gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of oxide-gate thin-film transistors using PECVD/PLD multichamber system (2000)

We developed a new multichamber system which combines a pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) and a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) with shadow masks installed to define the film deposition area on a substrate. In order to verify the capability of this PLD/PECVD multichamber system, hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin film transistors (TFTs) using MgO and Al2O3 gate dielectrics have been fabricated on glass/indium-tin-oxide (ITO) substrates. The MgO and Al2O3 films fabricated on fused silica substrates by PLD exhibited transparency higher than 90% and a low leakage current (1 nA/cm2 at 1 MV/cm). After depositions of the MgO or Al2O3 film on the glass/ITO, the sample was transferred to the PECVD chamber for a-Si:H deposition without exposing them to the air. TFTs thus fabricated exhibited such high characteristics as the threshold voltage (VTH) as low as 0.35 V and gate bias dependence of source–drain current exceeding five orders of magnitude. The results indicate a high quality a-Si:H/oxide interface and that heterojunction devices can be produced by using the PLD/PECVD multichamber system.
A Potential Molecular Approach to Ex Vivo Hematopoietic Expansion With Recombinant Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Expressing Adenovirus Vector (1998)

Ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is an attractive technology for its potency of a variety of clinical applications. Such a technology has been achieved to some extent with combinations of various cytokines or continuous perfusion cultures. However, much more improvement is required especially for expansion of primitive hematopoietic progenitors. We propose here a novel molecular approach that might have the potential to compensate the current expansion. We designed an adenovirus vector to transiently express human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is known to transduce only a mitogenic, but not a differentiation signal to mouse bone marrow cells on human purified CD34+ peripheral blood (PB) cells, and tried to expand these cells with EGF ex vivo. Because we found that exposure of CD34+ PB cells to cytokines induced surface expression of adenovirus-internalization receptor and rendered these cells permissive to adenovirus infection, we infected these cells with the adenovirus vector carrying EGFR gene in the presence of cytokines. Two-color flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that 60.3% ± 22.4% of CD34+ cells expressed the adenovirus-mediated EGFR. Moreover, long-term culture-initiating cell assay showed that adenovirus vector could transduce more primitive progenitors. Subsequently, we tried to expand these cells in suspension culture with EGF for 5 days. Methylcellulose clonal assay showed that EGF induced 5.0- ± 2.4-fold proliferation of the colony-forming unit pool during 5 days of expansion. The simple procedure of efficient adenovirus gene delivery to immature hematopoietic cells proved promising, and this technique was potentially applicable for a novel strategy aiming at ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic progenitors.
[Effect of planting densities on yields and zinc and cadmium uptake by Sedum plumbizincicola]. (2009)

A field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of planting densities on the growth and heavy metals uptake by Sedum plumbizincicola. The results showed that yields of Sedum plumbizincicola were enhanced with the increase of planting density; however, there was no further increase when planting density was too high. With planting density increasing from 1.1 x 10(5) plants per hm2 to 4.4 x 10(5) plants per hm2, Cd and Zn uptake of aboveground Sedum plumbizincicola increased from 0.208 kg x hm(-2) to 0.631 kg x hm(-2), from 13.2 kg x hm(-2) to 58.7 kg x hm(-2), respectively; yet, there was no significant enhancement between the planting density of 4.4 x 10(5) plants per hm2 and 1.0 x 10(6) plants per hmb2. When planting density was 4.4 x 10(5) plants per hm2, the Cd and Zn removal rates in contaminated soil were 21.1%, 4.60%, respectively. Appropriate planting density would benefit Cd and Zn uptake of aboveground Sedum plumbizincicola, and shorten phytoremediation period.
Application of novel material in crystal accelerator concepts (2003)

Materials which incorporate regular macroscopic features superposed on the underlying crystal lattice are of potential interest in connection with application to crystal accelerators and coherent radiation sources. The authors have begun an investigation of one such material, porous Si, in which pores of radii up to a few tens of lattice spacings are etched through finite volumes of a single crystal. The potential reduction of losses to particles hyperchanneled along the pores makes this a very interesting material in crystal accelerators for relativistic, positively charged particles. Results on material properties which are important in this context are presented. The consequences for particle transport are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Wavelet thresholding for multiple noisy image copies (2000)

This correspondence addresses the recovery of an image from its multiple noisy copies. The standard method is to compute the weighted average of these copies. Since the wavelet thresholding technique has been shown to effectively denoise a single noisy copy, we consider in this paper combining the two operations of averaging and thresholding. Because thresholding is a nonlinear technique, averaging then thresholding or thresholding then averaging produce different estimators. By modeling the signal wavelet coefficients as Laplacian distributed and the noise as Gaussian, our investigation finds the optimal ordering to depend on the number of available copies and on the signal-to-noise ratio. We then propose thresholds that are nearly optimal under the assumed model for each ordering. With the optimal and near-optimal thresholds, the two methods yield similar performance, and both show considerable improvement over merely averaging.
A New Class of Endogenous Human Retroviral Genomes (1985)

Human DNA contains multiple copies of a novel class of endogenous retroviral genomes. Analysis of a human recombinant DNA clone (HLM-2) containing one such proviral genome revealed that it is a mosaic of retroviral-related sequences with the organization and length of known endogenous retroviral genomes. The HLM-2 long terminal repeat hybridized with the long terminal repeat of the squirrel monkey virus, a type D retrovirus. The HLM-2 gag and pol genes share extensive nucleotide sequence homology with those of the M432 retrovirus (a type A-related retrovirus), mouse mammary tumor virus (a type B retrovirus), and the avian Rous sarcoma virus (a type C retrovirus). Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed regions in the HLM-2 pol gene that were as much as 70 percent identical to the mouse mammary tumor virus pol gene. A portion of the putative HLM-2 env gene hybridized with the corresponding region of the M432 viral genome.
A Modeling Framework for Evaluating Effectiveness of Smart-Infrastructure Crises Management Systems (2008)

Crises management for smart-infrastructure - infused with sensors, actuators, and intelligent agent technologies for monitoring, access control, and crisis response - requires objective and quantitative evaluation to learn for future. The concept of criticality - characterizing the effect of crises on the inhabitants of smart-infrastructure - is used in this regard. This paper establishes a criticality response modeling (CRM) framework to perform quantitative evaluation of criticality response. The framework can further be incorporated in any criticality-aware middleware for smart-infrastructure. An established stochastic model for criticality response is used from our previous work. The effectiveness of criticality response is measured in terms of the Manageability metric, characterized by the Q-value or qualifiedness of the response actions. The CRM is applied to fire emergencies in an envisioned smart oil & gas production platforms (OGPP). A simulation based evaluation, using CRM over OGPP, show that high manageability is achieved with - i) fast criticality detection, ii) fast response actuation, and iii) non-obliviousness to any subsequent criticality during response actuation - verifying the applicability of Q-value as the manageability metric.
Citizenship and Ontology in the Liberal State (1993)

Charles Taylor has developed a powerful critique of neo-Kantian liberalism and its ontological presupposition, the unencumbered self. According to Taylor, the trouble with deontological liberalism is that its neutral state is incapable of promoting the patriotic virtue that is necessary for the maintenance of liberty. This article responds to Taylor's critique by showing how the citizens of an ideal liberal state acquire a ready willingness to meet their public responsibilities in the absence of a government that promotes patriotism as a good for everyone. In particular, it draws upon Rawls's theory of justice to suggest how liberal citizens naturally develop a deep attachment to the political institutions of their community and to their fellow citizens. The concluding section of the article returns to the relationship between politics and ontology, arguing that unencumbered and situated selves are better understood as alternate moments in the life of the liberal citizen than as mutually exclusive ontological possibilities.
Adjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer: Recommendations for Management Based on Consensus Review and Recent Clinical Trials (2002)

Determining the optimal individual adjuvant systemic therapy for breast cancer patients is a challenging undertaking because it requires translating data from clinical trials that have involved thousands of patients into a highly individualized, risk-adjusted approach for the patient at hand. Choosing adjuvant therapy for women with breast cancer includes consideration of four issues: A) evaluation of risk of relapse; B) extrapolation of results from clinical trials; C) therapeutic ratio, and D) the patient's preferences following a thorough discussion with her physician. Data from recently completed phase III adjuvant trials and worldwide consensus conferences document the benefits of adjuvant therapy in improving disease-free survival and overall survival for patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer >1.0 cm in size. The benefits of hormonal therapy are clear, but limited to patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Anthracyclines lead to improved outcomes compared with nonanthracycline regimens. Taxanes appear to improve disease-free survival in patients with node-positive disease, although longer follow-up is required to assess their impact on overall survival. Some countries have reported a reduction in the mortality rate from breast cancer over the past several years. The improved survival rate is due, at least in part, to the use of adjuvant systemic therapy. Ongoing studies are evaluating targeted therapies, with the potential of remarkably improving patient outcome.
Thermodynamic and achievable efficiencies for solar-driven electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to transportation fuels (2015)

Thermodynamic, achievable, and realistic efficiency limits of solar-driven electrochemical conversion of water and carbon dioxide to fuels are investigated as functions of light-absorber composition and configuration, and catalyst composition. The maximum thermodynamic efficiency at 1-sun illumination for adiabatic electrochemical synthesis of various solar fuels is in the range of 32-42%. Single-, double-, and triple-junction light absorbers are found to be optimal for electrochemical load ranges of 0-0.9 V, 0.9-1.95 V, and 1.95-3.5 V, respectively. Achievable solar-to-fuel (STF) efficiencies are determined using ideal double- and triple-junction light absorbers and the electrochemical load curves for CO2 reduction on silver and copper cathodes, and water oxidation kinetics over iridium oxide. The maximum achievable STF efficiencies for synthesis gas (H2 and CO) and Hythane (H2 and CH4) are 18.4% and 20.3%, respectively. Whereas the realistic STF efficiency of photoelectrochemical cells (PECs) can be as low as 0.8%, tandem PECs and photovoltaic (PV)-electrolyzers can operate at 7.2% under identical operating conditions. We show that the composition and energy content of solar fuels can also be adjusted by tuning the band-gaps of triple-junction light absorbers and/or the ratio of catalyst-to-PV area, and that the synthesis of liquid products and C2H4 have high profitability indices.
Unsupervised Discovery of Nonlinear Structure Using Contrastive Backpropagation (2006)

We describe a way of modeling high-dimensional data vectors by using an unsupervised, nonlinear, multilayer neural network in which the activity of each neuron-like unit makes an additive contribution to a global energy score that indicates how surprised the network is by the data vector. The connection weights that determine how the activity of each unit depends on the activities in earlier layers are learned by minimizing the energy assigned to data vectors that are actually observed and maximizing the energy assigned to "confabulations" that are generated by perturbing an observed data vector in a direction that decreases its energy under the current model.
The binding nature of light hydrocarbons on Fe/MOF-74 for gas separation (2013)

The application of a metal-organic framework (MOF) has expanded into the area of heterogeneous catalysis, gas storage and separation, drug delivery, and lightweight magnets. Herein, we investigate the nature of olefin and paraffin binding on Fe/MOF-74 and identify several factors that determine separation efficiency using the first-principles calculations. The calculated binding energies and magnetic orderings are in excellent agreement with those observed in experiments. While the olefin strongly interacts with Fe atoms through a well-known π-complexation, the HOMO - 1(2) of the paraffin weakly interacts with Fe atoms without back-donation, facilitating the olefin-paraffin separation primarily. However, the mutual gas-gas interactions and magnetic transitions of the MOF host also contribute significantly to the total binding energy of each gas molecule as much as 2-28% and 6-8%, respectively, emphasizing the necessity that these subtle effects must be handled carefully when considering selective binding with small energy differences. In particular, Fe/MOF-74 is shown to be a unique system where the guest-dependent magnetic transition observed only for the olefin adsorption is a secondary reason for the high olefin-paraffin adsorption selectivity measured. The understanding of the hydrocarbon binding energetics can provide a way to modify MOFs for enhanced separation/sorption properties that can be complemented by principles of kinetic separation.
Singlet molecular oxygen annihilation luminescence in polymers (1977)

In this investigation, we characterize three types of oxygen stimulated emission from organic chromophores embedded in polymer matrices: (i) singlet oxygen annihilation fluorescence from the S1 state of the chromophore; (ii) specific sensitization of excimer fluorescence in the stimulated emission; and (iii) oxciplex emission. The oxciplex emissions are the first reported examples of emissions originating from transitions within an organic molecule–singlet oxygen complex. To summarize the spectral analysis, the major emitting transition in singlet oxygen annihilation luminescence is the most radiative transition of either the organic chromophore or the oxygen–organic chromophore complex, which is of equal or of lower energy than [E02(1Δ)+ET1]. A kinetic analysis shows that the behavior of the annihilation fluorescence resembles triplet–triplet annihilation fluorescence. In this case, however, the dependence of the kinetics on the organic triplet population varies with the ability of singlet oxygen to participate in sequential collisional energy transfer to adjacent ground state oxygen molecules, minimizing the necessity for physical diffusion of singlet oxygen through the matrix. The kinetic behavior of the annihilation fluorescence can be understood in terms of the diffusion of an energy packet, an oxciton, composed of the electronic excitation energy of O2(1Δ) through the polymer matrix, hopping from one oxygen molecule to the next.
Growth of High-Purity and Doped Alkaline Earth Oxides: I. MgO and CaO (1971)

A new variation of the carbon arc-fusion technique is reported which makes possible the growth of large, high-purity MgO and CaO single crystals which are free of microbubbles. A technique has also been developed for impurity doping. We have successfully doped MgO with Na, D, Ce, Eu, Gd, Dy, and Yb; and CaO with Li, Na, Ce, and Nd. The presence of these dopants has been ascertained by chemical analyses, optical, or EPR measurements. EPR signals showed minimal effects from strains in these crystals.
Direct Reaction of Amides with Nitric Oxide To Form Diazeniumdiolates (2014)

We report the apparently unprecedented direct reaction of nitric oxide (NO) with amides to generate ions of structure R(C═O)NH-N(O)═NO(-), with examples including R = Me (1a) or 3-pyridyl (1b). The sodium salts of both released NO in pH 7.4 buffer, with 37 °C half-lives of 1-3 min. As NO-releasing drug candidates, diazeniumdiolated amides would have the advantage of generating only 1 equiv of base on hydrolyzing exhaustively to NO, in contrast to their amine counterparts, which generate 2 equiv of base.
Astigmatism and toric intraocular lenses (2000)

The article reviews some of the basic optics of astigmatism and the correction of astigmatism with cylindric lenses. A simple model of the conoid of Sturm is demonstrated, and an ideal position for the conoid is postulated. The orientation of the conoid shows that leaving patients with some simple myopic "against-the-rule" astigmatism is beneficial to near work, whereas "with-the-rule" astigmatism is beneficial for distant viewing. Surgeons should be less aggressive with patients with with-the-rule and against-the-rule astigmatism and more aggressive with oblique astigmatism. The toric intraocular lens (IOL) should be positioned on axis or, if slightly off axis, err on the side away from the vertical or horizontal meridian so that the resultant cylinder is more vertical or horizontal. Clinically significant rotation of the toric IOL occurs in a few cases, but these can be easily rerotated. Rerotation should be done between the first and second weeks after primary implantation.
Effects of Tensile Stress on Total Loss of Single Crystals of 3% Silicon-Iron (1970)

The variation of total loss under the tensile stress applied along the near [001] direction has been measured on the single crystals with (110) [001] orientation of 3% silicon-iron. It has been found that the total loss was greatly decreased with an application of stress. This effect is more remarkable when the orientation is more perfect or the permeability at 10 Oe is higher. An influence of surface roughness and grain size on this effect was also investigated. The large reduction in total loss with an application of stress can be qualitatively explained by a change of domain structure and a domain wall pinning taking the degree of orientation into account. It is also pointed out that the glass film by which a tensile stress is induced on the materials is very useful in improving the total loss of grain-oriented silicon-iron with high permeability.
How to Develop, Validate, and Compare Clinical Prediction Models Involving Radiological Parameters: Study Design and Statistical Methods (2016)

Clinical prediction models are developed to calculate estimates of the probability of the presence/occurrence or future course of a particular prognostic or diagnostic outcome from multiple clinical or non-clinical parameters. Radiologic imaging techniques are being developed for accurate detection and early diagnosis of disease, which will eventually affect patient outcomes. Hence, results obtained by radiological means, especially diagnostic imaging, are frequently incorporated into a clinical prediction model as important predictive parameters, and the performance of the prediction model may improve in both diagnostic and prognostic settings. This article explains in a conceptual manner the overall process of developing and validating a clinical prediction model involving radiological parameters in relation to the study design and statistical methods. Collection of a raw dataset; selection of an appropriate statistical model; predictor selection; evaluation of model performance using a calibration plot, Hosmer-Lemeshow test and c-index; internal and external validation; comparison of different models using c-index, net reclassification improvement, and integrated discrimination improvement; and a method to create an easy-to-use prediction score system will be addressed. This article may serve as a practical methodological reference for clinical researchers.
The usefulness of a continuous administration of tirapazamine combined with reduced dose-rate irradiation using γ-rays or reactor thermal neutrons (2006)

We clarified the usefulness of the continuous administration of tirapazamine (TPZ) in combination with reduced dose-rate irradiation (RDRI) using gamma-rays or reactor thermal neutrons. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) VII tumour-bearing mice received a continuous administration of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label all proliferating (P) cells. Then, they received a single intraperitoneal injection or 24 h continuous subcutaneous infusion of TPZ in combination with conventional dose-rate irradiation (CDRI) or RDRI using gamma-rays or thermal neutrons. After irradiation, the tumour cells were isolated and incubated with a cytokinesis blocker, and the micronucleus (MN) frequency in cells without BrdU labelling ( = quiescent (Q) cells) was determined using immunofluorescence staining for BrdU. The MN frequency in the total tumour cells was determined using tumours that were not pre-treated with BrdU. The sensitivity of both total and Q cells, especially of Q cells, was significantly reduced with RDRI compared with CDRI. Combination of TPZ increased the sensitivity of both populations, with a slightly more remarkable increase in Q cells. Furthermore, the continuous administration of TPZ raised the sensitivity of both total and Q cell populations, especially the former, more markedly than the single administration, whether combined with CDRI or RDRI using gamma-rays or thermal neutrons. From the viewpoint of solid tumour control as a whole, including intratumour Q-cell control, the use of TPZ, especially when administered continuously, combined with RDRI, is useful for suppressing the reduction in the sensitivity of tumour cells caused by the decrease in irradiation dose rate in vivo.