gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Ghost image debugging on a 240-degree fisheye lens</title> (1996)

For cartography applications Frank Data R&D developed a new concept for taking measurements which consists in obtaining panoramic photographs, which are later scanned into a computer. The computer then processes consequent pictures from different locations and creates 3D images of the landscape. An extremely wide angle Fisheye Lens is part of this concept. Delft Instruments has designed and manufactured this lens. The specifications and design drivers are discussed. Under extreme sun illumination conditions ghost images may occur, which will be presented with photographs. Not all of these effects could be traced by experiments. The trace was then continued by computer simulation based on the ASAP software. A method of debugging such a lens is presented. A Fisheye Lens is characterized by a small entrance pupil, compared with the size of the first lens, at a field-depending position. Together with the number of 18 optical surfaces in this case and the large field of view, a tremendous amount of ray tracing was necessary to find out the surfaces and the conditions that lead to the ghost images. Although a powerful workstation was used, an efficient strategy was necessary to isolate the main contributing paths and to visualize them.
A Comprehensive Taxonomy for the Infrastructure as a Service in Cloud Computing (2014)

Cloud computing is the provision and delivery of computing resources as services over the Internet. The cloud computing business model also is a revolutionary change from what it had been as the service delivery and charge follows a utility model where customers are required to pay only for what is accessed and the duration of usage. Since the introduction of cloud computing to the market, service providers come up with different types of services and made them available to prospective customers. This paper presents a comprehensive taxonomy of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) one of the important cloud service offerings.
Drill-Cutting Removal in a Horizontal Wellbore for Cementing (1996)

Abstract For effective zonal isolation, drill cuttings and gelled, dehydrated drilling fluid (GDDF) should be removed from the wellbore before a cement job, but such removal can be a challenge when the wellbore is deviated and the casing is not centered. This paper discusses simulated wellbore experiments that investigated the effect of different factors on the removal of drill cuttings and GDDF from a horizontal well bore. The parameters studied included eccentricity, flow rate, hole size, casing size, fluids pumped as flush/spacer, and pipe movement. The results showed that below a certain flow rate, the drill cuttings and GDDF could not be dislodged from the wellbore. In field applications, this flow rate must be known so that job designers can selectively design flushes that will effectively dislodge the drill cuttings and GDDF. As expected, eccentricity also alters the velocity profile in the narrow side of the annulus, and geometry was also a factor in removal efficiency. The experimental setup, procedure, and results are discussed in detail. Flow rates needed to dislodge the drill cuttings and GDDF are also discussed, A numerical analysis of the fluid flow in wide and narrow annuli was also performed. Introduction Cement operators should always use the following guidelines to obtain a successful cementing job.Remove the drill cuttings.Remove the gelled and partially dehydrated drilling fluid. In some cases. this fluid will have the consistency of a paste. Hereafter, it will be referred to as partially dehydrated paste (PDP).Design the cement slurry to meet properties such as pumping time, fluid loss, gas migration, etc. In addition, design the density, rheology, and other placement parameters so that the cement slurry will displace the fluid ahead of it and seal the entire annulus. The cement formulation should also provide zonal isolation over the life of the well. The removal of drill cuttings and PDP are influenced by the following:–properties of drilling fluid, fluid loss, plastic viscosity etc, a temperature, pressure, differential pressure across the formation–shutdown period–drilling fluid formulation–wellbore details–casing/drillpipe size–hole size–standoff/eccentricity–pore pressure–fracture gradient For successful PDP removal, the downhole forces in both the narrow and wide sides of the annulus must exceed the yield stress of the PDP under downhole conditions. The force exerted could depend on the following factors:–flow rate of fluid–standoff/eccentricity–properties of fluid–pipe movement–wellbore geometry–scratchers Although the general effect of these parameters on a cement job is well known, the designer must quantify the effect of each factor to optimize the design of each individual well. For a wellbore with a certain drilling fluid, geometry and standoff, it may be difficult to generate needed forces by hydraulic means only. In such cases, ways to reduce the downhole forces should be explored. P. 347
Query-Regression Networks for Machine Comprehension. (2016)

We present Query-Regression Network (QRN), a variant of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) that is suitable for end-to-end machine comprehension. While previous work largely relied on external memory and global softmax attention mechanism, QRN is a single recurrent unit with internal memory and local sigmoid attention. Unlike most RNN-based models, QRN is able to effectively handle long-term dependencies and is highly parallelizable. In our experiments we show that QRN obtains the state-of-the-art result in end-to-end bAbI QA tasks.
Production of monoclonal antibodies to lipoarabinomannan-B and use in the detection of mycobacterial antigens in sputum (1990)

Tuberculosis has traditionally been confirmed by AFB staining or culturing Mycobacterium tuberculosis from clinical specimens. However, because of the low sensitivity of the sputum smear examination and of the delayed report in culturing, the conventional methods for detection of M. tuberculosis have not been always satisfactory. In an attempt to develop an alternate tool, this study was initiated to produce monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to lipoarabinomannan B (LAM-B) antigen and to use the antibodies in detecting mycobacteria. In this study, five monoclonal antibodies specific to LAM-B were produced; LAM701 (IgG3), LAM138 (IgM), LAM204 (IgM), LAM302 (IgM), and LAM604 (IgM). A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for detecting LAM-B and other mycobacterial antigens using the monoclonal antibodies. With the MAb LAM701, the minimal detectable concentration was 1.0 ng/ml for LAM-B, and 1.0 microgram/ml for M. tuberculosis whole cells, respectively. When 14 clinical specimens proven to contain AFB by smear staining or culture were examined, ten (71.4%) were positive by the sandwich ELISA; in contrast, sputum smear examination gave positive results in only six (42.9%) specimens. Meanwhile, none of 25 specimens with no evidence of AFB were positive by the sandwich ELISA using the MAb LAM701. Although further evaluations are required, this study suggests that the monoclonal antibodies to LAM-B may be useful in detecting mycobacteria from clinical specimens.
Security Authentication Scheme Based on Certificateless Signature and Fingerprint Recognition (2011)

In this paper, we present a new authentication mechanism for wireless network security based on certificate less-based signature technology and fingerprint recongnition technology. We introduce the principle of certificate less signature, illustrate the process of certificate less signature authentication, analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the certificate less-based signature technology. We show that the introduction of fingerprint identification into certificate less signature can enhance the security and efficiency of wireless network security authentication.
A Lidar Point Cloud Based Procedure for Vertical Canopy Structure Analysis And 3D Single Tree Modelling in Forest (2008)

A procedure for both vertical canopy structure analysis and 3D single tree modelling based on Lidar point cloud is presented in this paper. The whole area of research is segmented into small study cells by a raster net. For each cell, a normalized point cloud whose point heights represent the absolute heights of the ground objects is generated from the original Lidar raw point cloud. The main tree canopy layers and the height ranges of the layers are detected according to a statistical analysis of the height distribution probability of the normalized raw points. For the 3D modelling of individual trees, individual trees are detected and delineated not only from the top canopy layer but also from the sub canopy layer. The normalized points are resampled into a local voxel space. A series of horizontal 2D projection images at the different height levels are then generated respect to the voxel space. Tree crown regions are detected from the projection images. Individual trees are then extracted by means of a pre-order forest traversal process through all the tree crown regions at the different height levels. Finally, 3D tree crown models of the extracted individual trees are reconstructed. With further analyses on the 3D models of individual tree crowns, important parameters such as crown height range, crown volume and crown contours at the different height levels can be derived.
Biological effects of modified colchicines. Improved preparation of 2-demethylcolchicine, 3-demethylcolchicine, and (+)-colchicine and reassignment of the position of the double bond in dehydro-7-deacetamidocolchicines (1981)

A variety of colchicine, demecolcine, and isocolchicine derivatives were examined for their potency in the lymphocytic leukemia P388 screen in mice, for their toxicity in mice, and for their binding to microtubule protein. A qualitatively direct correlation was found between in vivo potency and toxicity; potency appeared to be less well correlated with tubulin binding. The most potent compounds were N-acylated analogues of colchicine and demecolcine. Among the monophenols, only 3-demethylcolchicine showed an appreciable effect in vitro and in vivo and was less toxic than colchicine. Improved methods were found for the preparation of 3- and 2-demethylcolchicine, which involved the use of 85% phosphoric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid, respectively. Decoupling experiments with 1H NMR proved that the double bond of dehydro-7-deacetamidocolchiceine and its derived tropolonic methyl ethers 24 and 25 was in the 5,6 position, rather than the 6,7 position formerly tentatively assigned.
Rethinking the Presentation of Results from Web Search (2005)

This paper describes a novel approach to the presentation of results from Web-search by utilizing the semantic correlations amongst the retrieved results as well as their spatio-temporal characteristics. The fundamental goals of this research are threefold; first, it seeks to facilitate easier access to information than what is provided by the current paradigm of listing the retrieved hits in order of relevance. Second, and more importantly, it attempts to recognize, retain, and present context within the retrieved data. Such support is essential for assimilation of the information obtained as the consequence of a query. Finally, it seeks to support both direct search behavior as well as more exploratory search strategies. In this paper, we describe the algorithmic underpinnings, based on latent semantic analysis, of our approach as well as the strategy for spatio-temporal information display and querying. Examples involving different types of queries and comparative experiments illustrate the idea and verify its efficacy
Enhanced volumetric visualization for real time 4D intraoperative ophthalmic swept-source OCT (2016)

Current-generation software for rendering volumetric OCT data sets based on ray casting results in volume visualizations with indistinct tissue features and sub-optimal depth perception. Recent developments in hand-held and microscope-integrated intrasurgical OCT designed for real-time volumetric imaging motivate development of rendering algorithms which are both visually appealing and fast enough to support real time rendering, potentially from multiple viewpoints for stereoscopic visualization. We report on an enhanced, real time, integrated volumetric rendering pipeline which incorporates high performance volumetric median and Gaussian filtering, boundary and feature enhancement, depth encoding, and lighting into a ray casting volume rendering model. We demonstrate this improved model implemented on graphics processing unit (GPU) hardware for real-time volumetric rendering of OCT data during tissue phantom and live human surgical imaging. We show that this rendering produces enhanced 3D visualizations of pathology and intraoperative maneuvers compared to standard ray casting.
227. The methanesulphonic acid–sulphur trioxide complex: detection by Raman spectroscopy (1953)

I. Sandeman, J. Chem. Soc., 1953, 1135 DOI: 10.1039/JR9530001135
The strategy of protest: problems of negro civic action (1961)

The logical and empirical elements of bargaining are receiving increased attention as the effort proceeds to fashion an analytical tool useful for better understanding the nature of controversy. In many of these discussions, the focus has been on those who enter into the bargaining relationship out of either necessity or hope of gain (4, 9). The notion of bargaining is simplified if one assumes that the need for or desirability of bargaining is given. This is the case when two businessmen, for example, seek goals which are partially incompatible but individually attractive. Each stands to gain if his end can be realized, and to realize it he must deal with the other fellow. There is, in short, an inducement for each to bargain. Equally interesting is the situation in which one party seeks a goal which it can realize without obtaining concessions from a second party. The second party opposes the realization of that goal, but has nothing which the first party needs or wants, and hence finds it difficult to place itself in a position in which the first party must bargain. This might be called the problem of the powerless. It arises, for example, when a disfranchised group seeks a law giving it the right to vote but, lacking the vote, has difficulty recruiting lawmakers who will support its cause. The most important group today which must act from a position of near powerlessness is the Negro. This article will (a) sketch some of the logical elements involved in attempts by the powerless to wield power, (b) relate these elements to certain empirical factors characteristic of the Negro in large Northern cities, and (c) describe the consequences of this situation as revealed by issues implicating Negro interests which were studied in Chicago.
Compressed Powdered Molybdenum Permalloy for High Quality Inductance Coils* (1940)

Molybdenum-Permalloy is now produced in the form of compressed powdered cores for inductance coils. Its high permeability and low losses make possible improved coil quality, or decreased size without sacrificing coil performance. Its low hysteresis loss reduces modulation enough to permit application where large air core coils would otherwise be required.
GaN based Super HFETs over 700V using the polarization junction concept (2011)

GaN Super Heterojunction Field Effect Transistors (Super HFETs) based on the polarization junction (PJ) concept are demonstrated on Sapphire substrates. These Super HFETs were fabricated from a GaN/Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.23</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.77</sub> N/GaN hetero structure with 2D hole and electron gas densities of 1.1×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">13</sup> and 9.7×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> at the respective hetero-interfaces. The Super HFETs show breakdown voltage above 700 V with on-resistances of 15 Ω·mm. In addition, the super HFETs have inherent body diodes and its reverse conducting characteristics are demonstrated.
<title>AIN on diamond thin films grown by chemical vapor deposition methods</title> (1994)

Aluminum nitride (AlN) films were grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on boron-doped diamond films deposited by the hot-filament CVD (HFCVD) method. The films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The electrical characterization of the AlN/diamond interface was performed by current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance- voltage measurements. The resulting films showed one x-ray diffraction peak of (100) oriented AlN and three diamond diffraction peaks of (111), (220) and (331) orientation. The Raman spectra showed two peaks, one at 660 cm<SUP>-1</SUP> due to scattering by the AlN lattice and the other at 1335 cm<SUP>-1</SUP> by the diamond lattice. The I-V measurements on the metal(W)/diamond/Si/Al structure showed ohmic behavior from which the diamond film resistivity of 5 X 10<SUP>5</SUP> (Omega) -cm was estimated. The I-V measurements on the W/AlN/diamond/Si/Al structure showed rectifying behavior. The capacitance of the film was independent of the applied voltage and was dominated by the diamond bulk capacitance.
Kinetic analysis of technetium-99m d,1-HM-PAO decomposition in aqueous media. (1988)

Technetium-99m-d,1-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime [99mTc]d,1-HM-PAO) is a neutral-lipophilic chelate formed from a kit in high yield by stannous reduction of Na99mTcO4-. Of three methods used to analyze the purity of the 99mTc complexes, a single strip method using ether as the developing solvent was the most rapid and simple to perform. The lipophilic chelate converts to 99mTcO4- and other hydrophilic products with time and this limits the useful lifetime of the preparations. The rate of decomposition of [99mTc]d,1-HM-PAO increased in the presence of excess stannous ion and at pH greater than 9.
The effect of mandibular advancement appliances on awake upper airway and masticatory muscle activity in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (2006)

These findings support the contention of a physiological role, which may act to augment the anatomical action of MAS.
Identification and mutation of primary and secondary proteolytic cleavage sites in murine stem cell factor cDNA yields biologically active, cell-associated protein. (1994)

Phenotypic abnormalities of melanocytes, germ cells, and hematopoietic cells of Steel mice demonstrate the critical role of stem cell factor (SCF) in development. Production of SCF in the hematopoietic microenvironment as either a membrane-associated or soluble factor leads to pleiotropic effects on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and significant effects on the production of erythroid cells. Although the production of these two forms of SCF is highly regulated, the physiologic role(s) of membrane-associated and soluble SCF remain unclear. We have demonstrated that the generation of soluble murine SCF by murine stromal cells derived from the fetal hematopoietic microenvironment is dependent on two distinct proteolytic cleavage sites. The primary site in exon 6 is preferentially utilized in these cells. The secondary site located in exon 7 is utilized only in the absence of the primary site. Proteolytic processing at this secondary site appears to be species-specific, since the human protein sequence diverges at this site, and protein expressed from the human cDNA encoding this site in murine stromal cells remains largely membrane-associated. Site-directed mutagenesis of the murine SCF cDNA encoding both proteolytic cleavage sites leads to the generation of membrane-associated and biologically active SCF on murine stromal cells. These results suggest that the regulation of processing of the secondary proteolytic cleavage site could play a critical role in the function of membrane-associated SCF protein.
Solid phase micro-extraction in a miniature ion trap mass spectrometer (2003)

Fiber introduction mass spectrometry (FIMS), a variation of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS), is employed with a miniature mass spectrometer. The inlet system, constructed of commercially available vacuum parts, allows the direct introduction of the SPME needle vacuum chamber into the mass spectrometer. Thermal desorption of the analyte from the poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) coated fiber was achieved with a built in nichrome heater, followed by electron ionization of the analytes internal to the cylindrical ion trap (CIT). The system has been tested with several volatile organic compounds (VOC) in air and to analyze the headspace over aqueous solutions, with limits of detection in the low ppb range. The signal rise (10-90%) and fall (90-10%) times for the system ranged from 0.1 to 1 s (rise) and 1.2 to 6 s (fall) using heated desorption. In addition, this method has been applied to quantitation of toluene in benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX) mixtures in water and gasoline. This simple and rapid analysis method, coupled to a portable mass spectrometer, has been shown to provide a robust, simple, rapid, reproducible, accurate and sensitive (low ppb range) fieldable approach to the effective in situ analysis of VOC in various matrices.
Infrared Optical Constants for Carvone from the Mie Inversion of Aerosol Extinction Spectra (2004)

Frequency-dependent, complex refractive indices for carvone in the mid-infrared from 750 to 5000 cm-1 have been inverted from the Fourier transform extinction spectra of laboratory-generated aerosols recorded at room temperature. The refractive indices obtained in this analysis are in good qualitative agreement with the results of a previous thin-film study of carvone. However, a full quantitative assessment of this agreement cannot be made as tabulated data for the previous study are no longer available. The refractive indices, or optical constants, reported here add to the small number of frequency-dependent refractive index data sets for other organic compounds that are available in the literature. Such data can be used to elucidate the optical properties of a substance, which are of critical importance in the interpretation of remote sensing data and in the evaluation of how atmospheric particulate matter consisting of organic compounds may affect climate change.