gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new cyclopeptide with antifungal activity from the co-culture broth of two marine mangrove fungi (2014)

A new cyclic tetrapeptide, cyclo-(L-leucyl-trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolyl-D-leucyl-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline) (1), was isolated from the co-culture broth of two mangrove fungi Phomopsis sp. K38 and Alternaria sp. E33. The structure of 1 was determined by analysis of spectroscopic data and Marfey's analytic method. Primary bioassay demonstrated that compound 1 exhibited moderate to high inhibitory activity against four crop-threatening fungi including Gaeumannomyces graminis, Rhizoctonia cerealis, Helminthosporium sativum and Fusarium graminearum as compared with triadimefon.
Optimization of wireless resources for personal communications mobility tracking (2002)

In personal communications applications, users communicate via wireless with a wireline network. The wireline network tracks the current location of the user, and can therefore route messages to a user regardless of the user's location. In addition to its impact on signaling within the wireline network, mobility tracking requires the expenditure of wireless resources as well, including the power consumption of the portable units carried by the users and the radio bandwidth used for registration and paging. Ideally, the mobility tracking scheme used for each user should depend on the user's call and mobility pattern, so that the current registration area approach (which ignores such information) may be wasteful of wireless resources under certain circumstances. In the paper, the authors provide a model and an optimization algorithm based on dynamic programming for choosing the mobility tracking scheme on a per-user basis. While illustrative results are provided for a simple one-dimensional mobility model, the approach is shown to be applicable to a very general class of problems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Production of a High Affinity Antiserum to Benzodiazepines (1983)

Antibodies specific for benzodiazepines were raised in rabbits by immunization with a conjugate of a benzodiazepine derivative, Ro 7-1986/1, with bovine serum albumin. The presence of anti-Ro 7-1986/1 antibodies in the sera was demonstrated by a radioimmunoassay using the radioligand [3H]flunitrazepam ([3h]FNZ). The antibodies displayed a high-affinity for [3H]FNZ (KD = 0.073 +/- 0.003 nM) and and cross-reacted with a broad spectrum of benzodiazepine derivatives. Benzodiazepine levels in samples of sera and urine of benzodiazepine-treated humans were determined. Due to the high sensitivity of the assay only minute volumes (microliter quantities) of body fluids are employed and, therefore, no extraction of the drugs is required. Nitrazepam and diazepam levels as low as 20 picograms can be easily observed. Intoxicating levels of benzodiazepines can be detected by a single measurement in less than 10 min. This radioimmunoassay is advantageous for pharmacokinetic studies, toxicological examinations and forensic medicine due to its high sensitivity, wide-range specificity and technical simplicity.
Synthese und Charakterisierung von Per(3,6‐anhydro)cyclodextrinen (1991)

Cyclodextrin‐Derivate wie 1 mit Glucopyranose‐Einheiten in 1 C 4 ‐Konformation wurden aus Per(6‐ O ‐tosyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin synthetisiert. Das α‐Cyclodextrin‐Derivat (mit sechs Zucker‐Einheiten) konnte aus Per(2,3‐ O ‐benzoyl‐6‐ O ‐tosyl)‐α‐cyclodextrin rein erhalten werden. Beide Anhydrodextrine sind potentielle molekulare Rezeptoren, bei denen der Hohlraum mit Hydroxygruppen ausgekleidet ist. magnified image
Toward a taxonomic model of attention in effortful listening (2017)

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in studying listening effort. Research on listening effort intersects with the development of active theories of speech perception and contributes to the broader endeavor of understanding speech perception within the context of neuroscientific theories of perception, attention, and effort. Due to the multidisciplinary nature of the problem, researchers vary widely in their precise conceptualization of the catch-all term listening effort. Very recent consensus work stresses the relationship between listening effort and the allocation of cognitive resources, providing a conceptual link to current cognitive neuropsychological theories associating effort with the allocation of selective attention. By linking listening effort to attentional effort, we enable the application of a taxonomy of external and internal attention to the characterization of effortful listening. More specifically, we use a vectorial model to decompose the demand causing listening effort into its mutually orthogonal external and internal components and map the relationship between demanded and exerted effort by means of a resource-limiting term that can represent the influence of motivation as well as vigilance and arousal. Due to its quantitative nature and easy graphical interpretation, this model can be applied to a broad range of problems dealing with listening effort. As such, we conclude that the model provides a good starting point for further research on effortful listening within a more differentiated neuropsychological framework.
Very Early Administration of Progesterone Does Not Improve Neuropsychological Outcomes in Subjects with Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (2016)

A Phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (ProTECT III) found that administration of progesterone did not reduce mortality or improve functional outcome as measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) in subjects with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. We conducted a secondary analysis of neuropsychological outcomes to evaluate whether progesterone is associated with improved recovery of cognitive and motor functioning. ProTECT III was conducted at 49 level I trauma centers in the United States. Adults with moderate to severe TBI were randomized to receive intravenous progesterone or placebo within 4 h of injury for a total of 4 days. At 6 months, subjects underwent evaluation of memory, attention, executive functioning, language, and fine motor coordination/dexterity. Chi-square analysis revealed no significant difference in the proportion of subjects (263/280 progesterone, 283/295 placebo) with Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test scores ≥75. Analyses of covariance did not reveal significant treatment effects for memory (Buschke immediate recall, p = 0.53; delayed recall, p = 0.94), attention (Trails A speed, p = 0.81 and errors, p = 0.22; Digit Span Forward length, p = 0.66), executive functioning (Trails B speed, p = 0.97 and errors, p = 0.93; Digit Span Backward length, p = 0.60), language (timed phonemic fluency, p = 0.05), and fine motor coordination/dexterity (Grooved Pegboard dominant hand time, p = 0.75 and peg drops, p = 0.59; nondominant hand time, p = 0.74 and peg drops, p = 0.61). Pearson Product Moment Correlations demonstrated significant (p < 0.001) associations between better neuropsychological performance and higher GOSE scores. Similar to the ProTECT III trial's results of the primary outcome, the secondary outcomes do not provide evidence of a neuroprotective effect of progesterone.
Inquiry Learning with Videodiscs and Computers: An Innovative Teaching Method for Horticulture Courses (1990)

Videodiscs and inquiry-learning computer courses are well-adapted to the visual world of horticulture. Videodiscs look like compact audio discs, but contain audio and visual images. The visual images can be individual slides or video tape segments. The images can be displayed on a video monitor as still frames or as video series with almost instantaneous display of any of 55,000 images, with or without audio. Each of the 55,000 images can be linked by computer software and displayed at any time for an inquiry-learning, self-paced course.
Samza (2017)

Distributed stream processing systems need to support stateful processing, recover quickly from failures to resume such processing, and reprocess an entire data stream quickly. We present Apache Samza, a distributed system for stateful and fault-tolerant stream processing. Samza utilizes a partitioned local state along with a low-overhead background changelog mechanism, allowing it to scale to massive state sizes (hundreds of TB) per application. Recovery from failures is sped up by re-scheduling based on Host Affinity. In addition to processing infinite streams of events, Samza supports processing a finite dataset as a stream, from either a streaming source (e.g., Kafka), a database snapshot (e.g., Databus), or a file system (e.g. HDFS), without having to change the application code (unlike the popular Lambda-based architectures which necessitate maintenance of separate code bases for batch and stream path processing). Samza is currently in use at LinkedIn by hundreds of production applications with more than 10, 000 containers. Samza is an open-source Apache project adopted by many top-tier companies (e.g., LinkedIn, Uber, Netflix, TripAdvisor, etc.). Our experiments show that Samza: a) handles state efficiently, improving latency and throughput by more than 100X compared to using a remote storage; b) provides recovery time independent of state size; c) scales performance linearly with number of containers; and d) supports reprocessing of the data stream quickly and with minimal interference on real-time traffic.
Enhancement of chemotherapeutic agents induced-apoptosis associated with activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 and caspase 3 (CPP32) in bax-transfected gastric cancer cells. (2000)

Apoptois is an important determinant in the sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents in gastric cancer cells. In this study, we examined whether the introduction of the bax gene into MKN45 gastric cancer cells could enhance the sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents in association with apoptosis. Apoptosis in the bax-transfected gastric cancer cells was enhanced following the treatment of various chemotherapeutic agents including adriamycin (ADM), cisplatin (CDDP), etoposide (VP-16) and taxotere (TXT) as compared to those of neo gene-transfected cells. The enhancement of apoptosis was coincident with the increase of sensitivity in the ratio of IC50 value, that was 1.3-fold in ADM, 4.4-fold in CDDP, 4.6-fold in VP-16 and 2.5-fold in TXT, respectively. Further, the enhancement of apoptosis in the bax-transfected gastric cancer cells was associated with the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK 1) and caspase 3 (CPP32). The increases of sensitivities to these agents in the bax-transfected cells were also demonstrated in in vivo experiments using the tumor cells transplanted into nude mice. The tumor growth in the bax-transfected cells was significantly suppressed following the treatment of CDDP or VP-16 compared to that of neo-transfected cells (p < 0.05). These results indicated that, the bax gene might play a critical role in determination of sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agent in gastric cancer cells in vivo, and that the activation of JNK 1 and CPP32 might be involved in the signal transduction pathways leading to apoptosis.
Metrizamide—CSF Contrast Medium (1977)

Two-hundred-fifteen patients were evaluated with metrizamide, a new water-soluble contrast agent for use in the subarachnoid spaces. Side effects were reported in 67% of these; 39% were moderate or severe. Cervical injections monitored by fluoroscopy provide the most precise positioning of the medium. The benefits of metrizamide use outweigh its risk.
Intravenously administered BMSCs reduce neuronal apoptosis and promote neuronal proliferation through the release of VEGF after stroke in rats (2009)

Our data suggest that intravenously administrated BMSCs facilitate neurological function, reduce neuronal apoptosis and promote neuronal proliferation through the release of VEGF.
Elevation of brain glutathione by γ‐glutamylcysteine ethyl ester protects against peroxynitrite‐induced oxidative stress (2002)

Elevation of glutathione (GSH) has been recognized as an important method for modulating levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain. We investigated the antioxidant properties of gamma-glu-cys-ethyl ester (GCEE) in vitro and its ability to increase GSH levels upon in vivo i.p. injection. GCEE displays antioxidant activity similar to GSH as assessed by various in vitro indices such as hydroxyl radical scavenging, dichlorofluorescein fluorescence (DCF), protein specific spin labeling, glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, and protein carbonyls. Intraperitoneal injection of GCEE to gerbils resulted in a 41% increase in brain total GSH levels in vivo as determined by the DTNB-GSH reductase recycling method. Gerbils injected with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, had 40% less total brain glutathione. Gerbils injected with BSO followed by a GCEE injection had GSH levels similar to vehicle-injected controls, suggesting that GCEE upregulates GSH biosynthesis by providing gamma-glutamylcysteine and not cysteine. Cortical synaptosomes from GCEE-injected animals were less susceptible to peroxynitrite-induced oxidative damage as assessed by DCF fluorescence, protein-specific spin labeling, and GS activity. These experiments suggest that GCEE is effective in increasing brain GSH levels and may potentially play an important therapeutic role in attenuating oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases associated with oxidative stress such as Alzheimer disease.
An in vivo model of varicella‐zoster virus latent infection of dorsal root ganglia (1990)

We describe here the first in vivo model of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) latent infection in the adult rat peripheral nervous system. Infected Mewo cells were injected subcutaneously along the spine of healthy adult rats. No clinical sign of infection was observed even 9 months after inoculation. Humoral immune response to VZV was detected in all infected animals throughout the study (9 months). The presence of viral material in dissociated and cultured dorsal root ganglia (DRG) from inoculated animals was studied by immunoperoxidase and in situ hybridization. When DRGs from infected animals were plated in culture from 1 month and up to 9 months after inoculation, viral nucleic acids and proteins were detected in neurons. Furthermore, trypsinization and subcultivation of infected neurons in culture is needed to reactivate infectious virus at least in some of the neurons. This model provides a useful tool for studying 1) the molecular mechanisms leading to an in vivo latency, 2) the role of the immune system, in particular cellular immunity, on the establishment, maintenance, and reactivation of latency, 3) the neurotropism of mutant viruses, and 4) the effects of antiviral agents.
Ligase Chain Reaction (2003)

The ligase chain reaction (LCR) is one of many techniques developed in recent years to detect specific nucleic acid sequences by amplification of nucleic acid targets. The LCR has been used for genotyping studies to detect tumors and identify the presence of specific genetic disorders such as sickle cell disease caused by known nucleotide changes that occur as a result of point mutations and has now become widely used in infectious disease detection, both in the diagnostic and research settings, primarily focusing on infections caused by microbes that have proven difficult to detect by traditional culture techniques. The LCR is now recognized as the method of choice for detection of urogenital infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis because of its greater sensitivity as compared to traditional cell culture or nonamplifed DNA probes or antigen-detection assays. Other uses of the LCR have also been reported (1–8). When used for detection of infectious diseases, amplification tests such as the LCR have the additional advantages in that they do not require viable organisms in a specimen, a single specimen can be used to detect multiple different pathogens, provided suitable primers are available, and easily obtained specimens such as urine can be used for diagnostic purposes, making screening of large numbers of persons practical, as well as facilitating research to better understand the epidemiology of specific diseases.
Streamlining traceroute by estimating path lengths (2005)

Traditional traceroute determines the path through a network by sending probe packets with progressively increasing TTL/hop count values so that routers that are progressively further from the inquirer send ICMP time exceeded messages and so reveal their identity. This process can be slow (because traceroute must wait for a timeout or response to one probe before sending the next) and inefficient (through repeated probing of routers near the inquirer that lie on the intersection of paths leading to multiple targets). This paper shows how this process can be streamlined by the inquirer sending a scout packet to the (reachable) target before sending route tracing probes. The inquirer uses the TTL of the response to this scout packet to estimate the length of the path to the target (with tolerance for path asymmetry), and can then either expedite the route tracing process (by sending probes to each of the estimated number of routers on the path in quick succession) or reduce the number of probes needed (by inverting the direction of traditional traceroute, tracing the path from the target towards the inquirer, and terminating the process when it reaches a router on a known path from the inquirer).
Relating photosynthetic pigments and in vivo optical density spectra to irradiance for the Florida red-tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve (1995)

The lipophilic pigment content and composition and in vivooptical density (OD) spectra for batch cultures of the Florida (USA) red-tide dinoflagellate Gyn~nodinium breve Davis were analyzed after exposure to irradiance treatments representative of an irradiance gradient that cells might experience in a coastal water column. Decreases in total chlorophyll (chl) content (attributable to decreasesin chls a, c,/c2 and c3) and total carotenoid content (attributable to decreases in total fucoxanthin and 19'-acylofucoxanthins, and gyroxanthin-diester) coincided with exposure to increased irradiance. The relative abundances of chl pigments remained constant whereas decreases in the relative abundances of total fucoxanthin and 19'-acylofucoxanthins, and p-v-carotene and an increase in the relative abundance of diadinoxanthin coincided with exposure to increased irradiance. Because gyroxanthin-diester has been observed only in a lim~ted number of toxic dinoflagellates (of which G. breve is the only warm-water taxon), was consistently quant~f~able throughout various irradiance-lnduced physiological states, and had a distinctive elution pos~tlon and absorption maxima in the chromatographic eluent, this carotenoid may serve as a 'biomarker' for G. breve within Florida coastal waters. An analysis of variance, performed on fourthderivative plots derived from normalized OD spectra, identified portions of the OD spectra which differed among irradiance treatments. Designated wavelengths coincided with wave crests in the fourth-derivative plots representative of absorption maxima for total chl c (460 to 468, 585 to 590 nm) and total fucoxanthin and 19 '-acylofucoxanthins, and diadinoxanthin (490 to 496 nm). Stepwise discriminant analysis identified a set of 6 wavelengths (403,541,546,509,673 and 663 nm) which optimally classified OD spectra for populations among irradiance treatments. l k s lack of correspondence between wavelengths identified by the 2 statistical techniques was not unexpected; fourth-derivative analysis identified portions of the OD spectra where differences in the sharpness of curvature (as produced by absorption maxima of component pigments) occurred among treatments whereas discriminant analysis identified portions of the spectra which could be used to classify populations among treatments and did not necessarily have to correspond to absorption maxima. Such detectable differences in the bio-optical 'signatures' of G. breve indicate that previous light history, as manifested in the pigment component, could be incorporated into future pigment-based monitoring applications to allow for the detection and/or physiological characterization of problematic taxa prior to bloom status.
Support-Free Hollowing for 3D Printing via Voronoi Diagram of Ellipses (2017)

Recent work has demonstrated that the interior material layout of a 3D model can be designed to make a fabricated replica satisfy application-specific demands on its physical properties such as resistance to external loads. A widely used practice to fabricate such models is by layer-based additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing, which however suffers from the problem of adding and removing interior supporting structures. In this paper, we present a novel method for generating support-free elliptic hollowing for 3D shapes which can entirely avoid additional supporting structures. To achieve this, we perform the ellipse hollowing in the polygons on parallel section planes and protrude the ellipses of one plane to its neighboring planes. To pack the ellipses in a polygon, we construct the Voronoi diagram of ellipses to efficiently reason the free-space around the ellipses and other geometric features by taking advantage of the available algorithm for the efficient and robust construction of the Voronoi diagram of circles. We demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of our proposed method by generating interior designs for and printing various 3D shapes.
Fast Detection of Scanning Worm Infections (2004)

Worm detection and response systems must act quickly to identify and quarantine scanning worms, as when left unchecked such worms have been able to infect the majority of vulnerable hosts on the Internet in a matter of minutes [9]. We present a hybrid approach to detecting scanning worms that integrates significant improvements we have made to two existing techniques: sequential hypothesis testing and connection rate limiting. Our results show that this two-pronged approach successfully restricts the number of scans that a worm can complete, is highly e#ective, and has a low false alarm rate.
Analyzing conflict predictors in open-source Java projects (2018)

In collaborative development environments integration conflicts occur frequently. To alleviate this problem, different awareness tools have been proposed to alert developers about potential conflicts before they become too complex. However, there is not much empirical evidence supporting the strategies used by these tools. Learning about what types of changes most likely lead to conflicts might help to derive more appropriate requirements for early conflict detection, and suggest improvements to existing conflict detection tools. To bring such evidence, in this paper we analyze the effectiveness of two types of code changes as conflict predictors. Namely, editions to the same method, and editions to directly dependent methods. We conduct an empirical study analyzing part of the development history of 45 Java projects from GitHub and Travis CI, including 5,647 merge scenarios, to compute the precision and recall for the conflict predictors aforementioned. Our results indicate that the predictors combined have a precision of 57.99% and a recall of 82.67%. Moreover, we conduct a manual analysis which provides insights about strategies that could further increase the precision and the recall.