gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of high quality, ultra-long fiber Bragg gratings: up to 2 million periods in phase (2014)

The fabrication and characterization of high quality ultra-long (up to 1m) fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) is reported. A moving phase mask and an electro-optic phase-modulation (EOPM) based interferometer are used with a high precision 1-meter long translation stage and compared. A novel interferometer position feedback scheme to simplify the fabrication process is proposed and analyzed. The ultra-long uniform FBGs show near perfect characteristics of a few picometers bandwidth, symmetrical, near theory-matching group-delay and transmission spectra. Grating characterization using optical backscattering reflectometry and chirped FBGs are also demonstrated. Limitations of the schemes are discussed.
<title>Single-crystal silicon trench etching for fabrication of highly integrated circuits</title> (1991)

The development of single crystal silicon trench etching for fabrication of memory cells in 4 16 and 64Mbit DRAMs is reviewed in this paper. A variety of both etch tools and process gases used for the process development is discussed since both equipment and etch chemistry had to be improved and changed respectively to meet the increasing requirements for high fidelity pattern transfer with increasing degree of integration. In additon to DRAM cell structures etch results for deep trench isolation in advanced bipolar ICs and ASICs are presented for these applications grooves were etched into silicon through a highly doped buried layer and at the borderline of adjacent p- and n-well areas respectively. Shallow trench etching of large and small exposed areas with identical etch rates is presented as an approach to replace standard LOCOS isolation by an advanced isolation technique. The etch profiles were investigated with SEM TEM and AES to get information on contathination and damage levels and on the mechanism leading to anisotropy in the dry etch process. Thermal wave measurements were performed on processed single crystal silicon substrates for a fast evaluation of the process with respect to plasma-induced substrate degradation. This useful technique allows an optimization ofthe etch process regarding high electrical performance of the fully processed memory chip. The benefits of the use of magnetic fields for the development of innovative single crystal silicon dry
Identification of Targets for Calcium Signaling through the Copine Family of Proteins (2003)

We provide evidence that copines, members of a ubiquitous family of calcium-dependent, membrane-binding proteins, may represent a universal transduction pathway for calcium signaling because we find copines are capable of interacting with a wide variety of "target" proteins including MEK1, protein phosphatase 5, and the CDC42-regulated kinase, that are themselves components of intracellular signaling pathways. The copine target proteins were identified by yeast two-hybrid screening and the interactions were verified in vitro using purified proteins. In the majority of cases the copine binds to a domain of the target protein that is predicted to form a characteristic coiled-coil. A consensus sequence for the coiled-coil copine-binding site was derived and found to have predictive value for identifying new copine targets. We also show that interaction with copines may result in recruitment of target proteins to membrane surfaces and regulation of the enzymatic activities of target proteins.
Exploring ROI size in deep learning based lipreading (2017)

Automatic speechreading systems have increasingly exploited deep learning advances, resulting in dramatic gains over traditional methods. State-of-the-art systems typically employ convolutional neural networks (CNNs), operating on a video region-of-interest (ROI) that contains the speaker’s mouth. However, little or no attention has been paid to the effects of ROI physical coverage and resolution on the resulting recognition performance within the deep learning framework. In this paper, we investigate such choices for a visual-only speech recognition system based on CNNs and long short-term memory models that we present in detail. Further, we employ a separate CNN to perform face detection and facial landmark localization, driving the ROI extraction process. We conduct experiments on a multi-speaker corpus of connected digits utterances, recorded in ideal visual conditions. Our results show that ROI design choices affect automatic speechreading performance significantly: the best visual-only word error rate (5.07%) corresponds to a ROI that contains a large part of the lower face, in addition to just the mouth, and at a relatively high resolution. Noticeably, the result represents a 27% relative error reduction compared to employing the entire lower face as the ROI. © 2017 14th International Conference on Auditory-Visual Speech Processing, AVSP 2017. All rights reserved.
Aspects of Synthesis and Bioactivity of Brassinosteroids (1991)

The synthesis and bioactivity of new types of brassinosteroid analogs as well as original biological effects of brassinosteroids on radish and higher fungi are presented. Our chemical work involved pathways to the following three groups of structural analogs: 2,3-seco brassinosteroids, 5,6-seco compounds and analogs with a spirostan side chain moiety. Contrary to the 5,6-seco series some prepared 2,3-seco compounds were shown to be quite active in the rice lamina inclination test, for example the 2,3-seco tetrahydroxy lactone 11 showing 8o% of the response of (22S,23S)-homobrassinolide 3. A similarly high bioactivity was obtained with the spirostan analogs 23 and 29. In first microbial transformations from (22S,23S)-homocastasterone 18 and 3 the corresponding 12β-hydroxy la ted brassinosteroids 33 and 34, respectively, were obtained by fermentation with Cunninghamella echinulata. In biological experiments with radish cotyledons brassinosteroids induced a marked increase of invertase activity probably due to an activation of the de novo synthesis of this enzyme. Furthermore, not only was strong growth promotion observed in mycelial cultures of Psilocybe cubensis and Gymnopilus purpuratus for the first time, but also stimulating effects of brassinosteroids have been found on higher fungi, suggesting an additional physiological role of these compounds in lower plants.
Analysis in <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> and other <i>Neisseria</i> species of genes homologous to the FKBP immunophilin family (1993)

The immunophilin family of FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), involved in eukaryotic protein-folding and cell regulation, have recently been found to have prokaryotic homologues. Genes with sequences homologous to those encoding human FKBPs were examined in Neisseria species. An FKBP DNA sequence was present, as shown by the polymerase chain reaction and Southern blotting experiments, in the chromosome of Neisseria meningitidis (14 strains) and in all 11 different commensal Neisseria spp. studied, but was not found in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (11 strains tested) or in Moraxella catarrhalis. The nucleotide and predicted protein sequences of the FKBP-encoding domain from five of the meningococcal strains were highly conserved (e.g. > or = 97% homologous). The meningococcal nucleotide sequence was > or = 93% homologous and the consensus meningococcal protein sequence was > or = 97% homologous to FKBP sequences found in seven different commensal Neisseria spp. The meningococcal nucleotide and predicted protein sequences were > or = 59% homologous to the conserved C-terminus of the human FKBP gene family. The FKBP nucleotide sequence was present as a single copy in the chromosome of commensal Neisseria spp. and in most strains of N. meningitidis. The FKBP gene was linked to the silent pilin locus, pilS, in class II-piliated meningococcal strains. In meningococcal strains expressing class I pili, the FKBP gene was linked to one of several pilS loci but not the pilE locus present in these strains. FKBP genes found in commensal Neisseria spp. were not linked to known pilin loci.
Tumour susceptibility gene 101 and the vacuolar protein sorting pathway are required for the release of hepatitis E virions (2011)

We have previously demonstrated that an intact PSAP motif in the ORF3 protein is required for the formation and release of membrane-associated hepatitis E virus (HEV) particles with ORF3 proteins on their surface. In this study, we investigated the direct interaction between the ORF3 protein and tumour susceptibility gene 101 (Tsg101), a cellular factor involved in the budding of viruses containing the P(T/S)AP late-domain, in PLC/PRF/5 cells expressing the wild-type or PSAP-mutated ORF3 protein and Tsg101 by co-immunoprecipitation. Tsg101 bound to wild-type ORF3 protein, but not to the PSAP-inactive ORF3 protein. To examine whether HEV utilizes the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway to release the virus particles, we analysed the efficiency of virion release from cells upon introduction of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against Tsg101 or dominant-negative (DN) mutants of Vps4 (Vps4A and Vps4B). The relative levels of virus particles released from cells depleted of Tsg101 decreased to 6.4 % of those transfected with negative control siRNA. Similarly, virion egress was significantly reduced by the overexpression of DN forms (Vps4AEQ or Vps4BEQ). The relative levels of virus particles released from cells expressing Vps4AEQ and Vps4BEQ were 19.2 and 15.6 %, respectively, while the overexpression of wild-type Vps4A and Vps4B did not alter the levels of virus release. These results indicate that the ORF3 protein interacts with Tsg101 through the PSAP motifs in infected cells, and that Tsg101 and the enzymic activities of Vps4A and Vps4B are involved in HEV release, thus suggesting that HEV requires the MVB pathway for egress of virus particles.
Isolated hepatic lipocytes and kupffer cells from normal human liver: Morphological and functional characteristics in primary culture (1992)

The development of techniques for isolating hepatic lipocytes (Ito, stellate or fat-storing cells) from rodents has been instrumental in defining their role in hepatic vitamin A storage and fibrogenesis. In this study, we developed a method for the purification of lipocytes and Kupffer cell from wedge sections of normal human liver and examined their properties in primary culture. Sections of donor liver (400 to 600 gm) harvested but not used for transplantation were perfused in situ with University of Wisconsin solution and used for lipocyte isolation within 48 hr. Cells were isolated by catheter perfusion of the wedge through several large vessels with L-15 salts, Pronase and collagenase, followed by Larex density gradient centrifugation. Lipocytes were plated on either uncoated plastic or a basement membrane-like gel. Lipocyte and Kupffer cell yields were 2.3 +/- 0.6 x 10(5) and 8.6 +/- 1.4 x 10(5) cells, respectively, per gram of liver (n = 5). Lipocyte purity was 91% as assessed by vitamin A autofluorescence, and Kupffer cell purity was 83% as determined by uptake of fluorescinated staphylococci. Lipocytes cultured on the plastic spread within 48 to 72 hr, displaying slightly more heterogeneous retinoid droplet size than comparable rat cells; on a basement-membrane gel, the cells remained aggregated and spherical with occasional spindlelike extensions. Lipocytes on plastic expressed procollagens I and III, collagen IV and laminin by immunocytochemistry, and types I, III and IV procollagen messenger RNAs by RNAse protection. Northern blot and polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy of lipocytes at 7 days demonstrated a prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum and contractile filaments. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a smooth cell surface with perinuclear droplets beneath the cell membrane. With continued primary culture on plastic (more than 7 days), cells appeared "activated" (i.e., increased spreading and diminished retinoid droplets) and began proliferating as assessed by nuclear autoradiography and [3H]thymidine incorporation. Kupffer cells observed by scanning electron microscopy in early primary culture displayed prominent membrane ruffling and lamellipodia. In summary, we have established a reproducible method for the isolation and primary culture of human lipocytes and Kupffer cells.
Rate Control for Real-Time Video Network Transmission on End-To-End Rate-Distortion and Application-Oriented QoS (2005)

In the merged multimedia packet-switched networks, the limited or no end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees induce that rate control has been evolved to joint source-channel adjustment architecture based on application-oriented QoS. Based on the statistical analysis under the spatial intra and temporal inter prediction subject to a universal spatial-temporal coding framework and a general error concealment by the decoder, an end-to-end distortion estimation model is proposed. On the basis of the analytic model, this paper fulfills a picture quality parameters selection solution with rate-distortion (R-D) Lagrange optimization for a general coding engine including H.264/AVC, exploiting either the source-driven iterative prediction or feedback recursion. Further, a corresponding joint source-channel rate control strategy is proposed. For the real-time variable bit-rate (VBR) video transmission under a given time-varying network condition, the strategy could estimate an instantaneous available transmission rate on traffic smoothing and codec's buffer control, adopt the proposed an end-to-end distortion regressive model and a global optimal error control parameters selection, and address the consistent bit allocation in group of picture (GOP) level, picture level, and MB level. The extensive network simulation experiments show a better and more consistent end-to-end picture quality, in contrast with the locally optimal control strategy at MB level.
One-step synthesis of magnetic hollow silica and their application for nanomedicine (2006)

Magnetic nanoparticles are usually present in the form of magnetic carriers and used in nanomedicine and biosystem. In this paper, magnetic hollow silica (MHS) nanoparticles were fabricated by a one-step synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and then coating of silica on nanosized spherical calcium carbonate under alkaline conditions, in which nanosized calcium carbonate (CaCO3, 25–60nm) was used as a scarified template, tetraethoxysilane as a precursor, and Fe3O4 nanoparticles (∼5nm), formed in the initial reaction stage, as magnetic agents. The as-synthesized nanoparticles were immersed in a weak acetic acidic solution to remove CaCO3, forming MHS carriers. The nanostructures of the MHS carriers were characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and x-ray diffraction. Superconducting quantum interference device measurement exhibited that the MHS nanoparticles were superparamagnetic. Toxicity was tested for MHS carriers using rat brain microvascular endothelial cells. The cells treated with concentration lower than 50μg∕ml of the MHS nanoparticles showed no significant toxicity. After modification by silane coupling agent, the MHS carriers have strong absorption for ibuprofen in nanomedicine field.
Influence of composition on properties of nylon 6/EVOH blends (1999)

In this work, the relationships between composition and properties of Ny6/EVOH system were examined by means of several techniques and the results were interpreted in terms of level of compatibility. Blends of different ratio of Ny6 and EVOH have been processed in a laboratory-based film blowing extrusion apparatus. Rheological measurements, FTIR and morphological analysis, and thermal and mechanical properties were carried out. Peculiar rheological, thermal, and mechanical behaviors were observed for the blend containing 25% by weight of EVOH. At this composition, FTIR analysis has pointed out that a minimum in molecular motion is achieved as a consequence of a maximum interaction of the polar groups (amide groups of Ny6 and hydroxyl groups of EVOH) involved. Moreover, gas permeability measurements on the blown films have been performed at T = 30°C. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 2445–2455, 1999
Transport of superparamagnetic beads through a two-dimensional potential energy landscape (2011)

The nonlinear dynamic behavior of superparamagnetic beads transported through a two-dimensional potential energy landscape is explored empirically and through numerical simulation. The beads are driven through a periodic array of micromagnets by an external rotating field oriented at an angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$ relative to the magnetization direction of the substrate. The bead's motion was highly sensitive to the angle of the driving field near critical angles and to various system parameters, including bead size, rotation frequency, and substrate pole density. Our results suggest the possibility of using this behavior in a highly discriminative colloidal separation system, in which two different bead types can be tuned to move in orthogonal directions.
Electro-optic channel waveguide modulator for multimode fibers (1976)

A multimode electro-optic modulator has been constructed and demonstrated using commercially available multimode fibers. Modulation occurs by the controlled channeling of light under metal electrodes. Significant modulation depth can be obtained for small applied voltages (50% with 14 Vrms) and the ultimate bandwidth is over 600 MHz. Since the device operates on the principle of total internal reflection, performance is independent of wavelength, and precise tolerances are not required for construction. As opposed to single-mode devices, high-efficiency fiber-to-film coupling is readily accomplished.
Loss of Intra-Islet CD20 Expression May Complicate Efficacy of B-Cell–Directed Type 1 Diabetes Therapies (2011)

These findings provide important guidance for designing strategies targeting B cells as a potential means of diabetes intervention.
Chorismate synthase. Pre-steady-state kinetics of phosphate release from 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate (1990)

The pre-steady-state kinetics of phosphate formation from 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate catalysed by Escherichia coli chorismate synthase (EC 4.6.1.4) were studied by a rapid-acid-quench technique at 25 degrees C at pH 7.5. No pre-steady-state 'burst' or 'lag' phase was observed, showing that phosphate is released concomitant with the rate-limiting step of the enzyme. The implications of this result for the mechanism of action of chorismate synthase are discussed.
Dynamic Spectrum Management: Complexity and Duality (2008)

Consider a communication system whereby multiple users share a common frequency band and must choose their transmit power spectral densities dynamically in response to physical channel conditions. Due to co-channel interference, the achievable data rate of each user depends on not only the power spectral density of its own, but also those of others in the system. Given any channel condition and assuming Gaussian signaling, we consider the problem to jointly determine all users' power spectral densities so as to maximize a system-wide utility function (e.g., weighted sum-rate of all users), subject to individual power constraints. For the discretized version of this nonconvex problem, we characterize its computational complexity by establishing the NP-hardness under various practical settings, and identify subclasses of the problem that are solvable in polynomial time. Moreover, we consider the Lagrangian dual relaxation of this nonconvex problem. Using the Lyapunov theorem in functional analysis, we rigorously prove a result first discovered by Yu and Lui (2006) that there is a zero duality gap for the continuous (Lebesgue integral) formulation. Moreover, we show that the duality gap for the discrete formulation vanishes asymptotically as the size of discretization decreases to zero.
Loop testing in a fibre-to-the-kerb environment (1993)

The author discusses the problems raised by automated loop testing in a fibre-to-the-kerb system and attempts to justify the use of the linecard rather than a remotely located test-head for carrying out the tests. The reasons for the use of the linecard are as follows: almost all of the functionality required is already on the linecard, the incremental cost on this cost-sensitive component normally being nothing; the linecard, by definition, has a control path to the remotely located processor and, thereby, across the processor's own control path, to the Element Manager, allowing tests to be executed on demand and routining information to be stored without the necessity of stealing additional bandwidth from the fibre; and routining can be carried out by the remotely-located processor since all it has to do is compare three previously-stored values for each line with those now measured, raising an alarm through its normal channel to the Element Manager if a change is noticed. This reduces the complexity of routining dramatically. >
Three Dimensions of Pitched Instrument Onset Detection (2009)

In this paper, we suggest a novel group delay based method for the onset detection of pitched instruments. It is proposed to approach the problem of onset detection by examining three dimensions separately: phase (i.e., group delay), magnitude and pitch. The evaluation of the suggested onset detectors for phase, pitch and magnitude is performed using a new publicly available and fully onset annotated database of monophonic recordings which is balanced in terms of included instruments and onset samples per instrument, while it contains different performance styles. Results show that the accuracy of onset detection depends on the type of instruments as well as on the style of performance. Combining the information contained in the three dimensions by means of a fusion at decision level leads to an improvement of onset detection by about 8% in terms of F-measure, compared to the best single dimension.
Metamaterials for High-Frequency Electronics (2005)

Over the past half-decade, the fundamental physical properties of left-handed(LH) metamaterials (MMs) have been established both theoretically and experimentally,and several novel MM-based microwave applications with unique characteristics have already been proposed. This paper provides a recall of the main properties of MMs and an overview of their demonstrated applications and concepts. Moreover,it suggests numerous potential future applications and points out important challenges to meet to design MMs for the next generation of microwave and optical devices.
A multi-device dataset for urban acoustic scene classification (2018)

This paper introduces the acoustic scene classification task of DCASE 2018 Challenge and the TUT Urban Acoustic Scenes 2018 dataset provided for the task, and evaluates the performance of a baseline system in the task. As in previous years of the challenge, the task is defined for classification of short audio samples into one of predefined acoustic scene classes, using a supervised, closed-set classification setup. The newly recorded TUT Urban Acoustic Scenes 2018 dataset consists of ten different acoustic scenes and was recorded in six large European cities, therefore it has a higher acoustic variability than the previous datasets used for this task, and in addition to high-quality binaural recordings, it also includes data recorded with mobile devices. We also present the baseline system consisting of a convolutional neural network and its performance in the subtasks using the recommended cross-validation setup.