gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Indications for breast-preserving surgery and adjuvant therapy in early breast cancer. (1994)

The management of breast cancer has undergone remarkable change over the past two decades. A therapeutic revolution has been fueled by the results obtained from prospective randomized clinical trials. The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NASBP) protocols B-04 and B-06 have clearly demonstrated the efficacy of breast conserving surgery in Stage I and II breast cancer. Through fourteen (NSABP B-04) and 9 years (NSABP B-06) of follow-up respectively, three is no significant difference in either distant-disease free or overall survival between the breast-preserving option and breast removal procedures. These studies not only establish breast-sparing surgery as the preferred local-regional procedure, but more importantly validate the biologic hypothesis governing its use, i.e. breast cancer is a systemic disease and nuances in loco-regional therapy have little impact on survival. Building on this concept, the NSABP instituted clinical trials in the early 1980's designed to evaluate the worth of systemic therapy in node-negative breast cancer. NSABP protocol B-13 examined sequentially administered methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (MF) versus observation alone in estrogen receptor (ER) negative patients while NSABP protocol B-14 evaluated the worth of tamoxifen versus placebo in ER positive patients. Both of these studies demonstrate a benefit for adjuvant therapy. One can only conclude that adjuvant therapy has altered the natural history of node negative breast cancer. Further clinical trials should expand on advances already achieved and attempt to target therapy to those patients most likely to develop a treatment failure.
Silk fibroin/cartilage extracellular matrix scaffolds with sequential delivery of TGF-&beta;3 for chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (2017)

A 3-D scaffold that simulates the microenvironment in vivo for regenerating cartilage is ideal. In this study, we combined silk fibroin and decellularized cartilage extracellular matrix by temperature gradient-guided thermal-induced phase separation to produce composite scaffolds (S/D). Resulting scaffolds had remarkable mechanical properties and biomimeticstructure, for a suitable substrate for attachment and proliferation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). Moreover, transforming growth factor β3 (TGF-β3) loaded on scaffolds showed a controlled release profile and enhanced the chondrogenic differentiation of ADSCs during the 28-day culture. The S/D scaffold itself can provide a sustained release system without the introduction of other controlled release media, which has potential for commercial and clinical applications. The results of toluidine blue, Safranin O, and immunohistochemical staining and analysis of collagen II expression showed maintenance of a chondrogenic phenotype in all scaffolds after 28-day culture. The most obvious phenomenon was with the addition of TGF-β3. S/D composite scaffolds with sequential delivery of TGF-β3 may mimic the regenerative microenvironment to enhance the chondrogenic differentiation of ADSCs in vitro.
Sensitivity of Brown-Headed Cowbirds to Volatiles (1989)

We studied the ability of Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) to discriminate between two odors, ethyl butyrate and s-limonene, using a cardiac conditioning paradigm. Cowbirds not only learned to discriminate ethyl butyrate and s-limonene but they could also discriminate among concentrations of ethyl butyrate. Cowbirds could reliably discriminate the two odorants when vapor saturation was at least 0.6%. This suggests a discrimination sensitivity of at least 1.9 × 1013 molecules/ml or 0.76 ppm for ethyl butyrate. Despite the fact that passerines are presumed to have poor olfactory ability, these values are within the same sensitivity range as found in nonpasserines that have more elaborately developed olfactory anatomies.
CNN-Based Object Segmentation in Urban LIDAR with Missing Points (2016)

We examine the task of point-level object segmentation in outdoor urban LIDAR scans. A key challenge in this area is the problem of missing points in the scans due to technical limitations of the LIDAR sensors. Our core contributions are demonstrating the benefit of reframing the segmentation task over the scan acquisition grid as opposed to considering only the acquired 3D point cloud and developing a pipeline for training and applying a convolutional neural network to accomplish this segmentation on large scale LIDAR scenes. By labeling missing points in the scanning grid we show that we can train our classifier to achieve a more accurate and complete segmentation mask for the vehicle object category which is particularly prone to missing points. Additionally we show that the choice of input features maps to the CNN significantly effect the accuracy of the segmentation and these features should be chosen to fully encapsulate the 3D scene structure. We evaluate our model on a LIDAR dataset collected by Google Street View cars over a large area of New York City.
Application of access graphs and home culture: Examining factors relative to climate and privacy in Iranian houses (2011)

In the recent past, access graphs have been applied as a space syntax technique to analyze the spatial configuration of buildings in correlation with the social concepts. The aim of this study is to show the deficiencies in the use of the space syntax method in the examining of spatial relation in traditional houses in Iran. Traditional Iranian houses consider climate and privacy as very important factors for generating a sound social relationship between individual house and its occupants. It examined these factors in the cities of Masouleh, Gilan, Yazd and Shiraz using access graphs. In order to understand the two factors namely; cultural and climatic factors affecting the spatial relations in Iranian traditional houses during the varied seasons, the findings in this study are shown in three graphs rather than just the one as in a usual space syntax approach. This study also shows the necessity for the application of two graphs to represent the winter and summer use of interior spaces, and the use of an overall triple graph to demonstrate the entire house based on the use of Iranian home culture with respect to distinguishing the various functions of the rooms.

	 

	Key words: Spatial configuration, access graph, social relation, privacy, seasonal movement.
Electrostatic Complementarity Drives Amyloid/Nucleic Acid Co‐Assembly (2019)

Proteinaceous plaques associated with neurodegenerative diseases contain many biopolymers including the polyanions glycosaminoglycans and nucleic acids. Polyanion-induced amyloid fibrillation has been implicated in disease etiology, but structural models for amyloid/nucleic acid co-assemblies remain limited. Here we constrain nucleic acid/peptide interactions with model peptides that exploit electrostatic complementarity and define a novel amyloid/nucleic acid co-assembly. The structure provides a model for nucleic acid/amyloid co-assembly as well as insight into the energetic determinants involved in templating amyloid assembly.
Polarimetric fibre coil deformation sensor insensitive to ambient temperature disturbances (1992)

A novel polarimetric dual-fibre coil sensor has been developed by use of highly birefringent single-mode fibre. A length of fibre is cut at its half-length and both halves of the fibre are connected again by splicing after rotating one fibre relative to the other by 90 degrees about its axis. The resultant fibre is doubled at the spliced location to make the paired fibres so that their birefringent axes may be arranged interchangeably with one another. A length of the paired fibres is coiled around a cylinder which is flexible in the direction of its diameter. The coil deformation turns into a change in bending-induced retardation. This polarimetric deformation sensor is immune to ambient temperature disturbances. The retardation linearity is considerably improved by incorporating a visible laser diode with a short coherence length.
Noquist: Reduced field‐of‐view imaging by direct Fourier inversion (2004)

A novel technique called "Noquist" is introduced for the acceleration of dynamic cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI). With the use of this technique, a more sparsely sampled dynamic image sequence is reconstructed correctly, without Nyquist foldover artifact. Unlike most other reduced field-of-view (rFOV) methods, Noquist does not rely on data substitution or temporal interpolation to reconstruct the dynamic image sequence. The proposed method reduces acquisition time in dynamic MRI scans by eliminating the data redundancy associated with static regions in the dynamic scene. A reduction of imaging time is achieved by a fraction asymptotically equal to the static fraction of the FOV, by omitting acquisition of an appropriate subset of phase-encoding views from a conventional equidistant Cartesian acquisition grid. The theory behind this method is presented along with sample reconstructions from real and simulated data. Noquist is compared with conventional cine imaging by retrospective selection of a reduced data set from a full-grid conventional image sequence. In addition, a comparison is presented, using real and simulated data, of our technique with an existing rFOV technique that uses temporal interpolation. The experimental results confirm the theory, and demonstrate that Noquist reduces scan time for cine MRI while fully preserving both spatial and temporal resolution, but at the cost of a reduced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Acoustic properties of particle/polymer composites for ultrasonic transducer backing applications (1990)

The acoustic impedance and attenuation in composites made of particle fillers loaded in polymer matrices for transducer backing applications is investigated. The acoustic impedance of tungsten/vinyl composites was modeled, and an experimental matrix identifying variables that contribute to composite attenuation was established. The variable included the particle type, the particle size and volume fraction of a filler, the physical characteristics of the polymer matrix, and the processing route that determined the composite connectivity. Experimental results showed that with an increase in filler particle size or a decrease in volume fraction of filler, there is an increase in composite attenuation. Overall, the various types of filler, the polymer matrix, and the interface between the two contribute to attenuation in the composite, as confirmed by the acoustic properties and the microstructural analysis.
Influence of Native Microbiota on Survival of <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i> Phylotype II in River Water Microcosms (2007)

Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype II biovar 2 causes bacterial wilt in solanaceous hosts, producing severe economic losses worldwide. Waterways can be major dissemination routes of this pathogen, which is able to survive for long periods in sterilized water. However, little is known about its survival in natural water when other microorganisms, such as bacteriophages, other bacteria, and protozoa, are present. This study looks into the fate of a Spanish strain of R. solanacearum inoculated in water microcosms from a Spanish river, containing different microbiota fractions, at 24 degrees C and 14 degrees C, for a month. At both temperatures, R. solanacearum densities remained constant at the initial levels in control microcosms of sterile river water while, by contrast, declines in the populations of the introduced strain were observed in the nonsterile microcosms. These decreases were less marked at 14 degrees C. Lytic bacteriophages present in this river water were involved in the declines of the pathogen populations, but indigenous protozoa and bacteria also contributed to the reduced persistence in water. R. solanacearum variants displaying resistance to phage infection were observed, but only in microcosms without protozoa and native bacteria. In water microcosms, the temperature of 14 degrees C was more favorable for the survival of this pathogen than 24 degrees C, since biotic interactions were slower at the lower temperature. Similar trends were observed in microcosms inoculated with a Dutch strain. This is the first study demonstrating the influence of different fractions of water microorganisms on the survival of R. solanacearum phylotype II released into river water microcosms.
<title>High-performance fiber optic gyroscope with noise reduction</title> (1994)

Fiber optic gyroscopes (FOG) are solid-state rotation sensors that are appropriate for a wide variety of applications. In addition to becoming competitive with ring laser gyroscopes on new programs, FOGs are being manufactured to replace spinning wheel gyro technology in existing programs. The FOG brings with it the advantages of long life, high reliability, input axis stability, and low acceleration sensitivity. The AlliedSignal pointing grade fiber gyroscope was designed to replace a high-performance mechanical gyroscope currently made by AlliedSignal. Detailed passive thermal design, gyro assembly techniques, methods for rejecting light source intensity noise, and light source wavelength control are critical features that have been developed to produce a FOG with low noise, stable bias, and a stable and linear scale factor. Prototypes of this FOG have demonstrated angle random walk of 0.00021 deg/(root)hr and bias stability of 0.0006 deg/hr. Results of other performance tests and error models indicate that these gyros have a capability for random walk of 0.00012 deg/(root)hr and bias stability of 0.0004 deg/hr.
Dependency Distance as a Metric of Language Comprehension Difficulty (2008)

Linguistic complexity is a measure of the cognitive difficulty of human language processing. The present paper proposes dependency distance, in the framework of dependency grammar, as an insightful metric of complexity. Three hypotheses are formulated: (1) The human language parser prefers linear orders that minimize the average dependency distance of the recognized sentence (2) There is a threshold that the average dependency distance of most sentences or texts of human languages does not exceed (3) Grammar and cognition combine to keep dependency distance within the threshold. Twenty corpora from different languages with dependency syntactic annotation are used to test these hypotheses. The paper reports the average dependency distance in these corpora and analyzes the factors which influence dependency distance. The findings-that average dependency distance has a tendency to be minimized in human language and that there is a threshold of less than 3 words in average dependency distance and grammar plays an important role in constraining distance-support all three hypotheses, although some questions are still open for further research.
Transplantation of microcarrier-attached hepatocytes into 90% partially hepatectomized rats (1988)

We previously reported a method of intraperitoneal transplantation of liver cells attached to collagen-coated microcarriers, which resulted in prolonged survival and function of the transplanted cells. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of liver cell transplantation in providing metabolic support during acute liver insufficiency induced by 90% partial hepatectomy in rats. Ninety per cent of the liver mass (all lobes except the caudate lobe) was resected, and the rats were provided with 5% dextrose orally ad libitum upon regaining consciousness. This regimen results in severe hypoglycemia and death within 48 hr. When microcarrier-attached liver cells were transplanted into syngeneic and allogeneic recipients 3 days prior to 90% partial hepatectomy, significantly higher blood glucose levels were observed (p < 0.01), compared to the levels in control rats which received injections of microcarriers, liver cells or medium alone. There was a marked improvement in longterm survival (40% survived longer than 28 days; p < 0.001) in rats transplanted with microcarriers-attached cells. None of the rats given injections of microcarriers, liver cells or medium alone survived beyond 5 days. When liver cells alone or attached to microcarriers were injected intraperitoneally immediately after 90% partial hepatectomy, all rats became hypoglycemic and died within 48 hr, suggesting that vascularization of the transplant is required for function of the transplanted hepatocytes. The results indicate that intraperitoneal transplantation of microcarrier-attached hepatocytes prior to 90% partial hepatectomy in rats provides acute metabolic support resulting in improved survival.
[Mexico's healthcare in the 20th century]. (2002)

The purpose of this article is to present Mexico's healthcare in the 20th century. This was a process that was based on illustrated rationalism, positivism and neopositivism. Knowledge and science used to veer away from all aspects of charity and beneficence. Liberal legacy were favourable to government stocks and the state managed to raise a considerable amount of financial and human resources.
Replication of an origin-containing derivative of plasmid RK2 dependent on a plasmid function provided in <i>trans</i> (1979)

pRK212.2, a derivative of the broad host range plasmid RK2, contains two EcoRI cleavage fragments, A and B, neither of which can replicate by itself in Escherichia coli. Fragment A (41.7 kilobases), but not fragment B (14.4 kilobases), can be cloned by insertion into the unrelated plasmids mini-F and ColE1. Fragment B contains the origin of replication and the ampicillin-resistance determinant of RK2. Transformation of E. coli cells containing the mini-F-fragment A hybrid plasmid with fragment B DNA results in the recircularization and replication of fragment B as a nonmobilizable plasmid (pRK2067) with the copy number and incompatibility properties of RK2. Fragment B cannot be cloned in the absence of fragment A because the latter fragment suppresses a function, specified by fragment B, that results in loss of host cell viability. A small segment (2.4 kilobases) of fragment B that contains the RK2 origin of replication but no longer affects host cell growth in the absence of fragment A had been cloned previously by insertion into a ColE1 plasmid. This hybrid plasmid, designated pRK256, will replicate in E. coli polA mutants only when a fragment A-bearing helper plasmid is present. These results demonstrate that the potentially lethal function specified by fragment B of RK2 is not necessary for replication and that at least one trans-acting function is directly involved in RK2 replication.
Metronidazole plus amoxycillin in the treatment of <i>Actinobacillus</i> associated periodontitis (1989)

The potential use of an adjunctive therapy of metronidazole plus amoxycillin for the subgingival elimination of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in periodontitis patients was investigated. 22 patients participated in this study, 11 with localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) and 11 with rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP). 14 patients had received periodontal treatment in the past. All patients were subgingivally infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans. After mechanical subgingival debridement in combination with the antibiotic treatment, elimination of A. actinomycetemcomitans was achieved in all patients but one. With this one exception, clinical improvements were observed in all patients, resulting in reduced pocket probing depths as well as in a significant reduction in bleeding on probing. Re-examination of 16 patients after 9-11 months revealed that A. actinomycetemcomitans was still undetectable and further clinical improvement was observed. It was concluded that the combination of metronidazole plus amoxycillin is a valuable adjunct to mechanical therapy in A. actinomycetemcomitans associated periodontal infections.
Spontaneous repopulation of β-catenin null livers with β-catenin-positive hepatocytes after chronic murine liver injury (2011)

In a chronic liver injury model, β-catenin-positive hepatocytes exhibit growth and survival advantages and repopulate KO livers, eventually limiting hepatic injury and dysfunction despite increased fibrosis and intrahepatic cholestasis.
The DNA sequence of the structural gene of gonococcal protein III and the flanking region containing a repetitive sequence. Homology of protein III with enterobacterial OmpA proteins. (1987)

The insert of a lambda gt11 clone expressing gonococcal protein III was sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence showed a coding frame of 236 amino acids with a typical 22-amino-acid signal peptide, followed by the known NH2-terminal sequence of PIII. The mature protein has a molecular weight of 23,298. It was found that PIII had extensive and very striking homology to the carboxy-terminal portion of enterobacterial OmpA proteins. The homology encompasses the OmpA domain that is believed to be located in the periplasmic space. If the disposition of PIII across the OM is analogous, then the surface-exposed domain consists of less than 40 amino acids. These include a potential 15-amino-acid disulfide loop, a feature not found in OmpA proteins. Hybridization studies with the sequenced insert indicated that it contained a repetitive sequence that occurred at least 20 times in the genome. By additional hybridization studies the area containing the repetitive sequence was narrowed to a region of 43 bp. This region contained an exact copy of the consensus sequence of a 26-bp repetitive sequence recently described. An analogous sequence recurs in an inverted orientation 53 bp downstream.
Lattice Dynamics of the Rhombohedral Polymorphs of CaSi<sub>2</sub> (2016)

The structures of two trigonal-rhombohedral CaSi<sub>2</sub> polymorphs (space group R3̅m) were studied by X-ray diffraction and polarized Raman scattering spectroscopy. Raman-active even-parity vibrational modes of A<sub>1g</sub> and E<sub>g</sub> are unambiguously identified and assigned to the specific lattice eigenmodes. Experimental data are found to be in very good agreement with those predicted by density functional theory lattice dynamics calculations. The transformation of 6R structural modification of CaSi<sub>2</sub> into its 3R polymorph, by high-temperature annealing in vacuum is also reported.
Oxidation mechanism of aluminum nitride revisited (2017)

Different from the oxidation kinetics of other nitrides, the oxide layer on AlN can easily reach tens of micrometers at a temperature above 1200 °C. In the present study, the oxidation mechanism of AlN is investigated through microstructure observation. The analysis indicates that the oxide layer is full of small pores. The formation of pores generates additional surface area to induce further reaction. The reaction thus controls the oxidation in the temperature range from 1050 to 1350 °C. The oxidation rate becomes slow as the oxide layer reaches a critical thickness.