gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Landscape Multi-Scale Image Analysis Based on the Region Growing Segmentation (2004)

Segmentation is the basis of object-oriented image analysis. For many years, due to the increasing require for object-oriented image analysis, procedures for image segmentation have been a main research focus in this area. The aim of segmentation is to extract the interesting region from remote sensing image, so the region-based approach is the best way for image segmentation. The region growing method generates many meaningful objects through merging the spectral-similar neighboring pixels. Meanwhile landscape spatial heterogeneity requires multi-scale analysis with remote sensing information extraction. Each pattern or process has its inherent feature in different scales. To ensure high precision surface information, the remote sensing application model building on one scale image need to be modified if it is used on the other scale. The combination of image segmentation and multi-scale analysis becomes a new trend in remote sensing application. Based on the scale affect and minimum-heterogeneity rule, this paper presents the necessity and possibility of multi-scale affects analysis as well as the principle and practice of the region growing image segmentation. There are two sites to test the multi-scale image segmentation process. The results show the image objects richness of geometry and semantic information. Therefore this approach offers an optical solution for the object-oriented and multi-scale image analysis.
Reversal of Diabetes by the Creation of Neo-Islet Tissues Into a Subcutaneous Site Using Islet Cell Sheets (2011)

This study describes a new proof-of-concept therapeutic approach to engineer functional neo-islet tissues for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and breast cancer. (2011)

Genetic testing for BRCA mutations is expanding in clinical oncology centers worldwide. Testing may help target unaffected high-risk women for prevention and/or close surveillance and may also help affected women choose the best chemotherapy. Annual screening with MRI appears to be an effective surveillance strategy and should be added to mammographic screening. It is important to have an understanding of the pathologic features and the natural history of BRCA-associated breast cancers in order that individualized treatments can be developed and delivered. The goals of treatment for a woman with a BRCA-associated breast cancer should be to prevent recurrence of the initial cancer and to prevent second primary breast and ovarian cancers. Women with breast cancer and a BRCA1 mutation may benefit from tailored treatments, such as with cis-platinum or olaparib. Mutations in BRCA1 are distributed in populations throughout the world and it is important that the benefits of genetic testing and of targeted therapies be made available to women who live outside of North America and western Europe.
Soldering of copper-clad niobium--titanium superconductor composite (1977)

When superconductivity is applied to various electrical devices, the joining of the superconducting material and the performance of the joints are generally crucial to the successful operation of the system. Although many techniques are being considered for joining composite superconductors, soldering is the most common. We determined the wetting and flow behavior of various solder and flux combinations on a copper-clad Nb-Ti composite, developed equipment and techniques for soldering and inspection of lap joints, and determined the shear strength of joints at temperatures down to -269/sup 0/C (4/sup 0/K). We studied 15 solders and 17 commercial and experimental fluxes in the wettability and flow tests. A resistance unit was built for soldering test specimens. A series of samples soldered with 80 Pb-20 Sn, 83 Pb-15 Sn-2 Sb, 97.5 Pb-1.5 Ag-1 Sn, 80 In-15 Pb-5 Ag, or 25 In-37.5 Pb-37.5 Sn (wt percent) was inspected by three nondestructive techniques. Through-transmission ultrasound gave the best correlation with nonbond areas revealed in peel tests. Single-lap shear specimens soldered with 97.5 Pb-1.5 Ag-1 Sn had the highest strength (10.44 ksi, 72 MPa) and total elongation (0.074 in., 1.88 mm) at -269/sup 0/C (4/sup 0/K) of four solders tested.
Biotechnological Production Process and Life Cycle Assessment of Graphene (2017)

The aim of this study is to compare the graphene produced using a biotechnological method ( Escherichia coli ) with the graphene produced by Hummers’ method (a chemical method) and to study the effect on the energy consumption and environment. The results indicated that the chemical reduction process has higher energy consumption, approximately 1642 Wh, than the energy consumption of the biotechnological reduction process, which is 5 Wh. The potential of global warming (GWP 100) improved by 71% using the biotechnological route for the production of graphene. Abiotic depletion, the photochemical ozone creation potential, and marine aquatic ecotoxicity potential were improved when the biological route was employed, compared with the chemical route. The eutrophication potential, terrestrial ecotoxicity, and ozone depletion layer changed very little since the main variables involved in the production of graphene oxide and waste management are the same. The biotechnological method can be considered a green technique for the production of graphene, especially given the reduction in the negative effects on global warming, abiotic depletion, the photochemical ozone creation potential, and the marine aquatic ecotoxicity potential.
OccuSeg: Occupancy-aware 3D Instance Segmentation (2020)

3D instance segmentation, with a variety of applications in robotics and augmented reality, is in large demands these days. Unlike 2D images that are projective observations of the environment, 3D models provide metric reconstruction of the scenes without occlusion or scale ambiguity. In this paper, we define "3D occupancy size", as the number of voxels occupied by each instance. It owns advantages of robustness in prediction, on which basis, OccuSeg, an occupancy-aware 3D instance segmentation scheme is proposed. Our multi-task learning produces both occupancy signal and embedding representations, where the training of spatial and feature embeddings varies with their difference in scale-aware. Our clustering scheme benefits from the reliable comparison between the predicted occupancy size and the clustered occupancy size, which encourages hard samples being correctly clustered and avoids over segmentation. The proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on 3 real-world datasets, i.e. ScanNetV2, S3DIS and SceneNN, while maintaining high efficiency.
Down Syndrome - Genetics and Cardiogenetics. (2017)

During the last years, Down syndrome has been the focus of special attention. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by distinct physical features and some degree of cognitive disability. Patients with Down syndrome also present many other congenital anomalies. The mapping for phenotypes to specific regions of chromosome 21 permits to identify which genes (or small regions) contribute to the phenotypic features of Down syndrome and thus, to understand its pathogenesis. Mainly there are three cytogenetic forms of Down syndrome: free trisomy 21, mosaic trisomy 21 and robertsonian translocation trisomy 21. Prenatal and postnatal testing has become commonly used to diagnose different cases presenting the same pathology. Early clinical diagnosis is extremely important for patient prognosis. Lately, advances in Down syndrome research have been registered, but little is known about cardiovascular phenotype in Down syndrome. About half of patients with Down syndrome have congenital heart disease, and atrioventricular septal defects are the most common defects found. Basic research on Down syndrome is now rapidly accelerating, using new genomic technologies. There were many studies performed to identify a correlation between genotype and phenotype in Down syndrome.
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism in mice of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide antisense inhibitor of C-raf-1 kinase expression. (1997)

The plasma and tissue disposition of CGP 69846A (ISIS 5132) was characterized in male CD-1 mice following iv bolus injections administered every other day for 28 days (total of 15 doses). The doses ranged from 0.8 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg. Urinary excretion of oligonucleotide was also monitored over a 24-hr period following single dose administration over the same dose range. Pharmacokinetic plasma profiles were determined following single dose administration (dose 1) and after multiple doses (dose 15) at doses of 4 and 20 mg/kg. Concentrations in kidney, liver, spleen, heart, lung, and lymph nodes were characterized following doses 1, 8, and 15 for all doses. Capillary gel electrophoresis was used to quantitate intact (full-length) oligonucleotide and its metabolites (down to N - 11 base deletions) in both plasma and tissue at all time points. The plasma and tissue disposition of CGP 69846A was characterized by a rapid distribution into all tissues analyzed. Rapid plasma clearance of the parent oligonucleotide (9.3-14.3 ml/min/kg) was predominantly the result of distribution to tissue and, to a lesser extent, metabolism. Appearance and pattern of chain-shortened metabolites seen in plasma and tissue were consistent with predominantly exonuclease-mediated base deletion. No measurable accumulation of oligonucleotide was observed in plasma following multiple-dose administration, but both the liver and the kidney exhibited 2-3-fold accumulations. In general, the tissues exhibited half-lives for the elimination of parent oligonucleotide of 16-60 hr compared with plasma half-lives of 30-45 min. After repeated administrations, significant decreases in plasma clearance and volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) were observed following dose 15 at the dose of 20 mg/kg but not at the dose of 4 mg/kg. Changes in tissue accumulation and evidence for saturation of tissue distribution at the high doses may explain the plasma disposition changes observed in the absence of alteration of metabolism or plasma accumulation. Urinary excretion was a minor pathway for elimination of oligonucleotide over the 24-hr period immediately following iv administration. However, the amount of oligonucleotide excreted in the urine increased as a function of dose from less than 1% to approximately 13% of the administered dose over a dose range of 0.8 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg.
CFT based optimal PWM strategy for three phase inverter (2012)

Selective Harmonic Eliminated Pulse Width Modulation (SHEPWM) techniques necessitate the solution of non-linear transcendental equations for achieving optimal PWM strategy. Online solution of these equations is very difficult and the conventional method is to store the offline prepared optimal switching angles in memory, which are to be recalled for online generation of PWM waveforms. The need to achieve continuous voltage and frequency control, especially for AC machines, has imposed large memory requirements and computation time for PWM systems. This paper proposes an effective online method to arrive optimal PWM switching angles based on Curve Fitting Technique (CFT) for three phase inverters. Polynomial functions for optimal switching angles are generated using CFT in MATLAB. The correctness and harmonic performance of the proposed method is verified by comparing the results with the Newton-Raphson (N-R) iterative method.
Face feature extraction using Bayesian network (2006)

Face recognition is highly dependent on two stages that are image preprocessing and classification. Methods for feature extraction and classification have been investigated. Through the investigations a method that uses Bayesian Network for feature extraction and Backpropagation algorithm for classification has been proposed. A prototype of the system was implemented and experiments were carried out. Different set of parameters were used for each experiment. Parameters involved were the learning rate, momentum rate and the number of training cycle. Results were satisfactory. The most outstanding performance shows that 78% successful recognition has been achieved with the feature extraction process and 70% without the feature extraction process.
Generation of high-power terahertz pulses by tilted-pulse-front excitation and their application possibilities (2008)

The principles and most-recent results of high-power THz generation through optical rectification using a tilted optical pulse front are described. Single-cycle THz pulses of multimicrojoule energies are generated at kHz repetition rates, and average THz power levels exceeding 1 mW can be generated at kHz-MHz repetition rates. Applications in nonlinear THz spectroscopy and THz coherent control are discussed.
Effect of 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine on the acute local phase of herpes simplex virus-induced skin infections in mice and the establishment of latency (1985)

The effect of topical and systemic treatment with 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine on the evolution of herpes simplex virus-induced skin infection in hairless mice was investigated. Systemic (subcutaneous) treatment with a 10-mg/kg dose and topical applications with a 5% cream started up to 48 h after infection prevented the development of severe skin lesions and a fatal outcome. However, the establishment of latent infections was prevented only by topical treatment started at 6 h after infection. Systemic (50 mg/kg) and topical treatments started 48 h after infection reduced virus titers in the skin and ganglia and promoted rapid clearance of virus from these sites. The clearance of infectious virus from ganglia during the acute phase of infection was followed by early establishment of latency. 9-(1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine (0.03 microgram/ml) significantly inhibited the synthesis of infectious virus in explant cultures of latently infected ganglia, and at concentrations higher than 8 micrograms/ml no infectious virus was detectable in ganglia explant cultures.
Sequence of ornithine decarboxylase from Lactobacillus sp. strain 30a (1994)

A gene encoding biodegradative ornithine decarboxylase from Lactobacillus sp. strain 30a was isolated from a genomic DNA library and sequenced. Primer extension analysis revealed two transcription initiation sites. The deduced amino acid sequence is compared with the amino acid sequences of five previously reported bacterial decarboxylases, and conserved pyridoxal phosphate motif residues are identified.
bCMS in LEAP (2012)

This paper contains an overview of the features of the LEAP component based executable modelling language applied to the bCMS Crisis Management System Case Study. The paper aims to show the key features of the LEAP technology in terms of various aspects of the case study.
Cy5.5-Containing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activatable peptide conjugated to glycol chitosan (GC)–coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) (2012)

The use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for molecular imaging has attracted much attention because these particles are easy to fabricate in different shapes, have a quenching effect, and can be used for computed tomography (CT) (1). Because bare AuNPs are unstable (due to aggregation) and are non-targeted, these particles have to be to be coated with biocompatible materials to improve their stability and application under in vivo conditions. In addition, NPs that are targeted to specific cellular biomarkers are useful for the detection and treatment of diseases such as cancers (for details, see Jiao et al. (2) and Lim et al. (3)). However, the AuNP surface coatings (e.g., thiolated polyethylene glycol) may influence the biological behavior of these particles and prevent their uptake by cells. This can result in reduced clearance of the NPs through the reticuloendothelial system, prolonged blood circulation times, and increased accumulation in tumors (4). Therefore, investigators are devoting much effort to develop AuNPs that are easy to synthesize, physiologically stable, and can be used to detect (e.g., by noninvasive imaging) and treat cancerous tumors (1). In an effort to produce AuNPs that would meet this criteria, the particles were coated with glycol chitosan (GC) and conjugated to a Cy5.5-containing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activatable peptide (Cy5.5-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Val-Arg-Gly-Lys- black hole quencher-3 (BHQ-3) dye -Gly-Gly; the MMP cleavable site is in italics) to produce MMP-GC-AuNPs for use as a multimodal computed tomography (CT)/near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging probe (1). The MMP-GC-AuNPs were then evaluated with CT and NIRF optical imaging techniques for the visualization of HT-29 cell xenograft tumors (these cells express the MMP-2) in nude mice.
Evidence-based Medicine Search: a customizable federated search engine (2008)

Informal and anecdotal feedback from physicians indicates that EBM Search is a useful tool with potential in teaching evidence-based decision making. While formal evaluation is still being planned, a tool such as EBM Search, which can be configured for specific user populations, may help lower barriers to information resources in an academic health sciences center.
Formation of feldspathic and metallic melts by shock in enstatite chondrite Reckling Peak A80259 (2000)

Abstract— The enstatite chondrite reckling peak (rkp) a80259 contains feldspathic glass, kamacite, troilite, and unusual sets of parallel fine‐grained enstatite prisms that formed by rapid cooling of shock melts. Metallic Fe,Ni and troilite occur as spherical inclusions in feldspathic glass, reflecting the immiscible Fe‐Ni‐S and feldspathic melts generated during the impact. The Fe‐Ni‐S and feldspathic liquids were injected into fractures in coarse‐grained enstatite and cooled rapidly, resulting in thin (≤ 10 μm) semicontinuous to discontinuous veins and inclusion trails in host enstatite. Whole‐rock melt veins characteristic of heavily shocked ordinary chondrites are conspicuously absent. Raman spectroscopy shows that the feldspathic material is a glass. Elevated MgO and SiO 2 contents of the glass indicate that some enstatite and silica were incorporated in the feldspathic melt. Metallic Fe,Ni globules are enclosed by sulfide and exhibit Nienrichment along their margins characteristic of rapid crystallization from a Fe‐Ni‐S liquid. Metal enclosed by sulfide is higher in Si and P than metal in feldspathic glass and enstatite, possibly indicating lower O fugacities in metal/sulfide than in silicate domains. Fine‐grained, elongate enstatite prisms in troilite or feldspathic glass crystallized from local pyroxene melts that formed along precursor grain boundaries, but most of the enstatite in the target rock remained solid during the impact and occurs as deformed, coarsegrained crystals with lower CaO, Al 2 O 3 , and FeO than the fine‐grained enstatite. Reckling Peak A80259 represents an intermediate stage of shock melting between unmelted E chondrites and whole‐rock shock melts and melt breccias documented by previous workers. The shock petrogenesis of RKPA80259 reflects the extensive impact processing of the enstatite chondrite parent bodies relative to those of other chondrite types.
Maintenance of Adequate Hemodialysis Access (1995)

The maintenance of adequate hemodialysis vascular access is frequently complicated in the patient with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) A-V hemodialysis grafts by venous anastomotic stenosis. This stenosis is caused by neointimal hyperplasia (NIH), a response to vascular injury. In this study, the authors prospectively analyzed the effect of a short-term regimen consisting of administration of two medications, heparin and low molecular weight dextran, on the development of NIH at the venous anastomosis in 79 patients with PTFE A-V hemodialysis grafts. In addition, they evaluated other parameters' effects on the development of NIH. In comparison with control subjects, heparin had some effect in minimizing the development of NIH in the PTFE grafts when evaluated radiologically at 3 months, although this effect was not statistically significant. Low molecular weight dextran, however, had no trend or statistically significant effect on this venous anastomotic narrowing. Interestingly, patient age, use of calcium channel blockers, and presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) all appeared to affect the development of NIH. Increasing age and use of calcium channel blockers was associated with decreased development of NIH; conversely, DM was associated with worsened NIH. In evaluation of access survival (time to first access failure), degree of venous anastomosis stenosis at 3 months was not predictive. Patient time on dialysis pre graft placement was the only measured parameter related to access failure. The method of dialysis pre graft placement (hemodialysis versus peritoneal dialysis) was not a significant factor in early access failure. Pharmacologic treatment of venous anastomotic narrowing in PTFE hemodialysis grafts due to NIH continues to be difficult. Short-term treatment with the tested medication failed to statistically affect NIH. Patient age, use of calcium channel blockers, and presence of DM were all factors in the development of NIH. Of measured parameters, time on dialysis pre graft placement was the only factor correlated with early access failure. In future treatment regimens, one should consider more prolonged treatment. In addition, noted risk factors should be considered when determining type of renal replacement therapy.
Transcriptional Regulation of Glucose Sensors in Pancreatic &#946; Cells and Liver (2006)

Derangement of glucose metabolism is a key feature of T2DM, with the liver and pancreatic beta-cells playing a key role in glucose homeostasis. In the postprandial state, glucose is transported into hepatocytes and either metabolized to fatty acids or CO(2), or stored as glycogen. Glucose also acts as a key signal in pancreatic beta-cells for regulating insulin secretion. Because GLUT2 and GK expressed in liver and beta-cells are responsible for sensing glucose levels in the blood, studies on the regulation of these biomolecules are important in understanding glucose homeostasis in vivo. These molecules are known to be regulated either transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally, and recent studies on the structure and function of promoters of these genes have revealed the involvement of various transcriptional factors in their regulation. Here, we review recent progress in elucidating the transcriptional regulation of glucose sensors in the liver and pancreatic beta-cells and the relevance to T2DM.
General formulation of thermoacoustics for stacks having arbitrarily shaped pore cross sections (1991)

Theoretical treatments of thermoacoustics have been reported for stacks with circular pore and parallel plate geometries. A general linear formulation is developed for gas-filled thermoacoustic elements such as heat exchangers, stacks, and tubes having pores of arbitrary cross-sectional geometry. For compactness in the following, F represents the functional form of the transverse variation of the longitudinal particle velocity. Generally, F is a function of frequency, pore geometry, the response functions and transport coefficients of the gas used, and the ambient value of the gas density. Expressions are developed for the acoustic temperature, density, particle velocity, pressure, heat flow, and work flow from knowledge of F. Heat and work flows are compared in the short stack approximation for stacks consisting of parallel plates, circular, square, and equilateral triangular pores. In this approximation, heat and work flows are found to be greatest for the parallel plate stack geometry. Pressure and specific acoustic impedance translation theorems are derived to simplify computation of the acoustical field quantities at all points within a thermoacoustic engine. Relations with capillary-pore-based porous media models are developed.