gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epitaxial InP And Related III-V Compounds Applied To Solar Cells (1989)

The application of InP and related low-bandgap, III-V alloys grown by atmospheric pressure metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (APMOVPE) to photovoltaics is discussed. The work is presented in two parts: the first is aimed at increasing the performance of InP shallow-homojunction cells via improved emitter designs, and the second concerns the development of InP-related low-bandgap ternary and quaternary compounds, and fabrication of solar cells therein. The emitter design study focussed on the majority and minority carrier transport properties of S-doped InP epilayers. This study has resulted in InP shallow-homojunction cells exhibiting substantial improvements in blue response. However, compensating losses in open-circuit voltage and fill-factor prevented overall gains in cell conversion efficiency. The development of solar cells in epilayers of InAsyPi1-y, Ga0.47In0.53As and GaxIn1-xAsyP1-y as applied to tandem solar cells is also discussed. Low-bandgap cells with good performance have been fabricated and areas for futher improvement have been outlined.
Transillumination imaging performance: A time‐of‐flight imaging system (1990)

A series of Monte Carlo simulations have been performed in order to investigate the feasibility of constructing a time-of-flight transillumination imaging system that could be used as an effective tool for screening for breast disease. The conceptual design of such a system is described, and simulated images are presented that demonstrate its likely performance. It is found that, whereas the spatial resolution achievable with such a system is only dependent upon its temporal resolution, the scattering characteristics of the tissue being imaged will strongly affect the ultimate imaging performance of such a system.
Bisphosphonate-induced ATP analog formation and its effect on inhibition of cancer cell growth (2008)

Bisphosphonates (BPs) are effective inhibitors of tumor-induced bone resorption. Recent studies have demonstrated that BPs inhibit growth, attachment and invasion of cancer cells in culture and promote apoptosis. The mechanisms responsible for the observed anti-tumor effects of BPs are beginning to be elucidated. Recently, we reported that nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs) induce formation of a novel ATP analog (ApppI) as a consequence of the inhibition of farnesyl diphosphate synthase in the mevalonate pathway. Similar to AppCp-type metabolites of non-N-BPs, ApppI is able to induce apoptosis. This study investigated BP-induced ATP analog formation and its effect on cancer cell growth. To evaluate zoledronic acid (a N-BP)-induced ApppI accumulation, inhibition of protein prenylation and clodronate (a non-N-BP) metabolism to AppCCl2p, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-436 breast cancer cells, MCF-10A nonmalignant breast cells, PC-3 prostate cancer cells, MG-63 osteosarcoma cells, RPMI-8226, and NCI-H929 myeloma cells were treated with 25 micromol/l zoledronic acid or 500 micromol/l clodronate for 24 h. The inhibition of cell growth by zoledronic acid and clodronate was studied in MCF-7, MDA-MB-436, and RPMI-8226 cells by exposing the cells with 1-100 micromol/l zoledronic acid or 10-2000 micromol/l clodronate for 72 h. Marked differences in zoledronic acid-induced ApppI formation and clodronate metabolism between the cancer cell lines were observed. The production of cytotoxic ATP analogs in tumor cells after BP treatment is likely to depend on the activity of enzymes, such as farnesyl diphosphate synthase or aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, responsible for ATP analog formation. Additionally, the potency of clodronate to inhibit cancer cell growth corresponds to ATP analog formation.
Changing ACM computer communication review (1988--1991) (2019)

A brief description of how SIGCOMM's quarterly newsletter evolved into an entry-level journal.
Identification of the Wax Ester Synthase/Acyl-Coenzyme A:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase WSD1 Required for Stem Wax Ester Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis     (2008)

Wax esters are neutral lipids composed of aliphatic alcohols and acids, with both moieties usually long-chain (C(16) and C(18)) or very-long-chain (C(20) and longer) carbon structures. They have diverse biological functions in bacteria, insects, mammals, and terrestrial plants and are also important substrates for a variety of industrial applications. In plants, wax esters are mostly found in the cuticles coating the primary shoot surfaces, but they also accumulate to high concentrations in the seed oils of a few plant species, including jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis), a desert shrub that is the major commercial source of these compounds. Here, we report the identification and characterization of WSD1, a member of the bifunctional wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene family, which plays a key role in wax ester synthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) stems, as first evidenced by severely reduced wax ester levels of in the stem wax of wsd1 mutants. In vitro assays using protein extracts from Escherichia coli expressing WSD1 showed that this enzyme has a high level of wax synthase activity and approximately 10-fold lower level of diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity. Expression of the WSD1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in the accumulation of wax esters, but not triacylglycerol, indicating that WSD1 predominantly functions as a wax synthase. Analyses of WSD1 expression revealed that this gene is transcribed in flowers, top parts of stems, and leaves. Fully functional yellow fluorescent protein-tagged WSD1 protein was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, demonstrating that biosynthesis of wax esters, the final products of the alcohol-forming pathway, occurs in this subcellular compartment.
Purification and characterization of the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel from A6 cultured cells and bovine renal papilla. (1986)

The amiloride-binding Na+ channel protein of high electrical resistance epithelia was solubilized and purified from cultured A6 toad kidney cells and bovine renal papilla. Purification was assessed by enrichment in [3H]methylbromoamiloride specific binding. Chromatography of 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS)-solubilized plasma membrane vesicles on agarose-immobilized wheat-germ agglutinin provided a 130-fold enrichment of the amiloride-binding component compared to the cell homogenate. Further purification was achieved by either amiloride-affinity chromatography or size-exclusion HPLC. When the HPLC and amiloride affinity-purified material was injected into a second higher molecular weight exclusion HPLC column, only a single peak with Mr 800,000 was found. Further HPLC separation of the Mr 800,000 material at low ionic strength resolved two peaks with apparent Mrs 800,000 and 700,000. Only the 700-kDa component displayed specific [3H]methylbromoamiloride binding activity. The final binding specific activity achieved was 1300 pmol/mg of protein, corresponding to 91% homogeneity of the protein.
Weight Anxiety in Older Women (1996)

This study examined the nature of weight anxiety in women over 50 years of age. More than half the women had dieted and half were currently worried about being overweight. Few women were currently dieting or were worried about being underweight. Comparisons between women with high and low levels of weight anxiety revealed that those with high levels were more likely to engage in dieting behaviour. Moreover, it was found that those women who were working were less likely to have high levels of weight anxiety than those women who were not in employment. Comparisons were made between the older women and a group of younger women. The two groups had similar patterns of weight anxiety. However, the older women were heavier and had higher weight ideals. Of particular interest was the finding that the older women were more likely to have greater differences between actual and ideal weights than the younger women.
Role of fine clays in bitumen extraction from oil sands (2004)

Abstract Clay minerals such as montmorillonite and kaolinite are considered as fine solids that could adversely affect bitumen extraction from oil sands. Colloidal forces between bitumen and fine clays and between bitumen and bitumen in the presence of montmorillonite clays were measured with an atomic force microscope. Although long‐range repulsive forces between bitumen and kaolinite or montmorillonite were similar, stronger adhesion forces were measured between bitumen and montmorillonite than between bitumen and kaolinite, in particular when calcium ions were present. The presence of montmorillonite clays with calcium addition diminished the adhesive forces between bitumen surfaces. Zeta potential distributions of bitumen droplets and clays, individually or in a mixture, were measured in the presence of 1 mM calcium ions. The results showed that kaolinite clays deposited weakly on the bitumen surface, whereas montmorillonite clays attached strongly to bitumen. Such strong montmorillonite clay attachment set a barrier for bitumen droplets to coagulate with each other and to attach to air bubbles. This behavior accounts for the observed detrimental synergetic effect of montmorillonite clays and calcium ions on bitumen recovery by flotation. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1917–1927, 2004
<b>Generation of a membrane‐bound, oligomerized pre‐pore complex is necessary for pore formation by <i>Clostridium septicum</i> alpha toxin</b> (1997)

Low-temperature inhibition of the cytolytic activity of alpha toxin has facilitated the identification of an important step in the cytolytic mechanism of this toxin. When alpha toxin-dependent haemolysis was measured on erythrocytes at various temperatures it was clear that at temperatures < or = 15 degrees C the haemolysis rate was significantly inhibited with little or no haemolysis occurring at 4 degrees C. Alpha toxin appeared to bind to and oligomerize on erythrocyte membranes with similar kinetics at 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The slight differences in these two processes at 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C could not account for the loss of cytolytic activity at low temperature. At 4 degrees C alpha toxin neither stimulated potassium release from erythrocytes nor formed pores in planar membranes. In contrast, at temperatures > or = 25 degrees C both processes proceeded rapidly. Pores that were opened in osmotically stabilized erythrocytes could not be closed by low temperature. Therefore, low temperature appeared to prevent the oligomerized complex from forming a pore in the membrane. These data support the hypothesis that alpha toxin oligomerizes into a membrane-bound, pre-pore complex prior to formation of a pore in a lipid bilayer.
Histopathology of <i>Ichthyophthirim multifiliis</i> infections in fishes (1985)

Histopathological changes involved in Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infections are described from a wide range of host fishes—carp, crucian carp hydrids, Carassius carassius × C. auralus , goldfish, eels, African catfish, Glorias lazera , several species of cichlid fishes and rainbow trout. Fish were obtained from diverse geographical regions: Israel, South Africa, Portugal and Venezuela, as well as from laboratory experimental infections. Observed histopathological changes could not demonstrate any interspecific differences, but individual fish or different groups of fish of the same species demonstrated wide variability in susceptibility to infection and consequently in the nature and severity of the histopathological response. Low to moderate primary infection and secondary reinfestations did not induce significant histopathological changes in the integument. The proliferative response of the integumentary epithelium appeared only following subsequent infections. Repeated heavy reinfections induced massive cellular necrosis and in very heavy infections extensive lysis of the epithelial tissue. Host‐parasite interactions in the light of the histological findings are discussed.
Quantitative Real-Time PCR for Detection of Acinetobacter baumannii Colonization in the Hospital Environment (2012)

A real-time PCR assay was developed for detecting the presence of Acinetobacter baumannii on hospital equipment and compared to conventional bacterial culture using 100 hospital environmental samples. The real-time PCR detected contaminated surfaces in 4 h with high sensitivity (100%) compared to conventional culture. Thirty-eight percent of samples were positive by real-time PCR and negative by bacterial culture (false positives), possibly indicating the widespread presence of bacterial DNA that is not associated with viable bacteria.
Formoterol versus short-acting beta-agonists as relief medication for adults and children with asthma (2010)

In adults, formoterol was similar to short-acting beta(2)-agonists when used as a reliever, and showed a reduction in the number of exacerbations requiring a course of oral corticosteroids. Clinicians should weigh the relatively modest benefits of formoterol as-needed against the benefits of single inhaler therapy and the potential danger of long-term use of long-acting beta(2)-agonists in some patients. We did not find evidence to recommend changes to guidelines that suggest that long-acting beta(2)-agonists should be given only to patients already taking inhaled corticosteroids.There was insufficient information reported from children in the included trials to come to any conclusion on the safety or efficacy of formoterol as relief medication for children with asthma.
[Allergen-specific immunotherapy: current concepts and future directions]. (2011)

变应原特异性免疫治疗（specifici mmunotherapy，SIT）由英国医生Noon于1911年首次报道用于治疗花粉过敏患者，是目前惟一可能通过免疫调节作用而改变疾病自然进程的“对因疗法”。
Modeling of the Plane Needle Cutting Edge Rake and Inclination Angles for Biopsy (2010)

Hollow needles are one of the most common medical devices, yet little study has focused on the needle tip cutting geometry for biopsy, which is a tissue cutting process. This research develops mathematical models to calculate the inclination and rake angles along cutting edges on needle tips generated by planes. Three types of plane needle tips, the one-plane bias bevel, multi-plane symmetrical, and two-plane nonsymmetric needles, are investigated. The models show that the leading tip of a bias bevel needle has an inclination angle of 0 deg, the worst configuration for cutting. Symmetric multiplane needles on the other hand have very high inclination angles, 60, 56.3, and 50.8 deg, given a needle formed by two-, three-, and four-plane, respectively, for a bevel angle of 30 deg and can assist more effective needle biopsy. The rake angle is at its greatest value (the best configuration for cutting), which equals the 90 deg minus the bevel angle, at the initial cutting point for the bias bevel needle. Experiments are performed using three 11 gauge two-plane symmetric needles with 20, 25, and 30 deg bevel angles on bovine liver and demonstrate that the needle tip geometry affects biopsy performance, where longer biopsy samples are collected with needles of higher rake and inclination angle.
Index (2010)

96 organisational background, 6.75-6.76ACICA Arbitration Rules article 28, examination of, 6.82-6.96interim measures of protection, and, 6.74-6.96costs or damages, liability for, 6.93-6.94criteria for grant of, 6.88-6.90defi nition of, 6.86-6.88disclosure of material changes in circumstances, 6.91-6.92general, in, 6.77-6.78jurisdiction to grant, 6.94-6.96modifi cation, suspension or termination of, 6.92-6.93power to grant, 6.83-6.86security, provision of, 6.90-6.91Australia legislative framework, review of, 6.1-6.43 arbitrability of disputes, 6.5-6.9 arbitration agreement: applicable law, 6.9-6.10;writing requirements, 6.11-6.16enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, 6.16-6.22:public policy and, 6.19-6.22interim measures, 6.22-6.25 interpretation, 6.41 proceedings, privacy of, 6.40-6.25 stay of proceedings by courts: applications
Rat Aortic Smooth‐Muscle Cell Proliferation Is Bidirectionally Regulated in a Cell Cycle‐Dependent Manner via PACAP/VIP Type 2 Receptor<sup>a</sup> (1998)

In the cardiovascular system, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) have been well characterized as potent vasodepressors or vasodilators. However, their pathophysiological implication in proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells has not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we have first identified PACAP/VIP type 2 receptor as a dominant type in rat vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) by RT-PCR. PACAP and VIP increased cyclic AMP accumulation with similar potency. In 24-h [3H]thymidine incorporation assay, PACAP or VIP exhibited a suppressive effect on the DNA synthesis of rat VSMC stimulated by serum when added at the late G1 phase. In contrast, when added at G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, PACAP or VIP enhanced the serum-induced DNA synthesis. In 24-h incubation, PACAP alone has little mitogenic activity. However, when incubated up to 48 h, PACAP stimulated significantly the DNA synthesis and the cell proliferation of rat VSMC. These results suggest that PACAP and VIP regulate the proliferation of rat VSMC by enhancing or suppressing in a cell cycle-dependent manner and induce delayed mitogenesis and cell proliferation.
<b>Probiotics as oral health biotherapeutics</b> (2012)

An effective oral probiotic formulation should contribute to the prevention/treatment of microbial diseases of the oral cavity. Understanding the oral microbiota's role in oral disease is important for the development of a therapeutic to prevent/treat dental diseases. However, investigations into clinical efficacy, delivery/dose optimization, mechanism(s) of action and other related parameters are yet to be fully explored. Keeping this in mind, investigations into oral probiotic therapies are proving promising.
Rev-dependent expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp160 in Drosophila melanogaster cells. (1990)

Expression of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) structural proteins in mammalian cells is regulated posttranscriptionally by the viral Rev protein. Rev has been shown to trans-activate expression by relieving the nuclear sequestration of RNAs containing viral gag or env coding regions. We have studied the effects of Rev on expression of the HIV type 1 env gene in Drosophila melanogaster cells. We demonstrated that synthesis of the gp160 envelope protein was fully Rev dependent; that is, gp160 was produced only when Rev function was coexpressed in the cell. Analysis of total cellular RNA indicated that Rev did not significantly affect the overall levels of gp160 RNA production. Instead, mRNA encoding gp160 was found in the cytoplasm only in cells expressing Rev, whereas in cells lacking Rev, this RNA was present only in the nucleus. Furthermore, comparison of these results with the previously demonstrated Rev-independent expression of gp120 envelope protein with this system indicated that information contained in the gp41 coding region appears to be critical to the selective nuclear retention of gp160 transcripts in the absence of Rev. Our results clearly demonstrate that the mechanism of Rev action is conserved in the insect cell system, and, thus, Rev must function via cellular machinery common to most, if not all, higher cell systems.
A Step-by-Step Guide for the Novel Radiometal Production for Medical Applications: Case Studies with 68Ga, 44Sc, 177Lu and 161Tb (2020)

The production of novel radionuclides is the first step towards the development of new effective radiopharmaceuticals, and the quality thereof directly affects the preclinical and clinical phases. In this review, novel radiometal production for medical applications is briefly elucidated. The production status of the imaging nuclide <sup>44</sup>Sc and the therapeutic β<sup>-</sup>-emitter nuclide <sup>161</sup>Tb are compared to their more established counterparts, <sup>68</sup>Ga and <sup>177</sup>Lu according to their targetry, irradiation process, radiochemistry, and quality control aspects. The detailed discussion of these significant issues will help towards the future introduction of these promising radionuclides into drug manufacture for clinical application under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP).
Opponent-Color Fusion of Multi-Sensor Imagery: Visible, IR and SAR (1998)

The primary motivation for multi-sensor image fusion is to combine the complementary information derived from different modality sensors. Building on the work reported in two of our earlier papers from IRIS Passive Sensors 1996, we show how opponent-color processing and center-surround shunting neural networks can be used to develop a variety of image fusion architectures. By emulating single-opponent color processing cells in the retina, and double-opponent color cells in primary visual cortex, we demonstrate an effective strategy for color image fusion as applied to: low-light visible and thermal IR fusion for color night vision, 6-band multispectral fusion for camouflage detection, EO/IR/SAR multi-modal fusion from separate sensor platforms. We have also developed a realtime visible/IR fusion processor from multiple C80 DSP chips using commercially available boards, and use it in conjunction with the Lincoln Lab low-light CCD and an uncooled IR camera. Limited human factors testing of visible/IR fusion has shown improved human performance using our color fused imagery as compared to alternative fusion strategies or either single image modality alone. We conclude that fusion architectures which match opponent-sensor contrasts to human opponent-color pathways will yield fused image products of high image quality and utility.
PSGL-1 regulates platelet P-selectin-mediated endothelial activation and shedding of P-selectin from activated platelets (2007)

Summary We have previously shown that activated platelets in circulation stimulate release of endothelial Weibel-Palade bodies thus increasing leukocyte rolling in venules. P-selectin on the activated platelets mediates adhesion to leukocytes via PSGL-1 and is rapidly shed into plasma. We were interested in studying the role of PSGL-1 in regulating expression and function of platelet P-selectin. We show here that PSGL-1 is critical for the activation of endothelial cells in venules of mice infused with activated platelets. The interaction of platelet P-selectin with PSGL-1 is also required for P-selectin shedding, as P-selectin was retained significantly longer on the surface of activated platelets infused into PSGL-1-/- compared to wild-type mice. The leukocyte integrin αMβ2 (Mac-1) was not required for P-selectin shedding. In addition to shedding, P-selectin can be downregulated from the platelet surface through internalization and this is the predominant mechanism in the absence of PSGL-1. We demonstrate that leukocyte- neutrophil elastase,known to cleave P-selectin in vitro, is not the major sheddase for P-selectin in vivo. In conclusion, interaction of platelet P-selectin with PSGL-1 is crucial for activation of the endothelium andWeibel-Palade body secretion. The interaction with PSGL-1 also results in rapid shedding of P-selectin thus downregulating the inflammatory potential of the platelet.
Octahydrophenanthrene-2,7-diol Analogues as Dissociated Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists: Discovery and Lead Exploration (2009)

As exemplified by the lead compound 2, octahydrophenanthrene-2,7-diol analogues exhibit the profile of a pathway-selective or "dissociated" agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), retaining the potent activity that glucocorticoids have for transrepression (as measured by inhibition of IL-1 induced MMP-13 expression) but showing an attenuated capacity for transactivation (as measured in an MMTV luciferase reporter assay). With the guidance of a homology model of the GR ligand binding domain, structural modifications to 2 were carried out that were successful in replacing the allyl and propynyl side chains with groups likely to be more chemically stable and less likely to produce toxic metabolites. Key to success was the introduction of an additional hydroxyl group onto the tricyclic carbon framework of the series.