gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A lab-on-chip for biothreat detection using single-molecule DNA mapping (2011)

Rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of airborne bacteria, viruses, and toxins is critical for biodefense, yet the diverse nature of the threats poses a challenge for integrated surveillance, as each class of pathogens typically requires different detection strategies. Here, we present a laboratory-on-a-chip microfluidic device (LOC-DLA) that integrates two unique assays for the detection of airborne pathogens: direct linear analysis (DLA) with unsurpassed specificity for bacterial threats and Digital DNA for toxins and viruses. The LOC-DLA device also prepares samples for analysis, incorporating upstream functions for concentrating and fractionating DNA. Both DLA and Digital DNA assays are single molecule detection technologies, therefore the assay sensitivities depend on the throughput of individual molecules. The microfluidic device and its accompanying operation protocols have been heavily optimized to maximize throughput and minimize the loss of analyzable DNA. We present here the design and operation of the LOC-DLA device, demonstrate multiplex detection of rare bacterial targets in the presence of 100-fold excess complex bacterial mixture, and demonstrate detection of picogram quantities of botulinum toxoid.
Design and Evaluation of Fiber Tip Lenses for Fiber Optic Transmitter and Receiver Applications (2007)

This paper presents a recent development of fiber tip lenses for a military fiber optic transmitter and receiver application. Fiber lens design and optimization are adressed through modelling and simulation. The tolerance analysis and fabrication of the designed lenses are provided. The performance of the designed and fabricated fiber lens is also tested and evaluated by conducting a series of laser diode to fiber coupling experiments.
Functionalization of β-Caryophyllene Generates Novel Polypharmacology in the Endocannabinoid System (2014)

The widespread dietary plant sesquiterpene hydrocarbon β-caryophyllene (1) is a CB2 cannabinoid receptor-specific agonist showing anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in vivo. Structural insights into the pharmacophore of this hydrocarbon, which lacks functional groups other than double bonds, are missing. A structure-activity study provided evidence for the existence of a well-defined sesquiterpene hydrocarbon binding site in CB2 receptors, highlighting its exquisite sensitivity to modifications of the strained endocyclic double bond of 1. While most changes on this element were detrimental for activity, ring-opening cross metathesis of 1 with ethyl acrylate followed by amide functionalization generated a series of new monocyclic amides (11a, 11b, 11c) that not only retained the CB2 receptor functional agonism of 1 but also reversibly inhibited fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the major endocannabinoid degrading enzyme, without affecting monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and α,β hydrolases 6 and 12. Intriguingly, further modification of this monocyclic scaffold generated the FAAH- and endocannabinoid substrate-specific cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) dual inhibitors 11e and 11f, which are probes with a novel pharmacological profile. Our study shows that by removing the conformational constraints induced by the medium-sized ring and by introducing functional groups in the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon 1, a new scaffold with pronounced polypharmacological features within the endocannabinoid system could be generated. The structural and functional repertoire of cannabimimetics and their yet poorly understood intrinsic promiscuity may be exploited to generate novel probes and ultimately more effective drugs.
Intestinal Satiety (1998)

Abstract This chapter also reviews the evidence concerning the preabsorptive sites, adequate stimuli, and neural and endocrine or paracrine components of small intestinal satiating mechanisms. The chapter states concern with the action of small intestinal stimuli and mechanisms that provide a negative feedback control of intake within a single test meal. However, it remains to be determined whether deficiencies in the satiating effect of nutrients in the small intestine contribute to the abnormally large meal size observed in conditions of bulimia nervosa and some forms of obesity.
Nomenclature of organosilicon compounds (1944)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNomenclature of organosilicon compoundsRobert O. Sauer Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1944, 21, 6, 303Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1944Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 June 1944Published inissue 1 June 1944https://doi.org/10.1021/ed021p303RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views282Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Understanding the role of surface basic sites of catalysts in CO<sub>2</sub> activation in dry reforming of methane: a short review (2019)

Surface oxygen basic sites are vital to the CO<sub>2</sub> activation in dry reforming of methane.
Gas exchange theory and the lactic acidosis (anaerobic) threshold. (1990)

The physiological requirements of performing exercise above the anaerobic threshold are considerably more demanding than for lower work rates. Lactic acidosis develops at a metabolic rate that is specific to the individual and the task being performed. Although numerous pyruvate-dependent mechanisms can lead to an elevated blood lactate, the increase in lactate during muscular exercise is accompanied by an increase in lactate/pyruvate ratio (i.e., increased NADH/NAD ratio). This is typically caused by an inadequate O2 supply to the mitochondria. Thus, the anaerobic threshold can be considered to be an important assessment of the ability of the cardiovascular system to supply O2 at a rate adequate to prevent muscle anaerobiosis during exercise testing. In this paper, we demonstrate, with statistical justification, that the pattern of arterial lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratio increase during exercise evidences threshold dynamics rather than the continuous exponential increase proposed by some investigators. The pattern of change in arterial bicarbonate (HCO3-) and pulmonary gas exchange supports this threshold concept. To estimate the anaerobic threshold by gas exchange methods, we measure CO2 output (VCO2) as a continuous function of O2 uptake (VO2) (V-slope analysis) as work rate is increased. The break-point in this plot reflects the obligate buffering of increasing lactic acid production by HCO3-. The anaerobic threshold measured by the V-slope analysis appears to be a sensitive index of the development of metabolic acidosis even in subjects in whom other gas exchange indexes are insensitive, owing to irregular breathing, reduced chemoreceptor sensitivity, impaired respiratory mechanics, or all of these occurrences.
Pharmacokinetic Studies of Cysteamine Bitartrate Delayed‐Release (2013)

A twice-daily microsphere formulation of cysteamine bitartrate has been developed for cystinosis and other potential applications. To date, there are no published pharmacokinetic data for cysteamine bitartrate delayed-release in healthy adults. Three randomized open-label, crossover studies to determine the effects of fasting, high fat, and carbohydrate meals on the bioavailability of cysteamine bitartrate delayed-release (600 mg) administered in capsule or sprinkle form to healthy adults. Adverse events were monitored. Fifty-eight adults were studied. Cysteamine absorption (AUC0-24 hours ) was the same for capsule and sprinkle forms during all meal/fasting states. The AUC0-24 hours for capsules while fasted, 30 and 120 minutes before a carbohydrate meal and during a high fat meal were 6,313 ± 329, 4,616 ± 878, 6,691 ± 669, 2,572 ± 295 minutes × µM, respectively, and the mean Cmax values were 29.4 ± 1.7, 20.7 ± 4.9, 31.6 ± 3.0, and 10.9 ± 1.7 µM, respectively. The mean Tmax following fasting and high fat meal were about 3 and 6 hours, respectively. Minor transient GI adverse events occurred. Cysteamine bitartrate delayed-release capsule and sprinkle forms are bioequivalent and optimal absorption occurs during fasting state. High fat diet reduces drug absorption, increases the Tmax and should be avoided at the time of drug ingestion. Cysteamine bitartrate delayed-release (RP103) is best ingested >30 minutes before a carbohydrate-rich meal.
Efficient isotropic magnetic resonators (2002)

We study experimentally and numerically a novel three-dimensional magnetic resonator structure with high isotropy. It is formed by crossed split-ring resonators and has a response independent of the illumination direction in a specific plane. The utilization of such elements to build a finite left-handed medium is discussed.
Alkali Carbonate and Nickel Catalysis of Coal—Steam Gasification (1974)

The results of catalysis of coal-steam reactions with potassium carbonate, nickel, and a combination of the two catalysts in a single-stage batch charge reactor are compared with the thermal conversion. The gasification rate and coal conversion are promoted by the alkali carbonate while the nickel functions to methanate the carbon oxides and hydrocrack the liquids that are produced in its absence. About 60% carbon conversion is effected by this system at 650°C and 2 atm pressure. A gaseous product is produced with a CO2-free heating value of 850 Btu per scf. Furthermore, it has been established that 20 wt % K2CO3 produces optimum gasification results. The form of the potassium in the ash is the same as initially charged.
High-throughput genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms using new biplex invader technology (2002)

The feasibility of large-scale genome-wide association studies of complex human disorders depends on the availability of accurate and efficient genotyping methods for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We describe a new platform of the invader assay, a biplex assay, where both alleles are interrogated in a single reaction tube. The assay was evaluated on over 50 different SNPs, with over 20 SNPs genotyped in study cohorts of over 1500 individuals. We assessed the usefulness of the new platform in high-throughput genotyping and compared its accuracy to genotyping results obtained by the traditional monoplex invader assay, TaqMan genotyping and sequencing data. We present representative data for two SNPs in different genes (CD36 and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1beta) from a study cohort comprising over 1500 individuals with high or low-normal blood pressure. In this high-throughput application, the biplex invader assay is very accurate, with an error rate of <0.3% and a failure rate of 1.64%. The set-up of the assay is highly automated, facilitating the processing of large numbers of samples simultaneously. We present new analysis tools for the assignment of genotypes that further improve genotyping success. The biplex invader assay with its automated set-up and analysis offers a new efficient high-throughput genotyping platform that is suitable for association studies in large study cohorts.
Specific Immune Responses and Enhancement of Murine Pulmonary Clearance of <i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i> by Intranasal Immunization with a Detoxified Lipooligosaccharide Conjugate Vaccine (2002)

Moraxella catarrhalis is an important human mucosal pathogen. This study investigated the effect of intranasal immunization with a detoxified-lipooligosaccharide-cross-reactive mutant of diphtheria toxin (dLOS-CRM) vaccine candidate on pulmonary clearance following an aerosol challenge of mice with M. catarrhalis. Intranasal immunization with dLOS-CRM plus cholera toxin induced a significantly dose-dependent increase of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG in the nasal wash, lung lavage fluid, saliva, and fecal extract. In addition, serum IgG, IgM, and IgA against LOS of M. catarrhalis were detected. LOS-specific antibody-forming cells were found in the nasal passages, spleens, nasally associated lymphoid tissues, cervical lymph nodes, lungs, and Peyer's patches using an enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The dLOS-CRM vaccine induced a significant bacterial clearance (70 to 90%) of both homologous and heterologous strains in the lungs compared to that observed in the controls (P < 0.01). Intriguingly, intranasal immunization with dLOS-CRM showed a higher level of bacterial clearance compared with subcutaneous injections with dLOS-CRM. These data indicate that dLOS-CRM induces specific mucosal and systemic immunity through intranasal immunization and also provides effective bacterial clearance. On the basis of these results, we believe that dLOS-CRM should undergo continued testing to determine whether it would induce protective immune response in humans.
Improved light outcoupling for phosphorescent top-emitting organic light-emitting devices (2006)

Light outcoupling for top-emitting organic light-emitting devices is improved by using a semitransparent multilayer cathode structure of Al(2.5nm)∕Ag(0.5nm)∕Al(1nm)∕Ag(0.5nm)∕Al(0.5nm)∕Ag(11nm). In addition, an excellent transparency of 70% is achieved with a 78-nm-thick tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) film as a top-capping layer, which is overlaid onto the cathode. The electroluminescence intensity with this Alq3-covered cathode is increased by a factor of 1.9∼3.1 (applied voltage from 7 to 21V) compared with the conventional cathode Al(4nm)∕Ag(12nm). This enhancement can be attributed to a gradual change of index refraction and extinction coefficient in the multilayer cathode (actually, not multilayer Al∕Ag, but an Al:Ag alloylike configuration) and to the reduction of top Ag reflection by overlaying an Alq3-capping layer onto the cathode. Besides, photoluminescence of the top-capping Alq3 layer is helpful to improve device luminance.
REPRESENTAÇÕES DOCENTES SOBRE O ENSINO DA GRAMÁTICA TEÓRICA: DEPOIMENTO DE UM PROFESSOR DA REDE PÚBLICA. (2012)

Este texto apresenta uma breve investigacao das representacoes docentes acerca do ensino da gramatica teorica nas series finais do ensino basico. Diante da discussao sobre a utilidade da aprendizagem dos conteudos gr amaticais, e cientes de que o ensino da lingua materna apresenta serios problemas, pareceu-nos interessante investigar como o professor interpreta tal discussao e quais sao suas representacoes sobre o papel da gramatica no ensino da lingua materna. Para tal, colhemos depoimentos de professores da escola publica e os analisamos de acordo com o arcabouco teorico da Gramatica Sistemico-Funcional (GSF).
Ceramide Inactivates Cellular Protein Kinase Cα (1996)

Ceramide mediates the effects of extracellular agents on cellular growth, differentiation and apoptosis. In this study, we explored the mechanisms by which ceramide induces its cellular effects. In Molt-4 cells, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induced retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) phosphorylation, and ceramide inhibited this effect, suggesting an inhibitory effect of ceramide on the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway, the primary target of PMA. Molt-4 cells contained primarily PKCalpha and betaII isoforms of PKC. To determine the effects of ceramide on PKC, we developed an immunoprecipitation assay for PKCalpha activity. Exposure of Molt-4 cells to C6-ceramide resulted in a concentration and time-dependent inhibition of immunoprecipitated protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha). Initial inhibition was observed as early as 4.5 h after treatment of cells with C6-ceramide, and the activity was completely lost by 13 h. Inhibition of PKCalpha activity was seen at concentrations of ceramide as low as 5 microM with maximal effects occurring at a concentration of 15 microM. Both C2 and C6-ceramide were inhibitory, but C2 and C6 dihydroceramides were not. Ceramide did not directly inhibit PKCalpha in vitro or modulate the levels of PKCalpha protein, suggesting that ceramide acted indirectly. Moreover, ceramide did not inhibit PMA-induced translocation of PKCalpha. Taken together, these results suggested that ceramide caused inactivation of PKCalpha. Since PKC requires phosphorylation for activity, we determined the effects of ceramide on phosphorylation of PKCalpha. C6-ceramide inhibited basal and PMA-induced phosphorylation of PKCalpha. In addition, okadaic acid, a potent phosphatase inhibitor, slightly stimulated PKC activity and blocked the effects of ceramide on PKCalpha inhibition. These results demonstrate that ceramide causes inhibition/inactivation of PKCalpha and suggest these effects of ceramide may be mediated by a protein phosphatase.
The Ribosome at Atomic Resolution (2001)

The publication of atomic resolution crystal structures for the large ribosomal subunit from Haloarcula marismortui and the small ribosomal subunit from Thermus thermophilus has permanently altered the way protein synthesis is conceptualized and experiments designed to address its unresolved issues. The impact of these structures on RNA biochemistry is certain to be no less profound. The background and substance of these developments are reviewed here.
Fibroblasts and Myofibroblasts: What Are We Talking About? (2011)

Cardiac myocytes, although large enough to make up most of the heart volume, are only a minority of cells within the heart with fibroblasts and blood vessel components (endothelial and smooth muscle cells) making up the remainder of the heart. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the nonmyocyte population within the heart. This is attributable, in part, to our increasing understanding of the biology of the nonmyocyte cell types and additionally it is the result of our awakening realization that these cells are not static but rather that they are dynamic in nature indicating that they play a more active role in cardiac function than previously imagined. Studies now show that fibroblasts are involved in formation of the extracellular matrix and they control the size of the extracellular matrix. Additionally, they participate in the repair process by differentiating into myofibroblasts, which are cells involved in the inflammatory response to injury. Myofibroblasts migrate to the sites of injury where they produce cytokines, thus enhancing the inflammatory response. This review discusses both structural and functional differences between the two cell types and examines the different roles of these two different cell types in the heart.
The Efficacy of Olanzapine for Decreasing Cue-Elicited Craving in Individuals With Schizophrenia and Cocaine Dependence (2006)

This small, but rigorously controlled, pilot trial provides additional evidence for the use of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of individuals with co-occurring schizophrenia and cocaine dependence. Reductions in craving were associated with medium to large effect sizes.
The integrated management of measurement entities distributed over interconnected networks (2002)

Presents the design of a simple application layer protocol, the framework of which permits the implementation of management functions is providing the integrated management of measurement entities distributed over interconnected networks. High performance passive monitors examine all traffic on their individual network segments and learn relevant information necessary to provide LAN standards to one or more management nodes. An overview of the evolution of network management products and their role is presented. Next the five broad functional areas of management recommended by the ISO are discussed. An internet management environment model is then outlined. Specifications related to the LAN and monitoring devices are reviewed and trade-offs deliberated upon, for the model. A brief mention of the monitor design and management node software functions is provided to outline the requirements they place on the management protocol design. Following this, the monitor management service environment is outlined, communication facilities specified and services listed. Finally, the monitor management protocol is presented; usage assumed from other application and presentation layer services are reviewed and protocol elements defined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Azo-Containing Polymers: Digital and Holographic Storage. (1996)

Abstract : Films of amorphous high-Tg azo-containing polymers can be used as reversible optical storage materials. Information can be 'written' by inducing orientation with a linearly polarized laser beam and 'erased' by restoring disorder with a circularly polarized laser beam. The higher the Tg of the polymer, the higher the stability of the 'written' information. One important factor affecting the rate of writing and the level of induced birefringence is cooperative motion of neighboring azo groups, due to dipolar coupling taking place between these groups. Volume holograms can be inscribed by this orientation process, but the efficiency is below 1%. Long exposure times to circularly polarized light produce surface gratings of high efficiency (30% is typical), by a mechanism which involves photoisomerization. Such gratings can be used as coupling elements into a film waveguide. These two phenomena are reported on a carbazole-containing polymer of high Tg (160 deg c). Asymmetrical two-beam gain coupling in the presence and absence of an electric field is demonstrated allowing for design of optical switches. In principle, a whole photonic device can be designed on a simple polymer film.
A large-capacity drum-file memory system (1957)

Synopsis: The magnetic drum-file memory system described in this paper was designed for the Univac-Larc computing system as storage that would be intermediate in speed and in capacity between the Uniservo magnetic tapes and the ultra high-speed magnetic-core memory. Although designed for Univac-Larc, the drum-file memory system may be used for any type of systematic data processing where extremely short access time is not required and economy is an important consideration. Economy is achieved through the use of a single flying head, which can move parallel to the axis of the drum and perform the read-write operations for the entire drum. This arrangement eliminates the need for close mechanical tolerances and elaborate switching devices. The drum-file memory may also be used as a random-access device where a delay of a second or two is not critical, as, for example, in checking a particular item of an inventory.
Atrial fibrillation detected by mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry in cryptogenic TIA or stroke (2008)

There is a high rate of atrial fibrillation (AF) detection by Mobile Cardiac Outpatient Telemetry (21 days) in patients with cryptogenic TIA/stroke that may be related to extended monitoring duration, patient selection, and inclusion of all new onset AF episodes. Brief AF episodes (<30 seconds) may be biomarkers of more prolonged and clinically significant AF.