gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Are the COP26 Climate Change Negotiations Ready to Embrace Agriculture? (2021)

Summary Even though agricultural and land sector emissions contribute almost one‐quarter of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere, it has been a long struggle to properly recognise and discuss within the UNFCCC framework the contribution that these sectors can make to the global mitigation effort. This is despite the fact that many countries’ Nationally Determined Contributions highlight the potential for abatement in these sectors, though commitments are often made contingent on receipt of external finance. A major breakthrough occurred with the adoption of the Koronivia Joint Work Programme on Agriculture at COP23 in 2017. The two UNFCCC subsidiary bodies charged with implementing this work programme will report back on its outcomes at the COP26 in Glasgow in November. The UK government’s Campaign for Nature, under its COP Presidency to highlight the importance of nature‐based solutions, can also help to strengthen the focus on the importance of these sectors. This article describes the background to these discussions and discusses possible outcomes at COP26 of relevance to the agriculture and land sectors.
Numerical modeling of planar periodic structures in electromagnetics (2006)

Periodic structures, such as frequency-selective surfaces (FSSs) and photonic band-gap (PBG) materials, exhibit total reflection in specific frequency bands while total transmission in other bands. They find numerous applications in a large field of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. For example, in the microwave region, they are used to increase the efficiency of reflector antennas. In the far-infrared region they are used in designing polarizers, beam splitters, mirrors for improving the pumping efficiency in molecular lasers, as components of infrared sensors, etc. To set a solid basis for the analysis of periodic structures, we have first studied the most commonly used technique, the integral equation (IE) solved by the method of moments (MoM). IE-MoM is particularly well-suited for the analysis of printed planar structures. In any IE-MoM numerical implementation the efficient evaluation of the corresponding Green's functions (GFs) is of paramount importance. This is especially true for IE analysis of periodic structures whose GFs are slowly converging infinite sums. The systematic study of existing acceleration algorithms of general and specific types, used to accelerate the evaluation of periodic GFs, has been performed. We propose a new and efficient method for acceleration of multilayered periodic GFs that successfully combines the advantages of Shanks' and Ewald's transform. In structures operating at higher frequencies (thin films in millimeter and submillimeter wave bands or with self supporting metallic plates) the thickness of metallic screens must be taken into account. The existing full-wave approaches for simulating these structures double the number of unknowns as compared to that one of the zero-thickness case. Moreover, the thick aperture problem asks for the computation of cavity Green's functions, which is a difficult and time-consuming task for apertures of arbitrary cross-sections. This thesis addresses the problem of scattering by periodic apertures in conducting screens of finite thickness by introducing an approximate and computationally efficient formulation. This formulation consists in treating the thick aperture as an infinitely thin one and in using the correction term in integral equation kernel that accounts for the screen thickness. The number of unknowns remains the same as in the zero-thickness screens and evaluation of complicated cavity Green's functions is obviated, which yields computationally efficient routines.
The Impact of Gaze Controlled Technology on Quality of Life (2012)

This chapter presents the process of introducing an eye tracking device to impaired users. It reports results from a gaze control user trial conducted with people for whom gaze control is a necessity due to their current condition or for whom it will soon become a necessity because of a progressive disease. Special attention is paid to the impact of this new communication method on their quality of life.
Alcoholic liver disease (2012)

Alcohol use disorders affect millions of individuals worldwide. Alcohol consumption is directly associated with liver disease mortality and accounts for elevated social and economic costs. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) may take the form of acute involvement (alcoholic hepatitis) or chronic liver disease (steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis). The severity and prognosis of alcohol-induced liver disease depends on the amount, pattern and duration of alcohol consumption, as well as on the presence of liver inflammation, diet, nutritional status and genetic predisposition of an individual. While steatosis is an almost completely benign disease, liver cirrhosis is associated with marked morbidity, mortality and life expectancy shortening. The median survival of patients with advanced cirrhosis is 1-2 years. Severe acute alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is associated with mortality as high as 50%. It has been managed with corticoids, pentoxifylline and enteral nutrition, although evidence based data are still conflicting. Some author suggest that pentoxifylline could be a better first-line treatment in patients with severe AH. Absolute abstinence is a basic condition for any treatment of acute or chronic ALD, the other therapeutical procedure being of a supportive nature and questionable significance. Acamprosate appears to be an effective treatment strategy for supporting continuous abstinence in alcohol dependent patients. Patients with advanced liver cirrhosis who demonstrably abstain can be considered for liver transplantation, which leads to a markedly prolonged life expectancy. The crucial step in ALD prevention is in the prevention of alcohol abuse, whereas the prevention of liver injury in active alcohol abusers is not clinically applicable.
Study of wrist pulse signals using a bi-modal Gaussian model (2014)

Wrist pulse signals contain important information about the health of a person and hence diagnosis based on pulse signals has assumed great importance. In this paper we demonstrate the efficacy of a two term Gaussian model to extract information from pulse signals. Results have been obtained by conducting experiments on several subjects to record wrist pulse signals for the cases of before exercise and after exercise. Parameters have been extracted from the recorded signals using the model and a paired t-test is performed, which shows that the parameters are significantly different between the two groups. Further, a recursive cluster elimination based support vector machine is used to perform classification between the groups. An average classification accuracy of 99.46% is obtained, along with top classifiers. It is thus shown that the parameters of the Gaussian model show changes across groups and hence the model is effective in distinguishing the changes taking place due to the two different recording conditions. The study has potential applications in healthcare.
Pulsed Ultrasonic Release and Assembly of Micromachines (1999)

We report the first ever use of ultrasonic pulses for probeless release and mass actuation of micromachined devices. The pulses were created by a piezoelectric PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate) plate, making the method suitable for packaged structures. Polysilicon beams 0.9µm thick, 15µm wide, 10-150µm long, and spaced by 1.3µm oxide were released from a stiction state. No dimples were used. We also actuated various surface micromachined parts including hinged structures and rotors. In this paper we will provide an analysis of plausible mechanisms for the observed phenomena and discuss implications for reliability and assembly of micromachines.
<sup>90</sup>Nb – a potential PET nuclide: production and labeling of monoclonal antibodies (2012)

Abstract Fast progressing immuno -PET gives reasons to develop new potential medium-long and long-lived radioisotopes. One of the promising candidates is 90 Nb. It has a half-life of 14.6 h, which allows visualizing and quantifying processes with medium and slow kinetics, such as tumor accumulation of antibodies and antibodies fragments or polymers and other nanoparticles. 90 Nb exhibits a high positron branching of 53% and an optimal energy of β + emission of E mean =0.35 MeV only. Consequently, efficient radionuclide production routes and Nb V labeling techniques are required. 90 Nb was produced by the 90 Zr( p,n ) 90 Nb nuclear reaction on natural zirconium targets. No-carrier-added (n.c.a.) 90 Nb was separated from the zirconium target via a multi-step separation procedure including extraction steps and ion-exchange chromatography. Protein labeling was exemplified using the bifunctional chelator desferrioxamine attached to the monoclonal antibody rituximab. Desferrioxamine was coupled to rituximab via two different routes, by the use of N-succinyl-desferrioxamine (N-suc-Df) and by means of the bifunctional derivative p -isothiocyanatobenzyl-desferrioxamine B (Df-Bz-NCS), respectively. Following antibody modification, labeling with 90 Nb was performed in HEPES buffer at pH 7 at room temperature. In vitro stability of the radiolabeled conjugates was tested in saline buffer at room temperature and in fetal calf serum (FCS) at 37 ºC. The selected production route led to a high yield of 145 ± 10 MBq/μA h of 90 Nb with high radioisotopic purity of >97%. This yield may allow for large scale production of about 10 GBq 90 Nb. The separation procedure resulted in 76–81% yield. The Zr/ 90 Nb decontamination factor reaches 10 7 . Subsequent radiolabeling of the two different conjugates with 90 Nb gave high yields; after one hour incubation at room temperature, more than 90% of 90 Nb-Df-mAb was formed in both cases. At room temperature in aqueous solution, both 90 Nb-Df-mAb constructs were more than 99% stable over a period of 18 d. The developed production and separation strategy provided 90 Nb with purity appropriate for radiolabeling applications. Labeling and stability studies proved the applicability of 90 Nb as a potential positron emitter for immuno -PET.
Modes in unstable optical resonators and lens waveguides (1967)

Optical resonators and/or lens waveguides are "unstable" when they have divergent focusing properties such that they fall in the unstable region of the Fox and Li mode chart. Although such resonators have large diffraction losses, their large mode volume and good transverse-mode discrimination may nonetheless make them useful for high-gain diffraction-coupled laser oscillators. A purely geometrical mode analysis (valid for Fresnel number <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N = \infty</tex> ) shows that the geometrical eigenmodes of an unstable system are spherical waves diverging from unique virtual centers. As Burch has noted, the higher-order transverse modes in the geometrical limit have the form <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">u_{n}(x) = x^{n}</tex> with eigenvalues <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\gamma_{n} = 1/M^{n+1/2}</tex> , where <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</tex> is the linear magnification of the spherical wave per period. The higher-order modes have nodes on-axis only, and there is substantial transverse-mode discrimination. More exact computer results for finite <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</tex> show that the spherical-wave phase approximation remains very good even at very low <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</tex> , but the exact mode amplitudes become more complicated than the geometrical results. The exact mode loss versus <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</tex> exhibits an interesting quasi-periodicity, with <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n = 0</tex> and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n = 2</tex> mode degeneracy occurring at the loss peaks. Defining a new equivalent Fresnel number based on the actual spherical waves rather than plane waves shows that the loss peaks occur at integer values of N <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eq</inf> for all values of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</tex> .
Recursive bipartitioning of BDDs for performance driven synthesis of pass transistor logic circuits (2002)

In this paper, we address the problem of performance oriented synthesis of pass transistor logic (PTL) circuits using a binary decision diagram (BDD) decomposition technique. We transform the BDD decomposition problem into a recursive bipartitioning problem and solve the latter using a max-flow min-cut technique. We use the area and delay cost of the PTL implementation of the logic function to guide the bipartitioning scheme. Using recursive bipartitioning and a one-hot multiplexer circuit, we show that our PTL implementation has logarithmic delay in the number of inputs, under certain assumptions. The experimental results on benchmark circuits are promising, since they show the significant delay reductions with small or no area overheads as compared to previous approaches.
Serum Monokine Induced by Gamma Interferon Is Associated With Severity of Coronary Artery Disease (2017)

The immune system may play important roles in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. T-cell mediated immune responses in human progression of atherosclerotic disease and hypertension have recently been revealed, but the significance of T-cell specific chemokines in coronary artery heart disease has not been confirmed. In our study, we sought to examine the association between serum levels of the monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG)/CXCL9 and the severity of coronary artery disease. We studied 117 patients with coronary heart disease and 80 patients with no coronary heart disease. The severity of coronary artery disease was assessed via coronary artery angiography and the Gensini score was calculated. Clinical and biochemical indices, including serum levels of MIG, CD40L, and IFN-γ were analyzed in all subjects. Finally, we found there was a significant correlation between serum MIG levels and the severity of coronary artery disease, quantified by the Gensini score (r = 0.122, P = 0.009). Furthermore, multivariate regression analysis revealed that serum MIG levels were independently associated with the severity of coronary artery disease, quantified by the Gensini score (β = 0.100, P = 0.021). Our findings could indicate the potential clinical implication of MIG with respect to early coronary artery atherosclerosis in humans.
4‐Oxystilbene compounds are selective ligands for neuronal nicotinic <i>α</i>Bungarotoxin receptors (1998)

1. Starting from the structure of an old 4-oxystilbene derivate with ganglioplegic activity (MG624), we synthesized two further derivates (F2 and F3) and two stereoisomers of F3 (F3A and F3B), and studied their selective effect on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subtypes. 2. MG 624, F3, F3A and F3B inhibited of 125I-alphaBungarotoxin (alphaBgtx) binding to neuronal chick optic lobe (COL) membranes, with nM affinity, but inhibited 125I-alphaBgtx binding to TE671 cell-expressed muscle-type AChR only at much higher concentrations. 3. We immobilized the alpha7, beta2 and beta4 containing chick neuronal nicotinic AChR subtypes using anti-subunit specific antibodies. MG 624, F3, F3A and F3B inhibited 125I-alphaBgtx binding to the alpha7-containing receptors with nM affinity, but inhibited 3H-Epi binding to beta2-containing receptors only at very high concentrations (more than 35 microM); their affinity for the beta4-containing receptors was ten times more than for the beta2-containing subtype. 4. Both MG624 and F3 compounds inhibited the ACh evoked currents in homomeric oocyte-expressed chick alpha7 receptors with an IC50 of respectively 94 and 119 nM. 5. High doses of both MG 624 and F3 depressed the contractile response to vagus nerve stimulation in guinea pig nerve-stomach preparations although at different IC50s (49.4 vs 166.2 microM) The effect of MG624 on rat nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations was 33 times less potent than that of F3 (IC50 486 vs 14.5 microM). 6. In conclusion, MG624 and F3 have a high degree of antagonist selectivity for neuronal nicotinic alphaBgtx receptors containing the alpha7 subunit.
An Investigation into the Transportation of Irradiated Uranium/Aluminum Targets from a Foreign Nuclear Reactor to the Chalk River Laboratories Site in Ontario, Canada - 12249 (2012)

This investigation required the selection of a suitable cask and development of a device to hold and transport irradiated targets from a foreign nuclear reactor to the Chalk River Laboratories in Ontario, Canada. The main challenge was to design and validate a target holder to protect the irradiated HEU-Al target pencils during transit. Each of the targets was estimated to have an initial decay heat of 118 W prior to transit. As the targets have little thermal mass the potential for high temperature damage and possibly melting was high. Thus, the primary design objective was to conceive a target holder to dissipate heat from the targets. Other design requirements included securing the targets during transportation and providing a simple means to load and unload the targets while submerged five metres under water. A unique target holder (patent pending) was designed and manufactured together with special purpose experimental apparatus including a representative cask. Aluminum dummy targets were fabricated to accept cartridge heaters, to simulate decay heat. Thermocouples were used to measure the temperature of the test targets and selected areas within the target holder and test cask. After obtaining test results, calculations were performed to compensate for differences between experimental and real life conditions. Taking compensation into consideration the maximum target temperature reached was 231°C which was below the designated maximum of 250°C. The design of the aluminum target holder also allowed generous clearance to insert and unload the targets. This clearance was designed to close up as the target holder is placed into the cavity of the transport cask. Springs served to retain and restrain the targets from movement during transportation as well as to facilitate conductive heat transfer. The target holder met the design requirements and as such provided data supporting the feasibility of transporting targets over a relatively long period of time.
Pulse oximeter accuracy and precision at five different sensor locations in infants and children with cyanotic heart disease (2010)

Since the invention of pulse oximetry by Takuo Aoyagi in the early 1970s, its use has expanded beyond the perioperative care into neonatal, paediatric and adult intensive care units (ICUs). Pulse oximetry is one of the most important advances in respiratory monitoring as its readings (SpO(2)) are used clinically as an indirect estimation of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO(2)). Sensors were placed frequently on the sole, palm, ear lobe or toes in addition to finger. On performing an extensive Medline search using the terms "accuracy of pulse oximetry" and "precision of pulse oximetry", limited data were found in congenital heart disease patients in the immediate post-corrective stage. Also, there are no reports and comparative data of the reliability and precision of pulse oximetry when readings from five different sensor locations (viz. finger, palm, toe, sole and ear) are analysed simultaneously. To fill these lacunae of knowledge, we undertook the present study in 50 infants and children with cyanotic heart disease in the immediate post-corrective stage.
Nasopharyngeal conidiobolomycosis in a horse (1996)

Nasopharyngeal conidiobolomycosis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus was diagnosed in a horse after endoscopic and histopathologic examinations of a biopsy specimen. The fungal lesions in the nasopharynx were substantially reduced in size after intralesional injection of amphotericin B through the biopsy channel of a videoendoscope in combination with i.v. administration of sodium iodide and oral administration of potassium iodide during a 2-month period. Endoscopy performed 15 months after initial examination revealed regression of the granulomatous masses in the nasopharynx and complete disappearance of the nasal masses. Two months later, clinical signs recurred, and the owner elected euthanasia without evaluation and treatment. Nasopharyngeal conidiobolomycosis may be treated successfully with intralesional injection of amphotericin B in combination with administration of sodium iodide and potassium iodide, but there is a possibility of recrudescence of infection.
Path vs. subpath vs. link restoration for fault management in IP-over-WDM networks: performance comparisons using GMPLS control signaling (2002)

We investigate three restoration techniques (path, subpath, and link restoration) for fault management in an IP-over-WDM network. We have implemented all of these techniques on the ns-2 simulation platform using generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS) control signaling. These techniques can handle practical situations such as simultaneous multiple fiber failures, which are difficult to design for and recover from by nonrestoration techniques. We then present performance measurement results for the three restoration techniques by applying them to a typical nationwide mesh network running IP over WDM. We investigate interesting trade-offs in the performance of the restoration techniques on restoration success rate, average restoration time, availability, and blocking probability.
Voltage change across the self-coupled semiconductor laser (1981)

The results of experimental and theoretical analyses on the voltage changes across the GaAlAs semiconductor laser diodes caused by the onset of optical feedback are described. The dependence of voltage changes on the injection current and on the feedback ratio indicates that the origins of the voltage changes are the photoconduction effect and a reduction of the quasi-Fermi level related to the enhanced stimulated emission. The calculated voltage changes based on the theoretical analyses using the published laser parameters are in good agreement with the experimental ones. The preferable specifications for a laser diode (LD) to exhibit a larger voltage change at the onset of optical feedback are discussed.
Freezing-Out, a Safe Technique for Concentration of Dilute Solutions (1961)

The principle of freezing-out has been adapted for the quantitative concentration of small or large volumes of dilute solutions. Mechanical stirring is an essential part of the process. The method should prove of greatest value where volatile or heat-labile substances are to be concentrated and is applicable to solutions in certain organic solvents as well as to aqueous solutions.
Amplification at 1.3 μm in a Pr <sup>3+</sup> -doped single-mode fluorozirconate fibre (1991)

Gain of 10.5 dB has been achieved at a wavelength of 1.3 μm, by using a 17 m length of single mode fluorozirconate fibre doped with 560 ppmw Pr3+, and pumped at 1.007 μm. The gain increased almost linearly with launched pump power, with a slope efficiency of 0.019 dB/m W.