gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Palladium-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of Enol Carbonates (2009)

Palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative asymmetric allylic alkylation (DAAA) of allyl enol carbonates as a highly chemo-, regio-, and enantioselective process for the synthesis of ketones bearing either a quaternary or a tertiary alpha-stereogenic center has been investigated in detail. Chiral ligand L4 was found to be optimal in the DAAA of a broad scope of cyclic and acyclic ketones including simple aliphatic ketones with more than one enolizable proton. The allyl moiety of the carbonates has been extended to a variety of cyclic or acyclic disubstituted allyl groups. Our mechanistic studies reveal that, similar to the direct allylation of lithium enolates, the DAAA reaction proceeds through an "outer sphere" S(N)2 type of attack on the pi-allylpalladium complex by the enolate. An important difference between the DAAA reaction and the direct allylation of lithium enolates is that in the DAAA reaction, the nucleophile and the electrophile were generated simultaneously. Since the pi-allylpalladium cation must serve as the counterion for the enolate, the enolate probably exists as a tight-ion-pair. This largely prevents the common side reactions of enolates associated with the equilibrium between different enolates. The much milder reaction conditions as well as the much broader substrate scope also represent the advantages of the DAAA reaction over the direct allylation of preformed metal enolates.
Phase-map measurements by interferometry with sinusoidal phase modulation and four integrating buckets (2001)

Phase-shifting interferometry based on the integrating-bucket technique with sinusoidal phase modulation is studied theoretically and demonstrated experimentally to obtain phase maps from double-beam interferometers. The method uses four frames obtained by integration of the time-varying intensity in an interference pattern during the four quarters of the modulation period. An optimum sinusoidal phase modulation is found to minimize the effect of the additive noise. The absolute accuracy of the phase measurements is discussed. Possible applications of the method are demonstrated with two interference microscopes with which the phase modulation is achieved by sinusoidal oscillation of a mirror attached to a piezoelectric transducer and by sinusoidal birefringence modulation with a photoelastic modulator. In both experimental arrangements, phase images can be produced in real time at a rate of several hertz. Noise measurements are reported and compared with theory.
Degradación fotocatalítica de ácido dicloroacético al aplicar un campo de radiación de baja energía (2008)

"Los efectos de geometría del reactor y concentración inicial de sustrato para una reacción de fotodegradación de ácido dicloroacético (ADCA) con TiO2 - P25 como catalizador al aplicar un campo radiante de baja energía fueron evaluados en tres reactores con diferente geometría y área de absorción. La concentración de catalizador fue constante y la concentración de oxígeno es cercana a saturación a temperatura ambiente. El desempeño del proceso y la significancia de los efectos fueron evaluados a través del porcentaje de fotodegradación de ADCA y de un modelo de ajuste lineal. La fotodegradación se favoreció en reactores con colectores de radiación difusa, alta superficie de absorción y baja concentración inicial de ADCA. El factor geométrico fue el más influyente en el desempeño del proceso. El modelo obtuvo alta capacidad predictiva con un error global asociado menor al 3.5% y un coeficiente de correlación de 0.98."
Electrochemical Studies of Single Crystals of Lithiated Nickel Oxide (1966)

Lithiated nickel oxide is a p‐type semiconductor. Electrodes were made from single crystals of this material and their d‐c and a‐c behavior was studied in acid electrolytes. These electrodes are nearly ideally polarizable over an appreciable potential range. At 0.5–1.0v, with respect to a hydrogen electrode in the same solution, there is observed a capacitive impedance, which is associated with the charging of a space charge region due to the exhaustion of holes near the surface. The experimentally determined flat‐band potential for is pH‐dependent, which indicates the existence of an adsorbed surface layer in equilibrium with protons in the electrolyte. Near zero potential hydrogen evolution is observed, and above 1v faradaic processes occur.
Single electron transistors fabricated with AFM ultrafine nanooxidation process (1998)

Detailed conditions of the fabrication of devices by SPM ultrafine oxidation are discussed and a new process is conceived for reducing the surface roughness compared with the conventional process. A single electron transistor (SET) with a side gate electrode is fabricated on an ultrathin Ti film deposited on an SiO2/Si substrate. Current oscillation with gate voltage is clearly observed for the first time in a Ti-based SET. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 81(10): 12–18, 1998
Equine herpesvirus type 1 modified live virus vaccines:<i>quo vaditis</i>? (2006)

Infections of horses with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) have garnered new attention over the last few years. Devastating outbreaks occurring worldwide, primarily of the neurologic form of the disease, have resulted in a reassessment of the control strategies, and particularly the prophylactic measures, that are necessary to keep the infection and spread of disease in check. Most of the available EHV-1 vaccines are based on preparations of inactivated virus, which are applied monovalently for prevention of EHV-1-caused abortion in pregnant mares or as part of multivalent vaccines to prevent respiratory disease. Despite the importance of an induction of cytotoxic immune responses for protection against EHV-1-induced disease, only two modified live virus vaccine preparations, which are both based on the avirulent EHV-1 strain RacH and were developed more than 40 years ago, are commercially available. Current efforts focus on exploiting the available infectious bacterial artificial chromosome clones of various EHV-1 strains to engineer a new generation of modified live virus vaccines. Both more efficient and long-lasting anti-EHV-1 immunity and delivery of immunogens of other pathogens are attempted and within immediate reach. The improvement of modified live virus vaccines will likely be a major focus of research in the future, and will hopefully help to more completely protect horses against one of the most important and devastating viral diseases.
Luxation of the Atlanto-Axial Articulation in the Greyhound (1961)

March 21, 1961 marked the end of a continuous 90 day clinical treatment of a Greyhound suffering from a dislocation of the atlanto-axial articulation.
Semi-automatic extraction of ribbon roads from high resolution remotely sensed imagery by T-shaped template matching (2008)

In this paper, we present a novel approach for semi-automatic extraction of ribbon road axes from high resolution remotely sensed imagery. The core of our system is a road tracker based on T-shaped template matching. T-shaped template is composed of a profile perpendicular to the road axis and a rectangle parallel to and as wide as the road marks or strips of vegetation. Actually, the T-shaped template matching is an integration and improvement of typical profile matching and rectangular template matching. At the same time, parabola is deployed to model the road trajectory to predict the position of subsequent road points and to guide the tracking go through bad road conditions. Simultaneously, the least square matching is employed to search the precise road centerline point. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed algorithm can fast and reliably trace roads with road marks or strip of vegetation.
Resistance to antivirals in human cytomegalovirus: mechanisms and clinical significance. (1997)

Long term therapies needed for managing human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections in immunosupressed patients provided the background for the emergence of the resistance to antivirals active against HCMV. In addition, laboratory selected mutants have also been readily achieved. Both clinical and laboratory resistant strains share the same determinants of resistance. Ganciclovir resistance may be due to a few mutations in the HCMV UL97 gene and/or viral DNA pol gene, the former being responsible for about 70% of clinical resistant isolates. Among them, V464, V594, S595 and F595 are the most frequent mutations. Because of their less extensive clinical use, much less is known about resistance to foscarnet and cidofovir (formerly, HPMPC) but in both cases, it has been associated to mutations in the DNA pol. Ganciclovir resistant strains showing DNA pol mutations are cross-resistant to cidofovir and their corresponding IC50 are normally higher than those from strains harboring only mutations at the UL97 gene. To date, foscarnet resistance seems to be independent of both ganciclovir and cidofovir resistance.
pH-triggered self-assembly of biocompatible histamine-functionalized triblock copolymers (2012)

Histamine functionalized poly(allyl glycidyl ether)-<i>b</i>-poly(ethylene glycol)-<i>b</i>-poly(allyl glycidyl ether) (PAGE-PEO-PAGE) triblock copolymers represent a new class of physically cross-linked, pH-responsive hydrogels with significant potential for biomedical applications. These telechelic triblock copolymers exhibited abrupt and reversible hydrogelation above pH 7.0 due to a hudrophilic/hydrophobic transition of the histamine units to form a network of hydrophobic domains bridged by a hydrophilic PEO matrix. These hydrophobic domains displayed improved ordering upon increasing pH and self-assembled into a body centered cubic lattice at pH 8.0, while at lower concentrations formed well-defined micelles. Significantly, all materials were found to be non-toxic when evaluated on three different cell lines and suggests a range of medical and biomedical applications.
Multiscale annealing for real-time unsupervised texture segmentation (2002)

We derive real-time global optimization algorithms for several clustering optimization methods used in unsupervised texture segmentation. Speed is achieved by exploiting the topological relation of features to design a multiscale optimization technique, while accuracy and global optimization properties are provided by a deterministic annealing method. Coarse grained costfunctions are derived for both central and sparse pairwise clustering, where the problem of coarsening sparse random graphs is solved by the concept of structured randomization. Annealing schedules and coarse-to-fine optimization are tightly coupled by a statistical convergence criterion derived from computational learning theory. The algorithms are benchmarked on Brodatz-like micro-texture mondrians. Results are presented for an autonomous robotics application.
Thickness dependence of optical second harmonic generation in collagen fibrils (2007)

Simultaneous backward and forward second harmonic generations from isolated type-I collagen matrix are observed. Optical interference behaviors of these nonlinear optical signals are studied with accurately determined fibril thickness by an atomic force microscope. The nonlinear emission directions are strongly dependent on the coherent interaction within and between collagen fibrils. A linear relationship is obtained to estimate collagen fibril thickness with nanometer precision noninvasively by evaluating the forward/backward second harmonic generation ratio.
High Frequency Non-intrusive Electric Device Detection and Diagnosis (2015)

The number of electronic devices in households as well as in industrial workplaces is continuously growing because of progress in automation. Identifying unusual operating behavior, detecting device failures in advance, and recognizing energy saving potentials are key features to improve the reliability, safety, and profitability of those systems. Facing these tasks, todays research is focused inter alia on a non-intrusive load monitoring approach, where the electrical signal is measured at a central point with modern hardware and processed by pattern recognition algorithms. Thus, we developed a smart meter prototype with a high sampling frequency, which allows for continuous measurement of the current and voltage from three-phase power lines. Besides this, in this paper we describe the usage of current-only measurement data (simple and safe installation using current transformers) with which we were able to classify state changes of a mobile air-conditioner with the help of Fourier descriptors as well as with additional voltage measurement.
Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Unleashed, 2nd Edition (2002)

From the Publisher:

Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Unleashed, 2E offers a variety of topics for system and database administrators to help them learn new features of the product and to solve problems they face on a daily basis. It shows them how to build upon their working knowledge of the product and take their experience and knowledge to a higher level. This new edition of Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Unleashed covers the latest updates and service packs to SQL Server 2000, including full support for XML, notification services, and SQL Server CE.
Analysis of Features for Rigid Structure Vehicle Type Recognition (2004)

We describe an investigation into feature representations for rigid structure recognition framework for recognition of objects with a multitude of classes. The intended application is automatic recognition of vehicle type for secure access and traffic monitoring applications, a problem not hitherto considered at such a level of accuracy. We demonstrate that a relatively simple set of features extracted from sections of car front images can be used to obtain high performance verification and recognition of vehicle type (both car model and class). We describe the approach and resulting system in full, and the results of experiments comparing a wide variety of different features. The final system is capable of recognition rates of over 93% and verification equal error rates of fewer than 5.6% when tested on over 1000 images containing 77 different classes. The system is shown to be robust for a wide range of weather and lighting conditions.
Highly mesoporous organic aerogels derived from soy and tannin (2012)

The first organic aerogels natural at the 91% level, based on soy and tannin, are reported. Such materials were prepared from denatured soy protein which was formylated, crosslinked with flavonoid tannin at different pHs, gelled and cured at 85 °C, and finally dried with supercritical CO2. The resultant aerogels presented both low bulk density and high mesopore volumes. Morphology, pore texture, chemical structure and thermal performances have been investigated by SEM, envelope and helium pycnometry, nitrogen adsorption at 77 K, FTIR, elemental analysis, XPS, NMR and hot disk transient plane source methods, respectively. We show that soy–tannin aerogels are among the “greenest” organic aerogels combining low cost, renewable character, highly developed mesopore texture and good thermal performances.
Adsorption of nitrogen-oxygen mixture in NaCaA zeolites by elution chromatography (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAdsorption of nitrogen-oxygen mixture in NaCaA zeolites by elution chromatographyVenkateswarlu N. Choudary, Raksh V. Jasra, and Thirumaleswara S. G. BhatCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1993, 32, 3, 548–552Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00015a018RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views255Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (544 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Molecular stereochemistry of two intermediate-spin complexes. Iron(II) phthalocyanine and manganese(II) phthalocyanine (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMolecular stereochemistry of two intermediate-spin complexes. Iron(II) phthalocyanine and manganese(II) phthalocyanineJohn F. Kirner, W. Dow, and W. Robert. ScheidtCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1976, 15, 7, 1685–1690Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50161a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50161a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1353Altmetric-Citations181LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
ZnO film concave transducer for focusing radiation of microwave ultrasound (1976)

A ZnO piezoelectric film has been satisfactorily deposited on a concave substrate of a gold hemispherical shell to produce a concave transducer for microwave ultrasound. The fabrication process of the concave transducer, with a focal distance of 5–9 mm, and also experiments on focusing radiation in water at 100 MHz. are described.
Initial growth of tin on niobium for vapor diffusion coating of Nb <sub>3</sub> Sn (2018)

Abstract Nb 3 Sn offers significant potential to exceed the performance of niobium for superconducting radio frequency accelerator cavities. The most promising path toward deployment is by tin vapor diffusion coating of Nb cavity interiors via a two step nucleation-then-growth sequence. Reported here is a materials science study of the nucleation process. We manipulated the accessible range of process variables and determined the effect on composition and microstructure using an array of materials characterization tools. Broadly, nucleation deposits tin as a thin surface phase and, under some conditions, as near-micron sized particles as well, resembling Stranski–Krastanov growth. Conditions that impair nucleation promote the formation of defects, such as patches, in subsequent coating growth. Otherwise no significant effect on the subsequently grown coating was found for structures produced during nucleation.
Trends in the hog and pork trade in the United States (1935)

Recent attempts to control the production of hogs in the United States bring up many questions as to the nature of the hog enterprise and variations in the hogs marketed in different regions.\nThis bulletin presents information on: (a) The differences in the weights of hogs marketed in different parts of the United States; (b) Certain trends which have developed in the location of the com, hog and packing enterprises; (c) Data regarding the shipment of slaughter hogs from central markets; and (d) the variation in pork requirements in different areas.\nA considerable portion of this information is rather common knowledge among packers and others in the hog trade but is not so commonly understood by producers of hogs.
Direct optical mapping of transcription factor binding sites on field-stretched λ-DNA in nanofluidic devices (2014)

Mapping transcription factor (TF) binding sites along a DNA backbone is crucial in understanding the regulatory circuits that control cellular processes. Here, we deployed a method adopting bioconjugation, nanofluidic confinement and fluorescence single molecule imaging for direct mapping of TF (RNA polymerase) binding sites on field-stretched single DNA molecules. Using this method, we have mapped out five of the TF binding sites of E. coli RNA polymerase to bacteriophage λ-DNA, where two promoter sites and three pseudo-promoter sites are identified with the corresponding binding frequency of 45% and 30%, respectively. Our method is quick, robust and capable of resolving protein-binding locations with high accuracy (∼ 300 bp), making our system a complementary platform to the methods currently practiced. It is advantageous in parallel analysis and less prone to false positive results over other single molecule mapping techniques such as optical tweezers, atomic force microscopy and molecular combing, and could potentially be extended to general mapping of protein-DNA interaction sites.
Antibiotic Treatment of Tuberculosis: Old Problems, New Solutions (2008)

The German physician and scientist Robert Koch presented his discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on March 24, 1882, noting:
A New Weak Light Detection Technique: Reduction of Scattered Light and Ghosts in a Raman Spectrum by a Frequency Discriminating Optical Chopper (1969)

A new technique is described which reduces unwanted scattered light and ghosts in Raman spectra. For a perfectly constructed system, the Rayleigh component will be zero, and only the Raman spectra will be detected. This method is far superior to the conventional lock-in, electron counting, and noise power Raman detection techniques.
Unique dietary-related mouse model of colitis (2006)

The results suggest that exposure of the colonic mucosa to DOC may be a key etiologic factor in IBD. The DOC-fed mouse model may reflect the natural course of development of colitis/IBD in humans, and thus may be useful for determining new preventive strategies and lifestyle changes in affected individuals.
Terahertz-Spektroskopie mit High-Speed ASOPS (THz Spectroscopy Based on High-Speed ASOPS) (2008)

Asynchrones Optisches Abtasten (engl. asynchronous optical sampling, ASOPS ) ist eine Technik für ultraschnelle zeitaufgelöste Spektroskopie, die im Gegensatz zu konventionellen Methoden ohne mechanische Hilfsmittel zur Zeitverzögerung optischer Pulszüge auskommt. Dies ist zentrale Voraussetzung für eine drastische Verkürzung der Datenerfassungzeiten und ermöglicht Spektroskopie am Limit des Schrotrauschens ohne weitere Maßnahmen zur Unterdrückung technischen Rauschens. Die Verwendung von Femtosekundenlasern mit 1GHz Pulswiederholrate ermöglicht erstmals ASOPS mit einer Zeitauflösung im Bereich von 100fs. Dieses sogenannte High-Speed ASOPS wird damit auch für zeitaufgelöste Terahertz-Spektroskopie bei Frequenzen zwischen 100 GHz und einigen THz interessant. Hier wird ein High-Speed-ASOPS -basiertes THz-Spektroskopiesystem mit 3 THz Bandbreite und 1 GHz Frequenzauflösung demonstriert, das binnen nur 1s Spektren mit hohem Dynamikbereich liefert.