gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intramolecular Dehydrogenation of Alkyl Groups at Niobium Aryloxide Centers:  Bonding and Reactivity of the Ensuing Niobacyclopropane Ring (1996)

The niobium dichloride [Nb(OC6H3Pri2-2,6)3Cl2] (OC6H3Pri2-2,6 = 2,6-diisopropylphenoxide) undergoes reduction (2 Na per Nb)) in tetrahydrofuran (thf) solvent to produce the dark green complex [Nb(OC6H3Pri-η2-CMeCH2)(OC6H3Pri2-2,6)2(thf)] (1). The solid-state structure of 1 shows the α-methylvinyl group to be strongly η2-bound to the niobium metal center. The dehydrogenation of the ortho-isopropyl group of an aryloxide group to generate 1 is argued to proceed via CH bond activation within a d2-Nb(III) aryloxide followed by β-hydrogen abstraction/elimination of H2. The thf ligand in 1 can be substituted by pyridine (py) and ButNC to yield the adducts [Nb(OC6H3Pri-η2-CMeCH2)(OC6H3Pri2-2,6)2(L)2] (L = py, 2; L = ButNC, 3). The solid-state structure of 3 shows both isocyanide ligands to be terminally bound with no interaction with the η2-olefin fragment. The spectroscopic properties of these three adducts give insight into the degree of π-back-bonding between the metal and the chelated olefin fragment. The metallacyclopropane ring in 1 will undergo ring expansion (coupling of the olefin) with a variety of unsaturated substrates. The addition of Ph2CO leads to a 2-oxaniobacyclopentane ring in 4 while PhC⋮CPh produces a niobacyclopent-3-ene derivative, [Nb(OC6H3Pri-CMeCH2CPhCPh)(OC6H3Pri2-2,6)2] (5), which was structurally characterized. In the case of addition of PhC⋮CH to 1 the initial, kinetic product 6a, possibly containing a 2-phenylniobacyclopent-2-ene ring, is thermally isomerized to the 3-phenylniobacyclopent-2-ene compound 6b. With the protic reagents HOC6H3Pri2-2,6 and PhNH2 the compounds [Nb(OC6H3PriCMe2)(OC6H3Pri2-2,6)3] (8) and [Nb(OC6H3PriCMe2)(OC6H3Pri2-2,6)2(NHPh)] (9) are produced. The solid-state structure of 8 confirmed the presence of the cyclometalated aryloxide formed via protonation of the methylene group in 1.
Towards completely automatic decoder synthesis (2011)

Upon receiving the output sequence streaming from a sequential encoder, a decoder reconstructs the corresponding input sequence that streamed to the encoder. Such an encoding and decoding scheme is commonly encountered in communication, cryptography, signal processing, and other applications. Given an encoder specification, decoder design can be error-prone and time consuming. Its automation may help designers improve productivity and justify encoder correctness. Though recent advances showed promising progress, there is still no complete method that decides whether a decoder exists for a finite state transition system. The quest for completely automatic decoder synthesis remains. This paper presents a complete and practical approach to automating decoder synthesis via incremental SAT solving and Craig interpolation. Experiments show that, for decoder-existent cases, our method synthesizes decoders effectively; for decoder-nonexistent cases, our method concludes the non-existence instantly while prior methods may fail.
A new method for accurate and fast measurement of 3D eye movements (2005)

Videooculography (VOG) is an eye movement measurement method used in the objective evaluation of vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VOR). An important requirement of VOG is to accurately estimate pupil center and ocular torsion, irrespective of drooping eyelids, eyelashes, corneal reflection, and blinking. Finding the accurate center of the pupil is particularly important in three-dimensional VOG, since otherwise, significant errors can occur in measuring torsional eye movement. A fast algorithm was proposed to accurately ascertain the pupil center, in spite of the complicating factors mentioned above. In this study, real-time three-dimensional VOG, which can measure horizontal, vertical, and torsional eye movements and calculate the pupil radius, was implemented using the proposed method. When the pupil radius was determined, the vertical position was measured within an error margin of less than 3%, even though only 10% of the pupil was visible. The time required to measure both three-dimensional eye movements and the pupil radius was less than 16 ms. Thus, eye movements can be measured in real-time. The resolutions of horizontal, vertical, and torsional eye movement were 0.2 degrees, 0.2 degrees, and 0.1 degrees, respectively, with maximum ranges of +/- 35 degrees, +/- 25 degrees, and +/- 18 degrees.
Persistence of Colonization of Human Colonic Mucosa by a Probiotic Strain, <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i> GG, after Oral Consumption (1999)

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG is one of the most thoroughly studied probiotic strains. Its advantages in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders are well documented. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate with colonic biopsies the attachment of strain GG to human intestinal mucosae and the persistence of the attachment after discontinuation of GG administration. A whey drink fermented with strain GG was fed to human volunteers for 12 days. Fecal samples were collected before, during, and after consumption. L. rhamnosus GG-like colonies were detected in both fecal and colonic biopsy samples. Strain GG was identified by its characteristic colony morphology, a lactose fermentation test, and PCR. This study showed that strain GG was able to attach in vivo to colonic mucosae and, although the attachment was temporary, to remain for more than a week after discontinuation of GG administration. The results demonstrate that the study of fecal samples alone is not sufficient in evaluating colonization by a probiotic strain.
Measurement by confocal laser scanning microscopy of the volume of epidermal nuclei in thick skin sections. (1994)

The mean volume and shape of nuclei assessed in standard tissue sections by means of stereologic and morphometric methods are associated with prognosis in tumors of different sites. Thus, accurate quantification of the volume and shape of cell nuclei can be important for cancer patients and also may be useful for a better understanding of basic cellular events, such as growth and differentiation. Confocal laser scan microscopy (CLSM) makes it possible to obtain image sets consisting of very thin serial optical slices from thick tissue sections. These images can be used with digital image processing to construct a three-dimensional (3-D) model of individual nuclei. We used CLSM to study a 50-micron-thick paraffin section of a skin biopsy. Image processing was applied to the CLSM images to precisely segment epidermal nuclei from the background, and serial two-dimensional (2-D) binary images were created. Alignment of the 2-D images that form the 3-D model of the original nuclei was carefully controlled. The series of 2-D binary images was connected with an algorithm to form the 3-D model of each complete nucleus and organized for the 3-D visualization and analysis using a 3-D volume rendering method. In this way we measured the volume and surface area of 22 intact epidermal nuclei. The mean nuclear volume was 174.7 micron3, the standard deviation of the volume 26.47 micron3, the mean surface area 168.0 micron2 and the standard deviation of the surface area 22.00 micron2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Query Optimization for Parallel Object-Oriented Database Systems (1997)

This thesis studies parallel query optimization for object-oriented queries. Its main objective is to investigate how performance improvement of object-oriented query processing can be achieved through processor parallelism. The two major aspects of parallel query optimization are Parallel Query Optimization and Parallel Query Execution. Parallel query optimization includes access plan formulation and execution scheduling, whereas parallel query execution deals with parallel algorithms for basic operations. Complex queries are normally decomposed into multiple basic operations, and for each basic operation an appropriate parallel algorithm is applied. Therefore, query access plan formulation is influenced by the availability of basic parallelization models and parallel algorithms. Execution scheduling deals with managing execution plans among these parallelizable basic operations. Parallelization of single-class queries and inheritance queries is provided by inter-object parallelization. The efficiency of parallelization of inheritance queries depends en its data structure. A linked-vertical division is developed, which has the advantages of
Studies on Sugar-isomerizing Enzyme (1969)

Glucose isomerase was purified by means of acetone fractionation, DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography and crystallization. The purified enzyme appeared to be homogeneous on ultracentrifugation and electrophoresis. The sedimentation coefficient, s20, w, the diffusion coefficient, D20, w, and partial specific volume of the enzyme were 8.0S, 4×10-7cm2/sec and 0.69ml/g, respectively. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 157, 000 from the sedimentation and diffusion measurements. The crystalline glucose isomerase contained cobalt and magnesium ions. The properties of the enzyme were also studied.
A report on the crossmedia game epidemic menace (2007)

Crossmedia games employ a wide variety of gaming interfaces based on stationary and mobile devices to facilitate different game experiences within a single game. This article presents the crossmedia game Epidemic Menace, introduces the game concept, and describes experiences from two Epidemic Menace game events. We also explain the technical realization of Epidemic Menace, the evaluation methodologies we used, and some evaluation results.
Optimizing vehicle routes in a bakery company allowing flexibility in delivery dates (2011)

AbstractThe work addressed in this paper is motivated from a real problem proposed to the authors by a bakery company in Northern Spain. The objective is to minimize the total distance travelled for the daily routes over the week. In order to reduce this total distance, some flexibility in the dates of delivery is introduced. A mixed-integer linear model for the problem is formulated. In addition, a two-phase method based in GRASP and path-relinking metaheuristic strategies is proposed. Computational experiments show that the method performs very well, obtaining high-quality solutions in short computational times. Moreover, when it is applied to real-data-based instances, the obtained solutions considerably reduce transportation costs over the planning horizon.Keywords: VRP with flexibility in deliverymetaheuristicsGRASPpath relinking AcknowledgementsWe wish to thank sincerely J.F. Cordeau and V. Hemmelmayr for running our instances with their algorithms, which allowed the comparisons presented in this work. This work has been done when the last three authors enjoyed the hospitality of Applied Economic Department, University of Burgos, Spain. We would like to thank all colleagues from this department. This work was partially supported by CONACYT México (grants 61903, 61343), FEDER founds and Spanish Ministry of Science (project ECO2008-06159/ECON), Regional Government of 'Castilla y León' (project BU008A10-2) University of Burgos and CajaBurgos (internal projects 2009) and the Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila (México). These supports are gratefully acknowledged. Finally, thanks are due to the two anonymous referees who greatly helped to improve the presentation of this work.
A time-of-flight spectrometer for investigations on liquid metal ion sources (1999)

A time-of-flight spectrometer with differential pulse sweeping was developed for the mass and energy analysis of ions emitted from liquid metal ion sources. The system was tested with a gallium liquid metal ion source. The angular intensity of the total source current, the mass spectra and the energy spread for Ga<sup>2+</sup>, Ga<sup>+</sup> and Ga<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> as function of source current have been measured. A mass and energy resolution of about 700 has been obtained independent of the ion mass.
718. Polycyclic cinnoline derivatives. Part VIII. Cinnolines and their N-oxides and oo′-diaminobiaryls (1961)

J. F. Corbett and P. F. Holt, J. Chem. Soc., 1961, 3695 DOI: 10.1039/JR9610003695
Channel assignment in dense MC-MR wireless networks: Scaling laws and algorithms (2013)

We investigate optimal channel assignment algorithms that maximize per node throughput in dense multi-channel multi-radio (MC-MR) wireless networks. Specifically, we consider an MC-MR network where all nodes are within the transmission range of each other. This situation is encountered in many real-life settings such as students in a lecture hall, delegates attending a conference, or soldiers in a battlefield. In this scenario, we show that intelligent assignment of the available channels results in a significantly higher per node throughput. We first propose a class of channel assignment algorithms, parameterized by T (the number of transceivers per node), that can achieve Θ(1/N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> /T) per node throughput using Θ(TN <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-1/T</sup> ) channels. In view of practical constraints on T, we then propose another algorithm that can achieve Θ((1/log <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> n) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) per node throughput using only two transceivers per node. Finally, we identify a fundamental relationship between the achievable per node throughput, the total number of channels used, and the network size under any strategy. Using analysis and simulations, we show that our algorithms achieve close to optimal performance at different operating points on this curve. Our work has several interesting implications on the optimal network design for dense MC-MR wireless networks.
Gray Tin Single Crystals (1958)

A method of growing gray tin single crystals from a liquid amalgam is presented together with a description of the apparatus and specification of the conditions of growth. Photographs of typical crystals ranging in size up to 2 cm and showing well-developed crystallographic planes are included. Residual resistance measurements indicate a total impurity content of the order of 0.001%. The energy gap is the same as for transformed material but the low-temperature mobilities are considerably higher. Evidence that the gray-to-white transformation is of the diffusionless type is presented.
Insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and related compounds. VII. Insecticidal dihalovinyl analogues of <i>cis</i> and <i>trans</i> chrysanthemates (1975)

Abstract Eighteen esters of resolved cis‐ and trans ‐3‐(2,2‐difluoro, ‐dichloro or ‐dibromovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acids with 5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl, 3‐phenoxybenzyl and α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl alcohols were prepared and evaluated for insecticidal activity against Musca domestica L. and Phaedon cochleariae Fab. Chlorine and bromine substituted esters are more active, in general, than those with fluorine, and in the most active esters, the cis isomer is more effective than the trans .
Epidemiological typing of Yersinia enterocolitica by analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms with a cloned ribosomal RNA gene (1990)

Intra-species restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of Yersinia enterocolitica were detected in assays with a cloned DNA fragment from Legionella pneumophila that included the 16S and 23S rRNA genes. By use of this method it was possible to identify different RFLP types within biogroups/serogroups which were indistinguishable by other means. Thus the 37 biogroup IV/serogroup O3 strains isolated worldwide from pig carcasses, pork and human patients, were subdivided into five different RFLP-types. Typing based on RFLP analysis was sensitive and independent of phenotypic characters. The method will be of value for the identification and evaluation of possible reservoirs and routes of infection.
Active Pattern Factor Control for Gas Turbine Engines (1998)

Small variations in fuel/air mixture ratios within gas turbine combustors can result in measurable, and potentially detrimental, exit thermal gradients. Thermal gradients can increase emissions, as well as shorten the design life of downstream turbomachinery, particularly stator vanes. Uniform temperature profiles are usually sought through careful design and manufacturing of related combustor components. However, small componentto-component variations as well as numerous aging effects degrade system performance. To compensate for degraded thermal performance, researchers are investigating active, closed-loop control schemes.
An aggressive nasal lymphoma accompanied by high levels of soluble Fas ligand (1996)

Fas ligand (FasL), either in the membrane bound form or soluble form, has cytotoxic activity against Fas-expressing cells. We report a case of nasal lymphoma accompanied by liver damage and pancytopenia. The serum level of soluble FasL (sFasL) was very high on admission, but rapidly decreased to normal levels after chemotherapy for lymphoma. Liver damage and pancytopenia also improved with the decrease in serum sFasL. Since Fas is expressed on both hepatocytes and haemopoietic cells, these facts suggest that FasL was expressed on lymphoma cells and directly associated with pathogenesis of liver damage and pancytopenia through its cytotoxic activity.
The <i>N</i>-City Travelling Salesman Problem: Statistical Mechanics and the Metropolis Algorithm (1984)

In any N-city travelling salesman problem there are $(N - 1){! \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {! 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}$ possible tours. We use the Metropolis algorithm to generate a sequence of such tours. This sequence may be viewed as the random evolution of a physical system in contact with a heat-bath. As the temperature is lowered, the tours generated approach the optimal tour. It appears that for large N one arrives within a few percent of the optimal solution in better than quadratic time.
Interface of atomic layer deposited HfO2 films on GaAs (100) surfaces (2008)

Hf O 2 films have been deposited by using a tetrakis(dimethylamino)hafnium/H2O atomic layer deposition (ALD) process on GaAs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show that the HF and NH4OH predeposition surface treatment results in efficient removal of the Ga and As native oxides. No interface oxidation is detected after 15cycles of HfO2 ALD implying effective passivation of the GaAs surface. Spectroscopic ellipsometry confirms linear growth at 1.0Å∕cycle on both starting surfaces, while Rutherford backscattering spectrometry indicates steady-state coverage after about 10 ALD cycles. For films grown on native oxide GaAs, complete removal of the As oxide is observed after 20 ALD cycles.
Creating realistic, scenario-based synthetic data for test and evaluation of information analytics software (2008)

We describe the Threat Stream Generator, a method and a toolset for creating realistic, synthetic test data for information analytics applications. Finding or creating useful test data sets is difficult for a team focused on creating solutions to information analysis problems. First, real data that might be considered good for testing analytic applications may not be available or may be classified. In the latter case, tool builders will not have the clearances needed to use, or even see, the data. Second, analysts' time is scarce and obtaining the needed characteristics of real data from them to create a test data set is difficult. Finally, generating good test data is challenging. Commercial data generators are focused on large database testing, not information analytics tool testing. Our distinctive contribution is that we embed known ground truth in a test data set, so that tool developers and others will be able to determine the effectiveness of their software and how they are progressing in their support for information analysts. Our automated methods also significantly decrease data set development time. We review our approach to scenario development, threat insertion strategies, data set development, and data set evaluation. We also discuss our recent successes in using our data in open analytic competitions.
Reading the changes (1992)

Changing views of children's language and learning reading in this changing context applying a new model to classroom practice teaching and developing reading in this changing context teaching reading within national curricula the challenge for teacher education communicating with colleagues, community, parents and other professionals.
An Empirical Perspective on the Energy Payback Time for Photovoltaic Modules (2000)

Energy payback time is the energy analog to financial payback, defined as the time necessary for a photovoltaic panel to generate the energy equivalent to that used to produce it. This research contributes to the growing literature on net benefits of renewable energy systems by conducting an empirical investigation of as-manufactured photovoltaic modules, evaluating both established and emerging products. Crystalline silicon modules achieve an energy break-even in a little over three years. At the current R&D pilot production rate (8% of capacity) the energy payback time for thin film copper indium diselenide modules is between nine and ten years, and in full production is just under two years. Over their lifetime, these solar panels generate nine to seventeen times the energy required to produce them. Energy content findings for the major materials and process steps are presented, and important implications for current research efforts and future prospects are discussed.
Functionalization of Titanium Oxide Surfaces by Means of Poly(alkyl-phosphonates) (2006)

The use of a multiple attachment sites strategy is considered in order to improve the stability of monomolecular adlayers. The hypothesis was tested in the case of PEG-ylated compounds carrying phosphonate groups, known for their affinity toward titanium oxide surfaces. As a result, a new class of co- and terpolymers were synthesized by free-radical polymerization of three different monomers: dialkyl(methacryloyloxyalkyl)phosphonates, PEG methyl ether methacrylate, and/or butyl methacrylate monomers. Adlayers were formed following a simple dip-and-rinse protocol using diluted aqueous polymer solutions and were characterized by evaluating their thicknesses with variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) and their elemental compositions with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The same techniques were used to determine changes of the adlayer as a function of exposure to electrolytes at different pH values and to monitor nonspecific protein adsorption upon serum exposures. The results indicated that the poly(alkyl-phosphonate)-based adlayers combine multiple site attachment of phosphonic groups and presentation of PEG side chains to the aqueous environment, resulting in both improved stability over a wide pH range in comparison to the tested reference surfaces and excellent resistance to protein adsorption when exposed to full human serum.