gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Budget allocation using weakly coupled, constrained Markov decision processes (2016)

We consider the problem of budget (or other resource) allocation in sequential decision problems involving a large number of concurrently running sub-processes, whose only interaction is through their consumption of budget. Our first contribution is the introduction of budgeted MDPs (BMDPs), an MDP model in which policies/values are a function of available budget, (c.f. constrained MDPs which are solved given a fixed budget). BMDPs allow one to explicitly trade off allocated budget and expected value. We show that optimal value functions are concave, non-decreasing in budget, and piecewise-linear in the finite horizon case, and can be computed by dynamic programming (and support ready approximation). Our second contribution is a method that exploits BMDP solutions to allocate budget to a large number of independent BMDPs, coupled only by their common budget pool. The problem can be cast as a multiple-choice knapsack problem, which admits an efficient, optimal greedy algorithm. Empirical results in an online advertising domain confirm the efficacy of our methods.
Hybrid p.c.m.—an experimental video system (1969)

Hybrid pulse-code modulation (h.p.c.m.) is a variant o. multilevel p.c.m., in which the least significant digit(s) is made to describe the quantising noise exactly. A theoretical and practical feasibility study has been made of the application of h.p.c.m. to the transmission of 625-line Pal colour signals over low-quality narrowband circuits.
Aminoluciferins Extend Firefly Luciferase Bioluminescence into the Near-Infrared and Can Be Preferred Substrates over <scp>d</scp>-Luciferin (2014)

Firefly luciferase adenylates and oxidizes d-luciferin to chemically generate visible light and is widely used for biological assays and imaging. Here we show that both luciferase and luciferin can be reengineered to extend the scope of this light-emitting reaction. D-Luciferin can be replaced by synthetic luciferin analogues that increase near-infrared photon flux >10-fold over that of D-luciferin in live luciferase-expressing cells. Firefly luciferase can be mutated to accept and utilize rigid aminoluciferins with high activity in both live and lysed cells yet exhibit 10,000-fold selectivity over the natural luciferase substrate. These new luciferin analogues thus pave the way to an extended family of bioluminescent reporters.
Novel DPP-IV-resistant Analogs of GLP-1: The N-terminal Extension of GLP-1 by a Single Amino Acid (2009)

Expression and purification of GLP-1/IgG-Fc fusion protein.(A) GLP-1/IgG-Fc fusion proteins were expressed in CHO-K1 cells. The 3, 6, 10-days conditioned medium were pooled and purified using a 5-mL HisTrap column on FPLC. Proteins separated by SDS- PAGE were stained with silver nitrate (upper panel) and identified by immunoblotting with anti-GLP-1-antibody (lower panel). M, marker. M.W. of fusion protein is 58 kDa. (B) Cleavage of the fusion protein by enterokinase. The purified fusion proteins were pooled and concentrated followed by treatment with enterokinase for 16 hour at 25
Classification of medical images using energy information obtained from wavelet transform for medical image retrieval (2005)

Various medical image retrieval systems are available today that classify images according to imaging modalities, orientations, body parts or diseases. Generally these are limited to either some specific body part or some specific disease. Further, almost all of them deal with the DICOM imaging format. In this paper, we introduce an algorithm based on energy information obtained from Wavelet Transform for classification of medical images according to imaging modalities and body parts. We have used two types of wavelets and we have shown that energy obtained in either case is quite distinct for each of the body part. This technique can be successfully applied to different image formats. The results are shown for JPEG images in addition to DICOM imaging format.
A Study of Frequency-Domain Signal Detection for Single-Carrier Transmission (2009)

Abstract-One-tap frequency-domain equalization (FDE) can significantly improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of single-carrier (SC) transmission in a frequency-selective fading channel. However, a big performance gap from the theoretical lower bound still exists due to the presence of residual intersymbol interference (ISI) after FDE. In this paper, we point out that the frequency-domain received SC signal can be represented similar to the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiplexing case and then, we propose a new frequency-domain block signal detection, which combines FDE with MIMO signal detection. We apply well-known minimum mean square error (MMSE) detection and Vertical-Bell Laboratories layered spacetime architecture (V-BLAST) detection and evaluate, by computer simulation, the achievable BER performance of SC transmission.
Involvement of gp130/interleukin‐6 receptor transducing component in interleukin‐11 receptor (1994)

The recently cloned interleukin (IL)-11 displays many biological properties in common with those reported for IL-6. In order to analyze the nature and the functionality of the IL-11 receptor we developed a proliferative assay using the human multifactor-dependent cell line TF1. We showed that a blocking monoclonal antibody GPX7 raised against the gp130/IL-6 receptor transducing subunit was also able to inhibit the IL-11-triggered TF1 line proliferation. In addition, involvement of gp130 in IL-11 signaling was demonstrated by an induction of the transducing protein phosphorylation in response to IL-11, as observed for IL-6. In contrast, the blocking monoclonal antibody B-R6, which recognized the gp80/IL-6 binding subunit failed to interfere with the IL-11 proliferative signal in the TF1 cell line. Similarly, we did not observe any competition between IL-6 and IL-11 for a putative common binding site on the cell surface. These results suggest that the IL-11 binding component is different from the gp80/IL-6 receptor. In conclusion, IL-11, along with IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M and ciliary neurotrophic factor, belongs to the same family of cytokines, using gp130 as a transducing protein.
UNSYMMETRICALLY DISUBSTITUTED PIPERAZINES. III. N-METHYL-N'-BENZHYDRYLPIPERAZINES AS HISTAMINE ANTAGONISTS<sup>1</sup> (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUNSYMMETRICALLY DISUBSTITUTED PIPERAZINES. III. N-METHYL-N'-BENZHYDRYLPIPERAZINES AS HISTAMINE ANTAGONISTS1RICHARD BALTZLY, SHIRLEY DuBREUIL, WALTER S. IDE, and EMIL LORZCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1949, 14, 5, 775–782Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01157a009https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01157a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views197Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Inadequate Treatment of Pain in Ambulatory HIV Patients (1993)

Pain is an important problem in terms of its prevalence and impact on patients with HIV disease. Pain control in this patient population is inadequate. Clinicians should realize that pain can be present regardless of the duration of the disease and its severity. Patients need to be educated about the proper use of pain medications and helped to understand that pain medications will not "worsen their disease."
Steering Wheel Behavior Based Estimation of Fatigue (2009)

This paper examined a steering behavior based fatigue monitoring system. The advantages of using steering behavior for detecting fatigue are that these systems measure continuously, cheaply, non-intrusively, and robustly even under extremely demanding environmental conditions. The expected fatigue induced changes in steering behavior are a pattern of slow drifting and fast corrective counter steering. Using advanced signal processing procedures for feature extraction, we computed 3 feature set in the time, frequency and state space domain (a total number of 1251 features) to capture fatigue impaired steering patterns. Each feature set was separately fed into 5 machine learning methods (e.g. Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbor). The outputs of each single classifier were combined to an ensemble classification value. Finally we combined the ensemble values of 3 feature subsets to a of meta-ensemble classification value. To validate the steering behavior analysis, driving samples are taken from a driving simulator during a sleep deprivation study (N=12). We yielded a recognition rate of 86.1% in classifying slight from strong fatigue.
Mesencephalic human neural progenitor cells transplanted into the neonatal hemiparkinsonian rat striatum differentiate into neurons and improve motor behaviour (2006)

Neural stem cell transplantation is a promising strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. To evaluate the differentiation potential of human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) as a prerequisite for clinical trials, we intracerebrally transplanted in vitro expanded fetal mesencephalic hNPCs into hemiparkinsonian rats. On postnatal day one (P1), 17 animals underwent a unilateral intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine injection into the right lateral ventricle. At P3, animals (n = 10) received about 100,000 hNPCs (1 microL) in the right striatum. Five weeks after birth, animals underwent behaviour tests prior to fixation, followed by immunohistochemistry on brain slices for human nuclei, glial fibrillary acidic protein, S100beta, neuronal nuclei antigen, neuron-specific enolase and tyrosine hydroxylase. Compared with the apomorphine-induced rotations in the lesioned-only group (7.4 +/- 0.5 min(-1)), lesioned and successfully transplanted animals (0.3 +/- 0.1 min(-1)) showed a significant therapeutic improvement. Additionally, in the cylinder test, the lesioned-only animals preferred to use the ipsilateral forepaw. Conversely, the lesioned and transplanted animals showed no significant side bias similar to untreated control animals. Transplanted human nuclei-immunoreactive cells were found to survive and migrate up to 2000 microm into the host parenchyma, many containing the pan-neuronal markers neuronal nuclei antigen and neuron-specific enolase. In the striatum, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive somata were also found, indicating a dopaminergic differentiation capacity of transplanted hNPCs in vivo. However, the relative number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in vivo seemed to be lower than in corresponding in vitro differentiation. To minimize donor tissue necessary for transplantation, further investigations will aim to enhance dopaminergic differentiation of transplanted cells in vivo.
Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression in the Inflammatory Response and Relevance to Common Diseases (2008)

Epigenetics can be defined as all the meiotically and mitotically inherited changes in gene expression that are not encoded in the DNA sequence itself. Epigenetic modifications of chromatin and DNA have been recognized as important permissive and suppressive factors in controlling the expressed genome via gene transcription. Two major epigenetic mechanisms are the posttranslational modification of histone proteins in chromatin and the methylation of DNA itself, which are regulated by distinct, but coupled, pathways. It is clear that the epigenetic state is a central regulator of cellular development and activation. Emerging evidence suggests a key role for epigenetics in human pathologies, including in inflammatory and neoplastic disorders. The epigenome is influenced by environmental factors throughout life. Nutritional factors can have profound effects on the expression of specific genes by epigenetic modification, and these may be passed on to subsequent generations with potentially detrimental effects. Many cancers are associated with altered epigenetic profiles, leading to altered expression of the genes involved in cell growth or differentiation. Autoimmune and neoplastic diseases increase in frequency with increasing age, with epigenetic dysregulation proposed as a potential explanation. In support of this hypothesis, studies in monozygotic twins revealed increasing epigenetic differences with age. Differences in methylation status of CpG sites, monoallelic silencing, and other epigenetic regulatory mechanisms have been observed in key inflammatory response genes. The importance of the epigenome in the pathogenesis of common human diseases is likely to be as significant as that of traditional genetic mutations. With advances in technology, our understanding of this area of biology is likely to increase rapidly in the near future.
Electroauxiliary‐Assisted Sequential Introduction of Two Carbon Nucleophiles on the Same α‐Carbon of Nitrogen: Application to the Synthesis of Spiro Compounds. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Galectin-8: on the Road from Structure to Function. (1997)

われわれは最近、ガレクチン家系に属する新しい哺乳類レクチンをクローン化し、これをガレクチン-8と名づけた(Hadari et al., 1995)。ガレクチン-8は約140アミノ酸からなるドメイン (糖鎖認識ドメイン: CRD) を2つ持った35kDaのタンパク質で、2つのドメインは約30アミノ酸からなるリンクペプチドで連結されている。ガレクチン-8は肝臓、心臓、筋肉、腎臓、脳など広い組織にわたって発現ている。天然の状態ではガレクチン-8は単量体として存在し、未知の細胞成分と強く結合している。ガレクチン-8では、糖結合部位の一部を形成しすべてのガレクチンで保存されているArg残基が、C-末端側ドメインでは保存されているが、N-末端側ドメインではIle90に置き換わっている。この置換によって、N-末側CRDの表面状態はより疎水的になることから、疎水性の高い糖鎖に適応したCRDとなっている可能性がある。このように、ガレクチン-8の2つのCRDは異なる構造を持つことから異なる糖と相互作用すると予想される。ガレクチン-8は、2つの異なるタイプの複合糖鎖と結合することのできるユニークな二重機能性の哺乳類レクチンと言えよう。
Reliability of Five Rapid D-Dimer Assays Compared to ELISA in the Exclusion of Deep Venous Thrombosis (1997)

Studies measuring the fibrin degradation product D-Dimer (DD) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in patients with venographically proven deep venous thrombosis (DVT) suggest that it is possible to exclude DVT when DD level is below a certain cut-off level. However, ELISA methods are time-consuming and not available in all laboratories. Different rapid latex-agglutination assays have been investigated, but their sensitivity is considerably lower. In the present study we compared the value of four novel latex DD tests (Tinaquant, Minutex, Ortho and SimpliRed) and one rapid ELISA (VIDAS) to a classical ELISA DD assay (Organon Mab Y18) in 132 patients suspected of DVT. The VIDAS, a new quantitative automated ELISA, had a sensitivity of 100% and a negative predictive value of 100% for both proximal and distal DVT at a cut-off level of 500 ng/ml. The Tinaquant assay, a new quantitative latex method, had a sensitivity of 99% and a negative predictive value of 93% for both proximal and distal DVT at a cut-off level of 500 ng/ml. For proximal DVT only, both assays had a sensitivity and negative predictive value of 100%. VIDAS and Tinaquant correlated well with ELISA (correlation of r = 0.96 and r = 0.98 respectively). Sensitivities of the semi-quantitative latex assays Minutex, Ortho and SimpliRed were considerably lower (77%, 51% and 61% respectively). These results suggest that VIDAS and Tinaquant may be used instead of ELISA DD in the exclusion of DVT. Tinaquant can be performed within 20 min and VIDAS within 35 min. Both assays might be used as a routine screening test and should be evaluated in large clinical management studies.
Dynamic selection of wireless/powerline links using Markov Decision Processes (2013)

Communication networks for smart grids may consist of a mixture of legacy and new links using heterogeneous technologies, such as copper wires, optical fibers, wireless and powerline communication. If nodes are connected by two or more links, such as wireless and powerline, the sender of a message must decide on which link to transmit the next message. This paper considers the problem of dynamically selecting the link, based on success/failure (acknowledgement) of previous transmissions. The novel method is based on Markov (Gilbert-Elliott) channel models of lossy and time varying links. It specifies how to employ success/failure observations to rank the links optimally, with the objective function to maximize throughput. The theory of partially observable Markov decision problems (POMDP) provides the basic framework. We compare this new method with known linear learning strategies.
Structure Confirmation of the Four trans Isomers of Ceralure, a Medfly Attractant, by NMR (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure Confirmation of the Four trans Isomers of Ceralure, a Medfly Attractant, by NMRAlbert B. DeMilo, J. David Warthen Jr., Maziar Sardashti, and Daniel J. O'DonnellCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1994, 42, 10, 2089–2093Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00046a004https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00046a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views62Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Computer-Controlled Polishing Of Telescope Mirror Segments (1983)

A method of reducing the cost of large optical telescopes is the use of a segmented primary mirror. The computer-controlled polisher approach is ideally suited to the fabrication of telescope mirror segments. Since the process achieves controlled material removal by regulating the tool motion, there is no need for any surface symmetry. Recent experiments have demonstrated the ability of this process to figure mirror segments.
Thermal Degradation Behavior of Poly(Lactic Acid) in a Blend with Polyethylene (2006)

Poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) is a candidate for feedstock recycling materials, because it easily depolymerizes back into the cyclic monomer, l,l-lactide. To examine the recycling of PLLA from blends with other kinds of polymers, a polymer blend of PLLA and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) was prepared and thermally degraded with a degradation catalyst: magnesium oxide (MgO) in a thermogravimeter/differential thermal analyzer (TG/DTA) and pyrolysis−gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (Py−GC/MS). To clarify the influence of the LLDPE ingredient in the blend, the thermal degradation data were analyzed kinetically using two simulation methods: integration and random degradation analytical methods. From the results, it was found that PLLA was effectively depolymerized in the presence of MgO into l,l-lactide with a low racemization ratio and that LLDPE had no effect on the feedstock recycling of PLLA.
Branching Out: The <i>ramosa</i> Pathway and the Evolution of Grass Inflorescence Morphology (2006)

The recent cloning of two classical maize mutants, ramosa1 ( ra1 ) by [Vollbrecht et al. (2005)][1] and ra2 by [Bortiri et al. (2006)][2] (in this issue of The Plant Cell ), has identified a pathway that plays a fundamental role in inflorescence architecture in maize. The name ramosa , from the
Stability studies with amphotericin B and amphotericin B methyl ester. (1975)

In solid form, amphotericin B and amphotericin B methyl ester free base exhibit similar stability. Acid salts of the methyl ester derivative stored under identical conditions are less stable. In solution, amphotericin B is generally more stable than its methy ester salts. However, when pH is adjusted to 6.0 and storage temperature held at 5 degrees C the methyl ester salts reflect the stability exhibited by the parent compound, amphotericin B.
A computationally efficient implementation of a full and reduced-order electrochemistry-based model for Li-ion batteries (2017)

Lithium-ion batteries are commonly employed in various applications owing to high energy density and long service life. Lithium-ion battery models are used for analysing batteries and enabling power control in applications. The Doyle-Fuller-Newman (DFN) model is a popular electrochemistry-based lithium-ion battery model which represents solid-state and electrolyte diffusion dynamics and accurately predicts the current/voltage response using a set of nonlinear partial differential equations. However, implementation of the full DFN model requires significant computation time. This paper proposes a computationally efficient implementation of the full DFN battery model, which is convenient for real-time applications. The proposed implementation is based on applying model order reduction to a spatial and temporal discretisation of the governing model equations. For model order reduction, we apply proper orthogonal decomposition and discrete empirical interpolation method, which leads to a set of reduced order nonlinear algebraic equations. These equations are solved using a particular numerical scheme, based on a damped Newton’s method. In a simulation study, the computational efficiency of the proposed implementation is shown and the resulting accuracy is presented.
How foreign are “foreign” speech sounds? Implications for speech recognition and speech synthesis (2000)

This paper reports results from a production study whichshows in what ways the traditional Swedish phone set is expanded with phones similar to or approximating phones from other languages than Swedish in everyday speech. Theinclusion of such sounds – here called xenophones – has implications for both automatic speech recognition and speech synthesis systems, especially in polylingual environments, which are discussed in the paper.
Effect of fatty acid salts on the growth of <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> (1981)

The toxicity of a range of potassium salts of fatty acids was bioassayed against Botrytis cinerea Pers. in agar culture. Growth inhibition increased with number of carbon atoms of the short chain fatty acid salts, reached a peak around C 10 (caprate), and then declined. Salts of dicarboxylic acids were nontoxic at the highest levels tested, while the unsaturated C 11:1 , undecylenate, was as potent as caprate. Caprate at 0.1% inhibited growth of most B. cinerea isolates tested and prevented the remaining isolates from forming sclerotia. Conidial germination of all isolates was prevented by 0.05% caprate. Discrepancies in the literature regarding control of B. cinerea with soft soaps are suggested to be due to varying fatty acid composition of the soaps used.