gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>In vitro</i>transcription of the cloned chromosomal crystal gene from<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (1983)

We have determined the conditions required for in vitro transcription of the cloned chromosomal crystal gene from Bacillus thuringiensis using either the homologous vegetative RNA polymerase or a sporulation specific form of this enzyme. The gene is actively transcribed by the latter enzyme (form II) but not by the vegetative one. Evidence for a specific recognition between the form II enzyme and the promotor site of the crystal gene was obtained by binding experiments. They showed that the binding is increased by the presence of some additional factors, which change the specificity of the vegetative core-enzyme. The sequence of the promoter has been determined and the start-point of the transcription deduced. Two hexanucleotide sequences, TACAAT and CCTACG, centered at - 10 and - 35 bp are present, but are somewhat different from the consensus sequences previously described in other bacilli.
Results of the Nigeria firm survey (2002)

The Nigerian economy has performed poorly since the late 1970s, resulting in stagnation and increasing poverty. Gross national product (GNP) per capita in 1999 was US$300, lower than the level attained during the first oil price boom. Over two-thirds of the population lives below the poverty line (equivalent to roughly one US dollar per day) compared to 46 percent in 1985. Social and economic conditions for most Nigerians have worsened dramatically despite the country's abundant natural resources. Life expectancy at birth is only 54 years; over one-third of Nigerians will not live to 40 years; the child mortality rate for those under age five is 187 per 1000; two-fifths of children under age five are undernourished; the proportion of under fives who are underweight is 36 percent; only 50 percent of the population has access to safe water; a similar share does not have access to basic health facilities; and two-fifths of those over 15 years of age are illiterate. The AIDS epidemic is worsening without an effective response at hand.
Intermediates in the reaction of carbanions with .pi.-(chlorobenzene)chromium tricarbonyl (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIntermediates in the reaction of carbanions with .pi.-(chlorobenzene)chromium tricarbonylM. F. Semmelhack and H. T. HallCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 22, 7092–7094Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00829a044https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00829a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views227Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Power-efficient, reliable microprocessor architectures (2010)

Next generation system designs are challenged by multiple "walls": among them, the inter-related impediments offered by power dissipation limits and reliability are particularly difficult ones that all current chip/system design teams are grappling with. In this paper, we first describe the attendant challenges in integrated (multi-dimensional) pre-silicon modeling and the solution approaches being pursued. Later, we focus on leading edge solutions for power, thermal and failure-rate mitigation that have been proposed in our R&D work over the past decade.
A novel vertical current limiter fabricated with a deep trench forming technology for highly reliable field emitter arrays (2002)

We have developed highly reliable field emitter arrays with a novel vertical current limiter fabricated with a deep trench forming technology. The vertical current limiter has a local current-control function that automatically prevents fatal arc failure, and it has low resistance when used in the normal operation of a field emitter array. It has demonstrated a breakdown voltage as high as 120 V and a negligible increase in operation voltage, i.e., Vg of 70 V at 1 /spl mu/A/tip with an emitter cone density of more than 5/spl times/10/sup 7/ emitters/cm/sup 2/.
The Establishment of a Strain of Australorbis glabratus Which Combines Albinism and High Susceptibility to Infection with Schistosoma mansoni (1955)

Walter L. Newton, The Establishment of a Strain of Australorbis glabratus Which Combines Albinism and High Susceptibility to Infection with Schistosoma mansoni, The Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 41, No. 5 (Oct., 1955), pp. 526-528
Kernel-Based Reinforcement Learning on Representative States (2021)

Markov decision processes (MDPs) are an established framework for solving sequential decision-making problems under uncertainty. In this work, we propose a new method for batch-mode reinforcement learning (RL) with continuous state variables. The method is an approximation to kernel-based RL on a set of k representative states. Similarly to kernel-based RL, our solution is a fixed point of a kernelized Bellman operator and can approximate the optimal solution to an arbitrary level of granularity. Unlike kernel-based RL, our method is fast. In particular, our policies can be computed in O(n) time, where n is the number of training examples. The time complexity of kernel-based RL is Ω(n2). We introduce our method, analyze its convergence, and compare it to existing work. The method is evaluated on two existing control problems with 2 to 4 continuous variables and a new problem with 64 variables. In all cases, we outperform state-of-the-art results and offer simpler solutions.
Photochemical reactions of chlorobenzene derivatives in benzene (1971)

U.v. irradiation of a variety of substituted chlorobenzenes in benzene gives the corresponding biphenyls, accompanied in some cases by products of reductive dechlorination. m-Chlorofluorobenzene and p-bromochlorobenzene react with selective replacement of the heavier halogen. Isomer ratios have been measured for the photochemical phenylation of anisole with chloro-, bromo-, and iodo-benzenes. The excited singlet state of the chloro-compound is implicated in the mechanism of these reactions. Chloronitrobenzenes, which are photostable in benzene, are slowly reduced to nitrobenzene on irradiation in ethanol.
A simple CMI encoder and a generalized approach to designing similar state machines (2002)

The coded mark inversion (CMI) line code is becoming popular for wideband fiber optic systems. The advantages of CMI include DC balance and guaranteed transition density, which simplifies timing recovery. Previous CMI encoder implementations typically relied on a mixture of digital, analog, and delay line techniques. The encoders proposed are digital state machines that allow elegant, accurate, and efficient implementation with gate arrays or discrete logic components. A general approach is also discussed for designing state machines of the type described. Such state machines may be used to implement other codes, such as Manchester, RZ, and BnZS codes.
<i>In vivo</i> pH MEASUREMENT AND IMAGING OF TUMOR TISSUE USING A pH‐SENSITIVE FLUORESCENT PROBE (5,6–CARBOXYFLUORESCEIN): INSTRUMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES (1994)

This study evaluated the effectiveness of dual-wavelength ratio fluorescence imaging using a pH-dependent indicator (5,6-carboxyfluorescein, 5,6-CF) for in vivo pH mapping of tissue. A prototype version of a highly sensitive fluorescence imaging device consisting of a modified xenon lamp, an image-intensified camera and a digital image-processing system has been developed. 5,6-Carboxyfluorescein was used because its fluorescence emission increases as a function of pH in the physiological (6.0-7.4) pH range. The ratio of fluorescence intensities obtained with the imaging system has been calibrated using aqueous 5,6-CF standards at various pH values. Because the pH of interstitial fluid of malignant tumors tends to be lower than that of normal tissue and can be depressed by glucose administration, experiments were performed on 10 CDF mice bearing lymphoid leukemia P388 grafted subcutaneously. The range of linearity of the calibration curve was obtained between 5.3 and 6.7 with a measured pKa value of 5.93. Consequently the maximum sensitivity was observed in this range. The calculated pH from ratio images was 6.21 +/- 0.12 in tumorous tissue. This value was equivalent to those obtained at the same time using microelectrodes (6.2 +/- 0.3). These experiments showed that a dose of 5 mg/kg 5,6-CF and an excitation power density of 2.5 mW/cm2 are sufficient to give a fluorescent pH image of tumors. The limitation of 5,6-CF for the in vivo mapping of tissue results from its low pKa and consequent range of sensitivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Enhanced Electron-Transfer Reactivity of Nonheme Manganese(IV)–Oxo Complexes by Binding Scandium Ions (2013)

One and two scandium ions (Sc(3+)) are bound strongly to nonheme manganese(IV)-oxo complexes, [(N4Py)Mn(IV)(O)](2+) (N4Py = N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-N-bis(2-pyridyl)methylamine) and [(Bn-TPEN)Mn(IV)(O)](2+) (Bn-TPEN = N-benzyl-N,N',N'-tris(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-diaminoethane), to form Mn(IV)(O)-(Sc(3+))1 and Mn(IV)(O)-(Sc(3+))2 complexes, respectively. The binding of Sc(3+) ions to the Mn(IV)(O) complexes was examined by spectroscopic methods as well as by DFT calculations. The one-electron reduction potentials of the Mn(IV)(O) complexes were markedly shifted to a positive direction by binding of Sc(3+) ions. Accordingly, rates of the electron transfer reactions of the Mn(IV)(O) complexes were enhanced as much as 10(7)-fold by binding of two Sc(3+) ions. The driving force dependence of electron transfer from various electron donors to the Mn(IV)(O) and Mn(IV)(O)-(Sc(3+))2 complexes was examined and analyzed in light of the Marcus theory of electron transfer to determine the reorganization energies of electron transfer. The smaller reorganization energies and much more positive reduction potentials of the Mn(IV)(O)-(Sc(3+))2 complexes resulted in remarkable enhancement of the electron-transfer reactivity of the Mn(IV)(O) complexes. Such a dramatic enhancement of the electron-transfer reactivity of the Mn(IV)(O) complexes by binding of Sc(3+) ions resulted in the change of mechanism in the sulfoxidation of thioanisoles by Mn(IV)(O) complexes from a direct oxygen atom transfer pathway without metal ion binding to an electron-transfer pathway with binding of Sc(3+) ions.
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) studies of living primary human cells for applications in tissue regeneration (2012)

Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) was employed to noninvasively characterize metabolic function in primary human oral keratinocytes used to develop functional engineered tissues. Living cells were compared under control culture conditions and systematic variations to investigate cellular function and viability. Nonlinear optical microscopy via two-photon excitation was employed to image cellular metabolic biomarkers NAD(P)H and FAD with thin optical sectioning and minimal out-of-focus fluorophore photobleaching. Novel post-processing FLIM algorithms were developed and tested. Results suggest that FLIM may provide useful information about live cell function and viability.
Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Control over Shape Using Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids (2010)

Ionic liquid (IL)-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) were synthesized by the thermal decomposition of Fe(CO)(5) in an IL/DMF solvent system in the absence of stabilizing surfactants at 90 degrees C for 1 h. The IL, [omim][BF(4)], could regulate the shape and allow the preparation of anisotropic IONs, such as barlike and wirelike nanoparticles. The barlike IONs prepared using this method showed good superparamagnetic behavior in a magnetic field and a MR contrast enhancement effect in a MR scanner.
Identity in Modern Society: An Integrative Approach (2004)

This chapter contains section titled: Theoretical Background and Levels of Identity Analysis A Self-Aspect Model of Identity (SAMI) Identity and (Post)Modernity Identity, Phenomenology and Accuracy Functions and Processes of Identity Summary
Clinical potential of ataluren in the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (2016)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an autosomal dominant, X-linked neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in dystrophin, one of the largest genes known to date. Dystrophin gene mutations are generally transmitted from the mother to male offspring and can occur throughout the coding length of the gene. The majority of the methodologies aimed at treating the disorder have focused on restoring a shorter, although partially functional, dystrophin protein. The approach has the potential of converting a severe DMD phenotype into a milder form of the disease known as Becker muscular dystrophy. Others have focused on ameliorating the disease by targeting secondary pathologies such as inflammation or loss of regeneration. Of great potential is the development of strategies that are capable of restoring full-length dystrophin expression due to their ability to produce a normal, fully functional protein. Among these strategies, the use of read-through compounds (RTCs) that could be administered orally represents an ideal option. Gentamicin has been previously tested in clinical trials for DMD with limited or no success, and its use in the clinic has been dismissed due to issues of toxicity and lack of clear benefits to patients. More recently, new RTCs have been identified and tested in animal models for DMD. This review will focus on one of those RTCs known as ataluren that has now completed Phase III clinical studies for DMD and at providing an overview of the different stages that have led to its clinical development for the disease. The impact that this new drug may have on DMD and its future perspectives will also be described, with an emphasis on the importance of further assessing the clinical benefits of this molecule in patients as it becomes available on the market in different countries.
Reconstructing missing seismic data using Deep Learning (2021)

In current seismic acquisition practice, there is an increasing drive for sparsely (in space) acquired data, often in irregular geometry. These surveys can trade off subsurface information for efficiency/cost - creating a problem of "missing seismic data" that can greatly hinder subsequent processing and interpretation. Reconstruction of regularly sampled dense data from highly sparse, irregular data can therefore aid in processing and interpretation of these far sparser, more efficient seismic surveys. Here, two methods are compared to solve the reconstruction problem in both space-time and wavenumber-frequency domain. This requires an operator that maps sparse to dense data: the operator is generally unknown, being the inverse of a known data sampling operator. As such, here the deterministic inversion is efficiently solved by least squares optimisation using a numerically efficient Python-based linear operator representation. An alternative approach is probabilistic and uses deep learning. Here, two deep learning architectures are benchmarked against each other and the deterministic approach; a Recurrent Inference Machine (RIM), which is designed specifically to solve inverse problems given known forward operators, and the well-known U-Net. The trained deep learning networks are capable of successfully mapping sparse to dense seismic data for a range of different datasets and decimation percentages, thereby significantly reducing spatial aliasing in the wavenumber-frequency domain. The deterministic inversion on the contrary, could not reconstruct the missing data and thus did not reduce the undesired spatial aliasing. Results show that the application of Deep Learning for seismic reconstruction is promising, but the treatment of large-volume, multi-component seismic datasets will require dedicated learning architectures not yet realisable with existing tools.
Preparation and sorption properties of a ?-cyclodextrin-linked chitosan derivative (2000)

β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) was coupled to chitosan by the intermediate of its monochlorotriazinyl derivative, called βW7MCT, so that a chitosan derivative bearing cyclodextrin was obtained. Because the average degree of substitution of the cyclodextrin derivative was 2.8, the reaction yielded crosslinked insoluble products. The structure of these materials has been investigated by high-resolution magic-angle spinning (HRMAS) with gradients. For the first time, HRMAS spectra of chitosan polymers containing β-CD were obtained. This NMR technique produced one- and two-dimensional well-resolved solid-state spectra. These data confirm the proposed structure. Decontamination of waters containing textile dyes were carried out with the crosslinked derivatives. These tests showed that the new chitosan derivatives are characterized by a rate of sorption and a global efficiency superior to that of the parent chitosan polymer and of the well-known cyclodextrin-epichlorohydrin gels. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 169–176, 2001
Disruption of Nuclear Lamin Organization Alters the Distribution of Replication Factors and Inhibits DNA Synthesis (1997)

The nuclear lamina is a fibrous structure that lies at the interface between the nuclear envelope and the nucleoplasm. The major proteins comprising the lamina, the nuclear lamins, are also found in foci in the nucleoplasm, distinct from the peripheral lamina. The nuclear lamins have been associated with a number of processes in the nucleus, including DNA replication. To further characterize the specific role of lamins in DNA replication, we have used a truncated human lamin as a dominant negative mutant to perturb lamin organization. This protein disrupts the lamin organization of nuclei when microinjected into mammalian cells and also disrupts the lamin organization of in vitro assembled nuclei when added to Xenopus laevis interphase egg extracts. In both cases, the lamina appears to be completely absent, and instead the endogenous lamins and the mutant lamin protein are found in nucleoplasmic aggregates. Coincident with the disruption of lamin organization, there is a dramatic reduction in DNA replication. As a consequence of this disruption, the distributions of PCNA and the large subunit of the RFC complex, proteins required for the elongation phase of DNA replication, are altered such that they are found within the intranucleoplasmic lamin aggregates. In contrast, the distribution of XMCM3, XORC2, and DNA polymerase alpha, proteins required for the initiation stage of DNA replication, remains unaltered. The data presented demonstrate that the nuclear lamins may be required for the elongation phase of DNA replication.
The influence of ingot homogenization on the microstructure of 3003 aluminum alloy extrusion. (1997)

The influence of ingot homogenization on the microstructure of 3003 aluminum alloy extrusion was investigated. When precipitates in the ingot were almost smaller than 0.1 μm size and precipitated with high density, extrusion became fiber structure. But the thermal stability of fiber structure was depended on the form of constituent particles in the ingot. When constituent particles covered the cell boundaries, extrusions became fully fiber structure. On the other hand, when constituent particles transformed into necklace structure and became smaller during homogenization, the surface of extrusions recrystallized and became abnormal grain growth structure. When precipitates in the ingot were almost bigger than 0.1 μm size, precipitated uniformly and matrix had much solutions, extrusions recrystallized easily so that extrusions became fine recrystallized structure. When precipitates bigger than 0.1 μm size were less and they did not disperse uniformly, extrusions became bigger recrystallized structure.
Leptospirose em crianças no Rio de Janeiro (1994)

In order to obtain data about clinical manifestations of symptomatic leptospiral infection in children, the authors reviewed 188 microscopic agglutination tests performed on sera of patients aged 0 to 12 years, made at the National Reference Laboratory of Leptospirosis (FIOCRUZ-RJ) from January 1983 to June 1991. Fifty two (27.6%) sera were positive. Twenty three (12.2%) children had serological evidence of acute infection. The most frequent signs and symptoms of these 23 cases were: fever (100%); myalgia (69.5%); headache (52.1%); jaundice (47.8%); vomit (34.8%); abdominal pain, hemorrhagic manifestations and impaired renal function (17.4%); conjunctivitis (13%); hepatomegaly (4.3%).
Detection of Shiga toxin-producing Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and Escherichia coli by using polymerase chain reaction with incorporation of digoxigenin-11-dUTP (1991)

A technique has been developed for the detection of Shiga toxin- and Shiga-like toxin type I (ShT/SLT-I)-producing Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and Escherichia coli by using the polymerase chain reaction with the incorporation of digoxigenin-11-dUTP. Target DNA liberated from whole cells was amplified, using primer pairs homologous to the A-subunit genes of ShT/SLT-I. The TTP analog digoxigenin-11-dUTP was incorporated into the reaction mixture, permitting nonradioactive labeling of the amplified DNA. The labeled polymerase chain reaction products were hybridized to specific gene sequences immobilized on a nitrocellulose membrane and detected by using an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibody to digoxigenin and the enzyme substrates. Toxin-producing strains of E. coli and S. dysenteriae type 1 were identified as colored spots on the membrane. Because this technique does not require DNA purification, gel electrophoresis, or radioactive DNA probes, it is suitable for the clinical detection of ShT/SLT-I-producing strains of S. dysenteriae type 1 and E. coli.
Steroid receptors and response of ovarian cancer to cytostatic drugs <i>in vitro</i> (1984)

Samples of 21 ovarian cancers were assayed for oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) content, and the response in vitro to treatment with a combination of doxorubicin, diacetyldian hydrogalactitol and cisplatin was determined. The number of living cells after drug exposure was estimated by a new ATP-bioluminescence method and the tumours were considered responsive if cell survival was less than or equal to 50% of the value in a corresponding control culture. Of the 16 tumours that responded to drug exposure, nine were ER-positive, seven ER-negative and eight were PR-positive, eight PR-negative. The mean percentages of surviving cells ranged from 22.2% in PR-negative tumours to 30.9% in PR-positive tumours. There were no differences in the response rates or in the degree of response to the cytostatics in terms of either receptor status or tumour histology. The results were also compared with those obtained in the same tumour samples exposed to hormones, tamoxifen and medroxyprogesterone acetate. The average response of all tumours was better to cytostatics than to hormones (P less than 0.05); this was particularly marked in the ER-negative tumours. Cytostatics may be preferable to hormones as the primary drug treatment for ovarian cancers but steroid-receptor determinations appear not to help in formulating the optimum drug treatment.