gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Propagation of surface topography of EUV blank substrate through multilayer and impact of phase defect structure on wafer image (2013)

Our recent study reveals that the propagation of a phase defect (PD) from an EUV mask substrate surface through a multilayer does not always propagate in a vertical direction. In this study, to fully understand the propagation model of PDs, two types of defects on a Qz substrate are prepared. One is space patterns fabricated by a mask patterning process followed by an etching giving a cross-sectional angle of 90 degrees. The others are AFM scratched space patterns with their cross-sectional angles as 30 and 60 degrees. After coating, a patterned Qz substrate with a multilayer, propagation of PDs through the multilayer was observed by a TEM. As a result, the TEM images clearly exhibited a tendency that originating from the Qz substrate while the PDs propagated through the multilayer their propagation path was inclined toward the center of the mask. A maximum inclination of this path was found to be 5.9 degrees at a distance of 93 mm away from the mask’s center. The impacts of the inclination angles on the printed images on wafer calculated using a simulator. A phase defect with an inclination angle of one degree corresponded to a positional shift of one nanometer on printed wafer image.
Development of ferrite core applicator system for deep-induction hyperthermia (1996)

To achieve deep-induction hyperthermia, a ferrite core applicator system has been developed. The clinical goal is to produce a temperature rise of 7.5/spl deg/C at 10 cm tissue depth. Deep heating becomes possible by introducing an auxiliary electrode to control an eddy current. The auxiliary electrode has been designed to optimize the eddy current with respect to the magnetic flux density. The optimization was performed by solving the fundamental equation using the finite element method (FEM). A flexible auxiliary electrode, which can be used for clinical treatments, has been manufactured. Heating tests have been conducted with the new applicator system, which operates at 4.0 MHz. The experimental results demonstrate that the system is capable of producing a temperature rise of 7.5/spl deg/C at 10 cm depth, without heating an overlaying fat layer.
New method for focusing x rays and gamma rays (1982)

A new method for focusing x rays and gamma rays is described that can focus monochromatic radiation from a point source or parallel beam down to a line image. If two focusing elements are used or if a single element bent in two directions is used, the radiation can be focused to a point image. Conversely, radiation from a point source can be converted into a parallel beam. The method makes use of bent diffraction crystals in which the intercrystalline-plane spacing is varied as a function of position in the crystal. The Bragg angle for diffraction of monochromatic radiation will now vary as a function of position in the crystal, and this new degree of freedom can be used to obtain focusing of the diffracted beam. A number of ways to achieve this variation in crystal-plane spacing is discussed, including the use of thermal gradients and the variation of the elemental composition of the crystal. The applications of this new focusing system to a gamma-ray telescope and to the production of a real image of a strong x-ray source are considered.
Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) Receptor-deficient Mice Have Reduced Lipoprotein Lipase Activity (2002)

Although very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor (VLDLr) knockout mice have been reported to have no lipoprotein abnormalities, they develop less adipose tissue than control mice when fed a high calorie diet. Mice that are deficient in adipose tissue expression of lipoprotein lipase (LpL) also have less fat, but only when crossed with ob/ob mice. We hypothesized that the VLDLr, a protein that will bind and transport LpL, is required for optimal LpL actions in vivo and that hypertriglyceridemia due to VLDLr deficiency is exacerbated by either LpL deficiency or VLDL overproduction. Fasted VLDLr knockout (VLDLr0) mice were more hypertriglyceridemic than controls (2-fold greater triglyceride levels). The hypertriglyceridemia due to VLDLr0 was even more evident when VLDLr0 mice were crossed with heterozygous LpL-deficient (LpL1) and human apolipoprotein B (apoB) transgenic mice. This was due to an increase in apoB48-containing VLDL. [(3)H]VLDL turnover studies showed that VLDL-triglyceride clearance in VLDLr0/LpL1 mice was impaired by 50% compared with LpL1 mice. VLDLr0/LpL1 mice had less LpL activity in postheparin plasma, heart, and skeletal muscle. Infection of mice with an adenovirus-expressing receptor-associated protein, an inhibitor of the VLDLr, reduced LpL activity in wild type but not VLDLr0 mice. Therefore, the VLDLr is required for normal LpL regulation in vivo, and the disruption of VLDLr results in hypertriglyceridemia associated with decreased LpL activity.
An Efficient Synthesis of the Taxane-Derived Anticancer Agent ABT-271 (2001)

ABT-271, 1, has been identified as a promising anticancer agent. ABT-271 is a novel taxane possessing a C9-(R)-hydroxyl group as opposed to a C9-ketone which is present in Taxol and Taxotere. To further evaluate ABT-271 as a potential anticancer agent, an efficient synthesis was developed which allows the large scale synthesis of ABT-271. Ketalization of the 7,9-diol of 9-DHAB-III, 2, allows selective removal of the C13-acetate with phenyllithium. The resulting C13-hydroxyl group is then acylated using LiHMDS and beta-lactam 22 to give ABT-271 in protected form. The protecting groups were removed first by acidic hydrolysis followed by basic hydrolysis to provide ABT-271. Application of this synthetic sequence provided over 600 g of ABT-271, 1.
An efficient BIST method for testing of embedded SRAMs (2002)

We have developed an algorithm to enable conventional microprocessors to test their on-chip SRAM using their existing hardware and software resources. This test method utilizes a mixture of existing memory testing techniques, which cover all important memory faults. This is achieved by writing a routine called BIST Program which only uses the existing ROM and creates no additional hardware overhead. BIST Program implements the "length 9N" test algorithm. The proposed test algorithm covers 100% of faults under the fault model plus a data retention test. A memory faults diagnostic capability is also provided by the BIST Program. This method can be implemented for embedded SRAM testing of all microprocessors, microcontrollers and DSPs. This test algorithm is experimented on 32 K SRAM of the Texas Instruments TMS320C548 DSP.
Pyrano-isochromanones as IL-6 Inhibitors: Synthesis, in Vitro and in Vivo Antiarthritic Activity (2014)

Bergenin (1), a unique fused C-glycoside isolated from Bergenia species, possesses interesting anti-inflammatory and antipain activities. To study SAR of this scaffold, first-generation derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The C-7 substituted derivatives showed inhibition of IL-6 as well as TNF-α production. Bergenin and its most potent IL-6 inhibitor derivatives 4e and 4f were then investigated in a panel of in vitro and in vivo inflammation/arthritis models. These compounds significantly decreased the expression of NF-kB and IKK-β in THP-1 cells. In in vivo study in BALB/c mice, a dose-dependent inhibition of SRBC-induced cytokines, reduction in humoral/cell-mediated immunity, and antibody titer was observed. The CIA study in DBA/1J mice indicated that compounds led to reduction in swelling of paws, cytokine levels, and anticollagen IgG1/IgG2a levels. The significant in vivo immunosuppressive efficacy of pyrano-isochromanones demonstrates the promise of this scaffold for development of next-generation antiarthritic drugs.
β-1,3-Glucan (Schizophyllan) Can Act as a One-Dimensional Host for Creation of Novel Poly(aniline) Nanofiber Structures (2004)

We here demonstrate the creation of novel poly(aniline) (PANI) nanofiber structures by a polymer wrapping method using schizophyllan (SPG). Mannose-modified SPG can also wrap PANIs to give nanofibers having a lectin affinity. This interaction is applicable to designing novel PANI/protein composites. The results establish that SPG can act as a novel "host" to assemble PANIs into one-dimensional superstructures. [reaction: see text]
EE382V: System-on-a-Chip (SoC) Design (2014)

young” “old” Age [ access s ] { x } { } { y, t } { } { s } { x } { } {y, t} [ access s ] EE382V: SoC Design, Lecture 5 © L. Thiele 33
Online Recognition of Chinese Handwriting Using a Hierarchical Fuzzy Clustering Approach (2006)

In this paper, we propose a fuzzy clustering (FC) approach to improve the template matching method described in (T. Wakahara et al., Proc. IEEE, vol.80, no.7, p.1181-1194, 1992) that demonstrated high recognition rates. Our focus is on the reduction of recognition time. The key idea is to organize the template pool in a structured manner so that matching can be performed more quickly. Through the hierarchical FC, the original template pool has the form of a decision tree where each internal node in the tree is represented by a cluster center. Since the number of class templates in each subcluster is less than the original cluster, the recognition time can be effectively reduced. An approximate formula for the number of distance calculations needed for the presented scheme is derived. The use of FC is to provide a mechanism for cluster overlapping so that in the middle of the recognition process almost 100% hit ratio can be obtained. In the experiments conducted, we obtained approximately a 3.4 times reduction of recognition time (using the simplified formula we derived) at only a 0.2% average loss of recognition rate.
Low energy, enhanced supercontinuum generation in high nonlinearity dispersion-shifted fibers (2003)

Summary form only given. We generate >420 nm of supercontinuum (SC) by propagating pulses with energies <100 pJ through less than 2 m of dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) in which the nonlinearity is enhanced by a factor of 4.5X over conventional DSF. By using high nonlinearity (Hi-NL) fiber, we reduce required pulse energies by 56% while simultaneously increasing the bandwidth by 86 nm compared with SC generated in conventional DSF of the same length and dispersion. We study the SC evolution as a function of pulse energy, fiber length and nonlinearity to find optimal conditions for maximum broadening without spectral distortion. Fiber-based SC has been demonstrated as a promising candidate for TDM/WDM sources and is generated typically in several kilometers of dispersion-tailored fiber. By generating the SC in a fiber shorter by three orders of magnitude, we obtain very stable pulses from the continuum and are able to accurately model the SC generation process. The short fiber length, however, requires high average power sources at OC-192 repetition rates. We reduce the average power required from a 10 Gb/s or OC-192 source to <550 mW by using 2 m of Hi-NL fiber.
Transmission characteristics of metallodielectric photonic crystals and resonators (2002)

K/sub u/ band Fabry-Perot type resonances have been observed in the stop band of a metallodielectric photonic crystal by transmission measurements at microwave frequencies. The metallodielectric photonic crystal has a face centered cubic Bravais lattice structure with a lattice constant of 15 mm. Metallic spheres with 6.35 mm diameter are placed at the lattice sites. The metallodielectric photonic crystal displayed a directional bandgap with a lower band edge of 13.0 GHz, an upper band edge of 21.5 GHz and a center frequency of 17.25 GHz, corresponding to a stop bandwidth center frequency ratio of 50%. The maximum rejection at the band center is 35 dB, corresponding to a 7 dB per unit cell rejection ratio. The Fabry-Perot type resonance in the K/sub u/ band has a quality factor of 200, with a maximum transmission peak of -5 dB.
Review Science review: Mechanisms of beta-receptor stimulation- induced improvement of acute lung injury and pulmonary edema (2004)

Acute lung injury (ALI) and the acute respiratory distress syndrome are complex syndromes because both inflammatory and coagulation cascades cause lung injury. Transport of salt and water, repair and remodeling of the lung, apoptosis, and necrosis are additional important mechanisms of injury. Alveolar edema is cleared by active transport of salt and water from the alveoli into the lung interstitium by complex cellular mechanisms. Beta-2 agonists act on the cellular mechanisms of pulmonary edema clearance as well as other pathways relevant to repair in ALI. Numerous studies suggest that the beneficial effects of beta-2 agonists in ALI include at least enhanced fluid clearance from the alveolar space, anti-inflammatory actions, and bronchodilation. The purposes of the present review are to consider the effects of beta agonists on three mechanisms of improvement of lung injury: edema clearance, anti-inflammatory effects, and bronchodilation. This update reviews specifically the evidence on the effects of beta-2 agonists in human ALI and in models of ALI. The available evidence suggests that beta-2 agonists may be efficacious therapy in ALI. Further randomized controlled trials of beta agonists in pulmonary edema and in acute lung injury are necessary.
Image Dehazing based on region growing (2017)

At present, several single image haze removal algorithms have some problems, such as the error of atmospheric light value, the lower transmission in the sky area, and the problems of halo and splash artifact. In this paper, a weight-based quad-tree hierarchical search algorithm is proposed to select the atmospheric light A and the seed point of region growing more accurately. And the method of region growing is used to segment the sky or fog regions, then the transmission will be optimized in this region. In addition, the using of the edge preserving filter can also keep the edge information of the image while smoothing the image. Moreover, we reduced time complexity by using downsampling and replacing RGB with the luminance Y component of YUV color space. The experimental results demonstrated that our algorithm could evaluate the atmospheric light A and segment the images into sky and non-sky regions. And, haze-free images using our algorithm are generally clear and natural.
Stress-Related and Circadian Secretion and Target Tissue Actions of Glucocorticoids: Impact on Health (2017)

Living organisms are highly complex systems that must maintain a dynamic equilibrium or homeostasis that requires energy to be sustained. Stress is a state in which several extrinsic or intrinsic disturbing stimuli, the stressors, threaten, or are perceived as threatening, homeostasis. To achieve homeostasis against the stressors, organisms have developed a highly sophisticated system, the stress system, which provides neuroendocrine adaptive responses, to restore homeostasis. These responses must be appropriate in terms of size and/or duration; otherwise, they may sustain life but be associated with detrimental effects on numerous physiologic functions of the organism, leading to a state of disease-causing disturbed homeostasis or cacostasis. In addition to facing a broad spectrum of external and/or internal stressors, organisms are subject to recurring environmental changes associated with the rotation of the planet around itself and its revolution around the sun. To adjust their homeostasis and to synchronize their activities to day/night cycles, organisms have developed an evolutionarily conserved biologic system, the "clock" system, which influences several physiologic functions in a circadian fashion. Accumulating evidence suggests that the stress system is intimately related to the circadian clock system, with dysfunction of the former resulting in dysregulation of the latter and <i>vice versa</i>. In this review, we describe the functional components of the two systems, we discuss their multilevel interactions, and we present how excessive or prolonged activity of the stress system affects the circadian rhythm of glucocorticoid secretion and target tissue effects.
Technology integration for contaminated site remediation: clean-up goals and performance criteria. (2002)

There is a need to develop and field-test integrated remediation technologies for cost-effective treatment of contaminated sites to achieve risk-based and rational endpoints. Aggressive technologies designed for rapid source-zone remediation must be linked to technologies for achieving enhanced clean up of the dissolved plume. Remediation technology integration should minimize the cost of achieving risk-based endpoints by selecting treatment trains or technology combinations that, when coupled together, work in a synergistic manner. Contaminant flux across a control plane immediately downgradient from the source, rather than contaminant concentration, should be used as the basis for evaluating the effectiveness or success of remediation. The acceptable threshold contaminant flux should be set equal to, or less than, the natural attenuation capacity within the dissolved plume. Simulation results show that significant contaminant-flux reductions can be achieved by partial removal of contaminant mass from DNAPL source zones.
Performance Evaluation of Long-Haul 111 Gb/s PM-QPSK Transmission Over Different Fiber Types (2010)

In this letter, we compare by simulation the performance of 111 Gb/s wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) polarization-multiplexed quadrature phase-shift keying (PM-QPSK) on different commercial fiber types, in uncompensated links with 50-GHz channel spacing. We found that, besides low loss and large effective area, high local dispersion is very critical for enhanced system performance. Overall, different fibers deliver very different performance: under rather challenging assumptions, pure-silica core fiber allows us to achieve trans-Atlantic reaches whereas first-generation nonzero dispersion shifted fiber with low dispersion achieves less than one-third of that reach.
Detection of <scp>E</scp>pstein–<scp>B</scp>arr virus‐specific memory <scp>CD</scp>4<sup>+</sup><scp>T</scp> cells using a peptide‐based cultured enzyme‐linked immunospot assay (2013)

Approaches to evaluate T-cell responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) include enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT), which quantifies cells capable of immediate interferon-γ secretion upon antigen stimulation. However, evaluation of expandable EBV-specific memory T cells in an ELISPOT format has not been described previously. We quantified EBV-specific T-cell precursors with high proliferative capacity by using a peptide-based cultured interferon-γ ELISPOT assay. Standard and cultured ELISPOT responses to overlapping peptide pools (15-mers overlapping by 11 amino acids) covering the lytic (BZLF1 and BMRF1) and latent (EBNA1, EBNA3a, EBNA3b, EBNA3c, LMP1 and LMP2) EBV proteins were evaluated in 20 healthy subjects with remote EBV infection and, for comparison, in four solid organ transplant recipients. Cultured ELISPOT responses to both lytic and latent EBV antigens were significantly higher than standard ELISPOT responses. The distribution of EBV-specific T-cell responses detected in healthy virus carriers showed more consistent cultured ELISPOT responses compared with standard ELISPOT responses. T-cell responses quantified by cultured ELISPOT were mainly mediated by CD4+ T cells and a marked pattern of immunodominance to latent-phase antigens (EBNA1 > EBNA3 family antigens > LMP2 > LMP1) was shown. Both the magnitude and distribution of EBV-specific T-cell responses were altered in solid organ transplant recipients; in particular, cultured ELISPOT responses were almost undetectable in a lung-transplanted patient with EBV-associated diseases. Analysis of T-cell responses to EBV by ELISPOT assays might provide new insights into the pathogenesis of EBV-related diseases and serve as new tools in the monitoring of EBV infection in immunocompromised patients.
The Human Circadian Pacemaker Can See by the Dawn's Early Light (2000)

The authors' previous experiments have shown that dawn simulation at low light intensities can phase advance the circadian rhythm of melatonin in humans. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of repeated dawn signals on the phase position of circadian rhythms in healthy participants kept under controlled light conditions. Nine men participated in two 9-day laboratory sessions under an LD cycle 17.5:6.5 h, < 30:0 lux, receiving 6 consecutive daily dawn (average illuminance 155 lux) or control light (0.1 lux) signals from 0600 to 0730 h (crossover, random-order design). Two modified constant routine protocols before and after the light stimuli measured salivary melatonin (dim light melatonin onset DLMOn and offset DLMOff) and rectal temperature rhythms (midrange crossing time [MRCT]). Compared with initial values, participants significantly phase delayed after 6 days under control light conditions (at least -42 min DLMOn, -54 min DLMOff, -41 min MRCT) in spite of constant bedtimes. This delay was not observed with dawn signals (+10 min DLMOn, +2 min DLMOff, 0 min MRCT). Given that the endogenous circadian period of the human circadian pacemaker is slightly longer than 24 h, the findings suggest that a naturalistic dawn signal is sufficient to forestall this natural delay drift. Zeitgeber transduction and circadian system response are hypothesized to be tuned to the time-rate-of-change of naturalistic twilight signals.
Beating the Perils of Non-Convexity: Guaranteed Training of Neural Networks using Tensor Methods (2015)

Training neural networks is a challenging non-convex optimization problem, and backpropagation or gradient descent can get stuck in spurious local optima. We propose a novel algorithm based on tensor decomposition for guaranteed training of two-layer neural networks. We provide risk bounds for our proposed method, with a polynomial sample complexity in the relevant parameters, such as input dimension and number of neurons. While learning arbitrary target functions is NP-hard, we provide transparent conditions on the function and the input for learnability. Our training method is based on tensor decomposition, which provably converges to the global optimum, under a set of mild non-degeneracy conditions. It consists of simple embarrassingly parallel linear and multi-linear operations, and is competitive with standard stochastic gradient descent (SGD), in terms of computational complexity. Thus, we propose a computationally efficient method with guaranteed risk bounds for training neural networks with one hidden layer.
Multiple access communication: The finite user population problem (1981)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1982.
Temperature sensitivity of the reflectance coefficient of SbSI (1990)

Abstract The reflectance coefficient of SbSI has been studied under a small temperature modulation using null ellipsometry. The intent of this work was to determine the temperature sensitivity of the optical constants. The reflectance coefficient was found to be highly sensitive to small temperature changes at wavelengths around the absorption edge. It is feasible to detect temperature changes of OC by monitoring the reflectance coefficient.