gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Price of Fair PCA: One Extra Dimension (2018)

We investigate whether the standard dimensionality reduction technique of PCA inadvertently produces data representations with different fidelity for two different populations. We show on several real-world data sets, PCA has higher reconstruction error on population A than on B (for example, women versus men or lower- versus higher-educated individuals). This can happen even when the data set has a similar number of samples from A and B. This motivates our study of dimensionality reduction techniques which maintain similar fidelity for A and B. We define the notion of Fair PCA and give a polynomial-time algorithm for finding a low dimensional representation of the data which is nearly-optimal with respect to this measure. Finally, we show on real-world data sets that our algorithm can be used to efficiently generate a fair low dimensional representation of the data.
Background music separation for multichannel audio based on Inter-channel Level Vector Sum (2014)

In this paper, a Blind Source Separation (BSS) algorithm for multichannel audio contents is proposed. Unlike common BSS algorithms targeting stereo audio contents or microphone array signals, our technique is targeted at multichannel audio such as 5.1 and 7.1 ch audio. Since most multichannel audio object sources are panned using the Interchannel Level Difference (ILD), we employ the ILVS (Interchannel Level Vector Sum) concept to cluster common signals (such as background music) from each channel. Our proposed method can therefore separate a common audio signal from multiple channels with a lower computational complexity. Our multichannel audio content separation technique can be applied to an upmix system or a cinema audio system requiring multichannel audio source separation.
Functional expression of the alpha 2 and alpha 3 isoforms of the Na,K-ATPase in baculovirus-infected insect cells. (1993)

Multiple isoforms of both the alpha and beta subunits of Na,K-ATPase have been identified. Elucidating their roles has been complicated by the fact that most tissues express multiple isoforms and purification techniques specific for each isoform have not been achieved. The baculovirus expression system, which uses the baculovirus Autographica californica to infect insect cells, is an ideal system for studying the Na,K-ATPase isoforms since high amounts of foreign proteins can be produced and some insect cell lines have low levels of endogenous Na,K-ATPase. Recombinant baculoviruses containing the cDNAs for the alpha 2, alpha 3, and beta 1 isoforms of the rat Na,K-ATPase were prepared and used to infect Sf-9 cells, an insect cell line derived from the ovary of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda. By using this system, Na,K-ATPase alpha 2 and alpha 3 subunits that were antigenically and electrophoretically indistinguishable from the native subunits were produced. When each subunit is expressed independently in the Sf-9 cells, it is primarily delivered to the plasma membrane. Although the isolated expression of each Na,K-ATPase subunit did not render active Na,K-ATPase molecules, the coexpression of alpha 2 or alpha 3 with beta 1 resulted in catalytically active molecules. This activity could be measured as a ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity or directly demonstrated using either [gamma-32P]ATP or 32Pi to identify the phosphorylated intermediates of the alpha 2 and alpha 3 isoforms. [3H]Ouabain binding studies showed that both isoforms are capable of binding the cardiotonic steroid with high affinity, alpha 3 being more sensitive to ouabain. These results demonstrate that the baculovirus system is suitable for the expression of the Na,K-ATPase isoforms and should provide a useful method for the characterization of the enzymatic properties of each isoform.
Ionization Phenomena in Discharges (1953)

Conference at Clarendon Laboratory.
Adaptive Binarization of Unconstrained Hand-Held Camera-Captured Document Images (2020)

This paper presents a new adaptive binarization technique for degraded hand-held camera-captured document images. State-of-the-art locally adaptive binarization methods are sensitive to the values of free parameter. This problem is more critical when binarizing degraded camera-captured document images because of distortions like non-uniform illumination, bad shading, blurring, smearing and low resolution. We demonstrate in this paper that local binarization methods are not only sensitive to the selection of free parameters values (either found manually or automatically), but also sensitive to the constant free parameters values for all pixels of a document image. Some range of values of free parameters are better for foreground regions and some other range of values are better for background regions. For overcoming this problem, we present an adaptation of a state-of-the-art local binarization method such that two different set of free parameters values are used for foreground and background regions respectively. We present the use of ridges detection for rough estimation of foreground regions in a document image. This information is then used to calculate appropriate threshold using different set of free parameters values for the foreground and background regions respectively. Evaluation of the method using an OCR-based measure and a pixel-based measure show that our method achieves better performance as compared to state-of-the-art global and local binarization methods.
Simultaneous Expression of Multiple Proteins Under a Single Promoter in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> via a Versatile 2A-Based Toolkit (2013)

Caenorhabditis elegans is a powerful in vivo model in which transgenesis is highly developed. However, while the analysis of biological phenomena often require the expression of more than one protein of interest, no reliable tool exists to ensure efficient concomitant and equivalent expression of more than two polypeptides from a single promoter. We report the use of viral 2A peptides, which trigger a "ribosomal-skip" or "STOP&GO" mechanism during translation, to express multiple proteins from a single vector in C. elegans. Although none of the viruses known to infect C. elegans contain 2A-like sequences, our results show that 2A peptides allow the production of separate functional proteins in all cell types and at all developmental stages tested in the worm. In addition, we constructed a toolkit including a 2A-based polycistronic plasmid and reagents to generate 2A-tagged fosmids. 2A peptides constitute an important tool to ensure the delivery of multiple polypeptides in specific cells, enabling several novel applications such as the reconstitution of multi-subunit complexes.
Dissection of Agonistic and Blocking Effects of CD200 Receptor Antibodies (2013)

The CD200 receptor (CD200R) is present mainly on myeloid cells and gives inhibitory signals when engaged by its ligand CD200. The interaction is currently of therapeutic interest in cancer and inflammation. However functional effects are complicated by the fact that CD200R is itself polymorphic and also a member of a paired receptor family with four closely related gene products in mice called CD200RLa etc. We show that a second allele of CD200R (termed CD200R(2)) that differs in 7 amino acids also binds CD200 but did not react with the widely used CD200R antibody OX110. Biochemical and functional analysis showed that the CD200/CD200R interaction was blocked by the OX131, mAb that recognises both CD200R(1) and CD200R(2), but not by OX110 mAb. Both mAb can give agonistic inhibitory signals but functional analysis shows OX131 mAb also has the potential to block inhibition by preventing the ligand-receptor interaction and hence gives opposing effects. Although OX131 mAb cross-reacts with the activating receptor CD200RLe, it is specific for CD200R in C57BL/6 whilst OX110 mAb cross-reacts on CD200RLc. The results show the importance of the repertoire of paired receptors in strains or individuals and mAb used with implications for paired receptor analysis and therapeutics.
Epitaxial Indium Tin Oxide Film Deposited on Sapphire Substrate by Solid-Source Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasma (2012)

Indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films were epitaxially grown on sapphire substrates by solid-source electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma deposition. Compared with the other methods such as sputtering and evaporation methods, the ECR plasma method resulted in a flat surface and a low resistivity with a relatively low substrate temperature. The surface roughness was strongly dependent on the ratio of oxygen gas flow during deposition. With optimal deposition conditions, the ITO thin film epitaxially grew on a c-plane sapphire substrate with twelvefold symmetry. The surface roughness and resistivity were estimated to be 0.4 nm and 1.4×10-4 Ω·cm, respectively. The X-ray rocking curve revealed 0.025° of full width at half maximum (FWHM) on the epitaxial ITO thin film. The ITO film deposited on an epitaxial GaN(001) layer on a c-plane sapphire substrate showed sixfold in-plane symmetry, indicating the epitaxial growth of ITO(111) on the GaN(001)/c-plane sapphire substrate.
ChemInform Abstract: Quantitative Structure—Activity Relationship (QSAR) Study of New Fluorovinyloxyacetamides. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Extremum Seeking Control for multi-objective optimization problems (2016)

Many real world applications require multiple conflicting objectives to be optimized. However, explicit functions mapping the system variables to outputs are often unknown, making traditional optimization approaches impossible. Extremum Seeking Control (ESC) is one method to tackle this problem by estimating the local gradient of the objective functions. Extensive literature on ESC focuses on single objective optimization, which use sinusoids as the dither signal. An inherent disadvantage with the sinusoidal nature of the dither is that after convergence the output continues to move around in a neighborhood of the optimal set-point, with the size of the neighborhood proportional to the amplitude of the dither signal. This paper focuses on using square waves as dithers and proves that the square wave can produce a constant output, in contrast to the typical sinusoid where the undesirable dithering effect still exists at the output. The basic ESC scheme is extended to execute Multiple Gradient Descent Algorithm (MGDA) to solve a Multi Objective Optimization Problem (MOOP). A two-stage ESC estimates the local gradient of each objective function, then estimates the optimal weighting of gradients to move to the Pareto front. This eliminates the need for a decision maker as required in a priori scalarization solutions a MOOP. Simulation results show that ESC using MGDA is able to find the Pareto optimal solutions, starting from different initial conditions.
The Size of Particulate Trace Elements in the Atmosphere—A Review (1985)

Abstract Size distributions of 38 trace elements reported in the literature over the past two decades have been summarized. Those elements with aerodynamic mass median diameter less than 2 μm generally have bimodal distributions: the dominant peak occurs in the range 0.5-1 μm, with a smaller peak at about 3-5 μm. Elements with larger mass median diameter have a single peak, with relatively little mass below 1 μm. Overall, the individual distributions of many of the elements are surprisingly consistent, despite different sampling locations, time periods, and experimental methods.
The pleckstrin homology domain of phospholipase C-.delta.1 binds with high affinity to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in bilayer membranes (1995)

The pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of phospholipase C-delta 1 (PLC-delta 1) binds to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) in phospholipid membranes with an affinity (Ka approximately 10(6) M-1) and specificity comparable to those of the native enzyme. PLC-delta 1 and its PH domain also bind inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, the polar head group of PI(4,5)P2, with comparable affinity and approximately 1:1 stoichiometry. A peptide corresponding to amino acids 30-43 of the PLC-delta 1 PH domain contains several basic residues predicted to bind PI(4,5)P2, but binds weakly and with little specificity for PI(4,5)P2; hence the tertiary structure of the isolated PH domain is required for high affinity PI(4,5)P2 binding. Our PI-(4,5)P2 binding results support the hypothesis that the intact PH domain, serving as a specific tether, directs PLC-delta 1 to membranes enriched in PI(4,5)P2 and permits the active site, located elsewhere in the protein, to hydrolyze multiple substrate molecules before this enzyme dissociates from the membrane surface.
A study on the behavior of laminated electromagnetic wave absorber (1993)

Since ferrites are electromagnetic wave absorbing materials of composition-dependent resonance type, useful frequency ranges are typically narrow. In the present study, laminated electromagnetic wave absorbers composed of ferrite-ferrite or ferrite-dielectric layers were constructed to improve electromagnetic wave absorbing properties. When ferrites of different composition and thickness were layered, center frequency of the laminated ferrite could be changed over a range of values lying between the center frequencies of each ferrite. Compared with monolithic ferrites, ferrite-dielectric laminates exhibited broader frequency ranges with 20 dB or more attenuation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Targeted mutations in the Caenorhabditis elegans POU homeo box gene ceh-18 cause defects in oocyte cell cycle arrest, gonad migration, and epidermal differentiation. (1994)

We used targeted gene inactivation to analyze the function of a Caenorhabditis elegans POU gene, ceh-18, and to dissect its functional domains in vivo. In ceh-18 mutants, oocytes exhibit an incompletely penetrant failure to arrest in diakinesis of meiotic prophase I and instead undergo multiple rounds of DNA replication without cytokinesis. ceh-18 is expressed in the gonadal sheath cells that signal the oocyte, but not in the oocyte. This suggests that ceh-18 affects, directly or indirectly, a sheath cell signal that causes oocytes to maintain diakinesis arrest. ceh-18 also participates in directing gonad migration and in specifying the differentiated phenotypes of epidermal cells during postembryonic development. Analysis of targeted deletions that disrupt half of the POU domain selectively by deleting either the POUhd or the POUsp alone, indicates that each CEH-18 POU subdomain is sufficient for partial activity in vivo.
Microwave sintering time optimization to boost structural and electrical properties in BaTiO3 ceramics (2016)

BaTiO 3 ceramics with fine grain distribution were successfully fabricated by solid state reaction using microwave processing. The role of microwave sintering time for producing a controlled microstructure with optimized dielectric and ferroelectric properties in BaTiO 3 ceramics is discussed. X-ray diffraction data were refined with Fullprof program using Rietveld method, which showed perovskite-type tetragonal structure with space group P4mm for all prepared samples. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the grain size found to increase with increasing microwave sintering time. Dielectric constant ( e r ) measured in frequency range 0.1 Hz to 5 MHz at different temperatures showed depressive behaviour in the higher frequency region which decreases with increasing frequency. The BaTiO 3 sample sintered at 1200 °C for 60 minutes exhibited best properties as high dielectric constant ( e r ≈1.5x10 4 ) with lowest degree of diffuseness (γ≈1.0741). The ferroelectric properties were investigated using P-E hysteresis loop. The remnant polarization (P r ) increased while the coercive field (E c ) decreased with increasing microwave sintering time applying these are micro structural dependent. Optimum sintering time has been found resulting in high values of relative permittivity and remnant polarization.
Silicon quantum dot/crystalline silicon solar cells (2008)

Silicon (Si) quantum dot (QD) materials have been proposed for 'all-silicon' tandem solar cells. In this study, solar cells consisting of phosphorus-doped Si QDs in a SiO(2) matrix deposited on p-type crystalline Si substrates (c-Si) were fabricated. The Si QDs were formed by alternate deposition of SiO(2) and silicon-rich SiO(x) with magnetron co-sputtering, followed by high-temperature annealing. Current tunnelling through the QD layer was observed from the solar cells with a dot spacing of 2 nm or less. To get the required current densities through the devices, the dot spacing in the SiO(2) matrix had to be 2 nm or less. The open-circuit voltage was found to increase proportionally with reductions in QD size, which may relate to a bandgap widening effect in Si QDs or an improved heterojunction field allowing a greater split of the Fermi levels in the Si substrate. Successful fabrication of (n-type) Si QD/(p-type) c-Si photovoltaic devices is an encouraging step towards the realization of all-silicon tandem solar cells based on Si QD materials.
Development of siRNA Payloads to Target <i>KRAS</i> -Mutant Cancer (2014)

To advance RNAi therapy for KRAS-mutant cancer, we developed a validated siRNA library against RAS pathway genes that enables combination gene silencing. Using an in vivo model for real-time siRNA delivery tracking, we show that siRNA-mediated inhibition of KRAS as well as RAF or PI3K combinations can impair KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer in xenograft models.
Interfacial chemistry of a single-step phosphate/paint system (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInterfacial chemistry of a single-step phosphate/paint systemChhiu Tsu Lin, Ping Lin, and Fernando Quitian-PuelloCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1993, 32, 5, 818–825Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00017a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00017a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views179Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
FTY720 induces necrotic cell death and autophagy in ovarian cancer cells: A protective role of autophagy (2010)

FTY720, a sphingosine analog, is a novel immunosuppressant currently undergoing multiple clinical trials for the prevention of organ transplant rejection and treatment of various autoimmune diseases. Recent studies indicate an additional cytotoxic effect of FTY720 and its preclinical efficacy in a variety of cancer models, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We demonstrate here for the first time that FTY720 exhibits a potent, dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect in human ovarian cancer cells, even in the cells that are resistant to cisplatin, a commonly prescribed chemotherapeutic drug for treatment of ovarian cancer. In contrast to the previously reported cytotoxicity of FTY720 in many other cancer cell types, FTY720 kills ovarian cancer cells independent of caspase 3 activity and induces cellular swelling and cytoplasmic vacuolization with evident features of necrotic cell death. Furthermore, the presence of autophagic hallmarks, including an increased number of autophagosomes and the formation and accumulation of LC3-II, are observed in FTY720-treated cells before cell death. FTY720 treatment enhances autophagic flux as reflected in the increased LC3 turnover and p62 degradation. Notably, blockade of autophagy by either specific chemical inhibitors or siRNAs targeting Beclin 1 or LC3 resulted in aggravated necrotic cell death in response to FTY720, suggesting that FTY720-induced autophagy plays a self-protective role against its own cytotoxic effect. Thus, our findings not only demonstrate a new death pathway underlying the cytotoxic effect of FTY720, but also suggest that targeting autophagy could augment the anticancer potency, providing the framework for further development of FTY720 as a new chemotherapeutic agent for ovarian cancer treatment.
W-Band Chirp Radar Mock-Up Using a Glow Discharge Detector (2012)

Chirp or frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar is a very well-known method for range applications. Using the current technology, conventional FMCW radar for W-band waves requires the use of expensive microwave mixers and low noise amplifiers (LNA). A uniquely simple and inexpensive solution is presented using very inexpensive glow discharge detectors (GDDs). The use of GDDs enables direct beating between the electric field of the target signal and the reference signal eliminating the requirement for expensive millimeter wave mixers, sources, and LNAs. This unique solution to FMCW radar is proven to be capable of determining range to target, and creating 3-D radar images. In this paper, a proof of concept of chirp/FMCW radar detection using a GDD in the W-band regime is demonstrated experimentally. The GDD chirp radar system has the following advantages: 1) much simpler realization in short range applications; 2) rigid, room temperature operation; 3) sub-microsecond response time; 4) large dynamic range; and 5) immunity to high-power radiation.
Experiments in isolated digit recognition with a cochlear model (2005)

We have conducted speaker-independent isolated digit recognition experiments using vector quantized cochleagrams. Without the use of time order information, we were able to achieve a recognition rate of 97.24%. With a modified Viterbi algorithm we achieved a rate of 98.38%. Since we achieved a 98.05% recognition rate with a scheme that did static pattern matching on the first and second time-halves of our utterances, we must call into question the effectiveness with which the Viterbi algorithm uses time order information. Our results also lead us to conclude that future progress may depend on our ability to construct more sophisticated vector quantizers.
A Novel Chelation-Assisted Hydroesterification of Alkenes via Ruthenium Catalysis (2002)

An efficient and catalytic protocol of hydroesterification of alkenes has been developed without a need for CO atmosphere. With the introduction of the 2-pyridyl moiety as a chelating group in formate, Ru3(CO)12-catalyzed activation of the formyl C-H bond of formate and subsequent addition of the intermediate to alkenes proceeded with almost complete suppression of decarbonylation. Stereoselectivity of the produced one-carbon elongated esters was good to excellent for the formation of the linear adduct depending on the bulkiness of the alkenes used. This procedure could be readily applied to a variety of olefins such as terminal, internal, cyclic, bicyclic, vinyl ether, and conjugated enone systems with high efficiency and selectivity. It was also amenable to a solvent-free condition. On the basis of the chelation-driven C-H bond activation of formate, a putative mechanism of the Ru-catalyzed hydroesterification of 2-pyridylmethyl formate has been proposed.