gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Applications of curium measurements for safeguarding at large-scale reprocessing plants (1997)

Safeguarding the plutonium passing through a large-scale reprocessing plant (such as one with 800 t of uranium per year) involves nondestructive assay measurements for plutonium at key points. The gamma-ray and neutron signals from the plutonium are generally hidden by the much larger backgrounds from fission products and actinides, so indirect measurements are routinely used. The intense neutron emission rate from spent fuel is from curium. In a spent fuel assembly at the head-end of a plant, the curium neutrons are used to deduce the amount of plutonium present. Coincidence and multiplicity counting are alternative ways to measure neutrons from spent fuel; they have advantages over total neutron counting in certain conditions and offer new opportunities for examining assemblies. New uses for measurements of curium`s neutrons are proposed to safeguard waste streams. From a year`s work at a large-scale plant, 4 to 7 kg of plutonium can remain in leached hulls and 4 to 22 kg of plutonium can remain in the vitrified high-level liquid waste. While the plutonium in these wastes has the safeguards advantage of being dilute, it is important to verify (a) that the many kilograms involved are in fact present and (b) that the declared masses are not higher than the actual amounts so that more concentrated plutonium cannot pass through the plant by masquerading as waste. Curium measurements on spent fuel assemblies, the accountability tank, and leached hulls would form a safeguards system around all the inputs and outputs of a plant`s head-end where the plutonium is always intimately mixed with the curium. A neutron measurement of the vitrified waste would help identify the presence of a diversion path upstream because essentially all of the curium measured in the spent fuel assemblies should also be found in the vitrified waste (on a batch basis). 7 refs., 4 figs.
Design and analysis of multicasting experiment based on PIM-DM (2009)

In this paper, we build a PIM-DM enabled network experiment testbed and gain an appreciation of the working protocols and routing characteristics involved. Through this experiment design, we can examine and discover that PIM-DM makes efficient use of the network by not wasting bandwidth. This is accomplished through the interaction of IGMP, and each stage of the flood-and-prune mechanism examined in detail. The detailed procedure has explored the scenario, that a router receives the multicast data on the interface closest to the source, and then forwards the traffic to all other interfaces. Flooding occurs periodically. It is used to refresh state information, such as the source IP address and multicast group pair. If the router has no interested receivers for the data, and the routing table becomes empty, and the router sends a prune message upstream to stop the delivery of multicast traffic. Based on this design and analysis, students can find that PIM-DM is a stable and workable solution for a dedicated scale multicast domains, and gain the working principle intuitively in detail.
Electrospinning of Carbon–Carbon Fiber Composites for High-Performance Single Coin-Cell Supercapacitors: Effects of Carbon Additives and Electrolytes (2017)

Carbon nanofibers incorporated with other carbon additives, i.e. acetylene black (ACB), hollow carbon sphere (HCS), and reduced graphene oxide sheets (rGO), were successfully produced by an electrospinning process. The influence of carbon additives was evaluated through the electrochemical performance of carbon-based nanofiber supercapacitors. The carbon additives with high sp2 content not only enhanced specific surface area but also improved electrical conductivity of the carbon nanofibers. A finely tuned 1 wt % ACB loaded to the carbon nanofibers provided a specific surface area of 116 m2 g–1, a specific capacitance of 209 F g–1 at 2 mA per cell, a specific energy of 14.2 Wh kg–1, a maximum specific power of 8.3 kW kg–1, and >99% capacity retention over 10 000 cycles in 1 M H2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. The carbon fiber composites here may be practically used in supercapacitors.
Recent Innovations in Muon Beam Cooling (2006)

Eight new ideas are being developed under SBIR/STTR grants to cool muon beams for colliders, neutrino factories, and muon experiments. Analytical and simulation studies have confirmed that a six‐dimensional (6D) cooling channel based on helical magnets surrounding RF cavities filled with dense hydrogen gas can provide effective beam cooling. This helical cooling channel (HCC) has solenoidal, helical dipole, helical quadrupole, and helical sextupole magnetic fields to generate emittance exchange and achieve 6D emittance reduction of over 3 orders of magnitude in a 100 m segment. Four such sequential HCC segments, where the RF frequencies are increased and transverse physical dimensions reduced as the beams become cooler, implies a 6D emittance reduction of almost five orders of magnitude. Two new cooling ideas, Parametric‐resonance Ionization Cooling and Reverse Emittance Exchange, then can be employed to reduce transverse emittances to a few mm‐mr, which allows high luminosity with fewer muons than previously imagined. We describe these new ideas as well as a new precooling idea based on a HCC with z dependent fields that can be used as MANX, an exceptional 6D cooling demonstration experiment.
Emerging Roles of Dlg-Like PDZ Proteins in the Organization of the NMDA-Type Glutamatergic Synapse (1998)

A group of proteins found at cell-cell junctions have a common structural domain, called PDZ-a stretch of 80-90 amino acid residues initially identified in the three proteins PSD-95, Dlg, and ZO-1. This domain is found in various proteins from bacteria to mammals and is involved in protein-protein interaction. Recently, many proteins containing this domain were identified in the nervous system by molecular cloning and shown to interact with other synaptic proteins, including various transmitter receptors, ion channels, and signal transducers. These PDZ-containing proteins are mostly located near the synaptic membrane and are, therefore, speculated to transport associated proteins to the synapse and/or anchor them at the synaptic sites. Alternatively, as a single molecule often contains multiple PDZ domains that can interact with each other, it may cluster all these synaptic molecules and facilitate their signaling at synaptic sites. This review focuses on the best characterized PDZ-containing proteins that interact with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors and discusses their functions in synaptic organization.
Generation and Characterization of an IgG4 Monomeric Fc Platform (2016)

The immunoglobulin Fc region is a homodimer consisted of two sets of CH2 and CH3 domains and has been exploited to generate two-arm protein fusions with high expression yields, simplified purification processes and extended serum half-life. However, attempts to generate one-arm fusion proteins with monomeric Fc, with one set of CH2 and CH3 domains, are often plagued with challenges such as weakened binding to FcRn or partial monomer formation. Here, we demonstrate the generation of a stable IgG4 Fc monomer with a unique combination of mutations at the CH3-CH3 interface using rational design combined with in vitro evolution methodologies. In addition to size-exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation, we used multi-angle light scattering (MALS) to show that the engineered Fc monomer exhibits excellent monodispersity. Furthermore, crystal structure analysis (PDB ID: 5HVW) reveals monomeric properties supported by disrupted interactions at the CH3-CH3 interface. Monomeric Fc fusions with Fab or scFv achieved FcRn binding and serum half-life comparable to wildtype IgG. These results demonstrate that this monomeric IgG4 Fc is a promising therapeutic platform to extend the serum half-life of proteins in a monovalent format.
Aggregate path index for incremental Web view maintenance (2002)

As Web data keeps growing in an explosive way, Web queries need to be materialized to achieve fast query response time. However, developing efficient maintenance techniques for materialized views over dynamic Web data sources is more challenging than in the traditional database context. In this paper, given a Web view specified in XQL, we propose an aggregation path index structure to hold a collection of "qualified" objects with respect to the query pattern. By utilizing the pre-computed auxiliary information stored in such an index, our algorithms show that Web view maintenance can be done more efficiently. Cost analysis and experimental studies on the advantages of our incremental maintenance approach compared to state-of-art solutions illustrate the performance gains of APIX.
Amalgamating knowledge bases (1994)

The integration of knowledge for multiple sources is an important aspect of automated reasoning systems. When different knowledge bases are used to store knowledge provided by multiple sources, we are faced with the problem of integrating multiple knowledge bases: Under these circumstances, we are also confronted with the prospect of inconsistency. In this paper we present a uniform theoretical framework, based on annotated logics , for amalgamating multiple knowledge bases when these knowledge bases (possibly) contain inconsistencies, uncertainties, and nonmonotonic modes of negation. We show that annotated logics may be used, with some modifications, to mediate between different knowledge bases. The multiple knowledge bases are amalgamated by a transformation of the individual knowledge bases into new annotated logic programs, together with the addition of a new axiom scheme. We characterize the declarative semantics of such amalgamated knowledge bases and study how the semantics of the amalgam is related to the semantics of the individual knowledge bases being combined. —Author's Abstract
An artifact-free structure-saving noise reduction using the correlation between two images for threshold determination in the wavelet domain (2005)

A new method of noise reduction based on shrinkage in the wavelet domain has been created for the application in projection radiography. The method is based on comparing two similar or quasi-identical images of the same object. Using an appropriate measure of similarity, these images are compared with each other in order to produce the weighting matrices. The weighting factors for the wavelet coefficients are chosen to be proportional to the elements of the weighting matrices. One image of the pair is then reconstructed from the weighted wavelet coefficients. The effect of this kind of de-noising is a suppression of those structures in the image which don’t correlate with the structures in the other image of the pair. Normally the suppressed structures are quantum or scatter noise, while the correlated structures which are not affected at all, are the real anatomical structures.
Characterizing and Quantifying Anthocyanins in Red Pears and the Effect of Light Quality on Fruit Color (1995)

The anthocyanin in `Sensation Red Bartlett' pear skin was characterized and quantified, and the effect of light quality on fruit color development was evaluated. Anthocyanin concentration was related to fruit chromaticity values. Pigments were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). One of two spots detected in the TLC chromatogram did not change color with molybdate sprays, indicating the possible presence of peonidin. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of a major and a minor pigment, which co-eluted with cyanidin 3-galactoside and peonidin 3-galactoside. Monomeric anthocyanins in the pear skin extract were 6.83 mg/100 g of fruit peel. To study light quality, gelatin filters allowing passage of different wavelengths of-light were attached over the exposed side of `Sensation Red Bartlett' pears 1 month before harvest. Chromaticity was recorded before the filters were attached and after their removal at harvest using the Commission Internationale del'Eclairage (L * , a * , and b * ) color space coordinates. Following color measurements, anthocyanin was extracted from individual skin disks. Skin beneath all filters yielded less hue than the control. Wavelengths that transmit above 600 nm had the largest effect on chroma, a * , and b * values. Fruit wrapped in aluminum foil to obscure all light had the highest luminosity. Wavelengths from 400 to 500 nm gave darker, less chromatic, and redder pear fruit. All treatments yielded higher anthocyanin content than the control. There was a tendency toward increased anthocyanin content with longer wavelengths. The simple linear regression of the log anthocyanin content on L * value and (a * /b * ) provided an R 2 = 0.41.
Computing with multiple microprocessors (1973)

Computer systems with multiple processors are becoming more common for reasons of reliability and modularity. The use of asynchronous processors, however, leads to problems of complexity of control and of programming. This work investigates the application of multiple asynchronous processors to the computing task at the lowest level - that of interpreting single machine-language instructions.
An architecture for creating collaborative semantically capable scientific data sharing infrastructures (2006)

Increasingly, scientists are seeking to collaborate and share data among themselves. Such sharing is can be readily done by publishing data on the World-Wide Web. Meaningful querying and searching on such data depends upon the availability of accurate and adequate metadata that describes the data and the sources of the data. In this paper, we outline the architecture of an implemented cyber-infrastructure for chemistry that provides tools for users to upload datasets and their metadata to a database. Our proposal combines a two level metadata system with a centralized database repository and analysis tools to create an effective and capable data sharing infrastructure. Our infrastructure is extensible in that it can handle data in different formats and allows different analytic tools to be plugged in.
Comparison of low-cost GPS/INS sensors for Autonomous Vehicle applications (2008)

Autonomous Vehicle applications (Unmanned Ground Vehicles, Micro-Air Vehicles, UAV’s, and Marine Surface Vehicles) all require accurate position and attitude to be effective. Commercial units range in both cost and accuracy, as well as power, size, and weight. With the advent of low-cost blended GPS/INS solutions, several new options are available to accomplish the positioning task. In this work, we experimentally compare three commercially available, off-the-shelf units insitu, in terms of both position, and attitude. The compared units are a Microbotics MIDG-II, a Tokimec VSAS-2GM, along with a KVH Fiber Optic Gyro. The position truth measure is from a Trimble Ag122 DGPS receiver, and the attitude truth is from the KVH in yaw. Care is taken to make sure that all measurements are taken simultaneously, and that the sensors are all mounted rigidly to the vehicle chassis. A series of measurement trials are performed, including light driving on coastal roads and highway speeds, static bench testing, and flight data taken in a light aircraft both flying up the coast as well as aggressively maneuvering. Allan Variance analysis performed on all of the sensors, and their noise characteristics are compared directly. A table is included with the final consistent models for these sensors, and a methodology for creating such models for any additional sensors as they are made available. The Microbotics MIDG-II demonstrates performance that is superior to the Tokimec VSAS-2GM, both in terms of raw positioning data, as well as attitude data. While both perform quite well during flight, the MIDG is much better during driving tests. This is due to the MIDG internal tightly-coupled architecture, which is able to better fuse the GPS information with the noisy inertial sensor measurements.
Antiviral Immunity following Smallpox Virus Infection: a Case-Control Study (2010)

Outbreaks of smallpox (i.e., caused by variola virus) resulted in up to 30% mortality, but those who survived smallpox infection were regarded as immune for life. Early studies described the levels of neutralizing antibodies induced after infection, but smallpox was eradicated before contemporary methods for quantifying T-cell memory were developed. To better understand the levels and duration of immunity after smallpox infection, we performed a case-control study comparing antiviral CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses and neutralizing antibody levels of 24 smallpox survivors with the antiviral immunity observed in 60 smallpox-vaccinated (i.e., vaccinia virus-immune) control subjects. We found that the duration of immunity following smallpox infection was remarkably similar to that observed after smallpox vaccination, with antiviral T-cell responses that declined slowly over time and antiviral antibody responses that remained stable for decades after recovery from infection. These results indicate that severe, potentially life-threatening disease is not required for the development of sustainable long-term immunity. This study shows that the levels of immunity induced following smallpox vaccination are comparable in magnitude to that achieved through natural variola virus infection, and this may explain the notable success of vaccination in eradicating smallpox, one of the world's most lethal diseases.
Evaluation of the role of the D2 dopamine receptor in myoclonus dystonia (2000)

A novel Val154-->Ile mutation in the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) on chromosome 11q23 has recently been shown to be associated with myoclonus dystonia (M-D) in one large family. Sequence analysis of the DRD2 gene in 5 M-D patients from different families did not reveal any mutations, nor was there evidence of linkage to the 11q23 region in the DRD2 gene in four other families. Receptor binding and signal transduction assays of the DRD2 mutant and wild-type receptors revealed identical agonist and antagonist affinities and functional responses. These studies suggest that M-D is genetically heterogeneous. The molecular mechanisms through which the Val-->Ile mutation may contribute to M-D remain to be determined.
Chromosome 1q21 gains confer inferior outcomes in multiple myeloma treated with bortezomib but copy number variation and percentage of plasma cells involved have no additional prognostic value (2013)

Chromosome 1q21 aberrations have not been yet been made part of routine clinical tests and their effect in multiple myeloma is still under investigation. The prognostic value of copy number variation and percentage of plasma cells involved have remained unclear. In the present study, we analyzed the prognostic value of 1q21 in a series of 290 cases of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma treated in a prospective, non-randomized clinical trial (BDH 2008/02). We found that incidence of 1q21 aberration increased at relapse, but its copy numbers and proportion of cells involved did not change. Gains of 1q21 had no impact on survival in patients receiving thalidomide-based treatment but conferred a significantly inferior prognosis in patients under bortezomib-based chemotherapy and was an independent adverse prognostic factor for progression free survival (HR 3.831; 95%CI: 2.125-6.907; P<0.001) and overall survival (HR 3.245; 95%CI: 1.555-6.773; P=0.002). Strikingly, our results showed that the copy number variation and clone size harboring 1q21 gains carried no additional prognostic value and patients with 1q21 gains did not benefit significantly from regimens incorporating bortezomib. Our results indicate that three copies of 1q21 and 20% of plasma cells with this abnormality were enough to confer bortezomib resistance. Therefore, chromosome 1q21 gains should be considered a high-risk feature in multiple myeloma receiving bortezomib therapy.
Ground-state van der Waals forces in planar multilayer magnetodielectrics (2005)

Within the frame of lowest-order perturbation theory, the van der Waals potential of a ground-state atom placed within an arbitrary dispersing and absorbing magnetodielectric multilayer system is given. Examples of an atom situated in front of a magnetodielectric plate or between two such plates are studied in detail. Special emphasis is placed on the competing attractive and repulsive force components associated with the electric and magnetic matter properties, respectively, and conditions for the formation of repulsive potential walls are given. Both numerical and analytical results are presented.
A Quantitative Platform for Non-Line-of-Sight Imaging Problems (2018)

The computational sensing community has recently seen a surge of works on imaging\nbeyond the direct line of sight. However, most of the reported results rely on drastically\ndifferent measurement setups and algorithms, and are therefore hard to impossible\nto compare quantitatively. In this paper, we focus on an important class of approaches,\nnamely those that aim to reconstruct scene properties from time-resolved optical impulse\nresponses. We introduce a collection of reference data and quality metrics that are tailored\nto the most common use cases, and we define reconstruction challenges that we\nhope will aid the development and assessment of future methods.
Improving single particle localization with an empirically calibrated Gaussian kernel (2008)

Accurate computational localization of single fluorescent particles is of interest to many biophysical studies and underlies recent approaches to high resolution microscopy using photo-switchable fluorophores. The position of individual particles is typically computed by least-squares fitting of a Gaussian intensity profile to the image, whose band-width is either derived from an idealized theoretical model of the point spread function (PSF), or itself fitted to the image. However, the band-width best approximating the actual PSF may differ significantly from its theoretical value, while fitting it is expected to degrade localization accuracy. Here, instead, we measure the real PSF bandwidth using fluorescent beads as calibration probes, and use this new bandwidth in a Gaussian model fitting algorithm. We show on simulated and real images that this simple modification of the standard localization procedure results in significant improvement of the 3D accuracy in the nanometer range.