gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF BACITRACIN A (1953)

In another paper, data have been presented which indicate that what is probably a single antibiotically active peptide has been isolated from the mixture called "bacitracin."It is, therefore, of interest to learn something in regard to the molecular size.At this stage of a structural investigation, the method of partial substitution (1, 2) is particularly interesting, since it is capable of giving strong additional support to the thesis of purity and at the same time the molecular size is revealed.In addition, further information in regard to the number of functional groups and their character can be derived.Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) as used by Sanger ( 3) is a particularly good reagent for the partial substitution method.It reacts in aqueous solution under mild conditions, and the over-all rate of the reaction with respect to amino groups can be followed conveniently by the increase in absorption of light at 350 mp.The dinitrophenyl (DNP) derivatives formed are ideally suited for distribution studies.The reaction with FDNB is usually carried out in dilute alcohol solution which is maintained at a slightly alkaline pH with sodium bicarbonate.However, bacitracin A is not stable at such a high pH and is slowly transformed to give mainly bacitracin C.An attempt to employ only sufficient FDNB to give the optimum degree of substitution by permitting the reaction to proceed at room temperature for several hours was not promising.Clear cut bands of the different substitution stages were not obtained when the mixed reaction products were distributed.It soon became apparent that the desired bands were complicated by overlapping bands containing transformation products, some of which were also probably partially substituted by DNP.However, the undesired type of transformation could be minimized by using a large excess of FDNB reagent.This permitted a short reaction time.The reaction could be quenched by addition of excess acetic acid at the proper degree of substitution as indicated by ultraviolet absorption at 350 mp. EXPERIMENTALThe results from two experiments involving different degrees of substitution will be given.In the first experiment, 193 mg. of bacitracin A
Semantic structuring of documents (2002)

This paper presents a formal model for an explicit description of the semantic structure which implicitly exists with documents. This model relies on content meaning description of document elements. Meaning representation is distributed in the overall architecture model: it binds a semantic structure, a logical structure of documents and a domain model. The semantic structure contains two levels of description: meaning representation of information units. The description logic formalism is used to represent semantics of document elements and document rhetorical organisation. This paper shows how semantic structuring of documents can be efficiently defined using SGML syntax. Using this documents structuring norm, one can define two levels of description: generic semantic structure (vs. Document Type Definition) and specific semantic structure (vs. instantiated document) in order to define an abstract interface to the information stored in documents. The medical patient record has been presented as a relevant example for handling semantic structured documents.
A Randomized Trial of Protocol-Based Care for Early Septic Shock (2014)

In a multicenter trial conducted in the tertiary care setting, protocol-based resuscitation of patients in whom septic shock was diagnosed in the emergency department did not improve outcomes. (Funded by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences; ProCESS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00510835.).
N-Methoxyindole-3-Carbinol Is a More Efficient Inducer of Cytochrome P-450 1A1 in Cultured Cells Than Indol-3-Carbinol (2000)

The well-documented reduction of cancer risk by high dietary cruciferous vegetable intake may in part be caused by modulation of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) expression and activity by indoles. The purpose of the present experiments was to study the mechanism of CYP 1A1 induction by N-methoxyindole-3-carbinol (NI3C) in cultured cells and to compare the CYP-inducing potential of NI3C and indole-3-carbinol (I3C) administered to rats. NI3C induced 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity in Hepa-1c1c7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner with 10-fold higher efficiency than I3C. Inasmuch as NI3C induced binding of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) to the dioxin-responsive element and induced expression of endogenous CYP 1A1 mRNA and an AhR-responsive chloramphenicol acetyl transferase construct, we conclude that NI3C can activate the AhR. Besides the induction of CYP 1A1, we observed an inhibition of EROD activity, with a concentration causing 50% inhibition of 6 microM. Oral administration of NI3C at 570 mumol/kg body wt to male Wistar rats increased the hepatic CYP 1A1 and 1A2 protein levels, as well as the EROD and 7-methoxyresorufin O-demethylase activities at 8 and 24 hours after administration, but the responses were less pronounced than after administration of I3C at 570 mumol/kg body wt. Furthermore, NI3C did not induce hepatic 7-pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase activity, as I3C did. Ascorbigen, another indolylic compound formed during degradation of glucobrassicin in the presence of ascorbic acid, was tested in the same animal model, and ascorbigen only weakly induced hepatic CYP 1A1 and 1A2, but not CYP 2B1/2. In conclusion, NI3C is a more efficient inducer of CYP 1A1 in cultured cells than I3C but is less active when administered to rodents.
A Technique for Simultaneous Measurement with a Microcomputer (1985)

This paper introduces a method for the simultaneous measurement of a number of physical variables with a microcomputer. Physical variables converted into frequency analogs with the help of controlled oscillators are connected to an input port of a microcomputer with one port-bit per signal. The input port is monitored for a preset time during which a time count is incremented from an initial value of zero at fixed time delays. Whenever a transition in level with any of the frequency signals is detected, a transition word is stored in memory and the corresponding time count is stored in the stack. The values of the variables are computed from the above data using the predetermined values of scale factors. This technique of measurement reduces the measurement time and maintains a preset value of accuracy, independent of the magnitudes of the physical variables to be measured. This method is also economical.
Dish extraction method with neural network for food intake measuring system on medical use (2004)

We have been engaging development of a food intake measuring system. This system measures amounts of food intake for each dish on the tray. Therefore, this system needs to extract dish image from a tray image. In this paper, we propose a dish extraction method by neural network (NN). We expect that the proposed method can extract dish image efficiently and exactly even if dishes are over-wrapped each other. While, food sometimes causes miss-recognition of the correct position of the extracted dish image, we newly add food rejection algorithm to the dish extraction method. Finally, we show the effectiveness and usability of the improved proposed method with computer simulation using real data.
Losses of the tumor suppressor BIN1 in breast carcinoma are frequent and reflect deficits in programmed cell death capacity (2000)

Oncogenic activation of MYC occurs often in breast carcinoma and is associated with poor prognosis. Loss or inactivation of mechanisms that restrain MYC may therefore be involved in tumor progression. In this study, we show that the MYC-interacting adaptor protein BIN1 is frequently missing in malignant breast cells and that this loss is functionally significant. BIN1 was expressed in normal and benign cells and tissues but was undetectable in 6/6 estrogen receptor-positive or estrogen receptor-negative carcinoma cell lines examined. Similarly, complete or partial losses of BIN1 were documented in 30/50 (60%) cases of malignant breast tissue analyzed by immuno-histochemistry or RT-PCR. Abnormalities in the organization of the BIN1 gene were apparent in only a minority of these cases, suggesting that most losses were due to epigenetic causes. Nevertheless, they were functionally significant because ectopic BIN1 induced programmed cell death in malignant cells lacking endogenous BIN1 but had no effect on the viability of benign cells. We propose that loss of BIN1 may contribute to breast cancer progression by eliminating a mechanism that restrains the ability of activated MYC to drive cell division inappropriately.
Preparation and characterization of poly(methyl methacrylate)—iron (III) oxide microparticles using a modified solvent evaporation method (2007)

At present, there is widespread interest in developing new, biocompatible microparticles made from polymers such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) that could have applications ranging from diagnostic imaging to drug delivery. In these experiments, there were two primary objectives: (1) to stabilize a suspension of iron (III) oxide (alpha-Fe(2)O(3); mean diameter = 100 nm) nanoparticles in a solution of PMMA by using an emulsifier and different mixtures of two miscible solvents; and (2) to fabricate PMMA-alpha-Fe(2)O(3) microparticles by using an oil-in-water (o/w) solvent evaporation method. By accomplishing the first objective, it was hypothesized that the encapsulation efficiency of alpha-Fe(2)O(3) within PMMA microparticles would improve and induce the clustering of alpha-Fe(2)O(3) along the circumferential edges of the microparticles. Of the seven emulsifiers tested, Tween 80 was selected primarily for its hydrophilicity and its ability to produce a stable alpha-Fe(2)O(3) dispersion. As a result, 22 batches of microspheres (11 with Tween 80 and 11 without) were made and the solvent (dichloromethane) to co-solvent (ethyl acetate) ratios were varied. Particles made with solvent mixtures of >50% ethyl acetate (<50% dichloromethane) were more likely to be hollow and had larger mean volumetric particle diameters (>5 microns) than particles made with mixtures containing >50% dichloromethane. Particles made with Tween 80 were larger, more porous, and had alpha-Fe(2)O(3) aligned along the circumferential edges of the particles. The use of solvent mixtures did not improve the encapsulation efficiency of alpha-Fe(2)O(3) but the use of ethyl acetate helped to induce the clustering of alpha-Fe(2)O(3) along the peripheries of the microparticles.
A Novel Quinoline Alkaloid Possessing a 7-Benzyl Group from the Centipede, Scolopendra subspinipes. (2001)

The novel quinoline alkaloid scolopendrine was isolated from the centipede, Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans L. Koch. The structure was determined to be 2-hydroxy-7-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-3-methoxy-8-quinolyl sulfate on the basis of high-resolution electron-spray ionization mass spectroscopy and two-dimensional NMR spectral data. Unlike quinoline alkaloids so far reported, scolopendrine is unique in having a 7-benzyl moiety in the quinoline ring.
Synthesis of meso-tetravinyl porphyrins through 1-selenoallyl cationic species (1986)

The highly regioselective reaction of postulated 1-methylseleno-allyl cations with pyrrole permits the one-pot synthesis of a series of novel prophyrins; alternatively, β-methylcrotonaldehyde gives (5a).
Validierung der Fluoreszenzangiographie für die intraoperative Beurteilung und Quantifizierung der Myokardperfusion (2006)

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative graft patency verification is of major clinical importance for quality control after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), especially if surgery is performed on the beating heart. This is one of the first reports of fluorescence coronary angiography (FCA) using the dye indocyanine green (ICG), a noninvasive technology for direct visualization of coronary arteries and myocardial perfusion. METHODS: Twenty-five domestic pigs underwent FCA of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). In the first group (n = 6 pigs), FCA was used to visualize the native coronary vessels and myocardial perfusion. In the second group (n = 8 pigs), 14 stenoses of various degrees and 4 total vessel occlusions were created by snares on different segments of the LAD, and FCA was used to visualize the effects of these obstructions. In the third group (n = 11 pigs) defined stenoses (25%; 50%, 75%, 100% flow reduction) on the distal part of the LAD were created by a custom-made screw occluder and determined using TTFM (transit-time-flow measurement). ICG was intravenously applied, and the heart was illuminated with near-infrared light emitted by laser diodes. The fluorescence emission was detected by an adapted charge-coupled device camera system. The images were displayed in real time on a high-resolution monitor. Subsequently, images obtained with FCA were correlated with fluorescent microspheres data (n = 11 pigs). RESULTS: In all cases, high-quality FCA images of coronary arteries and myocardial perfusion were obtained. All stenoses resulted in an impairment of the myocardial perfusion visualized by FCA. Occlusion of the LAD or the diagonal branch resulted in a total perfusion defect of the corresponding anterior myocardial wall with immediate reperfusion after releasing the snare. Correlation between FCA and fluorescent microspheres in determination of myocardial perfusion was excellent. CONCLUSION: With the fluorescence technique using ICG, visualization of blood flow in coronary vessels and myocardial perfusion, is feasible. FCA is a highly sensitive and reproducible method and an excellent technique for intraoperative quality control in CABG.
Electrical study of Ge-nanocrystal-based metal-oxide-semiconductor structures for <i>p</i>-type nonvolatile memory applications (2004)

Nonvolatile memory structures using Ge nanocrystals embedded in SiO2 have been characterized by room and low temperature current–voltage and capacitance–voltage measurements. The Ge nanocrystals have been fabricated by low pressure chemical vapor deposition process which is shown to be well suited for a real control of the tunnel oxide thickness. The deposition conditions allow a separate control of nc-Ge density and size. Using capacitance–voltage characterizations on nonvolatile memory structures, we have measured the charging and discharging kinetics of holes for tunnel oxides in the range 1.2–2.5 nm. Using current–voltage measurements and simulations, we have also shown that nc-Ge are at the origin of a tunnel-assisted current. Simulations have demonstrated that the hole’s charging effects strongly reduce the current density across the nonvolatile memory structure. Combined with a good control of nc-Ge properties, the use of Ge dots with large diameters (&gt;10 nm) seems to be a promising way for p-type memory applications.
Electrosynthesis, functional, and structural characterization of a water-oxidizing manganese oxide (2012)

In the sustainable production of non-fossil fuels, water oxidation is pivotal. Development of efficient catalysts based on manganese is desirable because this element is earth-abundant, inexpensive, and largely non-toxic. We report an electrodeposited Mn oxide (MnCat) that catalyzes electrochemical water oxidation at neutral pH at rates that approach the level needed for direct coupling to photoactive materials. By choice of the voltage protocol we could switch between electrodeposition of inactive Mn oxides (deposition at constant anodic potentials) and synthesis of the active MnCat (deposition by voltage-cycling protocols). Electron microscopy reveals that the MnCat consists of nanoparticles (100 nm) with complex fine-structure. X-ray spectroscopy reveals that the amorphous MnCat resembles the biological paragon, the water-splitting Mn4Ca complex of photosynthesis, with respect to mean Mn oxidation state (ca. +3.8 in the MnCat) and central structural motifs. Yet the MnCat functions without calcium or other bivalent ions. Comparing the MnCat with electrodeposited Mn oxides inactive in water oxidation, we identify characteristics that likely are crucial for catalytic activity. In both inactive Mn oxides and active ones (MnCat), extensive di-μ-oxo bridging between Mn ions is observed. However in the MnCat, the voltage-cycling protocol resulted in formation of MnIII sites and prevented formation of well-ordered and unreactive MnIVO2. Structure–function relations in Mn-based water-oxidation catalysts and strategies to design catalytically active Mn-based materials are discussed. Knowledge-guided performance optimization of the MnCat could pave the road for its technological use.
Losartan versus atenolol on 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure. A LIFE substudy (2007)

There were no differences in 24-h BP burden and HR that could explain the difference in outcome in favor of losartan vs atenolol in the LIFE study.
An automatic algorithm for detecting lunar impact craters in a defined feature space (2013)

Lunar crater is not only the most common geological unit on the surface of the moon, but also an important factor to study lunar surfaces geological age. So how to detect crater accurately is very important. This paper presents an automatic algorithm for detecting middle or small size lunar impact craters which has been proposed in a defined feature space. The algorithm converts the CCD images into feature space images first. Then it will try to find the possible crater areas in feature space images. After those possible crater areas have been found, the edges of potential craters will be fitted, and the crater will be found if the fitting result is satisfied. The new algorithm has been tested in ChangE-1 data; and testing results have shown that more middle and small size craters could be detected by the new algorithm proposed.
[Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in diabetic retinopathy and asymptomatic edema of the optic nerve head]. (2010)

Thirteen healthy individuals and 27 patients with diabetic retinopathy were examined (23 patients (23 eyes) with diabetic retinopathy being selected for analysis). The proposed indicator of optic nerve head (ONH) edema from the data of optical coherence tomography could more frequently diagnose asymptomatic ONH edema due to the detection of its early forms on 5 of the 23 eyes versus 3 eyes, as evidenced by biomicroophthalmoscopy (slit-lamp ophthalmoscopy). The patients were found to have a drastic reduction in the level of brain-derived neutrotrophic factor (BDNF) in plasma and lacrimal fluid. The most marked decrease in plasma BDNF was observed in patients with asymptomatic ONH edema. The tear content of BDNF was particularly low in patients with increased neuroretinal rim volume.
Computer Optimization of a Stabilizing Network for a Tunnel-Diode Amplifier (1968)

Computer-aided direct search is a useful and flexible method of optimizing noncommensurate networks or networks for which exact synthesis theories culminating in some particular response are not available. It can accommodate network parameter constraints and unconventional performance specifications and is not accompanied by problems of component realizability. A simple form of direct search is applied in this paper to the design of a microwave network whose performance is optimized within certain specifications. The network is a stabilizing and biasing arrangement for a tunnel-diode amplifier operating in a reduced height S-band rectangular waveguide, and takes the form of a coaxial-line band-stop filter. Parameter constraints are inherent to the problem so they are taken into account. The requirements of stability and low noise broadband amplification in conjunction with the external circuitry impose nonsymmetrical response restrictions on the input resistance and reactance of the network. At the same time it is required to minimize the square of the input reactance at selected frequencies. No available exact synthesis of band-stop filters can solve this problem as presented here.
The Z Proteins of Pathogenic but Not Nonpathogenic Arenaviruses Inhibit RIG-i-Like Receptor-Dependent Interferon Production (2015)

We show that all known human-pathogenic arenaviruses share an innate immune suppression mechanism that is based on viral Z protein-mediated RLR inhibition. Our report offers important insights into the potential mechanism of arenavirus pathogenesis, provides a convenient way to evaluate the pathogenic potential of known and/or emerging arenaviruses, and reveals a novel target for the development of broad-spectrum therapies to treat this group of diverse pathogens. More broadly, our report provides a better understanding of the mechanisms of viral immune suppression and host-pathogen interactions.
Phenotypic modulation of perisinusoidal cells following acute liver injury: a quantitative analysis. (1992)

Expression of the alpha-(smooth muscle) isoform of actin (alpha-SMA) by non-parenchymal cells in rat liver was studied following induction of acute liver injury using a single sublethal dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). In normal liver, alpha-SMA immunoreactivity was identified in the smooth muscle cells of hepatic arteries and in the walls of portal and hepatic vein branches. Occasional alpha-SMA-containing stellate shaped cells were found in acinar zone 3 but most perisinusoidal cells (PSCs) did not express this protein. In CCl4-treated animals, there was an increase in the number of immunoreactive cells in perivenular zones, reaching a peak at day 3 following exposure to the toxin. These cells were morphologically identical to desmin-positive PSCs and the kinetics of the responses of alpha-SMA-positive and desmin-positive cells were similar. In en face labelling experiments, evidence of co-expression of alpha-SMA and desmin by non-parenchymal cells was obtained, although some desmin-positive PSCs did not appear to express alpha-SMA. These results suggest that PSCs rapidly undergo phenotypic modulation in response to acute liver injury with acquisition of alpha-SMA expression. It is proposed that these phenotypic changes coincide with functional alterations, such activated 'myofibroblast-like' cells being responsible for the enhanced matrix protein synthesis necessary for tissue repair.
Sugar composition of dietary fibre and short-chain fatty acid production during <i>in vitro</i> fermentation by human bacteria (1993)

The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between the disappearance of dietary fibre sugars and the production of individual short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The bacterial degradation of five dietary fibres whose sugars were quantified was investigated in vitro using a human faecal inoculum. Involvement of the main fibre sugars in SCFA production was evaluated by a stepwise multiple linear regression. The results show first that the nature and chiefly the associations between the fibre sugars were key variables in the fermentability. Second, the nature and the amounts of SCFA produced were closely related to the in vitro fermentation of the main sugars available: uronic acids seemed to be principally involved in the production of acetic acid whereas the production of propionic acid could be promoted by the fermentation of glucose and, to a lesser extent, by that of xylose and arabinose. Xylose tended to have a greater impact than uronic acids and glucose on the production of butyric acid. Thus, it would be possible to predict which SCFA could be specifically produced during the fermentation of a fibre, as far as the chemical composition and structure of this fibre are known.