gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of Bt-cry5 Insect-resistant Potato Lines 'Spunta-G2' and 'Spunta-G3' (2002)

The potato tuber moth ( Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) is the primary insect pest of cultivated potato ( Solanum tuberosum L . ) in tropical and subtropical regions, causing both foliar and tuber damage. In contrast, the Colorado potato beetle ( Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) is the most important insect pest in the northern potato production latitudes. The codon-modified Bacillus thuringiensis Bt-cry5 gene (revised nomenclature cry1IaI ), specifically toxic to Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, was transformed into cultivar Spunta using an Agrobacterium vector to provide resistance to both potato tuber moth and Colorado potato beetle. The Bt-cry5 gene was placed downstream from the constitutive CaMV35S promoter. Two transgenic 'Spunta' clones, G2 and G3, produced high levels of mortality in first instars of potato tuber moth in detached-leaf bioassays (80% to 83% mortality), laboratory tuber tests (100% mortality), and field trials in Egypt (99% to 100% undamaged tubers). Reduced feeding by Colorado potato beetle first instars was also observed in detached-leaf bioassays (80% to 90% reduction). Field trials in the United States demonstrated that the horticultural performance of the two transgenic lines was comparable to 'Spunta'. These Bt-cry5 transgenic potato plants with high potato tuber moth resistance have value in integrated pest management programs.
Economic Damages in Intellectual Property: A Hands-On Guide to Litigation (2006)

About the Authors. Introduction. PART ONE: IP LAW ON ECONOMIC DAMAGES. Chapter 1. U.S. Case Law and Economic Damages in Patent Litigation (C. Perry, et al.). Chapter 2. Trends in U.S. Patent Activity (F. Chan & M. McAleer). Chapter 3. Trademark Infringement and the Legal Bases for the Recovery of Economic Damages (M. Ackerman & D. Orzechowski). Chapter 4. Explaining Venue Choice and Litigant Preferences: Solving the Delaware Mystery (D. Parsons, et al.). Chapter 5. Commonly Debated Issues in Performing Economic Damages Analyses in Intellectual Property Matters (C. Perry, et al.). PART TWO: ECONOMICS OF PATENT DAMAGES. Chapter 6. Loss of Profits as a Measurement of Damages in Patent Infringement Matters (V. Thomas, et al.). Chapter 7. The Law of Demand and Lost Profits Analysis (R. Basmann, et al.). Chapter 8. A Holistic to Patent Damages Analysis (R. Sullivan). Chapter 9. Commercial Success: Economic Principles Applied to Patent Litigation (J. David & M. Stewart). Chapter 10. Reasonable Royalty as a Measure of damages in Patent Infringement Matters (V. Thomas, et al.). Chapter 11. The Analytical Approach as a Technique to Determine a Reasonable Royalty (L. Gunderson, et al.). Chapter 12. A Quasi-Comparable to reasonable Royalty Determination (J. Dubin). Chapter 13. Using Statistics in Patent cases: A Case Study (E. Maasoumi & M. Mercurio). PART THREE: ECONOMICS OF COPYRIGHT, TRADEMARK, AND TRADE SECRET DAMAGES. Chapter 14. Using Statistics in Copyright Cases (D. Millimet, et al.). Chapter 15. Quantification of Damages in trademark Cases (B. Inglish) Chapter 16. Economic Damage Quantification in Trademark Matters (J. Dubin). Chapter 17. Evaluation of Damages Claims in a Trade Secrets Case (R. Sickles & A. Ayyar). Chapter 18. A Primer on Trademarks and Trademark Valuation (M. Corbett, et al.). Index.
The site of action of neuronal acidic fibroblast growth factor is the organ of Corti of the rat cochlea. (1995)

Here we show that the mature cochlear neurons are a rich source of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), which is expressed in the neuronal circuitry consisting of afferent and efferent innervation. The site of action of neuronal aFGF is likely to reside in the organ of Corti, where one of the four known FGF receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinases--namely, FGFR-3 mRNA--is expressed. Following acoustic overstimulation, known to cause damage to the organ of Corti, a rapid up-regulation of FGFR-3 is evident in this sensory epithelium, at both mRNA and protein levels. The present results provide in vivo evidence for aFGF being a sensory neuron-derived, anterogradely transported factor that may exert trophic effects on a peripheral target tissue. In this sensory system, aFGF, rather than being a neurotrophic factor, seems to promote maintenance of the integrity of the organ of Corti. In addition, aFGF, released from the traumatized nerve endings, may be one of the first signals initiating protective recovery and repair processes following damaging auditory stimuli.
Antiviral Activity of Various 1-(2′-Deoxy-β-<scp>d</scp>-lyxofuranosyl), 1-(2′-Fluoro-β-<scp>d</scp>-xylofuranosyl), 1-(3′-Fluoro-β-<scp>d</scp>-arabinofuranosyl), and 2′-Fluoro-2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxyribose Pyrimidine Nucleoside Analogues against Duck Hepatitis B Virus (DHBV) and Human Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Replication (2010)

Despite the existence of successful vaccine and antiviral therapies, infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to be a major global cause of acute and chronic liver disease and high mortality. We synthesized and evaluated several lyxofuranosyl, 2'-fluoroxylofuranosyl, 3'-fluoroarabinofuranosyl, and 2'-fluoro-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyribose pyrimidine nucleoside analogues for antiviral activities against hepatitis B virus. Among the compounds examined, 1-(2-deoxy-β-d-lyxofuranosyl)thymine (23), 1-(2-deoxy-β-d-lyxofuranosyl)-5-trifluoromethyluracil (25), 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β-d-xylofuranosyl)uracil (38), 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β-d-xylofuranosyl)thymine (39), 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydro-2'-fluorothymidine (48), and 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydro-2'-fluoro-5-ethyluridine (49) were found to possess significant anti-HBV activity against DHBV in primary duck hepatocytes with EC(50) values of 4.1, 3.3, 40.6, 3.8, 0.2, and 39.0 μM, respectively. Compounds 23, 25, 39, 48, and 49 (EC(50) = 41.3, 33.7, 19.2, 2.0-4.1, and 39.0 μM, respectively) exhibited significant activity against wild-type human HBV in 2.2.15 cells. Intriguingly, 25, 39, 48, and 49 retained sensitivity against lamivudine-resistant HBV containing a single mutation (M204I) and 48 emerged as an effective inhibitor of drug-resistant HBV with an EC(50) of 4.1 μM. In contrast, 50% inhibition could not be achieved by lamivudine at 44 μM concentration in the drug-resistant strain. The compounds investigated did not show cytotoxicity to host cells up to the highest concentrations tested.
An Obtuse Rhombohedral Superlattice Assembled by Pt Nanocubes (2015)

We grew large single three-dimensional supercrystals from colloidal Pt nanocubes (NCs) suspended in hexane. A synchrotron-based two circle diffractometer was used to obtain an unprecedented level of detail from full sets of small/wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) patterns. Automatic indexing and simulations of X-ray patterns enabled detailed reconstruction of NC translation and shape orientation within the supercrystals from atomic to mesometric levels. The supercrystal has an obtuse rhombohedral (Rh) superlattice with space group R3m and a trigonal cell angle of 106.2°. Individual NCs orient themselves in a manner of atomic Pt[111] parallel to superlattice Rh[111]. We analyzed the superlattice structure in context of three spatial relationships of proximate NCs including face-to-face, edge-to-edge, and corner-to-corner configurations. Detailed analysis of supercrystal structure reveals nearly direct corner-to-corner contacts and a tight interlocking NC structure. We employed the correlations between strain and lattice distortion and established the first structural correlating mechanism between five superlattice polymorphs to elucidate the superlattice transformations and associated developing pathways. Together, the experimental and modeling results provide comprehensive structural information toward controlling design and efficient materials-processing for large fabrication of nanobased functional materials with tailored structures and desired properties.
Pericyte Control of Blood Flow Across Microvascular Zones in the Central Nervous System (2021)

The vast majority of the brain's vascular length is composed of capillaries, where our understanding of blood flow control remains incomplete. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the control of blood flow across microvascular zones by addressing issues with nomenclature and drawing on new developments from in vivo optical imaging and single-cell transcriptomics. Recent studies have highlighted important distinctions in mural cell morphology, gene expression, and contractile dynamics, which can explain observed differences in response to vasoactive mediators between arteriole, transitional, and capillary zones. Smooth muscle cells of arterioles and ensheathing pericytes of the arteriole-capillary transitional zone control large-scale, rapid changes in blood flow. In contrast, capillary pericytes downstream of the transitional zone act on slower and smaller scales and are involved in establishing resting capillary tone and flow heterogeneity. Many unresolved issues remain, including the vasoactive mediators that activate the different pericyte types in vivo, the role of pericyte-endothelial communication in conducting signals from capillaries to arterioles, and how neurological disease affects these mechanisms.
AN ANNUAL MODEL OF PUREBRED BREEDING BULL PRICE (1988)

A geometric distributed lag model was hypothesized as the structural relationship between purebred breeding bull price and economic variables determining the bull's value as a productive asset. Parameter estimates for the nonstochastic difference equation were obtained from a data sample including nineteen years of average price paid for yearling purebred Hereford bulls. Statistical results supported the hypotheses; expected bull price was responsive to calf price and cowherd inventory. An oscillating geometric adjustment pattern was found which reflected periodicity in bull replacement decisions. The general conclusion was that relevant information is rapidly incorporated into purebred bull market behavior and price adjusts quickly.
The Effects of Seed Size on Hybrids Formed between Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) and Wild Brown Mustard (B. juncea) (2012)

Our results imply that the risk of further gene flow would probably not be mitigated by the small size of transgenic hybrid seeds. No fitness cost was detected to be associated with the Bt-transgene in this study.
Basal ganglia: physiological, behavioral, and computational studies (2014)

EDITORIAL article Front. Syst. Neurosci., 21 August 2014 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00150
Maximum entropy spectral analysis and autoregressive decomposition (1975)

The duality between the maximum entropy method (MEM) of spectral analysis and the autoregressive (AR) representation of the data allows the application of recent advances in AR analysis to MEM in an attempt to obviate some shortcomings in this method of spectral decomposition. Specifically, this paper investigates the work of Akaike (1969 a , b ) on a criterion for choosing the length of the required prediction error filter and compares two methods of determining the filter coefficients. Recent work by Kromer (1970) on asymptotic properties of the AR spectral estimator is also of importance. Some preliminary results of the splitting of the normal modes of the earth are presented as an illustration of the application of MEM to geophysics.
Novel Acrylic Resin For Injection Molded Precision Lenses (1988)

A novel acrylic resin has been developed for injection molded precision lenses. This resin is a copolymer of tricyclodecyl methacrylate (TCDMA) with other acrylic monomers. The novel resin, TCDMA-Acrylic copolymer has rigid, bulky cyclic hydrocarbons in the side chain so that it possesses characteristics superior to conventional acrylic resin (PMMA) in terms of low moisture absorption properties and high temperature resistance. However, like PMMA, it also provides high transparency, low birefringence, and low dispersion of refraction. Because of these characteristics, TCDMA-Acrylic copolymer is being used for precision aspheric lenses that cannot be realized by conventional optical plastics.
Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Methylated Rotaxanes for Solid Polymer Electrolyte Application (2018)

Li<sup>+</sup>-conducting solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) obtained from supramolecular self-assembly of trimethylated cyclodextrin (TMCD), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and lithium salt are investigated for application in lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The considered electrolytes comprise nanochannels for fast lithium-ion transport formed by CD threaded on PEO chains. It is demonstrated that tailored modification of CD beneficially influences the structure and transport properties of solid polymer electrolytes, thereby enabling their application in LMBs. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and experimental data reveal that modification of CDs shifts the steady state between lithium ions inside and outside the channels, in this way improving the achievable ionic conductivity. Notably, the designed SPEs facilitated galvanostatic cycling in LMBs at fast charging and discharging rates for more than 200 cycles and high Coulombic efficiency.
Design, Synthesis, and Preliminary Biological Evaluation of New Isoform-Selective f-Current Blockers (2010)

New I(f) blockers have been designed and tested on HEK293 cells stably expressing the HCN1, HCN2, and HCN4 channels to find compounds able to discriminate among the channel isoforms. Among the synthesized compounds, the cis-butene derivative (R)-5 shows some preference for HCN2 while the pseudodimeric product (R)-6 shows selectivity for HCN1. These compounds can be important pharmacological tools to study the channels in native tissues and may be useful to design safe drugs.
Trauma as a Predictive Indicator of Clinical Outcome in Residential Treatment (2009)

Abstract The present study was conducted to identify predictors of residential treatment outcome for youth. Data were collected and analyzed on multiple variables including each subject's psychiatric diagnoses, previous treatment attempts and success or failure in these respective settings, length of stay in prior treatment settings, past psychiatric hospitalizations, medication usage, trauma history, short-term and long-term treatment goals, and presenting symptomatology at admission to residential treatment. For this sample, analysis of outcomes data indicated that exposure to a variety of types of trauma was the single greatest predictor of improvement or deterioration in residential treatment. KEYWORDS: traumachildyouthresidential treatmentoutcomespredictive indicatorDevereux Scales of Mental Disorders (DSMD) The authors respectfully acknowledge the children whose assessments were used in this research, as well as the committed and talented staff who worked with the youth in this sample.
Co-ordinated expression of the components of iron transport (mycobactin, exochelin and envelope proteins) in Mycobacterium neoaurum (1989)

Mycobacterium neoaurum was grown with a range of iron concentrations from 0.01 to 4.0 µg/ml. Synthesis of the extracellular siderophore, exochelin, the intracellular iron storage compound, mycobactin and the iron-repressible envelope proteins were co-ordinately expressed. All three components of the iron transport system were synthesized when low amounts of iron (0.01 to 0.2 µg/ml) were added to the medium and were repressed when the iron concentration was increased to 0.5 µg/ml and above. These results re-inforce the conclusion that the iron-regulated proteins do fulfil an essential function in iron metabolism.
ResearchArticle Blockade of Cochlear NMDA Receptors Prevents Long-Term Tinnitus during a Brief Consolidation Window after Acoustic Trauma (2007)

Tinnitus, the perception of sound in the absence of external acoustic stimulation, is a common and devastating pathology. It is often a consequence of acoustic trauma or drug toxicity. The neuronal mechanisms of tinnitus are neither yet fully understood nor are effective treatments available. Using a novel behavioral paradigm for measuring tinnitus in the rat based on tone-guided navigation, we show here that the development of long-term noise-induced tinnitus, the most prevalent and clinically important form of human tinnitus, can be abated by local administration of the NMDA antagonist “ifenprodil ” into the cochlea in the first 4 days following the noise insult but not afterwards. This suggests that long-term tinnitus undergoes a consolidation-like process, resembling the ontogeny of items in long-term memory. Furthermore, this finding paves the way to potential therapeutic strategies for the prevention of chronic tinnitus once the noise insult had taken place. Copyright © 2007 M. J. Guitton and Y. Dudai. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1.
Respiratory Function of Hemoglobin (1998)

Hemoglobin is essential for oxygen transport, and the study of its structure and function has led to numerous discoveries that have shaped modern biologic science.1 This review will examine how hemoglobin actively regulates oxygen transport and will illustrate the clinical and physiologic importance of this regulation.Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation CurveThe oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve describes the relation between the oxygen saturation or content of hemoglobin and the oxygen tension at equilibrium. Bohr2,3 first showed that the dissociation curve was sigmoid-shaped, leading Hill4 to postulate that there were multiple oxygen-binding sites on hemoglobin and to derive an empirical approximation of the . . .
Dexamethasone Suppression Test in Depression and other Psychiatric Illness (1983)

The prevalence of an abnormal response to the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was examined in 119 in-patients suffering from a major depressive disorder and in 79 normal controls. Only 11 per cent of controls showed an abnormal DST as against 70 per cent of depressed patients. The specificity of the DST was examined by testing patients with other psychiatric disorders. Abnormal responses were found in one-fifth of a sample of schizophrenics, over one-quarter of abstinent alcoholics, two-fifths of neurotics (including neurotic depressives) and almost half of senile dements. Abnormal DST was also found in 33 per cent of patients receiving prophylactic lithium for recurrent affective disorders.
Simulation studies of the electrocardiogram. I. The normal heart. (1978)

A digital computer model is presented for the simulation of the body surface electrocardiogram (ECG) during ventricular activation and recovery. The ventricles of the heart are represented in detail by a three-dimensional array of approximately 4000 points which is subdivided into 23 regions. Excitation sequence and cellular action potential data taken from the literature are used to determine the spatial distribution of intracellular potentials at each instant of time during a simulated cardiac cycle. The moment of the single dipole representing each region is determined by summing the spatial gradient of the intracellular potential distribution throughout the region. The resulting set of 23 dipoles is then used to calculate the potentials on the surface of a bounded homogeneous volume conductor with the shape of an adult torso. Simulated isopotential surface maps during both activation and recovery are in good agreement with data for humans reported in the literature.
The role of platelet α-granular proteins in the regulation of thrombopoietin messenger RNA expression in human bone marrow stromal cells (2000)

Thrombopoietin (TPO), the specific cytokine that regulates platelet production, is expressed in human bone marrow (BM), kidney, and liver. There appears to be no regulation of TPO in the kidney and liver, but TPO messenger RNA (mRNA) expression can be modulated in the stromal cells of the BM. In this study, we used primary human BM stromal cells as a model to study the regulation of TPO mRNA expression in response to various platelet -granular proteins. We showed that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) BB and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2 stimulated TPO mRNA expression in both a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. The addition of 50 ng/mL of PDGF and 20 ng/mL of FGF resulted in maximal induction of TPO mRNA expression in 4 hours. We also found that platelet factor 4 (PF4), thrombospondin (TSP), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) are negative modulators of megakaryocytopoiesis. We observed suppression in TPO mRNA expression with 1 μg/mL of both PF4 and TSP and 50 ng/mL of TGF-β, with maximal suppression occurring 4 hours after the addition of these proteins. Finally, the addition of whole-platelet lysate produced a dose-dependent inhibition of TPO expression. On the basis of these findings, we propose that the platelet -granular proteins studied may regulate TPO gene expression in BM stromal cells by means of a feedback mechanism.
Implementation and evaluation of real-time pan-tilt-zoom camera calibration (2008)

Pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) cameras are frequently used in surveillance applications as they can observe a much larger region of the environment than a fixed-lens camera while still providing high-resolution imagery. The pan, tilt, and zoom parameters of a single camera may be simultaneously controlled by online users as well as automated surveillance applications. To accurately register autonomously tracked objects to a world model, the surveillance system requires accurate knowledge of camera parameters. Due to imprecision in the PTZ mechanism, these parameters cannot be obtained from PTZ control commands but must be calculated directly from camera imagery. This paper describes the efforts undertaken to implement a real-time calibration system for a stationary PTZ camera. The approach continuously tracks distinctive image feature points from frame to frame, and from these correspondences, robustly calculates the homography transformation between frames. Camera internal parameters are then calculated from these homographies. The calculations are performed by a self contained program that continually monitors images collected by the camera as it performs pan, tilt, and zoom operations. The accuracy of the calculated calibration parameters are compared to ground truth data. Problems encountered include inaccuracies in large orientation changes and long algorithm execution time.
In-car gps navigation (2008)

Although in-car GPS navigation technology is proliferating, it is not well understood how its use alters the ways people interpret their environment and navigate through it. We argue that GPS-based car navigation might disengage people from their surrounding environment, but also has the potential to open up novel ways to engage with it. We present an ethnographically-informed study with GPS users, showing evidence for practices of disengagement as well as new opportunities for engagement, illustrating our findings using rich descriptions from the field. Grounded in our observations we propose design principles for GPS systems that support richer experiences of driving. We argue that for a fuller understanding of issues of disengagement and engagement with the environment we need to move beyond a focus on the (re)design of GPS devices, and point to future directions of work that embrace a broader perspective.