gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Time course of and stimuli to compensatory growth of the lung after pneumonectomy. (1975)

Left pneumonectomy in the mature rat led to an increase of [3Ha1 thymidine incorporation into DNA of the remaining lung in the first 3 postoperative days, and resulted in a subsequent 38% increase of lung weight and 41% increase of lung tissue volume measured 1 wk after surgery. Despite these early changes, total lung volume (TLV) did not increase until the 2nd postoperative wk, reaching values 33% greater than in controls. Analysis of lung pressure-volume curves revealed that lung recoil was increased at low lung volumes 1 wk after surgery, but returned to normal by the 2nd postoperative wk, suggesting that synthesis of both lung elastin and collagen had occurred by this time. Increased inspired oxygen concentration (28% or 35%) during the 1st but not the 2nd postoperative wk abolished the change in TLV without influencing the increase in lung weight, while diminished inspired oxygen (17% or 14%) accentuated the postoperative increase in TLV. Lung pressure-volume curves demonstrated changes in distensibility at low lung volumes, suggesting that oxygen may have influenced synthesis or cross-linking of lung elastin. Alterations of minute ventilation in the postoperative period produced by 3% CO2 did not influence the compensatory growth process, nor did administration of cyclophosphamide. These studies suggest that postpneumonectomy lung growth is a two-phase process, beginning with cell proliferation and increased tissue volume, followed by increasing lung volume associated with formation of lung structural proteins. The latter process is profoundly influenced by inspired oxygen concentration in the early postoperative period.
Assessment of Response to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer: CT Texture as a Predictive Biomarker (2011)

CT texture analysis reflecting tumor heterogeneity is an independent factor associated with time to progression and has potential as a predictive imaging biomarker of response of metastatic renal cancer to targeted therapy.
Effect of water-soluble and water-insoluble long-chain polar additives on micellar solutions of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (1961)

Additions of long-chain polar compounds to aqueous solutions of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate resulted in the separation of a liquid-crystalline phase. This was first observed after the addition of 0.2 to 0.25 mole of water-insoluble polar compound per mole of anionic surfactant. It was found necessary to add 0.6 to 2 moles of watersoluble long-chain polar compound per mole of anionic surfactant before a separate liquid-crystalline phase could be observed. At concentrations below that required for liquid-crystal formation, additions of PEG 400 monostearate to aqueous solutions of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate resulted in a steady decrease in the Krafft temperature, a viscosity minimum, and a surface-tension minimum. With sucrose monotallowate, similar results were obtained, except that a minimum was not obtained in the viscosity-concentration curve.
Enhancing the Linear Dynamic Range in Multi-Channel Single Photon Detector Beyond 7OD (2015)

We present design, implementation, and characterization of a single photon detector based on 32-channel PMT sensor [model H7260-20, Hamamatsu]. The developed high speed electronics enables the photon counting with linear dynamic range (LDR) up to 10<sup>8</sup>count/s per detector's channel. The experimental characterization and Monte-Carlo simulations showed that in the single photon counting mode the LDR of the PMT sensor is limited by (i) "photon" pulse width (current pulse) of 900ps and (ii) substantial decrease of amplitudes of current pulses for count rates exceeding 10<sup>8</sup> count/s. The multi-channel architecture of the detector and the developed firm/software allow further expansion of the dynamic range of the device by 32-fold by using appropriate beam shaping. The developed single photon counting detector was tested for the detection of fluorescence labeled microbeads in capillary flow.
Proteolytic Extracellular Matrix Fragments Following Ischemic Stroke: New Insights to Potential Therapeutic Targets (2010)

Stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability and the third leading cause of death in the United States. The sudden disruption of blood flow that occurs following ischemic stroke ultimately leads to neuronal death, breakdown of the blood brain barrier, and proteolytic processing of the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Within 3 days after ischemic stroke, new blood vessels begin to form around (ischemic penumbra) the site of injury by a process known as angiogenesis. Angiogenesis, in turn is regulated by a number of growth factors and by processed biologically active fragments of the ECM. Unfortunately, current experimental stroke therapies that might enhance post-stroke angiogenesis, including growth factors, pharmaceuticals, and stem cells may engender significant and unacceptable risks. Furthermore, while most other stroke therapies have focused on neuroprotection during the acute phase of stroke injury, we hypothesize that exploiting brain self-repair mechanisms, including ECM matrix fragment generation, may provide better therapies. In this mini-review we will discuss the importance of the ECM following stroke, including the potential role of its proteolytic fragments in modulating angiogenesis and neurogenesis.
Multiplexing issues in communication system design (1990)

This paper considers some of the multiplexing issues in communication system design by examining overall system issues. In particular, we distinguish physical multiplexing of resources from logical multiplexing of streams. Both physical-resource multiplexing and logical multiplexing determine the service that can be provided by a communication system. We also discuss two issues affected by logical multiplexing - flow control and the relationship between control and data streams of a connection. We conclude that the granularity of physical resource sharing must be fine enough to meet the jitter and latency constraints of demanding applications. Also, high speed communication systems should restrict their logical multiplexing to layer 3.
<i>In vitro </i>susceptibility of 15 strains of zygomycetes to nine antifungal agents as determined by the NCCLS M38‐A microdilution method (2005)

The in vitro susceptibility of 15 strains of six genera of zygomycetes including Rhizopus oryzae (Rhizopus arrhizus), Rhizopus stolonifer, Mucor circinelloides (three), Absidia corymbifera (three), Rhizomucor pusillus (three), Cunninghamella bertholletiae (two), and Syncephalastrum racemosum (two) to nine antifungal agents were determined by the NCCLS M38-A broth microdilution method. Geometric means of the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were: amphotericin B 0.07 mg l(-1) (range 0.03-0.5 mg l(-1)), nystatin 0.83 mg l(-1) (range 0.25-4 mg l(-1)), itraconazole 0.59 mg l(-1) (range 0.03 to >8 mg l(-1)), voriconazole 6.50 mg l(-1) (range 2 to >8 mg l(-1)), ciclopiroxolamine 1.59 mg l(-1) (range 0.5-4 mg l(-1)), and amorolfine 9.19 mg l(-1) (range 1 to >16 mg l(-1)). All strains were resistant to 5-flucytosine, fluconazole (MIC >64 mg l(-1)) and caspofungin (MIC >16 mg l(-1)).
Tunable broadband antireflection structures for silicon at terahertz frequency (2009)

We report enhanced transmission of broadband terahertz electromagnetic waves in the frequency range from 0.2 to 3.15 THz using silicon with micropyramid surface structures. We observe a maximum 89% reduction in reflectivity of terahertz power when the sample with 60-μm-period micropyramids is used, compared to a planar silicon substrate. By varying the period of micropyramid structures from 110 to 30 μm, the cutoff frequency of enhanced transmission is tuned from 0.74 to 2.93 THz and the bandwidth of enhancement increases from 0.91 to 3.15 THz, respectively.
Boron and phosphorus diffusion in strained and relaxed Si and SiGe (2003)

The diffusion of boron and phosphorus has been investigated in SiGe grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The analysis was done in relaxed Si1−xGex for x=0, 0.01, 0.12, and 0.24 for B and x=0, 0.07, 0.12, 0.24, and 0.40 for P. B diffusion in relaxed samples shows little effect of changing the Ge content while for P diffusion, increasing Ge content increases the diffusion coefficient from Si up to Si0.76Ge0.24. This is explained by a pairing of B and Ge atoms retarding the diffusion. B diffusion in compressively strained Si0.88Ge0.12 and Si0.76Ge0.24 and tensile strained Si and Si0.88Ge0.12 was also investigated. Compressive strain was found to decrease the diffusion coefficient of B and tensile strain to increase it.
Data mining: concepts and techniques (2012)

Our ability to generate and collect data has been increasing rapidly. Not only are all of our business, scientific, and government transactions now computerized, but the widespread use of digital cameras, publication tools, and bar codes also generate data. On the collection side, scanned text and image platforms, satellite remote sensing systems, and the World Wide Web have flooded us with a tremendous amount of data. This explosive growth has generated an even more urgent need for new techniques and automated tools that can help us transform this data into useful information and knowledge.Like the first edition, voted the most popular data mining book by KD Nuggets readers, this book explores concepts and techniques for the discovery of patterns hidden in large data sets, focusing on issues relating to their feasibility, usefulness, effectiveness, and scalability. However, since the publication of the first edition, great progress has been made in the development of new data mining methods, systems, and applications. This new edition substantially enhances the first edition, and new chapters have been added to address recent developments on mining complex types of data- including stream data, sequence data, graph structured data, social network data, and multi-relational data.Whether you are a seasoned professional or a new student of data mining, this book has much to offer you:* A comprehensive, practical look at the concepts and techniques you need to know to get the most out of real business data.* Updates that incorporate input from readers, changes in the field, and more material on statistics and machine learning.* Dozens of algorithms and implementation examples, all in easily understood pseudo-code and suitable for use in real-world, large-scale data mining projects.* Complete classroom support for instructors at www.mkp.com/datamining2e companion site.
Biography vs autobiography of Chinese women: Or, archaeology vs genealogy (2014)

Biographical writing has been the mainstream of Chinese historiography. The bulk of the twenty-four dynastic histories is made up of biographies of major political and military players such as emperors, princes, ministers, generals and influential cultural personalities. In the official dynastic histories, there are usually two chapters devoted to women, namely, a chapter on imperial consorts and a chapter on women of commoner background. Needless to say, these biographies of women were written by male historians. The chapter on imperial women usually only covers those on each end of the moral spectrum: the virtuous and the wicked. As to the chapter for women commoners, only the exemplars are included, for their virtue, bravery, loyalty and most often for their chastity.
A nested cohort study of 6,248 early breast cancer patients treated in neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy trials investigating the prognostic value of chemotherapy-related toxicities (2015)

This large study shows a significant association between chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and increased survival. It also identifies a strong relationship between low/normal BMI and increased incidence of severe neutropenia. It provides evidence to support the development of neutropenia-adapted clinical trials to investigate optimal dose calculation and its impact on clinical outcome. This is important in populations where obesity may lead to sub-optimal chemotherapy doses.
Using principal components in a proportional hazards model with applications in condition-based maintenance (2005)

This paper proposes the application of a principal components proportional hazards regression model in condition-based maintenance (CBM) optimization. The Cox proportional hazards model with time-dependent covariates is considered. Principal component analysis (PCA) can be applied to covariates (measurements) to reduce the number of variables included in the model, as well as to eliminate possible collinearity between the covariates. The main issues and problems in using the proposed methodology are discussed. PCA is applied to a simulated CBM data set and two real data sets obtained from industry: oil analysis data and vibration data. Reasonable results are obtained.
Identification of Follistatin-Like 1 by Expression Cloning as an Activator of the Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Gene and a Prognostic Biomarker in Acute Coronary Syndrome (2012)

Our study is the first to use expression cloning for biomarker discovery upstream of a gene of interest and to identify FSTL1 as an independent prognostic biomarker in ACS.
Fast Projection‐Based Methods for the Least Squares Nonnegative Matrix Approximation Problem (2007)

Abstract Nonnegative matrix approximation (NNMA) is a popular matrix decomposition technique that has proven to be useful across a diverse variety of fields with applications ranging from document analysis and image processing to bioinformatics and signal processing. Over the years, several algorithms for NNMA have been proposed, e.g. Lee and Seung's multiplicative updates, alternating least squares (ALS), and gradient descent‐based procedures. However, most of these procedures suffer from either slow convergence, numerical instability, or at worst, serious theoretical drawbacks. In this paper, we develop a new and improved algorithmic framework for the least‐squares NNMA problem, which is not only theoretically well‐founded, but also overcomes many deficiencies of other methods. Our framework readily admits powerful optimization techniques and as concrete realizations we present implementations based on the Newton, BFGS and conjugate gradient methods. Our algorithms provide numerical results superior to both Lee and Seung's method as well as to the alternating least squares heuristic, which was reported to work well in some situations but has no theoretical guarantees 1 . Our approach extends naturally to include regularization and box‐constraints without sacrificing convergence guarantees. We present experimental results on both synthetic and real‐world datasets that demonstrate the superiority of our methods, both in terms of better approximations as well as computational efficiency. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company Statistical Analy Data Mining 1: 000‐000, 2007
Influence of the Evanescent Field Decay Length on the Sensitivity of Plasmonic Nanodisks and Nanoholes (2014)

We evaluate and compare the sensitivity of gold nanodisks on silica substrates and nanoholes made in silica-supported gold films, two of the most common sensor structures used in plasmonic biosensing. An alumina overcoat was applied by atomic layer deposition (ALD) to precisely control the interfacial refractive index and determine the evanescent plasmonic field decay length. The results are in good agreement with analytical models and biomolecular binding experiments for the two substrates. We found that nanodisks outperform nanoholes for thin dielectric coatings (<∼20 nm), while the opposite holds true for thicker coatings (>∼20 nm). The optimum nanoplasmonic transducer element for a given biorecognition reaction can be chosen based on experimentally determined bulk sensitivities/noise levels and theoretically estimated evanescent field decay lengths.
Zeolites at high pressure: A review (2014)

Abstract This is a review of the elastic behaviour and pressure ( P )-induced structural evolution of zeolites and presents a comparative analysis of the deformation mechanisms of the Si/Al-framework and the rearrangement of the extra-framework species in response to applied pressure. The interaction between P -transmitting fluids and zeolites, which can lead to phenomena such as ‘P-induced over-hydration’, is described. The comparative elastic analysis and the high- P structural data of zeolites reported so far allow us to make some generalizations: (1) The range of compressibility among this class of openframework silicates is large, with bulk moduli ranging between 15 and 70 GPa; (2) Microporosity does not necessarily imply high compressibility, as several zeolites are less compressible than other nonzeolitic rock-forming minerals; (3) Compressibilities of zeolites do not seem to be directly related to microporosity, at least if we model microporosity with the ‘framework density’; (4) The flexibility observed in zeolites under hydrostatic compression is mainly governed by tilting of rigid tetrahedra around O atoms that behave as hinges within the framework. Pressure-induced tilting commonly leads to continuous rearrangement of the framework without any phase transition. More rarely, tilting induces displacive phase transitions and isothermal P -induced reconstructive phase transitions (i.e. with change in framework topology), have not been reported in this class of materials; (5) Deformation mechanisms in response to applied pressure are generally dictated by the topological configuration of the framework rather than the Si/Al-distribution or the extra-framework content. The channel content governs the compressibility of the cavities, leading to different unit-cell-volume compressibilities in isotypic structures.
Knowledge-Based Avoidance of Drug-Resistant HIV Mutants (1998)

We describe an artificial intelligence (AI) system (CTSHIV) that connects the scientific AIDS literature describing specific HIV drug resistances directly to the Customized Treatment Strategy of a specific HIV patient. Rules in the CTSHIV knowledge base encode knowledge about sequence mutations in the HIV genome that have been found to result in drug resistance in the HIV virus. Rules are applied to the actual HIV sequences of the virus strains infecting the specific patient undergoing clinical treatment in order to infer current drug resistance. A rule-directed search through mutation sequence space identifies nearby drug resistant mutant strains that might arise. The possible combination drug treatment regimens currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are considered and ranked by their estimated ability to avoid identified current and nearby drug resistant mutants. The highest-ranked treatments are recommended to the attending physician. The result is more precise treatment of individual HIV patients, and a decreased tendency to select for drug resistant genes in the global HIV gene pool. Initial results from a small human clinical trial are encouraging and further clinical trials are planned. From an AI viewpoint the case study demonstrates the extensibility of knowledge-based systems because it illustrates how existing encoded knowledge can be used to support new knowledge-based applications that were unanticipated when the original knowledge was encoded.
Metabolic‐flux analysis of continuously cultured hybridoma cells using <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> mass spectrometry in combination with <sup>13</sup>C‐lactate nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and metabolite balancing (2001)

Protein production of mammalian-cell culture is limited due to accumulation of waste products such as lactate, CO(2), and ammonia. In this study, the intracellular fluxes of hybridoma cells are measured to determine the amount by which various metabolic pathways contribute to the secretion of waste products derived from glucose. Continuously cultured hybridoma cells are grown in medium containing either 1-(13)C-, 2-(13)C-, or 6-(13)C-glucose. The uptake and production rates of amino acids, glucose, ammonia, O(2), and CO(2) as well as the cellular composition are measured. In addition, the (13)C distribution of the lactate produced and alanine produced by the hybridomas is determined by (1)H-NMR spectroscopy, and the (13)CO(2)/(12)CO(2) ratio is measured by on-line mass spectrometry. These data are used to calculate the intracellular fluxes of the glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, the TCA cycle, and fluxes involved in amino acid metabolism. It is shown that: (i) approximately 20% of the glucose consumed is channeled through the pentose shunt; (ii) the glycolysis pathway contributes the most to lactate production, and most of the CO(2) is produced by the TCA cycle; (iii) the pyruvate-carboxylase flux is negligibly small; and (iv) the malic-enzyme flux is estimated to be 10% of the glucose uptake rate. Based on these flux data suggestions are made to engineer a more efficient glucose metabolism in mammalian cells.
Regulation and Control of Solar Array Power a Minimum Power Dissipation Approach (1978)

Two approaches to a full-shunt regulator for regulation and control of solar array output power are described in this paper. The first approach, Linear-Partial-Shunt regulation, reduces the power dissipated in the shunt regulator to less than one-half of the power dissipated in a full-shunt regulator. The second approach, Linear-Sequential-Partial-Shunt regulation, reduces the power dissipation to less than one-sixth of that dissipated in a full-shunt regulator. The approaches discussed in this paper are simple and cost-effective, and can be easily implemented in any size solar array power system.
Space-Efficient Preprocessing Schemes for Range Minimum Queries on Static Arrays (2011)

Given a static array of n totally ordered objects, the range minimum query problem is to build a data structure that allows us to answer efficiently subsequent on-line queries of the form “what is the position of a minimum element in the subarray ranging from i to j?”. We focus on two settings, where (1) the input array is available at query time, and (2) the input array is available only at construction time. In setting (1), we show new data structures (a) of size $\frac{2n}{c(n)}-\Theta\bigl(\frac{n\lg\lg n}{c(n)\lg n}\bigr)$ bits and query time $O(c(n))$ for any positive integer function $c(n)\in O\bigl(n^\varepsilon\bigr)$ for an arbitrary constant $0<\varepsilon<1$, or (b) with $O(nH_k)+o(n)$ bits and $O(1)$ query time, where $H_k$ denotes the empirical entropy of kth order of the input array. In setting (2), we give a data structure of size $2n+o(n)$ bits and query time $O(1)$. All data structures can be constructed in linear time and almost in-place.
Non‐ionic Dendronized Multiamphiphilic Polymers as Nanocarriers for Biomedical Applications (2012)

A new class of non-ionic dendronized multiamphiphilic polymers is prepared from a biodegradable (AB)n-type diblock polymer synthesized from 2-azido-1,3-propanediol (azido glycerol) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-600 diethylester using Novozym-435 (Candida antarctica lipase) as a biocatalyst, following a well-established biocatalytic route. These polymers are functionalized with dendritic polyglycerols (G1 and G2) and octadecyl chains in different functionalization levels via click chemistry to generate dendronized multiamphiphilic polymers. Surface tension measurements and dynamic light scattering studies reveal that all of the multiamphiphilic polymers spontaneously self-assemble in aqueous solution. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy further proves the formation of multiamphiphiles towards monodisperse spherical micelles of about 7-9 nm in diameter. The evidence from UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy suggests the effective solubilization of hydrophobic guests like pyrene and 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid within the hydrophobic core of the micelles. These results demonstrate the potential of these dendronized multiamphiphilic polymers for the development of prospective drug delivery systems for the solubilization of poorly water soluble drugs.