gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Linear chromosomal physical and genetic map of <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>, the Lyme disease agent (1993)

A physical map of the 952 kbp chromosome of Borrelia burgdorferi Sh-2-82 has been constructed. Eighty-three intervals on the chromosome, defined by the cleavage sites of 15 restriction enzymes, are delineated. The intervals vary in size from 96 kbp to a few hundred bp, with an average size of 11.5 kbp. A striking feature of the map is its linearity; no other bacterial groups are known to have linear chromosomes. The two ends of the chromosome do not hybridize with one another, indicating that there are no large common terminal regions. The chromosome of this strain was found to be stable in culture; passage 6, 165 and 320 cultures have identical chromosomal restriction maps. We have positioned all previously known Borrelia burgdorferi chromosomal genes and several newly identified ones on this map. These include the gyrA/gyrB/dnaA/dnaN gene cluster, the rRNA gene cluster, fla, flgE, groEL (hsp60), recA, the rho/hip cluster, the dnaK (hsp70)/dnaJ/grpE cluster, the pheT/pheS cluster, and the genes which encode the potent immunogen proteins p22A, p39 and p83. Our electrophoretic analysis detects five linear and at least two circular plasmids in B. burgdorferi Sh-2-82. We have constructed a physical map of the 53 kbp linear plasmid and located the operon that encodes the two major outer surface proteins ospA and ospB on this plasmid. Because of the absence of functional genetic tools for this organism, these maps will serve as a basis for future mapping, cloning and sequencing studies of B. burgdorferi.
668. Platelets Engineered to Express Interleukin-24 Inhibited Melanoma Tumor Growth in Mice (2016)

Background: Activated platelets secrete agents (e.g., cytokines) that can promote solid tumor growth & cancer metastasis. Previous studies showed that hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) can be genetically modified to induce platelets to express & secrete proteins to establish hemostasis in animal models of bleeding disorders. Interleukin-24 (IL-24) is a cytokine (normally produced by activated monocytes, macrophages & Thelper cells) with cytotoxic & anti-angiogenic activity preferentially towards cancer cells. Thus, we hypothesized it may be feasible use HSC gene transfer to target platelet synthesis, storage & secretion of IL-24 to inhibit tumor growth. Aims: To investigate if HSC gene transfer targeting IL-24 synthesis, storage & secretion from platelets can inhibit melanoma in mice. Methods: C57BlL/6 mice were transplanted with bone marrow transduced with a lentiviral construct encoding a megakaryocytespecific ITGA2B gene promoter driving synthesis of IL-24 gene. Four weeks after transplant, IL-24 protein was characterized in platelets by flow cytometry. Murine melanoma cells (1×106) were implanted in mice at 5 weeks after transplant. Tumor size was measured in IL24 & control groups using a digital caliper periodically for 4 weeks. Then mice were sacrificed to record tumor mass. Results: Flow cytometry showed that HSC gene transfer of murine bone marrow led to synthesis & storage of IL-24 in platelets. An elisa assay showed that activated platelets could secrete IL-24 in vitro. At 30 days after implant of melanoma cells, platelet IL24 mice displayed significantly smaller (≈50%) tumor size (550 ± 101mm3) & weight (599 ± 120 mg) compared to control mice with larger tumor size (1120 ± 114 mm3) & weight (1391 ± 134 mg) n≈5 mice/group (p<0.05) indicating that platelet IL24 inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Conclusion: HSC gene transfer can be utilized to induce synthesis, storage and secretion of anti-oncogenic agent IL24 in platelets. Melanoma tumor challenge in mice with platelet IL24 showed a significant decrease in tumor growth suggesting that platelets may serve as an ideal therapeutic vehicle to treat cancer.
The Lipid–Protein Interface of a<i>Shaker</i> K+ Channel (1999)

Tryptophan-substitution mutagenesis was applied to the first and third transmembrane segments (S1 and S3) of a Shaker-type K(+) channel for the purpose of ascertaining whether these sequences are alpha-helical. Point mutants were examined for significant functional changes, indicated by the voltage-activation curves and gating kinetics. Helical periodicity of functional alteration was observed throughout the entire S1 segment. A similar result was obtained with the first 14 residues of S3, but this periodicity disappeared towards the extracellular side of this transmembrane sequence. In both helical stretches, tryptophan-tolerant positions are clustered on approximately half the alpha-helix surface, as if the sidechains are exposed to the hydrocarbon region of the lipid bilayer. These results, combined with an analogous study of S2 (Monks, S., D.J. Needleman, and C. Miller. 1999. J. Gen. Physiol. 113:415-423), locate S1, S2, and S3 on the lipid-facing periphery of K(v) channels.
Consolidation of ceramic nanopowders (2008)

This review is dedicated to the problems of nanostructured ceramics consolidation.Laboratory practice in recent years has displayed several potentially important technologies for consolidation of ceramic nanopowders, such as spark plasma sintering, high pressure sintering and rate controlled sintering. The grain growth factor in these processes was found to be less than 10. These advanced technologies have to be adapted to consolidation of nanopowders and require nanopowders specifically designed for consolidation purposes. When adapted to nanopowders, these techniques must be accomplished in rapid rate mode to eliminate residual porosity and retain nanosize grains. Practical verification, however, has exposed problems such as large residual porosity, stable pores in triple junctions, defective grain boundaries and intensive grain growth. All these problems can be avoided when the temperature–pressure–time schedule of sintering is optimised with respect to minimal grain growth.
EFFECT OF ELECTRODE CONFIGURATION ON THERMIONIC CONVERTER OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS. (1963)

No significant difference was observed in the optimized power output of a converter with coaxial cylindrical electrodes from that obtained from one with plane-parallel electrodes. The current-voltage characteristics of the test vehicle studied could not be altered by creating a discharge at the edge of the interelectrode gap other than shifting the ignition voltage. The split collector configuration, howev r, proved a very useful tool in exploring both gaseous and surface phenomena occurring in the thermionic converter. (Author)
Temperature-Dependent Lithium-Ion Diffusion and Activation Energy of Li<sub>1.2</sub>Co<sub>0.13</sub>Ni<sub>0.13</sub>Mn<sub>0.54</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Thin-Film Cathode at Nanoscale by Using Electrochemical Strain Microscopy (2017)

This paper presents the in situ mapping of temperature-dependent lithium-ion diffusion at the nanometer level in thin film Li<sub>1.2</sub>Co<sub>0.13</sub>Ni<sub>0.13</sub>Mn<sub>0.54</sub>O<sub>2</sub> cathode using electrochemical strain microscopy. The thin-film Li<sub>1.2</sub>Co<sub>0.13</sub>Ni<sub>0.13</sub>Mn<sub>0.54</sub>O<sub>2</sub> cathode exhibits higher lithium-ion diffusivities with increasing temperature, which explains the higher capacity observed in the lithium-ion batteries with a Li-rich cathode at elevated temperature. In addition, the activation energy for lithium-ion diffusion can be extracted in an Arrhenius-type plot at the level of grain structure with the assumption that the ionic movement is diffusion controlled. Compared with the grain interiors, the grain boundaries show relatively lower activation energy; hence, it is the preferred diffusion path for lithium ions. This study has bridged the gap between atomistic calculations and traditional macroscopic experiments, showing direct evidence as well as mechanisms for ionic diffusion for Li-rich cathode material.
Outlier-Based Differential Expression Analysis in Proteomics Studies (2011)

An active area in cancer biomarker research is the development of statistical methods to identify expression signatures reflecting the heterogeneity of cancer across affected individuals. Tomlins et al. [5] observed heterogeneous patterns of oncogene activation within several cancer types, and introduced a statistical method called Cancer Outlier Profile Analysis (COPA) to identify "cancer outlier genes". Several related statistical approaches have since been developed, but the operating characteristics of these procedures (e.g. power, false positive rate), have not yet been fully characterized, especially in a proteomics setting. Here, we use simulation to identify the degree to which an outlier pattern of differential expression must hold in order for outlier-based approaches to be more effective than mean-based approaches. We also propose a diagnostic procedure that characterizes the potentially unequal levels of differential expression in the tails and in the center of a distribution of expression values. We find that for sample sizes and effect sizes typical of proteomics studies, the outlier pattern must be strong in order for outlier-based analysis to provide a meaningful benefit. This is corroborated by analysis of proteomics data from a melanoma study, in which the differential expression is most often present throughout the distribution, rather than being concentrated in the tails, albeit with a few proteins showing expression patterns consistent with outlier expression.
Compact, High-Speed and Power-Efficient Electrooptic Plasmonic Modulators (2009)

CMOS compatible electrooptic plasmonic modulators are slated to be key components in chip-scale photonic circuits. In this work, we investigate detailed design and optimization protocols for electrooptic plasmonic modulators that are suitable for free-space coupling and on-chip integration. The metallic structures in the proposed devices offer simultaneous electric and optical functions. The resonance-enhanced nonlinear interaction and submicrometer-footprint of these devices meet the stringent requirements for future CMOS modulators, allowing for high-speed operation (>100 GHz) with a decent modulation depth (>3 dB) and moderate insertion loss (<3 dB) at a very low swing voltage ( approximately 1 V) and power dissipation ( approximately 1 fJ/bit). The realization of the proposed structures appears feasible with current materials and lithographic techniques.
Monitoring Depth of Anesthesia Utilizing a Combination of Electroencephalographic and Standard Measures (2014)

A multimodal integration of both standard monitoring and electroencephalographic parameters may more precisely reflect the level of anesthesia compared with monitoring based on one of these aspects alone.
Set of two orthogonal adaptive cylindrical lenses in a monolith elastomer device (2005)

A microfluidic device that operates as a set of two adaptive cylindrical lenses focusing light along two orthogonal axes is designed, fabricated and characterized. The device is made out of a silicon elastomer, polydimethylsiloxane, using soft lithography, and consists of a few chambers separated by flexible membranes and filled with liquids of different refractive indices. The cylindrical lenses can be both converging and diverging; their focal lengths are varied independently and continuously adjusted between -40 and 23 mm by setting pressure in the chambers. Applications of the device to shaping of a laser beam, imaging and optical signal processing are demonstrated.
Hydrogen Storage in Magnesium Clusters:  Quantum Chemical Study (2005)

Magnesium hydride is cheap and contains 7.7 wt % hydrogen, making it one of the most attractive hydrogen storage materials. However, thermodynamics dictate that hydrogen desorption from bulk magnesium hydride only takes place at or above 300 degrees C, which is a major impediment for practical application. A few results in the literature, related to disordered materials and very thin layers, indicate that lower desorption temperatures are possible. We systematically investigated the effect of crystal grain size on the thermodynamic stability of magnesium and magnesium hydride, using ab initio Hartree-Fock and density functional theory calculations. Also, the stepwise desorption of hydrogen was followed in detail. As expected, both magnesium and magnesium hydride become less stable with decreasing cluster size, notably for clusters smaller than 20 magnesium atoms. However, magnesium hydride destabilizes more strongly than magnesium. As a result, the hydrogen desorption energy decreases significantly when the crystal grain size becomes smaller than approximately 1.3 nm. For instance, an MgH2 crystallite size of 0.9 nm corresponds to a desorption temperature of only 200 degrees C. This predicted decrease of the hydrogen desorption temperature is an important step toward the application of Mg as a hydrogen storage material.
The safety of Bacille Calmette—Guérin vaccination in HIV infection and AIDS (1993)

Departments of Community Medicine and Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine and the AIDS Center, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA.
Utilising Macroblock SKIP Mode Information to Accelerate Cropping of an H.264/AVC Encoded Video Sequence for User Centric Content Adaptation (2007)

Constraints on the storage, transmission and consumption deter seamless access to massive supply of multimedia contents readily available for consumers. Consequently, universal multimedia access (UMA) still remains a challenging objective. Context based digital item adaptation (DIA) is seen as a key technology to realise UMA. Scalability options in modern video coding standards provide inherent support for video adaptation. However, it is unlikely that all digital items (DIs) are coded with required scalability options. User centric adaptation adds even more strain on scalability. One such application is to deliver a user defined region of interest (ROI) from a high resolution video to a low resolution terminal. Transcoding is still the solution for such adaptation scenarios. This paper discusses a framework to accomplish such adaptation in H.264 coded video and demonstrates the effectiveness of utilising SKIP mode macroblocks to reduce the transcoding complexity.
Fabrication and fault test of 12 kVA class BSCCO SFCL element (2008)

For the development of superconducting fault current limiters(SFCLs) having large current capacity, we fabricated an SFCL element that consists of Bi-2212 superconductor and Cu-Ni alloy tubes. First, Ag was plated on the surface of the Bi-2212 for the enhancement of soldering process. On the Ag-plated Bi-2212 tube, a Cu-Ni alloy tube was soldered using optimized solders and soldering conditions. The BSCCO/Cu-Ni composite was processed mechanically to have a helical shape for the improvement of the SFCL characteristics. The total current path of the SFCL element was 1330 mm long with 12 turns, and had critical current of 340 A at 77 K. Finally, we carried out the fault test using the fabricated SFCL element. It showed successful current limiting performance under the fault condition of 50 and 5.5 kA. From the results, the rated voltage of the SFCL element was decided to be 0.4 V/cm, and the power capacity was 12 kVA at 77 K. The fabrication process of the SFCL and the fault test results will be presented.
Modeling and characterization of noise of polysilicon emitter bipolar transistors (2002)

Experimental and theoretical results on low-frequency noise of polysilicon emitter transistors are presented. Polysilicon emitter bipolar transistors were found to exhibit significantly higher 1/f noise than the equivalent metal contacted devices. The increased noise level was seen to be a direct result of the interfacial oxide. Significant improvement in the noise has been realized by breaking up the interfacial oxide. It was also found that in some p-n-p polysilicon emitter devices the 1/f noise was considerably lower than in the equivalent n-p-n transistors. The reason for this difference is thought to be due to fluorine segregation at the polysilicon/monosilicon interface, thus suggesting a possible method for noise reduction in other types of polysilicon emitter devices. A theoretical model that accurately predicts the noise levels in these devices has been proposed. >
Effect of glucagon on left ventricular performance in aortic stenosis. (1973)

The effect of intravenous glucagon (2 or 3 mg) was studied at cardiac catheterization in 3 patients with severe aortic stenosis, using a thermodilution technique to measure left ventricular volume. There was a striking rise in cardiac output (from 4.4 to 6-3 ./min on average) with only a moderate increase in heart rate. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure rose considerably and there was a conspicuous increase in left ventricular volume. However, mean circumferential shortening rate, an index of contractility, was little affected. As left ventricular systolic pressure rose, there was a considerable increase in wall force, possibly due to the Frank- Starling effect in the dilated left ventricle.
Recombinant glycoprotein B vaccine formulation with Toll-like receptor 9 agonist and immune-stimulating complex induces specific immunity against multiple strains of cytomegalovirus (2011)

Natural human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is characterized by a strain-specific neutralizing antibody response. This is particularly relevant in clinical settings such as transplantation and pregnancy where reinfection with heterologous strains occurs and the immune system does not mount an effective response against the infecting strain due to underlying immunosuppression. There is an emerging argument that a CMV vaccine that induces high titres of cross-neutralizing antibodies will be more effective in protecting individuals from infection with antigenically different CMV strains. In addition, induction of cell-mediated immunity offers the additional advantage of targeting virus-infected cells. This study presents a novel formulation of a CMV vaccine that, by combining recombinant soluble gB protein with a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist (CpG ODN1826) and immune-stimulating complexes (AbISCO 100), was able to elicit strong polyfunctional CMV-specific cellular and cross-neutralizing humoral immune responses. These data demonstrated that prime-boost immunization of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2 mice with gB protein in combination with CpG ODN1826 and AbISCO 100 induced long-lasting CMV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell and humoral responses. Furthermore, these responses neutralized infection with multiple strains of CMV expressing different gB genotypes and afforded protection against challenge with recombinant vaccinia virus encoding the gB protein. These observations argue that this novel vaccine strategy, if applied to humans, should facilitate the generation of a robust, pluripotent immune response, which may be more effective in preventing infection with multiple strains of CMV.
Tributyrin attenuates obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance in high-fat-fed mice (2012)

The aim of this study was to investigate whether treatment with tributyrin (Tb; a butyrate prodrug) results in protection against diet-induced obesity and associated insulin resistance. C57BL/6 male mice fed a standard chow or high-fat diet were treated with Tb (2 g/kg body wt, 10 wk) and evaluated for glucose homeostasis, plasma lipid profile, and inflammatory status. Tb protected mice against obesity and obesity-associated insulin resistance and dyslipidemia without food consumption being affected. Tb attenuated the production of TNFα and IL-1β by peritoneal macrophages and their expression in adipose tissue. Furthermore, in the adipose tissue, Tb reduced the expression of MCP-1 and infiltration by leukocytes and restored the production of adiponectin. These effects were associated with a partial reversion of hepatic steatosis, reduction in liver and skeletal muscle content of phosphorylated JNK, and an improvement in muscle insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and Akt signaling. Although part of the beneficial effects of Tb are likely to be secondary to the reduction in body weight, we also found direct protective actions of butyrate reducing TNFα production after LPS injection and in vitro by LPS- or palmitic acid-stimulated macrophages and attenuating lipolysis in vitro and in vivo. The results, reported herein, suggest that Tb may be useful for the treatment and prevention of obesity-related metabolic disorders.
Synthesis and spectroscopic properties of aniline tetramers. Comparative studies (2004)

A new synthetic method involving SNAr coupling of 4-fluoronitrobenzene to arylamines, followed by the reduction of the nitro groups, has been developed. Two types of aniline oligomers, namely Ph/NH2 and NH2/NH2 tetramers have been prepared by this method. Tetramers in the leucoemeraldine and in the emeraldine oxidation states were characterized by NMR, UV-Vis-NIR, IR and mass spectroscopies. It shown that the NH2/NH2 tetramer oxidized to the emeraldine state forms two isomers: syn and anti. The oxidation of the Ph/NH2 tetramer leads to the creation of positional isomers, depending on the synthetic method.
Interleukin 4 down‐regulates the expression of CD14 in normal human monocytes (1990)

Recombinant interleukin 4 (IL4) down-regulates the expression of CD14 on normal human monocytes, as assessed by flow cytometry, binding assays with radiolabeled anti-CD14 monoclonal antibody (mAb), and immunoprecipitation of 125I-labeled monocytes with anti-CD14 mAb. In parallel, CD23 expression on monocytes was strongly increased by IL4 stimulation, as assessed by both flow cytometry and immunoprecipitation. Down-regulation of surface CD14 was first detectable after 24-36 h of incubation with rIL4, and was almost complete after 4 days of culture. None of the other recombinant lymphokines tested (IL1, IL2, IL3, IL5, IL6, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha and beta, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) decreased CD14 expression. Metabolic labeling studies with [35S]methionine showed that both the membrane-associated and the soluble form of CD14 are decreased by IL4 stimulation. Northern blot analysis showed that incubation of monocytes with IL4 induced a marked decrease in CD14 mRNA. Nuclear run-off assays revealed that the IL4-dependent down-regulation of CD14 resulted from decreased transcription. Thus, IL4 exerts specific and opposite effects on the expression of monocytic antigens.
Machine Learning and Deep Neural Networks (2020)

Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms are dependent on a high amount of robust data and the application of appropriate computational power and software. AI offers the potential for major changes in cardiothoracic imaging. Beyond image processing, machine learning and deep learning have the potential to support the image acquisition process. AI applications may improve patient care through superior image quality and have the potential to lower radiation dose with AI-driven reconstruction algorithms and may help avoid overscanning. This review summarizes recent promising applications of AI in patient and scan preparation as well as contrast medium and radiation dose optimization.