gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lessons from pandemic influenza A(H1N1): The research-based vaccine industry's perspective (2010)

As A(H1N1) influenza enters the post-pandemic phase, health authorities around the world are reviewing the response to the pandemic. To ensure this process enhances future preparations, it is essential that perspectives are included from all relevant stakeholders, including vaccine manufacturers. This paper outlines the contribution of R&D-based influenza vaccine producers to the pandemic response, and explores lessons that can be learned to improve future preparedness. The emergence of 2009 A(H1N1) influenza led to unprecedented collaboration between global health authorities, scientists and manufacturers, resulting in the most comprehensive pandemic response ever undertaken, with a number of vaccines approved for use three months after the pandemic declaration. This response was only possible because of the extensive preparations undertaken during the last decade. During this period, manufacturers greatly increased influenza vaccine production capacity, and estimates suggest a further doubling of capacity by 2014. Producers also introduced cell-culture technology, while adjuvant and whole virion technologies significantly reduced pandemic vaccine antigen content. This substantially increased pandemic vaccine production capacity, which in July 2009 WHO estimated reached 4.9 billion doses per annum. Manufacturers also worked with health authorities to establish risk management plans for robust vaccine surveillance during the pandemic. Individual producers pledged significant donations of vaccine doses and tiered-pricing approaches for developing country supply. Based on the pandemic experience, a number of improvements would strengthen future preparedness. Technical improvements to rapidly select optimal vaccine viruses, and processes to speed up vaccine standardization, could accelerate and extend vaccine availability. Establishing vaccine supply agreements beforehand would avoid the need for complex discussions during a period of intense time pressure. Enhancing international regulatory co-operation and mutual recognition of approvals could accelerate vaccine supply, while maintaining safety standards. Strengthening communications with the public and healthcare workers using new approaches and new channels could help improve vaccine uptake. Finally, increasing seasonal vaccine coverage will be particularly important to extend and sustain pandemic vaccine production capacity.
A Survey of Vehicle Re-Identification Based on Deep Learning (2019)

Vehicle re-identification is one of the core technologies of intelligent transportation systems, and it is crucial for the construction of smart cities. With the rapid development of deep learning, vehicle re-identification technologies have made significant progress in recent years. Therefore, making a comprehensive survey about the vehicle re-identification methods based on deep learning is quite indispensable. There are mainly five types of deep learning-based methods designed for vehicle re-identification, i.e. methods based on local features, methods based on representation learning, methods based on metric learning, methods based on unsupervised learning, and methods based on attention mechanism. The major contributions of our survey come from three aspects. First, we give a comprehensive review of the current five types of deep learning-based methods for vehicle re-identification, and we further compare them from characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. Second, we sort out vehicle public datasets and compare them from multiple dimensions. Third, we further discuss the challenges and possible research directions of vehicle re-identification in the future based on our survey.
A general overview of solid state imaging sensors types (2003)

There is a trend to replace thin film by electronic solid state image sensors in many applications due to their outstanding performance and abilities in new fields of image capture applications such as digital still photography, video communications, as video conferencing cameras, and video phone. In addition to digital radiography, as medical radiography in which X-ray films are replaced. The results were superior. There is no need for film processing. It gives better resolution and the image can be restored digitally. The imaging system includes some essential and common elements, such as an imaging lens, an image sensor, and a light source. The scope of this paper is to concentrate on two main types of image sensor elements, namely the CCD and the CMOS.
Laser-Induced Bulk Damage of Various Types of Silica Glasses at 532 and 355 nm (2004)

Laser-induced bulk-damage threshold (LIDT) of various types of silica glasses at 532 and 355 nm caused by lasers with pulse widths of ≈5 ns (refered as nanosecond laser [NSL]) and 30 ps (refered as picosecond laser [PSL]) were observed. The LIDTs of fused quartzes (FQs) produced by melting natural quartz powder were less than those of synthetic fused silicas (SFSs) at both wavelengths. At 355 nm, the LIDT of SFS containing 1000 ppm of Cl was almost the same as that of FQ at 1 pulse, and that at 12000 pulses was between those of SFSs and FQs. The variation of LIDT among samples for PSL is less than that for NSL.
SiGe-on-insulator symmetric lateral bipolar transistors (2015)

We report the first demonstration of thin-base symmetric lateral NPN bipolar transistors built on 8-inch SiGe-on-insulator (SiGe-OI) wafers with CMOS-like process. Such devices achieve the same collector current as the SOI bipolar transistor at ~130 mV lower V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">BE</sub> from effective bandgap lowering, translating into lower voltage operation and power dissipation. Various techniques of Emitter engineering were studied and a novel partial HBT device structure was demonstrated with 3× reduction of hole injection into the emitter.
An Effective Synthesis Method for Tilorone Dihydrochloride with Obvious IFN-α Inducing Activity (2015)

Tilorone dihydrochloride (1) has great potential for inducing interferon against pathogenic infection. In this paper, we describe a convenient preparation method for 2,7-dihydroxyfluoren-9-one (2), which is a usual pharmaceutical intermediate for preparing tilorone dihydrochloride (1). In the novel method, methyl esterification of 4,4'-dihydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid (4) was carried out under milder conditions with higher yield and played an important role in the preparation of compound 2. The structures of the relative intermediates and target compound were characterized by melting point, IR, MS, and ¹H-NMR. Furthermore, the synthesized tilorone dihydrochloride exhibited an obvious effect on induction of interferon-α (IFN-α) in mice within 12 h, and the peak level was observed until 24 h. This fruitful work has resulted in tilorone dihydrochloride becoming available in large-scale and wide application in clinics, which has a good pharmaceutical development prospects.
Exocrine pancreatic disorders in transsgenic mice expressing human keratin 8 (1999)

Keratins K8 and K18 are the major components of the intermediate-filament cytoskeleton of simple epithelia. Increased levels of these keratins have been correlated with various tumor cell characteristics, including progression to malignancy, invasive behavior, and drug sensitivity, although a role for K8/K18 in tumorigenesis has not yet been demonstrated. To examine the function of these keratins, we generated mice expressing the human K8 (hk8) gene, which leads to a moderate keratin-content increase in their simple epithelia. These mice displayed progressive exocrine pancreas alterations, including dysplasia and loss of acinar architecture, redifferentiation of acinar to ductal cells, inflammation, fibrosis, and substitution of exocrine by adipose tissue, as well as increased cell proliferation and apoptosis. Histological changes were not observed in other simple epithelia, such as the liver. Electron microscopy showed that transgenic acinar cells have keratins organized in abundant filament bundles dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, in contrast to control acinar cells, which have scarce and apically concentrated filaments. The phenotype found was very similar to that reported for transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative mutant TGF-beta type II receptor (TGFbetaRII mice). We show that these TGFbetaRII mutant mice also have elevated K8/K18 levels. These results indicate that simple epithelial keratins play a relevant role in the regulation of exocrine pancreas homeostasis and support the idea that disruption of mechanisms that normally regulate keratin expression in vivo could be related to inflammatory and neoplastic pancreatic disorders.
Synthesis of a <sup>13</sup>C‐Methyl‐Group‐Labeled Methionine Precursor as a Useful Tool for Simplifying Protein Structural Analysis by NMR Spectroscopy (2007)

Marked for life. For the characterization of larger proteins new NMR spectroscopy methods that focus on side-chain methyl groups have been developed by using selectively isotope-labeled precursor compounds. Here we report on the synthesis of a 13C-methyl-group-labeled methionine precursor on a preparative scale, and its incorporation into the SH2 domain of the protein PLC-γ1 (see scheme).
Blood cell mRNAs and microRNAs: optimized protocols for extraction and preservation (2013)

Assessing messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA levels in peripheral blood cells may complement conventional parameters in clinical practice. Working with small, precious samples requires optimal RNA yields and minimal RNA degradation. Several procedures for RNA extraction and complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis were compared for their efficiency. The effect on RNA quality of freeze-thawing peripheral blood cells and storage in preserving reagents was investigated. In terms of RNA yield and convenience, quality quantitative polymerase chain reaction signals per nanogram of total RNA and using NucleoSpin and mirVana columns is preferable. The SuperScript III protocol results in the highest cDNA yields. During conventional procedures of storing peripheral blood cells at -180°C and thawing them thereafter, RNA integrity is maintained. TRIzol preserves RNA in cells stored at -20°C. Detection of mRNA levels significantly decreases in degraded RNA samples, whereas microRNA molecules remain relatively stable. When standardized to reference targets, mRNA transcripts and microRNAs can be reliably quantified in moderately degraded (quality index 4-7) and severely degraded (quality index <4) RNA samples, respectively. We describe a strategy for obtaining high-quality and quantity RNA from fresh and stored cells from blood. The results serve as a guideline for sensitive mRNA and microRNA expression assessment in clinical material.
TSM: Temporal Shift Module for Efficient Video Understanding (2018)

The explosive growth in video streaming gives rise to challenges on performing video understanding at high accuracy and low computation cost. Conventional 2D CNNs are computationally cheap but cannot capture temporal relationships; 3D CNN based methods can achieve good performance but are computationally intensive, making it expensive to deploy. In this paper, we propose a generic and effective Temporal Shift Module (TSM) that enjoys both high efficiency and high performance. Specifically, it can achieve the performance of 3D CNN but maintain 2D CNN's complexity. TSM shifts part of the channels along the temporal dimension; thus facilitate information exchanged among neighboring frames. It can be inserted into 2D CNNs to achieve temporal modeling at zero computation and zero parameters. We also extended TSM to online setting, which enables real-time low-latency online video recognition and video object detection. TSM is accurate and efficient: it ranks the first place on the Something-Something leaderboard upon publication; on Jetson Nano and Galaxy Note8, it achieves a low latency of 13ms and 35ms for online video recognition. The code is available at: https://github.com/mit-han-lab/temporal-shift-module.
Weakly-Supervised Alignment of Video with Text (2015)

Suppose that we are given a set of videos, along with natural language descriptions in the form of multiple sentences (e.g., manual annotations, movie scripts, sport summaries etc.), and that these sentences appear in the same temporal order as their visual counterparts. We propose in this paper a method for aligning the two modalities, i.e., automatically providing a time (frame) stamp for every sentence. Given vectorial features for both video and text, this can be cast as a temporal assignment problem, with an implicit linear mapping between the two feature modalities. We formulate this problem as an integer quadratic program, and solve its continuous convex relaxation using an efficient conditional gradient algorithm. Several rounding procedures are proposed to construct the final integer solution. After demonstrating significant improvements over the state of the art on the related task of aligning video with symbolic labels [7], we evaluate our method on a challenging dataset of videos with associated textual descriptions [37], and explore bag-of-words and continuous representations for text.
[In vitro anti-microbial activity against H. pylori and clinical efficacy of various drugs]. (1993)

The in vitro antimicrobial activity against H. pylori and clinical efficacy of various antibiotics and antiulcer drugs are summarized in this study. H. pylori highly sensitive to most of the beta-lactams and macrolides. Especially, amoxicillin and clarithromycin have satisfactory in vitro activity against H. pylori. The anti-ulcer drugs, sofalcon and plaunotol, used in Japan as mucosal protective agents, also have a weak activity against H. pylori with MIC50 12.5 micrograms/ml and MIC90, 50-100 micrograms/ml, while H2-receptor antagonists do not have in vitro activity. Efficacy of antibiotics as monotherapy for eradicating H. pylori is rather poor. The best results with monotherapy are obtained with clarithromycin and amoxicillin. Omeprazole monotherapy suppresses H. pylori infection but does not eradicate H. pylori. Combined therapy with omeprazole and amoxicillin have strong synergistic effects on the eradication of H. pylori (68.8%). Newly developed proton pump inhibitors, such as lansoprazole, E-3810 and their derivatives, showed strong in vitro activity against H. pylori suggesting that these drugs may be useful for the treatment of H. pylori infection.
Shimming of yokeless permanent magnets designed to generate uniform fields (1993)

Recently introduced yokeless permanent magnets are very suitable for generating uniform fields. Practical yokeless magnets must be shimmed or compensated for fabrication and magnetization tolerances. The particular shimming approach described exploits the magnetic transparency of yokeless structures. The method is based on the use of active elements of high-energy-product material. The logic for determining the distribution of active elements is based on measuring the departure from uniformity of the field sampled on a sphere surrounding the region of interest. The magnetic moments of the elements are determined by solving a system of linear equations representing the field generated by active elements on each sampling point.
Oxidative Stress Induces Endothelial Cell Senescence via Downregulation of Sirt6 (2014)

Accumulating evidence has shown that diabetes accelerates aging and endothelial cell senescence is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications, including diabetic retinopathy. Oxidative stress is recognized as a key factor in the induction of endothelial senescence and diabetic retinopathy. However, specific mechanisms involved in oxidative stress-induced endothelial senescence have not been elucidated. We hypothesized that Sirt6, which is a nuclear, chromatin-bound protein critically involved in many pathophysiologic processes such as aging and inflammation, may have a role in oxidative stress-induced vascular cell senescence. Measurement of Sirt6 expression in human endothelial cells revealed that H2O2 treatment significantly reduced Sirt6 protein. The loss of Sirt6 was associated with an induction of a senescence phenotype in endothelial cells, including decreased cell growth, proliferation and angiogenic ability, and increased expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity. Additionally, H2O2 treatment reduced eNOS expression, enhanced p21 expression, and dephosphorylated (activated) retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. All of these alternations were attenuated by overexpression of Sirt6, while partial knockdown of Sirt6 expression by siRNA mimicked the effect of H2O2. In conclusion, these results suggest that Sirt6 is a critical regulator of endothelial senescence and oxidative stress-induced downregulation of Sirt6 is likely involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.
PTFE-Based Solid Polymer Electrolyte Membrane for High-Temperature Fuel Cell Applications (2007)

The demand for a solid polymer electrolyte membrane for fuel-cell systems, capable of withstanding temperatures above , has prompted this study. A low-cost, highly conductive, nanoporous proton-conducting membrane, based on a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) backbone has been developed. It comprises a nonconductive nano-size ceramic powder, PTFE matrix, and an aqueous acid. Impregnation of the ceramic powder into the PTFE matrix was carried out using sol-gel synthesis. The preparation procedures were studied and the membrane was characterized. This membrane demonstrated promising properties of high thermal stability (up to ), pressure-retention difference up to , room-temperature conductivity up to (10–15% (w/w) , ), a hydrophilic/hydrophobic pore ratio of 1:1 and very high water flow at low pressure. A nonoptimized direct-methanol fuel cell with a thick membrane was assembled and tested. It produced at , (g) dry air, 1.9 stoich (air), and at , (g) dry air, 1.9 stoich (air).
A DSP line equalizer VLSI for TCM digital subscriber-line transmission (1988)

The architecture of a line equalizer using digital-signal-processing (DSP) techniques is described. The equalizer is utilized in 320-kb/s time-compression multiplexing (TCM) subscriber-line transmission systems in the integrated services digital network (ISDN). It consists of two digital filter blocks, called the square root f equalizer and the bridged-tap equalizer, and gain- and timing-control blocks. The square root f equalizer achieves the processing speed of 20 MOPS by a powerful arithmetic unit composed of multipliers and adders. It provides an FIR filter with nine taps which satisfies an accurate equalization for the 1.92-Msample/s data. The bridged-tap equalizer performs both the adaptation algorithm of the square root f equalizer and the decision-feedback algorithm. The microprogram control enables the hardware to be shared between these functions and assures flexibility. Algorithm-oriented instructions implemented in the ALU realize high-speed execution of the decision-feedback algorithm with a simple architecture. The 11.3-mm*8.5-mm chip with 61 K transistors has been implemented using 1.5- mu m double-metal-layer CMOS technology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Development of Subretinal Fibrosis After Anti-VEGF Treatment in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2010)

subfoveal fibrosis may develop or progress in neovascular age-related macular degeneration despite the absence of significant subfoveal hemorrhage and treatment with anti-VEGF. Development of anti-fibrotic therapeutics may be beneficial in reducing the incidence of subretinal fibrosis.
Hsp90 stabilizes Cdc25A and counteracts heat shock-mediated Cdc25A degradation and cell-cycle attenuation in pancreatic carcinoma cells (2012)

Pancreas cancer cells escape most treatment options. Heat shock protein (Hsp)90 is frequently over-expressed in pancreas carcinomas and protects a number of cell-cycle regulators such as the proto-oncogene Cdc25A. We show that inhibition of Hsp90 with geldanamycin (GD) destabilizes Cdc25A independent of Chk1/2, whereas the standard drug for pancreas carcinoma treatment, gemcitabine (GEM), causes Cdc25A degradation through the activation of Chk2. Both agents applied together additively inhibit the expression of Cdc25A and the proliferation of pancreas carcinoma cells thereby demonstrating that both Cdc25A-destabilizing/degrading pathways are separated. The role of Hsp90 as stabilizer of Cdc25A in pancreas carcinoma cells is further supported by two novel synthetic inhibitors 4-tosylcyclonovobiocic acid and 7-tosylcyclonovobiocic acid and specific Hsp90AB1 (Hsp90β) shRNA. Our data show that targeting Hsp90 reduced the resistance of pancreas carcinoma cells to treatment with GEM.
Design And Analysis Of A Capacitive Vibration-To-Electrical Energy Converter With Built-In Voltage (2006)

This paper reports on the design and analysis of a capacitive vibration-to-electrical energy converter. A theoretical design model of a parallel-plate electrostatic spring-mass-system is presented, based on state space equations. The charging of the parallel-plate capacitor takes place by utilizing materials with different work functions for the electrodes. Numerical simulations are performed in order to optimize design parameters targeting a maximum output power. Such a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) based capacitive energy converter is able to provide an output power of 4.28 muW at an external vibration with a frequency of 1 kHz and an amplitude of 1.96 m/s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2 </sup> (0.2 g). This corresponds to a power density of 79.26 muW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> based on a typical MEMS die size
Ubiquibodies, Synthetic E3 Ubiquitin Ligases Endowed with Unnatural Substrate Specificity for Targeted Protein Silencing (2014)

The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) is the main route of protein degradation in eukaryotic cells and is a common mechanism through which numerous cellular pathways are regulated. To date, several reverse genetics techniques have been reported that harness the power of the UPP for selectively reducing the levels of otherwise stable proteins. However, each of these approaches has been narrowly developed for a single substrate and cannot be easily extended to other protein substrates of interest. To address this shortcoming, we created a generalizable protein knock-out method by engineering protein chimeras called "ubiquibodies" that combine the activity of E3 ubiquitin ligases with designer binding proteins to steer virtually any protein to the UPP for degradation. Specifically, we reprogrammed the substrate specificity of a modular human E3 ubiquitin ligase called CHIP (carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein) by replacing its natural substrate-binding domain with a single-chain Fv (scFv) intrabody or a fibronectin type III domain monobody that target their respective antigens with high specificity and affinity. Engineered ubiquibodies reliably transferred ubiquitin to surface exposed lysines on target proteins and even catalyzed the formation of biologically relevant polyubiquitin chains. Following ectopic expression of ubiquibodies in mammalian cells, specific and systematic depletion of desired target proteins was achieved, whereas the levels of a natural substrate of CHIP were unaffected. Taken together, engineered ubiquibodies offer a simple, reproducible, and customizable means for directly removing specific cellular proteins through accelerated proteolysis.