gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Latency-aware leader election (2009)

Experimental studies have shown that electing a leader based on measurements of the underlying communication network can be beneficial. We use this approach to study the problem of electing a leader that is eventually not only correct (as captured by the Ω failure detector abstraction), but also optimal with respect to the transmission delays to its peers. We give the definitions of this problem and a suitable model, thus allowing us to make an analytical analysis of the problem, which is in contrast to previous work on that topic.
T<scp>he</scp> W<scp>rickkened</scp> P<scp>athways of</scp> FGF23, MEPE <scp>and</scp> PHEX (2004)

The last 350 years since the publication of the first medical monograph on rickets (old English term wrickken) (Glisson et al., 1651) have seen spectacular advances in our understanding of mineral-homeostasis. Seminal and exciting discoveries have revealed the roles of PTH, vitamin D, and calcitonin in regulating calcium and phosphate, and maintaining healthy teeth and skeleton. However, it is clear that the PTH/Vitamin D axis does not account for the entire picture, and a new bone-renal metabolic milieu has emerged, implicating a novel set of matrix proteins, hormones, and Zn-metallopeptidases. The primary defects in X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (HYP) and autosomal-dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR) are now identified as inactivating mutations in a Zn-metalloendopeptidase (PHEX) and activating mutations in fibroblast-growth-factor-23 (FGF23), respectively. In oncogenic hypophosphatemic osteomalacia (OHO), several tumor-expressed proteins (MEPE, FGF23, and FRP-4) have emerged as candidate mediators of the bone-renal pathophysiology. This has stimulated the proposal of a global model that takes into account the remarkable similarities between the inherited diseases (HYP and ADHR) and the tumor-acquired disease OHO. In HYP, loss of PHEX function is proposed to result in an increase in uncleaved full-length FGF23 and/or inappropriate processing of MEPE. In ADHR, a mutation in FGF23 results in resistance to proteolysis by PHEX or other proteases and an increase in half-life of full-length phosphaturic FGF23. In OHO, over-expression of FGF23 and/or MEPE is proposed to result in abnormal renal-phosphate handling and mineralization. Although this model is attractive, many questions remain unanswered, suggesting a more complex picture. The following review will present a global hypothesis that attempts to explain the experimental and clinical observations in HYP, ADHR, and OHO, plus diverse mouse models that include the MEPE null mutant, HYP-PHEX transgenic mouse, and MEPE-PHEX double-null-mutant.
A Plant Caspase-Like Protease Activated during the Hypersensitive Response (2003)

To test the hypothesis that caspase-like proteases exist and are critically involved in the implementation of programmed cell death (PCD) in plants, a search was undertaken for plant caspases activated during the N gene-mediated hypersensitive response (HR; a form of pathogen-induced PCD in plants) in tobacco plants infected with Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). For detection, characterization, and partial purification of a tobacco caspase, the Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirD2 protein, shown here to be cleaved specifically at two sites (TATD and GEQD) by human caspase-3, was used as a target. In tobacco leaves, specific proteolytic processing of the ectopically produced VirD2 derivatives at these sites was found to occur early in the course of the HR triggered by TMV. A proteolytic activity capable of specifically cleaving the model substrate at TATD was partially purified from these leaves. A tetrapeptide aldehyde designed and synthesized on the basis of the elucidated plant caspase cleavage site prevented fragmentation of the substrate protein by plant and human caspases in vitro and counteracted TMV-triggered HR in vivo. Therefore, our data provide a characterization of caspase-specific protein fragmentation in apoptotic plant cells, with implications for the importance of such activity in the implementation of plant PCD.
SET‐LRP of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>‐dimethylacrylamide and of <i>N</i>‐isopropylacrylamide at 25 °C in protic and in dipolar aprotic solvents (2010)

Abstract The single‐electron transfer living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) of water‐soluble monomers, N , N ‐dimethylacrylamide (DMA) and N ‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), initiated with 2‐methylchloropropionate (MCP) in dipolar aprotic and protic solvents is reported. The radical polymerization of acrylamides is characterized by higher rate constants of propagation and bimolecular termination than acrylates. Therefore, the addition of CuCl 2 is required to mediate deactivation in the early stages of the reaction. Through the use of Cu(0)‐wire/Me 6 ‐TREN catalysis, conditions were optimized to minimize the amount of externally added CuCl 2 required to maintain a linear evolution of molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution. By using less CuCl 2 additive, the amount of soluble copper species that must ultimately be removed from the reaction mixture is reduced. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1752–1763, 2010
Rivastigmine: a placebo controlled trial of twice daily and three times daily regimens in patients with Alzheimer's disease (2007)

Rivastigmine administered as a BID or TID regimen significantly benefited cognitive, function and global performances in AD patients. The TID regimen showed a tendency for superior tolerability and permitted titration to higher doses, an outcome that is significant as the efficacy of rivastigmine is dose related.
On determination of sample size in hierarchical binomial models (2001)

We consider a two- and a three-stage hierarchical design containing the effects of k clusters with n units per cluster. In the two-stage model, the conditional distribution of the discrete response Y(i) is assumed to be independent binomial with mean n(straight theta)i (I=1,....k). The success probabilities, straight theta(i)'s, are assumed exchangeable across the k clusters, each arising from a beta distribution. In the three-stage model, the parameters in the beta distribution are assumed to have independent gamma distributions. The size of each cluster, n, is determined for functions of straight theta(i). Lengths of central posterior intervals are computed for various functions of the straight theta(i)'s using Markov chain Monte Carlo and Monte Carlo simulations. Several prior distributions are characterized and tables are provided for n with given k. Methods for sample size calculations under the two- and three-stage models are illustrated and compared for the design of a multi-institutional study to evaluate the appropriateness of discharge planning rates for a cohort of patients with congestive heart failure.
A common smart-card-based conditional access system for digital set-top boxes (2004)

A new smart-card-based conditional access solution for digital set-top boxes (STBs) is proposed in this paper. It implements a separable CASS smart card platform, which is separated from the STB. Compared to traditional smart-card-based CASS, in which a STB is dedicated to one CASS only, our proposed system is more open, secure, and easy to update. Moreover, the cost is much less than the DVB common interface (CI) module solution.
Decreased brain choline uptake in older adults. An in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study (1995)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To test the hypothesis that uptake of circulating choline into the brain decreases with age, because alterations in metabolism of choline may be a factor contributing to age-related degenerative changes in the brain. <h3>Design.</h3> —Cohort comparison in younger and older adults. <h3>Participants.</h3> —Subjects were chosen consecutively from lists of healthy volunteers screened by medical and psychiatric interviews and laboratory tests. Younger adults (n=12) were between the ages of 20 and 40 years (mean age, 32 years), and older adults (n=16) were between the ages of 60 and 85 years (mean age, 73 years). <h3>Interventions.</h3> —After fasting overnight, subjects received choline, as the bitartrate, to yield free choline equal to 50 mg/kg of body weight. Blood was drawn for determination of plasma choline concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (<sup>1</sup>H-MRS) was performed to determine the relative concentration of cytosolic choline—containing compounds in the brain at baseline and after ingestion of choline. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Plasma choline and cytosolic choline—containing compounds in the brain, estimated as the ratio of the choline resonance to the creatine resonance on<sup>1</sup>H-MRS scans of the basal ganglia, were compared following blinded analyses of data from subject cohorts studied at baseline and 3 hours after choline ingestion. <h3>Results.</h3> —Levels of plasma choline and cytosolic choline—containing compounds in brain were similar at baseline in younger and older subjects. Following ingestion of choline, plasma choline concentration increased by similar proportions (76% and 80%) in both younger and older subjects. Brain cytosolic choline— containing compounds increased substantially in younger subjects (mean increase, 60%;<i>P</i><.001 vs baseline). Older subjects showed a much smaller increase in brain choline—containing compounds (mean, 16%;<i>P</i><.001 vs the increase in younger subjects). <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —Uptake of circulating choline into the brain decreases with age. Given the key role of choline in neuronal structure and function, this change may be a contributing factor in onset in late life of neurodegenerative, particularly dementing, illnesses in which cholinergic neurons show particular susceptibility to loss. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1995;274:902-907)
Surfactant-Free Microemulsion Composed of Oleic Acid, <i>n</i>-Propanol, and H<sub>2</sub>O (2012)

Generally, a microemulsion consists of oil, water, surfactant, and sometimes cosurfactant. Herein, we report a surfactant-free microemulsion (denoted as SFME), consisting of oleic acid (oil phase), water, and n-propanol without the amphiphilic molecular structure of a traditional surfactant. The phase behavior of the ternary system was investigated, showing that there were a single-phase microemulsion region and a multiphase region in the ternary phase diagram. The electrical conductivity measurement was employed to investigate the microregions of the single-phase microemulsion region, and three different microregions, that is, water-in-oleic acid (W/O), a bicontinuous (B.C.) region, and oleic acid-in-water (O/W), were identified, which were further confirmed by freeze-fracture and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (FF-TEM and Cryo-TEM) observations. The polarity and the salt solubility of water domains in the W/O SFME were investigated by UV-visible spectroscopy using methyl orange and potassium ferricyanide as probes, respectively. Experimental results showed that the water domains in the W/O microemulsion had a lower polarity than bulk water and a normal solubility for salt species, indicating that the SFMEs have much significance in the preparation of various nanomaterials.
Spectral decomposition of time- versus depth-migrated data (2013)

Spectral decomposition is a powerful analysis tool that has been significant success in delineating channels, fans, overbank deposits and other relative thin architectural elements of clastic and carbonate depositional environments. Because of its success in fluvial-deltaic and basin floor turbidite-fan systems, most publications of spectral decomposition have used time-migrated data. Interpreting spectral components and spectral attributes such as peak frequency on depth migrated data requires a slightly different perspective. First, the results are computed as cycles/km (or alternatively as cycles/1000 ft) rather than as cycles/s or Hertz, with the dominant wavenumber decreasing with increasing velocities at depth. Second, interpreters resort to depth migration when there are significant lateral velocity changes in the overburden and/or steep dips. All present-day implementations compute spectral components vertical trace by vertical trace rather than perpendicular to the bedding plane, giving rise to tuning and other anomalies at an apparent rather than at a true frequency or wavenumber. We illustrate the interpretational differences of spectral decomposition between time- and depth-migrated data through the use of a simple synthetic model and a modern 3D data volume. We show how one can approximately compensate for reflector dip by normalizing each spectral magnitude component by 1/cosθ, where θ is the volumetric dip magnitude commonly computed in seismic attribute analysis
Reducing sensitivity losses due to respiration and motion in accelerated echo planar imaging by reordering the autocalibration data acquisition (2015)

FLEET-ACS provides reduced respiration and motion sensitivity in accelerated EPI, which yields higher tSNR and image quality. Benefits are demonstrated in both conventional-resolution 3T and high-resolution 7T EPI time-series data.
User-adaptable and minimum-power thermal comfort control (1992)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1992.
PREPARATION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS RELATED TO PETROLEUM. V. cis- AND trans-1-THIAHYDRINDAN AND 3-THIABICYCLO[3.3.0]OCTANE, AND cis-2-THIABICYCLO[3.3.0]OCTANE (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPREPARATION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS RELATED TO PETROLEUM. V. cis- AND trans-1-THIAHYDRINDAN AND 3-THIABICYCLO[3.3.0]OCTANE, AND cis-2-THIABICYCLO[3.3.0]OCTANESTANLEY F. BIRCH, RONALD A. DEAN, NEVILLE J. HUNTER, and EDMUND V. WHITEHEADCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1955, 20, 9, 1178–1190Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01126a006https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01126a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views384Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Control of Morphogenesis in Candida albicans (1984)

Morphogenesis (germ-tube formation) in Candida albicans was induced gratuitously by N-acetylhexosamine derivatives (N-acetyl-glucosamine covalently linked to agarose, N-acetylmannosamine, hyaluronic acid, colloidal chitin, and mucin). These compounds were not taken up by the yeast cells and did not support growth. 2-Deoxyglucose was a potent inhibitor of germ-tube formation (50 microM), but did not affect the yeast growth yield at a concentration of 2.5 mM. 2-Deoxyglucose covalently linked to agarose did not affect germ-tube formation, and the inhibition by free 2-deoxyglucose was overcome by the addition of glucose to the germ-tube-forming cells. Glucose competitively inhibited 2-deoxyglucose uptake (Ki = 0.14 mM), and these data indicate that 2-deoxyglucose acted intracellularly.
Anti-apolipoprotein A-I autoantibody: characterization of monoclonal autoantibodies from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. (2001)

We identified a novel family of AAI that shows preferential binding to apoA-I in oxidatively modified HDL. These AAI are composed of antibodies with heterogeneous cross-reactivities to various self-components such as anionic phospholipids, ssDNA, and thrombin.
An Azido-Hanessian Reaction (2002)

Benzal acetals have been found to react with iodine azide to provide 2-azidoethyl- or 3-azidopropyl benzoates.
Introduction: Mapping Conspiracy Theories in the United States and the Middle East (2014)

Conspiracy Theories in the United States and the Middle East is the first book to approach conspiracy theorizing from a decidedly comparative and interdisciplinary perspective. Whereas previous studies have engaged with conspiracy theories within national frameworks only, this collection of essays draws attention to the fact that conspiracist visions are transnational narratives that travel between and connect different cultures. It focuses on the United States and the Middle East because these two regions of the world are entangled in manifold ways and conspiracy theories are currently extremely prominent in both. The contributors to the volume are scholars of Middle Eastern Studies, Anthropology, History, Political Science, Cultural Studies, and American Studies, who approach the subject from a variety of different theories and methodologies. However, all of them share the fundamental assumption that conspiracy theories must not be dismissed out of hand or ridiculed. Usually wrong and frequently dangerous, they are nevertheless articulations of and distorted responses to needs and anxieties that must be taken seriously. Focusing on individual case studies and displaying a high sensitivity for local conditions and the cultural environment, the essays offer a nuanced image of the workings of conspiracy theories in the United States and the Middle East.
Biomaterials for the Development of Peripheral Nerve Guidance Conduits (2011)

Currently, surgical treatments for peripheral nerve injury are less than satisfactory. The gold standard of treatment for peripheral nerve gaps >5 mm is the autologous nerve graft; however, this treatment is associated with a variety of clinical complications, such as donor site morbidity, limited availability, nerve site mismatch, and the formation of neuromas. Despite many recent advances in the field, clinical studies implementing the use of artificial nerve guides have yielded results that are yet to surpass those of autografts. Thus, the development of a nerve guidance conduit, which could match the effectiveness of the autologous nerve graft, would be beneficial to the field of peripheral nerve surgery. Design strategies to improve surgical outcomes have included the development of biopolymers and synthetic polymers as primary scaffolds with tailored mechanical and physical properties, luminal "fillers" such as laminin and fibronectin as secondary internal scaffolds, surface micropatterning, stem cell inclusion, and controlled release of neurotrophic factors. The current article highlights approaches to peripheral nerve repair through a channel or conduit, implementing chemical and physical growth and guidance cues to direct that repair process.
Role of ALDP (ABCD1) and Mitochondria in X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2003)

Peroxisomal disorders have been associated with malfunction of peroxisomal metabolic pathways, but the pathogenesis of these disorders is largely unknown. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is associated with elevated levels of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA; C(>22:0)) that have been attributed to reduced peroxisomal VLCFA beta-oxidation activity. Previously, our laboratory and others have reported elevated VLCFA levels and reduced peroxisomal VLCFA beta-oxidation in human and mouse X-ALD fibroblasts. In this study, we found normal levels of peroxisomal VLCFA beta-oxidation in tissues from ALD mice with elevated VLCFA levels. Treatment of ALD mice with pharmacological agents resulted in decreased VLCFA levels without a change in VLCFA beta-oxidation activity. These data indicate that ALDP does not determine the rate of VLCFA beta-oxidation and that VLCFA levels are not determined by the rate of VLCFA beta-oxidation. The rate of peroxisomal VLCFA beta-oxidation in human and mouse fibroblasts in vitro is affected by the rate of mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid beta-oxidation. We hypothesize that ALDP facilitates the interaction between peroxisomes and mitochondria, resulting, when ALDP is deficient in X-ALD, in increased VLCFA accumulation despite normal peroxisomal VLCFA beta-oxidation in ALD mouse tissues. In support of this hypothesis, mitochondrial structural abnormalities were observed in adrenal cortical cells of ALD mice.
New Low‐ and High‐Tech Calendar Methods of Family Planning (2005)

Calendar-based methods are not usually considered effective or useful methods of family planning among health professionals. However, new "high-" and "low"-tech calendar methods have been developed, which are easy to teach, to use, and may be useful in helping couples avoid pregnancy. The low-tech models are based on a fixed-day calendar system. The high-tech models are based on monitoring urinary metabolites of female reproductive hormones. Both systems have high levels of satisfaction. This article describes these new models of family planning and the research on their effectiveness. The author proposes a new algorithm for determining the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle for either achieving or avoiding pregnancy.
Antiviral activity of some .beta.-diketones. 1. Aryl alkyl diketones. In vitro activity against both RNA and DNA viruses (1977)

The synthesis and in vitro antiviral evaluation of a series of substituted benzyl beta-diketones are described. The introduction of a styryl group onto the phenyl ring enhanced activity against herpesvirus type 2. The 4-methoxystyryl homologue 8 was evaluated extensively in vitro and was found to be effective against both RNA and DNA viruses. Compound 8 was evaluated in the mouse vagina against herpes simplex type 1 and produced a significant increase in survival rate as well as in survival time.
Extending Convolutional Pose Machines for Facial Landmark Localization in 3D Point Clouds (2019)

In this work we address the problem of landmark localization in 3D point clouds by extending the convolutional pose machine (CPM) architecture to facilitate landmark localization in 3D point clouds. Making use of PointNet++,we are able to construct an architecture that is invariant tothe ordering of an input point cloud. The sequential CPM architecture facilitates allows initial heatmaps to be iteratively refined in a series of point convolutional stages to yield robust landmark predictions. We propose to evaluate our approach for 3D facial landmark localization on benchmark face databases, BU-3DFE, BP4D-Spontaneous and BP4D+. The robustness of the approach to the size of the input point cloud will be assessed, and the contribution of the CPM stages will be evaluated in an ablation study.