gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modular organization of human leg withdrawal reflexes elicited by electrical stimulation of the foot sole (1999)

Human withdrawal reflex receptive fields were determined for leg muscles by randomized, electrical stimulation at 16 different positions on the foot sole. Tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medialis, peroneus longus, soleus, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris reflexes, and ankle joint angle changes were recorded from 14 subjects in sitting position. Tibialis anterior reflexes were evoked at the medial, distal foot and correlated well with ankle dorsal flexion. Gastrocnemius medialis reflexes were evoked on the heel and correlated with plantar flexion. Stimulation on the distal, medial sole resulted in inversion (correlated best with tibialis anterior activity), whereas stimulation of the distal, lateral sole evoked eversion. Biceps femoris reflexes were evoked on the entire sole followed by a small reflex in rectus femoris. A detailed withdrawal reflex organization, in which each lower leg muscle has its own receptive field, may explain the ankle joint responses. The thigh activity consisted primarily of flexor activation.
Active DC Voltage Balancing PWM Technique for High-Power Cascaded Multilevel Converters (2014)

In this paper, a dedicated pulse width modulation (PWM) technique specifically designed for single-phase (or four wire three-phase) multilevel Cascaded H-Bridge Converters is presented. The aim of the proposed technique is to minimize the DC-Link voltage unbalance, independently from the amplitude of the DC-Link voltage reference, and compensate the switching device voltage drops and on-state resistances. Such compensation can be used to achieve an increase in the waveform quality of the converter. This is particularly useful in high-power low supply voltage applications where a low switching frequency is used. The DC-Link voltage balancing capability of the method removes the requirement for additional control loops to actively balance the DC-Link voltage on each H-Bridge, simplifying the control structure. The proposed modulation technique has been validated through the use of simulation and extensive experimental testing to confirm its effectiveness.
Automatic thread distribution for nested parallelism in OpenMP (2005)

OpenMP is becoming the standard programming model for shared-memory parallel architectures. One of its most interesting features in the language is the support for nested parallelism. Previous research and parallelization experiences have shown the benefits of using nested parallelism as an alternative to combining several programming models such as MPI and OpenMP. However, all these works rely on the manual definition of an appropriate distribution of all the available thread across the different levels of parallelism. Some proposals have been made to extend the OpenMP language to allow the programmers to specify the thread distribution.This paper proposes a mechanism to dynamically compute the most appropriate thread distribution strategy. The mechanism is based on gathering information at runtime to derive the structure of the nested parallelism. This information is used to determine how the overall computation is distributed between the parallel branches in the outermost level of parallelism, which is constant in this work. According to this, threads in the innermost level of parallelism are distributed.The proposed mechanism is evaluated in two different environments: a research environment, the Nanos OpenMP research platform, and a commercial environment, the IBM XL runtime library. The performance numbers obtained validate the mechanism in both environments and they show the importance of selecting the proper amount of parallelism in the outer level.
Long wavelength VCSELs using wafer-fused GaAs/AlAs Bragg mirror and strain-compensated quantum wells (2002)

We have employed two innovative technologies, strain-compensated multiple quantum wells and material bonding, to demonstrate low threshold and dynamic single mode 1.5 /spl mu/m vertical cavity surface emitting (VCSEL) lasers.
CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR BUILT-IN CURRENT TESTING (2005)

In current testing, the number of test vectors is usually A testing circuit for built-in current testing is proposed and a test generation method using the testing circuit is described. The function of the testing circuit is to measure the integral of the current including the dynamic current during a certain time interval and to judge whether the Cuir is fault-free or not by the measured value. The function01 speed of the testing circuit is rapid because this measuring method is not influenced by any dy,rlamic current. We also describe the test generation method briefly. The test sequences cause almost equal dymmic current between every two test vectors. The number of test vectors in each test sequence is less than that of the traditional testing for stuck-at faults.
Full Feedforward of the Output Voltage to Improve Efficiency for Envelope-Tracking Power Supply Using Switch-Linear Hybrid Configuration (2012)

A synchronous rectification buck converter in parallel with a Class AB linear amplifier is presented in this paper to construct an envelope-tracking (ET) power supply. To eliminate the influences of the output voltage on the linear amplifier output current, a full feedforward of the output-voltage scheme with two feedforward terms is proposed in this paper, which can counteract all the two load admittances of the linear amplifier, respectively, consequently decreasing the linear amplifier output current substantially. An ET power supply prototype with 100-kHz sine-wave tracking, 5-15 V output voltage, and 75-W-peak output power is fabricated and tested in the lab. The experimental results are well in agreement with the theoretical analyses, and the system efficiency is improved significantly.
Cloud-Radiative Forcing and Climate: Results from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (1989)

The study of climate and climate change is hindered by a lack of information on the effect of clouds on the radiation balance of the earth, referred to as the cloud-radiative forcing. Quantitative estimates of the global distributions of cloud-radiative forcing have been obtained from the spaceborne Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) launched in 1984. For the April 1985 period, the global shortwave cloud forcing [-44.5 watts per square meter (W/m(2))] due to the enhancement of planetary albedo, exceeded in magnitude the longwave cloud forcing (31.3 W/m(2)) resulting from the greenhouse effect of clouds. Thus, clouds had a net cooling effect on the earth. This cooling effect is large over the mid-and high-latitude oceans, with values reaching -100 W/m(2). The monthly averaged longwave cloud forcing reached maximum values of 50 to 100 W/m(2) over the convectively disturbed regions of the tropics. However, this heating effect is nearly canceled by a correspondingly large negative shortwave cloud forcing, which indicates the delicately balanced state of the tropics. The size of the observed net cloud forcing is about four times as large as the expected value of radiative forcing from a doubling of CO(2). The shortwave and longwave components of cloud forcing are about ten times as large as those for a CO(2) doubling. Hence, small changes in the cloud-radiative forcing fields can play a significant role as a climate feedback mechanism. For example, during past glaciations a migration toward the equator of the field of strong, negative cloud-radiative forcing, in response to a similar migration of cooler waters, could have significantly amplified oceanic cooling and continental glaciation.
Ubiquitous Positioning: A Taxonomy for Location Determination on Mobile Navigation System (2011)

The location determination in obstructed area can be very challenging especially if Global Positioning System are blocked. Users will find it difficult to navigate directly on-site in such condition, especially indoor car park lot or obstructed environment. Sometimes, it needs to combine with other sensors and positioning methods in order to determine the location with more intelligent, reliable and ubiquity. By using ubiquitous positioning in mobile navigation system, it is a promising ubiquitous location technique in a mobile phone since as it is a familiar personal electronic device for many people. However, there is an increasing need for better development of proposed ubiquitous positioning systems. System developers are also lacking of good frameworks for understanding different options during building ubiquitous positioning systems. This paper proposes taxonomy to address both of these problems. The proposed taxonomy has been constructed from a literature study of papers and articles on positioning estimation that can be used to determine location everywhere on mobile navigation system. For researchers the taxonomy can also be used as an aid for scoping out future research in the area of ubiquitous positioning.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF ACETALS USING MOLECULAR SIEVES. III. THE USE OF SOLID ACIDS AS CATALYSTS (1977)

Abstract Die Umsetzung von Cyclohexanon (I) zum Diäthylacetal (II) wird als Testreaktion benutzt zur Untersuchung verschiedener Katalysatoren: sulfonierte Polystyrolharze (A), SiO 2 ‐AI2O3 ‐Krackkatalysatoren (B), Molekularsiebe Typ Y (ausgetauscht mit multivalenten Kationen, besonders Kationen Seltener Erden) (C).
Prevalence of long-term BK and JC excretion in HIV-infected adults and lack of correlation with serological markers (1999)

The natural history of polyomavirus infection, and sensitivity of diagnostic assays remain unclear. A stratified group of 94 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients was studied for both virological and serological markers of active infection with both JC virus and BK virus. JC DNA was detected in the urine of 18 of 81 (22%) patients and BK DNA in 30 (37%) patients. Whilst patients with a low CD(4) cell count (P =.009), CD(4)/CD(8) ratio (P =.031) and beta2M concentration (P =.042) were significantly more likely to be excreting BK, JC excretion did not correlate with any of the immunological markers measured. Furthermore, when all the immunological factors were taken into account, there was no association between either BK or JC excretion and age of the patient (P =.149 for BK, P = 0.891 for JC). BK IgM antibody was detected in only 3 of 30 (10%) BK excretors. JC IgM was detected in 5 of 18 (27. 7%) JC excretors but also in 11 of 63 (17.5%) patients without demonstrable JC excretion. Therefore IgM was a very poor indicator of viruria. One year follow-up on a subset of patients showed that both DNA detection in urine and IgM antibody remain stable over many months despite falling CD(4) cell counts, and would indicate that events leading to enhanced viral production probably occur early after HIV infection. Replication of JC virus in the brain leading to the onset of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) could not be predicted using any of the markers studied.
Diffusion Barrier Mechanism of Extremely Thin Tungsten Silicon Nitride Film Formed by ECR Plasma Nitridation (1998)

The diffusion barrier mechanism of tungsten silicon nitride (WSiN) film formed by ECR plasma nitridation is investigated. For this purpose, we examined film thickness, nitrogen content, surface composition, and local atomic ordering of this WSiN and correlated these characteristics with its barrier capability. It is revealed that WSiN shows good barrier capability when RF bias is applied to the substrate during nitridation even though it is less than 6-nm thick. Applying RF bias increases the nitrogen content in WSiN. Moreover, Si atoms are preferentially sputtered and the local atomic ordering in WSiN is lowered because the effect of ion bombardment is remarkably pronounced. It is supposed that these film characteristics contribute to the suppression of phosphorus diffusion through interstitial sites. As a result, WSiN functions as an excellent barrier layer even though it is extremely thin.
Essential Role for Cyclin D3 in Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor-Driven Expansion of Neutrophil Granulocytes (2006)

The proliferation of neutrophil granulocyte lineage is driven largely by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) acting via the G-CSF receptors. In this study, we show that mice lacking cyclin D3, a component of the core cell cycle machinery, are refractory to stimulation by the G-CSF. Consequently, cyclin D3-null mice display deficient maturation of granulocytes in the bone marrow and have reduced levels of neutrophil granulocytes in their peripheral blood. The mutant mice are unable to mount a normal response to bacterial challenge and succumb to microbial infections. In contrast, the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells and lineage-committed myeloid progenitors proceeds relatively normally in mice lacking cyclin D3, revealing that the requirement for cyclin D3 function operates at later stages of neutrophil development. Importantly, we verified that this requirement is specific to cyclin D3, as mice lacking other G(1) cyclins (D1, D2, E1, or E2) display normal granulocyte counts. Our analyses revealed that in the bone marrow cells of wild-type mice, activation of the G-CSF receptor leads to upregulation of cyclin D3. Collectively, these results demonstrate that cyclin D3 is an essential cell cycle recipient of G-CSF signaling, and they provide a molecular link of how G-CSF-dependent signaling triggers cell proliferation.
Hyperbranched polyethylenes by chain walking polymerization: synthesis, properties, functionalization, and applications (2011)

Structurally different from existing polyethylene grades, hyperbranched polyethylenes (HBPEs) synthesized by Pd–diimine-catalyzed chain walking polymerization represent a novel class of polyethylene materials with unprecedented chain architectures and unique physical properties. A large number of research investigations have been carried out in the area in the past decade, and have led to the successful synthesis of a broad range HBPEs of various controlled chain topologies, molecular weights, and functionalities by tuning polymerization parameters and/or catalyst structures. Meanwhile, some new specialty applications of these materials have also been demonstrated in various fields ranging from lubricant additives to polymer building blocks to nanoencapsulation, with some interesting performance properties discovered. This review aims to summarize the developments in this area.
Crystallization of AlON layers and its effects on the microstructure and hardness of reactively synthesized ZrN/AlON nanomultilayers (2006)

By reactively sputtering Zr and Al2O3 targets in a gaseous mixture of Ar and N2, ZrN/AlON nanomultilayers were synthesized to study the crystallization conditions for AlON layers and how they influence the characteristics of multilayers. The composition analysis indicated that some of the oxygen atoms were replaced by nitrogen atoms in Al2O3, leading to the formation of aluminium oxynitride, AlON, during the procedure of the Al2O3 target being sputtered in the gaseous mixture. Further investigations showed that when their thickness was limited to less than 1 nm, amorphous AlON layers were crystallized under the template effects of crystalline ZrN layers, and then coherent interfaces formed as a result. Correspondingly, the multilayers were remarkably strengthened with hardness approaching a maximum of 33 GPa. After the layer thickness of AlON exceeded the critical value of 1 nm, the subsequently deposited AlON grew amorphously and blocked the epitaxial growth of multilayers, accompanied by the decline of hardness. Yet, on the other hand, the integrated hardness of multilayers was not sensitive to the thickness of the ZrN template layers and its value was maintained a bit higher than 30 GPa in a wide range of ZrN layer thickness variations.
Impact of Energy Storage Device Selection on the Overall Drive Train Efficiency and Performance of Heavy-Duty Hybrid Vehicles (2005)

One of the key components of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive train is its secondary energy storage device. The automotive industry is still in the process of debating on the fact, as to which device provides the best option in HEVs, for the purpose of load leveling. This paper aims at providing a fair idea with regards to the selection of secondary energy sources, based on vehicle performance characteristics and overall drive train efficiency. The performances of lead-acid (PBA), lithium-ion (Li-Ion), nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH), and nickel-zinc (Ni-Zn) batteries, as well as ultra-capacitors (UC) are investigated over city and highway driving schedules for a heavy-duty diesel-parallel hybrid transit bus application. Based on the simulation studies for the above-mentioned storage devices, the Ni-MH, PBA, and the ultra-capacitor technologies demonstrate best results in terms of fuel economy and percentage drive train efficiency. On the other hand, the Ni-Zn and Li-Ion batteries show much promise, but still demand a great deal of research and development work, before they become a viable option for HEV applications. Finally, the paper compares and summarizes critical performance characteristics for the energy storage devices under investigation.
Activity recognition for children using self-organizing map (2012)

Based on a new concept of Kinder-GuaRdian which aims to realize a support system for kindergarten's staffs and parents by watching over children's activity and their growing process, activity recognition (AR) for children is treated in this paper. In case of children, smaller amount of sensors is better since easy fitting of the sensor device to child's body is strongly preferable. In this study, using one acceleration sensor attached to the upper arm, AR in cases of adults and children were evaluated using several orthodox classifiers and self-organizing map (SOM). Through the several types of validation, effectiveness, issues, and benefits of their methods are discussed.
Efficacy and safety of a constant-estrogen, pulsed-progestin regimen in hormone replacement therapy. (2000)

Pulsed dosing of NGM 90 microg for 3 days off and 3 days on along with continuous administration of E2 is effective in treating vasomotor symptoms and vulvovaginal atrophy, provides endometrial protection (i.e., no cases of endometrial hyperplasia or cancer), and has a bleeding profile acceptable to the majority of women studied.
Positron emission tomography imaging of drug-induced tumor apoptosis with a caspase-3/7 specific [ <sup>18</sup> F]-labeled isatin sulfonamide (2009)

Of the molecular biochemical alterations that occur during apoptosis, activation of caspases, notably caspase-3, is probably the most attractive for developing specific in vivo molecular imaging probes. We recently designed a library of isatin-5 sulfonamides and selected [18F]ICMT-11 for further evaluation on the basis of subnanomolar affinity for activated capsase-3, high metabolic stability, and facile radiolabeling. In this present study, we have demonstrated that [18F]ICMT-11 binds to a range of drug-induced apoptotic cancer cells in vitro and to 38C13 murine lymphoma xenografts in vivo by up to 2-fold at 24 h posttreatment compared to vehicle treatment. We further demonstrated that the increased signal intensity in tumors after drug treatment, detected by whole body in vivo microPET imaging, was associated with increased apoptosis. In summary, we have characterized [18F]ICMT-11 as a caspase-3/7 specific PET imaging radiotracer for the assessment of tumor apoptosis that could find utility in anticancer drug development and the monitoring of early responses to therapy.
Priority mechanism for the DQDB network (1994)

An efficient priority mechanism should allow high priority traffic to completely shut out all low priority traffic, if necessary, to satisfy the former's bandwidth requirements. The DQDB priority mechanism does exactly that if the high priority traffic nodes are upstream from the low priority traffic nodes. However, it may fall short of satisfying the above property if there is at least one low priority traffic node upstream from the high priority traffic nodes. This paper proposes a modification to the implementation of the priority mechanism in DQDB that will make it perform satisfactorily. That is, a protocol that favours nodes with higher priority traffic over ones with lower priority traffic. The mechanism requires that requests carry the segment priority, as implemented in the DQDB network. In addition, it requires that the segments carry an indicator of their own priority. Performance of the protocol is studied using simulation under heavy and moderate loads.
Photographic Study of Nucleate Pool Boiling on a Horizontal Surface (1965)

A photographic study was made of saturated nucleate pool boiling at a pressure of one atmosphere. Over 1000 still photographs and 12 high-speed motion pictures were taken of water boiling from a 2-in-dia flat horizontal surface facing upward. Two surfaces were studied, a 2/0 polished platinum surface and a 4/0 polished copper surface. The platinum surface was studied in the heat flux range of 14,700 to 176,000 Btu/hr, sq ft, and the copper surface from the incipient boiling heat flux of 10,500 Btu/hr, sq ft to the maximum flux of 493,000 Btu/hr, sq ft. Data were obtained for the breakoff diameters of discrete bubbles, and for the populations of active sites at heat fluxes up to 58,600 Btu/hr, sq ft. At least three, and possibly four, heat-transfer regions were found to exist in nucleate boiling, depending upon the mode of vapor generation. The vapor structures on the surface progressed through a sequence of first discrete bubbles, then vapor columns and vapor mushrooms, and finally vapor patches, as the surface temperature was increased. These individual vapor structures, or combinations of them, determine the mechanism of heat transfer in the four nucleate boiling regions. It was concluded that any heat-transfer model or design equation which is based on the dynamics of individual bubbles, or on any other single mechanism, must be in serious error.
<i>Streptococcus Suis</i>: A New Emerging or an Old Neglected Zoonotic Pathogen? (2010)

Infections caused by Streptococcus suis are considered a global and an economical problem in the swine industry. Moreover, S. suis is an agent of zoonosis that afflicts people in close contact with infected pigs or pork-derived products. Although sporadic cases of S. suis infections in humans (mainly meningitis) have been reported during the last 40 years, a large outbreak due to this pathogen emerged in the summer of 2005 in China. The severity of the infection in humans during the outbreak, such as a shorter incubation time, more rapid disease progression and higher rate of mortality, attracted a lot of attention from the scientific community and the general press. In fact, the number of publications on S. suis (including the number of reported human cases) has significantly increased during recent years. In this article we critically review the present knowledge on S. suis infection in humans, we discuss the hypotheses that may explain the 2005 outbreak and the repercussion of such an episode on the scientific community.