gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuropsychological toxicology: identification and assessment of neurotoxic syndromes. (1987)

Neuropsychological toxicology, or, more commonly, "neurobehavioral toxicology" is the study of how naturally or industrially produced nervous system poisons effect neuropsychological functioning. Research of this sort has been widely disseminated in European and Scandinavian medical literature during the past two decades but is only just beginning to enter neuropsychological literature of the United States. Neuropsychological sequelae of several representative human neurotoxins are briefly reviewed, including metallic lead, the solvent toluene, organophosphate pesticides and antihypertensive medication. These substances represent exemplars from some of the major classes of potentially neurotoxic substances; metals, solvents, pesticides, and prescription drugs. They are also examples of neurotoxins that have been examined with neuropsychological methods and for which neuropsychological symptoms or syndromes have been discovered. Testing procedures sensitive to neurotoxic exposure are also summarized. The role of the neuropsychologist as neurobehavioral toxicologist is explored. It is suggested that the neuropsychologist is in a unique position to perform research and clinical evaluations relating to neurotoxic exposure, and that the sub-clinical effects of neurotoxic exposure may be most sensitively discovered with these methods. Further, neurotoxic effects may be subject to misdiagnosis without knowledge of how to examine for these substances. The future expansion of neuropsychology into "neuropsychological toxicology" is advocated.
More than just bare scaffolds: towards multi-component and decorated fibrous biomaterials (2010)

We are entering a new phase in biomaterials research in which rational design is being used to produce functionalised materials tailored to specific applications. As is evident from this Themed Issue, there are now a number of distinct types of designed, self-assembling, fibrous biomaterials. Many of these are ripe for development and application for example as scaffolds for 3D cell culture and tissue engineering, and in templating inorganic materials. Whilst a number of groups are making headway towards such applications, there is a general challenge to translate a wealth of excellent basic research into materials with a genuine future in real-life applications. Amongst other contemporary aspects of this evolving research area, a key issue is that of decorating or functionalising what are mostly bare scaffolds. There are a number of hurdles to overcome to achieve effective and controlled labelling of the scaffolds, for instance: maintaining biocompatibility, i.e., by minimising covalent chemistry, or using milder bioconjugation methods; attaining specified levels of decoration, and, in particular, high and stoichiometric labelling; introducing orthogonality, such that two or more functions can be appended to the same scaffold; and, in relevant cases, maintaining the possibility for recombinant peptide/protein production. In this critical review, we present an overview of the different approaches to tackling these challenges largely for self-assembled, peptide-based fibrous systems. We review the field as it stands by placing work within general routes to fibre functionalisation; give worked examples on our own specific system, the SAFs; and explore the potential for future developments in the area. Our feeling is that by tackling the challenges of designing multi-component and functional biomaterials, as a community we stand to learn a great deal about self-assembling biomolecular systems more broadly, as well as, hopefully, delivering new materials that will be truly useful in biotechnology and biomedical applications (107 references).
A secure location verification method for ADS-B (2016)

At the heart of the NextGen Air Traffic Control System, there is the ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast) that provides aircraft location data. Despite its importance, ADS-B has been developed without consideration of security risks and is subject to various types of attacks. Although a number of techniques have been proposed to protect ADS-B, there are many challenges remaining for applying them to real world. We have developed a practical method that can reject virtually all spoofed ADS-B messages by monitoring the radio propagation time between senders and receivers. To measure the actual propagation time, it uses a small timestamp value; hence we call it ADS-B with Timestamp (ADS-BT). ADS-BT monitors the discrepancy between the time of flight based on the timestamp values and the time of flight based on the location data. In spoofed ADS-B messages, the discrepancy between them diverges over time, which allows us to identify spoofed ADS-B messages accurately. Our study shows a 99% detection rate within a few seconds and 100% rate within 25 seconds, with 0% false positive ratio. ADS-BT does not require any special hardware or 3 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rd</sup> party stations to collaborate. It does not require synchronized clocks or cryptographic processing. In this paper, we describe how the time discrepancies are measured, how the timestamps are implemented and used, and how the spoofed message frames are rejected passively and actively. We then demonstrate its performance through simulation study under various attack scenarios. If ADS-BT is adopted in the NextGen ATC, the security risk for the ADS-B can be substantially reduced.
Degradation and drug‐release studies of a poly(glycolide‐<i>co</i>‐trimethylene carbonate) copolymer (Maxon) (2004)

Abstract Poly(glycolide‐ co ‐trimethylene carbonate) is available commercially as a monofilament suture known as Maxon. The literature has shown that Maxon sutures possess a slow degradation rate of about 7 months and exhibit relatively high mechanical strength in comparison with other absorbable sutures. However, very few articles are available on the degradation of unoriented Maxon. This study was designed to explore the chemical and physical aspects of the degradation of unoriented Maxon and its potential as a drug‐release device. Several analytical techniques were used, including mass measurements, simultaneous small‐angle X‐ray scattering and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, and thermoporometry. Magnetic resonance imaging and drug‐release measurements were carried out with UV spectroscopy. The results suggest that unoriented suture‐based Maxon undergoes multiple stages of hydrolytic degradation, which involve hydration, and active and postactive periods. The drug‐release mechanism is controlled by diffusion in the early degradation stages and polymer erosion in the later stages of release. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 475–486, 2005
Sulfonyl fluorides as privileged warheads in chemical biology (2015)

Sulfonyl fluoride electrophiles have found significant utility as reactive probes in chemical biology and molecular pharmacology. As warheads they possess the right balance of biocompatibility (including aqueous stability) and protein reactivity. Their functionality is privileged in this regard as they are known to modify not only reactive serines (resulting in their common use as protease inhibitors), but also context-specific threonine, lysine, tyrosine, cysteine and histidine residues. This review describes the application of sulfonyl fluoride probes across various areas of research and explores new approaches that could further enhance the chemical biology toolkit. We believe that sulfonyl fluoride probes will find greater utility in areas such as covalent enzyme inhibition, target identification and validation, and the mapping of enzyme binding sites, substrates and protein-protein interactions.
BamTools: a C++ API and toolkit for analyzing and managing BAM files (2011)

BamTools was written in C++, and is supported on Linux, Mac OSX and MS Windows. Source code and documentation are freely available at http://github.org/pezmaster31/bamtools.
Macrophage-Induced Neutrophil Apoptosis (2000)

Macrophages (Mphi) contribute to the resolution of early inflammation by recognizing and ingesting apoptotic polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). In addition, experiments reported here demonstrated that Mphi can actively induce PMN apoptosis. Coculture of cells from 2- or 5-day-old wounds in rats, or of Mphi purified from such preparations, with PMN-rich wound cell populations obtained 1 day after wounding increased PMN apoptosis by >3-fold. Neither resident- nor Proprionibacterium acnes-elicited peritoneal Mphi-induced PMN apoptosis. Apoptosis was not mediated by a soluble factor and required E:T contact. Fixed wound-Mphi and membrane isolates from viable Mphi were as effective as intact cells in inducing PMN apoptosis. Mphi-induced apoptosis was inhibited by peptide Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser, anti-beta3 (CD61) Ab, CD36 peptide, or anti-TNF-alpha Ab. Soluble TNF-alpha did not induce PMN apoptosis. In additional studies, K562 cells (negative for beta3, TNF-alpha, and Fas ligand) transfected to express either alphavbeta3 integrin, an uncleavable membrane form of TNF-alpha, or both were used in cocultures with wound PMN. Only the double transfectants were able to induce PMN apoptosis, an effect inhibited by anti-beta3 (CD61) or anti-TNF-alpha Abs. These results demonstrate that wound Mphi induce PMN apoptosis through a constitutive effector mechanism requiring both intercellular binding through integrin-ligand interactions and membrane-bound TNF-alpha.
A novel Maximum Power Point tracking control of photovoltaic system under partial and rapidly fluctuating shadow conditions using Differential Evolution (2010)

Photovoltaic (PV) system performance extremely depends on local insolation and temperature conditions. Under partial shading, P-I characteristics of PV systems are complicated and may have multiple local maxima. Conventional Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques can easily fail to track global maxima and may be trapped in local maxima under partial shading; this can be one of main causes for reduced energy yield for many PV systems. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a novel Maximum Power Point tracking algorithm based on Differential Evolution (DE) that is capable of tracking global MPP under partial shaded conditions. The ability of proposed algorithm and its excellent performances are evaluated with conventional and popular algorithm by means of simulation. The proposed algorithm works in conjunction with a Boost (step up) DC-DC converter to track the global peak. Moreover, this paper includes a MATLAB-based modeling and simulation scheme suitable for photovoltaic characteristics under partial shading.
Nuchal translucency in dichorionic twins conceived after assisted reproduction (2006)

Contrary to the observed increase in NT in singleton pregnancies from assisted reproduction, the NT in dichorionic twins was comparable to the spontaneous ones. The mode of conception appears to impose differential influence on singletons and twins.
Real-time Volumetric Lighting in Participating Media (2009)

Simulating light scattering in participating media, such as dust, fog or smoke, can greatly improve the overall realism of the images. This volumetric effect has been well studied in the context of off-line rendering but is still challenging for interactive applications. In this paper we present a GPU-based algorithm to compute volumetric light-shafts generated by single scattering in participating media. The proposed method uses shadow maps to account for shadowing and interleaved sampling to maintain high frame rates without sacrificing image quality.
A Study of Intensive Care Unit Nurses' Understanding of the Meaning of Death, Death Anxiety, Death Concern and Respect for Life (2013)

We investigated how intensive care unit (ICU) nurses understand the meaning of death, death anxiety, death concern and respect for life. Methods: From November 2009 through February 2010, a survey was conducted on 230 nurses working at the ICU of 10 general hospitals located in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. Participants were asked to answer a questionnaire consisted of 67 questions under four categories of the meaning of death, death anxiety, death concern and respect for life. Results: Participants scored 4.27 points on their understanding of the meaning of death, 4.43 on death anxiety, 4.12 on death concern and 4.18 on respect for life. Participants' meaning of death was negatively correlated with death anxiety and death concern and positively with respect for life. Participants' positive meaning of death was negatively correlated with death anxiety and death concern and positively with respect for life. Participants' negative meaning of death was negatively correlated with death anxiety and death concern and positively with respect for life. Participants' death anxiety was positively correlated with death concern and negatively with respect for life. Participants' death concern was negatively correlated with respect for life. Conclusion: Compared with nurses who served at ICU for a long time, nurses with less ICU experience scored lower on the meaning of death and respect for life, while they presented high anxiety and concern about death. A training course may help nurses develop their view on the meaning of death, which in turn would enhance their performance in caring dying patients.
Application of a fiber-speckle hologram to fiber sensing (1994)

A sensitive fiber-speckle field sensor using a Ce:Fe-doped LiNbO(3) photorefractive fiber hologram is introduced. We have shown that the sensitivity of this photorefractive fiber specklegram sensor can be of the order of 0.05 µm. The proposed system would offer the widespread use of practical fiber-sensing applications.
Genetic transformation of the mosquito Aedes aegypti by micro‐injection of DNA (1989)

We report the successful introduction of heterologous DNA sequences into embryos of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) by microinjection. The injected DNA carried P transposable element sequences, derived from and known to facilitate transformation in Drosophila melanogaster. Two plasmids, one of which carried a dominant selectable marker, were introduced into the posterior of embryos prior to pole cell formation and subsequently taken up into the germ line of transformed individuals. Stable transfer of the selectable marker (G418 resistance) was demonstrated over two generations. The precise nature of these putative P mediated integration events is currently being investigated. However, the results presented here establish the technique of DNA transformation for the genetic manipulation of Aedes aegypti.
Models of Inflammation: Carrageenan‐Induced Paw Edema in the Rat (1998)

Abstract Paw swelling, or footpad edema, is a convenient method for assessing inflammatory responses to antigenic challenges and irritants. The protocol described in this unit uses carrageenan as the irritant to induce paw edema. Typically, test compounds are assessed for acute anti‐inflammatory activity by examining their ability to reduce or prevent the development of carrageenan‐induced paw swelling. This model has long been used to assess the anti‐inflammatory properties of agents such as nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that inhibit prostaglandin production.
Varying demands for cognitive control reveals shared neural processes supporting semantic and episodic memory retrieval (2021)

The categorisation of long-term memory into semantic and episodic systems has been an influential catalyst for research on human memory organisation. However, the impact of variable cognitive control demands on this classical distinction remains to be elucidated. Across two independent experiments, here we directly compare neural processes for the controlled versus automatic retrieval of semantic and episodic memory. In a multi-session functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, we first identify a common cluster of cortical activity centred on the left inferior frontal gyrus and anterior insular cortex for the retrieval of both weakly-associated semantic and weakly-encoded episodic memory traces. In an independent large-scale individual difference study, we further reveal a common neural circuitry in which reduced functional interaction between the identified cluster and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, a default mode network hub, is linked to better performance across both memory types. Our results provide evidence for shared neural processes supporting the controlled retrieval of information from functionally distinct long-term memory systems.
Mapping the active site in vasoactive intestinal peptide to a core of four amino acids: Neuroprotective drug design (1999)

The understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to peptide action entails the identification of a core active site. The major 28-aa neuropeptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), provides neuroprotection. A lipophilic derivative with a stearyl moiety at the N-terminal and norleucine residue replacing the Met-17 was 100-fold more potent than VIP in promoting neuronal survival, acting at femtomolar-picomolar concentration. To identify the active site in VIP, over 50 related fragments containing an N-terminal stearic acid attachment and an amidated C terminus were designed, synthesized, and tested for neuroprotective properties. Stearyl-Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu-NH2 (derived from the C terminus of VIP and the related peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide) captured the neurotrophic effects offered by the entire 28-aa parent lipophilic derivative and protected against beta-amyloid toxicity in vitro. Furthermore, the 4-aa lipophilic peptide recognized VIP-binding sites and enhanced choline acetyltransferase activity as well as cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease-related in vivo models. Biodistribution studies following intranasal administration of radiolabeled peptide demonstrated intact peptide in the brain 30 min after administration. Thus, lipophilic peptide fragments offer bioavailability and stability, providing lead compounds for drug design against neurodegenerative diseases.
Process investigation of a-Si:H thin films prepared by DC magnetron sputtering (2007)

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films have been prepared by DC magnetron sputtering, and the effect of sputtering power, the hydrogen flow rate on deposition rate and the optical properties of a-Si:H thin films have been investigated. The hydrogen content (C<sub>H</sub>) of the films was calculated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy method, the maximum C<sub>H</sub> was obtained at 11at. %,and a bandgap of a-Si:H thin films was changed from 1.43 to 2.25 eV with different C<sub>H</sub>. It was found that the refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k) of the prepared films decreased with the increase of C<sub>H</sub>. The results provided experimental basis for preparing a-Si:H thin films with special performance and structure .
Design and development of an integrated device consisting of an independent solar cell with electrical storage capacity (2012)

ABSTRACT A thin film‐integrated device was constructed consisting of photovoltaic layers combined with additional layers to store charge in real time within the same device. In our design, a dye‐sensitized solar cell and capacitor layers are integrated by a double‐anodized titanium plate, which consists of TiO 2 nanotubes grown on either side by electrochemical anodization. The combination device can act either as an independent solar cell, a capacitor, or as a solar cell/capacitor device. The results presented here illustrate the capacitive behavior of high surface area nanotubular metal oxide films, with an achieved capacitance of 140 μF cm −2 . Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms of Steroid Oxidation by Microorganisms (1966)

Abstract 3,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione has been synthesized by a combination of chemical and microbiological methods. While this 3,4-catechol has not yet been isolated as a metabolic product, all of the data suggest that it is an intermediate in the degradation of the aromatic ring of 3-hydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione with the eventual formation of 3aα-H-4α[3'-propionic acid]-7aβ-methylhexahydro-1,5-indanedione. When this catechol was incubated with cell-free extracts of Nocardia restrictus, it was rapidly and completely metabolized to 3aα-H-4α-[3'-propionic acid]-7aβ-methylhexahydro-1,5-indanedione. Under similar conditions, 3-hydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione and 3,19-dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione were very slowly and incompletely metabolized.
Multicast transport protocols: a survey and taxonomy (1998)

Network support for multicast has triggered the development of group communication applications such as multipoint data dissemination and multiparty conferencing tools. To support these applications, several multicast transport protocols have been proposed and implemented. Multicast transport protocols have been an area of active research for the past couple of years. This article summarizes the activities in this work-in-progress area by surveying several multicast transport protocols. It also presents a taxonomy to classify the surveyed protocols according to several distinct features, discusses the rationale behind the protocol's design decisions, and presents some current research-issues in multicast protocol design.
Voltage-driven ATP synthesis by beef heart mitochondrial F0F1-ATPase. (1984)

The F0F1-ATPase of the inner mitochondrial membrane catalyzes the conversion of a proton electrochemical energy into the chemical bond energy of ATP (Boyer, P.D., Chance, B., Ernster, L., Mitchell, P., Racker, E., and Slater, E.C. (1977) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 46, 955-1026). To assess the role of the membrane potential (delta psi) in this process and to study the effect of very short pulses on ATP synthesis, we employed a high voltage pulsation method (Kinosita, K., and Tsong, T.Y. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 1923-1927) to induce a delta psi of controlled magnitude and duration in a suspension of submitochondrial particles and F0F1-ATPase vesicles. Cyanide-treated submitochondrial particles were exposed to electric pulses of 10-30 kV/cm of magnitude (generating a peak delta psi of 150-450 mV) and 1-100 microseconds duration. Net [32P]ATP synthesis from [32P]Pi and ADP was observed with maximal values of 410 pmol/mg X pulse for a 30 kV/cm-100-microseconds pulse. This corresponds to a yield of 10-12 mol of ATP per mol of F0F1 complex per pulse. As many as 4 nmol/mg were produced after pulsing the same sample 8 times. By varying the ionic strength of the suspending medium, and consequently the pulse width, it is clearly shown that the synthesis was electrically driven and did not correlate with Joule heating of the sample. Titrations using specific inhibitors and ionophores were performed. The voltage-induced ATP synthesis was 50% inhibited by 0.11 microgram/mg of oligomycin and 2.4 nmol/mg of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Ionophores and uncouplers had varying degrees of inhibition. The dependence of ATP synthesis on pulse width was nonlinear, exhibiting a threshold at 10 microseconds and a biphasic behavior above this value. Isolated F0F1-ATPase reconstituted into asolectin vesicles also synthesized ATP when pulsed with electric fields. A 35 kV/cm pulse induced the synthesis of 115 pmol of ATP per mg of protein, which corresponds to approximately 0.34 mol of ATP per mol of F0F1-ATPase. This synthesis was also sensitive to oligomycin and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The possibility of turnover of the ATPase in microseconds is considered.