gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The component fatty acids and glycerides of coconut oils (1955)

Abstract Specimens of coconut oil of Indonesian, Solomon Islands and Ceylonese origin have been found to contain the following fatty acids: caprylic 7.7,8‐1,7‐3; capric 9.7,8‐1,7.5; lauric 45.0,46.3,47‐8; myristic 18.0, 17.4, 18‐9; palmitic 8.4, 8‐6, 7‐6; stearic 3.7, 2‐0, 2‐5; arachidic —, 1.5, 0‐4; oleic 5‐8, 5‐5, 6‐3; linoleic 1‐5, 2‐2, 1‐7% (wt.). These data, taken in conjunction with earlier analytical figures, indicate that the composition of coconut oils produced in widely scattered regions remains practically constant. The oil consists of a very complex mixture of mixed triglycerides, only two components of which (myristodilaurin and lauromyristopalmitin) occur to the extent of over 10%.
Rhizobium fredii sp. nov., a Fast-Growing Species That Effectively Nodulates Soybeans (1984)

A new species, Rhizobium fredii, is proposed for fast-growing root nodule bacteria isolated from soybeans. The type strain was isolated from a root nodule of Glycine max growing in Honan Province, China, and is designated strain USDA 205 (= ATCC 35423 = PRC 205). This new species is differentiated from currently recognized Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium species by deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization comparisons, plant specificity, generation times, antibiotic resistance, and serology. The strains of R. fredii are differentiated into two proposed chemovars, R. fredii chemovar fredii chemovar nov. and R. fredii chemovar siensis chemovar nov., by deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization tests, growth in the presence of erythromycin (20 μg/ml), final pH of yeast extract-mannitol medium, and serology.
Electronic energy spectrum and the concept of capacitance in quantum dots (1993)

The chemical potential and the capacitance of a model quantum dot have been computed, including contributions of exchange and correlation in the limit of 0 K temperature. The Schro\ifmmode\ddot\else\textasciidieresis\fi{}dinger equation has been solved self-consistently, taking into account the electron-electron Coulomb interaction and many-body effects within the framework of density-functional theory. We have also studied the effect of conducting backgates and of nearby electrodes using the method of images. Depending on the size of the dot, we derive a prevalance of either the quantization energy or the electrostatic energy: there is a smooth transition from predominant quantum effects for small dots to classical capacitance behavior for large dots. Our simulation reproduces characteristic effects that have been experimentally observed, such as the capacitance increase for increasing electron numbers and irregularities in the chemical potential values when randomly distributed charged impurities are present.
Turnover of Malate‐Dehydrogenase Isozymes in Rabbit Liver and Heart (1974)

1. The cytosolic and mitochondrial isozymes of malate dehydrogenase were purified from rabbit heart. Antisera against the two isoenzymes were obtained from sheep. The antiserum against mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase showed no cross‐reaction with the cytosolic isozyme and vice versa. 2. Apparent turnover rates of the two isozymes were determined in rabbit liver and heart by means of single pulse labelling with [ 14 C]leucine and isolation of the enzymes labelled in vivo by the immunochemical method. The apparent half‐lives of the cytosolic and mitochondrial isozyme are 8.6 and 21.9 h in liver and 21.6 and 33.9 h in heart. These values are shorter than the apparent half‐lives of total soluble protein of liver and heart. 3. Turnover of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase in rabbit liver was also calculated from the kinetics of enzyme accumulation and regression during a starvation‐refeeding cycle. The half‐life during starvation is 15.4 h and in the refeeding period 19.6 h. The approximately two‐fold increase in mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase content of liver during starvation appears thus to be brought about by an increased rate of synthesis.
A probabilistic approach to large circular and spherical arrays (1969)

Antenna arrays with elements distributed at random in a three-dimensional space are studied. Arbitrary excitation and nonisotropic elements are considered. The distribution of the sidelobe level below a certain value for all directions of observation, as well as other probabilistic properties are determined approximately. These general results are then applied to circular and spherical arrays. In particular, for the latter case, conical log-spiral antennas are considered in some detail. It is found that for large arrays with high resolution, the required number of elements can be several orders of magnitude smaller than what is commonly required on the basis of one element per <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(\lambda/2)^{2}</tex> Finally, a few experiments simulated by the Monte Carlo method were conducted and excellent agreements with theory have been found in all cases.
The patellid limpets of the world (Patellidae) (1973)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
Selectfluor: Mechanismen und Anwendungen (2004)

Abstract Der Ersatz von Wasserstoff durch Fluor in organischen Substraten ist wegen der hohen Elektronegativität des Fluors bei fast gleich bleibendem Raumanspruch von großem Interesse in der Synthesechemie. Viele Quellen für nucleophiles Fluor zur Derivatisierung unter sauren, basischen und neutralen Bedingungen stehen zur Verfügung. Hingegen erforderte eine elektrophile Fluorierung früher den Einsatz von molekularem Fluor, was aufgrund dessen Toxizität und Explosionsneigung zu einer nur begrenzten Anwendung dieser Methode geführt hat. Der Bedarf an einem elektrophilen Fluorierungsreagens, das sicher zu handhaben, stabil und hoch reaktiv ist und in der industriellen Produktion als Alternative zum hoch giftigen gasförmigen Fluor eingesetzt werden kann, führte letztlich zur Entwicklung von Selectfluor ( 1 ). Dieses Reagens ist eines der reaktivsten elektrophilen Fluorierungsmittel und dazu noch ungefährlich, nicht toxisch und leicht zu handhaben. In diesem Aufsatz beschreiben wir die zahlreichen Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Selectfluor und diskutieren mögliche Reaktionsmechanismen.
All about yogurt (1980)

The history, composition, commercial manufacture, consumption, nutritional value and therapeutic use of yoghurt are discussed, with recipes given for home yoghurt production and for using yoghurt in cooking. Yoghurt is milk fermented with the Lactobacillus bulgaricus, an organism that produces lactic acid and is responsible for yoghurt's slightly sour taste. Though probably discovered accidentally and used as a form of milk preservation for milleniums, scientific interest in yoghurt began in the twentieth century when a possible relationship was established between the longevity of Bulgarian peasants and the large quantity of cultured milk products they consume. By 1975, United States per capita consumption of yoghurt had increased 2,000% in 15 years. Recipes include Beef Stroganoff, Yoghurt Cheese Cake, and Frozen Yoghurt
The Scattering of X Rays as Particles (1961)

The experimental evidence and the theoretical considerations that led to the discovery and interpretation of the modification of the wavelength of x rays as a result of scattering by electrons are reviewed, as is the controversy between Duane and the author that took place in 1923–24. The confirmatory evidence obtained by Bothe, Geiger, Simon, and Compton is summarized.
Carbamate Insecticides, Effects of Chemical Structure on Intoxication and Detoxiation of Phenyl N-Methylcarbamates in Insects (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbamate Insecticides, Effects of Chemical Structure on Intoxication and Detoxiation of Phenyl N-Methylcarbamates in InsectsR. L. Metcalf and T. R. FukutoCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1965, 13, 3, 220–231Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf60139a009https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60139a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views626Altmetric-Citations64LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Identification of a novel type of small molecule inhibitor against HIV-1 (2015)

Here we report a new chemical inhibitor against HIV-1 with a novel structure and mode of action. The inhibitor, designated as A1836, inhibited HIV-1 replication and virus production with a 50% inhibitory concentration (<TEX>$IC_{50}$</TEX>) of <TEX>$2.0{\mu}M$</TEX> in an MT-4 cell-based and cytopathic protection antiviral assay, while its 50% cytotoxic concentration (<TEX>$CC_{50}$</TEX>) was much higher than <TEX>$50{\mu}M$</TEX>. Examination of the effect of A1836 on in vitro HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase showed that neither were molecular targets of A1836. The characterization and re-infection assay of the HIV-1 virions generated in the presence of A1836 showed that the synthesis of early RT products in the cells infected with the virions was inhibited dose-dependently, due in part to abnormal protein formation within the virions, thus resulting in an impaired infectivity. These results suggest that A1836 might be a novel candidate for the development of a new type of HIV-1 inhibitor.
Meteor burst communications: theory and practice (1993)

Buck Rogers Technology--A Step in the Right Direction Meteor Scatter Communication: A New Understanding Modeling and Analysis of Meteor Burst Communication Efficient Communications Using the Meteor Burst Channel The FAVR Meteor Burst Communication Experiment Performance of Meteor Burst Communication Using Variable Data Rates Forward Error Correction for Meteor Burst Communications Probability of Error, Energy-To-Noise Ratio, and Channel Capacity in M -ary Meteor Burst Communication Systems Index.
Sparse matrix-vector multiplication on a systolic array (2003)

A systolic algorithm is presented which allows the parallel execution of iterative methods for solving systems of linear equations on a processor array. These methods are based on a repeated matrix-vector multiplication. In order to achieve an efficient realization on VLSI circuits special regard is given to the sparse property of the system matrix which is found in many applications. The arising transportation problem is solved by a two-dimensional systolic sorting procedure which determines the array structure and the time complexity of one matrix-vector multiplication. Therefore, the solution of a linear system with n equations requires n times the time complexity of the sorting algorithm and an area complexity of O(e) where e denotes the number of the nonzero elements in the system matrix.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Long term efficacy of strontium ranelate in reducing the risk of vertebral and non-vertebral including hip fractures in post menopausal osteoporotic women over 5 years (2007)

peer reviewed
Scattering by a small object close to an interface II Study of backscattering (1991)

Scattering by a small object located close to an interface is analyzed according to the exact-image theory formulation. The scatterer is assumed to be small compared with wavelength, permitting the electric-dipole approximation, and to have a scalar polarizability. After the derivation of the dipole moment, investigations concentrate on far-field scattering. Backscattering enhancement and reversal of linear polarization are confirmed through statistical averaging over scatterer height and system orientation.
Nucleotide sequence of <i>Suncus murinus</i> immunoglobulin μ gene and comparison with mouse and human μ genes (1989)

Both primates and rodents apparently originated from insectivores and then evolved separately. We isolated the immunoglobulin mu gene from DNA of the insectivore Suncus murinus and determined its nucleotide sequence. The gene organization was CH1 exon (318 bp)-intron (89 bp)-CH2 exon (345 bp)-intron (80 bp)-CH3 exon (318 bp)-intron (85 bp)-CH4 exon (392 bp)-coding sequence and 3'-untranslated region. Comparison of nucleotide sequences of mu genes between mouse, human and Suncus murinus indicated that the evolutionary distance between human and mouse is equal to that between Suncus murinus and human, and that mouse is deviated further from Suncus murinus than the two other combinations. This conclusion was further supported by sequence comparison of non-coding regions.
The α-Methylation of Pyridines by Primary Alcohols and Raney Nickel (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe α-Methylation of Pyridines by Primary Alcohols and Raney NickelManfred G. Reinecke and Louis R. KrayCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 23, 5355–5356Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01077a077https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01077a077research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views196Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Modification of properties of ion exchange membranes. VII. Relative transport number between various cations of cation exchange membrane having cationic polyelectrolyte layer and mechanism of selective permeation of particular cations (1979)

Abstract Electrodialytic behavior of cation exchange membrane having cationic polyelectrolyte layer on its surface (relative transport number between two cations, P , current efficiency, and electric resistance of the membrane during the electrodialysis) was measured using various cations, and the mechanism of selective permeation of lower‐valent cations than the higher and of larger hydrated cations than the smaller was investigated. The following conclusions were obtained: (1) the cationic polyelectrolyte layer narrowed the pathway for ions; (2) when the pathway was made narrower by other methods, the remarkable change of the permselectivity of the membrane did not occur; (3) the effectiveness of the cationic polyelectrolyte layer was depressed by the treatment with anionic polyelectrolytes to neutralize the cationic charge on the membrane surface; and (4) the cation with larger hydrated diameter (potassium ions) more easily permeated through the membrane having the polyelectrolyte layer than that with the smaller hydrated diameter (sodium ions). It is concluded that the change of P by the cationic charge layer on the membrane surface is based on the difference in the strength of the electrostatic repulsion between two cations against the cationic charge layer.
16Alpha-hydroxylation of estrone by human cytochrome P4503A4/5 (1998)

The cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes that catalyse metabolism of the estrogen, estrone (E1), to the putative carcinogen 16alpha-hydroxy E1 (16alpha-OHE1) in humans were determined. The potential of the most abundant circulating form of estrogen, estrone 3-sulfate (E1S), to be the substrate was also investigated. Human liver microsomal sulfatases convert E1S to E1, an essential prerequisite for formation of 16alpha-OHE1 from added E1S in this system. E1 metabolism to 16alpha-OHE1 in a panel of 15 human liver microsomal preparations correlated with total P450 concentrations (r2 = 0.63) and with activities associated with P450 forms CYP3A4 and 3A5 (r2 = 0.72). E1 16alpha-hydroxylase activity in human liver microsomes was inhibited by 75% by monoclonal anti human CYP3A4/5 antibodies at 4 mg antibody/nmol total P450, and by troleandomycin, a specific CYP3A4/5 inhibitor. Rates of E1 metabolism to 16alpha-OHE1 were 1.6-fold higher when E1 was generated in situ from E1S than when E1 was added. Microsomal preparations of cDNA expressed CYP3A4 or 3A5, with NADPH-P450-reductase co-expressed, both metabolized E1 to 16alpha-OHE1, and added cytochrome b5 increased the rates 5.1- and 7.5-fold, respectively. In these systems rates of E1 metabolism to 16alpha-OHE1 were 2.8-fold higher when E1 was generated in situ from E1S than when E1 was added. Kinetic values for E1 metabolism to 16alpha-OHE1 by human liver microsomes and for the expressed CYP3A4 system were Km 154 and 172 microM, respectively, and Vmax 238 pmol/min/nmol total P450 and 1050 pmol/min/nmol CYP3A4, respectively. Thus, formation of the putative carcinogen 16alpha-OHE1 is catalysed by CYP3A4 and 3A5 and stimulated by cytochrome b5. E1S is not a substrate but formation of E1 from E1S in situ stimulates formation of 16alpha-OHE1, possibly because E1S is more water soluble and in situ generation of E1 provides for facilitated exposure of E1 to the P450 substrate binding sites. Blocking of the pathway of E1 to 16alpha-OHE1 could provide a therapeutic approach for diminishing the risk of estrogen dependent breast cancer.
Multiphoton excitation, dissociation, and ionization of fullerene (C60) (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMultiphoton excitation, dissociation, and ionization of fullerene (C60)Peter Wurz and Keith R. LykkeCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 25, 10129–10139Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100204a011https://doi.org/10.1021/j100204a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views369Altmetric-Citations151LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Vibration energy harvesting using piezoelectric transducer and non-controlled rectifiers circuits (2012)

Vibration energy harvesting with piezoelectric materials is of practical interest because of the demand for wireless sensing devices and low-power portable electronics without external power supply. For practical use of vibration energy harvester with piezoelectric materials, it is necessary to process the alternating current (AC) by using different rectifiers' circuits in order to charge batteries with direct current (DC) or to feed electronic devices. Unfortunately, most of the models used focused on simplifying the energy harvesting circuit into a simple resistive load. In the real-world applications, the energy harvesting external circuit is more complex than a simple load resistance. In this sense, the goal of the present paper is to describe a comprehensive strategy for power harvesting device to estimate the output power provided by a cantilever beam with the electrodes of the piezoceramic layers connected to a standard rectifier circuit. The true electrical components were considered in the full-wave rectifier circuit with four diodes in bridge. A very simple and comprehensive description for choosing the capacitance and resistance loads is provided. In order to illustrate the results, numerical simulations and experimental verifications are also performed to ensure the accuracy. All tests and results are described and detailed using Matlab, the SimPowerSystem toolbox of the Simulink and an experimental setup.
HIV infection of human cervical tissue in vitro and the effects of vaginal virucides (2001)

Heterosexual transmission of HIV is the most frequent mode of infection world-wide. However, the immediate events between exposure to infectious virus and establishment of infection are still poorly understood. We have established human cervical explant cultures as a reproducible model of HIV infection of the female genital mucosa. Such explant cultures have been used to study the parameters of HIV infection of human female genital tissue in vitro. In particular we have investigated the role of the epithelium and virucidal agents in protection against HIV infection. We have demonstrated that the major target cells of infection reside below the genital epithelium, thus HIV must cross this barrier to establish infection. Immune activation enhanced HIV infection of such sub-epithelial cells. Furthermore, presented data suggests that genital epithelial cells themselves were not susceptible to HIV infection, appear to play no part in the transfer of infectious virus across the epithelium and thus may provide a barrier to infection. In addition, data from experiments using a panel of virucidal agents demonstrated differential efficiency to block HIV infection of sub epithelial cells from partial to complete inhibition. The assessment criteria for virucidal compounds tested in this in vitro model included: cytotoxicity, inhibitory activity, efficacy in the presence of semen, activity against cell-associated virus, ability to inactivate cell-free virions and post exposure activity. The following agents were able to completely block HIV infection of cervical explants: Pro2000, Cyanovirin-N, Cellulose acetate phthalate, UC781, and PMPA gel. This is the first demonstration that virucidal agents designed for topical vaginal use block HIV infection of genital tissue. Thus human cervical explant cultures provide a reproducible model for assessing the efficacy of virucidal agents designed to block HIV infection of primary target cells in the female genital tract.