gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cloning and sequence analysis of the phosphoprotein gene of rinderpest virus (1993)

We have cloned several cDNAs derived from the P gene of rinderpest virus. One of these, derived from a bicistronic N-P mRNA, has been sequenced in its entirety. Sequencing of a section of the others, and comparison with the genome sequence, showed that P gene transcripts, as for other morbilliviruses, were variable; non-templated Gs could be added at a site resembling the normal stop transcription site. Primer extension analysis showed that about half the transcripts were edited. Sequences of the P, C and V proteins encoded by the normal and edited transcripts were compared with those of other morbilliviruses and with those of the more distantly related paramyxoviruses.
<title>Review of the technology for the manufacturing of large-format DCG holograms for technical applications</title> (1997)

Large format holograms are of potential interest to the energy and building sectors. Such holograms are considered as present for photovoltaic power generation and for daylighting or glazing in buildings. Dichromated gelatin exhibits properties that are nearly ideal for these applications. Both sectors require large format holograms with accurately controlled properties, such as: spectral bandwidth, operating wavelength and diffraction efficiency. The required properties are attained by exactly controlling the thickness of the gelatin layer and the refractive index variation over the entire aperture as a function of layer depth. The information presented in this paper is based on ten years' efforts that includes layer deposition and film drying techniques with controlled thickness, development process and an inexpensive dry copying procedure for the industrial fabrication of the holograms on a flexible film substratum. Design criteria and experimental results for large format holographic gratings, lenses and mirrors are presented and discussed. The current technology facilitates the manufacturing of HOEs that operate between 400 nm and 1500 nm in various applications: photovoltaic solar concentrators for multicolor operation, hybrid collectors for simultaneous thermal and PV application, holographic stacks for white light (RGB) daylighting and wideband sun shading and holographic concentrators with spectral bandwidths that are adapted to particular photochemical reactions for solar chemistry.
The Price Tag on Progress — Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer (2004)

From the 1960s until the mid-1990s, fluorouracil was the primary chemotherapeutic agent available for the treatment of colorectal cancer. During the past decade, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved five new drugs for metastatic colorectal cancer. Irinotecan (approved in 1996) and oxaliplatin (2002) are cytotoxic agents that interfere with DNA replication, and capecitabine (1998) is an oral formulation of fluorouracil. This spring, the monoclonal antibodies bevacizumab and cetuximab, targeting vascular endothelial growth factor and epithelial growth factor receptor, respectively, were approved by the FDA for use in conjunction with cytotoxic regimens.Better systemic therapy has considerably improved prognosis. . . .
(Invited) 2D/3D Tunnel-FET: Toward Green Transistors and Sensors (2017)

This paper examines the genesis of the impending power dissipation challenge confronting the currently employed metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) and provides an overview of our recently demonstrated atomically-thin 2D layered semiconducting channel tunnel-field-effect transistor (TFET) that overcomes this fundamental challenge in MOSFET based very-large-scale-integration (VLSI) chips, and additionally, provides great opportunities for beyond-VLSI applications, such as biochemical sensing. In this novel device (2D/3D-TFET), electrons are injected from the valence band of a conventional 3D semiconductor (germanium, as the source), and tunnel across an extremely small Van der Waals gap into the conduction band of an atomically thin layered material (molybdenum disulphide or MoS2, as the channel), and are then swept into the drain. Such band-to-band tunneling transport, aided by the unique properties of 2D-layered materials, allows an extremely low operation-voltage, thereby significantly lowering the power/energy consumption of the device, and also increases the sensitivity of sensors made of this device.
Metronomic administration of the drug GMX1777, a cellular NAD synthesis inhibitor, results in neuroblastoma regression and vessel maturation without inducing drug resistance (2010)

High-risk neuroblastoma is a rapidly growing tumor with a survival rate below 50%. A new treatment strategy is to administer chemotherapeutic drugs metronomically, i.e., at lower doses and frequent intervals. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of GMX1777, a chemotherapeutic drug affecting cellular energy metabolism, in a mouse model for high-risk neuroblastoma. Female SCID mice were injected s.c. with MYCN-amplified human neuroblastoma cells and randomized to either treatment with GMX1777 or vehicle. In some animals, treatment was discontinued allowing tumor relapse. Treatment response was evaluated using the pediatric preclinical testing program (PPTP). Immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR was performed on tumor cryosections to investigate the microscopic and molecular changes in tumors in response to GMX1777. Despite an increase in vessel density, tumor regression and a high group response score according to PPTP criteria was induced by GMX1777 without inducing drug resistance. Treatment resulted in inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, vessel maturation, reduced hypoxia, increased infiltration of MHC class II negative macrophages and expansion of the nonvascular stromal compartment. Decreased stromal VEGF-A and PDGF-B mRNA in response to treatment together with the structural data suggest a "deactivation" or "silencing" of the tumor stroma as a paracrine entity. In conclusion, GMX1777 was highly efficient against high-risk neuroblastoma xenografts through modulation of both the tumor cell and stromal compartment.
Stability and sulfur-reduction activity in non-aqueous phase liquids of the hydrogenase from the hyperthermophilePyrococcus furiosus (1999)

Hydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrococcus furiosus, catalyzes the reversible activation of H(2) gas and the reduction of elemental sulfur (S degrees ) at 90 degrees C and above. The pure enzyme, modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG), was soluble (> 5 mg/mL) in toluene and benzene with t(1/2) values of more than 6 h at 25 degrees C. At 100 degrees C the PEG-modified enzyme was less stable in aqueous solution (t(1/2) approximately 10 min) than the native (unmodified) enzyme (t(1/2) approximately 1 h), but they exhibited comparable H(2) evolution, H(2) oxidation, and S degrees reduction activities at 80 degrees C. The H(2) evolution activity of the modified enzyme was twice that of the unmodified enzyme at 25 degrees C. The PEG-modified enzyme did not catalyze S degrees reduction (at 80 degrees C) in pure toluene unless H(2)O was added. The mechanism by which hydrogenase produces H(2)S appears to involve H(2)O as the proton source and H(2) as the electron source. The inability of the modified hydrogenase to catalyze S degrees reduction in a homogeneous non-aqueous phase complicates potential applications of this enzyme.
Sutureless intrascleral posterior chamber intraocular lens fixation (2007)

We report a technique for sutureless fixation of standard 3-piece posterior chamber intraocular lenses (PC IOLs) in the ciliary sulcus in eyes without capsule support, which we have used in cases of subluxated and luxated cataract and for secondary IOL implantation. Fixation of the haptics in a limbus-parallel scleral tunnel allows exact centration and provides axial stability of the PC IOL to prevent distortion. The technique uses uncomplicated maneuvers for standard 3-piece PC IOL fixation without the need for special haptic architecture or preparation.
Application of the Fast Marching Method for Path Planning of Long-haul Optical Fiber Cables With Shielding (2018)

This paper provides a method for optimal shielding design and path planning of a long-haul optical fiber cable between two locations on the Earth's surface. The method allows minimization of the cable laying cost including material and labor and the risks of future cable break associated with laying the cable through various areas, including earthquake-prone or other risky areas. Both costs per unit length and risk of cable damage may be different at different locations. Expensive shielding may be important in certain high-risk areas and unnecessary in lower risk areas. We use ground motion intensity to estimate future cable repair rate (our measure of earthquake-related cable damage risk), and a triangulated manifold to represent the surface of the Earth. With laying cost and expected total number of repairs of the cable as the two objectives, we formulate the problem as a multiobjective variational optimization problem. This formulation incorporating multiple design levels for cable shielding is converted into a single objective variational optimization problem by assigning different weights to each objective. The solution path of the later problem is obtained by using the Fast Marching Method (FMM) with an additional minimization step. A new proof of the optimality of FMM for the problem is provided. Numerical results demonstrate that the FMM-based method outperforms existing raster-based algorithms. With billions of US dollars spent yearly on new cables, the potential savings are substantial. Furthermore, the computational complexity of the FMM-based method is O(N log(N)), making it applicable to cables of realistic length.
Recent Advances in Nanostructured Biomimetic Dry Adhesives (2013)

The relatively large size of the gecko and its ability to climb a multitude of structures with ease has often been cited as the inspiration upon which the field of dry adhesives is based. Since 2010, there have been many advances in the field of dry adhesives with much of the new research focusing on developing nanoscale and hierarchical features in a concentrated effort to develop synthetic gecko-like dry adhesives which are strong, durable, and self-cleaning. A brief overview of the geckos and the hairs which it uses to adhere to many different surfaces is provided before delving into the current methods and materials used to fabricate synthetic gecko hairs. A summary of the recently published literature on bio-inspired, nanostructured dry adhesives is presented with an emphasis being placed on fabrication techniques.
Productivity Decomposed (2016)

It is difficult to accomplish meaningful goals with limited time and attentional resources. However, recent research has shown that concrete plans with actionable steps allow people to complete tasks better and faster. With advances in techniques that can decompose larger tasks into smaller units, we envision that a transformation from larger tasks to smaller microtasks will impact when and how people perform complex information work, enabling efficient and easy completion of tasks that currently seem challenging. In this workshop, we bring together researchers in task decomposition, completion, and sourcing. We will pursue a broad understanding of the challenges in creating, allocating, and scheduling microtasks, as well as how accomplishing these microtasks can contribute towards productivity. The goal is to discuss how intersections of research across these areas can pave the path for future research in this space.
Changing patterns and trends in systemic fungal infections (2005)

Invasive mycoses are a significant and growing public health problem. Although bloodstream infections with Candida albicans may be decreasing in frequency, the number of persons at risk for them continues to grow. Moreover, infections with other Candida species, such as Candida glabrata, are increasing in incidence. Invasive mould infections in general, and Aspergillus infections in particular, are becoming more frequent. Fungal opportunistic infections in persons with AIDS are no longer a major problem in developed countries, but are resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries with AIDS epidemics. Further studies are needed to define populations at very high risk for fungal opportunistic infections who might benefit from targeted antifungal chemoprophylaxis, which remains the most promising of the potential prevention strategies. This review highlights the changing patterns in risk factors, changes in epidemiology, the impact of changes in medical practice in intensive care and organ transplantation on the incidence of systemic fungal infections, and gives an overview of fungal infections in paediatric patients, patients with haematological malignancy, and the emergence of antifungal resistance.
Inadequacies of the current American Joint Committee on cancer staging system for prostate cancer (2005)

The treatment and median survival of patients with lymph node involvement differed substantially from those of patients with distant metastasis. The current AJCC scheme for prostate cancer appeared to be inappropriate when considering its purpose, and the authors concluded that it should be revised.
Large Display User Experience (2005)

As large displays become more affordable, researchers are investigating the effects on productivity, and techniques for making the large display user experience more effective. Recent work has demonstrated significant productivity benefits, but has also identified numerous usability issues that inhibit productivity. Studies show that larger displays enable users to create and manage many more windows, as well as to engage in more complex multitasking behavior. In this paper, we describe various usability issues, including losing track of the cursor, accessing windows and icons at a distance, dealing with bezels in multimonitor displays, window management, and task management. We also present several novel techniques that address these issues and make users more productive on large display systems.
Effectiveness of an Educational Program to Teach Pharmacists to Counsel Hypertensive Patients and Influence Treatment Adherence (1991)

Conducted at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, this study tested the efficacy of a comprehensive patient counseling skills intervention in enhancing pharmacists' (n = 8) skills and their hypertensive patients' (n = 114) perceived support from the pharmacist, medication regimen knowledge, medication adherence, and blood pressure control. Improvement in pharmacist counseling skills, perceived pharmacist support, and medication regimen adherence (as indicated by unannounced home pill counts [p < .07]) was demonstrated. Results are discussed in light of patients' high baseline adherence, high educational level, and relatively extended treatment at the NIH Hypertension Clinic.
Theory of graphs (1962)

Fundamental concepts Connectedness Path problems Trees Leaves and lobes The axiom of choice Matching theorems Directed graphs Acyclic graphs Partial order Binary relations and Galois correspondences Connecting paths Dominating sets, covering sets and independent sets Chromatic graphs Groups and graphs Bibliography List of concepts Index of names.
How to read a text with reading comprehension skills (2015)

Reading is a process in which the reader must be actively involved.You must use what knowledge you can gain from the text and what you knows about the world in general in order to infer meanings and other sorts of information.This paper will puts forward some skills for reading comprehension.
Soft Actuators for Small‐Scale Robotics (2016)

This review comprises a detailed survey of ongoing methodologies for soft actuators, highlighting approaches suitable for nanometer- to centimeter-scale robotic applications. Soft robots present a special design challenge in that their actuation and sensing mechanisms are often highly integrated with the robot body and overall functionality. When less than a centimeter, they belong to an even more special subcategory of robots or devices, in that they often lack on-board power, sensing, computation, and control. Soft, active materials are particularly well suited for this task, with a wide range of stimulants and a number of impressive examples, demonstrating large deformations, high motion complexities, and varied multifunctionality. Recent research includes both the development of new materials and composites, as well as novel implementations leveraging the unique properties of soft materials.
New Ways in the Manufacturing of Finished and Semi-finished Products from Nylon (1991)

Abstract In conventional processing, extruders have been used, mainly, for continuous compounding and processing of polymers. Yet, for a long time they have been serving as chemical reactors. It has been 50 years since first developments were made in the field of extruder application as a reactor. In the following, we will offer the reader a review of research and development activities of the Institut für Kunststoffverarbeitung (IKV) in the field of reactive extrusion.
Novel Schemes to prioritize the TCP ACK for throughput improvement in B4G and 5G networks (2019)

Evolution in cellular wireless communication and standardization has brought out technological advancements in physical and medium access (MAC) layer protocol to scale the data rate on the air interface like in Long Term Evolution (LTE) or New Radio (NR) 3GPP standards, by 10X to 100X compared to ol
Thermodynamic Driving Force in Nucleation and Growth Processes (1958)

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Doping of AlxGa1−xN (1998)

N- type AlxGa1−xN exhibits a dramatic decrease in the free-carrier concentration for x⩾0.40. Based on first-principles calculations, we propose that two effects are responsible for this behavior: (i) in the case of doping with oxygen (the most common unintentional donor), a DX transition occurs, which converts the shallow donor into a deep level; and (ii) compensation by the cation vacancy (VGa or VAl), a triple acceptor, increases with alloy composition x. For p-type doping, the calculations indicate that the doping efficiency decreases due to compensation by the nitrogen vacancy. In addition, an increase in the acceptor ionization energy is found with increasing x.
Chemical Composition of Blood Plasma and Serum (1950)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
TinySet - An Access Efficient Self Adjusting Bloom Filter Construction (2015)

Bloom filters are a very popular and efficient data structure for approximate set membership queries. However, Bloom filters have several key limitations as they require 44% more space than the lower bound, their operations access multiple memory words and they do not support removals. This work presents TinySet, an alternative Bloom filter construction that is more space efficient than Bloom filters for false positive rates smaller than 2.8%, accesses only a single memory word and partially supports removals. TinySet is mathematically analyzed and extensively tested and is shown to be fast and more space efficient than a variety of Bloom filter variants. TinySet also has low sensitivity to configuration parameters and is therefore more flexible than a Bloom filter.
Replacing homeostasis by optimization: preaching to the converted (1979)

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Highly sensitive and selective label-free detection of cardiac biomarkers in blood serum with silicon nanowire biosensors (2009)

Arrays of highly ordered silicon nanowire (SiNW) are fabricated using complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) field effect transistor-compatible technology, and the ultrasensitive, label-free, electrical detection of cardiac biomarker in blood serum using the array sensor is demonstrated. The SiNW array biosensor allows for real-time detection of cardiac biomarker in desalted serum, more importantly, multiplexed detection of cardiac biomarkers in untreated and non-desalted blood serum.
The EGF receptor: a nexus for trafficking and signaling (2000)

Ligand binding to the EGF receptor initiates both the activation of mitogenic signal transduction pathways plus trafficking events that relocalize the receptor on the cell surface and within intracellular compartments. The trafficking compartments include caveolae, clathrin-coated pits, and various endosome populations prior to receptor degradation in lysosomes. Evidence is presented that distinct signaling pathways are initiated from these different compartments. These include the Ras/MAP kinase cascade and the PLC-dependent hydrolysis of PI-4,5 P(2). Multiple tyrosine kinase substrates that facilitate EGF receptor trafficking between these various compartments, as well as the participation of phosphoinositides and Ras-like G proteins in the trafficking pathway are also described.
Role of heme oxygenase-1 in the regulation of manganese superoxide dismutase gene expression in oxidatively-challenged astroglia (2000)

Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is an antioxidant enzyme that reduces superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide in cell mitochondria. MnSOD is overexpressed in normal aging brain and in various central nervous system disorders; however, the mechanisms mediating the upregulation of MnSOD under these conditions remain poorly understood. We previously reported that cysteamine (CSH) and other pro-oxidants rapidly induce the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene in cultured rat astroglia followed by late upregulation of MnSOD in these cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that antecedent upregulation of HO-1 is necessary and sufficient for subsequent induction of the MnSOD gene in neonatal rat astroglia challenged with CSH or dopamine, and in astroglial cultures transiently transfected with full-length human HO-1 cDNA. Treatment with potent antioxidants attenuates MnSOD expression in HO-1-transfected astroglia, strongly suggesting that intracellular oxidative stress signals MnSOD gene induction in these cells. Activation of this HO-1-MnSOD axis may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease and other free radical-related neurodegenerative disorders. In these conditions, compensatory upregulation of MnSOD may protect mitochondria from oxidative damage accruing from heme-derived free iron and carbon monoxide liberated by the activity of HO-1.