gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spectrally agile multicarrier waveforms for opportunistic wireless access (2011)

Multicarrier modulation has been employed in numerous modern wireless communications standards due to its ability in providing high data rates while simultaneously counteracting the effects of intersymbol interference due to multipath fading channels. In the recent years, multicarrier modulation is being investigated as a possible candidate data transmission scheme for achieving spectrally agile wireless access in scenarios where unlicensed users temporarily "borrow" unoccupied licensed frequency bands while minimizing interference with spectrally adjacent signals, i.e., opportunistic wireless access. Specifically, the divide-and-conquer data transmission approach employed by multicarrier modulation makes it an attractive option for realizing wireless communication systems that do not require a single continuous transmission frequency band. In this article, we present several multicarrier transmission solutions designed for efficiently achieving opportunistic wireless access. In particular, we shall investigate two types of spectrally-agile multicarrier modulation schemes, namely, non-contiguous orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing and non-contiguous nonorthogonal frequency-division multiplexing. The viability of these two techniques employed within an opportunistic wireless access scenario is assessed using actual spectrum measurement data, and a comparative study in terms of out-of-band interference mitigation as well as implementation complexity is provided.
Tandem concentrator solar cells with 30 percent (AMO) power conversion efficiency (1991)

Very high efficiency concentrator solar panels are envisioned as economical and reliable electrical power subsystems for space based platforms of the future. GaAs concentrator cells with very high efficiencies and good sub-bandgap transmissions can be fabricated on standard wafers. GaSb booster cell development is progressing very well; performance characteristics are still improving dramatically. Consistent GaAs/GaSb stacked cell AMO efficiencies greater than 30 percent are expected.
N.H.S. Contraceptive Services (1974)

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) enhances water reabsorption in the renal collecting duct by vasopressin V<sub>2</sub> receptor (V<sub>2</sub>R)-mediated activation of adenylyl cyclase (AC), cAMP-promoted phosphorylation of aquaporin-2 (AQP2), and increased abundance of AQP2 on the apical membrane. Multiple isoforms of adenylate cyclase exist, and the roles of individual AC isoforms in water homeostasis are not well understood. Here, we found that levels of AC6 mRNA, the most highly expressed AC isoform in the inner medulla, inversely correlate with fluid intake. Moreover, mice lacking AC6 had lower levels of inner medullary cAMP, reduced abundance of phosphorylated AQP2 (at both serine-256 and serine-269), and lower urine osmolality than wild-type mice. Water deprivation or administration of the V<sub>2</sub>R agonist dDAVP did not increase urine osmolality of AC6-deficient mice to the levels of wild-type mice. Furthermore, AC6-deficient mice lacked dDAVP-promoted inner medullary cAMP formation and phosphorylation of serine-269 and had attenuated increases in both phosphorylation of serine-256 and apical membrane AQP2 trafficking. In summary, AC6 expression determines inner medullary cAMP formation and AQP2 phosphorylation and trafficking, the absence of which causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design by Driving-Point Impedance Techniques (1970)

By using driving point impedance (DPI) techniques a systematic approach to the analysis of electronic circuits can be developed which helps the engineer gain insight into circuit action. The answers, representing the circuit's currents, voltages, gains, and driving-point impedances, are written down by inspection of the original circuit diagram without resorting to equivalent circuits of flow graphs. The resulting answers are in a most simple form which can be easily interpreted by inexperienced persons since the relative magnitude of each factor is known. Thus, the student rapidly obtains a "feel" for electronic circuits. The method can also be used to complement a computer-aided circuit design and analysis. A tutorial treatment of the fundamental methods is presented and two examples are given. The simple example, which is complex by ordinary standards, has five input signals and three active elements; yet the output signal voltage is written out by inspection with each step explained. The second example, a two-stage transistor feedback amplifier, is used to demonstrate how the fundamental concepts are applied to complex feedback circuits. The gain, input impedance, and output impedance of the feedback amplifier are found and approximations are used to compare the answers to ordinary solutions given for such amplifiers. The answers obtained by DPI analysis methods are also compared to equivalent answers found by node analysis.
The standardization of Cl. perfringens antigens and antisera. (1976)

A number of developments have altered the treatment paradigm for metastatic non-small cell, non-squamous lung cancer. These include increasing knowledge of molecular signal pathways, as well as the outcomes of several large-scale trials. As a result, treatments are becoming more efficacious and more personalized, and are changing the management and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer patients. This is resulting in increased survival in select patient groups. In this paper, a simplified algorithm for treating patients with metastatic non-small cell, non-squamous lung cancer is presented.
Past and present (2000)

A look back at the 1980s to illustrate how rapidly specialized indexing software has developed.
A New Strategy for Site-Specific Protein Modification:  Analysis of a Tat Peptide−TAR RNA Interaction (2001)

Site-specific modification of proteins and peptides with reporter molecules provides a powerful research tool in chemistry and biology. We report the synthesis and application of a tyrosine analogue, N-alpha-Fmoc-3-acetyl-L-tyrosine, for selective modification of proteins. As a model system, we synthesized the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat peptide (amino acids 47-56) containing the arginine rich RNA-binding region and replaced the Tyr-47 with 3-acetyl-tyrosine. The acetyl-Tyr-Tat peptide was subsequently labeled with a fluorescein derivative to study RNA-protein interactions by fluorescence energy transfer experiments. Our results showed that the Tat peptide binds to the rhodamine labeled TAR RNA with a dissociation constant (KD) of 1.0 +/- 0.5 nM. This strategy of selective protein modification offers a versatile new procedure for labeling peptides of biological interest at a desired site when several nucleophilic side chains of lysine and cysteine are present. These methods would provide tools for postsynthetic peptide modification and introducing biophysical probes for structural and functional analysis of proteins.
An auto-encoder based approach to unsupervised learning of subword units (2014)

In this paper we propose an auto encoder-based method for the unsupervised identification of subword units. We experiment with different types and architectures of auto encoders to assess what auto encoder properties are most important for this task. We first show that the encoded representation of speech produced by standard auto encoders is more effective than Gaussian posteriorgrams in a spoken query classification task. Finally we evaluate the subword inventories produced by the proposed method both in terms of classification accuracy in a word classification task (with lexicon size up to 263 words) and in terms of consistency between subword transcription of different word examples of a same word type. The evaluation is carried out on Italian and American English datasets.
A new immunotoxin built by linking a hemolytic toxin to a monoclonal antibody specific for immature T lymphocytes (1988)

Hybrid molecules built by conjugation between monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and toxins are currently being experimentally tested as potential new anti-cancer agents. These immunotoxins have mainly used the plant toxin ricin as the toxic component, which inhibits protein synthesis at the ribosome level. We present an alternative for toxic components using a hemolytic toxin acting at the membrane level, due to its phospholipase activity. The hemolytic toxin (HT), isolated from the sea anemone Stoichactis helianthus, has been conjugated to an antibody towards an antigen expressed on immature T lymphocytes (IOR-T6), by means of an artificial disulphide bridge. The hybrid IOR-T6-HT exhibits no hemolytic activity unless it is reduced. It is toxic for cells (CEM) expressing the IOR-T6 antigen and non-toxic for cells (K562) not bearing the antigen. An excess of unconjugated antibody reverses the toxicity. Immunotoxins based on membrane-active, hemolytic toxins can be a useful alternative when directed towards antigens which do not mediate internalization, as is the case for most carcinoma antigens.
Water Exclusion Reaction in Aqueous Media:  Nitrone Formation and Cycloaddition in a Single Pot (2003)

[reaction: see text] The formation of nitrone (a water exclusion reaction) in aqueous media using surfactant and subsequent cycloaddition in the same pot, a new example of green chemistry, is reported. The control of regioselectivity favors the formation of trans-5-substituted isoxazolidine. This work not only may lead to an environmentally benign system but also will provide a new aspect of reactions in water.
The Developmental Dynamics of Terrorist Organizations (2012)

We identify robust statistical patterns in the frequency and severity of violent attacks by terrorist organizations as they grow and age. Using group-level static and dynamic analyses of terrorist events worldwide from 1968-2008 and a simulation model of organizational dynamics, we show that the production of violent events tends to accelerate with increasing size and experience. This coupling of frequency, experience and size arises from a fundamental positive feedback loop in which attacks lead to growth which leads to increased production of new attacks. In contrast, event severity is independent of both size and experience. Thus larger, more experienced organizations are more deadly because they attack more frequently, not because their attacks are more deadly, and large events are equally likely to come from large and small organizations. These results hold across political ideologies and time, suggesting that the frequency and severity of terrorism may be constrained by fundamental processes.
Preparation and Characterization of a Polyclonal Antibody against Brominated Protein (2009)

(Di)bromotyrosine is formed by the specific reaction of eosinophil peroxidase and can be used as an eosinophil activation marker. In the present study, an antibody for (di)bromotyrosine in proteins was prepared to investigate the pathogenesis of eosinophil-related diseases such as allergic responses. A rabbit polyclonal antibody was raised against brominated keyhole limpet hemocyanin. The specificity of the antiserum was investigated with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The antiserum recognized brominated bovine serum albumin (BSA) and dibromotyrosine-conjugated BSA. The antiserum also reacted with chlorinated BSA and di-iodotyrosine-conjugated BSA. Moreover, the specificity of the antiserum was investigated using competitive ELISA. Dibromotyrosine and di-iodotyrosine inhibited the recognition of brominated BSA by the antiserum. However, the recognition of brominated BSA by the antiserum was not inhibited by bromotyrosine, chlorotyrosine, iodotyrosine, nitrotyrosine, aminotyrosine, phosphotyrosine, or tyrosine. These results suggested that the epitope of the antiserum is dihalogenated tyrosine. Immunohistochemically, the antiserum stained brominated rat eosinophils but not chlorinated or nitrated eosinophils. In conclusion, an antiserum for dihalogenated protein was prepared. It is expected that the antiserum will be useful for the analysis of the pathogenesis of allergic diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis.
Ribosome Synthesis in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1999)

The synthesis of ribosomes is one of the major metabolic pathways in all cells. In addition to around 75 individual ribosomal proteins and 4 ribosomal RNAs, synthesis of a functional eukaryotic ribosome requires a remarkable number of trans-acting factors. Here, we will discuss the recent, and often surprising, advances in our understanding of ribosome synthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These will underscore the unexpected complexity of eukaryotic ribosome synthesis.
Differentiation of HL‐60 cells is associated with an increase in the 35‐kDa protein lipocortin I (1988)

Lipocortin I, a 35-kDa protein, has been detected in terminally differentiated monocytes and neutrophils. This calcium-phospholipid binding protein appears to be identical to a 35-kDa protein that can serve as a substrate for the EGF-receptor/tyrosine kinase. We have used the human myelocytic cell line HL-60 to explore whether differentiation of hematopoietic cells is associated with changes in the level of lipocortin I. We find that differentiation of HL-60 cells toward the macrophage lineage by the addition of phorbol esters or vitamin D3 or toward neutrophils with dibutyryl cyclic AMP or dimethyl sulfoxide is accompanied by an increase in the cellular content of lipocortin I. In comparison, treatment of HL-60 cells with bryostatin 1, a compound that activates protein kinase C but does not differentiate HL-60 cells, did not effect the level of 35 kDa protein. We have developed a radioimmunoassay to quantitate this protein by using a polyclonal antibody to a synthetic amino terminal peptide of the 35-kDa protein. This antibody recognizes purified pig lung 35-kDa protein as well as a single 35-kDa protein in HL-60 and A-431 cells as determined by Western blotting and immune precipitation. Differentiated HL-60 cells contain 2.6-fold the amount of 35-kDa protein found in undifferentiated HL-60 cells. Our findings that the addition of phorbol esters to HL-60 cells results in an increase in the mRNA for the 35-kDa protein and in an increase in the incorporation of 35S-methionine into the protein suggest that transcriptional activation or increased stability of the mRNA is responsible for the increased rate of synthesis and accumulation of lipocortin I during differentiation of these cells. In the absence of added divalent cations, we have determined that in differentiated HL-60 cells 79% of lipocortin I protein is located in the cytosol while 21% of the total cellular protein is bound to the particulate fraction. The 35-kDa protein can be removed from the particulate fraction by incubation with chelators or treatment with phospholipase A2 or phospholipase C. Addition of the calcium ionophore A23187 to intact differentiated HL-60 cells causes the 35-kDa protein to associate with the particulate fraction of the cell, suggesting that modulation of intracellular calcium levels may play a role in changing the intracellular location of this protein.
Actively peaked broadbanded monolithic amplifier (1980)

Shunt-peaked compensation, as a means of broadbanding an integrated bipolar amplifier stage exhibiting a dominant-pole response, is definitively analysed and assessed. Two sets of design equations, one pertaining to dominant-pole cancellation and the other addressing approximately maximally flat magnitude response, are derived. The design-oriented analysis is rendered germane to monolithic circuit realisation by exploiting the inherently inductive nature of the emitter input impedance of a bipolar junction transistor.
Influence of Carbon Nanofiber Content and Surface Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Vinyl Ester (2008)

This paper discusses the effects of carbon nanofiber surface treatment (purification and chemical functionalization) and carbon nanofiber volume fraction on mechanical properties of thermoset vinyl ester polymer nanocomposites under tensile and flexural loadings. Highly graphitic carbon nanofibers were surface treated by addition of functional groups to their surface, which provided a stronger composite as compared to conventional composites due to better bonding of the fibers to the polymer matrix. It was found that addition of up to 1 wt.% functionalized carbon nanofibers provided increases in mechanical properties over the addition of higher volume fraction of carbon nanofibers.
Stress testing real-time systems with genetic algorithms (2005)

Reactive real-time systems have to react to external events within time constraints: Triggered tasks must execute within deadlines. The goal of this article is to automate, based on the system task architecture, the derivation of test cases that maximize the chances of critical deadline misses within the system. We refer to that testing activity as stress testing. We have developed a method based on genetic algorithms and implemented it in a tool. Case studies were run and results show that the tool may actually help testers identify test cases that will likely stress the system to such an extent that some tasks may miss deadlines.
Co-expression of matriptase and N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V in thyroid cancer tissues—its possible role in prolonged stability in vivo by aberrant glycosylation (2006)

UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:alpha-mannoside beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT-V) catalyzes the formation of beta-1-6 GlcNAc branches on asparagine-linked oligosaccharides, which is directly linked to tumorigenesis. Our recent studies indicate that the secretion of matriptase from cancer cells is increased via the action of GnT-V, as evidenced by the fact that matriptase-bearing beta-1-6 GlcNAc branching is dramatically inhibited. In this study, we report on an investigation of the expression of GnT-V and matriptase in thyroid neoplasm tissues to determine the clinical significance on the co-expression of these two proteins in thyroid cancer. Although neither GnT-V nor matriptase was expressed in normal thyroid tissue, positive staining for matriptase and GnT-V was observed in 52/68 and 66/68 cases of papillary carcinoma, 3/23 and 10/23 cases of follicular carcinoma, 5/13 and 9/13 cases of follicular adenoma, and 11/28 and 6/28 cases of anaplastic carcinoma, respectively. Immunohistochemistry, as well as western blotting, showed that the expression of matriptase paralleled the expression to GnT-V. However, the expression of matriptase mRNA was not correlated with its protein levels, suggesting that the enhancement in matriptase expression could be regulated by a posttranslational modification such as glycosylation through GnT-V-mediated glycosylation. In papillary carcinoma, the levels of expression of both GnT-V and matriptase were significantly higher in tumors 1 cm or less in size (microcarcinoma) and in those without poorly differentiated lesions, and the two proteins were significantly correlated. In contrast, the prognosis of thyroid carcinoma after surgery was neither correlated with the expression GnT-V nor matriptase, because the levels of their expression were quite low in anaplastic (undifferentiated) carcinomas. These results suggest that prolonged stabilization of matriptase is stabilized by GnT-V-mediated glycosylation in vivo, thus extending its halftime and permitting it to play role in the early phases of papillary carcinoma, but not in its later phase progression.
Strategy for <sup>14</sup>C‐labeling of a series of bis(heteroaryl)piperazines (2011)

Abstract Four bis(heteroaryl)piperazines labeled with carbon‐14 in the 2‐position of imidazole moiety were prepared as part of a 4‐step (or 5‐step) sequence from 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐mercapto‐1‐benzylimida‐zole‐[2‐ 14 C] as a key synthetic intermediate which has been synthesized from potassium [ 14 C]‐thiocyanate. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analog-digital partitioning for field-programmable mixed signal systems (2002)

Synthesis of mixed-signal designs from behavioral specifications must address analog-digital partitioning. In other words, determining what portions of the design are best implemented using analog and digital circuitry. In this work, we target reconfigurable mixed-signal systems composed of field-programmable analog and digital arrays. These field-programmable systems are invaluable for rapid hardware prototyping and evaluation. We begin with system behavior specified using a signal-/data-flow graph representation. This is partitioned into analog and digital domains, and then mapped onto the target mixed-signal hardware. The solution must satisfy constraints imposed by the target mixed-signal architecture on available configurable resources, available data converters, their resolution and speed, and I/O pins. The quality of the solution is evaluated based two metrics, namely feasibility and performance cost. The former is a measure of the validity of the solution with respect to the constraints. The latter measures the performance of the system based on area, bandwidth and noise.
Design issues and an architecture for the monolithic implementation of a parallel digital signal processor (1990)

Design issues in the implementation of a parallel digital signal processor for measurement systems are discussed. Constraints imposed by the application and VLSI technology are shown to lead to the design criteria of modularity, flexibility, programmability, and high speed. An architecture for the monolithic implementation of a parallel digital signal processor based upon these criteria is then presented. The use of asynchronous, self-timed function units each consisting of an instruction queue, data queues, and combinational logic is supported. Data and control interlocks are used for synchronization within the processor to facilitate both fine and coarse-grain parallelism. A programming example and simulation results are presented for a finite impulse response (FIR) filter. These results confirm the digital signal processor's efficiency. Using a conventional synchronous design, the simulation of a single prototype processor is presented. This design requires six clock cycles to compute a radix-2 fast Fourier transform (FFT) butterfly compared to 12 instruction cycles for a TI TMS320C30. Compared to a Motorola DSP 56001, the prototype processor permits a faster instruction cycle and less I/O overhead. It is estimated that a 1024-point FFT can be sped up 10 times using 10 processors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Advances in the Negishi Coupling (2004)

Background Palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions have now become part of a common set of reactions that chemists have to generate complex molecules. A particularly interesting version of this general reaction is the Negishi coupling. [ 1 ] Two steps are involved: the formation of an organozinc reagent, and the coupling reaction itself in which the preformed organozinc undergoes a transmetallation in the catalytic cycle (Scheme 1). The discovery that zinc-derived reagents readily take part in palladium coupling reactions has provided a very mild and extremely efficient way to create carbon-carbon bonds from highly functionalized precursors. The two pivotal steps of the Negishi coupling have benefited from the recent developments in organozinc preparation and new ligands incorporated into the palladium catalyst.