gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fully aromatic liquid crystalline homopolyesters and copolyesters of 1,1′‐binaphthyl‐4,4′‐diol (1994)

Abstract A series of fully aromatic, thermotropic polyesters based on 1,1′‐binaphthyl‐4,4′‐diol, BND, was prepared by the melt polycondensation method and characterized for their thermotropic behavior by a variety of experimental techniques. The homopolymer of BND with terephthalic acid formed a nematic melt at 353°C. In contrast, the polyester from BND and 2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxylic acid had a melting transition, T m , above 400°C, so it was not possible with the equipment available to determine whether it formed a nematic melt. All of the copolymers of BND formed nematic melts at much lower T m values than those of its respective homopolymers, as expected, because of the copolymerization effect of the added monomer. Moreover, all of the copolymers had higher glass transition temperatures, T g , than those of other liquid crystalline polyesters and higher thermal stabilities. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
<title>Inertial sensing paradigm using an accelerometer array: XL-array</title> (1999)

An accelerometer array that is a new concept for inertial sensing paradigm is presented. A surface micromachining technology with 6 micrometers -thick polycrystalline silicon was used to fabricate the array and dichlorodimethylsilane grafting as a new anti-stiction method was used to perfectly release 36 accelerometer cells. Test result show the dynamic range of +/- 30G with 1 percent non-linearity and 2.5 mG noise equivalent level. The XL-array was composed of 36 sensing capacitors of the accelerometer cells that are connected in parallel. So the total capacitance in the XL- array was the capacitance of unit cell multiplied by the number of the accelerometer cell.Lager capacitance change is required to obtain a high sensitivity and SNR. This multiple cell structure could provide redundancy for low-yield manufacturing. The cell structures can be easily scaled for spring stiffness and mass to increase the resonant frequency and operating bandwidth. This array-typed structure also gives less sensitivity to residual stress and stress gradient than larger single mass structure. Higher performance can be achieved by making of large array.
Polar Backpropagation - Determining the Chromaticity of a Light Source (1990)

A modification of the backpropagation paradigm called polar backpropagation is used to determine the chromaticity of a light source from the scattergram of an image. Knowledge of the light source enables correct classification of hues.
Microfluidic Measurement of Antibody−Antigen Binding Kinetics from Low-Abundance Samples and Single Cells (2010)

We present a simple microfluidic fluorescence bead assay for accurately measuring antibody-antigen binding kinetics with a standard inverted fluorescent microscope. We measured association and dissociation rate constants from antibody-antigen interactions spanning nearly 4 orders of magnitude in equilibrium binding affinity (30 pM-100 nM). Two versions of this assay are presented, which allow for dissociation rate measurements either directly, by use of fluorescently labeled antigen, or indirectly, by use of unlabeled antigen. We also demonstrate simultaneous, multiplexed binding measurements of multiple antibody-antigen interactions using a combination of spectral separation and spatial localization. Complete antibody-antigen binding kinetics were measured for as little as 8 × 10⁴ antibody molecules (~132 zeptomoles) immobilized on a single bead and less than 2 × 10⁶ antibodies (~3 attomoles) loaded into the microfluidic device, a reduction in detection limit and sample consumption of 4 orders of magnitude when compared to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy and alternative measurement techniques. We show that the microfluidic bead assay, when combined with small volume compartmentalization, enables direct measurement of antigen binding kinetics of antibodies secreted from single hybridoma cells. We anticipate that this assay will be useful as a routine analytical tool for studying molecular interactions as well as for screening primary antibody-secreting plasma cells isolated from immunized animals.
The Digital Death Conundrum: How Federal and State Laws Prevent Fiduciaries from Managing Digital Property (2014)

This article discusses four types of fiduciaries, each of which is affected by the vast growth in and the need to manage digital property. The article begins by defining digital property and discussing why it must be managed. The article then discusses how digital property affects powers of attorney, conservatorships, probate administration, and trusts. After illustrating the problems that digital property creates for each fiduciary, the article shifts to resolving these problems. It begins by debunking purported solutions by both private and governmental entities. It concludes by offering a holistic approach to resolving the conflicts facing account holders, fiduciaries, and service providers and providing the level of security sought in fiduciary property management, as well as a best-practices approach in the interim to a complete solution.
Three-Phase Three Level, Soft Switched, Phase Shifted PWM DC–DC Converter for High Power Applications (2008)

A new three-phase, three-level dc to dc phase shifted pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converter is proposed for high power and high input voltage applications. Output voltage is controlled by incorporating phase shift PWM. Clocked gate signals of each leg are phase shifted by 2pi/3 from each other. Major features of the converter include: (1) outer two switches of each leg are turned on and off as zero voltage switching, (2) inner two switches of each leg are turned on and off as zero current switching, and (3) this is achieved without involving any extra passive or active components. The secondary side of the converter is of center tapped full-wave current tripler type. This results in an increase of ripple frequency by a factor of six, leading to a significant reduction in size of the output filter. In order to obtain behavioral and performance characteristics of the proposed converter topology, detailed analytical and simulation studies are carried out. Finally the viability of the scheme is confirmed through detailed experimental studies on a laboratory prototype developed for the purpose.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Tin on Iron or Carburized Iron (1980)

An experimental investigation of the chemical vapor deposition of tin on iron and carburized iron substrates is presented, using stannous chloride vapor as the source of tin, in an inert or reducing atmosphere. At temperatures between 450° and 750°C, the mechanism of vapor coating is the displacement reaction in an inert or reducing atmosphere, but in a reducing atmosphere, reduction reactions also occur. The coating consists of iron‐tin compounds or iron‐tin carbides, the structure of which is obtained by diffusion and thus influenced by the time and temperature of deposition. The relations between nuclei formed at the beginning of the deposition and the substrate show that these nuclei may have an epitaxial growth. Epitaxial relationships between the nuclei and the iron substrate are given.
Activation and Novel Processing of Matrix Metalloproteinases by a Thiol-proteinase from the Oral Anaerobe Porphyromonas gingivalis (1997)

A critical outcome of periodontal disease is degradation of the collagenous periodontal ligament that connects teeth to bone in the dental arch. Periodontal diseases occur in response to bacterial colonization of the teeth, but their molecular pathogenesis is still speculative. One family of enzymes, known as the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), has been implicated in the degradation of the periodontal ligament. MMPs, which are also suspected to play a role in many other physiologic and pathologic remodeling processes, can be secreted by epithelial cells surrounding the teeth and are found in relative abundance in tissues and fluids near periodontally diseased sites. Since most MMPs are secreted as inactive zymogens which may be activated by limited proteolysis, it has been suggested that proteinases expressed by the infecting periodontal pathogens might activate latent host MMPs to initiate or accelerate degradation of the collegenous periodontal ligament. The aim of this work was to examine interactions between purified host MMPs and bacterial proteinase. In this article, we demonstrate that a proteinase isolated from the periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis can activate MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 and can catalyze the superactivation of MMP-1 by MMP-3. Activation of these MMPs is demonstrated to result from initial hydrolysis within their propeptide. Also, for MMP-1 and MMP-9, the P. gingivalis proteinase cleaves the MMP propeptide following a lysine residue at a previously unreported site which, for both MMPs, is one residue NH2-terminal to the known autocatalytic cleavage site. These data describe a mode of virulence for the periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis that involves activation of host-degradative enzymes.
Routing for disruption tolerant networks: taxonomy and design (2010)

Communication networks, whether they are wired or wireless, have traditionally been assumed to be connected at least most of the time. However, emerging applications such as emergency response, special operations, smart environments, VANETs, etc. coupled with node heterogeneity and volatile links (e.g. due to wireless propagation phenomena and node mobility) will likely change the typical conditions under which networks operate. In fact, in such scenarios, networks may be mostly disconnected, i.e., most of the time, end-to-end paths connecting every node pair do not exist. To cope with frequent, long-lived disconnections, opportunistic routing techniques have been proposed in which, at every hop, a node decides whether it should forward or store-and-carry a message. Despite a growing number of such proposals, there still exists little consensus on the most suitable routing algorithm(s) in this context. One of the reasons is the large diversity of emerging wireless applications and networks exhibiting such “episodic” connectivity. These networks often have very different characteristics and requirements, making it very difficult, if not impossible, to design a routing solution that fits all. In this paper, we first break up existing routing strategies into a small number of common and tunable routing modules (e.g. message replication, coding, etc.), and then show how and when a given routing module should be used, depending on the set of network characteristics exhibited by the wireless application. We further attempt to create a taxonomy for intermittently connected networks. We try to identify generic network characteristics that are relevant to the routing process (e.g., network density, node heterogeneity, mobility patterns) and dissect different “challenged” wireless networks or applications based on these characteristics. Our goal is to identify a set of useful design guidelines that will enable one to choose an appropriate routing protocol for the application or network in hand. Finally, to demonstrate the utility of our approach, we take up some case studies of challenged wireless networks, and validate some of our routing design principles using simulations.
Fat Water Classification of Symmetrically Sampled Two-Point Dixon Images Using Biased Partial Volume Effects (2011)

Fat Water Classification of Symmetrically Sampled Two-Point Dixon Images Using Biased Partial Volume Effects
Comparative Feasibilities of Processes for the Destruction of Organochlorines: Base-catalysed Dechlorination, Sodium Metal, Hydrogen and Electrolytic Reduction Processes (1993)

We have examined the design and economics of chemical plant for the destruction of organochlorine wastes, such as hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as a contaminant of transformer oils. These studies were prompted by the need for destruction methods other than high-temperature incineration which has been rejected by the community in Australia. Instead of oxidation the processes we examined are all based on reduction for which there are several advantages: absence of gas streams vented to atmosphere, production of valuable hydrocarbon by-products and a significant reduction in the likelihood of producing toxic dioxins. Economic analysis found that Sodium Metal Reduction of PCBs in transformer oil gave an attractive return on investment, but the same was not true for HCB. Similarly Base-Catalysed Dechlorination was found to be suitable for HCB but not competitive for PCBs in transformer oil. Hydrogen reduction was uneconomic as was electrolytic reduction. Despite the secrecy necessarily surrounding some of these commercial processes it was possible to produce feasible and novel reactor designs.
Premature chain termination mutation causing Duchenne muscular dystrophy (1992)

We identified a premature chain termination mutation in two brothers with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and correlated the mutation in one of the brothers with immunologic detection of dystrophin in skeletal muscle. Southern and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies of genomic DNA from the affected boys showed no major gene rearrangements. However, the noted absence of a HindIII Southern fragment containing the proximal portion of exon 48 led to the identification of a point mutation that creates a new HindIII restriction site in that exon. Exon 48 was amplified by PCR from DNA of the patients and other family members and digested with HindIII to show the mutation in the two boys and also in their mother and maternal grandmother. Direct DNA sequencing demonstrated a cytosine-to-thymine transition at nucleotide 7163 of dystrophin that converts a glutamine codon (CAA) to an ochre chain termination codon (UAA). This mutation predicts a truncated dystrophin missing the distal spectrin-like repeat region, the cysteine-rich domain, and the carboxy terminal. Immunohistochemistry of skeletal muscle from one of the affected boys revealed membrane-localized dystrophin in the majority of fibers detected by anti-dystrophin antibodies against (1) the amino terminal and (2) part of the spectrin-like repeat region; both regions would be present in the truncated dystrophin predicted by the chain termination mutation. This suggests that the carboxy terminal may not be an absolute requirement for dystrophin membrane localization. Very few muscle fibers also showed peripheral immunostaining using anti-dystrophin antibodies against the carboxy terminal, suggesting gene reversion, suppression, or read-through in these rare fibers.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen Peroxide and Oxygen in Catalytic Oxidation of Carbohydrates and Related Compounds (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Protocols for 16S rDNA Array Analyses of Microbial Communities by Sequence-Specific Labeling of DNA Probes (2003)

Analyses of complex microbial communities are becoming increasingly important. Bottlenecks in these analyses, however, are the tools to actually describe the biodiversity. Novel protocols for DNA array-based analyses of microbial communities are presented. In these protocols, the specificity obtained by sequence-specific labeling of DNA probes is combined with the possibility of detecting several different probes simultaneously by DNA array hybridization. The gene encoding 16S ribosomal RNA was chosen as the target in these analyses. This gene contains both universally conserved regions and regions with relatively high variability. The universally conserved regions are used for PCR amplification primers, while the variable regions are used for the specific probes. Protocols are presented for DNA purification, probe construction, probe labeling, and DNA array hybridizations.
Misoprostol: New Frontiers; Benefits Beyond the Gastrointestinal Tract (1992)

Recent findings suggest that the protective role that misoprostol exerts in the gastrointestinal tract against nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) damage may be extended to a variety of other tissues and other noxious stimuli including those mediated by molecules such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and endotoxin. The protective effects of misoprostol outside the gastrointestinal tract may involve prevention of triggering activities that would otherwise initiate a sequence of tissue damaging events. If this capacity of misoprostol to maintain homeostasis in a variety of settings is recognized, a cohesive pattern of action emerges. Numerous studies have shown that misoprostol is likely to act as a regulator within various cascades of immunological regulatory events. The in vitro and in vivo experimental data described in this paper suggest that the events which trigger episodes of pain and inflammation may be controllable by the administration of misoprostol. Mitigation of adverse effects of certain NSAIDs on renal function and cartilage metabolism has also been observed. Demonstration of this latter phenomenon in the clinical setting will greatly benefit the patient if it is shown to modify the arthritis disease process. The therapeutic applications of misoprostol beyond the gastrointestinal tract appear to be among the most interesting of therapeutic advances offered by any class of compound in the next decade. Because of the inflammatory and pain processes associated with arthritis disease progression, particular emphasis and confirmation through further clinical study should be placed on the potential effect of misoprostol on chondroprotection and synergy with NSAIDs.
Time Gating Improves Sensitivity in Energy Transfer Assays with Terbium Chelate/Dark Quencher Oligonucleotide Probes (2004)

Lanthanides are attractive as biolabels because their long luminescence decay rates allow time-gated detection, which separates background scattering and fluorescence from the lanthanide emission. A stable and highly luminescent terbium complex based on a tetraisophthalamide (TIAM) chelate is paired with a polyaromatic-azo dark quencher (referred to as a Black Hole Quencher or BHQ) to prepare a series of 5'TIAM(Tb)/3'BHQ dual-labeled oligonucleotide probes with no secondary structure. Luminescence quenching efficiency within terbium/BHQ probes is very dependent on the terbium-BHQ distance. In an intact probe, the average terbium-BHQ distance is short, and Tb --> BHQ energy transfer is efficient, decreasing both the terbium emission intensity and lifetime. Upon hybridization or nuclease digestion, which spatially separate the Tb and BHQ moieties, the Tb luminescence intensity and lifetime increase. As a result, time-gated detection increases the emission intensity ratio of the unquenched probe/quenched probe due to the shorter lifetime of the quenched species. A 40-mer probe that has a 3-fold increase in steady-state luminescence upon digestion has a 50-fold increase when gated detection is used. This study demonstrates that time gating with lanthanide/dark quencher probes in energy transfer assays is an effective means of improving sensitivity.
Patent valuation : improving decision making through analysis (2012)

A practical resource for valuing patents that is accessible to the complete spectrum of decision makers in the patent process. In today's economy, patents tend to be the most important of the intellectual property (IP) assets. It is often the ability to create, manage, defend, and extract value from patents that can distinguish competitive success and significant wealth creation from competitive failure and economic waste. Patent Valuation enhances the utility and value of patents by providing IP managers, IP creators, attorneys, and government officials with a useable resource that allows them to use actual or implied valuations when making patent-related decisions. Involves a combination of techniques for describing patent valuation Includes descriptions of various topics, illustrative cases, step-by-step valuation techniques, user-friendly procedures and checklists, and examples Serves as a useable resource that allows IP managers to use actual or implied valuations when making patent-related decisions One of the most fundamental premises of the book is that these valuation skills can be made accessible to each of the various decision makers in the patent process. Patent Valuation involves narrative descriptions of the various topics, illustrative cases, step-by-step valuation techniques, user-friendly procedures and checklists, and an abundance of examples to demonstrate the more complex concepts.
Improving voltage disturbance rejection for variable-speed wind turbines (2002)

In this paper, the effect of voltage dips on variable-speed wind turbines using voltage source converters (VSCs) is treated. Three different current controllers for the VSC are described and implemented. Their performance is evaluated when the converter is subject to different types of voltage dips. Both simulated and measured dips are used. The effect of the phase-angle jump of the dips is also taken into account.
[The interauricular laser therapy of rheumatoid arthritis]. (1999)

Investigations have proved the ability of interauricular low-intensity infrared laser therapy (0.89 nm, 7.6 J/cm) to produce anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating action in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The method has selective, pathogenetically directed immunomodulating effect the mechanism of which is similar to that of basic antirheumatic drugs and of intravenous laser radiation of blood. This laser therapy can be used as an alternative to intravenous blood radiation being superior as a noninvasive method. Interauricular laser therapy can potentiate the effects of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, cytostatics and diminish their side effects.
Effects of risperidone on affective symptoms in patients with schizophrenia (2000)

The effects of risperidone on affective symptoms were determined by an analysis of pooled data from six double-blind trials of risperidone versus haloperidol in 1254 patients with chronic schizophrenia. Symptoms indicating mania were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) excitement and grandiosity items and by the excited cluster (excitement, hostility, uncooperativeness, and poor impulse control); anxious / depressive symptoms were assessed by the PANSS anxious / depressive cluster (somatic concern, anxiety, guilt feelings, and depression). Mean change scores from baseline to endpoint were compared in patients receiving risperidone, haloperidol or placebo by analysis of variance with factors for trial and baseline score included in the model. In all patients, change scores on excitement and grandiosity items and excited and anxious / depressive clusters were significantly greater for risperidone than for haloperidol or placebo. Dropouts due to inefficacy were less frequent with risperidone (5 of 59; 8%) than with haloperidol (7 of 38; 18%) or placebo (8 of 10; 80%). In patients with anxious / depressive symptoms at baseline (anxiety / depression cluster score > or = the median), anxiety / depression scores decreased significantly more with risperidone than with haloperidol, and symptom reduction occurred faster with risperidone. These results are consistent with previous reports and suggest that risperidone is more efficacious than haloperidol for affective symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.