gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Review of possible mineral materials and production techniques for a building material on the moon (2013)

Abstract This article provides an overview of the findings and production processes for the mineral materials that have been developed and tested worldwide in the past with regard to the establishment of a lunar base. Firstly, the aim of and procedure for constructing a lunar base are briefly outlined. Following that, the lunar environment factors and their influence on a possible structure are described. The paper then presents the advantages and disadvantages of the materials examined, such as sulphur concrete, cast basalt, lunar concrete or polymer concrete, on the one hand, as well as production processes investigated previously, such as sintering, geothermite reaction and 3D printing, on the other. One promising method is the dry‐mix/steam‐injection (DMSI) method for producing a lunar concrete as a possible material which was developed by T. D. Lin and is based on cement made from lunar resources.
Sub-continuum thermal simulations of deep sub-micron devices under ESD conditions (2002)

The decreasing dimensions of IC devices is rendering the heat diffusion equation highly inaccurate for simulations of electrostatic discharge (ESD) phenomena. As dimensions of the heated region in the device are reduced far below 200 nm, neglecting the ballistic, sub-continuum nature of phonon conduction in the silicon lattice can strongly underpredict the temperature rise. This work integrates the phonon Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) in deep sub-micron silicon devices and presents a general methodology for solving the BTE. The approach developed is applicable to both Si and SOI devices and predicts temperature rises consistent with failure voltage measurements for practical devices.
Alterations in human pyrimidine metabolism as a result of therapy with 6-azauridine. (1961)

Summary Biochemical procedures are described which have been found useful in the study of normal pyrimidine metabolism as influenced by 6-azauridine. One technic involves the trapping of radioactive carbon dioxide liberated from orotic acid-7-C 14 during the conversion of this compound to uridine nucleotides by isolated leukocytes in vitro . The susceptibility of this conversion to inhibition by azauridine 5′-phosphate derived metabolically from azauridine in vivo or in vitro has been measured. The accumulation of orotic acid and orotidine by patients with leukemia treated with azauridine has been quantitated by ion-exchange analysis of the urine from these patients. Another indication of the effect of azauridine on the metabolism of orotic acid has been obtained by intravenous injection of a tracer dose of orotic acid-7-C 14 . Pre-treatment with azauridine of patients with neoplastic disease decreased the conversion of this pyrimidine to respiratory C 14 O 2 and uridine nucleotides and increased the urinary excretion of unchanged orotic acid.
The Effect of Mutations on Drug Sensitivity and Kinase Activity of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study (2015)

Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are recognized therapeutic targets in cancer. We here describe insights underpinning the impact of mutations on FGFR1 and FGFR3 kinase activity and drug efficacy, using a combination of computational calculations and experimental approaches including cellular studies, X-ray crystallography and biophysical and biochemical measurements. Our findings reveal that some of the tested compounds, in particular TKI258, could provide therapeutic opportunity not only for patients with primary alterations in <i>FGFR</i> but also for acquired resistance due to the gatekeeper mutation. The accuracy of the computational methodologies applied here shows a potential for their wider application in studies of drug binding and in assessments of functional and mechanistic impacts of mutations, thus assisting efforts in precision medicine.
Functional heterogeneity among CD4+ T-cell clones from blood and skin lesions of leprosy patients. Identification of T-cell clones distinct from Th0, Th1 and Th2. (1995)

In the present study we examined the functional properties of T-cell clones reactive with Mycobacterium leprae and other mycobacterial antigens. Clones isolated from the skin lesions and blood of leprosy patients across the spectrum were exclusively CD4+CD8- and expressed the alpha beta T-cell receptor. Substantial heterogeneity in the production of cytokines, in particular interleukin-4 (IL-4), was observed, although no striking correlation with clinical status was apparent. A variety of patterns of cytokine secretion distinct from those of T-helper type-1 (Th1) Th2 or Th0, as defined in murine studies, was evident. Most noteworthy was a large number of clones from skin which secreted neither IL-2 nor IL-4, but large amounts of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Clones isolated from the blood of leprosy patients had a more restricted cytokine secretion profile, and appeared to resemble more closely previously described patterns, including those of high level production of IL-2 and/or IL-4. Virtually all clones, from either skin or blood, produced high levels of IFN-gamma, and thus many clones were IL-4 and IFN-gamma co-producers. The pattern of cytokine production by skin-derived T-cell clones was significantly affected by the in vitro activation status of the cells. Cells enriched in activated blasts tended to produce more IL-4 than small resting cells. In addition, the production of IFN-gamma by skin T-cell clones after < or = 10 weeks of culture was strikingly distinct from that of these clones after 5 months of culture. IL-4 and IFN-gamma co-producing clones shifted to a Th2-like pattern with much less IFN-gamma secretion, whereas non-IL-4-producing clones secreted much higher levels of IFN-gamma after prolonged culture, and became much more Th1-like. However, there was still no correlation between clinical status and pattern of cytokines produced. These results imply that a high fraction of T cells exists in leprosy lesions that is distinct from or that has not yet fully matured into Th1 or Th2 cells.
The use of fly larvae in the treatment of wounds (1997)

This article reviews the history and mechanism of action of larval therapy for wounds. It goes on to describe the mode of application and discusses the advantages of larval therapy over more conventional methods
Circular dichroism studies of imide derivatives of amines. (1976)

Circular dichroism curves have been measured for phthaloyl-, maleyl- and itaconyl-derivatives of a number of amines having a general formula R--CH(NH2)--R' (in which R and R' are alkyl-, aryl- or cyclohexyl-groups) and of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthylamine. We conclude that the determination of absolute configuration of amines examined can be made on the basis of C.D. curves of their phthaloyl-, maleyl- and itaconyl-derivatives, referring to that portion of the curve relating to the imide chromophore absorption.
Synthesis of New Bulky Isocyanide Ligands and Their Use for Rh-catalyzed Hydrosilylation (2006)

Abstract Bulky isocyanide ligands having meta-terphenyl backbone were developed. Their usefulness as a supporting ligand in catalysis was illustrated by the application to the rhodium-catalyzed hydrosilylation of cyclohexanone. The combined effect of the high ligand affinity to the rhodium atom and the ligand bulkiness to facilitate the formation of a catalytically active, monoligated isocyanide–rhodium species was proposed.
One-step pathogen specific DNA extraction from whole blood on a centrifugal microfluidic device (2007)

We report a fully integrated, pathogen-specific DNA extraction device utilizing centrifugal microfluidics on a polymer based CD platform. By use of the innovative laser irradiated Ferrowax microvalve (LIFM) together with the rapid cell lysis method using laser irradiation on magnetic particles, we could, for the first time, demonstrate a fully integrated pathogen specific DNA extraction from whole blood on a CD. As a model study, DNA extraction experiments from whole blood spiked with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and E.coli were conducted. The total process of the plasma separation, mixing with magnetic beads conjugated with target specific antibodies, removal of plasma residual, washing and DNA extraction was finished within 12 min with only one manual step, the loading of 100 microL of whole blood. Real-time PCR results showed that the concentration of DNA prepared on a CD using a portable sample preparation device was as good as those by conventional bench top protocol. It demonstrates that our novel centrifugal microfluidics platform enables a full integration of complex biological reactions that require multi-step fluidic control.
Prevention of thymic lymphoma development in Atm-/- mice by dexamethasone. (2002)

We have reported (M. Yan et al., FASEB J., 15: 1132-1138, 2001) that spontaneous DNA synthesisis markedly increased in the thymocytes from the atrophied thymi of young Atm-/- mice. We, therefore, set out to determine whether this elevated DNA synthesis is responsible for the development of thymic lymphomas in all Atm-/- mice by 4-5 months of age. We show here that in Atm-/- mice: (a) increased DNA synthesis occurs, especially in the immature CD4(-) CD8(-) (dominant negative) and CD8(+) thymocyte populations; (b) the relative percentage of dominant negative cells increases significantly during postnatal development, with a sharp peak at 4 weeks of age; and (c) dexamethasone suppresses DNA synthesis in these thymocytes and prevents thymic lymphoma development. These observations suggest that ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) down-regulates the proliferation of thymocytes, allowing T-cell development and differentiation. The results also show that dexamethasone, like ATM, checks DNA synthesis in developing thymocytes. Finally, the data document for the first time that dexamethasone prevents or slows thymic lymphoma development in Atm-/- mice.
Microbiome in healthy skin, update for dermatologists (2016)

The skin is a complex barrier organ made of a symbiotic relationship between microbial communities and host tissue via complex signals provided by the innate and the adaptive immune systems. It is constantly exposed to various endogenous and exogenous factors which impact this balanced system potentially leading to inflammatory skin conditions comprising infections, allergies or autoimmune diseases. Unlike the gut and stool microbiome which has been studied and described for many years, investigations on the skin or scalp microbiome only started recently. Researchers in microbiology and dermatology started using modern methods such as pyrosequencing assays of bacterial 16S rRNA genes to identify and characterize the different microorganisms present on the skin, to evaluate the bacterial diversity and their relative abundance and to understand how microbial diversity may contribute to skin health and dermatological conditions. This article aims to provide an overview on the knowledge about the skin microbiota, the microbiome and their importance in dermatology.
Thermodynamic properties of Fe-Mg titaniferous magnetite spinels (1987)

Reversed Fe-Mg exchange experiments between olivine and Ti-rich magnetite [(Mg,Fe)2TiOa - (Mg,Fe)Fe2Oa] show that the distribution coefficient for the exchange reaction % Mg2TiO a + th Fe2SiOa: y2 N IC*SiO + t/2 Fe2TiOA varies from approximately 2.4 to 1.8 in the range 800-lzt@'C and suggest that Fe-Mg titanium-based spinel [(Mg,Fe)TiOs.5O2] exhibits small positive deviations from ideal mixing (<170 callmol) in this temperature range. Comparison of these results with those for aluminum-based spinels suggests that the Gibbs energy of the reciprocal reaction MgAl2Oa + 1/zFe2'tiOa: FeAlzOa + t/uMg2TiOa is about 6.2 and 5,2kcaVgfw x 14@ and 8@'C, respectively. A thermodynamic formulation for R3Oa FeO-MgOFe2O3-TiO2 spinels based on a second-degree Taylor expansion in terms of composition and cation-ordering variables is calibrated. It uses the above data in combination with homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria for the FgTiO6Fe3Oa, Mg2tOa-MgFe2O4, and Fe3Oa-MgFgOa spinel binary joins. The resulting calculated activitycomposition relations and cation-ordering schemes are in accord with available experimental data and petrological constraints. This model indicates that Mg and Fez* are more strongly ordered between tetrahedral and octahedral sites in titanium-based spinels than in ferric-iron-based spinels (with Mg3+ showing a tetrahedral preference relative to Fd* in both spinels) and predicts an approximately symmetrical miscibility gap for Fd3m Mg2TOa-MgFe2Oa spinels Cfc -400'C). Calculated activity-composition relatibns indicate that the activities of both dilute and concentrated components that exhibit temperature-dependent cation distributions are typically underestimated by themodynamic models that do not make explicit provisions for such cation ordering. A calibration for the olivine-spinel Fe-Mg exchange geothermometer is presented.
Adsorption of Polyetheramines on Montmorillonite at High pH (2010)

Adsorption of a series of polyetheramines on montmorillonite in aqueous suspension was investigated by a range of methods: elemental analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy, measurement of pH, conductivity and electrophoretic mobility, and small-angle X-ray scattering. Adsorption proceeds through an ion exchange mechanism. The maximum surface coverage attained is equivalent to about 40% of the cationic exchange capacity of the clay. Adsorption of the poly(oxypropylene) block adjacent to the amine group onto the clay surface may contribute to this. Surprisingly the adsorption takes place at pH conditions well above the pK(a) of the amine surfactants, where they are not protonated in the bulk solution. The surface coverage as a function of molar mass broadly agrees with predictions assuming adsorbed polymers adopt a densely packed mushroom configuration at the clay surface.
Optimal wire sizing and buffer insertion for low power and a generalized delay model (1995)

We present efficient, optimal algorithms for timing optimization by discrete wire sizing and buffer insertion. Our algorithms are able to minimize dynamic power dissipation subject to given timing constraints. In addition, we compute the complete power-delay tradeoff curve for added flexibility. We extend our algorithm to take into account the effect of signal slew on buffer delay which can contribute substantially to overall delay. The effectiveness of these methods is demonstrated experimentally.
A Comparative Study on Waste Plastics Pyrolysis Liquid Products Quantity and Energy Recovery Potential (2017)

Plastics thermal processing is an important application for both energy recovery and feedstock recycling. In this study effects of type of plastic (HDPE, LDPE, PET, PP, PS), pyrolysis process temperature and plastic waste prewashing on pyrolysis liquid product (oil) fraction, its hydrocarbon (HC) contents and heat values were investigated. Caustic washing and batch-pyrolysis were applied by keeping pyrolysis heating rate and other conditions constant. Oil yields, C10-C40 HCs, heat values were measured and compared. HDPE type plastic wastes produced the highest oil yield while PET and PP produced the lowest yields. C10-C40 HC contents of pyrolysis oils were strongly affected from the pyrolysis temperatures and pre-washing process under identical pyrolysis conditions. The highest C10-C40 HCs were produced by HDPE pyrolysis. Statistical analysis indicated that the effect of pre-washing process on the pyrolysis oil heat value is significant for HDPE and PP type plastics. Pyrolysis temperature had almost no effects on oil heat values for washed PET and unwashed PS wastes, whereas for other plastic samples, as pyrolysis temperature increased oil heat values increased. HDPE, LDPE, PP and PS pyrolysis oils have higher calorific values than wood and some coal types. These refer to energy recovery from those types of plastics.
An interactive environment for the transparent logic simulation and testing of integrated circuits (2002)

An interactive environment utilizing a knowledge-based system for the transparent testing of integrated circuits from simulation data has been developed. Unique features of this system are its modularity and its ease of expansion with new simulators and testers. The system uses the Omnitest language and a tester description language. The environment is fully operational and has been used to test several fabricated integrated circuits. An example illustrating the operation of the system is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
KNOs: KNowledge acquisition, dissemination, and manipulation Objects (1987)

Most object-oriented systems lack two useful facilities: the ability of objects to migrate to new environments and the ability of objects to acquire new operations dynamically. This paper proposes Knos, an object-oriented environment that supports these actions. Knos' operations, data structures, and communication mechanisms are discussed. Knos objects “learn” by exporting and importing new or modified operations. The use of such objects as intellectual support tools is outlined. In particular, various applications involving cooperation, negotiation, and apprenticeship among objects are described.
Polymerization of Vinyl Chloride with the Use of Organometallic Compounds as Initiators. (1959)

トリエチルホウ素に引続き,有機金属化合物としてトリエチルアルミニウム,ジエチルカドミウムおよびジエチル亜鉛を選び,これら有機金属化合物の塩化ビニルに対する触媒作用を比較検討した。これら有機金属化合物による塩化ビニルの重合では,トリエチルホウ素のばあいと同様,酸素あるいは過酸化物が共触媒として大きな影響を示し,とくにクメンヒドロペルオキシドの作用は大きい。有機金属化合物-クメンヒドロペルオキシド系触媒による塩化ビニルの重合反応の活性化エネルギーは,ホウ素<亜鉛<アルミニウム<カドミウムの順で,トリエチルホウ素が最も大きな重合能を有している。ベンゾキノンおよび二,三の金属塩の共触媒的挙動も面白く,酸化剤成分が相手金属の種類により,かなり大きな相違を示すことも興味深い。これら有機金属化合物により得た重合体の物性については目下検討中で,その詳細は次報にゆずりたい。
Investigation of monoclonal antibody dimers in a final formulated drug by separation techniques coupled to native mass spectrometry (2020)

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are highly complex proteins that must be exhaustively characterized according to the regulatory authorities' recommendations. MAbs display micro-heterogeneity mainly due to their post-translational modifications, but also to their susceptibility to chemical and physical degradations. Among these degradations, aggregation is quite frequent, initiated by protein denaturation and then dimer formation. Here, we investigated the nature and structure of the high molecular weight species (HMW) present at less than 1% in an unstressed formulated roledumab biopharmaceutical, as a model of high purity mAb. HMW species were first purified through preparative size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and then analyzed by a combination of chromatographic methods (ion-exchange chromatography (IEX), SEC) coupled to native mass spectrometry (MS), as well as sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and capillary gel electrophoresis under non-reducing conditions. Both covalently and non-covalently bound dimers were identified at a proportion of 50/50. In-depth characterization of the HMW fraction by SEC and IEX hyphenated to native MS revealed the presence of three mAb dimer forms having the same mass, but differing by their charge and size. They were attributed to different compact and elongated dimers. Finally, high-resolution middle-up approaches using different enzymes (IdeS and IgdE) were performed to determine the mAb domains implicated in the dimerization. Our results revealed that the roledumab dimers were associated mainly by a single Fab-to-Fab arm-bound association.
<i>In Silico</i>Modelling of Tumour Margin Diffusion and Infiltration: Review of Current Status (2012)

As a result of advanced treatment techniques, requiring precise target definitions, a need for more accurate delineation of the Clinical Target Volume (CTV) has arisen. Mathematical modelling is found to be a powerful tool to provide fairly accurate predictions for the Microscopic Extension (ME) of a tumour to be incorporated in a CTV. In general terms, biomathematical models based on a sequence of observations or development of a hypothesis assume some links between biological mechanisms involved in cancer development and progression to provide quantitative or qualitative measures of tumour behaviour as well as tumour response to treatment. Generally, two approaches are taken: deterministic and stochastic modelling. In this paper, recent mathematical models, including deterministic and stochastic methods, are reviewed and critically compared. It is concluded that stochastic models are more promising to provide a realistic description of cancer tumour behaviour due to being intrinsically probabilistic as well as discrete, which enables incorporation of patient-specific biomedical data such as tumour heterogeneity and anatomical boundaries.
Optimization of a DPP-BOTDA sensor with 25 cm spatial resolution over 60 km standard single-mode fiber using Simplex codes and optical pre-amplification (2012)

Sub-meter distributed optical fiber sensing based on Brillouin optical time-domain analysis with differential pulse-width pairs (DPP-BOTDA) is combined with the use of optical pre-amplification and pulse coding. In order to provide significant measurement SNR enhancement and to avoid distortions in the Brillouin gain spectrum due to acoustic-wave pre-excitation, the pulse width and duty cycle of Simplex coding based on return-to-zero pulses are optimized through simulations. In addition, the use of linear optical pre-amplification increases the receiver sensitivity and the overall dynamic range of DPP-BOTDA measurements. Experimental results demonstrate for first time a spatial resolution of ~25 cm over a 60 km standard single-mode fiber (equivalent to ~240 k discrete sensing points) with temperature resolution of 1.2°C and strain resolution of 24 με.
Local expectation gradients for black box variational inference (2015)

We introduce local expectation gradients which is a general purpose stochastic variational inference algorithm for constructing stochastic gradients by sampling from the variational distribution. This algorithm divides the problem of estimating the stochastic gradients over multiple variational parameters into smaller sub-tasks so that each sub-task explores intelligently the most relevant part of the variational distribution. This is achieved by performing an exact expectation over the single random variable that most correlates with the variational parameter of interest resulting in a Rao-Blackwellized estimate that has low variance. Our method works efficiently for both continuous and discrete random variables. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm has interesting similarities with Gibbs sampling but at the same time, unlike Gibbs sampling, can be trivially parallelized.