gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Colonization of Roots by Using a Dot-Immunoblot Assay (1989)

An immunoblotting procedure was developed to overcome the difficulty in identifying root colonization by a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. The procedure utilized a murine monoclonal antibody that reacts with a protein in spores and hyphae of Glomus occultum, a fungus characterized by abundant production of hyaline spores and nonstaining intraradical infection. Minimally disturbed whole roots were squashed on nitrocellulose membranes. After inactivation of endogenous peroxidase, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed on the nitrocellulose with peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse antibody as the second antibody. Antigen from G. occultum, revealed by a precipitating stain, was seen as purple dots on the nitrocellulose, which also retained the impression of the root.
The dimerization of glucagon‐like peptide‐2 MIMETIBODY™ is linked to leucine‐17 in the glucagon‐like peptide‐2 region (2012)

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a member of the glucagon multigene family that is produced by intestinal enteroendocrine cells in response to food intake. GLP-2 stimulates growth of the intestinal epithelium, enhances its barrier functions, and increases nutrient uptake. Therefore, a GLP-2 agonist may be efficacious in human diseases characterized by malabsorption or injury to the gastrointestinal epithelium. MIMETIBODY™ refers to a proprietary scaffold developed to extend the half-life of rapidly cleared peptides. It consists of a peptide linked to a scaffold that contains sequence elements from a human immunoglobulin G including those that allow recycling through the FcRn. The GLP-2 sequence was engineered into the MIMETIBODY™ scaffold. The primary state of both GLP-2 and the GLP-2 MIMETIBODY™ in DPBS was a noncovalently associated dimer indicative of self-interaction. The increased heterogeneity and the decreased lot-to-lot reproducibility caused by the self-interaction of therapeutic proteins are a challenge to drug development. A similar protein, GLP-1 MIMETIBODY™, contains the related GLP-1 peptide and does not form a dimer under similar conditions. Therefore, to minimize or abrogate dimerization, several variants were made by substituting GLP-2 amino acids with the corresponding amino acids from GLP-1. Molecular weight and secondary structure analyses reveal that substituting leucine for glutamine at position 17 (L17Q) reduces dimerization and α-helix content yet retains bioactivity.
ATTENUATION AND PENETRATION OF VISIBLE 632.8nm AND INVISIBLE INFRA-RED 904nm LIGHT IN SOFT TISSUES (2000)

We studied the depth of penetration and the magnitude of attenuation of 632.8nm and 904nm light in skin, muscle, tendon, and cartilagenous tissues of live anaesthetized rabbits. Tissue specimens were dissected, prepared, and their thicknesses measured. Then, each wavelength of light was applied. Simultaneously, a power meter was used to detect and measure the amount of light transmitted through each tissue. All measurements were made in the dark to minimize interference from extraneous light sources. To determine the influence of pulse rate on beam attenuation, the 632.8nm light was used at two predetermined settings of the machine; continuous mode and 100 pulses per second (pps), at an on:off ratio of 1:1. Similarly, the 904nm infra-red light was applied using two predetermined machine settings: 292 pps and 2,336 pps. Multiple regression analysis of the data obtained showed significant positive correlations between tissue thickness and light attenuation (p < .001). Student's t-tests revealed that beam attenuation was significantly affected by wavelength. Collectively, our findings warrant the conclusions that (1) The calf muscles of the New Zealand white rabbit attenuates light in direct proportion to its thickness. In this tissue, light attenuation is not significantly affected by the overlying skin, a finding which may be applicable to other muscles. (2) The depth of penetration of a 632.8nm and 904nm light is not related to the average power of the light source. The depth of penetration is the same notwithstanding the average power of the light source. (3) Compared to the 904nm wavelength, 632.8nm light is attenuated more by muscle tissue, suggesting that is is absorbed more readily than the 904nm wavelength or conversely that the 904nm wavelength penetrates more. Thus, wavelength plays a critical role in the depth of penetration of light.
Nicotinamide and N'-Methylnicotinamide: Electrochemical Redox Pattern (1974)

The mechanisms for the electrochemical reduction of nicotinamide (3‐carbamoylpyridine) and N'‐methylnicotinamide [3‐(N‐methylcarbamoyl)‐pyridine] in aqueous media, as well as those for reduction and oxidation of intermediate and final products, have been investigated. Both compounds involve the same redox pattern of two successive one‐electron additions. The initial step involves simultaneous addition of an electron and a proton to form a free radical (only an electron in the pH range where the compound is protonated), which rapidly dimerizes to an apparent 6,6' species; oxidation of the free radical can be seen at pH 9. At more negative potential, the nicotinamide is reduced to an apparent 1,6‐dihydropyridine species (the dimer is stable to reduction in the available potential range); the two polarographic waves begin to merge above pH 8 and are completely merged by pH 12. E1/2 for both electron‐transfer processes becomes more negative with increasing pH between pH 4 and 9. The rate constants for dimerization of the initially produced free radicals are 1.8 × 106 and 4.9 × 106 liter mol−1 sec−1 for nicotinamide and N'‐methylnicotinamide, respectively, at 30° and pH 9. Adsorption of both compounds and their reduction products at the mercury‐solution interface is negligible. Both dimer and dihydropyridine species are oxidized to the original nicotinamide but at considerably more positive potentials than those necessary for their formation.
Providing Systematic Training for Patient Support Groups (2003)

Abstract Patient support or self-help groups (SHG) provide essential support for patients and families dealing with particular conditions. Increasingly, these groups use the Internet to find information to support their own activities and to promote self-care. Librarians can play an important role in demonstrating to these groups how to locate and evaluate high-quality information on the Internet. This paper describes a project that provided such demonstrations to 5 support groups organized by a local hospital system in central Texas, the issues involved, the evaluation method, and the outcomes. Aggressive advertising appears to be one of the biggest deterrents to locating suitable health care information on the Internet.
Flexible transfer syntax for interoperable training networks (2002)

Abstract/transfer syntaxes are used in the presentation layer of OSI communication networks to achieve data interoperability among heterogeneous nodes. We discuss the problems of using ASN.1 in the distributed interactive simulation (DIS) environment and present an approach for a modified transfer syntax that allows for the flexible decoding of transmitted protocol data units (PDUs) at the receiving host.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Hydrogen peroxide is a novel mediator of inflammatory hyperalgesia, acting via transient receptor potential vanilloid 1-dependent and independent mechanisms (2008)

Inflammatory diseases associated with pain are often difficult to treat in the clinic due to insufficient understanding of the nociceptive pathways involved. Recently, there has been considerable interest in the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in inflammatory disease, but little is known of the role of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in hyperalgesia. In the present study, intraplantar injection of H(2)O(2)-induced a significant dose- and time-dependent mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in the mouse hind paw, with increased c-fos activity observed in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. H(2)O(2) also induced significant nociceptive behavior such as increased paw licking and decreased body liftings. H(2)O(2) levels were significantly raised in the carrageenan-induced hind paw inflammation model, showing that this ROS is produced endogenously in a model of inflammation. Moreover, superoxide dismutase and catalase significantly reduced carrageenan-induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, providing evidence of a functionally significant endogenous role. Thermal, but not mechanical, hyperalgesia in response to H(2)O(2) (i.pl.) was longer lasting in TRPV1 wild type mice compared to TRPV1 knockouts. It is unlikely that downstream lipid peroxidation was increased by H(2)O(2). In conclusion, we demonstrate a notable effect of H(2)O(2) in mediating inflammatory hyperalgesia, thus highlighting H(2)O(2) removal as a novel therapeutic target for anti-hyperalgesic drugs in the clinic.
Effects of Chronic Ethanol Consumption on Sterol Transfer Proteins in Mouse Brain (1996)

Although lipids are essential to brain function, almost nothing is known of lipid transfer proteins in the brain. Early reports indicates cross-reactivity of brain proteins with antisera against two native liver sterol transfer proteins, sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2) and the liver form of fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP). Herein, polyclonal antibodies raised against the recombinant liver sterol transfer proteins SCP-2 and L-FABP were used to identify the lipid transfer proteins in the brains of alcohol-treated and control mice. L-FABP was not detectable in brain of either control or chronic ethanol-treated mice. In contrast, SCP-2 not only was present, but its level was significantly (p < 0.05) increased 23 and 50%, respectively, in brain homogenates and synaptosomes of mice exposed to alcohol. To determine whether antibodies against the recombinant liver SCP-2 reflected true levels of SCP-2 in brain, the cDNA sequence for brain SCP-2 was isolated from a brain cDNA library. The mouse brain SCP-2 sequence was 99.99% identical to the mouse liver SCP-2 sequence. The translated sequence differed by only one amino acid, and the replacement was conservative. Thus, unlike the fatty acid binding proteins, the SCP-2 moieties of brain and liver are essentially identical. Polyclonal antibodies against acyl-CoA binding protein, a lipid-binding protein that does not bind or transfer sterol, showed that increased levels of brain SCP-2 with chronic ethanol consumption did not represent a general increase in content of all lipid transfer proteins. Changes in the amount of SCP-2 may contribute to membrane tolerance to ethanol.
Commentary on "Principal Stratification -- a Goal or a Tool?" by Judea Pearl (2011)

This commentary takes up Pearl's welcome challenge to clearly articulate the scientific value of principal stratification estimands that we and colleagues have investigated, in the area of randomized placebo-controlled preventive vaccine efficacy trials, especially trials of HIV vaccines. After briefly arguing that certain principal stratification estimands for studying vaccine effects on post-infection outcomes are of genuine scientific interest, the bulk of our commentary argues that the "causal effect predictiveness" (CEP) principal stratification estimand for evaluating immune biomarkers as surrogate endpoints is not of ultimate scientific interest, because it evaluates surrogacy restricted to the setting of a particular vaccine efficacy trial, but is nevertheless useful for guiding the selection of primary immune biomarker endpoints in Phase I/II vaccine trials and for facilitating assessment of transportability/bridging surrogacy.
Morphology‐Dependent Interactions of ZnO with Cu Nanoparticles at the Materials’ Interface in Selective Hydrogenation of CO<sub>2</sub> to CH<sub>3</sub>OH (2011)

A good face: The (002) polar facet of platelike ZnO nanoparticles gives a much stronger electronic interaction with Cu nanoparticles than other facets (see picture; CB=conductance band; VB=valence band) and shows higher selectivity in the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol. This finding provides the basis for the rational design of new nanocatalysts for CO2 hydrogenation.
Managing multiple isolation levels in middleware database replication protocols (2009)

Many database replication protocols have been designed for guaranteeing a serialisable isolation level, since it is appropriate for almost all applications. However, it also requires a tight coordination among replicas and might generate high abortion rates with some workloads. So, other isolation levels have also been considered, such as snapshot isolation and cursor stability, but none of the previous works has proposed an overall support for more than one isolation level at the same time. This paper explores such a research line.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II Serum Concentrations in Patients with Benign and Malignant Breast Lesions (2004)

Malignant breast tumors cannot be distinguished from benign breast lesions by systemic IGF serum levels. However, women with breast lesions have decreased IGF-II concentrations, and free IGF-II levels are clearly correlated to the size of a breast cancer, indicating an involvement in tumor growth.
A simulation study of cost of delays in computer systems (1970)

The purpose of this paper is t o demonstrate the effectiveness of a partial cost analysis of computer system performance by simulation methods. The competing factors of cost of delay to Jobs and the mean system cost averaged over each job are considered in the analysis. Job characteristics are generated from a set of input means by Monte Carlo methods, and the processing of these jobs is simulated using a next-event type of model incorporating the scheduling logic and the gross hardware characteristics of the computer system.The results of such a partial cost analysis should be combined with other cost considerations to gain an overall cost picture. Rather than replacing accepted measures of system performance such as benchmark tests, the analysis may rely on these methods to provide some of the input information, such as the mean amount of central processor time requested. The characteristic feature of the type of analysis described here is the inclusion of the cost of delay to jobs as a relevant cost consideration.
On neighbor discovery in wireless networks with directional antennas (2005)

We consider the problem of neighbor discovery in static wireless ad hoc networks with directional antennas. We propose several probabilistic algorithms in which nodes perform random, independent transmissions to discover their one-hop neighbors. Our neighbor discovery algorithms are classified into two groups, viz. Direct-Discovery Algorithms in which nodes discover their neighbors only upon receiving a transmission from their neighbors and Gossip-based algorithms in which nodes gossip about their neighbors' location information to enable faster discovery. We first consider the operation of these algorithms in a slotted, synchronous system and mathematically derive their optimal parameter settings. We show how to extend these algorithms for an asynchronous system and describe their optimal design. Analysis and simulation of the algorithms show that nodes discover their neighbors much faster using gossip-based algorithms than using direct-discovery algorithms. Furthermore, the performance of gossip-based algorithms is insensitive to an increase in node density. The efficiency of a neighbor discovery algorithm also depends on the choice of antenna beamwidth. We discuss in detail how the choice of beamwidth impacts the performance of the discovery process and provide insights into how nodes can configure their beamwidths.
Effect of Testosterone Administration on the Beard Growth of Elderly Males (1949)

From her study of 11 normal elderly men Dr. Chieffi observed that the administration of testosterone produced a marked stimulus to beard growth. She discusses the literature on facial hypertrichosis in normal women undergoing hormonal treatment and those with pathologic glandular conditions as well as the results of androgen administration to hypogonadal males.
Automated Solution of Differential Equations by the Finite Element Method: The FEniCS Book (2012)

This book is a tutorial written by researchers and developers behind the FEniCS Project and explores an advanced, expressive approach to the development of mathematical software. The presentation spans mathematical background, software design and the use of FEniCS in applications. Theoretical aspects are complemented with computer code which is available as free/open source software. The book begins with a special introductory tutorial for beginners. Followingare chapters in Part I addressing fundamental aspects of the approach to automating the creation of finite element solvers. Chapters in Part II address the design and implementation of the FEnicS software. Chapters in Part III present the application of FEniCS to a wide range of applications, including fluid flow, solid mechanics, electromagnetics and geophysics.
Multiplexed Fluorometric ImmunoAssay Testing Methodology and Troubleshooting (2011)

To ensure the quality of animal models used in biomedical research we have developed a number of diagnostic testing strategies and methods to determine if animals have been exposed to adventitious infectious agents (viruses, mycoplasma, and other fastidious microorganisms). Infections of immunocompetent animals are generally transient, yet serum antibody responses to infection often can be detected within days to weeks and persist throughout the life of the host. Serology is the primary diagnostic methodology by which laboratory animals are monitored. Historically the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been the main screening method for serosurveillance. The ELISA is performed as a singleplex, in which one microbial antigen-antibody reaction is measured per well. In comparison the MFIA is performed as a multiplexed assay. Since the microspheres come in 100 distinct color sets, as many as 100 different assays can be performed simultaneously in a single microplate well. This innovation decreases the amount of serum, reagents and disposables required for routine testing while increasing the amount of information obtained from a single test well. In addition, we are able to incorporate multiple internal control beads to verify sample and system suitability and thereby assure the accuracy of results. These include tissue control and IgG anti-test serum species immunoglobulin (αIg) coated bead sets to evaluate sample suitability. As in the ELISA and IFA, the tissue control detects non-specific binding of serum immunoglobulin. The αIg control (Serum control) confirms that serum has been added and contains a sufficient immunoglobulin concentration while the IgG control bead (System Suitability control), coated with serum species immunoglobulin, demonstrates that the labeled reagents and Luminex reader are functioning properly.
Group communication protocol for flexible distributed systems (2002)

In large-scale distributed systems, the processes have to be upgraded to absorb the changes of user requirements and system environments. The system cannot be kept available by the conventional upgrading methods because multiple processes have to be suspended simultaneously. This paper discusses a new method where each process can invoke asynchronously the upgrading procedure. The key idea is that multiple versions of processes can be operated temporarily. Each pair of an old-version process and a new-version one are managed as one process group. The group communication protocol proposed supports the message transmission among the process groups. Moreover, the protocol detects protocol errors caused by the co-existence of multiple versions of processes. A checkpoint-rollback algorithm for resolving the protocol errors is proposed. By using the algorithm, the minimum number of processes are rolled back asynchronously. Hence, the system is highly available even if protocol error occurs.
A Novel, Highly Selective, and General Methodology for the Synthesis of 1,5-Diene-Containing Oligoisoprenoids of All Possible Geometrical Combinations Exemplified by an Iterative and Convergent Synthesis of Coenzyme Q<sub>10</sub> (2002)

[reaction: see text] A truly general, versatile, and highly regio- and stereoselective methodology for the synthesis of terpenoids containing 1,5-diene units of E and/or Z geometry critically involves Pd-catalyzed homoallyl- and homopropargyl-alkenyl coupling and Zr-catalyzed carboalumination of alkynes. By using this methodology, coenzyme Q(10), (E,Z,E)-geranylgeranoil, and other natural or unnatural compounds have been synthesized efficiently.
Alternating electric fields (TTFields) in combination with paclitaxel are therapeutically effective against ovarian cancer cells <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> (2016)

Long-term survival rates for advanced ovarian cancer patients have not changed appreciably over the past four decades; therefore, development of new, effective treatment modalities remains a high priority. Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields), a clinically active anticancer modality utilize low-intensity, intermediate frequency, alternating electric fields. The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of combining TTFields with paclitaxel against ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In vitro application of TTFields on human ovarian cancer cell lines led to a significant reduction in cell counts as compared to untreated cells. The effect was found to be frequency and intensity dependent. Further reduction in the number of viable cells was achieved when TTFields treatment was combined with paclitaxel. The in vivo effect of the combined treatment was tested in mice orthotopically implanted with MOSE-L<sub>TICv</sub> cells. In this model, combined treatment led to a significant reduction in tumor luminescence and in tumor weight as compared to untreated mice. The feasibility of effective local delivery of TTFields to the human abdomen was examined using finite element mesh simulations performed using the Sim4life software. These simulations demonstrated that electric fields intensities inside and in the vicinity of the ovaries of a realistic human computational phantom are about 1 and 2 V/cm pk-pk, respectively, which is within the range of intensities required for TTFields effect. These results suggest that prospective clinical investigation of the combination of TTFields and paclitaxel is warranted.
New simulation and test results for IEEE 802.1AS timing performance (2009)

IEEE 802.1AS is a standard being developed in the 802.1 Working Group to provide precise timing and synchronization for bridged networks. It is one of the 802.1 audio/video bridging (AVB) standards, and a major use of it will be to ensure that jitter, wander, and time synchronization requirements for time-sensitive applications in a residential AVB network are met. However, 802.1AS (and the other AVB standards) can be used in other applications as well. Each application will be specified by an `AVB profile', and each profile will provide for very few options to simplify the configuration and operation by the user and result in low cost. IEEE 802.1AS includes an IEEE 802-specific layer-2 profile of IEEE Std. 1588trade - 2008; plus additional specifications to allow transport over 802.11 (WiFi), Ethernet PONs, and coordinated shared networks such as MoCA; plus additional requirements needed to ensure timing performance. IEEE 802.1AS is nearing completion, and is expected to be balloted by 4Q2009. This paper gives a brief overview of IEEE 802.1AS, focusing on recent developments. It then describes new simulation modeling and results for jitter, wander, and synchronization performance. Finally, it describes performance test results using 802.1AS bridges and end-stations.