gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Access Point Selection for Improving Throughput Fairness in Wireless LANs (2007)

We investigate the problem of access point selection in wireless LANs based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, when a station is within the vicinity of more than one access points. According to the proposed approach, the selection is based on the packet transmission delay for each access point that a station can associate to, which is related to the throughput that the station can achieve. Important features of the approach is that it considers the contention-based nature of IEEE 802.11's MAC layer, it can be applied to the 802.11e standard which can support different classes in terms of the minimum contention window, and it can be implemented solely at the wireless stations, which passively monitor the activity of each access point's channel, without requiring modifications to the access points. Experiments show that the proposed approach can achieve significantly higher throughput fairness compared to other approaches, without a significant decrease of the aggregate throughput.
Covalent stabilization of alginate hydrogel beads via Staudinger ligation: Assessment of poly(ethylene glycol) and alginate cross‐linkers (2011)

Cellular encapsulation within alginate hydrogel capsules has broad applications in tissue engineering. In seeking to improve the inherent instability of ionically cross-linked alginate hydrogels, we previously demonstrated the covalent stabilization of Ba(2+) cross-linked alginate-azide beads via chemoselective Staudinger ligation using a 1-methyl-2-diphenylphosphino-terephthalate (MDT) terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) linker. In this study, we functionalized variant PEG, linear and branched, and alginate polymers with MDT groups to evaluate the effect of size, structural design, number of functional groups, and charge on the resulting hydrogel bead. All cross-linkers resulted in enhanced covalent stabilization of alginate beads, with significant decreases in swelling and resistance to dissolution via Ba(2+) chelation. The MDT-functionalized alginate resulted in the most stable and homogeneous bead, with the most restrictive permeability even after EDTA exposure. Co-encapsulation of MIN6 cells within the cross-linked alginate hydrogel beads resulted in minimal effects on viability, whereas the degree of proliferation following culture varied with cross-linker type. Altogether, the results illustrate that manipulating the cross-linker structural design permits flexibility in resulting alginate beads characteristics. Covalent stabilization of alginate hydrogel beads with these chemoselective alginate and PEG-based cross-linkers provides a unique platform for cellular encapsulation.
Earbud-Based Sensor for the Assessment of Energy Expenditure, HR, and V˙O2max (2014)

The earbud sensor can accurately estimate TEE and VO2max during cardiopulmonary exercise testing.
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome: The Achilles' Heel of Lung Transplantation (2013)

Lung transplantation is a therapeutic option for patients with end-stage pulmonary disorders. Unfortunately, chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), most commonly manifest as bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), continues to be highly prevalent and is the major limitation to long-term survival. The pathogenesis of BOS is complex and involves alloimmune and nonalloimmune pathways. Clinically, BOS manifests as airway obstruction and dyspnea that are classically progressive and ultimately fatal; however, the course is highly variable, and distinguishable phenotypes may exist. There are few controlled studies assessing treatment efficacy, but only a minority of patients respond to current treatment modalities. Ultimately, preventive strategies may prove more effective at prolonging survival after lung transplantation, but their remains considerable debate and little data regarding the best strategies to prevent BOS. A better understanding of the risk factors and their relationship to the pathological mechanisms of chronic lung allograft rejection should lead to better pharmacological targets to prevent or treat this syndrome.
The architecture of high-speed matched filter for searching synchronization in DSSS receiver (2003)

A high-speed matched filter for searching synchronization in direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) receiver is studied. A model to implement the matched filter by hardware description languages (HDL) is proposed. The proposed model is based on parallel processing and pipeline architecture including circular buffer, multiplier, adder, and code look-up table. The proposed model is analyzed with respect to the performance and compared with a conventional digital signal processor (DSP) implementation.
Nonprofit Alliance in China: Effects of Alliance Process on Goal Achievement (2018)

Abstract Nonprofit alliances have characterized the dynamic of nonprofit sector over the past three decades. While much scholarly attention has focused on formation and outcome of alliances, less is known about process of alliances in emerging nonprofits in developing countries. Using 11 cases of nonprofit alliances in Ya’an earthquake in China in 2013, this study examined the connection between process and outcome of alliances. Our research demonstrates that process of nonprofit alliances plays an important role in goal achievement of the alliance. Specifically, resource distribution and trust building are the two critical process factors. The results indicate that the process factors change dynamically along with the process of the alliance, and that the synergy of the process factors facilitated the fulfillment of alliance goals in emerging nonprofits.
Ultrafast 2D-IR and optical Kerr effect spectroscopy reveal the impact of duplex melting on the structural dynamics of DNA (2017)

Changes in the structural and solvation dynamics of a 15mer AT DNA duplex upon melting of the double-helix are observed by a combination of ultrafast two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) and optical Kerr-effect (OKE) spectroscopies. 2D-IR spectroscopy of the vibrational modes of the DNA bases reveal signature off-diagonal peaks arising from coupling and energy transfer across Watson-Crick paired bases that are unique to double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA). Spectral diffusion of specific base vibrational modes report on the structural dynamics of the duplex and the minor groove, which is predicted to contain a spine of hydration. Changes in these dynamics upon melting are assigned to increases in the degree of mobile solvent access to the bases in single-stranded DNA (ss-DNA) relative to the duplex. OKE spectra exhibit peaks that are assigned to specific long-range phonon modes of ds- and ss-DNA. Temperature-related changes in these features correlate well with those obtained from the 2D-IR spectra although the melting temperature of the ds-DNA phonon band is slightly higher than that for the Watson-Crick modes, suggesting that a degree of long-range duplex structure survives the loss of Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding. These results demonstrate that the melting of ds-DNA disrupts helix-specific structural dynamics encompassing length scales ranging from mode delocalisation in the Watson-Crick base pairs to long-range phonon modes that extend over multiple base pairs and which may play a role in molecular recognition of DNA.
Vector (self) snakes: a geometric framework for color, texture, and multiscale image segmentation (2002)

A partial differential equations (PDEs) based geometric framework for segmentation of vector-valued images is described. The first component of this approach is based on two dimensional geometric active contours deforming from their initial position towards objects in the image. The boundaries of these objects are then obtained as geodesics or minimal weighted distance curves in a Riemannian space. The metric in this space is given by a definition of edges in vector-valued images, incorporating information from all the image components. The curve flow corresponding to these active contours holds formal existence, uniqueness, stability, and correctness results. Then, embedding the deforming curve as the level-set of the image, that is, deforming each one of the image components level-sets according to these active contours, a system of coupled PDEs is obtained. This system deforms the image towards uniform regions, obtaining a simplified (or segmented) image. The flow is related to a number of PDEs based image processing algorithms as anisotropic diffusion and shock filters. The technique is applicable to color and texture images, as well as to vector data obtained from general image decompositions.
3D interconnect through aligned wafer level bonding (2003)

Wafer level packaging and 3D interconnect technologies are driven by increasing device density and functionality as well as reduction of total packaging cost. Key enabling technologies for 3D interconnect are high precision alignment and bonding systems and thick resist processing. A unique processing equipment has been developed to meet high volume production requirements. This paper reviews advances in equipment processing capabilities and provides a guideline for new processing techniques available. Wafer to wafer alignment can be carried out in various ways. Traditionally aligned wafer bonding is a well-established technology in the MEMS industry. Special requirements for 3D interconnects are high accuracy, the use of single side processed wafers and 8 inch capability. A comparison of wafer alignment technologies is presented. Also, a novel face-to-face alignment method is described and analyzed in terms of alignment accuracy before and after bonding. Wafer bonding is carried out subsequent to the alignment step in a separate process module. A summary of different bonding methods is given. Intermediate layers that act as bonding agent can be spun on to the wafer. Such coating processes for wafer level packaging applications vary greatly from the requirements for VLSI processing. VLSI photoresist processes use thin layers to transfer small features with sub-micron tolerances. Wafer level bumping typically is performed with 5-150 /spl mu/m films, to transfer large (20-250 /spl mu/m) features, with tolerances approaching micron scale. HDI applications require thicker adhesive layers. The paper concludes with application examples with different intermediate layers such as BCB.
Glycosylimidate, 13. Anwendung des Trichloracetimidat‐Verfahrens auf 2‐Azidoglucose‐ und 2‐Azidogalactose‐Derivate (1984)

Abstract Von 1‐ O ‐unsubstituierten 2‐Azidohexosen wurden durch basenkatalysierte Addition an Trichloracetonitril die entsprechenden O ‐(Glycopyranosyl)trichloracetimidate hergestellt. Je nach Art der verwendeten Base sind sowohl die α‐ als auch die β‐Trichloracetimidate von 2‐Azidogalactosyl‐, 2‐Azidoglucosyl‐ und 2‐Azidolactosyl‐Derivaten zugänglich. Die für die Imidatsynthese benötigten 1‐ O ‐unsubstituierten Verbindungen wurden durch Hydrolyse der entsprechenden Glycosylnitrate mit Natriumnitrit in wäßrigem Dioxan synthetisiert. — Aus dem (2‐Azidogalactosyl)‐trichloracetimidat 12 β ließen sich durch Umsetzung mit (Trimethylsilyl)trifluormethansulfonat und verschiedenen Zuckeralkoholen stereoselektiv α‐Disaccharide in guten Ausbeuten darstellen. Aus den entsprechenden (2‐Azidoglucosyl)trichloracetimidate 14 α und 14 β konnten mit Diethylether — Bortrifluorid bzw. (Trimethylsilyl)trifluormethansulfonat wahlweise β‐ oder α‐Glycoside mit hoher Stereoselektivität erzeugt werden. Schließlich wurde der vielseitig einsetzbare Azidogalactose‐Baustein 35 hergestellt. Ausgehend von 35 wurde das 3‐ O ‐unsubstitutierte (Glycosyl)trichloracetimidat 39 synthetisiert, das mit dem Serinderivat 41 direkt zum 3‐OH‐ungeschützten Seringlycosid 42 umgesetzt werden konnte.
Modeling and Optimization for Soft-Error Reliability of Sequential Circuits (2008)

Due to reduction in device feature size and supply voltage, the sensitivity to radiation-induced transient faults of digital systems dramatically increases. In this paper, we present two approaches to evaluating the susceptibility of sequential circuits to soft errors. The first approach uses the Markov chain theory but can only provide steady-state behavior information. The second approach uses symbolic modeling based on binary decision diagrams/algebraic decision diagrams and circuit unrolling. The soft-error rate (SER) evaluation using this approach is demonstrated by the set of experimental results, which show that, for most of the benchmarks used, the SER decreases well below a given threshold (10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-7</sup> FIT) within ten clock cycles after the hit. The results obtained with the proposed symbolic framework are within 4% average error and up to 11 000x faster when compared to HSPICE detailed circuit simulation. The framework can be used for selective gate sizing targeting radiation hardening, leading up to 80% SER reduction when applied to a subset of ISCAS'89 benchmarks.
Control of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations and reflux by the GABA <sub>B</sub> agonist baclofen in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (2002)

In patients with reflux disease, the GABA(B) agonist baclofen significantly inhibits gastro-oesophageal reflux episodes by inhibition of TLOSRs. These findings suggest that GABA(B) agonists may be useful as therapeutic agents for the management of reflux disease.
MOSFET RF characterization using bulk and SOI CMOS technologies (2007)

MOSFET radio-frequency characterization and modeling is studied, both with SOI CMOS and bulk CMOS technologies. The network analyzer measurement uncertainties are studied, as is their effect on the small signal parameter extraction of MOS devices. These results can be used as guidelines for designing MOS RF characterization layouts with as small an AC extraction error as possible. The results can also be used in RF model extraction as criteria for required optimization accuracy.\n\nModifications to the digital CMOS model equivalent circuit are studied to achieve better RF behavior for the MOS model. The benefit of absorbing the drain and source parasitic series resistances into the current description is evaluated. It seems that correct high-frequency behavior is not possible to describe using this technique. The series resistances need to be defined extrinsically. Different bulk network alternatives were evaluated using scalable device models up to 10 GHz. Accurate output impedance behavior of the model requires a bulk resistance network. It seems that good accuracy improvement is achieved with just a single bulk resistor. Additional improvement is achieved by increasing the number of resistors to three. At this used frequency range no further accuracy improvement was achieved by increasing the resistor amount over three. Two modeling approaches describing the distributed gate behavior are also studied with different MOS transistor layouts. Both approaches improve the RF characteristics to some extent but with limited device geometry. Both distributed gate models describe well the high frequency device behavior of devices not commonly used at radio frequencies.
A Chiral Low-Molecular-Weight Gelator Based on Binaphthalene with Two Urea Moieties:  Modulation of the CD Spectrum after Gel Formation (2006)

The synthesis and characterization of a new chiral LMWG 1 based on the axially chiral binaphthalene with two urea moieties were described. A transparent gel in cyclohexane with LMWG 1 was obtained and characterized by SEM, XRD and CD techniques. The results of 1H NMR measurement indicated that the intermolecular H-bonds and pi-pi interaction may be responsible for the gel formation. It was demonstrated that the gel phase could be destroyed by addition of F- due to the disruption of intermolecular H-bonds. After gel formation, modulation of the CD spectrum of 1 was observed.
Genetic Engineering by DNA Recombineering (2019)

Recombineering inserts PCR products into DNA using homologous recombination. A pair of short homology arms (50 base pairs) on the ends of a PCR cassette target the cassette to its intended location. These homology arms can be easily introduced as 5' primer overhangs during the PCR reaction. The flexibility to choose almost any pair of homology arms enables the precise modification of virtually any DNA for purposes of sequence deletion, replacement, insertion, or point mutation. Recombineering often offers significant advantages relative to previous homologous recombination methods that require the construction of cassettes with large homology arms, and relative to traditional cloning methods that become intractable for large plasmids or DNA sequences. However, the tremendous number of variables, options, and pitfalls that can be encountered when designing and performing a recombineering protocol for the first time introduce barriers that can make recombineering a challenging technique for new users to adopt. This article focuses on three recombineering protocols we have found to be particularly robust, providing a detailed guide for choosing the simplest recombineering method for a given application and for performing and troubleshooting experiments. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Post-crystallization treatments for improving diffraction quality of protein crystals (2005)

X-ray crystallography is the most powerful method for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules. One of the major obstacles in the process is the production of high-quality crystals for structure determination. All too often, crystals are produced that are of poor quality and are unsuitable for diffraction studies. This review provides a compilation of post-crystallization methods that can convert poorly diffracting crystals into data-quality crystals. Protocols for annealing, dehydration, soaking and cross-linking are outlined and examples of some spectacular changes in crystal quality are provided. The protocols are easily incorporated into the structure-determination pipeline and a practical guide is provided that shows how and when to use the different post-crystallization treatments for improving crystal quality.
Structure and Dynamics of a β-Helical Antifreeze Protein<sup>,</sup> (2002)

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) protect many types of organisms from damage caused by freezing. They do this by binding to the ice surface, which causes inhibition of ice crystal growth. However, the molecular mechanism of ice binding leading to growth inhibition is not well understood. In this paper, we present the solution structure and backbone NMR relaxation data of the antifreeze protein from the yellow mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor (TmAFP) to study the dynamics in the context of structure. The full (15)N relaxation analysis was completed at two magnetic field strengths, 500 and 600 MHz, as well as at two temperatures, 30 and 5 degrees C, to measure the dynamic changes that occur in the protein backbone at different temperatures. TmAFP is a small, highly disulfide-bonded, right-handed parallel beta-helix consisting of seven tandemly repeated 12-amino acid loops. The backbone relaxation data displays a periodic pattern, which reflects both the 12-amino acid structural repeat and the highly anisotropic nature of the protein. Analysis of the (15)N relaxation parameters shows that TmAFP is a well-defined, rigid structure, and the extracted parameters show that there is similar restricted internal mobility throughout the protein backbone at both temperatures studied. We conclude that the hydrophobic, rigid binding site may reduce the entropic penalty for the binding of the protein to ice. The beta-helical fold of the protein provides this rigidity, as it does not appear to be a consequence of cooling toward a physiologically relevant temperature.
MEGAHIT: An ultra-fast single-node solution for large and complex metagenomics assembly via succinct de Bruijn graph (2014)

MEGAHIT is a NGS de novo assembler for assembling large and complex metagenomics data in a time- and cost-efficient manner. It finished assembling a soil metagenomics dataset with 252Gbps in 44.1 hours and 99.6 hours on a single computing node with and without a GPU, respectively. MEGAHIT assembles the data as a whole, i.e., it avoids pre-processing like partitioning and normalization, which might compromise on result integrity. MEGAHIT generates 3 times larger assembly, with longer contig N50 and average contig length than the previous assembly. 55.8% of the reads were aligned to the assembly, which is 4 times higher than the previous. The source code of MEGAHIT is freely available at https://github.com/voutcn/megahit under GPLv3 license.
Highly enantioselective Michael addition of malononitrile to α,β-unsaturated ketones (2008)

The highly enantioselective Michael addition of malononitrile to acyclic and cyclic alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones has been developed. The Michael reaction catalyzed by a primary amine derived from quinidine proceeded smoothly and provided the desired adducts with excellent enantioselectivities (83-97% ee).
Optoacoustic detection of intra- and extracranial hematomas in rats after blast injury (2014)

Surgical drainage of intracranial hematomas is often required within the first four hours after traumatic brain injury (TBI) to avoid death or severe disability. Although CT and MRI permit hematoma diagnosis, they can be used only at a major health-care facility. This delays hematoma diagnosis and therapy. We proposed to use an optoacoustic technique for rapid, noninvasive diagnosis of hematomas. In this study we developed a near-infrared OPO-based optoacoustic system for hematoma diagnosis and cerebral venous blood oxygenation monitoring in rats. A specially-designed blast device was used to inflict TBI in anesthetized rats. Optoacoustic signals were recorded from the superior sagittal sinus and hematomas that allowed for measurements of their oxygenations. These results indicate that the optoacoustic technique may be used for early diagnosis of hematomas and may provide important information for improving outcomes in patients with TBI.
Stimulatory effect of the CYPlAl inducer 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin on the reproduction of HIV-1 in human lymphoid cell culture (1993)

1. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was an inducer of microsomal benzo[alpha]pyrene hydroxylase (AHH) and 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) in MT-4 human lymphoid cell culture. 2. The monoclonal antibody (Mab), 1-7-1 and the immunodepleted polyclonal antibody (Pab), anti-CYP1A1(-A2), inhibit AHH and EROD activities pre-induced by 10 nM TCDD in MT-4 cells. Hence, the specific monooxygenase isoform induced in the lymphoid cells by TCDD appears to be CYP1A1 the expression of which is mediated by the Ah receptor. 3. Incubation of MT-4 cells with TCDD at 10, 50 and 150 nM for 1.5 and 48 h followed by infection of the cells with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) was accompanied by a 3-6-fold increase in the activity of viral RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase. The most marked effect on reverse transcriptase activity occurred with 10 nM TCDD 5-9 days after HIV-1 infection. 4. In the same period there was accumulation of viral protein, determined by ELISA, with a 4-8-fold increase in production of viral protein. The above effects of TCDD have been observed even when MT-4 cells were washed 1.5 h after beginning the incubation with TCDD.