gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of hydrogen implantation temperature on ion-cut of silicon (2004)

We have studied the effect of ion implantation temperature on the nature of cleavage and layer transfer, and the electrical properties in hydrogen implanted p-Si. The lattice damage and the hydrogen concentration in the as-implanted Si and transferred Si films were analyzed with elastic recoil detection, respectively. Implantations performed at −140 °C [low temperature (LT)] and room temperature (RT) resulted in a variation in the thickness and surface morphology of the transferred layers. The transferred layer from room temperature hydrogen ion implantation was both thicker and atomically smoother than the transferred layer produced by −140 °C hydrogen implantation. The as-transferred layer obtained from RT-implanted p-Si wafer was n-type, but converted to p-type after annealing at 650 °C or higher. The transferred layer obtained from LT-implanted Si wafer was highly resistive even after high temperature annealing. These variations were observed to be correlated with the damage profiles measured by ion channeling; channeling data showed that the room temperature implantation provided a deeper and narrower damage distribution than that obtained from the −140 °C implantation. The nature of the implantation damage was evaluated with the aid of IR spectroscopy and was found to consist of Si–H defects. The type and population of these defects were observed to be dependent on the ion implantation temperature. In both room temperature and −140 °C implantations, the presence of the implantation damage facilitated the nucleation of Si–H defects that developed into H platelets, which were the precursor defects for the cleavage and the layer transfer.
The necessity of magnesium cation for acid assistance aglycone departure in catalysis by <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>lacZ</i>) β-galactosidase (1978)

1. Removal of Mg2+ from Escherichia coli (lacZ) beta-galactosidase slightly increases the rate of hydrolysis of galactosyl pyridinium salts, but decreases the rate of hydrolysis of arylgalactosides. 2. Fair correlation of logkcat. and log (Km) with the pKa of aglycone is now observed for arglygalactosides, as well as for glycosyl pyridinium salts. 3. Degalactosylation of Mg2+-free enzyme is the rate-limiting step in the hydrolysis of 2,4-dinitrophenyl galactoside. 4. alpha-Deuterium kinetic isotope effects for both sets of substrates are consistent with the rate-determining generation of a glycosyl cation. 5. The pH-independent, SNl hydrolysis of 3,4-dinitrophenyl galactoside has been measured: it is as fast as that of the galactosyl 3-chloropyridinium ion. 6. Hydrolysis of these two substrates by Mg2+-free enzyme proceeds at very similar rates. 7. It is concluded that loss of both types of aglycone takes place, without acid catalysis, from the first ES complex of substrate and apoenzyme. 8. Data for galactosyl azide and thiopicrate confirm that neither charge nor change of atom is the cause of the differences in behavior between aryl galactosides and galactosylpyridinium salts.
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Rapid Diagnosis of Malaria Infections in an Area of Endemicity in Thailand (2014)

The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method, developed by our group for diagnosis of four human malaria parasites, was evaluated on a large scale at a remote clinic in Thailand where malaria is endemic. A total of 899 febrile patients were analyzed in this study. LAMP was first evaluated in 219 patients, and the result was compared to those of two histidine-rich protein (HRP)-2 rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and microscopy as a gold standard. LAMP DNA extraction was conducted by a simple boiling method, and the test results were assessed visually. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were 95.7%, 100%, 100%, and 98%, respectively, for LAMP and 98.6%, 98%, 95.8%, and 99.3%, respectively, for RDTs. Since RDT-positive results were based on one out of two RDTs, the sensitivity of RDTs was slightly higher than that of LAMP. However, LAMP tended to be more specific than RDTs. LAMP next was evaluated in 680 patients, and the result was compared to that of microscopy as a gold standard. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and diagnostic accuracy of LAMP were 88.9%, 96.9%, 92.2%, 95.5%, and 94.6%, respectively. Nested PCR was used to confirm the discrepant results. Malaria LAMP in a remote clinic in Thailand achieved an acceptable result, indicating that LAMP malaria diagnosis is feasible in a field setting with limited technical resources. Additionally, the rapid boiling method for extracting DNA from dried blood spots proved to be simple, fast, and suitable for use in the field.
Intravesical instillation of drugs in patients with detrusor hyperactivity. (1992)

Intravesical administration of drugs may inhibit detrusor hyperactivity. Intravesical drug administration might be clinically useful in patients with detrusor hyperactivity, particularly in patients with neurogenic etiology using CIC. The therapeutic usefulness has to be documented in controlled studies. The mechanisms of action and the potency of the individual substances can not be decided from the present investigations. However, no finding contradicts that the known pharmacological properties of the drugs used are responsible for the effects noted. The different responsiveness to intravesical drugs between patients with neurogenic and non-neurogenic etiology might be due to pathophysiological differences. By intravesical administration of drugs the tissue concentration obtainable within the bladder wall is higher than the one obtainable by systemic administration. The optimal relation between tissue and serum concentrations can be achieved by a careful preparation of the drug solution and by titration of the dose. No side effects were found in the studies and no clinically significant side effects have been reported by other investigators. The risk of late side effects is unknown. The serum concentrations found in man and rabbit, after intravesical instillation of terodiline, indicate that by this route of administration terodiline may be safely used, in spite of the side effects reported at systemic administration. For evaluation of the diagnostic usefulness further documentation of the mechanisms of action and of the pathophysiology are needed.
Online Banking Authentication Using Mobile Phones (2010)

Online banking authentication plays an important role in the field of online banking security. In past years, a number of methods, including password token, short message password, and USB token, have been developed for online banking authentication. In this paper, we introduce a new authentication protocol for online banking. Our approach enhances performance and robustness against various attacks by using mobile phones to store digital certificate for clients. We provide attack analysis to illustrate the strength of the protocol.
An Overview of Recent Convolutional Neural Network Algorithms for Image Recognition (2018)

An important aspect of a guidance system in an autonomous vehicle is the detection of objects and extraction of reliable features that can identify the object from images. Object detection methods have evolved in the last 20 years, with convolutional neural network algorithms in particular showing promise. This paper compares and contrasts recent convolutional neural network algorithms using the BelgiumTS Dataset. The different convolutional neural networks used and compared are AlexNet, VGGNet, GoogleNet, and ResNet. The object detection methods will be used to find the best processing speed and recognition rate among the convolutional neural networks. A survey of published state-of-the-art, convolutional neural networks are evaluated against published results.
Internet Routing Architectures, Second Edition (2000)

Internet Routing Architectures, Second Edition expands on the highly successful first edition, with new updates on BGP4 and current perspectives on internetworking routing architectures. This book is intended for any organization needing to build an efficient, reliable, enterprise network accessing the Internet. Its purpose is to make you an expert on integrating your network into the global Internet. It is written to address real routing issues, using real scenarios, in a comprehensive and accessible manner. Internet Routing Architectures, Second
Extrusion cooking : technologies and applications (2001)

Part 1 General influences on quality: Raw materials for extrusion cooking i?½ structure-forming materials based on starch, structure-forming materials based on protein, dispersed-phase filling materials based on starch, ingredients that act as plasticisers and lubricants, soluble solids, nucleating substances, colouring substances, flavouring substances Selecting an extruder Optimised thermal performance in extrusion Effective process control Extrusion and nutritional quality. Part 2 Specific extruded products: Breakfast cereals Snack foods Baby foods.
One-pot Preparation of Caffeic Acid Esters from 3, 4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde (2006)

A convenient one-pot process for preparing various esters of caffeic acid from 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde has been developed. The alcohols or phenols react with Meldrum's acid to form malonic acid mono-esters, which, without separating, immediately react with 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde to afford the desired esters in good yield. The 1 H NMR data and X-ray diffraction analyses indicate that these α,β-unsaturated esters are in trans ( E) form in accord with natural esters.
Monitoring stimulated Raman scattering with photoacoustic detection (2011)

A capability of high-frequency ultrasound detection to monitor the process of energy deposition into a molecular system via Raman excitation is experimentally demonstrated. It is shown that the generated ultrasound signal is directly proportional to the optical signal generated in stimulated Raman scattering. Ultrasound detection provides a simple way to discriminate against laser-induced breakdown and allows for the quantification of the stimulated Raman scattering process where direct optical detection is not available. Additionally, it can be used for stimulated Raman imaging in deep tissue, provided that the generated photoacoustic signal is sufficiently strong.
Coordinated Control of Distributed Energy Storage System With Tap Changer Transformers for Voltage Rise Mitigation Under High Photovoltaic Penetration (2012)

This paper proposes a coordinated control of distributed energy storage system (ESS) with traditional voltage regulators including the on-load tap changer transformers (OLTC) and step voltage regulators (SVR) to solve the voltage rise problem caused by the high photovoltaic (PV) penetration in the low-voltage distribution network. The main objective of this coordinated control is to relieve the tap changer transformer operation stress, shave the distribution network peak load and decrease the transmission and distribution resistive power losses under high solar power penetration. The proposed control method limits the energy storage depth of discharge in order to meet a more than ten-year cycle life. A benchmark distribution network model was developed in the Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) and the simulation results from the studied cases verified the proposed coordinated control strategy. The experimental implementation of proposed control algorithms were developed based on a power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) test bed with a 22 kWh ESS, a smart meter, Labview controller, and RTDS. The experimental results were consistent with those obtained from simulation study.
Structural effects of linkage disequilibrium on the transcriptome (2011)

A majority of SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) map to noncoding and intergenic regions of the genome. Noncoding SNPs are often identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) as strongly associated with human disease. Two such disease-associated SNPs in the 5' UTR of the human FTL (Ferritin Light Chain) gene are predicted to alter the ensemble of structures adopted by the mRNA. High-accuracy single nucleotide resolution chemical mapping reveals that these SNPs result in substantial changes in the structural ensemble in agreement with the computational prediction. Furthermore six rescue mutations are correctly predicted to restore the mRNA to its wild-type ensemble. Our data confirm that the FTL 5' UTR is a "RiboSNitch," an RNA that changes structure if a particular disease-associated SNP is present. The structural change observed is analogous to that of a bacterial Riboswitch in that it likely regulates translation. These data further suggest that specific pairs of SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) will form RNA structure-stabilizing haplotypes (SSHs). We identified 484 SNP pairs that form SSHs in UTRs of the human genome, and in eight of the 10 SSH-containing transcripts, SNP pairs stabilize RNA protein binding sites. The ubiquitous nature of SSHs in the transcriptome suggests that certain haplotypes are conserved to avoid RiboSNitch formation.
Urban Dynamics in Black Africa: An Interdisciplinary Approach. (1973)

Urban Dynamics in Black Africa presents a succession of worlds where we can study the development and the crystallization of major social change. The authors trace the development of former villages, towns, and colonial outposts into major cities within the international community. Open-air markets continue their trading beside modern department stores as individual Africans create contemporary lives from old and new. William J. and Judith L. Hanna, in this unique work, introduce new data and the methods of dependency theory, class and gender analysis; they offer connections between Africa's internal dynamics, its legacy of imperialism, and the international political and economic arena. At the same time, the book provides a model for studying the evolution of political institutions. Urban Dynamics in Black Africa illustrates how social classes modify and are modified by existing cultural forms. The book examines Africa in its independence by contrasting development and dependency, role adaptability and conflict, in a powerful conceptual matrix. Detailing the urban conditions that exist throughout Africa as well as their costs and benefits, this work shows how contemporary political conflict in urban Africa is based upon both ethnic and non-ethnic ties; and how these ethnic and non-ethnic ties serve as the bases of a system of political integration unique to poly-ethnic communities. As a synthesis of the relevant available knowledge on African towns and town-dwellers, this book is concerned primarily with the effects of external intervention and socioeconomic modernization upon the birth and development of Africa's new towns and the rapid expansion of its old ones. It considers the impact of migration and town life upon Africans.
Sodium/Calcium Exchanger (NCX1) Macromolecular Complex (2003)

The sodium-calcium exchanger, NCX1, is a ubiquitously expressed membrane protein essential in calcium homeostasis for many cells including those in mammalian heart and brain. The function of NCX1 depends on subcellular ("local") factors, the phosphorylation state of NCX1, and the subcellular location of NCX1 within the cell. Here we investigate the molecular organization of NCX1 within the cardiac myocyte. We show that NCX1 is dynamically phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation in vitro. We also provide evidence that the regulation of this phosphorylation is attributed to the existence of an NCX1 macromolecular complex. Specifically, we show that the macromolecular complex includes both the catalytic and regulatory subunits of PKA. However, only the RI regulatory subunit is found in this macromolecular complex, not RII. Other critical regulatory enzymes are also associated with NCX1, including protein kinase C (PKC) and two serine/threonine protein phosphatases, PP1 and PP2A. Importantly, the protein kinase A-anchoring protein, mAKAP, is found and its presence in the macromolecular complex suggests that these regulatory enzymes are coordinately positioned to regulate NCX1 as has been found in diverse cells for a number of channel proteins. Dual immunocytochemical staining showed the colocalization of NCX1 protein with mAKAP and PKA-RI proteins in cardiomyocytes. Finally, leucine/isoleucine zipper motifs have been identified as possible sites of interaction. Our finding of an NCX1 macromolecular complex in heart suggests how NCX1 regulation is achieved in heart and other cells. The existence of the NCX1 macromolecular complex may also provide an explanation for recent controversial findings.
Structural requirement of leucine for activation of p70 S6 kinase (1999)

The addition of leucine induced activation of p70S6k in amino acid-depleted H4IIE cells. Whereas the activation of p70S6k by leucine was transient, the complete amino acid stimulated p70S6k more persistently. The effect of leucine on p70S6k was sensitive to rapamycin, but less sensitive to wortmannin. Using various amino acids and derivatives of leucine, we found that the chirality, the structure of the four branched hydrocarbons, and the primary amine are required for the ability of leucine to stimulate p70S6k, indicating that the structural requirement of leucine to induce p70S6k activation is very strict and precise. In addition, some leucine derivatives exhibited the ability to stimulate p70S6k and the other derivatives acted as inhibitors against the leucine-induced activation of p70S6k.
A MMP derived versican neo-epitope is elevated in plasma from patients with atherosclerotic heart disease. (2013)

Extracellular matrix remodelling is a prerequisite for plaque rupture in atherosclerotic lesion. Versican, an extracellular matrix proteoglycan present in normal and atherosclerotic arteries is a substrate for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) present in macrophage rich areas. The aim of the current study was to develop an immunoassay to detect a specific MMP-12 derived versican degradation fragment (VCANM) and assess its potential as a biomarker for extracellular matrix remodelling in atherosclerosis. A mouse monoclonal antibody raised against VCANM was used for the development of a competitive ELISA for detection of the fragment in plasma. VCANM was measured in plasma of patients with different levels of heart diseases. Patients experiencing I) acute coronary syndrome, II) stable ischemic heart disease and III) demonstrating high levels of coronary calcium deposits had significantly higher plasma levels of VCANM compared to a control group of individuals with no detectable coronary calcium deposits. VCANM was also detected by immunohistochemistry in coronary artery sections of patients with different degrees of atherosclerosis. VCANM ability to separate patients with atherosclerotic diseases from healthy individuals suggested VCANM as a potential biomarker for the pathological arterial matrix remodelling associated with atherosclerosis.
A General and Practical Method of Alkynyl Indole and Benzofuran Synthesis via Tandem Cu- and Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings (2007)

A new tandem coupling approach to synthesize 2-alkynyl indoles and benzofurans is described. This reaction utilizes easily accessible gem-dibromovinyl substrates and terminal alkynes and proceeds via Pd/C- and CuI-catalyzed tandem Ullman/Sonogashira couplings.
체육교사교육의 현황과 개선방안 (2002)

그 동안 한국의 교사교육정책은 모자라는 교사 수를 보충하기 위한 양적 활대에 치중해 왔으며, 그 과정에서 국가에 의한 질 관리체제가 제대로 구축되지 앉아 전문성이 결여된 체육교사들을 양산하는 결과를 초래하였다. 최근, 체육교사교육기관들이 중등체육이 요구하는 자질 있는 체육교사를 양성하지 못하고 있다는 비판이 제기되고 있으며, 그로 인해 체육교사교육의 효율성에 대한 검증의 필요성이 요구되고 있다. 따라서,본 연구의 목적은 체육교사교육에 관한 그간의 국내외 연구와 현재 진행중인 체육교사교육프로그램의 현상학적 분석을 토대로 한국 체육교사교육의 현황과 문제점을 진단하고 그에 따른 개선방안은 제시하는데 있으며, 연구결과 다음과 같은 체육교사교육 개선방안은 제시할 수 있었다: 첫째, 학업능력과 운동수행능력을 갖춘 사명감과 봉사정신이 투철한 체육교사를 선발하기 위해 체육교사선발 및 자격부여 기준을 더욱 강화해야 한다: 들째, 체육교사교육 프로그램에서 체육교과교육학을 더욱 강화해야 한다: 셋째, 체육교육을 전공한 교수의 확보율을 높이고 현장과의 계속적인 연계성을 갖도록 해야 한다; 넷째, 이론 위주의 교육에서 탈피하여 실천적 지식을 이끌어내는 방향으로 전환해야 한다: 초기현장경험을 적극적으로 도입하여 교생실습에 대비하고 체육교사교육자와 지도교사가 공동의 책임으로 실습을 준비하고 평가해야 한다.
Neurons in the cockroach nervous system reacting with antisera to the neuropeptide leucokinin I (1992)

Antisera were raised against the myotropic neuropeptide leucokinin I, originally isolated from head extracts of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae. Processes of leucokinin I immunoreactive (LKIR) neurons were distributed throughout the nervous system, but immunoreactive cell bodies were not found in all neuromeres. In the brain, about 160 LKIR cell bodies were distributed in the protocerebrum and optic lobes (no LKIR cell bodies were found in the deuto- and tritocerebrum). In the ventral ganglia, LKIR cell bodies were seen distributed as follows: eight (weakly immunoreactive) in the subesophageal ganglion; about six larger and bilateral clusters of 5 smaller in each of the three thoracic ganglia, and in each of the abdominal ganglia, two pairs of strongly immunoreactive cell bodies were resolved. Many of the LKIR neurons could be described in detail. In the optic lobes, immunoreactive neurons innervate the medulla and accessory medulla. In the brain, three pairs of bilateral LKIR neurons supply branches to distinct sets of nonglomerular neuropil, and two pairs of descending neurons connect the posterior protocerebrum to the antennal lobes and all the ventral ganglia. Other brain neurons innervate the central body, tritocerebrum, and nonglomerular neuropil in protocerebrum. LKIR neurons of the median and lateral neurosecretory cell groups send axons to the corpora cardiaca, frontal ganglion, and tritocerebrum. In the muscle layer of the foregut (crop), bi- and multipolar LKIR neurons with axons running to the retrocerebral complex were resolved. The LKIR neurons in the abdominal ganglia form efferent axons supplying the lateral cardiac nerves, spiracles, and the segmental perivisceral organs. The distribution of immunoreactivity indicates roles for leucokinins as neuromodulators or neurotransmitters in central interneurons arborizing in different portions of the brain, visual system, and ventral ganglia. Also, a function in circuits regulating feeding can be presumed. Furthermore, a role in regulation of heart and possibly respiration can be suggested, and probably leucokinins are released from corpora cardiaca as neurohormones. Leucokinins were isolated by their myotropic action on the Leucophaea hindgut, but no innervation of this portion of the gut could be demonstrated. The distribution of leucokinin immunoreactivity was compared to immunolabeling with antisera against vertebrate tachykinins and lysine vasopressin.
Large generator rotor plant life extension - modification base load to multi-start capability (1998)

The author gives a brief outline of the modifications made to large generator rotors of 200 MW and above which were originally designed for base load operation and now have to be capable of multi-start operations. Many of the units have already operated for 100000 hours and more. With certain families of rotors their operating problems are well known, and the modernisation recognises these defects and eliminates them.