gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuropsin is essential for early processes of memory acquisition and Schaffer collateral long‐term potentiation in adult mouse hippocampus <i>in vivo</i> (2005)

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is thought to be particularly important in the acquisition of hippocampus-associated memory, in part because it develops quickly and persists for indefinite periods. Extracellular proteolysis has been hypothesized to contribute to LTP by modifying adhesive relations of synapses and thus the morphology of excitatory synapses. Here we report that neuropsin (NP), an extracellular serine protease, is critically involved in the formation of both the potentiation effect and hippocampus-dependent forms of memory. NP-knockout mice were significantly impaired in the Morris water maze and Y-mazes and failed to exhibit early phase LTP induced by a single tetanus. Potentiation was also impaired or completely blocked by in vivo application of a specific inhibitor or a neutralizing monoclonal antibody for NP. Intriguingly, recombinant (r-) NP alone, without tetanic stimulation, elicited either long-lasting potentiation or depression, depending on the applied dose. The r-NP-elicited potentiation was occluded by prior induction of LTP, while theta-burst-elicited LTP was occluded by application of r-NP alone, suggesting that the two forms of plasticity have a common signalling pathway. r-NP-elicited potentiation and depression increased phosphorylation at different sites on the GluR1 subunit of the AMPA receptor that had previously been associated with LTP or long-term depression. Thus, we conclude that NP is necessary for establishment of LTP and has a significant role in memory acquisition.
ATP-Sensitive Binding to Microtubules of Polypeptides Extracted from Isolated Phragmoplasts of Tobacco BY-2 Cells (1992)

Polypeptides of about 100 kDa, with the ability to bind to microtubules assembled in vitro, were extracted from phragmoplasts isolated from tobacco cultured cells by treatment with ATP. These 100-kDa polypeptides could also be extracted from isolated spindles but not from isolated interphase nuclei, an indication of the association in vivo of these polypeptides with the microtubules of the spindle and of the phragmoplast. The association of the polypeptides with microtubules was sensitive both to ATP and to AMPPNP, a nonhydrolyzable analogue of ATP, but not to GTP. Since the 100-kDa polypeptides showed little or no ATPase activity, it seems unlikely that they are species of microtubule-dependent motility proteins.
The inter-year stability of ERS agricultural crop signatures (Flevoland 1993-1996) (2003)

ERS SAR imagery of agricultural crops in Flevoland over a four year period (1993-96) are studied to determine the stability of multi-temporal radar signatures. The cause of sharp rises (of several dB) in multi-temporal signatures of some crop types can often be linked to rainfall and freezing. In addition to this, there also seems to be a link between the imaging geometry and the increases in intensity. Multi-temporal signatures composed of images from different orbit tracks can look different to those derived from a single track. Model simulations of rainfall and incidence angle change confirm the plausibility of these mechanisms and emphasise their importance in quantitative parameter retrieval. The inter-year comparison also allows them to make generalised comments regarding the performance and stability of crop classification algorithms from one year to another. Only summer months are consistently identified as helping to distinguish broad-leaved (sugar beet and potato) crops from cereals (wheat and barley). There evidence that other times of the year assist in distinguishing specific crops but this evidence is not stable from one year to another.
Introduction: The Autonomy of Middle Eastern Law (2007)

This introductory chapter begins with an overview of the chapters included in this book. It then discusses the nature of Middle Eastern law, highlighting that Middle Eastern law is no different from any other law on earth, the dominant religious expression in Middle Eastern law, and the role of Islamic law in Middle Eastern law. It argues that there is nothing in Middle Eastern law which is, in its essence, different from other traditions of law under the sun. If one insists on differences, then the spirit or philosophy of Middle Eastern law should be sought in two peculiar manifestations: its continuation of legal calques which can be identified as Middle Eastern in a unique tradition and style that extend over four millennia, and the plurality of levels formed in the Islamic legal literature proper.
Chemical Development of a Pilot Scale Process for the ACAT Inhibitor 2,6-Diisopropylphenyl [(2,4,6-Triisopropylphenyl)acetyl]sulfamate (1997)

A manufacturing process to prepare the ACAT inhibitor 2,6-diisopropylphenyl [(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)acetyl]sulfamate (1; CI-1011) has been developed and successfully demonstrated on a pilot scale. Commercially available 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene (9) was chloromethylated to give 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzyl chloride (8). Cyanation of 8 under phase-transfer-catalyzed conditions followed by basic hydrolysis of the intermediate and nonisolated 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzyl cyanide (7) gave 2,4,6-triisopropylphenylacetic acid (2), a key intermediate in the convergent synthesis of 1. Commercially available 2,6-diisopropylphenol (12) was converted to [(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)oxy]sulfonyl isocyanate (13) when reacted with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate under thermodynamically controlled conditions. Hydrolysis and decarboxylation of 13 in situ gave 2,6-diisopropylphenyl sulfamate (3), the other key intermediate. A robust process to couple 2 and 3 was developed via the intermediacy of (2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)acetyl chloride (15) to give the final pharmaceutical product that met specifications for clinical and toxicological use. Cost, operational, safety, environmental, and equipment considerations were taken into account during the course of development.
Biochemical Characterization of the Oxygenation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids by the Dioxygenase and Hydroperoxide Isomerase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 42A2 (2010)

We have studied oxygenation of fatty acids by cell extract of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 42A2. Oleic acid ((9Z)-18:1) was transformed to (10S)-hydroperoxy-(8E)-octadecenoic acid ((10S)-HPOME) and to (7S,10S)-dihydroxy-(8E)-octadecenoic acid (7,10-DiHOME). Experiments under oxygen-18 showed that 7,10-DiHOME contained oxygen from air and was formed sequentially from (10S)-HPOME by isomerization. (10R)-HPOME was not isomerized. The (10S)-dioxygenase and hydroperoxide isomerase activities co-eluted on ion exchange chromatography and on gel filtration with an apparent molecular size of approximately 50 kDa. 16:1n-7, 18:2n-6, and 20:1n-11 were also oxygenated to 7,10-dihydroxy fatty acids, and (8Z)-18:1 was oxygenated to 6,9-dihydroxy-(7E)-octadecenoic acid. A series of fatty acids with the double bond positioned closer to ((6Z)-18:1, (5Z,9Z)-18:2) or more distant from the carboxyl group ((11Z)-, (13Z)-, and (15Z)-18:1) were poor substrates. The oxygenation mechanism was studied with [7S-(2)H]18:1n-9, [7R-(2)H]18:2n-6, and [8R-(2)H]18:2n-6 as substrates. The pro-R hydrogen at C-8 was lost in the biosynthesis of (10S)-HPODE, whereas the pro-S hydrogen was lost and the pro-R hydrogen was retained at C-7 during biosynthesis of the 7,10-dihydroxy metabolites. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of P. aeruginosa revealed relatively large amounts of (9E/Z)-16:1 and (11E/Z)-18:1 and only traces of 18:1n-9. We found that (11Z)-18:1 (vaccenic acid) was transformed to (11S,14S)-dihydroxy-(12E)-octadecenoic acid and to a mixture of 11- and 12-HPOME, possibly due to reverse orientation of (11Z)-18:1 at the active site compared with oleic acid. The reaction mechanism of the hydroperoxide isomerase suggests catalytic similarities to cytochrome P450.
Mesocellular polymer foams with unprecedented uniform large mesopores and high surface areasElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: isotherms and corresponding pore size distribution of the MCF silica template and poly(DVB)/MCF silica composite, IR spectrum of mesocellular polymer foam, and TEM image of the MCF silica template. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b3/b310713b/ (2004)

Mesocellular polymer foams with uniform approximately 17 nm cellular pores were fabricated using mesocellular silica foams as inorganic templates. The mesocellular polymer foams have high surface areas up to approximately 600 m(2)g(-1) and pore volumes of 1.6 cm(3)g(-1).
Decentralized service-level monitoring using network threshold crossing alerts (2006)

Service level agreements are at the core of the business relationship between service providers and their customers. Service level monitoring is necessary to validate and ensure that service levels are indeed adhered to. One key tool for this is threshold crossing alerts. TCAs can notify a service provider that a certain parameter has exceeded a certain threshold value, directing attention to those areas where preventive action needs to be taken. This article presents a protocol and an architecture that implements a new category of TCAs for parameters that need to be aggregated across a network, as opposed to parameters that can be observed from a single device; for example, "average utilization across all links in a network" as opposed to "utilization of a particular link." Although highly useful, such parameters are rarely subjected to SLAs today, due to the lack of effective monitoring technology. Our system fills this gap. It does so in a manner that is decentralized inside the network and does not rely on a more traditional centralized management architecture. We focus on business application aspects, as well as the robustness and accuracy properties of our system
Structure of Chemically End-Grafted Polymer Chains Studied by Scanning Force Microscopy in Bad-Solvent Conditions (1997)

In this paper, we study the polymer conformation of chemically end-grafted polymer chains in bad-solvent conditions using a scanning force microscope. The polymer layers were prepared by exposing a gold substrate in a dilute toluene solution of thiol-terminated polystyrene (PS-SH). Although the adsorption process took place in good-solvent conditions, the imaging was performed in water (bad solvent for polystyrene chains). For short incubation times and low concentrations, we identified individual polymer chains. For longer incubation times (higher surface coverage), we observed microphase separation of the polymer monolayer into globular clusters. Using different molecular weights of PS-SH, we showed that the sizes of these clusters satisfy the scaling laws that were predicted for pinned micelles.
Superoxide dismutase mimetics inhibit neutrophil-mediated human aortic endothelial cell injury in vitro (1994)

In this study, we evaluated the ability of low molecular weight manganese-based superoxide dismutase mimetics to attenuate neutrophil-mediated oxygen radical damage to human aortic endothelial cells in vitro. Human neutrophils, when exposed to tumor necrosis factor-alpha and the complement compound C5a, induced endothelial damage assessed by the release of 51Cr into the medium. This damage correlated with the amount of superoxide generated by neutrophils. Three superoxide dismutase mimetics, with catalytic rate constants for superoxide dismutation ranging from 4 to 9 x 10(7) M-1 S-1, inhibited neutrophil- or xanthine oxidase-mediated endothelial cell injury in a concentration-dependent manner. A similar manganese-based compound with no detectable superoxide dismutase activity was ineffective in inhibiting injury. Fluorescent studies of the neutrophil respiratory burst showed that the superoxide dismutase mimetics were protective without interfering with the generation of superoxide by activated neutrophils. Catalase, elastase inhibitors, and desferrioxamine mesylate (an iron chelator and hydroxyl radical scavenger) were not protective against cell injury. This investigation demonstrates that neutrophil-mediated human aortic endothelial cell injury in vitro is mediated by the superoxide anion and that low molecular weight manganese-based superoxide dismutase mimetics are effective in abrogating this damage.
Epidemiological investigation of outbreaks of fowl adenovirus infection in commercial chickens in Korea (2012)

In total, 39 clinical cases of fowl adenoviruses (FAdV) infection in chickens (28 broiler, 7 native, and 4 layer chickens) between 2007 and 2010 in Korea were investigated. The FAdV types 4, 8b, and 11 comprised 18, 9, and 12 clinical cases, respectively. All FAdV type 4 cases showed clinical hydropericardium (HPS) lesions as well as inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), whereas all FAdV types 8b and 11 cases exhibited IBH lesions without HPS. All 3 types were detected in broiler (9-30 d old) and layer chickens (23-112 d old), whereas most native chickens (14-65 d old) were affected only by FAdV type 4. Infectious bursal disease virus and chicken infectious anemia virus were complications in 51.3% of FAdV cases, with mortalities of 55% to <0.1%. Chicken infectious anemia virus was detected in all native chicken cases. These results indicate that preventive measures against FAdV infection and immunosuppressive diseases on poultry farms should be implemented.
Introduction: Our History, Our Children (2006)

Every few months, yet another call for a stronger history education comes from a politician, academic or commentator, generating another round of public comment and debate over the subject. Australian history is frequently dismissed as 'boring' and 'irrelevant' by students, yet it continues to arouse heated public debate. By studying various outbreaks of this recurring debate we can begin to understand how history education has become such a powerful and complex site of public anxiety.
Surface Wave Delay Line Amplifiers (1969)

The subject of acoustoelectric surface wave delay line amplification is reviewed. Two amplifier configurations are defined: the combined medium amplifier (CMA), and the separated medium amplifier (SMA). These configurations are compared and the problems associated with each one defined. A more detailed description of the SMA is given along with experimental results. A brief analysis is presented; two material constants are defined, and then used to compare materials in terms of SMA applicability at high frequencies.
Oxidative stress due to radiation in CD34+ Hematopoietic progenitor cells: protection by IGF-1 (2012)

Radiation exerts direct as well as indirect effects on DNA through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Irradiated hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) experience DNA strand breaks, favoring genetic instability, due to ROS generation. Our aim was to study the effect of a range of radiation doses in HPCs and the possible protective mechanisms activated by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). ROS generation was evaluated, in the presence or absence of IGF-1 in liquid cultures of human HPCs-CD34(+) irradiated with 1-, 2- and 5-Gy X-rays, using a flow cytometry assay. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) expression was studied by western blot analysis and visualized by an immunofluorescence assay. Apoptosis was estimated using the following assays: Annexin-V assay, DNA degradation assay, BCL-2/BAX mRNA and protein levels and caspase-9 protein immunofluorescence visualization. Viability and clonogenic potential were studied in irradiated HPCs. The generation of superoxide anion radicals at an early and a late time point was increased, while the hydrogen peroxide generation at a late time point was stable. IGF-1 presence further enhanced the radiation-induced increase of MnSOD at 24 h post irradiation. IGF-1 inhibited the mitochondria-mediated pathway of apoptosis by regulating the m-RNA and protein expression of BAX, BCL-2 and the BCL-2/BAX ratio and by decreasing caspase-9 protein expression. IGF-1 presence in culture media of irradiated cells restored the clonogenic capacity and the viability of HPCs as well. In conclusion, IGF-1 protects HPCs-CD34(+) from radiation effects, by eliminating the oxidative microenvironment through the enhancement of MnSOD activation and by regulating the mitochondria-mediated pathway of apoptosis.
p53 and RAS gene mutations in multiple myeloma. (1992)

We analysed genomic DNA from 30 patients with multiple myeloma (MM), searching for alterations in the p53 and RAS genes by a combination of polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism techniques. Mutations in the p53 gene were observed in 20% (6 out of 30) of the patients, and were located in conserved sequence blocks within exons 5 and 7. These were single-nucleotide substitutions and consisted predominantly (4/6) of G:C to A:T transitions. Of the six patients with a mutated p53 gene, four were in the terminal phase of the disease. RAS gene mutations were found more frequently since they occurred in 47% (14 out of 30) of the patients. Mutations consisted of single-nucleotide substitutions, located in codons 12, 13 and 61 of either K- or N-RAS, to the exclusion of H-RAS. Moreover, one patient bore two simultaneous mutations, affecting simultaneously the K- and the N-RAS genes. RAS gene mutations were more frequently observed in patients with fulminating disease (10/15, 67%) than in patients with less aggressive forms of the disease (4/15, 26%). We also analysed genomic DNAs from 10 human myeloma cell lines, of which two bore mutations affecting codon 12 of the K-RAS gene, and one codon 12 of the N-RAS gene. The first two cell lines were obtained from freshly explanted tumor cells in which we observed identical mutations. Results presented here show that activating mutations in the RAS genes are, in MM, more frequent than those affecting the p53 gene and suggest that both events are related to terminal phases of the disease.
[A concept analysis of self-management of asthma in children]. (2008)

Asthma is a chronic disease commonly seen in children. It is absolutely essential for a child who suffers from the disease, and his/her family members, to learn how to perform self-management to minimize the rate of asthmatic deterioration, attack episodes, and the risk of mortality. Literature review indicates that there is no consistency of definition and terminology as far as the concept of "self-management" is concerned. This study, therefore, adopts the concept analysis proposed by Walker & Avant, by searching seven health-related databases via systematic review methodology. From the results of the concept analysis it can be concluded that there are three definitive features of self-management among asthmatic children: 1) the learning and performance process factors determined reciprocally by cognition, physiology, behavior, and environment, 2) the prevention and management of sudden asthma attacks, 3) the normalization of the patient's life with proper control of the asthmatic condition and a reduction of asthma attacks. On the basis of this concept analysis, the authors expect to develop a theoretical framework and related research to build up an asthma knowledge base for future care of children with asthma.
Microsensors, MEMS, and Smart Devices (2001)

From the Publisher:
From the electronic nose and the intelligent ear to the modern ink jet nozzle, the applications of smart devices incorporating microsensors are increasing rapidly. Microsensors are miniature devices that convert a non-electrical quantity into an electrical signal. By integrating a microsensor with a microprocessor, a smart sensor is produced. Further integration with a microactuator produces a microsystem with multifunctional electrical and mechanical components known as micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS).
The Isolated RNase H Domain of Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase (1997)

Retroviral RNases H are similar in sequence and structure to Escherichia coli RNase HI and yet have differences in substrate specificities, metal ion requirements, and specific activities. Separation of reverse transcriptase (RT) into polymerase and RNase H domains yields an active RNase H from murine leukemia virus (MuLV) but an inactive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNase H. The "handle region" present in E. coli RNase HI but absent in HIV RNase H contributes to the binding to its substrate and when inserted into HIV RNase H results in an active enzyme retaining some degree of specificity. Here, we show MuLV protein containing the C-terminal 175 amino acids with its own handle region or that of E. coli RNase HI has the same specific activity as the RNase H of RT, retains a preference for Mn2+ as the cation required for activity, and has association rate (KA) 10% that of E. coli RNase HI. However, with model substrates, specificities for removal of the tRNAPro primer and polypurine tract stability are lost, indicating specificity of RNase H of MuLV requires the remainder of the RT. Differences in KA, while significant, appear insufficient to account for the differences in specific activities of the bacterial and viral RNases H.
Generalized multidimensional dynamic allocation method (2012)

Dynamic allocation has received considerable attention since it was first proposed in the 1970s as an alternative means of allocating treatments in clinical trials which helps to secure the balance of prognostic factors across treatment groups. The purpose of this paper is to present a generalized multidimensional dynamic allocation method that simultaneously balances treatment assignments at three key levels: within the overall study, within each level of each prognostic factor, and within each stratum, that is, combination of levels of different factors Further it offers capabilities for unbalanced and adaptive designs for trials. The treatment balancing performance of the proposed method is investigated through simulations which compare multidimensional dynamic allocation with traditional stratified block randomization and the Pocock-Simon method. On the basis of these results, we conclude that this generalized multidimensional dynamic allocation method is an improvement over conventional dynamic allocation methods and is flexible enough to be applied for most trial settings including Phases I, II and III trials.
Advances in superplasticity and in superplastic materials. (1989)

Superplasticity and superplastic materials have gained considerable attention in recent years. The number of publications in these fields is increasing rapidly attesting to the current strong interest in these subjects. It can be stated that the technology of making complex shaped components by gas pressure techniques through use of superplastic sheet has come of age. On the other hand, bulk superplastic forming is still is its infancy. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the processes occurring in fine structure superplasticity and in internal stress superplasticity. Besides the traditional superplastic alloys based on nickel, titanium and zinc, new alloys have been developed which included microduplex stainless steel, aluminum–lithium and aluminum–magnesium alloys, mechanically allloyed aluminum, whisker and particle reinforced metal matrix composites, aluminum bronze and yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramic polycrystals.