gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Temperature and Light on Growth of and Photosynthesis by<i>Synechococcus</i>Isolates Typical of Those Predominating in the Octopus Spring Microbial Mat Community of Yellowstone National Park (2006)

ABSTRACT Previous molecular analysis of the Octopus Spring cyanobacterial mat revealed numerous genetically distinct 16S rRNA sequences from predominant Synechococcus populations distantly related to the readily cultivated unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus lividus . Patterns in genotype distribution relative to temperature and light conditions suggested that the organisms contributing these 16S rRNA sequences may fill distinct ecological niches. To test this hypothesis, Synechococcus isolates were cultivated using a dilution and filtration approach and then shown to be genetically relevant to natural mat populations by comparisons of similarities of 16S rRNA genes and 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. Most isolates were identical or nearly identical at both loci to predominant mat genotypes; others showed 1- to 2-nucleotide differences at the 16S rRNA locus and even greater difference in ITS sequences. Isolates with predominant mat genotypes had distinct temperature ranges and optima for growth that were consistent with their distributions in the mat. Isolates with genotypes not previously detected or known to be predominant in the mat exhibited temperature ranges and optima that were not representative of predominant mat populations and also grew more slowly. Temperature effects on photosynthesis did not reflect temperature relations for growth. However, the isolate with the highest temperature optimum and upper limit was capable of performing photosynthesis at a higher temperature than other isolates. Growth rate and photosynthetic responses provided evidence for light acclimation but evidence of, at best, only subtle light adaptation.
Double-Gyroid Network Morphology in Tapered Diblock Copolymers (2011)

We report the formation of a double-gyroid network morphology in normal-tapered poly(isoprene-b-isoprene/styrene-b-styrene) [P(I-IS-S)] and inverse-tapered poly(isoprene-b- styrene/isoprene-b-styrene) [P(I-SI-S)] diblock copolymers. Our tapered diblock copolymers with overall poly(styrene) volume fractions of 0.65 (normal-tapered) and 0.67 (inverse-tapered), and tapered regions comprising 30 volume percent of the total polymer, were shown to self-assemble into the double-gyroid network morphology through a combination of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The block copolymers were synthesized by anionic polymerization, where the tapered region between the pure poly(isoprene) and poly(styrene) blocks was generated using a semi-batch feed with programmed syringe pumps. The overall composition of these tapered copolymers lies within the expected network-forming region for conventional poly(isoprene-b-styrene) [P(I-S)] diblock copolymers. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) clearly demonstrated that the order-disorder transition temperatures (T(ODT)'s) of the network-forming tapered block copolymers were depressed when compared to the T(ODT) of their non-tapered counterpart, with the P(I-SI-S) showing the greater drop in T(ODT). These results indicate that it is possible to manipulate the copolymer composition profile between blocks in a diblock copolymer, allowing significant control over the T(ODT), while maintaining the ability to form complex network structures.
Pharmacokinetic Study of Recombinant Human Interferon-alpha-2b PLGA Microspheres in Rats (2008)

OBJECTIVE:To study the pharmacokinetis of IFNα2b PLGA microspheres in rats.METHODS:Firstly,the double antibody sandwich-ELISA used for the determination of IFNα2b concentration in diluted serum was subjected to validation.Then,two groups of rats were intramuscularly injected with IFNα2b commercial injectable powder or IFNα2b microspheres,with serum samples of different time were taken for determination of concentration of IFNα2b by ELISA method.Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with 3p97 software.RESULTS:ELISA method achieved satisfactory results in determination of the IFNα2b concentration in diluted serum,and it was able to meet the requirements for pharmacokinetic study.The pharmacokinetics in two groups fitted two-compartment model after intramuscular injection of IFNα2b commercial injectable powder or IFNα2b microspheres.tmax,t1/2β,AUC were 0.72 h,22.71 h,21 668.72 pg·mL·h-1,respectively in IFNα2b commercial injectable powder group versus 1.39 h,33.32 h,38 655.87 pg·mL·h-1,respectively in IFNα2b microspheres group.Compared with injectable powder group,tmax and t1/2β were prolonged significantly,and the AUC was increased in microspheres group.CONCLUSION:The recombinant human IFNα2b PLGA microspheres had obvious sustained-release characteristics in rats.
Westinghouse fuel cell combined cycle systems (1996)

Efficiency (voltage) of the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) should increase with operating pressure, and a pressurized SOFC could function as the heat addition process in a Brayton cycle gas turbine (GT) engine. An overall cycle efficiency of 70% should be possible. In cogeneration, half of the waste heat from a PSOFC/GT should be able to be captured in process steam and hot water, leading to a fuel effectiveness of about 85%. In order to make the PSOFC/GT a commercial reality, satisfactory operation of the SOFC at elevated pressure must be verified, a pressurized SOFC generator module must be designed, built, and tested, and the combined cycle and parameters must be optimized. A prototype must also be demonstrated. This paper describes progress toward making the PSOFC/GT a reality.
The MEK/MAPK pathway is involved in the resistance of breast cancer cells to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib (2006)

We investigated the role of the MEK/MAPK pathway in the sensitivity/resistance of breast carcinoma cells to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib (IRESSA). We assessed the effects of gefitinib on the growth of three breast cancer cell lines that showed high (SK-Br-3; IC50 4 microM), intermediate (MDA-MB-361; IC50 5.3 microM), and low (MDA-MB-468; IC50 6.8 microM) sensitivity to the drug. Although treatment with gefitinib inhibited EGFR activation in the three cell lines in a similar fashion, significant reduction of both p42/p44-MAPK and AKT phosphorylation was observed in SK-Br-3 and MDA-MB-361, but not in MDA-MB-468 cells. The growth of MDA-MB-468 cells was significantly inhibited by treatment with either the PI3K-inhibitor LY294002 or the MEK-inhibitor PD98059. In agreement with these findings, treatment of MDA-MB-468 cells with a combination of PD98059 and gefitinib produced a synergistic anti-tumor effect, whereas this combination was only additive in SK-Br-3 and MDA-MB-361 cells. The combination of gefitinib and PD98059 also produced a significant increase in the levels of apoptosis in MDA-MB-468 cells as compared with treatment with a single agent. This phenomenon was associated with a profound decrease in MAPK activation, reduction of BAD (ser112) phosphorylation and a paradoxical increase in the levels of AKT activation. Finally, overexpression of a constitutively activated form of p42-MAPK in MCF-10A non-transformed human mammary epithelial cells resulted in a two- to three-fold increase in the IC50 to gefitinib. Taken together, these data strongly support the role of the MEK/MAPK pathway in the resistance to gefitinib, and provide the rationale for novel therapeutic approaches based on combinations of signal transduction inhibitors.
Sexually competent, sucrose- and nitrate-assimilating strains of<i>Hypocrea jecorina</i>(<i>Trichoderma reesei</i>) from South American soils (2000)

Three new strains of Trichoderma reesei, the anamorph of Hypocrea jecorina, are reported from soil in French Guiana and Brazil. Identification of the strains as T. reesei/H. jecorina was confirmed by analysis of the internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 of the nuclear rDNA cluster and by their ability to produce the teleomorph when mated with the appropriate strains. Hypocrea jecorina is considered to reproduce primarily sexually, as opposed to other Hypocrea and Trichoderma species where asexual reproduction predominates. Like the original isolate of T. reesei, QM 6a, all three new isolates exhibited cellulolytic activities. In contrast to QM 6a, however, they grew on sucrose as sole carbon source and on nitrate as sole nitrogen source, thus indicating that these substrate utilization criteria are not taxonomically reliable in Hypocrea (Trichoderma). The nonutilization of sucrose and nitrate in QM 6a is due to a lack of the uptake system for sucrose and of nitrite reductase activity, respectively, in that culture. Comparison of QM 6a and the three new isolates revealed that all H. jecorina isolates produce intracellular but not extracellular invertase. The potential for using these strains in the improvement of the commercially exploited strain of T. reesei, QM 6a, is discussed.
Probabilistic Algorithmic Randomness (2013)

Abstract We introduce martingales defined by probabilistic strategies, in which randomness is used to decide whether to bet. We show that different criteria for the success of computable probabilistic strategies can be used to characterize ML-randomness, computable randomness, and partial computable randomness. Our characterization of ML-randomness partially addresses a critique of Schnorr by formulating ML randomness in terms of a computable process rather than a computably enumerable function.
Small signal stability analysis and optimal control of a wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator (2007)

A novel method using particle swarm optimisation (PSO) is proposed for optimising parameters of controllers of a wind turbine (WT) with doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). The PSO algorithm is employed in the proposed parameter tuning method to search for the optimal parameters of controllers and achieve the optimal coordinated control of multiple controllers of WT system. The implementation of the algorithm for optimising the controllers' parameters is described in detail. In the analysis, the generic dynamic model of WT with DFIG and its associated controllers is presented, and the small signal stability model is derived; based on this, an eigenvalue-based objective function is utilised in the PSO-based optimisation algorithm to optimise the controllers' parameters. With the optimised controller parameters, the system stability is improved under both small and large disturbances. Furthermore, the fault ride-through capability of the WT with DFIG can be improved using the optimised controller. Simulations are performed to illustrate the control performance.
Network motifs in computational graphs: A case study in software architecture (2005)

Complex networks in both nature and technology have been shown to display characteristic, small subgraphs (so-called motifs) which appear to be related to their underlying functionality. All these networks share a common trait: they manipulate information at different scales in order to perform some kind of computation. Here we analyze a large set of software class diagrams and show that several highly frequent network motifs appear to be a consequence of network heterogeneity and size, thus suggesting a somewhat less relevant role of functionality. However, by using a simple model of network growth by duplication and rewiring, it is shown the rules of graph evolution seem to be largely responsible for the observed motif distribution.
Exploiting the Annexin A1 pathway for the development of novel anti‐inflammatory therapeutics (2009)

The appreciation that the inflammatory reaction does not 'spontaneously' finish, but rather that inflammatory resolution is an active phenomenon brought about by endogenous anti-inflammatory agonists opens multiple opportunities for a reassessment of the complexity of inflammation and its main mediators. This review dwells on one of these pathways, the one centred around the glucocorticoid-regulated protein Annexin A1 and its G protein-coupled receptor. In recent years, much of the knowledge detailing the processes by which Annexin A1 expresses its anti-inflammatory role on innate immunity has been produced. Moreover, the generation of the Annexin A1 null mouse colony has provided important proof-of-concept experiments demonstrating the inhibitory properties of this mediator in the context of inflammatory and/or tissue-injury models. Therefore, Annexin A1 acts as a pivotal homeostatic mediator, where if absent, inflammation would overshoot and be prolonged. This new understanding scientific information could guide us onto the exploitation of the biological properties of Annexin A1 and its receptor to instigate novel drug discovery programmes for anti-inflammatory therapeutics. This line of research relies on the assumption that anti-inflammatory drugs designed upon endogenous anti-inflammatory mediators would be burdened by a lower degree of secondary effects as these agonists would be mimicking specific pathways activated in our body for safe disposal of inflammation. We believe that the next few years will produce examples of such new drugs and the validity of this speculation could then be assessed.
Expression of <i>E. coli</i> inorganic pyrophosphatase in transgenic plants alters photoassimilate partitioning (1992)

Transgenic plants were constructed expressing a novel cytosolic inorganic pyrophosphatase in order to reduce the cytosolic pyrophosphate content. To this end the Escherichia coli gene ppa encoding inorganic pyrophosphatase was cloned between the 35S CaMV promoter and the poly(A) site of the octopine synthase gene and transferred into tobacco and potato plants by Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. Regenerated plants were tested for the expression of the ppa gene by Northern blots and activity gels. Plants expressing active inorganic pyrophosphatase showed a dramatic change in photoassimilate partitioning. In both transgenic tobacco and potato plants the ratio between soluble sugars and starch was increased by about 3-4-fold in source leaves as compared with the wild-type. However, whereas source leaves of transgenic tobacco plants accumulated much higher levels of glucose (up to 68-fold), fructose (up to 24-fold), sucrose (up to 12-fold) and starch (up to 8-fold) this was not observed in potato plants where the change in assimilate partitioning in source leaves was due to an increase of about 2-fold in sucrose and a reduction in starch content. Expression of the cytosolic inorganic pyrophosphatase in tobacco results in stunted growth of vegetatively growing plants due to a reduced internode distance. Upon flowering the transgenic plants increase their growth rate, reaching almost the same height as control plants at the end of the growth period. Old source leaves accumulate up to 100-fold more soluble sugars than control leaves. This increase in soluble sugars is accompanied by a reduction in chlorophyll content (up to 85%). Transgenic potato plants showed a less dramatic change in their growth behaviour. Plants were slightly reduced in size, with stems more highly branched. Tuber number increased 2-3-fold, but tuber weight was lower resulting in no net increase in fresh weight.
Karhunen Lo&#232;ve feature extraction for neural handwritten character recognition (1992)

The optimality of the Karhunen Loeve (KL) transform is well known. Since its basis is the eigenvector set of the covariance matrix, a statistical, not functional, representation of the variance in pattern ensembles is generated. By using the KL transform coefficients as a natural feature representation of a character image, the eigenvector set can be regarded as an unsupervised biological feature extractor for a (neural) classifier. The covariance matrix and its eigenvectors are obtained from 76,753 handwritten digits. This operation is a unique expense; once the basis set is calculated it forms a linear first layer of a three weight layer feed forward network. The subsequent nonlinear perceptron layers are trained using a scaled conjugate gradient algorithm that typically affords an order of magnitude reduction in computation over the ubiquitous back-propagation algorithm. In conjunction with a massively parallel computer, training is expedited such that tens of initially different random weight sets are trained and evaluated. Increase in training set size (up to 76,755 patterns) gives less accurate learning but improved generalization on the fixed disjoint test set. A neural classifier is realized that recognizes 96.1% of 15,000 handwritten digits from 944 different writers. This recognition is attributed to the energy compaction optimality of the KL transform.
Direct aperture optimization of breast IMRT and the dosimetric impact of respiration motion (2006)

We have studied the application of direct aperture optimization (DAO) as an inverse planning tool for breast IMRT. Additionally, we have analysed the impact of respiratory motion on the quality of the delivered dose distribution. From this analysis, we have developed guidelines for balancing the desire for a high-quality optimized plan with the need to create a plan that will not degrade significantly in the presence of respiratory motion. For a DAO optimized breast IMRT plan, the tangential fields incorporate a flash field to cover the range of respiratory motion. The inverse planning algorithm then optimizes the shapes and weights of additional segments that are delivered in combination with the open fields. IMRT plans were generated using DAO with the relative weights of the open segments varied from 0% to 95%. To assess the impact of breathing motion, the dose distribution for the optimized IMRT plan was recalculated with the isocentre sampled from a predefined distribution in a Monte Carlo convolution/superposition dose engine with the breast simulated as a rigid object. The motion amplitudes applied in this study ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 cm. For a range of weighting levels assigned to the open field, comparisons were made between the static plans and the plans recalculated with motion. For the static plans, we found that uniform dose distributions could be generated with relative weights for the open segments equal to and below 80% and unacceptable levels of underdosage were observed with the weights larger than 80%. When simulated breathing motion was incorporated into the dose calculation, we observed a loss in dose uniformity as the weight of the open field was decreased to below 65%. More quantitatively, for each 1% decrease in the weight, the per cent volume of the target covered by at least 95% of the prescribed dose decreased by approximately 0.10% and 0.16% for motion amplitudes equal to 1.5 cm and 2.0 cm, respectively. When taking into account the motion effects, the most uniform and conformal dose distributions were achieved when the open segment weights were in the range of 65-80%. Within this range, high-quality IMRT plans were produced for each case. The study demonstrates that DAO with tangential fields provides a robust and efficient technique for breast IMRT planning and delivery when the open segment weight is selected between 65% and 80%.
The upregulation of messenger ribonucleic acids during 17alpha, 20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one-induced ovulation in the perch ovary (1999)

While progestins appear to be involved in the local ovarian regulation of vertebrate ovulation, their specific role is unclear. In yellow perch (Perca flavescens) the progestin, 17alpha, 20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20-P), stimulates ovulation in vitro and this induction requires gene activation. Therefore, the perch model was used to isolate progestin-upregulated mRNAs. Perch ovaries were incubated for 32 h with or without 17,20-P (0.1 microg/ml). Messenger ribonucleic acids were isolated from the tissue and used for differential display PCR (DDPCR). From DDPCR, 5 bands were eventually obtained that were verified by Northern analysis to be consistently upregulated by 17,20-P at 32 h. Using these bands, full-length cDNAs were obtained by library screening and completely sequenced. Based on similarity to known sequences, four of the cDNAs presumably encode for perch forms of (1) neprilysin (PNEP-1; 63% identical); (2) a lysyl oxidase-type protein (PLO-2; 43.2% identical); (3) calmodulin (PCAL-1; 100% identical); and (4) a microtubule aggregate-like protein (PMAP-1; 29.6% identical). The fifth cDNA obtained from DDPCR most likely encodes for an egg protein and will be reported separately. Each of the cDNAs was used to probe Northern blots of ovarian mRNA taken at 0, 12, 24, 32 and 42 h of incubation with 17,20-P. This temporal Northern analysis verified that all four were upregulated by 32 h. In addition, PNEP and PMAP transcripts began to increase by 12 h, while PCAL and PLO transcripts remained elevated through 42 h. On Northern blots of RNA from other perch tissues, calmodulin was found in all tissues, PLO mRNA was ovarian specific, and PMAP mRNA was also present in the gills and liver. Multiple transcripts were observed for PNEP, but the ovarian form induced by 17,20-P was only found in high abundance in the heart. To our knowledge, this is the first report that specifically characterizes progestin upregulated mRNAs in the vertebrate ovary at ovulation.
Chronic Pain (1998)

Chronic pain is an emotional experience and is defined as pain lasting greater than six months. It is important to understand the neurophysiology of pain in order to treat it. Nociceptors in the periphery travel to the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord while secondary and tertiary afferents transmit information from the dorsal horn to the brain. Modification of pain information may take place in these ascending pathways or in descending pathways. Treatment of chronic pain is most successful when it is approached in a multidisciplinary fashion with the focus not only on treatment of underlying etiology, but also on the secondary impacts of pain on the patient's life. The management of chronic pain requires special expertise. Most of the experts in chronic pain assessment and management organize themselves into pain treatment centers. These centers vary widely in their approach to the problem. The most sophisticated is a multidisciplinary center that is university-based and includes teaching and research. Treatment of chronic pain includes a variety of medications, psychological support, and rehabilitation. Multidisciplinary pain management is also an integral part of the palliative care and hospice concept used to treat cancer pain.
New multilevel complementary pairs of sequences (1990)

A general method for construction of multilevel complementary pairs of sequences of arbitrary length is presented. Multilevel sequences of length equal to 2N have greater mathematical regularity than sequences of other lengths. They remain complementary if a symmetric nonlinearity is applied. Multilevel sequences offer an additional degree of freedom for optimising the autocorrelation properties of codes for radar and synchronisation applications. They can also be used as random signals for simulations or system identification.
Glutathione Synthesis in Human Erythrocytes (1971)

The two enzymes required to synthesize glutathione de novo have been purified from human erythrocytes. Glutamylcysteine synthetase was purified 4300-fold and was approximately 80% pure based on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme catalyzes the formation of 30.5 mumoles of gamma-glutamyl-cysteine per mg of protein per hr and is inhibited by sulfhydryl inhibitors. Glutathione synthetase was purified 6000-fold from erythrocytes to homogeneity as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The erythrocyte enzyme has a molecular weight of 150,000 and catalyzes the formation of 35.9 mumoles of glutathione per mg of protein per hr. Comparison of the amino acid composition and some kinetic parameters of yeast glutathione synthetase and the erythrocyte enzyme demonstrate similarities between these enzymes.