gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic uses of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in the horse (1985)

Weak organic acids possessing anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties--commonly known as aspirin-like drugs--have been used in equine medicine for almost 100 years. These non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be classified chemically into two groups; the enolic acids such as phenylbutazone and carboxylic acids like flunixin, meclofenamate and naproxen. All NSAIDs have similar and possibly identical modes of action accounting for both their therapeutic and their toxic effects. They block some part of the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme pathway and thereby suppress the synthesis of several chemical mediators of inflammation, collectively known as eicosanoids. The available evidence indicates that some of the newer NSAIDs have a reasonable safety margin but further studies are required. The toxicity of phenylbutazone in the horse has been investigated very thoroughly in recent years and it has been shown to cause renotoxicity and, most significantly, ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract when relatively high doses are administered. Several factors may predispose towards phenylbutazone toxicity in the horse, including breed and age, but high dosage is considered to be particularly important. The absorption into, and fate within, the body of NSAIDs are considered and particular attention is drawn to the ways in which these pharmacokinetic properties relate to the drugs' toxicity and clinical efficacy. In reviewing current knowledge of the clinical pharmacology of this important group of drugs, it is hoped to provide the clinician with a rational, scientific basis for their safe and effective use in equine practice.
Oral vaccine against cholera prepared from Vibrio cholerae antigen(s). (1987)

Albino rats aged 7-8 weeks old purchased from the National Laboratory Animal Centre, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, were found to be a good animal model for the study on immunogenicity of V. cholerae antigens. Seventy-two rats were fasted for 15 hours before feeding each one with 1 ml of 5% NaHCO3 to reduce gastric acidity prior to immunization. They were divided into 9 groups of 8 rats and immunized orally with 2 ml, each, of the V. cholerae antigens dissolved or suspended in Cassamino acid as follows: group 1 (control): Cassamino acid (Ca) alone; group 2 (control): 2.5% formalinized sheep red blood cells (F-SRBC); group 3: 1,000 micrograms of lipopolysaccharide (LPS); group 4: 100 micrograms of procholeragenoid (P); group 5: 80 haemagglutinating units of cell-bound haemagglutinin (CHA) adsorbed onto the surface of F-SRBC (CH-SRBC); group 6: 500 micrograms of LPS + 50 micrograms of P; group 7: CH-SRBC + 50 micrograms of P; group 8: combined vaccine formula 1 consisted of 500 micrograms of LPS, CH-SRBC and 50 micrograms of P and group 9: combined vaccine formula 2 consisted of 1,000 micrograms of LPS, CH-SRBC and 100 micrograms of P. The immunization was repeated once more 14 days later. Five days, thereafter, the rats were killed and their jejuni were removed for cryostat sectioning. Antibody producing cells against LPS (anti-LPS cells), P (anti-CT cells) and CHA (anti-CHA cells) in the intestinal lamina propria were enumerated by double antibody sandwich method of immunofluorescence using pure LPS, cholera toxin (CT) and pure CHA as the antigens in the assay, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A CONVENIENT METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF ISOCYANIDES (1977)

Abstract Treatment of formamides with 2-chloro-3-ethylbenzoxazolium tetrafluoroborate affords various isocyanides in good yields at room temperature in neutral media.
Purinergic Receptor Modulation of Lipopolysaccharide Signaling and Inducible Nitric-oxide Synthase Expression in RAW 264.7 Macrophages (1998)

Previous studies have suggested that the P2Z/P2X7 purinergic receptor can participate in nucleotide-induced modulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated inflammatory mediator production. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated whether antagonism of the P2Z/P2X7 receptor can influence LPS signaling and expression of the inducible form of nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. In the present study, we demonstrate that pretreatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with a P2Z/P2X7 receptor antagonist, periodate oxidized adenosine 5'-triphosphate (o-ATP), substantially inhibits LPS-stimulated NO production and iNOS expression without altering cell viability. This effect on LPS-induced iNOS expression is mimicked by a pyridoxal-phosphate-based antagonist (pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid) of the P2Z/P2X7 purinergic receptor, indicating that these results are not unique to o-ATP. Additionally, o-ATP prevents cell death induced by P2Z/P2X7 receptor agonists. To ascertain how P2Z/P2X7 receptor antagonists influence LPS signaling, we evaluated the capacity of o-ATP to regulate LPS-mediated activation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB, and the mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1 and ERK2. These experiments reveal that pretreatment of RAW 264.7 cells with o-ATP attenuates the LPS stimulation of a nuclear factor-kappaB-like binding activity. Moreover, the activation of ERK1 and ERK2 by LPS, but not by the phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, is also blocked in RAW 264.7 cells by o-ATP pretreatment. In summary, these data suggest that the P2Z/P2X7 receptor modulates LPS-induced macrophage activation as assessed by iNOS expression and NO production. This report implicates the P2Z/P2X7 receptor in the control of protein kinase cascades and transcriptional processes, and these observations are likely to be important for the development of selective purinergic receptor antagonists for the treatment of septic shock.
Add‐on laser tailored selective emitter solar cells (2010)

Abstract An elegant laser tailoring add‐on process for silicon solar cells, leading to selectively doped emitters increases their efficiency η by Δ η = 0.5% absolute. Our patented, scanned laser doping add‐on process locally increases the doping under the front side metallization, thus allowing for shallow doping and less Auger recombination between the contacts. The selective laser add‐on process modifies the emitter profile from a shallow error‐function type to Gaussian type and enables excellent contact formation by screen printing, normally difficult to achieve for shallow diffused emitters. The significantly deeper doping profile of the laser irradiated samples widens the process window for the firing of screen printed contacts and avoids metal spiking through the pn‐junction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early Prediction of Chronic Kidney Disease Using Machine Learning Supported by Predictive Analytics (2018)

Chronic Kidney Disease is a serious lifelong condition that induced by either kidney pathology or reduced kidney functions. Early prediction and proper treatments can possibly stop, or slow the progression of this chronic disease to end-stage, where dialysis or kidney transplantation is the only way to save patient's life. In this study, we examine the ability of several machine-learning methods for early prediction of Chronic Kidney Disease. This matter has been studied widely; however, we are supporting our methodology by the use of predictive analytics, in which we examine the relationship in between data parameters as well as with the target class attribute. Predictive analytics enables us to introduce the optimal subset of parameters to feed machine learning to build a set of predictive models. This study starts with 24 parameters in addition to the class attribute, and ends up by 30 % of them as ideal sub set to predict Chronic Kidney Disease. A total of 4 machine learning based classifiers have been evaluated within a supervised learning setting, achieving highest performance outcomes of AUC 0.995, sensitivity 0.9897, and specificity 1. The experimental procedure concludes that advances in machine learning, with assist of predictive analytics, represent a promising setting by which to recognize intelligent solutions, which in turn prove the ability of predication in the kidney disease domain and beyond.
Experimental Study on Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives in Turbulent Pipe Flow (2006)

Many additives, surfactants and polymers are considered as excellent drag reducing agents.In this work we study the aqueous solution of Cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (C16H33N(CH3)3Cl) and sodium salicylate in turbulent pipe flow.Drag reduction experiments were carried out for different temperatures and different pipe diameters.At the same time measurements on the spatial velocity distribution of the surfactant solution were carried out using particle image velocimetry (PIV).Viele Zusatzstoffe, wie Tenside und Polymere, sind als hervorragende Mittel fr die Schleppspannungsverminderung bekannt.In dieser Studie wird die Auswirkung der wssrigen Lsung, bestehend aus Hexadecyltrimethylammoniumchlorid (C16H33N(CH3)3Cl) und Sodium Salicylat, bei turbulenter Rohrstrmung untersucht.Experimentelle Versuche zur Schleppspannungsverminderung wurden fr verschiedene Temperaturen und Rohrdurchmesser durchgefhrt.Zeitgleich wurden Messungen zur rumlichen Geschwindigkeitsverteilung an der Tensidstrmung mit der Hilfe eines PIV-Systems (particle image velocimetry) durchgefhrt.
A longitudinal study of the effect of sex and age on rate of change in knee cartilage volume in adults (2006)

Within the age range we studied, knee cartilage volume declines at a faster rate with increasing age. This is partly mediated by ROA at the medial tibial site only. Furthermore, women have substantially higher knee cartilage loss than men, and these sex differences first appear at age 40 and become more marked with increasing age, which has implications for prevention of cartilage loss from middle age.
Atomic layer deposition of GaN at low temperatures (2011)

The authors report on the self-limiting growth of GaN thin films at low temperatures. Films were deposited on Si substrates by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition using trimethylgallium (TMG) and ammonia (NH3) as the group-III and -V precursors, respectively. GaN deposition rate saturated at 185 °C for NH3 doses starting from 90 s. Atomic layer deposition temperature window was observed from 185 to ∼385 °C. Deposition rate, which is constant at ∼0.51 Å/cycle within the temperature range of 250 – 350 °C, increased slightly as the temperature decreased to 185 °C. In the bulk film, concentrations of Ga, N, and O were constant at ∼36.6, ∼43.9, and ∼19.5 at. %, respectively. C was detected only at the surface and no C impurities were found in the bulk film. High oxygen concentration in films was attributed to the oxygen impurities present in group-V precursor. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy studies revealed a microstructure consisting of small crystallites dispersed in an amorphous matrix.
Dynamic Delegation of Authority in Web Services (2008)

Delegation of authority (DOA) is an essential procedure in every modern business. This chapter enumerates the requirements for a delegation of authority web service that allows users and services to delegate to other users and services authority to access computer based resources. The various models and architecture that can support a DOA web service are described. A key component of the DOA service is the organisation’s delegation policy which provides the rules for who is allowed to delegate what to whom, and which needs to be enforced by the DOA service. The essential elements of such a delegation policy are outlined. The chapter then describes a practical DOA web service that has been built and piloted in various grid applications. It concludes by reviewing some related research and highlighting where future research is still required.
Photoacoustic-guided focused ultrasound (PAFUSion) for identifying reflection artifacts in photoacoustic imaging (2015)

Influence of acoustic inhomogeneities and resulting reflection artifacts is an important problem in reflection-mode photoacoustic imaging. Absorption of light by skin and superficial optical absorbers will generate photoacoustic transients, which traverse into the tissue and get reflected from structures having different acoustic impedance. These reflected photoacoustic signals, when reconstructed, may appear in the region of interest, which causes difficulties in image interpretation. We propose a novel method to identify and potentially eliminate reflection artifacts in photoacoustic images using photoacoustic-guided focused ultrasound [PAFUSion]. Our method uses focused ultrasound pulses to mimic the wave field produced by photoacoustic sources and thus provides a way to identify reflection artifacts in clinical combined photoacoustic and pulse-echo ultrasound. Simulation and phantom results are presented to demonstrate the validity and impact of this method. Results show that PAFUSion can identify reflections in photoacoustic images and thus envisages potential for improving photoacoustic imaging of acoustically inhomogeneous tissue.
Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy (2008)

Idiopathic membranous nephropathy is still the most common glomerular disease associated with nephrotic syndrome. The greater the proteinuria, the greater the long-term risk for renal failure. In addition, patients who have membranous nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome have significant morbidity and mortality, in particular related to thromboembolic and cardiovascular complications. There is no specific treatment for membranous nephropathy. Supportive care with the use of diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in combination with angiotensin II receptor blocker is recommended, but these agents have only a limited effect. Immunosuppressive treatment options include the use of corticosteroids, alkylating agents, cyclosporin A, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil, but their use is controversial, not all have been shown to be effective, and their use can be associated with significant adverse effects. This has resulted in relatively small improvement in the prognosis of membranous nephropathy in the past 30 yr, with up to 40% of patients eventually reaching end-stage renal failure. Agents that offer more complete response rates with lower adverse effects are truly needed. Recent data suggest that B cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of a number of autoimmune diseases including membranous nephropathy and that selective depletion of B cells in humans may be beneficial in preventing the production of pathogenic immunoglobulins and subsequent renal injury.
Three‐dimensional Surface Area of the Distal Biceps Enthesis, Relationship to Body Size, Sex, Age and Secular Changes in a 20th Century American Sample (2012)

ABSTRACT This study quantifies the influence of body size, sex, age and birth year (secular changes) on the 3D rugose surface area of the biceps brachii attachment site in a sample of 85 White individuals from the Robert J. Terry Collection. Entheseal surface areas were collected using a NextEngine ™ 3D scanner. Several osteometric measurements of the upper limb were used in the initial analysis to determine which were most suitable for use as a body size proxy. In general, articular dimensions correlate more strongly with biceps entheseal surface area than long bone lengths. The distal articular breadth of the humerus shows the strongest correlation with biceps surface area for men ( n = 48, r = 0.504) and women ( n = 37, r = 0.646). Men are larger bodied and have larger entheseal surface areas; however, women have larger biceps entheses relative to body size. Although the study sample was limited to individuals between the ages 30 and 49 years, age at death still explains approximately 8% of the variation in enthesis size for women ( r = 0.284). Men are unequally distributed by age across birth years, and the results for age and secular change are ambiguous because their effects cannot be separated. Birth year explains about 30% of the variation in female rugose entheseal surface area ( r = −0.552). Age and birth year together explain about 34% of the variation in enthesis size for men. Overall, body size is the single most significant variable for both men and women, while the combined effects of age and secular change present a nearly equivalent influence on 3D surface area of the biceps brachii enthesis in this 20th century American sample. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An IoT Expert System Shell in Block-Chain Technology with ELM as Inference Engine (2018)

Knowledge society blockchain is one of the most powerful and recent tools to make the internet environment safer and reliable. Manufacturing has traditionally been dominated by standard designs that are mass-produced, due to the fact, that custom production causes additional costs that make it less affordable than mass production. This paper proposes to develop a designer expert system for IoT installation layout designs, using blockchain distributed system based on a machine learning, with users entering data to the expert system by a smart bot software. This expert system will work using extreme learning machine as inference engine; therefore, this is a shell to develop any expert system with fast learning. The whole system is represented by a smart contract with a value linked to the value of the expert system, the more this expert system be quoted on the web, the more the shares of the smart contract will cost.
Field Theory Design of Rectangular Waveguide Multiple-Slot Narrow-Wall Couplers (1986)

A compact narrow-wall multiple-slot coupler suitable for inexpensive and very accurate metal-etching manufacturing techniques is proposed and optimized. A computer-aided design theory based on the method of field expansion of eigenmodes considers the effects of finite insert thickness and higher order mode interaction, step discontinuities, and changes in width. Computer-optimized design data for --20-, --8.34-, and --3-dB couplers in the R140-waveguide band (12.4--18 GHz) are given. These data are transferable into other common waveguide bands, e.g., R620 band (50-75 GHz), by suitable frequency scaling calculations. A metal-etched 12-slot coupler prototype for a midband frequency of about 15 GHz achieves a +-1-dB bandwidth of the --3-dB coupling of about 3.2 GHz together with a measured isolation of typically 35-40 dB (minimum 25 dB at the band limits). The measurements show good agreement with theory.
π-Conjugated Heterotriangulene Macrocycles by Solution and Surface-supported Synthesis toward Honeycomb Networks (2013)

A comparative analysis between a solution and a surface-mediated synthesis of heterotriangulene macrocycles is reported. The results show a preferential formation of the π-conjugated macrocycles on surface due to two-dimensional confinement. The macrocycle prepared on a several hundred milligram scale by solution chemistry was characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis and was furthermore extended toward next generation honeycomb species. Investigation of the photophysical and electronic properties together with the good thermal stability revealed the potential of MC6 as hole-transport material for organic electronics.
Optimistic lookup of whole NFS paths in a single operation (1994)

VFS lookup code examines and translates path names one component at a time, checking for special cases such as mount points and symlinks. VFS calls the NFS lookup operation as necessary. NFS employs caching to reduce the number of lookup operations that go to the server. However, when part or all of a path is not cached, NFS lookup operations go back to the server. Although NFS&apos;s caching is effective, component-bycomponent translation of an uncached path is inefficient, enough so that lookup is typically the operation most commonly processed by servers. We study the effect of augmenting the VFS lookup algorithm and the NFS protocol so that a client can ask a server to translate an entire path in a single operation. The preconditions for a successful request are usually but not always satisfied, so the algorithm is optimistic. This small change can deliver substantial improvements in client latency and server load. 1 Introduction The NFS lookup operation frequently goes &quot;over the wire...
Antiarrhythmic and Proarrhythmic Properties of QT-Prolonging Antianginal Drugs (2004)

In recent years there has been a major reorientation of drug therapy for cardiac arrhythmias, its changing role, and above all, a radical change in the class of arrhythmia drugs because of their impact on mortality. The decline in the use of sodium-channel blockers has led to an ex panding use of beta-blockers and simple or complex class III agents for controlling cardiac arrhythmias. Success with these agents in the context of their side effects has spurred the development of compounds with simpler ion-channel blocking properties that have less complex adverse reactions. The resulting so-called pure class III agents, such as dofetilide or ibutilide, were found to have antifibrillatory effects in atrial fibrillation and flutter and in ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Such agents are effective and have diversity, but they have come into therapeutics with a price: the sometimes-fatal torsades de pointes. The drug amiodarone, a complex compound that was synthesized as an antianginal agent, has been an exception in this regard. Its therapeutic use is associated with a negligibly low incidence of torsades de pointes, even though the drug produces significant bradycardia and QT lengthening to 500 to 700 msec. Recent electrophysiologic studies suggest that this paradox is likely due to the differential block of ion channels in endocardium, epicardium, midmyocardial (M) cells, and Purkinje fibers in the ventricular myocardium. There is also clinical evidence suggesting that amiodarone reduces the "torsadogenic" effects of pure class III agents. Ranolazine was also synthesized for the development of antianginal properties that stem from a partial inhibition of fatty acid oxidation; it too has been found to have electrophysioloigic properties. These are somewhat similar to those of amiodarone on ion channels in endocardium, epicardium, M cells, and Purkinje fibers in the ventricular myocardium, but the drug does not prolong the QT interval to the same extent as amiodarone does. Thus, the drug produces modest increases in repolarization as judged by its effects on the action potential duration (APD) without the potential for the development of torsades de pointes. By virtue of its suppressant action on early afterdepolarizations and triggered activity in Purkinje fibers and M cells, the drug appears to have a powerful potential for reducing the torsadogenic proclivity of conventional class III antiarrhythmic compounds. The rationale for the therapeutic niche for amiodarone, and especially in the case of ranolazine, in the prevention of drug-induced torsades de pointes is discussed.