gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dramatically decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol, increased remnant clearance, and insulin hypersensitivity in apolipoprotein A-II knockout mice suggest a complex role for apolipoprotein A-II in atherosclerosis susceptibility (1996)

Apolipoprotein (apo) A-II is the second most abundant apolipoprotein in high density lipoprotein (HDL). To study its role in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis susceptibility, apo A-II knockout mice were created. Homozygous knockout mice had 67% and 52% reductions in HDL cholesterol levels in the fasted and fed states, respectively, and HDL particle size was reduced. Metabolic turnover studies revealed the HDL decrease to be due to both decreased HDL cholesterol ester and apo A-I transport rate and increased HDL cholesterol ester and apo A-I fractional catabolic rate. The apo A-II deficiency trait was bred onto the atherosclerosis-prone apo E-deficient background, which resulted in a surprising 66% decrease in cholesterol levels due primarily to decreased atherogenic lipoprotein remnant particles. Metabolic turnover studies indicated increased remnant clearance in the absence of apo A-II. Finally, apo A-II deficiency was associated with lower free fatty acid, glucose, and insulin levels, suggesting an insulin hypersensitivity state. In summary, apo A-II plays a complex role in lipoprotein metabolism, with some antiatherogenic properties such as the maintenance of a stable HDL pool, and other proatherogenic properties such as decreasing clearance of atherogenic lipoprotein remnants and promotion of insulin resistance.
Extendibility of synthetic ferrimagnetic media for recording densities beyond 100 Gb/in/sup 2/ (2003)

Summary form only given. In spite of projected limits for longitudinal recording, 106 Gb/in/sup 2/ was demonstrated using synthetic ferrimagnetic media (SFM) with extremely good thermal stability. In this paper, we project the areal density advantages of SFM from thermal stability, SNR, and materials perspective for densities above 100 Gb/in/sup 2/.
Phishing within e-commerce: A trust and confidence game (2010)

E-Commerce has been plagued with problems since its inception and this paper examines one of these problems: The lack of user trust in E-commerce created by the risk of phishing. Phishing has grown exponentially together with the expansion of the Internet. This growth and the advancement of technology has not only benefitted honest Internet users, but has enabled criminals to increase their effectiveness which has caused considerable damage to this budding area of commerce. Moreover, it has negatively impacted on both the user and online business, breaking down the trust relationship between them. In an attempt to explore this problem, the following was considered; firstly, e-commerce's vulnerability to phishing attacks. By referring to the Common Criteria Security Model, various critical security areas within e-commerce are identified, and with that, the areas of vulnerability and weakness. Secondly, the methods and techniques used in phishing such as phishing emails, phishing websites and addresses, distributed attacks and redirected attacks as well as the data that phishers seek to obtain, is examined. Furthermore, the way to reduce the risk of phishing and in turn increase the trust between users and websites is explored. Here the importance of Trust and the Uncertainty Reduction Theory plus the fine balance between trust and control is explored. Finally, the paper presents Critical Success Factors that aid in phishing prevention and control, these being: User Authentication, Website Authentication, Email Authentication, Data Cryptography, Communication, and Active Risk Mitigation.
A new model of the blood–brain barrier (1999)

Developing in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models that closely mimic the natural state is important for theoretical and practical applications, including drug development. We previously developed an in vitro BBB model based on co-culturing endothelial cells with glia in the presence of flow on hollow fiber tube culture substrates. We now report that this dynamic in vitro BBB (DIV-BBB) can be successfully used to co-culture differentiated serotonergic neurons in the presence of a BBB. These neurons demonstrated fluoxetine-sensitive serotonin (5HT) uptake and depolarization-induced release of [3H]5HT. Our results demonstrate that the DIV-BBB is a suitable model for culturing of neurons in a quasi-physiological microenvironment and in the presence of a high-resistance, stereoselective BBB.
Computational Design of Auxotrophy-Dependent Microbial Biosensors for Combinatorial Metabolic Engineering Experiments (2011)

Combinatorial approaches in metabolic engineering work by generating genetic diversity in a microbial population followed by screening for strains with improved phenotypes. One of the most common goals in this field is the generation of a high rate chemical producing strain. A major hurdle with this approach is that many chemicals do not have easy to recognize attributes, making their screening expensive and time consuming. To address this problem, it was previously suggested to use microbial biosensors to facilitate the detection and quantification of chemicals of interest. Here, we present novel computational methods to: (i) rationally design microbial biosensors for chemicals of interest based on substrate auxotrophy that would enable their high-throughput screening; (ii) predict engineering strategies for coupling the synthesis of a chemical of interest with the production of a proxy metabolite for which high-throughput screening is possible via a designed bio-sensor. The biosensor design method is validated based on known genetic modifications in an array of E. coli strains auxotrophic to various amino-acids. Predicted chemical production rates achievable via the biosensor-based approach are shown to potentially improve upon those predicted by current rational strain design approaches. (A Matlab implementation of the biosensor design method is available via http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~tomersh/tools).
Dynamic MIPS Rate Stabilization for Complex Processors (2015)

Modern microprocessor cores reach their high performance levels with the help of high clock rates, parallel and speculative execution of a large number of instructions, and vast cache hierarchies. Modern cores also have adaptive features to regulate power and temperature and avoid thermal emergencies. All of these features contribute to highly unpredictable execution times. In this article, we demonstrate that the execution time of in-order (IO), out-of-order (OoO), and OoO simultaneous multithreaded processors can be stable and predictable by stabilizing their mega instructions executed per second (MIPS) rate via a proportional, integral, and differential (PID) gain feedback controller and dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS). Processor cores in idle cycles are continuously consuming power, which is highly undesirable in systems, especially in real-time systems. In addition to meeting deadlines in real-time systems, our MIPS rate stabilization framework can be applied on top of it to reduce power and energy by avoiding idle cycles. If processors are equipped with MIPS rate stabilization, the execution time can be predicted. Because the MIPS rate remains steady, a stabilized processor meets deadlines on time in real-time systems or in systems with quality-of-service execution latency requirements at the lowest possible frequency. To demonstrate and evaluate this capability, we have selected a subset of the MiBench benchmarks with the widest execution rate variations. We stabilize their MIPS rate on a 1GHz Pentium III--like OoO single-thread microarchitecture, a 1.32GHz StrongARM-like IO microarchitecture, and the 1GHz OoO processor augmented with two-way and four-way simultaneous multithreading. Both IO and OoO cores can take advantage of the stabilization framework, but the energy per instruction of the stabilized OoO core is less because it runs at a lower frequency to meet the same deadlines. The MIPS rate stabilization of complex processors using a PID feedback control loop is a general technique applicable to environments in which lower power or energy coupled with steady, predictable performance are desirable, although we target more specifically real-time systems in this article.
Direct-Sequence/Spread-Spectrum Communication System with Sampling Rate Selection Diversity (2008)

In this paper, sampling rate selection diversity (SRSD) scheme for Direct-Sequence/Spread-Spectrum (DS/SS) is proposed. In DS/SS communication systems, oversampling may be employed to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). However, oversampling enlarges the power consumption because signal processing of the receiver has to be carried out at a higher clock rate. Higher sampling rate does not always maximize the SNR. In the proposed SRSD scheme, the power consumption can be reduced by selecting the optimum sampling rate depending on the characteristics of the channel. The proposed SRSD scheme can also reduce the BER more than the conventional oversampling scheme under certain channel conditions.
Analysis of gas chilling alternatives for Arctic pipelines (1994)

The operation of buried natural gas pipelines in Arctic regions requires installation of gas chilling facilities at compressor stations. These facilities are required in order to cool compressed pipeline gases to temperatures below that of permanently frozen surrounding soil. If these pipeline gas temperatures are too high, the frozen ground around the pipelines will eventually thaw. This is undesirable for many reasons amongst which are ground settlement and possible catastrophic failure of the pipeline. This paper presents the results of a study which compared several alternative methods of gas chilling for possible application at one of the compressor stations on the proposed new Yamal-Center gas pipeline system in the Russian Arctic. This technical and economic study was performed by Gulf Interstate Engineering (GIE) for GAZPROM, the gas company in Russia that will own and operate this new pipeline system. Geotechnical, climatical and other information provided by GAZPROM, coupled with information developed by GIE, formed the basis for this study.
A Station-Hybrid HVDC System Structure and Control Strategies for Cross-Seam Power Transmission (2020)

Cross-seam high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission in the United States can provide an efficient and flexible bulk power delivery highway between the interconnections. Recent studies have shown significant economic benefits of cross-seam HVDC transmission systems by taking the advantages of load diversity, frequency response, renewable energy diversity, and energy arbitrage in the different interconnections. This paper introduces a station-hybrid system scheme for cross-seam interconnections. The proposed station-hybrid system combines the advantages of line commutated converter (LCC) and voltage source converter (VSC) technologies, thus enabling reliable and flexible bidirectional power flows across the interconnections. Control strategies of the station-hybrid system are investigated with a focus on power flow reversal control under normal operation conditions and emergency power support control under emergency conditions. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed station-hybrid system and corresponding control strategies are verified by simulations in PSCAD/EMTDC.
Myoblast transfer therapy: is there any light at the end of the tunnel? (2005)

Myoblast transfer therapy (MTT) was proposed in the 70's as a potential treatment for muscular dystrophies, based upon the early results obtained in mdx mice: dystrophin expression was restored in this model by intramuscular injections of normal myoblasts. These results were quickly followed by clinical trials for patients suffering from Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) in the early 90's, based mainly upon intramuscular injections of allogenic myoblasts. The clinical benefits obtained from these trials were minimal, if any, and research programs concentrated then on the various pitfalls that hampered these clinical trials, leading to numerous failures. Several causes for these failures were identified in mouse models, including a massive cell death of myoblasts following their injection, adverse events involving the immune system and requiring immunosuppression and the adverse events linked to it, as well as a poor dispersion of the injected cells following their injection. It should be noted that these studies were conducted in mouse models, not taking into account the fundamental differences between mice and men. One of these differences concerns the regulation of proliferation, which is strictly limited by proliferative senescence in humans. Although this list is certainly not exhaustive, new therapeutic venues were then explored, such as the use of stem cells with myogenic potential, which have been described in various populations, including bone marrow, circulating blood or muscle itself. These stem cells presented the main advantage to be available and not exhausted by the numerous cycles of degeneration/regeneration which characterize muscle dystrophies. However, the different stem candidates have shown their limits in terms of efficiency to participate to the regeneration of the host. Another issue was raised by clinical trials involving the injection of autologous myoblasts in infacted hearts, which showed that limited targets could be aimed with autologous myoblasts, as long as enough spared muscle was available. This resulted in a clinical trial for the pharyngeal muscles of patients suffering from Oculo-Pharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD). The results of this trial will not be available before 2 years, and a similar procedure is being studied for Fascio-Scapulo-Humeral muscular Dystrophy (FSHD). Concerning muscular dystrophies which leave very few muscles spared, such as DMD, other solutions must be found, which could include exon-skipping for the eligible patients, or even cell therapy using stem cells if some cell candidates with enough efficiency can be found. Recent results concerning mesoangioblasts or circulating AC133+ cells raise some reasonable hope, but still need further confirmations, since we have learned from the past to be cautious concerning a transfer of results from mice to humans.
A new device for sutureless skin closure "the zipper". (2002)

The use of the zipper permits to achieve an efficient seal, a simple application, an aesthetic comfort; it can be applied in local anaesthesia and for its painless, application it is indicated in pediatric surgery.
Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody to human type III collagen. (1986)

Human type III collagen from placenta was isolated and purified for use as an immunogen. A monoclonal antibody was produced which specifically recognizes epitopes unique to type III collagen. The specificity of the antibody was determined by inhibition ELISA, an immunoblot assay, and by immunoprecipitation. Results indicated that the monoclonal antibody recognized only the alpha 1(III) polypeptide chains and did not crossreact with type I, IV, or V collagen. The monoclonal antibody was also used for immunohistochemical localization of type III collagen in tissue sections of human placenta, bovine spleen, and lymph node. In placenta, both large and small blood vessels showed pronounced staining of the tunica media, which contains largely smooth muscle cells, known to synthesize type III collagen. In contrast, the intimal areas and endothelial cells showed no staining with the antibody. In the placental villi, staining was limited to the villous core, where fine fibrillar structures showed strong staining. In lymph nodes, the capsule and pericapsular adipose cells were surrounded by a covering of type III collagen. Within the parenchyma of the node, staining was localized to a branching, reticular array of fine fibers. In the spleen, staining was pronounced in the capsule, splenic trabeculae, and white pulp, where blood vessel staining was especially prominent. The red pulp and splenic sinuses contain little or no type III collagen. The fine network-like or reticular staining pattern found in the lymph node parenchyma is consistent with the staining pattern of the protein reticulin, and suggests that type III collagen may be closely associated with reticulin in certain tissues. Since the role of type III in tissues is unclear, this reagent will be useful in providing new information in this regard.
A comparative study of dynamics in the nematic and reentrant-nematic phases of 60CB and 60CB/80CB mixture by deuteron nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation (1998)

Deuteron longitudinal (T1Z) and quadrupolar (T1Q) spin-lattice relaxation times and quadrupolar splittings were measured over all the stable mesophases in a mixture of perdeuterated 4-n-hexyloxy-4′-cyanobiphenyl (6OCB) and 4-n-octyloxy-4′-cyanobiphenyl (8OCB) at 15.1 and 46 MHz, and compared with those reported previously for a pure 6OCB sample. The 6OCB/8OCB mixture has 28 wt. % of 6OCB and shows a nematic, smectic A and reentrant-nematic (RN) phases. We have carried out data analyses for both samples in order to achieve a consistent physical picture. The additive potential method is employed to construct the potential of mean torque using the quadrupolar splittings in these samples. A decouple model is used to describe correlated internal motions of the end chain, which are independent of the molecular reorientation. The latter motion is treated using the small-step rotational diffusion model of Tarroni and Zannoni, while the former motion is described using a master rate equation. In comparing the NMR results of the pure 6OCB sample and of the 6OCB/8OCB mixture, both the dynamic and static behaviors appear to be similar, and there are no dramatic changes upon entering the RN phase of 6OCB/8OCB, supporting the belief that the effects driving the reentrancy in this mixture are very subtle. The tumbling motion of 6OCB molecules, however, shows quite different behaviors in the two studied samples. Both 6OCB and 8OCB possess a strong terminal dipole and tend to form “loose” dimers. The degree of dimerization can be inferred from the tumbling motion of 6OCB molecules and their internal chain dynamics.
Optimizing poly(chloro‐<i>p</i>‐xylylene) or parylene C synthesis (1988)

Abstract Current interest for implantable insulating biomaterials has resurrected a class of polymers synthesized from p ‐xylylene and its derivative dimers. Important kinetic aspects for the synthesis of the polymer are derived from measurements of chamber pressure and total weight of film deposition. Reduction of peak chamber pressure during polymer deposition was found to improve film quality, uniformity of deposit, adhesion, and transparency. A low‐cost reactor design is proposed which simplifies the deposition characterization steps needed for producing high quality films.
Aspects of Jet Fuel Oxidation (1998)

A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)/Parr bomb system with a headspace oxygen sensor is used to measure oxidation and deposition during thermal oxidative stressing of jet fuel. The advantages of the oxygen sensor technique in monitoring fuel oxidation is demonstrated. Simultaneous measurement of deposition using the QCM shows a strong correlation between oxidation and deposition in jet fuels. Studies performed over the temperature range 140 to 180°C show that surface deposition peaks at an intermediate temperature, while bulk deposition increases with temperature. In studies of jet fuel antioxidants, we find that rapid increases in oxidation rate occur upon consumption of the antioxidant. The antioxidant appears to be consumed by reaction with alkylperoxy radicals. In studies of metal deactivator (MDA) additives, we find that MDA is consumed during thermal stressing, and this consumption results in large increases in the oxidation rate of metal containing fuels. Mechanisms of MDA consumption are hypothesized.
Expression of the SART3 Tumor-Rejection Antigen in Brain Tumors and Induction of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes by Its Peptides (2000)

The authors recently reported on the SART3 tumor-rejection antigen, which possesses epitopes that can induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in patients with epithelial cancer. To explore a new modality for treatment of patients with brain tumors, this study investigated the expression of the SART3 antigen in patients with brain tumors and the ability of SART3 peptides to induce CTLs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of these patients. The SART3 antigen was detected in the cytoplasmic fraction of all 18 glioma cell lines examined and in the majority (31 of 34; 91%) of brain tumor tissues irrespective of their histologies. It was also expressed in the nuclear fraction of all 18 glioma cell lines and in the majority (26 of 34; 76%) of brain tumor tissues. In contrast, the SART3 was not expressed in nontumorous brain tissues. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes were induced in patients with glioma by stimulation with two epitope peptides of SART3. These CTLs could eliminate glioma cells in a HLA-A24-restricted manner. Therefore, the SART3 peptides may be appropriate molecules for use in peptide-based specific immunotherapy of HLA-A24+ patients with brain tumors.
The distribution and clearance of (2S,6S)‐hydroxynorketamine, an active ketamine metabolite, in Wistar rats (2015)

The distribution, clearance, and bioavailability of (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine has been studied in the Wistar rat. The plasma and brain tissue concentrations over time of (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine were determined after intravenous (20 mg/kg) and oral (20 mg/kg) administration of (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine (n = 3). After intravenous administration, the pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental analysis and the half-life of drug elimination during the terminal phase (t 1/2) was 8.0 ± 4.0 h and the apparent volume of distribution (V d) was 7352 ± 736 mL/kg, clearance (Cl) was 704 ± 139 mL/h per kg, and the bioavailability was 46.3%. Significant concentrations of (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine were measured in brain tissues at 10 min after intravenous administration, ∼30 μg/mL per g tissue which decreased to 6 μg/mL per g tissue at 60 min. The plasma and brain concentrations of (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine were also determined after the intravenous administration of (S)-ketamine, where significant plasma and brain tissue concentrations of (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine were observed 10 min after administration. The (S)-ketamine metabolites (S)-norketamine, (S)-dehydronorketamine, (2S,6R)-hydroxynorketamine, (2S,5S)-hydroxynorketamine and (2S,4S)-hydroxynorketamine were also detected in both plasma and brain tissue. The enantioselectivity of the conversion of (S)-ketamine and (R)-ketamine to the respective (2,6)-hydroxynorketamine metabolites was also investigated over the first 60 min after intravenous administration. (S)-Ketamine produced significantly greater plasma and brain tissue concentrations of (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine relative to the (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine observed after the administration of (R)-ketamine. However, the relative brain tissue: plasma concentrations of the enantiomeric (2,6)-hydroxynorketamine metabolites were not significantly different indicating that the penetration of the metabolite is not enantioselective.