gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aquaporins in the Kidney: From Molecules to Medicine (2002)

The discovery of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) answered the long-standing biophysical question of how water specifically crosses biological membranes. In the kidney, at least seven aquaporins are expressed at distinct sites. AQP1 is extremely abundant in the proximal tubule and descending thin limb and is essential for urinary concentration. AQP2 is exclusively expressed in the principal cells of the connecting tubule and collecting duct and is the predominant vasopressin-regulated water channel. AQP3 and AQP4 are both present in the basolateral plasma membrane of collecting duct principal cells and represent exit pathways for water reabsorbed apically via AQP2. Studies in patients and transgenic mice have demonstrated that both AQP2 and AQP3 are essential for urinary concentration. Three additional aquaporins are present in the kidney. AQP6 is present in intracellular vesicles in collecting duct intercalated cells, and AQP8 is present intracellularly at low abundance in proximal tubules and collecting duct principal cells, but the physiological function of these two channels remains undefined. AQP7 is abundant in the brush border of proximal tubule cells and is likely to be involved in proximal tubule water reabsorption. Body water balance is tightly regulated by vasopressin, and multiple studies now have underscored the essential roles of AQP2 in this. Vasopressin regulates acutely the water permeability of the kidney collecting duct by trafficking of AQP2 from intracellular vesicles to the apical plasma membrane. The long-term adaptational changes in body water balance are controlled in part by regulated changes in AQP2 and AQP3 expression levels. Lack of functional AQP2 is seen in primary forms of diabetes insipidus, and reduced expression and targeting are seen in several diseases associated with urinary concentrating defects such as acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, postobstructive polyuria, as well as acute and chronic renal failure. In contrast, in conditions with water retention such as severe congestive heart failure, pregnancy, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, both AQP2 expression levels and apical plasma membrane targetting are increased, suggesting a role for AQP2 in the development of water retention. Continued analysis of the aquaporins is providing detailed molecular insight into the fundamental physiology and pathophysiology of water balance and water balance disorders.
Materials Science Aspects of Ion Beam Technology (1991)

Ion beams can provide the most versatile and sophisticated family of methods for tailoring the surface properties of all classes of material (semiconductors, metals, ceramics, polymers, etc.). Their usefulness is due to the particle energies they carry which are much greater than conventional thermal energies or interatomic bond energies. Consequently, non-equilibrium modifications can be brought about, the results of which are rapidly quenched into place. This paper deals with the application of these methods for the improvement of tribological, optical, electrical, corrosion, and catalytic properties of material surfaces.
The use of TP10, soluble complement receptor 1, in cardiopulmonary bypass (2006)

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for cardiac surgery or lung transplantation initiates a systemic inflammatory response characterized by increased vascular permeability, generalized edema, abnormal lung function and oxygenation and impaired ventricular function. This post-CPB syndrome significantly contributes to postoperative morbidity and mortality. Activation of complement during CPB is a key component that initiates and augments this process. TP10, soluble complement receptor 1, is a novel complement inhibitor that is a potent inhibitor of C3 and C5 convertases, blocking activation of the complement cascade at the nexus of all three complement pathways. Recent controlled trials in humans have demonstrated that TP10 effectively inhibits complement activation during CPB. In high-risk adult patients, TP10 decreases the incidence of mortality and myocardial infarction in males but not in females following cardiac surgery. TP10 is also well tolerated and protects vascular function in infants undergoing CPB. In addition, TP10 leads to early extubation in adult lung transplant recipients. TP10 is currently positioned for clinical development in a male-only indication of cardiac surgery on CPB.
Temperature Dependence of InP and GaAs Etching in a Chlorine Plasma (1982)

and etching in chlorine plasmas at 0.3 Torr follows an Arrhenius dependence on substrate temperature. Apparent activation energies, , of and , respectively, were determined from both optical emission of product species, and step height or weight change measurements. For , equals the heat of vaporization of , and the absolute etch rate (7 μm/min at 250°C) is in reasonable agreement with the predicted vaporization rate of . Hence, volatilization of is most likely the rate‐controlling step for etching . Sputter Auger analysis shows that etching in a chlorine plasma leaves multiple layer coverage of on (removable by washing with deionized water), and submonolayer levels of chlorine on . Both surfaces are rich in the group III element. The etched surface morphologies of and are strongly dependent on temperature, exhibiting a rough‐to‐smooth texture transition above ∼250° and ∼120°C, respectively.
On-Line Adaptation of Game Opponent AI in Simulation and in Practice. (2003)

Unsupervised online learning in commercial computer games allows computer-controlled opponents to adapt to the way the game is being played, thereby providing a mechanism to deal with weaknesses in the game AI and to respond to changes in human player tactics. For online learning to work in practice, it must be fast, effective, robust, and efficient. This paper proposes a novel technique called “dynamic scripting” that meets these requirements. In dynamic scripting an adaptive rulebase is used for the generation of intelligent opponents on the fly. The performance of dynamic scripting is evaluated in an experiment in which the adaptive players are pitted against a collective of manually designed tactics in a simulated computer roleplaying game and in a module for the state-ofthe-art commercial game NEVERWINTER NIGHTS. The results indicate that dynamic scripting succeeds in endowing computer-controlled opponents with successful adaptive performance. We therefore conclude that dynamic scripting can be successfully applied to the online adaptation of computer game opponent AI.
Aspect-oriented programming takes aim at software complexity (2001)

As global digitalization and the size of applications expand at an exponential rate, software engineering's complexities are also growing. One feature of this complexity is the repetition of functionality throughout an application. An example of the problems this complexity causes occurs when programmers must change an oft-repeated feature for an updated or new version of an application. It is often difficult for programmers to find every instance of such a feature in millions of lines of code. Failing to do so, however, can introduce bugs. To address this issue, software researchers are developing methodologies based on a new programming element: the aspect. An aspect is a piece of code that describes a recurring property of a program. Applications can, of course, have multiple aspects. Aspects provide cross-cutting modularity. In other words, programmers can use aspects to create software modules for issues that cut across various parts of an application. Aspects have the potential to make programmers' work easier, less time-consuming and less error-prone. Proponents say aspects could also lead to less expensive applications, shorter upgrade cycles and software that is flexible and more customizable. A number of companies and universities are working on aspects or aspect-like concepts.
The Stanford microwave spectroheliograph antenna, a microsteradian pencil beam interferometer (1961)

A pencil beam interferometer has been constructed at Stanford, Calif., with multiple beams of 3.1 minutes of arc width to half power (0.8 microsteradian). It is composed of two equatorially-mounted, 16-element, Christiansen arrays of 3-m paraboloids, each 375 feet long (1255 wavelengths at a wavelength of 9.1 cm). The half power beamwidth of the fan beam of a single array is 2.3 minutes of arc. To form the pencil beam, the two arrays are switched together as in a Mills cross. Frequency range is from 2700 to 3350 Mc. Phase adjustment and monitoring are handled by a new technique of modulated, weakly reflecting gas-discharges maintained at the focus of the paraboloids. Television-type scanning yields maps of the sun (spectroheliograms) revealing fine details of the microwave source regions in the chromosphere and corona. All the transient bursts and a large fraction of the steady solar emission at 9.1 cm prove to originate in a small number of highly compact centers, whose brightness temperatures may exceed <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5 /times 10^{5}/deg</tex> K. The sensitivity of the instrmnent also allows the thermal emission from the moon ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">250/deg</tex> K) and a number of galactic and extragalactic sources to be studied with high angular resolution. Illumination of the moon by terrestrial radar can be detected. The pencil beam interferometer furnishes the finest beams currently available from pencil beam antennas of any type. Examination of the fundamentals of extracting high resolution details of a source from its radiation field indicates the fitness of pencil beam interferometers, incorporating steerable multielement arrays, for future development to higher resolving power. Adequate technique of phase preservation over wide spacings is available.
Expert system aided design, simulation and optimization of power converters (2002)

A fuzzy expert system is built to help designers design, simulate and optimize power converters. Based on the design specifications given by the designer, fuzzy logic technique is applied to consider the uncertainty involved and to select an optimum converter topology. Then the converter is simulated and optimized to achieve the required specifications, so as to reduce the design time and cost. The features and implementation of the expert system are described.
Recent advances in skin ‘barrier’ research (2010)

Despite our increasing knowledge of the complexity of stratum corneum, we are still far from understanding its intricate control mechanisms that bring about its maturity and desquamation.
Thermal Degradation of Flavor Enhancers, Inosine 5′‐monophosphate, and Guanosine 5′‐monophosphate in Aqueous Solution (1988)

ABSTRACT The mechanism of thermal degradation of inosine 5′‐monophosphate (IMP) and guanosine (GMP) was investigated kinetically in aqueous solution as a function of pH and temperature. The degradation of IMP and GMP followed first order kinetics. The rate constants were considerably affected by pH and temperature. The half‐life times at 100°C were: IMP, 8.7 hr (pH 4.0), 13.1 hr (pH 7.0), 46.2 hr (pH 9.0); GMP, 6.4 hr (pH 4.0), 8.2 hr (pH 7.0), 38.5 hr (pH 9.0). These times were shortened to about one‐third by raising the temperature 10°C. The predominant degradation products were nucleosides and phosphoric acid, indicating that the main reaction of the thermal degradation was the hydrolysis of the phosphoric ester bond in the nucleotides.
Correlation between Fluorescence Intermittency and Spectral Diffusion in Single Semiconductor Quantum Dots (2000)

We find a correlation between the dynamics of fluorescence intermittency and spectral diffusion in the spectroscopy of single CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots (QD). A statistical analysis of the data suggests two populations of blinking events: blinking followed by large spectral diffusion shifts and blinking with small or no spectral shifts. Although unexpected from earlier studies, the correlation between blinking and spectral shifting is consistent with a model of QD ionization as the mechanism for the blinking event, followed by a redistribution of local electric fields that results in spectral shifting.
Optical resolution of 1-arylethanols using transesterification catalyzed by lipases. (1997)

The enantioselective transesterification of various 1-arylethanols with vinyl acetate catalyzed by lipases has been studied in benzene. The phenyl, pyridyl, naphthyl, quinoryl, anthryl, phenanthryl and pyrenyl groups were used as the aryl groups. Amongst various lipases examined, the lipase from Candida antarctica (lipase CAL) is the best catalyst which shows high enantioselectivity and low substrate specificity.
Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling for neuromorphic many-core systems (2017)

We present a dynamic voltage and frequency scaling technique within SoCs for per-core power management: the architecture allows for individual, self triggered performance-level scaling of the processing elements (PEs) within less than 100ns. This technique enables each core to adjust its local supply voltage and frequency depending on its current computational load. A test chip has been implemented in 28nm CMOS technology, as prototype of the SpiNNaker2 neuromorphic many core system, containing 4 PEs which are operational within the range of 1.1V down to 0.7V at frequencies from 666MHz down to 100MHz; the effectiveness of the power management technique is demonstrated using a standard benchmark from the application domain. The particular domain area of this application specific processor is real-time neuromorphics. Using a standard benchmark - the synfire chain - we show that the total power consumption can be reduced by 45%, with 85% baseline power reduction and a 30% reduction of energy per neuron and synapse computation, all while maintaining biological real-time operation.
Efficient Stereochemical Relay en Route to Leucascandrolide A (2001)

[structure: see text]. A complete relay of the initial stereochemical information is central to the efficient and highly stereocontrolled construction of the C1-C15 fragment of the marine macrolide leucascandrolide A. Cyclic silane 3, assembled via Pt-catalyzed hydrosilylation, was designed to serve as a temporary template for the installation of the C12 stereogenic center. The strategy features a highly convergent C10-C11 bond construction via 1,5-anti-selective aldol reaction and rapid assembly of the trisubstituted pyran subunit via Prins desymmetrization.
Serum amyloid A binds to fibrin(ogen), promoting fibrin amyloid formation (2019)

Complex associations exist between inflammation and thrombosis, with the inflammatory state tending to promote coagulation. Fibrinogen, an acute phase protein, has been shown to interact with the amyloidogenic ß-amyloid protein of Alzheimer's disease. However, little is known about the association between fibrinogen and serum amyloid A (SAA), a highly fibrillogenic protein that is one of the most dramatically changing acute phase reactants in the circulation. To study the role of SAA in coagulation and thrombosis, in vitro experiments were performed where purified human SAA, in concentrations resembling a modest acute phase response, was added to platelet-poor plasma (PPP) and whole blood (WB), as well as purified and fluorescently labelled fibrinogen. Results from thromboelastography (TEG) suggest that SAA causes atypical coagulation with a fibrin(ogen)-mediated increase in coagulation, but a decreased platelet/fibrin(ogen) interaction. In WB scanning electron microscopy analysis, SAA mediated red blood cell (RBC) agglutination, platelet activation and clumping, but not platelet spreading. Following clot formation in PPP, the presence of SAA increased amyloid formation of fibrin(ogen) as determined both with auto-fluorescence and with fluorogenic amyloid markers, under confocal microcopy. SAA also binds to fibrinogen, as determined with a fluorescent-labelled SAA antibody and correlative light electron microscopy (CLEM). The data presented here indicate that SAA can affect coagulation by inducing amyloid formation in fibrin(ogen), as well as by propelling platelets to a more prothrombotic state. The discovery of these multiple and complex effects of SAA on coagulation invite further mechanistic analyses.
Inheritance of immunoglobulin M rheumatoid-factor idiotypes. (1980)

A C T The idiotypic determinants on IgM rheuimatoid factor (RF) from a single family have been analyzed. Rabbit Fab'2 antiidiotypic antibody was prepare(l against puirified IgM-RF from a patient with rheumnatoid arthritis. As measured by radioimmuno- assay, the antiidiotype reacted with at least 90% of the patient's RF, but not with non-RF immuno- globuilins from the same serum, nor with 10 of 11 poly- clon-al and monoclonal RF from unrelated individuals.
Plasmid DNA Breakage by Decay of DNA-Associated Auger Electron Emitters: Approaches to Analysis of Experimental Data (2004)

Lobachevsky, P. N., Karagiannis, T. C. and Martin, R. F. Plasmid DNA Breakage by Decay of DNA-Associated Auger Electron Emitters: Approaches to Analysis of Experimental Data. Radiat. Res. 162, 84–95 (2004).Plasmid DNA is a popular substrate for the assay of DNA strand breakage by a variety of agents. The use of the plasmid assay relies on the assumption that individual damaging events occur at random, which allows the application of Poisson statistics. This assumption is not valid in the case of damage arising from decay of DNA-associated Auger electron emitters, since a single decay event can generate a few breaks in the same DNA strand, which is indistinguishable from a single break in the assay. The consequent analytical difficulties are overcome by considering relaxation events rather than single-strand breaks, and linearization events rather than double-strand breaks. A further consideration is that apart from damage at the site of DNA-associated decay, which is the principal interest of the analysis, some DNA damage also arises from the radiation field created by all decay events. These two components of damage are referred to as internal and external breakage, respectively, and they can be separated in the analysis since their contribution depends on the experimental conditions. The DNA-binding ligand Hoechst 33258 labeled with 125I was used in our experiments to study breakage in pBR322 plasmid DNA arising from the decay of this Auger electron emitter. The values obtained for the efficiency (per decay) of plasmid relaxation and linearization by the 125I-labeled ligand were 0.090 ± 0.035 and 0.82 ± 0.04, respectively. When dimethylsulfoxide was included as a radical scavenger, the efficiency values for relaxation and linearization were 0.15 ± 0.02 and 0.65 ± 0.05, respectively.
Problems encountered in applying the silicon-controlled rectifier to control tungsten lamp loads (1961)

This paper will show the problems encountered in using silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCR) as control devices to vary the light output of tungsten lamp loads such as are commonly used in theater or studio stage lighting. A particular application using magnetic amplifier control of the SCR will be discussed as a lamp dimmer.
Enteric Virus Removal from Water by Coal-Based Sorbents: Development of Low-Cost Water Filters (1986)

Using poliovirus type 1 (Sabin) and dechlorinated tap water, several coal-based sorbents were tested for their capacity to remove viruses from water. The sorbents included bituminous coal from Giridih, India, pretreated/impregnated with either alum, ferric hydroxide, lime or manganese dioxide. Filtrasorb-400, commercially available active carbon, was used as a reference. In batch tests, with input virus concentration of 2.34-2.83×106 PFU l−1 and sorbent concentration of 10 g l−1, alum pretreated coal removed about 96% of the virus when pH of the water was between 6.3 and 8.9. Virus sorption was rapid and a plateau was reached in 30 min. Compared with the active carbon, alum pretreated coal exhibited greater sorption energy and about one log higher limiting poliovirus sorption capacity. Downflow column study indicated the potential of alum pretreated coal as a filter media for removing enteric viruses from water. A previous study showed this sorbent to be capable of removing enteric bacteria as well. Water filters prepared from such low-cost material may prove useful for domestic use in rural areas of India and other developing countries.
2'-O,4'-C-Ethylene-Bridged Nucleic Acids (ENA) as Next-Generation Antisense and Antigene Agents (2004)

Novel 2'-O,4'-C-ethylene nucleosides have been synthesized as building blocks for antisense and antigene oligonucleotides. 2'-O,4'-C-Ethylene-bridged nucleic acids (ENA) comprising 2'-O,4'-C-ethylene nucleosides have considerable affinity to complementary RNA and double-stranded DNA. Incorporation of 2'-O,4'-C-ethylene nucleosides into oligonucleotides dramatically increase their resistance against exonucleases. In this review, the properties of ENA oligonucleotides and some of their applications as antisense and antigene oligonucleotides are described.
Bipolar Fresh Osteochondral Allografting of the Tibiotalar Joint (2013)

Transplantation of a fresh bipolar ankle osteochondral allograft for the treatment of tibiotalar arthritis resulted in acceptable outcomes in this difficult population, with most patients having improved objective and subjective outcome measures. Subjective satisfaction was high in spite of the 29% clinical failure rate. Osteochondral allograft failure did not limit further surgical options. We concluded that transplantation of a bipolar ankle allograft is a useful alternative in carefully selected patients with advanced tibiotalar arthritis.
Ultradrawing at room temperature of high molecular weight polyethylene (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUltradrawing at room temperature of high molecular weight polyethyleneMasaru Matsuo and R. St. John ManleyCite this: Macromolecules 1982, 15, 4, 985–987Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00232a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00232a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views191Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts