gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of circular microfluidic channels by combining mechanical micromilling and soft lithography (2011)

The fabrication of microfluidic channels with complex three-dimensional (3D) geometries presents a major challenge to the field of microfluidics, because conventional lithography methods are mainly limited to rectangular cross-sections. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of mechanical micromachining to fabricate microfluidic channels with complex cross-sectional geometries. Micro-scale milling tools are first used to fabricate semi-circular patterns on planar metallic surfaces to create a master mold. The micromilled pattern is then transferred to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) through a two-step reverse molding process. Using these semi-circular PDMS channels, circular cross-sectioned microchannels are created by aligning and adhering two channels face-to-face. Straight and serpentine-shaped microchannels were fabricated, and the channel geometry and precision of the metallic master and PDMS molds were assessed through scanning electron microscopy and non-contact profilometry. Channel functionality was tested by perfusion of liquid through the channels. This work demonstrates that micromachining enabled soft lithography is capable of fabricating non-rectangular cross-section channels for microfluidic applications. We believe that this approach will be important for many fields from biomimetics and vascular engineering to microfabrication and microreactor technologies.
Nickel phlorin intermediate formed by proton-coupled electron transfer in hydrogen evolution mechanism (2015)

The development of more effective energy conversion processes is critical for global energy sustainability. The design of molecular electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction is an important component of these efforts. Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions, in which electron transfer is coupled to proton transfer, play an important role in these processes and can be enhanced by incorporating proton relays into the molecular electrocatalysts. Herein nickel porphyrin electrocatalysts with and without an internal proton relay are investigated to elucidate the hydrogen evolution mechanisms and thereby enable the design of more effective catalysts. Density functional theory calculations indicate that electrochemical reduction leads to dearomatization of the porphyrin conjugated system, thereby favoring protonation at the meso carbon of the porphyrin ring to produce a phlorin intermediate. A key step in the proposed mechanisms is a thermodynamically favorable PCET reaction composed of intramolecular electron transfer from the nickel to the porphyrin and proton transfer from a carboxylic acid hanging group or an external acid to the meso carbon of the porphyrin. The C-H bond of the active phlorin acts similarly to the more traditional metal-hydride by reacting with acid to produce H2. Support for the theoretically predicted mechanism is provided by the agreement between simulated and experimental cyclic voltammograms in weak and strong acid and by the detection of a phlorin intermediate through spectroelectrochemical measurements. These results suggest that phlorin species have the potential to perform unique chemistry that could prove useful in designing more effective electrocatalysts.
Sapphire-Anvil Cell for High Pressure Research (1986)

A pair of sapphire crystals was used for opposed anvils of a high pressure cell. Various types of anvils were attempted. The shapes of all anvils were fundamentally a truncated rod but they differed in minor designs. Maximum pressures of about 14 GPa was attained by the use of anvils with top and bottom surfaces respectively 1 and 5 mm in diameter and with an angle of 18° between the top surface and tapered flank. No particular relation, which is expected to favor the generation of high pressure, was found between the crystallographic axes and the direction of compression.
Value of clinical pharmacology (1976)

danger that this opera- tion, which is in so many respects satisfactory, may be brought into disrepute, and perhaps
Uplift Modeling in Direct Marketing (2012)

Marketing campaigns directed to randomly selected customers often generate huge costs and a weak response. Moreover, such campaigns tend to unnecessarily annoy customers and make them less likely to answer to future communications. Precise targeting of marketing actions can potentially results in a greater return on investment. Usually, response models are used to select good targets. They aim at achieving high prediction accuracy for the probability of purchase based on a sample of customers, to whom a pilot campaign has been sent. However, to separate the impact of the action from other stimuli and spontaneous purchases we should model not the response probabilities themselves, but instead, the change in those probabilities caused by the action. The problem of predicting this change is known as uplift modeling, differential response analysis, or true lift modeling. In this work, tree-based classifiers designed for uplift modeling are applied to real marketing data and compared with traditional response models, and other uplift modeling techniques described in literature. The experiments show that the proposed approaches outperform existing uplift modeling algorithms and demonstrate significant advantages of uplift modeling over traditional, response based targeting.
Tower testing of a 64W shortwave infrared supercontinuum laser for use as a hyperspectral imaging illuminator (2014)

Hyperspectral imaging systems are currently used for numerous activities related to spectral identification of materials. These passive imaging systems rely on naturally reflected/emitted radiation as the source of the signal. Thermal infrared systems measure radiation emitted from objects in the scene. As such, they can operate at both day and night. However, visible through shortwave infrared systems measure solar illumination reflected from objects. As a result, their use is limited to daytime applications. Omni Sciences has produced high powered broadband shortwave infrared super-continuum laser illuminators. A 64-watt breadboard system was recently packaged and tested at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base to gauge beam quality and to serve as a proof-of-concept for potential use as an illuminator for a hyperspectral receiver. The laser illuminator was placed in a tower and directed along a 1.4km slant path to various target materials with reflected radiation measured with both a broadband camera and a hyperspectral imaging system to gauge performance.
The Requirement of Multimodal Therapy (Vaccine, Local Tumor Radiation, and Reduction of Suppressor Cells) to Eliminate Established Tumors (2005)

These studies reported here support the rationale for clinical trials employing multimodal immune-based therapies.
Automatic detection of sleep-disordered breathing from a single-channel airflow record (2007)

Single-channel airflow monitors developed for screening of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) have conflicting results for accuracy. It was hypothesised that the analytical algorithm is crucial for the performance and the present authors tried to develop a novel computer algorithm. A total of 399 polysomnography (PSG) records were employed, including a thermal sensor signal. The first 100 records were used in the development of the algorithm and the remainder for validation. In addition, 119 PSG records, including a thermocouple signal and a nasal pressure signal, were used for the validation. The algorithm was designed to obtain a time series (flow-power) using power spectral analysis, which expresses fluctuation in the airflow signal amplitude. From the time series the algorithm detects transient falls of the flow-power and calculates flow-respiratory disturbance index (RDI), defined as the number of falls per hour. In the validation group, the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves for diagnosis of SDB (apnoea/hypopnoea index > or =5) were 0.96, 0.95 and 0.95, for the records of the thermal sensor, thermocouple and nasal pressure system, respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity/specificity ratios of the flow-RDI were 96/76, 88/80 and 97%/77%, respectively. The present results suggest that a single-channel airflow monitor can be used to detect sleep-disordered breathing automatically if the analytic algorithm is optimised.
Plans for the Bishops Stortford (UK) fibre to the home trials (2003)

Plans for a British trial of novel topologies for fiber to the home are now at an advanced stage. The reasons and objectives for the trial, the technologies to be deployed, and the proposed layout and timing of the trial are outlined. The passive optical and switched-star networks to the tested are described, and the optical plant and operational support system are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Novel technology independent neural network approach on device modelling interface (1995)

A novel, fast and accurate neural network tool is proposed for efficient technology independent realisation of the interface between device modelling and circuit simulation. Enhanced back-propagation neural network based algorithms are applied to the problem of modelling various device characteristics. These algorithms include the modified back-propagation algorithm, the conjugate gradient algorithm and the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Also, the radial basis function neural network is tested in the device modelling problem. Simulations show fast convergence or learning rate and an excellent fit of recalled characteristics to the measured device data. The algorithm utilised is robust and capable of presenting the entire device characteristics unaltered even with largely reduced amount of the teaching material. The good monotonicity of the neural network generated device data facilitates the usage of the method in circuit simulation purposes. Possible further applications of implementing circuit level macromodels with this technique are discussed.
Alzheimer's disease-related amyloid-β induces synaptotoxicity in human iPS cell-derived neurons (2015)

Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons have been proposed to be a highly valuable cellular model for studying the pathomechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies employing patient-specific human iPSCs as models of familial and sporadic forms of AD described elevated levels of AD-related amyloid-β (Aβ). However, none of the present AD iPSC studies could recapitulate the synaptotoxic actions of Aβ, which are crucial early events in a cascade that eventually leads to vast brain degeneration. Here we established highly reproducible, human iPSC-derived cortical cultures as a cellular model to study the synaptotoxic effects of Aβ. We developed a highly efficient immunopurification procedure yielding immature neurons that express markers of deep layer cortical pyramidal neurons and GABAergic interneurons. Upon long-term cultivation, purified cells differentiated into mature neurons exhibiting the generation of action potentials and excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic synapses. Most interestingly, these iPSC-derived human neurons were strongly susceptible to the synaptotoxic actions of Aβ. Application of Aβ for 8 days led to a reduction in the overall FM4-64 and vGlut1 staining of vesicles in neurites, indicating a loss of vesicle clusters. A selective analysis of presynaptic vesicle clusters on dendrites did not reveal a significant change, thus suggesting that Aβ impaired axonal vesicle clusters. In addition, electrophysiological patch-clamp recordings of AMPA receptor-mediated miniature EPSCs revealed an Aβ-induced reduction in amplitudes, indicating an impairment of postsynaptic AMPA receptors. A loss of postsynaptic AMPA receptor clusters was confirmed by immunocytochemical stainings for GluA1. Incubation with Aβ for 8 days did not result in a significant loss of neurites or cell death. In summary, we describe a highly reproducible cellular AD model based on human iPSC-derived cortical neurons that enables the mechanistic analysis of Aβ-induced synaptic pathomechanisms and the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
Weak consistency as a last resort (2010)

It is well-known that using a replicated service requires a tradeoff between availability and consistency. Eventual Linearizability represents a midpoint in the design spectrum, since it can be implemented ensuring availability in worst-case periods and providing strong consistency in the regular case. In this paper we show how Eventual Linearizability can be used to support master-worker schemes such as workload sharding in Web applications. We focus on a scenario where sharding maps the workload to a pool of servers spread over an unreliable wide-area network. In this context, Linearizability is desirable, but it may prevent achieving sufficient availability and performance. We show that Eventual Linearizability can significantly reduce the time to completion of the workload in some settings.
Recent developments in herpesvirus therapy. (2001)

The antiherpes drugs, aciclovir and ganciclovir, are considered the standard treatments and prophylactic agents for infections caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Until a decade ago, the impact of aciclovir on the control of severe and life-threatening herpesvirus infections was unprecedented. During the past few years, we have witnessed approval of new therapeutic drugs for infections caused by HSV and VZV (i.e. penciclovir and the oral prodrugs, valaciclovir and famciclovir), CMV (i.e. ganciclovir, cidofovir and fomivirsen) or HSV, VZV and CMV (i.e. foscarnet). A few agents, such as brivudin and benzimidavir, are in ongoing clinical development; others have been suspended because of safety concerns. New antiherpes agents are needed to face clinical issues such as drug resistance, increased use of antiherpes prophylaxis in transplantation and safety concerns in small children or pregnant women.
Magnetic Properties of Single Crystals of Silicon Iron (1937)

The magnetization curves for the [100], [110] and [111] directions of single crytals of iron containing 3.85 percent silicon were obtained from single crystal specimens cut in the form of hollow parallelograms so that the sides of each specimen were parallel to the tetragonal, digonal or trigonal axes, respectively. This method avoids the errors due to demagnetizing fields, inherent in previous measurements on single crystals. In addition to the well-known anisotropy at magnetizations above half of saturation, the data show for the first time considerable anisotropy at low magnetizations. A maximum permeability of 1,380,000 by far the highest ever reported for silicon iron, was observed in the [100] specimen after careful annealing. The magnetic anisotropy constants ${K}_{1}$ and ${K}_{2}$ were obtained from the magnetization curves and from torque measurements on a disk cut parallel to a (110) plane.
3D‐Printed Silicone Materials with Hydrogen Getter Capability (2018)

Abstract Organic getters are used to reduce the amount of reactive hydrogen in applications such as nuclear plants and transuranic waste. The present study examines the performance of getter loaded silicone elastomers in reducing reactive hydrogen gas from the gas phase and their capability of being 3D printed using direct ink writing techniques. The samples are placed in closed vessels and exposed to hydrogen atmosphere at pressures of 580 torr and 750 mtorr and at a temperature of 25 °C. The hydrogen consumption is measured as a function of time and normalized to getter concentration in the polymer. The performance of the getter‐loaded silicone elastomer containing 1,4‐bis[phenylethynyl]benzene (DEB) as the organic getter and Pd/C catalyst (ratio of 3:1 DEB to catalyst) decreases with increasing the resin's curing temperature. Chemical analysis suggests that DEB reacts with the silicone resin at high temperatures. In addition, it is demonstrated that the increased surface area of 3D printed composites results in improved getter performance.
Stabilized Polymer Microparticles by Precipitation with a Compressed Fluid Antisolvent. 2. Poly(propylene oxide)- and Poly(butylene oxide)-Based Copolymers (1997)

Block copolymers containing either poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) or poly(butylene oxide) (PBO) stabilizer group(s) and a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) anchor group prevent flocculation of amorphous poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microparticles formed by spraying PMMA solutions into flowing liquid CO2 at 23 °C. When dissolved PPO−PEO−PPO triblock and PBO−PEO diblock copolymers are introduced with the CO2 feed stream, 0.1−0.5 μm primary PMMA particles are produced. However, larger, and in some cases more spherical microparticles (0.5−2.0 μm) are formed when these stabilizers are fed via the polymer solution phase, for the same overall quantity of stabilizer. The effectiveness of the stabilizer is described in terms of its concentration and how it partitions between the dispersed phase, the interface, and the CO2 phase. In many cases stabilizers with only moderate solubilities in CO2 are more effective than those with higher or lower solubilities. When the stabilizer is introduced with the solution phase, it does not have to be soluble in CO2 to prevent flocculation. The latex particle size, stability, critical flocculation density, and reversibility of floccuation have been measured in-situ by turbidimetry to understand the mechanism of steric stabilization in supercritical fluids. The size of the primary particles in the product determined by scanning electron microscopy is consistent with in-situ measurements of particle size by turbidimetry.
Prevalence of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells Correlates with Recurrence in Early-Stage Ovarian Cancer (2011)

Epithelial ovarian cancer stem cells (EOC stem cells) have been associated with recurrence and chemoresistance. CD44 and CK18 are highly expressed in cancer stem cells and function as tools for their identification and characterization. We investigated the association between the number of CD44+ EOC stem cells in ovarian cancer tumors and progression-free survival. EOC stem cells exist as clusters located close to the stroma forming the cancer stem cell "niche". 17.1% of the samples reveled high number of CD44+ EOC stem cells (>20% positive cells). In addition, the number of CD44+ EOC stem cells was significantly higher in patients with early-stage ovarian cancer (FIGO I/II), and it was associated with shorter progression-free survival (P = 0.026). This study suggests that quantification of the number of EOC stem cells in the tumor can be used as a predictor of disease and could be applied for treatment selection in early-stage ovarian cancer.
Occurrence and virulence factors of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in retail meat in Dunedin, New Zealand (2001)

Retail raw meat was sampled for the presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) using enrichment culture and Vero cell assay. The STEC obtained were serotyped and tested for enterohaemolysin (Ehly) production and the eae gene. The presence of Shiga toxin genes (stx) was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. A total of 18 STEC were isolated accounting for 12% of beef, 17% of lamb and 4% of pork samples. Five isolates produced Ehly but none possessed the eae gene. Five isolates were identified which possessed the stx2 gene and belonged to serotypes associated with severe infection.
Synthesis of 2‐amino‐4‐imino‐4,5‐dihydrothiazoles from <i>N</i>‐sulfonyl‐α‐chloroamidines and thiourea (1988)

Abstract A number of new and interesting 2‐amino‐4‐( N ‐substituted)imino‐4,5‐dihydrothiazoles were synthesized by reacting thiourea (or thiourea hydrochloride) with N ‐alkyl‐ or N,N ‐dialkyl‐ N ′‐ p ‐toluenesulfonyl‐α‐chloroacetamidines, where the N,N ‐alkyl groups were ethyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl, β‐phenethyl, (3,5‐dimethyl‐1‐adamantyl)‐methyl, as well as N,N ‐dimethyl‐ and N,N ‐pentamethylene. Reactions of N ‐alkyl‐ N ‐ p ‐toluenesulfonyl‐2‐chloroacetamidines (substituents being N ‐ethyl, N ‐benzyl and N,N ‐dimethyl) with thiourea hydrochloride in hot 2‐propanol furnished 2‐amino‐4‐( p ‐toluenesulfonyl)imino‐4,5‐dihydrothiazole (in 51, 60 and 65% yields, respectively) and the corresponding amine hydrochloride. In hot acetone or butanone, the reactions of these N ‐sulfonyl‐2‐chloroacetamidines with excess thiourea provided 2‐amino‐4‐ N ‐(alkyl or N,N ‐dialkyl)imminium‐4,5‐dihydrothiazole chlorides in 25–80% yield. The by‐product from these reactions was p ‐toluenesulfonamide. The structures of the products were established by chemical transformations and spectral methods (nmr and mass spectra).
A new approach for the total synthesis of L-.GAMMA.-carboxyglutamic acid : Utility of ruthenium tetroxide oxidation. (1986)

A new and convenient synthesis of optically pure L-γ-carboxyglutamic acid (L-Gla) (1) from L-proline as a chiral source was developed. Protection of N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) prolinol (4) with a tert-butyldimethylsilyl group followed by oxidation with ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) afforded the corresponding lactam compound (6), which was carboxylated with lithium diisopropylamide and benzyloxycarbonylimidazole to afford the 4-benzyloxycarbonyl lactam derivative (7). Selective removal of the silyl group from 7, followed by oxidation of the resulting alcohol (8) with pyridinium dichromate gave the carboxylic acid, which was converted into the ester derivatives (10b-d). Cleavage of the lactam bond of 10b with excess benzyl alcohol in the presence of triethylamine gave γ, γ, α-tribenzyl N-Boc-L-γ-carboxyglutamate (11). Finally, 11 was hydrogenated over Pd on charcoal and deprotected with trifluoroacetic acid to produce L-γ-carboxyglutamic acid (1).
MEMS LC microchip with low dispersion and low pressure drop turn structure using distribution controlled micro pillar array (2013)

MEMS liquid chromatography (LC) microchip with low dispersion and a low pressure drop turn structure was fabricated. In the turn structure, we used higher density pillar array at the inner side while lower density pillar array was used at the outer side to control inner and outer speed of a sample flow. An LC chip with an improved turn structure can obtain similar theoretical plate number (1233) compared to the previously proposed tapered turn (1135). The necessary inlet pressure is also reduced from 2.7 to 0.4 MPa under a flow rate of 10 μL/min. These results show the improved turn structure is applicable for fast analysis time under high flow rate conditions.
Distributed dynamic scheduling of composite tasks on grid computing systems (2002)

This paper examines the issue of dynamically scheduling applications on a wide-area network computing system. We construct a simulation model for wide-area task allocation problem and study the performance of the proposed algorithm under different conditions. The simulation results indicate that the wide-area scheduling algorithm is sensitive to several parameters including machine failure rates, the local queuing policies, and arrival rates.
Domperidone for insufficient lactation in England 2002‐2015: A drug utilization study with interrupted time series analysis (2018)

Although we observed an important increase in prescribing during the study period, domperidone remains infrequently prescribed postpartum in England. While overall prescribing changed little, some prescribing practices became more restricted following the EMA's recommendation.