gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical Properties of WO<sub>3</sub>/Ag/WO<sub>3</sub> Multilayer As Transparent Cathode in Top-Emitting Organic Light Emitting Diodes (2011)

We investigated the optical properties of a dielec-tric−metal−dielectric multilayer for the transparent top cathode in top-emitting organic light emitting diodes (TOLEDs). The optical transmittance of the metal layer was enhanced by depositing a dielectric material which had a high refraction index n below and above the metal (Ag) layer. Due to multiple reflections and interferences, the Ag layer sandwiched between dielectric materials with a high value of n can show improved transmittance. Because the WO3 had a high value of n (>2.0), a thin WO3 layer could fulfill the optimum zero-reflection condition with an Ag metal layer. Thus, a WO3/Ag/WO3 multilayer should have high transmittance with a low sheet resistance. The optimum thicknesses of both Ag and WO3 to obtain the best transmittance value were determined by theoretical calculation, and they agreed well with the experimental results. The best results were obtained for the thermally evaporated WO3 (300 Å)/Ag (120 Å)/WO3 (300 Å) structure, a high transmittance of ∼93.5% and a low sheet resistance about ∼7.22 ohm/sq were obtained. When the top Al cathode was replaced with the WO3/Ag/WO3 multilayer, the maximum luminance value (J = 220mA/cm2) increased from 8400 to 11700 cd/m2, and the power efficiency increased about 26%. To improve the electron injection efficiency at the cathode region, a 20-Å thick Al layer was introduced as an electron injection interlayer between the organic materials and the WO3/Ag/WO3 cathode. Using the Al interlayer decreased the operation voltage at J = 10 mA/cm2 by 6.9 V. Thus, a WO3/Ag/WO3 with an Al interlayer could promote the transparency of the top cathode and lower the electron injection barrier, enhancing the electroluminescent properties of TOLED.
TCP support for sensor networks (2007)

Communication between sensors and controlling entities at the edge or outside the sensor network is needed for reliable remote sensor node management and reprogramming. TCP would be useful for tasks, where reliable unicast is appropriate, but the high bit error rates in wireless sensor networks lead to energy inefficiencies reducing the sensor network lifetime. We introduce an approach to support energy-efficient TCP operation in sensor networks. The concept called TCP support for sensor nodes (TSS) allows intermediate sensor nodes to cache TCP data segments and to perform local retransmissions in case of errors. TSS does not forward a cached segment until it knows that the previous segment has been successfully received by the next hop. This forms a backpressure mechanism for congestion control. Simulations show that TSS significantly reduces the number of TCP data segment and acknowledgement transmissions
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Promotes Neurogenesis and Synaptogenesis in the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus during Postnatal Development (2000)

The in vivo actions of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on the growth and development of the hippocampal dentate gyrus were investigated in transgenic mice that overexpress IGF-I postnatally in the brain and in normal nontransgenic littermate controls. Stereological analyses of the dentate gyrus were performed by light and electron microscopy on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 130 to determine postnatal changes in the numerical density and total number of neurons and synapses. The volumes of both the granule cell layer and the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus were significantly increased by 27-69% in transgenic mice after day 7, with the greatest relative increases occurring by day 35. Although the numerical density of neurons in the granule cell layer did not differ significantly between transgenic and control mice at any age studied, the total number of neurons was significantly greater in transgenic mice by 29-61% beginning on day 14. The total number of synapses in the molecular layer was significantly increased by 42-105% in transgenic mice from day 14 to day 130. A transient increase in the synapse-to-neuron ratio was found in transgenic mice at postnatal days 28 and 35 but not at day 130. This finding indicates a disproportionate increase in synaptogenesis, exceeding that expected for the observed increase in neuron number. Our results demonstrate that IGF-I overexpression produces persistent increases in the total number of neurons and synapses in the dentate gyrus, indicating that IGF-I promotes both neurogenesis and synaptogenesis in the developing hippocampus in vivo.
Hydrothermal Processing of Swine Manure to Oil Using a Continuous Reactor System: Effects of Operating Parameters on Oil Yield and Quality (2006)

A continuous-mode hydrothermal process (CHTP) reactor was developed to convert swine manure into oil. The effects of operating parameters on oil yield and quality were investigated to determine the optimal condition for the continuous-mode process. Operating temperature, pressure, residence time, and the use of carbon monoxide as a process gas were all found to affect oil yield. Results showed an interaction between the operating temperature and pressure. Oil yield increased with hydraulic residence time, but a diminishing benefit was observed beyond 60 min. A slight decrease in yield was found when carbon monoxide was used. The highest oil yield of 70% (of volatile solids) was in the region where temperature was about 300C and pressure was 10 MPa. Increasing the temperature from 285C to 305C was found to increase the carbon content, heating value, and benzene solubility of the oil. However, increasing the pressure negatively affected both the carbon content and heating value of the oil. The addition of carbon monoxide was found to be beneficial in increasing the carbon content of the oil by 7.4% and improving its solubility to benzene. The hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur content of the oil were relatively constant for all test cases, with values of 9.6 0.4%, 3.9 0.3%, and 0.3 0.1%, respectively.
Consistent non‐cartesian off‐axis MRI quality: Calibrating and removing multiple sources of demodulation phase errors (2006)

The consistency of off-axis MRI with non-Cartesian sequences across a large number of scanners is highly variable. Improper timing alignment of the gradient fields, data acquisition system, and real-time frequency demodulation reference signal, which are necessary for off-axis imaging, is an important source of this variability. In addition, eddy currents and anisotropic gradient delays cause deviations in k-space trajectories that in turn make the demodulation reference signals inaccurate. A method is presented to quickly measure the timing error in the frequency demodulation reference signal and separate it from anisotropic gradient delays. k-Space deviations, as measured with a previous gradient calibration technique, are shown to be a second source of demodulation phase errors that degrade image quality. Using the timing delay and k-space deviations, a retrospective phase correction is applied to each k-space sample before the data are regridded during reconstruction. The timing delays of four MR scanners were measured to be 4.2-7.5 micros below the manufacturer's suggested delay. Significant degradation in 3D radial (3D projection reconstruction (PR)) knee and breast images are retrospectively corrected while a partial prospective correction is applied for spiral imaging. The method allows for more consistent performance of non-Cartesian sequences across multiple scanners without operator intervention.
HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT FOR TURBINE BLADE INTERNAL COOLING (2014)

Gas turbines are used extensively for aircraft propulsion, land-based power generation, and industrial applications. The turbine inlet temperatures are far above the permissible metal temperatures. Therefore, there is a need to cool the blades for safe operation. Modern developments in turbine cooling technology play a critical role in increasing the thermal efficiency and power output of advanced gas turbine designs. Turbine blades and vanes are cooled internally and externally. This paper focuses on heat transfer augmentation of turbine blade internal cooling. Internal cooling is typically achieved by passing the cooling air through rib-enhanced serpentine passages inside the blades. Impinging jets, pin-fins, and dimples are also used for enhancing internal cooling heat transfer. In the past 10 years, there has been considerable progress in turbine blade internal cooling research and this paper is focused on reviewing selected publications to reflect recent developments in this area. In particular, this paper focuses on the newly developed design concepts as well as the combination of existing cooling techniques for turbine airfoil internal heat transfer augmentation. Rotation effects on the turbine blade leading-edge, triangular-shaped channel, mid-chord multi-pass channel, and trailing-edge, wedge-shaped channel with coolant ejection are also considered.
Development of mini‐gel technology in two‐dimensional electrophoresis for mass‐screening of samples: Application to tears (1998)

Despite the extensive literature available on tear proteins and lipids, very little has been reported on the tear fluid as a whole and it's changes in contact lens wear or ocular diseased patients. Initially a human reflex tear two-dimensional map was created by Molloy et al. (Electrophoresis 1997, 18, 2811-2815), using this information a process for mass-screening was established. The large format two-dimensional technique was evaluated, using a basal tear reference map, and modified to describe a fast, efficient and cost effective method of protein separation. The use of one pH 3-10 18 cm nonlinear immobilised pH gradient (IPG) strip and two mini-gels for the second-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) results in an effective separation of tear proteins which will be applied in diagnostic studies of tear samples.
Dye Sensitized Solar Cells - Working Principles, Challenges and Opportunities (2011)

Even before the industrial revolutions human life quality is greatly affected by the availability of energy. The escalated and savage consumption of conventional sources of energy are leading to forecasted energy and environmental crises. Renewable energy sources such as solar energy are considered as a feasible alternative because "More energy from sunlight strikes Earth in 1 hour than all of the energy consumed by humans in an entire year." Facilitating means to harvest a fraction of the solar energy reaching the Earth may solve many problems associated with both the energy and global environment Therefore, intensive research activities have resulted in attention-grabbing to the different classes of organic and inorganic based solar cells. A major study by IntertechPira stated that "The global Photovoltaic (PV) market, after experiencing a slow period, is expected to double within the next five years, reaching US$ 48 billion. Waferbased silicon will continue as the dominant technology, but amorphous thin-film and Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) technologies will gain ground, and are expected to account for a combined 22% of the market by 2014" (www.intertechpira.com). A solar cell is a photonic device that converts photons with specific wavelengths to electricity. After Alexandre Edmond Becquerel (French physicist) discovered the photoelectrochemical (photovoltaic) effect in 1839 (Becquerel, 1839) while he was investigating the effect of light on metal electrodes immersed in electrolyte, research in this area continued and technology developed to produce many types and structures of the materials presently used in photovoltaic (PV) technology. First and second generations photovoltaic cells are mainly constructed from semiconductors including crystalline silicon, III-V compounds, cadmium telluride, and copper indium selenide/sulfide Low cost solar cells have been the subject of intensive research work for the last three decades. Amorphous semiconductors were announced as one of the most promising materials for low cost energy production. However, dye sensitized solar cells DSSCs emerged as a new class of low cost energy conversion devices with simple manufacturing procedures. General comparison between semiconductor based solar cells and dye sensitized solar cells is presented in Table Incorporation of dye molecules in some wide bandgap semiconductor electrodes was a key factor in developing photoelecrochemical solar cells. Michael Gratzel and coworkers at the
Notice of Retraction: A Microstrip Line Based on Interdigital Defected Ground Structure (2008)

Retracted.
Automated probe mass spectrometry (1989)

A method of fully automating the analysis of routine samples using probe introduction techniques has been designed and developed. Unattended 24 h operation has dramatically increased the ability to process large numbers of samples and has freed much of an operator's time to perform other tasks.
Rate constants for reaction of hydroxyl radicals with several drinking water contaminants (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRate constants for reaction of hydroxyl radicals with several drinking water contaminantsWerner R. Haag and C. C. David YaoCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 26, 5, 1005–1013Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00029a021https://doi.org/10.1021/es00029a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5159Altmetric-Citations664LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Magnetic susceptibility contrast variations in multiple sclerosis lesions (2015)

Combining R2* and QSM is useful to characterize heterogeneity in MS lesions.
Clinical Effectiveness of Drugs Used for Topical Anesthesia (1964)

The efficacy of topical anesthetics has been difficult to assess in man because no wholly satisfactory method of study has been available. A technique embodying electrical stimulation of the mucous membranes was devised which permitted a comparison to be made of effectiveness, duration of action, and potency of such drugs. Over 40 drugs said to be active topically were studied. Tetracaine, cocaine, dibucaine, lidocaine, dyclonine, and hexylcaine proved to be the most serviceable. A maximum concentration exists for each drug above which no further enhancement of activity is noted. The most serviceable drugs are the ones which clinical experience has shown to be the most toxic systemically. Vasoconstrictors, detergents, demulcents, and other nonanesthetic substances do not enhance or prolong the effects of topical anesthetics. The latent period is shortened as the maximum effective concentration is approached.
System design aspects of CDMA personal communications services (2002)

The commercial success of personal communications services (PCS) will rely on PCS network operators' ability to provide high quality wireless communications cost effectively. For an initial PCS system deployment, the challenge to CDMA PCS network operators will be coverage efficiency in low traffic density areas and spectrum efficiency in high traffic density areas. The IS-95 based direct sequence code division multiple access (CDMA) technology by virtue of its unique characteristics allows dynamic and flexible system tradeoff amongst call quality, coverage and capacity to realize the PCS objectives. Design of a CDMA system differs from that of a conventional channelized cellular system in many respects. Proper system design and good engineering practices are required to maximize CDMA advantages. In this paper, we will describe the CDMA PCS design tradeoffs and identify some of the primary parameters that have the most impact on system design. A sample system design for a typical urban/suburban environment is provided to demonstrate the significance of the design parameters on system performance.
A 1.5 V DRAM for battery-based applications (2003)

The authors report low-power, high-signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) 16 Mbit DRAM (dynamic RAM) techniques which allow 1.5-V battery operation. To reduce power consumption, the data-line voltage swing is the sum of the threshold voltages for nMOS and pMOS transistors in the sense amplifier. A plate-pulse circuit technique, a three-level word pulse, and a 3.4- mu m/sup 2/ data-line shielded STC cell enhance SNR in the memory array. The main features of the DRAM are compared with those of the SNB (storage-node-boosted) technique and a conventional half-V/sub CC/ circuit technique.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Melamine Acoustic Chemosensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Film (2009)

A melamine piezomicrogravimetric (acoustic) chemosensor using a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film has been devised and tested. The MIP films were prepared by electropolymerization of the melamine complexed by the functional monomer of the bis(bithiophene) derivative bearing an 18-crown-6 substituent 4. The structure of the MIP-melamine complex was visualized by the DFT B3LYP/3-21G(*) energy optimization calculations. The sensitivity and selectivity of the MIP film was improved by cross-linking the polymer with the bithianaphthene monomer 5 and the presence of the porogenic ionic liquid in the prepolymerization solution. After electropolymerization, the melamine template was extracted from the MIP film with an aqueous strong base solution. The measurements of UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), DPV, and EIS as well as scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) imaging confirmed extraction of the melamine template from the MIP film and then rebinding of the melamine analyte while the film relative roughness and porosity was determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging, respectively. The analytical as well as kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the chemosensing were assessed under flow-injection analysis (FIA) conditions with piezoelectric microgravimetry (PM) detection. The linear concentration range for melamine detection was 5 nM to at least 1 mM with a limit of detection of approximately 5 nM. The chemosensor successfully discriminated the cyanuric acid, cyromazine, and ammeline interfering agents.
Active Sampling based Safe Identification of Dynamical Systems using Extreme Learning Machines and Barrier Certificates (2019)

Learning the dynamical system (DS) model from data that preserves dynamical system properties is an important problem in many robot learning applications. Typically, the joint data coming from cyber-physical systems, such as robots have some underlying DS properties associated with it, e.g., convergence, invariance to a set, etc. In this paper, a model learning method is developed such that the trajectories of the DS are invariant in a given compact set. Such invariant DS models can be used to generate trajectories of the robot that will always remain in a prescribed set. In order to achieve invariance to a set, Barrier certificates are employed. The DS is approximated using Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), and a parameter learning problem subject to Barrier certificates enforced at all the points in the prescribed set is solved. To solve an infinite constraint problem for enforcing Barrier Certificates at every point in a given compact set, a modified constraint is developed that is sufficient to hold the Barrier certificates in the entire set. An active sampling strategy is formulated to minimize the number of constraints in learning. Simulation results of ELM learning with and without Barrier certificates are presented which show the invariance property being preserved in the ELM learning when learning procedure involves Barrier constraints. The method is validated using experiments conducted on a robot arm recreating invariant trajectories inside a prescribed set.
Interactive Dialog for Phase Identification by the Johnson/Vand Program for X-Ray Diffraction Data (1986)

Abstract A new, convenient program has been designed and implemented on a VAX computer to facilitate the use of the Johnson/Vand program (Version 21) for identifying components in crystalline mixtures by X-ray diffraction. (The data base of references is distributed solely by the JCPDS – International Centre for Diffraction Data.) This new program uses an easy-to-follow conversational mode of communication for setting up the input file for the identification program from a remote terminal. The program is menu driven with screens for input of sample information, for change of default computational parameters, and for handling the experimental diffraction data. Many of the input screens can be readily bypassed when the default parameters are acceptable. An editor feature is provided for viewing the final input file and for correcting the diffraction data.
Selective mRNA translation during eIF2 phosphorylation induces expression of <i>IBTKα</i> (2014)

Disruption of protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), a transcriptional and translational control network designed to restore protein homeostasis. Central to the UPR is PKR-like ER kinase (PERK/EIF2AK3) phosphorylation of the α subunit of eIF2 (eIF2α∼P), which represses global translation coincident with preferential translation of mRNAs, such as activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), that serve to implement UPR transcriptional regulation. In this study, we used sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and a genome-wide microarray approach to measure changes in mRNA translation during ER stress. Our analysis suggests that translational efficiencies vary over a broad range during ER stress, with the majority of transcripts being either repressed or resistant to eIF2α∼P, whereas a notable cohort of key regulators are subject to preferential translation. From the latter group, we identified the α isoform of inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (IBTKα) as being subject to both translational and transcriptional induction during eIF2α∼P in both cell lines and a mouse model of ER stress. Translational regulation of IBTKα mRNA involves stress-induced relief of two inhibitory upstream open reading frames in the 5'-leader of the transcript. Depletion of IBTKα by short hairpin RNA reduced viability of cultured cells coincident with increased caspase 3/7 cleavage, suggesting that IBTKα is a key regulator in determining cell fate during the UPR.