gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highly Decorated Lignins in Leaf Tissues of the Canary Island Date Palm <i>Phoenix canariensis</i> (2017)

The cell walls of leaf base tissues of the Canary Island date palm (<i>Phoenix canariensis</i>) contain lignins with the most complex compositions described to date. The lignin composition varies by tissue region and is derived from traditional monolignols (ML) along with an unprecedented range of ML conjugates: ML-acetate, ML-benzoate, ML-<i>p</i>-hydroxybenzoate, ML-vanillate, ML-<i>p</i>-coumarate, and ML-ferulate. The specific functions of such complex lignin compositions are unknown. However, the distribution of the ML conjugates varies depending on the tissue region, indicating that they may play specific roles in the cell walls of these tissues and/or in the plant's defense system.
Cosmogenic isotopes as a tool to study solar and terrestrial variability (1997)

The Earth is an extremely complex dynamical system which is driven by the Sun. The Sun is a variable star and the Earth is a variable planet. This raises the basic question how terrestrial variability is related to solar variability. This question becomes even more important in view of the growing evidence that mankind is playing an active role in climate change. [...]
The Mean Field (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Ideal Gas in Crystal Lattice Long Rod Models The Composite Electric Field and Average Index of Refraction The Dipole Mean Field Is Born References
Survey of fast wave tube developments (1979)

In this paper, we provide a summary of recent developments in experimental fast wave devices, describe their characteristic features, and examine the promising trends for future research. The focus is primarily on high power gyrotrons which cover the millimeter wave band. A brief review of the status of the free electron laser (Ubitron) and the peniotron is also included because of the current interest in these devices.
Head Tracking Latency in Virtual Environments: Psychophysics and a Model (2003)

Quantification of perceptual sensitivity to latency in virtual environments (VEs) and elucidation of the mechanism by which latency is perceived is essential for development of countermeasures by VE designers. We test the hypothesis that observers use “image slip” (i.e., motion of the VE scene caused by system time lags) to detect the consequences of latency rather than explicitly detecting time delay. Our presumption is that forcing observers to change from constant rate to randomly paced head motion will disrupt their ability to discriminate latency based on perceived image slip. This study indicates that the disruption in motion pattern causes a shift in latency detection criteria and a minor degradation in discrimination ability. It is likely therefore that observers make at least some use of image slip in discriminating VE latency. It can also be inferred that when observers learn to discriminate latency, their Just Noticeable Difference (JND) remains below 17 ms.
Energy Consumption Prediction of a Vehicle along a User-Specified Real-World Trip (2012)

Standard cycles provide an easy way to evaluate the energy consumption of vehicles, but it is the energy consumption that occurs on real-world trips that really matters to the driver and, to a larger extent, society. This study shows how digital maps and vehicle simulation tools can be used to estimate energy consumption on a real-world trip. The user (1) selects a trip in the mapping service ADAS-RP (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems Research Platform), (2) defines a vehicle model in the vehicle powertrain simulation tool Autonomie, and (3) runs and analyzes the simulation in that same tool. For each section of the trip, ADAS-RP provides various information that can include speed limits, historic data on traffic pattern speeds, the slopes of the routes, and the positions of stop signs and traffic lights. The first stage of processing this information is to schedule the stops and to create an intermediate speed target that takes those stops into account. The final driver demand speed includes transitions – accelerations and decelerations – between sections with different intermediate speed targets, or around stops. The ADAS-RP/Autonomie process is then used to compute the energy consumption of a hybrid electric vehicle and a conventional vehicle on 10 trips defined across the United States and Germany. The hybrid vehicle is more fuel efficient, especially on congested routes and routes with downhill slopes, the effect of which is analyzed in further detail.
Personal Marks and Community Certificates: Detecting Clones in Mobile Wireless Networks of Smart-Phones (2011)

We consider the problem of detecting clones in wireless mobile adhoc networks. We assume that one of the devices of the network has been cloned. Everything, including certificates and secret keys. This can happen quite easily, because of a virus that immediately after sending all the content of the infected device to the adversary destroys itself, or just because the owner has left his device unattended for a few minutes in a hostile environment. The problem is to detect this attack. We propose a solution in networks of mobile devices carried by individuals. These networks are composed by nodes that have the capability of using short-range communication technology like blue-tooth or Wi-Fi, where nodes are carried by mobile users, and where links appear and disappear according to the social relationships between the users. Our idea is to use social physical contacts, securely collected by wireless personal smart-phones, as a biometric way to authenticate the legitimate owner of the device and detect the clone attack. We introduce two mechanisms: Personal Marks and Community Certificates. Personal Marks is a simple cryptographic protocol that works very well when the adversary is an insider, a malicious node in the network that is part, or not very far, from the social community of the original device that has been cloned. Community Certificates work very well when the adversary is an outsider, a node that has the goal of using the stolen credentials when interacting with other nodes that are far in the social network from the original device. When combined, these mechanisms provide an excellent protection against this very strong attack. We prove our ideas and solutions with extensive simulations in a real world scenario-with mobility traces collected in a real life experiment
A classification of dextran-hydrolysing enzymes based on amino-acid-sequence similarities (1997)

Correspondence| May 01 1997 A classification of dextran-hydrolysing enzymes based on amino-acid-sequence similarities Hiroyoshi AOKI; Hiroyoshi AOKI 1Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183, Japan Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Yoshiyuki SAKANO Yoshiyuki SAKANO † 1Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183, Japan †To whom correspondence should be addressed. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1997) 323 (3): 859–861. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3230859 Article history Received: December 10 1996 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation Hiroyoshi AOKI, Yoshiyuki SAKANO; A classification of dextran-hydrolysing enzymes based on amino-acid-sequence similarities. Biochem J 1 May 1997; 323 (3): 859–861. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3230859 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search The Biochemical Society, London © 19971997 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
A 500-MHz 16*16 complex multiplier using self-aligned gate GaAs heterostructure FET technology (1989)

A 16*16-bit complex multiplier using self-aligned gate GaAs heterostructure FET technology has been demonstrated. The multiplier uses a modified Booth's algorithm and three stages of pipeline with an embedded accumulator to allow the computation of a complex multiply function. A total of 4500 gates and over 20000 devices are required to implement this function and self-test functions. The chip produces a 20-bit output allowing 40 bits to describe a complex number result. Direct coupled NOR-gate FET logic was used throughout. The complex multiplier operated at a clock rate of 520 MHz with a power dissipation of 4 W under self-test. This corresponds to an average 'loaded' gate delay of 96 ps at 0.89 mW/gate. It also means that the multiplier produces a complex product, generated using four real multiplications and two additions, in less than 8 ns. This result demonstrates the high-speed capability of LSI digital circuits fabricated using MBE-grown GaAs heterostructure FET technology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Involvement of Neurokinin Receptors in the Control of Pulsatile Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in Rats (2011)

It has recently been shown that neurokinin B, a tachykinin, is associated with GnRH pulse generation in sheep and goats. The aim of the present study was to clarify the role of tachykinin receptors in the control of LH secretion in rats. To this end, we evaluated the effect of CS-003, an antagonist for all three neurokinin receptors (NK1, NK2 and NK3 receptors), on pulsatile LH secretion in both sexes of rats with different routes of administration. Both oral and third ventricular administration of CS-003 suppressed LH secretion in both sexes of gonadectomized animals. Furthermore, intact male rats with oral administration of CS-003 showed decreased serum testosterone levels, which might be due to suppressed LH secretion. None of the three subtype-specific neurokinin receptor antagonists showed a significant effect on LH secretion in ovariectomized rats when each antagonist was singly administered. The present results suggest that neurokinins play a role in the control of pulsatile GnRH/LH secretion via multiple neurokinin receptors in both male and female rats.
Path switching and call protection for reliable IP telephony (2007)

Application-layer path switching systems ensure the performance and reliability of real-time applications (such as IP Telephony) by exploiting inherent redundancies in the underlying IP network. These systems monitor quality throughout an IP Telephony call, rapidly detect performance problems and, if necessary, re-direct calls around problems and congestion in the network. Under normal network load conditions, these systems can easily find a feasible alternate path and restore call quality within sub-second timeframes. However, at high network load, finding alternate paths is challenging due to inherent inaccuracies in the techniques that attempt to measure an end-to-end path’s ability to accommodate additional calls. These inaccuracies may adversely impact established calls on the path and some of the calls may even oscillate back and forth between various alternate paths. In this paper, we propose some novel techniques that address these problems and ensure system stability and performance at high network load. We introduce the concept of Spatial Slow Start, which allows rapid selection of a feasible path from a large possible set. In addition, we help protect a path’s established calls from other switching calls by using intelligent back-off and probationary admission control techniques. We conducted extensive simulation studies to evaluate the performance of the proposed techniques. The results indicate that our techniques significantly reduce the number of oscillations and the amount of time that calls experience poor quality.
Laser-driven generation of fast particles (2006)

Abstract The great progress in high-peak-power laser technology has resulted recently in the production of ps and subps laser pulses of PW powers and relativistic intensities (up to 1021 W/cm2) and has laid the basis for the construction of multi-PW lasers generating ultrarelativistic laser intensities (above 1023 W/cm2). The laser pulses of such extreme parameters make it possible to produce highly collimated beams of electrons or ions of MeV to GeV energies, of short time durations (down to subps) and of enormous currents and current densities, unattainable with conventional accelerators. Such particle beams have a potential to be applied in numerous fields of scientific research as well as in medicine and technology development. This paper is focused on laser-driven generation of fast ion beams and reviews recent progress in this field. The basic concepts and achievements in the generation of intense beams of protons, light ions, and multiply charged heavy ions are presented. Prospects for applications of laser-driven ion beams are briefly discussed.
Photonics-Based Broadband RF Spectrum Measurement With Sliced Coherent Detection and Spectrum Stitching Technique (2017)

A novel photonics-based channelization approach is proposed for broadband radio frequency (RF) spectrum measurement with a single optical frequency comb, sliced coherent detection (SCD), and improved fast fourier transform-based digital signal processing. Through SCD, channel estimation and spectrum stitching, a broadband and complex RF spectrum can be detected and reconstructed with vector information in a high fidelity. A two-channel architecture as a proof of concept is characterized numerically with up to 40 GHz operation bandwidth, ≤12.5 GHz analysis bandwidth per channel, 113 dB·Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2/3</sup> spurious free dynamic range, and 161 dB·Hz linear dynamic range. The potentials for further system developments in practice are also discussed.
Undesired Role of Sacrificial Reagents in Photocatalysis (2013)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEGuest CommentaryNEXTUndesired Role of Sacrificial Reagents in PhotocatalysisJenny Schneider and Detlef W. Bahnemann*View Author Information Photocatalysis and Nanotechnology Research Unit, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, GermanyCite this: J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 20, 3479–3483Publication Date (Web):October 17, 2013Publication History Received26 August 2013Accepted26 September 2013Published online17 October 2013Published inissue 17 October 2013https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jz4018199https://doi.org/10.1021/jz4018199editorialACS PublicationsCopyright © 2013 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views21974Altmetric-Citations412LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (337 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Alcohols,Oxidation,Oxides,Photocatalysis,Redox reactions Get e-Alerts
Prenylated stilbenes from peanut root mucilage (2006)

Seven prenylated stilbenes were identified by combined HPLC-PAD-APCI/MSn analysis of an extract of mucilage isolated from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) root tips. The principal constituent was assigned the structure 4-(3-methyl-but-1-enyl)-3, 5-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxy-trans-stilbene. The common name mucilagin A is proposed for this novel compound. Its concentration in the mucilage was estimated at 250 microg/g (wet weight basis). The large body of literature on the anti-microbial properties of plant-derived stilbenes suggests that compounds detected in peanut mucilage may play a role in regulating root-soil pathogen interactions.
Characterization of the Insulin Receptor Kinase from Human Erythrocytes (1987)

The insulin receptor from human erythrocytes was studied for receptor-associated tyrosine kinase activity. Receptor phosphorylation was performed by incubation of the receptor with [gamma-32P]ATP and Mn2+ in the presence or absence of insulin, and the phosphorylated receptor was identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In Triton X-100-solubilized, and partially purified, receptor preparations, insulin stimulated the phosphorylation of a 95,000 dalton protein in a dose-dependent fashion. Immunoprecipitation with antiinsulin receptor antibodies indicates that this 95,000 dalton protein corresponds to the beta-subunit of the insulin receptor. Phosphoaminoacid analysis revealed that 32P incorporation occurred predominantly on tyrosine residues of the beta-subunit. In addition, the insulin receptor kinase catalyzed the phosphorylation of Histone H2b. Dose response curves for insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of the beta-subunit and Histone H2b were sigmoidal. Both half-maximal effects were observed at 3 X 10(-9) M insulin with maximal effects at 10(-6) M. When insulin binding was examined under the same conditions as phosphorylation, the dose-response curves for receptor occupancy and the kinase activation were nearly superimposable, indicating few or no spare receptors for this response to insulin. Insulin-stimulated receptor phosphorylation was diminished by treatment with N-ethylmaleimide, indicating that the receptor possesses sulfhydryl groups, which are important for its enzyme activity. This study demonstrates that insulin receptor kinase from human erythrocytes shares characteristics which are similar to those found in other classical insulin target cells and tissues.
Preparation of dithiadiazafulvalene precursors: 2-piperidino-2,3-dihydro-1,3-thiazoles or 2-unsubstituted 2,3-dihydro-1,3-thiazoles from the reduction of the corresponding 2-piperidino mesoionic thiazoles (1994)

Depending on the experimental conditions, either the 2-piperidino-3-aryl-4-alkylthio-5-aryl- or -alkyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-thiazoles 8 or the 2-unsubstituted 3-aryl-4-alkylthio-5-aryl- or -alkyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-thiazoles 10 have been prepared starting from mesoionic 5-alkyl- or 5-aryl-2-piperidino-1,3-thiazole-4-thiolates 6. After alkylation of the mesoionic compound, the best conditions to isolate these two dihydrothiazoles were established from a mechanistic study of the reduction. Compound 8 is known to give dithiadiazafulvalenes through its thiazolium tetrafluoroborate salts. We show here that such salts can also be obtained from 10.
A strong sequence homology exists between the major RNA polymerase sigma factors of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. (1985)

The Bacillus subtilis rpoD gene has been sequenced and the primary structure of its product deduced. The molecular weight calculated for the sigma 43 is 42,828. The DNA and protein sequences of sigma 43 exhibit extensive homology to the Escherichia coli rpoD gene and its sigma 70 product, especially in the C-terminal two-thirds of the sequence. Other proteins exhibiting partial homology with sigma 43 include the E. coli nusA protein, the E. coli htpR (heat-shock regulatory gene) product sigma 32, and specific DNA-binding proteins. No amino acid homology was found between sigma 43 and B. subtilis phage SP01 sigma gp28, phage T7 RNA polymerase, or E. coli DNA primase. The gene exhibits a strong ribosomal binding site and a typical rho-independent transcription terminator sequence. A typical transcription terminator sequence was not observed upstream from the sigma 43 gene. The sigma 43 gene may be part of an operon, resembling the situation found in the E. coli sigma operon.
Application of fuzzy logic in the speed control of AC servo system and an intelligent inverter (1993)

A fuzzy logic controller for use in the fully digital speed control of AC servomotor systems is presented. An intelligent inverter is also proposed to reduce the switching loss and the current harmonics in induction motors. A 16 bit single-chip microprocessor is used to reduce the number of circuit components for cost reduction and reliability enhancement. In order to facilitate the instantaneous control of motor torque, indirect field orientation is adopted along with a current-regulated pulse-width-modulation voltage-source inverter. A computer simulation for assessing the feasibility of the system proposed is described. Circuit design and software development are then undertaken. Simulation results are verified experimentally.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Computation of Stresses, Strains, and Deformations of Tires (1980)

Abstract The pneumatic tire is often taken for granted as a simple and reliable component of the vehicle. A closer look, however, shows that the tire in service is subjected to severe stresses and deformations whose quantities must be determined in order to accurately predict tire performance. Modern tire structures have evolved through a series of modifications of the original pneumatic rubber tire. These modifications were based on field experiences and on mostly experimental studies of tire behavior. The use of analytical techniques to calculate tire stresses and deformations remained limited in scope for a long time because the complexity of the tire structure placed it beyond the domain of available methods of analysis. The recent emphasis on analytical techniques is due, at least partly, to their potential for becoming less time consuming and less expensive than experimental methods, the need for predicting a tire's behavior before its manufacture, and the notable advances in computational and structural analysis methods. In this paper, these methods are described and applied to the calculation of tire stresses and deformations. Structural analysis is the analytical determination of structural responses to a prescribed set of applied loads. The responses may be displacements or distortions if force loads are known, or forces if displacement or distortions are known. Given the geometry of a structure (shape, dimensions), the relevant properties of its component materials, the magnitude and distribution of applied loads, and any constraints from boundary conditions, then structural analysis is used to calculate displacements, strains, or stresses at any chosen location in or on the structure. These calculated values may be compared to those required for functionality of the structure. Although structural analysis is not directly applicable to determining the most efficient configuration of the structural components, the analysis of successive well chosen modifications can often optimize compositions or geometries. The application of structural analysis to a tire requires (a) knowledge of the relevant physical properties of the component materials, and their configuration in the tire, (b) complete characterization of the applied loads, and (c) an analytical technique ( i.e. theory) for calculating the required responses. These requirements are explained in the following sections.