gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A quantitative analysis of breast densities using cone beam CT images (2009)

Duct patterns are formed by desmoplastic reactions as most breast carcinomas are. Hence, it has been suggested that the denser a breast is, the higher the likelihood to develop breast cancer. Consequently, breast density has been one of the suggested parameters to estimate the risk to develop breast cancer. Currently, the main technique to evaluate breast densities is through mammograms. However, mammograms have the disadvantage of displaying overlapping structures within the breast. Although there are efficient techniques to obtain breast densities from mammograms, mammography can only provide a rough estimate because of the overlapping breast tissue. In this study, cone beam CT images were utilized to evaluate the breast density of sixteen breast images. First, a breast phantom with known volumes representing fatty, glandular and calcified tissues was designed to calibrate the system. Since cone beam CT provides 3D-isotropic resolution images throughout the field of view, the issue of overlapping structures disappears, allowing greater accuracy in evaluating the volumes of each different part of the phantom. Then, using cone beam CT breast images, the breast density of eight patients was evaluated using a semi-automatic segmentation algorithm that differentiates between fatty, glandular and calcified tissues. The results demonstrated that cone beam CT images provide a better tool to evaluate the breast density of the whole breast more accurately. The results also demonstrated that using this semi-automatic segmentation algorithm improves the efficiency of classifying the breast into the four classifications as recommended by the American College of Radiology.
Selective Inhibition by Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extracts of Cell Adhesion Molecule Expression Induced by Advanced Glycation End Products in Endothelial Cells (2006)

The interaction of advanced glycation end products (AGE) with their cell surface receptors for AGEs (RAGE) has been causally implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications and has been shown to stimulate cell adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells via induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Alternatively, grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts (GSPE), which are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds, have been reported to possess potent radical scavenging and antioxidant properties and to display significant cardiovascular protective action. In this study, we investigated whether GSPE could inhibit AGE-induced cell adhesion molecule expression through interference with ROS generations in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. AGE-modified bovine serum albumin (AGE-BSA) was prepared by incubating BSA with a high concentration of glucose. Stimulation of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells with 200 microg/mL of AGE-BSA significantly enhanced intracellular ROS formation and subsequently upregulated the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), whereas both unmodified BSA and GSPE alone were without effect. However, preincubation of different concentrations of GSPE markedly downregulated AGE-BSA-induced VCAM-1 expression at the surface protein and mRNA level in a concentration-dependent manner, but the increased ICAM-1 expression was not affected by GSPE treatment. Meanwhile, the inhibition by GSPE of intracellular ROS generation was also observed at defined time periods. These results demonstrate that GSPE can inhibit the enhanced VCAM-1 expression but not ICAM-1 in AGE-exposed endothelial cells by suppressing ROS generation. Hence, GSPE may have therapeutic potential in the prevention and treatment of vascular complications in patients with diabetes.
Endurance Athletes and Type 1 Diabetes (2011)

Objective The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the current diabetes management practices of endurance athletes with type 1 diabetes and to compare these practices with the guidelines for athletes established by the American Diabetes Association (ADA). Methods Participants included in this descriptive study were endurance athletes aged 18 years and older with type 1 diabetes. The survey questions were based on the current clinical recommendations for endurance athletes with type 1 diabetes, as established by the ADA. A link to the questionnaire was posted on the Web site of the Diabetes Exercise and Sports Association (DESA). A total of 38 questions were included in the survey, and 91 usable surveys were received. Analysis of variance was used for several comparisons using SPSS version 17. Results Half of the clinical guidelines were followed by the participants. Among these, about 50% followed many of the guidelines “most of the time” or “almost always” and 40% followed the guidelines “sometimes” or “most of the time.” Results of ANOVA showed several trends (nonsignificant) in the occurrence of low blood glucose when the guidelines were not followed. Conclusion Endurance athletes with type 1 diabetes do not consistently follow the clinical guidelines for blood glucose management as recommended by the ADA. The results of this study reflect a need among athletes for diabetes management education programs that promote a better understanding of the potential negative side effects of suboptimal blood glucose control.
Extended Conjugated Donor–Acceptor Molecules with <i>E</i>‐(1,2‐Difluorovinyl) and Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) Moieties toward High‐Performance Ambipolar Organic Semiconductors (2014)

Two diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated molecules, DPP-F and DPP-2F, which contain E-(1,2-difluorovinyl) moieties, are reported. The LUMO energies of DPP-F and DPP-2F were estimated to be -3.49 and -3.70 eV, respectively, based on their redox potentials and absorption spectral data; these values were clearly lowered because of the incorporation of electron-withdrawing E-(1,2-difluorovinyl) moieties. Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with thin films of DPP-F and DPP-2F were successfully fabricated with conventional techniques. Based on the respective transfer and output characteristics measured in an inert atmosphere, thin films of DPP-2F display ambipolar semiconducting behavior with hole and electron mobilities reaching 0.42 and 0.80 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), respectively. The as-prepared OFET of DPP-2F already shows high hole and electron mobilities that are not influenced remarkably by thermal annealing. For thin films of DPP-F, only p-type semiconducting behavior was observed in both an inert atmosphere and air, and the hole mobility increased to 0.1 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) after thermal annealing. XRD and AFM studies were performed with thin films of DPP-F and DPP-2F after annealing at different temperatures.
Surface State Formation during Long-Term Bias-Temperature Stress Aging of Thin SiO<sub>2</sub>–Si Interfaces (1979)

Surface state formation during bias-temperature (BT) stress aging is investigated in polycrystalline silicon (phosphorous doped)–thin SiO2–silicon capacitor fabricated by the standard silicon gate process. The applied stress field was 2.3–4.5 MV/cm. The stress temperature was 150–325°C, and the aging time was 2000 hours. Surface state density distributions were calculated using the quasi-static C-V technique. A slow increase in the sharp surface state density peak at 0.7 eV above the valence band edge without measurable flat-band voltage shift is observed after positive BT stress aging, while a rapid increase in the broad peak at 0.4 eV is observed after negative BT stress aging. The observed relation between the rate of change of surface state density and the stress field suggests that surface states may be induced by hot electrons injected into the oxide from P-type silicon by the Schottky process.
Design and fabrication of a miniaturized, integrated, high-frequency acoustical lens–transducer system (2002)

High-frequency ultrasound transducers have been developed for high-resolution imaging applications, such as nondestructive testing and medical diagnostics. Several of these devices employ miniaturized acoustical lenses to enhance the resolution of the system; however, research has been limited due to lens fabrication restrictions at or below the millimeter scale, which also increases the difficulty in creating lenses of identical geometric shape. Alignment and assembly problems on the micrometer scale have also necessitated the requirement for developing an in situ integrated transducer–lens system. Thus, the purpose of this study was to employ a new state-of-the-art micromachining technique to fabricate a high-precision, integrated, microacoustical lens–transducer system of identical geometric shape. Concave lenses (d = 1 mm) were fabricated from either PMMA® or epoxy using an ultra-high-precision micromilling machine. The lenses were designed for three different focal lengths (3 mm, 4 mm or 5 mm) with a center thickness of (3/4)λ. After fabrication, each lens was evaluated for compliance with the design criteria using scanning electron microscopy and a roughness/step tester. A total of 28 lenses with identical geometry were successfully fabricated. The errors of the radii of curvatures for all PMMA® and epoxy lenses were within 7.5 ± 5.8% and 6.0 ± 6.1%, respectively, of the designed values.
Artificial Neural Network Processing of Stripping Analysis Responses for Identifying and Quantifying Heavy Metals in the Presence of Intermetallic Compound Formation (1997)

Feed-forward neural networks have been trained to identify and quantify heavy metals in mixtures under conditions where there were significant complications due to intermetallic compound formation. The networks were shown to be capable of (i) correlating voltammetric responses with individual heavy metals in complex mixtures, (ii) determining the relationship between responses and concentrations (including nonlinear relationships due to overlapping peaks and intermetallic compound formation), and (iii) rapidly determining concentrations of individual components from mixtures once trained. Using simulated data, modeled after complex interactions experimentally observed in samples containing Cu and Zn, it has been demonstrated that networks containing two layers of neurons (a nonlinear hidden layer and a linear output layer) can be trained to calculate concentrations under a variety of complicated situations. These include, but are not limited to, cases where the response of the intermetallic compound formed is observed as a shoulder of one of the pure metals and cases where the response of the intermetallic compound formed is not observed in the potential window. In addition, the network described above was trained to simultaneously determine concentrations of four metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn) in a concentration range where all responses were complicated by intermetallic compound formation (1-500 ppb).
Epitope mapping of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody and induction of growth-inhibitory polyclonal antibodies by vaccination with EGFR mimotope (2014)

One of the proposed approaches in cancer therapy is to induce and direct the patient's own immune system against cancer cells. In this study, we determined the epitope mapping of the rat anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody ICR-62 using a phage display of random peptide library and identified a 12 amino acids peptide, which was recognized as a mimotope. The peptide was synthesized and conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) as carrier protein (P-BSA). We have shown that ICR-62 can react specifically with P-BSA as well as native EGFR. Two rabbits were immunized either by BSA or P-BSA and the rabbits IgGs were purified and examined for binding to the antigens, mimotope and the EGFR protein purified from the EGFR overexpressing A431 cell line. We showed that the rabbit IgG generated against the mimotope is capable of inhibiting the growth of A431 cells by 15%, but does not have any effect on the growth of EGFR-negative MDA-MB-453 cell line in vitro. Our results support the need for further investigations on the potential of vaccination with either mimotope of the EGFR or epitope displayed on the surface of phage particles for use in active immunotherapy of cancer.
Decoupling information and connectivity via information-centric transport (2018)

The power of Information-Centric Networking (ICN) architectures lies in their abstraction for communication - the request for named data. This abstraction promises that applications can choose to operate only in the information plane, agnostic to the mechanisms implemented in the connectivity plane. However, despite this powerful promise, the information and connectivity planes are presently coupled in today's incarnations of leading ICNs by a core architectural component, the forwarding strategy. Presently, this component is not sustainable: it implements both the information and connectivity mechanisms without specifying who should choose a forwarding strategy - an application developer or the network operator. In practice, application developers can specify a strategy only if they understand connectivity details, while network operators can assign strategies only if they understand application expectations.
High-Speed Differential Protection for Smart DC Distribution Systems (2014)

This paper presents a high speed current differential implementation approach for smart dc distribution systems capable of sub-millisecond fault detection. The approach utilizes the natural characteristics of dc differential current measurements to significantly reduce fault detection times compared to standard applications and hence meet requirements for dc converter protection (around 2 ms). Analysis is first developed to help quantify protection implementation challenges for a given dc system. Options for implementing the proposed technique are then illustrated. Results of scaled hardware testing are presented which validate the overall protection operating times in a low voltage environment. These results show the implementation approach can consistently achieve protection system operating within the order of a few microseconds .
Decoding Functional Metabolomics with Docosahexaenoyl Ethanolamide (DHEA) Identifies Novel Bioactive Signals (2011)

Neuroinflammation and traumatic brain injury involve activation of inflammatory cells and production of local pro-inflammatory mediators that can amplify tissue damage. Using LC-UV-MS-MS-based lipidomics in tandem with functional screening at the single-cell level in microfluidic chambers, we identified a series of novel bioactive oxygenated docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide- (DHEA) derived products that regulated leukocyte motility. These included 10,17-dihydroxydocosahexaenoyl ethanolamide (10,17-diHDHEA) and 15-hydroxy-16(17)-epoxy-docosapentaenoyl ethanolamide (15-HEDPEA), each of which was an agonist of recombinant CB2 receptors with EC(50) 3.9 × 10(-10) and 1.0 × 10(-10) M. In human whole blood, 10,17-diHDHEA and 15-HEDPEA at concentrations as low as 10 pM each prevented formation of platelet-leukocyte aggregates involving either platelet-monocyte or platelet-polymorphonuclear leukocyte. In vivo, 15-HEDPEA was organ-protective in mouse reperfusion second organ injury. Together these results indicate that DHEA oxidative metabolism produces potent novel molecules with anti-inflammatory and organ-protective properties.
Systems with resonating-valence-bond ground states: Correlations and excitations (1988)

We consider a resonating-valence-bond state as a variational estimate for the ground state of a Heisenberg antiferromagnet. We derive an expression for the normalization of this wave function, which is a superposition of a very large number of singlet pair states, which we then use to show that the singularities, correlations, and low-lying excitations of this quantum system can be calculated from the partition function of a related dimerlike classical statistical mechanics problem. Possible calculational schemes are discussed.
DESIGN OF ABSORPTIVE COATINGS FOR ARBITRARILY SHAPED TARGETS FOR REDUCTION OF RADAR CROSS SECTION (RCS) USING AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE TRANSFORMATION OPTICS (TO) ALGORITHM (Invited Paper) (2014)

In this paper we present an alternative approach to addressing the problem of scattering reduction for radar targets, which have recently been dealt with by using the Transformation Optics (TO) algorithm which typically calls for the use of Metamaterials (MTMs) that are inherently narrowband, dispersive and highly sensitive to polarization as well as to the incident angle. The present design utilizes realistic lossy materials that can be conveniently fabricated in the laboratory, and are wideband as well as relatively insensitive to polarization and incident angle of the incoming wave. A modified interpretation of the TO algorithm is presented and is employed the design of RCS-reducing absorbers for arbitrarily shaped targets, and not just for canonical shapes, e.g., cylinders, for which cloaks have been designed by using the TO. The paper also briefly examines the topic of performance enhancement of absorbers by using graphene materials and embedded Frequency Structure Surfaces (FSSs). We begin by presenting the design procedure for planar absorbers, and then examine how well those designs perform for arbitrarily-shaped objects. Finally, we discuss how the planar design can be modified by tailoring the material parameters of the coating for specific object shapes. A number of test cases are included as examples to illustrate the application of the proposed design methodology, which is a modification of the classical TO paradigm.
Rectal-skin temperature difference in septicaemic newborn infants. (1990)

Serial skin (sole) and rectal temperatures were simultaneously taken from 55 healthy and 26 septicaemic newborn infants to find out prospectively whether septicaemic newborn infants have any thermoregulatory reaction to the septicaemia, and whether regular temperature measurements could help in the early diagnosis of septicaemia. The septicaemic infants were divided into three groups: the first comprised eight feverish infants, the second 11 with normal temperatures who were in relatively good clinical condition, and the third seven with normal temperatures who were in poor clinical condition. All 55 healthy babies had rectal temperatures of less than 37.8 degrees C and a mean rectal-sole temperature difference of 2.5 degrees C. The first group of septicaemic infants had rectal temperatures over 37.8 degrees C and a high mean temperature difference of 6.9 degrees C, whereas the second group had rectal temperatures less than 37.8 degrees C and a mean temperature difference of 4.7 degrees C. Infants of the third group had a low rectal temperature and a low mean temperature difference (1.1 degrees C). We conclude that septicaemic newborn infants show an adequate thermoregulatory reaction, which is reflected by a widening of the rectal-sole temperature difference of more than 3.5 degrees C, except for those who are critically ill, who lose this ability. In view of these results infants with normal temperatures but with a rectal-sole temperature difference of more than 3.5 degrees C should be suspected of septicaemia and investigated thoroughly.
Effects of hydrogen incorporation in some deposited metallic thin films (1980)

Incorporation of gases in thin films, either added purposely or inherently present due to deposition system or process, can have significant effects on thin film stress and electromigration. Aluminum thin films which effects on thin film stress and electromigration. Aluminum thin films which were deposited in high partial pressures of hydrogen mostly in the atomic state were observed to have unusually long mean times to failure for current densities above 1×106 A/cm2. The role of hydrogen in increasing film conductivity and decreasing grain boundary diffusion is discussed.
σ54-dependent regulome in Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough (2015)

The σ(54)-dependent regulome is an important component of transcriptional regulatory network in D. vulgaris Hildenborough and related free-living Deltaproteobacteria. Our study provides a representative collection of σ(54)-dependent regulons that can be used for regulation prediction in Deltaproteobacteria and other taxa.
Surveying and Analyzing Security, Privacy and Trust Issues in Cloud Computing Environments (2011)

Cloud computing is still in its infancy in spite of gaining tremendous momentum recently, high security is one of the major obstacles for opening up the new era of the long dreamed vision of computing as a utility. As the sensitive applications and data are moved into the cloud data centers, run on virtual computing resources in the form of virtual machine. This unique attributes, however, poses many novel tangible and intangible security challenges. It might be difficult to track the security issue in cloud computing environments. So this paper primarily aims to highlight the major security, privacy and trust issues in current existing cloud computing environments and help users recognize the tangible and intangible threats associated with their uses, which includes: (a) surveying the most relevant security, privacy and trust issues that pose threats in current existing cloud computing environments; and (b) analyzing the way that may be addressed to eliminate these potential privacy, security and trust threats, and providing a high secure, trustworthy, and dependable cloud computing environment. In the near future, we will further analysis and evaluate privacy, security and trust issues in cloud computing environment by a quantifiable approach, further develop and deploy a complete security, privacy trust evaluation, management framework on really cloud computing environments.
Magnetic-field-induced localization in narrow-gap semiconductors<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Hg</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">−</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cd</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>Te and InSb (1988)

Magnetotransport measurements on n-type ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Cd}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Te (x\ensuremath{\simeq}0.2) and InSb and far-infrared magnetooptical spectroscopy in ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Cd}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Te are reported. The transport data at magnetic fields below and near the magnetic-field-induced metal-insulator (M-I) transition indicate clear similarity of ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Cd}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Te and InSb. At fields well above the M-I transition and at low temperatures, the magnetotransport coefficients for ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Cd}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Te show anomalously weak dependences on field and temperature. This is attributed to shorting of the bulk by a conducting surface layer. Below the M-I transition field, an anomalous Hall effect is observed in both ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Cd}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Te and InSb. We interpret this effect within a model in which the M-I transition takes place in the donor impurity band. The impurity cyclotron resonance observed in ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Cd}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Te provides conclusive evidence for donor-bound electrons in this semiconductor and further confirms its similarity to InSb. The cyclotron-resonance data are in agreement with theoretical predictions for hydrogenic donors in a strong magnetic field. These observations provide strong evidence against the Wigner crystallization of electrons in ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Cd}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Te.