gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stereochemistry of the Dihydro Compound From Lithium/Ammonia Reduction of 3-Methoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one (1996)

X-Ray crystallography has established that the lithium/ammonia reduction of 3-methoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6H-dibenzo[ b,d ]pyran-6-one gives the cis-dihydro compound (6aRS,10aSR)-3-methoxy-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-6H-dibenzo[ b,d ]pyran-6-one (7).
Macrophage TNF mRNA expression induced by LPS is regulated by sphingomyelin metabolites. (1999)

Metabolism of macrophage (MO) membrane phospholipids produces key mediators of inflammation and major second messengers that modulate inflammatory responses during sepsis. Sphingomyelin is a major class of phospholipid that releases ceramide and sphingosine. This study was designed to investigate the involvement of sphingomyelin metabolites in MO activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Rabbit alveolar MO were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage and exposed to C6-ceramide, a cell-permeable analogue of natural ceramide, or sphingosine in the presence of Escherichia coli LPS (100 ng/mL). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mRNA expression was measured by Northern blot assays. Total nuclear extract was harvested for the measurement of nuclear factor KB (NFkappaB) with electrophoretic mobility shift assays. MO TNF production was measured by L929 bioassays. C-6 ceramide did not have any effects on MO TNF production or TNF mRNA expression with or without LPS stimulation. Inhibition of ceramide metabolism with 1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PDMP), or N-oleoyl-ethanolamine (NOE) also did not induce TNF mRNA or TNF production. In comparison, sphingosine inhibited TNF mRNA expression as well as TNF production of LPS-stimulated MO. LPS-induced MO NFkappaB activity was also reduced by sphingosine. Our data indicate that ceramide alone has no effect on macrophage activity, but its metabolite sphingosine down-regulates MO activation induced by LPS stimulation. Therefore, the sphingomyelin pathway is involved in the regulation of MO activation.
Selective trapping of multiple particles by volume speckle field (2010)

We suggest a new approach for selective trapping of light absorbing particles in gases by multiple optical bottle-beam-like traps created by volume speckle field. We demonstrate stable simultaneous confinement of a few thousand micro-particles in air with a single lowpower laser beam. The size distribution of trapped particles exhibits a narrow peak near the average size of an optical speckle. Thus, the speckleformed traps act as a sieve with the holes selecting particles of a similar size.
A NEW ROUTE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF TETRAALKYLUREAS. THE REACTION OF CARBON MONOXIDE WITH SELENIUM AND DIALKYLAMINES (1972)

Abstract The reaction of carbon monoxide with selenium and dialkylamines followed by oxidation with molecular oxygen at 0°C gave bis(N,N-dialkylcarbamoyl) diselenide, pyrolysis of which yielded bis(N,N-dialkylcarbamoyl) selenide and tetraalkylurea.
Stresses in Glass Produced by Nonuniform Exchange of Monovalent Ions (1962)

A study was made of the rate of diffusion of alkali ions into a soda‐lime glass from nitrate melts, and the distortion of glass disks produced by the stresses thus developed was measured using an interference technique. A maximum of 124,000 psi was produced when Na + was replaced by K + . Tensile stresses accompanying the replacement of a large ion by a smaller one or by leaching ions out of the surface with water or dilute acid may be large and can destroy the glass.
Analysis of the seasoning‐like flavour substances of a commercial lovage extract (<i>Levisticum officinale</i> Koch.) (1993)

Abstract The acidic fraction of a commercial lovage extract ( Levisticum officinale Koch.) revealed the characteristic seasoning‐like principle of the herb. The volatile components were analysed by gas chromatography olfactometry. Aroma extract dilution analysis resulted in six odorants having high sensory relevance. They were identified as 3‐hydroxy‐4,5‐dimethyl‐2(5 H )‐furanone (sotolon), ( E )‐β‐damascenone, 2‐ethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐3‐(2 H )‐furanone, 4‐hydroxy‐2,5‐dimethyl‐3(2 H )‐furanone, 3‐methylbutanoic acid, and acetic acid. These odorants have not yet been reported in the literature as components of lovage. Sotolon was the key aroma compound of the acidic fraction of lovage extract due to its characteristic seasoning‐like flavour and high flavour dilution factor. The concentration of sotolon was determined by a stable isotope dilution assay.
Review of Neurosurgical Fluorescence Imaging Methodologies (2010)

Fluorescence imaging in neurosurgery has a long historical development, with several different biomarkers and biochemical agents being used, and several technological approaches. This review focuses on the different contrast agents, summarizing endogenous fluorescence, exogenously stimulated fluorescence and exogenous contrast agents, and then on tools used for imaging. It ends with a summary of key clinical trials that lead to consensus studies. The practical utility of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) as stimulated by administration of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) has had substantial pilot clinical studies and basic science research completed. Recently multi-center clinical trials using PpIx fluorescence to guide resection have shown efficacy for improved short term survival. Exogenous agents are being developed and tested pre-clinically, and hopefully hold the potential for long term survival benefit if they provide additional capabilities for resection of micro-invasive disease or certain tumor sub-types that do not produce PpIX or help delineate low grade tumors. The range of technologies used for measurement and imaging ranges widely, with most clinical trials being carried out with either point probes or modified surgical microscopes. At this point in time, optimized probe approaches are showing efficacy in clinical trials, and fully commercialized imaging systems are emerging, which will clearly help lead to adoption into neurosurgical practice.
Cyanide Metabolism in Relation to Ethylene Production in Plant Tissues (1988)

HCN is the putative product of C-1 and amino moieties of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) during its conversion to ethylene. In apple (Malus sylvestrus Mill.) slices or auxin-treated mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) hypocotyls, which produced ethylene at high rates, the steady state concentration of HCN was found to be no higher than 0.2 micromolar, which was too low to inhibit respiration (reported Ki for HCN to inhibit respiration was 10-20 micromolar). However, these tissues became cyanogenic when treated with ACC, the precursor of ethylene, and with 2-aminoxyacetic acid, which inhibits beta-cyanoalanine synthase, the main enzyme to detoxify HCN; the HCN levels in these tissues went up to 1.7 and 8.1 micromolar, respectively. Although ethylene production by avocado (Persea gratissima) and apple fruits increased several hundred-fold during ripening, beta-cyanoalanine synthase activity increased only one- to two-fold. These findings support the notion that HCN is a co-product of ethylene biosynthesis and that the plant tissues possess ample capacity to detoxify HCN formed during ethylene biosynthesis so that the concentration of HCN in plant tissues is kept at a low level.
Detection and classification of Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophages isolated from industrial milk fermentation (1994)

In the last 30 years, 81 Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophage isolates were collected from industrial yogurt (n = 40) and cheese (n = 41) fermentation. Forty-six distinct restriction patterns of phage DNA (11 in yogurt and 35 in cheese) were observed. The phages were investigated for host range, serological properties, and DNA homology to study whether these three independent techniques can be used to classify the phages into taxonomic groups. Yogurt factory-derived phages were classified into the same two subgroups by serology, host range analysis, and hybridization with subgroup-specific DNA sequences. Cheese factory-derived phages, however, could not be classified: the 35 cheese phage isolates with distinct restriction patterns showed 34 different host ranges. All but one cheese phage isolate showed serological cross-reactivity with yogurt phages. A phage DNA fragment that hybridized with all phage DNA samples was cloned, establishing the genetic relatedness of all S. thermophilus phages from our collection. With the sequence information from an unusually conserved S. thermophilus phage DNA element (H. Brüssow, A. Probst, M. Frémont, and J. Sidoti, Virology 200:854-857, 1994), a PCR-based phage detection method was developed for cheese whey from a factory that produced mozzarella cheese with complex undefined starter mixes. PCR allowed the detection of phages in cheese whey (detection limit, 10(3) PFU/ml) which could not be detected by dot blot hybridization techniques (detection limit, 10(7) PFU/ml).
High-Resolution Spatial and Spectral Characterization of Optical Fields (2002)

Applications in areas including microscopy, lithography and data storage rely on the properties of optical fields structured at subwavelength scales. Recently, the exploitation of various subwavelength characteristics of the near field has also generated a considerable amount of interest.1 In these experiments, significant challenges—usually out of reach of conventional techniques—must be overcome before the full spectral characterization of the field amplitude and phase can be achieved. First, evolving wave fields can have wave-front dislocations; these are points at which the field amplitude vanishes and the measurement requires high sensitivity over a large range of intensities. Second, the superposition of propagating waves can lead to superoscillations or spatial structures on scales smaller than the wavelength, a factor which imposes severe requirements on spatial resolution. Third, for light that is essentially polychromatic, sometimes measurements of steady-state fields need to be performed; in this case, interpretation of the concept of phase is not straightforward.2,3 We have developed a novel interferometric technique that permits high sensitivity measurements of the spectral properties of light over narrow spatial regions. The experiment is schematically illustrated in Fig. 1 and more details can be found in Ref. 4. The optical path lengths in the single-mode interferometer are such that the reference field is equivalent to the reflection from point P1 in the origin of measurement plane. If the point-like mirror is translated at a different point P2 situated at a small distance from the origin, one can measure the cross-spectral density between light vibrations at P1 and P2. In Fig. 1, we illustrate the spectral and spatial resolution capabilities of our technique by presenting evidence for the remarkable spectral anomalies in the neighborhood of phase singularities of diffracted focused waves.5 Note the jump in the phase of the cross-spectral density corresponding to the phase dislocation in the Airy ring. To our knowledge, this was the first direct measurement of the complex field in the focal plane of a convergent lens. Interference is essential for producing phase singularities or dislocations. However, the presence of singular points is not limited to deterministic fields and we have found similar anomalous spectral behavior in random wave fields—speckle patterns—that result from the interaction between coherent or partially coherent waves and inhomogeneous media such as rough surfaces or multiple scattering volumes.4 Our results suggest that new possibilities exist for manipulating optical spectra and, because these spectral properties are specific to critical points of optical fields, there are fundamental consequences for field reorganization phenomena at subwavelength scales. Understanding the rich behavior of the optical phase should be of paramount interest in the practice of imaging and scattering techniques dealing with the interaction between light and heterogeneous matter.
<i>Review:</i> Hepatitis C Protease and Polymerase Inhibitors in Development (2008)

Hepatitis C infection (HCV) remains a global problem and the current anti-HCV therapies available in the clinic have sustained virologic response rates (SVR) of only about 50%, especially in HCV genotype 1-infected subjects. The SVR is even lower in HIV-HCV co-infected patients, estimated at only about 30-40%. However, exciting new research is under way to find new anti-HCV therapies. Presently, efforts to develop new anti-HCV agents for HCV-infected persons who fail pegylated interferon and ribavirin-based therapies have focused on inhibitors of key HCV enzymes such as the HCV NS3 protease and the NS5B polymerase. There are two protease inhibitors, telaprevir (VX-950, Vertex) and boceprevir (SCH 503034, Schering-Plough); and three polymerase inhibitors, valopicitabine (NM283, Idenix), R1626 (Roche), and HCV-796 (Viropharma) that have advanced to late-stage clinical trials. Of these aforementioned agents, telaprevir is the most advanced in clinical development. Early trial results on efficacy, safety, and HCV drug-resistance profiles of these novel agents will be discussed in this review paper.
The epigenome: the next substrate for engineering (2016)

We are entering an era of epigenome engineering. The precision manipulation of chromatin and epigenetic modifications provides new ways to interrogate their influence on genome and cell function and to harness these changes for applications. We review the design and state of epigenome editing tools, highlighting the unique regulatory properties afforded by these systems.
Statisical and Adaptive Signal Processing (2005)

This authoritative volume on statistical and adaptive signal processing offers you a unified, comprehensive and practical treatment of spectral estimation, signal modeling, adaptive filtering, and array processing. Packed with over 3,000 equations and more than 300 illustrations, this unique resource provides you with balanced coverage of implementation issues, applications, and theory, making it a smart choice for professional engineers and students alike.; From the fundamentals of discrete-time signal processing and linear signal models, to optimum linear filters and least-squares filtering and prediction, you get in-depth information on a broad range of critical topics from leading experts in industry and academia. This invaluable reference provides clear examples, problem sets, and computer experiments that help you master the material and learn how to implement various methods presented in the book. You also find a set of MATLAB functions that illustrate the use of various techniques and can be used to solve real-world problems in the field.
Hydrocarbon Production Forecast and Uncertainty Quantification: A Field Application (2006)

Abstract Realistic reservoir models are essential for efficient field management and accurate forecasting of hydrocarbon production. Such models, based on the physical description of the reservoir, need to be calibrated or conditioned to historical production data. The process of incorporating dynamic data in the generation of reservoir models, known as history matching, is traditionally done by hand and is a very tedious, time-consuming procedure that, in addition, returns only one single matched model. It has been shown that the best matched model may well not be a good predictor of future performance. In this work, one of the first field applications of the Neighbourhood Algorithm (NA) is presented. The NA is a stochastic sampling algorithm that explores the parameter space, finds an acceptable ensemble of data fitting models and extracts robust information from this ensemble in a Bayesian framework. The aim is to forecast hydrocarbon production accurately and to assess the related uncertainty by means of multiple reservoir models. The NA methodology was extensively applied to an offshore gas field and compared to a previously manually matched model. The Mistral field has been producing for 6 years from 7 wells. Gas and water productions and pressure data were available and the uncertainty quantification was consistently obtained. Algorithm control parameters and objective function definition effects were investigated. The posterior probability density functions of each unknown parameter, calculated taking into account the observed production data, were evaluated. The hydrocarbon production was forecast using Bayesian inference and the economic risk estimated. The overall process was carried out with a significant time reduction compared with the previous manual approach. The results presented suggest that use of stochastic sampling techniques in a Bayesian framework may well be a valid alternative methodology to the traditional industry workflow for the uncertainty quantification in producing fields.
The impact of mutations in the quorum sensing systems of <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> , <i>Vibrio anguillarum</i> and <i>Vibrio harveyi</i> on their virulence towards gnotobiotically cultured <i>Artemia franciscana</i> (2005)

Disruption of quorum sensing, bacterial cell-to-cell communication by means of small signal molecules, has been suggested as a new anti-infective strategy for aquaculture. However, data about the impact of quorum sensing on the virulence of aquatic pathogens are scarce. In this study, a model system using gnotobiotically cultured Artemia franciscana was developed in order to determine the impact of mutations in the quorum sensing systems of Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio anguillarum and V. harveyi on their virulence. Mutations in the autoinducer 2 (AI-2) synthase gene luxS, the AI-2 receptor gene luxP or the response regulator gene luxO of the dual channel quorum sensing system of V. harveyi abolished virulence of the strain towards Artemia. Moreover, the addition of an exogenous source of AI-2 could restore the virulence of an AI-2 non-producing mutant. In contrast, none of the mutations in either the acylated homoserine lactone (AHL)-mediated component of the V. harveyi system or the quorum sensing systems of Ae. hydrophila and V. anguillarum had an impact on virulence of these bacteria towards Artemia. Our results indicate that disruption of quorum sensing could be a good alternative strategy to combat infections caused by V. harveyi.
Perturbed hemopoiesis and the generation of multipotential stem cell clones in src-infected bone marrow cultures is an indirect or transient effect of the oncogene. (1986)

Multipotential stem cell lines, derived specifically from long-term bone marrow cultures infected with a recombinant retrovirus carrying v-src, lack v-src. Stable consequences thus result from transient actions or indirect effects of v-src on other cells, with the latter possibility being favored by its mosaic expression in marrow cultures.
Access revocation and prevention of false repudiation in secure email exchanges (2002)

A secure email protocol (SEP) is introduced to provide a decentralized means of revoking trust access and preventing false repudiation. Verification of the exchange of a message between sender and recipient is accomplished through an identification cookie (IC) and an encryption key (EK) handled by Verification and Authentication Agents (VAAs). The communicated narrative is encrypted by the EK. The augmented message is then encrypted again using one of the widely available encryption algorithms, such as the Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) scheme, and sent to the addressee. The extracted IC serves as a label which the addressee uses to obtain the EK from the sender's VAA. Once the addressee possesses the message's EK, s/he is able to decrypt the narrative, verify that the IC is correct, and the process is complete. Quick revocation of access privileges and cancellation of old messages is achieved by deleting ICs not requested by the addressee. The structure of the message body is written in the eXtensive Markup Language (XML) to take advantage of the language's extendibility and compatibility features.
Aqueous−Organic Phase Transfer of Gold Nanoparticles and Gold Nanorods Using an Ionic Liquid (2004)

The water-immiscible ionic liquid, [C4MIM][PF6], is a solvent medium that allows complete transfer of gold nanoparticles from an aqueous phase into an organic phase. Both spherical and rod-shaped gold nanoparticles are efficiently transferred from an aqueous solution into the organic phase without requiring the use of thiols. The sizes and shapes of the gold nanoparticles were preserved during the phase-transfer process when a surfactant was added to the ionic liquid. This process offers a simple approach for obtaining solutions of differently sized and shaped gold nanoparticles in ionic liquids.
3DoF+ 360 Video Location-Based Asymmetric Down-Sampling for View Synthesis to Immersive VR Video Streaming (2018)

Recently, with the increasing demand for virtual reality (VR), experiencing immersive contents with VR has become easier. However, a tremendous amount of calculation and bandwidth is required when processing 360 videos. Moreover, additional information such as the depth of the video is required to enjoy stereoscopic 360 contents. Therefore, this paper proposes an efficient method of streaming high-quality 360 videos. To reduce the bandwidth when streaming and synthesizing the 3DoF+ 360 videos, which supports limited movements of the user, a proper down-sampling ratio and quantization parameter are offered from the analysis of the graph between bitrate and peak signal-to-noise ratio. High-efficiency video coding (HEVC) is used to encode and decode the 360 videos, and the view synthesizer produces the video of intermediate view, providing the user with an immersive experience.
Inhibitor Selection for Iron-Scale Control in MEG Regeneration Process (2009)

Summary The formation of iron-containing scale because of highly dissolved iron content and increased pH (≥ 8.5) has been observed in a monoethylene glycol (MEG) regeneration system. The control of iron-scale deposition under these harsh conditions causes recurring problems in the reboilers, requires frequent filter change-outs, and remains a challenge to the field. To investigate this problem, a modified corrosion-testing apparatus was employed to replicate the iron-scale formation. It evaluates the performance of selected chemicals under realistic field conditions (specifically, low pH caused by carbon dioxide dissolution; higher pH because of carbon dioxide boiling off from the reboiler; and alkali addition for corrosion control). Both pH and iron levels (including dissolved iron, ferrous iron Fe2+, and total iron) were closely monitored. Additional digital photos were taken at various stages. There are several challenges associated with the inhibition of iron scale in systems with a high iron level (≥ 150 ppm), high MEG content (≥ 60%), and high pH (≥ 8.5). These factors contribute to incompatibility and poor inhibition by conventional inhibitor species. A number of scale-inhibitor (SI) products, scale dissolvers, and blends were tested under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. One product greatly reduced the rate of scale formation and indefinitely delayed scale formation at higher dosage. This product also showed the capability to redissolve deposits already present in the system. Evaluation of iron-scale inhibitor is a challenge because of the debatable iron-poisoning effect and the lack of a standard laboratory method. In this paper, the propensity of various iron deposits (e.g., iron carbonate and insoluble iron/inhibitor complex) is discussed. Moreover, the formation of a soluble iron/inhibitor complex is quantified. This could have important implications for the remediation of iron-containing scale.