gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbon Dioxide - Our Common "Enemy" (2009)

Health effects of brief and prolonged exposure to carbon dioxide continue to be a concern for those of us who manage this pollutant in closed volumes, such as in spacecraft and submarines. In both examples, considerable resources are required to scrub the atmosphere to levels that are considered totally safe for maintenance of crew health and performance. Defining safe levels is not a simple task because of many confounding factors, including: lack of a robust database on human exposures, suspected significant variations in individual susceptibility, variations in the endpoints used to assess potentially adverse effects, the added effects of stress, and the fluid shifts associated with micro-gravity (astronauts only). In 2007 the National Research Council proposed revised Continuous Exposure Guidelines (CEGLs) and Emergency Exposure Guidelines (EEGLs) to the U.S. Navy. Similarly, in 2008 the NASA Toxicology Group, in cooperation with another subcommittee of the National Research Council, revised Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations (SMACs). In addition, a 1000-day exposure limit was set for long-duration spaceflights to celestial bodies. Herein we examine the rationale for the levels proposed to the U.S. Navy and compare this rationale with the one used by NASA to set its limits. We include a critical review of previous studies on the effects of exposure to carbon dioxide and attempt to dissect out the challenges associated with setting fully-defensible limits. We also describe recent experiences with management of carbon dioxide aboard the International Space Station with 13 persons aboard. This includes the tandem operations of the Russian Vozduk and the U.S. Carbon Dioxide Removal System. A third removal system is present while the station is docked to the Shuttle spacecraft, so our experience includes the lithium hydroxide system aboard Shuttle for the removal of carbon dioxide. We discuss strategies for highly-efficient, regenerable removal of carbon dioxide that could meet the 1000-day SMAC of 0.5%, which would apply to long-duration voyages to Mars.
No effects of probiotics on atopic dermatitis in infancy: a randomized placebo‐controlled trial (2006)

Summary Background Studies have been performed suggesting that administration of probiotics may have therapeutic and/or preventive benefits in the development of sensitization and atopic disease, particularly in infants with atopic dermatitis (AD). Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and immunological effects of supplementation of a hydrolysed formula with two probiotic strains of bacteria on symptoms of AD in infancy. Methods We conducted a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. After 4–6 weeks of baseline and double‐blind, placebo‐controlled challenges for diagnosis of cow's milk allergy (CMA), infants less than 5 months old with AD received a hydrolysed whey‐based formula as placebo ( n =17), or supplemented with either Lactobacillus rhamnosus ( n =17) or Lactobacillus GG ( n =16) for 3 months. Before, during and after intervention, the clinical severity of AD was evaluated using SCORing index Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD). Allergic sensitization was evaluated by measurement of total IgE and a panel of food‐specific IgEs as well as skin prick testing for cow's milk. Inflammatory parameters were blood eosinophils, eosinophil protein X in urine, fecal α‐1‐antitrypsin and production of IL‐4, IL‐5 and IFN‐γ by peripheral blood mononuclear cells after polyclonal stimulation. Results No statistically significant effects of probiotic supplementation on SCORAD, sensitization, inflammatory parameters or cytokine production between groups were found. Only four infants were diagnosed with CMA. Conclusion We found no clinical or immunological effect of the probiotic bacteria used in infants with AD. Our results indicate that oral supplementation with these probiotic bacterial strains will not have a significant impact on the symptoms of infantile AD.
Modeling naturalistic affective states via facial and vocal expressions recognition (2006)

Affective and human-centered computing are two areas related to HCI which have attracted attention during the past years. One of the reasons that this may be attributed to, is the plethora of devices able to record and process multimodal input from the part of the users and adapt their functionality to their preferences or individual habits, thus enhancing usability and becoming attractive to users less accustomed with conventional interfaces. In the quest to receive feedback from the users in an unobtrusive manner, the visual and auditory modalities allow us to infer the users' emotional state, combining information both from facial expression recognition and speech prosody feature extraction. In this paper, we describe a multi-cue, dynamic approach in naturalistic video sequences. Contrary to strictly controlled recording conditions of audiovisual material, the current research focuses on sequences taken from nearly real world situations. Recognition is performed via a 'Simple Recurrent Network' which lends itself well to modeling dynamic events in both user's facial expressions and speech. Moreover this approach differs from existing work in that it models user expressivity using a dimensional representation of activation and valence, instead of detecting the usual 'universal emotions' which are scarce in everyday human-machine interaction. The algorithm is deployed on an audiovisual database which was recorded simulating human-human discourse and, therefore, contains less extreme expressivity and subtle variations of a number of emotion labels.
Shift-based Primitives for Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks (2018)

We propose a collection of three shift-based primitives for building efficient compact CNN-based networks. These three primitives (channel shift, address shift, shortcut shift) can reduce the inference time on GPU while maintains the prediction accuracy. These shift-based primitives only moves the pointer but avoids memory copy, thus very fast. For example, the channel shift operation is 12.7x faster compared to channel shuffle in ShuffleNet but achieves the same accuracy. The address shift and channel shift can be merged into the point-wise group convolution and invokes only a single kernel call, taking little time to perform spatial convolution and channel shift. Shortcut shift requires no time to realize residual connection through allocating space in advance. We blend these shift-based primitives with point-wise group convolution and built two inference-efficient CNN architectures named AddressNet and Enhanced AddressNet. Experiments on CIFAR100 and ImageNet datasets show that our models are faster and achieve comparable or better accuracy.
MHC Class I Deficiency: Susceptibility to Natural Killer (NK) Cells and Impaired NK Activity (1991)

The role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression in natural killer (NK) cell target recognition is controversial. Normal T cell blasts from MHC class I-deficient mutant mice were found to serve as target cells for NK cells in vitro, which suggests that MHC class I molecules are directly involved in NK cell recognition. Spleen cells from the mutant mice were deficient in their ability to lyse MHC class I-deficient target cells or NK-susceptible tumor targets, and mutant mice could not reject allogeneic bone marrow. Thus, class I molecules may participate in the positive selection or tolerance induction of NK cells.
Final Report to President Clinton: White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security (1997)

Abstract : That one word sums up both the challenges in aviation safety and security, and the means by which government and industry must respond. Change is nothing new in this field. The first powered flight, covering 120 feet in twelve seconds, took place just over ninety years ago. Today, planes cross the Atlantic Ocean in a matter of hours, as hundreds of passengers watch movies and dine. An industry that essentially did not even exist before World War I now occupies a central position in our economy. Today, commercial aviation generates over $300 billion annually, and accounts for close to one million American jobs.
Macromol. Chem. Phys. 5/2015 (2015)

Front Cover: Bulk self-assembly of polystyrene-block-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PS-b-PNIPAM) is shown to form microphase-separated films. After dispersing the films in ethanol, nanocylinders stabilized by polystyrene cores were obtained. These kinetically trapped nanocylinders exhibited thermo-/ultrasound-responsive shape transition properties. The transition process could be modulated by the balance between energy input and kinetic barrier. Further details can be found in the article by Y. Li, B. Peng,* and Y. Chen* on page 495.
Illness after health supervision visits. (1970)

The incidence of infectious disease was recorded in infants under 2 years of age following clinic visits for health supervision. The infants were randomly assigned to clinics especially reserved for well babies and clinics where well and sick babies and children were mixed. No difference in incidence of infection during a 30-day post-clinic visit period was noted. Also, the onset of illnesses was scattered over the 30-day period in both groups and not clustered within a few days following the visit, as would be expected if the infections were contracted at the clinic. It is concluded that the infectious disease risk of a health supervision visit under conditions of ordinary office and clinic pediatric practice is not sufficiently great to warrant special isolation precautions.
Synthesis of new unsymmetrical 1,3-disubstituted-thioureas. (1978)

The biological actions of thioureas and their deriva tives are well known. They contain the -N=C=S group characteristic of well-known compounds ex hibiting toxicity to fungi.',')
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Expressing the Human Neurotropic Polyomavirus, JC Virus, Genome (2004)

B lymphocytes are known as a potential site for latency and reactivation of the human neurotropic polyomavirus, JC virus (JCV). In light of recent studies on the oncogenicity of JCV and the transforming ability of the JCV early protein, T antigen, we investigated the association of JCV with B-cell lymphomas of the central nervous system. Examination of 27 well-characterized clinical specimens by gene amplification and immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of DNA sequences corresponding to the JCV early genome and the late Agnoprotein in 22 samples and the JCV late genome encoding the viral capsid proteins in 8 samples. Expression of T antigen and that of Agnoprotein by immunohistochemistry were each detected in six specimens. No evidence of the production of viral capsid proteins was observed, ruling out productive infection of JCV in the tumor cells. The results from laser capture microdissection verified the presence of JCV T-antigen sequences in tumor cells with positive immunoreactivity to antibodies against the viral proteins T antigen and Agnoprotein. Due to previous reports demonstrating an association of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with transformation of B lymphocytes, EBV DNA sequences and the EBV transforming protein, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), were analyzed in parallel. EBV LMP1 DNA sequences were detected in 16 of 23 samples, and LMP1 expression was detected in 16 samples, 5 of which exhibited positive immunoreactivity to JCV proteins. Double labeling demonstrated coexpression of JCV T antigen and EBV LMP1 in the same cells. The detection of the JCV genome in large numbers of B-cell lymphomas and its coexistence with EBV suggest a potential role for JCV in the pathogenesis of primary CNS lymphoma.
<title>Optical implementation of a shift-invariant neocognitron</title> (1993)

An optical neural network based upon the Neocognitron paradigm is introduced. A novel aspect of the architectural design is shift-invariant multichannel Fourier optical correlation within each processing layer. An innovative bipolar neural weights holographic synthesis technique is introduced to implement both the excitatory and inhibitory neural functions. Multilayer processing is achieved by iteratively feeding back the output of the feature correlator to the input spatial light modulator and updating the Fourier filters. By designing the neural net with characteristic features extracted from the target images, successful pattern recognition with intra-class fault tolerance and inter-class discrimination is achieved. A detailed system description is provided. Experimental demonstrations of a two-layer neural network for space objects discrimination is also presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The linearity and sensitivity of lateral effect position sensitive devices-an improved geometry (1989)

The authors compare the linearity, sensitivity, and resolution of various lateral effect PSDs (position sensitive devices) by computing as a function of vertical position the output voltage produced by a light spot which tracks a horizontal line. In light of the goal of achieving high linearity, high inherent sensitivity, high resolution, and fast response time while maintaining an ability to operate in a fully reverse-biased condition, the authors have designed a new PSD which has a clover geometry. In this lateral effect PSD a pincushion geometry is modified to include an additional four pairs of point contacts located on or near the centers of the curved boundary lines. Each of the contacts at corners is connected to the two nearest point contacts along the boundary. It is shown that the clover PSD is nearly as linear as the duolateral PSD while holding similar position resolution, but has all of the contacts on a single side of the p-n junction so that the dark current is lower, response time is faster, reverse-bias can be applied more easily, and fabrication cost is lower. The clover inherent sensitivity is five times that of the pincushion and more than half that of the duolateral duoaxis PSD.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Antibacterial Activity of <i>Hydrastis canadensis</i> Extract and its Major Isolated Alkaloids (2001)

The antibacterial activity of extract and isolated major alkaloids (berberine, beta-hydrastine, canadine and canadaline) of Hydrastis canadensis L. (Ranunculaceae) was evaluated against 6 strains of microorganism: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25 993 and ATCC 6538P), Streptococcus sanguis (ATCC 10 556), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25 922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27 853). Bactericidal activity was evaluated by contact test by measuring the "killing time" on a low density bacterial inoculum, and bacteriostatic activity in liquid medium by M.I.C. values. The results provide a rational basis for the traditional antibacterial use of Hydrastis canadensis.
Vermittlungsgutscheine als neues Instrument der Arbeitsmarktpolitik: eine erste Analyse (2004)

Abstract: This paper gives a first appraisal of the “Vermittlungsgutscheine” the German government has recently created as a new instrument of labor market policy. This instrument is aimed at improving intermediation of unemployed people by inciting private recruiters to place individuals who were formerly advised by the state-run placement-agencies. We analyze the function of the placement intermediaries and discuss how they will respond to the new measure. It is argued that, mainly due to the amount and the short term of the tokens, private intermediaries will not participate in this programme significantly. We also look at the labour market and find that the unemployed individuals mostly do not match the skills the employers are looking for. Thus, we do not think that this instrument will have a noticeable effect on the labour market.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW SYNTHESES WITH DIAZO DIKETONES. IV. CYCLIC S‐OXIDES (1979)

Abstract Aus den Diazoke tonen (I) werden mit entsprechenden Aminen (II) die Acylacetamide (IIIb)‐(IIIg) dargestellt.
<i>Cry j</i> I, a major allergen of Japanese cedar pollen, has pectate lyase enzyme activity (1995)

In the course of analyzing the partial amino acid sequences of Cry j I, a major allergen of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen, we found a peptide fragment which has a significant homology to some pectate lyase isozymes secreted by plant pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, we investigated whether Cry j I has pectate lyase activity. Cry j I reacted with polygalacturonic acid, resulting in the release of unsaturated uronide products. The optimum temperature and pH for the reaction were 60-70 degrees C and pH 10. The enzymatic reaction had an absolute Ca2+ ion requirement. These characteristics were very compatible with the character of the pectate lyase isozymes reported previously. These results clearly show that Cry j I has pectate lyase activity.
Thermal Rearrangement of m-Acetamidophenyl Allyl Ether (1942)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThermal Rearrangement of m-Acetamidophenyl Allyl EtherRichard T. Arnold, John McCool, and Everett SchultzCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1942, 64, 5, 1023–1025Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1942Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1942https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01257a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01257a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views93Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Role of the intestinal microbiome in health and disease: from correlation to causation (2012)

Recorded observations indicating an association between intestinal microbes and health are long-standing in terms of specific diseases, but emerging high-throughput technologies that characterize microbial communities in the intestinal tract are suggesting new roles for the supposedly normal microbiome. This review considers the nature of the evidence supporting a relationship between the microbiota and the predisposition to disease as associative, correlative, or causal. Altogether, indirect or associative support currently dominates the evidence base, which now suggests that the intestinal microbiome can be linked to a growing number of over 25 diseases or syndromes. While only a handful of cause-and-effect studies have been performed, this form of evidence is increasing. The results of such studies are expected to be useful in monitoring disease development, in providing a basis for personalized treatments, and in indicating future therapeutic avenues.
The Solubility of Silica in Solutions of Electrolytes (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Solubility of Silica in Solutions of ElectrolytesS. A. Greenberg and E. W. PriceCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1957, 61, 11, 1539–1541Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j150557a019https://doi.org/10.1021/j150557a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views661Altmetric-Citations70LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Fast near-lossless or lossless compression of large 3D neuro-anatomical images (2004)

3D neuro-anatomical images and other volumetric data sets are important in many scientific and biomedical fields. To achieve a high compression rate, near-lossless or lossless compression algorithm is applied which uses a Hilbert traversal to produce a data stream from the original image. An extremely fast linear DPCM is used. The linear DPCM takes the average of the previous two voxels' intensity to predict the current voxel's intensity. If near-lossless compression is desired, the prediction error can be uniformly quantized. For lossless mode, no action is taken on the prediction error. The prediction error is further encoded using Huffman code. In order to provide efficient data access, the source image is divided into blocks and indexed by an octree data structure. The points are binned using a novel binning method. All the error distributions that fall into the same bin are summed together to form a summed error distribution. Although our compression method is designed for performance-critical digital brain atlas applications, it would be suitable for other applications with fast data access.
Looking at the blogosphere topology through different lenses (2007)

The blogosphere is a vast and dynamic complex network. Any examination of the structure of such a network is dependent on the selection of blogs sampled and the time frame of the sample. By comparing two large blog datasets, we demonstrate that samples may differ significantly in their coverage but still show consistency in their aggregate network properties. We further compare the structure of a blog dataset with and without spam blogs, which account for a majority of the links in one sample. We also show that properties such as degree distributions and clustering coefficients depend on t he
Comparison of indole production and β-glucuronidase activity for the detection of Escherichia coli in a membrane filtration method (1991)

In a membrane filter method for the enumeration of Escherichia coli in water samples, the James' indole reagent has several advantages over the commonly used diaminobenzaldehyde (DAB) reagent. Results with James' reagent were easier to read because the red colour of positive colonies was more intensive and developed within a few minutes without exposure to UV light. DAB‐coloured colonies were pale pink with a diffuse pink zone surrounding the colonies after 30 min of exposure to UV‐source radiation. Incorporation of 4‐methylumbelliferyl‐β‐D‐glucuronide (MUG) into the selective medium to detect E. coli by means of β‐glucuronidase‐activity gave discouraging results. Fluorescence was difficult to read on membrane filters incubated on this medium and 14% of E. coli strains were β‐glucuronidase‐negative.