gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pilot-scale preparation of lignite and subbituminous coal/water fuels. [Hydrothermal treatment above 230/sup 0/C] (1986)

The majority of today's coal/water slurry technology has been developed to prepare a high energy liquid fuel from bituminous coals. Low-rank coals, mostly because of their high inherent moisture contents, produce a lower energy density slurry fuel when mixed with water and can not be economically utilized. However, the energy density of low-rank coals in slurry can be dramatically improved with hydrothermal treatment. This process results in the coal being essentially slurried in its own initial moisture and results in a liquid fuel having approximately the same heating value as the parent coal. The elevated temperatures of the process also cause low-rank coals to undergo both chemical and physical changes, which, depending on process severity, may include decarboxylation, mild pyrolysis, extraction, dehydration and surface modification. As a result, lignite and subbituminous coals acquire surface characteristics and improved coal quality which greatly enhance their usefulness in preparing concentrated coal/water slurry fuels. The University of North Dakota Energy Research Center (UNDERC) has been developing a hydrothermal low-rank coal treatment process since 1983. A continuous Process Development Unit (PDU) to produce 2.5 tons of slurry per day has been built and operated to demonstreate the technical feasibility of the process and to generatemore » data useful in engineering and economic studies. Coal/water slurry fuels have been produced from a variety of lignitic and subbituminous coals at concentrations of 58 to 64 wt% bone-dry coal solids loading. These slurries have heating values ranging from 6000 to 8000 Btu/lb. Although stability is very coal specific, some of these slurries (prepared without the use of chemical dispersants) have been stored for over a year without evidence of settling. he properties of low-rank coal/water fuels prepared by the hydrothermal-treatment procedure. 30 refs., 8 figs., 7 tabs.« less
Automatic cyst detection in OCT retinal images combining region flooding and texture analysis (2013)

In this work Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) retinal images are automatically processed to detect the presence of cysts. The methodology is composed by three phases: region of interest where cysts will be searched is delimited; a watershed algorithm is applied to find all the possible regions in the image which might conform cystic structures; finally, texture analysis is performed in each region from previous phase to final classification. Results show that accuracy achieved with this method is over 80%.
Low-Temperature Synthesis of Transition Metal Nanoparticles from Metal Complexes and Organopolysilane Oligomers (2002)

Mo, W, and Cu nanoparticles (5−50 nm) are synthesized from reactions employing a metal complex, such as MoO2Cl2(DME), MoCl5, WCl6, (CuOtBu)4, or CuCl2, and a organopolysilane oligomer Si(SiMe3)4 or (SiMe2)6 either in a hexane solution (343 K) or in a sealed tube (473−673 K). Oxo- and chlorophilicities of the silyl groups provide for an energetically favored reaction route to reduce the metal complexes. The reaction byproducts are removed easily either by evaporation or dissolution into hydrocarbon solvents. It is proposed that the homogeneous mixing of the reactants in vapor and solution phases allows the association and growth of molecules into small clusters, then into nanosized metal particles.
VirB/D4-Dependent Protein Translocation from <i>Agrobacterium</i> into Plant Cells (2000)

The Agrobacterium VirB/D4 transport system mediates the transfer of a nucleoprotein T complex into plant cells, leading to crown gall disease. In addition, several Virulence proteins must somehow be transported to fulfill a function in planta. Here, we used fusions between Cre recombinase and VirE2 or VirF to directly demonstrate protein translocation into plant cells. Transport of the proteins was monitored by a Cre-mediated in planta recombination event resulting in a selectable phenotype and depended on the VirB/D4 transport system but did not require transferred DNA.
Preferred color spaces for white balancing (2003)

When rendering photographs, it is important to preserve the gray tones despite variations in the ambient illumination. When the illuminant is known, white balancing that preserves gray tones can be performed in many different color spaces; the choice of color space influences the renderings of other colors. In this behavioral study, we ask whether users have a preference for the color space where white balancing is performed. Subjects compared images using a white balancing transformation that preserved gray tones, but the transformation was applied in one of the four different color spaces: XYZ, Bradford, a camera sensor RGB and the sharpened RGB color space. We used six scenes types (four portraits, fruit, and toys) acquired under three calibrated illumination environments (fluorescent, tungsten, and flash). For all subjects, transformations applied in XYZ and sharpened RGB were preferred to those applied in Bradford and device color space.
Transient oscillation suppression of input filter voltage and current for current-source three-phase PWM AC/DC converter (2002)

In contrast to the voltage-source converter, the current-source PWM AC/DC converter has the LC filter between the source and the converter, which may cause an LC resonance both in steady and transient states. Many reports have been published to improve the current distortion in steady state and to suppress the current oscillation in transient state of the current-source PWM converter. In this paper, the authors propose two suppression schemes of transient oscillation for the current-source three-phase PWM AC/DC converter. One suppression method is based on the feedback control of the fluctuation component of the capacitor voltage. The other one is based on the open-loop control with the rate limiter of the input current reference. The design of the suppression control system and the LC filter is described. The effectiveness of the proposed approach has been verified by experiments.
Cooperation of Intelligent Honeypots to Detect Unknown Malicious Codes (2008)

Honeypot is one of the most popular tools to decoy attackers into our network, and to capture lots of information about the activity of malicious attackers. By tracing and analyzing collected traffic data, we can find out unknown malicious codes under an experimental stage before some codes become hazardous to an application. Although many honeypots have been proposed, there is a common problem that they can be detected easily by malicious attackers. This is very important in success or failure of honeypots because if once an attacker notices that he/she is working on a honeypot, we can no longer observe his/her malicious activities. In this paper, we propose two types of honeypot to collect unforeseen exploit codes automatically while maintaining their concealment against malicious attackers; cooperation based active honeypot and self-protection type honeypot. We have evaluated the proposed honeypots which are deployed in Kyoto University, and showed that they have capability to collect some unknown malicious codes.
Design and fabrication of a pigtailed thermo-optic 1×2 switch (1994)

Thermo-optic switches are interesting components when only low speed switching is required. Compared to electro-optic switching, the thermo-optic effect has a number of advantages, i.e. no electrical drift, larger induced refractive index changes and more flexibility in use of materials, since the thermo-optic effect is an intrinsic materials property. Thermo-optic digital optical switches (DOS) can be used in many applications, such as distribution, protection etc. For practical applications insertion loss, extinction coefficients and polarization independence of the switch are critical parameters.
Synthesis of Hyperbranched Polyethylene Amphiphiles by Chain Walking Polymerization in Tandem with RAFT Polymerization and Supramolecular Self‐Assembly Vesicles (2012)

A novel polymerization methodology for efficient synthesis of hyperbranched polyethylene amphiphiles by chain walking polymerization (CWP) followed by RAFT polymerization has been developed. Hyperbranched polyethylene with hydroxyl ends (HBPE-OHs) is first synthesized via chain walking copolymerization of ethylene with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate with Pd-α-diimine catalyst. The hydroxyl groups of hyperbranched polyethylene are then converted into thiocarbonyl thio moieties by an esterification reaction with trithiocarbonate 3-benzylsulfanylthiocarbonyl sulfanylpropionic acid (BSPA). The hyperbranched polyethylene with thiocarbonyl thio moiety ends (HBPE-BSPAs) is used as a macro-RAFT agent for the synthesis of hyperbranched polyethylene amphiphiles, HBPE-PDMAEMAs, by RAFT polymerization of N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA). The resultant HBPE-PDMAEMAs can self-assemble to form supramolecular polymer vesicles in aqueous solution. A preliminary investigation on thermo- and pH-responsive behaviors of the polymer is also reported.
NOX2 (gp91<sup>phox</sup>) is a predominant O<sub>2</sub> sensor in a human airway chemoreceptor cell line: biochemical, molecular, and electrophysiological evidence (2012)

Pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs), composed of clusters of amine [serotonin (5-HT)] and peptide-producing cells, are widely distributed within the airway mucosa of human and animal lungs. NEBs are thought to function as airway O(2)-sensors, since they are extensively innervated and release 5-HT upon hypoxia exposure. The small cell lung carcinoma cell line (H146) provides a useful model for native NEBs, since they contain (and secrete) 5-HT and share the expression of a membrane-delimited O(2) sensor [classical NADPH oxidase (NOX2) coupled to an O(2)-sensitive K(+) channel]. In addition, both native NEBs and H146 cells express different NADPH oxidase homologs (NOX1, NOX4) and its subunits together with a variety of O(2)-sensitive voltage-dependent K(+) channel proteins (K(v)) and tandem pore acid-sensing K(+) channels (TASK). Here we used H146 cells to investigate the role and interactions of various NADPH oxidase components in O(2)-sensing using a combination of coimmunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis (quantum dot labeling), and electrophysiology (patchclamp, amperometry) methods. Coimmunoprecipitation studies demonstrated formation of molecular complexes between NOX2 and K(v)3.3 and K(v)4.3 ion channels but not with TASK1 ion channels, while NOX4 associated with TASK1 but not with K(v) channel proteins. Downregulation of mRNA for NOX2, but not for NOX4, suppressed hypoxia-sensitive outward current and significantly reduced hypoxia -induced 5-HT release. Collectively, our studies suggest that NOX2/K(v) complexes are the predominant O(2) sensor in H146 cells and, by inference, in native NEBs. Present findings favor a NEB cell-specific plasma membrane model of O(2)-sensing and suggest that unique NOX/K(+) channel combinations may serve diverse physiological functions.
CTV: A New Method for Mapping a Full Scale Prototype of an Axial Compressor (1996)

The full mapping of a new gas turbine axial compressor at different speeds, IGV settings and pressure ratios (from choking to surge) has been performed utilizing a complete gas turbine with a suitable set of modifications. The main additions and modifications, necessary to transform the turbine into the Compressor Test Vehicle (CTV), are: - Compressor inlet throttling valve addition - Compressor discharge bleed valve addition - Turbine 1st stage nozzle area reduction - Starting engine change (increase in output and speed range). This method has been successfully employed on two different single shaft heavy-duty gas turbines (with a power rating of 11MW and 170 MW respectively). The paper describes the theoretical basis of this testing method and a specific application with the above mentioned 170 MW machine.
Structural Features of Nanotubes Synthesized from NaOH Treatment on TiO<sub>2</sub> with Different Post-Treatments (2005)

We demonstrated that nanotubes synthesized from a NaOH treatment on TiO2 with subsequent acid washing could proceed with repeatable crystalline-structure transformation through a simple acid−base washing step. By providing the unit cell parameters, we identified a divalent salt titanate (Na2Ti2O5·H2O) with a layered structure as the structure formed after the NaOH treatment. With the increase in acidity during the post-treatment acid washing, the layered titaniate transformed into a nanotube through Na+−H+ substitution, and eventually transformed into anatase TiO2. Crystalline-structure analysis has shown the feasibility of this titanate−titania transformation occuring through a simple structural rearrangement. A complete scheme for the formation and transformation of nanotubes induced by the NaOH treatment and the post-treatment washing was proposed.
The fatty acid pattern of dietary fat influences the oral bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin in pigs (2006)

We have shown recently that dietary fat content influences the bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin. In the present study, the influence of the fatty acid pattern of dietary fats on the oral bioavailability of quercetin was investigated. Quercetin (30 micromol/kg body weight) was administered to growing pigs (n 6) in test meals consisting either of 200 g of a standard pig diet (2% crude fat) or of the same diet supplemented with 15 g fat/100 g diet using either medium-chain (MCT) or long-chain fatty acid triacylglycerols (LCT). Blood samples were drawn repeatedly over a period of 24 h and analysed by HPLC. In addition, the influence of the different diets on gastric emptying was investigated in rats. In pigs, the bioavailability of quercetin was measured by quantifying its plasma metabolites with an intact flavonol structure. Bioavailability was enhanced by 38% (P<0.05) and 12% (P>0.05) after intake with the MCT and LCT diets, respectively, compared to the standard diet. Maximum plasma concentrations of quercetin were reached significantly later with the MCT diet than with the LCT or the standard diet (P<0.05). No differences in dry matter of the gastric content were observed 60 min after intake of the experimental diets in rats. Thus, administration of quercetin together with a diet containing MCT fat enhances the bioavailability of the flavonol. Absorption of quercetin was delayed significantly with this diet. However, this was probably not due to slower gastric emptying of the MCT diet.
Cover (2011)

周波数選択性フェージングは移動通信システムの特性を劣化する．この対策として1950 年代からRAKE 受信方式の研究が行われ，実用化されてきた．RAKE 受信方式は広帯域信号を用いることによってマルチパスを分解し，パスダイバーシチにより特性を改善する．RAKE 受信方式はFSK，スペクトル拡散通信などのシステムへの適用が検討され，IEEE802.11 やIMT-2000 などのシステムにおいて実用化されてきた．また最近では，Ultra Wideband システムやマルチキャリヤ変調との組合せも検討されている．本稿ではRAKE 受信方式の原理及びその発展に関して概観する．
Java Web Services: Up and Running (2009)

This quick, practical, and thorough introduction to Java web services -- the JAX-WS and JAX-RS APIs -- offers a mix of architectural overview, complete working code examples, and short yet precise instructions for compiling, deploying, and executing a sample application. You'll not only learn how to write web services from scratch, but also how to integrate existing services into your Java applications.
Two-Dimensional Subwavelength Focusing Using a Slotted Meta-Screen (2009)

A transmission screen with subwavelength slots is described which can focus electromagnetic radiation to a 2-D subwavelength spot. Unlike negative-refractive-index focusing implementations, this ldquometa-screenrdquo does not suffer from image degradation when losses are introduced and is easily scalable from microwave to Terahertz frequencies and beyond. The slotted geometry is designed using a theory of shifted beams to determine the necessary weighting factors for each slot element, which are then converted to appropriate slot dimensions. The screen was designed using a pair of rotated orthogonal focusing axes to produce a spot on a focal plane located 0.25 lambda away. Full-wave simulations are corroborated by experimental measurements at 10 GHz reporting a full-width half-maximum beam width of 0.27 lambda along the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</i> -axis and 0.38 lambda along the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">z</i> -axis.
Cloning and sequencing of immunoglobulin variable-region gene of a monoclonal antibody specific for human hepatocarcinoma (1996)

A murine monoclonal antibody HAb27 specific for human hepatocarcinoma has been developed for radio-immunolocalization in animal models. The isotype of this antibody was IgG1, κ. In the present study, we used a set of oligonucleotide primers to amplify the cDNA of mouse immunoglobulin heavy and light chain variable region genes by the polymerase chain reaction. Sequence analysis of the heavy variable region indicated that the VH region was highly homologous to the plasmacytoma cell line MOPC21 gene, and closely related to germline genes of the VHIII family. The JH region was encoded by the JH3 gene. For the light chain, the Vκ segment of the antibody showed the highest homology to the germline VκOx1 gene, and the Jκ region was Jκ5.
Mucopolysaccharide diseases: A complex interplay between neuroinflammation, microglial activation and adaptive immunity (2013)

Mucopolysaccharide (MPS) diseases are lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) caused by deficiencies in enzymes required for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) catabolism. Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I), MPS IIIA, MPS IIIB and MPS VII are deficient in the enzymes α-L-Iduronidase, Heparan-N-Sulphatase, N-Acetylglucosaminidase and Beta-Glucuronidase, respectively. Enzyme deficiency leads to the progressive multi-systemic build-up of heparan sulphate (HS) and dermatan sulphate (DS) within cellular lysosomes, followed by cell, tissue and organ damage and in particular neurodegeneration. Clinical manifestations of MPS are well established; however as lysosomes represent vital components of immune cells, it follows that lysosomal accumulation of GAGs could affect diverse immune functions and therefore influence disease pathogenesis. Theoretically, MPS neurodegeneration and GAGs could be substantiating a threat of danger and damage to alert the immune system for cellular clearance, which due to the progressive nature of MPS storage would propagate disease pathogenesis. Innate immunity appears to have a key role in MPS; however the extent of adaptive immune involvement remains to be elucidated. The current literature suggests a complex interplay between neuroinflammation, microglial activation and adaptive immunity in MPS disease.
ITRI ZBnode: A ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Platform for Wireless Sensor Networks (2006)

Research of the past years has led to numerous novel developments and approaches for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, most previous work has focused on either mathematical analysis or theoretical algorithms with extensive simulation results. In this paper, in order to realistically understand the complexity of WSNs, a ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 platform has been designed and implemented. Based on an IEEE 802.15.4 radio and ZigBee protocol stack, the developed ITRI ZBnode is an autonomous wireless communication and computing platform aimed at fast prototyping and research in WSNs. The platform attempts to provide a low data rate, low power, and low cost wireless networking on the device-level communication. Finally, examples of tree and mesh network formation are provided to demonstrate practicability of the developed ZBnode platform.
Unified framework for automatic image stitching and rectification (2015)

Conventional image stitching methods were developed under the assumption or condition that (1) the optical center of a camera is fixed (fixed-optical-center case) or (2) the camera captures a plane target (plane-target case). Hence, users should know or test which condition is more appropriate for the given set of images and then select a right algorithm or try multiple stitching algorithms. We propose a unified framework for the image stitching and rectification problem, which can handle both cases in the same framework. To be precise, we model each camera pose with six parameters (three for the rotation and three for the translation) and develop a cost function that reflects the registration errors on a reference plane. The designed cost function is effectively minimized via the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. For the given set of images, when it is found that the relative camera motions between the images are large, the proposed method performs rectification of images and then composition using the rectified images; otherwise, the algorithm simply builds a visually pleasing result by selecting a viewpoint. Experimental results on synthetic and real images show that our method successfully performs stitching and metric rectification.
Bootlegger (2015)

Bootlegger is a system for creating multi-camera films of live music events using mobile devices. Using readily available technology and a synthesis of film-making conventions, the system coordinates music fans at live shows into an improvised film crew, suggesting shots, collating footage and generating rich metadata in real time. Bootlegger is part of a research project exploring adapting professional media workflows to amateur contexts in order to lower the bar to entry for media production. By enabling concert-goers to contribute to high-quality concert films, the system leverages mobile phone 'bootlegging' practices to support emerging musicians.
Muscle agrin: neural regulation and localization at nerve-induced acetylcholine receptor clusters (1993)

The synapse-organizing protein agrin is expressed by muscle cells. In this study we begin to characterize the role of muscle agrin in synapse formation by investigating its distribution and expression during the formation of nerve-induced ACh receptor (AChR) aggregates in vitro. We have used species-specific anti-agrin antibodies to show that muscle agrin colocalizes with nerve-induced AChR clusters in chimeric nerve-muscle cocultures. Furthermore, quantitation by radioimmune assay shows that the expression of muscle agrin by cultured chick myotubes is increased more than twofold by coculture with cells from the motoneuron-rich ventral spinal cord. These data suggest a role for muscle agrin in neuromuscular junction development.
GPS fault detection and exclusion using moving average filters (2004)

A new approach based on the moving average (MA) is proposed to perform satellite failure detection and exclusion (FDE). By taking the average of the last few sums of the squares of the GPS range residual errors, the MA filter is applied to speed up failure detection. The detection threshold cannot be obtained directly because the cumulative distribution of a random process with an MA filter is unknown. Therefore, the Markov chain approach is applied to resolve the threshold. In addition, variations in the number of visible satellites may cause problems in data fusion. The probability integral transformation (PIT) method is adopted to overcome this. After a satellite failure is detected, the multivariate MA filter is used to reduce the incorrect exclusion rate (IER) by taking the average of the last few parity vectors. Simulation results show that, in comparison with the conventional least-squares-residuals method, the MA filter demonstrates higher performance in detecting small failures and a similar level of performance in detecting large failures. Moreover, simulation results also verify that the proposed method has lower IER than the conventional parity space method.