gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Applications of Raman Spectroscopy in Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing: A Short Review (2017)

The production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is currently undergoing its biggest transformation in a century. The changes are based on the rapid and dramatic introduction of protein- and macromolecule-based drugs (collectively known as biopharmaceuticals) and can be traced back to the huge investment in biomedical science (in particular in genomics and proteomics) that has been ongoing since the 1970s. Biopharmaceuticals (or biologics) are manufactured using biological-expression systems (such as mammalian, bacterial, insect cells, etc.) and have spawned a large (>€35 billion sales annually in Europe) and growing biopharmaceutical industry (BioPharma). The structural and chemical complexity of biologics, combined with the intricacy of cell-based manufacturing, imposes a huge analytical burden to correctly characterize and quantify both processes (upstream) and products (downstream). In small molecule manufacturing, advances in analytical and computational methods have been extensively exploited to generate process analytical technologies (PAT) that are now used for routine process control, leading to more efficient processes and safer medicines. In the analytical domain, biologic manufacturing is considerably behind and there is both a huge scope and need to produce relevant PAT tools with which to better control processes, and better characterize product macromolecules. Raman spectroscopy, a vibrational spectroscopy with a number of useful properties (nondestructive, non-contact, robustness) has significant potential advantages in BioPharma. Key among them are intrinsically high molecular specificity, the ability to measure in water, the requirement for minimal (or no) sample pre-treatment, the flexibility of sampling configurations, and suitability for automation. Here, we review and discuss a representative selection of the more important Raman applications in BioPharma (with particular emphasis on mammalian cell culture). The review shows that the properties of Raman have been successfully exploited to deliver unique and useful analytical solutions, particularly for online process monitoring. However, it also shows that its inherent susceptibility to fluorescence interference and the weakness of the Raman effect mean that it can never be a panacea. In particular, Raman-based methods are intrinsically limited by the chemical complexity and wide analyte-concentration-profiles of cell culture media/bioprocessing broths which limit their use for quantitative analysis. Nevertheless, with appropriate foreknowledge of these limitations and good experimental design, robust analytical methods can be produced. In addition, new technological developments such as time-resolved detectors, advanced lasers, and plasmonics offer potential of new Raman-based methods to resolve existing limitations and/or provide new analytical insights.
An introduction to microstructures and processing (2013)

Engineering Materials: An Introduction to Microstructures and Processing is a comprehensive introduction to microstructures and processing of materials for engineering students and other related courses. It is composed of chapters that are arranged into four sections: metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites, which are the distinct generic classes of materials. The materials are presented in an easy-to-read style, while establishing the main concepts and providing details on how processing, microstructures, and physicochemical characters are interrelated. The book emphasizes the relationship between structure, processing and properties, of both conventional and innovative materials. It provides detailed discussions of the different aspects of transformations, including interface kinetics, nucleation and growth, and constitutional undercooling. The book also presents new case studies and examples to illustrate, develop and consolidate the different topics. The text features new photographs and links to Google Earth, websites and video clips, and a companion site with access to instructors' resources: solution manual, image bank of figures from the book and a section of interactive materials science tutorials. The text aims to provide detailed discussions about engineering materials to senior-level and postgraduate students of mechanical engineering, manufacturing, materials science, engineering design, products design, aeronautical engineering, and other engineering sciences. * Many new or revised applications-based case studies and examples* Treatment of phase diagrams integrated within the main text* Increased emphasis on the relationship between structure, processing and properties, in both conventional and innovative materials* Frequent worked examples - to consolidate, develop, and challenge* Many new photographs and links to Google Earth, websites, and video clips* Accompanying companion site with access to instructors' resources, including a suite of interactive materials science tutorials, a solutions manual, and an image bank of figures from the book
The bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC1 as a potential target of a novel mechanism-based treatment strategy for neonatal seizures (2008)

Seizures that occur during the neonatal period do so with a greater frequency than at any other age, have profound consequences for cognitive and motor development, and are difficult to treat with the existing series of antiepileptic drugs. During development, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurotransmission undergoes a switch from excitatory to inhibitory due to a reversal of neuronal chloride (Cl()) gradients. The intracellular level of chloride ([Cl()](i)) in immature neonatal neurons, compared with mature adult neurons, is about 20-40 mM higher due to robust activity of the chloride-importing Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC1, such that the binding of GABA to ligand-gated GABA(A) receptor-associated Cl() channels triggers Cl() efflux and depolarizing excitation. In adults, NKCC1 expression decreases and the expression of the genetically related chloride-extruding K-Cl cotransporter KCC2 increases, lowering [Cl()](i) to a level such that activation of GABA(A) receptors triggers Cl() influx and inhibitory hyperpolarization. The excitatory action of GABA in neonates, while playing an important role in neuronal development and synaptogenesis, accounts for the decreased seizure threshold, increased seizure propensity, and poor efficacy of GABAergic anticonvulsants in this age group. Bumetanide, a furosemide-related diuretic already used to treat volume overload in neonates, is a specific inhibitor of NKCC1 at low doses, can switch the GABA equilibrium potential of immature neurons from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing, and has recently been shown to inhibit epileptic activity in vitro and in vivo in animal models of neonatal seizures. The fundamental role of NKCC1 in establishing excitatory GABAergic neurotransmission in the neonate makes it a tempting target of a novel mechanism-based anticonvulsant strategy that could utilize the well-known pharmacology of bumetanide to help treat neonatal seizures.
Macrocyclic carriers in supported liquid membranes (1993)

Abstract Macrocyclic receptor molecules can be designed to selectively bind a variety of host molecules, including metal cations and neutral molecules. This property can be uniquely exploited in separation processes, by using these compounds as carriers in transport through liquid membranes. The various types of liquid membrane systems are briefly discussed, and the attractive features of the supported (by a microporous polymer film) liquid membrane (SLM) are explained. The mechanical stability of the SLMs is dependent on several factors, including the type of polymer support, membrane solvent, and hydrophobicity of the carrier used. The rates and selectivity of transport are discussed in terms of membrane geometry, membrane solvent type, structure and concentration of the carrier, and the type and concentration of cations, and anions in both the source and receiving phases. Existing mathematical models in which these parameters have been incorporated, are compared with experimental data. Apart from a concentration gradient of the metal cation over the membrane, other driving forces, such as anion concentration, proton counter‐transport and redox‐active transport, are discussed.
Practical EHV reactor protection (2013)

Shunt reactors are applied to long, high-voltage transmission lines to offset the impact of line charging capacitance to prevent high voltage during lightly loaded conditions. Shunt reactors are becoming more prevalent associated with the construction of long transmission lines to connect remote wind energy sources to load centers. During conditions when wind generation is at a minimum, the system is more likely to need reactive compensation to control high voltage on the transmission system. It can be difficult to design a protection system that provides adequate sensitivity to the extremely low levels of fault current for in-zone reactor faults, especially turn-to-turn faults, while remaining dependable for high-level terminal faults that are not limited by the impedance of the reactor. Current transformer (CT) selection criteria must balance sensitivity with performance during switching and internal faults. Often, standard equipment ratings put further restrictions on CT sizing selection. This paper discusses the different reactor types currently used, their characteristics, CT selection and performance issues, and different types of reactor faults. The paper also provides guidelines to practicing engineers to evaluate reactor protection design and determine protection elements and relay settings for a high-voltage transmission line shunt reactor. The discussion of various factors that affect the sensitivity and dependability of the protection elements helps in understanding the challenges encountered while determining relay settings. Detailed examples of CT performance calculations and guidelines are provided for protection element settings calculations.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of α -Oxo-2-Pyridyl Methyl Phosphinates (2008)

Abstract In an attempt to discover novel compounds with high activity and low toxicity, a series of new O,O-dimethyl-α-(substituted phenoxyacetoxy)-2-pyridyl methyl phosphinates, 5a–5h, have been designed and synthesized by the reaction of substituted phenoxyacetic chloride with 1-hydroxy-2-pyridyl methyl phosphinate, The structures of all new compounds were characterized by elementary analysis, IR, 1H NMR, and MS spectroscopies. The results of preliminary bioassay indicate that most of the target compounds have excellent inhibitory activities on barnyard grass and rape. Keywords: α-Oxo-2-pyridyl methyl phosphinatesherbicidal activitiessynthesis Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge financial support of this work by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project, No: 29572045) and National Key Basic Research Development Program of China ("973" Project, No: 2003 C B114400). Notes a Negative inhibition percentage shows promotive action for plant growth.
Research on humanization in bicycle design (2006)

Humanization is a dynamic concept with rich content. According to Marlow's the hierarchy of needs theory, we can generalize the features of humanization designing (HD) into two points: hierarchy theory and individuality theory. This paper takes bicycle as cut-in point to discuss about the humanization in bicycle designing over a period of more than 50 years back to the founding of China. Bicycle experienced a bouncing development in China; in the early period (40 years age), it's rather slow with a humanization designing at a lower material level; during the recent ten years, its development boomed fast with the humanization designing as the mainstream over one night, showing a colorful individuation feature that highlight humanization of bicycles
Interactive spacetime control for animation (1992)

This paper describes new techniques to design physically based, goal directed motion of synthetic creatures. More specifically, it concentrates on developing an interactive framework for specifying constraints and objectives for the motion, and for guiding the numericrd solution of the optimization problem thus defined.
On optimal shading for arrays of irregularly-spaced or noncoplanar elements (2000)

The majority of optimal shading methods for arrays of irregularly spaced or noncoplanar elements rely on numerical optimizations and iterative techniques to compute the desired weighting function because analytic solutions generally do not exist. Optimality is meant here in the Dolph-Chebyshev sense to provide the narrowest mainlobe width for a given sidelobe level. We present a simple and efficient technique to compute real shading coefficients for nonuniform-line, curved-line, and noncoplanar arrays by resampling the optimal Dolph-Chebyshev window computed for a uniform line or plane array of equivalent aperture at the element position of the irregular array. Computer simulation examples of narrowband plane-wave beamforming with irregular arrays, in which phase compensation is achieved by projecting the elements on a line or plane tangent to the array, show peak sidelobe levels close to those obtainable for optimally shaded uniform arrays of equal aperture sizes and numbers of elements, where the differences depend upon the spacing variations and numbers of elements. This resampling technique is applied to seafloor acoustic backscatter data collected at sea with the 68-kHz Toroidal Volume Search Sonar to highlight a tradeoff between peak and outer sidelobe levels and illustrate the requirement for element pattern when processing data from irregular arrays.
Pure ‘natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery’ for transvaginal nephrectomy in the porcine model (2009)

Pure NOTES transvaginal nephrectomy is feasible in the porcine model. It has the potential of a less morbid approach, providing truly scar-less surgery. Further development of instrumentation is necessary.
Synergistic Effect of Combinations Containing EDTA and the Antimicrobial Peptide AA230, an Arenicin-3 Derivative, on Gram-Negative Bacteria (2018)

The worldwide occurrence of resistance to standard antibiotics and lack of new antibacterial drugs demand new strategies to treat complicated infections. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine the antibacterial activities of an antimicrobial peptide, arenicin-3 derivative AA230, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as well as the two compounds in combination against Gram-negative bacteria. AA230 showed strong antibacterial activity against all of the studied standard strains and clinical isolates, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging between 1 µg/mL and 8 µg/mL. AA230 exhibited a bactericidal mode of action. EDTA inhibited the growth of <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> at 500⁻1000 µg/mL. Strains of <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> were found to be more susceptible to EDTA than <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> or <i>Escherichia coli</i>. The antibacterial effects of both AA230 and EDTA were independent of the antibiotic resistance patterns. Indifference to synergistic activity was observed for AA230 and EDTA combinations using checkerboard titration. In time-kill studies, a substantial synergistic interaction between AA230 and EDTA was detected against all of the tested strains. The addition of EDTA enabled a 2⁻4-fold decrease in the AA230 dose. In conclusion, AA230 could have potential applications in the treatment of infections caused by Gram-negative organisms, and its effect can be potentiated by EDTA.
Attentional Neural Fields for Crowd Counting (2019)

Crowd counting has recently generated huge popularity in computer vision, and is extremely challenging due to the huge scale variations of objects. In this paper, we propose the Attentional Neural Field (ANF) for crowd counting via density estimation. Within the encoder-decoder network, we introduce conditional random fields (CRFs) to aggregate multi-scale features, which can build more informative representations. To better model pair-wise potentials in CRFs, we incorperate non-local attention mechanism implemented as inter- and intra-layer attentions to expand the receptive field to the entire image respectively within the same layer and across different layers, which captures long-range dependencies to conquer huge scale variations. The CRFs coupled with the attention mechanism are seamlessly integrated into the encoder-decoder network, establishing an ANF that can be optimized end-to-end by back propagation. We conduct extensive experiments on four public datasets, including ShanghaiTech, WorldEXPO 10, UCF-CC-50 and UCF-QNRF. The results show that our ANF achieves high counting performance, surpassing most previous methods.
A haptic touchscreen interface for mobile devices (2013)

In this paper, we present a haptic touchscreen interface for mobile devices. A surface actuator composed of two parallel plates is mounted between a touch panel and a display module. It generates haptic feedback when a user input on a touch screen. The electrostatic force is generated when two parallel plates are charged and this phenomenon causes haptic feedback. When an input is detected on the touch screen, multimodal feedback that includes not only basic visual and auditory feedback but also haptic feedback occurs appropriately. Then, a user feels realistic physical feeling in the fingertips and it provides the feeing such as pressing a real keyboard. We have designed and implemented an actuator, thin and transparent, to provide haptic feedback and an interactive architecture to perform multimodal output.
Physiology of Proglucagon Peptides: Role of Glucagon and GLP-1 in Health and Disease (2015)

The preproglucagon gene (Gcg) is expressed by specific enteroendocrine cells (L-cells) of the intestinal mucosa, pancreatic islet α-cells, and a discrete set of neurons within the nucleus of the solitary tract. Gcg encodes multiple peptides including glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon-like peptide-2, oxyntomodulin, and glicentin. Of these, glucagon and GLP-1 have received the most attention because of important roles in glucose metabolism, involvement in diabetes and other disorders, and application to therapeutics. The generally accepted model is that GLP-1 improves glucose homeostasis indirectly via stimulation of nutrient-induced insulin release and by reducing glucagon secretion. Yet the body of literature surrounding GLP-1 physiology reveals an incompletely understood and complex system that includes peripheral and central GLP-1 actions to regulate energy and glucose homeostasis. On the other hand, glucagon is established principally as a counterregulatory hormone, increasing in response to physiological challenges that threaten adequate blood glucose levels and driving glucose production to restore euglycemia. However, there also exists a potential role for glucagon in regulating energy expenditure that has recently been suggested in pharmacological studies. It is also becoming apparent that there is cross-talk between the proglucagon derived-peptides, e.g., GLP-1 inhibits glucagon secretion, and some additive or synergistic pharmacological interaction between GLP-1 and glucagon, e.g., dual glucagon/GLP-1 agonists cause more weight loss than single agonists. In this review, we discuss the physiological functions of both glucagon and GLP-1 by comparing and contrasting how these peptides function, variably in concert and opposition, to regulate glucose and energy homeostasis.
Metal toxicity and therapeutic intervention (2002)

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are diseases of animals and humans that are also termed prion diseases. These diseases are linked together because a normal brain glycoprotein termed the prion protein is converted to a readily detectable protease-resistant isoform. There is now strong evidence to suggest that apart from this dierence in resistance a major dierence between the isoforms is that the normal prion protein binds copper and has an anti-oxidant function. Brains from Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease patients and brains from mice with experimental mouse scrapie have been shown to have changes in the levels of both copper and manganese. There is growing evidence that links prion diseases to disturbances of metal metabolism.
Recent advances on optoelectronic devices inspired by the compound eyes (2015)

In this report, we present a new type of optic design inspired by arthropods eye for advanced optoelectronic devices. Arthropods eye gives the inspiration for imaging systems that have an extremely wide field of view without abberations and nearly infinite depth-of-field. Biomimetic approach with this natural design accelerates progress in both basic science and practical applications.
4-level direct-detection polarization shift-keying (DD-PolSK) system with phase modulators (2003)

We propose and demonstrate a novel 4-level DD-PolSK system with LiNbO/sub 3/-based phase modulator and alternative allocation of constellations, which lead to a greatly simplified transceiver architecture. A 5 Gb/s (2.5 GS/s) testbed has been build to demonstrate the feasibility of the 4-PolSK transceiver.
Chain Termination Steps in Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Assembly Lines: Directed Acyl-S-Enzyme Breakdown in Antibiotic and Siderophore Biosynthesis (2001)

The multidomain enzymes that biosynthesize important natural peptide products such as cyclosporin and vancomycin carry the growing biopolymer chains covalently attached as thioesters. For the mature chain to be released from the enzyme, this thioester must be cleaved, a task that falls to specialized enzymatic domains that can hydrolyze these thioesters, reduce them, or macrocyclize the substrate to form a new amide bond (schematically shown for the tyrocidine thioesterase). This Minireview examines these terminating domains and their mechanisms. NAC=N-acetylcysteaminyl.
Induction of Nuclear Translocation of Constitutive Androstane Receptor by Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α Synthetic Ligands in Mouse Liver (2007)

Peroxisome proliferators activate nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and enhance the transcription of several genes in liver. We report here that synthetic PPARalpha ligands Wy-14,643, ciprofibrate, clofibrate, and others induce the nuclear translocation of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) in mouse liver cells in vivo. Adenoviral-enhanced green fluorescent protein-CAR expression demonstrated that PPARalpha synthetic ligands drive CAR into the hepatocyte nucleus in a PPARalpha- and PPARbeta-independent manner. This translocation is dependent on the transcription coactivator PPAR-binding protein but independent of coactivators PRIP and SRC-1. PPARalpha ligand-induced nuclear translocation of CAR is not associated with induction of Cyp2b10 mRNA in mouse liver. PPARalpha ligands interfered with coactivator recruitment to the CAR ligand binding domain and reduced the constitutive transactivation of CAR. Both Wy-14,643 and ciprofibrate occupied the ligand binding pocket of CAR and adapted a binding mode similar to that of the CAR inverse agonist androstenol. These observations, therefore, provide information for the first time to indicate that PPARalpha ligands not only serve as PPARalpha agonists but possibly act as CAR antagonists.