gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant Activity of a Cissus verticillata Fraction and Tyramine, its Bioactive Constituent, on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats (2008)

In the present study, the antioxidant activity of a methanol soluble fraction (MSF) from Cissus verticillata , used in Brazil and elsewhere as a hypoglycemic and antidiabetic medicinal plant, and tyramine (TYR), one of its main bioactive constituents, was assessed. For this, male Wistar rats were submitted to alloxan injection (40 mg/kg, i.v.) in order to induce a diabetic state and, 48 h later, glycemia was determined. Animals were distributed into groups: normal controls (NC); diabetic controls (DC); DC plus MSF; and DC plus TYR. Another group was treated with glibenclamide (GLI), used as a positive control. After 5-day treatments, animals were sacrificed for liver dissection, and determination of antioxidant markers such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase and nitrite concentrations. The antioxidant effect was also evaluated on the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time, before and after CCl4 treatment. Under our experimental conditions, diabetic rats did not present any alteration in liver lipid peroxidation, before (DC) or after treatments with the MSF; TYR or GLI, as compared to normal controls (NC). Levels of GSH were significantly increased in 79% in DC, as related to NC, and the effects were partially reversed in diabetic rats, after MSF treatments at the higher dose. However, while similar effects were observed after TYR and GLI, both drugs brought values of GSH to normality. The DC group had increased liver catalase activity, as compared to NC, and these effects were partially reversed by MSF and almost completely by TYR and GLI. Significant increases were also detected in nitrite concentrations in livers of DC, as an index of free radical formation, and a large reduction was observed after MSF, TYR and GLI treatments of diabetic rats, as compared to NC. MSF and TYR also prevented prolongation of the pentobarbitalinduced sleeping time by CCl 4 , suggesting hepatoprotective and anti-oxidative effects. In conclusion, we showed that the antioxidant activity probably plays an important role in the antidiabetic effect of C. verticillata , and TYR is at least in part responsible for this property.
An Uncanny Dehydrogenation Mechanism: Polar Bond Control over Stepwise or Concerted Transition States (2017)

The mechanism of the dehydrogenation of N-heterocycles with the recently established bifunctional catalyst (<sup>iPr</sup>PNP)Fe(CO)(H) was investigated through experiments and density functional theory calculations (<sup>iPr</sup>PNP = <sup>i</sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>PCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>P<sup>i</sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>). In this system, the saturated N-heterocyclic substrates are completely dehydrogenated to the aromatic products. Calculations indicate that dehydrogenation barriers of the C-C bonds are very high in energy (ΔG<sup>‡</sup> = 37.4-42.2 kcal/mol), and thus dehydrogenation only occurs at the C-N bond (ΔG<sup>‡</sup> = 9.6-22.2 kcal/mol). Interestingly, substrates like piperidine with relatively unpolarized C-N bonds are dehydrogenated through a concerted proton/hydride transfer bifunctional transition state involving the nitrogen on the PNP ligand. However, substrates with polarized C-N bonds entail stepwise (proton then hydride) bifunctional dehydrogenation.
Submicroscopic deletions in the Y chromosome of infertile men (1997)

Recent investigations have suggested a high prevalence of Y chromosome submicroscopic deletions in men with severely impaired spermatogenesis. We evaluated the frequency of Y chromosome deletions in 160 infertile men using a series of 36 sequence-tagged-sites, emphasizing intervals 5 and 6 of the long arm of the Y chromosome. Peripheral leukocyte DNA was extracted and amplified with two parallel techniques to minimize potential overestimation of the frequency of deletions. The presence of deletions was evaluated relative to patient's sperm concentration, testis volume, and hormonal parameters. Men with sperm concentration <5 x 10(6)/ml had a 7% prevalence of submicroscopic Y chromosome deletions. Deletions were detected in 7% of azoospermic men, 10% of men with <1 x 10(6) spermatozoa/ml, and 8% of men with >1 x 10(6) but <5 x 10(6) spermatozoa/ml. Other clinical parameters did not identify men with Y chromosome deletions prior to polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based testing for the presence of sequence-tagged-sites. Two distinct regions of Y chromosome deletions were detected, approximately 3.6 Mb and 1.4 Mb in length respectively. These deleted regions are present in AZFb and AZFc respectively. No deletions were detected in AZFa. The loss of these two distinct areas is supported by the finding of highly repetitive sequences along the Y chromosome, predisposing to deletion of specific intervals on the Y chromosome during meiosis. Men with severe male infertility are at high risk for Y chromosome deletions. Testing of men for these genetic abnormalities is indicated prior to treatment with assisted reproduction.
Clinical immunology review series: an approach to desensitization (2010)

Allergen immunotherapy describes the treatment of allergic disease through administration of gradually increasing doses of allergen. This form of immune tolerance induction is now safer, more reliably efficacious and better understood than when it was first formally described in 1911. In this paper the authors aim to summarize the current state of the art in immunotherapy in the treatment of inhalant, venom and drug allergies, with specific reference to its practice in the United Kingdom. A practical approach has been taken, with reference to current evidence and guidelines, including illustrative protocols and vaccine schedules. A number of novel approaches and techniques are likely to change considerably the way in which we select and treat allergy patients in the coming decade, and these advances are previewed.
Ni/CdS Bifunctional Ti@TiO<sub>2</sub> Core–Shell Nanowire Electrode for High-Performance Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensing (2013)

In this work, a Ni/CdS bifunctional Ti@TiO2 core-shell nanowire electrode with excellent electrochemical sensing property was successfully constructed through a hydrothermal and electrodeposition method. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to confirm the synthesis and characterize the morphology of the as-prepared samples. The results revealed that the CdS layer between Ni and TiO2 plays an important role in the uniform nucleation and the following growth of highly dispersive Ni nanoparticle on the Ti@TiO2 core-shell nanowire surface. The bifunctional nanostructured electrode was applied to construct an electrochemical nonenzymatic sensor for the reliable detection of glucose. Under optimized conditions, this nonenzymatic glucose sensor displayed a high sensitivity up to 1136.67 μA mM(-1) cm(-2), a wider liner range of 0.005-12 mM, and a lower detection limit of 0.35 μM for glucose oxidation. The high dispersity of Ni nanoparticles, combined with the anti-poisoning faculty against the intermediate derived from the self-cleaning ability of CdS under the photoexcitation, was considered to be responsible for these enhanced electrochemical performances. Importantly, favorable reproducibility and long-term performance were also obtained thanks to the robust frameworks. All these results indicate this novel electrode is a promising candidate for nonenzymatic glucose sensing.
Antiviral prodrugs – the development of successful prodrug strategies for antiviral chemotherapy (2005)

Following the discovery of the first effective antiviral compound (idoxuridine) in 1959, nucleoside analogues, especially acyclovir (ACV) for the treatment of herpesvirus infections, have dominated antiviral therapy for several decades. However, ACV and similar acyclic nucleosides suffer from low aqueous solubility and low bioavailability following oral administration. Derivatives of acyclic nucleosides, typically esters, were developed to overcome this problem and valaciclovir, the valine ester of ACV, was among the first of a new series of compounds that were readily metabolized upon oral administration to produce the antiviral nucleoside in vivo, thus increasing the bioavailility by several fold. Concurrently, famciclovir was developed as an oral formulation of penciclovir. These antiviral 'prodrugs' thus established a principle that has led to many successful drugs including both nucleoside and nucleotide analogues for the control of several virus infections, notably those caused by herpes-, retro- and hepatitisviruses. This review will chart the origins and development of the most important of the antiviral prodrugs to date.
Catalytic Asymmetric Hetero-Diels−Alder Reactions of Ketones:  Chemzymatic Reactions (1998)

A general catalytic hetero-Diels−Alder reaction for ketones has been developed, and for the first time a general reaction protocol is disclosed where the selectivity and activity of a chiral Lewis acid are approaching the ones displayed by enzymes. A variety of combinations of different C2-symmetric ligands and Lewis acids have been tested as catalysts for the hetero-Diels−Alder reaction between ethyl pyruvate and an activated diene, and it has been found that the readily accessible copper(II) bisoxazolines are very effective catalysts for the reaction, leading to products with very high enantiomeric enrichment (up to 99.8% enantiomeric excess) using the lowest loading of a chiral Lewis acid catalyst observed (down to 0.05 mol %). The catalytic hetero-Diels−Alder reaction of ketones has been developed to be a general reaction which proceeds well with very high turnover numbers, isolated yield, and regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity for various α-diketones and α-keto esters. The potential and scope of the reaction are demonstrated by the reaction of various ketones, and it is shown that α-diketones, such as 2,3-pentanedione and 3-phenyl-2,3-propanedione, react primarily at the methyl ketone fragment, giving 97.8% and 96.4% ee, respectively, in the presence of only 0.05 mol % of the catalyst. Furthermore, both aliphatic and aromatic α-keto esters react smoothly, giving very high ee of the hetero-Diels−Alder product. On the basis of the synthesis of a hetero-Diels−Alder product with known absolute stereochemistry, a model for the approach of the diene to the copper(II) bisoxazoline−α-diketone intermediate is proposed and the mechanism for the reaction discussed.
Visibly transparent organic photovoltaic with improved transparency and absorption based on tandem photonic crystal for greenhouse application (2015)

We demonstrate a visible transparent organic photovoltaic (OPV) with improved transmission and absorption based on tandem photonic crystals (TPCs) for greenhouse applications. The proposed device has an average transmittance of 40.3% in the visible range of 400-700 nm and a high quality transparency spectrum for plant growth with a crop growth factor of 41.9%, considering the weight of the AM 1.5G solar spectrum. Compared with the corresponding transparent OPV without photonic crystals, an enhancement of 20.7% in the average transmittance and of 24.5% in the crop growth factor are achieved. Detailed investigations reveal that the improved transmittance is attributed to the excitation of the optical Tamm state and the light interference effect in TPC. Concomitantly, the total absorption efficiency in the active layer of the designed TPC based transparent OPV reaches 51.5%, being 1.78% higher than that of the transparent OPV without PC and 76% of that of the opaque counterpart. The improved absorption originates from the Bragg forbidden reflectance of TPC. Overall, our proposal achieves the optimized utilization of sunlight by light manipulation of TPC.
Rapid identification of low level hepatitis B-related viral genome in serum. (1989)

A sensitive and specific method has been developed to detect hepatitis B virus (HBV) in serum. The method involves two steps: the capture of viral genome from serum using a high affinity IgM monoclonal antibody directed against a common a domain epitope found on the envelope, and the amplification of viral DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The amplification is initiated using "generic" primers derived from the core and pre-core sequences which are highly conserved amongst the hepadnaviruses. This rapid technique detects less than 10 infectious virions and may be useful in the study of individuals with acute and chronic liver disease of unknown etiology.
Atomically precise (catalytic) particles synthesized by a novel cluster deposition instrument (2014)

We report a new high vacuum instrument which is dedicated to the preparation of well-defined clusters supported on model and technologically relevant supports for catalytic and materials investigations. The instrument is based on deposition of size selected metallic cluster ions that are produced by a high flux magnetron cluster source. The throughput of the apparatus is maximized by collecting and focusing ions utilizing a conical octupole ion guide and a linear ion guide. The size selection is achieved by a quadrupole mass filter. The new design of the sample holder provides for the preparation of multiple samples on supports of various sizes and shapes in one session. After cluster deposition onto the support of interest, samples will be taken out of the chamber for a variety of testing and characterization.
Contents, Vol. 121, 1985 (1985)

and the con stant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions.This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
An ATLAS integrated development environment (2002)

This paper describes the design and characteristics of an ATLAS integrated development environment (IDE) that currently supports test program set (TPS) development and maintenance for a portable test set. All of the raw editing and windowing capabilities are provided by a commercially available extensible code editor. Some special ATLAS enhancement features such as chroma-coding, template expansion and context sensitive help are added as extensions to the editor. The design concept establishes a loosely coupled relationship between the editor and the compiler. This attribute makes the design easily adaptable to existing ATLAS compilers.
Implications of Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) Internet Surveillance for Society (2012)

This research paper analyses societal implications of Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) technologies. \nDeep Packet Inspection (DPI) surveillance technologies are communications surveillance tools that are able to monitor the traffic of network data that is sent over the Internet at all seven layers of the OSI Reference Model of Internet communication, which includes the surveillance of content data. \nThe analysis presented in this paper is based on product sheets, self‐descriptions, and product presentations by 20 European security technology companies that produce and sell DPI technologies. For each company, we have conducted a document analysis of the available files. It focused on the four following aspects: \n1) Description and use of the Internet surveillance technologies that are produced and sold. \n2) The self‐description of the company. \n3) The explanation of the relevance of Internet surveillance, i.e. why the company thinks it is important that it produces and sells such technologies. \n4) A documentation of what the company says about opportunities and problems that can arise in the context of Internet surveillance. \nThe assessment of societal implications of DPI is based on opinions of security industry representatives, scholars, and privacy advocates that were voiced in white papers, tech reports, research reports, on web‐ sites, in press releases, and in news media. The results can be summarized in the form of several impact dimensions: \n1. Potential advantages of DPI \n2. Net neutrality \n3. The power of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) for undermining users’ trust \n4. Potential function creep of DPI surveillance \n5. Targeted advertising \n6. The surveillance of file sharers \n7. Political repression and social discrimination \nThe conducted analysis of Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) technologies shows that there is a variety of potential impacts of this technology on society. A general conclusion is that for understanding new surveil‐ lance technologies, we do not only need privacy and data protection assessments, but broader societal and ethical impact assessments. \n
Design of a 10 K NbN A/D converter for IR focal plane array sensors (1995)

We are implementing a 12 bit SFQ counting ADC with parallel-to-serial readout using our established 10 K NbN capability. This circuit provides a key element of the analog signal processor (ASP) used in large infrared focal plane arrays. The circuit processes the signal data stream from a Si:As BIB detector array. A 10 mega samples per second (MSPS) pixel data stream flows from the chip at a 120 megabit bit rate in a format that is compatible with other superconductive time dependent processor (TDP) circuits being developed. We will discuss our planned ASP demonstration, the circuit design, and test results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Peripheral injection of risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic, alters the bodyweight gain of rats (2002)

1. Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug that possesses 5-hydroxytryptamine 5-HT2 receptor antagonism combined with milder dopamine D2 receptor antagonism. 2. Excessive bodyweight gain is one of the side-effects of antipsychotics. Risperidone treatment causes a greater increase in the body mass of patients than treatment with conventional antipsychotics, such as haloperidol. Therefore, the present study was undertaken in order to address the aetiology of the risperidone-induced bodyweight change in rats by examining the expression of leptin, an appetite-regulating hormone produced in white adipose tissue (WAT), and uncoupling protein (UCP)-1, a substance promoting energy expenditure in the brown adipose tissues (BAT). 3. Eight-week-old male rats were injected subcutaneously with risperidone (0.005, 0.05 or 0.5 mg/kg) twice daily for 21 days. Both bodyweight and food intake were monitored daily. On day 21, rats were decapitated and their serum leptin and prolactin concentrations were measured. Expression levels of leptin, Ucp1 and beta3-adrenoceptor (beta3-AR) genes in WAT and BAT were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction amplification. 4. Injection of 0.005 mg/kg risperidone into rats increased food intake and the rate of bodyweight gain, as well as the augmentation of leptin gene expression in WAT. Injection of 0.05 mg/kg risperidone increased food intake and leptin gene expression in WAT, but the rate of bodyweight gain was not affected. Injection of 0.5 mg/kg risperidone caused a reduction in bodyweight gain, as well as enhanced Ucp1 gene expression in BAT and serum prolactin concentrations. The serum leptin concentration and beta3-AR gene expression in WAT and BAT were not affected by injection of 0.5 mg/kg risperidone. 5. Although the changes in food intake observed in risperidone-injected rats were rationalized neither by serum leptin nor prolactin concentrations, the reduction in the rate of bodyweight gain following injection of 0.5 mg/kg can be explained, in part, by increased energy expenditure, as revealed by the remarkable increase in the UCP-1 mRNA expression level in BAT. The role of leptin in risperidone-induced alterations in bodyweight gain remain to be clarified.
Bakers' Yeast, a Model for Fungal Biofilm Formation (2001)

Biofilms are formed by the aggregation of microorganisms into multicellular structures that adhere to surfaces. Here we show that bakers' yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can initiate biofilm formation. When grown in low-glucose medium, the yeast cells adhered avidly to a number of plastic surfaces. On semi-solid (0.3% agar) medium they formed "mats": complex multicellular structures composed of yeast-form cells. Both attachment to plastic and mat formation require Flo11p, a member of a large family of fungal cell surface glycoproteins involved in adherence. The ability to study biofilm formation in a tractable genetic system may facilitate the identification of new targets for antifungal therapy.
On the fluid dynamics of a laboratory scale single-use stirred bioreactor (2014)

The commercial success of mammalian cell-derived recombinant proteins has fostered an increase in demand for novel single-use bioreactor (SUB) systems that facilitate greater productivity, increased flexibility and reduced costs (Zhang et al., 2010). These systems exhibit fluid flow regimes unlike those encountered in traditional glass/stainless steel bioreactors because of the way in which they are designed. With such disparate hydrodynamic environments between SUBs currently on the market, traditional scale-up approaches applied to stirred tanks should be revised. One such SUB is the Mobius<sup>®</sup> 3 L CellReady, which consists of an upward-pumping marine scoping impeller. This work represents the first experimental study of the flow within the CellReady using a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) approach, combined with a biological study into the impact of these fluid dynamic characteristics on cell culture performance. The PIV study was conducted within the actual vessel, rather than using a purpose-built mimic. PIV measurements conveyed a degree of fluid compartmentalisation resulting from the up-pumping impeller. Both impeller tip speed and fluid working volume had an impact upon the fluid velocities and spatial distribution of turbulence within the vessel. Cell cultures were conducted using the GS-CHO cell-line (Lonza) producing an IgG<sub>4</sub> antibody. Disparity in cellular growth and viability throughout the range of operating conditions used (80-350 rpm and 1-2.4 L working volume) was not substantial, although a significant reduction in recombinant protein productivity was found at 350 rpm and 1 L working volume (corresponding to the highest Reynolds number tested in this work). The study shows promise in the use of PIV to improve understanding of the hydrodynamic environment within individual SUBs and allows identification of the critical hydrodynamic parameters under the different flow regimes for compatibility and scalability across the range of bioreactor platforms.
Tester architecture for the source synchronous bus (2005)

A majority of digital logic devices receives stimulus from an external system clock and sends information out on bus pins which are synchronized to the system clock. During functional testing of such devices, ATE architectures supply the clock and input data signals. The output signals generated by these devices are synchronous to the tester and are sampled accurately by the test equipment's strobe circuits. With the emergence of wide data busses in memories and high speed communication protocols implemented to transfer data between the CPU and peripherals, it has become necessary to forward a clock along with a group of bus pins to maintain skew across the high speed bus pins to an acceptable value for system design. This has resulted in a class of devices which have source synchronous busses where output signals are sent out relative to their strobe (output clock) signals. This work describes the challenges associated with testing this class of devices with the classical automatic test equipment (ATE) architecture and presents a unique hardware solution implemented on a contemporary tester architecture to meet the test challenge. This work also compares this implementation with other solutions available in the ATE domain.