gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Hexagonal-Prismatic Granular Hydrogel Sheets (2018)

Natural soft materials are often composed of proteins that self-assemble into well-defined structures and display mechanical properties that cannot be matched by manmade materials. These materials are frequently mimicked with hydrogels whose mechanical properties depend on their composition and the type and density of cross-links. Protocols to tune these parameters are well established and routinely used. The mechanical properties of hydrogels also depend on their structure; this parameter is more difficult to control. In this paper, we present a method to produce hexagonal-prismatic granular hydrogel sheets with well-defined structures and heterogeneous cross-link densities. The hydrogel sheets are made of self-assembled covalently cross-linked 40-120 μm diameter hexagonal-prismatic hydrogel particles that display a narrow size distribution. The structure and microscale surface roughness of the hydrogels sheets can be tuned with the polymerization conditions, their chemical composition with that of the individual hydrogel particles, and their mechanical properties with the cross-link density. Remarkably, the hydrogels composed of hexagonal-prismatic microparticles are significantly stiffer than unstructured counterparts. These results demonstrate that the stiffness of hydrogels can be tuned by controlling their micrometer-scale structure without altering their composition. Thereby, they open up new possibilities to design soft materials whose performance more closely resembles that of natural ones.
Synthesis and Partial Biological Evaluation of a Small Library of Differentially-Linked β-<i>C</i>-Disaccharides<sup>1</sup> (2003)

The synthesis of a small library of differentially-linked beta-C-disaccharides has been carried out through the use of a radical allylation-RCM strategy. Acids 6 were prepared by Keck allylation of a suitable carbohydrate-based radical precursor, followed by oxidative cleavage of the formed alkene. Dehydrative coupling of these acids with the known olefin alcohol 5 then gave the precursor esters 7 in excellent yield. Methylenation of the esters 7 was followed by RCM and in situ hydroboration-oxidation of the formed glycals to furnish the protected beta-C-disaccharides 10 in good overall yield. Five examples were then deprotected and screened for their efficacy as enzyme inhibitors of beta-glycosidase and against several solid-tumor cell lines for in vitro differential cytotoxicity.
Small Immunomodulatory Molecules as Potential Therapeutics in Experimental Murine Models of Acute Lung Injury (ALI)/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) (2021)

Background: Acute lung injury (ALI) or its most advanced form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe inflammatory pulmonary process triggered by a variety of insults including sepsis, viral or bacterial pneumonia, and mechanical ventilator-induced trauma. Currently, there are no effective therapies available for ARDS. We have recently reported that a novel small molecule AVR-25 derived from chitin molecule (a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine) showed anti-inflammatory effects in the lungs. The goal of this study was to determine the efficacy of two chitin-derived compounds, AVR-25 and AVR-48, in multiple mouse models of ALI/ARDS. We further determined the safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of the lead compound AVR-48 in rats. Methods: ALI in mice was induced by intratracheal instillation of a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 µg) for 24 h or exposed to hyperoxia (100% oxygen) for 48 h or undergoing cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) procedure and observation for 10 days. Results: Both chitin derivatives, AVR-25 and AVR-48, showed decreased neutrophil recruitment and reduced inflammation in the lungs of ALI mice. Further, AVR-25 and AVR-48 mediated diminished lung inflammation was associated with reduced expression of lung adhesion molecules with improvement in pulmonary endothelial barrier function, pulmonary edema, and lung injury. Consistent with these results, CLP-induced sepsis mice treated with AVR-48 showed a significant increase in survival of the mice (80%) and improved lung histopathology in the treated CLP group. AVR-48, the lead chitin derivative compound, demonstrated a good safety profile. Conclusion: Both AVR-25 and AVR-48 demonstrate the potential to be developed as therapeutic agents to treat ALI/ARDS.
A Semantic Question Answering Framework for Large Data Sets (2016)

Traditionally, the task of answering natural language questions has involved a keyword-based document retrieval step, followed by in-depth processing of candidate answer documents and paragraphs. This post-processing uses semantics to various degrees. In this article, we describe a purely semantic question answering (QA) framework for large document collections. Our high-precision approach transforms the semantic knowledge extracted from natural language texts into a language-agnostic RDF representation and indexes it into a scalable triplestore. In order to facilitate easy access to the information stored in the RDF semantic index, a user's natural language questions are translated into SPARQL queries that return precise answers back to the user. The robustness of this framework is ensured by the natural language reasoning performed on the RDF store, by the query relaxation procedures, and the answer ranking techniques. The improvements in performance over a regular free text search index-based question answering engine prove that QA systems can benefit greatly from the addition and consumption of deep semantic information.
Ferroelectric response from lead zirconate titanate thin films prepared directly on low-resistivity copper substrates (2005)

We demonstrate films of the well-known ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) prepared directly on copper foils by chemical solution deposition (CSD). The films exhibit saturating polarization hysteresis, remanent polarization values of 26μC∕cm2, and permittivities of 800; these properties are comparable to those achieved using semiconductor-grade substrates. The preparation methodology is founded upon an understanding of solution chemistry as opposed to conventional gas-phase ∕ condensed-phase equilibrium approaches. By adopting this technique, base-metal compatibility can be achieved using much lower temperatures, and a broader set of devices can be prepared offering intimate contact with high conductivity, easily patternable, or ferromagnetic metals.
Nonintrusive measurements of vapor concentrations inside sprays (1981)

A two-wavelength absorption/scattering measurement technique is described whereby vapor concentrations inside sprays and aerosols are probed nonintrusively. The technique has been applied to measure the vapor concentration inside an n-heptane fuel spray.
Direct evaluation of gate line edge roughness impact on extension profiles in sub-50mn N-MOSFETs (2005)

We directly evaluated the impact of gate line edge roughness (LER) on two-dimensional carrier profiles in sub-50-nm n-FETs. Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we clearly observed that the roughness of the extension edges induced by the gate LER strongly depended on the implanted dose, pockets, and co-implantations. Impurity diffusion suppressed by a nitrogen (N) co-implant enhanced the roughness of the extension edges, which caused fluctuation in the device performance. We verified the expected impact of the N co-implant on the electrical performance of the n-FETs.
Mast Cell Interactions with the Nervous System (1997)

In summary, mast cell interactions in the nervous system are relevant to both physiological processes (i.e. reproduction) and pathologic states (i.e. inflammatory demyelination, painful disorders, toxic and metabolic disease, and tumor angiogenesis). Their physiologic roles may contribute to gender-related vulnerability to inflammatory disease and may modulate sensitivity to pain. Mast cells are universally involved in tissue repair and they release and respond to trophic factors such as NGF. These cells also produce and react to cytokines, and thus appear to play a role in tissue degeneration as well as repair. In certain neurological diseases, i.e. multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barré syndrome, the ability of mast cell proteases to degrade specific myelin proteins suggests that these cells are agents, rather than bystanders, in the demyelinative process. Even more intriguing is their recently identified capacity to process bacterial antigen as efficiently as activated macrophages, suggesting that a more critical role than previously suspected might be considered for mast cells in CNS and PNS demyelination. In experimental metabolic disorders such as galactose intoxication and thiamine deficiency, mast cells appear to play a pathogenic role. Thus, in galactose intoxication, altered BNB vascular permeability occurs in conjunction with mast cell proliferation and degranulation, while in thiamine deficiency, increased histamine levels have been reported in the rat thalamus (79) and are associated with cell death and proliferation as well as mast cell degranulation (Powell and Langlais, unpublished observations). Structural interactions between mast cells and a variety of other cells have been observed, as well as close approximation of mast cells to nerve endings in tissues in which mast cells are especially active. Due to their paracrine nature, mast cells can modulate events in their microenvironment through explosive degranulation, piecemeal degranulation, or "transgranulation" as they insert granules into neighboring cells. Lastly, these cells play specific roles in reparative processes, e.g. angiogenesis, and are active in neoplastic states, including von Recklinghausen's disease (neurofibromatosis). Their involvement may have been underestimated in neuropathological studies, to date, by a reliance on staining techniques that are inadequate for identifying degranulated and therefore activated mast cells (4). More exacting histochemical and immunostaining procedures will help to fully realize the extent of their participation in physiological and pathological processes.
Three Different Reliability Criteria For Time Delay Estimates (2004)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Viena, Austria, 2004
A Discussion of the Sec 199A Deduction and its Potential Impacts on Producers and Grain Marketing Firms (2018)

The newly passed Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 introduced substantive changes to individual and entity-level tax rates and deductions, many of them welcomed by individuals and corporations. One section of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) in particular–IRC § 199A Deduction for Qualified Business Income of Pass-Through Entities (Sec 199A hereafter)–is getting a lot of attention, raising questions and eyebrows for its potential impacts on grain marketing decisions. In essence, language in this section of code gives producers marketing grain a significant incentive to sell to a cooperative rather than a non-cooperative firm.\nThe purpose of this article is to highlight the primary features of the Sec 199A deduction causing concern and discuss potential implications for producers and grain marketing firms. Note that at one month into the new tax year, there are ongoing efforts directed at modifying the language in the code to correct the unintended effects on producers and grain marketing firms.
Textile Auxiliaries, 8. Auxiliaries for Technical Textiles (2011)

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Technical Textiles—an Overview 2. Auxiliaries 2.1. Polymers 2.2. Cross‐Linking Agents 2.3. Nonslip Agents 2.4. Water Repellents 2.5. Oleophobic Agents 2.6. Flame Retardants 2.7. Antistatic Agents 2.8. Plasticizers 2.9. Coupling Agents 2.10. Thickeners 2.11. Surfactants 2.12. Antifoams 2.13. Antimicrobial Agents 2.14. Light Stabilizers 2.15. Fillers 2.16. Pigments 2.17. Producers and Trade Names
Induction System Gum—Engine <i>Versus</i> Bench Test (1957)

Gasoline of low existent gum determined by ASTM Method D 381 can give objectionable induction-system deposits in service. As a result of leaching by liquid gasoline, the deposits that accumulate in ordinary service contain relatively little naphtha-soluble material. In contrast, naphtha-soluble material is a variable and often a large part of the deposits obtained in laboratory tests. The Union Oil induction system deposit (ISD) test, in which the naphtha-soluble gum is extracted and rejected, is described. It is shown to give reproducible results that follow regular trends in gum development not detectable by ASTM Method D 381. ISD gums are found to correlate with engine test results provided a correction is applied for the effect of gasoline volatility, based on the 90 per cent recovered temperature as determined by ASTM Method D 86. The influence of several variables on gum formation in the ISD test is discussed. Inhibitors may either increase or decrease gum deposits. Oxygen, oxidants (ozone or nitrogen oxides), smog, higher manifold temperature, and longer manifold residence time all increase the ISD gum. Oily additives decrease it. Air-fuel ratio, road dust, or exhaust gas in the air, and several common gasoline additives showed no significant effect.
Effects of selenium deficiency on testicular morphology and function in rats (1996)

For four generations rats were fed a low selenium diet (2-7 micrograms Se kg-1) or the same diet with 250 or 300 micrograms Se kg-1 added as selenite. In male rats of the first generation that had been fed the diets from the age of 20 days onwards, selenium depletion led to slightly delayed testis growth during pubertal development that was compensated for in the later stages of maturation. In adult rats fed the low selenium diet for nearly a year no changes in testicular mass and morphology were observed. The serum concentration of testosterone of 6-month-old, selenium-depleted animals was, however, slightly lower than that of adequately supplied controls, and the stimulation of testosterone secretion by administration of GnRH or LH resulted in a significantly less marked rise in the serum concentration of testosterone. From the second generation onwards the testis mass, expressed as a percentage of the body mass, decreased and in the fourth generation was less than 50% of that of the controls. The male gonads of fourth generation animals showed a severe bilateral atrophy, in which the seminiferous tubules were considerably reduced in diameter and almost entirely lined by Sertoli cells and a few stem cells. Differentiated spermatozoa could not be detected. The alterations were reversible and spermatogenesis was restored by feeding the selenium-adequate diet. The findings indicate that testicular morphology and functions are affected by severe selenium deficiency and that the element is necessary for testosterone biosynthesis and the formation and normal development of spermatozoa.
Oxidation of Electron-Deficient Sulfides to Sulfones Using HOF.cntdot.CH3CN (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOxidation of Electron-Deficient Sulfides to Sulfones Using HOF.cntdot.CH3CNRichard Beckerbauer, Bruce E. Smart, Yifat Bareket, and Shlomo RozenCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 19, 6186–6187Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00124a038https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00124a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views466Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Hyperextended amphiphiles. Bilayer formation from single-tailed compounds (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHyperextended amphiphiles. Bilayer formation from single-tailed compoundsF. M. Menger and Y. YamasakiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9, 3840–3841Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00062a086https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00062a086research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views447Altmetric-Citations48LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Chloroplast‐generated reactive oxygen species play a major role in localized cell death during the non‐host interaction between tobacco and <i>Xanthomonas campestris</i> pv. <i>vesicatoria</i> (2009)

Attempted infection of plants by pathogens elicits a complex defensive response. In many non-host and incompatible host interactions it includes the induction of defence-associated genes and a form of localized cell death (LCD), purportedly designed to restrict pathogen advance, collectively known as the hypersensitive response (HR). It is preceded by an oxidative burst, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are proposed to cue subsequent deployment of the HR, although neither the origin nor the precise role played by ROS in the execution of this response are completely understood. We used tobacco plants expressing cyanobacterial flavodoxin to address these questions. Flavodoxin is an electron shuttle present in prokaryotes and algae that, when expressed in chloroplasts, specifically prevents ROS formation in plastids during abiotic stress episodes. Infiltration of tobacco wild-type leaves with high titres of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), a non-host pathogen, resulted in ROS accumulation in chloroplasts, followed by the appearance of localized lesions typical of the HR. In contrast, chloroplast ROS build-up and LCD were significantly reduced in Xcv-inoculated plants expressing plastid-targeted flavodoxin. Metabolic routes normally inhibited by pathogens were protected in the transformants, whereas other aspects of the HR, including the induction of defence-associated genes and synthesis of salicylic and jasmonic acid, proceeded as in inoculated wild-type plants. Therefore, ROS generated in chloroplasts during this non-host interaction are essential for the progress of LCD, but do not contribute to the induction of pathogenesis-related genes or other signalling components of the response.
Giardia lamblia in AIDS patients with diarrhea. (1999)

Giardia lamblia, a flagellate protozoan is a protozoa, frequently associated with diarrhea in AIDS patients (adults and children). Transmission occurs via the fecal-oral route by ingestion of infectious cysts in contaminated food or drinking water. Giardia lamblia can cause diarrhea and intestinal malabsorption in both AIDS and non-AIDS patients. The prevalence rate of diarrhea caused by Giardia lamblia in AIDS patients is higher than in those without AIDS, due to humoral immune defect in AIDS patients. The most common symptoms are abdominal distress, watery diarrhea and weight loss. The clinical symptoms in AIDS patients are similar to those in non-AIDS patients. Diagnosis may be made by identifying either cysts or trophozoites in a stool sample, duodenal biopsy and aspirate. Metronidazole is the common drug of choice. Relapse may be found in AIDS patients. At present there is no vaccine. Prevention requires proper handling, good hygiene and treatment of water used for AIDS patients.
DNA fingerprint analysis of three short tandem repeat (STR) loci for biochemistry and forensic science laboratory courses (2006)

We have devised and implemented a DNA fingerprinting module for an upper division undergraduate laboratory based on the amplification and analysis of three of the 13 short tandem repeat loci that are required by the Federal Bureau of Investigation Combined DNA Index System (FBI CODIS) data base. Students first collect human epithelial (cheek) cells using sterile buccal swabs and then utilize commercially available kits and materials to extract genomic DNA. This is followed by the PCR amplification of three specific short tandem repeat loci (i.e. CSF1PO, TPOX, THO1). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is used to resolve the allelic bands associated with the three short tandem repeat loci, and the results are statistically analyzed in the context of human population genetics. In addition, DNA was collected from a family, and the children's allele sets were compared with those of the parents to help illustrate paternal and maternal relatedness. This module enables students to use the materials and methods employed by actual law enforcement agencies and therefore can be used for laboratory exercises in traditional biochemistry curricula as well as for the growing field of forensic science and education.
Nuclear organization of DNA replication in primary mammalian cells (2000)

Using methods that conserve nuclear architecture, we have reanalyzed the spatial organization of the initiation of mammalian DNA synthesis. Contrary to the commonly held view that replication begins at hundreds of dispersed nuclear sites, primary fibroblasts initiate synthesis in a limited number of foci that contain replication proteins, surround the nucleolus, and overlap with previously identified internal lamin A/C structures. These foci are established in early G(1)-phase and also contain members of the retinoblastoma protein family. Later, in S-phase, DNA replication sites distribute to regions located throughout the nucleus. As this progression occurs, association with the lamin structure and pRB family members is lost. A similar temporal progression is found in all the primary cells we have examined but not in most established cell lines, indicating that the immortalization process modifies spatial control of DNA replication. These findings indicate that in normal mammalian cells, the onset of DNA synthesis is coordinately regulated at a small number of previously unrecognized perinucleolar sites that are selected in early G(1)-phase.