gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Refmed Oils from Atlantic Salmon Belly as Affected by Degumming (2014)

This study was carried out to produce crude salmon oil from salmon bellies and purified oil by three purification stages: degumming with three different agents (hot water, 85% phosphoric acid, and 0.3% citric acid), neutralization with alkali, and bleaching with activated carbon.  The crude and purified oils were analyzed for yield, peroxide value, p-anisidine  value, free fatty acid, heavy metal and fatty acid composition. The results showed that yield of refined salmon oil was 33.7% of raw material used. Free fatty acid content, and peroxide and p-anisidine values were within acceptable ranges which indicated that the refined oil produced was of an acceptable quality. The degummed oil using citric acid and phosphoric acid had reduced iron and copper contents when compared to those formed in oil degummed with hot water, and the values were within the standard for edible fish oil. Besides fatty acid composition, refined oil showed a higher percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids was about 1.58-2.17.
Sodium and blood pressure 2003 (2004)

Compelling evidence of the role of salt intake on blood pressure and on other risk factors for cardiovascular disease, as well as new information regarding the feasibility of reducing salt intake, call for renewed efforts in this area as a major influence in reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Social Media Marketing: A Literature Review and Implications (2016)

ABSTRACT This study carries out content analysis and systemizes articles on social media marketing in the Web of Science database. Forty‐four studies were analyzed in accordance with a variation on the systematic review approach, involving synthesis‐ and interpretation‐based assessment. The results demonstrate how most of the studies analyzed focus on the consumer perspective in terms of usage, share, and influence of social media on consumer decisions, and perceptions. The studies focusing on the firm's perspective centered not only on the usage of social media, but also on their implementation, optimization, and measurement of results. The majority of studies are quantitative and published in recent years. This study not only reached certain conclusions for both theory and practice, but also defined future lines of research according to the gaps detected by the study's results.
Antiarrhythmic effects of two new propafenone related drugs. A study on four animal models of arrhythmia. (1991)

LG 6-101 (1-[3-(2-methoxy-3-(2-methylpropylamino)-propoxy)-4-methyl- 2-thienyl]-3-phenyl-1-propanone, hydrochloride) and LG 6-102 (2-(2-methoxy-3-propylamino-propoxy)-3-phenyl-propiophenone, hydrochloride) are two new antiarrhythmic drugs. They are structurally related to propafenone which is a widely used class 1 antiarrhythmic drug with relatively low bioavailability. Both substances were characterized in four animal models of arrhythmia and compared to propafenone. In isolated guinea pigs left auricles LG 6-101 and LG6-102 were about twice as effective as propafenone regarding the prolongation of the functional refractory period but did not decrease contractility more than propafenone. LG 6-101 was significantly more effective (p less than or equal to 0.002) than propafenone or LG 6-102 in delaying the onset of ventricular premature beats in ouabain induced arrhythmias in guinea pigs. In aconitine induced arrhythmias in rats, LG 6-101 and LG 6-102 did not differ in their antiarrhythmic effects from propafenone, whereas the protection against cardiac arrest was significantly (p less than or equal to 0.003) better for LG 6-101 than for propafenone or LG 6-102. In arrhythmias induced by occlusion of the left descending coronary artery in rats the drugs tested showed as good antiarrhythmic effects as propafenone. In this model the size of the ischemic area was also measured and LG 6-101 was the most effective drug in that respect. These results suggest that both LG 6-101 and LG 6-102 are potent antiarrhythmic substances which in some models were more effective than propafenone.
Effects of Lowering Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure on the Shape of the Peripapillary Retina in Intracranial Hypertension (2014)

PURPOSE. To analyze the deformations of the peripapillary retinal pigment epithelium–basement membrane (ppRPE/BM) layer in response to procedures that lower intracranial pressure (ICP). Second, to demonstrate how shape changes may complement the mean retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness as a measure of intracranial hypertension (ICH) and papilledema. METHODS. We used geometric morphometrics on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images to analyze shape change of the ppRPE/BM layer after several interventions that lower cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure. We also evaluated the effects of pressure-lowering interventions on both the anterior–posterior displacement of ppRPE/BM and the mean RNFL thickness. Forty-one patients with ICH and papilledema were studied before and after lumbar puncture (20), CSF shunt (9), and medical treatment of idiopathic ICH (23). We also compared the shape of 30 normal subjects to 23 patients whose papilledema resolved after medical treatment. RESULTS. The ppRPE/BM-layer in ICH and papilledema is characterized by an asymmetric anterior deformation that moves posteriorly and becomes more V-shaped after each pressure-lowering intervention. The differences were statistically significant for all three groups. These shape changes also occur in patients with ongoing ICH who have secondary optic atrophy (without papilledema). Posterior displacement at the margin of the ppRPE/BM layer correlated strongly with overall shape changes. CONCLUSIONS. The subsurface contour of the ppRPE/BM layer is a dynamic property that changes with CSF pressure-lowering interventions. It can supplement the RNFL thickness as an indirect gauge of ICP and is particularly helpful in patients with secondary optic atrophy. Direct measurements of displacement at the basement membrane opening may serve as a more convenient office-based surrogate for shape analysis.
The dual-sparse topic model (2014)

Topic modeling has been proved to be an effective method for exploratory text mining. It is a common assumption of most topic models that a document is generated from a mixture of topics. In real-world scenarios, individual documents usually concentrate on several salient topics instead of covering a wide variety of topics. A real topic also adopts a narrow range of terms instead of a wide coverage of the vocabulary. Understanding this sparsity of information is especially important for analyzing user-generated Web content and social media, which are featured as extremely short posts and condensed discussions. In this paper, we propose a dual-sparse topic model that addresses the sparsity in both the topic mixtures and the word usage. By applying a "Spike and Slab" prior to decouple the sparsity and smoothness of the document-topic and topic-word distributions, we allow individual documents to select a few focused topics and a topic to select focused terms, respectively. Experiments on different genres of large corpora demonstrate that the dual-sparse topic model outperforms both classical topic models and existing sparsity-enhanced topic models. This improvement is especially notable on collections of short documents.
Modeling Microdefect Formation in Czochralski Silicon (1999)

An internally consistent model is presented for the dynamic formation of microdefects in single‐crystal silicon. The model is built on the dynamics of point defects, vacancies and self‐interstitials, and is extended to include the growth of clusters of these point defects into microdefects. A hybrid finite‐element/finite‐difference numerical method is used to solve the coupled system of partial differential equations, which includes sets of discrete rate equations for small clusters and Fokker‐Planck equations for larger ones. As described previously by a point defect dynamics model [J. Electrochem. Soc., 145, 303 (1998)], the oxidation‐induced stacking fault (OSF)‐ring position delineates the vacancy‐rich region inside from the external interstitial‐rich crystal. In Czochralski silicon, the radial position of the OSF‐ring correlates well with the expression . Simulations are used to explore the formation of voids in the vacancy‐rich region inside the OSF‐ring. Predictions of the total concentration of observable voids and the dependence of this concentration on the cooling rate agree with experiments and point to the importance of the axial temperature profile in the crystal from the melting point (1685 K) down to about 1150 K in setting the number and size of voids. The total number of voids correlates with V 〈G〉 where 〈G〉 is a measure of the temperature gradient in the temperature range 1173 K ≤ T ≤ 1685 K. The appearance of the OSF‐ring is explained qualitatively in terms of the residual vacancy concentration remaining in the crystal after aggregation has ceased. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Novel Therapies Targeting the Endothelium in Sickle Cell Disease (2011)

The recognition of sickle cell disease as a chronic vasculopathy characterized by endothelial injury has led to new insights into complex biological processes and offers the potential for novel pharmacological treatments. Endothelial injury has been related to impaired nitric oxide (NO) homeostasis, inflammation, oxidative stress and coagulation activation. Therapeutic agents, especially those targeting multiple pathways of endothelial injury, including inflammation, thrombosis, oxidative stress and NO dysregulation are rational candidates for further exploration in sickle cell disease. This review will discuss novel drugs, specifically targeted at the endothelium, that are currently under investigation in sickle cell disease.
Betaine-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase-2 Is an S-Methylmethionine-Homocysteine Methyltransferase (2008)

We demonstrate that purified recombinant human betainehomocysteine methyltransferase-2 (BHMT-2) is a zinc metalloenzyme that uses S-methylmethionine (SMM) as a methyl donor for the methylation of homocysteine. Unlike the highly homologous betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), BHMT-2 cannot use betaine. The K(m) of BHMT-2 for SMM was determined to be 0.94 mm, and it has a turnover number similar to BHMT. Several compounds were tested as inhibitors of recombinant human BHMT and BHMT-2. The SMM-specific methyltransferase activity of BHMT-2 is not inhibited by dimethylglycine and betaine, whereas the former is a potent inhibitor of BHMT. Methionine is a stronger inhibitor of BHMT-2 than BHMT, and S-adenosylmethionine does not inhibit BHMT but is a weak inhibitor of BHMT-2. BHMT can use SMM as a methyl donor with a k(cat)/K(m) that is 5-fold lower than the k(cat)/K(m) for betaine. However, SMM does not inhibit BHMT activity when it is presented to the enzyme at concentrations that are 10-fold greater than the subsaturating amounts of betaine used in the assay. Based on these data, it is our current hypothesis that in vivo most if not all of the SMM-dependent methylation of homocysteine occurs via BHMT-2.
The role of magnesium in the endothelial dysfunction caused by global ischemia followed by reperfusion:<i>in vitro</i>study of canine coronary arteries (2003)

This in vitro study demonstrates that magnesium ion favorably influences the nitric oxide production by the coronary endothelium, attenuating the endothelial dysfunction caused by global ischemia followed by reperfusion.
The Enigma of the Liganded Hemoglobin End State:  A Novel Quaternary Structure of Human Carbonmonoxy Hemoglobin<sup>,</sup> (2005)

The liganded hemoglobin (Hb) high-salt crystallization condition described by Max Perutz has generated three different crystals of human adult carbonmonoxy hemoglobin (COHbA). The first crystal is isomorphous with the "classical" liganded or R Hb structure. The second crystal reveals a new liganded Hb quaternary structure, RR2, that assumes an intermediate conformation between the R form and another liganded Hb quaternary structure, R2, which was discovered more than a decade ago. Like the R2 structure, the diagnostic R state hydrogen bond between beta2His97 and alpha1Thr38 is missing in the RR2 structure. The third crystal adopts a novel liganded Hb conformation, which we have termed R3, and it shows substantial quaternary structural differences from the R, RR2, and R2 structures. The quaternary structure differences between T and R3 are as large as those between T and R2; however, the T --> R3 and T --> R2 transitions are in different directions as defined by rigid-body screw rotation. Moreover, R3 represents an end state. Compared to all known liganded Hb structures, R3 shows remarkably reduced strain at the alpha-heme, reduced steric contact between the beta-heme ligand and the distal residues, smaller alpha- and beta-clefts, and reduced alpha1-alpha2 and beta1-beta2 iron-iron distances. Together, these unique structural features in R3 should make it the most relaxed and/or greatly enhance its affinity for oxygen compared to the other liganded Hbs. The current Hb structure-function relationships that are now based on T --> R, T -->R --> R2, or T --> R2 --> R transitions may have to be reexamined to take into account the RR2 and R3 liganded structures.
Thiones and Thials. (1946)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThiones and Thials.E. CampaingeCite this: Chem. Rev. 1946, 39, 1, 1–77Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1946Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1946https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60122a001https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60122a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1299Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Anisotropic reactive ion etching of titanium (1989)

The reactive ion etching of titanium is described using rf discharges of CCl4 and O2 with additions of fluorine containing gases. Because of these additions the titanium etch rate increases substantially in comparison with the pure CCl4/O2 plasma. This is presumably due to a shift of equilibrium reactions within the discharge towards the production of the volatile etch product. Process parameters are given for which the reactive ion etching of titanium with a photoresist mask is highly anisotropic and an etch end point control by optical emission spectroscopy is possible.
Use of sorbents for air toxics control in a pilot-scale COHPAC baghouse (1999)

With funding from EPRI and Public Service Electric and Gas (PSE and G), ADA Technologies has been operating a COHPAC (COmpact Hybrid PArticulate Collector) pulse-jet pilot plant at PSE and G's Hudson station in Jersey City, NJ to expand the application of COHPAC in anticipation of hazardous air pollutants (HAP) regulations. The pilot extracts a slipstream of flue gas from downstream of Hudson's full-scale ESP (a four-field Research Cottrell unit). A series of tests has been run over the past two and one-half years to evaluate the injection of dry sorbents upstream of the COHPAC pilot for removal of acid gases and mercury from the flue gas slipstream. The COHPAC baghouse subsequently removes the sorbent material from the flue gas. Gas samples were taken upstream of sorbent injection and downstream of the pilot to characterize the ability of the sorbents to remove targeted HAPs. The operation of the pilot was also monitored during testing to characterize the impact of sorbent injection on the performance of the baghouse. Data collected during 1998 are compared to data from 1997, when the pilot was operated at a higher air-to-cloth ratio.
Continuous THz-wave generation using antenna-integrated uni-travelling-carrier photodiodes (2005)

Photonic generation of continuous millimetre- and sub-millimetre waves up to the THz range using antenna-integrated uni-travelling-carrier photodiodes is described. A device integrating a wideband log-periodic antenna exhibits a maximum output power of 2.6 ?W at 1.04 THz with good linearity. A module with a quasi-optical output port fabricated for practical use generates almost the same output power as the chip at around 1 THz and operates at frequencies of up to 1.5 THz. The output power level and the operation frequency are records for wideband photodiodes operating at 1.55 ?m. Devices integrating resonant narrowband dipole antennae have also been fabricated and the output power increases at resonant peak frequencies confirmed. The device having a peak at 1.04 THz exhibits a maximum (detected) output power of 10.9??W at 1.04 THz with good linearity. This output power is the highest value ever directly generated from a photodiode in the THz range, and several times higher than the maximum value reported by the low-temperature-grown GaAs photoconductive switch at around 1 THz.
Optimal Design of a Quantum Dot Color Conversion Film in LCD Backlighting (2017)

The design of the quantum dot (QD) color conversion film in the liquid crystal display (LCD) backlighting is optimized in terms of reducing the required amount of relatively expensive QD materials. It is demonstrated for the first time that a dichroic filter on the QD color conversion film can be optimized in terms of its blue emission transmittance, which results in a reduction of over 30% of the amount of QD materials required, while maintaining the targeted color coordinate, color gamut, and the optical output of the backlight. In addition, it is found for the first time, that there is a strong impact of the reflectance of the backlight reflector on the optical output when a dichroic filter is employed. The significant implication of the present simulation results to the optimal design of more efficient backlight for LCDs is outlined.
eXpose: A Character-Level Convolutional Neural Network with Embeddings For Detecting Malicious URLs, File Paths and Registry Keys (2017)

For years security machine learning research has promised to obviate the need for signature based detection by automatically learning to detect indicators of attack. Unfortunately, this vision hasn't come to fruition: in fact, developing and maintaining today's security machine learning systems can require engineering resources that are comparable to that of signature-based detection systems, due in part to the need to develop and continuously tune the "features" these machine learning systems look at as attacks evolve. Deep learning, a subfield of machine learning, promises to change this by operating on raw input signals and automating the process of feature design and extraction. In this paper we propose the eXpose neural network, which uses a deep learning approach we have developed to take generic, raw short character strings as input (a common case for security inputs, which include artifacts like potentially malicious URLs, file paths, named pipes, named mutexes, and registry keys), and learns to simultaneously extract features and classify using character-level embeddings and convolutional neural network. In addition to completely automating the feature design and extraction process, eXpose outperforms manual feature extraction based baselines on all of the intrusion detection problems we tested it on, yielding a 5%-10% detection rate gain at 0.1% false positive rate compared to these baselines.
Randomised trial of prophylactic daily aspirin in British male doctors (1988)

A six year randomised trial was conducted among 5139 apparently healthy male doctors to see whether 500 mg aspirin daily would reduce the incidence of and mortality from stroke, myocardial infarction, or other vascular conditions. Though total mortality was 10% lower in the treated than control group, this difference was not statistically significant and chiefly involved diseases other than stroke or myocardial infarction. Likewise, there was no significant difference in the incidence of non-fatal myocardial infarction or stroke--indeed, disabling strokes were somewhat commoner among those allocated aspirin. The lower confidence limit for the effect of aspirin on non-fatal stroke or myocardial infarction, however, was a substantial 25% reduction. Migraine and certain types of musculoskeletal pain were reported significantly less often in the treated than control group, but as the control group was not given a placebo the relevance of these findings was difficult to assess. There was no apparent reduction in the incidence of cataract in the treated group. The lack of any apparent reduction in disabling stroke or vascular death contrasts with the established value of antiplatelet treatment after occlusive vascular disease.
Learning Discriminative Projections for Text Similarity Measures (2011)

Traditional text similarity measures consider each term similar only to itself and do not model semantic relatedness of terms. We propose a novel discriminative training method that projects the raw term vectors into a common, low-dimensional vector space. Our approach operates by finding the optimal matrix to minimize the loss of the pre-selected similarity function (e.g., cosine) of the projected vectors, and is able to efficiently handle a large number of training examples in the highdimensional space. Evaluated on two very different tasks, cross-lingual document retrieval and ad relevance measure, our method not only outperforms existing state-of-the-art approaches, but also achieves high accuracy at low dimensions and is thus more efficient. 1
Analytical variables of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-based detection of disseminated prostate cancer cells. (2000)

Early systemic spread of occult tumor cells that may develop into founders of incurable distant metastasis has been identified in prostate cancer patients by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) amplification of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA. Nevertheless, the introduction of this new staging tool into the clinical setting has been hampered by the disparate and contradictory data on the sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR methods reported recently. We used PSA RT-PCR to examine the influence of analytical variables such as priming and enzyme of reverse transcriptase reaction, temperature and time of primer annealing, primer extension and denaturation, as well as the concentrations of magnesium chloride, Taq polymerase, deoxynucleotide triphosphate, primers and BSA on the amplification process. By systematically varying these chemical and physical components, we could demonstrate a significant increase in amplification yield and in stringency of primer annealing. This may explain the wide variety of published findings on molecular staging of prostate cancer, which currently impedes the clinical introduction of PSA RT-PCR assays in prostate cancer. Methodological analyses are needed for standardization and quality assurance to achieve reproducible molecular methods that can be used in clinical practice.