gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Self-aligned double patterning (SADP) compliant design flow</title> (2012)

Double patterning with 193nm optical lithography is inevitable for technology scaling before EUV is ready. In general, there are two major double patterning techniques (DPT): Litho-Etch-Litho-Etch (LELE) and sidewall spacer technology, a Self-Aligned Double Patterning technique (SADP). So far LELE is much more mature than SADP in terms of process development and design flow implementation. However, SADP has stronger scaling potential than LELE due to its smaller design rules on tip-tip and tip-side as well as its intrinsic self-align property. In this paper, we will explain in detail about how to enable a SADP-friendly design flow from multiple perspectives: design constructs, design rules, standard cell library and routing. In addition, the differences between SADP and LELE in terms of design, scaling capability and RC performance will be addressed.
Hydrogel drug delivery system with predictable and tunable drug release and degradation rates (2013)

Many drugs and drug candidates are suboptimal because of short duration of action. For example, peptides and proteins often have serum half-lives of only minutes to hours. One solution to this problem involves conjugation to circulating carriers, such as PEG, that retard kidney filtration and hence increase plasma half-life of the attached drug. We recently reported an approach to half-life extension that uses sets of self-cleaving linkers to attach drugs to macromolecular carriers. The linkers undergo β-eliminative cleavage to release the native drug with predictable half-lives ranging from a few hours to over 1 y; however, half-life extension becomes limited by the renal elimination rate of the circulating carrier. An approach to overcoming this constraint is to use noncirculating, biodegradable s.c. implants as drug carriers that are stable throughout the duration of drug release. Here, we use β-eliminative linkers to both tether drugs to and cross-link PEG hydrogels, and demonstrate tunable drug release and hydrogel erosion rates over a very wide range. By using one β-eliminative linker to tether a drug to the hydrogel, and another β-eliminative linker with a longer half-life to control polymer degradation, the system can be coordinated to release the drug before the gel undergoes complete erosion. The practical utility is illustrated by a PEG hydrogel–exenatide conjugate that should allow once-a-month administration, and results indicate that the technology may serve as a generic platform for tunable ultralong half-life extension of potent therapeutics.
Synthesis technique for satellite antennas beam forming network (1995)

During the last years the use of shaped and reconfigurable beam antennas in communication satellites has required rather complex Beam Forming Networks (BFN's) to split and to phase the power among the feed array elements. A typical BFN is constituted by components such as couplers, phase shifters, variable power dividers (VPD's), switches and eventually active elements. The analysis and synthesis of such network is a high costing process that takes into account the analytical or electromagnetic models of components. Moreover, its sensitivity and global behavior prediction can be of great interest in the optimization of multifeed contoured beam antennas. As regards reducing computation time, this paper presents the use of the generalized transfer scattering matrix method applied to the analysis and synthesis of BFN's.
Incidence and survival of desmoplastic melanoma in the United States, 1992-2007 (2011)

The incidence of DM has been increasing steadily over the past 15 years. Older age, anatomic site of the head and neck, tumor thickness >2 mm, ulceration, lymph node involvement and non-receipt of surgery are associated with lower survival.
Ultralong-distance soliton transmission (1995)

This tutorial will cover the fundamentals of soliton transmission over transoceanic distances, with a strong emphasis on the recently invented technique of passive regeneration, known as "sliding-frequency guiding filters," which has greatly increased the potential capacity of such systems. Thus, after a brief review of the fundamental effects of amplifier noise on soliton transmission, the filter technology will be described in detail.
Insulin stimulates a novel Mn2+-dependent cytosolic serine kinase in rat adipocytes. (1987)

The cytosolic fraction of insulin-treated adipocytes exhibits a 2-fold increase in protein kinase activity when Kemptide is used as a substrate. The detection of insulin-stimulated kinase activity is critically dependent on the presence of phosphatase inhibitors such as fluoride and vanadate in the cell homogenization buffer. The cytosolic protein kinase activity exhibits high sensitivity (ED50 = 2 X 10(-10) M) and a rapid response (maximal after 2 min) to insulin. Kinetic analyses of the cytosolic kinase indicate that insulin increases the Vmax of Kemptide phosphorylation and ATP utilization without affecting the affinities of this enzyme toward the substrate or nucleotide. Upon chromatography on anion-exchange and gel filtration columns, the insulin-stimulated cytosolic kinase activity is resolved from the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and migrates as a single peak with an apparent Mr = 50,000-60,000. The partially purified kinase preferentially utilizes histones, Kemptide, multifunctional calmodulin-dependent protein kinase substrate peptide, ATP citrate-lyase, and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase as substrates but does not catalyze phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6, casein, phosvitin, phosphorylase b, glycogen synthase, inhibitor II, and substrate peptides for casein kinase II, protein kinase C, and cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Phosphoamino acid analyses of the 32P-labeled substrates reveal that the insulin-stimulated cytosolic kinase is primarily serine-specific. The insulin-activated cytosolic kinase prefers Mn2+ to Mg2+ and is independent of Ca2+. Unlike ribosomal protein S6 kinase and protease-activated kinase II, the insulin-sensitive cytosolic kinase is fluoride-insensitive. Taken together, these results indicate that a novel cytosolic protein kinase activity is activated by insulin.
High resolution electron microscopy of apatite crystals with octacalcium phosphate inclusion. (1991)

Long and thin platy apatite crystals with apatite -octacalcium phosphate (OCP) intergrowth were obtained in a model system of enamel formation in the presence of 1ppm F-. Ahigh resolution electron microscopic study indicated that each apatite crystal embedded an OCP lamella one to several unit cells thick in the central part of an apatite matrix. The OCP lamella and its (100) plane were parallel to the (100) plane of apatite. The result indicates that the thin plate of OCP crystal acted as a template for the subsequent epitaxial overgrowth of apatite. The cross sections of some apatite crystals exhibited a central line which is similar to a so-called central dark line observed in the tooth enamel and dentine.
Heuristics for a Brokering Set Packing Problem (2004)

In this paper we formulate the combinatorial auction brokering problem as a Set Packing Problem (SPP) and apply a simulated annealing heuristic to solve SPP. Experimental results are compared with a recent heuristic algorithm and also with the CPLEX Integer Programming solver where we found that the simulated annealing approach outperforms the previous heuristic method and CPLEX obtaining results within smaller timescales. 1
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the role of positron emission tomography in the follow up of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma following radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy (2008)

Positron emission tomography is highly accurate in this role. However it is less sensitive early after treatment and has poor anatomical detail. PET may reduce the requirement for check endoscopies and planned neck dissections. A protocol for its use in post-treatment surveillance is proposed.
ACOUSTIC EMISSION APPLIED TO SLUG VELOCITY DETERMINATION IN TWO PHASE FLOW (2012)

Two phase flow is a common phenomenon in petroleum and chemical engineering.An important feature used to describe two phase flow is the flow regime which variesdepending on the individual velocities of the components within the two-phase flow.One of these regimes, the slug regime, can create significant pressure fluctuationsthat compromise the integrity of the transporting structure (pipes, separators, etc.).This is in addition to other unwanted effects such as flooding at the receiving end, anincrease in deposits of hydrates, and corrosion. Under such circumstances thedetection of the slug and its associated characteristics are vitally important to theoperator.This experimental study investigates the application of Acoustic Emission (AE)technology for detecting slug velocity in two phase (gas/liquid) flow. It isdemonstrated that slug velocity can be determined using acoustic emission sensors.
The gas-phase basicities and proton affinities of amino acids and peptides (1997)

The methods of establishing gas-phase basicities and proton affinities are reviewed, particularly as applied to thermally labile and involatile molecules. The literature on the basicities of amino acids is critically reviewed, and a consistent set of gas-phase basicities for α-amino acids is recommended. The problems associated with deriving proton affinities from these data are discussed. The literature on the gas-phase basicities of peptides is reviewed, and inconsistencies in the experimental results are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Mass Spectrom Rev 16, 201–217, 1997
Methods to improve the performance of quadrature phase-to-amplitude conversion based on Taylor series approximation (2002)

This paper presents a Taylor series approximation based method for digital sine and cosine phase-to-amplitude conversion. The performance of the phase-to-amplitude conversion and the spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of the output signal are improved by applying methods similar to those used in direct digital frequency synthesizers for ROM compression. Finally, simulation results according to the number of approximation terms and the amplitude bit width are presented and compared with other phase-to-amplitude conversion methods.
Cloning and expression of complementary DNAs for multiple members of the human cytochrome P450IIC subfamily. [Erratum to document cited in CA114(15):137136r] (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCloning and expression of complementary DNAs for multiple members of the human cytochrome P450IIC subfamily. [Erratum to document cited in CA114(15):137136r]Marjorie Romkes, Michael B. Faletto, Joyce A. Blaisdell, Judy L. Raucy, and Joyce A. GoldsteinCite this: Biochemistry 1993, 32, 5, 1390Publication Date (Print):February 9, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 9 February 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00056a025RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views34Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (136 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Baselines representing blood glucose clearance improve<i>in vitro</i>prediction of the glycaemic impact of customarily consumed food quantities (2009)

Glycaemic responses to foods reflect the balance between glucose loading into, and its clearance from, the blood. Current in vitro methods for glycaemic analysis do not take into account the key role of glucose disposal. The present study aimed to develop a food intake-sensitive method for measuring the glycaemic impact of food quantities usually consumed, as the difference between release of glucose equivalents (GGE) from food during in vitro digestion and a corresponding estimate of clearance of them from the blood. Five foods - white bread, fruit bread, muesli bar, mashed potato and chickpeas - were consumed on three occasions by twenty volunteers to provide blood glucose response (BGR) curves. GGE release during in vitro digestion of the foods was also plotted. Glucose disposal rates estimated from downward slopes of the BGR curves allowed GGE dose-dependent cumulative glucose disposal to be calculated. By subtracting cumulative glucose disposal from cumulative in vitro GGE release, accuracy in predicting the in vivo glycaemic effect from in vitro GGE values was greatly improved. GGE(in vivo) = 0.99GGE(in vitro)+0.75 (R(2) 0.88). Furthermore, the difference between the curves of cumulative GGE release and disposal closely mimicked in vivo incremental BGR curves. We conclude that valid measurement of the glycaemic impact of foods may be obtained in vitro, and expressed as grams of glucose equivalents per food quantity, by taking account not only of GGE release from food during in vitro digestion, but also of blood glucose clearance in response to the food quantity.
Creativity in Hong Kong: Current contexts and issues (2014)

The development of creativity is one of three "priority generic skills" in Hong Kong's educational reforms. Despite these reforms dating from 2000, Hong Kong's students are often criticised in the media for their lack of creativity. On the other hand, the research that examines students' creativity is more equivocal with some authors claiming that creativity has been enhanced while others that creativity has diminished. In examining this research more closely, we find that there is a general lack of understanding between the aims of creativity development, the way that creativity is defined, and the instruments used to assess creativity. We argue that conceptions of creativity amongst the Hong Kong Chinese differ from Western conceptions of creativity. In particular, we conclude that attempts to measure the development of creativity are hampered by instruments that do not reflect Chinese conceptions of creativity. As a way forward, we suggest that a socio-cultural perspective may be a better way to study creativity in the Hong Kong context.
Coordinated Metabolic Changes and Modulation of Autophagy during Myogenesis (2016)

Autophagy undergoes a fine tuning during tissue differentiation and organ remodeling in order to meet the dynamic changes in the metabolic needs. While the involvement of autophagy in the homeostasis of mature muscle tissues has been intensively studied, no study has so far addressed the regulation of autophagy in relation to the metabolic state during the myogenic differentiation. In our recently published study (Fortini et al., 2016) we investigated the metabolic profile and regulation of autophagy that accompany the differentiation process of mouse skeletal muscle satellite cells (MSC)-derived myoblasts into myotubes. Here, we briefly present these findings also in the light of similar studies conducted by other authors. We show that during myogenic differentiation mitochondrial function and activity are greatly increased, and the activation of autophagy accompanies the transition from myoblasts to myotube. Autophagy is mTORC1 inactivation-independent and, remarkably, is required to allow the myocyte fusion process, as shown by impaired cell fusion when the autophagic flux is inhibited either by genetic or drug manipulation. Further, we found that myoblasts derived from p53 null mice show defective terminal differentiation into myotubes and reduced activation of basal autophagy. Of note, glycolysis prevails and mitochondrial biogenesis is strongly impaired in p53-null myoblasts. Thus, autophagy, mitochondrial homeostasis, and differentiation are finely tuned in a coordinate manner during muscle biogenesis.
Amino Acid Residues of<i> Escherichia coli </i>Acyl Carrier Protein Involved in Heterologous Protein Interactions (2002)

A possibility to fractionate fibrinolytically and thrombolytically active complex "tricholysin" into five components, differing in iso-points and in enzymatic activity, is demonstrated by means of isoelectric focusing using ampholine solution within pH range 3.0-10.0. Homogenous fraction IV (isopoint 6.8-7.0) has a low caseinolytic activity and a high specific fibrinolytic and esterase activities. This fraction is characterized with a high ability of plasminogen activation. Serine, threonine, alanine and valine are found to prevail in amino acid composition of the fraction IV, its molecular weight being 39000.
Indirect immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and IgM capture ELISA for detection of antibodies to lipopolysaccharide in adult typhoid fever patients in Pakistan (1989)

Sera from 339 adult febrile patients in Pakistan were tested for antibodies to Salmonella typhi lipopolysaccharide by indirect immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and IgM capture ELISA. A total of 55 patients had S. typhi cultured from their blood, 20 had S. typhi cultured from their stool, 24 were blood or stool culture positive for S. paratyphi A, 41 were culture negative but clinically diagnosed as having enteric fever, 41 had gastrointestinal or urinary tract infections, 41 were clinically diagnosed as having malaria, 20 were smear-positive patients with malaria, 58 had respiratory infections, and the remaining 39 individuals were placed in a miscellaneous group who did not have Salmonella infection. The sensitivities of the indirect IgG ELISA, indirect IgM ELISA, and IgM capture ELISA determined with specimens obtained from the blood culture-positive patients with typhoid fever (positive controls) were 80, 64, and 62%, respectively. The specificities of the assays determined with sera from the patients with respiratory infections (negative controls) were 95, 95, and 97%, respectively. The percentage of smear-positive patients with malaria who were positive by these assays was lower than that in the negative control group. The percentages of individuals in the other patient categories who were positive by these tests were between those obtained with the positive and negative controls. Of the positive controls, 26 were positive by both IgM assays, 9 were IgM positive only by indirect ELISA, and 8 were IgM positive only by IgM capture ELISA. A total of 70% of the positive control patients who were tested for O agglutinins by the Widal tube agglutination assay were positive; however, 29% of the negative control patients were also positive. The indirect IgG ELISA was the single most effective test for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever in this population.
Nicotinoprotein (NADH-containing) alcohol dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus erythropolis DSM 1069: an efficient catalyst for coenzyme-independent oxidation of a broad spectrum of alcohols and the interconversion of alcohols and aldehydes The EMBL accession number for the sequence reported in this paper is P81747. (2000)

Extracts from benzyl-alcohol-grown Rhodococcus erythropolis DSM 1069 showed NAD(P)-independent, N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline (NDMA)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase activity. The enzyme exhibiting this activity was purified to homogeneity and characterized. It appears to be a typical nicotinoprotein as it contains tightly bound NADH acting as cofactor instead of coenzyme. Other characteristics indicate that it is highly similar to the known nicotinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase (np-ADH) from Amycolatopsis methanolica: it is a homotetramer of 150 kDa; N-terminal amino acid sequencing (22 residues) showed that 77% of these amino acids are identical in the two enzymes; it has optimal activity at pH 7.0; it lacks NAD(P)H-dependent aldehyde reductase activity; it catalyses the oxidation of a broad range of (preferably) primary and secondary alcohols, either aliphatic or aromatic, and formaldehyde, with the concomitant reduction of the artificial electron acceptor NDMA. NDMA could be replaced by an aldehyde, but not formaldehyde, the substrate specificity of the enzyme for the aldehydes reflecting that for the corresponding alcohols. The latter also applied to the low aldehyde dismutase activity displayed by the enzyme. From this, together with the results of the induction studies, it is concluded that np-ADH functions as the main alcohol-oxidizing enzyme in the dissimilation of many, but not all, alcohols by R. erythropolis and may also catalyse coenzyme-independent interconversion of alcohols and aldehydes under certain circumstances. It is anticipated that the enzyme may be of even wider significance since structural data indicate that np-ADH is also present in other (nocardioform) actinomycetes.
A New Structure of SOI LDMOSFET Structure with a Trench in the Drift Region for a PDP Scan Driver IC (2004)

To improve the characteristics of breakdown voltage and specific on-resistance, we propose a new structure for a LDMOSFET for a PDP scan driver IC based on silicon-oninsulator with a trench under the gate in the drift region. The trench reduces the electric field at the silicon surface under the gate edge in the drift region when the concentration of the drift region is high, and thereby increases the breakdown voltage and reduces the specific onresistance. The breakdown voltage and the specific onresistance of the fabricated device is 352 V and 18.8 m Ω·cm 2 with a threshold voltage of 1.0 V. The breakdown voltage of the device in the on-state is over 200 V and the saturation current at Vgs=5 V and Vds=20 V is 16 mA with a gate width of 150 µm.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a cDNA for Glycyrrhiza glabra Cycloartenol Synthase. (2000)

A cDNA clone (GgCAS1) encoding cycloartenol synthase (CAS) has been isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) by cross-hybridization with that of Pisum sativum CAS as a probe. The deduced amino acid sequence of GgCAS1 exhibits 89%, 83% and 81% identity to those of Pisum sativum, Panax ginseng and Arabidopsis thaliana CASs, respectively. CAS activity has been detected in the homogenate of the yeast transformed with the expression vector containing the open reading frame of GgCAS1. Southern blot analysis suggested that at least two CAS genes exist in the licorice genome. In Northern blot analysis, the strong signal for CAS mRNA is detected in the cultured licorice cells of all growth phases, but no significant increase of CAS mRNA expression was observed in the cells treated with the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor, pravastatin.
Exposure of the US population to environmental tobacco smoke: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1991. (1996)

The high proportion of the population with detectable serum cotinine levels indicates widespread exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the US population. Both the home and workplace environments significantly contribute to environmental tobacco smoke exposure in the United States.