gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Abnormalities in the plasma concentrations of thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine and growth hormone in sex-linked dwarf and autosomal dwarf White Leghorn domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) (1983)

Plasma concentrations of GH were high in young birds (2-12 weeks old) and low in older birds (15 and 18 weeks old) in the control Cornell K strain of White Leghorn fowl. There was little variation in the plasma concentrations of tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) with age in this strain. Similar patterns of plasma hormone concentrations with age were observed in autosomal recessive dwarf chickens. However, the plasma concentrations of T3 and T4 tended to be depressed while that of GH was raised. There was little age-related change in the plasma concentrations of GH, T3 and T4 in sex-linked recessive dwarf chickens. Throughout growth and maturation the plasma concentrations of T3 in the sex-linked dwarf birds were less 40% of those observed in the control strain. Plasma concentrations of T4 tended to be raised relative to the control in the sex-linked dwarf at each age examined. The plasma concentration of GH was raised only in older (12, 15 and 18 weeks old) sex-linked dwarfs. Liver T4-5' monodeiodinase activity was slightly depressed in autosomal dwarf chickens and very low in the sex-linked dwarf fowl. Neither autosomal nor sex-linked dwarfism appears to be due to hypopituitarism. It is probable that the depressed liver 5' monodeiodinase activity and the concomitant low plasma concentrations of T3 are a causative factor in the reduced growth and stature of the sex-linked dwarf chicken.
An Ontology-based Mapping Repository for Meta-querier Customization. (2010)

This analysis of a large cohort of adults with PLB indicated that the only identifiable prognostic indicators were localized disease and younger age. The authors concluded that future treatment for patients with PLB need to be based on strict staging criteria and adherence to successful published protocols using collaborative clinical trials.
The Evolution of Power Trains and Steering in High Speed Military Track Laying Vehicles (1967)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper discusses the historical development of the transmission and power train in high speed military tracklaying vehicles. It is apparent that the final design of any power train system for military vehicle application must take into consideration factors such as vehicle performance criteria, vehicle weight class and influence, engine application, and mission profile.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Detailed analyses of various power train systems, such as the X-700, XHM-1500, and HMPT-100, are presented. The basic aim was to shape the new hulls around the smallest practicable power package of engine cooling system, transmission, and steering-brake system. By including the steering and braking in the transmission unit much hull space could be saved, and the space saved could be used for installation of more powerful engines.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Based upon a vast background of knowledge developed since World War II, ATAC is maintaining a very high level of effort in assuring that the latest and most advanced drive systems are available for the United States military combat vehicle.</div>
An object attribute thresholding algorithm for document image binarization (2002)

Document image binarization is not a completely solved problem for unconstrained document images. Binarization algorithms, whether global or local, can easily fail on images with noisy or complex background, or poor contrast. The authors report preliminary results on a new approach to document image binarization, an algorithm based on gray scale histogram and run-length histogram analysis. Experimental results on unconstrained machine printed address blocks from the US letter mail stream show that over 99% of such address blocks can be correctly binarized.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Restless legs syndrome (1999)

<h3>Background</h3> Patellar tendinopathy (PT) is an injury which has a high prevalence in sports, especially in those involving jumping. Because successful treatment of PT remains challenging, prevention is of utmost importance. Before effective prevention programs can be developed, it is important to identify the risk factors that play a role in the development of this injury. <h3>Objective</h3> The aim of this study was to review the literature and to identify risk factors associated with PT. <h3>Design</h3> Systematic review of the literature. <h3>Setting</h3> A search of the Pubmed, EMBASE and AMED databases was conducted to identify studies. Studies were included in the systematic review if they contained: (1) empirical research that investigated factors associated with PT; and (2) a patient group with PT and a comparison group (or tested for differences across groups in a cross-sectional survey). <h3>Assessment of risk factors</h3> The methodological quality of the studies was assessed with a methodological quality assessment list. A strength of evidence criterion was used to identify risk factors. This criterion took into account the percentage of studies that found an association for a factor and the methodological quality of these studies. <h3>Results</h3> 11 studies were included in the review investigating over 40 potential risk factors. The overall methodological quality score of the studies was low. Potential risk factors were categorised in four groups; demographics, anthropometrics, sports related factors and strength/flexibility. The present review found evidence for two risk factors for PT: waist-to-hip ratio and hip and knee flexibility. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Waist-to-hip ratio and hip and knee flexibility were identified as risk factors for PT. There is a clear need for high quality studies in order to identify the exact risk factors associated with PT.
Tracheal function during influenza infections (1983)

Studies with animal models have demonstrated that viral respiratory tract infections suppress bacterial clearance processes in the lung and that this alteration in host defenses appears to explain the excessive mortality from bacterial pneumonia during influenza epidemics. However, since the pathogenesis of postinfluenza pneumonia and other pneumonias probably involves the aspiration of normal nasopharyngeal flora, injury to major airways associated with influenza infections could also contribute to the development of bacterial pneumonia by increasing bacterial deposition in the peripheral lung. We investigated this possibility by evaluating tracheal clearance processes and spontaneous changes in the tracheal flora in a murine model for acute influenza. During fine-particle aerosol exposures to Staphylococcus aureus, influenza-infected mice retained the same number of bacteria on their proximal tracheal surfaces as did control mice, and the relative adherence of the staphylococci to the trachea was similar in both groups of mice. However, the clearance of viable staphylococci from the trachea was significantly delayed in influenza-infected mice. Control and influenza-infected mice were also evaluated for changes in their normal tracheal flora. Mice with established influenza infections had more frequent spontaneous colonization with gram-negative bacteria, more bacterial isolates per animal, and higher bacterial concentrations in tracheal homogenates than control mice. These changes in tracheal flora were most pronounced on day 7 after virus inoculation and persisted after virus titers were undetectable, but eventually resolved by day 14 after virus infection. Tetracycline therapy started 2 days after virus inoculation prevented the increased colonization. This impaired clearance function and increased spontaneous colonization were associated with morphological evidence of mucosal regeneration. We conclude that spontaneous changes in tracheal flora occur during influenza infections, that these changes reflect, in part, impaired clearance functions, and that such changes could contribute to the development of pneumonia regardless of the clearance capacity of the lung parenchyma.
Degradation and failure mechanisms of a-Si:H solar cells with aluminum contacts (2002)

Low temperature (100/spl deg/C-300/spl deg/C) annealing effects on a-Si:H solar cells with Al contacts have been investigated. A reduction in shunt resistance upon annealing in the temperature range of 150-180/spl deg/C for thirty minutes was observed indicating degradation of the cells. Visible morphological changes of the aluminum surface and the a-Si:H film underneath initiate at approximately 170/spl deg/C. Thirty minute annealing at 180/spl deg/C decreased the shunt resistance by a factor of 50 and the solar cells showed a considerable decrease in efficiency and fill factor. Annealing at 200/spl deg/C and higher degraded the solar cells to the point that no conversion occurred. The degradation and failure mechanisms of the solar cells can be explained using a simple model involving aluminum diffusion into the silicon followed by crystallization and type conversion of the n/sup +/ a-Si:H due to aluminum counterdoping.
Field Resistance to Bemisia tabaci in Cucumis melo (2003)

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B-Biotype is a major pest on cucurbits in the Caribbean islands. Five field trials were conducted to identify resistance among 80 genotypes of Cucumis melo L. from diverse geographic origins. We focused on resistant rather than tolerant genotypes by counting adults on the abaxial side of two leaves of each plant at least three times in each trial, and larval density of under leaf disk samples at least twice in each trial. On the basis of insect density, three Indian accessions, PI 414723, PI 164723, and 90625, and one Korean accession, PI 161375, had field resistance. On those accessions, we observed 3.6 to 6 times fewer adults than on the most susceptible genotypes (`AR Top Mark' or `Délice de Table') and 11 to 29 times fewer larvae than on `AR Top Mark' or B66-5. Those levels of resistance may be sufficient to significantly reduce pesticide use in Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles) where B. tabaci populations are lower than in the Southern United States or in the Mediterranean Basin. Higher levels of resistance are needed for genetic control, and may be achieved by a combination of different partial resistance genes.
Intra-prediction for Video Coding with Neural Networks (2018)

Intra-prediction is a method for coding standalone frames in video coding. Until now, this has mainly been done using linear formulae. Using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) may improve the prediction accuracy, leading to improved coding efficiency. In this degree project, Fully Connected Networks (FCN) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) were used for intra-prediction. Experiments were done on samples from different image sizes, block sizes, and block contents, and their effect on the results were compared and discussed. The results show that ANN methods have the potential to perform better or on par with the video coder High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) in the intra-prediction task. The proposed ANN designs perform better on smaller block sizes, but different designs could lead to better performance on larger block sizes. It was found that training one network for each HEVC mode and using the most suitable network to predict each block improved performance of the ANN approach.
Hydrogen Generation from Formic Acid Decomposition with a Ruthenium Catalyst Promoted by Functionalized Ionic Liquids (2009)

A series of amine-functionalized ionic liquids is prepared and used for hydrogen generation by the selective catalytic decomposition of formic acid. A good catalytic activity was obtained using an iPr2NEMimCl–HCOONa system at 40 °C. The use of volatile organic amines is thus avoided, simplifying the purification of hydrogen Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Class of Queries Processed by Navigation in Network Databases (1989)

Abstract Queries in network databases are usually processed by navigation. In this paper, queries are classified according to the network structures to be retrieved to process the queries (so‐called query schemas) and the correspondence of navigational capability, the classes of network queries, and the classes of relational queries are discussed. Simple queries are those whose answers are obtained by selection and projection of connections of records. They are divided into tree queries and cyclic queries according to the cyclicity of their query schemas. Simple queries are generalized to join queries whose answers are obtained from the Cartesian product of connections of records. Basic navigation, which produces only connections of records, can process almost all the tree simple queries and queries in some class of tree join queries. Navigation with facility to compare records can process all simple queries including cyclic queries and some class of join queries. If navigation can use variables to compare with the records' values, all simple and join queries can be processed. Natural join queries in the relational model which do not include lossy join are simple queries in the network model. Most queries including the class of relational complete ones can be processed by navigation.
Electronic Composition System (1970)

Electronic composition systems which are presently becoming available may be as revolutionary to the graphic arts industry as was the introduction of the linecasting machine. These systems will eventually effect the complete publication cycle̲from author's manuscript to, and including, plate making and distribution. The initial impact of the electronic systems will be felt primarily by the editorial and composing departments. The following is a very brief discussion limited to the effect of such an electronic composition system.
Longitudinal Rates of Cataract Surgery (2006)

At 5.3%, the cataract surgery incidence is similar to that given in previous reports. Persons undergoing cataract surgery more often had low self-reported vision before surgery, and their vision improved on average relative to others after surgery.
Piezoresistive Strain Sensors Made from Carbon Nanotubes Based Polymer Nanocomposites (2011)

In recent years, nanocomposites based on various nano-scale carbon fillers, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), are increasingly being thought of as a realistic alternative to conventional smart materials, largely due to their superior electrical properties. Great interest has been generated in building highly sensitive strain sensors with these new nanocomposites. This article reviews the recent significant developments in the field of highly sensitive strain sensors made from CNT/polymer nanocomposites. We focus on the following two topics: electrical conductivity and piezoresistivity of CNT/polymer nanocomposites, and the relationship between them by considering the internal conductive network formed by CNTs, tunneling effect, aspect ratio and piezoresistivity of CNTs themselves, etc. Many recent experimental, theoretical and numerical studies in this field are described in detail to uncover the working mechanisms of this new type of strain sensors and to demonstrate some possible key factors for improving the sensor sensitivity.
Blood pressure simulation model: a teaching aid. (1992)

A mechanical blood pressure simulation model has been designed and developed by superimposing intermittent pressure on a steady pressure in a fluid filled closed rubber bladder. As a result, pulsatile pressure waves are generated in the bladder. By adjusting the magnitudes of constant pressure and intermittent pressure a 'simulated blood pressure' profile may be generated in the closed bladder with clearly three identifiable components i.e. systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure. The model consists of two bladders, a rubber bag and a motor which produces up and down movements. The pressure is recorded on a manometer and a biorite simultaneously. The device is simple, sturdy and inexpensive and may be used as adjunct for laboratory teaching in physiology and related sciences.
Automatic and threshold-free evaluation of 3D building roof reconstruction techniques (2013)

Although a large number of building roof reconstruction techniques from the remotely sensed data have been proposed, there is a serious lack in standard and automatic evaluation system. The manual evaluation systems are based on human judgment and so may be biased. Moreover, the application of such an evaluation system on a large data set requires a considerable amount of human involvement. In addition, the threshold-based evaluation systems that employ one or more thresholds while making correspondences between the detection and reference sets are also subjective since there is no unique way to choose the thresholds. This paper proposes an automatic and threshold-free evaluation system using the centre distances between the detected and reference entities. It neither requires any human involvement nor uses any thresholds. As a result, the proposed evaluation system can be exploited for a bias free evaluation of any roof reconstruction techniques, even on large data sets.
A Comparison of the Noise Characteristics of Projection Reconstruction and Two-Dimensional Fourier Transformations in NMR Imaging (1983)

Human images of excellent quality have been obtained with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), using two different techniques: projection reconstruction (PR) and two-dimensional Fourier transformations (2DFT). It has been shown in CT that the reconstruction algorithms will multiply the noise in the projections and change the noise spectrum. A comparison of the noise of the two techniques is presented under the constraint of equal imaging conditions using both computer simulations and data obtained with the UCSF human imager. The computer simulations show that the two techniques produce approximately equal signal to noise values when S/N ~ 15. Below that value small differences are observed. For both simulations and actual data, the 2DFT shows a uniform spatial frequency response while the PR method shows a roll-off at low spatial frequencies. The 2DFT method is shown to be more resistant to artifact formation.
The Role of Network Bandwidth in Barrier Synchronization (1995)

In this paper, we analyze the minimum acceptable bandwidths for networks performing communication for barrier synchronization. We relate these critical bandwidths to the variance of the arrival times of the processors participating in the barrier. We propose a new model called the network bandwidth overflow model that can be used for certain algorithms to compute the difference between the time of the last arriving processor and the time at which the barrier completes. A high variance of arrivals enables a very low bandwidth network to service the barrier traffic and adds only a negligible delay to the barrier completion time. Additionally, there is negligible delay in barrier completion for network bandwidths above a critical bandwidth. The major characteristics of the network bandwidth model are: barrier arrivals are modeled with a normal distribution, messages announcing arrivals receive sequential service by the synchronization network, and these messages are broadcast to all processors.
Unobtrusive Monitoring of Computer Interactions to Detect Cognitive Status in Elders (2004)

The U.S. has experienced a rapid growth in the use of computers by elders. E-mail, Web browsing, and computer games are among the most common routine activities for this group of users. In this paper, we describe techniques for unobtrusively monitoring naturally occurring computer interactions to detect sustained changes in cognitive performance. Researchers have demonstrated the importance of the early detection of cognitive decline. Users over the age of 75 are at risk for medically related cognitive problems and confusion, and early detection allows for more effective clinical intervention. In this paper, we present algorithms for inferring a user's cognitive performance using monitoring data from computer games and psychomotor measurements associated with keyboard entry and mouse movement. The inferences are then used to classify significant performance changes, and additionally, to adapt computer interfaces with tailored hints and assistance when needed. These methods were tested in a group of elders in a residential facility.
A plasmid of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 is required for expression of a new fimbrial antigen and for adhesion to epithelial cells (1987)

Of 14 strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from patients with hemorrhagic colitis or hemolytic uremic syndrome that were examined for fimbriae, the presence of plasmids, and the ability to adhere to intestinal cells, 13 possessed a 60-megadalton plasmid and were fimbriated as assessed by electron microscopy. These strains adhered to Henle 407 intestinal cells but not to HEp-2 cells or erythrocytes. Three strains were cured of the plasmid and thereafter failed to express fimbriae and lost the ability to adhere to intestinal cells. Conversely, E. coli K-12 transformed with the 60-megadalton plasmid from each of the three strains produced fimbriae and was able to adhere to intestinal cells. A single fimbrial subunit of 16 kilodaltons was observed when purified fimbriae from the transformants and from the 60-megadalton plasmid-containing E. coli O157:H7 strains were disaggregated and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Antisera raised against one preparation of the purified fimbriae reacted strongly with 12 of 14 O157:H7 isolates in an agglutination assay and with purified fimbrial preparations from five E. coli O157:H7 strains in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
A comprehensive semantic-based resource allocation framework for workflow management systems (2008)

Resource allocation that targets to assign the appropriate resource to the dynamically generated work item has always been a critical issue in the workflow management system research. However, today's workflow systems almost still depend on the static literal-based matchmaking mechanism to support the resource allocation, which would suffer greatly from the diversity and mutability of resources in current open and dynamic network environment. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive semantic-based resource allocation framework to enhance the matchmaking process. The essential contributions of this framework are: firstly, an OWL ontology is provided to describe available resources based on their semantic information. Secondly, based on the ontology, effective semantic reasoning techniques are used to select the eligible resource candidates. Thirdly, a bidding approach is adopted to further optimize the resource selection according to runtime conditions such as duration, cost and etc., which would typically overcome the inaccurate assignment based on pure static information in previous study.
Liquid–Solid Extraction (2006)

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Extraction without Chemical Reaction 2.1. General Comments 2.2. Technical Principles and Process Design 2.3. Extraction Processes and Typical Equipment 2.3.1. Batch Extraction 2.3.2. Continuous Extraction 3. Chemical Leaching in Hydrometallurgy 3.1. Methods 3.2. Principles 3.3. Typical Processes and Equipment 3.3.1. Agitation Leaching of an Oxidized Gold Ore 3.3.2. Pressure Leaching of Zinc Sulfide Concentrates 3.3.3. Bioleaching of Refractory Precious‐Metal Concentrates 4. Extraction with Supercritical Fluids 4.1. Principles 4.2. Process Design 4.3. Equipment