gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Importance of Inhibin B in the Regulation of FSH Secretion in the Human Male (2001)

Regulation of FSH secretion in the male involves a complex balance between stimulation by GnRH from the hypothalamus, inhibitory feedback by sex steroids (T and E2) and inhibin B (Inh B) from the gonads, and autocrine/paracrine modulation by activin and follistatin within the pituitary. The aim of the present study was to delineate the feedback control of FSH in the human male with specific reference to the relative roles of sex steroids vs. Inh B. Two experimental human models were used: 1) normal (NL) men subjected to acute sex steroid withdrawal (-T, -E2, + Inh B), and 2) functional castrate males (-T, -E2, -Inh B). Nine NL men (age range, 25-45 yr) and three castrate males (age range, 23-47 yr) were studied. The NL men underwent acute sex steroid suppression using high dose ketoconazole (1-g loading dose, followed by 400 mg, orally, four times daily for 150 h). Gonadotropin secretion was characterized by frequent blood sampling every 10 min for 12 h at baseline and on d 3 and 6 of sex steroid ablation. In the three castrate subjects, blood sampling was performed every 5 min for 24 h 8 wk after discontinuing androgen replacement therapy. In the NL men, treatment with ketoconazole resulted in a decline to castrate levels in T (451 +/- 20 to 38 +/- 7 ng/dl; P < 0.0005) and E2 (39 +/- 4 to 15 +/- 2 pg/ml; P < 0.005) and a modest, but significant, decline in Inh B levels, which remained within the normal range (183 +/- 19 to 136 +/- 13 pg/ml; P < 0.005). This suppression of sex steroids was associated with a more marked increase in mean LH (9.5 +/- 0.9 to 24.9 +/- 2.0 IU/liter; P < 0.0001) than FSH levels (5.1 +/- 0.7 to 10.0 +/- 1.5 IU/liter; P < 0.005), with the latter not exceeding the normal adult male range. The castrate subjects had a mean T level of 66 +/- 8 ng/dl, an E2 level of 20 +/- 1 pg/ml, and undetectable Inh B levels. Despite a similar sex steroid milieu, the mean FSH levels observed in NL men after acute sex steroid ablation were approximately 6-fold lower than those seen in the castrate subjects (10.0 +/- 1.5 vs. 59.5 +/- 17.7 IU/liter; P < 0.0005). In contrast, mean LH levels in the NL men were less than 3-fold lower than those in castrate subjects (24.9 +/- 2.0 vs. 66.8 +/- 20.1 IU/liter; P < 0.005). From this human model of acute sex steroid withdrawal, we conclude that Inh B is likely to be the major feedback regulator of FSH secretion in the human male.
The Effect of D-Methionine on Cochlear Oxidative State with and without Cisplatin Administration: Mechanisms of Otoprotection (2003)

D-methionine (D-met) protects against cisplatin (CDDP) ototoxicity, but the mechanisms are not well understood. This study investigated D-met protection of cochlear oxidative state as measured by superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), and malondiadehyde (MDA) levels. The design comprised four groups of five rats each: (1) a saline control group, (2) a CDDP-only-treated group, (3) a CDDP group pretreated with D-met, and (4) a group receiving only D-met. Auditory brainstem response testing (ABR) was performed before and 3 days after injection. CDDP alone caused marked hearing loss; significantly reduced SOD, CAT, and GR levels; and increased MDA levels, but D-met pretreatment protected against these changes. These studies suggest that D-met protects cochlear antioxidant enzyme levels from CDDP-induced decrements. The excellent correlation of enzyme levels with hearing loss and weight loss suggests that antioxidant enzyme level protection may underlie, at least in part, D-met's otoprotective action.
La Real Academia Española (1996)

The expressions of membrane-associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism (MAPEG), a superfamily involved in both inflammation and cell protection, were investigated in an in vitro system of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived hepatic tissue. Gene expressions of all MAPEG members were demonstrated in a developmental-dependent manner in the derived hepatic tissue. The protein expression of microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 (MGST1) was not detected until differentiating day 14. It gradually increased by maturation of hepatic tissue. The microsomes of ES cell-derived hepatic tissue possessed the MGST1-like catalytic activity. However, MGST1 from the microsome preparation could not form dimers as usual when exposed to reactive nitrogen species ONOO. Among the other members in MAPEG, weak expressions of leukotriene C(4) synthase (LTC(4)S) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 (mPGES-1) were observed. A stable expression of 5-Lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) appeared during the entire course of differentiation. MGST2 and MGST3 failed to express in the derived hepatic tissue, although mRNA of them do existed. In conclusion, ES cell-derived hepatic tissue possess MAPEG gene expression features, but not all protein expression could be detected, which helps to understand not only the nature of the tissue derived, but also the fate of bioartificial liver system, and may as well provide a valuable in vitro model for research in both inflammation process and toxic events in hepatological fields.
Microwave-assisted rapid synthesis of anisotropic Ag nanoparticles by solid state transformation (2008)

Anisotropic silver nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized rapidly using microwave irradiation by the decomposition of silver oxalate in a glycol medium using polyvinyl pyrolidone (PVP) as the capping agent. The obtained Ag nanoparticles have been characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) studies. Anisotropic Ag nanoparticles of average size around 30 nm have been observed in the case of microwave irradiation for 75 s whereas spherical particles of a size around 5-6 nm are formed for 60 s of irradiation. The texture coefficient and particle size calculated from XRD patterns of anisotropic nanoparticles reveal the preferential orientation of (111) facets in the Ag sample. Ethylene glycol is found to be a more suitable medium than diethylene glycol. A plausible mechanism has been proposed for the formation of anisotropic Ag nanoparticles from silver oxalate.
Methylation of sulfhydryl groups: a new function for a family of small molecule plant <i>O</i>‐methyltransferases (2006)

In plants, type I and II S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent O-methyltransferases (OMTs) catalyze most hydroxyl group methylations of small molecules. A homology-based RT-PCR strategy using Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) RNA previously identified six new type I plant OMT family members. We now describe the molecular and biochemical characterization of a seventh protein. It shares 56-58% identity with caffeic acid OMTs (COMTs), but it failed to methylate COMT substrates, and had no activity with flavonoids. However, the in vitro incubations revealed unusually high background levels without added substrates. A search for the responsible component revealed that the enzyme methylated dithiothreitol (DTT), the reducing agent added for enzyme stabilization. Unexpectedly, product analysis revealed that the methylation occurred on a sulfhydryl moiety, not on a hydroxyl group. Analysis of 34 compounds indicated a broad substrate range, with a preference for small hydrophobic molecules. Benzene thiol (Km 220 microm) and furfuryl thiol (Km 60 microm) were the best substrates (6-7-fold better than DTT). Small isosteric hydrophobic substrates with hydroxyl groups, like phenol and guaiacol, were also methylated, but the activities were at least 5-fold lower than with thiols. The enzyme was named C. roseus S-methyltransferase 1 (CrSMT1). Models based on the COMT crystal structure suggest that S-methylation is mechanistically identical to O-methylation. CrSMT1 so far is the only recognized example of an S-methyltransferase in this protein family. Its properties indicate that a few changes in key residues are sufficient to convert an OMT into a S-methyltransferase (SMT). Future functional investigations of plant methyltransferases should consider the possibility that the enzymes may direct methylation at sulfhydryl groups.
FEATURE DETECTION APPROACH FROM VIRUSES THROUGH MINING (2011)

Anti-virus systems traditionally use signatures to detect malicious executables, but signatures are over fitted features that are of little use in machine learning. Other methods seek to utilize more general features, with some degree of success. Through this paper we present a new approach that conducts an exhaustive feature search on a set of computer viruses. This method detects mnemonics patterns in large amounts of data, and uses these patterns to detect future instances in similar data. We use apriori algorithm for select features to detect malicious executables. Through those features we make a rule set or detection model for trained over a given set of training data.
A 4800 Bit/s Microprocessor Data Modem (1978)

The development of a new 4800 bit/s data modem, based on real-time digital signal processing by program controlled microprocessors, is described. The modem is fully compatible with the CCITT Recommendations V.27 bis and V.27 ter. In the microprocessor modem, all the digital signals are processed by one general purpose microprocessor unit only and no hardware multiplier is employed. A series of processing cycle reduction tactics have allowed an off-the-shelf microprocessor to handle all the modem functions in a real-time environment. Particularly noteworthy, among these tactics, is the use of a decision feedback equalization algorithm. Numbers of multiplications, which are required for a conventional linear equalization, are shown to be obviated with the DFE algorithm. It is also shown that the DFE facilitates a certain timing phase control method. The microprocessor modem is extremely flexible because of its software controlled nature, and through programming it will provide a variety of additional functions.
Enhanced output of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with stripe-contact electrodes (2006)

High brightness GaN-based light-emitting diodes(LEDs) with stripe-contact electrodes have been developed. The p-type Ohmic contact layer is composed of oxidized Ni∕Au stripes and NiO stripes. A Ag (3000Å) omnidirectional reflector covers the p-type contact. The n-type contact is a Ti∕Al planar film with a Ti∕Al stripe. All Ni∕Au, NiO, and Ti∕Al stripes surround the center of the LED mesa. At 20mA current operation, the light output power of GaN-based LEDs with the stripe-contact electrodes is 16.26%–35.37% higher than that of the conventional LEDs.
<title>Design of a high-resolution programmable digital camera</title> (1994)

A digital camera has been designed based on a 1317 by 1035 pixel, full frame, CCD which offers the large area, high density sampling but with the options of programmable sub-area scanning and multiple independent x and y binning and programmable gain and offset. The sub-area scanning and binning can be used to increase the effective frame rate of the device for such applications as fast focusing and object location. The binning also provides greater sensitivity at the cost of spatial resolution, but is ideal in low light level applications such as fluorescence microscopy. The programmability of this camera permits the switching between the various clocking modes within a single frame time. Hence, the image can be auto-focused in sub-area scanning mode and then within a single frame time the full frame image can be acquired. The programmable clocking modes make this device ideal for quantitative imaging applications requiring a high throughput and the programmable gain and offset allow the user to fine tune the device for his specific needs. A description of the programmable microimager design and some initial measurements of noise, linearity, frequency response, and stability are presented.
HYLIFE-II: An approach to a long-lived, first-wall component for inertial fusion power plants (1994)

The HYLIFE-II concept for IFE (inertial fusion energy) is based on nonflammable, renewable liquid-wall fusion target chambers formed with Flibe (Li{sub 2}BeF{sub 4}) molten-salt jets, a heavy-ion driver, and single-sided illumination of indirect drive targets. As a direct result of using thick renewable liquid walls, the predicted cost of electricity is reduced about 30% to 4.4{cents}/kWh at 1 GWe (3.2{cents}/kWh at 2 GWe). The development program for HYLIFE-II can be shortened and reduced in cost by not requiring expensive neutron sources to develop first-wall materials.
Using Prosodic Features of Speech and Audio Localization in Graphical User Interfaces (2003)

We describe several approaches for using prosodic features of speech and audio localization to control inter-active applications. This information can be used for parameter control, as well as for disambiguating speech recognition. We discuss how characteristics of the spoken sentences can be exploited in the user interface; for example, by considering the speed with which the sentence was spoken and the presence of extraneous utterances. We also show how coarse audio localization can be used for low-fidelity gesture tracking, by inferring the speaker's head position.
Effect of hydrogen on sublattice magnetization of Laves-phase rare earth iron compounds (1979)

We have used elastic neutron scattering to examine the effect of hydriding on the sublattice magnetization of the Laves-phase compounds RFe2 for R=Ho and Er. On addition of hydrogen or deuterium a stable phase of composition about RFe2D3.5 is formed. The pure compounds RFe2 are ferrimagnetic, with the R moment equal to the free ion value and Fe moment of ∼1.6 μB. The bulk Curie temperatures Tc of the hydrides and deuterides are considerably lower than the corresponding RFe2 values (e.g., 440 K for ErFe2D3.5 versus 574 K for ErFe2). The 10 K R moment is also significantly reduced in the deuterides (4.4 and 5.2 μB versus 9 and 10 μB for Er and Ho in RFe2) and drops steadily with increased temperature, reaching zero below Tc in the case of Er. The Fe moment remains nearly constant with temperature until just below Tc where it drops rapidly to zero; in ErFe2D3.5 and HoFe2D3.5 its magnitude is 1.6 μB, and 1.9 μB, respectively. These results indicate that the exchange interactions involving the R atoms are markedly weakened in the hydrides. The distortion of the local anisotropy field due to random site occupancy of H and the weak exchange coupling of R produces a ’’fanning’’ of the R moment which reduces the spatially averaged moment measured in the neutron experiment.
Ultrastructural Evaluation of Oocytes During Atresia in Rat Ovarian Follicles1 (2000)

Mammalian females are born with a finite number of ovarian oocytes, the vast majority of which ultimately undergo degeneration by atresia. The overall process of ovarian follicular atresia has been morphologically well described only in large antral follicles. Additionally, little attention has been focused on ultrastructural changes in the oocyte. Furthermore, most such morphological studies were performed prior to identification of apoptosis as a mechanism of physiological cell death. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to use electron microscopy to compare the process of atretic oocyte degradation in ovarian follicles of female Fischer 344 rats (38 days old) with ultrastructural characteristics of apoptosis. Examination of ovarian follicles revealed that nucleolar segregation, cytoplasmic or nuclear condensation, apoptotic body formation, and chromatin margination along the nuclear membrane are never observed in atretic oocytes during the degenerative process. Instead, early morphological changes in atretic oocytes include retraction of granulosa cell- and oocyte-derived microvilli and condensation of mitochondria and loss of cristae. These occurrences coincide with initiation of granulosa cell apoptosis. After most granulosa cells are lost, more severe changes occur, including segmentation of the oocyte and cytoplasmic vacuolization as atresia progresses. Thus, these results suggest that, during atresia, oocytes are removed by physiological oocyte cell death, a method that does not involve classically described apoptosis.
COMPUTER 'EXPERIMENTS' ON LENNARD-JONES MOLECULES. I. THERMODYNAMICAL PROPERTIES. (1966)

Abstract : It is shown, using Rahman's work (Phys. Rev. v136 pA405 1964) as a starting point, how it is possible to integrate the equations of matrix of about a thousand particles in a relatively easy way. The first application of this tool is the thermodynamic study of a fluid composed of atoms interacting through a Lennard-Jones potential. The result of this study is the overall agreement between the results thus obtained and the thermodynamics of real Argon. It is then to be hoped that a two-body potential can fit the experimental data with a large degree of success.
Static and dynamic contact angles of water on photoresist (2005)

Fluid management issues in an immersion lithography system include the retention of the liquid (i.e., prevention of residual liquid on the wafer) and the possible entrainment of gas bubbles within the immersion fluid. Three key parameters strongly influence the control of fluid within the lens gap: the static liquid/resist contact angle, the contact angle hysteresis, and the dynamic contact angle characteristics. This article presents a comprehensive set of data for these parameters on silicon wafers coated with six different photoresists and describes the experimental apparatus and data reduction techniques used to collect the data. Measurements for six candidate photoresists, one with a top-coat, indicate that air entrainment due to contact line motion is highly unlikely for typical immersion lithography systems. However, significant contact angle hysteresis does exist that may lead to meniscus failure and to the deposition of droplets at low to moderate wafer velocities. In addition, the receding dynamic contact angle can approach zero on some surfaces, leading to liquid film deposition.
Analysis of Cholera Toxin−Ganglioside Interactions by Flow Cytometry (2002)

Cholera toxin entry into mammalian cells is mediated by binding of the pentameric B subunit (CTB) to ganglioside GM(1) in the cell membrane. We used flow cytometry to quantitatively measure in real time the interactions of fluorescently labeled pentameric cholera toxin B-subunit (FITC-CTB) with its ganglioside receptor on microsphere-supported phospholipid membranes. A model that describes the multiple steps of this mode of recognition was developed to guide our flow cytometric experiments and extract relevant equilibrium and kinetic rate constants. In contrast to previous studies, our approach takes into account receptor cross-linking, an important feature for multivalent interactions. From equilibrium measurements, we determined an equilibrium binding constant for a single subunit of FITC-CTB binding monovalently to GM(1) presented in bilayers of approximately 8 x 10(7) M(-1) while that for binding to soluble GM(1)-pentasaccharide was found to be approximately 4 x 10(6) M(-1). From kinetic measurements, we determined the rate constant for dissociation of a single site of FITC-CTB from microsphere-supported bilayers to be (3.21 +/- 0.03) x 10(-3) s(-1), and the rate of association of a site on FITC-CTB in solution to a GM(1) in the bilayer to be (2.8 +/- 0.4) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1). These values yield a lower estimate for the equilibrium binding constant of approximately 1 x 10(7) M(-1). We determined the equilibrium surface cross-linking constant [(1.1 +/- 0.1) x 10(-12) cm(2)] and from this value and the value for the rate constant for dissociation derived a value of approximately 3.5 x 10(-15) cm(2) s(-1) for the forward rate constant for cross-linking. We also compared the interaction of the receptor binding B-subunit with that of the whole toxin (A- and B-subunits). Our results show that the whole toxin binds with approximately 100-fold higher avidity than the pentameric B-subunit alone which is most likely due to the additional interaction of the A(2)-subunit with the membrane surface. Interaction of cholera toxin B-subunit and whole cholera toxin with gangliosides other than GM(1) revealed specific binding only to GD1(b) and asialo-GM(1). These interactions, however, are marked by low avidity and require high receptor concentrations to be observed.
Simultaneous topography and recognition imaging on endothelial cells (2011)

Determining the landscape of specific binding sites on biological samples with high spatial accuracy (in the order of several nanometres) is an important task in many fields of biological science. During the past five years, dynamic recognition imaging (e.g. simultaneous topography and recognition (TREC) imaging) has proven to be a powerful technique in biophysical research. This technique becomes an indispensable tool for high-resolution receptor mapping as it has been successfully demonstrated on different biomolecular model systems. In these studies, the topographical imaging of receptor molecules is combined with molecular recognition by their cognate ligands bound to the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip via a flexible and distensible tether. In this review, we describe the principles of TREC imaging and provide a flavour of its recent application on endothelial cells.
Direct growth of InAs/GaSb type II superlattice photodiodes on silicon substrates (2017)

In this study, p‐i‐n InAs/GaSb type II superlattice photodiodes were directly grown on silicon substrates. The superlattice structures were grown monolithically on miscut Si substrates via a 10 nm AlSb nucleation layer. Interfacial misfit array technique was used to accommodate the large lattice mismatch between III‐Sb epi‐layers and Si. Atomic force microscopy and X‐ray diffraction measurements revealed degraded material quality of type II superlattices grown on Si, compared with the sample grown on GaAs. Photoluminescence characterisation indicates comparable optical properties with about 39% deduction of peak intensity. Dark current measurements were also used to study the electrical properties of the samples.
Review sentiment scoring via a parse-and-paraphrase paradigm (2009)

This paper presents a parse-and-paraphrase paradigm to assess the degrees of sentiment for product reviews. Sentiment identification has been well studied; however, most previous work provides binary polarities only (positive and negative), and the polarity of sentiment is simply reversed when a negation is detected. The extraction of lexical features such as unigram/bigram also complicates the sentiment classification task, as linguistic structure such as implicit long-distance dependency is often disregarded. In this paper, we propose an approach to extracting adverb-adjective-noun phrases based on clause structure obtained by parsing sentences into a hierarchical representation. We also propose a robust general solution for modeling the contribution of adverbials and negation to the score for degree of sentiment. In an application involving extracting aspect-based pros and cons from restaurant reviews, we obtained a 45% relative improvement in recall through the use of parsing methods, while also improving precision.