gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two decades of imipenem therapy (2006)

Imipenem, the first carbapenem discovered, was developed more than two decades ago in response to an unmet need for a highly potent, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent with a strong safety profile. It has since been used to treat more than 26 million patients. In an era where antibiotic use has driven antibiotic resistance, choosing appropriate initial therapy for serious infection is critical. Appropriate antibiotic regimens must cover all likely pathogens, be administered promptly at the correct dosage and dosing interval, be well tolerated and prevent the emergence of resistance. While imipenem was initially reserved for use in intractable, serious infections, the benefits of early aggressive therapy are now known, making imipenem a core agent in de-escalation therapy due to proven efficacy and safety for indications such as nosocomial pneumonia, intra-abdominal infection, sepsis and febrile neutropenia. De-escalation therapy with an agent such as imipenem minimizes resistance development by initiating aggressive initial treatment and then tailoring therapy based on patient response and culture results, switching to a less expensive, narrower spectrum antibiotic regimen or shortening the duration of therapy. Imipenem has maintained sustained clinical efficacy, tolerability and in vitro activity against important bacterial pathogens for two decades. We review the factors that continue to make imipenem as appropriate an agent for de-escalation therapy now as it was 20 years ago.
Adaptive decision feedback equalization with MLSE based on predicted signals (2002)

The authors introduce an adaptive channel equalization scheme which combines a maximum likelihood sequence estimator (MLSE) and a fractionally spaced decision-feedback equalizer (DFE). Besides compensating the channel distortion, the embedded DFE provides the MLSE detector with predicted values of the received signal so that the output detected symbols do not suffer any delay except the processing time. Both the bit error rate and the block error probability of the proposed MLSE-DFE scheme are significantly improved in comparison with the conventional DFE. The tradeoff between performance and complexity is controlled by a parameter m, representing the MLSE detection depth. To simplify the realization of the MLSE-DFE, a modified MLSE algorithm is also investigated. Analytical and simulation results are presented for uncoded quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) signals over channels with severe distortions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cannabidiol and palmitoylethanolamide are anti-inflammatory in the acutely inflamed human colon (2017)

PEA and CBD are anti-inflammatory in the human colon. This effect is not seen in cultured epithelial cells. Appropriately sized clinical trials should assess their efficacy.
Accurate model to predict performance of coherent optical transponder (2018)

Coherent optical transponder is ubiquitous and dominant in long-haul optical network. Bit error rate (BER) versus optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) determines the transmission distance for coherent optical transponder. However, a complicated setup is needed for this measurement, which limits this measurement to laboratory environment. We have developed an accurate model to predict BER versus OSNR at various receiver optical power (ROP) under assumption of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The model has three parameters, which are related to noise floor, filter mismatching, and OSNR value without noise loading. We determined the first two parameters through curve fitting of BER vs. ROP curve. We determined the third parameters through design verification test (DVT). We validated the model over 100 channels within extended C band. Furthermore, we expanded the model to high modulation format 16- ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). We investigated the influence of high baud rate, like 45G, 56G, 64G and 86G. The model works well for both high modulation format and high baud rate. The influence of baud rate on the fitting parameters are discussed. Since one can measure BER versus ROP using built-in components of coherent optical transponder, BER versus OSNR can be monitored during in-field deployment based on this accurate model. In addition, one can monitor OSNR based on BER reversely. No extra hardware or DSP processing algorithm is needed for this OSNR monitoring scheme. The monitoring accuracy is further improved with consideration of chromatic dispersion (CD), polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and nonlinearity impairment.
Reductive removal of sulfonyl groups: Cleavage of sulfonamides and sulfonates by alkali metal combined with crown ether. (1982)

A system of potassium metal-crown ether-diglyme has been proved to be highly effective for reductive removal of the sulfonyl group from O-sulfonates or sulfonamides. The reaction proceeds even with mesylamides of dialkyl amines, which resist reductive cleavage by naphthalene radical anion. It has also been found that a simple combination of potassium metal or sodium-potassium alloy with isopropanol in diglyme or toluene is effective for the cleavage of dialkylamine sulfonamides which are relatively susceptible to reduction. In particular, the use of sodium-potassium alloy gave satisfactory results.
Proliferation and differentiation potential of rat forebrain oligodendroglial progenitors both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> (1991)

We have followed the development of the O-2A progenitor cell from the neonatal rat forebrain, both in dissociated cell culture and in cryostat sections, using immunocytochemical techniques employing a panel of antibodies that recognise the cells at different stages of their development. This included the monoclonal antibody LB1, which binds to the surface ganglioside GD3 expressed on O-2A progenitor cells. In secondary cultures enriched for O-2A progenitors maintained in a serum-free chemically defined medium, a large proportion of the cells are primed to differentiate into oligodendroglia and go on to express the oligodendroglial specific surface glycolipid galactocerebroside (GC) and then the myelin proteins CNP and MBP. However, a significant proportion of immature bipolar GD3+ cells remained after 6 days in secondary culture. It appears that not all the O-2A progenitors in our cultures differentiate immediately and some cells remain in an undifferentiated state and divide to replenish progenitor numbers. We have also identified in our cultures a small apolar GD3- cell, which when isolated differentiated into a GD3+ bipolar O-2A progenitor cell. We have termed this cell type a preprogenitor. The differentiation of this cell type into O-2A progenitors may be the source of the immature GD3+ cells present at the later stages of our secondary cultures. The proliferative profile of the cultures was studied using 5'bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation as an index of mitosis. Only the immature, bipolar O-2A progenitors were seen to divide at any time in serum-free culture. Neither the more mature multipolar O-2A cells nor the oligodendroglia were seen to divide. The developmental profile of the O-2A cells in the rat forebrain in vivo showed a largely similar progression to that in culture, with a time lag of at least 6 days between GD3 expression and the onset of myelination. BrdU incorporation studies in vivo also showed that the GD3+ progenitor cell is mitotic whereas the GC(+)-expressing oligodendroglia is not. We have shown that there are several significant alterations in the timing of antigen expression in both O-2A progenitors and oligodendroglia in vitro compared to that seen in vivo.
The Evolution of the Cruise Missile (1985)

The purpose of this book is to evaluate the cruise missile, seeking the answer to two questions: Is the current cruise missile simply another weapon in the now familiar class of aerial munitions? Or does it represent a potentially revolutionary class of weapons in its own right?
Phosphorylative Inactivation of Aminoglycosidic Antibiotics by <i>Escherichia coli</i> Carrying R Factor (1967)

Kanamycin and paromamine are inactivated by an enzyme solution prepared from Escherichia coli carrying R factor; and the 3-hydroxyl group of 6-amino-6-deoxy-D-glucose moiety of kanamycin or the 3-hydroxyl group of glucosamine moiety of paromamine is phosphorylated. These inactivated products and dihydrostreptomycin inactivated by the enzyme solution are converted to the original antibiotics by treatment with alkaline phosphatase.
An automated object-oriented testing for C++ inheritance hierarchy (2002)

This paper proposes a concept named unit repeated inheritance (URI) in Z notation to realize object-oriented testing of an inheritance hierarchy. Based on this unit, an inheritance level technique (ILT) method as a guide to test object-oriented software errors in the inheritance hierarchy is described. In addition, two testing criteria, intralevel first and interlevel first, are formed based on the proposed mechanism. Moreover, in order to make the test process automatic, we use LEX and YACC to automatically generate a lexical analyzer and a parser to demonstrate a declaration of C++ source code. And, we also construct a windowing tool used in conjunction with a conventional C++ programming environment to assist a programmer to analyze and test his/her C++ programs.
Combining digital and analog signals for US IBOC FM broadcasting (2002)

IBOC DAB (In-Band On-Channel Digital Audio Broadcasting) requires the simultaneous broadcast of an analog and a digital signal within one channel of the FM band. Because broadcasters are adding IBOC to their existing systems, it is vital that they achieve maximum power efficiency while working within their existing space and power limitations. There are currently three different strategies proposed for accomplishing this goal, each having its own advantages and disadvantages. One strategy is to establish a separate, second antenna for the digital service. The other two strategies involve combining the analog and digital signals, either in a single hybrid transmitter or at the output of separate analog and digital transmitters. This paper discusses the equipment required for accomplishing this last strategy.
Efficacy, acceptability and side effects of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system for menorrhagia (2007)

Using the LNG-IUS is an effective and well-accepted option overall for the medical management of menorrhagia.
Interaction of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha with the retinoid X receptor alpha unmasks a cryptic peroxisome proliferator response element that overlaps an ARP-1-binding site in the CYP4A6 promoter. (1994)

P450 4A6 is highly induced by peroxisome proliferators in vivo. Gene transfer experiments indicate that this induction can be mediated by the mouse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) and that it is dependent on upstream enhancer elements in the CYP4A6 gene. However, as has been seen for other peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPREs), PPAR alpha does not bind directly to a previously characterized PPRE of the CYP4A6 gene in the absence of additional proteins such as the retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR alpha). When PPAR alpha and RXR alpha are coexpressed, the overall transcription of the CYP4A6 reporter is increased, and a synergistic response to both retinoids and peroxisome proliferators is evident that is dependent on the presence of both receptors. In addition, a cryptic response element is unmasked in constructs lacking the upstream enhancers. DNase I protection assays indicate that when present together, but not singly, PPAR alpha and RXR alpha bind to a site located within 29 base pairs upstream of the CYP4A6 transcription start site. This region contains a sequence similar to that found in the apolipoprotein CIII gene that has been shown to bind RXR alpha and the orphan nuclear receptor, ARP-1. The corresponding sequence in the CYP4A6 gene also binds ARP-1. A similar sequence found in the promoter region of the rat CYP4A1 gene does not, however, bind either PPAR alpha/RXR alpha or ARP-1. Transfection of increasing amounts of the ARP-1 expression vector blocks the PPAR alpha/RXR alpha-mediated induction of transcription from the CYP4A6 promoter. Mutations that prevent the binding of either PPAR alpha/RXR alpha or ARP-1 to a double-stranded oligonucleotide corresponding to the proximal enhancer eliminate the peroxisome proliferator-induced transcriptional response observed for the promoter construct in the presence of PPAR alpha/RXR alpha, but these mutations do not eliminate the response seen when the upstream enhancers are present. These results indicate that the PPREs of the CYP4A6 gene are recognized by multiple members of the nuclear receptor family that are likely to contribute to the regulation of CYP4A6 expression in both an agonistic (RXR alpha) and an antagonistic (ARP-1) manner.
Effects of Comprehensive Lifestyle Modification on Blood Pressure Control (2003)

Individuals with above-optimal BP, including stage 1 hypertension, can make multiple lifestyle changes that lower BP and reduce their cardiovascular disease risk.
A Simple Method to Increase the Transduction Efficiency of Single-Stranded Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors <i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> (2011)

We have recently shown that co-administration of conventional single-stranded adeno-associated virus 2 (ssAAV2) vectors with self-complementary (sc) AAV2-protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) vectors leads to a significant increase in the transduction efficiency of ssAAV2 vectors in human cells in vitro as well as in murine hepatocytes in vivo. In the present study, this strategy has been further optimized by generating a mixed population of ssAAV2-EGFP and scAAV2-PP5 vectors at a 10:1 ratio to achieve enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgene expression at approximately 5- to 10-fold higher efficiency, both in vitro and in vivo. This simple coproduction method should be adaptable to any ssAAV serotype vector containing transgene cassettes that are too large to be encapsidated in scAAV vectors.
Binding and Functional Studies with the Growth Hormone Receptor Antagonist, B2036-PEG (Pegvisomant), Reveal Effects of Pegylation and Evidence That It Binds to a Receptor Dimer1 (2001)

GH actions are dependent on receptor dimerization. The GH receptor antagonist, B2036-PEG, has been developed for treating acromegaly. B2036 has mutations in site 1 to enhance receptor binding and in site 2 to block receptor dimerization. Pegylation (B2036-PEG) increases half-life and lowers immunogenicity, but high concentrations are required to control insulin-like growth factor-I levels. We examined antagonist structure and function and the impact of pegylation on biological efficacy. Unpegylated B2036 had a 4.5-fold greater affinity for GH binding protein (GHBP) than GH but similar affinity for membrane receptor. Pegylation substantially reduced membrane binding affinity and receptor antagonism, as assessed by a transcription assay, by 39- and 20-fold, respectively. GHBP reduced antagonist activity of unpegylated B2036 but did not effect antagonism by B2036-PEG. B2036 down-regulated receptors, and membrane binding sites doubled in the presence of dimerization-blocking antibodies, suggesting that B2036 binds to a receptor dimer. It is concluded that the high concentration requirement of B2036-PEG for clinical efficacy relates to pegylation, which decreases binding to membrane receptor but has the advantages of reduced clearance, immunogenicity, and interactions with GHBP. Our studies suggest that B2036 binds to a receptor dimer and induces internalization but not signaling.
Patterns of Diversity and Recombination Along Chromosome 1 of Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> ssp. <i>mays</i> L.) (2002)

We investigate the interplay between genetic diversity and recombination in maize (Zea mays ssp. mays). Genetic diversity was measured in three types of markers: single-nucleotide polymorphisms, indels, and microsatellites. All three were examined in a sample of previously published DNA sequences from 21 loci on maize chromosome 1. Small indels (1-5 bp) were numerous and far more common than large indels. Furthermore, large indels (>100 bp) were infrequent in the population sample, suggesting they are slightly deleterious. The 21 loci also contained 47 microsatellites, of which 33 were polymorphic. Diversity in SNPs, indels, and microsatellites was compared to two measures of recombination: C (=4Nc) estimated from DNA sequence data and R based on a quantitative recombination nodule map of maize synaptonemal complex 1. SNP diversity was correlated with C (r = 0.65; P = 0.007) but not with R (r = -0.10; P = 0.69). Given the lack of correlation between R and SNP diversity, the correlation between SNP diversity and C may be driven by demography. In contrast to SNP diversity, microsatellite diversity was correlated with R (r = 0.45; P = 0.004) but not C (r = -0.025; P = 0.55). The correlation could arise if recombination is mutagenic for microsatellites, or it may be consistent with background selection that is apparent only in this class of rapidly evolving markers.
Discrete Periodic Melting Point Observations for Nanostructure Ensembles (2000)

We report a study of the thermodynamic properties of indium clusters on a SiN (x) surface during the early stages of thin film growth using a sensitive nanocalorimetry technique. The measurements reveal the presence of abnormal discontinuities in the heat of melting below 100 degrees C. These discontinuities, for which temperature separation corresponds to a spatial periodicity equal to the thickness of an indium monolayer, are found to be related to the atomic "magic numbers," i.e., the number of atoms necessary to form a complete shell of atoms at particle surface.
Polarization mode control of long-wavelength VCSELs by intracavity patterning (2016)

Polarization mode control is enhanced in wafer-fused vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers emitting at 1310 nm wavelength by etching two symmetrically arranged arcs above the gain structure within the laser cavity. The intracavity patterning introduces birefringence and dichroism, which discriminates between the two polarization states of the fundamental transverse modes. We find that the cavity modifications define the polarization angle at threshold with respect to the crystal axes, and increase the gain anisotropy and birefringence on average, leading to an increase in the polarization switching current. Experimental measurements are explained using the spin-flip model of VCSEL polarization dynamics.
Glycotriazolophane Synthesis via Click Chemistry (2009)

A glycotriazolophane (carbohydrate-triazole-cyclophane hybrid) has been synthesized from a sugar amino acid via copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition.
Pathology Consultation on Drug-Induced Hemolytic Anemia (2011)

Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia is considered to be rare but is likely underrecognized. The consulting pathologist plays a critical role in integrating serologic findings with the clinical history, as drug-induced antibodies should be distinguished as either drug-dependent or drug-independent for appropriate clinical management. Drug-dependent antibodies (DDABs) are most commonly associated with cefotetan, ceftriaxone, and piperacillin, whereas fludarabine, methyldopa, β-lactamase inhibitors, and platinum-based chemotherapeutics are frequent causes of drug-independent antibodies (DIABs). DDABs usually demonstrate a positive direct antiglobulin test and a negative elution, while DIABs are serologically indistinguishable from warm autoantibodies and are similarly steroid-responsive. Drug cessation is always recommended.
Hypocapnia and Increased Ventilatory Responsiveness in Patients With Idiopathic Central Sleep Apnea (1995)

We previously demonstrated that central apneas during sleep in patients with idiopathic central sleep apnea (ICSA) are triggered by abrupt hyperventilation. In addition, baseline PCO2 at the time of augmented breaths which triggered central apneas was lower than for augmented breaths which did not trigger apneas. These observations led us to hypothesize that patients with ICSA chronically hyperventilate maintaining their PCO2 close to the threshold for apnea during sleep owing to increased chemical respiratory drive. To test these hypotheses, we recorded transcutaneous PCO2 (PtcCO2) during overnight sleep studies on nine consecutive patients with ICSA and nine sex-, age-, and body-mass-index-matched control subjects. Daytime PaCO2 as well as rebreathing and single breath ventilatory responses to CO2 were also measured. Compared with the control subjects, the patients had significantly lower mean PtcCO2 during sleep (37.8 +/- 1.2 versus 42.7 +/- 10.9 mm Hg, p < 0.01) and lower PaCO2 while awake (35.1 +/- 1.3 versus 38.8 +/- 0.9 mm Hg, p < 0.05). Furthermore, patients with ICSA had significantly higher ventilatory responses to CO2 for both the rebreathing (3.14 +/- 0.34 versus 1.60 +/- 0.32 L/min/mm Hg, p < 0.005) and single breath methods (0.51 +/- 0.10 versus 0.25 +/- 0.04 L/min/mm Hg, p < 0.05). We conclude that: (1) patients with ICSA chronically hyperventilate awake and asleep and (2) chronic hyperventilation is probably related to augmented central and peripheral respiratory drive which predisposes to respiratory control system instability.
In Vivo Monitoring of Inflammation After Cardiac and Cerebral Ischemia by Fluorine Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2008)

PFCs can serve as a "positive" contrast agent for the detection of inflammation by magnetic resonance imaging, permitting a spatial resolution close to the anatomic (1)H image and an excellent degree of specificity resulting from the lack of any (19)F background. Because PFCs are nontoxic, this approach may have a broad application in the imaging and diagnosis of numerous inflammatory disease states.
Monte Carlo Implementation of Gaussian Process Models for Bayesian Regression and Classification (1997)

Gaussian processes are a natural way of defining prior distributions over functions of one or more input variables. In a simple nonparametric regression problem, where such a function gives the mean of a Gaussian distribution for an observed response, a Gaussian process model can easily be implemented using matrix computations that are feasible for datasets of up to about a thousand cases. Hyperparameters that define the covariance function of the Gaussian process can be sampled using Markov chain methods. Regression models where the noise has a t distribution and logistic or probit models for classification applications can be implemented by sampling as well for latent values underlying the observations. Software is now available that implements these methods using covariance functions with hierarchical parameterizations. Models defined in this way can discover high-level properties of the data, such as which inputs are relevant to predicting the response.
A Dedicated Single-Chip Microcomputer for Automotive Dashboard Applications (1981)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A single chip microcomputer (SAB 80215P) for automotive dashboard applications will be described. The chip is based on a standard SAB 8021 nucleus and includes as peripheral circuitry an a/d converter, 4, 8 and 12-bit counters, keyboard decoder, display driver and a low power time-of-day-clock plus stopwatch and alarm function. RAM and ROM are extended by a factor of two. Stand-by current drain is less than 5 mA. Possible applications are trip computers, air conditioning and electronic instrumentation.</div>