gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Blocking L-selectin and α4-integrin changes donor cell homing pattern and ameliorates murine acute graft versus host disease (2001)

L-selectin, LFA-1 and alpha(4) integrins play important roles in the homing of naïve T cells into peripheral lymphoid tissues. L-selectin- or LFA-1-deficient lymphocytes cannot effectively home to lymph nodes (LN), and antibody blockade of alpha(4) integrins also hinders lymphocytes homing. The present study was initiated to explore whether it is feasible to ameliorate acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) by modulating the homing process of donor cells in the recipient in a mouse model. Using a fluorescence labeling method, we found that two monoclonal antibodies directed at L-selectin and alpha(4) integrins, respectively, when used in combination, could delay half of the donor C57BL/6J mouse spleen cells homing into the LN of recipient BALB/c mouse 15 h after injection. Spleen cells (1 x 10(7)) derived from C57BL/6J (H-2(b)) mice were injected into each C.B-17 SCID recipient mouse (H-2(d)) with or without prior incubation with 10 microg each of the two antibodies. T cell repopulation in the blood was observed in both groups of mice at a comparable level 14 days after injection of the donor cells. Eight control mice started to show aGVHD signs 7 - 14 days after the injection, and all died by day 31. However, among the ten mice that received the antibody-treated donor cells, two died before day 29, four survived between 36 and 78 days, and the remaining four survived more than 150 days, with two of them aGVHD free. It is apparent that the temporarily reduced lymphocyte homing into LN reduced the alloreactivity of the donor T cells, thus providing a simple way of modifying aGVHD. This novel approach may shed light on the prevention of aGVHD associated with clinical bone marrow transplantation.
Raman spectroscopy and spreading resistance analysis of phosphorus implanted and annealed silicon (1994)

Raman and electrical characterization measurements are performed in order to study the effects of thermal annealing on phosphorus implanted silicon wafers. The silicon layers were implanted for various implantation energies and doses, below, and over the critical dose of amorphization. The post-implanted period was followed by thermal isochronal annealing at various temperatures. Special attention has been given to the amorphous/crystal transition occurring at various annealing temperatures. A bi layer model [R. Loudon, J. Phys. (Paris) 26, 677 (1965)] has been used for a quantitative determination of the annealing temperature at which a complete annihilation of implantation defects takes place. For this analysis, Raman spectra, resistivity depth profiles, as well as 1D-SUPREM III simulation were used.
Gastric and Duodenal Antiulcer and Cytoprotective Effects of Aframomum melegueta in Rats (1995)

An ethanol extract of Aframomum melegueta (AMZ) has been studied for its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and to protect gastroduodenal mucosa against the injuries caused by pyloric ligation, hypothermic restraint stress, indomethacin, cysteamine and cytodestructing agents (80% ethanol, 0.6 M HCl, 0.2 M NaOH and 25% NaCl) in rats. The results of this study demonstrate that ethanol extract of AMZ had significant effects on various experimentally-induced ulcers. It produced a dose-dependent inhibition of basal gastric secretion in pylorus-ligated rats and reduced significantly the intensity of gastric lesions induced by pylorus ligation, hypothermic restraint stress, indomethacin, mucosal damaging agents and duodenal ulcers induced by cysteamine. The concentration of nonprotein-sulfhydryls was decreased significantly in gastric mucosa after administration of 80% ethanol. Treatment with AMZ extract replenished the reduced level of gastric mucosal nonprotein sulfhydryls. Acute toxicity tests showed no toxic symptoms and mortality over a period of 14 days with doses of 0.25–4g/kg. These findings suggest that AMZ extract exerts antiulcer effects by its antisecretory activity, increasing gastric mucosal resistance and cytoprotective activities.
Concept Design of High Power Solar Electric Propulsion Vehicles for Human Exploration (2011)

Human exploration beyond low Earth orbit will require enabling capabilities that are efficient, affordable and reliable. Solar electric propulsion (SEP) has been proposed by NASA s Human Exploration Framework Team as one option to achieve human exploration missions beyond Earth orbit because of its favorable mass efficiency compared to traditional chemical propulsion systems. This paper describes the unique challenges associated with developing a large-scale high-power (300-kWe class) SEP vehicle and design concepts that have potential to meet those challenges. An assessment of factors at the subsystem level that must be considered in developing an SEP vehicle for future exploration missions is presented. Overall concepts, design tradeoffs and pathways to achieve development readiness are discussed.
Natural compounds regulate energy metabolism by the modulating the activity of lipid‐sensing nuclear receptors (2012)

Obesity causes excess fat accumulation in various tissues, most notoriously in the adipose tissue, along with other insulin-responsive organs such as skeletal muscle and the liver, which predisposes an individual to the development of metabolic abnormalities. The molecular mechanisms underlying obesity-induced metabolic abnormalities have not been completely elucidated; however, in recent years, the search for therapies to prevent the development of obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disorders has increased. It is known that several nuclear receptors, when activated by specific ligands, regulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism at the transcriptional level. The expression of lipid metabolism-related enzymes is directly regulated by the activity of various nuclear receptors via their interaction with specific response elements in promoters of those genes. Many natural compounds act as ligands of nuclear receptors and regulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism by regulating the activities of these nuclear receptors. In this review, we describe our current knowledge of obesity, the role of lipid-sensing nuclear receptors in energy metabolism, and several examples of food factors that act as agonists or antagonists of nuclear receptors, which may be useful for the management of obesity and the accompanying energy metabolism abnormalities.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Guanacastepene N Using an Uncommon 7-Endo Heck Cyclization as a Pivotal Step (2006)

A convergent, enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-guanacastepene N was developed that features a 7-endo Heck cyclization as the key step. In the course of this synthesis, short syntheses of the enantiomerically pure cyclopentenone and cyclohexene building blocks 5 and 6, which constitute A and C ring fragments of guanacastepene N, were developed. These fragments were linked by a challenging conjugate addition reaction that also generated the C11 quaternary carbon stereocenter. Regioselective 7-endo Heck cyclization gave rise to a tricyclic intermediate, which was elaborated to complete the first total synthesis of guanacastepene N and the second enantioselective total synthesis of a guanacastepene natural product.
Hierarchical assembly of micro-/nano-building blocks: bio-inspired rigid structural functional materials (2011)

The huge diversity of hierarchical micro-/nano-rigid structures existing in biological systems is increasingly becoming a source of inspiration of materials scientists and engineers to create next-generation advanced functional materials. In the past decades, these multiscale hierarchical structures have been intensively investigated to show their contributions to high performance in mechanical properties. Recently, accompanied with the development of nanotechnology, some biologically hierarchical rigid structures have been duplicated and mimicked in artificial materials through hierarchical organization of micro-/nano-building blocks. In this critical review, we will present biological rigid structural models, functional micro-/nano-building blocks, and hierarchical assembly techniques for the manufacture of bio-inspired rigid structural functional materials (177 references).
Simulation as a Service for Cooperative Vehicles (2019)

Simulating connected vehicles in realistic environments is a computationally expensive task, particularly when large numbers of traffic participants are involved. To cope with exploding hardware requirements it can become indispensable to tackle such simulations in a divide and conquer manner. A promising approach breaking down a simulation scenario in a set of small tasks is the spatial subdivision of the simulated area. Thereby, each spatial sector is simulated by a dedicated sub-simulator enabling efficient distribution of the overall simulation across multiple machines. However, a distributable and easy-to-use simulation solution providing automated scalability and hiding the distribution complexity from the simulation engineer requires a service-based simulator architecture equipped with interfaces for simulation control, integration, and resource management. In this work, building upon previous results we propose a cloud-ready simulation infrastructure providing automotive engineers with the ability to analyze large scale connected traffic scenarios without caring about the execution environment. As a consequence, the proposed solution can be integrated seamlessly into existing continuous integration environments supporting agile research and development processes for cooperatively interacting vehicles.
Alkane utilization in Pseudomonas oleovorans. Structure and function of the regulatory locus alkR. (1988)

The OCT plasmid-localized alkBAC operon encodes enzymes for alkane hydroxylation and alkanol dehydrogenation. The positively controlled expression of the operon is very efficient in both Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia coli. Two regulatory functions have been ascribed to the regulatory locus alkR: inducer recognition and transcriptional activation of the operon. We have cloned and localized the alkR locus on a 4.9-kilobase pair SalI fragment. The alkR region was analyzed for translation productions in E. coli minicells. Two proteins were identified: a 99- and a 48-kDa peptide. The positions of the cistrons encoding these proteins were established. Both cistrons were shown to be essential for an Alk phenotype. The first cistron (alkS), which encodes the 99-kDa protein, complemented alkR mutations affecting inducer specificity. Furthermore, we found that alkS is responsible for activation of expression of the alkBAC operon since it is required for the induction of the alkB gene product alkane hydroxylase. The second cistron (alkT), which encodes the 48-kDa protein, is required for reconstitution of an Alk phenotype but has no function in regulation of alkBAC expression. Thus, the expression of the alkBAC operon is regulated by a 99-kDa protein, whereas the 48-kDa protein is probably a component of the alkane hydroxylase complex.
Proposal and demonstration of lock-in pixels for indirect time-of-flight measurements based on germanium-on-silicon technology (2018)

We propose the use of germanium-on-silicon technology for indirect time-of-flight based three-dimensional sensing, and demonstrate a novel lock-in pixel featuring high quantum efficiency and large frequency bandwidth. Compared to silicon pixels, germanium-on-silicon pixels simultaneously maintain a high quantum efficiency and a high demodulation contrast deep into GHz frequency regime, which enable consistently superior depth accuracy in both indoor and outdoor scenarios. Physical model, numerical simulation, device fabrication and characterization, system performance comparison, and laser safety analysis are presented. Our work paves a new path to high-performance time-of-flight rangers and imagers, as well as potential adoption of lasers operated at a longer near infrared wavelength that falls outside of the operation window of silicon pixels.
Design and Fabrication of a Tunable Fabry-Perot Interferometer/Photodiode Microspectral Image Sensor (2022)

The design and fabrication of a tunable Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) åÁV photodiode (PD) spectral image sensor using a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatible process on silicon is reported in the present work. The system is designed to be integrated on a cellular neuralonlinear network (CNN) visual microprocessor chip which operates at 20,000 frames per second and serve as the image sensor in the visible and near IR wavelength range. A planar interdigitated PIN silicon photodiode was fabricated. The DC photoresponse, frequency response, and spectral response of the photodiode have been characterized. The PD demonstrated sufficient bandwidth (tens of MHz) for the application of this project and appreciable quantum efficiency (>50%) from 400 nm to 900 nm. An FPI with Al mirrors was fabricated using surface micromachining techniques on a silicon substrate. The tuning of the FPI at different bias voltages was demonstrated by measuring the reflectance spectrum of the FPI. The result showed that for an FPI with 2.94 µm original effective cavity length, 10 V of applied bias voltage can tune the FPI over a 0.4 µm change in effective cavity length. The quantum efficiency of an FPI/PD device was predicted to be 22% at the wavelength of 450 nm based on the PD and FPI performance. The concept of making an FPI/Diffraction grating/PD Array microspectrometer was evaluated. Such a microspectrometer is able to provide a better tuning range than the FPI alone and better resolution than the diffraction grating alone. A design example, simulation, and fabrication process flow were also discussed.
Hemodynamic determinants of the time-course of fall in canine left ventricular pressure. (1976)

The hemodynamic determinants of the time-course of fall in isovolumic left ventricular pressure were assessed in isolated canine left ventricular preparations. Pressure fall was studied in isovolumic beats or during prolonged isovolumic diastole after ejection. Pressure fall was studied in isovolumic relaxation for isovolumic and ejecting beats (r less than or equal to 0.98) and was therefore characterized by a time constant, T. Higher heart rates shortened T slightly from 52.6 +/- 4.5 ms at 110/min to 48.2 +/- 6.0 ms at 160/min (P less than 0.01, n = 8). Higher ventricular volumes under isovolumic conditions resulted in higher peak left ventricular pressure but no significant change in T. T did shorten from 67.1 +/- 5.0 ms in isovolumic beats to 45.8 +/- 2.9 ms in the ejecting beats (P less than 0.001, n = 14). In the ejecting beats, peak systolic pressure was lower, and end-systolic volume smaller. To differentiate the effects of systolic shortening during ejection from those of lower systolic pressure and smaller end-systolic volume, beats with large end-diastolic volumes were compared to beats with smaller end-diastolic volumes. The beats with smaller end-diastolic volumes exhibited less shortening but similar end-systolic volumes and peak systolic pressure. T again shortened to a greater extent in the beats with greater systolic shortening. Calcium chloride and acetylstrophanthidin resulted in no significant change in T, but norepinephrine, which accelerates active relaxation, resulted in a significant shortening of T (65.6 +/- 13.4 vs. 46.3 +/- 7.0 ms, P less than 0.02). During recovery from ischemia, T increased significantly from 59.3 +/- 9.6 to 76.8 +/- 13.1 ms when compared with the preischemic control beat (P less than 0.05). Thus, the present studies show that the time-course of isovolumic pressure fall subsequent to maximum negative dP/dt is exponential, independent of systolic stress and end-systolic fiber length, and minimally dependent on heart rate. T may be an index of the activity of the active cardiac relaxing system and appears dependent on systolic fiber shortening.
Effects of Anesthesia and Recovery from Ketamine Racemate and Enantiomers on Regional Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Rats (2004)

S, R (+/-)-ketamine and S (+)-ketamine anesthesia but not R (-)-ketamine anesthesia induced widespread rCMRglc reductions that were unreported but are typical of gaseous and intravenous general anesthetics. Postanesthetic recovery led to divergent, sharp behavioral and rCMRglc activations. The relation to dose of behavioral and rCMRglc effects differs from those of aminergic agents and resembles those of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists, suggesting that ketamine racemate and enantiomers may preferentially interact with this receptor type.
Automated direct method for measurement of serum cholesterol, with use of primary standards and a stable reagent. (1972)

A manual direct determination of serum cholesterol [Clin. Chem. 16, 980 (1970)] has been adapted for automation. Optimal reaction temperature and reaction time were determined. The aqueous standard used is equivalent to NBS Standard Reference Material No. 911. Commercial control sera and 60 randomly chosen specimens were used to check accuracy and precision against the method of Abell et al. [ J. Biol. Chem. 195, 357 (1952)]. The correlation coefficient was 0.980. When these results were compared with those obtained with the SMA 12/60, the latter method had significant differences when there was interference from hemoglobin, bilirubin, gamma globulin, or gross lipemia. For a pooled serum, the inter-run relative standard deviation (coefficient of variation) was ±2.7%. Advantages over other automated direct methods for serum cholesterol include: use of primary standards, the stable and less noxious reagent, simplicity of the manifold, longer life of the reagent manifold tubing, and the decrease in photometric interferences.
The Dynamics of Electron Self-Exchange between Nanoparticles (2001)

The rate of electron self-exchange reactions between discretely charged metal-like cores of nanoparticles has been measured in multilayer films of nanoparticles by an electrochemical method. The nanoparticles are Au monolayer-protected clusters with mixed monolayers of hexanethiolate and mercaptoundecanoic acid ligands, linked to each other and to the Au electrode surface with carboxylate-metal ion-carboxylate bridges. Cyclic voltammetry of the nanoparticle films exhibits a series of well-defined peaks for the sequential, single-electron, double-layer charging of the 1.6-nm-diameter Au cores. The electron self-exchange is measured as a diffusion-like electron-hopping process, much as in previous studies of redox polymer films on electrodes. The average electron diffusion coefficient is DE = 10(+/-5) x 10(-8) cm2/s, with no discernible dependence on the state of charge of the nanoparticles or on whether the reaction increases or decreases the core charge. This diffusion constant corresponds to an average first-order rate constant kHOP of 2(+/-1) x 10(6) s(-1) and an average self-exchange rate constant, kEX, of 2(+/-1) x 10(8) M(-1) x s(-1), using a cubic lattice hopping model. This is a very large rate constant, considering the nominally lengthy linking bridge between the Au cores.
A beam-scanned rotating heavy-ice target for high loads (1958)

From the several possible targets for the D(d, n)3He reaction the heavy-ice target proves to be the most suitable for outputs of about 1010 neutrons per second. Beam scanning in two perpendicular directions combined with rotation of the target is found to be necessary to secure a sufficient life of the ice surface.
Responsiveness of thermal sensors to nonuniform thermal environments and exercise. (2003)

Mean skin temperature may serve as a good indicator of overall heat exchange in the body, even when exposed to nonuniform thermal environments. As hand heat flux was very sensitive to the onset and cessation of exercise, it may be useful as a supplemental thermal feedback to modulate heat exchange in microclimate thermal control systems.
Increased Serum Concentrations of Adhesion Molecules after Coronary Angioplasty (1994)

1. Reocclusion is still a significant complication after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. The injury of coronary arteries resulting from PTCA plays an important role in the pathophysiology of both abrupt closure and late restenosis after an initially successful procedure. Cytokines play a pivotal role in the accumulation of circulating blood cells at the endothelium and are known to regulate their interaction with the vessel wall. 2. To obtain further information about this interaction, serum concentrations of soluble endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (sELAM-1), leucocyte endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (sL-selectin), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), interleukin 2 receptor (sIL-2R) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were monitored in 30 consecutive patients referred for elective PTCA. Fifteen patients who underwent elective coronary angiography without PTCA served as controls. 3. All patients underwent successful first PTCA. Within 24 h the serum concentrations of sELAM-1 increased gradually from 21.7 (SD 7.1) to 48.2 (SD 8.6) ng/ml (P < 0.01); levels of sL-selectin rose from 982.1 (SD 128.7) to 1541.3 (SD 104.6) ng/ml after 48 h (P < 0.01). Serum levels of IL-8 remained stable initially, but peaked at the end of the observation time of 72 h (9.4, SD 3.8, versus 16.1, SD 4.9 ng/ml; P < 0.05). A positive correlation was found between the number of dilatations and the rise in these parameters (P < 0.01). No significant changes were found in the serum concentrations of sICAM-1 and sIL-2R after PTCA or in any of the parameters in patients after coronary angiography. 4. We conclude that PTCA induces a significant rise in the concentration of certain adhesion molecules in serum. Thus, we provide preliminary data on the potential role of cytokines for blood cell-endothelium interaction after PTCA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Solution Properties and Complexation of Polyampholytes based on <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>‐Dimethyldiallylammonium Chloride and Maleic Acid or Alkyl (Aryl) Derivatives of Maleamic Acids (2004)

Abstract Summary: Solution properties of alternating polyampholytes based on N , N ‐dimethyldiallylammonium chloride and maleic acid as well as N , N ‐dimethyldiallylammonium and maleamic acid (butylmaleamic acid, phenylmaleamic acid, 4‐butylphenylmaleamic acid) were studied in aqueous and aqueous‐salt solutions. The isoelectric points (IEP) of the amphoteric macromolecules were determined. It was found that the viscosity of equimolar polyampholyte solutions increases at the IEP with an increase in neutral salt concentration, while polyampholyte solutions having an excess of cationic groups exhibit polyelectrolyte character. The influence of pH, neutral salt, and a water–ethanol mixture on the viscosity of polyampholyte solutions was shown. Formation of interpolyelectrolyte complexes between regular polyampholytes based on N , N ‐dimethyldiallylammonium chloride–alkyl (aryl) substituted maleamic acids and poly(acrylic acid), poly(styrene sodium sulfonate), as well as the formation of polyampholyte–sodium lauryl sulfate complexes was studied in aqueous solution by potentiometric, conductimetric, turbidimetric, and viscometric methods. The composition of polyampholyte–polyelectrolyte and polyampholyte–surfactant complexes was determined and the influence of temperature and ionic strength on their behavior was studied. Possible conformational changes of APA‐2 and APA‐3 in water, a water–ethanol mixture, and in ethanol containing 0.15 N KCl. magnified image Possible conformational changes of APA‐2 and APA‐3 in water, a water–ethanol mixture, and in ethanol containing 0.15 N KCl.