gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New Perspective for the Synthetic Application of Some α-Sulfenylated Benzylic Sulfones, Synthesis of Vinyl Sulfides (1994)

Abstract Some α-sulfenylated para-substituted benzylic sulfones, obtained by sulfenylation of the corresponding sulfones, were submitted to reaction with CCl4-KOH-t-BuOH to give the corresponding para-substituted α-methylthio-dimethyl styrenes.
Selenium in chemistry and biochemistry in comparison to sulfur (2007)

What makes selenoenzymes--seen from a chemist's view--so special that they cannot be substituted by just more analogous or adapted sulfur proteins? This review compiles and compares physicochemical properties of selenium and sulfur, synthetic routes to selenocysteine (Sec) and its peptides, and comparative studies of relevant thiols and selenols and their (mixed) dichalcogens, required to understand the special role of selenium in selenoproteins on the atomic molecular level. The biochemically most relevant differences are the higher polarizability of Se- and the lower pKa of SeH. The latter has a strikingly different pH-dependence than thiols, with selenols being active at much lower pH. Finally, selected typical enzymatic mechanisms which involve selenocysteine are critically discussed, also in view of the authors' own results.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 into primary human macrophages: a selective role for the 75-kilodalton receptor (1996)

The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) is readily detected after human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of primary macrophages in vitro and is present in plasma and tissues of patients with AIDS. Previous studies have shown that human recombinant TNFalpha (hrTNFalpha) enhances HIV replication in both chronically infected promonocytic and T-lymphoid cell lines in vitro. We report here that in contrast to untreated tissue culture-differentiated macrophages (TCDM), in which the proviral long terminal repeat (LTR) could be detected as soon as 8 h postinfection by a PCR assay, TCDM pretreatment for 3 days by hrTNFalpha markedly delayed its appearance until 72 h after infection with the HIV-1 Ada monocytotropic strain. Moreover the inhibition of formation of the proviral LTR in HIV-1-infected TCDM was directly proportional to the concentration of hrTNFalpha used. To determine if the inhibition of LTR formation results from blockade of viral entry, we performed a reverse transcription PCR assay to detect intracellular genomic viral RNA as early as 2 h after infection. Pretreatment of primary TCDM by hrTNFalpha for 3 days and even for only 2 h inhibits 75% of the viral entry into the cells. The inhibition of viral entry by hrTNFalpha was totally abolished by the use of anti-human TNFalpha monoclonal antibody. By using TNFalpha mutants specific for each human TNFalpha receptor, we showed that the inhibition of HIV-1 entry into TCDM was mediated not through the 55-kDa TNF receptor but through the 75-kDa TNF receptor. Although prolonged (1 to 5 days) TNFalpha treatment can downregulate CD4 expression in primary human TCDM, surface CD4 levels were not reduced by 2 h of treatment and was therefore not a limiting step for HIV-1 entry. In contrast to the inhibition of viral entry into primary TCDM, pretreatment with hrTNFalpha did not modify HIV-1 entry into phytohemagglutinin A-activated peripheral blood lymphocytes. TNFalpha-pretreatment inhibited HIV-1 replication in primary TCDM but not in phytohemagglutinin A-activated peripheral blood lymphocytes as assessed by decreased reverse transcriptase activity in culture supernatants. These results demonstrate that TNFalpha is able to enhance host cellular resistance to HIV-1 infection and that selective inhibition of HIV-1 entry into primary TCDM by TNFalpha involves the 75-kDa TNF receptor but not the 55-kDa TNF receptor.
The Preparation of β-Keto Amines by the Mannich Reaction (1942)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation of β-Keto Amines by the Mannich ReactionF. F. Blicke and J. H. BurckhalterCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1942, 64, 2, 451–454Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1942Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1942https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01254a059https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01254a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1127Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Emulation versus simulation: a case study of TCP-targeted denial of service attacks (2006)

In this paper, we investigate the applicability of simulation and emulation for denial of service (DoS) attack experimentation. As a case study, we consider low-rate TCP-targeted DoS attacks. We design constructs and tools for emulation testbeds to achieve a level of control comparable to simulation tools. Through a careful sensitivity analysis, we expose difficulties in obtaining meaningful measurements from the DETER and Emulab testbeds with default system settings, and find dramatic differences between simulation and emulation results for DoS experiments. Our results also reveal that software routers such as Click provide a flexible experimental platform, but require understanding and manipulation of the underlying network device drivers. We compare simulation and testbed results to a simple analytical model for predicting the average size of the congestion window of a TCP flow under a low-rate TCP-targeted attack, as a function of the DoS attack frequency. We find that the analytical model and ns-2 simulations closely match in typical scenarios. Our results also illustrate that TCP-targeted attacks can be effective even when the attack frequency is not tuned to the retransmission timeout. The router type, router buffer size, attack pulse length, attack packet size, and attacker location have a significant impact on the effectiveness and stealthiness of the attack
A 1 GHz, low-phase-noise CMOS frequency synthesizer with integrated LC VCO for wireless communications (2002)

A 1 GHz, low-phase-noise CMOS frequency synthesizer with an on-chip LC VCO is presented. The synthesizer has 64 programmable frequency channels with a frequency resolution of f/sub ref//64 and the phase noise of -110 dBc/Hz at a 200 kHz offset frequency. The reference sideband spurs are -73.5 dBc. The prototype is implemented in a 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS process with three metal layers. The active chip area is 3.2 mm/sup 2/ and the prototype dissipates 43 mW, including the VCO buffer power dissipation, from a 3.3 V supply voltage.
Targeting the cell cycle inhibitor p57Kip2 promotes adult human β cell replication (2014)

Children with focal hyperinsulinism of infancy display a dramatic, non-neoplastic clonal expansion of β cells that have undergone mitotic recombination, resulting in paternal disomy of part of chromosome 11. This disomic region contains imprinted genes, including the gene encoding the cell cycle inhibitor p57Kip2 (CDKN1C), which is silenced as a consequence of the recombination event. We hypothesized that targeting p57Kip2 could stimulate adult human β cell replication. Indeed, when we suppressed CDKN1C expression in human islets obtained from deceased adult organ donors and transplanted them into hyperglycemic, immunodeficient mice, β cell replication increased more than 3-fold. The newly replicated cells retained properties of mature β cells, including the expression of β cell markers such as insulin, PDX1, and NKX6.1. Importantly, these newly replicated cells demonstrated normal glucose-induced calcium influx, further indicating β cell functionality. These findings provide a molecular explanation for the massive β cell replication that occurs in children with focal hyperinsulinism. These data also provided evidence that β cells from older humans, in which baseline replication is negligible, can be coaxed to re-enter and complete the cell cycle while maintaining mature β cell properties. Thus, controlled manipulation of this pathway holds promise for the expansion of β cells in patients with type 2 diabetes.
On the Optimization of Local and End-to-end Forward Error Correction (2005)

In this paper we investigate where best to use forward error correction if one or more mobile radio links is included on a path. On one hand, if the errors are handled locally where they appear, ...
Application of Ring-Closing Metathesis to the Formal Total Synthesis of (+)−FR900482 (2000)

A formal, enantioselective synthesis of the antitumor antibiotic (+)−FR900482 (1) has been completed using an approach that featured the ring-closing metathesis of the diene 37 to give the key intermediate benzazocine 38. Although several initial protecting-group strategies unexpectedly failed at various stages of the endeavor, the successful approach to 1 involved the conversion of commercially available 5-nitrovanillin (10) into the prochiral diol 24. The manipulations of the residues on the aromatic ring of 10 were straightforward, and the diol array in 24 was introduced by the hydride reduction of the malonate 23, which was in turn prepared by a nucleophilic substitution of the triflate 12. Adjustment of alcohol-protecting groups to give 27 and refunctionalization of the aromatic nitro group led to the protected N-allylamine 36. Elaboration of the diol array via a highly stereoselective Grignard addition furnished the diene 37. Ring-closing metathesis of 37 using the Grubbs catalyst 34 cleanly afforded the benzazocine 38. A tactic originally conceived for preparing 42 by introduction of the aziridine ring onto 38 was impractical because the iodo cyclization of the allylic tosylcarbamate 39 was neither efficient nor selective to give 40. Hence, 38 was transformed into 49, which was a key intermediate in Fukuyama's elegant synthesis of racemic FR900482, thereby completing a formal synthesis of the alkaloid. The prochiral diol 24 was enzymatically desymmetrized using Pseudomonas species lipase to give 25 in 94% enantiomeric excess. Inasmuch as subsequent adjustment of the alcohol-protecting groups gave the intermediate 26 (cf the racemic analogue 27) in enantiomerically pure form, an enantioselective synthesis of (+)−FR900482 has also been completed in a formal sense.
Politisch-sozialer Hintergrund (1979)

Die Regierungszeit Metternichs (1815–1848) ist als Metternichsche Reaktion in die Geschichte eingegangen. Ihr oberster Grundsatz war die Verteidigung der bestehenden gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse gegen alle Veränderungsbestrebungen. Eine neue bürgerliche Revolution sollte um jeden Preis verhindert werden. Mit Metternich begann der langsame Zerfall des Habsburger Reiches, den die großen österreichischen Schriftsteller im späten 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert in ihren Werken analysiert haben.
Pharmacokinetics of an Immediate‐Release Oral Formulation of Fampridine (4‐Aminopyridine) in Normal Subjects and Patients with Spinal Cord Injury (2003)

Plasma concentration profiles of the K+ channel-blocking compound Fampridine were obtained from (1) control subjects (n = 6) following oral administration of doses of 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg and (2) patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) (n = 11) following a single oral dose of 10 mg of an immediate-release formulation. Plasma concentrations were determined using a reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay with ultraviolet light detection employing liquid extraction. The drug was rapidly absorbed with a tmax approximately 1 hour for both groups; tmax was independent of dose. Cmax and AUC0-infinity were linearly related to dose, and t 1/2 was 3 to 4 hours for both groups. There were no obvious differences in the (10-mg) plasma concentration profiles between control subjects and SCI patients. The drug was well tolerated, with only mild and transient side effects of light-headedness, dysesthesias, and dizziness.
A comparison of recent waveform generation and acoustic modeling methods for neural-network-based speech synthesis (2018)

Recent advances in speech synthesis suggest that limitations such as the lossy nature of the amplitude spectrum with minimum phase approximation and the over-smoothing effect in acoustic modeling can be overcome by using advanced machine learning approaches. In this paper, we build a framework in which we can fairly compare new vocoding and acoustic modeling techniques with conventional approaches by means of a large scale crowdsourced evaluation. Results on acoustic models showed that generative adversarial networks and an autoregressive (AR) model performed better than a normal recurrent network and the AR model performed best. Evaluation on vocoders by using the same AR acoustic model demonstrated that a Wavenet vocoder outperformed classical source-filter-based vocoders. Particularly, generated speech waveforms from the combination of AR acoustic model and Wavenet vocoder achieved a similar score of speech quality to vocoded speech.
Large-Scale Computational Modeling of [Rh(DuPHOS)]<sup>+</sup>-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Prochiral Enamides:  Reaction Pathways and the Origin of Enantioselection (2000)

The potential energy surface for the [Rh((R,R)-Me-DuPHOS)]+-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of a prochiral enamide, α-formamidoacrylonitrile, has been computed using a three-layer hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics method (ONIOM). The bond-breaking and bond-forming region is modeled using a nonlocal density functional method (B3LYP), whereas HF theory and molecular mechanics (UFF) are used to describe the electronic and steric impact of the outer coordination sphere of the catalyst. Intermediates and transition states were calculated along four isomeric pathways of two diastereomeric manifolds. The starting point for each manifold is a square planar catalyst−enamide complex. Binding of the re enantioface of the enamide to the catalyst generates the more stable, major diastereomer, favored by 3.6 kcal/mol over the minor diastereomer, which has the si face bound. However, the net free energy barrier for the reaction is 4.4 kcal/mol lower for the minor diastereomer than for the major diastereomer, making the minor diastereomer considerably more reactive and reproducing the “anti-lock-and-key” behavior observed experimentally in rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenations. The difference in transition-state energies corresponds to an enantiomeric excess of 99.9% (R), within the range of experimental enantioselectivities of [Rh((R,R)-Me-DuPHOS)]+ hydrogenations. The stability and reactivity differences of the two diastereomers are explained using simple steric and electronic arguments. The sequence of elementary steps, as well as the relative orderings of intermediates and transition states, is very similar to that found in our previous work on the achiral model system [Rh(PH3)2(α-formamidoacrylonitrile)]+. We find oxidative addition to be the turnover-limiting step of the catalytic cycle. Our results are consistent with available empirical data for rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenations, although more detailed experimental studies are needed on the specific model system studied herein.
Expression of the C 4 Me1 Gene from Flaveria bidentis Requires an Interaction between 5' and 3' Sequences (1997)

Jerry S. Marshall, John D. Stubbs, Julie A. Chitty, Brian Surin, William C. Taylor, Expression of the C₄Me1 Gene from Flaveria bidentis Requires an Interaction between 5′ and 3′ Sequences, The Plant Cell, Vol. 9, No. 9 (Sep., 1997), pp. 1515-1525
Lactobacillus Feeding Reduces Endotoxemia and Severity of Experimental Alcoholic Liver (Disease) (1994)

We have previously shown a relationship between plasma endotoxin levels and severity of alcoholic liver injury in the intragastric feeding rat model. We attempted to reduce both circulating endotoxin and liver injury in this model by administering a lactobacillus strain (species GG) which survives for prolonged periods in the gastrointestinal tract. Male Wistar rats were fed ethanol and liquid diet containing corn oil (CO+E). Another group of animals (CO+E+L) received the diet containing ethanol plus a daily bolus of lactobacilli GG concentrate (10(10) CFU). All animals were sacrificed after one month. All animals had plasma endotoxin measurements and evaluation of severity of pathologic changes in the liver. The weight gain and blood alcohol levels were similar in both groups. The mean +/- SE of the pathology score was significantly higher (3.4 +/- 0.85) in the CO+E group compared to the CO+E+L group (0.5 +/- 0.3, P < 0.01). The virtual absence of pathologic changes in the latter group was accompanied by significantly lower endotoxin levels (8.4 +/- 2.9 pg/ml in CO+E+L group vs 48.3 +/- 7.8 pg/ml in CO+E group, P < 0.01). Feeding of strains of lactobacilli that survive in the gastrointestinal tract reduces endotoxemia and alcohol-induced liver injury in the rat. Lactobacillus species GG provides a potential nontoxic form of therapy for both endotoxemia and alcoholic liver disease.
Continuous Infusion Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for Perioperative Pain Management (2016)

In the abdominal, orthopedic, and pediatric surgical populations, CI NSAIDs represent a feasible alternative modality for perioperative pain control.
Forskolin lowers intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous inflow. (1984)

Forskolin is a diterpene derivative of the plant Coleus forskohlii that stimulates adenylate cyclase activity without interacting with cell surface receptors. Forskolin lowers the intraocular pressure of rabbits, monkeys, and humans. In rabbits, net aqueous humor inflow decreases, outflow facility remains unchanged, and ciliary blood flow increases. Tolerance to the intraocular pressure lowering effect did not occur in rabbits after topical doses given every 6 hr for 15 days. In vitro forskolin activates adenylate cyclase of crude particulate homogenates prepared from cultured human ciliary epithelia or from dissected ciliary epithelial processes of rabbit or human eyes. This activation is not blocked by timolol. The stimulation of adenylate cyclase by isoproterenol in vitro is potentiated in the presence of forskolin. Forskolin represents a potentially useful class of antiglaucoma agents differing in molecular mechanism of action from previously used drugs.
Generalized Study of Hydraulics of Culvert Fishways (2002)

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the experimental observations, collected previously in an extended project on culvert fishways with offset baffle, slotted weir baffle, weir baffle, spoiler baffle, Alberta fishweir, and fishbaffle systems. It has been found that a general correlation exists between the dimensionless discharge Q*=Q/(gS0D5) and the relative depth of flow (y0/D) for each value of the relative baffle height (h/D). Furthermore, for relative baffle heights in the practical range of 0.1–0.15, longitudinal baffle spacing should be limited to a maximum of D. The velocity field in the centerplane of each of these culvert fishways was analyzed and was found to be similar with the similarity profiles having different shapes for different baffle systems. A general correlation was also found for the normalized velocity scale. Even though most of the baffle systems worked reasonably well in the range of parameters recommended, the weir and slotted weir baffle systems are simpler yet equally effective. The results presented in this paper will hopefully facilitate the design and building of successful culvert fishways.
<title>Provably robust digital watermarking</title> (1999)

Copyright notification and enforcement, authentication, covert communication, and hybrid transmission are examples of emerging multimedia applications for digital watermarking methods, methods for embedding one signal (e.g., the digital watermark) within another 'host' signal to form a third, 'composite' signal. The embedding is designed to achieve efficient trade-offs among the three conflicting goals of maximizing information-embedding rate, minimizing distortion between the host signal and composite signal, and maximizing the robustness of the embedding. Quantization index modulation (QIM) methods are a class of watermarking methods that achieve provably good rate-distortion-robustness performance. Indeed, QIM methods exist that achieve performance within a few dB of capacity in the case of a (possibly colored) Gaussian host signal and an additive (possibly colored) Gaussian noise channel. Also, QIM methods can achieve capacity with a type of postprocessing called distortion compensation. This capacity is independent of host signal statistics, and thus, contrary to popular belief, the information-embedding capacity when the host signal is not available at the decoder is the same as the case when the host signal is available at the decoder. A low-complexity realization of QIM called dither modulation has previously been proven to be better than both linear methods of spread spectrum and nonlinear methods of low-bit(s) modulation against square-error distortion-constrained intentional attacks. We introduce a new form of dither modulation called spread-transform dither modulation that retains these favorable performance characteristics while achieving better performance against other attacks such as JPEG compression.
Specific heat in some gadolinium compounds. I. Experimental (1991)

Specific-heat measurements have been performed on the gadolinium compounds ${\mathrm{GdCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{GdNi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{GdGa}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{GdCu}}_{5}$ in order to investigate the phase transitions between paramagnetic and commensurate or incommensurate antiferromagnetic states. Various shapes of specific-heat curves are observed at and below the ordering temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N}}$. In particular, the specific-heat discontinuity at ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N}}$ is strongly reduced in the incommensurate systems. This behavior is related to the exact type of magnetic arrangement involved.
EARLY ACTIONS OF CADMIUM IN THE RAT AND DOMESTIC FOWL TESTIS (1970)

Summary. The testis and body temperature of mature male rats and domestic fowl following cadmium (Cd) and/or zinc (Zn) injections, or cryptorchidism, were studied. In the rat, Cd initially caused an increased testicular temperature with the degree of increase dependent upon amount and route of the Cd injection. After the initial increase, which lasted for 50 to 120 min, there was a depression of temperature to below pre-injection levels, again dependent upon Cd level. Body temperature was unchanged with subcutaneous injections of Cd and dropped with intraperitoneal injections. Zinc caused body and testis temperatures to decline and pre-treatment with Zn prevented the increase in testicular temperature following injections of Cd. In the cryptorchid rat and in the fowl, testicular and body temperatures did not differ either before or after treatment. In the cryptorchid and castrated rat, body temperature appeared to decline more than in the rat with scrotal testes after Cd treatment, while in the chicken there was no change in either testis or body temperature.