gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Split aperture imaging for high dynamic range (2002)

Most imaging sensors have limited dynamic range and hence are sensitive to only a part of the illumination range present in a natural scene. The dynamic range can be improved by acquiring multiple images of the same scene under different exposure settings and then combining them. In this paper, we describe a camera design for simultaneously acquiring multiple images of the same scene under different exposure settings. The cross-section of the incoming beam from a scene point is partitioned into as many parts as the desired degree of split. This is done by splitting the aperture into multiple parts and directing the light exiting from each in a different direction using an assembly of mirrors. A sensor is placed in the path of each beam and exposure of each sensor is controlled either by appropriately setting its exposure parameter, or by splitting the incoming beam unevenly. The resulting multiple exposure images are used to construct a high dynamic range image. We have implemented a video-rate camera based on this design and the results obtained are presented.
Variations in Hd1 proteins, <i>Hd3a</i> promoters, and <i>Ehd1</i> expression levels contribute to diversity of flowering time in cultivated rice (2009)

Rice is a facultative short-day plant, and molecular genetic studies have identified the major genes involved in short-day flowering. However, the molecular mechanisms promoting the diversity of flowering time in cultivated rice are not known. We used a core collection of 64 rice cultivars that represent the genetic diversity of 332 accessions from around the world and studied the expression levels and polymorphisms of 6 genes in the short-day flowering pathway. The RNA levels of Heading date 3a ( Hd3a ), encoding a floral activator, are highly correlated with flowering time, and there is a high degree of polymorphism in the Heading date 1 (Hd1) protein, which is a major regulator of Hd3a expression. Functional and nonfunctional alleles of Hd1 are associated with early and late flowering, respectively, suggesting that Hd1 is a major determinant of variation in flowering time of cultivated rice. We also found that the type of Hd3a promoter and the level of Ehd1 expression contribute to the diversity in flowering time and Hd3a expression level. We evaluated the contributions of these 3 factors by a statistical analysis using a simple linear model, and the results supported our experimental observations.
Studies on as-Triazine Derivatives. XVIII. Synthesis of 5, 6-Diaryl-1, 2, 4-triazine Derivatives as Blood Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors (1992)

5,6-Diphenyl-, 3,5-diphenyl-, and 3,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine (as-triazine) derivatives were evaluated for inhibitory activity towards arachidonic acid-induced aggregation of rabbit blood platelet in vitro. Among the isomers, 5,6-diphenyl-as-triazine derivatives were active, therefore a phenyl substituent on the as-triazine ring at the 5- and 6-position was essential for the inhibitory activity. Thus, various 3-substituted 5,6-diaryl-as-triazines were synthesized by the nucleophilic substitution reaction of 5,6-diaryl-3-methylsulfonyl-as-triazines with O,N,C-nucleophiles. In the case of as-triazines having different aryl groups at the 5- and 6-positions, the compounds were prepared by the step-wise addition reaction of Grignard reagents with 3-methylthio-as-triazine. Among these compounds, ethyl 5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-phenyl-as-triazine-3-acetate (24a) and ethyl 5,6-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-as-triazine-3-acetate (24f) showed the most potent inhibitory activity, which was almost equal to the activity of anitrazafen.
Imaging polarization for characterization of polarization based stereoscopic 3D displays (2010)

In this paper we apply imaging polarimetry to characterize polarization based stereoscopic 3D displays. New imaging polarimeter is first described and its potentialities to characterize LCDs and their components are shown. Then one polarization based stereoscopic 3D display is measured with this new tool. 3D and standard contrast are evaluated on the entire surface of the display and compared to what is expected from viewing angle measurements at specific locations. Important inhomogeneities probably related to the quality of the phase shift film are detected. Color shifts are measured and interpreted with regards to polarization multispectral viewing angle measurements. The main sources of imperfections are detected and solutions to improve the characteristics are proposed.
ISSUES, ALTERNATIVES AND CONSEQUENCES (1992)

The alternatives-consequences approach to public policy education lets us deal with controversy without being controversial.* Be honest about your role.If you want to do politics, don't call it public policy education.* You cannot be credible if you are not objective, both in research and education.* Leadership development, issue programming, mediation, communications, rural economic development and public policy education compliment one another, but they do not replace the need for the alternatives-consequences approach.* Objectivity in education empowers us to increase people's understanding of public problems and policies.
Titanium Electrorefining: Cathode Studies and Deep Bath Deposition (1959)

This report, one of a series prepared by the Federal Bureau of Mines on the technology of titanium, describes the development of an electrorefining cell from which cathode deposits up to 30 inches long can be produced.Data show individual deposits to be homogeneous, comparable from top to bottom, and not varied in quantity or quality of metal over the entire length of the deposit.Investigations concerned with various diameter cathodes showed that cathode current efficiencies were materially reduced with cathodes less than 2 inches in diameter.Deposits produced on 1/2-inch-diameter cathodes showed cathode current efficiencies of 19 percent and on 1-inch cathodes, just over 22 percent, whereas deposits produced on 2-and 4-inch-diameter cathodes showed about 70-percent current efficiencies.A series of 20 deposits on 4-inch-diameter cathodes was produced under simulated production operation.The average current efficiency, based upon a divalent ion, was 72 percent with 11 1/2 pounds of metal produced per cycle of operation -98.8 percent of which had a Brinell hardness number (B.h.n.) of 80 or less.
Nucleotide sequence of the O gene and of the origin of replication in bacteriophage lambda DNA (1978)

The nucleotide sequence of the O gene in bacteriophage lambda DNA is presented. According to two possible initiator codons, the primary structure of the O protein deduced from the DNA sequence consists of 278 or 299 amino acid residues. Structure and function of the O protein--one of the two phage initiator proteins for lambda DNA replication--are discussed in the light of a secondary structure model for the O protein. The central part of the O gene contains a cluster of symmetrical sequences extending over 160 base pairs. The point mutation of the cis-dominant replication mutant ti12 is located in this region.
Intramolecular Dehydrogenative Coupling of 2,3-Diaryl Acrylic Compounds: Access to Substituted Phenanthrenes (2016)

A simple, facile, and environmentally benign intramolecular dehydrogenative coupling of various 1,2-diarylethylenes for the synthesis of phenanthrenes in excellent yield has been described. This new methodology uses ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as a promoter at room temperature and has been extended to intermolecular synthesis of biaryl compounds. The electron transfer from methoxyarene to cerium leads to cationic radical formation, which further proceeds to intramolecular coupling. Preliminary mechanistic investigation by EPR spectroscopy and density functional theory calculation suggested a similar view.
Metabolic engineering of<scp>l</scp>-leucine production in<i>Escherichia coli</i>and<i>Corynebacterium glutamicum</i>: a review (2019)

l-Leucine, as an essential branched-chain amino acid for humans and animals, has recently been attracting much attention because of its potential for a fast-growing market demand. The applicability ranges from flavor enhancers, animal feed additives and ingredients in cosmetic to specialty nutrients in pharmaceutical and medical fields. Microbial fermentation is the major method for producing l-leucine by using Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum as host bacteria. This review gives an overview of the metabolic pathway of l-leucine (i.e. production, import and export systems) and highlights the main regulatory mechanisms of operons in E. coli and C. glutamicum l-leucine biosynthesis. We summarize here the current trends in metabolic engineering techniques and strategies for manipulating l-leucine producing strains. Finally, future perspectives to construct industrially advantageous strains are considered with respect to recent advances in biology.
Surface exposure and species specificity of an immunoreactive domain of a 66-kilodalton outer membrane protein (P66) of the Borrelia spp. that cause Lyme disease (1996)

A chromosomally encoded 66-kDa protein (P66) of Borrelia spp. that cause Lyme disease has previously been shown to be associated with the spirochetal outer membrane. A topological model of P66 predicts a surface-exposed fragment which links the N- and C-terminal intramembranous domains of the protein (J. Bunikis, L. Noppa, and S. Bergström, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 131:139-145, 1995). In the present study, an immunogenic determinant of P66 was identified by a comparison of the immunoreactivities of different fragments of P66 generated either by proteolytic treatment of intact spirochetes or as recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. The immune response to P66 during natural infection was found to be directed against the predicted surface domain which comprises amino acids at positions 454 through 491. A sequence comparison revealed considerable polymorphism of the surface domains of P66 proteins of different Lyme disease-causing Borrelia species. Five sequence patterns of this domain were observed in the B. garinii strains studied. In contrast, sequences of the relevant part of P66 of the B. afzelii and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto isolates studied were identical within the respective species. In immunoblotting, 5 of 17 (29.4%) sera from North American patients with early disseminated or persistent Lyme disease reacted against P66 of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto B31. These sera, however, failed to recognize P66 of B. afzelii and B. garinii, as well as an analog of P66 in the relapsing fever agent, B. hermsii. In conclusion, the topological model of P66 is supported by the demonstration of an apparent surface localization of an immunoreactive domain of this protein. Furthermore, analogous to the plasmid-encoded borrelial outer surface proteins, the predicted surface-exposed portion of chromosomally encoded P66 appears to be antigenically heterogenous.
A high performance VHDL simulator for large systems design (1995)

The requirements of large system design place great demands upon the performance and diagnostic capabilities of simulation. This paper explains how these requirements have been satisfied by an internally-developed simulator using a proprietary language and a proprietary platform. More significantly, this paper describes how the strengths of that system have been developed to create a VHDL simulator under UNIX while maintaining a performance level that significantly exceeds the leading commercial VHDL simulators.
Optimum joint transmit-receive linear processing for vectored DSL transmission with QoS requirements (2003)

This paper considers a DSL system in which a subset of the twisted-pair copper wires within a bundle can perform a joint processing at both sides of the communication system (e.g., links between central offices and remote terminals or between central offices and private networks). The DSL channel is treated as a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system over which many substreams are established. It is assumed that the signal constellation to be used at each substream is given (possibly after some kind of bit distribution optimization) with a corresponding Quality of Service (QoS) constraint, e.g., to guarantee a certain error probability. The aim of the paper is to optimally design joint transmit-receive linear processing to satisfy the QoS requirements with minimum transmit power. A novel multi-level water-filling algorithm is proposed to solve the problem very efficiently in practice. Numerical results are obtained from simulations using realistic DSL MIMO channel models recently developed.
Treatment of Severe, Disabling Migraine Attacks in an Over-The-Counter Population of Migraine Sufferers: Results From Three Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Studies of the Combination of Acetaminophen, Aspirin, and Caffeine (1999)

The nonprescription combination of AAC was well tolerated and effective.
A novel gelatin sponge for accelerated hemostasis (2010)

To more effectively manage the substantial bleeding encountered during surgical procedures in oto-rhino-laryngology, we developed a novel hemostatic sponge made of pharmaceutical grade, chemically cross-linked gelatin. The sponge is characterized by a high pore density, reduced ligaments, and a high nanoscale roughness of lamella surfaces in the matrix. In vitro blood uptake assays revealed a very rapid absorption of human blood, which was two to three times faster than that measured with comparative hemostyptic devices. In an in vitro hemorrhage model using human veins, the novel gelatin sponge matrix induced hemostasis less than a minute after bleeding was induced. The sponge was shown to bring about rapid hemostasis when it was administered in a young patient suffering from acute bleeding of a pharyngeal angiofibroma, even though the patient had been treated with an anticoagulant because of a transient ischemic attack. As the gelatin matrix of the sponge is biocompatible and resorbable, the hemostyptic device could be left in place and was shown to be resorbed within 2 weeks. We hypothesize that the excellent hemostatic performance of the sponge might be linked to enhanced capillary effects in conjunction with optimized anchoring of fibrinogen on the nano-rough material surface, as suggested by scanning electron microscopy. The novel gelatin sponge appears to be a promising hemostatic matrix, which could be of great benefit for patients suffering from epistaxis and other acute injuries resulting in severe bleeding.
Time Lines of Infection and Disease in Human Influenza: A Review of Volunteer Challenge Studies (2008)

The dynamics of viral shedding and symptoms following influenza virus infection are key factors when considering epidemic control measures. The authors reviewed published studies describing the course of influenza virus infection in placebo-treated and untreated volunteers challenged with wild-type influenza virus. A total of 56 different studies with 1,280 healthy participants were considered. Viral shedding increased sharply between 0.5 and 1 day after challenge and consistently peaked on day 2. The duration of viral shedding averaged over 375 participants was 4.80 days (95% confidence interval: 4.31, 5.29). The frequency of symptomatic infection was 66.9% (95% confidence interval: 58.3, 74.5). Fever was observed in 37.0% of A/H1N1, 40.6% of A/H3N2 (p = 0.86), and 7.5% of B infections (p = 0.001). The total symptoms scores increased on day 1 and peaked on day 3. Systemic symptoms peaked on day 2. No such data exist for children or elderly subjects, but epidemiologic studies suggest that the natural history might differ. The present analysis confirms prior expert opinion on the duration of viral shedding or the frequency of asymptomatic influenza infection, extends prior knowledge on the dynamics of viral shedding and symptoms, and provides original results on the frequency of respiratory symptoms or fever.
Differential volume rendering: a fast volume visualization technique for flow animation (2002)

We present a direct volume rendering algorithm to speed up volume animation for flow visualizations. Data coherency between consecutive simulation time steps is used to avoid casting rays from those pixels retaining color values assigned to the previous image. The algorithm calculates the differential information among a sequence of 3D volumetric simulation data. At each time step the differential information is used to compute the locations of pixels that need updating and a ray-casting method as utilized to produce the updated image. We illustrate the utility and speed of the differential volume rendering algorithm with simulation data from computational bioelectric and fluid dynamics applications. We can achieve considerable disk-space savings and nearly real-time rendering of 3D flows using low-cost, single processor workstations for models which contain hundreds of thousands of data points.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Automating the performance deviation analysis for multiple system releases: An evolutionary study (2015)

This paper presents a scenario-based approach for the evaluation of the quality attribute of performance, measured in terms of execution time (response time). The approach is implemented by a framework that uses dynamic analysis and repository mining techniques to provide an automated way for revealing potential sources of performance degradation of scenarios between releases of a software system. The approach defines four phases: (i) preparation - choosing the scenarios and preparing the target releases; (ii) dynamic analysis - determining the performance of scenarios and methods by calculating their execution time; (iii) degradation analysis - processing and comparing the results of the dynamic analysis for different releases; and (iv) repository mining - identifying development issues and commits associated with performance deviation. The paper also describes an evolutionary study of applying the approach to multiple releases of the Netty, Wicket and Jetty frameworks. The study analyzed seven releases of each system and addressed a total of 57 scenarios. Overall, we have found 14 scenarios with significant performance deviation for Netty, 13 for Wicket, and 9 for Jetty, almost all of which could be attributed to a source code change. We also discuss feedback obtained from eight developers of Netty, Wicket and Jetty as result of a questionnaire.
Multi-level logic optimization for low power using local logic transformations (1996)

In this paper we present an efficient technique to reduce the switching activity in a CMOS combinational logic network based on local logic transformations. These transformations consist of adding redundant connections or gates so as to reduce the switching activity. Simple and efficient procedures, based on logic implication, for identifying the sources and targets of the redundant connections are presented. Additionally, procedures that permit the designer to tradeoff power and delay after the transformations are described. Results of experiments on the MCNC benchmark circuits are given. The results indicate that significant reduction of the switching activities of a CMOS combinational circuit can be achieved with a very low area overhead and low computational cost.
Depth SEEDS: Recovering incomplete depth data using superpixels (2013)

Depth sensors have become increasingly popular in interactive computer vision applications. Currently, most of these applications are limited to indoor use. Popular IR-based depth sensors cannot provide depth data when exposed to sunlight. In these cases, one can still obtain depth information using a stereo camera set up or a special outdoor Time-of-Flight camera, at the cost of a reduced quality of the depth image. The resulting depth images are often incomplete and suffer from low resolution, noise and missing information. The aim of this paper is to recover the missing depth information based on an extension of SEEDS superpixels [11]. The superpixel segmentation algorithm is extended to take depth information into account where available. The approach takes advantage of the boundary-updating property of SEEDS. The result is a clean segmentation that recovers the missing depth information in a low-quality depth image. We test the approach outdoors on an interactive urban robot. The system is used to segment a person in front of the robot, and to detect body parts for interaction with the robot using pointing gestures.
Protective Mechanisms against Pulmonary Infection with Influenza Virus. I. Relative Contribution of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes and of Alveolar Macrophages to Protection during the Early Phase of Intranasal Infection (1987)

The relative contribution of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages in the early protection against intranasal infection of mice with influenza virus was investigated. Virus multiplication in the lung in the early phase of infection with less than 1.5 X 10(3) plaque-forming units was enhanced by X-ray irradiation. The intranasal administration of carrageenan did not influence the titre of virus. However, when mice were infected with 1.5 X 10(4) plaque-forming units, the virus titre was elevated by intranasal administration of carrageenan as well as by X-ray irradiation, but not by intraperitoneal administration of carrageenan. The intranasal administration of carrageenan not only inhibited the phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages but also enhanced susceptibility to the virus. On the other hand, polymorphonuclear leukocytes were capable of phagocytosing the virus in vitro and were non-permissive for virus infection. Neutralizing antibody and interferon were not detectable in the early stage of the infection. These results suggested that polymorphonuclear leukocytes (X-ray-sensitive, carrageenan-resistant) were the cells primarily responsible for early protection in influenza virus infection and that after infection with a high dose of the virus alveolar macrophages (X-ray-resistant, carrageenan-sensitive) also played a protective role in the early phase.
A light-inducible organelle-targeting system for dynamically activating and inactivating signaling in budding yeast (2013)

Protein localization plays a central role in cell biology. Although powerful tools exist to assay the spatial and temporal dynamics of proteins in living cells, our ability to control these dynamics has been much more limited. We previously used the phytochrome B- phytochrome-interacting factor light-gated dimerization system to recruit proteins to the plasma membrane, enabling us to control the activation of intracellular signals in mammalian cells. Here we extend this approach to achieve rapid, reversible, and titratable control of protein localization for eight different organelles/positions in budding yeast. By tagging genes at the endogenous locus, we can recruit proteins to or away from their normal sites of action. This system provides a general strategy for dynamically activating or inactivating proteins of interest by controlling their localization and therefore their availability to binding partners and substrates, as we demonstrate for galactose signaling. More importantly, the temporal and spatial precision of the system make it possible to identify when and where a given protein's activity is necessary for function, as we demonstrate for the mitotic cyclin Clb2 in nuclear fission and spindle stabilization. Our light-inducible organelle-targeting system represents a powerful approach for achieving a better understanding of complex biological systems.