gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Process Control By Automated In-Process Wafer Inspection (1984)

This is the introduction of new technology developed specifically for the inprocess pattern inspection and measurement of very large scale integrated (VLSI) wafers. There is a current need for significant improvements in pattern inspection instrumentation in order to tighten process control and achieve more competitive yields and therefore die costs. For the tedious and detailed task of pattern inspection and measurement, automation is the indicated solution. The future of computerized manufacturing requires, most fundamentally, the automation of the instrumentation and control function. In this paper, a system, designated the KLA 2020 Wafer Inspector, is described which incorporates the basic functions required to measure variations in the patterning process: linear and area dimensional measurements, registration error measurement, comparison for defects down to submicron in size. It is capable of inspecting in-process wafers in order to gain the most immediate process feedback. The speed with which it does each of these tests, less than a second, allows significant increases in sample size and therefore statistical control. It is this technology which will make computer-controlled photo processing possible.
Increasing fibrillation duration enhances relative asymmetrical biphasic versus monophasic defibrillator waveform efficacy. (1990)

Biphasic waveforms reduce defibrillation threshold compared with corresponding monophasic waveforms. However, effects of fibrillation duration on relative efficacy of monophasic and biphasic waveforms are unknown. This study used a newly developed defibrillation model, the isolated right- and left-sided working rabbit heart, with epicardial defibrillation electrodes, to compare threshold for a monophasic waveform (5 msec rectangular) and an asymmetrical biphasic waveform (5 msec each pulse, V2 = 50% V1). Mean voltage defibrillation threshold (V50) was determined from sigmoidal probability of successful defibrillation versus shock intensity curves after 5, 15, and 30 seconds of fibrillation in a paired study with 10 hearts. Results showed that biphasic waveforms had significantly lower voltage and energy thresholds at all fibrillation durations and that their relative efficacy improved with increasing fibrillation duration. Biphasic voltage threshold was 38.2 +/- 2.2, 44.7 +/- 4.8, and 46.6 +/- 3.2 V after 5, 15, and 30 seconds of fibrillation compared with monophasic thresholds of 51.7 +/- 4.4 (p less than 0.002), 63.0 +/- 7.6 (p less than 0.05), and 72.1 +/- 3.9 V (p less than 0.005). Biphasic waveform energy threshold was 0.67 that for the monophasic waveform after 5 seconds of fibrillation (0.12 +/- 0.01 versus 0.18 +/- 0.03 J, p less than 0.05). The ratio between biphasic waveform threshold and monophasic waveform threshold (B/M) decreased to 0.62 at 15 seconds. At 30 seconds, B/M was 0.52 (0.17 +/- 0.02 versus 0.33 +/- 0.04 J, p less than 0.02). This study also showed that biphasic waveform threshold was a nonlinear function of monophasic waveform threshold so that improved biphasic defibrillator waveform efficacy was greatest for hearts having higher monophasic thresholds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Introduction and Overview (2000)

This is a book about attitudes towards local governance – the attitudes of political theorists, of practitioners and of the general public. The book focuses on Britain but it is widely recognized that the contemporary debate about local governance in Britain is only a part, though a very important part, of a worldwide debate about local governance. The issues that concern us are not limited to contemporary Britain.
Calcium entry blockers and myocardial function. (1981)

Ca2+ enters myocardial cells through a variety of pathways, including in exchange for Na+; by passive diffusion; through voltage-activated, gated channels; and in exchange for K+, Ca2+ entry through the voltage-activated channels is an essential step in excitation-contraction coupling. It is only this component of Ca2+ transport that is inhibited by the Ca2+ entry blockers. As a group, therefore, these drugs interfere with excitation-contraction coupling in heart but not in skeletal muscle. Accordingly they reduce the energy requirements of the heart. Their inhibitory effect on voltage-activated inward transport of Ca2+ into smooth muscle cells also results in dilation of the coronary vessels, with improvement in coronary perfusion, and of peripheral vessels, with after-load reduction. The resultant action of these drugs in maintaining myocardial energy balance and intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis is therefore complex, and tends toward preservation of myocardial structure and function after episodes of ischemia. Although the Ca2+ entry blockers prevent protein release and preserve ultrastructure in damaged myocardium, this is probably an indirect effect of their ability to impede slow channel transport of Ca2+.
An Empirical Study on Using Visual Embellishments in Visualization (2012)

In written and spoken communications, figures of speech (e.g., metaphors and synecdoche) are often used as an aid to help convey abstract or less tangible concepts. However, the benefits of using rhetorical illustrations or embellishments in visualization have so far been inconclusive. In this work, we report an empirical study to evaluate hypotheses that visual embellishments may aid memorization, visual search and concept comprehension. One major departure from related experiments in the literature is that we make use of a dual-task methodology in our experiment. This design offers an abstraction of typical situations where viewers do not have their full attention focused on visualization (e.g., in meetings and lectures). The secondary task introduces "divided attention", and makes the effects of visual embellishments more observable. In addition, it also serves as additional masking in memory-based trials. The results of this study show that visual embellishments can help participants better remember the information depicted in visualization. On the other hand, visual embellishments can have a negative impact on the speed of visual search. The results show a complex pattern as to the benefits of visual embellishments in helping participants grasp key concepts from visualization.
Finite element simulations investigating the role of the helmet in reducing head injuries (2008)

Head injuries in motor vehicle crashes have high significance due to their fatal effects on the nervous system of passengers and pedestrians. In this study, using models of motorcyclists' helmet and the human head, two cases of head impact with a rigid surface are simulated by Finite Element Analysis; first, the impact of the head protected by the helmet and then, that of the unprotected head. In each simulation, impact parameters such as HIC, mass center velocity of the head, and pressures produced in the brain are calculated and corresponding parameters are compared with each other, which quantitatively represents the influence of the helmet on reduction of injuries to the head. Comparison of the results obtained in this study with those of previous researches indicates that if an appropriate finite element model is developed and used, FEM will lead to acceptable results in head impact simulations.
Enhancing Security Using the Discarded Security Information in Mobile WiMAX Networks (2008)

In mobile WiMAX (M-WiMAX), while generating cipher-based message authentication code (CMAC) for security, some bits of it are truncated and also while deriving a key hierarchy, some part of keying material is discarded. In this paper, we exploit these discarded information to enhance the security in M-WiMAX, and consider two cases of discarded information. Firstly, we propose to use the truncated upper 64-bits of CMAC, which we name shared authentication information (SAI), to complement the security breach in the signalling protocol which is vulnerable to DDoS attack in M-WiMAX. Secondly, we use the truncated 192-bits of master session key (MSK), which we name shared authentication key (SAK), as a temporary authentication root key for inter-domain or inter-authenticator handover. The purpose of using SAK is to reduce the latency for authentication during handover. As this paper opens a possibility of using such discarded security information for enhancing security, we may apply this approach to some other security systems in a similar way.
High-bandwidth, graded-index polymer optical fiber for near-infrared use (1996)

We describe graded-index polymer optical fibers with high bandwidth (5.12 GHz for 100-m transmission) and low loss in the near-infrared region (56 and 115 dB/km at wavelengths of 688 and 773 nm, respectively) that we successfully obtained with a new interfacial-gel polymerization technique using an all-deuterated methyl methacrylate monomer and a partially fluorinated acrylate monomer. The necessity for both low attenuation and high bandwidth for a polymer optical fiber is described for its use as a physical media in a high-speed multimedia network.
The Interrelationship Between Swelling and Irradiation Creep (1972)

The dimensional changes occurring in metals under fast-neutron irradiation and external loads have been analyzed in terms of dislocation climb and glide, dislocation loop formation, and diffusional growth of voids. The strains produced by these mechanisms were derived. Although these strains can be divided into swelling strains and creep strains, the irradiation creep strains may be related to the swelling strains.Strains produced by the climb of dislocations contribute mainly to swelling, but not to irradiation creep. However, if the glide of dislocations is controlled by the climb motion, the resulting irradiation creep rate is directly proportional to the swelling rate.Preferential loop nucleation induced by external stresses gives rise to an irradiation creep correlation which is in agreement with the experimental data.
Isolation and preliminary characterization of an Adriamycin-resistant murine fibrosarcoma cell line. (1983)

A variant cell line (UV-2237-ADMR) resistant to the anthracycline antibiotic Adriamycin (Doxorubicin) was selected in vitro from the murine UV-2237 fibrosarcoma tumor cell line. Resistance to Adriamycin proved to be a stable characteristic of the UV-2237-ADMR line, whether the line was grown in vivo or in vitro. The UV-2237-ADMR line also exhibited increased resistance to N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-24-valerate, daunorubicin, actinomycin D, amsacrine, mitomycin C, vinblastine, and vincristine but not to bleomycin. Cell-cell hybridization studies showed that the Adriamycin resistance is an incompletely dominant trait. Uptake and efflux studies with [14C]Adriamycin indicated that the resistance exhibited by the UV-2237-ADMR line was due to both reduced uptake of the drug and an increased active efflux.
Serological Diagnosis of Human Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and 2 Infections by Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System Assay (2009)

Highly quantitative and high-throughput serological tests for evaluation of humoral responses to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 are not available. The efficacy of luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assays for antibody profiling and serologic diagnosis of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection was investigated using a panel of five recombinant HSV antigens. Plasma samples from subjects seropositive for HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 or seronegative for HSV-1 and HSV-2 that had previously been analyzed by Western blotting and the Focus Plexus immunoassay were evaluated. The LIPS test measuring anti-gG1 antibody titers was 96% sensitive and 96% specific for detecting HSV-1 infection, compared with the Focus immunoassay, and was 92% sensitive and 96% specific, compared with Western blotting. The results for the anti-gG2 LIPS test for HSV-2 precisely matched those for Western blotting, with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity, and showed robust antibody titers in all the HSV-2-infected samples that were over 1,000 times higher than those in HSV-2-negative or HSV-1-positive samples. Antibodies to three additional HSV-2 proteins, gB, gD, and ICP8, were detected in many of the HSV-1- and/or HSV-2-infected plasma samples and showed preferentially higher immunoreactivity in HSV-2-infected plasma. The titers of antibodies to these three HSV-2 antigens also significantly correlated with each other (R=0.75 to 0.81; P<0.0001). These studies indicate that the robust anti-gG1 and anti-gG2 antibody responses detected by LIPS assays are useful for HSV-1 and HSV-2 detection and suggest that profiling of antibody responses to a panel of HSV proteins may be useful for characterizing individual humoral responses to infection and for monitoring responses to vaccines.
Membrane potential‐regulated Ca<sup>2+</sup> signalling in development and maturation of mammalian cerebellar granule cells (2006)

In many developing neuronal cell types, the resting membrane potential is relatively depolarized, then gradually hyperpolarizes during the early postnatal period. The regulatory roles of membrane potential changes in neuronal development and maturation have been extensively studied in developing cerebellar granule cells, using primary culture under depolarizing and non-depolarizing conditions in combination with in vivo analysis. Depolarization enhances calcium entry via voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels (VSCCs) and activates Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) and calcineurin phophatase (CaN). The activation of CaN induces many genes encoding extracellular and intracellular signalling molecules implicated in granule cell development. The inactivation of CaN in turn up-regulates many other genes characteristic of mature granule cells, including NR2C NMDA receptor and GABAAalpha1 and alpha6 receptors. The induction of NR2C also requires CaMK-up-regulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), indicating a convergence of signalling mechanism of the CaMK and CaN cascades. The inactivation of CaN maintains the phosphorylated and sumoylated form of a transcriptional myocyte enhances factor 2A (MEF2A) regulator. This form of MEF2A acts as a transcriptional repressor and is essential for the dendritic morphogenesis of differentiated granule cells. Collectively, the membrane potential change and the resulting Ca2+ signalling play a pivotal role in development and maturation of neuronal cells.
Das Konzept der Finite-Element-Methode (1999)

Im nachfolgenden Kapitel soll das Konzept der FEM unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten betrachtet werden, und zwar
Perceptual Semantics (2006)

The design of image and video compression or transmission systems is driven by the need for reducing the bandwidth and storage requirements of the content while maintaining its visual quality. Therefore, the objective is to define codecs that maximize perceived quality as well as automated metrics that reliably measure perceived quality. One of the common shortcomings of traditional video coders and quality metrics is the fact that they treat the entire scene uniformly, assuming that people look at every pixel of the image or video. In reality, we focus only on particular areas of the scene. In this chapter, we prioritize the visual data accordingly in order to improve the compression performance of video coders and the prediction performance of perceptual quality metrics. The proposed encoder and quality metric incorporate visual attention and use a semantic segmentation stage, which takes into account certain aspects of the cognitive behavior of people when watching a video. This semantic model corresponds to a specific human abstraction, which need not necessarily be characterized by perceptual uniformity. In particular, we concentrate on segmenting moving objects and faces, and we evaluate the perceptual impact on video coding and on quality evaluation.
Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies: a partial view (1988)

Donald Nicol, Founding Editor of Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, retires from his distinguished tenure of the Koraes Chair of Modern Greek and Byzantine History, Language and Literature at King’s College London this year. May his successor, Roddy Beaton, have many years. The change of Koraës professors and widespread concern for the future of the Bywater and Sotheby Chair of Byzantine and Modern Greek Language and Literature at Oxford, from which Cyril Mango retires in 1995, have aroused discussion of what Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies are, which touch the identity of this journal.
The Electrolytic Regeneration of Fixing Baths (1931)

It has long been known that commercial fixing solutions containing hypo, sulfurous acid, and silver bromide can be electrolyzed between inert electrodes by very small currents. Attempts to increase the current density to practical amounts have caused discoloration of the hypo, ruining its utility. It has been found that suitable adjustment of the acidity and the sulfite content of the solution, combined with extremely rapid agitation, enables the silver to be plated at current densities varying from 2 to 10 amperes per square fool. Plating cells have been built comprising alternating elements of graphite anodes and stainless steel cathodes, 4 feet square, each presenting a total active surface of about 7 square feet. Thirteen pairs are used in a paraffined wood tank through the ends of which a stout stainless steel shaft is fastened. The shaft is covered with hard rubber and is furnished with spokes or paddles which rotate, four in number, in the spaces between the plates. Special water protected bearings have been developed to isolate the naked metal from the hypo solution at the gaskets on the box ends before the shaft meets the true suspension bearings. — Five cells capable of handling 150 million feet of mixed positive and negative 35-mm. film each year have been installed in the new laboratory erected by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer at Culver City. A smaller installation of 3 cells is near completion at the Universal Studios, Hollywood. Further details of the erection and working of these plants will be published in a later paper.
Total synthesis of cytochalasin D: total synthesis and full structural assignment of cytochalasin O (1999)

A total synthesis of cytochalasin D 3 is reported in which the key step is an intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction used to close the 11-membered ring simultaneously introducing the required stereochemistry at four of the stereogenic centres, C(4), C(5), C(8) and C(9). The precursor 21 for the Diels–Alder reaction was prepared from the aldehyde 13 by condensation with the dienyl phosphonate 14 to give the triene 15 which, after conversion into the acyl imidazole 17, was used to acylate the pyrrolidinone 18. The unstable pyrrolinone 21 was then generated from the pyrrolidinone by phenylselenation–oxidative elimination and was cyclised by heating in toluene under high dilution conditions to give the macrocyclic triene 22 (25–30%). Selective functionalisation of the double-bonds in this triene was investigated with epoxidation being selective for the 17,18-double-bond and hydroxylation using osmium tetroxide taking place selectively at the 6,7-double-bond. For completion of the synthesis of cytochalasin D 3, the 6,7-diol 26 was converted into the exocyclic alkene 30 by protection and dehydration. Further hydroxylation using osmium tetroxide gave the diol 31 which was taken through to the enone 36 by protection followed by phenylselenation, N-debenzoylation and oxidative elimination. Reduction under Luche’s conditions gave the alcohol 37 which was converted into the acetate 41 by acetylation followed by protecting group exchange. Selective deprotection of the vicinal diol and mild oxidation then gave the ketone 43. Final deprotection gave cytochalasin D 3 so completing the first total synthesis of this natural product.During the course of this work, the Diels–Alder adduct 22 was oxidised using an excess of osmium tetroxide to give the tetraol 28. After protection as its bis-acetonide 46, this was converted into the allylic acetate 51 using the chemistry developed during the synthesis of cytochalasin D 3. Selective hydrolysis of the 17,18-acetonide and oxidation under Swern conditions gave the hydroxyketone 53 which on deprotection gave cytochalasin O 54 so confirming the structure of this natural product.
Low-drive-voltage and low-loss polarisation-independent LiNbO <sub>3</sub> optical waveguide switches (1987)

A simple and practical polarisation-independent directional coupler switch has been developed. The switch has an 18 V drive voltage, a below -17dB crosstalk and a 2.8 dB insertion loss between single-mode fibres at any incident polarisations with 1.3 μm wavelength.
Vehicle Ad Hoc networks: applications and related technical issues (2008)

This article presents a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art for vehicle ad hoc networks. We start by reviewing the possible applications that can be used in VANETs, namely, safety and user applications, and by identifying their requirements. Then, we classify the solutions proposed in the literature according to their location in the open system interconnection reference model and their relationship to safety or user applications. We analyze their advantages and shortcomings and provide our suggestions for a better approach. We also describe the different methods used to simulate and evaluate the proposed solutions. Finally, we conclude with suggestions for a general architecture that can form the basis for a practical VANET.
Laminin α2 chain‐null mutant mice by targeted disruption of the <i>Lama2</i> gene: a new model of merosin (laminin 2)‐deficient congenital muscular dystrophy (1997)

Using the gene targeting technique, we have generated a new mouse model of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD), a null mutant for the laminin alpha2 chain. These homozygous mice, designated dy3Kldy3K, are characterized by growth retardation and severe muscular dystrophic symptoms and die by 5 weeks of age. Light microscopy revealed that muscle fiber degeneration in these mice begins no later than postnatal day 9. In degenerating muscles, considerable amounts of TUNEL positive nuclei were detected as well as DNA laddering, suggesting increased apoptotic cell death was involved in the process of muscle fiber degeneration.
Converting OO models into RDBMS schema (1994)

This approach combines OMTool, an object-model editor, with the Schemer compiler. Schemer converts the object model into SQL code, which can then be used to generate relational tables. The approach frees application experts from the details of database structure during early development and lets them customize tables to a particular RDBMS.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
α‐<scp>D</scp>‐Glycosyl‐Substituted α,α‐<scp>D</scp>‐Trehaloses with (1 → 4)‐Linkage: Syntheses and NMR Investigations (1991)

Abstract Two symmetrical trehalose glycosyl ‘acceptors’ 4 and 6 were prepared and three of the unsymmetrical type, 8 , 10 , and 11 . Glucosylation of symmetrical ‘acceptor’ 4 gave a higher yield of trisaccharide (44%) than protect ve‐group manipulation, namely via selective debenzylidenation 2 → 9 or monoacetylation 2 → 5 which proceeded in moderate yields (33–34%). A comparison of catalysts in the cis ‐glucosylation of trehalose ‘acceptor’ 10 with tetra‐ O ‐benzyl‐β‐ D ‐glucopyranosyl fluoride 13 profiled triflic anhydride ((Tf) 2 O) as a new reactive promoter yielding 92% of trisaccharide 14 , deblocking gave the target saccharide α‐ D ‐glucopyranosyI‐( 1 → 4 )‐α,α‐ D ‐trehalose. 1 H‐NMR spectra of most compounds were analyzed extensively. The use of the ID TOCSY technique is advocated for its time efficiency, if needed supplemented by ROESY experiments.