gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
System-in-package integration of passives using 3D through-silicon vias (2008)

Future generations of cellular RF transceivers require higher degrees of integration, preferably using the third dimension. System-in-Package (SiP) applications have been shown for integrated 3D "trench" capacitors in silicon with a new world record capacitance density of =400nF/mm^sup 2^ and break-down voltage &gt;6V using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of multiple MIM layer stacks of high-k dielectrics (Al^sub 2^O^sub 3^) and conductive layers (TiN).
Stress and burnout among NICU nurses (2008)

Nurses are susceptible to burnout because of the nature and the emotional demands of their profession. The environment of ICU's has been recognized as stressful. Intensive care nurses confront death and dying, end of life decisions, and ethical dilemmas regularly. In addition to providing vigilant care to their patients, nurses interact frequently with distraught families3. The NICU nurse in addition to looking after a critically ill neonate has to interact with the devastated parents of the baby which adds fuel to fire. Identification of job related stressors and strategies that can be employed to manage occupational stress for the nursing profession have been receiving increased consideration by researchers, nursing organizations, and employers over the last two decades1.
The elimination of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) after intravenous injection in dog and man (1990)

After an intravenous injection of 35Sulphur-labelled secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) in four dogs, there was a rapid initial clearance (half-life 10 min) of radioactivity and immunoreactive SLPI from plasma. Later, the immunoreactive SLPI cleared more rapidly (T1/2 = 60 min) than the radioactivity, indicating the gradual appearance of radioactive degradation products. Intact recombinant human SLPI as well as radioactive fragments appeared in the urine. The urinary excretion of radioactivity during the first 3 h was less than 10% of the injected dose. After killing at 3 h, the kidneys contained more radioactivity per gram tissue than the other parenchymatous organs. Following an intravenous injection of 125Iodine-labelled native SLPI in three human volunteers, a rapid initial clearance of both protein-bound and total plasma radioactivity (half-life 10 min) was seen. Later, the protein-bound radioactivity cleared slower (half-life 120 min) than the total radioactivity, indicating a progressive degradation of SLPI with release of radioactive fragments to plasma. After 54 h 80-96% of the radioactivity had been excreted in the urine, mainly as free 125Iodine. No intact SLPI was found in the urine. A renal metabolism of SLPI is assumed, which is supported also by the finding of elevated serum levels of SLPI in uraemic patients. The possible therapeutic use of SLPI is briefly discussed.
Radiation enhances engraftment of mesenchymal stem cells in murine 4T1 tumors (2007)

1329 Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) migrate and proliferate within tumors as well as at other sites of inflammation. MSCs engineered to express IFN-β have been shown to reduce tumor burden and extend survival in murine breast cancer, leukemia and glioma models. Clinical trials are under development but this strategy could be limited by non-specific migration of MSCs to other sites of inflammation. Radiation increases expression of inflammatory cytokines and could be used to enhance engraftment of MSCs in tumors. To investigate this, we implanted 2 x 105 4T1 cells expressing renilla luciferase into bilateral hindlimbs of Balb/C mice. Nine days later, a dose of 1 or 2 Gy was delivered with 60Co to the right hindlimb. Control mice were not irradiated. Ten days after tumor implantation, 4 x 105 MSCs transduced with an adenoviral vector expressing firefly luciferase were injected intravenously. Mice were then serially monitored with bioluminescent imaging for expression of renilla and firefly luciferase. Two days after radiation, levels of MSC engraftment using luciferase imaging were 25% higher in tumors receiving 2 Gy (p=0.004, two-sided t-test) and 22% higher in tumors treated to 1 Gy (p=0.03) as compared to contralateral unirradiated tumors. Levels of MSC engraftment were the same in the right and left leg in unirradiated mice. Radiation did not appear to contribute to engraftment in the contralateral limb as MSC levels were similar in the unirradiated limb of mice treated with radiation and in unirradiated mice. At 4 and 6 days after treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in absolute levels of MSC engraftment. However, if normalization to renilla luciferase was performed to account for tumor shrinkage in response to radiation, there was a relative increase in MSCs in tumors radiated to 2 Gy at 4 days (1.4 fold higher in radiated limb, p=0.08) and 6 days (1.5 fold higher in radiated limb, p=0.003) after treatment. In conclusion, MSCs preferentially engraft in 4T1 tumors after a single low dose fraction of radiation. Additional experiments to maximize this effect are in progress. The concept proposed could be a useful strategy to selectively enhance delivery of anti-tumor agents in MSC to tumor sites.
Cytochalasin support studies. Macrocycle synthesis via enolate-assisted, intraannular 1,4-fragmentation reactions (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCytochalasin support studies. Macrocycle synthesis via enolate-assisted, intraannular 1,4-fragmentation reactionsDavid A. Clark and Philip L. FuchsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 13, 3567–3576Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1979https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00507a022RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views425Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Low bit-rate video coding via mode-dependent adaptive regression for wireless visual communications (2012)

In this paper, a practical video coding scheme is developed to realize state-of-the-art video coding efficiency with lower encoder complexity at low bit-rate, while supporting standard compliance and error resilience. Such an architecture is particularly attractive for wireless visual communications. At the encoder, multiple descriptions of a video sequence are generated in the spatio-temporal domain by temporal multiplexing and spatial adaptive downsampling. The resulting side descriptions are interleaved with each other in temporal domain, and still with conventional square sample grids in spatial domain. As such, each side description can be compressed without any change to existing video coding standards. At the decoder, each side description is first decompressed, and then reconstructed to original resolution with the help of the other side description. In this procedure, the decoder recover the original video sequence in a constrained least squares regression process, using 2D or 3D piecewise autoregressive model according to different prediction modes. In this way, the spatial and temporal correlation is sufficiently explored to achieve superior quality. Experiment results demonstrate the proposed video coding scheme outperforms H.264 in rate-distortion performance at low bit-rates and achieves superior visual quality at medium bit-rates as well.
The reporting experiences and support needs of victims of online fraud (2016)

This paper presents the results of in-depth interviews conducted with a sample of 80 individuals from across Australia who lodged complaints of online fraud involving losses of $10,000 or more over the preceding four years. Their stories illustrate the financial impact of fraud and the emotional, psychological, interpersonal and physical impacts of their victimisation. They also document the barriers they faced in reporting these crimes. The paper concludes by identifying the support needs of victims of online fraud.
An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antitetanus toxoid antibody using aluminum‐absorbed coating antigen (1990)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antitetanus antibodies was developed using aluminum-absorbed tetanus toxoid as the coating antigen. The assay was tested by measuring antitetanus antibody levels in serum obtained from subjects before and after immunization with the aluminum-absorbed tetanus suspension. The specificity of the antibodies for tetanus antigen was tested both before and after antitetanus activity was removed with tetanus antigen-coated beads. Also, the activities of the sera were compared with those of a commercially available test. Our results indicated that the aluminum-absorbed tetanus suspension can be coated onto standard polystyrene ELISA plates and used to measure antibody titers to tetanus toxoid.
The design of an electrical capacitance tomography sensor for use with media of high dielectric permittivity (2000)

This paper concerns the application of electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) for media of high dielectric permittivity such as water. The performance of an ECT sensor was analysed numerically for a range of dielectric materials (1⩽εr⩽80) and geometrical parameters. On the basis of numerical simulations an ECT sensor with internal electrodes was built. Experimental results concerned with imaging air voids in distilled water and water-continuous dispersions of oil, using a commercially available PTL tomography system, are presented. Effects arising from the conductivity of water are studied and prospects of using the ECT system in an `electrical resistivity' mode for weakly conductive solutions are outlined.
Optimized copper chemical mechanical polishing with CVD Co barrier at 14nm technology node (2014)

As device dimensions shrunk to the 14 nm node and beyond, damascene Cu/low-k high aspect ratio of interconnect schemes face extreme difficulties in achieving defect-free Cu gap-fill. The CVD Co was implemented to improve Copper interconnect performance which was deposited between the PVD Ta(N) liner barrier and the Cu seed layer to improve copper to barrier adhesion and copper gap fill. Therefore, the CMP-associated issues: metal bridge resulting from worse erosion, Cu void of metal line end, via resistance reduction and micro-scratch reduction, need to be solved because of Co barrier implementation and dimension shrinkage. In this investigation, we provide solution for several major issues of CMP at 14nm node. First, the metal bridge caused by worse erosion is formed before CMP because of dimension shrinkage. The worse erosion resulted from the low-k diminution during thermal effect of previous step which was used to define dual damascene structure. It was difficult to meet resistance target and eliminate metal bridge by over polishing at the same time. Second, there were still Cu voids around the end of metal line even though Cu gap-fill was improved by utilized Co liner. Third, the contact resistance of interface between via and metal surface increased due to the corrosion at the top corner was correlated to galvanic corrosion in-between Cu and Co barrier. Last, the micro scratch became killer defect because of fewer process tolerances of scratch depth at 14nm node and beyond. In this report, we provide solutions to fix yield loss because of metal bridge at particular pattern and also describe a failure hypothesis of integrated process. The mechanism is pattern deformed easily which weak Cu gap fill was shown at line end, but optimized CMP process can diminish void significantly. The Cu roughness treatment plays a key role in interconnection between via and bottom metal. The roughness also can be reduced by implementing a novel process for 14nm node and beyond.
Optical manipulation for single‐cell studies (2009)

In the last decade optical manipulation has evolved from a field of interest for physicists to a versatile tool widely used within life sciences. This has been made possible in particular due to the development of a large variety of imaging techniques that allow detailed information to be gained from investigations of single cells. The use of multiple optical traps has high potential within single-cell analysis since parallel measurements provide good statistics. Multifunctional optical tweezers are, for instance, used to study cell heterogeneity in an ensemble, and force measurements are used to investigate the mechanical properties of individual cells. Investigations of molecular motors and forces on the single-molecule level have led to discoveries that would have been difficult to make with other techniques. Optical manipulation has prospects within the field of cell signalling and tissue engineering. When combined with microfluidic systems the chemical environment of cells can be precisely controlled. Hence the influence of pH, salt concentration, drugs and temperature can be investigated in real time. Fast advancing technical developments of automated and user-friendly optical manipulation tools and cross-disciplinary collaboration will contribute to the routinely use of optical manipulation techniques within the life sciences.
Highly efficient optical fibre amplifier pumped by a 0.8 μm band laser diode (1990)

A highly efficient Er-doped fibre amplifier pumped by GaAlAs laser diodes is reported. Using a low Er-cluster content fibre with a high numerical aperture, the EDFA attains 39 dB signal gain for double LD pumping and 30 dB for single LD pumping at 1.536 μm. A maximum gain coefficient of 1.3 dB/mW was achieved at the 0.827 μm pump band.
Absolute potential of the Fermi level of isolated single-walled carbon nanotubes (2003)

Electrochemical potential dependence of Raman intensity of isolated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) on gold electrode in aqueous solution was investigated employing in situ resonant confocal micro Raman spectroscopy. Absolute potential of the Fermi level of individual tubes was estimated from the potential dependence. Observations suggest that the work function of the tube becomes larger in a manner inversely proportional to the diameter of SWNT. The structural dependence of a metallic tube is larger than that of a semiconducting tube.
<title>Excimer laser micromachining: a 15-year perspective</title> (1999)

Reports in 1982 of polymers ablated and etched by excimer laser radiation mark the founding of laser micromachining as a technology that in the intervening period has matured into a manufacturing process used by a diverse range of industries. This paper describes some of these industrial applications.
A metal fuel core concept for 1000 MWt Advanced Burner Reactor. (2007)

This paper describes the core design and performance characteristics of a metal fuel core concept for a 1000 MWt Advanced Burner Reactor. A ternary metal fuel form of U-TRU-Zr was assumed with weapons grade plutonium feed for the startup core and TRU recovered from LWR spent fuel for the recycled equilibrium core. A compact burner core was developed by trade-off between the burnup reactivity loss and TRU conversion ratio, with a fixed cycle length of one-year. In the startup core, the average TRU enrichment is 15.5%, the TRU conversion ratio is 0.81, and the burnup reactivity loss over a cycle is 3.6% {delta}k. The heavy metal and TRU inventories are 13.1 and 2.0 metric tons, respectively. The average discharge burnup is 93 MWd/kg, and the TRU consumption rate is 55.5 kg/year. For the recycled equilibrium core, the average TRU enrichment is 22.1 %, the TRU conversion ratio is 0.73, and the burnup reactivity loss is 2.2% {delta}k. The TRU inventory and consumption rate are 2.9 metric tons and 81.6 kg/year, respectively. The evaluated reactivity coefficients provide sufficient negative feedbacks. The control systems provide shutdown margins that are more than adequate. The integral reactivity parameters for quasi-static reactivity balance analysis indicatemore » favorable passive safety features, although detailed safety analyses are required to verify passive safety behavior. (authors)« less
FinFET SRAM design challenges (2014)

The utilization of FinFET devices in the SRAM cell provides many benefits over planar bulk devices due to the fully-depleted behavior with improved subthreshold slope, short-channel effects, drive current, and mismatch. However, the quantized nature of the fins results in several new challenges as compared to planar devices. For the layout of the SRAM cell with FinFETs, the cell width needs to match up with the periphery fin pitch to provide a smooth transition from the cell array to the periphery. For the highest-density SRAM cell comprised of single fins for each device, the minimum Vdd (Vmin) of the write operation becomes substantially worse than the read operation, thus requiring the use of write assist techniques for low Vdd operation. This paper highlights tradeoffs in cell size and Vmin for different FinFET cell configurations and the simulated Vmin improvements with several different assist approaches.
Embryo transfer and related technologies in sheep reproduction (1998)

This paper reviews the status of embryo transfer and the major technologies applied to preimplantation of embryos in sheep. Embryo production from superovulated ewes is hindered by an unpredictable response to hormonal treatment. Progress in this area should be expected by an appropriated control of follicular development with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist or antagonist prior to gonadotrophin administration. Simple protocols for the cryopreservation of sheep embryos by vitrification are already available and the development of frozen-thawed blastocysts to term is close to the fresh ones. Further research is required to identify factors able to promote the maturation in vitro of oocytes, namely those obtained from prepubertal animals. Semen and embryo sexing procedures are available in cattle although much less attention was paid to their application to sheep. Among all the reproductive technologies, cloning with embryonic and foetal cells has progressed dramatically in sheep and nuclear transfer has been used to produce transgenic animals as an alternative to pronuclear injection. The production of the first lamb cloned from a somatic cell opened new opportunities in animal breeding as well as exciting lines of basic research. The overall conclusions are that, apart from superovulation, the application of in vitro technologies is likely to evolve rapidly and once applied, a great impact on traditional and new animal productions should be expected. However, a better understanding of the changes in gene expression, induced in embryos by different in vitro manipulation procedures, is necessary to prevent abnormal foetal development.
Serum ferritin is an important inflammatory disease marker, as it is mainly a leakage product from damaged cells (2014)

"Serum ferritin" presents a paradox, as the iron storage protein ferritin is not synthesised in serum yet is to be found there. Serum ferritin is also a well known inflammatory marker, but it is unclear whether serum ferritin reflects or causes inflammation, or whether it is involved in an inflammatory cycle. We argue here that serum ferritin arises from damaged cells, and is thus a marker of cellular damage. The protein in serum ferritin is considered benign, but it has lost (i.e. dumped) most of its normal complement of iron which when unliganded is highly toxic. The facts that serum ferritin levels can correlate with both disease and with body iron stores are thus expected on simple chemical kinetic grounds. Serum ferritin levels also correlate with other phenotypic readouts such as erythrocyte morphology. Overall, this systems approach serves to explain a number of apparent paradoxes of serum ferritin, including (i) why it correlates with biomarkers of cell damage, (ii) why it correlates with biomarkers of hydroxyl radical formation (and oxidative stress) and (iii) therefore why it correlates with the presence and/or severity of numerous diseases. This leads to suggestions for how one might exploit the corollaries of the recognition that serum ferritin levels mainly represent a consequence of cell stress and damage.
Changing Epidemiology and Ecology of Highly Pathogenic Avian H5N1 Influenza Viruses (2007)

The H5N1 virus currently circulating is continuing to evolve, and it has already resulted in the extension of its host and geographical range. It is likely that H5N1 will become a global problem for the poultry industry. How many of the recent H5N1 changes observed have been induced by changing patterns in poultry raising? A change in attitude on the use of high-quality vaccines is a change that would drastically help in the control of the current epidemic in the poultry industry. This article provides an overview of the changing properties that have been observed during the current H5N1 outbreaks.
Studies on Phenazines. XIX. Synthesis of Phenazine-carboxylic Acids. (1959)

By oxidation with chromium trioxide in the presence of conc. sulfuric acid at about 5∼15°, 6-hydroxyphenazine-1- and 9-hydroxyphenazine-2-carboxylic acids were obtained from their respective methylphenazine derivatives.
Fluorescence detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms using a universal molecular beacon (2008)

We present a simple and novel assay-employing a universal molecular beacon (MB) in the presence of Hg(2+)-for the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) based on Hg(2+)-DNA complexes inducing a conformational change in the MB. The MB (T(7)-MB) contains a 19-mer loop and a stem of a pair of seven thymidine (T) bases, a carboxyfluorescein (FAM) unit at the 5'-end, and a 4-([4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]azo)benzoic acid (DABCYL) unit at the 3'-end. Upon formation of Hg(2+)-T(7)-MB complexes through T-Hg(2+)-T bonding, the conformation of T(7)-MB changes from a random coil to a folded structure, leading to a decreased distance between the FAM and DABCYL units and, hence, increased efficiency of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the FAM and DABCYL units, resulting in decreased fluorescence intensity of the MB. In the presence of complementary DNA, double-stranded DNA complexes form (instead of the Hg(2+)-T(7)-MB complexes), with FRET between the FAM and DABCYL units occurring to a lesser extent than in the folded structure. Under the optimal conditions (20 nM T(7)-MB, 20 mM NaCl, 1.0 muM Hg(2+), 5.0 mM phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.4), the linear plot of the fluorescence intensity against the concentration of perfectly matched DNA was linear over the range 2-30 nM (R(2) = 0.991), with a limit of detection of 0.5 nM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. This new probe provides higher selectivity toward DNA than that exhibited by conventional MBs.