gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Raman scattering enhancement contributed from individual gold nanoparticles and interparticle coupling (2004)

Gold nanoparticles immobilized on a silicon wafer were used to semi-quantitatively study the Raman enhancement from the individual particles and the interparticle coupling, with p-aminothiophenol (p-ATP) molecules as Raman probes. At low coverage of gold nanoparticles on the surface, the gross intensity of the p-ATP Raman peaks was found to be proportional to the number of particles per unit area, suggesting that the spectra could be a sum of contributions from the isolated particles while the interparticle coupling could be neglected. However, a sharp nonlinear increase in the intensity of the p-ATP Raman peaks versus the number of particles per unit area was observed at higher coverages, indicating that the contribution from the interparticle coupling became remarkable at reduced interparticle distances. By comparing the apparent enhancement factors of the isolated particles with that of particles at saturated surface coverage, a 10–20 times extra-enhancement can be derived which could be attributed to the interparticle electromagnetic coupling. The critical centre-to-centre interparticle distance for significant electromagnetic coupling is found to be about twice the particle diameter. Further efforts will be made in quantitatively correlating the present results with the possible alterations in plasmon resonance of the assembled gold nanoparticles by the substrate and the interparticle coupling.
An Information-Theoretic Approach to Detecting Changes in Multi-Dimensional Data Streams (2006)

Abstract An important problem in processing large data streams is detecting changes in the underly-ing distribution that generates the data. The challenge in designing change detection schemes is making them general, scalable, and statistically sound. In this paper, we take a general,information-theoretic approach to the change detection problem, which works for multidimensional as well as categorical data. We use relative entropy, also called the Kullback-Leiblerdistance, to measure the difference between two given distributions. The KL-distance is known to be related to the optimal error in determining whether the two distributions are the sameand draws on fundamental results in hypothesis testing. The KL-distance also generalizes traditional distance measures in statistics, and has invariance properties that make it ideally suitedfor comparing distributions. Our scheme is general; it is nonparametric and requires no assumptions on the underlyingdistributions. It employs a statistical inference procedure based on the theory of bootstrapping, which allows us to determine whether our measurements are statistically significant. The schemeis also quite flexible from a practical perspective; it can be implemented using any spatial partitioning scheme that scales well with dimensionality. In addition to providing change detections,our method generalizes Kulldorff&apos;s spatial scan statistic, allowing us to quantitatively identify specific regions in space where large changes have occurred.We provide a detailed experimental study that demonstrates the generality and efficiency of our approach with different kinds of multidimensional datasets, both synthetic and real. 1 Introduction We are collecting and storing data in unprecedented quantities and varieties--streams, images, audio, text, metadata descriptions, and even simple numbers. Over time, these data streams change as the underlying processes that generate them change. Some changes are spurious and pertain to glitches in the data. Some are genuine, caused by changes in the underlying distributions. Some changes are gradual and some are more precipitous. We would like to detect changes in a variety of settings:
Electron Tunneling in Engineered Proteins (1998)

Semiclassical theory predicts that the rates of electron transfer (ET) reactions depend on the reaction driving force (-ΔG°), a nuclear reorganization parameter (λ), and the electronic-coupling strength (HAB) between reactants and products at the transition state. ET rates reach their maximum values (k°ET) when the nuclear factor is optimized (-ΔG° = λ); these k°ET values are limited only by the strength (H2AB) of the electronic interaction between the donor (D) and acceptor (A). The dependence of the rates of Ru(His33)cytochrome c ET reactions on -ΔG° (0.59-1.4 eV) accords closely with semiclassical predictions. The anomalously high rates of highly exergonic (-ΔG° ≥ 1.4 eV) ET reactions suggest initial formation of an electronically excited ferroheme in these cases. Coupling-limited Cu+ to Ru3+ and Fe2+ to Ru3+ ET rates for several Ru-modified proteins are in good agreement with the predictions of a tunneling-pathway model. In azurin, a blue copper protein, the distant D-A pairs are relatively well coupled (k°ET decreases exponentially with Cu-Ru distance; the decay constant is 1.1 Å-1). In contrast to the extended peptides found in azurin and other β-sheet proteins, helical structures have torturous covalent pathways owing to the curvature of the peptide backbone. The decay constants estimated from ET rates for D-A pairs separated by long sections of α helix in myoglobin and the photosynthetic reaction center are between 1.25 and 1.6 Å-1.
Targeted Cellular Micropharmacies: Cells Engineered for Localized Drug Delivery (2020)

The recent emergence of engineered cellular therapies, such as Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) CAR T and T cell receptor (TCR) engineered T cells, has shown great promise in the treatment of various cancers. These agents aggregate and expand exponentially at the tumor site, resulting in potent immune activation and tumor clearance. Moreover, the ability to elaborate these cells with therapeutic agents, such as antibodies, enzymes, and immunostimulatory molecules, presents an unprecedented opportunity to specifically modulate the tumor microenvironment through cell-mediated drug delivery. This unique pharmacology, combined with significant advances in synthetic biology and cell engineering, has established a new paradigm for cells as vectors for drug delivery. Targeted cellular micropharmacies (TCMs) are a revolutionary new class of living drugs, which we envision will play an important role in cancer medicine and beyond. Here, we review important advances and considerations underway in developing this promising advancement in biological therapeutics.
The use of the ensemble Kalman filter for production management in the presence of impermeable obstructions (2015)

This study presents a novel approach for maximizing the efficiency of the water flooding process by controlling the flood front dynamics. The optimization is carried out assuming the presence of spatially varying geological properties and impermeable obstructions located between the injection and production wells and thus hindering the sweep efficiency inside the reservoir. Controlling the flood front dynamics is achieved by coupling an ensemble Kalman filter scheme with a two-phase immiscible flow reservoir simulator and thus relying on a set of observational data provided via a grid of smart wells. For that purpose, a virtual grid of smart wells assumed to be fully saturated with water and evenly distributed around the obstruction location is employed. The presented method is applied to a synthetic numerical example where the fluid front is tracked to maximize water flooding by controlling the injection and production rates.
Early Onset Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in Bradykinin B <sub>2</sub> Receptor Null Mice (1999)

Kinins have been implicated in the hemodynamic adaptation to postnatal life. The present study examined the impact of bradykinin B(2) receptor (B(2)R) gene disruption on the postnatal changes in blood pressure (BP) and the susceptibility to early onset salt-sensitive hypertension in mice. B(2)R null (-/-) and wild-type (+/+) mice were fed normal (NS, 1% NaCl) or high (HS, 5% NaCl) salt diets during pregnancy. After birth, the pups remained with their mothers until they were weaned and were subsequently continued on the respective maternal salt intake until 4 months of age. The age-related changes at 3 and 4 months in tail-cuff BP and anesthetized mean arterial pressure at 4 months were not different in NS/B(2)R(-/-) and NS/B(2)R(+/+) mice. However, there was a mild increase in BP in NS/B(2)R(-/-) at 2 months versus NS/B(2)R(+/+). In contrast, HS/B(2)R(-/-) mice manifested early onset and persistent elevations of tail-cuff BP (P<0.05) at 2, 3, and 4 months versus other groups. MAP was also higher in HS/B(2)R(-/-) than HS/B(2)R(+/+), NS/B(2)R(-/-), and NS/B(2)R(+/+) (91+/-3 versus 75+/-5, 74+/-2, and 70+/-2 mm Hg, respectively; P<0.05). Kidney renin and angiotensin type 1 receptor mRNA levels were not different. Additional studies showed that a delay in the initiation of HS until after birth was accompanied by later development of hypertension, although postnatal discontinuation of HS resulted in a gradual return of BP to normal values by 4 months of age. The results demonstrate that (1) kinins protect the developing animal from salt-sensitive hypertension, (2) lack of B(2)R from early development does not alter the maturation of BP under conditions of normal sodium intake, and (3) exposure to a HS diet during fetal life is not sufficient in itself to induce long-term hypertension in either wild-type or B(2)R null mice.
Formation of internally-confined semiconductor lasers (1975)

In technique for fabrication of strip lasers, current constriction is accomplished by diffusing blocking regions into n-type substrate prior to growth. Current flow is controlled by blocking layers, which results in reduction of threshold current and better heat dissipation.
Sorption Of Divalent Metal Ions From Aqueous Solution By Oxidized carbon Nanotubes And Nanocages: A Review (2013)

This is a scientific review defining the technical feasibility of surface oxidized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for sorption of divalent metal ions (Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , Pb 2+ , Zn 2+ ) from aqueous solution. By conducting the detailed literature review it was found that the adsorption capacities of CNTs remarkably increased after conducting their surface oxidization with NaOCl, HNO3 and KMnO4 solutions. Unlike many microporous adsorbents, CNTs possess ï‌
Nanosecond Time Scale Motions in Proteins Revealed by High-Resolution NMR Relaxometry (2013)

Understanding the molecular determinants underlying protein function requires the characterization of both structure and dynamics at atomic resolution. Nuclear relaxation rates allow a precise characterization of protein dynamics at the Larmor frequencies of spins. This usually limits the sampling of motions to a narrow range of frequencies corresponding to high magnetic fields. At lower fields one cannot achieve sufficient sensitivity and resolution in NMR. Here, we use a fast shuttle device where the polarization builds up and the signals are detected at high field, while longitudinal relaxation takes place at low fields 0.5 < B0 < 14.1 T. The sample is propelled over a distance up to 50 cm by a blowgun-like system in about 50 ms. The analysis of nitrogen-15 relaxation in the protein ubiquitin over such a wide range of magnetic fields offers unprecedented insights into molecular dynamics. Some key regions of the protein feature structural fluctuations on nanosecond time scales, which have so far been overlooked in high-field relaxation studies. Nanosecond motions in proteins may have been underestimated by traditional high-field approaches, and slower supra-τ(c) motions that have no effect on relaxation may have been overestimated. High-resolution relaxometry thus opens the way to a quantitative characterization of nanosecond motions in proteins.
The Effects of the Swede-O, New Cross, and McDavid Ankle Braces and Adhesive Ankle Taping on Speed, Balance, Agility, and Vertical Jump. (1992)

Scores from motor performance tests were compared using subjects with taped and untaped ankles. Previous studies have shown that taped ankle support may be detrimental in vertical and standing broad jumping performance. Conflicting data have been published on the effects of commercial ankle braces on various motor tasks. The performances of 18 elite soccer players in selected tests of speed, balance, agility, and vertical jumping were compared under conditions of untaped, nonelastic adhesive taped, Swede-O-braced, New Cross-braced, and McDavid-braced ankles. Vertical jump performance was significantly reduced when subjects wore New Cross braces. There were no significant differences in tests of speed, balance, and agility among any of the support conditions. Until now, nonelastic adhesive tape has been the preferred method of prophylactic ankle support. I conclude that certain commercial ankle braces may be used as a support alternative during selected activities.
Common Sense and the Law (1980)

Abstract This chapter concerns the employment of causal notions within a legal context, especially focusing on the account given by Hart and Honore. The examination is made in the light of Mackie's conclusions regarding causal regularities and conditional analyses offered in the previous chapters. Mackie argues that despite the variety of employment of causal notions put forward by Hart and Honore, there may be one broad account of causation that can account for all of those cases. Mackie also critically examines Ducasse's account of causation. Having made several criticisms of this account, Mackie concludes that a counterfactual component is still required for any successful account of causation.
Ultrabroadband conical emission generated from the ultraviolet up to the far-infrared during the optical filamentation in air (2008)

Ultraviolet and infrared conical emissions were observed during the filamentation in air of powerful femtosecond laser pulses produced by a portable terawatt laser system. The broadband spectrum was measured from 200 nm up to 14 microm and covered the complete optical transmission window of the atmosphere. The angularly resolved spectrum showed some X-wave structure across the frequency range analyzed. However, we demonstrated that the strong conical emission observed in the mid- and far-infrared is mainly owing to the four-wave mixing between the pump pulse and its blueshifted conical emission.
Alteration in glycosphingolipid pattern during phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced cell differentiation in human T-lymphoid leukemia cells. (1986)

We analyzed the patterns of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) from a line of cells derived from a clone of the human T-cell leukemia cells (CEM) that had been induced to differentiate by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) into cells with a suppressor-like phenotype. We characterized the differentiation state of the cells by immunofluorescence by using anti-cell surface differentiation-specific monoclonal antibodies (OKT3, OKT4, OKT6, and OKT8). The GSLs were extracted and separated by thin-layer chromatography and the individual bands were quantitated by a dual-wavelength densitometer or by autoradiography of GSLs labeled with [14C]glucosamine and [14C]galactose. Treatment of the CEM cells with 0.16-16 nM PMA for 6 h to 6 days resulted in a dose- and time-dependent increase in the amount of two neutral GSLs [ceramide monohexoside and ceramide dihexoside] and three gangliosides [monosialoganglioside (GM3), sialosylparagloboside, and disialoganglioside (GD3)]. The increase in the neutral GSLs after PMA treatment reached its maximum at 30 h while GM3 peaked at 96 h. The increases in GM3 and sialosylparagloboside are presumably due to an increase in their synthesis levels because PMA promoted an elevated incorporation of glucosamine and galactose into these GSLs. The increase in the amount of GD3, on the other hand, is due to either a decrease in its degradation or use in other metabolic pathways because no detectable increase in glucosamine and galactose incorporation into this ganglioside could be found. Incubation of control or PMA-induced CEM cells with GM3 fractions purified from either CEM cells, human brain, or dog erythrocytes caused a reduction in cell growth and prevented the increase in reactivity of the induced cells with the OKT3 antibody. Incubation with semisynthetic ceramide dihexoside, however, prevented the decrease in reactivity with the OKT4 antibody. The observed changes in GSL patterns during PMA-induced differentiation of the CEM cells into suppressor-like cells and the inhibition of CEM cell growth by GM3 fractions suggest that the GSLs play a role in the control of cell growth and differentiation in the PMA-treated CEM cells.
Use of silver nanoparticles increased inhibition of cell-associated HIV-1 infection by neutralizing antibodies developed against HIV-1 envelope proteins (2011)

The addition of AgNPs to NABs has significantly increased the neutralizing potency of NABs in prevention of cell-associated HIV-1 transmission/infection. Further exploration is required to standardize potentiation of NABs by AgNPs. It is also required to evaluate in vivo toxicity of AgNPs before AgNPs could be incorporated in any antiviral vaginal creams.
Bovine pan T-cell monoclonal antibodies reactive with a molecule similar to CD2. (1988)

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) CH128A and CH61A react with molecules of 50,000-60,000 MW. They are expressed by all T cells in cattle, comprising 44-69% of peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes (PBM), the majority of lymphocytes in T-dependent areas of lymph node, and 75-80% of cells derived from the thymus including both cortical and medullary thymocytes. The molecule recognized by these mAbs is not expressed on B lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, or granulocytes. Both mAb inhibit spontaneous rosette formation by sheep erythrocytes and bovine lymphocytes. We postulate that these mAb see the bovine homologue of the human sheep red blood cell receptor CD2 and has been named BoT2.
ТОПОГРАФІЯ СТРАВОХОДУ В 4-5-МІСЯЧНИХ ПЛОДІВ (2008)

The anatomical features of the esophagus have been studied by means of the methods of thin preparation, macro-microscopy and morphometry on 16 human fetuses measuring 81,0-170,0 mm of the parieto-coccygeal length (PCL). A variability of the topographo-anatomical interrelations of the esophagus and the vagus nerves, the formation of the anterior and posterior vagal trunks has been established. A close correlation among the esophagus, the thoracic aorta, the mediastinal pleura and the parietal leaf of the pericardium has been detected.
On Generalizable Low False-Positive Learning Using Asymmetric Support Vector Machines (2012)

The Support Vector Machines (SVMs) have been widely used for classification due to its ability to give low generalization error. In many practical applications of classification, however, the wrong prediction of a certain class is much severer than that of the other classes, making the original SVM unsatisfactory. In this paper, we propose the notion of Asymmetric Support Vector Machine (ASVM), an asymmetric extension of the SVM, for these applications. Different from the existing SVM extensions such as thresholding and parameter tuning, ASVM employs a new objective that models the imbalance between the costs of false predictions from different classes in a novel way such that user tolerance on false-positive rate can be explicitly specified. Such a new objective formulation allows us of obtaining a lower false-positive rate without much degradation of the prediction accuracy or increase in training time. Furthermore, we show that the generalization ability is preserved with the new objective. We also study the effects of the parameters in ASVM objective and address some implementation issues related to the Sequential Minimal Optimization (SMO) to cope with large-scale data. An extensive simulation is conducted and shows that ASVM is able to yield either noticeable improvement in performance or reduction in training time as compared to the previous arts.
Tunable microfluidic optical fiber gratings (2003)

We demonstrate periodic refractive index gratings in optical waveguides formed by microfluidic plugs that are infused into the airholes of a microstructured optical fibers. The periodic microfluidic plugs, created in the cladding, cause resonant coupling between copropagating optical fiber modes, which results in wavelength-dependent attenuation. We also demonstrate the ability to tune the resonant wavelength by compressing the microfluidic structure. These microfluidic resonant structures provide an alternative method for creating and tuning long-period gratings in optical fibers. This also represents an example of a resonant microfluidic structure and establishes potential strategies for enhanced tunable photonic crystal devices.
Progress towards production worthy developable BARCs (DBARCs) (2009)

Developable bottom anti-reflective coating (DBARC) technology holds promise in two main areas of lithography. The first application of DBARC is in implant lithography where patterning implant levels would greatly benefit from improved reflection control such as provided by a conventional BARC. However, implant layers cannot withstand BARC open etch thereby making DBARC an attractive solution as the resist and DBARC are simultaneously dissolved during the development step leaving the underlying substrate ready for implantation. In comparison to current implant processes with top anti-reflective coatings (TARC), DBARCs are anticipated to offer improvements in reflection control which would translate to improved CDU and increased process window for both KrF and ArF implants. Indeed, this area has long been considered the ideal insertion point for DBARC technology. The second area where DBARC technology can make a significant impact is in non-implant lithography. In this large segment, the ability to replace a conventional BARC with a DBARC affords the device maker the ability to simplify both lithographic and integration processes. By replacing the BARC with a DBARC, the BARC open etch is negated. Furthermore, by applying this strategy on multilayer stacks it is possible to greatly simplify the process by avoiding both CVD steps and pattern transfer steps thereby easing integration. In this area, DBARC technology could have merit for low k1 KrF and ArF (dry) lithography as well as in immersion ArF processes. This paper describes our results in designing production worthy DBARCs for both implant and non-implant applications. A newly developed KrF DBARC platform is evaluated for logic implant applications and compared to a standard TARC implant process. Post develop residue and defectivity are checked for the new platform and the results compared to production worthy BARC and implant resists. A new ArF platform was also developed and initial lithographic results are reported for an implant application. Several non-implant applications were also investigated and results are reported for high resolution KrF and ArF (dry) lithography as well as an immersion ArF process.