gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extended tracts of homozygosity in outbred human populations (2006)

Long tracts of consecutive homozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can arise in the genome through a number of mechanisms. These include inbreeding in which an individual inherits chromosomal segments that are identical by descent from each parent. However, recombination and other processes break up chromosomal segments over generations. The longest tracts are therefore to be expected in populations with an appreciable degree of inbreeding. We examined the length, number and distribution of long tracts of homozygosity in the apparently outbred HapMap populations. We observed 1393 tracts exceeding 1 Mb in length among the 209 unrelated HapMap individuals. The longest was an uninterrupted run of 3922 homozygous SNPs spanning 17.9 Mb in a Japanese individual. We find that homozygous tracts are significantly more common in regions with high linkage disequilibrium and low recombination, and the location of tracts is similar across all populations. The Yoruba sample has the fewest long tracts per individual, consistent with a larger number of generations (and hence amount of recombination) since the founding of that population. Our results suggest that multiple-megabase-scale ancestral haplotypes persist in outbred human populations in broad genomic regions which have lower than average recombination rates. We observed three outlying individuals who have exceptionally long and numerous homozygous tracts that are not associated with recombination suppressed areas of the genome. We consider that this reflects a high level of relatedness in their ancestry which is too recent to have been influenced by the local recombination intensity. Possible alternative mechanisms and the implications of long homozygous tracts in the genome are discussed.
Dielectric Films for Advanced Microelectronics (2007)

Series Preface. Preface. (Mikhail Baklanov, Martin Green and Karen Maex). 1. Low and Ultralow Dielectric Constant Films Prepared by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition. (A. Grill). 2. Spin-On Dielectric Materials. (Geraud Dubois, Willi Volksen and Robert D. Miller). 3.Porosity of Low Dielectric Constant Materials. 3.1 Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy. (David W. Gidley, Hua-Gen Peng, and Richard Vallery). 3.2Structure Characterization of Nanoporous Interlevel Dielectric Thin Films with X-ray and Neutron Radiation. (Christopher L. Soles, Hae-Jeong Lee, Bryan D. Vogt, Eric K. Lin, Wen-li Wu). 3.3 Ellipsometric Porosimetry. (M. R. Baklanov). 4.Mechanical and Transport Properties of Low-k Dielectrics. (J.L. Plawsky, R. Achanta, W. Cho, O. Rodriguez, R. Saxena, and W.N. Gill). 5. Integration of low-k dielectric films in damascene processes. (R.J.O.M. Hoofman, V.H. Nguyen,V. Arnal, M. Broekaart, L.G. Gosset,W.F.A. Besling, M. Fayolle and F. Iacopi). 6. ONO structures and oxynitrides in modern microelectronics. Material science, characterization and application. (Yakov Roizin and Vladimir Gritsenko). High Dielectric constant Materials. 7. Material Engineering of High-k Gate Dielectrics. (Akira Toriumi and Koji Kita). 8. Physical Characterisation of ultra-thin high-k dielectric. (T. Conard, H. Bender and W. Vandervorst). 9. Electrical Characterization of Advanced Gate Dielectrics. (Robin Degraeve, Jurriaan Schmitz, Luigi Pantisano, Eddy Simoen, Michel Houssa, Ben Kaezer, and Guido Groeseneken). Medium dielectric constant materials. 10. Integration Issues of High-k Gate Dielectrics. (Yasuo Nara). Dielectric films for interconnects (packaging). 11. Anisotropic Conductive Film (ACF) for Advanced Microelectronic Interconnects. (Yi Li, C. P. Wong). Index.
Lazy User Theory: A Dynamic Model to Understand User Selection of Products and Services (2009)

In this paper we suggest that a user will most often choose the solution that will fulfill her (information) needs with the least effort. We call this "lazy user behavior". We suggest that the principle components responsible for solution selection are the user need and the user state. User need is the user's detailed (information) need (urgency, type, depth, etc.) and user state is the situation, in which the user is at the moment of the need (location, time, etc.); the user state limits the set of available solutions (devices) to fulfill the user need. We present the lazy user theory of solution selection, two mbusiness case examples, and discuss the implications of lazy user behavior on user selection of products and services. Implications on the design of new products and services are also discussed.
Design and implementation of a parity-based BIST scheme for FPGA global interconnects (2002)

This paper presents the design and implementation of a parity-based built-in self-test (BIST) scheme for interconnects of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The self-test is achieved by using a set of proposed test configurations (TCs). Design flows were developed to enable the implementation. We utilized the existing features of FPGA design tools and developed a tool to automate the required interconnect routing. The conventional FPGA design flow was used to implement the BIST circuitry. A complete FPGA TC was presented. The pre- and post-mapping simulations were conducted. The results validate the feasibility of the proposed in-system testing scheme.
Developmentally regulated cell surface expression and function of c-<i>kit</i> receptor during lymphocyte ontogeny in the embryo and adult mice (1992)

We have used a c-kit-specific monoclonal antibody, immuno-fluorescence staining and flow fluorocytometry or microscopy analysis to assess the cell surface expression of the c-kit receptor on a panel of non-transformed clones representing different stages of T- and B-lymphocyte development, freshly isolated lymphoid cells from thymus, bone marrow and spleen of young adult C57BL/6 mice and cells from yolk sac, thymus and liver of developing C57BL/6 mouse embryos. Pro-T, Pro-B and Pre-B clones derived from thymus or liver of 14-day embryos are c-kit+. Starting at day 8 to 8.5 in yolk sac, day-10 in fetal liver, and day 11 to 12 in fetal thymus, there are many c-kit+ cells. The number of c-kit+ cells in liver and thymus increases up to day 15 and progressively decreases thereafter. Cell sorter purified c-kit+ day 14 fetal liver cells fully reconstitute the T and B cell compartments of immunodeficient Scid mice. Stromal cells or epithelial cells derived from fetal thymus or liver, which can support growth and differentiation of c-kit+ lymphocyte progenitor clones, synthesize mRNA for Steel Factor (SF), the ligand of c-kit. In the adult mouse, however, c-kit expression is restricted to very early stages of T- and B-lymphocyte development (multipotent progenitors, B-cell/myelocytic progenitors, Pro-T and Pro-B lymphocyte progenitors). Most cells at the Pre-T, Pre-B and later stages of development do not bear detectable c-kit. Using Cos-1 cells transfected with mouse SF-cDNA and an antagonistic c-kit receptor-specific antibody, we show that the c-kit/SF system contributes to the survival of lymphocyte progenitors and enhances the proliferative responses of these cells to other growth factors (i.e. IL2, IL3, IL4, IL7). However, the c-kit receptor/SF ligand pair is neither sufficient nor necessary for the differentiation of lymphocyte progenitors into mature T- or B-lymphocytes. Finally, in stromal cell lines from fetal liver and adult bone marrow and thymic epithelial cell lines the level of steady state SF-RNA transcripts is inversely correlated with that of IL-7-mRNA. Moreover, IL7 inhibits the synthesis of SF-mRNA in stromal cells and rIL6 abrogates this inhibitory effect of rIL7. Thus, the expression of SF in stromal cells is subjected to complex regulation by other cytokines produced by the same stromal cells or by neighboring cells in a given microenvironment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Locating Landmines and UXO: A Methodological Lesson from the Ethiopian Landmine Impact Survey (2002)

One of the most important parts about implementing effective Landmine Impact Surveys is first identifying which communities have a landmine/UXO problem. The author describes how Expert Opinion Collection (EOC) is used in Ethiopia to overcome the obstacles survey teams face when gathering their information.
An Improved Type of Schmidt Camera (1945)

By substituting for the aspheric plate of the Schmidt camera a combination of an aspheric plate and a meniscus lens concentric with the mirror surface, a system is obtained whose performance at a nominal aperture of f /1.2 is much superior both to that of the Schmidt camera and to that of the Maksutov system with spherical surfaces. The colour-error introduced by the meniscus is compensated by making the plate in the form of a cementable doublet with a spherical interface. The residual colour-error is comparable with that of the classical Schmidt camera. An analysis is made of the off-axis errors of the system and it is shown that, working over an 18° diameter field, the system sends 97 per cent. of the light of each image into a confusion-circle of angular diameter 12 seconds of arc. Over a 30° field, 97 per cent. of the light of each image is sent into a confusion circle 21 seconds of arc in diameter. The remaining 3 per cent. of the light does not sensibly affect the resolution, but it can be eliminated if desired, by introducing a pair of additional stops close to the aspheric surface, at the cost of a 6 per cent. light-loss by vignetting at the edge of the field. The overall error-spreads are thereby reduced to one tenth of those of a classical Schmidt camera in the first case and one sixteenth in the second.
DSP16000: a high performance, low-power dual-MAC DSP core for communications applications (2002)

We present Lucent Technologies' first dual-MAC DSP core. The 16-bit, fixed-point device features a datapath with two 16/spl times/16-bit multipliers and dual 40-bit adders that can all operate in one clock cycle to support compute-intensive DSP algorithms. In addition, the device includes special hardware to support all aspects of key communications applications such as wireless terminals, wireless infrastructure, and multichannel modems. The architecture offers a solution for these applications that balances performance, cost and power dissipation.
Growth hormone, insulin‐like growth factor I, and motoneuron size (1997)

In this study we asked whether growth hormone (GH) and one of its key mediators, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), influence spinal motoneuron size in conjunction with whole body size. We present evidence that GH has such a role, possibly without the mediation of IGF-I. Both lumbar motoneuron and body size were found to be increased relative to littermate controls in transgenic mice overexpressing GH, while body size, but not motoneuron size, was increased in mice overexpressing IGF-I. GH overexpression coordinately increased nucleolar, nuclear, and cell body size in lumbar spinal motoneurons, so that their normal size relationships were preserved in the transgenic mice. In addition, spinal cord and brain weights were significantly increased in both types of transgenic animal. We conclude that GH can regulate motoneuron, central nervous system, and body size in the same animal, and that IGF-I can mimic the effects of GH on at least two of these three parameters. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 32: 202–212, 1997.
Low-pressure Storage of Hibiscus Cuttings. Effect on Stomatal Opening and Rooting (1986)

Cuttings of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. cv. Moesiana were stored at 15 or 760 mmHg (2 or 101.3 kPa) for 3, 5, 8 or 11 weeks. No ethylene production could be detected regardless of treatment. No chlorophyll degradation, proline accumulation or respiratory increase were seen during storage. Stomata were open under low pressure and closed under normal pressure. The open stomata caused water loss from cuttings after removal from storage because they were unable to respond normally to low humidity. Rooting ability decreased as storage time increased, but satisfactory results were obtained up to a storage period of five weeks.
A Web Service for Cloud Metadata (2012)

Descriptive information about available cloud services (i.e., metadata) is required in order to make good decisions about which cloud service provider(s) to utilize when deploying an application topology to the cloud. Presently, there are no uniform mechanisms for describing these services. Further, there is no unifying process that aggregates this metadata from the set of cloud providers and makes it available to a user in a programmatic fashion from a single location. This paper presents a methodology for and an implementation of a service-oriented application that provides relevant metadata information describing offered cloud services via a uniform RESTful web service. The data provided by this service is automatically acquired and mapped to a standard ontology. Community members can submit performance benchmarks using a metrics agent that submits metrics via a web service. Several example applications using this API to help users select resources are presented.
Therapeutic manipulation of cytokines: transforming growth factor beta-1 protects mice treated with lethal doses of cytarabine. (1994)

We have developed a mouse model to utilize the specific regulatory effects of Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 (TGF beta 1), the prototype for a family of growth inhibitory cytokines. A vital factor in the regulation of normal cellular growth for many cell types, TGF beta 1 prevents proliferation by reversibly arresting cells at the G1/S border of the cell cycle, thus delaying DNA synthesis and cell division. Since the dose of cytotoxic chemotherapy is limited by its adverse effects on bone marrow and gut cells, we proposed that a TGF beta 1-induced block at G1/S would diminish the S phase toxicity of high dose cytarabine (ara-C). The dosage of ara-C required to kill 90 per cent of 4-week old DBA/2 males was determined to be 3200 mg/kg every 12 hours x 2. Pretreatment with TGF beta 1 6-24 hours before the first dose of ara-C proved to be significantly protective; 8/9 TGF beta 1-pretreated mice survived versus 1/9 treated with TGF beta 1 for 3 hours or less or with ara-C alone (chi2 = 10.89 P = 0.001). A second experiment confirmed this effect; TGF beta 1 pretreatment for 6-24 hours protected 9/9 versus 0/9 survivors in the group treated with TGF beta 1 for 3 hours or less or with ara-C alone (chi2 = 18.0, P < 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Reinforcement Learning Meets Wireless Networks: A Layering Perspective (2020)

Driven by the soaring traffic demand and the growing diversity of mobile services, wireless networks are evolving to be increasingly dense and heterogeneous. Accordingly, in such large-scale and complicated wireless networks, optimal controlling is reaching unprecedented levels of complexity while its traditional solutions of handcrafted offline algorithms become inefficient due to high complexity, low robustness, and high overhead. Therefore, reinforcement learning (RL), which enables network entities to learn from their actions and consequences in the interactive network environment, attracts significant attention. In this article, we comprehensively review the applications of RL in wireless networks from a layering perspective. First, we present an overview of the principle, fundamentals, and several advanced models of RL. Then, we review the up-to-date applications of RL in various functionality blocks of different network layers, ranging from the low-level physical layer to the high-level application layer. Finally, we outline a broad spectrum of challenges, open issues, and future research directions of RL-empowered wireless networks.
Superconducting Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Thin Films by Sputtering (1988)

BiSrCaCu 2 O x thin films were prepared by rf magnetron sputtering. Superconducting transitions were observed for the films on MgO after postdeposition annealing at 870°C and above. The appearance of a superconducting transition at a temperature of about 120 K for the film necessitated annealing at close to, but not above, its melting point near 900°C: the appropriate annealing temperature range was from 875 to 900°C. It was noteworthy that the 910°C annealed film showed a superconducting characteristic as well as the 870°C annealed film, in spite of their crystal structures being entirely different. Besides annealing temperature, cooling rate from annealing temperature, film thickness and substrate dependences of superconductivity in the BiSrCaCu 2 O x thin film were also investigated.
Spatial and temporal pattern of light‐regulated gene expression during tobacco seedling development: the photosystem II‐related genes <i>Lhcb</i> (<i>Cab</i>) and <i>PsbP</i> (<i>Oee2</i>) (1995)

The white mustard ( Sinapis alba L.) Lhcb1*1 and PsbP*1 genes that code for proteins related to photosystem II (PSII) in chloroplasts were examined by analysis of promoter fragment β‐glucuronidase (GUS) reporter constructs in transgenic tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) seedlings. The endogenous tobacco genes and the introduced mustard genes follow the same kinetics during seedling development and they show the same expression characteristics for light regulation and for the influence of a ‘plastidic signal’. Hence, the cellular environment of the host plant always dominates the regulation of Lhcb1*1 and PsbP*1 gene expression; as with the mustard system clear differences in the temporal pattern and the physiological responses could be seen. The spatio‐temporal pattern of gene expression was analysed in the different organs of the transgenic tobacco seedlings. In the cotyledons, expression at the PsbP*1 promoter starts in advance, and both genes show a rather uniform distribution of expression during seedling development. In the hypocotyl, a sequential basipetal pattern could be detected and a coordinated expression for the two promoters was analysed. The hypocotyl base is only included in this expression pattern if the seedlings receive light at early stages of development, whereas in later stages gene expression is repressed. A model is proposed that divides tobacco seedling development into three main phases.
Effects of addition of bacterial inoculants to the diets of lactating dairy cows on feed intake, milk yield, and milk composition (2011)

Forty-eight lactating Holstein cows (38 multiparous, 10 primiparous) were used in a 10-wk randomized block trial to determine the effect of 2 supplemental bacterial inoculants on DMI, milk yield, and milk composition. Experimental diets were top dressed with ground corn plus one of 2 bacterial inoculant mixtures. Treatments were control (no bacterial inoculant); 2 × 109 cfu/d of Propionibac-terium freudenreichii strain NP24 plus 1 × 109 cfu/d of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain NP51 (B1); and 2 × 109 cfu/d of P. freudenreichii strain NP24 plus 5 × 108 cfu/d each of L. acidophilus strain NP51 and strain NP45 (B2). Cows fed bacterial inoculants had greater yields of milk fat (P = 0.02), FCM (P = 0.007), and energy-corrected milk (P = 0.03) than did controls. Efficiency of milk production (defined as energy-corrected milk yield per unit of DMI) was greater (P = 0.03) for cows fed bacterial inoculants compared with control cows. There was no effect of treatment on DMI, milk fat percentage, or milk protein yield or percentage. There was a tendency (P = 0.08) for increased milk yield with inoculant supplementation compared with the control treatment. Serum urea N concentrations were greater for control cows compared with those receiving inoculants, and there was a tendency for B2 cows to have greater serum urea N concentrations compared with B1 cows. Results of this trial suggest that supplemental bacterial inoculants containing P. freudenreichii and L. acidophilus can improve milk yield and apparent efficiency of nutrient utilization.
HMM-Based Joint Modeling of Condition Monitoring Signals and Failure Event Data for Prognosis (2022)

Accurate estimation of remaining useful life (RUL) of a unit is critical to fulfill reliability commitments. In the presence of hard failures (i.e., absence of a predefined failure threshold), accurate prognosis of RUL using condition monitoring (CM) signals becomes challenging. To tackle this problem, we present a prognostic framework by jointly modeling CM signals and failure event data. Development of the presented method depends on the idea that while the unit operates, it continually degrades through a series of hidden states and the CM signals are functionally related to this hidden failure process. The unit fails once the hidden failure process reaches a dead state. Through this modeling, requirement of a failure threshold on CM signals is eliminated. We provide a modified expectation-maximization procedure to estimate parameters, and through a comprehensive set of numerical as well as real-world experiments, we demonstrate superior prognosis performance against some benchmark methods.
<scp><i>EZH2</i></scp> and <scp><i>CD79B</i></scp> mutational status over time in B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphomas detected by high‐throughput sequencing using minimal samples (2013)

Testing multiple minimal tissue samples using a high-throughput multiplex platform exponentially increases tissue availability for molecular analysis and might facilitate future studies of tumor progression and the related molecular events. Mutational status of EZH2 and CD79B may vary in B-cell NHL samples over time and support the concept that individualized therapy should be based on molecular findings at the time of treatment, rather than on results obtained from previous specimens. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:377-386. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Image sentiment analysis using latent correlations among visual, textual, and sentiment views (2016)

As Internet users increasingly post images to express their daily sentiment and emotions, the analysis of sentiments in user-generated images is of increasing importance for developing several applications. Most conventional methods of image sentiment analysis focus on the design of visual features, and the use of text associated to the images has not been sufficiently investigated. This paper proposes a novel approach that exploits latent correlations among multiple views: visual and textual views, and a sentiment view constructed using SentiWordNet. In the proposed method, we find a latent embedding space in which correlations among the three views are maximized. The projected features in the latent space are used to train a sentiment classifier, which considers the complementary information from different views. Results of experiments conducted on Flickr and Instagram images show that our approach achieves better sentiment classification accuracy than methods that use a single modality only and the state-of-the art method that jointly uses multiple modalities.
Aneurysm Clips: Evaluation of Magnetic Field Interactions With an 8.0 T MR System (2000)

This study was conducted to evaluate magnetic field interactions for aneurysm clips exposed to an 8.0 T magnetic resonance (MR) system. Twenty-six different aneurysm clips were tested for magnetic field translational attraction (deflection angle test) and torque (qualitative assessment method) using previously described techniques. Six of the specific aneurysm clips (i.e. type, model, blade length) made from stainless steel alloy (Perneczky) and Phynox (Yasargil, models FE 748 and FE 750) displayed deflection angles above 45 degrees and torque measurements of +4, indicating that these aneurysm clips maybe unsafe for patients or individuals in an 8.0 T MR environment. The specific aneurysm clips (i.e. type, model, blade length) made from commercially pure titanium (Spetzler), Elgiloy (Sugita), titanium alloy (Yasargil, model FE 750T), and MP35N (Sundt) displayed deflection angles less than 45 degrees and torque that ranged from + 1 to +4. Accordingly, these aneurysm clips are likely to be safe for patients or individuals exposed to an 8.0 T MR system. Depending on the actual dimensions and mass, an aneurysm clip made from Elgiloy may or may not be acceptable for a patient or individual in the 8.0 T MR environment.