gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Symmetry of electrical conduction (1988)

The resistance of a conductor measured in a four-probe setup is invariant if the exchange of the voltage and current sources is accompanied by a magnetic field reversal. We present a derivation of this theorem. The reciprocity of the resistances is linked directly to the microscopic reciprocity of the S-matrix, which describes reflection at the sample and transmission through the sample. We demonstrate that this symmetry holds for a conductor with an arbitrary number of leads. Since leads act like inelastic scatterers, consideration of a many-probe conductor also implies that the reciprocity of resistances is valid in the presence of inelastic scattering. Various conductance formulae are discussed in the light of the reciprocity theorem. Finally, we discuss some implications of our results for the nature of a voltage measurement and point to the difference between chemical potentials and the local electric potential.
High-Speed CMOS Integrated Optical Receiver With an Avalanche Photodetector (2009)

We present a high-speed monolithically integrated optical receiver fabricated with 0.13-mum standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The optical receiver consists of a CMOS-compatible avalanche photodetector (CMOS-APD) and a transimpedance amplifier (TIA). The CMOS-APD provides high responsivity as well as large bandwidth. Its bandwidth is further enhanced by the TIA having negative capacitance, which compensates undesired parasitic capacitance. With the CMOS integrated optical receiver, 4.25-Gb/s optical data are successfully transmitted with a bit-error rate less than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-12</sup> at the incident optical power of - 5.5 dBm.
The best of both worlds: Casasent networks integrate multilayer perceptrons and radial basis functions (2003)

Although multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) and radial basis functions (RBFs) appear to be quite different approaches to function approximation, a simple but profound insight by D. Casasent and E. Barnard (1990) has made it possible to completely unify two approaches. The authors complete the unification and comment on the potentially significant increase in representational power this Casasent network offers. They eliminate the distinction between MLP networks and RBF networks by unifying them into a single Casasent network that possesses all of their separate capabilities. New questions regarding learning methodologies for the Casasent network are also presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
MUSAN: A Music, Speech, and Noise Corpus (2015)

This report introduces a new corpus of music, speech, and noise. This dataset is suitable for training models for voice activity detection (VAD) and music/speech discrimination. Our corpus is released under a flexible Creative Commons license. The dataset consists of music from several genres, speech from twelve languages, and a wide assortment of technical and non-technical noises. We demonstrate use of this corpus for music/speech discrimination on Broadcast news and VAD for speaker identification.
Least absolute regression network analysis of the murine osteoblast differentiation network (2005)

The proposed scheme has been applied to the murine C2C12 cell-line stimulated to undergo osteoblast differentiation. Results show that our method discovers genetic interactions that display significant enrichment of co-citation in literature. More detailed study showed that the inferred network exhibits properties and hypotheses that are consistent with current biological knowledge.
Field evaluation following two cycles of backcross transfer of somatic embryogenesis to commercial alfalfa germplasm (1993)

For successful application of artificial seed technology to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), parental plants must possess the necessary genes for somatic embryogenesis and produce progeny having high commercial value. A backcross procedure was initiated to transfer the ability to form somatic embryos from genotype A70-34, a selection from the cultivar Rangelander, to multiple-pest-resistant alfalfa germplasm. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the growth characteristics and seed yield of the F 1 ; BC 1 and BC 2 generations to determine if introgression with commercial germplasm had improved the agronomic features of the embryogenic germplasm. This study consisted of two field experiments, each conducted at two locations. One experiment evaluated herbage growth characteristics and herbage production at Elora and Woodstock, Ontario, and the other evaluated seed yield at Elora and Delhi, Ontario. Significant increases in fall regrowth height, leaflet length:width ratio, and seed yield were detected over the cycles of crossing. By the BC 2 , fall dormancy and leaflet length:width ratio were similar to those in commercial populations. Although improvements in seed yield were detected, the BC 2 was inferior in seed yield compared with commercial germplasm, and further introgression and (or) conscious selection for improved seed yield will be required. Through a population backcross procedure, it appears possible to develop commercial alfalfa germplasm capable of in vitro manipulation. Key words: Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., somatic embryogenesis, artificial seed, backcross
Efficacy at 52 weeks of daily clinical use of iguratimod in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (2014)

IGU is effective for RA patients when used for daily clinical treatment for 52 weeks.
A Robust Algorithm for Eye Detection on Gray Intensity Face without Spectacles (2005)

"This paper presents a robust eye detection algorithm for gray intensity images. The idea of our method is to combine the respective advantages of two existing techniques, feature based method and template based method, and to overcome their shortcomings. Firstly, after the location of face region is detected, a feature based method will be used to detect two rough regions of both eyes on the face. Then an accurate detection of iris centers will be continued by applying a template based method in these two rough regions. Results of experiments to the faces without spectacles show that the proposed approach is not only robust but also quite efficient."
Minimizing GCV/GML Scores with Multiple Smoothing Parameters via the Newton Method (1991)

The (modified) Newton method is adapted to optimize generalized cross validation (GCV) and generalized maximum likelihood (GML) scores with multiple smoothing parameters. The main concerns in solving the optimization problem are the speed and the reliability of the algorithm, as well as the invariance of the algorithm under transformations under which the problem itself is invariant. The proposed algorithm is believed to be highly efficient for the problem, though it is still rather expensive for large data sets, since its operational counts are $(2/3)kn^3 + O(n^2 )$, with k the number of smoothing parameters and n the number of observations. Sensible procedures for computing good starting values are also proposed, which should help in keeping the execution load to the minimum possible. The algorithm is implemented in Rkpack [RKPACK and its applications: Fitting smoothing spline models, Tech. Report 857, Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 1989] and illustrated by examples of fitting additive and interaction spline models. It is noted that the algorithm can also be applied to the maximum likelihood (ML) and the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimation of the variance component models.
[Study of the motor function of the function and duodenum at diseases of the biliary excretion system]. (2005)

For the last few years the disorders of the motor function of the gastrointestinal tract are subjects of interest for investigators and physicians. The article presents an analysis of different abnormalities of the motor function of the stomach and duodenum made by gastroduodenoscintigraphy in patients with the biliary tract disorders. The most frequent types of motor gastric and duodenal dysfunctions are discussed in patients with gall bladder dysfunction, chronic cholescystitis, and patients after cholecystectomy.
Light scattering from water droplets in the geometrical optics approximation (1981)

The geometrical optics approach is used to derive i(1)(theta) = |S(1)(theta)|(2) and i(2)(theta) = |S(2)(theta)|(2), the angular intensity functions for light scattered by a spherical water droplet of a radius comparable with or larger than the wavelength of light. In contrast to previously published results, these functions are obtained in closed form and as functions of the scattering angle theta, which greatly enhance their usefulness in numerical work and in the reduction of large sphere scattering data. The range of validity of these expressions is investigated by graphical comparison of calculated angular intensity patterns with those obtained from rigorous Mie theory. Our main objective is to study the feasibility of using the geometrical optics expressions as a basis for practical laser water droplet sizing work. A criterion is established for the range of applicability of the relationship I(theta,R) = K(theta)R(2), which relates the scattering intensity at a particular angle theta to the radius R of the droplet. Accuracy of the laser water droplet sizing technique is thus quantitatively established.
The Cytoplasmic Tail of the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Protein Plays Critical Roles in Cellular Localization of the F Protein and Infectious Progeny Production (2006)

The importance of the F protein cytoplasmic tail (CT) for replication of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) was examined by monitoring the behavior of viruses expressing F proteins with a modified COOH terminus. The F protein mutant viruses were recovered and amplified under conditions where F protein function was complemented by expression of a heterologous viral envelope protein. The effect of the F protein modifications was then examined in the context of a viral infection in standard cell types (Vero and HEp-2). The F protein modifications consisted of a deletion of the predicted CT or a replacement of the CT with the CT of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G protein. In addition, engineered HRSVs that lacked all homologous glycoprotein genes (SH, G, and F) and expressed instead either the authentic VSV G protein or a VSV G containing the HRSV F protein CT were examined. We found that deletion or replacement of the F protein CT seriously impaired the production of infectious progeny. Cells infected with viruses bearing CT modifications displayed increased F protein surface expression and increased syncytium formation. The distribution of F protein in the plasma membrane of infected cells was altered, resulting in an F protein that was evenly distributed rather than localized predominantly to virus-induced surface filaments. CT deletion or exchange also abrogated interaction of F protein with Triton-insoluble lipid rafts. Addition of the F protein CT to the VSV G protein, expressed as the only viral glycoprotein in an HRSV genome, had the opposite effects: the number of infectious progeny was higher, the surface distribution was changed from relatively even to localized, and the proportion of VSV G protein associated with lipid rafts was higher. Together, these results show that the HRSV F protein CT plays a critical role in F protein cellular localization and production of infectious virus and suggest that the function provided by the CT is independent of the F protein ectodomain and transmembrane domain and is mediated by F protein-lipid raft interaction.
Resilient Lost Circulation Material (LCM): A Significant Factor in Effective Wellbore Strengthening (2012)

Abstract High resiliency graphitic carbon lost circulation material (LCM) is one of several graphitic materials that achieve varied success. Effectively controlling loss of circulation (LC) is more than just selecting LCM and requires an engineered approach. Particulate LCM like ground marble, graphitic carbon and cellulosic fibres have been widely used but careful consideration should be given to how these materials are combined based on fracture types. Induced fractures created when the equivalent circulating density (ECD) exceeds the formation fracture gradient or during wellbore strengthening applications, could be "pressure-sensitive" as reported in fracture closure studies (Dupriest 2005). Resilient graphitic carbon (RGC) has many unique properties (Whitfill 2003) that can be exploited in lost circulation scenarios. Laboratory methods developed to characterize the resiliency of different graphitic carbons are presented, and the lack of resiliency of other LCM is demonstrated. RGC also imparts resiliency to other LCM combinations (Kumar 2010). Resiliency associated with RGC can be enhanced in an LCM combination that exhibits a granular nature, rather than forming a solid plug. RGC also imparts crush resistance to other more brittle LCM and can help reduce attrition, thereby retaining particle size for effective wellbore strengthening, while also acting as a solid lubricant. RGC is manufactured in a proprietary two-stage furnace process that produces 99.9% carbon content. It is conductive material with no magnetic properties, so it does not interfere with logging tools (e.g., density and neutron) and other downhole equipment. RGC is suitable for use in reservoir sections because it is completely inert and may be combined with acid-soluble ground marble to allow flow back. The paper includes field and laboratory data that validate RGC characteristics related to resiliency, lubricity, resistance to attrition, and compatibility with downhole tools, making it a versatile material for most LCM combinations for LC control and wellbore strengthening applications.
Methods for volume measurement using tank-gauging devices can be error prone (1989)

When tank-gauging devices are used for volume measurement in storage tanks, several sources of error are prevalent. The types of tank gauging devices typically in use, and their error characteristics, are discussed in this article, along with some suggestions on how to improve tank-gauging accuracy.
Implementing macro test in silicon compiler design (1990)

A testability strategy for a complex VLSI device that is implemented in the Piramid digital-signal-processor silicon compiler is presented. The macro test method proposed supports built-in self-test, scan test, restricted partial scan, and test-control logic at various levels in the design hierarchy. The strategy uses techniques such as a macro test plan, transfer information, and intermediate vector storage. The overhead from adding testability is only 10% of the total area and test-program generation is done with 100% fault coverage in a very short time, since there is no need for global test-pattern generation. A set of tools that guide the testability implementation from design to the final test program is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Spirobifluorene-Bridged Donor/Acceptor Dye for Organic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2009)

A new dye, SSD1, featuring two donor/acceptor chromophores aligned in a spiro configuration with two anchoring groups separated at a distance of 10.05 A (closely matching the distance between the adsorption sites of the anatase TiO(2) surface) undergoes efficient dye adherence on TiO(2) films. A dye-sensitized solar cell incorporating SSD1 exhibited a short-circuit current of 8.9 mA cm(-2), an open-circuit voltage of 0.63 V, a fill factor of 0.67, and a power conversion efficiency of 3.75%.
Differentiation of Isomers Resulting from Bisaddition to C<sub>60</sub> Using <sup>3</sup>He NMR Spectrometry (1996)

3He NMR spectrometry has been used to examine bisaddition to C60 containing an encapsulated 3He atom (3He@C60) using three types of reactions: (1) cyclopropanation with diethyl bromomalonate and base to give dicarbethoxymethanofullerenes (Bingel−Hirsch reaction), (b) addition of azomethine ylides to give N-methylfulleropyrrolidines (Prato−Wudl reaction), and (c) reduction to give C60H4. 3He NMR spectra of crude reaction mixtures in all three series showed well-separated resonances for each of the bisadducts, spread out over more than 2 ppm. The major isomeric bisadducts from the first two reactions were separated and characterized, and the 3He NMR spectra of the individual major bisadducts from 3He@C60 were obtained (five isomers from reaction 1, four isomers from reaction 2). Although the absolute chemical shifts in the two series of bisadducts differ, the relative chemical shifts are significantly but not perfectly correlated. Bisadducts with appended ligands on opposite hemispheres of C60 (7, 6, and 5) tend to have 3He NMR resonances downfield of the bisadducts with appended ligands on the same hemisphere (bisadducts 2 and 3). Unfortunately, the equatorial isomer 4, a major product from the Hirsch addition reaction, was not obtained in sufficient quantity for study from the Prato reaction. Well-separated resonances were also seen for the isomeric compounds of composition 3He@C60H4 from reaction of the fullerene with diimide, but the individual isomers were not separated. The very large differences in the 3He NMR chemical shifts of the isomeric bisadducts in all three reactions demonstrate that the magnetic field felt by the 3He atom due to the ring currents in the residual π-system is extremely sensitive to the pattern of ligation on the C60 surface. These results provide further support for the assertion that 3He NMR is a very sensitive probe of patterns of chemical addition to fullerenes, and suggest that this technique will prove to be generally useful in determining the ratio as well as the identity of isomeric fullerene bisadducts.
Fabrication and photoluminescent properties of ZnO/ZnMgO quantum structure nanorods (2004)

We report the epitaxial growth of ZnO/ZnMgO nanorod quantum structures and their structural and photoluminescent characteristics. The nanorod quantum structures grown using low pressure, metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE), exhibit uniform width and length distributions. Typical diameters and lengths of nanorods were in the range of 20-70 nm and 0.5-2 /spl mu/m. During the nanorod growth, ZnO/ZnMgO superlattices with their periodic thicknesses of 46-145 /spl Aring/ were fabricated by depositing ZnO and ZnMgO layers alternatively. Furthermore, quantum confinement of carriers in the superlattice nanorods was observed using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy.
Growth of antiphase-domain-free GaP on Si substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition using an <i>in situ</i> AsH3 surface preparation (2015)

Antiphase-domain (APD) free GaP films were grown on Si(100) substrates prepared by annealing under dilute AsH3 in situ in an MOCVD reactor. LEED and AES surface analysis of Si(100) surfaces prepared by this treatment show that AsH3 etching quickly removes O and C contaminants at a relatively low temperature (690–740 °C), and creates a single-domain “A-type” As/Si surface reconstruction. The resulting GaP epilayers grown at the same temperature are APD-free, and could thereby serve as templates for direct growth of III-V semiconductors on Si. This single chamber process has a low thermal budget, and can enable heteroepitaxial integration of III-Vs and Si at an industrial scale.
Pro Smartphone Cross-Platform Development (2010)

Learn the theory behind cross-platform development, and put the theory into practice with code using the invaluable information presented in this book. With in-depth coverage of development and distri
Just Apologies: An Overview of the Philosophical Issues (2013)

In this article, the author offers overview of his book "I Was Wrong: The Meanings of Apologies" published in the year 2008, which provides a theoretical framework for apologies from individuals and from groups. He informs that the book explains meanings of apologies from individuals and collectives and focuses on the development of framework to law.
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B induces hepatic injury and lethal shock in endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice despite a deficient macrophage response (2002)

Bacterial toxins, including endotoxin/LPS as well as superantigens, are major causative agents of multi-organ failure associated with sepsis and liver disease. However, the precise mechanisms initiating cell activation by the toxins have not been clarified. We compared lethal shock and cytokine production in response to LPS with responses to the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in both LPS-responsive C3H/HeN mice and LPS-hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ mice treated with D-galactosamine (GalN). LPS was not lethal and did not induce production of TNF-alpha in C3H/HeJ mice. In contrast, SEB produced lethal shock associated with liver failure and induced cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-2 in both C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice. Peritoneal macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice did not produce TNF-alpha in vitro in response to SEB or LPS. However, no significant difference was observed in production of TNF-alpha in response to stimulation in vitro by SEB between C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ splenic lymphocytes. We have demonstrated that SEB causes lethal toxicity associated with liver injury in LPS-hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ mice and that as the underlying mechanism, the normal T-cell function in these mice still maintained the sensitivity to SEB since the genetic defect of C3H/HeJ mice unresponsive to LPS and SEB is restricted in macrophages/monocytes and does not extend to T cells.
Initiating polarity inversion in GaN growth using an AlN interlayer (2011)

Abstract In this work, we show that the polarity of GaN grown on N‐polar material can be controlled through a combination of surface conditioning and introduction of a non‐Mg inversion layer (IL). The IL we use is a thin, low‐temperature AlN layer deposited by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The subsequent inverted films are Ga‐polar that do not contain inversion domain boundaries and with crystal quality similar to MOCVD films grown on sapphire. The polarity inversion technique is enhanced by the addition of an etching step prior to AlN deposition.
Understanding the energy consumption and occupancy of a multi-purpose academic building (2014)

Building energy use associated with non-domestic buildings accounts for approximately 19% of the total UK CO2 emissions. Energy consumption in a non-domestic building is a complex issue due to a wide variety of uses and energy services and therefore the energy demand of individual buildings need to be understood. A pilot study was undertaken to analyse the relationship between the electrical energy demand profiles and user activities for a university building. To gain insight into how the building is used, operated and managed on a daily basis, an online questionnaire was distributed to staff and students as well as interviews conducted with key management personnel. Analysis was performed on the half-hourly electrical demand data for the case-study building to identify key trends and patterns in energy use. The shape and magnitude of energy demand profiles show a significant trend which does not seem to be strongly connected to occupancy patterns. It was found that the building was mostly controlled by a building management system (BMS) where building users have minimal access to the controls. However, it was interesting to find that the detailed information on the occupancy patterns could help the management team to redesign control strategies for optimum energy performance of the building.