gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analgesic efficacy and side effects of oral tramadol and morphine administered orally in the treatment of cancer pain (2001)

Aims of the study . To assess the analgesic efficacy and side effects of tramadol and equianalgesic doses of morphine and to assess the quality of life (QL) in patients suffering from cancer pain and to establish equianalgesic doses of oral tramadol and morphine. Patients and methods . Fourty opioid-naive patients with moderate, strong or very strong cancer pain (verbal scale) or at least 45 mm on VAS scale, were treated with tramadol (20 patients) or morphine (20 patients). During the first 7 days the pain was stabilised by the use of immediate release forms of tramadol (drops, capsules) or morphine (water solution). After 7 days, if a satisfactory pain relief was achieved and appropriate daily doses were applied (tramadol 150-600 mg, morphine 20-200 mg) patients were switched to controlled release forms of tramadol – Tramal Long (Retard) tablets – or sustained release morphine (MST Continus tablets or M-eslon capsules) for 28 days. QL was assessed by QLQ C 30 questionnaire. Pain intensity was appraised by VAS and verbal scale, side effects by verbal scale. R e sults . The duration of treatment was 3-310 (mean 87.15±78.23) days for Tramal Retard and 5-502 (mean 100.05±102.67) days for morphine MST Continus and M-eslon. Daily doses were as follows: 200- 600 (mean 322.22±116.60) mg for tramadol and 20-270 (123.5±78.15) mg for morphine. Satisfactory analgesia was achieved in both groups. However, in patients with neuropathic pain better analgesic effect was noted in the morphine group (significant difference in VAS scale after first week of the treatment). 80% of patients in both groups preferred the treatment with controlled release forms of tramadol and morphine. The treatment was well tolerated, 17 patients in tramadol group and 18 in morphine group completed the study. More side effects were noted in morphine group, however significant differences appeared only in drowsiness, difficulties in passing urine, sweating and dizziness intensity. QL results revealed better global QL and less fatigue after 35 days of the tramadol treatment. Conclusions . Tramadol and equianalgesic doses of morphine (up to 270 mg/day) in immediate and controlled release forms are effective in the treatment of different types of moderate and severe cancer pain. Tramadol is less effective in patients with neuropathic pain. Both drugs can be safely used at home. Better global QL and less fatigue was observed after 35 days of the tramadol treatment. Tramadol is recommended in patients with moderate pain (VAS 30-54 mm) and morphine in patients with severe and very severe pain (VAS >54 mm). Equianalgesic doses of tramadol and morphine administered orally are 4:1.
Mode group diversity multiplexing for multi-service in-house networks using multi-mode Polymer Optical Fibre (2002)

By selectively launching and detecting separate mode groups in a highly multimode (polymer) optical fibre, its transport capacity can be increased and a number of broadband services can be carried independently in a single network infrastructure. The statistically varying mode-mixing incurred during transport is counteracted by adaptive electrical signal processing at the network terminals. Using cheap electrical signal processors and arrayed VCSELs and photodetectors, this so-called mode group diversity multiplexing method can offer the same functionality as wavelength\nmultiplexing at lower costs, and provides a new extra dimension for optical multiplexing. First experiments suggest the technical feasibility of the concept.
Instrumentation for Automatic Monitoring of Affective State in Human-Computer Interaction. (2005)

In the modern world we interact with computers for many activities, such as working and learning. Computers are great tools for these tasks. However, some times our interaction with computers is degraded because they are inflexible and unaware of our own level of comfort in that interaction. The emerging field of ‘Affective Computing’ strives to give computers an awareness of the affective state of the user, and the ability to adjust to it. This research aims at sensing and recognizing typical negative emotional experiences, especially ‘frustration’, which may arise when people interact with computers. An integrated hardware – software setup has been developed to achieve real-time assessment of the affective status of a computer user. Three physiological signals: Blood Volume Pulse (BVP), Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) and Pupil Diameter (PD) were collected and synchronized from each computer user participating in our experiments. Several signal processing approaches were then applied to recognize the ‘frustration’ state of computer users. Preliminary results indicate that there exists a strong correlation between changes in these physiological signals and the shift in the emotional states of a computer user when a frustrating stimulus is applied to the interaction environment.
Kinetic aspects of hemoglobin.haptoglobin-receptor interaction in rat liver plasma membranes, isolated liver cells, and liver cells in primary culture. (1982)

125I-Hemoglobin.haptoglobin injected intravenously into rats was incorporated into liver parenchymal cells as evidenced by a cell separation technique. A mixture of freshly isolated liver parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells failed to internalize and degrade the 125I-hemoglobin.haptoglobin added, although it retained the ability to bind the molecule. The liver parenchymal cells in primary culture also lacked the ability to degrade 125I-hemoglobin.haptoglobin, although they bound the molecule more extensively as compared with the freshly isolated liver cells. It was confirmed that the 125I-hemoglobin.haptoglobin which was bound to the freshly isolated liver parenchymal cells localized on the outer surface of liver plasma membranes. Scatchard plots revealed the existence of two binding sites for 125I-hemoglobin-haptoglobin on the isolated liver plasma membrane: an apparent high affinity binding site (Kd = 1.3 X 10(-7) M) and an apparent low affinity binding site (Kd = 4.0 X 10(-6) M) at 37 degrees C. In contrast, freshly isolated liver parenchymal cells had only an apparent low affinity binding site (Kd = 1.4 X 10(-6) M) at 37 degrees C. Impairment of the apparent high affinity binding site during the isolation procedure with collagenase seemed to be related to loss of the ability to internalize and degrade the 125I-hemoglobin.haptoglobin molecules into the freshly isolated liver parenchymal cells or liver parenchymal cells in primary culture.
Clarification of the degradation modes of an InP-based semiconductor MZ modulator (2012)

We clarified the degradation modes of an InP-based semiconductor optical Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) using high-power light-injected accelerated aging tests. Degradation clearly occurred at the light injected side of the edge on the electric field applied region. We found that the degradation threshold depends strongly on temperature, wavelength and bias voltage. By correlating these parameters, we propose a degradation model based on the concentration of the optical absorption current, which depends on the optical absorption coefficient. By employing the degradation model, we obtained the degradation activation energy for a semiconductor MZM for the first time, and the value was 0.45 eV. These results indicate that a semiconductor MZM is sufficiently reliable for use in actual optical communication systems.
Determination of the solid fat content of commercial fats by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (1978)

Abstract A method and instrumentation for measuring the solid fat content is reported that is both accurate and precise. It involves using transient nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements for determining the percentage of solids in commercial shortenings and hydrogenated oils at selected temperatures. The incorporation of a tempering step at 26.7 C for all samples before measurement has improved the precision of the solids content actually measured (±0.2% solids) which approximates that of dilatometry. Duplicate measurements are not required to obtain this precision. The instrument is equipped with six 10‐mm sample holders in combination with a precise variable temperature accessory system which eliminates the temperature difference between the sample and sample holder. This improved and exact temperature conditioning of samples provides better sample stability and easier handling for routine conditions of analysis. A single temperature result can be made in less than 1 hr and typical 5 temperature results obtained in 2.5 hr. Our work also indicates that tempering does influence results, the net effect being to decrease the amount of solids at temperatures less than the tempering temperature. In comparing the pulsed NMR measured solids with these measured by dilatometry, differences between methods of measurement are minimized when samples have had the same tempering and temperature history. This method provides flexibility, speed, and increased sample throughput of up to 60 samples/day. The self‐contained equipment requires only 9 sq ft of space and is ready for measurements within 45 min after start‐up.
Speech segmentation and clustering problem based on an unknown‐multiple N signal source model—an application to segmented speech clustering based on speaker features (1994)

Abstract This paper describes the speech segmentation and clustering problem based on unknown‐multiple signal source modeling, where a sequence of signals is generated by signal sources one by one without overlap. This problem and its subproblem with given segmentation information have wide applications in various fields. This paper formulates the problem, and the solution and its application of the subproblem are proposed. The solution is based on clustering symbol output probability functions. The other possible solution, which gives the segmentation and clustering simultaneously, is based on an ergodic HMM which can transit among all states. In this paper the subproblem is applied to speech clustering based on speaker features. Here, each speaker corresponds to a single signal source. The performance is evaluated using simulated dialog speech data.
Serine proteinase inhibitors influence the stability of tropoelastin mRNA in neonatal rat lung fibroblast cultures (1996)

Elastin, an elastic extracellular structural protein, is a polymer comprised of soluble tropoelastin (TE) monomers that are joined by covalent cross-links and become insoluble. In cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, the steady-state level of TE mRNA is influenced by soluble elastin moieties in the culture medium, either TE or its fragmentation products. We have hypothesized that an enzyme-mediated proteolytic event may modulate the quantities of TE and its fragmentation products in the culture medium of mesenchymal cells, and thereby indirectly regulate the steady-state level of TE mRNA. Neonatal rat lung fibroblasts were cultured in the presence or absence of the serine proteinase inhibitor, aprotinin, and the quantities of soluble elastin and TE mRNA were analyzed. Exposures to aprotinin lasting up to 12 h increased the soluble elastin content of the culture medium. The increase in the soluble elastin content did not reflect an increase in TE mRNA, which diminished after exposures for 12 h or longer. The decrease in TE mRNA resulted from a decrease in its half-life, rather than a decrease in the rate of TE gene transcription. Aprotinin did not reduce TE mRNA in plasminogen-depleted cultures, but the effect of aprotinin was evident when purified plasminogen was added back to the cultures. Therefore, a serine proteinase, possibly plasmin, may participate in a feedback mechanism and modulate the quantity of TE in lung fibroblast cultures. This mechanism may help ensure that intracellular TE synthesis occurs in tandem with extracellular elastin deposition and cross-linking.
Optimization of hydrogen silsesquioxane for photonic applications (2007)

Increasingly complex electronic-photonic integrated circuits, based on strong confinement of photons, has increased the importance of low-refractive-index overcladding materials. In addition to providing high optical transparency and sufficient thickness for adequate optical insulation, overcladding materials must also fill in high-aspect-ratio gaps, withstand high temperatures, and provide acceptable thermal conductivity. Previously, all of these qualities were simultaneously achievable only through tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS)-based deposition of SiO2. Here, the authors demonstrate how hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) can be used as a lower-cost alternative to TEOS, with superior gap-filling and self-planarization properties. HSQ is a spin-on dielectric designed for low-k applications. The standard curing process for HSQ results in a low-k porous film that is not adequate for photonic applications. It shows very low thermal conductivity, optical absorption due to Si–H bonds, and high intrinsic tensile stress, which limits the achievable layer thickness. By optimizing the HSQ curing process, they eliminate these shortcomings while maintaining HSQ’s excellent gap-filling and self-planarization properties. They demonstrate that HSQ layers can be made almost arbitrary thick, with no detectable Si–H bonds while easily filling sub-100-nm gaps. They demonstrate Si3N4 optical microring resonators with quality factor of 240 000, consistent with the best published values using TEOS as an overcladding.
Relationship between Serum Lipoprotein Ratios and Insulin Resistance in Obesity (2004)

This study demonstrates that the TG/HDL-C ratio positively correlates with insulin resistance in severely obese nondiabetic individuals.
Correlating RANK Ligand/RANK Binding Kinetics With Osteoclast Formation and Function (2015)

The interaction between Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand (RANKL) and its receptor RANK is essential for the differentiation and bone resorbing capacity of the osteoclast. Osteoprotegerin (OPG), a soluble homodimer, acts as a decoy receptor for RANKL and thus inhibits osteoclastogenesis. An imbalance in the RANKL/RANK/OPG axis, with decreased OPG and/or increased RANKL, is associated with diseases that favor bone loss, including osteoporosis. Recently, we established a yeast surface display system and screened libraries of randomly mutated RANKL proteins to identify mutations that abolish binding to OPG while preserving recognition of RANK. These efforts yielded several RANKL variants possessing substantially higher affinity for RANK compared to their wild-type (WT) counterpart. Using recombinant RANKL mutant proteins, we find those with increased affinity for RANK produce more robust signaling in osteoclast lineage cells and have greater osteoclastogenic potential. Our results are the first to document gain of function RANKL mutations. They indicate that the physiological RANKL/RANK interaction is not optimized for maximal signaling and function, perhaps reflecting the need to maintain receptor specificity within the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF). Instead, we find, a biphasic relationship exists between RANKL/RANK affinity and osteoclastogenic capacity. In our panel of RANKL variants, this relationship is driven entirely by manipulation of the kinetic off-rate. Our structure-based and yeast surface display-derived insights into manipulating this critical signaling axis may aid in the design of novel anti-resorptive therapies as well as provide a paradigm for design of other receptor-specific TNF superfamily ligand variants.
The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex of <i>Escherichia coli</i> K12 (1983)

The nucleotide sequence of a 3780-base-pair segment of DNA containing the aceE gene encoding the pyruvate dehydrogenase component (E1) of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of Escherichia coli, has been determined by the dideoxy chain-termination method. The aceE structural gene comprises 2655 base pairs (885 codons, excluding the initiation codon AUG), it is preceded by a good ribosome binding site and several potential RNA polymerase binding sites. Its polarity and location in the restriction map of the corresponding segment of DNA are consistent with it being the proximal gene in the ace operon, as defined in previous genetic and post-infection labelling studies. The relative molecular mass (99474), composition (885 amino acids), amino-terminal residue and carboxy-terminal sequence predicted from the nucleotide sequence are in excellent agreement with published information obtained from studies with the purified pyruvate dehydrogenase component (E1). The nucleotide sequence also contains a second gene (gene A) situated upstream of the aceE gene. It appears to be an independent gene containing 708 base pairs (236 codons) and encoding a weakly expressed product (protein A; Mr = 27049) of unknown function.
Characterization of murine IL-1 <i>beta</i> . Isolation, expression, and purification. (1988)

One cDNA clone encoding a truncated murine IL-1 beta (M IL-1 beta) sequence was isolated from a murine macrophage cDNA library. We reconstituted the coding sequence of the 152-residue mature protein and expressed it in Escherichia coli. rM IL-1 beta was purified to homogeneity and characterized by oligonucleotide and NH2-terminal sequence analysis. Purified rM IL-1 beta exhibited biologic activity equivalent to 7.8 x 10(7) units/mg in the murine thymocyte proliferation assay and 9.9 x 10(3) units/mg in the human gingival fibroblast PGE2 production assay, indicative of species specificity. The isoelectric point of rM IL-1 was found to be 8.85. The circular dichroism spectrum revealed that the secondary structure of M IL-1 is indistinguishable from that of the human protein. Receptor binding studies indicated the rM IL-1 bound to murine EL-4.1 thymoma cells in a specific and dose-dependent fashion with an affinity of 32 pM. Competition binding data suggested that murine and human IL-1 compete for a single class of receptor. Antisera were generated in rabbits against both murine and human IL-1. Results of ELISA binding and antisera neutralization assays indicated that there are common antigenic sites between the two IL-1 beta molecules. These domains are of functional importance because they are capable of mediating the neutralization of biologic activity.
A pyrazolopyran derivative preferentially inhibits the activity of human cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferase and induces cell death in lung cancer cells (2015)

Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) is a central enzyme in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells, providing activated one-carbon units in the serine-glycine one-carbon metabolism. Previous studies demonstrated that the cytoplasmic isoform of SHMT (SHMT1) plays a relevant role in lung cancer. SHMT1 is overexpressed in lung cancer patients and NSCLC cell lines. Moreover, SHMT1 is required to maintain DNA integrity. Depletion in lung cancer cell lines causes cell cycle arrest and uracil accumulation and ultimately leads to apoptosis. We found that a pyrazolopyran compound, namely 2.12, preferentially inhibits SHMT1 compared to the mitochondrial counterpart SHMT2. Computational and crystallographic approaches suggest binding at the active site of SHMT1 and a competitive inhibition mechanism. A radio isotopic activity assay shows that inhibition of SHMT by 2.12 also occurs in living cells. Moreover, administration of 2.12 in A549 and H1299 lung cancer cell lines causes apoptosis at LD50 34 μM and rescue experiments underlined selectivity towards SHMT1. These data not only further highlight the relevance of the cytoplasmic isoform SHMT1 in lung cancer but, more importantly, demonstrate that, at least in vitro, it is possible to find selective inhibitors against one specific isoform of SHMT, a key target in metabolic reprogramming of many cancer types.
Conditional access scrambling techniques for terrestrial UHF television broadcasts (1988)

Describes in outline form the particular requirements and constraints which must be met by the conditional access (CA) techniques applied to an existing terrestrial UHF television broadcast network, and outline the results of BBC laboratory and over-air tests of CA television techniques. A conditional access television system combines the processes of scrambling and encryption. Scrambling is the process used to render the picture or sound, or more usually both, signals unusable without an authorised descrambler. Encryption provides a secure way of conveying descrambling control information to authorised viewers. Thus, with such a system, the signals are encoded before transmission and each viewer requires a decoder at his receiving site. The main features of the system are the scrambling techniques used for the picture and sound signals, the data transmission techniques used to carry the encrypted control signals to the receivers and the 'business system' which manages the authorisation of individual decoders and thence the mechanisms whereby the viewers pay for the services they use. >
A developing country perspective on vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. (2004)

When the Expanded Programme on Immunization was established and oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) was introduced for developing countries to use exclusively, national leaders of public health had no opportunity to make an informed choice between OPV and the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). Today, as progress is made towards the goal of global eradication of poliomyelitis attributable to wild polioviruses, all developing countries where OPV is used face the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). Until recently, awareness of VAPP has been poor and quantitative risk analysis scanty but it is now well known that the continued use of OPV perpetuates the risk of VAPP. Discontinuation or declining immunization coverage of OPV will increase the risk of emergence of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV) that re-acquire wild virus-like properties and may cause outbreaks of polio. To eliminate the risk of cVDPV, either very high immunization coverage must be maintained as long as OPV is in use, or IPV should replace OPV. Stopping OPV without first achieving high immunization coverage with IPV is unwise on account of the possibility of emergence of cVDPV. Increasing numbers of developed nations prefer IPV, and manufacturing capacities have not been scaled up, so its price remains prohibitively high and unaffordable by developing countries, where, in addition, large-scale field experience with IPV is lacking. Under these circumstances, a policy shift to increase the use of IPV in national immunization programmes in developing countries is a necessary first step; once IPV coverage reaches high levels (over 85%), the withdrawal of OPV may begin.
Acid Mediates a Prolonged Antinociception via Substance P Signaling in Acid-Induced Chronic Widespread Pain (2014)

Acid could mediate a prolonged antinociceptive signaling via the release of substance P from muscle afferent neurons in a non-ASIC3, non-TRPV1 manner.
Synthesis of phosphorus- and selenium-containing macrocycles and their complexation with Pd(II)Cl2 (2001)

A one-pot reaction was developed to synthesize phosphorus- and selenium-containing macrocycles starting from selenium via reduction with KBH4, treatment with bis[o-(bromomethyl)phenyl]phenylphosphine oxide 1 and reduction with KBH4 followed by the addition of an appropriate dibromide. Thus, ten- to seventeen-membered macrocycles 3 having one phosphorus and two selenium atoms were synthesized. In this synthesis an eight-membered heterocycle 4 was also obtained. In addition, the condensation of compound 1 with selenium-containing diols 7 and 8 in the presence of sodium tert-butoxide gave macrocyclic ligands 9 and 10, respectively. Reaction of these macrocycles with palladium(II) chloride gave 1 ∶ 1 complexes, except 9 which gave a 2 ∶ 1 complex. The molecular structures of the macrocycles 3c, 3f and 10 as well as the 2 ∶ 1 palladium(II) complex 21 of related 2-(p-methylphenoxy)-2-oxo-1,3,6,2-dioxaselenaphosphocane 20 have been established by X-ray diffraction.