gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
X-ray mask membrane motion in narrow gap lithography: Hydrodynamic model and experiment (1993)

The viscosity of the gas in the proximity gap between x-ray mask and silicon wafer causes damping of any membrane motion. As x ray is extended to future integrated circuit generations, this effect becomes increasingly significant, because the gap must be rapidly scaled down to permit resolution of finer lithographic features. Damping is much greater at a reduced gap. Damping can be beneficial in reducing unwanted fluctuations in the gap due to vibration, convection, or ambient sound. The longer settling time following gap adjustment, however, can be detrimental to the throughput of x-ray steppers. This article introduces simple hydrodynamic models, formulas, and numerical algorithms to calculate membrane response to adjustments in gap setting. It applies the analysis to a variety of mask formats, including advanced ‘‘pedestal’’ design. Time constants of several seconds are shown to result from gap setting &lt;10 μm, which may be needed for 0.12 μm proximity x-ray lithography.
Protein Structure Plays a Critical Role in Peanut Allergen Stability and May Determine Immunodominant IgE-Binding Epitopes (2002)

Hypersensitivity to peanuts is a reaction mediated by IgE Abs in response to several peanut protein allergens. Among these allergenic proteins, Ara h 2 is one of the most commonly recognized allergens. Ara h 2 is a 17-kDa protein that has eight cysteine residues that could form up to four disulfide bonds. Circular dichroism studies showed substantial changes in the secondary and tertiary structures of the reduced Ara h 2 as compared with the native protein. Upon treatment with trypsin, chymotrypsin, or pepsin, a number of relatively large fragments are produced that are resistant to further enzymatic digestion. These resistant Ara h 2 peptide fragments contain intact IgE-binding epitopes and several potential enzyme cut sites that are protected from the enzymes by the compact structure of the protein. The enzyme-treated allergen remains essentially intact despite the action of proteases until the fragments are dissociated when the disulfide linkages are reduced. Amino acid sequence analysis of the resistant protein fragments indicates that they contain most of the immunodominant IgE-binding epitopes. These results provide a link between allergen structure and the immunodominant IgE-binding epitopes within a population of food-allergic individuals.
Polymer-based highly multimode electro-optic waveguide modulator (1998)

A unidirectional electro-optic modulator based on an asymmetrical highly multimode waveguide coupler is proposed. To achieve high switching performance in a guided-wave coupler, a grating-based dumping wall is placed on the larger waveguide. This dumping effect makes the asymmetric highly multimode waveguide coupler possess a highly efficient unidirectional coupling process. A high modulation depth of 99% is experimentally achieved at 633 nm wavelength with an index modulation of 3.0×10−4. This device can be used for multimode optical interconnection systems such as data communications and fiber sensor networks.
Transgenic expression of a myostatin inhibitor derived from follistatin increases skeletal muscle mass and ameliorates dystrophic pathology in <i>mdx</i> mice (2007)

Myostatin is a potent negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. Therefore, myostatin inhibition offers a novel therapeutic strategy for muscular dystrophy by restoring skeletal muscle mass and suppressing the progression of muscle degeneration. The known myostatin inhibitors include myostatin propeptide, follistatin, follistatin-related proteins, and myostatin antibodies. Although follistatin shows potent myostatin-inhibiting activities, it also acts as an efficient inhibitor of activins. Because activins are involved in multiple functions in various organs, their blockade by follistatin would affect multiple tissues other than skeletal muscles. In the present study, we report the characterization of a myostatin inhibitor derived from follistatin, which does not affect activin signaling. The dissociation constants (K(d)) of follistatin to activin and myostatin are 1.72 nM and 12.3 nM, respectively. By contrast, the dissociation constants (K(d)) of a follistatin-derived myostatin inhibitor, designated FS I-I, to activin and myostatin are 64.3 microM and 46.8 nM, respectively. Transgenic mice expressing FS I-I, under the control of a skeletal muscle-specific promoter showed increased skeletal muscle mass and strength. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy were both observed. We crossed FS I-I transgenic mice with mdx mice, a model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Notably, the skeletal muscles in the mdx/FS I-I mice showed enlargement and reduced cell infiltration. Muscle strength is also recovered in the mdx/FS I-I mice. These results indicate that myostatin blockade by FS I-I has a therapeutic potential for muscular dystrophy.
Mechanism-based Inhibition of Yeast α-Glucosidase and Human Pancreatic α-Amylase by a New Class of Inhibitors (1995)

2-Deoxy-2,2-difluoroglycosides are a new class of mechanism-based inhibitors of alpha-glycosidases, which function via the accumulation of a stable difluoroglycosyl-enzyme intermediate. Two members of this new class of inhibitor have been synthesized and kinetic studies performed with their target glycosidases. Thus 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl 2-deoxy-2,2-difluoro-alpha-glucoside is shown to inactivate yeast alpha-glucosidase with a second order rate constant of ki/Ki = 0.25 min-1 mM-1. The equivalent difluoromaltoside inactivates human pancreatic alpha-amylase with ki/Ki = 0.0073 min-1 mM-1. Competitive inhibitors protect the enzyme against inactivation in each case, showing reaction to occur at the active site. A burst of release of one equivalent of trinitrophenolate observed upon inactivation of human pancreatic alpha-amylase proves the required 1:1 stoichiometry. These are the first mechanism-based inhibitors of this class to be described, and the first mechanism-based inhibitors of any sort for the medically important alpha-amylase. In addition to having potential as therapeutics, compounds of this class should prove useful in subsequent structural and mechanistic studies of these enzymes.
Sporadic Legionnaires' disease: the role of domestic electric hot-water tanks (2011)

Sporadic community-acquired legionellosis (SCAL) can be acquired through contaminated aerosols from residential potable water. Electricity-dependent hot-water tanks are widely used in the province of Quebec (Canada) and have been shown to be frequently contaminated with Legionella spp. We prospectively investigated the homes of culture-proven SCAL patients from Quebec in order to establish the proportion of patients whose domestic potable hot-water system was contaminated with the same Legionella isolate that caused their pneumonia. Water samples were collected in each patient's home. Environmental and clinical isolates were compared using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Thirty-six patients were enrolled into the study. Legionella was recovered in 12/36 (33%) homes. The residential and clinical isolates were found to be microbiologically related in 5/36 (14%) patients. Contaminated electricity-heated domestic hot-water systems contribute to the acquisition of SCAL. The proportion is similar to previous reports, but may be underestimated.
Bottom-Up, Wet Chemical Technique for the Continuous Synthesis of Inorganic Nanoparticles (2014)

Continuous wet chemical approaches for the production of inorganic nanoparticles are important for large scale production of nanoparticles. Here we describe a bottom-up, wet chemical method applying a microjet reactor. This technique allows the separation between nucleation and growth in a continuous reactor environment. Zinc oxide (ZnO), magnetite (Fe3O4), as well as brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O), particles with a small particle size distribution can be obtained continuously by using the rapid mixing of two precursor solutions and the fast removal of the nuclei from the reaction environment. The final particles were characterized by FT-IR, TGA, DLS, XRD and SEM techniques. Systematic studies on the influence of the different process parameters, such as flow rate and process temperature, show that the particle size can be influenced. Zinc oxide was obtained with particle sizes between 44 nm and 102 nm. The obtained magnetite particles have particle sizes in the range of 46 nm to 132 nm. Brushite behaves differently; the obtained particles were shaped like small plates with edge lengths between 100 nm and 500 nm.
A high-copy T7 Escherichia coli expression vector for the production of recombinant proteins with a minimal N-terminal His-tagged fusion peptide (2004)

We report here the construction of a vector derived from pET3-His and pRSET plasmids for the expression and purification of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli based on T7 phage RNA polymerase. The resulting pAE plasmid combined the advantages of both vectors: small size (pRSET), expression of a short 6XHis tag at N-terminus (pET3-His) and a high copy number of plasmid (pRSET). The small size of the vector (2.8 kb) and the high copy number/cell (200-250 copies) facilitate the subcloning and sequencing procedures when compared to the pET system (pET3-His, 4.6 kb and 40-50 copies) and also result in high level expression of recombinant proteins (20 mg purified protein/liter of culture). In addition, the vector pAE enables the expression of a fusion protein with a minimal amino-terminal hexa-histidine affinity tag (a tag of 9 amino acids using XhoI restriction enzyme for the 5'cloning site) as in the case of pET3-His plasmid and in contrast to proteins expressed by pRSET plasmids (a tag of 36 amino acids using BamHI restriction enzyme for the 5'cloning site). Thus, although proteins expressed by pRSET plasmids also have a hexa-histidine tag, the fusion peptide is much longer and may represent a problem for some recombinant proteins.
Autotuning of Digital Deadbeat Current Controllers for Grid-Tie Inverters Using Wide Bandwidth Impedance Identification (2013)

By injecting a wide-bandwidth small-amplitude test sequence into the inverter's pulsewidth-modulated control signal and by utilizing digital network analyzer techniques, an accurate estimation of the inverter's output inductance can be obtained without external equipment and under realistic operating conditions, which is important given the nonlinear characteristics of commonly used powdered iron cores. This knowledge can be then leveraged to tune the inverter's digital deadbeat controller for optimal performance, i.e., reaching the desired reference in n switching cycles, where n is the order of the system. A pseudorandom-binary-sequence-based injection sequence is chosen for its wideband spectral content. Experimental results demonstrate the improvement in the output-current total harmonic distortion obtainable with the proposed approach.
Machine Direction Strength Theory of Corrugated Fiberboard (1996)

Linerboard elements between the corrugations of corrugated fiberboard can be viewed as short wide columns when the fiberboard is loaded perpendicular to the axes of the corrugations. Column ends are elastically restrained by the corrugated medium. A theory of buckling of nonlinear corrugated fiberboard material, with compression perpendicular to the corrugation axes, was developed. This theory is consistent with a previous theory applied to fiberboard with compression parallel to the corrugations. The theory matched strength data of corrugated fiberboard using paper compression strength, extensional stiffness, and bending stiffness data as inputs. The theory was further improved by empirically correcting for interactions between material crush failure and structure buckling failure. The correction equation predicts an optimum form of the linerboard stress-strain curve from initial slope and maximum stress data and predicts an element slenderness that varies with the mode of failure.
Aberrant T‐lymphocyte development and function in mice overexpressing human soluble amyloid precursor protein‐α: implications for autism (2011)

Abnormalities in T-lymphocyte populations and function are observed in autism. Soluble amyloid precursor protein α (sAPP-α) is elevated in some patients with autism and is known to be produced by immune cells. In light of the well-established role of sAPP-α in proliferation, growth, and survival of neurons, we hypothesized an analogous role in the immune system. Thus, we explored whether sAPP-α could modulate immune development and function, especially aspects of the pinnacle cell of the adaptive arm of the immune system: the T cell. To do this, we generated mice overexpressing human sAPP-α and characterized elements of T-cell development, signal transduction, cytokine production, and innate/adaptive immune functions. Here, we report that transgenic sAPP-α-overexpressing (TgsAPP-α) mice displayed increased proportions of CD8(+) T cells, while effector memory T cells were decreased in the thymus. Overall apoptotic signal transduction was decreased in the thymus, an effect that correlated with dramatic elevations in Notch1 activation; while active-caspase-3/total-caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 ratios were decreased. Greater levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4 were observed after ex vivo challenge of TgsAPP-α mouse splenocytes with T-cell mitogen. Finally, after immunization, splenocytes from TgsAPP-α mice displayed decreased levels IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4, as well as suppressed ZAP70 activation, after recall antigen stimulation. Given elevated levels of circulating sAPP-α in some patients with autism, sAPP-α could potentially drive aspects of immune dysfunction observed in these patients, including dysregulated T-cell apoptosis, aberrant PI3K/AKT signaling, cytokine alterations, and impaired T-cell recall stimulation.
The Real Reason Why Oil and Water Don't Mix (1998)

The majority of introductory chemistry and organic chemistry textbooks state that oil and water don't mix because of enthalpic effects. These texts generally make the argument that the mixing process is endothermic, reasoning that the water-water hydrogen bonds that must be broken in order to accommodate the solute are much stronger than the subsequent solvent-solute dipole-induced dipole intermolecular forces that are formed. In fact, in most cases the mixing process is exothermic, so the immiscibility of the two liquids must be explained by a loss of entropy in the system. The widely accepted model explaining the hydrophobic effect invokes the formation of icelike clathrate hydrate "cages" around nonpolar solute molecules. Water molecules at the surface of these relatively rigid clathrate structures are strongly hydrogen-bonded to one another. The formation of these solvent "cages" explains why both Delta H and Delta S are negative for the solution process, and the endergonicity of solvation is thus due to entropy and not enthalpy. Authors should remove from their textbooks the incorrect enthalpic/hydrogen-bond explanation for the hydrophobic effect. Because aspects of the correct entropic/clathrate "cage" explanation lie beyond the scope of introductory or organic chemistry courses, it may be wisest to omit any detailed physical explanation of the "like dissolves like" phenomenon. If the overall format of the text permits, a brief discussion of solvation entropy effects might be included in the section dealing with the immiscibility of oil and water
Reversal of Fulminant Hepatic Failure Using An Extracorporeal Liver Assist Device (1992)

Liver transplantation is currently the only effective therapy for patients with fulminant hepatic failure. The availability of an artificial liver could bridge these patients through the relatively brief crisis period and allow their own livers to regenerate, providing a more favorable outcome and sparing the trauma and expense of transplant. We have developed a device consisting of a highly differentiated human liver cell line cultured in a hollow fiber cartridge. This device is capable of supporting dogs with acetaminophen-induced fulminant hepatic failure for a period long enough for their own livers to resume function. Even though liver function tests such as albumin and prothrombin time became extremely abnormal during the course of the experiment, the dogs did not become encephalopathic. Two of the three treated animals recovered sufficient liver function after 42 to 48 hr of treatment that they could be disconnected from the device, and they survived the experiment. Histological results and serum ALT levels suggest that the device affected the course of the disease in two animals, allowing recovery of hepatocytes that would otherwise have lysed. In the third animal, regenerative nodules demonstrated that, even in the presence of severe liver injury, the device was capable of supporting total liver function.
ON YASNA 51:16 (1987)

referring to Av. maga(van)-and Ved
Pore Assembled Multilayers of Charged Polypeptides in Microporous Membranes for Ion Separation (2004)

In this study, highly permeable ion-selective membranes are prepared via immobilization of polyelectrolyte multilayer networks within the inner pore structure of a microporous (pore size = 0.2 microm) support. Electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly is achieved through alternate adsorption of cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes under convective flow conditions. To initiate pore assembly, the first layer consists of covalently bound charged polypeptides (poly(L-glutamic acid) (PLGA) or poly(L-lysine) (PLL)) establishing a charged support for subsequent adsorption. Nonstoichiometric immobilization of charged multilayers within a confined pore geometry leads to an enhanced volume density of ionizable groups in the membrane phase. This overall increase in the effective charge density allows for Donnan exclusion of ionic species (especially divalent co-ions) using microporous materials characterized by permeability values that exceed conventional membrane processes. Multilayer assemblies are fabricated using both PLGA/PLL and synthetic polyelectrolytes (poly(styrenesulfonate)/poly(allylamine)) in an attempt to compare the level of adsorption and separation properties of the resulting materials. The role of salt concentration in the carrier solvent on overall polyelectrolyte adsorption was examined to determine its effect on both solute (Cl-, SO4(2-), As(V)) and water transport. Constriction of the pore size induced by multilayer propagation was monitored through permeability measurements and dextran rejection studies at each stage of the deposition process.
The Radiochemistry of Tungsten (1961)

The radiochemistry of tungsten is discussed. A review of its nuclear and chemical features, a discussion of problems of dissolution of a sample and counting techniques, and a collection of radiochemical procedures for the element as found in the literature are presented. (M.C.G.)
portant a la práctica l'índex per a la inclusió (2007)

L'article comença presentant l'Index for Inclusion, uns materials orientats a ajudar les comunitats escolars a autoavaluar-se i a prendre decisions de millora en l'avanç cap a la educació inclusiva. Després es comenten les seves característiques singulars: els materials d'anàlisi, la participació de la comunitat i l'amic crític (sobre el qual s'especifiquen amb cert detall les seves funcions). Finalment, s'apunta un projecte de xarxa de centres catalans que treballen amb l'Índex.
Differences in the frequency of normal and clonal precursors of colony- forming cells in chronic myelogenous leukemia and acute myelogenous leukemia (1992)

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a clonal disease that is heterogeneous with respect to the pattern of differentiative expression of the leukemic progenitors. In some patients, the involved stem cells manifest pluripotent differentiative expression, whereas in others, the involved progenitors manifest differentiative expression mainly restricted to the granulocytic pathway. This is in contrast to chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) which is a clonal disease known to arise in a pluripotent stem cell. Therefore, we tested whether these leukemias could be distinguished with respect to their involvement of immature precursors by studying colony-forming cells (CFC) and their precursors from four glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) heterozygous patients with AML and five patients with CML. CFC were separated from their precursors by FACS for expression of CD33 and CD34 followed by growth in a long-term culture (LTC) system. The vast majority of CFC express both the CD33 and CD34 antigens, but their less mature precursors, detected by their ability to give rise to CFC in LTC, express only CD34. In three of the four patients with AML, the CD33-CD34+ cells produced CFC in LTC that appeared to be predominantly or completely normal (ie, nonclonal) in origin. In the fourth patient, a significant enrichment of nonclonal progenitors was obtained in the CD33-CD34+ population, but these cells may also have included significant numbers of clonal cells. In contrast, in four of five patients with CML, cultures of both the CD33-CD34+ and CD33+CD34+ populations produced CFC in LTC that were almost entirely clonal in origin, whereas in the fifth patient a substantial number originated from nonclonal stem cells. These data indicate that granulocyte/monocyte progenitors are predominantly clonally derived in CML and AML. In CML, their precursors are also predominantly clonal, but in some cases of AML they are not. These findings may have implications for understanding the success or failure of current therapies of AML and CML.
The Behavior of Lead Anodes in a Sulfate Electrolyte with Particular Reference to the Influence of Cobalt Salts (1938)

The contamination of a zinc sulfate‐sulfuric acid electrolyte by lead emanating from a pure lead anode is considered. The contamination is rapid from a fresh metallic anode and slow from an anode covered with lead peroxide. The production of lead peroxide is due to the attack of the metallic lead through the pores of the lead peroxide film. In the presence of cobalt sulfate, the corrosion of the anode and the contamination of the electrolyte are very much reduced, as if the current were prevented from passing through the pores of the film to the metallic lead.
Process management and control software for distributed telecommunications switching systems (2003)

Process management and control software which enables transparent access to processes distributed among processing modules in switching systems is presented. The processes that constitute application software can communicate with processes in other modules without explicitly specifying where those modules are. Transparency is realized by unified interfaces to access processes and by a process control mechanism based on process name propagation. A prototype of the distributed operating system expected to be applied to NTT's next-generation switching systems is described. This model unifies software for different system configurations and reduces the amount of reprogramming required by software reconfiguration. Some application examples are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>