gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Late Ch'ing foreign relations, 1866–1905 (1980)

Late Ch'ing foreign relations must be examined both in the global context of intensified imperialism and shifting power configurations among the leading Western states and Japan, and also against the background of the progressive decline of Manchu rule and the disintegration of the imperial tradition of foreign intercourse. The last three decades of the nineteenth century were a period of accelerated foreign imperialism in China. Korea, regarded by the Chinese as a valuable 'outer fence' of North China, was a leading tributary state during Ming and Ch'ing times. The Japanese minister in Peking warned Prince Ch'ing that any concession on the Russian occupation of Manchuria would lead to the partition of China. It was clear that if the Anglo-Japanese Alliance led to a Russo-Japanese understanding, China would be the loser, and if it led to a war, Chinese territory would be the battleground, and China would be at the mercy of the victor.
SIM Card of the Next-Generation Wireless Networks: Security, Potential Vulnerabilities and Solutions (2018)

The embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card (eUICC) is used in Machine-to-Machine communications. However, with the upcoming of 5G and the extended exploitation of Internet of Things, the next-generation of wireless systems and future smartphones will be equipped with the eUICC. The objective is to avoid the SIM card change in case where the data, the application type or the operator is changed. This implies that remote switching from one operator to another without any change of hardware or physical contact is now possible by remotely reprogramming the eUICC with less cost, less time and more efficiency. Also, linking multiple machines with the same phone number, and then on the same billing, will be a reality. However, the major concern in the use of eUICC is the mutual security between the user and the operator. In this paper, we study the security mechanisms of eUICC, according to the specifications of the international standardization bodies, and arise the potential vulnerabilities. We propose solutions to avoid such potential vulnerabilities.
An Approach to Concurrent Control Flow Checking (1980)

A control flow checking scheme capable of detecting control flow errors of programs resulting from software coding errors, hardware malfunctions, or memory mutilation during the execution of the program is presented. In this approach, the program is partitioned into loop-free intervals and a database containing the path information in each of the loop-free intervals is derived from the detailed design. The path in each loop-free interval actually traversed at run time is recorded and then checked against the information provided in the database, and any discrepancy indicates an error. This approach is general, and can detect all uncompensated illegal branches. Any uncompensated error that occurs during the execution of a loop-free interval and manifests itself as a wrong branch within the loop-free interval or right after the completion of execution of the loop-free interval is also detectable. The approach can also be used to check the control flow in the testing phase of program development. The capabilities, limitations, implementation, and the overhead of using this approach are discussed.
Technical Improvements in the Computational Target Search for Antisense Oligonucleotides (2005)

A number of theoretical and experimental approaches to design biologically active antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ON) have proven their usefulness. This includes systematic computational strategies that are based on the understanding of antisense mechanisms. Here, we investigate in detail the relationship between computational parameters of the local target search for the theoretical design of AS-ON and the hit rate, that is, the biologic efficacy of AS-ON in cell culture. The computational design of AS-ON studied in this work is based on an established algorithm to predict structurally favorable local target sites along a given target RNA against which AS-ON are directed. Briefly, a sequence segment of a certain length (window) is used to predict a group of lowest-energy RNA secondary structures. Subsequently, this window is shifted along the target sequence by a certain step width. To date, those technical parameters of the systematic structural target analysis have been chosen arbitrarily. Here, we investigate their role for the successful design of AS-ON and suggest an optimized computer-based protocol for the selection of favorable local target sequences and, hence, an improved design of active AS-ON. Further, this study provides systematic insights into the structure- function relationship of AS-ON.
Valence, Oxidation Number, and Formal Charge: Three Related but Fundamentally Different Concepts (2006)

Terms such as valence, oxidation number, coordination number, formal charge, and number of bonds are widely used throughout chemistry. Although each of these terms has a distinct meaning, their utility is lessened by imprecise usage. Valence, for example, is frequently taken to be synonymous with oxidation number. However, while valence and oxidation number are coincidentally equal for many compounds, the relationship breaks down in many cases; in such situations, the use of oxidation number instead of valence can result in misleading descriptions of molecules. The purpose of this article is to clarify these terms and illustrate how the valence of an atom in a molecule provides a much more meaningful criterion for establishing the chemical reasonableness of a molecule than does the oxidation number.
Multiple-Electrode Radiofrequency Ablation Creates Confluent Areas of Necrosis: In Vivo Porcine Liver Results (2006)

Compared with the single and cluster systems used as controls, the multiple-electrode RF ablation system enabled the creation of significantly larger coagulation zones.
Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Obtained from Ultrasonic Irradiated Sugarcane Bagasse (2006)

Cell walls of sugarcane bagasse were first delignified with chlorite followed by ultrasonic irradiation and then by two-step sequential extractions at 23 degrees C with 15 and 18% KOH for 2 h, 15 and 18% NaOH for 2 h, 8 and 10% KOH for 12 h, and 8 and 10% NaOH for 12 h and by a single one-stage isolation with 10% KOH for 16 h and with 10% NaOH for 16 h, which released 79.4, 81.8, 83.6, 85.7, 61.5, and 65.6% of the original hemicelluloses, and subsequently yielded 50.7, 49.5, 48.6, 47.8, 57.2, and 55.4% of the cellulose, respectively. The six cellulosic preparations were free of bound lignin and had a purity of 77.1-90.1% with the intrinsic viscosity (eta), viscosity average degree of polymerization, and molecular weight (M(w)) ranging from 534.1 to 631.6 mL g(-1), from 1858.1 to 2238.2 mL g(-1), and from 301000 to 362600 g mol(-1), respectively. The structural features of the isolated six cellulosic samples were comparatively examined by Fourier transform infrared and cross-polarization/magic angle spinning (13)C NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, and their thermal stability was investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that all of the cellulosic preparations have the typical cellulose I structure but the crystallinity of the SCB cellulose was lower than that of flax, cotton, and kenaf.
Automatic eyes localization in thermal images for temperature measurement in cattle (2017)

Infrared thermography technology (IRT) is a non-invasive method that has been used to measure the temperature from Infrared images. The measured temperature can be correlated to evaluate health status. Due to the ability of IRT for measuring temperature remotely, IRT has succeeded widely in detecting a different kind of diseases and inflammations in the animal. Many studies pointed out that eye is the best region for measuring body temperature. Recent work deals with automation of the measurement as a part of the computer-aided diagnosis system. However, such system still based on localization of the eye manually. This paper proposes a novel automated method for eyes localization in cattle. The proposed algorithm is work based on masking the face by modified ellipse detection algorithm. It also extends to remove the consideration for the position and orientation of target animal. Experimental results show that proposed algorithm is working well for localization purpose and temperature measurement as the final result.
Personal Health Information Leak Prevention in Heterogeneous Texts (2009)

We built a system which prevents leaks of personal health information inadvertently disclosed in heterogeneous text data. The system works with free-form texts. We empirically tested the system on files gathered from peer-to-peer file exchange networks. This study presents our text analysis apparatus. We discuss adaptation of lexical sources used in medical, scientific, domain for analysis of personal health information.
Sputtered ZrO/sub 2/ overcoat with superior corrosion protection and mechanical performance in thin film rigid disk application (1988)

A sputtered zirconia overcoat for thin-film rigid-disk applications has been developed with exceptional corrosion protection and mechanical performance. The target material is a transformation-toughened yttria-stabilized zirconia with yttria composition in the range between 5 and 15 wt.%. At thickness between 20 and 30 nm, the film provides excellent wear resistance and low friction coefficient even after repeated contact start-stop testing, and it offers much greater corrosion protection than the conventional carbon overcoat of comparable thickness. A transmission electron microscopy analysis of the sputtered film shows that it is composed of polycrystalline particles, with grain size of the order of 10 nm. The microstructure and the mechanical characteristics of the sputtered film can be modified by the addition of up to 15 wt.% alumina to the target. The grain size of the film can be reduced by the alumina addition, so that extremely fine-grained to near-amorphous structure can be obtained. The friction coefficient is reduced further with alumina addition, and corrosion protection is increased.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Study of the thermal degradation of poly(<i>N</i>‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) by thermogravimetry–FTIR (1993)

Abstract The thermal degradation of poly( N ‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) (PVP) was studied by dynamic thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in the range 200–600°C under nitrogen and oxygen atmospheres at various heating rates. The apparent activation energy of the degradative process was determined by the application of kinetic treatments, giving an average value of 242 kj/mol in N 2 , whereas in the presence of oxygen, two trends may be considered: At relatively low temperatures (200–400°C) and degrees of conversion, α, lower than 0.5, we obtained an average value of 199 kj/mol, whereas in the temperature interval 400–600°C with degrees of conversion higher than 0.5, the value of E a was 306 kj/mol. Isothermal experiments carried out in N 2 in the interval 350–400°C gave an average value of E a = 231 kj/mol, in good agreement with that obtained from dynamic treatments. The FTIR spectra of the volatile compounds evolved in degradation experiments carried out in N 2 as well as in the presence of oxygen suggest that PVP is thermally degraded, predominantly, by the release of the pyrrolidone side group and the subsequent decomposition of polyenic sequences. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
New drugs creating new challenges in acute myeloid leukemia (2019)

The therapeutic landscape is rapidly changing, with eight new drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration within the last 2 years, including midostaurin and gilteritinib for FLT3 mutant newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukemia (AML), respectively; CPX-351 (liposomal cytarabine and daunorubicin) for therapy-related AML and AML with myelodysplasia-related changes; gemtuzumab ozogamicin (anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody conjugated with calicheamicin) for newly diagnosed and R/R CD33-positive AML; enasidenib and ivosidenib for IDH2 and IDH1 mutant R/R AML, respectively. Novel therapies have also emerged for newly diagnosed AML in adults who are age 75 years or older, or who have comorbidities that preclude the use of intensive induction chemotherapy. These include venetoclax (BCL-2 inhibitor) in combination with hypomethylating agents (azacitidine or decitabine) or low-dose cytarabine (LDAC), and glasdegib (sonic hedgehog pathway inhibitor) in combination with LDAC. This flurry of new drug approvals has markedly altered the treatment landscape in AML and provided new opportunities, as well as new challenges for treating clinicians. This review will focus on how these drugs might shape clinical practice and the hurdles likely to be faced by new therapies seeking entry into this dynamic and rapidly changing therapeutic landscape.
Corpus-Based Computational Linguistics (1993)

Eric ATWELL: Corpus-Based Statistical Modelling of English Grammar. Laurie BAUER: Progress with a Corpus of New Zealand English and some early results. Lou BURNARD: The Text Encoding Initiative: a further report. James COWIE: Deriving a Vocabulary of Part-Names from a Field Guide Text. Paul GORMAN and Nigel HARDY: CLAWS, Ada, and Software Components. Sidney GREENBAUM: The Tagset for the International Corpus of English. Louise GUTHRIE: A Note on Lexical Disambiguation. Pieter de HAAN: Sentence Length in Running Text. Christine JOHANSSON: WHOSE and OF WHICH with nonpersonal antecedents in written and spoken English. Gerry KNOWLES: From text to waveform: converting the Lancaster/IBM Spoken English Corpus into a speech database. Willem MEIJS: Exploring Lexical Knowledge. Charles MEYER and Richard TENNEY: Tagger: an Interactive Tagging Program. Jacques NOEL: Using the COBUILD examples to improve the Grammar Notes. Richard PIEPENBROCK: A Longer Term View on the Interaction between Lexicons and Text Corpora in Language Investigation. Josef SCHMIED: Qualitative and quantitative research approaches to English relative constructions. Clive SOUTER: Harmonising a lexical database with a corpus-based grammar. Anne WICHMANN: Gradients and categories in intonation: a study of the perception and production of falling tones. Kay WIKBERG: Verbs as indicators of text type and/or style: some observations on the LOB Corpus. Andrew WILSON and Paul RAYSON: Automatic content analysis of spoken discourse.
A Sar Moving Target Ambiguity Function (1996)

The moving target ambiguity function of a ground mapping, airbome synthetic aperture radar is derived. It is shown that a nonuniform pulse repetition interval gives this radar the dual capability of full resolution ground imaging and unambiguous, two dimensional moving target velocity and position determination.
Aerosol size distribution models based on in situ measurements (1997)

We present an aerosol size distribution model summarizing measurements of sulfate, sea salt, and dust aerosol obtained in the marine boundary layer and marine free troposphere. Stratospheric aerosol cases are not included here. Aerosols were sampled in both both clean background conditions and aged anthropogenic aerosol (>3 days) which had advected over the ocean. Model size distributions are developed for the sulfate accumulation mode, sea‐salt coarse mode, and dust coarse mode. The data demonstrate that both the accumulation and coarse mode aerosol gradually shift to larger diameters as the aerosol mass increases. Based on this relationship, it is possible to estimate the size distribution based on aerosol mass. Comparisons with other aerosol models show significant differences, which suggest further measuring and modeling efforts are needed.
The gene for a small stable RNA (10Sa RNA) of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1989)

A gene that codes for a small stable RNA (362 nucleotides) has been sequenced. It is a monocistronic gene, with its own promoter and terminator. It produces a precursor that is about 100 nucleotides longer than the mature RNA with all the extra nucleotides at the 3' end. The gene contains an open reading frame that corresponds to a small protein 25 amino acids long.
Experimental Demonstration of Birefringence Compensation Using Angled Star Couplers in Silica-Based Arrayed Waveguide Grating (2012)

A birefringence compensation technique based on angled star couplers in arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) is experimentally investigated in silica-on-silicon waveguide with B–Ge codoped upper cladding. A 16-channel AWG with 100-GHz channel spacing is designed and fabricated. The star couplers are designed according to Rowland circle construction with an oblique incident/diffraction angle. Five different polarization compensation parameters corresponding to different incident/diffraction angles are employed to investigate the stress-induced birefringence. The experimental results confirm that the polarization-dependent wavelength shift <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX"> $(\hbox{PD}\lambda)$</tex></formula> can be tuned by varying the incident/diffraction angle at the star couplers, and a birefringence-free AWG can be achieved without any additional fabrication process.
A microfluidic chip for real-time studies of the volume of single cells (2008)

We report a microfluidic chip that is capable of measuring volume changes in single cells in real-time. Single eukaryotic cells were immobilized in the sensing area and changes in volume in response to hypotonic challenges and drugs were measured using the electrical impedance method. Experiments on MDCK cells showed that the maximum swelling and the time course of swelling vary between individual cells following hypotonic stimulation. The microfluidic chip allows, rapid and convenient change of solutions, enabling detailed studies of various drugs and chemicals that may play important role in cell physiology at the single cell level.
Transfer Learning for Material Classification using Convolutional Networks (2016)

Material classification in natural settings is a challenge due to complex interplay of geometry, reflectance properties, and illumination. Previous work on material classification relies strongly on hand-engineered features of visual samples. In this work we use a Convolutional Neural Network (convnet) that learns descriptive features for the specific task of material recognition. Specifically, transfer learning from the task of object recognition is exploited to more effectively train good features for material classification. The approach of transfer learning using convnets yields significantly higher recognition rates when compared to previous state-of-the-art approaches. We then analyze the relative contribution of reflectance and shading information by a decomposition of the image into its intrinsic components. The use of convnets for material classification was hindered by the strong demand for sufficient and diverse training data, even with transfer learning approaches. Therefore, we present a new data set containing approximately 10k images divided into 10 material categories.
Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly of Block Copolymer Nano-objects via RAFT Aqueous Dispersion Polymerization (2014)

In this Perspective, we discuss the recent development of polymerization-induced self-assembly mediated by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) aqueous dispersion polymerization. This approach has quickly become a powerful and versatile technique for the synthesis of a wide range of bespoke organic diblock copolymer nano-objects of controllable size, morphology, and surface functionality. Given its potential scalability, such environmentally-friendly formulations are expected to offer many potential applications, such as novel Pickering emulsifiers, efficient microencapsulation vehicles, and sterilizable thermo-responsive hydrogels for the cost-effective long-term storage of mammalian cells.
Ensuring correct site surgery (2002)

AORN is committed to promoting the identification of the correct surgical site. Using the suggested risk-prevention strategies when developing policies and procedures will reduce the risk of error. AORN's position statement on correct site surgery is available on AORN Online (i.e., http://www.aorn.org/about/positions/correct site.htm). Other resources can be found on the Patient Safety First web site (i.e., http://www.patient safetyfirst.org). As patient advocates, perioperative RNs should communicate with all members of the surgical team to verify the correct surgical site. Individual facility policy should clearly delineate the role and responsibility of the physician and other team members in marking and verifying the patient's-identity and the correct surgical site, procedure, and laterality. Perioperative nurses also should think about the last time an error or a near miss related to wrong site surgery occurred. Compare your facility's current policy and procedure to JCAHO recommendations and work within your facility to develop, implement, and monitor a collaboratively developed, multidisciplinary policy and procedure. If your facility has not addressed the issue of wrong site surgery, learn more about why this problem occurs and see what you can do to make correct site surgery an expectation--100% of the time.
On computing exact visual hulls of solids bounded by smooth surfaces (2005)

This paper presents a method for computing the visual hull that is based on two novel representations: the rim mesh, which describes the connectivity of contour generators on the object surface; and the visual hull mesh, which describes the exact structure of the surface of the solid formed by intersecting a finite number of visual cones. We describe the topological features of these meshes and show how they can be identified in the image using epipolar constraints. These constraints are used to derive an image-based practical reconstruction algorithm that works with weakly calibrated cameras. Experiments on synthetic and real data validate the proposed approach.
Photoacoustic Microscopy and Spectroscopy of Individual Red Blood Cells (2010)

Optoacoustic imaging relies on the ultrasonic detection of pressure waves created after optical absorption. In this work we demonstrate imaging single red blood cells using an ultrasonic detection system at 200 and 400 MHz.
The DOPA Ephemera: A Recurrent Motif in Invertebrates (1992)

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) occurs transiently in nature as a free or peptide-bound amino acid. It is probably universally distributed in tissues and fluids of invertebrates. DOPA is a highly versatile metabolite, participating in neuroendocrine, immune, and reproductive functions, as well as in the formation of such products as bioadhesives, silks, integuments, and pigments. The mechanism by which DOPA is formed from tyrosine or peptidyl tyrosine remains to be determined in most cases. Future advances in DOPA chemistry may lead to a better understanding of the resonance between structural and sensory functions in animals.
A 1.56 THz Spot Scanning Radar Range for Fully Polarimetric W-Band Scale Model Measurements (2000)

A radar transceiver operating at 1.56 THz was recently developed to obtain coherent, fully polarimetric W-band (98 GHz) Radar Cross Section (RCS) images of 1:16 scale-model targets. The associated optical system operates by scanning a small focused beam of swept frequency radiation across a scale-model target to resolve individual scattering centers and to obtain the scaled RCS values for the centers. Output from a tunable microwave source (10-17 GHz) is mixed with narrow band submillimeter-wave radiation in a Schottky diode mixer to produce the chirped transmit signal. Two high-frequency Schottky diode mixers are used for reception of the V-pol and H-pol receive states, with a fourth mixer providing a system phase reference. The full 2x2 complex polarization scattering matrix (PSM) for each resolved center is obtained following off-line data processing. Measurement examples of five simple calibration objects and a tank are presented.