gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Toll-Like Receptor 2-Dependent Activity of Native Major Outer Membrane Protein Proteosomes of Chlamydia trachomatis (2012)

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen and the etiologic agent of blinding trachoma. Intracellular signaling pathways leading to host cell inflammation and innate immunity to Chlamydia include those mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide binding oligomerization domain 1 (Nod1) protein. In epithelial cells, TLR-dependent signaling contributes to local immune responses via induction of inflammatory mediators. There is evidence that TLR3, TLR4, and, particularly, TLR2 are critical for Chlamydia-mediated host cell activation and pathology. Despite the importance of TLR2, major chlamydial TLR2 antigens have not been identified so far. Numerous bacterial porins are known TLR2 agonists, i.e., porins from Neisseriae, Shigella, Salmonella, Haemophilus influenzae, and Fusobacterium nucleatum, which share structural and functional similarities with the chlamydial major outer membrane protein (MOMP), a strong antigen candidate for a potential vaccine against C. trachomatis. We describe the ability of purified, detergent-free MOMP to signal via TLR2 in vitro in TLR-overexpressing cells and TLR2-competent human reproductive tract epithelial cell lines. Using MOMP formed in pure protein micelles (proteosomes), we show the induction of TLR2-dependent interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-6 secretion in vitro, the involvement of TLR1 as a TLR2 coreceptor, and the activation of both NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase intracellular pathways. Interestingly, MOMP proteosomes induce cytokine secretion in endocervical epithelial cells (End/E6E7) but not in urethral epithelial cells (THUECs). A detailed understanding of the TLR2-dependent molecular mechanisms that characterize the effect of MOMP proteosomes on host cells may provide new insights for its successful development as an immunotherapeutic target against Chlamydia.
The testing tools (2008)

To improve motor reliability and move to predictive maintenance for motors, tools are needed to assess the condition of the windings. There are several old and new test methods that have gained popularity with AC squirrel cage induction motor maintenance specialists.
Effect of Infla-Kine supplementation on the gene expression of inflammatory markers in peripheral mononuclear cells and on C-reactive protein in blood (2017)

Overall, our data demonstrate that twice daily administration of Infla-Kine for 4 weeks reduces inflammatory markers and quality of life in healthy volunteers.
AS-CRED: Reputation and Alert Service for Interdomain Routing (2012)

As the backbone routing system of the Internet, the operational aspect of the interdomain routing is highly complex. Building a trustworthy ecosystem for interdomain routing requires the proper maintenance of trust relationships among tens of thousands of peer IP domains called autonomous systems (ASes). ASes today implicitly trust any routing information received from other ASes as part of border gateway protocol (BGP) updates. Such blind trust is problematic given the dramatic rise in the number of anomalous updates being disseminated, which pose grave security consequences for the interdomain routing operation. In this paper, we present AS-CRED, an AS reputation and alert service that not only detects anomalous BGP updates, but also provides a quantitative view of AS' tendencies to perpetrate anomalous behavior. AS-CRED focuses on detecting two types of anomalous updates: 1) hijacked updates where ASes announcing a prefix that they do not own, and 2) vacillating updates that are part of a quick succession of announcements and withdrawals involving a specific prefix, rendering the information practically ineffective for routing. AS-CRED works by analyzing the past updates announced by ASes for the presence of these anomalies. Based on this analysis, it generates AS reputation values that provide an aggregate and quantitative view of the AS' anomalous behavior history. The reputation values are then used in a tiered alert system for tracking any subsequent anomalous updates observed. Analyzing AS-CRED's operation with real-world BGP traffic over six months, we demonstrate the effectiveness and improvement of the proposed approach over similar alert systems.
A small-molecule switch for Golgi sulfotransferases (2004)

The study of glycan function is a major frontier in biology that could benefit from small molecules capable of perturbing carbohydrate structures on cells. The widespread role of sulfotransferases in modulating glycan function makes them prime targets for small-molecule modulators. Here, we report a system for conditional activation of Golgi-resident sulfotransferases using a chemical inducer of dimerization. Our approach capitalizes on two features shared by these enzymes: their requirement of Golgi localization for activity on cellular substrates and the modularity of their catalytic and localization domains. Fusion of these domains to the proteins FRB and FKBP enabled their induced assembly by the natural product rapamycin. We applied this strategy to the GlcNAc-6-sulfotransferases GlcNAc6ST-1 and GlcNAc6ST-2, which collaborate in the sulfation of L-selectin ligands. Both the activity and specificity of the inducible enzymes were indistinguishable from their WT counterparts. We further generated rapamycin-inducible chimeric enzymes comprising the localization domain of a sulfotransferase and the catalytic domain of a glycosyltransferase, demonstrating the generality of the system among other Golgi enzymes. The approach provides a means for studying sulfate-dependent processes in cellular systems and, potentially, in vivo.
Field emission from teepee-shaped carbon nanotube bundles (2005)

Randomly, but perpendicular to the surface, oriented carbon nanotubes of about 5 μm in height and submicrometer spacing were coated with 3.5 μm plasma enhanced CVD silicon dioxide. Subsequent removal of the oxide in buffered HF, followed by de-ionized water rinse and nitrogen blow drying resulted in the formation of a peculiar pattern of nanotubes similar in shape to teepees or the hair cells of the inner ear. Since several nanotubes can supply current to the apexes of these bundles and since the spacing between the apexes is increased, thus reducing the electrostatic screening effect, these structures might have interesting field emission properties. Field emission measurements were performed at pressures of about 1×10−8Torr. Room temperature emission was poor with turn-on fields of about 30 V/μm due to surface contamination effects. Turn-on fields of about 15 V/μm and macroscopic current densities of 50mA∕cm2 were obtained when the measurements were performed at 170 °C.
Innovative Practices in Chemical Engineering Teaching - a Brief Review (2017)

The chemical engineer has to deal with various interdisciplinary subjects such as mechanical engineering, environmental engineering, biotechnology etc. Many important subjects such as mass transfer, heat transfer, process engineering and fluid flow operations involve time consuming and rigorous computations. The equations in heat and material balance, sand transport phenomena in non-stationary conditions are mostly having non analytical solutions. Also many experimental methods can be made more interesting and easy to understand by using innovative and different teaching methods. Software like MATLAB, virtual laboratory can be a great help in understanding the chemical engineering concepts.
Reflective interferometric chamber for quantitative phase imaging of biological sample dynamics (2010)

We introduce a new interferometric setup for single-exposure wide-field holographic phase imaging of highly dynamic biological samples. In this setup, the interferometric signal originates from a specially designed reflective interferometric chamber (InCh), creating an off-axis interferogram on the output plane of the system. The setup only requires the InCh and a simple reflection-mode two lens imaging system, without the need for additional optical elements such as gratings in the beam path. In addition, due to the close-to-common-path geometry of the setup, phase noise is greatly reduced. We experimentally compare the inherent phase stability of the system in ambient conditions to that of a conventional interferometer. We also demonstrate use of this system for wide-field quantitative phase imaging of two different highly dynamic, optically transparent biological samples: beating myocardial cells and moving unicellular microorganisms.
Transcutaneously Coupled, High-Frequency Electrical Stimulation of the Pudendal Nerve Blocks External Urethral Sphincter Contractions (2008)

The transcutaneous passive implanted conductor stimulus delivery system is an effective way to stimulate the pudendal nerve at high frequency, leading to sphincter relaxation. This system may provide a simple means to implement this stimulation paradigm in people with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia.
Succinamic acids. Part II. Anhydrides as intermediates in the aminolysis of N-alkylanilic acids in toluene (1972)

N-Alkylanilic acids are shown to undergo exchange with anilines in a reaction involving thermal dissociation of the acids to the corresponding anhydride and N-alkylaniline. The anhydride can be formed either by a unimolecular process or by a bimolecular, carboxylic acid-catalysed reaction.
Transient salinity and subsoil constraints to dryland farming in Australian sodic soils: an overview (2002)

More than 60% of the 20 million ha of cropping soils in Australia are sodic and farming practices on these soils are mainly performed under dryland conditions. More than 80% of sodic soils in Australia have dense clay subsoils with high sodicity and alkaline pH (&gt;8.5). The actual yield of grains in sodic soils is often less than half of the potential yield expected on the basis of climate, because of subsoil limitations such as salinity, sodicity, alkalinity, nutrient deficiencies and toxicities due to boron, carbonate and aluminate. Sodic subsoils also have very low organic matter and biological activity. Poor water transmission properties of sodic subsoils, low rainfall in dryland areas, transpiration by vegetation and high evaporation during summer have caused accumulation of salts in the root zone layers. This transient salinity, not influenced by groundwater, is extensive in many sodic soil landscapes in Australia where the watertable is deep. ‘Dryland salinity’ is currently given wide attention in the public debate and in government policies, but only focusing on salinity induced by shallow watertables. While 16% of the dryland cropping area is likely to be affected by watertable-induced salinity, 67% of the area has a potential for transient salinity not associated with groundwater and other subsoil constraints and costing the Australian farming economy in the vicinity of A$1330 million per year. A different strategy for different types of dryland salinity is essential for the sustainable management and improved productivity of dryland farming. This paper discusses the sodic subsoil constraints, different types of salinity in the dryland regions, the issues related to the management of sodic subsoils and the future priorities needed in addressing these problems. It also emphasises that transient salinity in the root zone of dryland agricultural soils is an important issue with potential for worse problems than watertable-induced seepage salinity.
Local Abnormality Detection in Video Using Subspace Learning (2010)

On-line abnormality detection in video without the use of object detection and tracking is a desirable task in surveillance.We address this problem for the case when labeled information about normal events is limited and information about abnormal events is not available. We formulate this problem as a one-class classification, where multiple local novelty classifiers (detectors) are used to first learn normal actions based on motion information and then to detect abnormal instances. Each detector is associated to a small region of interest and is trained over labeled samples projected on an appropriate subspace. We discover this subspace by using both labeled and unlabeled segments.We investigate the use of subspace learning and compare two methodologies based on linear (Principal Components Analysis) and on non-linear subspace learning (Locality Preserving Projections), respectively. Experimental results on a real underground station dataset shows that the linear approach is better suited for cases where the subspace learning is restricted to the labeled samples, whereas the non-linear approach is preferable in the presence of additional unlabeled data.
Spatial frequency discrimination in simple and compound gratings (1986)

These experiments examine how spatial frequency discrimination is altered by the addition of new frequency components. All stimuli were vertical gratings, windowed horizontally by a Gaussian function. Simple gratings contained a single component: a narrow band of frequencies. Compound gratings contained two such components.
Transcriptional activation of a ras-like gene (kir) by oncogenic tyrosine kinases. (1994)

We report the characterization of a member of the ras gene family that is overexpressed in cells transformed by abl tyrosine kinase oncogenes. The gene, named kir (for kinase-inducible ras-like), is induced at the transcriptional level. kir mRNA has a rapid turnover and encodes a protein of 33 kDa with guanine nucleotide-binding activity but undetectable intrinsic GTPase activity. kir was cloned by differential screening of genes present in fully malignant versus growth factor-independent cell lines expressing wild-type or mutant forms of BCR/ABL. BCR/ABL and v-Abl induce transcription of the kir gene via specific signaling pathway(s), but kir overexpression alone is not sufficient to mediate transformation.
Autophagy promotes <i>Braf</i> <sup>V600E</sup> -driven lung tumorigenesis by preserving mitochondrial metabolism (2013)

The role of autophagy in cancer is complex and context-dependent. Here we describe work with genetically engineered mouse models of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in which the tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting function of autophagy can be visualized in the same system. We discovered that early tumorigenesis in Braf(V600E)-driven lung cancer is accelerated by autophagy ablation due to unmitigated oxidative stress, as observed with loss of Nfe2l2/Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense. However, this growth advantage is eventually overshadowed by progressive mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic insufficiency, and is associated with increased survival of mice bearing autophagy-deficient tumors. Atg7 deficiency alters progression of Braf(V600E)-driven tumors from adenomas (Braf(V600E); atg7(-/-)) and adenocarcinomas (trp53(-/-); Braf(V600E); atg7(-/-)) to benign oncocytomas that accumulated morphologically and functionally defective mitochondria, suggesting that defects in mitochondrial metabolism may compromise continued tumor growth. Analysis of tumor-derived cell lines (TDCLs) revealed that Atg7-deficient cells are significantly more sensitive to starvation than Atg7-wild-type counterparts, and are impaired in their ability to respire, phenotypes that are rescued by the addition of exogenous glutamine. Taken together, these data suggest that Braf(V600E)-driven tumors become addicted to autophagy as a means to preserve mitochondrial function and glutamine metabolism, and that inhibiting autophagy may be a powerful strategy for Braf(V600E)-driven malignancies.
Spalling and Sorption of Tubing for Peristaltic Pumps (2002)

Available tubing for peristaltic pumps tend to shed particulates into the solution due to their poor abrasion characteristics. Most commonly used flexible tubing is silicone rubber or polyvinyl chloride (Tygon) tubing. Two newly available tubing are manufactured from a composite of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon PTFE) with platinum-cured silicone rubber (Sta-Pure) and a tubing composite of PTFE with fluoroelastomer (Chem-Sure). These are claimed to resist spalling and deliver constant volume when used in peristaltic pumps. The four tubing were compared for spallation. They were also compared for sorption of methylparaben, propylparaben, and benzyl alcohol over a 72 hr study. Spallation studies indicate that Tygon and silicone tubing are prone to damage and shedding of particulates due to abrasion during use in peristaltic pumps while the Chem-Sure and Sta-Pure tubing are resistant to abrasion and spalling and show negligible shedding of particulates over 72 hr use in the peristaltic pump. Chem-Sure shows no spalling after 48 hr. Decrease in volume delivered is expected using Tygon and silicone tubing only. Chem-Sure tubing did not show any preservative losses. Tygon sorbed all preservatives tested to the greatest extent, followed by Silastic and Sta-Pure tubing, in decreasing order of sorption. Propylparaben was sorbed to the greatest extent. The tubing used appear to approach saturation in 24-48 hr. Chem-Sure and Sta-Pure tubing are ideal for use in peristaltic pumps or for general use for any demanding pharmaceutical applications.
Effects of mirror reflectivity in a distributed-feedback laser (1973)

The linear coupled-wave analysis of a distributed-feedback laser is presented for nonzero reflectivity at the ends of the lasing medium. Numerical results are given for the case of real coupling coefficients and the threshold behavior, as the reflectivity effects dominate, is described.
Potentiation of fasciolicidal agents by benzoyl side chains, synthesis of benzoylsalicylanilides (1985)

The synthesis and potent fasciolicidal activity of novel salicylanilides, with benzoyl substituents in the salicyl ring, is described. Several compounds surpassed the activity of commercially used flukicides against Fasciola hepatica infections in rats. Compounds 10, 11, and 15 were poorly active against the parasite in sheep and inactive in infected calves. It is concluded that the benzoyl substituents potentiate antiparasitic action by virtue of their electron-withdrawing properties rather than by advantageous protein binding at parasite receptor sites. Poor activity in sheep is ascribed to in vivo reduction of the carbonyl in the benzoyl group of the anilides.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Some Substituted Isoxazolines and Isothiazolines (2009)

Some substituted isoxazoline and isothiazolines were synthesized from chalcones. These varied products have been characterized by elemental analysis spectral studies and tested for antibacterial activity against S. aureus, B.megaterium, A.niger and A.parasitica
Prostaglandin E2 Activates Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Erk Pathway Signaling and Cell Proliferation in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells in an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor–Independent Manner (2005)

Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) overexpression is found in a wide variety of human cancers and is linked to all stages of tumorigenesis. Elevated tumor COX-2 expression is associated with increased angiogenesis, tumor invasion, suppression of host immunity and promotes tumor cell resistance to apoptosis. Previous reports have linked the COX-2 product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to the abnormal activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/Erk kinase pathway. Here we show that PGE2 is able to rapidly stimulate Erk phosphorylation in a subset of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. This effect is not evident in bronchial epithelial cells. In contrast to previous reports in colon cancer, we found that Erk activation as well as cellular proliferation induced by PGE2 was not inhibited by pretreatment of the cells with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors. Activation of the Erk pathway by PGE2 was also resistant to src kinase inhibitors but sensitive to the protein kinase C inhibition. PGE2 effects are mediated through four G protein-coupled receptors. Selective inhibition of EP receptors revealed the possible involvement of Ca2+-dependent signaling in PGE2-mediated activation of Erk. Our data indicate the presence of an EGFR-independent activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/Erk pathway by PGE2 in NSCLC cells. These findings provide evidence for the possible link between tumor COX-2 overexpression and elevated Erk-mediated cancer cell proliferation and migration. Importantly, these findings suggest that COX-2 overexpression may contribute to EGFR inhibitor resistance in NSCLC.
The ionosphere at Huancayo, Peru, November and December 1937 (1938)

On November 17, 1937, at the Huancayo Magnetic Observatory, in Peru, of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, continuous operation of recently‐developed ionospheric apparatus 1 was started. (Identical equipment was installed at the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory in Western Australia during April and May 1938.) The new apparatus covers frequencies from 16.0 mc/sec to 0.516 mc/sec every 15 minutes, automatically registering the virtual heights of the ionospheric regions. It is a powerful tool for radio exploration of the Earth's outer atmosphere, and its continuous operation is likely to give an excellent picture of the ionosphere.
Efficient class of optimized coning compensation algorithms (1996)

Various algorithms are examined for integrating the noncommutivity rate equation that is the basis for the coning correction applied in strapdown inertial reference systems. A concept for improving the computational accuracy and efficiency of strapdown coning correction algorithms is described and applied to the development of six new algorithms, each possessing optimal accuracy characteristics and leading to minimum computational throughput requirements. The accuracies of the six new algorithms are compared to those associated with four previously known algorithms in both pure coning and benign angular rate environments. It is shown that, for all algorithms, the error incurred in a benign environment is negligibly small, even for very severe maneuvers, and that algorithm optimization based strictly on a consideration of its accuracy characteristics in a pure coning environment is justified. An algorithm simplification concept employed that is similarly based solely on the properties of the algorithm in a pure coning environment is also shown to be justified.
Iterative-parametric image models for video coding (2006)

This paper proposes a novel method for compressing digital image sequence based on iterative and parameterisable image models.By using proposed image models, the reconstructed image approximates the input image progressively by repeatedly segmenting each residual image obtained from previous iteration and the input image into objects or domains.Parameters characterising segmented domains are then encoded and transmitted.The proposed image model utilises product codes in an attempt to further improve the quality of the input image.Finally, applications of proposed images models are extended to video coding, which exploit similarity between successful frames, in addition to selfsimilarity within each frame.
Unusually Lewis basic Pro‐azaphosphatranes (1991)

Abstract The title compounds of the type P(RNCH 2 CH 2 ) 3 N (1, R = H; 2, R = Me; 3, R = CHz 2 Ph) display the unexpected basicity trend 1 < 2 < 3 with respect to protonation which forms the azaphosphatranes magnified image (4, R = H; 5, R = Me; 6, R = CH 2 Ph). The unusual basicity order 1 < 2 < 3 is also supported by the trend in 1 J PSe values obtained for SeP(RNCH 2 CH 2 ) 3 N (8, R = H; 9, R = CH 2 Ph; 10, R = Me). Deprotonation of 4 is shown to produce a variety of deprotonated derivatives which were trapped by alkylation with MeI. A favored rationale for the unusual weakness of 4 as a protonic acid (pKa in DMSO, 29.6) is an unusual stability of the axial three‐center four‐electron bond signalled by the unusually high field 31 P chemical shift of this cation (—42 ppm).
The use of tissue plasminogen activator infusion to re-establish function of tunneled hemodialysis catheters. (2004)

Alteplase is a safe and effective means of producing clearance of blocked tunneled catheters.