates at 10 Hz on real world images.
Macrophage phagocytosis of neutrophils at inflammatory/infectious foci: a cooperative mechanism in the control of infection and infectious inflammation (2010)

Macrophages and neutrophils possess overlapping and complementary features associated to their common origin and subsequent specialization during myelopoiesis. That specialization results in macrophage lineage being limited in antimicrobial capacity and cytotoxicity comparatively with the neutrophil lineage. These and other features of mature macrophages and neutrophils, like different lifespan and tissue localization, promote their particular lifestyles and prompt a functional partnership for cooperation in the protective antimicrobial host defense. This partnership includes reciprocal recruitment to infected sites, cooperative effector antimicrobial activities, and pro-resolving anti-inflammatory effects. One modality of the cooperative effector antimicrobial activities involves the phagocytosis by the macrophage of apoptosing neutrophils and of nonapoptosing neutrophils expressing "eat-me" signals. This cooperative interaction results in the enhancement of the comparatively limited macrophage antimicrobial capacity by the acquisition and use of potent neutrophil microbicidal molecules. Here, data are reviewed that suggest that this is a process actively engaging the two professional phagocytes. Phagocytosis of neutrophils by macrophages at inflammatory/infectious foci accumulates two effects beneficial to the protective host immune response: help in the control of the infection and prevention of neutrophil autolysis, effects that converge to accelerate the resolution of the infection-associated inflammation.
Management scenarios for olive oil mill waste based on characterization and leaching tests (2011)

Abstract BACKGROUND: Olive oil mill waste is a serious environmental problem in the Mediterranean basin given its particular characteristics of high organic content, seasonal and localized generation, and the type of processing involved. RESULTS: Olive mill waste from a three‐phase mill was characterized by means of total analysis, availability and mobility of the pollutants in order to help the decision‐maker about possible options for its valorization and/or disposal. Water content, loss of ignition, total organic carbon, phenol index and metals concentrations were measured to fully characterize the waste. Three leaching tests (NEN 7341, EN 12457 and UNE CEN‐TS 15364 EX) were carried out to evaluate the environmental hazard of the waste material and the leachates were characterized with respect to electric conductivity, pH, heavy metals, anions and organic pollutants (phenol index and total organic carbon) according to European waste directives. The results were compared with EU regulations for inert, non‐hazardous and hazardous waste disposal. CONCLUSION: It was found that not only organic parameters must be taken into account concerning the fate of this waste material, but also the mobility of heavy metals and anions should be studied. Furthermore, stabilization/solidification processes are recommended before landfill disposal of this kind of agro‐waste material. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantitative and Cost Comparison of Ultrasensitive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Viral Load Assays: Bayer bDNA Quantiplex Versions 3.0 and 2.0 and Roche PCR Amplicor Monitor Version 1.5 (2000)

Quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA as a measure of viral load has greatly improved the monitoring of therapies for infected individuals. With the significant reductions in viral load now observed in individuals treated with highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), viral load assays have been adapted to achieve greater sensitivity. Two commercially available ultrasensitive assays, the Bayer Quantiplex HIV-1 bDNA version 3.0 (bDNA 3.0) assay and the Roche Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor Ultrasensitive version 1.5 (Amplicor 1.5) assay, are now being used to monitor HIV-1-infected individuals. Both of these ultrasensitive assays have a reported lower limit of 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml and were developed from corresponding older generation assays with lower limits of 400 to 500 copies/ml. However, the comparability of viral load data generated by these ultrasensitive assays and the relative costs of labor, disposables, and biohazardous wastes were not determined in most cases. In this study, we used matched clinical plasma samples to compare the quantification of the newer bDNA 3.0 assay with that of the older bDNA 2.0 assay and to compare the quantification and costs of the bDNA 3.0 assay and the Amplicor 1.5 assay. We found that quantification by the bDNA 3.0 assay was approximately twofold higher than that by the bDNA 2.0 assay and was highly correlated to that by the Amplicor 1.5 assay. Moreover, cost analysis based on labor, disposables, and biohazardous wastes showed significant savings with the bDNA 3.0 assay as compared to the costs of the Amplicor 1.5 assay.