gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pseudooxocarbons. Synthesis of 1,2,3-tris(dicyanomethylene)croconate salts. A new bond-delocalized dianion, croconate blue (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPseudooxocarbons. Synthesis of 1,2,3-tris(dicyanomethylene)croconate salts. A new bond-delocalized dianion, croconate blueAlexander J. FatiadiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 7, 1338–1339Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01295a044https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01295a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views306Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
New Heteroaromatic Compounds. Part VIII. The Reactions of Some Borazarophenanthrenes<sup>1</sup> with Methyl- and Phenyllithium (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew Heteroaromatic Compounds. Part VIII. The Reactions of Some Borazarophenanthrenes1 with Methyl- and PhenyllithiumM. J. S. Dewar and P. M. MaitlisCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 1, 187–193Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01462a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01462a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views316Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Comparative analysis and “expression space” coverage of the production of prokaryotic membrane proteins for structural genomics (2006)

Membrane proteins comprise up to one-third of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes, but only a very small number of membrane protein structures are known. Membrane proteins are challenging targets for structural biology, primarily due to the difficulty in producing and purifying milligram quantities of these proteins. We are evaluating different methods to produce and purify large numbers of prokaryotic membrane proteins for subsequent structural and functional analysis. Here, we present the comparative expression data for 37 target proteins, all of them secondary transporters, from the mesophilic organism Salmonella typhimurium and the two hyperthermophilic organisms Aquifex aeolicus and Pyrococcus furiosus in three different Escherichia coli expression vectors. In addition, we study the use of Lactococcus lactis as a host for integral membrane protein expression. Overall, 78% of the targets were successfully produced under at least one set of conditions. Analysis of these results allows us to assess the role of different variables in increasing "expression space" coverage for our set of targets. This analysis implies that to maximize the number of nonhomologous targets that are expressed, orthologous targets should be chosen and tested in two vectors with different types of promoters, using C-terminal tags. In addition, E. coli is shown to be a robust host for the expression of prokaryotic transporters, and is superior to L. lactis. These results therefore suggest appropriate strategies for high-throughput heterologous overproduction of membrane proteins.
Antiangiogenesis as a Strategy for Antimetastasis (1988)

Angiogenesis is a complex process likely to be subject to many levels of regulation. Advances in understanding these controls are making it easier to formulate strategies aimed at inhibiting new vessel growth. The destruction to tumor tissue is exponentially related to the reduction in vascularization. Because the tumor cells are actively proliferating and dependent on continued vascularization, any mechanism that interferes with the proliferation of new vessels will interfere with tumor growth. The destruction or prevention of each capillary segment led to death or inhibition of thousands of tumor cells. The only event that stands between maintenance of metastatic cells in a dormant state and their establishment into a secondary tumor is the development of a vasculature. Thus, therapies aimed at interfering with vascularization represent viable strategies for antimetastasis.
Metals and amyloid‐β in Alzheimer's disease (2005)

Summary Mounting evidence is demonstrating roles for the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its proteolytic product Aβ in metal homeostasis. Furthermore, aberrant metal homeostasis is observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and this may contribute to AD pathogenesis, by enhancing the formation of reactive oxygen species and toxic Aβ oligomers and facilitating the formation of the hallmark amyloid deposits in AD brain. Indeed, zinc released from synaptic activity has been shown to induce parenchymal and cerebrovascular amyloid in transgenic mice. On the other hand, abnormal metabolism of APP and Aβ may impair brain metal homeostasis as part of the AD pathogenic process. Aβ and APP expression have both been shown to decrease brain copper (Cu) levels, whereas increasing brain Cu availability results in decreased levels of Aβ and amyloid plaque formation in transgenic mice. Lowering Cu concentrations can downregulate the transcription of APP , strengthening the hypothesis that APP and Aβ form part of the Cu homeostatic machinery in the brain. This is a complex pathway, and it appears that when the sensitive metal balance in the brain is sufficiently disrupted, it can lead to the self‐perpetuating pathogenesis of AD. Clinical trials are currently studying agents that can remedy abnormal Aβ–metal interactions.
Magnetic SiO<sub>2</sub>/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>colloidal crystals (2008)

We proposed a novel technique to fabricate colloidal crystals by using monodisperse SiO(2) coated magnetic Fe(3)O(4)(SiO(2)/Fe(3)O(4)) microspheres. The magnetic SiO(2)/Fe(3)O(4) microspheres with a diameter of 700 nm were synthesized in the basic condition with ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, tartaric acid and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in the reaction system. Monodisperse SiO(2)/Fe(3)O(4) superparamagnetic microspheres have been successfully used to fabricate colloidal crystals under the existing magnetic field.
Removal of ammonium ions from wastewater: A short review in development of efficient methods (2015)

Ammonium ions wastewater pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems today. The treatment of ammonium ions is a special concern due to their recalcitrance and persistence in the environment. In recent years, various methods for ammonium ion removal from wastewater have been extensively studied. This paper reviews the current methods that have been used to treat ammonium ion wastewater and evaluates these techniques. These technologies include ion exchange, adsorption, biosorption, wet air oxidation, biofiltration, diffused aeration, nitrification and denitrification methods. About 75 published studies (1979-2015) are reviewed in this paper. It is evident from the literature survey articles that ion exchange, adsorption and biological technology are the most frequently studied for the treatment of ammonium ion wastewater.
Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Lysosomal Diseases: Lessons from 20 Years of Experience and Remaining Challenges (2012)

In 1964, Christian de Duve first suggested that enzyme replacement might prove therapeutic for lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). Early efforts identified the major obstacles, including the inability to produce large quantities of the normal enzymes, the lack of animal models for proof-of-concept studies, and the potentially harmful immune responses to the "foreign" normal enzymes. Subsequently, the identification of receptor-mediated targeting of lysosomal enzymes, the cloning and overexpression of human lysosomal genes, and the generation of murine models markedly facilitated the development of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). However, ERT did not become a reality until the early 1990s, when its safety and effectiveness were demonstrated for the treatment of type 1 Gaucher disease. Today, ERT is approved for six LSDs, and clinical trials with recombinant human enzymes are ongoing in several others. Here, we review the lessons learned from 20 years of experience, with an emphasis on the general principles for effective ERT and the remaining challenges.
Preparation and Properties of an Alcohol-Precipitated Whey Protein Concentrate (1970)

Aqueous methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol were investigated for precipitating whey proteins from liquid and dried whey to prepare a whey protein concentrate. Ethanol was more satisfactory than the other alcohols; methanol and n-propanol whey protein concentrates were slightly less soluble in water and neutral buffer than ethanol whey protein concentrate, and n-butanol whey protein concentrate contained gross amounts of lactose and was practically insoluble in water. The 72% ethanol treatment precipitated 45 to 60% of the whey proteins and produced a whey protein concentrate with ∼ a fourfold protein enrichment on a solids basis compared to whey. Minimum coprecipitation of minerals and lactose with the protein concentrate was produced by treating calcium-free acid whey with 72% (w/w) ethanol at 0 to 5 C. Ethanol extraction of freeze-dried whey was less satisfactory than liquid whey treatments because of substantial coextraction of proteins with the lactose and minerals. Fifty to 70% of the freeze-dried whey protein concentrate was resolubilized at pH 6.6, whereas it was totally soluble at pH 8 to 9. The protein concentrate, which exhibited normal zonal electrophoretic properties at pH 8.6, contained 2 to 3 times as much bovine serum albumin and proportionately less α-lactal-bumin than control whey proteins. Pre-treatments to remove calcium and other minerals from whey and use of ≥ 72% (w/w) ethanol during preparation improved the solubility of the protein concentrates. Possible mechanisms for ethanol-induced whey protein denaturation and precipitation are presented.
Degradation of Endocytosed Epidermal Growth Factor and Virally Ubiquitinated Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Is Independent of Mammalian ESCRTII (2005)

Models for protein sorting at multivesicular bodies in the endocytic pathway of mammalian cells have relied largely on data obtained from yeast. These data suggest the essential role of four ESCRT complexes in multivesicular body protein sorting. However, the putative mammalian ESCRTII complex (hVps25p, hVps22p, and hVps36p) has no proven functional role in endosomal transport. We have characterized the human ESCRTII complex and investigated its function in endosomal trafficking. The human ESCRTII proteins interact with one another, with hVps20p (a component of ESCRTIII), and with their yeast homologues. Our interaction data from yeast two-hybrid studies along with experiments with purified proteins suggest an essential role for the N-terminal domain of hVps22p in the formation of a heterotetrameric ESCRTII complex. Although human ESCRTII is found in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus, it can be recruited to endosomes upon overexpression of dominant-negative hVps4Bp. Interestingly, we find that small interference RNA depletion of mammalian ESCRTII does not affect degradation of epidermal growth factor, a known cargo of the multivesicular body protein sorting pathway. We also show that depletion of the deubiquitinating enzymes AMSH (associated molecule with the SH3 domain of STAM (signal transducing adaptor molecule)) and UBPY (ubiquitin isopeptidase Y) have opposite effects on epidermal growth factor degradation, with UBPY depletion causing dramatic swelling of endosomes. Down-regulation of another cargo, the major histocompatibility complex class I in cells expressing the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus protein K3, is unaffected in ESCRTII-depleted cells. Our data suggest that mammalian ESCRTII may be redundant, cargo-specific, or not required for protein sorting at the multivesicular body.
Strategy and performance of UMTS-GSM handover (2003)

This paper shows the impact of different handover parameter settings on the performance of a mobile assisted UMTS-GSM handover algorithm. Mainly a trade-off between blocking of GSM calls and dropping of UMTS calls can be observed. Furthermore, the influence of the user's velocity and the loading of the UMTS network on the handover parameters are investigated.
The Second Extracellular Loop of CCR5 Contains the Dominant Epitopes for Highly Potent Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Monoclonal Antibodies (2007)

Six mouse anti-human CCR5 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that showed potent antiviral activities were identified from over 26,000 mouse hybridomas. The epitopes for these mAbs were determined by using various CCR5 mutants, including CCR5/CCR2B chimeras. One mAb, ROAb13, was found to bind to a linear epitope in the N terminus of CCR5. Strikingly, the other five mAbs bind to epitopes derived from extracellular loop 2 (ECL2). The three most potent mAbs, ROAb12, ROAb14, and ROAb18, require residues from both the N-terminal (Lys171 and Glu172) and C-terminal (Trp190) halves of ECL2 for binding; two other mAbs, ROAb10 and ROAb51, which also showed potent antiviral activities, require Lys171 and Glu172 but not Trp190 for binding. Binding of the control mAb 2D7 completely relies on Lys171 and Glu172. Unlike 2D7, the novel mAbs ROAb12, ROAb14, and ROAb18 do not bind to the linear peptide 2D7-2SK. In addition, all three mAbs bind to monkey CCR5 (with Arg at position 171 instead of Lys); however, 2D7 does not. Since five of the six most potent CCR5 mAbs derived from the same pool of immunized mice require ECL2 as epitopes, we hypothesize that CCR5 ECL2 contains the dominant epitopes for mAbs with potent antiviral activities. These dominant epitopes were found in CCR5 from multiple species and were detected in large proportions of the total cell surface CCR5. mAbs recognizing these epitopes also showed high binding affinity. A homology model of CCR5 was generated to aid in the interpretation of these dominant epitopes in ECL2.
X‐ray crystallographic structure of a papain‐leupeptin complex (1993)

The three-dimensional structure of the papain-leupeptin complex has been determined by X-ray crystallography to a resolution of 2.1 A (overall R-factor = 19.8%). The structure indicates that: (i) leupeptin contacts the S subsites of the papain active site and not the S' subsites; (ii) the 'carbonyl' carbon atom of the inhibitor is covalently bound by the Cys-25 sulphur atom of papain and is tetrahedrally coordinated; (iii) the 'carbonyl' oxygen atom of the inhibitor faces the oxyanion hole and makes hydrogen bond contacts with Gln-19 and Cys-25.
Linguistically-augmented perplexity-based data selection for language models (2014)

This paper explores the use of linguistic information for the selection of data to train language models. We depart from the state-of-the-art method in perplexity-based data selection and extend it in order to use word-level linguistic units (i.e. lemmas, named entity categories and part-of-speech tags) instead of surface forms. We then present two methods that combine the different types of linguistic knowledge as well as the surface forms (1, naïve selection of the top ranked sentences selected by each method; 2, linear interpolation of the datasets selected by the different methods). The paper presents detailed results and analysis for four languages with different levels of morphologic complexity (English, Spanish, Czech and Chinese). The interpolation-based combination outperforms the purely statistical baseline in all the scenarios, resulting in language models with lower perplexity. In relative terms the improvements are similar regardless of the language, with perplexity reductions achieved in the range 7.72–13.02%. In absolute terms the reduction is higher for languages with high type-token ratio (Chinese, 202.16) or rich morphology (Czech, 81.53) and lower for the remaining languages, Spanish (55.2) and English (34.43 on the English side of the same parallel dataset as for Czech and 61.90 on the same parallel dataset as for Spanish).
Gadolinium Oxide Ultranarrow Nanorods as Multimodal Contrast Agents for Optical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2010)

We demonstrate a simple synthetic strategy for the fabrication of single-phase rare earth (RE) doped gadolinium oxide (Gd(2)O(3):RE where RE = terbium (Tb), ytterbium (Yb), and erbium (Er)) nanorods (NRs) as multimodal imaging probes. The NRs are ultranarrow and exhibit both emission and magnetic characteristics. The Tb-doped and Yb/Er-codoped Gd(2)O(3) NRs exhibit down- and up-conversion fluorescence respectively, and also exhibit paramagnetism. Importantly, these codoped NRs possess excellent magnetic characteristics, as shown in their longitudinal relaxation time (T1) -weighted image contrast, which is closer to that of commercial Gadovist for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications. This property opens up new avenues in the development of contrast agents.
Flare Response in <sup>18</sup>F-Fluoride Ion PET Bone Scanning (2006)

Flare Response in 18F-Fluoride Ion PET Bone ScanningAndrew A. Wade1, James A. Scott1, Irene Kuter2 and Alan J. Fischman1Audio Available | Share
A malaria program response to an outbreak in a southern highlands village, Papua New Guinea (2011)

A malaria program was set up in the Papuan village of Tugiri in 2005 after an initial prevalence survey indicated a malaria infection rate of 20%. The program's goal to reduce malaria transmission at Tugiri had been achieved, with a prevalence rate of 2% recorded in 2009. In March 2009 an outbreak was identified through the surveillance system set up at the village - an outbreak that was the result of a series of events which combined to complete the malaria transmission cycle. Three response stages were initiated to address the outbreak that included access to diagnosis and treatment, education for health staff and community, and environmental control measures. Continuing surveillance indicated that the outbreak, and the local transmission cycle, had been broken by June 2009.
An Efficient Nickel Catalyst for the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide with a Borane (2010)

Nickel hydride with a diphosphinite-based ligand catalyzes the highly efficient reduction of CO(2) with catecholborane, and the hydrolysis of the resulting methoxyboryl species produces CH(3)OH in good yield. The mechanism involves a nickel formate, formaldehyde, and a nickel methoxide as different reduced stages for CO(2). The reaction may also be catalyzed by an air-stable nickel formate.
Selective androgen receptor modulators (2003)

Androgens regulate diverse physiological processes involving both reproductive and non-reproductive functions. Most of the signalling effects of androgens are mediated through the androgen receptor (AR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors. Binding of specific ligands to the AR initiates signalling by translocation of the receptor from the cytoplasmic compartment to the nucleus, its association with co-activator proteins and control of target gene expression. In this article, we review recent patent publications on selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) with differential effects on non-reproductive target tissues. A number of non-steroidal synthetic compounds, notably tricyclic pyridinodihydroquinoline derivatives, show promising anabolic effects without any significant action on the prostate and seminal vesicles. The selective action of these compounds on muscle and bone tissues implies important clinical applications for these androgen analogues in the treatment of elderly men and patients with wasting diseases. Various potential approaches for the rational design of androgen analogues with SARM function are also discussed.
Performance of multi-hop networks using beacon and non-beacon scheduling in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) (2015)

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a promising technology for many applications, such as industrial, environment, and health-care application. The first requirement of WSN is energy efficiency in order to increase the network node lifetime. The second is reliability because packet drop cannot be tolerated in critical time applications. In this paper, we use NS2 simulation to evaluate and analyze the IEEE 802.15.4 standard in multi-hop WSN with a tree topology base on IEEE 802.15.4. Beacon enabled mode is used slotted CSMA/CA and non-beacon enabled mode is used unslotted CSMA/CA. Performance of beacon enabled and non-beacon enabled were evaluated and analyzed to understand the impact of protocol parameters such as Superframe Order (SO), Beacon Order (BO), and Traffic Load. The performance of the network which have been evaluated in detail are the throughput, energy consumption, end to end delay, packet success probability, drop packets and the percentage of the energy efficiency. The simulation result show that of beacon enabled is better than non beacon enabled in terms of the throughput, drop packet, energy consumption, and energy efficiency.
Multi-criteria Anomaly Detection using Pareto Depth Analysis (2011)

We consider the problem of identifying patterns in a data set that exhibit anomalous behavior, often referred to as anomaly detection. In most anomaly detection algorithms, the dissimilarity between data samples is calculated by a single criterion, such as Euclidean distance. However, in many cases there may not exist a single dissimilarity measure that captures all possible anomalous patterns. In such a case, multiple criteria can be defined, and one can test for anomalies by scalarizing the multiple criteria using a linear combination of them. If the importance of the different criteria are not known in advance, the algorithm may need to be executed multiple times with different choices of weights in the linear combination. In this paper, we introduce a novel non-parametric multi-criteria anomaly detection method using Pareto depth analysis (PDA). PDA uses the concept of Pareto optimality to detect anomalies under multiple criteria without having to run an algorithm multiple times with different choices of weights. The proposed PDA approach scales linearly in the number of criteria and is provably better than linear combinations of the criteria.