gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of dynamic structured illumination for surface slope measurements (2012)

We present a fast and ambiguity-free method for slope measurement of reflective optical elements based on reflectometry. This novel reflectometric method applies triangulation to compute the slope based off projected patterns from an LCD screen, which are recorded by a camera. Accurate, ambiguity-free measurements can be obtained by displaying one pixel at a time on the screen and retrieving its unique image. This process is typically accelerated by scanning lines of pixels or encoding the information with phase using sinusoidal waves. Various classes of solutions exist, centroiding and phase-shifting being the most accepted, but their sensitivities vary with experimental conditions. This paper demonstrates solutions based on various parameters such as accuracy or efficiency. The results are presented in a decision matrix and merit function. Additionally, we propose a new class of solutions – Binary Square screens – in an attempt to address system limitations and compare current systems to our solutions using the decision matrix. Several test conditions are proposed along with the best suited solution.
Phospholipids in Milk Fat: Composition, Biological and Technological Significance, and Analytical Strategies (2013)

Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids are quantitatively the most important phospholipids (PLs) in milk. They are located on the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and in other membranous material of the skim milk phase. They include principally phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine, while sphingomyelin is the dominant species of sphingolipids There is considerable evidence that PLs have beneficial health effects, such as regulation of the inflammatory reactions, chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity on some types of cancer, and inhibition of the cholesterol absorption. PLs show good emulsifying properties and can be used as a delivery system for liposoluble constituents. Due to the amphiphilic characteristics of these molecules, their extraction, separation and detection are critical points in the analytical approach. The extraction by using chloroform and methanol, followed by the determination by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), coupled with evaporative light scattering (ELSD) or mass detector (MS), are the most applied procedures for the PL evaluation. More recently, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR) was also used, but despite it demonstrating high sensitivity, it requires more studies to obtain accurate results. This review is focused on milk fat phospholipids; their composition, biological activity, technological properties, and significance in the structure of milk fat. Different analytical methodologies are also discussed.
Structure intrinsèque du Web (2002)

Le graphe du web a largement été adopté pour représenter la structure du web . En revanche, le lien entre le graphe du web et la localisation des pages web est rarement utilisé. Pourtant, il a déjà été remarqué que la plupart des hyperliens étaient de nature locale (i.e. reliant deux pages d'un même serveur) et que cela permettait de réaliser un encodage efficace du graphe du web . La localité dans le graphe du web se formalise en introduis- ant la notion de , défini comme l'adjonction de l'arbre des préfixes des URLs au graphe. Les noeuds internes sont les préfixes communs des URLs tandis que les feuilles sont les URLs elles-mêmes. Comme le montre la figure , un tri des URLs dans l'ordre lexicographique associé à cet arbre nous permet d'observer la localité des hyperliens directement à partir de la matrice d'adjacence M du graphe du web. Ainsi triée, M se décompose visuelleme- nt en deux termes : M=D+S, où D est diagonale par blocs et S une matrice creuse D. Les blocs de D correspondent à des pages fortement reliées entre elles.
Nefazodone: preclinical pharmacology of a new antidepressant. (1990)

Recent pharmacologic studies suggest that nefazodone may possess antidepressant activity. Nefazodone is active in behavioral models predictive of antidepressant potential. It is active in reversing learned helplessness, prevents reserpine-induced ptosis, and enhances response efficiency in the differential reinforcement for low rates of response paradigm. In in vitro studies, nefazodone inhibits the binding of [3H]ketanserin to cortical serotonin2 (5-HT2) binding sites, whereas in vivo, it antagonizes the 5-HT2-mediated quipazine-induced head shake in rats. In ex vivo studies, acute oral administration of nefazodone inhibits cortical serotonin uptake and occupies frontal cortical 5-HT2 receptor binding sites. Chronic administration of nefazodone produces a reduction in 5-HT2-mediated behavior and decreases cortical 5-HT2 receptor binding site density. Further, a chronic high-dose nefazodone regimen significantly potentiates 5-HT1A-mediated behavioral responses in rats. Nefazodone exhibits decreased anticholinergic, alpha-adrenolytic, and sedative activity relative to other antidepressants.
Bayesian Parameter Estimation Applied to the Li-ion Battery Single Particle Model with Electrolyte Dynamics (2020)

This paper presents a Bayesian parameter estimation approach and identifiability analysis for a lithium-ion battery model, to determine the uniqueness, evaluate the sensitivity and quantify the uncertainty of a subset of the model parameters. The analysis was based on the single particle model with electrolyte dynamics, rigorously derived from the Doyle-Fuller-Newman model using asymptotic analysis including electrode-average terms. The Bayesian approach allows complex target distributions to be estimated, which enables a global analysis of the parameter space. The analysis focuses on the identification problem (i) locally, under a set of discrete quasi-steady states of charge, and in comparison (ii) globally with a continuous excursion of state of charge. The performance of the methodology was evaluated using synthetic data from multiple numerical simulations under diverse types of current excitation. We show that various diffusivities as well as the transference number may be estimated with small variances in the global case, but with much larger uncertainty in the local estimation case. This also has significant implications for estimation where parameters might vary as a function of state of charge or other latent variables.
Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes in ultraviolet light-emitting diode composed of an In0.02Ga0.98N active layer (1999)

Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes have been studied in ultraviolet In0.02Ga0.98N light-emitting diodes (LEDs), by employing photoinduced voltage, electroreflectance, and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. It was found that excitons in the In0.02Ga0.98N active layer are weakly localized at low temperature, and delocalized above about 70 K, showing a three-dimensional feature in the temperature dependence of the radiative lifetime. The external quantum efficiency (ηext) of this LED is about ten times higher than the LED whose active layer is composed of GaN. Improvement of the ηext value by the addition of a small amount of In to the active layer is attributed to the suppression of the density of the nonradiative recombination center (NRC), as well as possibly to where the origin of the NRC is changed.
Aberrations of diffracted wave fields: distortion (2003)

Near-field diffraction patterns are merely aberrated Fraunhofer diffraction patterns. These aberrations, inherent to the diffraction process, provide insight and understanding into wide-angle diffraction phenomena. Nonparaxial patterns of diffracted orders produced by a laser beam passing through a grating and projected upon a plane screen exhibit severe distortion (W311). This distortion is an artifact of the configuration chosen to observe diffraction patterns. Grating behavior expressed in terms of the direction cosines of the propagation vectors of the incident and diffracted orders exhibits no distortion. Use of a simple direction cosine diagram provides an elegant way to deal with nonparaxial diffraction patterns, particularly when large obliquely incident beams produce conical diffraction.
A systematic review of nutritional support in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (2009)

Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is one of the most physiologically stressful medical treatments performed today Complications include vomiting, diarrhoea, infections, bleeding, mucositis and graft-v.-host disease (GvHD), all of which lead to poor nutrition This outcome is combined with possible pre-existing malnutrition from cachexia of malignancy and previous courses of chemotherapy. Studies have demonstrated that patients undergoing HSCT who are underweight have an increased mortality and morbidity. Studies of several nutritional interventions have been undertaken in HSCT. A Cochrane review was produced in 2000 A new systematic review was therefore performed.
Anomalous cross field electron transport in a Hall effect thruster (2006)

The origin of anomalous electron transport across the magnetic field in the channel of a Hall effect thruster has been the subject of controversy, and the relative importance of electron-wall collisions and plasma turbulence on anomalous transport is not clear. From comparisons between Fabry-Pérot measurements and hybrid model calculations of the ion velocity profile in a 5kW Hall effect thruster, we deduce that one and the same mechanism is responsible for anomalous electron transport inside and outside the Hall effect thruster channel. This suggests that the previous assumption that Bohm anomalous conductivity is dominant outside the thruster channel whereas electron-wall conductivity prevails inside the channel is not valid.
Resistance of the Brain to Escherichia coli K1 Infection Depends on MyD88 Signaling and the Contribution of Neutrophils and Monocytes (2013)

Escherichia coli is the leading cause of Gram-negative neonatal bacterial meningitis and also causes meningitis and meningoencephalitis in older and immunocompromised patients. Here, we determined the contribution of granulocytes, monocytes, and TLR signaling cascades in the resistance of adult mice to Escherichia coli K1 brain infection. Deficiency in MyD88 (myd88(-/-)) but not in TRIF (trif(lps2)) adaptor proteins dramatically reduced the survival of animals. Depletion of CD11b(+) Ly-6G(+) Ly-6C(int) neutrophils by application of the anti-Ly-6G (1A8) monoclonal antibody (MAb) led to higher bacterial loads in cerebellum and spleen tissue and resulted in increased mortality compared to those of isotype-treated controls. Depletion of CD11b(+) Ly-6G(+) Ly-6C(int) neutrophils and CD11b(+) Ly-6G(-) Ly-6C(high) monocytes by administration of the anti-Gr-1 (RB6-8C5) MAb rendered mice even more susceptible to the infection, with higher central nervous system (CNS) and spleen bacterial burdens than anti-Ly-6G-treated animals. Depletion of ∼50% of CD11b(+) Ly-6G(-) Ly-6C(high) monocytes by injection of the anti-CCR2 (MC-21) MAb resulted in a trend toward higher mortality compared to that with isotype treatment. Production of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, KC, and MIP-2 in the CNS strongly depended on the bacterial load: increased levels of these cytokines/chemokines were found after depletion of CD11b(+) Ly-6G(+) Ly-6C(int) neutrophils alone or together with CD11b(+) Ly-6G(-) Ly-6C(high) monocytes. These findings identify Toll-like receptor (TLR)-MyD88 signaling and neutrophil and monocyte activity as critical elements in the early host defense against E. coli meningitis.
Liquids from Municipal Solid Waste (1988)

The pyrolysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a promising method of producing useful fuels. However, the reaction mechanisms are not well understood. Current DOE/ANL research is directed at gaining a better understanding of the basic thermokinetic mechanisms associated with the pyrolytic conversion of MSW. Initial results are given for determinations of pyrolytic reactivity for MSW components in a nonisothermal bench-scale reactor. The effects of heating rate and sample weight on overall degradation and product formation over the temperature range 300-475°C were determined. Gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analyses of both the gaseous and liquid products are being performed. Tentative identifications were made of some liquid components from pyrolysis of MSW.
Wzy-Dependent Bacterial Capsules as Potential Drug Targets (2012)

The bacterial capsule is a recognized virulence factor in pathogenic bacteria. It likely works as an antiphagocytic barrier by minimizing complement deposition on the bacterial surface. With the continual rise of bacterial pathogens resistant to multiple antibiotics, there is an increasing need for novel drugs. In the Wzy-dependent pathway, the biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharide (CPS) is regulated by a phosphoregulatory system, whose main components consist of bacterial-tyrosine kinases (BY-kinases) and their cognate phosphatases. The ability to regulate capsule biosynthesis has been shown to be vital for pathogenicity, because different stages of infection require a shift in capsule thickness, making the phosphoregulatory proteins suitable as drug targets. Here, we review the role of regulatory proteins focusing on Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli and discuss their suitability as targets in structure-based drug design.
Imino Diels—Alder Reactions: Efficient Synthesis of Pyrano and Furoquinolines Catalyzed by ZrCl<sub>4</sub>. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Color Gamut Mapping by Optimizing Perceptual Image Quality (1996)

This paper describes color gamut mapping technique as an optimization problem for finding an image which is perceptually closest to the original one among the images which only contain reproducible colors for the destination device. Perceptual difference between images is defined as a color difference of band-pass-filtered images rather than simple summation of ΔE of each pixel within the image.
Final results of phase II trial of pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20) in metastatic melanoma (MM). (2010)

8528 Background: ADI-PEG20 catabolizes arginine (Arg), a nonessential amino acid in human adults, to citrulline and ammonia. Tumor cells which lack argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) are unable to synthesize Arg which can lead to cell death. A phase I/II trial of ADI- PEG20 showed activity in MM (JCO 23:7660) and the optimum biologic dose (OBD) was considered to be 160 IU/m2/week which lowered blood Arg to nondetectable levels. In this phase II study, we obtained tumor samples, when accessible, for ASS staining prior to therapy in patients (pts) with MM and correlated the ASS staining with tumor response. Methods: MM pts were treated with ADI- PEG20 (provided by Polaris, Inc.) at 160-320 IU/m2 I.M. weekly. Tumor measurements were done every 8 weeks. Pretreatment tumor samples were available in 26 pts for ASS staining by immunohistochemistry and/or real time PCR. Results: 36 pts were evaluable for response. 4 (11%) had tumor shrinkage at > 30%, 4 had minor response (< 30% shrinkage), 2 had stable disease and 4 had mixed response. ASS staining correlated with tumor response: for the 16 pts with ASS(−) tumors, 3 (19%) had response and clinical benefit (partial response, minor response and stable disease) was noted in 8 (50%). Including mixed responses, 10/16 (63%) with ASS (−) tumors showed some evidence of antitumor effect, while only 1 of 10 pts had stable disease when tumor was ASS (+) (P value = 0.01). Response also correlated with the dose of ADI-PEG20, independent of ASS staining. Of 20 pts treated with 320 IU/m2/week, 4 had response, while no pt had response when dosage was < 320 IU/m2/week. Toxicity was uncommon, consisting mainly of discomfort at the injection site. Repeat biopsies were done in 2 ASS(−) pts and found to be positive at the time of relapse. This finding also was seen in the laboratory in certain melanoma cell lines in which ASS can be induced upon repeated exposure to ADI-PEG20/Arg deprivation (MCT 12:3223,2009). Conclusions: This is the first study using Arg depleting therapy with ADI-PEG20 to show correlation of response with ASS (−) staining. Future studies with ADI-PEG20 should target only MM pts with ASS(−) tumors. Furthermore, the dose required for response in certain MM pts may exceed the OBD. Supported by RO1CA109578. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Position Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Polaris
Hermitian and Non-Hermitian Mode Coupling in a Microdisk Resonator Due to Stochastic Surface Roughness Scattering (2018)

We make use of a phase-sensitive set-up to study the light transmission through a coupled waveguide-microdisk system. We observe a splitting of the transmission resonance leading to an unbalanced doublet of dips. The experimental data are analyzed by using a phasor diagram that correlates the real and the imaginary parts of the complex transmission. In addition, detailed features are evidenced by a complex inverse representation of the data that maps ideal resonances into straight lines and split resonances into complicated curves. Modeling with finite element method simulations suggests that the splitting and the unbalance is caused by an induced chirality in the propagation of the optical fields in the microdisk due to the interplay between the stochastic roughness and the intermodal dissipative coupling, which yield an asymmetric behavior. An analytical model based on the temporal coupled mode theory shows that both a reactive and a dissipative coupling of the counter-propagating modes by the surface roughness of the ring resonator are required to quantitatively reproduce the experimental observations and the numerical simulations.
Cancer immunotherapy: harnessing the immune system to battle cancer (2015)

The recent clinical successes of immune checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies represent a turning point in cancer immunotherapy. These successes also underscore the importance of understanding basic tumor immunology for successful clinical translation in treating patients with cancer. The Reviews in this Review Series focus on current developments in cancer immunotherapy, highlight recent advances in our understanding of basic aspects of tumor immunology, and suggest how these insights can lead to the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies.
Identifying Web Usability Problems from Eye-Tracking Data (2007)

Eye-tracking research is increasingly used to supplement usability tests in both commercial and academic practice. However, while there has been research into links between eyetracking metrics and usability problems, this has so far fallen short of establishing a general correlation scheme between the two. Consequently, practitioners are left to make subjective judgements when interpreting eye-tracking data. We address the lack of general guidance by proposing an initial correlation scheme based on data from an exploratory study which aimed to find a wide range of possible correlations between usability problems and eye-tracking patterns. User testing of two websites was conducted and a set of diverse usability problems was extracted from the data; these were then analysed and some were correlated with users’ eye-tracking patterns. In addition to this initial correlation scheme, a further finding from this study is that usability problems are connected to not just a single eyetracking pattern, but to a specific sequence of patterns. This sequence of patterns seems to arise from different coping strategies that users develop when a problem is experienced.
Group leaders' meeting, December 14, 1953 (1952)

Present: J. W. Forrester, D. R. Brown, S. H. Dodd, R. R. Everett, A. P. Kromer, J. C. Proctor, N. H. Taylor, C. R. Wieser, and for Item 2, P. R. Bagley, W. C. Canty, J. A. O'Brien, and R. L. Walquist
Tracking changes in the optical properties and molecular composition of dissolved organic matter during drinking water production (2015)

Absorbance, 3D fluorescence and ultrahigh resolution electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR-MS) were used to explain patterns in the removal of chromophoric and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (CDOM and FDOM) at the molecular level during drinking water production at four large drinking water treatment plants in Sweden. When dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal was low, shifts in the dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition could not be detected with commonly used DOC-normalized parameters (e.g. specific UV254 absorbance - SUVA), but was clearly observed by using differential absorbance and fluorescence or ESI-FT-ICR-MS. In addition, we took a novel approach by identifying how optical parameters were correlated to the elemental composition of DOM by using rank correlation to connect optical properties to chemical formulas assigned to mass peaks from FT-ICR-MS analyses. Coagulation treatment selectively removed FDOM at longer emission wavelengths (450-600 nm), which significantly correlated with chemical formulas containing oxidized carbon (average carbon oxidation state ≥ 0), low hydrogen to carbon ratios (H/C: average ± SD = 0.83 ± 0.13), and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups (O/C = 0.62 ± 0.10). Slow sand filtration was less efficient in removing DOM, yet selectively targeted FDOM at shorter emission wavelengths (between 300 and 450 nm), which commonly represents algal rather than terrestrial sources. This shorter wavelength FDOM correlated with chemical formulas containing reduced carbon (average carbon oxidation state ≤ 0), with relatively few carbon-carbon double bonds (H/C = 1.32 ± 0.16) and less oxygen per carbon (O/C = 0.43 ± 0.10) than those removed during coagulation. By coupling optical approaches with FT-ICR-MS to characterize DOM, we were for the first time able to confirm the molecular composition of absorbing and fluorescing DOM selectively targeted during drinking water treatment.
Surface migration induced self-aligned InAs islands grown by molecular beam epitaxy (1995)

We utilize the sensitivity of the two- to three-dimensional growth transition of InAs self-assembled islands on InAs coverage to demonstrate the growth of self-aligned InAs islands on etched GaAs ridges by molecular beam epitaxy. The different migration behavior of In adatoms on different crystal planes of etched ridges is used to spatially modulate the supply of In adatoms. The ridges are oriented either along the [011] and [011̄] direction on (100) substrates with grating spacing of 0.28, 1, and 5 μm. Atomic force microscopy reveals that the InAs islands are self-aligned along the ridges and they have a typical size of 400 Å in diameter and 120 Å in height. In samples with [011] oriented ridges, the islands are located on the sidewalls. On the other hand, for [011̄] oriented ridges the islands are on the (100) planes on and at the foot of the mesa. On samples with a grating pitch of 0.28 μm, all the islands are located either on the sidewalls or at the bottom of the ‘‘V groove’’ for both grating orientations.