gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microemulsion-Mediated Solvothermal Synthesis of SrCO<sub>3</sub> Nanostructures (2005)

The controlled synthesis of SrCO3 nanostructures with different morphologies, such as rodlike, whiskerlike, ellipsoidlike, and spherelike, were successfully achieved by the cationic surfactant-CTAB-microemulsion-mediated solvothermal method. Various comparison experiments showed that fundamental experimental parameters, such as the molar ratio of H2O to CTAB and the concentration of reactants, played important roles in the morphological control of SrCO3 nanostructures. A lower molar ratio of H2O to CTAB favors rodlike products, whereas a higher molar ratio generally leads to the formation of spherical products. A rational mechanism based on fusion, aggregate, and coalescence of microemulsion droplets is proposed for the selective formation of various morphologies. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) were used to characterize the products.
Power system restoration planning (1994)

Power system restoration, as an extraordinary mode of system operation, requires careful planning and operator training. The generic tasks of restoration include determination of system and equipment status, preparation of plants and network for systematic restoration, reenergization of the network, and system rebuilding. The procedures for developing an effective restoration plan include formation of a qualified planning team, review of relevant system characteristics, formulation of assumptions regarding blackout scenarios, agreement on restoration goals, development of strategy and tactics, validation of the plan, training, and documentation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Transient Heat Conduction During Radial Movement of a Cylindrical Heat Source - Applications to the Thermal Recovery Process (1959)

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 115–122. Abstract A general solution is presented for the transient temperature distribution caused by radial movement of a cylindrical heat source through a homogeneous medium of infinite extent. This problem represents a highly simplified model of the movement of a combustion front during the thermal recovery of oil. Numerical solutions are presented for a heat source moving at a constant velocity, and a velocity inversely proportional to the radial location of the heat source. Numerical solutions are presented for both finite and infinite vertical thickness of the heat source, i.e., with and without vertical heat losses. The numerical solutions are used to estimate the fuel concentration needed to maintain a combustion front during the thermal recovery of oil. The sensible heat carried to the combustion front by the injected gas stream is discussed in regard to the fuel concentration. Numerical solutions for a heat source (combustion front) of finite vertical thickness indicate the field conditions that may be necessary to sustain the temperature of a combustion front above the ignition temperature of the fuel over considerable distances from an injection well. The results also have implications in regard to the quantity of heat required during ignition. The results of this computation apply to a highly idealized model of a thermal recovery process. But the results may be used as a guide in engineering consideration of the thermal recovery process. Introduction The thermal recovery of crude oil has received considerable attention since the publication by Kuhn and Koch of laboratory and field tests of this method of oil recovery. Other publications since that time have dealt with various features of the thermal recovery of oil and have illustrated the extremely complex nature of this process. Vogel and Krueger described an electric analog computer designed to solve a moving heat source problem which was analogous to movement of a combustion front during the thermal recovery of oil. The heat source was maintained at constant temperature and was a cylindrical source of infinite height (no vertical heat loss) moving radially at either constant velocity, or at a velocity inversely proportional to the radial location of the heat source.
Solid-State Electrochemical Micromachining (2005)

A novel solid-state electrochemical micromachining of Ag and Zn foils was accomplished using a local anodic reaction between the metal substrate and ion-conducting microelectrode. The metal substrate was locally incorporated into the ion conductor in the form of metal ions via the microcontact under a dc bias.
EasyVPN: IPsec Remote Access Made Easy (2003)

Telecommuting and access over a Wireless LAN require strong security at the network level. Although IPsec is well-suited for this task, it is difficult to configure and operate a large number of clients. To address this problem, we leverage the almost universal deployment and use of web browsers capable of SSL/TLS connections to web servers and the familiarity of users with such an interface. We use this mechanism to create configurations and certificates that will be downloaded to the user's machine and be used by a program to perform all configuration on the user's system. Our system builds on common security protocols and standards such as IKE, X.509, and SSL/TLS to provide users with a secure-access environment that "just works." One of the main goals of the system is ease of use both for the users and the system administrators that maintain the infrastructure. We describe our implementation that uses Linux FreeS/WAN and Windows to show the practicality of the approach.
Sequence variants within exon 1 of <i>MECP2</i> occur in females with mental retardation (2006)

A new splice variant of the Rett syndrome gene, MECP2, was recently identified, that includes coding sequence from exon 1, and is the predominant transcript in the central nervous system. This sequence encodes polyalanine and polyglycine stretches within the N-terminal portion of MeCP2, and may confer novel functional properties to the protein. We screened autism, mental retardation (MR), and control populations for sequence variation within this region, and identified variation in approximately 1% of MR cases screened (N = 1,410). No variants were identified in the autism sample (N = 401). Most of these variants occur within a trinucleotide repeat region and result in change in number of alanine or glycine residues within the repeat stretches. We suggest some of these variants may be a relatively frequent cause of non-specific MR or developmental delay.
A New Look at Low-Resistivity and Low-Contrast (LRLC) Pay in Clastic Reservoirs (2010)

Abstract LRLC reservoirs are increasingly at the forefront of the industry's concern in diverse projects ranging from offshore deep-water exploration of turbidites to the development of brown-field secondary objectives. Although LRLC reservoirs have been under production for many years, their identification and the calculation of their reserves and flow properties remains a difficult challenge. This paper compares different petrophysical workflows for clastic reservoirs where thin conductive laminations and high bound water fraction are the source of low resistivity and contrast, with a view to reducing uncertainty in saturations and improving producibility prediction. When thinly laminated reservoir layers are intercalated with conductive non-reservoir layers, the apparent formation resistivity is dramatically reduced and the apparent clay volume is increased, and the hydrocarbon volume and the permeability calculated from conventional petrophysics are underestimated. We describe new developments in laminated sand analysis and the practical implementation of resistivity anisotropy, including corrections for clay intrinsic anisotropy and thin non-reservoir resistive layers. Reservoirs with fine grain material, grain-coating clays, or dispersed clays may display high bound water volumes, yet possess significant quantities of producible hydrocarbon. While conventional petrophysical analysis can provide reliable water saturation, it does not distinguish clay- and capillary- bound water from free water. Also, shaly and silty reservoirs often present a complex mineralogy which makes estimates of clay volume and grain density uncertain. We describe the application of nuclear spectroscopy and NMR logs to calculate clay volume, porosity and bound water volume and illustrate their impact on the quality of the resulting evaluation. Although the petrophysical methods presented were developed for thinly bedded reservoirs, we show that they can improve the analysis of both LRLC and conventional clastic reservoirs. In particular, we propose fit-for-purpose workflows that reduce the uncertainty of fluid volumes and rock flow properties.
Acid‐Catalyzed Decomposition of the Benzyl Nitrite Intermediate in HNO<sub>3</sub>‐Mediated Aerobic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol (2012)

Abstract Benzyl nitrite (PhCH 2 ONO) was previously identified as the pivotal intermediate in the HNO 3 ‐mediated oxidation of benzyl alcohol. Its acid‐catalyzed decomposition yields benzaldehyde and HNO, the precursor of undesirable N 2 O. Most likely, an analogous mechanism is responsible for the formation of N 2 O during the oxidation of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone to adipic acid, the largest industrial source of this important greenhouse gas. In this paper, the decomposition of benzyl nitrite is studied in more detail, allowing the kinetic isotope effect and the influence of substituents to be determined. A linear Evans–Polanyi correlation between the measured Arrhenius activation energies and the computed reaction energies was established. Furthermore, the differences in the reactivities of the substituted benzyl nitrites are reflected in the oxidation of the corresponding alcohols, and also affect the rate‐determining step in the overall mechanism. The results of this study corroborate the importance of the nitrite intermediate in HNO 3 ‐based oxidation technology.
<i>Gremlin</i> -mediated BMP antagonism induces the epithelial-mesenchymal feedback signaling controlling metanephric kidney and limb organogenesis (2004)

Epithelial-mesenchymal feedback signaling is the key to diverse organogenetic processes such as limb bud development and branching morphogenesis in kidney and lung rudiments. This study establishes that the BMP antagonist gremlin (Grem1) is essential to initiate these epithelial-mesenchymal signaling interactions during limb and metanephric kidney organogenesis. A Grem1 null mutation in the mouse generated by gene targeting causes neonatal lethality because of the lack of kidneys and lung septation defects. In early limb buds, mesenchymal Grem1 is required to establish a functional apical ectodermal ridge and the epithelial-mesenchymal feedback signaling that propagates the sonic hedgehog morphogen. Furthermore, Grem1-mediated BMP antagonism is essential to induce metanephric kidney development as initiation of ureter growth, branching and establishment of RET/GDNF feedback signaling are disrupted in Grem1-deficient embryos. As a consequence, the metanephric mesenchyme is eliminated by apoptosis, in the same way as the core mesenchymal cells of the limb bud.
Good weights and hyperbolic kernels for neural networks, projection pursuit, and pattern classification: Fourier strategies for extracting information from high-dimensional data (1994)

Fourier approximation and estimation of discriminant, regression, and density functions are considered. A preference order is established for the frequency weights in multiple Fourier expansions and the connection weights in single hidden-layer neural networks. These preferred weight vectors, called good weights (good lattice weights for estimation of periodic functions), are generalizations for arbitrary periods of the hyperbolic lattice points of Korobov (1959) and Hlawka (1962) associated with classes of smooth functions of period one in each variable. Although previous results on approximation and quadrature are affinely invariant to the scale of the underlying periods, some of our results deal with optimization over finite sets and strongly depend on the choice of scale. It is shown how to count and generate good lattice weights. Finite sample bounds on mean integrated squared error are calculated for ridge estimates of periodic pattern class densities. The bounds are combined with a table of cardinalities of good lattice weight sets to furnish classifier design with prescribed class density estimation errors. Applications are presented for neural networks and projection pursuit. A hyperbolic kernel gradient transform is developed which automatically determines the training weights (projection directions). Its sampling properties are discussed. Algorithms are presented for generating good weights for projection pursuit.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SECTION OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (1943)

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Anti-aging treatments slow propagation of synucleinopathy by restoring lysosomal function (2016)

Aging is the major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases that are also associated with impaired proteostasis, resulting in abnormal accumulation of protein aggregates. However, the role of aging in development and progression of disease remains elusive. Here, we used Caenorhabditis elegans models to show that aging-promoting genetic variations accelerated the rate of cell-to-cell transmission of SNCA/α-synuclein aggregates, hallmarks of Parkinson disease, and the progression of disease phenotypes, such as nerve degeneration, behavioral deficits, and reduced life span. Genetic and pharmacological anti-aging manipulations slowed the spread of aggregates and the associated phenotypes. Lysosomal degradation was significantly impaired in aging models, while anti-aging treatments reduced the impairment. Transgenic expression of hlh-30p::hlh-30, the master controller of lysosomal biogenesis, alleviated intercellular transmission of aggregates in the aging model. Our results demonstrate that the rate of aging closely correlates with the rate of aggregate propagation and that general anti-aging treatments can slow aggregate propagation and associated disease progression by restoring lysosomal function.
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF OFFTRACKING OF TRUCK AND TRAILER COMBINATIONS USING FOREST ROADS (1989)

Many of the analytical techniques that are currently available are not capable of analyzing the offtracking of truck and trailer combinations or the path of load overhangs through a set of curves that are commonly found on forest roads. Advances in the processing speed of microcomputers have made it possible to simulate how a truck and trailer combination negotiate a road. A microcomputer program, OFETRACK, was developed to simulate the offiracking of six different vehicle configurations. The program will enable road designers to predict offtracking through a complex set of road geometrics, including compound and reverse curves. The program will also analyze the path of load overhangs on a vehicle such as a yarder tower on a lowboy or rubber tired undercarriage, Test results of the program compare favorably with several field studies and a scale model simulator. Outputs of the computer simulation are in the form of road widths required left and right of centerline, total width, and curve widening, A plot of the paths of the wheels and load overhang can be viewed on the screen or sent to a drum plotter.
Gene profiling links SCA1 pathophysiology to glutamate signaling in Purkinje cells of transgenic mice (2004)

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine repeat within the disease protein, ataxin 1. To elucidate cellular pathways involved in SCA1, we used DNA microarrays to determine the pattern of gene expression in SCA1 transgenic mice at two specific times in the disease process; 5 weeks, a timepoint prior to onset of pathology, and 12 weeks, at the midpoint of the disease progression. Taking advantage of the availability of three SCA1 transgenic mouse lines, each expressing a different form of ataxin-1, we utilized a strategy that resulted in the identification of a limited number of genes with an altered pattern of expression specific to the development of disease. By comparing the pattern of gene expression in the SCA1 ataxic B05-ataxin-1[82Q] transgenic mouse line with those seen in two non-ataxic lines, A02-ataxin-1[30Q] and K772T-[82Q], nine genes were identified whose expression was consistently altered in the cerebellum of B05[82Q] mice at 5 and 12 weeks of age. Interestingly, five of the genes in this group form a biological cohort centered on glutamate signaling pathways in Purkinje cells.
Surface-normal Fano filters based on transferred silicon nanomembranes on glass substrates (2008)

Surface-normal optical filters are reported based on Fano resonances in patterned single crystalline silicon nanomembranes (SiNM), which were fabricated and transferred onto transparent glass substrates using a disruptive wet transfer process. The measured filter transmission results agree well with the design using a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain technique. Using the SiNM wet transfer and stacking process, vertically stacked ultra-compact surface normal filters, switches, modulators and spectrally-selective photodetectors will become feasible.
Development of a novel antigen detection test for histoplasmosis (1997)

Histoplasmosis is an important systemic fungal infection, particularly among immunocompromised individuals living or travelling in areas of endemicity, who, without antifungal therapy, may develop a progressive disseminated fatal infection. For such patients, the detection of antibody responses by immunodiffusion or complement fixation test is of limited use. In contrast, the detection of Histoplasma capsulatum circulating antigens may provide a more practical approach to the rapid diagnosis of the disease. Accordingly, an inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of a 69- to 70-kDa H. capsulatum-specific determinant and incorporating a species-specific murine monoclonal antibody was developed. With sera from patients with different forms of the disease (n = 35), the overall sensitivity of the test was found to be 71.4%, while the specificity was found to be 98% with normal human sera from areas of endemicity (n = 44) and 85.4% with sera from patients with other chronic fungal or bacterial infections (n = 48). This novel, highly specific ELISA provides a significant addition to the existing diagnostic tests for the detection of histoplasmosis.
Minimizing Commit Latency of Transactions in Geo-Replicated Data Stores (2015)

Cross datacenter replication is increasingly being deployed to bring data closer to the user and to overcome datacenter outages. The extent of the influence of wide-area communication on serializable transactions is not yet clear. In this work, we derive a lower-bound on commit latency. The sum of the commit latency of any two datacenters is at least the Round-Trip Time (RTT) between them. We use the insights and lessons learned while deriving the lower-bound to develop a commit protocol, called Helios, that achieves low commit latencies. Helios actively exchanges transaction logs (history) between datacenters. The received logs are used to decide whether a transaction can commit or not. The earliest point in the received logs that is needed to commit a transaction is decided by Helios to ensure a low commit latency. As we show in the paper, Helios is theoretically able to achieve the lower-bound commit latency. Also, in a real-world deployment on five datacenters, Helios has a commit latency that is close to the optimal.
A pixel shape index coupled with spectral information for classification of high spatial resolution remotely sensed imagery (2006)

Shape and spectra are both important features of high spatial resolution remotely sensed (HSRRS) imagery, and they are concrete manifestation of textures on such imagery. This paper presents a spatial feature index, pixel shape index (PSI), to describe the shape feature in a local area surrounding a pixel. PSI is a pixel-based feature which measures the gray similarity distance in every direction. As merely the shape feature is inadequate for classifying HSRRS imagery, a transformed spectral feature extracted by independent component analysis is added to the input vectors of our classifier, and this replaces the original multispectral bands. Meanwhile, a fast fusion algorithm that integrates both shape and spectral features using the support vector machine has been developed to interpret the complex input vectors. The results by PSI are compared with some spatial features extracted using wavelet transform, gray level co-occurrence matrix, and the length-width extraction algorithm to test its effectiveness. The experiments demonstrate that PSI is capable of describing shape features effectively and result in more accurate classifications than other methods. While it is found that spectral and shape features can complement each other and their integration can improve classification accuracy, the transformed spectral components are also found to be more suitable for classification
Development status of a CZT spectrometer prototype with 3D spatial resolution for hard x-ray astronomy (2012)

The development of new focusing optics based on wide band Laue lenses operating from ~60 keV up to several hundred keV is particularly challenging. This type of hard X-ray or gamma ray optics requires a high performance focal plane detector in order to exploit to the best their intrinsic capabilities. We describe a three dimensional (3D) position sensitive detector prototype suitable as the basic module for a high efficiency Laue lens focal plane detector. This detector configuration is currently under study for use in a balloon payload dedicated to performing a high significance measurement of the polarization status of the Crab between 100 and 500 keV. The prototype is made by packing 8 linear modules, each composed of one basic sensitive unit bonded onto a thin supporting ceramic layer. Each unit is a drift strip detector based on a CZT crystal, irradiated transversally to the electric field direction. The anode is segmented into 8 detection cells, each comprising one collecting strip and 8 surrounding drift strips. The drift strips are biased by a voltage divider. The cathode is divided into 4 horizontal strips for the reconstruction of the Z interaction position. The detector readout electronics is based on RENA-3 ASIC and the data handling system uses a custom electronics based on FPGA to provide the ASIC setting, the event handling logic, and the data acquisition. This paper mainly describes the components and the status of the undergoing activities for the construction of the proposed 3D CZT prototype and shows the results of the electronics tests.
<title>A Summary Measure Of Image Quality</title> (1984)

The Fourier Transform of a line spread function, the O.T.F., can be accurately approximated by the moments of the line spread function. This relation is used to show that the second moment is an excellent single parameter estimate of a system's M.T.F. The second moment is easy to compute and offers many advantages in determining the performance of asymmetric imagery. The overall performance of the system can be predicted by a single universal image quality template.