gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a “signal-on” electrochemical DNA sensor with an oligo-thymine spacer for point mutation detection (2013)

We report a reagentless and reusable "signal-on" electrochemical DNA sensor that utilizes oligo-thymine as a flexible spacer. This sensor design is sensitive, specific, and selective; it is potentially generalizable for detection of a wide range of biomedical-relevant nucleic acid sequences.
California Intersection Decision Support: A Systems Approach to Achieve Nationally Interoperable Solutions (2005)

The overall IDS research plan was constructed to realize, in slightly more than three years, the requirements, tradeoffs assessment, and technology investigations necessary to define an IDS. Toward the end of the project we will combine our understanding of the problem definition, IDS technologies and our integration experience with a standard Caltrans intersection (with advanced controller) and design a deployable IDS demonstration that can be field tested.
Electroconvulsive Seizures Inhibit Amygdala Kindling: Implications for Mechanisms of Action in Affective Illness (1984)

Amygdala kindling, the progressive development of seizures following repeated electrical stimulation, has been used as a model of epileptogenesis, neural memory, and the development of behavioral alterations. In an attempt to interfere with the kindling process, electroconvulsive seizures (ECS) were administered 6 h prior to or immediately after once-daily amygdala stimulation. ECS compared with sham ECS 6 h prior to kindling profoundly inhibited the development of amygdala-kindled seizures, while ECS immediately after the afterdischarge (AD) were not effective. In a second study, seven daily ECS, but not a single ECS followed by a 6-day delay, markedly suppressed established amygdala-kindled seizures compared with sham ECS controls. The generalized seizures of ECS thus appear to be paradoxically anticonvulsant to limbic seizures. Carbamazepine, a potent anticonvulsant for temporal lobe and limbic seizures in animals and man, inhibits amygdala-kindled seizures and is effective in the treatment of manic-depressive illness. The current findings suggest the possibility that the efficacy of ECS in affective illness may be, in part, related to its limbic antikindling and anticonvulsant effects.
Determining Power Losses in Helical Gear Mesh: Case Study (2003)

Currently legislation is in place to encourage a reduction in energy usage. As such there is an increased demand for machinery with higher efficiencies, not only to reduce the operational costs of the machinery, but also to cut capital expenditure. The power losses associated with the gear mesh can be divided into speed and load dependant losses. This paper reviews some of the mathematical models proposed for the individual components associated with these losses, such as windage, churning, sliding and rolling friction loses. A mathematical model is proposed which predicts the power losses on helical gears highlighting the major contributor to losses in the gear mesh. Furthermore, the mathematical model is validated with a case study.
Lead Optimization of N-3-Substituted 7-Morpholinotriazolopyrimidines as Dual Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors: Discovery of PKI-402 (2009)

Herein we describe the identification and lead optimization of triazolopyrimidines as a novel class of potent dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, resulting in the discovery of 3 (PKI-402). Compound 3 exhibits good physical properties and PK parameters, low nanomolar potency against PI3Kalpha and mTOR, and excellent inhibition of cell proliferation in several human cancer cell lines. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo biomarker studies demonstrated the ability of 3 to shut down the PI3K/Akt pathway and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. In addition, 3 showed excellent in vivo efficacy in various human cancer xenografts, validating suppression of PI3K/mTOR signaling as a potential anticancer therapy.
Diameter dependence of current–voltage characteristics of ultrasmall area AlSb–InAs resonant tunneling diodes with diameters down to 20 nm (1997)

We have studied the current–voltage characteristics I(V) of ultrasmall area AlSb–InAs resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) with diameters down to 20 nm. Resonant tunneling peaks were observed for all the diodes at room temperature. The peak-to-valley ratio reduces with the decreasing diameter of the RTD. We found from the diameter dependence of the valley current that the reduction is due to a contribution of the thermally activated surface current to the valley current. For RTDs with diameters less than 100 nm, we observed fine structures around zero bias at 4 K. They can be attributed to tunneling through zero-dimensional states confined by a RTD sidewall.
SADE: a graphical tool for VHDL-based system analysis (2002)

A graphical tool for system analysis called SADE (System's Analyst's Design Environment) is described. The tool can generate behavioral VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) models from graphical, structured analysis diagrams. The models can be simulated on a standard VHDL simulator. The simulation results can be viewed animated in the graphical diagrams. The tool provides the designer with features found in sophisticated CASE tools, which make the construction of a system model and the analysis of simulation results easy.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Review of noise propagation in the atmosphere (1977)

A general review is presented of most areas of sound-propagation outdoors that are of interest for the control of community noise. These areas are geometrical spreading, atmospheric absorption, ground effect, (near horizontal propagation in a homogenous atmosphere close to flat ground), refraction, the effect of atmospheric turbulence, and the effect of topography (elevation, hillsides, foilage, etc.) The current state of knowledge in each area is presented and suggestions made concerning research activities, applications of existing research, and practical problems which arise in the prediction of noise levels.
A Poisson hierarchical modelling approach to detecting copy number variation in sequence coverage data (2013)

In summary, the proposed methodology brings an increase in flexibility, robustness, accuracy and statistical rigour to CNV detection using sequence coverage data.
Liposome-mediated BDNF cDNA transfer in intact and injured rat brain (1996)

We examined the temporal profile of the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) cDNA containing a viral promotor following the injection of liposome cDNA complexes into the intact and traumatically injured rat brain. In situ hybridization and PCR confirmed the presence of injected BDNF cDNA for at least 6 days after injection. A similar profile of BDNF cDNA was observed when it was injected following cortical impact injury. mRNA was also localized around the injection areas. These results suggest that liposome-mediated delivery of neurotrophin cDNA may be a practical gene transfer method for treating traumatic brain injury.
A mixed-signal ASIC in CMOS technology for industrial AC current sensing with galvanic isolation (2002)

International audience
Activation of Human Orbital Fibroblasts through CD40 Engagement Results in a Dramatic Induction of Hyaluronan Synthesis and Prostaglandin Endoperoxide H Synthase-2 Expression (1998)

Human orbital fibroblasts play a putative role in the pathogenesis of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). We hypothesize that the hyaluronan accumulation and inflammation in TAO derive from enhanced biosynthetic activities of orbital fibroblasts. CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor superfamily, is a critical signaling molecule expressed by B lymphocytes. Engagement of CD40 with CD154 or CD40 ligand results in the activation of target genes. Orbital fibroblasts also display CD40. Here we report that CD40 engagement leads to substantial increases in hyaluronan synthesis in orbital fibroblasts. The increase is approximately 5-fold above control values, is comparable to the induction elicited by IL-1beta and could be attenuated with dexamethasone but not by SC 58125, a prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-2 (PGHS-2)-selective inhibitor. PGHS-2 is also induced by CD40 engagement in a time-dependent manner, and this is mediated through increases in levels of steady-state mRNA. The induction of PGHS-2 leads to a dramatically enhanced prostaglandin E2 production that can be blocked by SC 58125 and dexamethasone. CD40 ligand up-regulates the synthesis of IL-1alpha, and blocking this cytokine with exogenous IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) or with IL-1alpha neutralizing antibodies partially attenuates the induction of PGHS-2. In contrast, CD40 ligand up-regulation of hyaluronan synthesis is unaffected by IL-1ra. CD40 cross-linking enhances mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, and interrupting this pathway attenuates the PGHS-2 induction. Thus the CD40/CD40 ligand bridge represents a potentially important activational pathway for orbital fibroblasts that may underlie the cross-talk between these cells and leukocytes. These findings may be relevant to the pathogenesis of TAO and provide insights into previously unrecognized, potential therapeutic targets.
Modulation of human erg K<sup>+</sup> channel gating by activation of a G protein‐coupled receptor and protein kinase C (1998)

1. Modulation of the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (HERG) K+ channel was studied in two-electrode voltage-clamped Xenopus oocytes co-expressing the channel protein and the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptor. 2. Addition of TRH caused clear modifications of HERG channel gating kinetics. These variations consisted of an acceleration of deactivation, as shown by a faster decay of hyperpolarization-induced tail currents, and a slower time course of activation, measured using an envelope of tails protocol. The voltage dependence for activation was also shifted by nearly 20 mV in the depolarizing direction. Neither the inactivation nor the inactivation recovery rates were altered by TRH. 3. The alterations in activation gating parameters induced by TRH were demonstrated in a direct way by looking at the increased outward K+ currents elicited in extracellular solutions in which K+ was replaced by Cs+. 4. The effects of TRH were mimicked by direct pharmacological activation of protein kinase C (PKC) with beta-phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA). The TRH-induced effects were antagonized by GF109203X, a highly specific inhibitor of PKC that also abolished the PMA-dependent regulation of the channels. 5. It is concluded that a PKC-dependent pathway links G protein-coupled receptors that activate phospholipase C to modulation of HERG channel gating. This provides a mechanism for the physiological regulation of cardiac function by phospholipase C-activating receptors, and for modulation of adenohypophysial neurosecretion in response to TRH.
Physical Chemistry in Flavor Products Preparation (1997)

Physical chemistry plays an important role in the variety of processes used in flavor production. Examples of these processes are extraction, isolation, separation, concentration, purification, etc. Many flavors are first produced in a concentrated form or in a physical form which cannot be readily used for food applications. Further processing is needed to convert them into more practical useful forms for more specific uses. Some flavors are volatile or sensitive to oxidation and they need protection or encapsulation to impart stability until final food applications. The common processes for these modifications are: compounding, spray drying, powder adsorption, spray chilling, emulsification, molecular inclusion, co-crystallization, coacervation and liposome formation, etc. The principles of physical chemistry are involved in all of these processes.
Systematically convergent basis sets with relativistic pseudopotentials. II. Small-core pseudopotentials and correlation consistent basis sets for the post-<i>d</i> group 16–18 elements (2003)

A series of correlation consistent basis sets have been developed for the post-d group 16–18 elements in conjunction with small-core relativistic pseudopotentials of the energy-consistent variety. The latter were adjusted to multiconfiguration Dirac–Hartree–Fock data based on the Dirac–Coulomb–Breit Hamiltonian. The outer-core (n−1)spd shells are explicitly treated together with the nsp valence shell with these PPs. The accompanying cc-pVnZ-PP and aug-cc-pVnZ-PP basis sets range in size from DZ to 5Z quality and yield systematic convergence of both Hartree–Fock and correlated total energies. In addition to the calculation of atomic electron affinities and dipole polarizabilities of the rare gas atoms, numerous molecular benchmark calculations (HBr, HI, HAt, Br2, I2, At2, SiSe, SiTe, SiPo, KrH+, XeH+, and RnH+) are also reported at the coupled cluster level of theory. For the purposes of comparison, all-electron calculations using the Douglas–Kroll–Hess Hamiltonian have also been carried out for the halogen-containing molecules using basis sets of 5Z quality.
Measuring the similarity between implicit semantic relations from the web (2009)

Measuring the similarity between semantic relations that hold among entities is an important and necessary step in various Web related tasks such as relation extraction, information retrieval and analogy detection. For example, consider the case in which a person knows a pair of entities (e.g. Google, YouTube), between which a particular relation holds (e.g. acquisition). The person is interested in retrieving other such pairs with similar relations (e.g. Microsoft, Powerset). Existing keyword-based search engines cannot be applied directly in this case because, in keyword-based search, the goal is to retrieve documents that are relevant to the words used in a query -- not necessarily to the relations implied by a pair of words. We propose a relational similarity measure, using a Web search engine, to compute the similarity between semantic relations implied by two pairs of words. Our method has three components: representing the various semantic relations that exist between a pair of words using automatically extracted lexical patterns, clustering the extracted lexical patterns to identify the different patterns that express a particular semantic relation, and measuring the similarity between semantic relations using a metric learning approach. We evaluate the proposed method in two tasks: classifying semantic relations between named entities, and solving word-analogy questions. The proposed method outperforms all baselines in a relation classification task with a statistically significant average precision score of 0.74. Moreover, it reduces the time taken by Latent Relational Analysis to process 374 word-analogy questions from 9 days to less than 6 hours, with an SAT score of 51%.
Methods of Recycling, Properties and Applications of Recycled Thermoplastic Polymers (2017)

This study aims to provide an updated survey of the main thermoplastic polymers in order to obtain recyclable materials for various industrial and indoor applications. The synthesis approach significantly impacts the properties of such materials and these properties in turn have a significant impact on their applications. Due to the ideal properties of the thermoplastic polymers such as corrosion resistance, low density or user-friendly design, the production of plastics has increased markedly over the last 60 years, becoming more used than aluminum or other metals. Also, recycling is one of the most important actions currently available to reduce these impacts and represents one of the most dynamic areas in the plastics industry today.
Unconventional Josephson Signatures of Majorana Bound States (2011)

A junction between two topological superconductors containing a pair of Majorana fermions exhibits a "fractional" Josephson effect, 4π periodic in the superconductors' phase difference. An additional fractional Josephson effect, however, arises when the Majorana fermions are spatially separated by a superconducting barrier. This new term gives rise to a set of Shapiro steps which are essentially absent without Majorana modes and therefore provides a unique signature for these exotic states.
Vibrational fingerprinting of bacterial pathogens by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) (2005)

The surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of vegetative whole-cell bacteria were obtained using in-situ grown gold nanoparticle cluster-covered silicon dioxide substrates excited at 785 nm. SERS spectra of Gram-negative bacteria; E. coli and S. typhimurium, and Gram-positive bacteria; B. subtilis, B. cereus, B. thuringeinsis and B. anthracis Sterne, have been observed. Raman enhancement factors of ~10<sup>4</sup>-10<sup>5</sup> per cell are found for both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria on this novel SERS substrate. The bacterial SERS spectra are species specific and exhibit greater species differentiation and reduced spectral congestion than their corresponding non-SERS (bulk) Raman spectra. Fluorescence observed in the 785 nm excited bulk Raman emission of Bacillus species is not apparent in the corresponding SERS spectra. The surface enhancement effect allows the observation of Raman spectra at the single cell level excited by low incident laser powers (< 3 mW) and short data acquisition times (~20 sec.). Comparison with previous SERS studies suggests that these SERS vibrational signatures are sensitively dependent on the specific morphology and nature of the SERS active substrate. Exposure to biological environments, such as human blood serum, has an observable effect on the bacterial SERS spectra. However, reproducible, species specific SERS vibrational fingerprints are still obtained. The potential of SERS for detection and identification of bacteria with species specificity on these gold nanoparticle coated substrates is demonstrated by these results.
Optimal Shift Scheduling with a Global Service Level Constraint (2003)

We study a shift scheduling problem for call centers with an overall service level objective. We prove a property of this problem, called multimodularity, that ensures that a local search algorithm terminates with a globally optimal solution. We report on computations performed using real call center data.
Microwave assisted efficient synthesis of<i>β</i>-keto-sulfones in aqueous medium (2008)

Abstract An efficient synthesis of β-keto-sulfones is described. The reaction of α-haloketones with sodium alkyl/aryl sulphinates in aqueous medium under microwave irradiation afforded the corresponding β-keto-sulfones in excellent yields.
Creative imitation: exploring the case of cross‐industry innovation (2010)

In cross‐industry innovation, already existing solutions from other industries are creatively imitated and retranslated to meet the needs of the company's current market or products. Such solutions can be technologies, patents, specific knowledge, capabilities, business processes, general principles, or whole business models. Innovations systematically created in a cross‐industry context are a new phenomenon for theory and practice in respect of an open innovation approach. While the cognitive distance between the acquired knowledge and the problem to be solved was regarded as a counterproductive factor in older research, recent theory regards it as positively related to innovation performance. Following the latest theory, we examine 25 cross‐industry cases to ascertain cognitive distance's influence on innovation performance. Our study reveals that there is no direct correlation between a higher or a closer distance and a more explorative or exploitative outcome.
Extracting Note Onsets from Musical Recordings (2005)

Automatic temporal segmentation of music signals into note onsets is central for a large number of audio applications. In this paper, we present a variation of a previously existing note onset detection method, based on the so-called spectral energy flux. The proposed algorithm has a lower computational cost and incorporates a more accurate estimation of the frequency content derivative, yielding better results for a wide range of music signals. The performance of the system was validated using a database of musical recordings containing 670 note onsets. This database was hand-labeled and cross validated by three annotators. Comparisons to previous work are also presented along with possible directions of future research.
A new evolutionary scenario for the <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> complex (2002)

The distribution of 20 variable regions resulting from insertion-deletion events in the genomes of the tubercle bacilli has been evaluated in a total of 100 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium canettii, Mycobacterium microti, and Mycobacterium bovis. This approach showed that the majority of these polymorphisms did not occur independently in the different strains of the M. tuberculosis complex but, rather, resulted from ancient, irreversible genetic events in common progenitor strains. Based on the presence or absence of an M. tuberculosis specific deletion (TbD1), M. tuberculosis strains can be divided into ancestral and "modern" strains, the latter comprising representatives of major epidemics like the Beijing, Haarlem, and African M. tuberculosis clusters. Furthermore, successive loss of DNA, reflected by region of difference 9 and other subsequent deletions, was identified for an evolutionary lineage represented by M. africanum, M. microti, and M. bovis that diverged from the progenitor of the present M. tuberculosis strains before TbD1 occurred. These findings contradict the often-presented hypothesis that M. tuberculosis, the etiological agent of human tuberculosis evolved from M. bovis, the agent of bovine disease. M. canettii and ancestral M. tuberculosis strains lack none of these deleted regions, and, therefore, seem to be direct descendants of tubercle bacilli that existed before the M. africanum-->M. bovis lineage separated from the M. tuberculosis lineage. This observation suggests that the common ancestor of the tubercle bacilli resembled M. tuberculosis or M. canettii and could well have been a human pathogen already.
Phosphorus in organic synthesis. IX. On the mechanism of esterification of malonic acid half esters by diphenyl phosphorazidate. (1974)

The mechanism of esterification of malonic acid half esters by diphenyl phosphorazidate (DPPA) was investigated by treatment of some possible intermediates, such as mixed carboxylic phosphoric anhydrides and carboxylic acid azides, under similar reaction conditions to esterification, which revealed these are really intermediates of the esterification. Ethyl hydrogen (3, 4-methylenedioxybenzyl) methylmalonate (XI), which has no α-hydrogen to ester group, smoothly underwent the Crutius rearrangement instead of esterification under usual reaction conditions for the modified Curtius reaction by DPPA. This demonstrates that esterification takes place if substrates have an acidic hydrogen at the α-position to electron-withdrawing groups, allowing the formation of ketene intermediates. The overall mechanism is summarized in Chart 3.
Developing attenuated vaccines to control mycoplasmoses (2011)

Temperature-sensitive strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. synoviae and M. hyopneumoniae, created using chemical mutagenesis, have proven to be effective vaccines against the three major mycoplasmoses causing disease in poultry and pigs. The use of these vaccines in poultry has significantly reduced reliance on antimicrobial therapy, with a consequent reduction in usage of macrolides. Recent advances in development of methods for genetic manipulation of mycoplasmas has enhanced our capacity to identify virulence genes, offering the prospect of the development of novel, rationally attenuated vaccines in the future.