gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thallium in organic synthesis. XIV. Orientation control in an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThallium in organic synthesis. XIV. Orientation control in an electrophilic aromatic substitution reactionEdward Curtis Taylor, Frank Kienzle, Roger L. Robey, and Alexander McKillopCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 7, 2175–2177Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00710a086https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00710a086research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views508Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A budesonide prodrug accelerates treatment of colitis in rats. (1994)

Although oral glucocorticoids are the treatment of choice for moderate to severe ulcerative pancolitis, their systemic side effects and adrenal suppression account for considerable morbidity. An oral glucocorticoid-conjugate (prodrug), budesonide-beta-D-glucuronide, which is not absorbed in the small intestine but is hydrolysed by colonic bacterial and mucosal beta-glucuronidase to release free budesonide into the colon was synthesised. The objective of this study was to compare treatment with budesonide-beta-D-glucuronide with treatment with free budesonide by examining: (1) the healing of experimental colitis and (2) the extent of adrenal suppression. Pancolitis was induced with 4% acetic acid. Animals were then randomised to receive oral therapy for 72 hours with (1) budesonide-beta-D-glucuronide, (2) free budesonide, or (3) vehicle. Drug efficacy and colitic healing was determined by measuring gross colonic ulceration, myeloperoxidase activity, and in vivo colonic fluid absorption. Adrenal suppression was determined by measuring plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone and serum corticosterone. Vehicle-treated colitis animals had gross ulceration, increased myeloperoxidase activity, and net colonic fluid secretion. Treatment with oral budesonide-beta-D-glucuronide accelerated all measures of colitis healing at a fourfold lower dose than did free budesonide. Furthermore, treatment with budesonide-beta-D-glucuronide did not result in adrenal suppression whereas free budesonide treatment did. A newly synthesised orally administered glucocorticoid-conjugate accelerates colitis healing with limited adrenal suppression. Development of an orally administered colon-specific steroid delivery system represents a novel approach to inflammatory bowel disease treatment.
Agile Business Continuity Planning using Business Process Modeling Notation (2013)

Many current business continuity plans focus on the technology of an organization, not on the processes. This research investigates how using agile methodology and business process modeling can change the efficiency and effectiveness of business continuity planning. Recent surveys of business continuity planners indicate that testing business continuity plans exposes problems and provides an opportunity to correct and improve them. However, in practice, plans are rarely tested after their creation and happen only after they are completed. Current business continuity planning practice is similar to the traditional waterfall method of software design and levies a significant drain on an organization’s resources to develop plans. This dissertation explores the use of agile techniques, like designing plans using “test first” design, focusing on the highest value processes first, and developing quality plans with the minimum of effort and error. This dissertation presents an agile methodology that harnesses “test first” development of plans using business process modeling notation (BPMN). It focuses on the continuity of processes, not the causes of a disruption. This methodology allows for a more organic approach to business continuity where IT staff and business process owners collaborate closely and leverage proven agile and test-driven development techniques. The agile techniques allow for a lightweight method of planning that reduces unnecessary work. By using BPMN, a machine executable notation, plans are easier to test by computer. Since BPMN is also graphical, plans developed in BPMN are less ambiguous, less inconsistent, and easier to communicate with others within and outside an organization.
The economic impacts of Electronic Marketplaces in globalization age Examples from agricultural web portals (2009)

Electronic Marketplaces (e-marketplaces, EMs) are one of the most important components of electronic commerce (EC). They allow the exchange of goods or services between buyers and sellers for money or other products and services. EMs also play a central role in the economy by facilitating the exchange of information, goods, services, and payments. E-marketplaces create economic value for buyers, sellers, market intermediaries, and for society, at large. In this paper, after the introducing the e-marketplaces, we present the globalization issue and its opportunities for businesses. Then, the challenges and influences of electronic marketplaces in this new economy will be expressed. Finally, as an instance, we present the applications of EM to improve agriculture industry in a selected region.
Natural Image Statistics: A Probabilistic Approach to Early Computational Vision. (2009)

One of the most successful frameworks in computational neuroscience is modeling visual processing using the statistical structure of natural images. In this framework, the visual system of the brain constructs a model of the statistical regularities of the incoming visual data. This enables the visual system to perform efficient probabilistic inference. The same framework is also very useful in engineering applications such as image processing and computer vision. This book is the first comprehensive introduction to the multidisciplinary field of natural image statistics. The book starts with a review of background material in signal processing and neuroscience, which makes it accessible to a wide audience. The book then explains both the basic theory and the most recent advances in a coherent and user-friendly manner. This structure, together with the included exercises and computer assignments, also make it an excellent textbook. Natural Image Statistics is a timely and valuable resource for advanced students and researchers in any discipline related to vision, such as neuroscience, computer science, psychology, electrical engineering, cognitive science or statistics.
FUNCTION AND MECHANISM OF ALKBH5 IN N6-METHYL-ADENOSINE RNA MODIFICATION IN GLIOBLASTOMA (2016)

N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent internal chemical modification of mRNAs in eukaryotes. In mammals, m6A installed by m6A methyltransferases METTL3 and METTL14 is erased by two members of the AlkB family of nonheme Fe(II)/a-ketoglutarate (a-KG)-dependent dioxygenases, fat-mass and obesity associated protein (FTO) or ALKBH5. ALKBH5 affects nuclear RNA export and metabolism, gene expression and mouse fertility. To date, little is known about the biological significance of m6A in human cancer. We found that ALKBH5 is highly expressed in human glioblastoma stem cells which are resistant to conventional therapy and give rise to glioblastoma recurrence by sustaining long-term tumor growth. Global manipulation of the m6A modification by depleting ALKBH5 resulted in altered gene expression including subsets of genes enriched in “Cell Cycle”, “DNA Replication, Recombination, and Repair” and “Cellular Assembly and Organization”. Knockdown of ALKBH5 expression in human glioblastoma stem cells significantly reduced their self-renewal ability as a result of inhibition of cell cycle progression. Depleting ALKBH5 reduced expression of Nestin and SOX2, NANOG, OCT4, the core transcription factors that endow tumor cells with self-renewal capacity. This study demonstrated the important role of m6A modification in human glioblastoma development.
Magneto-optical properties of Nd-Co and Nd-Fe alloys (1987)

Faraday rotation, as a function of wavelength for amorphous Nd-Co and Nd-Fe films, show the opposite behavior for low concentration Nd. The rotation decreases with increasing λ for Nd-Co and increases for Nd-Fe. This behavior is attributed mainly to the Nd, which has a higher magnetization in the Nd-Co. For Nd alone, a rotation of about 100 deg/cm G is estimated. In Nd-Fe at 50% concentration, the total Faraday rotation is higher than for Nd-Co which may be attributable to the effect of the spontaneous Hall angle.
A novel BEV concept based on fixed and swappable li-ion battery packs (2015)

In this paper a novel battery electric vehicle (BEV) concept based on a small fixed and a big swappable li-ion battery pack is proposed in order to achieve: longer range, lower initial purchase price and lower energy consumption at short ranges. For short ranges the BEV is only powered by the relatively small fixed battery pack, without the large swappable battery pack. In this way the mass of the vehicle is reduced and therefore the energy consumed per unit distance is improved. For higher ranges the BEV is powered by both battery packs. This concept allows the introduction of subscription-based ownership models to distribute the cost of the large battery pack over the vehicle lifetime. A methodology is proposed for the analysis and evaluation of the proposed concept in comparison with a direct owned non swappable single pack BEV, proving that significant improvements on city fuel economy (up to 20 %) and economic benefits are achievable under several scenarios. These results encourage further study of battery swapping service plans and energy management strategies.
A randomized phase II study of carboplatin and bevacizumab in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (CABARET). (2013)

2017 Background: The optimal use of bevacizumab (bev) in recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) remains uncertain including the choice between monotherapy or combination therapy as well as the role of continuing bev beyond disease progression. Methods: This was a sequential stratified two part randomized phase II study. Eligibility criteria included: recurrent GBM after radiotherapy and temozolomide, no other chemotherapy for GBM, ECOG PS 0-2. The primary objective (Part 1) was to determine the effect of bev plus carboplatin versus bev alone on 6 month progression-free survival (6PFS) using modified RANO criteria. Bev was given 2-weekly 10mg/kg, carboplatin 4-weekly AUC5. On progression, patients (pts) able to continue treatment were randomized to continue or cease bev (Part 2). Secondary endpoints included response rate (RR); cognitive function; quality of life; toxicity and overall survival (OS). Results: 122 pts (median age 55) were enrolled from 18 Australian sites. 87 (71.3%) were PS 0-1. The current median follow up is 14.7 months with median on-treatment time 3.7 months. 6PFS was 26% (combination) versus 24% (monotherapy) (HR 0.96, 95%CI (0.66, 1.39), p = 0.82). RR (CR+PR) was 15% versus 13%. Median OS was 6.9 versus 6.4 months (HR 1.08, 95%CI (0.74, 1.59), p = 0.68). There were 2 treatment (bev) related deaths in the combination arm (one GI perforation, one CNS hemorrhage). To date, overall incidence of bev-related AEs is similar to prior literature with 10 (8.3%) venous thromboembolic events and 5 (4.2%) hemorrhages (all grades) reported. There were 3 episodes of G3-4 neutropenia, all in the combination arm (5%) and 9 episodes of G3-4 thrombocytopenia. As of January 14, 2013, 47 pts have continued on to Part 2. Data for bev beyond progression is not yet available. Conclusions: In this study of patients with recurrent GBM, the addition of carboplatin to bev did not result in additional clinical benefit compared to bev monotherapy. This large multicentre population-based study demonstrated that clinical outcomes in patients with recurrent GBM treated with bev were inferior to previously reported studies. Ongoing follow-up of patients on bev beyond progression, and novel secondary and exploratory endpoints continues. Clinical trial information: ACTRN12610000915055.
Cytology: a simple, rapid, sensitive method in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori. (1992)

Cytology and the rapid urease test on gastric biopsies may diagnose Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection within an hour. We evaluated the sensitivity and reproducibility of touch cytology (imprints from biopsies). In 19 patients with duodenal ulcer, biopsies were obtained from the antrum, fundus, and bulb. H. pylori was diagnosed in 42 sites on smears: 28 by culture and 23 by histology. H. pylori was present in the antrum and fundus in 16 and in the bulb in 11. Assessment of paired antral biopsies in 29 additional patients with or without touch cytology (imprints) before specimens were sent for histology or culture revealed no difference for the presence of H. pylori. A second reading of the 58 smears by a second observer revealed agreement on the presence or absence of H. pylori in 53 (91%). In conclusion, touch cytology is a simple rapid, sensitive, and reproducible diagnostic method for H. pylori that does not alter the quality of biopsies for subsequent culture or histologic examination. For the first time, diagnostic methods have been compared on the same biopsies, eliminating sampling variation.
Designing nanoparticles for highly efficient endothelial siRNA delivery (2015)

Thesis: Ph. D., Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, 2015.
Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channels (2002)

The ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are a family of Ca2+ release channels found on intracellular Ca2+ storage/release organelles. The RyR channels are ubiquitously expressed in many types of cells and participate in a variety of important Ca2+ signaling phenomena (neurotransmission, secretion, etc.). In striated muscle, the RyR channels represent the primary pathway for Ca2+ release during the excitation-contraction coupling process. In general, the signals that activate the RyR channels are known (e.g., sarcolemmal Ca2+ influx or depolarization), but the specific mechanisms involved are still being debated. The signals that modulate and/or turn off the RyR channels remain ambiguous and the mechanisms involved unclear. Over the last decade, studies of RyR-mediated Ca2+ release have taken many forms and have steadily advanced our knowledge. This robust field, however, is not without controversial ideas and contradictory results. Controversies surrounding the complex Ca2+ regulation of single RyR channels receive particular attention here. In addition, a large body of information is synthesized into a focused perspective of single RyR channel function. The present status of the single RyR channel field and its likely future directions are also discussed.
Poly-vinyl-alcohol (PVA) coating of cochlear implant electrode arrays: an <i>in-vivo</i> biosafety study (2005)

Prior to the specific use of PVA as electrode array coating material, the ideal composition and its biosafety needs to be reassessed.
Message Authentication in Computationally Constrained Environments (2009)

RFID and wireless sensor networks exemplify computationally constrained environments, where the compact nature of the components cannot support complex computations or high communication overhead. On the other hand, such components should support security applications such as message integrity, authentication, and time stamping. The latter are efficiently implemented by hash message authentication codes (HMAC). As clearly stated in the literature, current approved implementations of HMAC require resources that cannot be supported in constrained components. An approach to implement a compact HMAC by the use of stream ciphering is presented in this paper.
Implementing Hardware Multithreading in a VLIW Architecture. (2005)

Hardware multithreading is a well-known technique to increase the utilization of processor resources. However, most studies have focused on superscalar processor organizations. This paper analyzes which type of hardware multithreading is most suitable for a VLIW architecture and proposes two buffers to increase the efficiency of hardware multithreading. An important goal of our work is that no software changes should be necessary so that legacy code can be executed without change. In order to achieve this we show that there must be a maximum amount of time a hardware thread may be active. The experimental results show that the implemented technique attains a maximum speedup of 27 % compared to the single-threaded VLIW processor.
Structural investigation of silica gel films by infrared spectroscopy (1990)

Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy has been utilized to characterize the structure of porous silica gel films, both deposited on c-Si substrates and free standing. The films were either dried at room temperature or subjected to partial densification at 400–450 °C. The spectra of the gel films are compared to those of thermal SiO2 grown on c-Si and to Kramers–Kronig analysis of the reflection spectra of bulk SiO2 gels and v-SiO2. The gel films show small frequency shifts compared to the latter spectra and they also exhibit new bands due to the presence of OH groups, although very little molecular water or residual organic species were found. The results are interpreted in terms of the gel structure. Compared to the thermal oxide, the sharp peak near 1070 cm−1 is narrower for the gels and the spread in intertetrahedral angles is estimated at 24° and 27° for room temperature dried and partially densified gels, respectively, compared to 33° for the thermal oxide. This is in agreement with a state of strain in the Si—O—Si bridges of the gels near the surface of the pores. The gel films have also a stronger shoulder near 1200 cm−1, whose intensity decreases with heat treatment of the gel. Its nature is related to the longitudinal optical (LO) component of the high-frequency vibration of SiO2 and it is suggested that the gel pores may account for the activation of the LO component.
AKR1B10 and its emerging role in tumor carcinogenesis and as a cancer biomarker (2012)

I read with great interest the recent article by Ma et al. in a recent issue of your esteemed journal.1 The article is highly thought provoking. Interestingly, new data have recently emerged over the past few years that implicate AKR1B10 in tumor carcinogenesis in different systemic malignancies besides breast carcinomas. For instance, increased expression of AKR1B10 is seen in nearly 84% of squamous cell pulmonary carcinomas.2 In fact, a close co-relation exists between AKR1B10 expression by lung cancers and smoking habits.3 AKR1B10 is therefore rapidly emerging as a sensitive marker of nonsmall cell lung carcinomas especially in smokers.4 Similarly, AKR1B10 alters prenylation of pancreatic proteins. As a result, tumor carcinogenesis is accentuated in pancreatic carcinomas. In fact, 70% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas demonstrate increased AKR1B10 expression, thus making AKR1B10 a potential biomarker of pancreatic malignancies.5 AKR1B10 is also emerging as a prognostic biomarker of hepatocellular carcinomas. For instance, a better prognostic outcome is seen with accentuated AKR1B10 expression.6 Increased AKR1B10 expression is especially associated with underlying cirrhosis and viral-mediated hepatocellular carcinomas. AKR1B10 expression also serves as a prognostic biomarker of bladder carcinogenesis. For instance, postcystectomy patients who receive dual gemcitabine and carboplatin therapy and express AKR1B10 generally tend to have a poor clinical outcome.7 Attenuated AKR1B10 expression in colonic tissue also serves as a marker of carcinogenesis in these tissues. In fact, downregulated AKR1B10 levels are seen in nearly 88% of colorectal carcinomas.8 Simultaneous attenuation of AKR1B1 is seen in 10% of colorectal carcinomas. Bortezomib causes upregulation of AKR1B10, and this finding may explain its potential chemotherapeutic role in colorectal carcinomas.9 The above examples clearly illustrate the role of AKR1B10 in tumor carcinogenesis and the need for further large-scale studies to fully elaborate its role and prognostic significance in other tumors. Yours sincerely, Shailendra Kapoor
Cytoplasmic Domains Mediate the Ligand-Induced Affinity Shift of Guanylyl Cyclase C (1997)

Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), the receptor for the Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (ST), exhibits multiple binding affinities, including high (RH) and low (RL) affinity sites and a ligand-induced conversion of low-affinity sites from a higher (RL1) to a lower (RL2) affinity state. Occupancy of the lowest affinity state of low-affinity sites is coupled to ligand-induced catalytic activation. In the present studies, ligand binding and catalytic activation properties of a series of intracellular deletion mutants of GCC were examined to identify the structural domains underlying expression of high- and low-affinity sites and the ligand-induced shift in low-affinity sites. These studies demonstrated that the cytoplasmic domains of GCC are not required, but extracellular and transmembrane domains are sufficient, for expression of high-affinity binding sites. In addition, the cytoplasmic juxtamembrane and kinase homology domains are required for expression of the ligand-induced affinity shift in low-affinity sites. Of significance, this shift in affinity was insensitive to adenine nucleotides, in contrast to other members of the receptor guanylyl cyclase family, such as guanylyl cyclase A (GCA). Also, the juxtamembrane and kinase homology domains are critical for coupling ST-receptor binding and guanylyl cyclase catalytic activation. Indeed, deletion of those domains from GCC results in a constitutively inhibited enzyme, suggesting that they function as positive effectors of ligand activation, in contrast to GCA and GCB, in which the kinase homology domain represses basal catalytic activity. These data suggest that the mechanisms regulating different members of the receptor guanylyl cyclase family are overlapping but not identical.
Volatile and Non-Volatile Switching in Cu-SiO<sub>2</sub>Programmable Metallization Cells (2016)

In this letter, we propose a CMOS-compatible selector prototype based on a Cu-SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> programmable metallization cell. With a porous e-beam evaporated SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> switching layer, the filament ruptures in less than a millisecond. The device exhibits diode-like I-V characteristics with a selectivity of more than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sup> . This volatile PMC can be changed to a bipolar resistive memory switch if the SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> switching layer is thermally doped with Cu. Threshold switching is a result of filament dissolution caused by Cu diffusion in SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> .