gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Septin-based Hierarchy of Proteins Required for Localized Deposition of Chitin in the <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> Cell Wall (1997)

Just before bud emergence, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell forms a ring of chitin in its cell wall; this ring remains at the base of the bud as the bud grows and ultimately forms part of the bud scar marking the division site on the mother cell. The chitin ring seems to be formed largely or entirely by chitin synthase III, one of the three known chitin synthases in S. cerevisiae. The chitin ring does not form normally in temperature-sensitive mutants defective in any of four septins, a family of proteins that are constituents of the "neck filaments" that lie immediately subjacent to the plasma membrane in the mother-bud neck. In addition, a synthetic-lethal interaction was found between cdc12-5, a temperature-sensitive septin mutation, and a mutant allele of CHS4, which encodes an activator of chitin synthase III. Two-hybrid analysis revealed no direct interaction between the septins and Chs4p but identified a novel gene, BNI4, whose product interacts both with Chs4p and Cdc10p and with one of the septins, Cdc10p; this analysis also revealed an interaction between Chs4p and Chs3p, the catalytic subunit of chitin synthase III. Bni4p has no known homologues; it contains a predicted coiled-coil domain, but no other recognizable motifs. Deletion of BNI4 is not lethal, but causes delocalization of chitin deposition and aberrant cellular morphology. Overexpression of Bni4p also causes delocalization of chitin deposition and produces a cellular morphology similar to that of septin mutants. Immunolocalization experiments show that Bni4p localizes to a ring at the mother-bud neck that lies predominantly on the mother-cell side (corresponding to the predominant site of chitin deposition). This localization depends on the septins but not on Chs4p or Chs3p. A GFP-Chs4p fusion protein also localizes to a ring at the mother-bud neck on the mother-cell side. This localization is dependent on the septins, Bni4p, and Chs3p. Chs3p, whose normal localization is similar to that of Chs4p, does not localize properly in bni4, chs4, or septin mutant strains or in strains that accumulate excess Bni4p. In contrast, localization of the septins is essentially normal in bni4, chs4, and chs3 mutant strains and in strains that accumulate excess Bni4p. Taken together, these results suggest that the normal localization of chitin synthase III activity is achieved by assembly of a complex in which Chs3p is linked to the septins via Chs4p and Bni4p.
Spatially resolved band-edge emission from partially coalesced GaN pyramids prepared by epitaxial lateral overgrowth (2000)

Partially coalesced GaN pyramidal structures are formed by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition using the epitaxial lateral overgrowth method. Spatially resolved optical characterization of these structures has been carried out using cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy and spectroscopy. The coalesced region exhibits much stronger and more uniform luminescence than other regions of the sample. In addition, the emission from the coalesced region is blue-shifted, while that from the sidewalls is red-shifted, relative to broad area grown samples. The peak shift mechanism is discussed based on the CL temperature and power dependence and analysis of the confocal Raman scattering.
Hydrofluoric Acid as a Condensing Agent. I (1939)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrofluoric Acid as a Condensing Agent. IWilliam S. Calcott, John M. Tinker, and Viktor. WeinmayrCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 4, 949–951Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1939Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1939https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01873a053https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01873a053research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views149Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Multielectrode Study of the Territory of a Motor Unit (1957)

Summary. By means of multielectrodes containing twelve leads along a 25 mm distance (Fig. 1) the spread of action potentials from a motor unit was studied over a cross section of the brachial biceps in man. The territory of the motor unit could be determined from the analysis of a single cross section of the muscle, since its fibres pass uninterrupted from tendon to tendon. The mutual position of two multielectrodes inserted perpendicularly to each other into the muscle was determined with an accuracy of 0.2 mm by recording with one multielectrode subthreshold pulses sent through successive leads of the other multielectrode (Fig. 2). The action potentials of a motor unit spread over an approximately circular area as evidenced by experiments in which the two multielectrodes traversed the centre of the motor unit (Fig. 4) and other experiments in which one of the multielectrodes was situated at the periphery of the motor unit (Fig. 5). Potentials with spike components exceeding 50 μV were confined to an average area four to six mm in diameter (Fig. 6 A). These potentials had a protracted terminal component of low amplitude and if they were recorded outside the site of innervation an initial positive component as well. Outside the area in which spike potentials occurred the potentials had a low amplitude, a short duration and a negative sign (Figs. 3, 4, 5). On account of volume conduction the action potentials were picked up in a larger area than occupied by the fibres of the motor unit. By means of the relationship between spike amplitude and distance from the potential source (Fig. 1 C) the average territory of the motor unit was determined to be four to six mm (minimum two and maximum ten mm) (Fig. 6 B). This area allows space for the fibres of ten overlapping motor units. On the same lead of the multielectrode action potentials from maximally six different motor units were recorded. Their potentials were often similar in shape so that they could be identified only by their discharge frequency (Fig. 9). The muscle fibres of as many as three of the intermingling motor units overlapped entirely (Fig. 8). The temporal dispersion of the spikes recorded on the different leads of the multielectrode was identical for these overlapping motor units (Fig. 7). The results are discussed with respect to their bearing on the parameters of the motor unit potential: The action potential of the motor unit arises from the summation of temporally dispersed potentials originating from fibre groups at a mutual distance of 0.3 to 1 mm. The amplitude of the motor unit potential is largely determined by the distance of the recording electrode from the fibre group closest to the electrode. The shape of the potential derives from the way in which the action potentials of two to three of these fibre groups summate. The duration of the potential is determined by the temporal dispersion of the component potentials due to the spatial dispersion of the end plates in the innervation zone.
Access Control in JavaScript (2010)

ZAC is a practical lightweight library for access control in JavaScript based on aspect orientation. Its access control architecture is stack based, similar to those of Java and C#. However, ZAC integrates other features for more expressive access control. First, access control policies can be enforced at the level of objects, which permits more fine-grained control over resource access. Second, policies in ZAC can base their decisions on scripts' execution history. This lets developers express policies that are impossible to define using other models, such as bounded-time execution.
UIPicker: user-input privacy identification in mobile applications (2015)

Identifying sensitive user inputs is a prerequisite for privacy protection. When it comes to today's program analysis systems, however, only those data that go through well-defined system APIs can be automatically labelled. In our research, we show that this conventional approach is far from adequate, as most sensitive inputs are actually entered by the user at an app's runtime: in our research, we inspect 17, 425 top apps from Google Play, and find that 35.46% of them involve sensitive user inputs. Manually marking them involves a lot of effort, impeding a large-scale, automated analysis of apps for potential information leaks. To address this important issue, we present UIPicker, an adaptable framework for automatic identification of sensitive user inputs. UIPicker is designed to detect the semantic information within the application layout resources and program code, and further analyze it for the locations where security-critical information may show up. This approach can support a variety of existing security analysis on mobile apps. We further develop a runtime protection mechanism on top of the technique, which helps the user make informed decisions when her sensitive data is about to leave the device in an unexpected way. We evaluate our approach over 200 randomly selected popular apps on Google-Play. UIPicker is able to accurately label sensitive user inputs most of the time, with 93.6% precision and 90.1% recall.
Ningxia’s New Industries (2008)

IN its struggle with its natural environment, which consists largely of desert, Ningxia has found a unique road to develop its industries. The development of its recycling industry, agriculture and ecology-related industries has brought more opportunities to Ningxia.
Adopting IMS in WiFi technology (2007)

IP Multimedia Subsystem which is standardized by 3GPP is an important step to improve the delivery of innovating IP-Telephony and Multimedia services to the customers in 3G and B3G networks. However, IMS is almost access independent and multiple access technologies such as UMTS, WiFi, WiMax, xDSL and Cable Technology can benefit from IMS services. In 3GPP Releases 6, an architecture for access to 3G services (including IMS services) from WLAN technologies has been standardised and the work is being completed in next releases. The goal of this architecture is to allow the 3G customers to be roamed in WLAN and access to their services in 3G domain. To this end, 3GPP has chosen a Master/Slave approach which does not bring forth IMS services directly for WLAN customers and limit the applicability to some limited scenarios such as when the WLAN and 3G domain are under control of a same operator. In this paper we propose different scenarios for adopting/adapting IMS in/for WiFi as the dominant WLAN technologies. These scenarios allow the independent WiFi operators to provide advance IP Telephony services based on IMS by themselves in addition to the broadband Internet access. These scenarios are proposed with considering the capability of various WiFi operators.
Characterization of functional Sp1 transcription factor binding sites in the hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid promoter (1993)

The hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid minimal promoter contains sequence elements which are similar to the Sp1 transcription factor binding site consensus sequence. The interaction of these regulatory elements with Sp1 was examined by DNase I footprinting with purified Sp1 protein and DNase I footprinting and gel retardation analysis with nuclear extracts from human cell lines and was examined functionally with transient transfection assays in human hepatoma and Drosophila melanogaster Schneider line-2 cells. DNase I footprinting identified two regions of the nucleocapsid promoter, representing three recognition elements, that bound purified Sp1. Gel retardation analysis with Huh7 nuclear extracts demonstrated that each of the three recognition elements bound the same or similar transcription factor(s) as that recognized by the Sp1 consensus sequence recognition element. The function of the nucleocapsid promoter elements was examined by transient transfection assays in D. melanogaster Schneider line-2 cells by using these binding sites cloned into a minimal promoter element. Each of these regulatory regions transactivated transcription from the minimal promoter element in response to exogenously expressed Sp1. In addition, the second Sp1 site was shown to be an essential element of the nucleocapsid promoter in human hepatoma cells. This demonstrates that the hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid promoter contains three functional Sp1 binding sites which may contribute to the level of transcription from this promoter during viral infection.
A modified Bosch-type process for precise surface micromachining of polysilicon (2002)

We report on the study of a new plasma process for precise surface micromachining of polysilicon. The principle is based on the adaptation of the well-known Bosch process to polysilicon, alternating etch and passivation steps under inductively coupled plasmas (ICPs). However, instead of using ICPs for both steps, we chose to keep a C4F8-based ICP for the passivation step, while using a standard RF plasma with SF6 chemistry during etching. The effect of ICP power and gas flux over etch rates, etch profiles and selectivity was studied. It showed the ability to easily control the anisotropy angle using very few parameters, and was dedicated to the realization of micromechanical structures.
Protein Kinase CK-1 Inhibitors As New Potential Drugs for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (2014)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease where motor neurons in cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord die progressively, resulting in muscle wasting, paralysis, and death. Currently, effective therapies for ALS are lacking; however, identification of pathological TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) as the hallmark lesion in sporadic ALS suggests new therapeutic targets for pharmacological intervention. Pathological TDP-43 phosphorylation appears to drive the onset and progression of ALS and may result from upregulation of the protein kinase CK-1 in affected neurons, resulting in postranslational TDP-43 modification. Consequently, brain penetrant specific CK-1 inhibitors may provide a new therapeutic strategy for treating ALS and other TDP-43 proteinopathies. Using a chemical genetic approach, we report the discovery and further optimization of a number of potent CK-1δ inhibitors. Moreover, these small heterocyclic molecules are able to prevent TDP-43 phosphorylation in cell cultures, to increase Drosophila lifespan by reduction of TDP-43 neurotoxicity, and are predicted to cross the blood-brain barrier. Thus, N-(benzothiazolyl)-2-phenyl-acetamides are valuable drug candidates for further studies and may be a new therapeutic approach for ALS and others pathologies in which TDP-43 is involved.
Variable dimension range and domain block-based fractal image coding (2003)

Proposes some variable-dimension block-based fractal image-coding schemes which employ encoding of fixed and variable-dimension range blocks with fixed and variable-dimension domain blocks. The first decision to be made in a variable-dimension fractal coding scheme is in the choice of the type of image partition used for the range blocks. We propose a partition based on a rate-distortion criterion such that the range block sizes and domain block sizes are selected adaptively by the algorithm itself based on the complexity of the image region that is being encoded. Variable domain blocks address the nonuniformity of fractal scaling across the image as manifested by different resampling ratios across the image. Variable range blocks address the nonstationarity of the image. So, this algorithm provides a general framework of variable range, variable domain fractal encoding. All fixed-dimension fractal coding schemes are constrained variation of this generalized version.
The Rotary Cutting Tool (1952)

Abstract A novel lathe-type cutting tool in the form of a disk that may be rotated about its central axis is described and analyzed. Such a rotary tool is found to correspond to an equivalent oblique tool having an angle of inclination whose tangent is equal to the ratio of the tool and work-surface velocities. In addition to the inherent feature of the oblique tool of providing a greater effective rake angle without a corresponding decrease in the actual included angle of the tool, the rotary tool (1) provides a rest period for the cutting edge, thus enabling the edge to be cooled and the adsorbed film on the tool surface to be replenished between cuts; (2) enables the relative chip velocity to be increased to provide a lower coefficient of friction without necessitating a corresponding increase in the rate of metal removal. A rotary tool of 10-deg rake angle is capable of reducing total power required to make a given cut by about 30 per cent and at the same time to operate with a temperature about 400 F lower than that for the equivalent stationary tool. Representative test data for both rotary and stationary tools are analyzed and discussed. The shear stress on the shear plane is found to decrease with increased shear strain in the case of either a rotary tool or an oblique tool. This anomalous result is explained in terms of a size effect associated with the change in thickness of the shear plane that accompanies a change in the angle of inclination.
Modular verification of timed circuits using automatic abstraction (2003)

The major barrier that prevents the application of formal verification to large designs is state explosion. This paper presents a new approach for verification of timed circuits using automatic abstraction. This approach partitions the design into modules, each with constrained complexity. Before verification is applied to each individual module, irrelevant information to the behavior of the selected module is abstracted away. This approach converts a verification problem with big exponential complexity to a set of subproblems, each with small exponential complexity. Experimental results are promising in that they indicate that our approach has the potential of completing much faster while using less memory than traditional flat analysis.
High brightness direct diode laser with kW output power (2014)

High power, high brightness diode lasers are beginning to challenge solid state lasers, i.e. disk and fiber lasers. The core technologies for brightness scaling of diode lasers are optical stacking and dense spectral combining (DSC), as well as improvements of the diode material. Diode lasers will have the lowest cost of ownership, highest efficiency and most compact design among all lasers. In our modular product design tens of single emitters are combined in a compact package and launched into a 200 μm fiber with 0.08 NA. Dense spectral combining enables power scaling from 80 W to kilowatts. Volume Bragg Gratings and dichroic filters yield high optical efficiencies of more than 80% at low cost. Each module emits up to 500 W with a beam quality of 5.5 mm*mrad and less than 20 nm linewidth. High speed switching power supplies are integrated into the module and rise times as short as 6 μs have been demonstrated. Fast control algorithms based on FPGA and embedded microcontroller ensure high wall plug efficiency with a unique control loop time of only 30 μs. Individual modules are spectrally combined to result in direct diode laser systems with kilowatts of output power at identical beam quality. For low loss fiber coupling a 200 μm fiber is used and the NA is limited to 0.08 corresponding to a beam quality of 7.5 mm*mrad. The controller architecture is fully scalable without sacrificing loop time. We leverage automated manufacturing for cost effective, high yield production. A precision robotic system handles and aligns the individual fast axis lenses and tracks all quality relevant data. Similar technologies are also deployed for dense spectral combining aligning the VBG and dichroic filters. Operating at wavelengths between 900 nm and 1100 nm, these systems are mainly used in cutting and welding, but the technology can also be adapted to other wavelength ranges, such as 793 nm and 1530 nm. Around 1.5 μm the diodes are already successfully used for resonant pumping of Erbium lasers.[1] Optimized spectral combining enables further improvements in spectral brightness and power.
Rift–plume interaction in the North Atlantic (1997)

The style of oceanic crustal formation in the North Atlantic is controlled by interaction between the Iceland mantle plume and the lithospheric spreading. There are three main tectonic regimes comprising: (a) oceanic crust formed without fracture zones, with spreading directions varying from orthogonal up to 30° oblique to the ridge axis; (b) oceanic crust with a normal slow–spreading pattern of orthogonal spreading segments separated by fracture zones; and (c) 20–35 km thick crust generated directly above the centre of the mantle plume along the Greenland–Iceland–Faeroe Ridge. I show that the main control on the tectonic style is the temperature of the mantle beneath the spreading axis. A mantle temperature increase of as little as 50 °C causes an increase of about 30% in the crustal thickness, and thereby allows the mantle beneath the crust at the ridge axis to remain sufficiently hot that it responds to axial extension in a ductile rather than a brittle fashion. This generates crust without fracture zones and with an axial high rather than a median valley at the spreading centre. Using gravity, magnetic, bathymetric and seismic refraction data I discuss the mantle plume temperatures and flow patterns beneath the North Atlantic since the time of continental breakup, and the response of the crustal generation processes to these mantle temperature variations.
Automatic detection of frequent pronunciation errors made by L2-learners (2005)

In this paper, we present an acoustic-phonetic approach to automatic pronunciation error detection. Classifiers using techniques such as Linear Discriminant Analysis and Decision Trees were developed for three sounds that are frequently pronounced incorrectly by L2-learners of Dutch: /a/, /y/ and /x/. This paper will focus mainly on the problems with the latter phoneme. The acoustic properties of these pronunciation errors were examined so as to define a number of discriminative acoustic features to be used to train and test the classifiers. Experiments showed that the classifiers are able to discriminate correct sounds from incorrect sounds in both native and non-native speech, and therefore can be used to detect pronunciation errors in non-native speech.