gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Spliceosomal Phosphopeptide P140 Controls the Lupus Disease by Interacting with the HSC70 Protein and via a Mechanism Mediated by γδ T Cells (2009)

The phosphopeptide P140 issued from the spliceosomal U1-70K snRNP protein is recognized by lupus CD4(+) T cells, transiently abolishes T cell reactivity to other spliceosomal peptides in P140-treated MRL/lpr mice, and ameliorates their clinical features. P140 modulates lupus patients' T cell response ex vivo and is currently included in phase IIb clinical trials. Its underlying mechanism of action remains elusive. Here we show that P140 peptide binds a unique cell-surface receptor, the constitutively-expressed chaperone HSC70 protein, known as a presenting-protein. P140 induces apoptosis of activated MRL/lpr CD4(+) T cells. In P140-treated mice, it increases peripheral blood lymphocyte apoptosis and decreases B cell, activated T cell, and CD4(-)CD8(-)B220(+) T cell counts via a specific mechanism strictly depending on gammadelta T cells. Expression of inflammation-linked genes is rapidly regulated in CD4(+) T cells. This work led us to identify a powerful pathway taken by a newly-designed therapeutic peptide to immunomodulate lupus autoimmunity.
Shim coils for NMR and MRI solenoid magnets (1995)

The design of high-purity magnetic field shim coils for NMR and MRI laboratory solenoid magnets is discussed. The individual shim consists of several current carrying elements which have the form of a circle or circular arc. The influence of the needed connecting conductors can usually be neglected. The magnetic field components of the mentioned elements can be expressed in terms of spherical harmonics. The design is based on unique recursion relations for the coefficients of the most important expansion component. Using the Monte Carlo method, the procedure of optimizing the element positions is illustrated for an X-shim design. The results obtained by measuring the field of the implemented shim are compared with those of the theoretical evaluation.
In vivo gene electroporation confers nutritionally-regulated foreign gene expression in the liver. (2001)

Whether or not nutritionally-regulated foreign gene expression in vivo is achievable was examined in mouse liver after in vivo gene transfer by electroporation (EP). Electric pulses were applied to a left liver lobe immediately after injection of a luciferase reporter gene driven by the liver-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene promoter. Cooling treatments especially with solid carbon dioxide in the transfection site prior to the in vivo gene EP increased reporter gene expression by a factor of 100. Body bioluminescence imaging also confirmed strong expression of the in vivo transferred reporter gene in a transfected area of the liver. Fasting conferred a 13-fold increase in the reporter gene expression in vivo in the liver when driven by the liver-type PEPCK promoter, whereas virtually no induction was found either by the SV40 promoter or by the same PEPCK promoter in the muscle when the mice were fasted. The administration of cAMP mimicked the fasting-induced reporter gene expression by the PEPCK promoter in the liver of fed mice. These results implicate that nutritionally-regulated foreign gene expression in vivo is attainable at least locally in the liver by a simple and convenient non-viral gene EP method.
Temporal and spatial expression of the myostatin gene during chicken embryo development. (2005)

Myostatin is a potent growth and differentiation factor involved in skeletal muscle tissue formation in vertebrates. In the present study, temporal and spatial expression patterns of myostatin transcripts were investigated in chicken embryos. Myostatin mRNA was detected by RT-PCR analysis in embryos collected immediately after oviposition (stage HH1) and persisted until the fifth day of incubation (stage HH26). Whole-mount in situ hybridization revealed myostatin to be expressed in the ventral myotomal region of mature somites, thus confirming the importance of myostatin in skeletal muscle tissue formation during avian embryogenesis. A smaller myostatin transcript was also identified. This transcript appears to have resulted from an alternative splicing event from common GT-AG processing sites. Analysis of the amino acid sequence generated from this alternative transcript confirmed the presence of a truncated protein that lacks the C terminal region, including the cysteine domains characteristic of the TGF-beta super family. The temporal and spatial patterns of myostatin expression presented in this study agree with the proposed role of myostatin as modulator of muscle cell proliferation.
Pulsed UV Laser and Low Temperature Plasma Modification on Polyester Microfibre (2000)

Polyester microfibre fabrics were treated with UV Excimer Laser and Low Temperature Plasma (LTP) and then dyed with four commercially available disperse dyes of both high- and low- energy. Polyester irradiated with laser developed some kind of ripple like structures of micron size on the surface whereas sample treated with LIP produced some granules and smaller ripple. Ripples developed from either laser or LTP treatments shared the same characteristic as they are strictly perpendicular to the stress direction of the fibre. Dyeing results revealed that the dyeing rate of all dyes on polyester increased remarkably after treatments. Large improvement observed especially for half-time dyeing, T1/2. The improvement in coloration is believed to be closely related with the ripple structure since it is expected that dyes particles are captured more in the ripple structure of the modified surface area. Lower crystallinity of both laser and LTP treated samples may also be the reason for the improved dyeability. A slightly colour fastness improvement on both treated samples was also observed.
Conversations in the Crowd: Collecting Data for Task-Oriented Dialog Learning (2013)

A major challenge in developing dialog systems is obtaining realistic data to train the systems for specific domains. We study the opportunity for using crowdsourcing methods to collect dialog datasets. Specifically, we introduce ChatCollect, a system that allows researchers to collect conversations focused around definable tasks from pairs of workers in the crowd. We demonstrate that varied and in-depth dialogs can be collected using this system, then discuss ongoing work on creating a crowd-powered system for parsing semantic frames. We then discuss research opportunities in using this approach to train and improve automated dialog systems in the future.
Minimization of Chemicals Use during Adsorptive Recovery of Succinic Acid (2010)

In adsorptive separation processes, regeneration of the adsorbent plays an important role. Depending on the type of product the regeneration strategy might differ from one process to another. In this study, the desorption of succinic acid from a high silica ZSM-5 adsorbent is studied, using displacement by an organic solvent or CO2, or temperature swing. According to a number of process criteria and solvent selection criteria, 2-butanone performed better than the other displacing agents studied. However, the subsequent regeneration step involved desorption of butanone, which proved to be difficult and required a temperature above the normal boiling point of water under elevated pressures. Such a temperature swing with hot water can also be applied for direct succinic acid desorption without intermediate displacement by butanone. A countercurrent continuous adsorption process was modeled to compare these options. Direct temperature swing using pressurized water at >100 °C proved to be more attractive to achieve a sustainable process.
High transconductance and large peak-to-valley ratio of negative differential conductance in three-terminal InGaAs/InAlAs real-space transfer devices (1990)

Three-terminal real-space transfer devices with improved room-temperature characteristics have been implemented in InGaAs/InAlAs/InGaAs heterostructures lattice matched to InP. The devices exhibit extremely sharp charge injection, characterized by a transconductance exceeding 23 S/mm and a negative differential conductance with a peak-to-peak ratio of over 7000. Our experiments suggest that both of these characteristics are limited only by the dielectric strength of the InAlAs barrier layer.
Active constellation modification techniques for OFDM PAR reduction (2009)

OFDM is a widely adopted modulation technique for wireless communication. However, the OFDM waveform still suffers from a large peak-to-average power ratio (PAR). Larger PAR leads to higher transmit power inefficiency. In this paper, we compare two constellation modification techniques, constellation distortion (CD) and active constellation extension (ACE), to reduce the PAR of the OFDM waveform. Both techniques are similar, in the sense that the constellation symbols are modified to reduce PAR. In CD, the tradeoff is between PAR reduction and added distortion, which results in a larger bit error rate (BER). In ACE, the tradeoff is between added power and PAR reduction. A metric called normalized total power (NTP) is introduced to facilitate a comparison between these two different techniques. Using this metric, we compare the performance of the two techniques using an 802.11a OFDM waveform. We present comparisons, via simulation, in both coded and uncoded cases. The simulation results show that, for an uncoded OFDM system, ACE performs better than CD for all constellations except QPSK. However, CD is preferred over ACE when coding is present. NTP improvements using CD can be up to 4.1dB in the case of coded QPSK and up to 0.8 dB using ACE for uncoded QPSK.
On reducing the computational cost of Geographic Routing 1 (2000)

The Geographic Routing project at Rutgers University attempts to answer the question of how to efficiently transport data packets through an internetwork using only geographic information. Our process uses arbitrary geographical regions (denoted by longitude and latitude) instead of logical computer addresses as the criteria to route a packet. This paper endeavors to reduce the overall computational cost of geographically routing a packet and the methods devised to do so are herein detailed. These methods were tested using event-driven network simulation. In particular, among the results discovered is the ratio of the contribution of pruning and polygon intersection to the network-wide cost of a geocast.
Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) as a predictive marker in assisted reproductive technology (ART) (2009)

As AMH may permit the identification of both the extremes of ovarian stimulation, a possible role for its measurement may be in the individualization of treatment strategies in order to reduce the clinical risk of ART along with optimized treatment burden. It is fundamental to clarify the cost/benefit of its use in ovarian reserve testing. Regarding the role of AMH in the evaluation of infertile men, AMH as single marker of spermatogenesis does not seem to reach a satisfactory clinical utility.
First selective agonist of the neuropeptide Y<sub>1</sub>‐receptor with reduced size (2009)

Selective NPY analogues are potent tools for tumour targeting. Their Y(1)-receptors are significantly over-expressed in human breast tumours, whereas normal breast tissue only expresses Y(2)-receptors. The endogenous peptide consists of 36 amino acids, whereas smaller peptides are preferred because of better labelling efficiencies. As Y(1)-receptor agonists enhance the tumour to background ratio compared to Y(1)-receptor antagonists, we were interested in the development of Y(1)-receptor selective agonists. We designed 19 peptides containing the C-terminus of NPY (28-36) with several modifications. By using competition receptor binding affinity assays, we identified three NPY analogues with high Y(1)-receptor affinity and selectivity. Metabolic stability studies in human blood plasma of the N-terminally 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF) labelled peptides resulted in half-lives of several hours. Furthermore, the degradation pattern revealed proteolytic degradation of the peptides by amino peptidases. The most promising peptide was further investigated in receptor activation and internalization studies. Signal transduction assays revealed clear agonistic properties, which could be confirmed by microscopy studies that showed clear Y(1)-receptor internalization. For the first time, here we show the design and characterization of a small Y(1)-receptor selective agonist. This agonist might be a useful novel ligand for NPY-mediated tumour diagnostics and therapeutics.
In vitro germination of <i>Entomophthora egressa</i> resting spores (1976)

The resting spores of Entomophthora egressa MacLeod and Tyrrell germinated to produce a single germ tube, which in turn, produced a solitary, terminal germ conidium. The level of resting spore germination obtained in shaken, liquid, steam-sterilized media after 12 h of incubation at pH 7.5 was 93%. The effect of pH on resting spore germination in filter-sterilized media was investigated; in the range pH 4.5 to 9.5, pH 8.5 and 9.5 were optimal (100% germination after 96 h). No germination occurred at pH 4.5 to 6.5 before 96 h. At values greater than pH 6.5, the proportion of resting spores which germinated to form a single germ tube with a solitary germ conidium decreased, and the resting spores increasingly germinated by forming one to five hyphae. At high pH values (pH 7.5 to 9.5) septa occurred in the hyphae after 120 h of incubation. This latter phenomenon may have been correlated with the occurrence of hyphal bodies in shaken media at high pH (pH 8.5). The germination of resting spores to form hyphae at high pH levels may indicate the presence of a mechanism for infection via the gut.
Are all antidepressants the same? (2000)

Historically, the clinician's choice of antidepressant agent has been determined largely by consideration of tolerability, given the perception that the therapeutic efficacy of the various antidepressants was broadly comparable. However, with the advent of the newer, more selective antidepressants, indications of variation in clinical efficacy have begun to emerge. The advent of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors has been welcomed by patients, largely owing to their superior tolerability profile compared with older antidepressants. However, severely depressed patients appear to benefit particularly from agents that include a noradrenergic mode of action, such as tricyclic antidepressants and the modern dual-action antidepressants mirtazapine, venlafaxine (at higher doses), and milnacipran. In addition, a noradrenergic component may offer superior efficacy in social functioning. The recent development of a novel, selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (reboxetine) with proven efficacy in a range of depressed patients will permit the investigation of the relevance of the noradrenergic approach. Clinical observations of the effects of the newer, more selective antidepressants are important in our understanding of precise mode of action, variation in efficacy and tolerability, and comparative usefulness in clinical practice.
Group C Rotavirus Infections in Patients with Diarrhea in Thailand, Nepal, and England (1989)

Atypical rotavirus obtained from fecal specimens of six patients with diarrhea from Thailand, Nepal, and England were characterized by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immune electron microscopy. The electropherotypes were characteristic of the porcine reference group C rotavirus strain but demonstrated considerable strain-to-strain variation. Human convalescent group C sera had a high titer (1:320) when tested against the human isolates and a low titer (1:40) when tested against a porcine reference strain (Cowden). When porcine antiserum (Cowden) was tested against the human isolates, the titers ranged from 1:40 to 1:320, indicating significant antigenic diversity between strains. Group C rotavirus appears to have a worldwide distribution as an agent associated with diarrhea in children and adults.
Topochemical photodimerization of 7-acetoxycoumarin: the acetoxy group as a steering agent (1982)

Among the various substituted coumarins investigated only 7-acetoxycoumarin is observed to photodimerize topochemically in the crystalline state and this observation may be of importance in the context of "crystal engineering".
Cytochrome <i>c</i> Oxidase subunit I microdeletion in a patient with motor neuron disease (1998)

An out-of-frame mutation of the mitochondrial DNA-encoded subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) was discovered during investigation of a severe isolated muscle COX deficiency in a patient with motor neuron-like degeneration. The mutation is a heteroplasmic 5-bp microdeletion located in the 5' end of the COI gene, leading to premature termination of the corresponding translation product. Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, and single-fiber polymerase chain reaction demonstrated a tight correlation between COX defect, COX I expression, and percentage of mutation. COX subunits II, III, and IV were decreased as well, suggesting a defective assembly of COX holoenzyme. The mutation was associated with a clinical phenotype unusual for a mitochondrial disorder, that is, an isolated motor neuron disease (MND) with some atypical findings, including early onset, preferential involvement of the upper motor neuron, and increased cerebrospinal fluid protein content. MND may arise from impaired scavenging and overproduction of free oxygen radicals, a by-product of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Our observation suggests that OXPHOS impairment could play a role in the pathogenesis of some MND cases.
pH Rate Profiles of F<i><sub>n</sub></i>Y<sub>356</sub>−R2s (<i>n</i> = 2, 3, 4) in <i>Escherichia </i><i>c</i><i>oli</i> Ribonucleotide Reductase:  Evidence that Y<sub>356</sub> Is a Redox-Active Amino Acid along the Radical Propagation Pathway (2006)

The Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), composed of two subunits (R1 and R2), catalyzes the conversion of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides. Substrate reduction requires that a tyrosyl radical (Y(122)*) in R2 generate a transient cysteinyl radical (C(439)*) in R1 through a pathway thought to involve amino acid radical intermediates [Y(122)* --> W(48) --> Y(356) within R2 to Y(731) --> Y(730) --> C(439) within R1]. To study this radical propagation process, we have synthesized R2 semisynthetically using intein technology and replaced Y(356) with a variety of fluorinated tyrosine analogues (2,3-F(2)Y, 3,5-F(2)Y, 2,3,5-F(3)Y, 2,3,6-F(3)Y, and F(4)Y) that have been described and characterized in the accompanying paper. These fluorinated tyrosine derivatives have potentials that vary from -50 to +270 mV relative to tyrosine over the accessible pH range for RNR and pK(a)s that range from 5.6 to 7.8. The pH rate profiles of deoxynucleotide production by these F(n)()Y(356)-R2s are reported. The results suggest that the rate-determining step can be changed from a physical step to the radical propagation step by altering the reduction potential of Y(356)* using these analogues. As the difference in potential of the F(n)()Y* relative to Y* becomes >80 mV, the activity of RNR becomes inhibited, and by 200 mV, RNR activity is no longer detectable. These studies support the model that Y(356) is a redox-active amino acid on the radical-propagation pathway. On the basis of our previous studies with 3-NO(2)Y(356)-R2, we assume that 2,3,5-F(3)Y(356), 2,3,6-F(3)Y(356), and F(4)Y(356)-R2s are all deprotonated at pH > 7.5. We show that they all efficiently initiate nucleotide reduction. If this assumption is correct, then a hydrogen-bonding pathway between W(48) and Y(356) of R2 and Y(731) of R1 does not play a central role in triggering radical initiation nor is hydrogen-atom transfer between these residues obligatory for radical propagation.
Untangling the brain’s neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative transcriptional responses (2016)

A common approach to understanding neurodegenerative disease is comparing gene expression in diseased versus healthy tissues. We illustrate that expression profiles derived from whole tissue RNA highly reflect the degenerating tissues' altered cellular composition, not necessarily transcriptional regulation. To accurately understand transcriptional changes that accompany neuropathology, we acutely purify neurons, astrocytes and microglia from single adult mouse brains and analyse their transcriptomes by RNA sequencing. Using peripheral endotoxemia to establish the method, we reveal highly specific transcriptional responses and altered RNA processing in each cell type, with Tnfr1 required for the astrocytic response. Extending the method to an Alzheimer's disease model, we confirm that transcriptomic changes observed in whole tissue are driven primarily by cell type composition, not transcriptional regulation, and identify hundreds of cell type-specific changes undetected in whole tissue RNA. Applying similar methods to additional models and patient tissues will transform our understanding of aberrant gene expression in neurological disease.
Ballot Behavior: A Study of Presidential Elections. By Louis H. Bean. (Washington : American Council on Public Affairs, 1940. viii + 102 pp. Appendix. Cloth, $1.50; paper, $1.00.) (1941)

Ballot Behavior: A Study of Presidential Elections. By Louis H. Bean. (Washington : American Council on Public Affairs, 1940. viii + 102 pp. Appendix. Cloth, $1.50; paper, $1.00.) Get access Edgar Eugene Robinson Edgar Eugene Robinson Stanford University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 28, Issue 2, September 1941, Pages 318–319, https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/28.2.318 Published: 01 September 1941
The chemotherapy of tuberculosis: past, present and future [State of the art] (2012)

The history of the development of modern chemotherapy for tuberculosis (TB), largely due to the British Medical Research Council, is first described. There is a current need to shorten the duration of treatment and to prevent and cure drug-resistant disease. These aims will only be achieved if the way in which multidrug treatment prevents resistance from emerging and the reasons for the very slow response to chemotherapy are understood. Consideration of mutation rates to resistance and the size of bacterial populations in lesions makes it very unlikely that resistance would emerge spontaneously, leaving irregularity in drug taking and inadequate dosage as the main reasons for its occurrence. Slow response to treatment seems due to the presence of persister populations whose natural history is only partly known. In the future, we need to explore the persister state in patients and in experimental murine TB, and to take it into account in the design of future mouse experiments. The activity of rifamycins and pyrazinamide is being increased by a rise in rifamycin dosage and the inhalation of pyrazinoic acid. New drugs are gradually being brought into use, initially TMC207 and the nitroimadazoles, PA824 and OPC67683. They will need to be tested in new combination regimens for drug-susceptible and multi- and extensively drug-resistant disease.