gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Success of the high-dose/refuge resistance management strategy after 15 years of Bt crop use in North America (2011)

Transgenic maize and cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins were first commercialized in 1996. By 2009, Bt crops were planted on ca. 47.6Mha in 22 countries worldwide, with the USA and Canada accounting for 54% of this area. Resistance (virulence) development in target insect pests is a major threat to the sustainable use of Bt crops. Four major target pests of Bt crops in the USA and Canada - European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar (both Lepidoptera: Crambidae), tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) - remain susceptible to Bt toxins after 15years of intensive use of Bt maize and Bt cotton. The success in sustaining susceptibility in these major pests is associated with successful implementation of the 'high-dose/refuge' insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategy: (i) Bt crop cultivars express a 'high dose', (ii) initial frequency of resistance alleles is very low, and (iii) a refuge is maintained nearby in the environment. Field resistance (including control failure) to a Bt crop has been clearly documented in three situations: fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith] in Puerto Rico, African stem borer [Busseola fusca Fuller (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] in South Africa, and P. gossypiella in India. Factors associated with these cases of field resistance include: failure to use high-dose Bt cultivars and lack of sufficient refuge. These observations support the claim that implementation of the 'high-dose/refuge' IRM strategy has been successful in substantially delaying field resistance to Bt crops. © 2011 The Authors. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata © 2011 The Netherlands Entomological Society.
Antecedentes de la intención de descarga de música. Un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (2011)

Free downloading of music from Internet has experienced a spectacular growth lately. According to esti- mations, in hardly three years the number of downloadings has increased in Spain a 240%. At the same time, sales of music in original format are diminishing gradually what it has taken to music companies to reframe their strategies of business. The analysis of the antecedents of the downloading behaviour is necessary to establish measures that allow surpassing this situation. From a model that includes past behaviour, ethical predisposition, attitude towards downloading, involvement with music, and the perception of own abilities like antecedents of the intention, by means of structural equations it is shown that attitude towards music downloading is the key factor that determines the in- tention to do it. This attitude is strongly influenced by variables like ethical predisposition of the individual and by in- volvement, variable not considered in any previous study.
Estimation of Formation Pressures From Electrical Surveys-Offshore Louisiana (1966)

Discussion Background Theory Origin of Abnormal PressuresThe origin of abnormal pressures has been discussed by numerous researchers and several theories, well summarized by Watts in 1948, have been advanced to explain such pressures. The generally accepted theory explaining the occurrence of abnormally high pressures in the offshore area is paraphrased below. Consider a layer of sediments deposited at the bottom of the sea in a fluid environment. As more and more sediments are added above this layer, the grains of the sediments will pack closer together and accept the added weight of the overburden. Some of the water within the pore spaces will be squeezed out by the compaction. Since the water is continuous with (or in communication with) the water in the sediments and sea above, the pressure with-in the water is hydrostatic. As long as this process continues through geologic time so that water in the pore spaces is free to move out with the addition of overburden weight, the pressure of the fluid in the pores will remain hydrostatic or normal. As reported by Cannon and Craze in 1938, the normal pressure gradient in the Gulf Coast region approximates 0.465 psi/ ft, or the weight of a column of water with 80,000 ppm salt. JPT P. 165ˆ
pH Control of the Catalytic Activity of Cross-Linked Enzyme Crystals in Organic Solvents (1996)

Lyophilized subtilisin Carlsberg exhibits “pH memory” in organic solvents, i.e., its catalytic activity in such media is profoundly affected by the pH of the aqueous solution from which the enzyme was lyophilized. In contrast, cross-linked crystalline subtilisin displays no appreciable pH memory. This disparate behavior is rationalized in terms of the different protonation states of the two enzyme preparations in organic solvents. Since cross-linked crystals (CLCs) of enzymes in organic solvents offer performance and mechanistic advantages over their lyophilized counterparts, the opportunities for pH maximizing their catalytic activity in such media are explored. It is found that subtilisin CLCs in pentanone can be activated more than 100-fold by adding a “buffer” consisting of a mixture of a suitable acid and its sodium salt (conjugate base). The maximal activation is achieved (i) when the pKa value of the buffer acid in water lies in the appropriate range, (ii) at an optimal acid/base composition of the buffer mixture, and (iii) when the buffer mixture is present in a sufficient concentration.
Shape information from glucose curves: Functional data analysis compared with traditional summary measures (2013)

FDA of OGTT glucose curves in early pregnancy extracted shape information that was not identified by commonly used simple summary measures. This information discriminated between women with and without gestational diabetes later in pregnancy.
Reverberación de la piedra (1980)

During the 7-year period (1987-1993) the authors treated nine girls on account of torsion of the adnexa. In six girls torsion of primarily unaltered adnexa occurred, in one girl torsion of an ovary enlarged by a cyst and in two torsion of the ovary affected with a benign tumour, a coetaneous teratoma. In seven instances the organ affected with ischaemic necrosis had to be resected. In two girls detorsion of the ovary was performed, according to a sonographic control examination, however, in one the affected ovary atrophied. In the discussion the authors deal with the diagnosis of torsion of the adnexa and the method of treatment. The authors consider ultrasonic examination of organs of the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneum a very suitable method in all cases of abdominal pain in childhood, as this method can greatly contribute to the diagnosis of acute abdominal and gynaecological attacks. During surgery they recommend to preserve adnexa with a doubtful vitality because there is certain hope that they will be saved. During the postoperative period they recommend the long-term follow up of girls clinically and by ultrasonographic checks. If pathological changes are detected on the preserved adnexa, they recommend early re-operation and elimination of the risk factor (cysts etc.). The operation should be supplemented by prophylactic fixation of the preserved adnexa if this fixation was not done already during the primary operation.
Abridgment of the stability of the welding arc (1928)

THE term “stability” of the welding arc can be interpreted in various ways and in accordance with conditions under which the welding arc is used.
The Effect of Light on Textiles (1964)

The fading of dyes and tendering of fibres caused by exposure of dyed textiles to light is illustrated by work carried out at the Shirley Institute, and the importance of considering the fibre–dye–atmosphere system as a whole is emphasised. The same dyes differ in their effect on the photochemical degradation of cellulose acetate and nylon. Tendering of cotton is shown to be caused almost entirely by ultraviolet radiation, and the effect of light quality on fading and tendering is demonstrated. Tendering of vat‐dyed cotton on north‐ and south‐facing exposure is examined, and the behaviour of undyed and dyed cotton on indoor and outdoor exposure leads to the examination of the effects of atmospheric contaminants, particularly sulphur dioxide, in causing serious photochemical damage. Possible methods of protection from the damaging effects of light are discussed.
Ordering Up the Minimum Thermal Conductivity of Solids (2007)

Orientation and size effects on phonon thermal conductivity in silicon/germanium multilayer structures,
Anoikis and Survival Connections in the Tumor Microenvironment: Is There a Role in Prostate Cancer Metastasis? (2005)

Overcoming the androgen independence of prostate tumors is considered the most critical therapeutic end point for improving survival in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Normal epithelial and endothelial cells can undergo apoptosis when detached from the extracellular matrix (ECM), via the anoikis phenomenon. In contrast, tumor cells upon detachment from the ECM are capable of evading anoikis and metastasizing to different distant organs. Is the biological repertoire of the epithelial and endothelial cells sufficient to account for the events associated with the process of anoikis during prostate cancer metastasis? Although there is no clear answer to this question, what has become increasingly evident from the existing evidence is that molecules that induce anoikis in tumor epithelial and endothelial cells provide exciting new leads into effective therapeutic targeting as well as markers of prostate cancer progression and prediction of therapeutic resistance. This review analyzes recent findings on anoikis regulators and discusses the relevance of this unique apoptosis mode in the development of metastatic prostate cancer and identification of molecular signatures for treatment of advanced disease.
<i>In Vitro</i> Potentiation of Carbapenems with ME1071, a Novel Metallo-β-Lactamase Inhibitor, against Metallo-β-Lactamase- Producing <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Clinical Isolates (2010)

ME1071, a maleic acid derivative, is a novel specific inhibitor for metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL). In this study, the potentiation of ME1071 in combination with several beta-lactams was evaluated using MBL-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. The rates of susceptibility of MBL producers to carbapenems (imipenem, biapenem, and doripenem) and ceftazidime were increased by 8 to 27% in the presence of 32 microg/ml of ME1071. The corresponding resistance rates were decreased by 13 to 46%, respectively. On the other hand, ME1071 showed weaker or no potentiation with non-MBL producers. The K(i) value of ME1071 for IMP-1 was 0.4 microM, significantly lower than the K(m) values of carbapenems for the IMP-1 enzyme. On the other hand, the K(i) value of ME1071 for VIM-2 was 120 microM, higher than the K(m) values of carbapenems for the VIM-2 enzyme. Results of this study indicate that ME1071 can potentiate the activity of ceftazidime and carbapenems against MBL-producing strains of P. aeruginosa.
ChemInform Abstract: Aryl—Aryl Bond Formation One Century After the Discovery of the Ullmann Reaction (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Improving the User Quality of Experience by Incorporating Intelligent Proxies in the Network (2005)

Despite recent advances in computer hardware and the emergence of broad-band access networks, client machines are often still not capable of receiving and processing all data generated in networked multimedia applications. Most current systems try to solve this problem by leveraging high-level knowledge of the application to reduce the amount of information clients need to process. However, network related information is often neglected when making such de-cisions, which can result in a non-optimal Quality of Experience for users. In this work, we propose to insert generic software proxies in the network that are both application and network aware, and we describe how their compound awareness can be exploited to intelligently manage and adapt data streams in networked applications. We also present results from the integration of our work into an existing Networked Virtual Environment. These results clearly indicate that our proxy system can improve the user QoE considerably.
Twin Beam Laser Diode for Optical Disk Memory (1987)

We report here a novel new twin beam laser diode consisting of a high power laser and a low noise laser in one chip, for writing and reading an optical disk, respectively. The maximum light output of the high power laser is typically 45mW CW, and the signal to noise ratio of low noise laser is higher than 90dB under such conditions that the operating power is 3mW CW, the frequency is 20KHz, the band width is 300Hz and the range of optical feedback ratio is 0.1-5.0%. Moreover, the up-side-down mounted device shows a good performance for the thermal cross-talk between high power and low noise laser.
Enzymatic hydration of leukotriene A4. Purification and characterization of a novel epoxide hydrolase from human erythrocytes. (1985)

Human erythrocytes contained a soluble cytosolic epoxide hydrolase for stereospecific enzymatic hydration of leukotriene A4 into leukotriene B4. The enzyme was purified 1100-fold, to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity, by conventional DEAE-Sephacel fractionation followed by high performance anion exchange and chromatofocusing procedures. Its characteristics include a molecular weight of 54,000 +/- 1,000, an isoelectric point 4.9 +/- 0.2, a Km apparent from 7 to 36 microM for enzymatic hydration of leukotriene A4, and a pH optimum ranging from 7 to 8. The enzyme was partially inactivated by its initial exposure to leukotriene A4. There was slow but detectable enzymatic hydration (pmol/min/mg) of certain arachidonic acid epoxides including (+/-)-14,15-oxido-5,8-11-eicosatrienoic acid and (+/-)-11,12-oxido-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid, but not others, including 5,6-oxido-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid. Human erythrocyte epoxide hydrolase did not hydrate either styrene oxide or trans-stilbene oxide. In terms of its physical properties and substrate preference for leukotriene A4, the erythrocyte enzyme differs from previously described versions of epoxide hydrolase. Human erythrocytes represent a novel source for an extrahepatic, cytosolic epoxide hydrolase with a potential physiological role.
The Influence of Non-Toxic Extender Oil on SBR Performances. (2004)

The increasing concern about the toxicity of highly aromatic oil (DAE) has been the incentive to develop types of E- SBR and S-SBR containing non-toxic (safe) extender oils. The main objective has been to develop replacements for the two workhorses of the tyre industry, namely SBR 1712 and 1721. Experimental activities have been carried out to investigate the effect of safe oils on rubber processability and vulcanizate properties and to provide information to help rubber technologists reformulate their compounds for equivalent properties. In a first step, based on iso-Tg concepts, two E-SBR types have been developed to replace SBR 1712 and their main properties have been evaluated. In a second phase TDAE and MES oil effects have been analysed with the aim of replacing the aromatic oil extended SSBRs that are widely used by the tyre industry. In a third phase an investigation of safe oil extended emulsion SBRs suitable to replace standard SBR 1721 was accomplished. It confirmed that with MES oil a S-SBR with an appropriate microstructure would probably be required to give the best match. On the contrary extension with TDAE oil would be easier and would eventually imply only a minor change in microstructure.
Profiling pH Changes in the Electrospray Plume (2002)

Laser-induced fluorescence spectrometry is used to profile pH changes as droplets evaporate in an electrospray plume by measuring emission spectra of 2(or 4)-[10-(dimethylamino)-3-oxo-3H-benzo[c]xanthene-7-yl]-benzenedicarboxylic acid (carboxy SNARF-1), a pH-sensitive fluorescent dye. The observed pH changes depend on initial droplet pH and polarity. In some instances, small or negligible changes of pH are observed, consistent with expected buffering. The pH of initially acidic droplets decreases along the spray axis in both positive and negative ion modes, to an extent larger than expected from solvent evaporation. This phenomenon may be a manifestation of droplet cooling, droplet subdivision, or heterogeneous charge distribution within the spray plume or within individual ES droplets.
High Field Superconducting Magnets for Particle Accelerators (1983)

Based on an extensive study of NbTi/Cu dipoles cooled with 1.8 K pressurized helium II and Nb3Sn/Cu racetrack dipoles at 4.2 K, the merit and demerit of these two kinds of magnets are discussed from the viewpoint of practical applications in future accelerators. There are many thermal, mechanical and electromagnetic difficulties in designing high field accelerator magnets in the 10 T region. Our experience with NbTi/Cu and Nb3Sn/Cu dipole magnets is reported and possible designs for high field magnets are presented, based on results of detailed calculations.
Random Field Model for Integration of Local Information and Global Information (2008)

This paper presents a proposal of a general framework that explicitly models local information and global information in a conditional random field. The proposed method extracts global image features as well as local ones and uses them to predict the scene of the input image. Scene-based top-down information is generated based on the predicted scene. It represents a global spatial configuration of labels and category compatibility over an image. Incorporation of the global information helps to resolve local ambiguities and achieves locally and globally consistent image recognition. In spite of the model's simplicity, the proposed method demonstrates good performance in image labeling of two datasets.
When Prefetching Works, When It Doesn’t, and Why (2012)

In emerging and future high-end processor systems, tolerating increasing cache miss latency and properly managing memory bandwidth will be critical to achieving high performance. Prefetching, in both hardware and software, is among our most important available techniques for doing so; yet, we claim that prefetching is perhaps also the least well-understood. Thus, the goal of this study is to develop a novel, foundational understanding of both the benefits and limitations of hardware and software prefetching. Our study includes: source code-level analysis, to help in understanding the practical strengths and weaknesses of compiler- and software-based prefetching; a study of the synergistic and antagonistic effects between software and hardware prefetching; and an evaluation of hardware prefetching training policies in the presence of software prefetching requests. We use both simulation and measurement on real systems. We find, for instance, that although there are many opportunities for compilers to prefetch much more aggressively than they currently do, there is also a tangible risk of interference with training existing hardware prefetching mechanisms. Taken together, our observations suggest new research directions for cooperative hardware/software prefetching.
Stable Isotope Measurements with Thermal and Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry (1984)

Thermal ionization mass spectrometry has been used extensively in the geological, nuclear and analytical sciences for stable isotope measurements. A new technique, resonance ionization mass spectrometry, offers a comprehensive approach to sensitive and selective elemental and isotopic analysis. Recent developments in thermal and resonance ionization mass spectrometry are reviewed, and specific applications of the technology to zinc and calcium metabolism studies and to trace element analysis of foodstuffs are summarized. The application potential and importance of the mass spectrometry technology to nutrition research are indicated.
Shallow Acceptor States in ZnTe and CdTe (1966)

The group $\mathrm{V}A$ element P and the group $\mathrm{I}A$ elements Li and Na give rise to shallow acceptor centers in ZnTe and in CdTe. An analysis of the carrier concentration data for Li-doped ZnTe and P-doped ZnTe on the basis of a single-level acceptor and nondegenerate statistics indicates that P and Li produce shallow, hydrogenic-type acceptor levels in ZnTe. Annealing studies demonstrate that the shallow levels in Li-doped ZnTe and CdTe may be removed by heat treatment at 250\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C for tens of hours. The concentrations of shallow acceptors in P-doped ZnTe and Na-doped ZnTe are relatively unchanged by the annealing procedure. The effective mass for holes in ZnTe as deduced from the Hall analysis is $0.36m$, where $m$ is the free-electron mass.
[Synthesis of betulinic acid from betulin and study of its solubilization usingliposomes]. (1998)

A method for betulinic acid synthesis from betulin was developed. Betulin was oxidized with chromium oxide (VI) into betulonic acid, which was reduced with sodium borohydride to yield a mixture of 3-hydroxy epimers containing 85% of the natural beta-epimer. Studying changes in light scattering by dispersions of liposomes with different contents of betulinic acid revealed that up to 10 mol % of this compound may be entrapped in liposomes. The dependence of the efficiency of the betulinic acid entrapment on liposome composition was studied. The presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone or Proxanol increased the resistance of betulinic acid-containing liposomes to aggregation. These polymers solubilized betulinic acid with the same efficiency as liposomes.
Simulation Studies of Increased Initial TCP Window Size (1998)

An increase in the permissible initial window size of a TCP connection, from one segment to three or four segments, has been under discussion in the tcp-impl working group. This document covers some simulation studies of the effects of increasing the initial window size of TCP. Both long-lived TCP connections (file transfers) and short-lived web-browsing style connections were modeled. The simulations were performed using the publicly available ns-2 simulator and our custom models and files are also available.
Coil encapsulation with thermoplastic resins (2002)

Encapsulation with thermoplastic resins is becoming an increasingly attractive alternative to thermosets in the protection of coils subjected to harsh operating environments. Coil-based sensors, solenoids, transformers, toroids and motors are all produced in large volumes today and encapsulated in thermoplastics to lower manufacturing costs, reduce lead wire leakage and eliminate the volatile organic compounds (VOC) commonly found in thermoset processing. This paper provides a general overview of thermoplastic material requirements and encapsulation tips. It also reviews the high performance thermoplastic polymer resins used in coil encapsulation and the reasons for their increasing use, presents some of the more promising applications and outlines UL and automotive requirements for encapsulated coil materials.