gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Further evaluation of 5‐alkyl‐5‐deaza antifolates. 5‐propyl‐ and 5‐butyl‐5‐deaza analogues of aminopterin and methotrexate (1995)

Abstract 5‐Propyl‐5‐deaza and 5‐butyl‐5‐deaza analogues of classical antifolates were synthesized by extensions of a previously reported general route which proceeds through 2,4‐diamino‐5‐alkylpyrido[2,3‐ d ]pyrimidine‐6‐carbonitrile intermediates followed by reductive condensation with diethyl N ‐4‐(aminobenzoyl)‐L‐glutarnate to give diethyl esters of 5‐alkyl‐5‐deazaaminopterin types. N 10 ‐Methyl derivatives, i.e. , derivatives of 5‐alkyl‐5‐deazamethotrexate, were also prepared by reductive methylation of the N 10 ‐H compounds. 5‐Ethyl‐5‐deazamethotrexate was prepared using an alternative route through 6‐(bromomethyl)‐2,4‐diamino‐5‐ethylpyrido[2,3‐ d ]pyrimidine. These antifolates were evaluated for inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from L1210 cells, their effect on L1210 and S180 tumor cell growth in culture, and carrier‐mediated transport through L1210 cell membranes. Inhibitory effect on DHFR was lowered relative to methotrexate in 5‐propyl‐5‐deazaaminopterin and 5‐propyl‐5‐deazamethotrexate by 2‐ to 3‐fold (K i = 9.3 and 11.7 p M , respectively, vs. 4.3 p M for methotrexate) and by 17‐ to 18‐fold in 5‐butyl‐5‐deaza‐aminopterin and 5‐butyl‐5‐deazamethotrexate (K i = 74 and 78 p M , respectively). Molecular modeling using graphics derived from human DHFR show the propyl and butyl compounds interacting with the enzyme in conformations that account for these slight decreases in binding.
Osteoporosis: clinical assessment with quantitative MR imaging in diagnosis. (1995)

Patients with osteoporosis have lower R2*s in vertebral marrow.
UDP-Glycosyltransferases from the UGT73C Subfamily in <i>Barbarea vulgaris</i> Catalyze Sapogenin 3-<i>O</i>-Glucosylation in Saponin-Mediated Insect Resistance   (2012)

Triterpenoid saponins are bioactive metabolites that have evolved recurrently in plants, presumably for defense. Their biosynthesis is poorly understood, as is the relationship between bioactivity and structure. Barbarea vulgaris is the only crucifer known to produce saponins. Hederagenin and oleanolic acid cellobioside make some B. vulgaris plants resistant to important insect pests, while other, susceptible plants produce different saponins. Resistance could be caused by glucosylation of the sapogenins. We identified four family 1 glycosyltransferases (UGTs) that catalyze 3-O-glucosylation of the sapogenins oleanolic acid and hederagenin. Among these, UGT73C10 and UGT73C11 show highest activity, substrate specificity and regiospecificity, and are under positive selection, while UGT73C12 and UGT73C13 show lower substrate specificity and regiospecificity and are under purifying selection. The expression of UGT73C10 and UGT73C11 in different B. vulgaris organs correlates with saponin abundance. Monoglucosylated hederagenin and oleanolic acid were produced in vitro and tested for effects on P. nemorum. 3-O-β-d-Glc hederagenin strongly deterred feeding, while 3-O-β-d-Glc oleanolic acid only had a minor effect, showing that hydroxylation of C23 is important for resistance to this herbivore. The closest homolog in Arabidopsis thaliana, UGT73C5, only showed weak activity toward sapogenins. This indicates that UGT73C10 and UGT73C11 have neofunctionalized to specifically glucosylate sapogenins at the C3 position and demonstrates that C3 monoglucosylation activates resistance. As the UGTs from both the resistant and susceptible types of B. vulgaris glucosylate sapogenins and are not located in the known quantitative trait loci for resistance, the difference between the susceptible and resistant plant types is determined at an earlier stage in saponin biosynthesis.
Why crises can be good for growth (1996)

In the past twenty-five years the international economy has witnessed a series of unusually large external shocks. External shocks often lead to crises - crises of negative growth, inflation, and debt. Countries that experience high inflation with negative growth show an immediate recovery in growth following stabilization. Countries that experience a large buildup of debt with negative growth do not show a recovery in growth after debt rescheduling. What triggers deep crises of negative growth, inflation, and debt? Which combinations of macroeconomic policies and structural reforms have brought about recovery in growth? What do we know about the speed of recovery? Given that for some class of crises adjustment policies have been shown to work quickly, why are reforms delayed for so long? What is the role of foreign aid in these processes? These questions form the backdrop to this analysis.
The role of the adrenal in the rat varicocele model. (1991)

Sexually mature male Nb rats were subjected to left sided unilateral varicocele ligation. A control (sham surgery) group and experimental groups of concomitant ipsilateral adrenalectomy or delayed ipsilateral nephrectomy were constructed. Sperm motility, intratesticular testosterone concentration, testicular temperature and light microscopic histologic changes were ascertained eight weeks after the surgical procedure. Marked depression of intratesticular testosterone and sperm motility were noted in the varicocele and the varicocele plus nephrectomy groups. The varicocele plus ipsilateral adrenalectomy group showed no statistical changes in these parameters from the control (Sham) group. No significant alterations in testicular histology were noted between groups. These data tend to implicate an alteration in adrenal function or blood flow as an etiologic agent in the testicular alterations induced by the rat varicocele model.
Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Fluorinated Fullerenes Studied by NEXAFS, UPS, and Vacuum-UV Absorption Spectroscopies (1998)

The chemical bonding and the electronic structures of C60Fx and C70Fx were investigated by near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and UV photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), which are useful methods for examining the unoccupied and the occupied states, respectively. With these results and XPS measurements, we derived the electronic energy diagram of C60Fx and discussed the change of the electronic structure from that of C60 by fluorination. The energies of the LUMO and the Fermi level of solid C60F48 were estimated to be −5.0 and −5.4 eV below the vacuum level, indicating that highly doped C60Fx is a strong electron acceptor. The electronic absorption spectra of C60Fx solutions deep into the vacuum-ultraviolet region were also measured, and the isomerism of C60Fx was discussed by comparing the observed results with theoretical simulations.
Identification and H <sub>2</sub> O <sub>2</sub> Production of Vaginal Lactobacilli from Pregnant Women at High Risk of Preterm Birth and Relation with Outcome (2004)

Lactobacilli, principally the strains that are hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) producing, may have a protective effect against vaginal colonization by pathogenic species such as those that cause bacterial vaginosis. Previous reports have also suggested that H(2)O(2)-producing lactobacilli in the vagina may protect pregnant women against ascending infection of the chorioamniotic membranes and uterine cavity. We report the identification and H(2)O(2) production of lactobacilli isolated from vaginal swabs collected at 20 weeks' gestation from a population of pregnant women at high risk of preterm birth. We also report the correlation between identification and H(2)O(2) production in relation to the outcomes of chorioamnionitis and preterm birth. Lactobacilli were identified by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. H(2)O(2) production by isolates was determined by a semiquantitative method. The most commonly isolated species were L. crispatus, L. gasseri, L. vaginalis and L. jensenii. Amounts of H(2)O(2) produced by lactobacilli varied widely. The presence of lactobacilli producing high levels of H(2)O(2) in the vagina of this population of pregnant women was associated with a reduced risk of bacterial vaginosis at 20 weeks' gestation and subsequent chorioamnionitis. L. jensenii and L. vaginalis produced the highest levels of H(2)O(2). We postulate that H(2)O(2)-producing lactobacilli are able to reduce the incidence of ascending infections of the uterus and the subsequent production of proinflammatory molecules which are important in the pathogenesis of chorioamnionitis and preterm birth.
A Genomic Island, Termed High-Pathogenicity Island, Is Present in Certain Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> Clonal Lineages (1999)

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains cause a wide spectrum of diseases in humans. In this study, we tested 206 STEC strains isolated from patients for potential virulence genes including stx, eae, and enterohemorrhagic E. coli hly. In addition, all strains were examined for the presence of another genetic element, the high-pathogenicity island (HPI). The HPI was first described in pathogenic Yersinia species and encodes the pesticin receptor FyuA and the siderophore yersiniabactin. The HPI was found in the genome of distinct clonal lineages of STEC, including all 31 eae-positive O26:H11/H(-) strains and 7 of 12 eae-negative O128:H2/H(-) strains. In total, the HPI was found in 56 (27.2%) of 206 STEC strains. However, it was absent from the genome of all 37 O157:H7/H(-), 14 O111:H(-), 13 O103:H2, and 13 O145:H(-) STEC isolates, all of which were positive for eae. Polypeptides encoded by the fyuA gene located on the HPI could be detected by using immunoblot analysis in most of the HPI-positive STEC strains, suggesting the presence of a functional yersiniabactin system. The HPI in STEC was located next to the tRNA gene asnT. In contrast to the HPI of other pathogenic enterobacteria, the HPI of O26 STEC strains shows a deletion at its left junction, leading to a truncated integrase gene int. We conclude from this study that the Yersinia HPI is disseminated among certain clonal subgroups of STEC strains. The hypothesis that the HPI in STEC contributes to the fitness of the strains in certain ecological niches rather than to their pathogenic potential is discussed.
Simple Methods for Calculating Age‐Based Life History Parameters for Stage‐Structured Populations (1992)

Stage—classified matrix models are important analytical and theoretical tools for the study of population dynamics; in particular, these models may be appropriate for populations in which survivorship and fecundity are dependent on size or developmental stage, populations in which the age of individuals is difficult to determine, and populations in which there are multiple types of newborns. Nevertheless, methods for analyzing the implications of a population's stage—transition matrix have been limited in comparison to methods available for age—structured models (life tables or Leslie matrices). In this paper we show that all of the standard age—based measures of life history traits can be derived from a stage—transition model. By decomposing the transition matrix into separate birth, survival, and fission matrices we derive simple, direct formulas for age—based life history traits such as the discrete survivorship function, l x , maternity function, f x , mean age at maturity, and net reproductive rate, R o , and also population parameters, including the stable age distribution, age—specific reproductive value, and generation time. These provide a common set of parameters for comparing age—structured and stage—structured populations or comparing populations with differently structured life cycles. In addition, we define four measures of age and life—span that summarize the relationship between stage and age in a stage—structured population: age distribution and mean age of residence for each stage class, expected remaining life—span for individuals in each stage class, and total life—span conditional on reaching a given stage class. We illustrate the use of our methods to address specific ecological questions by applying them to several previously published demographic data sets. These questions include: (1) what are the demographic effects of crowding on the tropical palm Astrocaryum mexicanum?; (2) how important is the initial rosette size in determining life history of teasel, Dipsacus sylvestris?; and (3) how old are reproducing adults in a stage—classified population of pink lady's—slipper, Cypripedium acaule? Our results may also be useful for evaluating the adequacy of a given stage—transition model.
Subspace approach to multidimensional fault identification and reconstruction (1998)

Abstract Fault detection and process monitoring using principal‐component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares were studied intensively and applied to industrial processes. The fundamental issues of detectability, reconstructability, and isolatability for multidimensional faults are studied. PCA is used to define an orthogonal partition of the measurement space into two orthogonal subspaces, a principal‐component subspace, and a residual subspace. Each multidimensional fault is also described by a subspace on which the fault displacement occurs. Fault reconstruction leads to fault identification and consists of finding a new vector in the fault subspace with minimum distance to the principal‐component subspace. The unreconstructed variance is proposed to measure the reliability of the reconstruction procedure and determine the PCA model for best reconstruction. Based on the fault subspace, fault magnitude, and the squared prediction error, necessary and sufficient conditions are provided to determine if the faults are detectable, reconstructable, and isolatable.
Identification of novel bacterial plasminogen‐binding proteins in the human pathogen <b><i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i></b> (2007)

Binding and activation of human plasminogen (Plg) to generate the proteolytic enzyme plasmin (Plm) have been associated with the invasive potential of certain bacteria. In this work, proteomic analysis together with ligand blotting assays identified several major Plg-binding spots in Mycobacterium tuberculosis soluble extracts (SEs) and culture filtrate proteins. The identity of 15 different proteins was deduced by N-terminal and/or MS and corresponded to DnaK, GroES, GlnA1, Ag85 complex, Mpt51, Mpt64, PrcB, MetK, SahH, Lpd, Icl, Fba, and EF-Tu. Binding of Plg to recombinant M. tuberculosis DnaK, GlnA1, and Ag85B was further confirmed by ELISA and ligand blotting assays. The binding was inhibited by epsilon-aminocaproic acid, indicating that the interaction involved lysine residues. Plg bound to recombinant mycobacterial proteins was activated to Plm by tissue-type Plg activator. In contrast with recombinant proteins, M. tuberculosis SE enhanced several times the Plg activation mediated by the activator. Interestingly, GlnA1 was able to bind the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein fibronectin. Together these results show that M. tuberculosis posses several Plg receptors suggesting that bound Plg to bacteria surface, can be activated to Plm, endowing bacteria with the ability to break down ECM and basal membranes proteins contributing to tissue injury in tuberculosis.
Hydrolysis and decarboxylation of diethyl 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-imidazolylmalonate (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrolysis and decarboxylation of diethyl 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-imidazolylmalonateHenry C. Godt Jr. and F. F. BlickeCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1969, 34, 6, 2008–2009Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01258a120https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01258a120research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views46Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Dynamic resource allocation with a soft handover procedure for application in a broadband system (1999)

This work investigates the advantages of adopting a soft handover (SHO) procedure with a TDD-TDMA-OFDM access method in a WLAN system, when broadband mobile users are considered. Reference is made to the MEDIAN-ACTS system scenario extended to a multi-cell environment. A particular distributed queue packet reservation multiple access scheme with priorities, called PAMA (priority assignment multiple access) is considered. Simulation results carried out in the present investigation indicate that SHO outperforms hard HO (HHO), in terms of packet loss and time delay, and its performance approaches that of the fixed users case. In fact, SHO exploits the overlapping area between adjacent cells permitting users to be simultaneously served by two base stations (BSs) instead of a single one. As a consequence, the overall offered traffic is better distributed among the BSs of the system, resulting into a more efficient resource allocation.
Non-Uniform Wavelet Sampling for RF Analog-to-Information Conversion (2017)

Feature extraction, such as spectral occupancy, interferer energy and type, or direction-of-arrival, from wideband radio-frequency (RF) signals finds use in a growing number of applications as it enhances RF transceivers with cognitive abilities and enables parameter tuning of traditional RF chains. In power and cost limited applications, e.g., for sensor nodes in the Internet of Things, wideband RF feature extraction with conventional, Nyquist-rate analog-to-digital converters is infeasible. However, the structure of many RF features (such as signal sparsity) enables the use of compressive sensing (CS) techniques that acquire such signals at sub-Nyquist rates; while such CS-based analog-to-information (A2I) converters have the potential to enable low-cost and energy-efficient wideband RF sensing, they suffer from a variety of real-world limitations, such as noise folding, low sensitivity, aliasing, and limited flexibility. This paper proposes a novel CS-based A2I architecture called non-uniform wavelet sampling. Our solution extracts a carefully-selected subset of wavelet coefficients directly in the RF domain, which mitigates the main issues of existing A2I converter architectures. For multi-band RF signals, we propose a specialized variant called non-uniform wavelet bandpass sampling (NUWBS), which further improves sensitivity and reduces hardware complexity by leveraging the multi-band signal structure. We use simulations to demonstrate that NUWBS approaches the theoretical performance limits of $\ell_{1}$ -norm-based sparse signal recovery. We investigate hardware-design aspects and show ASIC measurement results for the wavelet generation stage, which highlight the efficacy of NUWBS for a broad range of RF feature extraction tasks in cost- and power-limited applications.
Insider Trading as a Transactional Cost: a Market Microstructure Justification and Optimization of Insider Trading Regulation (1993)

This Article offers a direct justification for the regulation of\ninsider trading from an economic perspective using the recently developed financial methodology of market microstructure. Insider trading\nshould be understood as a category of informed trading. Informed trad-\ning is, generally, desirable because it promotes efficient pricing. However, lack of competition with other informed traders may allow small\ngroups of informed traders to extract more profits than a competitive\ngroup of informed traders without influencing prices as much. The profits of informed traders take the form of a transaction cost burdening\nuninformed trading. Insider trading regulation prohibits the informed\ntrading of traders who have monopolistic power over their information\nand, thus, results in a reduction of the transaction cost informed trading\ngenerates without significantly delaying the correction of prices. By\nreducing transaction costs, insider trading regulation promotes liquidity.\nLiquidity, however, also determines how broad the definition of insider\ntrading should be. Inferential support for these conclusions is drawn\nfrom regulatory history.
Duration of reappearance of gingival melanin pigmentation after surgical removal - A clinical study (2010)

As this method has shown statistically significant results, it can be used in patients who are conscious of pigmented gingiva and want an esthetically satisfactory color.
Fluctuations of the magnetization in thin films due to conduction electrons (2005)

A detailed analysis of damping and noise due to a $sd$ interaction in a thin ferromagnetic film sandwiched between two large normal metal layers is carried out. The magnetization is shown to obey, in general, a nonlocal equation of motion, which differs from the the Gilbert equation and is extended to the nonadiabatic regime. To the lowest order in the exchange interaction and in the limit where the Gilbert equation applies, we show that the damping term is enhanced due to interfacial effects, but it also shows oscillations as a function of the film thickness. The noise calculation is, however, carried out to all orders in the exchange-coupling constant. The ellipticity of the precession of the magnetization is taken into account. The damping is shown to have a Gilbert form only in the adiabatic limit, while the relaxation time becomes strongly dependent on the geometry of the thin film. It is also shown that the induced noise characteristic of $sd$ exchange is inherently colored in character and depends on the symmetry of the Hamiltonian of the magnetization in the film. We show that the $sd$ noise can be represented in terms of an external stochastic field, which is white only in the adiabatic regime. The temperature is also renormalized by the spin accumulation in the system. For large intra-atomic exchange interactions, the Gilbert-Brown equation is no longer valid.
Structure of Random Porous Materials: Silica Aerogel (1986)

Using small-angle x-ray scattering, we show that porous silica aerogel has a fractal backbone structure. The observed structure is traced to the underlying chemical (polymerization) and physical (colloid aggregation) growth processes. Comparison of scattering curves for aerogel with silica aggregates confirms this interpretation.