gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional Modeling Of Intumescent Behavior In Fires (1997)

A method of studying the swelling and thermal behavior of intumescent materials using understanding of the basic physical and chemical processes is described. The material is treated as a highly viscous fluid with properties dependent on temperature. The growth rate, migration, and thermal effects of a large number of bubbles are individually calculated using approximate analytical solutions to mass, momentum, and energy equations, and the collective behavior is obtained as a summation of the individual velocity and temperature fields. The approach and implementation of this model are described and demonstrated.
Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> extraction of organic carbonate-based electrolytes of lithium-ion batteries (2014)

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was applied to reclaim organic carbonate-based electrolytes of spent lithium-ion batteries.
Water Resources Adaptation to Global Changes: Risk Management through Sustainable Infrastructure Planning and Management (2008)

Global changes due to climatic variations, demographic changes and economic development, have impacts on the quality and quantity of potable and irrigation source waters. Internal and external climatic forcings, for example, redistribute precipitation seasonally and spatially in the temperate contiguous United States. This change is expressed in hydrologic periodicity, dry and wet period switching frequency, and the change in maximum rainfall intensity. Spatially, the long-term change is shown by increased precipitation in the eastern U.S., flash floods in the lower Mississippi River basin, and intensified droughts in the Great Plain and South-western states, and the southern California. In Florida and other coastal areas, greater degrees of salt water intrusion to productive aquifers could materialise due to predicted rise in sea levels. Data mining of historical hydrologic records has shown the existence of these regional patterns. The results are in general agreement with the published general circulation model outputs. In addition, water usage has changed with time and water demand has been redistributed spatially as population centres shifted in the past decades. Quantitative impact analysis focusing on water availability and demand changes is important to risk management and adaptive infrastructure development at various watershed scales. In this approach, adaptive engineering techniques and management methods can be proposed for each relatively homogeneous hydrologic region. Examples include water reuse in the water-stressed Florida, the Great Plain states and California, salt-water intrusion mitigation in Florida and coastal areas, adaptive hydrological engineering in the eastern U.S., Ohio River valley, and lower Mississippi River basin. These results are discussed to highlight the importance of engineering factors (e.g., design storms, groundwater level control) in adaptation of water infrastructure planning and management.
REACTION OF α-BROMO-α,β-UNSATURATED ESTERS AND BUTENOLIDES WITH MALONAMIC ESTERS (1980)

Abstract α-Bromo-α,β-unsaturated esters and α-bromobutenolides reacted with sodium salts of methyl malonamates to afford cyclopropanes, α-methoxycarbonyllactams and 5-amino-4-methoxycarbonyl-2,3-dihydrofurans. The last compounds could be easily converted into α-methoxycarbonyl-γ-lactones. The ratio of these compounds formed is influenced by the structures of both malonamates and unsaturated compounds, especially by the substituents at nitrogen of the malonamates, and by the reaction conditions.
Pathogenesis and diagnosis of tumor lysis syndrome (2019)

Tumor lysis syndrome(TLS)is an emergency in hematology and oncology department.It is a serious or fatal complication of malignancy patients.This article summarized its definition, etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis.Early identification of its clinical manifestations, familiar with the risk factors and severity grading leading to TLS, and targeted early prevention and treatment can save the lives of the patients with TLS.


Key words: 
Tumor lysis syndrome; Pediatrics; Leukemia; Lymphoma
Active High Power Conversion Efficiency Rectifier With Built-In Dual-Mode Back Telemetry in Standard CMOS Technology (2008)

In this paper, we present an active rectifier with high power conversion efficiency (PCE) implemented in a 0.5- mum 5 V standard CMOS technology with two modes of built-in back telemetry; short- and open-circuit. As a rectifier, it ensures a PCE > 80%, taking advantage of active synchronous rectification technique in the frequency range of 0.125-1 MHz. The built-in complementary back telemetry feature can be utilized in implantable microelectronic devices (IMD), wireless sensors, and radio frequency identification (RFID) applications to reduce the silicon area, increase the data rate, and improve the reading range and robustness in load shift keying (LSK).
Transmission holographic polymer‐dispersed liquid crystal based on fluorinated polymer matrices (2008)

The grating formation dynamics, morphology and electro‐optical properties of transmission gratings of holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals (HPDLCs) were investigated based on partial fluorination of the host polymer matrices by incorporating three different types of fluorinated monomer. Addition and increasing amounts of fluorinated monomer gave short saturation time and increased off‐state diffraction efficiency with a maximum due to the chemical incompatibility between fluorinated compounds and LC, whereas the droplet size increased with increasing fluorinated monomer content. In addition, fluorinated monomer induced decreased switching voltage and increased response time due to the low anchoring energy at the polymer–LC interfaces and increased droplet size. At an optimum content of fluorinated monomer, a minimum switching voltage of 5 V µm−1, a rise time of 0.25 ms and a decay time of 23.15 ms were obtained.
PREPARATION OF CUBE-SHAPED C<font>d</font>S NANOPARTICLES BY SONOCHEMICAL METHOD (2002)

Cube-shaped CdS nanoparticles have been successfully prepared by a sonochemical method in an oil-in-water microemulsion. The product was characterized by using techniques including X-ray powder diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. This microemulsion system in the presence of high-intensity ultrasound irradiation provides special conditions for the nucleation and growth of the CdS nanoparticles.
Metabolism of Benzo(a)pyrene by Human Epithelial and Fibroblastic Cells: Metabolite Patterns and DNA Adduct Formation (1982)

We demonstrate in cell culture that mammary epithelial cells from normal human breast specimens metabolize benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and form adducts with the bases of their DNA more readily and at lower concentrations of BaP than do fibroblasts from the same specimens. BaP metabolism and adduct formation was determined in the same incubations with epithelial cells grown out in early passage from each of three specimens and with fibroblasts from one of these specimens. The metabolite pattern of the epithelial cells was indicative of preferential formation of 7, 8-dihydrodiol-9, 10-dihydroepoxybenzo(a)pyrene the ultimate carcinogen. In contrast, fibroblasts formed mainly mono- and dihydroxide derivatives of BaP. The metabolite pattern from epithelial cells was compatible with the ease in which adducts between DNA and the diolepoxide of benzo(a)pyrene were formed. These results provide evidence that chemical carcinogens should be considered as possible factors in the induction of breast cancer in women.
Significance of low serum alkaline phosphatase activity in a predominantly adult male population (1995)

The causes for low serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity (reference range 30-115 U/L) in a large Veterans Medical Center were reviewed. Of 69,864 ALP determinations made over a 4-year period, 130 were low (< 30 U/L, 0.19%), representing 88 individual patients. Of these, 83 (primarily men, 96%) patients' charts were reviewed and classified into two groups, those with and those without conditions previously reported to be associated with decreased serum ALP activity: 47% had conditions associated with low ALP activity, the most frequent being cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass (26.5%), malnutrition (12.0%), magnesium deficiency (4.8%), hypothyroidism (2.4%), and severe anemia (1.2%); 53% of patients did not have clinical conditions previously associated with low ALP activity. No case of clinically apparent hypophosphatasia, for which low ALP activity is the defining characteristic, was found in this population of veterans. A low serum ALP may be of significance in other patient populations such as children, where it is associated with achondroplasia and cretinism, or in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis taking estrogen replacement therapy. In the predominantly adult male population in this study, low ALP activity was rare; it was seen most frequently in cardiac surgery patients postoperatively, a clinical condition heretofore not commonly associated with low serum ALP activity.
ChemInform Abstract: CHALCOGENOLATES. 151. STUDIES ON DERIVATIVES OF N‐THIOFORMYLDITHIOCARBAMIC ACID. 1. SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF N‐THIOFORMYLDITHIOCARBAMATES (1985)

Abstract Die Reaktion von (I) (Darstellung aus Formamid und P 4 Sm) mit NaH und CS 2 führt zum Na‐Salz (VIIIa); da dieses jedoch vom Nebenprodukt Na 2 CS 3 nur schwer abzutrennen ist, wird es zunächst in (IV) übergeführt.
HIGH POWER TESTS OF A MULTIMODE X-BAND RF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (2004)

We present a multimode X-band rf pulse compression system suitable for the Next Linear Collider (NLC). The NLC main linacs operate at 11.424 GHz. A single NLC rf unit is required which produce 400 ns pulses with 600 MW of peak power. Each rf unit should power approximately 5 meters of accelerator structures. These rf units consist of two 75 MW klystrons and a dual-moded resonant delay line pulse compression system [1] that produce a flat output pulse. The pulse compression system components are all over moded and most components are design to operate with two modes at the same time. This approach allows increasing the power handling capabilities of the system while maintain a compact inexpensive system. We detail the design of this system and present experimental cold test results. The high power testing of the system is verified using four 50-MW solenoid focused klystrons. These Klystrons should be able to push the system beyond NLC requirements.
Membrane–buffer partition coefficients of semiquinones using the spin-broadening technique (1993)

Membrane–buffer partition coefficients have been determined for 1,4-benzosemiquinone (BQ·–), 1,4-naphthosemiquinone (NQ·–) and naphthazarin semiquinone (NZQ·–) in egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine (PC) multilamellar vesicles in sodium cacodylate buffer at pH 7.4, utilizing electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Partition coefficients are in the order BQ·– < NZQ·– < NQ·–, which is the same order followed by the octanol–water partition coefficients of their parent neutral quinones. A method is proposed for the determination of the fraction of semiquinones at the membrane which are located in the hydrophobic inner site. This fraction also follows the same order as the partition coefficients.
Possible Mechanism of Miltefosine-Mediated Death of <i>Leishmania donovani</i> (2004)

Miltefosine causes leishmanial death, but the possible mechanism(s) of action is not known. The mode of action of miltefosine was investigated in vitro in Leishmania donovani promastigotes as well as in extra- and intracellular amastigotes. Here, we demonstrate that miltefosine induces apoptosis-like death in L. donovani based on observed phenomena such as nuclear DNA condensation, DNA fragmentation with accompanying ladder formation, and in situ labeling of DNA fragments by the terminal deoxyribonucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling method. Understanding of miltefosine-mediated death will facilitate the design of new therapeutic strategies against Leishmania parasites.
Shh maintains dermal papilla identity and hair morphogenesis via a Noggin–Shh regulatory loop (2012)

During hair follicle morphogenesis, dermal papillae (DPs) function as mesenchymal signaling centers that cross-talk with overlying epithelium to regulate morphogenesis. While the DP regulates hair follicle formation, relatively little is known about the molecular basis of DP formation. The morphogen Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is known for regulating hair follicle epithelial growth, with excessive signaling resulting in basal cell carcinomas. Here, we investigate how dermal-specific Shh signaling contributes to DP formation and hair growth. Using a Cre-lox genetic model and RNAi in hair follicle reconstitution assays, we demonstrate that dermal Smoothened (Smo) loss of function results in the loss of the DP precursor, the dermal condensate, and a stage 2 hair follicle arrest phenotype reminiscent of Shh(-/-) skin. Surprisingly, dermal Smo does not regulate cell survival or epithelial proliferation. Rather, molecular screening and immunostaining studies reveal that dermal Shh signaling controls the expression of a subset of DP-specific signature genes. Using a hairpin/cDNA lentiviral system, we show that overexpression of the Shh-dependent gene Noggin, but not Sox2 or Sox18, can partially rescue the dermal Smo knockdown hair follicle phenotype by increasing the expression of epithelial Shh. Our findings suggest that dermal Shh signaling regulates specific DP signatures to maintain DP maturation while maintaining a reciprocal Shh-Noggin signaling loop to drive hair follicle morphogenesis.
Effect of Top Dielectric Medium on Gate Capacitance of Graphene Field Effect Transistors: Implications in Mobility Measurements and Sensor Applications (2010)

We have carried out Hall measurement on back-gated graphene field effect transistors (FET) with and without a top dielectric medium. The gate efficiency increases by up to 2 orders of magnitude in the presence of a high κ top dielectric medium, but the mobility does not change significantly. Our measurement further shows that the back-gate capacitance is enhanced dramatically by the top dielectric medium, and the enhancement increases with the size of the top dielectric medium. Our work strongly suggests that the previously reported top dielectric medium-induced charge transport properties of graphene FETs are possibly due to the increase of gate capacitance, rather than enhancement of carrier mobility.
Early interventions in severe sepsis and septic shock: a review of the evidence one decade later. (2012)

The outcomes of acute myocardial infarction, trauma, and stroke have improved by implementing processes that provide early diagnosis and aggressive interventions at the most proximal point of disease presentation. A common feature in these conditions is the implementation of early intervention strategies. One decade ago, a similar approach to sepsis began when a prospective randomized trial compared early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) to standard care using specific criteria for the early identification of high risk patients with infection. The components of EGDT were derived from expert consensus opinion to produce a protocol to reverse the hemodynamic perturbations of hypovolemia, vasodysregulation, myocardial suppression and increased metabolic demands for patients with severe sepsis in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, EGDT was provided at the most proximal phase of disease presentation in the Emergency Department (ED). With EGDT, a reduction in mortality of over 16% was shown over standard care. Since the EGDT study was published a decade ago, significant emphasis worldwide has been placed on a comprehensive approach to the first 6 hours of sepsis management which is commonly referred to as the resuscitation bundle (RB). The RB consists of early diagnosis, risk stratification using lactate levels, hemodynamic response after a fluid challenge, antibiotics, source control and hemodynamic optimization or EGDT. This review will examine one decade of evidence for the components of the RB examining its impact on systemic inflammation, the progression of organ failure, health care resource consumption and mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock.
Cytogenetics for the model system <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (1998)

A detailed karyotype of Arabidopsis thaliana is presented using meiotic pachytene cells in combination with fluorescence in situ hybridization. The lengths of the five pachytene bivalents varied between 50 and 80 microns, which is 20-25 times longer than mitotic metaphase chromosomes. The analysis confirms that the two longest chromosomes (1 and 5) are metacentric and the two shortest chromosomes (2 and 4) are acrocentric and carry NORs subterminally in their short arms, while chromosome 3 is submetacentric and medium sized. Detailed mapping of the centromere position further revealed that the length variation between the pachytene bivalents comes from the short arms. Individual chromosomes were unambiguously identified by their combinations of relative lengths, arm-ratios, presence of NOR knobs and FISH signals with a 5S rDNA probe and chromosome specific DNA probes. Polymorphisms were found among six ecotypes with respect to the number and map positions of 5S rDNA loci. All ecotypes contain 5S rDNA in the short arms of chromosomes 4 and 5. Three different patterns were observed regarding the presence and position of a 5S rDNA locus on chromosome 3. Repetitive DNA clones enabled us to subdivide the pericentromeric heterochromatin into a central domain, characterized by pAL1 and 106B repeats, which accommodate the functional centromere and two flanking domains, characterized by the 17 A20 repeat sequences. The upper flanking domains of chromosomes 4 and 5, and in some ecotypes also chromosome 3, contain a 5S rDNA locus. The detection of unique cosmids and YAC sequences demonstrates that detailed physical mapping of Arabidopsis chromosomes by cytogenetic techniques is feasible. Together with the presented karyotype this makes Arabidopsis a model system for detailed cytogenetic mapping.
Purification of a Ca<sup>2+</sup>/calmodulin‐dependent nitric oxide synthase from porcine cerebellum (1990)

L-Arginine-derived nitric oxide acts as an inter- and intracellular signal molecule with cytosolic guanylyl cyclase as the effector system. Two NO synthase isoenzymes are postulated: a cytokine-inducible enzyme in macrophages and a constitutive, Ca2(+)-regulated enzyme in various other cells. An NO synthase was isolated from porcine cerebellum by ammonium sulfate precipitation and affinity chromatography on 2',5'-ADP-Sepharose. The enzyme was identified as an NO synthase with a specific NO-chemiluminescence method and with purified cytosolic guanylyl cyclase as an NO-sensitive detection system. The purified NO synthase was, besides Ca2+/calmodulin and NADPH, largely dependent on tetrahydrobiopterin as a cofactor.
Tumor Necrosis Factor and Interleukin-1 Lead to Phosphorylation and Loss of IκBα: a Mechanism for NF-κB Activation (1993)

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) is a critical regulator of several genes which are involved in immune and inflammation responses. NF-kappa B, consisting of a 50-kDa protein (p50) and a 65-kDa protein (p65), is bound to a cytoplasmic retention protein called I kappa B. Stimulation of cells with a variety of inducers, including cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1, leads to the activation and the translocation of p50/65 NF-kappa B into the nucleus. However, the in vivo mechanism of the activation process remains unknown. Here, we provide the first evidence that the in vivo mechanism of NF-kappa B activation is through the phosphorylation and subsequent loss of its inhibitor, I kappa B alpha. We also show that both I kappa B alpha loss and NF-kappa B activation are inhibited in the presence of antioxidants, demonstrating that the loss of I kappa B alpha is a prerequisite for NF-kappa B activation. Finally, we demonstrate that I kappa B alpha is rapidly resynthesized after loss, indicating that an autoregulatory mechanism is involved in the regulation of NF-kappa B function. We propose a mechanism for the activation of NF-kappa B through the modification and loss of I kappa B alpha, thereby establishing its role as a mediator of NF-kappa B activation.
Choice of allocation granularity in multipath source routing schemes (2002)

Multipath source routing schemes can be distinguished by their choice of allocation granularity. The schemes proposed in the literature advocate a per-connection allocation wherein all the packets of a connection are constrained to follow the same path. The authors believe that a smaller allocation granularity permits a finer control to be exerted and would result in improved performance, especially in the presence of bursty traffic sources. A simple two-node network is used to compare the performance of both allocation schemes. An analytical model is developed to compute the resequencing delay distribution for the per-packet allocation. It is observed that as the burstiness of the arrival process increases, the per-packet allocation is able to accommodate bursts in a more graceful fashion, resulting in better performance. The per-packet allocation also permits a more equitable distribution of network resources than the per-connection.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mucin glycosylating enzyme GALNT2 suppresses malignancy in gastric adenocarcinoma by reducing MET phosphorylation (2016)

Glycosylation affects malignancy in cancer. Here, we report that N- acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (GALNT2), an enzyme that mediates the initial step of mucin type-O glycosylation, suppresses malignant phenotypes in gastric adenocarcinoma (GCA) by modifying MET (Hepatocyte growth factor receptor) activity. GALNT2 mRNA and protein were downregulated in GCAs, and this reduction was associated with more advanced disease stage and shorter recurrence-free survival. Suppressing GALNT2 expression in GCA cells increased cell growth, migration, and invasion in vitro, and tumor metastasis in vivo. GALNT2 knockdown enhanced phosphorylation of MET and decreased expression of the Tn antigen on MET. Inhibiting MET activity with PHA665752 decreased the malignant phenotypes caused by GALNT2 knockdown in GCA cells. Our results indicate that GALNT2 suppresses the malignant potential of GCA cells and provide novel insights into the significance of O-glycosylation in MET activity and GCA progression.