gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Occurrence and Physiological Breakdown of Self-incompatibility in Easter Cactus (1994)

The existence of self-incompatibility (SI) was demonstrated in `Britton' and `Rose' Easter cactus ( Rhipsalidopsis ). In a full diallel cross among five clones, 18 out of 20 outcrosses resulted in 68% to 100% fruit set, whereas reciprocal crosses between two of the clones and all five self-pollinations failed to set fruit. Pollen tube growth was greatly inhibited in styles of selfed pistils, but there was no evidence of pollen tube inhibition in compatibly crossed pistils. Easter cactus exhibited characteristics typically found in sporophytic SI systems (trinucleate pollen, papillate stigmas, and scant stigmatic exudate) together with those associated with gametophytic SI systems (stylar inhibition of pollen tube growth and absence of reciprocal differences in outcrosses). Additional experiments were performed to determine the effects of bud pollinations, growth regulators (BA, GA 3 , and NAAm), and high temperatures (0- to 48-h exposure at 40C) on the SI response. Heat treatments were more effective than either bud pollinations or growth regulators in overcoming SI, and yielded an average of 7.2 viable seeds per treated flower when plants were incubated for 12 h at 40C and selfed immediately after incubation. Isozyme analysis of the S 0 parent and putative S 1 progeny confirmed that selfing had occurred following heat treatments. Using S 1 progeny in breeding programs may extend the flower color range and lead to a greater diversity in other plant characteristics than presently exists in cultivated germplasm. Chemical names used: N -(phenylmethyl)-1 H -purin-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)], gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), and α-naphthaleneacetamide (NAAm).
Solid-state circuit breaker based on active thyristor topologies (2006)

Solid-state circuit breakers (SCBs), based on modern high-power semiconductors, offer considerable advantages when compared to mechanical circuit breakers with respect to speed and life. For instance, voltage quality of a power grid can be improved during a short circuit because the fault current is reduced. The interval over which voltage distortions occur, caused by a three-phase short circuit, can be limited to a few 100/spl mu/s. In contrast to this, present circuit breaker technology requires at least 100ms to clear a fault. Major drawbacks of all SCB solutions presented so far are material costs and on-state losses. Primarily because of these disadvantages, SCB systems have not been widely used yet. Consequently, new solutions should be developed which are more cost effective and offer reduced on-state losses. This paper presents a conceptual approach based on active thyristor circuits. It is proven that these topologies can lead to a wider integration of SCBs in existing grids due to the economical advantages of silicon-controlled rectifiers compared to turn-off semiconductors. After a brief introduction and a presentation of the fundamentals, different topologies are described and assessed in this paper.
Differential RAID (2010)

SSDs exhibit very different failure characteristics compared to hard drives. In particular, the bit error rate (BER) of an SSD climbs as it receives more writes. As a result, RAID arrays composed from SSDs are subject to correlated failures. By balancing writes evenly across the array, RAID schemes can wear out devices at similar times. When a device in the array fails towards the end of its lifetime, the high BER of the remaining devices can result in data loss. We propose Diff-RAID, a parity-based redundancy solution that creates an age differential in an array of SSDs. Diff-RAID distributes parity blocks unevenly across the array, leveraging their higher update rate to age devices at different rates. To maintain this age differential when old devices are replaced by new ones, Diff-RAID reshuffles the parity distribution on each drive replacement. We evaluate Diff-RAID's reliability by using real BER data from 12 flash chips on a simulator and show that it is more reliable than RAID-5, in some cases by multiple orders of magnitude. We also evaluate Diff-RAID's performance using a software implementation on a 5-device array of 80 GB Intel X25-M SSDs and show that it offers a trade-off between throughput and reliability.
Effects of Bracing in Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis (2013)

Bracing significantly decreased the progression of high-risk curves to the threshold for surgery in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The benefit increased with longer hours of brace wear. (Funded by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and others; BRAIST ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00448448.).
Sucrose transport from source to sink seeds in rice (2006)

In many higher plants, sucrose is loaded as a major carbon photoassimiliate into the phloem apoplastically by sucrose transporters (SUTs) and unloaded in sink tissues, where it serves as a storage material, carbohydrate backbone, and energy source. In sink tissues, a proportion of sucrose molecules are converted by cell wall invertases (CINs) into hexose that is imported into cells by monosaccharide transporters (MSTs). Thus, in developing seeds, co‐ordinated regulation of SUTs, CINs, and MSTs is crucial in carbon distribution. Here, we summarize current efforts on the identification of SUTs, CINs, and MSTs in rice.
90% Extraordinary optical transmission in the visible range through annular aperture metallic arrays (2007)

We demonstrate what we believe to be the first experimental extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) of up to 90%, thanks to a well-identified guided mode that propagates through annular apertures engraved into an optically thick silver layer. In spite of the metal losses, high transmission can be obtained by adjusting the geometrical parameters of the fabricated structure, as was already theoretically demonstrated. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing such a large transmission in the visible range.
DynamicBoost: Boosting Time Series Generated by Dynamical Systems (2007)

Boosting is a remarkably simple and flexible classification algorithm with widespread applications in computer vision. However, the application of boosting to non-Euclidean, infinite length, and time-varying data, such as videos, is not straightforward. In dynamic textures, for example, the temporal evolution of image intensities is captured by a linear dynamical system, whose parameters live in a Stiefel manifold, which is clearly non-Euclidean. In this paper, we present a novel boosting method for the recognition of visual dynamical processes. Our key contribution is the design of weak classifiers (features) that are formulated as linear dynamical systems. The main advantage of such features is that they can be applied to infinitely long sequences and that they can be efficiently computed by solving a set of Sylvester equations. We also present an application of our method to dynamic texture classification.
Point set registration through minimization of the L<inf>2</inf> distance between 3D-NDT models (2012)

Point set registration-the task of finding the best fitting alignment between two sets of point samples, is an important problem in mobile robotics. This article proposes a novel registration algorithm, based on the distance between Three-Dimensional Normal Distributions Transforms. 3D-NDT models - a sub-class of Gaussian Mixture Models with uniformly weighted, largely disjoint components, can be quickly computed from range point data. The proposed algorithm constructs 3D-NDT representations of the input point sets and then formulates an objective function based on the L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> distance between the considered models. Analytic first and second order derivatives of the objective function are computed and used in a standard Newton method optimization scheme, to obtain the best-fitting transformation. The proposed algorithm is evaluated and shown to be more accurate and faster, compared to a state of the art implementation of the Iterative Closest Point and 3D-NDT Point-to-Distribution algorithms.
System Performance Evaluation of Fixed and Adaptive Resource Allocation of 3GPPLTE Downlink Interface Air (2013)

The allocation strategies employed in assigning the subcarriers will affect the system performance in various ways such as data rate, power efficiency, spectrum efficiency and bandwidth flexibility. The study investigated the effect of two main assignment strategies which include fixed subcarrier allocation and dynamic subcarrier allocation on the performance of OFDM system. The objective of this study is to determine allocation algorithm that will optimise the available resources. Simulation results show that an adaptive subcarrier allocation based on user channel quality information perform better and optimise the network than fixed allocation. Key words: OFDM, Spectrum efficiency,
Immunomodulatory drugs for multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of clinical and cost effectiveness (2001)

Uncertainties about the clinical and cost effectiveness of immunomodulatory drugs for multiple sclerosis (MS), as well as concerns about funding treatment, continue to influence their use. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) in England and Wales has been appraising the evidence on the clinical and cost effectiveness of IFN-beta and glatiramer to provide guidance to the NHS. It has proved a difficult task. This paper is an update of our systematic review which assesses the evidence on the clinical and cost effectiveness of a range of immunomodulatory drugs for MS, including azathioprine, IFN-beta, cladribine, cyclophosphamide, glatiramer, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), methotrexate and mitoxantrone. Searches of electronic databases (such as Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library) and bibliographies of related papers, as well as consultation with experts, for systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and direct reports of RCTs revealed 26 studies of clinical effectiveness and eight economic evaluations that met the criteria for inclusion. The quality of the evidence was often poor, affected by methodological limitations. Evidence on the clinical effectiveness of immunomodulatory drugs showed some clinical effect, with reductions in relapse rates and/or progression to disability for people with MS. However, benefits from these drugs may be lessened by side effects. Assessment of cost effectiveness was limited to IFN-beta and glatiramer, showing that any benefit from these drugs was achieved at very high cost. The inadequacies in the evidence of clinical and cost effectiveness on some immunomodulatory drugs for the treatment of people with MS necessitate further rigorous RCTs and comparative economic evaluations of different alternatives.
Laser induced copper plating (1983)

Argon laser induced plating of copper spots and lines from copper sulfate solutions on glass and phenolic resin paper has been investigated. The substrates had to be precoated with an evaporated copper film. The highest plating rates have been obtained with a small film thickness of 25 nm. Spots with a thickness up to 30 μm were plated.
Oxaliplatin administration increases expression of the voltage-dependent calcium channel α2δ-1 subunit in the rat spinal cord (2016)

Oxaliplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent that is effective against various types of cancer including colorectal cancer. Acute cold hyperalgesia is a serious side effect of oxaliplatin treatment. Although the therapeutic drug pregabalin is beneficial for preventing peripheral neuropathic pain by targeting the voltage-dependent calcium channel α2δ-1 (Cavα2δ-1) subunit, the effect of oxaliplatin-induced acute cold hypersensitivity is uncertain. To analyze the contribution of the Cavα2δ-1 subunit to the development of oxaliplatin-induced acute cold hypersensitivity, Cavα2δ-1 subunit expression in the rat spinal cord was analyzed after oxaliplatin treatment. Behavioral assessment using the acetone spray test showed that 6 mg/kg oxaliplatin-induced cold hypersensitivity 2 and 4 days later. Oxaliplatin-induced acute cold hypersensitivity 4 days after treatment was significantly inhibited by pregabalin (50 mg/kg, p.o.). Oxaliplatin (6 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment increased the expression level of Cavα2δ-1 subunit mRNA and protein in the spinal cord 2 and 4 days after treatment. Immunohistochemistry showed that oxaliplatin increased Cavα2δ-1 subunit protein expression in superficial layers of the spinal dorsal horn 2 and 4 days after treatment. These results suggest that oxaliplatin treatment increases Cavα2δ-1 subunit expression in the superficial layers of the spinal cord and may contribute to functional peripheral acute cold hypersensitivity.
SO <sub>2</sub> -Ethanol-Water (SEW) Pulping: I. Lignin Determination in Pulps and Liquors (2011)

Abstract Quantitative determination of lignin in SO2-ethanol-water (SEW) pulps and spent liquors is described. The methods developed for conventional sulfite pulping are successfully applied to the SEW process. Linear correlations between Klason/total lignin content and kappa number are found over a wide pulp yield range for spruce, beech, and wheat straw. Lignin content of the spruce spent SEW liquors is determined using either hydrogen peroxide to remove SO2 and dilution by 3% sulfuric acid or simply by dilution with 0.1M sodium hydroxide. The recommended wavelength is 280 nm. The experimentally found values for the extinction coefficient of dissolved lignin in 3% sulfuric acid and in 0.1M NaOH are 19 and 23 L/(g·cm), respectively. The interference of furanic compounds is eliminated by reduction with sodium borohydride.
Biologics in Spondyloarthritis: TNFα Inhibitors and Other Agents (2015)

TNFα inhibitors are currently the only class of biological agent that has proven to be effective in the treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and/or spondyloarthritis (SpA). These agents have been shown to control inflammatory pain of the axial skeleton, peripheral clinical manifestations, certain extra-articular manifestations as well as systemic and spinal MRI inflammation. Conversely, they are unable to slow radiographic progression in the spine. Since around 20-30% of patients with SpA are considered as nonmajor responders to TNFα inhibitors, there is a need for alternative therapies. Biological agents that target IL-1, IL-6, B cells and costimulatory pathways are not effective in SpA. Conversely, novel biological agents blocking IL-23 or IL-17 are promising in SpA, especially secukinumab, an anti-IL-17A monoclonal antibody.
Design of multi-field IPv6 packet classifiers using ternary CAMs (2002)

Typically, high-end routers/switches classify a packet by looking for multiple fields of the IP/TCP headers and recognize which flow the packet belongs to. Several packet classification algorithms to accelerate packet processing and reduce the memory requirement have been proposed. But it is not easy to implement these algorithms in hardware to lookup these multiple fields in the same time. This paper intends to design a novel packet classification engine capable of simultaneously processing multi-field searching, especially for the IPv6 packets with relative longer addresses (128 bits). To classify the IPv6 packets in wire-speed, the CLM (CAM-Like Memory)-based hardware architecture is considered and five fields (source IPv6 address, destination IPv6 address, source port, destination port, and protocol) are designed as the searching key. Evaluation results indicate that compared with the typical market leading delivering search engines, the proposed hardware architecture provides a 30% speed-up performance. A compact method is also provided to compress the bit-width required to represent the multi-field of an IPv6 packet. This saves the memory space required for the IPv6 rule table for about 20%.
Results of a Low-Background Measurement of the Fission Neutron Spectrum from<sup>252</sup>Cf in the 9- to 29-MeV Energy Range (1990)

AbstractBy means of a time-of-flight experiment, the high-energy part of the 252Cf fission neutron spectrum is investigated with excellent shielding against cosmic radiation. Data analysis was performed with four different bias settings and results in the 9- to 29-MeV energy range were obtained. Small deviations from the Maxwellian shape (T = 1.42 MeV) were found; however, no indication of any neutron excess above 20 MeV was found.
Specialized Transduction Designed for Precise High-Throughput Unmarked Deletions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2014)

This work reports major advances in the methods of genetics applicable to all mycobacteria, including but not limited to virulent M. tuberculosis, which would facilitate comparative genomics to identify drug targets, genetic validation of proposed pathways, and development of an effective vaccine. This study presents all the new methods developed and the improvements to existing methods in an integrated way. The work presented in this study could increase the pace of mycobacterial genetics significantly and will immediately be of wide use. These new methods are transformative and allow for the undertaking of construction of what has been one of the most fruitful resources in model systems: a comprehensive, ordered library set of the strains, each of which is deleted for a single defined open reading frame.
Fractionation of crude soybean lecithin with aqueous ethanol (2004)

Abstract Aqueous ethanol was used to fractionate soybean PC and PI, which have dissimilar solubilities in this solvent. The effects of oil and moisture contents of the crude lecithin, ethanol‐to‐lecithin ratio, and dispersion temperature on the efficiency of phospholipid (PL) fractionation were investigated. Yield, purity, recovery, and PL class composition were examined. Yield was defined as the amount of fractionated material, divided by the acetone‐insoluble (AI) matter in the starting material; purity was the percentage of PL (PC+PE+PI) as quantified by HPLC in the fraction; and recovery was the amount of PL quantified relative to the quantity of AI matter. Higher oil contents significantly increased the yield of the PC fraction, but they significantly decreased yield, purity, and recovery of the PI fraction. They also significantly affected the PL composition of the PC fraction. Higher moisture contents significantly decreased the yield but slightly increased the purity of PC fractions. Higher temperatures significantly increased the yield and recovery of the PC fraction. They also affected the relative proportion of PL classes in the PC and PI fractions. The ethanol‐to‐lecithin ratio significantly affected yield, purity, and recovery as well as the relative proportions of PL in both PC and PI fractions. A combination of multiple fractionation and high‐low temperature treatment was also examined. Fractionating twice with ethanol increased the purity of the PC fraction. High‐low temperature fractionation increased the purity and PC percentage in the PC fraction.
Context-dependent voice commands in spoken dialogue systems for home environments : A study on the effect of introducing context-dependent voice commands to a spoken dialogue system for home environments (2013)

This thesis aims to investigate the eect context could have to interaction between a user and a spoken dialogue system. It was assumed that using context-dependent voice commands instead of absolute semantic voice commands would make the dialogue more natural and also increase the usability. This thesis also investigate if introducing context could aect the user's privacy and if it could expose a threat for the user from a user perspective. Based on an extended literature review of spoken dialogue system, voice recognition, ambient intelligence, human-computer interaction and privacy, a spoken dialogue system was designed and implemented to test the assumption. The test study included two steps: experiment and interview. The participants conducted the dierent scenarios where a spoken dialogue system could be used with both context-dependent commands and absolute semantic commands. Based on these studies, qualitative results regarding natural, usability and privacy validated the authors hypothesis to some extent. The results indicated that the interaction between users and spoken dialogue systems was more natural and increased the usability when using context. The participants did not feel more monitored by the spoken dialogue system when using context. Some participants stated that there could be a theoretical privacy issues, but only if the security measurements were not met. The paper concludes with suggestions for future work in the scientic area.
Recent Advances in Pd-Based Membranes for Membrane Reactors (2017)

Palladium-based membranes for hydrogen separation have been studied by several research groups during the last 40 years. Much effort has been dedicated to improving the hydrogen flux of these membranes employing different alloys, supports, deposition/production techniques, etc. High flux and cheap membranes, yet stable at different operating conditions are required for their exploitation at industrial scale. The integration of membranes in multifunctional reactors (membrane reactors) poses additional demands on the membranes as interactions at different levels between the catalyst and the membrane surface can occur. Particularly, when employing the membranes in fluidized bed reactors, the selective layer should be resistant to or protected against erosion. In this review we will also describe a novel kind of membranes, the pore-filled type membranes prepared by Pacheco Tanaka and coworkers that represent a possible solution to integrate thin selective membranes into membrane reactors while protecting the selective layer. This work is focused on recent advances on metallic supports, materials used as an intermetallic diffusion layer when metallic supports are used and the most recent advances on Pd-based composite membranes. Particular attention is paid to improvements on sulfur resistance of Pd based membranes, resistance to hydrogen embrittlement and stability at high temperature.
Raised Fields as a Sustainable Agricultural System from Amazonia (1994)

Archaeology can provide a "window" into the history of indigenous knowledge systems.Many intensive agricultural systems were based on massive transformations of local and regional landscapes, especially throughout much of Latin America.Embedded in these landscapes are the physical structure, patterning, and designs of agricultural engineering and expertise, resulting in a palimpsest of landuse strategies and knowledge systems.For example, in the Andean region of Peru and Bolivia, the remains of prehispanic land use systems, resource management, land modification, engineering works (such as irrigation, terraces, sunken garden, and raised field systems) are present over vast areas.Ironically, much of this agricultural landscape now lies abandoned or underutilized.Archaeology can address these issues by "reading" the remains on the landscape through the interpretation of aerial photography, ground survey, mapping, excavation, and experimentation.Archaeology, combined with a multidisciplinary toolkit, can provide information on crops grown, tools utilized, field morphology and patterning, functions, prehistoric demography, and the technical knowledge used.Also relevant to a long-term perspective is the human social, cultural, political, demographic, and economic context of the ancient farming system and its changes over time.Larger issues include the processes of origin, evolution and
Polarized Raman and Infrared Spectra of Taurine Crystals (1996)

Polarized Raman and infrared absorption spectra of taurine crystals were measured at room temperature and an assignment of normal modes was made. The usefulness of these assignments comes from the fact that some modes are related to important vibrations indicating the crystal form and stability of structure under different external conditions such as temperature and pressure.