gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Managing software requirements in the context of the scientific enterprise (2002)

Developing production-quality software as part of a scientific research program presents unique challenges. Some of the techniques for managing requirements in this context which have evolved over the last three decades at JPL are discussed. The software development effort in support of the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer project is presented as an example of the application of these methods. In certain respects the methods discussed appear to deviate from commonly accepted practice. In an effort to explain the success of these methods, some novel information from the field of cognitive science is explored. We discuss our assumptions about the underlying model of scientific process. The tension between the dualistic view of the world assumed by scientists, and the nondualistic nature of our solutions to the problems of software development is also discussed. We conclude with a discussion of our experience relative to current research into social methods of requirements engineering. We find that scientists are a unique type of customer, with unique needs from the software development process itself, and not just the end product as many methodologies assume. A social-based approach to development has proven to be the most efficient means of mitigating the difficulties posed by language, educational and cultural barriers.
Towards alias detection without string similarity (2012)

Entity aliases commonly exist and accurately detecting these aliases plays a vital role in various applications. In this paper, we use an active-learning-based method to detect aliases without string similarity. To minimize the cost on pairwise comparison, a subset-based method restricts the alias selection within a small-scale entity set. Within each generated entity set, an active learning based logistic regression classifier is employed to predict whether a candidate is the alias of a given entity. The experimental results on three datasets clearly demonstrate that our proposed approach can effectively detect this kind of entity aliases.
<i>empty pericarp4</i>Encodes a Mitochondrion-Targeted Pentatricopeptide Repeat Protein Necessary for Seed Development and Plant Growth in Maize (2007)

The pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) family represents one of the largest gene families in plants, with >440 members annotated in Arabidopsis thaliana. PPR proteins are thought to have a major role in the regulation of posttranscriptional processes in organelles. Recent studies have shown that Arabidopsis PPR proteins play an essential, nonredundant role during embryogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that mutations in empty pericarp4 (emp4), a maize (Zea mays) PPR-encoding gene, confer a seed-lethal phenotype. Mutant endosperms are severely impaired, with highly irregular differentiation of transfer cells in the nutrient-importing basal endosperm. Analysis of homozygous mutant plants generated from embryo-rescue experiments indicated that emp4 also affects general plant growth. The emp4-1 mutation was identified in an active Mutator (Mu) population, and cosegregation analysis revealed that it arose from a Mu3 element insertion. Evidence of emp4 molecular cloning was provided by the isolation of four additional emp4 alleles obtained by a reverse genetics approach. emp4 encodes a novel type of PPR protein of 614 amino acids. EMP4 contains nine 35-amino acid PPR motifs and an N-terminal mitochondrion-targeted sequence peptide, which was confirmed by a translational EMP4-green fluorescent protein fusion that localized to mitochondria. Molecular analyses further suggest that EMP4 is necessary to regulate the correct expression of a small subset of mitochondrial transcripts in the endosperm.
Gaining an economic advantage from effective utilization of excess FCC capacity (1985)

The US refiner, operating at less than design capacity as a result of oversupply, seeks to operate as efficiently as possible while taking maximum advantage of product price differentials. This paper examines the use of the fluid catalytic cracking unit to maximize product value by the effective use of excess coke burning capacity. An economic analysis determines the necessary price differential between fuel oil and transportation fuels for the processing of short resid in the FCC to be attractive. A series of case studies then examines the economics of processing a moderate amount of resid in an existing gas oil FCC without mechanical modification, as well as three levels of mechanical revamp to allow maximum fuel oil upgrading capability.
Applications for nanomaterials in critical technologies (2010)

The results indicate that miRNA pathway genes play important roles in the molting, ovarian development and female fecundity of L. serricorne, and thus are potentially suitable target genes for developing an RNAi strategy against a major pest of stored products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
GPS-based precise tracking of Earth satellites from very low to geosynchronous orbits (2003)

Various GPS (Global Positioning System)-based tracking strategies for Earth orbiting satellites are reviewed. Three different categories of user satellites are studied: low circular orbits with altitudes between a few hundred and a few thousand kilometers, highly elliptical orbits with perigees as low as a few hundred and apogees as high as tens of thousands of kilometers, and high circular orbits up to the geosynchronous altitude. Results of covariance analyses which assess the orbit determination performance in all three categories are presented. Low circular orbits can be determined to subdecimeter or even a few-centimeters accuracy using up-looking differential GPS. Highly elliptical orbits, because of wide altitude range, require both up-looking and down-looking observing scenarios for optimum tracking. Among high circular orbits, geosynchronous satellites present the most difficult tracking challenge: the information content of ground-based observations is weak due to lack of temporal change in geometry; and the users are well beyond the GPS altitude and can hardly receive GPS signals. Inverted differential GPS, which requires the user to transmit signal ground GPS receivers can observe, appears ideal for tracking geosynchronous satellites.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Miller Fisher anti-GQ1b antibodies: ?-Latrotoxin-like effects on motor end plates (1999)

In the Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) variant of the Guillain-Barré syndrome, weakness is restricted to extraocular muscles and occasionally other craniobulbar muscles. Most MFS patients have serum antibodies against ganglioside type GQ1b of which the pathophysiological relevance is unclear. We examined the in vitro effects of MFS sera, MFS IgG, and a human monoclonal anti-GQ1b IgM antibody on mouse neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). It was found that anti-GQ1b antibodies bind at NMJs where they induce massive quantal release of acetylcholine from nerve terminals and eventually block neuromuscular transmission. This effect closely resembled the effect of the paralytic neurotoxin alpha-latrotoxin at the mouse NMJs, implying possible involvement of alpha-latrotoxin receptors or associated downstream pathways. By using complement-deficient sera, the effect of anti-GQ1b antibodies on NMJs was shown to be entirely dependent on activation of complement components. However, neither classical pathway activation nor the formation of membrane attack complex was required, indicating the effects could be due to involvement of the alternative pathway and intermediate complement cascade products. Our findings strongly suggest that anti-GQ1b antibodies in conjunction with activated complement components are the principal pathophysiological mediators of motor symptoms in MFS and that the NMJ is an important site of their action.
Comparative Analysis of an Improved Thioflavin-S Stain, Gallyas Silver Stain, and Immunohistochemistry for Neurofibrillary Tangle Demonstration on the Same Sections (2002)

An improved thioflavin-S stain, Gallyas silver stain, and two immunostainings were quantitatively compared for demonstration of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) on the same sections. Sections of hippocampal formation from seven cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) were immunofluorescently stained with a commercially available polyclonal NFT antibody or a PHF-1 monoclonal antibody, followed by an improved thioflavin-S stain, and finally by Gallyas silver staining. The thioflavin-S method was improved by using a combination quenching method that removes background autofluorescence without remarkable tissue damage and by post-treatment with concentrated phosphate buffer, which minimizes photobleaching. PHF-1 or NFT immunostaining is much less sensitive than the improved thioflavin-S staining and Gallyas silver staining, particularly in the transentorhinal region. Moreover PHF-1 immunoreactivity varied greatly among AD individuals. Thioflavin-S staining and Gallyas silver staining show almost the same sensitivity in NFT demonstration, but only the former depends on the secondary protein structure of NFTs. This study suggests that the improved thioflavin-S staining is a simple, sensitive, and consistent method for demonstration of neurofibrillary pathology.
On the general motion planning problem with two degrees of freedom (1988)

We show that, under reasonable assumptions, any collision-avoiding motion planning problem for a moving system with two degrees of freedom can be solved in time Ο(λs(n) log2n), where n is the number of collision constraints imposed on the system, s is a fixed parameter depending e.g. on the maximum algebraic degree of these constraints, and λs(n) is the (almost linear) maximum length of (n,s) Davenport Schinzel sequences. This follows from an upper bound of Ο(λs(n)) that we establish for the combinatorial complexity of a single connected component of the space of all free placements of the moving system. Although our study is motivated by motion planning, it is actually a study of topological, combinatorial, and algorithmic issues involving a single face in an arrangement of curves. Our results thus extend beyond the area of motion planning, and have applications in many other areas.
Preionization of pulsed gas lasers by radioactive source (1978)

An α-source of americium-241 is used to preionize transverse electrical-discharge gas lasers, enhancing the useful pressure range in a variety of gases. Of particular interest is the enhancement in electron-attaching gases, which corroborates speculations on the role of negative ions in preionization.
Compressing heap data for improved memory performance (2006)

Abstract We introduce a class of transformations that modify the representation of dynamic data structures used in programs with the objective of compressing their sizes. Based upon a profiling study of data value characteristics, we have developed the common‐prefix and narrow‐data transformations that respectively compress a 32 bit address pointer and a 32 bit integer field into 15 bit entities. A pair of fields that have been compressed by the above compression transformations are packed together into a single 32 bit word. The above transformations are designed to apply to data structures that are partially compressible , that is, they compress portions of data structures to which transformations apply and provide a mechanism to handle the data that is not compressible. The accesses to compressed data are efficiently implemented by designing data compression extensions (DCX) to the processor's instruction set. We have observed average reductions in heap allocated storage of 25% and average reductions in execution time and power consumption of 30%. If DCX support is not provided the reductions in execution times fall from 30% to 18%. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survey on key technology development and application in trusted computing (2016)

Trusted computing, which can effectively increase the credibility of information system, has made great achievements and is in continuous development. For country who is going to strengthen network construction like China, it is an important fundamental supporting technology worth researching. China is in the international forefront in the field of trusted computing. This paper gives comprehensive introductions to the new development and application of key technologies in trusted computing, such as various trusted platform modules (TPM, TCM, TPCM), TCG Software Stack (TSS), trusted cloud server and Trusted Execution Environment (TEE). We illustrate the progressing and application extension of these technologies and also point out some key problems worth studying in the future.
Role of Calmodulin/Protein Kinase C in Interferon Production by Poly(rl) · Poly(rC) in Primed Human Cell Cultures (1990)

Human cells treated with trifluoperazine (TFP) or K252a prior to and/or during priming with human interferon-alpha (HuIFN-alpha) produce significantly more IFN on induction with poly(rI).poly(rC) than primed cells in the absence of the drug. Results suggest that calmodulin/protein kinase activity may be involved in priming activity of HuIFN-alpha.
Stress-free two-way thermoelastic shape memory and field-enhanced strain in Ni52Mn24Ga24 single crystals (2000)

Stress-free and two-way thermoelastic shape memory, with 1.2% strain and 6 K temperature hysteresis, has been found in single crystalline Ni52Mn24Ga24. The deformation can be enhanced more than three times, up to 4.0% shrinkage with a bias field 1.2 T applied along the measurement direction, or changed to 1.5% expansion by the 1.2 T applied perpendicular to the measurement direction. For achieving a large deformation, the magnetic field exhibits a more evident contribution than an external stress on this material. These characteristics can be attributed to the low level of internal stress and the preferential orientation of the martensitic variants.
Water Adsorption Characteristics of MIL‐101 for Heat‐Transformation Applications of MOFs (2010)

Abstract The adsorption of water vapor in the highly porous metal‐organic framework (MOF) of 3D‐[Cr 3 F(H 2 O) 2 O(bdc) 3 · ~25H 2 O] (MIL‐101) (bdc = benzene‐1,4‐dicarboxylate, terephthalate) of up to 1 g of water per gram of sorbent material (between 140 °C and 40 °C under a water vapor pressure of 5.6 kPa) together with the stability over several cycles makes MIL‐101 the most promising material, so far, for heat transformation applications like thermally driven heat pumps or adsorption chillers.
Effects of color adjuvants on the tanning effect of dihydroxyacetone (1984)

The ability of dihydroxyacetone (D.H.A.) to react with the amino acids found naturally in the hydrolipid film and the first layers of the stratum corneum has been commonly used to produce a simulated sun tan on skin. This process results in imperfect development and wear resistance of the color. Therefore the purpose of this work was to improve the regularity, the tone, and the rate of the color development, and, moreover, to obtain a skin substantive color having affinity for the keratin of the stratum corneum. By analogy with quaternary ammonium compounds which exhibit keratin subtantivity, a sulfur-containing amino acid was made substantive without changing the amino function, the latter being necessary for the Maillard color-forming reaction. Therefore, the sulfur atom was used to form a sulfonium or a sulfoxide functional group. In vitro studies of mixtures of D.H.A. with amino acids in aqueous olutions carried out under standard conditions showed that methionine sulfoxide was the product yielding the optimum intensity and speed of color •tevelopment. In vivo studies confirmed that methionine sulfoxide in an appropriate xcipient when rubbed on the skin before the application of a D.H.A.-containing cream increased the development and the intensity of color.
Structure and expression of the human angiotensinogen gene. Identification of a unique and highly active promoter. (1990)

We have isolated the human angiotensinogen gene from a genomic library and determined the exon-intron junction sequences. The gene is 12 kilobases long and consists of five exons interrupted by four introns, as a single copy in the human genome. Of particular interest are the positions of the introns in the human angiotensinogen gene which are identical to those in the highly homologous human alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin genes, as well as rat and mouse angiotensinogen genes. Northern blot analysis showed that human hepatoma cells (HepG2) produce a large amount of angiotensinogen mRNA but not human glioma cells (T98G). To assay the promoter activity, the 1.3-kilobase genomic fragment containing the 5'-flanking region, first exon, and a part of first intron at positions -1222 to +44 was fused upstream to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, then transfected into HepG2 and T98G cells. The gene sequence was active only in HepG2 cells, suggesting the presence of a functional promoter. Analysis of deletion mutants demonstrated that the 76-base pairs region from -32 to +44 containing the TATA box and first exon is the minimal promoter, whose activity is as high as that of the SV40 enhancer-promoter. Since the basal expression of the human angiotensinogen gene is much higher in HepG2 than T98G cells, these results may reflect cell-specific differences in the gene transcription.
Potential Role for Antiangiogenic Proteins in the Evolution of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (2004)

Impaired neovascularization is associated with the pathologic presentation of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). To determine if neovascularization and factors that negatively influence blood vessel formation play a role in the evolution of BPD, we examined the temporospatial distribution of a protein known to inhibit fetal lung neovascularization with associated dysplastic lung formation, endothelial-monocyte activating polypeptide (EMAP) II. Immunohistochemical analysis of EMAP II in lung tissues of human infants with BPD indicated an elevation in EMAP II abundance as compared with control. Utilizing a baboon model, western analysis indicated that EMAP II was increased twofold in those baboons with pathologic signs of BPD as compared with gestational controls. Consistent with our findings in human tissues, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization demonstrate that EMAP II is highly expressed in the perivascular stroma and dysplastic lung periphery in neonatal baboons with BPD as compared with controls. Lastly, there is a premature acceleration in EMAP II's perivascular distribution in term newborn baboon as compared with gestational control. The marked increase in EMAP II's temporal expression, its distribution in the perivascular and dysplastic alveolar regions of the lungs, and the interruption in vasculogenesis in BPD suggest that neovascularization and factors that negatively influence blood vessel formation may play a role in BPD evolution.
Streakline flow visualization of discrete-hole film cooling with normal, slanted, and compound angle injection (1976)

Film injection from discrete holes in a three-row, staggered array with five-diameter spacing was studied for three hole angles: (1) normal, (2) slanted 30 deg to the surface in the direction of the main stream, and (3) slanted 30 deg to the surface and 45 deg laterally to the main stream. The ratio of the boundary layer thickness-to-hole diameter and Reynolds number were typical of gas-turbine film-cooling applications. Detailed streaklines showing the turbulent motion of the injected air were obtained by photographing very small neutrally buoyant, helium-filled soap bubbles which follow the flow field.
The Case for Mobile Two-Factor Authentication (2011)

User authentication is a core building block of any secure collaborative computing system. And, because of the enhanced interaction between mobile applications and Web ser vices, mobile device user authentication is even more frequent.
New developments on the flat-plate micro-concentrator module (2003)

A flat-plate concentrator system with a thickness of about an inch can be made by using small size TIR (Total Internal Reflection) lenses. We have been developing this concept with real prototypes to explore cost-effective materials and manufacturing processes. Experiments were conducted to characterize the coupling between the optics and the solar cell. The optical design was improved to maximize the cell efficiency. The new design was also targeted at making the lenses more manufacturable. Parts and processes were developed to make complete framed modules.
Automatic labeling of software components and their evolution using log-likelihood ratio of word frequencies in source code (2009)

As more and more open-source software components become available on the Internet we need automatic ways to label and compare them. For example, a developer who searches for reusable software must be able to quickly gain an understanding of retrieved components. This understanding cannot be gained at the level of source code due to the semantic gap between source code and the domain model. In this paper we present a lexical approach that uses the log-likelihood ratios of word frequencies to automatically provide labels for software components. We present a prototype implementation of our labeling/comparison algorithm and provide examples of its application. In particular, we apply the approach to detect trends in the evolution of a software system.
Kinetic Mechanism of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Sortase SrtA (2003)

Staphylococcus aureus sortase (SrtA) is a thiol transpeptidase. The enzyme catalyzes a cell wall sorting reaction in which a surface protein with a sorting signal containing a LPXTG motif is cleaved between the threonine and glycine residues. The resulting threonine carboxyl end of this protein is covalently attached to a pentaglycine cross-bridge of peptidoglycan. The transpeptidase activity of sortase has been demonstrated in in vitro reactions between a LPETG-containing peptide and triglycine. When a nucleophile is not available, sortase slowly hydrolyzes the LPETG peptide at the same site. In this study, we have analyzed the steady-state kinetics of these two types of reactions catalyzed by sortase. The kinetic results fully support a ping-pong mechanism in which a common acyl-enzyme intermediate is formed in transpeptidation and hydrolysis. However, each reaction has a distinct rate-limiting step: the formation of the acyl-enzyme in transpeptidation and the hydrolysis of the same acyl-enzyme in the hydrolysis reaction. We have also demonstrated in this study that the nucleophile binding site of S. aureus sortase SrtA is specific for diglycine. While S1' and S2' sites of the enzyme both prefer a glycine residue, the S1' site is exclusively selective for glycine. Lengthening of the polyglycine acceptor nucleophile beyond diglycine does not further enhance the binding and catalysis.
Automatic Thresholding for Defect Detection (2005)

Automatic thresholding has been widely used in the machine vision industry for automated visual inspection of defects. A commonly used thresholding technique, the Otsu method, provides satisfactory results for thresholding an image with histogram of bimodal distribution. This method, however, fails if the histogram is unimodal or close to unimodal. For defect detection applications, defects range from no defect, small defect, to large defect, which means the gray-level distributions range from unimodal to bimodal. In this paper, we revised and improved the Otsu method for selecting optimal threshold values for both unimodal and bimodal distributions. We also tested the performance of the revised method on common defect detection applications.