gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fatal cetacean morbillivirus infection in an Australian offshore bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) (2011)

A juvenile offshore bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) was found stranded with neurological signs and unable to swim or float unassisted. It subsequently died, succumbing to a combination of severe pneumonia and encephalitis. Morbillivirus serum neutralisation test serology was positive (titre 1:16) for cetacean morbillivirus and negative for both phocine distemper virus and canine distemper virus. There was concurrent thymic and lymph node lymphoid depletion and necrosis, together with intranuclear and intracytoplasmic acidophilic viral inclusion bodies and multinucleate syncytia within multiple organs. Paramyxovirus capsids were identified in lung sections via electron microscopy and morbillivirus antigen was demonstrated within sections of lung, thymus and brain by immunohistochemistry. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for morbillivirus nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) genes were positive and phylogenetic gene product sequence analysis revealed 98% and 94% sequence identity to dolphin morbillivirus, respectively. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a cetacean mortality due to morbillivirus infection occurring in the southern hemisphere. Morbillivirus infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of stranded live or dead cetaceans in Australian waters, particularly if animals display neurological signs.
Interleukin-6 in Seminal Plasma of Fertile and Infertile Men (1998)

Cytokines released by various cell subsets in the male urogenital tract are capable of markedly influencing sperm function and fertility. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were determined by "sandwich" enzyme immunoassay in the seminal plasma of 77 men divided as follow: (1) into 7 groups according to the etiological diagnosis of fertility, and (2) into 2 groups on the basis of normal or abnormal spermiogram. There was a statistically significant association between IL-6 and the patients' status (P < 0.0014). These results are due to statistically significant differences between the groups with infection of the accessory genital glands and normal controls, as well as between the groups with infection of the accessory genital glands and that with varicocele, indicated by the Honestly Significant Differences (HSD) test for multiple comparisons. There was no significant difference of IL-6 levels between men with normal and those with abnormal spermiograms. Furthermore, there was no correlation between IL-6 levels and the variables of the spermiogram. The prostate seems to be the main site of origin of IL-6 in the seminal plasma. Our data suggest that urogenital infections may lead to elevated levels of IL-6 in the seminal plasma. This measurement of IL-6 in semen may provide clinically useful information for the diagnosis of male accessory gland infection.
Cloning and characterization of the Xenopus cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27XIC1. (1995)

We have isolated a gene encoding Xic-1, a 27-kDa cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor from Xenopus ovary that shares significant homology with both mammalian CIP1 and Kip1/Kip2. The N- and C-terminal halves of Xic-1 are sufficient for interacting with Cdks and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, respectively. Recombinant Xic-1 inhibits Xenopus cyclin E/Cdk2, cyclin A/Cdk2 and cyclin B/Cdc2 activities, although with quite different IC50 values. Truncation of the N terminus of Xic-1 increases the IC50 value for cyclin A/Cdk2 50-fold with no effect on the inhibition of cyclin E/Cdk2 or cyclin B/Cdc2.Xic-1 inhibits both single-stranded and nuclear DNA synthesis in egg extracts, an effect reversed by proliferating cell nuclear antigen or cyclin E/Cdk2, respectively. These results suggest a function for Xic-1 in the control of DNA synthesis by cyclin E/Cdk2.
A Study of Organosilicon Free Radicals (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Study of Organosilicon Free RadicalsJay Curtice, Henry Gilman, and George S. HammondCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 17, 4754–4759Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01574a044https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01574a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views241Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Reactions of pivaloin derivatives with lithium tetramethylpiperidide (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions of pivaloin derivatives with lithium tetramethylpiperidideXavier CrearyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 12, 2419–2425Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01300a031https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01300a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views573Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Synthesis of Fully Aliphatic Polyimides (1999)

Fully aliphatic polyimides (APIs) have been synthesized. APIs were prepared by poly(addition-condensation) of the alicyclic dianhydride bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2, 3, 5, 6-tetra-carboxylic 2, 3:5, 6-dianhydride with the aliphatic diamine 5-amino-1, 3, 3-trimethylcyclo-hexanemethylamine, the mixture of 2, 5- and 2, 6-bis(aminomethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane or 1, 4-cyclohexanebis(methylamine) in m-cresol at high temperature. The polymerization proceeded smoothly at 200 °C and produced APIs with inherent viscosities up to 0.48 dl g −1 . The APIs were soluble in a wide range of polar solvents and showed high thermal stability and excellent transparency.
Removing the heart from the brain: Compensation for the pulse artifact in the photon migration signal (1995)

Various factors, including variations in the concentration of hemoglobin, determine changes in the transparency of living tissue to near-infrared light. Hence, optical measures have been proposed as a noninvasive method for investigating regional changes in brain activity. However, the amount of near-infrared light traversing a region of the head is also influenced by the periodic changes in blood pressure that occur during the cardiac cycle (pulse). These large changes may obscure smaller, localized events associated with brain activity. We developed a least-squares regression algorithm for compensating for the artifact introduced by the pulse. This procedure takes into account beat-to-beat variability in heart rate and differences in the shape of the pulse among subjects and among recording conditions.
Identification of isoforms of the exocytosis-sensitive phosphoprotein PP63/parafusin in <i>Paramecium tetraurelia</i> and demonstration of phosphoglucomutase activity (1997)

PP63 (parafusin) is a 63 kDa phosphoprotein which is very rapidly (within 80 ms) dephosphorylated (to P63) during triggered trichocyst exocytosis; this occurs selectively in exocytosis-competent Paramecium tetraurelia strains. In the present work, two cDNAs coding for PP63/parafusin have been isolated, one of which is a new isoform. These isoforms are 99.6% identical and are derived from two different genes. Similarity searches revealed 43-51% identity of the deduced amino acid sequences with known phosphoglucomutases from yeast and mammals. The sequences of two proteolytic peptides obtained from PP63/parafusin isolated from Paramecium are identical to parts of the amino acid sequence deduced from the major cDNA. The major cDNA was mutated from the macronuclear ciliate genetic code into the universal genetic code and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein shows the same biochemical and immunological characteristics as the (P)P63/parafusin originally isolated from Paramecium. It has the same specific phosphoglucomutase activity as phosphoglucomutase from chicken muscle. We also show that recombinant P63-1 parafusin 1 is a substrate of an endogenous casein kinase from Paramecium, as is the originally isolated P63/parafusin. Polyclonal antibodies against recombinant P63-1/parafusin 1 were raised which recognized phosphoglucomutases from different sources. Thus we show that PP63/parafusin and phosphoglucomutase in Paramecium are identical.
Familial cortical myoclonic tremor as a unique form of cortical reflex myoclonus (1997)

Previously it was reported that some patients with tremor had the same electrophysiological findings as those seen in patients with cortical reflex myoclonus, and consequently the tremor was named "cortical tremor." In the present study, we examined six patients from three families with cortical tremor of relatively late onset. The inheritance pattern of cortical tremor was compatible with autosomal dominant trait. Those patients had relatively rhythmic involuntary movements (tremor) in the distal upper and lower limbs, especially during posture and/or fine movements. There was no cerebellar ataxia or dementia, and fits of loss of consciousness occurred only infrequently. Electrophysiologically, they had generalized spikes on electroencephalogram (EEG), giant cortical components of somatosensory evoked potential, an enhanced long-loop reflex (C-reflex), and cortical spikes preceding the rhythmic jerk demonstrable by the jerk-locked back averaging method, thus fulfilling the criteria of cortical reflex myoclonus. Furthermore, they had slow negative EEG shift starting 1-2 s prior to voluntary movements, suggesting that, as opposed to the conventional form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME), the cerebellar efferent input to the motor cortices was normal. These clinical and electrophysiological pictures are distinct from those of familial essential tremor, familial essential myoclonus, or the conventional form of PME, and the term "familial cortical myoclonic tremor" will represent the clinical and electrophysiological features of this unique entity most appropriately.
The Unimolar Tosylation<sup>1</sup> of alpha- and beta-Methyl-d-glucosides (1938)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Unimolar Tosylation1 of alpha- and beta-Methyl-d-glucosidesJack ComptonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1938, 60, 2, 395–399Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1938Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1938https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01269a045https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01269a045research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views329Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Oxygen Is the High-Energy Molecule Powering Complex Multicellular Life: Fundamental Corrections to Traditional Bioenergetics (2020)

A fundamental re-assessment of the overall energetics of biochemical electron transfer chains and cycles is presented, highlighting the crucial role of the highest-energy molecule involved, O<sub>2</sub>. The chemical energy utilized by most complex multicellular organisms is not predominantly stored in glucose or fat, but rather in O<sub>2</sub> with its relatively weak (i.e., high-energy) double bond. Accordingly, reactions of O<sub>2</sub> with organic molecules are highly exergonic, while other reactions of glucose, fat, NAD(P)H, or ubiquinol (QH<sub>2</sub>) are not, as demonstrated in anaerobic respiration with its meager energy output. The notion that "reduced molecules" such as alkanes or fatty acids are energy-rich is shown to be incorrect; they only unlock the energy of more O<sub>2</sub>, compared to O-containing molecules of similar mass. Glucose contains a moderate amount of chemical energy per bond (<20% compared to O<sub>2</sub>), as confirmed by the relatively small energy output in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle converting glucose to CO<sub>2</sub> and NADH. Only in the "terminal" aerobic respiration reaction with O<sub>2</sub> does a large free energy change occur due to the release of oxygen's stored chemical energy. The actual reaction of O<sub>2</sub> in complex IV of the inner mitochondrial membrane does not even involve any organic fuel molecule and yet releases >1 MJ when 6 mol of O<sub>2</sub> reacts. The traditional presentation that relegated O<sub>2</sub> to the role of a low-energy terminal acceptor for depleted electrons has not explained these salient observations and must be abandoned. Its central notion that electrons release energy because they move from a high-energy donor to a low-energy acceptor is demonstrably false. The energies of (at least) two donor and two acceptor species come into play, and the low "terminal" negative reduction potential in aerobic respiration can be attributed to the unusually high energy of O<sub>2</sub>, the crucial reactant. This is confirmed by comparison with the corresponding half-reaction without O<sub>2</sub>, which is endergonic. In addition, the electrons are mostly not accepted by oxygen but by hydrogen. Redox energy transfer and release diagrams are introduced to provide a superior representation of the energetics of the various species in coupled half-reactions. Electron transport by movement of reduced molecules in the electron transfer chain is shown to run counter to the energy flow, which is carried by oxidized species. O<sub>2</sub>, rather than glucose, NAD(P)H, or ATP, is the molecule that provides the most energy to animals and plants and is crucial for sustaining large complex life forms. The analysis also highlights a significant discrepancy in the proposed energetics of reactions of aerobic respiration, which should be re-evaluated.
The Function of Activity-Regulated Genes in the Nervous System (2009)

The mammalian brain is plastic in the sense that it shows a remarkable capacity for change throughout life. The contribution of neuronal activity to brain plasticity was first recognized in relation to critical periods of development, when manipulating the sensory environment was found to profoundly affect neuronal morphology and receptive field properties. Since then, a growing body of evidence has established that brain plasticity extends beyond development and is an inherent feature of adult brain function, spanning multiple domains, from learning and memory to adaptability of primary sensory maps. Here we discuss evolution of the current view that plasticity of the adult brain derives from dynamic tuning of transcriptional control mechanisms at the neuronal level, in response to external and internal stimuli. We then review the identification of "plasticity genes" regulated by changes in the levels of electrical activity, and how elucidating their cellular functions has revealed the intimate role transcriptional regulation plays in fundamental aspects of synaptic transmission and circuit plasticity that occur in the brain on an every day basis.
A DNA signal from the Thy-1 gene defines de novo methylation patterns in embryonic stem cells. (1990)

Although DNA can be extensively methylated de novo when introduced into pluripotent cells, the CpG island in the Thy-1 gene does not become methylated either in the mouse embryo or in embryonic stem cells. A 214-base-pair region near the promoter of the Thy-1 gene protects itself as well as heterologous DNA sequences from de novo methylation. We propose that this nucleotide sequence is representative of a class of important signals that limits de novo methylation in the embryo and establishes the pattern of hypomethylated CpG dinucleotides found in somatic tissues.
Effects of 2-chloro-9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine on K562 cellular metabolism and the inhibition of human ribonucleotide reductase and DNA polymerases by its 5'-triphosphate. (1991)

2-Chloro-9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-adenine (Cl-F-ara-A) has activity against the P388 tumor in mice on several different schedules. Biochemical studies with a chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line (K562) grown in cell culture have been done in order to better understand its mechanism of action. Cl-F-ara-A was a potent inhibitor of K562 cell growth. Only 5 nM inhibited K562 cell growth by 50% after 72 h of continuous incubation. The 5'-triphosphate of Cl-F-ara-A was detected by strong anion exchange chromatography of the acid-soluble extract of K562 cells incubated with Cl-F-ara-A. Competition studies with natural nucleosides suggested that deoxycytidine kinase was the enzyme responsible for the metabolism to the monophosphate. Incubation of K562 cells for 4 h with 50 nM Cl-F-ara-A inhibited the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the DNA by 50%. Incubation with 0.1, 1, or 10 microM Cl-F-ara-A for 4 h depressed dATP, dCTP, and dGTP pools but did not affect TTP pools. Similar inhibition of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools was seen after incubation with 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine. Both Cl-F-ara-ATP and Cl-dATP potently inhibited the reduction of ADP to dADP in crude extracts of K562 cells (concentration producing 50% inhibition, 65 nM). The effect of Cl-F-ara-ATP on human DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma isolated from K562 cells grown in culture was determined and compared with those of Cl-dATP and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-fluoroadenine triphosphate (F-ara-ATP). Cl-F-ara-ATP was a potent inhibitor of DNA polymerase alpha. Inhibition of DNA polymerase alpha was competitive with respect to dATP (Ki of 1 microM). The three analogue triphosphates were incorporated into the DNA by DNA polymerase alpha as efficiently as dATP. The incorporation of Cl-F-ara-AMP inhibited the further elongation of the DNA chain, similarly to that seen after the incorporation of F-ara-AMP. Extension of the DNA chain after the incorporation of Cl-dAMP was not inhibited as much as it was with either Cl-F-ara-AMP or F-ara-AMP. Cl-F-ara-ATP was not a potent inhibitor of DNA polymerase beta, DNA polymerase gamma, or DNA primase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Piezoelectric dynamic pressure sensor (2010)

This paper presents a novel piezoelectric dynamic pressure sensor, it consists of sensing element and inner preamplifier. The piezoelectric unimorph was used as sensing element. The charge amplifier with high input impedance was used to decrease the impedance of the unimorph and amplify the sensing signal. The properties of sensor were calculated and measured. The measured results show a sensitivity of 0.41mV/Pa, a good agreement with theoretic calculation, a pressure range of 1kPa, a linearity of 1% F.S, a response time of 40μs and a nature frequency of 8.5kHz. Compared with present congeneric sensors, it exhibits high sensitivity, simple structure and low cost.
Fine Analysis of Humoral Antibody Response to Envelope Glycoprotein of SIV in Infected and Vaccinated Macaques (1994)

To characterize the serological response to SIV envelope, induced by vaccination with different envelope immunogens or by SIV infection, plasma samples from 11 cynomolgus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and from 16 macaques vaccinated with three different recombinant envelope proteins were analyzed by (1) ELISA, using a variety of antigens including overlapping peptides encompassing the entire sequence of the envelope protein of SIV, and (2) competition assays, using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to SIV gp120. Seven regions of SIV envelope were predicted to be antigenic. Peptides representing four of these, in the second and third variable regions (V2 and V3) and the fourth constant (C4) region of gp120 and the Gnann region of gp41, were recognized by the majority of sera from infected and vaccinated animals. Additional antigenic regions were identified in the first and fourth variable domains (V1 and V4) and the carboxy terminus (C5) of gp120 and in three additional regions of gp41. Most infected and vaccinated animals made antibodies that competed with the binding of the three conformational MAbs. Among the vaccinated groups, antibodies induced by vaccination with precursor glycoproteins (gp140 or gp160) recognized several additional gp120 epitopes when compared with antibodies induced by external glycoprotein gp130. Sera from infected animals showed a more restricted gp120 response (17 of 46 peptides recognized) compared to animals vaccinated with precursor glycoproteins (31 peptides recognized). The converse was true for antibodies to gp41. Sera from animals vaccinated with recombinant gp140, produced in insect cells, were the only group that failed to compete with the binding of conformational MAbs. Finally, the development of antibodies to specific epitopes of gp120 and gp41 revealed differences between long-term survivors and nonsurvivors, implying that responses to specific epitopes may be important in conferring resistance to disease progression.