gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Interview with Israel Scheffler (2006)

Israel Schemer is Victor S. Thomas Professor of Education and Philosophy Emeritus at Harvard University and Scholar-in-Residence at the Mandel Center for Studies in Jewish Education, at Brandeis University. He taught philosophy at Harvard from 1952 to 1992 and, from 1983 to 2003, was co-Director, then Director of the Philosophy of Education Research Center there. His main interests lie in the philosophical interpretations of language, symbolism, science, and education. Among his books on these topics are The Language of Education, The Anatomy of Inquiry, Conditions of Knowledge, Science and Subjectivity, Four Pragmatists, Reason and Teaching, Beyond the Letter, Inquiries, Of Human Potential, Teachers of My Youth, In Praise of the Cognitive Emotions, and Symbolic Worlds. He is one of the editors of the recent Visions of Jewish Education and his book, Gallery of Scholars, appeared in 2004. Professor Schemer is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a founding member of the National Academy of Education, and a past president of both the Philosophy of Science Association and the Charles S. Pierce Society.
A thread taxonomy for MPI (2002)

In 1994, we presented extensions to MPI and offered an early paper on potential thread extensions to MPI as well as non-blocking collective extensions to MPI. The present paper is a thorough review of thread issues in MPI, including alternative models, their computational uses, and the impact on implementations. A number of issues are addressed: barriers to thread safety in MPI implementations with MPICH as an example and changes of the semantics of non-thread-safe MPI calls, different thread models, their uses, and possible integration. Minimal portable thread management and synchronization mechanisms API extensions for MPI are considered. A tentative design for multi-threaded thread-safe ADI and Channel Device for MPICH is proposed. We consider threads as both an implementation device for MPI and as a user-level mechanism to achieve fine-grain concurrency. The reduction of the process to a simple resource container (as considered by Mach), with the thread as the main named computational unit is suggested. Specific results thus far with Windows NT version of MPICH are mentioned.
A Phase-Locked Loop with Embedded Analog-to-Digital Converter for Digital Control (2007)

A phase-locked loop (PLL) is described which is operable from 0.4 GHz to 1.2 GHz. The PLL has basically the same architecture as the conventional analog PLL except the locking information is stored as digital code. An analog-to-digital converter is embedded in the PLL, converting the analog loop filter output to digital code. Because the locking information is stored as digital code, the PLL can be turned off during power-down mode while avoiding long wake-up time. The PLL implemented in a 0.18 µm CMOS process occupies 0.35 mm2 active area. From a 1.8 V supply, it consumes 59 mW and 984 µW during the normal and power-down modes, respectively. The measured rms jitter of the output clock is 16.8 ps at 1.2 GHz.
Energy for Safety Information Transmitted in Safety Control System. (1992)

The safety control system, which is defined as machine operation controlled according to safety confirmation information, is explained as an interlocking model that functions so that energy output from the machine is permitted only while the information (safety information) reports safety. The information transmission properties presented in this model are applied to all devices in this interlocking system, including the sensors for producing safety information and the devices for transmitting/outputting energy. A small energy-level signal signifying safety is normally produced in a pickup element in the sensor. Enormous power generated by amplifying the energy of the safety signal is supplied to the machine for use in its powerful operation. This paper discusses the condition of the energy transmission process in which energy is produced in a safety sensor as a signal indicating safety and is amplified in the interlocking system up to the sufficient level for performance of machine duties. Firstly, in this paper, the characteristics of information to be provided with the means of information processing in the interlocking system are clarified. Secondly, a logical fail-safe model is proposed for clarifying the production condition of the safety information. Lastly, this fail-safe energy-transmitting system with the safety information can be applied to not only electrically but mechanically processed safety information.
Comparative analysis of the handoff strategies for microcellular systems (2002)

The paper presents an analysis of the dropout probability and of the unnecessary handoff performance, for several handoff schemes, by using a simulation model which incorporates detailed representations of mobility, traffic and propagation environments. The performances under various mobility conditions are presented both for the conventional hexagonal cell lay-out and for the Bucharest city environment.
An optimal parallel algorithm for finding the smallest enclosing rectangle on a mesh-connected computer (for rectangle read triangle) (2003)

The authors consider the problem of finding the smallest triangle circumscribing a convex polygon with n edges. They show that this can be done in O( square root n) time by efficient data partition schemes and proper set mapping and comparison operations using a so called square root n-decomposition technique. Since the nontrivial operation on MCC requires Omega ( square root n), the time complexity is optimal within a constant time factor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Analysis and Design Optimization of a Hybrid VO<sub>2</sub>/Silicon2 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 2 Microring Switch (2016)

The metal-to-insulator transition (MIT) property of vanadium dioxide (VO2) has recently been used in several application fields such as plasmonics, sensing, metamaterials, and optical modulation. Due to the MIT nature, VO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> allows a huge change in its complex refractive index that can be electrooptically controlled. In this paper, the analysis and design optimization of a 2 × 2 microring switch based on a hybrid VO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /silicon waveguide structure is addressed. Switching is achieved by exploiting the change in both absorption loss and phase shift that occurs in VO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> when changing from the insulating to the metallic state. The device is optimized to minimize insertion losses and crosstalk. An active length of only μm is required to achieve a data throughput rate higher than 500 Gb/s at a single optical wavelength.
Pumped oil feed systems for rotary vacuum pumps (1981)

Pumped oil feed systems developed by the authors and their colleagues provide positive lubrication under all inlet pressure conditions, tolerance of wide variations of oil level in the reservoir, and easy incorporation of filtration systems. The wide tolerance to oil charge allows lengthy operation between recharging and permits a smaller charge of expensive fluids to be used. The oil pressure generated can be used to operate safety devices within the vacuum pump and to circulate oil through external coolers or purification systems.
Lithography simulation employing rigorous solutions to Maxwell's equations (1998)

A method of obtaining rigorous solutions to Maxwell's equations for the transmission of light through a photomask, both chrome-based and phase-shifting, is presented. The electromagnetic simulator will predict the transmission of light through the mask taking into account material properties, width, and thickness of the structures on the mask. This electromagnetic simulation will then be incorporated into the software package PROLITH/2 for complete simulation down to the resist level. Examples of lithography simulation using these rigorous solutions will be presented.
Bioactivity of Human Milk Oligosaccharides (2014)

Since the discovery of human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) more than 60 years ago, research has faced major challenges including (i) the development of methods to identify and characterize these components, (ii) the need to use HMO fractions for functional studies since single HMO were not available, (iii) the uncertainty of the purity of HMO fractions which were often “contaminated” with remainders of lactose, proteins or glycoconjugates, and (iv) the low availability of large quantities of single HMO for animal and human studies. In the last 10 years, there has been tremendous progress in all these areas. Based upon in vitro experiments, animal studies, and a few association studies in humans, many functions of HMO have been proposed. In this chapter, we focus on the potential of HMO to influence (i) the microbial composition in the gastrointestinal tract, (ii) the adhesion of microorganisms to the epithelium, (iii) epithelial cell dynamics, (iv) systemic effects after intestinal absorption, and (v) association studies in humans.
Characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants supersensitive to aminoglycoside antibiotics (1985)

We describe mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are more sensitive than the wild type to the aminoglycoside antibiotics G418, hygromycin B, destomycin A, and gentamicin X2. In addition, the mutants are sensitive to apramycin, kanamycin B, lividomycin A, neamine, neomycin, paromomycin, and tobramycin--antibiotics which do not inhibit wild-type strains. Mapping studies suggest that supersensitivity is caused by mutations in at least three genes, denoted AGS1, AGS2, and AGS3 (for aminoglycoside antibiotic sensitivity). Mutations in all three genes are required for highest antibiotic sensitivity; ags1 ags2 double mutants have intermediate antibiotic sensitivity. AGS1 was mapped 8 centimorgans distal from LEU2 on chromosome III. Analyses of yeast strains transformed with vectors carrying antibiotic resistance genes revealed that G418, gentamicin X2, kanamycin B, lividomycin A, neamine, and paromomycin are inactivated by the Tn903 phosphotransferase and that destomycin A is inactivated by the hygromycin B phosphotransferase. ags strains are improved host strains for vectors carrying the phosphotransferase genes because a wide spectrum of aminoglycoside antibiotics can be used to select for plasmid maintenance.
Color tuning of light-emitting-diodes by modulating the concentration of red-emitting silicon nanocrystal phosphors (2014)

Luminescent forms of nanostructured silicon have received significant attention in the context of quantum-confined light-emitting devices thanks to size-tunable emission wavelength and high-intensity photoluminescence, as well as natural abundance, low cost, and non-toxicity. Here, we show that red-emitting silicon nanocrystal (SiN) phosphors, obtained by electrochemical erosion of silicon, allow for effectively tuning the color of commercial light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) from blue to violet, magenta, and red, by coating the LED with polydimethylsiloxane encapsulating different SiN concentrations. High reliability of the tuning process, with respect to SiN fabrication and concentration, and excellent stability of the tuning color, with respect to LED bias current, is demonstrated through simultaneous electrical/optical characterization of SiN-modified commercial LEDs, thus envisaging exciting perspectives for silicon nanocrystals in the field of light-emitting applications.
Progress in Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology (1999)

This paper reviews the performance of the state-of-the-art solid oxide fuel cells that are fabricated using air electrode tubes, and discusses studies that are currently underway to reduce cell cost. A new design cell that combines the seal-less feature of tubular cells and a flattened air electrode with integral ribs is described; this design has a lower cell resistance and hence provides higher power output than tubular cells. Finally, the paper describes the operation of the 25 kW and 100 kW power generation systems that were built using such cells, and discusses the 250 kW pressurized SOFC-gas turbine hybrid system that is currently being built.
SiGe Passivation for Si MBE Regrowth (1990)

One of the problems in Si molecular beam epitaxy regrowth for device application is that the cleaning conducted prior to regrowth results in unintentional etching of the Si layer grown in the preceding process. In this study, a SiGe epitaxial layer was successfully applied as a protective coating before RCA cleaning, and a one-order-lower defect density was obtained using the SiGe protective layer without any etching of the Si underlayer. The SiGe layer was completely removed by RCA solution and no Ge was detected in the regrowth layer by Auger electron spectroscopy.
Recent Progress toward Robust Photocathodes (2009)

RF photoinjectors for next generation spin‐polarized electron accelerators require photo‐cathodes capable of surviving RF gun operation. Free electron laser photoinjectors can benefit from more robust visible light excited photoemitters. A negative electron affinity gallium arsenide activation recipe has been found that diminishes its background gas susceptibility without any loss of near bandgap photoyield. The highest degree of immunity to carbon dioxide exposure was achieved with a combination of cesium and lithium. Activated amorphous silicon photocathodes evince advantageous properties for high current photoinjectors including low cost, substrate flexibility, visible light excitation and greatly reduced gas reactivity compared to gallium arsenide.
Development of optical simulation tool for defect inspection (2009)

Much effort has been done to detect the defects of interest (DOI) by optical inspection systems because the size of the DOI shrinks according to the design rule of a semiconductor device. Performance of the inspection system is dependent on complicated optical conditions on illumination and collection systems including wavelength and polarization filter. Magnitude of defect signal for a given optical condition was estimated using a simulation tool to find a suitable optical condition and technologies required in the future. This tool, consisting of a near-field calculation using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) methods and an image formation calculation based on Fourier optics, is applicable not only to Köhler illumination system but also to confocal system and dark field system. We investigated defect inspection methods for the 45 nm and the next technology nodes. For inspection of various defects, the system using several wavelengths is suitable. For inspection of a specific defect, the system with polarization control is suitable. Our calculation suggests that the defect detection sensitivity for the 1X nm technology node should be increased by more than 10 times compared to the 45 nm technology node.
COSH measure for speech processing (1975)

Distance measures have been applied in such tasks as speaker verification, recognition, and variable frame rate transmission in vocoder systems. The DELCO algorithm, also known as the prediction residual or log likelihood ratio, has recently been applied in the abovementioned tasks. Although this procedure has been demonstrated to be of values in speech processing, (1) it does not satisfy from symmetry requirement for distance, i.e., the diatance from x to y is not equal to the distance from y to x, and (2) relationships between this measure and possibly more basic and physically meaningful measures, such as the root-mean-square (rms) difference between two log spectra, have not been shown. In this paper, the relationship between the likelihood measure and the rms measure is discussed and the nonsymmetrical property is illustrated. A cosh measure, related to two nonsymmetrical likelihood ratios, is then introduced with the following properties: (1) the symmetrical requirement for distance is satisfied, (2) its value, lying between the rms and peak value, can be related to log spectral differences, with large differences being weighted more significantly, (3) it equals the rms measure for small differences, and (4) it can be recursively evaluated using linear prediction techniques without FFT calculation. The nonuniform weighting property is believed to be of importance in speech processing since larger spectral differences generally occur near the formant frequencies.
Gram-Negative Sepsis: Detection of Endotoxemia with the Limulus Test (1972)

Two hundred and eighty-one patients suspected of having Gram-negative sepsis were studied. Fifty (18%) had Gram-negative sepsis, that is endotoxemia or bacteremia, or both. Endotoxemia was found in 14%. A blood culture positive for Gram-negative organisms was found in 12%, and endotoxemia and bacteremia occurred together in 7%. The Limulus test was positive only in patients with Gram-negative infections, many of whom had bacteremia. Hypotension and death occurred twice as frequently in patients with demonstrable endotoxemia as in patients with only Gram-negative bacteremia. Fourteen percent of patients with Gram-negative sepsis had hypofibrinogenemia, and almost all had elevated levels of fibrinogen degradation products in their serum. Serum triglycerides were elevated in 35% of patients with sepsis, but only two had marked elevations of free fatty acids. Four of eight patients with sepsis had reduced complement levels. The Limulus test can be used prognostically to define a population with a high mortality.
Scintillation characteristics of thin-film calcium iodide crystal x-ray detectors (1998)

A container design for fabricating low-energy x-ray scintillation detectors is proposed. CaI2 and CaI2:Eu crystal detectors are fabricated and their characteristics are investigated. It is shown that on account of their layered structure, perfect cleavage, and high light output, calcium iodide scintillators can be used to fabricate thin-film detectors for long-wavelength x rays.
Comparison of Fluid Drilling and Establishment Techniques on Seedling Emergence and Crop Uniformity in Lettuce (1978)

SummaryFluid sowing pre-germinated lettuce seeds cvs Cobham Green and Avondefiance having radicles 1–2 mm in length gave earlier emergence and maturity than graded or ungraded seeds sown conventionally, especially early in the season. Final percentage emergence from pre-germinated seeds was, averaged over all sowings, c. 60% compared with 38% for both ungraded and weight-graded seeds. A significantly higher proportion of the mature crop could be cut at each of three successive harvests from fluid-sown pre-germinated seeds, when compared with untreated seeds sown conventionally and block-raised transplants, at some sowings but the proportion was significantly lower at others, and possible reasons for this are suggested.
Effect of<i>SNC19/ST14</i>gene overexpression on invasion of colorectal cancer cells (2005)

SNC19/ST14 gene overexpression increases the local invasion of colorectal cancer cells in vitro.
Extracorporeal immunoadsorption of myeloma IgG and autoimmune antibodies: a clinically feasible modality of treatment. (1980)

Using heat-killed, formalin-stabilized Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I suspension, it was possible to remove myeloma IgG and autoimmune anti-red blood cell antibodies from two patients' plasma following an extracorporeal procedure. The arterial anticoagulated blood was processed through a cell separator machine. The separated plasma was pumped through a bacterial filter containing S. aureus suspension. The adsorbed plasma was then reunited with the blood cells and returned to the patient through the vein. S. aureus Cowan I could selectively remove the myeloma IgG and autoimmune anti-red cell antibodies from the patients' plasma prolonging the lives of these two terminal patients. The immunoadsorption procedure appears to be a safe, practical and quick method for the removal of pathological IgG from the patients' plasma.
Thalidomide, a hypnotic with immune modulating properties, increases cataplexy in canine narcolepsy (1996)

Thalidomide is a sedative hypnotic that was widely used in the 1950s but was withdrawn due to its teratogenic properties. The compound has recently been reintroduced as an immune modulating agent. Thalidomide significantly aggravates canine cataplexy, a pathological manifestation of rapid eye movement (RFM) sleep atonia seen in narcolepsy. This compound also increases REM sleep and slow wave sleep in these animals. In vitro receptor binding and enzyme assays demonstrate that thalidomide does not bind to or enzymatically modulate the neurotransmitter systems reported to be involved in the regulation of cataplexy. Thalidomide may therefore affect cataplexy through its immune modulation properties. Further studies on the mechanisms of action of thalidomide should increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of this disabling disorder.
Impact performance of ice hockey helmets (1978)

Three samples each of six different CS a-approved ice hockey helmet models were subjected to impact tests using a Hodgson-WSU headform and drop test apparatus. Each helmet was tested at the front, rear, and right side locations from drop heights of 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 m. The results were compared to those found previously from impact tests at 0.6 m. The differences in peak deceleration between and within the helmet models observed at 0.6 m were generally maintained over the drop heights of 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 m. Differences between some models were not observed until tested from drop heights of 1.2 m, however. Failure of the helmet shell in the form of a crack was observed for one model at 0.9 and 1.2 m Gadd severity Index results also revealed differences between and within helmet models, but the GSI never exceeded 1500. It was concluded that performance differences are amplified when helmets are tested at increasingly higher impact levels. Based on the GSI results, the helmets appear to provide satisfactory protection up to a drop height of 1.2 m. The appearance of cracks in the helmet shell and the amplification of differences between models when tested from drop heights greater than 0.6 m suggests that consideration should be given to modifying the standard for hockey helmets.
Electrode current determination from programmable voltage sources (1992)

The accuracy requirements for adaptive current electrical impedance tomography (EIT) measurements exceed the capability of available current sources. A new architecture for an EIT system is described in which the electrode current is set indirectly from a voltage-drive structure. A numerically inverted admittance matrix, obtained from current measurements and driving voltages, has been used to achieve the desired current pattern from programmable voltage sources.