gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of chemically assisted dry etching methods for magnetic device structures (1999)

There is a strong need for advanced pattern transfer methods for magnetic devices such as magnetic random access memories, sensors for avionics and mine detection, and read/write heads for high density information storage. As the critical dimensions in these devices are decreased, the use of ion milling for pattern transfer presents major obstacles, including sidewall redeposition (which degrades magnetic performance) and poor mask selectivity. Most magnetic materials do not form volatile etch products in conventional reactive ion etching. We have recently found that high density plasmas provide efficient ion-assisted desorption of metal chloride etch products, provided that the etch production formation and removal are balanced by correct choice of ion/neutral ratio. We have completed the survey of plasma chemistries for etching of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) (NiFe, NiMnSb) and collossal magnetoresistance (CMR) (LaCaMnO3,LaSrMnO3,PrBaCaMnO3) materials. The optimum choices are Cl2/Ar for CMR oxides, SF6/Ar for NiMnSb Heusler alloys and either Cl2/Ar or CO/NH3 for GMR multilayers. We have also addressed the issue of postetch cleaning for corrosion prevention, by combining simple water rinsing with in situ plasma cleans involving H2, O2, or F2. Under optimized conditions, there is excellent long-term stability of both the mechanical and magnetic properties of the multilayer structures.
Classifying Facial Action (1995)

The Facial Action Coding System, (FACS), devised by Ekman and Friesen (1978), provides an objective means for measuring the facial muscle contractions involved in a facial expression. In this paper, we approach automated facial expression analysis by detecting and classifying facial actions. We generated a database of over 1100 image sequences of 24 subjects performing over 150 distinct facial actions or action combinations. We compare three different approaches to classifying the facial actions in these images: Holistic spatial analysis based on principal components of graylevel images; explicit measurement of local image features such as wrinkles; and template matching with motion flow fields. On a dataset containing six individual actions and 20 subjects, these methods had 89%, 57%, and 85% performances respectively for generalization to novel subjects. When combined, performance improved to 92%. 1 INTRODUCTION Measurement of facial expressions is important for research and assessm...
NANOPARTICLES BASED ON MODIFIED LIGNINS WITH BIOCIDE PROPERTIES (2011)

The paper discusses the obtaining and characterization of nanoparticles based on hydroxymethyl and epoxy lignin, which were tested in terms of their biocidal properties. Lignins from annual plants (wheat straw and Sarkanda grass) and commercial products (Protobind 1000, 2000, 3000), offered by Granit Recherche Developement SA Lausanne – Switzerland, were used for the reactions. Under suitable synthesis conditions, nanoparticles used for the treatment of birch veneer samples were obtained. The samples were immersed successively in 5% concentrated solutions containing copper ions and unmodified and modified lignins, dissolved in 0.1N ammonia solutions, which led to in situ complexes between the two partners. The biostability of the thus treated veneer samples was assessed by their burial in soil for 6 months, and by their characterization as to mass loss and contact angle values. The obtained results show that the treatment of birch veneer with complexes of nanoparticles with copper assures a high stability of the substrate timber products, comparatively with the unmodified products used for the same purpose.
Memory Controller Optimizations for Web Servers (2005)

This paper analyzes memory access scheduling and virtual channels as mechanisms to reduce the latency of main memory accesses by the CPU and peripherals in web servers. Despite the address filtering effects of the CPU's cache hierarchy, there is significant locality and bank parallelism in the DRAM access stream of a web server, which includes traffic from the operating system, application, and peripherals. However, a sequential memory controller leaves much of this locality and parallelism unexploited, as serialization and bank conflicts affect the realizable latency. Aggressive scheduling within the memory controller to exploit the available parallelism and locality can reduce the average read latency of the SDRAM. However, bank conflicts and the limited ability of the SDRAM's internal row buffers to act as a cache hinder further latency reduction. Virtual channel SDRAMovercomes these limitations by providing a set of channel buffers that can hold segments from rows of any internal SDRAM bank. This paper presents memory controller policies that can make effective use of these channel buffers to further reduce the average read latency of the SDRAM.
Age‐dependent enhancement of inhibitory synaptic transmission in CA1 pyramidal neurons via GluR5 kainate receptors (2009)

Changes in hippocampal synaptic networks during aging may contribute to age-dependent compromise of cognitive functions such as learning and memory. Previous studies have demonstrated that GABAergic synaptic transmission exhibits age-dependent changes. To better understand such age-dependent changes of GABAergic synaptic inhibition, we performed whole-cell recordings from pyramidal cells in the CA1 area of acute hippocampal slices on aged (24-26 months old) and young (2-4 months old) Brown-Norway rats. We found that the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSCs) were significantly increased in aged rats, but the frequency and amplitude of mIPSCs were decreased. Furthermore, the regulation of GABAergic synaptic transmission by GluR5 containing kainate receptors was enhanced in aged rats, which was revealed by using LY382884 (a GluR5 kainate receptor antagonist) and ATPA (a GluR5 kainate receptor agonist). Moreover, we demonstrated that vesicular glutamate transporters are involved in the kainate receptor dependent regulation of sIPSCs. Taken together, these results suggest that GABAergic synaptic transmission is potentiated in aged rats, and GluR5 containing kainate receptors regulate the inhibitory synaptic transmission through endogenous glutamate. These alterations of GABAergic input with aging could contribute to age-dependent cognitive decline.
Targeting Metallo-β-Lactamase Enzymes in Antibiotic Resistance (2013)

The β-lactam antibiotics are essential for the treatment of a wide range of human bacterial diseases. However, a class of zinc-dependent hydrolases known as the metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) can confer bacteria with extended spectrum β-lactam resistance. To date, there are no clinically approved MBL inhibitors, making these enzymes a serious threat to human health. In this review, a structural approach is taken to outline some of the more promising MBL inhibitors and shed light on how the resistance conferred by this emerging class of enzymes may be circumvented in the future.
Bayesian Seismic Inversion and Estimation in a Spatial Setting (2003)

D-39 BAYESIAN SEISMIC INVERSION AND ESTIMATION IN A SPATIAL SETTING 1 Introduction The reservoir characteristics represented by the elastic material properties P-wave velocity S-wave velocity and density in this study is usually determined from inversion of seismic data and well observations. The seismic data has good spatial coverage but is associated with considerable observation errors while the well observations are available only along well traces but have usually high precision. The elastic material properties are not uniquely defined by the seismic data and the well observations hence the inverse problem appears as ill-posed. In this study a Bayesian inversion approach
Thermal Storage Commercial Plant Design Study for a 2-Tank Indirect Molten Salt System: Final Report, 13 May 2002 - 31 December 2004 (2006)

Subcontract report by Nexant, Inc., and Kearney and Associates regarding a study of a solar parabolic trough commercial plant design with 2-tank indirect molten salt thermal storage system.
Activation and differentiation antigens on T cells of healthy, at-risk, and HIV-infected children. (1993)

We examined the T-lymphocyte phenotypes of 67 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children (P-1 or P-2) and 65 age-matched, healthy, control children stratified into four groups from < 1 to > or = 5 years of age to determine expression of antigens associated with cell activation/differentiation. Immunophenotyping was performed by laser flow cytometry using two-color immunofluorescent labeling. Although the control children showed a decline in total CD4 cell percent with age, the HIV-infected children in all age groups showed significantly decreased CD4 cell numbers compared with the age-matched controls. However, the slope of the CD4 cell decline with age was not significantly different in HIV-infected and control children. The CD4 cell decrease in infected children was reflected in both the CD45RA+ (naive) and CD45RA- (memory) CD4 cell subsets, although the CD45RA+ cells were decreased in greater proportion. Results assessing CD4 cells for expression of the L-selectin (Leu8) molecule were similar to those for CD45RA. The overall CD8 cell percentage was significantly increased in HIV-infected children compared with controls in all age groups. This was due primarily to increases in CD8 cells that were CD38+, CD57+, HLA-DR+, or CD45RA-. In a retrospective analysis of data from 23 P-0 children, we compared phenotype results from 5 children who were HIV+ with those 18 who were HIV-. Although the phenotypic changes seen in the 5 HIV+ children paralleled those described above for P-1 and P-2 subjects, there was no significant difference in the values for HIV+ compared with HIV P-0 children. Although the phenotypic alterations described did not appear to be diagnostic markers in P-0 children, they may serve as useful adjuncts for the evaluation of HIV-infected children.
Multimedia contents security: watermarking diversity and secure protocols (2004)

The objective of this paper is to give an overview of current developments and problems in the field of security in multimedia. The problems and general solution of multimedia security based on digital watermarking and cryptography are introduced. We provide evolution of watermarking, together with its properties and requirements. Digital watermarking and quality parameters are presented, too. Next, we arrive to the problem of security mechanisms and measures. Finally, some secure protocols are analyzed as well as improvements in digital watermarking through diversity.
Occupational and demographic characteristics of the health care educator: a 20-year perspective. (1994)

This study describes the demographic and occupational patterns of the health care educator in the 1990s. A sample of ASHET members formed the study frame. The data obtained were compared with previous demographic and occupational pattern studies. Trend lines over the past 20 years seem to indicate relative stability in the health care educator's characteristics. Although better educated than in the past, the health care educator tends to be female, middle-aged, working in an acute care urban setting, occupying an administrative rather than instructional role, residing in a department of hospitalwide education and training, and reporting to a vice presidential level. This study also forecasts future patterns for the 21st Century.
Physics-based Reconstruction and Animation of Humans (2017)

Creating digital representations of humans is of utmost importance for applications ranging from entertainment (video games, movies) to human-computer interaction and even psychiatrical treatments. What makes building credible digital doubles difficult is the fact that the human vision system is very sensitive to perceiving the complex expressivity and potential anomalies in body structures and motion. This thesis will present several projects that tackle these problems from two different perspectives: lightweight acquisition and physics-based simulation. It starts by describing a complete pipeline that allows users to reconstruct fully rigged 3D facial avatars using video data coming from a handheld device (e.g., smartphone). The avatars use a novel two-scale representation composed of blendshapes and dynamic detail maps. They are constructed through an optimization that integrates feature tracking, optical flow, and shape from shading. Continuing along the lines of accessible acquisition systems, we discuss a framework for simultaneous tracking and modeling of articulated human bodies from RGB-D data. We show how semantic information can be extracted from the scanned body shapes. In the second half of the thesis, we will deviate from using standard linear reconstruction and animation models, and rather focus on exploiting physics-based techniques that are able to incorporate complex phenomena such as dynamics, collision response and incompressibility of the materials. The first approach we propose assumes that each 3D scan of an actor records his body in a physical steady state and uses a process called inverse physics to extract a volumetric physics-ready anatomical model of him. By using biologically-inspired growth models for the bones, muscles and fat, our method can obtain realistic anatomical reconstructions that can be later on animated using external tracking data such as the one resulting from tracking motion capture markers. This is then extended to a novel physics-based approach for facial reconstruction and animation. We propose a facial animation model which simulates biomechanical muscle contractions in a volumetric head model in order to create the facial expressions seen in the input scans. We then show how this approach allows for new avenues of dynamic artistic control, simulation of corrective facial surgery, and interaction with external forces and objects.
Congenic Mapping of the Diabetogenic Locus<i>Idd4</i>to a 5.2-cM Region of Chromosome 11 in NOD Mice (2002)

Twenty diabetes susceptibility loci on 12 mouse chromosomes have been identified to control the development of type 1 diabetes at the level of either initiation of insulitis or progression from insulitis to overt diabetes or both. Previously, we demonstrated that the genetic control of T-cell proliferative unresponsiveness in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice is linked to Idd4 on mouse chromosome 11. Here, we show by congenic mapping of three newly generated NOD.B6Idd4 diabetes-resistant mouse strains that Idd4 is limited to a 5.2-cM interval of chromosome 11. This B6-derived region expressed in NOD.B6Idd4A mice maps between the D11Nds1 (43.8 cM) and D11Mit38/D11Mit325 (49.0 cM) markers and dramatically reduces the development of both insulitis and type 1 diabetes. NOD.B6Idd4B and NOD.B6Idd4C mice, which carry a smaller B6-derived segment of chromosome 11 that spans <5.2 cM distal to D11Nds1, exhibit protection against type 1 diabetes with the restoration of T-cell proliferation. Our findings suggest that diabetes resistance conferred by Idd4 may be mediated by the Idd4.1 and Idd4.2 subloci. Idd4.1 is localized in the D11Nds1 interval that influences both diabetes and insulitis. Idd4.2 is localized within the D11Mit38/325 interval that mainly influences diabetes incidence and restores T-cell proliferative responsiveness. Three potential candidate genes, platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase Ib1, nitric oxide synthase-2, and CC chemokine genes, are localized in the 5.2-cM interval.
Focusing grating coupler design method using holographic optical elements (1988)

The focusing grating coupler (FGC) can be constructed using holographic techniques. Due to the wavelength scaling between the construction of the FGC and its final end-use operation, aberrations exist in the final spot. A design method is demonstrated that can be used to model the FGC as a holographic optical element. The method also includes techniques to eliminate the aberrations due to the wavelength scaling.
ChemInform Abstract: Meerwein‐Ponndorf‐Verley Type Reduction of Ketones and Oppenauer Type Oxidation of Alcohols Under the Influence of Cp<sub>2</sub>ZrH<sub>2</sub>. (1986)

Abstract Die Meerwein‐Ponndorf‐Verley‐Reduktion bzw. die Oppenauer‐Oxidation werden in Gegenwart von Cyclopentadienyl‐zirkonium‐dihydrid (III) als Katalysator untersucht.
Look and Think Twice: Capturing Top-Down Visual Attention with Feedback Convolutional Neural Networks (2015)

While feedforward deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been a great success in computer vision, it is important to note that the human visual cortex generally contains more feedback than feedforward connections. In this paper, we will briefly introduce the background of feedbacks in the human visual cortex, which motivates us to develop a computational feedback mechanism in deep neural networks. In addition to the feedforward inference in traditional neural networks, a feedback loop is introduced to infer the activation status of hidden layer neurons according to the "goal" of the network, e.g., high-level semantic labels. We analogize this mechanism as "Look and Think Twice." The feedback networks help better visualize and understand how deep neural networks work, and capture visual attention on expected objects, even in images with cluttered background and multiple objects. Experiments on ImageNet dataset demonstrate its effectiveness in solving tasks such as image classification and object localization.
Electrochemical Noise Analysis for Corrosivity Assessment (2000)

Abstract The fluctuations of corrosion potentials at single electrodes or the variations in current between two electrodes electrically coupled are increasingly accepted as a highly sensitive method for monitoring the corrosivity of environments. This paper will review the basic principles of electrochemical noise measurements and discuss some of the principles of signal analysis for interpreting the behavior of observed transients.
LX.—Halogen-substituted thiosinamines (1901)

A. E. Dixon, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1901, 79, 553 DOI: 10.1039/CT9017900553
A New Population of Cells Lacking Expression of CD27 Represents a Notable Component of the B Cell Memory Compartment in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (2007)

Human memory B cells comprise isotype-switched and nonswitched cells with both subsets displaying somatic hypermutation. In addition to somatic hypermutation, CD27 expression has also been considered a universal memory B cell marker. We describe a new population of memory B cells containing isotype-switched (IgG and IgA) and IgM-only cells and lacking expression of CD27 and IgD. These cells are present in peripheral blood and tonsils of healthy subjects and display a degree of hypermutation comparable to CD27+ nonswitched memory cells. As conventional memory cells, they proliferate in response to CpG DNA and fail to extrude rhodamine. In contrast to other recently described CD27-negative (CD27neg) memory B cells, they lack expression of FcRH4 and recirculate in the peripheral blood. Although CD27neg memory cells are relatively scarce in healthy subjects, they are substantially increased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients in whom they frequently represent a large fraction of all memory B cells. Yet, their frequency is normal in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or chronic hepatitis C. In SLE, an increased frequency of CD27neg memory cells is significantly associated with higher disease activity index, a history of nephritis, and disease-specific autoantibodies (anti-dsDNA, anti-Smith (Sm), anti-ribonucleoprotein (RNP), and 9G4). These findings enhance our understanding of the B cell diversification pathways and provide mechanistic insight into the immunopathogenesis of SLE.
Arabidopsis STERILE APETALA, a multifunctional gene regulating inflorescence, flower, and ovule development (1999)

A recessive mutation in the Arabidopsis STERILE APETALA (SAP) causes severe aberrations in inflorescence and flower and ovule development. In sap flowers, sepals are carpelloid, petals are short and narrow or absent, and anthers are degenerated. Megasporogenesis, the process of meiotic divisions preceding the female gametophyte formation, is arrested in sap ovules during or just after the first meiotic division. More severe aberrations were observed in double mutants between sap and mutant alleles of the floral homeotic gene APETALA2 (AP2) suggesting that both genes are involved in the initiation of female gametophyte development. Together with the organ identity gene AGAMOUS (AG) SAP is required for the maintenance of floral identity acting in a manner similar to APETALA1. In contrast to the outer two floral organs in sap mutant flowers, normal sepals and petals develop in ag/sap double mutants, indicating that SAP negatively regulates AG expression in the perianth whorls. This supposed cadastral function of SAP is supported by in situ hybridization experiments showing ectopic expression of AG in the sap mutant. We have cloned the SAP gene by transposon tagging and revealed that it encodes a novel protein with sequence motifs, that are also present in plant and animal transcription regulators. Consistent with the mutant phenotype, SAP is expressed in inflorescence and floral meristems, floral organ primordia, and ovules. Taken together, we propose that SAP belongs to a new class of transcription regulators essential for a number of processes in Arabidopsis flower development.
The role of cysteine residues in structure and enzyme activity of a maize β‐glucosidase (1999)

The maize Zm-p60.1 gene encodes a beta-glucosidase that can release active cytokinins from their storage forms, cytokinin-O-glucosides. Mature catalytically active Zm-p60.1 is a homodimer containing five cysteine residues per a subunit. Their role was studied by mutating them to alanine (A), serine (S), arginine (R) or aspartic acid (D) using site-directed mutagenesis, and subsequent heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. All substitutions of C205 and C211 resulted in decreased formation and/or stability of the homodimer, manifested as accumulation of high levels of monomer in the bacterial expression system. Examination of urea- and glutathione-induced dissociation patterns of the homodimer to the monomers, HPLC profiles of hydrolytic fragments of reduced and oxidized forms, and a homology-based three-dimensional structural model revealed that an intramolecular disulfide bridge formed between C205 and C211 within the subunits stabilized the quaternary structure of the enzyme. Mutating C52 to R produced a monomeric enzyme protein, too. No detectable effects on homodimer formation were apparent in C170 and C479 mutants. Given the Km values for C170A/S mutants were equal to that for the wild-type enzyme, C170 cannot participate in enzyme-substrate interactions. Possible indirect effects of C170A/S mutations on catalytic activity of the enzyme were inferred from slight decreases in the apparent catalytic activity, k'cat. C170 is located on a hydrophobic side of an alpha-helix packed against hydrophobic amino-acid residues of beta-strand 4, indicating participation of C170 in stabilization of a (beta/alpha)8 barrel structure in the enzyme. In C479A/D/R/S mutants, Km and k'cat were influenced more significantly suggesting a role for C479 in enzyme catalytic action.
Donepezil for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a randomised controlled study (2002)

Donepezil improves cognition, and seems to be well tolerated and not to worsen parkinsonism in patients with cognitive impairment.