gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Nickel Titanate-Modified Pt Nanostructured Catalyst for the ORR in Alkaline Media (2015)

The electrocatalytic performance of novel Pt-NiTiO3/C catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is investigated for the first time. The cathode has been synthesized in a two-step procedure. Firstly, the NiTiO3 co-catalyst is obtained via a wet-chemical method. Then, 20% Pt-NiTiO3/C electrocatalysts (Pt:NiTiO3 ratio of 1:1 at. %) is prepared by irradiating a mixture of NiTiO3, Vulcan and Pt precursor for 4 min in a microwave apparatus. As a reference, a 20% Pt/C catalyst has been synthesized by the same procedure. XRD analysis confirmed a crystalline NiTiO3 with particle size between 25–40 nm. It also indicates the formation of nanostructured Pt-NiTiO3/C having a Pt particle size of less than 2 nm. TEM results show the formation of homogenously dispersed Pt nanoparticles, with particle size of 2.3 nm. The linear scan voltammograms show a performance for the ORR of Pt-NiTiO3/C as high as that of Pt/C in KOH. The results suggest that the reaction proceeds following a four-electron transfer mechanism. Moreover, the mass and specific activities of Pt-NiTiO3/C are the same as those of Pt/C, demonstrating good performance with less Pt. Furthermore, ORR selectivity tests show an enhanced tolerance of Pt-NiTiO3/C to 0.1 M methanol, compared to Pt/C.
Urban Freeway Crash Analysis (2007)

Associations between the number of crashes and the severity of crashes with a long list of potentially contributing factors, such as geometric and operational characteristics and weather conditions, were investigated. Both aggregate and disaggregate databases with crash statistics were used. Severity was estimated with constants for the different impact (cost) of fatalities, injuries, and material damages. Noteworthy associations included the negative correlation with the speed limit (spots with lower speed limits have more, or more severe, crashes), existence of merge–diverge pavement markings (suggesting the possibility of an illegal driving maneuver), downhill grade sections, and curves. Several temporal variables such as months, days, or time of day with a higher frequency of crashes worked well in models, but those were findings of local interest. An important outcome of this analysis is the absence of any major correlation, which implies that crashes on the modern and mildly congested Attica Tollway in Greece are events largely attributable to driver behavior and other circumstances that cannot be accounted for by geometric, operational, or other temporal variables. Findings of this research suggest that fixed and temporal roadway characteristics and the presence of rain or wet pavements may explain (and likely contribute to) about 5% to 10% of the crashes and severity of crashes observed in 2004 and 2005 on the Attica Tollway. The 2006 report from the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study concluded that nearly 80% of all crashes involved driver inattention, lending support to the finding that roadway and environmental factors are relatively minor causes of crashes.
Down regulation of trk but not p75<sup>NTR</sup> gene expression in single cholinergic basal forebrain neurons mark the progression of Alzheimer's disease (2006)

Dysfunction of cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) neurons of the nucleus basalis (NB) is a cardinal feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and correlates with cognitive decline. Survival of CBF neurons depends upon binding of nerve growth factor (NGF) with high-affinity (trkA) and low-affinity (p75(NTR)) neurotrophin receptors produced within CBF neurons. Since trkA and p75(NTR) protein levels are reduced within CBF neurons of people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild AD, trkA and/or p75(NTR) gene expression deficits may drive NB degeneration. Using single cell expression profiling methods coupled with custom-designed cDNA arrays and validation with real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and in situ hybridization, individual cholinergic NB neurons displayed a significant down regulation of trkA, trkB, and trkC expression during the progression of AD. An intermediate reduction was observed in MCI, with the greatest decrement in mild to moderate AD as compared to controls. Importantly, trk down regulation is associated with cognitive decline measured by the Global Cognitive Score (GCS) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). In contrast, there is a lack of regulation of p75(NTR) expression. Thus, trk defects may be a molecular marker for the transition from no cognitive impairment (NCI) to MCI, and from MCI to frank AD.
Highly-efficient dye-sensitized solar cells with collaborative sensitization by silyl-anchor and carboxy-anchor dyes (2015)

In dye-sensitized solar cells co-photosensitized with an alkoxysilyl-anchor dye ADEKA-1 and a carboxy-anchor organic dye LEG4, LEG4 was revealed to work collaboratively by enhancing the electron injection from the light-excited dyes to the TiO2 electrodes, and the cells exhibited a high conversion efficiency of over 14% under one sun illumination.
Spondyloschisis Following Spine Fusion (1956)

No final conclusion can be drawn as to the cause of these defects. It is suggested, however, that they may represent stress or fatigue fractures which were caused by alterations in the stresses following stiffening of the adjacent vertebral joints.
Edge detection in multispectral images using the n-dimensional self-organizing map (2011)

We propose a new method for performing edge detection in multi-spectral images based on the self-organizing map (SOM) concept. Previously, 1-dimensional or 2-dimensional SOMs were trained to provide a linear mapping of high-dimensional multispectral vectors. Then, edge detection was applied on that mapping. However, the 1-dimensional SOM may not converge on a suitable global order for images with rich content. Likewise, the 2-dimensional SOM introduces false edges due to linearization artifacts. Our method feeds the edge detector without linearization. Instead, it exploits directly the distances of SOM neurons. This avoids the aforementioned drawbacks and is more general, as a SOM of arbitrary dimensionality can be used. We show that our method achieves significantly better edge detection results than previous work on a high-resolution multispectral image database.
Cathepsin S expression is up-regulated following balloon angioplasty in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit (2004)

Taken together, our results indicate an enhanced expression of CatS during neointima formation and it is associated with invading SMCs, macrophages, and FCs, highlighting the importance of CatS in the pathogenesis of restenosis.
Alcohol, Smoking, Cofee, and Cirrhosis (1992)

Since most heavy drinkers do not develop alcoholic cirrhosis, other causes or predisposing factors are probable. The authors studied traits of 128,934 adults who underwent health examinations at the Oakland and San Francisco, California, facilities of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program from January 1978 to December 1985 in relation to subsequent hospitalization or death from cirrhosis of the liver. In analyses adjusted for nine covariates, past and current alcohol drinking were strongly related to cirrhosis risk, but usual choice of alcoholic beverage had no independent relation. Cigarette smoking was independently related to risk of alcoholic cirrhosis, with cigarette smokers of a pack or more per day at trebled risk compared with lifelong nonsmokers. Coffee drinking, but not tea drinking, was inversely related to alcoholic cirrhosis risk, with persons who drank four or more cups per day at one-fifth the risk of noncoffee drinkers. This inverse relation between coffee consumption and risk of alcoholic cirrhosis was consistent in many subsets, including persons free of gastrointestinal disease and those with 5 or more years before hospitalization or death. Cigarette smoking and coffee consumption were not consistently related to risk of hospitalization or death for nonalcoholic cirrhosis. These data could mean that cigarette smoking promotes alcoholic cirrhosis and that coffee drinking might be protective.
Temporal and spatial appearance of α‐dystroglycan in differentiated mouse myoblasts in culture (1995)

The dystrophin-glycoprotein complex plays an important role in muscle function. One of the components of the complex, a 156-kDa cell surface glycoprotein (alpha-dystroglycan) binds to laminin, thereby connecting the basal lamina and muscle cells. We have examined the progressive appearance of alpha-dystroglycan and laminin in muscle cells that differentiate in culture. We find that nondifferentiated cultures of C2C12 myoblasts express low amounts of dystroglycan mRNA and, in contrast, this gene is prominently expressed in differentiated myotubes. Immunofluorescence analysis with a monoclonal antibody against alpha-dystroglycan shows its progressive appearance during myoblast differentiation into myotubes. Immunostaining with a monoclonal antibody against laminin shows that it is not present on the surface of undifferentiated myoblasts. Subsequently, laminin becomes apparent on the surface of differentiated myotubes where it codistributes with immunostained alpha-dystroglycan. Immunoblotting of isolated surface membrane proteins of differentiated myotubes with antibodies against alpha-dystroglycan identifies a broad band of about 140-160 kDa, resembling alpha-dystroglycan from rabbit muscle. The composite results indicate that alpha-dystroglycan and laminin appear and become co-distributed on the surface of cultured C2C12 during the progression of differentiation.
Single-layer capacitive feed for wideband probe-fed microstrip antenna elements (2003)

In this paper, it is shown how a single-layer capacitive feeding mechanism, consisting of a small rectangular probe-fed patch, which is capacitively coupled to the radiating element, can be used to obtain wideband operation for probe-fed microstrip antennas on thick substrates. The main advantages of this feeding mechanism are that all the elements reside on a single layer and that it is very easy to fine-tune the input impedance. Calculated as well as measured results for rectangular, circular and annular-ring geometries are included.
Evaluation of Hydrouranium Anomalies in the Crystallines Along the Southwestern Margin of Cuddapah Basin, Andhra Pradesh, India (1999)

Abstract Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses, especially correlation study and factor analysis of uranium and other major ions in the groundwater of Chenchalapalle-Mulapalle area, known for its fracture controlled uranium mineralization, in the southwestern crystalline margin of Middle-Upper Proterozoic Cuddapah basin have revealed - (i) several well defined and distinct anomaly zones of &gt; 200, &gt; 500, &gt; 1000 ppb of uranium, (ii) enriching factors like TDS(Ec), HCO3-, Na+, K+, Ca+2 , Mg+2, Cl-, SO4-2 have poor to negligible influence on high uranium content and (iii) factor-3, identified as "mineralization factor" has high loading for uranium (0.948). The study on saturation indices of several uranium and other minerals indicated undersaturation for most of the aqueous uranium species, except for a few hydroxides. Particularly, schoepite (2UO3.5H2O) has low to moderate degree of supersaturation in samples from major anomalous zones. Based on the distinctive hydrogeochemical attributes and geological and structural favourability factors, the tracts in the vicinity of Varikuntapalle (VKP). Dapepalle (DPL) and Pulikunta (PLK) villages, between Chenchalapalle-Mulapalle area in the southwestern crystalline margin of Cuddapah basin, are designated as potential target areas for detailed exploration.
DIVERSITY OF METABOLIC PATTERNS IN HUMAN BRAIN TUMORS—I. HIGH ENERGY PHOSPHATE COMPOUNDS AND BASIC COMPOSITION<sup>1</sup> (1977)

Abstract— A total of 25 human brain tumors and 4 specimens of human brain were rapidly frozen at the time of operation and analyzed for ATP, ADP, AMP, UTP, total nucleoside triphosphates, P‐creatine, creatine, inorganic P, creatine kinase, lipid and glycogen. Analyses were made on submicrogram samples dissected from frozen dried sections in order to obtain material as free as possible from admixture with brain, necrotic tissue, blood, etc. A method was developed to estimate the original water content of the frozen dried samples. The brain specimens contained five times as much glycogen as small mammal brains, otherwise the values were similar. The tumors were in fair to excellent energy status. Within the areas chosen for assay, most of ATP and total adenylate were substantially higher than in brain in the case of 5 out of 15 gliomas, 3 of 5 meningiomas, and 1 of 4 schwannomas. UTP was almost invariably higher and other nucleotide triphosphates (besides ATP and UTP) lower than in brain. Glycogen was extremely variable, ranging among the gliomas from 0.05% to 6% of dry wt (4 times the level in the human brains). Creatine plus P‐creatine, compared to cerebral cortex levels, ranged from 15 to 85% in gliomas, was about 25% in meningiomas and the only medulloblastoma, and varied between 6 and 8% in the schwannomas. P‐Creatine varied more or less in keeping with the energy status. Creatine kinase was exceedingly variable. It was almost zero in the schwannomas, the medulloblastomas, 3 of 5 meningiomas, and 2 of 15 gliomas, whereas in some of the gliomas the activity approached that found in brain.
Instantaneous Power Spectra (1952)

The intuitive concept of a changing spectrum is discussed. The instantaneous power spectrum is defined mathematically and used to make the intuitive concepts more precise. It depends upon the past history of a signal, but not upon the future. Integration of the instantaneous power spectrum over time yields the conventional energy spectrum. The instantaneous power spectrum of a random function may be averaged over the ensemble of functions, with a resulting stochastic average instantaneous power spectrum that is equal to the conventional time average power spectrum of a stochastic process.
Induction by Roentgen Rays of Hereditary Changes in Mice (1941)

THE high potency of roentgen rays as an agent for the production of hereditary changes was first established by J. H. Muller, in 1927. Since Muller's initial discovery, made with the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, other investigators have obtained similar results using a variety of plants and animals. It is now established beyond question that the germ cells of a large variety of living things when exposed to x-rays transmit hereditary changes to succeeding generations. The experiments here described were performed with the mouse, a mammal, and hence are a considerable step toward showing the applicability to man of results first obtained with plants and the lower animals. Mice, because of the large numbers that can be raised in a short time, are the ideal mammals for studies of heredity. In the first experiment, male mice were x-rayed and mated to normal, non-irradiated females. Dosages used ranged from 200 to 1,600 r. Most males were treated with 600 or 800 r as these doses proved most suitable for the study of induced germinal variations. Following such treatment there is an initial fertile period which lasts about two weeks. Thereafter for a period of some weeks the males are sterile and during the latter part of this period spermatozoa are absent from the sperm ducts. About three months after x-raying, spermatozoa reappear in the vas deferens and the animals again show normal fertility. While males will produce litters for about two weeks after irradiation before becoming sterile, litters sired during this period are reduced in size. Figure 1 shows how this reduction in litter size is related to dosage. It will be seen that treatments of 600 and 800 r, the ones chiefly used in these experiments, reduced litter size to an average of about three young per litter, somewhat less than one-half the normal. This reduction in litter size is evidence that irradiation produces hereditary changes in mature sperm. However, since much more conclusive evidence was obtained from the second and later generation descendants of the x-rayed males, this particular phenomenon will not be discussed further. The offspring of irradiated males by normal untreated females were raised and, in turn, mated to normal untreated mice. The immediate offspring of the irradiated males will hereafter be referred to as F1 mice, the second generation offspring as F2 mice. It was found that some of the F1 mice in the experimental group consistently produced small litters (Fig. 2). It will be seen that in the control group no litters of less than five young were produced. In the x-rayed group, on the other hand, there were numerous litters of four young each, and some of three, two, and even one young. These small litters were produced by only certain animals; about two-thirds of the F1 mice produced only normal litters, about one-third consistently produced small litters, a few were completely sterile.
Predictive learning via rule ensembles (2008)

General regression and classification models are constructed as linear combinations of simple rules derived from the data. Each rule consists of a conjunction of a small number of simple statements concerning the values of individual input variables. These rule ensembles are shown to produce predictive accuracy comparable to the best methods. However, their principal advantage lies in interpretation. Because of its simple form, each rule is easy to understand, as is its influence on individual predictions, selected subsets of predictions, or globally over the entire space of joint input variable values. Similarly, the degree of relevance of the respective input variables can be assessed globally, locally in different regions of the input space, or at individual prediction points. Techniques are presented for automatically identifying those variables that are involved in interactions with other variables, the strength and degree of those interactions, as well as the identities of the other variables with which they interact. Graphical representations are used to visualize both main and interaction effects.
Advertising Analytics 2.0. (cover story) (2013)

Most marketers think they know how their advertising affects consumer behavior and drives revenue. They correlate sales data with a few dozen discrete variables, and they rely on consumer surveys, focus groups, media-mix models, and online last-click attribution. But to treat advertising touch points as if each works in isolation is to misrepresent the way today's complex combination of marketing efforts influences purchasing outcomes. MarketShare CEO Wes Nichols explains how many big companies are now deploying analytics 2.0, a set of capabilities that can chew through terabytes of data and hundreds of variables in real time to accurately reveal how advertising touch points interact dynamically. The results: 10% to 30% improvements in marketing performance. Firms of various sizes can make the shift to analytics 2.0 by engaging in three broad activities: Attribution: quantifying the contribution of each element of advertising Optimization: using predictive- analytics tools to run scenarios for business planning Allocation: redistributing resources across marketing activities in real time Nichols argues that implementing analytics 2.0 means building the required infrastructure and entwining it in organizational culture, strategy development, and operations. Any company can begin that journey; businesses that don't will be overtaken by those that do. HBR Reprint R13O3C INSETS: Idea in Brief;Get Out of Your Swim Lanes;How One Company Attributed, Optimized, and Allocated;How Ads Interact to Boost Sales.
Ultrathin gate oxides formed by catalytic oxidation of silicon (1987)

A recipe to produce ultrathin gate oxides by K-promoted catalytic oxidation of Si is described. The thickness of the final oxide depends linearly on the amount of K predeposited. The resulting oxide is chemically homogeneous. The process takes place at temperatures much lower than those used in thermal oxidation. The maximum temperature required to desorb the catalyst is 600 °C.
생활체육과 요가의 만남 (2015)

요가는 기원전 3,000년 이전부터 인류문화와 함께 몸과 마음의 수련법으로 이어져 내려왔다. 요즘 한국에서는 국민의 건강을 위하여 7330운동 등 백세까지의 건강을 위한 생활체육 프로그램들이 활성화 되고 있다. 시대의 흐름 속에서 요가도 국민생활체육에 진입하려고 하지만 정부쪽의 행정절차도 간단치 않고 생활체육에 대한 요가계의 고민도 없지 않다.
요가는...
Synovial phenotypes in rheumatoid arthritis correlate with response to biologic therapeutics (2014)

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01119859
An improved method for rapid analysis of the fatty acids of glycerolipids (1996)

An improved rapid procedure to determine the fatty acid composition of glycerolipids is described. The procedure includes KOH-catalyzed transesterification and high-speed gas chromatography. Glycerolipids (20-40 mg) were mixed with 2 mL of hexane and 0.2 mL of 2 M methanolic KOH at room temperature for 1-2 min. The fatty acid methyl esters in the hexane layer were analyzed by gas chromatography on 10% SP-2340 at 240 degrees C. Methyl linolenate and docosahexaenoate eluted within 2 and 5 min, respectively. Analysis was thus completed within 5 min for common vegetable oils and 8 min for fish oils.
Treatment of Iron Oxides such as Goethite with Alcohols (1981)

表面が疎水性である酸化鉄の調製を目的として, ゲータイトなどの酸化鉄のアルコール処理につき検討した。その結果, ゲータイトは, アルコールで処理することによって200℃付近では脱水してヘマタイトに, 275℃では脱水したのち, 還元を受けてマグネタイトに構造変化し, 同時に, これちの粉体表面は親油疎水性に改質された。このように, ゲータイトは処理温度の上昇にともなって構造の変化が起こるが, これらの粒子は元の外形を留めた形骸粒子をなしていた。また, この構造変化や表面性状の変化は, アルコールを加えずに溶媒 (アルカン) 単独で処理することによっても起こるが, 構造変化はアルコール処理の方が低温で進行することを認めた。このような現象は, 水酸化第二鉄などを処理した場合でも同様にみられた。
The Missed Colorectal Cancer Problem (2011)

For the minimization of missed neoplasias and even cancers it is necessary to perform screening colonoscopy after an optimal bowel preparation. Furthermore, colonoscopy should be performed in an 'optimal setting' with adequate withdrawal time and complete resection of all polypoid lesions by experienced examiners followed by an adequate histological work-up including the knowledge about sessile serrated adenomas.
Conformable Solid‐Index Phase Masks Composed of High‐Aspect‐Ratio Micropillar Arrays and Their Application to 3D Nanopatterning (2011)

Defect-free and dense micropillar arrays with a high aspect ratio are replicated from etched Si masters using high-modulus polyurethane acrylate. The newly designed conformable solid-index mask can generate high-resolution 3D nanostructures that can be patterned through proximity field nanopatterning (PnP) in a single exposure step. The superb optical property proves the quality of 3D nanostructures. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.