gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of toxigenic Clostridium difficile by the polymerase chain reaction (1991)

Toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile are causative agents of pseudomembranous colitis and antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea and colitis. The toxigenicity is routinely assayed by using highly sensitive cell cultures. We used a simple and rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to differentiate toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of C. difficile. Two sets of oligonucleotide primer pairs derived from nonrepeating sequences of the toxin A gene were used to amplify 546- and 252-bp DNA fragments. A primer pair derived from repeating sequences of the toxin A gene was used to amplify a 1,266-bp DNA product. Amplified products were visualized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by ethidium bromide staining. All 35 cytotoxic strains of C. difficile tested generated the expected amplified DNA. In contrast, none of the 26 noncytotoxic strains tested gave positive results. Although the toxins of C. difficile have been demonstrated to cross-react serologically with the toxins of Clostridium sordellii, we did not detect any amplified DNA in two cytotoxic strains or seven noncytotoxic strains of C. sordellii. PCR was negative in all 30 strains of 20 other Clostridium species. Southern hybridization of HindIII-digested genomic DNA by use of subgenomic probes showed a single hybridization band in toxigenic strains but not in nontoxigenic strains. PCR appears to be a sensitive and specific assay for the rapid identification of toxigenic C. difficile. Nontoxigenic C. difficile appeared to lack the C. difficile toxin A gene.
Process capability of etched multilayer EUV mask (2015)

With shrinking pattern size at 0.33NA EUV lithography systems, mask 3D effects are expected to become stronger, such as horizontal/vertical shadowing, best focus shifts through pitch and pattern shift through focus. Etched multilayer EUV mask structures have been proposed in order to reduce mask 3D effects. It is estimated that etched multilayer type mask is also effective in reducing mask 3D effects at 0.33NA with lithographic simulation, and it is experimentally demonstrated with NXE3300 EUV Lithography system. We obtained cross-sectional TEM image of etched multilayer EUV mask pattern. It is observed that patterned multilayer width differs from pattern physical width. This means that effective reflecting width of etched multilayer pattern is smaller than pattern width measured by CD-SEM. In this work, we evaluate mask durability against both chemical and physical cleaning process to check the feasibility of etched multilayer EUV mask patterning against mask cleaning for 0.33NA EUV extension. As a result, effective width can be controlled by suitable cleaning chemicals because sidewall film works as a passivation film. And line and space pattern collapse is not detected by DUV mask pattern inspection tool after mask physical cleaning that includes both megasonic and binary spray steps with sufficient particle removal efficiency.
Order of Play, Forward Induction, and Presentation Effects in Two-Person Games (2003)

Abstract We investigate the effects of order-of-play (simultaneous, unobserved sequential and fully observed sequential play) and form of presentation (extensive vs. normal) in three simple two person games: battle-of-the-sexes with and without outside option and a three strategy game which differentiates between virtual observability (VO) and iterated elimination of dominated strategies as principles of equilibrium selection. VO predicts that knowledge of the order of play alone will affect the distribution of strategies chosen. We contrast this with the predictions of iterated elimination of dominated strategies. We report results from 1800 one-shot games conducted in 6 sessions with 120 subjects and analysed as panel data. The form of presentation strongly affects the distribution of outcomes and strategies. Information about order of play shifts the distribution of strategies away from the distribution in simultaneous play and towards the distribution in fully observed play, especially in the less complicated games presented in normal order. Order-of-play effects are less evident as complexity of the game increases. Extensive form presentation appears to induce sequential thinking even in simultaneously played games.
Evaluation of a mixed-order planar and periphonic Ambisonics playback implementation (2011)

Planar (2D) and periphonic (3D) higher-order Ambisonics (HOA) playback systems are widely used in multi-channel audio applications. For a given Ambisonics order, 2D systems require far less loudspeakers and provide a larger spatial resolution but cannot naturally reproduce elevated sound sources. In order to combine the benefits of 2D and 3D systems, a higher order 2D playback system can be mixed with a lower order 3D system. In the present study, a mixed-order Ambisonics playback system was realised by extending the spherical harmonics decomposition of a 3D sound field with additional horizontal components. The performance of the system was analysed by considering a small and a large loudspeaker setup, allowing for different combinations of 2D and 3D Ambisonics orders. An objective evaluation showed that the systems provided a high spatial resolution for horizontal sources while producing a smooth decrease in spatial resolution with increasing source elevation until 3D performance is reached. This observation was confirmed by a listening test (simulated concert scenario), which showed that in comparison to a conventional 3D system the perceived spatial resolution for sources in the horizontal plane can be significantly increased by adding 2D components and thereby approaching 2D system’s performance. Simultaneously, frequency spectrum properties of horizontal sound sources were restored and did not show a low pass filtering effect as it is present in 3D HOA systems.
Rates of Drying and Survival of <i>Rhizobium meliloti</i> Strains During Storage at Different Relative Humidities (1985)

An investigation was made of the survival of six strains of Rhizobium meliloti filtered on membrane filters and held in atmospheres of controlled relative humidities (RH) of from 0 to 100% at 30 degrees C in the presence of air. The rate of water loss in the desiccator was determined by the humidity-controlling solution used. Drying was accelerated by a mild evacuation of the desiccator during the drying step. Survival rates of R. meliloti strains were much higher after slow drying to 0% RH than immediately after rapid drying. Fast drying (drying period less than 3.4 h) was shown to adversely affect the tolerance to storage at all RH values tested (no survival after 2 to 5 days of storage). When survival during storage was measurable (after slow drying), the optimum RH values for storage were 43% for strains A145 and Wu498, 22 to 43% for strains RCR2011, Wu499, and Ar16, and 83% for strain RCR2004. The most favorable drying periods were 8, 9.2, 14.2, and 50.1 h for the subsequent storage of strain RCR2011 at RH values of 0, 22, 43, and 83%, respectively. The damaging effects of rapid drying on the tolerance of strain RCR2011 to storage at different RH values could be prevented either by rehydration and subsequent slow redrying or incomplete rapid drying followed by slow drying. It is suggested that R. meliloti strains are susceptible to desiccation stresses. However, the quantitative differences among strains appear to be large enough to permit selection with regard to tolerance to desiccation and storage in dried states.
In vitro acetaldehyde formation by human colonic bacteria. (1994)

Incubation of human colonic contents with various ethanol concentrations (2.75-44 mM) in vitro at 37 degrees C resulted in significant accumulation of acetaldehyde--a toxic and highly reactive compound. At pH 9.6, all samples produced notable acetaldehyde concentrations (58 (13) microM; mean (SEM)) even from the lowest (2.75 mM) ethanol concentration, and the production of acetaldehyde increased lin-early with rising ethanol concentration (r = 0.97; p < 0.005), reaching a peak concentration of 238 (37) microM at 44 mM ethanol. The formation of acetaldehyde took place rapidly, as almost 50% of acetaldehyde formed during the total eight hour incubation was detectable after one hour, and 75% of the total after four hours. Maximal acetaldehyde production from 22 mM ethanol occurred at pH 9.6 (160 (35) microM) but appreciable concentrations were also seen at pH 7.4 (110 (38) microM) and pH 6.0 (63 (19) microM). At pH 4.0, by contrast, acetaldehyde formation was negligible (17 (5) microM). 4-Methylpyrazole, a potent inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, showed a decreasing effect on acetaldehyde production in vitro but first at a concentration of 100 mM. Considerable acetaldehyde production by human colonic bacteria--if it occurs also in vivo--could constitute a risk factor for rectal cancer in heavy drinkers and also provide a pathogenetic mechanism for alcohol induced diarrhoea.
Hydrostatic and Uniaxial Pressure Generation using Teflon Cell Container in Conventional Piston-Cylinder Device (1967)

A technique has been evolved to generate hydrostatic and uniaxial stress regimes, using a Teflon cell as a container in a conventional piston-cylinder device. Details of the technique and calibration procedure are described. The possibility of using high resistivity as-grown n-GaAs for pressure measurement is indicated. Piezoresistive effects in oriented n-Si plates were used to determine the nature of stress distribution in the pressure medium. The usefulness of the technique to semiconductor studies is pointed out.
Controllable Erosion Time and Profile in Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogels by Supramolecular Structure of Hydrolyzable Polyrotaxane (2001)

A series of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels cross-linked by a hydrolyzable polyrotaxane was prepared and the hydrolytic erosion behavior was characterized. The hydrolyzable polyrotaxane consisting of many alpha-cyclodextrins (alpha-CDs) and a PEG chain capped with bulky end groups via ester linkages was used as a cross-linker in the PEG hydrogels, where alpha-CDs in the polyrotaxane were linked with another PEG chains to form hydrophilic PEG networks. From the result of the erosion study, the time to reach complete gel erosion was found to be prolonged by decreasing the polyrotaxane content and increasing the PEG/alpha-CD ratio. The PEG/alpha-CD ratio, indicating the number of PEG chains linked with one alpha-CD molecule, is considered to make the environment of the polyrotaxane more aqueous and lead to the hydrolysis of ester linkages in the polyrotaxane. However, the higher PEG/alpha-CD ratio prolonged the time of the hydrogel erosion. These results indicate the enhanced stability of ester hydrolysis in the hydrogels with highly water swollen state. Such an anomalous phenomenon may be due to the structural characteristic of the polyrotaxane: ester linkages may be included within the cavity of alpha-CDs, resulting in their enhanced stability. The erosion profile of the hydrogels was changeable by the M(n) of PEG-bisamine, independent of the polyrotaxane content. The hydrogels cross-linked by the polyrotaxane can be new candidates as long-term stable but actually hydrolyzable hydrogels for polymeric scaffolding in tissue engineering.
Characterization of the COOH Terminus of Non-muscle Caldesmon Mutants Lacking Mitosis-specific Phosphorylation Sites (1995)

Phosphorylation of rat non-muscle caldesmon by cdc2 kinase causes reduction in most of caldesmon's properties, including caldesmon's binding to actin, myosin, and calmodulin, as well as its inhibition of actomyosin ATPase. We have generated and characterized the COOH terminus of caldesmon mutants lacking mitosis-specific phosphorylation sites, because the COOH-terminal half of caldesmon contains all 7 putative Ser or Thr sites for cdc2 kinase. Codons for the 7 putative Ser or Thr residues have been mutated to Ala, and resultant mutants were bacterially expressed. Analyses of the phosphopeptide maps of these mutants have identified 6 sites, including Ser-249, Ser-462, Thr-468, Ser-491, Ser-497, and Ser-527 as the mitosis-specific phosphorylation sites, whereas the phosphorylation of the remaining site, Thr-377, is not detected by this assay method. Actin binding experiments have suggested that 5 sites including Ser-249, Ser-462, Thr-468, Ser-491, and Ser-497 are important for the phosphorylation-dependent reduction in actin binding. Characterization of a mutant lacking all 7 Ser or Thr sites (7-fold mutant) has revealed that 7-fold mutation eliminates all phosphorylation sites by cdc2 kinase. While the in vitro properties of the 7-fold mutant, including actin, myosin, and calmodulin binding and inhibition of actomyosin ATPase, are very similar to those of nonmutated protein, such properties are not affected by the treatment with cdc2 kinase in contrast to nonmutated protein. This mutant should thus be useful to explore the functions of the mitosis-specific phosphorylation of caldesmon.
Crossword Compilation with Horn Clauses (1987)

Because of the widespread interest in crossword puzzles, serious attention has been given in recent years toward the development of efficient algorithms for their generation and solution. In this paper we describe a new approach which is based upon an analysis of the problem expressed in first-order predicate logic. This analysis is then used to construct a crossword compiler in Prolog. The kernel of the program is then presented and described.
Differential production of interleukin‐10 and interleukin‐12 in mononuclear cells from leprosy patients with a Toll‐like receptor 2 mutation (2004)

Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a key mediator of the immune response to mycobacterial infections, and mutations in TLR2 have been shown to confer susceptibility to infection with mycobacteria. This study investigated the profiles of cytokines, such as interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in response to Mycobacterium leprae in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with the TLR2 mutation Arg677Trp, a recently reported polymorphism that is associated with lepromatous leprosy. In leprosy patients with the TLR2 mutation, production of IL-2, IL-12, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha by M. leprae-stimulated PBMC were significantly decreased compared with that in groups with wild-type TLR2. However, the cells from patients with the TLR2 mutation showed significantly increased production of IL-10. There was no significant difference in IL-4 production between the mutant and wild-type during stimulation. Thus, these results suggest that the TLR2 signal pathway plays a critical role in the alteration of cytokine profiles in PBMC from leprosy patients and the TLR2 mutation Arg677Trp provides a mechanism for the poor cellular immune response associated with lepromatous leprosy.
Stability of High-Aspect-Ratio Micropillar Arrays against Adhesive and Capillary Forces (2010)

High aspect-ratio (HAR) micropillar arrays have many interesting and technologically important applications. Their properties, such as large mechanical compliance, large surface area, and a topography that is well-separated from the underlying substrate, have allowed researchers to design and explore biomimetic dry adhesives, superhydrophobic, superoleophobic, and tunable wetting surfaces, mechanical sensors and actuators, and substrates for cell mechanics studies. However, the mechanical compliance and large surface area of the micropillars also make these structures susceptible to deformation by adhesive and capillary surface forces. As a result such micropillars, particularly those made from soft polymers, can prove challenging to fabricate and to use in various applications. Systematic understanding of these forces is thus critical both to assemble stable micropillar arrays and to harness these surface forces toward controlled actuation for various applications. In this Account, we review our recent studies on the stability of HAR polymeric micropillar arrays against adhesive and capillary forces. Using the replica molding method, we have successfully fabricated HAR epoxy micropillar arrays with aspect ratios up to 18. The stability of these arrays against adhesive forces is in agreement with theoretical predictions. We have also developed a new two-step replica molding method to fabricate HAR (up to 12) hydrogel micropillar arrays using monomers or monomer mixtures. By varying the monomer composition in the fabrication process, we have fabricated a series of hydrogel micropillar arrays whose elastic moduli in wet state range from less than a megapascal to more than a gigapascal, and we have used these micropillar arrays to study capillary force induced clustering behavior as a function of the modulus. As a result, we have shown that as liquid evaporates off the micropillar arrays, the pillars bend and cluster together because of a much smaller capillary meniscus interaction force while the micropillar structures are surrounded by a continuous liquid body. Previously, researchers had often attributed this clustering effect to a Laplace pressure difference because of isolated capillary bridges. Our theoretical analysis of stability against capillary force and micropillar cluster size as a function of pillar elastic modulus agrees well with our experimental observations. The fabrication approaches presented here are quite general and will enable the fabrication of tall, stable micropillar arrays in a variety of soft, responsive materials. Therefore, researchers can use these materials for various applications: sensors, responsive wetting, and biological studies. The new insights into the capillary force induced clustering of micropillar arrays could improve rational design and fabrication of micropillar arrays that are stable against capillary force. In addition, these results could help researchers better manipulate capillary force to control the assembly of micropillar arrays and actuate these structures within novel devices.
Synergistic effects of C-peptide and insulin on low O<sub>2</sub>-induced ATP release from human erythrocytes (2013)

Erythrocytes participate in the matching of oxygen (O2) delivery with local need in skeletal muscle via the release of O2 and the vasodilator, ATP. It was reported that a concentration of insulin found in humans with insulin resistance inhibits low O2-induced ATP release. However, in vivo, insulin is coreleased with connecting peptide (C-peptide) at equimolar concentrations, but because of the shorter insulin half-life, the peptides circulate at ratios of C-peptide to insulin ranging from 1:1 to 6:1. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that C-peptide and insulin work synergistically to maintain low O2-induced ATP release from human erythrocytes. Using a thin-film tonometer to alter O2 tension, we determined that either C-peptide or insulin alone inhibits low O2-induced ATP release in a concentration-dependent manner; however, coadministration of the peptides at a 1:1 ratio does not (n = 5; P < 0.05). Because this ratio of C-peptide to insulin is not present in vivo for extended periods, we also investigated the effect of additional physiological ratios on ATP release. In the presence of insulin concentrations that would be found in fasting humans (0.05 nM), C-peptide to insulin ratios of 4:1 and 6:1 did not adversely affect low O2-induced ATP release. However, at a concentration of insulin found in the peripheral circulation of humans under postprandial conditions (0.5 nM), a ratio of C-peptide to insulin of 6:1 inhibited low O2-induced ATP release (n = 5). These findings demonstrate a heretofore unrecognized synergism between C-peptide and insulin that could have physiological importance in the regulation of perfusion distribution in skeletal muscle.
Deriving wavelength spectra from fringe images from a fixed-gap single-etalon Fabry–Perot spectrometer (2002)

A new method is described for inferring wavelength spectra from two-dimensional images of Fabry-Perot interference fringes. This new method addresses the practical difficulties that have been previously encountered in determining the fringe image's center, magnification, and distortions accurately enough to fully exploit the spectral resolution provided by the etalon. The method proceeds in two steps. First, the instrument's mapping of image position to interference order is characterized by use of images of a scene illuminated uniformly by a highly monochromatic laser. Then this information is applied to resample two-dimensional images of unknown radiation sources down to sets of one or more one-dimensional wavelength spectra. Discrete cross-correlation techniques are used at both stages of anal-
Soliton-collision interferometer for the quantum nondemolition measurement of photon number: numerical results (1990)

Using analytic theory and numerical experiments, we show that a quantum nondemolition measurement of the photon number of optical solitons in a single-mode optical fiber can be made. We describe the soliton-collision interferometer with which we propose to make this measurement and discuss simulations of the performance of this interferometer.
<title>Exposure Control For Underwater Photography</title> (1971)

Anyone who has worked underwater can give many reasons for taking pichres. The photograph provides the user with a high resolution, permanent record for later study and evaluation. The photographic camera is an essential tool for anyone working underwater who needs to gather and record high resolution visual information.
Materials for Programmed, Functional Transformation in Transient Electronic Systems (2014)

Materials and device designs are presented for electronic systems that undergo functional transformation by a controlled time sequence in the dissolution of active materials and/or encapsulation layers. Demonstration examples include various biocompatible, multifunctional systems with autonomous behavior defined by materials selection and layout.
DAPPER: data aware approximate NoC for GPGPU architectures (2018)

High interconnect bandwidth is crucial to achieve better performance in many-core GPGPU architectures that execute highly data parallel applications. The parallel warps of threads running on shader cores generate a high volume of read requests to the main memory due to the limited availability of data cache space at the shader cores. This leads to scenarios with rapid arrival of reply data from the DRAM, which creates a bottleneck at memory controllers (MCs) that send reply packets back to the requesting cores over the NoC. Coping with such high volumes of data requires NoC architectures that possess high power overhead. To accomplish high bandwidth and low energy communication in GPGPUs, we propose Dapper, a data-aware approximate NoC architecture that increases the utilization of the available bandwidth by using low power single cycle overlay circuits for the reply traffic between MCs and shader cores. Dapper also incorporates a novel MC architecture that leverages the inherent approximability of the data values of certain applications and reduces the number of reply packets injected into the NoC by the MCs. Experimental results show that Dapper reduces the energy consumed in the GPGPU by up to 50% with up to 99% application output accuracy and minimum performance overheads compared to a state-of-the-art approximate NoC architectures.