gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formation of Cyanogen Chloride from the Reaction of Monochloramine with Formaldehyde (1999)

Methanediol dehydrates to give formaldehyde, which reacts rapidly and reversibly with monochloramine to form N-chloroaminomethanol. Under drinking water conditions, N-chloroaminomethanol undergoes a relatively slow decomposition that eventually leads to the formation of cyanogen chloride (ClCN) in apparently stoichiometric amounts. The following reaction sequence is proposed: CH2(OH)2 ⇆ CH2O + H2O; CH2O + NH2Cl ⇆ CH2(OH)NHCl; CH2(OH)NHCl → CH2NCl + H2O; CH2NCl → HCl + HCN; CN- + NH2Cl + H+ → ClCN + NH3. These reactions were studied at 25.0 °C and an ionic strength of 0.10 M (NaClO4). Stopped-flow photometry was used to monitor rapid, reversible reactions, and photometry was used to study relatively slow decomposition reactions. Equilibrium and rate constants for the addition of formaldehyde to monochloramine were (6.6 ± 1.5) × 105 M-1 and (2.8 ± 0.1) × 104 M-1 s-1, respectively. The dehydration of N-chloroaminomethanol was catalyzed by both H+ and OH-, with respective rate constants of 277 ± 7 and 26.9 ± 5.6 M-1 s-1. Under characteristic drinking water conditions, the decay of N-chloroaminomethanol is the rate-limiting step. N-Chloromethanimine, formed by the dehydration of N-chloroaminomethanol, had a decomposition rate constant of (6.65 ± 0.06) × 10-4 s-1. At the relatively high methanediol concentrations used in this study, the intermediary N-chlorodimethanolamine was formed by the rapid and reversible reaction of N-chloroaminomethanol with formaldehyde. N-Chlorodimethanolamine then decayed relatively slowly. The following reaction sequence is proposed: CH2(OH)NHCl + CH2O ⇆ {CH2(OH)}2NCl; {CH2(OH)}2NCl → CH2NCl + CH2O + H2O. The equilibrium and rate constants for the addition of formaldehyde to N-chloroaminomethanol were (9.5 ± 2.5) × 104 M-1 and (3.6 ± 0.1) × 103 M-1 s-1, respectively. The decomposition of N-chlorodimethanolamine was catalyzed by OH-, with a rate constant of 19.2 ± 3.7 M-1 s-1. N-Chlorodimethanolamine would not be present under typical drinking water treatment conditions.
Effects of the fungal endophyte Acremonium coenophialum in fescue on pregnant mares and foal viability (1991)

Effects of the endophyte Acremonium coenophialum in tall fescue on pregnant mares and foal viability were evaluated. Twenty-two mature pregnant mares were randomly chosen to graze either Kentucky-31 tall fescue that was free from A coenophialum (endophyte-free, EF) or tall fescue infected with A coenophialum (endophyte-present, EP) after the first 90 days of pregnancy through parturition. Concentrations of pyrrolizidine and ergopeptine alkaloids were significantly greater in EP grass, compared with EF pasture. Ten of 11 mares grazing EP pasture had obvious dystocia. Mean duration of gestation was significantly greater for the EP group, compared with the EF group. Foal survivability was severely reduced among mares grazing EP fescue with only 1 foal surviving the natal period. Udder development and lactation were low in mares grazing EP grass. The absence of clinical problems in mares grazing EF grass implicated the endophyte as the causative agent of reproductive problems and perinatal foal mortality in pregnant mares grazing endophyte-infected fescue grass. Caution should be exercised in allowing pregnant mares to graze pastures infected with the endophyte A coenophialum.
Design and Synthesis of Cyclic Urea Compounds: A Pharmacological Study for Retinoidal Activity. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Characterization of selective and potent inhibitors of the human retinoic acid hydroxylases CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 (2013)

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2012
Application-Specific Pipelines for Exploiting Instruction-Level Parallelism (1998)

Application-specific processor design is a promising approach for meeting the performance and cost goals of a system. Application-specific processors are especially promising for embedded systems (e.g., automobile control systems, avionics, cellular phones, etc.) where a small increase in performance and decrease in cost can have a large impact on a product's viability. Sutherland, Sproull, and Molnar have proposed a new pipeline organization called the Counterflow Pipeline (CFP). This paper shows that the CFP is an ideal architecture for fast, low-cost design of high-performance processors customized for computation-intensive embedded applications. First, we describe why CFP's are particularly well suited to realizing application-specific processors. Second, we describe how a CFP tailored to an application can be constructed automatically. Third, we present measurements that show CFP's elegantly and simply provide speculative execution, out-of-order execution, and register renaming that is matched to the application. These measurements show that CFP's speculative and out-of-order execution allow it to tolerate frequent control dependences and high-latency operation such as memory accesses. Finally, we show that asynchronous counterflow pipelines may achieve very high-performance by reducing the average execution latency of instructions over synchronous implementations. Application speedups of up to 7.8 are achieved using custom counterflow pipelines for several well-known kernel loops.
Synthesis of Phosphodiesters: The Cyclic Enediol Phosphoryl (CEP) Method (1985)

Strategies to convert two different alcohols, R1OH and R2OH, into an unsymmetrical phosphodiester, (R1O)(R2O)P(O)OH, are outlined. One of these strategies utilizes a cyclic enediol phosphoryl derivative (CEP-X) as the only reagent for the establishment of the two P-O bonds of the diester without the need for additional activating reagents. Three CEP-reagents have been extensively utilized for the preparation of Simple cyclic and acyclic phosphodiesters and for phospholipids, oligonucleotides and phosphatidyloligonucleotides. These CEP-X reagents are: bis[2-butene-2,3-diyl] pyrophosphate (or bis[1,2-dimethylethenylene] pyrophosphate), 2-chloro-4,5-dimethyl-2-oxo-Pv-1,3,2-dioxaphosphole (or 1,2-dimethylethenylene phosphorochloridate), and 4,5-dimethyl-2-(1-imidazolyl)-2-oxo-Pv-1,3,2-dioxaphosphole [or N-(4,5-dimethylethenylenedioxyphosphoryl)-imidazole]. The review also includes other methods for the synthesis of phosphodiesters, including phospholipids, which have been published since the previous review1.The chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides has been described in recent reviews and is only mentioned briefly in this article. 1. Introduction - Scope of the Review 2. Strategies for Phosphodiester Synthesis 3. The Double Phosphorylation Strategy 4. Double Phosphorylation with Cyclic Enediol Phosphoryl (CEP) Derivatives 5. Preparation of Methyl Acetoin Enediol Cyclophosphate, CEP-OCH3 6. Preparation of CEP-X Reagents 7. General Reactions of CEP-X Reagents 8. Synthesis of Simple Phosphodiesters 9. Synthesis of Phospholipids and Phospholipid Analogs 10. Synthesis of Oligonucleotides 11. Conclusions
Lipoprotein-like Particles and Cholesteryl Esters in Human Bruch’s Membrane: Initial Characterization (2005)

BrM/Ch LLP do not resemble plasma lipoproteins in density profile, cholesterol distribution, or morphology. Peak 2 contains EC-rich LLP resembling BrM particles in situ. BrM/Ch cholesteryl esters respond to long-term storage differently than esters of plasma lipoprotein origin accumulated in other ocular tissues. Evidence of intraocular apoB and apoA-I expression supports an emerging hypothesis that the RPE assembles and secretes a large, possibly novel, lipoprotein particle.
Fatal secondary increase in serum S-100B protein after severe head injury (1999)

The S-100B protein is a small cytosolic protein that is found in astroglial or Schwann cells. It is highly specific for brain tissue and is increasingly being investigated as a diagnostic tool to assess the neurological damage after head injury, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and cardiopulmonary bypass. The authors report on three patients with severe head injury with otherwise normal cerebral perfusion pressure, SaO2, PaCO2, and controlled intracranial pressure (ICP), in whom a secondary excessive increase in serum S-100B was observed. In all cases, the S-100B increase was followed by an increase in ICP. All three patients died within 72 hours after the excessive increase in S-100B. These findings indicate that major secondary brain damage may occur at a cellular level without being identified by current neuromonitoring techniques.
Electrochemical Studies of the Oxidation Pathways of Catecholamines (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrochemical Studies of the Oxidation Pathways of CatecholaminesM. D. Hawley, S. V. Tatawawadi, S. Piekarski, and R. N. AdamsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 2, 447–450Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00978a051https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00978a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2555Altmetric-Citations548LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Upper stability island of the quadrupole mass filter with amplitude modulation of the applied voltages (2005)

Modulation of the voltages applied to a quadrupole mass filter (QMF), either RF or RF and DC, leads to splitting of the stability region into islands of stability. The ion optical properties, such as transmission, resolving power and peak tails of the first upper stability islands have been investigated by numerical simulation of ion trajectories. The dependence of the location of this island on the amplitude of the modulation and the parameter nu = omega/Omega = Q/P where omega is modulation frequency, Omega is main angular radio frequency, and Q and P are integers, is calculated in detail. Different methods of adjusting the QMF resolution are examined. It is found that operation at the upper and lower tips of the stability islands created by amplitude modulation of the RF voltage is preferred, because of the technical simplicity of this method and a reduction of the required separation time. Amplitude modulation improves the performance of a QMF constructed with round rods, in comparison to perfect quadrupole fields. For example, with amplitude modulation of the RF, to reach a resolution of R(0.1) = 1200 requires only about 75 RF cycles of ion motion in a quadrupole field created by round rods.
Coaxial cathode ion source for solids mass spectrometry (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCoaxial cathode ion source for solids mass spectrometryW. A. Mattson, B. L. Bentz, and W. W. HarrisonCite this: Anal. Chem. 1976, 48, 3, 489–491Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60367a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60367a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views46Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A 3D Visualization of Multiple Time Series on Maps (2010)

In the analysis of spatially-referenced time-dependent data, gaining an understanding of the spatio-temporal distributions and relationships among the attributes in the data can be quite difficult. We present a visualization technique that addresses some of the challenges involved in visually exploring and analyzing the distributions of geo-spatial time-varying data. We have developed a pictorial representation that is based on the standard space-time cube metaphor and provides in a single display the overview and details of a large number of time-varying quantities. Our approach involves three-dimensional graphical widgets that intuitively represent profiles of the time-varying quantities and can be plotted on a geographic map to expose interesting spatio-temporal distributions of the data. We show how combining our visualization technique with standard data exploration features can assist in the exploration of salient patterns in a data set. The visualization approach described here supports expeditious exploration of multiple data sets; this in turn assists the process of building initial hypotheses about the attributes in a data set and enhances the user's ability to pose and explore interesting questions about the data.
Origins of bisimulation and coinduction (2011)

The origins of the notions of bisimulation and coinduction are traced back to different fields, notably computer science, modal logic, and set theory.
Feasibility of satellite interferometry for surveillance, navigation, and traffic control (1976)

The feasibility of using a satellite borne interferometry system for surveillance, navigation, and traffic control applications was investigated. The evaluation was comprised of: (1) a two part systems analysis (software and hardware); (2) a survey of competitive navigation systems (both experimental and planned); (3) a comparison of their characteristics and capabilities with those of an interferometry system; and (4) a limited survey of potential users to determine the variety of possible applications for the interferometry system and the requirements which it would have to meet. Five candidate or "strawman" interferometry systems for various applications with various capabilities were configured (on a preliminary basis) and were evaluated. It is concluded that interferometry in conjunction with a geostationary satellite has an inherent ability to provide both a means for navigation/position location and communication. It offers a very high potential for meeting a large number of user applications and requirements for navigation and related functions.
Soft X-Ray Diffraction Microscopy of a Frozen Hydrated Yeast Cell (2009)

We report the first image of an intact, frozen hydrated eukaryotic cell using x-ray diffraction microscopy, or coherent x-ray diffraction imaging. By plunge freezing the specimen in liquid ethane and maintaining it below -170 degrees C, artifacts due to dehydration, ice crystallization, and radiation damage are greatly reduced. In this example, coherent diffraction data using 520 eV x rays were recorded and reconstructed to reveal a budding yeast cell at a resolution better than 25 nm. This demonstration represents an important step towards high resolution imaging of cells in their natural, hydrated state, without limitations imposed by x-ray optics.
Nitric oxide-mediated cyclooxygenase activation. A key event in the antiplatelet effects of nitrovasodilators. (1996)

We have evaluated the contributions of nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PGI2) in the in vivo antiplatelet effects of clinically useful nitrovasodilators. In rats, intravenous infusion of three NO donors, glyceryl trinitrate, sodium nitroprusside, or 3'-morpholinosydnonimine, the stable metabolite of molsidomine, released 6-keto PGF1alpha (the stable metabolite of PGI2) and inhibited ex vivo human platelet aggregation to adenosine diphosphate by at least 80%. In in vitro studies, glyceryl trinitrate, sodium nitroprusside, and 3'-morpholinosydnonimine, at clinically attainable concentrations, increased cyclooxygenase activity in endothelial cells (EC), which resulted in a four- to sixfold release of 6-keto PGF1alpha. Pretreatment of the EC with hemoglobin which binds to and inactivates the biological actions of NO, but not by methylene blue (MelB), attenuated the NO-mediated PGI2 from the EC by at least 70%. Release of 6-keto PGF1alpha by the NO donors increased the ability of these compounds to inhibit thrombin-induced human platelet aggregation by at least 10 times; this potentiation was inhibited by hemoglobin but not by MeB. MeB blocked the direct anti-platelet effect of the NO donors in the absence of EC. In summary, we have demonstrated that NO, directly as well as together with an NO-driven cyclooxygenase activation (and hence PGI2), release contributes to the marked anti-platelet effects observed after the in vivo administration of clinically used nitrovasodilators.
Gastric emptying of a solid–liquid meal measured with 13C octanoic acid breath test and real-time ultrasonography: a comparative study (2000)

OBJECTIVES: The 13C octanoic acid breath test (OBT) has been proposed as a reliable noninvasive test to measure gastric emptying. OBT has been compared with scintigraphy; however, there are no data comparing it with gastric emptying measured with real-time ultrasonography (RUS) The aim of the study was to correlate gastric emptying of a solid–liquid meal, with OBT and RUS simultaneously evaluated in a group of normal volunteers. METHODS: A total of 14 normal subjects ingested a standard test meal (one scrambled egg with two slices of white bread, 10 g of butter, and 300 ml of tap water). The egg yolk was mixed with 0.1 ml of 13C octanoic acid. Breath samples for 13CO2 analysis were collected in breath bags and were analyzed by means of isotope-selective nondispersive infrared spectrometry (IRIS). RUS was simultaneously performed by calculating the antral area following a previous validated method. Breath samples and antral area were taken at baseline and every 15 min after the meal during the first 2 h and every 30 min for another 2 h. Lag time (Tlag) and gastric half emptying time (T1/2) were calculated for OBT and RUS. Data were analyzed by the Student’s t test for paired data, correlation coefficient, and regression line. RESULTS: The results show a statistically significant longer Tlag and T1/2 for OBT in comparison with RUS (p < 0.001). A significant correlation and positive regression line was computed between OBT and RUS for Tlag and for T1/2. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that OBT overestimates gastric emptying parameters of a solid–liquid meal in comparison with RUS. However, both techniques give data in good correlation. Because OBT is less operator-dependent than RUS, it may be useful in comparative gastric emptying studies.
Digital image correlation and fracture: an advanced technique for estimating stress intensity factors of 2D and 3D cracks (2009)

International audience
Sterilizable Gels from Thermoresponsive Block Copolymer Worms (2012)

Biocompatible hydrogels have many applications, ranging from contact lenses to tissue engineering scaffolds. In most cases, rigorous sterilization is essential. Herein we show that a biocompatible diblock copolymer forms wormlike micelles via polymerization-induced self-assembly in aqueous solution. At a copolymer concentration of 10.0 w/w %, interworm entanglements lead to the formation of a free-standing physical hydrogel at 21 °C. Gel dissolution occurs on cooling to 4 °C due to an unusual worm-to-sphere order-order transition, as confirmed by rheology, electron microscopy, variable temperature (1)H NMR spectroscopy, and scattering studies. Moreover, this thermo-reversible behavior allows the facile preparation of sterile gels, since ultrafiltration of the diblock copolymer nanoparticles in their low-viscosity spherical form at 4 °C efficiently removes micrometer-sized bacteria; regelation occurs at 21 °C as the copolymer chains regain their wormlike morphology. Biocompatibility tests indicate good cell viabilities for these worm gels, which suggest potential biomedical applications.
The Evolutionary History of Quorum-Sensing Systems in Bacteria (2004)

Communication among bacterial cells through quorum-sensing (QS) systems is used to regulate ecologically and medically important traits, including virulence to hosts. QS is widespread in bacteria; it has been demonstrated experimentally in diverse phylogenetic groups, and homologs to the implicated genes have been discovered in a large proportion of sequenced bacterial genomes. The widespread distribution of the underlying gene families (LuxI/R and LuxS) raises the questions of how often QS genes have been transferred among bacterial lineages and the extent to which genes in the same QS system exchange partners or coevolve. Phylogenetic analyses of the relevant gene families show that the genes annotated as LuxI/R inducer and receptor elements comprise two families with virtually no homology between them and with one family restricted to the gamma-Proteobacteria and the other more widely distributed. Within bacterial phyla, trees for the LuxS and the two LuxI/R families show broad agreement with the ribosomal RNA tree, suggesting that these systems have been continually present during the evolution of groups such as the Proteobacteria and the Firmicutes. However, lateral transfer can be inferred for some genes (e.g., from Firmicutes to some distantly related lineages for LuxS). In general, the inducer/receptor elements in the LuxI/R systems have evolved together with little exchange of partners, although loss or replacement of partners has occurred in several lineages of gamma-Proteobacteria, the group for which sampling is most intensive in current databases. For instance, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a transferred QS system has been incorporated into the pathway of a native one. Gene phylogenies for the main LuxI/R family in Pseudomonas species imply a complex history of lateral transfer, ancestral duplication, and gene loss within the genus.