gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fundamentals of Soldering (1993)

Abstract Soldering is defined as a joining process by which two substrates are bonded together using a filler metal with a liquidus temperature. This article provides an overview of fundamentals of soldering and presents guidelines for flux selection. Types of fluxes, including rosin-base fluxes, organic fluxes, inorganic fluxes, and synthetically activated fluxes, are reviewed. The article describes the joint design and precleaning and surface preparation for soldering. It addresses some general considerations in the soldering of electronic devices. Soldering process parameters, affecting wetting and spreading phenomena, such as temperature, time, vapor pressure, metallurgical and chemical nature of the surfaces, and surface geometry, are discussed. The article also describes the applications of furnace soldering, resistance soldering, infrared soldering, and ultrasonic soldering. It contains a table that lists tests commonly used to evaluate the solderability properties of selected soldered components.
Therapeutic integrin inhibition: Allosteric and activation-specific inhibition strategies may surpass the initial ligand-mimetic strategies (2008)

Therapeutic integrin inhibition: Allosteric and activation-specific inhibition strategies may surpass the initial ligand-mimetic strategies -
The possible use of RNA interference in diagnosis and treatment of various diseases (2009)

MicroRNAs profile differences between normal and pathological condition might be promising as biomarker in early diagnosis and prognosis, while siRNA showed promising result in the therapy of various diseases in animal models.
Acoustically propelled nanoshells (2016)

Herein we report a new design for acoustic nanoswimmers, making use of a nanoshell geometry that was synthesized using a sphere template process. Such shell-shaped nanomotors display highly efficient acoustic propulsion on the nanoscale by converting energy from the ambient acoustic field into motion. The propulsion mechanism of the nanoshell motors relies on acoustic streaming stress over the asymmetric surface to produce the driving force for motion. The shell-shaped nanomotors offer a high surface area to volume ratio, allow for efficient scalability and provide higher cargo towing capacity (in comparison to acoustically propelled nanowires). Furthermore, a detailed study of the parameters relevant to propulsion performance, including the material density, size and shape of the motors, reveals that the nanoshell motors exhibit a different propulsion behavior from that predicted by recent theoretical and experimental models for acoustically propelled nanomotors. Such findings indicate that further studies are needed to predict the behavior of acoustic nanomotors with different geometry designs. Practical applications of the new nanoshell motors, including "on-the-move" capture and the transport of multiple cargoes and internalization and movement inside live MCF-7 cancer cells, are demonstrated. These capabilities hold considerable promise for designing fuel-free nanoswimmers capable of performing complex tasks for diverse biomedical applications.
Effect of Chemical Modifications on Aptamer Stability in Serum (2017)

There is increasing interest in the use of aptamers for the development of therapeutics. However, as oligonucleotides, aptamers are susceptible to nuclease degradation; poor serum stability is likely to negatively affect in vivo function. Modified nucleotides have been used to thwart nuclease degradation. However, few studies report the serum stability of selected aptamers. In this study, we examined the effect of various chemical modifications (2'-deoxy, 2'-hydroxyl, 2'-fluoro, and 2'-O-methyl) on the stability of a control oligonucleotide sequence following incubation in frozen human, fresh mouse, and fresh human serum. We also assessed the effect of the 3' inverted dT cap on stability. Surprisingly, we found that fYrR (2'-fluoro RNA) is only roughly as stable as DNA (2'-deoxy). Interestingly, the inclusion of a 3' inverted dT cap had only a modest effect on serum stability, if any. In one instance, the addition of a 3' inverted dT cap rendered a molecule composed of DNA more stable than its fYrR counterpart. By far, fully modified oligonucleotides (100% 2-O-Methyl or 2'-O-methyl A, C, and U in combination with 2'-fluoro G, termed fGmH) had the longest half-lives. These compositions demonstrated little degradation in human serum even after prolonged incubation. Together these results support the need for using fully modified aptamers for in vivo applications and should encourage those in the field to exploit newer polymerase variants capable of directly generating such polymers.
Effect of Heating Rate on Sintering and Coarsening (1991)

The sintering of zinc oxide powder compacts has been investigated at constant rates of heating of 0.5° to 15°C/min. For samples with the same initial relative density (0.50), the temperature derivative of the densification strain versus density fits within a single, relatively narrow band. At low temperatures the densification rate as a function of temperature increases almost linearly with the heating rate. The data, covering a wide density range of 0.5 to 0.98, are consistent with an analysis that accounts for the coarsening (defined as an increase in the mean pore separation) in terms of two classes of microstructural coarsening processes: those associated with densifying and with nondensifying mechanisms.
NCRP REPORT NO. 160, IONIZING RADIATION EXPOSURE OF THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, MEDICAL EXPOSURE—ARE WE DOING LESS WITH MORE, AND IS THERE A ROLE FOR HEALTH PHYSICISTS? (2009)

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814 (Schauer) International Society of Radiology, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814 (Linton)
An alert management system for concrete batching plant (2007)

Efficient and effective management is a key to business success. In particular, process management technologies can help smoothen and enhance the production. In this paper, we propose a sophisticated alert management system (AMS) for workflow management in particular for concrete batching plant. For concrete batching plant, there are challenges in monitoring schedules and handling their changes. An AMS can help monitor the whole production process and keep track of any exceptions by sending alerts and receiving responses in order to assist in resources planning and production scheduling of relevant stakeholders. We develop a model for specifying alerts and outlining the mechanism of the AMS. The applicability of the AMS for workflow integration, data integration, and exception handling is also examined by studying the stakeholders ' requirements.
INFLUENCE OF REFLECTIVE MULCH ON INCIDENCE OF THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE: PHLAEOTHRIPIDAE) IN STAKED TOMATOES (1989)

Thrips were sampled in a commercial tomato field in southeast Arkansas with yellow sticky traps. The effect of the type of mulch used (black plastic, aluminum-painted plastic or no mulch) on aerial thrips population abundance was investigated. Thrips species identified included Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), F. tritici (Fitch), Sericothrips variabilis (Beech), Leptothrips mali (Fitch) and Haplothrips graminis Hood; F. fusca and F. tritici were most numerous. Aluminum-painted mulch was most effective in reducing the numbers of thrips captured, while black plastic was more effective than no mulch. Numbers of F. fusca peaked at five weeks after transplanting; however, numbers of thirps were low in all plots for the first three weeks after transplanting. Peak numbers of F. fusca trapped in the aluminum-painted plots were one-third the numbers in non-mulched plots, while numbers in the black plastic plots were intermediate. Effectiveness of the mulch in decreasing the numbers of thrips generally disappeared later in the season, as lower leaves shaded the mulch, and traps were raised to accommodate increasing plant height.
Who broke the build? Automatically identifying changes that induce test failures in continuous integration at Google Scale (2017)

Quickly identifying and fixing code changes that introduce regressions is critical to keep the momentum on software development, especially in very large scale software repositories with rapid development cycles, such as at Google. Identifying and fixing such regressions is one of the most expensive, tedious, and time consuming tasks in the software development life-cycle. Therefore, there is a high demand for automated techniques that can help developers identify such changes while minimizing manual human intervention. Various techniques have recently been proposed to identify such code changes. However, these techniques have shortcomings that make them unsuitable for rapid development cycles as at Google. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm to identify code changes that introduce regressions, and discuss case studies performed at Google on 140 projects. Based on our case studies, our algorithm automatically identifies the change that introduced the regression in the top-5 among thousands of candidates 82% of the time, and provides considerable savings on manual work developers need to perform.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate as a mediator of high-density lipoprotein effects in cardiovascular protection (2008)

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) has gained special attention in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) field because HDL is the most prominent plasma carrier of S1P and because the S1P content of HDL may be responsible for many of the pleiotropic functions of HDL. This revelation has come from the evidence that HDL employ S1P receptors and signalling pathways to implement several HDL-ascribed biological effects as diverse as endothelial nitric oxide production, vasodilation, survival, and cardioprotection. This review focuses on HDL effects that are completely or partially mediated by the S1P content of the HDL particle and differentiates them from genuine HDL effects that are S1P-independent. In addition, the functional properties of 'free', HDL-unbound S1P are sometimes different from or even contrary to those of HDL-associated S1P. The nature of the physical interactions between HDL and local and systemic S1P production will be discussed as well as their consequences for organ function. Finally, we will elucidate the potential benefits and limitations of S1P analogues as a new class of functional HDL mimetics for cardiovascular therapy.
Porcine Conceptuses Secrete an Interferon During the Preattachment Period of Early Pregnancy1 (1989)

Maternal recognition of pregnancy in sheep and cattle is thought to be initiated by the conceptus secretory proteins ovine trophoblast protein-1 (oTP-1) and bovine trophoblast protein-1 (bTP-1), respectively. Recently, these proteins have been shown to be members of the interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) family. In this study, we have examined whether pig conceptuses also produce IFN during early pregnancy. conceptuses were collected at Days 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, and 17 of pregnancy and cultured in serum-free medium for 24 h. Day 11 conceptuses secreted a dominant 22,000-24,000 Mr cluster of acidic proteins (pI 5.2-5.4), that appeared to cross-react on immunoblots with antiserum against human IFN-alpha but not against oTP-1. Antiviral activity characteristic of an IFN was present in conceptus culture medium and uterine flushings from Day 11 through Day 17 of pregnancy, but was absent in flushings prior to Day 11 of pregnancy and in flushings from Day 12 nonpregnant gilts. The antiviral activity coeluted with a 22,000-24,000 Mr protein during partial purification through a gel filtration column. The activity was extremely labile, but could be restored by sequential protein denaturation, reduction, and renaturation. We conclude that production of IFN by early conceptuses is not restricted to ruminant species, and may therefore represent a more general phenomenon.
Short-pulse Laser Treatment: Redefining Retinal Therapy (2010)

etinal laser photocoagulation was first described 45 years ago and remains the standard of care for many retinal diseases. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study established panretinal photocoagulation as an effective treatment for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Conventional retinal laser photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy, retinal vascular applications, and the treatment of retinal breaks is typically performed with a continuous wave laser at 514 or 532 nm with exposure durations from 100 to 200 ms, spot sizes from 100 to 500 μm, and powers from 100 to 750 mW. Thermal ablation of tumors and extrafoveal choroidal neovascular membranes often involve longer pulse durations from 200 to 500 ms and yellow-red wavelengths.
A two-photon fluorescent probe with near-infrared emission for hydrogen sulfide imaging in biosystems (2013)

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is emerging as an important gasotransmitter but remains difficult to study. Here we report a novel two-photon fluorescent probe with NIR emission for H2S detection. It was successfully used to realize H2S imaging in bovine serum, living cells, tissues as well as in living mice.
Wafer-level 3D integration technology (2008)

An overview of wafer-level three-dimensional (3D) integration technology is provided. The basic reasoning for pursuing 3D integration is presented, followed by a description of the possible process variations and integration schemes, as well as the process technology elements needed to implement 3D integrated circuits. Detailed descriptions of two wafer-level integration schemes implemented at IBM are given, and the challenges of bringing 3D integration into a production environment are discussed.
Synthesis and anticancer and antiviral activities of various 2'- and 3'-methylidene-substituted nucleoside analogs and crystal structure of 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidenecytidine hydrochloride (1991)

Various 2'- and 3'-methylidene-substituted nucleoside analogues have been synthesized and evaluated as potential anticancer and/or antiviral agents. Among these compounds, 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidene-5-fluorocytidine (22) and 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidenecytidine (23) not only demonstrated potent anticancer activity in culture against murine L1210 and P388 leukemias, Sarcoma 180, and human CCRF-CEM lymphoblastic leukemia, producing ED50 values of 1.2 and 0.3 microM, 0.6 and 0.4 microM, 1.5 and 1.5 microM, and 0.05 and 0.03 microM, respectively, but also were active in mice against murine L1210 leukemia. Of all the tested drug dosage levels (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg, respectively) compound 23 had no toxic deaths and compound 22 yielded only one toxic death at the highest dosage level. On the contrary, in the same study, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) resulted in 2/5, 5/5, and 5/5 toxic deaths, respectively. Both compounds 22 and 23 have shown better anticancer activity than ara-C, yielding higher T/C x 100 values and some long-term survivors (greater than 60 days). In addition, compounds 22 and 23 were found to have, respectively, approximately 130 and 40 times lower binding affinity for cytidine/deoxycytidine deaminase derived from human KB cells compared to ara-C, suggesting that the two 2'-methylidene-substituted analogues may be more resistant to deamination. Cytoplasmic deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) was required for compounds 22 and 23 action. Furthermore, compounds 14, 22, 23, and 24 also have antiherpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) activity in cell culture. In addition, the crystal structure of 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidenecytidine hydrochloride (23-HCl) was determined by X-ray crystallography.
SELECTIVE SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION OF CATECHOLAMINES AND METANEPHRINES FROM SERUM USING A NEW MOLECULARLY IMPRINTED POLYMER (2013)

A new commercially molecularly imprinted polymer dedicated to the specific solid phase extraction of catecholamines and metanephrines has been tested for the extraction of neurotransmitters in serum samples. A protocol was developed especially for several aminergic neurotransmitters and metabolites (dopamine, 3-methoxytyramine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, normetanephrine, and serotonine). The serum was diluted in water (1/10, v/v), loaded on a cartridge filled with molecularly imprinted polymer and washed successively with water, methanol-water (15/85, v/v), and methanol. Analytes were then eluted with methanol-acetic acid (99/1, v/v). No matrix peak was observed on the chromatograms obtained by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-violet detection (281 nm). High selectivities were observed between imprinted and nonimprinted polymers. Extraction recoveries ranged from 64–98% (RSD <6%, n = 4) depending on the type of analytes and linearity was assessed in the 0.30–0.90 µM concentration range by least squares regression (r2 > 0.991). Then, large volumes of sample (8–40 mL) were loaded on the cartridge to evaluate the binding capacity of the cartridge. Increasing loaded sample volumes induced a decrease in extraction recovery, particularly for hydrophilic compounds. For a given elution recovery, higher preconcentration factors were achieved (∼55) for less hydrophilic compounds (sample volume of 40 mL).
Fabricating Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)-Active Substrates by Assembling Colloidal Au Nanoparticles with Self-Assembled Monolayers (1996)

A simple method for fabricating SERS-active substrates with colloidal gold nanoparticles is reported. Spontaneous adsorption of HSCH 2 CH 2 NH 2 on Au-evaporated glass led to a self-assembled monolayer with an amino-terminated surface, on which mono-dispersed colloidal Au nanoparticles were assembled into a two-dimensional array. Thus-prepared substrates were shown to be SERS-active, evidenced by the enhanced Raman scattering from BPE and an azobenzene derivative. The SERS enhancement factor was calculated to be 3×10 3 . Raman mapping and AFM imaging disclosed the good uniformity of the particle distribution on the surface on micrometer scale.
WDM Transmission of Single-Carrier 120-GBd ETDM PDM-16QAM Signals Over 1200-km Terrestrial Fiber Links (2017)

We demonstrate the generation and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) transmission of single-carrier 120-GBd electronic time-division multiplexing (ETDM) polarization division multiplexed 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16 QAM) optical signals. Both transmitter-side optical preemphasis and receiver-side maximum likelihood sequence estimation are utilized to mitigate the impairments caused by bandwidth limitation of the optoelectronic components. Thanks to the preemphasis and post equalization, we have successfully transmitted 12 WDM channels on 150-GHz grid, each loaded with 960-Gb/s (800 Gb/s data signals + 20% FEC emulated overhead bits) over 1200-km link based on 100 km/span TeraWave terrestrial optical fiber. The achieved data rate interface ensured spectral efficiency of 5.33 b/s/Hz. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experiment with the highest symbol rate reported for ETDM-based 16 QAM signals.
Convenient Method for Modifying Poly(dimethylsiloxane) To Be Airtight and Resistive against Absorption of Small Molecules (2010)

In this paper we present a simple and rapid method of modifying poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) surfaces with paraffin wax. PDMS that contains a layer of paraffin wax at its surface resists the absorption of hydrophobic molecules; we used fluorescence microscopy to confirm that paraffin-modified PDMS resists the absorption of rhodamine B. Furthermore, we demonstrated that microfluidic devices made from PDMS that contains a surface layer of paraffin wax prevent efficiently the transport of gas molecules through the bulk and into microchannels. We characterized the surface of PDMS that contains paraffin wax using the water contact angle, optical transmission, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We show that PDMS that contains paraffin wax can be substituted for native PDMS; specifically, we fabricated peristaltic valves in PDMS that contains paraffin wax, and the valves showed no degradation in performance after multiple open/close cycles. Finally, we show how to use PDMS that has been treated with paraffin wax as a mold for the fabrication of PDMS replicas; this approach avoids silanization of PDMS, which is a time-consuming step in soft lithography. The wax-modified PDMS channels also show performance superiro to that of bare PDMS in micellar electrokinetic chromatography for quantitative analysis.
New Measurement Service for Determining Pressure Sensitivity of Type LS2aP (2011)

A new National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) measurement service has been developed for determining the pressure sensitivities of American National Standards Institute and International Electrotechnical Commission type LS2aP laboratory standard microphones over the frequency range 31.5 Hz to 20 000 Hz. At most frequencies common to the new service and the old service, the values of the expanded uncertainties of the new service are one-half the corresponding values of the old service, or better. The new service uses an improved version of the system employed by NIST in the Consultative Committee for Acoustics, Ultrasound, and Vibration (CCAUV) key comparison CCAUV.A-K3. Measurements are performed using a long and a short air-filled plane-wave coupler. For each frequency in the range 31.5 Hz to 2000 Hz, the reported sensitivity level is the average of data from both couplers. For each frequency above 2000 Hz, the reported sensitivity level is determined with data from the short coupler only. For proof test data in the frequency range 31.5 Hz to 2000 Hz, the average absolute differences between data from the long and the short couplers are much smaller than the expanded uncertainties.
Protein thiolation and reversible protein-protein conjugation. <i>N</i>-Succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate, a new heterobifunctional reagent (1978)

A heterobifunctional reagent, N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate, was synthesized. Its N-hydroxysuccinimide ester group reacts with amino groups and the 2-pyridyl disulphide structure reacts with aliphatic thiols. A new thiolation procedure for proteins is based on this reagent. The procedure involves two steps. First, 2-pyridyl disulphide structures are introduced into the protein by the reaction of some of its amino groups with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester sie of the reagent. The protein-bound 2-pyridyl disulphide structures are then reduced with dithiothreitol. This reaction can be carried out without concomitant reduction of native disulphide bonds. The technique has been used for the introduction of thiol groups de novo into ribonuclease, gamma-globulin, alpha-amylase and horseradish peroxidase. N-Succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate can also be used for the preparation of protein-protein conjugates. This application is based on the fact that protein-2-pyridyl disulphide derivatives (formed from the reaction of non-thiol proteins with the reagent) react with thiol-containing proteins (with native thiols or thiolated by, for example, the method described above) via thiol-disulphide exchange to form disulphide-linked protein-protein conjugates. This conjugation technique has been used for the preparation of an alpha-amylase-urease, a ribonuclease-albumin and a peroxidase-rabbit anti-(human transferrin) antibody conjugate. The disulphide bridges between the protein molecules can easily be split by reduction or by thiol-disulphide exchange. Thus conjugation is reversible. This has been demonstrated by scission of the ribonuclease-albumin and the alpha-amylase-urease conjugate into their components with dithiothreitol. N-Succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate has been prepared in crystalline form, in which state (if protected against humidity) it is stable on storage at room temperature (23 degrees C).