gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dual-mode switching used for unified speech and audio codec (2010)

This paper presents a dual-mode switching method between time-domain codec and transform-domain codec of audio coding. It is a key technique of unified speech and audio (music) coding, since the replaying audio quality corresponds to the suitable codec selection and smooth switching between them. The proposed method consists of two steps, codec mode selection and switching. The binary decision trees (BDTs) algorithm is used to take a decision of mode selection, because of its advantages of high accuracy, low delay and low complexity. For smoothing transition between two codec, a pre-coding strategy is suggested in this paper. The classical speech codec, Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction (ACELP) and the Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) of MPEG are used for validating the proposed method. The scores of PESQ with 11 testing sequences show that the proposed switching method will not bring additional noise and can get higher objective evaluation of audio quality than single codec.
REVIEW PAPER: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases of Nonhuman Primates in the Laboratory Setting (2010)

Despite numerous advances in the diagnosis and control of infectious diseases of nonhuman primates in the laboratory setting, a number of infectious agents continue to plague colonies. Some, such as measles virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, cause sporadic outbreaks despite well-established biosecurity protocols, whereas others, such as retroperitoneal fibromatosis-associated herpesvirus, have only recently been discovered, often as a result of immunosuppressive experimental manipulation. Owing to the unique social housing requirements of nonhuman primates, importation of foreign-bred animals, and lack of antemortem diagnostic assays for many new diseases, elimination of these agents is often difficult or impractical. Recognition of these diseases is therefore essential because of their confounding effects on experimental data, impact on colony health, and potential for zoonotic transmission. This review summarizes the relevant pathology and pathogenesis of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases of laboratory nonhuman primates.
Tissue equivalence of some phantom materials for proton beams (2010)

Tissue and water equivalence of some phantom materials originally developed for conventional radiation therapy was investigated on the ITEP medical proton beam facility. The proton CSDA range in three variants of Plastic Water, lung, adipose, muscle and compact bone substitute materials (CIRS Inc., USA) was measured by a silicon diode as well as the residual proton range in liquid water after passing a slab of each material under investigation. In addition, the proton range in five materials of known elemental composition was calculated by Monte Carlo technique. The obtained results were compared with reference data from ICRU report 49 for respective biological tissues and water. A total uncertainty of the proton range ratios was estimated to be from 0.9 to 1.5% (1SD). Within these uncertainties, Plastic Water, Plastic Water LR, Plastic Water DT, muscle and compact bone demonstrated a good agreement with the reference data. The range in adipose and lung substitutes is a few percents lower than that in the respective tissues.
Regioselective sulfenylation of dianions derived from 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds. (1979)

Regioselective sulfenylations of dianions derived from 1, 3-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated with readily available sulfenylating agents such as diphenyl disulfide, phenyl benzenethiosulfonate, and phenylsulfenyl chloride, employing sodium hydride and butyl lithium or lithium diisopropylamide as bases. Sulfenylations of the dianions prepared from the β-ketoesters Ia, Ib and VI, the β-ketoamide Ic, and the 1, 3-diketones X and XIII with diphenyl disulfide afforded IIIa, IIIb, VIII, IIIc, XII, and XV, respectively, in fairly good yields.
Cost-sensitive classification (1995)

This paper introduces ICET, a new algorithm for cost-sensitive classification. ICET uses a genetic algorithm to evolve a population of biases for a decision tree induction algorithm. The fitness fu...
IDO1 and IDO2 Non-Synonymous Gene Variants: Correlation with Crohn's Disease Risk and Clinical Phenotype (2014)

This work highlights the functional importance of IDO enzymes in human Crohn's disease and establishes relative rates of IDO genetic variants in a US population.
Sensing of p53 and EGFR Biomarkers Using High Efficiency SERS Substrates (2015)

In this paper we describe a method for the determination of protein concentration using Surface Enhanced Raman Resonance Scattering (SERRS) immunoassays. We use two different Raman active linkers, 4-aminothiophenol and 6-mercaptopurine, to bind to a high sensitivity SERS substrate and investigate the influence of varying concentrations of p53 and EGFR on the Raman spectra. Perturbations in the spectra are due to the influence of protein-antibody binding on Raman linker molecules and are attributed to small changes in localised mechanical stress, which are enhanced by SERRS. These influences are greatest for peaks due to the C-S functional group and the Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) was found to be inversely proportional to protein concentration.
REGIONAL AND NATIONAL IMPACTS OF EXPANDED PACIFIC NORTHWEST POTATO PRODUCTION (1982)

A 46-equation econometric model of the U.S. potato market was developed. The model examines the determination of planted acreage, yield, production, and farm prices in the Pacific Northwest and in five other producing regions which compete with Northwest production. National demand relationships for potatoes used in processing, fresh consumption and livestock feed are also specified. These estimated relationships are used to simulate future scenarios which assume alternative rates of expansion for Northwest potato production. Results suggest that opportunities for considerable expansion of Northwest potato production exist if the secular shift in potato demand continues and increases in acreage are not excessive or expansion does not occur too quickly.
Optimal anti lock braking system with regenerative braking in hybrid electric vehicle (2014)

Hybrid electric vehicle is an electric drive vehicle which is powered by internal combustion engines (ICE) and an electric motor. However, this vehicle has some problems such as driving range, recharge time and battery cost. On the other hand, one advantage of HEV is able to recover energy during the brake by converting kinetic energy into electric energy and use it immediately or stored when it is required. This process is called regenerative braking. Anti-lock-braking system (ABS) is a safety system which allows the wheels to maintain the friction between the tires and prevent the car from skidding especially on dry and slippery road surfaces. Change in vehicle weight, friction coefficient of the road and road inclination can affect the behavior of the braking system. Therefore, optimization of the ABS system is necessary. In this study, optimal anti-lock-braking system (ABS) with regenerative braking in a hybrid electric vehicle is surveyed. The methodology consists of the mathematical model of the vehicle, ICE and electric motor, control design for ABS system and simulation. Besides, MATLAB software is used for the simulation model.
Predicting the Onset of Asphaltene Precipitation from Refractive Index Measurements (1999)

Despite the complexity of asphaltene chemistry, a simple relationship exists between the onset of precipitation and the refractive index of the mixture in which precipitation is first observed. Separation of asphaltenes from oil is a colloidal phenomenon. Because aggregation and separation of the asphaltenes are primarily dependent on the magnitude of van der Waals forces between nonpolar species, the mixture refractive index can be used to quantify the ability of a crude oil to disperse its asphaltene fraction. In some crude oils, asphaltenes are very close to the onset of precipitation, while in other oils, the asphaltenes are relatively stable. The value of the refractive index of an oil sample and the refractive index at which precipitation is first observed are distinctive properties of each crude oil. The difference between these two values is a measure of the stability of the asphaltenes in their respective crude oils. Mixture refractive index correctly predicts the onset of asphaltene precipitation in solutions with varying concentrations of asphaltenes.
<title>Self-Coupled Optical Pickup</title> (1983)

A review is made on the current status of the study of the self-coupling effects in the semiconductor laser diode and on the application of the effects in optical memory readout. It is proposed and demonstrated that the operational instsabilities caused excess coherency of the laser output light is suppressed by placing either a polarzation rotator or a phase plate in the path of the light.
Death in Shunted Hydrocephalic Children in the 1990s (1998)

Using a combined search of the Children's Hospital (Birmingham, Ala., USA) medical records and the Jefferson County Health Department death records, we reviewed all shunt-related deaths that occurred between January 1990 and July 1996. Of these, we excluded patients who died of nonhydrocephalus-related reasons, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, as well as patients who had other serious neurological illnesses such as brain tumor and hydranencephaly. Twenty-eight patients died of shunt-related causes in the 6.5-year period. A survival analysis showed that 96% survived 32 months after first shunting. Of 28 patients, 23 were beyond help prior to medical evaluation. However, at least 10 of these patients had symptoms suggestive of shunt failure at least 24 h and as long as 2 weeks prior to their demise. We conclude that hydrocephalic children still die of shunt failure despite the modern technology of the 1990s. Some of these causes may be avoidable through early detection of symptoms. Guidelines to patients, families, and primary caregivers should be emphasized.
Selectively Reduced Glycerol in Skin of Aquaporin-3-deficient Mice May Account for Impaired Skin Hydration, Elasticity, and Barrier Recovery (2002)

Deletion of the epidermal water/glycerol transporter aquaporin-3 (AQP3) in mice reduced superficial skin conductance by approximately 2-fold (Ma, T., Hara, M., Sougrat, R., Verbavatz, J. M., and Verkman, A. S. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 17147-17153), suggesting defective stratum corneum (SC) hydration. Here, we demonstrate significant impairment of skin hydration, elasticity, barrier recovery, and wound healing in AQP3 null mice in a hairless (SKH1) genetic background and investigate the cause of the functional defects by analysis of SC morphology and composition. Utilizing a novel (3)H(2)O distribution method, SC water content was reduced by approximately 50% in AQP3 null mice. Skin elasticity measured by cutometry was significantly reduced in AQP3 null mice with approximately 50% reductions in elasticity parameters Uf, Ue, and Ur. Although basal skin barrier function was not impaired, AQP3 deletion produced an approximately 2-fold delay in recovery of barrier function as measured by transepidermal water loss after tape stripping. Another biosynthetic skin function, wound healing, was also approximately 2-fold delayed by AQP3 deletion. By electron microscopy AQP3 deletion did not affect the structure of the unperturbed SC. The SC content of ions (Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+)) and small solutes (urea, lactic acid, glucose) was not affected by AQP3 deletion nor was the absolute amount or profile of lipids and free amino acids. However, AQP3 deletion produced significant reductions in glycerol content in SC and epidermis (in nmol/microg protein: 5.5 +/- 0.4 versus 2.3 +/- 0.7 in SC; 0.037 +/- 0.007 versus 0.022 +/- 0.005 in epidermis) but not in dermis or blood. These results establish hydration, mechanical, and biosynthetic defects in skin of AQP3-deficient mice. The selective reduction in epidermal and SC glycerol content in AQP3 null mice may account for these defects, providing the first functional evidence for physiologically important glycerol transport by an aquaporin.
Robust residual generation for dynamic processes using de-coupling technique (2003)

The work presents some results concerning robust fault detection for dynamic processes using a disturbance decoupling technique. The first step of the approach consists of exploiting input-output descriptions of the monitored system. In particular, the disturbance term of a model can be used to take into account unknown inputs affecting the system. The next step of the scheme leads to definition of a set of parity relations that can be used as robust residual signals since they are insensitive to the disturbance term. The proposed fault detection procedure has been tested on an industrial process simulator. Sensor and actuator faults have been simulated on a gas turbine model.
Evolution of immune detectors in intelligent security system for malware detection (2011)

In this paper we present the basic principles of the evolution of detectors in intelligent malware detection system. This system based on integration of both AI methods: artificial neural networks and artificial immune systems. The goal of the evolution is adaptation of detectors to new, unknown malicious code for increasing of quality of detection.
Binding and Internalization of<i>Clostridium botulinum</i>C2 Toxin (2009)

Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin is a binary toxin composed of an enzymatic component (C2I) and a binding component (C2II). The activated binding component (C2IIa) forms heptamers, and the oligomer with C2I is taken up by receptor-mediated endocytosis. We investigated the binding and internalization of C2IIa in cells. The C2IIa monomer formed oligomers on lipid rafts in membranes of MDCK cells. Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin inhibited the binding of C2IIa and the rounding of the cells induced by C2I plus C2IIa. C2I was localized to the rafts in the presence, but not the absence, of C2IIa. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that C2I bound to the oligomer of C2IIa, but not the monomer of C2IIa. C2I and C2IIa were rapidly internalized in the cells. LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, inhibited the internalization of C2IIa in the cells and the rounding activity in the presence of C2I plus C2IIa. Incubation of the cells with C2I plus C2IIa resulted in the activation of PI3K and in phosphorylation of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 and protein kinase B/Akt (Akt), but that with C2IIa alone did not. Akt inhibitor X, an Akt phosphorylation inhibitor, inhibited the rounding activity but not the internalization of C2IIa. The results suggest that the binding of C2I to the oligomer of C2IIa on rafts triggers the activation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and, in turn, the initiation of endocytosis.
Synthesis of poly(benzoxazinone)s by direct polycondensation of dicarboxylic acids with bis(anthranilic acid)s (1989)

Abstract A convenient method for the synthesis of poly(benzoxazinone)s of high molecular weights has been developed. These polymers were prepared readily by direct polycondensation of aromatic dicarboxylic acids containing phenyl ether structures with bis(anthranilic acid)s using phosphorus pentoxide/methanesulfonic acid (PPMA) as a condensing agent and solvent. Polycondensations proceeded smoothly and were completed within several hours at 140°C to produce poly(benzoxazinone)s with inherent viscosities up to 2.6 dL/g. The synthesis of 2‐substituted benzoxazinones by the reaction of aromatic carboxylic acids or dicarboxylic acid with anthranilic acid in PPMA was studied in detail to demonstrate the feasibility of the reaction for polymer formation. The thermogravimetry of the aromatic poly(benzoxazinone)s showed 10% weight loss in air and nitrogen around at 440 and 460°C, respectively.
Drag of suction cup tags on swimming animals: Modeling and measurement (2013)

Abstract Bio‐logging tags are widely used to study the behavior and movements of marine mammals with the tacit assumption of little impact to the animal. However, tags on fast‐swimming animals generate substantial hydrodynamic forces potentially affecting behavior and energetics adversely, or promoting early removal of the tag. In this work, hydrodynamic loading of three novel tag housing designs are compared over a range of swimming speeds using computational fluid dynamics ( CFD ). Results from CFD simulation were verified using tag models in a water flume with close agreement. Drag forces were reduced by minimizing geometric disruptions to the flow around the housing, while lift forces were reduced by minimizing the frontal cross‐sectional area of the housing and holding the tag close to the attachment surface. Hydrodynamic tag design resulted in an experimentally measured 60% drag force reduction in 5.6 m/s flow. For all housing designs, off‐axis flow increased the magnitude of the force on the tag. Experimental work with a common dolphin ( Delphinus delphis ) cadaver indicates that the suction cups used to attach the types of tags described here provide sufficient attachment force to resist failure to predicted forces at swimming speeds of up to 10 m/s.
New grids for improved polarization diplexing of microwaves in reflector antennas (1978)

Grids of thin wires are mounted between a paraboloid and a microwave feed at its focus, so as to obtain linear polarization everywhere in the far-field of the paraboloid. Three types of grids are proposed: 1) a family of hyperbolae on an arbitrary plane <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</tex> , 2) projections of these hyperbolae on an arbitrary surface, and 3) a set of straight lines that converge on a certain point <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F'</tex> on a plane <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</tex> . If in cases 1) and 2) a point source is placed at the focus, the resulting plane wave reflected by the paraboloid will be polarized in one direction. In ease 3), there will also he a small cross-polarized component reflected by the paraboloid; the optimum choice of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F'</tex> that minimizes this undesirable component is determined. Only for certain orientations of S will the optimum choice of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F'</tex> be at infinity (in which case the grid is an ordinary parallel wire grid). A simple technique for fabricating grids on curved surfaces is also described. Using the grids discussed here, perfect (or nearly perfect, in case 3)) polarization diplexing at microwave frequencies can be achieved.
Introducing Virtual Private Overlay Network Services in Large Scale Grid Infrastructures (2007)

The computational Grid concept is gaining great popularity as the best way to deliver access to a wide range of distributed computing and data resources. But, as Grids move from an experimental phase to real production and their deployment in the Internet significantly increases, controlling the security of a Grid application becomes imperative. The most significant Grid security issue is that the different sites composing the Grid will generally be managed by different organizations each with their own security mechanisms and policies. This makes any communication security arrangement on the entities participating to the Grid generally more difficult than if they were on the same LAN. In this paper, we propose a novel network resource abstraction for delivering dynamic on-demand Virtual Private Overlay connection services, into large-scale Grid environments. Such facility provides to Grid applications an illusion of dedicated layer-2 LAN connections that are fully comparable to a private network in performance, reliability, security and Quality of Service, but also provide topology and control plane virtualization to ensure better isolation also at the protocol and address space level. It may represent a technological breakthrough that can transform the overall connection paradigm in modern Grids, by reducing infrastructure costs, with the elimination of private circuits and long-distance direct connections, and increasing network coverage and flexibility by leveraging the Internet usage. As a proof of concept, the proposed facility has been implemented in a Grid Information Service prototype which was successfully tested on a small dedicated testbed infrastructure.
Real-Time Human Objects Tracking for Smart Surveillance at the Edge (2018)

Allowing computation to be performed at the edge of a network, edge computing has been recognized as a promising approach to address some challenges in the cloud computing paradigm, particularly to the delay-sensitive and mission-critical applications like real-time surveillance. Prevalence of networked cameras and smart mobile devices enable video analytics at the network edge. However, human objects detection and tracking are still conducted at cloud centers, as real-time, online tracking is computationally expensive. In this paper, we investigated the feasibility of processing surveillance video streaming at the network edge for real-time, uninterrupted moving human objects tracking. Moving human detection based on Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) and linear Support Vector Machine (SVM) is illustrated for features extraction, and an efficient multi-object tracking algorithm based on Kernelized Correlation Filters (KCF) is proposed. Implemented and tested on Raspberry Pi 3, our experimental results are very encouraging, which validated the feasibility of the proposed approach toward a real-time surveillance solution at the edge of networks.
Maturation of function in dendritic cells for tolerance and immunity (2005)

The capacity of antigen presenting dendritic cells (DC) to function in both tolerance and immunity is now well documented. The function and characteristics of different DC subsets are reviewed here and their capacity to activate T cells under different conditions of maturation and activation is discussed. The immunogenic potential of exosomes produced by DC is also considered in light of evidence that the capacity of exosomes to activate T cells for tolerance or immunity appears to mirror that of the parent DC. A model is proposed whereby exosomes produced by immature DC can function to maintain peripheral tolerance, while exosomes produced by more mature DC can stimulate effector T cells.
The ultrastructure of megakaryocytes and blood platelets in the rat spleen (1964)

Abstract The cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte in the rat spleen possesses three zones, the perinuclear, intermediate and marginal. The perinuclear zone is characterized by the presence of Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. These organelles are found also in the more voluminous intermediate zone which in addition exhibits platelet granules and an extensive development of vesicles from smooth‐surfaced endoplasmic reticulum to form demarcation membranes by coalescence. The marginal zone is almost devoid of the organelles and inclusions present elsewhere. Shedding of platelets appears to occur by extension of a paired demarcation membrane from the intermediate zone to the cell membrane and subsequent separation of its lamellae so that all of the essential organelles and inclusions of the intermediate zone may be included within the platelet. In addition, platelets contain vesicles which are probably pinocytotic in nature. Platelets are sometimes engulfed by the cytoplasm of phagocytic cells.