gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic and chemical developments of cholecystokinin receptor ligands (2000)

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an important 'brain-gut' hormone located both in the gastrointestinal (GI) system and in the CNS. At least two different G-coupled high affinity receptors have been identified: the CCK-A and the CCK-B receptors. Although the complex biological role of CCK is, as yet, not fully understood, its connection with many different physiological processes both at the GI level and at the CNS level is now well established. There is much potential for therapeutic use of CCK receptor ligands, however, clear investigations have yet to be completed. Several chemical families have been investigated over the last 20 years to find potent, subtype selective and stable CCK receptor agonists and antagonists. The main goal was to discover new therapeutic drugs acting on GI and/or on CNS diseases and also, to obtain powerful pharmacological tools that could permit a better understanding of the biological role of CCK. Despite promising results from investigations into medicinal chemistry of CCK receptor ligands, the therapeutical applications of these ligands still remains to be defined. This article reviews the main biological role of CCK, the therapeutic potential of CCK-A and CCK-B receptor agonists and antagonists and the common compounds from the different families of ligands.
Reduced MTR in the corticospinal tract and normal T2 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1998)

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that magnetization transfer ratios (MTR) are decreased in the corticospinal tract of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); to determine if T2 is increased in corticospinal tract or reduced in motor cortex in ALS; to determine if corticospinal tract MTR correlates with a clinical measure of motor neuron function in ALS. Ten ALS patients and 17 age-matched controls were studied. Double spin echo MRI and 3D gradient echo MRI with and without off-resonance saturation were acquired on each subject. 3D data sets were coregistered and resliced to match the spin echo data set. MTR was calculated for corticospinal and non-corticospinal tract white matter. T2 was calculated for corticospinal and non-corticospinal tract white matter, motor cortex and non-motor cortex. MTR was reduced by 2.6% (p < .02) in corticospinal, but not in non-corticospinal, tract white matter in ALS. There was no difference in T2 in any brain region. The correlation between a clinical measure of motor neuron function and corticospinal tract MTR was statistically significant. These findings are consistent with the known pathology in ALS and suggest that MTR is more sensitive than T2 for detecting involvement of the corticospinal tract. Quantitative MTR of the corticospinal tract may be a useful, objective marker of upper motor neuron pathology in ALS.
The Preparation of 2,3,5-Tri- and 2,3-Disubstituted Furans by Regioselective Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions: Application to the Syntheses of Rosefuran and the F5 Furan Fatty Acid (1999)

The 5-acceptor-substituted 2,3-dibromofurans 1 and 2 underwent a regioselective Pd0-catalyzed coupling reaction at the C-2 carbon atom. With alkynes the corresponding 2-alkynylfurans 4 and 5 were accessible (49–97% yield). Alkyl-, aryl-, and alkenylzinc reagents gave the 2-substituted furans 8 starting from compound 2 (66–84% yield). The 2-allylfurans 8e and 8f were obtained by a regioselective Stille coupling in 79% and 73% yield. The latter reaction was also applied to the parent 2,3-dibromofuran (27) and yielded the substitution product 28 (60% yield). Subsequent Pd0-catalyzed reactions to introduce a methyl group in 3-position by a methyldebromination were successfully conducted for 2-alkynyl-3-bromofurans with MeZnCl and PdCl2(PPh3)2 as the catalyst in THF (reflux) to yield compounds 13–16 and 24 (67–76%) and with SnMe4 and PdCl2[P(o-Tol)3]2 as the catalyst in DMA (90 °C) for the 2-allyl-3-bromofuran 8e to yield 18 (70%). The more facile reaction of the 2-alkynylfurans relative to those of furans bearing an sp3-carbon atom at C-2 appears to be due to steric reasons. Studies on the 2-alkyl-3-bromofuran 20 supported this notion. With the regioselective coupling methodology the terpene rosefuran (22) was prepared in four steps starting from furan 2 (35% yield overall). The F5 furan fatty acid (26) was synthesized from furan 1 in five steps (29% yield overall).
Leptin and hyperleptinemia - from friend to foe for cardiovascular function (2004)

The obese gene product, leptin, plays a central role in food intake and energy metabolism. The physiological roles of leptin in human bodily function have been broadened over the past decade since leptin was first discovered in 1994. Evidence has suggested that leptin plays a specific role in the intricate cascade of cardiovascular events, in addition to its well-established metabolic effects. Leptin, a hormone linking adiposity and central nervous circuits to reduce appetite and enhance energy expenditure, has been shown to increase overall sympathetic nerve activity, facilitate glucose utilization and improve insulin sensitivity. In addition, leptin is capable of regulating cardiac and vascular contractility through a local nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. However, elevated plasma leptin levels or hyperleptinemia, have been demonstrated to correlate with hyperphagia, insulin resistance and other markers of the metabolic syndrome including obesity, hyperlipidemia and hypertension, independent of total adiposity. Elevated plasma leptin levels may be an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Although mechanisms leading to hyperleptinemia have not been well described, factors such as increased food intake and insulin resistance have been shown to rapidly enhance plasma leptin levels and subsequently tissue leptin resistance. These findings have prompted the speculation that leptin in the physiological range may serve as a physiological regulator of cardiovascular function whereas elevated plasma leptin levels may act as a pathophysiological trigger and/or marker for cardiovascular diseases due to tissue leptin resistance.
Performance of Wood Products as Media for Culture of Anthuriums (1985)

A study was conducted on Anthurium andraeanum Andre cv. Kozohara Red testing wood bark, wood chips, redwood bark, and bagasse media with fertilizer levels of 100, 200, and 400lb N-P205 -K20/A/year. Media ranking from best to poorest for flower production, flower stem length, and flower size were wood bark > wood chips > bagasse = redwood bark. Flower production and flower size increased linearly with increase in fertilizer rate. Flower stem length was not affected by fertilizer rate. Fertilizer response was similar on all media.
The effects of MgADP on cross‐bridge kinetics: a laser flash photolysis study of guinea‐pig smooth muscle. (1993)

1. The effects of MgADP on cross-bridge kinetics were investigated using laser flash photolysis of caged ATP (P3-1(2-nitrophenyl) ethyladenosine 5'-triphosphate), in guinea-pig portal vein smooth muscle permeabilized with Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin. Isometric tension and in-phase stiffness transitions from rigor state were monitored upon photolysis of caged ATP. The estimated concentration of ATP released from caged ATP by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was 1.3 mM. 2. The time course of relaxation initiated by photolysis of caged ATP in the absence of Ca2+ was well fitted during the initial 200 ms by two exponential functions with time constants of, respectively, tau 1 = 34 ms and tau 2 = 1.2 s and relative amplitudes of 0.14 and 0.86. Multiple exponential functions were needed to fit longer intervals; the half-time of the overall relaxation was 0.8 s. The second order rate constant for cross-bridge detachment by ATP, estimated from the rate of initial relaxation, was 0.4-2.3 x 10(4) M-1 s-1. 3. MgADP dose dependently reduced both the relative amplitude of the first component and the rate constant of the second component of relaxation. Conversely, treatment of muscles with apyrase, to deplete endogenous ADP, increased the relative amplitude of the first component. In the presence of MgADP, in-phase stiffness decreased during force maintenance, suggesting that the force per cross-bridge increased. The apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of MgADP for the cross-bridge binding site, estimated from its concentration-dependent effect on the relative amplitude of the first component, was 1.3 microM. This affinity is much higher than the previously reported values (50-300 microM for smooth muscle; 18-400 microM for skeletal muscle; 7-10 microM for cardiac muscle). It is possible that the high affinity reflects the properties of a state generated during the co-operative reattachment cycle, rather than that of the rigor bridge. 4. The rate constant of MgADP release from cross-bridges, estimated from its concentration-dependent effect on the rate constant of the second (tau 2) component, was 0.35-7.7 s-1. To the extent that reattachment of cross-bridges could slow relaxation even during the initial 200 ms, this rate constant may be an underestimate. 5. Inorganic phosphate (Pi, 30 mM) did not affect the rate of relaxation during the initial approximately 50 ms, but accelerated the slower phase of relaxation, consistent with a cyclic cross-bridge model in which Pi increases the proportion of cross-bridges in detached ('weakly bound') states.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Bio based phenolic resins and adhesives derived from forestry residues wastes and lignin (2012)

The work presented here aims to produce bio-phenolic compounds from forestry biomass (residues, wastes and lignin), and substitute petroleum-based phenol with the bio-phenolic compounds to produce high quality bio-based phenol formaldehyde (PF) resins.\nFor the production of bio-phenolic compounds from biomass, alcohol (methanol or ethanol) and water showed synergistic effects on biomass direct liquefaction. 65 wt% of bio-oil and a biomass conversion at > 95% were obtained at 300 ?C for 15 min in the 50%/50% (w/w) co-solvent of either methanol-water or ethanol-water. At a temperature higher than 300 ?C, conversion of bio-oil to char was significant via re-polymerization reactions. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analyses of the obtained bio-oils confirmed the presence of primarily phenolic compounds and their derivatives (such as benzenes), followed by aldehyde, long-chain (and cyclic) ketones and alcohols, ester, organic acid, and ether compounds. The Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) results suggested that hot-compressed ethanol as the liquefaction solvent favored lignin degradation into monomeric phenols. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) wood before and after the liquefaction displayed that the cellulosic structure of the feedstock was completely converted into amorphous carbon at around 300 ?C, and into crystalline carbon at about 350 ?C.
Purification and Characterization of Cellobiose Dehydrogenases from the White Rot Fungus Trametes versicolor (1996)

The white rot fungus Trametes versicolor degrades lignocellulosic material at least in part by oxidizing the lignin via a number of secreted oxidative and peroxidative enzymes. An extracellular reductive enzyme, cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH), oxidizes cellobiose and reduces insoluble Mn(IV)O(inf2), commonly found as dark deposits in decaying wood, to form Mn(III), a powerful lignin-oxidizing agent. CDH also reduces ortho-quinones and produces sugar acids which can promote manganese peroxidase and therefore ligninolytic activity. To better understand the role of CDH in lignin degradation, proteins exhibiting cellobiose-dependent quinone-reducing activity were isolated and purified from cultures of T. versicolor. Two distinct proteins were isolated; the proteins had apparent molecular weights of 97,000 and 81,000 and isoelectric points of 4.2 and 6.4, respectively. The larger CDH (CDH 4.2) contained both flavin and heme cofactors, whereas the smaller contained only a flavin (CDH 6.4). These CDH enzymes were rapidly reduced by cellobiose and lactose and somewhat more slowly by cellulose and certain cello-oligosaccharides. Both glycoproteins were able to reduce a very wide range of quinones and organic radical species but differed in their ability to reduce metal ion complexes. Temperature and pH optima for CDH 4.2 were affected by the reduced substrate. Although CDH 4.2 showed rather high substrate specificity among the ortho-quinones, it could also rapidly reduce a structurally very diverse collection of other species, from negatively charged triiodide ions to positively charged hexaquo ferric ions. CDH 6.4 showed a higher K(infm) and a lower V(infmax) and turnover number than did CDH 4.2 for all substrates tested. Furthermore, CDH 6.4 did not reduce the transition metals Fe(III), Cu(II), and Mn(III) at concentrations likely to be physiologically relevant, while CDH 4.2 was able to rapidly reduce even very low concentrations of these ions. The reduction of Fe(III) and Cu(II) by CDH 4.2 may be important in sustaining a Fenton's-type reaction, which produces hydroxyl radicals that can cleave both lignin and cellulose. Unlike the CDH proteins from Phanerochaete chrysosporium, CDH 4.2 and CDH 6.4 are unable to produce hydrogen peroxide.
18세기 말 관념론이 낭만 청취 미학에 미친 영향 연구 (2012)

This paper investigated how the status of instrumental music was rapidly changed during a relatively short span of time, 1790-1810. Especially Mark Evan Bond`s argument that the resurgence of idealism in the late eighteenth century would be the main resource of a romantic musical aesthetics was examined. First of all, the representative philosophers who contributed to the revival of idealism in the late eighteenth century were investigated. Second, the main ideas and theories of these philosophers were re-examined. Third, the process that idealist theories were transferred to contemporary writers in music was investigated. Fourth, through the writings of early romantic writers influenced by idealism, their basic premises and listening attitudes towards music were reviewed in detail. As a result, it is found that the emerging status of instrumental music during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries owes much to the change of aesthetic viewpoint rather than to a certain composer such as Beethoven or the instrumental repertoire of that time.
Reply: International estimates on infertility prevalence and treatment seeking: potential need and demand for medical care (2009)

Used live birth to define primary/secondary infertility, all others used pregnancy
An embedded multi-resolution AMBA trace analyzer for microprocessor-based SoC integration (2007)

The bus tracing is used to catch related signals for further investigation and analysis. However, the trace size of cycle-accurate tracing is large and the trace cycle is shallow unless using a proper compression mechanism. In this paper, we propose an embedded multi-resolution AMBA trace analyzer that provides the trade-off between the trace granularity and the trace depth. It consists of two major trace approaches: (1) the signal monitor/tracing which provides the levels of abstraction, and (2) the trace reduction. In the first approach, it allows designers to zoom-in/out to preferred level of abstraction to serve different debugging purposes. In the second approach, the trace analyzer compresses the traced data according to signal characteristics and the cost of on-chip storage is reduced. The trace data will be decompressed on the host for further observation and debugging. The experimental results show that the proposed approach can reach a good compression ratio of 96% and the trace depth is more than two thousand cycles at the higher abstraction level.
Chemokines activate Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor in mammalian cells in culture. (1998)

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)/human herpesvirus 8, a virus that appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphomas, encodes a G protein-coupled receptor (KSHV-GPCR) that exhibits constitutive signaling. In this report, we show that two chemokines, interleukin 8 (IL-8) and growth-related protein-alpha, activate KSHV-GPCR over constitutive levels. Moreover, as with human receptors, the integrity of the ELR motif of these chemokines is required for activation of KSHV-GPCR. Other residues that are required for IL-8 binding to human chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 are important for KSHV-GPCR activation also. Thus, it appears that the ELR binding site and other key domains of ELR chemokine activation have been preserved in the virus KSHV-GPCR. The results suggest that KSHV-GPCR originated from CXCR1 or CXCR2 and that activation of KSHV-GPCR by endogenous chemokines may affect the pathobiology of KSHV infection in humans.
Compact dual-mode dual-band bandpass filter with wide stopband (2012)

Abstract A compact microstrip bandpass filter (BPF) with dual-band and wide stopband based on a single dual-mode stepped-impedance resonator (SIR) and defected ground structures (DGSs) is investigated in this paper. The proposed BPF is composed of one dual-mode resonator with metalized via hole to ground, one spiral slot and three DGSs. The dual-mode SIR is studied and employed to generate two desired independent passbands. The DGSs are used to improve the stopband performance. The predicted results are compared with measured data, and a good agreement is reported. Acknowledgment This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (K50511020013) and the Principal Research Fund Project of Xi'an Technological University (XAGDXJJ1015).
Kinematic Evaluation of Lumbar Fusion Techniques (1996)

There are major biomechanical differences between different fusion techniques. This information should be considered in patients undergoing lumbar spinal fusion.
Providing robust and ubiquitous security support for mobile ad-hoc networks (2001)

Providing security support for mobile ad-hoc networks is challenging for several reasons: (a) wireless networks are susceptible to attacks ranging from passive eavesdropping to active interfering, occasional break-ins by adversaries may be inevitable in a large time window; (b) mobile users demand "anywhere, anytime" services; (c) a scalable solution is needed for a large-scale mobile network. In this paper, we describe a solution that supports ubiquitous security services for mobile hosts, scales to network size, and is robust against break-ins. In our design, we distribute the certification authority functions through a threshold secret sharing mechanism, in which each entity holds a secret share and multiple entities in a local neighborhood jointly provide complete services. We employ localized certification schemes to enable ubiquitous services. We also update the secret shares to further enhance robustness against break-ins. Both simulations and implementation confirm the effectiveness of our design.
Dominant formation and quenching processes in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>E</mml:mi></mml:math>-beam pumped ArF and KrF lasers (1977)

The dominant formation and quenching processes in $E$-beam pumped ArF* and KrF* lasers are discussed. The quenching of ArF* by ${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ and Ar has been measured by analyzing the ArF* ($B^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}X^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{\frac{1}{2}}$) fluorescence as a function of the ${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ and Ar partial pressures. We have also measured the displacement of the Ar in ArF* by Kr to form KrF*. The dominant quenching processes of KrF* were identified, and the rate constants were measured. The ArF* and KrF* are formed from the ionic states with high efficiency. Interception of the precursors can be made negligible by choosing the experimental conditions properly. The quenching of KrF* by Ar and Kr is mainly a three-body process resulting in the formation of ${\mathrm{Kr}}_{2}$F*. The emission from ${\mathrm{Kr}}_{2}$F* was observed in a broadband centered at 410 nm. We have verified that the ${\mathrm{Kr}}_{2}$F* is produced subsequent to the KrF* formation by performing a laser saturation experiment.
Low‐Temperature Metal‐Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon Nitride (1990)

Amorphous silicon nitride films have been deposited on single‐crystal silicon from the gas mixture of methylsilazane and ammonia at 873 to 1073 K. The films have been characterized by ellipsometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy. The Si‐C, Si‐H, and C‐H bonds in methylsilazane can be effectively cleaved and the associated C and H species removed. The structure and composition of the films do not show any apparent dependence on the deposition temperature.
Precious metal-reduced contact materials in telecom- and signal relays (2002)

Palladium is the most frequently used contact material for telecommunication and signal relays, due to its good contact resistance stability and material transfer characteristics. The significant increase in the price of palladium in recent years has made it necessary to look for alternatives. The development of gastight plastic sealed relay housings, which keep the gas filling inside the relay for a long time, e.g. more than 10 years for nitrogen and more than 100 years for sulfur-hexafluoride, allows nonprecious metal contact materials to be used, as an inert atmosphere can be kept for the entire life of the relay. Tests were performed with gold covered tungsten and ruthenium contacts mounted in a standard telecom relay filled with N/sub 2/ or SF/sub 6/. Although the contact resistance was always measured with dry circuit conditions applied, no relevant increase was observed during all electrical endurance tests. The ruthenium as well as the tungsten layer with a thickness of only 5 /spl mu/m withstood endurance tests with maximum loads at 30 W. As only minimum contact erosion and material transfer occurred, no contact sticking or bridging was observed. Overall, the switching performance of tungsten and ruthenium is similar to that of PdRu10. As PdRu10 has superior performance, especially when operating in an SF/sub 6/ atmosphere, the properties of Ru and W in N/sub 2/ as well as in SF/sub 6/ are at least comparable with all contact materials in current use. Gastight plastic sealed relay housings offer the advantages of hermetically sealed housings at an affordable cost.
Differential Optical Strain Gauge for Torsion Measurements (1969)

An optical strain gauge has been built to measure extremely small torsion strains in cylindrical specimens. Moiré fringe techniques are used to measure the differential angular changes between two sensing mirrors supported on two rings attached to the specimen. The present instrument has a useable linear range of about 0.5 mrad with a sensitivity of 500 mV/mrad. Angular changes as small as 2 μrad are easily detected. Risley prisms are used to extend the range to 10 mrad as well as to verify the calibration procedure.
Digital Model of a Generic Infrared Tracker (1992)

Personal computer based simulations are popular because of the wide availability of personal computers. In this thesis, a simple simulation model of a generic infrared tracker is developed for the personal computer. This thesis first centers on the definition of a generic infrared tracker and the development of a tracker model. The remainder of this thesis is a description of the personal computer based computer simulation model, and a discussion of results of simulation runs to characterize the tracker model response. The conclusion of this thesis is that the simple simulation model serves both as a prototype for developing a simulation model of a real tracker, and as a simple introduction to infrared trackers.