gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HoloStation (2016)

As much as stories need to be told, images need to be presented. Although visualizations are meant to be self-explanatory, often enhancing their expressive power by incorporating a certain degree of interactivity, visualized images today often fail to encourage the active engagement of the user/audience. In many cases, interactive interventions by a human presenter have the potential to drastically improve the engagement with visualization. Rather than just showing the content, the presenter then enhances information delivery, e.g., by providing the context of the visualization. In this paper, we propose a novel concept called augmented presentation in which the human presenter occupies the same physical space as the visualized information, thereby presenting and interacting with the visualized images seamlessly. Depending on the level of engagement the presenter's role may vary: from a simple storyteller to an augmented presenter who may be regarded as a part of the visualized entity. To further the development of the new idea of augmented presentation, we have designed, implemented, and user-tested a visualization system named HoloStation. The presenter is placed between two projection screens: the front one is half-mirrored and the rear one is a conventional wall screen. The 3D stereoscopic images are rendered to appear in-between, thereby creating a coherent 3D visualization space filled with digital information and the human presenter. We have conducted a controlled experiment to investigate the subjective level of immersion and engagement of the audience with HoloStation compared to the traditional presentation. Our results suggest that our new form of augmented presentation has a potential not only to enhance the quality of information presentation but also to enrich the user experience on visualizations.
Low-k n&k variation impact on CD accuracy of scatterometry (2008)

Scatterometry is one of the advanced optical metrology techniques has been implemented in semiconductor manufacturing for monitoring and controlling critical dimensions, sidewall angle and grating heights as well as thicknesses of underlying films, due to its non-destructive nature, high measurement precision and speed. In traditional scatterometry approach, the optical properties (<i>n&k</i>'s) of film stack have been used as fixed inputs in a scatterometry model, therefore, the process engineers have to assume that there is no significant impact on measurement results by small deviation from pre-extracted <i>n&k</i>'s. However, <i>n&k</i>'s of actual production wafers will always vary from the fixed values used in the model. The magnitude of the variations and its impact on the accuracy of scatterometry measurements has not been well-characterized yet. In this study, a low-k dielectric stack with noticeable <i>n&k</i>'s variations was generated. The low-k dielectric stack has the refractive index (<i>n</i>) variation around 0.01 @ 633nm within a wafer, and is under two layers of patterned PR and BARC. Different scatterometry models with fixed and floated <i>n&k</i>'s have been analyzed. Although comparable repeatability was obtained with either fixed or floated <i>n&k</i>'s model, the correlation (R<sup>2</sup>) to CD-SEM result has been improved by floating <i>n&k</i> in the model in comparison to that of fixed <i>n&k</i> model. In this paper, we also discuss some differences in applying various optical models (i.e, EMA and Cauchy) in scatterometry measurements.
Tri-band frequency selective surface with circular ring elements (2002)

A metallic ring has been proposed as the resonant element for a triband frequency selective surface (FSS). Dielectric substrate material with a high dielectric constant is employed to reduce the ring size and thus the element spacing for avoiding grating lobes at the highest frequency. A double-screen approach is used to yield better matching and therefore lower insertion loss for the transmission bands. Both a single-screen FSS design and a double-screen FSS design have been fabricated and tested for the triband system. Excellent agreement between calculation and measurement was achieved. The double-screen FSS provided better performance than the single-screen FSS at S- and Ku-band frequencies. By using the ring elements, the FSS's resonant frequency becomes very insensitive to a wide variation of incident angles.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A preliminary investigation of the impact of oily skin on quality of life and concordance of self‐perceived skin oiliness and skin surface lipids (sebum) (2013)

These results strongly suggest that having oily skin can cause a significant negative impact on QoL among Chinese women. The Chinese version of the OSSIQ is a reliable and valid tool for assessing the impact of oily skin on QoL. The accuracy of oily skin self-assessment declines with age.
Improved digital signature scheme based on factoring and discrete logarithms (2002)

Abstract Recently, He proposed a new digital signature scheme based on factoring and discrete logarithms. In this article, we propose an improvement of He’s digital signature scheme. Our scheme is secure and efficient.
A Square-Root Nyquist (M) Filter Design for Digital Communication Systems (2008)

Designing matched transmit and receive filters whose combination satisfies the Nyquist condition is a classical problem in digital communication systems. In this correspondence, we propose a novel method for designing such filters. The proposed method is based on a cost function whose minimization leads to designs that can strike a balance between the stopband attenuation, the residual intersymbol interference (ISI), robust sensitivity to timing jitter, and/or reduced peak-to-average power ratio (PAR). An iterative algorithm for optimizing the proposed cost function is suggested and its excellent performance is shown by presenting a variety of design examples. Compared to the published works, the proposed method offers the following unique advantages. By introducing a symmetry in the filter coefficients, filters with reduced computational complexity can be designed. We also introduce a design parameter that allows one to strike a balance between the PAR and other features of the desired filter.
Minimal consistent set (MCS) identification for optimal nearest neighbor decision systems design (1994)

A new approach is presented in this study for tackling the problem of high computational demands of nearest neighbor (NN) based decision systems. The approach, based on the concept of an optimal subset selection from a given training data set, derives a consistent subset which is aimed to be minimal in size. This minimal consistent subset (MCS) selection, in contrast to most of the other previous attempts of this nature, leads to an unique solution irrespective of the initial order of presentation of the data. Further, consistency property is assured at every iteration. Also, unlike under most prior approaches, the samples are selected here in the order of significance of their contribution for enabling the consistency property. This provides insight into the relative significance of the samples in the training set. Experimental results based on a number of independent training and test data sets are presented and discussed to illustrate the methodology and bring to focus its benefits. These results show that the nearest neighbor decision system performance suffers little degradation when the given large training set is replaced by its much smaller MCS in the operational phase of testing with an independent test set. A direct experimental comparison with a prior approach is also furnished to further strengthen the case for the new methodology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mild Hybridization via Electrification of the Air System: Electrically Assisted and Variable Geometry Turbocharging Impact on an Off-Road Diesel Engine (2013)

Electric turbocharger assistance consists in incorporating an electric motor/generator within the turbocharger bearing housing to form a mild hybrid system without altering other mechanical parts of the engine. This makes it an ideal and economical short-to-medium-term solution for the reduction of CO2 emissions. The scope of the paper is to assess the improvements in engine energy efficiency and transient response correlated to the hybridization of the air system. To achieve this, an electrically assisted turbocharger with a variable geometry turbine has been compared to a similar, not hybridized system over step changes of engine load. The variable geometry turbine has been controlled to provide different levels of initial boost, including one optimized for efficiency, and to change its flow capacity during the transient. The engine modeled is a 7-liter, 6-cylinder diesel engine with a power output of over 200 kW and a sub-10-kW turbocharger electric assistance power. To improve the accuracy of the model, the turbocharger turbine has been experimentally characterized by means of a unique testing facility available at Imperial College and the data has been extrapolated by means of a turbine meanline model. Optimization of the engine boost to minimize pumping losses has shown a reduction in brake-specific fuel consumption up to 4.2%. By applying electric turbocharger assistance, it has been possible to recover the loss in engine transient response of the efficiency-optimized system, as it causes a reduction in engine speed drop of 71%–86% and of 79%–94% in engine speed recovery time. When electric assistance is present in the turbocharger, actuating the turbine vanes to assist transient response has not produced the desired result but only a decrement in energy efficiency. If the variable geometry turbine is opened during transients, an improvement in specific energy efficiency with negligible decrement in engine transient performances has been achieved.
3D Bioprinting of Cellulose Structures from an Ionic Liquid (2014)

Abstract This article reports on 3D bioprinting of dissolved cellulose to produce small feature structures with a tailored design of regenerated cellulose. The process consists of dissolving cellulose with different origins and molecular weight in an ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate), controlled multilayered dispensing, and coagulation. The printability was examined by studying the viscosity of cellulose solutions and by varying the settings of the printer setup regarding flow rate and needle dimensions. Water was added as a nonsolvent, enabling a coagulation process to form a gel structure of the printed solutions. By printing on a coagulating gel, the printed solutions were regenerated within a few seconds. Rheology analysis showed that higher concentrations of cellulose and cellulose of a high molecular weight were shear thinning, providing favorable printing properties. Printing 3D structures of cellulose dissolved in an ionic liquid followed by coagulation by a nonsolvent was possible. Both complex patterns of 2D structures as well as multilayered prints were created to obtain 3D structures. This novel method allows for the production of spatially tailored 3D gels or membrane structures made from cellulose.
An Epistatic Relationship between the Viral Protein Kinase UL97 and the <i>UL133-UL138</i> Latency Locus during the Human Cytomegalovirus Lytic Cycle (2014)

A unique feature of the herpesviruses, such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), is that they can undergo latency, a state during which the virus silences its gene expression, which allows lifelong viral persistence in immunocompetent hosts. We have uncovered an unexpected link between a cluster of HCMV genes involved in latency, UL133-UL138, and a virally encoded protein kinase, UL97, which plays crucial roles in manipulating the cell cycle during HCMV lytic replication. Although viral immediate early (IE) gene expression is essential for HCMV lytic replication, the activation of IE gene expression in latently infected cells is not sufficient to result in production of infectious virus. Our findings here and in an accompanying study (M. Umashankar, M. Rak, F. Bughio, P. Zagallo, K. Caviness, and F. D. Goodrum, J. Virol. 88:5987-6002, 2014) show that proteins expressed from the UL133-UL138 latency locus and UL97 play interdependent roles in overcoming checkpoints that restrict the viral lytic replication cycle, findings which suggest intriguing implications for establishment of and reactivation from HCMV latency.
The competitive ability and fitness components of the Methoprene-tolerant (Met) Drosophila mutant resistant to juvenile hormone analog insecticides. (1992)

The Methoprene-tolerant (Met) mutation of Drosophila melanogaster results in a high (100-fold) level of resistance to the insecticide methoprene, a chemical analog of juvenile hormone. Pest species that are under control with methoprene may therefore have the potential to evolve resistance via a mutation homologous to Met. To evaluate the potential of such mutants to persist in wild populations, we must understand the fitness of flies carrying Met. In the absence of methoprene, Met flies were outcompeted by a wild-type strain both in a multigeneration population cage and in single-generation competition experiments. To determine which fitness component(s) is responsible for the competitive disadvantage, the survival, time of development, and fecundity of flies homozygous for each of five Met alleles were compared with wild type. Small but significant differences were found between the pooled Met alleles and wild type for pupal development time, pupal mortality, and early adult fecundity. These differences result in a large competitive disadvantage. Although Met flies were found to have reduced fitness by these measures, the phenotype is not as severe as might be expected from a knowledge of the disruption of juvenile hormone regulation seen in Met flies. It is concluded that (1) although Met flies have a large advantage under methoprene selection, they will quickly become outcompeted upon relaxation of methoprene usage, (2) even a seemingly severe disruption of juvenile hormone regulation has no drastic effect on the vital functions of the insect and (3) small differences in fitness components can translate into a large competitive disadvantage.
Polar Lipid Composition in the Classification of Nocardia and Related Bacteria (1977)

Strains representing the mycolic acid-containing taxa Nocardia, Mycobacterium, Gordona, Corynebacterium, Bacterionema, and the “rhodochrous” complex were analysed for polar lipids by two-dimensional, thin-layer chromatography; diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol were found in all strains and phosphatidylethanolamine was absent only in extracts of Corynebacterium and Bacterionema. Mono- and diacyl phosphatidylinositol dimannosides were present in all Nocardia, Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium, and rhodochrous strains and in the single strain of Gordona aurantiaca examined; Bacterionema and strains of the other Gordona species had only a monoacyl phosphatidylinositol dimannoside. Phosphatidylglycerol was present in substantial amounts in extracts of two strains of Bacterionema matruchotii and in reduced proportions in strains of several other species. Unidentified glycolipids were detected in the lipids of a majority of the organisms investigated.
Soup Over Bean of Pure Joy: Culinary Ruminations of an Artificial Chef (2012)

We introduce a system for generating novel recipes and use that context to examine some current theoretical ideas for computational creativity. Specifically, we have found that the notion of a single inspiring set can be generalized into two separate sets used for generation and evaluation, respectively, with the result being greater novelty as well as system flexibility (and the potential for natural meta-level creativity), that explicitly measuring artefact typicality is not always necessary, and that explicitly defining an artefact hierarchically results in greater novelty. 1
Nasal IgA response in wheezy infants. (1993)

It is unknown why some infants wheeze during upper respiratory tract infections. One possibility is that secretory IgA, which has a major role in mucosal defence against viral infection, might be deficient in wheezy infants. The nasal IgA response to upper respiratory tract infection in 32 wheezy infants (median age 5.8 months) was compared with nine siblings (median age 2.6 years) who had nasal symptoms only. Nasal lavage was performed during infections and on follow up when free from symptoms, using inulin as a marker of dilution to determine absolute concentrations of IgA in the nasal secretions. The two groups showed a similar increase in total IgA and total protein levels during infection, but secretory IgA concentrations were unchanged. This study shows that wheezy infants have a normal nasal IgA response to infection and that the increase in total IgA during early infection is due to plasma exudation rather than increased production of secretory IgA.
D-Amino Acid in Elderly Tissues (2005)

All living organisms on earth are composed of L-amino acids and D-sugars. Therefore the presence and function of D-amino acids in living organisms have not been studied. Recently, however, D-aspartic acid (D-Asp) which is a D-amino acid, has been detected in various proteins from human tissue samples such as eye lens, brain, skin, bone, teeth, aorta from elderly individuals. It has been explained that the presence of D-Asp is the result of racemization of Asp residues in the protein during the life span, inasmuch as the proteins in these tissues are metabolically inert. The Asp-151 and Asp-58 residues in alpha A-crystallin from elderly human lens are especially stereochemically labile and the D/L ratios of these residues were greater than 1.0. A D/L ratio greater than 1.0 is not defined as racemization, but as the inversion of configuration. This was the first observation that inversion occurred in the configuration of amino acids in vivo during the natural aging process. In this review, we summarize the D-Asp in the various tissues reported by many researchers and describe the mechanism of D-Asp formation in protein. We suggest that a chiral reaction field exists in the native higher order structure of protein which induces the inversion of L-Asp to D-Asp residue.
Quantitative Chemical Imaging with Multiplex Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy (2012)

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a newly developed label-free chemical imaging technique that overcomes the speed limitation of confocal Raman microscopy while avoiding the nonresonant background problem of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. Previous demonstrations have been limited to single Raman band measurements. We present a novel modulation multiplexing approach that allows real-time detection of multiple species using the fast Fourier transform. We demonstrate the quantitative determination of chemical concentrations in a ternary mixture. Furthermore, two imaging applications are pursued: (1) quantitative determination of oil content as well as pigment and protein concentration in microalgae cultures; and (2) 3D high-resolution imaging of blood, lipids, and protein distribution in ex vivo mouse skin tissue. We believe that quantitative multiplex SRS uniquely combines the advantage of fast label-free imaging with the fingerprinting capability of Raman spectroscopy and enables numerous applications in lipid biology as well as biomedical imaging.
Stand-Alone Rolling Circle Amplification Combined with Capillary Electrophoresis for Specific Detection of Small RNA (2009)

Noncoding small RNAs play diverse, important biological roles through gene expression regulation. However, their low expression levels make it difficult to identify new small RNA species and study their functions, calling for the development of detection schemes with higher simplicity, sensitivity, and specificity. Herein, we reported a straightforward assay that combined the stand-alone rolling circle amplification (RCA) with capillary electrophoresis (CE) for specific and sensitive detection of small RNAs in biological samples. In order to enhance the overall reaction efficiency and simplify the procedure, RCA was not preceded with ligation, and a preformed circular probe was employed as the template for the target small RNA-primed isothermal amplification. The long RCA product was digested and analyzed by CE. Two DNA polymerases, the Phi29 and Bst, were compared for their detection performance. Bst is superior in the aspects of specificity, procedure simplicity, and reproducibility, while Phi29 leads to a 5-fold lower detection limit and is able to detect as low as 35 amol of the target small RNA. Coamplification of an internal standard with the target and employment of the RNase A digestion step allow accurate and reproducible quantification of low amounts of small RNA targets spiked into hundreds of nanograms of the plant total RNA extract with a recovery below 110% using either enzyme. Our assay can be adapted to a capillary array system for high-throughput screening of small RNA expression in biological samples. Also, the one-step isothermal process has the potential to conveniently amplify a very limited amount of the RNA samples, e.g., RNA extracted from only a few cells, inside the capillary column or on a microchip.
Design optimization of piezoelectric actuator patterns for static shape control of smart plates (2005)

This paper presents an investigation into design optimization of actuator patterns for static shape control of composite plates with piezoelectric actuator patches. An energy optimization based method for finding the optimal control voltages that can actuate a structure shape close to the desired one within a given error is described. Moreover, a voltage limitation for each actuator is also imposed to keep its control voltage within a practical range. An evolutionary actuator pattern optimization scheme is presented in which trivial actuators with the smallest voltages are electrically or physically removed step by step until the given tolerable error is reached. Finally, illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the present equivalent element and the design optimization scheme. Numerical results show that satisfactory static shape control can be achieved even after a number of actuators are removed.
Improving limb flexion in FES gait using the flexion withdrawal response for the spinal cord injured person (1993)

In the restoration of gait for paraplegics using functional electrical stimulation, the method most commonly used to produce hip flexion for the swing phase of gait has been the elicitation of the flexion withdrawal response. Several problems have been noted with the response: there is a decrease in the magnitude of the hip flexion to repeated stimuli (habituation); long latency; and inhibition of the response when stimulated bilaterally. These have been characterized and methods for overcoming the problems tested. Results show that increasing stimulation frequency reduces latency. Habituation can be reduced in some subjects by multiplexing two sites of stimulation. Habituation can further be reduced by applying single high-intensity pulses and this has been used in a one-step-ahead controller for regulating hip flexion angle. Inhibition due to bilateral stimulation had been significantly reduced by altering the timing of the stimulation to the two legs.