gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determination of residual stress in low-temperature PECVD silicon nitride thin films (2004)

Two experimental techniques have been investigated to examine residual stress in low temperature plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposited (PECVD) SiN<sub>x</sub> thin films: one that measures the stress induced substrate curvature, and the other that takes advantage of the stress induced deformation of freestanding diagnostic microstructures. A general linear dependence of residual stress on deposition temperature is observed, with the magnitude of stress changing linearly from circa 300MPa tensile stress to circa 600MPa compressive stress as the deposition temperature is decreased from 300°C to 100°C. However, the results deviate from the linear dependence by a different degree for both measurement techniques at successively lower deposition temperatures. The stress values obtained via the substrate curvature method deviate from the linear dependence for deposition temperatures below 200°C, whereas the values obtained via the diagnostic microstructures method deviate from the linear dependence for deposition temperatures below 100°C. Stress uniformity over the deposition area is also investigated.
Metastatic breast cancer cells in lymph nodes increase nodal collagen density (2015)

The most life-threatening aspect of breast cancer is the occurrence of metastatic disease. The tumor draining lymph nodes typically are the first sites of metastasis in breast cancer. Collagen I fibers and the extracellular matrix have been implicated in breast cancer to form avenues for metastasis. In this study, we have investigated extracellular matrix molecules such as collagen I fibers in the lymph nodes of mice bearing orthotopic human breast cancer xenografts. The lymph nodes in mice with metastatic MDA-MB-231 and SUM159 tumor xenografts and tumor xenografts grown from circulating tumor cell lines displayed an increased collagen I density compared to mice with no tumor and mice with non-metastatic T-47D and MCF-7 tumor xenografts. These results suggest that cancer cells that have metastasized to the lymph nodes can modify the extracellular matrix components of these lymph nodes. Clinically, collagen density in the lymph nodes may be a good marker for identifying lymph nodes that have been invaded by breast cancer cells.
Dendritic and Synaptic Plasticity of Neurons in the Human Age-Related Macular Degeneration Retina (2007)

These findings illustrate that there are anatomic changes in the AMD retina at all eccentricities, not just in the macular region. Aged human retinal neurons have the capacity to form new synapses, and this finding may be important when investigating possible means of repairing the damaged human retina.
Studies on nucleic acid reassociation kinetics: rate of hybridization of excess RNA with DNA, compared to the rate of DNA renaturation. (1977)

The rate of reaction of double-stranded replicative form (RF) [3H]DNA of bacteriophage phiX174 with excess (+)strand DNA and (+)strand RNA was measured by standard methods of hydroxyapatite chromatography. The reactions follow pseudo-first-order kinetics and the observed rate constant for the RNA-DNA reaction differs less than 25% from that of the DNA-DNA reaction. The pseudo-first-order rate constants are close to the value predicted on the basis of the second-order rate constant measured in the renaturation of the double-stranded phiX RF [3H]DNA.
A novel isolation technology in bulk micromachining using deep reactive ion etching and a polysilicon refill (2000)

Isolation and interconnection of microstructures are important for microelectrical-mechanical system technology, because a microstructure generally acts as both a mechanical unit and an electric unit. In this work, we have developed a novel isolation technology for a bulk micromachining process using DRIE (deep reactive ion etching) and wafer bonding technology, which has gained importance in recent years. The technology combines DRIE and polysilicon refill technologies. A series of polysilicon bars covered by thermal oxide serves as the isolation structure. The structure can be used for flexible or rigid connection between two moveable microstructures or between a fixed structure and a moveable microstructure. The measured isolation and mechanical performance is good enough to realize its function.
On Efficient Tuning of LS-SVM Hyper-Parameters in Short-Term Load Forecasting: A Comparative Study (2007)

Power load forecasting is essential in the task scheduling of every electricity production and distribution facility. This paper studies the application of a variety of tuning techniques for optimizing the least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) hyper-parameters in a short-term load forecasting problem. Clearly, the construction of any effective and accurate LS-SVM model depends on carefully setting the associated hyper-parameters. As a result, available optimization techniques including genetic algorithms (GA), simulated annealing (SA), Bayesian evidence framework and cross validation (CV) are applied and then compared for performance time, accuracy and computational cost. As a measure of effectiveness, the introduced algorithms are trained and tested on historical data obtained from Ontario's Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) for the Canadian city, Toronto. Experimental results show that optimized LS-SVM by Bayesian framework can achieve greater accuracy and faster speed than other techniques including LS- SVM tuned with genetic algorithm, simulated annealing and 10- fold cross validation.
Structure, Function, and Evolutionary Relationships of Fc Domains of Human Immunoglobulins A, G, M, and E (1976)

Human immunoglobulins, A, G, M, and E have strong homology in amino acid sequence (about 30 percent) distributed nonuniformly throughout the Fc region. Immunoglobulins M are A are least alike in the first Fc domain and most alike in the second. Individual domains of heavy chains have evolved with different mutation rates but with conservation of essential structural features. No relation of primary structure to complement binding ability is apparent.
Enhanced Vector Competence of <I>Aedes aegypti</I> (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Torres Strait Compared with Mainland Australia for Dengue 2 and 4 Viruses (2003)

Australian Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes colonized from the Torres Strait and three mainland localities (Charters Towers, Townsville, and Cairns) were fed on blood suspensions containing dengue virus type 2 (DEN-2) or dengue virus type 4 (DEN-4). Variation was found in oral susceptibility to DEN-2 (59 -99% infection) and DEN-4 (28-79% infection) among Ae. aegypti assayed for virus at 8, 12, 16, or 20 d after ingestion of infected blood. Torres Strait Ae. aegypti were the most susceptible to DEN-2 and were significantly more efficient in transmission to capillary tube at 16 d (76% transmission) than mainland Ae. aegypti populations (20-28% transmission). Torres Strait Ae. aegypti were also the most susceptible to DEN-4, although transmission did not vary significantly from mainland populations at 16 d (12% compared with 0-4%) or 20 d (16% compared with 4-16%). Disseminated infection (i.e., leg infection) with either DEN-2 or DEN-4 was not an accurate predictor of transmission potential. This study demonstrates differences among Australian Ae. aegypti populations in vector competence for DEN-2 and DEN-4. Torres Strait Ae. aegypti were more frequently infected and able to transmit DEN-2 at higher rates than mainland populations. These data indicate that the Torres Strait region is potentially more receptive to dengue transmission than mainland localities, a finding discussed with respect to past outbreaks.
Mechanism of the Ferrocyanide–Iodate–Sulfite Oscillatory Chemical Reaction (2016)

Existing models of the ferrocyanide-iodate-sulfite (FIS) reaction seek to replicate the oscillatory pH behavior that occurs in open systems. These models exhibit significant differences in the amplitudes and waveforms of the concentration oscillations of such intermediates as I(-), I3(-), and Fe(CN)6(3-) under identical conditions and do not include several experimentally found intermediates. Here we report measurements of sulfite concentrations during an oscillatory cycle. Knowing the correct concentration of sulfite over the course of a period is important because sulfite is the main component that determines the buffer capacity, the pH extrema, and the amount of oxidizer (iodate) required for the transition to low pH. On the basis of this new result and recent experimental findings on the rate laws and intermediates of component processes taken from the literature, we propose a mass action kinetics model that attempts to faithfully represent the chemistry of the FIS reaction. This new comprehensive mechanism reproduces the pH oscillations and the periodic behavior in [Fe(CN)6(3-)], [I3(-)], [I(-)], and [SO3(2-)]T with characteristics similar to those seen in experiments in both CSTR and semibatch arrangements. The parameter ranges at which stationary and oscillatory behavior is exhibited also show good agreement with those of the experiments.
Targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress in metabolic disease (2013)

ER stress is a highly promising therapeutic target for metabolic disease. Small molecular chemical chaperones have already demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in animal and human studies. The emergence of compounds that target specific UPR signaling pathways will provide more options for this purpose. Although the findings are promising, more studies are needed to elucidate the efficacy and side effects of these small molecules for future use in humans.
Rapid Measurement of Modified Oligonucleotide Levels in Plasma Samples with a Fluorophore Specific for Single-Stranded DNA (1997)

Animal studies of therapeutic oligonucleotides require measurement of circulating levels of oligonucleotides by multistep, time-consuming methods. In contrast, addition of a single-stranded DNA binding fluorophore, OliGreen, to oligonucleotides in plasma samples allowed rapid quantitation. Dose-response curves were measured for five different oligonucleotide analogs added to plasma or serum. Phosphorothioate or 3'-amino phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotides in calf serum reliably exhibited linear, dose-dependent fluorescence at 15-500 nM. The assay was equally sensitive in human and mouse plasma, with a heterogeneous variety of sequences. Oligonucleotides shorter than 10 nucleotides yielded substantially reduced fluorescence. In contrast, 2'-O-methyl oligoribonucleotides, DNA methylphosphonates, and peptide nucleic acids demonstrated little or no fluorescence with OliGreen. Following intravenous injection of a phosphorothioate pentadecamer into mice, fluorescence measurements of plasma phosphorothioate levels displayed a dose-dependent, biexponential decline over a 90 min period. Chronic infusion at 2.5 nmol/hour into mice yielded plasma oligonucleotide values equivalent to 0.1 microM, a value reflecting the contributions of intact and partially degraded strands. Tumor-bearing mouse plasma evidenced high fluorescence values in the absence of oligonucleotide administration, presumably because of elevated intrinsic plasma DNA fragments. Although limited in its ability to differentiate intact from partially degraded strands, OliGreen fluorescence provides a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for measuring circulating levels of phosphorothioate or phosphodiester oligonucleotides in healthy animals or humans.
A CMOS 400-Mb/s serial link for AS-memory systems using a PWM scheme (2001)

In this paper, a serial link for AS-memory systems fabricated in a 0.25-/spl mu/m standard CMOS technology is presented. This serial link utilizes a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) technique. By transmitting the PWM-encoded signal with periodic rising edges, the clock can be implicitly embedded in the data stream and the associating overhead needed in clock/data recovery circuits can, be mitigated. The symbol rate is 200 Mb/s and the equivalent data rate is 400 Mb/s. The PWM transceiver dissipates 66.5 mW at a 2.5-V supply voltage. It is suitable for the AS-memory systems in which the pin count is limited and elaborate clock/data recovery circuits are not required.
Selectively etched diffraction gratings in GaAs (1974)

Selective etching techniques are described which have been utilized to fabricate V-groove diffraction gratings with spatial frequencies greater than 4000 lines/mm in {100} surfaces of GaAs.
The difference method: a way of detecting abnormalities in MRI images (2005)

As the two hemispheres of the human brain are quite similar, this symmetrical property can be used to detect abnormalities that occur in the human brain. This paper describes such an application using neural networks on MRI images of the human head. The absolute difference in intensity between pixels taken from symmetrical areas (difference method) are operated on by the neural network and any major differences among them are highlighted. The neural network is based on the principle of WISARD.
Serum Oncogene Proteins in Hazardous-Waste Workers (1989)

Oncogene protein detection may be a valuable molecular epidemiological marker of commitment to the carcinogenic pathway in worker populations exposed to carcinogens. This paper reports the use of serum immunoblotting with monoclonal antibodies to oncogene proteins to screen hazardous waste workers with potential carcinogen exposure who employ state-of-the-art work practices and personal protective equipment to minimize real exposures. Two individuals in this cohort were found to be trace positive for the ras oncogene protein in their serum, but this may have been due to their cigarette smoking. These results are contrasted to previous results in hazardous waste workers with real workplace carcinogen exposures.
Feature negotiation mechanism for the File Transfer Protocol (1998)

The File Transfer Protocol is, from time to time, extended with new commands, or facilities. Implementations of the FTP protocol cannot be assumed to all immediately implement all newly defined mechanisms. This document provides a mechanism by which clients of the FTP protocol can discover which new features are supported by a particular FTP server.
Variations in free secretory component levels in mucosal secretions of the rat. (1983)

The present studies were conducted to compare the levels of free secretory component (SC) in a number of rat mucosal secretions and to determine whether SC content varies significantly during the four stages of the estrous cycle. Levels of SC, as measured by radioimmunoassay, were markedly different in various external secretions. Bile contained the highest amount, irrespective of whether SC was normalized to volume or protein. Concentrations of SC in saliva or uterine fluid from intact rats were approximately 20- to 30-fold less than measured in bile. When SC levels were normalized to protein, the SC to protein ratios in uterine, vaginal, and respiratory secretions were six to 18 times greater than values calculated in salivary and small intestinal fluids. Analysis of SC levels in mucosal secretions during the estrous cycle indicated significant variations occur in uterine and vaginal samples, but not in saliva or small intestinal secretions. In the uterine lumen, SC levels were highest at proestrus, partially elevated at estrus, and lowest at both days of diestrus. In contrast, vaginal SC levels were maximal at estrus and reduced at all other stages of the cycle. Immunoglobulin A content was also measured in uterine and vaginal secretions during the estrous cycle. Significant changes in IgA levels were found and these coincided with the changing pattern of SC. These results suggest hormones may modulate SC levels in reproductive tissues. In addition, our findings indicate variations in SC during the estrous cycle may direct the movement of IgA from tissue to lumen.
The soul of ActiveCube (2004)

ActiveCube is a novel user interface which allows intuitive interaction with computers. ActiveCube allows users to construct and interact with Three Dimensional (3D) environments using physical cubes equipped with input/output devices. Spatial, temporal and functional consistency is always maintained between the physical object and its corresponding representation in the computer. In this paper we detail the design and implementation of our system. We describe the method we used to realize flexible 3D modeling by controlling the recognition signals of each face in each cube. We also explain how we integrated additional multimodal interaction options by a number of sophisticated I/O devices and by the inclusion of a second microprocessor in our cubes. We argue that ActiveCube, with its current real-time multimodal and spatial capabilities, is ready to enable a large range of interactive entertainment applications that were impossible to realize before.
Bromocriptine and glucose tolerance in acromegalics. (1982)

Acromegaly is very often accompanied by impaired glucose tolerance or a manifest diabetes mellitus, with increased immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels whose response during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) is quite often exaggerated. When the dopaminergic drug bromocriptine is administered to acromegalics, their elevated growth hormone (GH) levels very often decrease, their impaired glucose tolerance (as manifested in OGTT) improves and their exaggerated IRI response becomes more normal. Eighteen patients were treated with bromocriptine. They were followed-up repeatedly during their treatment of varying duration for up to 6 years. These results indicate that raised GH levels are not the only factor that impairs glucose tolerance in acromegalics. During bromocriptine administration, impaired glucose tolerance improved and abnormal IRI levels (OGTT) became more normal even without any decrease in the high GH levels. In non-diabetic acromegalics, when bromocriptine was administered, there was not only an average decrease in the elevated GH values during OGTT, but a normalization of increased IRI values as well, without any major change in the corresponding blood glucose levels. During insulin tolerance tests (ITT), after i.v. insulin, the IRI levels after 30 and 60 min were markedly higher in acromegalics on bromocriptine than in the same patients before its administration, without any significant change in the corresponding blood glucose values. In 2 diabetic acromegalics, bromocriptine administration re-established their lost ability to increase IRI levels during OGTT. This was accompanied by a marked improvement in their glucose tolerance. It is probable that bromocriptine decreases glucagon levels in acromegalics, or at least in some of them. It is suggested that bromocriptine could protect the beta-cells of acromegalics from "exhaustion'.
Experimental assessment of a 140 Mbit/s coherent optical receiver at 1.52 μm (1982)

Homodyne detection has given a 10 dB improvement in receiver sensitivity over direct detection at a wavelength of 1.52 μm and a data rate of 140 Mbit/s. This result was achieved with a local oscillator power of only −32 dBm.
Environmental Epidemiology of Pediatric Asthma and Allergy (2002)

In a 2001 clinically oriented review, Busse and Lemanske defined asthma as “a complex syndrome with many clinical phenotypes in both adults and children. Its major characteristics include a variable degree of airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation” (1, p. 350). They concluded that, for many people, the disease begins in infancy and that a genetic propensity to be allergic, combined with environmental exposures, contributes to disease development. Symptoms of asthma are exacerbated by exercise, strong emotions, viral infection, airborne allergen exposure, airborne pollutants, and change in the weather (2).

The first studies of allergy appeared in print in the 1870s, and recognition of asthma is evident from ancient writings, but population studies of these conditions have become common just since the 1970s (3–5). Thus, the epidemiologic study of asthma and allergies, relative to other major chronic conditions, is in its infancy. The challenges posed are somewhat unique compared with the more extensively studied chronic illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. The most significant and as-yet unsolved methodological issue is one fundamental to the conduct of epidemiology: arriving at a definition of disease.
SUPPLIER SELECTION CRITERIA OF TURKISH AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY (2007)

Supplier selection in supply chain management becomes more important due to the competition between supply chains rather than companies. Managing the supply chain is an important but complex issue for automotive manufacturers. This increases the importance of effective supplier selection in automotive industry. In this study, in order to investigate the supplier selection in supply chain management a questionnaire is applied to companies of Turkish Automotive Industry which is being affected from the increasing competition. A factor analysis is applied to the findings of questionnaire to explore the supplier selection criteria of Turkish Automotive Industry Companies.
Hematologic, Blood Gas, Blood Chemistry, and Serum Mineral Values for a Sample of Clinically Healthy Adult Goats (1994)

Fifty‐five hematologic, blood gas, blood chemistry, and serum mineral values were determined from a random sample of 29 clinically healthy goats from an equal number of randomly selected herds in the piedmont of North Carolina. Descriptive statistics and equations for calculated values are presented. The internal and external validity of the data is discussed.
The effect on American foulbrood of standard oxytetracycline hydrochloride treatments for the control of European foulbrood of honeybees ( <i>Apis mellifera</i> ) (1989)

Twenty honeybee colonies were treated with various oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC) preparations at the time of inoculation with Bacillus larvae spores or after American foulbrood (AFB) disease signs had developed.Treatment with 1 g OTC, at the time of inoculation delayed the development of AFB disease signs in four hives for periods between 2 months and 1 year. One colony so treated did not contract the disease.Colonies with a light AFB infection treated with 1 g of OTC recovered from the disease in 3-4 weeks, but AFB disease signs reappeared in three of five colonies the following season. Colonies with a well-established infection showed complete recovery from AFB disease signs after various OTC treatments. However, nearly all of these colonies developed AFB disease signs in the following season.B. larvae was cultured from adult bee samples from colonies that were AFB disease-free at the time of sampling but subsequently developed disease signs, and from colonies that were AFB disease-free at the time of sampling but did not subsequently develop disease signs.The results show that recommended treatments for European foulbrood (EFB) effectively mask AFB disease, making it likely that beekeepers treating EFB also suppress signs of AFB disease if it is present. As it is common practice in Australia to treat EFB prophylactically with OTC, an escalation of AFB in Australian hives is anticipated.