gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Land application of manure by animal feeding operations: Is more land needed? (2003)

ABSTRACT: Animal manure has become a major focal point of conservation efforts. A shift in the industry over the past decade towards fewer, larger operations has resulted in concerns over the utilization and disposal of animal manure. Land application of manure, a preferred disposal method, may be difficult and costly to implement on larger operations if restrictions on land disposal increase the amount of land required for spreading. The hog sector provides an example of how restrictions on manure application rates can affect the need for land. Using data from the 1998 Hog Agricultural Resource Management Survey we found that most confined hog operations would need to increase the land receiving manure to meet the needs of a nitrogen-based (N-based) or phosphorus-based (P-based) nutrient management plan. Both are possible under proposed Clean Water Act regulations by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and program goals for the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Smaller operations tended to have adequate land on the operation to meet the needs of a N-based plan in most regions. Larger operations generally had inadequate land for N-based plans. All large operations would need to find substantial amounts of additional land to meet the needs of a P-based plan.
The role of temporal sensing in bioelectromagnetic effects (1997)

Experiments were conducted to see whether the cellular response to electromagnetic (EM) fields occurs through a detection process involving temporal sensing. L929 cells were exposed to 60 Hz magnetic fields and the enhancement of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was measured to determine cellular response to the field. In one set of experiments, the field was turned alternately off and on at intervals of 0.1 to 50 s. For these experiments, field coherence was maintained by eliminating the insertion of random time intervals upon switching. Intervals < or = 1 s produced no enhancement of ODC activity, but fields switched at intervals > or 10 s showed ODC activities that were enhanced by a factor of approximately 1.7. These data indicate that it is the interval over which field parameters (e.g., amplitude or frequency) remain constant, rather than the interval over which the field is coherent, that is critical to cellular response to an EMF. In a second set of experiments, designed to determine how long it would take for cells to detect a change in field parameters, the field was interrupted for brief intervals (25-200 ms) once each second throughout exposure. In this situation, the extent of EMF-induced ODC activity depended upon the duration of the interruption. Interruptions > or = 100 ms were detected by the cell as shown by elimination of field-induced enhancement of ODC. That two time constants (0.1 and 10 s) are involved in cellular EMF detection is consistent with the temporal sensing process associated with bacterial chemotaxis. By analogy with bacterial temporal sensing, cells would continuously sample and average an EM field over intervals of about 0.1 s (the "averaging" time), storing the averaged value in memory. The cell would compare the stored value with the current average, and respond to the EM field only when field parameters remain constant over intervals of approximately 10 s (the "memory" time).
Neural networks ensembles for short-term load forecasting (2011)

This paper proposes a new approach for short-term load forecasting based on neural networks ensembling methods. A comparison between traditional statistical linear seasonal model and ANN-based models has been performed on the real-world building load data, considering the utilisation of external data such as the day of the week and building occupancy data. The selected models have been compared to the prediction of hourly demand for the electric power up to 24 hours for a testing week. Both neural networks ensembles achieved lower average and maximum errors than other models. Experiments showed how the introduction of external data had helped the forecasting.
Virtual Grid Symbolic Layout (1981)

Free form or "stick" type symbolic layout provides a means of simplifying the design of IC subcircuits. To successfully utilize this style of layout, a complete design approach and the necessary tools to support this methodology are required. In particular, one of the requirements of such a design method is the ability to "compact" the loosely specified topology to create a set of valid mask data. This paper presents a new compaction strategy which uses the concept of a virtual grid. The compaction algorithm using the virtual grid is both simple and fast, an attribute which allows the designer to conveniently interact with the algorithm to optimize a layout. In addition to the compaction algorithm, methods used to create large building blocks will be described. The work described here is part of a complete symbolic layout system called MULGA which is written in the C programming language and resides on the UNIX operating system.
Negative Curvature Hollow-core Fibers: Dispersion Properties and Femtosecond Pulse Delivery (2015)

In this work a comparative analysis of dispersion properties of hollow core photonic crystal fibers (HC PCFs) and negative curvature hollow core fibers (NCHCFs) was carried out. It was shown that the main reason for the low dispersion slope of NCHCFs is a strong light localization in the air core in comparison with HC PCFs. The strong light localization in NCHCFs allows not to use the complicated photonic crystal cladding and to reduce the air mode interaction with silica glass elements of the cladding. This conclusion was confirmed by experimental measurement of the group velocity dispersion and femtosecond pulse transmission for the NCHCF.
Dental Erosion (2006)

Erosive tooth wear is a multifactorial condition of growing concern to the clinician and is a subject of extensive research. This book is the first which deals in such detail with dental erosion. It presents the whole spectrum of views on the issue, from the molecular level to behavioral aspects, as well as trends in society. The multifactorial etiological pattern of erosive tooth wear is emphasized and is a strand connecting the different chapters of the book. Definition, diagnosis, prevalence, incidence and chemistry of dental erosion are discussed in the first part of the publication. Further, topics like extrinsic and intrinsic causes of dental erosion are covered and a chapter is devoted to dental erosion in children. Methods of assessment are presented and critically evaluated. The book concludes with themes on dentinal hypersensitivity, risk assessment and preventive measures and restorative options for erosive lesions. This publication is not only highly recommended to faculty members, researchers and dental students, but also to practitioners and other dental professionals who are committed to the prevention and treatment of dental erosion
Quantification of Structural Damage with Self-Organizing Maps (2016)

One of the main tasks in structural health monitoring process is to create reliable algorithms that are capable of translating the measured response into meaningful information reflecting the actual condition of the monitored structure. The authors have recently introduced a novel unsupervised vibration-based damage detection algorithm that utilizes self-organizing maps to quantify structural damage and assess the overall condition of structures. Previously, this algorithm had been tested using the experimental data of Phase II Experimental Benchmark Problem of Structural Health Monitoring, introduced by the IASC (International Association for Structural Control) and ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers). In this paper, the ability of this algorithm to quantify structural damage is tested analytically using an experimentally validated finite element model of a laboratory structure constructed at Qatar University.
Strong Ultraviolet-Emitting ZnF<sub>2</sub>:Gd Thin Film Electroluminescent Device (1991)

A ZnF 2 :Gd thin film electroluminescent device was fabricated, and very strong ultraviolet (UV) emission was achieved from this device. This UV emission showed a sharp line at 311.5 nm assigned to the 6 P 7/2 → 8 S 7/2 transition of Gd 3+ ion. Blue photoluminescence was observed from the CaF 2 :Eu single crystal excited by the ZnF 2 :Gd electroluminescent device.
Rapid Detection of <i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i> by PCR-Enzyme Immunoassay (1998)

ABSTRACT Chlamydia pneumoniae is an important human respiratory pathogen. Laboratory diagnosis of infection with this organism is difficult. To facilitate the detection of C. pneumoniae by PCR, an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for analysis of PCR products was developed. Biotin-labeled PCR products generated from the 16S rRNA gene of C. pneumoniae were hybridized to a digoxigenin-labeled probe and then immobilized to streptavidin-coated microtiter plates. Bound PCR product-probe hybrids were detected with antidigoxigenin peroxidase conjugate and a colorimetric substrate. This EIA was as sensitive as Southern blot hybridization for the detection of PCR products and 100 times more sensitive than visualization of PCR products on agarose gels. The diagnostic value of the PCR-EIA in comparison to cell culture was assessed in throat swab specimens from children with respiratory tract infections. C. pneumoniae was isolated from only 1 of 368 specimens tested. In contrast, 15 patient specimens were repeatedly positive for C. pneumoniae by PCR and Southern analysis. All of these 15 specimens were also identified by PCR-EIA. Of the 15 specimens positive by 16S rRNA-based PCR, 13 specimens could be confirmed by omp1 -based PCR or direct fluorescent-antibody assay. Results of this study demonstrate that PCR is more sensitive than cell culture for the detection of C. pneumoniae . The EIA described here is a rapid, sensitive, and simple method for detection of amplified C. pneumoniae DNA.
Anti-Semaphorin 3A neutralization monoclonal antibody prevents sepsis development in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice (2015)

Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), originally identified as a potent growth cone collapsing factor in developing sensory neurons, is now recognized as a key player in immune, cardiovascular, bone metabolism and neurological systems. Here we established an anti-Sema3A monoclonal antibody that neutralizes the effects of Sema3A both in vitro and in vivo. The anti-Sema3A neutralization chick IgM antibodies were screened by combining an autonomously diversifying library selection system and an in vitro growth cone collapse assay. We further developed function-blocking chick-mouse chimeric and humanized anti-Sema3A antibodies. We found that our anti-Sema3A antibodies were effective for improving the survival rate in lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis in mice. Our antibody is a potential therapeutic agent that may prevent the onset of or alleviate symptoms of human diseases associated with Sema3A.
Sampling and Determination of Formaldehyde Using Solid-Phase Microextraction with On-Fiber Derivatization (1998)

Gaseous formaldehyde is sampled by derivatization with o-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride (PFBHA) adsorbed onto poly (dimethylsiloxane)/divinylbenzene solid-phase microextraction fibers. The product of the reaction is an oxime which is thermally very stable and insensitive to light. The oxime can be analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and other detectors. Loading PFBHA on the fiber is by room-temperature headspace extraction from aqueous solutions of PFBHA. The process of loading and desorption of unreacted PFBHA, and oxime formed, is both highly reproducible and reversible, with more than 200 loading, sampling, and analysis steps possible with one fiber. The standard formaldehyde gas concentrations studied ranged from 15 to 3200 ppbv with sampling times from 10 s to 12 min. Quantification can be achieved via interpolation from calibration curves of area counts as a function of formaldehyde concentration for a fixed sampling time. Sampling for 10 s yields a method detection limit of 40 ppbv and at 300 s the method detection limit is 4.6 ppbv. This is equal to or better than all other conventional grab sampling methods for gaseous formaldehyde employing sampling trains or passive sampling techniques. Alternatively, gaseous formaldehyde can be quantified with an empirically established apparent first-order rate constant (0.0030 ng/(ppbv s) at 25 °C) for the reaction between sorbed PFBHA and gaseous formaldehyde. This first-order rate constant allows for quantitative analyses without a calibration curve, only requiring detector calibration with the oxime. This new method was used for the headspace sampling of air known to contain formaldehyde, as well as other carbonyl compounds, and from various matrixes such as cosmetics and building products.
Genomic approaches in the management and treatment of breast cancer (2005)

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy afflicting women from Western cultures. It has been estimated that approximately 211 000 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in 2003 in the United States alone, and each year over 40 000 women will die of this disease. Developments in breast cancer molecular and cellular biology research have brought us closer to understanding the genetic basis of this disease. Unfortunately, this information has not yet been incorporated into the routine diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in the clinic. Recent advancements in microarray technology hold the promise of further increasing our understanding of the complexity and heterogeneity of this disease, and providing new avenues for the prognostication and prediction of breast cancer outcomes. The most recent application of microarray genomic technologies to studying breast cancer will be the focus of this review.
Time direction determination of asymmetric ultrashort optical pulses from second-harmonic generation autocorrelation signals (1989)

A general procedure for determining pulse asymmetry including time direction is described. Fundamental and second-harmonic interferometric autocorrelations are measured before and after passing through a glass block. Pulse form is reconstructed iteratively for each pulse, yet time direction is ambiguous. Time direction for both pulses is then simultaneously determined by phase curvature comparison in the frequency domain, taking the known dispersion of the glass block into account. This results in complete evaluation of ultrashort optical pulses. This method is demonstrated successfully for passively mode-locked dye laser pulses.
Growth and Device Performance of AlGaN/GaN Heterostructure with AlSiC Precoverage on Silicon Substrate (2014)

A crack-free AlGaN/GaN heterostructure was grown on 4-inch Si (111) substrate with initial dot-like AlSiC precoverage layer. It is believed that introducing the AlSiC layer between AlN wetting layer and Si substrate is more effective in obtaining a compressively stressed film growth than conventional Al precoverage on Si surface. The metal semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET), fabricated on the AlGaN/GaN heterostructure grown with the AlSiC layer, exhibited normally on characteristics, such as threshold voltage of −2.3 V, maximum drain current of 370 mA/mm, and transconductance of 124 mS/mm.
Tell me Dave: Context-sensitive grounding of natural language to manipulation instructions (2015)

It is important for a robot to be able to interpret natural language commands given by a human. In this paper, we consider performing a sequence of mobile manipulation tasks with instructions described in natural language. Given a new environment, even a simple task such as boiling water would be performed quite differently depending on the presence, location and state of the objects. We start by collecting a dataset of task descriptions in free-form natural language and the corresponding grounded task-logs of the tasks performed in an online robot simulator. We then build a library of verb–environment instructions that represents the possible instructions for each verb in that environment, these may or may not be valid for a different environment and task context. We present a model that takes into account the variations in natural language and ambiguities in grounding them to robotic instructions with appropriate environment context and task constraints. Our model also handles incomplete or noisy natural language instructions. It is based on an energy function that encodes such properties in a form isomorphic to a conditional random field. We evaluate our model on tasks given in a robotic simulator and show that it successfully outperforms the state of the art with 61.8% accuracy. We also demonstrate a grounded robotic instruction sequence on a PR2 robot using the Learning from Demonstration approach.
Design of oxidation‐resistant coatings for high‐temperature composites (1991)

Abstract Fabrication of oxidation‐resistant carbon fiber reinforced carbon composites requires use of high‐temperature CVD deposition of coatings such as SiC. In this paper the use of low‐temperature chemical approaches for depositing oxidation‐resistant coatings was explored. Coatings of SiO 2 , B 2 O 3 , and SiC were examined, with the intent of distinguishing possible failure mechanisms. Factors contributing to poor oxidation resistance of these coatings include presence of microcracks in the original preparation of the coating and diffusion of oxygen through the coating at high temperatures.
The mitochondria-targeted nitroxide JP4-039 augments potentially lethal irradiation damage repair. (2009)

It was unknown if a mitochondria-targeted nitroxide (JP4-039) could augment potentially lethal damage repair (PLDR) of cells in quiescence. We evaluated 32D cl 3 murine hematopoietic progenitor cells which were irradiated and then either centrifuged to pellets (to simulate PLDR conditions) or left in exponential growth for 0, 24, 48 or 72 h. Pelleted cells demonstrated cell cycle arrest with a greater percentage in the G(1)-phase than did exponentially growing cells. Irradiation survival curves demonstrated a significant radiation damage mitigation effect of JP4-039 over untreated cells in cells pelleted for 24 h. No significant radiation mitigation was detected if drugs were added 48 or 72 h after irradiation. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrated a greater concentration of JP4-039 in mitochondria of 24 h-pelleted cells than in exponentially growing cells. These results establish a potential role of mitochondria-targeted nitroxide drugs as mitigators of radiation damage to quiescent cells including stem cells.
Outer membrane vesicles displaying engineered glycotopes elicit protective antibodies (2016)

The O-antigen polysaccharide (O-PS) component of lipopolysaccharides on the surface of gram-negative bacteria is both a virulence factor and a B-cell antigen. Antibodies elicited by O-PS often confer protection against infection; therefore, O-PS glycoconjugate vaccines have proven useful against a number of different pathogenic bacteria. However, conventional methods for natural extraction or chemical synthesis of O-PS are technically demanding, inefficient, and expensive. Here, we describe an alternative methodology for producing glycoconjugate vaccines whereby recombinant O-PS biosynthesis is coordinated with vesiculation in laboratory strains of Escherichia coli to yield glycosylated outer membrane vesicles (glycOMVs) decorated with pathogen-mimetic glycotopes. Using this approach, glycOMVs corresponding to eight different pathogenic bacteria were generated. For example, expression of a 17-kb O-PS gene cluster from the highly virulent Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis (type A) strain Schu S4 in hypervesiculating E. coli cells yielded glycOMVs that displayed F. tularensis O-PS. Immunization of BALB/c mice with glycOMVs elicited significant titers of O-PS-specific serum IgG antibodies as well as vaginal and bronchoalveolar IgA antibodies. Importantly, glycOMVs significantly prolonged survival upon subsequent challenge with F. tularensis Schu S4 and provided complete protection against challenge with two different F. tularensis subsp. holarctica (type B) live vaccine strains, thereby demonstrating the vaccine potential of glycOMVs. Given the ease with which recombinant glycotopes can be expressed on OMVs, the strategy described here could be readily adapted for developing vaccines against many other bacterial pathogens.
The role of ankyrin and spectrin in membrane transport and domain formation (1998)

Recent discoveries reveal a Golgi-centric spectrin-ankyrin skeleton required for Golgi integrity and anterograde protein trafficking. Identification of specific functional domains in spectrin that mediate its association with motor proteins and the Golgi complex has allowed novel insights into the structure and function of the secretory pathway, and into how this process is controlled by ADP-ribosylation factor and phosphoinositides. Alternative models of Golgi spectrin function that have been recently proposed are reviewed.
Some Direct Comparisons between Light and Dark Adaptation* (1955)

Both the absolute threshold and the difference threshold appear to be limited by photochemical conditions in the visual receptor during dark adaptation, and after complete light adaptation to any luminance level. During light adaptation the absolute threshold reflects photochemical conditions but the difference threshold does not. It is suggested that this is because the difference threshold is affected by the near-maximum response of the visual receptor during early light adaptation. Experiments which test this idea are reported.
Combinatorial Algorithms for Fast Clock Mesh Optimization (2009)

Clock mesh has been widely used to distribute the clock signal across the chip. Clock mesh is driven by a top-level tree and a set of mesh buffers. We present fast and efficient combinatorial algorithms to simultaneously identify the candidate locations as well as sizes of the buffers driving the clock mesh. We show that such a sizing offers a better solution than inserting buffers of uniform size across the mesh. Due to the high redundancy, a mesh architecture offers high tolerance toward variations in clock skew. However, such a redundancy comes at the expense of mesh wire length and power dissipation. Based on survivable network theory, we formulate the problem to reduce the clock mesh by retaining only those edges that are critical to maintain redundancy. Such a formulation offers designer the option to tradeoff between power and tolerance to process variations. We present efficient postprocessing techniques to reduce the size of the mesh buffers after mesh reduction. Experimental results indicate that our techniques can result in <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">power savings up to 28% with less than 3.3% delay penalty</i> . We also present driver models that can help in simulating the clock mesh. Such models achieve near-HSPICE accuracy with significant speedup in run time.
Self-Generation of Chaotic Solitary Spin Wave Pulses in Magnetic Film Active Feedback Rings (2005)

The chaotic self-generation of short solitary spin wave pulses has been observed for the first time. The pulses were produced from parametrically excited spin waves in an yttrium-iron-garnet film in an active feedback ring under conditions where both three-wave and four-wave parametric processes were allowed. The power-frequency spectrum was broadband and chaotic.