gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selectivity Enhancement for High-Speed GC Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds with Portable Instruments Designed for Vacuum-Outlet and Atmospheric-Pressure Inlet Operation Using Air as the Carrier Gas (2001)

A tandem ensemble of two 4.5-m-long x 0.25-mm-i.d. capillary columns with the first using a 0.50-microm film of nonpolar dimethyl polysiloxane and the second using a 0.25-microm film of polar trifluoropropylmethyl polysiloxane is operated with atmospheric pressure air as the carrier gas and an outlet pressure of 50.5 kPa established using a small vacuum pump. A thicker stationary-phase film is used in the first column to increase retention for very volatile compounds. This significantly increases the resolution of these compounds. The thicker film in the first (nonpolar) column decreases the polarity of the tandem column ensemble and, thus, changes its selectivity. A low-dead-volume valve, connected between the column junction point and a source of atmospheric pressure air, is used to obtain pulsed modulation of the carrier gas flow through the column ensemble. When the valve is open, the ensemble inlet pressure and the junction-point pressure are nearly the same, and carrier gas flow nearly stops in the first column, and flow in the second column increases. Enhanced resolution of a component pair that is separated by the first column but coelutes from the column ensemble can be obtained if the valve is opened for a few seconds after one of the components has crossed the junction and is in the second column, but the other component is still in the first column. A sequence of appropriately timed pulses is used to obtain enhanced resolution of several pairs of components that coelute from the column ensemble. These methods enabled the complete separation of an 18-component vapor mixture of common solvents in air in 3.5 min.
ATTENUATED TYPE 1 POLIOVIRUS VACCINE (1959)

Responses to the oral administration of Sabin's attenuated type 1 poliovirus vaccine were studied in a closed, institutional community under conditions that made it possible to compare individuals whose immunity had been acquired naturally with those who had received the Salk formalinized vaccine. The results showed that all infections induced by the vaccine were symptomless and that they spread readily through the small institutional community. The children whose antibodies had been acquired from the Salk vaccine were easily infected with the attenuated virus, whether they received it by mouth or through contact with individuals infected in the same cottage. In contrast, children whose antibodies had been acquired by previous natural infection were more resistant, but this depended somewhat on the dose of vaccine given. There were indications that passage of the virus through certain individuals slightly increased its neurotropism for the monkey.
HEVC saliency map computation (2016)

This paper investigates whether the information related to the human visual saliency is still preserved at the level of the HEVC compressed stream syntax elements. In this respect, a new saliency model, matched to the peculiarities of this emerging standard is defined. It consists of four elementary maps, describing the four main saliency features: intensity, color, orientation and motion. These maps are defined based on the energies of the luma and chroma coefficients, on the variations of the intra prediction modes and on the energy of motion vectors, respectively. They are fusioned according to 48 static and static-dynamic pooling formulas. The results are compared to three state-of-the-art uncompressed (pixel) domain as well as to the MPEG-4 AVC compressed domain saliency maps. It is brought to light that the HEVC saliency model outperforms (with singular exceptions) the state-of-the-art uncompressed domain and is as good as MPEG-4 AVC saliency model. We can thus state that, as its MPEG-4 AVC ancestor, although not designed based upon visual saliency principles, the HEVC compression standard preserves this human visual property at the level of its syntax elements.
Liquid crystal properties of a self-assembling viral coat protein (2011)

Monomers of the fd bacteriophage major coat protein, g8p, interact to form a helical bent-core structure surrounding the viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It was hypothesised that g8p has mesophasic characteristics guiding viral coat assembly. Atomic force and scanning electron microscopy reveal that g8p monomers organise to form films that wrap around a central axis to form birefringent fibres. These fibres resemble the filament structure of bent-core thermotropic B7 liquid crystals. These results offer insight into the g8p self-assembly mechanism that results in the formation of new viral particles in vivo.
New Velocity Measuring Technique Using Dual-Scatter Laser Doppler Shift (1970)

Abstract : Conventional laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV) detect velocity by heterodyning scattered, Doppler shifted radiation with unscattered, reference radiation. A new dual-scatter LDV technique is described which simultaneously illuminates a moving scatterer from two different directions and heterodynes the two superimposed radiations simultaneously scattered in a common direction. Significant advantages are derived from the fact that the Doppler difference frequency thus obtained is independent of the scattered direction, permitting unusually large quantities of scattering radiation to be collected without adversely affecting the signal frequency dispersion; these advantages include enhanced signal-to-noise performance and a capability to measure fluid flows with unusually high velocity and/or low seed density. System performance, experimental verifications, and typical system designs are presented.
Increased Glucocorticoid Receptor <b>β</b> Expression Converts Mouse Hybridoma Cells to a Corticosteroid-Insensitive Phenotype (2002)

Glucocorticoid (GC) insensitivity is a challenging clinical problem associated with many chronic inflammatory disorders and life-threatening disease progression. The molecular basis of GC insensitivity, however, is unknown. Alternative splicing of the GC receptor (GCR) pre-mRNA generates a second GCR, termed GCRbeta, which does not bind GC but antagonizes the transactivating activity of the classic GCR, termed GCRalpha. GC-insensitive conditions have been associated with increased GCRbeta expression. Whether or not increased GCRbeta expression can contribute to GC insensitivity, however, remains controversial. To more precisely demonstrate the effect of GCRbeta on steroid responsiveness, we virally transduced GCRbeta cDNA into mouse DO-11.10 hybridoma cells, as mice are known to be deficient in the GCRbeta gene. We demonstrate that viral transduction of GCRbeta cDNA into mouse hybridoma cells to induce stable expression of GCRbeta results in GC insensitivity of these cells. Furthermore, in such cells GCRalpha is complexed with GCRbeta. Such heterodimer formation may account for the reduced effectiveness of GC action in cells overexpressing GCRbeta.
Image-guided Craniotomy for Cerebral Metastases: Techniques and Outcomes (2003)

Gross total resection of brain metastases, including those involving critical function areas, can be safely achieved with a low morbidity rate using contemporary image-guided systems. RPA Class I and II patients with controlled primary disease benefit from aggressive treatment by surgery and radiation.
ELAV/Hu proteins inhibit p27 translation via an IRES element in the p27 5′UTR (2002)

p27Kip1 restrains cell proliferation by binding to and inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases. To investigate the mechanisms of p27 translational regulation, we isolated a complete p27 cDNA and identified an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) located in its 5'UTR. The IRES allows for efficient p27 translation under conditions where cap-dependent translation is reduced. Searching for possible regulators of IRES activity we have identified the neuronal ELAV protein HuD as a specific binding factor of the p27 5'UTR. Increased expression of HuD or the ubiquitously expressed HuR protein specifically inhibits p27 translation and p27 IRES activity. Consistent with an inhibitory role of Hu proteins in p27 translation, siRNA mediated knockdown of HuR induced endogenous p27 protein levels as well as IRES-mediated reporter translation and leads to cell cycle arrest in G1.
Impact of parasitic resistance and silicon layer thickness scaling for strained-sificon MOSFETs on relaxed Si/sub 1-X/Ge/sub X/ virtual substrate (2005)

This paper discusses the root causes of the fact that only slight performance improvement of MOSFET with strained-Si substrate has been achieved in short channel region (L < 100 nm). The performance improvement in short channel region is found to deteriorate mainly due to the parasitic resistance increase and tensile stress relaxation in the strained-Si layer. In regard to the parasitic resistance and the stress relaxation in small device geometry, the scaling impacts of strained-Si layer thickness (T/sub ss/) are investigated from the viewpoint of both DC and AC characteristics. Within this work, T/sub ss/ reduction down to 5 nm improves the current drive (I/sub d/) of nFET up to 6 % (L < 50 nm) compared with conventional bulk nFET. Propagation delay time (/spl tau//sub pd/) improvement in CMOS inverter is also observed to be more than 15 %. Finally, the impurity profile optimization is proposed to improve MOSFET performance toward the 45 nm node CMOS era.
BASys: a web server for automated bacterial genome annotation (2005)

BASys (Bacterial Annotation System) is a web server that supports automated, in-depth annotation of bacterial genomic (chromosomal and plasmid) sequences. It accepts raw DNA sequence data and an optional list of gene identification information and provides extensive textual annotation and hyperlinked image output. BASys uses >30 programs to determine approximately 60 annotation subfields for each gene, including gene/protein name, GO function, COG function, possible paralogues and orthologues, molecular weight, isoelectric point, operon structure, subcellular localization, signal peptides, transmembrane regions, secondary structure, 3D structure, reactions and pathways. The depth and detail of a BASys annotation matches or exceeds that found in a standard SwissProt entry. BASys also generates colorful, clickable and fully zoomable maps of each query chromosome to permit rapid navigation and detailed visual analysis of all resulting gene annotations. The textual annotations and images that are provided by BASys can be generated in approximately 24 h for an average bacterial chromosome (5 Mb). BASys annotations may be viewed and downloaded anonymously or through a password protected access system. The BASys server and databases can also be downloaded and run locally. BASys is accessible at http://wishart.biology.ualberta.ca/basys.
Vibration harvesting integrated into vehicle suspension and bodywork (2021)

This work proposes a new piezoelectric transducer system with four freedoms of movement modelled and evaluated by mechatronic techniques. The proposed modelling techniques (finite element and bond graph) were performed in a 20-Sim framework attached to the ANSYS software. The established harvester system has the ability to increase the driver's comfort when travelling on several types of road surfaces. The piezoelectric harvester is designed to investigate and provide the health requirement and ride comfort of the vehicle's drives on random road surfaces. The simulation results affirm that the improved piezoelectric transducer arrangement is more productive for various aspects. The power recovery is significantly enhanced as well as the driving comfort on the three road categories. Finally, the harvestable power amount is highlighted and is graphically discussed for several specific applications.
Amplification-Free Detection of Circulating microRNA Biomarkers from Body Fluids Based on Fluorogenic Oligonucleotide-Templated Reaction between Engineered Peptide Nucleic Acid Probes: Application to Prostate Cancer Diagnosis (2016)

Highly abundant in cells, microRNAs (or miRs) play a key role as regulators of gene expression. A proportion of them are also detectable in biofluids making them ideal noninvasive biomarkers for pathologies in which miR levels are aberrantly expressed, such as cancer. Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are engineered uncharged oligonucleotide analogues capable of hybridizing to complementary nucleic acids with high affinity and high specificity. Herein, novel PNA-based fluorogenic biosensors have been designed and synthesized that target miR biomarkers for prostate cancer (PCa). The sensing strategy is based on oligonucleotide-templated reactions where the only miR of interest serves as a matrix to catalyze an otherwise highly unfavorable fluorogenic reaction. Validated in vitro using synthetic RNAs, these newly developed biosensors were then shown to detect endogenous concentrations of miR in human blood samples without the need for any amplification step and with minimal sample processing. This low-cost, quantitative, and versatile sensing technology has been technically validated using gold-standard RT-qPCR. Compared to RT-qPCR however, this enzyme-free, isothermal blood test is amenable to incorporation into low-cost portable devices and could therefore be suitable for widespread public screening.
Indexing and Abstracting on the World Wide Web: An Examination of Six Web Databases (1997)

Web databases, commonly known as search engines or web directories, are currently the most useful way to search the Internet. In this article, the author draws from library literature to develop a series of questions that can be used to analyze these web searching tools. Six popular web databases are analyzed using this method. Using this analysis, the author creates three categories for web databases and explores the most appropriate searches to perform with each. The work concludes with a proposal for the ideal web database. The Internet provides a link to many valuable information sources with no centralized database for organization and searching. Many individual web databases and their attached search engines accessible through the World Wide Web compete to provide subject and keyword access to information available through the Internet. These databases are created by both humans and automated computer programs called &quot;spiders&quot; or &quot;robots.&quot; As there is no standard (such as an AACR2R variant) for description of web pages, each engine provides access in a unique way to a different database. This article will examine the methods used to collect information about the information resources, the indexing used, and the abstracting done as of February 25, 1997 in these six web databases: Lycos - http://www.lycos.com Alta Vista - http://www.altavista.digital.com Excite - http://www.excite.com Open Text - http://index.opentext.net Yahoo - http://www.yahoo.com Magellan - http://www.mckinley.com To evaluate these databases from the viewpoint of an indexer/abstracter, three aspects will be examined - collection methods, indexing, and abstracting. The following questions, selected from Auster (1986), Conhaim, (1996), Courtois, Baer, and Stark(1995), Katz (1992), Lancaster (19...
The PI3-Kinase Serine Kinase Phosphorylates Its p85 Subunit and IRS-1 in PI3-Kinase/IRS-1 Complexes (1995)

Insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity accounts for tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), but the serine kinase(s) responsible for serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 is(are) unknown. In vitro kinase assays performed on PI3-kinase and IRS-1 immunoprecipitates demonstrated insulin-dependent serine phosphorylation of IRS-1. IRS-1 was associated with both insulin-dependent and independent serine kinases. Only the insulin-dependent serine kinase preferred Mn2+ over Mg2+ and was recovered from cell lysates containing dithiothreitol. In complexes of tyrosine phosphorylated recombinant IRS-1 and PI3-kinase, phosphorylation of IRS-1 was associated with decreased phosphorylation of the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase. These results are consistent with PI3-kinase being responsible for insulin-dependent serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and suggest that this phosphorylation reaction may affect functions of both IRS-1 and the PI3-kinase.
Using Pulmonary Imaging to Move Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease beyond FEV1 (2014)

FEV1, measured using spirometry, provides a straightforward, widely available, and inexpensive global measurement of airflow limitation and lung function. For decades, FEV1 has remained the main intermediate endpoint used in research studies and for the development of new chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) therapies. Not surprisingly, treatments that acutely improve FEV1 dominate as COPD therapies. However, in patients with COPD, the relationship of FEV1 with symptoms and outcomes such as exacerbations and mortality is weak, and, importantly, FEV1 does not take into account the heterogeneity of COPD or its different phenotypes. Thoracic imaging provides a way to quantify airway remodeling, emphysematous destruction, regional ventilation abnormalities (ventilation defects), and gas trapping in ex-smokers in whom FEV1 may be normal and in patients with COPD with very modest lung function deterioration. In individual patients and in COPD cohort studies, thoracic imaging using X-ray computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging (conventional (1)H as well as hyperpolarized noble gases such as (129)Xe, (3)He, and inhaled O2 and (19)F) can be used to directly visualize the structural and functional consequences of COPD and thus provide a clearer picture of COPD mechanisms, disease progression, and response to therapy. We briefly describe pulmonary imaging methods that provide a way to visualize and quantify, with high spatial and temporal resolution, regional ventilation abnormalities, gas trapping, emphysema, and airway remodeling in COPD. Finally, we discuss the implications of recent imaging findings and their impact on future biomarker and therapy research aimed at improving COPD outcomes.
Space-borne and ground-based SAR interferometry for landslide activity analysis and monitoring in the appennines of Emilia Romagna (Italy): Review of methods and preliminary results (2004)

ABSTRACT/RESUME This work concerns the application of SAR interferometry for the assessment of the long-term analysis of the state of activity of deep seated mass movements affecting some urban areas in the northern Appennines of Emilia Romagna region (from 1994-2001 space-borne ERS data) and for the real-time monitoring of active flow-like landslides in year 2002 (from ground-based system). These activities are part of an ongoing research project supported by civil protection authorities of the Emilia-Romagna region that involves several research institutes with diverse expertises. A set of test sites characterized by a high landslide risk have been selected mainly taking into account phenomena characteristics such as deformation rates and vegetation coverage, with respect to the employed techniques. After a preliminary detailed geomorphologic characterization of the sites, the interferometric analyses, still in progress, have been implemented. In particular space-borne DInSAR has been applied for 10 unstable areas using a set of ERS1/ERS2 data acquired in the last 7 years. From 9 interferograms, the line-of-sight displacement maps have been calculated and, later on, post processed in GIS environment in order to have on-slope-direction displacement maps that could fully be integrated with geomorphologic and ancillary data and that could semi-quantitatively be compared with other traditional monitoring data. The results obtained have been rather satisfactory, especially in some test sites where entire villages
Lithium ion-selective electrodes containing TOPO: determination of serum lithium by flow injection analysis (1987)

Trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) acts as a neutral lithium carrier in lithium ion-selective electrode membranes. When TOPO was used with 1% potassium tetrakis(p-chlorophenyl) borate in NPOE-PVC membranes, the electrodes exhibited a nearly Nernstian response and had a lithium to sodium selectivity of 1 : 60, which is better than some electrode sensors reported earlier. TOPO was also added to 14-crown-4, ETH 1810 and UWXC 10 electrode membranes, and the lithium to sodium selectivity of the 14-crown-4 electrode was dramatically improved. However, TOPO had a negative effect on the selectivities of the ETH 1810 and UWXC 10 electrodes. Diluted serum samples were analysed for lithium using the 14-crown-4-TOPO electrode in an FIA system. A statistical analysis of the ISE and corresponding AAS results indicated that these two methods have no statistical difference at the 95% confidence level. Because of the improved selectivity of the electrode and the elimination of the dialysis membrane from our original FIA design, the precision and accuracy of this determination were both improved, and the measurement time decreased.
The Optimal Controlled Partitioning Strategy for Power System Based on Master-Slave Problem (2013)

Controlled partitioning strategy is one of the effective measures taken for the situation when system out-of-step occurs. The complete splitting model, mostly solved by approximate decomposition algorithms, is a large-scale nonlinear mixed integer programming problem. A new alternate optimization method based on master-slave problem to search for optimal splitting strategy is proposed hereby. The complete model was converted into master-slave problems based on CGKP (Connected Graph Constrained Knapsack Problem). The coupling between master problem and slave problem is achieved through load adjustment. A better splitting strategy can be obtained through the alternating iteration between the master problem and the salve problem. The results of the examples show that the method can obtain better splitting strategy with less shed load than other approximate algorithms, which verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the new approach presented.
Driver-Adaptive Assist System for Avoiding Abnormality in Driving (2007)

Sometimes a driver deviates from his natural or normal driving style due to inadequate attention or faces abnormal situation caused by a number of psychological and physical factors. Such abnormalities often lead a driver to a mistake that may cause an accident. This paper presents a novel approach called driver-adaptive assist system to avoid such abnormalities in driving scenario as a preventive measure against occurrence of vehicle collisions, assuming that natural driving style of individual drivers is the safest style. Adaptive fuzzy system with statistics of recent fluctuations records are used to determine the driving behavior from noisy data. Another fuzzy reasoning section determines the level of abnormality in driving to notify or warn the driver so that he can pay back his full concentration in driving. Different simulated drivers with pseudo realistic styles in starting, stopping and car following are used to investigate performance of the proposed system. Empirical results show the ability of the system to recognize abnormality of drivers having different driving styles.