gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computationally efficient control allocation (1999)

A computationally efficient method for calculating near-optimal solutions to the three-objective, linear control allocation problem is disclosed. The control allocation problem is that of distributing the effort of redundant control effectors to achieve some desired set of objectives. The problem is deemed linear if control effectiveness is affine with respect to the individual control effectors. The optimal solution is that which exploits the collective maximum capability of the effectors within their individual physical limits. Computational efficiency is measured by the number of floating-point operations required for solution. The method presented returned optimal solutions in more than 90% of the cases examined; non-optimal solutions returned by the method were typically much less than 1% different from optimal and the errors tended to become smaller than 0.01% as the number of controls was increased. The magnitude of the errors returned by the present method was much smaller than those that resulted from either pseudo inverse or cascaded generalized inverse solutions. The computational complexity of the method presented varied linearly with increasing numbers of controls; the number of required floating point operations increased from 5.5 i, to seven times faster than did the minimum-norm solution (the pseudoinverse), and at about the same rate as did the cascaded generalized inverse solution. The computational requirements of the method presented were much better than that of previously described facet-searching methods which increase in proportion to the square of the number of controls.
Digital-Analog-Hybrid Neural Simulator: A Design-Aid For Custom-VLSI Neurochips (1989)

A high speed neural network simulator and its use for the dynamics and performance analysis of feedback neural architectures are described. The simulator is based on a semi-parallel, analog-digital hybrid architecture which utilizes digital memories to store synaptic weights and analog hardware for high speed computation. A breadboard system with 8-bit gray scale synapses, designed and built at JPL, is successfully serving as a valuable design test-bed for the development of fully parallel, analog, custom VLSI neurochips, currently underway at JPL. The breadboard hybrid simulator indeed allows a detailed evaluation of hardware potential and limitations in implementing full analog operations in such chips. As an example, the paper presents an analysis of the stability and convergence behavior of a feedback neural network applied to the "Concentrator Assignment Problem" in combinatorial optimization, as studied on the analog-digital hybrid simulator. This has already resulted in a VLSI custom design of a fully parallel, analog neuroprocessor with a powerful "analog prompting" feature, for the high-speed, multiparameter optimization function.
Editor's Introduction (1992)

Although the end of the Cold War is widely regarded as a development of monumental importance, its significance has yet to be the subject of serious commentary in most of the media. I reached this conclusion after talking with colleagues across the country, all of whom agreed that Diplomatic History, as the journal of record in the field, should turn its attention to the subject. With that agreement in mind, I began to recruit the essays that follow. Initially, I had hoped to solicit seven or so pieces. But because previous experience told me that more than half of those I approached would decline to participate, I decided to ask approximately twenty scholars to join in the symposium. You can imagine my surprise when almost all of them jumped at the opportunity! Their response only underscored the significance of the subject and the need that many of us feel to come to grips with its meaning and implications.
Iron Losses in Direct-Current Machines (1916)

The term iron loss, as used in connection with rotating machinery, is shown to cover a large number of losses, some of which actually do not lie in the iron itself. The term core loss should be used except when the losses are actually located in the iron itself. It is shown that no great accuracy is practicable in the calculation of the actual iron losses, except in special instances, due to the fact that the ordinary treatment of materials in manufacture is such that large discrepancies are almost sure to occur, in certain types of apparatus. A brief explanation of several causes of variation in losses is given. In the treatment of core losses in direct-current machines, the four principal sources of losses are considered, namely-armature ring loss, armature tooth loss, eddy currents in buried condtuctors, and pole face losses. Under eddy current losses is given an explanation of certain losses not usually taken into account, and a crude method of calculation is given, with some tabulated results. Under pole face losses an empirical formula is given, also some tabulated results. The effect of load on losses is discussed, but no calculated results are given. Some of the effects of flux distortion on the losses are shown. A principal object of the paper is to show the impracticability of calculating all the core losses with any great accuracy at noload, and the still greater difficulty in predetermining them with load.
A novel route to Pt–Bi2O3 composite thin films and their application in photo-reduction of water (2011)

A novel homoleptic bismuth(III) β-diketonate (dibenzoylmethane – dbm) complex [Bi(dbm)3]2 has been used as a precursor to thin films of crystalline β-Bi2O3, and hexachloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6·6H2O) has been demonstrated as a suitable precursor for deposition of platinum nanoparticles, both deposited via aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD). Thin films of Pt–Bi2O3 were co-deposited from a mixture of [Bi(dbm)3]2 and H2PtCl6·6H2O; the introduction of Pt particles into β-Bi2O3 causes hydrogen to be evolved during photolysis of water over the composite material, a property not found for Pt particles or β-Bi2O3 alone.
Gene expression profile changes following erlotinib treatment in patients with metastatic breast cancer (2004)

577 Background: We previously described changes in EGFR kinase activity and downstream signaling pathways using IHC in tumor biopsies in 15 patients with metastatic breast cancer pre and post treatment with erlotinib (150 mg daily for 1 month). There were no clinical responses and no changes in Ki67 in tumors after erlotinib. One tumor expressed significant levels of EGFR which decreased after treatment. Aims of this study are to delineate erlotinib induced changes in gene expression profiles in EGFR positive (+) and negative (-) tumors. Methods: RNA was isolated from frozen tumor cores and gene expression profiles in 9 paired pre-post treatment tumors were measured with Affymetrix U133A GeneChip containing 22283 human genes. Results were analyzed using Affymetrix MS5.0 comparison analysis algorithm and principle components analysis. EGFR expression was validated by IHC. Results: Only 1/9 tumor expressed EGFR by IHC. cDNA array data were 100% concordant with IHC for EGFR expression. In EGFR + tumor, EGFR RNA did not change with erlotinib treatment. About 300 genes were significantly changed in distinct paired tumors, independent of EGFR expression. These included genes encoding extracellular matrix components, matrix metalloproteinases, drug metabolism, protein translation, and transcription factors. EGFR interacting genes, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 and -3 were up-regulated > 2 fold in the EGFR+ tumor, down-regulated > 2 fold in 6 EGFR- tumors, unchanged in 2 EGFR- tumors. Examples of other altered genes are: Rab GTPases - members of ras oncogene family; heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (C1/C2); insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, 4, 5, 7; serine proteinase inhibitor, clade A; heat shock 70kDa protein 1B; cytochrome P450 family members. Conclusions: Erlotinib is associated with changes in gene expression in EGFR+ and –tumors. This suggests that the drug has additional targets. The decrease in EGFR protein induced by erlotinib in the EGFR+ tumor was not due to transcriptional effects and may be due to the accelerated ubiquitylation and degradation of the receptor. Validation by IHC and real-time RT-PCR is in progress. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
The Bacillus subtilis 168 alkaline phosphatase III gene: impact of a phoAIII mutation on total alkaline phosphatase synthesis (1990)

The first alkaline phosphatase (APase) structural gene mutant of Bacillus subtilis 168 was constructed by using a clone identified by hybridization to a synthetic degenerative oligonucleotide. The design of the probe was based on the first 29 amino acids of the sequenced mature APase III protein, which had been isolated from the secreted fraction of vegetative, phosphate-starved cells. DNA sequencing of the clone revealed the first 80 amino acids of the APase III protein, including a typical procaryotic signal sequence of 32 amino acids preceding the start of the mature protein. The 29 amino acids encoded by the predicted open reading frame immediately following the signal sequence are identical to the first 29 amino acids of the sequenced mature protein. This region shows 80% identity to strand A of the beta sheet that is very well conserved in Escherichia coli and mammalian APases. A phoAIII structural mutant was constructed by insertional mutagenesis with a fragment internal to the coding region. The effects of this mutation on APase production in B. subtilis 168 were analyzed under both phosphate starvation and sporulation conditions. The mutation in APase III reduced the total vegetative APase specific activity by approximately 40% and sporulation APase specific activity by approximately 45%. An APase protein was isolated from sporulating cells at stage III and was identified as APase III by protein sequencing of the amino terminus and by its absence in the phoAIII mutant. The APase III gene has been mapped to approximately 50 degrees on the B. subtilis chromosome.
Changes in Blood Viscosity With Synthetic Protease Inhibitors (2003)

We examined the effects on whole blood viscosity and coagulation time of various dosages of the synthetic low-molecular protease inhibitors gabexate mesilate and nafamostat mesilate with an oscillation-type viscometer. When either agent was added, blood viscosity decreased dose-dependently along a sigmoid-like curve. Furthermore, coagulation time was shorter with gabexate mesilate than with nafamostat mesilate owing to the differences of half-life in human blood. Thrombin generation, which results from the activation of coagulation factors, is inhibited by synthetic protease inhibitors and subsequently decreases blood viscosity dose-dependently.
The Diabetic Foot (2000)

General practitioners, geriatricians and diabetologists need to pay particular attention to the feet of older patients to prevent significant avoidable morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable group. Reduced mobility, particularly at the hip, and impaired vision restricts the ability of older patients to inspect their feet and leads to the continued progression of foot lesions. Neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease are also more prevalent in the elderly. The conditions reviewed here are peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, limited joint mobility and foot pressure abnormalities. The classification, properties and management of ulcers, from superficial to gangrene, are described, as is the diabetic Charcot foot. By recognising the known risk factors and taking measures to reduce their effect, the incidence of foot ulceration can be significantly reduced. Systematic and appropriate management of foot ulceration can decrease the incidence of amputations; this is the ultimate goal in the treatment of diabetic foot problems.
Development of a Miniature Snapshot Multispectral Imager (2010)

Abstract : We present a miniature snapshot multispectral imager that operates in the short wavelength infrared (SWIR) region and has a number of applications. The system is low weight and portable with a miniature platform, and requires low power. The imager uses a 4-deg Fabry-Perot filter array operating from 1487 to 1769 nm with a spectral bandpass ~10 nm. The design of the filters is based on using a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) shadow mask technique to fabricate a Fabry-Perot etalon with multilayer dielectric mirrors. The filter array subsystem is installed in a commercial handheld indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) camera, replacing the imaging lens with a custom designed 4-deg microlens array with telecentric imaging performance in each of the 16 sub imaging channels. We imaged several indoor and outdoor scenes. The microlens optics and filter design is quite flexible and can be tailored for any wavelength region from ultraviolet (UV) to longwave infrared (LWIR) and the spectral bandpass can also be customized to meet requirements. In this report, we discuss the design and characterization of the filter array, microlens optical package, and imager and present the imaging results. A main motivation behind development of such a compact imager is to be able to detect chemicals used in improvised explosive devices (IEDs).
Human Behavior Based Predictive Brake Assistance (2006)

Driver assistance systems have both the potential to alert the driver to critical situations and distract or annoy the driver if the driver is already aware of the situation. As systems attempt to preemptively warn drivers more and more in advance, this problem becomes exacerbated. We present a predictive braking assistance system that identifies not only the need for braking action, but also whether or not a braking action is being planned by the driver. Our system uses a Bayesian framework to determine the criticality of the situation by assessing (1) the probability that braking should be performed given observations of the vehicle and surround and (2) the probability that the driver intends to perform a braking action. We train and evaluate our system using over 22 hours of data collected from real driving scenarios with 28 different drivers
A Systematic Review of Music Therapy Practice and Outcomes with Acute Adult Psychiatric In-Patients (2013)

No single clearly defined model exists for music therapy with adults in acute psychiatric in-patient settings, and described models are not conclusive. Greater frequency of therapy, active structured music making with verbal discussion, consistency of contact and boundaries, an emphasis on building a therapeutic relationship and building patient resources may be of particular importance. Further research is required to develop specific music therapy models for this patient group that can be tested in experimental studies.
Living life without B cells: is repeated B-cell depletion a safe and effective long-term treatment plan for rheumatoid arthritis? (2012)

The continued efficacy of B-cell depletion in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) depends on repeated cycles of anti-CD20 treatment to maintain low levels of B cells. It is surprising that this significant manipulation of the humoral immune system is remarkably safe with repeated treatment and that rates of adverse effects remain stable, and may even decline, over subsequent courses. Although responses to vaccines and probably to new antigens are diminished, adaptive immunity nevertheless functions adequately despite markedly restricted B-cell numbers. In the 10 years or so since the widespread use of B-cell depletion, there is little to suggest that a long-term paucity of B cells puts patients at risk for malignancy or opportunistic infections, nor that it leads to treatment-resistant RA or complications. While time will tell whether this major alteration of the immune system has other consequences, it is remarkable that drastic reduction of B-cell numbers over the long term is tolerated so well, and that it maintains efficacy in RA therapy.
Mutational analysis of adeno-associated virus Rep protein-mediated inhibition of heterologous and homologous promoters (1995)

The four Rep proteins encoded by adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2) inhibit transcription of their own promoters and of several heterologous promoters. To gain insight into the molecular mechanism of Rep-mediated transcription repression, we studied the effects of the four Rep proteins on the accumulation of mRNA transcribed from the human papillomavirus type 18 upstream regulatory region HPV18 URR, the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat, and the AAV-2 p5 and p19 promoters by transient transfection experiments in HeLa cells. We observed a distinct contribution of the C- and N-terminal sequences in which the four Rep proteins (Rep78, Rep68, Rep52, and Rep40) differ from each other. While Rep78 showed a more than 10-fold inhibition of the four promoters studied, transcriptional repression mediated by Rep68 and Rep52 was reduced and nearly completely abolished for Rep40. The contribution of the C terminus of Rep78 was reduced with respect to the inhibition of the AAV-2 p5 and p19 promoters. Point mutations and deletions showed that a C-terminal zinc binding motif is required for zinc binding in vitro but plays no obvious role in the inhibition of homologous and heterologous promoters. Overall, inhibition of the four different promoters was dependent on the identical Rep protein domains with the exception of the AAV-2 p5 promoter. Expression of the AAV-2 p5 promoter was inhibited by a Rep78 protein with a mutation in the nucleotide binding motif, whereas expression of the AAV-2 p19 promoter, the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat, and the HPV18 URR was not. Mutational analysis of the HPV18 URR showed that several, but not a single, cis regulatory elements are involved in the inhibition process. This finding suggests that transcriptional repression is mediated by protein-protein interactions of the Rep proteins either with multiple transcription factors or with target proteins of sequence-specific transcription factors of the basal transcription machinery.
Modulation of mammalian cell growth and death by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytochrome <i>c</i> (2004)

Cytochrome c(551), an 8,685-Da haem-containing protein, is known to be involved in electron transfer during dissimilative denitrification by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Both cytochrome c(551) and copper-containing redox protein azurin have been used in vitro as partners in electron transfer. Azurin has been reported to induce apoptosis in macrophages and cancer cells. We now report that, unlike azurin, cytochrome c(551), termed Cyt c(551), has very little ability to induce apoptosis in J774 cell line-derived macrophages but demonstrates significant inhibition of cell cycle progression in such cells. A mutant form of Cyt c(551), V23DI59E, has significantly reduced ability to inhibit cell cycle progression but demonstrates a higher level of apoptosis-inducing activity in macrophages, compared with WT Cyt c(551). Interestingly, the WT Cyt c(551), but not the mutant form, significantly enhances the level of tumor suppressor protein p16(Ink4a), a known inhibitor of cell cycle progression whereas the mutant form seems to form a complex with tumor suppressor protein p53, thereby enhancing its intracellular level to some extent. Eukaryotic cytochromes such as horse and bovine cytochrome c have also been shown to induce apoptosis but not inhibition of cell cycle progression in J774 cells, thus signifying a role of this redox protein in entry to, and in the induction of, cell death in mammalian cells.
Hydroxycitric acid ameliorates inflammation and oxidative stress in mouse models of multiple sclerosis (2016)

Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is derived primarily from the Garcinia plant and is widely used for its anti-inflammatory effects. Multiple sclerosis can cause an inflammatory demyelination and axonal damage. In this study, to validate the hypothesis that HCA exhibits therapeutic effects on multiple sclerosis, we established female C57BL/6 mouse models of multiple sclerosis, <i>i.e</i>., experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, using Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) emulsion containing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55). Treatment with HCA at 2 g/kg/d for 3 weeks obviously improved the symptoms of nerve injury of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice, decreased serum interleulin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels, and increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activities. These findings suggest that HCA exhibits neuroprotective effects on multiple sclerosis-caused nerve injury through ameliorating inflammation and oxidative stress.
Speech Activity Detection for Multi-Party Conversation Analyses Based on Likelihood Ratio Test on Spatial Magnitude (2009)

This paper proposes a microphone array-based speech activity detection (SAD) method for analyzing multi-party conversations recorded in the presence of noise. In particular, the proposed method considers conversations where the number of speakers and speaker locations cannot be restricted, such as when standing and talking, and at poster sessions. When we observe such conversations, there are directional noise sources and diffuse noise that affect the direction of arrival estimations of the target speech signals. To detect speech activity without a priori knowledge about the speakers and noise environments, a likelihood ratio test (LRT)-based SAD method is applied to spatial magnitude, which are estimated by using the time-frequency masking of the observed spectra. The proposed method can exploit the enhanced signals obtained from time-frequency masking, and works even in the presence of environmental noise. Experiments with recorded simulated poster sessions confirmed that the proposed method could outperform conventional methods based on the LRT for a single channel, magnitude coherence, or crosspower spectrum phase.
Reciprocating Battery Cooling for Hybrid and Fuel Cell Vehicles (2003)

Traction batteries for hybrid and fuel cell vehicles must maintain temperatures within operational limits for longer battery lifetime and better performance. The uneven battery temperature due to improper heat transfer during discharging/charging could accumulate battery degradation on hot cells resulting in early failure of the battery pack. Current battery systems use a unidirectional coolant flow for battery thermal management. However, due to the nature of the cooling method, the unidirectional cooling systems are prone to show a largest temperature differential ΔTs between the battery cells at fixed flow boundaries, although sophisticated thermal/fluid designs are implemented to make the battery temperature uniform. Here, an innovative battery cooling method ([1]) using a reciprocating cooling flow is proposed. The reciprocating cooling system switches the coolant flow direction periodically by a valve-fan mechanism. By switching the flow direction periodically and thus the cold and hot boundaries of the battery cooling system, the battery cell temperatures are regulated with a very small fluctuation and the temperature differential ΔTs is drastically reduced. In hybrid electric vehicle and fuel cell vehicle applications, the cooling improvement using the new concept would set battery cooling system free of auxiliary air-conditioning system. Parametric study shows that using the reciprocating cooling system for a Li-Ion battery system, an optimum reciprocating period to minimize temperature differential ΔTs and maximum battery temperature Ts,max exists.
Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Subject Alternative Name for Expression of Service Name (2007)

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.