gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vitro effects of GM-CSF on mature peripheral blood neutrophils. (1998)

GM-CSF can play a crucial role in regulating the neutrophil-mediated inflammatory response. This growth factor is a proliferative stimulus for bone marrow neutrophil stem cell precursors and has at least 3 important roles in regulating neutrophil-mediated immunity: a) a direct effect on the proliferation and development of neutrophil progenitors; b) synergistic activity with other haemopoietic growth factors; c) stimulation of the functional activity of mature neutrophils. The production of GM-CSF may be triggered directly by exogenous factors such as antigens and endotoxins, or indirectly through the release of cytokines by a variety of cells including lymphocytes, activated macrophages and endothelial cells exposed to products of mononuclear phagocytes. Such production of GM-CSF may serve to quickly release mature neutrophils from the bone marrow in response to infections. Moreover, enhancement of the function of mature neutrophils may also augment their ability to migrate to infective sites and then phagocytose and kill pathogens. Increased expression of CD11b/CD18 may play a fundamental part in this mechanism because this receptor is essential for the adhesion of neutrophils to the endothelium. Both phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity increase as a result of the action of GM-CSF and the increased expression of complement- and Fc-receptors can augment opsono-phagocytosis. A further level of neutrophil up-regulation occurs by increasing the functional life span of neutrophils by GM-CSF. Thus, by delaying neutrophil apoptosis, GM-CSF greatly extends the time over which neutrophils may function at inflammatory sites. GM-CSF can thus exert a variety of important regulatory controls of neutrophil function during bacterial infections. Both the number and the functional status of neutrophils is highly regulated by GM-CSF. It is also possible that GM-CSF produced within localised sites of acute inflammation or infection may attract, trap and then activate neutrophils within this site.
Lung nodule detection in pediatric chest CT: Quantitative relationship between image quality and radiologist performance (2011)

We quantified the relationship between image quality and the performance of radiologists in detecting lung nodules in pediatric CT. The relationship can guide CT protocol design to achieve the desired diagnostic performance at the lowest radiation dose.]
The application of software radio techniques for airborne passenger telephony and future ATC communication systems (1997)

The need to develop cost effective airborne communication systems that make use of spectrum efficient waveforms, complex communication protocols and also provide multi-mode functionality is driving many avionics implementations towards software radio technology. The Airadio Division of GEC Marconi Electro-Optics Ltd. (ARD) has some eight years of experience in using this technology for airborne communications applications such as the European Terrestrial Flight Telephone System (TFTS) and the VHF Digital Link (VDL), which is being developed for future ATC communication requirements. Whilst there has been much discussion within industry regarding the application of software radio technology for integrated modular avionics (e.g. CNI avionics systems), complex radio system requirements are now beginning to drive this technology into federated systems. Traditionally a software radio approach has implied the use of leading edge wideband ADC, high speed DAC and powerful signal/data processing technologies. This paper shows how a less ambitious application of readily available technologies can still provide significant benefits. It provides an overview of the hardware and software technologies used in the design/development of two generations of TFTS product. The flexibility of the approach used for the first generation TFTS product hardware is illustrated by providing an overview of the updates incorporated for a VHF Datalink (VDL) prototype application. In mapping the VDL application onto the TFTS platform a number of issues associated with hardware and software design reuse have also been highlighted. (11 pages)
Consistent patterns of maturity and density-dependent growth among populations of walleye (Sander vitreus): application of the growing degree-day metric (2010)

Growing degree-days (GDD, °C·days) are an index of ambient thermal energy that relates directly to an ectotherm’s cumulative metabolism but is rarely used to describe growth and development in fish. We applied GDD to length and maturity data from 416 populations of walleye ( Sander vitreus ) from Ontario and Quebec, Canada (mean annual GDD = 1200 to 2300 °C·days). On average, males matured after they had experienced 6900 °C·days and reached 350 mm total length (L) (n = 77 populations), and females matured after 10 000 °C·days and at 450 mm L (n = 70). Across 143 populations, GDD accounted for up to 96% of the variation in the length of immature walleye but also revealed a twofold difference in growth rate that was indicative of variation in food availability. When applied to data from eight populations in which walleye abundances have changed dramatically over time, GDD revealed a 1.3-fold increase in immature growth rate when abundance was low compared with when it was high. Our results both demonstrate the explanatory power of GDD with respect to fish growth and maturity and inform the development of regional management strategies for walleye.
Real-Time Profiling of Solid-State Nanopores During Solution-Phase Nanofabrication (2016)

We describe a method for simply characterizing the size and shape of a nanopore during solution-based fabrication and surface modification, using only low-overhead approaches native to conventional nanopore measurements. Solution-based nanopore fabrication methods are democratizing nanopore science by supplanting the traditional use of charged-particle microscopes for fabrication, but nanopore profiling has customarily depended on microscopic examination. Our approach exploits the dependence of nanopore conductance in solution on nanopore size, shape, and surface chemistry in order to characterize nanopores. Measurements of the changing nanopore conductance during formation by etching or deposition can be analyzed using our method to characterize the nascent nanopore size and shape, beyond the typical cylindrical approximation, in real-time. Our approach thus accords with ongoing efforts to broaden the accessibility of nanopore science from fabrication through use: it is compatible with conventional instrumentation and offers straightforward nanoscale characterization of the core tool of the field.
Clinical Trials Update from the European Society of Cardiology Meeting 2009: AAA, RELY, PROTECT, ACTIVE-I, European CRT survey, German pre-SCD II registry, and MADIT-CRT (2009)

This article provides information and a commentary on trials relevant to the pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of heart failure presented at the annual meeting of the European Society of Cardiology held in Barcelona in 2009. The AAA study does not support the routine use of aspirin for the prevention of vascular events in patients with asymptomatic atherosclerosis. RELY suggests that dabigatran may be more effective than warfarin for the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Rolofylline was not superior to placebo in improving outcomes in patients with acute heart failure enrolled in the PROTECT study, but dyspnoea was improved. Data from ACTIVE-I suggest that irbesartan does not provide additional therapeutic benefit in patients with atrial fibrillation who are well controlled on current therapy. The European cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) survey provides interesting epidemiological data on current CRT device usage. The German pre-SCD II registry identified a low prevalence of patients with a reduced ejection fraction following myocardial infarction. Implantation of CRT-D rather than an implantable cardioverter defibrillator in patients with mild heart failure and QRS >/=130 ms reduced the risk of hospitalization for heart failure in MADIT-CRT; mortality was similarly low with each device.
Clinical Significance of Interruption of Therapy with Allylestrenol in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (1998)

Allylestrenol is an effective and safe medical treatment for patients with symptomatic BPH. Hormonal and histopathologic findings suggest that the prostate gland may regrow after discontinuation of medication.
Chloroform degradation in methanogenic methanol enrichment cultures and by Methanosarcina barkeri 227 (1995)

The effects of methanol addition and consumption on chloroform degradation rate and product distribution in methanogenic methanol enrichment cultures and in cultures of Methanosarcina barkeri 227 were investigated. Degradation of chloroform with initial concentrations up to 27.3 microM in enrichment cultures and 4.8 microM in pure cultures was stimulated by the addition of methanol. However, methanol consumption was inhibited by as little as 2.5 microM chloroform in enrichment cultures and 0.8 microM chloroform in pure cultures, suggesting that the presence of methanol, not its exact concentration or consumption rate, was the most significant variable affecting chloroform degradation rate. Methanol addition also significantly increased the number of moles of dichloromethane produced per mole of chloroform consumed. In enrichment cultures, the number of moles of dichloromethane produced per mole of chloroform consumed ranged from 0.7 (methanol consumption essentially uninhibited) to 0.35 (methanol consumption significantly inhibited) to less than 0.2 (methanol not added to the culture). In pure cultures, the number of moles of dichloromethane produced per mole of chloroform consumed was 0.47 when methanol was added and 0.24 when no methanol was added. Studies with [14C]chloroform in both enrichment and pure cultures confirmed that methanol metabolism stimulated dichloromethane production compared with CO2 production. The results indicate that while the addition of methanol significantly stimulated chloroform degradation in both methanogenic methanol enrichment cultures and cultures of M. barkeri 227, the prospects for use of methanol as a growth substrate for anaerobic chloroform-degrading systems may be limited unless the increased production of undesirable chloroform degradation products and the inhibition of methanol consumption can be mitigated.
The Discovery and Development of Liraglutide and Semaglutide (2019)

The discovery of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone with important effects on glycemic control and body weight regulation, led to efforts to extend its half-life and make it therapeutically effective in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The development of short- and then long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) followed. Our article charts the discovery and development of the long-acting GLP-1 analogs liraglutide and, subsequently, semaglutide. We examine the chemistry employed in designing liraglutide and semaglutide, the human and non-human studies used to investigate their cellular targets and pharmacological effects, and ongoing investigations into new applications and formulations of these drugs. Reversible binding to albumin was used for the systemic protraction of liraglutide and semaglutide, with optimal fatty acid and linker combinations identified to maximize albumin binding while maintaining GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) potency. GLP-1RAs mediate their effects via this receptor, which is expressed in the pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, heart, lungs, kidneys, and brain. GLP-1Rs in the pancreas and brain have been shown to account for the respective improvements in glycemic control and body weight that are evident with liraglutide and semaglutide. Both liraglutide and semaglutide also positively affect cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in individuals with T2D, although the precise mechanism is still being explored. Significant weight loss, through an effect to reduce energy intake, led to the approval of liraglutide (3.0 mg) for the treatment of obesity, an indication currently under investigation with semaglutide. Other ongoing investigations with semaglutide include the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NASH) and its use in an oral formulation for the treatment of T2D. In summary, rational design has led to the development of two long-acting GLP-1 analogs, liraglutide and semaglutide, that have made a vast contribution to the management of T2D in terms of improvements in glycemic control, body weight, blood pressure, lipids, beta-cell function, and CV outcomes. Furthermore, the development of an oral formulation for semaglutide may provide individuals with additional benefits in relation to treatment adherence. In addition to T2D, liraglutide is used in the treatment of obesity, while semaglutide is currently under investigation for use in obesity and NASH.
In-depth Analysis of 4T SRAM Cells in Double-Gate CMOS (2007)

This paper presents a whole study of sub-32 nm CMOS 4T SRAM cells in fully depleted (FD) double-gate (DG) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology with planar independent self-aligned gates. Both independent-and connected-gate operation is analyzed either with symmetrical or asymmetrical transistors which have been adjusted according to the current process possibilities. An improved 4T driverless (DL) SRAM cell is proposed and compared with a 4T loadless (LL). Both cells take advantage of the back gate to improve stability in read and retention mode by using a feedback between access transistor and opposite storage node. A set of criteria have been analyzed for an efficient characterization of read-, retention-and write margins, power and access time. Typical and worst cases have been computed to assure operating margins in presence of accurate process variation.
[Effects of the stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson disease]. (1993)

In Parkinson's disease, experimental studies favour a neuronal hyperactivity of the subthalamic nucleus. We carried out a subthalamic nucleus electrical stimulation in a patient aged 51, suffering for 8 years from a severe akineto-rigid form of Parkinson's disease, complicated with an on-off effect. Stereotaxic surgery was done under local anaesthesia on one side. Within the theoretical target, a 130 Hz stimulation induced akinesia alleviation mainly on the contralateral limbs. No abnormal movement was noticed. Then a long-term quadripolar DBS Medtronic electrode was inserted in that area. The study of the effects of chronic stimulation is in progress to determine the best temporal and electrical stimulation variables.
Degradation of IGF-I in the adult rat gastrointestinal tract is limited by a specific antiserum or the dietary protein casein (1995)

To investigate the potential of IGF-I peptides as therapeutics in the gut, the survival profiles of a bolus of 125I-labelled IGF-I (8.6 ng) in vivo in various ligated gut segments of fasted adult rats have been examined. The intactness of IGF-I tracer in the flushed luminal contents was estimated by trichloroacetic acid precipitation, antibody and receptor binding assays. It was found that IGF-I was degraded very rapidly in duodenum and ileum segments with a half-life (t1/2) of 2 min by all three methods. IGF-I was slightly more stable in the stomach (t1/2 = 8, 5 and 2.5 min by the above three methods), and considerably more stable in the colon (t1/2 = 38, 33 and 16 min as judged by the three methods). Rates of degradation in gut flushings in vitro were similar to the in vivo rates except for the colon, where IGF-I was proteolysed more rapidly in vivo. As a means of developing gut-stable and active forms of IGF-I, several approaches were examined for their effectiveness in prolonging IGF-I survival in the upper gut. It was found that the extension peptide on the analogue, LR3IGF-I did not protect IGF-I, nor did association with IGF-binding protein-3. However, an IGF-I antiserum was effective in prolonging IGF-I half-life in duodenum fluid by 28-fold. Charge interaction between IGF-I and heparin could also protect IGF-I in the stomach but not in duodenum flushings. Furthermore, casein (a non-specific dietary protein) and to a lesser extent, BSA and lactoferrin, were effective in preserving IGF-I structural integrity and receptor binding activity in both stomach and duodenum fluids. It can be concluded that IGF-I cannot be expected to retain bioactivity if delivered orally because of rapid proteolysis in the upper gut, but the use of IGF antibodies and casein could represent useful approaches for IGF-I protection in oral formulae.
Can Nuclear Localization Signals Enhance Nuclear Localization of Plasmid DNA? (2003)

Nonviral vectors are safer and more cost-effective than viral vectors but are significantly less efficient, and thus, increasing the efficiency of nonviral vectors remains an important objective. One way to overcome this problem is by stimulating the nuclear localization of exogenous genes. Nuclear localization signals (NLSs) are known to be involved in the active transport of exogenous proteins and probes into the nucleus. However, stimulation of nuclear localization of plasmid DNA has yet to be confirmed completely. In the present study, we prepared plasmid DNA-NLS peptide conjugates and adjusted spacer length and number introduced in an attempt to increase transfection efficiency. In comparison to conjugates with unmodified plasmid DNA and short spacers, we found that NLS-plasmid DNA conjugates with covalent bonding by diazo coupling through PEG chain (MW 3400) stimulated complexation with the nuclear transport proteins importin alpha and importin beta. Evaluation of transfection showed higher expression efficiency with plasmid DNA-NLS peptide conjugates than with unmodified plasmids. However, evaluation of intracellular trafficking after microinjection into the cytoplasm showed plasmid DNA-NLS peptide conjugates only within the cytoplasm; there was no NLS-plasmid stimulation of nuclear localization. Our findings suggest that stimulation of plasmid nuclear localization cannot be achieved merely by changing spacer length or chemically modifying plasmid DNA-NLS peptide conjugates. An additional mechanism must be involved.
[Screen selection of target genes regulated by HSF1 in heat shock response from myocardium of gene knockout mice]. (2004)

In heat shock response, expression of multiple genes is regulated directly or indirectly by HSF1.
Simultaneous Saccharification and Cofermentation of Peracetic Acid-Pretreated Biomass (2000)

Previous work in our laboratories has demonstrated the effectiveness of peracetic acid for improving enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulosic materials. The use of dilute alkali solutions as a pre-pretreatment prior to peracetic acid lignin oxidation increased carbohydrate hydrolysis yields in a synergistic as opposed to additive manner. Deacetylation of xylan is easily achieved using dilute alkali solutions under mild conditions. In this article, we evaluate the effectiveness of peracetic acid combined with an alkaline pre-pretreatment through simultaneous saccharification and cofermentation (SSCF) of pretreated hybrid poplar wood and sugar cane bagasse. Respective ethanol yields of 92.8 and 91.9% of theoretical are achieved using 6% NaOH/ 15% peracetic acid-pretreated substrates and recombinant Zymomonas mobilis CP4/pZB5. Reduction of acetyl groups of the lignocellulosic materials is demonstrated following alkaline pre-pretreatments. Such processing may be helpful in reducing peracetic acid requirements. The influence of deacetylation is more significant in combined pretreatments using lower peracetic acid loadings.
In Situ Measurements of the Complex Permittivity of Materials Using Reflection Ellipsometry in the Microwave Band: Experiments (Part II) (2005)

The aim of this series of two papers is to propose a new experimental tool based on the reflection ellipsometry technique for in situ characterization of single-layer dielectric materials at microwave frequencies. In the first part of this paper, the theoretical part of the technique and the associated multistep numerical algorithm used to estimate the complex permittivity of a sample have been presented. In this second part, we focus on the experimental setup and on the results. We report the estimated values of the complex permittivity for several types of materials and compare them with results obtained by the Fresnel method. We show that measured values agree with those currently published.
Risk and Valuation of Collateralized Debt Obligations (2001)

In this discussion of risk analysis and market valuation of collateralized debt obligations, we illustrate the effects of correlation and prioritization on valuation and discuss the diversity score (a measure of the risk of the CDO collateral pool that has been used for CDO risk analysis by rating agencies) in a simple jump diffusion setting for correlated default intensities.
The More or Less Startling Effects of Weak Prestimulation (1975)

ABSTRACT Weak lead stimulation can modify the human startle reflex It is proposed that, with the aid of physiological measures taken in the interval between lead and startle stimuli, this paradigm offers a promising method of investigating different levels of central processing, the operation of a short time‐constant as opposed to a long time‐constant system, and the operation of an orienting‐Attentional as apposed an Intensity dependent activational system.
Deep metric learning for multi-labelled radiographs (2018)

Many radiological studies can reveal the presence of several co-existing abnormalities, each one represented by a distinct visual pattern. In this article we address the problem of learning a distance metric for plain radiographs that captures a notion of "radiological similarity": two chest radiographs are considered to be similar if they share similar abnormalities. Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNs) are used to learn a low-dimensional embedding for the radiographs that is equipped with the desired metric. Two loss functions are proposed to deal with multi-labelled images and potentially noisy labels. We report on a large-scale study involving over 745,000 chest radiographs whose labels were automatically extracted from free-text radiological reports through a natural language processing system. Using 4,500 validated exams, we demonstrate that the methodology performs satisfactorily on clustering and image retrieval tasks.