gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of high-refractive index sulfur containing polymers for 193-nm immersion lithography; a progress report (2006)

To be able to extend the 193 nm immersion lithography technology platform, the development of high refractive index immersion fluids and resists is required. This paper reports our investigations into generating high refractive index polymers for use in photoresist formulations for 193 nm immersion lithograph. In this study a series of model compounds have been screened for refractive index and transparency at 589 nm and 193 nm. For the compounds studied this series of experiments demonstrated that sulfur-containing compounds have a positive effect on the refractive index of a molecule at 589 nm. However, the situation is complicated by the presence of absorption bands for some small molecules in the low waveleingth region. To demonstrate this, we examined the refractive index dispersion of a series of molecules based on ethyl acetate with varying degrees of sulfur substitution. These results indicated that an anomalous increase in refractive index could be expected 20 - 30 nm above the absorption maximum. The implications for design of high refractive index resists for 193 nm immersion lithography are discussed.
A local group in search for identity (Izhma-Komi: dynamics of cultural transformations) (2015)

The paper analyzes identification process and identity patterns among the Izhma-Komi, the Northern-most group of Komi people. This group has economic, cultural and linguistic traits that differentiate it from other groups of Komi people. Basing on the results of several surveys the authors have carried out targeting the Izhma Komi over the last decade, the paper reconstructs identification process in this period and contrasts it to the same processes of other local groups, for example, Pomors.
Mobile IP Version 6 Route Optimization Security Design Background (2005)

This document is an account of the rationale behind the Mobile IPv6
(MIPv6) Route Optimization security design. The purpose of this
document is to present the thinking and to preserve the reasoning
behind the Mobile IPv6 security design in 2001 - 2002. The document
has two target audiences: (1) helping MIPv6 implementors to better
understand the design choices in MIPv6 security procedures, and (2)
allowing people dealing with mobility or multi-homing to avoid a
number of potential security pitfalls in their designs. This memo
provides information for the Internet community.
Synthesis of Magnetic Microspheres with Immobilized Metal Ions for Enrichment and Direct Determination of Phosphopeptides by Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (2006)

Core/shell structured magnetic silica microspheres with immobilized Fe3+ (see image) are prepared with a simple method. Using a magnetic field, the microspheres are quickly, efficiently, and specifically enriched. Phosphopeptide identification can then be achieved through mass spectroscopy. This is a new method for the enrichment of phosphopeptides and opens up the possibility of other new applications using the microspheres. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2006/c1546_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Water Quality and Its Control (1985)

Introduction Some Important Characteristics of Water Some Concepts of Aquatic Biology Characteristics and Availability of Water Resources Water Uses Methods of Evaluating Water Quality Constituents in Natural Waters Types and Causes of Water Quality Problems Water and Health Oxygen Balance in Streams Municipal Water Systems Municipal Wastewater Systems Industrial Water and Wastewater Standards Used in Water Quality Control Regulation of Water Quality Progress, Problems and Prospects Appendix Index.
Diffusion and recrystallization processes during annealing of N+- and P+-implanted LiNbO3 (1985)

The stability of ion irradiation induced defects and refractive index changes in LiNbO3, is examined in the temperature region 300 K ≦ TA ≦ 1370 K using the results of RBS, volume expansion, and reflection measurements. Due to the destruction of the crystal structure the activation energy of the Li2O-diffusion in RBS-amorphous layers is reduced to (0.62 ±; 0.07) eV. Thereby at temperatures TA > 700 K a mixed phase of LiNbO3 and LiNb3O8, can be formed. The restoration of the LiNbO3 crystal structure takes place in connection with the equalization of the Li2O-concentration by diffusion from the substrate into the layer during annealing at TA = 1370 K. Die Stbilität der durch Ionenimplantation in LiNbO3 erzeugten Defekte und Brechzahländerun-gen wird im Temperaturbereich 300 K ≦ TA ≦ 1370 K mit RBS-, Volumendilatations- und Reflexionsmessungen untersucht. Infolge der Zerstörung der Kristallstruktur ist die Aktivierungs-energie für die Li2O-Diffusion in den RBS-amorphen Schichten auf (0,62 ± 0,07) eV herabgesetzt. Dadurch kann sich bei Temperaturen TA > 700 K eine Mischphase von LiNbO3 und LiNb3O8 bilden. Die Wiederherstellung der LiNbO3-Struktur erfolgt im Zusammenhang mit dem Ausgleich der Li2O-Konzentration durch Diffusion vom Sabstrat in die Schicht während einer Temperung bei 1370 K.
Membrane-Associated Glucocorticoid Activity Is Necessary for Modulation of Long-Term Memory via Chromatin Modification (2010)

Glucocorticoid hormones enhance the consolidation of long-term memory of emotionally arousing training experiences. This memory enhancement requires activation of the cAMP-dependent kinase pathway and the subsequent phosphorylation of cAMP response-element binding (CREB) protein. Here, we demonstrate that glucocorticoids enhance the consolidation of hippocampus-dependent and hippocampus-independent aspects of object recognition memory via chromatin modification. More specifically, systemic corticosterone increases histone acetylation, a form of chromatin modification, in both the hippocampus and insular cortex following training on an object recognition task. This led us to examine whether increasing histone acetylation via histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition enhances memory in a manner similar to corticosterone. We found a double dissociation between posttraining HDAC inhibitor infusion into the insular cortex and hippocampus on the enhancement of object recognition and object location memory, respectively. In determining the molecular pathway upstream of glucocorticoids' effects on chromatin modification, we found that activation of membrane-associated glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and the subsequent interaction between phospho-CREB and CREB-binding protein (CBP) appear to be necessary for glucocorticoids to enhance memory consolidation via chromatin modification. In contrast, mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) do not appear to be involved. The findings also indicate that glucocorticoid activity has differential influences on hippocampus-dependent and hippocampus-independent components of memory for objects.
FGF-2 Antagonizes the TGF-β1-Mediated Induction of Pericyte α-Smooth Muscle Actin Expression: A Role for Myf-5 and Smad-Mediated Signaling Pathways (2003)

Several critical features of the endothelial cell-extracellular matrix-pericyte molecular signaling axis were elucidated in the study that are likely to be responsible for regulating retinal microvascular morphogenesis during normal development, as well as the pathologic angiogenesis accompanying several ocular disorders, including diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration.
Transcription and replication of human immunodeficiency virus-1 in B lymphocytes in vitro. (1988)

We and others have shown that HIV-1 transcription and replication in vitro are increased by the binding of transcriptional enhancer DNA sequences in the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) to a cellular protein designated Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), a trans-acting transcription factor which is present in activated but not in resting T cells. Because NF-kappa B is also expressed in resting B cells we suggested that B cells might provide an optimal intracellular environment for HIV-1 transcription. Using a transient transfection assay, we show that the HIV-1 LTR is indeed more efficiently transcribed in the B cell line Raji than in the T cell line Jurkat, and that this effect maps to the transcriptional enhancer (NF-kappa B binding site) of the LTR. Furthermore, we show that Raji cells which have been rendered CD4-positive by gene transfection are susceptible to HIV-1 infection, and that viral gene expression and replication are more efficient in these CD4-positive B cells than in CD4-positive T cells. These findings demonstrate the crucial role of the transcriptional enhancer in regulating HIV-1 expression and, since receptors for HIV-1 are expressed by some Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive B cells, they also suggest that HIV-1 replication could occur in EBV-positive B cells in vivo.
Efficient recovery and regeneration of integrated retroviruses (1997)

We report a rapid and efficient PCR-based rescue procedure for integrated recombinant retroviruses. Full-length proviral DNA is amplified by long-range PCR using a pair of primers derived from the long terminal repeats (LTR), and virus is regenerated by transfecting retrovirus-packaging cells with the PCR-derived provirus. The viral yield from the PCR product is similar to that from the retroviral plasmid vector, and the representation of different inserts is accurately maintained in the recovered retroviral population. This procedure is suitable for expression cloning from retroviral libraries and should be applicable to the analysis of natural retrovirus populations.
Hypoxic reperfusion attenuates postischemic microvascular injury (1989)

The results of several recent studies have demonstrated that reactive oxygen metabolites are responsible for a major portion of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in skeletal muscle. Presumably, the cytotoxic oxidants are produced during reperfusion when molecular oxygen (the source of the reactive oxygen metabolites) is reintroduced to the tissues. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that molecular oxygen must be provided at reperfusion to produce I/R injury in skeletal muscle. Isolated, maximally vasodilated (papaverine) canine gracilis muscles were reperfused, after 4 h of inflow occlusion, from reservoirs containing autologous blood equilibrated with either 95% O2-5% CO2 or 95% N2-5% CO2 gas mixtures. Arterial PO2 fell from approximately 120 mmHg to less than 3-5 mmHg, during the use of nitrogen. The solvent drag reflection coefficient for total plasma proteins (sigma f) and total vascular resistance was determined for the following conditions: control (no ischemia), reperfusion with oxygenated blood after 4 h ischemia; and reperfusion (after 4 h ischemia), first with anoxic blood and then oxygenated blood. Reperfusion with oxygenated blood, after 4 h of ischemia, significantly reduced solvent drag reflexion coefficient (sigma f) from 0.93 +/- 0.02 to 0.63 +/- 0.02, indicating a dramatic increase in vascular permeability. Total vascular resistance increased from 6.1 +/- 1.1 mmHg.ml-1.min.100 g during the preischemic period to 12.9 +/- 3.0 mmHg.ml-1.min.100 g during normoxic reperfusion. In muscles reperfused with anoxic blood, sigma f averaged 0.82 +/- 0.06, whereas vascular resistance increased by 56 +/- 13%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Selectively Degradable Core Cross-Linked Star Polymers (2006)

A range of selectively degradable core cross-linked star (CCS) polymers were synthesized via a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) using the “arm first” method. The multifunctional initiator 2-hydroxyethyl 2‘-methyl-2‘-bromopropionate was used to synthesize degradable poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and nondegradable polystyrene (PSt) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) macroinitiators which were subsequently cross-linked to generate CCS polymers. By using nondegradable (divinylbenzene (DVB), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA)) and degradable (4,4‘-bioxepanyl-7,7‘-dione (BOD), 2,2-bis(ε-caprolactone-4-yl)propane (BCP)) monomers to cross-link the different macroinitiators, a range of CCS polymers were synthesized where either the arm or the core domain can be selectively degraded. PCL/DVB and PCL/EGDMA arm-degradable CCS polymers were synthesized under various conditions to determine the optimal reaction conditions with hydrolysis yielding DVB and EGDMA cores, for which the hydrodynamic diameter was determined. Hydrolysis of PCL/PMMA/EGDMA miktoarm CCS polymer resulted in CCS polymer with a reduced number of arms, whereas PSt/BOD core-degradable CCS polymer yielded the original linear PSt arms upon hydrolysis. PCL/BOD and PCL/BCP fully degradable CCS polymers were also synthesized and shown to be completely degradable upon hydrolysis of the ester linkages to generate small-chain acid units.
Synthesis of Spirocyclic Diarylfluorenes by One-Pot Twofold S<sub>N</sub>Ar Reactions of Diaryl Sulfones with Diarylmethanes (2016)

Treatment of dibenzothiophene dioxides with cyclic diarylmethanes in the presence of KN(SiMe3)2 results in the formation of fluorene-based spirocyclic tetraarylmethanes in a single operation. The transformation would proceed via an intermolecular SNAr reaction of the dioxides with cyclic diarylmethylpotassium followed by intramolecular SNAr cyclization. This straightforward strategy provides a wide range of spirocyclic diarylfluorenes including unusual ones that are otherwise difficult to synthesize.
Surface Charge of Titanium Dioxide and Its Effect on Dye Adsorption and Aqueous Suspension Stability (1991)

The point of zero charge (PZC) of pigmentary food grade and fumed titanium dioxide was investigated and observed to be variable, possibly due to the presence of impurities in the samples. The adsorption of FD&C yellow #5 and methylene blue USP from aqueous solution by the titanium dioxide samples was studied as was the relative stability of aqueous suspensions of the titanium dioxide samples. Both the dye adsorption and the suspension stability were found to be dependent on the pH of the oxide suspension and the PZC of the titanium dioxide.
Exocytotic Properties of Human Pancreatic β‐cells (2009)

Pancreatic beta-cells secrete insulin in response to elevated blood glucose via Ca(2+)-dependent fusion of secretory granules with the plasma membrane (regulated exocytosis). While exocytosis has been extensively investigated in rodent beta-cells, studies on human beta-cells are scarce. We have characterized the exocytotic properties of human beta-cells by insulin release measurements, carbon fiber amperometry, and capacitance measurements using the patch-clamp technique. Voltage-clamp depolarizations evoked capacitance increases in single beta-cells in a time- and voltage-dependent manner. The capacitance responses as well as insulin release from intact islets were strongly amplified by elevation of intracellular cAMP levels. Exocytosis was more dependent on Ca(2+) influx through P/Q-type than L-type Ca(2+) channels, reflecting the relative contribution of these channels to the total Ca(2+) current. Exocytosis (as monitored by capacitance or amperometric measurements) decreased during repetitive stimulation as a result of inactivation of Ca(2+) channels as well as depletion of a readily releasable pool of granules. These results reveal both similarities and differences between human and rodent beta-cells.
Analysis of IPM current oscillation under short circuit condition (2002)

It is observed that the collector current in an IGBT oscillates under short circuit conditions. In particular, severe oscillation occurs when the IGBT is connected to a current limiting circuit. This current oscillation has some undesirable effects on application circuits using IGBTs or IPMs (intelligent power modules). We have revealed the current oscillation mechanism by means of experiments and simulation. From the results, the IGBT cell structure itself triggers oscillation of the gate voltage and collector current. The parasitic inductance existing in the module and the current limiting circuit connected to the IGBT have an additional influence on the current oscillation behaviour. Current oscillation can be damped successfully by adjusting the parasitic inductance or improving the properties of the current limiting circuit.
Segmentation of lung fields using Chan-Vese active contour model in chest radiographs (2011)

A CAD tool for chest radiographs consists of several procedures and the very first step is segmentation of lung fields. We develop a novel methodology for segmentation of lung fields in chest radiographs that can satisfy the following two requirements. First, we aim to develop a segmentation method that does not need a training stage with manual estimation of anatomical features in a large training dataset of images. Secondly, for the ease of implementation, it is desirable to apply a well established model that is widely used for various image-partitioning practices. The Chan-Vese active contour model, which is based on Mumford-Shah functional in the level set framework, is applied for segmentation of lung fields. With the use of this model, segmentation of lung fields can be carried out without detailed prior knowledge on the radiographic anatomy of the chest, yet in some chest radiographs, the trachea regions are unfavorably segmented out in addition to the lung field contours. To eliminate artifacts from the trachea, we locate the upper end of the trachea, find a vertical center line of the trachea and delineate it, and then brighten the trachea region to make it less distinctive. The segmentation process is finalized by subsequent morphological operations. We randomly select 30 images from the Japanese Society of Radiological Technology image database to test the proposed methodology and the results are shown. We hope our segmentation technique can help to promote of CAD tools, especially for emerging chest radiographic imaging techniques such as dual energy radiography and chest tomosynthesis.
Copper-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition of Grignard reagents to cyclic enones (2004)

It is no longer necessary to use dialkylzinc reagents to obtain enantioselectivities >95% in the copper-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition of organometallic compounds to cyclic enones. We now report how this can be accomplished by using inexpensive and readily available Grignard reagents. Screening of bidentate ligands provided outstanding results with copper complexes of commercially available chiral ferrocenyl-based diphosphines, in particular TaniaPhos and JosiPhos derivatives. These catalysts tolerate a range of Grignard reagents and different cyclic enones as substrates, leading to high regioselectivities and unprecedented enantioselectivities. Moreover, the reactions are successful with moderate catalyst loading (5 mol %) under mild conditions and in the absence of additives.
A Peer-to-Peer Environment to Share Medical Images and Diagnoses Providing Context-Based Searching (2005)

The enormous amount of radiological data obtained nowadays comprises a huge quantity of clinical knowledge that it is not efficiently exploited. Although many peer-reviewed radiological databases are available, the number of cases and the variety of pathologies are not enough for research. The most of the information remains locally in hospitals and clinics without being shared. Sharing medical studies is not trivial. The vast amount of data that image studies involve, the difficulty on indexing the information and the lack of adequate tools prevent radiologists from sharing information at a larger scale. This paper presents a peer-to-peer (P2P) environment that assists image diagnosis apprenticeship and research, enabling radiologists to share DICOM studies and its corresponding diagnoses. The P2P environment presented in the paper proposes a solution to ease searching and securely sharing medical data. Automatic anonymisation of data is done, including blurring of clinically relevant data. Searching is performed by context (based on the mutual information function or relative entropy) and using different filter expressions, based on DICOM metadata. Since the amount of clinical data is huge, storage and searching is performed distributed in a P2P manner. The system presented is a collaborative environment designed for sharing DICOM images and diagnoses that constitutes a distributed virtual database; accessible by the radiologists' community enabling distributed context-based searching on DICOM images.
Trajectories of social exclusion: the wider context for the third and first worlds (2000)

The newly fashionable concept of social exclusion involves a shift away from traditional discussions of ‘poverty’. This conceptual shift involves five principal elements (Room, 1999): • it is concerned with a multidimensional notion of living conditions; • it is concerned with dynamic processes and movements between one time period and the next, and with investments in future consumption and security, not just current consumption; • it recognises that people's living conditions depend not just on their personal and household resources but also on the collective resources to which they have access; • it focuses attention on the relational as much as the distributive dimensions of stratification; on the one hand making explicit that consumption and investment take place within particular social relationships, and, on the other, recognising that relationships are themselves a component of human well-being, and their breakdown or absence can therefore be a deprivation2; • it directs attention to those individuals, households and communities who are suffering such a degree of multidimensional disadvantage, of such duration, and reinforced by such material and cultural degradation of the collective resources on which they can draw, that their links with the wider society are ruptured catastrophically. The present paper considers how the concept of social exclusion can be operationalised, for purposes of empirical investigation, in a variety of different societies. Can a single overarching framework be developed for societies at very different levels of development, or does this search for conceptual unity only blunt the edge of our analytical tools? Can a single framework embrace processes of exclusion and inclusion as they affect individuals, local communities and whole countries, or is the quest for a unified theory counterproductive? Finally, can this framework provide any new insights for public policy?
Performance of Inter-vehicle Communication Technique for Intersection Collision Warning (2006)

Recently there has been growing interest in intervehicle communications (IVC) to avoid motor vehicle accidents. About one quarter of accidents occur in non line of sight (NLOS) situations. This paper focuses on accident avoidance in NLOS by the IVC. To communicate with other vehicles in NLOS, VHF radio frequency is assumed since the VHF signal can reach behind obstacles. In order to be found by other vehicles, each vehicle broadcasts presence notification packets frequently. This packet contains position, speed, heading, and acceleration information. When a vehicle receives a packet from others, it gives a warning message to the driver if any potential accidents are detected. In this system model, packet collisions arise as a serious problem when roads are congested. In this paper transmission control scheme is proposed to reduce packet collisions. A vehicle omits its next transmission when it successfully receives a packet from the preceding vehicles. This paper reveals the effect of the proposed transmission control scheme by computer simulations.
Photoinduced enhancement of a triboelectric nanogenerator based on an organolead halide perovskite (2016)

We report a methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI<sub>3</sub>) perovskite-based photoenhanced triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG).