gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Safety Assessment of Nitrocellulose and Collodion as Used in Cosmetics (2016)

The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (the Panel) assessed the safety of nitrocellulose and collodion as used in cosmetics, concluding that these ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and concentration in cosmetic formulations. Both ingredients are used almost exclusively in nail product formulations. The maximum concentration of use of nitrocellulose in nail polish and enamels is 22%; for collodion, the maximum reported concentration of use in nail polish and enamel is 14%. The Panel reviewed available animal and clinical data in making its determination of safety.
On Distinguishing Process Corners for Yield Enhancement in Memory Compiler Generated SRAM (2009)

As the technology scales down to nanometer, the yield degradation caused by inter-die variations is getting worse. Using adaptive body bias is an effective method to mitigate the yield degradation (especially for memory compiler generated SRAMs), however we need to know a die having high threshold voltage or low threshold voltage (also called process corner) in order to use this technique. Unfortunately, it is hard to detect the process corners when PMOS and NMOS variations are uncorrelated. In this paper, we propose some improved circuits of delay monitor and leakage monitor for both PMOS and NMOS process corner detection, which are uncorrelated in inter-die variations. The experimental results show that our circuits can clearly distinguish each process corner of PMOS and NMOS, thus improve the yield by adopting correct body bias.
ECML v1.1: Field Specifications for E-Commerce (2001)

Customers are frequently required to enter substantial amounts of information at an Internet merchant site in order to complete a purchase or other transaction, especially the first time they go there.A standard set of information fields is defined as the first version of an Electronic Commerce Modeling Language (ECML) so that this task can be more easily automated, for example by wallet software that could fill in fields.Even for the manual data entry case, customers will be less confused by varying merchant sites if a substantial number adopt these standard fields.In addition, some fields are defined for merchant to consumer communication.
In-Vehicle Augmented Reality Traffic Information System: A New Type of Communication Between Driver and Vehicle (2015)

In order to improve driving safety and minimize driving workload, the information provided should be represented in such a way that it is more easily understood and imposing less cognitive load onto the driver. Augmented Reality Head-up Display (AR- HUD) can facilitate a new form of dialogue between the vehicle and the driver; and enhance intelligent transportation systems by superimposing surrounding traffic information on the users view and keep drivers view on roads. In this paper, we investigated the potential costs and benefits of using AR cues to improve driving safety as new form of dialog between the vehicle and the driver. We present a new approach for marker-less AR Traffics Signs Recognition system that superimposes augmented virtual objects onto a real scene under all types of driving situations, including unfavorable weather conditions. Our method uses two steps: hypothesis generation and hypothesis verification. In the first step, Region Of Interest (ROI) is extracted using a scanning window with Haar cascade detector and AdaBoost classifier to reduce the computational region in the hypothesis generation step. The second step verifies whether a given candidate and classified into vehicle and non-vehicle classes using edge information and symmetry measurement to verify them. We employ this approach to improve the accuracy of AR traffic information system to assist the driver in various driving situations, increase the driving comfort and reduce traffic accidents.
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3: A Molecular Hub for Signaling Pathways in Gliomas (2008)

Glioblastoma is the most common and severe primary brain tumor in adults. Its aggressive and infiltrative nature renders the current therapeutics of surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy relatively ineffective. Accordingly, recent research has focused on the elucidation of various signal transduction pathways in glioblastoma, particularly aberrant activation. This review focuses on the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) signal transduction pathway in the context of this devastating tumor. STAT-3 is aberrantly activated in human glioblastoma tissues, and this activation is implicated in controlling critical cellular events thought to be involved in gliomagenesis, such as cell cycle progression, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. There are no reports of gain-of-function mutations in glioblastoma; rather, the activation of STAT-3 is thought to be a consequence of either dysregulation of upstream kinases or loss of endogenous inhibitors. This review provides detailed insight into the multiple mechanisms of STAT-3 activation in glioblastoma, as well as describing endogenous and chemical inhibitors of this pathway and their clinical significance. In glioblastoma, STAT-3 acts a molecular hub to link extracellular signals to transcriptional control of proliferation, cell cycle progression, and immune evasion. Because STAT-3 plays this central role in glioblastoma signal transduction, it has significant potential as a therapeutic target.
On the galois groups of the septic polynomials (1996)

Our main purpose in this paper is to determine the Galois group of the given irreducible septic polynomial ove Q by using three resolvant polynomials and the discriminant of the given polynomial.
Handwriting Identification: Facts and Fundamentals (1999)

Introduction: The World of Documents The History of Questioned Document Examination -In Brief A Handwriting Compendium for Document Examiners The Discrimination of Handwriting The Premises for the Identification of Handwriting The Fundamentals of the Identification Process The Discrimination and Identification of Writing Special Problems in the Discrimination and Identification of Writing The Extrinsical Factors Influencing Handwriting The Intrinsical Influences upon Handwriting The Requirements and the Results The Diagnosis of Writing Identification The Scope of Document Examination The Sources of Document Examiners Science, Scientific Method and Writing Identification Graphology Understanding the Terms-Glossary Epilogue
Delay and throughput for three transmission schemes in packet radio networks (1989)

The results of a simulation of a fully connect packet communication network are presented. The network employs the slotted ALOHA channel access protocol, and Reed-Solomon coding is used to correct errors and erasures in the received packets. The network has a fixed number of channels available for packet transmissions. In two of the transmission schemes considered, a given packet transmission occurs on a single channel only. One of these employs fixed assignment of terminals to the channels, and the other employs random assignment. A third method permits each transmitter to hop randomly over the set of channels during the transmission of a packet. The terminal transmits on one channel at a time, and it transmits a fixed number of symbols during each dwell interval. Delay and throughput are evaluated for all three transmission methods. The effects of code rate on the performance of the channel-hopping scheme are explored, and the improvement that can be obtained for the channel-hopping scheme by use of incremental-redundancy transmission is examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Devices and Techniques for Bedside Enteral Feeding Tube Placement (2007)

Enteral feedings are an integral part of care for many hospitalized patients. Accessing the gastrointestinal (GI) tract safely and in a timely manner can be challenging. Various techniques and devices to enhance the safety of bedside feeding tube placement are available for clinicians. Three specific devices are highlighted, including the colorimetric CO(2) detector (CCD), a magnetically guided feeding tube (MGFT), and the electromagnetic tube placement device (ETPD). The CO(2) detector is applied to detect the presence or absence of CO(2), thus assisting in correct placement of the feeding tube tip into the GI tract vs the lung. The MGFT uses a magnetic device to manipulate the feeding tube through the GI tract into the small intestine. The ETPD provides real-time visualization of the feeding tube as it progresses into the small intestine. Training and repetition are essential for safe and successful feeding tube placement, and the highlighted devices can contribute to both of these goals.
In Situ Detection of miRNAs Using LNA Probes (2009)

A spatial and temporal analysis of miRNA accumulation by in situ analyses is the prerequisite of understanding the precise biological functions of miRNAs. Since miRNAs are very short molecules, their in situ analysis is technically demanding. Here, we describe a protocol for miRNA in situ detection in plants based on LNA-modified oligonucleotides probes. LNA modification significantly enhances the sensitivity and specificity of miRNA detecting probes and provides relatively easy in situ miRNA detection.
The direction of growth of differentiating neurones and myoblasts from frog embryos in an applied electric field. (1981)

1. Disaggregated single neurones and myoblasts obtained from the neural tube and somites of Xenopus laevis embryos (stages 17-21) were cultured in the presence of steady small electric fields. 2. Neurites grew preferentially towards the negative pole, or cathode, in field strengths of 7-190 mV/mm. Many turned through considerable angles to do so. This effect disappeared below a threshold level of about 7 mV/mm. 3. Greater numbers of neurones sprouted neurites in cultures exposed to an electric field compared to control cultures. The difference could be as much as tenfold. The threshold level of this phenomenon was about 6-8 mV/mm. Other cell types such as pigment cells and fibroblasts were also stimulated to differentiate in culture by an electric field, although to a lesser extent than neurones. 4. Applied electric fields had no effect on the location of the origin of neurites on the cell body. 5. Spherical myoblasts cultured in applied electric fields (36-170 mV/mm) elongated with a bipolar axis of growth which was perpendicular to the electric field. The response was graded and disappeared at field strengths below 36 mV/mm. 6. It is suggested that in vivo, the direction of neural outgrowth from the neural tube and the strict spatial organization of somites might be under the control, in part, of endogenous electric fields. Possible sources of these are discussed.
Pushing indium phosphide quantum dot emission deeper into the near infrared (2018)

Cadmium-free near infrared (NIR) emitting quantum dots (QDs) have significant potential for multiplexed tissue-depth imaging applications in the first optical tissue window (i.e., 650 – 900 nm). Indium phosphide (InP) chemistry provides one of the more promising cadmium-free options for biomedical imaging, but the full tunability of this material has not yet been achieved. Specifically, InP QD emission has been tuned from 480 – 730 nm in previous literature reports, but examples of samples emitting from 730 nm to the InP bulk bandgap limit of 925 nm are lacking. We hypothesize that by generating inverted structures comprising ZnSe/InP/ZnS in a core/shell/shell heterostructure, optical emission from the InP shell can be tuned by changing the InP shell thickness, including pushing deeper into the NIR than current InP QDs. Colloidal synthesis methods including hot injection precipitation of the ZnSe core and a modified successive ion layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method for stepwise shell deposition were used to promote growth of core/shell/shell materials with varying thicknesses of the InP shell. By controlling the number of injections of indium and phosphorous precursor material, the emission peak was tuned from 515 nm to 845 nm (2.41 – 1.47 eV) with consistent full width half maximum (FWHM) values of the emission peak ~0.32 eV. To confer water solubility, the nanoparticles were encapsulated in PEGylated phospholipid micelles, and multiplexing of NIR-emitting InP QDs was demonstrated using an IVIS imaging system. These materials show potential for multiplexed imaging of targeted QD contrast agents in the first optical tissue window.
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(vinyl Chloride-g-α-Methylstyrene)- A New Thermoplastic Resin. 2 (1982)

Abstract α-Methylstyrene was grafted on PVC using alkylaluminum Et2AlCl, Et3Al, and Me3Al coinitiators and CH2Cl2 as solvent or suspending agent. Grafting was shown to be feasible using both solution and suspension techniques. High grafting efficiency and low monomer conversion were obtained using Et3Al and Me3Al, while low grafting efficiency but high conversion could be obtained using Et3AlCl coinitiator. This paper discusses the synthesis, characterization and some mechanical properties of α-methyl-styrene grafted PVC.
Akt-dependent regulation of NF-κB is controlled by mTOR and Raptor in association with IKK (2008)

While NF-kappaB is considered to play key roles in the development and progression of many cancers, the mechanisms whereby this transcription factor is activated in cancer are poorly understood. A key oncoprotein in a variety of cancers is the serine-threonine kinase Akt, which can be activated by mutations in PI3K, by loss of expression/activity of PTEN, or through signaling induced by growth factors and their receptors. A key effector of Akt-induced signaling is the regulatory protein mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin). We show here that mTOR downstream from Akt controls NF-kappaB activity in PTEN-null/inactive prostate cancer cells via interaction with and stimulation of IKK. The mTOR-associated protein Raptor is required for the ability of Akt to induce NF-kappaB activity. Correspondingly, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin is shown to suppress IKK activity in PTEN-deficient prostate cancer cells through a mechanism that may involve dissociation of Raptor from mTOR. The results provide insight into the effects of Akt/mTOR-dependent signaling on gene expression and into the therapeutic action of rapamycin.
Peroxidase-Catalyzed Polymerization of Phenols (1989)

Horseradish peroxidase is up to 5.4 times more active in high concentrations of dioxane and methanol than in aqueous buffer, as determined by values of kcat (the catalytic turnover number), when the intraparticle and external diffusional limitations, normally associated with enzymatic catalysis in monophasic organic solvents are eliminated. In model reaction systems consisting of p-cresol, hydrogen peroxide, and dioxane, methanol, or acetone (each in concentrations ranging from 60-95% v/v), horseradish peroxidase catalyzed the initial oxidation of p-cresol to 2,2′-dihydroxy-5,5′-dimethylbiphenyl (biscresol) as a major product. At longer reaction times, polymeric material was formed. Effect of the organic solvents on peroxidase was primarily to increase the Km of p-cresol. This increase was often dramatic with Km of p-cresol in 80% methanol over 2 orders of magnitude larger than in aqueous buffer.
Utilization of poly ethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) as a faecal marker measured with near infra red spectrometry (NIRS) in sheep (2005)

Une expérimentation a été conduite avec 9 brebis non gestantes de race Mérinos d'Arles placées en cage à digestibilité. Elles recevaient 3 régimes différents (Dl, D2, D3) selon les quantités distribuées de luzerne déshydratée (ALF) 200, 250 or 300 g j-1 et de pulpe de betterave (SBP) 100, 150, ou 200 g H. Elles avaient en plus des bouchons de paille mélassée (MSP) offerts à volonté ainsi que 50 g j-1 d'un complément minéral. Après une période d'adaptation aux régimes de 2 semaines, les quantités ingérées de matière sèche (DMI) et les quantités de fèces excrétées (TFDM) ont été enregistrées sur 7 jours. Puis, pour chaque régime, les brebis ont reçu 40, 60 ou 80 g j-1 de PEG administré sous forme de solution par voie orale 2 fois par jour pendant 3 semaines. Pendant cette période, DMI et TFDM ont été enregistrées quotidiennement. La concentration de PEG dans les fèces a été déterminée par spectrométrie dans le proche infra rouge (NIRS). La calibration a été construite par addition de PEG dans des fèces récoltées la semaine avant le premier drogage. Le PEG a été ajouté sous forme de solution pour obtenir une gamme finale de concentrations de 0 à 100 g kg -1 MS avec un pas de 5 ou 10 g kg -1. La calibration a été faite sur une gamme de longueurs d'onde de 1100-2500 nm, en utilisant la méthode de régression des moindres carrés partiels (PLS), après traitement statistique des spectres. L'erreur standard de prédiction (SEP) s'étendait de 2,2 à 2,5 g kg-1. Le taux de récupération du PEG a été en moyenne de 98%. La teneur en MS des fèces a diminuée (de 42% à 35%) pendant la phase de drogage quelle que soit la dose. Simultanément, dans les régimes D1, D2 et D3 les DMI de MSP ont augmenté respectivement de 120, 145 et 126% et les fèces totales de 122, 143 et 133%. Deux semaines après l'arrêt du PEG, DMI et TFDM sont restées stables. L'effet du PEG sur la teneur en MS des fèces a été rapporté dans la littérature, mais pas ceux sur les DMI et les TFDM. Ce phénomène pourrait être lié à la forte teneur en MS des ingrédients des régimes (91% ± 2 en moyenne). La facilité et la précision des mesures par NIRS pourrait permettre l'utilisation du PEG comme marqueur fécal. Des essais complémentaires sont en cours pour mesurer la concentration du PEG dans les fèces prélevées par voie rectale et pour vérifier si l'effet du PEG sur la teneur en MS des fèces est lié à celle du régime.
Investigation of humic acid complexation behavior with uranyl ions using modified synthetic and natural humic acids (2000)

We investigated the influence of phenolic OH groups on the complexation behavior of humic acid (HA) with UO 2 2+ ions at pH 4. Starting from synthetic HA type M1, natural HA Aldrich, and natural HA Kranichsee, we synthesized modified HAs with blocked phenolic OH groups by derivatization with diazomethane. The partial blocking of phenolic OH groups was confirmed by a radiometric method which quantitatively determined the functional groups and by FTIR spectroscopy. The complexation behavior of the chemically modified and unmodified HAs with UO 2 2+ ions was investigated by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The experimental data were evaluated with the metal ion charge neutralization model. We determined comparable complexation constants for all HAs. Two modified HAs (type M1 and Aldrich) had significantly lower loading capacities for UO 2 2+ ions (10.5 ± 0.9% and 9.7 ± 1.6%, respectively) than the corresponding unmodified HAs 18.0 ± 2.0% and 17.5 ± 1.6%, respectively). This indicates that the blocking of the phenolic OH groups changes the complexation behavior of HAs.
Solubilization of the UDP-glucose:1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-beta-D-glucosyltransferase (cellulose synthase) from Acetobacter xylinum. A comparison of regulatory properties with those of the membrane-bound form of the enzyme. (1983)

A procedure has been developed for the effective solubilization of UDP-glucose:1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-beta-D-glucosyltransferase (cellulose synthase) by treatment of membranes from the bacterium Acetobacter xylinum with digitonin. Low concentrations of digitonin (0.1%, w/v) cause stimulation of the enzyme activity in membranes; treatment with higher concentrations of digitonin (1-10%) results in solubilization of up to 70% of the digitonin-stimulated activity. The digitonin-solubilized enzyme displays regulatory properties quite similar to those of the membrane-bound form of the enzyme, showing specific activation by GTP. GTP activation requires the presence of a protein factor which can be separated from the enzyme by washing the membranes prior to enzyme solubilization. Association of this protein factor with the membrane-bound enzyme is promoted by polyethylene glycol or by Ca2+; however, these compounds are ineffective in enhancing enzyme-factor association for the enzyme in the solubilized state. The observation that Ca2+ promotes enzyme-factor association in the membranes suggests that this cation, in addition to GTP, may play a role in the regulation of cellulose synthesis in vivo in A. xylinum.
Cross‐reactive and species‐specific immunoglobulin E epitopes of plant profilins: an experimental and structure‐based analysis (2006)

The large extent of cross-reactivity among plant profilins justifies using a single profilin for diagnosis. However, the fine specificity of IgE directed to variable epitopes may influence the clinical manifestation of profilin sensitization.
A Statistical Model for Assessing Genetic Susceptibility as a Risk Factor in Multifactorial Diseases: Lessons from Occupational Asthma (2006)

The present model provided an opportunity to estimate the relative change in risk associated with multiple genetic variants. This will facilitate identification of susceptible populations and help provide a framework to model the genetic contribution in probabilistic risk assessment.
Calpain inhibitors: a survey of compounds reported in the patent and scientific literature (2011)

Calpain inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy in animal models of calpain related diseases, but progression of the inhibitors into clinical trials has been hampered partly due to lack of calpain isoform selectivity and the general reactivity of the inhibitors. Therefore, efforts should be directed towards the discovery of compounds devoid of these problems. Exploration of compounds that bind to allosteric sites of the enzyme may circumvent these problems and afford new drug leads.
CWhatUC: a visual acuity simulator (1998)

CWhatUC (pronounced 'see what you see') is a computer software system which will predict a patient's visual acuity using several techniques based on fundamentals of geometric optics. The scientific visualizations we propose can be clustered into two classes: retinal representations and corneal representations; however, in this paper, we focus our discussion on corneal representations. It is important to note that, for each method listed below, we can illustrate the visual acuity with or without spectacle correction. Corneal representations are meant to reveal how well the cornea focuses parallel light onto the fovea of the eye by providing a pseudo-colored display of various error metrics. These error metrics could be: (1) standard curvature representations, such as instantaneous or axial curvature, converted to refractive power maps by taking Snell's law into account; (2) the focusing distance from each refracted ray's average focus to the computed fovea; (3) the retinal distance on the retinal plane from each refracted ray to the chief ray (lateral spherical aberration). For each error metric, we show both real and simulated data, and illustrate how each representation contributes to the simulation of visual acuity.
A Phantom for the Measurement of Transfer Functions in Nuclear Medicine Image Processing (1993)

Digital image processing in terms of image restoration and noise reduction assumes a thorough knowledge of the gamma camera transfer function in any clinical measurement. A phantom is designed which can simulate a slice of activity through an organ and hence can be used to determine the corresponding transfer function. The advantage of this phantom compared to an ordinary line source is that the organ thickness can easily be simulated and calculations of an effective depth of an organ and the corresponding attenuation coefficient are not necessary. On the other hand the phantom can be used to determine the depth at which a line source should be positioned for measurement of a certain clinical situation.