gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detecting Malware Based on DNS Graph Mining (2015)

Malware remains a major threat to nowadays Internet. In this paper, we propose a DNS graph mining-based malware detection approach. A DNS graph is composed of DNS nodes, which represent server IPs, client IPs, and queried domain names in the process of DNS resolution. After the graph construction, we next transform the problem of malware detection to the graph mining task of inferring graph nodes’ reputation scores using the belief propagation algorithm. The nodes with lower reputation scores are inferred as those infected by malwares with higher probability. For demonstration, we evaluate the proposed malware detection approach with real-world dataset. Our real-world dataset is collected from campus DNS servers for three months and we built a DNS graph consisting of 19,340,820 vertices and 24,277,564 edges. On the graph, we achieve a true positive rate 80.63% with a false positive rate 0.023%. With a false positive of 1.20%, the true positive rate was improved to 95.66%. We detected 88,592 hosts infected by malware or C&C servers, accounting for the percentage of 5.47% among all hosts. Meanwhile, 117,971 domains are considered to be related to malicious activities, accounting for 1.5% among all domains. The results indicate that our method is efficient and effective in detecting malwares.
Double RNA interference of DNMT3b and DNMT1 enhances DNA demethylation and gene reactivation. (2003)

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are newly identified molecules shown to silence genes via targeted mRNA degradation. In this study, we used specific siRNAs as a tool to probe the relationship between two DNA methyltransferase genes, DNMT3b and DNMT1, in the maintenance of DNA methylation patterns in the genome. Levels of DNMT3b or DNMT1 mRNAs and proteins were markedly decreased (up to 80%) on transfecting these siRNAs into the ovarian cancer cell line CP70. The resulting RNA interference showed differential effects on DNA demethylation and gene reactivation in the treated cells. The DNMT1 siRNA treatment led to a partial removal of DNA methylation from three inactive promoter CpG islands, TWIST, RASSF1A, and HIN-1, and restored the expression of these genes. This epigenetic alteration appeared less effective in cells transfected with DNMT3b siRNA. However, the combined treatment of DNMT3b and DNMT1 siRNAs greatly enhanced this demethylation effect, producing 7-15-fold increases in their expression. We also used a microarray approach to examine this RNA interference on 8640 CpG island loci in CP70 cells. The combined siRNA treatment had a greater demethylation effect on 241 methylated loci and selected repetitive sequences than that of the single treatment. Our data thus suggest that whereas DNMT1 plays a key role in methylation maintenance, DNMT3b may act as an accessory to support the function in CP70 cells. This study also shows that siRNA is a powerful tool for interrogating the mechanisms of DNA methylation in normal and pathological genomes.
Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in a community population of older persons. Higher than previously reported (1989)

Clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease and other dementing illnesses were assessed in a geographically defined US community. Of 3623 persons (80.8% of all community residents over 65 years of age) who had brief memory testing in their homes, a stratified sample of 467 persons underwent neurological, neuropsychological, and laboratory examination. Prevalence rates of Alzheimer's disease were calculated for the community population from the sample undergoing clinical evaluation. Of those over the age of 65 years, an estimated 10.3% (95% confidence limits, 8.1% and 12.5%) had probable Alzheimer's disease. This prevalence rate was strongly associated with age. Of those 65 to 74 years old, 3.0% (95% confidence limits, 0.8 and 5.2) had probable Alzheimer's disease, compared with 18.7% (95% confidence limits, 13.2 and 24.2) of those 75 to 84 years old and 47.2% (95% confidence limits, 37.0 and 63.2) of those over 85 years. Other dementing conditions were uncommon. Of community residents with moderate or severe cognitive impairment, 84.1% had clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease as the only probable diagnosis. These data suggest that clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease is a common condition and that its public health impact will continue to increase with increasing longevity of the population. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1989;262:2551-2556)
Drug Delivery to the Posterior Segment of the Eye: Biopharmaceutic and Pharmacokinetic Considerations (2020)

The treatment of the posterior-segment ocular diseases, such as age-related eye diseases (AMD) or diabetic retinopathy (DR), present a challenge for ophthalmologists due to the complex anatomy and physiology of the eye. This specialized organ is composed of various static and dynamic barriers that restrict drug delivery into the target site of action. Despite numerous efforts, effective intraocular drug delivery remains unresolved and, therefore, it is highly desirable to improve the current treatments of diseases affecting the posterior cavity. This review article gives an overview of pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutics aspects for the most commonly-used ocular administration routes (intravitreal, topical, systemic, and periocular), including information of the absorption, distribution, and elimination, as well as the benefits and limitations of each one. This article also encompasses different conventional and novel drug delivery systems designed and developed to improve drug pharmacokinetics intended for the posterior ocular segment treatment.
Neuroprotection by cyclodextrin in cell and mouse models of Alzheimer disease (2012)

There is extensive evidence that cholesterol and membrane lipids play a key role in Alzheimer disease (AD) pathogenesis. Cyclodextrins (CD) are cyclic oligosaccharide compounds widely used to bind cholesterol. Because CD exerts significant beneficial effects in Niemann-Pick type C disease, which shares neuropathological features with AD, we examined the effects of hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HP-β-CD) in cell and mouse models of AD. Cell membrane cholesterol accumulation was detected in N2a cells overexpressing Swedish mutant APP (SwN2a), and the level of membrane cholesterol was reduced by HP-β-CD treatment. HP-β-CD dramatically lowered the levels of Aβ42 in SwN2a cells, and the effects were persistent for 24 h after withdrawal. 4 mo of subcutaneous HP-β-CD administration significantly improved spatial learning and memory deficits in Tg19959 mice, diminished Aβ plaque deposition, and reduced tau immunoreactive dystrophic neurites. HP-β-CD lowered levels of Aβ42 in part by reducing β cleavage of the APP protein, and it also up-regulated the expression of genes involved in cholesterol transport and Aβ clearance. This is the first study to show neuroprotective effects of HP-β-CD in a transgenic mouse model of AD, both by reducing Aβ production and enhancing clearance mechanisms, which suggests a novel therapeutic strategy for AD.
Enzyme immunoassays for total and allergen specific IgE in population studies. (1996)

As the costs were estimated to be at least five to 10-fold lower than those of commercial test kits, the EIAs for total and specific IgE may be very useful tools in epidemiological studies of atopic respiratory or other disorders.
SEPSIS MODELS IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS (2013)

Sepsis develops as a common inflammatory response to various infections. It runs with the picture of a complex heterogeneous syndrome which often leads to the development of multiple organ dysfunctions and causes the death of millions of people worldwide. For various reasons, detailed research of sepsis in humans is difficult to conduct; therefore, a lot of efforts have been made to model it. PURPOSE: The aim of this paper is to present the most widely used experimental sepsis models developed with a view to explane the pathogenetic mechanisms of the disease, and it’s clinical and paraclinical characteristics, as well as opportunities for its therapeutic management. METHOD: This review is based on a detailed survey of the available literature. RESULTS: The cited models differ by the type of laboratory animals, pathogens used, and the method of their
Carotid artery intima-media thickness and plaque score can predict the SYNTAX score (2011)

Carotid-US parameters have predictive value for the SXscore. In addition, the PS and the meanIMT showed excellent negative predictive value for the presence of complex coronary artery lesions.
Long-term Storage and Recovery of Buccal Cell DNA from Treated Cards (2006)

Economical methods for collecting and storing high-quality DNA are needed for large population-based molecular epidemiology studies. Buccal cell DNA collected via saliva and stored on treated filter paper cards could be an attractive method, but modest DNA yields and the potential for reduced recovery of DNA over time were unresolved impediments. Consequently, buccal cell DNA collection via oral mouthwash rinsing became the method of choice in epidemiologic studies. However, the amount of genomic DNA (gDNA) required for genotyping continues to decrease, and reliable whole genome amplification (WGA) methods further reduced the mass of gDNA needed for WGA to 10 ng, diminishing the obstacle of low DNA yields from cards. However, concerns about yield and DNA quality over time remained. We located and analyzed 42 buccal cell saliva samples collected and stored on treated cards for 7 years at room temperature, -20 degrees C, and -80 degrees C. We recovered DNA from the treated cards, estimated the concentration by a human-specific quantitative real-time PCR assay, and evaluated the quality by PCR amplification of 268-, 536-, and 989-bp fragments of the beta-globin gene and by AmpFlSTR Identifiler assay analysis. Most DNA yields per 3-mm punch were <10 ng, and most PCR amplicons failed to amplify, where size of the amplicon was negatively associated with successful amplification. Using these methods, treated cards did not consistently provide sufficient quantities of buccal cell gDNA after 7 years of storage for genotyping or WGA.
Localization of the Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 2 (Oatp2) in Capillary Endothelium and Choroid Plexus Epithelium of Rat Brain (1999)

In this study we investigated the distribution of a recently cloned polyspecific organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp2) in rat brain by nonradioactive in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunofluorescence microscopy. The results demonstrate that Oatp2 is expressed in brain capillary and in plexus epithelial cells. At the blood-brain barrier (BBB), Oatp2 expression could be co-localized with the endothelial marker vWF (von Willebrand factor) but not with the astrocyte marker GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein). In choroid plexus epithelial cells, Oatp2 could be localized to the basolateral cell pole, whereas the first member of the Oatp gene family of membrane transporters to be cloned (Oatp1) co-localized with the alpha(1)-subunit of Na,K-ATPase at the apical plasma membrane domain. Because Oatp1 and Oatp2 have been previously shown to mediate transmembrane transport of a wide variety of amphipathic organic compounds, including many drugs and other xenobiotics, the histochemical localization of Oatp2 at the BBB and of Oatp1 and Oatp2 in the choroid plexus imply a role for these transporters in the active exchange of amphipathic solutes between the blood, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid compartments. (J Histochem Cytochem 47:1255-1263, 1999)
Modulation of Taste Sensitivity by GLP‐1 Signaling in Taste Buds (2009)

Modulation of sensory function can help animals adjust to a changing external and internal environment. Even so, mechanisms for modulating taste sensitivity are poorly understood. Using immunohistochemical, biochemical, and behavioral approaches, we found that the peptide hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and its receptor (GLP-1R) are expressed in mammalian taste buds. Furthermore, we found that GLP-1 signaling plays an important role in the modulation of taste sensitivity: GLP-1R knockout mice exhibit a dramatic reduction in sweet taste sensitivity as well as an enhanced sensitivity to umami-tasting stimuli. Together, these findings suggest a novel paracrine mechanism for the hormonal modulation of taste function in mammals.
Microbial oxidation of hydrogen sulfide with biofilter (1996)

Abstract A heterotrophic Pseudomonas putida CH11, isolated from the pig feces and wastewater, was immobilized with Ca‐alginate to provide as a packing material in a novel and practical biofilter system for the control of hydrogen sulfide. Extensive tests have been conducted to evaluate the effect of the operating parameters such as temperature, retention time, and gas concentration on the removal efficiency of hydrogen sulfide. The criterion for a scale‐up design of biofilter was established. The high removal efficiencies of hydrogen sulfide were observed in the initial hours from the history of removal efficiency and a satisfactory level of removal efficiency could maintain for one week at least. The maximum inlet loading in the linear region was found to be 1.9 g‐S/d · kg dry bead. At economically viable retention time of 28 seconds, the biofilter could reduce over 97% hydrogen sulfide. The results suggested that the Pseudomonas pulida CH11 immobilized with Ca‐alginate could be a potential method to remove hydrogen sulfide. Key words: Hydrogen SulfideBiofilterImmobilized CellBiofilter Notes To whom all correspondence should be addressed
Model Development and Statistical Investigation of Turbine Blade Mistuning (1984)

This paper discusses the development of an efficient algorithm which calculates the individual blade response of a bladed turbine disk, the subsequent statistical investigation to establish mistuning dependencies, and procedures which reduce the increase in blade amplitudes caused by mistuning.
Sorption and extraction of lactic and succinic acids at pH > pKa1. I. Factors governing equilibria (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSorption and extraction of lactic and succinic acids at pH > pKa1. I. Factors governing equilibriaLisa A. Tung and C. Judson KingCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1994, 33, 12, 3217–3223Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00036a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00036a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views674Altmetric-Citations102LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Longitudinal study of circulating gastric antibodies in pernicious anaemia. (1989)

Temporal changes in gastric antibody response were investigated in 113 (51 men, 62 women) patients with confirmed pernicious anaemia. Their ages ranged from 31-92 years (mean (SD 13.2) 66). At diagnosis, parietal cell antibody and intrinsic factor antibody were detected in 90.9% and 39.1% of all patients, respectively. When the tests were repeated after a mean follow up of 70 months (range 14-137), parietal cell antibody and intrinsic factor antibody were positive in 82.8% and 58.7%, respectively. There was a definite but not significant trend for the organ specific parietal cell antibody to disappear; intrinsic factor antibody became more positive. These results may indicate that with progressive parietal cell destruction, the antigen is no longer available to sustain an immunological response. On the other hand, this hypothesis does not explain the increased prevalence of intrinsic factor antibody which is also a product of parietal cells.
Making a "Diameter Tape" (1954)

Other| January 01 1954 Making a "Diameter Tape" Hal Arntzen Hal Arntzen Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar The American Biology Teacher (1954) 16 (1): 12. https://doi.org/10.2307/4438561 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Hal Arntzen; Making a "Diameter Tape". The American Biology Teacher 1 January 1954; 16 (1): 12. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/4438561 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentThe American Biology Teacher Search This content is only available via PDF. Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
New parameter of roundness R: circularity corrected by aspect ratio (2016)

In this paper, we propose a new roundness parameter R, to denote circularity corrected by aspect ratio. The basic concept of this new roundness parameter is given by the following equation: $$ R=\mathrm{Circularity} + \left({\mathrm{Circularity}}_{\mathrm{perfect}\ \mathrm{circle}}-{\mathrm{Circularity}}_{\mathrm{aspect}\ \mathrm{ratio}}\right) $$ where Circularityperfect circle is the maximum value of circularity and Circularityaspect ratio is the circularity when only the aspect ratio varies from that of a perfect circle. Based on tests of digital circle and ellipse images using ImageJ software, the effective sizes and aspect ratios of such images for the calculation of R were found to range between 100 and 1024 pixels, and 10:1 to 10:10, respectively. R is thus given by $$ R = {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{I}} + \left(0.913-{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{AR}}\right) $$ where CI is the circularity measured using ImageJ software and CAR is the sixth-degree function of the aspect ratio measured using the same software. The correlation coefficient between the new parameter R and Krumbein’s roundness is 0.937 (adjusted coefficient of determination = 0.874). Results from the application of R to modern beach and slope deposits showed that R is able to quantitatively separate both types of material in terms of roundness. Therefore, we believe that the new roundness parameter R will be useful for performing precise statistical analyses of the roundness of particles in the future.
A Mild and Efficient Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Mesylates in Water or <i>t</i>BuOH/Water (2010)

Verträglich in vielerlei Hinsicht: Arylmesylate und -tosylate gehen bei 65–80 °C in wässrigen Lösungsmitteln, oft sogar in Wasser ohne Cosolvens, palladiumkatalysierte Cyanierungen ein (siehe Schema). Keto-, Aldehyd-, Ester-, Amin- und Nitrilfunktionen werden durch diese Umwandlung nicht beeinträchtigt. Cy=Cyclohexyl, Ms=Methansulfonyl, Ts=p-Toluolsulfonyl.
B(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub>-Promoted Tandem Silylation and Intramolecular Hydrosilylation: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Oxasilinanes and Oxasilepanes (2010)

B(C(6)F(5))(3) promotes regio- and stereoselective cyclizations of unsaturated alkoxysilanes to generate oxasilinanes and oxasilepanes. The same products are available directly from alkenols via tandem silylation and hydrosilylation.
Binding of Secretory Component to Dimers of Immunoglobulin A <i>in vitro</i> (1976)

A complex between secretory component and an immunoglobulin A (IgA) myeloma dimer has been studied in vitro as a model to elucidate the mechanism of the formation of disulfide bonds during assembly in vivo of secretory immunoglobin A. A small amount of free thiol groups, totally about 0.4 groups per mole of protein, were shown to be present on both the heavy and light chains of the IgA dimer, but not on its J-chain, while no such groups could be demonstrated on free secretory component. The SH-groups on IgA most likely exist as a result of incomplete oxidation of some intra-or interchain disulfide bonds of the molecule, analogous to what has been suggested for IgG. Several types of evidence indicated that the disulfide bonds between secretory component and IgA are formed after the noncovalent association of the two proteins by a sulfhydryl group-disulfide bond exchange reaction, in which the small amount of free sulfhydryl groups on the IgA dimer initiate the reaction by reducing a reactive disulfide bond on secretory component. This exchange reaction, which thus proceeds by the mechanism of so-called disulfide interchange reactions, requires certain conformational features of one or both of the proteins and leads to the formation of presumably two new interchain disulfide bonds between secretory component and IgA. The reaction does not progress to completion, however, but ends in an equilibrium so that a small proportion of the secretory component molecules always are unattached by disulfide bonds.
Bootstrap stereo (1980)

Lockheed has been working on techniques for navigation of an autonomous aerial vehicle using passively sensed images. One technique which shows promise is bootstrap stereo, in which the vehicle's position is determined from the perceived locations of known ground control points, then two known vehicle camera positions are used to locate corresponding image points on the ground, creating new control points. This paper describes the components of bootstrap stereo.
HI: haplotype improver using paired-end short reads (2009)

The executable and user manual can be freely downloaded from ftp://ftp.sanger.ac.uk/pub/zn1/HI.
Transforming and nontransforming growth factors are present in medium conditioned by fetal rat calvariae. (1985)

Conditioned medium recovered from fetal rat calvarial cultures contains an autocrine factor termed bone-derived growth factor (BDGF); this factor has been purified by acid extraction, gel-permeation chromatography, and two reversed-phase HPLC steps and examined for mitogenicity on normal rat kidney fibroblasts (NRK, clone 49F). HPLC-purified BDGF caused a dose-related increase in cell number, DNA content, and [3H]thymidine incorporation into acid-insoluble material. Since highly purified BDGF appeared less mitogenic than cruder preparations, the latter were tested for additional growth factors, with particular attention to those required for anchorage-independent colony formation in soft agar. BDGF did not displace 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor (EGF) in a radioligand-receptor assay, indicating the absence of EGF and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha). Without EGF, no BDGF preparation induced NRK cells to form soft agar colonies. However, calvarial conditioned medium contained a factor which, like TGF-beta, induced large soft-agar colonies in the presence of EGF; this TGF-beta-like factor did not copurify with BDGF. Polyclonal antibodies against platelet-derived growth factor did not neutralize the effects of BDGF on NRK cells. BDGF is a potent mitogen for nonskeletal-tissue-derived fibroblasts. Although crude BDGF preparations do contain TGF-beta, BDGF is distinct from this factor and others necessary for NRK cell transformation to anchorage-independent growth.