gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Propagating mixed uncertainties in cyber attacker payoffs: Exploration of two-phase Monte Carlo sampling and probability bounds analysis (2016)

Cyber-system security on a continual basis against a multitude of adverse events is a challenging undertaking. Cybersystem administrators operating with limited protective resources need to account for uncertainties associated with system behavior and types of attackers targeting a system. These uncertainties may arise due to inherent randomness or incomplete knowledge about system behavior and events affecting the system. As a result, uncertainty quantification of attacker payoff functions within stochastic cybersecurity games is a critical area of research interest. This study focuses on operationalizing a probabilistic framework for quantifying attacker payoffs, within a notional case study, through: (1) representation of uncertain attacker and system-related modeling variables as probability distributions and mathematical intervals, and (2) exploration of uncertainty propagation techniques including two-phase Monte Carlo sampling and probability bounds analysis. Enhanced uncertainty representations of payoffs may contribute to further understanding of dynamics between cyber attackers and defenders and advance the state-of-the-art in proactive cyber-system defense and strategic decision-making.
Mycobacterium cookii sp. nov. (1990)

Strains of a new type of slowly growing scotochromogenic mycobacterium were isolated repeatedly from sphagnum vegetation and surface water of moors in New Zealand. These strains grew at 31 and 22 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C and possessed catalase, acid phosphatase, and arylsulfatase activities. They did not split amides, and most of them were susceptible to antituberculotic drugs. Furthermore, they did not tolerate 0.1% NaOH2 and 0.2% picric acid and did not grow on compounds used as single carbon sources and single nitrogen and carbon sources. The internal similarity of the strains as determined by numerical taxonomy methods was 96.6% +/- 3.09%. The whole-mycolate pattern is unique in that it has not been found previously in 23 species of slowly growing mycobacteria. Evaluation of long-reverse-transcriptase-generated stretches of the primary structure of the 16S rRNA confirmed that these organisms belong to the genus Mycobacterium. The phylogenetic position of these bacteria is unique; they are situated between slowly growing pathogenic and rapidly growing saprophytic species. The strains are not pathogenic for mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits, but they provoke a nonspecific hypersensitivity reaction to bovine tuberculin. Hence, they are considered members of a new species of nonpathogenic, slowly growing mycobacteria, for which the name Mycobacterium cookii is proposed. Strain NZ2 is the type strain; a culture of this strain has been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection as strain ATCC 49103.
Cued Memory Reactivation during Slow-Wave Sleep Promotes Explicit Knowledge of a Motor Sequence (2014)

Memories are gradually consolidated after initial encoding, and this can sometimes lead to a transition from implicit to explicit knowledge. The exact physiological processes underlying this reorganization remain unclear. Here, we used a serial reaction time task to determine whether targeted memory reactivation (TMR) of specific memory traces during slow-wave sleep promotes the emergence of explicit knowledge. Human participants learned two 12-item sequences of button presses (A and B). These differed in both cue order and in the auditory tones associated with each of the four fingers (one sequence had four higher-pitched tones). Subsequent overnight sleep was monitored, and the tones associated with one learned sequence were replayed during slow-wave sleep. After waking, participants demonstrated greater explicit knowledge (p = 0.005) and more improved procedural skill (p = 0.04) for the cued sequence relative to the uncued sequence. Furthermore, fast spindles (13.5-15 Hz) at task-related motor regions predicted overnight enhancement in procedural skill (r = 0.71, p = 0.01). Auditory cues had no effect on post-sleep memory performance in a control group who received TMR before sleep. These findings suggest that TMR during sleep can alter memory representations and promote the emergence of explicit knowledge, supporting the notion that reactivation during sleep is a key mechanism in this process.
Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Rearrangement of 2,2-Dichloronorbornane to 1-Chloronorbornane (2004)

The mechanism for the unusual AlCl(3)-catalyzed rearrangement of 2,2-dichloronorbornane to 1-chloronorbornane in pentane has been elucidated; the reaction, which also yields four isomeric dichloronorbornanes, occurs in three steps: (1). ionization to form the 2-chloro-2-norbornyl cation, which was fully characterized by two-dimensional (1)H and (13)C NMR in SbF(5)/SO(2)ClF; (2). Wagner-Meerwein shift to yield the 1-chloro-2-norbornyl cation, which was partially characterized by (1)H NMR; and (3). hydride abstraction.
Distinctive endophytic fungal assemblage in stems of wild rice (Oryza granulata) in China with special reference to two species of Muscodor (xylariaceae) (2011)

Ecological niches in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere of grasses capable of sustaining endophytes have been extensively studied. In contrast, little information regarding the identity and functions of endophytic fungi in stems is available. In this study, we investigated the taxonomic affinities, diversity, and host specificities of culturable endophytes in stems of wild rice (Oryza granulata) in China. Seventy-four isolates were recovered. Low recovery rate (11.7%) indicated that there were relatively few sites for fungal infection. Identification using morphology, morphospecies sorting, and molecular techniques resulted in classification into 50 taxa, 36 of which were recovered only once. Nucleotide sequence similarity analysis indicated that 30% of the total taxa recovered were highly divergent from known species and thus may represent lineages new to science. Most of the taxa were classified as members of the classes Sordariomycetes or Dothideomycetes (mainly in Pleosporales). The presence of Arthrinium and Magnaporthaceae species, most often associated with poaceous plants, suggested a degree of host specificity. A polyphasic approach was employed to identify two Muscodor taxa based on (i) ITS and RPB2 phylogenies, (ii) volatile compounds produced, and (iii) an in vitro bioassay of antifungal activity. This to our knowledge is only the second report regarding the isolation of Muscodor spp. in China. Therefore, we hypothesize that wild plants represent a huge reservoir of unknown fungi. The prevalence, novelty, and species-specificity of unique isolates necessitate a reevaluation of their contribution to ecosystem function and fungal biodiversity.
Double Cold Trap Method to Determine the Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds in Human Expired Gas (2015)

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic chemical substances that volatilize easily in ambient air at normal temperature and pressure. VOCs in human expired gas have been reported to be useful in the diagnosis of various diseases, but measurement of VOCs in human expired gas is technically dif cult because the concentrations in expired gas are extremely low and almost the same as the concentrations in ambient air. Accurate VOC measurement usually requires a large system, and no VOC measuring systems suitable for clinical practice are available. We developed a compact, simple, double cold trap system that can measure the concentrations of VOCs originating in humans. Our system detects a limited number of VOCs with very high sensitivity at concentrations as low as 0.05 ppb. We evaluated the reproducibility of our system and measured VOCs in ambient air, puri ed air, and human expired gas from smokers, non-smokers, and patients. Errors of 10% seem unavoidable in our system. Our veri cation experiment using human expired gas strongly suggests that the reproducibility and detection sensitivity of our system allow the detection of most VOCs in human expired gas.
Floating-point exponential functions for DSP-enabled FPGAs (2010)

This article presents a generator of floating-point exponential operators targeting recent FPGAs with embedded memories and DSP blocks. A single-precision operator consumes just one DSP block, 18Kbits of dual-port memory, and 392 slices on Virtex-4. For larger precisions, a generic approach based on polynomial approximation is used and proves more resource-efficient than the literature. For instance a double-precision operator consumes 5 BlockRAM and 12 DSP48 blocks on Virtex-5, or 10 M9k and 22 18×18 multipliers on Stratix III. This approach is flexible and is demonstrated to scale up to quadruple-precision, while enabling frequencies close to the FPGA's nominal frequency. All the proposed architectures are last-bit accurate for all the floating-point range. They are available in the open-source FloPoCo framework.
How taking photos increases enjoyment of experiences. (2016)

Experiences are vital to the lives and well-being of people; hence, understanding the factors that amplify or dampen enjoyment of experiences is important. One such factor is photo-taking, which has gone unexamined by prior research even as it has become ubiquitous. We identify engagement as a relevant process that influences whether photo-taking will increase or decrease enjoyment. Across 3 field and 6 lab experiments, we find that taking photos enhances enjoyment of positive experiences across a range of contexts and methodologies. This occurs when photo-taking increases engagement with the experience, which is less likely when the experience itself is already highly engaging, or when photo-taking interferes with the experience. As further evidence of an engagement-based process, we show that photo-taking directs greater visual attention to aspects of the experience one may want to photograph. Lastly, we also find that this greater engagement due to photo-taking results in worse evaluations of negative experiences. (PsycINFO Database Record
The Irony of Empiricism in the Psychology of Religion (2018)

Current researchers are considering the relevant new knowledge that psychological studies in the past 100 years have produced concerning the psychology of religion. Experimental methods typically employed have the aim of producing value-neutral scientific results, especially in the arena of religion. How ever, methods are inextricably tied to assumptions, since how a person investigates something reflects their understanding or belief about that thing (Hood, 2013). Those methods present in psychology today take after the natural sciences in an effort to arrogate psychology to the status of a hard science. Naturalist methods are also based on naturalist presuppositions about the nature of the world; nothing exists outside of physical matter—an assumption that provides no room for a belief in God (Slife & Reber, 2009). This allows researchers a greatly limited perspective from which to approach the psychological study of religion. An argument is made for a methodological pluralism—one that begins with the assumptions of the hermeneutic tradition. Hermeneutics interpret meaning in lived experience and take the word of the individual to be a faithful account (Belzen & Hood, 2006). These assumptions are based on relationships, trust, and context, each of which will provide psychology with a more holistic understanding of religious phenomena.
High-Power Interdigital Magnetrons (1948)

This paper deals with the pill-box-cavity interdigital magnetrons operating in the cavity mode. An analysis of the cathode coupling problem indicates the desirability of cathode decoupling chokes presenting a capacitive impedance to the cathode-anode space. Cold tests and operating tests have confirmed this analysis. The high efficiency to be expected from operation in this mode has been realized, measured efficiencies being comparable to the best obtained in conventional magnetrons. Peak power outputs up to 1.4 kw and continuous outputs up to 500 watts have been obtained in the vicinity of 10 cm wavelength, with efficiencies of about 70 per cent. Tubes built without cathode decoupling chokes operated unstably, gave little power in the cavity mode, and had a strong tendency to operate in the first-order mode.
Evaluation of polyaza macrocyclic methylene phosphonate chelates of Gd<sup>3+</sup> ions as MRI contrast agents (1989)

Gd(DTPA)2- (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) and the polyaza macrocyclic Gd(DOTA)- (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N''') are paradigms of general purpose paramagnetic complexes useful for enhancing contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It is of both fundamental and practical interest to determine how one might modify the chemical structure of these chelate complexes to improve their utility for MRI in specific circumstances. In the present work, we investigated polyaza methylene phosphonate complexes of Gd3+ ions to compare their NMRD profiles with those of their carboxylate analogs and with Gd(DTPA)2-. We find that the number q of exchangeable water molecules coordinated directly to the Gd3+ ions tends to be smaller in the phosphonates, in principle reducing their utility in MRI. However, these phosphonates have a tendency to oligomerize, and the resulting decrease in rotational mobility of the paramagnetic oligomers increases their relaxivity at higher fields, offsetting the effect of decreases in q. In particular, Gd(DOTRP)3- (1,5,9-triazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',-tris(methylenephosphonic++ + acid] would be an increasingly effective contrast agent above approximately 10 MHz if the oligomerization was stable in vivo (and the Gd3+ ions were sufficiently well bound). At lower fields, the relaxivity of these small chelate complexes is dominated by tau S0, the relaxation time of the spin moments of the paramagnetic ions. We find this to be favorably long for complexes of Gd3+ with the macrocyclic phosphonate ligands, as was found earlier by us for Gd(DOTA)-. This situation, ostensibly related to the relatively high symmetry and rigidity of the macrocyclic complexes, can increase the low-field relaxivity of the phosphonates almost a factor of 2 beyond that of Gd(DTPA)2-.
Diagnosis and Treatment with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Youth: Mental Health Consultation with School Counselors. (2000)

Purified pea chloroplast malate dehydrogenase (NADP) was reduced, S-pyridylethylated with 4-vinyl-pyridine and cleaved with trypsin. The resulting peptides were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Several of these peptides were subjected to automated Edman degradation. The sequences obtained were compared to the published primary structures of malate dehydrogenase from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus flavus and with the sequence of heart mitochondrial and cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (NAD). Most peptides from choroplast malate dehydrogenase (NADP) showed high homology with sequences of the other malate dehydrogenases, especially with those of the bacterial enzyme. One of the sequenced peptides contains the active-site histidine residue which is conserved in all malate dehydrogenases. Our results suggest a common evolutionary origin for all malate dehydrogenases despite their different coenzyme specificities and regulatory properties. The sequenced peptides which revealed no homology were either located at the amino-terminal or at the carboxy-terminal region of chloroplast malate dehydrogenase (NADP). These novel sequences are most likely plant-specific extensions of an ancestral malate dehydrogenase and may be responsible for the unique light-dependent activation of the chloroplast enzyme.
Collaboration Tools for Global Software Engineering (2010)

Global software engineering requires tool support. A survey of current collaborative development tools and environments summarizes their features and development trends.
<i>Acute Physiologic and Chronic Histologic Changes in Rats and Mice Exposed to the Unique Hallucinogen Salvinorin A</i> (2003)

Abstract Salvinorin A is a unique hallucinogen that is seeing increased use in humans. It is not currently a controlled substance and is used as a legal alternative to controlled substances. Usually smoked or buccally absorbed by chewing, doses of approximately 200mcg can produce profound hallucinogenic effects of short duration. The mechanism of action of salvinorin A is at the k-opioid receptor. Little data is available on the medical effects of this substance so animal studies were undertaken to explore the acute toxic effects of this substance in rats and the chronic effects in mice. Rats were anesthetized and administered salvinorin A at 1600mcg/kg or vehicle. Recordings were made of galvanic skin response, EKG, temperature, and pulse pressure for 100 minutes. Mice were chronically exposed to vehicle or 400, 800, 1600, 3200, or 6400 meg/kg of salvinorin A for two weeks. After exposure the animals were sacrificed and brain, heart, kidney, bone marrow, blood and spleen were removed, fixed, sectioned, stained and examined by light microscopy. No effects were seen on cardiac conduction, temperature, or galvanic skin response. A nonsignificant rise was seen in pulse pressure. Histologic studies of spleen, blood, brain, liver, kidney, and bone marrow did not find any significant histologic changes at any of the doses examined. These data suggests that the toxicity of salvinorin A is relatively low, even at doses many times greater than what humans are exposed to. However, further studies should be done on blood pressure effects. The psychological impact of this potent hallucinogen should also be investigated.
TBF: A memory-efficient replacement policy for flash-based caches (2013)

The performance and capacity characteristics of flash storage make it attractive to use as a cache. Recency-based cache replacement policies rely on an in-memory full index, typically a B-tree or a hash table, that maps each object to its recency information. Even though the recency information itself may take very little space, the full index for a cache holding N keys requires at least log N bits per key. This metadata overhead is undesirably high when used for very large flash-based caches, such as key-value stores with billions of objects. To solve this problem, we propose a new RAM-frugal cache replacement policy that approximates the least-recently-used (LRU) policy. It uses two in-memory Bloom sub-filters (TBF) for maintaining the recency information and leverages an on-flash key-value store to cache objects. TBF requires only one byte of RAM per cached object, making it suitable for implementing very large flash-based caches. We evaluate TBF through simulation on traces from several block stores and key-value stores, as well as evaluate it using the Yahoo! Cloud Serving Benchmark in a real system implementation. Evaluation results show that TBF achieves cache hit rate and operations per second comparable to those of LRU in spite of its much smaller memory requirements.
A method for fat suppression in MRI based on diffusion-weighted imaging (2010)

The diffusion coefficient of lipid molecules is usually much smaller than that of water, and it is demonstrated here how this difference can be exploited for robust fat suppression in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In contrast to the prevailing methods, diffusion-based fat suppression does not rely on chemical shift differences between water and lipids and can therefore be applied easily in low or inhomogeneous magnetic fields. It is also independent of relaxation times and can therefore be incorporated in experiments requiring conventional T(1)-weighted contrast. Diffusion-based fat suppression (DIFFSUP) consists of subtracting the signals acquired at low and high b-values, where the high b-value is ideally designed to achieve full suppression of the water and negligible attenuation of the lipid signal. Since high b-value images may be particularly affected by motion artifacts, a version of DIFFSUP incorporating first-order velocity compensation is also proposed and demonstrated. Results from phantoms and live mice at field strengths of 4.7 T and 1.0 T are presented.
An FPGA implementation of speech recognition with weighted finite state transducers (2010)

In this paper we present a hardware architecture for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition that conducts a search over a weighted finite state transducer (WFST) network. A pipelined architecture is proposed to fully utilize the memory bandwidth. A hash table is used to manage small sized working sets efficiently. We also applied a parallelization technique that increases the traversal speed by 17%. The recognition system is fully functional on an FPGA, which runs at 100MHz. The experimental result on the Wall Street Journal 5,000 vocabulary task shows that the recognition speed of the system is 5.3× faster than real-time.
Facing Symbolic Violence: A Cruel Tale of Competitive University Admission (2015)

In this text, I offer an account of the Australian Tertiary Admissions Rank (ATAR) – a competitive university admissions ranking system – and its impact on historically underrepresented youths’ aspirations toward higher education. It is a fictionalised tale of the experiences of a careers advisor in a suburb in Western Sydney on a day in 2012 when ATARs were allocated to prospective university entrants. Centred on the protagonist’s interactions with five students, this story discloses a world of experiences usually hidden from view, foregrounding the irreducible human suffering that dwells in the gap between policy slogans of “raising aspiration” toward higher education in Australia and the prevalent symbolic violence of the education system, a suffering represented by the faces of the young people who bear it.
Photocurrent amplification in Schottky photodiodes (1986)

Up to 20 dB of photocurrent amplification with a frequency response of 2 GHz has been observed in GaAs Schottky photodiodes. The amplification may be caused by a reduction in Schottky built-in potential under illumination. The device may find application in improving the sensitivity of optical receivers.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide specifically increases cytosolic calcium ion concentration in rat gonadotropes and somatotropes (1992)

The hypothalamic peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), is a potent stimulator of cAMP accumulation in the anterior pituitary gland, though its physiological function has yet to be defined. To establish the target cells of PACAP action we have measured PACAP-induced changes in cytosolic free calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) in single identified anterior pituitary cells. This was achieved by combining fura-2 videomicroscopy, to measure [Ca2+]i, and reverse hemolytic plaque assays, to identify the secreted hormone. PACAP (100 nM) increased [Ca2+]i in 32% of all pituitary cells. These responses were predominantly seen in identified gonadotropes and somatotropes, but rarely in corticotropes or lactotropes. PACAP induced two forms of Ca2+ response in gonadotropes; a "Ca2+ spike" (independent of extracellular Ca2+) in 72% of responding gonadotropes, and an extracellular Ca(2+)-dependent "Ca2+ plateau" (28% of cells). In somatotropes, PACAP stimulated either Ca2+ plateau responses (58% of responding somatotropes) or repetitive "Ca2+ transients" (42% of cells), both of which were dependent upon extracellular Ca2+. PACAP, therefore, produces distinct changes in [Ca2+]i in gonadotropes and somatotropes, which may be related to distinct intracellular messenger pathways. The identification of these cell types as targets of PACAP action suggests a role in the regulation of reproduction and growth.