gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Highly Breathable Organic/Inorganic Barrier Material that Blocks the Passage of Mustard Agent Simulants (2012)

Garment materials that provide protection against exposure to toxic chemical warfare agents (CWAs) not only require the ability to block the passage of these toxic compounds in vapor form but also the ability to transport water vapor to allow cooling for the wearer. Only a very limited number of examples of such “breathable” CWA barrier materials are known. A new type of reactive organic/inorganic composite film material is presented that has a very high water vapor transport rate (>1800 g m–2 day–1 for a 220-μm-thick film) and the ability to completely block penetration of the mustard agent simulant, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), after 22 h of continuous exposure. This new composite material is based on two components: (1) a cross-linked, diol-functionalized room-temperature ionic liquid polymer that serves as a dense, flexible hydrophilic matrix, and (2) a basic zeolite (sodium zeolite-Y (NaY)) that serves as an inexpensive, nucleophilic additive that chemically degrades the CEES as it enters the film. Preliminary FT-IR studies on this new reactive barrier material suggest that the OH groups on the ionic polymer not only facilitates water vapor transport but may also help activate mustard-type vapors for reaction with the imbedded NaY.
Escherichia coli Rep helicase unwinds DNA by an active mechanism (1993)

DNA helicases unwind duplex DNA to form the single-stranded (ss) DNA intermediates required for replication, recombination, and repair in reactions that require nucleoside 5'-triphosphate hydrolysis. Helicases generally require a ss-DNA flanking the duplex in order to initiate unwinding in vitro; however, the precise function of the ss-DNA is not understood. If a helicase unwinds DNA by a "passive" mechanism, it would bind to and translocate unidirectionally along the ss-DNA and facilitate duplex unwinding by translocating onto the ss-DNA that is formed transiently by thermal fluctuations in the duplex. We have examined the kinetics of DNA unwinding by Escherichia coli Rep protein (a 3' to 5' helicase) by rapid quench-flow methods using a series of novel, nonnatural DNA substrates possessing 3' flanking ss-DNA within which is embedded either a segment of ss-DNA possessing reversed backbone polarity or a non-DNA [poly(ethylene glycol)] spacer, either of which should block unwinding by a passive helicase. The E. coli Rep helicase effectively unwinds these DNA substrates, ruling out a passive mechanism of unwinding. Instead, the results are consistent with an "active" rolling mechanism during which Rep binds to ss-DNA and duplex DNA simultaneously.
An Artificial Neural Network for the Segmentation of Dynamic MR Mammographic Image Series (2001)

Introduction The large number of images acquired in a dynamic MR breast examination demand a comprehensive presentation of the kinetics of contrast enhancement and lesion architecture. Data reduction can be obtained by 1) pharmacokinetic analysis combined with color-coded presentation of the pharmacokinetic parameters, or 2) a pixel-by-pixel characterization of breast tissue based on neural networks. Both approaches will be compared.
Epoxidation of Primary and Secondary Alkenylammonium Salts with Dimethyldioxirane, Methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane, and m-Chloroperbenzoic Acid. A General Synthetic Route to Epoxyalkylamines (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEpoxidation of Primary and Secondary Alkenylammonium Salts with Dimethyldioxirane, Methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane, and m-Chloroperbenzoic Acid. A General Synthetic Route to EpoxyalkylaminesGregorio Asensio, Rossella Mello, Carmen Boix-Bernardini, Maria Elena Gonzalez-Nunez, and Gloria CastellanoCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 12, 3692–3699Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00117a020https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00117a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1905Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (4)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
SARS coronavirus papain-like protease induces Egr-1-dependent up-regulation of TGF-β1 via ROS/p38 MAPK/STAT3 pathway (2016)

SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) papain-like protease (PLpro) has been identified in TGF-β1 up-regulation in human promonocytes (Proteomics 2012, 12: 3193-205). This study investigates the mechanisms of SARS-CoV PLpro-induced TGF-β1 promoter activation in human lung epithelial cells and mouse models. SARS-CoV PLpro dose- and time-dependently up-regulates TGF-β1 and vimentin in A549 cells. Dual luciferase reporter assays with TGF-β1 promoter plasmids indicated that TGF-β1 promoter region between -175 to -60, the Egr-1 binding site, was responsible for TGF-β1 promoter activation induced by SARS-CoV PLpro. Subcellular localization analysis of transcription factors showed PLpro triggering nuclear translocation of Egr-1, but not NF-κB and Sp-1. Meanwhile, Egr-1 silencing by siRNA significantly reduced PLpro-induced up-regulation of TGF-β1, TSP-1 and pro-fibrotic genes. Furthermore, the inhibitors for ROS (YCG063), p38 MAPK (SB203580), and STAT3 (Stattic) revealed ROS/p38 MAPK/STAT3 pathway involving in Egr-1 dependent activation of TGF-β1 promoter induced by PLpro. In a mouse model with a direct pulmonary injection, PLpro stimulated macrophage infiltration into lung, up-regulating Egr-1, TSP-1, TGF-β1 and vimentin expression in lung tissues. The results revealed that SARS-CoV PLpro significantly triggered Egr-1 dependent activation of TGF-β1 promoter via ROS/p38 MAPK/STAT3 pathway, correlating with up-regulation of pro-fibrotic responses in vitro and in vivo.
Improving efficiency of power gated circuits through concurrent optimization of power switch size and forward body biasing (2010)

Power gating (PG) has emerged as an effective technique to reduce standby leakage power in portable devices where battery life time is vital. However, it comes at the cost of timing overhead which is a problem for most of the applications where real-time constraints exist. Designing efficient power gated circuits is very challenging problem due to contrasting requirements in active mode (low timing overhead implying larger power switch size) and standby mode (low standby leakage power implying smaller power switch size). In this work, we show that applying Forward Body Biasing (FBB) to the logic gates in conjunction with power gating (PG + FBB) will provide us with an additional degree of freedom which can be utilized to improve the efficiency of the power gated circuit. We propose an optimization algorithm to find the optimum power switch size and FBB value such that total leakage energy of the design (active + standby) in minimized. Results show that our PG + FBB technique on an average improves the leakage energy savings by 2X-5X as compared to using only power gating. With PG + FBB technique, one can also design a zero delay penalty power gated circuit which is not possible if only power gating is used.
Detection of grammatical errors involving prepositions (2007)

This paper presents ongoing work on the detection of preposition errors of non-native speakers of English. Since prepositions account for a substantial proportion of all grammatical errors by ESL (English as a Second Language) learners, developing an NLP application that can reliably detect these types of errors will provide an invaluable learning resource to ESL students. To address this problem, we use a maximum entropy classifier combined with rule-based filters to detect preposition errors in a corpus of student essays. Although our work is preliminary, we achieve a precision of 0.8 with a recall of 0.3.
Endocrine Therapy of Breast Cancer (2008)

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per
Colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis (2003)

Patients with PSC undergoing LT with a long history of ulcerative colitis and pancolitis have an increased risk of developing CRC with reduced survival. We advocate long-term aggressive colonic surveillance and colectomy in selected high-risk patients with longstanding severe colitis.
High population of<i>Sphingomonas</i>species on plant surface (1998)

A unique microbial community exists on upper leaf surfaces because strong irradiation by the sun restricts and selects growing micro-organisms. The micro-organisms on plant aerial parts are possibly able to control plant pathogens and to promote plant growth as do some of the micro-organisms on plant roots. Sphingomonas species on plant tissues (seed, leaf and flower) were detected and enumerated by the amplification of a specific part of the small subunit rRNA gene. Sphingomonads were found on 26 plant species belonging to 11 families. The maximum population number of Sphingomonas was 108 g−1 (wet weight) plant tissue. The maximum population ratio of Sphingomonas to the total aerobic bacteria was 58% when it was counted on glucose-nutrient agar plates. Consistent differences in population number and population ratio were not found among seeds, leaves and flowers. The role of sphingomonads on plant aerial parts is discussed.
Taking the Risk out of Termination: An Enterprise Risk Management Analysis of the Normative System of Employment Standards Challenged by Honda v Keays (2011)

Over many years, Canadian courts have crafted a unique body of employment law jurisprudence. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how that jurisprudence was unraveled when the Supreme Court of Canada rendered its decision in Honda v. Keays. That holding, in effect, overturned aspects of Wallace v. United Grain Growers; a case that transformed how non-unionized employees were thought of and treated in Canadian society. This paper examines the analytical underpinnings of wrongful dismissal law’s previous regime on bad faith damages and juxtaposes it to the new regime in Keays, concluding that the shift in focus from employer misconduct to employee losses exacerbates the employment relationship’s power imbalance and deprives employees of protection when they need it the most. In reaching this conclusion, the paper uses the analytic frameworks of reflexive regulation and enterprise risk management to predict how employers will react to their newfound advantage. The finding is that by taking the risk out of termination, there is now downward pressure to do away with the normative “upwardly ratcheting” system of employment standards that workplaces enjoyed under Wallace.
Glucosylation of Rho GTPases by Clostridium difficile toxin A triggers apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells (2008)

The intestinal epithelial cell line HT-29 was used to study the apoptotic effect of Clostridium difficile toxin A (TcdA). TcdA is a 300 kDa single-chain protein, which glucosylates and thereby inactivates small GTPases of the Rho family (Rho, Rac and Cdc42). The effect of TcdA-catalysed glucosylation of the Rho GTPases is well known: reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton with accompanying morphological changes in cells, leading to complete rounding of cells and destruction of the intestinal barrier function. Less is known about the mechanism by which apoptosis is induced in TcdA-treated cells. In this study, TcdA induced the activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9. Apoptosis, as estimated by the DNA content of cells, started as early as 24 h after the addition of TcdA. The impact of Rho glucosylation was obvious when mutant TcdA with reduced or deficient glucosyltransferase activity was applied. TcdA mutant W101A, with 50-fold reduced glucosyltransferase activity, induced apoptosis only at an equipotent concentration compared with wild-type TcdA at a 50% effective concentration of 0.2 nM. The enzyme-deficient mutant TcdA D285/287N was not able to induce apoptosis. Apoptosis induced by TcdA strictly depended on the activation of caspases, and was completely blocked by the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. Destruction of the actin cytoskeleton by latrunculin B was not sufficient to induce apoptosis, indicating that apoptosis induced by TcdA must be due to another mechanism. In summary, TcdA-induced apoptosis (cytotoxic effect) depends on the glucosylation of Rho GTPases, but is not triggered by destruction of the actin cytoskeleton (cytopathic effect).
Automatic Diagnosis of Melanoma: A Software System Based on the 7-Point Check-List (2010)

Early detection of melanoma is one of the greatest challenges of dermatologic practice today. A new diagnostic method, the "ELM 7 point checklist", defines a set of seven features, based on colour and texture parameters, which describe the malignancy of a lesion. It has been presented as faster and with the same accuracy than the traditional ABCD criteria in the diagnosis of melanoma. In this paper a new system for automated diagnosis of melanocytic skin lesions, based on ELM 7 point checklist, is introduced.
Reassessment of Id1 Protein Expression in Human Mammary, Prostate, and Bladder Cancers Using a Monospecific Rabbit Monoclonal Anti-Id1 Antibody (2006)

Id proteins are a class of dominant-negative antagonists of helix-loop-helix transcription factors and have been shown to control differentiation of a variety of cell types in diverse organisms. Although the importance of Id1 in tumor endothelial cells is well established, the expression and role of the Id1 protein in human cancer cells is controversial. To explore this issue, we developed and characterized a highly specific rabbit monoclonal antibody against Id1 to assess its expression in human breast, prostate, and bladder malignancies. Our results show that in usual types of human mammary carcinomas, the Id1 protein is expressed exclusively in the endothelium. Interestingly, we detected nuclear expression of the Id1 protein in the tumor cells in 10 of 45 cases of poorly differentiated and highly aggressive carcinoma with metaplastic morphology. Similarly, only 1 of 30 prostate cancer samples showed Id1-positive tumor cells, whereas in almost all, endothelial cells showed high Id1 expression. Intriguingly, whereas normal prostate glands do not show any Id1 protein expression, basal layer cells of benign prostate glands in proximity to tumors expressed high levels of the Id1 protein. In contrast to the lack of Id1 expression in the usual types of mammary and prostate cancers, the majority of transitional cell bladder tumors showed Id1 protein expression in both tumor and endothelial cells. These results suggest that further refinement of Id1 expression patterns in a variety of tumor types will be necessary to identify and study the functional roles played by Id1 in human neoplastic processes.
Design of UHF miniature discone antenna (2010)

In this paper, a novel miniature discone antenna operated in the ultra-high frequency (UHF) band is presented. The introduction of the back cavity increases the cone angle and reduces the total size. In order to form a back cavity, the bottom of the cone is expanded and bended upward. The size of the discone antenna is reduced effectively. Aslo the size of the profile is reduced. Through adding short-circuit structures, the impedance match characteristic is improved. The simulation results show that the VSWR of the miniature discone antenna is less than 3 in 250MHz–475MHz with an omni-directional radiation pattern. As the profile of the antenna is low, it can be flush mounted, and conformal with carrier shell. The miniature discone antenna can be applied in high speed carriers, such as aircraft with broad application prospect.
New Synthetic Methodology toward Macrolides/Macrolactams via Palladium-Catalyzed Carbon-Heteroatom Bond-Forming Reactions (2011)

A concise and versatile syntheses of 11-16 membered macrolides and 13-15 membered macrolactams have been achieved using a Tsuji-Trost type reaction. This approach is composed of intramolecular cyclization employing ethyl carbonate with carboxylic acids and catalytic amount of Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 to form carbon-heteroatom covalent bonds with no use of stoichiometric reagents.
Iterative Classification Of Regional British Accents In I-Vector Space (2012)

Joint-Factor Analysis (JFA) and I-vectors have been shown to be effective for speaker verification and language identification. Channel factor adaptation has also been used for language and accent identification. In this paper, we show how these techniques can be used successfully in the task of accent classification, and we achieve good accuracy on a 14 accent problem using a novel iterative classification framework based on an iterative linear/quadratic classifier. These results compare favourably with recent results obtained using other non-fused acoustic techniques.
Effect of shear rate on platelet interaction with subendothelium in citrated and native blood. I. Shear rate--dependent decrease of adhesion in von Willebrand's disease and the Bernard-Soulier syndrome. (1978)

Previous studies have demonstrated impaired adhesion of platelets to the subendothelium in von Willebrand's disease. These studies were performed by circulating (in a closed system) citrated whole blood through a chamber containing everted segments of rabbit aorta from which the endothelium had been removed by balloon catheter. The average wall shear rate was 800 sec-1, and the perfusion time was 10 min. In the present study we measured the interaction of platelets with subendothelium in native (nonanticoagulated) blood, using a recently described technique in which the vessel segments are perfused with directly sampled venous blood. The system was open; that is, the blood was not recirculated. We used blood flow rates of 20, 40, and 50 ml/min, which correspond to calculated shear rates of 1300, 2600, and 3300 sec-1 and perfusion times of 3, 2, and 2 min, respectively. For comparison, parallel studies at 1300 sec-1 were also obtained with citrated blood. In normal subjects, at a shear rate of 1300 sec-1, platelet adhesion was less in native blood than in citrated blood, but thrombus formation was greater. Platelet adhesion in five patients with von Willebrand's disease was decreased in both citrated and native blood. The magnitude of the adhesion defect was strongly dependent on the shear rate. Thus, in citrated blood studied at a shear rate of 1300 sec-1, adhesion was 75% less than in normal subjects, whereas in previous studies at 800 sec-1 the reduction in adhesion was 29%. In native blood, adhesion in von Willebrand's disease was normal at a shear rate of 1300 sec-1, whereas 53% and 77% reductions in adhesion were obtained at shear rates of 2600 and 3300 sec-1, respectively. The latter shear rates studied, adhesion of platelets in native blood was also decreased in the Bernard-Soulier syndrome but was normal in hemophilia and afibrinogenemia. Our findings with native blood provide further evidence that impaired adhesion of platelets to the vessel wall accounts for the hemostatic defect in von Willebrand's disease. In addition, this adhesion defect is shear rate-dependent.
Radiation Monitoring in Atomic Defense (Gray, Dwight E.) (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVBook and Media Revie...Book and Media ReviewNEXTRadiation Monitoring in Atomic Defense (Gray, Dwight E.)Herbert M. Clark Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1952, 29, 2, 104Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1952Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 February 1952Published inissue 1 February 1952https://doi.org/10.1021/ed029p104.3RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views109Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Small RNAs and Their Roles in Plant Development (2009)

Small RNAs of 20-30 nucleotides guide regulatory processes at the DNA or RNA level in a wide range of eukaryotic organisms. Many, although not all, small RNAs are processed from double-stranded RNAs or single-stranded RNAs with local hairpin structures by RNase III enzymes and are loaded into argonaute-protein-containing effector complexes. Many eukaryotic organisms have evolved multiple members of RNase III and the argonaute family of proteins to accommodate different classes of small RNAs with specialized molecular functions. Some small RNAs cause transcriptional gene silencing by guiding heterochromatin formation at homologous loci, whereas others lead to posttranscriptional gene silencing through mRNA degradation or translational inhibition. Small RNAs are not only made from and target foreign nucleic acids such as viruses and transgenes, but are also derived from endogenous loci and regulate a multitude of developmental and physiological processes. Here I review the biogenesis and function of three major classes of endogenous small RNAs in plants: microRNAs, trans-acting siRNAs, and heterochromatic siRNAs, with an emphasis on the roles of these small RNAs in developmental regulation.
Measurement of phase objects by simple means (1999)

A printed fringe pattern is imaged by a CCD camera, whereas a phase object is placed in the ray path for imaging. The ray deflections distort the image of the pattern and are measured by evaluation of the image with the Fourier transform method.