gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient synthesis of a long carbohydrate chain alkyl glycoside catalyzed by cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) (2009)

Alkyl glycosides with long carbohydrate groups are surfactants with attractive properties but they are very difficult to synthesize. Here, a method for extension of the carbohydrate group of commercially available dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside (DDM) is presented. DDM was converted to dodecyl-beta-d-maltooctaoside (DDMO) in a single step by using a CGTase as catalyst and alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) as glycosyl donor. The coupling reaction is under kinetic control and the maximum yield depends on the selectivity of the enzyme. The Bacillus macerans CGTase favored the coupling reaction while the Thermoanaerobacter enzyme also catalyzed disproportionation reactions leading to a broader product range. A high ratio alpha-CD/DDM favored a high yield of DDMO and yields up to 80% were obtained using the B. macerans enzyme as catalyst.
Light-Induced Global Conformational Change of Photoactive Yellow Protein in Solution (2002)

The light-induced global conformational change of photoactive yellow protein was directly observed by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The N-terminal 6, 15, or 23 amino acid residues were enzymatically truncated (T6, T15, or T23, respectively), and their near-UV intermediates were accumulated under continuous illumination for SAXS measurements. The Kratky plot demonstrated that illumination induced partial loss of globularity. The change in globularity was marked in T6 but very small in T15 and T23, suggesting that structural change in positions 7-15 mainly reduces the globularity. The radius of gyration (R(g)) estimated by Guinier plot was increased by 1.1 A for T6 and 0.7 A for T15 and T23 upon illumination. As T23 lacks most of the N-terminal loop, structural change in the main part composed of the PAS core, helical connector, and beta-scaffold caused an increase of R(g) by 0.7 A. The structural change of positions 7-15 caused an additional increase by 0.4 A. The decrease of R(g) upon truncation of positions 7-15 for dark state was 0.3 A, while that for the intermediate was 0.7 A, suggesting that this region moves outward on formation of the intermediate. These results indicate that a light-induced structural change of PYP takes place in the main part and N-terminal 15 amino acid residues. The former induces only dimensional increase, but the latter results in additional change in shape.
Hydrogen transfer. Part VIII. Metal-catalysed transfer-hydrogenation of miscellaneous acceptors (1954)

E. A. Braude, R. P. Linstead, P. W. D. Mitchell and K. R. H. Wooldrige, J. Chem. Soc., 1954, 3595 DOI: 10.1039/JR9540003595
Design of a 32-Channel EEG System for Brain Control Interface Applications (2012)

This study integrates the hardware circuit design and the development support of the software interface to achieve a 32-channel EEG system for BCI applications. Since the EEG signals of human bodies are generally very weak, in addition to preventing noise interference, it also requires avoiding the waveform distortion as well as waveform offset and so on; therefore, the design of a preamplifier with high common-mode rejection ratio and high signal-to-noise ratio is very important. Moreover, the friction between the electrode pads and the skin as well as the design of dual power supply will generate DC bias which affects the measurement signals. For this reason, this study specially designs an improved single-power AC-coupled circuit, which effectively reduces the DC bias and improves the error caused by the effects of part errors. At the same time, the digital way is applied to design the adjustable amplification and filter function, which can design for different EEG frequency bands. For the analog circuit, a frequency band will be taken out through the filtering circuit and then the digital filtering design will be used to adjust the extracted frequency band for the target frequency band, combining with MATLAB to design man-machine interface for displaying brain wave. Finally the measured signals are compared to the traditional 32-channel EEG signals. In addition to meeting the IFCN standards, the system design also conducted measurement verification in the standard EEG isolation room in order to demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of this system design.
A synthetic gene increases TGFβ3 accumulation by 75‐fold in tobacco chloroplasts enabling rapid purification and folding into a biologically active molecule (2011)

Human transforming growth factor-β3 (TGFβ3) is a new therapeutic protein used to reduce scarring during wound healing. The active molecule is a nonglycosylated, homodimer comprised of 13-kDa polypeptide chains linked by disulphide bonds. Expression of recombinant human TGFβ3 in chloroplasts and its subsequent purification would provide a sustainable source of TGFβ3 free of animal pathogens. A synthetic sequence (33% GC) containing frequent chloroplast codons raised accumulation of the 13-kDa TGFβ3 polypeptide by 75-fold compared to the native coding region (56% GC) when expressed in tobacco chloroplasts. The 13-kDa TGFβ3 monomer band was more intense than the RuBisCO 15-kDa small subunit on Coomassie blue-stained SDS-PAGE gels. TGFβ3 accumulated in insoluble aggregates and was stable in leaves of different ages but was not detected in seeds. TGFβ3 represented 12% of leaf protein and appeared as monomer, dimer and trimer bands on Western blots of SDS-PAGE gels. High yield and insolubility facilitated initial purification and refolding of the 13-kDa polypeptide into the TGFβ3 homodimer recognized by a conformation-dependent monoclonal antibody. The TGFβ3 homodimer and trace amounts of monomer were the only bands visible on silver-stained gels following purification by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and cation exchange chromatography. N-terminal sequencing and electronspray ionization mass spectrometry showed the removal of the initiator methionine and physical equivalence of the chloroplast-produced homodimer to standard TGFβ3. Functional equivalence was demonstrated by near-identical dose-response curves showing the inhibition of mink lung epithelial cell proliferation. We conclude that chloroplasts are an attractive production platform for synthesizing recombinant human TGFβ3.
Front-End Analysis for Expert System Design (1991)

New system architectures, such as model-based reasoning and neural networks, have increased the difficulty of expert system design specification. In this paper, I suggest that to identify the appropriate subtask allocation and expert system architecture, certain preliminary questions should be asked and the data evaluated. The front-end analysis described here is a framework loosely based on three levels of human cognition; analytical, rule-based, and implicit processing. Keeping these different types of cognitive task performance in mind, the framework specifies a set of factors to evaluate in the front-end analysis. Once data is collected for these factors, it is possible to evaluate whether an expert system should be designed for each specific subtask, and if so, what type of system architecture should be implemented. A suggested guideline for architecture choice is presented.
Using Traceability Links to Assess and Maintain the Quality of Software Documentation (2007)

The paper proposes an approach for using traceability links to assess and maintain the quality of software documentation. Our position is that quality documentation should accurately reflect the structure of the source code; hence elements of documentation that link to strongly coupled elements of the source code should also be strongly related. We use latent semantic indexing (LSI) to compute similarities among sections of external documentation. Coupling measures are used to assess the strength of the dependencies among source code elements. The proposed methodology compares the similarities among parts of documentation (e.g., requirements, user manuals) to the coupling among the parts of the source code (e.g., classes) they are linked to. These measures can be used to improve existing documentation or new one during the evolution of the software.
Growth and Microstructure of Catalytically Produced Coiled Carbon Nanotubes (2001)

We investigated the influence of catalyst preparation on the growth of coil-shaped nanotubes by varying the pH of the solution during catalyst impregnation, to elucidate their formation process. The spirals were observed by transmission electron microscopy, and we determined the dimensions of these coils for a large number of them, to compare them to straight nanotubes, and also to establish correlations between these dimensions and catalyst preparation. We also looked for the nature of curling at the nanometer scale. A growth mechanism for these spirals is finally suggested.
CMOS RF: no longer an oxymoron (2002)

Peak CMOS f/sub T/'s are now in excess of 30 GHz and double every three years. That raw device speed is supplemented by recently developed passive elements, such as the lateral flux capacitor and the shielded spiral inductor, in which the lossy substrate is made much less relevant without requiring special processing steps. Device F/sub min/ is typically under 0.5 dB at 1-2 GHz, and a better understanding of broadband MOSFET noise has shown how to minimize amplifier noise figure within a specified power budget. Finally, a new understanding of phase noise has shown that satisfaction of previously unappreciated symmetry criteria can suppress greatly (e.g., by factors of 5-10 or more) the upconversion of 1/f device noise into close-in phase noise.
Big data machine learning and graph analytics: Current state and future challenges (2014)

Big data machine learning and graph analytics have been widely used in industry, academia and government. Continuous advance in this area is critical to business success, scientific discovery, as well as cybersecurity. In this paper, we present some current projects and propose that next-generation computing systems for big data machine learning and graph analytics need innovative designs in both hardware and software that provide a good match between big data algorithms and the underlying computing and storage resources.
Wireless graphene-based electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor including multiple physiological measurement system (2017)

This thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University London
Effect of Paromomycin Sulfate on Endotoxemia in Patients with Cirrhosis (1982)

We evaluated, in a randomized double-blind trial, the efficacy of oral paromomycin sulfate administration in the prevention of endotoxemia in 24 cirrhotic patients with endotoxemia. Renal function was evaluated by glomerular-filtration rate and renal plasma flow at the beginning and at the end of the study period. After the administration of paromomycin sulfate, 2 g/day for 4 weeks, endotoxemia disappeared in 10 out of 13 (76.9%) cirrhotic patients with endotoxemia, whereas it became negative in only 3 of the 11 (27.3%) treated with placebo, the difference being significant (P less than 0.05). With regard to correlation of endotoxemia with renal impairment, endogenous creatinine clearance and p-aminohippurate clearance were significantly improved (P less than 0.02) in those patients whose endotoxemia disappeared on paromomycin sulfate administration. We did not find significant improvement, however, neither in liver function or in blood coagulation tests in the same patients. Paromomycin sulfate seems to be effective in the prevention of endotoxemia and the associated renal impairment in cirrhosis in man.
Fructan oligomers in <i>Poa ampla</i> (1997)

Ion exchange chromatography of water extracts was used to classify the fructans in leaves of 40 temperate dicots and 110 temperate grass species. Of the 150 species studied, only Poa ampla (Merrill) contained a single β‐2,6 linked fructan series. All other species grown at 10/5°C day/night temperatures (16 h day) contained some β‐1,2 linked oligofructans, even when the major fructan series was β‐2,6 linked. Leaves of P. ampla plants grown at 15/10°C day/night temperatures contained some β‐1,2 linked fructans and raffinose in addition to the dominant β‐2,6 series, but did not contain significant amounts of 1‐kestose or bifurcose (1&6‐kestotetraose). Leaves of Poa arctica R.Br. and Poa bulbosa L. contained significant amounts of raffinose and various β‐1,2 linked oligomers but no 1‐kestose. In vivo synthesis of 6‐kestose in leaves of P. ampla grown at 10/5°C proceeds in the absence of significant amounts of either 1‐kestose or bifurcose. Thus P. ampla probably has a specific 6‐SST (6‐sucrose‐sucrosefructosyl transferase) and might provide a ready source of β‐2,6 linked grass fructan.
SRSGEN-a software reuse tool for large scale applications (2002)

Noting that success in reuse is limited by a need for new tools to help capture and retrieve various life cycle products, the author discusses how SRSGEN (software reuse system generator) accomplishes this goal. Expected benefits of the SRSGEN approach include more flexibility in responding to customer needs, faster response time in developing new system features, and better streamlining of the overall development process by reducing proliferation of unnecessary variation of general-purpose software modules. Throughout the paper, a switching system is taken as one of the examples of a large-scale software application.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Wavelet Support Vector Machine (2004)

An admissible support vector (SV) kernel (the wavelet kernel), by which we can construct a wavelet support vector machine (SVM), is presented. The wavelet kernel is a kind of multidimensional wavelet function that can approximate arbitrary nonlinear functions. The existence of wavelet kernels is proven by results of theoretic analysis. Computer simulations show the feasibility and validity of wavelet support vector machines (WSVMs) in regression and pattern recognition.
Demosaicing of noisy data: spatially adaptive approach (2007)

In this paper we propose a novel color demosaicing algorithm for noisy data. It is assumed that the data is given according to the Bayer pattern and corrupted by signal-dependant noise which is common for CCD and CMOS digital image sensors. Demosaicing algorithms are used to reconstruct missed red, green, and blue values to produce an RGB image. This is an interpolation problem usually called color filter array interpolation (CFAI). The conventional approach used in image restoration chains for the noisy raw sensor data exploits denoising and CFAI as two independent steps. The denoising step comes first and the CFAI is usually designed to perform on noiseless data. In this paper we propose to integrate the denoising and CFAI into one procedure. Firstly, we compute initial directional interpolated estimates of noisy color intensities. Afterward, these estimates are decorrelated and denoised by the special directional anisotropic adaptive filters. This approach is found to be efficient in order to attenuate both noise and interpolation errors. The exploited denoising technique is based on the local polynomial approximation (LPA). The adaptivity to data is provided by the multiple hypothesis testing called the intersection of confidence intervals (ICI) rule which is applied for adaptive selection of varying scales (window sizes) of LPA. We show the efficiency of the proposed approach in terms of both numerical and visual evaluation.
Price-based distributed control for networked plug-in electric vehicles (2013)

We introduce a framework for controlling the charging and discharging processes of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) via pricing strategies. Our framework consists of a hierarchical decision-making setting with two layers, which we refer to as aggregator layer and retail market layer. In the aggregator layer, there is a set of aggregators that are requested (and will be compensated for) to provide certain amount of energy over a period of time. In the retail market layer, the aggregator offers some price for the energy that PEVs may provide; the objective is to choose a pricing strategy to incentivize the PEVs so as they collectively provide the amount of energy that the aggregator has been asked for. The focus of this paper is on the decision-making process that takes places in the retail market layer, where we assume that each individual PEV is a price-anticipating decision-maker. We cast this decision-making process as a game, and provide conditions on the pricing strategy of the aggregator under which this game has a unique Nash equilibrium. We propose a distributed consensus-based iterative algorithm through which the PEVs can seek for this Nash equilibrium. Numerical simulations are included to illustrate our results.
Public Preferences for Nontimber Benefits of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Stands Regenerated by Different Site Preparation Methods (2000)

Abstract This study assesses public preferences for nontimber benefits of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands regenerated 15 yr earlier using different site preparation treatments at national forest and industrial forestry sites. Treatments tested on the Tuskegee National Forest were none, chainsaw felling, tree injection, and soil-active herbicide. At the industrial site, experimental treatments included chopping and burning, followed by no additional treatment, woody control, herbaceous control, and total control. Both sites were planted with loblolly pine seedlings. Two user surveys employing color photography were conducted to identify the respondents' ratings of the young stands in terms of perceived nontimber benefits, including aesthetics, picnicking, hiking/walking/cycling, camping, hunting, bird watching, wildlife habitat, and biodiversity. The site preparation treatments were rated without consideration of the treatment cost and its distribution. Results indicate that the respondents preferred the minimal or no treatment options at both study sites. The respondents' preferences were significantly affected by their age, education, income, employment status, and living distance from the experimental sites, but not gender. Respondents considered wildlife habitat as the most important benefit and hunting as the least important. Most of the respondents also felt that both national forests and industrial forests should be managed for nontimber as well as timber products. South. J. Appl. For. 24(3):145-149.
Large finite-size effect of giant magnetoresistance in magnetic granular thin films (1995)

We have observed a finite-size effect of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and extraordinary Hall effect (EHE) in ${\mathrm{Co}}_{20}$${\mathrm{Ag}}_{80}$ and ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{20}$${\mathrm{Ag}}_{80}$ granular thin films of varying thickness. The GMR approaches zero as the thicknness approaches zero. The thickness dependence of GMR can be explained by a dimensional-confinement effect coupled with a large surface-induced spin-flipping cross section. The EHE exhibits a strong correlation with GMR, which is likely due to the surface-induced spin-orbit interaction.
Filling Hemodialysis Catheters in the Interdialytic Period: Heparin Versus Citrate Versus Polygeline: A Prospective Randomized Study (1998)

Heparin and saline are commonly used to fill hemodialysis central venous catheters to prevent their thrombosis during the interdialytic period. The purpose of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate whether replacing heparin with citrate or polygeline could ensure satisfactory catheter function without exposing patients to the risk of systemic heparinization. Thirty end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with subclavian or jugular single lumen catheters as temporary vascular access for hemodialysis were enrolled. After the insertion of the catheters, the patients were randomly assigned to one of the following three filling groups: Group A, heparin; Group B, citrate; Group C, polygeline. Before each dialysis, the filling solution was aspirated and clot volume, if present, was measured. The catheter usage time and the clot volume were 23 +/- 24 days and 0.052 +/- 0.035 ml in Group A, 51 +/- 36 days and 0.059 +/- 0.032 ml in Group B, and 32 +/- 10 days and 0.056 +/- 0.038 ml in Group C, respectively. Our results indicate that citrate or polygeline can replace heparin effectively as a filling solution for single lumen temporary hemodialysis catheters.
LOW-FREQUENCY ELECTRONIC NOISE IN GRAPHENE TRANSISTORS: COMPARISON WITH CARBON NANOTUBES (2011)

We report results of the experimental investigation of the low-frequency noise in graphene transistors. The graphene devices were measured in three-terminal configuration. The measurements revealed low flicker noise levels with the normalized noise spectral density close to 1/f (f is the frequency) and the Hooge parameter α H ~10 -3 . Both top-gate and back-gate devices were studied. The analysis of the noise spectral-density dependence on the gate biases helped us to elucidate the noise sources in these devices. We compared the noise performance of graphene devices with that of carbon nanotube devices. It was determined that graphene devices works better than carbon nanotube devices in terms of the low-frequency noise. The obtained results are important for graphene electronic, communication and sensor applications.
Molecular cloning of an acrosomal sperm antigen gene and the production of its recombinant protein for immunocontraceptive vaccine (1990)

A monoclonal antibody, HS-63, which reacts specifically with a highly conserved sperm acrosome antigen, was shown to inhibit in vitro fertilization of mouse and human. The corresponding sperm antigen designated as MSA-63 was purified to homogeneity from mouse testes and used as an immunogen to generate polyclonal antisera in rabbits. The cDNA fragments of MSA-63 gene were cloned from mouse testis cDNA library by an immunoscreening method using polyclonal antisera specific for MSA-63. Using the established cDNA clone as a probe, the gene encoding for MSA-63 protein was found to be conserved among different mammalian species. Only one specific mRNA 1.5 kb in size was identified from the adult mouse testis among different mouse tissues. The recombinant fusion protein containing MSA-63 protein fragment was produced in Escherichia coli and used to immunize female mice. Similar to the original HS-63 monoclonal antibody, the antisera thus produced reacted only with the sperm acrosome and revealed significant inhibition to the in vitro fertilization of mouse oocytes. The results of this preliminary study suggest that it is feasible to mass produce sperm-specific antigens or their antigenic fragments by recombinant DNA technology for the development of sperm antigen-based immunocontraceptive vaccines.
Protective effect of antioxidant enzymes against drug cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells. (2006)

We hypothesized that the production of reactive oxygen species and hydrogen peroxide as result of EPI treatment can cause cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells and antioxidant enzymes protect the cells against this process.