gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Process window improvement on 45nm technology non volatile memory by CD uniformity improvement (2010)

For the next years optical lithography stays at 193nm with a numerical aperture of 1.35. Mask design becomes more complex, mask and lithography specification tighten and process control becomes more important than ever. Accurate process control is a key factor to success to maintain a high yield in chip production. One of the key parameters necessary to assure a good and reliable functionality of any integrated circuit is the Critical Dimension Uniformity (CDU). There are different contributors which impact the total wafer CDU: mask CD uniformity, scanner repeatability, resist process, lens fingerprint, wafer topography etc. In this work we focus on improvement of intra-field CDU at wafer level by improving the mask CD signature using a CDC200<sup>TM</sup> tool from Carl Zeiss SMS. The mask layout used is a line and space dark level of a 45nm node Non Volatile Memory (NVM). A prerequisite to improve intra-field CDU at wafer level is to characterize the mask CD signature precisely. For CD measurement on mask the newly developed wafer level CD metrology tool WLCD32 of Carl Zeiss SMS was used. The WLCD32 measures CD based on proven aerial imaging technology. The WLCD32 measurement data show an excellent correlation to wafer CD data. For CDU correction the CDC200<sup>TM</sup> tool is used which utilizes an ultrafast femto-second laser to write intra-volume shading elements (Shade-In Elements<sup>TM</sup>) inside the bulk material of the mask. By adjusting the density of the shading elements, the light transmission through the mask is locally changed in a manner that improves wafer CDU when the corrected mask is printed. In the present work we will demonstrate a closed loop process of WLCD32 and CDC200<sup>TM </sup>to improve mask CD signature as one of the main contributors to intra-field wafer CDU. Furthermore we will show that the process window will be significantly enlarged by improvement of intra-field CDU. An increase of 20% in exposure latitude was observed.
Effects of administration of L-propionylcarnitine during ischemia on the recovery of myocardial function in the anesthetised pig. (1990)

The effects of L-propionylcarnitine (50 mg/kg) were studied in open-chest anesthetized pigs in which the blood flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery was reduced to 20% of baseline. A group of 7 animals given L-propionylcarnitine after 30 minutes of ischemia was compared with a group of 8 animals treated only with saline. After 60 minutes of ischemia the myocardium was reperfused for 2 hours. In both groups, the reduction of coronary artery blood flow abolished contraction of the affected myocardium and caused similar decreases in mean arterial blood pressure, the maximal rate of rise in left ventricular pressure, cardiac output, and ATP level and energy charge of the affected zone. L-propionylcarnitine did not affect any of these changes. Two hours of reperfusion caused further deterioration of systemic hemodynamics in both groups, although the decreases in cardiac output (P greater than 0.05) and mean arterial blood pressure (P less than 0.05) were smaller in the animals treated with L-propionylcarnitine. Left ventricular work, which decreased similarly in both groups during ischemia, deteriorated further in the saline treated group during reperfusion. This decrease was significantly attenuated by L-propionylcarnitine. Two hours of reperfusion resulted in only a partial return of blood flow to the reperfused ischemic myocardium, amounting to 53% of baseline in the saline-treated and to 72% of baseline in the L-propionylcarnitine-treated animals. The energy charge increased in both groups, but the increment tended to be less (P greater than 0.05) in the animals which had received L-propionylcarnitine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mechanochemical Association Reaction of Interfacial Molecules Driven by Shear (2018)

Shear-driven chemical reaction mechanisms are poorly understood because the relevant reactions are often hidden between two solid surfaces moving in relative motion. Here, this phenomenon is explored by characterizing shear-induced polymerization reactions that occur during vapor phase lubrication of α-pinene between sliding hydroxylated and dehydroxylated silica surfaces, complemented by reactive molecular dynamics simulations. The results suggest that oxidative chemisorption of the α-pinene molecules at reactive surface sites, which transfers oxygen atoms from the surface to the adsorbate molecule, is the critical activation step. Such activation takes place more readily on the dehydroxylated surface. During this activation, the most strained part of the α-pinene molecules undergoes a partial distortion from its equilibrium geometry, which appears to be related to the critical activation volume for mechanical activation. Once α-pinene molecules are activated, association reactions occur between the newly attached oxygen and one of the carbon atoms in another molecule, forming ether bonds. These findings have general implications for mechanochemistry because they reveal that shear-driven reactions may occur through reaction pathways very different from their thermally induced counterparts and specifically the critical role of molecular distortion in such reactions.
Heritage - the Development of the Ports of Auckland (1991)

The ports of Auckland, based on the Waitemata and Manukau harbours, provide a rich engineering heritage. The paper presents a general review of the history, the people and the technology which have combined to shape the ports as we know them today.
Deep learning challenges and solutions with xilinx FPGAs (2017)

In this paper, we will describe the architectural, software, performance, and implementation challenges and solutions and current research on the use of programmable logic to enable deep learning applications. First a discussion of characteristics of building a deep learning system will described. Next architectural choices will be explained for how a FPGA fabric can efficiently solve deep learning tasks. Finally specific techniques for how DSPs, memories and are used in high performance applications will be described.
Virological and Immunological Characterization of Novel NYVAC-Based HIV/AIDS Vaccine Candidates Expressing Clade C Trimeric Soluble gp140(ZM96) and Gag(ZM96)-Pol-Nef(CN54) as Virus-Like Particles (2014)

We have generated two novel NYVAC-based HIV vaccine candidates expressing HIV-1 clade C trimeric soluble gp140 (ZM96) and Gag(ZM96)-Pol-Nef(CN54) as VLPs. These vectors are stable and express high levels of both HIV-1 antigens. Gag-induced VLPs do not interfere with NYVAC morphogenesis, are highly attenuated in immunocompromised and newborn mice after intracranial inoculation, trigger specific innate immune responses in human cells, and activate T (Env-specific CD4 and Gag-specific CD8) and B cell immune responses to the HIV antigens, leading to high antibody titers against gp140. For these reasons, these vectors can be considered vaccine candidates against HIV/AIDS and currently are being tested in macaques and humans.
Editorial (2004)

Wherever we look, there is much for nurses to do in the field of health promotion. Nowhere is this truer than with HIV/AIDS. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals call for combating the spread of HIV/AIDS through sex education and increased condom use. Nurses understand that primary prevention efforts may be of little benefit unless advice is grounded in a deep understanding of local cultures, situations and behaviours. In this issue an article from Swaziland illustrates the problems that health professionals confront when trying to change cultures and modify at-risk behaviours. The authors report on focus group discussions with boys and girls between 13 and 19 years of age. The young people's comments on early, unprotected sex reveal the huge potential for HIV/AIDS infection created by their youth culture. Understanding culture requires an awareness of the economic factors that drive at-risk behaviours. HIV/AIDS is frequently said to be ‘poverty-related’. For example girls in Swaziland are particularly at risk of engaging in sex for material and monetary gain. Alongside a regular boyfriend of their own age, they may have a relationship with an older man who offers economic benefits in exchange for sex (the young people referred to this person as a ‘sugar daddy’). This imbalance of power may negatively influence girls’ ability to insist on condom use. Poverty surely contributes to the awesome statistic of 22 million HIV-positive men and women living in sub-Saharan Africa. In Swaziland there are 20 nurses per 100 000 people, according to the latest available data from the World Bank (1988–92). This compares with 275 nurses per 100 000 people in neighbouring South Africa for the same period. How can governments best deploy nurses, a scarce resource, in health promotion? Local nurses must tell them, and us. We often read valuable articles written by nurses from the developed world who report on their work in other countries. Yet, we must take great care when extrapolating the values of one society to another. Those acting from outside need great humility when they presume to offer advice. This is why in INR we need to hear from nurses around the world. Only you can talk to us from the perspective of your own culture. On the next page is a table showing that INR has received article submissions from 48 countries since the beginning of 2000. The annual average has been from 21 different countries, or approximately one fifth of the total members of ICN. This is promising, but the range could be much wider. It is unsurprising that the USA, with its great size and resources, should feature so largely in submissions. Yet, nurses working with scarce resources, such as the authors from Swaziland, have succeeded in submitting articles to INR. We always do our best to ensure that as many as possible go on to publication. INR is a forum where nurses, and especially nurses practising in difficult situations, can share their experiences and knowledge. We want to hear from you.
Purification and Characterization of an α-Glucosidase from <i>Rhizobium</i> sp. ( <i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i> L.) Strain USDA 4280 (1999)

A novel alpha-glucosidase with an apparent subunit mass of 59 +/- 0. 5 kDa was purified from protein extracts of Rhizobium sp. strain USDA 4280, a nodulating strain of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L), and characterized. After purification to homogeneity (475-fold; yield, 18%) by ammonium sulfate precipitation, cation-exchange chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography, dye chromatography, and gel filtration, this enzyme had a pI of 4.75 +/- 0.05. The enzyme activity was optimal at pH 6.0 to 6.5 and 35 degrees C. The activity increased in the presence of NH4+ and K+ ions but was inhibited by Cu2+, Ag+, Hg+, and Fe2+ ions and by various phenyl, phenol, and flavonoid derivatives. Native enzyme activity was revealed by native gel electrophoresis and isoelectrofocusing-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with fluorescence detection in which 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-glucoside was the fluorogenic substrate. The enzyme was more active with alpha-glucosides substituted with aromatic aglycones than with oligosaccharides. This alpha-glucosidase exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics with 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside (Km, 0.141 microM; Vmax, 6.79 micromol min-1 mg-1) and with p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside (Km, 0.037 microM; Vmax, 2.92 micromol min-1 mg-1). Maltose, trehalose, and sucrose were also hydrolyzed by this enzyme.
On general frame decompositions (1995)

We provide a characterization and construction of general frame decompositions. We show that generating all duals for a given frame amounts to finding left inverses of an one-to-one mapping. A general parametric and algebraic formula for all duals is derived. An application of the theory to Weyl-Heisenberg (WH) frames is discussed. Besides the (usual) dual frame that preserves the translation and modulation structure, we construct a class of duals that attain such a structure. We also show constructively that there are duals to WH frames which are not the translation and modulation of a single function.
Design, synthesis and evaluation of (<i>R</i>)-3-(7-(methyl(7<i>H</i>-pyrrolo[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile as a JAK1-selective inhibitor (2018)

Based on (<i>R</i>)-<i>N</i>-methyl-<i>N</i>-(5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-7-yl)-7<i>H</i>-pyrrolo[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidin-4-amine as a core scaffold, we identified (<i>R</i>)-3-(7-(methyl(7<i>H</i>-pyrrolo[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile [<b>(<i>R</i>)</b>-<b>6c</b>] as a JAK1 selective inhibitor. The structural design was based on the combination of tofacitinib's 7-deazapurine and 5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-7-amine. Compound <b>(<i>R</i>)</b>-<b>6c</b> exhibited an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 8.5 nM against JAK1 with a selectivity index of 48 over JAK2. To optimize <b>(<i>R</i>)</b>-<b>6c</b> as a lead compound, we performed <i>in vitro</i> ADME, hERG, kinase profiling, and pharmacokinetic tests. Mouse and rat <i>in vivo</i> studies verified that <b>(<i>R</i>)</b>-<b>6c</b> exhibited desired efficacies in CIA and AIA models.
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in liver and serum/plasma in chronic active hepatitis C and HCV-induced cirrhosis. (2000)

In normal human liver there is expression of all 3 TIMPs studied. The amount of hepatic TIMP-1 protein increases late in the fibrotic process, and there is a weak correlation between the activity of fibroproliferation and hepatic or circulating amounts of TIMP-1. Currently there is no evidence that measurement of TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 in liver or blood improves diagnosis of fibroproliferation in chronic hepatitis C.
γ‐VINYL GABA (4‐amino‐hex‐5‐enoic acid), A NEW SELECTIVE IRREVERSIBLE INHIBITOR OF GABA‐T: EFFECTS ON BRAIN GABA METABOLISM IN MICE<sup>1</sup> (1977)

Abstract— γ‐Vinyl GABA (4‐amino‐hex‐5‐enoic acid, RMI 71754) is a catalytic inhibitor of GABA‐T in vitro. When given by a peripheral route to mice, it crosses the blood‐brain barrier and induces a long‐lasting, dose‐dependent, irreversible inhibition of brain GABA transaminase (GABA‐T). Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is only slightly affected even at the highest doses used. γ ‐Vinyl GABA has little or no effect on brain succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase activities. GABA‐T inhibition is accompanied by a sustained dose‐dependent increase of brain GABA concentration. From the rate of accumulation of GABA it was estimated that GABA turnover in brain was at least 6.5 μmol/g/h. Based on recovery of enzyme activity the half‐life of GABA‐T was found to be 3.4 days, that of GAD was estimated to be about 2.4 days. γ ‐Vinyl GABA should be valuable for manipulations of brain GABA metabolism.
Novel 1-to-<i>N</i> way integrated optical beam splitters using symmetric mode mixing in GaAs/AlGaAs multimode waveguides (1992)

We report the demonstration of novel GaAs/AlGaAs integrated optical 1-to-N way beam splitters which use symmetric mode mixing in center-fed multimode planar waveguides. Each device has one single-mode input guide, a carefully chosen length of parallel sided multimode guide, and N equally spaced single-mode output guides. The mixing of symmetric modes shares the input light equally between the output guides by a symmetric form of the self-imaging process. We demonstrate experimentally that this type of beam splitter can be used to divide power equally, with high accuracy and low loss, between the N output guides, for values of N between 2 and 20.
Oxygen Uptake in Infants and Children: A Simple Method for Measurement (1974)

We have measured oxygen consumption continuously in children of any age by drawing room air through a hood placed over the child's head. The oxygen concentration of mixed expired gas was measured with a new paramagnetic oxygen analyzer (Servomex OA 150). By in vitro tests the system was accurate to within 4.2% (standard deviation) of known oxygen uptakes calculated by burning ethyl alcohol. There was also good correlation between oxygen consumptions measured sequentially by this method and by conventional collection of expired air in a Douglas bag. When oxygen uptake is stable a sample of mixed expired gas can be withdrawn for analysis of carbon dioxide concentration by the Scholander technique. This allows calculation of carbon dioxide production and respiratory exchange ratio. In 22 children under 3 years of age the oxygen consumption at cardiac catheterization was 162 ± 34 ml/min/sq m or 8.8 ± 1.6 ml/min/kg (mean and standard devialion). The wide variability indicates the importance of measuring oxygen consumption rather than using tables of average values. The system is portable, inexpensive, stable and very easy to use.
PET image reconstruction using kernel method (2013)

Image reconstruction from low-count PET projection data is challenging because the inverse problem is ill-posed. Inspired by the kernel methods for machine learning, this paper proposes a kernel based method that models PET image intensity in each pixel as a function of a set of features obtained from prior information. The kernel-based image model is incorporated into the forward model of PET projection data and the coefficients can be readily estimated by maximum likelihood or penalized likelihood image reconstruction. Computer simulation shows that the proposed approach can achieve a higher signal-to-noise ratio for dynamic PET image reconstruction than the conventional maximum likelihood method with and without post-reconstruction denoising.
A Double Blind Controlled Study of the Hormonal and Clinical Effects of Bromocriptine in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome* (1986)

Previous studies on the efficacy of bromocriptine for the treatment of patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome failed to include control groups. This study, therefore, was undertaken to determine the clinical and endocrine effects of bromocriptine and a placebo (given in a random double blind fashion) in 55 patients with PCOS. The plasma levels of estrone, estradiol, testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and serum PRL and gonadotropins (LH and FSH) were measured before treatment. In addition the serum PRL response to TRH and the serum LH and FSH response to GnRH were determined. The effects of acute administration of bromocriptine (2 X 2.5 mg at 12-h intervals) on serum gonadotropins and their response to GnRH were studied to explore the possibility that this test might predict the response to chronic bromocriptine treatment. Bromocriptine then was given at an initial dose of 1.25 mg twice daily. If no clinical improvement occurred 2.5 mg were given twice daily for at least 6 months. Hormonal measurements and dynamic tests were repeated after 3 and 6 months of therapy. The endocrine profile of the two groups was not different before treatment. The clinical results were not better in the treatment group than in the placebo-treated patients: therapy was successful (restoration of ovulatory cycles of less than 35 days duration) in 12 of 28 patients taking bromocriptine vs. 8 of 27 taking placebo. Slight improvement (1 or 2 ovulations) occurred in 3 of 28 vs. 3 of 27, and failure (no clinical change) in 13 of 28 taking bromocriptine vs. 16 of 27 taking placebo, respectively. Serum PRL fell significantly in the bromocriptine group, and there was a significant fall in the serum LH response to GnRH in both groups. No hormonal measurement or response predicted the clinical response to treatment. The only significant effect of chronic bromocriptine therapy (5 mg/day) in patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome was to lower the serum PRL concentration.
An open-label, multicenter, phase 2a study to assess the feasibility of imaging metastases in late-stage cancer patients with the α<sub>v</sub><i>β</i><sub>3</sub>-selective angiogenesis imaging agent <sup>99m</sup>tc-nc100692 (2009)

Scintigraphy with (99m)Tc-NC100692 is feasible for detection of lung and brain metastases from breast and lung cancer, while the detection of liver and bone lesions is poor. The use of (99m)Tc-NC100692 is safe and well tolerated.
Neurosphere Culture and Human Organotypic Model to Evaluate Brain Tumor Stem Cells (2009)

The brain tumor stem cell (BTSC) hypothesis is based on the premise that there is a subpopulation of cells within tumors with tumorigenic and pluripotent properties. BTSC are believed to be responsible for both the initiation of brain tumors and their resistance to current therapeutic modalities. This new paradigm stresses the need for adequate techniques to culture and characterize this special population of cells. Furthermore, the use of different cell migration assays offers the possibility to evaluate the processes involved in glioma metastasis. In this chapter, we summarize a method to culture, analyze the cellular characteristics, and study the invasion of BTSCs using a neurosphere assay, cryostat sectioning, and human organotypic brain cortex migration assay, respectively.
The Potent Bile Acid Sequestrant Colesevelam Is Not Effective in Cholestatic Pruritus: Results of a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial (2010)

Although colesevelam significantly decreased serum bile acid levels, this trial was unable to demonstrate that it was more effective than a placebo in alleviating the severity of pruritus of cholestasis.
Development of a Dual-Phase Virtual Metrology Scheme (2007)

This work proposes a dual-phase virtual metrology scheme. To consider both promptness and accuracy, this scheme generates dual-phase virtual metrology (VM) values. Phase I emphasizes promptness; that is to immediately calculate and output the phase-I VM value (denoted VM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</sub> ) of a workpiece (wafer or glass) once the entire process data of the workpiece are completely collected. Phase II intensifies accuracy; that is not to re-calculate and output the phase-II VM values (denoted VM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">II</sub> ) of all the workpieces in the cassette (also called FOUP in the semiconductor industry) until an actual metrology value (required for tuning or re-training purposes) of a workpiece in the same cassette is collected. Besides, in this scheme, the accompanying reliance index (RI) and global similarity index (GSI) of each VM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</sub> and VM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">II</sub> are also generated. The RI and GSI are applied to gauge the degree of reliance. If the reliance level of a VM value is lower than the threshold, this VM value may not be adopted. An illustrative example involving fifth-generation TFT-LCD CVD equipment is presented. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is applicable to the wafer-to-wafer or glass-to-glass advanced process control for semiconductor or TFT-LCD factories.
A Taxonomy of Attacks in RPL-based Internet of Things (2016)

International audience