gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Properties and mechanisms of scintillation in CsGd<sub>2</sub>F<sub>7</sub>:Ce<sup>3+</sup>and CsY<sub>2</sub>F<sub>7</sub>:Ce<sup>3+</sup>crystals (1995)

The scintillation properties of Ce3+ doped CsGd2F7 and CsY2F7 crystals have been studied at various temperatures. Upon X-ray excitation CsY2F7:5 mol% Ce3+ shows fast ( tau approximately=32 ns) Ce3+ 5d to 4f luminescence with a yield of 1400 photons MeV-1 at room temperature. The most intense Ce3+ luminescence of about 7300 photons MeV-1 is found in CsGd2F7:20 mol% Ce3+. The scintillation decay curve of CsGd2F7:Ce3+ consists of at least two non-exponential components, one of the order of tens of nanoseconds and one in the microsecond region. Both CsY2F7 and CsGd2F7 show a broad STE emission band at around 445 nm, especially at low temperatures. VUV photon excitation measurements at 300 K and low temperatures revealed the presence of two inequivalent types of Ce3+ centres in both CsY2F7 and CsGd2F7. The presence of Gd3+ appears to have a dominating influence on the luminescence characteristics of CsGd2F7:Ce3+, due to the occurrence of both Ce3+ to Gd3+ and Gd3+ to Ce3+ energy transfer as well as energy migration over the Gd3+ sublattice. On the basis of the optical studies, models of the scintillation mechanisms of CsY2F7 and CsGd2F7 are developed which account for the scintillation properties of these crystals.
A REVIEW ON THE MICROBIOLOGY OF INDIGENOUS FERMENTED FOODS AND BEVERAGES OF ETHIOPIA (2006)

Microorganisms have been playing a pivotal role in the fermentation of human foods and beverages since the beginning of human civilisation. Fermented foods and beverages are defined as products obtained through desirable biochemical changes caused by the action of microorganisms or enzymes. In indigenous fermented foods, the microorganisms responsible for the fermentation are usually the microflora naturally present on the raw substrate. Fermentation is one of the oldest and most economical methods of producing and preserving food and is found to destroy undesirable components, to enhance the nutritive value, flavour and taste of the food, and to make the product safe from pathogenic microorgansisms. Fermented foods are produced world-wide using various manufacturing techniques, raw materials and microorganisms. However, there are only four main fermentation processes: alcoholic, lactic acid, acetic acid and alkali fermentation. Alcohol fermentation results in the production of ethanol, and yeasts are the predominant organisms (e.g. wines and beers). Lactic acid fermentation (e.g. fermented milks and cereals) is mainly carried out by lactic acid bacteria. Acetobacter convert alcohol to acetic acid in aerobic conditions as in the production of vinegar. Alkali fermentation is basically a proteolytic type and often takes place during the fermentation of fish and
Analysis of glycoforms on the glycosylation site and the glycans in monoclonal antibody biopharmaceuticals (2011)

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), immunoglobulins, have been efficiently used in the treatment of many diseases, such as cancer, inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases, and organ transplantation. mAbs are glycoprotein molecules undergoing posttranslational modifications. Glycosylation is one of the posttranslational modifications. Different glycoforms that are important for maintaining the potency of mAb drugs show various biological activities. Therefore, the profile of the glycans and glycosylation sites should be determined to produce safe, good quality, consistent mAb drugs for human use. For this reason, simple, robust, accurate, and reproducible analytical methods need to be developed. In this article, chromatographic methods for the analysis of the glycoforms on the glycosylation site and the glycans in mAb biopharmaceuticals have been evaluated.
Intradermal drug delivery by low frequency sonophoresis (25KHz) (2004)

This is the first report of sonophoresis at a frequency of 25 kHz in dermatocosmetology. The study shows that LFS, a not aggressive technique, enhance penetration of topic agents obtaining effects at the level of the epidermis, dermis and appendages (intradermal delivery), giving better results in the treatment of some cosmetic skin disorders.
<title>Fundamentals for a low-profile high-brightness LCD backlight</title> (2000)

Liquid crystal display (LCD) display backlighting systems are commonly designed for portable devices and observation with the unaided eye. This paper addresses technical issues to providing a low profile, high brightness LCD backlight for a visual system such as a helmet mounted display. A parametric approach is developed and illustrated, but limits consideration to monochromatic light-emitting diode light sources. The analysis is based on first order optical considerations, and considers both spatial and angular uniformity of illumination. The conditions imposed by the application are also considered, that is, an LCD viewed under magnification by the human eye.
Theoretical Calculation of Photonic Gap in Semiconductor 2-Dimensional Photonic Crystals with Various Shapes of Optical Atoms (1995)

Photonic band gaps are calculated for various structures of semiconductor 2-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals for effective control of spontaneous emission. When the structure consists of a semiconductor and air, only circular holes periodically formed on the semiconductor substrate show the absolute 2D photonic gaps. However, it was seen that circular rods whose surface is covered with a dielectric film show a wide TM absolute gap. The latter is a promising structure due to the ease of fabrication and the small nonradiative recombination expected by the passivated semiconductor surface.
Enzymic condensation of nonassociated peptide fragments using a molecular trap (1982)

We have tested the feasibility of achieving protease-catalyzed condensation between nonassociating peptide fragments through mediation of a molecular trap. In this study, two subfragments of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease S-peptide, containing residues 1-10 and 11-15, were rejoined by clostripain catalysis to form the 1-15 peptide. The extent of this stereospecific condensation was enhanced by adding ribonuclease S-protein (residues 21-124), which acts as a trap in binding 1-15 but not 1-10 or 11-15 and which thus shifts the equilibrium to favor 1-15 formation. The resultant (1-15) X (21-124) noncovalent complex, defined as [des-16-20]ribonuclease S, was detected by the enzymatic activity characteristic of the naturally derived ribonuclease S complex. Reaction of 1 mM S-protein and 20 mM fragments leads to 80% of the ribonuclease activity expected from the amount of 21-124 present. This indicates that 4% of the fragments 1-10 and 11-15 were condensed, compared to a maximal condensation of 5% based on the amount of trap. The less than theoretical yield is due largely to slow proteolytic degradation of 21-124 to a form which is no longer able to bind the condensation product 1-15. Yields were increased to 15% by addition of further trap. The successful synthesis of 1-15 emphasizes the usefulness of molecular traps to promote stereospecific fragment condensation between nonassociating peptide fragments for the synthesis and semisynthesis of polypeptides.
An efficient microbiological growth medium for screening phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (1999)

A novel defined microbiological growth medium, National Botanical Research Institute's phosphate growth medium (NBRIP), which is more efficient than Pikovskaya medium (PVK), was developed for screening phosphate solubilizing microorganisms. In plate assay the efficiency of NBRIP was comparable to PVK; however, in broth assay NBRIP consistently demonstrated about 3-fold higher efficiency compared to PVK. The results indicated that the criterion for isolation of phosphate solubilizers based on the formation of visible halo/zone on agar plates is not a reliable technique, as many isolates which did not show any clear zone on agar plates solubilized insoluble inorganic phosphates in liquid medium. It may be concluded that soil microbes should be screened in NBRIP broth assay for the identification of the most efficient phosphate solubilizers.
A new type of phenolic lignin-based network polymer with the structure-variable function composed of 1,1-diarylpropane units (1998)

Phenolic lignin-based network polymers with structure-variable func-tion have been designed, and a reaction process has been developed for synthesizing them directly from native lignins. The process includes a phase-separation reaction system composed of phenol derivatives and concentrated acid. The key point of the process is that lignin and carbohydrates, which form an interpenetrating polymer network within the cell wall, are separated into different phases and their modifications are controlled individually. The resulting lignin-based polymers (lignophenol derivatives) have unique functions, which conventional lignins do not have, in spite of retention of the original interunit linkages: these include highly phenolic property, no conjugated system, light colour comparable with native lignin, structure-variable function and solid–liquid transformation. These original functions are due to the selective hybridization of lignin structural units with monomeric phenol derivatives at Cα positions, leading to network structures composed mainly of 1,1-diarylpropane-type units. New types of applications of lignophenol derivatives using their original functions are described (biocatalyst system and lignin–fibre composites). © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry
Public-key cryptography and computational number theory : proceedings of the international conference (2001)

A survey on IQ cryptography, Johnnes Buchmann, Safuat Hamdy algebraic groups and discrete logarithm, Jean-Marc Couveignes fermat numbers, Wiefrich and Wilson primes - computations and generalizations, Karl Dilcher how to distinguish hyperelliptic curves in even characteristics, Andreas Enge limitations of constructive Weil descent, Steven D. Galbraith on the security of a public-key cryptosystem, Otokar Grosek, Spyros S. Magliveras, Wandi Wei optimizations for NTRU, Jeffrey Hoffstien, Joseph Silverman the effieciency and security of a real quadratic field based key exchange protocol, Michael John Jacobson Jr., Renate Scheider, Hugh C. Williams extending the binary gcd algorithms, Premyslaw Kubiak stochastic kleptography detection, Daniel Kucner, Miroslav Kutylowski. (Part contents).
Regulation of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis in Angiosperms (1996)

Light controls plant growth and development in a pleiotropic manner. For example, light dictates a pattern of gene expression that leads to photomorphogenesis (Kendrick and Kronenberg, 1994). In the absence of light, an alternative developmental process, skotomorphogenesis, takes place. Photomorphogenesis and skotomorphogenesis are controlled by several different photoreceptors, such as Pr and Pfr and blue-light-absorbing photoreceptors. During skotomorphogenesis, the germinating seedling utilizes all of the nutrients contained in the seed to establish conditions that allow the plant to harvest even traces of light. The hypocotyl elongates dramatically just to place the cotyledons above the soil. Within the cotyledons, proplastids differentiate into etioplasts, and a large supply of the tetrapyrrole pigment precursor Pchlide is built up in the prolamellar bodies of the etioplasts. Together with NADPH, Pchlide is bound to the PORA. This ternary complex is photoactive and thus able to immediately photoreduce the Pchlide to Chlide as soon as the cotyledons are exposed to light (for review, see Ryberg and Sundqvist, 1991). During photomorphogenesis, hypocotyl elongation is suppressed, but cotyledon unfolding and expansion proceed normally. Chloroplast development as well as Pchlide reduction occur in parallel and collectively lead to the rapid greening of the plant. Pioneering experiments performed in Granick's group almost 40 years ago shed some light on the regulatory mechanisms that govern Chl biosynthesis in higher plants. When angiosperm plants were germinated in the dark, their cotyledons appeared pale yellow. If such etiolated seedlings were incubated with ALA, a common precursor -of all tetrapyrrole pigments, they turned greenish (Granick, 1959). This apparent greening was not caused by the synthesis of Chl but was due to the accumulation of excess Pchlide, the immediate precursor of Chlide. Similar to leaf tissues, isolated plastids were found in later studies to accumulate excess Pchlide when they were fed ALA in the dark (Kannangara and Gough, 1977). Taken together, these basic experiments showed that all of the enzymes necessary for the conversion of ALA to Pchlide must be present in dark-grown angiosperm plants, that the entire pathway is likely to operate in the plastid, and that the only known light-requiring reaction for the synthesis of Chl is the reduction of Pchlide to Chlide. It is the aim of this review to summarize our current knowledge on key regulatory steps of Chl biosynthesis in angiosperms.
PLASMA CATALYTIC REFORMING OF BIOFUELS (2003)

Vegetable oils and ethanol have been used in a plasmatron reformer to generate synthesis gas. Corn, canola, and soybean oils and ethanol have been reformed at different oxygen to carbon ratios and different power levels. Both homogeneous plasma reforming (uncatalyzed) and catalytic plasma reformer have been evaluated. I.
Electronic structure of the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>α</mml:mi></mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>δ</mml:mi></mml:math>phases of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Bi</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>: A combined<i>ab initio</i>and x-ray spectroscopy study (2006)

$\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is the thermodynamically stable phase of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ at room temperature. We have performed a theoretical and experimental investigation of its electronic structure using a combination of gradient corrected density functional theory (DFT), along with x-ray photoemission and $\mathrm{O}\text{\ensuremath{-}}K$ shell x-ray absorption and emission spectroscopies. We examine the nature of bonding in $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and in particular explore the nature of the stereochemically active Bi electron lone pair. The Bi $6s$ states are found to be concentrated at the bottom of the valence band but the states contributing to the lone pair on Bi are derived from the top of the valence band. Mixing between O $2p$ and Bi $6s$ states is found to be crucial in producing the asymmetric density on Bi. The role of the lone pair in the fast ion conductor $\ensuremath{\delta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is also investigated, through calculation of the electronic structure with ⟨100⟩, ⟨110⟩, and ⟨111⟩ alignment of oxygen vacancies. Alignment of the vacancies along ⟨100⟩ results in the most energetically favorable configuration of the $\ensuremath{\delta}$ phase, contrary to previous force field calculations and electrostatic arguments which favor the ⟨111⟩ alignment.
Extracellular Hemoglobins of Hydrothermal Vent Annelids: Structural and Functional Characteristics in Three Alvinellid Species (1990)

The polychaete annelids Alvinella pompejana, Alvinella caudata, and Paralvinella grasslei are strictly associated with deep sea hydrothermal vents. Each species possesses an extracellular hemoglobin, Hb, which has been studied and compared to that of a common intertidal polychaete, the lugworm Arenicola marina. The four Hbs exhibit very similar quaternary structures and spectral properties, and only small differences appeared in the gross polypeptide compositions after reduction and sodium dodecyl sulfate denaturation of the native molecules. Conversely, by a comparison of the effects of pH (6.6-7.6) and temperature (10-40{deg}C) on their intrinsic O affinities, Bohr factors, cooperativities, and apparent heats of oxygenation, lugworm Hb can be differentiated from that of the alvinellids, and the Hb of A. pompejana from that of A. caudata. The known biology of the lugworm and a further analysis of the data suggest several hypotheses concerning the in vivo O2 transport function of the alvinellid Hbs, the in vivo blood pH value in the two alvinellid species, their respective range of optimal temperature, and their ability to create a differentiated and stable external microenvironment.
John Dewey의 직업교육론 연구 (2003)

이 연구는 직업교육(vocational education)의 역사적 전개과정을 살펴보고, 직업교육에 대한 Dewey의 교육이론을 탐색해 봄으로써 차후 직업교육 전개의 전반적인 방향을 모색해 보는데 그 목적이 있다. 최근 급속한 사회의 변화와 그로 인한 산업구조의 변화로 직업교육에 대한 중요성이 증대되어 가고 있다. 이에 대해 듀이는 개인이 자신의 능력을...
Fast surface rendering from raster data by voxel traversal using chessboard distance (1994)

The increasing distinguishing capability of tomographic and other 3D scanners as well as the new voxelization algorithms place new demands on visualization techniques aimed at interactivity and rendition quality. Among others, triangulation on a subvoxel level based on the marching cube algorithm has gained popularity in recent years. However without graphics hardware support, rendering many small triangles could be awkward. We present a surface rendering approach based on ray tracing of segmented volumetric data. We show that if a proper interpolation scheme and voxel traversal algorithm are used, high quality images can be obtained within an acceptable time and without hardware support. >
Shape-dependent magnetization reversal processes and flux-closure configurations of microstructured epitaxial Fe(110) elements (2001)

The magnetization reversal processes and magnetic domain states of microstructured epitaxial Fe(110) elements have been investigated by magnetic-force microscopy and longitudinal Kerr hysteresis loop measurements. The characteristic micromagnetic behavior, such as coercive and nucleation fields, can be tailored by taking advantage of the pronounced uniaxial anisotropy and by varying the shape of the elements. The magnetic domain states of rectangular and diamond-shaped elements with lateral dimensions of 1.5 μm×0.5 μm have been investigated after magnetic saturation along the long and short axes of the elements. The observed flux-closure domain states have been compared with micromagnetic simulations.
Insights into the physiological function of cellular prion protein (2001)

Prions have been extensively studied since they represent a new class of infectious agents in which a protein, PrPsc (prion scrapie), appears to be the sole component of the infectious particle. They are responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, which affect both humans and animals. The mechanism of disease propagation is well understood and involves the interaction of PrPsc with its cellular isoform (PrPc) and subsequently abnormal structural conversion of the latter. PrPc is a glycoprotein anchored on the cell surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol moiety and expressed in most cell types but mainly in neurons. Prion diseases have been associated with the accumulation of the abnormally folded protein and its neurotoxic effects; however, it is not known if PrPc loss of function is an important component. New efforts are addressing this question and trying to characterize the physiological function of PrPc. At least four different mouse strains in which the PrP gene was ablated were generated and the results regarding their phenotype are controversial. Localization of PrPc on the cell membrane makes it a potential candidate for a ligand uptake, cell adhesion and recognition molecule or a membrane signaling molecule. Recent data have shown a potential role for PrPc in the metabolism of copper and moreover that this metal stimulates PrPc endocytosis. Our group has recently demonstrated that PrPc is a high affinity laminin ligand and that this interaction mediates neuronal cell adhesion and neurite extension and maintenance. Moreover, PrPc-caveolin-1 dependent coupling seems to trigger the tyrosine kinase Fyn activation. These data provide the first evidence for PrPc involvement in signal transduction.
USE OF ULTRASONIC SPECTROSCOPY AND VISCOSIMETRY FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF CHICKEN SKIN COLLAGEN IN COMPARISON WITH COLLAGENS FROM OTHER ANIMAL TISSUES (2013)

Use of traditional sources of collagen such as pork, bovine, and carp has some limitations. Chicken skin can be valuable alternative. In this work collagen was isolated from chicken skin using a modified procedure. Molecular properties of chicken collagen were analyzed and compared to collagen from other animal skins. Acid-soluble collagen type I was obtained with a yield of 25% and water content around 67%. Viscosimetry and ultrasonic spectroscopy were newly used for molecular characterization. By ultrasonic attenuation measurements, a pre-aggregation phase in the interval from 20°C to 27°C was observed, which is a proof of disaggregation and liquefaction. From 40°C upward, the liquefaction process finishes and aggregation continues. In a bovine sample this phenomenon starts at 40°C, in chicken at 50°C, and continues until 70°C. By viscosimetry, the denaturation temperature was confirmed as 40°C for bovine and 50°C for chicken collagen. Chicken collagen has a two times higher lysine level than bovine, which provides molecular stability side-chain interactions. With regard to higher thermal stability and favorable amino acid composition, waste chicken skin has the potential to be an excellent alternative source of raw collagen with applications in the food industry and biomedicine.
Hyperoxaluria in Kidney Stone Formers Treated With Modern Bariatric Surgery (2007)

Hyperoxaluria is the most significant abnormality of urine chemistry studies in patients with kidney stones who have undergone bariatric surgery. Many of these patients have a degree of hyperoxaluria that could lead to kidney failure. Further studies are required to determine the prevalence of this problem in patients who have undergone bariatric surgery.
The Role of the Bacterial Flagellum in Adhesion and Virulence (2013)

The bacterial flagellum is a complex apparatus assembled of more than 20 different proteins. The flagellar basal body traverses the cell wall, whereas the curved hook connects the basal body to the whip-like flagellar filament that protrudes several µm from the bacterial cell. The flagellum has traditionally been regarded only as a motility organelle, but more recently it has become evident that flagella have a number of other biological functions. The major subunit, flagellin or FliC, of the flagellum plays a well-documented role in innate immunity and as a dominant antigen of the adaptive immune response. Importantly, flagella have also been reported to function as adhesins. Whole flagella have been indicated as significant in bacterial adhesion to and invasion into host cells. In various pathogens, e.g., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Clostridium difficile, flagellin and/or the distally located flagellar cap protein have been reported to function as adhesins. Recently, FliC of Shiga-toxigenic E. coli was shown to be involved in cellular invasion via lipid rafts. Here, we examine the latest or most important findings regarding flagellar adhesive and invasive properties, especially focusing on the flagellum as a potential virulence factor.