gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Pathfinding in Navigation Mesh (2012)

Summary Pathfinding is a fundamental problem that most commercial games must deal with. Due to the increase in game complexity, early solutions to the problem of pathfinding were soon overwhelmed. A* alone, a classic search algorithm, is no longer sufficient to provide the best solution. The popularization of using navigation mesh in pathfinding makes A* search a very small proportion of pathfinding implementation. In this paper, it systematically reviews the entire process of using a navigation mesh to find an optimal path. First a general pathfinding solution is described. Then examples of using A* in a navigation mesh are given. Additionally, implementation details of using funnel algorithm in both triangulation and polygonization are given, which is a major contribution of this paper.
Phylogenetic analysis of HpnP reveals the origin of 2‐methylhopanoid production in Alphaproteobacteria (2015)

Hopanoids are bacterial steroid-like lipids that can be preserved in the rock record on billion-year timescales. 2-Methylhopanoids are of particular interest to geobiologists because methylation is one of the few chemical modifications that remain after diagenesis and catagenesis. 2-Methylhopanes, the molecular fossils of 2-methylhopanoids, are episodically enriched in the rock record, but we do not have a robust interpretation for their abundance patterns. Here, we exploit the evolutionary record found in molecular sequences from extant organisms to reconstruct the biosynthetic history of 2-methylhopanoids using the C-2 hopanoid methylase, HpnP. Based on HpnP phylogenetic analysis, we find that 2-methylhopanoids originated in a subset of the Alphaproteobacteria. This conclusion is statistically robust and reproducible in multiple trials varying the outgroup, trimming stringency, and ingroup dataset used to infer the evolution of this protein family. The capacity for 2-methylhopanoid production was likely horizontally transferred from the Alphaproteobacteria into the Cyanobacteria after the Cyanobacteria's major divergences. Together, these results suggest that the ancestral function of 2-methylhopanoids was not related to oxygenic photosynthesis but instead to a trait already present in the Alphaproteobacteria. Moreover, given that early 2-methylhopane deposits could have been made solely by Alphaproteobacteria before the acquisition of hpnP by Cyanobacteria, and that the Alphaproteobacteria are thought to be ancestrally aerobic, we infer that 2-methylhopanoids likely arose after the oxygenation of the atmosphere. This finding is consistent with the geologic record-the oldest syngenetic 2-methylhopanes occur after the rise of oxygen, in middle Proterozoic strata of the Barney Creek Formation.
A Device for the Calculation of dP/dt/P with Internal Calibration (1974)

An analog method for the calculation of dP/dt/P is described that in-corporates a means for internal calibration. Engineering tests of this device are reported as well as tests using pressures from the left ventricle of swine (20-25 Kgm). Interventions included inflation of a balloon in the inferior vena cava (peak pressure reduced by 50 percent), occlusion of the aorta (peak pressure increased by 100 percent), and pacing (from 150 to 210 beats/min). dP/dt/P (P denotes left-ventricular pressure) calculated from the analog device agreed within the noise level when compared with the calculation based on pressure alone using an A-D converter and digital computer.
A new direction adaptive scheme for image interpolation (2003)

We present a novel image interpolation method based on variational models with both smoothing and orientation constraints. By introducing the orientation constraint, we simplify the nonlinear PDE problem into a series of problems with explicit solutions. In our model, the gradient directions for the interpolated pixels are first estimated using a modified orientation diffusion method. Using these estimated gradient directions adaptive directional interpolation is carried out. An effective numerical implementation of the adaptive directional interpolation is presented for the case of upsampling by factors of two. This implementation had very low complexity and is well suited for real-time applications.
Resistance to TRAIL is associated with defects in ceramide signaling that can be overcome by exogenous C6-ceramide without requiring down-regulation of cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (2005)

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that selectively induces apoptosis in malignant cells. However, not all cancer cells are susceptible to TRAIL and mechanisms of resistance and new strategies to enhance sensitivity are an area of intense investigation. Glucose withdrawal or paclitaxel increase intracellular ceramide, down-regulate cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (cFLIP), and sensitize cells to TRAIL. Therefore, we investigated whether TRAIL resistance is due to ceramide levels and/or defects in ceramide generation following ligand binding. Colon cancer cells isolated from the primary tumor (SW480) and a subsequent metastasis (SW620) of the same patient have different sensitivities to TRAIL. Mass spectrometry was used to compare ceramide content in untreated and TRAIL-treated cells. Overall levels of ceramide were comparable in the cell lines but TRAIL-sensitive SW480 cells contained a higher percentage of C16-, and C18-ceramide and lower C24-ceramides than TRAIL-resistant SW620 cells. Upon TRAIL treatment, ceramide (primarily C16-ceramide) increased in SW480 but not SW620 cells. The increase in ceramide occurred with slow kinetics, paralleling caspase-3/7 activation. Combination of C6-ceramide with TRAIL resulted in apoptosis of SW620 cells. However, exogenous C6-ceramide did not affect levels of cFLIP nor did pretreatment sensitize cells to TRAIL. Exposure to TRAIL prior to ceramide was required to induce apoptosis, suggesting that ceramide plays a role in enhancing or amplifying TRAIL-mediated signaling. Our results suggest that ceramide plays a role in promoting TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and that TRAIL-resistant cancers may benefit from combination therapy with ceramide or agents that enhance ceramide accumulation.
The Emission of Light in the Passage of Alpha Particles through Gases (1954)

The emission of light from the tracks of α-particles in the gases argon, helium, nitrogen and methane has been studied using a photomultiplier. The specific emission along the track has been measured together with the total number of photons which are produced in the range 3000-6000 Å. The total number of emitted photons is found to be independent of pressure in the monatomic gases argon and helium, but varies with pressure in nitrogen and in mixtures of methane with argon or helium. The variation with pressure is explained by a simple theory of quenching by collision. The lifetime of the excited states responsible for the emission is estimated to be less than 10-6 second. The recombination of the ions is shown to play no appreciable part in the production of the photons.
Bee Venom (Apis Mellifera) an Effective Potential Alternative to Gentamicin for Specific Bacteria Strains (2016)

The results of the current study indicate that BV inhibits the growth and survival of bacterial strains and that BV can be used as a complementary antimicrobial agent against pathogenic bacteria. BV lacked the effective proteins necessary for it to exhibit antibacterial activity for some specific strains while being very effective against other specific strains. Thus, one may conclude, that <i>Apis mellifera</i> venom may have a specific mechanism that allows it to have an antibacterial effect on certain susceptible bacteria, but that mechanism is not well understood.
All-Phononic Digital Transistor on the Basis of Gap-Soliton Dynamics in an Anharmonic Oscillator Ladder (2015)

A conceptual mechanism of amplification of phonons by phonons on the basis of a nonlinear band-gap transmission (supratransmission) phenomenon is presented. As an example, a system of weakly coupled chains of anharmonic oscillators is considered. One (source) chain is driven harmonically by a boundary with a frequency located in the upper band close to the band edge of the ladder system. Amplification happens when a second (gate) chain is driven by a small signal in the counterphase and with the same frequency as the first chain. If the total driving of both chains overcomes the band-gap transmission threshold, the large amplitude band-gap soliton emerges and the amplification scenario is realized. The mechanism is interpreted as the nonlinear superposition of evanescent and propagating nonlinear modes manifesting in a single or double soliton generation working in band-gap or bandpass regimes, respectively. The results could be straightforwardly generalized for all-optical or all-magnonic contexts and have all the promise of logic gate operations.
Feasibility study for a demonstration plant for liquefaction and coprocessing of waste plastics and tires (1998)

The results of a feasibility study for a demonstration plant for the liquefaction of waste polymers and the coprocessing of waste polymers with coal are presented. The study was carried out by a committee of participants from five universities, the US DOE Federal Energy Technology Center, and Burns & Roe Corporation. The study included an assessment of current recycling practices, a review of pertinent research, and a survey of feedstock availability. A conceptual design for a demonstration plant was developed and a preliminary economic analysis for various feedstock mixes was carried out. The base case for feedstock scenarios was chosen to be 200 tons per day of waste plastic and 100 tons per day of waste tires. For this base case, the return on investment (ROI) was found to range from 8% to 16% as tipping fees for waste plastic and tires increased over a range comparable to that existing in the US. A number of additional feedstock scenarios that were both more and less profitable were also considered and are briefly discussed.
A receptor-mediated immune response using synthetic glycoconjugates (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA receptor-mediated immune response using synthetic glycoconjugatesCarolyn R. Bertozzi and Mark D. BednarskiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 14, 5543–5546Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00040a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00040a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views599Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Service adaptive multicast for media distribution networks (2004)

Multicast technology is highly efficient for the large scale multimedia content service delivery. Its efficiency is maximized when all the service recipients have identical needs. In reality however, the end users may have a heterogeneous set of requirements for different service levels as well as different service components, depending on their system and network capabilities. We propose the notion of service adaptive multicast (SAM) that balances the tradeoffs between providing individualized service to each client and maintaining an efficient overlay multicast tree structure. The novel aspects of our approach are (a) the ability to augment and transform existing paths into service paths with the desired attributes; and (b) integration of two tree maintenance processes: a receiver-initiated just-in-time adaptation of the multicast service tree driven by application/user perceived QoS, and a demand-driven tree maintenance process geared towards long-term tree quality. We demonstrate the performance of our approach using simulations of large client population.
Graph cluster randomization: network exposure to multiple universes (2013)

A/B testing is a standard approach for evaluating the effect of online experiments; the goal is to estimate the `average treatment effect' of a new feature or condition by exposing a sample of the overall population to it. A drawback with A/B testing is that it is poorly suited for experiments involving social interference, when the treatment of individuals spills over to neighboring individuals along an underlying social network. In this work, we propose a novel methodology using graph clustering to analyze average treatment effects under social interference. To begin, we characterize graph-theoretic conditions under which individuals can be considered to be `network exposed' to an experiment. We then show how graph cluster randomization admits an efficient exact algorithm to compute the probabilities for each vertex being network exposed under several of these exposure conditions. Using these probabilities as inverse weights, a Horvitz-Thompson estimator can then provide an effect estimate that is unbiased, provided that the exposure model has been properly specified. Given an estimator that is unbiased, we focus on minimizing the variance. First, we develop simple sufficient conditions for the variance of the estimator to be asymptotically small in n, the size of the graph. However, for general randomization schemes, this variance can be lower bounded by an exponential function of the degrees of a graph. In contrast, we show that if a graph satisfies a restricted-growth condition on the growth rate of neighborhoods, then there exists a natural clustering algorithm, based on vertex neighborhoods, for which the variance of the estimator can be upper bounded by a linear function of the degrees. Thus we show that proper cluster randomization can lead to exponentially lower estimator variance when experimentally measuring average treatment effects under interference.
An energy optimization method for vector processing mechanisms (2014)

In order to achieve a low energy execution for any multimedia applications (MMAs) on a vector processing mechanism (VPM), the number of parallel arithmetic pipelines and the number of cache ports of VPM must be properly configured for each MMAs. Therefore, this paper proposes an energy optimization method for VPMs (EOM-VP), which finds the lowest energy configuration by using the greedy searching method and an analytical model. As the evaluation results suggest, EOM-VP could find the lowest or the second lowest energy configuration for all the benchmark programs in the evaluation.
Effect of cement content and water/cement ratio on fresh concrete properties without admixtures (2011)

This paper investigates the effects of cement content and water/cement ratio on workable fresh concrete properties with slump changing between 90 to 110 mm, and determines the relations among fresh concrete properties such as slump, compacting factor, VeBe, unit weight and setting times of mortar with temperature history. The experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions on eight different concrete mixtures prepared from ordinary Portland cement (cement contents of 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600 and 650 kg/m3) and crushed limestone coarse and fine aggregates. Relations such as (a) VeBe time/unit weight/slump/K-slump/compacting factor/w/c ratio for cement content, (b) K-slump/compacting factor/unit weight/VeBe time for slump, (c) aggregate/cement ratio/unit weight/VeBe time for compacting factor, and (d) penetration resistance for elapsed time were determined. It was observed that increasing the cement content causes increase in the slump, K-slump, compacting factor and fresh concrete unit weight, and reduces VeBe time. Proposed fresh concrete relationships are quite appropriate for concretes without using any mineral or chemical admixtures.

	 

	Key words: Fresh concrete, slump, compacting factor, VeBe time, unit weight, setting time.
Compact multiple laser beam scanning module for high-resolution pico-projector applications using a fiber bundle combiner (2014)

We present a novel multiple laser beam scanning projection module using compact red-green-blue (RGB) fiber pigtailed laser modules for use in a high resolution pico-projector display system using a fiber bundle combiner in combination with a single MEMS mirror. This system can be used to create accurate multiple-projection images on a screen without overlaps or spaces among the projection images. The system uses very simple projection optics and has the potential to become a light engine unit for use in multiple projection systems, particularly those for light field displays. As such, light field display applications are also discussed.
FASCIOLASIS HEPATICA: REPORTE DE UN CASO Y REVISION DE LA LITERATURA (2004)

Human fasciolasis is a zoonosis linked to the trematod Fasciola hepatica, which affects primarily bovine and ovine cattle, and by chance, humans. Difficulty in clinical diagnosis due to its various patterns of presentation, it may be necessary to obtain images that enable a diagnosis. Therefore, in endemic zones (such as Latin America, Asia, and northern Africa), should include this entity as differential diagnosis for focal liver lesion, especially in the presence of eosinophilia.
Long range prediction and reduced feedback for mobile radio adaptive OFDM systems (2006)

Adaptive orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (AOFDM) modulation is a promising technique for achieving high data rates required for wireless multimedia services. To accomplish efficient adaptive channel loading, the channel state information (CSI) needs to be fed back to the transmitter. Since the fading channel varies rapidly for fast vehicle speeds, long range fading prediction (LRP) is required for mobile radio AOFDM to insure reliable adaptation. We use past channel observations to predict future CST and perform adaptive bit and power allocation for the OFDM system. We derive the minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) long-range channel prediction that utilizes the time and frequency domain correlation functions of the Rayleigh fading channel. Since the channel statistics are usually unknown, robust prediction methods that do not require the knowledge of the correlation functions are developed. Statistical model of the prediction error is created and used in the design of reliable adaptive modulation. In addition, several methods that significantly reduce the feedback load for mobile radio AOFDM systems are developed and compared. We use a standard sum-of-sinusoids model and our realistic physical model to validate performance of proposed methods. Simulation results demonstrate reliable performance and robustness of the proposed techniques, thus validating feasibility of AOFDM for rapidly varying mobile radio channels
Endosomal Deubiquitinating Enzymes Control Ubiquitination and Down-regulation of Protease-activated Receptor 2 (2009)

The E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl ubiquitinates the G protein-coupled receptor protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)), which is required for postendocytic sorting of activated receptors to lysosomes, where degradation terminates signaling. The mechanisms of PAR(2) deubiquitination and its importance in trafficking and signaling of endocytosed PAR(2) are unknown. We report that receptor deubiquitination occurs between early endosomes and lysosomes and involves the endosomal deubiquitinating proteases AMSH and UBPY. Expression of the catalytically inactive mutants, AMSH(D348A) and UBPY(C786S), caused an increase in PAR(2) ubiquitination and trapped the receptor in early endosomes, thereby preventing lysosomal trafficking and degradation. Small interfering RNA knockdown of AMSH or UBPY also impaired deubiquitination, lysosomal trafficking, and degradation of PAR(2). Trapping PAR(2) in endosomes through expression of AMSH(D348A) or UBPY(C786S) did not prolong the association of PAR(2) with beta-arrestin2 or the duration of PAR(2)-induced ERK2 activation. Thus, AMSH and UBPY are essential for trafficking and down-regulation of PAR(2) but not for regulating PAR(2) dissociation from beta-arrestin2 or PAR(2)-mediated ERK2 activation.
Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in Colonies of Indianmeal Moth and Almond Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1988)

Colonies of Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), and almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), reared in the laboratory on diet treated with Bacillus thuringiensis, became resistant to B. thuringiensis. However, resistance did not progress at the same rate or to the same extent in all of the colonies. Resistance in five Indianmeal moth colonies increased from 2- to 29-fold within three generations, and from 15- to 100-fold in ca. 40 generations under relatively low selection pressure. With higher selection pressure, resistance in one colony increased >250-fold. Resistance in an almond moth colony increased only ca. 7-fold in 21 generations of intensive selection. Resistance was stable when selection was discontinued after the resistance levels reached a plateau, but declined if selection was discontinued earlier. The resistance was partially recessive in the five Indianmeal moth colonies, but not to an equal extent. The resistance assorted independently of the recessive genetic markers copper, golden, and white-eye.
Enzymatic and physiological properties of the tungsten‐substituted molybdenum TMAO reductase from <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1999)

The trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) reductase of Escherichia coli is a molybdoenzyme that catalyses the reduction of the TMAO to trimethylamine (TMA) with a redox potential of +130 mV. We have successfully substituted the molybdenum with tungsten and obtained an active tungsto-TMAO reductase. Kinetic studies revealed that the catalytic efficiency of the tungsto-substituted TMAO reductase (W-TorA) was increased significantly (twofold), although a decrease of about 50% in its kcat was found compared with the molybdo-TMAO reductase (Mo-TorA). W-TorA is more sensitive to high pH, is less sensitive to high NaCl concentration and is more heat resistant than Mo-TorA. Most importantly, the W-TorA becomes capable of reducing sulphoxides and supports the anaerobic growth of a bacterial host on these substrates. The evolutionary implication and mechanistic significance of the tungsten substitution are discussed.