gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbon Nanotube Synaptic Transistor Network for Pattern Recognition (2015)

Inspired by the human brain, a neuromorphic system combining complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) and adjustable synaptic devices may offer new computing paradigms by enabling massive neural-network parallelism. In particular, synaptic devices, which are capable of emulating the functions of biological synapses, are used as the essential building blocks for an information storage and processing system. However, previous synaptic devices based on two-terminal resistive devices remain challenging because of their variability and specific physical mechanisms of resistance change, which lead to a bottleneck in the implementation of a high-density synaptic device network. Here we report that a three-terminal synaptic transistor based on carbon nanotubes can provide reliable synaptic functions that encode relative timing and regulate weight change. In addition, using system-level simulations, the developed synaptic transistor network associated with CMOS circuits can perform unsupervised learning for pattern recognition using a simplified spike-timing-dependent plasticity scheme.
Long-term Appearance of Lacerations Repaired Using a Tissue Adhesive (1997)

The use of HAB is an ideal alternative to conventional suturing for the cutaneous closure of low tension lacerations in children with a long-term cosmetic outcome comparable to conventional suturing.
Testing Goodness-of-Fit Based on a Roughness Measure (1997)

Abstract A test for the one-sample goodness-of-fit problem is proposed. The test is based on a distance that measures the difference, in terms of roughness, between the underlying density function and the hypothesized density function. One advantage of using a roughness measure is high power in detecting high-frequency alternatives and densities with sharp features. The test statistic that estimates the distance is derived from the viewpoint of kernel density estimation, and a testing procedure is developed based on the asymptotic distribution of the test statistic. The proposed test is compared to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.
Interleukin-3 Binding to the Murine βIL-3 and Human βc Receptors Involves Functional Epitopes Formed by Domains 1 and 4 of Different Protein Chains (2004)

Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a cytokine produced by activated T-cells and mast cells that is active on a broad range of hematopoietic cells and in the nervous system and appears to be important in several chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, alanine substitutions were used to investigate the role of residues of the human beta-common (hbetac) receptor and the murine IL-3-specific (beta(IL-3)) receptor in IL-3 binding. We show that the domain 1 residues, Tyr(15) and Phe(79), of the hbetac receptor are important for high affinity IL-3 binding and receptor activation as shown previously for the related cytokines, interleukin-5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, which also signal through this receptor subunit. From the x-ray structure of hbetac, it is clear that the domain 1 residues cooperate with domain 4 residues to form a novel ligand-binding interface involving the two protein chains of the intertwined homodimer receptor. We demonstrate by ultracentrifugation that the beta(IL-3) receptor is also a homodimer. Its high sequence homology with hbetac suggests that their structures are homologous, and we identified an analogous binding interface in beta(IL-3) for direct IL-3 binding to the high affinity binding site in hbetac. Tyr(21) (A-B loop), Phe(85), and Asn(87) (E-F loop) of domain 1; Ile(320) of the interdomain loop; and Tyr(348) (B'-C' loop) and Tyr(401) (F'-G' loop) of domain 4 were shown to have critical individual roles and Arg(84) and Tyr(317) major secondary roles in direct murine IL-3 binding to the beta(IL-3)receptor. Most surprising, none of the key residues for direct IL-3 binding were critical for high affinity binding in the presence of the murine IL-3 alpha receptor, indicating a fundamentally different mechanism of high affinity binding to that used by hbetac.
Electrical properties of molten CuCl-Cu<sub>2</sub>Se mixtures (2011)

The electrical conductivity, σ, and the thermoelectric power, S, have been measured for molten CuCl-Cu2Se mixtures as a function of composition and temperature. The electrical conductivity of their mixtures decreases rapidly with the addition of CuCl to liquid Cu2Se. The thermoelectric power of molten CuCl-Cu2Se mixtures shows a steady increase with increasing the composition of CuCl. The experimental results suggest that the dominant transport process in the molten CuCl-Cu2Se mixtures changes from electronic to ionic conduction. The composition dependence of σ and S was analyzed by using the fundamental equation of electrical current densities due to the electrons and the ions. According to this analysis, the conductivity gap increases gradually on the addition of CuCl to liquid Cu2Se and the conductivity gap is about 0.68 eV for molten (CuCl)0.3(Cu2Se)0.7 mixture.
Platelet receptor recognition site on human fibrinogen. Synthesis and structure-function relationship of peptides corresponding to the carboxy-terminal segment of the .gamma. chain (1984)

Binding of fibrinogen to human platelets depends on the interaction of the gamma-chain carboxy-terminal segment with specific receptors exposed by different agonists such as ADP, epinephrine, and thrombin. The functions of a series of synthetic peptides encompassing the sequence of the 15 carboxy-terminal residues of the gamma chain were investigated in this study. Both pentadecapeptide (gamma 397-411) and dodecapeptide (gamma 400-411) inhibited binding of 125I-fibrinogen to ADP-treated platelets, with the concentration causing 50% inhibition (IC50) being 28 microM. In comparison, decapeptide (gamma 402-411) was almost 4 times less active (IC50 = 106 microM), thus suggesting that the two histidine residues (gamma 400-401) are required for a full inhibitory effect. A heptapeptide (gamma 405-411) had a similar effect (IC50 = 102 microM) whereas a pentapeptide (gamma 407-411) was even less inhibitory (IC50 = 190 microM), indicating that the lack of lysine (gamma 406) further diminishes the reactivity of the platelet recognition site on the gamma chain of human fibrinogen. The heptapeptide (gamma 400-406) containing two histidine residues and derived from the dodecapeptide by proteolytic degradation with trypsin had very low inhibitory activity. The synthetic peptides inhibited fibrinogen-supported platelet aggregation in the same order of decreasing reactivity: pentadecapeptide = dodecapeptide greater than decapeptide = heptapeptide greater than pentapeptide. Modified synthetic pentadecapeptides bearing tyrosine or cysteinyltyrosine at the amino terminal were prepared to provide a means for radiolabeling and for formation of molecules of higher valency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Depression's multiple comorbidities explained by (neuro)inflammatory and oxidative & nitrosative stress pathways. (2011)

There is now evidence that depression, as characterized by melancholic symptoms, anxiety, and fatigue and somatic (F&S) symptoms, is the clinical expression of peripheral cell-mediated activation, inflammation and induction of oxidative and nitrosative stress (IO&NS) pathways and of central microglial activation, decreased neurogenesis and increased apoptosis. This review gives an explanation for the multiple "co-morbidities" between depression and a large variety of a) brain disorders related to neurodegeneration, e.g. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke; b) medical disorders, such as cardiovascular disorder, chronic fatigue syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, leaky gut, diabetes type 1 and 2, obesity and the metabolic syndrome, and HIV infection; and c) conditions, such as hemodialysis, interferon-α-based immunotherapy, the postnatal period and psychosocial stressors. The common denominator of all those disorders/conditions is the presence of microglial activation and/or activation of peripheral IO&NS pathways. There is evidence that shared peripheral and / or central IO&NS pathways underpin the pathophysiology of depression and the previously mentioned disorders and that activation of these IO&NS pathways contributes to shared risk. The IO&NS pathways function as a smoke sensor that detect threats in the peripheral and central parts of the body and signal these threats as melancholic, anxiety, and fatigue and somatic (F&S) symptoms. The presence of concomitant depression is strongly associated with a lower quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality in medical disorders. This may be explained since depression contributes to increased (neuro)inflammatory burden and may therefore drive the inflammatory and degenerative progression. It is concluded that the activation of peripheral and / or central IO&NS pathways may explain the co-occurrence of depression with the above disorders. This shows that depression belongs to the spectrum of inflammatory and degenerative disorders.
Distortion in a Pulse Count Modulation System (1947)

In the further development of pulse time multiplex systems the form of modulation known as pulse count modulation (PCM) has been studied both theoretically and experimentally. This work reviews briefly the principles of pulse communication and its extension to PCM. Unlike the conventional types of modulation, PCM is represented by a discrete scanning of the amplitude of the modulating signal rather than a continuous amplitude scanning, in addition to the discrete scanning in time which is common to the other forms of pulse modulation. The discrete nature of such a system introduces a type of distortion which is a function of the number of amplitude levels used. The relation between the numbers of levels and this type of distortion has been investigated and is discussed. Several types of signals are analyzed mathematically; namely, a single-frequency signal, a 2-frequency signal, and finally a continuous band of frequencies. In connection with the multifrequency case, the application of the Fourier transform to pulse amplitude modulation and its extension to PCM is introduced. In addition, the cross talk introduced in different channels of the modulating frequency is shown graphically for several amplitude levels.
New strain of sweetpotato whitefly invades California vegetables (1991)

In 1990, a new strain of sweetpotato whitefly invaded Southern California agricultural regions, inflicting heavy damage on cruciferous crops, Problems related to this new strain have impacted vegetable growers throughout California and other growing regions. In the Imperial Valley, 95% of the 1991 fall melons were disced and total losses to summer and fall crops have been estimated at over $120 million.
A Simple Class of Photorheological Fluids:  Surfactant Solutions with Viscosity Tunable by Light (2007)

Photorheological (PR) fluids, i.e., those with light-tunable rheological properties, may be useful in a variety of applications, such as in sensors and microfluidic devices. Currently, the need to synthesize complex photosensitive molecules hampers the applicability of these fluids. Here, we report a simple class of PR fluids that require no special synthesis and can be easily replicated in any lab from inexpensive chemicals. The fluids consist of the cationic surfactant, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and the photoresponsive organic derivative, trans-ortho-methoxycinnamic acid (OMCA). Aqueous mixtures of CTAB and OMCA in basic solution self-assemble into long, wormlike micelles. Upon irradiation by UV light (<400 nm), OMCA undergoes a photoisomerization from its trans to its cis form, which alters the molecular packing at the micellar interface. The result is to transform the long micelles into much shorter entities and, in turn, the solution viscosity decreases by more than 4 orders of magnitude. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is used to confirm the dramatic reduction in micellar length. The extent of viscosity reduction in these PR fluids can be tuned based on the composition of the mixture as well as the duration of the irradiation.
Reliability of InAlGaAs strained-quantum-well lasers operating at 0.81 mu m (1992)

Preliminary reliability studies of strained In/sub 0.15/Al/sub 0.13/Ga/sub 0.72/As quantum-well lasers operating at 0.81 mu m are reported. InAlGaAs lasers, a possible replacement for AlGaAs lasers, have been studied with respect to three failure mechanisms. Uncoated In/sub 0.15/Al/sub 0.13/Ga/sub 0.72/As quantum-well lasers have exhibited catastrophic optical damage limits of 1.87 MW/cm/sup 2/, which is equal to that of similar AlGaAs lasers. Further, the lasers are both free of <100> DLD-induced sudden failures and exhibit low degradation rates even in this early stage of their development.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Liposomes as carriers of macrolides: Preferential association of erythromycin A and azithromycin with liposomes of phosphatidylglycerol containing unsaturated fatty acid(s) (1991)

To assess the most favourable phospholipid composition of a liposomal carrier for antibiotics, small multilamellar liposomes were prepared from phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol of varying fatty acid composition in the presence of erythromycin A and azithromycin. Crude liposomes were subjected to Sepharose CL-4B column chromatography, and liposomes containing antibiotics were well separated from free antibiotics. These experiments established that the greatest association of antibiotics was achieved with liposomes prepared from phosphatidylglycerol rather than phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine. Furthermore, the composition of fatty acids in phosphatidylglycerol liposomes influenced the amount of antibiotics associated with liposomes; the highest amount was obtained with dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol followed by phosphatidylglycerol of fatty acid composition similar to that of egg yolk lecithin. It was established that purified liposomes, prepared from [3H]phosphatidylglycerol containing unsaturated fatty acid(s) bind about 25 per cent of originally present antibiotic. Both antibiotics, erythromycin A and azithromycin, were similar in respect to the amount of their association with liposomes. Determination of the size of phosphatidylglycerol/antibiotic liposomes established that the mean diameter of liposomes containing antibiotics was 200-350 nm, very close to that of liposomes without them.
[4+2]Cycloadditions of Pyrano[3,4-b]indol-3-ones with 1,2-Bis-acceptor Substituted Ethenes: First Evidence for a Non-concerted Diels-Alder Step (1990)

AbstTact -The Diels-Alder reactions of pyranoC3.4-plindol-3-ones(1) with 1.2-bis-acceptor substituted ethenes yield stable 1.2-dihydrocarbazoles and fully aromatized carbazoles.The results of stereochemical determinations in the 1.2-dihydrocarbazoles and, in one case, the occurrence of a bimolecular, diene-catalyzed dienophile isomerization provide the first evidence that a non-concerted 14 + Zlcycloaddition is mainly in operation.me pyridoC3.4-plindol-3-one(11) was attacked by dienophiles only at the lactam nitrogen atom and cycloaddition did not take place.
Characterization of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and corticosteroid receptor expression in human osteosarcoma cell lines (1999)

Studies in vitro and in vivo have shown that corticosteroids play an important role in bone physiology and pathophysiology. It is now established that corticosteroid hormone action is regulated, in part, at the pre-receptor level through the expression of isozymes of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD), which are responsible for the interconversion of hormonally active cortisol to cortisone. In this report we demonstrate 11beta-HSD activity in human osteoblast (OB) cells. Osteosarcoma-derived OB cell lines TE-85, MG-63 and SaOS-2 and fibrosarcoma Hs913T cells express the type 2 isoform of 11beta-HSD, as determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and specific enzyme assays. Enzyme activity was shown to be strictly NAD dependent with a Km of approximately 71 nM; 11beta-HSD type 1 mRNA expression and enzyme activity were not detected. All four cell lines expressed mRNA for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor, but specific binding was only detectable with radiolabelled dexamethasone (Kd=10 nM) and not aldosterone. MG-63 cells had two to three times more GR than the other OB cells, which correlated with the higher levels of 11beta-HSD 2 activity in these cells. In contrast to the osteosarcoma cell studies, RT-PCR analysis of primary cultures of human OB cells revealed the presence of mRNA for 11beta-HSD 1 as well as 11beta-HSD 2. However, enzyme activity in these cells remained predominantly oxidative, i.e. inactivation of cortisol to cortisone (147 pmol/h per mg protein at 500 nM cortisol) was greater than cortisone to cortisol (10.3 pmol/h per mg protein at 250 nM cortisone). Data from normal human OB and osteosarcoma cells demonstrate the presence of an endogenous mechanism for inactivation of glucocorticoids in OB cells. We postulate that expression of the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of 11beta-HSD in human bone plays an important role in normal bone homeostasis, and may be implicated in the pathogenesis of steroid-induced osteoporosis.
Epidemiologic Methods and Study Designs for Investigating Adverse Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution (2001)

Air pollution epidemiologic studies are intrinsically difficult because the expected effect size at general environmental levels is small, exposure and misclassification of exposure are common, and exposure is not selective to a specific pollutant. In this review paper, epidemiologic study designs and analytic methods are described, and two nationwide projects on air pollution epidemiology are introduced. This paper also demonstrates that possible confounding issues in time-series analysis can be resolved and the impact on the use of data from ambient monitoring stations may not be critical. In this paper we provide a basic understanding of the types of air pollution epidemiologic study designs that be subdivided by the mode of air pollution effects on human health (acute or chronic). With the improvements in the area of air pollution epidemiologic studies, we should emphasize that elaborate models and statistical techniques cannot compensate for inadequate study design or poor data collection.
A 4.2&amp;#181;m<sup>2</sup>Half-V<inf>CC</inf>sheath-plate-capacitor DRAM cell with self-aligned buried plate-wiring (1987)

A novel trench-capacitor DRAM cell named a half-V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CC</inf> sheath-plate capacitor (HSPC) cell has been developed by using 0.6µm process technology. It is applicable to DRAMs with capacities of 16M bits and greater. The HSPC cell has achieved a large storage capacitance of 51fF in a small cell area of 4.2µm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and good immunity (critical charge, Q <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C</inf> =35fC) against alpha-particle hits. These advantages have been accomplished by using a half-V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CC</inf> sheath-plane structure, a 5.5nm SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> -equivalent Si <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> N <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf> -SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> composite film, and three self-alignment technologies. These technologies involve buried plate-wiring, sidewall contact, and a pad for the bit-line contact. The device was evaluated using an experimental 2K-bit array.
Anomalous Angular Dependence of the Dynamic Structure Factor near Bragg Reflections: Graphite (2008)

The electron energy-loss function of graphite is studied for momentum transfers $\mathbf{q}$ beyond the first Brillouin zone. We find that near Bragg reflections the spectra can change drastically for very small variations in $\mathbf{q}$. The effect is investigated by means of first principle calculations in the random phase approximation and confirmed by inelastic x-ray scattering measurements of the dynamic structure factor $S(\mathbf{q},\ensuremath{\omega})$. We demonstrate that this effect is governed by crystal local field effects and the stacking of graphite. It is traced back to a strong coupling between excitations at small and large momentum transfers.
Postinjury Abdominal Compartment Syndrome: Are We Winning the Battle? (2009)

Postinjury (primary) abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) was described more than 15 years ago as severe abdominal distension with high peak airway pressures, CO(2) retention, and oliguria, which led to unplanned re-exploration after damage-control laparotomy. Later, a more elusive type of ACS was recognized, which develops without abdominal injuries (secondary ACS). Both syndromes were recently characterized, their independent predictors were identified, and preventive strategies were developed to reduce their incidence. Once viewed as a syndrome with almost uniform mortality, systematic preventative strategies and therapeutic efforts have reduced the prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of the syndrome. This review was designed to summarize the recent advances in the management of ACS, to classify the currently available evidence, and to identify future directions of research and clinical care.
Comparative immunological studies in rats following cryosurgery and surgical excision of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced primary autochthonous tumors. (1982)

Post-operative antitumor immunity was studied by comparing the results following cryosurgery and surgical excision of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced primary autochthonous tumors in WKA/Hok rats. Immunity was tested by challenge with the autochthonous tumors on the 4th and 21st days post-operatively. Antitumor resistance which developed following cryosurgery was found in 7 out of 14 rats (50%) challenged after 4 days and in 2 out of 13 rats (15%) challenged after 21 days. Following surgical excision, however, resistance was found in 13 out of 18 rats (72%) challenged after 4 days and in 10 out of 17 rats (58%) challenged after 21 days. Therefore, the development of antitumor immunity by surgical excision was more effective than by cryosurgery (P less than 0.02). In addition, the enhancement of autochthonous tumor growth as compared with that of the control rats was clearly demonstrated after cryosurgery in 4 out of 14 rats (29%) challenged 4 days afterwards and in 3 out of 13 rats (23%) challenged 21 days afterwards. After surgical excision, however, this was seen in only 3 out of 18 rats (17%) challenged 4 days afterwards, and in 0 out of 17 rats (0%) challenged 21 days afterwards. These results suggest not only that the development of antitumor immunity is delayed but also that the tumor growth is more likely to be enhanced by cryosurgery than by surgical excision.