gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast pixel-based mask optimization for inverse lithography (2006)

The direct problem of optical microlithography is to simulate printing features on the wafer under the given mask, imaging system, and process characteristics. The goal of inverse problems is to find the best mask, imaging system, or process to print the given wafer features. In this study, we proposed the strict formalization and fast solution methods of inverse mask problems. We stated inverse mask problems (or "layout inversion" problems) as nonlinear, constrained minimization problems over a domain of mask pixels. We considered linear, quadratic, and nonlinear formulations of the objective function. The linear problem is solved by an enhanced version of the Nashold projections. The quadratic problem is addressed by eigenvalue decompositions and quadratic programming methods. The general nonlinear formulation is solved by the local variations and gradient descent methods. We showed that the gradient of the objective function can be calculated analytically through convolutions. This is an important practical result because it enables layout inversion on a large scale in order of M log M operations for M pixels.
2-Amino-4-benzyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-<i>c</i>]pyridines:  Novel Selective β<sub>3</sub>-Adrenoceptor Agonists (1999)

Trimetoquinol (TMQ, 7) is a potent nonselective beta-adrenoceptor (AR) agonist. Replacement of the catechol moiety of TMQ with a 2-aminothiazole group resulted in novel thiazolopyridine derivatives 9-11 which have been synthesized and evaluated for biological activity on human beta1-, beta2-, and beta3-AR. The Bischler-Napieralski reaction has been employed as a novel approach to construct the 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine ring system. Although in radioligand binding studies analogues 9 and 10 did not show selectivity toward beta3-AR, they exhibited a high degree of selective beta3-AR agonist activity in functional assays. Moreover, the beta3-AR agonist activity of the 2-aminothiazole derivatives is abolished by N-acetylation (analogue 11) or ring opening (analogue 25). This illustrates the importance of the intact 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine ring for beta3-AR activity.
Recent advances in the theory and mechanism of adhesive resin bonding to dentin: A critical review (2008)

Dentin bonding issues involving adhesive resins have attracted considerable research interest in recent years. An important advance due to the ongoing research is the concept of hybridization of the tissue with primer/adhesive systems. Hybridization involves permeation of primer monomer into the tissue substrate. Although the mechanism of adhesive permeation and interaction with tissue may be complex, significant advances have been made. In systems where etching precedes priming and bonding steps, the Hoy's solubility parameter compatibility of the primer formulation with that of demineralized dentin matrix may determine adhesive permeability. Monomer permeation brings the primer atoms in closer contact with the substrate atoms, leading to adhesive interactions through van der Waals, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions. In self-etch primer systems, stronger electrostatic interaction between primer monomers and hydroxyapatite has been used to explain the adhesion process. These interactions have been computer-modeled and analyzed. Such interactions and subsequent polymerization of the monomer promote improved bond strength and efficient margin sealing. Incomplete permeation of monomer into the full depth of demineralized region may, however, leave exposed collagen fibrils and cause nanoleakage of water into these regions through a 20-100 nm sized marginal gap, leading to subsequent hydrolytic degradation of these collagen fibrils and the hybrid layer. Microleakage is also a problem in some single step formulations. In this review, we analyze these current theoretical and mechanism-related issues of interest in adhesive resin bonding to dentin, and outline the continuing problems that need to be overcome in the future.
meso-Octamethyl-porphyrinogen metal complexes: an entry to high valent unsaturated metal centres (1991)

The meso-octamethyl porphyrinogen tetraanion has been used to bind iron(III) and oxomolybdenum(V) ions; X-ray analysis revealed the interaction of a square-planar tetracoordinate FeIII and the oxo group in the MoV complex with the meso-methyls.
State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China (2007)

This paper reviews current state-of-the-art methods of measuring pH levels that are based on polymer materials. These include polymer-coated fibre optic sensors, devices with electrodes modified with pH-sensitive polymers, fluorescent pH indicators, potentiometric pH sensors as well as sensors that use combinatory approach for ion concentration monitoring.
Glucosamine Conjugates of Tricarbonylcyclopentadienyl Rhenium(I) and Technetium(I) Cores (2006)

To obtain a 99mTc glucose conjugate for imaging, double-ligand transfer (DLT) and related reactions were examined for the preparation of CpM(CO)3 (Cp = cyclopentadienyl; M = Re, Tc) complexes with pendant carbohydrates at Cp. Tricarbonyl{N-(1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose)cyclopentadienyl carboxamide}rhenium(I) (1a) and tricarbonyl{N-(2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose)cyclopentadienyl carboxamide}rhenium(I) (2a) were prepared. The compounds were fully characterized by mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, IR, and NMR spectroscopy. Full assignment of the NMR spectra verified the pendant nature of the glucosamine moieties in the solution state and that 2a exists as both anomers. The solid-state structure of 2a was determined by X-ray crystallography, again confirming the pendant nature of the glucosamine, but differing from the solution state in that the beta anomer crystallized preferentially (93%). Compound 2a was determined to be a high-affinity competitive inhibitor (Ki = 330 +/- 70 microM) of the glucose metabolism enzyme hexokinase, demonstrating that it retains certain biological activity. The 99mTc analogues 1b and 2b were prepared in moderate radiochemical yields by means of the single-ligand transfer (SLT) route, which is more pertinent to radiopharmaceutical synthesis.
Osteopontin as a Link between Inflammation and Cancer: The Thorax in the Spotlight (2019)

The glycoprotein osteopontin (OPN) possesses multiple functions in health and disease. To this end, osteopontin has beneficial roles in wound healing, bone homeostasis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) function. On the contrary, osteopontin can be deleterious for the human body during disease. Indeed, osteopontin is a cardinal mediator of tumor-associated inflammation and facilitates metastasis. The purpose of this review is to highlight the importance of osteopontin in malignant processes, focusing on lung and pleural tumors as examples.
Control loops for a Coupled Dark State Magnetometer (2010)

The Coupled Dark State Magnetometer (CDSM) is a new type of scalar magnetometer, which is based on two-photon spectroscopy of free alkali atoms. CDSM measurements do not depend on the sensor temperature. Furthermore, it has no dead zones, no moving parts and no excitation coils at the sensor. This paper deals with the control loops which are developed for tracking the magnetic field dependent resonances and for avoiding drifts of the carrier frequency of the laser diode used as excitation light source. It is the first time that a magnetometer of this type is operated in a control loop. The implementation of several functional blocks in a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is a first step towards miniaturization for a future space application. The magnetic field magnitude is measured by a frequency. Therefore, the Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) principle is used for accurate signal generation. A noise floor measurement has shown no 1/f dependence near DC and 70 pT/√Hz up to the corner frequency of 3 Hz for which the CDSM is designed.
Neutrophile Alkaline Phosphatase Changes in Tularemia, Sandfly Fever, Q Fever and Noninfectious Fevers (1967)

Abstract Responses of neutrophile AP were studied in volunteers during induced tularemia, Q fever, sandfly fever, and during artificial hyperthermia and endotoxin fever. Symptoms of typical early tularemia were accompanied by a slight increase in the neutrophile count and AP index. The latter continued to rise slowly and eventually became maximal 5 days after the height of clinical illness, long after fever and leukocytosis had disappeared. Similar but less obvious changes occurred after mild tularemia and after typical early Q fever. A transient rise of neutrophile AP occurred only at the onset of fever and neutropenia in sandfly fever. An early fall in neutrophile AP after endotoxin administration was confirmed; this was followed in turn by a prolonged rise not described heretofore. Despite the stress and leukocytosis of environmentally induced artificial hyperthermia, leukocyte AP did not increase. Based upon these observations it seemed evident that increased leukocyte AP activity could not be correlated in all circumstances with fever per se, the appearance of band cells, or the magnitude or timing of "stress" as inferred from increased plasma and urinary steroids. Increased neutrophile AP activity in these infections did not seem to be related directly to glucocorticoid excess. Possible factors involved in the induction of neutrophile AP may include the genetic potential of various cell types, coenzyme requirements, hormonal responses, as well as other yet unknown factors associated with acute infection.
Lipoprotein profiles in plasma and interstitial fluid analyzed with an automated gel‐filtration system (2006)

The described system should be of value in studies where detailed lipoprotein analysis is warranted and particularly when significant sample series with small volumes are available. Our data also suggest that there is a 4-5.5-fold concentration gradient between plasma and IF for the three major plasma lipoproteins.
Supervised Learning Methods for Predicting Healthcare Costs: Systematic Literature Review and Empirical Evaluation. (2017)

An important informatics tool for controlling healthcare costs is accurately predicting the likely future healthcare costs of individuals. To address this important need, we conducted a systematic literature review and identified five methods for predicting healthcare costs. To enable a direct comparison of these different approaches, we empirically evaluated the predictive performance of each reported approach, as well as other state-of-the-art supervised learning methods, using data from University of Utah Health Plans for October 2013 through October 2016. The data set consisted of approximately 90,000 individuals, 6.3 million medical claims and 1.2 million pharmacy claims. In this comparative analysis, gradient boosting had the best predictive performance overall and for low to medium cost individuals. For high cost individuals, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and the Ridge regression model, which have not been previously reported for use in healthcare cost prediction, had the highest performance.
Wheat leaf rust caused by <i>Puccinia triticina</i> (2008)

USDA Cereal Disease Laboratory: http://www.ars.usda.gov/mwa/cdl.
Gas Phase Mercury Oxidation by Halogens (Cl, Br, I) in Combustion Effluents: Influence of Operating Conditions (2015)

Control of mercury emissions is one of the major challenges faced by power generation in coal burning and incineration plants, due to the increasing emission control regulations in the electricity generating sector. This study focuses on the elimination of mercury from the combustion flue gases via the oxidation of elemental mercury (nonsoluble) into its oxidized form (soluble) by the addition of halogens (chlorine, bromine, and iodine). A detailed reaction mechanism is developed and comparisons of mercury loss versus halogen, NO, SO2, and H2O presence in a typical combustion effluent stream are presented. The influence of different air-fuel equivalence ratios is also illustrated. The removal of mercury is evaluated with an elementary reaction mechanism (957 reactions, 203 species) developed from fundamental principles of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Thermochemistry and rate constants are from the literature or calculated at the M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ-PP (mercury species) and CBS-QB3 (nonmercury species) levels of theory. Rate constants are calculated by application of the Canonical Transition State Theory (CTST). Pressure dependence of chemically activated reactions is included by the qRRK analysis for k(E) and Master Equation for falloff. Thermochemistry on Hg halides, oxides, and Hg-NOx-X and Hg-SOx-X (X = Cl, Br) has been determined and kinetics incorporated in the mechanism. Results show that bromine and iodine are more effective than chlorine at oxidizing mercury due to competition for chlorine by hydrogen. Other results show that NO and SO2 are observed to inhibit mercury conversion, that moderate changes in H2O have a slight impact on mercury oxidation, and that the air-fuel ratio significantly influences the conversion of mercury by the halogens.
Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics That Differentiate Hereditary Angioedema in 72 Patients with Angioedema (2014)

Early onset of AE, positive family history, recurrent AE in the extremities and GI tract, and suffocation are distinctive characteristics of HAE. A low serum level of C4 is a useful marker for making a differential diagnosis of HAE.
STUDIES ON THE TREATMENT OF IDIOPATHIC GYNAECOMASTIA WITH PERCUTANEOUS DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE (1983)

We have studied clinical and endocrine parameters in a group (group A) of forth men referred to us because of persistent idiopathic gynaecomastia (of more than 18 months duration), before and during the administration of percutaneous dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The endocrine parameters (testosterone (T), 17 beta-oestradiol (E2), DHT, gonadotrophins (FSH and LH) and prolactin (PRL), were compared to those of control groups of 12 healthy men on DHT therapy (group B) and 10 on placebo (group C). Local administration of DHT was followed by the complete disappearance of gynaecomastia in 10 patients, partial regression in 19 and no change in 11 patients after 4 to 20 weeks of percutaneous DHT (125 mg twice daily). Before treatment the T + DHT/E2 ratio was significantly (P less than 0.001) lower in group A 244 +/- 21 (SEM) than in groups B and C (361 +/- 21) while T, DHT and E2 concentrations were all within the normal range. During DHT treatment plasma hormone levels were measured in 26 patients from group A: DHT levels increases significantly (day 0: 1.63 +/- 0.14 nmol/l; day 15: 12.8 +/- 1.6 nmol/l, P less than 0.001) while T and E2 levels fell significantly (T: day 0: 22.6 +/- 1.2 nmol/l; day 15: 11.0 +/- 1.5 nmol/l, P less than 0.001; E2: day 0: 110.5 +/- 7.12 pmol/l; day 15: 86.79 +/- 9.4 pmol/l, P less than 0.01). The T/E2 ratio decreased from 231 +/- 20 to 164 +/- 27 (P less than 0.05) while the T + DHT/E2 ratio increased significantly (P less than 0.02) to a normal mean value (day 15: 354 +/- 57).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Negative quantum capacitance of gated carbon nanotubes (2005)

Atomistic density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the capacitance between a metallic cylindric gate and a carbon nanotube (CNT) are reported. We find that the quantum capacitance of the CNT becomes negative as the CNT carrier density is reduced. This corresponds to an unconventionally high charge accumulation on the CNT, which in turn overscreens the external gate field. The relationship between this behavior and the predominance of the attractive exchange energy contribution is pointed out.
Multiple Foci Visualisation of Large Hierarchies with FlexTree (2004)

One of the main tasks in information visualisation research is creating visual tools to facilitate human understanding of large and complex information spaces. Hierarchies, being a good mechanism for organising such information, are ubiquitous. Although much research effort has been spent on finding useful representations for hierarchies, visualising large hierarchies is still a difficult topic. One of the difficulties is how to handle the ever increasing scale of hierarchies. Another is how to enable the user to focus on multiple selections of interest while maintaining context. This paper describes a hierarchy visualisation technique called FlexTree to address these problems. It contains some important features that have not been exploited so far. A profile or contour unique to the hierarchy being visualised can be viewed in a bar chart layout. A normalised view of a common attribute of all nodes can be selected by the user. Multiple foci are consistently accessible within a global context through interaction. Furthermore it can handle a large hierarchy that contains 10,000 nodes in a PC environment. This technique has been applied to visualise computer file system structures and decision trees from data mining results. The results from informal user evaluations against these two applications are also presented. User feedback suggests that FlexTree is suitable for visualising large decision trees.
The Effects of Shot Changes on Eye Movements in Subtitling (2013)

In this paper we address the question whether shot changes trigger the re-reading of subtitles. Although it has been accepted in the professional literature on subtitling that subtitles should not be displayed over shot changes as they induce subtitle re-reading, support for this claim in eye movement studies is difficult to find. In this study we examined eye movement patterns of 71 participants watching news and documentary clips. We analysed subject hit count, number of fixations, first fixation duration, fixation time percent and transition matrix before, during and after shot changes in subtitles displayed over a shot change. Results of our study show that most viewers do not re-read subtitlescrossing shot changes.
Online wideband identification of three-phase AC power grid impedances using an existing grid-tied power electronic inverter (2016)

In smart grid applications, online wideband monitoring of AC power grid impedances is a key enabler of a set of capabilities, such as active filter tuning, adaptive control of inverters, and monitoring of local grid status, from which stability margins can be calculated. To evaluate the effectiveness of online wideband monitoring of AC power grid impedances in smart grid applications, this paper presents the implementation, in an embedded controller, of a recently proposed online Wideband System Identification (WSI) technique, validated via Hardware In the Loop (HIL) real-time simulation. The identification technique exploits an existing grid-tied inverter for the estimation of wide bandwidth AC grid impedances, on top of the original power conversion function. This is accomplished by super-imposing a small-signal Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS), a digital approximation of white noise which is wide bandwidth in nature, on the inverter switching commands so that all frequencies of interest can be excited at once. Then, after postprocessing, the wideband AC grid impedance can be extracted using appropriate cross correlation techniques. The present work focuses on the identification of balanced three-phase AC power grid impedances in the three-phase reference frame.
Making digital twins using the Deep Learning Kit (DLK) (2019)

Deep learning (DL) is one of the fastest-growing fields in artificial intelligence (AI). While still in its early stages of adoption, DL has already shown it has the potential to make significant changes to the lithography and photomask industries through the automation or optimization of equipment and processes. The key element required for application of DL techniques to any process is a large volume of data to adequately train the DL neural networks. The accuracy of the classification or prediction of any DL system is dependent on the depth and breadth of the training data to which it is exposed. For semiconductor manufacturing, finding adequate data – especially for corner cases – can be difficult and/or expensive. In this paper, we will present two digital twins that are themselves built from DL as a part of a DL Starter Kit. We will demonstrate the creation of DL-based digital twins for a mask scanning electron microscope (SEM) and for curvilinear inverse lithography technology (ILT).
Purification of carbon nanotubes by high temperature chlorine gas treatment (2013)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have a tremendous amount of potential to become useful components for future practical applications that may become a part of everyday life. While the sp(2) carbon itself is a rather chemically inert material, the issue of residual metal nanoparticle catalysts remains a prominent barrier in the utilization of CNTs in many areas due to the strong influence of these metallic impurities on the redox chemistry of biomarkers. Even with a standard purification procedure, CNTs have been shown to still contain residual metal nanoparticle catalysts. As such, presented in this paper is an improved purification technique for treating the CNTs with the highly reactive Cl2 gas at an elevated temperature of 1000 °C for 10 min, which would result in the vaporization of the metallic impurities as MxCly, leading to a large decrease in the amount of metallic nanoparticle impurities within the CNTs. By means of electrochemistry and X-ray fluorescence analysis, we demonstrate that the behaviour of such Cl2 treated CNTs showed a significant shift towards that of high purity CNTs, with a dramatic decrease in the influence of the residual metallic impurities on the electrochemical behaviour of CNTs. Therefore it is suggested that the Cl2 treatment of carbon nanotubes is a highly promising route towards the production of pure CNTs.
Load balancing with transmission power control in femtocell networks (2011)

Femtocells applied in many existing systems, such as HSPA, 3GPP LTE, WiMAX, and etc, which cover a short range and offer an economically viable way to improve cellular system capacity, have caught world-wide researching interest nowadays. The primary purpose of femtocell solutions has been to improve indoor coverage in current cellular systems. Here, users that are moved to femtocells experience increased throughput due to shorter ranges, while using the cable backhaul to reach the network gateway. However, more importantly, the smaller size of femtocells increases the system capacity by enabling spatial reuse, whereby multiple femtocell transmissions can be executed on the same channel in a macro cell. But existing femtocell solutions only increase the network capacity without considerations of fairness of per femtocell user equipment (FUE) capacity. In this paper, we propose a load balancing scheme with the optimal fairness of per FUE capacity on 3GPP systems, which is split into two steps named interference recognition and femtocell load balancing, respectively. In interference recognition step, the interference graph is created on the basis of the interference detection mechanisms consisting of user equipment measurement (UMR) and femtocell cooperation message (FCM). In femtocell load balancing step, we reallocate femtocell user equipments (FUE) to FAPs based on the interference relationship. By extensive simulations, it has been proved that the proposed scheme can effectively allocate FUEs to FAPs to increase the minimum capacity of FUE. This means that the proposed scheme leads the optimal FUE allocation in terms of fairness of per UE capacity.