gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Foreign Object Debris Detection on Airfield Pavement Using Region Based Convolution Neural Network (2016)

Due to the complex background in the airfield pavement, it is difficult to detect the foreign object debris (FOD) with various types and sizes. In this paper, a new FOD detection framework using region proposal techniques (e.g. Region Proposal Network) and Convolution Neural Networks (CNN) with Spatial Transformer Networks (STN) is proposed. The advantages include: on the one hand, the CNN and Region Proposal Network are introduced for the detection of FOD for the first time; on the other hand, Region Proposal Network could generate high-quality candidate boxes and achieve high object rate at the same time of saving time. Experimental results elucidate that the proposed method is fast and effective to detect FOD in complex scenes.
Concept design of small angle X-ray scattering beamline and station in SSRF (2006)

A synchrotron radiation small angle X-ray scattering beamline and station is designed, which has energy range of 5—20 keV, energy resolution better than 1×10-3 and photon flux greater than 1x1011 s-1. The sagittally bent crystal monochromator is used to monochromize the synchrotron radiation, as well as to focus the X-ray beam hori- zontally. The distance from the detector to the sample is adjustable to achieve desired small angle resolution. The sample environments with controllable temperature and pressure are suitable for the time resolution experiment. The fast shutter system will make the time resolution reaching to the millisecond region.
Automated Robust Metric Calibration Algorithm for Multifocus Plenoptic Cameras (2016)

The concept of plenoptic cameras has existed since the early 1900s, with recent advances in computational power making them a viable tool for industrial measurement applications. Plenoptic cameras can give 3-D information for every point of the scene with one camera, one lens, and a single image. This is possible by placing a microlens array directly in front of the image sensor. The depth estimation is based on disparities observed in neighboring microlens images, similar to stereo camera approaches. To relate these so-called virtual depth units to metric distances, a camera calibration must be performed. This paper presents a robust, automated camera calibration technique, which introduces new ways to model a multifocus plenoptic camera.
AVO effects of a hydrocarbon source-rock layer (2001)

Abstract The organic content of petroleum source-rock layers can be determined from seismic data with a suitable AVO technique. Since the source rock has a layered structure, the best forward model is a transversely isotropic layer between two isotropic half-spaces, parameterized by the layer thickness and the amount of organic material. This limited number of parameters is essential to obtain a robust inversion method. Here, I compute the PP- and PS-reflection coefficients of the source bed as a function of layer thickness and organic content, including attenuation mechanisms related to different stages of maturation. The source rock is modeled as a viscoelastic medium composed of illite/smectite, solid organic matter (kerogen), and fluids (oil and water). The properties of the kerogen/oil/water mixture are obtained with the Kuster and Toksöz model, assuming that oil and water are the inclusion in a kerogen matrix. Then, Backus averaging gives the complex stiffnesses of the layer. To derive the reflection coefficients, I relate the particle velocities and stresses on the top and bottom interfaces between the layer and the substrates. The results indicate that there is ambiguity regarding the layer thickness, since two or more values can have similar reflection coefficients. For instance, for moderate offsets and 25% kerogen content, the reflection-coefficient curves oscillate with a period of 70 m for PP-waves and 40 m for PS-waves. On the other hand, the reflection coefficients have a mimimum at approximately 5% kerogen content and increase monotonically above this value. Therefore, the inversion may provide reliable values above approximately 10% kerogen content.
An RNA-Binding Protein Specifically Interacts with a Functionally Important Domain of the Downstream Element of the Simian Virus 40 Late Polyadenylation Signal (1991)

We have identified an RNA-binding protein which interacts with the downstream element of the simian virus 40 late polyadenylation signal in a sequence-specific manner. A partially purified 50-kDa protein, which we have named DSEF-1, retains RNA-binding specificity as assayed by band shift and UV cross-linking analyses. RNA footprinting assays, using end-labeled RNA ladder fragments in conjunction with native gel electrophoresis, have identified the DSEF-1 binding site as 5'-GGGGGAGGUGUGGG-3'. This 14-base sequence serves as an efficient DSEF-1 binding site when placed within a GEM4 polylinker-derived RNA. Finally, the DSEF-1 binding site restored efficient in vitro 3' end processing to derivatives of the simian virus 40 late polyadenylation signal in which it substituted for the entire downstream region. DSEF-1, therefore, may be a sequence-specific binding factor which regulates the efficiency of polyadenylation site usage.
Photo, thermal and chemical degradation of riboflavin (2014)

Riboflavin (RF), also known as vitamin B2, belongs to the class of water-soluble vitamins and is widely present in a variety of food products. It is sensitive to light and high temperature, and therefore, needs a consideration of these factors for its stability in food products and pharmaceutical preparations. A number of other factors have also been identified that affect the stability of RF. These factors include radiation source, its intensity and wavelength, pH, presence of oxygen, buffer concentration and ionic strength, solvent polarity and viscosity, and use of stabilizers and complexing agents. A detailed review of the literature in this field has been made and all those factors that affect the photo, thermal and chemical degradation of RF have been discussed. RF undergoes degradation through several mechanisms and an understanding of the mode of photo- and thermal degradation of RF may help in the stabilization of the vitamin. A general scheme for the photodegradation of RF is presented.
Performance Analysis of Closed-Loop MIMO system (2010)

In this paper, it investigate the bit error rate (BER) performance of transmit beamforming using singular value decomposition (SVD) for closed loop multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems with various modulation techniques such as binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK and 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) along with convolution encoder and viterbi decoder. Beamforming separates the MIMO channel into parallel subchannels. The beamforming vectors used at the transmitter and the receiver can be obtained by the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the MIMO channel. Signals are transmitting in the direction of the eigenvector corresponding to the largest eigen value of the channel. The transmit beamforming is performed by multiplying the input symbols with beamforming vector (i.e.) unitary matrix and the precoded symbols are transmitted over rayleigh fading channel. At the receiving end the transmitted signals are obtained by performing the receiver shaping by multiplying the received signal with conjugate transpose of the unitary matrix. Furthermore, derive an expression for a capacity of MIMO system and derive expressions for average BER for BPSK and average symbol error rate (SER) for M-QAM. Simulation results displays the diversity performance of the single beamforming when the three modulations are used separately and it shows the proposed SVD-based beamforming with convolution encoder yield the better performance when compare to the other beamforming method.
In situ modulation of the vertical distribution in a blend of P3HT and PC60BM via the addition of a composition gradient inducer (2013)

2,2,3,3,4,4,4-Heptafluoro-N-phenyl-butyr-amide (F-ADD) was synthesized and shown to induce a composition gradient in a blend of P3HT and PC60BM. The addition of small amounts (ca. 0.5 wt%) of F-ADD modulated the chemical distribution in the blend along the vertical direction by controlling the blend component interface energy through selective interactions between F-ADD and PC60BM. A homogeneous compositional distribution along the vertical direction in the nanostructured bulk heterojunction (BHJ) increased the interfacial area, which shortened the exciton path length to the donor-acceptor interface and improved the photovoltaic performance.
Studies on Parametric Optimization for Plasma Sprayed Fly Ash - Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Composite Coatings (2015)

Present investigation deals with the effect of varying process parameters on the characterization of plasma sprayed fly ash - Al 2 O 3 composite coatings using Taguchi’s experimental design method to conduct experiments and optimization of process parameters. Parameters such as standoff distance, powder feed rate and current density were considered for the optimization of bond strength, porosity and hardness. The significance of the parameters and their optimum level is determined by using ANOVA. Experiments were carried out to validate the effect of optimum process parameters on response characteristics and found that selected optimal combination of process parameters is able to achieve the best results.
Design and control considerations for automated ground transportation systems (1968)

Fundamental system and control problems associated with proposed automated ground transportation concepts are discussed. The problem formulation provides a systematic approach toward the synthesis and techinical evaluation of a large class and future systems employing automatically controlled single-mode or dual-mode vehicles on intracity guideway networks. Important system engineerig problems--common to some degree to all proposed concepts--are defined and the associated control requirements are discussed. Basic performance criteria, the weighted average travel time and relative safety of travel, are formulated. Tradeoffs between important system parameters are identified and their relations to performance and cost are discussed. Analysis of system operation is based upon idealized models in which perfect information and control are assumed. Upper bounds on performance are thus obtained, and the main constraints are identified. The degradation of system performance resulting from random arrivals and departures is thereafter analyzed quantitatively. Finally, control problems arising from the use of short headways are discussed. The objective of the paper is to help develop a systematic approach to the design of automated transportation systems using digital computers and modern electronic communications. It concentrates on the functional system problems of relatively simple networks, which lend themselves to direct analytical approaches and which constitute a point of departure for more complex networks.
Heterogeneous polymerization with polyaspartate macromonomer having vinyl pendant groups. I. Synthesis of macromonomer and dispersion copolymerization of styrene (2008)

Abstract Sodium polyaspartate (PAspNa) derivatives with vinylbenzyl pendant groups (VBA‐PAspNa) were synthesized by reaction of poly(succinimide) (PSI) and vinylbenzylamine (VBA), and hydrolysis by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. VBA‐PAspNa is a macromonomer with multiple vinyl groups in the side chain. Submicron sized polymeric particles were prepared by dispersion copolymerization of styrene with VBA‐PAspNa in a mixture of ethanol and water. Particle diameter decreased with increasing concentration and vinyl group fraction of VBA‐PAspNa. When compared with the particle diameter prepared using PAspNa or benzylamine‐modified PAspNa (BA‐PAspNa) as a dispersion stabilizer without vinyl groups, the particles prepared with VBA‐PAspNa were an order smaller than those prepared with PAspNa or BA‐PAspNa. The particles after refinement show an adequate negative ζ‐potential. From this result, we clarified the presence of PAspNa chains anchored onto the particle surface. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 762–770, 2009
Curved and tapered waveguide mode-locked InGaAs/AlGaAs semiconductor lasers fabricated by impurity induced disordering (1993)

Modelocking using curved waveguide devices for low facet reflectivity and using tapered waveguide devices for high output power has been demonstrated. Strong suppression of reflection-seeded secondary pulses was observed for curved waveguides, and increased output power for tapered waveguides. InGaAs/AlGaAs quantum-well semiconductor diode lasers were fabricated using impurity induced disordering. The waveguide has a linear taper from 2.5 mu m to 7.5 mu m width over a 150 mu m distance. The modelocked output pulse energy was increased to 4.1 pJ, compared to 1.8 pJ for a similar 2.5 mu m waveguide untapered device.
Sur De Nouvelles Solutions Oscillatoires Des Equations De La Gravitation (1953)

Nous savons que dans le champ gravitationnel de la relativité (i.e. défini par les équations R μv = 0) les ondes dites gravitationnelles se propagent avec la vitesse de la lumière. Nous allons maintenant voir, dans le présent travail que si, dans le même continuum, on impose aux potentiels g μv , une oscillation de fréquence assez élevée, il en résulte une onde du type maxwellien.
Performance and lifetime of high-power diode lasers and diode laser systems (1999)

High-power diode lasers have reached output power and reliability to meet requirements for industrial applications. Stacking of laser elements to modules increases the output power, beam shaping techniques allow to focus the radiation of a module to a single spot. An integrated diode laser systems with totally 50 laser bars is shown, that includes cooling, power supply and control unit. The laser radiation is transmitted by an optical fiber and an objective focuses the radiation onto the workpiece with a round spot of less than 1 mm diameter and cw power of more than 1 kW.
Mutually exclusive permissions in RBAC (2012)

Role-based access control (RBAC) always provides tight security of information and ease of management to security policy. There are certain constraints which make the information security tight. Separation of duty (SOD) in terms of mutual exclusion and role inheritance (RI) are some of those constraints which provide security of information and make the management of security policy easier. On one side after implementing separation of duty, we may able to get tight security but on the other side it can create complexity for the security administrator and the end users who use the system. Implementing mutual exclusion on the basis of roles reduces the authority of the RBAC user for which the user is authorised. In this paper, we describe the complexities and complications which can be faced after implementing separation of duty in terms of mutually exclusive roles (MER). We also describe the problems which can be faced if either the role inheritance is not implemented or implemented in an incomplete manner. We also propose a model to counter the problems.
<title>Autofocus for phase-contrast microscopy: investigation of causes of nonunimodality</title> (1998)

Autofocus functions based on the measurement of the high spatial frequency content of the image have proven most precise and robust for microscopy. In some situations, however, the through-focus response of the highpass autofocus functions exhibit local maxima, or side peaks. These violations of unimodality can produce spurious autofocus results. Through-focus phase-contrast images of a stage micrometer and their spectra were studied in order to identify the conditions under which these side peaks are generated. The through-focus spectra suggest the side peaks occur when the bandpass of the filter includes the frequencies that undergo contrast reversals. These contrast reversals occur as a fundamental characteristic imposed by the optical system. Contrast reversals, however, are not seen in the frequency range near the optical cutoff. Thus, it was possible to design narrow bandpass filters that isolated only these frequencies and produced unimodal autofocus functions. Based on unimodality, improved sharpness, and consideration of the conditions present in scanning applications, sharply defined highpass filters should prove best for general microscopy autofocus.
Effects of surface waves on the behavior of perfect lenses (2002)

Backwards-wave (BW) materials, which have simultaneously negative permittivity and permeability, support electromagnetic waves with phase propagation in the direction opposite to power flow. At an interface between BW materials and free space, the normal component of the wave vector changes sign. In the case of an evanescent wave, this leads to growth of the field amplitude inside the BW material. An infinite slab of an ideal, homogeneous BW material can simultaneously compensate the phase and the amplitude propagation of a wave, such that a point source is perfectly reconstructed in the image [J. B. Pendry, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966 (2000)]. However, it is more realistic to consider a thin layer at the surface over which the permeability and permittivity change from the free-space values to the BW values. Such layers influence the response of the system through a frequency shift of surface modes and the nonreflecting wave. One finds a lower bound for the size of resolvable features. It is shown that the transition layer is important even at thicknesses much smaller than the free-space wavelength of the radiation.
Theory of the One-Phonon Resonance Raman Effect (1971)

Resonant enhancements of Raman scattering cross sections for photons near electronic resonances are calculated for ordinary allowed scattering and for intraband Fr\"ohlich scattering, which is of higher order in the wave vectors and thus forbidden. Exciton effects are included exactly in the hydrogenic approximation via numerical calculations using the Green's-function formulation. Much greater enhancements are found for forbidden than for allowed lines, and it is shown that forbidden lines can become comparable to allowed lines near resonance with large Wannier excitons. It is predicted to be feasible to observe one-LO-phonon lines in crystals (e.g., TlCl and TlBr) in which such transitions are always forbidden. Comparison with experiment for CdS is presented.
Emission Reduction Characteristics of Three-way Catalyst with Engine Operating Condition Change in an Ultra-lean Gasoline Direct Injection Engine (2015)

세계적으로 유가 상승에 따른 내연기관의 에너지 변환 효율을 높이고자 하는 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 가솔린엔진에서 높은 열효율을 실현하기 위해서는 희박연소에 의한 비열비의 증가 및 단열화염온도의 저감에 의한 열효율 향상이 필수적이다. 직접분사식 가솔린 엔진은 연료를 직접 연소실에 공급하고 정밀한 연소제어를 통해 희박 연소가 가능하게 하지만 희박연소 한계의 확대와 안정된 희박연소제어가 요구된다. 희박연소 엔진에 대한 삼원촉매의 배출가스 저감특성은 높은 공기과잉률 및 낮은 배기가스 온도로 인해 매우 제한적이다. 이에 효과적인 삼원촉매의 개발을 위해 승용 차량용 엔진의 주요 연비시험 운전조건인 2000 rpm BMEP 2bar 조건에서 공기과잉률의 변화에 따른 배출가스 반응 및 생성 특성을 비교하였다. 희박연소 조건에서 NO₂가 생성되었으며, NO₂의 비율은 공기과잉률이 증가할수록 증가하고 N₂O는 감소하였다.
Influence of reactive gas on ion energy distributions in filtered cathodic vacuum arcs (1997)

The energy with which depositing species impinge on a growth surface is one of the main factors influencing the microstructure and properties of the thin films fabricated in plasma deposition processes. In this letter, we examine the effects of a variety of deposition parameters on the ion energy distribution beyond the magnetic filter in a filtered cathodic vacuum arc (FCVA). The results indicate that the ion energy distributions do not vary significantly with the magnetic field strength, magnetic field configuration, lateral position in the beam, or bias on the filter duct wall in the ranges studied. The energy distribution was however strongly affected by the presence of a reactive background gas. A reduction of 10 eV was recorded for a background pressure of 10−3 Torr of N2 gas in a carbon FCVA. This result has implications for all FCVA depositions carried out in a gas atmosphere and is consistent with the view that ion transport in the magnetic filter occurs due to an electrostatic guiding potential well.
Influence of anellation in N-heterocyclic carbenes: Novel quinoxaline-anellated NHCs trapped as transition metal complexes (2006)

The synthesis, NMR-, and crystal structure data of novel electron-deficient quinoxaline anellated imidazol-2-ylidene precursors and complexes thereof are reported and compared with related less electron-withdrawing or non-anellated N-heterocyclic carbenes and complexes to illustrate anellation effects.
Review of Battery Systems for Electrically Powered Vehicles (1968)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Battery performance characteristics for automotive power applications can be described in terms of two parameters, specific power and specific energy. Specific power is related to the speed of vehicles and acceleration. Specific energy is related to range. Using these two variables, data are presented graphically for a number of commercially available battery systems and battery systems in development. Included are lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, metal-air, organic electrolyte, sodium-sulfur, and fused-salt electrolyte batteries.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The performance characteristics are related to automotive driving requirements for speed and range by an overlay on the graph of battery characteristics. This overlay shows that, for a given range, specific energy requirements for driving increase with speed, while the energy available from batteries decrease.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The applicability of commercially available battery systems and the status and technical problems of new battery systems are discussed.</div>
Leveraging high performance hyperspectral sensors for the conservation of masterworks (2020)

The US Army NVESD has been developing high performance hyperspectral sensors for Army missions for decades. During that time, a partnership was established with the National Gallery of Art to leverage these high value HSI instruments for the characterization and conservation of Masterworks. Works by Picasso, Rembrandt, Van Gogh, Matisse, and many others have been imaged and the resulting data has assisted in their understanding and continued conservation for future generations to enjoy. In this talk, a series of examples from this collaboration are presented, along with some of the lessons learned when using remote sensing equipment for close range, static, indoor imaging.
Contributions to the Optimal Use of Human Blood (1976)

Investigations were performed concerning the influence of the pH on the stability of factor VIII during the collection of blood and during the storage of blood and plasma for varying periods and at varying temperatures. It was found that the low pH of ACD anticoagulant solution (pH 4.9) caused a loss of factor VIII procoagulant activity of 10-15% during the collection of blood. However, when less acidic anticoagulant solutions were used, substantial losses of factor VIII occurred during the storage of blood. We concluded that the optimal pH of both the anticoagulant solution and the stored blood, should be between 6.7 and 7.0. However, no anticoagulant solution is known that meets these requirements. In practice ACD ensures the highest recovery of factor VIII in cryoprecipitate, at least in those cases where the blood donations are stored for several hours before separation and freezing of the plasma.