gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New development of combined permanent-magnet type microspeakers used for cellular phones (2005)

In mobile phones of multimedia era, microspeakers of high-quality sound are essential parts to generate human voice in speaker phone and MP3 song player. In this paper, two types of microspeakers, outer permanent magnet (PM) and combined PM type, are analyzed using electromagnetic, mechanical, acoustical and their coupling analysis. For performance comparison, voice coil diameter is chosen as a design parameter to change excitation position and magnet volume for both types. For combined PM type, sound pressure level (SPL) is improved due to increased PM volume compared to outer PM type. Also, with the decreased voice coil diameter for combined PM type, the 1st resonant mode of the diaphragm is more efficiently excited due to concentrative excitation, resulting in lower and broader frequency range. Therefore, it can be said that the combined PM type microspeakers are more advantageous for high performance microspeaker which are essential for multimedia era.
Zerumbone Down-regulates Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 Expression Leading to Inhibition of CXCL12-Induced Invasion of Breast and Pancreatic Tumor Cells (2008)

CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), initially linked with leukocyte trafficking, is now known to be expressed in various tumors including breast, ovary, prostate, gastrointestinal, head and neck, bladder, brain, and melanoma. This receptor mediates homing of tumor cells to specific organs that express the ligand CXCL12 for this receptor. Thus, agents that can down-regulate CXCR4 expression have potential against cancer metastasis. In this study, we report the identification of zerumbone, a component of subtropical ginger (Zingiber zerumbet), as a regulator of CXCR4 expression. This sesquiterpene down-regulated the expression of CXCR4 on HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The decrease in CXCR4 by zerumbone was found to be not cell type specific as its expression was abrogated in leukemic, skin, kidney, lung, and pancreatic cancer cell lines. The down-regulation of CXCR4 was not due to proteolytic degradation but rather to transcriptional regulation, as indicated by down-regulation of mRNA expression, inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activity, and suppression of chromatin immunoprecipitation activity. Suppression of CXCR4 expression by zerumbone correlated with the inhibition of CXCL12-induced invasion of both breast and pancreatic cancer cells. An analogue of zerumbone, alpha-humulene, which lacks the carbonyl group, was found to be inactive in inducing CXCR4 down-regulation. Overall, our results show that zerumbone is a novel inhibitor of CXCR4 expression and thus has a potential in the suppression of cancer metastasis.
Highly Efficient System To Deliver Taxanes into Tumor Cells: Docetaxel-Loaded Chitosan Oligomer Colloidal Carriers (2008)

Chitosan (CS) colloidal carriers, which consist of an oily core and a CS coating, were developed to facilitate a controlled intracellular delivery of docetaxel. The systems presented a particle size of <200 nm and a positive surface charge. As shown by the flow cytometry analysis, fluorescent CS carriers were rapidly internalized by human tumor cells. Fluorescence was observed in more than 80% of MCF7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) and almost 100% of A549 (human lung carcinoma) cells when a 2 h treatment with fluorescent CS carriers was given. A total of 24 h after treatment, docetaxel-loaded CS carriers had an effect on cell proliferation that was significantly greater than that of free docetaxel. These results indicate that docetaxel remains fully active upon its encapsulation into the colloidal carriers and that these systems actively transport docetaxel into cancer cells and, thus, result in a significant increase in its antiproliferative effect.
Multiresolution Modeling: Survey and Future Opportunities (1999)

For twenty years, it has been clear that many datasets are excessively complex for applications such as real-time display, and that techniques for controlling the level of detail of models are crucial.More recently, there has been considerable interest in techniques for the automatic simplification of highly detailed polygonalmodels into faithful approximations using fewer polygons. Several effective techniques for the automatic simplification of polygonal models have been developed in recent years. This report begins with a survey of the most notable available algorithms. Iterative edge contraction algorithms are of particular interest because they induce a certain hierarchical structure on the surface. An overview of this hierarchical structure is presented,including a formulation relating it to minimum spanning tree construction algorithms. Finally, we will consider the most significant directions in which existing simplification methods can be improved, and a summary of other potential applications for the hierarchies resulting from simplification.
Reference distributions for serum iron and transferrin saturation: a practical, simple, and clinically relevant approach in a large cohort (2002)

The principal considerations driving iron status evaluation are clinical concern for anemia and the possibility of iron-storage disease. Most often, the circulating levels of transferrin (or total iron binding capacity) and serum iron are measured and the percentage of transferrin saturation (TSAT) is then computed. Optimally, reference ranges for these analytes should exclude the effects of the acute phase response, nutritional status, estrogen effect, specific genetic disorders, liver disease, and blood transfusion. The current study reports reference ranges for serum iron and TSAT within a cohort of over 55,000 Caucasians from northern New England, tested in our laboratory between 1994 and 1999. Measurements were standardized against serum reference material (SRM) 937 (for iron) and certified reference material (CRM) 470 (also called reference preparation for proteins in human serum (RPPHS)) (for transferrin), and analyzed using a previously published approach. Individual cases with evidence of inflammation (C-reactive protein > or =10 mg/L), or iron overload (TSAT >80% for males and >70% for females) or serum iron values <5 micro mol/L, were removed. Among the referent individuals, iron and TSAT levels rose slightly until the teen years, at which time levels in males increased while those in females remained essentially constant. Between 20 and 70 years of age, males had 10-15% higher iron levels and 15-20% higher TSAT levels than females. When values were expressed as multiples of the age- and gender-specific median levels, the serum iron and TSAT observations fit log-Gaussian distributions reasonably well from the 20th to 99th centile, and the 10th to the 99th centile, respectively. After normalization, the Gaussian parameters can be used to assign a corresponding centile to an individual's measurement, simplifying interpretation. These data provide new and more detailed reference ranges for serum iron and TSAT.
Ecological Significance of a Drifting Object to Pelagic Fishes (1967)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
A Polarizer-Free Liquid Crystal Lens Exploiting an Embedded-Multilayered Structure (2015)

Development of liquid crystal (LC) lenses is limited by the power law. The aperture size of LC lenses is traded for the lens power. In this letter, we prove theoretically and experimentally that the aperture size is not limited by the power law based on a polarizer-free LC lens exploiting an embedded-multilayered structure. By adding numbers of LC layers, the aperture size of the LC lens can be enlarged without lowering the tunable lens power. The optical theory of the polarization independence of the LC lens is derived. The wavefronts are measured after light propagates through the LC lens to discuss the polarization independence and image adjustment. The impact of this study is to show the possibility of LC lenses with large aperture size for wearable devices and ophthalmic applications.
On the structure of an aqueous propylene glycol solution (2016)

Using a combination of neutron diffraction and empirical potential structure refinement computational modelling, the interactions in a 30 mol. % aqueous solution of propylene glycol (PG), which govern both the hydration and association of this molecule in solution, have been assessed. From this work it appears that PG is readily hydrated, where the most prevalent hydration interactions were found to be through both the PG hydroxyl groups but also alkyl groups typically considered hydrophobic. Hydration interactions of PG dominate the solution over PG self-self interactions and there is no evidence of more extensive association. This hydration behavior for PG in solutions suggests that the preference of PG to be hydrated rather than to be self-associated may translate into a preference for PG to bind to lipids rather than itself, providing a potential explanation for how PG is able to enhance the apparent solubility of drug molecules in vivo.
SR-tree: An index structure for nearest-neighbor searching of high-dimensional point data (1998)

Similarity search methods using feature vectors are employed widely for implementation of content-based retrieval of visual data, and appropriate index structures were explored to accelerate the search. Methods proposed hitherto have used the R*-tree and the SS-tree. This study offers a faster index structure namely, the SR-tree (sphere/rectangle-tree). The main feature of the proposed method is that both bounding spheres and bounding rectangles are used in combination. Bounding spheres and rectangles have been already employed in the SS-tree and the R*-tree, respectively. Experiments carried out as a part of the present study show, however, that as dimensionality grows high, both methods become problematic. Thus, when using bounding rectangles, the difference between the length of the edge of the rectangle and the diagonal becomes too large; with bounding spheres, the volume increases considerably as compared to rectangles. On the other hand, the SR-tree method uses both spheres and triangles, which ensures more efficient partitioning as compared to the SS-tree or R*-tree. Evaluation experiments proved that the proposed method outperforms both SS-tree and R*-tree in terms of CPU time and number of disk accesses. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 29(6): 59–73, 1998
Messenger®: An Environmentally Sound Solution for Crop Production and Protection (2006)

Messenger® is a novel product that enhances yield, quality, and disease and pest resistance in treated plants. These enhancements are based on the activity of a new class of nontoxic, naturally occurring proteins called harpins that are the active ingredients in Messenger. Harpin proteins activate certain plant growth and reproductive systems and trigger natural defense systems in plants that protect nonspecifically against many diseases and pests. When applied to crops, harpin increases plant biomass, photosynthesis, nutrient uptake and root development that ultimately leads to better crop quality and yield increases of 10 to 20%. After application, harpin-induced activity initially results in increased ion exchange through cell membranes that is followed by substantial changes in the level of gene expression. Up or down-regulated genes are generally associated with signal transduction pathways related to specific functions including protein and sugar transport, cell growth, plant development, flower induction, fruit set, and disease, pest, and stress resistance. These harpin-induced responses are initiated through a binding process between harpin and HrBP1, a putative harpin receptor protein that exists in all crops tested thus far. Using environmentally friendly fermentation and formulation processes, Eden Bioscience has advanced harpin technology to the marketplace in the form of Messenger, the first commercial product of this new crop management technology. EPA approved Messenger in April 2000 as a biochemical pesticide for yield enhancement and disease management in more than 40 crops. Messenger is virtually non-toxic, does not leach, bioacccumulate, or persist in the environment, and leaves no detectable residues on treated crops. EPA officially recognized the potential benefits of Messenger with its Presidential Green Chemistry Award in 2001: "Messenger: A Green Chemistry Revolution in Plant Production and Food Safety."
1,2,4‐Triazoles, VI<sup>1)</sup>: Synthesis of New 1,5‐Diphenyl‐3‐<i>H</i>‐1,2,4‐triazoles Substituted with H‐, Alkyl, or Carboxyl Groups at C‐3 (1990)

Amidines obtained from benzamides and DMF- or DMA-dimethylacetal were cyclized with phenylhydrazines to 3H- or 3-methyltriazoles. 3-Ethyltriazoles were synthesized from diacylamides. Triazole-3-carboxylic acides were prepared starting from anilines. The compounds were assayed in the rat adjuvant induced arthritis model. Some compounds show significant anti-inflammatory activity.
Distribution of lumbar and sacral afferent axons in submucosa of cat urinary bladder (1975)

Lumbar and sacral afferent axons in the submucosa of the urinary bladder were recognized by degeneration in seven cats subjected to spinal ganglionectomies. Of 2,935 observed terminating axon profiles, 145 were found degenerating. Lumber afferent axons were 3.7 times more numerous than sacral afferent axons in the submucosa, a reversal of the ratio reported for the muscle coat of the bladder. Sacral afferent axons were evenly distributed to different regions of the bladder, but lumbar afferents were concentrated in the bladder neck. Apparent afferent endings in the submucosa of the urinary bladder were principally free nerve endings. Synaptic vesicles were found in 57% of observed terminating axon profiles. The bladder neck had more terminating axon profiles of all kinds than other regions of the urinary bladder.
Training Professionals to Preserve Digital Heritage: The School for Scanning (2007)

From 1995 to 2005, the Northeast Document Conservation Center (NEDCC) presented its School for Scanning conference eleven times in cities across the United States, serving a total of nearly four thousand professionals. The program addressed a seemingly insatiable need for training on building, managing, and preserving digital collections. Because the conference was presented by an organization whose mission is preservation, the emphasis was on standards, quality, and assuring long-term access to digital collections. Since 1995 the content of the conference has evolved as institutional digitization programs have matured and as standards and best practices have developed. The succession of conference agendas provides a series of snapshots of the effort that has gone into bringing digital programs into being. This article, originally written as a paper for the 2006 Congress of the International Federation of Library Associations [IFLA] in Seoul, Korea, looks at how the needs of the audience changed over the decade. It evaluates the factors that have contributed to the school's ongoing success and at current challenges to this continuing education program as the experience level of professions in the field advances rapidly.
Glucose transport in human skeletal muscle cells in culture. Stimulation by insulin and metformin. (1992)

Primary human muscle cell cultures were established and the regulation of glucose transport was investigated. Primary cultures were allowed to proceed to the stage of myotubes through fusion of myoblasts or were used for clonal selection based on fusion potential. In clonally selected cultures, hexose (2-deoxy-glucose) uptake into myotubes was linear within the time of study and inhibitable by cytochalasin B (IC50 = 400 nM). Cytochalasin B photolabeled a protein(s) of 45,000-50,000 D in a D-glucose-protectable manner, suggesting identity with the glucose transporters. In the myotube stage, the cells expressed both the GLUT1 and GLUT4 glucose transporter protein isoforms at an average molar ratio of 7:1. Preincubation in media of increasing glucose concentrations (range 5-25 mM) progressively decreased the rate of 2-deoxyglucose uptake. Insulin elevated 2-deoxyglucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner, with half maximal stimulation achieved at 3.5 nM. Insulin also stimulated the transport of the nonmetabolizable hexose 3-O-methylglucose, as well as the activity of glycogen synthase, responsible for nonoxidative glucose metabolism. The oral antihyperglycemic drug metformin stimulated the cytochalasin B-sensitive component of both 2-deoxyglucose and 3-O-methylglucose uptake. Maximal stimulation was observed at 8 h of exposure to 50 microM metformin, and this effect was not prevented by incubation with the protein-synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. The relative effect of metformin was higher in cells incubated in 25 mM glucose than in 5 mM glucose, consistent with its selective action in hyperglycemic conditions in vivo. Metformin (50 microM for 24 h) was more effective than insulin (1 microM for 1 h) in stimulating hexose uptake and the hormone was effective on top of the stimulation caused by the biguanide, suggesting independent mechanisms of action.
Marine natural products. XII. On the chemical constituents of the Okinawan marine sponge Hymeniacidon aldis. (1983)

Three peptide-like yellow compounds (1, 2, 3) containing a guanidine moiety, one of which (named hymenialdisine, 2) is a monobrominated derivative, and six 3β-hydroxymethyl-A-norsterane derivatives [purified as the acetates : 4a, 5a, 6a, 7a (a mixture of two compounds), and 8a] were isolated from the Okinawan marine sponge Hymeniacidon aldis and their structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical evidence including the X-ray crystallographic analysis of 2.
Function of GATA Transcription Factors in Preadipocyte-Adipocyte Transition (2000)

Genes that control the early stages of adipogenesis remain largely unknown. Here, we show that murine GATA-2 and GATA-3 are specifically expressed in white adipocyte precursors and that their down-regulation sets the stage for terminal differentiation. Constitutive GATA-2 and GATA-3 expression suppressed adipocyte differentiation and trapped cells at the preadipocyte stage. This effect is mediated, at least in part, through the direct suppression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. GATA-3-deficient embryonic stem cells exhibit an enhanced capacity to differentiate into adipocytes, and defective GATA-2 and GATA-3 expression is associated with obesity. Thus, GATA-2 and GATA-3 regulate adipocyte differentiation through molecular control of the preadipocyte-adipocyte transition.
Neurotoxins and Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors: Possible Mechanisms for the Neuroprotective Effect of (—)-Deprenyl (1993)

The 1-methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) [1–3] model of Parkinson's disease, which came to light by the accidental self-administration of this protoxin by a group of American drug addicts, has stimulated an enormous amount of research and speculation into the cause of this disorder and the possible role of endo- or exotoxins in its pathogenesis. The fact that (—)-deprenyl (selegiline), the selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) B inhibitor, both prevents the development of MPTP toxicity [4, 5] and appears to slow degeneration of the nigrostri-atal tract in human idiopathic paralysis agitans has lent support to the idea that analogous toxins may be responsible for Parkinson's disease (PD). They may well be, although there is no convincing evidence for this conclusion at the present time. However, other explanations for the putative neuroprotective effects of (—)-deprenyl are also possible and will be discussed in this chapter.
Spatially controlled synthesis of silver nanoparticles and nanowires by photosensitized reduction (2010)

The present paper reports on the spatially controlled synthesis of silver nanoparticles (NPs) and silver nanowires by photosensitized reduction. In a first approach, direct photogeneration of silver NPs at the end of an optical fiber was carried out. Control of both size and density of silver NPs was possible by changing the photonic conditions. In a further development, a photochemically assisted procedure allowing silver to be deposited at the surface of a polymer microtip was implemented. Finally, polymer tips terminated by silver nanowires were fabricated by simultaneous photopolymerization and silver photoreduction. The silver NPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
Signal Delay in General RC Networks (1984)

Based upon the delay of Elmore, a single value of delay is derived for any node in a general RC network. The effects of parallel connections and stored charge are properly taken into consideration. A technique called tree decomposition and load redistribution is introduced that is capable of dealing with general RC networks without sacrificing a number of desirable properties of tree networks. An experimental simulator called SDS (Signal Delay Simulator) has been developed. For all the examples tested so far, this simulator runs two to three orders of magnitude faster than SPICE, and detects all transitions and glitches at approximately the correct time.
Expression and function of activin beta A during mouse cardiac cushion tissue formation (1998)

The formation of cardiac cushion tissue, which ultimately contributes to formation of the valves and septa, is dependent on the regional activation of cardiac endothelial cells to undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This endothelial transition was correlated with activin βA mRNA expression by Northern and in situ hybridization in both a temporal and spatial manner in developing mouse embryos. Activin βA was the only subunit of the inhibin family detected during the initial phase of endothelial cell transition; activin βB was detected at later stages, and inhibin α was not detectable in the heart. An in vitro assay that has been used to study mesenchymal cell formation in chick was modified for use with mammalian embryos. Conditioned media from embryonic mouse cardiocyte cultures was shown to substitute for the endogenous inductive signal in these assays. The presence of activin βA was demonstrated by Western blot analysis of the cardiocyte conditioned media (CCM). Modified antisense oligonucleotides to activin βA inhibited the endothelial-mesenchymal transition in the assay system, which was not affected by control oligonucleotides. Adapting the avian culture system for use with mice enabled the use of tissue from mice with a null allele for activin βA. CCM produced from embryos homozygous for the mutant βA allele did not contain activin βA and was used in in vitro assays. CCM lacking activin βA produced fewer mesenchymal cells from cardiac endothelial monolayers than CCM with activin βA. Localized expression of activin βA in the embryonic heart indicates a possible role in the endothelial-mesenchymal transition. Bioassays in which activin βA expression is blocked or activin βA is absent from the media indicate that activin βA promotes the formation of mesenchymal cells in the endothelial cushions, which are required for normal septation. Dev. Dyn. 1998;212:548–562. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.