gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biomedical Optical Applications of Liquid Crystal Devices (2007)

Liquid crystals exhibit large electro-optic effects which make them useful for a variety of applications as fast, compact, and tunable spectral filters, phase modulators, polarization controllers, and optical shutters. They were largely developed for liquid crystal displays and in the last decade for optical telecommunications, however their application in the field of optical imaging just started to emerge. These devices can be miniaturized thus have a great potential useful in miniature optical imaging systems for biomedical applications. Using a collection of tunable phase retarders one can perform: 1. Stokes parameters imaging for skin and eye polarimetric imaging; 2. Tunable filtering to be used for hyperspectral imaging, fluorescence microscopy, and frequency domain optical coherence tomography; 3. Adaptive optical imaging and eye aberrations correction; 4. Phase shift interferometric imaging; 5. Variable frequency structured illumination microscopy. Basic optics of liquid crystals devices is reviewed and some novel designs are presented in more detail when combined to imaging systems for a number of applications in biomedical imaging and sensing.
Lateral miniaturized vacuum devices (2003)

Two groups of lateral cold emitter triodes have been fabricated. One group consists of triangular-shaped metallic emitters separated several microns from a collector electrode. An extraction electrode is placed close to the tip of the emitter. The second group consists of a tungsten filament emitter that is anchored to the sidewall of a polycrystalline silicon layer. An extraction electrode and a collector complete the device. Initial fabrication of the first group was performed on glass substrates, and testing took place at a pressure of 3-6*10/sup -6/ torr. To decrease potential substrate leakage, subsequent devices have been fabricated on fused silica substrates or on thermally oxidized silicon wafers. To increase electrical performance by decreasing adsorption related arcing, devices are now being tested at a pressure of 8*10/sup -9/ torr.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A motion estimation and image segmentation technique based on the variable block size (2002)

We discuss our effort to develop a motion estimation algorithm based on variable block size, which reduces the computational complexity dramatically while maintaining a good picture quality as well as a high compression ratio. A key step in this work is to segment each image frame into different regions using a simple binary-level classifier which performs bit-wise comparison. In the second stage, the motion estimation is performed for every block of variable block size within the changed region with a predetermined maximum search range. The proposed technique has been applied to interframe video coding, and it has been shown that this scheme can be a feasible solution for the low bit rate coding application such as video telephony.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING PROTOCOL FOR THE CANINE CERVICAL AND LUMBAR SPINE (2008)

Computed tomography (CT) has been applied previously for assessment of canine spinal disease using a multitude of different technical imaging parameters. The purpose of this study was to establish an optimized imaging protocol for the cervical and lumbar canine spine using a single-detector-row helical CT unit. Thin slice thickness (1-2mm), low pitch (axial scan mode, helical pitch <2), and medium-frequency image reconstruction algorithm significantly improved the visibility of the intervertebral disk and spinal cord. Tube current, helical reconstruction interval, and the use of an additional edge enhancement filter had no significant effect on the visibility of the intervertebral disk and spinal cord. There was also no interaction between the use of an additional edge enhancement filter and image reconstruction algorithm. Use of an additional edge enhancement filter introduced a double ring artifact in the periphery of the spinal canal lumen that did not correspond to the spinal cord or pachymeningeal margin.
Self-assembly of gold nanoparticles through tandem hydrogen bonding and polyoligosilsequioxane (POSS)–POSS recognition processes (2002)

Diaminopyridine-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxanes (POSS-DAP) self-assemble with complementary thymine-functionalized Au nanoparticles (Thy-Au) into well-defined spherical aggregates, providing highly structured nanocomposites.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in the Synthesis of Oligonucleotides by the Phosphoramidite Approach (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Walking pedestrian recognition (2003)

In recent years a lot of methods providing the ability to recognize rigid obstacles-like sedans and trucks have been developed. These methods mainly provide driving relevant information to the driver. They are able to cope reliably with scenarios on motor-ways. Nevertheless, not much attention has been given to image processing approaches to increase safety of pedestrians in traffic environments. In this paper a method for detection, tracking, and final classification of pedestrians crossing the moving observer's trajectory is suggested. Herein a combination of data and model driven approaches is realized. The initial detection process is based on a texture analysis and a model-based grouping of most likely geometric features belonging to a pedestrian on intensity images. Additionally, motion patterns of limb movements are analyzed to determine initial object hypotheses. For this tracking of the quasi-rigid part of the body is performed by different trackers that have been successfully employed for tracking of sedans, trucks, motor-bikes, and pedestrians. The final classification is obtained by a temporal analysis of the walking process.
Estimating the Complete Sample Size from an Incomplete Poisson Sample (1978)

Abstract Maximum likelihood estimators and a modified maximum likelihood estimator are developed for estimating the zero class from a truncated Poisson sample when the available sample size itself is a random variable. All the estimators considered here are asymptotically equivalent in the usual sense; hence their asymptotic properties are investigated in some detail theoretically as well as by making use of Monte Carlo experiments. One modified estimator appears to be best with respect to the chosen criteria. An example is given to illustrate the results obtained. Key Words: Truncated PoissonEstimationSimulationEstimating sample size
ANATOMY AND SYSTEMATIC PLACEMENT OF SAYELLA LAEVIGATA (GASTROPODA: PYRAMIDELLIDAE: SAYELLINAE) (2000)

The ectoparasitic snail Sayella laevigata was first described by Orbigny (1842) and first placed in the genus Sayella by Odé (1994) without discussion. This study provides justification for this assignment to the genus Sayella Dall, 1885 and to the subfamily Sayellinae Wise, 1996. Sayella laevigata possesses an elongate penis, with subapical swelling tapering to a short terminal nipple, that is characteristic of the genus.
Benzolactam Derivatives and Their Affinity for α1- and α2- Adrenoreceptors (2001)

A series of benzolactam derivatives has been evaluated for their affinity for alpha 1 and alpha 2-adrenoreceptors. The influence of terminal amine and amide fragments on the affinity and selectivity has been investigated. It has been found that derivatives containing 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) as the basic component can form potent alpha 1 and/or alpha 2 ligands, and that their alpha 1/alpha 2 selectivity depends on the benzolactam fragment.
Discrete-Input Two-Dimensional Gaussian Channels With Memory: Estimation and Information Rates Via Graphical Models and Statistical Mechanics (2008)

Discrete-input two-dimensional (2D) Gaussian channels with memory represent an important class of systems, which appears extensively in communications and storage. In spite of their widespread use, the workings of 2D channels are still very much unknown. In this work, we try to explore their properties from the perspective of estimation theory and information theory. At the heart of our approach is a mapping of a 2D channel to an undirected graphical model, and inferring its <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">posteriori</i> probabilities (APPs) using generalized belief propagation (GBP). The derived probabilities are shown to be practically accurate, thus enabling optimal maximum <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">posteriori</i> (MAP) estimation of the transmitted symbols. Also, the Shannon-theoretic information rates are deduced either via the vector-wise Shannon-McMillan-Breiman (SMB) theorem, or via the recently derived symbol-wise Guo-Shamai-Verdu (GSV) theorem. Our approach is also described from the perspective of statistical mechanics, as the graphical model and inference algorithm have their analogues in physics. Our experimental study, based on common channel settings taken from cellular networks and magnetic recording devices, demonstrates that under nontrivial memory conditions, the performance of this fully tractable GBP estimator is almost identical to the performance of the optimal MAP estimator. It also enables a practically accurate simulation-based estimate of the information rate. Rationalization of this excellent performance of GBP in the 2-D Gaussian channel setting is addressed.
Enhancement of dissolution rate of indomethacin: using liquisolid compacts. (2011)

The potential of liquisolid systems to improve the dissolution properties of a water-insoluble agent (indomethacin) was the purpose of this survey. In this study, different formulations of liquisolid tablets using different co-solvents (non-volatile solvents) were prepared and the effect of several amounts of them on the dissolution behaviour of indomethacin was investigated. It is worth mentioning that the ratio of microcrystalline cellulose (carrier) to silica (coating powder material) was 20 in all formulations. To evaluate any interaction between indomethacin and the other components in liquisolid formulations, the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used. The results showed that the liquisolid formulations exhibited significantly higher drug dissolution rates in comparison with directly compressed tablet. The enhanced rate of indomethacin dissolution derived from liquisolid tablets was probably due to an increase in wetting properties and surface area of drug particles available for dissolution. Moreover, it was indicated that the fraction of molecularly dispersed drug (F M) in the liquid medication of liquisolid systems was directly proportional to their indomethacin dissolution rate (D R). An attempt was made to correlate the percentage drug dissolved in 10 min with the solubility of indomethacin in PEG 200 and glycerin. In conclusion, the liquisolid compacts technique can be a promising alternative for the formulation of water insoluble drugs, such as indomethacin into rapid release tablets.
Analysis of<i>trp</i>repressor-operator interaction by filter binding (1987)

A filter binding assay was developed that allows measurement of specific binding of trp repressor to operator DNA. The most important feature of this procedure is the concentration and type of salt present in the binding buffer. Using this assay the dissociation constant of the repressor-operator complex was determined to be 2.6 X 10(-9) M, and 1.34 repressor dimers were found to be bound to each operator-containing DNA molecule. These values agree with those obtained by more complex methods. The dissociation constant of the repressor for the corepressor L-tryptophan in the presence of operator DNA was shown to be 2.5 X 10(-5) M. A synthetic 48 bp operator fragment was used to determine the repressor-operator dissociation constant in the presence of tryptophan or tryptophan analogs which have higher or lower affinities for aporepressor. The rate of dissociation of repressor from operator DNA also was determined. Our findings indicate that dissociation is influenced by the concentration of tryptophan or tryptophan analogs and suggest that release of the corepressor may be the first step in dissociation of the repressor-operator complex.
Trellis: turning designs into programs (1990)

When designing an object-oriented program, there are several goals to achieve: The Trellis programming system is an integrated language and environment that provides many of the mechanisms needed to design and implement object-oriented programs. The remainder of this sidebar discusses how Trellis helps attain the goals outlined above.
Directed Valence (1940)

The problem of directed valence is treated from a group theory point of view. A method is developed by which the possibility of formation of covalent bonds in any spatial arrangement from a given electron configuration can be tested. The same method also determines the possibilities of double and triple bond formation. Previous results in the field of directed valence are extended to cover all possible configurations from two to eight s, p, or d electrons, and the possibilities of double bond formation in each case. A number of examples are discussed.
Nucleotide sequence of the<i>Esherichia coli</i>xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene (1983)

The Escherichia coli gene coding for the enzyme xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (gpt) has been widely used as a dominant selectable marker in a variety of mammalian cells. We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the 1057 base pair (bp) segment of DNA containing this gene. The coding sequence for the enzyme is 456 nucleotides long and can code for a 152 amino acid (16.9 Kd) polypeptide. A comparison of the amino acid sequence of the bacterial enzyme with that of the mammalian hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) reveals no significant homology between the two polypeptides.
Image watermarking for tamper detection (2002)

We propose an oblivious watermarking technique for tamper detection in digital images. By comparing correlation values from different portions of the image, the technique enables us to distinguish malicious changes, such as replacing/adding features from nonmalicious changes resulting from common image processing operations. The technique can be implemented with small memory and computational requirements, which makes it potentially useful for hardware implementation in digital cameras. The technique works by dividing an image into blocks and watermarking each block with a transparent, robust watermark that sensitively depends on a secret key (camera's ID) and continuously on the image. The watermarking method is a frequency based spread spectrum technique. To achieve a continuous dependency on the image, we propose a special bit extraction procedure that extracts bits from each block by thresholding projections onto key-dependent random smooth patterns. Those bits are then used for initializing a PRNG and synthesizing the spread spectrum signal.
Left Ventricular Mass and Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease in an Elderly Cohort (1989)

Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular mass offers prognostic information beyond that provided by traditional risk factors, which can improve our ability to identify individuals at high risk for coronary heart disease. These findings may have widespread implications regarding the applications of echocardiography in clinical practice.
Guidelines for optimization and scale-up in preparative chromatography (2003)

Optimizing your purification and separation process when your complex biological feedstock is ready for scale-up can be daunting. Your design process can be streamlined, simplified, and made cost efficient if you supplement your empirical approach with the theoretical and experimental tools presented in this article.
Proarrhythmia Risk Assessment in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Using the Maestro MEA Platform (2015)

Evaluation of stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (SC-CM) using multi-electrode array (MEA) has attracted attention as a novel model to detect drug-induced arrhythmia. An experiment was conducted to determine if MEA recording from human induced pluripotent SC-CM (hiPSC-CM) could assess proarrhythmic risk. Ten hERG blockers, 4 Na(+) blockers, and 1 IKs blocker were evaluated blindly. Eight drugs are associated with Torsades de Pointes (TdP) and 4 are not. Multiple parameters, including field potential duration (FPD), Na(+) slope, Na(+) amplitude, beat rate (BR), and early after-depolarization (EAD) were recorded. Minimum effective concentrations (MEC) that elicited a significant change were calculated. Our results determined that FPD and EAD were unable to distinguish torsadogenic from benign compounds, Na(+) slope and amplitude could not differentiate Na(+) channel blockade from hERG blockade, BR had an inconsistent response to pharmacological treatment, and that hiPSC-CM were, in general, insensitive to IKs inhibition. A ratio was calculated that relates MEC for evoking FPD prolongation, or triggering EAD, to the human therapeutic unbound Cmax (MEC/Cmax). The key finding was that the ratio was sensitive, but specificity was low. Consistently, the ratio had high positive predictive value and low negative predictive value. In conclusion, MEA recordings of hiPSC-CM were sensitive for FPD and EAD detection, but unable to distinguish agents with low- and high-risk for TdPs. Although some published reports suggested great potential for MEA recordings in hSC-CM to assess preclinical cardiac toxicity, the current evaluation implies that this model would have a high false-positive rate in regard to proarrhythmic risk.
In vitro construction of poliovirus defective interfering particles (1989)

To construct poliovirus defective interfering (DI) particles in vitro, we synthesized an RNA from a cloned poliovirus cDNA, pSM1(T7)1, which carried a deletion in the genome region corresponding to nucleotide positions 1663 to 2478 encoding viral capsid proteins, by using bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. The RNA was designed to retain the correct reading frame in nucleotide sequence downstream of the deletion. HeLa S3 monolayer cells were transfected with the deletion RNA and then superinfected with standard virus as a helper. The DI RNA was observed in the infected cells after three passages at high multiplicity of infection. The sequence analysis of RNA extracted from the purified DI particle clearly showed that this DI RNA had the same deletion in size and location as that in the RNA used for the transfection. Thus, we succeeded in construction of a poliovirus DI particle in vitro. To gain insight into the mechanism for DI generation, we constructed poliovirus cDNAs pSM1(T7)1a and pSM1(T7)1b that, in addition to the same deletion as that in pSM1(T7)1, had insertion sequences of 4 bases and 12 bases, respectively, at the corresponding nucleotide position, 2978. The RNA transcribed from pSM1(T7)1a was not a template for synthesis of poliovirus nonstructural proteins and therefore was inactive as an RNA replicon. On the other hand, the RNA from pSM1(T7)1b replicated properly in the transfected cells. Superinfection of the transfected cells with standard virus resulted in production of DI particles derived from pSM1(T7)1b and not from pSM1(T7)1a. These observations indicate that deletion RNAs that are inactive replicons have little or no possibility of being genomes of DI particles suggesting the existence of a nonstructural protein(s) that has an inclination to function as a cis-acting protein(s). The method described here will provide a useful technique to investigate genetic information essential for poliovirus replication.
Refractive-Index structure parameter profiling system (1988)

The line-averaged refractive-index structure parameter <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="eq1" display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> can be measured conveniently by observing the irradiance fluctuations of an incoherent light source with a receiver, where both the transmitter and receiver apertures are the same diameter and large compared to a Fresnel zone. 1 The measurement is most sensitive to <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="eq2" display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> in the center of the path, tapering to zero weight at the ends of the path. The incoherent apertures form broad spatial filters that have a peak response to refractive-index irregularities having a spatial wavelength slightly larger than the aperture diameter. The weighting function may be shifted from the center of the path by using different diameter transmitters and receivers and by taking the difference of two transmitting or two receiving aperture signals. To avoid the effects of scintillation saturation, however, each individual aperture should be sufficiently large, 1 which restricts the filter complexity for an instrument of practical size. With these factors in mind, we developed a compact profiling instrument that measures <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="eq3" display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> on three segments of an optical path between three-element transmitters and receivers.
Annealing effect on thermoelectric properties of Bi implanted Si thin film (2002)

We have investigated the electrical transport properties of a series of bismuth implanted silicon film which have different dose amounts and post-annealing conditions. The Hall measurement data show that the electrical activation yield decreases after thermal annealing for the samples with dose amount N/sub d/=3/spl times/10/sup 15/ and 3/spl times/10/sup 14/ cm/sup -2/, while the yield remains almost unchanged for those with N/sub d/=3/spl times/10/sup 13/ and 3/spl times/10/sup 12/ cm/sup -2/. This tendency strongly suggests that the metastable bismuth atoms form precipitates in the silicon crystal during the postannealing process when the dose amount is larger than its solubility limit. The Seebeck coefficient S of the high-dose samples also changes with post-annealing temperature. Comparing the measured transport coefficients with those of phosphorous or arsenic doped bulk silicon crystals, it was found that the excess Bi atoms reduce the mobility and this leads to lower electrical conductivity. The Seebeck coefficient is slightly lower than arsenic doped silicon.
Phenolic Melanin Precursors Provide a Rational Approach to the Design of Antitumor Agents for Melanoma (1989)

A unique biological property of the melanocyte, melanin synthesis may permit a rational approach to design agents for better management of malignant melanoma. This in vivo and in vitro study examined the selective melanocytotoxicity and antimelanoma effects of phenolic compounds, cysteinylphenol (CP), cysteaminylphenol (CAP), and related compounds, and found (1) that both 4-S-CP and 4-S-CAP are melanin precursors, (2) that 4-S-CAP possesses a marked depigmenting potency with selective destruction of melanocytes in black follicles, and (3) a significant inhibition in the protein synthesis and tumor growth of B16 melanoma. Importantly, a whole body autoradiography indicated that these phenolic melanin precursors are selectively incorporated into melanoma tissues after i.p. administration.