gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An approach to developing adaptive interface technology for advanced airborne crew stations (2002)

A program of research and development is currently underway at the US Air Force Armstrong Laboratory's Synthesized Immersion Research Environment (SIRE) Facility to develop adaptive interfaces for use in advanced airborne crew stations. The purpose of the work is to develop displays and controls whose characteristics can be automatically updated and optimized as a function of one or both of the following factors: (1) operator workload and situation awareness as indexed by physiological and/or behavioral data, and (2) the dynamically changing characteristics of the operator's environment. The paper provides an overview of the SIRE Facility's program of research and development on adaptive interface design. To support the goal of developing an adaptive crew station, the authors are currently working to develop a model of the human operator in a tactical aviation setting that will permit the development of prototype adaptive algorithms. In addition, they are developing and evaluating integrated multisensory display concepts with which to provide information to crew members in natural and intuitive ways, and alternative control technologies (e.g., brain-actuated control, gesture-based control, etc.) to permit hands-off control of crew station systems. These latter two avenues of research and development are intended to provide a rich set of crew station design options to support an adaptive approach to interface design.
Selective accumulation of MyoD and Myogenin mRNAs in fast and slow adult skeletal muscle is controlled by innervation and hormones (1993)

Each of the myogenic helix-loop-helix transcription factors (MyoD, Myogenin, Myf-5, and MRF4) is capable of activating muscle-specific gene expression, yet distinct functions have not been ascribed to the individual proteins. We report here that MyoD and Myogenin mRNAs selectively accumulate in hindlimb muscles of the adult rat that differ in contractile properties: MyoD is prevalent in fast twitch and Myogenin in slow twitch muscles. The distribution of MyoD and Myogenin transcripts also differ within a single muscle and correlate with the proportions of fast glycolytic and slow oxidative muscle fibres, respectively. Furthermore, the expression of a transgene consisting of a muscle-specific cis-regulatory region from the myoD gene controlling lacZ was primarily associated with the fast glycolytic fibres. Alteration of the fast/slow fibre type distribution by thyroid hormone treatment or by cross-reinnervation resulted in a corresponding alteration in the MyoD/Myogenin mRNA expression pattern. These findings show that the expression of specific myogenic helix-loop-helix regulators is under the control of innervation and humoral factors and may mediate differential control of contractile protein gene expression in adult muscle.
Precision Measurement of the Wavelengths of Infrared Absorption Lines with Diffraction Gratings* (1960)

The use of modern diffraction gratings and photoconducting detectors makes possible the measurement of the wavelengths of infrared absorption lines to a precision amounting to a small fraction of the Doppler breadth of the lines themselves. The main difficulties encountered in making measurements to this precision seem to be in the scanning and interpolation procedures plus displacement errors arising from inexact superposition of known wavelengths on the spectrum to be measured.Making use of absorption lines as standards and a single light source eliminates displacement errors. Proper scanning techniques can reduce interpolation errors to insignificance. Coarse blazed gratings of very high degree of perfection are now available. Making use of the method of coincidences in high orders, such gratings can be used to effectively multiply the small number of accurately measured absorption lines available, so that only short interpolations between standard lines are necessary throughout the 1 to 4μ region.
Structural Electron Crystallography (1995)

called Structural Electron Crystallography, which is a modem translation of the Russian title ofVainshtein's opus.(The enormous breadth and impact ofVainshtein's pioneering work should also be noted since he is referenced in every chapter of this book!)It should be made clear, furthermore, that this book is written by a structural chemist interested first in investigating molecular packing and geometry in the solid state.The work described in this text is based on many efforts around the world.From a personal standpoint, collaborators and colleagues from several countries are thanked heartily for their insights and contributions and continued dialogue-and especially for addressing the very important matter of specimen preparation.
Performance evaluation of bluetooth using interference-detection-based frequency hopping (2004)

In this paper, in order to enable coexistence between Bluetooth and WLAN or other devices in 2.4 Ghz band, an interference-detection-based frequency hopping (IDB-FH) algorithm is proposed. By using the variance of RSSI and packet error, the state of each hopping channel is determined. Based on this information, Bluetooth maps the successive two hopping channels as the same state of channel. The proposed algorithm has stable throughput in one piconet as well as in multi piconet environments.
Tidal Volume Lower than 6 ml/kg Enhances Lung Protection (2009)

VT lower than 6 ml/Kg enhanced lung protection. Respiratory acidosis consequent to low VT ventilation was safely and efficiently managed by extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal.
Using lattice rules for variance reduction in simulation (2002)

Quasi-Monte Carlo methods are designed to improve upon the Monte Carlo method for multidimensional numerical integration by using a more regularly distributed point set than the i.i.d. sample associated with Monte Carlo. Lattice rules are one family of quasi-Monte Carlo methods, originally proposed by N.M. Korobov (1959). We explain how randomized lattice rules can be used to construct efficient estimators for typical simulation problems, and we give several numerical examples. We are interested in two main aspects: studying the variance of these estimators and finding which properties of the lattice rules should be considered when defining a selection criterion to rate and choose them. Our numerical results for three different problems illustrate how this methodology typically improves upon the usual Monte Carlo simulation method.
Transmission Electron Microscopic Examination of Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Components (1986)

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to physically characterize tested and untested phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) components. Those examined included carbon‐supported platinum catalysts, carbon backing paper, and Teflon‐bonded catalyst layers at various stages of fabrication and after testing in pressurized PAFC's. Applicability of electron diffraction and electron energy loss spectroscopy for identifying the various phases was explored. The discussion focuses on the morphology and size distribution of platinum, the morphology and structural aspects of Teflon in catalyst layers, and the structural evidence of carbon corrosion. Reference is made to other physical characterization techniques where appropriate. A qualitative model of the catalyst layer that emerged from the TEM studies is presented.
Cyclin B is associated with centrosomes in <i>Drosophila</i> mitotic cells (1992)

We have studied by way of confocal laser scanning microscopy the subcellular localization of cyclin B in Drosophila-cultured cells and report here evidence that a part of the cyclin B cell pool is closely associated with the centrosome. This cyclin B centrosomal signal is strong in prophase and metaphase but disappears during anaphase. Moreover, the signal is absent in the acentriolar Drosophila cell line 1182-4. These results put forward additional arguments suggesting that the centrosome plays an important role in the control of the cell cycle.
Tunable work function in fully nickel-silicided polysilicon gates for metal gate MOSFET applications (2005)

The work function of fully nickel-silicided polysilicon was investigated. The midgap work function (4.7 eV) was obtained for undoped mononickel-silicide (NiSi). It was shown that the implantation of both arsenic and antimony into the polysilicon before silicidation reduces the NiSi work function, and the change in work function is greater for antimony than for arsenic. The pile-up of these species at the oxide interface during the nickel silicidation is demonstrated to be the physical mechanism responsible for the work function shift. Both species activations before silicidation and silicidation conditions were found to affect the NiSi work function shift significantly. The nonactivated species have minimum effect and incomplete silicidation can have maximum work function shift. The doping effect of indium on the NiSi work function is reported for the first time. A shift of /spl sim/0.14 eV toward the valence band was obtained for 2.6-nm oxide capacitors. It was found that the work function shift caused by the indium doping is saturated at a relatively low dose, which may be related to the low solid solubility of indium in polysilicon.
Grain-size-dependent thermal conductivity of nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia films grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (2000)

A grain-size-dependent reduction in the room-temperature thermal conductivity of nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia is reported for the first time. Films were grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition with controlled grain sizes from 10 to 100 nm. For grain sizes smaller than approximately 30 nm, a substantial reduction in thermal conductivity was observed, reaching a value of less than one-third the bulk value at the smallest grain sizes measured. The observed behavior is consistent with expectations based on an estimation of the phonon mean-free path in zirconia.
A Method for Retrieving the Ground Flash Fraction and Flash Type from Satellite Lightning Mapper Observations (2014)

Abstract An analytic perturbation method is introduced for retrieving the lightning ground flash fraction in a set of N lightning flashes observed by a satellite lightning mapper. The value of N must be large, typically in the thousands, and the satellite lightning optical observations consist of the maximum group area (MGA) produced by each flash. Moreover, the method subsequently determines the flash type (ground or cloud) of each of the N flashes. Performance tests of the method were conducted using simulated observations that were based on Optical Transient Detector (OTD) and Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) data. It is found that the mean ground flash fraction retrieval errors are below 0.04 across the full range 0–1 under the nominal conditions defined. In general, it is demonstrated that the retrieval errors depend on many factors (i.e., the number N of satellite observations, the magnitude of random and systematic instrument measurement errors, the ground flash fraction itself, and the number of samples used to form certain climate distributions employed in the method). The fraction of flashes accurately flash typed by the method averaged better than 78%. Overall, the accuracy of ground flash fraction and flash-typing retrievals degrade as the simulated population ground and cloud flash MGA distributions become more identical. Finally, because the analytic perturbation method was found to be quite robust (i.e., it performed well for several arbitrary underlying MGA distributions), it is not restricted to the lightning problem studied here but can be applied to any inverse problem having a similar problem statement.
Initial and follow-up screening for aneurysms in families with familial subarachnoid hemorrhage (1998)

Because the yield is high, screening is recommended in first-degree members of families with familial SAH. Repeated screening should be considered in relatives who have been treated for familial intracranial aneurysms.
Electrochemical Nanoprobes for Single-Cell Analysis (2013)

The measurement of key molecules in individual cells with minimal disruption to the biological milieu is the next frontier in single-cell analyses. Nanoscale devices are ideal analytical tools because of their small size and their potential for high spatial and temporal resolution recordings. Here, we report the fabrication of disk-shaped carbon nanoelectrodes whose radius can be precisely tuned within the range 5-200 nm. The functionalization of the nanoelectrode with platinum allowed the monitoring of oxygen consumption outside and inside a brain slice. Furthermore, we show that nanoelectrodes of this type can be used to impale individual cells to perform electrochemical measurements within the cell with minimal disruption to cell function. These nanoelectrodes can be fabricated combined with scanning ion conductance microscopy probes, which should allow high resolution electrochemical mapping of species on or in living cells.
Molecular Baskets in Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> (1997)

Calixarenes are synthetic macrocyclic compounds, described as "molecular baskets" as they possess high ionophoric selectivity and form inclusion complexes with many important ionic guests. In our initial work, hexameric and tetrameric tert-butylcalixarenes, unfunctionalized at the lower rim, are shown to be separable on a diol column using supercritical fluid chromatography with methanol/chloroform-modified CO(2) as mobile phase. The variation in capacity factors for these calixarenes was studied as a function of modifier composition. However, the solubility of these molecular baskets in unmodified supercritical CO(2) is enhanced by fluorination at the upper rim. For example, when p-allylcalix[4]arene is derivatized by a thiol-ene addition reaction with heptadecafluorodecanethiol, CF(3)(CF(2))(7)(CH(2))(2)SH, a solubility of >0.12 mol L(-)(1) in supercritical CO(2) is measured for the p-heptadecafluorodecylthio-n-propylcalix[4]arene at 60 °C and 200 atm. However, subsequent lower rim functionalization to form the tetrahydroxamate derivative, while reducing the solubility, allows supercritical fluid extraction of Fe(III) by the fluorinated calix[4]arene ligands to be studied as a function of temperature and pressure and monitored using UV/visible and atomic absorption spectrometry. In particular, the visible absorption spectra obtained for the extracted Fe(III)-calix[4]arene tetrahydroxamate complex, collected in dimethyl sulfoxide, are indicative of octahedral Fe(III) complexation in a manner similar to that displayed by water-soluble siderophores. Studies on the efficiency and selectivity of Fe(III) extraction are also reported.
Evaluation of Apically Extruded Debris using Two Niti Systems Associated with Two İrrigation Techniques in Primary Teeth (2016)

All instrumentation and irrigation techniques caused debris extrusion. However, the optimal laser activation time and power settings should be investigated to ensure minimal extrusion of debris and irrigant due to cavitation and pressure during LAI in root canal treatment.
Distortion Correction in Electrical Circuits with Constant Resistance Recurrent Networks (1928)

Constant resistance recurrent networks, that is, networks whose iterative impedances are a pure constant resistance at all frequencies, form here the basis of a method of distortion correction which is applicable to any electrical circuit. The paper takes up first the general problem of distortion correction, then this method of correction and its application in the following Parts and supplementary Appendices.
Fluorescent Retrograde Axonal Tracing of the Facial Nerve (2006)

Cholera toxin B subunit fluorescent conjugates, when administered intramuscularly, reliably label the distal portion of the facial nerve. In vivo labeling of a motor nerve may have significant potential for identifying a nerve in surgery. This work represents a preliminary investigation into the adaptation of in vivo fluorescence techniques as an aid to surgical dissection. Further research to refine this technique should be supported.
Gate-controlled diodes for ionic concentration measurement (1979)

We have designed and built a new type of chemically sensitive semiconductor device based on the operation of a gate-controlled diode. This structure provides both electrical and chemical shielding of the contact regions from the solution. Ions in the solution provide the driving force for the chemically sensitive layer. The ion-controlled diode (ICD) is biased into inversion from a reference electrode. The substrate source admittance of the ICD is then measured at sufficiently high frequencies so that it is transit-time limited. Under these conditions, the capacitance-gate voltage response becomes frequency dependent and, at constant capacity, the pH response becomes simply dependent on the frequency. We describe the temperature gradient zone melting process used to fabricate the ICD and present operational characteristics of the device.
Hydration Status Monitoring (2004)

Abstract : This paper reviews widely used indices of hydration status in humans. For the purposes of this review, euhydration will refer to normal total body water (TBW), whereas hypohydration will refer to a body water deficit. The term dehydration will be used to refer to the dynamic process of body water loss(i.e., the transaction from euhydration to hypohydration). Greenleaf and Sargent, 1965; Sawka, 1992). The term hypovolemia will define when blood volume is less than normal. Both physical and cognitive performance are impaired proportionally to the magnitude of-body water loss incurred (Gopinathan et al, 1988;Sawka, 1988). However, even small losses of body water (1-2 percent body mass (BM) have a detrimental impact on physical work and negatively impact human thermoregulation,
Study of Adsorption of Globular Proteins on Hydrophobic Surfaces (2011)

In this paper, we use micromachined, high-frequency, quartz bulk acoustic wave resonators to systematically study the physical and viscoelastic properties of spontaneously adsorbed globular protein films with molecular weights (MWs) spanning three decades on hydrophobic surfaces. Specifically, changes in the frequency and the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> -factor of the micromachined resonator array were studied as a function of concentration for five proteins, namely human serum albumin (HSA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), human fibrinogen (Fib), alpha-2-macroglobulin (AMG), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) at the fundamental and third resonance modes. The results obtained were interpreted using equivalent electrical impedance models for the multilayer stack on the quartz crystal microbalances surface. Discrete changes in the protein adsorption and the viscoelastic behavior with solution concentration were observed for all the five protein films. The spherical core-shell protein model is used to provide a simple explanation of the results. The work presents the first systematic and quantitative evaluation of the density, thickness, viscosity, and elastic modulus of adsorbed globular protein films and demonstrates the advantages of using micromachined high-frequency bulk acoustic wave resonators for obtaining these types of data.
The incidence and lifetime prevalence of neurological disorders in a prospective community-based study in the UK (2000)

Over an 18-month period, all incident cases of neurological disorders were ascertained prospectively in an unselected urban population based in 13 general practices in the London area by a General Practice Linkage Scheme with the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery. In three of these practices, the lifetime prevalence of neurological disorders was also assessed. A population of 100 230 patients registered with participating general practices was followed prospectively for the onset of neurological disorders. Multiple methods of case finding were used to maintain accuracy. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates of neurological disorders were calculated. The lifetime prevalence of neurological disorders was surveyed in 27 658 of the patients. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates were calculated for major neurological conditions. [These are expressed as rates per 100 000 persons per annum, with 95% confidence intervals (CI) in parentheses]. The commonest of these were first cerebrovascular events, 205 (CI: 183, 230); shingles, 140 (CI: 104, 184); diabetic polyneuropathy, 54 (CI: 33, 83); compressive neuropathies, 49 (CI: 39, 61); epilepsy, 46 (CI: 36, 60); Parkinson's disease, 19 (CI: 12, 27); peripheral neuropathies, 15 (CI: 9, 23); CNS infections, 12 (CI: 5, 13); post-herpetic neuralgia, 11 (CI: 6, 17); and major neurological injuries, 10 (CI: 4, 11). Lifetime prevalence rates are also reported (expressed as rate per 1000 persons with 95% CI). The most prevalent conditions were: completed stroke, 9 (CI: 8, 11); transient ischaemic attacks, 5 (CI: 4, 6); active epilepsy, 4 (CI: 4, 5); congenital neurological deficit, 3 (CI: 3, 4); Parkinson's disease, 2 (CI: 1, 3); multiple sclerosis, 2 (CI: 2, 3); diabetic polyneuropathy, 2 (CI: 1, 3); compressive mononeuropathies, 2 (CI: 2, 3); and sub-arachnoid haemorrhage, 1 (CI: 0.8, 2). Overall, the onset of 625 neurological disorders was observed per 100 000 population annually. Six percent of the population had at some time had a neurological disorder. This is the first study of the incidence and lifetime prevalence of neurological disorders in recent times; we found that these disorders give rise to significant morbidity in the community.
Artemisinin-Resistant <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Malaria (2016)

For more than five decades, Southeast Asia (SEA) has been fertile ground for the emergence of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. After generating parasites resistant to chloroquine, sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine, quinine, and mefloquine, this region has now spawned parasites resistant to artemisinins, the world's most potent antimalarial drugs. In areas where artemisinin resistance is prevalent, artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs)-the first-line treatments for malaria-are failing fast. This worrisome development threatens to make malaria practically untreatable in SEA, and threatens to compromise global endeavors to eliminate this disease. A recent series of clinical, in vitro, genomics, and transcriptomics studies in SEA have defined in vivo and in vitro phenotypes of artemisinin resistance, identified its causal genetic determinant, explored its molecular mechanism, and assessed its clinical impact. Specifically, these studies have established that artemisinin resistance manifests as slow parasite clearance in patients and increased survival of early-ring-stage parasites in vitro; is caused by single nucleotide polymorphisms in the parasite's K13 gene, is associated with an upregulated "unfolded protein response" pathway that may antagonize the pro-oxidant activity of artemisinins, and selects for partner drug resistance that rapidly leads to ACT failures. In SEA, clinical studies are urgently needed to monitor ACT efficacy where K13 mutations are prevalent, test whether new combinations of currently available drugs cure ACT failures, and advance new antimalarial compounds through preclinical pipelines and into clinical trials. Intensifying these efforts should help to forestall the spread of artemisinin and partner drug resistance from SEA to sub-Saharan Africa, where the world's malaria transmission, morbidity, and mortality rates are highest.