gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate)–based systems in supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> plus cosolvent: Solubility measurements and process assessment (2003)

Abstract Microspheres based on synthetic polymers such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and PMMA blends are known for their medical and optical applications. The development of methods for processing polymeric microspheres using a nontoxic solvent, like supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO 2 ), is desirable. This work investigates the solubility and behavior of polymers (PMMA and PMMA/polycaprolactone blend) and solutes (cholesterol and albumin) in SCCO 2 and SCCO 2 + cosolvent (acetone, ethanol, and methylene chloride). The knowledge of solubility behavior of materials in SCCO 2 aids in the selection and/or design of the most appropriate technique for materials processing. Processing PMMA‐based polymers with pure SCCO 2 leads to polymer swelling. The lack of polymer solubility in pure CO 2 precludes their micronization by the RESS (rapid expansion of supercritical solutions) process, but on the other hand allows their impregnation. Polymer plasticization caused by CO 2 can be exploited in the PGSS (particles from gas‐saturated solutions) process. Addition of a liquid cosolvent to CO 2 enhances the dissolution of solutes and polymers. Precipitation of the studied polymers by antisolvent techniques seems feasible only by use of CO 2 + methylene chloride. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3652–3659, 2003
The big squeeze. A CELP speech codec (1990)

Codebook-excited linear predictive (CELP) coding can reduce the bit rate required for digital telephony by an order of magnitude
Rapid quantification of hepatitis B virus DNA by direct real-time PCR from serum without DNA extraction (2007)

The purpose of this study was to quantify hepatitis B virus DNA by direct real-time PCR from serum without the need for DNA extraction. Crossing point (Cp) values were determined automatically using the second derivative maximum mode. Since serum samples from patients are inevitably haemolysed, lipaemic or icteric, the interference of endogenous substances from the serum in real-time PCR was evaluated. The result showed that, although serum protein quenched the intensity of fluorescence, the Cp value adopted to calculate the quantity of DNA copies remained unchanged. Importantly, real-time PCR from serum with or without DNA extraction reached a high level of concordance. This direct serum PCR method without the DNA extraction and gel electrophoresis allows for substantial labour and cost savings. In addition, it is also suitable for rapid DNA quantification during clinical diagnosis.
Activation and coordination patterns of the suprahyoid muscles during swallowing (1994)

This study was undertaken to determine the activation and coordination patterns of the three suprahyoid muscles--geniohyoid, mylohyoid, and anterior belly of the digastric muscle--in elevating the larynx during swallowing. Electromyographic activity was also recorded from two intrinsic laryngeal muscles (vocalis and lateral cricoarytenoid) and the anterior genioglossus. Ten adults served as participants. Each participant produced 15 swallows of 15 mL of tap water both normally and with a 12-mm bite block placed between the molars. The electromyographic data were ensemble-averaged with a laboratory computer. Analyses showed that the three suprahyoid muscles were used selectively by different participants. Some participants used all three muscles for hyoid elevation, while others used different pairs of two of the muscles. The activation patterns of the suprahyoid muscles during swallowing also varied with respect to each other and the onset of the laryngeal constrictor muscles; however, use of at least one suprahyoid muscle always preceded the onset of the laryngeal adductors, indicating that larynx elevation consistently preceded glottal adduction. The way in which the muscles responded to the bite block varied considerably both within and among participants. Some maintained temporal stability but increased overall muscle activity; others reorganized temporal relations either with or without corresponding muscle activity adjustments. These findings suggest that the laryngeal elevation system is an adaptive function rather than an immutable action.
High-speed A/D and D/A converters using hybrid filter banks (2002)

Hybrid filter banks are proposed as a paralleling technique to increase the speed of Nyquist rate A/D and D/A converters. In the proposed design procedure, analog filters are obtained from a digital filter bank prototype. Stability of the analog filters is discussed and some design examples are provided.
Calculation of volume fluctuation for globular protein models. (1983)

The extent of volume fluctuation is calculated for two simple geometrical models of globular protein molecules subjected to a potential that is proportional to the surface area freshly generated by the thermal breathing motion. The proportionality constant, gamma, has the unit of surface tension. The calculated values are compared with estimates made from the compressibility measurements. After an approximate correction for the hydration effect, the experimental values are found to be between those calculated by using gamma values of 25 and 46 cal/mol/A2 (1 cal = 4.184 J). These values bracket previously reported independent estimates of interfacial tension that presumably operates at the interface between a nonpolar molecule and water. This result appears to indicate that the solvent water plays a significant role in determining the extent of volume fluctuation of globular proteins and that the concept, and the actual value of the estimate, of the interfacial tension around a nonpolar molecule in water may, in fact, be useful in some applications.
Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in humans (2000)

This paper deals with the reanalysis of serum lipids from previous studies in which deuterated fatty acids were administered to a single person. Samples were reanalyzed to determine if the deuterated fatty acids were converted to deuterium-labeled conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, 9c,11t-18:2) or other CLA isomers. We found 11-trans-octadecenoate (fed as the triglyceride) was converted (delta9 desaturase) to CLA, at a CLA enrichment of ca. 30%. The 11-cis-octadecenoate isomer was also converted to 9c,11c-18:2, but at <10% the concentration of the 11t-18:1 isomer. No evidence (within our limits of detection) for conversion of 10-cis- or 10-trans-octadecenoate to the 10,12-CLA isomers (delta12 desaturase) was found. No evidence for the conversion of 9-cis,12-cis-octadecadienoate to CLA (via isomerase enzyme) was found. Although these data come from four single human subject studies, data from some 30 similar human studies have convinced us that the existence of a metabolic pathway in one subject may be extrapolated to the normal adult population.
Dihydrocolchicine 8,12‐Endoperoxide: A Novel Starting Material for Convenient Syntheses of the Allocolchicinoids <i>N</i>‐Acetylcolchinol <i>O</i>‐Methyl Ether and Androbiphenyline (1997)

Abstract Optically pure dihydrocolchicine‐8,12‐endoperoxide 2 is used as the starting material for the synthesis of some bioactive allocolchicinoids. Depending on the reaction conditions and reagents employed, different modifications of the C ring of colchicine ( 1 ) are achieved. Triphenylphosphane deoxygenation of 2 leads to the well known N ‐acetylcolchinol O ‐methyl ether (NCME, 6 , 40% yield from 1 ). Treatment of the endoperoxide 2 with CH 3 OH/CH 2 Cl 2 /silica gel provides the plant alkaloid androbiphenyline ( 11 ) in a yield of 60% from 1 . Triethylamine‐catalysed transformation of 2 yields (−)‐colchicine‐8,12‐dione ( 12 ) (17% yield), together with a mixture of interconverting tetracyclic hemiketals 8a and 8b . For the formation of the allo colchicinoids 6 and 11 plausible reaction pathways are suggested. In contrast to what is found in the literature, the assignment of the absolute configuration of natural (−)‐colchicine ( 1 ), and the allo‐congeners 6 and 11 , should be ( M ,7 S ) or (a R ,7 S ) instead of (a S ,7 S ).
Generic Reduced-Complexity MMSE Channel Estimation for OFDM and MC-CDMA (2005)

The performance of a decision-directed channel estimation scheme is analyzed in the context of both OFDM and MC-CDMA systems. A difficulty associated with the employment of the least squares (LS) approach to the problem of a posteriori channel estimation in the context of a MC-CDMA system is described and a suitable MMSE-based estimator is proposed instead. It is demonstrated that the computational complexity associated with the MMSE estimation method proposed is relatively high in comparison to that of the conventional LS technique. Thus a low-complexity version of the MMSE estimator is proposed. The MC-CDMA system using a low-complexity MMSE estimator proposed is shown to outperform the corresponding OFDM-based scheme.
Trust in the New Information Age (1994)

In promoting new ways of communicating and doing business, AT&T and other creators of new communications systems need to address some issues of fundamental importance to our customers. People need to have a sense of security about the information that they store, transmit, and receive. They must have confidence in its integrity, source, and destination. Commitments implied by an electronic transaction must be backed by authority that is clearly defined and dependable. People and organizations must also be confident that their correspondence and transactions will not be electronically collected and pieced together to form an image that may someday be used to haunt them. These issues touch the very essence of AT&T's business, and they will affect AT&T's success in carrying out its mission. This paper highlights some ways in which security technology can be used to address fundamental problems that arise with the introduction of new information and communications systems.
Mass production of graphene materials from solid carbon sources using a molecular cracking and welding method (2019)

A novel process is developed for high-volume production of low-cost graphene materials from any solid carbon resources, especially biomass sources.
Human immunodeficiency virus—associated myopathy: Analysis of 11 patients (1988)

Neuromuscular disorders reported in association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection include several forms of peripheral neuropathy and polymyositis. We report 11 patients with HIV-associated myopathy. Five patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 2 with AIDS-related complex, and 4 otherwise asymptomatic HIV-infected patients developed progressive proximal muscle weakness. Serum creatine phosphokinase levels were elevated and electromyography revealed abnormal spontaneous activity and myopathy in most patients. All 8 muscle biopsy specimens showed fiber necrosis. Four had inflammatory infiltrates, and nemaline rod bodies were prominent in 3. Immunosuppressant therapy in 5 patients resulted in improvement. Attempts at viral localization in 4 muscle biopsy specimens were unsuccessful. These findings suggest a distinct association between HIV infection and myopathy with features atypical for polymyositis.
The value of medical imaging in uncomplicated and complicated Barrett's esophagus. (2000)

Barrett's esophagus is an acquired condition characterized by a progressive columnar metaplasia of the distal esophagus caused by longstanding gastroesophageal reflux and reflux esophagitis. Barrett's esophagus is a premalignant condition associated with a significantly increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the radiologic aspects of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Review of the literature shows that some findings on esophagography that are relatively specific for Barrett's esophagus are not sensitive, while others that are sensitive have a low specificity. Specific radiologic features allowing a confident diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus are a high esophageal stricture or ulcer associated with a hiatal hernia and/or gastroesophageal reflux. A reticular mucosal pattern is a relatively specific sign particularly if located adjacent to a stricture and is highly suggestive of Barrett's esophagus. Unfortunately, these findings are only present in a minority of cases. More common but nonspecific findings include gastroesophageal reflux, hiatal hernia, reflux esophagitis and/or peptic stricture in distal esophagus. These findings may also be present in patients with uncomplicated reflux disease. Barrett's esophagus carries a risk of malignant change. Early adenocarcinoma may appear as a plaque-like lesion or with focal irregularity, nodularity, and ulceration of the esophageal wall. Invasive adenocarcinoma may be seen as an infiltrating ulcerated mass. The radiologic diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus is limited by lack of criteria that are both sensitive and specific. The major value of double-contrast esophagography is its ability to classify patients into high risk (high stricture, ulcer or reticular pattern), moderate risk (esophagitis and/or distal peptic strictures), and low-risk (absence of esophagitis or stricture) for Barrett's esophagus determining the relative need for endoscopy and biopsy. Endoscopy and biopsy are generally advocated to make a definitive diagnosis. Endoscopic ultrasound plays a role in the early detection of invasive carcinoma and the staging of proven carcinoma but has no role in the surveillance of Barrett's esophagus.
Self-interference channel for full duplex transceivers (2014)

The self-interference (SI) channel in full duplex transceivers is investigated. The SI channel is measured using ultra wide-band antennas. Narrow-band measurement technique is used for the channel measurements so that spatial resolution of 4.3 cm is achieved. Measurements are done in a variety of locations including an anechoic chamber with different antenna orientation. Antennas are mounted on an old laptop frame. Coherence bandwidth of the SI channel is found to be varying between 1 MHz and 4 MHz, effectively making it a frequency selective channel. It is also observed that a major amount of power is transferred because of direct coupling between the antennas via the frame on which antennas are mounted.
Tube Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Efficacy of a Microtechnique Applicable to Diagnostic Laboratories (1969)

A microtechnique for determining antibiotic susceptibilities by the serial dilution method was evaluated in a clinical diagnostic microbiology laboratory. As compared with the standard tube method, an agreement of 94% was achieved for determining minimal inhibitory concentration with +/- one tube dilution as the criterion of comparison. The experience with this system suggests that it could easily be incorporated into diagnostic laboratories as a routine procedure.
Design Of Simulation Experiments method for Injection Molding process optimization (2011)

Purpose:Many studies demonstrate that DOE, CAE and optimization tools can be very effective in product and process development, however their integration is still under investigation, hampering the applicability of such engineering methods in Industry. This paper presents a Design Of Simulation Experiments (DOSE) method, developed to determine the optimal set of process parameters (factors) for given product requirements (responses).Method:The method is developed performing an original selection and integration of engineering procedures and techniques based on DOE, CAE and multi-objective optimization, chosen according to the following criteria: ease of application, time-saving and use of reduced resources.Result:The developed method consists of two main steps: a first screening of factors based on a fractional DOE is followed by a systematic experimental plan based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), in which only key factors are investigated. A regression model is finally developed to describe the responses as functions of key factors and a multi-objective optimization is proposed to obtain optimal responses by tuning the process factors in their variability range. The DOSE method is finally validated on the design of an injection molded housing for a biomedical application. This thin shell component has dimension 45mmx37mmx16mm, wall thickness from 2mm to 0,5mm and is made of polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), a high performance thermoplastic.Discussion & Conclusion:The design method achieves good responses in terms of dimensional and geometrical requirements (e.g. warpage, shrinkage, sink marks), and improves the shell moldability. The DOSE method can be easily adopted in industrial product/process development to define the optimal process parameters for a better final quality of the products.
Minamata disease (2000)

Minamata disease (methylmercury poisoning) was first discovered in 1956 around Minamata Bay, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. A second epidemic in Japan occurred in 1965 along the Agano River, Niigata Prefecture. This paper presents a brief review of Minamata disease with an emphasis on the cases found in Kumamoto Prefecture. At autopsy, the most conspicuous destructive lesion in the cerebrum was found in the anterior portions of the calcarine cortex. Less severe but similar lesions may be found in the post-central, pre-central and temporal transverse cortices. Secondary degeneration from primary lesions may be seen in cases with long survival. In the cerebellum, pathological changes occur deep in the hemisphere. The granule cell population was more affected, compared with Purkinje cells. Among peripheral nerves, sensory nerves were more affected than motor nerves. Our recent experimental studies that reveal knowledge of the pathogenesis of methylmercury poisoning will be discussed.
The osteopetrotic mutation <i>toothless</i> ( <i>tl</i> ) is a loss-of-function frameshift mutation in the rat <i>Csf1</i> gene: Evidence of a crucial role for CSF-1 in osteoclastogenesis and endochondral ossification (2002)

The toothless ( tl ) mutation in the rat is a naturally occurring, autosomal recessive mutation resulting in a profound deficiency of bone-resorbing osteoclasts and peritoneal macrophages. The failure to resorb bone produces severe, unrelenting osteopetrosis, with a highly sclerotic skeleton, lack of marrow spaces, failure of tooth eruption, and other pathologies. Injections of CSF-1 improve some, but not all, of these. In this report we have used polymorphism mapping, sequencing, and expression studies to identify the genetic lesion in the tl rat. We found a 10-base insertion near the beginning of the open reading of the Csf1 gene that yields a truncated, nonfunctional protein and an early stop codon, thus rendering the tl rat CSF-1 null . All mutants were homozygous for the mutation and all carriers were heterozygous. No CSF-1 transcripts were identified in rat mRNA that would avoid the mutation via alternative splicing. The biology and actions of CSF-1 have been elucidated by many studies that use another naturally occurring mutation, the op mouse, in which a single base insertion also disrupts the reading frame. The op mouse has milder osteoclastopenia and osteopetrosis than the tl rat and recovers spontaneously over the first few months of life. Thus, the tl rat provides a second model in which the functions of CSF-1 can be studied. Understanding the similarities and differences in the phenotypes of these two models will be important to advancing our knowledge of the many actions of CSF-1.
THE TOXICITY OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE AND OTHER SULPHIDES (1967)

1. Hydrogen sulphide inhaled, or sulphide or H 2 S injected in solution into the circulation, is carried for a time in the plasma in the form of an equilibrium mixture of sulphide and H 2 S. It only slowly penetrates into the red cells, where it is destroyed in reactions in which oxyhaemoglobin is reduced. The lethal dose of H 2 S will therefore vary according to the rate and site of its administration. 2. The physiological effects of hydrogen sulphide and other sulphides are similar to those of hydrocyanic acid, probably for the reason that both fix the iron in cytochrome A 3 , so reducing the oxygen intake of cells, and especially of nerve cells. 3. The most conspicuous actions of sulphides are on the nerve centres, which are first stimulated and then paralysed. The actions are reversible. 4. Because of the slow penetration of the red cells by H 2 S, or by the HS ion, the removal of sulphides from the plasma and their subsequent destruction is relatively slow, so that injections into the blood stream at sites from which the nerve centres are soon reached are more potent than those made at more remote places. 5. The reduction of oxyhaemoglobin resulting from the action of sulphides is reversible, and this is probably true also for the cytochrome A 3 . The action is therefore reversible, and the main treatment indicated is the application of artificial respiration.
Balanced receiver external modulation fiber-optic link architecture with reduced noise figure (2002)

The authors describe a fiber-optic link architecture which minimizes noise figure by combining the two complementary outputs of a Y-fed coupler electrooptic modulator in such a way that the optical noise cancels in a balanced receiver module. The demonstration link exhibits 9.5-dB insertion loss and 13.5-dB noise figure at 900 MHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An independent-domain natural language interface for relational database: Case Arabic language (2016)

Making information stored in database accessible for non expert users, has become one of the problems of great interest for the research community of database querying system. Hence for overriding the complexity of using database language such as Structured Query Language (SQL), the using of natural language can be a very important and simple method. But without helps computer cannot understand this language. For that its necessary to develop an interface able to translate natural language query into database query language. In this paper we present the architecture of generic interface for querying database using Arabic language. This interface functions independently of database domain and has the capacity to improve through experience its knowledge base.
Targeted disruption of the <i>Wnt2</i> gene results in placentation defects (1996)

Wnt genes have been implicated in a range of developmental processes in the mouse including the patterning of the central nervous system and limbs. Reported here for the first time is the expression of Wnt2 in the early heart field of 7.5-8.5 dpc (days post-coitum) mouse embryos, making Wnt2 a potentially useful gene marker for the early stages of heart development. Expression was also detected in the allantois from 8.0 dpc and at later stages in the placenta and umbilicus. Mice deficient in Wnt2, generated by gene targeting, displayed runting and approximately 50% died perinatally. Histological analysis revealed alterations in the size and structure of placentas from these mice from 14.5 dpc. The placental defects were associated primarily with the labyrinthine zone and included oedema and tissue disruption and accumulation of maternal blood in large pools. There was also an apparent decrease in the number of foetal capillaries and an increase in the amount of fibrinoid material in the Wnt2 mutant placentas. These results suggest that Wnt2 is required for the proper vascularisation of the mouse placenta and the placental defects in Wnt2-deficient mice result in a reduction in birthweight and perinatal lethality.
Peripheral Vascular Disease (2014)

Abstract Atherosclerosis is a systemic disorder with regional manifestations in the heart, limbs, brain, and other organs. Advances in vascular biology, diagnostic imaging, pharmacotherapeutics, and intervention have provided physicians with greater opportunities to evaluate and manage patients with atherosclerotic vascular diseases. This chapter reviews several of these peripheral vascular diseases, including peripheral artery disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and carotid artery disease.