gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Residual-Based Test of the Null of Cointegration Against the Alternative of No Cointegration (1994)

This paper proposes a residual-based test of the null of cointegration using a structural single equation model. It is shown that the limiting distribution of the test statistic for cointegration can be made free of nuisance parameters when the cointegrating relation is efficiently estimated. The limiting distributions are given in terms of a mixture of a Brownian bridge and vector Brownian motion. It is also shown that this test is consistent. Critical values are given for standard, demeaned, and detrended cases. Combining results from our test for cointegration with results from the Phillips-Ouliaris test for no cointegration, we find that there is evidence of cointegration between real consumption and real disposable income over the postwar period.
Chemistry and uses of pectin — A review (1997)

Pectin is an important polysaccharide with applications in foods, pharmaceuticals, and a number of other industries. Its importance in the food sector lies in its ability to form gel in the presence of Ca2+ ions or a solute at low pH. Although the exact mechanism of gel formation is not clear, significant progress has been made in this direction. Depending on the pectin, coordinate bonding with Ca2+ ions or hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions are involved in gel formation. In low-methoxyl pectin, gelation results from ionic linkage via calcium bridges between two carboxyl groups belonging to two different chains in close contact with each other. In high-methoxyl pectin, the cross-linking of pectin molecules involves a combination of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between the molecules. A number of factors--pH, presence of other solutes, molecular size, degree of methoxylation, number and arrangement of side chains, and charge density on the molecule--influence the gelation of pectin. In the food industry, pectin is used in jams, jellies, frozen foods, and more recently in low-calorie foods as a fat and/or sugar replacer. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used to reduce blood cholesterol levels and gastrointestinal disorders. Other applications of pectin include use in edible films, paper substitute, foams and plasticizers, etc. In addition to pectolytic degradation, pectins are susceptible to heat degradation during processing, and the degradation is influenced by the nature of the ions and salts present in the system. Although present in the cell walls of most plants apple pomace and orange peel are the two major sources of commercial pectin due to the poor gelling behavior of pectin from other sources. This paper briefly describes the structure, chemistry of gelation, interactions, and industrial applications soft pectin.
Optimized PC-Based Expert Systems (1987)

Abstract Expert-system technology has emerged from beneath the umbrella of Artificial Intelligence and into the mainstream of engineering problem solving. There already are several notable examples of the application of this state-of-the-art technology in the petroleum industry. Clearly, expert systems that run efficiently on standard personal computers are particularly of value. A new expert-system generator that overcomes the speed, memory and mass-storage limitations of XT/AT-class personal computers is presented in this paper. The shell is optimized for the specific characteristics of the target user, knowledge expert and computer. Expert systems developed using this shell currently are being used by our technical personnel for drilling fluid and related applications.
Discovery of Naturally Occurring Aurones That Are Potent Allosteric Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (2011)

We have identified naturally occurring 2-benzylidenebenzofuran-3-ones (aurones) as new templates for non-nucleoside hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors. The aurone target site, identified by site-directed mutagenesis, is located in thumb pocket I of HCV RdRp. The RdRp inhibitory activity of 42 aurones was rationally explored in an enzyme assay. Molecular docking studies were used to determine how aurones bind to HCV RdRp and to predict their range of inhibitory activity. Seven aurone derivatives were found to have potent inhibitory effects on HCV RdRp, with IC(50) below 5 μM and excellent selectivity index (inhibition activity versus cellular cytotoxicity). The most active aurone analogue was (Z)-2-((1-butyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methylene)-4,6-dihydroxybenzofuran-3(2H)-one (compound 51), with an IC(50) of 2.2 μM. Their potent RdRp inhibitory activity and their low toxicity make these molecules attractive candidates as direct-acting anti-HCV agents.
Extraordinary Hall effect in thin magnetic films and its potential for sensors, memories and magnetic logic applications (2008)

We investigate the potential of the extraordinary Hall effect (EHE) in magnetic thin films with out-of-plane anisotropy for sensors, memories or logic applications. The scalability of EHE at decreasing lateral dimension has been first explored. In order for EHE to provide output voltage compatible with CMOS technology, it is shown that the longitudinal resistivity of the magnetic material must be considerably increased at decreasing size while keeping a large Hall angle. Then the EHE properties of various classes of materials with out-of-plane anisotropy ((Co/Pt) multilayers, FePt ordered alloys, rare-earth/transition metal alloys, CoSiOx and CoPtSiOx heterogeneous composites) are measured and compared in order to evaluate their potential for the envisioned applications. It is concluded that while EHE can readily be used for large devices (size > micrometres), no materials are yet available which offer suitable scalability towards the 22 nm microelectronic node.
Feasibility of single wire communication for PCB-level interconnects (2017)

In this paper, the applicability of Single Wire Communication (SWC) is explored for Printed Circuit Board (PCB) interconnects. Traditionally quasi-TEM mode based multi-conductor transmission lines like microstrip or stripline configurations have been employed for PCB applications with a ground plane for current return. At high frequencies, approaching 50GHz and more, the insertion profile of quasi-TEM transmission suffers primarily due to dielectric loss. On the other hand, due to TM mode of propagation SWC presents a viable low-loss communication alternative at such high frequencies. In this work, some of the challenges of practical implementation for SWC, including planar launchers and mitigating cross-talk effects, are studied and the relative advantages over microstrip transmission is demonstrated.
Electronic Accelerator Pedal Assemblies and Environmental Considerations (1990)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">An electronic accelerator pedal has been designed for use on heavy trucks with on-board electronics requiring accelerator position input. The one-piece assembly is a floor mounted treadle design with all required electronics and wiring protected behind the instrument panel. The assembly also has been designed to operate, or be operated by, mechanical devices outside of the cab. It is these features, and others, which allow this assembly to satisfy the concerns and needs of all activities which must interface with the accelerator system.</div>
Frontispiece: Ene‐Reductase: A Multifaceted Biocatalyst in Organic Synthesis (2022)

Ene-reductases (ERs) are valuable biocatalyst that engages in stereospecific reduction of activated C=C bonds and exhibit increased prominence in the production of pharmaceutical ingredients, agrochemical synthons, and fine chemicals. In addition to traditional biocatalysis, ERs evolved in multi-enzyme cascades, chemoenzymatic, photoenzymatic, photoelectrochemical, single-reduction chemistry, and radical-mediated transformation which unravels its versatility and multifaceted nature in organic transformations. For more information, see the Review by T. Gandhi, D. Maiti et al. (DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103949)
Electronic flash, strobe (1970)

In twelve information-packed chapters and nearly 200 pictorial and schematic illustrations, Flash, Strobe describes everything about electronic flash photography: Theory of the electronic flash lamp; Spectral output of flash lamps; Circuits for electronic flash equipment; Electronic flash lighting requirments for photography; Equipment (single flash); Equipment for short exposure time; Exposure calculations and special photography; Techniques of light measurement; Specialized applications, and much more.
Fungal Growth and <i>Fusarium</i> Mycotoxin Content in Isogenic Traditional Maize and Genetically Modified Maize Grown in France and Spain (2002)

Fungi of the genus Fusarium are common fungal contaminants of maize and are also known to produce mycotoxins. Maize that has been genetically modified to express a Bt endotoxin has been used to study the effect of insect resistance on fungal infection of maize grains by Fusarium species and their related mycotoxins. Maize grain from Bt hybrids and near-isogenic traditional hybrids was collected in France and Spain from the 1999 crop, which was grown under natural conditions. According to the ergosterol level, the fungal biomass formed on Bt maize grain was 4-18 times lower than that on isogenic maize. Fumonisin B(1) grain concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 0.3 ppm for Bt maize and from 0.4 to 9 ppm for isogenic maize. Moderate to low concentrations of trichothecenes and zearalenone were measured on transgenic as well as on non-transgenic maize. Nevertheless, significant differences were obtained in certain regions. The protection of maize plants against insect damage (European corn borer and pink stem borer) through the use of Bt technology seems to be a way to reduce the contamination of maize by Fusarium species and the resultant fumonisins in maize grain grown in France and Spain.
Suppression of PPAR-γ attenuates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by affecting both GLUT1 and GLUT4 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (2007)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) plays a critical role in regulating insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. In this study, we identified highly efficient small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequences and used lentiviral short hairpin RNA and electroporation of siRNAs to deplete PPAR-gamma from 3T3-L1 adipocytes to elucidate its role in adipogenesis and insulin signaling. We show that PPAR-gamma knockdown prevented adipocyte differentiation but was not required for maintenance of the adipocyte differentiation state after the cells had undergone adipogenesis. We further demonstrate that PPAR-gamma suppression reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake without affecting the early insulin signaling steps in the adipocytes. Using dual siRNA strategies, we show that this effect of PPAR-gamma deletion was mediated by both GLUT4 and GLUT1. Interestingly, PPAR-gamma-depleted cells displayed enhanced inflammatory responses to TNF-alpha stimulation, consistent with a chronic anti-inflammatory effect of endogenous PPAR-gamma. In summary, 1) PPAR-gamma is essential for the process of adipocyte differentiation but is less necessary for maintenance of the differentiated state, 2) PPAR-gamma supports normal insulin-stimulated glucose transport, and 3) endogenous PPAR-gamma may play a role in suppression of the inflammatory pathway in 3T3-L1 cells.
Reliable, compact, CMOS interface, 200-Mbit/s a 12-channel optical interconnects using single-mode fiber arrays (2002)

We developed 200-Mbit/s/ch, 12-ch, 100-m, +3.3 V CMOS interface, fully integrated optical interconnects using single-mode fiber arrays, planar micro-lens arrays and 1.6-mA-threshold-current 1.3 /spl mu/m laser diode (LD) arrays. Skew and BER measurement and reliability test result confirmed the reliable optical interconnects for communication and computer systems in practical use.
Salt Disproportionation in the Solid State: Role of Solubility and Counterion Volatility (2016)

Disproportionation propensity of salts (HCl, HBr, heminapadisylate) and adipic acid cocrystal of corticotropin releasing hormone receptor-1 antagonist was studied using model free kinetics. Using thermogravimetic weight loss profile or heat flow curves from differential scanning calorimetry, an activation energy plot for salts and cocrystal was generated based on model free kinetics. This activation energy of disproportionation provided qualitative information about the solid state salt stability. To ensure the stability throughout the shelf life, "prototype" formulations of salts and cocrystal in tablet form were stored at 40 °C and several water vapor pressures. Disproportionation kinetics were studied in these prototype tablet formulations using two-dimensional X-ray diffractometry. Formulations containing the adipic acid cocrystal or heminapadisylate salt did not show disproportionation of API when stored at 40 °C/75% RH for 300 days. On the other hand, formulations containing HCl or HBr salt disproportionated. Though isostructural, the disproportionation propensity of HBr and HCl salts was quite different. The HCl salt highlighted the important role that volatility of the counterion plays in the physical stability of the formulations. Solution state stability (i.e., in dissolution medium) of salts and cocrystal was also assessed and compared with solid state stability, by determining their solubility at different pH's, and intrinsic dissolution rate.
Line art illustrations of parametric and implicit forms (1998)

A technique is presented for line art rendering of scenes composed of freeform surfaces. The line art that is created for parametric surfaces is practically intrinsic and is globally invariant to changes in the surface parameterization. This method is equally applicable for line art rendering of implicit forms, creating a unified line art rendering method for both parametric and implicit forms. This added flexibility exposes a new horizon of special, parameterization independent, line art effects. Moreover, the production of the line art illustrations can be combined with traditional rendering techniques such as transparency and texture mapping. Examples that demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach are presented for both the parametric and implicit forms.
Fatty acid amides: scooting mode-based discovery of tight-binding competitive inhibitors of secreted phospholipases A2 (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFatty acid amides: scooting mode-based discovery of tight-binding competitive inhibitors of secreted phospholipases A2Mahendra K. Jain, Farideh Ghomashchi, Bao Zhu Yu, Timothy Bayburt, Dennis Murphy, David Houck, James Brownell, John C. Reid, James E. Solowiej, and Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 19, 3584–3586Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00097a018https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00097a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views123Altmetric-Citations39LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Promises and Obstacles for the Blockade of CD40–CD40L Interactions in Allotransplantation (2008)

Although clinical trials using anti-CD40L mAb have been halted, blockade of CD40-CD40L interactions has given promising results in rodent and nonhuman primate models. Recently, new insights into the consequences of blocking CD40-CD40L interactions have led to the possibility of overcoming the thromboembolic complications previously associated with this strategy and may pave the way for successful tolerance induction. This mini review will address the issues relating to CD40-CD40L blockade in allotransplantation.
A Kinetic Study of the Neutral Hydrolysis of Ethylene Fluoro-, Bromo- and Iodohydrin<sup>1</sup> (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Kinetic Study of the Neutral Hydrolysis of Ethylene Fluoro-, Bromo- and Iodohydrin1Helen D. Cowan, C. L. McCabe, and J. C. WarnerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 3, 1194–1196Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01159a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01159a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views179Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Clinical evaluation of the Franklin Applied Physics Cosmetic Cover for lower limb prostheses: a preliminary report. (1995)

The Franklin Applied Physics (FAP) Cosmetic Cover is the result of research and development directed by Dr. Robert Erb at the Franklin Research Center, Norristown, PA. The FAP Cover is a silicone rubber cosmesis designed to improve the appearance of lower limb prostheses and provide wider social integration for the wearer. The Technology Transfer Section, Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, coordinated a pilot study of four pre-commercial covers at selected sites. Participating prosthetists and subjects evaluated fit, relevant physical criteria, and overall potential value of the cover. The following statements summarize responses of the participants: 1) well accepted with regard to overall fit, appearance, and ease of donning/doffing; 2) lightweight, highly elastic, and easy to maintain; and 3) split toe and closed toe versions are needed for above-knee and below-knee models. Data gleaned from the pilot study were used to define dimensions for standardized off-the-shelf sizing and to make recommended modifications, resulting in pre-market models that are ready for a national field evaluation.
A Training-Based Iterative Detection/Channel Estimation Scheme for Large Non-Orthogonal STBC MIMO Systems (2009)

In this paper, we propose a training-based channel estimation scheme for large non-orthogonal space-time block coded (STBC) MIMO systems. The proposed scheme employs a block transmission strategy where an N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> times N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> pilot matrix is sent (for training purposes) followed by several N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> times N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> square data STBC matrices, where N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> is the number of transmit antennas. At the receiver, we iterate between channel estimation (using an MMSE estimator) and detection (using a low-complexity likelihood ascent search (LAS) detector) till convergence or for a fixed number of iterations. Our simulation results show that excellent bit error rate and nearness-to-capacity performance are achieved by the proposed scheme at low complexities. The fact that we could show such good results for large STBCs (e.g., 16times16 STBC from cyclic division algebras) operating at spectral efficiencies in excess of 20 bps/Hz (even after accounting for the overheads meant for pilot-based channel estimation and turbo coding) establishes the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
A low-power 72.8-GHz static frequency divider in AlInAs/InGaAs HBT technology (2001)

We report a 72.8-GHz fully static frequency divider in AlInAs/InGaAs HBT IC technology. The CML divider operates with a 350-mV logic swing at less than 0-dBm input power up to a maximum clock rate of 63 GHz and requires 8.6 dBm of input power at the maximum clock rate of 72.8 GHz. Power dissipation per flip-flop is 55 mW with a 3.1-V power supply. To our knowledge, this is the highest frequency of operation for a static divider in any technology. The power-delay product of 94 fJ/gate is the lowest power-delay product for a circuit operating above 50 GHz in any technology. A low-power divider on the same substrate operates at 36 GHz with 6.9 mW of dissipated power per flip-flop with a 3.1-V supply. The power delay of 24 fJ/gate is, to our knowledge, the lowest power-delay product for a static divider operating above 30 GHz in any technology. We briefly review the requirements for benchmarking a logic family and examine the historical trend of maximum clock rate in high-speed circuit technology.
A hemodynamic analysis of coronary capillary blood flow based on anatomic and distensibility data (1999)

An understanding of cardiac health and disease requires knowledge of the various factors that control coronary capillary blood flow. An analysis of coronary capillary blood flow based on a complete set of actual data on the capillary anatomy and elasticity does not exist. Previously, a complete set of data on the branching pattern and the vascular geometry of the pig coronary capillary network were obtained in our laboratory. In the present study, we obtained distensibility data on the coronary capillary blood vessels on the epicardial surface in the form of a pressure-diameter relationship using intravital microscopy. A mathematical model of the coronary capillary blood flow was then constructed on the basis of measured anatomic and elasticity data of the coronary capillary network, rheology of blood, physical laws governing blood flow, and appropriate boundary conditions. The constructed model was used to examine the heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of coronary blood flow, which is an important issue in coronary physiology. One interesting result of the model is that the dispersions of pressure and flow are significantly reduced in the presence of capillary cross-connections, and the resistance to flow is reduced as well. Finally, we found that the compliance of the epicardial surface capillary vessels is so small that its effect on the blood pressure drop is negligible in the diastolic state. However, the compliance of the intramyocardial capillaries remains unknown, and the interaction of the muscle contraction and blood vessel elasticity in systole remains to be studied.