gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural Stabilities and Self-Assembly of Cucurbit[<i>n</i>]uril (<i>n</i> = 4−7) and Decamethylcucurbit[<i>n</i>]uril (<i>n</i> = 4−6):  A Theoretical Study (2001)

Relative stabilities of cucurbit[n]uril homologues (CB[n]; n = 4−7) and decamethylcucurbit[n]uril homologues (DCB[n]; n = 4−6) have been inspected with ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Results show that CB[6] and CB[7] are more stable among CB[n] homologues and DCB[5] among DCB[n] homologues, which confirms the previous experiments. This is also supported in consideration of the puckering angles of the respective dimeric building units. Our investigation on the template effect in the formation of CB and DCB macrocyclic structure suggests that H3O+ is important in tethering the building units being added to the macrocyclic structure in the course of the reaction. The presence of acid tends to favor the structures of smaller-size homologues. Thus, in consideration of the acid contents in the experiments, our calculations explain why CB[6] and DCB[5] are the major products. Moreover, it explains why considerable amount of CB[7] could be obtained in the recent report in which the amount of CB[7] was one-third of the amount of CB[6]. In a similar fashion, DCB[6] is predicted to exist as a coproduct with DCB[5].
Comparison of navigator echo and centroid corrections of image displacement induced by static magnetic field drift on echo planar functional MRI (2001)

Image displacement caused by static magnetic field drift may result in serious edge artifacts in echo-planar functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We compared navigator echo and centroid methods for correcting the artifacts for phantom and in vivo studies. A motor-stimulation fMRI study was performed to demonstrate the possible effects due to the displacement. The navigator echo method was shown to be the superior technique for the correction of image displacement by effectively eliminating edge artifacts, resulting in improved functional maps.
Metalloproteinases and collagenase inhibitors in rheumatoid synovial fluid (1984)

The levels of metalloproteinases and metalloproteinase inhibitors were measured in rheumatoid synovial fluid. Reliable estimates of total enzyme and inhibitor levels in the synovial fluids were obtained only after hyaluronidase treatment and gel filtration. Three latent metalloproteinases were found which, after activation, degraded collagen, proteoglycan, and gelatin. These enzymes closely resembled the metalloproteinases secreted into connective tissue culture medium. In addition to alpha 2 macroglobulin, an Mr 30,000 collagenase inhibitor was detected which closely resembled the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase found in tissue culture medium.
Disease‐specific quality of life is associated with anxiety and depression in patients with acne (2004)

(1) Irrespective of the degree of severity, patients with acne are at increased risk for anxiety and depression compared to the normal population. (2) Acne negatively affects quality of life, and the greater the impairment of quality of life due to acne, the greater the level of anxiety and depression. (3) A greater impairment of dermatologic quality of life seems to put the patient at an increased risk for anxiety disorder.
The School Child with ME (1994)

Jane Colby, former headteacher who retired early because she contracted ME, discusses the incidence, symptoms, management and other aspects of the illness in relation to children in school.
Defining the Mandate of Tuberculosis Research in a Postgenomic Era (2004)

The identification of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> by Robert Koch in 1882 as the causative agent of tuberculosis, the release of the drug rifampicin in 1970 and the sequencing of the <i>M. tuberculosis</i> genome in 1998 are three major events that have revolutionized tuberculosis research. In spite of these breakthroughs, the continued status of tuberculosis as the largest killer amongst infectious diseases is an issue of major concern. Although directly observed short course chemotherapy exists to treat the disease, the emergence of drug-resistant strains has severely threatened the efficacy of the treatment. The recent sequencing of the <i>M. tuberculosis</i> genome holds promise for the development of new vaccines and the design of new drugs. This is all the more possible when the information from the genome sequence is combined with proteomics and structural and functional genomics. Such an integrated approach has led to the birth of a new field of research christened ‘postgenomics’ that holds substantial promise for the identification of novel drug targets and the potential to aid the development of new chemotherapeutic compounds to treat tuberculosis. The challenge before the scientific community therefore lies in elucidation of the wealth of information provided by the genome sequence and its translation into the design of novel therapies for the disease. All the major developments in the field of tuberculosis research after the sequencing of the <i>M. tuberculosis</i> genome will be discussed in this review.
Roof Integrated Solar Absorber: The Measured Performance of “Invisible” Solar Collectors (2001)

Abstract The Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), with the support of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), has investigated the thermal performance of solar absorbers which are an integral yet indistinguishable part of a building’s roof. The first roof-integrated solar absorber (RISA) system was retrofitted into FSEC’S Flexible Roof Facility in Cocoa, Florida in September 1998. This “proof-of-concept” system uses the asphalt shingle roof surface and the plywood decking under the shingles as an unglazed solar absorber. The absorbed solar heat is then transferred to water that is circulated from a storage tank through polymer tubing attached to the underside of the roof decking. Data collected on this direct 3.9 m2 (42 ft2) solar system for a period of 12 months indicates that it was able to provide an average of 3.4 kWh per day of hot water energy to the storage tank under a 242 liters (64 gal) per day load. The RISA system’s average annual solar conversion efficiency was also determined to be 8 percent, with daily efficiencies reaching a maximum of 13 percent. In addition, a thermal performance equation has been determined to characterize the Phase 1 RISA system’s year-long efficiency under various ambient temperature, insolation, and wind speed conditions. As a follow-on to the proof-of-concept phase, two prototypes of approximately 4.5 m2 (48 ft2) surface area were constructed and submitted for FSEC thermal performance testing. These Phase 2 RISA prototypes differ in both roof construction and the position of the polymer tubing. One prototype is similar to the “proof-of-concept” RISA system as it employs an asphalt shingle roof surface and has the tubing mounted on the underside of the plywood decking. The second RISA prototype uses metal roofing panels over a plywood substrate and places the polymer tubing between the plywood decking and the metal roofing. Both prototypes were tested according to ASHRAE Standard 93 for determining the thermal performance of solar collectors. From performance data measured both outdoors and indoors using a solar Simulator, FR(ταe)’s were determined to be approximately 18% and 33% for the asphalt shingle and metal roof RISA prototypes, respectively. In addition, the coefficients of linear and second-order efficiency equations were also determined at various wind speeds. Finally, an FSEC thermal performance rating was calculated at the low and intermediate temperature levels. In summary, this paper is a first look at the thermal performance results for these “invisible” solar absorbers that use the actual roof surface of a building for solar heat collection.
Discriminative substring decoding for transliteration (2009)

We present a discriminative substring decoder for transliteration. This decoder extends recent approaches for discriminative character transduction by allowing for a list of known target-language words, an important resource for transliteration. Our approach improves upon Sherif and Kondrak's (2007b) state-of-the-art decoder, creating a 28.5% relative improvement in transliteration accuracy on a Japanese katakana-to-English task. We also conduct a controlled comparison of two feature paradigms for discriminative training: indicators and hybrid generative features. Surprisingly, the generative hybrid outperforms its purely discriminative counterpart, despite losing access to rich source-context features. Finally, we show that machine transliterations have a positive impact on machine translation quality, improving human judgments by 0.5 on a 4-point scale.
Comparison of Cyclopentolate Versus Tropicamide Cycloplegia in Children (1993)

This double masked study compares the cycloplegic effects of tropicamide 1% and cyclopentolate 1% in 20 nonstrabismic, nonamblyopic, hyperopic 6- to 12-year-old children with a mean refractive error = +1.48 +/- 1.10 diopters (D). Unlike previous studies which used only amplitude of accommodation to measure the depth of cycloplegia, this study compares refractive error as determined by retinoscopy, distance subjective refraction, and distance autorefraction (Canon R-1). In addition, we compare the amplitude of accommodation as measured by subjective push-up and objective autorefraction methods. There is no statistically significant difference between cyclopentolate and tropicamide for either cycloplegic retinoscopy or distance subjective refraction. Autorefraction measurement of refractive error shows a statistically significant but clinically unimportant bias (0.14 +/- 0.30 D) toward more hyperopia with cyclopentolate. Both drops reveal latent hyperopia, and the mean latencies are not statistically different between the two cycloplegic agents. Latent hyperopia is not systematically related to the degree of hyperopia after tropicamide, but this relation is significant after cyclopentolate. No differences were found between refractive results with either agent at 30 min compared to 60 min after drop instillation. When measured objectively with the autorefractor, accommodation is inhibited more effectively by cyclopentolate than by tropicamide. Our results suggest that although tropicamide is not as effective as cyclopentolate in inhibiting accommodation it is, nevertheless, a useful cycloplegic agent for measuring distance refractive error of low to moderate hyperopia in school-aged children.
Hydropower from Underground Pumped Storage (1975)

Abstract This paper discusses the development of hydroelectric pumped storage in the United States and the growing need for peaking power. Energy storage in the form of water stored in a higher reservoir for later release to a lower reservoir to generate electric power is a practical and proved concept. In areas where stored energy is needed, but where no suitable sites are available for conventional pumped storage with both the upper and lower reservoirs above ground, underground pumped storage can be the answer. The feasibility of using underground caverns for the lower reservior in areas that have suitable rock formations is examined here. Included in this discussion are the size and type of underground configurations that are required and can be developed. The rock characteristics necessary are reviewed, as are the size and depth of the underground caverns that are required to store the water and to house the power plant. Equipment availability and its limitations are also considered. The studies are generally based on a 2000-MW underground pumped-storage project designed for a total head of 3200 ft and the reversible unit plant with two drops of 1600 ft each. Both anticipated costs of such facilities and the factors involved in the overall construction schedule are presented.
High performance, low-cost chip-on-board (COB) FDDI transmitter and receiver for avionics applications (2002)

Recent trends in the avionics industry have focused on the use of commercial-off-the-shelf electronic components for specialized system applications. Deviating from the conventional concept of high performance at any cost, the idea of producing avionics optoelectronic modules at a low cost-to-performance ratio (or high performance-to-cost ratio) is emerging. Laminate based/Chip-on-Board multichip module interconnect (MCM-L/COB) technology is a robust and flexible packaging approach which has demonstrated its effectiveness in low-cost consumer electronics for many years, and is rapidly finding acceptance in high performance electronics applications. In this paper, we present our results on the development of ARINC 636 compatible Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) fiber-optic transmitter and receiver modules using MCM-L/COB packaging technology. These modules are equivalent to the industry standard FDDI modules in footprint, but they are required to function with higher performance and be able to operate under more severe environmental conditions than commercial grade components. Through a careful MCM-L design layout and optical subassembly (OSA) selection process, we have demonstrated COB FDDI transmitter and receiver modules that exhibit excellent results over the temperature range of -40 to 110/spl deg/C. Our test results show that the transmitter minimum average output power is about -13 dBm over the operating temperature range. This is 3 dB better than the standard commercial grade FDDI transmitters. Operating at 125 Mb/s, an overall link margin greater than 22 dB can be achieved by these high performance MCM-L/COB optoelectronic modules.
A role for β <sub>2</sub> integrins (CD11/CD18) in the regulation of cytokine gene expression of polymorphonuclear neutrophils during the inflammatory response (1999)

ABSTRACT Growing evidence supports the idea that adhesion via β 2 integrins not only allows cellular targeting, but also induces intracellular signaling, which in turn activates functional responses of adherent cells. This study investigates whether β 2 integrin‐mediated adhesion of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) has a functional impact on cytokine production. Aggregation of the β 2 integrin Mac‐1 (CD11b/CD18) by antibody cross‐linking was found to induce substantial de novo synthesis of IL‐8 mRNA as measured by semiquantitative RT‐PCR and Northern blotting technique, respectively. Induction of IL‐8 mRNA was also observed upon adhesion of PMN to immobilized fibrinogen, a functional equivalent of its clotting product fibrin that serves as a native ligand of Mac‐1. Results were confirmed using PMN derived from CD18‐deficient mice, which were unable to produce MIP‐2 mRNA, a homologue of human IL‐8, in the presence of immobilized fibrinogen. In contrast, a substantial increase of MIP‐2 mRNA was observed when wild‐type PMN were incubated on immobilized fibrinogen. In human PMN, ELISA technique showed that the gene activation that required tyrosine kinase activity resulted in a substantial production and secretion of biologically active IL‐8 and IL‐1β. In contrast, no TNF‐α or IL‐6 production was found, revealing that β 2 integrins mediate differential expression of proinflammatory cytokines. The biological relevance of the present findings was confirmed in an in vivo model of acute inflammation. Altogether, the present findings provide evidence for a functional link between clotting and inflammatory responses that may contribute to the recruitment and/or activation of PMN and other cells at sites of lesion.—Walzog, B., Weinmann, P., Jeblonski, F., Scharffetter‐Kochanek, K., Bommert, K., Gaehtgens, P. A role for β 2 integrins (CD11/CD18) in the regulation of cytokine gene expression of polymorphonuclear neutrophils during the inflammatory response. FASEB J . 13, 1855–1865 (1999)
<i>In vitro</i> Modeling of Human Pancreatic Duct Epithelial Cell Transformation Defines Gene Expression Changes Induced by K- <i>ras</i> Oncogenic Activation in Pancreatic Carcinogenesis (2005)

Genetic analysis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and their putative precursor lesions, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanIN), has shown a multistep molecular paradigm for duct cell carcinogenesis. Mutational activation or inactivation of the K-ras, p16(INK4A), Smad4, and p53 genes occur at progressive and high frequencies in these lesions. Oncogenic activation of the K-ras gene occurs in >90% of pancreatic ductal carcinoma and is found early in the PanIN-carcinoma sequence, but its functional roles remain poorly understood. We show here that the expression of K-ras(G12V) oncogene in a near diploid HPV16-E6E7 gene immortalized human pancreatic duct epithelial cell line originally derived from normal pancreas induced the formation of carcinoma in 50% of severe combined immunodeficient mice implanted with these cells. A tumor cell line established from one of these tumors formed ductal cancer when implanted orthotopically. These cells also showed increased activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase, AKT, and nuclear factor-kappaB pathways. Microarray expression profiling studies identified 584 genes whose expression seemed specifically up-regulated by the K-ras oncogene expression. Forty-two of these genes have been reported previously as differentially overexpressed in pancreatic cancer cell lines or primary tumors. Real-time PCR confirmed the overexpression of a large number of these genes. Immunohistochemistry done on tissue microarrays constructed from PanIN and pancreatic cancer samples showed laminin beta3 overexpression starting in high-grade PanINs and occurring in >90% of pancreatic ductal carcinoma. The in vitro modeling of human pancreatic duct epithelial cell transformation may provide mechanistic insights on gene expression changes that occur during multistage pancreatic duct cell carcinogenesis.
Enzymatic reduction of a less water-soluble ketone in reverse micelles with nadh regeneration (1999)

In enzyme catalysis there is great interest in finding suitable organic media for less water-soluble substrates in order to increase the substrate concentration and, therefore, the reaction rates. These requirements are fulfilled by using microemulsions as reaction media. In this study w/o-microemulsions were used to investigate the kinetics of the reduction of 2-Heptanone to S-2-Heptanol, catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase. The required cofactor NADH for this reduction is regenerated by a second enzyme, formate dehydrogenase. The influences of pH, temperature, and the kinetic parameters of the enzymes are presented. It is demonstrated that in microemulsions the reaction rate of ADH is increased up to 12 times compared to water.
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: Methods of Analyzing the Epidemic in the United Kingdom (2003)

It seems unlikely that anyone could have foretold the interest, controversy, and concern that the occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle in Great Britain would cause when the author was commissioned to investigate its epidemiology in the spring of 1987. The epidemic has proved to be the largest food-borne epidemic of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), and has been the subject of detailed scrutmy epidemiologically, by international agencies and governments, and by representatives of all types of media worldwide. During the course of the epidemic an attempt has been made to decipher the epidemiology of BSE with the usual objectives, the most important being to provide a model of causation such that necessary statutory controls could be identified and enacted to protect animal and human health, both in Great Britain and abroad.
In vitro studies of prolonged synaptic depression in the neonatal rat spinal cord. (1992)

1. Synaptic transmission between dorsal root afferents and alpha-motoneurones was studied in the in vitro hemisected spinal cord preparation isolated from neonatal rats. 2. Repetitive stimulation of the dorsal roots depressed the monosynaptic reflex recorded from the homologous ventral roots. The depression developed within the first five to six pulses in a stimulus train and stabilized at a plateau-like level for many seconds of stimulation. 3. The magnitude of the reflex depression depended on the stimulation interval and was capable of reducing the reflex to 17% of its undepressed control during 5 Hz stimulus trains. Complete recovery from depression was obtained at stimulation intervals greater than or equal to 30 s. 4. Monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were recorded intracellularly after reduction of the activity in polysynaptic pathways by addition of mephenesin to the bathing media. These EPSPs exhibited a prolonged, frequency-dependent synaptic depression. The depression reduced the amplitude of the EPSP to 25% of the undepressed control during 5 Hz stimulus trains, and was alleviated completely at stimulus interval greater than or equal to 60 s. 5. The prolonged EPSP depression was not altered by blockade of glycinergic and type-A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA-ergic) receptors underlying postsynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord. Injection of current steps to motoneurones before and during the prolonged depression revealed similar values of the membrane time constant and input resistance. These excluded changes in the passive properties of the motoneurone membrane as an explanation for the observed synaptic depression. 6. Extracellular recordings of terminal potentials and their accompanying synaptic fields from motor nuclei in the ventrolateral cord revealed that the frequency-dependent depression in the synaptic fields was not preceded by any detectable changes in the amplitude or the shape of the terminal potential, suggesting that the depression cannot be attributed to impairment of action potential invasion to the afferent terminals. 7. Reduction of the basic level of transmitter release in the spinal cord by increasing the Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of the bathing solution or by application of 2 microM of L(-)baclofen markedly diminished the synaptic potential depression at all the stimulation intervals tested in this study. Recovery from depression was evident for stimulation intervals greater than or equal to 5 s. Under these conditions, short tetanic trains (5 pulses at 25 Hz) revealed a substantial facilitation and potentiation of the EPSPs. 8. We suggest that prolonged depression of synaptic potentials in the neonatal rat reflects decreased transmitter output from the activated afferent terminals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Fault diagnosis of Photovoltaic Modules (2019)

Abstract Fault diagnosis and condition monitoring are important to increase the efficiency and reliability of photovoltaic modules. This paper reviews the challenges and limitations associated with fault diagnosis of solar modules. A thorough analysis of various faults responsible for failure of solar modules has been discussed. After reviewing relevant work, a monitoring tool is designed using thermography and artificial intelligent systems that allows the detection of various types of faults in PV modules and at the same time the designed tool aims to filter the nonsignificant anomalies. A neural network (NN) classifier is applied to the transfer characteristics ( I‐V data) of the faulty PV module for the diagnosis which adapts multilayer perceptron (MLP) networks to identify the type and location of occurring faults. The Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) based signal processing technique is utilized in the feature extraction process to reduce the NN input size. The developed detection algorithm is adapted for 24/7 automated surveillance. For a given fault condition, the average fault detection time is observed to be <9 seconds, which is lower than the previous work done. The developed algorithm achieved 100% accuracy when tested on a predetermined fault data set.