gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure and gene expression of the<i>E. coli</i>Mn-superoxide dismutase gene (1986)

Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme which converts superoxide O2- to hydrogen peroxide. Using a single synthetic oligonucleotide 33mer, we screened the E. coli DNA library and isolated a clone containing the E. coli manganese-superoxide dismutase gene. We determined the DNA sequence. The analysis of the DNA sequence and in vivo as well as in vitro transcription has shown the following. The DNA sequence suggests two possible promoters. However, only one of them seems active during normal aerobic growth. Purified RNA polymerase initiates in vitro transcription from the same promoter. It is not clear whether the second promoter is functional. It is possible that this promoter could be activated under different growth conditions. There is an inverted repeat sequence which could form a stem-loop structure downstream of the translation stop codon TAA of the Mn-SOD gene. The results of the analysis of in vivo and in vitro RNA have shown that this is the transcription termination signal. Thus, the Mn-SOD gene constitutes a single gene operon. There is an almost perfect 19 base palindrome at the -35 region. The position and the size of the palindrome suggest that this could be a regulatory site.
Über methylierte Nucleoside und Purine und ihre pharmakologischen Wirkungen, II. Mitteil.: Methylierung von Nucleosiden durch Dimethylsulfat (1948)

Abstract Nucleoside wurden mittels Dimethylsulfats bei verschiedenem P H methyliert. Dadurch war es erstmals möglich, die verschiedensten N ‐Methyl‐Derivate der Nucleoside zu erhalten. Aus Adenosin wurden z.B. dargestellt bei P H 13–14: N 6 ‐Methyl‐adenosin, bei P H 8–10: 1. N 6 ‐Dimethyl‐adenosin, bei P H 6–7: 1‐Methyl‐adenosin. An freien und methylierten Purinen und Nucleosiden sowie deren Phosphorsäureestern wurden Diureseversuche sowie Blutdruckmessungen durchgeführt. Dabei wurde der Einfluß der Stellung der Methylgruppen, der Einfluß von Kohlenhydrat sowie der Einfluß von Stellung und Zahl der Phosphorsäurereste untersucht. In allen untersuchten Reihen zeigte sich eine Parallele zwischen der harntreibenden Wirkung und der auf den Blutdruck. Adenosin‐triphosphorsäure besitzt neben der starken gefäßaktiven Wirkung gleichzeitig die gleiche diuretische Wirkung wie Theophyllin.
Rapid Optimization of Development Scenarios for Multiple Exploration Prospects Using an Integrated Asset Model (2010)

Abstract This paper introduces a decision optimization procedure that can evaluate and rank hundreds of prospect development scenarios quickly. Sophisticated optimization techniques that include uncertainty analysis are combined with fully coupled reservoir simulation models and a surface production network. In an example, 12 prospects are evaluated together. Each prospect is multi-zone with varying physical parameters, where each prospect has an equal probability of success. This procedure represents a holistic approach that incorporates technical drilling constraints, full-cycle development costs, and economic evaluation. The methodology yields production profiles for a maximum of seven successes out of the 12 prospects. Production plateaus range from 5 to 20 years at rates ranging from 50,000 to 150,000 BOPD. More than 3,000 simulations, representing 60 development scenarios each covered by 64 uncertainty samples were executed for the integrated asset model. This method yields full-development cycle results and enables decision makers to screen potential projects quickly. This approach considers all possible scenarios under conditions of uncertainty to provide associated risks. The procedure can quickly be scaled from quite coarse subsurface models, e.g., "tanks", to higher-resolution models as new information is acquired. We present a rigorous method for the rapid evaluation of a portfolio of exploration prospects to benefit operators who perform early pre-screening of projects in their current portfolios or who are considering new business opportunities that require rapid and accurate evaluation. Strategic tendencies are quickly identified and enable integrated asset teams to focus on critical aspects of potential project performance.
GraphTracker: A User Opt-in Approach to Web Tracking (2015)

The web is a collection of interconnected documents and sites. A user will often jump not just from one site to another, but from one site to two or three others. How we explore the web is just as important as what we explore and what we discover as a result. In computer science, graphs are used to represent relationships between entities. By applying this concept to web tracking, graphs can capture the relationships between the sites we visit. We are building GraphTracker to tackle the difficult problem of tracking a user’s web activity. GraphTracker builds a “browsing graph” to track the content a user accesses, and models how the user navigates the web. The browsing graph maps out the web as the user experiences it, to represent the user’s personal browsing habits and interests. GraphTracker provides a valuable data source for modeling and understanding user behavior and makes that data source accessible, while also respecting user privacy.
T cell therapy of human CMV and EBV infection in immunocompromised hosts (1997)

Acute virus infections in normal hosts are typically controlled by the development of a host immune response that includes MHC-restricted virus-specific T cells. Many viruses have developed methods to evade T cell recognition to facilitate initial infection and the establishment of a persistent infection in the host. Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are ubiquitous human pathogens that utilise novel strategies to evade immune elimination. Despite these evasion methods, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells expressing alphabeta T cell receptors have been shown to play a pivotal role in controlling initial infection and in maintaining CMV and EBV in a latent state. However, in settings of iatrogenic or acquired T cell deficiency, primary infection or reactivation of CMV and EBV frequently progresses to cause life threatening disease. In this article the role of MHC-restricted CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses in controlling CMV and EBV infections in healthy individuals and the development of novel strategies to restore protective T cell immunity to deficient hosts by the adoptive transfer of virus-specific T cells is reviewed. Copyright 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent Advances in Friction-stir Welding Process and Microstructural Investigation of Friction Stir Welded Pure Titanium (2017)

The use of titanium and its alloys is increasing day by day, especially in aerospace, automobile, and defense fields. Friction stir welding is a prominent solid-state joining process, which produces non-melting low heat input welds with less residual stresses compared to the conventional welding process. The physical and chemical properties of Ti such as low thermal expansion and thermal conductivity, relatively high melting temperature(1668) and high reactivity makes the FSW a favorable joining process for Ti alloys. However, Ti friction stir welds reveal highly complexed microstructure evolution in the weld zone and exhibit several defects which can influence the mechanical properties of the weld. This paper aims at a review on the microstructural evolution and typical defects formation during the FSW of CP-Ti, with the brief review on the fundamentals of friction stir welding process and Ti and its alloys.
Diradylglycerol synergizes with an anionic amphiphile to activate superoxide generation and phosphorylation of p47phox in a cell-free system from human neutrophils. (1990)

The superoxide-generating respiratory burst oxidase (NADPH oxidase) from human neutrophils can be activated in a cell-free system consisting of plasma membranes, cytosol, and an anionic amphiphile such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or arachidonate, and guanosine 5'-(3-O-thio)triphosphate (GTP(gamma)S) augments activation. We report herein that short-chain diacylglycerols (e.g. dioctanoylglycerol (diC8)) synergize with SDS in the activation of superoxide generation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, resulting in rates up to 1400 nmol/min/mg plasma membrane protein, or 250-700% higher than the rate seen with SDS alone. diC8 did not affect significantly the dose response for either cytosol or SDS, indicating that the activation was not due to increased sensitivity of the oxidase toward either of these components. At optimal concentrations of SDS and diC8, additional activation was observed in the presence of GTP(gamma)S, indicating that diC8 and GTP activate by separate mechanisms. In contrast to diC8, other known activators of protein kinase C (phorbol myristate acetate and mezerein) augmented SDS activation only minimally (typically 20-30%), and neither diacylglycerols nor tumor promoters activated in the absence of SDS. Activation by diC8 was calcium and phosphatidylserine independent, and the specificity for neutral lipids was atypical for protein kinase C. Inhibitors of protein kinase C (staurosporine and a peptide substrate analog) also failed to inhibit the response. Nevertheless, phosphorylation of several neutrophil proteins including p47phox was seen with both SDS and diC8, and synergistic phosphorylation of p47phox was seen when both activating factors were present. Thus, diacylglycerol synergizes with SDS in activating both superoxide generation and p47phox phosphorylation in the cell-free activation system, but the activation is atypical of a protein kinase C mechanism.
Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Vermi-Compost on Yield and Quality of Sweet Corn (Zea mays Hybrid Chase) (2014)

In order to investigate the effect of source and rate of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and quality of sweet corn, a field study was conducted in 2011 cropping season in Agriculture Experiment Station of College of Agriculture, University of Guilan. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Treatment consisted of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 46, 92 and 138 kg N ha-1) and integrated N of chemical and biological (23 kg N ha-1 + 1 ton ha-1 Vermi-compost, 46 kg N ha-1 + 2 ton ha-1 Vermi-compost, and 69 kg N ha-1 +3 ton ha-1 Vermi-compost) and organic sources (2, 4 and 6 ton ha-1). Effect of source and rate of nitrogen fertilizer on fresh ear yield, grain yield canned, grain protein amount and dry matter digestibility percent had significant. With increscent nitrogen at treatments nitrogen fertilizer, organic ant integrated farming yield fresh ear, grain yield, grain protein amount and dry matter digestibility percent increased. Maximum yield fresh ear was obtained with 69 kg N ha-1 + 3 ton ha-1 Vermi-compost with an average 14595.9 kg ha-1. Maximum forage yield and dry forage yield obtained with an average 18619.5 and 3593 kg ha-1 at treatment with 69 kg N ha-1 + 3 ton ha-1 Vermi-compost. Results of this research showed that the best grain yield and quality, and forage yield and quality of sweet corn were obtained in integrated farming and organic methods in Rasht region conditions and same climatology conditions.
Recent Advances in Ullmann Reaction:Copper ( II ) Diacetate C at alysed N - ,O - and S - ArylationInvolving Polycoordinate Hetero atomic Derivatives (2002)

Copper-catalyzed O- and N-arylation reactions involving triarylbismuth diacetates or aryllead triacetates are ligand coupling reactions which were discovered in the eighties independently by Bartons and Dodonovs groups. These reagents lead generally to efficient arylation under mild neutral conditions (room temperature or 40 dgree C, no added basic reagent). Recently, the scope of these main group metal mediated reactions was broadened when Chan and Evans reported that organoboron compounds can be used as the source of the organic aryl ligand. Subsequently, organosiloxanes, organostannanes and diaryliodonium salts proved also to be efficient reagents for these mild copper catalyzed O- and N-arylation reactions. Organoantimony compounds were also used but appeared to be less efficient reagents. Keywords: ullmann reaction, polycoordinate derivative, organosiloxane, organostannanes, diaryliodonium
Future Roles of Milli-, Micro-, and Nano- Grids (2012)

Although it has slowed considerably, consumption of electricity continues to grow in developed economies. Further, there are some unknowns which might accelerate this growth, such as electrification of vehicle fleets and geothermal heat pump space and water heating. Most analysts anticipate that distributed energy resources (DER) will provide a large share of the expanded generation capacity required to meet this seemingly inexorably increasing electricity demand. Further, given the urgency of tackling the climate change problem, most of the added assets must be carbonfree renewables or nuclear, end-use efficiency improvements, or highly efficient fossil-fired technologies. In developed economies worldwide, the current power delivery paradigm has been in place for more than a century, i.e. since the emergence of polyphase AC systems around the turn of the last century. A key feature of this structure is that, in principle, universal service is delivered at a consistent level of power quality and reliability (PQR) throughout large regions. This paper describes a future possible structure for the electricity generation and delivery system that leaves the existing high voltage meshed grid paradigm in place, but involves radical reorganization of parts of the distribution network and customer sites. Managing a much more diverse dispersed system poses major challenges to the current centralized grid paradigm, particularly since many of these assets are small to tiny by macrogrid standards and they may ultimately number in the millions. They are also not ones that centralized control can rely upon to function in traditionally dependable ways, e.g. renewable generation can be highly variable and changes in output of generators are not independent. Although most involved in the industry agree that a paradigm shift is both necessary and desirable to manage the new system, the nature of the future system remains quite unclear. In the possible structure described here, the traditional grid, or macrogrid, remains similar at the high voltage meshed level. Three new entities are added more locally: community grids or milligrids that operate a segment of the existing distribution system, microgrids which are akin to current customer sites but which have automonous control, and nanogrids, such as telecom or Ethernet networks that currently distribute power to many low-power devices. The latter exist currently in the local electrical systems but are not typically considered a part of the traditional electricity supply system. Because all these new entities exhibit some localized control, providing appropriate local heterogeneous PQR becomes a possibility. These new grid concepts enable a more "bottom-up" approach to electricity distribution, in contrast to the historic "top-down" model. The future will almost certainly include a mix of the two, but the balance among them and the interface (if any) between them is unclear.
Methods and Metrics for Evaluation of an Automated Real-Time Driver Warning System (2005)

There is significant interest among traffic management personnel in the use of automated warning systems to provide drivers with real-time information on hazardous conditions related to traffic, limited visibility, or roadway obstructions. However, the effectiveness of such systems in achieving desired traffic safety improvements has not yet been well quantified. Relative influences on traffic safety can be assessed in many ways, and overall conclusions must be based on an appropriate set of metrics and methodologies for a particular implementation. This work, supported by the California Office of Traffic Safety and the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), builds on prior research to develop, deploy, and test various metrics and methods to evaluate a large-scale real-time driver warning system, the Caltrans automated warning system, installed on Interstate 5 and State Route 120 near Stockton, California. Methods include the analysis of historical accident data over an 11-year period, a direct assessment of the operational behavior of the system correlated with accident data, and a study of the direct effects of real-time warning messages on driver behavior. Instrumentation deployed to facilitate these detailed analyses is described. The resultant body of data supports the correlation of measurable traffic flow parameters with relative traffic safety.
A Structured Table of Graphs with Symmetries and Other Special Properties (2019)

We organize a table of regular graphs with minimal diameters and minimal mean path lengths, large bisection widths and high degrees of symmetries, obtained by enumerations on supercomputers. These optimal graphs, many of which are newly discovered, may find wide applications, for example, in design of network topologies.
GM1 micelles modify the transport properties of the lonophore gramicidin D in artificial planar bilayers (1984)

We have analyzed the effects induced in different phospholipid planar bilayers by monosialoganglioside micelles containing the ionophore gramicidin D. The membrane conductance increases after the addition of GM1 micelles at various ionophore/ganglioside ratios. We believe this fact may be ascribed to gramicidin molecules that incorporate into the bilayer together with gangliosides. In the presence of micelles the mean lifetime and the amplitude of the gramicidin single channel did not present relevant modifications when dioleoylphosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylserine were used to form the bilayer. Calcium proved to trigger the interaction between phosphatidylethanolamine membranes and GM1 micelles containing gramicidin. In this case the ionic pore presents a longer lifetime and a lower amplitude with respect to pure gramicidin. We suggest that different properties developed by gramicidin may depend on structural organization of gangliosides when incorporated into the phospholipid bilayer.
Reversible Inhibition of Tomato Fruit Gene Expression at High Temperature (Effects on Tomato Fruit Ripening) (1996)

The reversible inhibition of three ripening-related processes by high-temperature treatment (38[deg]C) was examined in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv Daniella) fruit. Ethylene production, color development, and softening were inhibited during heating and recovered afterward, whether recovery took place at 20[deg]C or fruit were first held at chilling temperature (2[deg]C) after heating and then placed at 20[deg]C. Ethylene production and color development proceeded normally in heated fruit after 14 d of chilling, whereas the unheated fruit had delayed ethylene production and uneven color development. Levels of mRNA for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase, phytoene synthase, and polygalacturonase decreased dramatically during the heat treatment but recovered afterward, whereas the mRNA for HSP17 increased during the high-temperature treatment and then decreased when fruit were removed from heat. As monitored by western blots, the HSP17 protein disappeared from fruit tissue after 3 d at 20[deg]C but remained when fruit were held at 2[deg]C. The persistence of heat-shock proteins at low temperature may be relevant to the protection against chilling injury provided by the heat treatment. Protein levels of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase and polygalacturonase also did not closely follow the changes in their respective mRNAs. This implied both differences in relative stability and turnover rates of mRNA compared to protein and nontranslation of the message that accumulated in low temperature. The results suggest that high temperature inhibits ripening by inhibiting the accumulation of ripening-related mRNAs. Ripening processes that depend on continuous protein synthesis including ethylene production, lycopene accumulation, and cell-wall dissolution are thereby diminished.
Constructing arbitrary steane code single logical qubit fault-tolerant gates (2011)

We present a simple method for constructing optimal fault-tolerant approximations of arbitrary unitary gates using an arbitrary discrete universal gate set. The method presented is numerical and scales exponentially with the number of gates used in the approximation. However, for the specific case of arbitrary single-qubit gates and the fault-tolerant gates permitted by the concatenated 7-qubit Steane code, we find gate sequences sufficiently long and accurate to permit the fault-tolerant factoring of numbers thousands of bits long. A general scaling law of how rapidly these fault-tolerant approximations converge to arbitrary single-qubit gates is also determined.
What’s Good for ODR? (2021)

What’s Good for ODR – AI or AI Whilst the coronavirus epidemic saw mediators turn to web conferencing in numbers to ensure mediations continued to take place, it is believed that the rate at which individual mediators, as opposed to organizations handling volumes of disputes, began to use online dispute resolution (ODR)-specific tools and platforms remained comparatively slow. Mediators may have felt that, in using web conferencing, they had made the move to ODR. Another hurdle standing in the way of generating confidence in ODR-specific tools is that exciting developments used the less were powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and yet mention of AI and algorithms would create its own barrier, in no small part due to examples of shortcomings with AI and algorithms outside of ODR. The writer feels that the future lies in developments in ODR that benefit from AI. However that is less the traditional meaning of the acronym being Artificial Intelligence but more as Augmented Intelligence. The paper explains the difference with Artificial Intelligence leaving the machine in control whilst Augmented Intelligence retains control and decision-making with the human but assisted by the machine to a degree or in a format not possible by the human alone. The paper highlights examples of two ODR systems applying Augmented Intelligence.
Skin temperature increase caused by a mobile phone: A methodological infrared camera study (2005)

Mobile phone users often complain about burning sensations or a heating of the ear region. The increase in temperature may be due to thermal insulation by the phone, heating of the mobile phone resulting from its electrical power dissipation, and radio frequency (RF) exposure. The main objective of this study was to use infrared (IR) camera techniques to find how much each of these factors contributes to the increase in skin temperature resulting from the use of one GSM 900 phone. One subject, a healthy male, took part in the study. He was holding the phone in a normal position when the phone was switched off, when it was switched on but with the antenna replaced by a 50 Omega load to eliminate the RF exposure, and when it was transmitting RF fields. The output power could be fixed, and the minimal and the maximal power levels of the phone were used. The study was designed as a double blind experiment. The changes in temperature after 15 and 30 min of mobile phone use were calculated on the exposed side of the head relative to the unexposed side. The insulation and the electrical power dissipation led to statistically significant rises in the skin temperature, while the RF exposure did not.