gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
范式和解释学:论库恩、罗蒂和社会科学(对话) (1984)

三、科学与非科学的分界实:我想一个学科要是产生了充分的一致性来维持一个持续的常规论述期,它就是科学。常规论述是指根据大家共有的正确规则进行讨论,而这种共有的规则能使我们逐渐积累建立在此规则上的“真理”。现在,主要是关于具有这种地位的自然界的论述。关于人和唯心论者称之为精神王国的神的讨论,则主要成了反常论述。但这只是一种历史的偶然。社会探索,甚至包括神学,也能够找出保证常规论述的范式;那样,它们就将成为科学。同样,我们现在称之为自然科学的学科,却也可能发现它们脚下的基础不牢靠,而且,它们结束时所具
Low-Stress Bond Pad Design for Low-Temperature Solder Interconnections on Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs) (2011)

Low-temperature bonds are thin intermetallic (IMC) bonds that are formed between devices when plated layers of different metals on each side of the component come into contact under relatively low temperature and high pressure. These joints, comprised of completely of IMC compounds, will fail in a sudden unexpected manner as compared to normal solder joints, which fail in a ductile manner, where cracks grow more slowly. This problem of weak interconnects is further exacerbated when these thin interconnections are formed on pads located above through-silicon vias (TSVs). When a change in temperature occurs, the mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion causes the copper inside the TSV to expand or contract much more than the surrounding silicon. This could result in unexpectedly high tensile stresses in the joints. This additional tensile stress, during post-formation cooling down to room temperature, increases the likelihood of joint failure. This paper presents a novel pad design to overcome the situation of high stress in the joints. The proposed design does not involve any additional fabrication or material cost. Simulation results show that, with the proposed pad design, the maximum tensile stress in the interconnect decreases by 50%. Reliability assessment has also been performed in order to compare the proposed pad design with the conventional design. It is found that the samples with the proposed design have a better drop impact reliability performance than the samples with the conventional full pad design.
Tissue‐engineered injectable bone regeneration for osseointegrated dental implants (2004)

The present study investigated a correlation between osseointegration in dental implants and an injectable tissue-engineered bone, using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Initially, the teeth in the mandible region were extracted and the healing period was 1 month. Bone defects on both sides of the mandible were prepared with a trephine bar. The defects were implanted with graft materials as follows: PRP, dog MSCs (dMSCs), and PRP, autogenous particulate cancellous bone and marrow (PCBM), and control (defect only). Two months later, the animals were evaluated by histology, and at the same time dental implants were installed. Two months later, the animals were sacrificed and nondecalcified sections were evaluated histologically and histometrically. According to the histological observations, the dMSCs/PRP group had well-formed mature bone and neovascularization, compared with the control (defect only) and PRP groups, as was the same for the PCBM group. A higher marginal bone level was observed around implants with PRP, PCBM, and dMSCs/PRP compared with the control. Furthermore, the values describing the amount of bone-implant contact (BIC) at the bone/implant interface were significantly different between the PRP, PCBM, dMSCs/PRP, and control groups. Significant differences were also found between the dMSCs/PRP and control groups in bone density. The findings of this experimental study indicate that the use of a mixture of dMSCs/PRP results in good results such as the amount of BIC and bone density comparable with that achieved by PCBM.
MAUI (2011)

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Texture Development in Barium Titanate and PMN–PT Using Hexabarium 17‐Titanate Heterotemplates (2005)

Bulk BaTiO 3 ceramics with 〈111〉‐texture have been prepared by the modified templated grain growth method, using platelike Ba 6 Ti 17 O 40 particles as templates, and the mechanism of texture development is examined. The Ba 6 Ti 17 O 40 particles induce the abnormal growth of BaTiO 3 grains, and a structure similarity between {001} of Ba 6 Ti 17 O 40 and {111} of BaTiO 3 gives 〈111〉‐texture to abnormally grown BaTiO 3 grains. Thus, the 〈111〉‐texture develops in the BaTiO 3 matrix. The use of platelike Ba 6 Ti 17 O 40 particles has been extended to a 0.65Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 –0.35PbTiO 3 matrix, but the matrix phase is decomposed by extensive chemical reactions between the matrix and template phases.
Purification, Characterization, and Sequencing of Two Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors, Sea and Scb, from Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Seeds (1996)

Two proteinaceous cysteine proteinase inhibitors (cystatins) referred to as Sca and Scb were purified to homogeneity from the seeds of sunflower (Heliantas annuus) by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 followed by a series of ion-exchange column chromatographies and reverse-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC). The isoelectric points (pI) of Sca and Scb were estimated to be 5.6 and 9.6, respectively. The inhibitory potencies of these two cystatins were examined with cysteine proteinases from various sources, such as plants, mammals, and bacteria. Papain was strongly inhibited by both Sca and Scb with Ki values of 5.6 x 10(-9) and 1.7 x 10(-10) M, respectively. Sca and Scb were also found to be potent inhibitors of ficin (Ki values of 1.9 x 10(-6) and 2.8 x 10(-9) M, respectively). Rat cathepsin H was inhibited strongly by Scb and slightly by Sca. Although rat cathepsins B and L were significantly inhibited by Scb, they were scarcely affected by Sca. Neither Sca nor Scb inhibited Arg-gingipain, an arginine-specific cysteine proteinase of Porphyromonas gingivalis. The complete amino acid sequences of the two inhibitors were determined by protein chemical methods. The proteins Sca and Scb consist of 83 and 101 amino acid residues with M(r) of 9,330 and 11,187, respectively, and there are identical residues at 34 positions in the two sequences, that is at 42% of the residues compared. Comparison of their sequences with those of other cystatins revealed that Sca shares 59-73% identical residues with other phytocystatins, while Scb shows less identity to other phytocystatins, sharing only 28-38% identical residues. Furthermore, only 20-27% of the residues of both cystatins, Sca and Scb, are identical to those of the animal cystatins.
On the Performance of Reweighted <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="TeX">$L_{1}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> Minimization for Tomographic SAR Imaging (2014)

L1 minimization has proven to be useful for tomographic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging because it has super-resolution capability and produces no sidelobes. However, it cannot always derive the sparsest solution and often yields outliers in recovery. Consequently, it is usually difficult to extract true persistent scatterers straightforwardly in practice. To enhance the sparsity, we introduce iterative reweighted L1 minimization for sparse inversion. The weight factor is computed in each iteration, according to the previous tomographic magnitude to establish a more democratic penalization rule. Our simulation results indicate that the reweighted algorithm can achieve perfect recovery when noise is lower. Specifically, when the signal-to-noise ratio is equal to 5 dB, two reweighted iterations can improve the probability of true sparsity from 29.2% to 99.8% for single scatterers and from 0.2% to 95.4% for double scatterers. Due to the enhanced sparsity, we can directly identify scatterers without the need for further model selection. The method is validated using 44 TerraSAR-X/ TanDEM-X images. Single and double scatterers are detected in urban areas. Verification using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data indicates that we achieve submeter accuracy of the height estimates.
Fine frequency synchronization in the uplink of multiuser OFDM systems (2009)

This contribution considers the estimation and compensation of residual multiple carrier frequency offsets (CFOs) and sampling frequency offsets (SFOs) in the uplink of multiuser OFDM systems. Based on the observation of a user-dependent phase rotation, an approximate maximum-likelihood (ML) estimator is proposed in order to estimate the CFOs and SFOs and to track the phase in a post-synchronization step. By using a Taylor approximation, the estimation complexity is reduced. Bit error-ratio (BER) simulations show that the system performance degradation due to (small) frequency mismatches is negligible if the proposed method is applied.
Identification of Residue-to-residue Contact between a Peptide Ligand and Its G Protein-coupled Receptor Using Periodate-mediated Dihydroxyphenylalanine Cross-linking and Mass Spectrometry (2010)

Fundamental knowledge about how G protein-coupled receptors and their ligands interact is important for understanding receptor-ligand binding and the development of new drug discovery strategies. We have used cross-linking and tandem mass spectrometry analyses to investigate the interaction of the N terminus of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae tridecapeptide pheromone, α-factor (WHWLQLKPGQPMY), and Ste2p, its cognate G protein-coupled receptor. The Trp(1) residue of α-factor was replaced by 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) for periodate-mediated chemical cross-linking, and biotin was conjugated to Lys(7) for detection purposes to create the peptide [DOPA(1),Lys(7)(BioACA),Nle(12)]α-factor, called Bio-DOPA(1)-α-factor. This ligand analog was a potent agonist and bound to Ste2p with ∼65 nanomolar affinity. Immunoblot analysis of purified Ste2p samples that were treated with Bio-DOPA(1)-α-factor showed that the peptide analog cross-linked efficiently to Ste2p. The cross-linking was inhibited by the presence of either native α-factor or an α-factor antagonist. MALDI-TOF and immunoblot analyses revealed that Bio-DOPA(1)-α-factor cross-linked to a fragment of Ste2p encompassing residues Ser(251)-Met(294). Fragmentation of the cross-linked fragment and Ste2p using tandem mass spectrometry pinpointed the cross-link point of the DOPA(1) of the α-factor analog to the Ste2p Lys(269) side chain near the extracellular surface of the TM6-TM7 bundle. This conclusion was confirmed by a greatly diminished cross-linking of Bio-DOPA(1)-α-factor into a Ste2p(K269A) mutant. Based on these and previously obtained binding contact data, a mechanism of α-factor binding to Ste2p is proposed. The model for bound α-factor shows how ligand binding leads to conformational changes resulting in receptor activation of the signal transduction pathway.
Infrared absorption properties analysis of dissolved gases in transformer oil (2010)

Infrared absorption properties of fault gases are the theoretical bases of qualitative and quantitative analysis of dissolved gases in transformer oil by infrared optical methods. This paper proposed a method that can calculate gaseous infrared absorption spectrum at a given pressure or temperature. Using spectroscopic parameters found in the HITRAN2004 database, the infrared absorption properties of CH <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> , C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> , C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> , C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , CO, CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O were researched by the method. The infrared spectra of these gases in the spectral region of 500~4000 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> were given. And the laws that the peak absorption coefficient and full width at half maximum value (FWHM) of an absorption line vary with pressure and temperature were also analyzed. Calculation and analysis results are particularly useful for the online and offline detection of dissolved gases in transformer oil by infrared optical methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and photoacoustic spectrometry.
Synthesis of a Renin Inhibitor of the Azapeptide Type (1989)

Abstract The azapeptide derivative 12 is obtained in a 7‐step synthesis by coupling the components 5 and 11 in the last step. Whereas the azaamino acid residue in 5 is generated by a hydrazine/isocyanate addition, the other coupling steps are done using the carbodiimide/HOBt method. Compound 12 could be shown to inhibit the enzyme renin.
Progesterone in the Field-Forward Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury (2009)

Abstract : The purpose of this pre-clinical concept award project was to develop a safe and effective field-forward treatment to reduce neuronal loss after traumatic brain injury and thereby to enhance cognitive, sensory and motor recovery. Our primary objective was to synthesize and screen new progesterone pro-drug candidates for relative solubility that are more potent, stable and easily administered by immediate corporal injection than natural progesterone under battlefield conditions. We also sought to determine whether the prodrug would be as effective as progesterone in promoting neuroprotection after TBI. These objectives were accomplished.
Transfer of optical orbital angular momentum to a bound electron (2016)

Photons can carry angular momentum, not only due to their spin, but also due to their spatial structure. This extra twist has been used, for example, to drive circular motion of microscopic particles in optical tweezers as well as to create vortices in quantum gases. Here we excite an atomic transition with a vortex laser beam and demonstrate the transfer of optical orbital angular momentum to the valence electron of a single trapped ion. We observe strongly modified selection rules showing that an atom can absorb two quanta of angular momentum from a single photon: one from the spin and another from the spatial structure of the beam. Furthermore, we show that parasitic ac-Stark shifts from off-resonant transitions are suppressed in the dark centre of vortex beams. These results show how light's spatial structure can determine the characteristics of light-matter interaction and pave the way for its application and observation in other systems.
Widespread maculopapular rash due to intramuscular interferon beta-1a during the treatment of multiple sclerosis (2007)

We describe a 41-year-old woman with multiple sclerosis, who presented erythematous maculopapular rash on the trunk and extremities after the second injection of interferon beta-1a. Histopathologic examination of the lesion revealed lymphocytic exocytosis and perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate in the dermis. Oral antihistamine and topical corticosteroid was started. After improvement of the lesions, the third injection was performed. However, the same reaction occurred. A prick test, which was performed 6 weeks after the eruption, also revealed positive reaction. Although injection-site reactions have been observed with interferon beta-1a, to our knowledge there have been no previous reports of interferon beta-1a-induced widespread cutaneous reaction.
Improving MapReduce performance through data placement in heterogeneous Hadoop clusters (2010)

MapReduce has become an important distributed processing model for large-scale data-intensive applications like data mining and web indexing. Hadoop-an open-source implementation of MapReduce is widely used for short jobs requiring low response time. The current Hadoop implementation assumes that computing nodes in a cluster are homogeneous in nature. Data locality has not been taken into account for launching speculative map tasks, because it is assumed that most maps are data-local. Unfortunately, both the homogeneity and data locality assumptions are not satisfied in virtualized data centers. We show that ignoring the data-locality issue in heterogeneous environments can noticeably reduce the MapReduce performance. In this paper, we address the problem of how to place data across nodes in a way that each node has a balanced data processing load. Given a dataintensive application running on a Hadoop MapReduce cluster, our data placement scheme adaptively balances the amount of data stored in each node to achieve improved data-processing performance. Experimental results on two real data-intensive applications show that our data placement strategy can always improve the MapReduce performance by rebalancing data across nodes before performing a data-intensive application in a heterogeneous Hadoop cluster.
[Arthroscopic double-bundle double-tunnel anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using multi-strand hamstring autograft]. (2009)

Arthroscopic double-bundle double-tunnel reconstruction ACL with multi-strand hamstring tendons autograft is effective and reliable to restore the better dynamic stability of the knee.
"Living" radical polymerization of vinyl acetate (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT"Living" radical polymerization of vinyl acetateDaniela Mardare and Krzysztof MatyjaszewskiCite this: Macromolecules 1994, 27, 3, 645–649Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00081a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00081a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1204Altmetric-Citations113LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cloning of <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> Chitinase Gene <i>Bbchit1</i> and Its Application To Improve Fungal Strain Virulence (2005)

Entomopathogenic fungi can produce a series of chitinases, some of which act synergistically with proteases to degrade insect cuticle. However, chitinase involvement in insect fungus pathogenesis has not been fully characterized. In this paper, an endochitinase, Bbchit1, was purified to homogeneity from liquid cultures of Beauveria bassiana grown in a medium containing colloidal chitin. Bbchit1 had a molecular mass of about 33 kDa and pI of 5.4. Based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence, the chitinase gene, Bbchit1, and its upstream regulatory sequence were cloned. Bbchit1 was intronless, and there was a single copy in B. bassiana. Its regulatory sequence contained putative CreA/Crel carbon catabolic repressor binding domains, which was consistent with glucose suppression of Bbchit1. At the amino acid level, Bbchit1 showed significant similarity to a Streptomyces avermitilis putative endochitinase, a Streptomyces coelicolor putative chitinase, and Trichoderma harzianum endochitinase Chit36Y. However, Bbchit1 had very low levels of identity to other chitinase genes previously isolated from entomopathogenic fungi, indicating that Bbchit1 was a novel chitinase gene from an insect-pathogenic fungus. A gpd-Bbchit1 construct, in which Bbchit1 was driven by the Aspergiullus nidulans constitutive promoter, was transformed into the genome of B. bassiana, and three transformants that overproduced Bbchit1 were obtained. Insect bioassays revealed that overproduction of Bbchit1 enhanced the virulence of B. bassiana for aphids, as indicated by significantly lower 50% lethal concentrations and 50% lethal times of the transformants compared to the values for the wild-type strain.
Dry etching for pattern transfer (1980)

Dry etching or plasma-assisted etching (ion beam milling, plasma etching and reactive sputter etching) has become an indispensable preparation technique for high resolution pattern transfer in IC manufacturing and other areas of microfabrication. Etching can either be due to the purely physical process of momentum transfer from ions to the solid surface (e.g. inert ion etching) or due to chemical reactions of reactive species, produced in the plasma, with the solid surface resulting in a volatile reaction product (e.g. plasma etching in a barrel reactor). However, in most dry etching methods both effects play a major role and it is possible to optimize etch selectivity and the shape of the etched profile by a proper choice of parameters.
Influence of ${\rm Ce}^{3+}$ Codoping on the Photoluminescence Excitation Channels of Phosphosilicate Yb/Er-Doped Glasses (2012)

The luminescence properties of the Yb/Er-doped phosphosilicate preforms used for the design of active optical fibers were investigated under a tunable laser excitation from ultraviolet to infrared domain. We demonstrated that codoping the glass matrix with Ce <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> ions strongly influences the infrared emission associated with Er <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> ions, it enhances the energy transfer from Yb <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> to Er <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> ions, and it provides an additional ultraviolet excitation channel for the emission of both Yb <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> and Er <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> ions. The excitation/emission pathways are discussed on the basis of models proposed in literature for other systems.
Digital TV with serial video processor (1990)

The serial video processor (SVP) is a general-purpose mask-programmable SIMD RISC (single instruction multiple-data, reduced instruction set computer) device capable of executing, in real time, the three-dimensional algorithms required for image processing and digital television. Its architecture, application, and development environment are described. Using this approach, the turn-around time to develop, evaluate, and produce a digital-based video application is significantly reduced.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>