gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highly-reliable, 30&#x00B5;m pitch copper interconnects using nano-ACF/NCF (2009)

Flip chip packaging of ultra fine pitch integrated circuits (ICs) on organic substrates aggravates the stress-strain concerns, requiring a fundamentally different system approach to interconnections, underfill, interfaces, and the substrate. This work demonstrates a novel interconnection solution with excellent reliability for ultra-fine pitch (~30 mum) silicon (Si) on organic first level interconnections by using copper (Cu) pillar with nano-anisotropic conductive film (nano-ACF)/non conductive Film (NCF). Novel nano-ACF/NCF materials were developed and evaluated for package level reliability criterion for mobile or portable electronics systems at ultra-fine first level interconnect pitch of 30 mum. Various additives were added to the formulation to enhance the reliability performance. Test vehicles (TVs) with 30 mum bump pitch were designed with 3 mm times 3 mm chip to extract both daisy chain resistance and single bump resistance data. As assembled bump resistivity was measured and the interconnect reliability performance was evaluated using the novel adhesive materials for flip-chip on organic packages. Performance of these test vehicles was studied for High Temperature Storage Life Test (HTS), Unbiased- Highly Accelerated Stress Test (U-HAST) and is currently being tested for Thermal Cycling Test (TCT). Test results showed that the interconnect resistance is better than or comparable to most common solders for both as assembled and U-HAST tested assemblies. The TVs depicted excellent reliability results in both HTS and U-HAST. Insulation resistance measurements showed that these adhesives are near perfect insulators and there is negligible difference in nano-ACF and NCF in terms of leakage current. On the basis of the results, nano-adhesive materials, proposed in this work provide unique opportunities for ultra fine pitch and high electrical performance interconnects.
Roles of small RNAs in plant disease resistance (2014)

The interaction between plants and pathogens represents a dynamic competition between a robust immune system and efficient infectious strategies. Plant innate immunity is composed of complex and highly regulated molecular networks, which can be triggered by the perception of either conserved or race-specific pathogenic molecular signatures. Small RNAs are emerging as versatile regulators of plant development, growth and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. They act in different tiers of plant immunity, including the pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered and the effector-triggered immunity. On the other hand, pathogens have evolved effector molecules to suppress or hijack the host small RNA pathways. This leads to an arms race between plants and pathogens at the level of small RNA-mediated defense. Here, we review recent advances in small RNA-mediated defense responses and discuss the challenging questions in this area.
Fabrication of co-planar screen printed microband electrodes (2013)

We demonstrate the first example of the fabrication of co-planar 50 μm (width) screen printed graphite microbands (length: 20 mm), fabricated entirely via screen printing which are characterised both microscopically and electrochemically via cyclic voltammetry and evaluated towards the sensing of NADH offering a competitive limit of detection (3σ) of 0.24 μM. The fabricated electrodes are also shown to be extended to gold screen printed microbands which are evaluated towards the sensing of chromium(VI) offering a limit of detection (3σ) of 2.65 μM. These microbands are seen to be the first produced entirely through screen printed technology potentially allowing disposable, mass produced microbands to be realised.
The resistance to ischemia of white and gray matter after stroke (2004)

A contributing factor to the failure of trials of neuroprotectants in acute ischemic stroke may be the differing vulnerability to ischemia of white compared with gray matter. To address this issue, we determined to establish the existence of potentially viable tissue in white matter and its evolution to infarction or salvage in both gray and white matter compartments in patients with ischemic stroke. Twenty-seven patients (mean age, 73.4 years) at a median of 16.5 hours after symptom onset were studied using the hypoxic marker 18F-misonidazole with positron emission tomography (PET). Tissue was segmented using an magnetic resonance probabilistic map. Although there was a greater volume of initially "at-risk tissue" in gray matter (58.3 cm3, 29.9-93.0 cm3 than white matter (42.0 cm3, 15.8-74.0 cm3; p <0.001) at the time of PET imaging, a higher proportion of this was still potentially viable in white matter (41.4%, 4.6-74.5%) than in gray matter (23.6%, 3.2-61.1%; p <0.05). However, a similar proportion in each compartment spontaneously survived. These data provide evidence for the existence of potentially salvageable tissue in human white matter and is consistent with it having a similar or even greater resistance to ischemia than gray matter. For the latter possibility, alternative therapeutic strategies may be required for its salvage.
Changing Geography of Retailing in Japan: Move from Traditional Shopping Arcades to Malls (2015)

Changing Geography ofRetailing in Japan: Move from Traditional Shopping Arcades to Malls am currently a junior at the University of Kentucky majoring in International Economics and Foreign Language (Japanese).I am also a student in the Honors Program.Other activities include being an active member and treasurer of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity.This research pertains to data gathered in Japan while I was there during the summer of 2006.The yearly trip to Japan, set up by Professor Karan, gives students an opportunity to develop a research idea and pursue it throughout the summer abroad.I was initially interested in the clash between traditional Japan and the modernization of capitalism.Professor Karan helped me narrow my subject down to study specific areas of business and how they were being affected by the developing economy.The project in Japan gave me an opportunity to collect data, statistics, and interviews on a subject that I was interested in studying.Looking back, there were many challenges that came with Professor Karan's study abroad trip (language barrier, culture shock, etc.) but the difficulties made the concluding product much more fulfilling.In the future, I would like to work with a business involved in international commerce.Hopefully, the study of the Japanese language will aid me one day in the pursuit of this goal.Japan is a fascinating country filled with a rich history and a promising future; I want to thank Professor Karan for challenging me to go there and collect research on their changing economy.
Effect of Human Rotavirus Vaccine on Severe Diarrhea in African Infants (2010)

Human rotavirus vaccine significantly reduced the incidence of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis among African infants during the first year of life. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00241644.)
Obstacle negotiation for the rescue robot with variable single-tracked mechanism (2007)

The purpose of this paper is to provide a practical introduction to a mobile robot developed for rescue operations. The robot has a variable single-tracked mechanism for the driving part, making it inherently able to overcome indoor obstacles such as stairs. In this research, the robot is given the capacity of obstacle negotiation as a hardware attachment in order to realize autonomous navigation that is well matched to an original target, rescue operation. There are three driving modes to choose from, and the robot recognizes the forward environment once and estimates whether or not any obstacles are there. Experimental results show that the robot moves in opposition to several obstacles, reflecting the proposed algorithm ultimately.
Design and Synthesis of C6−C8 Bridged Epothilone A (2008)

A conformationally restrained epothilone A analogue (3) with a short bridge between methyl groups at C6 and C8 was designed and synthesized. Preliminary biological evaluation indicates 3 to be only weakly active (IC50 = 8.5 microM) against the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line.
ArF excimer laser lithography with bottom antireflective coating (1998)

In ArF excimer laser lithography, the bottom antireflective coating (BARC) technique is essential in inhibiting the effect of interference and reflective notching. We investigated the antireflective effect of commercially available organic BARCs, that had originally been designed for KrF and i-line lithography, and also the patterning characteristics of ArF resists with BARCs. The refractive indices of various materials were measured with a spectroscopic ellipsometer. The real part (n) and the imaginary part (k) of the complex refractive index at 193 nm were 1.4 to 1.7 and 0.1 to 0.8 respectively. Almost all the materials had sufficient antireflectivity at 193 nm. We investigated the patterning characteristics of chemically amplified ArF positive resists with suitable BARC materials. The resolution, the depth-of- focus of patterns below 0.16-micrometer lines and spaces, and the exposure latitude were improved and good critical dimensional control over topography was achieved by using BARC. An acceptable profile after gate structure (BARC, W-Si, and Poly-Si) etching could be obtained under the typical etching conditions used for KrF resists.
Adaptation of orienting behavior: from the barn owl to a robotic system (1999)

Autonomous robotic systems need to adjust their sensorimotor coordinations so as to maintain good performance in the presence of changes in their sensory and motor characteristics. Biological systems are able to adapt to large variations in their physical and functional properties. In the last decade, the adjustment of orienting behavior has been carefully investigated in the barn owl, a nocturnal predator with highly developed auditory capabilities. We have previously proposed that the development and maintenance of the barn owl's accurate orienting behavior can be explained through a process of learning based on the saliency of sensorimotor events. In this paper we consider the application of a detailed computer model of the principal neural structures involved in the process of spatial localization in the barn owl to the control of the orienting behavior of a robotic system, in the presence of auditory and visual stimulation. The system is composed of a robotic head equipped with two lateral microphones and a camera. We show that the model produces accurate orienting behavior toward both auditory and visual targets and is able to quickly recover good performance after alterations of the sensory inputs and motor outputs. The results illustrate that an architecture specifically designed to account for biological phenomena can produce flexible and robust motor control of a robotic system operating in the real world.
Low-dose spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section to prevent spinal-induced hypotension (2008)

Low-dose CSE is a valuable strategy to anesthetize pregnant women for cesarean section but requires attention and training.
Asymmetric Catalysis on the Intramolecular Cyclopropanation of α-Diazo-β-keto Sulfones (2003)

This work describes the development of a highly enantioselective asymmetric catalysis on the intramolecular cyclopropanation of alpha-diazo-beta-keto sulfones. We have found that the catalytic asymmetric intramolecular reactions of alpha-diazo-beta-keto sulfones generally proceed with high enantioselectivity when the alpha-diazo-beta-keto mesityl sulfone is used with the newly prepared ligand 2e. The absolute configuration of products has been determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis, and the outcome of the enantioselectivities is explained well by our proposed models A and B. The products possess great potential for natural product synthesis because (1) many different chemistries of cyclopropane, ketone, and sulfone are available, and (2) the products are generally highly crystalline, facilitating the supplies of enantiomerically pure synthetic intermediates.
Correction: Properties and Molecular Determinants of the Natural Flavone Acacetin for Blocking hKv4.3 Channels (2013)

The natural flavone acacetin has been demonstrated to inhibit transient outward potassium current (I to ) in human atrial myocytes. However, the molecular determinants of acacetin for blocking I to are unknown. The present study was designed to investigate the properties and molecular determinants of this compound for blocking hKv4.3 channels (coding I to ) stably expressed in HEK 293 cells using the approaches of whole-cell patch voltage-clamp technique and mutagenesis. It was found that acacetin inhibited hKv4.3 current by binding to both the closed and open channels, and decreased the recovery from inactivation. The blockade of hKv4.3 channels by acacetin was use-and frequency-dependent, and IC 50 s of acacetin for inhibiting hKv4.3 were 7.9, 6.1, 3.9, and 3.2 mM, respectively, at 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 3.3 Hz. The mutagenesis study revealed that the hKv4.3 mutants T366A and T367A in the P-loop helix, and V392A, I395A and V399A in the S6-segment had a reduced channel blocking efficacy of acacetin (IC 50 , 44.5 mM for T366A, 25.8 mM for T367A, 17.6 mM for V392A, 16.2 mM for I395A, and 19.1 mM for V399A). These results demonstrate the novel information that acacetin may inhibit the closed channels and block the open state of the channels by binding to their P-loop filter helix and S6 domain. The use-and rate-dependent blocking of hKv4.3 by acacetin is likely beneficial for managing atrial fibrillation.
KC-135 winglet flight results (1981)

Three KC-135 winglet configurations were flight tested for cant/incidence angles of 15 deg/-4 deg, 15 deg/-2 deg, and 0 deg/-4 deg, as well as the basic wing. The flight results for the 15 deg/-4 deg and basic wing configurations confirm the wind tunnel predicted 7% incremental decrease in total drag at cruise conditions. The 15 deg/-4 configuration flight measured wing and winglet pressure distributions, loads, stability and control, flutter, and buffet also correlate well with predicted values. The only unexpected flight results as compared with analytical predictions is a flutter speed decrease for the 0 deg/-4 deg configuration. The 15 deg/-2 deg configuration results show essentially the same incremental drag reduction as the 15 deg/-4 deg configuration; however, the flight loads are approximately 30% higher for the 15 deg/-2 deg configuration. The drag data for the 0 deg/-4 deg configuration show only a flight drag reduction.
Postrelapse Survival in Osteosarcoma of the Extremities: Prognostic Factors for Long-Term Survival (2003)

RFI, site of metastases, and number of pulmonary nodules are the main prognostic factors for PRS in osteosarcoma. Complete surgery of recurrence is pivotal in the strategy of treatment. Patients with unresectable recurrence benefit from second-line chemotherapy, whereas our data do not support a generalized use of chemotherapy after complete surgery of first recurrence.
[D-dimer in diagnosis of acute thromboses of lower-limb deep veins]. (2009)

Analysed herein is a potential role the D-dimer plays in diagnosis of acute venous thromboses of the lower limbs. The D-dimer blood plasma levels were determined in a total of 195 patients with either suspected or known acute thrombosis of the lower-limb deep veins. The D-dimer concentration was measured by the immunoturbidimetric method. Acute venous thrombosis (AVT) was either confirmed or negated by means of ultrasonographic scanning. Of the 195 patients examined, thrombosis in the system of the inferior vena cava was detected in 161 subjects, whereas in the remaining 34 cases the tentative diagnosis was not confirmed. Amongst the patients with established AVT, the D-dimer level was elevated in 156 (96.9%). Of the 34 patients with unconfirmed AVT, the test for the presence of D-dimer was negative in 20 (58.8%) patients and positive in 14 (41.2%) subjects. Hence, the sensitivity of the test understudy amounted to 96.9%, while its specificity did not exceed 58.8%. A direct correlation between the incidence of AVT and the D-dimer level was revealed. Given high sensitivity of the D-dimer in AVT, this test should be used in a suspicion for or a high risk of phiebothrombosis in order to reliably exclude the diagnosis if the result proves negative.
Foxa2 acts as a co-activator potentiating expression of the Nurr1-induced DA phenotype via epigenetic regulation (2014)

Understanding how dopamine (DA) phenotypes are acquired in midbrain DA (mDA) neuron development is important for bioassays and cell replacement therapy for mDA neuron-associated disorders. Here, we demonstrate a feed-forward mechanism of mDA neuron development involving Nurr1 and Foxa2. Nurr1 acts as a transcription factor for DA phenotype gene expression. However, Nurr1-mediated DA gene expression was inactivated by forming a protein complex with CoREST, and then recruiting histone deacetylase 1 (Hdac1), an enzyme catalyzing histone deacetylation, to DA gene promoters. Co-expression of Nurr1 and Foxa2 was established in mDA neuron precursor cells by a positive cross-regulatory loop. In the presence of Foxa2, the Nurr1-CoREST interaction was diminished (by competitive formation of the Nurr1-Foxa2 activator complex), and CoREST-Hdac1 proteins were less enriched in DA gene promoters. Consequently, histone 3 acetylation (H3Ac), which is responsible for open chromatin structures, was strikingly increased at DA phenotype gene promoters. These data establish the interplay of Nurr1 and Foxa2 as the crucial determinant for DA phenotype acquisition during mDA neuron development.
Two-Dimensional Glenoid Version Measurements Vary with Coronal and Sagittal Scapular Rotation (2010)

Any malalignment of > or = 1 degree of the scapula in the coronal or sagittal plane will create inaccuracies in measuring glenoid version. The plane of axial reconstruction should be aligned with the scapula when two-dimensional computed tomography images are used to measure glenoid version. These findings support the use of three-dimensional models to evaluate glenoid version.
Microcrystalline silicon: An emerging material for stable thin‐film transistors (2004)

Abstract— Top‐gate and bottom‐gate microcrystalline‐silicon thin‐film transistors (TFTs) have been produced at low temperature (150–250°C) by the standard radio‐frequency glow‐discharge technique using three preparation methods: the hydrogen dilution of silane in hydrogen, the layer‐by‐layer technique, and the use of SiF 4 ‐Ar‐H 2 feedstock. In all cases, a stable top‐gate TFT with mobility values around 1 cm 2 /V‐sec have been achieved, making them suitable for basic circuit on glass applications. Moreover, the use of SiF 4 gas combined with specific plasma treatments of the a‐SiN:H dielectric produces large columns, even at the interface with the dielectric. This leads to stable bottom‐gate TFTs, fully compatible with today's a‐Si:H production facilities, reaching mobility values up to 3 cm 2 /V‐sec. These devices are an interesting alternative to laser‐crystallized polysilicon thin films in a growing number of applications.
The Statistical Analysis of Variance-Heterogeneity and the Logarithmic Transformation (1946)

M. S. Bartlett, D. G. Kendall, The Statistical Analysis of Variance-Heterogeneity and the Logarithmic Transformation, Supplement to the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 8, No. 1 (1946), pp. 128-138
Controlling the complexity of grouped items in colour interfaces (2005)

In this paper we describe a method of managing the complexity that arises when automatically colouring a realistic GUI interface. This complexity primarily comes from two sources, from the number of items to be coloured - which in interfaces of realistic complexity grows very quickly - and from the interactions between both the items' colours themselves and their background colour. Attempting to satisfy the relationships between the colours of items in an interface, their backgrounds, whether items may be coloured identically or must be distinct, and all the while creating a colour scheme that is harmonious requires multiple constraints be satisfied simultaneously. The addition of visually related groups of screen elements complicates this optimisation. The use of spring-based algorithms will allow groups to have their own local colour schemes (sub-schemes) while still satisfying the need for overall colour harmony.
Basic biology and clinical application of specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (2000)

In summary, COX-2 is a highly regulated gene product that catalyzes the local production of PGs in pathologic and physiologic situations (Figure 1). It is clear that COX-2 is the isoform responsible for production of the PGs that mediate inflammation, pain, and fever. However, the role for COX-2 in normal physiology is still being defined. Specific COX-2 inhibitors represent a significant conceptual advance in therapy for patients with arthritis. Although there is no expectation of superior efficacy, clinical trials suggest that efficacy will be comparable with that of nonselective NSAIDs. Clinical trials demonstrate the potential for clinically meaningful reductions in the incidence of the most serious GI complications found with nonselective NSAIDs, i.e., ulcer, perforation, and GI bleeding. Over the next several years, treatment of large numbers of patients with specific COX-2 inhibitors will help to define the biology of COX-2. The magnitude of this advance in the therapy of rheumatic diseases is yet to be accurately determined, but the development of specific COX-2 inhibitors may afford significant new treatment options for many patients.
VEGF in the Crosstalk between Human Adipocytes and Smooth Muscle Cells: Depot-Specific Release from Visceral and Perivascular Adipose Tissue (2013)

Adipose tissue secrets adipokines and fatty acids, which may contribute to obesity-associated vascular dysfunction and cardiovascular risk. This study investigated which factors are responsible for the synergistic effect of adipokine and oleic acid- (OA-) induced proliferation of human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Adipocyte-conditioned medium (CM) from human adipocytes induces proliferation of VSMC in correlation to its vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) content. CM increases VEGF-receptor (VEGF-R) 1 and 2 expression and VEGF secretion of VSMC, while OA only stimulates VEGF secretion. VEGF neutralization abrogates CM- and OA-induced proliferation and considerably reduces proliferation induced by CM and OA in combination. VEGF release is higher from visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of obese subjects compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and VAT from lean controls. Furthermore, VEGF release from VAT correlates with its proliferative effect. Perivascular adipose tissue (PAT) from type 2 diabetic patients releases significantly higher amounts of VEGF and induces stronger proliferation of VSMC as compared to SAT and SAT/PAT of nondiabetics. In conclusion, VEGF is mediating CM-induced proliferation of VSMC. As this adipokine is released in high amounts from VAT of obese patients and PAT of diabetic patients, VEGF might link adipose tissue inflammation to increased VSMC proliferation.