gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Allele-specific Cooperative and Competitive Interactions between Immune Evasion Proteins of Cytomegalovirus (2002)

Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) deploy a set of genes for interference with antigen presentation in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I pathway. In murine CMV (MCMV), three genes were identified so far: m04/gp34, m06/gp48, and m152/gp40. While their function as immunoevasins was originally defined after their selective expression, this may not necessarily reflect their biological role during infection. The three immunoevasins might act synergistically, but they might also compete for their common substrate, the MHC class I complexes. To approach this question in a systematic manner, we have generated a complete set of mutant viruses with deletions of the three genes in all seven possible combinations. Surface expression of a set of MHC class I molecules specified by haplotypes H-2(d) (K(d), D(d), and L(d)) and H-2(b) (K(b) and D(b)) was the parameter for evaluation of the interference with class I trafficking. The data show the following: first, there exists no additional MCMV gene of major influence on MHC class I surface expression; second, the strength of the inhibitory effect of immunoevasins shows an allele-specific hierarchy; and third, the immunoevasins act not only synergistically but can, in certain combinations, interact antagonistically. In essence, this work highlights the importance of studying the immunosubversive mechanisms of cytomegaloviruses in the context of gene expression during the viral replicative cycle in infected cells.
A portable sensitive anemometer with proportional d.c. output and a matching wind velocity-component resolver (1965)

A new design of portable cup anemometer which employs photoelectric switching and a built-in ratemeter is described. The dimensions and slow running properties of the instrument are similar to those of the Sheppard anemometer but output readings are in voltage form linearly related to wind speed. A special light-weight rotor is used to replace the `standard' three-cup aluminium rotor when a fast response is required.
Perfluorooctane sulfonate toxicity, isomer-specific accumulation, and maternal transfer in zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) and rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) (2010)

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; C(8)F(17)SO(3) (-)) bioaccumulation and toxicity have been demonstrated in both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. The majority of investigations have examined total PFOS concentrations in wildlife and in toxicity testing, but isomer-specific monitoring studies are less common, and no laboratory-based study of PFOS isomer accumulation in fish has been reported. The present study examined accumulation and maternal transfer of PFOS isomers in zebrafish and tissue-specific accumulation of PFOS isomers in trout parr. A median lethal dose (LC50) of 22.2 and 2.5 mg/L was calculated for adult zebrafish and trout parr, respectively. A two-week PFOS exposure resulted in tissue-specific PFOS accumulation in trout, with maximum concentrations identified in the liver tissue (>50 microg/g). Prior exposure to PFOS as alevin did not affect the accumulation of PFOS in tissues later in life. In both species, accumulation of branched PFOS isomers generally occurred to a lesser extent than linear PFOS, which may explain the relative deficiency of branched PFOS isomers in some aquatic species in the field. Analysis of exposed trout tissues indicated that isomer discrimination may occur at the level of elimination or uptake and elimination processes in the kidney or gill, respectively. When zebrafish underwent a reproductive cycle in the presence of PFOS, approximately 10% (wt) of the adult PFOS body burden was transferred to the developing embryos, resulting in a higher total PFOS concentration in eggs (116 +/- 13.3 microg/g) than in the parent fish (72.1 +/- 7.6 microg/g). The isomer profile in eggs was not significantly different from that of adults, suggesting that the maternal transfer of branched and linear PFOS isomers in fish is largely nonisomer specific.
The Transient Response of Fluid Lines (1962)

Functional operators are derived for the propagation factor and characteristic impedance for small amplitude waves in rigid uniform fluid transmission lines when the effects of varying velocity profile and heat transfer are included. The special case of sinusoidal excitation yields the identical result given by Iberall. The results, however, are used particularly to determine the impulse and step responses of a line, which clearly demonstrate the observed dispersion of fast transients.
Spatial inhomogeneities of rain brightness temperature and averaging effect for satellite microwave radiometer observations (2002)

The analysis of brightness temperature data, obtained by the Olympus ground station, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, is presented. Long time measurements with 19.2 GHz polarimetric radiometer allowed the investigation of temporal variability of atmospheric radio emission for stratiform (Nb) and cumuliform (Cb) precipitation. Conversion of temporal variations to spatial units was performed utilizing wind speed measurements. The square root of the structure function was taken as a measure for the variation intensity of brightness temperature T. Average values of T and rain rate over areas with diameters from 1 km to 15 km show significant differences.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Development of a self-assembling protein nanoparticle vaccine targeting Plasmodium falciparum Circumsporozoite Protein delivered in three Army Liposome Formulation adjuvants (2017)

We have developed FMP014, a vaccine candidate against Plasmodium falciparum malaria, which is comprised of 60 identical monomer protein chains that form an icosahedral shaped self-assembling protein nanoparticle (SAPN). Each monomer contains selected P. falciparum Circumsporozoite Protein (PfCSP) CD4+ and CD8+ epitopes, universal T<sub>H</sub> epitopes, portions of the α-TSR domain, and 6 repeats of the NANP motifs of the PfCSP. Here we describe the conditions that are required for successful scale-up and cGMP manufacturing of FMP014 with a yield of ≈1.5g of drug substance per 100g of wet bacterial paste. When adjuvanted with an Army Liposomal Formulation (ALF) based adjuvant, the nanoparticle vaccine is highly immunogenic and prevents infection of mice by an otherwise lethal dose of transgenic P. berghei sporozoites expressing the full-length PfCSP.
Effect of La doping on the suppression of insulation resistance degradation in multi-layer ceramic capacitors (2019)

Abstract Effect of La doping on the suppression of insulation resistance degradation in multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) was investigated. The insulation resistance of La-doped (Ba, Sr)(Ti, Zr)O 3 (La-doped BSTZ) MLCCs increased during the early phase of the highly accelerated life test (HALT). The insulation resistance of La-doped BSTZ-MLCCs immediately before breakdown was still higher than that at the early phase. This behavior during the early phase of HALT was eminent for La doping. However, the activation energy of the La-doped BSTZ-MLCCs was the same as those of other rare earth element-doped BaTiO 3 MLCCs, suggesting that La-doped BSTZ-MLCCs were also degraded by the migration of oxygen vacancies. Thermally stimulated depolarization current analysis revealed that La-doped BSTZ-MLCCs exhibited trapping of the oxygen vacancies around the grain boundary, which suggested that trapping led to suppression of migration of the oxygen vacancies, and decreased polarization current. This trapping resulted in an increased insulation resistance.
Computer-aided Detection in Screening Mammography: Variability in Cues (2004)

Inconsistency was demonstrated for CAD analysis of breast cancers detected at screening. However, the CAD system was reasonably consistent in the overall number of cancers identified from run to run. Greater variability of the CAD system was also demonstrated for false-positive marks, as compared with true-positive marks.
A review of function modeling: Approaches and applications (2008)

Abstract This work is aimed at establishing a common frame and understanding of function modeling (FM) for our ongoing research activities. A comparative review of the literature is performed to grasp the various FM approaches with their commonalities and differences. The relations of FM with the research fields of artificial intelligence, design theory, and maintenance are discussed. In this discussion the goals are to highlight the features of various classical approaches in relation to FM, to delineate what FM introduces to these fields, and to discuss the applicability of various FM approaches in these fields. Finally, the basic ideas underlying our projects are introduced with reference to the general framework of FM.
<i>IL7RA</i> polymorphisms and chronic inflammatory arthropathies (2009)

The C allele of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs6897932, located in the interleukin-7 receptor alpha chain (IL7RA) was recently found to be associated with multiple sclerosis and Type I diabetes. We analysed 13 SNPs in the IL7RA gene in a combined cohort of patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies (rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis; 368 patients and 532 unaffected subjects). No significant associations with disease were found with the exception of the non-synonymous SNP rs6897932. This SNP showed modest enrichment of the TT genotype in arthritic patients compared with controls [P = 0.02; OR 1.72 (95% CI 1.08-2.75)]. Our data are suggestive for a role of rs6897932 in predisposition to chronic inflammatory arthropathies.
Essential Role of Vitamin C and Zinc in Child Immunity and Health (2010)

With the progressive elimination of dietary protein-energy deficits, deficiencies of micronutrients are emerging as the limiting factors in ensuring children's optimal health. Data from several countries in Asia and Latin America indicate that deficiencies of vitamin C and zinc continue to be at alarming levels. This article reviews the roles of vitamin C and zinc in supporting children's growth and development, with a particular focus on the complementary roles they play in supporting immune functions and combating infections. The contemporary relevance of vitamin C and zinc deficiency in the Asian and Latin American regions, both undergoing a rapid nutritional transition, are also discussed. Overall, there is increasing evidence that deficiency of vitamin C and zinc adversely affects the physical and mental growth of children and can impair their immune defences. Nutrition should be the main vehicle for providing these essential nutrients; however, supplementation can represent a valid support method, especially in developing regions.
Comparison of Liquid-Phase and Gas-Phase Pure Thermal Cracking of <i>n</i>-Hexadecane (1996)

Thermal cracking of n-hexadecane in the mild temperature (330−375 °C) range has been investigated in liquid and gas phases. The kinetic data of liquid-phase cracking are shown to be very similar to those of gas-phase cracking. However, the pattern and distribution of the products are greatly phase dependent. In liquid-phase cracking, there is an equimolar distribution of n-alkane and 1-alkene products in the C3−C13 range at low conversion; when the conversion is increased, more alkanes than alkenes are produced. To the contrary, more alkenes than alkanes are always determined in products from gas-phase cracking. Liquid-phase cracking gives a low selectivity of gas products and a high selectivity of addition compounds (C18−C30), whereas gas-phase cracking produces a large amount of gas products and no addition compounds. The phase dependence of products can be interpreted in terms of a low concentration of hexadecane, under which β-scission occurs more preferentially than in liquid phase. Reaction mechanisms are suggested based on the product analysis to account for cracking behaviors of liquid-phase and gas-phase cracking.
Attacking a Moving Target: Understanding Resistance and Managing Progression in EGFR-Positive Lung Cancer Patients Treated With Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. (2016)

Multiple randomized studies have demonstrated improved response rates, progression-free survival, and quality of life for treatment-naive, advanced-stage adenocarcinoma patients harboring sensitizing EGFR mutations when they are treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy, as compared with chemotherapy. Despite improved outcomes with these agents, the majority of patients will eventually develop resistance and subsequent clinical progression. Recently, there has been a firmer understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the resistance that develops as a consequence of treatment, most notably the identification of a second-site EGFR mutation, T790M. While this understanding can inform subsequent treatment decisions, disease progression can be heterogeneous, and there are several competing therapeutic options. Treatment decisions must consider this clinical heterogeneity, factoring in the pace of disease growth, lung cancer-related symptoms, and the potential presence of T790M mutations. Herein, we review the available literature addressing these competing strategies and attempt to clarify best treatment practices, including the emerging role of T790M-directed therapies.
Inorganic nanotubesThe illustration of John Dalton (reproduced courtesy of the Library and Information Centre, Royal Society of Chemistry) marks the 200th anniversary of his investigations which led to the determination of atomic weights for hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. (2002)

Carbon nanotubes were discovered in 1991. It was soon recognized that layered metal dichalcogenides such as MoS2 could also form fullerene and nanotube type structures, and the first synthesis was reported in 1992. Since then, a large number of layered chalcogenides and other materials have been shown to form nanotubes and their structures investigated by electron microscopy. Inorganic nanotubes constitute an important family of nanostructures with interesting properties and potential applications. In this article, we discuss the progress made in this novel class of inorganic nanomaterials.
Regulation of Blood Glucose by Hypothalamic Pyruvate Metabolism (2005)

The brain keenly depends on glucose for energy, and mammalians have redundant systems to control glucose production. An increase in circulating glucose inhibits glucose production in the liver, but this negative feedback is impaired in type 2 diabetes. Here we report that a primary increase in hypothalamic glucose levels lowers blood glucose through inhibition of glucose production in rats. The effect of glucose requires its conversion to lactate followed by stimulation of pyruvate metabolism, which leads to activation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channels. Thus, interventions designed to enhance the hypothalamic sensing of glucose may improve glucose homeostasis in diabetes.
EGFRvIII mutation in lung cancer correlates with increased EGFR copy number (2007)

Overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is caused by EGFR gene amplification and is sometimes associated with expression of a variant EGFR (deletion exon 2-7 or EGFRvIII). EGFRvIII mutation has oncogenic potential and is investigated as a potential therapeutic target. We genotyped the EGFRvIII mutation status in 252 surgically treated lung cancer cases. The presence or absence of EGFRvIII mutation was analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with mutation specific sensor and anchor probes. EGFR copy number was evaluated with PCR-based assay. EGFR mutation status at kinase domain has been examined and reported. EGFRvIII mutation was found on 8 of 252 patients. All patients were male, smokers, and 7 had squamous cell carcinoma. The mutation status was significantly correlated with pathological subtypes (squamous cell carcinoma vs. adenocarcinoma, p=0.0114). Sixty EGFR mutations at kinase domain exclusively existed with EGFRvIII mutations. EGFR gene copy number was significantly higher in EGFRvIII mutant (4.711+/-4.968) than in non-EGFRvIII mutant (2.284+/-1.224) (p=0.0001). EGFRvIII gene mutation might be one of the mechanisms of increased EGFR copy number. Further studies are needed to confirm the mechanisms of EGFRvIII mutations for possible anti-EGFR therapy for lung cancer.
Regulating traffic in the hematopoietic stem cell niche (2010)

Cells in multicellular organisms do not live in a vacuum. Coordinated responses of individual cells to challenges at the level of the organism are instructed by integrated prompts from their environment. This environmental signaling determines the cells’ properties and behavior to a considerable
Dedicated E-reading Devices: the State of the Art and the Challenges (2008)

Dedicated electronic text reading (e-reading) devices hold the potential to drastically improve e-reading\nexperiences. Nevertheless, up to now they remain in a niche market. This paper surveys existing\ndedicated e-reading devices and related research to examine the state of the art and the challenges.\nFirstly, it briefly recounts the evolution of e-reading devices; secondly, it examines the development\nand issues regarding several critical aspects of this type of device, including form factor, display,\ninteraction methods, connectivity, and e-text distribution methods; finally, it analyzes the reasons why\nthese devices have not become mainstream, and speculates on their future.
The Belgian e-ID and its complex path to implementation and innovational change (2010)

This article provides a critical view on the development and deployment phase of the e-ID in Belgium since 1999. It is based on extensive desk research and fifteen in depth-interviews with experts and stakeholders from government, administration, academia and industry who have been key in the development of the e-ID. The article identifies different elements that influenced, both in a positive and negative way, the societal, technical and political aspects of the Belgian e-ID. It shows that no severe problems occurred during the initial deployment phase, which came to an end in 2009 providing over eight million Belgian citizens with an e-ID. The pre-existence of a National Register and the preliminary experiences with the exchange of digital information between administrative entities in the field of Social Security enabled and facilitated the development and the distribution of the e-ID. However, the research also reveals that usage of the e-ID by citizens and uptake of e-ID based services by administration and business remains limited due to multiple factors. The complex system of state structures in Belgium and as a consequence the dispersion of competences across different governmental entities makes that no unified approach to e-government and e-ID based services has been developed. From the industries’ point of view the privacy framework and the strictly regulated use of the National Registration Number provides no clear view on the allowed use of data accessible through the e-ID hampering take up in this area.
Perfluorodecalin and bone regeneration (2013)

Perfluorodecalin (PFD) is a chemically and biologically inert biomaterial and, as many perfluorocarbons, is also hydrophobic, radiopaque and has a high solute capacity for gases such as oxygen. In this article we have demonstrated, both in vitro and in vivo, that PFD may significantly enhance bone regeneration. Firstly, the potential benefit of PFD was demonstrated by prolonging the survival of bone marrow cells cultured in anaerobic conditions. These findings translated in vivo, where PFD incorporated into bone-marrow-loaded 3D-printed scaffolds substantially improved their capacity to regenerate bone. Secondly, in addition to biological applications, we have also shown that PFD improves the radiopacity of bone regeneration biomaterials, a key feature required for the visualisation of biomaterials during and after surgical implantation. Finally, we have shown how the extreme hydrophobicity of PFD enables the fabrication of highly cohesive self-setting injectable biomaterials for bone regeneration. In conclusion, perfluorocarbons would appear to be highly beneficial additives to a number of regenerative biomaterials, especially those for bone regeneration.
Alsin Is a Rab5 and Rac1 Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor (2004)

ALS2 is the gene mutated in a recessive juvenile form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS2). ALS2 encodes a large protein termed alsin, which contains a number of predicted cell signaling and protein trafficking sequence motifs. To gain insight into the overall function of alsin and to begin to evaluate its role in motor neuron maintenance, we examined the subcellular localization of alsin and the biochemical activities associated with its individual subdomains. We found that the Vps9p domain of alsin has Rab5 guanine nucleotide exchange activity. In addition, alsin interacted specifically with and acted as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1. Immunofluorescence and fractionation experiments in both fibroblasts and neurons revealed that alsin is a cytosolic protein, with a significant portion associated with small, punctate membrane structures. Many of these membrane structures also contained Rab5 or Rac1. Upon overexpression of full-length alsin, the overexpressed material was largely cytosolic, indicating that the association with membrane structures could be saturated. We also found that alsin was present in membrane ruffles and lamellipodia. These data suggest that alsin is involved in membrane transport events, potentially linking endocytic processes and actin cytoskeleton remodeling.
Binding of the delta endotoxin from <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> to brush‐border membrane vesicles of the cabbage butterfly (<i>Pieris brassicae</i>) (1988)

The insecticidal delta endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis was labeled with iodine-125. Brush-border membrane vesicles, prepared from the midgut epithelium of Pieris brassicae larvae, known to be highly susceptible to the toxin, and from a non-target tissue: the small intestine of rat, were examined for binding of 125I-toxin. The toxin was bound specifically only to insect vesicles. Its binding to the insect membrane system was competitively inhibited by 127I-toxin and non-iodinated toxin, whereas the binding of the 125I-toxin to the mammalian membrane system was not affected by unlabeled toxin. Vesicles of P. brassicae possess two individual binding-site populations for iodinated toxin with dissociation constants of 46 nM and 490 nM. The Hill coefficients of both sites were approximately 1 and the binding capacities were 0.2 pmol and 30 pmol/mg vesicle protein for the high and the low-affinity sites respectively. The estimation of the dissociation constant for non-iodinated toxin, using a competition experiment, revealed only one binding-site population which possessed a dissociation constant of 235 nM. It is concluded that this is the binding site for the native toxin. This site was sensitive towards treatment with proteases or mixed glycosidases. It is suggested that it is a protein or a glycoprotein.
Optimal color space for quantitative analysis of shinny skin (2013)

This paper explores the optimal color space for quantitative analysis of shinny skin. By assuming that the forehead areas hold shine and the outside of cheek areas have no shine, we clip forehead and cheek areas from face images, and then transform them into 4 color spaces: RGB, HSV, YIQ and YCbCr for analysis. Through calculating the statistic values of the clipped image patches, the rate of average difference and the variance difference between shinny area and non-shinny area can be produced. For quantitative evaluation, we calculate correlation between these statistic values and scores of sensory evaluation. By analyzing these correlations, we investigate the optimal color space for quantitative analysis of shinny skin.