gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SC3 and SC4 hydrophobins have distinct roles in formation of aerial structures in dikaryons of <i>Schizophyllum commune</i> (2000)

Two monokaryons of Schizophyllum commune can form a fertile dikaryon when the mating-type genes differ. Monokaryons form sterile aerial hyphae, while dikaryons also form fruiting bodies that function in sexual reproduction. The SC3 hydrophobin gene is expressed both in monokaryons and in dikaryons. The SC4 hydrophobin is dikaryon specific. In the monokaryon, SC3 lowers the water surface tension, coats aerial hyphae with a hydrophobic layer and mediates attachment of hyphae to hydrophobic surfaces. The SC4 protein lines gas channels within fruiting bodies with a hydrophobic membrane. Using gene disruptions, in this study, we show that in dikaryons SC3 fulfils the same roles as in monokaryons. SC4, on the other hand, has a role within fruiting bodies. In contrast to gas channels in fruiting bodies of the wild type, those of a DeltaSC4 strain easily filled with water. Thus, SC4 prevents gas channels filling with water under wet conditions, probably serving uninterrupted gas exchange. Other dikaryon-specific hydrophobin genes, SC1 and SC6, apparently do not substitute for the SC4 gene. In addition, by expressing the SC4 gene behind the SC3 promoter in a DeltaSC3 monokaryon, it was shown that SC4 cannot fully substitute for SC3, indicating that both hydrophobins evolved to fulfil specific functions.
Classic myrosinase‐dependent degradation of indole glucosinolate attenuates fumonisin<scp>B</scp>1‐induced programmed cell death in<scp>A</scp>rabidopsis (2015)

The mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) causes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which then leads to programmed cell death (PCD) in Arabidopsis. In the process of studying FB1-induced biosynthesis of glucosinolates, we found that indole glucosinolate (IGS) is involved in attenuating FB1-induced PCD. Treatment with FB1 elevates the expression of genes related to the biosynthesis of camalexin and IGS. Mutants deficient in aliphatic glucosinolate (AGS) or camalexin biosynthesis display similar lesions to Col-0 upon FB1 infiltration; however, the cyp79B2 cyp79B3 double mutant, which lacks induction of both IGS and camalexin, displays more severe lesions. Based on the fact that the classic myrosinase β-thioglucoside glucohydrolase (TGG)-deficient double mutant tgg1 tgg2, rather than atypical myrosinase-deficient mutant pen2-2, is more sensitive to FB1 than Col-0, and the elevated expression of TGG1, but not of PEN2, correlates with the decrease in IGS, we conclude that TGG-dependent IGS hydrolysis is involved in FB1-induced PCD. Indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN) and indole-3-carbinol (I3C), the common derivatives of IGS, were used in feeding experiments, and this rescued the severe cell death phenotype, which is associated with reduced accumulation of ROS as well as increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and ROS-scavenging ability. Despite the involvement of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in restricting FB1-induced PCD, feeding of IAN and I3C attenuated FB1-induced PCD in the IAA receptor mutant tir1-1 just as in Col-0. Taken together, our results indicate that TGG-catalyzed breakdown products of IGS decrease the accumulation of ROS by their antioxidant behavior, and attenuate FB1 induced PCD in an IAA-independent way.
Asphaltenes:  Structural Characterization, Self-Association, and Stability Behavior (1999)

The influence of different factors on the asphaltene stability in four crude oils was evaluated. Compositional studies and structural characterization of resins and asphaltenes were carried out in order to study a possible relationship between these properties and the asphaltene deposition behavior. Low hydrogen-to-carbon ratios, high aromaticities, and high condensation of aromatic rings were the main characteristics of the asphaltenes from unstable crude oils. According to these results, the stability behavior of the crude oils studied was strongly influenced by the structural characteristics of their asphaltenes. Since the self-aggregation of asphaltenes is a first step in the formation of precipitated asphaltene particles, this study also evaluates the formation of asphaltene aggregates as a function of the structural characteristics of the asphaltenes. The self-aggregation behavior was studied on the basis of surface tension measurements. Critical micelle concentrations were determined in different solvents. Using these results, it was possible to establish a relationship between self-association and structural characteristics through the calculation of the Flory parameter. On the basis of these findings, different characteristic patterns were identified depending on the origin of the asphaltenes. A new correlation has been found to describe the critical micelle concentrations of the asphaltene solutions.
Application of a rheological model to the simulation of ferroelectric hysteresis (2002)

A model of scalar hysteresis able in describing hysteretic behavior of ferro-electric materials is presented. It is one of the easiest examples of model of hysteresis with non-local memory and enjoys all mathematical properties of the classical Preisach one. Like all black box models (i.e. all models which have not relations to the physics of the phenomenon under description) it is necessary to define a procedure of identification of model's parameters. The discussion tries to outline a methodology to define a hysteresis model pointing out the problems related to the identification procedure.
An Algebra for Assessing Trust in Certification Chains. (1999)

Open networks allow users to communicate without any prior arrangements such as contractual agreement or organisation membership. However, the very nature of open networks makes authenticity difficult to verify. We show that authentication can not be based on public key certificates alone, but also needs to include the binding between the key used for certification and it&apos;s owner, as well as the trust relationships between users. We develop a simple algebra around these elements and describe how it can be used to compute measures of authenticity. 1 Introduction For the distribution of public keys in open networks it is not conceivable to have a single global authority that is trusted for key generation and distribution because there will always be different administrative domains which typically will have conflicting economical and political interests. In this situation, each agent has to decide for herself which other agents she wants to trust for key distribution, and based on this...
Revised Simulated Body Fluid (2000)

Preparation of a revised simulated body fluid (R-SBF) with ion concentrations, including those of Cl{sup -} and HCO{sub 3}{sup -}, equal to those of the human blood plasma was attempted. Ion concentrations of the prepared SBF were confirmed to be equal to those of the blood plasma. The concentrations were unchanged at least for 4 weeks, when the R-SBF was sealed in a polystyrene container and stored at 36.5 C. The R-SBF is believed to produce apatite with composition and structure equal to those of bone apatite, thereby being useful for in vitro assessment of bioactivity of a material and for biomimetic synthesis of bonelike apatite. (orig.)
Oxidative Cleavage of the Double Bond of Monoenic Fatty Chains in Two Steps:  A New Promising Route to Azelaic Acid and Other Industrial Products (2000)

We describe a process for the production of azelaic and pelargonic acids and ω-hydroxynonanoic and pelargonic acids by oxidative cleavage of the double bond of respectively oleic acid and oleyl alcohol in two reaction steps. In the first step the monoenic reagents react with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of pertungstic acid, as the catalyst, giving a diol, as the reaction product, that can be easily separated and purified. The key factors influencing this reaction have been studied. The second step is the oxidative cleavage with molecular oxygen of the diol formed in the first step, in the presence of catalyst formed in situ from tungstic acid and cobalt acetate. The nature of the catalyst, probably a poly(oxametalate), has been studied; factors affecting conversion and yields have been examined and the possible mechanisms discussed.
pH-sensitive hydrogel containing acetaminophen silyl ethers for colon-specific drug delivery (2006)

pH-sensitive hydrogels are suitable candidates for oral delivery of therapeutic peptides, proteins and drugs, due to their ability to respond to environmental pH changes. Acetaminophen dimethylvinylsilyl ether was prepared under mild conditions. Cubane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (CDA) linked to two HEMA groups, giving cubane-1,4-bis(methacryloyloxyethyl) carboxylate (CA), was used as cross-linker. The drug linked to dimethylvinylsilyl was abbreviated as ADVSi. Free radical cross-linking co-polymerization of polymerizable ADVSi with methacrylic acid (MAA) or N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NVP) with various ratios of CA as cross-linking agent was carried out with using AIBN as initiator in the temperature range 60–70°C. The structure of the ADVSi was confirmed by FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The composition of the cross-linked three-dimensional polymers was determined by FT-IR spectroscopy. The glass transition temperature (T g) of the network polymers was determined calorimetrically. The hydrolysis of drug–polymer conjugates was carried out in cellophane membrane dialysis bags containing aqueous buffer solutions (pH 7.4 and pH 1) at 37°C. The effect of co-polymer composition on the hydrolytic degradation was studied in simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 7.4) at 37°C. Detection of the hydrolysis product by UV spectroscopy shows that acetaminophen was released by hydrolysis of the ether bond located between the drug and the polymer chain. The drug-release profiles indicate that the amount of drug released depends on the composition of polymers.
Association of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein– <i>Taq</i> IB Polymorphism With Variations in Lipoprotein Subclasses and Coronary Heart Disease Risk (2000)

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) facilitates the exchange of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters between lipoprotein particles, a key step in reverse cholesterol transport in humans. Variations at the CETP locus have been shown to be determinants of the levels and activity of CETP and high density lipoprotein (HDL) plasma concentration. The associations of the common CETP polymorphism, TaqIB in intron 1, with lipoprotein levels and particle size distribution, CETP activity, and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk were examined in a population-based sample of 1411 men and 1505 women from the Framingham Offspring Study. The B2 allele frequency was 0.444 in men and 0.433 in women, and its presence was significantly (P<0.05) associated with decreased CETP activity. B1B1 men had lower HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (1.07 mmol/L) compared with B1B2 (1.14 mmol/L) and B2B2 (1.18 mmol/L) men (P<0.001). Likewise, B1B1 women had lower HDL-C levels (1.40 mmol/L) compared with B1B2 (1.46 mmol/L) and B2B2 (1.53 mmol/L) women (P<0.001). In men, the B2 allele was associated with increased particle size for HDL and low density lipoprotein. In women, a similar effect was demonstrated only for HDL particle size. The odds ratio for prevalent CHD associated with the B2 allele was 0.696 (P=0.035) in men. After adjusting for age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, alcohol consumption, beta-blocker use, total cholesterol, and HDL-C, this odds ratio was 0.735 (P=0.187), suggesting that the protective effect of the B2 allele was due in part to its association with HDL-C levels. No significant protective effects were observed in women. These data demonstrate that variation at the CETP gene locus is a significant determinant of HDL-C levels, CETP activity, and lipoprotein size in this population. Moreover, these effects appear to translate into a lower CHD risk among those men with the B2 allele.
Antiviral Principles of Propionibacteria-Isolation and Activity of Propionins B and C (1968)

Further purification of propionin, an antiviral agent active against Columbia SK virus infections in mice, from cellular extracts of Propionibacterium freudenreichii by dialysis, paper chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex is described. The active agent is shown to be a mixture of two substances, referred to as propionins B and C and a method of obtaining a fraction rich in these two substances, essentially by gel filtration on Sephadex is also described. Some preliminary data on the probable molecular size and chemical nature is also presented.
The role of glutamine in the oxidative metabolism of malignant cells. (1972)

Summary Experimental evidence is presented indicating a very good correlation between the activity of mitochondrial glutaminase and the rate of respiration of tumor mitochondria in the presence of glutamine. K m measurements for glutamine of glutaminase in intact, coupled mitochondria isolated from Morris hepatomas showed a correlation between the increase of the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate and the rate of growth of the tumors. Comparison of the rate of oxygen consumption by isolated mitochondria in the presence of glutamine and two other physiological substrates, glutamate and pyruvate, and the measurement of CO 2 production by intact tumor cells in the presence of glutamine and glucose indicated that glutamine is one of the most important substrates in the oxidative and energy metabolism of rapidly growing malignant cells in vivo . If the mitochondria are able to respire in the presence of low concentrations of glutamine (below 1 mm), they do not swell in the isoosmotic solution of ammonium glutamate, which indicates the relative impermeability of the mitochondrial membrane for glutamate. Measurement of the distribution of glutamate during glutaminase activity revealed a high accumulation of this metabolite in the mitochondrial compartment. Because glutamate is a good reductant for NAD(P) + , it was assumed that this is one of the factors in the maintenance of a great difference in the oxidation-reduction state between intra- and extramitochondrial pyridine nucleotides; this difference is important for mitochondrial respiration and energy production.
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES, 2000 (2002)

The chitin-binding domain of human macrophage chitinase was expressed as a fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase in Escherichia coli and assayed for its binding activity. The purified recombinant chitin-binding domain bound to chitin, but not to glucan, xylan, or mannan. The binding of the recombinant chitin-binding domain to chitin was inhibited by N-acetylglucosamine, di-N-acetylchitobiose, and hyaluronan, but not by N-acetylgalactosamine or chondroitin. Furthermore, a solid-phase binding assay showed that the recombinant domain interacts specifically with hyaluronan and hybrid-type N-linked oligosaccharide chains on glycoproteins, and that the oligosaccharide-binding characteristics are similar to those of wheat germ agglutinin, a lectin that binds to chitin. The results suggest that human chitinase chitin-binding domain may be involved in tissue remodeling through binding to polysaccharides or extracellular matrix glycoproteins, and this recombinant protein can be used to elucidate biological functions of the enzyme.
Photovoltaic performance enhancement by external recycling of photon emission (2013)

Experimental evidence of enhancing the performance of ultra-efficient solar cells by external recycling of photon emission is presented – predicated on the strategy of increasing cell open-circuit voltage by reducing radiative recombination. It is equivalent to restricting the angular range of photon emission, and can only be effective in photovoltaics with high external luminescent efficiency. This has precluded the voltage enhancement from being observable in today's photovoltaic technologies. As shown here, however, it is attainable with the latest generation of champion single-junction one sun thin-film GaAs cells. The measurements are understandable in terms of basic photovoltaic thermodynamics.
A distributed computing environment for building scalable management services (2003)

Marvel is a distributed computing environment that allows the creation of scalable management services using intelligent agents and the World-Wide Web. Marvel is based on an information model that generates computed views of management information and a distributed computing model that makes this information available to a variety of client applications. Marvel does not replace existing element management agents but rather builds on top of them a hierarchy of servers that aggregate the underlying information in a synchronous or asynchronous fashion and present it in the form of Java-enriched Web pages. It uses a distributed database to reduce the cost associated with centralized network management systems and mobile agent technology to: (a) support thin clients by uploading the necessary code to access Marvel services; and (b) extend its functionality dynamically by downloading code that incorporates new objects and services. A prototype implementation in Java is presented together with results from its first application on a broadband home access network using cable modems.
Detection of Human and Computer Voice Spammers Using Hidden Markov Model in Voice over Internet Protocol Network (2017)

This work presents a mathematical model for Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) communication which detects voice spammers (both human and computer) before reaching the conversation phase. The call pattern of the voice spammers are measured which are the fundamental characteristics for detection. The proposed Hidden Markov Model (HMM) for voice spammers are compared with existing behavior-based model. Through simulations with various parameter settings, the proposed model effectively distinguishes the voice spammers from legitimate callers and prevents them before making a next call.
International Quit and Win 1996: comparative evaluation study in China and Finland (2000)

The Quit and Win contest is a mass smoking cessation method feasible in countries showing great variance in smoking habits and rates. However, in countries with different stages of anti-smoking development, such as China and Finland, different practical implementation strategies may be needed.
A new triple-well resonant tunneling diode with controllable double-negative resistance (1988)

A newly structured triple-well resonant tunneling diode (RTD) is proposed as a triple-valued logic device. The superiority of this new RTD for triple-valued logic application is demonstrated with numerical simulation based on the transfer matrix method. This new RTD exhibits significant double-negative differential resistance, and the two current peak voltages are independently controlled with well thicknesses. Comparing the numerical calculation and experimental data, it is shown that agreement between the calculation and experiment on the two current peak voltages is excellent.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Air‐Displacement Plethysmography Pediatric Option in 2–6 Years Old Using the Four‐Compartment Model as a Criterion Method (2012)

The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy, precision, bias, and reliability of percent fat (%fat) determined by air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) with the pediatric option against the four-compartment model in 31 children (4.1 ± 1.2 years, 103.3 ± 10.2 cm, 17.5 ± 3.4 kg). %Fat was determined by (BOD POD Body Composition System; COSMED USA, Concord, CA) with the pediatric option. Total body water (TBW) was determined by isotope dilution ((2)H(2)O; 0.2 g/kg) while bone mineral was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Lunar iDXA v13.31; GE, Fairfield, CT and analyzed using enCore 2010 software). The four-compartment model by Lohman was used as the criterion measure of %fat. The regression for %fat by ADP vs. %fat by the four-compartment model did not deviate from the line of identity where: y = 0.849(x) + 4.291. ADP explained 75.2% of the variance in %fat by the four-compartment model while the standard error of the estimate (SEE) was 2.09 %fat. The Bland-Altman analysis showed %fat by ADP did not exhibit any bias across the range of fatness (r = 0.04; P = 0.81). The reliability of ADP was assessed by the coefficient of variation (CV), within-subject SD, and Cronbach's α. The CV was 3.5%, within-subject SD was 0.9%, and Cronbach's α was 0.95. In conclusion, ADP with the pediatric option is accurate, precise, reliable, and without bias in estimating %fat in children 2-6 years old.
Comparison of adaptive optics and phase-conjugate mirrors for correction of aberrations in double-pass amplifiers (2003)

Correction of birefringence-induced effects (depolarization and bipolar focusing) were achieved in double-pass amplifiers by use of a Faraday rotator between the laser rod and the retroreflecting optic. A necessary condition was ray retrace. Retrace was limited by imperfect conjugate-beam fidelity and by nonreciprocal refractive indices. We compared various retroreflectors: stimulated-Brillouin-scatter phase-conjugate mirrors (PCMs), PCMs with rod-to-PCM relay imaging (IPCM), IPCMs with astigmatism-correcting adaptive optics, and all-adaptive-optic imaging variable-radius mirrors. Results with flash-lamp-pumped, Nd:Cr:GSGG double-pass amplifiers showed the superiority of adaptive optics over nonlinear optic retroreflectors in terms of maximum average power, improved beam quality, and broader oscillator pulse duration/bandwidth operating range. Hybrid PCM-adaptive optics retroreflectors yielded intermediate power/beam-quality results.
Transcription stimulates homologous recombination in mammalian cells. (1990)

Transcription stimulates homologous recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and has been implicated in the control of recombinational events during the development of mammalian immune systems. Here, we describe a plasmid-based system in which an inducible promoter from the mouse mammary tumor virus is located upstream of heteroallelic neomycin genes carried on two plasmids. Pairs of plasmids are introduced into Chinese hamster ovary cells by electroporation, and recombination is monitored by scoring colonies resistant to the aminoglycoside G418. When transcription is induced with dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid hormone, and double-strand breaks are introduced at mutation sites, recombination is stimulated sixfold over noninduced levels. Inducing transcription in circular substrates or in substrates cleaved at sites distant from the mutations has no detectable effect on recombination between neomycin genes. Results are presented that are consistent with the observed stimulation of recombination occurring before plasmids integrate into the cellular DNA. Our results are discussed in relation to molecular models for extrachromosomal recombination in mammalian cells.
Generalized B-spline Camera Model (2018)

Previously proposed camera calibration methods either use a local camera model in a complex, cumbersome, time consuming and often manual calibration process or a lens specific global camera model, which can be automatically calibrated by simply recording images of chessboards. The drawback of using a global hand crafted camera model is its limited capability of modeling distortions caused by the mounted lens or optical devices in front of the lens like windshields. Therefore, we propose a local camera model based on B-splines which can handle various distortions. Moreover, it will be shown how such a model can be calibrated in an easy-to-use calibration process which were up to now only applicable to global camera models. We demonstrate the benefit of using the proposed local camera model by an extensive evaluation using single and multi-camera setups with different types of lenses, some mounted behind a windshield.