gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cu interconnects and low-k dielectrics, challenges for chip interconnections and packaging (2004)

The continuing scaling trend in microelectronic circuit technology has a significant impact on the different IC interconnection and packaging technologies, mainly due to the increasing pad densities and the use of novel materials. This results in particular challenges for the chip connection technology (wire bonding & flip chip) as well as the package technology. Some of these problems may be resolved through the use of additional metal and dielectric layers, processed on top of the IC passivation, e.g. to redistribute chip pin-out into a regular array. Such wafer-level packaging techniques may result in significant cost savings in device packaging. They do however also provide new opportunities for the circuit design. These additional layers may e.g. be used for low loss, high speed on chip interconnects, clock distribution circuits, efficient power/ground distribution and to realize high Q inductors on chip.
Flexible Carbon Nanotube–Graphene/Sulfur Composite Film: Free-Standing Cathode for High-Performance Lithium/Sulfur Batteries (2015)

Flexible lithium batteries with high energy density have recently received tremendous interest due to their potential applications in flexible electronic devices. Herein, we report a novel method to fabricate highly flexible and robust carbon nanotube–graphene/sulfur (CNTs–RGO/S) composite film as free-standing cathode for flexible Li/S batteries with increased capacity and significantly improved rate capability. The free-standing CNTs–RGO/S cathode was able to deliver a peak capacity of 911.5 mAh g–1sulfur (∼483 mAh g–1electrode) and maintain 771.8 mAh g–1sulfur after 100 charge–discharge cycles at 0.2C, indicating a capacity retention of 84.7%, which were both higher than the cathodes assembled without CNTs. Even after 100 cycles, the cathode showed a high tensile strength of 62.3 MPa. More importantly, the rate capability was improved by introducing CNTs. The CNTs–RGO/S cathode exhibited impressive capacities of 613.1 mAh g–1sulfur at 1C with a capacity recuperability of ∼94% as the current returned to 0.2C. These results demonstrate that the well-designed nanocomposites are of great potential as the cathode for flexible lithium sulfur (Li/S) batteries. Such improved electrochemical properties could be attributed to the unique coaxial architecture of the nanocomposite, in which the evenly dispersed CNTs enable electrodes with improved electrical conductivity and mechanical properties and better ability to avoid the aggregation and ensure the dispersive distribution of the sulfur species during the charge/discharge process.
Large-scale electrical energy storage (1980)

The review has been prepared by staff of the CEGB who are actively studying different aspects of large-scale electrical energy storage. Some areas, such as pumped storage, have been studied in considerable depth, since this technique has been exploited commercially for many years in many parts of the world. Other topics, such as superconducting magnetic storage, are at a much less advanced stage of development and are still at the laboratory and paper study stage. The review starts by examining the role of storage on an electricity-supply system. At present, the major use is put to reducing the flexibility requirements on other plant, but in the future, load smoothing for use with those systems with a large nuclear component could be important. The benefits and limitations of storage in conjunction with renewable energy sources are also discussed. Turning to the technical possibilities, a description is given of the widely used pumped hydrostorage technique. Potential development such as the use of an underground lower reservoir are discussed. It is possible to store the compression energy of a gas turbine as compressed air in an underground cavern. A plant operating on this principle has been built at Huntorf in Germany, but it requires a premium fuel such as natural gas or distillate oil. The possibility of developments leading to a reduction or elimination of this fuel requirement are discussed. It is also possible to store hot water at a power station and re-use it in the steam cycle. This technique has had some practical use for many years and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Batteries have been used for storage for many years, but current types are generally too expensive for use for large scale electrical utility applications. The state of development is discussed of new types, which although primarily envisaged for use with electric vehicles, could be used in central stores. Flywheels are also being developed for use with electric vehicles and their potential application to large-scale electrical energy storage is reviewed. Perhaps the most technically advanced storage technique would be to use a large superconducting magnet. The status of studies of this possibility is described. Finally, the relative advantages and disadvantages of the various technical possibilities are discussed.
Pathogenesis of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (1987)

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first described in 1981, but it has since reached epidemic proportions, with over 38,000 cases reported in the United States alone and a three-year mortality rate of more than 90 percent.1 2 3 4 It is estimated that 1 to 2 million Americans are already infected with the etiologic agent of AIDS, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).4 In addition, the Public Health Service recently predicted that approximately 270,000 cases of AIDS will have developed by 1991.5 Worldwide, thousands of Europeans and possibly millions of Africans are also infected with HIV.6 HIV, also known as lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV), . . .
Biological variation of International Normalized Ratio for prothrombin times, and consequences in monitoring oral anticoagulant therapy: computer simulation of serial measurements with goal-setting for analytical quality (1997)

Oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) has a well-established efficacy in prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Because complications are related to intensity of OAT, optimal control of treatment is mandatory. In studies of OAT, as many as 30% of International Normalized Ratio (INR) measurements for prothrombin times fall outside the therapeutic interval. Preanalytical, analytical, and biological variation all contribute to this. Computer simulations of serial INR measurements were performed for various assumed in-treatment setpoints within the therapeutic interval INR 2.0-3.0 and for an "in-treatment within-subject variation" (CV) of 10.1%. Results are presented in difference plots with therapeutic intervals and critical differences. If the in-treatment setpoint is mid-interval (INR = 2.5), only 5% of simulated INR values fall outside the therapeutic interval. Setpoints deviating from the mid-interval and increases in the in-treatment within-subject variation considerably increase the number of observations outside the therapeutic interval and the critical differences. In conclusion, random variation, biological or analytical, and setpoints (targets) deviating from mid-interval explain a substantial number of the INR values outside therapeutic intervals observed in clinical studies. Analytical imprecision should be kept < 5% and analytical bias < +/- 0.2 INR.
Ventricular Resection Guided by Epicardial and Endocardial Mapping for Treatment of Recurrent Ventricular Tachycardia (1980)

Recurrent, medically refractory ventricular tachycardia is usually associated with ventricular aneurysms after myocardial infarction, but aneurysmectomy alone has not been consistently effective in abolishing this dangerous arrhythmia. Therefore, we have used endocardial and epicardial mapping during induced ventricular tachycardia in 30 consecutive patients to identify the probable site where arrhythmia originated in the endocardial tissue. Complete resection of the site was possible in 27 patients, and partial resection in three. In addition aneurysmectomy was performed in 27 patients, and coronary-bypass grafting in 21. There were two operative and three late nonarrhythmic deaths. None of the 25 surviving patients have had ventricular tachycardia during follow-up of four to 28 months; three patients, who had incomplete resections, have required antiarrhythmic drugs. We conclude that surgical therapy of recurrent ventricular tachycardia can be improved through identification of the endocardial origin of the arrhythmia followed by appropriately guided resection.
Effects of ganglioside GM1 on reduction of brain edema and amelioration of cerebral metabolism after traumatic brain injury. (2003)

Ganglioside GM1 does have obvious neuroprotective effect on early TBI.
Serum HCGβ, CA 72‐4 and CEA are independent prognostic factors in colorectal cancer (2002)

In colorectal cancer, stage is considered to be the strongest prognostic factor, but also serum tumour markers have been reported to be of prognostic value. The aim of our study was to investigate the prognostic value of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA 19-9, CA 242, CA 72-4 and free beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG beta) in colorectal cancer. Preoperative serum samples were obtained from 204 colorectal cancer patients, including 31 patients with Dukes' A, 70 with Dukes' B, 49 with Dukes' C and 54 with Dukes' D cancer. The serum levels of CEA, CA 19-9, CA 242 and CA 72-4 were measured with commercial kits with cut-off values of 5 microg/L for CEA, 37 kU/L for CA 19-9, 20 kU/L for CA 242 and 6 kU/L for CA 72-4. The serum hCG beta was quantitated by an immunofluorometric assay (IFMA) with 2 pmol/L as a cut-off value. Survival analyses were performed with Kaplan-Meier life tables, log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model. The sensitivity was 44% for CEA, 26% for CA 19-9, 36% for CA 242, 27% for CA 72-4 and 16% for hCG beta. The overall 5-year survival was 55%, and in Dukes' A, B, C and D cancers the survival was 89%, 77%, 52% and 3%, respectively. Elevated serum values of all markers correlated with worse survival (p < 0.001). In Cox multivariate analysis, the strongest prognostic factor was Dukes' stage (p < 0.001), followed by tumour location (p = 0.002) and preoperative serum markers hCG beta (p = 0.002), CA 72-4 (p = 0.003) and CEA (p = 0.005). In conclusion, elevated CEA, CA 19-9, CA 242, CA 72-4 and hCG beta relate to poor outcome in colorectal cancer. In multivariate analysis, independent prognostic significance was observed with hCG beta, CA 72-4 and CEA.
[Therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection using Lactobacillus acidophilus]. (1998)

Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy is recommended in all cases of Helicobacter pylori positive gastritis associated with peptic ulcer, as well as in absence of ulcer when subjective difficulties occur. Antibiotic therapy is often unsuccessful and most often associated with risks of significant adverse effects, being the consequence of intestinal microflora disorders. The aim of using Lactobacillus acidophilus in the therapy is to reduce risks of adverse effects. In our study, by using acidophilus milk only, without other therapy, eradication of Helicobacter pylori was achieved in 6 out of 14 patients. All patients could stand the therapy well and were satisfied with the taste of the preparation. The number of examinees was small in regard to making conclusions, but the results are encouraging and show that apart from established in vitro effect. Lactobacillus acidophilus has a potential in vivo effect.
Extensive intra- and interindividual heterogeneity of p15INK4B methylation in acute myeloid leukemia. (1999)

Silencing of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene p15INK4B by cytosine methylation of the promoter region has been associated with some types of hematological malignancy. To study in detail the patterns of p15INK4B methylation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia, we adopted a novel approach based on PCR amplification of bisulfite-treated DNA followed by resolution of differentially methylated sequences by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. This method visually displays the degree and heterogeneity of DNA methylation and enables the isolation and characterization of distinct clonotypic epigenotypes. A surprisingly high degree of intra- and interindividual heterogeneity of p15INK4B methylation was observed in the 65 acute myeloid leukemia patients examined. Methylation was detected in 46 (71%) of the patients and was observed more frequently in the French-American-British subtypes M1/M2 than in M4/M5 (P < 0.025). Examination of the same panel of samples using a highly sensitive methylation-specific PCR method showed methylated p15INK4B alleles in 61 (94%) of the samples. We present evidence that the higher frequency of p15INK4B methylation determined by methylation-specific PCR may, at least in part, be due to the presence of a small fraction of p15INK4B-methylated lymphocytes in normal blood.
CGG: an unassigned or nonsense codon in Mycoplasma capricolum. (1991)

CGG is an arginine codon in the universal genetic code. We previously reported that in Mycoplasma capricolum, a relative of Gram-positive eubacteria, codon CGG did not appear in coding frames, including termination sites, and tRNA(ArgCCG) pairing with codon CGG, was not detected. These facts suggest that CGG is a nonsense (unassigned and untranslatable) codon--i.e., not assigned to arginine or to any other amino acid. We have investigated whether CGG is really an unassigned codon by using a cell-free translation system prepared from M. capricolum. Translation of synthetic mRNA containing in-frame CGG codons does not result in "read-through" to codons beyond the CGG codons--i.e., translation ceases just before CGG. Sucrose-gradient centrifugation profiles of the reaction mixture have shown that the bulk of peptide that has been synthesized is attached to 70S ribosomes and is released upon further incubation with puromycin. The result suggests that the peptide is in the P site of ribosome in the form of peptidyl-tRNA, leaving the A site empty. When in-frame CGG codons are replaced by UAA codons in mRNA, no read-through occurs beyond UAA, just as in the case of CGG. However, the synthesized peptide is released from 70S ribosomes, presumably by release factor 1. These data suggest strongly that CGG is an unassigned codon and differs from UAA in that CGG is not used for termination.
Role for p300 in Stabilization of p53 in the Response to DNA Damage (1999)

The nuclear p300/CBP proteins function as coactivators of gene transcription. Here, using cells deficient in p300 or CBP, we show that p300, and not CBP, is essential for ionizing radiation-induced accumulation of the p53 tumor suppressor and thereby p53-mediated growth arrest. The results demonstrate that deficiency of p300 results in increased degradation of p53. Our findings suggest that p300 contributes to the stabilization and transactivation function of p53 in the cellular response to DNA damage.
Study on prediction method of thermal deterioration of pole transformer with overloaded condition (2002)

The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristic of thermal deterioration of insulating paper used in transformers to construct a prediction method. The authors have clarified the deterioration characteristic of insulating papers, and have constructed a facile prediction method of thermal deterioration of insulating paper throughout this paper. Using this method one can predict the life of pole transformer with any overloaded condition or decide the limit of overload rate with any load pattern.
Quantitative histological analysis of antigen-induced arthritis in the rabbit. (1988)

Antigen-induced arthritis in the rabbit (AIAR) provides the closest experimental equivalent to human rheumatoid arthritis in terms of infiltration of synovial tissue by lymphoid cells. A method is described for quantitative histological analysis of AIAR. Measurements of total cell numbers, lymphocyte and polymorphonuclear leucocyte infiltration, and thickness of infiltrated synovium were obtained for ranges of antigen dosage and duration of arthritis. The method has been devised as part of a system for the analysis of joint swelling, synovial fluid biochemistry and cytology, cartilage proteoglycan chemistry and synovial histology on the same specimen.
Since you ask . . . (Population planners). (1974)

In answer to a letter from Lyle Webster of the East-West Communication Institute soliciting the author's opinion, as a woman, of worldwide family planning programs, the author makes 4 points: 1) women everywhere want birth control; 2) men need family planning education; 3) the greatest appeal to women is to the desire to be free from unwanted pregnancies; and, most importantly, 4) women should make up at least half of the governing bodies of family planning organizations.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylation of Succinates: Synthesis of Ro 32‐3555. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Studies of tracking behavior. II. The acceleration pattern of quick manual corrective responses. (1948)

Visual errors in the two horizontal directions and of three different sizes were produced instantaneously and presented in random order to 10 Ss. The errors were corrected through the movement of a joy stick. The joy stick responses were analyzed electrically into time plots of position, rate, acceleration and the third derivative of acceleration (Δ acceleration). The following generalizations seem justified: a. As the visual error increases, (1) the S applies more force in the direction of motion and also more braking force; (2) he applies and removes these forces at a greater rate; and (3) he applies these forces over a slightly greater period of time. b. Throughout the course of any one motion, force varies continuously… . The time relations of these corrective motions are such that it appears that once started, the motions run off without visual or kinesthetic guidance… . The latter finding suggests that control in target tracking is an intermittent rather than a continuous process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Bioactive 9,11‐Secosteroids from Gorgonian <i>Subergorgia suberosa</i> Collected from the South China Sea (2014)

Five new 9,11-secosteroids 1, 2, and 4-6, and seven known analogs, 3 and 7-12, with the same steroid skeleton, (5αH)-3β,6α,11-trihydroxy-9,11-secocholest-7-en-9-one, were isolated from the South China Sea gorgonian Subergorgia suberosa. Among them, 2/3 and 4/5 are C(24)-epimeric mixtures, and 6/7 is an (E)/(Z) mixture of (C(24)C(28)). Their structures and relative configurations were elucidated by using comprehensive spectroscopic methods including NOESY spectra. The absolute configuration of the steroidal nucleus was established by the modified Mosher method applied to 10 and on the basis of a common biogenesis for all of these compounds. All isolated compounds, 1-12, and five synthetic acetylated derivatives, 12a-12e, were evaluated for their cytotoxicities in vitro. Compounds 4/5, 11, 12, and 12b-12d showed cytotoxic activities against K562 cell line with the IC50 values ranging from 1.09 to 8.12 μM.
Characteristics of Series and Parallel Low Current Arc Faults in the Time and Frequency Domain (2010)

In low voltage switchgear there are two possible kinds of arc faults. Parallel arc faults occur between two phases, or phase and ground, and are often a result of degrading insulation or contamination. Series arc faults may be a result of loosening screw rivet connections in the busbar. Both types of arc faults can cause serious damage to the switchgear or even lead to a major arc fault resulting in short circuit. To be able to develop devices which can detect such low current arc faults, it is necessary to understand the behavior and special characteristics of low current arc faults. Several measurements were done to gain unique data of arc faults and normal load current from field measurements and lab setups. Both kinds of faults, serial and parallel, were analyzed in the time and frequency domains and then compared to an undisturbed load current. Several characteristics in the arc current could be extracted. Fourier analysis showed that certain ranges in the frequency spectrum can be used as an indication of an arc fault. Due to these analyses it is now possible to detect an arc fault by measuring the load currents in the switchgear.
Effect of off-stoichiometry on the transport properties of the Heusler-type<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Fe</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">VAl</mml:mi></mml:math>compound (2001)

We report on the effect of off-stoichiometry on the temperature dependence of electrical resistivity, the Seebeck coefficient, and the Hall coefficient in the Heusler-type ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}\mathrm{VAl}$ compound. While the stoichiometric ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}\mathrm{VAl}$ exhibits a semiconductorlike resistivity behavior, a small deviation of the Al content from stoichiometry causes a significant decrease in the low-temperature resistivity and a large enhancement in the Seebeck coefficient. Substantial enhancements for the Seebeck coefficient are in reasonable accord with changes in the Hall coefficient and can be explained on the basis of the electronic structure, where the Fermi level shifts slightly from the center of a pseudogap due to off stoichiometry.
Apolipoprotein E2-Christchurch (136 Arg----Ser). New variant of human apolipoprotein E in a patient with type III hyperlipoproteinemia. (1987)

The primary structure of apolipoprotein E (apo E) was investigated in seven type III hyperlipoproteinemic patients with the apo E-2/2 phenotype. Six of the patients had identical two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps. These differed from the normal apo E3 map by the altered mobility of a single peptide. Amino acid analysis and sequencing showed that apo E2 in these patients had a substitution of 158 Arg----Cys. The presence of this mutation in six of the seven type III patients confirms that this is the most common form of apo E2. The seventh type III patient had a unique map with a new peptide resulting from a substitution of 136 Arg----Ser. He was heterozygous for this and for the more common apo E2 (158 Arg----Cys) variant. His very low-density lipoprotein contained approximately five times more apo E2 (136 Arg----Ser) than apo E2 (158 Arg----Cys), as determined by cysteamine treatment and peptide mapping. This new apo E2 mutant thus appears to contribute significantly to the patient's hyperlipidemia.
A reductive recycle strategy for the facile synthesis of molybdenum(VI) alkylidyne catalysts for alkyne metathesisElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: spectral data. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b2/b212405j/ (2003)

A convenient synthesis of trisamido molybdenum(VI) alkylidyne complexes has been developed, in which the key step is the addition of a geminal dichloride to a trisamido molybdenum(III) complex in the presence of magnesium to continuously recycle unwanted side product 4, selectively generating the desired alkylidyne complexes in high yield.
Application of pressure swing adsorption to impurities removal. (1987)

従来, 温度スイング吸着 (Thermal Swing Adsorption;通称TSA) 法の分野とされてきた微量成分の高度除去について圧力スイング吸着 (Pressure Swing Adsbrptibn;通称PSA) 法の適用を試みた.対象は深冷法空気分離装置に供給される加圧空気中の炭酸ガス除去である.その結果, 吸着剤の種類および組合せとして, ゼオライトおよび活性アルミナの2層充填とすることにより, 精製空気中の炭酸ガス濃度を340から1ppm以下に除去できた.また, PSA法は特別なエネルギー消費がなく, TSA法に比べて純酸素および純窒素の電力原単位が約15%低減できた.さらに, 精製空気中の炭酸ガス濃度Cは, 精製空気の空間速度SV, 吸着圧力と脱着圧力比Pa/Pdおよびパージ比xの関数として次式で表せることを明らかにした.C=86SV2 (Pa/Pd) -1.3x-2