gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Class B Floral Homeotic Proteins: Obligate Heterodimerization Originated from Homodimerization (2002)

The class B floral homeotic genes from the higher eudicot model systems Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum are involved in specifying the identity of petals and stamens during flower development. These genes exist in two different types termed DEF- and GLO-like genes. The proteins encoded by the class B genes are stable and functional in the cell only as heterodimeric complexes of a DEF- and a GLO-like protein. In line with this, heterodimerization is obligate for DNA binding in vitro. The genes whose products have to heterodimerize to be stable and functional are each other's closest relatives within their genomes. This suggests that the respective genes originated by gene duplication, and that heterodimerization is of relative recent origin and evolved from homodimerization. To test this hypothesis we have investigated the dimerization behavior of putative B proteins from phylogenetic informative taxa, employing electrophoretic mobility shift assays and the yeast two-hybrid system. We find that an ancestral B protein from the gymnosperm Gnetum gnemon binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner as a homodimer. Of the two types of B proteins from the monocot Lilium regale, the GLO-like protein is still able to homodimerize, whereas the DEF-like protein binds to DNA only as a heterodimeric complex with the GLO-like protein. These data suggest that heterodimerization evolved in two steps after a gene duplication that gave rise to DEF- and GLO-like genes. Heterodimerization may have originated after the gymnosperm-angiosperm split about 300 MYA but before the monocot-eudicot split 140–200 MYA. Heterodimerization may have become obligate for both types of flowering plant B proteins in the eudicot lineage after the monocot-eudicot split.
Proteasome-Mediated Destruction of the Cyclin A/Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 Complex Suppresses Tumor Cell Growth <b> <i>in Vitro</i> </b> and <b> <i>in Vivo</i> </b> (2004)

Cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) represent potentially promising molecular targets for cancer therapeutic strategies. To evaluate the antitumor activity of selective cyclin/cdk inhibition, we constructed a chimeric protein composed of a F-box protein (TrCP) fused to a peptide comprising the cyclin/cdk2 binding motif in p21-like cdk inhibitors (TrCP-LFG). We now demonstrate that endogenous cyclin A and its binding substrate, cdk2, can be tethered to beta-TrCP, ubiquitinated, and effectively degraded. Degradation of cdk2 and cyclin A together, but not cdk2 alone, results in massive tumor cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo in a proteasome-dependent manner with no toxicity to normal tissue. These data demonstrate that cyclin A and/or the cyclin A/cdk2 complex is a promising anticancer target with a high therapeutic index.
Differentiation of Rennet from Other Milk-Clotting Enzymes by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (1977)

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to differentiate animal rennet and other milk-clotting enzymes. After electrophoresis, the separated components were visualized by staining with aniline blue-black. Two prominent proteins were found in calf and bovine rennet, while only 1 major protein was observed in pepsin and enzymes of microbial origin. These patterns provided a basis for distinguishing animal rennet and the other enzymes as well as a means of identifying each type of enzyme by the characteristic pattern shown.
Impact of Viscosity Modifiers on Gear Oil Efficiency and Durability: Part II (2013)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper outlines the second part in a series on the effect of polymeric additives commonly known as viscosity modifiers (VM) or viscosity index improvers (VII) on gear oil efficiency and durability. The main role of the VM is to improve cold temperature lubrication and reduce the rate of viscosity reduction as the gear oil warms to operating temperature. However, in addition to improved operating efficiency across a broad temperature range compared to monograde fluids the VM can impart a number of other significant rheological improvements to the fluid [<span class="xref">1</span>]. This paper expands on the first paper in the series [<span class="xref">2</span>], covering further aspects in fluid efficiency, the effect of VM chemistry on these and their relationship to differences in hypoid and spur gear rig efficiency testing.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Numerous VM chemistry types are available and the VM chemistry and shear stability is key to fluid efficiency and durability. The trend of increased drivetrain power density and reduced sump volume places even more burden on the fluid film protection with increasing load in the contact and increased number of duty cycles per volume of fluid further increasing shear loss severity. Simply dropping viscosity in gear lubricants does not necessarily yield efficiency benefits and reducing viscosity too far can compromise both efficiency and durability through reduced fluid film protection although it is typically hard to determine these viscosity limits empirically. However, a number of rheological properties can be readily measured and related to key lubrication regimes in which VM systems can be differentiated on operational efficiency whilst maintaining fluid film protection. This paper builds on the differentiation of VM technologies with particular focus on the impact of speed and load on energy losses associated with the fluids and elaborates further on the contribution of viscosity to efficiency.</div></div>
Difficult tracheal intubation in obstetrics (1984)

Difficult intubation has been classified into four grades, according to the view obtainable at laryngoscopy. Frequency analysis suggests that, in obstetrics, the main cause of trouble is grade 3, in which the epiglottis can be seen, but not the cords. This group is fairly rare so that a proportion of anaesthetists will not meet the problem in their first few years and may thus be unprepared for it in obstetrics. However the problem can be simulated in routine anaesthesia, so that a drill for managing it can be practised. Laryngoscopy is carried out as usual, then the blade is lowered so that the epiglottis descends and hides the cords. Intubation has to be done blind, using the Macintosh method. This can be helpful as part of the training before starting in the maternity department, supplementing the Aberdeen drill.
Toward an Understanding of Suicide Risks in Young Hispanic Females (1987)

Hispanic adolescents in the United States have been virtually neglected in the literature on youth suicide. Among Hispanic youth, adolescent females constitute a subgroup at risk for depression and suicidal behavior. The author reviews extant literature on adolescent suicide, and discusses such psychosocial and cultural factors as socioeconomic disadvantage, traditional gender-role socialization, acculturation, cultural identity, and intergenerational conflict within the context of suicide attempts among adolescent Hispanic females. It is proposed that the interactive effects of these factors may contribute to suicide attempts among low income, first and second-generation Hispanic adolescent females.
Cellular uptake of cell‐penetrating peptides <i>p</i>VEC and transportan in plants (2007)

Internalization of fluorescently labeled CPPs, pVEC, transportan and scrambled pVEC, in a range of plant cells was investigated. Cellular uptake of the peptides was found to be tissue dependent. pVEC and transportan were distinctly internalized in triticale mesophyll protoplasts, onion epidermal cells, leaf bases and root tips of seven-day old triticale seedlings but showed negligible florescence in coleoptile and leaf tips as observed under a fluorescence microscope. Further, pVEC and transportan uptake studies were focused on mesophyll protoplasts as a system of investigation. In fluorimetric studies transportan showed 2.3 times higher cellular internalization than pVEC in protoplasts, whereas scrambled pVEC failed to show any significant fluorescence. Effect of various factors on cellular internalization of pVEC and transportan in protoplasts was also investigated. The cellular uptake of both the peptides was concentration dependent and nonsaturable. The cellular uptake of pVEC and transportan was enhanced at low temperature (4 degrees C). The presence of endocytic/macropinocytosis inhibitors did not reduce the cellular uptake of the peptides, suggesting direct cell penetration, receptor-independent internalization of pVEC and transportan into the plant cells.
Imaging and Locating Buried Utilities (2003)

The urban underground has become a spider’s web of utility lines, including phones, electricity, gas, cable TV, fiber optics, traffic signals, street lighting circuits, drainage and sanitary sewers and water mains. Utility damages during construction are very significant and on the rise, resulting in construction delays, design changes, claims, property damages, service breakdowns, disruption of neighboring businesses and even injuries and lost lives. The American Institute of Constructors (AIC) reported that damage to utility lines is the third most significant crisis for contractors. The state-of-the-art and the state-of-the-practice imaging technologies that have potential for being applied in locating underground utilities were identified through literature review and case studies and the conditions under which use of these technologies are most appropriate were analyzed. Based on the characterizations of imaging technologies, a decision tool named IMAGTECH was developed in order to provide site engineers/technicians with a user-friendly tool in selecting appropriate imaging technologies. Quantitative data based on questionnaire surveys to State Department of Transportations (DOTs) and Subsurface Utility Engineering (SUE) providers was used to present comprehensive insight into the various aspects of the rapidly growing market in SUE. A multimedia educational tool was also developed to facilitate a better understanding of underground utility locating systems by the many in the construction domain, particularly entry-level engineers who are relatively unfamiliar with these technologies.
Highly Efficient Synthesis of Neat Graphene Nanoscrolls from Graphene Oxide by Well-Controlled Lyophilization (2014)

Graphene nanoscroll (GNS) is an important one-dimensional tubular form of graphitic carbon with characteristic open topology. It has been predicted to possess extraordinary properties that are significantly different from the analogical multiwalled carbon nanotubes. However, comprehensive experimental investigations on its properties and applications are still hindered by the lack of its reliable synthesis in high yield. To efficiently transform the scalable graphene oxide sheets into GNSs, here, we proposed a well-controlled lyophilization that comprises four sequential steps: chemical reduction of giant GO, freezing isolation of reduced graphene sheets, freeze-drying, and thermal annealing. The combined method has an extremely high efficiency, up to the record 92%. Systemic control experiments and cryo-SEM inspections revealed that the topological transformation from 2D sheet to 1D scroll is the sublimation-induced scrolling of individually confined graphene sheets in ice, which was controlled by chemical reduction, feed concentration, and freezing rate. GNSs exhibited high structural integration and were solution-processed into macroscopic forms. We also revealed the spontaneous swelling behavior of GNS in a reversible manner for the first time, verifying the featured open topology of GNS. Through this combined protocol, GNS can be scalably synthesized from massive graphene oxide with high efficiency, which should promote comprehensive research and massive applications in the real world.
Communication--a theatre art. (1992)

The art of communication is not easy. We communicate with patients by speech, writing, illustrations, gesture, touch and smell, sometimes singly, sometimes all at the same time. The firmness of a handshake carries meaning as clearly as words, in the same way that a smile radiates confidence and friendliness. Good communication carries its own reward: the trust of a patient.
Triple mode dielectric resonator hybrid reflection filters (1998)

A new class of dielectric resonator filter is described. These devices use the triply degenerate TE11δ mode in a cubic dielectric resonator. A simple theory is used to show the similarity between this mode and the TE10δ mode in a cylindrical resonator. The cubic resonator is used in a hybrid reflection mode filter where the even and odd subnetworks of a bandpass filter are connected to two ports of a 3 dB quadrature hybrid. The transmission response through the other two ports is then the reflection coefficient of the bandpass filter. The design approach only requires the realisation of simple one port ladder networks and is ideal for realising complex filters using triple mode resonators. A design example is presented for a degree 6 elliptic function bandstop filter operating in the 850 MHz cellular radio band. A threefold size reduction is achieved when compared to single mode filters with similar electrical performance.
Estimating Environmental Liability: Quantifying the Unknown (1995)

In 1990, a Missouri jury awarded $16.2 million in damages to a family that sued Georgia-Pacific and Temple Industries for health effects suffered from particleboard in their home. In 1992, Boeing agreed to pay more than $500,000 to settle a suit filed by a former employee who claimed that his leukemia was caused by exposure to electromagnetic radiation. There are now about 500.000 known hazardous waste sites in the United States. which will cost at least $1.7 trillion to remediate (according to the EPA). In September 1994, an Alaskan jury imposed the largest punitive five in history on Exxon—$5 billion in damages to be shared by over 34,000 Alaskans—for its 1989 tanker spill of 11 million gallons of crude oil off the coast of Alaska. This extraordinary sum is on top of the more than $3.5 billion in fines, damages, and cleanup costs already paid by Exxon.
Survey of requirements and solutions for ubiquitous software (2004)

Ubiquitous computing embeds computer technology in our everyday environment, providing a human with information services and applications through any device over different kinds of networks. Ubiquitous computing can be seen as a prerequisite for pervasive computing that emphasizes mobile data access and the mechanisms needed for supporting a community of nomadic users. Ubiquitous software is the software required in ubiquitous computing environments. This paper surveys the challenges and state-of-the-art software technologies applicable to ubiquitous computing environments. Ubiquitous wireless world systems trigger a set of requirements, e.g. interoperability, adaptability and mobility, for ubiquitous system and software technologies. The main challenges of ubiquitous software are a uniform and adaptive middleware technology, iteroperability of services and networks, and the enabling technologies required in their development. Futhermore guaranteeing secure transactions between service providers, content providers and users is essential in worldwide pervasive computing environments. Although standards, reference architectures and generic software technologies provide the basis for future ubiquitous software development, new kinds of micro architectures and software technologies, and development methods are needed.
Problems with styles in word processing: a weak foundation for electronic publishing with SGML (2002)

Most word processors have facilities for styles and document templates. These mechanisms may help maintain typographic consistency while editing, and they may support document exchange and conversion. Document conversion is of special importance to electronic publishing. Our own experience suggests that there are problems with the use of styles and templates. A sample of documents drawn from three case organisations confirms this suggestion, and indicates that the use of these mechanisms is infrequent and riddled with difficulties. An initial classification suggests that most of the problems with the use of paragraph styles can be described as ignoring or overlooking these mechanisms. These problems have consequences, and one should be careful in assuming that material written with current word processors easily can be converted to formats for electronic publishing. Careful organisational implementation of word processing may be critical. Our interpretation of the problems encountered also indicates that they may be related to the paper metaphor communicated by the principle of WYSIWYG. We claim that the paper metaphor does not communicate any understanding of the structure beneath the surface of a digital document.
Iris: A Class-Based Window Library. (1988)

The Iris library provides a basis for constructing user interfaces on bitmap displays. Written in C++, it provides a window class as the main data type, along with support for such graphical classes as point, rectangle, font, icon, etc. Windows can be created within windows; this property, along with the derived class notion in C++, allows the user to design complex interface objects built from simpler components in a modular fashion. In addition, a window can specify which input events, ranging from a change in a specific mouse button to a move request, it will accept. This paper provides an introduction to Iris and a discussion of its use.
Thermoresponsive Artificial Extracellular Matrix for Tissue Engineering:  Hyaluronic Acid Bioconjugated with Poly(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide) Grafts (2001)

Thermoresponsive hyaluronans (HAs) were prepared by graft polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) on HA (number-averaged molecular weight, Ma, ca. 1.5 x 10(5) and 5.0 x 10(5)) using dithiocarbamate which is a kind of iniferter (initiator, transfer agent and terminator). The degree of dithiocarbamylation (DD) as an iniferter ranged from 0.4 to 11.4% per disaccharide unit of HA. The estimated Mn of the grafted polyNIPAM (PNIPAM) ranged from approximately 5.0 x 10(3) to 8.4 x 10(4). The PNIPAM-grafted HAs (PNIPAM-HAs) were water-soluble at room temperature, while they precipitated at temperatures above approximately 34 degrees C in water. The temperature at the onset of precipitation (lower critical solution temperature: LCST) was independent of parameters of molecular architecture such as Mn of HA, degree of grafting of PNIPAM, and Mn of PNIPAM. Equilibrium transmittance of the aqueous solution above LCST decreased with an increase in both degree of grafting and Mn of PNIPAM. At physiological temperature, the PNIPAM-HA film cast from a cold solution was very wettable with water. A markedly reduced adhesion of endothelial cells to the film was observed, indicating that the PNIPAM-HA film may serve as a non-cell-adhesive matrix. Scanning electron microscopic observation appeared to differentiate supramolecular structures between rapidly freeze-dried PNIPAM-HA and nongrafted HA:PNIPAM-HA exhibited a nonuniform fibrous network, whereas the morphology of which is markedly different from that of a nongrafted HA gel exhibited a mixture of sharp needle- and platelike structures.
Case report: Glanzmann thrombasthenia. Dental patient management for a rare platelet disorder. (2005)

With today's medically complex population of ambulatory patients, it is essential that the dental clinician possess a working knowledge of those medical issues that may impact a practice. This is most critical in those patients who present with a bleeding risk. Acquiring a thorough history with necessary medical information and possessing a basic knowledge of bleeding disorders will guide the clinician in deciding whether to treat or to make an appropriate referral.
Effects of ketotifen and clenbuterol on beta-adrenergic receptor functions of lymphocytes and on plasma TXB-2 levels of asthmatic patients. (1990)

Clinical observations indicate that beta-adrenergic drugs may increase bronchial reactivity in asthmatics. To find out possible reasons for this phenomenon the beta-adrenergic receptor function of isolated lymphocytes of asthmatic patients treated with clenbuterol alone or with ketotifen and clenbuterol together were studied. The cAMP levels of lymphocytes stimulated by different doses of isoproterenol were measured by radioimmunoassay and have been compared in the groups of healthies, and asthmatic patients after 3-months running of clenbuterol (Spiropent, Sandoz), as well as in the same asthmatics after one-week running of parallel administration of ketotifen and clenbuterol. There was no difference between the beta-adrenergic receptor function in asthmatic patients treated with clenbuterol alone vs. untreated healthies. Applying ketotifen and clenbuterol together the beta-adrenergic receptor function increased compared to the values obtained after application of clenbuterol alone (intraindividual-control) as well as vs. the group of healthies (control). Data presented support the view that therapeutic doses of selective beta 2-agonists do not lead to damage of the beta-adrenoceptor function. The improvement of receptor function after parallel administration of clenbuterol and ketotifen may be a consequence of the participation of ketotifen in the control of beta-adrenergic receptor system. Thus it seems unlikely that down-regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors is responsible for the beta-agonist induced bronchial hyperreactivity. That's why TXB-2 levels in the plasma of the same asthmatic patients and healthy volunteers were determined by RIA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
[CCERW: a new rule to predict treatment failure in patients with community-acquired pneumonia in middle aged and elderly people]. (2011)

CCERW can help physicians to distinguish high and low risk leading to treatment failure in middle-aged and elder patients with CAP, and has better predictable capability than PSI, CURB65 and CRB65. We prudent recommend the simple rule can be used in the middle-aged and elder patients with CAP of Han race people in China.
Model Estimation and Selection towardsUnconstrained Real-Time Tracking and Mapping (2013)

We present an approach and prototype implementation to initialization-free real-time tracking and mapping that supports any type of camera motion in 3D environments, that is, parallax-inducing as well as rotation-only motions. Our approach effectively behaves like a keyframe-based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping system or a panorama tracking and mapping system, depending on the camera movement. It seamlessly switches between the two modes and is thus able to track and map through arbitrary sequences of parallax-inducing and rotation-only camera movements. The system integrates both model-based and model-free tracking, automatically choosing between the two depending on the situation, and subsequently uses the "Geometric Robust Information Criterion" to decide whether the current camera motion can best be represented as a parallax-inducing motion or a rotation-only motion. It continues to collect and map data after tracking failure by creating separate tracks which are later merged if they are found to overlap. This is in contrast to most existing tracking and mapping systems, which suspend tracking and mapping and thus discard valuable data until relocalization with respect to the initial map is successful. We tested our prototype implementation on a variety of video sequences, successfully tracking through different camera motions and fully automatically building combinations of panoramas and 3D structure.