gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Remanent magnetization plots of fine particles with competing cubic and uniaxial anisotropies (1999)

Magnetization and remanent magnetization curves for noninteracting single-domain particles whose anisotropy is made up of a cubic magnetocrystalline and an uniaxial components were investigated. For a given cubic anisotropy, the saturation remanence, coercivity, remanence coercivity, and coercivity factor values have been obtained for several different uniaxial anisotropy directions. The corresponding δM plots have been constructed for initially thermal or ac demagnetized systems, and a great variety of their shapes has been obtained when the uniaxial anisotropy does not dominate. Coercivity factor values rather higher than those for pure uniaxial or cubic anisotropy particles have been obtained as well, even for already dominating uniaxial anisotropy for some uniaxial anisotropy directions. Thus, it has been shown that one may not safely draw conclusions about interactions from deviations from the zero line in the δM plots or coercivity factor values for particles with competing anisotropies without specific analysis for any particular case.
High word-rate digital filters with programmable table look-up (1977)

Recently proposed methods of implementing digital filter sections using table look-up were investigated for the purpose of realizing fast variable digital filters. An address method that takes as an address all the bits of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</tex> equal binary weights of the address variables is highly practical for variable filters because it allows a simple computing and loading process for the data stored in the memory.
Audio steganography using bit modification (2003)

A method of embedding a covert audio message in a cover utterance for secure communication is presented. The covert message is represented in a compressed form with possibly encryption and/or encoding for added security. One bit in each of the samples of a given cover utterance is altered in accordance with the data bits and a key. The same key is used to retrieve the embedded bits at the receiver. The results, based on cover signals from a clean TIMIT utterance and a noisy aircraft cockpit utterance, show that the technique meets several major criteria for successful covert communication.
Synthetische Kraftstoffe aus Biomasse über die Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese: Grundlagen und Perspektiven (2004)

High value hydrocarbon transportation fuels can be synthesized from any organic, carbon-containing raw material (via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis). This chemical conversion process first developed decades ago with coal and later with natural gas as fossil feedstocks, can be applied to biomass feedstocks. The present paper deals with the basic process principles and outlines the perspectives with respect to achievable conversion efficiencies, production cost and CO 2 avoidance cost. Demands in fuels will increase very significantly in the future, due to the expected increase in the number of motor vehicles in the world. In this context, synthetic hydrocarbon fuels may serve as a substitute (a) because today's distribution infrastructures can be used, and (b) due to the high fuel qualities with respect to modern engine technologies (e. g. adjustable distillation curve and cetane index, low sulphur and aromatics content). Fischer-Tropsch synthesis includes polymerisation reactions with -CH 2 - as monomer, leading to mainly linear paraffinic and olefinic hydrocarbons, with varying molecular weight. As catalysts, Co and Fe are today considered to be the most attractive ones. They both are able to catalyze on the solid surface hydrocarbon chain growth and slow down desorption reactions, although the detailed reaction mechanisms are different. Upgrading of primary Fischer-Tropsch products most commonly includes some hydrogen treatment (cracking or isomerization) to produce a high-quality product. If diesel fuel with molecular carbon numbers in the range 10 to 20 is the desired product, present strategies achieve maximum yields by a two-step approach. Long chain waxy hydrocarbon molecules (C 21+ ) are produced as intermediates that, during product upgrading, are converted in a controlled way to high-quality fuels. Overall yields of synfuel products in terms of carbon and energy efficiencies are significantly lower than the yields from petroleum refining. This is due to the energy requirements of the chemical conversion process and to the need for carbon removal because H/C-ratios have to be increased for biomass as feedstock. Compared to diesel production costs from petroleum at today 's petroleum prices, production costs for synthetic diesel from biomass is about two- to three-fold higher. As a consequence, the CO 2 avoidance cost appears high as compared to other biomass applications (co-combustion etc.). There are however other criteria that may favor synthetic hydrocarbon fuels from biomass (e. g. high-quality of synthetic fuels with potential for engine technology improvement, substitution of liquid fuels from petroleum). As most critical factors appear (a) the high investment (for large capacity plants, due to the complex conversion process) and (b) the difficulty to provide large amounts of biomass in one location. Incentives for R&D could include (a) to improve process efficiencies and economics, (b) to identify and assess potentials for sustainable energy supply, (c) to develop strategies for regional forestry and agriculture.
MrCrypt (2013)

In a common use case for cloud computing, clients upload data and computation to servers that are managed by a third-party infrastructure provider. We describe MrCrypt, a system that provides data confidentiality in this setting by executing client computations on encrypted data. MrCrypt statically analyzes a program to identify the set of operations on each input data column, in order to select an appropriate homomorphic encryption scheme for that column, and then transforms the program to operate over encrypted data. The encrypted data and transformed program are uploaded to the server and executed as usual, and the result of the computation is decrypted on the client side. We have implemented MrCrypt for Java and illustrate its practicality on three standard benchmark suites for the Hadoop MapReduce framework. We have also formalized the approach and proven several soundness and security guarantees.
Coupling DAS, SVC and NDN: an SVC-aware cache and forwarding policy for NDN routers (2018)

Video streaming traffic has grown sharply in recent years. Dynamic Adaptive Streaming (DAS) is widely used in video streaming because of its ability to cope with the network dynamics and terminal heterogeneity. Compared with AVC(advanced video coding), SVC(scalable video coding) can better adapt to network conditions, reduce server storage and improve users' playback QoE. However, the present TCP/IP network is communication-oriented, focusing on addressing rather than content, which can not fully realize the potential of DAS and SVC. Named Data Networking (NDN) is a new network architecture that centers around content. Its name based routing, in-network caching, hop-by-hop forwarding and built-in multicast support naturally fits the pattern of DAS and SVC. As the last piece of jigsaw puzzle, coupled with DAS and SVC, NDN is believed to be able to provide better video streaming performance. In this paper, we proposed a customized SVC-aware cache and forwarding policy for ordinary NDN routers to support video streaming applications. Simulation results based on ndnSIM2.3 showed that the proposed policy can improve the average playback bitrate and reduce the video stall frequency as well as duration.
High power radiation from ionization fronts in a static electric field in a waveguide (2001)

The radiation produced when a relativistically moving plasma/gas boundary (i.e., an ionization front) passes between alternatively biased capacitor electrodes is studied. Results of an experiment based on a design which incorporates the capacitor electrodes into an X band waveguide are presented. The waveguided design effectively couples nearly three orders of magnitude more power into the output than the previously unguided designs. Linear theory is extended to include the depletion of the laser energy as it propagates through the ionizable gas (i.e., laser depletion), and the effect of finite output pulse duration.
Electrooptic polymer modulators operating in both TE and TM modes incorporating a vertically tapered cladding (1997)

We propose a modified electrooptic (EO) PMMA polymer waveguide structure supporting both TE and TM modes in spite of the large birefringence induced by the poling. A vertically tapered structure is employed to connect a single-mode rib waveguide and a confinement-enhanced rectangular buried waveguide. This waveguide structure can be easily fabricated by a two-step reactive ion etching (RIE) process with a shadow mask. To demonstrate TE/TM confinement and single-mode operation, Mach-Zehnder intensity modulators are fabricated by incorporating the proposed waveguide structure. The extinction ratio is better than -15 dB, which proves the single-mode operation. Half-wave voltages for TM and TE modes are 6 and 24 V, respectively.
Comparison of Vegetation Indices and Red‐edge Parameters for Estimating Grassland Cover from Canopy Reflectance Data (2007)

Abstract There has been a great deal of interests in the estimation of grassland biophysical parameters such as percentage of vegetation cover (PVC), aboveground biomass, and leaf‐area index with remote sensing data at the canopy scale. In this paper, the percentage of vegetation cover was estimated from vegetation indices using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data and red‐edge parameters through the first derivative spectrum from in situ hypserspectral reflectance data. Hyperspectral reflectance measurements were made on grasslands in Inner Mongolia, China, using an Analytical Spectral Devices spectroradiometer. Vegetation indices such as the difference, simple ratio, normalized difference, renormalized difference, soil‐adjusted and modified soil‐adjusted vegetation indices (DVI, RVI, NDVI, RDVI, SAVI L = 0.5 and MSAVI 2 ) were calculated from the hyperspectral reflectance of various vegetation covers. The percentage of vegetation cover was estimated using an unsupervised spectral‐contextual classifier automatically. Relationships between percentage of vegetation cover and various vegetation indices and red‐edge parameters were compared using a linear and second‐order polynomial regression. Our analysis indicated that MSAVI 2 and RVI yielded more accurate estimations for a wide range of vegetation cover than other vegetation indices and red‐edge parameters for the linear and second‐order polynomial regression, respectively.
Recirculation during Veno-Venous Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation – a Simulation Study (2014)

Simulations suggest that recirculation is a significant clinical problem in veno-venous ECMO in agreement with clinical data. Due to the difficulties in measuring recirculation and interpretation of the venous oxygen saturation in the ECMO drainage blood, flow settings and cannula positioning should rather be optimized with help of arterial oxygenation parameters. Simulation may be useful in quantification and understanding of recirculation in VV-ECMO.
Plasmonic Polymer Tandem Solar Cell (2011)

We demonstrated plasmonic effects in an inverted tandem polymer solar cell configuration by blending Au nanoparticles (NPs) into the interconnecting layer (ICL) that connects two subcells. Experimental results showed this plasmonic enhanced ICL improves both the top and bottom subcells' efficiency simultaneously by enhancing optical absorption. The presence of Au NPs did not cause electrical characteristics to degrade within the tandem cell. As a result, a 20% improvement of power conversion efficiency has been attained by the light concentration of Au NPs via plasmonic near-field enhancement. The simulated near-field distribution and experimental Raman scattering investigation support our results of plasmonic induced enhancement in solar cell performance. Our finding shows a great potential of incorporating the plasmonic effect with conventional device structure in achieving highly efficient polymer solar cells.
Characterization of the branched antimicrobial peptide M6 by analyzing its mechanism of action and <i>in vivo</i> toxicity (2007)

We analyzed functional activity of the antimicrobial peptide M6 in vitro and in vivo. The peptide was identified by our group by phage library selection, rational modification and synthesis in a tetrabranched form (Pini et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2005; 49: 2665-72). We found that it binds lipopolysaccharide, causes perforation of cell membranes without destroying external cell morphology and strongly binds DNA. The latter feature suggests that it could inhibit metabolic pathways, blocking DNA replication and/or transcription. We also observed that M6 does not stimulate humoral immune response when repeatedly administered to animals. We also analyzed M6 toxicity when administered to animals by intraperitoneal or by intravenous injection, determining a preliminary LD50 (125 and 37.5 mg/kg, respectively), which suggested that M6 could be used in vivo. These features make the antimicrobial branched peptide M6 a promising candidate for the development of a new antibacterial drug.
Connection of surface tension with multiple tribological properties in epoxy + fluoropolymer systems (2003)

Abstract Contact angles of free liquids on solid samples were measured and the van Oss–Good method was applied for evaluating surface tensions of the solids. A parachor method was used for comparison: in this case the respective values were calculated for the polymer solids from molecular and group contributions. Surface tensions were computed from the parachors and the two methods compared. Effects of varying the fluoropolymer added to the epoxy before curing are discussed. For a given fluoropolymer, effects of changing its concentration on surface tension have also been evaluated and compared to the changes in scratch resistance (scratch penetration depth, recovery depth) and in static and dynamic friction. Morphological and phase structure changes are reflected in all these properties, showing a strong connection between the surface tension and tribological properties. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Cidofovir and (<i>S</i>)-9-[3-Hydroxy-(2-Phosphonomethoxy)Propyl]Adenine Are Highly Effective Inhibitors of Vaccinia Virus DNA Polymerase When Incorporated into the Template Strand (2007)

The acyclic nucleoside phosphonate drug (S)-9-[3-hydroxy-(2-phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine [(S)-HPMPA], is a broad-spectrum antiviral and antiparasitic agent. Previous work has shown that the active intracellular metabolite of this compound, (S)-HPMPA diphosphate [(S)-HPMPApp], is an analog of dATP and targets DNA polymerases. However, the mechanism by which (S)-HPMPA inhibits DNA polymerases remains elusive. Using vaccinia virus as a model system, we have previously shown that cidofovir diphosphate (CDVpp), an analog of dCTP and a related antiviral agent, is a poor substrate for the vaccinia virus DNA polymerase and acts to inhibit primer extension and block 3'-to-5' proofreading exonuclease activity. Based on structural similarities and the greater antiviral efficacy of (S)-HPMPA, we predicted that (S)-HPMPApp would have a similar, but more pronounced effect on vaccinia polymerase than CDVpp. Interestingly, we found that (S)-HPMPApp is a good substrate for the viral enzyme, exhibiting K(m) and V(max) parameters comparable to those of dATP, and certainly not behaving like CDVpp as a functional chain terminator. Metabolic experiments indicated that (S)-HPMPA is converted to (S)-HPMPApp to a much greater extent than CDV is converted to CDVpp, although both drugs cause identical effects on virus DNA replication at their 50% effective concentration. Subsequent studies showed that both compounds can be faithfully incorporated into DNA, but when CDV and (S)-HPMPA are incorporated into the template strand, both strongly inhibit trans-lesion DNA synthesis. It thus appears that nucleoside phosphonate drugs exhibit at least two different effects on DNA polymerases depending upon in what form the enzyme encounters the drug.
Difference engines: from Müller to Comrie (2003)

Abstract Most people in the computing disciplines know of the famous difference engine designed by Charles Babbage, but many are unaware of several others that were produced after Babbage's efforts and even one mention of the concept that predates him. Difference methods were once of fundamental importance in the construction of tables but they have fallen into disuse since the invention of the digital computer. Indeed, they were already of lesser importance during the era of the massive electro-mechanical machines developed by, among others, Bell Laboratories and Harvard University in the 1940s. Because of their relative obscurity, this chapter explains these methods and then examines the machines that used them. These include Müller's machine, Babbage machine, Scheutz machines, Wiberg machine, and Grant's difference engine.
Polarized spectral emittance from periodic micromachined surfaces. I. Doped silicon: The normal direction (1988)

The normal, polarized spectral (3 \ensuremath{\mu}m\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\le}14 \ensuremath{\mu}m) emittances of highly doped, micromachined, periodic structures on heavily phosphorus-doped (110) silicon ([P]\ensuremath{\sim}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$) were measured for pattern repeat scales, \ensuremath{\Lambda}, of 10, 14, 18, and 22 \ensuremath{\mu}m and depths ranging from 0.7 to 45 \ensuremath{\mu}m. These structures have dimensions that are comparable to the wavelengths of the measured radiation. The s-polarization vector in these measurements was perpendicular to the grating vector. The data demonstrated that the emittance from the deep structures is dominated by standing (quantized) electromagnetic waves in a direction normal to the surface similar to those in an organ pipe. Wood's singularities were clearly visible in the p-polarized emission on shallow gratings (depth \ensuremath{\le}1.5 \ensuremath{\mu}m). It is concluded that these measurements, particularly the s-polarized emission from deep gratings, cannot be explained by calculations of electromagnetic singularities on lamellar gratings.
Imaging monitored loosening of dense fibrous tissues using high-intensity pulsed ultrasound (2013)

Pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is proposed as a new alternative treatment for contracture of dense fibrous tissue. It is hypothesized that the pulsed-HIFU can release the contracted tissues by attenuating tensile stiffness along the fiber axis, and that the stiffness reduction can be quantitatively monitored by change of B-mode images. Fresh porcine tendons and ligaments were adapted to an ex vivo model and insonated with pulsed-HIFU for durations ranging from 5 to 30 min. The pulse length was 91 µs with a repetition frequency of 500 Hz, and the peak rarefactional pressure was 6.36 MPa. The corresponding average intensities were kept around 1606 W cm(-2) for ISPPA and 72.3 W cm(-2) for ISPTA. B-mode images of the tissues were acquired before and after pulsed-HIFU exposure, and the changes in speckle intensity and organization were analyzed. The tensile stiffness of the HIFU-exposed tissues along the longitudinal axis was examined using a stretching machine. Histology examinations were performed by optical and transmission electron microscopy. Pulsed-HIFU exposure significantly decreased the tensile stiffness of the ligaments and tendons. The intensity and organization of tissue speckles in the exposed region were also decreased. The speckle changes correlated well with the degree of stiffness alteration. Histology examinations revealed that pulsed-HIFU exposure probably damages tissues via a cavitation-mediated mechanism. Our results suggest that pulsed-HIFU with a low duty factor is a promising tool for developing new treatment strategies for orthopedic disorders.
Recirculation Time During Exercise (1968)

Recirculation times measured from Cardio Green dye curves at rest and during exercise in four normal subjects and 12 patients with heart disease were inversely related to cardiac output. During gaseous techniques for estimation of cardiac output, sampling should be performed within 15 sec at rest and 10 sec during exercise, to avoid errors due to recirculation.
Handling Constrained Multi-Objective optimization with Objective Space Mapping to Decision Space Based on Extreme Learning Machine (2020)

Constrained multi-objective optimization is frequently encountered from the point of view of practical problem solving. The difficulty of constrained multi-objective optimization is how to offer guarantee of finding feasible optimal solutions within a specified number of iterations. To address the issue, this paper proposes an innovative optimization framework with objective space mapping to decision space for constrained multiobjective optimization and a novel multi-objective optimization algorithms are proposed based on this framework. Extreme learning machine implements prediction of decision variables from modified objective values with distance measure and adaptive penalty. This algorithm employs the framework of artificial bee colony to divide this optimization process into two phases: the employed bees and the onlooker bees. In the phase of employed bees, multi-objective strategy employs fast non-dominant sort and crowded distance to push the population toward Pareto front. In the phase of onlooker bees, multi-objective strategy employs Tchebycheff approach to enhance the population diversity. The experimental results on a series of benchmark problems suggest that our proposed algorithm is quite effective, in comparison to other state-of-the-art constrained multi-objective optimizers.
Computed Tomography with Fan Beam Geometry (1977)

Data collection for computed tomography (CT), using a fan beam of radiation, is considered in detail. The manner in which the required projection data set is built up as scanning proceeds is demonstrated. It is shown that by offsetting the fan beam detector from its symmetrical position by a fraction of the element spacing, and by making measurements over 360 degrees, the spatial resolution of the detector may be increased by up to a factor of two. Results of simulations relating to an actual CT device under construction are presented.