gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rational dosing of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine (2001)

See article on page 642 

Metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and azathioprine (AZA) is complex. Azathioprine is a prodrug that is non-enzymatically converted to 6-MP. 6-MP is then either inactivated by thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) to 6-methylmercaptopurine or by xanthine oxidase to 6-thiouric acid, or it is activated via a multistep enzymatic pathway to the putative active metabolites, the 6 thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGN).1 The enzyme activity of TPMT is genetically determined. There is a trimodal distribution of TPMT activity in the general population: homozygous low activity occurs at a frequency of 0.3%; heterozygous or intermediate activity occurs at a frequency of 11%; and homozygous high or normal activity occurs at a frequency of 89%.2 At least 10 variant alleles for TPMT have been associated with decreased enzyme activity (*2, *3A, *3B, *3C, *3D, *4, *5, *6, *7, *10). Patients with low or intermediate TPMT enzyme activity shunt 6-MP away from the 6-methylmercaptopurine metabolite and towards 6-TGN. Excess concentrations of 6-TGN have been associated with leucopenia. The practical application of these clinical pharmacology discoveries and the results of randomised controlled trials in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who require treatment with AZA or 6-MP are reviewed below.

The first question that clinicians must ask is which drug to use? There is virtually no published information regarding the relative immunosuppressive properties of AZA or 6-MP. Clinical experience suggests that they are equivalent if the doses are adjusted for differences in the content of 6-MP. Approximately 88% of AZA is converted to 6-MP. Azathioprine is 55% 6-MP by molecular weight. Thus a conversion factor of 2.08 will convert a dose of …
Novel structural features drive DNA binding properties of Cmr, a CRP family protein in TB complex mycobacteria (2017)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) encodes two CRP/FNR family transcription factors (TF) that contribute to virulence, Cmr (Rv1675c) and CRPMt (Rv3676). Prior studies identified distinct chromosomal binding profiles for each TF despite their recognizing overlapping DNA motifs. The present study shows that Cmr binding specificity is determined by discriminator nucleotides at motif positions 4 and 13. X-ray crystallography and targeted mutational analyses identified an arginine-rich loop that expands Cmr's DNA interactions beyond the classical helix-turn-helix contacts common to all CRP/FNR family members and facilitates binding to imperfect DNA sequences. Cmr binding to DNA results in a pronounced asymmetric bending of the DNA and its high level of cooperativity is consistent with DNA-facilitated dimerization. A unique N-terminal extension inserts between the DNA binding and dimerization domains, partially occluding the site where the canonical cAMP binding pocket is found. However, an unstructured region of this N-terminus may help modulate Cmr activity in response to cellular signals. Cmr's multiple levels of DNA interaction likely enhance its ability to integrate diverse gene regulatory signals, while its novel structural features establish Cmr as an atypical CRP/FNR family member.
Automatic Quantification of Immunohistochemically Stained Cell Nuclei Using Unsupervised Image Analysis (1998)

A method for quantification of images of immunohistochemically stained cell nuclei by computing area proportions is presented. The image is transformed by a principal component transform. The resulting first component image is used to segment the objects from the background using dynamic thresholding of the P2/A-histogram, where P2/A is a global roundness measure. Then the image is transformed into principal component hue, defined as the angle around the first principal component. This image is used to segment positive and negative objects. The method is fully automatic and the principal component approach makes it robust with respect to illumination and focus settings. An independent test set consisting of images grabbed with different focus and illumination for each field of view was used to test the method, and the proposed method showed less variation than the intraoperator variation using supervised Maximum Likelihood classification.
Online Mood Induction (2005)

The observed prevalence of patient discrimination against GLB family physicians is significant. The results suggest that the discrimination is based on emotional reasons and is not related to such factors as misinformation about STDs and fear of being thought of sexually. Therefore, educational efforts should be directed against general perceptions of homosexuality rather than targeting specific medical concerns.
Computer Interconnection Structures: Taxonomy, Characteristics, and Examples (1975)

This paper presents a taxonomy, or naming scheme, for systems of interconnected computers. It is an attempt to provide an implementation-independent method by which to identify demgns, and a common context in which to discuss them. The taxonomy is based on interprocessor message handling and hardware interconnection topology, and distinguishes ten basic multiple-computer architectures. Various relevant attributes are identified and discussed, and examples of actual designs are given for each architecture.
Fungi in the hidden environment: the gut of beetles (2007)

Over the past century the recognition of the presence of endosymbionts in a variety of arthropods has become well established (Buchner, 1965). Intense interest in the rickettsial endosymbionts, widespread among insects (van Meer et al., 1999), led to the discovery that they may induce sterility of the host, and increased rates of speciation have been attributed to their presence (Shoemaker et al., 1999). Bacteria also have long been known for their nutritional contributions to insects, but more recently indigenous gut bacteria have been recognized for their ability to prevent colonization of non-indigenous microbes. In fact the insect gut is considered a 'hot spot' of bacterial gene exchange and bacterial adaptation (Dillon & Dillon, 2004). Thus, important attributes that affect speciation, habitat utilization, and survival are provided by prokaryotic symbionts. By contrast, although there were a number of early reports of fungal endosymbionts of insects, fewer of them were substantiated after the original reports (Buchner, 1965). More recent work, however, indicates that insect–yeast interactions abound in nature, although the exact nature of many of the interactions is less well understood (Suh & Blackwell, 2005; Vega & Dowd, 2005).
CCCLXXXIV.—Organic derivatives of silicon. Part XLV. The fission of aromatic Si—R links by aluminium chloride (1931)

W. E. Evison and F. S. Kipping, J. Chem. Soc., 1931, 2774 DOI: 10.1039/JR9310002774
Road sign interpretation using matching pursuit method (2002)

This paper describes a new automatic road sign interpretation method using matching pursuit (MP) filters. There are two processes. The detection process finds the relative position of the road sign in the original distant image and then extracts the internal content of the road sign from the closer-view image. The recognition process consists of two stages: training and testing. In the first stage, it finds a set of best MP filter bases for each road sign. In the second stage, it projects the input unknown road sign to a different set of the MP filter bases to find the best match.
Openning Remarks: A Statement of Objective (Jet Age Conference 1957) (1959)

A brief statement on the objective of the 1959 Jet-Age Airport Conference as well as its previous, 1957 conference.
Epithelial permeability and the transepithelial migration of human neutrophils. (1983)

Although polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) can migrate through every epithelium in the body regardless of its permeability, very little is known about the effect of epithelial permeability on PMN migration and the effect of emigrating PMN's on the permeability of the epithelium. In an in vitro model system of transepithelial migration, human PMN's were stimulated by 0.1 micrometer fMet-Leu-Phe to traverse confluent, polarized canine kidney epithelial monolayers of varying permeabilities. Epithelial permeability was determined by both conductance measurement and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracer studies. As epithelial permeability increased, the number of PMN invasion sites as well as the number of PMN's that traversed the monolayer increased. The effect of PMN migration on epithelial permeability was examined using the ultrastructural tracers HRP and lanthanum nitrate. PMN's traversing the monolayer made close cell-to-cell contacts with other invading PMNs and with adjacent epithelial cells. These close contacts appeared to prevent leakage of tracer across invasion sites. Following PMN emigration, epithelial junctional membranes reapproximated and were impermeable to the tracers. These results indicated that, in the absence of serum and connective tissue factors, (a) the number of PMN invasion sites and the number of PMN's that traversed an epithelium were a function of the conductance of the epithelium and (b) PMN's in the process of transepithelial migration maintained close cell-cell contacts and prevented the leakage of particles (greater than 5 nm in diameter) across the invasion site.
Short and Long-term Adjustment of Circadian Rhythms in ‘ Permanent ’ Night Nurses (1978)

Two studies are described in which differences were found in the adjustment of the circadian rhythms of full and part-time night nurses to night work. A distinction was drawn between short-term adjustment that takes place over successive night shifts, and long-term adjustment that may take the form either of a permanent ‘flattening’ of the rhythm, or of a facilitation of short-term adjustment. The results from the first study indicated that even when the potential for greater short-term adjustment was controlled for, the full-time staff showed greater adjustment to night work. The second study examined these differences in long-term adjustment in greater detail. No evidence was found of a permanent ‘flattening’ of the full-timers’ circadian rhythms, although they showed clear evidence of adjustment even on the first of a period of successive night shifts. The full-timers also showed more evidence of adjustment from the first to the second night shift. It is suggested that these differences in long-term adjustment may reflect differences in the degree to which the nurses scheduled their lives towards night work.
Brentano on the mind (2004)

Brentano's writings on the philosophy of mind or descriptive psychology have a number of distinctive features, all of which are connected with his understanding of what a part of theoretical philosophy is and ought to be, with his understanding of the relation between the philosophy of mind and experimental psychology, and with the success and thoroughness of his contribution to philosophy. First, his philosophy of mind always makes use of a carefully worked out ontological framework, indeed of at least two such frameworks. Secondly, he invariably argues at some length, sometimes at very great length, for his views. Thirdly, he often takes great pains to relate his views to those of the philosophical tradition, sometimes in order to argue against these views, sometimes in order to make clear just where he is building on the tradition and just where he is departing from it.
CONSTITUTION OF THE STREPTOLIN-STREPTOTHRICIN GROUP OF STREPTOMYCES ANTIBIOTICS (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCONSTITUTION OF THE STREPTOLIN-STREPTOTHRICIN GROUP OF STREPTOMYCES ANTIBIOTICSE. E. Van Tamelen, J. R. Dyer, H. A. Whaley, H. E. Carter, and G. B. Whitfield Jr.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 20, 4295–4296Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01481a051https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01481a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views140Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Rapid Growth of Nanostructured Diamond Film on Silicon and Ti–6Al–4V Alloy Substrates (2014)

Nanostructured diamond (NSD) films were grown on silicon and Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrates by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD). NSD Growth rates of 5 µm/h on silicon, and 4 µm/h on Ti-6Al-4V were achieved. In a chemistry of H₂/CH₄/N₂, varying ratios of CH₄/H₂ and N₂/CH₄ were employed in this research and their effect on the resulting diamond films were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. As a result of modifying the stock cooling stage of CVD system, we were able to utilize plasma with high power densities in our NSD growth experiments, enabling us to achieve high growth rates. Substrate temperature and N₂/CH₄ ratio have been found to be key factors in determining the diamond film quality. NSD films grown as part of this study were shown to contain 85% to 90% sp³ bonded carbon.
Ferricytochrome c (1971)

The structure of crystalline horse heart ferricytochrome c has been determined by x-ray methods to a resolution of 2.8 A, and the results have been extended to obtain the structure of bonito cytochrome c as well. There is no difference between the horse and bonito structures, other than the expected changes in side chains where the amino acid sequences differ. The tertiary folding of cytochrome c has been maintained constant since the ancestors of mammals and fish diverged 400 million years ago, and probably for much longer. The polypeptide chain of 104 amino acids is wrapped around the heme in two halves; residues 1 to 47 to the right and 48 to 91 to the left of the heme, which sits in the resultant heme crevice with one edge exposed to solvent. Residues 92 to 104 form an α helical strap that rises over the top rear of the molecule and back across the right side again. Cysteines 14 and 17 and histidine 18 extend to the heme from the right wall of the heme crevice, and methionine 80 extends from the left wall. The heme is tightly enveloped in hydrophobic groups. Two channels filled with hydrophobic side chains lead to the right and left from the heme to the surface of the molecule. Each channel contains at least two aromatic rings in roughly parallel orientation, and each channel is surrounded by a cluster of positively charged lysines where it meets the surface. At the back rear of the molecule, between the two positive regions, is a cluster of nine negatively charged acidic groups. It is proposed that these surface features may be involved in binding to other macromolecular complexes, including the cytochrome oxidase system. The principal folding influence on the molecule appears to be the heme group itself. Only residues 92 to 102 are genuinely α helical, although several other areas might have been were it not for interference from the heme. Methods currently proposed for predicting α helical regions are promising but insufficiently discriminating. The abrupt 310 bend, occasionally observed in other globular proteins, occurs six times in cytochrome c, at locations where a sharp chain reversal is needed in wrapping around the heme. The x-ray structure shows the reasons for many of the unchanging features apparent from comparison of amino acid sequences from over 30 different species. Hydrophobic groups are invariant because they play an essential role in providing the proper heme environment and causing the protein to fold around the heme. Acidic and basic chains are necessary for the preservation of segregated regions of charge on the surface. Glycines often occur where there is no room for a side chain, and serines and theronines play important hydrogen-bonding roles in maintaining the folding of the protein.
Design and Capacity Evaluation of New mmWave-Based Multi-spot Beam Cellular System (2014)

Standalone and centralized mmWave-based multi-spot beam cellular architecture is newly introduced in this paper. This system has two main characteristics. Firstly, it is independently operated without any other system's help compared with dual connectivity discussed in 3th generation partnership project (3GPP) Release 12 small cell environment (standalone system). Secondly, all beams of base station are generated from same location and the coverage of base station consists of mmWave-based multi-spot beams (centralized system). In this paper, we design new system and evaluate its capacity to confirm the possibility as an alternative of 5G mobile communications.
Arsenic determination in saline waters utilizing a tubular membrane as a gas–liquid separator for hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (1996)

A tubular silicone rubber membrane is evaluated as a gas-liquid separator for the determination of arsenic in saline waters via HG-ICP-MS. The system was optimized in terms of NaBH4 and HCl concentrations. The intermediate gas and carrier gas were optimized in terms of sensitivity and stability. The pre-reduction of AsV in standard solutions and reference materials was investigated using KI and KI plus ascorbic acid sample treatments. The KI plus ascorbic acid treatment produced a similar response for AsIII and AsV independent of the matrix. The KI plus ascorbic acid treated samples could be held for 21 days without significant response changes. The detection limit was 92 pg based on 7 replicate injections of a 400 pg standard. The overall system was evaluated by analysing two reference materials, NASS-4 and SLEW-2. Precision and recovery data were collected on three estuarine samples.
Iodoarene-catalyzed fluorination and aminofluorination by an Ar-I/HF·pyridine/mCPBA system (2014)

We have developed the iodoarene-catalyzed fluorination of carbonyl compounds and intramolecular aminofluorination of ω-amino-alkenes using HF/<italic>m</italic>CPBA.
<i>H</i><sub>∞</sub> estimation for discrete‐time linear uncertain systems (1991)

Abstract This paper is concerned with the problem of H ∞ estimation for linear discrete‐time systems with time‐varying norm‐bounded parameter uncertainty in both the state and output matrices. We design an estimator such that the estimation error dynamics is quadratically stable and the induced operator norm of the mapping from noise to estimation error is kept within a prescribed bound for all admissible uncertainties. A Riccati equation approach is proposed to solve the estimation problem and it is shown that the solution is related to two algebraic Riccati equations.
Efecto de compostajes de residuos vitivinícolas en la nutrición y producción de biomasa de acelga beta vulgaris var. cicla, remolacha beta vulgaris. var. vulgaris, y lechuga lactuca sativa l. var. simpsom (2014)

Six culture media in horticultural species were evaluated in this study, four of them were based on wine-waste composting, and two were based on soil from ecological production systems with 10 years of process. This pro­cess was carried out in order to quantify their impact on the biomass pro­duction and the supply of nutrients in chard, beet and lettuce. It was found out that the media made of wine compost generated a similar performance than those based on ecological soil and a greater supply of nutrients in the culture, and that the wine-waste compost is an alternative of soil fertilizing and amendment in the ecological and conventional agriculture.
The connector and active devices mechanisms for constructing multimedia applications (2003)

Some software mechanisms implemented in the multimedia workstations of an experimental multimedia teleconferencing system are discussed. These mechanisms are used to interface with the different types of devices involved in multimedia conference applications and to direct information flow among them. They are concerned with teleconferencing applications with which people in different offices can talk to each other while simultaneously editing the same file, debugging the same program, or working on some other arbitrary applications. Users engaged in teleconferencing may use multimedia workstations equipped with peripherals such as telephone handsets, image scanners, network interfaces, and mass storage. In the prototype system, the workstations are connected to an experimental fast packet switch capable of switching voice, data, and video on a single network.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evidence for Antifreeze Protein Gene Transfer in Atlantic Salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) (1988)

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) freeze to death if they come into contact with ice at water temperatures below −0.7 °C. Consequently, sea-pen culture of this species in cold water is severely limited. Winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) survive in ice-laden seawater by producing a set of antifreeze polypeptides (AFP). We are attempting to make the Atlantic salmon more freeze resistant by transferring antifreeze protein genes from the winter flounder to the genome of the salmon. Salmon eggs were microinjected with linearized DNA after fertilization. Individual fingerlings (1–2 g) were analyzed for flounder AFP genes by genomic Southern blotting. DNA from 2 out of 30 fingerlings showed hybridization to the flounder DNA probe. Hybridization bands following cleavage by restriction enzymes Sst l and Bam HI were identical to those of the injected DNA. Hybridization following Hind III digestion indicated that the flounder AFP gene was linked to the salmon genome. These hybridization signals were absent in the DNA from control fish. The intensity of the hybridization signals indicated that there was on average at least one copy of the AFP gene present per cell.