gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
All the Pasha's men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt (1998)

Introduction 1. Between Sultan and vali: Syria and the nature of Mehmed Ali's military expansion 2. The birth of an army: conscription and resistance 3. From peasants to soldiers: discipline and training 4. Beyond the facade of order: the performance of the army 5. Behind the lines: daily life in the camps 6. The army and the Egyptian nation 7. The Egyptian vali, the Ottoman Pashas and the British Lord Conclusion.
<title>Embedded mixture modeling for efficient probabilistic content-based indexing and retrieval</title> (1998)

By formulating content-based retrieval as a problem of Bayesian inference we have previously developed a retrieval framework with various interesting properties: (1) allows the incorporation of prior beliefs about image relevance in the retrieval process, (2) leads to simple and intuitive mechanisms for combining information from several modalities, such as images, audio, and text during retrieval, (3) provides support for the development of interfaces that learn from user interaction, (4) allows retrieval directly from compressed bitstreams, and (5) lends itself to the construction of indexing structures which can also be computed as a side effect of the compression process.
Type and location of tumor‐infiltrating macrophages and lymphatic vessels predict survival of colorectal cancer patients (2011)

The type of tumor-infiltrating macrophages may be decisive in tumor immunity, lymphangiogenesis and in the clinical outcome of cancer. Here, we elucidated the prognostic significance of lymphatic vessels, different types of macrophages and the balance between different macrophage types in colorectal cancer. We analyzed the impact of density, type and location of macrophages on the clinical behavior of 159 primary colorectal carcinomas using CD68 as a pan-macrophage marker and CLEVER-1/Stabilin-1 as a marker for regulatory/suppressive macrophages. Podoplanin was used as a pan-lymphatic vessel marker. A high number of CLEVER-1/Stabilin-1(+) peritumoral macrophages positively correlated with survival (p = 0.04). However, in more advanced disease (Stage IV), the patients with a high number of peritumoral or intratumoral CLEVER-1/Stabilin-1(+) macrophages had a shorter disease-specific survival (p = 0.05, and p = 0.008, respectively). Moreover, a low number of suppressive intratumoral CLEVER-1/Stabilin-1(+) macrophages among high numbers of CD68(+) macrophages correlated with a low number of distant recurrences (p = 0.01) and to fewer disease relapses exclusively in the liver as well (p = 0.006). A high number of intratumoral lymphatics correlated with poor survival (p = 0.03). The results of this work suggest that the type of macrophages, number of lymphatic vessels and their location contribute to the clinical behavior of colorectal cancer in a disease stage-specific manner.
Comparisons between two monoclonal antibodies that bind to the same antigen but have differing affinities: uptake kinetics and 125I-antibody therapy efficacy in multicell spheroids. (1992)

It has been predicted that low affinity antibodies (Abs) should penetrate into tumors more readily than high affinity Abs. However, the absolute uptake and residence time of a high affinity Ab may be better. It is, therefore, not clear whether a high affinity Ab would have a therapeutic advantage. This is particularly relevant with 125I radioimmunotherapy, where targeting of every cell is important. This study compared the uptake kinetics and toxicity in multicell spheroids of two murine monoclonal Abs labeled with 125I. 17-1A was produced by immunization with a human colon cancer cell line and has an affinity of 5.15 x 10(7) M-1. 323/A3 was produced by immunization with a human breast cancer cell line and has an affinity of 1.87 x 10(9) M-1. Binding of both Abs to LS174T spheroids was similar at 4 degrees C, but binding of 17-1A was 8-10-fold less than that of 323/A3 at 37 degrees C. Despite this difference, the toxicity of 125I-17-1A in spheroids after 7 days of incubation was similar to that of 125I-323/A3. Autoradiography showed that 17-1A penetrated the spheroids much more deeply and evenly than did 323/A3. It appears that much of the radiation dose to spheroids treated with 125I-323/A3 was wasted because of the uneven Ab distribution. This study demonstrates the potential advantage of using Abs of lower affinity for 125I radioimmunotherapy, because of their more even distribution. It also suggests that a large number of binding sites per cell may be a disadvantage if more 125I is bound than is necessary to kill the cell, because this may slow Ab penetration.
Elastic Flow Instability in Nanotube Suspensions (2004)

We report an elastic instability associated with flow-induced clustering in semidilute non-Brownian colloidal nanotubes. Rheo-optical measurements are compared with simulations of mechanical flocculation in sheared fiber suspensions, and the evolving structure is characterized as a function of confinement and shear stress. The transient rheology is correlated with the evolution of highly elastic vorticity-aligned aggregates, with the underlying instability being somewhat ubiquitous in complex fluids.
Production in the United States, 1860–1914. By Edwin Frickey. [Harvard Economic Studies, Vol. LXXXII.] Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1947. Pp. xii, 265. $4.00. (1948)

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DB-Prism: Integrated Data Warehouses and Knowledge Networks for Bank Controlling (2000)

DB-Prism is an integrated data warehouse system developed for distributed financial and management controlling (data collection, processing, and reporting) at Deutsche Bank. It combines finegranular availability of historical data with highactuality reporting and planning facilities. Major components of interest include an OLAP system in the Terabyte range, and a meta database responsible for the whole process from heterogeneous data selection to individual OLAP report positions and back via drill-through to the individual business activity. For these purposes, control workbenches have been developed both at the user –level and at the metadata level.
Lamotrigine Treatment During Amygdala‐Kindled Seizure Development Fails to Inhibit Seizures and Diminishes Subsequent Anticonvulsant Efficacy (2000)

Although LTG possesses potent anticonvulsant effects on completed amygdala-kindled seizures, it is either without effect (5 mg/kg) or facilitates (15 mg/kg) the initial phase of kindling development. In addition, exposure to LTG during kindled seizure development leads to a reduced subsequent response to the drug in fully kindled animals. These observations parallel those with carbamazepine and suggest that different stages of kindling (epileptogenesis versus fully manifest seizures) may have different underlying neural mechanisms that require distinct pharmacotherapies.
Ramsey numbers and adiabatic quantum computing (2011)

The graph-theoretic Ramsey numbers are notoriously difficult to calculate. In fact, for the two-color Ramsey numbers $R(m,n)$ with $m,n\geq 3$, only nine are currently known. We present a quantum algorithm for the computation of the Ramsey numbers $R(m,n)$. We show how the computation of $R(m,n)$ can be mapped to a combinatorial optimization problem whose solution can be found using adiabatic quantum evolution. We numerically simulate this adiabatic quantum algorithm and show that it correctly determines the Ramsey numbers R(3,3) and R(2,s) for $5\leq s\leq 7$. We then discuss the algorithm's experimental implementation, and close by showing that Ramsey number computation belongs to the quantum complexity class QMA.
Immunotherapy of Cancer by Active Vaccination: Does Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation after Non-Myeloablative Conditioning Provide a New Option? (2003)

The critical role of antigen-specific T cells in cancer immunotherapy has been amply demonstrated in many model systems. Though success of clinical trials still remains far behind expectation, the continuous improvement in our understanding of the biology of the immune response will provide the basis of optimized cancer vaccines and allow for new modalities of cancer treatment. This review focuses on the current status of active therapeutic vaccination and future prospects. The latter will mainly be concerned with allogeneic bone marrow cell transplantation after non-myeloablative conditioning, because it is my belief that this approach could provide a major breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy. Concerning active vaccination protocols the following aspects will be addressed: i) the targets of immunotherapeutic approaches; ii) the response elements needed for raising a therapeutically successful immune reaction; iii) ways to achieve an optimal confrontation of the immune system with the tumor and iv) supportive regimen of immunomodulation. Hazards which one is most frequently confronted with in trials to attack tumors with the inherent weapon of immune defense will only be briefly mentioned. Many question remain to be answered in the field of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation after non-myeloablative conditioning to optimize the therapeutic setting for this likely very powerful tool of cancer therapy. Current considerations to improve engraftment and to reduce graft versus host disease while strengthening graft versus tumor reactivity will be briefly reviewed. Finally, I will discuss whether tumor-reactive T cells can be "naturally" maintained during the process of T cell maturation in the allogeneic host. Provided this hypothesis can be substantiated, a T cell vaccine will meet a pool of virgin T cells in the allogeneically reconstituted host, which are tolerant towards the host, but not anergised towards tumor antigens presented by MHC molecules of the host.
Cancer is not just a disease of a tissue: It is a host disease (2008)

Thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) belong to the pyridine nucleotide disulfide oxidoreductase family enzymes that reduce thioredoxin (Trx). The couple TrxR and Trx is one of the major antioxidant systems that control the redox homeostasis in cells. The thioredoxin system, comprised of TrxR, Trx and NADPH, exerts its activities via a disulfide-dithiol exchange reaction. Inhibition of TrxR is an important clinical goal in all conditions in which the redox state is perturbed. The present review focuses on the most critical aspects of the cellular functions of TrxRs and their inhibition mechanisms by metal ions or chemicals, through direct targeting of TrxRs or their substrates or protein interactors. To update the involvement of overactivation/dysfunction of TrxRs in various pathological conditions, human diseases associated with TrxRs genes were critically summarized by publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) catalogs and literature. The pieces of evidence presented here justify why TrxR is recognized as one of the most critical clinical targets and the growing current interest in developing molecules capable of interfering with the functions of TrxR enzymes.
Production of ergothioneine by Methylobacterium species (2015)

Metabolomic analysis revealed that Methylobacterium cells accumulate a large amount of ergothioneine (EGT), which is a sulfur-containing, non-proteinogenic, antioxidative amino acid derived from histidine. EGT biosynthesis and its role in methylotrophy and physiology for plant surface-symbiotic Methylobacterium species were investigated in this study. Almost all Methylobacterium type strains can synthesize EGT. We selected one of the most productive strains (M. aquaticum strain 22A isolated from a moss), and investigated the feasibility of fermentative EGT production through optimization of the culture condition. Methanol as a carbon source served as the best substrate for production. The productivity reached up to 1000 μg/100 ml culture (1200 μg/g wet weight cells, 6.3 mg/g dry weight) in 38 days. Next, we identified the genes (egtBD) responsible for EGT synthesis, and generated a deletion mutant defective in EGT production. Compared to the wild type, the mutant showed better growth on methanol and on the plant surface as well as severe susceptibility to heat treatment and irradiation of ultraviolet (UV) and sunlight. These results suggested that EGT is not involved in methylotrophy, but is involved in their phyllospheric lifestyle fitness of the genus in natural conditions.
The Experience of Amnioinfusion for Oligohydramnios During the Early Second Trimester (2007)

Amnioinfusion performed the first time might provide some benefits for those with early-onset oligohydramnios, such as to provide confirmation of rupture of membranes, detailed sonography examination and further counseling. We would recommend that this procedure be considered once for these cases.
Simulation of Left Ventricular Dynamics Using a Low-Order Mathematical Model (2017)

The eventual goal of this study is to develop methods for estimating dynamic stresses in the left ventricle (LV) that could be used on-line in clinical settings, based on routinely available measurements. Toward this goal, a low-order theoretical model is presented, in which LV shape is represented using a small number of parameters, allowing rapid computational simulations of LV dynamics. The LV is represented as a thick-walled prolate spheroid containing helical muscle fibers with nonlinear passive and time-dependent active contractile properties. The displacement field during the cardiac cycle is described by three time-dependent parameters, using a family of volume-preserving mappings based on prolate spheroidal coordinates. Stress equilibrium is imposed in weak form and the resulting force balance equations are coupled to a lumped-parameter model of the circulation, leading to a system of differential-algebraic equations, whose numerical solution yields predictions of LV pressure and volume, together with spatial distributions of stresses and strains throughout the cardiac cycle. When static loading of the passive LV is assumed, this approach yields displacement and stress fields that closely match results from a standard finite-element approach. When dynamic motion with active contraction is simulated, substantial variations of fiber stress and strain through the myocardium are predicted. This approach allows simulations of LV dynamics that run faster than real time, and could be used to determine patient-specific parameters of LV performance on-line from clinically available measurements, with the eventual goal of real-time, patient-specific analysis of cardiac parameters.
Inkjet Printed Polymer Layer on Flexible Substrate for OLED Applications (2009)

In optoelectronics, inkjet printing (IJP) technology is being developed as an alternative to the traditional techniques for organic materials deposition. In this work, we report the fabrication of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) on the flexible substrate by studying the effect of a surface chemical treatment on the inkjet printed polymer film morphology. The employed piranha treatment increases the substrate surface energy and improves the wettability, thus inducing a decrease in the IJ printed drop thickness. The IJ printed polymer (poly(9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluorene-2,7-diyl)) is the hole-transporting layer (HTL) of a hybrid structure in which the other layers are deposited by vacuum thermal evaporation. Furthermore, in order to determine the effect of the IJ deposition method on the manufactured OLED performances, we compare them to those of devices fabricated using standard technologies. With this aim, OLEDs with the same structure are fabricated by replacing the IJ printed polymer with a spin-coated film employing the same polymer solution. The electrical and optical properties of the electroluminescent devices are investigated and discussed. Despite the lack of thickness uniformity in IJ printed film, which is an intrinsic, technological limit, OLEDs with IJ printed HTL show electro-optical characteristics that are similar to the ones of OLEDs with spin-coated HTL.
Part 2. A logical analysis of the medico-psychological concept of disease (1972)

SYNOPSIS When no endopathological abnormalities are available to serve as classifying criteria, symptom clusters are generally used as substitutes. They then form the core of particular functional diseases, especially in psychiatry. The selection of symptom clusters on the basis of clinical impression is the predominant procedure, but it is subjective and arbitrary. To remedy this shortcoming, cluster-searching methods of a sophisticated statistical nature have been introduced, though they have not so far been conspicuously successful. In some functional psychiatric diseases, such as phobic neurosis, depressive neurosis, war neurosis, and compensation neurosis, exopathological environmental, but normal, events form the classifying criteria. They are presumed to activate idiosyncratic endopathological predispositions. The classification of organic diseases relies on endopathological and inherited exopathological abnormalities as classifying criteria. As an illustration of the establishment of an inherited exopathological disease, the discovery of phenylketonuria as a clinical sign and the gradual elucidation of its pathogenesis are described.
Negative capacitance in organic light-emitting diodes (2005)

Negative capacitance has been characterized in organic light-emitting diode (OLED) heterostructures using impedance spectroscopy. Although similar inductive behavior has been previously reported for transient electroluminescence in OLEDs, definitive identification of negative capacitance in impedance spectroscopy data has been elusive due to the high concentration of distributed traps at the anode-organic interface. The addition of a layer of 4,4′-bis[(p-trichlorosilylpropylphenyl)phenylamino]-biphenyl at this interface minimizes these trapping sites, thus enabling the inductive nature of charge transport in OLEDs to be directly observable. By quantitatively correlating the resulting impedance spectroscopy data with equivalent circuit models, a detailed description of charge transport in OLEDs as a function of heterostructure composition is developed.
Essais de capillarité et d'évaporation sous tomodensitométrie RX imagerie de la répartition de l'eau. Conséquences sur les flux et la localisation des zones de précipitation des sels (2002)

International audience
Expression and Redistribution of Cellular Bad, Bax, and Bcl-xL Protein Is Associated with VCD-Induced Ovotoxicity in Rats1 (2001)

Previous studies have shown that 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD)-induced ovotoxicity in rats is likely caused by acceleration of the normal rate of atresia (apoptosis). VCD-induced ovotoxicity is specific for small preantral follicles and is associated with increased activity of caspase cascades. The present study was designed to investigate the alteration of expression and distribution of several Bcl-2 family member proteins induced by dosing of VCD in rat small ovarian follicles. Female F344 rats were given a single dose of VCD (80 mg/kg, i.p., 1 day; a time when ovotoxicity is not initiated), or dosed daily for 15 days (80 mg/kg, i.p., 15 days; a time when significant ovotoxicity is underway). Four hours following the final dose, livers and ovaries were collected. Ovarian small (25–100 μm) and large (100–250 μm) preantral follicles were isolated, and subcellular fractions (cytosolic and mitochondrial) were prepared. Compared with controls, levels of the proapoptotic protein, Bad, were greater in both cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions of small preantral follicles collected from 15-day VCD-treated rats (cytosol, 1.97 ± 0.16; mitochondria, 2.20 ± 0.24, VCD/control, P < 0.05). After 15 days of daily VCD dosing, total cellular antiapoptotic Bcl-xL protein levels were unaffected in small preantral follicles, but its distribution in mitochondrial and cytosolic components was altered (mitochondria, 0.635 ± 0.08; cytosol, 1.39 ± 0.14, VCD/control, P < 0.05). Likewise, VCD did not affect protein levels of proapoptotic Bax in small follicles on Day 15. However, consistent with a Bax-mediated mechanism of apoptosis, the relative ratio of Bax/Bcl-xL in the mitochondrial fraction of small preantral follicles was significantly increased by VCD dosing (1.62 ± 0.21, VCD/control, P < 0.05). Immunofluorescence staining intensity evaluated by confocal microscopy visualized cytochrome c protein in the cytosolic compartment in granulosa cells of preantral follicles in various stages of development. Relative to controls, within the population of small preantral follicles, staining intensity was less (P < 0.05) and presumably more diffuse, specifically in stage 1 primary follicles from VCD-treated animals (15 days). VCD caused none of these effects in large preantral follicles or liver (not targeted by VCD). These data provide evidence that the apoptosis induced by VCD in ovarian small preantral follicles of rats is associated with increased expression of Bad protein, redistribution of Bcl-xL protein and cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosolic compartment, and an increase in the Bax/Bcl-xL ratio in the mitochondria. These observations are consistent with the involvement of Bcl-2 gene family members in VCD-induced acceleration of atresia.
Effects of Acceptors on the Electronic and Optoelectronic Properties of Fluorene‐Based Donor–Acceptor–Donor Copolymers (2007)

Abstract In this study, four fluorene‐based conjugated copolymers were synthesized to explore the acceptor effects on the electronic and optoelectronic properties. The studied polymers were poly{[2,7‐(9,9‐dihexylfluorene)]‐ alt ‐[2,2′:5,2″‐terthiophene]} ( PFTT ) and its derivatives of poly{[2,7‐(9,9′‐dihexylfluorene)]‐ alt ‐[2,3‐dimethyl‐5,7‐dithien‐2‐yl‐quinoxaline]} ( PFDDTQ ), poly{[2,7‐(9,9′‐dihexylfluorene)]‐ alt ‐[4,7‐dithien‐2‐yl‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole]} ( PFDTBT ), and poly{[2,7‐(9,9′‐dihexylfluorene)]‐ alt ‐[2,3‐dimethyl‐5,7‐dithien‐2‐yl‐thieno[3,4‐b]pyrazine]} ( PFDDTTP ) with the acceptors of quinoxaline ( Q ), 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole ( BT ), and thieno[3,4‐b]pyrazine ( TP ), respectively. The order of the band gap was PFDTTP < PFDTBT < PFDDTQ < PFTT , which was on the reverse trend of emission maximum and field‐effect transistor (FET) mobility. The strong acceptor strength of the TP moiety and coplanar backbone in PFDTTP resulted in the highest intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) among the four polymers. The FET mobility of PFDTTP could be varied by two orders of magnitude through the solvent quality. The present study suggested the importance of the acceptor structure on the electronic and optoelectronic properties of semiconducting polymers. magnified image
Laser phase noise effects in fiber-optic signal processors with recirculating loops (1983)

The power spectrum of the optical intensity at the output of a single-mode-fiber recirculating delay line driven by a multimode semiconductor laser is shown to exhibit a spectral structure with notches at zero frequency as well as at other multiples of 1/(loop delay). A theoretical model based on laser phase noise is suggested to explain the experimental data.