gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A novel diffusion barrier using oxygen stopping layer for high density FRAM (2000)

Abstract A novel diffusion barrier was successfully developed by using an oxygen stopping layer between Ir barrier films. The oxygen stopping layer was generated by inserting a Ti layer between Ir films, which results in the sandwiched form of Ir/Ti/Ir multi-layer. The diffusion barrier properties were enhanced by refraining oxygen from penetrating into polysilicon plug, which might be attributed to the reaction of oxygen with the Ir-Ti layer. It was confirmed in Auger depth profile that the oxygen was well localized in the stopping layer after annealing at 700°C for 10 min in O2 ambient. The multi-stack barrier exhibited low contact resistance of 320 and 650 ohm for contact size of 0.6×0.6 and 0.4×0.4 μm2, respectively. The PZT films prepared on Pt/IrO2/Ir-Ti-Ir/poly substrate shows remnant polarization of 20 μC/cm2 and coercive voltage of 1.2V at 5V. It was demonstrated that this novel barrier can solve barrier contact problem occurred in high density 16Mb FRAM.
A method for the isolation of RNA from Streptococcus salivarius and its application to the transcriptional analysis of the gtfJK locus (1993)

The glucosyltransferases from oral streptococci cleave sucrose and polymerize the glucose moieties. In Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 25975, two glucosyltransferase-encoding genes, gtfJ and gtfK, are closely linked and transcribed in the same direction. A procedure for the isolation of intact RNA from this organism was devised. The procedure incorporated a high-temperature mutanolysin treatment and selective precipitation by LiCl. The RNA was subject to Northern hybridization and RNase protection assays and it was concluded that the two genes are transcribed separately. A potential factor-independent transcription terminator was located in the intergenic region.
Energy aware register file implementation through instruction predecode (2004)

The register file is a power-hungry device in modern architectures. Current research on compiler technology and computer architectures encourages the implementation of larger devices to feed multiple data paths and to store global variables. However, low power techniques are not able to appreciably reduce power consumption in this device without a time penalty. We introduce an efficient hardware approach to reduce the register file energy consumption by turning unused registers into a low power state. Bypassing the register fields of the fetch instruction to the decode stage allows the identification of registers required by the current instruction (instruction predecode) and allows the control logic to turn them back on. They are put into the low-power state after the instruction use. This technique achieves an 85% energy reduction with no performance penalty. The simplicity of the approach makes it an effective low-power technique for embedded processors.
Features of Vernix Caseosa Cells (1988)

In an attempt to collect more information about the features of the vernix caseosa (VC), a relatively unstudied material, some of the histochemical, ultrastructural, and immunological characteristics of VC cells have been investigated. Histochemistry and light microscopy was used to demonstrate the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase in VC cells, enzymes with a marked increase in activity in the amniotic fluid toward term. Acid phosphatase activity was strongly present either as intracytoplasmic granules or as amorphous material between the cells; alkaline phosphatase activity was absolutely nonexistent. The ultrastructural morphology of the VC cells was analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Significant differences can be demonstrated in the individual surface patterns of the VC keratinocytes. TEM showed irregularly flattened cells in various stages of keratinization. The ultrastructural findings confirm the dissimilarity, which exists between the individual VC cells. Finally, immunofluorescent staining tests of frozen VC smears showed that only immunoglobulin G conjugate gives strong positive reaction at the antigen sites of the VC cells. The special finding in this study is the polymorph appearance of the surface pattern and the cytoplasma structure of the VC cells, as well as the lack of uniform appearance of the acid phosphatase activity in and between the cells. All these suggest that the status of the individual VC cell is not similar in regard to their keratinization and desquamation activities.
Role of Protein Methylation in Regulation of Transcription (2005)

In the last few years, the discovery of lysine and arginine methylation in histones and other proteins and the enzymes that carry out these posttranslational modifications has added a new dimension to the signal transduction field. In particular, there has been a huge surge in our understanding of how methylation of nucleosomal histones at specific lysine or arginine residues affects chromatin conformations and either facilitates or inhibits transcription from neighboring genes. It appears that the responsible methyltransferases can be targeted in some cases to specific genes and in other cases to broader regions of euchromatin or heterochromatin. Methylation of histones is mechanistically linked to other types of histone modifications, such as acetylation, phosphorylation, and monoubiquitylation; combinations of these modifications cooperate to regulate chromatin structure and transcription by stimulating or inhibiting binding of specific proteins. Although lysine methylation has thus far been observed almost exclusively on histones, arginine methylation has been observed on a variety of other proteins associated with gene regulation, including DNA-binding transcriptional activators, transcriptional coactivators, and many RNA binding proteins involved in RNA processing, transport, and stability. Thus, lysine and arginine methylation of proteins, like many other types of posttranslational modifications, are regulated steps of many specific signaling pathways.
Virioplankton: Viruses in Aquatic Ecosystems (2000)

The discovery that viruses may be the most abundant organisms in natural waters, surpassing the number of bacteria by an order of magnitude, has inspired a resurgence of interest in viruses in the aquatic environment. Surprisingly little was known of the interaction of viruses and their hosts in nature. In the decade since the reports of extraordinarily large virus populations were published, enumeration of viruses in aquatic environments has demonstrated that the virioplankton are dynamic components of the plankton, changing dramatically in number with geographical location and season. The evidence to date suggests that virioplankton communities are composed principally of bacteriophages and, to a lesser extent, eukaryotic algal viruses. The influence of viral infection and lysis on bacterial and phytoplankton host communities was measurable after new methods were developed and prior knowledge of bacteriophage biology was incorporated into concepts of parasite and host community interactions. The new methods have yielded data showing that viral infection can have a significant impact on bacteria and unicellular algae populations and supporting the hypothesis that viruses play a significant role in microbial food webs. Besides predation limiting bacteria and phytoplankton populations, the specific nature of virus-host interaction raises the intriguing possibility that viral infection influences the structure and diversity of aquatic microbial communities. Novel applications of molecular genetic techniques have provided good evidence that viral infection can significantly influence the composition and diversity of aquatic microbial communities.
Shattering the underpinnings of neoplastic architecture in LNCap: synergistic potential of nutraceuticals in dampening PDGFR/EGFR signaling and cellular proliferation. (2011)

Despite the fact that little is still known regarding the mechanistic insights by which phytonutrients act as barrier to cancer, and attempts to translate the studies from benchtop to bedside are in progress. A detailed analysis of nutraceuticals will help a lot in identifying the stumbling blocks in the standardization of therapeutic interventions.
Synthesis of ortho-Substituted Arylacetic Esters and Related Compounds by Means of Sommelet-Hauser Rearrangement of Sulfur Ylides. (1991)

The rearrangement of a series of dimethylsulfonium α-substituted benzylides, e.g., 8, in ethanol has been examined. The ylides 8a, b generated in situ by treatment of the sulfonium salts 7a, b with 1, 8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) in ethanol at room temperature, afforded the o-(methylthiomethyl)phenylacetic esters 10a, b as a result of the Sommelet-Hauser rearrangement of the tautomeric ylides 9a, b. By contrast, the ylide 14 possessing a furan ring was stable at room temperature, but, on heating in ethanol, gave the rearranged product 15. The ylide 22 stabilized by an acetyl group provided three rearranged products, 23, 24, and 25, in boiling ethanol. Treatment of the sulfonium salts 30a, b with DBU at room temperature afforded the corresponding rearranged products 31a, b. The sulfonium salt 34a prepared from 33a, on treatment with sodium ethoxide, gave the rearranged product 36a, which was then S-methylated and treated with DBU to give the 1, 2, 3-trisubstituted benzene 37a. This method was applied to the synthesis of the fenoprofen analog 39 from 39 from 33b, c.
An efficient modified Gabriel method for triangulating complex fractured media for multiphase flow simulations (2013)

Fractured reservoirs and aquifers are complex domains where discrete fractures are internal constraining boundaries. The Delaunay triangulation of a fractured medium generally does not conform to the fracture boundaries and recovering the fracture elements may violate the Delaunay empty-circle (2D) criterion, which may lead to a low-quality triangulation. This paper presents a new approach based on the combined Gabriel and Delaunay methods. A modified Gabriel condition of edge-empty-circle is introduced. In a first stage, the fracture edges violating the modified Gabriel criterion are released and then followed by a Delaunay triangulation with the rest of the fracture constraints. The released fracture edges are approximated by the edges of the Delaunay triangles in a postprocessing stage. The final representation of the fractures might be slightly different, but a very accurate solution is always maintained. The method has the capability to generate fine grids and to offer an accurate and good-quality grid. Numerical examples are presented to assess the efficiency of the proposed method.
The origin of allometric scaling laws in biology from genomes to ecosystems: towards a quantitative unifying theory of biological structure and organization (2005)

Life is the most complex physical phenomenon in the Universe, manifesting an extraordinary diversity of form and function over an enormous scale from the largest animals and plants to the smallest microbes and subcellular units. Despite this many of its most fundamental and complex phenomena scale with size in a surprisingly simple fashion. For example, metabolic rate scales as the 3/4-power of mass over 27 orders of magnitude, from molecular and intracellular levels up to the largest organisms. Similarly, time-scales (such as lifespans and growth rates) and sizes (such as bacterial genome lengths, tree heights and mitochondrial densities) scale with exponents that are typically simple powers of 1/4. The universality and simplicity of these relationships suggest that fundamental universal principles underly much of the coarse-grained generic structure and organisation of living systems. We have proposed a set of principles based on the observation that almost all life is sustained by hierarchical branching networks, which we assume have invariant terminal units, are space-filling and are optimised by the process of natural selection. We show how these general constraints explain quarter power scaling and lead to a quantitative, predictive theory that captures many of the essential features of diverse biological systems. Examples considered include animal circulatory systems, plant vascular systems, growth, mitochondrial densities, and the concept of a universal molecular clock. Temperature considerations, dimensionality and the role of invariants are discussed. Criticisms and controversies associated with this approach are also addressed.
Illuminating the Reservoir: Magnetic NanoMappers (2013)

Abstract The ability to map injected fluids in hydrocarbon reservoirs with high resolution is a key goal for reservoir engineering and optimization. Saudi Aramco is developing tools and methodologies to map floodfront, locate bypassed oil, monitor the oil-water contact and detect super-k zones and fracture corridors prior to early water breakthrough at producing wells. Magnetic NanoMappers (MNM) is a new approach exploiting the use of Magnetic Nano-Particles (MNP) as contrast agents for mapping the floodfront inside the hydrocarbon reservoir. This approach takes advantage of the fact that electromagnetic (EM) waves speed slow down when they pass through magnetic media. Localizing MNP within injected fluids could provide a detailed map of fluids movements. Lab tests have recently demonstrated that the capability of MNM to locate MNP volumes hidden within a 2,000 liter tank (reservoir model) with high resolution. This paper will outline the MNM concept, laboratory testbed, results and future plans.
Safety and efficacy of Calsporin® (Bacillus subtilis DSM 15544) for sows and suckling piglets (2017)

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Calsporin<sup>®</sup> when used in feed for sows and piglets. The additive contains viable spores of a single strain of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>. This species is considered by EFSA to be suitable for the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach to safety assessment, which requires the identity of the strain to be conclusively established, evidence that the strain is not toxigenic and that it does not show resistance to antibiotics of human and veterinary importance. The strain was found to meet the criteria for the QPS approach in the context of previous opinions and since concerns are not expected from other components of the additive, Calsporin<sup>®</sup> is presumed safe for all target species, consumers and the environment. In a previous opinion, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that Calsporin<sup>®</sup> is not a dermal/eye irritant or a skin sensitiser but should be considered a potential respiratory sensitiser. Use of the additive in feed for sows and suckling piglets will not introduce hazards for users not already considered. Three trials performed with sows over a complete reproductive cycle and their offspring showed positive effects on zootechnical parameters of sows and piglets. Therefore, Calsporin<sup>®</sup> has the potential to improve one or more performance parameters of sows and suckling piglets when supplemented to both sows and suckling piglets at 3 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/kg of complete feedingstuffs. In the view of the FEEDAP Panel, the effects observed can predominantly be traced back to the administration of the additive to pregnant/lactating sows. The proportion of effects which could be related to feeding supplemented creep feed to suckling piglets cannot be quantified.
Amplitude Preserving v(z) Pre-stack Kirchhoff Migration, Demigration and Modeling (2002)

B-11 AMPLITUDE PRESERVING V(Z) PRE-STACK KIRCHHOFF MIGRATION DEMIGRATION AND MODELING 1 Summary We analyze the true amplitude weights in time migration and demigration based on Bleistein’s Kirchhoff inversion and modeling formulas. In addition a geometrical spreading factor is derived for any dipping reflector in a v (z) medium. Finally we propose proper anti-aliasing formulas honoring sampling theory to preserve fidelity for 3-D migration and demigration. Introduction Kirchhoff prestack time migration is widely used in 3-D seismic data processing while Kirchhoff demigration is a useful tool to obtain a zero-offset data volume after Kirchhoff prestack time migration and stack. Arbitrary weights
Real-time measurement of renal blood flow in healthy subjects using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (2009)

Current methods for measuring renal blood flow (RBF) are time consuming and not widely available. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEU) is a safe and noninvasive imaging technique suitable for assessment of tissue blood flow, which has been used clinically to assess myocardial blood flow. We tested the utility of CEU in monitoring changes in RBF in healthy volunteers. We utilized CEU to monitor the expected increase in RBF following a high protein meal in healthy adults. Renal cortical perfusion was assessed by CEU using low mechanical index (MI) power modulation Angio during continuous infusions of Definity. Following destruction of tissue microbubbles using ultrasound at a MI of 1.0, the rate of tissue replenishment with microbubbles and the plateau acoustic intensity (AI) were used to estimate the RBF velocity and cortical blood volume, respectively. Healthy adults (n = 19, mean age 26.6 yr) were enrolled. The A.beta parameter of CEU, representing mean RBF increased by 42.8%from a baseline of 17.05 +/- 6.23 to 23.60 +/- 6.76 dB/s 2 h after the ingestion of the high-protein meal (P = 0.002). Similarly, there was a 37.3%increase in the beta parameter, representing the geometric mean of blood velocity after the high protein meal (P < 0.001). The change in cortical blood volume was not significant (P = 0.89). Infusion time of Definity was 6.3 +/- 2.0 min. The ultrasound contrast agent was tolerated well with no serious adverse events. CEU is a fast, noninvasive, and practical imaging technique that may be useful for monitoring renal blood velocity, volume, and flow.
Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves: Numerical Simulations (2001)

Preface. Monte Carlo Simulations of Layered Media. Integral Equation Formulations and Basic Numerical Methods. Scattering and Emission By a Periodic Rough Surface. Random Rough Surface Simulations. Fast Computational Methods for Solving Rough Surface Scattering Problems. Three-Dimensional Wave Scattering from Two-Dimensional Rough Surfaces. Volume Scattering Simulations. Particle Positions for Dense Media Characterizations and Simulations. Simulations of Two-Dimensional Dense Media. Dense Media Models and Three-Dimensional Simulations. Angular Correlation Function and Detection of Buried Object. Multiple Scattering by Cylinders in the Presence of Boundaries. Electromagnetic Waves Scattering By Vegetation. Index.
Monolithic integration of an infrared photon detector with a MEMS-based tunable filter (2005)

The monolithic integration of a low-temperature microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and HgCdTe infrared detector technology has been implemented and characterized. The MEMS-based tunable optical filter, integrated with an infrared detector, selects narrow wavelength bands in the range from 1.6 to 2.5 μm within the short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The entire fabrication process is compatible with two-dimensional infrared focal plane array technology. The fabricated device consists of an HgCdTe SWIR photoconductor, two distributed Bragg mirrors formed of Ge-SiO-Ge, a sacrificial spacer layer within the cavity, which is then removed to leave an air gap, and a silicon nitride membrane for structural support. The tuning spectrum from fabricated MEMS filters on photoconductive detectors shows a wide tuning range, and high percentage transmission is achieved with a tuning voltage of only 7.5 V. The full-width at half-maximum ranged from 95 to 105 nm over a tuning range of 2.2-1.85 μm.
Stimulation of tyrosinase in human melanocytes by pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides (1995)

Human melanocytes, maintained on bovine corneal endothelium-derived extracellular matrix for at least 4 days in the absence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and cholera toxin (CT), displayed increased tyrosinase activity when exposed to several pro-opiomelanocortin-derived (POMC) peptides. Melanocytes from 9 of 14 donors showed significantly increased tyrosinase activity after treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; mean increase 320 +/- 107 (S.E.M.)% of control, P < 0.005), while melanocytes from 8 of 13 donors increased tyrosinase in the presence of diacetyl-melanocyte stimulating hormone (di-MSH; mean increase 223 +/- 31 (S.E.M.)% of control, P < 0.005). Maximal increases in tyrosinase were seen after treatment with 10(-10) M ACTH and with 10(-6) M di-MSH. In two cell cultures which showed tyrosinase stimulation, melanin synthesis was similarly increased in the presence of added POMC peptides. PMA but not CT increased tyrosinase activity in melanocytes cultured under these conditions. In the presence of staurosporine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), the magnitude of the increase in tyrosinase due to PMA, ACTH and di-MSH was significantly reduced. These results indicate that tyrosinase activity in melanocytes from most human donors, under appropriate conditions, is susceptible to the stimulatory effects of POMC peptides, that ACTH is considerably more potent than di-MSH in this test system and that in human cells the PKC pathway may be important in modulating melanogenesis.
Localization and quantitation of CPA, a placental specific antigen, in the tissue of cat placenta. (1992)

猫胎盤特異抗原 (CPA, 分子量34kD pI5.4～5.8) に対する特異抗体を作成し, これを用いて以下の結果を得た. 1) CPAは合胞体栄養膜層に局在した. 2) 非妊娠猫の各種臓器組織中に, CPAは検出されなかった. 3) 母血清ならびに羊水中にもCPAは検出されなかった. 4) CPAの妊娠中における胎盤組織での動態は, 妊娠37日ごろをピークに合胞体栄養膜層の肥厚・菲薄化に伴って増減する傾向を示した.
Synthesis of imidazo[4,5‐<i>b</i>]pyridines from aminoimidazolecarbaldehydes (1997)

Abstract 4‐Amino‐1,2‐dimethylimidazole‐5‐carbaldehyde (1) and 5‐amino‐1‐methylimidazole‐4‐carbaldehydes 3 were prepared by reduction of the corresponding aminoimidazolecarbonitriles 2 and 4. Condensation of 1 and 3 with carbonitriles, ketones and polyfunctional carbonyl compounds bearing the‐CH 2 CO‐moiety afforded to the imidazo[4,5‐ b ]pyridine derivatives.
Ceramic Materials. Preparation and Properties of ZrO2-Coated BaTiO3 Composite Particles by Sol-Gel Method with Zr-Alkoxide. (2001)

Chemical processing of ZrO2-coated BaTiO3 composites was investigated with the surface modification through the hydrolysis of zirconium alkoxide on the surfaces of BaTiO3 particles. It was clarified from the BET measurement and the SEM observation that original BaTiO3 particles were homogeneously coated with zirconium hydroxide fine particles.2mass%ZrO2-coated BaTiO3 (BT-05) bodies sintered at 1275°C exhibited a flattened dielectric temperature dependence (dielectric constants of 3600 to 4700) with lower loss (tanδ of<5% in the temperature range of -30 to 110°C), indicating a relaxor characteristics. The microstructure of ZrO2-added BaTiO3 (BT-05) sintered bodies consisted of grains of several 0.9μm which are much smaller than ones of non-added BaTiO3 sintered bodies, suggesting that the grain growth of BaTiO3 was suppressed by zirconia existing at the grain boundaries.