gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative metabolism of<i>ortho</i>-phenylphenol in mouse, rat and man (1998)

1. Ortho-phenylphenol (OPP) was well absorbed in the male B6C3F1 mouse, with 84 and 98% of the administered radioactivity recovered in the 0-48-h urine of animals administered a single oral dose of 15 or 800 mg/kg respectively. High absorption and rapid elimination were also seen in the female and male F344 rat with 86 and 89% respectively of a single oral dose (27-28 mg/kg) found in the urine in 24 h. OPP was also rapidly eliminated from human volunteers following dermal exposure for 8 h (0.006 mg/kg), with 99% of the absorbed dose in the urine in 48 h. 2. Sulphation of OPP was found to be the major metabolic pathway at low doses in all three species, accounting for 57, 82 and 69% of the urinary radioactivity in the male mouse (15 mg/kg, p.o.), male rat (28 mg/kg, p.o.) and male human volunteers (0.006 mg/kg, dermal). OPP-glucuronide was also present in all species, representing 29, 7 and 4% of the total urinary metabolites in the low dose groups of mouse, rat and human volunteers respectively. 3. Conjugates of 2-phenylhydroquinone (PHQ) in these single-dose studies accounted for 12, 5 and 15% of the dose in mouse, rat and human, respectively. Little or no free OPP was found in any species. No free PHQ or PBQ was found in the mouse, rat or human (LOD = 0.1-0.6%). 4. A novel metabolite, the sulphate conjugate of 2,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl, was identified in rat and man, comprising 3 and 13% of the low dose respectively. 5. Dose-dependent shifts in metabolism were seen in the mouse for conjugation of parent OPP, indicating saturation of the sulphation pathway. Dose-dependent increases in total PHQ were also observed in mouse. 6. This study was initiated to elucidate a mechanistic basis for the difference in carcinogenic potential for OPP between rat and mouse. However, the minor differences seen in the metabolism of OPP in these two species do not appear to account for the differences in urinary bladder toxicity and tumour response between mouse and rat.
Relaxation of Forces Needed to Distract Cervical Vertebrae After Discectomy (2009)

A sharp reduction in the strain across the intervertebral space occurs after distraction. The removal of the cervical intervertebral disc significantly reduces the viscoelastic response of the cervical motion segment. The long-term force used to stabilize intervertebral grafts or implants is less than what is achieved at the time of distraction. The exact magnitude of the resultant force on graft or device at a given distraction force is unknown and would depend also upon fit.
Improvement of Erectile Function in Diabetic Rats by Insulin: Possible Role of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor System<sup>1</sup> (1998)

Erectile dysfunction is commonly experienced in men with diabetes mellitus. We report that the intracavernous pressure (ICP) rise in diabetic rats was 55% of the control and returned to normal following insulin (I) or insulin plus free oxygen scavenger (I + S) treatment. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein (IGFBP) -3, -4, and -5 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the major pelvic ganglia (MPG) of diabetic rats were elevated by 2-fold, 2.6-fold, and 2.5-fold, respectively. Both I and I + S returned IGFBP-4 and 5 mRNA levels to normal, whereas IGFBP-3 gene expression was severely inhibited. IGFBP-2 gene expression was greatly inhibited by diabetes and was unresponsive to treatment. In the penis of diabetic rats, IGFBP-2 and -4 mRNA levels were low, whereas IGFBP-3 mRNA levels were elevated 10-fold. These effects were reversed by I and I + S. I and I + S also corrected the IGFBP-3 expression pattern. IGF-I gene expression in the penis and MPG was not significantly increased (P < 0.05) by diabetes and returned to normal levels following I or I + S treatment. Because IGFs are potent regulatory factors in vascular tone, this newly described activity of insulin may play an important role in the improvement of erectile function seen clinically and in animal models.
Effect of isovalent indium doping on excess arsenic in gallium arsenide grown by molecular-beam epitaxy at low temperatures (1998)

X-ray spectral microanalysis, optical transmission measurements at near-infrared wavelengths, and x-ray diffractometry are used to show that the isovalent indium doping of gallium arsenide during molecular-beam epitaxy at low temperatures leads to an increase in the concentration of excess arsenic trapped in the growing layer.
High-Throughput Phagocytosis Assay Utilizing a pH-Sensitive Fluorescent Dye (2005)

We describe a development of a novel high-throughput phagocytosis assay based on a pH-sensitive cyanine dye, CypHer5E, which is maximally fluorescent in an acidic environment. This dye is ideally suited for the study of phagocytosis because of the acidic conditions generated in the intracellular phagocytic vesicles after particle uptake. Use of CypHer5E-labeled particles results in greatly reduced background from noninternalized particles and makes the assay more robust. Additionally, CypHer5E-labeled particles are resistant to fluorescence quenching observed in the aggressive and acidic environment of the phagosome with traditional dyes. The CypHer5E-based assay has been shown to work reliably in a variety of cell types, including primary human monocytes, primary human dendritic cells, primary human endothelial cells, human monocytic THP-1 cell line, and human/mouse hybrid macrophage cell line WBC264-9C. Inhibition of CypHer5E bead uptake by cytochalasin D was studied, and the 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) was determined. The assay was performed in 96- and 384-well formats, and it is appropriate for high-throughput cellular screening of processes and compounds affecting phagocytosis. The CypHer5E phagocytosis assay is superior to existing protocols because it allows easy distinction of true phagocytosis from particle adherence and can be used in microscopy-based measurement of phagocytosis.
Synthesis of 4H-1,4-Benzothiazine Derivatives through Condensation of o-Aminothiophenol with a-Cyano-a-methylthioacetophenones (1979)

Condensation of methylthioacetonitrile wlth methyl henzoates in THP at morn temperature yielded the c o r r e s p o n d i n g a - c y a n o -a -m e t h y l t h i o a ~e t ~p h e n o n e 5 ( Z a -Z e ) .These a-substituted accta -phenones were heated with g-aminophenol in DMSO at 110 ' C for 10 hr to give 2-cyano-3-phenyl-4H-1,4-benzothia~ines (5a-5e).--Durlng the investigation on the synthetic utility of sulfur-substituted active
Aberrant Expression of Sialidase in Cancer (2004)

細胞ががん化すると、細胞表層シアル酸量が変化する。このシアル酸変化は、がん細胞の悪性形質と深く関わっていると考えられている。この変化の機構と意義を明らかにすることを目的として、糖タンパクや糖脂質の非還元末端からシアル酸を除去するシアリダーゼに着目して、研究を行ってきた。哺乳動物細胞には現在まで4種のシアリダーゼが同定されているが、それらはがん化でそれぞれ異なった挙動を取ることがわかってきた。主にリソソームに局在するシアリダーゼの活性とmRNAのレベルはがん化で減少し、細胞膜に局在するシアリダーゼの場合は逆に上昇している。前者は足場非依存性や転移能に影響し、この遺伝子の導入によって、これらの形質は対照細胞の方向へ戻っている。一方、後者のシアリダーゼについては発現亢進ががん細胞のアポトーシスを抑制し、siRNAの導入によってアポトーシスが促進される。本稿ではこれまで明らかになったがんにおけるシアリダーゼの変化と意義について紹介したい。
Detection of alkali metal ions via optical rotatory dispersion; a sensitive test for sodium in the presence of lithium and potassium (1972)

F. Wudl, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1972, 1229 DOI: 10.1039/C39720001229
Progress in field spectroscopy (2007)

This paper reviews developments in the science of field spectroscopy, focusing on the last twenty years in particular. During this period field spectroscopy has become established as an important technique for characterising the reflectance of natural surfaces in situ, for supporting the vicarious calibration of airborne and satellite sensors, and for providing a means of scaling-up measurements from small areas (e.g. leaves, rocks) to composite scenes (e.g. vegetation canopies), and ultimately to pixels. This paper describes the physical basis of the subject and evaluates the different methods and instruments which have been employed across a range of studies. The development and use of field goniometers is described, and related to methods for estimating the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) from directional reflectance measurements in the field. The paper also considers the practical aspects of field spectroscopy, and identifies a number of factors affecting the useability of field spectroradiometers, including the weight and cost of the instruments, limitations of some commonly used methodologies and practical issues such as the legibility of displays and limited battery life. The prospects for the future of field spectroscopy are considered in relation to the increasingly important contribution that field spectral data will make to EO-based global measurement and monitoring systems, specifically through their assimilation into numerical models. However, for this to be achieved it is essential that the data are of high quality, with stated levels of accuracy and uncertainty, and that common protocols are developed and maintained to ensure the long-term value of field spectroscopic data. The importance of employing a precise terminology for describing the geometric configuration of measurements is highlighted in relation to issues of repeatability and reproducibility. Through such refinements in methodology, field spectroscopy will establish its credentials as a reliable method of environmental measurement, underpinning quantitative Earth observation and its applications in the environmental and Earth sciences.
Oxide-Relief Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers with Extremely High Data-Rate/Power-Dissipation Ratios (2011)

By using oxide-relief technique, a high modulation-efficiency (9.8GHz/mA1/2) and a high modulation-speed (34 Gbps) with a record-high data-rate/power-dissipation ratios (2.9 (9.2) Gbps/mW at 34 (12.5) Gbps) of 850nm VCSELs have been demonstrated. 2006 Optical Society of America
LA MÉDITERRANÉE, UNE GÉOGRAPHIE PARADOXALE. SITUATIONS DÉMOGRAPHIQUES ET LOGIQUES MIGRATOIRES TRANS-MÉDITERRANÉENNES (2004)

Un tableau, trois figures et une carte commentée, tous inédits, illustrent cet article.
Structural stability and bioapplicability assessment of hyaluronic acid–chitosan polyelectrolyte multilayers on titanium substrates (2008)

Since bacterial infections associated with implants remain a major cause of their failure, this study investigated the use of polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) comprising hyaluronic acid (HA) and chitosan (CH) to confer antibacterial properties on titanium (Ti). HA and CH were deposited on Ti using the layer-by-layer deposition method. The antibacterial efficacy of the functionalized Ti substrates was assessed using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The number of adherent bacteria on Ti functionalized with HA and CH PEMs was up to an order of magnitude lower than that on the pristine Ti. The effects of chemical crosslinking of the PEMs on the structural stability and antibacterial efficacy were investigated. The chemical crosslinking of the PEMs imparts greater structural stability and preserves the antibacterial properties even after the prolonged immersion in phosphate-buffered saline. The cytotoxicity of the PEMs to osteoblasts was evaluated using the MTT assay. The results showed that the biocompatible and long-lasting antibacterial nature of the functionalized Ti substrates offers great potential for reducing implant-associated infections.
Accuracy and Precision of Equine Gait Event Detection during Walking with Limb and Trunk Mounted Inertial Sensors (2012)

The increased variations of temporal gait events when pathology is present are good candidate features for objective diagnostic tests. We hypothesised that the gait events hoof-on/off and stance can be detected accurately and precisely using features from trunk and distal limb-mounted Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs). Four IMUs were mounted on the distal limb and five IMUs were attached to the skin over the dorsal spinous processes at the withers, fourth lumbar vertebrae and sacrum as well as left and right tuber coxae. IMU data were synchronised to a force plate array and a motion capture system. Accuracy (bias) and precision (SD of bias) was calculated to compare force plate and IMU timings for gait events. Data were collected from seven horses. One hundred and twenty three (123) front limb steps were analysed; hoof-on was detected with a bias (SD) of -7 (23) ms, hoof-off with 0.7 (37) ms and front limb stance with -0.02 (37) ms. A total of 119 hind limb steps were analysed; hoof-on was found with a bias (SD) of -4 (25) ms, hoof-off with 6 (21) ms and hind limb stance with 0.2 (28) ms. IMUs mounted on the distal limbs and sacrum can detect gait events accurately and precisely.
The Use Of Giant Magnetoresistance Technology In Electromagnetic Geophysical Exploration (1997)

Discovered in 1988 (Baibach, et al, 1988) in France during research into superconducting, ultrathin<br>films, the giant magneto-resistance (GMR) effect is similar to the Hall effect in that a change<br>in magnetic field strength causes a corresponding change in resistance in the GMR structure. The<br>differences occur in the underlying physics and the resulting increase in resistance change for a<br>given change of magnetic field strength. The vector sensitivity of the GMR structure combined<br>with the advantages of integrated circuit manufacturing techniques make this a very promising<br>technology for advanced electromagnetic geophysical exploration.
Syntheses of substituted pyrrolo[2,3‐<i>d</i>]imidazoles (1997)

Abstract Starting from the readily available 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐mercapto‐1‐methylimidazole (1) substituted pyrrolo[2,3‐ d ]imidazoles were prepared.
Repair of the tympanic membrane with urinary bladder matrix (2009)

UBM scaffolds were an effective biological scaffold for TM closure and tissue remodeling, leading to thicker than normal anatomy but otherwise normal morphology. Future studies are required to determine functional and temporal outcomes as well as alternative patch orientations. The results show particular promise as a superior alternative means of reconstructing not only chronic TM perforations but also dimeric TMs associated with retraction pockets and atelectasis. Laryngoscope, 2009.
'Blind' multicenter evaluation of the prognostic value of DNA image cytometric and morphometric features in invasive breast cancer. (1996)

The prognostic value of classical prognosticators in 92 invasive breast cancers with long follow-up has been compared with a number of DNA-related image cytometric features (2c deviation index (2cDI)), Auer (histogram) type, 5c exceeding rate (5cER), DNA malignancy grade (MG), and the morphometrically assessed mitotic activity index (MAI) and mean nuclear area (MNA). The quantitative analyses were carried out without knowledge of the outcome nor of clinicopathological features. The cytometric analyses and assessments of MNA were performed on Feulgen stained, 4-microns thick tissue sections in Dresden. The MAI was assessed in Amsterdam. Thereafter, the survival data were matched with the classical variables, the cytometric features, the MAI and the MNA in univariate and multivariate analyses. Lymph node status (LN) and tumour stage were significantly different, tumour stage being the strongest discriminator between survivors and non-survivors (Mantel-Cox value = MC = 30.7, P < 0.0001). Grade was (just) significant (P = 0.05). The cytometric features, the MAI and the MNA were all highly significant prognosticators. The strongest cytometric feature was the Auer type followed by the 5cER, and the 2cDI. The MNA was also significant. The MAI was the strongest single prognostic factor in this blind analysis (MC = 50.8, P < 0.0001), and the MAI combined with the lymph node status, tumour stage and the cytometric features Auer type and 2cDI was the best multivariate combination (MC = 94.0). Separate analyses of the lymph node negative (LN-, n = 39) and positive (LN+, n = 53) groups showed that the 5cER and MAI were the most important in the LN- and the MAI in the LN+ patients.
Multifunctional membranes based on spinning technologies: the synergy of nanofibers and nanoparticles (2008)

A multicomponent membrane based on polysulfone nanofibers and titanium dioxide nanoparticles is produced by the coupling of electrospinning and electrospraying techniques. The manufactured product can satisfy a number of conflicting requirements begetting its technical and functional versatility as well as the reliability of the process. As nanoparticle dispersion is a critical issue in nanoparticle technology, their distribution and morphology have been extensively studied before and after electrospraying, and process optimization has been carried out to obtain nanoparticles uniformly spread over electrospun nanofibers. These membranes have been proved to be a good candidate for supported catalysis due to the photocatalytic activity of TiO(2), tested for degradation of CEPS, a mustard agent simulant. At the same time, an effective improvement in filtering properties in terms of pressure drop has also been studied.
Equity Ownership and Thrift Failures during the S&L Crisis (1) (2003)

INTRODUCTION We explore the role of equity ownership as a mechanism for protecting the interest of shareholders during the crisis within SL Agrawal & Knoeber, 1996; McConnell & Servaes, 1990; Morck, Shleifer & Vishny, 1988; Shleifer & Vishny, 1986). Furthermore, the use of S&Ls allows us to examine the role of the equity ownership as an alternate explanation for the failures in that industry. …
Information-theoretically Secret Key Generation for Fading Wireless Channels (2009)

The multipath-rich wireless environment associated with typical wireless usage scenarios is characterized by a fading channel response that is time-varying, location-sensitive, and uniquely shared by a given transmitter-receiver pair. The complexity associated with a richly scattering environment implies that the short-term fading process is inherently hard to predict and best modeled stochastically, with rapid decorrelation properties in space, time and frequency. In this paper, we demonstrate how the channel state between a wireless transmitter and receiver can be used as the basis for building practical secret key generation protocols between two entities. We begin by presenting a scheme based on level crossings of the fading process, which is well-suited for the Rayleigh and Rician fading models associated with a richly scattering environment. Our level crossing algorithm is simple, and incorporates a self-authenticating mechanism to prevent adversarial manipulation of message exchanges during the protocol. Since the level crossing algorithm is best suited for fading processes that exhibit symmetry in their underlying distribution, we present a second and more powerful approach that is suited for more general channel state distributions. This second approach is motivated by observations from quantizing jointly Gaussian processes, but exploits empirical measurements to set quantization boundaries and a heuristic log likelihood ratio estimate to achieve an improved secret key generation rate. We validate both proposed protocols through experimentations using a customized 802.11a platform, and show for the typical WiFi channel that reliable secret key establishment can be accomplished at rates on the order of 10 bits/second.
A high-level DRAM timing, power and area exploration tool (2015)

In systems ranging from mobile devices to servers, DRAM has a big impact on performance and contributes a significant part of the total consumed power. The performance and power of the system depends on the architecture of the DRAM chip, the design of the memory controller and the access patterns received by the memory controller. Evaluating the impact of DRAM design decisions therefore requires a holistic approach that includes an appropriate model of the DRAM bank, a realistic controller and DRAM power model, and a representative workload which requires a full system simulator, running a complete software stack. In this paper, we introduce DRAMSpec, an open source high-level DRAM bank modeling tool. As major contribution, we move the DRAM modeling abstraction level from detailed circuit level to the DRAM bank and by the integration in full system simulators we allow system or processor designers (non-DRAM experts) to tune future DRAM architectures for their target applications and use cases. We demonstrate the merits of DRAMSpec by exploring the influence of DRAM row buffer size and the number of banks on performance and power of a server application (memcached). Our new DRAM design offers a 16% DRAM performance improvement and 13% DRAM energy saving compared to standard comodity DDR3 devices. Additionally, we demonstrate how our tool is able to aid in evaluating novel DRAM architectures for which no datasheets are available.
A New Approach to Rig Sensors (1990)

ABSTRACT The traditional image of mud-logging as a low-tech activity is gradually changing. Drilling data, which were not even archived a few years ago, are now sent by satellite to engineers in offices hundreds or thousands of miles away. These engineers need accurate and reliable information to run the sophisticated computer simulations required in modem drilling. In the harsh economic environment of today, quality data eliminate waste and help prevent severe incidents: the use of MWD torque and WOB to detect cone locking and incipient pipe sticking is now well established. Finally, reliable data fed into a proper computer system increase rig safety: thousands of factories, refineries, nuclear plants run (generally) safely because a multitude of sensors alert the engineer to possible malfunctions. The new rig sensors need to be accurate, reliable, intrinsically safe and reasonably priced. Because no two rigs are alike, they need to be versatile and easy to calibrate (or even better self calibrating). Because the life of the crew might depend on them, the sensors need to be able to diagnose themselves. To fulfill these requirements, the sensors need to be associated with a computer or micro-processor. The advantage of a central computer over a local micro-processor, is that the computer has access to all the data of the rig to decide if an alarm is valid. For example a computer can easily differentiate between a total mud loss and a stop of the pumps. This paper presents three new sensors which fit at least partially the description above: a flow-out sensor, with an average accuracy of 25 GPM on a fixed rig, a depth system with a proven accuracy of one foot in a thousand feet, and a ‘calibratable’ hookload sensor. The flow-out is continuously compared to flow-in for kick and loss decisions. We explain in detail how the system is self-calibrating and self-diagnosing, the management of the alarms and the techniques used to detect a developing kick as early as possible. The depth system automatically feeds the lengths of the pipes added or subtracted to a tally book. It can be compared to the driller's tally to detect wrong entries or the need for a new calibration. Calibration of the traditional pressure sensor tomeasure hookload is made every year (in good cases) at great expense. This is not satisfactory when the overpull while tripping is close to the limit of the pipes in deep and deviated wells. We describe an alternative sensor which can be straightforwardly calibrated on the rig.
Synthesis of New β-Diketiminato Complexes of Scandium(III):  Unprecedented Formation of a Multicyclic Aggregate (2001)

The reaction of ScCl3 with LLi (L = Et2NCH2CH2NC(Me)CHC(Me)NCH2CH2NEt2) yields the compound LScCl2. The unique electronic and steric features of the ligand allow the formation of a very stable multicyclic aggregate by reaction of the new halogeno β-diketiminato complex LScCl2 with NaN(SiMe3)2.
Anogenital warts in children. Clinical and virologic evaluation for sexual abuse (1990)

• Seventy-three children with anogenital warts were examined for sexual abuse during a 2-year period. Our data suggest that nonsexual transmission is common, particularly in children under 3 years of age. Approximately 25% of these children were younger than age 1 year, and another 50% were between the ages of 1 and 3 years. No evidence of sexual abuse was detected in 66 children. (<i>Arch Dermatol</i>. 1990;126:1575-1580)