gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vertical profiles of biospheric and fossil fuel-derived CO<sub>2</sub> and fossil fuel CO<sub>2</sub> :CO ratios from airborne measurements of Δ<sup>14</sup>C, CO<sub>2</sub> and CO above Colorado, USA (2009)

Measurements of Δ14C in atmospheric CO2 are an effective method of separating CO2 additions from fossil fuel and biospheric sources or sinks of CO2. We illustrate this technique with vertical profiles of CO2 and Δ14C analysed in whole air flask samples collected above Colorado, USA in May and July 2004. Comparison of lower tropospheric composition to cleaner air at higher altitudes (>5 km) revealed considerable additions from respiration in the morning in both urban and rural locations. Afternoon concentrations were mainly governed by fossil fuel emissions and boundary layer depth, also showing net biospheric CO2 uptake in some cases. We estimate local industrial CO2:CO emission ratios using in situ measurements of CO concentration. Ratios are found to vary by 100% and average 57 mole CO2:1 mole CO, higher than expected from emissions inventories. Uncertainty in CO2 from different sources was ±1.1 to ±4.1 ppm for addition or uptake of −4.6 to 55.8 ppm, limited by Δ14C measurement precision and uncertainty in background Δ14C and CO2 levels.
Study on Preparation of Waterproofing Agent for Mineral Wool Board from Modified C9 Petroleum Resin (2013)

The modified petroleum resin emulsion prepared from the C9petroleum resin was modified with maleic anhydride.The effects of maleic rosin and maleic anhydride addition level,the modification time and the alkali liquor on the properties of the emulsion were discussed.The results showed that the optimum process conditions covered:a maleic anhydride mass fraction of 1.5%,a maleic rosin mass fraction of 10%,a KOH mass fraction of 1%,a petroleum resin modification temperature of 200℃,a petroleum resin modification duration of 3 h,and a modified petroleum resin emulsion/wax emulsion mixing ratio of 1:1.The particle size of modified petroleum resin emulsion prepared under these conditions was equal to 104.166μm.
Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: long term follow up of treated and untreated women (1996)

Patients with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia require long term follow up, and the risk of invasion may be higher than previously thought. Surgical treatment when required should be by excisional rather than ablative methods in most instances. In selected cases it is also possible to safely manage patients by more conservative methods.
New Developments Of The Deformation Method (2007)

New developments of deformation method for grid generation are presented in this work. Theorems for three different cases and different methods for implementing deformation method are presented. One of the new developments is a 3D multi-block moving grid method. In this version, a Poisson equation is solved by finite difference method to get the vector field for moving grid. Special treatment applies to the common boundary of different blocks. Another new development is a numerical method for reconstructing a given differentiable transformations by solving a system of div-curl equation directly formed from each point of the graph. The determinacy and ellipticity of the system of the 3D div-curl equation are analyzed in detail. And the least-square finite element method is used to solve the div-curl equation in order to reconstruct a differentiable mapping. Both 2D and 3D implementations are presented in this work.
Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks: Preparation, Properties, and Applications of Films with Patterned Molecular Alignment (2014)

Monolithically ordered liquid crystal polymer networks are formed by the photoinitiated polymerization of multifunctional liquid crystal monomers. This paper describes the relevant principles and methods, the basic structure-property relationships in terms of mesogenic properties of the monomers, and the mechanical and optical properties of the polymers. Strategies are discussed to control the molecular orientation by various means and in all three dimensions. The versatility of the process is demonstrated by two examples of films with a patterned molecular order. It is shown that patterned retarders can be made by a two-step polymerization process which is successfully employed in a transflective display principle. A transflective display is a liquid crystal display that operates in both a reflective mode using ambient light and a transmissive mode with light coming from a backlight system. Furthermore, a method is discussed to create a patterned film in a single polymerization process. This film has alternating planar chiral nematic areas next to perpendicularly oriented (so-called homeotropic) areas. When applied as a coating to a substrate, the film changes its surface texture. During exposure to UV light, it switches from a flat to a corrugated state.
Targeted Disruption of MAIL, a Nuclear IκB Protein, Leads to Severe Atopic Dermatitis-like Disease (2004)

MAIL (molecule-possessing ankyrin repeats induced by lipopolysaccharide) is a nuclear IkappaB protein that is also termed interleukin-1-inducible nuclear ankyrin repeat protein or inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB (IkappaB) zeta. In this study, we generated Mail-/- mice to investigate the roles of MAIL in whole organisms. Mail-/- mice grew normally until 4-8 weeks after birth, when they began to develop lesions in the skin of the periocular region, face, and neck. MAIL mRNA and protein were constitutively expressed in the skin of wild type controls, especially in the keratinocytes. Serum IgE was higher in Mail-/- mice than in normal. Histopathological analysis indicated that the Mail-/- skin lesions appeared to be atopic dermatitis (AD) eczema with inflammatory cell infiltration. In addition, markedly elevated expression of some chemokines such as thymus and activation-regulated chemokine was detected in the Mail-/- skin lesions, similar to that observed in the skin of patients with AD. In Mail-/- mice, MAIL-deficient keratinocytes might be activated to produce chemokines and induce intraepidermal filtration of inflammatory cells, resulting in the onset of the AD-like disease. These findings suggest that MAIL is an essential molecule for homeostatic regulation of skin immunity. The Mail-/- mouse is a valuable new animal model for research on AD.
The civic web: Young people, the Internet, and civic participation. (2015)

A menudo, y desde diferentes lugares, se suele destacar la apatía, la desconexión o la desafección de la ciudadanía occidental actual en los temas relacionados con la política o la vida cívica, especialmente entre los más jóvenes. No hablamos solo de la participación en temas de política local, nacional o internacional, sino también en acciones comunitarias, asociativas o de voluntariado. Frente a esta situación, en los últimos años Internet se ha visto como un medio para el fomento de la participación, revitalizando también el trabajo de organizaciones cívicas y políticas y ofreciendo nuevas formas de interacción.
An 84 dB dynamic range 62.5–625 kHz bandwidth clock-scalable noise-shaping SAR ADC with open-loop integrator using dynamic amplifier (2017)

This paper proposes a noise shaping SAR ADC with open-loop integrator using dynamic amplifier. The proposed integrator for a delta-sigma modulator requires low-gain openloop amplifiers, therefore low power dynamic amplifier can be used. Moreover, binary-mode dynamic element matching is proposed to overcome the nonlinearity of a capacitor DAC. An SNDR of 83.5 dB, a power consumption 273.4 μW, and a Schreier figure of merit of 173 dB with a bandwidth of 250 kHz is achieved. In addition, clock scalability has been confirmed for a wide sampling-rate range of 2.5 MS/s to 25 MS/s.
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of Azaglutamine Amino Acid and Peptide Derivatives (1991)

tert-Butyl carbazate and Boc-amino acid hydrazides undergo a Michael addition with acrylamide to give substituted carbazates having the side-chain of glutamine on nitrogen. These carbazates may react with chloroformates to give protected azaglutamine esters, and N-activated amino acid esters to give azaglutamine peptides.
Key management requirements for PTC operations (2007)

Positive train control (PTC) is an electronic system that enforces activities such as train separation, speed enforcement, and roadway worker protection essential to operate railroads safely and efficiently. Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETS) provide distributed real time communication of traffic hazards and road conditions among vehicles in a radio line of sight. Communicating PTC VANET systems offer the potential to reduce highway rail intersection (HRI) collisions by communicating train movement information to highway vehicles. For this to occur, different PTC systems must securely interoperate with each other. This outlines a PTC security framework utilizing using a certificate based trust management system and over the air re-keying (OTAR) to support interoperation.
A dynamic routing procedure for connections with quality of service requirements (2002)

Emerging high-speed networks will support a number of real-time services required by distributed multimedia applications, such as video-on-demand. To support these services, appropriate routing procedures should be used; upon receipt of a request to open a new connection with certain quality of service (QoS) requirements, an appropriate routing procedure calculates an "optimal" route (with respect to a certain cost function) which satisfies the connection requirements. Most existing routing procedures for real-time connections determine routes which satisfy only a subset of QoS requirements and optimize in terms of QoS information (e.g. a route with the smallest end-to-end delay). The authors present a routing procedure which finds a route, if it does exist, which satisfies the whole set of QoS requirements; the route could be optimal in terms of QoS information, money to pay for the utilization of network resources, or network reliability; it is up to the network operator to select the optimization criteria to be used by the routing procedure. They also describe how the proposed routing procedure can be used in ATM environment.
Significantly enhanced water flux in forward osmosis desalination with polymer-graphene composite hydrogels as a draw agent (2012)

We report here a new strategy to dramatically increase water flux in a forward osmosis (FO) process using reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-composite hydrogels as draw agents as well as increasing the rate of the subsequent regain of pure water from the hydrogel particles. The composite hydrogels were prepared by incorporating 0.3 wt%–3 wt% rGO into two different hydrogels: poly(sodium acrylate) (PSA) and poly(sodium acrylate)-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PSA-NIPAM). The amount of incorporated rGO sheets had a significant effect on the swelling pressure of the composite hydrogels and the composite hydrogels with contained small amounts of rGO sheets (0.3–1.2 wt%) showed significantly enhanced swelling ratios while those with more rGO (e.g., 3 wt%) exhibited decreased swelling ratios. Consequently, significant enhancements in water flux in the FO process were achieved for composite hydrogels with small amounts of rGO. When compared with the pure hydrogels, the composite hydrogels PSA-1.2 wt% rGO and PSA-NIPAM-1.2 wt% rGO showed increased water fluxes of some 310% and 227%, respectively, when 2000 ppm of a NaCl aqueous solution was used as the feed. When deionized water was used, even higher water fluxes were attained, i.e., 8.2 L m−2 h−1 for PSA-1.2 wt% rGO and 6.8 L m−2 h−1 for PSA-NIPAM-1.2 wt% rGO. The swelling process of the particles was investigated using optical microscopy where it was found that the addition of small amounts of rGO greatly increased the softness of the composite hydrogels and improved the inter-particle and particle-membrane contact, leading to dramatically improved water fluxes. In addition, the light-absorbing property of rGO produced much better outcomes in terms of dewatering of the composite hydrogels in the second stage of the FO process, in which the pure water from the hydrogels is harvested, with dewatering stimulated by heating induced from absorbed solar energy. The water recovery rate for composites with 1.2 wt% rGO was found to be twice as fast as that for pure hydrogels.
Effects of Nucleus Basalis Lesions on the Muscarinic and Nicotinic Modulation of [<sup>3</sup>H] Acetylcholine Release in the Rat Cerebral Cortex (1987)

Presynaptic muscarinic and nicotinic receptors in the cerebral cortex reportedly inhibit and increase acetylcholine (ACh) release, respectively. In this study, we investigated whether these receptors reside on cholinergic nerve terminals projecting to the cerebral cortex from the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nbm). Adult male rats received unilateral infusions of ibotenic acid (5 micrograms/1 microliter) in the nbm. Two weeks later, cerebral cortical cholinergic markers (choline acetyltransferase activity, high-affinity choline uptake, and coupled ACh synthesis) were significantly reduced in synaptosomes prepared from the lesioned hemispheres compared to contralateral controls. The depolarization-induced release of [3H]ACh from these synaptosomes was also reduced in the lesioned hemispheres, reflecting the reduced synthesis of transmitter. However, the nbm lesions had no effect on the inhibition of release induced by 100 microM oxotremorine. Synaptosomal [3H]ACh release was not altered by nicotine or the nicotinic agonists anabaseine and 2-(3-pyridyl)-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine. Nicotine (10-100 microM) did increase [3H]ACh release in control and lesioned hemispheres in cortical minces, but to a similar extent. These results suggest that neither muscarinic nor nicotinic receptors modulating ACh release reside on nbm-cholinergic terminals.
Field Case Studies of Completion FluidsTto Enhance Oil and Gas Production in Depleted Unconventional Reservoir (2007)

Abstract A study of completion techniques in depleted/low pressure tight permeability gas/oil reservoirs shows great promise through the use of a microemulsion (ME) additive in energized fracture stimulation treatment of new infill wells. This paper presents a comparison of four (4) wells completed according to historical stimulation practices and two (2) wells completed with microemulsion additive. See Table 1 for baseline data. The damage mechanisms from past practices were exacerbated by depleted/ low bottom-hole pressures, high water saturations, and low bubble point crude. The use of the microemulsion additive reduced the liquid load and promoted liquid recovery, enabling the base fluid gases to establish gas saturated pathways and promote the production of the natural solution gas that is the field's primary economic resource. CO2 is thought to enhance this process by promoting the reduction of the near fracture face oil saturation. The microemulsion potentially enhances this action by reducing the mobility contrast between introduced fluids and reservoir oil, water, and gas phases. Analysis of the production histories shows that the microemulsion additive significantly enhanced the reservoir conductivity and effective fracture length when compared to the historical completions when in sustained production. The two wells treated with microemulsion additive also experienced less damage as a consequence of the long shut-ins prior to sustained production, than did those with historical completions, which had much shorter shut-ins.
Nerve growth factor induces mast cell degranulation without changing intracellular calcium levels (1986)

Nerve growth factor (NGF) induces degranulation of rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) in a dose-dependent manner, providing direct evidence for its action on non-neuronal tissues. Activation of RPMC by NGF depends on lysophosphatidylserine and extracellular calcium. NGF-mediated RPMC degranulation is not coupled to a transient increase in intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i). It is suggested that NGF has a unique mode of action independent of [Ca2+]i and presumably also without involving protein kinase C activation as indicated by the effects of phorbol esters and NGF on antigen-evoked [Ca2+]i rise.
Personalized health care beyond oncology: new indications for immunoassay‐based companion diagnostics (2015)

Personalized health care (PHC) is an evolving field of medicine aimed at providing the right therapy to the right patient at the right time. This approach often incorporates the use of companion diagnostics (CDx) assays that provide information essential for the safe and effective use of the corresponding drug. In addition to oncology, many other therapy areas, such as cardiovascular, neurological, and infectious and inflammatory diseases, may benefit from PHC, owing to disease complexity and heterogeneity. Furthermore, although most U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved CDx are based on molecular-based technologies, immunoassays can provide a significant contribution to the evolution of CDx in patient management. In this review we discuss how the incorporation of biomarker immunoassays into routine diagnostic testing may allow early and definitive detection of Alzheimer's disease and enable population enrichment in clinical trials. In addition, we will describe how biomarker-based CDx immunoassays have potential utility for stratifying patients with asthma based on their potential response to therapy and for selecting treatment according to phenotypic profile. Continued research into the underlying disease pathology and development of accurate and reliable diagnostic assays may ensure that PHC becomes the future standard for many indications.
Gambogic acid inducing apoptosis in human gastric adenocarcinoma SGC-7901 cells (2004)

AIM: To study the inducing apoptosis of Gambogic Acid (GA) on human gastric adenocarcinom SGC-7901 cells. METHOD: Inhibition of proliferation(24,48,72 h)was measured with MTT (3-[4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The marked morphological changes were confirmed by microscopy. A great quantity of apoptotic cells and the increasing G_ 2 /M phase cells were observed by flow cytometry. The expression of bax and bcl-2 genes were detected by immunohistochemistry.RESULT: GA has obvious inhibition on the growth of SGC-7901 cells. The value of IC_ 50 for 48 h was 1.47 μmol/L. After treatment of SGC-7901 cells with GA 1.6 μmol/L,marked morphological changes and the increased apoptosis cells were observed. GA can also increase the proportion of G_ 2 /M phrase cells. The expressions of bax gene increased and bc1-2 gene decreased. The activation of bax and the suppression of bc1-2 may contribute to the apoptosis mechanism. CONCLUSION: GA inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells.
Dual scanning and full-field hard x-ray microscopy with a laboratory source (2014)

We report on the experimental demonstration of a hard x-ray microscopy scheme achieving absorption and phase contrast imaging with a standard laboratory source. The x-ray optical system features two crossed planar waveguides coupled to the primary source. The dual waveguide acts as a secondary micron-sized source, enabling high imaging resolution. Both scanning and full-field imaging modes are demonstrated with the same experimental system, with a resolution of about 2 μm in scanning mode. Examples of absorption, differential phase and retrieved phase depth of thin metal grids and glass micro-spheres are reported as proof of concept of the technique.
Shallow gas detection – why HRS, why 3D, why not HRS 3D? (2012)

Detection of shallow gas, and mitigation of this hazard while drilling, is the most significant and critical aspect of geohazard site surveys. Case studies show that the interpretation of shallow gas from seismic data, although well understood, is by no means unambiguous. In spite of the developments in acquisition and processing techniques over the last 20 years, which have improved the quality and interpretability of high resolution seismic data, the industry standard is still limited to the acquisition of 2D datasets. This paper compares the suitability of 2D and 3D exploration seismic data with high resolution seismic (HRS) data, and shows the advantages of better vertical and horizontal resolution that can be achieved with the use of HRS 3D data. Conventional 2D exploration seismic data are inadequate to identify shallow gas because of limited vertical resolution. In shallow water, the highest quality 3D exploration seismic data will not suffice either, because of the high angles of incidence for shallow reflection events. In deep water, 3D exploration data may be used for geohazard evaluation provided the dataset is of sufficient quality, but the best dataset for identification of shallow gas would always be an HRS 3D dataset.
Restricted replication of human hepatitis A virus in cell culture: intracellular biochemical studies (1981)

When hepatitis A virus was inoculated into Vero cells, virus-specified protein and RNA synthesis was detected. Production of viral protein was detected by electrophoretic analysis in polyacrylamide gels by using a double-label coelectrophoresis and subtraction method which eliminated the contribution of host protein components from the profiles of virus-infected cytoplasm. Eleven virus-specified proteins were detected in the net electrophoretic profiles of hepatitis A virus-infected cells. The molecular weights of these proteins were very similar to those detected in cells infected with poliovirus type 1. Virus-specified protein synthesis could be detected at 3 to 6 h and continued for at least 48 h postinfection, but no significant effect on host-cell macromolecular synthesis was observed. Limited viral RNA replication occurred between 2 and 6 h postinfection. The genomic RNA of hepatitis A virus was extracted and shown to be capable of infecting cells and inducing the same set of proteins as intact virus, indicating that the RNA genome is positive stranded. Progeny virus was never detected in the supernatant fluids of infected cell cultures, and the cells showed no observable cytopathology, even though hepatitis A virus-specific proteins and antigens were being produced. The nature of the defect in the replicative cycle of hepatitis A virus in this system remains unknown.
Study on sensory papillae of Metagonimus yokogawai cercaria (1984)

A number of studies on the papillae of cercariae of trematodes reported that the papillar patterns (or chaetotaxy) of cercariae might be an excellent method to attain better understanding of the digenetic trematodes (Richard, 1971; Short and Cartrett, 1973; Bayssade-Dufour, 1979). The present study was aimed to determine the number, distribution pattern and structure of the sensory papillae of Metagonimus yokogawai cercariae, and to elucidate the chaetotaxy of this digenetic trematode. M. yokogawai cercariae were pipetted from a vial in which infected snails (Semisulcospira libertica) had been kept for 3 hours. The snails were collected from an endemic area of M. yokogawai, Boseong river in west-southern part of Korea. Observations of papillae were based on light microscopy of those stained with silver nitrate, and on scanning electron microscopy. The results are summarized as follows: All papillae observed were uniciliated. Cilia in anterior tip were shorter than the others in other portions. The body papillae were arranged in essentially symmetrical patterns. Total number of the papillae was 126(63 pairs) in average; anterior tip 40(20 pairs), ventral 20(10 pairs), lateral 42(21 pairs), and caudal 8(4 pairs). The chaetotaxy of M. yokogawai cercaria was; C(I) cycle (3+3C(I)V, 2+2C(I)L, 2+3C(I)D), C(II) cycle(2C(II)V, 1C(II)L, 2C(II)D), C(III) cycle (1+lC(III)V, 1C(III)L), C(IV) cycle (1C(IV)V, 1C(IV)L) in cephalic region: A(I)(lA(I)V, l+2A(I)L, 1A(I)D), A(II)(1A(II)V, 1+3A(II)L, lA(II)D), A(III) {lA(III)V, l+lA(III)L, lA(III)D) and A(IV)(lA(IV)V, 2A(IV)L) in antacetabular region: 1M(I)V and 2M(I)L in median: 1+lP(I)L, 1P(II)L, lP(II)D lP(III)L, lP(IV)L and 1P(IV)D in postacetabular region: 2-2-2-2 in caudal region.