gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cry64Ba and Cry64Ca, Two ETX/MTX2-Type Bacillus thuringiensis Insecticidal Proteins Active against Hemipteran Pests (2017)

Genetically modified crops that express insecticidal <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (Bt) proteins have become a primary approach for control of lepidopteran (moth) and coleopteran (beetle) pests that feed by chewing the plants. However, the sap-sucking insects (Hemiptera) are not particularly susceptible to Bt toxins. In this study, we describe two Cry toxins (Cry64Ba and Cry64Ca) from Bt strain 1012 that showed toxicity against two important hemipteran rice pests, <i>Laodelphax striatellus</i> and <i>Sogatella furcifera</i> Both of these proteins contain an ETX/MTX2 domain and share common sequence features with the β-pore-forming toxins. Coexpression of <i>cry64Ba</i> and <i>cry64Ca</i> genes in the acrystalliferous Bt strain HD73<sup>-</sup> resulted in high insecticidal activity against both hemipteran pests. No toxicity was observed on other pests such as <i>Ostrinia furnacalis</i>, <i>Plutella xylostella</i>, or <i>Colaphellus bowringi</i> Also, no hemolytic activity or toxicity against cancer cells was detected. Binding assays showed specific binding of the Cry64Ba/Cry64Ca toxin complex to brush border membrane vesicles isolated from <i>L. striatellus</i> Cry64Ba and Cry64Ca are Bt Cry toxins highly effective against hemipteran pests and could provide a novel strategy for the environmentally friendly biological control of rice planthoppers in transgenic plants.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> In Asia, rice is an important staple food, whose production is threatened by rice planthoppers. To date, no effective <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (Bt) protein has been shown to have activity against rice planthoppers. We cloned two Bt toxin genes from Bt strain 1012 that showed toxicity against small brown planthoppers (<i>Laodelphax striatellus</i>) and white-backed planthoppers (<i>Sogatella furcifera</i>). To our knowledge, the proteins encoded by the <i>cry64Ba</i> and <i>cry64Ca</i> genes are the most efficient insecticidal Bt Cry proteins with activity against hemipteran insects reported so far. Cry64Ba and Cry64Ca showed no toxicity against some lepidopteran or coleopteran pests. These two proteins should be able to be used for integrated hemipteran pest management.
A technique for fuzzy document binarization (2001)

This paper proposes a new method for fuzzy binarization of digital document. The proposed approach achieves binarization using both the image gray-levels and additional local spatial features. Both, gray-level and local features values feed a Kohonen Self-Organized Feature Map (SOFM) neural network classifier. After training, the neurons of the output competition layer of the SOFM define two bilevel classes. Using content of these classes, fuzzy membership functions are obtained that are next used with the Fuzzy C-means (FCM) algorithm in order to reduce the character-blurring problem. The method is suitable for binarization of blurring documents and can be easily modified to accommodate any type of spatial characteristics.
Scalable Software Defined FM-radio receiver running on desktop computers (2009)

Software Defined Radios (SDRs) are increasingly attractive to replace common hardware solutions. Current SDRs are mostly part of communication systems using hardware front ends containing DSPs or FPGAs. Processing on CPUs only is not common due to the huge amount of processing resources required. Most current CPUs are not able to handle this. The goal is to minimize receiver specific hardware components. At the best an antenna and A/D-converter are necessary only for a flexible and cost-effective solution. We present a different approach to realize SDR-receivers on desktop computers optimized for multi-core CPUs and already available General Purpose Graphics Processing Unit (GPGPU). In addition, the processing software is scalable to guarantee real-time performance at varying processing resources. The novel scalable software defined FM-radio receiver is able to control the output quality related to the resource consumption. We focus on a two-folded approach. On the one hand we distribute the processing algorithms over different available processing units, like CPUs or GPGPUs. On the other hand we use Resource-quality scalable algorithms which can be adapted to the available resources.
Evaluation of Fluorosurfactant Performance with Super-Critical CO2 Flooding for High Salinity Carbonate Reservoirs (2014)

Abstract Super-Critical CO2 flooding combined with surfactants is one of the latest methods being used for Enhanced Oil Recovery. This overcomes the shortcomings associated with CO2 gas injection like gravity override and viscous fingering to an appreciable extent. It restricts the mobility of the injected fluid leading to higher contact with the resident crude resulting in better sweep efficiency. A number of surfactants have been tested with CO2 to appraise performance in different scenarios. However there have been problems of surfactant instability at real reservoir conditions i.e. at high temperature and high salinity. Adsorption of surfactants on the rock surface is another issue that usually decreases the effectiveness of the system. In the core-flood experiments performed in this work, an amine oxide-based amphoteric fluorosurfactant has been injected with super critical CO2 for the first time on foot long carbonate cores saturated with high saline formation water (Total Dissolved Solids &gt; 200,000 ppm). High temperature (90°C) and pressure (2500 psi) were applied coupled with 5 days of aging time with reservoir crude to recreate actual reservoir environment. Different injection strategies were studied including co-injection of super-critical CO2 and surfactant solution, and alternating injection of super-critical CO2 and surfactant solution in different ratios, and then compared to find out the optimum injection strategy. Results from the study exhibit a significant increase in the oil recovery due to this CO2-surfactant system as well as foam generation in high saline environment for the co-injection scheme. This research provides a new and viable option for CO2-Surfactant flooding especially for high salinity carbonate reservoirs. It displays the usefulness of the surfactant even at very low concentrations, thus mitigating the high cost of this type of surfactants. Furthermore, this surfactant does not contain environment harmful substances making it a greener substitute to conventional hydrocarbon surfactants.
<title>Design of a linear Fresnel lens system for solar photovoltaic electrical power source</title> (2001)

The object of the paper is to describe how a linear Fresnel lens is designed using I-DEAS (Integrated design, engineering and analysis software) package. The design is carried out by drawing three curves from the focal point at specific radii. A vertical line is drawn at the extreme right end of the curve. By drawing a tangent and a normal at that point, the refracted angle is found out using Snell's law. The refracted ray is extended to meet the arc. Then suitable angles of incidence and refraction are found at that point such that Snell's law is satisfied. The new normal is drawn and the perpendicular to it forms a lens tooth. Equidistant points are plotted on the lens profile and by Lagrange's interpolation the groove angles at each point are determined. By drawing the lens tooth at the suitable groove angles, one half of the lens profile is created which is then mirrored and extruded to get the full profile. The significance of this work is that it ensures the precise focusing of the entire incident light along a straight line without any scatter. This reduces the effective photovoltaic cell area needed and hence cuts the cell cost tremendously. The thickness of the lens is 4 mm, which enables it to be bent and mounted easily.
The practical dental CAD/CAM in 1993. (1993)

For three years now, it has been possible to find a number of dental CAD/CAM systems. i.e. systems that can produce dental prostheses with robots or computers, on the market. These systems use palpation devices or cameras to make impressions. They either transmit the data to produce the die, the counter die or some intermediate elements directly, or use the possibilities of the computer to reconstruct the most simple pieces or the most complex prostheses on a monitor. In the latter case, CAD/CAM systems--in the full sense of the word--produce a model on a monitor before manufacturing the prosthesis. According to this study, all the systems belong to the same family but their performance as well as their costs and their clinical testing vary considerably. A more detailed analysis would therefore be required. Nevertheless, the CAD/CAM remains the only known prosthetic alternative for the future.
Cloth Modeling and Animation (2000)

Written by leaders in the field of computer clothing design and simulation, Cloth Modeling and Animation is a vital resource for researchers and developers of cloth simulation software as well as computer animators and graphics programmers. Readers will learn about cloth's nature and structure, scientific approaches to understanding its behavior and look, and the latest modeling and simulation techniques for automatically animating cloth on the computer.
Abemaciclib: a CDK4/6 inhibitor for the treatment of HR+/HER2&ndash; advanced breast cancer (2018)

Although early breast cancer (BC) is highly curable, advanced or metastatic disease poses numerous challenges in terms of medical management and treatment decisions and is associated with significantly worse prognosis. Among the new targeted agents, anticancer drugs exploiting the cell-cycle machinery have shown great potential in preclinical studies. CDK4/6 inhibitors target the cyclin D/CDK/retinoblastoma signaling pathway, inducing cell-cycle arrest, reduced cell viability and tumor shrinking. As the cyclin D/CDK complex is activated downstream of estrogen signaling, the combination of CDK4/6 inhibitors with standard endocrine therapies represents a rational approach to elicit synergic antitumor activity in hormone receptor-positive BC. The results of clinical trials have indeed confirmed the superiority of the combination of CDK4/6 inhibitors plus endocrine therapies over endocrine therapy alone. Currently approved are three compounds that exhibit similar structural characteristics as well as biological and clinical activities. Abemaciclib is the latest CDK4/6 inhibitor approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in view of the results of the MONARCH 1 and 2 trials. Further trials are ongoing as other important questions await response. In this review, we focus on abemaciclib to examine preclinical and clinical results, describing current therapeutic indications, open questions and ongoing clinical trials.
Treatment of input uncertainty in hydrologic modeling: Doing hydrology backward with Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation (2008)

There is increasing consensus in the hydrologic literature that an appropriate framework for streamflow forecasting and simulation should include explicit recognition of forcing and parameter and model structural error. This paper presents a novel Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampler, entitled differential evolution adaptive Metropolis (DREAM), that is especially designed to efficiently estimate the posterior probability density function of hydrologic model parameters in complex, high‐dimensional sampling problems. This MCMC scheme adaptively updates the scale and orientation of the proposal distribution during sampling and maintains detailed balance and ergodicity. It is then demonstrated how DREAM can be used to analyze forcing data error during watershed model calibration using a five‐parameter rainfall‐runoff model with streamflow data from two different catchments. Explicit treatment of precipitation error during hydrologic model calibration not only results in prediction uncertainty bounds that are more appropriate but also significantly alters the posterior distribution of the watershed model parameters. This has significant implications for regionalization studies. The approach also provides important new ways to estimate areal average watershed precipitation, information that is of utmost importance for testing hydrologic theory, diagnosing structural errors in models, and appropriately benchmarking rainfall measurement devices.
Sequential three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography of the carotid arteries: value of variable excitation and postprocessing in reducing venetian blind artifact. (1994)

The combined use of spatially variable excitation pulses and an automatic postprocessing technique can improve the uniformity of the signal from blood across the slab and allow thicker slabs to be acquired with less overlap. Data acquisition and postprocessing times can be reduced significantly. This work suggests it may be possible to easily produce overlapping 3D MR angiograms that should be superior to conventional 2D and 3D studies.
Preparation of 4‐bromophthalic anhydride by oxidation of 4‐bromo‐<i>ortho</i>‐xylene (1995)

Abstract The preparation of 4‐bromophthalic anhydride is described. This compound, useful as raw material for production of dianhydride monomers such as bisphthalic dianhydride, oxy‐bisphthalic dianhydride and several bisphenol dianhydrides for the specialty polyimide sector, was prepared via gas phase oxidation of 4‐bromo‐ ortho ‐xylene with air over a V–Ti–P catalyst in a yield of 85%. Oxidation of 3‐bromo‐ ortho ‐xylene gave only a 45% yield of 3‐bromophthalic anhydride. Mixtures of 4‐ and 3‐bromo‐ ortho ‐xylene gave, as expected, mixtures of 4‐ and 3‐bromophthalic anhydride which were enriched in the 4‐isomer (in comparison with the starting bromoxylene isomeric composition).
A method for determining the viscoelastic properties of biological fluids (1970)

A capillary instrument is developed for the measurement of the viscoelastic properties of biological fluids, such as saliva and mucus. With the instrument developed, the recoil is measured as a function of applied pressure, enabling one to calculate
Mean Field Games in Nudge Systems for Societal Networks (2018)

We consider the general problem of resource sharing in societal networks, consisting of interconnected communication, transportation, energy, and other networks important to the functioning of society. Participants in such network need to take decisions daily, both on the quantity of resources to use as well as the periods of usage. With this in mind, we discuss the problem of incentivizing users to behave in such a way that society as a whole benefits. To perceive societal level impact, such incentives may take the form of rewarding users with lottery tickets based on good behavior and periodically conducting a lottery to translate these tickets into real rewards. We will pose the user decision problem as a mean field game and the incentives question as one of trying to select a good mean field equilibrium (MFE). In such a framework, each agent (a participant in the societal network) takes a decision based on an assumed distribution of actions of his/her competitors and the incentives provided by the social planner. The system is said to be at MFE if the agent’s action is a sample drawn from the assumed distribution. We will show the existence of such an MFE under general settings, and also illustrate how to choose an attractive equilibrium using as an example demand-response in the (smart) electricity network.
Calligrapher: a new layout-migration engine for hard intellectual property libraries (2005)

Modern systems-on-a-chip depend heavily on hard intellectual properties, such as standard cell and datapath libraries. As the foundries accelerate their update of advanced processes with increasingly complex design rules, and the libraries grow in flexibility and size, the cost of library development becomes prohibitively high. Automated layout-migration techniques used today, which are based on layout compaction developed a decade ago, corrupt advanced design considerations by honoring only design rules, and cannot cope with some of the new challenges involved. In this paper, we present a new integer linear programming (ILP)-based layout-migration engine, called calligrapher, and make the following contributions. First, we extend the recently proposed minimum perturbation (MP) metric designed to retain original layout design intentions, while overcoming its shortcoming of biased treatment of layout objects. Second, we propose a new design-rule-constraint algorithm, and prove its linear complexity for the number of constraints generated. Compared with what has been achieved in the literature, the proposed algorithm can significantly reduce the ILP solver time by limiting the constraint size. Third, we propose an iterative migration framework based on the concept of soft constraint. With this framework, two-dimensional compaction quality can be achieved with a runtime comparable to one-dimensional compaction. We demonstrate the effectiveness of calligrapher by migrating the Berkeley low-power libraries, originally developed for the 1.2-/spl mu/m MOSIS process, into TSMC 0.25- and 0.18-/spl mu/m technologies. We show that even for a very compact layout, our metric and the MP metric can make a difference by as much as 20%-45%. We also show that our iterative algorithm can improve the area by 10% on average compared to the traditional technique using the MP metric, and inflates the area by merely 7.5% compared to the traditional technique using minimum-area metric.
Elastic molecular dynamics with self-consistent flexible constraints (2000)

A new algorithm for constrained molecular dynamics is proposed. In contrast to the standard approach, the constrained bond-length/bond-angle value is adjusted at each time step so that total energy is minimized with respect to the constrained distances. This can be viewed as modifying the equilibrium bond-length/bond-angle according to external and centripetal forces. Two approaches are constructed to implement the algorithm. Method I includes all energy terms, but it is neither holonomic nor symplectic. Method II neglects a rotational kinetic energy term, resulting in a more expensive symplectic integrator. Both integrators are reversible and well conserve total energy. Due to the iterative nature of the optimization, which requires an energy evaluation at each iteration, these methods are intended for use in conjunction with other integration techniques that require an optimization at each time step iteration, such as the self-consistent electronic polarization methods or iterative combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) hybrid simulations. Simulation results for collisions between two diatomic molecules, two water molecules, and for a periodic water box are compared and contrasted with fully constrained and free dynamics. These results demonstrate the utility and efficacy of these new methods.
Understanding the Fundamental Mechanisms of a Dynamic Micro-bubble Generator for Water Processing and Cleaning Applications (2015)

The micro-bubble technology in water is widely known and effectively used, but the fundamental mechanisms of the micro-bubble generation and characteristics are not clearly established. To better the understanding, extensive literature survey coupled with theoretical and experimental bubble size estimations and volumetric mass transfer rate calculations were carried out. Observed multitude of increase in the volumetric mass transfer rate is essentially due to the specific interfacial area rather than the liquid mass transfer co-efficient. This signifies the effectiveness of pressurized dissolution type over its counterparts. A second set of experiments were focussed on particle size analysis using Bluewave particle size analyzer. Measurements for bubble size distribution were made alongside two cases of surfactant addition, tween20 at concentrations of 10mM and 1mM. The effect of surfactant on bubble dynamics and stabilization is interpreted and the axial rise distance hence the rise velocity are computed for both experimental and theoretical data.
Silicon Photonics Carrier Depletion Modulators Capable of 85Gbaud 16QAM and 64Gbaud 64QAM (2019)

We achieved high performance silicon photonics carrier-depletion Mach-Zehnder modulation with a commercial foundry by optimizing doping and device design. We demonstrated IQ modulator operating at 85Gbaud 16QAM and 64Gbaud 64 QAM with >25dB extinction ratio.
A new dynamic in vitro modular capillaries-venules modular system: Cerebrovascular physiology in a box (2013)

The unique characteristics afforded by the DIV-BBB in combination with a venule segment will realistically expand our ability to dissect and study the physiological and functional behavior of distinct segments of the human cerebrovascular network.
Dynamic warp subdivision for integrated branch and memory divergence tolerance (2010)

SIMD organizations amortize the area and power of fetch, decode, and issue logic across multiple processing units in order to maximize throughput for a given area and power budget. However, throughput is reduced when a set of threads operating in lockstep (a warp) are stalled due to long latency memory accesses. The resulting idle cycles are extremely costly. Multi-threading can hide latencies by interleaving the execution of multiple warps, but deep multi-threading using many warps dramatically increases the cost of the register files (multi-threading depth x SIMD width), and cache contention can make performance worse. Instead, intra-warp latency hiding should first be exploited. This allows threads that are ready but stalled by SIMD restrictions to use these idle cycles and reduces the need for multi-threading among warps. This paper introduces dynamic warp subdivision (DWS), which allows a single warp to occupy more than one slot in the scheduler without requiring extra register file space. Independent scheduling entities allow divergent branch paths to interleave their execution, and allow threads that hit to run ahead. The result is improved latency hiding and memory level parallelism (MLP). We evaluate the technique on a coherent cache hierarchy with private L1 caches and a shared L2 cache. With an area overhead of less than 1%, experiments with eight data-parallel benchmarks show our technique improves performance on average by 1.7X.
Mutations affecting MHC class II binding of the superantigen streptococcal erythrogenic toxin A (1993)

Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SPEA) is an important pathogenicity factor of group A streptococci. It is a member of the family of 'superantigens' produced by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, and its T lymphocyte stimulating activity is involved in the pathogenesis of certain diseases caused by pyogenic streptococci. In this study we have generated nine mutant SPEA molecules by substituting amino acids in the regions of homology between different streptococcal and staphylococcal superantigens. An additional mutant was created by deletion of the 10 N-terminal amino acids. The mutants were expressed as fusion proteins. Several mutations led to a loss of function due to a loss of class II-binding activity. Such loss mutations did not cluster to a certain region of the SPEA molecule. Rather, even a substitution of neighboring amino acids had opposite effects. None of the loss mutations affected the binding of neutralizing mAb and all loss mutants could be precipitated in Ouchterlony tests by a polyclonal anti-SPEA serum. We conclude that the functional activities of SPEA, and probably of other superantigens as well, cannot be attributed to a defined region of the molecule.
Design, fabrication and measurement of a dual-band circularly-polarized stacked microstrip antenna for Galileo and GPS (2010)

This paper deals with the design, fabrication and measurement of a dual-band circularly-polarized stacked microstrip antenna for Galileo (E5a, E5b, E2 and E1 bands) and GPS (L2 band). A feeding network composed of three Wilkinson power combiners is used to generate the required circular polarization.