gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EUD‐based margin selection in the presence of set‐up uncertainties (2004)

To assess the impact of geometric uncertainties on treatment plan design, we have performed a numerical simulation in which both systematic and random errors were included. A clinical target volume (CTV) with an abutting organ at risk (OAR), both of 50 mm diameter, in a cubic phantom was modeled. A four-field conformal treatment plan was designed in which one pair of parallel-opposed beams traversed the OAR and CTV while the other pair intersected the CTV only. Field size, prescribed (isocenter) dose and systematic set-up uncertainty were varied in two orthogonal directions to examine their impact on the outcome as predicted by the dose volume histogram (DVH) and the phenomenological form of equivalent uniform dose (EUD). Of the systematic uncertainty levels considered (0, 2, 4, and 6 mm standard deviations of a Gaussian distribution), 10 mm margin (CTV-PTV) was adequate to maintain the integrity of the dose distribution within the CTV. However, reducing the margin (and hence field size) without reducing set-up errors required an increase in the isocenter dose to compensate for the loss in EUD. It was found that, in the direction containing both the CTV and OAR, with random and systematic uncertainties of 2 and 4 mm respectively, increasing the isocenter dose by about 3.5 Gy on a 6 mm-margin plan resulted in the statistically equivalent EUD value to that with a 10 mm-margin for the CTV, while the OAR EUD is dropped by 1 Gy. In general, though, the directional sensitivity to geometric uncertainties, and hence the required margin size in different directions, was dependent on beam geometries and the relative positions of the structures under consideration relative to the beam directions. Based on the validity of the EUD concept, our general conclusion is that modest dose escalation may result in plans that better achieve clinical objectives. Also, a simple single number plan quality index such as EUD5%, discussed in the paper, facilitates meaningful statistical comparisons between competing treatment strategies.
Managing Technical Debt in Database Schemas of Critical Software (2014)

The metaphor of technical debt (TD) has been used to characterize and quantify issues arising from software evolution and maintenance actions taken to modify the functionality or behaviour of a system while compromising on certain "under the hood" quality attributes in order to save cost and effort. The majority of research in this area has concentrated on software program code and architecture. Fewer research considers TD in the context of database applications, particularly TD related to database schemas, which is the focus of this paper. Managing TD in database schemas provides considerable and unique challenges, in particular for applications of safety and security critical nature. We discuss these challenges, point out potential solutions and present an industrial case study in this area.
Effects of Arterial Stiffness, Pulse Wave Velocity, and Wave Reflections on the Central Aortic Pressure Waveform (2008)

Brachial systolic and pulse blood pressures (BPs) are better predictors of adverse cardiovascular (CV) events than diastolic BP in individuals older than 50 years. The principal cause of increased systolic and pulse BP is increased stiffness of the elastic arteries as a result of degeneration and hyperplasia of the arterial wall. Recent studies have shown that central BP, the pressure exerted on the heart, brain, and kidneys, is a better predictor of CV risk than brachial BP. As stiffness increases, reflected wave amplitude increases and augments pressure in late systole, producing an increase in left ventricular afterload and myocardial oxygen demand. Vasoactive drugs have little direct effect on large human elastic arteries but can markedly modify wave reflection by altering stiffness of the muscular arteries and changing pulse wave velocity of the reflected wave from the periphery to the heart. Vasodilators decrease the amplitude and increase the travel time (or delay) of the reflected wave, causing a generalized decrease in systolic BP. The decrease in systolic BP brought about by this mechanism is grossly underestimated when systolic BP is measured in the brachial artery.
Radiometric Measurements of Ka-Band Attenuation during Rain Events at a Tropical Location (2019)

Reliable modeling of atmospheric attenuation is needed for optimum design of satellite communication links. In the view of upcoming satellite communications in this region, it is necessary to study the atmospheric attenuation at Ka-band during rain events. In this paper, attenuation estimation at Ka-band obtained from radiometric brightness temperatures (T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> ) at Kolkata, India (22°34'E, 88°22'N) have been presented. The contribution of water vapor is examined in determining the behavior of attenuation during rain at frequencies 22.24 GHz, 26.24 GHz and 31.4 GHz. It is observed that though the attenuation at 31.4 GHz is the highest, the attenuation at 22.24 GHz is higher than that at 26.24 GHz due to water vapor absorption under low to moderate raining conditions. The attenuation data obtained from ITU-R and Millimeter Wave Propagation (MPM) model are compared with the radiometric data to understand the limitation of radiometric measurements.
Gasdermin D mediates the pathogenesis of neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease in mice (2018)

Mutated NLRP3 assembles a hyperactive inflammasome, which causes excessive secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 and, ultimately, a spectrum of autoinflammatory disorders known as cryopyrinopathies of which neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID) is the most severe phenotype. NOMID mice phenocopy several features of the human disease as they develop severe systemic inflammation driven by IL-1β and IL-18 overproduction associated with damage to multiple organs, including spleen, skin, liver, and skeleton. Secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 requires gasdermin D (GSDMD), which-upon activation by the inflammasomes-translocates to the plasma membrane where it forms pores through which these cytokines are released. However, excessive pore formation resulting from sustained activation of GSDMD compromises membrane integrity and ultimately causes a pro-inflammatory form of cell death, termed pyroptosis. In this study, we first established a strong correlation between NLRP3 inflammasome activation and GSDMD processing and pyroptosis in vitro. Next, we used NOMID mice to determine the extent to which GSDMD-driven pyroptosis influences the pathogenesis of this disorder. Remarkably, all NOMID-associated inflammatory symptoms are prevented upon ablation of GSDMD. Thus, GSDMD-dependent actions are required for the pathogenesis of NOMID in mice.
HIGH-POWER HYBRID MULTIPLE-BEAM KLYSTRON FOR PHASED ARRAYS (1967)

Abstract : This program has moved from computation to model tests of sub-assemblies. The earlier computer delays were considerably reduced by the use of a new time-sharing computer facility. The bunching and interaction computer study resulted in a design meeting the full requirements for efficiency, gain, flatness and bandwidth. First gun tests showed a substantially longer beam than the calculated size, with severe interception. A second design was close to being acceptable but further work is required. The same computer program was used to solve the converse problem of collector design; a practicable magnetic field shape was found which holds the collector power density at a safe level. A common rectangular cavity design was adapted to serve the three required cases of single tuned unloaded, single tuned loaded, and double tuned loaded cavities. Loading is provided by suitably placed silicon carbide blocks. Since the iterated input and output guides, seen from a plane midway between beams, are already a good match at center frequency to the plain WR 137 guide, two short matching sections at each end are sufficient to reduce the band edge mismatch to an acceptable level. (Author)
Capacitance of graphene bilayer as a probe of layer-specific properties (2011)

The unique capabilities of capacitance measurements in bilayer graphene enable probing of layer-specific properties that are normally out of reach in transport measurements. Furthermore, capacitance measurements in the top-gate and penetration field geometries are sensitive to different physical quantities: The penetration field capacitance probes the two layers equally, whereas the top-gate capacitance preferentially samples the near layer, resulting in the ``near-layer capacitance enhancement'' effect observed in recent top-gate capacitance measurements. We present a detailed theoretical description of this effect and show that capacitance can be used to determine the equilibrium layer polarization, a potentially useful tool in the study of broken symmetry states in graphene, stemming from the interplay between interlayer screening, disorder, and the inverse-square-root van Hove singularity particular to the bilayer graphene band structure. We show how capacitance experiments can be used to probe the ground-state layer polarization, a potentially useful tool in the study of broken symmetry states in graphene.
DIGITAL MARKETING TOOLS AND SALES PERFORMANCE OF SHOPRITE, SHOPPING MALL AKURE, ONDO STATE NIGERIA (2022)

This research assessed the effect of digital marketing tools on sales performance at ShopRite Shopping Mall Akure, Ondo State. The study adopted a quantitative research methodology while employing a questionnaire to collect data and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics of T-test and Chi-square. The result showed that email and social media marketing are the most used digital marketing tools adopted by ShopRite Mall, Akure Ondo State. The result also showed that the mall prefers digital marketing to traditional marketing due to easy measurement of results, high accessibility, cheaper use, comprehensive coverage, and high customer engagement. Also, the result from the T-test analysis revealed that digital marketing is significantly high with (T – 39.912) in customer base creation of larger market share, (T – 38.171), a daily increase of sales (T – 23.441), reduction in advertisement cost and increase in profitability (T – 31.926), and increment in online presence & increase in sales (T – 43.719). The Chi-Square analysis showed that digital marketing tools of email marketing (P = O.040) and social media marketing (P = 0.012) have a significant effect on sales performance. The main challenges for digital market adoption include high competition and a high basis for fraud. The study concludes that digital marketing significantly affects sales performance and recommends stable internet service for optimal performance.
Cholesterol suppresses cellular TGF-β responsiveness: implications in atherogenesis (2007)

Hypercholesterolemia is a major causative factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The molecular mechanisms by which cholesterol initiates and facilitates the process of atherosclerosis are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that cholesterol treatment suppresses or attenuates TGF-beta responsiveness in all cell types studied as determined by measuring TGF-beta-induced Smad2 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, TGF-beta-induced PAI-1 expression, TGF-beta-induced luciferase reporter gene expression and TGF-beta-induced growth inhibition. Cholesterol, alone or complexed in lipoproteins (LDL, VLDL), suppresses TGF-beta responsiveness by increasing lipid raft and/or caveolae accumulation of TGF-beta receptors and facilitating rapid degradation of TGF-beta and thus suppressing TGF-beta-induced signaling. Conversely, cholesterol-lowering agents (fluvastatin and lovastatin) and cholesterol-depleting agents (beta-cyclodextrin and nystatin) enhance TGF-beta responsiveness by increasing non-lipid raft microdomain accumulation of TGF-beta receptors and facilitating TGF-beta-induced signaling. Furthermore, the effects of cholesterol on the cultured cells are also found in the aortic endothelium of ApoE-null mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. These results suggest that high cholesterol contributes to atherogenesis, at least in part, by suppressing TGF-beta responsiveness in vascular cells.
Sarcolemmal K <sub>ATP</sub> Channel Triggers Opioid-Induced Delayed Cardioprotection in the Rat (2002)

Recently, the involvement of sarcolemmal K(ATP) (sarcK(ATP)) channels in ischemic and pharmacological preconditioning (IPC and PPC) has been minimized by numerous studies suggesting a primary role for mitochondrial K(ATP) (mitoK(ATP)) channels in early and delayed cardioprotection. Although the mitoK(ATP) channel has clearly been shown to be a distal effector of delayed IPC and PPC, studies implicating it as a trigger of protection in delayed IPC are lacking. Accordingly, we characterized the role of cardiac K(ATP) channels as triggers or distal effectors of delayed cardioprotection induced by opioids in rats, and the data suggest that the sarcK(ATP) channel triggers and that the mitoK(ATP) channel is a distal effector of opioid-induced delayed cardioprotection.
Synthesis of PbI<sub>2</sub> Single‐Layered Inorganic Nanotubes Encapsulated Within Carbon Nanotubes (2013)

The template assisted growth of single-layered inorganic nanotubes is reported. Single-crystalline lead iodide single-layered nanotubes have been prepared using the inner cavities of carbon nanotubes as hosting templates. The diameter of the resulting inorganic nanotubes is merely dependent on the diameter of the host. This facile method is highly versatile opening up new horizons in the preparation of single-layered nanostructures.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Improve Salivary Function and Reduce Lymphocytic Infiltrates in Mice with Sjögren's-Like Disease (2012)

The combined use of MSC+CFA was effective in both preventing saliva secretion loss and reducing lymphocytic influx in salivary glands.
Induction of Tumor Immunity by Photodynamic Therapy (1996)

The mechanism of tumor destruction by photodynamic therapy (PDT) incorporates a variety of events leading to inactivation of tumor cells. The unique feature of PDT is the mobilization of the host to participate in the eradication of treated cancer. A critical element is the induced inflammation at the treated site associated with massive invasion of activated myeloid cells. In addition to further destruction of cancer cells, conditions are created for the presentation of tumor antigens with subsequent activation of lymphoid cells, leading to tumor-specific immunity. This inflammation-primed immune development process results in generation of tumor-specific immune memory cells that appear to be elicited against both strongly and poorly immunogenic PDT-treated cancers. Once generated by PDT, it is conceivable that these immune cells (especially if further expanded and activated by adjuvant immunotherapy) can be engaged in additional eradication of disseminated and/or metastatic lesions of the same cancer. A number of immunotherapy regimens have already been proven effective in enhancing the curative effect of PDT with various animal tumor models. Inflamed cancerous tissue at the PDT-treated site appears to exert powerful attracting signals for immune cells activated by different immunotherapy regimens.
The Estimation of Sound Attenuation Caused by Duct Silencer Using Sound Intensity Method (1987)

This paper is to suggest the test method of sound attenuation caused by absorptive duct silencer using sound intensity method in field. In order to estimate sound attenuation, sound power being radiated from sound power source and duct exhaust terminal was measured by the sound pressure method and sound intensity method in semianechoic and common room. The results of the measured sound attenuation values by sound intensity method are more similar to those of theoretical calculation than those by the sound pressure method. In addition, sound intensity method is much less influenced by sound field condition or continuous background noise than the sound pressure method.
ChemInform Abstract: RING OPENING CYCLOADDITIONS. PART 5. REACTION OF IMINODITHIAZOLES WITH SULFENES IN 5‐MEMBERED SULTAMS (1977)

Abstract Bei der Reaktion der Imino‐dithiazole (I) mit den Sulfonylchloriden (II) bzw. den entsprechenden in situ entstehenden Sulfenen werden die "Verbindungen (III) erhalten.
Challenges of flip chip on organic substrate assembly technology (2003)

Flip chip assembly on organic substrate technology has been developed and implemented as a key packaging technology for Intel's microprocessors for cost and performance advantages. In this paper, the process flow, key technology challenges and accomplishments achieved will be addressed. The paper discusses the challenges faced, and their resolution during the development of this key technology that is implemented in high volume manufacturing at Intel.
Quick Evaluation of Source Rock Kerogen Kinetics Using Hydrocarbon Pyrograms from Regular Rock-Eval Analysis (2017)

Source rock kinetics reflects kerogen reactivity that controls the onset and rate of hydrocarbon generation as well as the depth/temperature of oil and gas generation windows. Therefore, understanding source rock kinetics is critical to both quantitative resource modeling and identifying production “sweet spots”. The study of source rock kinetics requires special laboratory procedure and expertise, the cost of which limits research on specific source rock systems. For quantitative modeling of hydrocarbon generation, kinetic parameters are often adopted from an analogous source rock system available in published data sets or are automatically picked by basin modeling software based on kerogen type or depositional environment and facies. Recent studies (Peters, K. E., Walters, C. C., and Mankiewicz, P. J. AAPG Bull. 2006, 90, 387−403) revealed that source rock kinetics may vary substantially, even for the same type of kerogen, because of compositional variation. Thus, source-rock-specific kerogen kinetics is more desirable for better characterization of the thermal transformational behavior. On the other hand, the requirements for information regarding the characteristics of source rock reactivity and hydrocarbon generation behavior are time-sensitive for supporting a business decision. Directly assessing reactivity and transformation behavior of source rock based on archived Rock-Eval data would allow for rapid and time-sensitive results to be obtained. This paper proposes a method that characterizes source rock kinetics using pyrograms of archived Rock-Eval analysis. Because the method uses existing Rock-Eval data directly, no new samples and laboratory experiments are required, thus providing a quick and cost-effective technique to determine simple kinetic parameters. The mathematical formulation of this numerical model is described herein, with applications showing the advantage and potential limitations.
Hypersensitivity to gold in gold sodium thiomalate-induced dermatosis (1999)

Gold compounds are widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Mucocutaneous side-effects leading to the discontinuation of medication are common with these drugs. We investigated whether allergic mechanisms are involved in dermatosis induced by gold sodium thiomalate (GSTM). Thirteen gold dermatosis patients, 15 arthritis patients without any side-effects from GSTM and 11 healthy controls participated in the study. Venous blood lymphocytes from these subjects were cultured with GSTM and gold sodium thiosulphate (GSTS) in the lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT). In some cases, interferon-gamma-producing cells were enumerated in vitro (T-cell ELISpot). The subjects were also patch-tested with GSTM and GSTS. The LPT to either GSTM, GSTS or both was positive in 12 of 13 patients with gold dermatosis. In the arthritis patient group without side-effects from gold, the LPT gave two false-positive results and in the healthy control group the LPT was falsely positive with one subject. T-cell ELISpot was positive in four of six gold dermatosis patients and negative in the arthritis and healthy control groups. Only one patient who also developed contact dermatitis from gold jewellery was positive to gold in the patch test. These results indicate that gold dermatosis is mediated, at least in part, by allergic mechanisms and that the LPT is of value in the diagnosis of gold dermatosis.
Properties of a D-C arc in a magnetic field (1956)

MAGNETIC fields are used extensively in practice to help control the position or motion of an electric arc. Properly applied, they can be used as an aid to either the stabilization or extinction of an arc. Improperly controlled, they may introduce unwanted instability to an arc.
Data analysis (1994)

Imagine that you have just assembled the raw data from your recent experiments on market efficiency. You gaze at sheets of paper covered with numbers specifying which subjects did what and when they did it. Do the data support the efficient-markets hypothesis or not? You could stare at the raw data for hours and be none the wiser. It is time to begin your data analysis. You will transform and process the raw data in various ways to find out what they have to say. Think of data analysis as a form of interrogation. But be gentle – coax the data to tell their own story. You will learn very little if you torture the data until they confess.
A study of the computerized reading management program, Accelerated Reader, and its effect on reading among primary grade students (1999)

This study examined the computerized reading management program, Accelerated Reader and its effect on primary grade students. The purpose of the study was to test Accelerated Reader's effect on reading comprehension among two student populations that were demographically similar. Two schools were chosen, Orem Elementary, School A, where the researcher is employed, and School B, another elementary school in Alpine School District. An ex post facto, non-randomized control group design was used. Data from the Utah Core Assessment Series End-of-Level, Reading, Level 3 Form A, (1989) and the Stanford Achievement Test (1990) was used. Students who attended either School A or School B during the first, second, and third grades were included in the cohort of students used for this study. Students who moved in or out during this time were excluded. There were 190 students who participated: School A, 104 students; School B, 86 students. The hypothesis tested was: There will be a significant difference between students who use Accelerated Reader and those who do not when comparing the reading comprehension scores of primary grade students (grades 1-3) on the Utah Core Assessment Series test as well as the Stanford Achievement Test. Analysis of various statistical tests indicate no significant statistical difference between School A and School B in Reading Comprehension, as well as subcategories Detail, Inference, Main Idea, and Sequence. These results might infer that Accelerated Reader did not perform as claimed, however, the study found that not all components of the process were put into practice. Full implementation is necessary before any increase in reading comprehension may be expected.
Multi-Dimension Combining (MDC) in abstract Level and Hierarchical MDC (HMDC) to Improve the Classification Accuracy of Enoses (2006)

This paper proposes a new classification algorithm for improving the accuracy of Electronic Noses. The algorithm extends the conventional Multi-Dimension Combining (MDC) of measurement level (PARC method as Multi-layer perceptron, or MLP) into abstract level (PARC methods as K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN)) and Hierarchical level (HMDC, or Hierarchical Multi-Dimension Combining). The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated using experimental data and Enose device of Cyranose 320.