gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cellular Mechanism of Action of Metformin (1990)

Metformin is a hypoglycemic drug effective in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and increasingly used in Canada and Europe. Effects on intestinal glucose absorption, insulin secretion, and hepatic glucose production are insufficient to explain its hypoglycemic action, with most evidence suggesting that the major effect of the drug is on glucose utilization. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that metformin stimulates the insulin-induced component of glucose uptake into skeletal muscle and adipocytes in both diabetic individuals and animal models. This increase is more significant in diabetic than in nondiabetic animals, suggesting an enhanced action of the drug in the hyperglycemic state. The increase in glucose uptake is also reflected in an increase in the insulin-dependent portion of glucose oxidation. Potential sites of action of metformin are the insulin receptor and the glucose transporters. Although metformin increases insulin binding in various cell types, this effect is not universal and does not correlate with stimulation of glucose utilization. In contrast, direct effects of the drug on the glucose-transport system have been demonstrated. Metformin elevates the uptake of nonmetabolizable analogues of glucose in both nondiabetic rat adipocytes and diabetic mouse muscle. In the latter, the stimulatory effect of the drug is additive to that of insulin. In human and rat muscle cells in culture, metformin increases glucose-analogue transport independently of and additive to insulin, suggesting an insulin-dependent action. Most of these results suggest that the basis for the hypoglycemic effect of this biguanide is probably at the level of skeletal muscle by increasing glucose transport across the cell membrane.
Carbon Dioxide Uptake during Concrete Life Cycle - State of the Art (2005)

Carbonation results when carbonate ions from dissolved carbon dioxide react with the Ca ions of the cement paste and precipitate calcium carbonate. By time all Ca-bearing cement hydrates will decom ...
Thermal characterization of ethylene polymers prepared with metallocene catalysts (1999)

Abstract A new fractionation technique, segregation fractionation by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), was applied to both lab‐scale and commercial metallocene copolymers produced with a variety of comonomers. Comparisons were made to other fractionation methods, such as temperature rising elution fractionation (TREF) and crystalline analysis fractionation (CRYSTAF). The new method represents an alternative tool for the relative qualitative analysis of chemical composition distribution (CCD) and the technique was found useful for the characterization of comonomer unit distribution. Differences in the catalyst system and in the thermal treatment were reflected in the melting pattern of the copolymers, obtained after fractionation. The new method was used to study CCD broadening in lab scale slurry polymerizations, and it was found that the effect of polymerization time and comonomer feed system on the CCD can be followed by segregation fractionation measurements. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was also used to evaluate the heterogeneity of the polyethylene structure. Studies of β‐transitions showed differences in the tan δ‐density correlations, which were influenced by the comonomer type. In most cases the intensity of the β‐transition increased with branching (decreasing density), but for ethylene‐1‐octadecene copolymers the situation was opposite at lower densities. This may be attributed to the crystallization of C 16 H 33 branches.
Diffraction of Electromagnetic Waves by a Conducting Screen Perforated Periodically with Holes (1971)

The reflection and transmission of a plane wave incident on a thin perfectly conducting screen perforated periodically with circular holes are considered. The spacings between holes may be comparable to or less than the wavelength. The metal screen is assumed to be either backed by a flat dielectric sheet, or sandwiched between two or more dielectric sheets that are used to match the susceptsnce of the screen. The techniques of transmission line analysis and the method of moments are employed to obtain a solution for this general class of boundary-value problems. Numerical results for several cases of interest in both X and Ku bands were obtained and shown to be in good agreement with experimental measurements.
Health of the Nation Outcome Scales: A case study in general psychiatry (1999)

It was feasible to administer HoNOS during routine assessments, but HoNOS data were of limited value in care-planning in day-to-day clinical practice. The widespread adoption of HoNOS for use in routine clinical practice would be premature.
ChemInform Abstract: Biodegradable Polymers for Protein and Peptide Drug Delivery (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Mutant valosin‐containing protein causes a novel type of frontotemporal dementia (2005)

Mutations in the valosin-containing protein (VCP) gene on chromosome 9p13-p12 recently have been shown to cause autosomal dominant inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget's disease of the bone and frontotemporal dementia. Here, we report the central nervous system autopsy findings in a 55-year-old German patient with inclusion body myopathy and frontotemporal dementia who harbors a heterozygous R155C missense mutation residing in the N-terminal CDC48 domain of VCP, which is involved in ubiquitin binding. We demonstrate that mutant VCP causes a novel type of frontotemporal dementia characterized by neuronal nuclear inclusions containing ubiquitin and VCP.
Enhanced Recruitment of Endosomal Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup>Exchanger NHE6 into Dendritic Spines of Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons during NMDA Receptor-Dependent Long-Term Potentiation (2013)

Postsynaptic endosomal trafficking has emerged as a principal regulatory mechanism of structural and functional plasticity of glutamatergic synapses. Recycling endosomes perform activity-dependent transport of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) and lipids to the postsynaptic membrane, activities that are known to contribute to long-term synaptic potentiation and hypothesized to subserve learning and memory processes in the brain. Recently, genetic defects in a widely expressed vesicular pH-regulating transporter, the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger NHE6 isoform, have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders including severe X-linked mental retardation and autism. However, little information is available regarding the cellular properties of this transporter in the CNS. Here, we show by quantitative light microscopy that the protein abundance of NHE6 is developmentally regulated in area CA1 of the mouse hippocampus. Within pyramidal neurons, NHE6 was found to localize to discrete puncta throughout the soma and neurites, with noticeable accumulation at dendritic spines and presynaptic terminals. Dual immunolabeling of dendritic spines revealed that NHE6 partially colocalizes with typical markers of early and recycling endosomes as well as with the AMPAR subunit GluA1. Significantly, NHE6-containing vesicles exhibited enhanced translocation to dendritic spine heads during NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent long-term potentiation. These data suggest that NHE6 may play a unique, previously unrecognized, role at glutamatergic synapses that are important for learning and memory.
Beyond blood pressure. (1994)

The majority of deaths attributable to increased blood pressure are due to coronary heart disease (CHD) and, consequently, the prevention of CHD should be the primary aim of hypertension management. It is clearly established that CHD has a multifactorial aetiology. As such, optimal hypertension management should include evaluation and management of all concomitant risk factors found in hypertensives. Data have shown that the newer agents such as ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists and alpha-blockers have favourable effects on serum lipids, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinaemia and left ventricular hypertrophy and, as such, are more likely to provide protection against coronary morbidity and mortality than diuretics and beta-blockers. While we do not have any long-term morbidity and mortality trial evidence to confirm or refute the potential benefits of these newer agents, such data are likely to be available in several years' time. In the meantime the practising physician has to make a best estimate as to what may be optimal therapy for hypertensive patients.
CH223191 Is a Ligand-Selective Antagonist of the Ah (Dioxin) Receptor (2010)

The aryl hydrocarbon (dioxin) receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that produces a wide range of biological and toxic effects in many species and tissues. Whereas the best-characterized high-affinity ligands include structurally related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the AhR is promiscuous and can also be activated by structurally diverse exogenous and endogenous chemicals. However, little is known about how these diverse ligands actually bind to and activate the AhR. Utilizing AhR ligand binding, DNA binding, and reporter gene expression assays, we have identified a novel ligand-selective antagonist (CH223191) that preferentially inhibits the ability of some classes of AhR agonists (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related HAHs), but not others (PAHs, flavonoids, or indirubin), to bind to and/or activate the AhR and AhR signal transduction. HAH-specific antagonism of AhR-dependent reporter gene expression by CH223191 was observed with mouse, rat, human, and guinea pig cell lines. Ligand- and species-selective antagonism was also observed with the AhR antagonists 3'-methoxy-4'-nitroflavone and 6,2',4',-trimethoxyflavone. Our results suggest that the differences in the binding by various ligands to the AhR contribute to the observed structural diversity of AhR ligands and could contribute in ligand-specific variation in AhR functionality and the toxic and biological effects of various classes of AhR agonists.
Automated suprathreshold screening for glaucoma: the Baltimore Eye Survey. (1993)

Suprathreshold testing performed better than nonperimetry-based screening tests for glaucoma. However, a number of logistical weaknesses of this visual field screening method were identified.
pH-Driven RNA Strand Separation under Prebiotically Plausible Conditions (2018)

Replication of nucleic acids in the absence of genetically encoded enzymes represents a critical process for the emergence of cellular life. Repeated separation of complementary RNA strands is required to achieve multiple cycles of chemical replication, yet thermal denaturation under plausible prebiotic conditions is impaired by the high temperatures required to separate long RNA strands and by concurrent degradation pathways, the latter accelerated by divalent metal ions. Here we show how the melting temperature of oligoribonucleotide duplexes can be tuned by changes in pH, enabling the separation of RNA strands at moderate temperatures. At the same time, the risk of phosphodiester bond cleavage is reduced under the acid denaturation conditions herein described, both in the presence and in the absence of divalent metal ions. Through a combination of ultraviolet and circular dichroism thermal studies and gel electrophoresis, we demonstrate the relevance of geological pH oscillations in the context of the RNA strand separation problem. Our results reveal new insights in the field of prebiotic chemistry, supporting plausible geochemical scenarios in which non-enzymatic RNA replication might have taken place.
Effect of thermal treatment on heating characteristics of NiCu alloy for hyperthermia: Preliminary studies (1993)

Ferromagnetic Ni-Cu alloy wires were characterized in order to obtain well-defined thermoseeds for application in interstitial hyperthermia of prostate cancer. Thermoseeds have been produced which possess Curie points in the therapeutic hyperthermia range, approximately 40 to 50 degrees C. The effect of thermal treatment and composition on the heating characteristics of the thermoseeds were investigated. The preliminary study shows that the recrystallization is crucial for altering thermoseeds' heating characteristics. Obtaining thermoseeds which behave as desired depends on changes in annealing times and temperatures. One may increase the maximum heating temperature (similar to Curie temperature) by increasing the annealing time and cooling time. Decreasing the lower annealing plateau temperature also increases the maximum seed heating temperature. Higher nickel content compositions did not affect rise time but increased the maximum heating temperature.
Exotic radiation from a photonic crystal excited by an ultrarelativistic electron beam (2006)

We report the observation of an exotic radiation (unconventional Smith-Purcell radiation) from a one-dimensional photonic crystal. The physical origin of the exotic radiation is direct excitation of the photonic bands by an ultrarelativistic electron beam. The spectrum of the exotic radiation follows photonic bands of a certain parity, in striking contrast to the conventional Smith-Purcell radiation, which shows solely a linear dispersion. Key ingredients for the observation are the facts that the electron beam is in an ultrarelativistic region and that the photonic crystal is finite. The origin of the radiation was identified by comparison of experimental and theoretical results.
Reeingineering legacy applications using design patterns (2002)

This paper presents a new approach to the use of design patterns for the reengineering of legacy code, using a mapping from procedural design patterns to object-oriented patterns. We show also how object-oriented design patterns can be formalised and correctness conditions for their application derived, in order to justify the preservation of functionality in the reengineering process. We conclude with a case study of reengineering of a legacy COBOL application.
Laryngeal Effects of Prolonged Intubation (1984)

Improved care for acute respiratory failure requires prolonged placement of an endotracheal tube. Whether a tracheotomy or a translaryngeal endotracheal tube is the better choice remains controversial. With the use of high-volume low-pressure cuffs, both routes of intubation have similar low rates of cuff-induced complications. Complications of the alternatives include problems that occur above the cuff, at the larynx during translaryngeal intubation, or the stoma in patients with a tracheotomy. The complications of tracheotomy are well-documented and will be touched on only briefly in this paper, which will review the consequences to the larynx of using translaryngeal intubation for prolonged maintenance of an airway. The issues to be considered are how and why injury to the larynx occurs, what immediate postextubation problems can be expected, and what long-term sequelae may occur.
Developmental regulation of polyglutamylated α- and β-tubulin in mouse brain neurons (1994)

Polyglutamylation is an important posttranslational modification of tubulin that is very active in nerve cells, where it accounts for the main factor responsible for tubulin heterogeneity. In the present work, we have analyzed quantitative and qualitative changes in glutamylated alpha- and beta-tubulin occurring during neuronal differentiation in culture. Glutamylated alpha- and beta-tubulin both markedly accumulate during this process with a time course remarkably similar to that observed in vivo during brain development. However, the characteristics of the glutamylation of the two subunits are not exactly the same. Glutamylated alpha-tubulin is already abundant in very young neurons and displays, at this stage, a wide range of its degree of glutamylation (1 to 6 glutamyl units present in the lateral polyglutamyl chain), which remains unchanged during the entire period of the culture. Glutamylated beta-tubulin is present at very low levels in young neurons and its accumulation during differentiation is accompanied by a progressive increase in its degree of glutamylation from 2 to 6 glutamyl units. Posttranslational incorporation of [3H]glutamate into alpha- and beta-tubulin decreases during differentiation, as well as the rate of the reverse deglutamylation reaction, suggesting that accumulation of glutamylated tubulin is accompanied by a decrease in the turnover of glutamyl units onto tubulin. Neuronal differentiation is also accompanied by an increase of other posttranslationally modified forms of tubulin, including acetylated and non-tyrosinatable alpha-tubulin, which can occur in combination with polyglutamylation and contributes to increase the complexity of tubulin in mature neurons.
The reaction of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid with amino acids, peptides and proteins (1968)

1. The kinetics of the reaction of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid with various amino acids, peptides and proteins were studied by spectrophotometry. 2. The reaction of the alpha- and in-amino groups in simple amino acids was found to be second-order, and the unprotonated amino group was shown to be the reactive species. 3. By allowing for the concentration of unreactive -NH(3) (+) group, intrinsic reactivities for the free amino groups were derived and shown to be correlated with the basicities. 4. The SH group of N-acetylcysteine was found to be more reactive to 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid than most amino groups. 5. The reactions of insulin, chymotrypsinogen and ribonuclease with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid were analysed in terms of three exponential rate curves, each referring to one or more amino groups of the proteins. 6. The reaction of lysozyme with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid was found to display an acceleration effect. 7. From the reaction of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid with glutamate dehydrogenase at several enzyme concentrations, it was possible to discern two sets of amino groups of different reactivity, and to show that the number of groups in each set was decreased by aggregation of the enzyme.
High-frame-rate CCD cameras with fast optical shutters for military and medical imaging applications (1994)

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) has designed and prototyped high-frame rate intensified/shuttered Charge-Coupled-Device (CCD) cameras capable of operating at Kilohertz frame rates (non-interfaced mode) with optical shutters capable of acquiring nanosecond-to- microsecond exposures each frame. These cameras utilize an Interline Transfer CCD, Loral Fairchild CCD-222 with 244 (vertical) X 380 (horizontal) pixels operated at pixel rates approaching 100 Mhz. Initial prototype designs demonstrated single-port serial readout rates exceeding 2.97 Kilohertz with greater than 5 lp/mm spatial resolution at shutter speeds as short as 5 ns. Readout was achieved by using a truncated format of 128 X 128 pixels by partial masking of the CCD and then subclocking the array at approximately 65 Mhz pixel rate. Shuttering was accomplished with a proximity focused microchannel plate (MCP) image intensifier (MCPII) that incorporated a high strip current MCP (28 uA/sq.cm) and a LANL design modification for high-speed stripline gating geometry to provide both fast shuttering and high repetition rate capabilities. Later camera designs use a close-packed quadrupole head geometry fabricated using an array of four separate CCDs (pseudo 4-port device). This design provides four video outputs with optional parallel or time-phased sequential readout modes. Parallel readout exploits the full potential of both the CCD and MCPII with reduced performance whereas sequential readout permits 4X slower operation with improved performance by multiplexing, but requires individual shuttering of each CCD. The quad head format was designed with flexibility for coupling to various image intensifier configurations, including individual intensifiers for each CCD imager, a single intensifier with fiber optic or lens/prism coupled fanout of the input image to be shared by the four CCD imagers or a large diameter phosphor screen of a gateable framing type intensifier for time sequential relaying of a complete new input image to each CCD imager. Camera designs and their potential use in ongoing military and medical time-resolved imaging applications are discussed.
An intermediate language level optimization framework for dynamic binary translation (2007)

This paper presents an intermediate language level optimization framework for dynamic binary translation. Performance is important to a dynamic binary translation system, so there has been a growing interest in exploring new optimization algorithms. The framework proposed in this paper includes efficient profiling, hot code recognition and smart code cache management policies. Profiling is responsible for collecting runtime information, which will be used by hot code recognition and code cache management algorithms. We only focus on recognizing the hottest code, and assign priorities to basic blocks according to their hotness to facilitate code cache management.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging in chronic ischaemic stroke (2016)

Ischaemic stroke is the leading cause of adult disability worldwide. Effective rehabilitation is hindered by uncertainty surrounding the underlying mechanisms that govern long-term ischaemic injury progression. Despite its potential as a sensitive non-invasive in vivo marker of brain function that may aid in the development of new treatments, blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has found limited application in the clinical research on chronic stage stroke progression. Stroke affects each of the physiological parameters underlying the BOLD contrast, markedly complicating the interpretation of BOLD fMRI data. This review summarizes current progress on application of BOLD fMRI in the chronic stage of ischaemic injury progression and discusses means by which more information may be gained from such BOLD fMRI measurements. Concomitant measurements of vascular reactivity, neuronal activity and metabolism in preclinical models of stroke are reviewed along with illustrative examples of post-ischaemic evolution in neuronal, glial and vascular function. The realization of the BOLD fMRI potential to propel stroke research is predicated on the carefully designed preclinical research establishing an ischaemia-specific quantitative model of BOLD signal contrast to provide the framework for interpretation of fMRI findings in clinical populations. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interpreting BOLD: a dialogue between cognitive and cellular neuroscience’.