gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A NEW, ARTIFICIAL SEA WATER THAT FACILITATES GROWTH OF LARGE NUMBERS OF CELLS OF<i>ACETABULARIA ACETABULUM</i>(CHLOROPHYTA) AND REDUCES THE LABOR INHERENT IN CELL CULTURE<sup>1</sup> (1996)

ABSTRACT We designed a new, artificial seawater (Ace 25) in order to grow bulk cultures of Acetabularia acetabulum (L.) Silva with a minimum of labor. To this end, we modified the traditional recipe for cell growth (Müller's medium as modified by Schweiger et al.) We eliminated five of the inorganic chemicals and determined the optimum concentration for 16 of the remaining 18 inorganic chemicals from modified Müller's seawater. Ace 25 enables growth of A. acetabulum from the beginning of the juvenile phase through gametangial formation in 11 weeks at high cell densities without medium replenishment. This represents a 98% reduction in the seawater volume required to mature each cell, a 30–40% reduction of the duration of the life cycle, an estimated 80% reduction in labor, and a 50–95% reduction in the space required for culturing A. acetabulum as compared with traditional procedures. These improvements may facilitate studies that require large numbers of cells such as population studies, genetics, and biochemistry, contribute to understanding the nutritional requirements of marine algae, and extend the use of this cell to those who lack the space or manpower to grow the cells in the traditional manner.
NIR light penetration in unfrozen samples of rat brain gray matter (2009)

Optical tissue properties have been widely investigated and studied in human and animal tissue due to its importance in the medical laser applications. However, published data on the optical properties of neural tissue in rodents are rare. The aim of this study was to measure the penetration depth of light into the rat brain gray mater at NIR wavelengths. Sample preparation is an important factor in measurements of tissue optical properties. Although shock and slow freezing are standard procedures, they alter the optical properties of biological tissue. In this study, intact slices of gray matter were cut in the range of 300 to 1500 mum without prior freezing to the brain samples. We found the penetration depth in the rat gray matter to be 0.39plusmn0.036 mm. Compared to the data reported in literature for the human brain, the rat brain gray matter attenuates the NIR light much more strongly.
Case study 1: James Madison High School (2008)

James Madison High School is located in the Clairemont Mesa area of San Diego, California. It is a comprehensive high school serving approximately 1500 students in Grades 9-12. The school is part of the San Diego Unified School District. As a perfect reflection of the cultural diversity of San Diego, James Madison High School has a very diverse student population: more than 40 per cent of students are Hispanic, about 30 per cent are Caucasian, about 15 per cent are African American and about 15 per cent are Asian or Pacific Islander.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced non–small cell lung cancer (2017)

The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of cancer has led to major changes to the therapeutic landscape of lung cancer. Improvements in overall survival relative to standard chemotherapy have been observed in the first-line and second-line therapy settings for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who are treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Consequently, every patient with advanced-stage NSCLC is now a candidate for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. However, it is clear that the benefit from therapy is not universal, and identification of biomarkers to select therapy has assumed importance. In addition to programmed cell death receptor ligand 1 expression, both tissue-based and blood-based markers are under evaluation to select patients. In an era of increasing costs of care and potential for toxicities related to immune checkpoint inhibition, proper patient selection is critical to the optimal use of this new class of agents. In addition, development of novel combination approaches has also emerged as an important way to improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition. Studies in earlier stages of NSCLC are already underway with the hope of improving the cure rate. In this article, the authors review the current landscape of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced NSCLC. Cancer 2018;124:248-61. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
A Speed-Sensorless Direct Torque Control Scheme for Matrix Converter Driven Induction Motor (2006)

This paper presents a direct torque control (DTC) scheme for matrix converter driven induction motor. The proposed scheme uses the simplified carrier-based PWM scheme of matrix converter for generation of PWM voltages. The proposed DTC scheme is characterized by the advantages of simple structure, unity input power factor operation of matrix converter, minimum torque ripple, and uniform switching as with carrier based modulation. A speed sensorless closed loop speed control of the induction motor is implemented along-with the DTC scheme. The novel carrier based modulation method is used to generate the PWM voltages from the matrix converter
Thermal-Analysis Technique for Source-Rock Evaluation: Quantitative Estimate of Organic Richness and Effects of Lithologic Variation: GEOLOGIC NOTES (1976)

Heating of sedimentary rocks under controlled conditions (28°C/minute) causes a sequential, two-stage release of organic compounds. Material released during the 30 to 400°C heating interval corresponds to volatile compounds preexisting as such in the rock. At higher temperatures (400 to 800°C), nonvolatile organic matter thermally decomposes to yield volatile compounds. For a given sample weight, the integrated response of the hydrogen-flame-ionization detector during the 30 to 400°C heating period is directly proportional to the concentration of extractable heavy hydrocarbons in that sample, as independently determined by conventional methods. Similarly, the detector response during the 400 to 800°C heating period is approximately proportional to the organic-carbon content, as determined by a separate combustion analysis. This provides a quantitative evaluation of the organic richness of potential petroleum source rocks. Previous work has shown that the temperature at which the nonvolatile organic matter thermally decomposes depends on the previous temperature history of the rock. Thus thermal analysis provides a means for rapid stimulation of fundamental criteria for source-rock evaluation.
Preparation and Characterization of Starch Nanoparticles for Controlled Release of Curcumin (2014)

Curcumin was loaded onto starch nanoparticles by using in situ nanoprecipitation method and water-in-oil microemulsion system. Curcumin loaded starch nanoparticles exhibited enhanced solubility in aqueous solution as compared to free curcumin. Effects of formulation parameters such as types of reaction medium, types of surfactant, surfactant concentrations, oil/ethanol ratios, loading time, and initial curcumin concentration were found to affect the particle size and loading efficiency (LF) of the curcumin loaded starch nanoparticles. Under optimum conditions, curcumin loaded starch nanoparticles with mean particles size of 87 nm and maximum loading efficiency of 78% were achieved. Curcumin was observed to release out from starch nanoparticles in a sustained way under physiological pH over a period of 10 days.
Induction of cell mediated immune response by nonspecific stimulator of immunity against antigenically unrelated oncogenic virus (Marek's disease virus). (1989)

An enzyme treated preparation of Mycobacterium phlei (NSI), induced strong cell mediated immune response (CMIR) against specific as well as against nonspecific oncogenic Marek's disease (MDV) in birds, as evinced by Lymphocyte migration inhibition, (LMIT) lymphocyte transformation test (LT) and Lymphokine (Lymphocyte migration inhibition factor) LyIF assay. Maximum CMIR could be observed towards third week post inoculation. All the three tests exhibited a positive correlation. Such phenomenon of CMIR induction by NSI, nonspecifically to unrelated viral/cancerous diseases (MD) in birds generates hopes for immunoprevention of these maladies by utilizing such phenomenon.
Late onset familial Hallervorden-Spatz disease: MR findings in two sisters. (1992)

Two sisters affected by late onset Hallervorden-Spatz disease are described. In both patients, MR showed rings of decreased signal intensity surrounding hyperintense areas that gave a target-like appearance to the globi pallidi, a finding that corresponds with the known pathologic lesions in the disease. MR reflects the metabolic and anatomic evaluation of this disease.
Isolation and X-ray structure determination of a novel pyrimidinone from Aglaia odorata (1994)

A new pyrimidinone has been isolated from the Thai medicinal plant Aglaia odorata Lour., and its structure elucidated by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy; the results reveal a unique structural backbone of fused five- and six-membered rings.
Extracting business logic from existing COBOL programs as a basis for redevelopment (2002)

The article describes an industrial pilot study carried out to regain the business knowledge embedded in a legacy COBOL application. The goal of the project was to weed out the information required to reimplement the ancient host programs in a new client/server environment. The solution followed a four-step process. First, the programs were restructured, secondly the programs were sliced into business logic modules, third the business modules were subjected to a multiview analysis and finally the views were integrated into a unified documentation describing the data, decision and procedural flow of each program slice.
Assessment of some failure criteria for strongly anisotropic geomaterials (1998)

This paper is devoted to the assessment of some representative failure criteria in the framework of modelling the failure behaviour of strongly anisotropic geomaterials. Experimental data concerning the failure behaviour of a typical strongly anisotropic rock; the schist of Angers are first presented. Nine widely used failure criteria are then selected and classified into three groups, the mathematical continuous models, the empirical continuous models and the discontinuous weakness planes based models. This classification is made up according to the main assumptions and techniques used in each criterion to describe the strength anisotropy. The calibration of each one is carried out with respect to the laboratory data of Angers schist. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons between the selected criteria and with the experimental data are provided. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Triamcinolone injection following internal urethrotomy for treatment of urethral stricture. (2011)

It seems that steroid injection after internal urethrotomy is a safe method, which may delay the recurrence of urethral stricture.
Knowledge-based synthesis of custom VLSI physical design tools; first steps (2003)

A description is given of how program synthesis techniques can be applied to the synthesis of technology-sensitive VLSI physical design tools. Physical design refers to the process of reducing a structural description of a piece of hardware down to the geometric layout of an integrated circuit. Successful physical design tools must cope with shifting technology and application environments. The authors describe a synthesis architecture that combines knowledge of the application domain and knowledge of generic programming mechanics. The approach uses a very high-level language to describe algorithms, domain and programming knowledge to select appropriate algorithms and data structures, and code generation to arrive at final executable code. Results are presented detailing the performance and implementation of ELF, a prototype generator for wire-routing applications. Comparisons between a hand-crafted router and an automatically synthesized router are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Molecular characterization of a new urea transporter in the human kidney (1996)

A cDNA clone (HUT2) sharing 61.1% and 89.9% sequence identity with the human erythroid (HUT11) and the rabbit (UT2) urea transporters, respectively, was isolated by homology cloning from a human kidney library. HUT2 transcripts were restricted to the kidney and the HUT2 polypeptide was not immunoprecipitated with blood group Kidd-related antibodies (anti-Jk3) in coupled transcription-translation assays. Functional expression studies in Xenopus oocytes demonstrated that HUT2-mediated urea transport was not inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate (pCMBS) which, however, inhibited the urea flux mediated by HUT11. These findings demonstrate that at least two distinct urea transporters are present in human tissues. By in situ hybridization, the gene encoding HUT2 has been assigned to chromosome 18q12.1-q21-1, as found previously for the Kidd/urea transporter HUT11, suggesting that both genes evolved from duplication of a common ancestor.
Microbial ecology of the murine gut associated with the development of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis (2010)

DSS administration is associated with reproducible changes in the gut microbial diversity of mice. Microbial and immunological changes appeared before the development of severe inflammation in the colon. This indicates that these changes in microbial community may play role in the potentiation of the abnormal inflammatory response seen in DSS-treated animals.
Evaluation of Termination Techniques for 4H-SiC Pin Diodes and Trench JFETs (2007)

An investigation concerning suitable termination techniques for 4H-SiC trench JFETs is presented. Field plates, p+ floating rings and junction termination extension techniques are used to terminate 1.2kV class PiN diodes. The fabricated PiN diodes evaluated here have a similar design to trench JFETs. Therefore, the conclusions for PiN diodes can be applied to JFET structures as well. Numerical simulations are also used to illustrate the effect of the terminations on the diodes’ blocking mode behaviour.
Image Quality Assessment: How Blind is Blind? (2012)

Blind Image Quality Assessment (Blind IQA) is usually synonymous with “no-reference” IQA, viz., without a pristine image available for quality comparison. However, other sources of information are used to design IQA models: human opinion scores, mathematical models of distortion, perceptual models; statistical models of distorted images, and statistical models of images that are not distorted.
Anatomic Basis of Plantar Flap Design Clinical Applications (1986)

Closure of plantar defects with local rotation flaps was studied in 10 patients with 11 plantar defects. Ages ranged from 15 to 66 years, and the average defect was 3.0 X 3.6 cm. Two patients were diabetics. Etiology was variable and included trauma, tumors, and breakdown in patients with anesthetic plantar surfaces. Plantar flaps were designed superficial to the plantar fascia based on the proximal plantar subcutaneous plexus blood supply. Sensation was provided by including the medial calcaneal nerve territory within the flap and by performing a limited intraneural dissection of the medial and lateral plantar nerves. Flaps were medially based, although laterally based designs are also possible when sensation is absent. The follow-up period averaged 20.8 months. Patients with normal sensation preoperatively had full sensation postoperatively and were able to bear weight on the flap without limitation. There was minor breakdown in one patient with incomplete sensation. One patient developed a hematoma. Sensate plantar flaps can be designed superficial to the plantar fascia. These flaps are durable and allow normal weight-bearing on the reconstructed surface.
A visual detection model for DCT coefficient quantization (1993)

The discrete cosine transform (DCT) is widely used in image compression, and is part of the JPEG and MPEG compression standards. The degree of compression, and the amount of distortion in the decompressed image are determined by the quantization of the transform coefficients. The standards do not specify how the DCT coefficients should be quantized. Our approach is to set the quantization level for each coefficient so that the quantization error is at the threshold of visibility. Here we combine results from our previous work to form our current best detection model for DCT coefficient quantization noise. This model predicts sensitivity as a function of display parameters, enabling quantization matrices to be designed for display situations varying in luminance, veiling light, and spatial frequency related conditions (pixel size, viewing distance, and aspect ratio). It also allows arbitrary color space directions for the representation of color.
CAR POSITION AND ORIENTATION BASED DRIVING SKILL METRIC FOR ANALYTICAL DRIVING SKILL INDEX EVALUATOR (2016)

This paper proposes an improved driving skill metric incorporating car-track deviation angle and car position off-set correction agility. The main advantage of the method is which it provides more accurate since this research is using more variables in the formulation for the skill metric compared to the old metric by using the same sample group of subjects. This paper reports nearly an average of 95% of improvement for the new skill metric estimation accuracy. The analysis further reveals the metric also has better driving skill index estimation consistency. The proposed method herein offers a means for characterizing driving skill in response to car-track input information and improving the intelligent behaviours of car support system.
A new trench fabrication technique for silicon substrate utilizing undercutting and selective etching (1985)

This paper presents the development of a new trench fabrication technique for silicon substrate utilizing undercutting and selective etching. The technique comprises (1) first aluminum film deposition and its etching with controlled undercut, (2) second aluminum film deposition, (3) second film liftoff, and (4) silicon substrate selective and anisotropic etching using the first and second films as etching masks. There are two predominant features of this technique. First, trench width is controlled by the first film undercutting. Second, highly selective and anisotropic etching of the silicon substrate is obtained employing the aluminum films as etching masks in configuration with planar plasma etching using CCl2F2 gas. Under optimum conditions, trenches of approximately 0.12 μm in width and 0.6 μm in depth are successfully fabricated.
Measurements of wall shear stress of a turbulent boundary layer using a micro-shear-stress imaging chip (1999)

Measurements of wall shear-stress streaks of a turbulent boundary layer in the channel flow were carried out using a MEMS-based micro-shear-stress imaging chip, which contains about 100 sensors. The chip is designed and fabricated by surface micromachining technology. One arrray of 25 micro-shear-stress sensors in the chip that covers a length of 7.5 mm is used to measure the instantaneous spanwise distribution of the surface shear stress. The statistics of high shear-stress streaks were established. Based on the measurement, the physical quantities associated with the high shear-stress streaks, such as their length, width and peak shear-stress level, were obtained. We found out that a high correlation exists between the peak shear-stress level and front-end shear-stress slope of a high shear-stress streak. This important property is currently being applied to the deisgn of a real-time flow control logic.
Coding with constraints: Minimum distance bounds and systematic constructions (2015)

We examine an error-correcting coding framework in which each coded symbol is constrained to be a function of a fixed subset of the message symbols. With an eye toward distributed storage applications, we seek to design systematic codes with good minimum distance that can be decoded efficiently. On this note, we provide theoretical bounds on the minimum distance of such a code based on the coded symbol constraints. We refine these bounds in the case where we demand a systematic linear code. Finally, we provide conditions under which each of these bounds can be achieved by choosing our code to be a subcode of a Reed-Solomon code, allowing for efficient decoding. This problem has been considered in multisource multicast network error correction. The problem setup is also reminiscent of locally repairable codes.
A series of MOFs based on a tricarboxylic acid and various N-donor ligands: syntheses, structures, and properties (2013)

Eight highly connected metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based on flexible tricarboxylate ligands, namely, Na[Zn5(L)2(μ3-OH)5] (1), (HTEA)[Zn3(L)2(μ3-OH)]·0.25H2O (2), [Zn3(L)2(BIME)(H2O)2] (3), [Cd3(L)2(BIME)(H2O)2] (4), [Pb7(L)4(μ3-OH)2(H2O)2]·8H2O (5), [Zn4(L)2(BET)(μ4-O)] (6), [Zn2(HL)2(PBIB)]·2H2O (7), and [Zn3(L)2(PBIB)2]·4H2O (8) (H3L = (3,5-dicarboxylphenyl)-(4-(2′-carboxylphenyl)benzyl) ether, TEA = triethylamine, BIME = 1,2-bis(imidazol-1-yl)ethane, BET = 1,2-bis(1,2,4-triazole-1-yl)ethane, and PBIB = 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene) have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Compound 1 exhibits a three-dimensional (3D) (3,12)-connected framework based on decanuclear [Zn10(μ3-OH)10(COO)12] units. Compound 2 displays a 3D (3,6)-connected framework based on trinuclear [Zn3(μ3-OH)(CO2)6] units. Compounds 3 and 4 display unusual 2-fold interpenetrated 3D (3,6)-connected frameworks with the same (42·6)2(44·62·88·10) topology. Compound 5 features a 3D tetranodal (3,3,4,8)-connected framework based on pentanuclear [Pb5(COO)8(μ3-OH)2(H2O)2] units. Compound 6 exhibits an unprecedented 2D (3,8)-connected network with (3·42)(46·57·68·73·8) topology based on tetranuclear [Zn4(μ4-O)(COO)6] units. Compound 7 reveals a wavy 2D sheet with (44·62) topology. Further, each sheet is interdigitated by two others in a parallel fashion to yield an unusual 2D → 3D interdigitated framework. Compound 8 displays a 3D rare trinodal (3,4,6)-connected framework with (3·4·5)2(32·103·11)(32·42·52·103·114·12·13) topology. These compounds have been characterized by IR spectra, UV-vis spectra, TGA, and powder XRD patterns. The optical band gaps and photoluminescent behaviors of 1–8 have been investigated in detail. In addition, surface photovoltage spectroscopies of compounds 1–4 indicate that these compounds possess positive surface photovoltage (SPV) responses in the range of 300–600 nm.
Etching Characteristics and Mechanism of InP in Inductively Coupled HBr/Ar Plasma (2008)

Investigations of InP etch characteristics and mechanisms in HBr/Ar inductively coupled plasma were carried out. The etch rates of InP and the photoresist were measured as functions of HBr/Ar mixing ratio at fixed gas pressure (5 mTorr), input power (800 W), and bias power (200 W). Langmuir probe diagnostics and zero-dimensional (global) plasma modeling provided the information on plasma parameters, plasma composition, and fluxes of active species. It was found that, with variations in gas mixing ratio, the InP etch rate follows the changes in Br atom density and flux, but shows opposite behavior of the changes in H atoms and positive ions. These findings allow one to conclude that, under a given set of input process parameters, the InP etch process is not limited by the ion-surface interaction kinetics and that Br atoms are the main chemically active species.