gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of heat treatments and ionizing irradiations on the charge distribution and the number of surface states in the Si-SiO<sub>2</sub>system (1966)

The number of surface states present at an oxidized silicon surface is generally much larger when oxidation or further heat treatment has been carried out in a dry than in a wet environment. Especially at low temperatures (400-600°C) water very much tends to cause their disappearance. As hydrogen acts in a similar way, the effect seems to be due to a reaction of centers (probably unsaturated silicon bonds) with hydrogen, so that they are no longer able to capture holes or electrons. The hydrogen may also be evolved during the reaction of an Al-electrode on top of the oxide with hydroxyl or water. Irradiation of oxidized silicon by X-rays or ultraviolet light can cause charge redistributions, which may be accompanied by the formation of new centers. The latter effect is most pronounced when hydroxyl groups can be supposed to occur in the oxide. In these cases the irradiation may cause a disappearance of n-type inversion on p-type silicon, especially when X-ray irradiation is followed by ultraviolet (u. v.) illumination. Irradiation experiments have been used to detect differences in Si-SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> systems in cases where direct electrical measurements failed.
22.1: <i>Invited Paper</i> : Stretchable and Foldable Displays using Organic Transistors with High Mechanical Stability (2011)

Abstract We describe ultraflexible organic integrated circuits and stretchable active matrix displays that can be bent in half without any electrical or mechanical damage. By integrating organic transistors with extreme mechanical stability, the devices represent a class of electronics, conformable/stretchable integrated circuits, for application to foldable sensors and displays.
An automatic application signature construction system for unknown traffic (2010)

Abstract Identifying applications and classifying network traffic flows according to their source applications are critical for a broad range of network activities. Such a decision can be based on packet header fields, packet payload content, statistical characteristics of traffic and communication patterns of network hosts. However, most present techniques rely on some sort of a priori knowledge, which means they require labor‐intensive preprocessing before running and cannot deal with previously unknown applications. In this paper, we propose a traffic classification system based on application signatures, with a novel approach to fully automate the process of deriving signatures from unidentified traffic. The key idea is to integrate statistics‐based flow clustering with payload‐based signature matching method, so as to eliminate the requirement of pre‐labeled training data sets. We evaluate the efficiency of our approach using real‐world traffic trace, and the results indicate that signature classifiers built from clustered data and pre‐labeled data are able to achieve similar high accuracy better than 99%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Harnessing stakeholder motivation: towards a Swiss sustainable building sector (2011)

The contribution of stakeholders to the development and implementation of a sustainable built environment has emerged as crucial to the delivery of meaningful change. The inclusion of all affected parties can facilitate the development of patterns, structures and buildings that are sustainable in the social, ecological and economic dimensions. The slow development of a more sustainable building sector often results from the absence of knowledge about possible benefits because of financial constraints or the presence of conflicting interests. Furthermore, in most cases, measures to foster a sustainable building sector do not include all of the relevant stakeholders or are only one-sided. Based on a literature review of stakeholders in the building sector, this paper describes the stakeholders involved in the development of sustainable buildings and the challenges in stakeholder motivation. The practical case of the Network for Sustainable Construction Switzerland demonstrates how to foster sustainable construction by including a wide range of stakeholders and the need to address stakeholders with diverse initiatives. This case study supports the hypothesis that stakeholder motivation cannot be created by a single initiative; rather, a variety of actions are required to deliver change successfully. La contribution des parties prenantes au développement et à la mise en oeuvre d'un cadre bâti durable est apparue comme cruciale pour que des changements significatifs puissent être apportés. L'inclusion de toutes les parties concernées peut faciliter le développement de schémas, de structures et d'immeubles présentant un caractère durable sur les plans sociaux, écologiques et économiques. La lenteur de développement d'un secteur du bâtiment plus durable résulte souvent du fait de ne pas avoir connaissance des avantages possibles en raison des contraintes financières ou de la présence d'intérêts contradictoires. En outre, dans la plupart des cas, les mesures destinées à encourager un secteur du bâtiment durable n'incluent pas l'ensemble des parties prenantes concernées ou ont un caractère partial. Sur la base d'une analyse documentaire des parties prenantes du secteur du bâtiment, cet article décrit les parties prenantes impliquées dans le développement de bâtiments durables et les problèmes qui se posent pour motiver les parties prenantes. Le cas pratique du Réseau pour la construction durable en Suisse montre comment favoriser les constructions durables en incluant un large éventail de parties prenantes et la nécessité de traiter la question des parties prenantes par des initiatives diverses. Cette étude de cas conforte l'hypothèse selon laquelle la motivation des parties prenantes ne peut pas être suscitée par une initiative unique; c'est plutôt une diversité de mesures qui est nécessaire pour réussir à apporter les changements recherchés. Mots clés: secteur du bâtiment, gestion des parties prenantes, motivation des parties prenantes, durabilité, construction durable
Sexual development of malaria parasites is inhibited in vitro by the Neem extract Azadirachtin, and its semi-synthetic analogues (1994)

We have shown that azadirachtin, a compound from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica, and selected semi-synthetic derivatives, block the development of the motile male malarial gamete in vitro. Changes in the hemiacetal group at position C11 in the molecule result in a loss of activity in this assay. The motility of fully formed male gametes, and other selected flagellated cells, is unaffected by azadirachtin in vitro. These findings raise the possibility of developing azadirachtin-based compounds as antimalarials with transmission-blocking potential, as well as permitting the further study of structure-activity relationships in these compounds.
Mutations of the Ki-ras oncogene in carcinoma of the endometrium. (1995)

Mutations of the Ki-ras oncogene in endometrial carcinoma have been reported in Japan, but the prevalence and clinical significance of such mutations in the United States remains unclear. DNA extracted from paraffin sections of 112 carcinomas of the endometrium was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction with mismatched primers that generated a BstNI recognition site with the wild-type codon 12. Loss of this recognition site indicating Ki-ras codon 12 mutations was observed in 13 tumors (11.6%), including 11 endometrioid carcinomas, one undifferentiated carcinoma, and one carcinosarcoma. None of 17 papillary serous-clear cell carcinomas contained Ki-ras codon 12 mutations. These mutations were confirmed and characterized by direct sequencing. We found no evidence of correlation of the presence of Ki-ras mutations with stage, grade, depth of invasion, or clinical outcome. Our results indicate that Ki-ras oncogene mutations in carcinoma of the endometrium may be less prevalent in the United States than in Japan.
Beckmann Rearrangement of Ketoximes to Lactams by Triphosphazene Catalyst (2008)

Triphosphazene, 1,3,5-triazo-2,4,6-triphosphorine-2,2,4,4,6,6-chloride (TAPC), was found to be an efficient catalyst for the Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime and cyclododecanone oxime to epsilon-caprolactam and laurolactam, which are raw materials of nylon-6 and nylon-12, respectively.
지리교육내용의 계열적 조직방안에 대한 연구 (1998)

The curriculum of geography education has been revised recently and it should be an ongoing process to reflect the changing realities. This paper intends to anatomize the problems of current curriculum of geography education and to present a sequential framework from primary, middle to high schools focusing on the regional scale and theme to be dealt with in geography education. The problems of current curriculum of geography education are: (a) the systematic and regional order of mixed format, which assumes that regional understanding is achieved by accumulating numerous facts, (b) the extensive coverage of regions and their details, which is mainly proceeded by providing facts and information for all regions, and (c) the repeat of similar contents extending only geographic scales from neighborhood to world at different school levels. In these the presented facts and details are difficult to be interrelated and similar in whatever scale of regions are dealt. Also `geographical perspective,` `way of perceiving regions,` or `ability to interpret and explain regions` is hard to be achieved in the extensive coverage of all regions. This paper suggests sequential contents of geography education with respect to the problems mentioned above. It centers on that the regional scale and the depth of the contents could be differentiated and specialized in primary-to-high school levels. At the primary school, the spatial differentiation of the world regions is taught broadly and students achieve geographic perspectives and skills from classroom activities on local areas. At the middle school, each of the meso-scale regions with particular reference to the natural environment becomes the focus to highlight environment-man relationships. The high school level focuses on the theories or concepts of spatial system and change in small scale regions. The regions are prototypes to apply theories and concepts and understood closely as well.
A Fully Trainable Network with RNN-based Pooling (2017)

Pooling is an important component in convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for aggregating features and reducing computational burden. Compared with other components such as convolutional layers and fully connected layers which are completely learned from data, the pooling component is still handcrafted such as max pooling and average pooling. This paper proposes a learnable pooling function using recurrent neural networks (RNN) so that the pooling can be fully adapted to data and other components of the network, leading to an improved performance. Such a network with learnable pooling function is referred to as a fully trainable network (FTN). Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed RNN-based pooling can well approximate the existing pooling functions and improve the performance of the network. Especially for small networks, the proposed FTN can improve the performance by seven percentage points in terms of error rate on the CIFAR-10 dataset compared with the traditional CNN.
Development of a model system to analyze chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. (2013)

High-density cell culture is widely used for the analysis of cartilage development of human mesenchymal stem cells (HMSCs) in vitro. Several cell culture systems, as micromass, pellet culture and alginate culture, are applied by groups in the field to induce chondrogenic differentiation of HMSCs. A draw back of all model systems is the high amount of cells necessary for the experiments. Further, handling of large experimental approaches is difficult due to culturing e.g. in 15 ml tubes. Therefore, we aimed to develop a new model system based on "hanging drop" cultures using 10 to 100 fold less cells. Here, we demonstrate that differentiation of chondrogenic cells was induced as previously shown in other model systems. Real time RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that Collagen type II and MIA/CD-RAP were upregulated during culturing whereas for induction of hypertrophic markers like Collagen type X and AP-2 epsilon treatment with TGF beta was needed. To further test the system, siRNA against Sox9 was used and effects on chondrogenic gene expression were evaluated. In summary, the hanging drop culture system was determined to be a promising tool for in vitro chondrogenic studies.
An Embedded Application for Degraded Text Recognition (2005)

This paper describes a mobile device which tries to give the blind or visually impaired access to text information. Three key technologies are required for this system: text detection, optical character recognition, and speech synthesis. Blind users and the mobile environment imply two strong constraints. First, pictures will be taken without control on camera settings and a priori information on text (font or size) and background. The second issue is to link several techniques together with an optimal compromise between computational constraints and recognition efficiency. We will present the overall description of the system from text detection to OCR error correction.
Grain boundary properties of TlBa<sub>2</sub>Ca<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>x</sub>and Tl<sub>2</sub>Ba<sub>2</sub>CaCu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>x</sub>thin films (1995)

We have investigated the transport properties of the grain boundaries of TlBa2Ca2Cu3Ox (Tl-1223) and Tl2Ba2CaCu2Ox (Tl-2212) epitaxial thin films. Both Tl-1223 and Tl-2212 thin films were grown on SrTiO3 bicrystal substrates with various tilt angles (5 degrees , 10 degrees , 15 degrees , 24 degrees and 36.8 degrees ) of (001) direction by a laser ablation and post-annealing method. For both Tl-1223 and Tl-2212 phases, the grain boundary Jc for large tilt angles ( theta >or=15 degrees ) at 5 K dropped by almost one order of magnitude, compared with the intragrain Jc. We also observed hysteretic magnetic-field dependence of grain boundary Jc for large tilt angles in both phases. On the other hand, the grain boundaries for low tilt angles ( theta <or=10 degrees ) retained high Jc in low magnetic fields. The critical tilt angle was found to have the same value (10 degrees ) in both phases and greater than that ( theta approximately=5 degrees ) for the YBa2Cu3O7- delta system. These results suggest that the grain boundaries for high tilt angle larger than 15 degrees limit transport critical current density as weak links for Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O systems.
Improved maturation of CFTR by an ER export signal (2007)

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cAMP-regulated chloride channel in the plasma membrane of several epithelial cells. Maturation of CFTR is inefficient in most cells, with only a fraction of nascent chains being properly folded and transported to the cell surface. The most common mutation in CFTR, CFTR-deltaF508, leads to the genetic disease cystic fibrosis. CFTR-deltaF508 has a temperature-sensitive folding defect and is almost quantitatively degraded in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here we tested whether a strong ER export signal appended to CFTR improves its transport and surface expression. We show that a single valine ER export signal at the C terminus of the cytoplasmic tail of CFTR improves maturation of wild-type CFTR by 2-fold. This conservative mutation interfered with neither plasma membrane localization nor stability of mature CFTR. In contrast, the valine signal was unable to rescue CFTR-deltaF508 from ER-associated degradation. Our finding of improved maturation of CFTR mediated by a valine signal may be of potential use in gene therapy of cystic fibrosis. Moreover, failure of the valine signal to rescue CFTR-deltaF508 from ER degradation indicates that the inability of CFTR-deltaF508 to leave the ER is unlikely to be due to a malfunctioning ER export signal.
Boundary layer receptivity and control (1993)

Receptivity processes initiate natural instabilities in a boundary layer. The instabilities grow and eventually break down to turbulence. Consequently, receptivity questions are a critical element of the analysis of the transition process. Success in modeling the physics of receptivity processes thus has a direct bearing on technological issues of drag reduction. The means by which transitional flows can be controlled is also a major concern: questions of control are tied inevitably to those of receptivity. Adjoint systems provide a highly effective mathematical method for approaching many of the questions associated with both receptivity and control. The long term objective is to develop adjoint methods to handle increasingly complex receptivity questions, and to find systematic procedures for deducing effective control strategies. The most elementary receptivity problem is that in which a parallel boundary layer is forced by time-harmonic sources of various types. The characteristics of the response to such forcing form the building blocks for more complex receptivity mechanisms. The first objective of this year's research effort was to investigate how a parallel Blasius boundary layer responds to general direct forcing. Acoustic disturbances in the freestream can be scattered by flow non-uniformities to produce Tollmien-Schlichting waves. For example, scattering by surface roughness is known to provide an efficient receptivity path. The present effort is directed towards finding a solution by a simple adjoint analysis, because adjoint methods can be extended to more complex problems. In practice, flows are non-parallel and often three-dimensional. Compressibility may also be significant in some cases. Recent developments in the use of Parabolized Stability Equations (PSE) offer a promising possibility. By formulating and solving a set of adjoint parabolized equations, a method for mapping the efficiency with which external forcing excites the three-dimensional motions of a non-parallel boundary layer was developed. The method makes use of the same computationally efficient formulation that makes the PSE currently so appealing. In the area of flow control, adjoint systems offer a powerful insight into the effect of control forces. One of the simplest control strategies for boundary layers involves the application of localized mean wall suction.
State-of-Art Functional Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering (2019)

Nano-bio-technology-enabled tissue engineering strategies have emerged as an innovative and promising technique in the field of regenerative medical science. The design and development of multi-functional smart bio-materials compatible to human physiology is crucial to achieving the required biological function with a reduced negative biological response. Several medical bio-implants have been tested to boost life expectancy and better-quality life. The concept of biocompatibility focusses on body acceptance and no harmful effects after implantation which require shaping the properties of materials synthesis, surface functionalization, and bio-functionality. Such developed bioactive and biodegradable materials have been utilized to achieve the required function at a specific period and sustainability to withstand the surrounding tissues for treating severe injuries and diseases. Thus, exploring new approaches to design multifunctional biocompatible advanced nanostructure to develop next-generation therapies for tissue engineering, this mini-review is an attempt to summarize the advancements in bio-functional smart materials. The review focuses on bio-mimic materials, bio-materials, self-assembly bio-materials, bio-printing functional hydrogels, new polymeric architectures, and hybrid synthetic-natural hydrogels in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). This mini-review will serve as a guideline to design future research where the selection of a smart multi-functional bio-material is crucial to obtain best TERM performance.
Photosensitive Polymer Thin-Film FETs Based on Poly(3-octylthiophene) (2005)

The effects of white light on the electrical performance of polymer thin-film transistors (PTFTs) based on regioregular poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT) are investigated. Upon illumination, a significant increase in the PFET's drain current is observed with a maximum photosensitivity of 10/sup 4/ in the subthreshold operation and a broad-band responsivity with a maximum value of 160 mA/W at irradiance of 1.7 mW/cm/sup 2/ and at low gate biases. The photosensitivity decreases with the increase in the absolute gate bias. The simultaneous control of the device with both the gate voltage and illumination is possible at low irradiances of <0.7 mW/cm/sup 2/. It is found that the illumination effectively decreases the threshold voltage of the device, but it does not change the field-effect mobility. Using a trap model, it is shown that the narrow layers close to the drain and source contacts with high concentrations of defects are two possible regions for photogeneration of excitons and separation of charges. Using the theory of space-charge limited conduction, the extracted band mobility for P3OT is 0.08 cm/sup 2//V/spl middot/s, while a mobility of 8/spl times/10/sup -5/cm/sup 2//V/spl middot/s is found for the regions next to the source and drain contacts. The PTFT's high photosensitivity at zero gate voltage suggests a simple design of low-voltage, high-sensitivity two-terminal photodetectors for applications in large-area flexible optoelectronics.
Fewer pigmented locus coeruleus neurons in suicide victims: Preliminary results (1996)

Studies of the noradrenergic system in suicide victims have found evidence of alterations in cortical beta- and alpha-adrenergic receptor binding. Since these receptor changes may be secondary to altered noradrenergic input, we sought to determine whether the pigmented neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC), which provide the noradrenergic innervation to the cerebral cortex, are altered in suicide victims. We studied 11 controls without known psychiatric or neurologic disorders and six suicide victims. LC neuron number, LC volume, and neuron density were determined by computer-assisted mapping. The suicide group had 23% fewer LC neurons and a 38% lower density of LC neurons than controls. The reduction in neuron number was localized to the rostral two thirds of the LC. Neither the LC length nor the LC volume in suicide victims differed from controls. Altered brain noradrenergic neurotransmission in suicide victims may be due to fewer noradrenergic neurons in the LC. Further studies are needed to determine whether this noradrenergic neuron loss is associated with an underlying major depression or specifically with suicidal behavior.