gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Structures and Optical Power Limiting of Some Transition Metal and Lanthanide Monoporphyrinate Complexes Containing Electron‐Rich Diphenylamino Substituents (2007)

Abstract Transition metal and lanthanide monoporphyrinate complexes based on 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis[ p ‐(diphenylamino)phenyl]‐21 H ,23 H ‐porphine (H 2 tdpapp) have been synthesized and characterized and the X‐ray crystal structures of the palladium and platinum analogues [M(tdpapp)] (M = Pd, Pt) determined. Experimental investigations of the nonlinear optical transmittance characteristics at 532 nm show that most of these new metalated porphyrinate complexes are excellent optical limiters with performances comparable or superior to those of the benchmark reverse saturable absorption dyes such as fullerene C 60 and (phthalocyanine)metal complexes. The nonlinear optical measurements reveal that the optical‐limiting effects of porphyrins can be enhanced greatly by incorporation of lanthanide ions and covalent attachment of the electron‐donating diphenylamino moieties to the parent porphyrinate ring. The optical‐limiting thresholds for these lanthanide monoporphyrinate complexes range from 0.09 to 0.30 J cm –2 at 82 % linear transmittance, which makes them attractive candidates as optical‐limiting materials for the protection of various optical devices. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
HYDRA: A Java Library for Markov Chain Monte Carlo (2002)

Hydra is an open-source, platform-neutral library for performing Markov Chain Monte Carlo.It implements the logic of standard MCMC samplers within a framework designed to be easy to use, extend, and integrate with other software tools.In this paper, we describe the problem that motivated our work, outline our goals for the Hydra project, and describe the current features of the Hydra library.We then provide a step-by-step example of using Hydra to simulate from a mixture model drawn from cancer genetics, first using a variable-at-a-time Metropolis sampler and then a Normal Kernel Coupler.We conclude with a discussion of future directions for Hydra.
Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins (2020)

Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.
A General Compiler Framework for Speculative Optimizations Using Data Speculative Code Motion (2005)

Data speculative optimization refers to code transformations that allow load and store instructions to be moved across potentially dependent memory operations. Existing research work on data speculative optimizations has mainly focused on individual code transformation. The required speculative analysis that identifies data speculative optimization opportunities and the required recovery code generation that guarantees the correctness of their execution are handled separately for each optimization. This paper proposes a new compiler framework to facilitate the design and implementation of general data speculative optimizations such as dead store elimination, redundancy elimination, copy propagation, and code scheduling. This framework allows different data speculative optimizations to share the followings: (i) a speculative analysis mechanism to identify data speculative optimization opportunities by ignoring low probability data dependences from optimizations, and (ii) a recovery code generation mechanism to guarantee the correctness of the data speculative optimizations. The proposed recovery code generation is based on data speculative code motion (DSCM) that uses code motion to facilitate a desired transformation. Based on the position of the moved instruction, recovery code can be generated accordingly. The proposed framework greatly simplifies the task of incorporating data speculation into non-speculative optimizations by sharing the recovery code generation and the speculative analysis. We have implemented the proposed framework in the ORC 2.1 compiler and demonstrated its effectiveness on SPEC2000 benchmark programs.
New route for selective etching in remote plasma source: Application to the fabrication of horizontal stacked Si nanowires for gate all around devices (2019)

This letter proposes a new route to achieve selective etching using remote plasma (RP) source processes that offer purely chemical etching by the action of plasma neutral species only. The proposed approach relies on cycling a two-step process comprising a surface treatment step and an etching step. The concept is based on the strong sensitivity of plasma neutrals' absorption to the chemistry of the substrate. By modifying the material surface state with a treatment, the etching can be delayed or even suppressed, converting a nonselective surface into one for which the etching process is area selective. This approach has been applied to the isotropic and selective removal of SiGe relative to Si in order to fabricate horizontal stacked-Si nanowires for gate all around devices. The RP process alternates an oxidation step using remote He/O2 plasma and a short etching step using remote NH3/NF3/O2 plasma. Real-time ellipsometry measurements indicate that in remote NH3/NF3/O2 plasma, there exists an incubation time before the etching starts, which is greater on Si than on SiGe films, allowing highly selective SiGe etching in the transient regime. Moreover, the Si surface modification through oxidation can inhibit reactive sites, and thus delay or even suppress the Si etching, allowing infinite SiGe over Si selectivity. By using this approach, 10 nm-thick horizontal stacked-Si nanowires could be obtained.
Proliferation of human HCC cells and chemically induced mouse liver cancers requires JNK1-dependent p21 downregulation (2008)

JNK proteins have been shown to be involved in liver carcinogenesis in mice, but the extent of their involvement in the development of human liver cancers is unknown. Here, we show that activation of JNK1 but not JNK2 was increased in human primary hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Further, JNK1 was required for human HCC cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenesis after xenotransplantation. Importantly, mice lacking JNK1 displayed decreased tumor cell proliferation in a mouse model of liver carcinogenesis and decreased hepatocyte proliferation in a mouse model of liver regeneration. In both cases, impaired proliferation was caused by increased expression of p21, a cell-cycle inhibitor, and reduced expression of c-Myc, a negative regulator of p21. Genetic inactivation of p21 in JNK1-/- mice restored hepatocyte proliferation in models of both liver carcinogenesis and liver regeneration, and overexpression of c-Myc increased proliferation of JNK1-/- liver cells. Similarly, JNK1 was found to control the proliferation of human HCC cells by affecting p21 and c-Myc expression. Pharmacologic inhibition of JNK reduced the growth of both xenografted human HCC cells and chemically induced mouse liver cancers. These findings provide a mechanistic link between JNK activity and liver cell proliferation via p21 and c-Myc and suggest JNK targeting can be considered as a new therapeutic approach for HCC treatment.
A Transendocytosis Model of CTLA-4 Function Predicts Its Suppressive Behavior on Regulatory T Cells (2015)

Manipulation of the CD28/CTLA-4 pathway is at the heart of a number of immunomodulatory approaches used in both autoimmunity and cancer. Although it is clear that CTLA-4 is a critical regulator of T cell responses, the immunological contexts in which CTLA-4 controls immune responses are not well defined. In this study, we show that whereas CD80/CD86-dependent activation of resting human T cells caused extensive T cell proliferation and robust CTLA-4 expression, in this context CTLA-4 blocking Abs had no impact on the response. In contrast, in settings where CTLA-4(+) cells were present as "regulators," inhibition of resting T cell responses was dependent on CTLA-4 expression and specifically related to the number of APC. At low numbers of APC or low levels of ligand, CTLA-4-dependent suppression was highly effective whereas at higher APC numbers or high levels of ligand, inhibition was lost. Accordingly, the degree of suppression correlated with the level of CD86 expression remaining on the APC. These data reveal clear rules for the inhibitory function of CTLA-4 on regulatory T cells, which are predicted by its ability to remove ligands from APC.
Comparison of three procedures for initial fitting of compression hearing aids. I. Experienced users, fitted bilaterally (2001)

We compared the effectiveness of three procedures for the initial fitting of hearing aids with multi-band compression: (1) CAMEQ, which aims to amplify speech so as to give equal loudness per critical band over the frequency range important for speech intelligibility, and to give similar overall loudness to 'normal': (2) CAMREST, which aims to amplify speech so as to restore 'normal' specific loudness patterns, over a wide range of speech levels; (3) DSL I/O, which aims to map the dynamic range of normally hearing people into the reduced dynamic range of hearing-impaired people, with 'full' restoration of audibility. Ten experienced hearing aid users with moderate sensorineural loss were fitted bilaterally with Danalogic 163D digital hearing aids, using each procedure in turn; the order was counterbalanced across subjects. The fitting required specification of gains for input levels of 55 and 80 dB SPL at six centre frequencies. Real-ear measurements were made to ensure that target gains were reached (+/-3 dB). Immediately after fitting with a given procedure, and one week after fitting, the gains were adjusted when required by the minimum amount necessary to achieve acceptable fittings. The amount of adjustment required provides one measure of the adequacy of the initial fitting. On average, the adjustments were smallest for the CAMEQ procedure. The gain changes were slightly larger for the CAMREST procedure and were largest of all for DSL I/O. For the latter, the gain changes were mostly negative, especially for high frequencies and the higher input level. This indicates that the DSL I/O procedure prescribes more high-frequency gain than is preferred by adult users. After these gain adjustments, users wore the aids for at least three weeks before filling out the APHAB questionnaire and taking part in laboratory measurements of the speech reception threshold (SRT) for sentences in quiet and in steady and fluctuating background noise at levels of 60 and 75 dB SPL. Following these tests, the hearing aids were re-fitted with the next procedure. The scores on the APHAB test and the SRTs did not differ significantly for the three procedures. We conclude that the CAMEQ and CAMREST procedures provide more appropriate initial fittings than DSL I/O.
BURST excitation pulses (1997)

A theory of optimum burst excitation is developed in the framework of the Shinnar-LeRoux spinor formalism. An N pulse RF train of constant or linear phase cannot improve on an average echo strength of M0/N, and a phase modulation of the pulse train is necessary to improve the signal yield to the theoretical maximum value M0 square root of N. Several methods are presented yielding pulse trains of nearly optimum average amplitude for arbitrary N. It is shown that RF phase spoiling can be analyzed with the same framework. The presented pulse trains may also be useful when ultrawide spectrum hard pulses are required, but only limited RF power is available, e.g., for NMR experiments in extremely inhomogeneous B0 fields.
Detection of small‐fiber neuropathy by sudomotor testing (2006)

The symptoms of burning sensation affecting the feet, thought to be due to a distal small-fiber neuropathy (DSFN) affecting somatic unmyelinated fibers, are usually accompanied by vasomotor or sudomotor changes suggestive of involvement of autonomic fibers. We therefore examined the relationship between pattern of anhidrosis and DSFN and its etiology, comparing patients with "pure" DSFN (with normal nerve conduction) to those with clinical DSFN (minor conduction abnormalities). We reviewed 125 cases with a clinical phenotype of DSFN. These patients had distal burning discomfort, variable sensory deficits, and intact motor function. All had undergone assessment with thermoregulatory sweat test (TST), autonomic reflex screen (ARS), and nerve conduction studies and electromyography (NCS/EMG). TST showed a distal pattern of anhidrosis in 74%. The quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART) was abnormal in 74%, with 80% of those having a length-dependent pattern of anhidrosis/hypohidrosis. In total, 93% of patients had a distal pattern of abnormality on QSART or TST. The Composite Autonomic Severity Score (CASS) was used to quantify the severity and distribution of autonomic deficits: 98% had CASS abnormality (sudomotor, 98%; adrenergic, 43%; cardiovagal, 35%). EMG was normal or showed unrelated abnormalities in 75%. The most common etiologies of DSFN were idiopathic (73%), presumed hereditary (18%), and diabetes (10%). Sudomotor examination is thus a highly sensitive detection tool in DSFN. Autonomic involvement is mainly distal, and additionally may involve adrenergic and the long cardiovagal fibers.
Chemistry of ethers, crown ethers, hydroxyl groups and their sulphur analogues (1980)

The most complete resource in functional group chemistryPatai's Chemistry of Functional Groups is one of chemistry's landmark book series in organic chemistry. An indispensible resource for the organic chemist, this is the most comprehensive reference available in functional group chemistry. Founded in 1964 by the late Professor Saul Patai, the aim of Patai's Chemistry of Functional Groups is to cover all the aspects of the chemistry of an important functional group in each volume, with the emphasis not only on the functional group but on the whole molecule.
Restoration of lead-inhibited 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase activity in whole blood by heat, zinc ion, and (or) dithiothreitol. (1980)

Abstract We examined effects of heat, zinc, ion, and dithiothreitol in restoring the activity of lead-inhibited-5-aminolevulinate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24). The ratio of non-activated to activated activity produced by dithiothreitol correlated well with blood lead concentration among 35 lead workers. The individual effects of heat, zinc, or dithiothreitol differ from each other in the shift of pH optimum as well as in the extent to which activity is restored. Dual or triple combinations of these agents show additive or complementary restoration of activity. The combination of heat and zinc or zinc and dithiothreitol expands the range of optimum concentration of zinc in restoring activity. Using these combinations of agents, we can expect more accurate evaluation of lead exposure than by measuring only activation of zinc. Although dithiothreitol most powerfully restores activity, it restores not only the activity inhibited by lead exposure but also the activity removed by oxidation of SH-groups in the enzyme molecule.
Age-Related Intimal Stiffening Enhances Endothelial Permeability and Leukocyte Transmigration (2011)

Age is the most significant risk factor for atherosclerosis; however, the link between age and atherosclerosis is poorly understood. During both aging and atherosclerosis progression, the blood vessel wall stiffens owing to alterations in the extracellular matrix. Using in vitro and ex vivo models of vessel wall stiffness and aging, we show that stiffening of extracellular matrix within the intima promotes endothelial cell permeability--a hallmark of atherogenesis. When cultured on hydrogels fabricated to match the elasticity of young and aging intima, endothelial monolayers exhibit increased permeability and disrupted cell-cell junctions on stiffer matrices. In parallel experiments, we showed a corresponding increase in cell-cell junction width with age in ex vivo aortas from young (10 weeks) and old (21 to 25 months) healthy mice. To investigate the mechanism by which matrix stiffening alters monolayer integrity, we found that cell contractility increases with increased matrix stiffness, mechanically destabilizing cell-cell junctions. This increase in endothelial permeability results in increased leukocyte extravasation, which is a critical step in atherosclerotic plaque formation. Mild inhibition of Rho-dependent cell contractility using Y-27632, an inhibitor of Rho-associated kinase, or small interfering RNA restored monolayer integrity in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that extracellular matrix stiffening alone, which occurs during aging, can lead to endothelial monolayer disruption and atherosclerosis pathogenesis. Because previous therapeutics designed to decrease vascular stiffness have been met with limited success, our findings could be the basis for the design of therapeutics that target the Rho-dependent cellular contractile response to matrix stiffening, rather than stiffness itself, to more effectively prevent atherosclerosis progression.
ON THE CONFORMATIONAL INSTABILITY OF HUMAN SERUM LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN: EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE (1969)

When examined by circular dichroism and ultraviolet spectroscopy, human serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and its delipidated product, apo LDL, exhibited reversible thermal changes. The more marked temperature sensitivity of apo LDL as compared to LDL was taken to support a constraining role by lipids on the observed structural instability of the apoprotein.
Preparation and evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticles with JSH18 for skin-whitening efficacy (2010)

A new molecule having the structure of 6-methyl-3-phenethyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinazoline-2-thione (JSH18) was synthesized and it was possibly presupposed to show depigmentation through the inhibition of tyrosinase which is involved in the formation of melanin. Therefore, we are going to develop JSH18 as an inhibitor of melanin synthesis with topical formulations to show its optimal efficiency for skin whitening. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) play an important role as drug delivery systems for intravenous, peroral, parenteral, or ocular administration and for topical delivery. The particle size of prepared SLNs of JSH18 was variable from 59.8-919.6 nm. When the optimal SLNs cream (PU3) including 4 uM of JSH18 was applied to the backs of hairless rats for four days after the backs were irradiated by UV ray for seven days and the skin color was checked by reflectance spectrophotometer, the rat skin applied with PU3 cream quickly recovered to normal compared to SLNs cream without JSH18. Taken together, this study suggests topical formulations such as creams including SLNs with JSH18 might be an appropriate carrier for skin-whitening agents.
Application of the boundary face method to solve the 3D acoustic wave problems (2013)

The boundary face method based on the Burton-Miller equation is applied in this paper to solve radiation and scattering problem of acoustic waves. The present method is referred to as CHBFM. In the CHBFM, the boundary integration and field variables approximation are both performed in the parametric space of each boundary face exactly the same as the B-rep data structure in standard solid modelling packages. The geometric data, such as coordinates and the outward normals at Gaussian integration points are calculated directly from the faces rather than from element interpolation, thus the geometric errors are avoided. The CHBFM has been integrated into the widely used commercial CAD package UG-NX, and thus able to handle problems with complicated geometries. Numerical examples were presented to illustrate the accuracy and validity of the CHBFM. The results have shown that our method has better accuracy than the traditional method with almost the same CPU time when using the same number of elements. In addition, the CAD models, even with complicated geometry, are directly converted into the CHBFM models, thus the present method provides a new way toward automatic simulation.
The Use of Census Geography and County Typologies in the Construction of Classification Systems for Rural Schools and Districts (1992)

I describe the characteristics of schools and school districts by interrelating NCES data using various Bureau of the Census and ERS county typologies. When rural school districts are defined as those where at least 75% of the students attend a school in a rural locale, then 47% of the nation's districts are rural and53% are urban. Rural districts account for 22.3% of all regular public schools, 11.8% of all public school students, and 13.4% of teachers. Most of our 22,400 rural schools and 6.6 million rural students are in rural districts, but a sizable fraction are in urban districts as well. Differences in school size are discussed by region and county type. The analysis suggests that rural schools andrural districts are smallbecause theirpopulations are sparse and isolated, which makes the diseconomies of transportation to larger centers greater than the diseconomies of small scale. The prospects for more precise typologies of rural schools are considered in anticipation of forthcoming educational data based on the 1990 census Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding Referencing (TIGER) files, which include levels of geographic detail not previously available for rural areas.
High definition TV rear projector using LCD panels (2002)

A HDTV (high-definition television) rear projector using p-silicon TFT (thin-film transistor) LCD (liquid crystal display) panels has been developed. The authors present the conditions which should be satisfied in the HDTV display, especially in the LCD panel, and the fabricated display system and the specification. More compact rear projector equipment was fabricated using p-Si-TFT-LCD panels compared to those in CRTs. The picture size is 55 in diagonally and the system depth is 55 cm. A poly-silicon TFT process makes a small LCD panel possible. About 1,400,000 dots with a high aperture ratio of 30% are used in a 4.55-in LCD panel. A telecentric optical system and a retro-focus lens make the system size more compact. Moire disturbance is present in the LCD rear projector system. A method to decrease this picture quality degradation was realized using a finer pitch screen and diffusion board.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Combined fibre optic laser velocimeter and electronic speckle pattern interferometer with a common reference beam (1993)

A novel optical fibre system, for out-of-plane vibration analysis, comprising the complementary techniques of laser velocimetry and electronic speckle pattern interferometry, is described. The laser velocimeter (LV) and the electronic speckle pattern interferometer (ESPI) share a common reference arm and phase modulator. The LV locks to the motion of a point on the vibrating surface and since the ESPI and LV share a common reference arm, automatic heterodyning of the time-averaged ESPI fringes is achieved. The experimental results are described.