gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Renal effects of Tamm-Horsfall protein (uromodulin) deficiency in mice (2004)

The Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP; uromodulin), the dominant protein in normal urine, is produced exclusively in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. THP mutations are associated with disease; however, the physiological role of THP remains obscure. We generated THP gene-deficient mice (THP -/-) and compared them with wild-type (WT) mice. THP -/- mice displayed anatomically normal kidneys. Steady-state electrolyte handling was not different between strains. Creatinine clearance was 63% lower in THP -/- than in WT mice (P < 0.05). Sucrose loading induced no changes between strains. However, water deprivation for 24 h decreased urine volume from 58 +/- 9 to 28 +/- 4 microl x g body wt(-1) x 24 h(-1) in WT mice (P < 0.05), whereas in THP -/- mice this decrease was less pronounced (57 +/- 4 to 41 +/- 5 microl x g body wt(-1) x 24 h(-1); P < 0.05), revealing significant interstrain difference (P < 0.05). We further used RT-PCR, Northern and Western blotting, and histochemistry to study renal transporters, channels, and regulatory systems under steady-state conditions. We found that major distal transporters were upregulated in THP -/- mice, whereas juxtaglomerular immunoreactive cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and renin mRNA expression were both decreased in THP -/- compared with WT mice. These observations suggest that THP influences transporters in Henle's loop. The decreased COX-2 and renin levels may be related to an altered tubular salt load at the macula densa, whereas the increased expression of distal transporters may reflect compensatory mechanisms. Our data raise the hypothesis that THP plays an important regulatory role in the kidney.
Distinct cellular immune profiles in the airways and blood of critically ill patients with COVID-19 (2020)

Abstract Our understanding of the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) immune response is almost exclusively derived from studies that examined blood. To gain insight in the pulmonary immune response we analysed BALF samples and paired blood samples from 17 severe COVID-19 patients. Macrophages and T cells were the most abundant cells in BALF. In the lungs, both CD4 and CD8 T cells were predominantly effector memory cells and expressed higher levels of the exhaustion marker PD-1 than in peripheral blood. Prolonged ICU stay associated with a reduced proportion of activated T cells in peripheral blood and even more so in BALF. T cell activation in blood, but not in BALF, was higher in fatal COVID-19 cases. Increased levels of inflammatory mediators were more pronounced in BALF than in plasma. In conclusion, the bronchoalveolar immune response in COVID-19 has a unique local profile that strongly differs from the immune profile in peripheral blood. Summary The bronchoalveolar immune response in severe COVID-19 strongly differs from the peripheral blood immune profile. Fatal COVID-19 associated with T cell activation blood, but not in BALF.
Quantum lithography beyond the diffraction limit via Rabi-oscillations (2011)

We propose a quantum optical method to do the subwavelength lithography. Our method is similar to the traditional lithography but adding a critical step before dissociating the chemical bound of the photoresist. The subwavelength pattern is achieved by inducing the multi-Rabi oscillation between the two atomic levels. The proposed method does not require multiphoton absorption and the entanglement of photons. It is expected to be realizable using current technology.
Adaptive estimation of eigensubspace (1995)

In a recent work we recast the problem of estimating the minimum eigenvector (eigenvector corresponding to the minimum eigenvalue) of a symmetric positive definite matrix into a neural network framework. We now extend this work using an inflation technique to estimate all or some of the orthogonal eigenvectors of the given matrix. Based on these results, we form a cost function for the finite data case and derive a Newton-based adaptive algorithm. The inflation technique leads to a highly modular and parallel structure for implementation. The computational requirement of the algorithm is O(N/sup 2/), N being the size of the covariance matrix. We also present a rigorous convergence analysis of this adaptive algorithm. The algorithm is locally convergent and the undesired stationary points are unstable. Computer simulation results are provided to compare its performance with that of two adaptive subspace estimation methods proposed by Yang and Kaveh (1988) and an improved version of one of them, for stationary and nonstationary signal scenarios. The results show that the proposed approach performs identically to one of them and is significantly superior to the remaining two.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Changes in protein phosphorylation in Rous sarcoma virus-transformed chicken embryo cells. (1981)

Rous sarcoma virus encodes a tyrosine-specific protein kinase (p60src) which is necessary for cell transformation. To identify substrates for this kinase, we set out to detect phosphotyrosine-containing proteins in Rous sarcoma virus-transformed chicken embryo cells, making use of the known alkali stability of phosphotyrosine. 32P-labeled phosphoproteins were separated by isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The gels were then incubated in alkali. Using this procedure with normal cells, we detected a total of about 190 alkali-resistant phosphoproteins. In Rous sarcoma virus-transformed cells, five phosphoproteins were found which were not detectable in normal cells. Two of these are probably structural proteins of the virus. The other three transformation-dependent phosphoproteins, and four other phosphoproteins which were elevated by transformation, all contained phosphotyrosine. Increased phosphorylation of these proteins did not occur with cells infected with a mutant Rous sarcoma virus, temperature sensitive for transformation, grown at the restrictive temperature. We conclude that these seven proteins are probably substrates of p60src, although they may be substrates for other tyrosine-specific protein kinases activated by p60src.
The amoebae plate test implicates a paralogue of lpxB in the interaction of Legionella pneumophila with Acanthamoeba castellanii (2005)

Legionella pneumophila is a bacterial parasite of freshwater amoebae which also grows in alveolar macrophages and thus causes the potentially fatal pneumonia Legionnaires' disease. Intracellular growth within amoebae and macrophages is mechanistically similar and requires the Icm/Dot type IV secretion system. This paper reports the development of an assay, the amoebae plate test (APT), to analyse growth of L. pneumophila wild-type and icm/dot mutant strains spotted on agar plates in the presence of Acanthamoeba castellanii. In the APT, wild-type L. pneumophila formed robust colonies even at high dilutions, icmT, -R, -P or dotB mutants failed to grow, and icmS or -G mutants were partially growth defective. The icmS or icmG mutant strains were used to screen an L. pneumophila chromosomal library for genes that suppress the growth defect in the presence of the amoebae. An icmS suppressor plasmid was isolated that harboured the icmS and flanking icm genes, indicating that this plasmid complements the intracellular growth defect of the mutant. In contrast, different icmG suppressor plasmids rendered the icmG mutant more cytotoxic for A. castellanii without enhancing intracellular multiplication in amoebae or RAW264.7 macrophages. Deletion of individual genes in the suppressor plasmids inserts identified lcs (Legionella cytotoxic suppressor) -A, -B, -C and -D as being required for enhanced cytotoxicity of an icmG mutant strain. The corresponding proteins show sequence similarity to hydrolases, NlpD-related metalloproteases, lipid A disaccharide synthases and ABC transporters, respectively. Overexpression of LcsC, a putative paralogue of the lipid A disaccharide synthase LpxB, increased cytotoxicity of an icmG mutant but not that of other icm/dot or rpoS mutant strains against A. castellanii. Based on sequence comparison and chromosomal location, lcsB and lcsC probably encode enzymes involved in cell wall maintenance and peptidoglycan metabolism. The APT established here may prove useful to identify other bacterial factors relevant for interactions with amoeba hosts.
Estimating Surface Reflectance Functions from Tristimulus Values (2004)

Information about the spectral reflectance of a color surface is useful in many applications. Assuming that reflectance functions can be adequately approximated by a linear combination of a small number of basis functions, we address here the recovery of a surface reflectance function, given the tristimulus values under one or more illuminants.
Morphology and Mechanical Property of Electrospun PA 6/66 Copolymer Filament Constructed of Nanofibers (2008)

A technique for spinning continuous filaments constructed of nano-scale fibers instead of non-woven obtained by general electrospinning was described in the paper. Polyamide 6/66 copolymer solution in 88% formic acid was used as the spinning material. The relationships between the fiber microstructures, filament mechanical properties and spinning parameters: spinneret tip to collector vertical distance (TD), rotation speed (RS) were investigated. Post-drawing was performed to the as-electrospun continuous filament. The research results revealed that increase of TD and RS could improve the fiber’s uniaxial alignment and crystal structure, consequently the strength of the filament was enhanced. After being post-drawn, the stress and strain at break of the electrospun polyamide 6/66 copolymer filament was well improved.
The Good, the Bad, and the Disparate: Analyzing Federal Sentencing in the Border Districts, 1996-2008 (2010)

related to activities along the United States' border with Mexico.Operating on this assumption, this note analyzes two aspects of border district sentencing-fast-track motions 4 and substantial assistance motions 5 -to determine whether the districts are dealing with their unifying problem in the same ways.This analysis focuses on these two particular sentencing motions because of the way they relate to the border districts: substantial assistance motions are used less frequently in the border districts than in the rest of the federal districts, 6 and fast-track motions originated in the border districts as a mechanism for prosecutors to deal with heavy caseloads. 7 Part I of this note gives context for a discussion of the border districts and their sentencing practices in the last several years.Section A introduces the five federal districts along the U.S.-Mexico border and describes the growth of their dockets over the last twelve years.This section discusses the reasons for this growth, namely the increased law enforcement efforts on the border and increased volume of federal immigration offenders charged in the five districts.Section B explains changes to the sentencing systems in the five border districts, including the development of fast-track programs and changes in the applicability of the United States Sentencing Guidelines.Part I concludes by explaining the source of the data used for this note's analysis and defining key terms.Parts II and III of this note each analyze an aspect of border district sentencing to look for trends or disparities, and to determine whether such trends or disparities are justified or unjustified.Part II analyzes rates of fast-track motions in the border districts in years 2005-2008-concluding that the border districts are using fast-track motions at different rates-and theorizes that this disparity can be attributed to differing prosecutorial practices in the districts.Part III analyzes rates of substantial assistance motions in the border districts in years 1996-2008 and reveals that the districts have converged around a
Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping of Genes That Regulate Phospholipid Transfer Activity in SM/J and NZB/BlNJ Inbred Mice (2003)

We identified five significant loci involved in PLTP activity in the mouse and provided supporting evidence for the candidacy of Nr1h4 and Apof as the genes underlying Pltpq2.
Neuroglobin, cytoglobin, and myoglobin contribute to hypoxia adaptation of the subterranean mole rat <i>Spalax</i> (2010)

The subterranean mole rat Spalax is an excellent model for studying adaptation of a mammal toward chronic environmental hypoxia. Neuroglobin (Ngb) and cytoglobin (Cygb) are O(2)-binding respiratory proteins and thus candidates for being involved in molecular hypoxia adaptations of Spalax. Ngb is expressed primarily in vertebrate nerves, whereas Cygb is found in extracellular matrix-producing cells and in some neurons. The physiological functions of both proteins are not fully understood but discussed with regard to O(2) supply, the detoxification of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species, and apoptosis protection. Spalax Ngb and Cygb coding sequences are strongly conserved. However, mRNA and protein levels of Ngb in Spalax brain are 3-fold higher than in Rattus norvegicus under normoxia. Importantly, Spalax expresses Ngb in neurons and additionally in glia, whereas in hypoxia-sensitive rodents Ngb expression is limited to neurons. Hypoxia causes an approximately 2-fold down-regulation of Ngb mRNA in brain of rat and mole rat. A parallel regulatory response was found for myoglobin (Mb) in Spalax and rat muscle, suggesting similar functions of Mb and Ngb. Cygb also revealed an augmented normoxic expression in Spalax vs. rat brain, but not in heart or liver, indicating distinct tissue-specific functions. Hypoxia induced Cygb transcription in heart and liver of both mammals, with the most prominent mRNA up-regulation (12-fold) in Spalax heart. Our data suggest that tissue globins contribute to the remarkable tolerance of Spalax toward environmental hypoxia. This is consistent with the proposed cytoprotective effect of Ngb and Cygb under pathological hypoxic/ischemic conditions in mammals.
Commercial Chatbot: Performance Evaluation, Usability Metrics and Quality Standards of Embodied Conversational Agents (2015)

The aim of this paper is to explore commercial applications of chatbots, as well as to propose several measurement metrics to evaluate performance, usability and overall quality of an embodied conversational agent. On the basis of these metrics we examine existing Polish-speaking commercial chatbots that a) work in the B2C sector, b) reach the widest possible range of users, and c) are presumably the most advanced commercial deployments of their creators. We analyse various aspects of functioning of each embodied conversational agent: visual look, form of implementation on the website, speech synthesis unit, built-in knowledge base (with general and specialized information), presentation of knowledge and additional functionalities, conversational abilities and context sensitiveness, personality traits, personalization options, emergency responses in unexpected situations, possibility of rating chatbot and the website by the user. Our study reveals the current condition of Polish market of commercial virtual assistants and emphasizes the importance of a multidimensional evaluation of any commercial chatbot deployment.
Selective recognition of M235T angiotensinogen variants and their determination in human plasma by monoclonal antibody-based immunoanalysis. (1996)

The common M235T mutation of human angiotensinogen has been shown to be associated with a 10-20% increase in plasma angiotensinOgen level and increased frequency of essential and pregnancy-induced hypertension. The detection of such a common factor in the plasma of individuals at risk could be a useful tool for modern molecular-based medicine. The recognition of M235T variants was investigated using four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against human angiotensinogen; two immunometric assays were developed. The first assay (using mAbS 7B2 and 4G3) allowed the direct determination of angiotensinogen concentrations and did not show a significant difference with the enzymatic measurement of angiotensinogen. The second assay (using mAbs 1H8 and 1C11) showed a fine distinction between the T235 mutant and M235 wild-type forms of angiotensinogen, with a greater affinity for the latter, as confirmed by biosensor BIAcore experiments. This assay was extremely sensitive in measuring the proportions of the M235 and T235 forms present in the test samples, the first time such a distinction has been achieved in the serpin family. The simple immunoanalysis of the plasma allowed the direct determination of the M235T genotype of the individual tested. Furthermore, it was shown that the T174M mutation, described as being in complete linkage disequilibrium with the M235T mutation, had no influence on these results. Moreover, this assay suggested the presence of the M235 and T235 angiotensinogens in approximately equal amounts in heterozygous plasmas. In conclusion, the immunometric assay described in this study should provide original tools for investigating the relationship between M235T genotype, plasma angiotensinogen levels, and regulation of blood pressure.
Diastereoisomers of 3-methylpyroglutamic acid and .beta.-methylglutamic acid (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDiastereoisomers of 3-methylpyroglutamic acid and .beta.-methylglutamic acidAnthony B. MaugerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 5, 1032–1035Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00318a042https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00318a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views140Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Isolation and partial characterization of outer and inner membranes from encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae type b. (1981)

A method has been developed to separate the cell envelope of encapsulated (type b) Haemophilus influenzae into its outer and inner membrane components with procedures that avoided two problems encountered in fractionation of this envelope: (i) the tendency of the outer and inner membranes to hybridize and (ii) the tendency of the apparently fragile inner membrane to fragment into difficulty sedimentable units. Log phage cells, whose lipids were radioactively labeled, were lysed by passage through a French press. The lysate was applied to a discontinuous sucrose gradient, and envelope-rich material was collected by centrifugation onto a cushion of dense sucrose under carefully controlled conditions. This material was then further fractionated by isopycnic centrifugation in a sucrose gradient to yield four membrane fractions which were partially characterized. On the basis of their radioactivity, buoyant density, ultrastructure, polypeptide composition, and content of phospholipid, protein, lipopolysaccharide, and succinic dehydrogenase, these fractions were identified as follows: fraction 1, outer membrane vesicles with very little inner membrane contamination (less than 4%); fraction 2, outer membrane vesicles containing entrapped inner membrane; fraction 3, a protein-rich fraction of inner membrane; fraction 4, a protein-poor fraction of inner membrane. Fractions 3 and 4 contained about 25% outer membrane contamination.
Excitation, Relaxation, and Continuous Maser Action in the 2.613-Micron Transition of Ca<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">F</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>:<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">U</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1962)

This letter describes an investigation of the 2.613 micron fluorescence of trivalent uranium in CaF2 (CaF2:U3+) and the operation of a continuous solid-state maser using this transition.
Purification and properties of dissociable chorismate mutase from Brevibacterium flavum. (1980)

Component B of chorismate mutase of Brevibacterium flavum, the first enzyme specific for phenylalanine and tyrosine biosynthesis, was purified to near homogeneity. The molecular weights of component B and its subunit were estimated to be 25,000 and 13,500, respectively. Component A (previously purified) or B alone did not show any chorismate mutase activity but together they showed activity. The enzyme activity was not proportional to the amount of the enzyme. The optimum pH of the reaction was 8.0. Double-reciprocal plots of the reaction rate against chorismate concentration curved upwards. S0.5 and Hill coefficient values were estimated to be 5.5 mM and 3.1, respectively. The chorismate mutase component A and 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthetase activities of component A were labile and were stabilized by tryptophan, dithiothreitol or cobalt ions. Phenylalanine and tyrosine inhibited the enzyme activity partially and competitively. The simultaneous presence of phenylalanine and tyrosine caused cumulative inhibition at saturated concentrations. The concentrations of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine plus tyrosine (each) giving 50% inhibition under the standard conditions were 0.0041, 0.095, and 0.0023 mM, respectively. Tryptophan activated the enzyme about 6-fold. The concentration giving the half-maximum activation was 0.0023 mM. Furthermore, tryptophan overcame the inhibition caused by phenylalanine and tyrosine. The tryptophan activation affected only S0.5, not the maximum velocity or the Hill coefficient. beta-2-Thienylalanine, m-fluorophenylalanine, alpha-methylphenylalanine, and phenylalanine hydroxamate inhibted the enzyme in the same way as phenylalaine, while tyrosine hydroxamate and alpha-methyltyrosine inhibited it in the same way as tyrosine. 4-Methyltryptophan, 5-fluorotryptophan, 6-fluorotryptophan, tryptophan hydroxamate, and alpha-methyltryptophan activated the enzyme in the same way as tryptophan.
Whey Protein Coating Effect on The Oxygen Uptake of Dry Roasted Peanuts (1996)

ABSTRACT A procedure was developed to coat peanuts with aqueous whey protein isolate (WPI) solutions based on increasing coating‐solution viscosity. Oxygen uptake of WPI‐coated nuts and uncoated nuts were compared. WPI coatings delayed oxygen uptake of dry roasted peanuts at intermediate (53%) and low (21%) storage relative humidity. They had similar results at 29°C and 37°C. The effects of coating thickness and storage relative humidity indicate that the mechanism of protection of the coatings was through their oxygen barrier properties.
Electron-Beam Therapy for AIDS-related Molluscum Contagiosum Lesions: Preliminary Experience (1999)

The use of electron-beam radiation is a promising alternative to current treatment modalities.