gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polarization bandpass filter based on one-dimensional photonic crystal heterostructures (2009)

A new kind of polarization bandpass filters (P-BPFs), which fulfill the functions of high reflectivity for one polarization and high transmittance in the passband for the other, are proposed. The P-BPFs consist of a stack of two one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystals (PCs) that are referred to as 1D PC heterostructures. The essential function of P-BPFs is realized by making the first transmitted peak near the photonic bandgap edges of one PC coincide with that of the other PC. Based on this method, three kinds of filters have been designed and discussed in detail: an isotropic 1D PC single-polarization bandpass filter (SP-BPF) at oblique incidence with a narrow passband for TM polarization and a broadened stop band for TE polarization, an anisotropic 1D PC SP-BPF at normal incidence with a narrow passband for TE polarization and a broadened stop band for TM polarization, and an anisotropic 1D PC double-polarization bandpass filter (DP-BPF) at oblique incidence with a spectral separated narrow passband for both polarizations, respectively. The filters can be fabricated by a lot of coating methods and integrated easily with other photonic components.
Superheated Rubber for Cold Storage (2011)

Highly stretched rubber cools down upon relaxation. A natural rubber material that stores high elongations up to 1000% strain upon strain-induced crystallization at room temperature is reported. The strain recovered and, with this, the stored “cold” is released only by a thermal or athermal trigger.
Node prefetch prediction in dataflow graphs (2004)

Dataflow languages provide a high-level description that can expose inherent parallelism in many applications. This high level description can be applied to automatically create efficient code and schedules based on patterns in the dataflow graphs and knowledge of the target architecture. When targeting a dataflow graph to custom hardware, it is sometimes advantageous to share nodes with similar functionality to save silicon. Any state information associated with the caller of the shared node must be stored and subsequently loaded upon firing. If prediction logic can predict which caller of a shared node is next, the associated state information can be prefetched while other nodes of the graph are executing. While some applications can be entirely scheduled at compile time, many multi- channel measurement and control applications require some degree of dynamic scheduling. This paper's key contribution is a lightweight call prediction unit with 100% prediction accuracy given a runtime-determined periodic calling schedule. While applications are varied, we show a 33% speedup in a filtering application possible in wireless ad hoc networks.
Three-Dimensional Tarp Coding for the Compression of Hyperspectral Images (2004)

An embedded wavelet-based coder for the compression of hyperspectral imagery is described. The proposed coder, three-dimensional (3-D) tarp, employs an explicit estimate of the probability of coefficient significance to drive a nonadaptive arithmetic coder, resulting in a simple implementation suited to vectorized acceleration in single-instruction-multiple-data (SIMD) hardware. The proposed 3-D tarp coder is compared to other prominent coders for the compression of hyperspectral imagery, and state-of-the-art rate-distortion performance is observed.
The use of deoxyfluoro-<scp>d</scp>-glucopyranoses and related compounds in a study of yeast hexokinase specificity (1972)

1. 2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose, 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-mannose and 2-deoxy-2,2-difluoro-d-arabino-hexose are good substrates for yeast hexokinase. 2. 3-Deoxy-3-fluoro-d-glucose and 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-d-glucose are poor substrates and have very similar K(m) values (8x10(-2)m). 3. Neither alpha- nor beta-d-glucopyranosyl fluoride is a substrate or inhibitor. 4. Studies with 2-chloro-2-deoxy- and 2-O-methyl derivatives of d-glucose and d-mannose have revealed that little chemical modification is possible at position 2 without substantial loss in substrate binding. 5. The variation in the value of K(m) for the d-hexose derivatives was associated with a corresponding change in the value of K(m) for MgATP(2-) showing that the binding of MgATP(2-) is modified by the binding of the sugar.
Visible (657-nm) InGaP/lnAlGaP strained QW vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (1992)

We report what we believe to be the first visible-light (657-nm) photopumped operation of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser. Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have recently attracted a great deal of interest because of their surface-normal operation, potential for extremely low-threshold currents, ease of fabrication of closely spaced 1 - and 2-D arrays and integration with other devices such as transistors for photonic switching uses. To date, operation of the VCSEL has been limited to the range between 740 nm and ~1.0 μm. We have, for the first time we believe, extended this range into the visible («700 nm) where numerous applications exist including ultrafast holographic memory, visible laser projection displays, replacement of the He-Ne laser, and local area networks based on inexpensive, rugged plastic fibers.
Polarization mode dispersion and its mitigation techniques in high speed fiber optical communication systems (2005)

Summary form only given. Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is considered to be one of the main obstacles for deploying high-speed optical communication systems operating at 40-Gb/s per channel and higher. For system with larger PMD, some PMD mitigation techniques have to be used. PMD mitigation techniques can be divided into three main approaches: (i) passive mitigation techniques, (ii) electrical PMD compensation, and (iii) optical PMD compensation. Except the passive ones, most PMD mitigation techniques are channel based, which means that each channel in a WDM system requires a separate PMD compensator. This is very cost ineffective. Recently, some ideas of multi-channel PMD compensators were proposed, including channel switching and some PMD compensator sharing techniques.
LXIV.—The pungent principles of ginger. Part I. A new ketone, zingerone (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethyl methyl ketone) occurring in ginger (1917)

H. Nomura, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1917, 111, 769 DOI: 10.1039/CT9171100769
Hepatitis B Virus Infection and B‐Cell Non‐Hodgkin's Lymphoma in a Hepatitis B Endemic Area: A Case‐control Study (2002)

Several studies have reported a higher prevalence of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and suggested a pathogenic role for HCV, but studies on hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are limited. To determine the association between HBV infection and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, we performed a case-control study in Korea, a hepatitis B endemic area. We recruited 222 patients newly diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at Seoul National University Hospital between January 1997 and December 1998 as cases. Four age- and sex-matched controls were selected for each case, and the control groups comprised of 439 patients with non-hematological malignancy (control group 1) and 444 subjects with non-malignant conditions (control group 2). Relative risk of developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among individuals tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen was calculated after controlling for other potential risk factors of lymphoma, such as smoking, alcohol drinking, transfusion history and HCV infection. Hepatitis B surface antigen was positive in 28 of 222 patients (12.6%) with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma compared with 32 of 439 (7.3%) in control group 1, and 21 of 444 (4.7%) in control group 2 (P = 0.001). The crude odds ratio for B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among the HBV carriers was 2.54 (1.46 - 4.45) and the adjusted odds ratio was 3.30 (1.69 - 6.45) by multivariate analysis. The present study suggests that the risk of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is increased in HBV carriers and warrants further investigation of the possible role of hepatitis B virus in the pathogenesis of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Novel Photolabile Protecting Group for Carbonyl Compounds (2007)

[reaction: see text] A novel type of photo-protecting group for carbonyl compounds is described. The protecting group is readily accessed in one step from commercially available material. Installation of the protecting group upon the carbonyl compounds is achieved in excellent yields. The carbonyl compounds in their protected form are remarkably stable under various conditions and can be released photochemically in high efficiency.
Numerical inverting of matrices of high order (1947)

CHAPTER I. The sources of errors in a computation 1.1. The sources of errors. (A) Approximations implied by the mathematical model. (B) Errors in observational data. (C) Finitistic approximations to transcendental and implicit mathematical formulations. (D) Errors of computing instruments in carrying out elementary operations: "Noise." Round off errors. "Analogy" and digital computing. The pseudo-operations 1023 1.2. Discussion and interpretation of the errors (A)-(D). Stability 1027 1.3. Analysis of stability. The results of Courant, Friedrichs, and Lewy 1028 1.4. Analysis of "noise" and round off errors and their relation to high speed computing 1029 1.5. The purpose of this paper. Reasons for the selection of its problem.... 1030 1.6. Factors which influence the errors (A)-(D). Selection of the elimination method 1031 1.7. Comparison between "analogy" and digital computing methods 1031 CHAPTER II. Round off errors and ordinary algebraical processes. 2.1. Digital numbers, pseudo-operations. Conventions regarding their nature, size and use: (a), (b) 1033 2.2. Ordinary real numbers, true operations. Precision of data. Conventions regarding these: (c), (d) 1035 2.3. Estimates concerning the round off errors: (e) Strict and probabilistic, simple precision. (f) Double precision for expressions ^JT-1 Xiyt 1035 2.4. The approximative rules of algebra for pseudo-operations 1038 2.5. Scaling by iterated halving 1039 CHAPTER III. Elementary matrix relations. 3.1. The elementary vector and matrix operations 1041 3.2. Properties of \A\, |^| I and N(A) 1042 3.3. Symmetry and definiteness 1045 3.4. Diagonality and semi-diagonality 1046 3.5. Pseudo-operations for matrices and vectors. The relevant estimates... 1047 CHAPTER IV. The elimination method. 4.1. Statement of the conventional elimination method 1049 4.2. Positioning for size in the intermediate matrices 1051 4.3. Statement of the elimination method in terms of factoring A into semidiagonal factors C, W 1052 4.4. Replacement of C, B' by , C, D 1054 4.5. Reconsideration of the decomposition theorem. The uniqueness theorem 1055
Graph-based context representation, environment modeling and information aggregation for automated driving (2014)

The Stadtpilot project aims at fully automated driving on Braunschweig's inner city ring road. The TU Braunschweig's research vehicle Leonie is one of the first vehicles having the ability of fully automated driving in real urban traffic scenarios. In this paper, we present our approaches for context representation and environment modeling for automated driving. The demonstrated approach allows to provide a simple and yet universal information storage layer for the development of complex driving applications. Moreover, we present our approach for aggregating and fusing information between dynamic traffic objects detected by the sensor systems and a-priori map information.
Urea denaturation of barnase: pH dependence and characterization of the unfolded state (1992)

To investigate the pH dependence of the conformational stability of barnase, urea denaturation curves were determined over the pH range 2-10. The maximum conformational stability of barnase is 9 kcal mol-1 and occurs between pH 5 and 6. The dependence of delta G on urea concentration increases from 1850 cal mol-1 M-1 at high pH to about 3000 cal mol-1 M-1 near pH 3. This suggests that the unfolded conformations of barnase become more accessible to urea as the net charge on the molecule increases. Previous studies suggested that in 8 M urea barnase unfolds more completely than ribonuclease T1, even with the disulfide bonds broken [Pace, C.N., Laurents, D. V., & Thomson, J.A. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 2564-2572]. In support of this, solvent perturbation difference spectroscopy showed that in 8 M urea the Trp and Tyr residues in barnase are more accessible to perturbation by dimethyl sulfoxide than in ribonuclease T1 with the disulfide bonds broken.
Nonreplicating Protocells (2012)

Prebiotic soup experiments have shown that the molecular building blocks of life can be built under prebiotically plausible conditions. From this starting point, researchers have launched continued studies of polymerization and explorations of the breadth of RNA function. Recently, effort has intensified to examine experimentally another stage of the origins of life: the assembly of the molecular parts into model protocells intended to represent the first primitive, cell-like systems to emerge on Earth. Although it may not be possible to recreate the precise sequence of events that led to cellular life, laboratory experiments have begun to show what was and was not possible. Prebiotically plausible lipid vesicles form easily and have many properties that are conducive to cellular function. In addition to protecting nascent replicating genetic systems from parasitic sequences, vesicles facilitate evolution. The data thus far suggest that prebiotically plausible vesicles could have grown, divided, and promoted competition between distinct chemical systems. Most protocellular studies to date have probed the role of self-replication, one feature of extant life in the emergence of the first cellular system. Undoubtedly replicating systems were crucial for protocellular evolution, but other features of life must have been important as well. For example, life does not exist in isolation. A living system must cope with and adapt to environmental fluctuations to survive. The protocell must have generated some of these fluctuations because cellular activity necessarily modifies its surroundings by selectively absorbing nutrients and releasing unwanted molecules. It seems likely that life would have faced this challenge early and either emerged in dynamic locales that continuously regenerated conditions conducive to life or exploited mechanisms to physically move to new areas not depleted in resources. Further studies that explore non-replication-based aspects of the origins of life could reveal a more complete picture of the transition from prebiotic chemistry to early life.
Synthesis, Biological Activity, and DNA-Damage Profile of Platinum-Threading Intercalator Conjugates Designed To Target Adenine (2006)

PT-ACRAMTU {[PtCl(en)(ACRAMTU)](NO3)2, 2; ACRAMTU = 1-[2-(acridin-9-ylamino)ethyl]-1,3-dimethylthiourea, 1, en = ethane-1,2-diamine} is the prototype of a series of DNA-targeted adenine-affinic dual intercalating/platinating agents. Several novel 4,9-disubstituted acridines and the corresponding platinum-acridine conjugates were synthesized. The newly introduced 4-carboxamide side chains contain H-bond donor/acceptor functions designed to promote groove- and sequence-specific platinum binding. In HL-60 (leukemia) and H460 (lung) cancer cells, IC50 values in the micromolar to millimolar range were observed. Several of the intercalators show enhanced cytotoxicity compared to prototype 1, but conjugate 2 appears to be the most potent hybrid agent. Enzymatic digestion assays in conjunction with liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry analysis indicate that the new conjugates produce PT-ACRAMTU-type DNA damage. Platinum-modified 2'-deoxyguanosine, dG, and several dinucleotide fragments, d(NpN)*, were detected. One of the conjugates showed significantly higher levels of binding to A-containing sites than conjugate 2 (35 +/- 3% vs 24 +/- 3%). Possible structure-activity relationships are discussed.
Solubilities of Uranium(IV) Dioxide in Magnesium Chloride, Calcium Chloride, and Aluminum Chloride Melts:  A Comparative Study (1996)

High-temperature near-IR absorption spectroscopy was used to study the dissolution of UO2 in molten MgCl2, CaCl2, and AlCl3 melts. The study reveals that UO2 is most soluble in molten AlCl3, followed by the melt of MgCl2. The solubility of UO2 in molten CaCl2 is too small to be measured with optical spectroscopy. This strong dependence of the solubility on the cations of the melts was rationalized by the use of the Flood−Forland−Grjotheim thermodynamic cycle.
<title>Calf muscle blood flow and oxygen consumption measured with near-infrared spectroscopy during venous occlusion</title> (1999)

We present non-invasive measurements of the calf muscle blood flow (BF) and oxygen consumption (OC) by near-infrared spectroscopy. We used a frequency domain tissue oximeter (modulation frequency: 110 MHz, wavelengths: 758 and 830 nm) to measure in real time (acquisition time: 0.64 s) the hemoglobin concentration and saturation. After 1-min of baseline acquisition, we achieved venous occlusion by inflating a pneumatic cuff on the subjectÕs thigh to a pressure of 60 mmHg. The cuff was released after 1 min. The baseline/inflation/release procedure was repeated 3 times to verify reproducibility. We calculated the BF and OC from the initial rate of increase of the total hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin concentration immediately after the onset of venous occlusion. We examined 8 healthy subjects and 18 patients affected by peripheral vascular disease (PVD) in 1 or 2 legs to investigate whether muscle BF and OC at rest can be useful indicators of vascular insufficiency. In healthy legs, we obtained average values of BF=0.73 ml/(100ml)/min and OC=0.10 ml/(100g)/min. The corresponding average values found in legs affected by PVD are BF=1.39 ml/(100ml)/min and OC=0.16 ml/(100g)/min. The ranges of values of BF and OC measured in the healthy legs broadly overlap with the corresponding ranges measured in the PVD legs.
Prediction of the Risk of Hereditary Retinoblastoma, Using DNA Polymorphisms within the Retinoblastoma Gene (1988)

Using molecular cloning, we earlier isolated the "retinoblastoma gene"; mutations or deletions at this locus are associated with the hereditary predisposition to some human cancers, especially retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma. To develop diagnostic tests for such a predisposition, we identified restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLPs) within the retinoblastoma gene and tested their usefulness in predicting the risk of cancer in 20 families with members who had hereditary retinoblastoma. We were able to make predictions in 19 of the 20 kindreds. In 18 kindreds, we demonstrated a consistent association of marker RFLPs with the mutation predisposing to retinoblastoma. In the 19th kindred, there may be a lack of cosegregation of the DNA polymorphisms within the gene and the site of the mutation predisposing to retinoblastoma. However, there is uncertainty about the clinical diagnosis of the retinal lesion in a key member of this kindred; if the lesion is not a retinoblastoma, there is no discrepancy between the DNA polymorphisms and the retinoblastoma trait. We conclude that it is feasible and clinically useful to use these DNA polymorphisms to determine the risk of cancer.
The liver-enriched transcription factor D-site-binding protein activates the promoter of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene in hepatoma cells. (1992)

It has been previously demonstrated that the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) trans-activates the gene coding for the cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) (EC 4.1.1.32) (PEPCK) and binds to several sites along the promoter. The additional observations that C/EBP is expressed in liver and follows the same developmental profile as PEPCK suggests that C/EBP plays an important role in the regulation of PEPCK gene expression. However, since C/EBP is expressed at high levels in lung, a tissue in which PEPCK is not expressed, it appears that other mechanisms are involved to provide PEPCK with high level expression in liver. We now show that the albumin promoter D-site-binding protein (DBP), a transcription factor whose expression is limited to the liver, is also able to trans-activate the PEPCK promoter through sequence-specific binding. Both recombinant DBP and C/EBP bind with highest affinity to regions located at positions -85 and -245 in the promoter, but display differences in their binding properties at other sites. Using eukaryotic expression vectors for both C/EBP and DBP, we found that with 5'-deletion mutants of the PEPCK promoter, both C/EBP and DBP exerted their effects through similar regions of the promoter. However, the use of internal deletion mutants of the promoter identified distinct differences in the mechanism of activation by C/EBP and DBP. In particular, a region of the promoter between positions -86 and -117 significantly attenuated the level of trans-activation by DBP, but not by C/EBP. Evidence presented also supports a model whereby the relative ratios of C/EBP and DBP in the cell fine-tune the expression of the PEPCK gene. These results demonstrate that DBP and C/EBP, while having similar DNA binding specificities, have distinct functional differences in the context of the PEPCK promoter. These differences, along with the developmental profiles of C/EBP and DBP, may provide a mechanistic explanation for the liver-specific as well as the developmental profile of PEPCK gene expression.
Morphometry of right ventricular hypertrophy induced by strenuous exercise in rat (1982)

Effects on the myocardium, particularly those structural properties of the capillary network relevant to tissue oxygenation, were studied morphometrically in rats subjected to a severe running program. Physical conditioning produced a 31% increase in right ventricular weight and only a 12% increase in the weight of the left ventricle. Quantitative analysis of right ventricular myocardium demonstrated relative decreases in capillary luminal volume density (-27%) and capillary luminal surface density (-20%) and an increase in the average maximum distance from the capillary wall to the mitochondria of myocytes (14%). In contrast, the contractile mass expanded in proportion to the growth of the ventricle through augmentation of the cross-sectional area (17%) and length (19%) of the average myocyte. Evaluation of the subcellular constituents of myocytes showed no change in the mitochondria-to-myofibril volume ratio. In conclusion, the capillary bed controlling oxygen availability, diffusion, and transport suggests that excessive physical activity may be detrimental to the myocardium.