gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IL-6sR: RELEASE FROM MCF-7 BREAST CANCER CELLS AND ROLE IN REGULATING PERIPHERAL OESTROGEN SYNTHESIS (1995)

The interleukin-6 soluble receptor (IL-6sR) may regulate the ability of IL-6 to stimulate oestrogen synthesis in breast cancer cells and breast tumours. Significant aromatase activity was detectable in IL-6 stimulated fibroblasts derived from subcutaneous adipose tissue, but the combination of IL-6sR plus IL-6 resulted in a marked 21-fold stimulation of aromatase activity. To examine the control of IL-6sR release, the effects of oestradiol, 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT), dexamethasone, TPA, TNF alpha or IL-6 on this process was examined using MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Oestradiol, TNF alpha and dexamethasone all markedly increased IL-6sR release. While 4-OHT had a small stimulatory effect on IL-6sR release, it blocked the ability of oestradiol to increase IL-6sR release. Significant concentrations of IL-6sR were also detected in conditioned medium collected from lymphocytes and macrophages and in cytosols prepared from normal and malignant breast tissues. These results indicate that IL-6sR may have an important role in potentiating the effect of IL-6 on oestrogen synthesis in breast cancer cells. The abilities of oestradiol or tamoxifen to potentiate or inhibit the IL-6 stimulation of oestrogen synthesis in breast cancer cells may result from their effects on IL-6sR release.
Urinalysis and Urinary Tract Infection: Update for Clinicians (2001)

Dysuria is a common presenting complaint of women and urinalysis is a valuable tool in the initial evaluation of this presentation. Clinicians need to be aware that pyuria is the best determinate of bacteriuria requiring therapy and that values significant for infection differ depending on the method of analysis. A hemocytometer yields a value of > or = 10 WBC/mm3 significant for bacteriuria, while manual microscopy studies show > or = 8 WBC/high-power field reliably predicts a positive urine culture. In cases of uncomplicated symptomatic urinary tract infection, a positive value for nitrites and leukocyte esterase by urine dipstick can be treated without the need for a urine culture. Automated urinalysis used widely in large volume laboratories provides more sensitive detection of leukocytes and bacteria in the urine. With automated microscopy, a value of > 2 WBC/hpf is significant pyuria indicative of inflammation of the urinary tract. In complicated cases such as pregnancy, recurrent infection or renal involvement, further evaluation is necessary including manual microscopy and urine culture with sensitivities.
ApoG2, a novel inhibitor of antiapoptotic Bcl‐2 family proteins, induces apoptosis and suppresses tumor growth in nasopharyngeal carcinoma xenografts (2008)

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignant tumor in South China. It has been reported that overexpression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins in NPC has caused the lack of long-term efficacy of conventional therapies. Apogossypolone (ApoG2), a novel small-molecule inhibitor of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, has been discovered as the optimized derivative of gossypol. In this study, we found that in NPC cells, ApoG2 totally blocked the antiapoptotic function of Bcl-2 family proteins without affecting the expression levels of these proteins. ApoG2 selectively inhibited proliferation of 3 NPC cell lines (C666-1, CNE-1 and CNE-2) that highly expressed the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. This inhibitory activity was associated with release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and apoptosis of sensitive NPC cells. However, ApoG2 had no obvious inhibitory effect on NPC cell line HONE-1, which expressed antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL at a low level. We further found that ApoG2 effectively suppressed tumor growth of NPC xenografts in nude mice and enhanced the antitumor effect of CDDP (cisplatin) on NPC cells in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemical results showed that the expression of CD31 decreased after ApoG2 treatment, which suggested inhibition of angiogenesis in NPC xenografts. Our findings strongly suggest that ApoG2 may serve as a novel inhibitor of Bcl-2 family proteins and, by targeting these proteins, may become a promising drug for the treatment of NPC.
Modulation of calcium-activated potassium channels from rat brain by protein kinase A and phosphatase 2A (1991)

By incorporating plasma membrane vesicles into planar lipid bilayers, we previously characterized a family of four types of Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels from rat brain (Reinhart et al., 1989). Two of these are "large-conductance" or "maxi"-K+ channels, which differ in their gating kinetics and toxin sensitivity and are henceforth referred to as "type 1" and "type 2" channels. Here we show that the gating of these two channel types can be modulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. The effects of cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (PK-A) on type 1 maxi-K+ channels are complex in that, while half of these channels are upregulated by the kinase, about one out of seven channels is downregulated. Thus, there may be several distinct channels within the type 1 category. Type 2 maxi-K+ channels are consistently downregulated by PK-A. The effects of PK-A on both channel types are reversed by the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP-2A), but not by protein phosphatase 1 (PP-1). Furthermore, some of the type 1 maxi-K+ channels can be modulated by PP-2A, even without any prior PK-A treatment, indicating they are in a phosphorylated state when they are incorporated into the bilayer. The results demonstrate that (1) type 1 and type 2 maxi-K+ channels are substrates for PK-A; (2) phosphorylation can shift the open probability of channels in either direction, by a mechanism involving multiple phosphorylation sites; (3) phosphorylation alters the Ca2+/voltage sensitivity of these channels; and (4) dephosphorylation of type 1 and type 2 channels is catalyzed by specific phosphatases.
A 36 ns 1 Mbit CMOS EPROM with new data sensing technique (1990)

A 36-ns, 1-Mb EPROM using a unique pseudodifferential sensing technique for high speed and a new noise immunity technique has been developed. In order to achieve both high speed and small die size, a newly developed pseudodifferential sensing technique with single-ended bit lines (one transistor/cell) and only two reference bit lines has been implemented, instead of a conventional fully differential sensing technique which has the disadvantage of large die size. A new data transfer circuit whose data transfer speed is controlled by an address transition detection pulse is utilized to obtain high noise immunity against power line noise caused by charging or discharging an output capacitance. Using 0.9-μm lithography, a cell size of 3.1 μm×2.9 μm has been achieved, resulting in a small die size of 6.67 mm×6.56 mm. The chip is fabricated by an n-well CMOS double poly-Si process with polycide technology and a single metal
Studies on 8-Substituted-10,11-Dihydro-5H Dibenzo (b, e) (1,4) Diazepin-11 -Thione—Part III (1979)

Chemical Laboratories, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (India) Department of Pharmacology. S.M.S. Medical College, Jaipur <em>Manuscript received 29 January 1979, accepted 27 April 1979</em> 8-Amino-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo (b,e) (1,4) diazepin-11-thione <em>(2) </em>was prepared by reacting 8-amino-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo (b, e) (1, 4) diazepin-11-one <em>(1) </em>with P<sub>2</sub>S<sub>5</sub> in Pyridine. <em>2 </em>was converted into 8-chloro-(3), 8-iodo-(4) derivatives by Sandmeyer's reaction, 8-bromo derivative <em>(5) </em>by Gattermann's reaction and 8-thiol (6 and 7) derivative by reacting diazonium salt of <em>2 </em>and <em>1 </em>with potassium ethylxanthate. The structures of <em>2-7 </em>were established on the basis of elemental analysis and IR spectral studies. Preliminary pharmacological screening of compounds <em>2-5 </em>indicates that they are depressant of the central nervous system.
Recent Advances in the Development of TGF-β Signaling Inhibitors for Anticancer Therapy (2020)

TGF-β is a multifunctional cytokine that plays an important role in both physiologic and pathologic processes, including cancer. Importantly, TGF-β has a dual role in tumorigenesis, acting as a tumor suppressor or a tumor promoter, depending on the stage of tumor development. The aberrantly upregulated production of TGF-β has been strongly implicated in tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis, as well as immune evasion. Therefore, hyperactivated TGF-β signaling is considered a potential therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Numerous inhibitors of overactivated TGF-β signaling have been developed, and some of them are currently in clinical trials. This review focuses on the TGF-β signaling that contributes to tumor progression and immune evasion in the tumor microenvironment and presents recent achievements on TGF-β signaling inhibition as a single or combined therapeutic approach in cancer therapy.
Modeling glucose metabolism in man: theory and practice. (1990)

Quantitative assessment of whole-body and regional glucose metabolism from in vivo kinetic data requires a model of the system, i.e. specific assumptions about the structure and functioning of the system. We discuss here models which allow the measurement and understanding of the kinetics of glucose metabolism in vivo in man and of the effect of insulin upon them. Discussed models include: a whole-body description of glucose distribution and metabolism to quantitate insulin effect; a model to measure in vivo glucose transport in the forearm; physiological models to assess glucose kinetics in the non-steady state; the insulin and C-peptide IVGTT minimal models to assess beta-cell function; the labelled IVGTT minimal models to assess insulin sensitivity and hepatic production. Emphasis is on models of the compartmental type and on the crucial role of modeling methodology. Aspects of improved experiment design are also discussed.
The Epidemiology and Cost of Inpatient Care for Peripheral Vascular Disease, Infection, Neuropathy, and Ulceration in Diabetes (1998)

Diabetes is confirmed as a significant risk factor for peripheral vascular disease, infection, neuropathy, and ulceration. The severity of these disorders in terms of increased risk of hospital mortality, length of stay, and risk of surgical procedure is also demonstrated for those patients with diabetes.
Structure Determination by X-Ray Crystallography (1985)

X-ray crystaIlography provides us with the most accurate picture we can get of atomic and molecular structures in crystals. It provides a hard bedrock of structural results in chemistry and in mineral
Theoretical analysis and practical implementation of a balanced DSSS transmitter and receiver employing complex spreading sequences (2002)

The theoretical analysis and practical implementation of a novel balanced direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) transmitter and receiver structure, employing binary or complex spreading sequences, are considered. A description of the complex spreading sequences and their properties is given as well as simulation results of the system employing these complex spreading sequences. The simulation results include both the double side band (DSB) and single side band (SSB) cases, which both provide a constant carrier envelope. The SSB signal can be obtained by means of non-linearly-interpolated root-of-unity complex spreading sequences, which is only possible with complex sequences. The theoretical analysis is then used as a basis for the practical implementation of the system. A brief description of the operation of the practical system is given, as well as practical results obtained from a generic hardware implementation of the DSSS transmitter.
Formation and growth of amorphous phases by solid-state reaction in elemental composites prepared by cold working (1984)

Amorphous alloys of Ni-Zr and Cu-Zr have been synthesized by solid-state reaction of composite metal mixtures produced by mechanical deformation of metal powder mixtures and intercalated foil layers. The materials obtained were investigated by means of x-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The results are compared with known data for thin films and rapidly quenched alloys.
On-Road Exposure to Highway Aerosols. 1. Aerosol and Gas Measurements (2004)

On-road experiments were conducted to determine the sensitivities of rats to real-world aerosol. This article summarizes the on-road aerosol and gas measurements and provides background information for the companion paper on the rat exposures. Measurements were carried out over 10 days, 6 h/day, driving a route from Rochester to Buffalo. Aerosol instrumentation used in this study included two scanning mobility particle sizers (SMPS) to determine the aerosol size distribution from 10 to 300 nm, 2 stand-alone condensation particle counters to determine the total aerosol number concentration, and an electrical aerosol detector to determine the aerosol length concentration. A thermal denuder (TD) was used with one of the SMPS instruments to determine the size distribution of the non-volatile fraction. Filter samples were collected and analyzed for elemental carbon, and gas analyzers measured ambient levels of CO, CO(2), and NO. Average daily total aerosol number concentration ranged from 200,000 to 560,000 particles/cm(3). Past studies on urban highways have measured total number concentrations ranging between 10(4) and 10(6) particles/cm(3). The average daily NO concentration ranged from 0.10 to 0.24 ppm and the corresponding CO(2) concentration ranged from 400 to 420 ppm. The average daily geometric number mean particle size determined by the SMPS ranged from 15 to 20 nm. The TD reduced the average SMPS number concentration between 87 and 95% and the SMPS volume between 54 and 83%, suggesting that most of the particles consisted of volatile material. The TD also increased the geometric number mean diameter from 15 to 20 nm to 30 to 40 nm.
Langmuir−Blodgettry of Nanocrystals and Nanowires (2008)

Although nanocrystals and nanowires have proliferated new scientific avenues in the study of their physics and chemistries, the bottom-up assembly of these small-scale building blocks remains a formidable challenge for device fabrication and processing. An attractive nanoscale assembly strategy should be cheap, fast, defect tolerant, compatible with a variety of materials, and parallel in nature, ideally utilizing the self-assembly to generate the core of a device, such as a memory chip or optical display. Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) assembly is a good candidate for arranging vast numbers of nanostructures on solid surfaces. In the LB technique, uniaxial compression of a nanocrystal or nanowire monolayer floating on an aqueous subphase causes the nanostructures to assemble and pack over a large area. The ordered monolayer can then be transferred to a solid surface en masse and with fidelity. In this Account, we present the Langmuir-Blodgett technique as a low-cost method for the massively parallel, controlled organization of nanostructures. The isothermal compression of fluid-supported nanoparticles or nanowires is unique in its ability to achieve control over nanoscale assembly by tuning a macroscopic property such as surface pressure. Under optimized conditions (e.g., surface pressure, substrate hydrophobicity, and pulling speed), it allows continuous variation of particle density, spacing, and even arrangement. For practical application and device fabrication, LB compression is ideal for forming highly dense assemblies of nanowires and nanocrystals over unprecedented surface areas. In addition, the dewetting properties of LB monolayers can be used to further achieve patterning within the range of micrometers to tens of nanometers without a predefined template. The LB method should allow for easy integration of nanomaterials into current manufacturing schemes, in addition to fast device prototyping and multiplexing capability.
Concepts and Techniques for Indexing Visual Semantics (2001)

In this chapter, the authors discuss content-based retrieval, emphasizing that visual information can be indexed at multiple levels. In particular they discuss a conceptual framework to index visual content and analyze different content-based information retrieval (CBIR) approaches from the perspective of the conceptual framework. A distinction is made between the interface and indexing components of CBIR systems, the advantages and limitations of different interface modalities are outlined, and the benefits of different indexing mechanisms are discussed. The discussion, which is carried out in the context of the conceptual framework for indexing visual information, shows the importance of object-level indexing techniques in CBIR. As a result, a brief overview of some of the major object-recognition strategies is presented, particularly in relation to CBIR.
Temporal Bone Fractures: Review of 90 Cases (1983)

Of 1,300 consecutive head-injured patients admitted to the hospital over a 20-month time period, 118 were found to have skull fractures, of which 22% involved the temporal bone. These figures form part of a larger study of 90 temporal bone fractures treated over a six-year period from 1975 through 1981. The most common cause of a temporal bone fracture was a motor vehicle accident occurring in 40/90 (44%) patients. Pertinent physical findings, occurring alone or in combination, were a hemotympanum, bleeding from the ear canal, tympanic membrane perforation, facial paralysis, and CSF otorrhea. The diagnosis of temporal bone fractures is best made clinically and radiographically. The early care of temporal bone fractures is directed toward the treatment of CSF otorrhea and immediate onset facial paralysis. The delayed care is primarily concerned with hearing rehabilitation.
An Analytical Approach for a Novel Coupled-Line Dual-Band Wilkinson Power Divider (2010)

A novel generalized coupled-line circuit structure for a dual-band Wilkinson power divider is proposed. The proposed power divider is composed of two coupled lines with different even- and odd-mode characteristic impedances and two lumped resistors. Using rigorous even- and odd-mode analysis, the analytical design equations for this proposed power divider are obtained and the ideal closed-form scattering parameters are constructed. Since the traditional transmission line is a special case of coupled line (coupled coefficient is zero), it is found that traditional noncoupled-line dual-band (including single band) Wilkinson power dividers and previous dual-band coupled-line power dividers are special cases of this generalized power divider. As a typical example, which could only be designed by using this given design equations, a compact microstrip 3-dB power divider operating at both 1.1 and 2.2 GHz is designed, fabricated, and measured. There is good agreement between calculated and measured results.
Scanning Photocurrent Imaging and Electronic Band Studies in Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors (2005)

We report optical scanning measurements on photocurrent in individual Si nanowire field effect transistors (SiNW FETs). We observe increases in the conductance of more than 2 orders of magnitude and a large conductance polarization anisotropy of 0.8, making our SiNW FETs a polarization-sensitive, high-resolution light detector. In addition, scanning images of photocurrent at various biases reveal the local energy-band profile especially near the electrode contacts. The magnitude and polarity of the photocurrent vary depending on the gate bias, a behavior that can be explained using band flattening and a Schottky-barrier-type change. This technique is a powerful tool for studying photosensitive nanoscale devices.
Ultra-Long-Haul High-Capacity Super-Nyquist-WDM Transmission Experiment Using Multi-Core Fibers (2015)

This paper describes promising techniques for approaching the capacity-distance product over 1 Exabit/s×km in the transoceanic-class optical fiber transmission. One is the Super-Nyquist wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technique based on poly-binary-pulse shaping with maximum likelihood sequence estimation, in which it is possible to multiplex optical signals with WDM spacing of less than the signal baudrate. Another technique is the space-division multiplexing technique based on multi-core fibers (MCFs) with multi-core Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), in which the fiber capacity can be increased when the number of cores of MCF is increased. Finally, we present a demonstration of 140.7-Tbit/s, 7 326-km transmission of 201-channel 25-GHz-spaced Super-Nyquist-WDM 100-Gbit/s optical signals using seven-core fibers and full C-band seven-core EDFAs.
THE USE OF FOLIC ACID ANTAGONISTS IN THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE AND SUBACUTE LEUKEMIA (1949)

Abstract In summary, the folic acid antagonists have, in varying degrees, the capacity to induce remissions in about one third of the cases of acute and subacute leukemia, in adults as well as in children, and in both leukemic and leukopenic forms. Clinical, hematologic and (to lesser extent) marrow remissions, are obtained most commonly in the lymphoblastic types, least often in the monocytic types. It is possible that folic acid is required by the primitive white cell as a growth factor. The folic acid antagonists, which resemble folic acid so strikingly in chemical structure, may result in cell death by modifying various enzyme systems within the primitive cells. Both clinical and hematologic observations indicate that the proliferative process is by no means cured with aminopterin treatment. Acute leukemia may be likened to "wildfire" which, although damped by aminopterin, continues to "smolder." This smoldering may suddenly light up again into an active leukemic picture, unless continued maintenance therapy is given. Despite maintenance therapy, there finally comes a point in the leukemic process at which both the leukemia and increasing toxicity to drug make further progress impossible, and the patient dies. Other growth factors or enzymes are probably of at least as great an importance as PGA in the metabolism of the primitive white cells and when these are discovered and their antagonists synthesized, the therapeutic results in acute leukemia may be of more consistent and durable nature. It should be realized further that chemotherapeutic methods against leukemia and the leukocytic proliferations in general (and, in fact, against all proliferative disease) are at least in their very infancy. The results thus far obtained in acute leukemia, although to large extent disappointing, indicate that well-defined remissions can be secured in about a third of the cases. For a disease such as acute leukemia, in which remissions previously were highly unusual and of sporadic nature, this indicates a well-defined therapeutic advance and a need for continued investigation along the same general lines. Differences in results obtained by various groups of workers are difficult to explain. Several points may nevertheless be considered: some of the workers have given inadequate dosage of drug or have failed to use maintenance therapy; some have given folic acid in conjunction with anti-folic acid therapy; in some cases, a crude folic acid antagonist was used; and it is possible that some cases were not observed as minutely as seems necessary. An important factor, which can be determined only by the study of a large group of cases, is the natural variability of acute leukemia from case to case. We have the impression that our best results are obtained in the relatively subacute cases. The fulminating cases, with rapid onset of bleeding and a quick downhill course, are only slightly affected.