gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Near Infrared Calibrations for Goat's Milk Components: Protein, Total Casein, α<sub>s</sub>-, β- and <i>k</i>-caseins, Fat and Lactose (1993)

A fast and inexpensive method to quantify the main constituents of goat's milk using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, is proposed. Since the efficiency of milk-to-cheese transformation depends on the total amount of casein, as well as on the relative proportions of the different types of caseins, it is desirable to quantify not only protein, fat and lactose, as is normally done routinely in the cheese industry and milk recording schemes, but also total casein, α s -, β- and k-caseins. Quantities of these main components have been measured in milk samples of three Spanish breeds of goats, using traditional chemical, electrophoretical and densitometric laboratory methods in order to produce NIR calibrations for total protein, total casein, casein fractions (α s -, β- and k-caseins), fat and lactose. Low standard errors and high coefficients of determinations have been obtained for the calibrations and validations. Goat's milk spectra are described, and the contribution of different components to the observed pattern is discussed. Due to the low cost, facility and rapidity of the analyses after the spectrophotometer has been calibrated for each milk component, the use of near infrared spectroscopy becomes a suitable tool to analyse large numbers of samples and, therefore, very suitable for dairy goat recording schemes.
Distributed hierarchical regularization system for recognition of planar surfaces (1993)

The architecture of a distributed vision system is presented, with particular attention directed to the bottom-up indexing mechanism performed by a hierarchically organized network of information processing (IP) modules. Each IP module adaptively transforms input data passed by lower-level modules into more complete observations and performs a transformation that is modeled as a regularization process. This scheme is applied to the problem of recognizing objects whose 3-D shape can be described as a set of planar surfaces. Edge detection, straight-line extraction, grouping, and matching are the P modules considered. In particular, the regularization process consists of either a voting scheme or a Markov random field labeling process, depending on the level. At the higher level, a degree of belief is given about the presence of objects contained in the scene and considered in the model database. Results demonstrate both the validity of the processes applied separately at each level and the global consistency of the method.
The Relationship of Thickening Time. Gel Strength, and Compressive Strength of Oilwell Cements (1986)

Summary A previous investigation1 of the effect of thickening times on early compressive-strength and gel-strength development has been expanded to include a wider range of well conditions, a greater variety of slurry types, and a more thorough evaluation of static gel strength. No positive relationship between thickening time and the onset or the rate of static-gel-strength development could be found. With few exceptions, all slurries tested developed values greater than 48 Pa [100 lbf/100 sq ft] gel strength in less than 20 minutes. Data presented show that times needed to develop a specific static gel strength are more closely related to the type of slurry than to thickening time. A calculation method is given for estimating shutdown factor from static-gel-strength data. New data confirm that 12- and 24-hour compressive strengths are not significantly reduced by reasonable increases in thickening time. The maximum single-stage cement interval without an unreasonable waiting-on-cement (WOC) time for specified compressive strength has been redefined in terms of interval temperature differences.
Visualisation of geo-tagged pictures in the web (2011)

This work summarises a study of three different user interfaces for browsing geo-referenced pictures on websites. The subjects of this study are two widely used system like Panoramio and Flickr, and a new application develosped by the authors and called the 'Fractal View'. The study has been conducted by means of users' interviews and eye tracking.
Aluminum Fluxes and Fluxing Practice (2008)

Abstract Aluminum fluxing is a step in obtaining clean molten metal by preventing excessive oxide formation, removing nonmetallic inclusions from the melt, and preventing and/or removing oxide buildup on furnace walls. This article discusses the solid fluxes and gas fluxes used in foundries. It reviews the classification of solid fluxes depending on their use and function at the foundry operation. These include cover fluxes, drossing fluxes, cleaning fluxes, and furnace wall cleaner fluxes. The article also discusses the operational practices and applications of the flux injection in the foundries. It describes the applications of the aluminum fluxing such as crucible furnaces, transfer ladles, reverberatory furnaces, and holding/casting furnaces.
Neurogenesis and the spacing effect: Learning over time enhances memory and the survival of new neurons (2007)

Information that is spaced over time is better remembered than the same amount of information massed together. This phenomenon, known as the spacing effect, was explored with respect to its effect on learning and neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation. Because the cells are generated over time and because learning enhances their survival, we hypothesized that training with spaced trials would rescue more new neurons from death than the same number of massed trials. In the first experiment, animals trained with spaced trials in the Morris water maze outperformed animals trained with massed trials, but there was not a direct effect of trial spacing on cell survival. Rather, animals that learned well retained more cells than animals that did not learn or learned poorly. Moreover, performance during acquisition correlated with the number of cells remaining in the dentate gyrus after training. In the second experiment, the time between blocks of trials was increased. Consequently, animals trained with spaced trials performed as well as those trained with massed, but remembered the location better two weeks later. The strength of that memory correlated with the number of new cells remaining in the hippocampus. Together, these data indicate that learning, and not mere exposure to training, enhances the survival of cells that are generated 1 wk before training. They also indicate that learning over an extended period of time induces a more persistent memory, which then relates to the number of cells that reside in the hippocampus.
Crosslinking density influences the morphology of chondrocytes photoencapsulated in PEG hydrogels during the application of compressive strain (2004)

Chondrocyte deformation, which occurs during mechanical loading, is thought to play an important role in the mechanotransduction pathway. In designing a scaffold that can be gelled in situ for cartilage tissue engineering, an important consideration is the influence of mechanical loading. This study tested the hypothesis that changes in the crosslinking density of a hydrogel scaffold influence the morphology of encapsulated chondrocytes in response to an applied load. Chondrocytes were entrapped in photo-crosslinkable hydrogel scaffolds based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with two crosslinking densities, 0.119 and 0.376 mol/l, with the higher density having a 11-fold higher compressive modulus. The cell-embedded hydrogels were subjected to static compressive strains between 0% and 20% after 1 and 6 days of culture. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, chondrocytes in the highly crosslinked gel at day 1 deformed more than gels in the more loosely crosslinked gel. By day 6, this finding was reversed. When single cells within a region were followed, heterogeneities in cell deformation were observed on both a macroscopic and microscopic scale. These heterogeneities were greater in the highly crosslinked gel. These findings demonstrate that different levels of cell deformation and heterogeneity may be obtained by varying the crosslinking density in PEG hydrogels.
Modified Duplex PSA. 1. Sharp Separation and Process Intensification for CO<sub>2</sub>−N<sub>2</sub>−13X Zeolite System (2011)

A modified duplex PSA has been proposed, which could yield sharp separation and has the potential for process intensification. The performances for the original and the modified duplex PSA have been evaluated for two types of systems: the CO2−N2−13X zeolite with single component adsorption and the N2−O2−5A zeolite with competing adsorption. Part 1 of the companion papers presents the simulation studies on the separation of the CO2−N2 mixture. The purities of both products were in excess of 99 mol % with the modified duplex PSA against 78 mol % CO2 and 95 mol % N2 with the original duplex PSA for the same conditions. The bed sizes and energy requirements for the modified duplex PSA were one-half of those for the original duplex PSA. Part 2 presents studies on the separation of the N2−O2 mixture.
Prediction of protein structural class from the amino acid sequence (1986)

Abstract The multidimensional statistical technique of discriminant analysis is used to allocate amino acid sequences to one of four secondary structural classes: high α content, high β content, mixed α and β, low content of ordered structure. Discrimination is based on four attributes: estimates of percentages of α and β structures, and regular variations in the hydrophobic values of residues along the sequence, occurring with periods of 2 and 3.6 residues. The reliability of the method, estimated by classifying 138 sequences from the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank, is 80%, with no misallocations between α‐rich and β‐rich classes. The reliability can be increased to 84% by making no allocation for proteins classified with odds close to 1. Classification using previously developed secondary structural prediction methods is considerably less reliable, the best result being 64% obtained using predictions based on the Delphi method.
On the electrodynamic balance (1992)

Abstract The properties of axially symmetric electrodynamic balances are studied using analytic and numerical techniques. The levitation ability and stability characteristics of several balance configurations are determined. A unified theory for the stability characteristics of all electrodynamic balances which have a non-vanishing quadrupole field term is derived. Procedures are proposed to optimize the balance shape for stably levitating particles of maximal mass to charge ratio. The lack of a unique optimum balance shape is demonstrated.
Air as an ultrasound contrast marker for accurate determination of needle placement. Tumor biopsy localization and other applications. (1982)

Computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography can be performed to localize tumors for percutaneous biopsy. With CT, the biopsy needle can be visualized within the sample volume. The needle can not be seen within the tumor on B-scan ultrasound images. The authors have devised an air contrast technique to determine the location of the needle tip and the biopsy site. This technique can also be used for organ biopsies.
A point mutation in the MyoD basic domain imparts c-Myc-like properties. (1992)

MyoD and c-Myc, members of the large "basic-helix-loop-helix" family of proteins, regulate diverse aspects of both normal and neoplastic growth and specific gene regulation. These two proteins differ at 9 of the 14 amino acids that comprise the basic domains necessary for DNA binding and transcriptional control. Individual amino acids in the MyoD basic domain were mutated to those found at the analogous positions in c-Myc. Four classes of mutants were obtained: (i) those with no effects on MyoD-site binding or activation of MyoD-responsive genes, (ii) those with no effect on MyoD-site binding but with a loss of activation potential, (iii) those with a loss of both DNA binding and activation potential, and (iv) one mutant (mut 9, Leu122----Arg) that left MyoD-site binding unaffected but imparted a new c-Myc-site binding capability. mut 9 competed with wild-type protein for the activation of MyoD-responsive reporter genes but could, like c-Myc, also suppress the adenovirus major-late promoter, which contains a c-Myc binding site. Our studies thus identify specific amino acid residues in the MyoD basic domain that are important for its activity as a DNA-binding transcriptional activator. Most significantly, our results with mut 9 indicate that Leu122 of MyoD is a critical determinant of specific DNA binding and that mutation at this residue can alter this specificity.
The ultimate toughness of polymers. The influence of network and microscopic structure (2007)

The deformation and toughness of amorphous glassy polymers is discussed in terms of both the molecular network structure and the microscopic structure. Two model systems were taken into consideration: polystyrene-poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) blends (PS-PPE) and epoxides based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). The network structure of the thermoplastic PS-PPE system could be varied systematically by changing the relative volume fractions of PS (low entanglement density, v e=3 × 1025 chains m−3) and PPE (v e=13 × 10s25 chains m−3) in this miscible blend. The crosslink density, v c, of the DGEBA system could be set by selecting various epoxide monomer molecular weights (8 × 1025 ⩽ v c ⩽ 235 × 1025 chains m−3). The microscopic structure at length scales of 50–300 nm was controlled by the addition of different amounts of non-adhering core-shell-rubber particles having a constant diameter. Thoughness is mainly determined by the maximum macroscopic draw ratio since the yield stress of most polymers approximately is identical (50–80 MPa). It is shown, based on the analysis of experimental data published in literature, that the theoretical maximum draw ratio, derived from the maximum (entanglement or crosslink) network deformation, is obtained macroscopically when the characteristic length scale of the microstructure of the material is below a certain value, i.e., the critical matrix ligament thickness between added nonadhering rubbery particles (\s`holes\s`). The value of the critical matrix ligament thickness (IDc) uniquely depends on the network structure: at an increasing network density, IDc increases independent of the nature of the network structure (entanglements or crosslinks). A simple model is presented, based on an energy criterion, to account for the phenomenon of a critical ligament thickness.
Cell-Engineered Human Elastic Chondrocytes Regenerate Natural Scaffold <i>In Vitro</i> and Neocartilage with Neoperichondrium in the Human Body Post-Transplantation (2012)

We have developed a unique method that allows us to culture large volumes of chondrocyte expansion from a small piece of human elastic cartilage. The characteristic features of our culturing method are that fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), which promotes proliferation of elastic chondrocytes, is added to a culture medium, and that cell-engineering techniques are adopted in the multilayered culture system that we have developed. We have subsequently discovered that once multilayered chondrocytes are transplanted into a human body, differentiation induction that makes use of surrounding tissue occurs in situ, and a large cartilage block is obtained through cartinogenesis and matrix formation. We have named this method two-stage transplantation. We have clinically applied this transplantation method to the congenital ear defect, microtia, and reported successful ear reconstruction. In our present study, we demonstrated that when FGF2 was added to elastic chondrocytes, the cell count increased and the level of hyaluronic acid, which is a major extracellular matrix (ECM) component, increased. We also demonstrated that these biochemical changes are reflected in the morphology, with the elastic chondrocytes themselves producing a matrix and fibers in vitro to form a natural scaffold. We then demonstrated that inside the natural scaffold thus formed, the cells overlap, connect intercellularly to each other, and reconstruct a cartilage-like three-dimensional structure in vitro. We further demonstrated by immunohistochemical analysis and electron microscopic analysis that when the multilayered chondrocytes are subsequently transplanted into a living body (abdominal subcutaneous region) in the two-stage transplantation process, neocartilage and neoperichondrium of elastic cartilage origin are regenerated 6 months after transplantation. Further, evaluation by dynamic mechanical analysis showed the regenerated neocartilage to have the same viscoelasticity as normal auricular cartilage. Using our multilayered culture system supplemented with FGF2, elastic chondrocytes produce an ECM and also exhibit an intercellular network; therefore, they are able to maintain tissue integrity post-transplantation. These findings realized a clinical application for generative cartilage surgery.
Effect of Fertilization and Mulching with Bio-degradeable Polyethylene-coated Paper on Responses of Okra and Peppers1 (1973)

Abstract Okra ( Hibiscus esculentus L. cv. Clem son Spineless) and sweet pepper( Capsicum annuum L. cv. Yolo Wonder L)were grown at 2 fertility levels with treatments of full bed mulch, strip mulch, and bare soil. A black paper coated on both sides with a thin layer of clear polyethylene was used as mulch. Germination of okra and the early growth and seasonal marketable yield of both vegetables were greatest with the full bed mulch treatment. The strip mulch treatments increased yield of pepper over that of the unmulched but had little effect on okra yield. Yields were always higher with the higher fertility level, but differences were usually not significant. Pepper fruit size and no. and okra pods per plant were increased by mulch treatment. As amount of bed covered by mulch increased so did the soil NO 3 and K. Higher fertilizer rates generally increased soil NO 3 and K but differences were significant only in 1972.
Toadfish serum as a binder for in vitro assay of vitamin B12. (1976)

Serum from the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau, has a binding capacity for cyanocobalamin 1,000 times greater than that of human serum. The binding follows the principle of isotope dilution in the physiologic range of vitamin B12 present in human serum. Under proper conditions of storage, this binder is stable for at least 1 year. Standard reagents and techniques used in other vitamin B12 competitive binding assays can be used with the toadfish serum binder. Toadfish serum offers potential advantages over intrinsic factor and human serum, the most commonly used binders in vitamin B12 assays.
General indexation of weighted automata (2004)

Much of the massive quantities of digitized data widely available, e.g., text, speech, hand-written sequences, are either given directly, or, as a result of some prior processing, as weighted automata. These are compact representations of a large number of alternative sequences and their weights reflecting the uncertainty or variability of the data. Thus, the indexation of such data requires indexing weighted automata.
Link-state routing in networks with unidirectional links (2003)

It is shown that a unidirectional link of a network can be used for routing only if it has an inclusive cycle, which provides a path to carry routing updates from the downstream node to the upstream node joint by the unidirectional link. A new routing algorithm for networks with unidirectional links is then presented, which incrementally disseminates link-state information and selectively utilizes unidirectional links in networks. The new algorithm is verified to be correct and its complexity is analyzed. Simulations on a 20-node unidirectional network show that the new algorithm is more efficient than topology broadcasting.
Structural basis of glycan specificity in neonate-specific bovine-human reassortant rotavirus (2015)

Strain-dependent variation of glycan recognition during initial cell attachment of viruses is a critical determinant of host specificity, tissue-tropism and zoonosis. Rotaviruses (RVs), which cause life-threatening gastroenteritis in infants and children, display significant genotype-dependent variations in glycan recognition resulting from sequence alterations in the VP8* domain of the spike protein VP4. The structural basis of this genotype-dependent glycan specificity, particularly in human RVs, remains poorly understood. Here, from crystallographic studies, we show how genotypic variations configure a novel binding site in the VP8* of a neonate-specific bovine-human reassortant to uniquely recognize either type I or type II precursor glycans, and to restrict type II glycan binding in the bovine counterpart. Such a distinct glycan-binding site that allows differential recognition of the precursor glycans, which are developmentally regulated in the neonate gut and abundant in bovine and human milk provides a basis for age-restricted tropism and zoonotic transmission of G10P[11] rotaviruses.
High frequency sparse array synthesis for target identification signatures (2006)

It is known that high frequency in the teraHertz range (THz) have unique advantage in the reflective properties for biological objects and penetration through dielectric material. These radiations are non-ionizing for use in civilian applications. High frequency aperture size can be fairly small allowing the equipment to be portable. THz components mainly consist of sources detectors up-converters down-converters mixers and circulators and associated femto second laser generators. These components are under active development. However each component of these high frequency modules for transmission and reception can be fairly large. In this paper a deterministic thinning procedure is derived for designing an array, with sidelobe control, of these transmission and receiver modules. Circular as well as elliptical arrays are discussed. Algorithm is developed based on Taylor synthesis procedure with zero sampling. Grid locations of these large arrays are given with some examples. Using the results of thinned circular array we design elliptical array using invariant principal of the synthesis. The array design is based on analytic solutions of aperture integral equations. Side lobe control is achieved by controlling the illumination of the aperture. This illumination corresponds to the density of the elements in the sparse array, with each element of the array having uniform amplitude.
Developments in Nb&lt;inf&gt;3&lt;/inf&gt;Sn forced flow conductors for large magnets (1979)

The production of a Nb <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Sn forced flow conductor requires the development of the techniques for reliably fabricating long lengths of compacted cable in a stainless steel jacket. Development is needed in two major areas: 1) cabling and preliminary compaction of the cable and 2) wrapping, final compaction squaring of the full conductor. The configuration of the Nb <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Sn strand is presented and its performance characteristics are described. Early investigations have been made using handmade cables and the sample length was limited to 5 m by the compaction techniques used at the time. Machine made copper cable has been completed and differences are also described. Finally developments in the continuous wrapping and compacting process will be discussed.
[<sup>18</sup>F]T807, a novel tau positron emission tomography imaging agent for Alzheimer's disease (2013)

[(18)F]T807 demonstrates high affinity and selectivity to PHF-tau as well as favorable in vivo properties, making this a promising candidate as an imaging agent for AD.