gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HDL‐Mimicking Peptide–Lipid Nanoparticles with Improved Tumor Targeting (2009)

Targeted delivery of intracellularly active diagnostics and therapeutics in vivo is a major challenge in cancer nanomedicine. A nanocarrier should possess long circulation time yet be small and stable enough to freely navigate through interstitial space to deliver its cargo to targeted cells. Herein, it is shown that by adding targeting ligands to nanoparticles that mimic high-density lipoprotein (HDL), tumor-targeted sub-30-nm peptide-lipid nanocarriers are created with controllable size, cargo loading, and shielding properties. The size of the nanocarrier is tunable between 10 and 30 nm, which correlates with a payload of 15-100 molecules of fluorescent dye. Ligand-directed nanocarriers targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. The nanocarriers show favorable circulation time, tumor accumulation, and biodistribution with or without the targeting ligand. The EGFR targeting ligand is proved to be essential for the EGFR-mediated tumor cell uptake of the nanocarriers, a prerequisite of intracellular delivery. The results demonstrate that targeted HDL-mimetic nanocarriers are useful delivery vehicles that could open new avenues for the development of clinically viable targeted nanomedicine.
Ultrastructural features of goat oviductal secretory cells at follicular and luteal phases of the oestrous cycle (1999)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the ultrastructure of secretory cells in the various regions of the goat oviduct during the follicular and luteal phases of the oestrous cycle. During the follicular phase in the fimbriae, the secretory cells contained small secretory granules with electron-dense matrices. In the luteal phase, the secretory granules disappeared and cytoplasmic protrusions, extending beyond the luminal border of the ciliated cells and often containing the nucleus, were predominant. During the follicular phase in ampullary secretory cells, numerous secretory granules with moderately electron-dense matrices were present in the supranuclear cytoplasm and exocytosis of secretory granules was observed. The number of secretory granules was dramatically reduced in the ampullary secretory cells at the luteal phase. Conspicuous cytoplasmic protrusions of secretory cells were observed similar to those of the fimbrial epithelium. Isthmic cells were almost free of secretory granules and lysosome-like bodies were found both at the follicular and luteal phases. In conclusion, our ultrastructural observations of goat oviduct revealed marked cyclic changes in the ultrastructural features of secretory cells and the ultrastructural features and the numbers of secretory granules were distinctive for each particular segment.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Olefin Polymerization Behavior of Group 4 Metal Complexes with Constrained-Geometry Carborane Ligands (2001)

Several new group 4 metal amide complexes with recently developed constrained-geometry carborane ligands, [η5:σ-Me2A(C9H6)(C2B10H10)]M(NR2)2 and [η5:σ-Me2A(C5H4)(C2B10H10)]M(NR2)2 (A = C, Si; M = Ti, Zr; R = Me, Et), were prepared in good yield via amine elimination reactions of M(NR2)4 and the corresponding neutral ligands in toluene. Treatment of the amide complexes with 2.5 equiv of Me2NH·HCl or Me3N·HCl led to high yields of the corresponding chloride complexes, [{η5:σ-Me2A(C9H6)(C2B10H10)}ZrCl(μ-Cl)1.5]2- (A = C, Si), which could also be prepared from an equimolar reaction between ZrCl4(THF)2 and [Me2C(C9H6)(C2B10H10)]Li2. In contrast, excess Me3SiCl could only convert [η5:σ-Me2C(C5H4)(C2B10H10)]Ti(NMe2)2 to [η5:σ-Me2C(C5H4)(C2B10H10)]TiCl(NMe2), due to steric effects. All these new complexes have been fully characterized by 1H, 13C, and 11B NMR and IR spectroscopic data and elemental analyses. Thirteen out of fourteen newly prepared complexes have been structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The chloride complexes exhibit a very high ethylene polymerization activity when they are activated with MMAO.
The influence of codopants and fabrication conditions on germanium defects in optical fiber preforms (1992)

The GeE' defect concentration in MCVD germanosilicate preforms, as measured by cathodoluminescence profiles, is dramatically reduced by the addition of phosphorus as a codopant. The GeE' concentration is increased by using higher deposition temperatures and oxygen deficient conditions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Blooming control and dynamic range in charge-coupled imagers (1972)

In practical applications charge-coupled imagers (CCI's) should be immune to picture degradation due to excessive local optical overloads while maintaining large dynamic range. Our analysis shows that a 500 × 500 CCI will have a sensitivity approaching the I-SIT (within a factor of 10) and an intra scene dynamic range of approximately 1000:1 for a scene contrast of 0.2. However, to maintain useful operation under excessive local overloads (up to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> ), some type of blooming control is required which is capable of removing the excess charge from the photosensitive area. Two general categories of blooming ccntrol structures for charge-coupled area sensors with illuminated registers will be described. Operation, design tradeoffs, and experimental data will be presented for: (a) blooming control structures which are process-compatibile with single-metal 3-phase CCI's, and (b) for blooming control structures more suitable for sealed channel, silicon gate, 2-phase CCI's. Blooming control methods will also be described for sensors having separate photodiodes with nonilluminated registers.
Timing and heterogeneity of mutations associated with drug resistance in metastatic cancers (2014)

Targeted therapies provide an exciting new approach to combat human cancer. The immediate effect is a dramatic reduction in disease burden, but in most cases, the tumor returns as a consequence of resistance. Various mechanisms for the evolution of resistance have been implicated, including mutation of target genes and activation of other drivers. There is increasing evidence that the reason for failure of many targeted treatments is a small preexisting subpopulation of resistant cells; however, little is known about the genetic composition of this resistant subpopulation. Using the novel approach of ordering the resistant subclones according to their time of appearance, here we describe the full spectrum of resistance mutations present in a metastatic lesion. We calculate the expected and median number of cells in each resistant subclone. Surprisingly, the ratio of the medians of successive resistant clones is independent of any parameter in our model; for example, the median of the second clone divided by the median of the first is √2-1. We find that most radiographically detectable lesions harbor at least 10 resistant subclones. Our predictions are in agreement with clinical data on the relative sizes of resistant subclones obtained from liquid biopsies of colorectal cancer patients treated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) blockade. Our theory quantifies the genetic heterogeneity of resistance that exists before treatment and provides information to design treatment strategies that aim to control resistance.
An integrated diamond nanophotonics platform for quantum-optical networks (2016)

Efficient interfaces between photons and quantum emitters form the basis for quantum networks and enable optical nonlinearities at the single-photon level. We demonstrate an integrated platform for scalable quantum nanophotonics based on silicon-vacancy (SiV) color centers coupled to diamond nanodevices. By placing SiV centers inside diamond photonic crystal cavities, we realize a quantum-optical switch controlled by a single color center. We control the switch using SiV metastable states and observe optical switching at the single-photon level. Raman transitions are used to realize a single-photon source with a tunable frequency and bandwidth in a diamond waveguide. By measuring intensity correlations of indistinguishable Raman photons emitted into a single waveguide, we observe a quantum interference effect resulting from the superradiant emission of two entangled SiV centers.
Generation of suppressive blood cells for control of allograft rejection (2014)

Our previous studies in rats showed that incubation of monocytic dendritic cells (DCs) with the chemotherapeutic drug mitomycin C (MMC) renders the cells immunosuppressive. Donor-derived MMC-DCs injected into the recipient prior to transplantation prolonged heart allograft survival. Although the generation of DCs is labour-intensive and time-consuming, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can be easily harvested. In the present study, we analyse under which conditions DCs can be replaced by PBMCs and examine their mode of action. When injected into rats, MMC-incubated donor PBMCs (MICs) strongly prolonged heart allograft survival. Removal of monocytes from PBMCs completely abrogated their suppressive effect, indicating that monocytes are the active cell population. Suppression of rejection was donor-specific. The injected MICs migrated into peripheral lymphoid organs and led to an increased number of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) expressing cluster of differentiation (CD) markers CD4 and CD25 and forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3). Tolerance could be transferred to syngeneic recipients with blood or spleen cells. Depletion of Tregs from tolerogenic cells abrogated their suppressive effect, arguing for mediation of immunosuppression by CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ Tregs. Donor-derived MICs also prolonged kidney allograft survival in pigs. MICs generated from donor monocytes were applied for the first time in humans in a patient suffering from therapy-resistant rejection of a haploidentical stem cell transplant. We describe, in the present paper, a simple method for in vitro generation of suppressor blood cells for potential use in clinical organ transplantation. Although the case report does not allow us to draw any conclusion about their therapeutic effectiveness, it shows that MICs can be easily generated and applied in humans.
Supercooled Liquids and Glasses (1996)

Selected aspects of recent progress in the study of supercooled liquids and glasses are presented in this review. As an introduction for nonspecialists, several basic features of the dynamics and thermodynamics of supercooled liquids and glasses are described. Among these are nonexponential relaxation functions, non-Arrhenius temperature dependences, and the Kauzmann temperature. Various theoretical models which attempt to explain these basic features are presented next. These models are conveniently categorized according to the temperature regimes deemed important by their authors. The major portion of this review is given to a summary of current experimental and computational research. The utility of mode coupling theory is addressed. Evidence is discussed for new relaxation mechanisms and new time and length scales in supercooled liquids. Relaxations in the glassy state and significance of the “boson peak” are also addressed.
Pyramid Codes (2013)

We design flexible schemes to explore the tradeoffs between storage space and access efficiency in reliable data storage systems. Aiming at this goal, two new classes of erasure-resilient codes are introduced -- Basic Pyramid Codes (BPC) and Generalized Pyramid Codes (GPC). Both schemes require slightly more storage space than conventional schemes, but significantly improve the critical performance of read during failures and unavailability. As a by-product, we establish a necessary matching condition to characterize the limit of failure recovery, that is, unless the matching condition is satisfied, a failure case is impossible to recover. In addition, we define a maximally recoverable (MR) property. For all ERC schemes holding the MR property, the matching condition becomes sufficient, that is, all failure cases satisfying the matching condition are indeed recoverable. We show that GPC is the first class of non-MDS schemes holding the MR property.
Coulomb-assisted braiding of Majorana fermions in a Josephson junction array (2012)

We show how to exchange (braid) Majorana fermions in a network of superconducting nanowires by control over Coulomb interactions rather than tunneling. Even though Majorana fermions are charge-neutral quasiparticles (equal to their own antiparticle), they have an effective long-range interaction through the even-odd electron number dependence of the superconducting ground state. The flux through a split Josephson junction controls this interaction via the ratio of Josephson and charging energies, with exponential sensitivity. By switching the interaction on and off in neighboring segments of a Josephson junction array, the non-Abelian braiding statistics can be realized without the need to control tunnel couplings by gate electrodes.
Some thoughts on the transformation of information and communication technologies (2011)

In the beginning of the second decade of this century, the demand on broadband, mobile and ubiquitous application continues to increase. The proportion of number of 3G subscribers to total mobile subscribers is 7.5% up to April 2011, and 49.5% in new increased mobile subscribers during Jan to Apr 2011 in China. Global mobile data traffic in 2010 (237 PB/month) was over three times greater than the total global Internet traffic in 2000 (75 PB/month). Global mobile data traffic first exceeded voice in December 2009 and 1.5 times voice in Q2'2010. Internet of Things and ubiquitous network applications will also aggravate demand on bandwidth. For example, During the Shanghai World Expo 2010, 10,000 security cameras were installed on buses, trucks, and emergency vehicles. When live monitoring is needed, video is transmitted over the mobile network at 2 frames per second. If each frame is 0.5 MB, then an hour of this video generates 3.6 GB. If half of these vehicles transmitted 2 minutes of video over the course of a day, this would generate 18 Peta-bytes of mobile data traffic of a month, more that total global mobile data traffic in 2007.
Geopolymer Coating Demonstration Project for I-295 Scenic Overlook (2006)

This report presents the background information, application procedure, and final outcome of a demonstration project carried out to prove the viability of coating an existing 300 ft parapet wall with inorganic (Geopolymer) coating. This wall, located at the Scenic Overlook on I-295 South near Trenton, N.J. (mile post 58.5), was coated with Geopolymer tinted with pigments. The wall surface was pressure washed before applying the coating. This was the only surface preparation that was needed before the application. Before the coating was applied, a number of “small patch” applications on the backside of the wall were made to gain approval by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. The oldest patch was more than 18 months old when the wall was coated. Self cleaning and de-polluting characteristics of the coating are being investigated under a project funded by the National Science Foundation.
Inhibitory effect of chlordecone and mirex on steroid synthesis in Y-1 cells. (1987)

Chlordecone is known to bring about alterations in the endocrine systems of a variety of animals. The present study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of a direct effect of the insecticide on steroid-secreting tissues. Technical grade chlordecone produced a dose-dependent inhibition of steroidogenesis in cultured mouse adrenal tumor cells (Y-1 cells) when stimulated with ACTH (IC50 = 4 X 10(-5) M), cAMP (IC50 = 2.3 X 10(-5) M), or pregnenolone (IC50 3.5 X 10(-5) M). Similar values were obtained with 99% pure chlordecone. These data suggest that chlordecone inhibited the conversion of pregnenolone into 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone. Additional sites of action cannot be ruled out. Mirex failed to inhibit steroidogenesis which was supported by exogenous pregnenolone. At a concentration of 3 X 10(-6) M mirex inhibited cAMP induced steroidogenesis, but higher concentrations did not produce a more pronounced effect.
Li<sup>+</sup> Ion Insertion in TiO<sub>2</sub> (Anatase). 2. Voltammetry on Nanoporous Films (1997)

Electrochemical properties of Li+ ion insertion in nanoporous TiO2 (anatase) electrodes were studied by voltammetry. Linear and cyclic potential scans were recorded as a function of electrolyte concentration, film thickness, and temperature. The currents were directly proportional to the inner electrode area of the electrodes. The reduction of Ti4+ and oxidation of Ti3+ are sluggish and follows irreversible kinetics. The standard rate constant was (3.5 ± 0.5) × 10-10 cm/s. The transfer coefficient was close to 0.5, indicating that the potential drop appears mainly across the Helmholtz layer. The capacitive currents govern largely the shape of the i−v curves, except within a region near the peak potential where diffusion-limited insertion and extraction of Li+ ions in the anatase lattice are dominating. The diffusion coefficient at 25 °C in the nanoporous structure was approximately 2 × 10-17 cm2/s for insertion and 4 × 10-17 cm2/s for extraction. The activation energy was 0.4 eV for insertion and 0.5 eV for extraction. The maximum obtained mole fraction of Li+ in LixTiO2 was x = 0.47.
The good, the bad, and the ugly of silicon debug (2006)

Silicon debug begins with the arrival of design prototypes and can continue well after a product has gone into production. It is perhaps the most exciting and challenging stage of the integrated circuit development process. This paper gives an overview of silicon debug, and describes tools and methods used during the debug process.
EchoComTEE – a simulator for transoesophageal echocardiography (2007)

Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) requires extensive hands-on training, and it is for this purpose we have designed EchoComTEE, a simulator for TOE. It consists of a manikin and dummy probe; according to the position of the dummy probe (tracked by an electromagnetic sensor), two-dimensional (2D) images are calculated from three-dimensional (3D) data sets. Echocardiographic images are presented side-by-side with a virtual scene consisting of a 3D heart, probe tip and image plane. In this way the trainee is provided with visual feed-back of the relationship between echocardiogram and image plane position. We evaluated the simulator using a standardised questionnaire. Twenty-five experts and 31 novice users participated in the study. Most experts graded the simulator as realistic and all recommended its use for training. Most novice users felt the simulator supported spatial orientation during TOE and, as anaesthetists often do not have training in transthoracic echocardiography, in this group the TOE simulator might be particularly useful.
Polarity in the transcytotic processing of apical and basal membrane‐bound peroxidase‐polylysine conjugates in MDCK cells (1992)

A conjugate of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to poly(L-lysine) (PLL) was used to characterize a non-lysosomal proteolytic compartment in the MDCK Strain I epithelial cell line. This compartment is expressed in a polar fashion, and is capable of degradation of the PLL moiety in the conjugate followed by release of HRP via a basal-to-apical, but not apical-to-basal, transcytotic pathway. This uptake, cleavage, and transport process appears to require approximately 2 hr, as there is a 2 hr lag-time between conjugate administration to the basal surface and HRP release to the apical medium. Monensin (10 microM) failed to inhibit this process, indicating that participation of the trans-Golgi network (TGN) in the trafficking of internalized conjugate is not the rate-determining step. Inhibition of HRP transport was found to be elicited by 50 micrograms/ml leupeptin, but only when applied to the basal surface. Brief trypsinization of either the basal or apical surfaces of cells preloaded with HRP conjugate showed no appreciable inhibitory effect on the apical release of HRP, indicating that an intracellular compartment rather than surface-bound enzymes is responsible for the degradation of the PLL moiety in the conjugate. Our results demonstrate the presence of an intracellular proteolytic compartment which is accessible in the basal-to-apical, but not apical-to-basal, transport pathway; and this compartment can be exploited for the transcytosis of membrane-bound molecules.
Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006 (2006)

Improving diet and lifestyle is a critical component of the American Heart Association's strategy for cardiovascular disease risk reduction in the general population. This document presents recommendations designed to meet this objective. Specific goals are to consume an overall healthy diet; aim for a healthy body weight; aim for recommended levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides; aim for normal blood pressure; aim for a normal blood glucose level; be physically active; and avoid use of and exposure to tobacco products. The recommendations are to balance caloric intake and physical activity to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight; consume a diet rich in vegetables and fruits; choose whole-grain, high-fiber foods; consume fish, especially oily fish, at least twice a week; limit intake of saturated fat to <7% of energy, trans fat to <1% of energy, and cholesterol to <300 mg/day by choosing lean meats and vegetable alternatives, fat-free (skim) or low-fat (1% fat) dairy products and minimize intake of partially hydrogenated fats; minimize intake of beverages and foods with added sugars; choose and prepare foods with little or no salt; if you consume alcohol, do so in moderation; and when you eat food prepared outside of the home, follow these Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations. By adhering to these diet and lifestyle recommendations, Americans can substantially reduce their risk of developing cardiovascular disease, which remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States.
The hybrid tree: an index structure for high dimensional feature spaces (1999)

Feature-based similarity searching is emerging as an important search paradigm in database systems. The technique used is to map the data items as points into a high-dimensional feature space which is indexed using a multidimensional data structure. Similarity searching then corresponds to a range search over the data structure. Although several data structures have been proposed for feature indexing, none of them is known to scale beyond 10-15 dimensional spaces. This paper introduces the hybrid tree-a multidimensional data structure for indexing high-dimensional feature spaces. Unlike other multidimensional data structures, the hybrid tree cannot be classified as either a pure data partitioning (DP) index structure (such as the R-tree, SS-tree or SR-tree) or a pure space partitioning (SP) one (such as the KDB-tree or hB-tree); rather it combines the positive aspects of the two types of index structures into a single data structure to achieve a search performance which is more scalable to high dimensionalities than either of the above techniques. Furthermore, unlike many data structures (e.g. distance-based index structures like the SS-tree and SR-tree), the hybrid tree can support queries based on arbitrary distance functions. Our experiments on "real" high-dimensional large-size feature databases demonstrate that the hybrid tree scales well to high dimensionality and large database sizes. It significantly outperforms both purely DP-based and SP-based index mechanisms as well as linear scans at all dimensionalities for large-sized databases.