gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Virtual Adversarial Training for DS-CNN Based Small-Footprint Keyword Spotting (2019)

Serving as the tigger of a voice-enabled user interface, on-device keyword spotting model has to be extremely compact, efficient and accurate. In this paper, we adopt a depth-wise separable convolutional neural network (DS-CNN) as our small-footprint KWS model, which is highly competitive to these ends. However, recent study has shown that a compact KWS system is very vulnerable to small adversarial perturbations while augmenting the training data with specifically-generated adversarial examples can improve performance. In this paper, we further improve KWS performance through a virtual adversarial training (VAT) solution. Instead of using adversarial examples for data augmentation, we propose to train a DS-CNN KWS model using adversarial regularization, which aims to smooth model's distribution and thus to improve robustness, by explicitly introducing a distribution smoothness measure into the loss function. Experiments on a collected KWS corpus using a circular microphone array in far-field scenario show that the VAT approach brings 31.9% relative false rejection rate (FRR) reduction compared to the normal training approach with cross entropy loss, and it also surpasses the adversarial example based data augmentation approach with 10.3% relative FRR reduction.
An update on sORFs.org: a repository of small ORFs identified by ribosome profiling (2017)

sORFs.org (http://www.sorfs.org) is a public repository of small open reading frames (sORFs) identified by ribosome profiling (RIBO-seq). This update elaborates on the major improvements implemented since its initial release. sORFs.org now additionally supports three more species (zebrafish, rat and Caenorhabditis elegans) and currently includes 78 RIBO-seq datasets, a vast increase compared to the three that were processed in the initial release. Therefore, a novel pipeline was constructed that also enables sORF detection in RIBO-seq datasets comprising solely elongating RIBO-seq data while previously, matching initiating RIBO-seq data was necessary to delineate the sORFs. Furthermore, a novel noise filtering algorithm was designed, able to distinguish sORFs with true ribosomal activity from simulated noise, consequently reducing the false positive identification rate. The inclusion of other species also led to the development of an inner BLAST pipeline, assessing sequence similarity between sORFs in the repository. Building on the proof of concept model in the initial release of sORFs.org, a full PRIDE-ReSpin pipeline was now released, reprocessing publicly available MS-based proteomics PRIDE datasets, reporting on true translation events. Next to reporting those identified peptides, sORFs.org allows visual inspection of the annotated spectra within the Lorikeet MS/MS viewer, thus enabling detailed manual inspection and interpretation.
A broadband noise-canceling CMOS LNA for 3.1-10.6-GHz UWB receiver (2006)

An ultra-wideband (UWB) noise-canceling low-noise amplifier (LNA) is presented. By using inductive series and shunt peaking techniques, the effective bandwidth of noise canceling is extended. This LNA has been fabricated in a 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS process. The measured noise figure is 4.5-5.1dB over 3.1-10.6-GHz, while the power gain is 9.7dB with a -3-dB bandwidth of 1.2-11.9-GHz. It consumes 20mW from a 1.8V supply and occupies only 0.59mm/sup 2/.
ChemInform Abstract: Di‐tert‐Butyl 4‐((2‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl)ethyl)‐4‐ aminoheptanedicarboxylate. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
RETRACTED: Novel Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Mesoporous Silica Supported Oxo‐Vanadium Schiff Base for Selective Oxidation of Alcohols (2011)

Abstract Novel organic‐inorganic hybrid mesoporous materials containing diimine moieties inside the pore wall were used for the grafting of an oxo‐vanadium Schiff base complex at the mesopore surface. The prepared catalyst was found to be highly active and selective for the oxidation of a variety of primary, secondary and α‐hydroxy carbonyl compounds to the corresponding aldehydes, ketones and 1,2‐dicarbonyl compounds using tert‐ butyl hydroperoxide as oxidant under mild reaction conditions. After completion of the reaction, the catalyst could easily be recovered by simple filtration and could be reused several times without significant change in the catalytic efficiency. Importantly, the catalyst did not show any leaching during the reaction, confirming that the prepared catalyst was truly heterogeneous in nature.
Direct evidence for the role of caveolin-1 and caveolae in mechanotransduction and remodeling of blood vessels (2006)

Caveolae in endothelial cells have been implicated as plasma membrane microdomains that sense or transduce hemodynamic changes into biochemical signals that regulate vascular function. Therefore we compared long- and short-term flow-mediated mechanotransduction in vessels from WT mice, caveolin-1 knockout (Cav-1 KO) mice, and Cav-1 KO mice reconstituted with a transgene expressing Cav-1 specifically in endothelial cells (Cav-1 RC mice). Arterial remodeling during chronic changes in flow and shear stress were initially examined in these mice. Ligation of the left external carotid for 14 days to lower blood flow in the common carotid artery reduced the lumen diameter of carotid arteries from WT and Cav-1 RC mice. In Cav-1 KO mice, the decrease in blood flow did not reduce the lumen diameter but paradoxically increased wall thickness and cellular proliferation. In addition, in isolated pressurized carotid arteries, flow-mediated dilation was markedly reduced in Cav-1 KO arteries compared with those of WT mice. This impairment in response to flow was rescued by reconstituting Cav-1 into the endothelium. In conclusion, these results showed that endothelial Cav-1 and caveolae are necessary for both rapid and long-term mechanotransduction in intact blood vessels.
Countermeasures on Safety Management of Decrepit Reservoir Based on the Comparative Analysis for Its Collapse Accidents (2016)

전국에 분포하는 저수지는 총 17,505개소이며, 약 68%에 해당하는 11,970개소가 1960년대 이전에 건설되어 노후화가 심각한 상태이다. 대부분의 노후 저수지는 시공 당시 적절한 설계 및 시공기준부재, 축조재료의 특성파악이 어렵기 때문에 안전관리 측면에서 취약하며, 우기시 빗물을 저류하는 이수 목적으로 운영되어 집중호우 발생 시 대규모 수해의 원인으로 작용할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 국내 저수지 분포 및 관리현황, 저수지 붕괴지역에 대한 현지조사, 원인분석, 향후 운영 방안 등에 대한 종합적인 분석을 수행하여 노후 저수지 안전관리에 대한 문제점과 개선방안을 제시하고자 하였다.
Preparation of 1,2,3,4,6‐penta‐<i>O</i>‐galloyl‐[U‐<sup>14</sup>C]‐D‐glucopyranose (2002)

Abstract The synthesis of 1,2,3,4,6‐penta‐ O ‐galloyl‐[U‐ 14 C]‐D‐glucopyranose is described. [U‐ 14 C] glucopyranose was reacted with tri‐O‐benzylgallic acid forming 1,2,3,4,6‐penta(tri‐O‐benzylgalloyl)‐[U‐ 14 C]‐D‐glucopyranose as chromatograpically separable anomers. Removal of the benzyl group by catalytic hydrogenation afforded 1,2,3,4,6‐penta‐ O ‐galloyl‐[U‐ 14 C]‐D‐glucopyranose in 54% overall yield. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High-speed hardware decoder for double-error-correcting binary BCH codes (1989)

The paper presents a new hardware decoder for double-error-correcting binary BCH codes of primitive length, based on a modified step-by-step decoding algorithm. This decoding algorithm can be easily implemented with VLSI circuits. As the clock rate of the decoder is independent of block length and is only twice the data rate, the decoder is suitable for long block codes working at high data rates. The decoder comprises a syndrome calculation circuit, a comparison circuit and a decision circuit, which can be realised by linear feedback shift registers, ROMs and logical gates. The decoding algorithm, circuit design and data processing sequence are described in detail. The circuit complexity, decoding speed and data rate of the new decoder are also discussed and compared with other decoding methods.
Direct Distance Dialing: Call Completion and Customer Retrial Behavior (1980)

Most customers placing a direct-distance-dialing (DDD) call in the United States are able to complete the call on the first attempt. However, it is reasonable to expect that the probability of an initial completion will be less than 1. When an initial attempt fails to complete, a customer may decide to abandon his desired telephone connection or to make one or more retrials. In general, a sequence of one or more attempts may be initiated by a customer in an effort to establish the desired connection. A study of DDD call completion and retrials is important to provide an overall characterization of network performance and customer behavior in setting up customers' desired telephone connections. A survey adopting a two-stage stratified sampling plan was undertaken to obtain DDD retrial statistics. Data associated with sampled DDD calls that were originated from one of 890 switching entities in the Bell System network were collected for a period of one week. The basic DDD retrial results reported here are initial attempt disposition probabilities, retrial probabilities, number of additional attempts, ultimate success probabilities, and distribution functions for retrial intervals following different types of incomplete initial attempts. Results of subclass analyses of retrial statistics by originating and terminating classes of service (residence and business) are also presented. Results obtained in this study are useful in many network planning applications. An application of significant importance is provision of a tool to evaluate the revenue and cost impact of call completion improvement programs. A technique to analyze the revenue and cost impact is outlined in the paper.
Requirement of PKR Dimerization Mediated by Specific Hydrophobic Residues for Its Activation by Double-Stranded RNA and Its Antigrowth Effects in Yeast (1998)

The roles of protein dimerization and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding in the biochemical and cellular activities of PKR, the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase, were investigated. We have previously shown that both properties of the protein are mediated by the same domain. Here we show that dimerization is mediated by hydrophobic residues present on one side of an amphipathic alpha-helical structure within this domain. Appropriate substitution mutations of residues on that side produced mutants with increased or decreased dimerization activities. Using these mutants, we demonstrated that dimerization is not essential for dsRNA binding. However, enhancing dimerization artificially, by providing an extraneous dimerization domain, increased dsRNA binding of both wild-type and mutant proteins. In vitro, the dimerization-defective mutants could not be activated by dsRNA but were activated normally by heparin. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, unlike wild-type PKR, these mutants could not inhibit cell growth and the dsRNA-binding domain of the dimerization-defective mutants could not prevent the antigrowth effect of wild-type PKR. These results demonstrate the biological importance of the dimerization properties of PKR.
Effects of age and intake on vitamin C disposition in females. (1990)

The pharmacokinetics of vitamin C following a 500 mg oral tablet dose were compared in a group of fourteen healthy young women whose age was 26.0 +/- 2.8 years (mean +/- s.d.), and in a group of fourteen healthy elderly women aged 68.1 +/- 2.6 years. The body composition of each subject was assessed using several anthropometric measurements in order to help explain any observed differences in the pharmacokinetic behavior of vitamin C. The vitamin C doses were characterized with the subjects in two states of vitamin C nutriture: a 'depleted' state which was achieved by 4-5 weeks on a vitamin C-restricted diet of less than 10 mg/d and a 'supplemented' state in which the subjects were given daily doses of 500 mg of vitamin C for 3 weeks. Plasma and urine samples were collected for 72 h following the dose of vitamin C from subjects in a 'depleted' state and for 24 h from subjects in a 'supplemented' state and analysed for their vitamin C content. None of the pharmacokinetic parameters measured differed significantly between the two age groups. In contrast, the vast majority of these parameters were significantly different in depleted and supplemented subjects. The peak times (tmax) were greater in the depleted state in both young and elderly groups whereas the peak concentrations (Cmax) were greater in the supplemented state. The absorption rate constant (Ka) was significantly larger in the supplemented state compared to the depleted state in the young group and the absorption half-life (t 1/2, Ka) was significantly greater in the depleted state in the young group only. The absorption lag time (tlag) did not differ with respect to age or nutritional status. The elimination half-life (t 1/2, Ke) was significantly longer in supplemented subjects. Although the apparent high volume of distribution (Vd) was not significantly different within each age group the Vd was significantly greater in the depleted state when the two age groups were combined. The clearance (CL), and the nonrenal clearance (CLNR) were significantly greater in the depleted state. The renal clearance (CLR) and the amounts of vitamin C excreted in the 0- to 12- and 12- to 24-h intervals were significantly larger in the supplemented state. The urinary excretion data also indicate that, in supplemented subjects, an average of about 40 percent of the administered dose is excreted as unchanged vitamin C in the first 12 h after dosing, with very little being excreted thereafter.
Autophagy pathway intersects with HIV-1 biosynthesis and regulates viral yields in macrophages (2009)

Autophagy is a cytoplasmic degradative pathway that can participate in biosynthetic processes, as in the yeast Cvt pathway, but is more commonly known for its functions in removing damaged or surplus organelles and macromolecular complexes. Here, we find that autophagy intersects with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) biogenesis, mirroring the above dichotomy. Early, nondegradative stages of autophagy promoted HIV yields. HIV Gag-derived proteins colocalized and interacted with the autophagy factor LC3, and autophagy promoted productive Gag processing. Nevertheless, when autophagy progressed through maturation stages, HIV was degraded. This, however, does not occur, as the HIV protein Nef acts as an antiautophagic maturation factor through interactions with the autophagy regulatory factor Beclin 1, thus protecting HIV from degradation. The dual interaction of HIV with the autophagy pathway enhances viral yields by using the early stages while inhibiting the late stages of autophagy. The role of Nef in the latter process enhances yields of infectious HIV and may be of significance for progression to clinical AIDS.
Enhanced Immunostimulation with Crosslinked CpG-DNA/β-1,3-Glucan Nanoparticle through Hybridization (2014)

Abstract β-Glucan schizophyllan (SPG) and CpG oligonucleotides (ODNs) can form a complex (denoted by CpG-dA40/SPG), which drastically induces immune-response owing to a combination of immunocyte-targeting delivery due to SPG and immunostimulative CpG ODN. We crosslinked CpG-dA40/SPG by adding cCpG-dA40/SPG to obtain larger particles than the original one by using cCpG–CpG hybridization, where cCpG denotes the complementary sequence of CpG. The crosslink particles showed higher immune stimulation and can thus be used as a more potent vaccine adjuvant than CpG-dA40/SPG itself.
In vivo evaluation of a new system for 3D computerized angiography (1994)

A new system has been designed and built to validate the concept of 3D computerized angiography (CA). This system can acquire a set of 2D digital subtracted angiography images while rotating around a patient and then, using these images, reconstruct a 3D representation of the opacified vasculature. The design principles and main characteristics of the system are described, with special attention paid to data processing aspects. An initial in vivo evaluation of this system performed on anaesthetized animals and human volunteers is presented. The influence on the quality of the 3D reconstruction of different factors such as volume resolution, estimation method, source trajectory and number of projections is discussed.
Network Security Fundamentals (1998)

Abstract The increase in the number of systems connected to networks and distributed systems connected via networks seen in recent years will continue. With networks, an additional level of complexity for security services is introduced. Before examining how security is applied to networks, a basic understanding of network organization is required.
Spiders of medical importance in the Asia–Pacific: Atracotoxin, latrotoxin and related spider neurotoxins (2002)

1. The spiders of medical importance in the Asia-Pacific region include widow (family Theridiidae) and Australian funnel-web spiders (subfamily Atracinae). In addition, cupboard (family Theridiidae) and Australian mouse spiders (family Actinopodidae) may contain neurotoxins responsible for serious systemic envenomation. Fortunately, there appears to be extensive cross-reactivity of species-specific widow spider antivenom within the family Theridiidae. Moreover, Sydney funnel-web antivenom has been shown to be effective in the treatment of mouse spider envenomation. 2. alpha-Latrotoxin (alpha-LTx) appears to be the main neurotoxin responsible for the envenomation syndrome known as "latrodectism" following bites from widow spiders. This 120 kDa protein binds to distinct receptors (latrophilin 1 and neurexins) to induce neurotransmitter vesicle exocytosis via both Ca2+-dependent and -independent mechanisms, resulting in vesicle depletion. This appears to involve disruption to a process that normally inhibits vesicle fusion in the absence of Ca2+. Precise elucidation of the mechanism of action of alpha-LTx will lead to a major advancement in our understanding of vesicle exocytosis. 3. delta-Atracotoxins (delta-ACTX) are responsible for the primate-specific envenomation syndrome seen following funnel-web spider envenomation. These peptides induce spontaneous repetitive firing and prolongation of action potentials in excitable cells. This results from a hyperpolarizing shift of the voltage-dependence of activation and a slowing of voltage-gated Na+ channel inactivation. This action is due to voltage-dependent binding to neurotoxin receptor site-3 on insect and mammalian voltage-gated Na+ channels in a manner similar, but not identical, to scorpion alpha-toxins and sea anemone toxins. delta-Atracotoxins provide us with highly specific tools to study Na+ channel structure and function 4. omega- and Janus-faced ACTX, from funnel-web spider venom, are novel neurotoxins that show selective toxicity to insects. In particular omega-ACTX define a new insecticide target due to a specific action to block insect voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Both these ACTX show promise for the development of baculoviral recombinant biopesticides expressing these toxins for the control of insecticide-resistant agricultural pests. In addition, they should provide valuable tools for the pharmacological and structural characterization of insecticide targets.
Catalytic hydrogenation of coal-derived liquids. Interim report, September 1977--November 1977 (1977)

For COED pyrolysis oil the evaluation of commercially available hydrotreating catalysts showed that the best denitrogenation catalysts are Cyanamid HDS9A and Harshaw HT 500 but only about 30% nitrogen reduction is obtained. The best hydrodesulfurization catalysts are Harshaw HT 400, Shell 344 and Cyanamid HDS20A with about 90% of the sulfur removed. The program is now devoted to synthesizing new catalysts for this specific feed stock. Five Ketjen and one Norton supports impregnated with molybdenum, cobalt and nickel are being evaluated. For PAMCO Solvent Refined Coal (SRC) Vacuum Flash Feed, the best commercially available denitrogenation catalyst is Harshaw Co--Mo--0401--T--/sup 1///sub 8/''. The best desulfurization catalyst is Shell 324-E-/sup 1///sub 16/''. Improved desulfurization was obtained with a catalyst fabricated here containing 0.2% NiO, 1.1% CoO, 15.5% MoO/sub 3/ on alumina and improved denitrogenation was accomplished with a catalyst comprising 0.26% NiO, 1.15% CoO, 13.1% MoO/sub 3/ on a Ketjen support. For SYNTHOIL the best commercially available catalyst for desulfurization is Harshaw HT 500, for denitrogenation, Shell 324.
In Vivo Function of Hsp90 Is Dependent on ATP Binding and ATP Hydrolysis (1998)

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), an abundant molecular chaperone in the eukaryotic cytosol, is involved in the folding of a set of cell regulatory proteins and in the re-folding of stress-denatured polypeptides. The basic mechanism of action of Hsp90 is not yet understood. In particular, it has been debated whether Hsp90 function is ATP dependent. A recent crystal structure of the NH2-terminal domain of yeast Hsp90 established the presence of a conserved nucleotide binding site that is identical with the binding site of geldanamycin, a specific inhibitor of Hsp90. The functional significance of nucleotide binding by Hsp90 has remained unclear. Here we present evidence for a slow but clearly detectable ATPase activity in purified Hsp90. Based on a new crystal structure of the NH2-terminal domain of human Hsp90 with bound ADP-Mg and on the structural homology of this domain with the ATPase domain of Escherichia coli DNA gyrase, the residues of Hsp90 critical in ATP binding (D93) and ATP hydrolysis (E47) were identified. The corresponding mutations were made in the yeast Hsp90 homologue, Hsp82, and tested for their ability to functionally replace wild-type Hsp82. Our results show that both ATP binding and hydrolysis are required for Hsp82 function in vivo. The mutant Hsp90 proteins tested are defective in the binding and ATP hydrolysis-dependent cycling of the co-chaperone p23, which is thought to regulate the binding and release of substrate polypeptide from Hsp90. Remarkably, the complete Hsp90 protein is required for ATPase activity and for the interaction with p23, suggesting an intricate allosteric communication between the domains of the Hsp90 dimer. Our results establish Hsp90 as an ATP-dependent chaperone.
Improvement and evaluation of the vibration pick-up type ear microphone (1976)

We developed a vibration pick-up-type ear microphone which was formerly reported at the 90th ASA Meeting. After evaluating its function and comparing it with other conventional microphones, we concluded as follows; It is possible to obtain remarkable sensibility without closing the ear canal and to obtain high intelligibility voice in level over 95% of sound articulation. There was no significant difference between voice intelligibility with a mask and that without a mask. Sound articulation in high ambient noise of the vibration pick-up type ear microphone (110 dB—96%, 125 dB—84%) is much higher than that of noise cancelling microphone (110 dB—87%, 125 dB—77%) and sound pressure type ear microphoen with ear muff (110 dB—85%, 125 dB—68%). By use of the earphone-microphone, we can simultaneously talk and hear through the ear, thanks to no necessity of obstruction of the ear canal. Applications of the vibration pick-up type ear microphone are (1) howlingless microphone, (2) free hand microphone, (3) mask microphone, and (4) microphone for voice communication in high ambient noise. We have made communication systems with the vibration pick-up-type ear microphone and evaluated in various environments.