gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A miniature hybrid reflection type optical sensor for measurement of hemoglobin content and oxygen saturation of whole blood (1988)

A reflection-type hybrid optical sensor was designed for continuous measurement of both hemoglobin content ((Hb)) and oxygen saturation (OS) of whole blood. The sensor was based on a theoretical model using the photon diffusion theory. The prototype sensor consists of a light emitting diode (LED) and photodiode chips mounted on a single substrate and cased in a TO-5 can with its surface covered with clear epoxy resin. The effect of hematocrit variation was eliminated. It was test in goat, calf, and human whole blood over hematocrit range of 20-45%. The modified ratio method reduced the effect of hematocrit variation of hemoglobin OS measurement with improvement in standard deviation of errors from about 7.0 to 2.0%. The standard errors in the estimation of hemoglobin content ranged from 1.5 to 0.5 gm%. The oxygen contents of whole blood derived from the prototype sensor correlated well (r=0.997) with those analyzed using a hemoximeter. The prototype sensors have been used for continuous measurement of oxygen delivery to, and oxygen consumption by, peripheral tissues in artificial heart animals for a duration of 40 days, demonstrating satisfactory performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Regulation of <i>hrp</i> Genes and Type III Protein Secretion in <i>Erwinia amylovora</i> by HrpX/HrpY, a Novel Two-Component System, and HrpS (2000)

Two novel regulatory components, hrpX and hrpY, of the hrp system of Erwinia amylovora were identified. The hrpXY operon is expressed in rich media, but its transcription is increased threefold by low pH, nutrient, and temperature levels--conditions that mimic the plant apoplast. hrpXY is autoregulated and directs the expression of hrpL; hrpL, in turn, activates transcription of other loci in the hrp gene cluster (Z.-M. Wei and S. V. Beer, J. Bacteriol. 177:6201-6210, 1995). The deduced amino -acid sequences of hrpX and hrpY are similar to bacterial two-component regulators including VsrA/VsrD of Pseudomonas (Ralstonia) solanacearum, DegS/DegU of Bacillus subtilis, and UhpB/UhpA and NarX/NarP, NarL of Escherichia coli. The N-terminal signal-input domain of HrpX contains PAS domain repeats. hrpS, located downstream of hrpXY, encodes a protein with homology to WtsA (HrpS) of Erwinia (Pantoea) stewartii, HrpR and HrpS of Pseudomonas syringae, and other delta54-dependent, enhancer-binding proteins. Transcription of hrpS also is induced under conditions that mimic the plant apoplast. However, hrpS is not autoregulated, and its expression is not affected by hrpXY. When hrpS or hrpL were provided on multicopy plasmids, both hrpX and hrpY mutants recovered the ability to elicit the hypersensitive reaction in tobacco. This confirms that hrpS and hrpL are not epistatic to hrpXY. A model of the regulatory cascades leading to the induction of the E. amylovora type III system is proposed.
A PTFE membrane for the in situ extraction of dissolved gases in natural waters: Theory and applications (2005)

A new method for extracting dissolved gases in natural waters has been developed and tested, both in the laboratory and in the field. The sampling device consists of a polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) tube (waterproof and gas permeable) sealed at one end and connected to a glass sample holder at the other end. The device is pre‐evacuated and subsequently dipped in water, where the dissolved gases permeate through the PTFE tube until the pressure inside the system reaches equilibrium. A theoretical model describing the time variation in partial gas pressure inside a sampling device has been elaborated, combining the mass balance and “Solution‐Diffusion Model” (which describes the gas permeation process through a PTFE membrane). This theoretical model was used to predict the temporal evolution of the partial pressure of each gas species in the sampling device. The model was validated by numerous laboratory tests. The method was applied to the groundwater of Vulcano Island (southern Italy). The results suggest that the new sampling device could easily extract the dissolved gases from water in order to determine their chemical and isotopic composition.
A Secure Intelligent Decision Support System for Prescribing Medication (2015)

The process of electronic approach to writing and sending medical prescription promises to improve patient safety, health outcomes, maintaining patients privacy, promoting clinician acceptance and prescription security when compared with the customary paper method. Traditionally, medical prescriptions are typically handwritten or printed on paper and hand-delivered to pharmacists. Paper-based medical prescriptions are generating major concerns as the incidences of prescription errors have been increasing and causing minor to serious problems to patients, including deaths. In this paper, intelligent eprescription model that comprises a knowledge base of drug details and an inference engine that can help in decision making when writing a prescription was developed. The research implements the e-prescription model with multifactor authentication techniques which comprises password and biometric technology. Microsoft Visual Studio 2008, using C-Sharp programming language, and Microsoft SQL Server 2005 database were employed in developing the systems front end and back end respectively. This work implements a knowledge base to the e-prescription system which has added intelligence for validating doctors prescription and also added security feature to the e-prescription system.
The Principle of Vulnerability (1995)

This paper seeks to articulate and defend the principle that every argument is susceptible to criticism and hence the arguer must not seek to immunize the argument from criticism. Considerations both in support of, and opposed to, the principle are considered.
Inertial migration of neutrally buoyant particles in a square duct: An investigation of multiple equilibrium positions (2006)

Inertial migration of neutrally buoyant particles in a square duct has been investigated by numerical simulation in the range of Reynolds numbers from 100 to 1000. Particles migrate to one of a small number of equilibrium positions in the cross-sectional plane, located near a corner or at the center of an edge. In dilute suspensions, trains of particles are formed along the axis of the flow, near the planar equilibrium positions of single particles. At high Reynolds numbers (Re⩾750), we observe particles in an inner region near the center of the duct. We present numerical evidence that closely spaced pairs of particles can migrate to the center at high Reynolds number.
Useful Method for the Preparation of Low-Coordinate Nickel(I) Complexes via Transformations of the Ni(I) Bis(amido) Complex K{Ni[N(SiMe<sub>3</sub>)(2,6-<sup><i>i</i></sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>-C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>)]<sub>2</sub>} (2014)

A convenient method of preparing two- and three-coordinate Ni(I) complexes of the form L-Ni<sup>I</sup>-X (L = P <sup><i>t</i></sup> Bu<sub>3</sub>, P <sup><i>i</i></sup> Pr<sub>3</sub>, DPPE, NHC; X = -N(SiMe<sub>3</sub>)(2,6- <sup><i>i</i></sup> Pr-C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>), -O(2,6- <sup><i>t</i></sup> Bu<sub>2</sub>-4-Me-C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>2</sub>)) is reported. Protonation of the easily prepared anionic Ni(I) bis(amido) complex K{Ni[N(SiMe<sub>3</sub>)(2,6- <sup><i>i</i></sup> Pr-C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>)]<sub>2</sub>} in the presence of an appropriate L-type ligand results in loss of HN(SiMe<sub>3</sub>)(2,6- <sup><i>i</i></sup> Pr-C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>) and trapping of the resulting neutral Ni(I)-amido fragment to yield neutral, paramagnetic, two- and three-coordinate Ni(I) complexes. Protonation of these neutral amido complexes by the bulky phenol HO(2,6- <sup><i>t</i></sup> Bu<sub>2</sub>-4-Me-C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>2</sub>) results in loss of the second amido moiety and trapping by the resulting phenoxide to yield Ni(I)-O(2,6- <sup><i>t</i></sup> Bu<sub>2</sub>-4-Me-C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>2</sub>) complexes. The hapticity of the phenoxide ligand is influenced by the π-accepting ability of the L-type ligand. Where L = P <sup><i>t</i></sup> Bu<sub>3</sub>, a poor π-acceptor, the phenoxide acts as a π-acceptor and adopts a η<sup>5</sup>-bonding mode through dearomatization of the phenyl ring. When L = NHC, a competent π-acceptor, the phenoxide acts as a π-donor, adopting a η<sup>1</sup>-bonding mode through the O atom. The modular nature of this synthetic strategy allows variation of both the L- and X-type ligands of the complex in a stepwise fashion and should be extendable to a wide variety of ligand types for new Ni(I) complexes.
The impact of training data tailoring on demand forecasting models in retail (2014)

Demand forecasting plays a very important role in retail business. Retail information systems commonly store large amounts of data which are subsequently used by sophisticated data mining tools for building forecasting models. Quality of these models is usually measured through their predictive accuracy as their most important property, followed by other measures which consider average underestimate and overestimate costs etc. Even though the choice of data mining algorithm is usually paramount, training set cleansing and preparation has a significant influence on final model performance. This article discusses and analyses the impact of training set preparation and tailoring on a final forecasting model performance used in a real world example from the retail industry.
IL-2 and a contact-mediated signal provided by TCR alpha beta + or TCR gamma delta + CD4+ T cells induce polyclonal Ig production by committed human B cells. Enhancement by IL-5, specific inhibition of IgA synthesis by IL-4 (1992)

To study the role of T cells in T-B cell interactions resulting in isotype production, autologous purified human splenic B and T cells were cocultured in the presence of IL-2 and Con A. Under these conditions high amounts of IgM, IgG, and IgA were secreted. B cell help was provided by autologous CD4+ T cells whereas autologous CD8+ T cells were ineffective. Moreover, CD8+ T cells suppressed Ig production when added to B cells cocultured with CD4+ T cells. Autologous CD4+ T cells could be replaced by allogeneic activated TCR gamma delta,CD4+ or TCR alpha beta,CD4+ T cell clones with nonrelevant specificities, indicating that the TCR is not involved in these T-B cell interactions. In contrast, resting CD4+ T cell clones, activated CD8+, or TCR gamma delta,CD4-,CD8- T cell clones failed to induce IL-2-dependent Ig synthesis. CD4+ T-B cell interaction required cell-cell contact. Separation of the CD4+ T and B cells by semiporous membranes or replacement of the CD4+ T cells by their culture supernatants did not result in Ig synthesis. However, intact activated TCR alpha beta or TCR gamma delta,CD4+ T cell clones could be replaced by plasma membrane preparations of these cells. Ig synthesis was blocked by mAb against class II MHC and CD4. These data indicate that in addition to CD4 and class II MHC Ag a membrane-associated determinant expressed on both TCR alpha beta or TCR gamma delta,CD4+ T cells after activation is required for productive T-B cell interactions resulting in Ig synthesis. Ig production was also blocked by mAb against IL-2 and the IL-2R molecules Tac and p75 but not by anti-IL-4 or anti-IL-5 mAb. The CD4+ T cell clones and IL-2 stimulated surface IgM-IgG+ and IgM-IgA+, but not IgM+IgG- or IgM+IgA- B cells to secrete IgG and IgA, respectively, indicating that they induced a selective expansion of IgG- and IgA-committed B cells rather than isotype switching in Ig noncommitted B cells. Induction of Ig production by CD4+ T cell clones and IL-2 was modulated by other cytokines. IL-5 and transforming growth factor-beta enhanced, or blocked, respectively, the production of all isotypes in a dose-dependent fashion. Interestingly, IL-4 specifically blocked IgA production in this culture system, indicating that IL-4 inhibits only antibody production by IgA-committed B cells.
The Effects of Quality and Timing of Venepuncture on Markers of Blood Coagulation in Healthy Middle-aged Men (1995)

Effects of the quality and the time of venepuncture on factor VII coagulant activity (VIIc) and the concentrations of fibrinogen, prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F1 + 2) and fibrinopeptide A (FPA) were sought in 2665 men, of whom 2334 were re-examined after about one year. Venepunctures were categorised as satisfactory, not fully satisfactory or unsatisfactory according to pre-defined criteria. Neither the quality nor timing of the venepuncture influenced VIIc or fibrinogen concentration. However, at baseline and re-examination F1 + 2 and FPA were increased on average by about 9% and 45% respectively when venepunctures were not fully satisfactory, and by about 11% and 100% when unsatisfactory. Plasma collected after 1500 h had slightly but significantly lower levels of F1 + 2 and FPA than samples taken earlier, possibly due to circadian rhythm. The results emphasise the need for careful surveillance of the venepuncture procedure and the value of FPA when using F1 + 2 as a marker of risk of thrombosis.
Guide to Enterprise Patch Management Technologies (2013)

Law (P.L.) 107-347. NIST is responsible
Progress and challenges in industrial fabrication of wafer-fused VCSELs emitting in the 1310 nm band for high speed wavelength division multiplexing applications (2013)

Building coarse wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), 4×10 Gbps VCSEL transmitter modules has the promise for dramatic decreasing power consumption. Over the last years, we have demonstrated continuous improvements of parameters and reliability of wafer fused long-wavelength VCSELs. Progress and challenges in industrial fabrication of wafer-fused VCSELs emitting in the 1310 nm band for high speed WDM applications are reviewed.
Comparison between biased and floating guard rings used as junction termination technique (2005)

Using biased rings instead of floating rings as power devices termination is shown to offer several advantages such as an easy design and simple implementation. An analytical optimization of the biased ring structure is proposed and shown to be in good agreement with 2D simulations. A comparison between biased and floating rings is made, from the point of view of the tolerance on geometrical parameters and space consumed by these structures. Biased structures exhibit a weak dependance on inter-ring distance and interface states as compared to floating structures.
Homologs of the Brugia malayi diagnostic antigen BmR1 are present in other filarial parasites but induce different humoral immune responses. (2004)

BACKGROUND: The recombinant antigen BmR1 has been extensively employed in both ELISA and immunochromatographic rapid dipstick (Brugia Rapid) formats for the specific and sensitive detection of IgG4 antibodies against the lymphatic filarial parasites Brugia malayi and Brugia timori. In sera of individuals infected with Wuchereria bancrofti the IgG4 reactivity to BmR1 is variable, and cross-reactivity of sera from individuals infected with Onchocerca volvulus or Loa loa was observed only in single cases. In order to characterize the homologs of the BmR1 antigen in W. bancrofti (Wb-BmR1), O. volvulus (Ov-BmR1) and L. loa (Ll-BmR1) the cDNA sequences were identified, the protein expressed and the antibody reactivity of patients' sera was studied. METHODS: PCR methodology was used to identify the cDNA sequences from cDNA libraries and/or genomic DNA of W. bancrofti, O. volvulus and L. loa. The clones obtained were sequenced and compared to the cDNA sequence of BmR1. Ov-BmR1 and Ll-BmR1 were expressed in E. coli and tested using an IgG4-ELISA with 262 serum samples from individuals with or without B. malayi, W. bancrofti, O. volvulus and L. loa infections or various other parasitic infections. BmR1, Ov-BmR1 and Ll-BmR1 were also tested for reactivity with the other three IgG subclasses in patients' sera. RESULTS: Wb-BmR1 was found to be identical to BmR1. Ov-BmR1 and Ll-BmR1 were found to be identical to each other and share 99.7% homology with BmR1. The pattern of IgG4 recognition of all serum samples to BmR1, Ov-BmR1 and Ll-BmR1 were identical. This included weak IgG4 reactivities demonstrated by L. loa- and O. volvulus-infected patients tested with Ov-BmR1 and Ll-BmR1 (or BmR1). With respect to reactivity to other IgG subclasses, sera from O. volvulus- and L. loa-infected patients showed positive reactions (when tested with BmR1, Ov-BmR1 or Ll-BmR1 antigens) only with IgG1. No reactivity was observed with IgG2 or with IgG3. Similarly, ELISAs to detect reactivity to other anti-filarial IgG subclasses antibodies showed that sera from individuals infected with B. malayi or W. bancrofti (active infections as well as patients with chronic disease) were positive with BmR1 only for IgG1 and were negative when tested with IgG2 and with IgG3 subclasses. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that homologs of the BmR1 antigen are present in W. bancrofti, O. volvulus and L. loa and that these antigens are highly conserved. Recognition of this antigen by patients' sera is similar with regard to IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3, but different for IgG4 antibodies. We conclude that the BmR1 antigen is suitable for detection of IgG4 antibodies in brugian filariasis. However, its homologs are not suitable for IgG4-based diagnosis of other filarial infections.
Recent developments in redox electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells (2012)

Redox electrolytes have proven to be extremely important in determining the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The design and understanding of the redox couple, especially iodide free systems, has become a recent focus of DSC electrolyte research. In this perspective article, advances in the conception and performance of various redox shuttles including molecular hole transport materials are reviewed with respect to their structure and the charge transfer dynamics at the counter electrode. In particular the discussion will focus on the trends that enable iodide-free redox couples to be the most effective and their feasibility to be used in DSCs in combination with new and innovative sensitizers and counter electrode materials.
Numerical algorithm for Taylor series expansion (1986)

Abstract A new numerical algorithm for computing the coefficients of Taylor series expansion has been developed. As the result of error analysis, thirteen significant digits can be obtained by double precision (16 digits) computation, which was also verified by numerical experiment. Applications to Computation of residue, z‐transform, Laplace tranform, and Taylor expansion of inverse functions are described. Also, errors in the volume, Mathematical Formulas by Iwanami Co., are found through computations.
Evidence for the molecular-scale origin of the suppression of physical ageing in confined polymer: fluorescence and dielectric spectroscopy studies of polymer–silica nanocomposites (2007)

Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to characterize the rate of physical ageing at room temperature in nanocomposites of silica (10–15 nm diameter) nanoparticles in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The physical ageing rate was reduced by more than a factor of 20 in 0.4 vol% silica–PMMA nanocomposites relative to neat PMMA. The molecular-scale origin of this nearly complete arresting of physical ageing was investigated with dielectric spectroscopy. The strength of the β relaxation process was reduced by nearly 50% in the nanocomposite relative to neat PMMA. This reduced strength of the β process results from dipoles (ester groups) having hindered motions or being virtually immobile on the timescale being probed at a frequency of 100 Hz. This hindered mobility results from hydrogen bonding between PMMA ester side groups and hydroxyl units on the surface of the silica nanoparticles. In contrast, no reduction in physical ageing rate was observed upon addition of silica to polystyrene, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the silica surfaces. Thus, the molecular origin of the suppressed physical ageing in silica–PMMA nanocomposites is the interfacial hydrogen bonding, which leads to a major reduction in the strength of the β process, i.e., the β process is largely responsible for the observed physical ageing.
Natural Non-Mulberry Silk Nanoparticles for Potential-Controlled Drug Release (2016)

Natural silk protein nanoparticles are a promising biomaterial for drug delivery due to their pleiotropic properties, including biocompatibility, high bioavailability, and biodegradability. Chinese oak tasar <i>Antheraea pernyi</i> silk fibroin (<i>Ap</i>F) nanoparticles are easily obtained using cations as reagents under mild conditions. The mild conditions are potentially advantageous for the encapsulation of sensitive drugs and therapeutic molecules. In the present study, silk fibroin protein nanoparticles are loaded with differently-charged small-molecule drugs, such as doxorubicin hydrochloride, ibuprofen, and ibuprofen-Na, by simple absorption based on electrostatic interactions. The structure, morphology and biocompatibility of the silk nanoparticles in vitro are investigated. In vitro release of the drugs from the nanoparticles depends on charge-charge interactions between the drugs and the nanoparticles. The release behavior of the compounds from the nanoparticles demonstrates that positively-charged molecules are released in a more prolonged or sustained manner. Cell viability studies with L929 demonstrated that the <i>Ap</i>F nanoparticles significantly promoted cell growth. The results suggest that Chinese oak tasar <i>Antheraea pernyi</i> silk fibroin nanoparticles can be used as an alternative matrix for drug carrying and controlled release in diverse biomedical applications.
Dual metabolic pathway of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub> catalyzed by human CYP24 (2000)

Human 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) 24-hydroxylase (CYP24) cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli, and its enzymatic and spectral properties were revealed. The reconstituted system containing the membrane fraction prepared from recombinant E. coli cells, adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase was examined for the metabolism of 25(OH)D3, 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and their related compounds. Human CYP24 demonstrated a remarkable metabolism consisting of both C-23 and C-24 hydroxylation pathways towards both 25(OH)D3 and 1alpha,25(OH)2D3, whereas rat CYP24 showed almost no C-23 hydroxylation pathway [Sakaki, T. Sawada, N. Nonaka, Y. Ohyama, Y. & Inouye, K. (1999) Eur. J. Biochem. 262, 43-48]. HPLC analysis and mass spectrometric analysis revealed that human CYP24 catalyzed all the steps of the C-23 hydroxylation pathway from 25(OH)D3 via 23S, 25(OH)2D3, 23S,25,26(OH)3D3 and 25(OH)D3-26,23-lactol to 25(OH)D3-26, 23-lactone in addition to the C-24 hydroxylation pathway from 25(OH)D3 via 24R,25(OH)2D3, 24-oxo-25(OH)D3, 24-oxo-23S,25(OH)2D3 to 24,25,26,27-tetranor-23(OH)D3. On 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 metabolism, similar results were observed. These results strongly suggest that the single enzyme human CYP24 is greatly responsible for the metabolism of both 25(OH)D3 and 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. We also succeeded in the coexpression of CYP24, adrenodoxin and NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase in E. coli. Addition of 25(OH)D3 to the recombinant E. coli cell culture yielded most of the metabolites in both the C-23 and C-24 hydroxylation pathways. Thus, the E. coli expression system for human CYP24 appears quite useful in predicting the metabolism of vitamin D analogs used as drugs.