gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Energy levels of isolated interstitial hydrogen in silicon (2001)

This paper first describes the quantitative determination of the static and dynamic properties of the locally stable states of monatomic hydrogen dissolved in crystalline silicon: ${\mathrm{H}}^{+},$ ${\mathrm{H}}^{0},$ and ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}.$ The monatomic hydrogens were created controllably near room temperature by using hole-stimulated dissociation of phosphorus-hydrogen (PH) complexes. Drift velocities and charge-change rates were studied via time-resolved capacitance-transient measurements in Schottky diodes under changes of bias. These data enable the donor level ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{D}$ of ${}^{2}\mathrm{H}$ to be located at \ensuremath{\sim}0.16 eV below the conduction band (confirming that the ${E3}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ center found in proton-implanted Si corresponds to interstitial H in undamaged Si), and the acceptor level ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{A}$ at \ensuremath{\sim}0.07 eV below midgap, so that hydrogen is a ``negative-U'' system. The experimental values of ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{D}$ and ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{A}$ are consistent with predictions from first-principles calculations, which also provide detailed potential-energy surfaces for hydrogen in each charge state. While the phonon-mediated reaction ${\mathrm{H}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{H}}^{+}{+e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is fast, the reaction ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{H}}^{0}{+e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ has an activation energy \ensuremath{\sim}0.84 eV, well above the energy difference (\ensuremath{\sim}0.47 eV) between initial and final states. Our experiments also yielded diffusion coefficients near room temperature for ${}^{1}{\mathrm{H}}^{+},$ ${}^{2}{\mathrm{H}}^{+},$ and ${}^{2}{\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}.$ The asymmetrical positioning of ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{D}$ and ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{A}$ in the gap accounts for many previously unexplained effects. For example, it is shown to be responsible for the much greater difficulty of passivating phosphorus-doped than comparably boron-doped Si. And while modest hole concentrations dissociate PH complexes rapidly at temperatures where thermal dissociation takes years, we could not detect an analogous dissociation of BH complexes by minority electrons, a process that is expected to be frustrated by the rapid thermal ionization of ${\mathrm{H}}^{0}.$ The distribution of hydrogen in n-on-n epitaxial layers hydrogenated at 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C can be accounted for if the donor-hydrogen complexes are in thermal equilibrium with ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ complexes whose binding energy (relative to ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}{+\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}})$ is of the order of 1.75 eV. With this binding energy, the measured migration of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ at 200 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and below must be by diffusion without dissociation.
Vitamin D Analogs- Drug Design Based on Proteins Involved in Vitamin D Signal Transduction (2003)

Vitamin D analogs have proven to be very valuable tools for the treatment of calcium-related diseases and certain hyperproliferative conditions such as renal osteodystrophy, psoriasis and cancer. In general, vitamin D analogs exploit the enzymic and receptor machinery of the 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) signal transduction pathway. Key proteins in this cascade include the vitamin D receptor (VDR), the vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and three cytochrome P450s (CYP27A, CYP27B and CYP24) which effect the synthesis and breakdown of the natural hormone, 1α,25(OH)2D3. Analogs have been designed which reduce or enhance the importance of each of these proteins in the signal transduction pathway. Vitamin D prodrugs require one or more steps of activation and overcome congenital or acquired blocks in the 1α-hydroxylation step. By far the biggest class of vitamin D analogs are the VDR agonists which directly mimic 1α,25(OH)2D3 and trigger protein conformational changes in the receptor which lead to changes in the transcriptional machinery at vitamin D-responsive genes. Other emerging classes of molecules include the VDR antagonists and CYP24 inhibitors which target different events in the cascade. This review assesses the relative importance of each of the proteins of the vitamin D cascade, evaluates the success of these modifications in tailoring drugs in all classes for selected disease states and contemplates future directions for the field. Keywords: vitamin d analogs, vitamin d receptor, vitamin d-binding protein, cyp24, cyp27b1, cyp27a1, retinoic acid receptor, transcription factor
Direct Analysis of Opiates in Urine by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2005)

A method for the direct analysis of 10 opiate compounds in urine was developed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) with electrospray ionization interface (ESI). Opiates included were morphine-3-P-glucuronide, morphine-6--glucuronide, morphine, oxymorphone, hydromorphone, norcodeine, codeine, oxycodone, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6MAM), and hydrocodone. Urine samples were prepared by centrifugation to remove large particles and direct injection into the LC-MS-MS. Separation and detection of all compounds was accomplished within 6 min. Linearity was established for all opiates except 6MAM from 50 ng/mL to 10,000 ng/mL; 6MAM from 0.25 ng/mL to 50 ng/mL with all correlation coefficients (r) > 0.99. Interrun precision (%CV) ranged from 1.1% to 16.7%, and intrarun precision ranged from 1.3% to 16.3%. Accuracy (% bias) ranged from -7.3% to 13.6% and -8.5% to 11.8 for inter- and intrarun, respectively. Eighty-nine urine samples previously analyzed by gas chromatography-MS were re-analyzed by the LC-MS-MS method. The qualitative results found an 88% agreement for negative samples between the two methods and 94% for positive samples. The LC-MS-MS method identified 19 samples with additional opiates in the positive samples. Overall, the direct injection LC-MS-MS method performed well and permitted the rapid analysis of urine samples for several opiates simultaneously without extensive sample preparation.
Exploring the Use of Two Antennas for Crosscorrelation Spectrum Sensing (2011)

Spectrum sensing is one of the key characteristics of a cognitive radio. Energy detection provides maximum flexibility by not relying on any prior knowledge, but suffers from an SNR-wall due to noise uncertainty. Crosscorrelation of the outputs of two receiver paths is a technique to reduce the noise level of the total receiver, and hence improves the SNR. The reduction of the noise is limited by correlated noise originating from shared components near the antenna. In this paper we explore the use of a separate antenna for each receiver for crosscorrelation spectrum sensing. One immediate advantage is that due to the removal of the splitter, which was necessary to interface the single antenna to two receivers, the SNR improves, significantly reducing the required measurement time. A lot of the noise correlation can be removed, leading to a lower residual noise floor. The noise at each antenna will still be partially correlated due to mutual coupling, spatial noise correlation and man-made noise. We show that some signal power can be lost in the sensing process due to partial decorrelation of the signal at the two antennas. Fortunately, this seems to be a problem only in highly mobile environments, which makes the use of two-antenna crosscorrelation spectrum sensing an interesting solution towards more reliable energy detection.
Protein A Mutants of<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (1971)

Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I was exposed to nitrosoguanidine or ethyl-methanesulfonate, and survivors were screened on nutrient agar plates containing rabbit anti-protein A serum for loss of protein A production. More than half of all protein A-deficient mutants also lacked nuclease, coagulase, alpha hemolysin, fibrinolysin, mannitol utilization, and the phage-type pattern. Mutants with a spectrum of these properties were also isolated. Induced or spontaneous reversions of the mutants were observed. The properties of the protein A-deficient mutants suggest that synthesis or release (or both) of a number of extracellular products of S. aureus is controlled by a common regulatory mechanism.
Biological heterogeneity of er‐positive breast cancers in the post‐menopausal population (1994)

In the natural history of post-menopausal patients with primary breast cancer, high estrogen receptor levels (ER) have been associated with a poor recurrence-free survival. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there are any biological intratumoral characteristics to support this puzzling clinical observation. In a population of 542 post-menopausal, primary-breast-cancer patients, 3 normal distributions fitted into the frequency distribution curve of the logarithmically transformed ER-EIA values. The biological profiles of the low ER group, and of the intermediate and high ER groups identified in the ER-positive population were compared. Parameters correlated with ER functional aspect (progesterone receptors and PS2), receptors of epidermal growth factor (EGFR), protease cathepsin D and tumor proliferation (deduced from thymidine kinase activity) were analyzed. As previously reported, the levels of progesterone receptors and PS2 increased significantly from the low to the high ER groups. The highest levels of cathepsin D and thymidine kinase which have been previously related to a poor prognosis in breast cancer were found in the low ER group, but high levels were, surprisingly, also found in the high ER group. This study indicates that the ER-positive post-menopausal population is biologically heterogeneous. The high levels of thymidine kinase found in the high ER group suggest that overexpression of ER may be associated with proliferation enhancement, partly explaining the poor spontaneous prognosis related to this subset.
Damping of Acoustic Vibrations of Single Gold Nanoparticles Optically Trapped in Water (2012)

We combine ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy with optical trapping to study homogeneous damping of the acoustic vibrations of single gold nanospheres (80 nm diameter) and nanorods (25 nm diameter by 60 nm length) in water. We find a significant particle-to-particle variation in damping times. Our results indicate that vibrational damping occurs not only by dissipation into the liquid, but also by damping mechanisms intrinsic to the particle. Our experiment opens the study of mechanisms of intrinsic mechanical dissipation in metals at frequencies 1-1000 GHz, a range that has been difficult to access thus far.
Total well management aids production of beam pumped wells (1995)

The need to increase oil production, reduce operating costs and increase net income from beam pumped wells requires an integrated analysis of the pumping system, including the performance and interaction of all the elements: the reservoir, well bore, downhole pump, rod string, beam pump and prime mover. Such system analysis can now be undertaken efficiently using portable lap-top-based data acquisition systems with appropriate transducers and a suite of analysis software. Using field experience to analyze numerous wells has resulted in the development of a procedure which ensures that good results are obtained with minimal effort. The result of such system analysis should be a definitive picture of the performance of a specific time and a set of recommendations to be followed if significant improvements can be achieved. This paper reviews the steps to developing this well management strategy.
A Hemagglutination Test for Toxoplasmosis (1957)

The importance of adequate serological tests for toxoplasmosis is accentuated by the tremendous gains in knowledge concerning this infection, which stemmed from the description of the in vitro dye test by Sabin and Feldman in 1948. In the less than 8 years since this discovery, the serology of toxoplasmosis has been characterized and forms of the infection not previously known have been described and proved (Siim, 1951; Jacobs, Cook, and Wilder, 1954; Jacobs, Fair, and Bickerton, 1954). Together with the complement fixation tests, also developed by Sabin and his co-workers, the dye test offers the best means of diagnosis other than demonstration of the parasites. Dye test antibodies appear earlier than c.f. antibodies and persist longer; these differences, properly interpreted, have aided in the diagnosis of many clinical cases. It is unfortunate, however, that the dye test is not as satisfactory from a standpoint of practice as it is technically. It requires live parasites, which are dangerous to handle, microscopic reading of the tests, and considerable care in most of the manipulations involved. Only a few laboratories in this country now perform the dye test, and it is unlikely that it will gain wider acceptance because of these difficulties. The same is true in other countries, where the additional difficulty is reported that normal serum for the necessary accessory factor substance is difficult to obtain (fide Desmonts). Now, especially because the results of dye test studies have revealed and publicized various symptomatic forms of toxoplasmosis, the index of suspicion in fevers of undetermined origin, neonatal disease, and uveitis has been increased. The demand for the test by pediatricians, internists, and ophthalmologists exceeds existing facilities, and points up the need for a diagnostic procedure which can be practiced more generally. This need has stimulated explorations for various other means of serological testing. The studies of Middlebrook and Dubos (1948), Boyden (1950-1951), Keogh et al. (1948), Alexander et al. (1950), Stavitsky (1954), and others have demonstrated the applicability of the hemagglutination test to a variety of antigens, both polysaccharide and protein in nature. The technique has already been tested in parasitic infections, such as schistosomiasis and trichinosis, by Kagan (1955-1956). In an effort to devise a test for toxoplasmosis which could be generally adopted, we have explored the applicability of this procedure. The following report presents preliminary results of these studies.
Wavelength dilated switches (WDS)-a new class of high density, suppressed crosstalk, dynamic wavelength-routing crossconnects (1992)

The concept of dilated space-division switches is generalized to the wavelength dimension, resulting in a new class of dynamic wavelength-routing crossconnects. These wavelength dilated switches (WDSs) are reconfigurable and feature suppressed crosstalk and denser wavelength-spacings. They are scalable, with switch-complexity of alpha N log/sub 2/ N where alpha is the dilation constant, typically 4-6, and N is the number of ports. A method for minimizing the crosstalk is described, and it is demonstrated with examples how the WDS can relax the crosstalk requirement of the wavelength routing devices.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Topology dependence of floating gate faults in MOS integrated circuits (1986)

Models for floating gate faults in MOS integrated circuits are introduced. It is experimentally demonstrated that these models are mask-topology-dependent. The logic state of the gate can be stuck-at, undefined or influenced. In the case of an influenced gate a ‘pseudo-MOS transistor’ is defined.
High Power Density EMI Mitigation in Power Electronics Converters: Active and Integrated Solutions (2020)

Traditional bulk passive EMI filters are the “necessary evil” for modern power electronics systems yet they are also the bottle-neck for the improvement of power density. This limitation is caused by the low power-density of passive components themselves and the conventional passive components are structurally optimized when assembled together. Use of active circuits and integration approach in EMI noise filtering have been proven to be effective in shrinking the size and weight of traditional EMI filters. This paper presents an overview of the latest works in the area of active EMI filtering, passive integration and a combination of both techniques. The paper compares passive volume reduction with active EMI filtering and summaries a list of materials and processes involved in the passive integration techniques. These new approaches provide potential high density solutions for EMI mitigation in power electronics converters.
A distributed alternative to finite-state-machine specifications (1985)

A specification technique, formally equivalent to finite-state machines, is offered as an alternative because it is inherently distributed and more comprehensible. When applied to modules whose complexity is dominated by control, the technique guides the analyst to an effective decomposition of complexity, encourages well-structured error handling, and offers an opportunity for parallel computation. When applied to distributed protocols, the technique provides a unique perspective and facilitates automatic detection of some classes of error. These applications are illustrated by a controller for a distributed telephone system and the full-duplex alternating-bit protocol for data communication. Several schemes are presented for executing the resulting specifications.
A 2.5 MHz 2D array with Z-axis backing (2002)

The design, fabrication and initial testing of a prototype fully /spl lambda//2 sampled, 2500 element 2D phased array is presented. The array utilizes a unique Z-axis electrical conductivity backing layer, to provide both acoustic attenuation and electrical interconnect for the signal channels. The electrical interconnect is designed to be in the acoustic shadow of the transducer elements so as to minimize the foot print of the array. A modular, demountable Pad Grid Array interconnect is used to connect to the backing of the array. Results are presented for measurements of the single element properties of electrical impedance, pulse echo waveform and spectrum, directivity and cross talk.
Syntheses of 2‐(2‐arylethyl)imidazoles (1998)

Abstract Condensation of 2‐methylimidazole with arylaldehyde 4 and subsequent reduction of the intermediate 5 with Raney‐nickel gave 2‐[2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole 2 . Compound 11 was prepared from compound 10 similarly. Reaction of compound 2 with methylsulfonyl chloride gave 1‐methylsulfonyl‐2‐[2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole ( 7a ) in moderate yield. Nitration of compound 11 (Ar = 3‐pyridyl) gave the desired nitro compounds 14 and 15 .
Diabetes and the Impairment of Reproductive Function: Possible Role of Mitochondria and Reactive Oxygen Species (2008)

Diabetes Mellitus (DM), a state of chronic hyperglycemia, is a major cause of serious micro and macrovascular diseases, affecting, therefore, nearly every system in the body. Growing evidence indicates that oxidative stress is increased in diabetes due to overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased efficiency of antioxidant defences, a process that starts very early and worsens over the course of the disease. During the development of diabetes, oxidation of lipids, proteins and DNA increase with time. Mitochondrial DNA mutations have also been reported in diabetic tissues, suggesting oxidative stress-related mitochondrial damage. Diabetes-related oxidative stress may also be the trigger for many alterations on sexual function, which can also include decreased testicular mitochondrial function. Although sexual disorders have been extensively studied in diabetic men, possible changes in the sexual function of diabetic women have only recently received attention. The prevalence of sexual dysfunction in diabetic men approaches 50%, whereas in diabetic women it seems to be slightly lower. Testicular dysfunction, impotence, decreased fertility potential and retrograde ejaculations are conditions that have been described in diabetic males. Diabetes is also the most common cause of erectile dysfunction in men. Poor semen quality has also been reported in diabetic men, including decreased sperm motility and concentration, abnormal morphology and increased seminal plasma abnormalities. In addition, diabetic men may have decreased serum testosterone due to impaired Leydig cell function. Among diabetic women neuropathy, vascular impairment and psychological complaints have been implicated in the pathogenesis of decreased libido, low arousability, decreased vaginal lubrication, orgasmic dysfunction, and dyspareunia. An association between the production of excess radical oxygen species and disturbed embryogenesis in diabetic pregnancies has also been suggested. In fact, maternal diabetes during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of complications in the offspring, such as altered fetal growth, polyhydramnios, fetal loss and congenital malformations. In addition, hypocalemia and reduced bone mineral content are found in neonates of diabetic mothers. Abnormalities in gametogenesis and sexual function have also been documented in animal models for both types of Diabetes, which thus constitute an important research tool to both study the effects of the disease, and to test novel therapeutical interventions. Because sexuality and fertility are important aspects in the lives of individuals and couples, and considering that over 124 million individuals worldwide suffer from Diabetes, this review highlights the impact of Diabetes and associated oxidative stress on sexual function.
The interpolation-based grid file (1985)

A new organization for on-line maintenance of large external f&s is developed. This method is inspired from the ideas incorporated in two recently proposed structures: the interpolation-based index maintenance and the grid file , from which it inherits all the benefits. Like these previous schemes, the new one is also based on the partitioning of the whole search space and is well-suited for dynamic databases since it handles insertion, update, delete, and range queries efficiently. However, unlike the interpolation-based index maintenance, it does not utilize overflow buckets; but, it takes advantage of the direct addressing mechanism. Like the grid Ale, it obeys the principle of two disk-accesses: one to the directory and one to the data file, except that now the directory remains always a linear function of the number of data pages.
Microemulsion‐Based Vegetable Oil Detergency Using an Extended Surfactant (2010)

Abstract This work examined the use of a single extended surfactant in the microemulsion‐based detergency of vegetable oils. The results showed that good canola oil detergency (>80%) was achieved at 25 °C using a single extended surfactant (C 14,15 –8PO–SO 4 Na) at concentrations as low as 125 ppm, i.e., significantly lower than the surfactant concentration range of 500–2,500 ppm reported in other microemulsion‐based detergency work. It was found that the maximum detergency (95%) was achieved in the type II microemulsion region. These results demonstrate that the microemulsion‐based extended surfactant formulation is a promising approach for vegetable oil detergency at low temperature.