gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Destabilization of Interleukin-6 mRNA Requires a Putative RNA Stem-Loop Structure, an AU-Rich Element, and the RNA-Binding Protein AUF1 (2006)

Interleukin-6 mRNA is unstable and degraded with a half-life of 30 min. Instability determinants can entirely be attributed to the 3′ untranslated region. By grafting segments of this region to stable green fluorescent protein mRNA and subsequent scanning mutagenesis, we have identified two conserved elements, which together account for most of the instability. The first corresponds to a short noncanonical AU-rich element. The other, 80 nucleotides further 5′, comprises a sequence predicted to form a stem-loop structure. Neither element alone was sufficient to confer full instability, suggesting that they might cooperate. Overexpression of myc-tagged AUF1 p37 and p42 isoforms as well as suppression of endogenous AUF1 by RNA interference stabilized interleukin-6 mRNA. Both effects required the AU-rich instability element. Similarly, the proteasome inhibitor MG132 stabilized interleukin-6 mRNA probably through an increase of AUF1 levels. The mRNA coimmunoprecipitated specifically with myc-tagged AUF1 p37 and p42 in cell extracts but only when the AU-rich instability element was present. These results indicate that AUF1 binds to the AU-rich element in vivo and promotes IL-6 mRNA degradation.
Kohlenstoff‐Alkylierung mit tertiären Aminen und quartären Ammoniumsalzen Über die Kondensationsreaktionen tertiärer Mannich‐Basen (1953)

Abstract Zahlreiche tertiäre Amine und quartäre Ammoniumsalze haben sich als C‐Alkylierungsmittel bewährt. Die Alkylierungsreaktionen verlaufen meist recht glatt und mit guten Ausbeuten. Wenn sie bisher erst wenig verwendet wurden, so wohl deshalb, weil der Reaktionsmechanismus nicht hinreichend bekannt war und demzufolge aus der Konstitution der Amine nicht abgelesen werden konnte, ob sie für die verschiedenen Amin‐Typen in Frage kommenden Mechanismen gegeben, aus der ihre Eignung zu ersehen ist. Da die meisten geeigneten tertiären Amine durch Mannich‐Reaktion leicht zugänglich sind, wird auch der Mechanismus der Mannich‐Reaktion kurz erörtert.
Small Molecule Chemisorption on Indium−Tin Oxide Surfaces:  Enhancing Probe Molecule Electron-Transfer Rates and the Performance of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (2006)

Indium-tin oxide (ITO) surfaces have been modified by chemisorption of carboxylic acid functionalized small molecules: ferrocene dicarboxylic acid (1), 3-thiophene acetic acid (2), and 6-{4-[{4'-[[4-(5-carboxy-pentyloxy)-phenyl]-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-amino]-biphenyl-4-yl}-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-amino]-phenoxy}-hexanoic acid (p-OMe)2-TPD-(C5-COOH)2) (3). Voltammetrically determined surface coverages of 1-3 increased in two stages, the first stage completing in minutes, the latter stage taking several hours. Electron-transfer rate coefficients, kS, for the probe molecule ferrocene in acetonitrile likewise increased in two stages with increasing surface coverages of 1, 2, and 3. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of In2O3 powders, exposed for long periods to ethanol solutions of each modifier, confirmed the formation of indium oxalate-like surface species. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of carboxy-terminated alkanethiol-modified gold surfaces, exposed to these same In2O3(powder)/small molecule modifier solutions, showed the capture of trace levels of indium as a result of the chemisorption of these small molecules, suggesting that slow etching of the ITO surface also occurs during the chemisorption event. Conventional aluminum quinolate/bis-triarylamine organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) created on ITO surfaces modified with 1, 2, and 3, with and without an overlayer of PEDOT:PSS (a poly(thiophene)/poly(stryenesulfonate) ITO modifier), showed leakage currents lowered by several orders of magnitude and an increase in OLED device efficiency.
A new stopping criterion for turbo codes (2006)

It is well known the fact that turbo codes has better performance as the number of iteration and the interleaver size increases in the AWGN channel environment. However, as the number of iteration and the interleaver size are increased, it is required much delay and computation for iterative decoding. Therefore, it is important to devise an efficient criterion to stop the iteration process and prevent unnecessary computations and decoding delay. In this paper, we propose a new stop criterion for decoding turbo codes. It is verifying that the proposal iterative decoding stop criterion can be reduced the average iterative decoding number compared to conventional schemes with a negligible degradation of the error performance.
PKCS #10: Certification Request Syntax Version 1.5 (1998)

This document describes a syntax for certification requests. This memo
provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify
an Internet standard of any kind.
MALTING WITH PRODUCTION OF MINIMUM EFFLUENT (1966)

Malts have been prepared in which the moisture requirements of the grain before germination are provided by spraying and not steeping. In such grain, initiation of germination proceeds normally and rapidly but subsequent modification as judged by softening of the endosperm and the formation of enzymes is slower, by about 2 days, than in similar grain which has been steeped normally although total processing time for the two is very similar. Spraying to a final moisture content of at least 46% yields higher hot water extracts than spraying to a conventional moisture content of about 44%. The use of 0·5 p.p.m. gibberellic acid solution increases hot water extracts by about 1 lb. per qr. and reduces the period required for modification by 1 day. It does not appear economical, at present, to prepare malts with minimum effluent on the commercial scale in which all the moisture requirements are provided by spraying alone.
Effect of Carbon Dioxide on the Reactivity of the Oxidation of Boron Particles (2014)

Abstract Carbon dioxide produced in the primary combustion of propellants apparently affects the combustion of boron. In this study, the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the combustion of boron particles in a CO 2 environment (solely or as a mixture with other gases) were investigated using thermogravimetric analyses. For the combustion of boron in an atmosphere containing 10 % oxygen, in addition to a large initial weight gain, a second increase in weight was observed when the temperature reached 1150 °C. However, when the combustion was carried out in pure CO 2 atmosphere, the sample lost weight at temperatures above 1300 °C. The above results indicated that the layer of boron oxide covering the boron particles had a significant effect on the combustion process. With a limiting concentration of O 2 (10 %), the initial temperature and effective activation energy slightly decreased as the content of CO 2 increased from 0 to 30 %. However, a further increase in the CO 2 content (50 %) increased the effective activation energy, indicating the inhibitory effects of CO 2 at higher concentrations. Furthermore, the weight and the rate of weight gain gradually increased with increasing CO 2 content. This behavior was attributed to the improvement in the diffusion of the oxidant. This study conclusively revealed that the inclusion of an optimal level of CO 2 in a reaction environment containing O 2 facilitated the combustion of boron particles.
Coherence-gated photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy (2018)

Photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy (PARS) represents a new paradigm within the optical imaging community by providing high sensitivity (>50 dB in vivo) non-contact optical absorption contrast in scattering media with a reflection-mode configuration. Unlike contact-based photoacoustic modalities which can acquire complete A-scans with a single excitation pulse due to slow acoustic propagation facilitating the use of time-gated collection of returning acoustic signals, PARS provides depth resolution only through optical sectioning. Here we introduce a new approach for providing coherence-gated depth-resolved PARS imaging using a difference between pulsed-interrogation optical coherence tomography scan-lines with and without excitation pulses. Proposed methods are validated using simulations which account for pulsed-laser induced initial-pressures and accompanying refractive index changes. The changes in refractive index are shown to be proportional to optical absorption. It is demonstrated that to achieve optimal image quality, several key parameters must be selected including interrogation pulse duration and delay. The proposed approach offers the promise of non-contact depth-resolved optical absorption contrast at optical-resolution scales and may complement the scattering contrast offered by optical coherence tomography.
The nucleophilicity N index in organic chemistry (2011)

The nucleophilicity N index (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 4615), the inverse of the electrophilicity, 1/ω, and the recently proposed inverse of the electrodonating power, 1/ω⁻, (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 4957) have been checked toward (i) a series of single 5-substituted indoles for which rate constants are available, (ii) a series of para-substituted phenols, and for (iii) a series of 2,5-disubstituted bicyclic[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-dienes which display concurrently electrophilic and nucleophilic behaviors. While all considered indices account well for the nucleophilic behavior of organic molecules having a single substitution, the nucleophilicity N index works better for more complex molecules. Unlike, the inverse of the electrophilicity, 1/ω, (R(2) = 0.71), and the inverse of the electrodonating power, 1/ω⁻ (R(2) = 0.83), a very good correlation of the nucleophilicity N index of twelve 2-substituted-6-methoxy-bicyclic[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-dienes versus the activation energy associated with the nucleophilic attack on 1,1-dicyanoethylene is found (R(2) = 0.99). This comparative study allows to assert that the nucleophilicity N index is a measure of the nucleophilicity of complex organic molecules displaying concurrently electrophilic and nucleophilic behaviors.
Coexistence of WiFi and LiFi toward 5G: concepts, opportunities, and challenges (2016)

Smart phones, tablets, and the rise of the Internet of Things are driving an insatiable demand for wireless capacity. This demand requires networking and Internet infrastructures to evolve to meet the needs of current and future multimedia applications. Wireless HetNets will play an important role toward the goal of using a diverse spectrum to provide high quality-of-service, especially in indoor environments where most data are consumed. An additional tier in the wireless HetNets concept is envisioned using indoor gigabit small-cells to offer additional wireless capacity where it is needed the most. The use of light as a new mobile access medium is considered promising. In this article, we describe the general characteristics of WiFi and VLC (or LiFi) and demonstrate a practical framework for both technologies to coexist. We explore the existing research activity in this area and articulate current and future research challenges based on our experience in building a proof-of-concept prototype VLC HetNet.
Radiative heat transfer enhancement to a water tube by combustion gases in porous media. (1986)

空げき率の極めて大きな多孔性固体を用いた燃焼器により作られた高ふく射エネルギ密度の空間に直接水冷管を挿入した高性能加熱装置を開発し、実験および提案したモデルに基づく数値解析により内部の温度場、ふく射場を検討してその伝熱特性を明らかにした。その結果、極めて優れた伝熱特性が得られると同時に多孔性固体の燃焼促進効果により冷たい被加熱物の存在にもかかわらず良好な燃焼状態が維持されることが示された。
Concise Review: Making a Retina—From the Building Blocks to Clinical Applications (2011)

The retina is the neural tissue located at the back of the eye that captures and processes light and transmits this information to visual processing centers in the brain, which enables us to see. Basic research in retinal development has provided important insight on the control of cell fate, proliferation, and neurogenesis in the central nervous system. This review summarizes the major cellular and molecular events that occur during retinal development and highlights how this knowledge may be harnessed for new therapeutic strategies to treat retinal disease.
Family Matters: The Influence of Applied Linguistics and Composition Studies on Second Language Writing Studies—Past, Present, and Future (2004)

This intellectual history of the disciplinary roots of second language (L2) writing research and pedagogy in English examines the influences of its feeder disciplines, composition studies and applied linguistics, and their parent disciplines, rhetoric and linguistics. After a brief history of L2 writing's two grandparent disciplines (rhetoric and linguistics) and its two parent disciplines (composition studies and applied linguistics), the article focuses on the effect of the two parent disciplines' conflicting identities. Whereas L2 writing benefits from its invigorating position at the confluence of these two intellectual streams, it has also been pulled in different incompatible directions resulting from differences, and even similarities, between applied linguistics' and composition studies' inquiry paradigms and traditions, their intellectual identities, and the material disciplinary manifestations of their organizations, conferences, and publications. A brief history of L2 writing pedagogy and research demonstrates the push and pull of the conflicting influences of its feeder disciplines.
Mechanical and Ferroelectric Behavior of PZT-Based Thin Films (2011)

The mechanical and ferroelectric behavior of freestanding lead zirconate titanate (PZT) -based thin film unimorph structures for microelectromechanical systems was investigated with uniaxial tension specimens of SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -TiPt-PZT-Pt, SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -TiPt-PZT, SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -TiPt, and individual SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and Pt films. Full-field strains obtained with digital image correlation were used to compute the stress versus strain curves for each film combination and the properties of the PZT layer. The mechanical response of the 1-μm thick PZT films was nonlinear but nonhysteretic, and it deviated from linearity at 0.3-0.35% axial strain. The elastic modulus of the PZT was 84 ± 3 GPa and 60.5 ± 5 GPa in open and short circuit conditions, respectively. Failure of the PZT stacks initiated in the PZT layer at 510 ± 35 MPa and 356 ± 55 MPa, in open and short circuit conditions, respectively, while the presence of the top Pt electrode delayed failure initiation in the SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -TiPt-PZT-Pt stack compared to the SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -TiPt-PZT stack. The high field effective electroactive coefficient e <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">31,eff</sub> calculated from biased PZT stacks subjected to various prestress amplitudes was in the range of -50 to -30 NV <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> . The e <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">31,eff</sub> was strongly dependent on the electric field for most applied stress amplitudes, but it remained constant with the applied field when the applied stress reached 400 M Pa.
Near-field probe used as a diagnostic tool to locate defective elements in an array antenna (1988)

Results of an experimental study are presented in which the near-field probe was used as a diagnostic tool to locate the defective elements in a planar array. The near-field data were processed not only to obtain the far-field patterns of the array under the test, but also to reconstruct the aperture field for diagnostic purposes. The backward transform enables the near-field probe to identify accurately aperture faults at a distance, free of interactions and couplings with the array elements. In practice, to recover the aperture field properly from the near-field distribution, the evanescent components in the computed far-field spectrum must be excluded from the inverse process with fast-Fourier-transform (FFT) techniques. For low-gain array antennas, a correction on the far-field spectrum is required to remove the contribution of the probe and the element factor before the inverse transform, strongly enhancing the resolution.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Outcomes of Synthetic Mesh in Contaminated Ventral Hernia Repairs (2013)

Although perhaps not yet considered standard of care in the United States, we have demonstrated favorable infection, recurrence, and mesh removal rates associated with the use of synthetic mesh in contaminated VHR.
Mechanism of Hairpin-Duplex Conversion for the HIV-1 Dimerization Initiation Site (2005)

We have used the dimerization initiation site of HIV-1 genomic RNA as a model to investigate hairpin-duplex interconversion with a combination of fluorescence, UV melting, gel electrophoresis, and x-ray crystallographic techniques. Fluorescence studies with molecular beacons and crystallization experiments with 23-nucleotide dimerization initiation site fragments showed that the ratio of hairpin to duplex formed after annealing in water essentially depends on RNA concentration and not on cooling kinetics. With natural sequences allowing to form the most stable duplex, and thus also the loop-loop complex (or "kissing complex"), concentrations as low as 3 mum in strands are necessary to obtain a majority of the hairpin form. With a mutated sequence preventing kissing complex formation, a majority of hairpins was even obtained at 80 mum in strands. However, this did not prevent an efficient conversion from hairpin to duplex in the presence of salts. Kinetic considerations are in favor of duplex formation from intermediates involving hairpins engaged in cruciform dimers rather than from free strands. The very first step of formation of such a cruciform intermediate could be trapped in a crystal structure. This mechanism might be significant for the dynamics of small RNAs beyond the strict field of HIV-1.
Chemical and Biological Properties of Polysaccharide-Coated Titania Nanoparticles: The Key Role of Proteins (2011)

In this study, we investigated the physicochemical and biological properties of naked and coated titania nanoparticles. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of the biopolymer coatings (hyaluronic acid and its biphosphonated derivative) and the role of protein adsorption from a cell culture medium on the citotoxicity of nanoparticles. Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to investigate the interactions between the nanoparticles and the polysaccharides. The ζ potentials and the average hydrodynamic diameters of naked and coated nanoparticles dispersed in deionized water, medium with and without fetal bovine serum, were measured by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS). FT-IR and DLS measurements indicate that serum proteins are adsorbed on the NPs' surface. The biological tests show that naked and coated TiO(2) NPs do not induce an acute toxic effect on fibroblast cell cultures. This result shows that protein adsorption on NPs is an important factor in explaining the effect of NPs on cellular behavior.
Mechanisms and Clinical Application of Tetramethylpyrazine (an Interesting Natural Compound Isolated from Ligusticum Wallichii): Current Status and Perspective (2016)

Tetramethylpyrazine, a natural compound from <i>Ligusticum wallichii</i> (<i>Chuan Xiong</i>), has been extensively used in China for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases for about 40 years. Because of its effectiveness in multisystems, especially in cardiovascular, its pharmacological action, clinical application, and the structural modification have attracted broad attention. In this paper its mechanisms of action, the clinical status, and synthetic derivatives will be reviewed briefly.
Multicenter Randomized Trial of Adjuvant Fluorouracil and Folinic Acid Compared With Surgery Alone After Resection of Colorectal Liver Metastases: FFCD ACHBTH AURC 9002 Trial (2006)

Despite a suboptimal regimen, which was the standard at the beginning of the study, adjuvant intravenous systemic chemotherapy provided a significant disease-free survival benefit for patients with resected liver metastases from colorectal cancer.
Tracking Alzheimer's Disease (2007)

Population-based brain mapping provides great insight into the trajectory of aging and dementia, as well as brain changes that normally occur over the human life span. We describe three novel brain mapping techniques, cortical thickness mapping, tensor-based morphometry (TBM), and hippocampal surface modeling, which offer enormous power for measuring disease progression in drug trials, and shed light on the neuroscience of brain degeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We report the first time-lapse maps of cortical atrophy spreading dynamically in the living brain, based on averaging data from populations of subjects with Alzheimer's disease and normal subjects imaged longitudinally with MRI. These dynamic sequences show a rapidly advancing wave of cortical atrophy sweeping from limbic and temporal cortices into higher-order association and ultimately primary sensorimotor areas, in a pattern that correlates with cognitive decline. A complementary technique, TBM, reveals the 3D profile of atrophic rates, at each point in the brain. A third technique, hippocampal surface modeling, plots the profile of shape alterations across the hippocampal surface. The three techniques provide moderate to highly automated analyses of images, have been validated on hundreds of scans, and are sensitive to clinically relevant changes in individual patients and groups undergoing different drug treatments. We compare time-lapse maps of AD, MCI, and other dementias, correlate these changes with cognition, and relate them to similar time-lapse maps of childhood development, schizophrenia, and HIV-associated brain degeneration. Strengths and weaknesses of these different imaging measures for basic neuroscience and drug trials are discussed.
Multichip Modules—The Hybrid for Wafer-scale Integration (1990)

Existing IC packaging and interconnection is creating a barrier for advances taking place in IC technology. Wafer scale integration (WSI) is being proposed as the next major step in electronics, bringing with it the removal of a large number of these barriers. However, there are still major problems with WSI technology that are unlikely to be solved before the late nineties. In the meantime a new packaging and interconnection technology will be introduced—the multichip module (MCM), which will act as a hybrid for WSI. The MCM will not make the PCB obsolete, though it will pose threats and opportunities to important parts of the thick film hybrid industry. The MCM, for the purposes of this paper, is defined as a thin film multilayer interconnect structure utilising IC manufacturing type processes. MCM technology is not confined to high performance systems; it will be used across the whole of the electronics industry including the consumer sector, with a circuitised substrate world market of nearly $7 bn by 1997.