gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
From the Mouths of Janus: Political Constructions of Transactional EU Migrants in Ireland (2013)

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH INDICATES that recessionary periods may be accompanied by a decline in the quality of relations between the majority population and migrant groups as the latter are at risk of being scapegoated for the economic downturn. In that context, political leadership on the matter of immigration is of crucial importance, with political parties having a key role to play in framing how the public understand immigration. This article is based on research which examined how politicians construct non-Irish EU immigrants to Ireland through an analysis of the content of statements attributed to this group in the print media. The article focuses on those statements relating to welfare and the economy, which were among a larger range of themes identified in the wider study. Our sample of articles demonstrates that representatives on both the left and right of the political spectrum were found to commonly address the issue of immigration as a social problem, whether by contributing to its framing as a problem, or by seeking to contradict its problematisation. In particular, our analysis demonstrated that some representatives of mainstream parties contribute to a discourse whereby migrants are constructed as fraudulent and as burdens on the economy. Drawing on theories (McLaren and Johnson, ; Blumer, ; Quillian, ; Espenshade and Hempstead, ) that link anti-immigrant hostility to perceptions of resource competition, our paper argues that such political constructions of EU migrants reflect a neoliberal understanding of citizenship which prioritises the economic citizen. We find that such constructions will in turn ‘inform’ public debate, thus impacting on citizens’ awareness of these issues; and that they may ultimately have a detrimental impact on how immigrants and their needs are publicly perceived and treated.
Distributed Floor Control Protocols for Computer Collaborative Applications on Overlay Networks (2006)

Computer supported collaborative applications on overlay networks are gaining popularity among users who are geographically dispersed. Examples of these kinds of applications include video-conferencing, collaborative design and simulation, distance learning, and online games. One of the important issues in collaborative applications is floor control wherein the end-users coordinate among themselves to gain exclusive access to the communication channel. An end-user who wins the floor, sends message to all other participating end-users. In this paper, to solve the floor control problem we present an implementation and evaluation of ALOHA and distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) distributed MAC (medium access control) protocols on overlay networks. As an initial step in the implementation of these MAC protocols, we propose an algorithm to construct an efficient communication channel among the Network Service Nodes (NSNs) in the overlay network. We also show that our implementation scheme (first one among decentralized floor control protocols) preserves the causal ordering of messages. We compare the efficiencies of the proposed implementation of floor control protocols using an analytical model that is verified using extensive simulation experiments.
A Method for Characterization of Tissue Elastic Properties Combining Ultrasonic Computed Tomography With Elastography (2010)

The bulk modulus is suitable for differentiation between different tissue types. The obtained results show the feasibility of using a comprehensive ultrasonic imaging technique for noninvasive quantitative tissue characterization.
Viscosity of Interfacial Water (2001)

The effective shear viscosity and frequency-dependent dynamic oscillatory shear spectra of water containing monovalent or divalent ions (ionic strength 25 mM), confined between mica crystals at 1-2 water molecules thickness, oscillated with twist angle with the period expected for the pseudohexagonal surface lattice. The effective viscosity varied by orders of magnitude as the twist angle was changed. Confinement appeared to imprint lateral spatial correlation on the ultrathin liquid, the more so the better the confining lattices were aligned, but the oft-proposed "ice structure" was not observed dynamically.
Managing Brands in the Social Media Environment (2013)

The dynamic, ubiquitous, and often real-time interaction enabled by social media significantly changes the landscape for brand management. A deep understanding of this change is critical since it may affect a brand's performance substantially. Literature about social media's impact on brands is evolving, but lacks a systematic identification of key challenges related to managing brands in this new environment. This paper reviews existing research and introduces a framework of social media's impact on brand management. It argues that consumers are becoming pivotal authors of brand stories due to new dynamic networks of consumers and brands formed through social media and the easy sharing of brand experiences in such networks. Firms need to pay attention to such consumer-generated brand stories to ensure a brand's success in the marketplace. The authors identify key research questions related to the phenomenon and the challenges in coordinating consumer- and firm-generated brand stories.
Transduction of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Adenoviral and Retroviral Vectors (1998)

Gene transfer into a panel of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells by adenoviral (Ad) and retroviral (RV) vectors was studied. Indexed to multiplicity of infection (MOI), Ad vectors transduce squamous, adenosquamous, and malignant mesothelioma cells with greater efficiency than large cells or adenocarcinoma cells. Transduction-sensitive cells bind the Ad vector with specificity for the Ad fiber knob, and internalize vector efficiently. Transduction-refractory cells bind and internalize vector by less efficient pathways. Like Ad vectors, there is heterogeneity in RV transduction efficiencies of different NSCLC subtypes. With respect to the most common cell type metastatic to the pleural space (adenocarcinoma), amphotropic retroviral vectors transduce cells of this subtype more efficiently (at a lower MOI) than Ad. RV transduction is not solely dependent on cellular replication, and both permissive and refractory cell lines express the mRNA for the amphotropic RV receptor. These observations suggest that neither Ad nor RV vectors will suffice a priori as the optimal gene transfer vehicle, and successful gene therapy of lung cancer may require tumor-specific or patient-specific vectors.
The Umbilical Cord Blood αβ T-Cell Repertoire: Characteristics of a Polyclonal and Naive but Completely Formed Repertoire (1998)

Umbilical cord blood (CB) constitutes a promising alternative to bone marrow for allogeneic transplantation and is increasingly used because of the reduced severity of graft-versus-host disease after CB transplantation. We have compared the T-cell receptor beta chain (TCRB) diversity of CB lymphocytes with that of adult lymphocytes by analyzing the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) size heterogeneity. In marked contrast to adult samples, we observed bell-shaped profiles in all of the 22 functional beta-chain variable (BV) subfamilies that reflect the lack of prior antigenic stimulation in CB samples. However, the mean CDR3 size and BV usage were comparable between CB and adult samples. BJ2 (65%) segments were used preferentially to BJ1 (35%), especially BJ2S7, BJ2S5, BJ2S3, and BJ2S1, in both CB and in adult lymphocytes. We therefore conclude that although naive as reflected by the heterogeneity of the CDR3 size, the TCRBV repertoire appears fully constituted at birth. The ability to expand TCRB subfamilies was confirmed by stimulation with staphylococcal superantigens toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 and staphylococcal enterotoxin A. This study provides the basis for future analysis of the T-cell repertoire reconstitution following umbilical CB transplantation.
Online multiple tasks one-shot learning of object categories and vision (2011)

In this paper we present a new approach to online multiple tasks framework using online boosting learning in parallel for object classification in visual objects. The main idea is (a) to learn visual models of object categories require training on hundreds or thousands of images and very large datasets, one-shot learning aims to learn information about object categories from one, or only a few, training images; (2) to employ training tasks in parallel while using a shared representation to one class or multi-class classification. What is learned for each task can help other tasks be learned better; (3) to bridge the gap between data acquisition and model building. We demonstrate robustness, efficient and accuracy of the approach on simultaneously online multiple tasks as one-shot learning complex background models, visual tracking, object detection and recognition on benchmark data sets.
Transamidation in Melt-Mixed Aliphatic and Aromatic Polyamides. 3. Molecular Characterization Using Gradient Elution Chromatography (GEC) (1996)

Melt-mixing of blends of polyamide 46 (PA 46) and polyamide 6I (PA 6I) gives rise to the formation of copolymers on account of the occurrence of transamidation reactions. The degree of transamidation as obtained during the first minutes of melt-mixing is often too low to permit characterization by NMR or FTIR. To solve this problem, gradient elution chromatography (GEC) has been used. It is visualized using this technique to what extent transamidation is occurring during the first 10 min of melt-mixing. Also, the dependence of the reaction rate on the extrusion temperature has been studied using GEC. Melt-blending of PA 46 having varying end-group concentrations and end-group ratios with PA 6I does not seem to alter the elution behavior of the copolyamides formed; this indicates a transamidation mechanism of hydrolysis and recombination. Finally, it has been proved that degradation processes occurring during the residence time of the melt in the extruder do not influence the retention time of the polyamides in the column.
Phospholipase A<sub>2</sub>Metabolites Regulate Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Myocytes (1998)

The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL) stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA, protein, and nitric oxide (NO) production in neonatal ventricular myocytes (NVM). In other types of cells, IL also activates phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ), which liberates arachidonic acid for the pathways involved in eicosanoid production, and induces the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) isoform, which increases prostanoid production. Since NO has been shown to directly stimulate COX activity and the resulting prostanoids to modulate IL induction of iNOS, we questioned whether PLA 2 and/or COX products are involved in IL regulation of iNOS and NO production in NVM. We first found that IL induced COX-2 mRNA and protein, resulting in ≈200-fold and 15-fold increases in PGE 2 and 6-keto-PGF 1α (the stable metabolite of PGI 2 ), respectively. IL-stimulated prostanoid production was inhibited by the COX-2-specific inhibitor NS-398, as well as the nonspecific COX inhibitor indomethacin (INDO). We next studied the involvement of the PLA 2 inhibitor ONO-RS-082 (ONO) and the COX inhibitor INDO in IL regulation of iNOS. Pretreatment with ONO blocked IL-stimulated NO production and iNOS protein, suggesting that PLA 2 products are involved in regulation of iNOS synthesis. Unlike ONO, the COX inhibitor INDO had little effect on IL-stimulated NO. In addition to the COX pathway, arachidonic acid (AA) is also metabolized by the lipoxygenase (LO) pathway. The LO inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) decreased IL-stimulated NO and iNOS synthesis. These data suggest that: (1) IL upregulates COX-2 expression and prostanoid production in NVM; and (2) AA metabolites other than COX products, possibly products of the LO pathway, are involved in IL regulation of iNOS.
Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of 8-Aza Analogs of Chiral [2-(Phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanines (1995)

(R)- And (S)-8-aza-9(-)[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine [(R)-and (S)-8-aza-PMPG] were synthesized and tested in vitro for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity. The synthesis of the above compounds and of (R)-9(-)[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine [(R)-PMPG] was carried out through the alkylation of 8-azaguanine or guanine with (R)- and (S)-2-O(-)[(diisopropylphosphono)methyl]-1-O-(tolylsulfonyl) -1,2-propanediol followed by deprotection of the phosphonic moiety. A different, even more convenient synthesis of (R)-8-aza-PMPG starting from 2-amino-6-chloro-5-nitro-4(3H)-pyrimidinone and (R)(-)[2(-)[(diisopropylphosphono)-methoxy]propyl]amine is also reported. Both (R)-8-aza-PMPG and (R)-PMPG demonstrated anti-HIV activity in the MTT assay with EC50 values of 12 and 4.5 microM, respectively. The corresponding S enantiomers were found to be less potent. When evaluated in combination with AZT, ddI, or DABO 603, (R)-8-aza-PMPG gave additive, additive, and synergistic anti-HIV-1 effects, respectively.
Real Options Analysis and Strategic Decision Making (2001)

The real options approach is frequently advocated as an approach that offers a positive and radical reassessment of the value of risk and exploration. We examine a recent case where Merck used the real options approach to justify an investment in an R&D project. This case is used to highlight some of the problems associated with using real options. We note that the assumptions incorporated in most standard option valuation models can conflict with the conclusions reached by strategic analysis. As a result, users of real options models should understand the quantitative aspects of these models, and may often need to create a customized model for each situation. The difficulty of developing customized models may explain, in part, the limited use of the real options approach in strategic analysis.
Silica‐based solid phases for affinity chromatography: Effect of pore size and ligand location upon biochemical productivity (1992)

The influence of pore size and surface chemistry upon the productivity in affinity chromatography of three silica-based solid phases, Sorbsil C-200, C-500, and C-1000 (40-60 microm particle diameter and the corresponding pore diameters of 20, 50, and 100 nm), was studied using three model ligand/biomolecule systems of varying molecular masses. These studies revealed two unique parameters, biochemical productivity and maximum physical capacity, of the matrix as generically essential in the successful design and operation of productive affinity chromatography systems. Biochemical productivity, the molar ratio of the amount of product recovered per unit volume of adsorbent and ligand concentration, utilized the expected stoichiometry of binding of the two molecules to assess the efficacy of the adsorbent. This parameter, determined by equilibrium binding in batch suspensions and by saturation binding capacities and recoveries in fixed beds, yielded the optimum ligand concentration required for maximal performance. Maximum physical capacity, of the adsorbent to accommodate the biomolecules, was calculated from pore and molecular dimensions assuming that there was no steric hindrance to access. Using an immobilized human-IgG (Hu-IgG)/anti-Hu-IgG monoclonal antibody (MCAB) system, in which both the ligand and the product are of the same size (150 kDa), it was shown that the physical capacity of C-200 was only 16% of the theoretically expected amount. This capacity increased to 70 and 90% of the expected value with C-500 and C-1000, respectively, as the steric hindrance to protein penetration induced by pore dimensions decreased. The distribution of immobilized Hu-IgG within individual particles, visualized by immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling, showed that the ligand was restricted to the peripheral 3 microm of the C-200 particles (12% radius). In contrast, it was present throughout the C-1000 particles, indicating that there was no hindrance to access in this solid phase. The C-200 was suitable for use in a small ligand/biomolecule system studied (immobilized trypsin-inhibitor binding trypsin; 22.1 and 23.3 kDa, respectively) for which more than 60% of the maximum physical capacity was available for interactions. The C-500 proved satisfactory for the Hu-IgG/MCAB model system but showed steric limitations when an immobilized anti-beta-galactosidase MCAB (anti-beta-gal) was used to purify a larger product (beta-galacosidase; 460 kDa). The binding capacity and overall productivity of Hu-IgG- and anti-beta-gal-C-1000 was equivalent to that of Sepharose CL-4B. Selection of matrices with pore sizes appropriate to the dimensions of the ligand and product was, therefore, important. Finally, the Sorbsil silicas packed easily into beds and were used successfully with conventional chromatography equipment for low-pressure affinity chromatography. They therefore offer an ideal alternative to silica-based high-performance liquid affinity chromatography and soft-gel supports.
Extension of bearing endurance life by ion implantation (1986)

The oscillatory characteristics of ion-implanted ball bearings are described. N-implanted bearings are found to have lower starting torque and longer endurance life both in a vacuum as well as in air than unimplanted bearings. Typical starting torque in air can be reduced by 0.8 thus extending bearing life from 104 to 106 cycles. The effect of ion implantation is discussed with respect to the mechanism of fretting wear in ball bearings subjected to relatively small-angle oscillatory motion.
Transgenic and gene disruption techniques in the study of neurocarcinogenesis (1995)

Abstract Transgenic technologies have come of age, and the field of carcinogenesis has profited extensively from the availability of these methods. Both the inappropriate expression of dominant oncogenes in specific tissues and the ability to “knock out” tumor suppressor genes in mammalian organisms have enabled substantial advancements of our understanding of development and progression of the neoplastic phenotype. In the first part of this article, we review the most popular techniques for modification of the mammalian genome in vivo, i.e. microinjection of fertilized eggs, retrovirus‐mediated gene transfer, and targeted gene deletion through homologous recombination. Subsequently, we attempt a critical evaluation of the available models of neurocarcinogenesis, and discuss their impact and future potential for the study of cancer in the nervous system. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An Initial Investigation of Calcareous Deposits Upon Cathodic Steel Surfaces in Sea Water (1981)

The influence of potential and nominal sea water velocity upon the nature of calcareous deposits formed upon a cathodic steel surface has been investigated. Specific attention was focused upon change with exposure time of the current density to maintain a prescribed cathodic potential and upon thickness of the calcareous film. Equations have been developed whereby pH of the electrolyte adjacent to both a filmed and film-free surface can be rationalized in terms of cathodic current density and character of the electrolyte flow. Structure of calcareous deposits was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Results are discussed within the frame of current understanding of marine cathodic protection and cathodic protection practices.
Reproductive Functions of Corticotropin‐Releasing Hormone. Research and Potential Clinical Utility of Antalarmins (CRH Receptor Type 1 Antagonists) (2004)

These data show that CRH is present in female reproductive tissues, and is regulating key reproductive functions with an inflammatory component, such as ovulation, luteolysis, implantation, and parturition.
Isolation and characterization of casein-producing and -nonproducing cell populations from 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary carcinomas. (1983)

Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that hormone-dependent 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary carcinomas possess only a limited ability to synthesize the mammary gland-specific milk proteins, and this expression of normal differentiated function is limited to a small subpopulation of tumor cells (S. C. Supowit and J. M. Rosen, Cancer Res., 42: 1355-1360, 1982). In an effort to define the molecular defect in hormone-regulated casein gene expression in these tumors, a method has been developed which separates the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary carcinoma into two subpopulations of cells. Collagenase-dissociated tumor cell suspensions were fractionated by both continuous and discontinuous Percoll gradient centrifugation, and the separated cell populations were analyzed following plating on collagen-coated dishes. Two fractions of differing densities were isolated. The top fraction (rho = 1.05), containing approximately 75% of the dissociated tumor epithelial cells, is depleted in casein-producing cells, while the bottom fraction (rho = 1.07) is enriched 5- to 10-fold in casein-producing cells as assayed by both indirect immunofluorescence, using a specific anticasein antibody, and direct measurement of casein messenger RNA levels. These two subpopulations were further characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, with respect to their cell morphology and ultrastructure, for the presence of hormone receptors; the arrangement of the epithelial cell marker, keratin; and their cell cycle distributions and ploidy. Prolactin, insulin, and estradiol binding were found to be uniform throughout each cell subpopulation and qualitatively similar between fractions. Both fractions appeared to be epithelial-like in morphology, containing numerous surface microvilli as assessed by scanning electron microscopy and containing numerous surface microvilli as assessed by scanning electron microscopy and contained keratin filaments as determined by indirect immunofluorescence. Furthermore, they had similar cell cycle distributions and ploidies of 2n. Differences in cell ultrastructure were observed between these two tumor epithelial cell fractions, reflecting an increased development of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the bottom fraction and a higher concentration of lipid-containing vesicles and free polysomes in the top fraction. The failure of the majority of the cells within the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors to produce casein in response to prolactin is not due to a receptor-negative phenotype or general cell type difference.
The murine homolog of<i>SALL4</i>, a causative gene in Okihiro syndrome, is essential for embryonic stem cell proliferation, and cooperates with<i>Sall1</i>in anorectal, heart, brain and kidney development (2006)

Mutations in SALL4, the human homolog of the Drosophilahomeotic gene spalt (sal), cause the autosomal dominant disorder known as Okihiro syndrome. In this study, we show that a targeted null mutation in the mouse Sall4 gene leads to lethality during peri-implantation. Growth of the inner cell mass from the knockout blastocysts was reduced, and Sall4-null embryonic stem (ES) cells proliferated poorly with no aberrant differentiation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that anorectal and heart anomalies in Okihiro syndrome are caused by Sall4haploinsufficiency and that Sall4/Sall1 heterozygotes exhibited an increased incidence of anorectal and heart anomalies, exencephaly and kidney agenesis. Sall4 and Sall1 formed heterodimers, and a truncated Sall1 caused mislocalization of Sall4 in the heterochromatin; thus, some symptoms of Townes-Brocks syndrome caused by SALL1 truncations could result from SALL4 inhibition.
Polarisation mode dispersion measurements in long single mode fibres (1981)

A new method to measure polarisation mode dispersion is described, in which the accuracy is more than 0.1 ps. 0.17 ps polarisation mode dispersion was obtained for about 1 km length of fibre. The result is compared with the retardation obtained for a short length of the fibre.