gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessment of disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease; relevance for clinical trials. (2003)

In patients with inflammatory bowel disease, assessment of disease activity is important in order to monitor and adjust therapy. In individual patients, disease evaluation is largely based on subjective symptoms. However, for disease evaluation in clinical trials, an objective and reproducible disease activity index is needed. At present, a number of activity indices are available for Crohn's disease and for ulcerative colitis. These indices may be distinguished in more subjective clinical indices, more objective endoscopic and histological indices, and in indices with combinations of both subjective and objective parameters. In the design of a new clinical trial, an appropriate disease activity index should be selected which is based on the patient selection criteria and the aims of the study.
Manipulating temporal dependencies in compressed video data with applications to compressed-domain processing of MPEG video (1999)

The ability to manipulate the temporal dependencies in coded video data is important for a number of compressed domain video processing tasks. This paper formulates the general problem and examines it in the context of MPEG. This is used to develop a method for performing frame conversions in MPEG coded video data. These frame conversions are used to develop compressed-domain video processing algorithms for performing temporal mode conversion, frame-by-frame reverse play, and frame-accurate splicing.
Activation of ATP-sensitive K channels in heart cells by pinacidil: dependence on ATP (1989)

We have investigated the effects of pinacidil on channel activity recorded from inside-out patches of membrane excised from guinea pig ventricular cells. If the cytosolic ATP concentration is greater than 0 but less than 500 microM, pinacidil increases the activity of a channel identified as the ATP-sensitive K channel (IKATP) by its single-channel conductance, its inhibition by ATP, and its sensitivity to glybenclamide. When ATP is greater than 3.0 mM the effects of pinacidil are inhibited. Our experiments show that pinacidil enhances the activity of IKATP in heart cells, but that the action of the drug depends on the ATP concentration of the cytosolic solutions. The results suggest that pinacidil acts indirectly, perhaps at an ATP-binding site that regulates this channel.
Hole-induced 1/f noise increase in MOS transistors (1996)

This paper presents experimental evidence for hole-generated 1/f noise traps in gate oxides near the MOS interface. To clarify the microscopic nature of noise traps, 1/f noise is measured in Si MOS transistors in which carriers are intentionally injected into the gate oxides. It was found that 1/f noise increases more rapidly after drain avalanche hot-carrier injection than after channel hot-electron injection. A rapid noise increase is also observed after X-ray irradiation. These results show that the increase in 1/f noise is closely related to holes. We propose a model in which the reaction between holes and oxygen vacancies near the interface creates noise traps, i.e., E' centers and fixed positive charges.
Binary Mixtures of Branched and Aromatic Pure Component Fuels as Surrogates for Future Diesel Fuels (2010)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Future synthetic diesel fuels will likely involve mixtures of straight and branched alkanes, possibly with aromatic additives to improve lubricity and durability. To simulate these future fuels, this study examined the combustion characteristics of binary mixtures of 50%, 70%, and 90% isododecane in hexadecane, and of 50%, 70%, and 80% toluene in hexadecane using a single-cylinder research diesel engine with variable injection timing. These binary blends were also compared to operation with commercial petroleum diesel fuel, military petroleum jet fuel, and five current synthetic Fischer-Tropsch diesel and jet fuels. The synthetic diesel and jet fuels showed reasonable similarity with many of the combustion metrics to mid-range blends of isododecane in hexadecane. Stable diesel combustion was possible even with the 80% toluene and 90% isododecane blends; in fact, operation with 100% isododecane was achieved, although with significantly advanced injection timing. As the concentration of toluene in hexadecane increased, combustion was either stable or progressed quickly to misfire; 80% toluene in hexadecane resulted in stable combustion but 85% toluene blends did not combust at all. With either blend, there was not a progressive change in peak pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise, or combustion phasing leading to extreme values. Instead, only modest changes in these metrics occur as blend fraction changes across a wide range. Increasing blend fraction of either component does steadily increase ignition delay, although 50% mixtures of either component cause only a modest change in ignition delay. Increasing blend fraction also increases the amount of fuel consumed in the rapid premixed combustion phase, although estimation of this fraction showed that it increases even more slowly than ignition delay with increasing concentration. Only when ignition delay is longer than approximately 1.8 ms does the amount of energy released from the premixed-phase burn show significant increase. The increasing fraction of the branched or aromatic component causes changes to the mixture properties that can reduce the rate of entrainment and mixing in the diesel jet, partially compensating for small increases in ignition delay. Mixture properties for each blend were measured using standardized testing procedures, including tests for density, viscosity, surface tension, and cetane number. The results suggest that blends of up to 50% of branched or aromatic components could be utilized in a diesel engine with only modest impact to combustion characteristics or performance metrics; higher concentrations may be utilized with increasing effects.</div></div>
Analysis and prediction of protein folding energy changes upon mutation by element specific persistent homology (2017)

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Purification and characterization of a DNA single strand specific endonuclease from human cells (1978)

Samples of zeolite Y with part of their Na+ ions exchanged by Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions were dried and reduced by H2. The resulting samples were investigated by the ferromagnetic resonance method, and by measuring their catalytic properties in n-hexane conversion. The results led to the conclusion that during reduction performed above 690 K part of the Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions form largesized metal particles at the outer surface of the zeolite crystals and that these are responsible for the magnetic behavior and the catalytic activity. In almost all bimetallic samples two types of metal particles are formed, namely, ferromagnetic particles with a high Ni content and paramagnetic particles with a high Cu content. The bulk composition of the ferromagnetic alloy particles was found to be nearly constant but the surface composition proved very sensitive to the reduction temperature. The formation of the NiCu alloy was found to influence the catalytic properties for n-hexane conversion. Compared with NiY, NiCuY was less active but more selective for the isomerization because of suppressing the hydrogenolysis reaction.
Cross-Organizational Workflow Management Using Blockchain Technology - Towards Applicability, Auditability, and Automation (2018)

Bringing Blockchain technology and business process management together, we follow the Design Science Research approach and design, implement, and evaluate a Blockchain prototype for cross-organizational workflow management together with a German bank. For the use case of a documentary letter of credit we describe the status quo of the process, identify areas of improvement, implement a Blockchain solution, and compare both workflows. The prototype illustrates that the process, as of today paper-based and with high manual effort, can be significantly improved. Our research reveals that a tamper-proof process history for improved auditability, automation of manual process steps and the decentralized nature of the system can be major advantages of a Blockchain solution for cross-organizational workflow management. Further, our research provides insights how Blockchain technology can be used for business process management in general.
Reduction of Cardiovascular Events by Simvastatin in Nondiabetic Coronary Heart Disease Patients With and Without the Metabolic Syndrome (2004)

Nondiabetic CHD patients with or without the metabolic syndrome realize from simvastatin treatment a similar, substantial relative reduction in the risk of cardiovascular events. The absolute benefit may be greater in patients with the metabolic syndrome because they are at a higher absolute risk.
Vasopressin antagonists in the management of heart failure (2007)

Vasopressin antagonists have been studied in a variety of clinical settings, including patients with acute and chronic heart failure. The clinical trials published to date have sought to describe the clinical and physiologic effects of these agents in an effort to prove clinical efficacy and safety. A variety of agents with varying effects on V2 and V1a vasopressin receptor subtype have been studied. They have been shown to reduce bodyweight and improve serum sodium without worsening renal function. They may also decrease the need for loop diuretic use and may be particularly useful in patients with hyponatremia in the setting of volume overload. Further studies are underway that are powered to assess for morbidity and mortality benefits. The beneficial effects have been well documented but, until outcomes are understood more fully, the use of these agents should be limited to currently approved indications. In the USA, this includes only the treatment of euvolemic hyponatremia.
Switch architecture for intelligent networks (2005)

New functional requirements for future switching systems are demanding new approaches in system architecture toprovide new services on simple and economical base. System S12000 is in production for several years and about 1 million lines have been produced. S12000 is targeted into three major marketing segments: PABX, Private Networks and medium sized Local/Nodal CO application. In CO application it is specifically targeted into developing countries markets, where economy and simplicity is very important. Providing switching products for different application areas based on the same technology proved to be advantageous because of larger volume in limited marketing area. To provide smooth evolution into JSDN and IN networks, major architecture upgrade is proposed. This decision is based on conclusion, that switching systems are becoming similar to computer systems, where OEM technology can reduce cost. It has to utilize latest developments in computer and microelectronics field and standardization efforts in telecommunication community to provide as simple, flexible and economical solutions for products in its markets as possible. Compatibility with present switch hardware has to be kept to provide upgrade of existing customer base. Intelligent Network concepts are considered as very important for future networks. They are also used for internal system architecture therefore this architecture is named Intelligent Net work Architecture -INA.
지방정부 해양행정의 문제점과 발전방향 -해양거버넌스(Ocean Governance) 구축을 중심으로- (2010)

이 연구의 주제는 우리나라 지방정부 해양행정의 문제점과 발전방향을 해양거버넌스 구축의 관점에서 다루어 보는 것이다. 해양의 공유자원적 성격은 이용자간 갈등이 발생하기 쉬우므로 관련자들의 다양한 이해관계를 조정하는 행정의 거버넌스 방식이 필요하다. 이론적으로 해양거버넌스는 해양의 이용과 관련된 규범, 제도적 장치, 그리고 실제적인 정책들을 포괄하는 개념으로 수산분야와 항만분야의 기능적 범주로 구분된다. 또한 해양거버넌스는 비정부 행위자의 참여메커니즘을 전제하고, 상호 신뢰와 협력체제를 축으로 이해관계상의 연계망과 공동생산의 방법을 중요시하는 뉴거버넌스 개념과도 유사했다. 실제적 측면에서는 우리나라 대표적 해항도시(海港都市, sea port city)이자 해양수도인 부산시에 대한 사례를 통해 현 단계 지방정부 해양행정 조직과 예산, 최고관리자와 관료의 해양에 대한 관심 및 의지 문제, 민간기업과 시민의 역량과 참여 등에서 여러 문제를 발견하였다. 실제 참여, 협력, 공동의사결정 요인을 유형화하여 해양거버넌스 구축정도를 조사한 결과에서도 아직 해양행정부문은 거버넌스 현상보다 전통적 정부중심 행정의 특성을 그대로 가지고 있었다. 따라서 이러한 주요 결과를 토대로 이 연구는 향후 우리나라 지역차원에서 바람직한 해양거버넌스를 구축할 당위성과 몇몇 실천방안들을 제안하였다.
Levitation, Lift, and Bidirectional Motion of Colloidal Particles in an Electrically Driven Nematic Liquid Crystal (2007)

We study electric-field-induced dynamics of colloids in a nematic cell, experimentally and by computer simulations. Solid particles in the nematic bulk create director distortions of dipolar type. Elastic repulsion from the walls keeps the particles in the middle of cell. The ac electric field reorients the dipoles and lifts them to top or bottom, depending on dipole orientation. Once near the walls, the colloids are carried along two antiparallel horizontal directions by nematic backflow. Computer simulations of the backflow agree with the experiment.
The design of analogue and digital filters using genetic algorithms (1995)

The conventional approach to filter design is to select one of the standard polynomial transfer functions that satisfies the response specification, followed by the implementation of the transfer function in one of the standard circuit structures. In many cases this approach is inadequate and an optimisation approach is required. The need for this can arise in a various ways, including non-standard response specification, and the consideration of practical effects such as finite-arithmetic effects and computational complexity for digital filters, and component selection and device imperfections in analogue filters. Classical hill-climbing optimisation methods have succeeded in certain cases but are less suited to the general design task which can be mixed discrete/continuous, can have many local minima, and have high dimensionality. Recently genetic algorithm (GA) optimisation methods have emerged as a powerful approach to solving the more difficult optimisation problems. Publications are emerging in the literature on GAs applied to filter design and promise to move filter design significantly forwards to the ultimate goal of a single-step design from general specification to full practical implementation. This paper aims to: give a brief tutorial on GAs; provide a set of commented references on GAs applied to filter design; and present some new work on single-step design of finite wordlength (FWL) IIR digital filters that simultaneously satisfy magnitude and phase template specifications.
Reflection of a Gaussian beam at oblique incidence on a stratified dielectric medium (1980)

Abstract The reflected and transmitted fields of a Gaussian beam which is incident upon a stratified dielectric medium at oblique angles are expressed in terms of the fundamental beam modes with proper selection of the propagation axis and beam parameters. The reflected field is expanded into the mode function system with the same propagation axis and same beam parameters as the direct reflected beam and the reflected power is calculated from its expansion coefficients. The reflected field and reflected power can be simplified if the stratified medium is symmetric with respect to the intermediate layer. As an example, the output mirror of the YAG laser resonator is considered and the amplitude distribution of the reflected field and reflected power from the seven‐layered medium is calculated. The effect of the minimum spot size of the incident beam and the incidence angle on the reflection characteristics is analyzed.
A scaleable multicast routing algorithm for IP-ATM-IP networks (2002)

Dynamic multicasting is needed in many military communication systems using IP-over-ATM networking. This paper considers transmission of IP multicast packets over a large IP-ATM-IP communication network and presents a multicast routing algorithm called multipoint-to-multipoint routing path with branches (MMRPWB) for the ATM portion of this network. The algorithm presents, for each multicast group, steps for establishing a single multicast routing path that can be used by all sources (senders) in this multicast group to multicast messages to all other group members simultaneously. Generation of the path starts at an arbitrary member node that sends a routing cell through the network. On receiving a copy of the cell a node can decide to join the path if it is a member of the multicast group. Otherwise it retransmits the cell forward. The algorithm eliminates the need for the establishment of individual point-to-multipoint routes for each sender member of a multicast group and reduces overall number of SVCs required. The resulting multipoint-to-multipoint path uses only point-to-point SVCs and hence eliminates the problems associated with using point-to-multipoint SVCs. It also eliminates the need for dynamic IP to ATM address resolution. The performance of this multipoint-to-multipoint path has been shown to be superior to those of multicast routes established by using minimal spanning tree (MST), multicast open shortest path first (MOSPF) and core based tree (CBT) algorithms under similar conditions in terms of delay, join and leave times, robustness, scaleability and difficulties of physical implementation.
A Study on Wear Resistance, Hardness and Impact Behaviour of Carburized Fe-Based Powder Metallurgy Parts for Automotive Applications (2012)

In order to study the mechanical and triboloical properties of powder metallurgy (PM) parts under different process parameters, the specimens were used in pack carburizing processes. These specimens made from industrial test pieces were carburized in a powder pack for about two to five hours at a temperature of about 850?C - 950?C. The effects of austenitization and quenching are investigated on some specimens. Also the wear tests are performed by means of a pin-on-disc tribotester using roll bearing steel as the counterface material. The results indicate that by appropriate selection of process parameters, it is possible to obtain high wear resistance along with moderate toughness. It is concluded that surface treatments increases the wear resistance and performance of PM parts in service conditions. By increasing the role of PM in industry which resulted from their ability to produce the complex shapes, high production rate, and dimension accuracy of final products, they need to be heat treated. Carburizing method was selected as a surface hardening method for PM parts. Results of wear and hardness show considerable enhancement in mechanical properties of PM parts.
Content-Analysis Research: An Examination of Applications with Directives for Improving Research Reliability and Objectivity (1991)

This article provides an empirical review and synthesis of published studies that have used content-analysis methods. Harold Kassarjian's critical guidelines for content-analysis research were used to examine the methods employed in 128 studies. The guidelines were expanded by providing an empirical investigation of multiple dimensions of objectivity. Reliability issues were also assessed by examining factors central to the replication and interjudge coefficient calculations. The findings indicate a general need for improvement in the application of content-analysis methods. Suggestions for calculating reliability coefficients and for improving the objectivity and reliability of research are offered. Copyright 1991 by the University of Chicago.
Single-cell transcript analysis of human embryonic stem cells (2009)

We demonstrate the qualitative and quantitative power of single-cell transcript analysis to characterize transcriptome dynamics in human embryonic stem cells (hESC's). Single-cell analysis can systematically determine unique cellular profiles for use in cell sorting and identification, show the potential to augment standing models of cellular differentiation, and elucidate the behavior of stem cells exiting pluripotency. Using single-cell analysis of H9 hESC's differentiating under three culture conditions, we revealed transient expression of mesendodermal markers in all three protocols, followed by increasingly stable expression of embryonic endoderm and extra-embryonic endoderm markers. Our single-cell profiles reveal mixed populations of cell types, with both transcriptional and temporal heterogeneity marking differentiation under all conditions. Interestingly, we also observe extensive and prolonged co-expression of markers regulating both pluripotency and lineage differentiation in all culture conditions, and we find that pluripotency marker transcripts remain detectable in the majority of cells for many days. Finally, we show that cells derived from undifferentiated hESC colonies display consistent gene expression profiles characterized by three cohorts of transcripts: uniform, absent and sporadically detected messages, and that a striking correlation exists between genes' membership in these cohorts and their hESC promoter chromatin state, with bivalent promoters dominating the sporadic transcripts.
Adversarial Generation of Handwritten Text Images Conditioned on Sequences (2019)

We propose a system based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) to produce synthetic images of handwritten words. We use bidirectional LSTM recurrent layers to get an embedding of the word to be rendered, and we feed it to the generator network. We also modify the standard GAN by adding an auxiliary network for text recognition. The system is then trained with a balanced combination of an adversarial loss and a CTC loss. Together, these extensions to GAN enable to control the textual content of the generated word images yielding realistic-looking images on both French and Arabic languages. State-of-the-art offline handwriting text recognition systems tend to use neural networks and therefore require a large amount of annotated data to be trained. In order to partially satisfy this requirement, we could use those synthetic images to increase the amount of training data. We show that integrating generated images into the existing training data of a text recognition system can slightly enhance its performance.
Dynamic Modeling and Improved Control of DFIG Under Distorted Grid Voltage Conditions (2010)

This paper presents a mathematical model of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) in the positive synchronous reference frame under distorted grid voltage conditions. The oscillations of the DFIG's electromagnetic torque and the instantaneous stator active and reactive powers are fully described when the grid voltage is harmonically distorted. Four alternative control targets are proposed to improve the system responses during grid harmonic distortions. A new rotor current control scheme implemented in the positive synchronous reference frame is developed. The control scheme consists of a proportional-integral (PI) regulator and a harmonic resonant (R) compensator tuned at six times the grid frequency. Consequently, the fundamental and the fifth- and seventh-order components of rotor currents are directly regulated by the PI-R controller without sequential-component decompositions. The feasibility of the proposed control strategy is validated by simulation studies on a 2.0-MW wind-turbine-driven DFIG system. Compared with the conventional vector control scheme based on standard PI current controllers, the proposed control scheme leads to significant elimination of either DFIG power or torque oscillations under distorted grid voltage conditions.