gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Removal of Algae by Sonication-Coagulation (2006)

Algae bloom in source water has caused serious problems in drinking water supplies, and conventional methods for its treatment have achieved only limited success. This paper reports a new technology, ultrasound assisted coagulation, for effective removal of algae cells from the source water in water treatment works. The results showed that ultrasonic pretreatment significantly enhanced the removal efficiency of algae cells. Ultrasonic irradiation for 5 s increased the algae removal efficiency by more than 20% when the coagulant dose was 0.4-0.8 mg/L. To achieve the same algae removal ratio of 90%, sonication for 5 s reduced the coagulant dose by 2/3. The optimal sonication parameters were determined as follows: sonication time of 1 s, ultrasonic power of 48 W, and solution pH of 8-9. The sound frequency had little impact on the algal removal efficiency. Ultrasonic pretreatment also significantly reduced the sample turbidity.
Induction of transplantation tolerance converts potential effector T cells into graft‐protective regulatory T cells (2010)

Naturally occurring FOXP3(+) CD4(+) Treg have a crucial role in self-tolerance. The ability to generate similar populations against alloantigens offers the possibility of preventing transplant rejection without indefinite global immunosuppression. Exposure of mice to donor alloantigens combined with anti-CD4 antibody induces operational tolerance to cardiac allografts, and generates Treg that prevent skin and islet allograft rejection in adoptive transfer models. If protocols that generate Treg in vivo are to be developed in the clinical setting it will be important to know the origin of the Treg population and the mechanisms responsible for their generation. In this study, we demonstrate that graft-protective Treg arise in vivo both from naturally occurring FOXP3(+) CD4(+) Treg and from non-regulatory FOXP3(-) CD4(+) cells. Importantly, tolerance induction also inhibits CD4(+) effector cell priming and T cells from tolerant mice have impaired effector function in vitro. Thus, adaptive tolerance induction shapes the immune response to alloantigen by converting potential effector cells into graft-protective Treg and by expanding alloreactive naturally occurring Treg. In relation to clinical tolerance induction, the data indicate that while the generation of alloreactive Treg may be critical for long-term allograft survival without chronic immunosuppression, successful protocols will also require strategies that target potential effector cells.
A polysilicon base bipolar transistor (1979)

We have made PNP bipolar transistors consisting of n and p type polysilicon layers on a 0.01 ohm-cm p type substrate. The object of making this device was to study minority carrier transport through the n polysilicon, although we have also succeeded in making transistors with current gains greater than 5. Preliminary results indicate strong recombination in the bulk base polysilicon, with diffusion lengths less than 40nm. The base region nearest or within, the single crystal substate is much more transparent to minority carriers. In addition, the polysilicon seems to block minority carrier injection from the substrate.
On hop count and euclidean distance in greedy forwarding in wireless ad hoc networks (2005)

In this letter, a probabilistic analysis is presented that captures the bounds on hop count from a given Euclidean distance between two nodes and vice versa in a greedy forwarding in wireless ad hoc networks. Accuracy of the analysis is verified via network simulations. The results could be useful in ad hoc and sensor network design and performance evaluation.
National electrical code handbook (2002)

Produced by the NFPA, the popular National Electrical Code- (NEC-) 2002 Handbook contains the complete text of the 2002 edition of the NEC- supplemented by helpful facts and figures, full-color illustrations, real-world examples and expert commentary. An essential reference for students and professionals, this Handbook is the equivalent of an annotated edition of the 2002 NEC- that offers insights into new and more difficult articles in order to guide users to success in interpreting and applying current Code requirements to all types of electrical installations. A valuable information resource for anyone involved in electrical design, installation and inspection, the NEC- 2002 Handbook is updated every three years and provides 100% of the information needed to meet Code and avoid costly errors. Delmar is pleased to make this one-of-a-kind reference - containing the most widely accepted and most frequently used criteria for electrical installations in the U.S. - available directly from us for our customers who work in and around the electrical trades. It may be used independently and makes an excellent companion to books in Delmar's best-selling electrical wiring series.
Pulsed-Laser Deposited 35 Bi(Mg<sub>1/2</sub>Ti<sub>1/2</sub>)O<sub>3</sub>-65 PbTiO<sub>3</sub> Thin Films—Part II: Influence of A-Site Deficiency and Thickness Scaling on Electric Properties (2018)

35 Bi(Mg <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sub> Ti <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sub> )O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> -65 PbTiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> (35 BiMT-65 PT) thin films with varying levels of A-site deficiency were investigated as a potential candidate for high-temperature nonvolatile ferroelectric memories. PbTiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> seed layers utilized to nucleate the perovskite phase in A-site deficient films induced a thickness dependence to the ferroelectric hysteresis and dielectric permittivity. Adjusting for this, the dielectric response of the 35 BiMT65 PT films is 960. The maximum dielectric permittivity was 430 °C at 1 MHz for A-site deficient films. The transition temperature is independent of film thickness to 85 nm. Tan(δ) remains less than 15% at 1 MHz regardless of film thickness and temperature up to 585 °C. High-temperature polarization- electric field hysteresis measurements show charge injection with increasing temperature, while positive-up-negative-down measurements show little temperature dependence of Pr up to temperatures of 200 °C. Poole-Frenkel emission dominated the high field leakage behavior. The refractive index measured by ellipsometry is 2.58 at 633 nm. All samples show significant retention loss. As the stoichiometry improves, retention improves such that >40% of the initial ΔP is retained over ≈280 min.
Effect of Zr substitution for Ce in BaCe0.8Gd0.15Pr0.05O3−δ on the chemical stability in CO2 and water, and electrical conductivity (2013)

In this paper, for the first time, we report the chemical stability of a highly proton conducting Gd+Pr-codoped BaCe0.8−xZrxGd0.15Pr0.05O3−δ (BCZGP) (0.01 < x < 0.3) as a function of Zr-doping in H2O vapour, 30 ppm H2S in H2, and pure CO2 along with its electrical conductivity in air, N2 + 3% H2O, H2 + 3% H2O and N2 + D2O. All prepared BCZGP compositions retain the original cubic perovskite-type structure in 30 ppm H2S in H2 at 600 °C. BCZGP with x = 0.3 shows significant stability under pure CO2 at 400 °C, while upon exposure to H2O vapor all compositions form Ba(OH)2·xH2O. The maximum electrical conductivity obtained with higher Zr-doping in BCZGP (x = 0.3) is 7.6 × 10−3 S cm−1 which is about 30% of that of the parent compound BaCe0.8Gd0.15Pr0.05O3−δ. Current work clearly shows that Zr-doping at x = 0.3 increases the stability of BCZGP under 30 ppm H2S and pure CO2 at intermediate temperatures (T ≤ 400 °C), and retains good proton conductivity in H2 containing atmosphere.
Single-mode optical fiber measurement : characterization and sensing (1993)

Single-mode optical fibers and devices measurements of fiber optics in incoherent light measurements of fiber optics in coherent light single-mode fiber optic sensors.
Statistics for Management and Economics (1993)

Introduction to statistics data distributions descriptive measures probability discrete probability distributions continuous probability distributions sampling distributions estimation tests of hypothesis analysis of variance tests using categorical data regression and correlation multiple regression time series analysis statistical process control decision analysis decision analysis with sample information nonparametric methods.
High-reliability fault-tolerant 16-MBit memory chip (1993)

A combination of redundant circuits and error-correcting-code circuits have been implemented on a 16-Mb memory chip. The combination of these circuits results in a synergistic fault-tolerance scheme that makes this chip immune to a high level of manufacturing and reliability defects. Experiments have been performed with highly defective chips to test the error-correction capability of this chip and to determine models for the tradeoff between manufacturing yields and reliability. Additional experiments have been done with accelerated protons to investigate the soft-error sensitivity of this chip. Results show no soft-error reliability failures, including those caused by cosmic-particle radiation. Negative binomial distributions were used to evaluate the experiments. The correlation between manufacturing-faults and stress-failures were modeled with a bivariate negative-binomial distribution.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High-purity, ultrahigh-resolution calixarene electron-beam negative resist (2000)

Calixarene is a promising high-resolution negative electron-beam resist having a resolution of the order of 10 nm because of its low molecular weight. We have made a purified calixarene resist containing metal contaminants whose concentrations are measured in parts per billion and which therefore do not degrade the performance of silicon-based electron devices. The purity of the calixarene itself was also improved and we obtained high-purity calix[6]arene and high-purity calix[7]arene, both of which contain the main component, which is more than 95% of all the calixarene present. The resolution of both purified calixarene resists is almost the same as that of the unpurified calixarene, but the sensitivity of calix[7]arene is higher than that of calix[6]arene because its molecular weight is higher.
A field-emission display with a self-focus cathode electrode (2003)

A field-emission display (5-in.) using thick-film carbon nanotube emitters is fabricated. A thick-film insulating layer and an emitter layer are employed for low-cost manufacturing and scalability to a large panel. A self-focus cathode for this display is proposed. An auxiliary electrode in contact with the cathode electrode surrounds the emitter layer at the center of gate aperture. The structure has several advantages in manufacturing. According to simulation results, this self-focus cathode structure shows excellent focusing effects in spite of its simple manufacturing process and structure.
Texture and Anisotropy: Preferred Orientations in Polycrystals and their Effect on Materials Properties (1998)

Introduction H. Mecking Part I. Description of Textures and Anisotropies: 1. Anisotropy and symmetry U. F. Kocks 2. The representation of orientations and textures U. F. Kocks 3. Determination of the orientation distribution from pole figure data J. S. Kallend 4. Pole figure measurements with diffraction techniques H.-R. Wenk 5. Typical textures in metals A. D. Rollett and S. I. Wright 6. Typical textures in geological materials and ceramics H.-R. Wenk Part II. Anisotropic Mechanical Properties in Textured Polycrystals: 7. Tensor properties of textured polycrystals C. N. Tome 8. Kinematics and kinetics of plasticity U. F. Kocks 9. Simulation of deformation texture development for cubic metals U. F. Kocks 10. Effects of texture on plasticity M. G. Stout and U. F. Kocks 11. Self consistent modeling of heterogeneous plasticity C. N. Tome and G. R. Canova 12. Finite element modeling of heterogeneous plasticity P. R. Dawson and A. J. Beaudoin, Jr. Part III. Some Applications: 13. Finite element simulations of metal forming P. R. Dawson and A. J. Beaudoin, Jr. 14. Plasticity modeling in minerals and rocks H.-R. Wenk Appendix: the elastic inclusion problem C. N. Tome.
Detection of Methane Hydrate‐Bearing Zones from Seismic Data (2004)

Abstract. The MITI Nankai Trough wells were drilled offshore Japan in the Tokai area in 1999 and 2000. The occurrence of methane hydrate was confirmed by various indicators in the borehole logs and from core data. These findings have a large impact on potential future Japanese energy resources and other related‐scientific interests. We first tried to find the methane hydrate‐bearing zones using interval velocities derived from NMO velocity analysis. However, this analysis produced poor resolution. To achieve a more detailed delineation of the gas hydrate‐ and gas‐bearing zones, we executed a seismic impedance inversion calibrated by the logs from two of the MITI Nankai Trough wells. Although these two wells are only about 90 m apart, we were able to produce an impedance section with fine detail by adopting a simple initial model and incorporating physical properties of the methane hydrate‐bearing zones. The locations of the methane hydrate‐bearing zones are readily apparent in the final section.
Overdominant quantitative trait loci for yield and fitness in tomato (2006)

Heterosis, or hybrid vigor, is a major genetic force that contributes to world food production. The genetic basis of heterosis is not clear, and the importance of loci with overdominant (ODO) effects is debated. One problem has been the use of whole-genome segregating populations, where interactions often mask the effects of individual loci. To assess the contribution of ODO to heterosis in the absence of epistasis, we carried out quantitative genetic and phenotypic analyses on a population of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) introgression lines (ILs), which carry single marker-defined chromosome segments from the distantly related wild species Solanum pennellii. The ILs revealed 841 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for 35 diverse traits measured in the field on homozygous and heterozygous plants. ILs showing greater reproductive fitness were characterized by the prevalence of ODO QTL, which were virtually absent for the nonreproductive traits. ODO can result from true ODO due to allelic interactions of a single gene or from pseudoODO that involves linked loci with dominant alleles in repulsion. The fact that we detected dominant and recessive QTL for all phenotypic categories but ODO only for the reproductive traits indicates that pseudoODO due to random linkage is unlikely to explain heterosis in the ILs. Thus, we favor the true ODO model involving a single functional Mendelian locus. We propose that the alliance of ODO QTL with higher reproductive fitness was selected for in evolution and was domesticated by man to improve yields of crop plants.
Wireless power and data transmission strategies for next-generation capsule endoscopes (2011)

Capsular endoscopy is becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to traditional gastro-intestinal (GI) examination techniques. However, the breakthrough of these devices is hindered by the limited amount of power that can be stored in a tiny pill. Most commercial devices use two watch batteries that can only provide an average power of 25 mW for about 6 h, certainly not sufficient for advanced robotic features. A dedicated inductive powering system, operating at 1 MHz to limit the human body absorption, has been developed which was proven to support the transfer of over 300 mW. The system relies on a condensed set of orthogonal ferrite coils, embedded in the capsule, and an external unit based on a Helmholtz coil driven by a class E amplifier. Control data can be sent through the inductive link by modulating the power carrier, whereas a dedicated high data rate RF link is used to transfer the images from the capsule to the base station. Besides evaluating the compatibility with radio transmission, several demonstrators were assembled combining the wireless powering system with various locomotion strategies and LED illumination. This paper describes the design and implementation of the inductive powering system, its combination with data transmission techniques and the testing activity with other capsule-dedicated modules.
Advances in the treatment of complex cerebrovascular disorders by interventional neurovascular techniques. (1991)

Treatment of complex cerebrovascular disorders, including intracranial aneurysms, carotid cavernous sinus fistulas, vertebral fistulas, arteriovenous malformations, atherosclerosis of brachiocephalic vessels, and arterial vasospasm, is being performed in selected cases by interventional neurovascular techniques. Recent advances in microballoon technology, permanent solidifying polymers, newer embolic agents, high-resolution digital subtraction angiography with road-mapping technique, and steerable micro-guide wires and catheters have greatly improved access in the distal intracranial circulation and markedly reduced the morbidity associated with these procedures. Interventional neuroradiology is emerging as an important adjunct to neurosurgery for selected cerebrovascular disorders.
Uplink Capacity of VoIP on HSUPA (2006)

In this paper, the system performance of VoIP on HSUPA, which is investigated by the semi-analytical prediction and the system level simulations, was studied and presented. The semi-analytical results show the capacity gain of VoIP over HSUPA than 12.2kbps on DCH in Rel'99. Further, the aforementioned prediction shows the consistency with system level simulation results in principle. Otherwise, the uplink capacity of VoIP over HSUPA with non-scheduled algorithm is mainly dependent on the delay budget and availability of the UE power, which is indicated by the results. HARQ and soft handover can be expected to lower the required UE power and thus increase the capacity. Due to the time sensitivity of VoIP service, a compromise between the maximum number of HARQ retransmissions and the delay budget can be considered to optimize the capacity of VoIP on HSUPA.
Wireless Data Center with Millimeter Wave Network (2010)

Data centers are becoming increasingly popular for a wide variety of applications such as search, gaming, email and so on. The complex wiring issues in data centers have motivated us to consider a wireless solution for data centers which meets the design goals of a typical data center network while providing the additional benefit of flexibility in the network. The wireless data center is based on the recently released IEEE 802.15.3c wireless networking standard in the 60 GHz ISM band. The standard supports multi-Gbps data rates and enables the transceivers to set up point-to-point links with each other, which makes it suitable for data center interconnects. In this paper, we use 60 GHz wireless technology to design a wireless data center and show how various data center interconnects such as 3-tier and fat-tree can be emulated on such a wireless network.
Graphene‐Confined Sn Nanosheets with Enhanced Lithium Storage Capability (2012)

Novel graphene-confined tin nanosheets (G/Sn/G) are constructed using an elaborately designed glucose-assisted chemical protocol. The as-synthesized G/Sn/G are featured with significantly enhanced lithium storage properties when compared with other graphene-based 0D/2D composite nanostructures, disclosing the merits of the 2D/2D composite featured with a surface-to-surface integration formula between graphene and the second 2D phase.
Effect of buthionine sulfoximine on PtII and PtIV drug accumulation and the formation of glutathione conjugates in human ovarian‐carcinoma cell lines (1993)

Glutathione (GSH) has often been implicated in the mechanism of resistance to platinum anti-cancer drugs. It has been suggested that GSH may reduce the cytotoxicity of these drugs by forming inactive conjugates and by enhancing the repair of DNA-platinum crosslinks. In the present study we have examined the effect of D,L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO) pretreatment on the accumulation of platinum in a sensitive (CHI) and 2 relatively resistant (SKOV-3, HX/62) human ovarian-carcinoma cell lines following exposure to PtII- (cisplatin, carboplatin) and PtIV-drugs (tetraplatin). The metabolism of cisplatin and tetraplatin (particularly the extent of platinum-GSH conjugate formation) in the presence and absence of BSO pre-treatment was also examined in these cell lines. BSO pre-treatment reduced the accumulation of PtII but not that of PtIV drugs in the relatively resistant SKOV-3 and HX/62 cell lines. It had no effect on the accumulation of either class of drugs in the sensitive CHI cells. Metabolism studies with cisplatin showed that the SKOV-3 and HX/62 cells, which contained 2- to 3-fold higher levels of GSH, were able to inactivate a greater proportion of cellular cisplatin, by the formation of platinum-GSH conjugates, than the CHI cells. A significant inhibition in formation of these conjugates, by BSO-induced depletion of cellular GSH (over 80%), did not, however, increase cisplatin concentration in the resistant cells. In contrast, a small increase in cisplatin concentration was observed in the sensitive cells following BSO pre-treatment. Comparison of cisplatin and tetraplatin metabolism in the SKOV-3 cells indicated that a greater proportion of the latter drug was inactivated by formation of GSH conjugates. BSO-induced depletion of cellular GSH in this cell line significantly reduced the formation of such conjugates from both drugs. However, concomitant increases in intracellular levels of reactive species were observed only after tetraplatin exposure. Our data suggest that the greater potentiation of PtIV- compared with PtII-drug cytotoxicity in the relatively resistant cell lines following 24 hr BSO pre-treatment may be caused by a differential effect of BSO on the metabolism and cellular distribution of these drugs. A BSO-induced reduction in PtII- but not PtIV-drug accumulation in these cells may also partially contribute to the differential potentiation of cytotoxicity of these drugs.
Genetic redundancy and gene fusion in the genome of the baker's yeast <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> : functional characterization of a three‐member gene family involved in the thiamine biosynthetic pathway (1999)

Redundancy is a salient feature of all living organisms' genome. The yeast genome contains a large number of gene families of previously uncharacterized functions that can be used to explore the functional significance of structural redundancy in a systematic manner. In this work, we describe results on a three-member gene family with moderately divergent sequences (YOL055c, YPL258c and YPR121w ). We demonstrate that two members are isofunctional and encode a hydroxymethylpyrimidine phosphate (HMP-P) kinase (EC 2.7.4.7), an activity required for the final steps of thiamine biosynthesis, whose genes were not previously known in yeast. In addition, we show that the three genes are each composed of two distinct domains, each corresponding to individual genes in prokaryotes, suggesting gene fusion during evolution. The function of the carboxy-terminal part of the proteins is not yet understood, but it is not required for HMP-P kinase activity. Expression of all three genes is regulated in the same way. Several other examples of gene fusions exist in the same biosynthetic pathway when eukaryotic genes are compared with prokaryotic ones.