gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EUGENE WOLFFʼS ANATOMY OF THE EYE AND ORBIT (1977)

School of Optometry, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama * Optometrist, Ph.D., Member of Faculty, F.A.A.O., President Elect of the American Academy of Optometry.
Channel state dependent robust TCP/IP header compression for 3G wireless networks (2005)

The convergence of mobile technologies and Internet protocols makes "all-IP network" be the actual trend of development for future telecommunication system. In such a system, both wired and wireless parts are built on a common network platform based on TCP/IP protocol. However, TCP/IP protocol headers are relatively large and need to be compressed to save radio channel bandwidth (the most expensive and scarce resource of the whole wireless system), especially for some services whose pay load size is small. In this paper, we propose and analyze a channel state dependent robust TCP/IP header compression algorithm (CSDROHC) for 3G wireless networks. Through adjusting the dimension of variable sliding window (VSW) of W-LSB encoding in header compressor with the accurate estimation of wireless channel state, CSDROHC can achieve the good balance of compression ratio and error-resistant robustness for its adaptive use in wireless links. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of CSDROHC over wireless link.
Clustering Induces a Lateral Redistribution of α2β1 Integrin from Membrane Rafts to Caveolae and Subsequent Protein Kinase C-dependent Internalization (2003)

Integrin alpha 2 beta 1 mediates the binding of several epithelial and mesenchymal cell types to collagen. The composition of the surrounding plasma membrane, especially caveolin-1- and cholesterol-containing membrane structures called caveolae, may be important to integrin signaling. On cell surface alpha 2 beta 1 integrin was located in the raft like membrane domain, rich in GPI-anchored proteins, rather than in caveolae. However, when antibodies were used to generate clusters of alpha 2 beta 1 integrin, they started to move laterally on cell surface along actin filaments. During the lateral movement small clusters fused together. Finally alpha 2 beta 1 integrin was found inside caveolae and subsequently internalized into caveosome-like perinuclear structures. The internalization process, unlike cluster formation or lateral redistribution, was dependent on protein kinase C alpha activity. Caveolae are known to be highly immobile structures and alpha 2 beta 1 integrin clusters represent a previously unknown mechanism to activate endocytic trafficking via caveolae. The process was specific to alpha 2 beta 1 integrin, because the antibody-mediated formation of alpha V integrin clusters activated their internalization in coated vesicles and early endosomes. In addition to natural ligands human echovirus-1 (EV1) gains entry into the cell by binding to alpha 2 beta 1 and taking advantage of alpha 2 beta 1 internalization via caveolae.
A Ka-Band Stacked Power Amplifier with 24.8-dBm Output Power and 24.3% PAE in 65-nm CMOS Technology (2019)

This paper presents a fully integrated one-stage three-stack Ka-band power amplifier (PA) with neutralization technique in 65-nm CMOS process for 5G applications. A transformer-based power combiner is adopted to combine two differential PA cells to increase the output power. Four small size stacked sets are combined together as one differential PA cell for increasing efficiency. A shunt feedback drain-source capacitor is utilized to divide the output voltage equally between drain and source of each individual transistor in three-stack PA. The proposed PA achieves the measured saturated output power (P sat ) of 24.8 dBm with 24.3% peak power added efficiency (PAE), output 1-dB compression point (OP 1dB ) of 21.7 dBm and 17.5-dB power gain at 38 GHz. The chip size without pads is 0.146 mm2. To the author’s best knowledge, this stacked PA demonstrates the best power performance compared with the reported CMOS PAs around 38 GHz.
Ion beam sputtering and dual ion beam sputtering of titanium oxide films (1995)

Ion beam sputtering and dual ion beam sputtered films of titanium oxide were prepared and investigated at room temperature and compared with similar films prepared by e-beam (EB) gun deposition. Optical properties, i.e. Refractive index n and extinction coefficient k of films were determined by transmission spectrophotometry ( lambda =350-1100 nm) and at lambda =632.8 nm by ellipsometry. These were all found to be very dependent on deposition parameters (rate, substrate temperature and partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the case of EB deposition of TiO2). For ion beam sputtering (IBS) deposition the main controlling deposition parameter on the optical properties was PO2. The maximum refractive index achieved at 300 degrees C for EB deposited TiO2 films was n=2.35. Films deposited by IBS and dual ion beam sputtering (DIBS) at room temperature showed higher values of n(TiO2)=2.41-2.47 for lambda =550 nm. Values of extinction coefficient were similar and of the order of 10-4. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements revealed that all films deposited by IBS, DIBS and EB deposition were amorphous except for those films deposited by EB deposition at T>or=320 degrees C which were polycrystalline. DIBS of TiO2 with low-energy Ar and O2 ions (Ea=200-300 eV) and low currents (Ja=0-35 mu A cm-2) was not beneficial. Films bombarded with Ar+ were absorbing while films bombarded with O2+ showed no change in n or k. Different bonding states in IBS deposited TiO2 films were determined by x-ray spectroscopy (XPS) while the composition of films and contaminants were determined by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). TiO2 films formed by IBS contained approximately=0.4% Ar which originated from the reflected argon neutrals from the sputtering target while assisted deposition slightly increased argon content. Stress in the films deposited by IBS was measured and was compressive with a typical value of sigma =3.75-108 Pa.
Phased Array Performance Characteristics and Compliance with Satcom Military Standards (2006)

The initiative to reduce military platform signature has encouraged the consideration of phased arrays as viable alternatives to traditional reflector-based communication antennas. Phased arrays enhance a military platform's mission effectiveness not only by providing reduced radar cross section (RCS) relative to reflector-based implementations, but also by adding increased flexibility via simultaneous multi-beam operation, increased mean time between failure (MTBF), and increased operational availability resulting from graceful degradation. This paper discusses phased array antenna principles with respect to military communication system applications. Specifically, consideration of phased array antenna performance parameters as they relate to existing governing standards for satellite communications is explored. These standards implicitly assume a scan invariant reflector-based implementation. Examples of scan dependent phased array antenna performance parameters include antenna gain, sidelobes, cross-polarization isolation and instantaneous bandwidth. Performance versus implementation complexity with respect to these parameters is discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF TRIFLUOROACETIC ACID WITH ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, ETHERS, AND THEIR SULFUR ANALOGS (1982)

Abstract Trifluoressigsäure spaltet den Ether (I) zu Butanol (III) unter Bildung des Ethylesters (IV) bzw. unter Bildung der freien Säure (II) und Ethylen (V).
Substrate Specificity and Salt Inhibition of Five Proteinases Isolated from the Pyloric Caeca and Stomach of Sardine (1982)

To elucidate the mechanism of hydrolysis of fish muscle proteins by fish proteinases in fish sauce production, each pure preparation of three alkaline proteinases and two acid proteinases from sardine was tested for its ability to hydrolyze various proteins and its stability in the presence of 0 to 25% of NaCl. Each of the alkaline proteinases hydrolyzed casein more rapidly than other proteins. A major alkaline proteinase (III) hydrolyzed sarcoplasmic protein from sardine 5-times faster than other alkaline proteinases. Each of two acid proteinases hydrolyzed hemoglobin and myoglobin more rapidly than the other proteins. After preincubation with 25% NaCl, an alkaline proteinase (III) and an acid proteinase (II) were stable although the other proteinases became unstable. The two proteinases, alkaline proteinase III and acid proteinase II, were also stable for three months after the beginning of fish sauce production. The proteolytic activity of each of alkaline and the acid proteinases was strongly inhibited by more than 15% NaCl; however, minimum inhibition was observed when sardine muscle proteins were used as the substrate.
Low voltage circuit design techniques for battery-operated and/or giga-scale DRAMs (1995)

This paper describes a charge-transferred well (CTW) sensing method for high-speed array circuit operation and a level-controllable local power line (LCL) structure for high-speed/low-power operation of peripheral logic circuits, aimed at low voltage operating and/or giga-scale DRAMs. The CTW method achieves 19% faster sensing and the LCL structure realizes 42% faster peripheral logic operation than the conventional scheme, at 1.2 V in 15 Mb-level devices. The LCL structure realizes a subthreshold leakage current reduction of three or four orders of magnitude in sleep mode, compared with a conventional hierarchical power line structure. A negative-voltage word line technique that overcomes the refresh degradation resulting from reduced storage charge (Q/sub s/) at low voltage operation for improved reliability is also discussed. An experimental 1.2 V 16 Mb DRAM with a RAS access time of 49 ns has been successfully developed using these technologies and a 0.4-/spl mu/m CMOS process. The chip size is 7.9/spl times/16.7 mm/sup 2/ and cell size is 1.35/spl times/2.8 /spl mu/m/sup 2/.
Measles-vectored vaccine approaches against viral infections: a focus on Chikungunya (2019)

The large global burden of viral infections and especially the rapidly spreading vector-borne diseases and other emerging viral diseases show the need for new approaches in vaccine development. Several new vaccine technology platforms have been developed and are under evaluation. Areas covered: This article discusses the measles vector platform technology derived from the safe and highly efficacious measles virus vaccine. The pipeline of measles-vectored vaccine candidates against viral diseases is reviewed. Particular focus is given to the Chikungunya vaccine candidate as the first measles-vectored vaccine that demonstrated safety, immunogenicity, and functionality of the technology in humans even in the presence of pre-existing anti-measles immunity and thus achieved proof of concept for the technology. Expert commentary: Demonstrating no impact of pre-existing anti-measles immunity in humans on the response to the transgene was fundamental for the technology and indicates that the technology is suitable for large-scale immunization in measles pre-immune populations. The proof of concept in humans combined with a large preclinical track record of safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy for a variety of pathogens suggest the measles vector platform as promising plug-and-play vaccine platform technology for rapid development of effective preventive vaccines against viral and other infectious diseases.
Suppression of diet-induced atherosclerosis in low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice overexpressing lipoprotein lipase. (1996)

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a key enzyme in the hydrolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Conflicting results have been reported concerning its role in atherogenesis. To determine the effects of the overexpressed LPL on diet-induced atherosclerosis, we have generated low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) knockout mice that overexpressed human LPL transgene (LPL/LDLRKO) and compared their plasma lipoproteins and atherosclerosis with those in nonexpressing LDLR-knockout mice (LDLRKO). On a normal chow diet, LPL/LDLRKO mice showed marked suppression of mean plasma triglyceride levels (32 versus 236 mg/dl) and modest decrease in mean cholesterol levels (300 versus 386 mg/dl) as compared with LDLRKO mice. Larger lipoprotein particles of intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL)/LDL were selectively reduced in LPL/LDLRKO mice. On an atherogenic diet, both mice exhibited severe hypercholesterolemia. But, mean plasma cholesterol levels in LPL/ LDLRKO mice were still suppressed as compared with that in LDLRKO mice (1357 versus 2187 mg/dl). Marked reduction in a larger subfraction of IDL/LDL, which conceivably corresponds to remnant lipoproteins, was observed in the LPL/LDLRKO mice. LDLRKO mice developed severe fatty streak lesions in the aortic sinus after feeding with the atherogenic diet for 8 weeks. In contrast, mean lesion area in the LPL/LDLRKO mice was 18-fold smaller than that in LDLRKO mice. We suggest that the altered lipoprotein profile, in particular the reduced level of remnant lipoproteins, is mainly responsible for the protection by LPL against atherosclerosis.
Initial stage of thermal oxidation of the Si(111)-(7×7) surface (1986)

We report a systematic study of the early oxidation process in a wide temperature range (20--700?deC) for the Si(111)-(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7) annealed surface. Oxygen uptake data obtained by Auger-electron spectroscopy indicate that the surface oxygen uptake increases and then gradually saturates with ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ exposure at 20?deC. At intermediate temperatures, there is no saturation and the oxygen uptake rate is enhanced. At 700?deC, the uptake rate is enhanced in the high-exposure (or high-${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$-pressure) region, but is significantly reduced in the low-exposure region, presumably because of oxygen desorption as volatile SiO.Low-energy electron diffraction pattern transition from 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 to no pattern through a 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 intermediate pattern seems to be governed only by the amount of surface oxygen at any temperature. Using photoelectron spectroscopy we found that ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ exposures corresponding to this 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 pattern result in the disappearance of surface states centered about 0.6 eV below the valence-band maximum. A chemical-shift study of the Si 2p core level shows that not only the oxygen uptake rate, but also the way oxygen bonds to Si is strongly dependent on temperature. Our results show that at room temperature (20?deC) all the Si atoms are oxidized at more or less the same rate, so that the adsorbed oxygen atoms are spread out uniformly over the entire Si surface. At high temperatures, certain Si atoms are being oxidized faster (i.e., have more oxygen atoms bonded to them) than others, so that the distribution of adsorbed oxygen atoms is highly nonuniform; we find microscopic regions of ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$-like material interdispersed with regions of Si-like material. Therefore, in the early stage of oxidation, heating the substrate causes nonuniform oxidation with microscopic phase separation of ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ and Si in the oxide film. Tight-binding calculations reported in the literature predict the oxygen 2p orbital to produce these valence states: O \ensuremath{\pi} (nonbonding), O \ensuremath{\sigma} (\ensuremath{\sigma} bonding), and O i (intermediate nature between nonbonding and \ensuremath{\sigma} bonding). By studying the O i--O \ensuremath{\pi} peak height ratio as a function of oxidation temperature and referring to theoretical calculations, we again come to the conclusion of nonuniform oxidation at high temperatures.
Beneficial role of melatonin on microcirculation in endotoxin-induced gastropathy in rats: possible implication in nitrogen oxide reduction. (2002)

This study demonstrated that melatonin contributes to the protective effects in LPS-induced gastropathy through a mechanism associated with regional production of NO.
Instantaneous measurement of a varying frequency (1952)

It is shown that it is possible to observe the instant of passage of a rapidly varying frequency through a specified value by beating it with a fixed frequency reference signal. The method is particularly suitable for frequency-time functions which are linear or have an inflexion at the point of observation. Errors due to non-linear functions are examined. The accuracy of measurement is dependent only on the rate of change of frequency. A feature of the method, with repetitive functions, is the automatic phasing of the fixed reference oscillator with respect to the varying frequency signal at the point of observation.
Crystallization kinetics of a low‐expansion feldspar glass for dental applications (1998)

Previous studies have shown that the crystallization of glasses in the system K2O–Al2O3–SiO2, in the primary field of leucite, is not possible without modification of the composition. Leucite (KAlSi2O6) is used as a reinforcing phase in some compositions for all-ceramic dental restorations. However, because of their higher coefficient of thermal expansion, these materials cannot be veneered with conventional metal-ceramic porcelains. The purposes of this study were to investigate the crystallization behavior of a glass in the system K2O–Al2O3–SiO2 and to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the crystal size, percent crystallinity, and coefficient of thermal expansion of the material. Ion-exchanged glass powder was prepared by mixing the glass with rubidium nitrate and heat-treating at 450°C for 4, 8, 24, or 48 h. Bars were made from these powders and baked under vacuum at 1038°C for 2 min. The bars made from the powder ion-exchanged for 48 h were further heat-treated for 4 h at either 800°C, 850°C, 900°C, 950°C, or 1038°C. X-ray diffraction analyses showed cubic leucite was the only crystalline phase in the specimens made from the powders ion-exchanged for 4, 8, 24, or 48 h and baked at 1038°C for 2 min. Further heat treatment for 4 h at either 800°C, 850°C, 900°C, 950°C, or 1038°C promoted the growth of cubic leucite. In addition, a second phase identified as tetragonal rubidium-leucite was present in the specimens heat-treated for 4 h at 1038°C. SEM observations showed that all specimens made from the powders ion-exchanged for 48 h exhibited small spherical crystals dispersed in a glassy matrix. The percent crystallinity ranged from 18.9% to 42.9% and the average particle size was between 0.64 to 1.18 μm. The coefficients of thermal expansion ranged between 8.076 and 8.788 × 10−6/°C. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 41, 398–404, 1998.
Frequency Ratio of Al<sup>+</sup>and Hg<sup>+</sup>Single-Ion Optical Clocks; Metrology at the 17th Decimal Place (2008)

Time has always had a special status in physics because of its fundamental role in specifying the regularities of nature and because of the extraordinary precision with which it can be measured. This precision enables tests of fundamental physics and cosmology, as well as practical applications such as satellite navigation. Recently, a regime of operation for atomic clocks based on optical transitions has become possible, promising even higher performance. We report the frequency ratio of two optical atomic clocks with a fractional uncertainty of 5.2 x 10(-17). The ratio of aluminum and mercury single-ion optical clock frequencies nuAl+/nuHg+ is 1.052871833148990438(55), where the uncertainty comprises a statistical measurement uncertainty of 4.3 x 10(-17), and systematic uncertainties of 1.9 x 10(-17) and 2.3 x 10(-17) in the mercury and aluminum frequency standards, respectively. Repeated measurements during the past year yield a preliminary constraint on the temporal variation of the fine-structure constant alpha of alpha/alpha = (-1.6+/-2.3) x 10(-17)/year.
An analysis of side chain interactions and pair correlations within antiparallel β‐sheets: The differences between backbone hydrogen‐bonded and non‐hydrogen‐bonded residue pairs (1995)

Cross-strand pair correlations are calculated for residue pairs in anti-parallel beta-sheet for two cases: pairs whose backbone atoms are hydrogen bonded together (H-bonded site) and pairs which are not (non-H-bonded site). The statistics show that this distinction is important. When glycine is located on the edge of a sheet, it shows a 3:1 preference for the H-bonded site. The strongest observed correlations are for pairs of disulfide-bonded cystines, many of which adopt a close-packed conformation with each cystine in a spiral conformation of opposite chirality to its partner. It is likely that these pairs are a signature for the family of small, cystine-rich proteins. Most other strong positive and negative correlations involve charged and polar residues. It appears that electrostatic compatibility is the strongest factor affecting pair correlation. Significant correlations are observed for beta- and gamma-branched residues in the non-H-bonded site. An examination of the structures shows a directionality in side chain packing. There is a correlation between (1) the directionality in the packing interactions of non-H-bonded beta- and gamma-branched residue pairs, (2) the handedness of the observed enantiomers of chiral beta-branched side chains, and (3) the handedness of the twist of beta-sheet. These findings have implications for the formation of beta-sheets during protein folding and the mechanism by which the sheet becomes twisted.
Functional interactions between monomers of the retroviral envelope protein complex (1997)

Retroviral vectors have been widely used in human gene therapy protocols. Entry into target cells is directed by the retroviral envelope protein, with receptor binding and postbinding fusion functions contributed mainly by the SU and TM subunits, respectively. We have generated mutants of the Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV) envelope protein with mutations in both the receptor binding domain of SU and throughout the TM subunit that are functionally inactive when expressed individually. However, the coexpression of these two classes of mutants partially restores envelope protein function and allows transduction. Several lines of evidence indicate that this complementation occurs in trans within envelope protein heterooligomers. The finding that the binding and postbinding functions of a retroviral envelope protein can be contributed by two different monomers should assist in the engineering of envelope proteins for tissue-specific gene delivery.
High-$T_{c}$ Josephson Square-Law Detectors and Hilbert Spectroscopy for Security Applications (2008)

Among various discussed ways of explosive detection, the techniques using electromagnetic radiation are considered as having great potential and research activities are recommended in this field. To identify new threats, like liquid explosives, with low rate of false alarms, fast spectral measurements are required in a broad frequency range from microwave to terahertz. We attract attention to a great potential of high-T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> Josephson technology in security applications and present our results in developing high-T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> Josephson junctions for Hilbert spectroscopy and detector arrays.