gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multichannel ARMA processes (1994)

Parametric modeling of multichannel time series is accomplished by using higher (than second) order statistics (HOS) of the observed nonGaussian data. Cumulants of vector processes are defined using a Kronecker product formulation, and consistency of their sample estimators is addressed. Identifiability results in connection with the HOS-based parameter estimation of causal and noncausal multivariate ARMA processes are established. Estimates of the parameters of causal ARMA models are obtained as the solution to a set of linear equations, whereas those of noncausal ARMA models are obtained as the solution to a cumulant matching algorithm. Conventional approaches based on second-order statistics can identify a multichannel system only to within post multiplication by a unimodular matrix. HOS-based methods yield solutions that are unique to within post-multiplication by an (extended) permutation matrix; additionally, the multiminimum phase assumption can be relaxed, and the observations may be contaminated with colored Gaussian noise. Frequency-domain methods for nonparametric system identification are discussed briefly. Simulations results validating the multichannel parameter estimation algorithms are provided.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Electrorecycling of Critical and Value Metals from Mobile Electronics (2014)

Mobile electronic devices such as smart phones and tablets are a significant source of valuable metals that should be recycled. Each year over a billion devices are sold world-wide and the average life is only a couple years. Value metals in phones are gold, palladium, silver, copper, cobalt and nickel. Devices now contain increasing amounts of rare earth elements (REE). In recent years the supply chain for REE has moved almost exclusively to China. They are contained in displays, speakers and vibrators within the devices. By US Department of Energy (DOE) classification, specific REEs (Nd, Dy, Eu, Tb and Y) are considered critical while others (Ce, La and Pr) are deemed near critical. Effective recycling schemes should include the recovery of these critical materials. By including more value materials in a recovery scheme, more value can be obtained by product diversification and less waste metals remains to be disposed of. REEs are mined as a group such that when specific elements become critical significantly more ore must be processed to capture the dilute but valuable critical elements. Targeted recycling of items containing the more of the less available critical materials could address their future criticality. This presentation will describe work in developing aqueous electrochemistry-based schemes for recycling metals from scrap mobile electronics. The electrorecycling process generates oxidizing agents at an anode while reducing dissolved metals at the cathode. E vs pH diagrams and metals dissolution experiments are used to assess effectiveness of various solution chemistries. Although several schemes were envisioned, a two stages process has been the focus of work: 1) initial dissolution of Cu, Sn, Ag and magnet materials using Fe+3 generated in acidic sulfate and 2) final dissolution of Pd and Au using Cl2 generated in an HCl solution. Experiments were performed using simulated metal mixtures. Both Cu and Ag were recovered at ~ 97% using Fe+3 while leaving Au and Ag intact. REE were extracted from the dissolved mixture using conventional methods. A discussion of future research directions will be discussed.
A NEW THERMAL RATING APPROACH: THE REAL TIME THERMAL RATING SYSTEM FOR STRATEGIC OVERHEAD CONDUCTOR TRANSMISSION LINES (1977)

For the fmt time a Real Time Thermal Rating System has been developed for overhead transmission lines using actual meteorological data and real-time conductor temperatures and line loading. This System provides, on a probability basis, much higher ampacity ratings than those derived from conventional methods. As a portion of this System, a steady state thermal rating procedure is presented in the companion paper, which includes forced convection heat transfer equations taking into account the effect of wind turbulence or gustiness, conductor yaw (wind direction), conductor height above ground, smooth versus rough (stranded) conductor surfaces, the proximity of conductors in a bundle, and conductor pitch. A natural convective heat equation is developed for stranded conductors. The conductor temperature is solved directly without resorting to an iterative solution.
High frequency of mutator phenotype in human prostatic adenocarcinoma. (1994)

Mutator phenotype of nucleotide repeats has been implicated to be involved in human cancer and other diseases. This type of instability may be the direct result of DNA replication and/or repair errors. To examine mutator phenotype during the development of human prostate cancer, we undertook this study to screen 57 patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma for possible mutator phenotype at 18 microsatellite marker loci on 12 chromosomes (3p, 5q, 6p, 7p, 8p, 10q, 11p, 13q, 16q, 17p, 18q and Xq). Overall, in 37 of 57 patients, we have found positive mutator phenotype in at least one of the loci analysed. A significantly greater number of cases were found to be positive for this phenotype among the poorly differentiated than the moderately- and well-differentiated prostatic adenocarcinomas. Our data suggest that mutator phenotype may play an important role in the development and progression of human prostate cancer.
<title>Restoration of mammographic images acquired by a new fast digitization system</title> (1992)

Accurate interpretation of digitized X-ray mammograms has been limited by the lack of a specialized image acquisition system. We have developed a novel image acquisition system based on an area scanning scientific grade CCD array. The distinguishing features of our system are: (1) fast method of digitizing mammograms and (2) high spatial and photometric resolution. The system is capable of acquiring 6 frames per second where each frame consists of over 1.3 million pixels digitized to 10 bits per pixel, 8 of which are displayed at any one time on a high resolution monitor. The fixed pattern and the random noise (of optical and electronic origin) are minimized using background subtraction and signal averaging techniques. The resulting image is equal to or better than that obtained by a drum laser- scanning microdensitometer. In order to restore the image from the degrading effects of the system blur and noise, Wiener filtering is used. The modulation transfer function of the system is measured using a bar pattern test object and also the classical knife edge technique. In one filter implementation the ensemble power spectrum of the mammograms is estimated from the degraded images. The noise is assumed to be independent from the signal and its power spectrum is estimated from selected smooth regions of the noisy and blurred images. The spectral energy of the relatively low contrast soft tissues images on a mammogram are generally concentrated near zero frequency. In an alternative implementation the noise to signal power ratio is assumed constant. The results show a marked improvement in detectability of smallest particles of microcalcifications when judged by a human observer. The impact of our image restoration in clinical detection of microcalcifications by a radiologist will be tested.
Oxidative Stress, Accumulation of Biological 'Garbage', and Aging (2006)

Normal metabolism is associated with unavoidable mild oxidative stress resulting in biomolecular damage that cannot be totally repaired or removed by cellular degradative systems, including lysosomes, proteasomes, and cytosolic and mitochondrial proteases. Consequently, irreversibly damaged and functionally defective structures (biological 'garbage') accumulate within long-lived postmitotic cells, such as cardiac myocytes and neurons, leading to progressive loss of adaptability and increased probability of death and characterizing a process called aging, or senescence. Intralysosomal 'garbage' is represented by lipofuscin (age pigment), an undegradable autophagocytosed material, while extralysosomal 'garbage' involves oxidatively modified cytosolic proteins, altered biomembranes, defective mitochondria and other organelles. In aged postmitotic cells, heavily lipofuscin-loaded lysosomes perform poorly, resulting in the enhanced accumulation of defective mitochondria, which in turn produce more reactive oxygen species causing additional damage (the mitochondrial-lysosomal axis theory). Potential anti-aging strategies may involve not only overall reduction of oxidative stress, but also the use of intralysosomal iron chelators hampering Fenton-type chemistry as well as the stimulation of cellular degradative systems.
Avoiding power broadening in optically detected magnetic resonance of single NV defects for enhanced dc magnetic field sensitivity (2011)

We report a systematic study of the magnetic field sensitivity of a magnetic sensor consisting of a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect in diamond, by using continuous optically detected electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. We first investigate the behavior of the ESR contrast and linewidth as a function of the microwave and optical pumping power. The experimental results are in good agreement with a simplified model of the NV defect spin dynamics, leading to an optimized sensitivity around $2\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}$T$/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ for a single NV defect in a high-purity diamond crystal grown by chemical vapor deposition. We then demonstrate an enhancement of the magnetic sensitivity by one order of magnitude by using a simple pulsed-ESR scheme. This technique is based on repetitive excitation of the NV defect with a resonant microwave $\ensuremath{\pi}$ pulse followed by an optimized readout laser pulse, allowing to fully eliminate power broadening of the ESR linewidth. The achieved sensitivity is similar to that obtained by using Ramsey-type sequences, which is the optimal magnetic field sensitivity for the detection of a dc magnetic field.
Visual acuity measured with pupil responses to checkerboard stimuli. (1980)

The response of the pupil was measured to a foveally fixated small field in which checkerboards were alternated with a blank field of equal average luminance. The subjects studied had refractive errors, but their eyes were free from pathological changes. A pupil visual acuity could be derived, which showed a very high correlation with the subjective acuity with the same checkerboard stimuli. The method of obtaining pupil visual acuity seems to compare favorably with other objective methods of measuring visual acuity.
Highly Enantioselective Insertion of Carbenoids into N−H Bonds Catalyzed by Copper Complexes of Chiral Spiro Bisoxazolines (2007)

A highly efficient copper-catalyzed asymmetric insertion of α-diazoesters into N−H bonds has been realized by using chiral spiro bisoxazoline ligands, affording α-amino acid derivatives in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities.
Phonon-limited electron mobility in graphene calculated using tight-binding Bloch waves (2012)

We present a calculation of the electron-phonon scattering rates in ideal monolayer graphene using the third-nearest-neighbor (3NN) tight-binding (TB) electronic Bloch wave functions formed by the analytical carbon 2pz orbitals with an effective nuclear charge of Zeff=4.14. With these wave functions, the band structure is also represented very accurately over the entire Brillouin zone. By fitting the rates calculated using the TB Bloch wave functions to those calculated by density functional theory (DFT), we extract the “bare” acoustic and optical deformation potential constants, which do not include the effect of the wave function overlap or substrate, to be Dac=12 eV and Dop=5×109 eV/cm, respectively. The phonon-limited electron mobility based on these rates is calculated within the relaxation-time approximation and presented for various doping densities and temperatures, with representative values being of order 107 cm2/Vs (50 K) and 106 cm2/Vs (300 K) at the carrier density of 1012 cm−2. The electron mobility values are in good agreement with those reported by DFT and exceed the experimentally obtained values, where the substrate plays an important role. We discuss the utility of the 3NN TB approximation for transport calculations in graphene-based nanostructures.
Optimal allocation of test resources for software reliability growth modeling in software development (2002)

A component-based software development approach has become a trend in integrating modern software systems. To ensure the overall reliability of an integrated software system, its software components have to meet certain reliability requirements, subject to some testing schedule and resource constraints. Efficiency improvement of the system-testing can be formulated as a combinatorial optimization problem with known cost, reliability, effort and other attributes of the system components. This paper considers "software component testing resource allocation" for a system with single or multiple applications, each with a pre-specified reliability requirement. The relation between failure rates of components and "cost to decrease this rate" is modeled by various types of reliability-growth curves. Closed-form solutions to the problem for systems with one single application are developed, and then "how to solve the multiple application problem using nonlinear programming techniques" are described. Also examined are the interactions between the system components, and inter-component failure dependencies are included in the modeling formula. In addition to regular systems, the technique is extended to address fault-tolerant systems. A procedure for a systematic approach to the testing resource allocation problem is developed, and its application in a case study of a telecommunications software system is described. This procedure is automated in a reliability allocation tool for an easy specification of the problem and an automatic application of the technique. This methodology gives the basic approach to optimization of testing schedules, subject to reliability constraints. This adds "interesting new optimization opportunities in the software testing phase" to the existing optimization literature that is concerned with structural optimization of the software architecture. Merging these two approaches improves the reliability planning accuracy in component-based software development.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and its Receptors (1995)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a highly specific mitogen for vascular endothelial cells and an angiogenic factor that is structurally related to platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). It is also known as the vascular permeability factor (VPF) because it efficiently potentiates the permeabilization of blood vessels. Five types of VEGF mRNA encoding VEGF species which differ in their molecular mass and in their biological properties are transcribed from a single gene as a result of alternative splicing. VEGFs are produced and secreted by several normal cell types including smooth muscle, luteal and adrenal cortex cells. VEGFs are also produced by different tumorigenic cells, and appear to play a major role in tumour angiogenesis. Antibodies directed against VEGF can inhibit the growth of a variety of VEGF producing tumours. Of the various VEGF species, the best characterized is the 165 amino acid long form (VEGF165). VEGF165 is a heparin binding growth factor, and its interaction with VEGF receptors on the cell surface of vascular endothelial cells depends on the presence of heparin-like molecules. Several cell types which do not proliferate in response to VEGF such as bovine corneal endothelial cells, HeLa cells and human melanoma cells also express cell surface VEGF receptors, but the function of the VEGF receptors in these cells is unclear. Recently, the tyrosine-kinase receptors encoded by the flt and KDR/flk-1 genes were found to function as VEGF165 receptors.
Power aware page allocation (2000)

One of the major challenges of post-PC computing is the need to reduce energy consumption, thereby extending the lifetime of the batteries that power these mobile devices. Memory is a particularly important target for efforts to improve energy efficiency. Memory technology is becoming available that offers power management features such as the ability to put individual chips in any one of several different power modes. In this paper we explore the interaction of page placement with static and dynamic hardware policies to exploit these emerging hardware features. In particular, we consider page allocation policies that can be employed by an informed operating system to complement the hardware power management strategies. We perform experiments using two complementary simulation environments: a trace-driven simulator with workload traces that are representative of mobile computing and an execution-driven simulator with a detailed processor/memory model and a more memory-intensive set of benchmarks (SPEC2000). Our results make a compelling case for a cooperative hardware/software approach for exploiting power-aware memory, with down to as little as 45% of the Energy&bull; Delay for the best static policy and 1% to 20% of the Energy&bull; Delay for a traditional full-power memory.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a targeted library of protein phosphatase inhibitors (2000)

Phosphorylation of serine, threonine, and tyrosine controls fundamental mammalian cell events and is achieved by kinases which, in turn, are in dynamic relationship with phosphatases. Few selective inhibitors of protein tyrosine and dual specificity phosphatases are readily available. Based on SAR studies of naturally occurring phosphatase inhibitors and following up on previously published research, we have designed a new pharmacophore model V and synthesized a new library of functional analogues of V. All synthetic steps were carried out and optimized employing combinatorial chemistry methods on Wang resin. All compounds were tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit recombinant human protein tyrosine (PTP1B) and dual-specificity (Cdc25B(2) and VHR) phosphatases. Three of the approximately 70 compounds in our library inhibited Cdc25B(2) by 50% at 375-490 microM. No compounds inhibited PTP1B, and only one blocked VHR. Cell-culture studies revealed no toxicity to human breast cancer cells with two of the phosphatase inhibitors.
Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance in <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> (2005)

Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) are important components of the innate host defense system against microbial infections and microbial products. However, the human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis is intrinsically highly resistant to CAMPs, such as polymyxin B (PxB) (MIC > or = 512 microg/ml). To ascertain the mechanisms by which meningococci resist PxB, mutants that displayed increased sensitivity (> or =4-fold) to PxB were identified from a library of mariner transposon mutants generated in a meningococcal strain, NMB. Surprisingly, more than half of the initial PxB-sensitive mutants had insertions within the mtrCDE operon, which encodes proteins forming a multidrug efflux pump. Additional PxB-sensitive mariner mutants were identified from a second round of transposon mutagenesis performed in an mtr efflux pump-deficient background. Further, a mutation in lptA, the phosphoethanolamine (PEA) transferase responsible for modification of the lipid A head groups, was identified to cause the highest sensitivity to PxB. Mutations within the mtrD or lptA genes also increased meningococcal susceptibility to two structurally unrelated CAMPs, human LL-37 and protegrin-1. Consistently, PxB neutralized inflammatory responses elicited by the lptA mutant lipooligosaccharide more efficiently than those induced by wild-type lipooligosaccharide. mariner mutants with increased resistance to PxB were also identified in NMB background and found to contain insertions within the pilMNOPQ operon involved in pilin biogenesis. Taken together, these data indicated that meningococci utilize multiple mechanisms including the action of the MtrC-MtrD-MtrE efflux pump and lipid A modification as well as the type IV pilin secretion system to modulate levels of CAMP resistance. The modification of meningococcal lipid A head groups with PEA also prevents neutralization of the biological effects of endotoxin by CAMP.
New automatic vehicle identification system for detection of traffic without lane discipline (1991)

Electronic road toll collection has usually been carried out on the highway using an automatic vehicle identification (AVI) system. At the toll site, physical barriers are set up between lanes so that individual vehicles can be effectively detected. Problems arise, however, in the detection of vehicles on busy city roads where barriers between lanes are not desirable and the traffic does not always maintain lane discipline. A new AVI system using a randomised time division multiplexing (TDM) technique for detecting several vehicles simultaneously entering the detection zone is described in this paper. Laboratory experiments carried out for up to eight identification tags at the same time showed that all replies were detected for 900 interrogations. Collisions between replying signals did not occur. The high-speed transmission of serial data has, however, an error rate of 3–7%. Under laboratory conditions, the detection errors were eliminated simply by allowing the tags to reply twice.
Earth-rotation aperture synthesis (1973)

Resolution for radio astronomy in the order of 1" is necessary for the study of distant radio galaxies and quasars, for detecting faint sources, and for the mapping of clouds of hydrogen and other molecules. To obtain these resolutions many new or planned radio instruments use arrays of moderate size radio telescopes to synthesize large physical apertures. These instruments are generally composed of one or several linear arrays and utilize the rotation of the earth to change the relative orientation of the array and the radio source. The techniques used for earth-rotation aperture synthesis are discussed. The response of a two-element interferometer and the geometry associated with earth-rotation synthesis are reviewed; the current and proposed designs for these instruments and their performance are described; and, finally, the inversion methods for determining the angular power distribution of a radio source from the array response (visibility function) are outlined.
The development of an integrated chlorine dioxide process to produce chlorine dioxide solution with low chlorine content (2006)

To address industry concerns about the levels of dissolved chlorine in the chlorine dioxide solution produced by the conventional integrated process, Aker Kvaerner has successfully developed new technology to produce a higher purity product. This 'next-generation' integrated process can produce chlorine dioxide solution with comparable levels of chlorine as the competing methanol-based process, while retaining all of the following advantages of the conventional integrated process: - Attractive return on investment, via lower operating costs. - Security of supply, and insulation from cyclical market prices for feedstocks. - Convenience and safety of not having to import, handle, and store large volumes of hazardous chemicals. This paper reviews the development of Aker Kvaerner's lowchlorine integrated chlorine dioxide process, and presents the results from pilot plant trials and product analysis from operating plants that have a combined capacity of 145 tonnes/day chlorine dioxide.