gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tuning of Photoreceptor Spectral Sensitivities by Red and Yellow Pigments in the Butterfly Papilio xuthus (1999)

The compound eye of the Japanese yellow swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus, consists of different types of ommatidia characterized by the pigmentation around the rhabdom. About 75% of the ommatidia harbor red pigment, whereas the other 25% contain yellow pigment. We find that the pigments function as spectral filters for the proximal photoreceptor cells. Intracellular recordings of the proximal cells yielded spectral sensitivities peaking in the red (λmax = 600 nm) and in the green (λmax = 520 nm), respectively. Staining of the recorded cells and subsequent histology demonstrated that the red receptors contain red pigment and that the green receptors contain yellow pigment. The sensitivity spectrum of the red receptors was considerably narrower compared to the absorption spectrum of a visual pigment peaking at 600 nm. The sensitivity spectrum can be calculated with an optical model for the butterfly rhabdom by incorporating measured absorbance spectra of the red pigments, yielding that the cell contains a visual pigment peaking at about 575 nm. The model also indicated that the spectral sensitivity of the green receptors is produced by the combination of the yellow lateral filter and a visual pigment peaking at 515 nm.
Synonymous codons influencing gene expression in organisms (2016)

Abstract: Nowadays, it is beyond doubt that synonymous codons are not the same with respect to expression of a gene. In favor of this, ribosome profiling experiments in vivo and in vitro have suggested that ribosome occupancy time is not the same for different synonymous codons. Therefore, synonymous codons influence differently the speed of translation elongation, which guides further cotranslational folding kinetics of a protein. It is now realized that the position of each codon in a coding sequence is important. The effect of synonymous codons on protein structure is an exciting field of research nowadays. This review discusses the recent developments in this field. Keywords: codon usage bias, synonymous codons, ribosome profiling, cotranslational protein folding, protein structure
The Design of Large-Scale, Do-It-Yourself RAIDs (1995)

In this paper we explore the design of &quot;Do-It-Yourself&quot; RAIDs: RAID systems that can assembled by the end user from commercially available disks, enclosures, cables, racks, computers, and networks. We quantitatively evaluate the tradeoffs in cost, performance, and reliability of these DIY-RAID systems. Our principal result is an architecture that scales from 10s to 1000s of disks; we demonstrate that a 1995 implementation would have much lower cost, better and more scalable performance, and roughly the same reliability as commercially available hardware RAID systems. Furthermore, if current trends continue, these DIY-RAIDs will replace near-line tape libraries within a few years. 1. Introduction Recently, a number of applications have emerged that require active use of very large storage systems. Examples include multimedia digital libraries, video on demand, and enterprise-wide decision support. To address this opportunity, a number of researchers are designing systems software to t...
Comparison of 4 methods for quantifying posterior capsule opacification (2003)

The objective AQUA score correlated well with subjective methods including the EPCO system. The POCO system, which assesses PCO area, did not adequately describe PCO intensity and includes a subjective step in the analysis process. The AQUA system could become an important tool for randomized masked trials of PCO inhibition.
The Bacterial Weaponry (2006)

Shigella, a Gram-negative bacterial species of the family Enterobacteriaceae, causes bacillary dysentery in humans, an acute rectocolitis that reflects the capacity of the microorganism to disrupt, invade, and cause the inflammatory destruction of the intestinal epithelium. Here, the pathogenesis of Shigella infection is analyzed in the context of the disruption of the homeostatic balance that protects the gut against inflammation in the presence of its commensal flora. Thus a unified view by which enteroinvasive pathogens allow identification of key signalling molecules and pathways involved in the regulation of intestinal inflammation, thereby providing keys to understand inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
A Scalable Architecture for Autonomous Heterogeneous Database Interactions (1995)

With the exponential proliferation of databases and advances in wide area networking, interest in worldwide database interoperability has gained momentum. Scalability and language support for this new environment remain open questions. We propose a scheme where database nodes are dynamically clustered around current areas of interest. Data sharing is then pursued, with any relationship information discovered being fed back for re-clustering. In order to achieve scalability, the proposed architecture sub-divides both the relationship and information spaces.
Spectroscopic studies of the SO2 discharge system. II. Microwave spectrum of the SO dimer (1974)

Microwave spectra assignable to a dimer of SO have been detected in an electric discharge of SO2. A centrifugal distortion analysis has been carried out on the spectra from the ground state and the lowest excited vibrational state of 16O32S32S16O and the ground vibrational state of 16O32S34S16O. The molecule was found to have a planar cis configuration with the following geometry: r(SO)=1.458(2) Å, rs(SS)=2.0245(6) Å, and ∠SSO=112.7(5)o. The observed dipole moment of OSSO is μ=3.17(10) D.
Developmental factors regulating susceptibility to perinatal brain injury and seizures (2006)

A better understanding of these factors could contribute to the development of new age-specific therapeutic strategies with clinical potential for disorders such as periventricular leukomalacia in the preterm and neonatal seizures in the term infant.
Intraperitoneal and intravenous chemotherapy in peritoneal carcinomatosis. (2012)

IP paclitaxel and IP oxaliplatin can be given safely at 60 mg/m2 and 25mg/m2, respectively.
In-line skating. An observational study of protective equipment used by skaters (1995)

Protective equipment is underused by many in-line skaters. Educating in-line skaters about the value of wearing protective equipment, as recommended by equipment manufacturers, may help reduce the severity or incidence of skating injuries.
Predictive transform estimation (image processing) (1991)

Minimum mean squared error (MSE) linear predictive transform (LPT) source decoding (or modeling) and Kalman estimation are integrated to yield a unified approach to source modeling and estimation called PT estimation. PT estimation enhances classical Kalman estimation in two ways: first, it directly addresses the source modeling problem of scalar or multidimensional Kalman estimation by integrating an exact minimum MSE LPT decoder with a Kalman estimator; second, it provides a transformation mechanism that inherently leads to significant design and implementation simplifications when the state dimensionality is large. In the specific case of image reconstruction, the design and implementation requirements of 2-D LPT smoother structures are lessened with respect to those of classical 2-D Kalman smoother structures with exactly equivalent performance by factors that approach eight and four, respectively. Simple nonadaptive 2-D LPT smoothers perform quite well when compared with previous adaptive linear minimum MSE estimators.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Clinical Tumor Responses Despite Graft Rejection after Nonmyeloablative Conditioning and Transplantation of Partially HLA-Mismatched (Haploidentical) Bone Marrow. (2005)

Abstract A variety of hematologic malignancies that are resistant to standard chemotherapy can be treated by nonmyelaoblative allogeneic stem cell transplantation, or NST. At our institution, 84 patients have enrolled onto sequential Phase I and II protocols of NST for hematologic malignancies utilizing haploidentical donors. Patients received non-T cell-depleted marrow after conditioning with fludarabine 30 mg/m2 (days −6 to −2), cyclophosphamide (Cy; 14.5 mg/kg/d, days −6 and −5) and 200 cGy total body irradiation on day −1. Novel post-transplantation immunosuppression included high dose Cy (50 mg/kg/d on day 3 only or (n=23) days 3 and 4 (n=40), mycophenolate mofetil from days 5–35 and FK-506 from day 5–180. Sixteen patients (19%) experienced graft rejection, defined as absence of donor chimerism on day 60, including 6/10 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), 3/7 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), 2/3 patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), 2/21 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and three patients with lymphoid malignancies. Fourteen patients recovered autologous hematopoiesis, whereas two (1 MDS, 1 NHL) died in aplasia. Interestingly, objective clinical responses were observed in 3/6 of the rejectors with MDS (1 CR, 2 PR), 2/3 rejectors with CML (2 molecular CR), and in both rejectors with CMML (1 CR, 1 PR). Two of the five patients with MDS and blast counts of greater than 20% survived for greater than 2 years with a decrease in blast counts and need for transfusions. Both patients with CML had disease refractory to imatinib mesylate, and both achieved molecular complete responses following transplantation. One of the patients has relapsed, and the other remains in hematologic and cytogenetic complete remission, though in minimal molecular relapse, at 6+ months after transplantation. Of the patients with CMML, one achieved a morphologic and hematologic complete remission at six months after transplantation, and the other achieved improved blood counts and disappearance of marrow blasts before relapsing at six months after transplant. In summary, fatal graft rejection is uncommon following nonmyeloablative BMT with post-transplantation cyclophosphamide. Clinical responses occurred despite graft rejection, particularly among patients with chronic myeloid malignancies. Potential mechanisms of the anti-tumor effect include an effect of conditioning, a transient graft-versus-host reaction by donor T or NK cells, or an abrogation of host tolerance to tumor by either the graft-versus-host or host-versus-graft reaction.
The risks of waiting for cardiac catheterization: a prospective study. (2002)

Patients awaiting cardiac catheterization may experience major adverse events, such as death, myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure, which may be preventable. Our findings provide a benchmark by which to measure the effect of increased capacity and prioritization schemes that allow earlier access for patients at higher risk, such as those with aortic stenosis and reduced left ventricular function.
Strategies for therapy of retinal diseases using systemic drug delivery: relevance of transporters at the blood–retinal barrier (2011)

When designing and selecting optimal drug candidates, it's important to consider the fact that they should be recognized by influx transporters and that efflux transporters at the BRB should be avoided. Although lipophilic cationic drugs are known to be transported to the brain across the blood-brain barrier, verapamil transport to the retina is substantially higher than to the brain. Therefore, lipophilic cationic drugs do have a great ability to increase influx transport across the BRB.
Mafia: A theoretical study of players and coalitions in a partial information environment (2008)

In this paper, we study a game called “Mafia,” in which different players have different types of information, communication and functionality. The players communicate and function in a way that resembles some real-life situations. We consider two types of operations. First, there are operations that follow an open democratic discussion. Second, some subgroups of players who may have different interests make decisions based on their own group interest. A key ingredient here is that the identity of each subgroup is known only to the members of that group. In this paper, we are interested in the best strategies for the different groups in such scenarios and in evaluating their relative power. The main focus of the paper is the question: How large and strong should a subgroup be in order to dominate the game? The concrete model studied here is based on the popular game “Mafia.” In this game, there are three groups of players: Mafia, detectives and ordinary citizens. Initially, each player is given only his/her own identity, except the mafia, who are given the identities of all mafia members. At each “open” round, a vote is made to determine which player to eliminate. Additionally, there are collective decisions made by the mafia where they decide to eliminate a citizen. Finally, each detective accumulates data on the mafia/citizen status of players. The citizens win if they eliminate all mafia members. Otherwise, the mafia wins. We first find a randomized strategy that is optimal in the absence of detectives. This leads to a stochastic asymptotic analysis where it is shown that the two groups have comparable probabilities of winning exactly when the total population size is R and the mafia size is of order $\sqrt{R}$. We then show that even a single detective changes the qualitative behavior of the game dramatically. Here, the mafia and citizens have comparable winning probabilities only for a mafia size linear in R. Finally, we provide a summary of simulations complementing the theoretical results obtained in the paper.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SOME NOVEL TETRACYCLIC IMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES (1974)

Abstract Aus Dibenzo‐cycloheptadien‐dion (I) und den Aldehyden (II) erhält man in Gegenwart von Ammonacetat (III) die kondensierten Imidazole (IV).
Laterally deformable nanomechanical zeroth-order gratings: anomalous diffraction studied by rigorous coupled-wave analysis (2003)

We describe a novel optomechanical device that produces strong reflectance and polarization modulation of incident light. The structure is based on a suspended nanomechanical grating with lateral deformability, and rigorous coupled-wave analysis has been used to fully model the optical properties of the device. The grating consists of two interdigitated gratings that may be moved with respect to each other with an applied force. The structures proposed here are designed to be readily manufacturable with device processing developed for surface-micromachined microelectromechanical systems and with known microelectromechanical systems materials, such as silicon, silicon nitride, and amorphous diamond. As the spacing of the grating is changed, an anomalous diffraction effect is observed, a Wood's type anomaly in which there exists a resonance in propagating leaky modes within the grating, resulting in a dramatic change in the reflectance characteristics for slight changes in the grating. One of the unique features of this structure is that a reflected optical signal can be used to detect subangstrom in-plane motion of structures greater than 10 nm.
Identification of Mistuning Characteristics of Bladed Disks From Free Response Data— Part II (1999)

The focus of the present two-part investigation is on the estimation of the dynamic properties, i.e., masses, stiffnesses, natural frequencies, mode shapes and their statistical distributions, of turbomachine blades to be used in the accurate prediction of the forced response of mistuned bladed disks. As input to this process, it is assumed that the lowest natural frequencies of the blades alone have been experimentally measured, for example in a broach block test. Since the number of measurements is always less than the number of unknowns, this problem is indeterminate in nature. In this second part of the investigation, the maximum likelihood method (ML) will first be revisited and a thorough assessment of its reliability in a wide variety of conditions, including the presence of measurement noise, different distributions of blade structural properties, etc., will be conducted. Then, a technique that provides a bridge between the two identification methods introduced in Part I, i.e., the random modal stiffnesses (RMS) and maximum likelihood (ML) approaches, will be presented. This technique, termed the improved random modal stiffnesses (IRMS) method is based on the maximum likelihood concepts but yields a mistuning model similar to that of the random modal stiffnesses technique. Finally, the accuracy of the RMS, ML, and IRMS methods in predicting the forced response statistics of mistuned bladed disks will be investigated in the presence of close blade alone natural frequencies.
Eliminating Public Knowledge Biases in Information-Aggregation Mechanisms (2004)

We present a novel methodology for identifying public knowledge and eliminating the biases it creates when aggregating information in small group settings. A two-stage mechanism consisting of an information market and a coordination game is used to reveal and adjust for individuals' public information. A nonlinear aggregation of their decisions then allows for the calculation of the probability of the future outcome of an uncertain event, which can then be compared to both the objective probability of its occurrence and the performance of the market as a whole. Experiments show that this nonlinear aggregation mechanism outperforms both the imperfect market and the best of the participants.
Linux(R) Patch Management: Keeping Linux(R) Systems Up To Date (Bruce Perens Open Source) (2006)

The first start-to-finish guide to patching Linux systems in production environments For Red Hat, Fedora, SUSE, Debian, and other leading distributions Comprehensive coverage of apt, yum, Red Hat Network, YaST Online Update, Zenworks Linux Management, and other tools High-efficiency techniques that minimize impacts on networks, users, and administratorsThe Start-to-Finish Patch Management Guide for Every Linux® EnvironmentTo keep your Linux systems secure, reliable, and productive, you must stay current with patches and updates. But, until now, it has been difficult to find usable, trustworthy guidance on managing patches in Linux production environments. Linux Patch Management fills that gap, offering Linux professionals start-to-finish solutions, strategies, and examples for every environment, from single computers to enterprise-class networks.Michael Jang presents patching solutions for Red Hat, Fedora, SUSE, Debian, and other distributions. He systematically covers both distribution-specific tools and widely used community tools, such as apt and yum. This book's streamlined patch management techniques minimize impacts on users, networks, and administrators, and address applications as well as the underlying OS. Whatever your role in managing Linux systems, Linux Patch Management will reduce your costs, enhance the availability of your systems, and dramatically improve your personal efficiency. Consolidating patches on a Red Hat network, including cached updates, as well as patching systems based on RHEL rebuild distributions Working with SUSE's update systems, including YaST Online Update and Zenworks Linux Management Making the most of apt commands and the GUI-based Synaptic Package Manager Configuring apt for RPM distributions such as Fedora and SUSE Linux Creating repositories that can manage gigabytes of patches on diverse Linux systems Updating networks of Linux computers without overloading WAN or Internet connections Configuring yum clients, including coverage of emerging GUI tools such as Yum ExtenderBruce Perens' Open Source Series is a definitive series of Linux and open source books by the world's leading Linux professionals. Bruce Perens is the primary author of The Open Source Definition, the formative document of the open source movement, and the former Debian GNU/Linux Project Leader.Series Editor Bruce Perens is an open source evangelist, developer, and consultant whose software is a major component of most commercial embedded Linux offerings. He founded or cofounded Linux Standard Base, Open Source Initiative, and Software in the Public Interest. As Debian GNU/Linux Project Leader, he was instrumental in getting the system on two U.S. space shuttle flights.© Copyright Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Spatial and temporal limits of motion perception across variations in speed, eccentricity, and low vision (2009)

We evaluated spatial displacement and temporal duration thresholds for discriminating the motion direction of gratings for a broad range of speeds (0.06 degrees/s to 30 degrees/s) in fovea and at +/-30 degrees eccentricity. In general, increased speed yielded lower duration thresholds but higher displacement thresholds. In most conditions, these effects of speed were comparable in fovea and periphery, yielding relatively similar thresholds not correlated with decreased peripheral acuity. The noteworthy exceptions were interactive effects at slow speeds: (1) Displacement thresholds for peripheral motion were affected by acuity limits for speeds below 0.5 degrees/s. (2) Low-vision observers with congenital nystagmus had elevated thresholds for peripheral motion and slow foveal motion but resembled typically sighted observers for foveal motions at speeds above 1 degree/s. (3) Suppressive center-surround interactions were absent below 0.5 degrees/s and their strength increased with speed. Overall, these results indicate qualitatively different sensitivities to slow and fast motions. Thresholds for very slow motion are limited by spatial resolution, while thresholds for fast motion are probably limited by temporal resolution.
Removal of anti-Galα1,3Gal xenoantibodies with an injectable polymer (2002)

Preformed and elicited Ab's against the Galalpha1,3Gal terminating carbohydrate chains (alphaGal Ab's) are the primary cause of hyperacute and acute vascular xenograft rejection in pig-to-primate transplantation. alphaGal Ab's are produced by long-lived Ab-producing cells that are not susceptible to pharmacological immunosuppression. We reasoned that antigen-specific elimination of alphaGal Ab's might be achieved in vivo by systemic administration of nonimmunogenic polyvalent alphaGal structures with high avidity for alphaGal Ab's. We devised GAS914, a soluble trisaccharide-polylysine conjugate of approximately 500 kDa that effectively competes for alphaGal binding by alphaGal IgM (IC(50), 43 nM) and IgG (IC(50), 28 nM) in vitro. Injections of GAS914 in cynomolgus monkeys, at the dose of 1 mg/kg, resulted in the immediate decrease of more than 90% of circulating alphaGal Ab's and serum anti-pig cytotoxicity. In baboons, repeated injections of GAS914 effectively reduced both circulating alphaGal Ab's and cytotoxicity over several months. Studies with [(14)C]GAS914 in rhesus monkeys and Gal(-/-) mice indicate that GAS914 binds to circulating alphaGal Ab's and that the complex is quickly metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidney. Remarkably, posttreatment alphaGal Ab titers never exceeded pretreatment levels and no sensitization to either alphaGal or the polylysine backbone has been observed. Furthermore there was no apparent acute or chronic toxicity associated with GAS914 treatment in primates. We conclude that GAS914 may be used therapeutically for the specific removal of alphaGal Ab's.