gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Data linkage to monitor hepatitis C‐associated end‐stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma inpatient stays in England (2019)

Persons with chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection are at increased risk of end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The impact of hepatitis treatment scale-up and elimination strategies on ESLD and HCC incidence is a critical measure of progress towards WHO targets. Data from national laboratory surveillance of HCV diagnoses were linked to inpatient care records in Hospital Episode Statistics (HES). For persons first diagnosed with HCV between 1998 and 2016, we describe the characteristics of those with ESLD and HCC and estimate incidence. Of persons diagnosed with HCV between 1998 and 2016 (104 674), 9.1% (9525) had an admission for ESLD and 2.5% (2610) for HCC. The majority of persons with ESLD and HCC were male (70.7% and 82.7%) and of white ethnicity (89.9% and 82.7%). Crude incidence of ESLD and HCC admission was 10.4 and 3.2 per 1000 person-years, respectively. When compared to 2011-2013, incidence of ESLD and HCC admissions in 2014-2017 were lower (ESLD incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 0.81; 95% Confidence interval [CI]: 0.76-0.86; HCC IRR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.82-1.00, P = .045). Data linkage showed considerable underreporting of HCV in HES coding for ESLD and HCC (16.0% and 11.3%, respectively). In conclusion, we found a decline in incidence of ESLD and HCC-related inpatient admissions since 2011-2013. Linked analysis is required for the continued monitoring of ESLD and HCC inpatient incidence. However, HES data quality issues around completeness of identifiers contribute to uncertainty in linkage and may limit our ability to robustly monitor progress towards WHO elimination goals.
Immunopharmacological Studies on TBX, a New Antiallergic Drug (3) Inhibitory Effects on Histamine Release from Lung Fragments and Bronchoconstriction in Guinea Pigs (1989)

The effects of 9-methyl-3-(1 H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidm-4-one potassium salt (TBX), a new antiallergic drug, on histamine release from lung fragments, experimental asthma and isolated tracheal muscle were investigated in guinea pigs. TBX (10-7 to 10-4 g/ml) dose-dependently inhibited antigen-induced histamine release from lung fragments of guinea pigs passively sensitized with homologous IgE serum Antigen inhalation-induced experimental asthma in passively sensitized animals was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by i.v. (1 to 5 mg/kg) and p.o. (10 to 100 mg/kg) administrations of TBX. In vivo bronchoconstriction by platelet-activating factor (PAF. i.v.) was also inhibited by TBX (0.3 to 10 mg/kg, i.v). However, high concentrations of TBX (more than 3×10-4 g/ml) were needed to inhibit PAF-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. With regard to the effect on isolated tracheal muscle, TBX itself at concentrations higher than 10-5 g/ml induced dose-dependent reduction in the resting tonus, which was not affected by pretreatment with propranolol. Neither the leukotriene D4-induced contraction nor the prostaglandin F2α-induced one was specifically antagonized by TBX. The results obtained indicate that TBX is an antiasthmatic agent effective in inhibiting both IgE- and PAF-induced bronchoconstriction. possibly by interfering with mediator release.
Effects of Folic Acid-Deficiency on the Development of Dorsal Artery in Zebrafish (2008)

Objective To observe the development of dorsal artery(DA) in folic acid-deficient zebrafish embryos and investigate the mechanism by which folic acid deficiency induces DA malformation.Methods The folic acid-deficient zebrafish model was established by using both dihydrofolate reductase antagonism MTX and dihydrofolate reductase gene knock-down.The over-all development of embryos was observed under the microscope at 48 hpf and the development of DA was assessed by fluorescein microangiography at 60 hpf.Whole-mount in situ hybridization and real-time PCR were performed to detect the expression of ephrinB2,Ang-1 and Radar.Apoptosis in the hypochord was examined by TUNEL(terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling) staining.Results Similarly abnormal phenotypes were observed both in MTX treated embryos and DHFR knock-down embryos.Fluorescein microangiography revealed that folic acid deficiency affected the development of DA.In folic acid deficient embryos,the expression of ephrinB2,Ang-1 and Radar were reduced and apoptosis was increased.Conclusion The malformation of DA in zebrafish induced by folic acid deficiency is associated with the increasing apoptosis in hypochord and decreasing expression of ephrinB2,Ang-1 and Radar.
Broad Spectrum Antibacterial and Antifungal Polymeric Paint Materials: Synthesis, Structure–Activity Relationship, and Membrane-Active Mode of Action (2014)

Microbial attachment and subsequent colonization onto surfaces lead to the spread of deadly community-acquired and hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections. Noncovalent immobilization of water insoluble and organo-soluble cationic polymers onto a surface is a facile approach to prevent microbial contamination. In the present study, we described the synthesis of water insoluble and organo-soluble polymeric materials and demonstrated their structure-activity relationship against various human pathogenic bacteria including drug-resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and beta lactam-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae as well as pathogenic fungi such as Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. The polymer coated surfaces completely inactivated both bacteria and fungi upon contact (5 log reduction with respect to control). Linear polymers were more active and found to have a higher killing rate than the branched polymers. The polymer coated surfaces also exhibited significant activity in various complex mammalian fluids such as serum, plasma, and blood and showed negligible hemolysis at an amount much higher than minimum inhibitory amounts (MIAs). These polymers were found to have excellent compatibility with other medically relevant polymers (polylactic acid, PLA) and commercial paint. The cationic hydrophobic polymer coatings disrupted the lipid membrane of both bacteria and fungi and thus showed a membrane-active mode of action. Further, bacteria did not develop resistance against these membrane-active polymers in sharp contrast to conventional antibiotics and lipopeptides, thus the polymers hold great promise to be used as coating materials for developing permanent antimicrobial paint.
Selecting Characteristic Raman Wavelengths to Distinguish Liquid Water, Water Vapor, and Ice Water (2010)

The Raman shift of water vapor is 3657 <TEX>$cm^{-1}$</TEX>, and this Raman signal can be easily separated from other Raman signals or elastic signals. However, it is difficult to make simultaneous Raman measurements on the three phases of water, namely, ice water, liquid water, and water vapor. This is because we must consider the overlap between their Raman spectra. Therefore, very few groups have attempted to make Raman simultaneous measurements even on two elements (water vapor and liquid water, or water vapor and ice water). We have made an effort to find three characteristic Raman wavelengths that correspond to the three phases of water after measuring full Raman spectra of water on particular days that are rainy, snowy or clear. Finally, we have found that the 401-nm, 404-nm, and 408-nm wavelengths are the most characteristic Raman wavelengths that are representative of the water phases when we are using the 355-nm laser wavelength for making measurements.
Metabolism of Cytokinin: Deribosylation of Cytokinin Ribonucleoside by Adenosine Nucleosidase from Wheat Germ Cells (1981)

Adenosine nucleosidase (adenosine ribohydrolase, EC 3.2.2.7) which catalyzes the deribosylation of N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine and adenosine to form the corresponding bases was partially purified from wheat germ. This enzyme (molecular weight 59,000 +/- 3,000) deribosylates the ribonucleosides at an optimum pH of 4.7 K(m) values for the cytokinin nucleoside and adenosine are 2.38 and 1.43 micromolar, respectively, in 50 millimolar Tris-citrate buffer (pH 4.7) at 30 C. The presence of adenosine and other cytokinin nucleosides inhibited the hydrolysis of N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine but this reaction was insensitive to guanosine, uridine, or 3'-deoxyadenosine. It is hypothesized that an adequate level of "active cytokinin" in plant cells may be provided through the deribosylation of cytokinin riboside in concert with other cytokinin metabolic enzymes.
β3: An additional auxiliary subunit of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel that modulates channel gating with distinct kinetics (2000)

The voltage-sensitive sodium channel confers electrical excitability on neurons, a fundamental property required for higher processes including cognition. The ion-conducting alpha-subunit of the channel is regulated by two known auxiliary subunits, beta1 and beta2. We have identified rat and human forms of an additional subunit, beta3. It is most closely related to beta1 and is the product of a separate gene localized to human chromosome 11q23.3. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, beta3 inactivates sodium channel opening more slowly than beta1 does. Structural modeling has identified an amino acid residue in the putative alpha-subunit binding site of beta3 that may play a role in this difference. The expression of beta3 within the central nervous system differs significantly from beta1. Our results strongly suggest that beta3 performs a distinct neurophysiological function.
ChemInform Abstract: New Routes to Graphene, Graphene Oxide and Their Related Applications (2012)

Abstract Review: 150 refs.
Helmholtz resonance of harbours (1975)

The resonant response of a harbour H of depth scale d and area A to excitation of frequency ω through a mouth M of width a is calculated in the joint limit a 2 /Aω 2 A/gd↓0. The results are relevant to the tsunami response of narrow-mouthed harbours. 16 is assumed that an adequate approximation to the radiation impedance of the external domain is available (Miles 1972). The boundary-value problem for H is reduced to the solution of ∇. ( h ∇ϕ) = −1/ A , where h is the relative depth, the normal derivative of ϕ is prescribed in M and vanishes elsewhere on the boundary of H , and the spatial mean of ϕ must vanish. The kinetic energy in H is proportional to an inertial parameter M that is a quadratic functional of ϕ. It is demonstrated that decreasing/increasing h increases/decreases M. Explicit lower bounds to M are developed for both uniform and variable depth. The results are extended to coupled basins (inner and outer harbours). Several examples are considered, including a model of Long Beach Harbor, for which the calculated resonant frequency of the dominant mode is within 1% of the measured value. The effects of entry-separation and bottom-friction losses are considered; the latter are typically negligible, whereas the former may be comparable with, or dominate, radiation losses.
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) in children and adolescents—a consensus on therapeutic strategies (2012)

Hereditary angioedema due to C1 inhibitor (C1 esterase inhibitor) deficiency (types I and II HAE-C1-INH) is a rare disease that usually presents during childhood or adolescence with intermittent episodes of potentially life-threatening angioedema. Diagnosis as early as possible is important to avoid ineffective therapies and to properly treat swelling attacks. At a consensus meeting in June 2011, pediatricians and dermatologists from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland reviewed the currently available literature, including published international consensus recommendations for HAE therapy across all age groups. Published recommendations cannot be unconditionally adopted for pediatric patients in German-speaking countries given the current approval status of HAE drugs. This article provides an overview and discusses drugs available for HAE therapy, their approval status, and study results obtained in adult and pediatric patients. Recommendations for developing appropriate treatment strategies in the management of HAE in pediatric patients in German-speaking countries are provided.Conclusion Currently, plasma-derived C1 inhibitor concentrate is considered the best available option for the treatment of acute HAE-C1-INH attacks in pediatric patients in German-speaking countries, as well as for short-term and long-term prophylaxis.
Physicochemical Properties and Structures of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids. 2. Variation of Alkyl Chain Length in Imidazolium Cation (2005)

The alkyl chain length of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide ([Rmim][(CF(3)SO(2))(2)N], R = methyl (m), ethyl (e), butyl (b), hexyl (C(6)), and octyl (C(8))) was varied to prepare a series of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), and the thermal behavior, density, viscosity, self-diffusion coefficients of the cation and anion, and ionic conductivity were measured over a wide temperature range. The self-diffusion coefficient, viscosity, ionic conductivity, and molar conductivity change with temperature following the Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman equation, and the density shows a linear decrease. The pulsed-field-gradient spin-echo NMR method reveals a higher self-diffusion coefficient for the cation compared to that for the anion over a wide temperature range, even if the cationic radius is larger than that of the anion. The summation of the cationic and anionic diffusion coefficients for the RTILs follows the order [emim][(CF(3)SO(2))(2)N] > [mmim][(CF(3)SO(2))(2)N] > [bmim][(CF(3)SO(2))(2)N] > [C(6)mim][(CF(3)SO(2))(2)N] > [C(8)mim][(CF(3)SO(2))(2)N], which greatly contrasts to the viscosity data. The ratio of molar conductivity obtained from impedance measurements to that calculated by the ionic diffusivity using the Nernst-Einstein equation quantifies the active ions contributing to ionic conduction in the diffusion components, in other words, ionicity of the ionic liquids. The ratio decreases with increasing number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain. Finally, a balance between the electrostatic and induction forces has been discussed in terms of the main contribution factor in determining the physicochemical properties.
PAN-DRIVE: A Vehicle Navigation And Route Guidance System (2005)

PAN-DRIVE is a vehicle navigation and route guidance system. Vehicle position estimation is autonomous and based on deadreckoning and map-matching techniques. A routing algorithm generates an itinerary between two map locations by emulating the map topology with a graph and then using advanced techniques to generate the itinerary on the graph. A vehicle guidance algorithm provides the driver with all the necessary audio and visual instructions to follow the route suggested by the routing algorithm. The paper focuses on a general presentation of the PAN-DRIVE system with specific emphasis on critical design decisions, related to the basic system functionalities: navigation, routing and route guidance. PAN-DRIVE is a vehicle navigation and route guidance system based on dead reckoning and map matching techniques. The system incorporates both standard and advanced features. The basic features include the necessary operations, such as navigation and routing, that guide the driver to any indicated destination using audio and visual insauctions and taking into consideration possible constraints and diverse conditions that may exist. These operations are handled by on-board, microprocessor based, units that combine readings from the vehicle sensors and compare the estimated positions with a digital map. External aid has been incorporated by the use of fixed locaticri beacons :hat serve primarily for system initialization. Advanced features include infonnation and guidance to the closest service or emergency location, such as hospitals, pharmacies, police stations, petrol stations and others, as well as tourist and entertainment information. 2. THE COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM The PAN-DRIVE system is a real time embedded system. The heart of the hardware is based on an Intel 80286 microprocessor running at l6MHz. The hardware component also includes four sensors, a radio receiver, a speech unit and a user terminal. The software component includes several algorithms, namely, position estimation, routing and guidance, a database management system, a user interface and communication protocols. A pictorial block diagram of PAN-DRIVE is shown in Figure 1.
Magnetostrictive properties of amorphous and partially crystalline TbDyFe thin films (1997)

A series of amorphous and partially crystalline giant magnetostrictive thin films of the composition (Tb0.3Dy0.7)39Fe61 has been prepared by dc magnetron sputtering. The sputtering conditions were the same for all samples apart from the substrate temperature TS, which varied between 330 and 510 °C. The crystalline state and the magnetic properties of the samples were investigated in relation to the substrate temperature. Films deposited at TS=330–400 °C were amorphous. Crystallization started at TS=425 °C. The magnetostrictive coefficient λ, at 4 kOe and at room temperature, increased with increasing TS from 185 to 750 ppm at Hmax. This was related also to an increase of the Curie temperature TC from 35 to 315 °C. The hysteresis loops of the amorphous samples showed coercivities lower than 10 Oe. These samples presented λ≈300 ppm in a field of 1000 Oe. The direction of the magnetic moments in the amorphous films changed gradually from perpendicular to parallel to the film plane with increasing TS. The samples deposited at TS⩾425 °C showed λmax≈350–750 ppm, but the magnetostrictive curve was much broader and shifted to the value of Hc.
Pleiotropic Effects of the Rho-kinase Inhibitor Fasudil After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies (2014)

There is growing evidence that Rho-kinase contributes to cardiovascular disease, which has made Rho-kinase a target for the treatment of human diseases. To date, the only Rho-kinase inhibitor employed clinically in humans is fasudil, which has been used for the prevention of cerebral vasospasm and subsequent ischemic injury after surgery for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). A number of pathological processes, in particular hemodynamic dysfunctions and inflammatory reactions, are thought to be related in the pathogenesis of delayed cerebral vasospasm and subsequent ischemic injury after SAH. This review focuses on fasudil's pleiotropic therapeutic effects: amelioration of hemodynamic dysfunction and inflammation, and discusses in detail the clinical studies on fasudil administered after the occurrence of SAH.
Experimental Study of Thin Steel‐Plate Shear Walls under Cyclic Load (1993)

The results of an investigation into the seismic behavior of unstiffened thin steel‐plate shear walls is presented. Little work has been done in the past to investigate the behavior of unstiffened thin steel‐plate shear walls in resisting lateral forces due to earthquakes or wind. Described is the cyclic testing of six, 1:4 scale specimens that include a moment‐resisting frame, three specimens with varying plate thickness and moment‐resisting beam‐to‐column connections, and two specimens with shear beam‐to‐column connections. Dissimilarities in behavior modes are found when the specimens of different plate thickness are compared to each other. The specimens with thinner plates exhibit an inelastic behavior that is controlled primarily by yielding of the thin plate, and the nonlinear system behavior is predominantly due to the stretching of the plate and the formation of a diagonal tension field. The specimens with thicker plates show an inelastic behavior that is primarily governed by the columns, and the capacity of the specimen with the thickest plate is limited by the instability of the column.
SL-401, a Targeted Therapy Directed to the Interleukin-3 Receptor (IL-3R), Shows Cytotoxic Activity Against Hairy Cell Leukemia (2014)

Abstract Background: Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare B-lymphocyte disorder that is characterized by abnormal lymphoproliferation, cytoplasmic villous “hairy” projections, and infiltration of the bone marrow and spleen. These cellular changes lead to peripheral cytopenia and splenomegaly. HCL cases comprise approximately 2% of all leukemias, with an incidence of approximately 600-800 and prevalence of approximately 6,000 cases annually in the U.S. The purine analogs Leustatin® (cladribine) and Nipent® (pentostatin) induce high complete remission (CR) rates (70-95%), with most patients remaining in CR after 10+ years. However, there is an increasing number of patients who either relapse or become refractory to each successive purine analog therapy given, and for these patients there are currently no approved therapies. Since HCL is known to express high levels of the interleukin-3 receptor (IL-3R) α-chain (CD123), we tested the cytotoxic activity of SL-401, a novel targeted therapy directed to CD123, against HCL cells. Methods: Expression of CD123 on a human cell lines obtained from an HCL patient (MoB and MoT) was determined by flow cytometry. Cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and stained with anti-CD123 PE (BD Biosciences) and control IgG for 20 minutes at 4oC and then washed with PBS again. Stained cells were acquired using the LSR II (BD) cytometer and data were analyzed using Flow Jo software (Tree Star). The sensitivity of the cells to SL-401 was assessed using a CellTiter Glo in vitro cytotoxicity assay. A CD123 positive leukemia cell line (TF-1-HRas), which is known to be sensitive to SL-401, was used as a positive control. The cells were cultured in the presence of absence of SL-401 for 48 hours and assessed for viability at concentrations ranging from (0.087 pM to 368 nM). Results: The HCL cell lines MoB and MoT were found to express moderate to high levels of IL-3R (45% and 84%, respectively). Based on the IL-3R expression pattern, the sensitivity of these cells to SL-401 was then tested. Cells were shown to be markedly sensitive to SL-401 in a concentration-dependent manner after 48 hours of incubation, with IC50 values in the low nanomolar range from triplicate experiments. Cell viability was also reduced by 80% after 48 hours of treatment with SL-401 at a concentration of 35 nM. Conclusion: Our results indicate that SL-401 possesses strong in vitro anti-cancer activity against HCL, which expresses high levels of the IL-3R. Studies testing SL-401 against additional HCL samples are ongoing. Given the current unmet medical need for new therapies to treat relapsed/refractory HCL patients, our findings support the further investigation of SL-401 in HCL. Disclosures Brooks: Stemline Therapeutics: Employment, Equity Ownership. Chen:Stemline Therapeutics: Employment, Equity Ownership. Bergstein:Stemline Therapeutics: Employment, Equity Ownership. Rowinsky:Stemline Therapeutics: Consultancy, Employment, Equity Ownership.
Quantification of rotational thallium-201 myocardial tomography. (1985)

A comprehensive method is described for quantification of the relative 3-dimensional distribution of Tl-201 in the myocardium, following stress and subsequent washout. The method uses maximal-count circumferential profiles of well-defined long- and short-axis tomograms to determine the 3-dimensional distribution of Tl-201; it then maps this distribution onto a 2-dimensional polar representation. Abnormal thallium distribution or washout is identified by automatic computer comparison of each patient's profile with the corresponding lower limits of normal profiles. Abnormality is expressed as a percentage of the entire myocardium by use of polar maps for extent and severity. The binary extent map expresses the degree of abnormality. Preliminary criteria for abnormality were derived from the tomographic results of 25 normals and 28 patients with documented coronary artery disease. The results were normal in 23 of the 25 normals and were abnormal in 25 of the 28 CAD patients. In addition, the computer output correctly localized the presence or absence of disease in 46 of 56 coronary circulations.