gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
7|2 counters and multiplication with threshold logic (2002)

We propose new threshold logic based, 7|2 counters. In particular we show that 7|2 counters can be implemented with threshold logic gates in three levels of gates with explicit computation of the outputs. Consequently, we improve the delay by showing that 7|2 counters can be designed with two levels of gates and implicit computation of the sum. Further we investigate multiplication schemes using such counters, in combination with Kautz's (1961) networks for symmetric Boolean functions. Using a 32/spl times/32 direct multiplication scheme based on 7|2 implicit output computation counters and the Kautz's networks we show that our scheme outperforms in terms of area requirements known proposals for multiplications using threshold logic.
The HIF-1 Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Modulates Lifespan in C. elegans (2009)

During normal development or during disease, animal cells experience hypoxic (low oxygen) conditions, and the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription factors implement most of the critical changes in gene expression that enable animals to adapt to this stress. Here, we examine the roles of HIF-1 in post-mitotic aging. We examined the effects of HIF-1 over-expression and of hif-1 loss-of-function mutations on longevity in C. elegans, a powerful genetic system in which adult somatic cells are post-mitotic. We constructed transgenic lines that expressed varying levels of HIF-1 protein and discovered a positive correlation between HIF-1 expression levels and lifespan. The data further showed that HIF-1 acted in parallel to the SKN-1/NRF and DAF-16/FOXO transcription factors to promote longevity. HIF-1 over-expression also conferred increased resistance to heat and oxidative stress. We isolated and characterized additional hif-1 mutations, and we found that each of 3 loss-of-function mutations conferred increased longevity in normal lab culture conditions, but, unlike HIF-1 over-expression, a hif-1 deletion mutation did not extend the lifespan of daf-16 or skn-1 mutants. We conclude that HIF-1 over-expression and hif-1 loss-of-function mutations promote longevity by different pathways. These data establish HIF-1 as one of the key stress-responsive transcription factors that modulate longevity in C. elegans and advance our understanding of the regulatory networks that link oxygen homeostasis and aging.
Proliferation/apoptosis determination by tissue cytometry in gastrointestinal fresh frozen sections using triple labeling and automated scanning fluorescence microscopy (2006)

Proliferation/apoptosis balance is an important information in gastrointestinal ulcerative and malignant diseases. Immunohistochemical staining and visual counting is routine procedure. Recently we reported a new scanning fluorescence technique for automated motorized microscopes (SFM). Development of triple fluorescent labeling method for proliferating/apoptotic/resting cells and application of SFM for the automated analysis and counting on gastric biopsy specimen. Routine antral biopsy specimens by gastroscopy were fresh frozen and 5 micron sections were prepared. Proliferation was detected using a PCNA antibody, anti-mouse-biotin and streptavidin-Texas-Red labeling system. Apoptotic cells was labeled using the TUNEL reaction with FITC bound nucleotids. DAPI nuclear counter staining was applied. Labeled sections were scanned and digitized in the three fluorescent channels. SFM was modified to detect epithelial surface, glands in the biopsy specimen. Automated nuclei detection, PCNA and TUNEL detection was performed, ratio was calculated. In parallel standard biopsies were labeled with PCNA and AEC. TUNEL reaction was performed. Up to 1000 epithelial cells were manually counted. The mean PCNA labeling in healthy samples were 45,3±12,4%, that significantly increased to 56.4±8.7% in H. Pylori positive cases. Positive TUNEL reaction was found in 2,9±1,1% in H. pylori negative cases, while in the H. Pylori positive cases the apoptotic ratio was significantly increased (14.1±3.2%, p<0.05). Significant correlation in apoptosis/proliferation ratio between the SFM and routine methods could be observed (p<0,05). SFM procedure proved to be more time efficient both in labeling, both in detection procedures. Triple fluorescent labeling and automated fluorescence microscopy is an applicable tool for the proliferation, apoptosis determination in fresh frozen samples.
Radiative Ignition and Extinction Dynamics of Energetic Solids (2005)

The role of heat transfer in radiant ignition/extinction behavior of homogeneous energetic solids has been studied computationally. A model has been developed based on simplified chemical kinetics, unsteady heat transfer processes in the solid phase, and quasi-steady heat transfer in the gas phase. The general behavior of ignition and extinction dynamics for a spatially uniform incident radiant flux has been simulated and explained in terms of unsteady heat transfer phenomena. Two critical heat flux levels for the incident radiation are identified. For fluxes between the critical values, there is an ignition corridor with upper and a lower limits on the allowable time for radiation exposure to achieve ignition. Below the lower critical flux there is no upper limit on the allowable exposure time to achieve ignition. Above the upper critical flux, stable ignition (self-sustained combustion on removal of the radiant flux) is not possible, that is, the ignition corridor becomes vanishingly small. The model explains the ignition corridor in terms of unsteady conductive, advective, and in-depth radiative heat transfer processes in the solid and quasi-steady conductive/advective processes in the gas-phase flame zone. Comparison is made with experimental data for go/no-go ignition behavior of cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine (HMX).
Physiologic Kinematics as a Concept for Better Flexion in TKA (2006)

Functional outcome after total knee arthroplasty is determined by strength, stability and range of motion. Flexion in the replaced knee is suboptimal for many patients and kinematics after total knee arthroplasty is abnormal. The relation between kinematics of the replaced knee and postoperative flexion is analyzed and compared to normal knee kinematics. Specific characteristics that relate to better flexion are defined: posterior condylar offset, femoral roll-back and femoral external rotation. The rationale for a guided motion knee arthroplasty is developed and positioned within the current state of the art knowledge on total knee arthroplasty.
Strategies for Prevention of Health Care–Associated Infections in the NICU (2012)

Health care-associated infections in the NICU result in increased morbidity and mortality, prolonged lengths of stay, and increased medical costs. Neonates are at high risk of acquiring health care-associated infections because of impaired host-defense mechanisms, limited amounts of protective endogenous flora on skin and mucosal surfaces at time of birth, reduced barrier function of their skin, use of invasive procedures and devices, and frequent exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotic agents. This clinical report reviews management and prevention of health care-associated infections in newborn infants.
Correction: Association of pol Diversity with Antiretroviral Treatment Outcomes among HIV-Infected African Children (2013)

In HIV-infected children, viral diversity tends to increase with age in the absence of antiretroviral treatment (ART). We measured HIV diversity in African children (ages 6-36 months) enrolled in a randomized clinical trial comparing two ART regimens (Cohort I of the P1060 trial). Children in this cohort were exposed to single dose nevirapine (sdNVP) at birth.
Composition of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States and Implications for Carbon Sequestration and Methane Yield (2009)

Eleven statewide waste characterization studies were compared to assess variation in the quantity and composition of waste after separation of recyclable and compostable materials, i.e., discarded waste. These data were also used to assess the impact of varying composition on sequestered carbon and methane yield. Inconsistencies in the designation of waste component categories and definitions were the primary differences between study methodologies; however, sampling methodologies were consistent with recommended protocols. The average municipal solid waste (MSW) discard rate based on the statewide studies was 1.90 kg MSW person−1 day−1, which was within the range of two national estimates: 2.35 and 1.46 kg MSW person−1 day−1. Dominant components in MSW discards were similar between studies. Organics (food waste, yard trimmings), paper, and plastic components averaged 23.6±4.9%, 28.5±6.5%, and 10.6±3.0% of discarded MSW, respectively. Construction and demolition (C&D) waste was 20.2±9.7% of total solid waste discards (i.e., MSW plus C&D). Based on average statewide waste composition data, a carbon sequestration factor (CSF) for MSW of 0.13 kg C dry kg MSW−1 was calculated. For C&D waste, a CSF of 0.14 kg C dry kg C and D waste−1 was estimated. Ultimate methane yields (Lo) of 59.1 and 63.9 m3CH4 wet Mg refuse−1 were computed using EPA and state characterization study data, respectively, and were lower than AP-42 guidelines. Recycling, combustion, and other management practices at the local level could significantly impact CSF and (Lo) estimates, which are sensitive to the relative fraction of organic components in discarded MSW and C&D waste.
Beyond the classroom (2009)

In the first of a series of four articles, Hilary White explores the many skills involved in teaching, and looks at the possibility of transferring those skills into other education-related roles
Characterization of the Phosphorylation Sites Involved in G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase- and Protein Kinase C-mediated Desensitization of the α1B-Adrenergic Receptor (1997)

Catecholamines as well as phorbol esters can induce the phosphorylation and desensitization of the alpha1B-adrenergic receptor (alpha1BAR). In this study, phosphoamino acid analysis of the phosphorylated alpha1BAR revealed that both epinephrine- and phorbol ester-induced phosphorylation predominantly occurs at serine residues of the receptor. The findings obtained with receptor mutants in which portions of the C-tail were truncated or deleted indicated that a region of 21 amino acids (393-413) of the carboxyl terminus including seven serines contains the main phosphorylation sites involved in agonist- as well as phorbol ester-induced phosphorylation and desensitization of the alpha1BAR. To identify the serines invoved in agonist- versus phorbol ester-dependent regulation of the receptor, two different strategies were adopted, the seven serines were either substituted with alanine or reintroduced into a mutant lacking all of them. Our findings indicate that Ser394 and Ser400 were phosphorylated following phorbol ester-induced activation of protein kinase C, whereas Ser404, Ser408, and Ser410 were phosphorylated upon stimulation of the alpha1BAR with epinephrine. The observation that overexpression of G protein-coupled kinase 2 (GRK2) could increase agonist-induced phosphorylation of Ser404, Ser408, and Ser410, strongly suggests that these serines are the phosphorylation sites of the alpha1BAR for kinases of the GRK family. Phorbol ester-induced phosphorylation of the Ser394 and Ser400 as well as GRK2-mediated phosphorylation of the Ser404, Ser408, and Ser410, resulted in the desensitization of alpha1BAR-mediated inositol phosphate response. This study provides generalities about the biochemical mechanisms underlying homologous and heterologous desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors linked to the activation of phospholipase C.
Customer perceived value, satisfaction, and loyalty: The role of switching costs (2004)

Abstract It is a marketplace reality that marketing managers sometimes inflict switching costs on their customers, to inhibit them from defecting to new suppliers. In a competitive setting, such as the Internet market, where competition may be only one click away, has the potential of switching costs as an exit barrier and a binding ingredient of customer loyalty become altered? To address that issue, this article examines the moderating effects of switching costs on customer loyalty through both satisfaction and perceived‐value measures. The results, evoked from a Web‐based survey of online service users, indicate that companies that strive for customer loyalty should focus primarily on satisfaction and perceived value. The moderating effects of switching costs on the association of customer loyalty and customer satisfaction and perceived value are significant only when the level of customer satisfaction or perceived value is above average. In light of the major findings, the article sets forth strategic implications for customer loyalty in the setting of electronic commerce. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design optimization of sinusoidal glass honeycomb for flat plate solar collectors (1980)

The design of honeycomb made of sinusoidally corrugated glass strips was optimized for use in water-cooled, single-glazed flat plate solar collectors with non-selective black absorbers. Cell diameter (d), cell height (L), and pitch/diameter ratio (P/d) maximizing solar collector performance and cost effectiveness for given cell wall thickness (t sub w) and optical properties of glass were determined from radiative and convective honeycomb characteristics and collector performance all calculated with experimentally validated algorithms. Relative lifetime values were estimated from present materials costs and postulated production methods for corrugated glass honeycomb cover assemblies. A honeycomb with P/d = 1.05, d = 17.4 mm, L = 146 mm and t sub w = 0.15 mm would provide near-optimal performance over the range delta T sub C greater than or equal to 0 C and less than or equal to 80 C and be superior in performance and cost effectiveness to a non-honeycomb collector with a 0.92/0.12 selective black absorber.
Thermodynamic-RAM technology stack (2017)

We introduce a technology stack or specification describing the multiple levels of abstraction and specialisation needed to implement a neuromorphic processor (NPU) based on the previously-described concept of AHaH Computing and integrate it into today’s digital computing systems. The general purpose NPU implementation described here is called Thermodynamic-RAM (kT-RAM) and is just one of many possible architectures, each with varying advantages and trade offs. Bringing us closer to brain-like neural computation, kT-RAM will provide a general-purpose adaptive hardware resource to existing computing platforms enabling fast and low-power machine learning capabilities that are currently hampered by the separation of memory and processing, a.k.a the von Neumann bottleneck. Because understanding such a processor based on non-traditional principles can be difficult, by presenting the various levels of the stack from the bottom up, layer by layer, explaining kT-RAM becomes a much easier task. The levels of the Thermodynamic-RAM technology stack include the memristor, synapse, AHaH node, kT-RAM, instruction set, sparse spike encoding, kT-RAM emulator, and SENSE server.
NDA: Near-DRAM acceleration architecture leveraging commodity DRAM devices and standard memory modules (2015)

Energy consumed for transferring data across the processor memory hierarchy constitutes a large fraction of total system energy consumption, and this fraction has steadily increased with technology scaling. In this paper, we propose near-DRAM acceleration (NDA) architectures, which process data using accelerators 3D-stacked on DRAM devices comprising off-chip main memory modules. NDA transfers most data through high-bandwidth and low-energy 3D interconnects between accelerators and DRAM devices instead of low-bandwidth and high-energy off-chip interconnects between a processor and DRAM devices, substantially reducing energy consumption and improving performance. Unlike previous near-memory processing architectures, NDA is built upon commodity DRAM devices; apart from inserting through-silicon vias (TSVs) to 3D-interconnect DRAM devices and accelerators, NDA requires minimal changes to the commodity DRAM device and standard memory module architectures. This allows NDA to be more easily adopted in both existing and emerging systems. Our experiments demonstrate that, on average, our NDA-based system consumes 46% (68%) lower (data transfer) energy at 1.67× higher performance than a system that integrates the same accelerator logic within the processor itself.
Protease immobilization onto polyacrolein microspheres (1990)

Water-insoluble proteases were prepared by immobilizing papain and chymotrypsin onto the surface of polyacrolein microspheres with and without oligoglycines as spacer. The activity of immobilized proteases was found to be still high toward small ester substrates, but very low toward casein, a high-molecular-weight substrate. The relative activity of the immobilized proteases without spacer decreased gradually with the decreasing surface concentration of the immobilized proteases on the microspheres. On the contrary, the immobilized proteases with oligoglycine spacers gave an almost constant activity for the substrate hydrolysis within the surface concentration region studied and gave a much higher relative activity than those without any spacer. With the longer spacer, the immobilized enzymes showed a higher activity toward casein hydrolysis, whereas there was an optimum length for the spacer when hydrolysis was carried out toward the low-molecular-weight substrate. The thermal stability of the immobilized proteases was higher than that of the respective native proteases. The initial enzymatic activity of the immobilized proteases maintained almost unchanged without any elimination and inactivation of proteases, when the batch enzyme reaction was performed repeatedly, indicating the excellent durability.
Credit Risk Derivatives (1995)

This article models the pricing of derivatives on credit risk, instruments proposed in 1992 by the International Swap Dealers Association that have started attracting market attention. The exact structure of the instruments continues to evolve today. We develop a framework to understand the key features of this class of products. It is shown that the price of the credit risk option is the expected forward value of a put option on a risky bond with a credit level-adjusted exercise price. Stripping of credit risk from the total risk of the bond is enabled by employing a stochastic strike price for the credit risk option. The article provides a framework for trading and hedging credit risk.
Nanoparticle Based Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (2005)

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering is a powerful tool for the investigation of biological samples. Following a brief introduction to Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering, several examples of biophotonic applications of SERS are discussed. The concept of nanoparticle based sensors using SERS is introduced and the development of these sensors is discussed.
The origin of periodicity in the spectrum of evoked otoacoustic emissions (1995)

Current models of evoked otoacoustic emissions explain the striking periodicity in their frequency spectra by suggesting that it originates through the reflection of forward-traveling waves by a corresponding spatial corrugation in the mechanics of the cochlea. Although measurements of primate cochlear anatomy find no such corrugation, they do indicate a considerable irregularity in the arrangement of outer hair cells. It is suggested that evoked emissions originate through a novel reflection mechanism, representing an analogue of Bragg scattering in nonuniform, disordered media. Forward-traveling waves reflect off random irregularities in the micromechanics of the organ of Corti. The tall, broad peak of the traveling wave defines a localized region of coherent reflection that sweeps along the organ of Corti as the frequency is varied monotonically. Coherent scattering occurs off irregularities within the peak with spatial period equal to half the wavelength of the traveling wave. The phase of the net reflected wave rotates uniformly with frequency at a rate determined by the wavelength of the traveling wave in the region of its peak. Interference between the backward-traveling wave and the stimulus tone creates the observed spectral periodicity. Ear-canal measurements are related to cochlear mechanics by assuming that the transfer characteristics of the middle ear vary slowly with frequency compared to oscillations in the emission spectrum. The relationship between cochlear mechanics at low sound levels and the frequency dependence of evoked emissions is made precise for one-dimensional models of cochlear mechanics. Measurements of basilar-membrane motion in the squirrel monkey are used to predict the spectral characteristics of their emissions. And conversely, noninvasive measurements of evoked otoacoustic emissions are used to predict the width and wavelength of the peak of the traveling wave in humans.
GDF-15 as a Target and Biomarker for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Translational Prospective (2015)

Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a stress responsive cytokine. It is highly expressed in cardiomyocytes, adipocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells in normal and pathological condition. GDF-15 increases during tissue injury and inflammatory states and is associated with cardiometabolic risk. Increased GDF-15 levels are associated with cardiovascular diseases such as hypertrophy, heart failure, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and chronic kidney diseases in diabetes. Increased GDF-15 level is linked with the progression and prognosis of the disease condition. Age, smoking, and environmental factors are other risk factors that may increase GDF-15 level. Most of the scientific studies reported that GDF-15 plays a protective role in different tissues. However, few reports show that the deficiency of GDF-15 is beneficial against vascular injury and inflammation. GDF-15 protects heart, adipose tissue, and endothelial cells by inhibiting JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), Bad (Bcl-2-associated death promoter), and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and activating Smad, eNOS, PI3K, and AKT signaling pathways. The present review describes the different animal and clinical studies and patent updates of GDF-15 in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. It is a challenge for the scientific community to use GDF-15 information for patient monitoring, clinical decision-making, and replacement of current treatment strategies for diabetic and cardiovascular diseases.