gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chapter 1: AUSTRALIA (2014)

This chapter looks at legislation pertaining to, and the management of, underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in Australia in association with the proposed management regime under the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage 2001. The most pertinent domestic legislation, the Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976 dates back to the 1970s and has been subject to only minor amendments since then. However, its 'saving grace' has been the effective federal program in place since the 1980s that has supported the legislation. The legislation and program are now at a critical stage given UNESCO's adoption of a convention for protecting UCH, Australia's role in developing the Convention and Australia's adoption of a new heritage regime which has been placed in context with protecting and managing the environment. Keywords: Australia; Historic Shipwrecks Act; Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH); UNESCO
New Insights toward Colorectal Cancer Chemotherapy Using Natural Bioactive Compounds (2017)

Combination therapy consists in the simultaneous administration of a conventional chemotherapy drug (or sometimes, a radiotherapy protocol) together with one or more natural bioactives (usually from plant or fungal origin) of small molecular weight. This combination of anticancer drugs may be applied to cell cultures of tumor cells, or to an animal model for a cancer type (or its xenograft), or to a clinical trial in patients. In this review, we summarize current knowledge describing diverse synergistic effects on colorectal cancer cell cultures, animal models, and clinical trials of various natural bioactives (stilbenes, flavonoids, terpenes, curcumin, and other structural families), which may be important with respect to diminish final doses of the chemotherapy drug, although maintaining its biological effect. This is important as these approaches may help reduce side effects in patients under conventional chemotherapy. Also, these molecules may exerts their synergistic effects via different cell cycle pathways, including different ones to those responsible of resistance phenotypes: transcription factors, membrane receptors, adhesion and structural molecules, cell cycle regulatory components, and apoptosis pathways.
Autoimmune oophoritis in thymectomized mice: detection of circulating antibodies against oocytes. (1980)

Previous studies from our laboratory described a particular type of ovarian dysgenesis which develops in mice after neonatal thymectomy (Tx) at the critical age of 2-4 days after birth. The present experiment provides evidence which strongly suggests an autoimmune aetiology for this phenomenon. By indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) and horse-radish peroxidase (HRPO) labelled antibody techniques, it was demonstrated that neonatally Tx mice of (C57B1/6Cr x A/JCr)F1 (B6A) and (C3H/HeMs x 129/J)F1 (C31) hybrids produce circulating autoantibody(ies) against ooplasma of oocytes (AOA) in growing follicles, but not against oocytes in primordial follicles. Appearance of AOA was closely correlated with the development of oophoritis which ws characterized by a rapid and complete loss of oocytes at early adulthood. In B6A and C31 mice, oophoritis occurred and AOA appeared in sera after Tx at day 3(Tx -- 3) but not after Tx at days 0 or 7. Also, in athymic B6A and C31 nude mice neither oophoritis or AOA were detectable. Complete absorption of AOA with homogenates of isogeneic normal adult ovaries, but not with homogenates of X-ray-irradiated anovular ovaries or granulosa cell tumour may indicate the specificity of AOA. AOA was first demonstrated at day 30-40 in sera of Tx mice, whose ovaries showed a marked enhancement of follicular degeneration and the death of numerous occytes with or without lymphocyte infiltration. High titres of AOA, detectable in sera of more than 2,000-fold dilutions, were assayed by the IFL technique at day 50-90; however, AOA gradually diminished in titre with age and disappeared at day 150-360 when no oocytes remained in the atrophic ovary. Mice thymectomized at day 3 occasionally produced autoantibodies against zona pellucida and with lesser frequency against steroid-producing cells of the ovary. These data indicate that in the mouse Tx at the critical age shortly after birth produces autoimmune oophoritis, subsequently resulting in early sterility.
Geographic Constructions (1992)

Constructions are usually presented to students as mathematical exercises with little or no practical applications included. To help students appreciate the real-life application of standard constructions, this article presents two activities that apply to boundary lines in geography. By integrating mathematics with other disciplines, we can demonstrate that mathematics does not exist in a vacuum.
Multi-Source Streaming in Next Generation Mobile Communication Systems (2008)

Despite recent advances in networking technologies, video streaming applications still suffer from limited bandwidth and highly varying network conditions. As a solution, this paper proposes a novel multi-source streaming strategy specifically tailored for next generation mobile networks to deliver multimedia services to mobile users. The proposed solution consists of a set of mechanisms that aim at ensuring seamless, continuous, and smooth playback of video for users, guaranteeing an efficient and fair utilization of network resources while meeting the playback and buffer constraints of the clients, preventing redundant transmissions and minimizing packet reordering. A set of computer simulations is conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed strategy and encouraging results are obtained.
The impact of bovine respiratory disease: the current feedlot experience (2014)

Mortality during the finishing phase in beef steers has increased over the last 13 years at a rate of 0.05% per year for cattle fed in Cactus Feeders' operations. A change in the demographics of placements has also occurred, in that heavier weight cattle are being placed as compared to previous years. Morbidity rates are lower, but higher case fatality rates are observed when compared to years when lighter weight cattle were placed. More lung lesions of varying degree are documented at necropsy of new arrivals and there is greater perception of reduced response to therapy in animals identified with respiratory disease. As placement weights have increased, mortality in the early stages of the feeding period has decreased, resulting in a greater proportion of total death loss later in the period. This shift, in conjunction with an increasing long-term trend of total death loss, can lead to the interpretation of higher 'late day mortality'. Rather than relying solely on observation and distributions of the data, Cactus Feeders believes that the development of a predictive model is better suited to address the potential of 'late day mortality' in confined cattle feeding operations.
Influence of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) on antibody folding in vitro. (1994)

The role of eucaryotic protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) in the folding and reoxidation of proteins in vitro was investigated using an antibody Fab fragment as a model substrate, since PDI is known to participate in the disulfide bond formation of immunoglobulins in vivo. PDI has no effect on the folding of the Fab fragment with intact disulfide bonds, suggesting that, at least in this system, PDI is not able to influence the folding process in a chaperone-like manner. Instead, the role of PDI is limited to disulfide bond formation as demonstrated for the folding of the denatured and reduced Fab fragment. Here, PDI influences the yield of reactivation enormously with a maximum effect at about stoichiometric amounts of PDI and Fab. Furthermore, PDI changes the redox dependence of the reaction. In the presence of PDI, formation of the correct disulfide bonds is possible at higher oxidizing conditions compared to the spontaneous reaction. The requirements both for stoichiometric amounts of PDI and for the presence of PDI during the first seconds of refolding suggest that there is a kinetic competition between rapid structure formation of the antibody domains and interaction of PDI with cysteine residues in the folding protein.
Vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogenMieczyslaw Makosza and Jerzy WiniarskiCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1987, 20, 8, 282–289Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar00140a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00140a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3481Altmetric-Citations313LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Digitized Radio-over-Fiber (DROF) System for Wide-Area Ubiquitous Wireless Network (2006)

Site diversity techniques using a distributed wireless access point for a large cell are important to achieve wide-area ubiquitous wireless networks that support embedded ubiquitous services. We propose a digitized radio-over-fiber (DROF) system for ubiquitous wireless network. The DROF system uses standard IP networks as the transmission lines of radio signals for distributed access points and can establish site diversity techniques at low cost. We also propose a network time protocol based reference frequency and time distribution scheme to synchronize distributed access points. Experiment results show that the DROF prototype achieves precise frequency and time distribution over IP based networks
Molecular Delivery Into Live Cells Using Gold Nanoparticle Arrays Fabricated by Polymer Mold Guided Near-Field Photothermal Annealing (2010)

A massively-parallel molecular delivery system for mammalian cells is demonstrated by pulsed-laser irradiation of a gold nanoparticle array situated below a cell monolayer. This system is capable of high throughput and spatially-targeted delivery into desired areas of a cell culture by designing the laser irradiation pattern. Rapid fabrication of gold nanoparticle arrays over large areas (>1 mm2) is achieved by polymer mold guided near-field photothermal annealing.
First course on fuzzy theory and applications (2005)

Fuzzy Sets.- The Operation of Fuzzy Set.- Fuzzy Relation and Composition.- Fuzzy Graph and Relation.- Fuzzy Number.- Fuzzy Function.- Probabilisy and Uncertainty.- Fuzzy Logic.- Fuzzy Inference.- Fuzzy Control and Fuzzy Expert Systems.- Fusion of Fuzzy System and Neural Networks.- Fusion of Fuzzy Systems and Genetic Algorithms.
How hippocampus and cortex contribute to recognition memory: Revisiting the complementary learning systems model (2010)

Abstract We describe how the Complementary Learning Systems neural network model of recognition memory (Norman and O'Reilly (2003) Psychol Rev 104:611–646) can shed light on current debates regarding hippocampal and cortical contributions to recognition memory. We review simulation results illustrating three critical differences in how (according to the model) hippocampus and cortex contribute to recognition memory, all of which derive from the hippocampus' use of pattern separated representations. Pattern separation makes the hippocampus especially well‐suited for discriminating between studied items and related lures; it makes the hippocampus especially poorly suited for computing global match; and it imbues the hippocampal ROC curve with a Y ‐intercept > 0. We also describe a key boundary condition on these differences: When the average level of similarity between items in an experiment is very high, hippocampal pattern separation can fail, at which point the hippocampal model will start to behave like the cortical model. We describe the implications of these simulation results for extant debates over how to describe hippocampal versus cortical contributions and how to measure these contributions. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Promising Therapy for the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (2013)

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a pulmonary syndrome with growing prevalence and high mortality and morbidity that increase with age. There is no current therapy able to restore pulmonary function in ARDS patients. Preclinical models of ARDS have demonstrated that intratracheal or systemic administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) protects the lung against injury. The mechanisms responsible for the protective effects are multiple, including the secretion of multiple paracrine factors capable of modulating the immune response and restoring epithelial and endothelial integrity. Recent studies have demonstrated that MSCs can also control oxidative stress, transfer functional mitochondria to the damaged cells, and control bacterial infection by secretion of antibacterial peptides. These characteristics make MSCs promising candidates for ARDS therapy.
Evolutionary selection against change in many Alu repeat sequences interspersed through primate genomes. (1994)

Mutations have been examined in the 1500 interspersed Alu repeats of human DNA that have been sequenced and are nearly full length. There is a set of particular changes at certain positions that rarely occur (termed suppressed changes) compared to the average of identical changes of identical nucleotides in the rest of the sequence. The suppressed changes occur in positions that are clustered together in what appear to be sites for protein binding. There is a good correlation of the suppression in different positions, and therefore the joint probability of absence of mutation at many pairs of such positions is significantly higher than that expected at random. The suppression of mutation appears to result from selection that is not due to requirements for Alu sequence replication. The implication is that hundreds of thousands of Alu sequences have sequence-dependent functions in the genome that are selectively important for primates. In a few known cases Alu inserts have been adapted to function in the regulation of gene transcription.
Experimental investigation of supersonic flow over two cavities in tandem (1992)

A study is presented on supersonic flow over two rectangular cavities arranged in tandem at Mach 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5. Both time-mean and unsteady aspects of the flowfields are examined. For the purposes of this paper, cavities are chosen in which the oscillatory properties are due either to a fluid resonant phenomenon or to a fluid dynamic phenomenon. These are defined as type A and type B cavities, respectively. At Mach 1.5 and 2.5, the flow in a type A cavity is found to be completely altered by a preceding type B cavity. When the type B cavity is preceded by another type B cavity, only the level of the unsteady pressures and the high frequency modes of the oscillation are affected. When type A cavity precedes a type B cavity, only small quantitative changes are noted in the oscillatory behavior. The influence of the spacing between the two cavities is also addressed.
Gel Electrophoresis: Essential Data (1994)

Chemicals for Electrophoresis Types of Apparatus Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins Gel Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids Gel Electrophoresis of Carbohydrates Troubleshooting Manufacturers and Suppliers References Further Reading Index.
Computational RNA Epigenetics (2020)

Keywords: RNA modification, machine learning, noncoding RNA, RNA epigenetics, gene expression.
A pharmacokinetic evaluation of the second-generation H1-receptor antagonist cetirizine in very young children (1993)

The pharmacokinetics of the second-generation H1-receptor antagonist cetirizine was studied in eight children younger than 4 years of age who were treated with a single dose of cetirizine solution (5 mg). These children were hospitalized with suspected allergic respiratory problems or recurrent respiratory tract infections. Blood samples were collected at 1/2, 1, 1 1/2, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours, and a 24-hour urine collection was performed in five of the samples. The findings obtained in children were compared with those obtained in 16 healthy young adults (mean +/- SD, 24.6 +/- 4.1 years) who received a single 20 mg dose. Cetirizine was absorbed more slowly in children (p = 0.006; mean +/- SD, 1.44 +/- 1.12 hours) than in adults (0.62 +/- 0.22 hours). The plasma elimination half-life of cetirizine was significantly shorter in children (p < 0.001; 4.91 +/- 0.6 hours) than in adults (8.6 +/- 2.1 hours), and the clearance rate was significantly higher in children (p < 0.001; 1.48 +/- 0.41 ml/min/kg) than in adults (0.80 +/- 0.17 ml/min/kg). Urinary excretion of unchanged cetirizine was significantly lower in children (p < 0.001; 37.8% +/- 5.2%; n = 5) than in adults (57.7% +/- 11.8%). Therefore the metabolism of cetirizine is faster in young children than in adults. This effect must be taken into account in future pharmacodynamic studies in this age group.
Singularity Design Motivation (2004)

Singularity is a cross-discipline research project in Microsoft Research building a managed code operating system. This technical report describes the motivation and priorities for Singularity. Other technical reports describe the abstractions and implementations of Singularity features.
SOCS-3 Inhibits Insulin Signaling and Is Up-regulated in Response to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in the Adipose Tissue of Obese Mice (2001)

SOCS (suppressor of cytokine signaling) proteins are inhibitors of cytokine signaling involved in negative feedback loops. We have recently shown that insulin increases SOCS-3 mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. When expressed, SOCS-3 binds to phosphorylated Tyr(960) of the insulin receptor and prevents Stat 5B activation by insulin. Here we show that in COS-7 cells SOCS-3 decreases insulin-induced insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) tyrosine phosphorylation and its association with p85, a regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase. This mechanism points to a function of SOCS-3 in insulin resistance. Interestingly, SOCS-3 expression was found to be increased in the adipose tissue of obese mice, but not in the liver and muscle of these animals. Two polypeptides known to be elevated during obesity, insulin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), induce SOCS-3 mRNA expression in mice. Insulin induces a transient expression of SOCS-3 in the liver, muscle, and the white adipose tissue (WAT). Strikingly, TNF-alpha induced a sustained SOCS-3 expression, essentially in the WAT. Moreover, transgenic ob/ob mice lacking both TNF receptors have a pronounced decrease in SOCS-3 expression in the WAT compared with ob/ob mice, providing genetic evidence for a function of this cytokine in obesity-induced SOCS-3 expression. As SOCS-3 appears as a TNF-alpha target gene that is elevated during obesity, and as SOCS-3 antagonizes insulin-induced IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, we suggest that it is a player in the development of insulin resistance.
One‐step Conversion of Furfural into 2‐Methyltetrahydrofuran under Mild Conditions (2015)

One-step direct conversion of biomass-derived furfural to 2-methyltetrahydrofuran was realized under atmospheric pressure over a dual solid catalyst based on two-stage-packed Cu-Pd in a reactor; this is the first report that one-step conversion of furfural resulted in high yield of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (97.1 %) under atmospheric pressure. This strategy provided a successive hydrogenation process, which avoids high H2 pressure, uses the reactor efficiently, and eliminates the product-separation step. Therefore, it could enhance the overall efficiency as a result of low cost and high yield.
Controlling sidewall smoothness for micromachined Si mirrors and lenses (1996)

Micromachined vertical mirrors and lenses in Si were fabricated as micro-optical components. A Cl2 plasma generated by an electron cyclotron resonance source was used to etch these mirrors and lenses in Si and the etched Si sidewalls were characterized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A trilayer resist process has been developed to provide smooth Ni etch mask edges by postbaking the top imaging resist. The resultant Si etched sidewall showed a roughness of 18.69 nm, as compared to the sidewall roughness of 29.95 nm without postbaking. As the plating current density was varied from 5 to 400 mA/cm2, the etched Si sidewall roughness increased from 24.31 to 43.69 nm. Optimized etch conditions were investigated for smooth Si sidewalls. Sidewall was much rougher with a roughness of 98.99 nm when 50 W rf power was applied for dry etching, whereas the roughness was only 29.95 nm when 100 W rf power was used. Additionally, thermal oxidation followed by oxide removal was able to reduce etched Si sidewall roughness. After oxide removal, the sidewall roughness decreased to 5.93 nm after 135 min wet oxidation at 1100 °C. However, oxide grown at 900 °C was less efficient for reducing the sidewall roughness as compared to 1100 °C. The deep etch-shallow diffusion process was applied to fabricate micromirrors and microlenses. It was found that B diffusion at 1175 °C for 2 h decreased the Si sidewall roughness from 29.95 to 10.79 nm and selective wet etch lowered sidewall roughness further to 5.01 nm. Vertical micromirrors that were 40 μm tall and 2 μm wide were bonded onto the glass substrate and released. Microlenses that were 40 μm thick with radius of curvature of 50 μm have also been demonstrated.
REMODELING OF HEPATIC MICROVASCULAR RESPONSIVENESS AFTER ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION (1997)

Although there is substantial evidence suggesting that the integrity of the microcirculation is an important determinant of tissue viability during reperfusion after ischemia in the liver, as well as other tissues, the mechanisms responsible for microvascular failure are not fully understood. It is now recognized that the microvascular response to reperfusion, similar to the whole organism response to shock, can consist of either a rapid exacerbation of injury after a severe ischemic episode or, alternatively, a more slowly developing alteration in responsiveness that occurs after a less severe insult. In the more slowly developing response, the alterations in vascular status are the result of up-regulation of stress-induced vascular mediators such as endothelin, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and heme oxygenase, as well as changes in the reactivity of the effector cells to the mediators. The mechanisms for change in reactivity of vascular cells range from changes in receptor expression to overt phenotypic transformation, as can occur in the hepatic stellate cells in response to repeated injury. When maintained in balance, these counteracting constrictor and dilator influences can be protective; however, local imbalance can result in focal ischemia, thus propagating the injury. Thus, the remodeling of the hepatic microvascular responsiveness during reperfusion after ischemia may serve as a useful paradigm for consideration of the overall response of the organism to shock.