gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protein supplementation of formic acid‐ and enzyme‐treated silages. 2. Nitrogen and amino acid digestion (1992)

Abstract Two silages were made from primary growth perennial ryegrass and ensiled after the application of either formic acid or an enzyme mixture of cellulase and hemicellulase. Silage analysis showed both silages to be well preserved with low pH of 3·70 and 3·62 for the formic and enzyme treatments respectively. Formic acid‐treated silage had a higher total amino acid concentration than enzyme‐treated silage. The silages were offered to growing steers either as the sole diet or supplemented with rapeseed meal at 60 g or 120 g fresh weight kg −1 silage DM offered, in a 6 × 6 Latin square arrangement. Non‐ammonia nitrogen and microbial nitrogen flows at the duodenum (g d −1 ) were significantly ( P < 0·05) increased by supplementation of enzyme‐treated silage compared with formic acid‐treated silage (enzyme, 83·6, 58·7; enzyme + 60 g, 101·7, 75·3; enzyme + 120 g, 112·5, 80·7; formic, 91·9, 63·7; formic + 60g, 88·3, 67·9; formic + 120 g, 95·5, 67·1) respectively. Efficiencies of microbial protein synthesis were increased for supplemented enzyme‐treated silage diets and values were reduced for supplemented formic acid‐treated silage diets compared with the silage only diets (enzyme, 27·9; enzyme + 60 37·7; enzyme + 120 g, 38·6; formic, 33·7; formic + 60g, 31·2; formic + 120 g, 28·8). Total amino acid flow at the duodenum increased with supplementation of both silages; however, microbial amino acid flow increased significantly ( P < 0·05) with supplementation of enzyme‐treated silage compared with formic acid‐treated silage diets. Significantly greater amounts of cystine, methionine, alanine, valine and aspartic acid entered the small intestines of animals receiving supplemented enzyme silages compared with supplemented formic acid silages.
CCR9A and CCR9B: Two Receptors for the Chemokine CCL25/TECK/Ckβ-15 That Differ in Their Sensitivities to Ligand (2000)

We isolated cDNAs for a chemokine receptor-related protein having the database designation GPR-9-6. Two classes of cDNAs were identified from mRNAs that arose by alternative splicing and that encode receptors that we refer to as CCR9A and CCR9B. CCR9A is predicted to contain 12 additional amino acids at its N terminus as compared with CCR9B. Cells transfected with cDNAs for CCR9A and CCR9B responded to the chemokine CC chemokine ligand 25 (CCL25)/thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK)/chemokine beta-15 (CK beta-15) in assays for both calcium flux and chemotaxis. No other chemokines tested produced responses specific for the cDNA-transfected cells. mRNA for CCR9A/B is expressed predominantly in the thymus, coincident with the expression of CCL25, and highest expression for CCR9A/B among thymocyte subsets was found in CD4+CD8+ cells. mRNAs encoding the A and B forms of the receptor were expressed at a ratio of approximately 10:1 in immortalized T cell lines, in PBMC, and in diverse populations of thymocytes. The EC50 of CCL25 for CCR9A was lower than that for CCR9B, and CCR9A was desensitized by doses of CCL25 that failed to silence CCR9B. CCR9 is the first example of a chemokine receptor in which alternative mRNA splicing leads to proteins of differing activities, providing a mechanism for extending the range of concentrations over which a cell can respond to increments in the concentration of ligand. The study of CCR9A and CCR9B should enhance our understanding of the role of the chemokine system in T cell biology, particularly during the stages of thymocyte development.
Rare-earth doped single-mode fiber lasers, amplifiers, and devices (1986)

It is the current widespread use of single-mode optical fiber for telecommunications and the ready availability of high-power semiconductor pump lasers which have recently stimulated interest in single-mode fiber lasers and amplifiers.1 Until recently, lasing in glass fibers has been carried out in multimode devices.2,3 Using a new manufacturing process4 we have shown that single-mode fibers with rare-earth dopant concentrations up to 900 ppm can be made without compromising the low losses (> 1 dB/km) which are characteristic of telecommunications fibers. It is thus now possible to construct a wide range of active fiber devices and sensors which exploit the numerous fiber components available, such as four-port couplers, ring-resonators, polarisers and filters.
Craft Education in British Secondary Schools in the 1990s : Reflection on a Funded Research (2002)

This paper reports and interrogates the findings of a national survey of craft in British secondary schools directed by the author in 1994-5. Methodological issues and tensions arising from the fact that this was a funded project have resulted in this critical reflection on the research design, processes and outcomes in which the findings are presented in four different ways. The first part of the paper explores overt and covert processes informing the negotiation and design of the survey questionnaire. The second describes the salient characteristics of British craft education as revealed in the quantitative data, together with the policy recommendations that were the official research outcomes. The third, probes the qualitative data further for insights arising from the subjective experience of the art and design & technology teachers who were the survey respondents. Finally the author reflects on the contribution of the enquiry to her self-understanding of craft and its educational value.
Interfacial tension minima in oil + water + surfactant systems. Effects of salt, temperature and alkane in systems containing ionic surfactants (1985)

In systems consisting of an n-alkane and a dilute ionic micelle-forming surfactant in aqueous electrolyte it is possible to attain very low oil/water interfacial tensions. These tensions frequently pass through a minimum as the salt concentration, alkane chain length or temperature is varied. We present a thermodynamic treatment of the tension variation and show under what conditions minima can arise. The minimum with respect to salt concentration is seen to result when the effective degree of dissociation of surfactant in micelle and at the oil/water interface are equal (and probably close to zero). At the temperature corresponding to a minimum tension the entropy change on transferring a mole of surfactant (and other associated species) from solution to the oil/water interface is approximately equal to the entropy of formation of micelles containing a mole of surfactant.
Sharing FCP adapters through virtualization (2007)

The IBM System z9™ and its predecessors pioneered server virtualization, including the sharing of data storage subsystems among the virtual servers of a host computer using the channel-sharing capabilities of FICON® channels in Fibre Channel (FC) fabrics. Now industry-standard Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) devices in storage area networks must be shared among host computers using the Fibre Channel Protocol (FCP), and this has been problematic with virtual servers in a host computer. To apply the power of server virtualization to this environment, the IBM System z9 implements a new FC standard called N_Port Identifier Virtualization (NPIV). IBM invented NPIV and offered it as a standard to enable the sharing of host adapters in IBM servers and FC fabrics. With NPIV, a host FC adapter is shared in such a way that each virtual adapter is assigned to a virtual server and is separately identifiable within the fabric. Connectivity and access privileges within the fabric are controlled by identification of each virtual adapter and, hence, the virtual server using each virtual adapter. This paper describes the problem prior to the development of NPIV, the concept of NPIV, and the first implementation of this technique in the FCP channel of the IBM System z9.
Disorder-activated Raman spectra of cubic rocksalt-type Li(1−<i>x</i>)/2Ga(1−<i>x</i>)/2<i>Mx</i>O (<i>M</i> = Mg, Zn) alloys (2012)

Disorder-activated phonon behaviors of the cubic rocksalt-type semiconductor alloy Li(1−x)/2Ga(1−x)/2MxO (M = Mg, Zn) prepared by high-pressure and high-temperature method has been studied by Raman scattering analysis. The LO Raman phonon in Li(1−x)/2Ga(1−x)/2MxO was found to exhibit a distinct two-mode behavior. The compositional dependence of Raman frequency, peak-width, and intensity has been discussed. A model associated with a composite mode of the Brillouin zone center and edge phonons combined with phonon dispersion curves determined by first-principle calculations were employed to explain the asymmetric broadening of the LO phonon mode. The broadening and asymmetric Raman line-shape in Li(1−x)/2Ga(1−x)/2MxO can be interpreted as a composite mode of the softening Brillouin zone center mode and the Brillouin zone edge mode.
Opposite modulation of NMDA receptors by lysophospholipids and arachidonic acid: common features with mechanosensitivity (1998)

1. Two classes of amphiphilic compounds, lysophospholipids and arachidonic acid, have been suggested to produce opposite deformations of the lipid bilayer. We have found that their effects on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) responses are opposite, and resemble those of mechanical deformations of the plasma membrane. 2. Lysophospholipids inhibited NMDA responses both in nucleated patches taken from cultured neurons and in cells expressing recombinant NMDA receptors. This inhibition was reversible, voltage independent and stronger at non-saturating doses of agonist. It was not linked to the charge of the polar head, and was not mimicked by lysophosphatidic acid or phosphatidylcholine. In outside-out patches, lysophospholipids reduced the open probability of NMDA-activated channels without changing their single-channel conductance. 3. The inhibition produced by lysophospholipids occluded that produced by a mechanical compression induced by changes in osmotic or hydrostatic pressure. 4. The potentiation of NMDA responses by arachidonic acid was observed both in native and recombinant receptors, including those in which the putative 'fatty acid binding domain' had been deleted. This suggests that, like lysophospholipids, arachidonic acid alters the NMDA receptor by insertion into the lipid bilayer. 5. Recombinant receptors in which the cytoplasmic tails had been modified or deleted were still sensitive to mechanical deformation. A linkage to the cytoskeleton is therefore not required for NMDA receptor mechanosensitivity. 6. The fact that the NMDA responses are depressed similarly by compression and lysophospholipids, and potentiated similarly by stretch and arachidonic acid supports the notion that the modulation of NMDA receptor activity by asymmetrical amphiphilic compounds involves pressure changes transmitted through the lipid bilayer. Compounds with a large hydrophilic head mimic the effects of a compression, and compounds with a small hydrophilic head mimic the effects of stretch.
Nucleotide sequence of the E. coli gene coding for dihydrofolate reductase (1980)

Plasmid pLC1437a contains DNA from Escherichia coli K12 including fol, the structural gene for dihydrofolate reductase. The fol gene was mapped on this plasmid relative to several restriction endonuclease cleavage sites. fol was also cloned from strain RSO and the nucleotide sequence for the entire fol gene and its flanking regions from this strain was determined. The amino acid sequence predicted from the nucleotide sequence differs in only a few respects from the reported amino acid sequence of dihydrofolate reductase from E. coli B. The major RNA transcripts initiated at the fol promotor in vivo are approximately 550 and 590 nucleotides long. In addition to these, several longer transcripts (up to 1400 nucleotides) are present in lesser amounts. A new procedure is described for 3' end labeling of DNA fragments having blunt ends using E. coli exonuclease III and avian myeloblastoma virus reverse transcriptase.
Synthesis of N-Substituted 7β-Diprenorphine Derivatives (1995)

Abstract The separation of thevinone (2a) and β-thevinone (2b), as well as that of dihydrothevinone (3a) and β-dihydrothevinone (3b) was accomplished. By the application of various procedures numerous new N-substituted Diprenorphine analogues (8a-f) with 7R absolute configuration were synthesized. Detailed pharmacological investigation of the prepared compounds may contribute to a better understanding of the structure-activity relationship of morphine alkaloids.
The Global Alchemy of Asset Securitization (1995)

and Yale and Columbia universities, examines the benefits of asset securitization and how it enables companies to raise funds more cheaply.In recent years, asset securitization has become one of the most important financing vehicles in the us.Its use, however, is now rapidly expanding world-wide.Examples include the securitization of telephone and oil revenues in Mexico, of mortgages in the UK, of credit cards and consumer loans in France, and of leases inJapan.This article will explain asset securitization and its unique benefits.In particular, the article will explain why securitization enables many companies to raise funds at a lower cost than through traditional financing. How securitization worksA company that wants to obtain financing through securitization begins by identifying assets that can be used to raise funds.These assets typically represent rights to payments at future dates and are usually referred to as receivables.The company that owns the receivables is usually called the originator.After identifying the assets to be used in the securitization, the originator transfers the receivables to a newlyformed special purpose corporation, trust, or other legally separate entity -often referred to as a special purpose vehicle, or SPV.The transfer is intended to separate the receivables from risks associated with the originator.For this reason, the originator will often structure the transfer .so that it constitutes a true sale; that is, a sale that is sufficient under bankruptcy or similar law to remove the receivables from the originator's bankruptcy estate.To raise funds to purchase these receivables, the SPV issues securities in the capital markets.The Spv, however, must be structured as bankruptcy remote to gain acceptance as an issuer of capital market securities.Bankruptcy remote in this context means that the SPV is unlikely to be adversely affected by a bankruptcy of the originator.To achieve bankruptcy remoteness, the SPV's organizational structure strictly limits its permitted business activities.The goal is to prevent creditors (other than holders of the SPV's securities) from having claims against the SPV that might force the SPV into bankruptcy or insolvency.Furthermore, an SPV that is owned or controlled by the originator may be required to have one or more independent directors.The SPV must also
A new context awareness scheme for multi-mode mobile terminals in mobile Internet (2010)

Mobile Internet should provide pervasive services anywhere, anytime, and in numerous ways. Therefore, it is demanded that users could visit Internet services through any kind of radio access technology. Context awareness for multimode mobile terminals (MMT) in Mobile Internet is very important in next generation wireless mobile communications. It is the foundation of network co-operation and seamless access for user services. In this paper, a new context awareness scheme for MMT is proposed. And monitoring models for context awareness is also raised. The scheme is based on mobile agent technology, which is beneficial for saving monitoring cost of MMT. Furthermore, a mechanism of radio access network (RAN) monitoring is presented. This mechanism is on the basis of cognitive radio and reconfiguration technologies. It not only improves the intelligence of MMT but also can be widely applied in heterogeneous radio environment. Signal detecting method is designed, and the process of this mechanism is also given. Finally, in the context composed of 4 kinds of overlapped RANs, the availability of this scheme is proved by simulation results.
Preparation, Characterization and in Vitro Efficacy of Albumin Conjugates of Doxorubicin. (1998)

One strategy for improving the antitumor selectivity and toxicity profile of antitumor agents is to design drug carrier systems with suitable transport proteins. Thus, four maleimide derivatives of doxorubicin were bound to thiolated human serum albumin which differed in the stability of the chemical link between drug and spacer. In the maleimide derivatives, 3-maleimidobenzoic or 4-maleimidophenylacetic acid was bound to the 3'-amino position of doxorubicin through a benzoyl or phenylacetyl amide bond and 3-maleimidobenzoic acid hydrazide or 4-maleimidophenylacetic acid hydrazide was bound to the 13-keto position through a benzoyl hydrazone or phenylacetyl hydrazone bond. The acid-sensitive albumin conjugates prepared with the carboxylic hydrazone doxorubicin derivatives exhibited an inhibitory efficacy in the MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell line and U937 leukemia cell line comparable with that of the free drug (using the BrdU-(5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine)-incorporation assay and tritiated thymidine incorporation assay respectively, IC50 approximately 0.1-1 microM) whereas conjugates with the amide derivatives showed no or only marginal activity. These results demonstrate that antiproliferative activity depends on the nature of the chemical bond between doxorubicin and carrier protein. Acid-sensitive albumin conjugates are suitable candidates for further in vitro and in vivo assessment.
Aerospace Vehicle Motion Emulation Using Omni-Directional Mobile Platform (2007)

Testing and validation of flight hardwar e in ground -based facilities can result in significant cost savings and risk reduction. We designed a relative motion emulator for aerospace vehicles using omni -directional mobile bases which provide large 3 degree -of freedom motion , while Stewart platfor ms mounted atop these bases allow superposition of limited 6 degree -of -freedom motion. This paper addresses the design and implementation of the omni -directional mobile base. Each omni -directional base uses a trio of active split offset castor drive modu les to provide smooth, holonomic, precise control of its motion. Three encoders on each castor, three optical mice sensors , and a 3 -axis inertial measurement unit provide full feedback information to a kinematics based control law. We built a one -third scale prototype to demonstrate design feasibility and for use in testing and development of data fusion techniques, control laws, and a dynamics model of the full -scale platform . Results presented in the paper validate the feasibility of the design and the approach. Nomenclature R = distance from center of mass of base to pivot point w r = wheel radius (m) c r = distance from pivot to shaft along 1 ˆ c c � = distance from pivot to castor CM along 1 ˆ c i � = angle between 1 ˆ
Solid-phase cDNA library construction, a versatile approach (1998)

A rapid and versatile method for cDNA library construction was developed. It is based on conventional cDNA library synthesis including all enzymatic steps usually required, but is performed on a solid support. The cDNA is immobilised via a biotin residue to streptavidin coupled magnetic beads, which allows rapid and easy to perform changes of buffers and enzymes. Therefore, it combines speed (library construction within a single day) with high quality libraries, making it ideally suited for most purposes.
Overview of a performance evaluation system for global computing scheduling algorithms (2003)

While there have been several proposals of high-performance global computing systems, scheduling schemes for the systems have not been well investigated. The reason is difficulties of evaluation by large-scale benchmarks with reproducible results. Our Bricks performance evaluation system allows the analysis and comparison of various scheduling schemes in a typical high-performance global computing setting. Bricks can simulate various behaviors of global computing systems, especially the behavior of networks and resource scheduling algorithms. Moreover, Bricks is partitioned into components such that not only can its constituents be replaced to simulate various different system algorithms, but it also allows the incorporation of existing global computing components via its foreign interface. To test the validity of the latter characteristics, we incorporated the NWS (Network Weather Service) system, which monitors and forecasts global computing systems behavior. Experiments were conducted by running NWS under a real environment versus a Bricks-simulated environment, given the observed parameters of the real environment. We observed that Bricks behaved in the same manner as the real environment, and NWS also behaved similarly, making quite comparative forecasts under both environments.
An enhancer element responsive to ras and fms signaling pathways is composed of two distinct nuclear factor binding sites. (1992)

In order to precisely define the sequences that constitute the ras-responsive enhancers element present in the murine retrotransposon NVL3, point mutations were introduced into the previously defined minimal transcriptional enhancer DNA. Analyses of the effects of these point mutations in transient transfection experiments, in gel retention assays, and by methylation interference footprinting indicated that the enhancer element was composed of two binding sites for distinct nuclear factors. Both binding sites were required for activation of the enhancer by either ras or v-fms oncogenes, and the distinct nuclear factors were found in extracts from cells that contained either oncogene. UV cross-linking analysis revealed that the AP1-related binding site, TGACTCT, was recognized by a nuclear factor of apparent molecular size of 50 kilodaltons, that is probably c-jun. The other binding site, CAGGATAT, is very similar to sites recognized by the ets-family of transcription factors, and was recognized by the 120-kilodalton ras-responsive factor-1. Activation of the NVL3 element was reconstituted in an in vitro transcription assay. The ets-related binding site was necessary for this in vitro reconstitution of activity. Thus, the NVL3 enhancer is related to the previously described oncogene-responsive enhancer element present in polyoma virus and is also related to elements identified in several cellular genes known to be ras-responsive, including the transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene.
Bayesian Inference for Randomized Benchmarking Protocols (2018)

Randomized benchmarking (RB) protocols are standard tools for characterizing quantum devices. Prior analyses of RB protocols have not provided a complete method for analyzing realistic data, resulting in a variety of ad-hoc methods. The main confounding factor in rigorously analyzing data from RB protocols is an unknown and noise-dependent distribution of survival probabilities over random sequences. We propose a hierarchical Bayesian method where these survival distributions are modeled as nonparametric Dirichlet process mixtures. Our method infers parameters of interest without additional assumptions about the underlying physical noise process. We show with numerical examples that our method works robustly for both standard and highly pathological error models. Our method also works reliably at low noise levels and with little data because we avoid the asymptotic assumptions of commonly used methods such as least-squares fitting. For example, our method produces a narrow and consistent posterior for the average gate fidelity from ten random sequences per sequence length in the standard RB protocol.