gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Access to Resorcylic Acid Lactones <i>via</i> Phosphonate Based Intramolecular Olefination (2010)

An approach to resorcylic acid lactones is described, exploiting an intramolecular olefination reaction for the generation of the 14-membered macrolactone. The synthetic route gave zearalenone precursors, and the preparations of other RAL analogues, trans- and cis-resorcylides are included, the latter being prepared by photoisomerization of the trans-isomer. β-Haloketone derivatives were also prepared in a highly stereoselective manner by conjugate addition of chloride or bromide to the E-enone using boron trichloride and boron tribromide, respectively.
Peroxisome Biogenesis Occurs in an Unsynchronized Manner in Close Association with the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Temperature-sensitive<i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>Pex3p Mutants (2003)

Pex3p is a peroxisomal integral membrane protein required early in peroxisome biogenesis, and Pex3p-deficient cells lack identifiable peroxisomes. Two temperature-sensitive pex3 mutant strains of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica were made to investigate the role of Pex3p in the early stages of peroxisome biogenesis. In glucose medium at 16 degrees C, these mutants underwent de novo peroxisome biogenesis and exhibited early matrix protein sequestration into peroxisome-like structures found at the endoplasmic reticulum-rich periphery of cells or sometimes associated with nuclei. The de novo peroxisome biogenesis seemed unsynchronized, with peroxisomes occurring at different stages of development both within cells and between cells. Cells with peripheral nascent peroxisomes and cells with structures morphologically distinct from peroxisomes, such as semi/circular tubular structures that immunostained with antibodies to peroxisomal matrix proteins and to the endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein Kar2p, and that surrounded lipid droplets, were observed during up-regulation of peroxisome biogenesis in cells incubated in oleic acid medium at 16 degrees C. These structures were not detected in wild-type or Pex3p-deficient cells. Their role in peroxisome biogenesis remains unclear. Targeting of peroxisomal matrix proteins to these structures suggests that Pex3p directly or indirectly sequesters components of the peroxisome biogenesis machinery. Such a role is consistent with Pex3p overexpression producing cells with fewer, larger, and clustered peroxisomes.
Cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin supergene family as tissue‐specific autoantigens: induction of experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) by PO protein‐specific T cell lines (1992)

The P0 glycoprotein is a homophilic cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin supergene family which is responsible for maintaining the structure of compact internodal myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Utilizing a panel of synthetic P0 peptides two distinct T cell epitopes have been identified that can induce T cell-mediated experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) in the Lewis rat. One T cell epitope (amino acid residues 56-71), is located within the extracellular, immunoglobulin-like domain of P0, while the other disease-inducing T cell epitope (residues 180-199) is located within the proteins cytoplasmic carboxyterminal domain. The adoptive transfer of 10(6) CD4+ T line cells specific for either of these peptide antigens induced EAN in syngeneic recipients. However, while the pathogenic response induced by both peptide-specific T cell lines was identical, their epitopes differ markedly in their immunologic properties in vivo. In particular while the response to peptide p180-199 was immunodominant in animals immunized with either purified P0 protein or the native membrane-bound P0 protein in autologous rat peripheral nerve myelin, no response to peptide p56-71 was detected, indicating that this epitope is cryptic. This study provides the first experimental evidence that the immunoglobulin-like domains of members of the immunoglobulin supergene family can function as target autoantigens in T cell-mediated autoimmune disease.
Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells and of Human Adult Stem Cells into Adipocytes (2007)

The authors describe protocols for culture conditions in which mouse ES cells can be maintained in an undifferentiated state or committed to undergo adipocyte differentiation at a high rate and in a highly reproducible fashion. There is also a protocol for maintaining and differentiating human adult stem cells, isolated form adipose tissue and from bone marrow, into adipocytes. These culture systems provide a powerful means for studying the first step of adipose cell development and a means to investigate effects of drugs on the biology of adipocytes. There are also protocols for detection of adipocytes and analysis of their gene expression.
Mexiletine for Thalamic Pain Syndrome (1990)

The thalamic pain syndrome, a rare sequelae of cerebrovascular event, is a severe and disabling form of central pain which treatment remains a major clinical problem. We present our results of a preliminary open label study using mexiletine, an orally active antiarrhythmic agent, in the management of thalamic pain in 9 patients. Using a dose of 10 mg/kg/day over a 4-week period, mexiletine produced improvement in pain in 8 of the 9 patients. Mexiletine was generally well tolerated with only two patients experiencing transient nausea and dizziness. Our findings suggest that mexiletine may be a safe and effective agent in the management of thalamic pain and possibly other paroxysmal pain syndromes of central origin.
A Novel Approach to the High-Specific-Activity Labeling of Small Peptides with the Technetium-99m Fragment [<sup>99m</sup>Tc(N)(PXP)]<sup>2+</sup> (PXP = Diphosphine Ligand) (2001)

A new labeling approach for incorporating bioactive peptides into a technetium-99m coordination complex is described. This method exploits the chemical properties of the novel metal-nitrido fragment [99mTc(N)(PXP)]2+, composed of a terminal Tc[triple bond] N multiple bond bound to an ancillary diphosphine ligand (PXP). It will be shown that this basic, molecular building block easily forms in solution as the dichloride derivative [99mTc(N)(PXP)Cl2], and that this latter complex selectively reacts with monoanionic and dianionic, bidentate ligands (YZ) having soft, pi-donor coordinating atoms to afford asymmetrical nitrido heterocomplexes of the type [99mTc(N)(PXP)(YZ)]0/+ without removal of the basic motif [99mTc(N)(PXP)]2+. The reactions of the amino acid cysteine was studied in detail. It was found that cysteine readily coordinates to the metal fragment [99mTc(N)(PXP)]2+ either through the [NH2, S-] pair of donor atoms or, alternatively, through the [O-, S-] pair, to yield the corresponding asymmetrical complexes in very high specific activity. Thus, these results were conveniently employed to devise a new, efficient procedure for labeling short peptide sequences having a terminal cysteine group available for coordination to the [99mTc(N)(PXP)]2+ fragment. Examples of the application of this novel approach to the labeling of the short peptide ligand H-Arg-Gly-Asp-Cys-OH (H(2)1) and of the peptidomimetic derivative H-Cys-Val-2-Nal-Met-OH (H2) will be discussed.
Statistical Timing Models for Large Macro Cells and IP Blocks Considering Process Variations (2009)

Integrated circuits today rely on extensive reuse of IP bocks and macro cells to meet the demand for high performance system-on-chip. We propose a methodology for extracting timing models of IP blocks and macro cells for statistical timing analysis considering process variations and spatial correlations. We develop efficient models for capturing both inter-die and intra-die variations in device and interconnect parameters. Increasing spatial correlations in variability of the process parameters in subnanometer designs requires instance-specific characterization of these design blocks. We propose a novel technique for instance-specific calibration of precharacterized timing model. The proposed approach was evaluated on large industrial designs of 1.2- and 3.5-M gates in 65-nm technology and validated against SPICE for accuracy.
[Studies on gastric lymphatics by using activated carbon particle (CH44) and lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer]. (1988)

Gastric lymphatics in 200 patients of gastric cancer were studied by injection of activated carbon particles (CH44). By observing the carbon flow intraoperatively and examining stained lymph nodes, gastric lymphatics for individual regions (cardia, lesser curvature, left greater curvature and right greater curvature) were evaluated. The cardiac orifice has a main series of lymphatics along the left gastric artery and also has other lymphatics along the splenic artery, left phrenic artery, esophagus, lesser omentum and diaphragm. The left greater curvature depends on the lymph flow along the splenic artery. The lesser curvature has a main lymphatic stream along the left gastric artery. The right greater curvature has convened lymphatics around pancreatic head. Most streams gather around celiac axis, while the flow along right gastro-epiploic vein is also important. We also studied the relationship between the site of gastric cancer and metastasis is to the lymph nodes in 1097 gastrectomized patients. They had received more than R2 lymphatic dissection successfully. In the cases with lesions located in the upper part of the stomach, n4 (positive findings of metastasis to group 4 lymph nodes) is greater than n3 (positive findings of metastasis to group 3 lymph nodes). We concluded that most of gastric lymphatics run along the proper gastric vessels and gathered around celiac axis. For lymph node dissection in gastric cancer, it is important to know the direction of the gastric lymphatics based on tumor sites.
600 V-IGBT with reverse blocking capability (2002)

A vertical 600 V-50 A IGBT with reverse blocking capability is developed for the first time. Our measurement shows reverse blocking capability up to 900 V. This IGBT can be used as a bi-directional IGBT in combination with another reverse blocking IGBT. Bi-directional IGBTs realize the low-loss AC-AC direct conversion circuit. There is great possibility to improve the performance of the reverse blocking IGBT by utilizing the FZ-NPT-IGBT structure.
Infrared Thermographic Nondestructive Testing System (2005)

Two approaches - active and passive - are generally used in thermal nondestructive evaluation. The active approach requires using an external heat source to stimulate materials to be inspected, as well as recording thermal fields in time. Unlike the active approach, the passive approach is applicable to materials and structures, of whose the temperature is different from ambient. In this case, temperature anomalies over hidden material inhomogeneities appear due to natural reasons or exploitation of objects under test.
Frequency Determination in a Single-Phase Voltage Signal using Adaptative Notch Filters (2007)

This paper presents a frequency estimation methodology in a single-phase voltage signal using adaptative notch filters. The simulations are realized using the Simulink toolbox of MatLab 7.0.4 and executed on a DSP TMS320F2808 platform of Texas instruments. We observe the behavior of PLL in presence of frequency values changes, voltage sags and THD increases. The difference between the frequency calculated and the theoretical system frequency is evaluated. In addition, the algorithm time response used for signal frequency calculation is evaluated.
Conformal grating electromechanical system (GEMS) for high-speed digital light modulation (2003)

A diffractive optical MEMS device for spatial and temporal light modulation is described that is capable of high-speed digital operation. The device contains electromechanical ribbons suspended flat above a silicon substrate by a periodic series of intermediate supports. When actuated electrostatically, the ribbons conform around the support substructure to produce a grating. The device has optical switching times of less than 50 nsec, sub-nanosecond jitter, high optical contrast and efficiency, and reliable actuation in contact mode. The fine gray levels needed for digital imaging systems are produced by pulse width modulation.
Rho-dependent Agonist-induced Spatio-temporal Change in Myosin Phosphorylation in Smooth Muscle Cells (2002)

Agonist-induced translocation of RhoA and the spatio-temporal change in myosin regulatory light chain (MLC<sub>20</sub>) phosphorylation in smooth muscle was clarified at the single cell level. We expressed green fluorescent protein-tagged RhoA in the differentiated tracheal smooth muscle cells and visualized the translocation of RhoA in a living cell with three-dimensional digital imaging analysis. The stimulation of the cells by carbachol initiated the translocation of green fluorescent protein-tagged wild type RhoA to the plasma membrane within a minute. The change in MLC<sub>20</sub> phosphorylation level after carbachol stimulation was monitored by using phospho-Ser-19-specific antibody recognizing the phosphorylated MLC<sub>20</sub> in single cells. Cells expressing the dominant negative form (T19N) of RhoA significantly suppressed sustained MLC<sub>20</sub> phosphorylation during the prolonged phase (>300 s), whereas the maximum phosphorylation level (reached at 10 s after stimulation) of these cells was not significantly different from the control cells. The kinetics of RhoA translocation was consistent with that of sustained myosin phosphorylation, suggesting the involvement of a RhoA pathway. Carbachol stimulation increased myosin phosphorylation within a minute both at the cortical and the central region. On the other hand, during prolonged phase, myosin phosphorylation was sustained at the cortical region of the cells but not at the central fibers. A myosin light chain kinase-specific inhibitor, ML-9, diminished myosin phosphorylation at the central region of the cells after the stimulation but not at the cortical area. On the other hand, Y-27632, a Rho kinase-specific inhibitor, diminished myosin phosphorylation at the cortical region but not the central region. The results clearly show that the myosin light chain kinase pathway and the Rho pathway distinctly change myosin phosphorylation in smooth muscle cells in both a temporal and spatial manner.
Targeting transforming growth factor-β signaling (2007)

Several lines of evidence suggest that altered transforming growth factor-beta signaling contributes to tumor progression and metastasis as well as development of fibrosis. Accumulating data from preclinical and clinical studies indicate that antagonizing aberrant transforming growth factor-beta signaling is a promising novel therapeutic approach in cancer and fibrotic disorders.
Regulation of an epitope-tagged recombinant Rsk-1 S6 kinase by phorbol ester and erk/MAP kinase (1993)

Phorbol ester tumor promoters (TPA) activate the endogenous erk/MAP kinases and Rsk S6 kinases but not the p70S6 kinase in COS cells. DNA sequences encoding the rat Rsk-1 S6 kinase (homologous to Xenopus rsk alpha), modified by insertion of a peptide epitope at the polypeptide aminoterminus, were expressed transiently in COS cells. TPA stimulates the 40S and peptide kinase activity of the recombinant epitope-tagged Rsk-1, as well as the extent of Rsk-1 autophosphorylation in vitro (32P-Ser >> 32P-Thr). Indications that the conformation of the recombinant Rsk-1 polypeptide is substantially changed after activation by TPA in situ include a retarded mobility of the Rsk-1 polypeptide on SDS-PAGE and the appearance of new 32P-peptides during autophosphorylation in vitro. All these features of the TPA-activated Rsk-1 S6 kinase are abolished by dephosphorylation of the kinase in vitro with Ser/Thr phosphatase-2A. TPA increases 32P incorporation into recombinant Rsk-1 by 2-3-fold (32P-Ser >> 32P-Thr). Peptide mapping exhibits a single major 32P-peptide in Rsk-1 isolated from unstimulated cells and 10-12 additional 32P peptides after TPA treatment in situ. Phosphorylation of basal or phosphatase-2A-treated recombinant Rsk-1 in vitro with erk2/MAP kinase increases Rsk-1 40S kinase, peptide kinase, and autophosphorylating activity, retards migration of Rsk-1 polypeptides on SDS-PAGE, and generates new sites of Rsk-1 autophosphorylation in vitro. By contrast, TPA-activated Rsk-1 is not altered in these properties by autophosphorylation in vitro. By contrast, TPA-activated Rsk-1 is not altered in these properties by phosphorylation in vitro with erk2/MAP kinase. Activation of Rsk-1 in situ with TPA diminishes by over 90% the extent of Rsk-1 phosphorylation achieved in vitro by erk2/MAP kinase, as compared to the parallel phosphorylation of a phosphatase-2A-treated Rsk-1; basal Rsk-1 is intermediate. Peptide maps of phosphatase-2A-treated Rsk-1 after phosphorylation in vitro with erk2/MAP kinase exhibit 32P-peptides that comigrate with nearly all of the 32P-peptides present in TPA-activated-32P Rsk-1 labeled in situ, plus several 32P-peptides characteristic of Rsk-1 autophosphorylation in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
WESTPHALIAN VOLCANISM AT THE HORIZON OF THE BLACK RAKE IN DERBYSHIRE AND NOTTINGHAMSHIRE (1968)

Summary The Black Rake, some 7 to 15 metres below the Clay Cross Marine Band, contains an interbedded tuffaceous siltstone over much of the Derby-Nottingham Coalfield. This siltstone is up to 38 centimetres thick and comprises forty or fifty graded layers most of which include basaltic glass shards and pumice. At most localities the bed has been dolomitized, resulting in increased thickness and better preservation of the included basaltic material. The bed is formed of fall-out dust from at least three vents centred to the east and north-east of Nottingham; its distribution suggests the influence of prevailing easterly winds. The lateral equivalents of the siltstone near the vents include basaltic tuffs and accretionary lapilli tuffs. The lithology and field relationships of all these pyroclastic rocks are matched in the Namurian and Westphalian volcanic fields of Scotland.
Loop Recognition in C++/Java/Go/Scala (2011)

Abstract—In this experience report we encode a well specified, compact benchmark in four programming languages, namely C++, Java, Go, and Scala. The implementations each use the languages ’ idiomatic container classes, looping constructs, and memory/object allocation schemes. It does not attempt to exploit specific language and run-time features to achieve maximum performance. This approach allows an almost fair comparison of language features, code complexity, compilers and compile time, binary sizes, run-times, and memory footprint. While the benchmark itself is simple and compact, it employs many language features, in particular, higher-level data structures (lists, maps, lists and arrays of sets and lists), a few algorithms (union/find, dfs / deep recursion, and loop recognition based on Tarjan), iterations over collection types, some object oriented features, and interesting memory allocation patterns. We do not explore any aspects of multi-threading, or higher level type mechanisms, which vary greatly between the languages. The benchmark points to very large differences in all examined dimensions of the language implementations. After publication of the benchmark internally at Google, several engineers produced highly optimized versions of the benchmark. We describe many of the performed optimizations, which were mostly targeting runtime performance and code complexity. While this effort is an anecdotal comparison only, the benchmark, and the subsequent tuning efforts, are indicative of typical performance pain points in the respective languages. I.
Trap Strip and Field Border Modification for Management of the Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) (2001)

The alternate-year summer fallow wheat production system predominates in the semi-arid prairie regions of Montana. These farms consist of the current crop and idle fields in which the previous year's crop was located. Larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), overwinter in post-harvest wheat stubble. Adults appear and disperse to new crops during the following growing season. Adults begin oviposition as soon as suitable hosts are encountered; therefore, larval infestations usually are concentrated along field borders. We tested several types of trap strips as intercepts to reduce dispersion of adult sawflies into fields. The most successful system was a fall-planted winter wheat trap that protected spring-planted wheat. These trap strips utilized the “border effect” as well as the higher attractiveness of the earlier maturing winter wheat. In another trial, losses were reduced by planting a semi-resistant solid-stemmed wheat cultivar within the border of a comparatively higher yielding hollow-stemmed cultivar.
Pharmaceutical cleaning validation using non‐proximate large‐area desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (2008)

Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) is a droplet-based ionization method that is applied to samples in the ambient environment with little or no sample preparation. Its utility for industrial applications is explored here for the case of pharmaceutical cleaning validation. A non-proximate large-area DESI system was built to examine representative areas of the surfaces of reaction vessels used in active product ingredient (API) manufacturing. A large-area sprayer capable of sampling an area of approximately 2.5 cm(2) was coupled with a transport tube to allow sensitive, representative sampling of APIs from a stainless steel surface 1 m away from the mass spectrometer. The system was used to detect the APIs neostigmine, acebutolol, amiloride, amiodarone, ibuprofen, montelukast, potassium clavulanate, and beta-estradiol, at levels as low as 30-10 ng/cm(2), easily satisfying the general acceptable limits set by the pharmaceutical industry. These levels were achieved from surfaces resembling the equipment used in API manufacturing processes at a rate of 30 s per analysis.
Assessment of the Allergenic Potential of Transgenic Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>) with Reduced Levels of ω5-Gliadins, the Major Sensitizing Allergen in Wheat-Dependent Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis (2015)

The ω5-gliadins are the major sensitizing allergens in wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA). In this study, two-dimensional immunoblot analysis was used to assess the allergenic potential of two transgenic wheat lines in which ω5-gliadin genes were silenced by RNA interference. Sera from 7 of 11 WDEIA patients showed greatly reduced levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) reactivity to ω5-gliadins in both transgenic lines. However, these sera also showed low levels of reactivity to other gluten proteins. Sera from three patients showed the greatest reactivity to proteins other than ω5-gliadins, either high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs), α-gliadins, or non-gluten proteins. The complexity of immunological responses among these patients suggests that flour from the transgenic lines would not be suitable for individuals already diagnosed with WDEIA. However, the introduction of wheat lacking ω5-gliadins could reduce the number of people sensitized to these proteins and thereby decrease the overall incidence of this serious food allergy.