gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microfluidic-Based 3D Engineered Microvascular Networks and Their Applications in Vascularized Microtumor Models (2018)

The microvasculature plays a critical role in human physiology and is closely associated to various human diseases. By combining advanced microfluidic-based techniques, the engineered 3D microvascular network model provides a precise and reproducible platform to study the microvasculature in vitro, which is an essential and primary component to engineer organ-on-chips and achieve greater biological relevance. In this review, we discuss current strategies to engineer microvessels in vitro, which can be broadly classified into endothelial cell lining-based methods, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis-based methods, and hybrid methods. By closely simulating relevant factors found in vivo such as biomechanical, biochemical, and biological microenvironment, it is possible to create more accurate organ-specific models, including both healthy and pathological vascularized microtissue with their respective vascular barrier properties. We further discuss the integration of tumor cells/spheroids into the engineered microvascular to model the vascularized microtumor tissue, and their potential application in the study of cancer metastasis and anti-cancer drug screening. Finally, we conclude with our commentaries on current progress and future perspective of on-chip vascularization techniques for fundamental and clinical/translational research.
A 3D Flexible and Tangible Magic Lens in Augmented Reality (2007)

The Magic Lens concept is a focus and context technique which facilitates the visualization of complex and dense data. In this paper, we propose a new type of 3D tangible Magic Lens in the form of a flexible sheet. We describe new interaction techniques associated with this tool, and demonstrate how it can be applied in different AR applications.
Airborne cadmium and carcinogenesis of the respiratory tract. (1986)

Exposure to airborne cadmium occurs mainly at the workplace. Significant exposure also occurs through smoking. Results of a recent epidemiologic study suggest that occupational inhalation of cadmium is connected with an increased lung cancer risk. This finding corroborates the high lung cancer incidence found among rats after chronic low-level exposure to cadmium chloride aerosols. Differences in the tumor sites, exposure conditions, and the pulmonary metabolism of cadmium between rodents and man make it difficult to extrapolate quantitatively from rats to humans. In contrast to the workplace, concentrations of cadmium in ambient air are very low, and the risk of lung cancer is probably very low, even for people living close to cadmium-emitting industries. The chemical form of inhaled cadmium appears to be important. While cadmium oxide and cadmium chloride seem to be equally toxic, cadmium sulfide exhibits a lower acute pulmonary toxicity. However, whether this is also true for carcinogenic effects is not known. Additional long-term inhalation studies with animals and further evaluation of epidemiologic studies are necessary to answer questions about the carcinogenic potency of cadmium compounds of different chemical form. As long as such results are not available, it is prudent to regard all cadmium compounds as having a carcinogenic potential.
Electrical stimulation in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial (2006)

A randomized placebo-controlled trial was carried out to investigate the efficacy of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and threshold electrical stimulation (TES) in strengthening the quadriceps muscles of both legs in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Sixty children (38 males, 22 females; mean age 11y [SD 3y 6mo]; age range 5-16y) were randomized to one of the following groups: NMES (n=18), TES (n=20), or placebo (n=22). Clinical presentations were diplegia (n=55), quadriplegia (n=1), dystonia (n=1), ataxia (n=1), and non-classifiable CP (n=2). Thirty-four children walked unaided, 17 used posterior walkers, six used crutches, and the remaining three used sticks for mobility. Peak torque of the left and right quadriceps muscles, gross motor function, and impact of disability were assessed at baseline and end of treatment (16wks), and at a 6-week follow-up visit. No statistically significant difference was demonstrated between NMES or TES versus placebo for strength or function. Statistically significant differences were observed between NMES and TES versus placebo for impact of disability at the end of treatment, but only between TES and placebo at the 6-week follow-up. In conclusion, further evidence is required to show whether NMES and/or TES may be useful as an adjunct to therapy in ambulatory children with diplegia who find resistive strengthening programmes difficult.
Analysis and Demonstration of Mach–Zehnder Polymer Modulators Using In-Plane Coplanar Waveguide Structure (2007)

Analysis, design, and experimental demonstration of polymer Mach-Zehnder (MZ) modulators with a newly proposed in-plane coplanar waveguide (CPW) electrode are presented in this paper. Compared to the conventional CPW electrode, the new in-plane CPW configuration significantly enhances the overlap factor between microwave and optical wave by 40% from the theoretical calculations. Different from polymer modulators using the traditional microstrip electrodes, this structure can suppress dc bias voltage drift and widen modulation bandwidth. Using CLD1/APC and AJL8/APC electrooptic polymers, MZ modulators using the in-plane CPW are fabricated and tested. The measured Vpi's of the MZ with 15-mum gap spacing and 2 cm electrode length are 5.4 and 9.5 V at 1.55 mum for the AJL8/APC and CLD1/APC devices, respectively. The evaluated Upsi <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">33</sub> 's are 46 pm/V for the AJL8/APC and 26 pm/V for the CLD1/APC MZ. The dc bias stability is tested and compared for both the microstrip and the in-plane CPW electrode modulators. Experimental results show that the in-plane CPW modulator greatly improves the bias stability. From the microwave measurement, the microwave signal loss of the modulator using the in-plane CPW is much reduced to 0.2 dB/cmradicGHz, while 0.7 dB/cmradicGHz using the microstrip.
Contractile effect of oxytocin and 1-deamino-1-carba-2-tyrosine (O-methyl)-oxytocin in myometrial tissue from non-pregnant and term pregnant women (1990)

The contractile effect of the analogue 1-deamino-1-carba-2-tyrosine (0-methyl)-oxytocin (carbetocin) on isolated strips from the human myometrium was compared with that of oxytocin. Neither oxytocin nor carbetocin affected contractile activity in strips from non-pregnant women, but both peptides stimulated contractile activity in strips from women at term pregnancy (2 x 10(-11) mol/l, and 10(-10) mol/l, respectively). Thus, carbetocin is almost as potent as oxytocin with regard to stimulating myometrial contractions at term.
A NEW CMOS DRIVER MODEL FOR TRANSIENT ANALYSIS AND POWER DISSIPATION ANALYSIS (1996)

While most transient analysis techniques of interconnect networks ignore the nonlinearity of the driving gates, most CMOS driver models do not take into account the distributed loads. In this paper, we propose a new CMOS driver model which can handle distributed-lumped loads for transient analysis and power dissipation analysis. The output current of the CMOS driver is represented by a linear-quadratic-exponential piecewise model, taking into account the slope of the input signal, nonlinear effects of the driver and interconnect effects of the load. The CMOS transient leakage (short-circuit) current, thus short-circuit power dissipation, can be accurately evaluated. The model provides accuracy comparable to that of SPICE3e2 with one or two orders of magnitude less computing time.
Laboratory Studies of Oil Recovery by Steam Injection (1961)

Abstract This paper reports the results of an investigation into the use of steam as a recovery agent. High oil recoveries by steam, as much as 100 per cent greater than by water flood, were demonstrated in laboratory linear cores. The principal mechanisms responsible for the additional oil have been identified asthermal expansion of the oil,viscosity reduction andsteam distillation. Although the first two also enhance recovery by hot water flood, they are effective with steam injection at lower volumes of produced fluids. Steam-zone residual oil saturation is independent of initial saturation. Recovery by steam is greater for lighter oils because they contain a greater fraction of steam-distillable components. Equations for the steam-zone advance in a radial homogeneous system are presented; these show the effect of reservoir parameters. The displacement in the hot liquid region moving ahead of the steam front can be estimated by a calculative procedure which is suggested. The method which takes account of the temperature gradient is applicable also to a regular hot water flood. Introduction Considerable industry interest in the application of heat to petroleum reservoirs as a means of increasing oil recovery has been evident in the past few years. Three thermal methods which have attracted interest arethe injection of saturated steam,the injection of hot water andthe injection of air into a formation to support combustion within the reservoir. Much has been published in recent years on underground burning, and there have been several papers on hot water injection. Although there are several early reports on steam injection, no recent experimental studies have been published on this recovery method. In our early thermal methods research, a marked improvement was found in oil recovery by steam injection compared with recovery by water injection in the same system. An investigation subsequently was undertaken to obtain quantitative information from which to evaluate steam injection as an oil recovery method. In addition, it was desired to investigate the recovery mechanism of hot water as compared with that of "cold" water and steam injection. An understanding of the mechanisms by which these processes operate would generally define favorable field conditions for their successful application. This paper reports the results of the laboratory study and suggests calculative approaches to estimate the field behavior of the steam-injection process.
Increased thrombomodulin values in plasma of diabetic men with microangiopathy (1991)

To study the significance of plasma thrombomodulin (TM) values in diabetes mellitus, we determined plasma TM in 34 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) men, mean age 54 (SE 2) years. Plasma TM was determined by an enzyme immunoassay with anti-TM monoclonal antibodies. The plasma TM values were significantly greater in NIDDM patients with nephropathy than in patients without nephropathy (P less than 0.001). Also, a significant positive correlation was noted between the concentration of plasma TM and serum creatinine (r = 0.55, P less than 0.001). The plasma TM values of the patients with retinopathy were significantly greater than the values of those without it (P less than 0.002). Furthermore, we noted a significant positive correlation (r = 0.78, P less than 0.001) between plasma TM and the severity of diabetic retinopathy as graded by Scott's classification. These results suggest a close relationship between TM and diabetic microangiopathy.
Timing of Birth, Female Reproductive Success and Infant Sex Ratio in Semifree-Ranging Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvanus) (1984)

Examined were 5 years of data on the reproduction of a semifree-ranging population of Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). In this seasonally breeding species – birth season: mid-March to beginning of August – primiparous 4-year-old females gave birth significantly later in the year than older primiparous and multiparous females, respectively. Multiparous females without an infant from the preceding season gave birth significantly earlier than females who had raised an infant. 88.4% of birth intervals were approximately 1 year, 11.6% about 2 years. Infant loss did not influence the length of the interbirth interval, but after the birth of the next surviving infant the interval was significantly longer. The interval following the 1st infant was significantly longer than after subsequent infants. After the birth of daughters primiparous females had markedly longer birth intervals than after the birth of sons. Infant mortality was 9.1%. Neonatal mortality was influenced by rank and parity of the mother and sex of the infant. Allomothering and aggression by older group members are thought to be the main causes of infant mortality. Female reproduction rates were not dependent on rank. High-ranking females, however, bore their 1st infant significantly earlier than low-ranking females. Low-ranking females had more daughters than sons, in high-ranking females the reverse was found. Differences from findings of other species are discussed with regard to differences in social organization and the reproductive strategies resulting from them.
Correlation properties of random phase diffusers for multiplex holography (1982)

Random phase diffusers used to individually code the reference beams employed in multiplexing a set of holograms are best characterized by their autocorrelation and cross-correlation properties. In this paper multilevel (n-level) phase diffusers and ground-glass diffuser models based on a spatial random telegraph wave are employed to investigate the performance of such diffusers for both plane wave and spherical wave illumination. The advantage of using balanced phase diffusers is indicated, and it is shown that a binary phase diffuser can, in principle, perform as well as a multilevel (n > 2) diffuser, and even as well as ground glass if the spatial fineness of the diffusers is comparable. Two signal-to-noise ratio measures of the performance of the various diffuser systems in a multiplex holography application are evaluated and discussed.
Practical Construction of Modified Hamiltonians (2001)

One of the most fruitful ways to analyze the effects of discretization error in the numerical solution of a system of differential equations is to examine the "modified equations," which are equations that are exactly satisfied by the (approximate) discrete solution. These do not actually exist in general but rather are defined by an asymptotic expansion in powers of the discretization parameter. Nonetheless, if the expansion is suitably truncated, the resulting modified equations have a solution which is remarkably close to the discrete solution. In the case of a Hamiltonian system of ordinary differential equations, the modified equations are also Hamiltonian if and only if the integrator is symplectic. Evidence for the existence of a Hamiltonian for a particular calculation is obtained by calculating modified Hamiltonians and monitoring how well they are conserved. Also, energy drifts caused by numerical instability are better revealed by evaluating modified Hamiltonians. Doingthis calculation would normally be complicated and highly dependent on the details of the method, even if differences are used to approximate derivatives. A relatively simple procedure is presented here, nearly independent of the internal structure of the integrator, for obtaining highly accurate estimates for modified Hamiltonians. As a bonus of the method of construction, the modified Hamiltonians are exactly conserved by a numerical solution in the case of a quadratic Hamiltonian.
Piezoelectric thin film devices (2002)

A new class of thin-film device structures has become available with the development of thin-film piezoelectric films by sol gel methods or by magnetron sputtering. In particular, sol gel techniques for ceramics such as lead zirconate titanate allow the fabrication of films of 1-4- mu m thickness on surfaces of complex shape with crack propagation within the film being controlled by process methods and buffer layer structures. Rapid thermal annealing methods have recently simplified fabrication procedures for film fabrication on silicon. Devices are described using both planar and coaxial geometry for application in surface acoustic wave (SAW) and bulk wave transducers, coaxial sensors, optical modulators, and silicon-based resonators. Current limitations due to electrodes and mechanical effects are examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
2,2′‐Isopropylidenebis[(4R)‐(1‐adamantyl)‐2‐oxazoline] (Adam‐Box). A New Enantiopure C<sub>2</sub>‐Symmetrical Ligand: Enantioselective Cyclopropanations, Diels—Alder Reactions, and Allylic Oxidations. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Development of Programmable Force Line Generator for Coil Springs (2005)

Today's suspension coil spring design requires not only accounting for one-dimensional force along the coil spring axis, but also exerting multi-dimensional force and torque field between the spring seats. This paper describes the design of a 6-DOF parallel mechanism to simulate the force and torque characteristics of a coil spring. This mechanism can physically generate the 6-DOF force and torque field of a coil spring, allowing designers to experimentally evaluate the quasi-static force effects of a coil spring while still at the design stage. Examples are presented for a physically generated force and torque field of a coil spring used in a McPherson Strut suspension, and its effect is correlated to the side force acting upon the suspension strut. As an extension, this mechanism can be widely used to investigate the relationship between spring characteristics and suspension system characteristics, such as damper friction, self-steering torque and steering pull.
Production of a new thermostable neutral α‐galactosidase from a strain of <i>Bacillus stearothermophilus</i> (1974)

Abstract An intracellular, thermostable, neutral α‐galactosidase (α‐ D ‐galactoside galactohydrolase EC 3.2.1.32) was produced in pilot plant quantities from a strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus . The organism was cultured at 50°C in a soluble neutral medium containing water extract of soybean meal (3%) and 0.5% yeast extract. The enzyme biosynthesis was inducible and sensitive to catabolite repression. After autolysis of the cells, the α‐galactosidase was selectively and quantitatively complexed from clarified beer directly onto DEAE Sephadex; and enzyme‐rich fractions were batchwise eluted with an increasing gradient of NaCl solutions. The eluates were given two consecutive isopropyl alcohol precipitations, and the aqueous solutions of the second precipitate were dialyzed and lyophilized. Final product activity recovery was 72% based on the crude fermentation beer. Best specific activity was 5.2 u/mg protein. Further laboratory purification (DEAE Sephadex and Bio‐Gel P200) yielded a product with 14.2 u/mg protein.
Quantitative functional analysis of protein complexes on surfaces (2004)

A major challenge in cell and molecular physiology research is to understand the mechanisms of biological processes in terms of the interactions, activities and regulation of the underlying proteins. Functional and mechanistic analyses of the large number of proteins that participate in the regulation of cellular processes will require new approaches and techniques for high throughput and multiplexed functional analyses of protein interactions, protein conformational dynamics and protein activity. In this review we focus on the development and application of proteomics and associated technologies for quantitative functional analysis of proteins and their complexes that include: (1) the application of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging for multiplexed, label-free analyses of protein interactions, binding constants for biomolecular interactions and protein activities; and (2) high content analysis of protein motions within functional multiprotein complexes.
Lung Cancer Detection in the 21st Century (2000)

Lung Cancer Detection in the 21st CenturyPotential Contributions and Challenges of Emerging TechnologiesPhillip M. Boiselle1, Armin Ernst2 and Daniel D. Karp3Audio Available | Share
A 500-mb/s soft-output viterbi decoder (2003)

Two eight-state 7-bit soft-output Viterbi decoders matched to an EPR4 channel and a rate-8/9 convolutional code are implemented in a 0.18-μm CMOS technology. The throughput of the decoders is increased through architectural transformation of the add-compare-select recursion, with a small area overhead. The survivor-path decoding logic of a conventional Viterbi decoder register exchange is adapted to detect the two most likely paths. The 4-mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> chip has been verified to decode at 500 Mb/s with 1.8-V supply. These decoders can be used as constituent decoders for Turbo codes in high-performance applications requiring information rates that are very close to the Shannon limit.
Enhanced OXPHOS, glutaminolysis and β-oxidation constitute the metastatic phenotype of melanoma cells (2015)

Tumours display different cell populations with distinct metabolic phenotypes. Thus, subpopulations can adjust to different environments, particularly with regard to oxygen and nutrient availability. Our results indicate that progression to metastasis requires mitochondrial function. Our research, centered on cell lines that display increasing degrees of malignancy, focused on metabolic events, especially those involving mitochondria, which could reveal which stages are mechanistically associated with metastasis. Melanocytes were subjected to several cycles of adhesion impairment, producing stable cell lines exhibiting phenotypes representing a progression from non-tumorigenic to metastatic cells. Metastatic cells (4C11+) released the highest amounts of lactate, part of which was derived from glutamine catabolism. The 4C11+ cells also displayed an increased oxidative metabolism, accompanied by enhanced rates of oxygen consumption coupled to ATP synthesis. Enhanced mitochondrial function could not be explained by an increase in mitochondrial content or mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, 4C11+ cells had a higher ATP content, and increased succinate oxidation (complex II activity) and fatty acid oxidation. In addition, 4C11+ cells exhibited a 2-fold increase in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨmit). Consistently, functional assays showed that the migration of cells depended on glutaminase activity. Metabolomic analysis revealed that 4C11+ cells could be grouped as a subpopulation with a profile that was quite distinct from the other cells investigated in the present study. The results presented here have centred on how the multiple metabolic inputs of tumour cells may converge to compose the so-called metastatic phenotype.