gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-Current Blocking Temperature Writing of Double-Barrier MRAM Cells (2004)

A magnetic random access memory (MRAM) cell architecture is fabricated where the pinned layer is reversed by heating above a reduced blocking temperature with a current pulse crossing the junction, and cooled under an external applied field (word line), minimizing half-select switching of nonaddressed bits. In order to improve Joule heating and increase breakdown voltage, a double barrier structure was used, with a common antiferromagnetic layer (60 /spl Aring/ MnIr), two pinned 30 /spl Aring/ CoFe layers, and two free layers incorporating nano-oxide structures. Pinned layer writing allows the definition of a three-state memory, requiring however destructive read-out. The pinned layer blocking temperature was reduced to 120/spl deg/C. TMR of 28% was achieved with resistance /spl times/ area products /spl sim/280 /spl Omega//spl times//spl mu/m/sup 2/. The double barrier presents a dc breakdown voltage of 1.8 V, but can sustain higher voltages under short current pulses (3.1 V at 10 ns pulses). A 10 ns current pulse of 9 mA//spl mu/m/sup 2/ is sufficient to heat the double barriers junctions above the blocking temperature and induce pinned layer switching. Barrier reliability was tested and junction properties were found to be not altered for 2.4/spl times/10/sup 10/, 10 ns width, 9.25 mA//spl mu/m/sup 2/ thermal write cycles.
Activation of phospholipase C via adenosine receptors provides synergistic signals for secretion in antigen-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Evidence for a novel adenosine receptor. (1990)

5'-(N-Ethyl)carboxamidoadenosine (NECA), an analog of adenosine, transiently stimulated a rat tumor mast cell (RBL-2H3 cells) to cause a release of inositol phosphates and an increase in levels of Ca2+ in the cytosol. It failed, however, to stimulate a sustained uptake of 45Ca2+ or secretion. The effects of other agents that act on P1- or P2-purinergic receptors suggested that NECA and other adenosine agonists acted via a novel subtype of adenosine membrane receptor. Although the order of potency of agonists was characteristic of A2-adenosine receptors, there was no indication of the involvement of adenylate cyclase, and antagonists such as isobutylmethylxanthine, 8-phenyltheophylline, and 8-p-sulfophenyltheophylline inhibited the responses to either NECA or antigen. The fact that stimulation of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis by NECA in washed, permeabilized RBL-2H3 cells was blocked by pertussis toxin as well as by cholera toxin suggested instead that the NECA-sensitive receptor activated phospholipase C via a G-protein. In contrast to NECA, antigen stimulation resulted in a pertussis toxin-resistant, sustained hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids, increases in free intracellular Ca2+, accelerated influx of 45Ca2+, and secretion from RBL-2H3 cells. In combination with NECA, all responses to antigen were markedly enhanced, and the enhancement was selectively blocked by pertussis toxin. The ability of antigen, but not NECA, to provoke secretion may be dependent primarily on the sustained activation of a cholera toxin-sensitive Ca2+ influx pathway that serves to amplify stimulatory signals for secretion. These studies also suggested that phospholipase C could be activated through different G-proteins via different receptors within the same cell.
A Nonradioactive Assay for the Insulin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase: Use in Monitoring Receptor Kinase Activity after Activation of Overexpressed Protein Kinase Cα and High Glucose Treatment (1995)

In the present study we describe a nonradioactive assay for measuring the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor. This assay utilizes as an exogenous substrate a biotinylated peptide based on the sequence of the endogenous substrate insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). To separate the tyrosine phosphorylated peptide from the nonphosphorylated peptide, immobilized recombinantly produced SH2 domain of the p85 subunit of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is utilized to bind the tyrosine-phosphorylated peptide. The amount of bound peptide is then detected by the use of peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin and a colorimetric assay. This assay has been used to measure the tyrosine kinase activity of receptor which was immunocaptured from lysates of various cells overexpressing the human insulin receptor as well as the endogenous insulin receptors in the parental cells. In this in vitro assay, no decrease in tyrosine kinase activity was observed in receptors from cells with activated overexpressed protein kinase C alpha or after high glucose treatment although a decrease in in situ phosphorylation of IRS-1 was observed with the activation of protein kinase C alpha. These results indicate that this assay may be a useful new method for monitoring the enzymatic activity of the insulin receptor kinase as well as other tyrosine kinases.
Synthesis of 4‐protio‐3‐carbamoyl‐2,2,5,5‐tetraperdeuteromethyl‐3‐pyrrolin‐1‐yloxy (mHCTPO): A selectively isotopically labeled compound for use in T<sub>2</sub> spin label oxymetry (1990)

Abstract The title compound (mHCTPO) has been prepared to enhance sensitivity to molecular oxygen concentration in its Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectrum. The synthesis involved a novel variant of the traditional nitroxide synthesis leading to a much improved yield of mHCTPO over the several steps of the synthesis. An enhancement of T 2 spin label oxymetry with independent measurment of spin label concentration (from a spectral feature) has been observed. This molecule represents a new class of potentially valuable compounds for in vivo application and for imaging in ESR oxymetry.
Enhanced nondegenerate four-wave mixing owing to electromagnetically induced transparency in a spectral hole-burning crystal (1997)

We have demonstrated electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in an inhomogeneously broadened spectral hole-burning system of Pr(3+)-doped Y(2)SiO(5) at 6 K. We have also shown enhancement of four-wave mixing under conditions of reduced absorption. This demonstration opens the possibilities of pursuing EIT applications such as high-resolution optical image processing and optical data storage in solids.
Light Scattering from Infinite Cylinders The Dielectric-Needle Limit (1970)

Expressions are developed for the dielectric-needle limit for scattering by dielectric cylinders, and the domain of validity of these expressions (2% and 10% error contour diagrams) over the refractive-index–size-parameter (m— α) domain is elucidated.
Immunological and pharmacological characterization of poly-DL-alanyl-modified Erwinia carotovora L-asparaginase. (1982)

The covalent attachment of poly-DL-alanine peptides to lysyl residues on the surface of Erwinia carotovora L-asparaginase has produced a modified enzyme which is much less immunogenic in mice and demonstrates 100-fold longer plasma half-life in the rhesus monkey. Immunogenic responses towards both the immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody subclasses were evaluated in C57BL x DBA/2 F1 mice exposed to 250 rads of whole-body irradiation 4 hr prior to immunization with 5-diazo-4-oxynorvaline-inactivated native and modified L-asparaginase in complete Freund's adjuvant. Under these immunologically stressful conditions, the native enzyme evoked an IgE and IgG response which could be further amplified by a secondary immunization, whereas the modified enzyme evoked no IgE or IgG response even after a tertiary immunization. In experiments mimicking an intensive therapeutic schedule, whereby two groups of mice were given weekly injections of 5 to 10 units of either native or modified asparaginase for up to 14 weeks, neither enzyme form evoked a significant IgE response, and only the mice given injections of the native enzyme produced an IgG response. In a preliminary patient study, skin testing of a child who had shown an allergic reaction to the native enzyme resulted in a negative response after an intradermal injection of the modified enzyme, whereas a wheal and flare reaction was observed to both the native enzyme and a histamine control. All of these results suggest that the modified enzyme should show a definite reduction in immunological reactions associated with L-asparaginase treatment of childhood leukemia.
Ulcerative colitis as a polymicrobial infection characterized by sustained broken mucus barrier (2014)

To reduce medication for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), we need to establish the etiology of UC. The intestinal microbiota of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been shown to differ from that of healthy controls and abundant data indicate that it changes in both composition and localization. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is significantly higher in IBD patients compared with controls. Probiotics have been investigated for their capacity to reduce the severity of UC. The luminal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract are covered by a mucus layer. This normally acts as a barrier that does not allow bacteria to reach the epithelial cells and thus limits the direct contact between the host and the bacteria. The mucus layer in the colon comprises an inner layer that is firmly adherent to the intestinal mucosa, and an outer layer that can be washed off with minimal rinsing. Some bacteria can dissolve the protective inner mucus layer. Defects in renewal and formation of the inner mucus layer allow bacteria to reach the epithelium and have implications for the causes of colitis. In this review, important elements of UC pathology are thought to be the intestinal bacteria, gut mucus, and the mucosa-associated immune system.
High-accuracy circuits for on-chip capacitance ratio testing or sensor readout (1994)

Novel CMOS circuits are described for the on-chip measurement of capacitor ratios. They can provide a high-accuracy A/D interface for capacitive sensors, or allow the precise calibration of switched-capacitor DACs, amplifiers and other circuits utilizing ratioed capacitors. Various structures are proposed and the limitations of their accuracy are analyzed. Computer simulations illustrate the operation and verify the anticipated robustness and high accuracy of the system even in the presence of nonidealities.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Protection of carbon based composites (1993)

Based on their good mechanical properties, potential uses of structural carbon materials have been identified for future manned hypersonic vehicles and other aircraft applications. Carbon based composites are expected to be used for periods ranging from a few hours (at high temperature) to a few thousands of hours (at low temperature) in oxidizing environments. Unfortunately carbon reacts rapidly with oxygen at temperature as low as 500 ° C. Therefore numerous researches have been conducted in an attempt to protect carbon-carbon composites against oxidation. The protection mechanism relies on different concepts depending on the temperature range. Two different basic approaches have been considered to protect carbonaceous materials: 1) a microscopic one (at low temperature) using poisoning agents which adsorb on the active sites responsible for the carbon gasification; and 2) a macroscopic one (at high temperature) using an oxygen barrier. But the difference in thermal behavior that exists between this layer and the carbon substrate results in coating cracks. Therefore other approaches have been developed including: a) transition layer; b) inhibited matrix; c) coating on fibers. Temperature, pressure and oxidizing atmospheres limitations of all theses concepts are discussed. Typically, protection for extended periods can be achieved in a limited range of pressure and temperature by the use of several concepts and multilayer coating.
Extending UML Sequence Diagrams to Model Trust-dependent Behavior With the Aim to Support Risk Analysis (2008)

UML sequence diagrams are intuitively simple and can be understood by most stakeholders, including end-users, decision makers, engineers and other parties involved in a risk analysis. Building on UML sequence diagrams and trying to maintain their intuitive simplicity we propose a language for modeling systems where the trust considerations of actors play a major role. Trust considerations are integrated with behavioral descriptions in order to facilitate analysis of the trust considerations of the actors as well as their resulting behavior. We claim that our language allows trust dependent behavior to be described at a level of abstraction suitable for communication between different groups of stakeholders in a risk analysis situation. Furthermore, we argue that the increased expressiveness is required to facilitate the kind of analysis necessary to properly weigh and treat trust dependent risk behavior.
Lifelong learning and task-oriented dialogue system: what does it mean? (2019)

International audience
Influenza Viruses with Rearranged Genomes as Live-Attenuated Vaccines (2013)

H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza virus subtypes top the World Health Organization's list for the greatest pandemic potential. Inactivated H5N1 vaccines induce limited immune responses and, in the case of live-attenuated influenza virus vaccines (LAIV), there are safety concerns regarding the possibility of reassortment between the H5 gene segment and circulating influenza viruses. In order to overcome these drawbacks, we rearranged the genome of an avian H9N2 influenza virus and expressed the entire H5 hemagglutinin open reading frame (ORF) from the segment 8 viral RNA. These vectors had reduced polymerase activities as well as viral replication in vitro and excellent safety profiles in vivo. Immunization with the dual H9-H5 influenza virus resulted in protection against lethal H5N1 challenge in mice and ferrets, and also against a potentially pandemic H9 virus. Our studies demonstrate that rearranging the influenza virus genome has great potential for the development of improved vaccines against influenza virus as well as other pathogens.
Optical charge injection into a gallium arsenide acoustic charge transport device (1988)

Transport of photoelectrons by the 〈110〉 propagating surface acoustic wave (SAW) on (100)-cut gallium arsenide was observed using the acoustic charge transport (ACT) principle reported by Hoskins, Morkoϑ, and Hunsinger [Appl. Phys. Lett. 41, 332 (1982)]. By directly modulating an AlGaAs light-emitting diode, pulses of near-infrared radiation (λp=730 nm) were applied to semitransparent (25 nm thick) chromium windows on the device surface. Four such windows separated by 250 μm were positioned along the otherwise opaque Schottky channel plate of the ACT device. Electron-hole pairs generated by incident radiation were separated by the electrostatic field in the depleted n-type channel region. Calculations suggested that the separation time would be small enough to reduce radiative recombination and allow enough electrons to collect in each acoustically defined well passing beneath the injection window for detection at the output. Electrons, separated from the holes, were subsequently bunched and carried along by the electric field coupled to the SAW. Output pulse delays for injection over each window were in agreement with theory taking into account the window positions and the SAW velocity (2864 m/s). Quantum efficiency, defined as the number of electrons collected at the output per incident photon on the chromium window, was approximately 0.09. Operated at 360 MHz, the experimental device had a charge transfer efficiency in excess of 0.992. It is believed that the injection technique described may be of use in future optical signal processing or imaging applications using ACT.
Usefulness of the stomacher in a microbiological regulatory laboratory (1978)

The relative efficiency of the Waring blender, the Stomacher 400, and the Stomacher 3500 for preparing food samples for microbiological analysis was studied. Comparative aerobic plate count (APC) values were determined on 671 samples, representing 30 categories of foods. Of the 26 categories of nonfatty foods, the blender gave significantly higher geometric mean APC values than those given by the Stomacher 400 and the Stomacher 3500 in 65 and 69 percent of the categories, respectively. In a comparison of the two Stomacher models, the Stomacher 400 gave significantly higher geometric mean APC values than these given by the Stomacher 3500 in 73 percent of the food categories. Addition of Tween 80 to four categories of fatty foods at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 percent did not raise the APC values given by either model of stomacher to the levels given by the Waring blender. Overall, the efficiency of both models of Stomacher, relative to the blender and to each other, was specific and depended upon the particular food being analyzed.
An Integrated view of the Molecular Toxinology of Sodium Channel Gating in Excitable Cells (1987)

The neurotoxins that modify Na channels have actions that are characterized by different degrees of specificity (Table 2). These specificities can be correlated with their chemical properties. For example, guanidinium toxins, which are small charged ligands, appear only to "block" Na channels by binding to a site on the external surface. Peptide toxins, which are also positively charged and relatively small, also act from the external solution to modify channel activation and inactivation processes but do not alter ion selectivity. The lipophilic toxins, hydrophobic, neutral drugs, act from either side of the membrane and modify all the functions of Na channels. From such differences, and from the independence of toxin binding as well as toxin action, separate binding sites for these agents have been classified (Catterall 1980). Recent findings reviewed here suggest that all these toxins share certain features: They differentiate between various states of the channel. Effects of lipophilic activators, polypeptide toxins, and, indeed, even STX and TTX are enhanced or reversed in fractions of seconds under voltage clamp by patterns of membrane potential that selectively populate the channel open state, or the slow or fast inactivated states. Other assays--such as the binding of radiolabeled ligands or the changes of steady-state Na flux that require seconds to minutes of toxin-channel interaction--reveal interactions of the toxins with states of the channel not detected in the usual voltage-clamp analysis. Pharmacological probes may thus reveal channel states or transitions previously unrecognized. The bound toxins appear to interact with one another. The well-documented synergism at equilibrium of alpha-toxins with lipophilic activators provided a model for allosteric interactions between two separate binding sites (Catterall 1979, 1980). The other toxin interactions are more ephemeral and are characterized by kinetic variations that reflect the availability of reactive channel states. For example, the appearance of beta-toxin induced modifications of Na currents is accelerated in the presence of alpha-toxin (Wang & Strichartz 1983), whereas the modifications of inactivation by alpha-toxins are prevented by concurrent incubation with tetrodotoxin, although such modifications, once effected, are not reversed by the subsequent addition of TTX. Modifications of gating by lipophilic toxins confer a selective voltage-dependence on STX and TTX inhibition of open channels that is not observed in drug-free channels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
XMS: A Rendezvous-Based Distributed System Software Architecture (1985)

XMS creates a single, powerful system from loosely coupled microcomputers. Programs work together across nodes, making systemwide resource management transparent and distributed-system design simpler.
In vitro mutation analysis of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> small GTP‐binding proteins and detection of GAP‐like activities in plant cells (1994)

Previously, we have reported the molecular cloning of ara genes encoding a small GTP-binding protein from Arabidopsis thaliana. The criterion based on amino acid sequences suggest that such an ara gene family can be classified to be of the YPT/rab type. To examine the biochemical properties of ARA proteins, several deletions and point mutations were introduced into ara cDNAs. Mutant proteins were expressed in E. coli as GST-chimeric molecules and analyzed in terms of their GTP-binding or GTP-hydrolysing ability in vitro. The results indicate that four conserved amino acid sequence regions of ARA proteins are necessary for GTP-binding. A point mutation of Asn at position 72 for ARA-2, or 71 for ARA-4, to Ile decreased GTP-binding and a point mutation of Gln at position 126 for ARA-2, or 125 for ARA-4, to Leu suppressed GTP-hydrolysis activity. Furthermore, certain factors associated with the membrane fraction accelerated GTPase activities of ARA proteins, suggesting the presence of GTPase activating protein(s) (GAP(s)) in the vesicular transport system of higher plant cells.
MAINTENANCE OF IMAGINAL DISCS OF <i>DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER</i> IN CHEMICALLY DEFINED MEDIA (1969)

A phosphate-buffered saline and a chemically defined synthetic medium for in vitro maintenance of imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster were developed. The composition of the chemically defined medium was varied in order to optimize the incorporation of tritiated uridine into RNA and tritiated amino acids into acid-insoluble protein. The optimal ranges obtained were: pH, 6.75-7.35; osmolarity, 285-345 milliosmoles/liter; sodium concentration, 40-60 mM/liter; potassium concentration, 40-60 mM/liter; magnesium concentration, 0.5-3.5 mM/liter; calcium concentration, 0.3-1.5 mM/liter; and inorganic phosphate concentration, 1.5-4.0 mM/liter. The phosphate-buffered saline is superior to a commonly used insect Ringer solution in maintaining total RNA and acid-insoluble protein synthesis in culture. The chemically defined synthetic medium permits linear total RNA and acid-insoluble protein synthesis for more than 48 hr, DNA synthesis for several hours, normal differentiation to occur after 74 hr in vitro, and trypsinization of imaginal discs into single cell suspensions without developmental damage.
Sorafenib and nilotinib resensitize tamoxifen resistant breast cancer cells to tamoxifen treatment via estrogen receptor α (2014)

Tamoxifen‑resistant breast cancer is a major clinical problem and new treatment strategies are highly warranted. In this study, the multitargeting kinase inhibitors sorafenib and nilotinib were investigated as potential new treatment options for tamoxifen‑resistant breast cancer. The two compounds inhibited cell growth, reduced expression of total estrogen receptor α (ER), Ser118-phosphorylated ER, FOXA1 and AIB1 and resensitized tamoxifen‑resistant cells to tamoxifen. The ER downmodulator fulvestrant exerted strong growth inhibition of tamoxifen‑resistant cells and addition of sorafenib and nilotinib could not further suppress growth, showing that sorafenib and nilotinib exerted growth inhibition via ER. In support of this, estradiol prevented sorafenib and nilotinib mediated growth inhibition. These results demonstrate that sorafenib and nilotinib act via ER and ER-associated proteins, indicating that these kinase inhibitors in combination with tamoxifen may be potential new treatments for tamoxifen‑resistant breast cancer.
CALCIUM-ACTIVATED CHLORIDE CHANNELS (2004)

Calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs) play important roles in cellular physiology, including epithelial secretion of electrolytes and water, sensory transduction, regulation of neuronal and cardiac excitability, and regulation of vascular tone. This review discusses the physiological roles of these channels, their mechanisms of regulation and activation, and the mechanisms of anion selectivity and conduction. Despite the fact that CaCCs are so broadly expressed in cells and play such important functions, understanding these channels has been limited by the absence of specific blockers and the fact that the molecular identities of CaCCs remains in question. Recent status of the pharmacology and molecular identification of CaCCs is evaluated.