gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On characterizing Inclusion of Bayesian Networks (2013)

Every directed acyclic graph (DAG) over a finite non-empty set of variables (= nodes) N induces an independence model over N, which is a list of conditional independence statements over N.The inclusion problem is how to characterize (in graphical terms) whether all independence statements in the model induced by a DAG K are in the model induced by a second DAG L. Meek (1997) conjectured that this inclusion holds iff there exists a sequence of DAGs from L to K such that only certain 'legal' arrow reversal and 'legal' arrow adding operations are performed to get the next DAG in the sequence.In this paper we give several characterizations of inclusion of DAG models and verify Meek's conjecture in the case that the DAGs K and L differ in at most one adjacency. As a warming up a rigorous proof of well-known graphical characterizations of equivalence of DAGs, which is a highly related problem, is given.
Synthese von Apiolanaloga, II (1972)

Abstract Die Darstellung des 5.8‐Dimethoxy‐6‐allyl‐1.4‐benzodioxans ( 1f ), des 5.6‐Dimethoxy‐7‐allyl‐1.4‐benzodioxans ( 2g ) und des 3.4‐Dichlor‐2.5‐dimethoxy‐allylbenzols ( 3f ) wird beschrieben.
An unsupervised method for realtime spike sorting (2011)

A large amount of neurophysiological research is based on the study of biological neural populations. The data is gathered from extra-cellular recordings with multi-electrode arrays (MEAs). The signal is a stream containing an unknown number of neural sources superpositioned with non-stationary noise components. In order to analyze the recorded spike trains, a prior separation into its individual components is required. The increasing number of sensors on a MEA surface demand an automatic spike sorting procedure. In this article the proposed spike sorting method replaces the manual steps with artificial neural networks to enable an unsupervised separation of mixed signal components. Furthermore the artificial neural network based feature extraction allows realtime processing and ensures high flexbibility and adaptivity for unknown signals with non-stationary noise components.
Investigation of Velocity Profiles for Effusion Cooling of a Combustor Liner (2006)

Effusion cooling of combustor liners for gas turbine engines is quite challenging and necessary to prevent thermal distress of the combustor liner walls. The flow and thermal patterns in the cooling layer are affected by the closely spaced film-cooling holes. It is important to fully document how the film layer behaves with a full-coverage cooling scheme to gain an understanding into surface cooling phenomena. This paper discusses experimental results from a combustor simulator tested in a low-speed wind tunnel. Engine representative, nondimensional coolant flows were tested for a full-coverage effusion plate. Laser Doppler velocimetry was used to measure the flow characteristics of the cooling layer. These experiments indicate that the full-coverage film cooling flow has unique and scaleable velocity profiles that result from the closely spaced effusion holes. A parametric study of the cooling flow behavior illustrates the complex nature of the film flow and how it affects cooling performance.
A Concise Ex Chiral Pool Approach to Novel Bidentate Camphane Phosphane Ligands (2000)

The bidentate hydroxy phosphane 20 and the phosphane phosphinite 21, each bearing a camphane skeleton, were prepared in five and six steps (52% and 28% yield), respectively, from (1S)-(+)-camphorsulfonic acid 8 via the triethylsilyl-protected iodide 17 as a key intermediate. An X-ray crystal structure was obtained for 21.
Enhanced Delivery Improves the Efficacy of a Tumor-specific Doxorubicin Immunoconjugate in a Human Brain Tumor Xenograft Model (2000)

The combination of an effective drug such as doxorubicin with a MAb to facilitate tumor-selective localization and osmotic BBBD to increase tumor delivery may have practical application in the clinic, because an increased delivery of drug to tumor can be obtained without increasing the dose of systemic drug.
Detection of acute intracerebral hemorrhage on MR imaging: ineffectiveness of prolonged interecho interval pulse sequences. (1991)

MR imaging at 0.6 T was performed in 22 patients with acute (less than 7 days) intracranial hemorrhage to determine the efficacy of prolongation of the interecho interval, which has been demonstrated to enhance T2 shortening in vitro, as a method to improve the detection of hemorrhage in clinical imaging. The protocol included 750/33 (TR/TE), 2150/60,120 (short interecho interval of 60 msec), and 2150/120 (long interecho interval of 120 msec) sequences. Visual comparisons of the 2150/120 images obtained with the short and long interecho intervals demonstrated no difference in the degree of hypointensity in 21 of 22 cases. Quantitative comparisons demonstrated no statistically significant difference in the degree of maximal hypointensity, in the ease of detectability of hypointensity, or in the overall image contrast in 16 of 22 cases. We conclude that prolongation of the interecho interval is not a clinically useful technique to improve the detection of acute hemorrhage.
Comments on Microelectrodes (1959)

Metal-filled microelectrodes are best for high-frequency work; fluid-filled ones are best for low frequencies and dc. Both have advantages and drawbacks. This paper gives the results of experience with both sorts of probe. Practical hints and recipes are included because these seldom appear in detail.
The Synechocystis PCC6803 MerA-Like Enzyme Operates in the Reduction of Both Mercury and Uranium under the Control of the Glutaredoxin 1 Enzyme (2013)

In a continuing effort to analyze the selectivity/redundancy of the three glutaredoxin (Grx) enzymes of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803, we have characterized an enzyme system that plays a crucial role in protection against two toxic metal pollutants, mercury and uranium. The present data show that Grx1 (Slr1562 in CyanoBase) selectively interacts with the presumptive mercuric reductase protein (Slr1849). This MerA enzyme plays a crucial role in cell defense against both mercuric and uranyl ions, in catalyzing their NADPH-driven reduction. Like MerA, Grx1 operates in cell protection against both mercury and uranium. The Grx1-MerA interaction requires cysteine 86 (C86) of Grx1 and C78 of MerA, which is critical for its reductase activity. MerA can be inhibited by glutathionylation and subsequently reactivated by Grx1, likely through deglutathionylation. The two Grx1 residues C31, which belongs to the redox active site (CX(2)C), and C86, which operates in MerA interactions, are both required for reactivation of MerA. These novel findings emphasize the role of glutaredoxins in tolerance to metal stress as well as the evolutionary conservation of the glutathionylation process, so far described mostly for eukaryotes.
A quantized water-filling packet scheduling scheme for downlink transmissions in LTE-Advanced systems with Carrier Aggregation (2010)

Carrier Aggregation (CA) is one of the promising features in Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) systems. Till now, works regarding the packet scheduling scheme with CA in different frequency bands have not completely been studied and evaluated yet. Thus, the purpose of this work aims to explore such issue and presents an efficient quantized water-filling packet scheduling algorithm for high-data-rate nomadic users in such LTE-A systems. An upper bound of the mean packet delay is derived and simulation results are also obtained. When compared with the mean packet delay of a system in which component carriers are not aggregated but used independently, the presented scheme is shown to have significant improvement.
A Reward Optimization Method Based on Action Subrewards in Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2014)

Reinforcement learning (RL) is one kind of interactive learning methods. Its main characteristics are "trial and error" and "related reward." A hierarchical reinforcement learning method based on action subrewards is proposed to solve the problem of "curse of dimensionality," which means that the states space will grow exponentially in the number of features and low convergence speed. The method can reduce state spaces greatly and choose actions with favorable purpose and efficiency so as to optimize reward function and enhance convergence speed. Apply it to the online learning in Tetris game, and the experiment result shows that the convergence speed of this algorithm can be enhanced evidently based on the new method which combines hierarchical reinforcement learning algorithm and action subrewards. The "curse of dimensionality" problem is also solved to a certain extent with hierarchical method. All the performance with different parameters is compared and analyzed as well.
Complications of revision spinal surgery (2003)

Surgical treatment for symptomatic cervical and lumbar spondylosis has become prevalent in recent years. With this increased intervention, increasing numbers of patients experience persistent symptoms and require revision spinal surgery. Although many aspects of the workup and operation are similar for both primary and revision surgery, there are special considerations that must be examined when determining if a patient is a candidate for revision surgery. Preoperative workup should include evaluation for spinal instability. Intraoperatively, scar tissue may complicate the procedure, and care must be taken to avoid incidental durotomy. The prognosis for a revision surgery can be predicted best by the patient's outcome after the primary surgery. As with any surgical procedure, patient selection is imperative for successful outcome.
Understanding and exploiting the mechanistic basis for selectivity of polyketide inhibitors of F <sub>0</sub> F <sub>1</sub> -ATPase (2000)

Recently, a family of polyketide inhibitors of F(0)F(1)-ATPase, including apoptolidin, ossamycin, and oligomycin, were shown to be among the top 0.1% most cell line selective cytotoxic agents of 37, 000 molecules tested against the 60 human cancer cell lines of the National Cancer Institute. Many cancer cells maintain a high level of anaerobic carbon metabolism even in the presence of oxygen, a phenomenon that is historically known as the Warburg effect. A mechanism-based strategy to sensitize such cells to this class of potent small molecule cytotoxic agents is presented. These natural products inhibit oxidative phosphorylation by targeting the mitochondrial F(0)F(1) ATP synthase. Evaluation of gene expression profiles in a panel of leukemias revealed a strong correlation between the expression level of the gene encoding subunit 6 of the mitochondrial F(0)F(1) ATP synthase (known to be the binding site of members of this class of macrolides) and their sensitivity to these natural products. Within the same set of leukemia cell lines, comparably strong drug-gene correlations were also observed for the genes encoding two key enzymes involved in central carbon metabolism, pyruvate kinase, and aspartate aminotransferase. We propose a simple model in which the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway is activated in response to a shift in balance between aerobic and anaerobic ATP biosynthesis. Inhibitors of both lactate formation and carbon flux through the Embden-Meyerhof pathway significantly sensitized apoptolidin-resistant tumors to this drug. Nine different cell lines derived from human leukemias and melanomas, and colon, renal, central nervous system, and ovarian tumors are also sensitized to killing by apoptolidin.
Tableting of coated ketoprofen pellets (2000)

Ketoprofen pellets were prepared by the method of extrusion-spheronization, and a film coating of guar gum and Eudragit NE was applied to drug cores using pan technology. In an attempt to design a tablet which, on peroral administration, disintegrates rapidly, releasing intact coated pellets which maintain the integrity of both the cores and their release retarding membrane, Avicel PH101, lactose DT and magnesium stearate were used as excipients to prepare tablets comprising ketoprofen pellets or microcapsules. Preliminary experiments were conducted on uncoated pellets to determine the optimum compression force required to prepare tablets of satisfactory mechanical properties and release profiles. Coated pellets containing ketoprofen were used to investigate the influence of excipients levels. In an attempt to minimize problems associated with blending and segregation of microcapsules and excipients, placebo spheres of Avicel PH101 and lactose DT were produced by the method of extrusion-spheronization. The use of placebo spheres produced tablets with improved drug content uniformity and disintegration time. The tensile strength of such compacts was enhanced by excluding magnesium stearate from the mixes without significant problems of sticking or picking. The use of placebo pellets resulted in significant damage to drug microcapsules, which was attributed to the higher hardness and density of the excipients pellets. The role of membrane coating in protecting the drug core during compression was also evaluated.
Radiofrequency-assisted "reconstruction" of the right ventricular outflow tract in muscular pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect. (1993)

A case of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect is reported in which a communication was established between the right ventricle and the hypoplastic pulmonary artery by intervention, despite muscular atresia of the right ventricular outflow tract. The atresia was perforated with a special designed radiofrequency catheter (Osypka). After the creation of a canal within the muscular atresia, balloon dilatation (diameters 2, 3.5, and 7.2 mm) was performed. Arterial oxygen saturation increased from 64% to 78%. Lateral deviation of the radiofrequency catheter resulting in a lateral perforation of the atretic muscular infundibulum was well tolerated without later sequelae. Early restenosis within two weeks necessitated the implantation of a stent within the "recanalised" atresia resulting in an increased anterograde flow to the pulmonary artery. This case shows that "recanalisation" of muscular atresia of the pulmonary artery by radiofrequency is a promising technique. Additionally, stent implantation into the infundibulum to prevent restenosis is a first step to interventional right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction.
Acid activation of a Spanish sepiolite: physico-chemical characterization, free silica content and surface area of products obtained (1994)

Abstract A sepiolite from Vallecas (Spain) was treated with solutions of HC1 (1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 wt%) at 25°C for 2, 6, 24 and 48 h, respectively. The resulting solids were characterized by XRD, FT-IR and thermal analyses, along with SEM, TEM and nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K. The free silica was digested and determined in all samples. Several samples were seen to have specific surface areas up to 450 m 2 /g, with a maximum value of 549 m 2 /g in the sample treated with 1.25 wt% HCl for 48 h. A sudden decrease in specific surface areas was observed when free silica was digested.
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF TETRAZOLE DERIVATIVES (2014)

Article history Tetrazoles are an important class of heterocyclic compounds which possess wide spectrum of biological properties. A series of tetrazoles were synthesized by diazotization of aminoguanidine bicarbonate using nitric acid and sodium nitrate to yield guanylazide. The obtained diazotisation mixture was refluxed using sodium carbonate to obtain 5- aminotetrazole which was acetylated using acetyl chloride and condensed using substituded aromatic aldehydes. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR Spectroscopy. The compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus pimilis and Escherichia coli using streptomycin as reference standard and anti-fungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Pencillium notatum using miconazole as reference standard. Compounds TZ2 and TZ8 were found to exhibit highest activity against S.aureus and B.pimilis. The compounds TZ2 and TZ7 showed maximum activity against E. coli. The compounds TZ1 and TZ7 exhibited most potent activity against A. niger and P. notatum respectively.
Bayesian tree-structured image modeling using wavelet-domain hidden Markov models (2001)

Wavelet-domain hidden Markov models have proven to be useful tools for statistical signal and image processing. The hidden Markov tree (HMT) model captures the key features of the joint probability density of the wavelet coefficients of real-world data. One potential drawback to the HMT framework is the need for computationally expensive iterative training to fit an HMT model to a given data set (e.g., using the expectation-maximization algorithm). We greatly simplify the HMT model by exploiting the inherent self-similarity of real-world images. The simplified model specifies the HMT parameters with just nine meta-parameters (independent of the size of the image and the number of wavelet scales). We also introduce a Bayesian universal HMT (uHMT) that fixes these nine parameters. The uHMT requires no training of any kind, while extremely simple, we show using a series of image estimation/denoising experiments that these new models retain nearly all of the key image structure modeled by the full HMT. Finally, we propose a fast shift-invariant HMT estimation algorithm that outperforms other wavelet-based estimators in the current literature, both visually and in mean square error.
Promoter hypermethylation of <i>E‐cadherin</i> and its abnormal expression in Epstein‐Barr virus‐associated gastric carcinoma (2003)

Promoter hypermethylation of various tumor-related genes is extremely frequent in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC). To investigate the significance of the promoter methylation in EBVaGC, we focused on one of the important proteins in the carcinogenesis of the stomach, E-cadherin. Methylation-specific PCR analysis (MSP) was applied to surgically resected gastric carcinomas, together with immunohistochemistry, PCR-based analysis of mutations and allelic loss, and site-specific MSP of E-cadherin gene. By MSP, nearly all of the carcinomas showed aberrant methylation of E-cadherin promoter in EBVaGC (21/22), and the frequency of this aberration was significantly higher than that in EBV-negative gastric carcinoma (GC; 45/81; p = 0.0003). According to immunohistochemistry of E-cadherin, the frequency of abnormal staining pattern in EBVaGC (87%) was comparable to that in the diffuse type (80%), but higher than that in the intestinal type of EBV-negative GC (47%). Promoter methylation was well correlated with abnormal staining pattern in EBVaGC, but not in EBV-negative GC. Neither mutation nor allelic loss of E-cadherin was observed in EBVaGC. Methylation status of E-cadherin within each carcinoma was heterogeneous as far as examined. Thus, in addition to the known association involving p16, we determined that promoter methylation-mediated silencing of E-cadherin gene was also closely associated with the development of EBVaGC, although it becomes heterogeneous within a given tumor along its progression.
In vivo metabolic effects of hyperglycemia in murine radiation-induced fibrosarcoma: a 31P NMR investigation. (1984)

The hyperglycemia-induced in vivo metabolic changes produced in subcutaneous murine RIF-1 tumors, grown on female C3H/Anf mice, were examined with 31P surface-coil NMR. Serum glucose levels were elevated 4-fold by bolus intraperitoneal injection of 0.3 ml of an aqueous 50% glucose solution. Tumor pH was calculated from the chemical shift of Pi and relative phosphocreatine and ATP concentrations were determined by Simpson's rule integration of the peak areas. Tumor pH decreased by ca. 0.45 unit over 2 hr while phosphocreatine concentrations decreased by ca. 50% over the same time period (n = 9). Initial tumor pH correlated inversely with the initial peak intensity ratio of Pi:ATP (r = -0.77). In a significant number of tumors (n = 4), two pH populations were observed. In these tumors, one population was unaffected by hyperglycemia and the other showed a decrease in pH. In the other tumors (n = 5), the pH distribution broadened as the pH decreased. In these tumors, the observed decreased in phosphocreatine concentration correlated with that calculated from the effect of measured tumor pH on the intracellular creatine kinase equilibrium (n = 18, r = 0.91). This correlation and consideration of the Pi distribution in the tumor suggest that the pH measured by 31P NMR is weighted heavily by intracellular pH for the RIF-1 tumor. The presence of two distinct tumor pH populations or a broadened pH distribution likely reflects variations in tumor microcellular environment. Control experiments showed negligible changes in tumor pH and high energy phosphate concentrations after bolus intraperitoneal injection of 0.3 ml of isotonic saline. In addition, negligible changes in leg muscle pH and high energy phosphate concentrations were observed after glucose injection into mice with or without tumors. These results indicate that hyperglycemia induced by intraperitoneal glucose injection is effective in lowering the tumor pH of the murine RIF-1 tumor.
Transplantable ductal adenocarcinoma of the Syrian hamster pancreas. (1979)

A well-differentiated ductal adenocarcinoma of the Syrian golden hamster induced by N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine was transplantable to both nude mice and inbred Syrian hamsters. The tumor grew rapidly in the nude mouse (12-fold increase in size at 45 days) in contrast to its growth in hamster (3-fold increase in size at 45 days). A curious finding associated with the slow-growing tumor in the hamster was an intense infiltration of the neoplasm by polymorphonuclear leukocytes unattended by either necrosis or infection. The neoplasm produced mucin and rapidly and specifically bound 125I-labeled secretin, although the degree of nonspecific binding (40.5%) was higher than that of control hamster pancreas (23%). Unstimulated adenyl cyclase activity (pmol cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate per mg protein) of the neoplasm was significantly higher [3.76 +/- 0.55 (S.E.)] than that of unstimulated normal hamster pancreas (1.03 +/- 0.44). Secretin did not significantly change the level of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (3.3 +/- 0.56) from the unstimulated level in the neoplasm, in contrast to its effect on normal pancreas where the level was increased 3-fold (3.1 +/- 0.75).