gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
What Mathematical Subjects Should be Included in the College Curriculum? (1914)

cises, measurement, and experiment, nor does it preclude such practical devices as models, apparatus, photographs, cross-ruled paper, and the like. It is a practical device which serves to make easier the comprehension of mathematical truths. A reasonable number of applied problems creates an interest in the mind of the pupil that reacts strongly in increasing his understanding and appreciation of the logical side of the subject. They supply the student with a motive, and help create an interest in his work. They enable him to approach the abstract through the concrete, and assist in fixing general mathematical principles by furnishing a concrete illustration or application for many of the truths of algebra and geometry. On the other hand, to attempt to make our algebra and geometry relate too closely to the material problems of life is to make of them but chapters in a higher arithmetic, and is to lose in their study most of the value that is peculiar to them.
VLSI implementation of a 16*16 discrete cosine transform (1989)

The implementation of a 16*16 discrete cosine transform (DCT) chip using a concurrent architecture is presented. The chip contains 32 processing elements working in parallel and a random-access memory (RAM) which performs a 16*16 matrix transposition. The structure is highly regular and modular, and thus very efficient for VLSI implementation. The chip was designed for real-time processing of 14.3-MHz sample video data. It performs an equivalent of a half billion multiplications and accumulations per second. Fabricated in 2- mu m double-metal CMOS technology, the chip contains approximately 73000 transistors which occupy a 7.2*7.0-mm/sup 2/ area. The 68-pad die size is 8.3*8.1 mm/sup 2/. It is fully functional and is the first working 16*16 DCT chip. The architecture and accuracy studies for finite-wordlength processing are presented. The circuit design and layout using the symbolic design tool MULGA are described in detail. Possible variations are also discussed for multipurpose (variable transform sizes, forward-inverse transform) applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nanocomposite glass abrasives (2014)

Cerium oxide is a suitable material for glass polishing because it has both a high chemical reactivity and a suitable hardness for glass polishing. We focused on nano-dispersion abrasives containing two materials that specialize in a chemical reactivity with glass and a suitable mechanical strength and they were synthesized by spray pyrolysis. We first review on CeO2–ZrO2–Y2O3 nano-composite abrasives that can show you the effect of nano-composition on glass polishing. These nano-composites showed slightly lower removal rate than commercial CeO2-based abrasive, but the composite led to smooth surface of glass. The nano-dispersed SrZrO3/ZrO2 composite particles were then synthesized by spray pyrolysis. The glass polishing using SrZrO3/ZrO2 nanocomposite abrasives led to relatively high removal rate and quite smooth surface of glass. The SrZrO3/CeO2 abrasives showed superior polishing properties to conventional ceria-based abrasives by adjusting SrZrO3/CeO2 ratios. These results revealed that the nano-composition enables us to control mechanical and chemical ratios and this CMP control would lead to develop leading-edge abrasives.
Early estimates of seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness - United States, January 2015. (2015)

In the United States, annual vaccination against seasonal influenza is recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months. Each season since 2004-05, CDC has estimated the effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing medically attended acute respiratory illness (ARI) associated with laboratory-confirmed influenza. This season, early estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness are possible because of widespread, early circulation of influenza viruses. By January 3, 2015, 46 states were experiencing widespread flu activity, with predominance of influenza A (H3N2) viruses. This report presents an initial estimate of seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness at preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection associated with medically attended ARI based on data from 2,321 children and adults enrolled in the U.S. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network (Flu VE) during November 10, 2014-January 2, 2015. During this period, overall vaccine effectiveness (VE) (adjusted for study site, age, sex, race/ethnicity, self-rated health, and days from illness onset to enrollment) against laboratory-confirmed influenza associated with medically attended ARI was 23% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8%-36%). Most influenza infections were due to A (H3N2) viruses. This interim VE estimate is relatively low compared with previous seasons when circulating viruses and vaccine viruses were well-matched and likely reflects the fact that more than two-thirds of circulating A (H3N2) viruses are antigenically and genetically different (drifted) from the A (H3N2) vaccine component of 2014-15 Northern Hemisphere seasonal influenza vaccines. These early, low VE estimates underscore the need for ongoing influenza prevention and treatment measures. CDC continues to recommend influenza vaccination because the vaccine can still prevent some infections with the currently circulating A (H3N2) viruses as well as other viruses that might circulate later in the season, including influenza B viruses. Even when VE is reduced, vaccination still prevents some illness and serious influenza-related complications, including thousands of hospitalizations and deaths. Persons aged ≥6 months who have not yet been vaccinated this season should be vaccinated, including persons who might already have been ill with influenza this season.
Clutter Performance of Coherent Pulse Trains for Targets with Range Acceleration (1971)

The clutter performance of coherent pulse trains is examined when the duration of the pulse train is increased to values for which range acceleration effects must be taken into account. The problem of target detection against a clutter background with differential Doppler is studied in terms of the range acceleration effects on the conventional Doppler response. Specifically considered are the consequences on the sidelobe level and width of the main Doppler lobe. The analysis shows that the sidelobe level remains essentially unchanged when the range acceleration mismatch becomes significant. However, the main Doppler response broadens in proportion to the magnitude of the acceleration mismatch. Thus, an increase of the signal duration for better Doppler resolution is useful only until acceleration effects spread the Doppler spectrum of the clutter and eliminate the differential Doppler between targets and clutter.
Improved Conditions for Solid Phase Synthesis of Oligonucleotides on PS-PEG Copolymers (1995)

Polystyrene-polyethylene glycol (PS-PEG) tentacle polymers with loadings of up to 60/<μmol/g were used for standard oligonucleotide synthesis. As these resins are easy to handle and stable under reaction and cleavage conditions they may be used alternatively to controlled pore glass (CPG) as the most commonly used solid support for oligonucleotide synthesis. However, structural and chemical properties of the PS-PEG resins require modified conditions to guarantee syntheses with high coupling efficiencies. Oligonucleotides (ODN ) of various sequences and lengths have successfully been synthesized using HPLC and capillary electrophoresis (CE) for purity control. Additionally, electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS) was used for product identification.
In vivo inhibition of Novikoff cytoplasmic messenger RNA methylation by S-tubercidinylhomocysteine (1977)

The analogue S-tubercidinylhomocysteine (STH) has been used to study the methylation of mRNA in vivo. Partial inhibition of cytoplasmic poly(A)-RNA methylation was observed using a level of inhibitor which still permitted cell growth. Characterization of the partially methylated mRNA indicated the presence of cap structures lacking 2'-O-methylnucleosides, m7GpppN', which are normally not found in mammalian mRNA. Inhibition of additional methylated sites in mRNA at the second 2'-O-methynucleoside, and at internal N6-methyladenosine was also observed Methylation of 7-methylguanosine was not affected under the conditions used in these experiments. The methylnucleoside composition of cap structures differed in STH-inhibited and uninhibited cells. These results indicate that a completely methylated cap is not required for transport of mRNA into the cytoplasm. Furthermore, it may now be possible to assess in vivo the sequential nature of mRNA methylation and its potential role in mRNA processing.
Measurements of High Electron Densities by the TM<sub>010</sub>Cavity (1970)

The microwave cavity method is developed to measure the electron density much higher than the cut-off. The approximate equation is deduced to determine the electron density and collision frequency from the frequency shift and the change of the Q-value of the TM010 cavity. The frequency shift is the small difference between the resonant frequency for extremely high electron density and that for infinite one. The measurements are performed for high density region of the afterglow in a helium plasma at the pressures of 3.0 and 10.0 torr. The ranges of the measured electron densities and collision frequencies are respectively from 1013 to 1015 cm-3 and from 2.5×109 to 2.5×1010 sec-1. The used microwave frequency is 4 GHz. To confirm the values measured by the cavity method, the laser interferometry and the spectroscopic method are also performed. The values measured by these three methods are not perfectly overlapped but are enough to show that the cavity method is sufficiently reliable.
Histogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with and without acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). (1986)

Immunohistochemical studies were performed in thirty skin biopsies from patients with Kaposi's sarcoma, who did and did not have the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Tumour histogenesis was rigorously tested using a battery of endothelial cell markers, which included two new monoclonal antibodies, EN4 and PAL E. These are both specific for endothelial cells and can be visualised in appropriately fixed paraffin embedded tissue. Whereas EN4 labels all endothelial cells, PAL E is negative in endothelium of lymphatic derivation. Lectin binding with Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1 (UEA-1) and the presence of factor VIII related antigen (FVIIIRA) and laminin were also examined. In nodular lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma the spindle cell areas were positive with EN4 and UEA-1, negative with PAL E, and showed focal staining for FVIIIRA and laminin. These results confirm that the tumour is of endothelial cell origin. Six patch stage lesions showed a network of angulated spaces, lined by cells that were positive with EN4 and UEA-1, negative with PAL E and anti-FVIIIRA, and showed only weak staining for laminin. This pattern was observed in both AIDS and non-AIDS related cases and strongly favours a lymphatic derivation for the tumour. This has important implications as it suggests that lymphatic endothelium may have special characteristics that lead to neoplastic transformation in patients with retrovirus infection.
Optical imaging of carrier dynamics in silicon with subwavelength resolution (1997)

Characteristic rate variations of carrier processes are imaged using near-field scanning optical microscopy. We couple both a visible pump and an infrared probe light through a subwavelength aperture to investigate the interband recombination and intraband diffusion of excess carriers in oxidized silicon. Typical values of the locally measured life time constants agree well with those obtained by conventional space-averaged techniques. Moreover, the images locate defects, reveal variations, and can map the regions in which a recombination process is active.
Quantitation in Positron Emission Computed Tomography (1981)

Accidental coincidences (ACs) and methods of compensation for ACs were investigated in terms of their effect on quantitation in positron emission computed tomography (ECT). Formulations of basic expressions describing the physical factors, which cause true coincidences or ACs, are presented to provide a framework of contrasting the two phenomena. Correction of image data for attenuation of the annihilation radiation or nonuniformities in detector efficiency is shown to amplify errors caused by the presence of ACs in the data. It was shown that failure to compensate for ACs caused overestimates in measurements of isotope concentrations from image data and that in many cases the overestimate was significant for relatively modest percentages of ACs in the data. Three methods of compensation for ACs were evaluated as to their accuracy and effect on statistical noise in images. It was found that nonuniform detector efficiencies could cause prominent image artifacts if an inadequate method was employed in the determination and subtraction of ACs from image data. The additional statistical noise produced in images by subtraction of ACs from total coincidence data demonstrates the advisability of minimizing AC rates in spite of an ability to adequately measure and compensate for their presence in the data.
A novel tantalum butterfly oxo cluster (1990)

(η5-C5Me5)Ta(H)2(η2-CHPMe2)(PMe3) reacts with deoxygenated water in benzene to give the novel tetranuclear butterfly oxo cluster [(η5-C5Me5)Ta]4(µ2-O)4(µ3-O)2(µ4-O)(OH)2 containing doubly, triply, and quadruply bridging oxo ligands, the X-ray crystal structure of which has been determined.
Chemical characterization of lysyl oxidase inhibitor from avocado seed oil (1995)

Abstract The active factor of lysyl oxidase inhibition was separated from unsaponifiables of avocado seed oil and characterized by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Results indicated the presence of furan‐containing lipids in the active factor mixture and also showed a structural difference compared to previously reported furan‐containing lipids of avocado which relates to the length of the hydrocarbon chain substituent. Another structural difference evinced was the availability of the hydroxyl group in the aliphatic moiety of the investigated substances. A purified mixture of furan‐containing compounds was tested in vitro for inhibitory activity on pure bovine aorta lysyl oxidase. It was shown that mixing furan‐containing lipids in Tween 80 reversibly inhibited pure bovine aorta lysyl oxidase activity against tritiated recombinant tropoelastin with the I 50 value of inhibition of 105 µM. These in vitro studies suggested that the mixture of avocado seed oil furan‐containing lipids was not a substrate‐specific inhibitor of lysyl oxidase, and it might prove to be useful as a potential antifibrotic drug. Moreover, the unique chemistry of the studied compound for lysyl oxidase inhibition should enable the designing of new probes of the active site of this important enzyme.
cDNA Cloning, Expression, and Functional Characterization of PI31, a Proline-rich Inhibitor of the Proteasome (2000)

The primary structure of PI31, a protein inhibitor of the 20 S proteasome, was deduced by cDNA cloning and sequencing. The human protein has a calculated molecular weight of 29,792, a value in excellent accord with 31,000, as estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for purified bovine PI31, and is not similar to any other protein in current data bases. PI31 is a proline-rich protein, particularly within its carboxyl-terminal half where 26% of the amino acids are proline. Wild-type PI31 and various truncation mutants were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Recombinant wild-type PI31 displayed structural and functional properties similar to those of PI31 purified from bovine red blood cells and inhibited the hydrolysis of protein and peptide substrates by the 20 S proteasome. Analysis of truncation mutants demonstrated that proteasome inhibition was conferred by the carboxyl-terminal proline-rich domain of PI31, which appears to have an extended secondary structure. Inhibition of the 20 S proteasome by PI31 involved formation a proteasome-PI31 complex. In addition to its direct inhibition of the 20 S proteasome, PI31 inhibited the activation of the proteasome by each of two proteasome regulatory proteins, PA700 and PA28. These results suggest that PI31 plays an important role in control of proteasome function, including that in ubiquitin-dependent pathways of protein degradation.
Evaluation of hemofiltration with different AN 69 membrane devices using a discontinuous flow-single needle system. (1982)

Unipuncture hemofiltration using the double headed pump (Bellco BL 760) was performed in a patient who acted as her own control for 10 sessions with a 1.0 m2 AN69 membrane (group A), 10 sessions with a 1.4 m2 AN69 membrane (group B) and 10 sessions with a 1.0 m2 AN69 membrane Filtral (group C). A two needle standard hemofiltration technique (Hemoprocessor Sartorius) was used in this patient for 10 sessions with a 1.0 m2 AN69 membrane (group D). To obtain the same amount of ultrafiltration fluid the filtration time was respectively 266, 196, 214 and 260 minutes in groups A, B, C and D.
Atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice progresses independently of the NLRP3 inflammasome (2011)

The interleukin-1 (IL-1) family of cytokines has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in previous studies. The NLRP3 inflammasome has recently emerged as a pivotal regulator of IL-1β maturation and secretion by macrophages. Little is currently known about a possible role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in atherosclerosis progression in vivo. We generated ApoE-/- Nlrp3-/-, ApoE-/- Asc-/- and ApoE-/- caspase-1-/- double-deficient mice, fed them a high-fat diet for 11 weeks and subsequently assessed atherosclerosis progression and plaque phenotype. No differences in atherosclerosis progression, infiltration of plaques by macrophages, nor plaque stability and phenotype across the genotypes studied were found. Our results demonstrate that the NLRP3 inflammasome is not critically implicated in atherosclerosis progression in the ApoE mouse model.
New England Surgical Society (1990)

This issue of the<i>Archives of Surgery</i>records the 1989 scientific proceedings of the New England Surgical Society (NESS). Regional societies are part scientific, part social, part reunion, even political. Driving to the NESS meeting through Connecticut and New Hampshire on Route 91 to the historic Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, NH, provided an opportunity to view the beauty of New England in late September. The changing fall colors, the running creeks and rivers, the majestic blue spruce, and the quietude of the countryside were vintage Mother Nature. One could not resist reminiscing about the symbolic significance of New England to Americans, where multiple historic sites are surrounded by distinguished institutions of higher learning. The snow-capped Washington mountains served as a backdrop for this meeting where the fresh air was invigorating for an urban dweller. The Editor, as an invited guest, easily assimilated the mood of the NESS meeting.
CRISPR/Cas9 editing of endogenous banana streak virus in the B genome of Musa spp. overcomes a major challenge in banana breeding (2019)

Presence of the integrated endogenous <i>banana streak virus</i> (eBSV) in the B genome of plantain (AAB) is a major challenge for breeding and dissemination of hybrids. As the eBSV activates into infectious viral particles under stress, the progenitor <i>Musa balbisiana</i> and its derivants, having at least one B genome, cannot be used as parents for crop improvement. Here, we report a strategy to inactivate the eBSV by editing the virus sequences. The regenerated genome-edited events of Gonja Manjaya showed mutations in the targeted sites with the potential to prevent proper transcription or/and translational into functional viral proteins. Seventy-five percent of the edited events remained asymptomatic in comparison to the non-edited control plants under water stress conditions, confirming inactivation of eBSV into infectious viral particles. This study paves the way for the improvement of B genome germplasm and its use in breeding programs to produce hybrids that can be globally disseminated.
Topical application of α‐tocopherol modulates the antioxidant network and diminishes ultraviolet‐induced oxidative damage in murine skin (1998)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of topical alpha-tocopherol application on epidermal and dermal antioxidants and its ability to prevent ultraviolet (UV)-induced oxidative damage. Hairless mice received topical applications of alpha-tocopherol 24 h before a single, acute UV irradiation (10 x minimal erythemal dose). The four major antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase), hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants, and lipid hydroperoxides, markers of oxidative damage, were assayed in both epidermis and dermis of hairless mice. Topical alpha-tocopherol treatment increased dermal superoxide dismutase activity by 30% (P < 0.01) and protected epidermal glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase from depletion after UV irradiation. Total and reduced glutathione levels in the epidermis increased by 50% after the topical treatment (P < 0.05), as did dermal ascorbate levels (by 40%: P < 0.01). The topical treatment increased alpha-tocopherol levels both in the epidermis (62-fold) and the dermis (22-fold: P < 0.001 in each layer). Furthermore, alpha-tocopherol treatment significantly reduced the formation of epidermal lipid hydroperoxides after UV irradiation (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that topical administration of alpha-tocopherol protects cutaneous tissues against oxidative damage induced by UV irradiation in vivo, and suggest that the underlying mechanism of this effect involves the up-regulation of a network of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants.
<i>FZD6</i>is a novel gene for human neural tube defects (2011)

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe malformations of the central nervous system, affecting 1 of 1,000 live births. Mouse models were instrumental in defining the signaling pathways defective in NTDs, including the planar cell polarity (PCP), also called noncanonical Frizzled/Disheveled pathway. Based on the highly penetrant occurrence of NTDs in double Fzd3/Fzd6(-/-) mutant mice, we investigated the role of the human orthologues, FZD3 and FZD6, by resequencing a cohort of 473 NTDs patients and 639 ethnically matched controls. While we could not demonstrate a significant contribution of FZD3 gene, we identified five rare FZD6 variants that were absent in all controls and predicted to have a functional effect by computational analysis: one de novo frameshift mutation (c.1843_1844insA), three missense changes (p.Arg405Gln, p.Arg511Cys p.Arg511His), and one substitution (c.*20C>T) affecting the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of the gene. The overall rate of predicted deleterious variants of FZD6 was 5.1-fold higher in cases compared to controls, resulting in a significantly increased NTDs mutation burden. This study demonstrates that rare nonsynonymous variants in FZD6 may contribute to NTDs in humans and enlarges the spectrum of mutations that link PCP pathway to NTDs.
CITEDIS Production PCM Public Telephone Switching System (1974)

After a short review of the interest in digital switching and network integration, a description of the CITEDIS system organization is given (CITEDIS is a digital exchange now in production), outlining its specific features and possibilities. The industrial aspect of CITEDIS manufacturing and the present manufacturing rate are then given.