gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gigahertz Frequency-Domain Fluorometry: Applications To Picosecond Processes And Future Developments (1988)

We describe our frequency-domain fluorometer which allows phase angle and demodulation measurements from 8 MHz to 2 GHz. This instrument using the harmonic content of a 7.59 MHz train of 5 ps pulses as the modulated excitation source. The detector is a microchannel plate PMT (R1564U), whose bandwidth extends to 2 GHz. Using this instrument we examined rapid rotational motions of indole in low viscosity solvents. To date, the shortest correlation time we have determined was 7 ps, for indole in methanol at 80°C. For indole in cyclohexane at 20°C we were able to resolve two rotational correlation times of 17 and 73 ps. It now appears that the frequency range can be extended to 8 GHz, so still faster processes should be observable.
A new control algorithm for bimorph mirrors (2002)

A new control algorithm for bimorph mirrors is presented. The method is based on wave-front presentation by Zernike polynomials and application of a specific least square optimization technique for calculation of the control voltages. A complete control algorithm utilises the above-mentioned principles has been developed in application to bimorph deformable mirrors. The influence function matrix is calculated analytically and depends only on the electrode pattern and the set of surface-matching points and therefore, does not need to be recalculated for each surface function. The algorithm provides an accurate wave-front fitting by the deformable mirror surface in the least-square sense, and allows one to avoid the problems associated with the "one-to-one" control scheme, as it has been demonstrated by computer simulation of a bimorph mirror optical system with 11 control electrodes.
Room temperature single-photon source: single-dye molecule fluorescence in liquid crystal host (2003)

We report on new approaches toward an implementation of an efficient, room temperature, deterministically polarized, single-photon source (SPS) on demand-a key hardware element for quantum information and quantum communication. Operation of a room temperature SPS is demonstrated via photon antibunching in the fluorescence from single terrylene-dye molecules embedded in a cholesteric liquid crystal host. Using oxygen-depleted liquid crystal hosts, dye-bleaching was avoided over the course of more than 1 h of continuous 532-nm excitation. Liquid crystal hosts (including liquid crystal oligomers/polymers) permit further increase of the efficiency of the source: 1) by aligning the dye molecules along a direction preferable for maximum excitation efficiency; 2) by tuning a one-dimensional (1-D) photonic-band-gap microcavity of planar-aligned cholesteric (chiral nematic) liquid crystal layer to the dye fluorescence band.
Purification of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells from Rat Cortices by Immunopanning (2013)

This protocol describes how to purify oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) from postnatal rodent brains. The method utilizes an immunopanning technique to first remove unwanted cells by negative selection and then purify OPCs by positive selection and subsequent enzymatic release from the final panning plate. Included are modifications that allow for purification and culturing of OPCs from mouse instead of rat tissue and for use of optic nerves instead of whole brains. The method for isolating OPCs from whole brain can be used for isolating OPCs from any specific region of the brain, provided that the area can be dissected away from the rest of the tissue. Suggested culture media for maintaining proliferating OPCs or inducing oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation are also described.
More targets, more pathways and more clues for mutant p53 (2013)

Mutations in the transcription factor p53 are among the most common genetic alterations in human cancer, and missense p53 mutations in cancer cells can lead to aggressive phenotypes. So far, only few studies investigated transcriptional reprogramming under mutant p53 expression as a means to identify deregulated targets and pathways. A review of the literature was carried out focusing on mutant p53-dependent transcriptome changes with the aims of (i) verifying whether different p53 mutations can be equivalent for their effects, or whether there is a mutation-specific transcriptional reprogramming of target genes, (ii) understanding what is the main mechanism at the basis of upregulation or downregulation of gene expression under the p53 mutant background, (iii) identifying novel candidate target genes of WT and/or mutant p53 and (iv) defining cellular pathways affected by the mutant p53-dependent gene expression reprogramming. Nearly 600 genes were consistently found upregulated or downregulated upon ectopic expression of mutant p53, regardless of the specific p53 mutation studied. Promoter analysis and the use of ChIP-seq data indicate that, for most genes, the expression changes could be ascribed to a loss both of WT p53 transcriptional activation and repressor functions. Pathway analysis indicated changes in the metabolism/catabolism of amino acids such as aspartate, glutamate, arginine and proline. Novel p53 candidate target genes were also identified, including ARID3B, ARNT2, CLMN, FADS1, FTH1, KPNA2, LPHN2, PARD6B, PDE4C, PIAS2, PRPF40A, PYGL and RHOBTB2, involved in the metabolism, xenobiotic responses and cell differentiation.
Flexible Vapor Control Solves Moisture Problems of Building Assemblies-Smart Retarder to Replace the Conventional PE-Film (1999)

S.95-102
The high-flux backscattering spectrometer at the NIST Center for Neutron Research (2003)

We describe the design and current performance of the high-flux backscattering spectrometer located at the NIST Center for Neutron Research. The design incorporates several state-of-the-art neutron optical devices to achieve the highest flux on sample possible while maintaining an energy resolution of less than 1 μeV. Foremost among these is a novel phase-space transformation chopper that significantly reduces the mismatch between the beam divergences of the primary and secondary parts of the instrument. This resolves a long-standing problem of backscattering spectrometers, and produces a relative gain in neutron flux of 4.2. A high-speed Doppler-driven monochromator system has been built that is capable of achieving energy transfers of up to ±50 μeV, thereby extending the dynamic range of this type of spectrometer by more than a factor of 2 over that of other reactor-based backscattering instruments.
Interferometric recording of high-quality zone plates in spatially incoherent illumination (1983)

An interferometer capable of producing high-quality off-axis zone plates in spatially incoherent light is described. An example is shown that demonstrates the noise-suppressing ability of the spatially incoherent process.
Measurements of the Flowfield Interaction Between Tandem Cylinders (2009)

This paper presents the most recent measurements from an ongoing investigation of the unsteady wake interference between a pair of circular cylinders in tandem. The purpose of this investigation is to help build an in-depth experimental database for this canonical flow configuration that embodies the effects of component interaction in landing gear noise. This new set of measurements augments the previous database at the primary Reynolds number (based on tunnel speed and cylinder diameter) of 1.66 105 in four important respects. First, better circumferential resolution of surface pressure fluctuations is obtained via cylinder "clocking". Second, higher resolution particle image velocimetry measurements of the shear layer separating from the cylinders are achieved. Third, the effects of simultaneous boundary layer trips along both the front and rear cylinders, versus front cylinder alone in the previous measurements, are studied. Lastly, on-surface and off-surface characteristics of unsteady flow near the "critical" cylinder spacing, wherein the flow switches intermittently between two states that are characteristic of lower and higher spacings, are examined. This critical spacing occurs in the middle of a relatively sudden change in the drag of either cylinder and is characterized by a loud intermittent noise and a flow behavior that randomly transitions between shear layer attachment to the rear cylinder and constant shedding and rollup in front of it. Analysis of this bistable flow state reveals much larger spanwise correlation lengths of surface pressure fluctuations than those at larger and smaller values of the cylinder spacing.
Changes in plasma insulin related to the type of dietary carbohydrate in overweight hyperlipidemic male patients. (1971)

Five patients with mild diabetes mellitus or angina pectoris were studied, each of whom consumed two sequential diets containing 40 to 50% carbohydrate. When 75% of the dietary carbohydrate was derived from food containing polysaccharides, the mean plasma insulin response to oral glucose was decreased relative to that seen following complementary diets providing carbohydrate mainly as simple sugars. Under both dietary conditions, glucose tolerance was improved compared to that seen prior to the study. These results suggest that with sugar restriction an improvement in the efficiency of the pancreatic beta-cell mechanism occurs. This effect may have been mediated by changes in the rate of secretion of pancreatic glucagon, or by an enteric secretogogue of insulin.
Isoform Transitions of the Myosin Binding Protein C Family in Developing Human and Mouse Muscles (1998)

Mutations in the gene for the cardiac isoform of myosin binding protein C (MyBP-C) have been identified as the cause of chromosome 11-associated autosomal-dominant familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC). Most mutations produce a truncated polypeptide that lacks the sarcomeric binding region. We have now investigated the expression pattern of the cardiac and skeletal isoforms of cMyBP-C in mice and humans by in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence microscopy using specific antibodies and probes. We demonstrate that the cardiac isoform is expressed only in cardiac muscle throughout development. The slow and fast isoforms of MyBP-C remain specific for skeletal muscle, where they can be coexpressed. Immunological evidence also suggests that an embryonic isoform of MyBP-C precedes the expression of slow MyBP-C in developing skeletal muscle. This suggests that transcomplementation of MyBP-C isoforms is possible in skeletal but not cardiac muscle.
Insertion Mutagenesis of <i>wca</i> Reduces Acid and Heat Tolerance of Enterohemorrhagic <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 (2001)

Strains of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serotype O157:H7 produce under stress copious amounts of exopolysaccharide (EPS) composed of colanic acid (CA). Studies were performed to evaluate the association of production of CA with survival of EHEC under adverse environmental conditions. A CA-deficient mutant, M4020, was obtained from a CA-proficient parental strain, E. coli O157:H7 W6-13, by inserting a kanamycin resistance gene cassette (kan) into wcaD and wcaE, 2 of the 21 genes required for CA biosynthesis. M4020 was defective in CA production as determined from the ratio of uronic acid to protein (UA/P) of cells grown from 1 to 4 days at 25 degrees C on minimal glucose agar (MGA), MacConkey agar, and sorbitol-MacConkey agar, and by colony morphology on MGA. The results of stress treatment revealed that M4020 was substantially less tolerant to acid (pH 4.5 and 5.5) and heat (55 and 60 degrees C) in comparison to W6-13, indicating that CA confers on E. coli O157:H7 a protective effect from the environmental stresses of acid and heat.
Phenyl−Perfluorophenyl Stacking Interactions:  Topochemical [2+2] Photodimerization and Photopolymerization of Olefinic Compounds (1998)

The face-to-face stacking interaction between phenyl and perfluorophenyl groups is emerging as a common noncovalent interaction. To explore the generality of this supramolecular synthon, the solid-state packing structure and reactivity of several monoolefins and diolefins substituted with phenyl and perfluorophenyl groups was investigated. Of the seven crystalline or cocrystalline materials investigated, six were found to undergo a photochemically induced [2+2] reaction in the solid state. By determining the stereochemistry of the photoproduct and/or X-ray structural analysis of the olefinic precursors, the stacked interaction between phenyl and perfluorophenyl groups in the photoactive crystals were revealed.
Katalytische Antikörper als Sonden für die Evolution von Enzymen: Modellierung einer frühen Glycosidase (1996)

Die Hydrolyse nicht aktivierter cyclischer Ketale des Typs 1 (siehe unten) wird durch Antikörper katalysiert, die gegen 2 , ein Analogon des Übergangszustands, gerichtet sind. Diese Umwandlung ist eng verwandt mit der Spaltung der glycosidischen Bindung und basiert hauptsächlich auf der elektrostatischen, weniger auf der räumlichen Komplementarität von 2 zum Übergangszustand. magnified image
Suppression of antibody and T cell proliferative responses to L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 by a specific monoclonal T cell factor. (1980)

The synthetic terpolymer L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) stimulates GAT-specific suppressor T cells in nonresponder mice. Extracts from these T cells contain a GAT-specific soluble T cell suppressor factor (GAT-TsF) that inhibits development of GAT-specific plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses by spleen cells from nonresponder mice stimulated with GAT complexed to methylated bovine serum albumin (GAT-MBSA). These extracts also contain a factor that inhibits development of GAT-specific proliferative responses by GAT-MBSA-primed, nonresponder lymph node T cells. Experiments reported in this manuscript show that a hybrid T cell line, produced by fusion of the AKR thymoma, BW5147, with spleen cells that contain GAT-specific suppressor T cells, produces a constitutive GAT-specific suppresor factor that functionally and serologically resembles GAT-TsF extracted from T cells. More importantly, both GAT-specific PFC and T cell proliferative responses are inhibited by this factor.
The First Digital Automotive Diagnostic System-Autosense (1976)

The Autosense Computerized Digital Diagnostic System is designed to assist mechanics, at all skill levels, test and diagnose today's newest vehicles. The System can run individual tests, and thus be used by the mechanics as a tool, or automatically step the mechanic through a sequence of tests to diagnose a specific vehicle problem, totally check a vehicle or its individual systems. The System compares actual vehicle performance to manufacturer's vehicle specifications and provides the mechanic with recommended repairs. The system also provides the mechanic and the customer with a hard-copy print-out of all tests performed, the actual vehicle specifications and all recommended repairs. This paper describes the Autosense Computerized Digital Diagnostic System. /GMRL/
Discovering co-occurring patterns and their biological significance in protein families (2014)

Thus, our co-occurrence clustering algorithm can efficiently find and rank conserved regions that contain patterns that frequently co-occurring on the same proteins. Co-occurring patterns are biologically significant due to their three-dimensional closeness and other evidences reported in literature. These results play an important role in drug discovery as biologists can quickly identify the target for drugs to conduct detailed preclinical studies.
Mechanical properties, water‐swelling behavior, and morphology of water‐swellable rubber prepared using crosslinked sodium polyacrylate (2006)

Abstract A novel water‐swellable rubber (WSR) has been prepared by blending chlorobutadiene rubber (CR), reactive clay and other additives with crosslinked sodium polyacrylate (CSP), which was modified by interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) technology with crosslinked P(AA‐ co ‐BA). The structure of WSR was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties, water‐swelling ratio by mass, and the percentage loss of CSP in the WSR were investigated. The results showed that the modified CSP grains can be dispersed well in the CR, and that it resulted in increase of mechanical properties and water‐swelling ratio and in decrease of percentage loss of CSP, compared with the unmodified one. When the percentage content of crosslinked P(AA‐ co ‐BA) used to modify CSP reached 30%, the tensile strength, elongation at break, and water‐swelling ratio of WSR exhibited maximum value, and percentage loss of CSP exhibited minimum value. When the content of CSP in WSR was 30 phr, the tensile strength, elongation at break, and water‐swelling ratio and percentage loss of CSP of the WSR containing CSP modified were 7.7 MPa, 1530, 438, and 2.5%, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1489–1496, 2006
Scalable Packet Classification: Cutting or Merging? (2009)

Multi-field packet classification is a fundamental function that enables routers to support a variety of network services. Most of the existing multi-field packet classification algorithms can be divided into two classes: cutting-based and merging-based solutions. However, neither of them is scalable with respect to memory requirement for all rule sets with various characteristics. This paper makes several observations on real- life rule sets and proposes a novel hybrid scheme to leverage the desirable features of the two classes of algorithms. We propose a SRAM-based parallel multi-pipeline architecture to achieve high throughput. Several challenges in mapping the hybrid algorithm onto the architecture are addressed. Extensive simulations and FPGA implementation results show that the proposed scheme sustains 80 Gbps throughput for minimum size (40 bytes) packets while consuming a small amount of on-chip resources for large rule sets consisting of up to 10 K unique entries.
Class 3 semaphorins expression and association with innervation and angiogenesis within the degenerate human intervertebral disc (2015)

Nerve and blood vessel ingrowth during intervertebral disc degeneration, is thought to be a major cause of low back pain, however the regulation of this process is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the expression and regulation of a subclass of axonal guidance molecules known as the class 3 semaphorins, and their receptors; plexins and neuropilins within human NP tissue and their regulation by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Importantly this determined whether semaphorin expression was associated with the presence of nerves and blood vessels in tissues from human intervertebral discs. The study demonstrated that semaphorin3A, 3C, 3D, 3E and 3F and their receptors were expressed by native NP cells and further demonstrated their expression was regulated by IL-1β but to a lesser extent by IL-6 and TNFα. This is the first study to identify sema3C, sema3D and their receptors within the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs. Immunopositivity shows significant increases in semaphorin3C, 3D and their receptor neuropilin-2 in degenerate samples which were shown to contain nerves and blood vessels, compared to non-degenerate samples without nerves and blood vessels. Therefore data presented here suggests that semaphorin3C may have a role in promoting innervation and vascularisation during degeneration, which may go on to cause low back pain.
Geometric approach for coupling enhancement of magnetically coupled coils (1996)

This paper presents a geometric approach for the enhancement of the coupling coefficient between two magnetically coupled coils. It is demonstrated that the coupling coefficient can be considerably enhanced, if the turns of the coils are not concentrated at the circumferences, but distributed across the diameters. For analysis, each of the two coils is assumed to be composed of concentric circular loops. The experimental results are in very good agreement with the theoretical results.
Morphogenesis of the T4 tail and tail fibers (2010)

Remarkable progress has been made during the past ten years in elucidating the structure of the bacteriophage T4 tail by a combination of three-dimensional image reconstruction from electron micrographs and X-ray crystallography of the components. Partial and complete structures of nine out of twenty tail structural proteins have been determined by X-ray crystallography and have been fitted into the 3D-reconstituted structure of the "extended" tail. The 3D structure of the "contracted" tail was also determined and interpreted in terms of component proteins. Given the pseudo-atomic tail structures both before and after contraction, it is now possible to understand the gross conformational change of the baseplate in terms of the change in the relative positions of the subunit proteins. These studies have explained how the conformational change of the baseplate and contraction of the tail are related to the tail's host cell recognition and membrane penetration function. On the other hand, the baseplate assembly process has been recently reexamined in detail in a precise system involving recombinant proteins (unlike the earlier studies with phage mutants). These experiments showed that the sequential association of the subunits of the baseplate wedge is based on the induced-fit upon association of each subunit. It was also found that, upon association of gp53 (gene product 53), the penultimate subunit of the wedge, six of the wedge intermediates spontaneously associate to form a baseplate-like structure in the absence of the central hub. Structure determination of the rest of the subunits and intermediate complexes and the assembly of the hub still require further study.