gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of mass isotopomer dilution methods used to compute VLDL production in vivo (1996)

The recent development of mass isotopomer distribution methods represents an important new tool for quantifying synthetic rates. These methods allow precursor enrichment to be determined indirectly from the enrichment of the product, thus sidestepping the often difficult problem of measuring the precursor enrichment. Two different methods have been described to compute synthetic rates by this general approach in the laboratories of M. K. Hellerstein and J. K. Kelleher, and variations of these basic approaches have also been presented by W. N. Lee and by ourselves. A comparison between the different methods has never been reported. In this paper, we take a specific application, calculation of the fractional rate of incorporation of acetyl-CoA into very low density lipoprotein-bound palmitate, and compare the results obtained from all of the mass isotopomer methods using the same data set obtained in vivo in human subjects. We found that it is critical that the measured background isotopomer distribution of palmitate is used rather than the theoretical background isotopomer distribution. We also found that the different methods give comparable precursor enrichments and comparable fractional synthesis rates, provided that the enrichments in Kelleher's method are properly weighted. Thus the choice of method to use is a matter of personal preference.
An Experimental Evaluation of the Oil Fouling Effects of Two-Stroke Oxidation Catalysts (1998)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Washcoat sintering and substrate meltdown have traditionally been the principle deactivating mechanisms of catalysts fitted to two-stroke engines. The reduction of the excessively high HC and CO levels responsible for these effects has therefore been the focus of considerable research which has led to the introduction of direct in-cylinder fuel injection to some larger versions of this engine. However, much less attention has been paid to the effects of oil and its additives on the performance and durability of the two-stroke catalyst. The quantity of oil emitted to the exhaust system of the majority of two-stroke engines is much greater than in four-stroke engines of comparable output due to the total loss lubrication system employed. The fundamental design of the two-stroke also permits some of this oil to ‘short-circuit’ to the exhaust in a neat or unburned form. The effect of this oil on the catalyst and the subsequent effect of the catalyst on the oil is the subject of this paper.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Two separate experimental test facilities were used during this investigation. The first was a computer-controlled catalyst test rig which uses a synthetic exhaust gas to examine the light-off characteristics of the catalyst in an accurate and repeatable manner. The second was based on a propane gas burner and was used to subject the catalyst to oil under conditions representative of those experienced on an operating engine.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Two oil types were formulated specifically for this study, one containing a minimal sulphur concentration and one containing 1.02% sulphur. It was found that oil with a low sulphur content caused only temporary deactivation which could be removed by simply heating the catalyst while oil which contained a high level of sulphur caused immediate and permanent deactivation. It was also found that the temperature at which the oil was layered onto the catalyst had a significant effect on the post-oiling light-off performance with CO conversion being inhibited to a greater degree than HC conversion. BET surface area measurements revealed a significant reduction in the number of micropores in the 5-10Å region while surface reaction rate considerations suggested a loss in metal surface area of over 50%.</div>
Google Books N-gram Corpus used as a Grammar Checker (2012)

In this research we explore the possibility of using a large n-gram corpus (Google Books) to derive lexical transition probabilities from the frequency of word n-grams and then use them to check and suggest corrections in a target text without the need for grammar rules. We conduct several experiments in Spanish, although our conclusions also reach other languages since the procedure is corpus-driven. The paper reports on experiments involving different types of grammar errors, which are conducted to test different grammar-checking procedures, namely, spotting possible errors, deciding between different lexical possibilities and filling-in the blanks in a text. 1
Regulation of plant growth and development by the GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR and GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR duo (2015)

Transcription factors are key regulators of gene expression and play pivotal roles in all aspects of living organisms. Therefore, identification and functional characterization of transcription factors is a prerequisite step toward understanding life. This article reviews molecular and biological functions of the two transcription regulator families, GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF) and GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR (GIF), which have only recently been recognized. A myriad of experimental evidence clearly illustrates that GRF and GIF are bona fide partner proteins and form a plant-specific transcriptional complex. One of the most conspicuous outcomes from this research field is that the GRF-GIF duo endows the primordial cells of vegetative and reproductive organs with a meristematic specification state, guaranteeing the supply of cells for organogenesis and successful reproduction. It has recently been shown that GIF1 proteins, also known as ANGUSTIFOLIA3, recruit chromatin remodelling complexes to target genes, and that AtGRF expression is directly activated by the floral identity factors, APETALA1 and SEPALLATA3, providing an important insight into understanding of the action of GRF-GIF. Moreover, GRF genes are extensively subjected to post-transcriptional control by microRNA396, revealing the presence of a complex regulatory circuit in regulation of plant growth and development by the GRF-GIF duo.
Optical chemsensor based on etched tilted Bragg grating structures in multimode fiber (2005)

We present a simple optical chemsensor device based on tilted Bragg grating structures ultraviolet-inscribed in conventional multimode fiber and sensitized by a hydrofluoric (HF)-etching treatment. The transition behaviors of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) from normal to tilted structures and their spectral evolution under HF-etching have been studied. The etched devices have been used to measure the concentrations of sugar solution, showing a potential capability of detecting concentration changes as small as <0.5%, which is an order of magnitude lower than that of previously reported FBG sensors in single-mode fiber.
Absence of glucose decreases human fertilization and sperm movement characteristics in vitro (1997)

The effect of glucose in a modified Ham's F10 medium (MM) without hypoxanthine, phosphate and transition metals on human fertilization and sperm survival in vitro was determined. Mature human oocytes from in-vitro fertilization (IVF) patients or Percoll-washed human spermatozoa were randomly allocated to one of the treatment groups: normal Ham's F10, MM, MM with 5 mM glucose (HGMM) and MM with 0.5 mM glucose (LGMM). Oocytes were inseminated in one of the four media for 12-20 h and checked for fertilization. Sperm were incubated likewise for 4 and 24 h, and sperm motility and sperm movement characteristics including average path velocity (VAP), curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight line velocity (VSL), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), beat cross frequency (BCF), straightness (STR), and linearity (LIN) were determined using computer-assisted semen analysis. Fertilization rates were significantly lower in oocytes cultured in MM (23.8%) compared to LGMM (75.5%), HGMM (73.6%) or Ham's F10 (71.1%). Sperm characteristics after 4 h incubation in all four media were similar, except VAP, VSL, VCL and ALH were significantly lower in MM (no glucose) in comparison with the other three media. After 24 h VAP, VSL, VCL, ALH, LIN and percentage rapid spermatozoa were significantly higher in spermatozoa incubated in HGMM or Ham's F10 compared with MM or LGMM. Also after 24 h, the percentage of spermatozoa which were highly motile was greater in HGMM than in Ham's F10. Absence of glucose significantly lowered fertilization rates and sperm movement characteristics in vitro.
Use of polyethylene glycol-treated calf serum for cell cultures in virus and interferon studies. (1975)

Immunoglobulins and lipoproteins can be efficiently removed from calf serum by precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 under sterile conditions. The PEG-treated serum is suitable for cell cultures used for virus growth and assays. Moreover, PEG was found to slow down the growth of L cells and to enhance the production and activity of mouse interferon.
Bioreducible Block Copolymers Based on Poly(Ethylene Glycol) and Poly(γ-Benzyl <scp>l</scp>-Glutamate) for Intracellular Delivery of Camptothecin (2011)

Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate)s bearing the disulfide bond (PEG-SS-PBLGs), which is specifically cleavable in intracellular compartments, were prepared via a facile synthetic route as a potential carrier of camptothecin (CPT). Diblock copolymers with different lengths of PBLG were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of benzyl glutamate N-carboxy anhydride in the presence of a PEG macroinitiator (PEG-SS-NH(2)). Owing to their amphiphilic nature, the copolymers formed spherical micelles in an aqueous condition, and their particle sizes (20-125 nm in diameter) were dependent on the block length of PBLG. Critical micelle concentrations of the copolymers were in the range 0.005-0.065 mg/mL, which decreased as the block length of PBLG increased. CPT, chosen as a model anticancer drug, was effectively encapsulated up to 12 wt % into the hydrophobic core of the micelles by the solvent casting method. It was demonstrated by the in vitro optical imaging technique that the fluorescence signal of doxorubicin, quenched in the PEG-SS-PBLG micelles, was highly recovered in the presence of glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide reducing disulfide bonds in the cytoplasm. The micelles released CPT completely within 20 h under 10 mM GSH, whereas only 40% of CPT was released from the micelles in the absence of GSH. From the in vitro cytotoxicity test, it was found that CPT-loaded PEG-SS-PBLG micelles showed higher toxicity to SCC7 cancer cells than CPT-loaded PEG-b-PBLG micelles without the disulfide bond. Microscopic observation demonstrated that the disulfide-containing micelle could effectively deliver the drug into nuclei of SCC7 cells. These results suggest that PEG-SS-PBLG diblock copolymer is a promising carrier for intracellular delivery of CPT.
La description de M 'Abdallah Balyânî par Jâmî (version française abrégée) (1996)

Morris James W. La description de M 'Abdallah Balyânî par Jâmî (version française abrégée). In: Horizons Maghrébins - Le droit à la mémoire, N°30, 1996. La Walaya. Etudes sur le soufisme d'Ibn 'Arabî. pp. 51-54.
Soft generators using dielectric elastomers (2011)

The potential to produce light-weight, low-cost, wearable dielectric elastomer generators has been limited by the requirement for bulky rigid, and expensive external circuitry. In this letter, we present a soft dielectric elastomer generator whose stretchable circuit elements are integrated within the membrane. The soft generator achieved an energy density of 10 mJ/g at an efficiency of 12% and simply consisted of low-cost acrylic membranes and carbon grease mounted in a frame.
Spatio-temporal Active Region Model for Simultaneous Segmentation and Motion Estimation of the Whole Heart (2003)

Accurate and robust measurements of the moving/deforming geometry and kinematics of the heart from cine tomographic medical image sequences are of great technical challenges and significant clinical values. Traditionally, the boundary or volumetric segmentation and motion estimation problems are treated as two sequential steps, even though the order of the processes can be different. In this paper, we present an integrated, active region model based analysis scheme for the joint recovery of these two ill-posed problems at the same time. The framework performs simultaneous multiframe boundary segmentation and volumetric motion/deformation estimation of the entire myocardium, including the endocardial, epicardial, and mid-wall tissues of the left and right ventricles. The spatiotemporal active region model is built upon an elastic solid that evolves to reach the equilibrium between the internal elastic stress and the external data-driven and model-constrained forces. The main novelty of the technique is that the external driving forces are individually constructed for each nodal point through the integration of the data-driven edginess measures, the prior spatial distributions of the myocardial tissues, the temporal coherence of the image-derived salient features, the imaging/image-derived Eulerian velocity information, and the cyclic motion model of the myocardial behavior. The finite element method provides the representation and computation platform for our effort, and iterative procedures are used to solve the governing equations. We demonstrate the robustness and accuracy of the strategy with very promising application results from canine magnetic resonance phase contrast image sequence. The results are further validated against histo-chemical staining of the post mortem myocardial tissues, the current gold standard.
Energy-efficient TDMA medium access control protocol scheduling (2000)

In this paper we study the energy efficiency and channel efficiency of TDMA MAC protocol scheduling mechanisms. Most MAC protocols are based on phase grouping that basically has three phases in a frame: uplink, downlink and reservation. We propose a new mechanism in which we have multiple uplink and downlink phases. These phases are grouped per mobile in a frame. Although this has a negative effect on the capacity of the channel, it allows the mobile to turn the power off from the wireless interface for a longer period. We made this choice since in a mobile multimedia environment it is more important that connections have a certain QoS, than highest possible bandwidth. We present an analysis in which these two basic mechanisms are compared in respect to bandwidth efficiency and energy efficiency. We have developed and implemented a novel MAC protocol based on mobile grouping that provides Quality of Service (QoS) support for diverse traffic types.
Characterization of Semi-Insulating 4H Silicon Carbide for Radiation Detectors (2011)

Radiation detectors have been fabricated on 8 mm × 8 mm substrates, ~390 μm in thickness, diced from a (0001) 4H-SiC semi-insulating (SI) wafer (≥ 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> Ohm-cm). The crystals used for detector fabrication have been characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), electron beam induced current (EBIC), chemical etching, cross-polarized imaging, and Raman spectroscopy. Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics showed very low leakage current (≤ 50 pA at -800 V) and the capability of detector's operation ≥ 470 K. EBIC investigations revealed that the screw dislocations produce dark EBIC contrast indicating high leakage current in the defective regions. Thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurements and high temperature resistivity measurements revealed deep level centers with activation energies 1.1-1.2 eV, and 1.56 eV. The TSC peak at ~460 K associated with the ~1.2 eV center was much stronger than the other high temperature peaks (e.g., 370 K due to vanadium impurity, 0.95 eV below of conduction band edge), indicating that this level along with the 1.56 eV level should dominate in controlling the resistivity and carrier lifetime in the studied 4H-SiC. Based on the literature data, we associate these centers with intrinsic defects and/or V-related complex. Nuclear detection measurements on the single-element SiC detectors with <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">241</sup> Am X-γ ray source clearly detected 59.6 keV and other low energy x-rays.
Modeling of the Lippmann color process (1991)

Lippmann photography is based on Bragg diffraction from photographically recorded volume gratings, in which the index and absorption variations occur mainly in the direction normal to the film plane. A simplified model of the process is formulated. A first Born analysis is used to find a simple physical description of the reconstruction process. More accurate computer simulations, based on the theory of wave propagation in a stratified medium, confirm the predictions from the first Born analysis and permit modeling of situations in which the first Born analysis breaks down. A number of computed spectral response curves are used to illustrate the dependence of the color and tone reproduction properties of the process on typical recording parameters.
Mechanism for activation of mutated epidermal growth factor receptors in lung cancer (2013)

The initiation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase activity proceeds via an asymmetric dimerization mechanism in which a "donor" tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) contacts an "acceptor" TKD, leading to its activation. In the context of a ligand-induced dimer, identical wild-type EGFR TKDs are thought to assume the donor or acceptor roles in a random manner. Here, we present biochemical reconstitution data demonstrating that activated EGFR mutants found in lung cancer preferentially assume the acceptor role when coexpressed with WT EGFR. Mutated EGFRs show enhanced association with WT EGFR, leading to hyperphosphorylation of the WT counterpart. Mutated EGFRs also hyperphosphorylate the related erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene (ErbB) family member, ErbB-2, in a similar manner. This directional "superacceptor activity" is particularly pronounced in the drug-resistant L834R/T766M mutant. A 4-Å crystal structure of this mutant in the active conformation reveals an asymmetric dimer interface that is essentially the same as that in WT EGFR. Asymmetric dimer formation induces an allosteric conformational change in the acceptor subunit. Thus, superacceptor activity likely arises simply from a lower energetic cost associated with this conformational change in the mutant EGFR compared with WT, rather than from any structural alteration that impairs the donor role of the mutant. Collectively, these findings define a previously unrecognized mode of mutant-specific intermolecular regulation for ErbB receptors, knowledge of which could potentially be exploited for therapeutic benefit.
Change in the Fine Structure of Nickel-Chromium Heat-Resistant Alloys during Creep, (1973)

The problem of creep and the heat resistance of alloys has been the subject of numerous studies and generalizations. In this work a diffraction electron microscope was used to study the role of crystal lattice defects and their interaction with phase particles in the behavior of alloys on a nickel-chromium base during creep at a temperature above 0.5 T (melt). Studies were also made of certain structural factors which ensure increased resistance to creep.
Thrombospondin-1–Deficient Mice Are Not Protected from Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis (2010)

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is an extracellular protein critical to normal lung homeostasis, and is reported to activate latent transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Because active TGF-β is causally involved in lung fibrosis after bleomycin challenge, alterations in TSP-1 may be relevant to pulmonary fibrosis. We sought to determine the effects of TSP-1 deficiency on the susceptibility to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in a murine model. Age-matched and sex-matched C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and TSP-1-deficient mice were treated twice weekly for 4 weeks with intraperitoneal bleomycin (0.035 U/g) or PBS, and were allowed to rest 1 week before being killed. Their lungs were inflated with PBS, fixed in formalin, paraffin-embedded, and sectioned. A certified veterinary pathologist blindly scored each slide for inflammation and fibrosis. Lungs were homogenized to obtain RNA and protein for the real-time RT-PCR analysis of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and collagen I, and for Western blotting to detect phospho-Smad2, or total Smad2/3, respectively. In response to bleomycin treatment, measures of fibrosis and inflammation, along with CTGF and collagen I mRNA concentrations, were increased in TSP-1-deficient mice compared with WT mice. Notably, Smad 2/3 signaling was of equal strength in WT and TSP-1 knockout mice treated with bleomycin, suggesting that TSP-1 is not required for the activation of TGF-β. These results demonstrate that TSP-1 deficiency does not protect mice from systemic bleomycin challenge, and that TSP-1 deficiency is associated with increased expression of lung collagen and CTGF.
Verifiable and Privacy Preserving Electronic Voting with Untrusted Machines (2013)

Designing a trustworthy voting system that uses electronic voting machines (EVMs) for efficiency and accuracy is a challenging task. It is difficult, if not impossible, to ensure the trustworthiness of EVMs that possess computation, storage, and communication capabilities. Thus an electronic voting system that does not assume trusted EVMs is clearly desirable. In this paper, we have proposed a k-anonymized electronic voting scheme that achieves this goal by assuming a hardware-controlled trusted random number generator external to the EVM. The proposed scheme relies on a k-anonymization technique to protect privacy and resort to joint de-anonymization of the votes for counting. Since the joint de-anonymization takes into account all the votes, it is difficult to manipulate an individual vote, even by the EVM, without being detected. Besides the anonymization technique, the proposed scheme relies on standard cryptographic hashing and the concept of floating receipt to provide end-to-end verifiability that prevents coercion or vote trading.
Atom-transfer reaction rates for thermal fluorine atoms with CH3X and CF3X (X = bromo, iodo) (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAtom-transfer reaction rates for thermal fluorine atoms with CH3X and CF3X (X = bromo, iodo)R. Subramonia Iyer and F. S. RowlandCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1981, 85, 17, 2493–2497Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j150617a017https://doi.org/10.1021/j150617a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views53Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts