gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Centroiding algorithms and spatial resolution of photon counting detectors with cross-strip anodes (2003)

Significant advances in readout elements of microchannel plate based sensors have led to the development of detectors with less than 10 μm spatial resolution. We have shown that cross strip (XS) anodes have spatial resolution as small as 5 μm FWHM when a simple and fast center of gravity centroiding technique is used. In this paper we investigate the variation of XS anode spatial resolution for several types of centroiding algorithms (N-finger center of gravity, Gaussian, Lorentzian, parabolic and hyperbolic cosine centroiding) and determine the optimum algorithm in terms of spatial resolution and image linearity. We found that for existing 32x32 mm<sup>2</sup> cross strip anodes and associated electronics, the best resolution and linearity is achieved with center of gravity centroiding with properly chosen thresholds on the data set. The images of USAF resolution test target obtained with MCP's with 6 μm pores on 7.5 μm centers resolve 71.8 line pairs per mm (Group 6 element 2, with line width of only ~7 μm). Thus the ~7 μm spatial resolution of the detector with cross strip anode is indeed limited now by the size of the MCP pores, while the resolution of XS readout is on the order of only few micrometers FWHM.
Bayesian Nonparametric Modeling for Causal Inference (2010)

Researchers have long struggled to identify causal effects in nonexperimental settings. Many recently proposed strategies assume ignorability of the treatment assignment mechanism and require fitting two models—one for the assignment mechanism and one for the response surface. This article proposes a strategy that instead focuses on very flexibly modeling just the response surface using a Bayesian nonparametric modeling procedure, Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART). BART has several advantages: it is far simpler to use than many recent competitors, requires less guesswork in model fitting, handles a large number of predictors, yields coherent uncertainty intervals, and fluidly handles continuous treatment variables and missing data for the outcome variable. BART also naturally identifies heterogeneous treatment effects. BART produces more accurate estimates of average treatment effects compared to propensity score matching, propensity-weighted estimators, and regression adjustment in the nonlinear simulation situations examined. Further, it is highly competitive in linear settings with the “correct” model, linear regression. Supplemental materials including code and data to replicate simulations and examples from the article as well as methods for population inference are available online.
Efficient Embedding of Deterministic Test Data (2010)

Systems with many integrated circuits (ICs), often of the same type, are increasingly common to meet the constant performance demand. However, systems in recent semiconductor technologies require not only manufacturing test, but also in-field test. Preferably, the same test set is utilized both at manufacturing test and in-field test. While deterministic test patterns provide high fault coverage, storing complete test vectors leads to huge memory requirements and inflexibility in applying tests. In an IEEE 1149.1 (Boundary scan) environment, this paper presents an approach to efficiently embed deterministic test patterns in the system by taking structural information of the system into account. Instead of storing complete test vectors, the approach stores only commands and component-specific test sets per each unique component. Given a command, test vectors are created by a test controller during test application. The approach is validated on hardware and experiments on ITC'02 benchmarks and industrial circuits show that the memory requirement for storing the test data for a system is highly related to the number of unique components.
Advances in Research on <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>: Application to Plant Parasitic Nematodes (1990)

In the last 20 years a scientific community has evolved to exploit the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system for studying how an animal's genes specify its development and behavior. Initially, a great deal of descriptive work was needed to define these processes, and now the informa­ tion is being used to design and interpret experiments aimed at understanding the basic mechanisms underlying cellular function. The number of in­ vestigators studying this nematode has grown exponentially, so that more than 1000 papers on Caenorhabditis appeared in the literature by the end of 1988. A total of 90 papers were published from 1950-1970, aimed primarily at understanding the growth and physiology of this nematode. By contrast, nearly 100 research papers and reviews were published in 1989 alone, and in the decade ahead more will be learned about C. elegans than all other nematodes combined. The adoption of this organism by Sydney Brenner in 1965 as a laboratory model to study the nervous system was the key develop­ ment (9). He trained many of the leading researchers in the field, and his influence is reflected in virtually every aspect of the biology of C. elegans. Given the fact that C. elegans is not a parasite, and that the questions addressed concern basic mechanisms of development and behavior common to many organisms, this research literature has not appeared in journals
Star-shaped polymers by living cationic polymerization. 5. Core-functionalized amphiphilic star-shaped polymers of vinyl ethers with hydroxyl groups: synthesis and host-guest interaction (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStar-shaped polymers by living cationic polymerization. 5. Core-functionalized amphiphilic star-shaped polymers of vinyl ethers with hydroxyl groups: synthesis and host-guest interactionShokyoku Kanaoka, Mitsuo Sawamoto, and Toshinobu HigashimuraCite this: Macromolecules 1993, 26, 2, 254–259Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00054a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00054a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views225Altmetric-Citations41LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
AN AUTOMATED METHOD FOR QUANTIFYING THE L‐ALANINE TRIGGER OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS SPORE GERMINATION AND COMPETITIVE INHIBITION BY D‐ALANINE (1997)

We developed an automated method for studying the germination kinetics of Bacillus subtilis spores using a microtiter plate (MP) reader. Phosphate buffer supplemented with L‐alanine was used to isolate the germination phase as determined by decrease in optical density (OD 630 ). Using a standard 96‐well MP, L‐alanine triggered germination kinetics were measured by automatic OD measurement every 3 min until the maximum OD 630 change (OD 630 ) was determined. When OD 630 values were plotted against L‐alanine concentration on a double reciprocal plot, a straight line (R 2 = 0.98) was produced. The addition of D‐alanine to the medium demonstrated classical competitive inhibition on double reciprocal plots. A 3‐dimensional representation of the untransformed data showed the response surface nature of competitive inhibition. The method automates the tedious task of determining loss of refractility associated with spore germination under defined conditions so that inhibitors to germination can be studied. Since 96 OD 630 determinations can be done simultaneously in small volumes (200 μL) extensive data can be generated about inhibitors using relatively small spore crops in a single, short (1.4 h) incubation.
VARIATION WITH AGE IN THE VOLUMES OF GREY AND WHITE MATTER IN THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES OF MAN: MEASUREMENTS WITH AN IMAGE ANALYSER (1980)

The total volumes and relative quantities of grey and white matter have been measured in sixty-five normal male and sixty-five normal female cerebral hemispheres. Fixed hemisphere volume was found to fall linearly at 3.5% per decade for men from 641 ml at the age of 20 to 463 ml at the age of 100. For women the decrease was 1.9% per decade from 531 ml at 20 years to 462 ml at 100 years. After correction for the effects of fixation and for the secular increase in brain size, it was concluded that mean hemisphere volume remained roughly constant between the ages of 20 and 50 years (558 ml for men, 474 ml for women). After the age of 50 the mean volume in both sexes fell at about 2% per decade. The ratio of the volumes of grey to white matter was the same for the two sexes at all ages. Its mean value was 1.3 at the age of 20, falling to 1.1 at the age of 50, then rising steadily to over 1.5 at 100 years. It is impossible in practice to correct these measurements for the effects of fixation or secular change. Fourteen hemispheres from thirteen elderly female dements were also measured. The total volume was 18% lower than for an age-matched group of normals, but the ratio of grey to white matter was identical.
Room-temperature tracking of chiral recognition process at the single-molecule level (2015)

The molecular-level identification of a chiral recognition process of phthalocyanine (Pc) was studied on a Cu(100) surface by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). STM revealed that a chiral Pc molecule forms a series of metastable dimer configurations with other Pc molecules. Eventually, the Pc molecule recognizes another Pc molecule with the same chirality to form a stable dimer configuration. Homochiral dimers were found on the Cu surface, demonstrating the chiral specificity of Pc dimerization. The mechanism for this chiral recognition process is identified, disclosing the critical role of the particular adsorption geometry of the chiral dimers on the Cu surface.
Reductive sp<sup>3</sup>–sp<sup>2</sup> Coupling Reactions Enable Late-Stage Modification of Pharmaceuticals (2020)

Late-stage derivatization of pharmaceutically relevant scaffolds relies on the availability of highly functional-group tolerant reactions. Reactions that increase the sp<sup>3</sup> character of molecules enable the pursuit of more selective and well-tolerated pharmaceuticals. Herein, we report the use of sp<sup>3</sup>-sp<sup>2</sup> cross-electrophile reductive couplings to modify a generic ATP-competitive kinase inhibitor with a broad range of primary and secondary alkyl halide coupling partners.
The tumorigenic diversity of the three PLAG family members is associated with different DNA binding capacities. (2002)

Pleomorphic adenoma gene (PLAG) 1, the main translocation target in pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glands, is a member of a new subfamily of zinc finger proteins comprising the tumor suppressor candidate PLAG-like1 (also called ZAC1 or lost on transformation 1) and PLAGL2. In this report, we show that NIH3T3 cells overexpressing PLAG1 or PLAGL2 display the typical markers of neoplastic transformation: (a) the cells lose cell-cell contact inhibition; (b) show anchorage-independent growth; and (c) are able to induce tumors in nude mice. In contrast, PLAGL1 has been shown to prevent the proliferation of tumor cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This difference in function is also reflected in their DNA binding, as we show here that the three PLAG proteins, although highly homologous in their DNA-binding domain, bind different DNA sequences in a distinct fashion. Interestingly, the PLAG1- and PLAGL2-induced transformation is accompanied by a drastic up-regulation of insulin-like growth factor-II, which we prove is a target of PLAG1 and PLAGL2. This strongly suggests that the oncogenic capacity of PLAG1 and PLAGL2 is mediated at least partly by activating the insulin-like growth factor-II mitogenic pathway.
Open-Circuit Voltage Limitation in Low-Bandgap Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Polymer Solar Cells Processed from Different Solvents (2011)

Low-bandgap diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymer bulk-heterojunction solar cells prepared from different solvents are studied by means of capacitance measurements. Large variations of both photovoltage and photocurrent are induced during device processing by using different solvents that allow internal operating energetics to be addressed. Addition of o-dichlorobenzene to chloroform produces an upward offset of the polymer highest occupied molecular orbital level in accordance with the red shift of the absorption spectra, which correlates with the flat-band potential offset extracted from Mott–Schottky analysis of the reverse and low-forward capacitance. However, the open-circuit voltage does not reach the expected value in the case of chloroform-processed devices because of the reduced occupancy of the acceptor fullerene lower unoccupied molecular orbital states extracted from the chemical capacitance analysis under illumination. This photovoltage loss is linked with the limitation to the increase in the electron Fermi level caused by the reduced charge density involved in the photovoltaic process, as derived from the morphology-influenced short-circuit current density.
Exacerbation of Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulceration by Systemically Administered GABA in Rats: Possible Involvement of Peripheral GABA Receptors (1988)

Effects of systemically administered ϒ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration were studied in rats. Orally administered GABA significantly exacerbated the ulceration in a dose-dependent manner, although GABA per se had no ulcerogenic activity. The exacerbation was restored by GABA receptor antagonists, bicuculline methiodide, Picrotoxin and pentylenetetrazol. Pretreatment with atropine sulfate antagonized the exacerbating effect of GABA on indomethacin-induced ulceration. 3-Amino-1-propanesulfonic acid, but not glycine, taurine or β-alanine, mimicked the effect of GABA on the ulceration, which was inhibited by picrotoxin, Muscimol and (-)-baclofen could not potentiate the ulceration. However, sodium pentobarbital and diazepam caused synergistic exacerbation of the ulcer when combined with GABA. Since it is known that systemically administered GABA can not penetrate into the brain, these results suggest that systemically administered GABA may stimulate the cholinergic transmission mediating the activation of peripheral GABA receptors, resulting in the exacerbation of indomethacin-induced ulceration.
An Efficient Virtual Network Interface in the Fugu Scalable Workstation (1998)

A scalable workstation is one vision of a mainstream parallel computer: a machine that combines scalable, fine-grain communication facilities for parallel applications with virtual memory and preemptive multiprogramming to support general-purpose workloads. A key challenge in a scalable workstation is the Virtual Network Interface (VNI) problem. The problem is that high performance communication for parallel programming depends on a tight coupling between the application and the network while multiprogramming and virtual memory effects disrupt such coupling. This thesis introduces and evaluates the &quot;direct&quot; virtual network interface: a solution to the VNI problem for fine-grain messages in a scalable workstation. The direct VNI employs two complementary architectural techniques to reconcile speed and protection. First, two-case delivery optimistically provides direct, user-level access to network interface hardware but also transparently backs the direct system with a robust, software-...
IMPROVED PRETRANSPLANT ASSESSMENT OF RENAL QUALITY BY MEANS OF PHOSPHORUS-31 MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY USING CHEMICAL SHIFT IMAGING (2004)

The authors' work demonstrates that the PME/Pio ratio calculated from CSI spectra is a reliable indicator of viability of renal grafts. Early knowledge of graft quality may allow therapy to be adapted to the conditions of the organ, for example, by initial withholding of nephrotoxic calcineurin-inhibitors in kidneys with high risk of delayed graft function.
Evaluation of the Effect of <i>UGT1A1</i> Polymorphisms on Dolutegravir Pharmacokinetics (2013)

Increased dolutegravir exposure in carriers of UGT1A1 reduced function polymorphisms is not clinically significant based on accumulated safety data so dose adjustment in these individuals is not required.
Controlling Microstructural Evolution in Pechini Gels through the Interplay between Precursor Complexation, Step-Growth Polymerization, and Template Confinement (2012)

The mechanisms driving microstructure formation in template-confined Pechini-type gel systems involving solid solutions of cerium oxide with alkaline earth metals are investigated. Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous microspheres and more extended bicontinuous networks with hierarchical porosity are synthesized directly from a Pechini sol–gel precursor within a colloidal crystal template. The type of morphology generated is related to the mechanisms of phase separation in the precursor, namely, nucleation and growth vs spinodal decomposition. These mechanisms are, in turn, determined by the citric acid concentration in the initial precursor solution and by electrostatic interactions of the precursor with the polymeric template. Microspheres generated by the nucleation-and-growth pathway can be produced between 1–3 μm in size, with polydispersities below 15%. They retain the ordered porous network left by removal of the template. The number of nucleation sites (i.e., oligomers and longer chains of complexed metal) is dependent on the reactant imbalance between metal–citrate complexes and ethylene glycol, as predicted by step-growth polymerization statistics. This method expands existing phase-separation techniques currently exploited in metal alkoxide systems to the production of microstructure in ceramic oxides.
The effect of lithium on growth factor production in long-term bone marrow cultures (1987)

We have previously reported that lithium chloride (LiCl) stimulates the production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (GM-CFC), pluripotent stem cells (CFU-S), and differentiated granulocytes, macrophages and megakaryocytes in murine Dexter marrow cultures and that this effect appears to be mediated indirectly by a radioresistant adherent marrow cell. In this study we have established that exposure of murine Dexter cultures to LiCl (4 mEq/L) causes an increase of colony-forming cell megakaryocytes (CFU-meg) over 1 to 6 weeks of culture in both supernatant (188% to 611%) and stromal phases (123% to 246%). Moreover, we have shown that lithium treatment of either irradiated (1,100 rad) or unirradiated stromal cells increased production of activities stimulating formation of megakaryocyte, granulocyte, macrophage, and mixed lineage colonies and proliferation of the factor-dependent cell line, FDC-P1. This FDC-P1 stimulatory activity was completely blocked by an antibody to purified recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (rGM-CSF). The baseline or lithium-induced--stromal-derived bone marrow colony stimulating activity was partially blocked by the antibody to rGM-CSF and by an antibody to purified colony stimulating factor I (CSF-1); the two antibodies combined resulted in greater than 90% inhibition of the lithium-induced marrow stimulatory activity. In addition, radioimmunoassay (RIA) showed that although CSF-1 was detectable in supernatants of these cultures, exposure to lithium did not increase CSF-1 levels. These data indicate that Dexter stromal cells produce CSF- 1 and GM-CSF and that lithium appears to exert its stimulatory effects on in vitro myelopoiesis by inducing production of GM-CSF.
Analysis and Solution of CSS-Sprite Packing Problem (2015)

A CSS-sprite packing problem is considered in this article. CSS-sprite is a technique of combining many pictures of a web page into one image for the purpose of reducing network transfer time. The CSS-sprite packing problem is formulated here as an optimization challenge. The significance of geometric packing, image compression and communication performance is discussed. A mathematical model for constructing multiple sprites and optimization of load time is proposed. The impact of PNG-sprite aspect ratio on file size is studied experimentally. Benchmarking of real user web browsers communication performance covers latency, bandwidth, number of concurrent channels as well as speedup from parallel download. Existing software for building CSS-sprites is reviewed. A novel method, called Spritepack , is proposed and evaluated. Spritepack outperforms current software.
Spectroscopy of Transition Metal Ions on Surfaces (2000)

Chemical industries are based on catalytic processes as both bulk and fine chemicals are often produced with heterogeneous catalysts. Transition metal ions dispersed on high-surface area inorganic solids are very important catalysts and a full characterization of these materials requires a profound knowledge of the oxidation state, coordination environment and dispersion of the metal ions on the catalyst surface. Such information can only be obtained by using a combination of complementary spectroscopic techniques. 'Spectroscopy of Transition metal ions on Surfaces' serves as an introduction to some of the most important spectroscopic techniques nowadays used for studying the chemistry and catalytic properties of transition metal ions on surfaces. The basic principles and the strengths and weaknesses of continuous wave electron spin resonance, pulsed electron spin resonance, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are critically reviewed by internationally recognized experts. This gives the reader a solid background for judging literature results and for planning and conducting his/her own experiments. Each chapter closes with several relevant examples mainly from the recent literature. In addition, the use of in situ techniques and chemometrical techniques has been included because of its growing importance in catalyst characterization. As a consequence, the book has been written as a text not only for graduate students, but also for anyone else who is new in the field and wants a recent update. The following scientists have contributed to this textbook: Br
ON TESTING FOR DRUG/CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS: DEFINITIONS AND INFERENCE (2000)

The notion of zero interaction in the statistical literature is not always equivalent to what is found in the toxicology literature. A discussion about when they are the same is provided here. Design issues are of paramount importance in the analysis of drug combinations (mixtures of chemicals) when the number of constituents in the combination is larger than, say, three as the usual factorial designs are not feasible. An economical design necessary and sufficient to support the estimation of an additivity model is single drug (chemical) dose-response data. Once estimated, the additivity surface can be used to make comparisons to the observed data at combination points of interest. Examples are provided to demonstrate the methods.