gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ordered Network Phases in Linear Poly(isoprene-<i>b</i>-styrene-<i>b</i>-ethylene oxide) Triblock Copolymers (2004)

The equilibrium phase behavior of 43 linear poly(isoprene-b-styrene-b-ethylene oxide) (ISO) triblock copolymer melts, with molecular weights that place these materials near the order−disorder transition, is reported. Ordered phase morphologies were characterized using small-angle X-ray scattering, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, and static birefringence measurements. Interpretation of these results was aided by a modeling technique that facilitates resolution of reciprocal and real-space experimental data, leading to definitive three-dimensional morphological structures. Three distinct multiply continuous network morphologies are identified across a range of compositions between 0.1 ≤ fO ≤ 0.3, situated between two-domain and three-domain lamellae, where fO represents the volume fraction of O blocks. Two cubic network phases, Q230 (core−shell double gyroid, Ia3̄d space group symmetry) and Q214 (alternating gyroid, I4132 space group symmetry), flank an orthorhombic network phase, denoted O70 (Fddd space group symmetry), which is positioned around the isopleth composition fS ≈ fI. These results provide a powerful strategy for designing network phases in linear ABC triblock copolymers when χAB ≈ χBC < χAC, where χ represents the Flory−Huggins interaction parameter.
Applying SpaceVPX modular open systems interconnect concepts (2015)

The VITA-78 SpaceVPX System Specification recently passed American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ballot and is now ready for wide adoption as the MOSA standard for space systems. It inherits the VPX/OpenVPX pedigree and adds single point fault tolerant features ideal for space applications. These features work well for 6U size modules, but the same approach results in an excessive degree of overhead for 3U implementations. Consequently, the VITA 78 Working Group spun off the VITA 78.1, SpaceVPXLite draft standard this year to address these limitations for 3U modules. This paper aims to accelerate adoption of these standards by describing practical concepts for 3U module implementations using the new SpaceVPXLite approach. The initial work in this area focuses on interconnects for applications needing minimal size, weight, power and cost.
Halting viruses in scale-free networks (2002)

The vanishing epidemic threshold for viruses spreading on scale-free networks indicate that traditional methods, aiming to decrease a virus' spreading rate cannot succeed in eradicating an epidemic. We demonstrate that policies that discriminate between the nodes, curing mostly the highly connected nodes, can restore a finite epidemic threshold and potentially eradicate a virus. We find that the more biased a policy is towards the hubs, the more chance it has to bring the epidemic threshold above the virus' spreading rate. Furthermore, such biased policies are more cost effective, requiring less cures to eradicate the virus.
Bioactive Bromophycolides R−U from the Fijian Red Alga <i>Callophycus serratus</i> (2010)

Four new bromophycolides, R-U (1-4), were isolated from the Fijian red alga Callophycus serratus and were identified by 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic analyses. These compounds expand the known structural variety of diterpene-benzoate macrolides and exhibited modest cytotoxicity toward selected human cancer cell lines. Bromophycolide S (2) also showed submicromolar activity against the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
Arabidopsis NDR1 Is an Integrin-Like Protein with a Role in Fluid Loss and Plasma Membrane-Cell Wall Adhesion   (2011)

Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) NON-RACE-SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE1 (NDR1), a plasma membrane-localized protein, plays an essential role in resistance mediated by the coiled-coil-nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat class of resistance (R) proteins, which includes RESISTANCE TO PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE2 (RPS2), RESISTANCE TO PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE PV MACULICOLA1, and RPS5. Infection with Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 expressing the bacterial effector proteins AvrRpt2, AvrB, and AvrPphB activates resistance by the aforementioned R proteins. Whereas the genetic requirement for NDR1 in plant disease resistance signaling has been detailed, our study focuses on determining a global, physiological role for NDR1. Through the use of homology modeling and structure threading, NDR1 was predicted to have a high degree of structural similarity to Arabidopsis LATE EMBRYOGENESIS ABUNDANT14, a protein implicated in abiotic stress responses. Specific protein motifs also point to a degree of homology with mammalian integrins, well-characterized proteins involved in adhesion and signaling. This structural homology led us to examine a physiological role for NDR1 in preventing fluid loss and maintaining cell integrity through plasma membrane-cell wall adhesions. Our results show a substantial alteration in induced (i.e. pathogen-inoculated) electrolyte leakage and a compromised pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune response in ndr1-1 mutant plants. As an extension of these analyses, using a combination of genetic and cell biology-based approaches, we have identified a role for NDR1 in mediating plasma membrane-cell wall adhesions. Taken together, our data point to a broad role for NDR1 both in mediating primary cellular functions in Arabidopsis through maintaining the integrity of the cell wall-plasma membrane connection and as a key signaling component of these responses during pathogen infection.
Traces Synchronization in Distributed Networks (2009)

This article proposes a novel approach to synchronize a posteriori the detailed execution traces from several networked computers. It can be used to debug and investigate complex performance problems in systems where several computers exchange information. When the distributed system is under study, detailed execution traces are generated locally on each system using an efficient and accurate system level tracer, LTTng. When the tracing is finished, the individual traces are collected and analysed together. The messaging events in all the traces are then identified and correlated in order to estimate the time offset over time between each node. The time offset computation imprecision, associated with asymmetric network delays and operating system latency in message sending and receiving, is amortized over a large time interval through a linear least square fit over several messages covering a large time span. The resulting accuracy is such that it is possible to estimate the clock offsets in a distributed system, even with a relatively low volume of messages exchanged, to within the order of a microsecond while having a very low impact on the system execution, which is sufficient to properly order the events traced on the individual computers in the distributed system.
The Melanocortin‐1 Receptor is a Key Regulator of Human Cutaneous Pigmentation (2000)

The cloning and characterization of the human melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) and the demonstration that normal human melanocytes respond to the melanocortins, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), with increased proliferation and eumelanogenesis had put an end to a long-standing controversy about the role of melanocortins in regulating human cutaneous pigmentation. We have shown that alpha-MSH and ACTH bind the human MC1R with equal affinity, and are equipotent in their mitogenic and melanogenic effects on human melanocytes. We also showed that the activation of the MC1R is important for the melanogenic response of human melanocytes to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The MC1R is also the principal mediator of the inhibitory effects of agouti signaling protein (ASP) on melanogenesis. Expression of the MC1R is subject to regulation by its own ligands alpha-MSH and ACTH, as well as by UVR and endothelin-1. Recent studies that we conducted on the expression of MC1R variants by human melanocytes and the implications of these variants on the function of the MC1R revealed the following. Human melanocytes homozygous for Arg160Trp mutation in the MC1R demonstrated a significantly reduced response to alpha-MSH. Also, this culture responded poorly to ASP and exhibited an exaggerated cytotoxic response to UVR. Another culture, which was homozygous for Val92Met mutation in the MC1R, demonstrated a normal response to alpha-MSH. Heterozygous mutations that are frequently expressed in various melanocyte cultures did not disrupt MC1R function. These results begin to elucidate the significance of MC1R variants in the function of the receptor. Our data emphasize the significance of a normally functioning MC1R in the response of melanocytes to melanocortins, ASP, and UVR.
Arginine Methylation in a β-Hairpin Peptide:  Implications for Arg−π Interactions, Δ<i>C</i><sub>p</sub>°, and the Cold Denatured State (2006)

Arginine methylation is a common post-translational modification that plays a role in many cellular processes through mediation of protein-protein interactions. There is still a dearth of structural information as to its role in mediating such interactions, but the available data suggest a possible role of cation-pi interactions in the recognition of methylated arginine. Hence, the effect of arginine methylation on its interaction with tryptophan has been investigated within the context of a beta-hairpin peptide. Arginine methylation was found to enhance the stacking interaction between the cationic guanidinium functionality of arginine and the indole ring of tryptophan, resulting in structural stabilization of the hairpin. Thermodynamic analysis reveals more favorable entropy of hairpin folding with arginine methylation, a more negative change in heat capacity for folding, and a modest decrease in enthalpic driving force. This is consistent with enhanced stacking and hydrophobic interactions through increased surface area of the guanidinium moiety and greater delocalization of positive charge. In addition, these peptides exhibit significant cold denaturation, which can be accounted for by the inclusion of an expression of temperature-dependent DeltaC(p) in the thermodynamic analysis.
PLASMA PHYSICS AND THERMONUCLEAR RESEARCH. Progress in Nuclear Energy Series. A Pergamon Press Book (1963)

Separate abstracts were prepared for ten of the twelve papers included. Two papers, on trapping and containment of plasma in cusped magnetic field configurations, were previously abstracted in NSA. (D.C.W.)
Multivalued regularization network‐a theory of multilayer networks for learning many‐to‐h mappings (1996)

Abstract The regularization network (RN) is a network for learning input‐output mapping proposed by Poggio and Girosi from the viewpoint of learning = function approximation. the RN, which is derived from the standard regularization theory, is extended to an approximation of multivalued mappings from examples to make the learning of inverse models of nonlinear systems possible. This extension is called multivalued regularization network (MVRN). the MVRN is derived based on the multivalued standard regularization theory (MVSRT), which in turn is a based on direct representation of the mulitivalued functions by using Kronecker's tensor product. In the MVRN, the learning of the weight parameters from the traning data results in simultaneous linear equations that are similar to those of conventional regularization networks. In the present theory, the clustering operations for separating training data into those correponding to single‐valued element functions are unnecessary. As with the conventional methods, the radial basis function (RBF), generalized radial basis function (GRBF), spline approximations, and Hyper‐BF networks can be extended to those of multivalued functions by specializaing MVRN or by marking the number of basis functions smaller than the number of training samples. Direct representation of the multivalued function used in the present theory has broad application as a basic equation for more general classes of networks to learn multivalued mappings.
Biopharmaceutical formulations for pre-filled delivery devices (2013)

We anticipate that there will be a significant move towards polymer primary packaging for most drugs in the longer term. The timescales for this will depend on a number of factors and hence will be hard to predict. Formulation will play a critical role in developing successful products in the pre-filled syringe format, particularly with the trend towards concentrated biotherapeutics. Development of novel, smart formulation technologies will, therefore, be increasingly important.
Ramsey pricing with long run competition (2007)

Ramsey pricing of regulated firm services is often considered impractical because of stringent informational requirements. However in cases where demands for regulated firm services are independent and a marginal cost pricing competitive fringe exists, the simple inverse elasticity rule for Ramsey pricing has been shown to apply. This paper extends this result to show that only limited demand elasticity data for the regulated firm is required to apply the same rule, more generally, when zero profits and constant prices exist in the competitive sector in the long run.
Preliminary Design Considerations for Integrating a Composite Impeller in a Brushless Permanent Magnet Motor (2006)

Traditional turbomachine design is generally characterized by a shaft driven impeller that was created using common manufacturing processes. However, a cutting edge and innovative impeller design involves the manufacturing of the impeller on a winding machine. Through the use of such a machine, a lightweight and high-strength impeller with carbon fibers or other fibers can be prototyped quickly and easily while also produced in large quantities. The impeller will not only be a composite of multiple parts, but a single solid piece. One of the most interesting attributes of this impeller however, is the ability to integrate it as the rotor for a permanent magnet electric motor. Using the concepts of permanent magnet motor design, current can be applied to the housing of the impeller, which would generate forces that would serve the purpose of both rotating the impeller, and securing it into place. This has the advantage of eliminating most of the moving parts in a turbomachine design, but also creating a durable, lightweight and cheap design to prototype and reproduce. Another key advantage to this design is where the torque on the impeller is applied. Traditional turbomachines generally have the torque generated from forces applied from the shaft, which requires higher tangential forces and hence shear stresses due to a much smaller moment arm. But the integration of magnetics into the outer shroud of the impeller allows for the forces to be applied to the outer edge, which requires less force due to a much greater moment arm. Furthermore, this type of motor inherently allows for all of the electrical components to be outside of the fluid flow, which reduces the need for extensive sealing and insulation. In this paper, basic concepts behind the design of electric motors are outlined, as well as how they can be integrated with a rotor impeller, such that together they could act as a turbomachine.
Automatic simultaneous multiple well ties (2015)

ABSTRACT Well logs, measured in depth, must be tied to seismograms, processed in time, using a time-depth function. Well ties are commonly computed using manual techniques, and are therefore prone to human error. Manually tying multiple wells compounds errors in single well ties, and maintaining lateral consistency between multiple well ties is difficult. We introduce an automatic approach to tying multiple wells that improves consistency among well ties. We first model synthetic seismograms for each well. We then create a synthetic image by interpolating the synthetic seismograms between the wells and along seismic image structure. We use smooth dynamic image warping to align the synthetic image to the seismic image and compute updated time-depth functions for each well. We then interpolate the updated time-depth functions between the wells, and map the time-migrated seismic image to depth.
Neuronotrophic Factors Released by C6 Glioma Cells (1988)

Glial cells have been shown previously to release factors that promote survival of central and peripheral neurons [neuronotrophic factors (NTFs)]. We have investigated the release of NTFs by C6 cells, a rat glioma cell line, under different modes of conditioning. Media conditioned in the presence or absence of serum [C6 cell conditioned media (C6CMs)] were analyzed using biological, biochemical, and immunological assays. We report that (a) nuclear and cytoskeletal proteins were not present in C6CMs, indicating that C6CM proteins result from release by C6 cells rather than from cell death; (b) C6CM contained 1-3 micrograms protein/ml, corresponding to a secretion rate of about 0.5 pg protein per cell and day; (c) C6CM contained the neurite-promoting factor laminin and low amounts of nerve growth factor; (d) the presence of fetal calf serum in the culture medium was essential for synthesis and release of NTFs; and (e) our C6CM contained at least three NTFs differing by their temporal secretory patterns and three NTFs differing by biochemical properties, indicating that C6 cells produce and secrete six different NTFs. Within these, nerve growth factor seems to be the only established NTF.
Complementary classifier design using difference principal components (2002)

In classifier combination, the degree of recognition accuracy improvement depends not only on how to combine classifiers, but also on how much classifiers complement each other. In order to improve accuracy, therefore, it is important to design complementary classifiers with respect to each other. The authors propose a method to design a classifier complementary to an existent one, which satisfies the requirements: (a) it can recognize patterns misrecognized by the existent classifier with high accuracy, and (b) the number of patterns which are correctly recognized by the existent classifier but turn out to be misrecognized after combination can be minimized. In the proposed method, features are obtained by projection of original features onto axes such that the scatter of projection of patterns of a given class is small and that the squared mean of projection of patterns misrecognized in the given class is large. As the discriminant function, Fisher's linear discriminant function is applied using not only linear terms but also quadratic terms. Through experiments using handwritten numeral data included in the NIST database, it has been confirmed that the requirements mentioned above are satisfied. The misrecognition rate reduce to 56% for training data and to 86% for test data.
Annulation Reactions of Allenyl Esters: An Approach to Bicyclic Diones and Medium-Sized Rings (2014)

A flexible approach to construct sterically congested bicyclo-alkenedione frameworks is reported. Under the action of potassium carbonate, α-sulphonyl cycloalkanones are added to functionalized allenyl esters, leading to a lactone intermediate that is subsequently reduced to initiate an intramolecular aldol cyclization to [3.2.1], [3.3.1], and [4.3.1] bicycles. Oxidation then affords bicyclic diones in good three-step yields. Under exceptionally mild conditions, these bicycles are converted to highly functionalized medium-sized rings through a Grob-type fragmentation.
The design and performance of a scanning multiple slit assembly (1979)

A scanning multiple slit assembly (SMSA) has been constructed for the purpose of reducing scatter in medical radiography. The SMSA consists of a series of long, narrow beam-defining slits above the patient that are aligned and synchronously moved with scatter-eliminating slots beneath the patient during an exposure. Evidence, based on measurements of the ratio of scattered-to-primary radiation imaged and radiographs of patients, is presented indicating that such a device is a practical and efficient method of reducing scatter and improving contrast compared to conventional grids. The design considerations and trade-offs associated with the choice of slit width, slit separation distance, and aft slot depth are discussed along with the effect of these parameters on the SMSA's performance. The various problems encountered in obtaining a uniform scan and the manner in which they were handled are also discussed.
Electronic spectra of alternant hydrocarbon di-negative ions (1958)

Abstract The electronic spectra of the di-negative ions of anthracene, tetracene, perylene, terphenyl and quaterphenyl have been interpreted qualitatively, using the Hfickel one-electron treatment and a correction for the correlation between the electrons which in the excited states move in broken shells. In this way the locations of the absorption bands in the visible and near ultraviolet could be satisfactorily predicted. The agreement between calculated and observed dipole strengths is not as good. On the average the calculated dipole strengths are twice to three times as high as the experimental values. For qualitative interpretations, however, the present treatment seems adequate. Résumé Les spectres électroniques des ions di-negatifs de l'anthracbne, du tétraebne, du pérylbne, du terphényle et du quaterphényle ont été interprétés qualitativement, en employant le traitement de Hückel avec une correction pour la corrélation entre les électrons qui se meuvent en couches incomplétes dans les états excitès. En employant ce traitement, on a pu prédire d'une maniére satisfaisante les positions des bandes d'absorption dans la région visible et l'ultra-violet proche. L'accord entre les forces d'oscillateur calculées et observées est moins bon. En moyenne, les forces d'oscillateur calculées sont 2–3 fois plus grandes que les valeurs expérimentales. Toutefois, le traitement décrit paraît suffire pour les interprétations qualitatives. Zusammenfassung Die Elektronenspektren der zweifach negativen Ionen von Anthrazen, Tetrazen, Perylen, Terphenyl und Quaterphenyl wurden qualitativ gedeutet. Hierbei wurde die Hückelśche Einelektronen-Behandlung zugrunde gelegt mit einer Korrektur für die Wechselbeziehung zwîschen den Elektronen, die sich in den angeregten Zustgnden in halbgefüllten Bahnen bewegen. Auf diese Weise konnte die Lage der Absorptionsbanden im sichtbaren Gebiet und im Ultravioletten befriedigend gedeutet werden. Die Uebereinstimmung zwischen den berechneten und den beobachteten Oszillatorstärken ist weniger gut. Im Durchschnitt sind die berechneten Oszillatorstärken zwei bis dreimal so gross wie die gefundenen Werte. Für eine qualitative Deutung scheint diese Behandlung jedoch genügend.
Paramagnetic Resonance Spectra of Wurster's Free Radical Ions (1954)

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IntClust: A Software Package for Clustering Replicated Microarray Data (2006)

IntClust is a software package for clustering gene-expression data with repeated measurements based on interval data analysis. By utilizing interval data for representing replicated microarray data, IntClust is able to take into account the scopes where replicate microarray data are distributed instead of simple data points. The soft ware package offers several transformation models for interval data representations, supports different extended distance similarity/distance measures for interval data analysis, provides some variations of modified K-means clustering, and presents three popular clustering quality evaluation measures. Our experiments show that IntClust improves the clustering performance of gene-expression microarray data over traditional approaches. The software package is available at http://cadse24.cs.fiu.edu/IntClust