gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Morphologic Effects of the Stress Response in Fish (2009)

Fish and other aquatic animals are subject to a broad variety of stressors because their homeostatic mechanisms are highly dependent on prevailing conditions in their immediate surroundings. Yet few studies have addressed stress as a potential confounding factor for bioassays that use fish as test subjects. Common stressors encountered by captive fish include physical and mental trauma associated with capture, transport, handling, and crowding; malnutrition; variations in water temperature, oxygen, and salinity; and peripheral effects of contaminant exposure or infectious disease. Some stress responses are detectable through gross or microscopic examination of various organs or tissues; as reported in the literature, stress responses are most consistently observed in the gills, liver, skin, and components of the urogenital tract. In addition to presenting examples of various stressors and corresponding morphologic effects, this review highlights certain challenges of evaluating stress in fish: (1) stress is an amorphous term that does not have a consistently applied definition; (2) procedures used to determine or measure stress can be inherently stressful; (3) interactions between stressors and stress responses are highly complex; and (4) morphologically, stress responses are often difficult to distinguish from tissue damage or compensatory adaptations induced specifically by the stressor. Further investigations are necessary to more precisely define the role of stress in the interpretation of fish research results.
Polymerization of <i>para</i>‐xylylene derivatives. V. Effects of the sublimation rate of di‐<i>p</i>‐xylylene on the crystallinity of parylene C deposited at different temperatures (1987)

Abstract Poly(chloro‐ p ‐xylylene) was synthesized in a manner similar to poly( p ‐xylylene) using Gorham's method at various cryogenic temperatures. The effect of the sublimation rate of dimer on the kinetics of deposition, crystallinity, and crystalline structure was studied. Increasing the sublimation rate of the dimer increases the deposition rate similar to that of poly( p ‐xylylene). However, an increase in crystallinity, in contrast to Parylene N, is observed, although, in general, Parylene C has lower crystallinity relative to Parylene N. No polymorphism is observed either by decreasing the deposition temperature or by increasing the sublimation rate of the dimer. Solution annealing and isothermal annealing both bring about crystallization without any structural transformation. Solution annealing removes the oligomers and dimers, but no crystalline oligomers are ever detected under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The surface topology of films synthesized from ambient temperature to −40°C is very similar to Parylene N. At lower temperatures, in the region −50 to −60°C, a rod‐type morphology is observed similar to Parylene N. The surface topology of samples synthesized at −196°C is totally different from that of Parylene N. All low temperature synthesized samples are amorphous.
Cellulose Chemistry (1943)

Journal Article Cellulose Chemistry Get access Cellulose Chemistry. By Mark Plunguian, Ph.D., Chemist, Homasote Company, Trenton, N. J. Foreword by Louis E. Wise. VII + 97 pp., 13 figs. 14.5×22 cm. Chemical Publishing Co, Inc., Brooklyn, N. Y., 1943. Price $2.25. Max Phillips Max Phillips Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Volume 26, Issue 2, 1 May 1943, Page 290, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/26.2.290 Published: 14 February 2020
Two-parameter angular light scatter collection for microfluidic flow cytometry by unique waveguide structures (2010)

Waveguide numerical aperture restrictions and light-blocking elements are used to create a microfluidic cytometer with both illumination and two-parameter light scatter collection systems integrated on-chip. Good forward scatter coefficients of variation (9.7-18.3%) are achieved for polystyrene beads under a reasonably high flow rate (28 cm/s) using a greatly simplified optical system.
The shear stress of it all: the cell membrane and mechanochemical transduction (2007)

As the inner lining of the vessel wall, vascular endothelial cells are poised to act as a signal transduction interface between haemodynamic forces and the underlying vascular smooth-muscle cells. Detailed analyses of fluid mechanics in atherosclerosis-susceptible regions of the vasculature reveal a strong correlation between endothelial cell dysfunction and areas of low mean shear stress and oscillatory flow with flow recirculation. Conversely, steady shear stress stimulates cellular responses that are essential for endothelial cell function and are atheroprotective. The molecular basis of shear-induced mechanochemical signal transduction and the endothelium's ability to discriminate between flow profiles remains largely unclear. Given that fluid shear stress does not involve a traditional receptor/ligand interaction, identification of the molecule(s) responsible for sensing fluid flow and mechanical force discrimination has been difficult. This review will provide an overview of the haemodynamic forces experienced by the vascular endothelium and its role in localizing atherosclerotic lesions within specific regions of the vasculature. Also reviewed are several recent lines of evidence suggesting that both changes in membrane microviscosity linked to heterotrimeric G proteins, and the transmission of tension across the cell membrane to the cell-cell junction where known shear-sensitive proteins are localized, may serve as the primary force-sensing elements of the cell.
Increasing Surface Area of Silica Nanoparticles With a Rough Surface (2011)

The silica nanoparticles with a rough surface were developed using a silane precursor in a reverse microemulsion followed by a drying treatment. The surface roughness of the nanoparticles was adjustable by changing the amount of the precursor. Within a certain range, the roughness increased as the amount of the silane precursor increased. The rough surface provided a larger surface area than the smooth one. The produced nanoparticles were characterized using the transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray elemental analysis, and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller analysis technique. Additionally, the amount of surface functional amino groups on the nanoparticles was detected using the traditional acid-base titration and the dissociation constant of this functional group was calculated. On the basis of the experimental results, the mechanism of the formation of the rough surface was proposed. Finally, the produced silica nanoparticles were utilized as a carrier for the chemical binding of a near-infrared dye molecule and the adsorption of the gold nanoparticles. The results demonstrated that the rough surface provide the silica nanoparticles with a high capacity of surface chemical and supramolecular reactions.
Simple, Short Peptide Derivatives of a Sulfonylindolecarboxamide (L-737,126) Active in Vitro against HIV-1 Wild Type and Variants Carrying Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance Mutations. (2004)

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) active against NNRTI-resistant\nmutants were obtained by introducing two methyl groups at positions 3 and 5 of the\nbenzenesulfonyl moiety of L-737,126 (<b>1</b>) and coupling one to three glycinamide/alaninamide\nunits to its carboxyamide function. In cell-based assays, the new derivatives showed activities\nagainst HIV-1 wild type and NNRTI-resistant mutants [Y181C, K103N−Y181C, and triple\nmutant (K103R, V179D, P225H) highly resistant to efavirenz] superior to that of the parent\nindole derivative <b>1</b>.
Cost effective physical register sharing (2016)

Sharing a physical register between several instructions is needed to implement several microarchitectural optimizations. However, register sharing requires modifications to the register reclaiming process: Committing a single instruction does not guarantee that the physical register allocated to the previous mapping of its architectural destination register is free-able anymore. Consequently, a form of register reference counting must be implemented. While such mechanisms (e.g., dependency matrix, per register counters) have been described in the literature, we argue that they either require too much storage, or that they lengthen branch misprediction recovery by requiring sequential rollback. As an alternative, we present the Inflight Shared Register Buffer (ISRB), a new structure for register reference counting. The ISRB has low storage overhead and lends itself to checkpoint-based recovery schemes, therefore allowing fast recovery on pipeline flushes. We illustrate our scheme with Move Elimination (short-circuiting moves) and an implementation of Speculative Memory Bypassing (short-circuiting store-load pairs) that makes use of a TAGE-like predictor to identify memory dependencies. We show that the whole potential of these two mechanisms can be achieved with a small register tracking structure.
Extending Dylan's type system for better type inference and error detection (2010)

Whereas dynamic typing enables rapid prototyping and easy experimentation, static typing provides early error detection and better compile time optimization. Gradual typing [26] provides the best of both worlds. This paper shows how to define and implement gradual typing in Dylan, traditionally a dynamically typed language. Dylan poses several special challenges for gradual typing, such as multiple return values, variable-arity methods and generic functions (multiple dispatch). <br/> <br/>In this paper Dylan is extended with function types and parametric polymorphism. We implemented the type system and aunification-based type inference algorithm in the mainstream Dylan compiler. As case study we use the Dylan standard library (roughly 32000 lines of code), which witnesses that the implementation generates faster code with fewer errors. Some previously undiscovered errors in the Dylan library were revealed. <br/>
Prediction of Quality in Frozen Cod (Gadus morhua) Fillets (1988)

ABSTRACT Physical and chemical indices were determined on frozen cod ( Gadus morhua ) fillets stored for ca. 90 days at either ‐ 12°C, ‐ 15°C, ‐ 22°C, ‐ 30°C or under a set of simulated industrial fluctuating temperature conditions (SIFTC). Univariate and multivariate statistics on the quality indices gave a relationship between frozen storage textural deterioration and the chemical parameters as influenced by storage temperature. Results on the SIFTC resembled the ‐ 12°C and ‐ 15°C storage treatments. Chemical indices had lower activation energy values than those for the physical parameters. Ammonia, determined enzymatically, can be used as an index of frozen fish quality. The quadratic equations developed using the dependent variable of Instron raw peak force, independent of time and temperature, can predict the textural quality of frozen cod fillets.
The Polyhydroxy Acid Gluconolactone Protects Against Ultraviolet Radiation in an In Vitro Model of Cutaneous Photoaging (2004)

BACKGROUND Ultraviolet (UV) radiation damages skin through a variety of mechanisms, including the generation of free radicals. Gluconolactone is a polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that is capable of chelating metals and may also function by scavenging free radicals, thereby protecting skin from some of the damaging effects of UV radiation. OBJECTIVE This study measured the ability of gluconolactone to protect against UV radiation–induced damage. METHODS The ability of gluconolactone to prevent UV radiation–induced elastin promoter activation was determined in vitro using a transgenic model of cutaneous photoaging. Gluconolactone was also evaluated to determine its ability to promote the formation of sunburn cells in human skin after exposure to UV radiation. RESULTS Gluconolactone provided up to 50% protection against UV radiation, as measured in our in vitro system, and did not significantly increase sunburn cells in human skin. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the ability of the PHA gluconolactone to protect against UV radiation–induced elastin promoter activation. In addition, in vivo studies demonstrated that gluconolactone treatment does not result in a significant increase in sunburn cells. Further investigation of this and other PHAs is necessary to identify their potential role in preventing and repairing cutaneous photodamage.
Immunogenicity and Tolerogenicity of a Major House Dust Mite Allergen, <i>Der p</i> l from <i>Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus</i>, in Mice and Rats (1987)

Primary immunization of different inbred strains of mice with the house dust mite allergen Der p I (from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) adsorbed to adjuvant revealed differences in IgE but not IgG responses. Thus, the CBA and C57 Black strains were shown to be high IgE responders in that persistent IgE was induced which lasted for several months. In contrast, the C3H, AKR and Balb/c strains were judged to be poor responders. Subsequent experiments showed that such responses were adjuvant-independent, refractory to irradiation (850 rad) and that they could be adoptively transferred using immune spleen cells in a dose-dependent manner. At sub-optimal doses, adoptively transferred IgE responses were initiated by either intraperitoneal or intranasal challenge of recipients with allergen in the absence of adjuvant. Allergen-specific IgE in rats was also shown to be strain-dependent, with Brown Norway rats, in contrast to Wistar Furth (WF) and Lou/M rats, being the highest responder strain studied. Repeated intranasal administration of soluble allergen induced IgE tolerance in rats but not mice. However, tolerance was restricted to the low IgE responder phenotype strain, WF.
A negation query engine for complex query transformations (2013)

Natural language interfaces to ontologies allow users to query the system using natural language queries. These systems take natural language query as input and transform it to formal query language equivalent to retrieve the desired information from ontologies. The existing natural language interfaces to ontologies offer support for handling negation queries; however, they offer limited support for dealing with them. This paper proposes a negation query handling engine which can handle relatively complex natural language queries than the existing systems. The proposed engine effectively understands the intent of the user query on the basis of a sophisticated algorithm, which is governed by a set of techniques and transformation rules. The proposed engine was evaluated using the Mooney data set and AquaLog dataset, and it manifested encouraging results.
<title>Minimization of false defect reporting in a patterned silicon wafer inspection system</title> (1992)

The detection of defects in sub-micron semiconductor devices has reached new limits in recent years. Detection sensitivity limits are now at 0.25 microns and are being driven to 0.1 microns for 256M DRAM production. At these levels of defect detection sensitivity the need for discrimination between true defects and false defects becomes extremely important. Users of such systems cannot afford to manually sort through the large numbers of total reported defects, true and false, and thereby isolate which defects will cause yield loss. This paper discusses a system that has been developed for semiconductor in-process wafer inspection which incorporates a proprietary `statistical image'' technique and other user adjustable system parameters to minimize the frequency of false positives. The results of this study indicate that this is particularly important for the later stages of device manufacture where the thin films contain random texture which results in the potential for many false positives.
No. 1 ESS Maintenance Plan (1964)

The No. 1 electronic switching system has a much higher concentration of control than previous telephone systems. This makes the task of providing continuous telephone service more challenging than ever. It is important that troubles be detected almost instantaneously, before many calls are affected. The main subjects of this article are (1) a scheme for duplicating control equipment and (2) a description of circuit and program facilities for taking advantage of this duplication to detect, to automatically recover from, and to analyze troubles.
Recording of foetal movements: a comparison of three methods (1986)

As decreased foetal movement (FM) may indicate impaired foetal health, FM recording has been suggested as a method of assessing foetal well-being. A non-intrusive, automated method of recording FM (FM-detector), was compared with maternal and ultrasonographic assessment of FMs in 24 women in the third trimester of pregnancy. The FM-detector detected a greater proportion of ultrasonographically recorded FMs than the mothers did (median 70% and 38%, respectively; p less than 0.001). Parity, gestational age, placental site or thickness, maternal weight or the distance from the maternal abdominal surface to the amniotic cavity did not affect the ability of the FM-detector to detect ultrasonographically recorded FMs. The estimation of FM strength by the FM-detector agreed fairly well with the assessment of FM strength by the ultrasound observer. The FM-detector would seem suitable for clinical use, as in the examination of pregnant women complaining of feeling 'less FM'.
Synthesis, Molecular Modeling, and Pharmacological Testing of Bis-Quinolinium Cyclophanes:  Potent, Non-Peptidic Blockers of the Apamin-Sensitive Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Activated K<sup>+</sup>Channel (1999)

The synthesis and pharmacological testing of two series of novel bis-quinolinium cyclophanes as blockers of the apamin-sensitive Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (SK(Ca)) channel are presented. In these cyclophanes the two 4-aminoquinolinium groups are joined at the ring N atoms (linker L) and at the exocyclic N atoms (linker A). In those cases where A and L contain two or more aromatic rings each, the activity of the compound is not critically dependent upon the nature of the linkers. When A and L each have only one benzene ring, the blocking potency changes dramatically with simple structural variations in the linkers. One of these smaller cyclophanes having A = benzene-1,4-diylbis(methylene) and L = benzene-1, 3-diylbis(methylene) (3j, 6,10-diaza-1,5(1,4)-diquinolina-3(1,3),8(1, 4)-dibenzenacyclodecaphanedium tritrifluoroacetate, UCL 1684) has an IC(50) of 3 nM and is the most potent non-peptidic SK(Ca) channel blocker described to date. Conformational analysis on the smaller cyclophanes using molecular modeling techniques suggests that the differences in the blocking potencies of the compounds may be attributable to their different conformational preferences.
Sequence, overproduction and crystallization of aspartyl‐tRNA synthetase from <i>Thermus thermophilus</i> (1993)

The genes of aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (AspRS) from two Thermus thermophilus strain VK-1 and HB8, have been cloned and sequenced. Their nucleotidic sequences code for the same protein which displays the three characteristic motifs of class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. This enzyme shows 50% identity with Escherichia coli AspRS, over the totality of the chain (580 amino acids). A comparison with the eukaryotic yeast cytoplasmic AspRS indicates the presence in the prokaryotic AspRS of an extra domain between motifs 2 and 3 much larger than in the eukaryotic ones. When its gene is under the control of the tac promoter of the expression vector pKK223-3, the protein is efficiently overexpressed as a thermostable protein in E. coli. It can be further purified to homogeneity using a heat treatment followed by a single anion exchange chromatography. Single crystals of the pure protein, diffracting at least to 2.2 A resolution (space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 61.4 A, b = 156.1 A, c = 177.3 A) are routinely obtained. The same crystals have previously been described as crystals of threonyl-tRNA synthetase [1].
Hepatitis B virus X‐gene product: A promiscuous transcriptional activator (1992)

Abstract The disease state induced by infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is manifest in varying ways characterised by the extent of liver inflammation and damage and viral persistence. In a small percentage of cases, primary infection leads to fulminant hepatitis resulting in severe liver dysfunction with very high mortality. Primary infection is most often resolved by complete clearance of the virus and development of immune memory to counter reinfection, but 5‐10% of infected adults develop chronic infection characterised by the persistence of viral antigens in the serum and accompanied by varying degrees of hepatic injury. This disease state may continue after integration of HBV DNA into the hepatocyte genome from which transcription of viral antigen genes may continue in the absence of virion production. Chronically infected patients are predisposed to developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [Szmuness, 1978] with more than 100‐fold greater probability than non‐infected individuals [Beasley, et al., 1981]. Hepatitis B constitutes a major worldwide health problem with the number of chronically infected people currently estimated in excess of 250 million. HBV is the prototype member of the family of hepadnaviridae, which includes hepatitis viruses isolated from the woodchuck (WHV) [Summers et al., 1978], ground squirrel (GSHV) [Marion et al., 1980], Pekin duck (DHBV) [Mason et al., 1980], and grey heron (HHV) [Sprengel et al., 1988]. This taxonomy is derived from the relative hepatropism of virus family members, their common virion morphology, genome size, structure and organisation, and common mechanism of genome replication, which proceeds through reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate [Summers and Mason, 1982] in a manner analogous to that of retroviruses. All the viruses exhibit a strict host specificity, the human virus replicating only in man and a small number of higher apes. HBV has a partially double stranded, open‐circular genome of 3.2 kilobases (kb) which contains four open reading frames (ORFs) including the S ‐gene encoding the surface antigen and the C ‐gene encoding the core antigen (Fig. 1 ). A large ORF encompassing most of the viral genome encodes the viral polymerase while the fourth ORF encodes a protein of 154 amino acid residues which has been termed the X antigen (HBxAg) because the function of this product in the viral lifecycle is still under intensive investigation.