gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Visualizing Dynamic Memory Allocations (2007)

We present a visualization tool/or dynamic memory allocation information obtained from instrumenting the runtime allocator used by C programs. The goal of the presented visualization techniques is to convey insight in the dynamic behavior of the allocator. The purpose is to help the allocator designers understand how the performance and working of the allocator depend on the actual allocation scenarios in order to optimize its functionality by decreasing fragmentation and improving response lime. We use an orthogonal dense pixel layout of time versus memory space which can show tens of thousands of allocation events on a single screen. We enhance the basic idea with several new techniques: antialiased metric bars for detecting high and low activity areas; cushion cursors for checking correlations of multiple views; and a view to show correlation between program structure (functions) and memory allocations. The presented techniques are demonstrated on data from a real application.
Optical imaging with a high‐resolution microendoscope to identify cholesteatoma of the middle ear (2013)

This study demonstrates the feasibility of high-resolution optical imaging to discriminate cholesteatoma from uninvolved middle ear mucosa based on the unique staining properties of keratin. Use of real-time imaging may facilitate more complete extirpation of cholesteatoma by identifying areas of residual disease. Laryngoscope, 2012.
Minimally Invasive Surgery: Neurosurgery (1994)

The introduction of minimally invasive techniques has greatly improved results for intracranial neurosurgery. Stereotaxy and improved imaging techniques have reduced surgical trauma by allowing surgeons to plan the least damaging route to operative sites and by increasing surgical precision. Stereotaxy has also allowed brain biopsies to be taken from sites such as the brain stem, which were rarely sampled before because free hand biopsy was so dangerous. Brain tumours can now be treated by interstitial radiotherapy--stereotactic insertion of catheters into the lesion for loading of radioactive iodine--or radiosurgery--focusing of intense beams of radiation on lesions without needing surgical incisions. Endoscopic neurosurgery can be used to reach cavities such as the ventricular system or cystic tumours. With interventional neuroradiology fine catheters can be introduced into most vessels in the cranium for embolisation or dilatation. The development of augmentative functional neurosurgery means that movement disorders, epilepsy, and intractable pain can be treated with implanted neurostimulating electrodes. Future developments will probably include frameless stereotaxy, when the rigid attachment of stereotactic apparatus to the patient's head can be dispensed with, and at least partial automation of procedures such brain biopsy.
A high linearity SiGe HBT LNA for GPS receiver (2014)

A high linearity 1.575 GHz SiGe:HBT low noise amplifier (LNA) for global positioning system applications is described. The bipolar cascoded with an MOSFET LNA was fabricated in a commercial 0.18 μm SiGe BiCMOS process. A resistor bias feed circuit with a feedback resistor was designed for the LNA input transistor to improve its intermodulation and compression performance. The packaged chip tested on board has displayed a noise figure of 1.11 dB, a power gain of 18 dB, an output 1 dB compression point of +7.8 dBm and an input third-order intercept point of +1.8 dBm. The chip occupies a 500 × 560 μm2 area and consumes 3.6 mA from a 2.85 V power supply.
Pore Accessibility and Connectivity of Mineral and Kerogen Phases for Shales (2014)

The main barrier to sustainable development of US shale, the pore structure of the nanopores storing and transporting hydrocarbon, has been quietly ignored. Fluid flow and mass transport in porous media is controlled by pore structure, which has both geometric and topological characteristics; these characteristics therefore affect exploration and production of hydrocarbons. Considering the composition of mineral and kerogen phases and their associated nanopores in shales, we have studied tracer penetration and distribution, and its association with mineral and organic kerogen phases. We examined imbibition behavior, and imbibed tracer distribution, for fluids (API brine or <i>n</i>-decane) imbibed into initially dry Barnett shale samples. Pore connection was also probed by injecting molten Wood's metal alloy at pressures as high as 6,000 bars, followed by imaging and elemental mapping. The extremely sensitive detection of Wood's metal component elements by laser ablation–ICP–MS mapping reveals that only about 1/1000<small><sup>th</sup></small> of the edge-accessible porosity is connected in the sample interior, which is consistent with other experimental approaches and theoretical interpretation of pore connectivity based on percolation theory. This sparse pore space connection within the shale matrix limits fracture-matrix exchange in fractured shale, resulting in steep initial production decline and overall low recovery.
STUDY ON THE PREPARATION AND MODIFICATION OF GACs FROM FLY ASH (2006)

The optimize preparating process for granular activated carbons from fly ash was defined.The obtained GACs were then modified through different methods and the adsorption experiment of the modified GACs for different organic vapors was carried out.The chemical properties on the surface of the GACs were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).It was proved that the specific surface and chemical properties of GACs as well as the properties of the organic all have effects on the process of adsorption.
A Selective Feature Information Approach for Iris Image-Quality Measure (2008)

Poor quality images can significantly affect the accuracy of iris-recognition systems because they do not have enough feature information. However, existing quality measures have focused on parameters or factors other than feature information. The quality of feature available for measure is a combination of the distinctiveness of the iris region and the amount of iris region available. Some irises may only have a small area of changing patterns. Due to this, the proposed approach automatically selects the portions of the iris with the most distinguishable changing patterns to measure the feature information. The combination of occlusion and dilation determines the amount of iris region available and is considered in the proposed quality measure. The quality score is the fused result of the feature information score, the occlusion score, and the dilation score. The relationship between the quality score and recognition accuracy is evaluated using 2-D Gabor and 1-D Log-Gabor wavelet approaches and validated using a diverse data set. In addition, the proposed method is compared with the convolution matrix, spectrum energy, and Mexican hat wavelet methods. These three methods represent a variety of approaches for iris-quality measure. The experimental results show that the proposed quality score is highly correlated with the recognition accuracy and is capable of predicting the recognition results.
Heritable Thoracic Aortic Disease Overview (2016)

Purpose The goals of this overview on heritable thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections (shortened in this GeneReview to heritable thoracic aortic disease) are the following. Goal 1 To describe the clinical characteristics of thoracic aortic disease Goal 2 To review the causes of heritable thoracic aortic disease and risk assessment for thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection by gene Goal 3 To provide an evaluation strategy to identify the genetic cause of thoracic aortic disease in a proband (when possible) Goal 4 To inform genetic risk assessment in family members of a proband Goal 5 To inform (when possible) management regarding, surveillance for thoracic aortic aneurysm, and medical/surgical intervention based on the genetic cause
Deterioration of taper lens performance due to taper asymmetry (1989)

The influence of rotationally asymmetrical, i.e. bent drawn, fiber tapers on the coupling performance of taper lenses used for laser diode- or LED-to-single-mode-fiber coupling is investigated. It is found by experiments that the lateral offset of the taper tip with respect to the fiber axis should be below approximately=6 mu m if a significant increase in coupling loss is to be avoided. The experimental results are interpreted by numerical simulations applying the beam propagation method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The design of an acquisitional query processor for sensor networks (2003)

We discuss the design of an acquisitional query processor for data collection in sensor networks. Acquisitional issues are those that pertain to where, when, and how often data is physically acquired (sampled) and delivered to query processing operators. By focusing on the locations and costs of acquiring data, we are able to significantly reduce power consumption over traditional passive systems that assume the a priori existence of data. We discuss simple extensions to SQL for controlling data acquisition, and show how acquisitional issues influence query optimization, dissemination, and execution. We evaluate these issues in the context of TinyDB, a distributed query processor for smart sensor devices, and show how acquisitional techniques can provide significant reductions in power consumption on our sensor devices.
A Novel Synthesis of 2-Aryl-2<i>H</i>-indazoles via a Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Amination Reaction (2000)

[reaction: see text] A variety of 2-aryl-2H-indazoles were synthesized by the palladium-catalyzed intramolecular amination of the corresponding N-aryl-N(o-bromobenzyl)hydrazines. Of several sets of reaction conditions surveyed, the combination of Pd(OAc)2/dppf/tBuONa gave the best results. This method applies to a wide scope of substrates containing electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents.
[Acupuncture treatment on ophthalmic diseases]. (2010)

Clinical experiences of acupuncture treatment on ophthalmic diseases over the years are summarized and analyzed to study the therapeutic capacity of acupuncture. Ophthalmic disorders are categorized into diseases with acupuncture treatment as the predominant or supplementary therapy, or as the therapeutic or prevention regimen. At the same time, various treating courses are designed for different phases of the diseases. And effects of acupuncture on different categories of ophthalmic disorders are discussed so as to improve the level of clinical application of acupuncture.
A P2P-Based Architecture for Secure Software Delivery Using Volunteer Assistance (2008)

We present a content delivery infrastructure distributing and maintaining software packages in a large organization. Our work is based on a trace-based analysis of an existing software delivery system that we conducted to find general principles and properties could be used to devise a better solution. Our design combines a conventional server with volunteer nodes that expand its scalability. We rely on Peer-to-Peer technology to speed up content synchronization among the volunteer nodes while maintaining a conventional client/server interface for the service customers. Finally our system includes a novel load balancing mechanism that considers both the synchronization workload and the customer-generated workload of the volunteer nodes. Our simulation results indicate that the feedback information currently available at the server/tracker of the P2P system offers enough information to ensure a fair load distribution among the peers.
Low drive voltage, broad-band LiNbO/sub 3/ modulators with and without etched ridges (1999)

Frequency dependent drive voltage is reported in velocity matched, packaged, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, made on Z-cut, Y-propagating LiNbO/sub 3/, with and without etched ridges. Drive voltages of /spl sim/7 V at 40 GHz are demonstrated, with the etched ridge device showing a 1/2-1 V advantage. Microwave modeling allowed the extraction of the effects of dispersion in material properties, occurring near the acoustic resonance, on bandwidth and drive voltage.
1004. Condensation of ethyl 2- and 4-pyridylacetate with aromatic carbonyl compounds (1961)

D. R. Bragg and D. G. Wibberley, J. Chem. Soc., 1961, 5074 DOI: 10.1039/JR9610005074
Laser annealed W/Sn contacts on <i>N</i> -typeGaAs (1994)

The Letter deals with the preparation of W/Sn/GaAs and W/Sn/Pd/GaAs contact structures. The metal layers were deposited by the sputtering method and annealing was carried out using an Nd:YAG pulsed laser. Better quality was achieved using contact structures containing palladium. The best measured contact resistances were ~2.1 × 10-6 Ω cm2.
Biomedical Porous Shape Memory Alloys for Hard-Tissue Replacement Materials (2018)

Porous shape memory alloys (SMAs), including NiTi and Ni-free Ti-based alloys, are unusual materials for hard-tissue replacements because of their unique superelasticity (SE), good biocompatibility, and low elastic modulus. However, the Ni ion releasing for porous NiTi SMAs in physiological conditions and relatively low SE for porous Ni-free SMAs have delayed their clinic applications as implantable materials. The present article reviews recent research progresses on porous NiTi and Ni-free SMAs for hard-tissue replacements, focusing on two specific topics: (i) synthesis of porous SMAs with optimal porous structure, microstructure, mechanical, and biological properties; and, (ii) surface modifications that are designed to create bio-inert or bio-active surfaces with low Ni releasing and high biocompatibility for porous NiTi SMAs. With the advances of preparation technique, the porous SMAs can be tailored to satisfied porous structure with porosity ranging from 30% to 85% and different pore sizes. In addition, they can exhibit an elastic modulus of 0.4⁻15 GPa and SE of more than 2.5%, as well as good cell and tissue biocompatibility. As a result, porous SMAs had already been used in maxillofacial repairing, teeth root replacement, and cervical and lumbar vertebral implantation. Based on current research progresses, possible future directions are discussed for "property-pore structure" relationship and surface modification investigations, which could lead to optimized porous biomedical SMAs. We believe that porous SMAs with optimal porous structure and a bioactive surface layer are the most competitive candidate for short-term and long-term hard-tissue replacement materials.
Cholesteric liquid crystal laser in a dielectric mirror cavity upon band-edge excitation (2007)

Low threshold laser action of dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) is demonstrated using an input circularly polarized light whose handedness is the same as the cholesteric helix of the sample at the high-energy band edge of the reflection band. The mechanism originates from the dramatic increase of the photon density of state at the band edges. We also demonstrate an enhanced laser action of a CLC in a dielectric multilayer cavity. In such a device configuration, the band-edge excitation at high-energy band edge improves the lasing performance not only for the same handedness circularly polarized pump beam as the cholesteric helix but also for the opposite one. It stems from the polarization independence of the dielectric multilayers.
Optimized Design and Process for Making a DC Voltage Reference Based on MEMS (2005)

A micromechanical moving plate capacitor has been designed and fabricated for use as a dc voltage reference. The reference is based on the characteristic pull-in property of a capacitive microelectromechanical system (MEMS) component. The design is optimized for stability. A new silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process has been developed to manufacture the component. We also report on improved feedback electronics and the latest measurement results.
Virulence Functions of Autotransporter Proteins (2001)

Bacterial pathogens must execute a prodigious array of complex functions in order to survive, multiply, and disseminate within mammalian hosts. Virulence determinants are usually proteinaceous in nature and are often either secreted to the bacterial cell surface or released into the external
Summarization evaluation methods: Experiments and analysis (1998)

Two methods are used for evaluation of summarization systems: an evaluation of generated summaries against an "ideal" summary and evaluation of how well summaries help a person perform in a task such as information retrieval. We carried out two large experiments to study the two evaluation methods. Our results show that different parameters of an experiment can dramatically affect how well a system scores. For example, summary length was found to affect both types of evaluations. For the "ideal" summary based evaluation, accuracy decreases as summary length increases, while for task based evaluations summary length and accuracy on an information retrieval task appear to correlate randomly. In this paper, we show how this parameter and others can affect evaluation results and describe how parameters can be controlled to produce a sound evaluation.
Effect of freezing and thawing rates on denaturation of proteins in aqueous solutions (2003)

The freeze denaturation of model proteins, LDH, ADH, and catalase, was investigated in absence of cryoprotectants using a microcryostage under well-controlled freezing and thawing rates. Most of the experimental data were obtained from a study using a dilute solution with an enzyme concentration of 0.025 g/l. The dependence of activity recovery of proteins on the freezing and thawing rates showed a reciprocal and independent effect, that is, slow freezing (at a freezing rate about 1 degrees C/min) and fast thawing (at a thawing rate >10 degrees C/min) produced higher activity recovery, whereas fast freezing with slow thawing resulted in more severe damage to proteins. With minimizing the freezing concentration and pH change of buffer solution by using a potassium phosphate buffer, this phenomenon could be ascribed to surface-induced denaturation during freezing and thawing process. Upon the fast freezing (e.g., when the freezing rate >20 degrees C/min), small ice crystals and a relatively large surface area of ice-liquid interface are formed, which increases the exposure of protein molecules to the ice-liquid interface and hence increases the damage to the proteins. During thawing, additional damage to proteins is caused by recrystallization process. Recrystallization exerts additional interfacial tension or shear on the entrapped proteins and hence causes additional damage to the latter. When buffer solutes participated during freezing, the activity recovery of proteins after freezing and thawing decreased due to the change of buffer solution pH during freezing. However, the patterns of the dependence on freezing and thawing rates of activity recovery did not change except for that at extreme low freezing rates (<0.5 degrees C/min). The results exhibited that the freezing damage of protein in aqueous solutions could be reduced by changing the buffer type and composition and by optimizing the freezing-thawing protocol.
Surface modification of high-density polyethylene by plasma treatment (1993)

The extent of the surface crosslinking of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) under various plasma treatment conditions was investigated. The plasma modification efficiency was studied by surface energy and adhesive bond strength measurements. The results show that the surface crosslinking of HDPE takes place as soon as the HDPE is exposed to the plasma and that the crosslinking rate is a function of the plasma conditions. The surface energy and the adhesion of HDPE are greatly increased by the plasma treatment and these improvements are independent of the depth of surface crosslinking. Based on these results and our previous studies on the surface chemical composition and free radical density on the surface of HDPE after plasma treatment, the relationships among various surface changes and the surface modification efficiency are discussed.
Image registration for daylight adaptive optics (2018)

Daytime use of adaptive optics (AO) at large telescopes is hampered by shot noise from the bright sky background. Wave-front sensing may use a sodium laser guide star observed through a magneto-optical filter to suppress the background, but the laser beacon is not sensitive to overall image motion. To estimate that, laser-guided AO systems generally rely on light from the object itself, collected through the full aperture of the telescope. Daylight sets a lower limit to the brightness of an object that may be tracked at rates sufficient to overcome the image jitter. Below that limit, wave-front correction on the basis of the laser alone will yield an image that is approximately diffraction limited but that moves randomly. I describe an iterative registration algorithm that recovers high-resolution long-exposure images in this regime from a rapid series of short exposures with very low signal-to-noise ratio. The technique takes advantage of the fact that in the photon noise limit there is negligible penalty in taking short exposures, and also that once the images are recorded, it is not necessary, as in the case of an AO tracker loop, to estimate the image motion correctly and quickly on every cycle. The algorithm is likely to find application in space situational awareness, where high-resolution daytime imaging of artificial satellites is important.
Comparative assessment of nanomaterial definitions and safety evaluation considerations (2015)

Nanomaterials continue to bring promising advances to science and technology. In concert have come calls for increased regulatory oversight to ensure their appropriate identification and evaluation, which has led to extensive discussions about nanomaterial definitions. Numerous nanomaterial definitions have been proposed by government, industry, and standards organizations. We conducted a comprehensive comparative assessment of existing nanomaterial definitions put forward by governments to highlight their similarities and differences. We found that the size limits used in different definitions were inconsistent, as were considerations of other elements, including agglomerates and aggregates, distributional thresholds, novel properties, and solubility. Other important differences included consideration of number size distributions versus weight distributions and natural versus intentionally-manufactured materials. Overall, the definitions we compared were not in alignment, which may lead to inconsistent identification and evaluation of nanomaterials and could have adverse impacts on commerce and public perceptions of nanotechnology. We recommend a set of considerations that future discussions of nanomaterial definitions should consider for describing materials and assessing their potential for health and environmental impacts using risk-based approaches within existing assessment frameworks. Our intent is to initiate a dialogue aimed at achieving greater clarity in identifying those nanomaterials that may require additional evaluation, not to propose a formal definition.
Crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels as swollen elastic networks (1977)

Abstract Transparent crosslinked PVA hydrogels were prepared by electron beam irradiation of aqueous solutions under nitrogen. These weak hydrogels, upon swelling at 30°C in water, showed low elastic moduli (up to 50 psi), low ultimate tensile strength (up to 4 psi), and low extensibility to break (not higher than 85%). Values of the molecular weight between crosslinks M c were calculated from swelling and from tensile experiments. In fact, two values of M c were calculated for each swelling experiment, (a) allowing for observed variation in the polymer–solvent interaction parameter χ 1 with concentration, and (b) fixing χ 1 = 0.494 according to literature data. The correlation of the M c obtained from tensile data with the M c obtained from swelling data, by (a) or (b), was approximately linear and gave the same per cent agreement.