gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An 80-dB DR, 7.2-MHz Bandwidth Single Opamp Biquad Based CT $\Delta \Sigma$ Modulator Dissipating 13.7-mW (2012)

A novel low power compact loop filter using a single amplifier biquad (SAB) network is presented for continuous-time (CT) delta-sigma (ΔΣ) modulators. This new technique reduces power consumption and die area by minimizing the number of active elements and simplifying the modulator topology. The new SAB network has a transfer function (TF) zero, which implements a local feedforward (FF) path in system-level diagram. By having a local FF branch embedded in the SAB network, the FF branches to the summing block in the SAB based feedforward modulator topology is reduced to half the number of FF branches in the conventional topology. Consequently, the SAB based modulator utilizes a switch-capacitor (SC) adder replacing the commonly used CT adder and the sample & hold blocks in the conventional architecture. The SAB based loop filter with reduced FF branches simplifies the design and implementation of the high-order continuous-time ΔΣ modulator. The proposed loop filter is a general filter, which can be used for both high and low oversampling ratios (OSRs). A 4th-order low pass continuous-time ΔΣ modulator is designed and implemented in 130 nm process to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed techniques. Within a 7.2 MHz signal bandwidth, the measured dynamic range and SFDR of this prototype IC are 80 dB and 83.1 dB, respectively, and the total power consumption of 13.7 mW.
A probabilistic model for text categorization (1994)

Text categorization is the classification of documents with respect to a set of predefined categories. In this paper, we propose a new probabilistic model for text categorization, that is based on a Single random Variable with Multiple Values (SVMV). Compared to previous probabilistic models, our model has the following advantages; 1) it considers within-document term frequencies, 2) considers term weighting for target documents, and 3) is less affected by having insufficient training cases. We verify our model's superiority over the others in the task of categorizing news articles from the "Wall Street Journal".
PEER-TO-PEER 3D/MULTI-VIEW VIDEO STREAMING (2011)

3D video has been a visually appealing and costly affordable technology and more sophisticated multi-view videos have also been demonstrated. Yet their remarkably increased data volume and stringent multi-stream synchronization make segment scheduling more difficult. We formulate the segment scheduling as a BQP problem and optimally solve it using an MIQP solver. However, given the high dynamics and the stringent playback deadline in real-time streaming, the optimal solution is too costly to be obtained. Thus, we develop two efficient algorithms that achieve an analytical guarantee in the worst case performance, in particular, the approximation factor is at most 3 comparing with the optimal. We extend our design to support multi-view video with view diversity and dynamics. Under different end-system and network configurations with both stereo and multi-view streaming, the simulation results demonstrate that our algorithms achieve near-optimal performance, and outperform others in terms of streaming quality, stream synchronization/smoothness and scalability.
Vanishing Freedericksz transition threshold voltage in a chiral nematic liquid crystal (1994)

A negative dielectric anisotropy cholesteric liquid crystal, oriented homeotropically in a wedged capacitance cell, was subjected to an applied electric field. The Freedericksz transition threshold voltage was found to depend on the local thickness of the sample, and was found to vanish at a thickness of order 3/2 P, where P is the pitch of the cholesteric in the bulk. The results are consistent with a continuum elastic theory. A discussion of the technological ramifications is presented.
Anti-counterfeit System Based on Mobile Phone QR Code and Fingerprint (2010)

With certificates becoming massive nowadays, anti-counterfeit of certificates turns into an urgent task. The emergence of 2D code provides a kind of effective method for anti-counfeit. Encoding biologic feature (fingerprint) and individual information into QR code. Through realtime collection of the certificate holder's fingerprint and QR code, deciphering the information to authenticate the validity of the holder, the function of dual anti-conterfeit is realized. Using universal equipment like mobile phones to aquire QR code pictures is facile and practical.
Polymers with shape memory effect from renewable resources: crosslinking of polyesters based on isosorbide, itaconic acid and succinic acid (2013)

Abstract Polycondensation of isosorbide with itaconic acid and succinic acid was performed in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst in toluene around 140 °C under microwave irradiation. Molar ratios of itaconic acid were varied to investigate the influence of itaconic acid on molecular weights and glass transition temperatures. For polyesters of isosorbide, itaconic acid and succinic acid T g values were found from 57 °C to 65 °C. The molecular weights obtained varied from 1200 Da for poly(isosorbide itaconate) UPE100 up to 3500 Da for poly(isosorbide succinate) UPE0 . The copolyesters obtained were crosslinked radically with dimethyl itaconate giving a round shaped material with slightly raised T g values up to 74 °C. Furthermore, with dimethyl itaconate crosslinked copolyesters showed a one‐way shape memory effect upon heating after deformation at the glass transition temperature. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
System considerations for wireless capacitive chip-to-chip signaling (2011)

Using capacitive-based chip-to-chip signaling in large-scale systems offers an interesting tradeoff between design and packaging complexity versus power consumption and performance. Placing chips together in close proximity offers low energy-per-bit costs and high I/O density, and therefore enables off-chip bandwidth levels far beyond those offered by traditional packaging and I/O technologies. Much of the previous published work on capacitive Proximity I/O has focused on mechanical methods for accurate chip alignment. In this paper we discuss some system design considerations unique to Proximity I/O. First, we compare and contrast circuit and layout techniques that optimize signal-to-noise ratio under expected chip misalignments. Next, we evaluate methods for establishing appropriate DC bias levels across a chip-to-chip capacitive link. Finally, we show a full Proximity I/O implementation to enumerate the required system overheads for clocking and misalignment compensation, and discuss how current trends in memory bandwidth and density are driving large-scale systems towards such solutions.
Image and text coupling for creating electronic books from manuscripts (2002)

Presents the first achievements of HERS (Hypermedia Edit and Read Station), which is devoted to the browsing and editing of hypermedia documents from literary material including document images. Concerning the editing, our purpose as twofold. First, capabilities are offered to transcribe manuscripts. Transcribing the text consists of coupling lines typed on the keyboard with their corresponding text lines in the manuscript images. A collaborative system, based on computer-human interaction and document analysis, is proposed for performing this task. Second, interactive tools are offered to organize the electronic document and establish hypermedia links between its different components (image areas, transcribed words or lines, or other kinds of heterogeneous data). Concerning the browsing, we developed an approach based on information visualization in order to provide users with an idea of the overall organization of the hyperdocument and so help them to navigate through it.
Electron-beam-controlled discharge pumping of the XeF laser (1976)

Laser action of XeF has been obtained in atmospheric-pressure mixtures of 0.1% NF3, 0.4% Xe, and 99.5% Ar with electron-beam-controlled discharge pumping. The mean discharge current and voltage were 75 A/cm2 and 11 kV/cm, respectively, at 4 atm total pressure. The high-energy E-beam current was 12 A/cm2. Mechanisms for creating XeF* in a discharge are discussed. Physical processes which limit the intrinsic efficiency to 0.3% in the present device are also discussed.
Fast acceleration-encoded magnetic resonance imaging (2001)

Direct acceleration imaging with high spatial resolution was implemented and tested. The well-known principle of phase encoding motion components was applied. Suitable gradient switching provides a signal phase shift proportional to the acceleration perpendicular to the slice in the first scan of the sequences. An additional scan serving as a reference was recorded for compensation of phase effects due to magnetic field inhomogeneities. The first scan compensated for phase shifts from undesired first- and second-order motions; the second scan was completely insensitive to velocity and acceleration in all directions. Advantages of the proposed two-step technique compared to former approaches with Fourier acceleration encoding (with several phase encoding steps) are relatively short echo times and short total measuring times. On the other hand, the new approach does not allow us to assess the velocity or acceleration spectrum simultaneously. The capabilities of the sequences were tested on a modern 1.5 T whole body MR unit providing relatively high gradient amplitudes (25 mT/m) and short rise times (600 micros to maximum amplitude). The results from a mechanical acceleration phantom showed a standard deviation of 0.3 m/s2 in sequences with an acceleration range between -12 and 12 m/s2. This range covers the expected maximum acceleration in the human aorta of 10 m/s2. Further tests were performed on a stenosis phantom with a variable volume flow rate to assess the flow characteristics and possible displacement artifacts of the sequences. Preliminary examinations of volunteers demonstrate the potential applicability of the technique in vivo.
Bayesian Design of Decision Rules for Failure Detection (1984)

The formulation of the decision making process of a failure detection algorithm as a Bayes sequential decision problem provides a simple conceptualization of the decision rule design problem. As the optimal Bayes rule is not computable, a methodology that is based on the Bayesian approach and aimed at a reduced computational requirement is developed for designing suboptimal rules. A numerical algorithm is constructed to facilitate the design and performance evaluation of these suboptimal rules. The result of applying this design methodology to an example shows that this approach is potentially a useful one.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of adaptive antenna impedance matching for multiband mobile phone applications (2005)

Adaptive impedance matching is an attractive option to extend the operational bandwidth of a mobile phone antenna system beyond the limits set by available antenna and device volume and, moreover, to adapt to varying near field environment. Theoretical and experimental results on the attainable improvement in power transfer and on compliance with the tough linearity requirements of mobile phone standards, questions which are central to the assessment of feasibility in product applications are reported.
Technique for micro-machining millimetre-wave rectangularwaveguide (1998)

A new technique is reported for micro-machining millimetre-wave rectangular waveguide components. S-parameter measurements on these structures show that they achieve lower loss than those produced using any other on-chip fabrication technique, have highly accurate dimensions, are physically robust, and are cheap and easy to manufacture.
Acquired EGFr TKI resistance associated with mutation of the EGFr. (2004)

2464 Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States, with cure rates of less than 15%. Even though most non-small cell lung cancer tumors express the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr), significant clinical responses to the specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) gefitinib are seen in only about 10% of NSCLC patients. This has led to some question as to whether the EGFr is even the target of these drugs in responding patients. In addition, even dramatic responders eventually relapse and the mechanism of acquired resistance is unclear. We evaluated the sequence of the EGFr in a patient who demonstrated a near-complete response to gefitinib after relentless progression through four chemotherapeutic regimens. This response was sustained for 18 months during which the patient had a completely normal quality of life before relapsing with rapid regrowth of tumor at one of the original sites of disease. A surgical biopsy was obtained from the tumor at the time of relapse and DNA and RNA prepared for analysis. The EGFr genomic sequence was aligned with the abl kinase domain in which point mutations have been identified as a cause for acquired TKI resistance in CML and exons analogous to those involved in abl TKI resistance were identified. This region of the kinase domain was PCR amplified and sequenced from tumor genomic DNA, and an in-frame 15-nucleotide deletion was identified within exon 19. This mutation was not present in somatic DNA and is expressed in RNA isolated from the tumor at the time of relapse. This mutation is predicted to result in the deletion of 5 amino acid residues within the drug-binding pocket and immediately adjacent to a key lysine residue known to be important for drug binding. We have cloned this receptor into expression constructs and are in the process of evaluating the functional consequences of this mutation in vitro. If this mutation is confirmed to underlie the acquisition of resistance to EGFr TKIs in additional patients, this finding will strongly support EGFr as the physiologically important target of gefitinib in patients with dramatic responses. Additionally, these data suggest that non-TKI EGFr targeting agents such as anti-receptor antibodies might be efficacious after acquired resistance to a TKI.
High‐Performance Hybrid White Organic Light‐Emitting Devices without Interlayer between Fluorescent and Phosphorescent Emissive Regions (2013)

By using mixed hosts with bipolar transport properties for blue emissive layers, a novel phosphorescence/fluorescence hybrid white OLED without using an interlayer between the fluorescent and phosphorescent regions is demonstrated. The peak EQE of the device is 19.0% and remains as high as 17.0% at the practical brightness of 1000 cd m−2.
Multiple cluster beamspace and resolution-enhanced ESPRIT (1994)

This paper addresses approaches to enhancement of the resolution of one or more clusters of closely spaced emitters. The TLS-ESPRIT algorithm is considered, as applied in beamspace and in element space, in conjunction with resolution enhancement. Beamspace (BS)-ESPRIT employs a matrix beamformer as a preprocessor to map the sensor space into a lower dimensional beamspace. Resolution enhanced (RE)ESPRIT employs a matrix beamformer as a left weighting of the signal subspace eigenvector matrix for enhancing the resolution of ESPRIT. This paper specifically discusses several types of these beamformer matrices, which differ in the way that they treat source clusters other than of interest. Our objective is to clearly define approaches and identify their relative merits, through discussion and illustrative simulation, so as to provide an understanding of how to proceed in designing an ESPRIT algorithm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Electropreconcentration with Charge-Selective Nanochannels (2008)

We report on the systematic investigation of electropreconcentration phenomena in hybrid micro/nanofluidic devices. The competition between the electroosmotic dragging force and the highly nonlinear electrophoretic forces induced by the polarization effect is responsible for four preconcentration regimes within such structures that can arise at both cathodic and anodic sides of the nanochannel. Numerical calculations on the spatiotemporal concentration of charged molecules confirm such a classification, showing a general agreement with the reported experimental data at low and moderate ionic strengths. The results also suggest that both the mobility and the valence of the species of interest are important parameters in the determination of the preconcentration rates.
Towards a Collaborative 3D Interaction Model for Cooperative Design in Virtual Environments (2007)

Design of complex systems requires multi-user cooperation with virtual reality technologies to provide 3D interactions between users and virtual objects. Recent advances in both virtual reality (VR) systems and computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) technologies have resulted in a convergence of the appearance of the collaborative virtual environments (CVEs) systems supporting different forms of collaboration and interaction between users. The collaboration in these systems refers to the simultaneous interactions (collaborative interaction) of multiple users on a virtual object in an immersive or semi-immersive virtual environment. In this paper, we propose a method to modeling collaborative 3D interactions that supports group interaction in CVEs. The proposed method is based on group awareness concepts (focus and nimbus) combined astutely with 3D interaction paradigms (navigation, selection and manipulation) to provide us a collaborative 3D interaction model needed to design an adaptive workflow for coordination of multi-user 3D interactions in CVEs.
Unravelling the reaction chemistry and degradation mechanism in aqueous Zn/MnO<sub>2</sub> rechargeable batteries (2018)

Two-step redox reactions (Mn(<sc>ii</sc>) ions ⇌ ZnMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> spinel ⇌ layered Zn-birnessite) during the charge–discharge process.
Waldweiden (Wytweiden, Selven) (1997)

Die Waldweide ist eine der ursprünglichsten landwirtschaftlichen Nutzungsformen (Ellenberg, 1996). Durch Verbiss des Viehs, durch Schlagen oder Abbrennen von Bäumen und Holzraubbau entstand über eine lange Zeitperiode die offene Feldflur. Bis ins letzte Jahrhundert wurden Haustiere in den Wald getrieben, wo sie Unterwuchs, Laub, junge Triebe und Früchte wie Eicheln oder Bucheckern frassen. Entsprechend der Beweidungsintensität hatten die Flächen mehr Wald- oder Wiesencharakter. Diese Nutzung führte aber vielerorts zu starken Degradationserscheinungen, so dass sie durch Waldschutzgesetze verboten wurde. Andererseits entstanden durch Auflichtungen neue Lebensraumbedingungen im Wald, deren mosaikartige Verteilung eine hohe Artenvielfalt ermöglicht (Drescher, 1989; Briemle et al., 1993; Steiger, 1995). Je nach geographischer Region und Standort werden verschiedene Typen von Waldweiden unterschieden (Gallandat et al. 1995; Ellenberg, 1996). Unter dem Druck erhöhter Rentabilität ist die für die Vielfalt mesophiler Pflanzen- und Tierarten wichtige Waldweide massiv zurückgegangen (siehe Farbtafel 3; Seite VIII).
Flexible Pillared Graphene‐Paper Electrodes for High‐Performance Electrochemical Supercapacitors (2011)

Flexible graphene paper (GP) pillared by carbon black (CB) nanoparticles using a simple vacuum filtration method is developed as a high-performance electrode material for supercapacitors. Through the introduction of CB nanoparticles as spacers, the self-restacking of graphene sheets during the filtration process is mitigated to a great extent. The pillared GP-based supercapacitors exhibit excellent electrochemical performances and cyclic stabilities compared with GP without the addition of CB nanoparticles. At a scan rate of 10 mV s(-1) , the specific capacitance of the pillared GP is 138 F g(-1) and 83.2 F g(-1) with negligible 3.85% and 4.35% capacitance degradation after 2000 cycles in aqueous and organic electrolytes, respectively. At an extremely fast scan rate of 500 mV s (-1) , the specific capacitance can reach 80 F g(-1) in aqueous electrolyte. No binder is needed for assembling the supercapacitor cells and the pillared GP itself may serve as a current collector due to its intrinsic high electrical conductivity. The pillared GP has great potential in the development of promising flexible and ultralight-weight supercapacitors for electrochemical energy storage.
Enantioselective Addition of 2-Methyl-3-butyn-2-ol to Aldehydes:  Preparation of 3-Hydroxy-1-butynes (2000)

We report the first example of enantioselective aldehyde additions of 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol, a commodity bulk chemical that is readily available. Following a facile fragmentation reaction, the addition reactions provide access to optically active terminal acetylenes as useful building blocks for asymmetric synthesis.
Kinetics of the persistence of chromosomal DNA from genetically engineered Escherichia coli introduced into soil (1993)

Investigations to quantify bacterial survival and DNA persistence of a genetically engineered population of Escherichia coli introduced into soil microcosms were carried out. The survival of E. coli was monitored by plate counting and immunofluorescence methods, whereas the persistence of the DNA was evaluated by using a most-probable-number-polymerase chain reaction method. Whereas the E. coli population density declined below the plate-counting-technique detection threshold (10(2) CFU.g-1) after 15 days, 10(3) extracellular and 5 x 10(5) total DNA target sequences were still detected after 40 days. Additionally, the E. coli cell counts fell below the detection limit of the immunofluorescence method (10(5) cells.g-1) before the end of the experiment. Colony hybridizations did not reveal gene transfer to the indigenous microflora. These results confirm the persistence of residual E. coli target sequences that could not be detected by the classical cell counting method and offer promising applications for the environmental detection of microorganisms, either engineered, pathogenic, or released for beneficial effects.
The electronic and atomic structure of hydrogenated amorphous Si—C alloys (1992)

Abstract The electronic structure of amorphous Si—C (a-Si1-xCx) and hydrogenated amorphous (a-Si1-x Cx: H) alloys has been calculated as a function of composition, chemical ordering, C coordination and H configuration using the tight-binding method. The maximum in the optical bandgap observed in a-Si1-x Cx: H at around x = 0·6 is not due to chemical ordering but to a change in band edge character, from Si-Si bond states for x < 0·6 to C sp2 π states for x > 0·6. The gap is controlled by the degree of clustering of sp2 sites for x > 0·6. Interpretation of the optical gap, photoemission and X-ray emission data suggests that a moderate degree of chemical ordering exists in a-Si1-xCx: H and is higher in a-Si1-xCx. Hydrogenation widens the gap over the entire composition range, in Si-rich alloys by a recession of the valence band and in C-rich alloys by reducing the cluster sizes. The position of defect states due to Si and C dangling bonds is calculated and combined into a band model for the alloys. Experimental defect concentrations are found to depend on the width of the valence band tail and the bandgap for Si-rich alloys, consistent with the weak-bond-to-dangling-bond conversion model.