gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-Level Gentamicin Resistance in Enterococcus: Microbiology, Genetic Basis, and Epidemiology (1990)

Antibiotic resistance is an ever-increasing problem in enterococci. These bacteria are remarkable in their ability to acquire and disseminate antibiotic resistance genes by a variety of routes. Since first described in 1979, high-level resistance to gentamicin (MIC, greater than 2,000 micrograms/mL) has spread worldwide and has been responsible for serious infections. Resistance is plasmid-mediated and due to aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. High-level gentamicin resistance indicates that there will be no synergistic bactericidal activity with penicillin-gentamicin combinations. The epidemiology of nosocomial enterococcal infections is remarkably similar to that of nosocomial infections caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococci and by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli. The most likely way these resistant bacteria are spread among hospital patients is via transient carriage on the hands of hospital personnel. Patient-to-patient and interhospital transmission of strains has been reported recently. However, clonal dissemination is not the cause of the increased frequency of resistant strains, since gentamicin resistance appears in a variety of different conjugative and nonconjugative plasmids in Enterococcus.
Wind Characteristics Over Complex Terrain Relative to WECS Siting (1981)

The phenomenon of flow over various terrain features has been systematically interpreted for siting WECS (wind energy conversion systems). Because of the limited data from field programs, most of the reported results are interpreted from laboratory or theoretical studies. The information presented cannot be utilized to compute highly accurate values of the wind power at a site nor to identify the exact optimum location for a WECS. The wind prospector can, however, use it to select locations where the wind field will be potentially higher than the synoptic wind. Information needed to identify and to avoid regions of low wind speed and of highly turbulent and periodic flow is also given. This information considers the effects of the geometries of terrain features, their surface conditions and atmosphere stratifications, as well as the history of wind approaching the WECS site. Basic guidance in practical WECS siting is thus presented.
Importance of wafer flatness for CMP and lithography (1997)

Chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) is aimed at planarizing wafer surfaces in order to meet the tightening depth-of-focus requirements for advanced lithography. A simple method will be introduced which uses the site flatness requirement from the 1994 National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors as a criterion to qualify post- CMP wafer flatness. Wafer dimensional data measured on a capacitance gauge were converted into local flatness with different site sizes according to the roadmap. The resulting site flatness was then subtracted from the required flatness threshold. The results suggest that current CMP technology improves wafer flatness from a 0.35 micrometers technology point of view. As the design rules shrink, however, more than half of the sites do not meet the 0.25 micrometers lithographic requirements even though there are flatness improvements due to CMP. Thus, much flatter wafers and more effective planarization technologies are needed to meet the challenges of next device generations.
Effectiveness and Safety of Ginger in the Treatment of Pregnancy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting (2005)

I.
Metals Precipitation from Effluents: Review (2008)

At the onset of 21st century, the pollution of surface and groundwater by toxic metals continues to represent a challenge for the authorities responsible for environmental protection. The uncontrolled rejection of metals in aquatic ecosystems such as Ag, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn, constitute a serious threat to human and animal health. Several methods of treatment of waters polluted by metals have been proposed during the last several decades. However, the technique of precipitation of metals remains the most favorable option on an industrial scale due to reasons of cost-effectiveness, performance, and simplicity. The present review presents current knowledge on various technical alternatives for precipitation of metals. The discussion relates to the individual characteristics of the metal contaminants, as well as their behavior compared to various techniques of precipitation.
Episodic and chronic migraineurs are hypersensitive to thermal stimuli between migraine attacks (2010)

Interictal sensitisation may predispose the migraineur to development of headaches, may be a marker of migraine activity, and a target for treatment.
Process design of superjunction MOSFETs for high drain current capability and low on-resistance (2017)

This paper reports that the process design to cope with both high drain current density and low on-resistance in the superjunction (SJ) MOSFET. The SJ structure is attractive to reduce the specific on-resistance dramatically due to the charge compensation concept. The drain saturation current density, however, is limited by JFET depletion at bottom region of the SJ structure. This is an obstacle to shrink the chip area due to low drain current capability, even if the on-resistance can be reduced by the lateral SJ pitch narrowing. Since the SJ structure depletion is determined by the column active doping density, the SJ process design strongly affects the saturation current density and the on-resistance. The process margin cut and high doping efficiency are key factors for the compatibility between the increase of saturation drain current density and the on-resistance reduction in SJ-MOSFET.
A thorough study of the stereochemical consequences of the hydration/dehydration reaction catalyzed by .beta.-hydroxydecanoyl thioester dehydrase (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA thorough study of the stereochemical consequences of the hydration/dehydration reaction catalyzed by .beta.-hydroxydecanoyl thioester dehydraseJohn M. Schwab, Asif. Habib, and John B. KlassenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 17, 5304–5308Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00277a040https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00277a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views416Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Attachment of Escherichia coli to urinary sediment epithelial cells from urinary tract infection-prone and healthy children (1979)

Escherichia coli isolated from patients with recurrent urinary tract infections were tested for ability to attach to human urinary sediment epithelial cells in vitro. Higher mean capacity to bind bacteria was found for epithelial cells of the patient from whom the E. coli strain had been isolated than for epithelial cells from subjects without a history of urinary tract infection. The two populations were age matched. No relation was found between the age of the cell donor (0 to 15 years) and the capacity for E. coli attachement.
Nucleic Acid Aptamers: Research Tools in Disease Diagnostics and Therapeutics (2014)

Aptamers are short sequences of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) or peptide molecules which adopt a conformation and bind cognate ligands with high affinity and specificity in a manner akin to antibody-antigen interactions. It has been globally acknowledged that aptamers promise a plethora of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Although use of nucleic acid aptamers as targeted therapeutics or mediators of targeted drug delivery is a relatively new avenue of research, one aptamer-based drug "Macugen" is FDA approved and a series of aptamer-based drugs are in clinical pipelines. The present review discusses the aspects of design, unique properties, applications, and development of different aptamers to aid in cancer diagnosis, prevention, and/or treatment under defined conditions.
Locomotor projections from the pedunculopontine nucleus to the medioventral medulla (1990)

Retrograde tracers were injected into the rat medioventral medulla (MED) and the injection site was identified as a locomotion- inducing area by electrical stimulation in the decerebrate preparation. Histological reconstructions showed that about 10% of cholinergic pedunculopontine (PPN) and laterodorsal tegmental (LDT) neurons project to the MED. Also, large numbers of non-cholinergic cells in and around the PPN and LDT were found to project to the MED.
Two-stage incisor transplant and orthodontic space redistribution. (1993)

This report describes a complex case with unerupted upper anterior teeth and other dental anomalies requiring the two-stage incisor transplantation technique in conjunction with two phases of orthodontic treatment. The case illustrates the benefits of careful planning and of limiting treatment goals to the needs and perceptions of the patient. The final result also emphasizes the aesthetic dental improvements now possible with a multidisciplinary approach.
Intelligent satellites for interactive graphics (1974)

The spectrum of remote user stations with local processing ability, ranging from simple "smart" terminals to nearly self-sufficient intelligent systems called satellites, is considered. The emphasis is on the latter category, drawing on the authors' research on intelligent satellites for interactive graphics. The necessity of meeting a "critical intelligence threshold" criterion for the satellite is stressed, and some difficult problems and potential solutions in the division of labor between mainframe and satellite are briefly examined. It is hoped that many of the problems and solutions in satellite graphics apply to other areas such as network or satellite process control, experiment control, and signal processing.
Statistics and Social Network of YouTube Videos (2008)

YouTube has become the most successful Internet website providing a new generation of short video sharing service since its establishment in early 2005. YouTube has a great impact on Internet traffic nowadays, yet itself is suffering from a severe problem of scalability. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of YouTube and similar sites is essential to network traffic engineering and to their sustainable development. To this end, we have crawled the YouTube site for four months, collecting more than 3 million YouTube videos' data. In this paper, we present a systematic and in-depth measurement study on the statistics of YouTube videos. We have found that YouTube videos have noticeably different statistics compared to traditional streaming videos, ranging from length and access pattern, to their growth trend and active life span. We investigate the social networking in YouTube videos, as this is a key driving force toward its success. In particular, we find that the links to related videos generated by uploaders' choices have clear small-world characteristics. This indicates that the videos have strong correlations with each other, and creates opportunities for developing novel techniques to enhance the service quality.
Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections (2005)

No risk factors for P. aeruginosa (see table 12) Nonantipseudomonal cephalosporin III+macrolide # or Nonantipseudomonal cephalosporin III+(moxifloxacin or levofloxacin) Risk factors for P. aeruginosa (see table 12) Anti-pseudomonal cephalosporin " or Acylureidopenicillin/b-lactamase inhibitor or Carbapenem + ciprofloxacin P. aeruginosa: Pseudomonas aeruginosa.# : new macrolides preferred to erythromycin
Isolation of a specific chromosomic DNA sequence of<i>Bacillus anthracis</i>and its possible use in diagnosis (1996)

A 277-bp long DNA fragment, Ba813, was isolated from an avirulent Bacillus anthracis strain 7700 genomic library. Two oligonucleotides derived from the Ba813 sequence were used as primers in polymerase chain reaction tests on genomic DNA from 28 Bacillus anthracis and from 33 heterologous bacteria strains. A specific, 152-bp long DNA fragment was amplified only when Bacillus anthracis DNA was used as the target. The amplified product was analysed by non-radioactive sandwich hybridisation in microtiter plates using two oligonucleotides. The capture oligonucleotide C1 was covalently linked onto aminated wells of microtiter plates. The detection oligonucleotide D3 was labelled with biotine. The hybrid molecules were detected by avidine conjugated with alkaline phosphatase and chromogenic substrate. Amplification of Ba813 sequence may provide the basis for rapid and reliable assay for the detection and identification of Bacillus anthracis.
Kolonisation, emigration och arbete i en expanderande kapitalistisk världsekonomis periferier: några perspektiv på det brittiska imperiet under två århundraden (2009)

I this article I try to connect the development of agrarian capitalism in England and the enclosure movements with the colonisation of North America and the expansion of the British empire. I see the enclosures and emigration from England as a driving force for English and British settlements in North America and I explore the establishment of agrarian capitalism in the English/British colonies in the 1600s and the 1700s. I focus on the conquer of land and its privatization as well as labor recruitments in Great Britain for work for the new landlords in the colonies.
Clinical activity and immune modulation in cancer patients treated with CP-870,893, a novel CD40 agonist monoclonal antibody (2006)

2507 Background: The cell-surface molecule CD40 plays a critical role in activating antigen presenting cells (APC) and mediates upregulation of costimulatory and MHC molecules, cytokine release, and enhancement of tumor immunity. CD40 is also expressed by 30%-70% of solid tumors, and engagement of CD40 on tumor cells results in apoptosis. CP-870,893 - a fully human and selective CD40 agonist monoclonal antibody - activates human APC in vitro and inhibits growth of human tumors in immune-deficient and immune-reconstituted SCID-beige mice. Methods: A phase 1, dose-escalation study of CP-870,893 was designed to characterize the safety and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of single doses of CP-870,893 in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors. CP-870,893 was administered i.v. on day 1 and pts were followed for 43 days. Results: Twenty-nine pts received CP-870,893 in doses ranging from 0.01 to 0.3 mg/kg. Dose limiting toxicity was observed in 2 of 7 pts at the 0.3 mg/kg dose level (venous thromboembolism and grade 3 headache). The MTD was defined as 0.2 mg/kg. The most common adverse event was dose-related cytokine release syndrome (grade 1 to 2). Abnormal lab findings included dose-related and transient elevations in liver transaminases (grade 1 to 2; one pt with grade 3). Modest elevations in serum D-dimer were observed in pts treated at the highest dose levels. Four pts with melanoma (14% of all pts and 27% of pts with melanoma) had objective partial responses (PR) at day 43 evaluation (one PR sustained at 7+ months and 3 unsustained on follow-up scans). Each pt with a PR received 0.2 or 0.3 mg/kg of antibody. To assess pharmacodynamic actions of CP-870,893, flow cytometry was performed on peripheral blood B cells, which uniformly express CD40. CP-870,893 infusion resulted in depletion of peripheral CD19+ B cells (>80% depletion at the highest dose levels). Among B cells remaining in blood, we found a marked, dose-related upregulation of costimulatory and MHC molecules after treatment. Conclusions: Clinical and laboratory findings demonstrate biological activity of CP-870,893. Antitumor activity was observed in 4 pts with melanoma. Further studies of repeated doses of CP-870,893, and CP-870,893 in combination with other antineoplastic agents, are warranted. [Table: see text]
The GM High-Performance Induction Motor Drive System (1969)

The recent advances in the power handling capacity of semiconductor devices make it possible to replace dc and ac commutator machines for variable-speed applications by high-speed, lightweight, squirrel-cage induction motors. This paper describes a controlled slip-frequency system which eliminates the low-starting torque, low-power factor, and the low efficiency at lower speeds, normally associated with induction motors. The development program at the General Motors Research Laboratories that resulted in fabrication of the experimental electric vehicles, GM Electrovair and Electrovan (exhibited in October 1966), is described chronologically.
Transformative Opportunities for Single-Cell Proteomics (2018)

Many pressing medical challenges, such as diagnosing disease, enhancing directed stem-cell differentiation, and classifying cancers, have long been hindered by limitations in our ability to quantify proteins in single cells. Mass spectrometry (MS) is poised to transcend these limitations by developing powerful methods to routinely quantify thousands of proteins and proteoforms across many thousands of single cells. We outline specific technological developments and ideas that can increase the sensitivity and throughput of single-cell MS by orders of magnitude and usher in this new age. These advances will transform medicine and ultimately contribute to understanding biological systems on an entirely new level.
The Effect of PEI and PVP-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles on Equine Platelets Activation: Potential Application in Equine Regenerative Medicine (2017)

The aim of this work was to assess the effect of different stabilizing agents, for example, polyethylenimine (PEI) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and their influence on equine platelet activation and release of particular growth factors. The gold nanoparticles were produced by chemical reduction of chloroauric acid. UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the presence of gold nanoparticles in investigated solutions. The AuNPs were incubated with whole blood at various concentrations. The morphology of platelets in PRP prepared from the blood incubated with AuNPs was characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy, whereas the concentrations of growth factors and cytokines were evaluated by ELISA assays. The most promising results were obtained with equine platelets incubated with 5% AuNPs stabilized by PEI, which lead to secretion of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) and simultaneously cause decrease in concentration of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 α ). The qRT-PCR confirmed ELISA test results. The incubation with 5% AuNPs stabilized by PEI leads to upregulation of BMP-2 and VEGF transcripts of mRNA level and to downregulating expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Obtained data shed a promising light on gold nanoparticle application for future regenerative medicine application.
Post-column fluorometric detection of reducing sugars in high performance liquid chromatography using arginine. (1983)

Arginine was found to react with reducing sugars after being heated in boric acid solution at neutral pH; highly fluorescent derivatives were produced. This reaction was applied to a postcolumn reaction system for high performance liquid chromatography and found to be useful for highly sensitive determination of reducing sugars.
Frequency domain iq imbalance correction scheme for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems (2005)

Future, high bit rate communication systems tolerate very little error in the modulation. This means that conventionally negligible error sources like the imbalance between the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) branches of the receiver can start limiting the performance of the system. This is especially true when at the same time cheaper, smaller, more robust and more versatile analog front ends are required from the RF designers. This paper describes the sources and the effect of the IQ imbalance as well as a new method for correcting the error due to the imbalance in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The described method can correct both constant and frequency dependent imbalance by using the pilot signals of the transmission to detect the imbalance so little computational power is required compared to the decision aided methods.
Stabilization of HIV-1 gp120-CD4 Receptor Complex through Targeted Interchain Disulfide Exchange (2010)

HIV-1 enters cells via interaction between the trimeric envelope (Env) glycoprotein gp120/gp41 and the host cell surface receptor molecule CD4. The requirement of CD4 for viral entry has rationalized the development of recombinant CD4-based proteins as competitive viral attachment inhibitors and immunotherapeutic agents. In this study, we describe a novel recombinant CD4 protein designed to bind gp120 through a targeted disulfide-exchange mechanism. According to structural models of the gp120-CD4 receptor complex, substitution of Ser(60) on the CD4 domain 1 alpha-helix with Cys positions a thiol in proximity of the gp120 V1/V2 loop disulfide (Cys(126)-Cys(196)), satisfying the stereochemical and geometric conditions for redox exchange between CD4 Cys(60) and gp120 Cys(126), and the consequent formation of an interchain disulfide bond. In this study, we provide experimental evidence for this effect by describing the expression, purification, refolding, receptor binding and antiviral activity analysis of a recombinant two-domain CD4 variant containing the S60C mutation (2dCD4-S60C). We show that 2dCD4-S60C binds HIV-1 gp120 with a significantly higher affinity than wild-type protein under conditions that facilitate disulfide exchange and that this translates into a corresponding increase in the efficacy of CD4-mediated viral entry inhibition. We propose that targeted redox exchange between conserved gp120 disulfides and nucleophilic moieties positioned strategically on CD4 (or CD4-like scaffolds) conceptualizes a new strategy in the development of high affinity HIV-1 Env ligands, with important implications for therapy and vaccine development. More generally, this chalcogen substitution approach provides a general means of stabilizing receptor-ligand complexes where the structural and biophysical conditions for disulfide exchange are satisfied.
DELAYED LOSS OF THE ZONA PELLUCIDA FROM BLASTOCYSTS OF SUCKLING MICE (1967)

Summary. Mouse blastocysts retain the zona pellucida longer in lactating females when implantation is delayed than during normal pregnancy. For most of the period of delay, however, they are free of the zona, but do not induce Pontamine Blue reactivity in the uterus. The shed zonae often remain in the uterine lumen during the delay period without undergoing lysis.