gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lipid peroxidation in erythrocyte membranes: Cholesterol product analysis in photosensitized and xanthine oxidase‐catalyzed reactions (1987)

The effects of singlet oxygen- and oxygen radical-induced lipid peroxidation on cell membrane integrity were compared, using the human erythrocyte ghost as a model system. Resealed ghosts underwent lipid peroxidation and lysis (release of trapped glucose-6-P) when irradiated in the presence of uroporphyrin (UP) or when incubated with xanthine (X), xanthine oxidase (XO) and iron. The UP-sensitized process was inhibited by azide but not by phenolic antioxidants, consistent with singlet oxygen (nonradical) involvement. This was confirmed by showing that the predominant photoproduct of membrane cholesterol was the 5 alpha-hydroperoxide. Total hydroperoxide (LOOH) content in UP-photooxidized ghosts increased linearly during the prelytic lag and throughout the period of rapid lysis. Unlike the photoreaction, X/XO/iron-dependent peroxidation and lysis was inhibited by catalase, superoxide dismutase and phenolic antioxidants, indicating O2-/H2O2 intermediacy and a free radical mechanism. Correspondingly, only radical reaction products of cholesterol were formed, notably the 7 alpha-, 7 beta-hydroperoxide pair. Membrane lysis had a distinct lag as in photooxidation; however, the LOOH profile was more complex, with an initial lag followed by a sharp increase and then slow decline. X/XO/iron-induced lysis commenced when LOOH levels were 2-3 times higher than in photosensitized lysis, suggesting that the pathways of membrane lesion formation are different in the two systems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Microseismic Monitoring of Hydraulic Stimulation at the Australian HDR Project in Cooper Basin (2005)

A team of Japanese researchers, who have a considerable
experience in the microseismic monitoring of hydraulic
stimulation/circulation of HDR/HWR/HFR reservoirs,
conducted a microseismic monitoring at the Cooper Basin
HDR site, Australia in the last quarter of 2003. A network
of seismic instruments with 4 near surface instruments,
three downhole instruments and one deep downhole
instruments was set up by Geodynamics and CRIEPI. The
seismic network detected approximately 32,000 triggers
during injection of 20,000 m3 of fresh water into granitic
basement over 3 weeks. The authors located the events on
a semi-realtime basis using automatic software for picking,
and the locations were fed back to the pumping side for
determination of further injection plan. The locations of
seismic events showed sub-horizontal extension of the
reservoir to 1,800 m away from the injection well at a depth
of around 4,500 m. The heterogeneous source migration
suggests that the fractures in the stimulated zone were close
to a critically stressed state.
Metal N-heterocyclic carbene complexes as potential antitumor metallodrugs (2012)

The discovery of cisplatin's antitumor activity in 1969 prompted the search for novel metal-containing complexes as potential anticancer drugs. Among these novel complexes, metal N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes have recently gained considerable attention because they perfectly fit prerequisites for efficient drug design and fast optimization. Moreover, most of them have shown higher cytotoxicity than cisplatin. This review describes the advances that have been achieved in using transition metal (Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Cu, Ni, and Ru) complexes containing NHC ligands as antitumor agents. Their modes of action at the cellular lever are further discussed. All these initial achievements clearly demonstrate the great potential of metal-NHC complexes as antitumor agents.
The Effectiveness and Efficiency of Hybrid Transform/DPCM Interframe Image Coding (1984)

We seek to evaluate the efficiency of hybrid transform/ DPCM interframe image coding relative to an optimal scheme that minimizes the mean-squared error in encoding a stationary Gaussian image sequence. The stationary assumption leads us to use the asymptotically optimal discrete Fourier transform (DFT) on the full frame of an image. We encode an actual image sequence with full-frame DFT/DPCM at several rates and compare it to previous interframe coding results with the same sequence. We also encode a single frame at these same rates using a full-frame DFT to demonstrate the inherent coding gains of interframe transform DPCM over intraframe coding. We then generate a pseudorandom image sequence with precise Gauss-Markov statistics and encode it by hybrid full-frame DFT/DPCM at various rates. We compare the signal-to-noise ratios (SNR's) of these reconstructions to the optimal ones calculated from the rate-distortion function. We conclude that in a medium rate range below 1 bit/pel/frame where reconstructions for hybrid transform/ DPCM may be unsatisfactory, there is enough margin for improvement to consider more sophisticated coding schemes.
A framework for using insurance for cyber-risk management (2003)

Seeking to protect an organization against a new form of business losses.
RsaI: a new sequence-specific endonuclease activity from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides (1980)

A new type II sequence-specific endonuclease, RsaI, has been identified from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain 28/5. An RsaI purification scheme that yields enzyme which is free of contaminating exonuclease and phosphatase activities after a single column fractionation has been developed. The enzyme recognized the tetranucleotide sequence 5'-GTAC-3' and cleaved between the T and A, thereby generating flush ends. RsaI should be extremely useful in deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing experiments.
Agent-Based Control Framework for Mass Customization Manufacturing With UHF RFID Technology (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology adoption in business environments has seen strong growth in recent years. Adopting an appropriate RFID-based information system has become increasingly important for enterprises making complex and highly customized products. However, most firms still use conventional barcode and run-card systems to manage their manufacturing processes. These systems often require human intervention during the production process. As a result, traditional systems are not able to fulfill the growing demand for managing dynamic process flows and are not able to obtain real-time work-in-process (WIP) views in mass customization manufacturing. This paper proposes an agent-based distributed production control framework with UHF RFID technology to help firms adapt to such a dynamic and agile manufacturing environment. This paper reports the design and development of the framework and the application of UHF RFID technology in manufacturing and logistic control applications. The framework's RFID event processing agent model is implemented in a smart end-point (SEP) device. A SEP can manage RFID readers, wirelessly communicate with shop-floor machines, make local decisions, and coordinate with other SEPs. A case study of a bicycle manufacturing company demonstrates how the proposed framework could improve a firm's mass customization operations. Results of experiments show the decentralized multiagent coordination scheme among SEPs outperformed the current practice of the firm in terms of reducing work-in-process and parts inventory. </para>
Some advanced testing techniques for concentrator photovoltaic cells and lenses (1982)

Liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1) is a nuclear receptor involved in the repression of inflammatory processes in the hepatointestinal tract. Here we report that LRH-1 is expressed in macrophages and induced by the Th2 cytokine IL-13 via a mechanism involving STAT6. We show that loss-of-function of LRH-1 in macrophages impedes IL-13-induced macrophage polarization due to impaired generation of 15-HETE PPARγ ligands. The incapacity to generate 15-HETE metabolites is at least partially caused by the compromised regulation of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. Mice with LRH-1-deficient macrophages are, furthermore, highly susceptible to gastrointestinal and systemic Candida albicans infection. Altogether, these results identify LRH-1 as a critical component of the anti-inflammatory and fungicidal response of alternatively activated macrophages that acts upstream from the IL-13-induced 15-HETE/PPARγ axis.
Electromechanical deflections of piezoelectric tubes with quartered electrodes (1992)

The deflection of a piezoelectric tube, with the outer (or inner) metal coating sectioned into four quadrants, is analyzed. We show that by applying a voltage V on one of the quadrants, the electromechanical deflection is (√2d31VL2/πDh), where d31 is the piezoelectric coefficient, L is the length, D the diameter, and h the wall thickness of the tube. The deflections calculated with it agree well with the results of finite-element calculations and direct experimental measurements. The formula can be used in the design and application of tube scanners in scanning tunneling microscopes and scanning force microscopes.
Large-scale dynamic simulation of highly constrained strands (2011)

A significant challenge in applications of computer animation is the simulation of ropes, cables, and other highly constrained strandlike physical curves. Such scenarios occur frequently, for instance, when a strand wraps around rigid bodies or passes through narrow sheaths. Purely Lagrangian methods designed for less constrained applications such as hair simulation suffer from difficulties in these important cases. To overcome this, we introduce a new framework that combines Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches. The two key contributions are the reduced node , whose degrees of freedom precisely match the constraint, and the Eulerian node , which allows constraint handling that is independent of the initial discretization of the strand. The resulting system generates robust, efficient, and accurate simulations of massively constrained systems of rigid bodies and strands.
Water surface mapping from airborne laser scanning using signal intensity and elevation data (2009)

Abstract In recent years airborne laser scanning (ALS) evolved into a state‐of‐the‐art technology for topographic data acquisition. We present a novel, automatic method for water surface classification and delineation by combining the geometrical and signal intensity information provided by ALS. The reflection characteristics of water surfaces in the near‐infrared wavelength (1064 nm) of the ALS system along with the surface roughness information provide the basis for the differentiation between water and land areas. Water areas are characterized by a high number of laser shot dropouts and predominant low backscatter energy. In a preprocessing step, the recorded intensities are corrected for spherical loss and atmospheric attenuation, and the locations of laser shot dropouts are modeled. A seeded region growing segmentation, applied to the point cloud and the modeled dropouts, is used to detect potential water regions. Object‐based classification of the resulting segments determines the final separation of water and non‐water points. The water‐land‐boundary is defined by the central contour line of the transition zone between water and land points. We demonstrate that the proposed workflow succeeds for a regulated river (Inn, Austria) with smooth water surface as well as for a pro‐glacial braided river (Hintereisfernerbach, Austria). A multi‐temporal analysis over five years of the pro‐glacial river channel emphasizes the applicability of the developed method for different ALS systems and acquisition settings (e.g. point density). The validation, based on real time kinematic (RTK) global positioning system (GPS) field survey and a terrestrial orthophoto, indicate point cloud classification accuracy above 97% with 0·45 m planimetric accuracy (root mean square error) of the water–land boundary. This article shows the capability of ALS data for water surface mapping with a high degree of automation and accuracy. This provides valuable datasets for a number of applications in geomorphology, hydrology and hydraulics, such as monitoring of braided rivers, flood modeling and mapping. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative microvascular hemoglobin mapping using visible light spectroscopic Optical Coherence Tomography (2015)

Quantification of chromophore concentrations in reflectance mode remains a major challenge for biomedical optics. Spectroscopic Optical Coherence Tomography (SOCT) provides depth-resolved spectroscopic information necessary for quantitative analysis of chromophores, like hemoglobin, but conventional SOCT analysis methods are applicable only to well-defined specular reflections, which may be absent in highly scattering biological tissue. Here, by fitting of the dynamic scattering signal spectrum in the OCT angiogram using a forward model of light propagation, we quantitatively determine hemoglobin concentrations directly. Importantly, this methodology enables mapping of both oxygen saturation and total hemoglobin concentration, or alternatively, oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration, simultaneously. Quantification was verified by ex vivo blood measurements at various pO2 and hematocrit levels. Imaging results from the rodent brain and retina are presented. Confounds including noise and scattering, as well as potential clinical applications, are discussed.
A Comprehensive Study of Losses in mm-Wave Microstrip Antenna Arrays (1997)

This paper presents a study of losses in mm-wave microstrip antenna arrays Methods to reduce losses in mm-wave microstrip antenna arrays are described in this paper, Microstrip antennas posses attractive features such as low profile, light weight, small volume and low production cost. In addition,the benefit of a compact low cost feed network is attained by integrating the microstrip feed structure with the radiating elements on the same substrate. However, losses in the microstrip feed network forms a significant limit to the achievable gain in microstrip antenna arrays, Conductor, dielectric and radiation losses are the major components of loss in mm-wave microstrip antenna arrays. Surface wave losses in thin microstrip substrates (compare to wavelength) are usually negligible. At frequencies ranging from 30 to 40 GHz conductor losses are around 0. 15 to 0.2 dB per wavelength, dielectric losses are around 0.04 to 0.05 dB per wavelength for a 50 ohm line on a 10 mil duroid substrate with εr=2.2. The open nature of the microstrip configuration suffer from radiation originating at various geometrical discontinuities This radiation phenomenon causes additional signal loss in the microstrip antenna feed network. These phenomena become significant in mm-wave microstrip antenna arrays, more bends, T-junctions and other discontinuities are introduced in the feed network and radiation loss increases considerably. As an example radiation loss of a right angle bend in a 50 ohm line on a 10 mil duroid substrate with εr= 2.2, is 0.1dB at 30GHz and 0.17 dB at 40GHz.
Nanocomposites of TiO<sub>2</sub> and Reduced Graphene Oxide as Efficient Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution (2011)

Nanocomposites of titanium dioxide (P25) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO), which were prepared by several techniques including UV-assisted photocatalytic reduction, hydrazine reduction, and hydrothermal method, were studied as photocatalysts for the evolution of hydrogen from alcohol solution under UV–vis irradiation. The incorporation of RGO into P25 significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution, and the P25–RGO composite prepared by the hydrothermal method exhibited the best performance. The optimum mass ratio of P25 to RGO in the composite was 1/0.2. The P25–RGO composite was stable and could be used recyclably, and it could also catalyze the evolution of H2 from pure water. Our characterizations suggested that P25 nanoparticles with diameters of 20–30 nm were dispersed on the RGO sheet in the composite, and the stronger interaction between P25 and RGO provided a better photocatalytic activity. The intimate contact between P25 and RGO was proposed to accelerate the transfer of photogenerated electrons on P25 to RGO, suppressing the recombination of charge carriers and thus increasing the photocatalytic performance.
The basolateral targeting signal in the cytoplasmic domain of glycoprotein G from vesicular stomatitis virus resembles a variety of intracellular targeting motifs related by primary sequence but having diverse targeting activities. (1994)

Using systematic site-directed mutagenesis, the basolateral targeting signal in the cytoplasmic domain of glycoprotein G from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV G) has been localized to an 11-amino acid sequence, which contains two essential residues and a third that makes a minor contribution. A tyrosine at position 19 of the 29-residue carboxyl-terminal cytoplasmic tail is the most important residue and cannot be replaced by other aromatic amino acids, while an isoleucine at position 22, 3 residues carboxyl-terminal to this tyrosine, is also critical but can be replaced by other aliphatic residues. Additionally, an arginine at position 16 makes a minor contribution. Therefore the crucial elements of this targeting signal can be represented by the sequence Y-X-X-aliphatic. While earlier investigation has suggested similarity between basolateral targeting and internalization signals, alignment of this sequence with other cytoplasmic targeting signals suggests the existence of a broad class of homologous targeting motifs that direct protein delivery to a variety of cellular locations. This in turn suggests the existence of a family of homologous receptors, distributed throughout the cell, which differ in their affinity for subsets of these targeting sequences.
Rapid induction of arachidonic acid release by monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and related chemokines. Role of Ca2+ influx, synergism with platelet-activating factor and significance for chemotaxis. (1994)

Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 (MCP-1), a member of the Cys-Cys branch of the chemokine superfamily, induced a mepacrine- and manoalide-sensitive increase in the release of [3H]arachidonic acid from prelabeled human monocytes and monocytic THP-1 leukemic cells. The effect was rapid (<30 s), reached maximum at optimal chemotactic concentrations, and was completely blocked by pretreatment of monocytes with Bordetella pertussis toxin. A specific antiserum and heat inactivation blocked the induction of arachidonic release by MCP-1. No [3H]arachidonic acid release was observed in the absence of Ca2+ influx (5 mM EGTA or 5 mM Ni2+) or in monocytes loaded with a Ca(2+)-buffering agent. However, using ionophore-permeabilized monocytes and controlled intracellular Ca2+ concentration it was possible to dissociate MCP-1-induced Ca2+ influx from [3H]arachidonic acid release. Thus, the MCP-1-induced increase in [Ca2+]i is necessary but not sufficient for arachidonic acid accumulation. Phospholipase A2 inhibitors (mepacrine, p-bromophenacyl bromide, and manoalide) blocked monocyte polarization and chemotaxis induced by MCP-1. The related Cys-Cys chemokines RANTES and LD78/MIP1 alpha also induced a rapid release of [3H]arachidonic acid, and their chemotactic activity was blocked by phospholipase A2 inhibitors. Brief (5 min) pretreatment of monocytes with platelet-activating factor amplified MCP-1-induced arachidonic acid release and, at MCP-1 suboptimal concentrations, synergized in inducing monocyte migration. Since MCP-1 and platelet-activating factor are induced concomitantly by inflammatory cytokines in monocytes and endothelial cells, we speculate that the observed synergism may have in vivo relevance. The results presented here show that the Cys-Cys chemokines MCP-1, LD78/MIP1 alpha, and RANTES cause rapid release of arachidonic acid in monocytes and that this may be important in inducing monocyte chemotaxis.
IoU-balanced Loss Functions for Single-stage Object Detection (2019)

Single-stage object detectors have been widely applied in computer vision applications due to their high efficiency. However, we find that the loss functions adopted by single-stage object detectors hurt the localization accuracy seriously. Firstly, the standard cross-entropy loss for classification is independent of the localization task and drives all the positive examples to learn as high classification scores as possible regardless of localization accuracy during training. As a result, there will be many detections that have high classification scores but low IoU or detections that have low classification scores but high IoU. Secondly, for the standard smooth L1 loss, the gradient is dominated by the outliers that have poor localization accuracy during training. The above two problems will decrease the localization accuracy of single-stage detectors. In this work, IoU-balanced loss functions that consist of IoU-balanced classification loss and IoU-balanced localization loss are proposed to solve the above problems. The IoU-balanced classification loss pays more attention to positive examples with high IoU and can enhance the correlation between classification and localization tasks. The IoU-balanced localization loss decreases the gradient of examples with low IoU and increases the gradient of examples with high IoU, which can improve the localization accuracy of models. Extensive experiments on challenging public datasets such as MS COCO, PASCAL VOC and Cityscapes demonstrate that both IoU-balanced losses can bring substantial improvement for the popular single-stage detectors, especially for the localization accuracy. On COCO test-dev, the proposed methods can substantially improve AP by $1.0\%\sim1.7\%$ and AP75 by $1.0\%\sim2.4\%$. On PASCAL VOC, it can also substantially improve AP by $1.3\%\sim1.5\%$ and AP80, AP90 by $1.6\%\sim3.9\%$.
Effect of Texture on the Rate of Hydroxyapatite Formation on Gel‐Silica Surface (1995)

An apatite layer can be formed on pure gel‐silica soaked in simulated body fluid. The rate of formation depends on solution parameters and sintering temperature of the gelsilica. In this study, the effect of the texture of the gel‐silica on the rate of hydroxyapatite formation was investigated. The apatite formation was monitored by means of Fourier‐transform infrared reflection spectroscopy as well as by the measurement of changes in the ion concentration of the fluid. The induction time for apatite nucleation on the gel silica decreased as pore size and pore volume increased. The substrate parameters that affect nucleation are discussed and a mechanism that assumes pores as nucleation sites for hydroxyapatite is proposed.
Comparison of linear spectral reconstruction methods for multispectral imaging (2005)

This paper compares the performance of a number of linear methods for reflectance estimation from digital camera responses. Methods based upon smoothness maximisation, linear models of reflectance and least-squares fitting are compared using two simulated 6-channel camera systems. In our experiments, the smoothness methods were generally found to deliver the best performance on test data. Furthermore, they deliver equivalent performance on training data, even compared to those methods that make explicit use of a priori knowledge of the training data.
ALPORAS Aluminum Foam: Production Process, Properties, and Applications (2000)

The production of foamed aluminum has long been considered difficult to achieve because of problems such as the low foamability of the molten metal, the varying size of the cellular structures, and solidification shrinkage. Researchers have gradually solved these problems and some manufacturers are now producing foamed aluminum by their own methods. Shinko Wire has been manufacturing foamed aluminum under the registered trade name ALPORAS since 1986, using a batch casting process.