gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
3D depth migration by rotated McClellan filters<sup>1</sup> (1995)

Abstract The application of McClellan transformations considerably reduces the computational cost of 3D wavefield depth extrapolation by explicit convolutional methods. The accuracy of migration methods based on McClellan transformation depends on how well the transformation filter (cos !;κ!;) is approximated; errors in this approximation cause anisotropy in the extrapolation operator and frequency dispersion in the migrated results. The anisotropy can be greatly reduced by rotating the approximate filter by 45° and averaging the rotated filter with the original filter. The application of the rotated filter yields a migration method that correctly images very steep dips, with little or no additional computational cost. McClellan migration with the improved circular response enhances the imaging of synthetic and real data.
A microengineered pathophysiological model of early-stage breast cancer (2015)

A mounting body of evidence in cancer research suggests that the local microenvironment of tumor cells has a profound influence on cancer progression and metastasis. In vitro studies on the tumor microenvironment and its pharmacological modulation, however, are often hampered by the technical challenges associated with creating physiological cell culture environments that integrate cancer cells with the key components of their native niche such as neighboring cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) to mimic complex microarchitecture of cancerous tissue. Using early-stage breast cancer as a model disease, here we describe a biomimetic microengineering strategy to reconstitute three-dimensional (3D) structural organization and microenvironment of breast tumors in human cell-based in vitro models. Specifically, we developed a microsystem that enabled co-culture of breast tumor spheroids with human mammary ductal epithelial cells and mammary fibroblasts in a compartmentalized 3D microfluidic device to replicate microarchitecture of breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). We also explored the potential of this breast cancer-on-a-chip system as a drug screening platform by evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of an anticancer drug (paclitaxel). Our microengineered disease model represents the first critical step towards recapitulating pathophysiological complexity of breast cancer, and may serve as an enabling tool to systematically examine the contribution of the breast cancer microenvironment to the progression of DCIS to an invasive form of the disease.
Chemical Transformations of Phyllocladane (=13<i>β</i>‐Kaurane) Diterpenoids (2003)

Abstract Earlier phytochemical work on Plectranthus ambiguus (Lamiaceae) afforded a series of tetracyclic phyllocladane‐type (=13 β ‐kaurane) diterpenoids (see 1a – f ). In the course of investigations concerning the reaction behavior of this rare natural‐products, a new constituent of P. ambiguus was isolated, (2 S ,3 R ,16 R )‐phyllocladane‐2,3,16,17‐tetrol 2,3‐diacetate ( 1g ), and another eighteen new phyllocladanes were prepared by chemical transformations and characterized. The main constituent 1b of P. ambiguus was chemically transformed to the known natural diterpenoid calliterpenone (=(16 R )‐16,17‐dihydroxyphyllocladan‐3‐one; 2 ) thus unambiguously establishing its structure ( Scheme 1 ). Epimerization at C(16) via the epoxy derivative 20 yielded 16‐epicalliterpenone ( 21 ), 17‐hydroxyphylloclad‐15‐ene‐3‐one ( 22 ), and (16 R )‐3‐oxophyllocladan‐17‐al ( 23 ) ( Scheme 6 ). Comparing this reaction sequence with the corresponding one starting from diastereoisomeric (16 R )‐16,17‐dihydroxy‐ ent ‐kauran‐3‐one (=abbeokutone; 27 ) showed basically the same outcome ( Scheme 7 ). Furthermore, three new C(16)‐substituted ent ‐kauran‐3‐ones were characterized. Reliable spectroscopic arguments for the determination of the configuration at C(16) in phyllocladanes and kauranes as well as for the differentiation of the diastereoisomeric skeletons are presented.
Control of ionic interactions in sulfonated polystyrene ionomers by the use of alkyl‐substituted ammonium counterions (1984)

Abstract Polystyrenes containing up to about 20 mol % sulfonic acid are reproducibly and readily prepared by the sulfonation of polystyrene at 50°C with acetyl sulfate in 1,2‐dichloroethane solution. The metal salts of sulfonated polystyrene possess extremely high melt viscosities and are soluble in single solvents such as toluene and THF only at very low sulfonate levels. Such properties are the result of the very strong ion‐dipole interactions among the metal sulfonate groups. Such strong interactions can be substantially reduced through the neutralization of the sulfonic acid with ammonia and, most especially, relatively simple low molecular weight amines. Sulfonated polystyrenes varying in sulfonic acid content from about 1 mol % to about 20 mol % were neutralized with various mono‐, di‐, and tri‐substituted alkyl amines ranging in alkyl chain length from H (ammonia) to C 20 , and their rheological and thermal properties were measured. As the number of substituents on the nitrogen increased, the glass transition temperature and the melt viscosity decreased. The tributylamine sulfonates possessed viscosities almost as low as unsulfonated polystyrene and the longer chain amines behaved as if internally plasticized. The properties of amine neutralized sulfonated polystyrenes are concluded to be primarily a function of amine size. Increasing the size of the amine reduces the strength of the ion‐dipole interaction by preventing close approach of the amine sulfonate groups.
Wetting transitions on biomimetic surfaces (2010)

Biomimetic hierarchical surfaces demonstrate a potential for a variety of green technologies, including energy conversion and conservation, owing to their remarkable water repellence. The design of such surfaces allowing emerging green applications remains a challenging scientific and technological task. Understanding the physical mechanism of wetting transitions (WTs) is crucial for the design of highly stable superhydrophobic materials. The main experimental and theoretical approaches to WTs are reviewed. Reducing the micro-structural scales is the most efficient measure needed to enlarge the threshold pressure of WTs. The trends of future investigations are envisaged.
Program Does Not Equal Program: Constraint Programming and Its Relationship to Mathematical Programming (2001)

Arising from research in the computer science community, constraint programming is a fairly new technique for solving optimization problems. For those familiar with mathematical programming, a number of language barriers make it difficult to understand the concepts of constraint programming. In this short tutorial on constraint programming, we explain how it relates to familiar mathematical programming concepts and how constraint programming and mathematical programming technologies are complementary. We assume a minimal background in linear and integer programming.
Bicycle riding as a cause for erectile dysfunction (2000)

A 54-year-old attorney who never had any problems with sexual p e rf o rmance, suddenly became impotent after cycling almost 200 miles during a 2-day charity ride last summer. Pedaling a new road bike equipped with a racing saddle and an aero - b a r, he noticed that his penis was numb during most of the event. After experiencing erection difficulties for the next 6 months, he finally visited a urologist, who, using angiography, identified arterial damage at the base of the shaft of the penis. A 33-year-old computer programmer experienced pain that went beyond usual aches after a long mountain-bike ride on rough terrain. The pain epicenter was near his penis, which would not get as hard or as ere c t as it used to. When he eventually consulted a urologist, and after a thorough history and physical exam were conducted followed by diagnostic testing, he learned that his main penile art e ry had become obstru c t e d . A 55-year-old man who never had a bicycle accident or any sexual dysfunction, started riding a stationary bicycle after a heart attack. Seven years later, after pedaling nearly 50,000 miles, his heart was indeed stro n g , but his penis had gone soft. Special studies uncovered no abnormalities in the penis itself, but right where it attaches to the pubic bone (exactly where the bicycle seat fits), a urologist found arterial lumenal obstruction that was impairing blood flow to the patient’s penis.
Windows 2000 DNS (2000)

From the Book:
The domain name system (DNS) has for years served as a glue binding the world's networks together into a cohesive communications grid. DNS has not stood still, however, continuing to change to meet new needs and challenges arising from the explosive growth of the Internet and from its many new and emerging uses.
At its most basic, DNS is a vast index that allows communications to connect points anywhere in the worldwide network through the use of friendly names. In this, it is much like a phone book, except it is a distributed system, as if the A section of the phone book were in Phoenix, the B section in London, the C in Tokyo, and so forth.
Since the middle of the 1990s, DNS has been enhanced in a number of ways. Methods for distributing the data more efficiently have been added. Methods for automating entry and update of the data have been defined. The increased use of networked systems, especially for sensitive purposes, has led to new ways to secure both access to the DNS data and also to control what is in the data. The many new uses of the Internet have led to the definition of a new resource data record, so the DNS services can now be used to locate new types of network resources.
This book is about DNS, how it is designed, and how to correctly run it to interoperate with the DNS servers run by thousands of others worldwide.The practical issues behind planning DNS services, and the tools available to assist in running DNS, are treated at length.
This book is also about the Windows 2000 use of DNS, and about the DNS server provided with Windows 2000. This newest version of Windows places DNS at the very center of its core architecture. Windows 2000 relies on and exercises DNS in ways, and to an extent, that quite possibly has never before been seen in a commercial operating system. The new version of DNS provided in Windows 2000 is much different and improved from the version provided in Windows NT, supporting most of the recent changes to DNS. The Active Directory then adds further considerations related to the use of DNS, as do the interoperation capabilities of the networking services in Windows 2000.The included material is intended to assist in finding a map through all these alternatives and to provide an ongoing reference for maintaining the health of the deployment services.
Case study: fishing for information on the Internet (2002)

As the Internet continues to grow, the amount of accessible information becomes increasingly vast. Search tools exist that allow users to find relevant information. However, a search can often produce such a large amount of data that it becomes hard to ferret out the most appropriate and highest quality information. In addition, some search tools lose valuable information when displaying the results to the user. The paper describes a search visualization tool, called FISH, for viewing hierarchically structured information and managing information overload. FISH (Forager for the Information Super Highway) allows users to visualize the results of search requests across large document spaces in a way that preserves the structure of the information space. FISH displays the returned documents as rectangles, using a combination of order, indentation, size, and color to denote document hierarchy, the score of the documents with respect to the search, and other data attributes. In addition, the user can navigate through the document space for in-depth probing and refinement.
Protection of the Ischemic Myocardium: Cold Chemical Cardioplegia, Coronary Infusates and the Importance of Cellular Calcium Control (1980)

Crystalloid cardioplegic infusates with "extracellular" and "intracellular" ionic formulation were compared in the isolated working rat heart under hypothermic conditions of coronary infusion (4 min, 4 degrees C) and ischemia (100 min, 20 degrees C) and with the postischemic recovery of various parameters of cardiac function for the assessment of efficacy. With the St. Thomas' Hospital (ST) solution the recovery was superior to that observed with the Bretschneider (BR) solution no 3. In further experiments it was found that the ST solution owed its efficacy to the content of potassium (16.0 mM) and magnesium (16.0 mM) and its safety and stability to the presence of nearly normal extracellular concentrations of calcium (1.2 mM) and sodium (116.6 mM). The efficacy of the BR solution was totally dependent upon its content of procaine (7.4 mM), and the ionic composition with low sodium (12.0 mM) and zero calcium was of little value without the use of additional protective measures. The results emphasized the importance of an optimal cellular calcium homeostasis during coronary infusion of cardioplegic solutions, during ischemia, and initially during reperfusion after ischemia. Cardioplegic infusates which are to afford a stable cellular calcium control should preferably be based on an extracellular ionic composition.
TCP-Based Media Transport in the Session Description Protocol (SDP) (2005)

This document describes how to express media transport over TCP using the Session Description Protocol (SDP).It defines the SDP 'TCP' protocol identifier, the SDP 'setup' attribute, which describes the connection setup procedure, and the SDP 'connection' attribute, which handles connection reestablishment.
The Role of Growth Factor Receptors in Central Nervous System Development and Neoplasia (1995)

Future advances in neuro-oncology will increasingly rely on an understanding of the molecular biology of brain tumors. Recent laboratory work, including the identification of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, has elucidated many of the molecular events contributing to oncogenesis. In particular, the signaling pathways for the growth factors have been implicated in the genesis and the maintenance of several human tumors, including neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS). Growth factor autocrine and paracrine stimulatory loops promote tumor proliferation and angiogenesis. A family of structurally related growth factor receptors, the receptor tyrosine kinases, are particularly relevant to tumors of the CNS. This large family includes the receptors for the epidermal growth factor, the platelet-derived growth factor, the fibroblast growth factor, the insulin-like growth factor, the neurotrophins related to the nerve growth factor, and the vascular endothelial growth factor, as well as several receptors for which no growth factor ligand has been identified. Several of these receptor molecules and their growth factor ligands are preferentially expressed in the embryonic brain and are thought to play a central role in regulating the determination of the cell fate during the development of the CNS. Moreover, the overexpression or the mutation of genes encoding these receptors can be oncogenic. Researchers think that some receptors in this family (i.e., those that have been shown to be overexpressed or mutated in human brain tumors) contribute to brain tumor oncogenesis. This article will focus on recent experimental work and will discuss the classification and the biology of the receptor tyrosine kinases, as well as their roles in the development of the CNS and in tumorigenesis.
Highly Efficient Solar Cells Based on Poly(3-butylthiophene) Nanowires (2008)

Poly(3-butylthiophene) (P3BT) nanowires, prepared by solution-phase self-assembly, have been used to construct highly efficient P3BT/fullerene nanocomposite solar cells. The fullerene/P3BT nanocomposite films showed an electrically bicontinuous nanoscale morphology with average field-effect hole mobilities as high as 8.0 x 10(-3) cm2/Vs due to the interconnected P3BT nanowire network revealed by TEM and AFM imaging. The power conversion efficiency of fullerene/P3BT nanowire devices was 3.0% (at 100 mW/cm2, AM1.5) in air and found to be identical with our similarly tested fullerene/poly(3-hexylthiophene) photovoltaic cells. This discovery expands the scope of promising materials and architectures for efficient bulk heterojunction solar cells.
MR perfusion imaging using encapsulated laser‐polarized <sup>3</sup>He (2001)

In this work, the use of a new carrier agent for intravascular laser-polarized 3He imaging is reported. Lipid-based helium microbubbles were investigated. Their average diameter of 3 microm, which is smaller than that of the capillaries, makes it possible to conduct in vivo studies. The NMR relaxation parameters T1, T2, and T2* of a microbubble suspension were measured as 90 s, 300 ms, and 4.5 ms, respectively, and in vivo images of encapsulated 3He with signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) larger than 30 were acquired. Dynamic cardiac images and vascular images of encapsulated 3He were obtained in rats using intravenous injections of microbubble suspensions. Excellent preservation of 3He polarization through the lung capillaries and heart cavities was observed. The first images of 3He microbubble distributions in the lungs were obtained. Additionally, the potential of this technique for lung perfusion assessment was validated through an experimental embolism model with the visualization of perfusion defects.
Neuroprotection by Estrogens in a Mouse Model of Focal Cerebral Ischemia and in Cultured Neurons: Evidence for a Receptor-Independent Antioxidative Mechanism (1999)

Estrogens have been suggested for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, including stroke, because of their neuroprotective activities against various neurotoxic stimuli such as glutamate, glucose deprivation, iron, or beta-amyloid. Here, the authors report that 17beta-estradiol (0.3 to 30 mg/kg) and 2-OH-estradiol (0.003 to 30 mg/kg) reduced brain tissue damage after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in male NMRI mice. In vitro, 17beta-estradiol (1 to 10 micromol/L) and 2-OH-estradiol (0.01 to 1 micromol/L) reduced the percentage of damaged chick embryonic neurons treated with FeSO4. In these primary neurons exposed to FeSO4, the authors also found reactive oxygen species to be diminished after treatment with 17beta-estradiol (1 to 10 micromol/L) or 2-OH-estradiol (0.01 to 10 micromol/L), suggesting a strong antioxidant activity of the estrogens that were used. Neither the neuroprotective effect nor the free radical scavenging properties of the estrogens were influenced by the estrogen receptor antagonist tamoxifen. The authors conclude that estrogens protect neurons against damage by radical scavenging rather than through estrogen receptor activation.
An AR system on manipulating a virtual object with a bare hand (2016)

For realizing natural interaction with a virtual object, bare hand interaction reduces the discomfort caused by devices mounted on the user's hand. There have been some studies on such bare hand interaction, however in these studies the shape of the virtual object is assumed to be simple or the user touches a physical object during the bare hand interaction[Ban et al. 2014]. In our previous study, we have developed an AR system that allows the user to grasp a spherical virtual object with a bare hand[Suzuki et al. 2014]. This study extends the previous work. We focus on manipulation of a virtual object in various shapes with a bare hand. The manipulation includes grasping, rotating, translating and releasing the virtual object. The shapes of the virtual object are not only a sphere but also a cube, a cuboid, a duck, a cup and a chess pawn. We compare the manipulation of the virtual object with the manipulation of the real physical object in the same shape. Subjective evaluation results show that with our extended AR system, grasping, rotating and translating the virtual objects except a narrow shape are natural or slightly unnatural compared with those of the real physical objects.
A Diode-Pumped Continuous Wave Hybrid Nd:Phosphate Glass and Nd:YVO4 Laser (1997)

A diode-pumped, continuous wave hybrid Nd:phosphate glass and Nd:YVO4 laser was demonstrated. Effective control of the Nd:glass lasing spectrum by Nd:YVO4 was achieved, with the extraction of energy from Nd:glass efficiently transferred from 1054 nm to 1064 nm due to the induced selective transitions in Nd:phosphate glass by the lasing signals at the Nd:YVO4 line.
Mechanical property testing of irradiated zircaloy cladding under reactor transient conditions. (2001)

Specimen geometries have been developed to determine the mechanical properties of irradiated Zircaloy cladding subjected to the mechanical conditions and temperatures associated with reactivity-initiated accidents (RIA) and loss-of-coolant accidents (LOCA). Miniature ring-stretch specimens were designed to induce both uniaxial and plane-strain states of stress in the transverse (hoop) direction of the cladding. Also, longitudinal tube specimens were also designed to determine the constitutive properties in the axial direction. Finite-element analysis (FEA) and experimental parameters and results were closely coupled to optimize an accurate determination of the stress-strain response and to induce fracture behavior representative of accident conditions. To determine the constitutive properties, a procedure was utilized to transform measured values of load and displacement to a stress-strain response under complex loading states. Additionally, methods have been developed to measure true plastic strains in the gauge section and the initiation of failure using real-time data analysis software. Strain rates and heating conditions have been selected based on their relevance to the mechanical response and temperatures of the cladding during the accidents.
Error theory (2011)

There seems to me no doubt that our ethical judgments all claim objectivity; but this claim, to my mind, makes them all false.(Russell [1922] 1999: 123)
Tomographic flow cytometry by digital holography (2016)

High-throughput single-cell analysis is a challenging task. Label-free tomographic phase microscopy is an excellent candidate to perform this task. However, in-line tomography is very difficult to implement in practice because it requires a complex set-up for rotating the sample and examining the cell along several directions. We demonstrate that by exploiting the random rolling of cells while they are flowing along a microfluidic channel, it is possible to obtain in-line phase-contrast tomography, if smart strategies for wavefront analysis are adopted. In fact, surprisingly, <i>a priori</i> knowledge of the three-dimensional position and orientation of rotating cells is no longer needed because this information can be completely retrieved through digital holography wavefront numerical analysis. This approach makes continuous-flow cytotomography suitable for practical operation in real-world, single-cell analysis and with a substantial simplification of the optical system; that is, no mechanical scanning or multi-direction probing is required. A demonstration is given for two completely different classes of biosamples: red blood cells and diatom algae. An accurate characterization of both types of cells is reported, despite their very different nature and material content, thus showing that the proposed method can be extended by adopting two alternate strategies of wavefront analysis to many classes of cells.