gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of voltage contrast defect inspection technique for line monitoring 300mm ULSI hp90 logic contact layer (2005)

We had investigated the voltage contrast defect inspection technique using 300mm wafer size hp 90nm contact logic devices for line-monitoring implementation. The investigation was carried out on the basis of signal intensity analysis of the voltage contrast image in relation to landing energy, charge control voltage, beam current, diffusion types and charge quantities of wafer surface. As a results, it was determined that voltage contrast was not only dependent on the balance between the surface potential of the Si-oxide surface due to charge-up and surface potential of contact, but it was also dependent on the balance between the surface potential of contact and each diffusion layer. By adjusting the parameters of landing energy, charge control voltage and beam current on basis of D.O.E. (Design of an experiment using 3 x 3 parameters) for contact logic device inspection, we were able to optimize EB condition for the best sensitivity, namely, 100% capture rate, 20% nuisance rate, and the best signal intensity of voltage contrast defect. In the next step, we attempted to reduce the nuisance rate. We adopted on i-ADC (In-line automated defect mode clas sification) function, namely, a nuisance filter. By adjusting the parameters of intensity, polarity, and size of nuisance defects, we were able to confirm the reduction of the nuisance rate less than 0.5%. Using this technique, the inspection of 300mm wafer size hp 90nm contact logic production wafer for line monitoring was carried out. In the case of line monitoring, the required inspection performances were robustness between different lots, and fast-throughput. On the basis of the results of the inspection, we confirmed that a nuisance rate of less than 0.5% between different lots could be achieved by using these techniques (optimized EB condition and nuisance filter).Robustness of inspection between different lots was achieved. In a further step, we attempted to achieve fast throughput. The target inspection time for line monitoring was set at about 1 hour /wafer. By adjusting the parameters of pixel size and sampling of die row on the wafer, we obtained optimized condition with fast throughput. We confirmed that an inspection time of about 1 hour /wafer could be achieved with 25% sampling of die row. The effectiveness of line-monitoring for inspection of electric failure mode, which can not be detected by the optical inspection system, was confirmed. The contribution to fast ramp-up is as follows. The shorter turnaround time (TAT) of electrical contact failure mode analysis, which can be reduced by about 1 month compared with the time required for E-Test, was confirmed.
Scene Labeling by Relaxation Operations (1976)

Given a set of objects in a scene whose identifications are ambiguous, it is often possible to use relationships among the objects to reduce or eliminate the ambiguity. A striking example of this approach was given by Waltz [13]. This paper formulates the ambiguity-reduction process in terms of iterated parallel operations (i.e., relaxation operations) performed on an array of (object, identification) data. Several different models of the process are developed, convergence properties of these models are established, and simple examples are given.
Transendothelial function of human metastatic melanoma cells: role of the microenvironment in cell-fate determination. (2002)

On the basis of the ability of aggressive melanoma cells to participate in vasculogenic mimicry, particularly their expression of endothelial-associated genes, we examined the plasticity of human metastatic cutaneous melanoma cells with respect to vascular function. Fluorescently labeled metastatic melanoma cells were challenged to an ischemic microenvironment surgically induced in the hind limbs of nude mice. The data reveal the capability of these melanoma cells to express cell-fate determination molecules, normally expressed during embryonic vasculogenesis, and to participate in the neovascularization of circulation-deficient muscle. These results demonstrate the powerful influence of the microenvironment on the transendothelial differentiation of aggressive melanoma cells, and may provide new perspectives on tumor cell plasticity that could be exploited for novel therapeutic strategies.
Multidimensional tactons for non-visual information presentation in mobile devices (2006)

Tactons are structured vibrotactile messages which can be used for non-visual information presentation when visual displays are limited, unavailable or inappropriate, such as in mobile phones and other mobile devices. Little is yet known about how to design them effectively. Previous studies have investigated the perception of Tactons which encode two dimensions of information using two different vibrotactile parameters (rhythm and roughness) and found recognition rates of around 70. When more dimensions of information are required it may be necessary to extend the parameter-space of these Tactons. Therefore this study investigates recognition rates for Tactons which encode a third dimension of information using spatial location. The results show that identification rate for three-parameter Tactons is just 48, but that this can be increased to 81 by reducing the number of values of one of the parameters. These results will aid designers to select suitable Tactons for use when designing mobile displays.
Thermally Stimulated Currents from Ion-Injected Teflon-FEP Film Electrets (1981)

Thermally stimulated current spectra were investigated for ion-injected teflon-FEP film electrets which were positively charged by the liquid-contact charging method using water or aqueous solutions of various electrolytes such as LiNO 3 , NaCl, RbCl, MgCl 2 , AlCl 3 , KI and CaCl 2 . TSC from these electrets showed two peaks at about 90°C and 130°C. The relative peak intensity of the sharp peak at 90°C was strongly affected by the kind and the concentration of the electrolytes used for charging, and it is concluded that this sharp peak is due to the mobile ions injected into the polymer.
A 4-Dimethylaminopyridine-Catalyzed Aminolysis of β-Ketoesters. Formation of β-Ketoamides (1989)

Alkyl 3-oxoalkanoates (ß-ketoesters) react with amines in the presence of a catalytic amount of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) under mild conditions to form 3-oxoalkanamides (ß-ketoamides) in good yields.
Characterizing and sequencing cDNAs using oligonucleotide hybridization (1993)

Hybridization of a large panel of oligonucleotides to a target DNA could be used to determine the sequence of that target. The inherent ambiguity of the reconstruction limits the length of DNA that can be sequenced by such an approach. Here I show that constraining the reconstruction by assuming that the target DNA contains an open reading frame allows longer DNAs to be sequenced. In the case of ideal hybridization using mixed 11-mer probes, the amount of DNA that can be sequenced is extended from 700 bases to 2400 bases. This is sufficient to sequence substantial portions of most cDNA clones, and suggests that oligonucleotide hybridization could be a practical method of generating large amounts of sequence data from cDNA libraries.
Tacrine for Alzheimer's Disease (1994)

The efficacy and toxicity of tacrine have been debated since dramatic improvement of cognition in patients with Alzheimer's disease after treatment with tacrine was reported in 1986.<sup>1</sup>The scientific validity of this study was contested<sup>2</sup>and cases of hepatotoxicity were reported<sup>3,4</sup>; the first major trial of tacrine was suspended after 2 months.<sup>5</sup>In an attempt to reduce toxicity, the design of several large trials<sup>6-8</sup>incorporated a lower maximum dosage (usually 80 mg/d), but results demonstrated considerably smaller benefits still accompanied by significant adverse effects and high drop-out rates. See also pp 985 and 992. In this issue ofTHE JOURNAL, Knapp et al<sup>9</sup>report the first large randomized controlled study to use a higher dosage of tacrine (maximum dosage, 160 mg/d) in a 30-week trial. Although hepatotoxicity and adverse effects produced high dropout rates, the results eventually led to Food and Drug Administration approval
Genome variation of human papillomavirus types: Phylogenetic and medical implications (2005)

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are described as "types" based on their genome sequences and identified by a number. For example, HPV-6 is associated with genital warts, and HPV-16 with anogenital cancers. The genomes of many HPV types have been reisolated, sequenced and compared to reference "prototypes" countless times by laboratories throughout the world. It was found that each HPV type occurs in the form of "variants", identified by about 2% nucleotide differences in most genes and 5% in less conserved regions. Less than 100 variants of any HPV type have been detected, a scenario that is very different from the quasi-species formed by many RNA viruses. The variants of each HPV type form phylogenetic trees, and variants from specific branches are often unique to specific ethnic groups. Immigrant populations contain, depending on their respective ethnic origins, mixtures of variants. The absence of HPV genomes intermediate to specific types show that all HPV types existed already when humans became a species. Consequently, humans had always suffered from lesions like anogenital cancer, genital warts and common warts. A growing number of epidemiological, etiological and molecular data suggest that variants of the same HPV type are biologically distinct and may confer differential pathogenic risks. Since the distribution of some variants of HPV-16 and 18 correlates with the distribution of human populations that have an increased risk to develop anogenital cancer, the study of HPV type variation may point to one of the reasons for the higher incidence rates of these lesions in specific cohorts.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme II in the Heart and the Kidney (2006)

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been recognized for many years as critical pathway for blood pressure control and kidney functions. Although most of the well-known cardiovascular and renal effects of RAS are attributed to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), much less is known about the function of ACE2. Experiments using genetically modified mice and inhibitor studies have shown that ACE2 counterbalances the functions of ACE and that the balance between these two proteases determines local and systemic levels of RAS peptides such as angiotensin II and angiotensin1-7. Ace2 mutant mice exhibit progressive impairment of heart contractility at advanced ages, a phenotype that can be reverted by loss of ACE, suggesting that these enzymes directly control heart function. Moreover, ACE2 is also found to be upregulated in failing hearts. In the kidney, ACE2 protein levels are significantly decreased in hypertensive rats, suggesting a negative regulatory role of ACE2 in blood pressure control. Moreover, ACE2 expression is downregulated in the kidneys of diabetic and pregnant rats and ACE2 mutant mice develop late onset glomerulonephritis resembling diabetic nephropathy. Importantly, ACE2 not only controls angiotensin II levels but functions as a protease on additional molecular targets that could contribute to the observed in vivo phenotypes of ACE2 mutant mice. Thus, ACE2 seems to be a molecule that has protective roles in heart and kidney. The development of drugs that could activate ACE2 function would allow extending our treatment options in diabetic nephropathy, heart failure, or hypertension.
The Promise and Challenge of <i>In Vivo</i> Delivery for Genome Therapeutics (2017)

CRISPR-based genome editing technologies are poised to enable countless new therapies to prevent, treat, or cure diseases with a genetic basis. However, the safe and effective delivery of genome editing enzymes represents a substantial challenge that must be tackled to enable the next generation of genetic therapies. In this Review, we summarize recent progress in developing enzymatic tools to combat genetic disease and examine current efforts to deliver these enzymes to the cells in need of correction. Viral vectors already in use for traditional gene therapy are being applied to enable in vivo CRISPR-based therapeutics, as are emerging technologies such as nanoparticle-based delivery of CRISPR components and direct delivery of preassembled RNA-protein complexes. Success in these areas will allow CRISPR-based genome editing therapeutics to reach their full potential.
<i>Bacillus subtilis yckG</i> and <i>yckF</i> Encode Two Key Enzymes of the Ribulose Monophosphate Pathway Used by Methylotrophs, and <i>yckH</i> Is Required for Their Expression (1999)

The ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) pathway is one of the metabolic pathways for the synthesis of compounds containing carbon-carbon bonds from one-carbon units and is found in many methane- and methanol-utilizing bacteria, which are known as methylotrophs. The characteristic enzymes of this pathway are 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase (HPS) and 6-phospho-3-hexuloisomerase (PHI), neither of which was thought to exist outside methylotrophs. However, the presumed yckG gene product (YckG) of Bacillus subtilis shows a primary structure similar to that of methylotroph HPS (F. Kunst et al., Nature 390:249-256, 1997). We have also investigated the sequence similarity between the yckF gene product (YckF) and methylotroph PHI (Y. Sakai, R. Mitsui, Y. Katayama, H. Yanase, and N. Kato, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 176:125-130, 1999) and found that the yckG and yckF genes of B. subtilis express enzymatic activities of HPS and PHI, respectively. Both of these activities were concomitantly induced in B. subtilis by formaldehyde, with induction showing dependence on the yckH gene, but were not induced by methanol, formate, or methylamine. Disruption of either gene caused moderate sensitivity to formaldehyde, suggesting that these enzymes may act as a detoxification system for formaldehyde in B. subtilis. In conclusion, we found an active yckG (for HPS)-yckF (for PHI) gene structure (now named hxlA-hxlB) in a nonmethylotroph, B. subtilis, which inherently preserves the RuMP pathway.
A Clinician's Guide to Tuberculosis (2000)

Tuberculosis Down Through the Centuries Biology and Laboratory Diagnosis of Tuberculosis How Is Tuberculosis Transmitted? Immunity and Pathogenesis Tuberculosis Epidemiology Clinical Presentations: Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Adults Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Adults Tuberculosis in Relation to Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Pediatric Tuberculosis Tuberculosis Chemotherapy, Including Directly Observed Therapy Preventive Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis Vaccination to Prevent Tuberculosis and Immunomodulatory Therapy for Persons with Active Disease Preventing Transmission of Tuberculosis within Institutions Inde
Reaming of the Medullary Cavity and its Effect on Diaphyseal Bone: A Fluorochromic, Microangiographic and Histologic Study on the Rabbit Tibia and Dog Femur (1969)

(1969). Reaming of the Medullary Cavity and its Effect on Diaphyseal Bone: A Fluorochromic, Microangiographic and Histologic Study on the Rabbit Tibia and Dog Femur. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica: Vol. 40, No. sup128, pp. 1-165.
Elevated Plasma Levels of Soluble Receptors of TNF-α and Their Association with Smoking and Microvascular Complications in Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes (2001)

The purposes of this study were 1) to compare soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptors, which are thought to reflect the degree of TNF-alpha activation, in nondiabetic subjects and type 1 diabetic patients, and 2) to evaluate the effects of smoking and microvascular complications on soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor levels in type 1 diabetic individuals. Plasma soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor levels (R1 and R2) were measured in 50 young type 1 diabetic patients without clinical macroangiopathy and in a matched group of 20 healthy volunteers. When diabetic patients were grouped according to smoking and microvascular complication status, the groups of patients had similar values of age, sex, body mass index, blood pressure, lipids, creatinine, and glycometabolic control. Nevertheless, soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor-R1 levels but not R2 levels, were markedly elevated (P < 0.05 or less) in complicated vs. uncomplicated (2.40 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.80 +/- 0.1 ng/ml) patients and in smokers vs. nonsmokers (2.66 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.76 +/- 0.1 ng/ml). In a two-factor ANOVA, both smoking (P < 0.01) and microvascular complications (P < 0.05) were independent predictors of soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor-R1. Soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor levels of diabetic patients who did not smoke or without complications were similar to those of healthy controls. In conclusion, smoking and microvascular complications seem to exert an additive and deleterious impact on TNF-alpha activation, as reflected by levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptors, in young adults with type 1 diabetes.
Comparison between multipath interference canceller and chip equalizer in HSDPA in multipath channel (2003)

This paper compares by computer simulation the throughput performance of a multipath interference canceller (MPIC) and that of a sliding-window chip equalizer (SWCE) in high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) in a multipath fading channel. We also propose new MPIC and SWCE configurations that suppress not only multipath interference (MPI) of the downlink shared channel (DSCH) in its own cell but also the multiuser interference (MUI) of the DSCH from a neighboring interference-dominant cell. Computer simulation results elucidate that when the MPIC or the SWCE which suppresses the MPI of the DSCH in only its own cell is employed, the MPIC achieves throughput greater than that of the SWCE ranging from a lower (i.e., the lower average received E/sub b//N/sub 0/) to a higher throughput such as 4.8 Mbit/s, which is achieved by the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) of 16QAM with coding rate R = 1/2. In an even higher throughput region, achieved using the MCS of 16QAM with R = 3/4, the SWCE exhibits superiority over MPIC. Furthermore, we also clarify that with the MPIC and the SWCE with neighboring-cell MUI suppression, the SWCE achieves better throughput compared to the MPIC.
Measurement of Tritium in the Effluent of a Gas Chromatography Column. (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMeasurement of Tritium in the Effluent of a Gas Chromatography Column.Arthur. Karmen, Irmgarde. McCaffrey, J. W. Winkelman, and R. L. BowmanCite this: Anal. Chem. 1963, 35, 4, 536–542Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60197a050https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60197a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views43Altmetric-Citations39LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Protocol for Carrying Authentication for Network Access (PANA) Relay Element (2011)

This document specifies PANA (Protocol for carrying Authentication for
Network Access) Relay Element functionality which enables PANA
messaging between a PaC (PANA Client) and a PAA (PANA Authentication
Agent) where the two nodes cannot reach each other by means of regular
IP routing.
Functional Comparison of the Binding of Factor H Short Consensus Repeat 6 (SCR 6) to Factor H Binding Protein from<i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>and the Binding of Factor H SCR 18 to 20 to<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>Porin (2009)

Both Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae recruit the alternative pathway complement inhibitory protein factor H (fH) to their surfaces to evade complement-dependent killing. Meningococci bind fH via fH binding protein (fHbp), a surface-exposed lipoprotein that is subdivided into three variant families based on one classification scheme. Chimeric proteins that comprise contiguous domains of fH fused to murine Fc were used to localize the binding site for all three fHbp variants on fH to short consensus repeat 6 (SCR 6). As expected, fH-like protein 1 (FHL-1), which contains fH SCR 6, also bound to fHbp-expressing meningococci. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we identified histidine 337 and histidine 371 in SCR 6 as important for binding to fHbp. These findings may provide the molecular basis for recent observations that demonstrated human-specific fH binding to meningococci. Differences in the interactions of fHbp variants with SCR 6 were evident. Gonococci bind fH via their porin (Por) molecules (PorB.1A or PorB.1B); sialylation of lipooligosaccharide enhances fH binding. Both sialylated PorB.1B- and (unsialylated) PorB.1A-bearing gonococci bind fH through SCR 18 to 20; PorB.1A can also bind SCR 6, but only weakly, as evidenced by a low level of binding of FHL-1 relative to that of fH. Using isogenic strains expressing either meningococcal fHbp or gonococcal PorB.1B, we discovered that strains expressing gonococcal PorB.1B in the presence of sialylated lipooligosaccharide bound more fH, more effectively limited C3 deposition, and were more serum resistant than their isogenic counterparts expressing fHbp. Differences in fH binding to these two related pathogens may be important for modulating their individual responses to host immune attack.
Partial response detection technique for driver power reduction in high speed memory-to-processor communications (2002)

A partial-response detection technique cuts the driver power by up to 85% in memory-to-processor communication with several hundred MHz data rates. The signaling scheme reduces driver power by reducing the transistor width and raising the termination resistance above the the characteristic impedance. This results in a reduction of the signal bandwidth and thus a large inter-symbol interference (ISI). This side effect is offset by detecting the partial response of the transmitted signal, in which the ISI is subtracted from the signal. The receiver samples the data at half-periods of the clock. It employs a delay-locked loop to time sampling at the end of each symbol period of length T, to fully exploit signal current integrated in the signaling line during that period.