gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New chemotherapeutic agents prolong survival and improve quality of life in non-small cell lung cancer: a review of the literature and future directions. (1998)

In past years, there has been considerable pessimism over the role of chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancers. The pessimism was largely derived from the fact that alkylating agent-based therapies shortened survival and produced severe side effects. This was especially important because the vast majority of patients (approximately 85%) develop metastatic disease during their course. Randomized trials from the 1980s showed that cisplatin-based chemotherapy improved patient survival, improved quality of life as assessed by the patients, and relieved symptoms in the majority of symptomatic patients. When chemotherapy was administered on an outpatient basis, it actually lowered the total patient care costs for advanced stage patients. In the 1990s, five new agents, including two taxanes (paclitaxel, docetaxel), gemcitabine, navelbine, and irinotecan, were shown to produce higher response rates and longer survival in Phase II trials compared to cisplatin or carboplatin. In randomized trials, combinations of paclitaxel, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine with cisplatin improved the survival of advanced stage patients compared to cisplatin alone or in combination with etoposide. The toxicity profile of the new agents is also favorable compared to cisplatin-based therapy. Preliminary results in earlier stages are also encouraging. Thus, currently available chemotherapy given to non-small cell lung cancer patients with good performance status can improve survival to a similar extent as other solid tumors, such as small cell lung cancer and breast cancer.
Creep of Power-Law Material Containing Spherical Voids (1992)

Finite element calculations have been carried out for spherical unit cells containing a concentric spherical hole to characterize the power law creep of a material containing voids. Axisymmetric states of macroscopic stress were applied to the unit cells ranging from purely hydrostatic loading to purely deviatoric stressing. The results of the unit cell calculations are approximated well by a creep potential for the macroscopic behavior of a porous material. This potential agrees with the unit cell results for purely hydrostatic stress and purely deviatoric stress and involves a simple elliptical interpolation in between. The model predicts quite well the ratio of transverse to axial strain rate in uniaxial compression tests.
Observation of Ultrahigh Gradient Electron Acceleration by a Self-Modulated Intense Short Laser Pulse (1995)

A laser pulse with a power of $\ensuremath{\sim}3$ TW and a duration of 1 ps has been focused onto a gas. Ultrahigh-gradient electron acceleration has been observed in the laser-produced plasma with a density of $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{19}$ c${\mathrm{m}}^{--3}$ when injecting 1 MeV $/c$ electrons. The simulation of the laser-plasma interaction revealed the existence of ultrahigh-gradient wake fields excited due to self-modulation of the laser pulse and its electron acceleration, consistent with the experimental results.
Clinical experience with a TriPollar radiofrequency system for facial and body aesthetic treatments. (2010)

Non-invasive aesthetic treatments aiming at circumference reduction and facial wrinkle improvement are becoming increasingly popular. TriPollar treatments for the purpose of body contouring and skin tightening procedures have recently gained interest. Our aim was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Apollo device for non invasive treatment of localized excess fat and facial tightening. 37 female patients were treated for wrinkles, laxity and circumference reduction on different facial and body areas. Facial results were objectively analyzed with the Primos 3D imaging system. Body results were evaluated using photographs and circumferential measurements. Five volunteer patients underwent blood tests to assess changes in liver function and lipid profile following treatment. Significant reductions in body circumferences were measured. The average circumference reduction in main body areas (abdomen, buttocks, thighs), was 3.6 +/- 2.4 cm with a maximum reduction of up to 10.5 cm in the abdomen. An improvement of perioral and periorbital wrinkles was achieved and analyzed. No significant changes were found in any of the liver function and lipid profile indicators. Findings confirm safety and efficacy of the new treatment modality for localized fat reduction and for body and face contouring.
Micro-optical properties of tissue (1996)

The aim of this study was to develop quantitative methods for relating the microstructure of a tissue to the magnitude and wavelength dependence of its scattering coefficient. Two methods, cell counting and spatialfrequency analysis, were used to estimate the distribution of sizes of structures imaged by light and electron microscopy. We found that scatterers in the epidermal layer of the skin exhibit a log-normal size distribution, whereas the spatial fluctuations in the index of refraction of dense fibrous tissues, such as the dermis, follow apower law. The correlations in the refractive indices of a variety of tissues exhibit characteristics of a random fractal with a Hurst coefficient between 0.3 and 0.5. Calculated from the measured distributions and volume fractions, the magnitudes of the scattering coefficient and anisotropy parameters of the tissue were found to be within therange 10 < p <35 imn1 and 0.7 < g < 0.97, depending on wavelength and tissue structure. Our resultssuggest that analysis of histological images of tissues is a viable method for estimating the optical parameters of tissues and their wavelength dependence.
A semantic-based Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) discovery and selection system (2013)

With the proliferation of Software-as-a-Service in the cloud environment, users find it tiresome and time consuming to search for the right service that satisfies all their requirements. In addition, services may provide the same functionality but differ in their characteristics or the Quality of Service attributes (QoS) they offer. In this paper, we propose a semantic-based system that facilitates the SaaS publication, discovery and selection processes. To achieve these goals, we developed a unified ontology that combines services domain knowledge, SaaS characteristics, QoS metrics and real SaaS offers. A hybrid service matchmaking algorithm is introduced based on the proposed ontology. It integrates semantic-based metadata and ontology-based matching. Prototypical implementation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system.
Cyclic (1->2)- -D-Glucan and the Octasaccharide Repeating-unit of Succinoglycan Produced by Agrobacterium (1982)

Nine strains of Agrobacterium produced extracellular cyclic (1→2)-β-d-Glucan. Most of the strains produced an octasaccharide repeating-unit of succinoglycan. Mutant strains of Agrobacterium sp. and mutant strain 10C3K derived from Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes, producing curdlan without succinoglycan or with a slight amount of succinoglycan, produced only cyclic (1→2)-β-d-Glucan. Cyclic (1→2)-β-d-Glucan was shown by paper chromatography and methylation analysis to be composed of two components without other glucosidic linkages. These were confirmed to be heptadecaose and octadecaose by field desorption mass spectrometric analysis.
Temperature-insensitive simultaneous rotation and displacement (bending) sensor based on tilted fiber Bragg grating (2016)

In this paper, we present a method for the simultaneous measurement of rotation and displacement or rotation and bending using single tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG). The insensitivity of the proposed system to temperature changes and the stretching direction of the fiber section in the sensing structure have been demonstrated. The experimentally determined sensitivities for rotation, displacement and bending are as follows: -0.0018 1/deg., 0.0054 nm/mm, and -0.055 1/mm over the measurement ranges of approximately 25-80 degrees, 34-74 mm, and 26.4-20 mm, respectively. The presented measurement system is versatile due to the ability to tune the measurement range by changing the fiber-loop radius.
L-glutamine enemas attenuate mucosal injury in experimental colitis (1999)

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of I-glutamine, short chain fatty acid, prednisolone, and mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) enemas on mucosal damage and inflammation in experimental colitis. METHODS: Colitis was induced in rats with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in ethanol. Saline (n=14), prednisolone (n=13), 5-aminosalicylic acid (n=14), I-glutamine (n=14), and short chain fatty acid (n=13) enemas were applied twice daily to the rats for seven days after the induction of colitis. The sham group (n=9) received only saline enemas. Rats were killed at the seventh day and their colonic macroscopic inflammatory scores were determined. Colonic mucosal gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity and colonic mucosal malondialdehyde levels were measured. The same measurements but no enemas were done in the control group (n=7). RESULTS: There were significant differences in macroscopic inflammatory scores between sham and colitis groups (P <0.001). The macroscopic inflammatory scores of the colitis group were higher than the short chain fatty acid and glutamine groups (P <0.05). Whereas the mucosal gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity was diminished in prednisolone, 5-aminosalicylic acid, and short chain fatty acid groups when compared with the control group; in the colitis, sham, and glutamine groups the activity of this enzyme did not change. The mucosal malondialdehyde levels were significantly lower in the prednisolone and glutamine groups than in the colitis group. CONCLUSION: Only one of four agents tested, namely, I-glutamine enemas, could decrease the severity of colitis both morphologically and biochemically. Moreover, L-glutamine prevented the colitis-induced oxidant injury in the colonic mucosa. On the other hand, prednisolone and short chain fatty acids seemed to improve only the physiologic changes of colitis.
Frequency locking of a cw dye laser near atomic absorption lines in a gas discharge (1973)

Frequency locking of the cw dye laser to atomic absorption lines in helium and sodium gas discharges is reported. The mechanism for locking is attributed to a lens formed by the radial variation of index of refraction in the positive column.
A simultaneous gamut compression with extended line of cusps (2003)

In many industrial areas, exact color reproduction is needed as an aspect of the appearance of color on cross media. The paper introduces the new gamut mapping algorithm which uses the extended line of two cusps. The point in the original gamut has been mapped in the reproduction gamut in L*-C* space, and each coordinate is mapped simultaneously. The experiment showed that the proposed algorithm acquired a higher chroma (C*) than the previous algorithm and the use of the whole range of gamut.
A pulsed photoacoustic system for the spectroscopy and monitoring of hydrocarbon liquids using stimulated Raman scattering in a silica fibre as a near-infrared source (1999)

Raman scattering in an optical fibre has been utilized as the near-infrared source for a pulsed photoacoustic spectroscopic study of liquid hydrocarbons. An open-cell system is described and the performance criteria for practical photoacoustic instrumentation are discussed. Results show that a typical signal-to-noise ratio of 50 may be achieved, which makes this system suitable for the detection of small concentrations of hydrocarbons in liquids. The photoacoustic system has been used to measure concentrations both of dissolved and of dispersed hydrocarbons and the results of this study indicate the practical potential for novel open-cell photoacoustic instrumentation for the detection of crude oil in water using near-infrared wavelengths in a spectral region for which suitable diode lasers are available.
In vitro activities of combinations of aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, and ceftazidime against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas cepacia from patients with cystic fibrosis (1990)

The in vitro activities of two-drug combinations of aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, and ceftazidime were studied in 96 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and in 20 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas cepacia from cystic fibrosis patients. Some synergy was observed with each combination used against P. aeruginosa, but synergy was rare when the combinations were used against P. cepacia.
A Reflective Newton Method for Minimizing a Quadratic Function Subject to Bounds on Some of the Variables (1996)

We propose a new algorithm, a reflective Newton method, for the minimization of a quadratic function of many variables subject to upper arid lower bounds on some of the variables. The method applies to a general (indefinite) quadratic function for which a local minimizes subject to bounds is required and is particularly suitable for the large-scale problem. Our new method exhibits strong convergence properties and global and second-order convergence and appears to have significant practical potential. Strictly feasible points are generated. We provide experimental results on moderately large and sparse problems based on both sparse Cholesky and preconditioned conjugate gradient linear solvers.
The stem cell antigens Sca-1 and Sca-2 subdivide thymic and peripheral T lymphocytes into unique subsets. (1988)

Stem cell Ag 1 and 2 (Sca-1 and Sca-2), so named due to their expression by mouse bone marrow stem cells, were evaluated for expression by populations of cells within the thymus. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that Sca-1 was expressed by cells in the thymic medulla and by some subcapsular blast cells, as well as by the thymic blood vessels and capsule. Sca-2 expression, which was limited to the thymic cortex, could be associated with large cycling thymic blast cells. Both Sca-1 and Sca-2 were expressed on a sub-population of CD4-CD8- thymocytes, and this subpopulation was entirely contained within the Ly-1lo progenitor fraction of cells. Sca-1 expression by a phenotypically mature subset of CD4+CD8- thymocytes was also noted. Conversely, Sca-2 expression was observed on a phenotypically immature or nonmature subpopulation of CD4-CD8- thymocytes. MEL-14, an antibody that defines functional expression of a lymphocyte homing molecule, identified a small population of thymocytes that contained all four major thymic subsets. Sca-2 split the MEL-14hi thymocyte subset into two Sca-2+ non-mature/immature phenotype fractions and two Sca-2- mature phenotype fractions. In peripheral lymphoid organs, Sca-1 identified a sub-population of mature T lymphocytes that is predominantly CD4+CD8-, in agreement with the thymic distribution of Sca-1. Peripheral T cells of the CD4-CD8+ phenotype were predominantly Sca-1-. In contrast, Sca-2 did not appear to stain peripheral T lymphocytes, but recognized only a subset of B lymphocytes which could be localized by immunohistochemistry to germinal centers. Thus, expression of Sca-1 is observed throughout T cell ontogeny, whereas Sca-2 is expressed by some subsets of thymocytes, including at least one half of thymic blasts, but not by mature peripheral T lymphocytes.
Electrical properties of ion-doped amorphous silicon (1989)

An analysis of available data leads to the conclusion that it is possible, by Mn+ and Fe+ ion implantation to widely control the electrical properties of amorphous silicon (a-Si): to increase the room temperature conductivity up to 102 Ω−1 cm−1, to shift the Fermi level from the mobility gap centre to the valence band up to EV + 0.03 eV, and to re-arrange the spectrum of localized states with the formation of the Coulomb gap in the spectrum. Estimations of G, the impurity utilization factor, show that G ≧ ¼. [Russian Text Ignore]
A taxonomy and catalog of runtime software-fault monitoring tools (2004)

A goal of runtime software-fault monitoring is to observe software behavior to determine whether it complies with its intended behavior. Monitoring allows one to analyze and recover from detected faults, providing additional defense against catastrophic failure. Although runtime monitoring has been in use for over 30 years, there is renewed interest in its application to fault detection and recovery, largely because of the increasing complexity and ubiquitous nature of software systems. We present taxonomy that developers and researchers can use to analyze and differentiate recent developments in runtime software fault-monitoring approaches. The taxonomy categorizes the various runtime monitoring research by classifying the elements that are considered essential for building a monitoring system, i.e., the specification language used to define properties; the monitoring mechanism that oversees the program's execution; and the event handler that captures and communicates monitoring results. After describing the taxonomy, the paper presents the classification of the software-fault monitoring systems described in the literature.
Inducible expression of FGF-3 in mouse mammary gland (2002)

Fibroblast growth factor-3 (FGF-3) is a crucial developmental regulator. Aberrant activation of this gene by mouse mammary tumor virus insertion results in pregnancy-responsive mammary tumorigenesis. To characterize better FGF-3 function in postnatal mammary gland development and cancer initiation/progression, we used a mifepristone (RU486)-inducible regulatory system to express conditionally FGF-3 in the mammary epithelium of transgenic mice. Ectopic overexpression of FGF-3 in pubescent mammary glands elicited severe perturbations in early mammary gland development leading to mammary hyperplasia. Ductal elongation was retarded, multiple cysts persisted in the virgin ducts, and ductal epithelium was expanded and multilayered. The altered ductal architecture and the persistence of hyperplastic multilayered epithelium reflect a defect in growth regulation, which resulted from an imbalance between mitogenic and apoptotic signals. By altering the duration of RU486 treatment, we showed that the persistence of mitogenic signal elicited by FGF-3 is crucial for the initiation, progression, and maintenance of the hyperplastic characteristic of the mammary epithelium. The manifestations elicited by FGF-3 could be reversed by RU486 withdrawal. In addition, synergism between the stimulus from estrogen and FGF-3 mitogenic pathways was evident and likely contributes to the pregnancy-dependent tumorigenesis of FGF-3. Taken together, the mifepristone-inducible regulatory system provides a powerful means for understanding the diverse roles of FGF-3 and its interactions with hormones in mammary gland tumorigenesis.
Laboratory Measurements of Acoustic Characteristics of Ocean Bottom Sediments (1974)

Sound attenuation and velocity in ocean bottom core samples were measured by using a pulsed impedence tube at frequencies from 3 to 8 kHz, hydrostatic pressures from 1000 to 10 000 psi, and temperatures of 4° and 22°C. The data were analyzed using a theory for sound interaction with rigid porous material in which the wet static density of the sample is replaced by a complex dynamic quantity. The results indicate that observed attenuation and velocity fluctuations as a function of frequency, which are similar to those reported by Lastinger [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 47, 285 (1970); 52, 1465 (1972)] and Sabin [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 40, 1345 (1966)] for measurements made on a variety of porous samples with the same experimental arrangement, can be eliminated by treating the sample density as a complex number. Corrected attenuation values for various sediment samples of about 75% porosity vary from 0.5 to 3.0 dB/m at 3 kHz, increasing linearly with frequency, while the corrected velocity values are relatively constant at about 1500 m/sec.
Increased social interaction in mice deficient of the striatal medium spiny neuron‐specific phosphodiesterase 10A2 (2007)

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is a member of phosphodiesterase families that degrade cAMP and/or cGMP in distinct intracellular sites. PDE10A has a dual activity on hydrolysis of both cAMP and cGMP, and is prominently expressed in the striatum and the testis. Previous studies suggested that PDE10A is involved in regulation of locomotor activity and potentially related to psychosis, but concrete physiological roles of PDE10A remains elusive yet. In this study, we genetically inactivated PDE10A2, a prominent isoform of PDE10A in the brain, in mice, and demonstrate that PDE10A2 deficiency results in increased social interaction without any major influence on different other behaviors, along with increased levels of striatal cAMP. We also demonstrate that PDE10A2 is selectively distributed in medium spiny neurons, but not interneurons, of the striatal complex. Thus, our results establish a physiological role for PDE10A2 in regulating cAMP pathway and social interaction, and suggest that cAMP signaling cascade in striatal medium spiny neurons might be involved in regulating social interaction behavior in mice.
Rabbit and Nonhuman Primate Models of Toxin-Targeting Human Anthrax Vaccines (2004)

The intentional use of Bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax, as a bioterrorist weapon in late 2001 made our society acutely aware of the importance of developing, testing, and stockpiling adequate countermeasures against biological attacks. Biodefense vaccines are an important component of our arsenal to be used during a biological attack. However, most of the agents considered significant threats either have been eradicated or rarely infect humans alive today. As such, vaccine efficacy cannot be determined in human clinical trials but must be extrapolated from experimental animal models. This article reviews the efficacy and immunogenicity of human anthrax vaccines in well-defined animal models and the progress toward developing a rugged immunologic correlate of protection. The ongoing evaluation of human anthrax vaccines will be dependent on animal efficacy data in the absence of human efficacy data for licensure by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.