gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Introduction (1973)

Land of St Francis and of Dante, fragmented among tumultuous republics and unstable tyrannies, the repeatedly invaded spiritual and commercial nerve-centre of the Latin West, medieval Italy presents a mass of striking detail which cries out to be fitted into an overall pattern satisfying and meaningful to the present age. For the other major states of western Europe such patterns exist, established in the main by German, French and English historians of the last century who saw the history of their respective countries largely in terms of their national monarchies. The history of medieval France and England was represented as the story of how the crown and the organs of central government gradually extended their power, overcoming anarchy and local particularism; in medieval Germany the elements were the same but the outcome was different, with the monarchy finally losing the game after a brilliant opening, the victim of adverse fortune and mistaken choices. At first sight the fate of medieval Italy would seem to be similar to that of Germany, for here too the monarchy was eventually eclipsed by the local city-states and principalities, but there is a significant difference. In Germany both the monarchy and the forces which defeated it were authentic products of German society; Italy, on the other hand, lost her national monarchy in the mid-tenth century, and it was German kings who fought the losing battle to maintain imperial authority in the peninsula.KeywordsItalian SocietyThirteenth CenturyMedieval PeriodEleventh CenturyEnglish HistorianThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Production logging tool behavior in two-phase inclined flow (1981)

Spinner, percent water, and density production logging tools were tested in one-, two-, and three-phase flow in an inclinable flow test facility. These tests were inspired by the often-confusing production logs obtained in deviated wells. The experiments have shown that two-phase flow regimes in inclined pipes differ markedly from those in vertical flow at similar flow rates and that these flow regimes adversely affect production loggin tool responses. The experiments performed, the behavior of the production logging tools, and a statistical analysis of the data are discussed. 4 refs.
Design and characterization of a 55-W, cw, injection-locked, fiber-coupled, laser-diode-pumped Nd:YAG miniature-slab laser (1994)

We have built a laser-diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser that emits 5.5 W of power in a single-frequency, polarized, nearly diffraction-limited TEM00 mode. The laser uses fiber-coupled pump lasers and a rectilinear geometry to achieve high efficiency in a simple side-pumped architecture. Injection locking produces a stable, single-frequency output with no intracavity frequency-selection elements.
Synthesis of the Sulphonate and Phosphonate Derivatives ofMercaptoacetyltriglycine. X‐Ray Crystal Structure of Na<sub>2</sub>[ReO(Mercaptoacetylglycylglycylaminomethanesulphonate)]·3H<sub>2</sub>O (1993)

Mercaptoacetyltriglycine forms complexes with (186/188)Re and (99m)Tc radionuclides that are useful in nuclear medicine because they are substrates of the renal anion transport system. However, the renal clearance of [MO(MAG(3))](2-)(MAG(3) = penta-anionic form of mercaptoacetyltriglycine, M = Re, Tc) complexes are less than ideal. Organic sulphonates are also transported by the renal anion transport system and phosphonates are similar to sulphonates in size and shape. In an effort to develop new ligands that form Re and Tc complexes and have improved renal clearances compared to [MO(MAG(3))](2-) complexes, the sulphonate and phosphonate derivatives of mercaptoacetyltriglycine were synthesized. The dianion [ReO(MAG(2)-AMS)](2-) (MAG(2)-AMS = penta-anionic form of mercaptoacetylglycylglycylaminomethanesulphonic acid) was prepared for characterization by exchange reaction of ReOCl(3)(Me(2)S)(OPPh(3)) and isolated as the disodium salt. The structure of Na(2)[ReO(MAG(2)-AMS)].3H(2)O (6) was determined by X-ray diffraction. The coordination geometry is pseudo square pyramidal, with the nitrogen and sulfur donor atoms forming a square base and the oxo ligand at the apex. The deprotonated sulphonate group has a syn conformation with respect to the oxo ligand. The renal clearances of [(99m)TcO(MAG(2)-AMS)](2-) and [(99m)TcO(MAG(2)-AMP)](3-) were similar in rats and suggest that the difference in total charge between the SO(3) (-) and PO(3) (2-) groups is not important to renal clearance. However, their renal clearances were 40-50% less than that of [(99m)TcO(MAG(3))](2-) suggesting that the size and shape of the large tetrahedral SO(3) (-) and PO(3) (2-) groups of [(99m)TcO(MAG(2)-AMS)](2-) and [(99m)TcO(MAG(2)-AMP)](3-) inhibit recognition by the renal transport system compared to the small planar CO(2) (-) group of [(99m)TcO(MAG(3))](2-).
Ultrascalable Fourier transfroms in three dimensions (2011)

Fourier and related types of transforms are widely used in scientific community. Three-dimensional Fast Fourier Transforms (3D FFT), for example, are used in many areas such as DNS turbulence, astrophysics, material science, chemistry, oceanography and X-ray crystallography. In many cases this is a very compute-intensive operation. Lately there has been a need for implementations of scalable 3D FFT and related algorithms on Petascale parallel machines [1-8]. Most existing implementations of 3D FFT use one-dimensional task decomposition, and therefore are subject to scaling limitation when the number of cores reaches domain size. P3DFFT library overcomes this limitation. It is an open-source, easy-to-use software package [9] providing general solution for 3D FFT based on two-dimensional decomposition. In this way it is different from majority of other libraries such as FFTW, PESSL, MKL and ACML. P3DFFT is written in Fortran90 and MPI, with C interface available. It uses FFTW as an underlying library for FFT computation in one dimension. P3DFFT has been demonstrated to scale quite well up to tens of thousands cores on several platforms, including Kraken at NICS/ORNL. Theoretically it is scalable up to N-squared cores, provided suitable hardware support, where N is the domain size. In practice all-to-all communication inherent in the algorithm is often the performance bottleneck at large core counts. This type of communication stresses bisection bandwidth of the interconnect and is a challenging operation for most High Performance Computing (HPC) systems. (In fact one of the three NSF Track 1 system application procurement requirements involves 3D FFT as a crucial software component.) As a consequence, communication time is typically a high fraction of overall time for the algorithm (80% is not uncommon). In spite of this, P3DFFT scales quite well since with the increase of core counts the volume of data to be exchanged decreases proportionately. A test benchmark P3DFFT program has shown about 50% efficiency in strong scaling from 4k to 64k cores on Cray XT5 (see Figure 1). This is consistent with the expectation of a power law scaling of an all-to-all exchange on a 3D torus (where bisection bandwidth scales as P2/3). Some performance tuning is recommended to get the maximum benefit, and it is carried out by simply varying the aspect ratio of the two-dimensional processor grid. More details will be included in presentation.
New pyridobenzodiazepine derivatives as potential antipsychotics: synthesis and neurochemical study (1993)

The discovery of a new, safe, atypical antipsychotic remains an important challenge. To achieve this goal, a series of N-methylpiperazinopyrido[2,3-b] [1,4]- and -[1,5]- and -pyrido[4,3-b][1,4]- and -[1,5]- benzodiazepines were synthesized. The dopaminergic (D1, D2), serotonergic (5-HT2), and cholinergic (M) affinities, frequently remarked in the action mechanisms of antipsychotic drugs, were determined using their respective in vitro receptor binding assays. All affinities were reduced for each compound. Optimal substituents were found to be in the 2- or 8-position for the retention of affinities, while substitution at the 5-position by acyl or alkyl groups dramatically diminished binding affinities. Pyridobenzodiazepine derivatives, such as clozapine, were found to be inactive or only weakly effective against apomorphine-mediated stereotypes in rats. In an original and complex behavioral model developed in dogs and successfully used to differentiate distinct classes of psychotropic drugs and to discriminate between typical and atypical neuroleptic drugs, 8-chloro-6-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-11H-pyrido[2,3-b] [1,4]benzodiazepine (9), 8-methyl-6-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-11H-pyrido [2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepine (12), and 5-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-11H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine (16) showed most of the behavioral characteristics previously described for neuroleptics. Their neurochemical profiles, particularly their 5-HT2/D2 pKi ratios, were compatible with an atypical antipsychotic effect. These compounds were selected for further investigation. The proposed modulations could lead to new possibilities for the pharmacochemistry of diarylazepines.
Toward quality of security service in a resource management system benefit function (2002)

Enforcement of a high-level statement of security policy may be difficult to discern when mapped through functional requirements to a myriad of possible security services and mechanisms in a highly complex, networked environment. A method for articulating network security functional requirements, and their fulfillment, is presented. Using this method, security in a quality of service framework is discussed in terms of "variant" security mechanisms and dynamic security policies. For illustration, it is shown how this method can be used to represent Quality of Security Service (QoSS) in a network scheduler benefit function.
Growth factor-regulated G1 cyclins. (1994)

Mammalian D-type cyclins act as regulatory subunits of cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) to form holoenzymes whose activities are both necessary and rate limiting for progression through the first gap phase (G1) of the cell cycle. D-type cyclins act as growth factor sensors to integrate receptor-mediated signals with the cell cycle machinery and to thereby enforce the decision of cells to enter their DNA synthetic (S) phase. Mitogenic and anti-proliferative stimuli affect the transcription of D-type cyclin genes and modulate both cyclin and cdk protein synthesis, their assembly into holoenzymes, post-translational modification, and serine/threonine kinase activity. In turn, the holoenzymes facilitate G1 exit by phosphorylating key cellular substrates, the retinoblastoma protein among them. Negative regulators of macrophage G1 progression, including cyclic AMP and the immunosuppressant rapamycin, extinguish the activity of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases by inducing novel polypeptide inhibitors that both inhibit the post-translational activation of cyclin-bound cdks and directly interfere with their catalytic functions. Our emerging understanding of G1 cyclins, their associated cdks, their proximal regulators, and their cdk substrates has now begun to provide a mechanistic understanding of how cells interpret mitogenic signals and make the decision to replicate their chromosomal DNA.
Deep Reinforcement Learning with Attention for Slate Markov Decision Processes with High-Dimensional States and Actions (2015)

Many real-world problems come with action spaces represented as feature vectors. Although high-dimensional control is a largely unsolved problem, there has recently been progress for modest dimensionalities. Here we report on a successful attempt at addressing problems of dimensionality as high as $2000$, of a particular form. Motivated by important applications such as recommendation systems that do not fit the standard reinforcement learning frameworks, we introduce Slate Markov Decision Processes (slate-MDPs). A Slate-MDP is an MDP with a combinatorial action space consisting of slates (tuples) of primitive actions of which one is executed in an underlying MDP. The agent does not control the choice of this executed action and the action might not even be from the slate, e.g., for recommendation systems for which all recommendations can be ignored. We use deep Q-learning based on feature representations of both the state and action to learn the value of whole slates. Unlike existing methods, we optimize for both the combinatorial and sequential aspects of our tasks. The new agent's superiority over agents that either ignore the combinatorial or sequential long-term value aspect is demonstrated on a range of environments with dynamics from a real-world recommendation system. Further, we use deep deterministic policy gradients to learn a policy that for each position of the slate, guides attention towards the part of the action space in which the value is the highest and we only evaluate actions in this area. The attention is used within a sequentially greedy procedure leveraging submodularity. Finally, we show how introducing risk-seeking can dramatically improve the agents performance and ability to discover more far reaching strategies.
Phosphorylation of Cotton Cellulose with Baker's Yeast Hexokinase (2002)

Here we report for the first time on phosphorylation of cotton cellulose using baker's yeast hexokinase and phosphoryl donor adenosine-5′-triphosphate. An enzymatic assay was adopted for determination of the degree of phosphorylation of cellulose. This functional modification of cellulose resulted in improved colorability and flame resistance. Phosphorylated glucopyranose unit of cellulose.
Mobile FT mRNA contributes to the systemic florigen signalling in floral induction (2011)

In inducing photoperiodic conditions, plants produce a signal dubbed "florigen" in leaves. Florigen moves through the phloem to the shoot apical meristem (SAM) where it induces flowering. In Arabidopsis, the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) protein acts as a component of this phloem-mobile signal. However whether the transportable FT mRNA also contributes to systemic florigen signalling remains to be elucidated. Using non-conventional approaches that exploit virus-induced RNA silencing and meristem exclusion of virus infection, we demonstrated that the ArabidopsisFT mRNA, independent of the FT protein, can move into the SAM. Viral ectopic expression of a non-translatable FT mRNA promoted earlier flowering in the short-day (SD) Nicotiana tabacum Maryland Mammoth tobacco in SD. These data suggest a possible role for FT mRNA in systemic floral signalling, and also demonstrate that cis-transportation of cellular mRNA into SAM and meristem exclusion of pathogenic RNAs are two mechanistically distinct processes.
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy after Natalizumab Monotherapy (2009)

We describe progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) caused by infection with human polyomavirus JC virus in a patient with multiple sclerosis who was treated with natalizumab. The first PML symptoms appeared after 14 monthly infusions of the drug. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a presumed multiple sclerosis lesion, and JC virus DNA was not detected on polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) assay of cerebrospinal fluid. The patient's symptoms worsened, and the diagnosis of PML was established with a more sensitive quantitative PCR assay after 16 infusions of natalizumab. Plasma exchange was used to accelerate clearance of natalizumab. Approximately 3 weeks after plasma exchange, an immune-reconstitution inflammatory syndrome appeared. JC virus DNA was no longer detectable on quantitative PCR assay, and the patient's symptoms improved.
Modified Phased Translation Functions and their Application to Molecular-Fragment Location (1998)

Direct methods at high resolution have depended on the resolution of atomic like features in the map. At data resolutions more typical for protein structures (2-3 A) individual atoms may not be resolved, so larger features must be identified. At one extreme the whole molecule may be located using the diffraction magnitudes alone by the molecular-replacement method. At the other extreme it is possible to locate individual residues in a well phased map. In this paper an intermediate problem is addressed: the location of multi-residue fragments on the basis of weak phase information. An agreement function based on the mean-squared difference between model and map over a masked region is shown to be more effective than a simple overlap integral, and may be efficiently calculated by Fourier methods. The techniques are compared using poorly phased electron-density maps at approximately 3 A for the proteins RNAse and O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase.
Pharmacologic disruption of base excision repair sensitizes mismatch repair-deficient and -proficient colon cancer cells to methylating agents. (1999)

Previously we showed that a mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient cell line, HCT116 (hMLH1 mut), unlike a MMR wild-type cell line, SW480, was more resistant to the therapeutic methylating agent, temozolomide (TMZ), because the MMR complex fails to recognize TMZ-induced O6-methylguanine DNA adduct mispairings with thymine that arise after replication. TMZ also produces N7-methylguanine and N3-methyladenine adducts that are processed efficiently by the base excision repair (BER) system. After removal of the methylated base by methylpurine glycosylase, which creates the abasic or apurinic-apyrimidinic (AP) site, the phosphodiester bond is hydrolyzed immediately by AP endonuclease, initiating the repair of the AP site. Methoxyamine (MX) reacts with the abasic site and prevents AP endonuclease cleavage, disrupting DNA repair. MX potentiated the cytotoxic effect of TMZ with a dose modification factor (DMF) of 2.3+/-0.12 in SW480 and 3.1+/-0.16 in HCT116. When combined with O6-benzylguanine (BG), MX and TMZ dramatically increased TMZ cytotoxicity (65.8-fold) in SW480, whereas no additive effect was seen in HCT116. This suggests that N7-methylguanine and N3-methyladenine adducts are cytotoxic lesions in MMR-deficient and wild-type cells when BER is interrupted. Because poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) aids in processing of DNA strand breaks induced during MMR and BER, we asked whether PARP inhibitors would also affect BER-mediated cell killing. We found that PARP inhibitors PD128763, 3-aminobenzimide, and 6-aminonicotinamide increased the sensitivity to TMZ in both HCT116 MMR-deficient cells and SW480 MMR wild-type cells. In HCT116 cells, PD128763 remarkably decreased resistance to TMZ, with a DMF of 4.7+/-0.2. However, the combination of PD128763, BG, and TMZ had no greater effect, indicating that persistent O6-methylguanine had no effect on cytotoxicity. In SW480, the DMF for TMZ cytotoxicity was 3.1+/-0.12 with addition of PD128763 and 36 with addition of PD128763 and BG. Synergy analysis by median effect plots indicated a high degree of synergy between TMZ and MX or PD128763. In contrast, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea combined with either MX or PD128763 showed little if any potentiation observed in the absence of BG in either cell line, suggesting that BER pathway has little impact on cytotoxic processing of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea-induced adducts. These studies indicate that targeting BER with MX or PARP inhibitors enhances the cytotoxicity of methylating agents, even in MMR-deficient cells.
Analysis of the<i>DECREASED APICAL DOMINANCE</i>Genes of Petunia in the Control of Axillary Branching (2006)

Control of branch development is a major determinant of architecture in plants. Branching in petunia (Petunia hybrida) is controlled by the DECREASED APICAL DOMINANCE (DAD) genes. Gene functions were investigated by plant grafting, morphology studies, double-mutant characterization, and gene expression analysis. Both dad1-1 and dad3 increased branching mutants can be reverted to a near-wild-type phenotype by grafting to a wild-type or a dad2 mutant root stock, indicating that both genes affect the production of a graft-transmissible substance that controls branching. Expression of the DAD1 gene in the stems of grafted plants, detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction correlates with the branching phenotype of the plants. The dad2-1 mutant cannot be reverted by grafting, indicating that this gene acts predominantly in the shoot of the plant. Double-mutant analysis indicates that the DAD2 gene acts in the same pathway as the DAD1 and DAD3 genes because the dad1-1dad2-1 and dad2-1dad3 double mutants are indistinguishable from the dad2-1 mutant. However, the dad1-1dad3 double mutant has an additive phenotype, with decreased height of the plants, delayed flowering, and reduced germination rates compared to the single mutants. This result, together with the observation that the dad1-1 and dad3 mutants cannot be reverted by grafting to each other, suggests that the DAD1 and DAD3 genes act in the same pathway, but not in a simple stepwise fashion.
Transplantation tolerance correlates with high levels of T- and B-lymphocyte activity. (1989)

Mice tolerized (treated to make them tolerant) at birth to transplantation antigens by injection of semiallogeneic cells contain very high numbers of activated T and B lymphocytes in their spleen. Lymphoid hyperactivity correlates with the tolerant state: it is present only in animals accepting skin allografts. Tolerized mice that reject the allogeneic skin graft have approximately the same numbers of total and activated lymphocytes as normal mice. The high level of lymphocyte activation in tolerant mice persists for up to 1 year of age, although it declines with age, and is markedly increased by a secondary allograft. The magnitudes of both primary and secondary tolerant responses are significantly higher than the immunological response of a normal mouse rejecting the same type of allograft. These observations contradict concepts of clonal deletion or anergy as the basis of neonatally induced transplantation tolerance and may contribute additional approaches to experimentation and control of transplantation reactions.
Differential biogenesis of photosystem‐II in mesophyll and bundle‐sheath cells of ‘malic’ enzyme NADP<sup>+</sup>‐type C<sub>4</sub> plants (1990)

We have investigated the photosystem-II organization in differentiating-bundle-sheath cells of the three malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate decarboxylating) (NADP+)-type C4 species maize, Sorghum and Pennisetum. Using a set of nine different antisera raised against individual subunits of photosystem-II, we demonstrate that photosystem-II components constitute a substantial part of the thylakoid membranes of young bundle-sheath chloroplasts. The abundance of subunits of the photosystem-II core, i.e. the 47-and 43-kDa chlorophyll-a-binding proteins, polypeptides D1 and D2, cytochrome b559, and the 34-kDa polypeptide, varies with the developmental state of the plant. However, the levels of the 23-kDa, 16-kDa and 10-kDa extrinsic polypeptides of the water-oxidation complex are drastically reduced in bundle-sheath chloroplasts of all three species analyzed, regardless of their state of differentiation. The reduction in protein abundance is also reflected at the transcript level: only traces of the nuclear-encoded mRNAs are found in differentiating bundle-sheath cells of Sorghum, suggesting that the transcription of these genes has been switched off. Our data are compatible with the idea that the water-oxidation complex is a prime site for initiating or maintaining the process leading to photosystem-II depletion during differentiation of bundle-sheath cells.
The I/O bulb and the luminous room (1999)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts & Sciences, 1999.