gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on Syntheses and Permeabilities of Special Polymer Membranes. 68. Analysis of Permeation and Separation Characteristics and New Technique for Separation of Aqueous Alcoholic Solutions through Alginic Acid Membranes (1989)

Abstract Permeation and separation characteristics of methanol/water and ethanol/ water mixtures through an alginic acid membrane by a pervaporation method were investigated under various conditions. The permeation and separation characteristics for these aqueous alcoholic solutions were significantly different. To elucidate these different characteristics, a new combined evaporation and vapor permeation membrane separation technique, named “evapomeation,” was developed. The permeation and separation mechanisms for these two aqueous alcoholic solutions through the alginic acid membrane in pervaporation are discussed. Also, the permeation and separation characteristics for ethanol/water mixtures obtained by the evapomeation method are compared with those of pervaporation.
INDIAN RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE AQUACULTURE JOURNAL DURING 1972 – 2011: A SCIENTOMETRIC STUDY (2014)

The total number of publications contributed by the Indian authors in the Aquaculture journal was 374 during the study period 1972 – 2011. The highest numbers of papers were published during 2002 – 2006 with 103 contributions; especially in 2006 there were 47 contributions. The least number of papers was recorded during 1972 – 1976 with 9 contributions. The percentage of Indian contribution was 2.74. Overall, 1373 authors contributed 374 publications in the Aquaculture journal. Among these, two authored publications were 114 (30.48%), more than that of any other authorship pattern. The degree of collaborations was 0.98. A total of 1373 authors contributed 374 publications with an average
Synthese und Reaktionen optisch aktiver Cyanhydrine (1994)

Abstract Bei der großen Bedeutung, die Cyanhydrine in der Technik und in der Organischen Chemie immer schon hatten, ist es erstaunlich, daß optisch aktive Cyanhydrine erst in den letzten Jahren intensiver untersucht und in der Synthese eingesetzt wurden. Der Grund dafür ist wohl darin zu sehen, daß es erst in neuerer Zeit gelungen ist, chirale Cyanhydrine, hauptsächlich mit enzymatischen Methoden, relativ einfach und in hoher optischer Reinheit herzustellen. Chirale Cyanhydrine sind, zumeist als Glycoside geschützt, in der Natur weit verbreitet. Annähernd dreitausend Pflanzen und vielen Insekten dienen sie unter anderem als Abwehrstoffe gegen “Fresser”. Ihre große Bedeutung in der Organischen Chemie beruht auf ihrem enormen Synthesepotential für die Gewinnung anderer wichtiger chiraler Verbindungen. In Wirkstoffen sind chirale Cyanhydrinbausteine nur vereinzelt enthalten. Wegen der Notwendigkeit, bei neuen Wirksubstanzen mit Chiralitätszentren, sämtliche Stereoisomere herzustellen und sie bezüglich ihres Wirkungsspektrums sowie ihres Metabolismus zu untersuchen, ist die Entwicklung neuer und einfacher stereoselektiver Synthesen erforderlich. Chirale Cyanhydrine können hierbei wertvolle Ausgangsverbindungen sein. Im vorliegenden Artikel warden folgende Themen behandelt: die durch die Enzyme ( R )‐ oder ( S )‐Oxynitrilase katalysierte enantioselektive Addition von Blausäure an Aldehyde und Ketone zu ( R )‐bzw. ( S )‐Cyanhydrinen; die durch cyclische Dipeptide katalysierte enantioselektive Addition von Blausäure an Aldehyde; die durch Lipasen und Esterasen katalysierte enantioselektive Hydrolyse bzw. Veresterung racemischer Cyanhydrine und Cyanhydrinester; Folgereaktionen der Nitrilgruppe chiraler Cyanhydrine zu optisch aktiven α‐Hydroxycarbonsäuren, α‐Hydroxyaldehyden, α‐Hydroxyketonen und 2‐Aminoalkoholen; Folgereaktionen der OH‐Gruppe chiraler Cyanhydrine durch Sulfonylaktivierung und anschließende stereoselektive Substitution mit Nucleophilen unter Konfigurationsumkehr zu optisch aktiven α‐Azidonitrilen, α‐Aminonitrilen und α‐Fluornitrilen.
Contribution of NR2A and NR2B NMDA subunits to bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus in vivo (2006)

It has recently been proposed that activation of the NR2A subunit results in Long-term potentiation (LTP) induction, whereas activation of the NR2B subunit results in long-term depression (LTD) induction. The present study undertakes to replicate these findings in vivo to determine if a role for specific subunits in synaptic plasticity can be shown in the intact brain. Field recordings were made from the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus using Schaffer collateral stimulation in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors NR2A and NR2B subunits were administered by either intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intrahippocampal (i.h.) injections to assess their involvement in LTP (100 Hz stimuli) and LTD (200 Paired-burst stimuli). i.h. injection of Ro25-6981 (100 microM) significantly attenuated hippocampal LTP expression and completely blocked LTD expression. When administered i.p., Ro25-6981 (6 mg/kg) again blocked LTD, but did not significantly diminish the expression of LTP. When NVP-AAM077 was administered i.h. (80 microM) both LTP and LTD were completely abolished. The administration of this compound i.p. (1.2 mg/kg) also significantly attenuated LTP, but did not affect LTD. These data suggest that both NR2A and NR2B subunits can play roles in LTP and LTD in the hippocampus in vivo.
Rapid detection of varicella–zoster virus infection by a loop‐mediated isothermal amplification method (2004)

The reliability of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was evaluated for rapid diagnosis of viral infection. VZV-specific primers only amplified VZV DNA; no LAMP products were observed in reactions performed with other viral DNA templates. The specificity of this method was confirmed by two independent determinations, agarose gel electrophoresis and a turbidity assay. The sensitivity of VZV LAMP, determined by agarose gel electrophoresis, were 500 copies/tube. Detection using the turbidity assay, however, gave a sensitivity of 1,000 copies/tube. After these initial validation studies, reliability of VZV LAMP was evaluated for the detection of viral DNA in clinical specimens. Thirty-two swab samples collected from patients with vesicular skin eruptions were tested for VZV DNA. VZV was confirmed in sample numbers 10-32 by VZV real-time PCR, a previously established technique. VZV LAMP products were detected using turbidity from samples 13 to 32 (sensitivity; 87.0%, specificity; 100%, positive predictive value; 100%, negative predictive value; 75%). Although low levels of VZV DNA could be detected in the three samples exhibiting divergent results (samples numbers 10-12), no VZV LAMP product was detected in these samples, indicating a higher detection limit for this assay. Requirement of a DNA extraction step in the VZV LAMP method was examined in next experiment. The turbidity assay detected a VZV LAMP product in all of the 20 positive swab samples (samples numbers 13-32), regardless of DNA extraction.
XCIII.—Organic derivatives of silicon. Part XXV. Saturated and unsaturated silicohydrocarbons, Si<sub>4</sub>Ph<sub>8</sub> (1921)

F. S. Kipping and J. E. Sands, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1921, 119, 830 DOI: 10.1039/CT9211900830
Gene/ <scp>QTL</scp> mapping (2018)

The genetic basis of many traits which show familial resemblance has yet to be fully explained. Gene and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping uses the correlation between genetic marker data and a hypothetical trait locus to find the genomic regions containing variants influencing the trait of interest. The closer a marker is to the trait variant on the original chromosome, the longer it takes for the correlation to break down. Gene/QTL mapping requires informative markers, a marker map, and subjects with both genotype and phenotype data.
F. Durand-Dastès. — Géographie de l'Inde (1966)

Robert Jean. F. Durand-Dastès. — Géographie de l'Inde. In: Norois, n°52, Octobre-Décembre 1966. pp. 633-634.
A New Allotropic Form of Carbon from the Ries Crater (1968)

A new allotropic form of carbon occurs in shock-fused graphite gneisses in the Ries Crater, Bavaria. The assemblage in which it occurs consists of hexagonal graphite, rutile, pseudobrookite, magnetite, nickeliferous pyrrhotite, and baddeleyite. Electron-probe analyses indicate that the new phase is pure carbon. It is opaque and much more strongly reflecting than hexagonal graphite. Measurement of x-ray diffraction powder patterns leads to cell dimensions a = 8.948 +/- 0.009, c = 14.078 +/- 0.017 angstroms, with a primitive hexagonal lattice.
Characterization of Micropatterned Lipid Membranes on a Gold Surface by Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging and Electrochemical Signaling of a Pore-Forming Protein (2005)

We report the fabrication and characterization of a micropatterned membrane electrode for electrochemical signaling of a bacterial pore-forming toxin, Streptolysin O (SLO) from S. pyogenes. Microcontact printing of an alkylthiol monolayer was used to fabricate an array template, onto which cholesterol-containing DMPC vesicles were fused to form lipid layer structures. The construction of the supported membranes, including pattern transfer and vesicle fusion, was characterized by in-situ surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging and electrochemistry. Quantitative analysis of the resulting membrane by using SPR angular shift measurements indicates that the membranes in the hydrophilic pockets have an average thickness of 8.2 +/- 0.4 nm. Together with fluorescence microscopy studies, the results suggest that this could be a mixed lipid assembly that may consist of a bilayer, vesicle fragments, and lipid junctions. The voltammetric response of the redox probe ferrocene carboxylic acid (FCA) was measured to quantify the toxin action on the supported membrane. The electrochemical measurements indicate that fusion of vesicles on the template blocked the access of FCA, whereas the injection of SLO toxin restored the redox response. The anodic peak current of FCA was found to increase with toxin concentration until a plateau was reached at 40 HU/mL. The method is highly sensitive such that 0.1 HU/mL of SLO (1.25 pM) can yield a well-defined response. In addition, it eliminates the need for a highly insulating layer in membrane sensing, which opens up new avenues in developing novel sensing interfaces for membrane-targeting proteins and peptides.
Biosynthesis and glycosylation of the invariant chain associated with HLA-DR antigens. (1982)

The biosynthesis and glycosylation of the invariant (I) chain associated with HLA-DR alpha-beta chain complexes has been examined in human B lymphoblastoid cell lines. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of HLA-DR immune precipitates from extracts of metabolically labeled cells demonstrated a processes form of the I chain, called Ip, which consists of a series of spots beginning near the basic I chain spot and ending near the acidic alpha spots. Pulse/chase labeling yielded information on the kinetics of processing of the invariant chain, as well as the finding that the association of Ip with alpha-beta chain complexes appears to be transient. Neuraminidase treatment of immune precipitates confirmed that Ip was a form of the I chain containing up to eight sialic acid residues. Labeling in the presence of tunicamycin suggested the presence of both N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharide units on the invariant chain. This processing pattern does not appear to be an artifact of B cell lines; it was seen in peripheral blood lymphocytes, freshly purified monocytes, and in an interleukin 2-dependent continuous T cell line that expressed HLA-DR. In addition, there appears to be a free pool of the invariant chain and its processed form that is not found associated with DR alpha and beta chains.
Pharmacokinetic comparison of intravenous and intranasal administration of oxycodone (1997)

The results of this study show that oxycodone is rapidly and rather effectively absorbed from the nasal mucosa but the interindividual differences are large. The intranasal route may in some cases be an attractive alternative to oral or parenteral administration of opioid analgesics. However, because of large interindividual differences, it is prudent to titrate the dose of intranasal oxycodone individually.
Semantic Subspace Projection and Its Applications in Image Retrieval (2008)

One of the most challenging problems for image retrieval applications is to find the optimal mapping between high-level semantic concept and low-level features. Traditional approaches often assume that images with same semantic label share strong visual similarities and should be clustered together to facilitate modeling and classification. Our research indicates this assumption is inappropriate in many cases. Instead we model the images as lying on nonlinear image subspaces embedded in the high-dimensional feature space and find that multiple subspaces may correspond to one semantic concept. By intelligently utilizing the similarity and dissimilarity information in semantic and geometric (image) domains, we propose an optimal semantic subspace projection (SSP) that captures the most important properties of the subspaces with respect to classification. Theoretical analysis proves that the well-known linear discriminant analysis (LDA) could be formulated as a special case of SSP. To capture the semantic concept dynamically, SSP can integrate relevance feedback efficiently through incremental learning. Kernel SSP is further proposed to handle nonlinearly separable data. Extensive experiments have been designed and conducted to compare our proposed method to the state-of-the-art techniques such as LDA, locality preservation projection (LPP), local linear embedding (LLE), local discriminant embedding (LDE) and their variants. The results show the superior performance of SSP.
Priming Affects the Activity of a Specific Region of the Promoter of the Human Beta Interferon Gene (1990)

Treatment of Daudi or HeLa cells with human interferon (IFN) alpha 8 before induction with either poly(I)-poly(C) or Sendai virus resulted in an 8- to 100-fold increase in IFN production. The extent of priming in Daudi cells paralleled the increase in the intracellular content of IFN-beta mRNA. IFN-alpha mRNA remained undetectable in poly(I)-poly(C)-treated Daudi cells either before or after priming. An IFN-resistant clone of Daudi cells was found to produce 4- to 20-fold more IFN after priming, indicating that priming was unrelated to the phenotype of IFN sensitivity. IFN treatment of either Daudi or HeLa cells transfected with the human IFN-beta promoter (-282 to -37) linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene resulted in an increase in CAT activity after induction with poly(I)-poly(C) or Sendai virus. A synthetic double-stranded oligonucleotide corresponding to an authentic 30-base-pair (bp) region of the human IFN-beta promoter between positions -91 and -62 was found to confer virus inducibility upon the reporter CAT gene in HeLa cells. IFN treatment of HeLa cells transfected with this 30-bp region of the IFN-beta promoter in either the correct or reversed orientation also increased CAT activity upon subsequent induction. IFN treatment alone had no detectable effect on the activity of either the 30-bp region or the complete human IFN promoter.
Effect of Alcohols on Aggregation Behaviors of Branched Block Polyether Tetronic 1107 at an Air/Liquid Surface (2011)

The aggregation behaviors of branched block polyether Tetronic 1107 (T1107) at an air/liquid surface was investigated in mixed solvents consisting of water and one of the following polar cosolvents: ethanol, n-propanol, ethylene glycol (EG), or glycerol (GLY). Surface tension measurements provide information about the effects of cosolvents on the critical micellization concentration (cmc), the standard Gibbs energy (ΔG°(mic)), the maximum surface excess concentration (Γ(max)), the minimum area per polyether molecule at the air/liquid surface (A(min)), and the standard free energy of adsorption (ΔG°(ads)). The addition of ethanol and n-propanol to water disfavors the micellization and progressively increases the cmc of T1107, whereas the cmc decreases with the addition of EG and GLY. The values of ΔG°(mic) of T1107 are all negative in mixed solvents, and their absolute values become smaller as the ethanol or n-propanol content increases but become larger as the EG or GLY content increases. The cosolvents have a significant effect on the surface adsorption and cmc, and the order is as follows: n-propanol-water > ethanol-water > water > EG-water > GLY-water. The octanol/water partition coefficient (log P) of the cosolvent is used to correlate the effects, and it could capture the effect of cosolvents on the cmc qualitatively. The surface dilational rheological properties of T1107 in water and water-alcohol mixtures were also studied by surface dilational viscoelasticity and surface tension relaxation measurements. The dilational elasticity decreases monotonously in the presence of ethanol or n-propanol. With the increasing concentration of EG and GLY, the dilational elasticity of T1107 passes through a maximum that coincides with the change in Γ(max).
A Multilevel Approach to Sequential Detection of Pictorial Features (1976)

This paper considers the problem of detecting the local similarity between templates in a given class and a given image using a hierarchically ordered sequential decision rule. When the given set consists of a large number of templates and the number of locations in the image matching any of the templates is small, it is wasteful to examine each of the templates at every location in the image for a match. Instead, it is proposed that the set of templates be partitioned and a ``representative template'' be defined for each of the partitions. Several levels of partitioning are defined. Elimination of mismatching locations and termination of computation can take place at each, level of detection. Each level of testing is over a more restrictive subset of the template class than the previous level. The paper presents a general formulation of this approach and gives criteria for selecting representative templates, the ordering of components of a template vector for error evaluation, and the threshold sequences to be used in deciding about a ``match.'' Suboptimal solutions are given satisfying these criteria. Illustrative examples are provided showing recognition of linear features in test patterns and photographs obtained by aerial and spaceborne sensors.
Quantitative determination of the distribution of free hydroxylic and carboxylic groups in unsaturated polyester and alkyd resins by <sup>31</sup>P‐NMR spectroscopy (2001)

Abstract Quantitative 31 P‐NMR spectroscopy is used to measure the hydroxyl and carboxyl content of some polyester resins (short‐ and long‐oil alkyds, polyols, polyesters) through derivatization of the —OH protons with 2‐chloro‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethyldioxaphospholane I. This methodology is shown to be superior to titration methods, since it can (a) discriminate between primary and secondary hydroxyl groups, (b) identify individual alcohols and acids present, (c) measure the amount of free fatty acids in oil‐modified alkyds, and (d) provide lower limits for the number‐averaged molecular weight of the resins and exact values for linear polyesters. A major advantage of the technique is that the NMR measurements are made on unmodified resins in their final product form supplied by the manufacturer. The information obtained is important for the characterization of the alkyd resins and affects drastically their physical properties and performance as products. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1635–1642, 2002
Construction and quantification of a toroidal bubble apparatus (2000)

A toroidal bubble is a vortex ring with a gas core in a liquid. Current interest in toroidal bubbles is partially due to the discovery that small toroidal bubbles can occur in the cavitation collapse of a spherical bubble near the surface of a solid. This can occur near a propeller blade, causing both damage and acoustic emission. Another motivation is that dolphins generate a rich variety of large vortex bubbles. The objectives of this thesis are the construction of an apparatus that generates large toroidal bubbles in a tank of water, and the establishment of the parameter space in which toroidal bubbles occur. The apparatus employs a variable electrical input, interchangeable solenoid valve, interchangeable needle valve, and pressurized nitrogen gas. The tank is an acrylic cylinder with diameter one foot and height four feet. It is observed that whether or not a toroidal bubble forms is highly stochastic. This is studied by varying several parameters of the apparatus. Preliminary results of possible acoustic emission are presented. Future work with the apparatus is discussed, including digital photography of toroidal bubble formation and the effect of ensonification on the motion.
Structural Basis for Ligand Recognition and Functional Selectivity at Angiotensin Receptor (2015)

Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) is the primary blood pressure regulator. AT1R blockers (ARBs) have been widely used in clinical settings as anti-hypertensive drugs and share a similar chemical scaffold, although even minor variations can lead to distinct therapeutic efficacies toward cardiovascular etiologies. The structural basis for AT1R modulation by different peptide and non-peptide ligands has remained elusive. Here, we report the crystal structure of the human AT1R in complex with an inverse agonist olmesartan (Benicar(TM)), a highly potent anti-hypertensive drug. Olmesartan is anchored to the receptor primarily by the residues Tyr-35(1.39), Trp-84(2.60), and Arg-167(ECL2), similar to the antagonist ZD7155, corroborating a common binding mode of different ARBs. Using docking simulations and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified specific interactions between AT1R and different ARBs, including olmesartan derivatives with inverse agonist, neutral antagonist, or agonist activities. We further observed that the mutation N111(3.35)A in the putative sodium-binding site affects binding of the endogenous peptide agonist angiotensin II but not the β-arrestin-biased peptide TRV120027.