gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cluster analysis framework for novel acoustic catheter stethoscope (2017)

This study presents a cluster analysis framework for acoustic signals of the novel catheter stethoscope. The objective of the current study is to collect the blood flow sounds from a body site of a Yorkshire pig using the novel acoustic catheter stethoscope and further recognize any changes in the sinus rhythm patterns. Initially the collected blood flow sounds are preprocessed with noise cancellation and wavelet source separation to result in acoustic heart and respiratory pulses. Then, the extracted acoustic heart pulses are post processed to recognize the patterns of the sinus rhythm based on a novel feature extraction technique and cluster analysis. Finally, the developed framework is qualitatively and quantitatively validated by providing visual results of the clustering and by computing the clustering accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. The cross validation results show that the developed framework consistently recognizes the patterns of the sinus rhythms with an accuracy rate of 94.37%.
DIFFERENTIATION OF MAMMALIAN SOMATIC CELLS: DNA AND HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS IN FETAL MOUSE YOLK SAC ERYTHROID CELLS (1969)

The relationship between the synthesis and replication of DNA and the capacity to synthesize specialized protein on a stable messenger RNA has been examined in yolk sac erythroid cells differentiating in vivo in fetal mice. Evidence is presented that by day 11 of gestation, at least 98 per cent of yolk sac erythroid cells are synthesizing hemoglobin. These cells are shown to incorporate (3)H-thymidine and to replicate, with more than twofold increase in cell number between days 10 and 11. Division of these cells continues through day 13. Hemoglobin formation in these cells is resistant to actinomycin D from day 10. During this period, ribosomal content per cell decreases by more than a factor of 2. These data indicate that in yolk sac erythroid cells, hemoglobin formation proceeds independent of continued RNA formation in cells capable of DNA synthesis and replication.
Epidermal ‘alarm substance’ cells of fishes maintained by non-alarm functions: possible defence against pathogens, parasites and UVB radiation (2007)

Many fishes possess specialized epidermal cells that are ruptured by the teeth of predators, thus reliably indicating the presence of an actively foraging predator. Understanding the evolution of these cells has intrigued evolutionary ecologists because the release of these alarm chemicals is not voluntary. Here, we show that predation pressure does not influence alarm cell production in fishes. Alarm cell production is stimulated by exposure to skin-penetrating pathogens (water moulds: Saprolegnia ferax and Saprolegnia parasitica), skin-penetrating parasites (larval trematodes: Teleorchis sp. and Uvulifer sp.) and correlated with exposure to UV radiation. Suppression of the immune system with environmentally relevant levels of Cd inhibits alarm cell production of fishes challenged with Saprolegnia. These data are the first evidence that alarm substance cells have an immune function against ubiquitous environmental challenges to epidermal integrity. Our results indicate that these specialized cells arose and are maintained by natural selection owing to selfish benefits unrelated to predator-prey interactions. Cell contents released when these cells are damaged in predator attacks have secondarily acquired an ecological role as alarm cues because selection favours receivers to detect and respond adaptively to public information about predation.
Dithienopyrrole-based donor–acceptor copolymers: low band-gap materials for charge transport, photovoltaics and electrochromism (2009)

A series of highly soluble donor–acceptor (D–A) copolymers containing N-(3,4,5-tri-n-decyloxyphenyl)-dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole (DTP) or N-(2-decyltetradecyl)-dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole (DTP′) as donor and three different acceptors, 4,7-dithien-2-yl-[2,1,3]-benzothiadiazole, 4,9-dithien-2-yl-6,7-di-n-hexyl-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-g]quinoxaline and 4,8-dithien-2-yl-2λ4δ2-benzo[1,2-c;4,5-c′]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole (BThX, X = BTD, TQHx2, BBT, respectively) were synthesized by Stille coupling polymerizations. The optical and electrochemical properties of these copolymers were investigated, along with their use in field-effect transistors and photovoltaic devices. The band gaps (eV) estimated from UV-vis-NIR spectra and electrochemical measurements of the copolymers varied from ca. 1.5–0.5 eV, and were consistent with quantum-chemical estimates extrapolated using density functional theory. Oxidative and reductive spectroelectrochemistry of the copolymers indicated they can be both p-doped and n-doped, and three to four differently colored redox states of the polymers can be accessed through electrochemical oxidation or reduction. The DTP-BThBTD and DTP-BThTQHx2 copolymers exhibited average field-effect hole mobilities of 1.2 × 10−4 and 2.2 × 10−3 cm2/(Vs), respectively. DTP-BThBBT exhibited ambipolar field-effect characteristics and showed hole and electron mobilities of 1.2 × 10−3 and 5.8 × 10−4 cm2/(Vs), respectively. Bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices made from blends of the copolymers with 3′-phenyl-3′H-cyclopropa[1,9](C60-Ih)[5,6]fullerene-3′-butanoic acid methyl ester (PCBM) (1:3 weight ratio) exhibited average power conversion efficiencies as high as 1.3% under simulated irradiance of 75 mW/cm2.
Radiotherapy: principles to practice. A manual for quality in treatment delivery. Second edition - Sue Griffiths Medipex Ltd; ISBN 978-0-9553256-1-8; 323 pages; Hardback; £49.99 (2009)

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Electrically tunable substrate integrated waveguide reflective cavity resonator (2009)

This paper presents a novel electronically tunable substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity resonator at microwave frequency. The resonant frequency of the cavity is tuned with different DC biasing voltages applied over a varactor coupled to the cavity. This structure has been analyzed with a full-wave software package. To validate our analysis, an X-band reflective tunable SIW cavity resonator is designed and fabricated as an experimental example. Measured results show that the tuning range of the resonator is about 160 MHz with loaded Q <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</sub> of 150. The proposed resonator can be used to design tunable devices such as microwave and millimeter-wave voltage controlled oscillator (VCO).
Promoters of the broad host range plasmid RK2: analysis of transcription (initiation) in five species of gram-negative bacteria. (1992)

A broad host range cloning vector was constructed, suitable for monitoring promoter activity in diverse Gram-negative bacteria. This vector, derived from plasmid RSF1010, utilized the firefly luciferase gene as the reporter, since the assay for its bioluminescent product is sensitive, and measurements can be made without background from the host. Twelve DNA fragments with promoter activity were obtained from broad host range plasmid RK2 and inserted into the RSF1010 derived vector. The relative luciferase activities were determined for these fragments in five species of Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, four promoters were analyzed by primer extension to locate transcriptional start sites in each host. The results show that several of the promoters vary substantially in relative strengths or utilize different transcriptional start sites in different bacteria. Other promoters exhibited similar activities and identical start sites in the five hosts examined.
Nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity in the new world monkey (<i>Cebus apella</i>) and human cerebellum (1991)

The present study used the NGFR-5 monoclonal antibody raised against human nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) to determine the extent of NGFR immunoreactivity within the embryonic and young adult Cebus apella cerebellum as well as the human cerebellum. Immunohistochemically processed tissue revealed NGFR expressing Purkinje cell somata, axons, and dendrites, the latter being observed within the molecular layer of both adult species. Within all regions of the cerebellum we observed both darkly and lightly immunostained Purkinje cells. The proximal axons of these cells, which were visualized for short distances within the granular cell layer, appeared to contain bulbous aggregates of reaction product. In sagittal sections, the full extent of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree was observed in the more lightly stained portions of the cerebellum. In situ hybridization experiments revealed NGFR mRNA within Purkinje cells in a pattern similar to that seen with immunohistochemistry. The distribution of NGFR immunoreactivity within the cerebellum exhibits a general topographic organization with the heaviest and most consistent staining occurring within the archi- and neocerebellum and weaker staining within the paleocerebellum. In fetal Cebus monkey cerebellum obtained at gestational day 50 and 70, NGFR immunoreactivity was observed as a band composed of developing Purkinje cell neurites. These profiles were seen in the paleo- and neocerebellum, but not the archicerebellum. The present investigation is the first demonstration of NGFR immunoreactive profiles in the adult monkey and human cerebellum. These findings suggest that nerve growth factor may influence locomotor and vestibular behaviors that are mediated by cerebellar circuity. The precise mode of action for the NGF/NGFR system within the cerebellum remains to be determined.
Long‐Term Effects of Poultry Litter, Alum‐Treated Litter, and Ammonium Nitrate on Phosphorus Availability in Soils (2007)

ABSTRACT Alum (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·14H 2 O) additions to poultry litter result in lower ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization and phosphorus (P) runoff; however, the long‐term effects of alum on soil P behavior have been unknown. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the long‐term effects of poultry litter, alum‐treated litter, and ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ) on P availability in soils and P runoff. Two studies were initiated in 1995: a small plot (1.5 × 3.0 m) study and a paired watershed (0.405 ha) study. In the small plot study 13 treatments (control, four rates of normal litter, four rates of alum‐treated litter, and four rates of NH 4 NO 3 ) were applied to tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) plots. Results show that after 7 yr water‐extractable P (WEP) in surface soil samples was greater with normal litter, but Mehlich III P was greater in surface soils fertilized with alum‐treated litter. When soil samples were taken at depth intervals to 50 cm in Year 7, Mehlich III P was only greater in the surface 5 cm for soils fertilized with alum‐treated litter. At lower depths Mehlich III P was greater with normal litter, and WEP was up to 288% greater when normal litter was used, indicating that alum significantly reduced P leaching. Uptake of P by fescue was not affected by alum. Results from the paired watershed study showed P loss in runoff was 340% greater for normal litter than for alum‐treated litter. This research, combined with earlier work that shows alum use improves air and soil quality, supports the use of alum as a long‐term solution to reducing P runoff and leaching.
Amelioration of Diabetic Nephropathy in SPARC-Null Mice (2003)

SPARC (Secreted Protein, Acidic and Rich in Cysteine) is a matricellular protein that inhibits mesangial cell proliferation and also affects production of extracellular matrix (ECM) by regulating transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and type I collagen in mesangial cells. This study is an investigation of the role of SPARC in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) of 6-mo duration in wild type (WT) and SPARC-null mice. SPARC expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and by in situ hybridization (ISH). Deposition of type I and IV collagen and laminin was evaluated by IHC, and TGF-beta 1 mRNA was assessed by ISH. Renal function studies revealed no significant difference in BUN between diabetic SPARC-null mice and diabetic WT mice, whereas a significant increase in albumin excretion was detected in diabetic WT relative to diabetic SPARC-null mice. Diabetic WT animals exhibited increased levels of SPARC mRNA and protein in glomerular epithelial cells and in interstitial cells, in comparison with nondiabetic WT mice. Neither SPARC mRNA nor protein was detected in SPARC-null mice. Morphometry revealed a significant increase in the percentage of the glomerular tufts occupied by ECM in diabetic WT compared with nondiabetic WT mice, although there was no difference in the mean glomerular tuft area among groups. In contrast, diabetic SPARC-null mice did not show a significant difference in the percentage of the glomerular tufts occupied by ECM relative to nondiabetic null mice. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis was ameliorated in diabetic SPARC-null mice compared with diabetic WT animals. Further characterization of diabetic SPARC-null mice revealed diminished glomerular deposition of type IV collagen and laminin, and diminished interstitial deposition of type I and type IV collagen correlated with decreases in TGF-beta 1 mRNA compared with WT diabetic mice. These observations suggest that SPARC contributes to glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial damage in response to hyperglycemia through increasing TGF-beta 1 expression in this model of chronic DN.
Synthesis of some dimethylpyrano- and 3-methylbut-2-enyl-4-phenyl- and -4-n-propyl-coumarins (1971)

A number of dimethylbenzodipyranones and 3-methylbut-2-enyl-4-n-propyl-5,7-dihydroxycoumarins, including mammeigin and mammea's B/AA and B/AB have been synthesised, showing that MAB5 and MAB6 are mixtures, the structure of ponnalide requires revision, and that a number of these compounds are present in the seed extract of Mammea americana L.
ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYMERS BASED ON METAL-NITROGEN BOND SYSTEMS (1965)

From the reaction of primary alkyl amines, with tris(diisopropylamino)-chromium (III) the tris-(alkylamino)chromium (III) compounds, Cr(NHR)3, were obtained as pink or red, insoluble, non-volatile solids which were significantly resistant to hydrolysis. Magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed anomalously low magnetic moments indicative of magnetically concentrated chromium atoms. It is suggested that these compounds are metalnitrogen co-ordination polymers with octahedrallyco-ordinated chromium. With branched chain primary amines entirely different products were obtained due to steric factors. Reactions between tetrakis-(dimethylamino) titanium, -zirconium, or -hafnium with nickel, iron, molybdenum or tungsten carbonyls gave interesting polymeric heterometalcarbonyldimethylamides. Reactions of aniline with tetrakis-(diethylamino)-titanium or tetrakis- (diethylamino)-zirconium gave soluble polymeric compounds.
The Effectiveness of an Internet Intervention Aimed at Reducing Alcohol Consumption in Adults (2019)

Vorvida was found to be effective in persons with risky, problematic alcohol consumption. Further studies should determine which elements of the program contribute most to effectiveness in routine clinical practice, and what long-term effects can be achieved.
Nanoparticles: Correlation Between Surface Chemistry and Electrocatalytic Properties of Monodisperse Pt<sub><i>x</i></sub>Ni<sub>1‐<i>x</i></sub> Nanoparticles (Adv. Funct. Mater. 1/2011) (2010)

Abstract Monodisperse and homogeneous Pt x Ni 1‐ x alloy nanoparticles of various compositions are synthesized via an organic solution approach in order to reveal the correlation between surface chemistry and their electrocatalytic properties. Atomic‐level microscopic analysis of the compositional profile and modeling of nanoparticle structure are combined to follow the dependence of Ni dissolution on the initial alloy composition and formation of the Pt‐skeleton nanostructures. The developed approach and acquired knowledge about surface structure‐property correlation can be further generalized and applied towards the design of advanced functional nanomaterials.
Neural Network Implementations for PCA and ItsExtensions (2012)

Many information processing problems can be transformed into some form of eigenvalue or singular value problems. Eigenvalue decomposition (EVD) and singular value decomposition (SVD) are usually used for solving these problems. In this paper, we give an introduction to various neural network implementations and algorithms for principal component analysis (PCA) and its various extensions. PCA is a statistical method that is directly related to EVD and SVD. Minor component analysis (MCA) is a variant of PCA, which is useful for solving total least squares (TLSs) problems. The algorithms are typical unsupervised learning methods. Some other neural network models for feature extraction, such as localized methods, complex-domain methods, generalized EVD, and SVD, are also described. Topics associated with PCA, such as independent component analysis (ICA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), are mentioned in passing in the conclusion. These methods are useful in adaptive signal processing, blind signal separation (BSS), pattern recognition, and information compression.
Arithmetic Addition over Boolean Masking - Towards First- and Second-Order Resistance in Hardware. (2015)

Abstract. A common countermeasure to thwart side-channel analysis attacks is algorithmic masking. For this, algorithms that mix Boolean and arithmetic operations need to either apply two different masking schemes with secure conversions or use dedicated arithmetic units that can process Boolean masked values. Several proposals have been pub-lished that can realize these approaches securely and efficiently in soft-ware. But to the best of our knowledge, no hardware design exists that fulfills relevant properties such as efficiency and security at the same time. In this paper, we present two design strategies to realize a secure and efficient arithmetic adder for Boolean-masked values. First, we introduce an architecture based on the ripple-carry adder that targets low-cost applications. The second architecture is based on a pipelined Kogge-Stone adder and targets high-performance applications. In particular, all our implementations adopt the threshold implementation approach to improve their resistance against SCA attacks even in the presence of glitches. We evaluated the security of our designs practically against SCA using a non-specific statistical t-test. Based on our analysis, we show that our constructions not only achieve resistance against first-and (univariate) second-order attacks but also require fewer random bits per operation compared to any existing software-based approach.
ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN CHINA: LOWER BOUND ESTIMATES (1996)

ABSTRACT We construct a structural econometric model to measure partially the economic effects of political movements in China. Consumption, or equivalently investment, is determined by a central planner trying to maximize a multiperiod objective function. Political events are modeled by exogenous changes in the shocks to productivity and to investment which affect the time paths of major economic variables. Effects of the events are measured by comparing the time paths generated by the model with and without the changes in the shocks. The dynamic optimization model is estimated using data from 1952 to 1993. In contrast with our earlier work, we assume a trend‐stationary process for log total productivity rather than a random walk process and estimate that without the Great Leap Forward Movement output per capita in China up to 1993 would have been on average 1.18 to 1.71 times as great. Without the Cultural Revolution the corresponding figure would have been 1.08 to 1.12 times as great.
Metabolic responses to interval training programs of high and low power output. (1977)

The propagation of small-amplitude modes in an inviscid but sheared mean flow inside a duct is considered. For isentropic flow in a circular duct with zero swirl and constant mean flow density the pressure modes are described in terms of the eigenvalue problem for the Pridmore-Brown equation. A numerical method similar to the procedure used by Tam &amp; Auriault is proposed for the solution of the modal equation. Since for sufficiently high Helmholtz and wavenumbers, which are of great interest for the applications, the field equation is inherently stiff, special care is taken to insure the stability of the numerical algorithm designed to tackle this problem. The accuracy of the method is checked against the well-known analytical solution for the uniform flow. The numerical method is shown to be consistent with the analytical predictions at least for the Helmholtz numbers up to 100 and the circumferential wavenumber as large as 50, typical Mach numbers being up to\n0.65. In order to gain further insight into the possible structure of the modal solutions and to get an independent verification of the robustness of the numerical scheme, the asymptotic solution of the problem based on the WKB method is derived. The comparisons of theWKB solution against the exact potential flow solution show\nremarkably good agreement between the two. This permits us to use the asymptotic solution as a benchmark for computations with high Helmholtz numbers, where numerical solutions of other authors are not available. Numerical analysis of the problem with zero mean flow at the wall and acoustic lining shows that Ingard-Myers condition is recovered for vanishing boundary-layer thickness, although the boundary layer must be very thin in some cases.
Trajectory Generation for Automated Manipulation of Micro Particles using Laser (2003)

画像処理によりマイクロ微粒子や容器等の位置や状態を検出し, 各容器位置への注入操作の自動化を行う。特に注入の障害となる微粒子等を回避し, 障害物の存在しない経路を選択するための経路制御法について報告する。
Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate, Prostaglandins, and Epinephrine Stimulate the Secretion of Immunoreactive Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone from Cultured Human Placental Cells* (1987)

Cell culture and biochemical procedures were used to identify and study the possible mechanisms regulating the secretion of GnRH-like immunoreactivity (GnRH-LI) from human placenta. Monolayer primary cultures of trophoblasts were established after mechanical and enzymatic dispersion of normal human term placenta. The cultured cells stained immunocytochemically positive with anti-GnRH serum, and GnRH-LI extracted from the cells eluted from high performance liquid chromatography with the same retention time as authentic GnRH. One week after plating, exposure to high concentrations of K+ or to various doses of veratridine, a Na+ ionophore, increased GnRH-LI release into the culture medium. This effect was reversed by Ca2+ antagonists (cobalt, EGTA, and verapamil). Dibutyrylcyclic AMP, forskolin, theophylline, and theobromine also increased GnRH-LI concentrations in the medium of cultured placental cells in a dose-related manner, as did prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha and epinephrine. The effect of epinephrine on GnRH-LI concentrations was mimicked by isoproterenol and reversed by propranolol, suggesting an effect mediated by beta-adrenergic receptors. These results indicate that GnRH-LI release from cultured human placental cells is stimulated by the opening of ionic channels and activation of the adenylate cyclase/cAMP system, and that prostaglandins and epinephrine may be involved in the regulation of GnRH-LI release from human placenta.