gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
3-Substituted-3-hydroxy-2-oxindole, an Emerging New Scaffold for Drug Discovery with Potential Anti-Cancer and other Biological Activities (2009)

Natural products and small molecules inspired by them are enjoying a resurgence of interest because they intersect biological space effectively and selectively. On account of their unprecedented structural diversity and biological activities oxindole natural products continue to attract the interest of chemists and biologists alike. Quarternary or spirocyclic 3-alkyl(aryl)-3-hydroxy-2-oxindole scaffold is at the core of several natural products with a wide spectrum of biological activities. Convolutamydines, arundaphine, donaxaridine, maremycins, paratunamide, celogentin K, TMC-95AD, neuroprotectin B, flustraminol A and B, 3-hydroxy welwitindolinones and pyrrolidinoindoline-type alkaloid, CPC-1 are some examples of a growing list of bioactive 3-substituted-3-hydroxy-2-oxindole natural products. Simultaneous with the extraordinary progress in the development of selective synthetic methods, a number of drug discovery programs have now started to recognize the importance of this ‘privileged’ scaffold, because of the potent anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti- HIV, neuroprotective and other biological properties and diverse modes of action of this class of natural products and analogs inspired by them. There is strong impetus for the continued synthesis of novel diversity libraries based on the 3- substituted-3-hydroxy-2-oxindole core for the potential treatment of proliferative and other diseases and a clear understanding of underlying cellular pathways involved. In fact, this process is well underway as exemplified by the recent synthesis of novel spirocyclic tetrahydrofuran- and isoxazolidine-2-oxindole libraries capable of achieving growth inhibition of lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells, hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells and human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. This review covers the isolation, diverse structure, activity, synthesis, and known medicinal chemistry of 3- substituted-3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles.
Text segmentation for Chinese spell checking (1999)

Chinese spell checking is different from its counterparts for Western languages because Chinese words in texts are not separated by spaces. Chinese spell checking in this article refers to how to identify the misuse of characters in text composition. In other words, it is error correction at the word level rather than at the character level. Before Chinese sentences are spell checked, the text is segmented into semantic units. Error detection can then be carried out on the segmented text based on thesaurus and grammar rules. Segmentation is not a trivial process due to ambiguities in the Chinese language and errors in texts. Because it is not practical to define all Chinese words in a dictionary, words not predefined must also be dealt with. The number of word combinations increases exponentially with the length of the sentence. In this article, a Block-of-Combinations (BOC) segmentation method based on frequency of word usage is proposed to reduce the word combinations from exponential growth to linear growth. From experiments carried out on Hong Kong newspapers, BOC can correctly solve 10% more ambiguities than the Maximum Match segmentation method. To make the segmentation more suitable for spell checking, user interaction is also suggested.
Observed Redox Potential Range of Li<sub>2</sub>BeF<sub>4</sub>Using a Dynamic Reference Electrode (2016)

A compact electrochemical probe has been used to measure the redox potential ranges of molten Li2BeF4, a candidate nuclear reactor coolant commonly referred to as flibe, via a dynamic beryllium reference electrode. This probe is capable of operating on a loop, but was used on a static system in salt at temperatures up to 600°C. The probe has been used to measure Li2BeF4 salt with observed redox potentials ranging from –1.792 ± 0.002 V to –0.465 ± 0.134 V, yielding individual errors as low as ± 4 mV, and weighted groupings with errors as low as ± 1 mV. The most reducing measurement taken with acceptable error was –0.962 ± 0.011 V. This probe can be adapted for use in many laboratory experiments using flibe and should be considered for any corrosion experiment supporting the development of a next-generation molten salt reactor.
Computer Aided Furniture Design (1986)

本研究旨在探討利用電腦系統來進行家具設計的可能性，研究中所探用的電腦系統，硬體部份為IBM 4341迷你電腦，IBM 5080及3279終端機，以及Versatec的繪圖機，軟體程式則為CADAM。研究試驗以咖啡桌的設計為例，研究者先將咖啡桌的組成分件：桌面、桌腳、橫檔，分開地將其外型加以增飾修改成N_m個式樣後，再將各分件重再倂組成N_(m1)×N_(m2)×N_(m3)×……個新的咖啡桌式樣；本式驗中：桌面有4個式樣，桌腳有6個式樣，橫檔有4個式樣。由此三個不同分件的不同式樣，可以組成4×6×4=96個新的咖啡桌式樣。研究中結論；現時的電腦輔助設計系統可以用來進行三度空間上的家具設計工作，除能增加設計者的創造力以外；還能及時地快速配合瞬時萬變的市場變化，而設計出最好的家具出來。
Single side-band modulation performance of a LiNbO<sub>3</sub> integrated modulator consisting of four-phase modulator waveguides (2001)

Single side-band (SSB) technologies are especially useful in optical fiber communication systems, such as higher density wavelength multiplexing and long-haul fiber transmission due to less nonlinear optical effects, because of the reduced optical power. This letter reports on the SSB modulation performance of a LiNbO/sub 3/ integrated modulator consisting of four phase modulator waveguides. Optical SSB modulation with suppressions of main carrier (-22.6 dB) and J/sub 3/ subcarrier (-18.4 dB) of a 10-GHz single-tone signal with a driving voltage of 6.3 V/sub p-p/ was demonstrated. The total insertion loss was 10.6 dB.
Shaped reflectors for multiple beam applications (1989)

ERA Technology has performed a number of studies to examine the application of shaped reflector antennas to satellite multicoverage scenarios. The design objectives were to derive two or more contoured beams from a single or dual shaped offset reflectors using either a single feed per beam or a small array of feeds per beam as appropriate. The synthesis of such an antenna involves simultaneous optimisation of the reflector shape and the excitations of the feed array elements associated with each beam. In this context the geometrical optics based reflectors synthesis techniques are inappropriate and the design must be based on the more elaborate diffraction optimisation technique.
Influence of the Electrical Double Layer in Electrowetting (2003)

Electrowetting (wetting under the influence of an applied electric field) of three fluoropolymer surfaces (amorphous Teflon, DuPont) by electrolyte solutions was studied with the sessile drop method. The electrowetting curve (contact angle/potential) is analogous to the electrocapillary curve (surface tension/potential) and may be described by a combination of the Young and Lippmann equations. The influence of the electrical double layer at the polymer/solution interface has been neglected in the past because the overall interfacial capacitance is mainly determined by the capacitance of the insulating polymer layer. We demonstrate that for some surfaces a systematic deviation occurs at positive potentials. This departure from the constant capacitance regime is attributed to double layer effects, namely, the adsorption of hydroxide and halide anions. The pH, ionic strength, and polymer composition can all influence electrowetting behavior.
A Comparison of Vaginal and Suprapubic Surgery in the Correction of Incontinence due to Urethral Sphincter Incompetence (1979)

A preliminary comparison is presented, with pre-operative and post-operative objective assessment, of 25 women undergoing anterior repair and 25 women undergoing colposuspension for the correction of incontinence due to urethral sphincter incompetence. Colposuspension was found to be effective. The mechanism of successful cure was likely to be a combination of bladder neck and proximal urethral elevation and narrowing.
Estimation of Operating Characteristics for Dependent Diagnostic Tests Based on Latent Markov Models (2000)

We describe a method for making inferences about the joint operating characteristics of multiple diagnostic tests applied longitudinally and in the absence of a definitive reference test. Log-linear models are adopted for the classification distributions conditional on the latent state, where inclusion of appropriate interaction terms accommodates conditional dependencies among the tests. A marginal likelihood is constructed by marginalizing over a latent two-state Markov process. Specific latent processes we consider include a first-order Markov model, a second-order Markov model, and a time-nonhomogeneous Markov model, although the method is described in full generality. Adaptations to handle missing data are described. Model diagnostics are considered based on the bootstrap distribution of conditional residuals. The methods are illustrated by application to a study of diffuse bilateral infiltrates among patients in intensive care wards in which the objective was to assess aspects of validity and clinical agreement.
Regulation of maize lysine metabolism and endosperm protein synthesis by opaque and floury mutations (2003)

The capacity of two maize opaque endosperm mutants (o1 and o2) and two floury (fl1 and fl2) to accumulate lysine in the seed in relation to their wild type counterparts Oh43+ was examined. The highest total lysine content was 3.78% in the o2 mutant and the lowest 1.87% in fl1, as compared with the wild type (1.49%). For soluble lysine, o2 exhibited over a 700% increase, whilst for fl3 a 28% decrease was encountered, as compared with the wild type. In order to understand the mechanisms causing these large variations in both total and soluble lysine content, a quantitative and qualitative study of the N constituents of the endosperm has been carried out and data obtained for the total protein, nonprotein N, soluble amino acids, albumins/globulins, zeins and glutelins present in the seed of the mutants. Following two-dimensional PAGE separation, a total of 35 different forms of zein polypeptides were detected and considerable differences were noted between the five different lines. In addition, two enzymes of the aspartate biosynthetic pathway, aspartate kinase and homoserine dehydrogenase were analyzed with respect to feedback inhibition by lysine and threonine. The activities of the enzymes lysine 2-oxoglutate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase, both involved in lysine degradation in the maize endosperm were also determined and shown to be reduced several fold with the introduction of the o2, fl1 and fl2 mutations in the Oh43+ inbred line, whereas wild-type activity levels were verified in the Oh43o1 mutant.
An Enzyme Switch Employing Direct Electrochemical Communication between Horseradish Peroxidase and a Poly(aniline) Film (1998)

An enzyme switch, or microelectrochemical enzyme transistor, responsive to hydrogen peroxide was made by connecting two carbon band electrodes (∼10 μm wide, 4.5 mm long separated by a 20-μm gap) with an anodically grown film of poly(aniline). Horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) was either adsorbed onto the poly(aniline) film or immobilized in an insulating poly(1,2-diaminobenzene) polymer grown electrochemically on top of the poly(aniline) film to complete the device. In the completed device, the conductivity of the poly(aniline) film changes from conducting (between - 0.05 and + 0.3 V vs SCE at pH 5) to insulating (>+0.3 V vs SCE at pH 5) on addition of hydrogen peroxide. The change in conductivity is brought about by oxidation of the poly(aniline) film by direct electrochemical communication between the enzyme and the conducting polymer. This was confirmed by measuring the potential of the poly(aniline) film during switching of the conductivity in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The devices can be reused by rereducing the poly(aniline) electrochemically to a potential below +0.3 V vs SCE. A blind test showed that the device can be used to determine unknown concentrations of H(2)O(2) in solution and that, when used with hydrogen peroxide concentrations below 0.5 mmol dm(-)(3), the same device maybe reused several times. The possible development of devices of this type for use in applications requiring the measurement of low levels of hydrogen peroxide or horseradish peroxidase is discussed.
Turbine Blading Performance Evaluation Using Geometry Scanning and Flowfield Prediction Tools (2008)

This paper investigates the effect of blade deformation, caused by manufacturing inaccuracies, on the performance of a 2-stage axial steam turbine. A high fidelity 3D coordinate Measurement Machine has been employed to obtain the exact geometrical model of the blades. A Streamline Curvature solver was used to predict the overall performance of the turbine. During the manufacturing process of the casts and of the blades themselves, several types of errors can occur which lead to a different geometry from that envisaged by the designer. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of those errors on the performance of a 2-stage experimental axial steam turbine. A high fidelity measurement of the actual geometry of both stator and rotor blades has been carried out, using a 3D Coordinate Measurement Machine. The cross sections of the blades obtained by the measurement were compared with those produced by the design process to evaluate the change in blade inlet/exit angles. In addition, the geometrical deviations from the initial design have been subjected to a statistical study in order to locate the nature of the error. The actual (measured) model has been used as input into a Streamline Curvature solver to evaluate its performance. Finally, a comparison with the performance plots of the original geometry has been carried out. A measurable change of efficiency as well as in the total power delivered by the turbine was found. This suggests that the accumulated error caused during the manufacturing procedure plays a significant role in the overall performance of the machine by making it less efficient by more than 1%. Reverse engineering techniques can be applied to predict and alleviate these errors leading thereby to a final design of each stage with improved performance.
Developmental expression of two murine fibroblast growth factor receptors, <i>fig</i> and <i>bek</i> (1991)

Developmental expression of two closely related fibroblast growth factor receptors, bek and flg, is described from early postimplantation until advanced organogenesis. Transcripts of bek and flg were first seen in the primitive ectoderm of egg-cylinder-stage embryos. Later, starting with somitogenesis, and then throughout embryogenesis, they were actively transcribed both in the mesoderm and neuroectoderm. Bek was expressed also in the surface ectoderm and in various epithelia, whereas flg expression was restricted mainly to the mesenchyme. In the limb bud bek transcripts displayed a gradient-like distribution and appeared earlier than flg. The two receptors, in contrast to their almost identical ligand binding specificity, displayed distinct spatial specificities throughout development, suggesting that developmental localization may contribute to functional specificity. The role of bek and flg in gastrulation and in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions of organogenesis will be discussed.
Comment on “Cutting Edge: Inhibiting TBK1 by Compound II Ameliorates Autoimmune Disease in Mice” (2016)

Comment on Cutting Edge: Inhibiting TBK1 by Compound II Ameliorates Autoimmune Disease in Mice
Photo-consistency based registration of an uncalibrated image pair to a 3D surface model using genetic algorithm (2004)

We consider the following data fusion problem. A 3D object with textured Lambertian surface is measured and independently photographed. A triangulated model of the object and two uncalibrated images are obtained. The goal is to precisely register the images to the model. Solving this problem is necessary for building a geometrically accurate, photorealistic model from laser-scanned 3D data and high quality images. Recently, we have proposed a novel method that generalises the photo-consistency approach by Clarkson et al. [2001] to the case of uncalibrated cameras, when both intrinsic and extrinsic parameters are unknown. This gives a user the freedom of taking the pictures by a conventional digital camera, from arbitrary positions and with varying zoom. The method is based on manual pre-registration followed by a genetic optimisation algorithm. A brief description of the pilot version of the method [Z. Janko et al. (2004)] has been given together with the results of a few initial tests. In this paper, we report on some new significant developments in this project. The critical issue of robustness against illumination changes is addressed and various colour representations and cost functions are tested and compared. Natural constraints are introduced and experimentally validated to simplify the camera model and accelerate the algorithm. Finally, we present synthetic and real data with ground truth, apply the improved method to the data and measure the quality of the results.
Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate-induced Ca2+ Release (2000)

An intracellular mechanism activated by nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP(+)) contributes to intracellular Ca(2+) release alongside inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins-P(3)) and ryanodine receptors. The NAADP(+)-sensitive mechanism has been shown to be operative in sea urchin eggs, ascidian eggs, and pancreatic acinar cells. Furthermore, most mammalian cell types can synthesize NAADP(+), with nicotinic acid and NADP(+) as precursors. In this contribution, NAADP(+)-induced Ca(2+) release has been investigated in starfish oocytes. Uncaging of injected NAADP(+) induced Ca(2+) mobilization in both immature oocytes and in oocytes matured by the hormone 1-methyladenine (1-MA). The role of extracellular Ca(2+) in NAADP(+)-induced Ca(2+) mobilization, which was minor in immature oocytes, was instead essential in mature oocytes. Thus, the NAADP(+)-sensitive Ca(2+) pool, which is known to be distinct from those sensitive to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate or cyclic ADPribose, apparently migrated closer to (or became part of) the plasma membrane during the maturation process. Inhibition of both Ins-P(3) and ryanodine receptors, but not of either alone, substantially inhibited NAADP(+)-induced Ca(2+) mobilization in both immature and mature oocytes. The data also suggest that NAADP(+)-induced Ca(2+) mobilization acted as a trigger for Ca(2+) release via Ins-P(3) and ryanodine receptors.
FACIAL EXPRESSION RECOGNITION BASED ON GABOR WAVELET TRANSFORMATION AND ELASTIC TEMPLATES MATCHING (2006)

Facial expression recognition technology plays an important role in research areas such as psychological studies, image understanding and virtual reality etc. In order to achieve subject-independent facial expression recognition and obtain robustness against illumination variety and image deformation, facial expression recognition methods based on Gabor wavelet transformation and elastic templates matching are presented in this paper. First given a still image containing facial expression information, preprocessors are executed which include gray and scale normalization. Secondly, Gabor wavelet filters are adopted to extract expression features. Then the elastic graph for expression features is constructed. Finally, elastic templates matching algorithm and K-nearest neighbors classifier are used to recognize facial expression. Experiments show that expression features can be extracted effectively by Gabor wavelet transformation, which is insensitive to illumination variety and individual difference, and high recognition rate can be obtained using elastic templates matching algorithm, which is subject-independent.
Design of a small molecule against an oncogenic noncoding RNA (2016)

The design of precision, preclinical therapeutics from sequence is difficult, but advances in this area, particularly those focused on rational design, could quickly transform the sequence of disease-causing gene products into lead modalities. Herein, we describe the use of Inforna, a computational approach that enables the rational design of small molecules targeting RNA to quickly provide a potent modulator of oncogenic microRNA-96 (miR-96). We mined the secondary structure of primary microRNA-96 (pri-miR-96) hairpin precursor against a database of RNA motif-small molecule interactions, which identified modules that bound RNA motifs nearby and in the Drosha processing site. Precise linking of these modules together provided Targaprimir-96 (3), which selectively modulates miR-96 production in cancer cells and triggers apoptosis. Importantly, the compound is ineffective on healthy breast cells, and exogenous overexpression of pri-miR-96 reduced compound potency in breast cancer cells. Chemical Cross-Linking and Isolation by Pull-Down (Chem-CLIP), a small-molecule RNA target validation approach, shows that 3 directly engages pri-miR-96 in breast cancer cells. In vivo, 3 has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile and decreases tumor burden in a mouse model of triple-negative breast cancer. Thus, rational design can quickly produce precision, in vivo bioactive lead small molecules against hard-to-treat cancers by targeting oncogenic noncoding RNAs, advancing a disease-to-gene-to-drug paradigm.
Chromosome 9p allelic loss and p16/CDKN2 in breast cancer and evidence of p16 inactivation in immortal breast epithelial cells. (1995)

To define the extent of involvement of chromosome 9p in breast carcinogenesis, we performed microsatellite length polymorphism analysis of markers spanning this region. Of 24 primary breast carcinomas analyzed, we observed a high frequency (58%) of loss of heterozygosity or allelic imbalance affecting subregion 9p21-22. Mutational analysis of CDKN2 (p16) was performed to determine whether this gene was the target of such alterations. Of 21 tumors analyzed, only 1 showed a mutation of probable consequence, suggesting that CDKN2 appears not to be the target of loss of heterozygosity and indicating the possible existence of another tumor suppressor gene within this region. Additionally, since it has been suggested that some CDKN2 deletions and mutations could be due to an in vitro phenomenon, four immortal breast cell lines derived from normal epithelium, MCF10F, MCF12F, 184A1, and 184B5, were examined for loss or mutation of CDKN2. Two lines (MCF10F and MCF12F) showed homozygous deletions of CDKN2, and one (184A1) revealed a hemizygous deletion and a nonsense mutation in the remaining allele. This could imply an important role of CDKN2 in the control of immortalization or in vitro adaptation and is the first evidence of such in nontumor-derived cell lines. Additionally, this is the first report of frequent loss of heterozygosity in the 9p21-22 chromosome subregion of uncultured primary breast tumors.