gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoluminescence and time‐resolved photoluminescence in Cu(In,Ga)Se<sub>2</sub> thin films and solar cells (2009)

Abstract Photoluminescence (PL) and time‐resolved PL (TR‐PL) studies have been carried out on Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) thin films and solar cells (ZnO/CdS/CIGS) to study the recombination of the photo‐excited carriers. The CIGS solar cells exhibited intense near‐band‐edge (NBE) PL compared with the CIGS films by two orders of magnitude. PL decay time of the cell is strongly dependent on the repetition frequency of the excitation light. PL decay time of the cell is longer than that of the corresponding CIGS thin film. The chemical bath deposition of the CdS buffer layer on CIGS leads to changes in PL intensity, defect‐related PL and the PL decay time. They are discussed with relation to the substitution of Cd atom at the Cu site at the Cu‐deficient surface of CIGS thin film. Under the open circuit condition, NBE‐PL is stronger and the decay time is longer compared with those under the short circuit condition. PL of the cell under the load was examined, and PL intensity and PL decay time are related to the photovoltage during PL measurements. Low temperature PL suggests that the Cd diffusion during the CBD process is pronounced for low Ga content CIGS. The authors demonstrate the effectiveness of PL as a powerful non‐destructive device and photovoltaic characterization methods of CIGS solar cells. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Job Scheduling for Cloud Computing Using Neural Networks (2014)

Cloud computing aims to maximize the benefit of distributed resources and aggregate them to achieve higher throughput to solve large scale computation problems. In this technology, the customers rent the resources and only pay per use. Job scheduling is one of the biggest issues in cloud computing. Scheduling of users’ requests means how to allocate resources to these requests to finish the tasks in minimum time. The main task of job scheduling system is to find the best resources for user’s jobs, taking into consideration some statistics and dynamic parameters restrictions of users’ jobs. In this research, we introduce cloud computing, genetic algorithm and artificial neural networks, and then review the literature of cloud job scheduling. Many researchers in the literature tried to solve the cloud job scheduling using different techniques. Most of them use artificial intelligence techniques such as genetic algorithm and ant colony to solve the problem of job scheduling and to find the optimal distribution of resources. Unfortunately, there are still some problems in this research area. Therefore, we propose implementing artificial neural networks to optimize the job scheduling results in cloud as it can find new set of classifications not only search within the available set.
Synergistic Reversal of Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice With Anti-CD3 and Interleukin-1 Blockade (2011)

Inflammatory cytokines are involved in autoimmune diabetes: among the most prominent is interleukin (IL)-1β. We postulated that blockade of IL-1β would modulate the effects of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in treating diabetes in NOD mice. To test this, we treated hyperglycemic NOD mice with F(ab')(2) fragments of anti-CD3 mAb with or without IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), or anti-IL-1β mAb. We studied the reversal of diabetes and effects of treatment on the immune system. Mice that received a combination of anti-CD3 mAb with IL-1RA showed a more rapid rate of remission of diabetes than mice treated with anti-CD3 mAb or IL-1RA alone. Combination-treated mice had increased IL-5, IL-4, and interferon (IFN)-γ levels in circulation. There were reduced pathogenic NOD-relevant V7 peptide-V7(+) T cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes. Their splenocytes secreted more IL-10, had increased arginase expression in macrophages and dendritic cells, and had delayed adoptive transfer of diabetes. After 1 month, there were increased concentrations of IgG1 isotype antibodies and reduced intrapancreatic expression of IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-17 despite normal splenocyte cytokine secretion. These studies indicate that the combination of anti-CD3 mAb with IL-1RA is synergistic in reversal of diabetes through a combination of mechanisms. The combination causes persistent remission from islet inflammation.
The N-terminal peptide of PSGL-1 can mediate adhesion to trauma-activated endothelium via P-selectin in vivo (2002)

P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is present on leukocytes and is the major ligand for endothelial expressed P-selectin. A variety of studies strongly suggests that the N-terminal region of PSGL-1 contains the binding site for P-selectin. We hypothesized that this relatively small N-terminal peptide of PSGL-1 is sufficient to support adhesion to P-selectin in vivo. To test this hypothesis, we coated 2 microm-diameter microspheres with a recombinant PSGL-1 construct, termed 19.ek.Fc. The 19.ek.Fc construct consists of the first 19 N-terminal amino acids of mature PSGL-1 linked to an enterokinase cleavage site that, in turn, is linked to human immunoglobulin G Fc. The 19.ek.Fc-coated microspheres were injected into the jugular vein of mice. Intravital microscopy of postcapillary venules within the cremaster muscle of mice revealed that a significantly greater number of 19.ek.Fc microspheres rolled compared with control microspheres. The number of rolling 19.ek.Fc microspheres was significantly diminished by pretreatment of the mice with a monoclonal antibody to P-selectin or by pretreatment of the 19.ek.Fc microspheres with a monoclonal antibody to PSGL-1. Combined, the results indicate that the N-terminal peptide of PSGL-1 can mediate adhesion to trauma-activated microvascular endothelium via P-selectin in vivo.
Human embryonic stem cells as a model for cardiac gene discovery : from chip to chap (2008)

Here we described the use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as a model to obtain insights into commitment to the mesoderm and endoderm lineages and the early steps in human cardiac cell differentiation by means of whole-genome temporal expression profiling. Furthermore, we used it as an approach to identify new genes that may be associated with (abnormal) human heart development. This was the first detailed temporal transcriptional profiling of hESCs differentiating towards a specific cell type to be reported, most likely due to the lack of efficient protocols for directed differentiation. It is important to profile the expression changes that occur before and during cell commitment and to identify the key genes involved during the critical time points of the differentiation process. Furthermore it allowed us to identify novel genes that are enriched in cardiomyocytes. One of several novel cardiac-enriched genes that were identified in the microarray analysis was cloned and studied further. We mainly focused on unravelling the function of this gene. We showed that this gene encodes a cytoskeletal protein that is actin-associated and binds to ?-actinin2 at the Z-disc of sarcomeres. Hence, we named the gene Cytoskeletal Heart-enriched Actin-associated Protein (CHAP). Furthermore, we identified and knocked down the CHAP orthologues in zebrafish which lead to impaired heart and skeletal muscle development and function, indicating an important role for chap in muscle. Since heart failure is the number one cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, the identification of new components, the precise molecular mechanisms of the Z-disc and its role in signaling has become critical for understanding the regulation of cardiac function and disease. Furthermore, we describe the identification of another novel heart-enriched gene which was annotated as steroid 5?-reductase 2-like 2 (SRD5A2L2). We investigated the expression of this gene during embryonic development and provide the first indication that steroid metabolism might be involved in muscle development. Finally, we show that Asb2, a member of the Ankyrin-repeat and SOCS-box containing family which we also identified in our previous microarray study, is expressed during early mouse heart and skeletal muscle development. Our findings represent novel disease candidate genes that could be involved in (cardio) myopathies. Further studies on the function of CHAP, Srd5a4 and Asb-2 will shed more light on their possible role in disease. Since the molecular mechanisms of cardiogenesis are conserved in zebrafish, mouse and human, we could use the zebrafish as a model system to investigate the importance of novel genes such as Srd5a4 and Asb-2 in cardiac development. In addition, making use of DNA-databases of congenital heart disease patients such as the ”CONgenital COR vitia” registry (CONCOR), which contains DNA of over 4000 dutch patients, will allow us to screen for mutations in our discovered candidate genes.
Adaptive channel estimation in DS-CDMA downlink systems (2003)

We design an adaptive channel estimator (ACE) in the DS-CDMA downlink that has a common pilot channel (CPICH). The proposed ACE first estimates the channel condition, including the maximum Doppler frequency, without requiring exact a priori information on the operating condition. Then, it adjusts the impulse response of the channel estimation filter in response to the estimated channel condition. The performance of the proposed ACE is verified by computer simulation. The performance improvement with the use of the proposed ACE increases as the channel experiences severe frequency selective fading or the mobile is getting closer to the cell boundary.
Codes for second and third order GH-ARQ schemes (1994)

In the usual ARQ (automatic-repeat-request) communication protocols, when the receiver detects the presence of errors in a received message, it requests the retransmission of another copy of the message, and the process continues until an uncorrupted copy reaches the destination. If the quality of the channel is poor, the number of retransmissions may become very large. In order to improve the efficiency at large channel error rates, some new techniques known as Type-II Hybrid ARQ Schemes have previously been proposed. In these techniques the transmitter does not retransmit the message encoded as in the first transmission: it sends instead additional redundancy that is decoded at the destination along with the previously received information to allow error correction. In the present paper a new kind of Type-II hybrid ARQ transmission scheme is proposed. The copies of the message are encoded in different ways, so that each copy has the same information content, and the knowledge of any subset of the copies allows error correction. This transmission scheme is well suited to broadcast as well as for point to point communications. The authors have obtained through computer search a family of optimum and quasi-optimum codes for the proposed transmission scheme. They are described along with new decoding techniques of remarkable simplicity and effectiveness. These codes allow a message to be encoded in up to three different ways, and they are shown to be simple to encode and decode and to perform well over channels affected by error bursts.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
CONCERNING THE REINECKATE METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CHOLINE (1944)

In the light of recent developments concerning the r6le of choline in nutrition and intermediary metabolism, the immediate need for a rapid quantitative chemical method for the determination of this substance is apparent.Most of the chemical methods employed to date have been based on the precipitation of choline as the reineckate, but other methods brought forth include the titrimetric determination of the trimethylamine formed by oxidative degradation of the choline (l-3), the precipitation of choline as the periodide with the subsequent liberation snd tit,ration of t,he iodine (4-7), and the determination of the mercury in the mercuric chloride double salt of choline (8, 9).An excellent recent review by Best and Lucas (10) includes a discussion of the estimat,ion of choline.Among the first to employ the reineckate method for the determination of choline were Bapfhammer and Bischoff (11) who dissolved the choline reineckate in acetone, evaporated the solvent, washed the residue with ether, and weighed it after drying.Greater sensitivity was obtained by Beattie (12) who, by subjecting the pink acetone solution of choline reineckate to calorimetry, could estimate around 0.3 mg. of choline in a concentration of 0.003 per cent with a maximum error of 3 per cent.Jacobi, Baumann, and Meek (13), Thornton and Broome ( 14), and Engel (15) applied photoelectric calorimetry to the acetone solution.The development of a brown color, by adding an iodine reagent to an aqueous solution of choline reineckate, was used as the basis of a method by Shaw (16).Later Marenzi and Cardini (17) described a calorimetric procedure in which the choline reineckate is oxidized by alkaline hydrogen peroxide and then treated with diphenylcarbazide in acid solution to yield a violetred color (Cazeneuve's reaction for chromate).The authors claim this method will allow the estimation of as little as 15 y of choline.For ordinary purposes, the met,hod depending on photoelectric measurement of the color int,ensity of the acetone solution of the reineckate is as good as any in current use.Since this method has the advantages of simplicity and speed, the present communication will deal with an examination of the steps in the procedure and certain improvements that have been effected during the course of this investigation.
Transcriptional Regulation of the <i>Streptococcus mutans gal</i> Operon by the GalR Repressor (1998)

The galactose operon of Streptococcus mutans is transcriptionally regulated by a repressor protein (GalR) encoded by the galR gene, which is divergently oriented from the structural genes of the gal operon. To study the regulatory function of GalR, we partially purified the protein and examined its DNA binding activity by gel mobility shift and DNase I footprinting experiments. The protein specifically bound to the galR-galK intergenic region at an operator sequence, the position of which would suggest that GalR plays a role in the regulation of the gal operon as well as autoregulation. To further examine this hypothesis, transcriptional start sites of the gal operon and the galR gene were determined. Primer extension analysis showed that both promoters overlap the operator, indicating that GalR most likely represses transcription initiation of both promoters. Finally, the results from in vitro binding experiments with potential effector molecules suggest that galactose is a true intracellular inducer of the galactose operon.
Zinc co‐localizes with GABA and glycine in synapses in the lamprey spinal cord (2001)

The presence of zinc in synaptic terminals in the lamprey spinal cord was examined utilizing a modification of the Timm's sulfide silver method and with the fluorescent marker 6-methoxy-8-quinolyl-p-toluenesulfonamide (TSQ). Axons labeled with a Timm's staining method were predominantly located in the lateral region of the dorsal column. This correlated with a maximum of TSQ fluorescence in this region of the spinal cord. Single labeled terminals accumulating Timm reaction product were also found throughout the gray matter and fiber tracts. At the ultrastructural level, zinc was located in a population of synaptic terminals that co-localized gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine. Possible effects of Zn2+ on neuronal activity were examined. In spinobulbar interneurons, which receive GABAergic input in the dorsal column, zinc potentiated responses to GABA application, but it did not affect responses to GABA in motoneurons. Responses in motoneurons to pressure application of glycine were also not affected by Zn2+. Zinc, however, potentiated monosynaptic glycinergic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) evoked in motoneurons by inhibitory locomotor network interneurons and increased frequency, but not amplitude of spontaneous miniature IPSPs recorded in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), suggesting presynaptic effects. Glutamate responses and the amplitude of monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in motoneurons were reduced by zinc. These effects appeared to be mediated largely postsynaptically through an effect on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) component of the glutamatergic input. Our results thus show that free zinc is present in inhibitory synaptic terminals in the lamprey spinal cord, and that it may function as a modulator of inhibitory synaptic transmission.
Role of <i>N</i>‐linked oligosaccharides attached to human renin expressed in COS cells (1988)

One or both of two putative N-glycosylation sites (at asparagine-5 and -75) of human renin was eliminated by amino acid replacement of the asparagine residue with an alanine residue using site-directed mutagenesis. The three glycosylation-deficient renins (Asn-5, Asn-75, Asn-5 and -75 mutants) were expressed in COS cells and secreted into the conditioned media. The secreted amounts of the three mutants were different from one another, although the mutant and wild-type renins had practically the same specific activity. An Asn-5 and -75 mutant which did not contain any glycosylation sites was unstable in the medium, suggesting that the N-linked oligosaccharides play an important role in stabilization of human renin.
High-affinity triplex targeting of double stranded DNA using chemically modified peptide nucleic acid oligomers (2009)

While sequence-selective dsDNA targeting by triplex forming oligonucleotides has been studied extensively, only very little is known about the properties of PNA-dsDNA triplexes--mainly due to the competing invasion process. Here we show that when appropriately modified using pseudoisocytosine substitution, in combination with (oligo)lysine or 9-aminoacridine conjugation, homopyrimidine PNA oligomers bind complementary dsDNA targets via triplex formation with (sub)nanomolar affinities (at pH 7.2, 150 mM Na(+)). Binding affinity can be modulated more than 1000-fold by changes in pH, PNA oligomer length, PNA net charge and/or by substitution of pseudoisocytosine for cytosine, and conjugation of the DNA intercalator 9-aminoacridine. Furthermore, 9-aminoacridine conjugation also strongly enhanced triplex invasion. Specificity for the fully matched target versus one containing single centrally located mismatches was more than 150-fold. Together the data support the use of homopyrimidine PNAs as efficient and sequence selective tools in triplex targeting strategies under physiological relevant conditions.
Synthesis of Ethers by GaBr<sub>3</sub>‐Catalyzed Reduction of Carboxylic Acid Esters and Lactones by Siloxanes (2013)

Ethers were synthesized by reduction of the respective esters catalyzed by gallium bromide (GaBr3 ) and using siloxanes, preferentially 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, as reductant. Methyl oleate, triglycerides, that is, tributyrine and glyceryl triundec-10-enoate as well as γ- and δ-lactones were converted into the respective ethers in high to moderate yields. γ-Lactones were reduced with high selectivity in the presence of a methyl ester functionality. The reduction has been carried out at room temperature or moderately elevated temperature of up to 60 °C using stoichiometric amounts of the reductant and 0.005-0.01 equiv of GaBr3 as catalyst per ester functionality without any solvent added. After a reaction time of 1-4 h the conversion of the substrate was 100 %. The product was separated from polymeric siloxanes formed as coupled product by simple distillation.
Studies of laminated and single layer high moment soft FeTaN films (1997)

Detailed studies on the effect of Ti base layers in high moment soft FeTaN films and the effective utilization of Ti as a seed layer in thick laminated FeTaN films are presented in this article. Because of the reduced eddy current losses in thick films (∼2 μm), laminated films (FeTaN/Si3N4) exhibit better initial permeabilities at higher frequencies than single layer films having the same total thickness. Moreover, if a thin (30–100 Å) layer of Ti is used as a seed layer for the FeTaN layers in the laminate, the soft magnetic properties are significantly improved. X-ray diffraction results show that the laminates with a Ti seed layer have an enhanced (110) growth texture resulting in better soft magnetic properties.
Cardiac Phospholipase D2 Localizes to Sarcolemmal Membranes and Is Inhibited by α-Actinin in an ADP-ribosylation Factor-reversible Manner (2000)

Myocardial phospholipase D (PLD) has been implicated in the regulation of Ca(2+) mobilization and contractile performance in the heart. However, the molecular identity of this myocardial PLD and the mechanisms that regulate it are not well understood. Using subcellular fractionation and Western blot analysis, we found that PLD2 is the major myocardial PLD and that it localizes primarily to sarcolemmal membranes. A 100-kDa PLD2-interacting cardiac protein was detected using a protein overlay assay employing purified PLD2 and then identified as alpha-actinin using peptide-mass fingerprinting with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy. The direct association between PLD2 and alpha-actinin was confirmed using an in vitro binding assay and localized to PLD2's N-terminal 185 amino acids. Purified alpha-actinin potently inhibits PLD2 activity (IC(50) = 80 nm) in an interaction-dependent and ADP-ribosylation factor-reversible manner. Finally, alpha-actinin co-localizes with actin and with PLD2 in the detergent-insoluble fraction from sarcolemmal membranes. These results suggest that PLD2 is reciprocally regulated in sarcolemmal membranes by alpha-actinin and ARF1 and accordingly that a major role for PLD2 in cardiac function may involve reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton.
Classification and Summarization of Pros and Cons for Customer Reviews (2009)

As e-commerce is becoming more and more popular, the number of customer reviews for online products grows rapidly. For a popular product, there can be hundreds of reviews. This makes it difficult for a potential customer to read all of them in order to get as much information as possible and to make a decision on purchasing. Therefore, a summarization of product reviews would make purchase more convenient and reliable. The conventional way of summarizing a review is to select or rewrite a subset of the original sentences from the review, which is inefficient. In this paper, we propose to summarize all customers’ reviews of a product as a list of phrases named pros and cons list, which can be perceived and understood at a glance. We employ a score algorithm which considers the strength of a word towards positive or negative orientation to calculate and weigh the sentiment of a sentence. To assess our algorithm, a number of existing classifiers are also presented. Our experimental results show that our Sentence Weight classifier is more accurate and effective than those compared.