gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Atomic Structure of an Ultrathin Fe-Silicate Film Grown on a Metal: A Monolayer of Clay? (2013)

Ultrathin Fe-doped silicate films were prepared on a Ru(0001) surface and, as a function of the Fe/Si ratio, structurally characterized by low-energy electron diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to identify the atomic structure. The results show that uniform substitution of Si by Fe in the silicate bilayer frame is thermodynamically unfavorable: the film segregates into a pure silicate and an Fe-silicate phase. The DFT calculations reveal that the Fe-silicate film with an Fe/Si = 1:1 ratio consists of a monolayer of [SiO4] tetrahedra on top of an iron oxide monolayer. As such, it closely resembles the structure of the clay mineral nontronite, a representative of the Fe-rich smectites. Furthermore, the DFT calculations predict formation of bridging Fe-O-Ru bonds between the Fe-silicate film and the Ru substrate accompanied by charge transfer from the metal substrate to the film, so that iron is in the oxidation state +III as in nontronite.
FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY ON HUNTINGTON'S FIBROBLASTS (1979)

Abstract– 8‐Anilino‐1‐naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS), a fluorescent probe specific for membrane polar‐apolar interfaces, has been used to investigate differences in corrected excitation, emission and scanned excitation polarization spectra of intact age, sex and passage number matched Huntington's disease (HD) and normal fibroblasts grown in cell culture. At passage number 4, the HD fibroblasts, compared to normals, exhibited a 30‐fold increase in excitation and emission intensity, a 30 nm blue shift of the emission maximum and a 0.18 polarization unit increase. These findings suggest that the ANS molecule experiences either increased binding sites or an increased quantum yield, a more nonpolar environment, and a more restricted motion in HD fibroblasts. Continued subculture at higher passages (10) showed a change of these findings towards normals. These fluorescent studies support the concept that a membrane abnormality is present in HD.
Hollow Bragg waveguides fabricated by controlled buckling of Si/SiO_2 multilayers (2010)

We describe integrated air-core waveguides with Bragg reflector claddings, fabricated by controlled delamination and buckling of sputtered Si/SiO2 multilayers. Thin film deposition parameters were tailored to produce a desired amount of compressive stress, and a patterned, embedded fluorocarbon layer was used to define regions of reduced adhesion. Self-assembled air channels formed either spontaneously or upon heating-induced decomposition of the patterned film. Preliminary optical experiments confirmed that light is confined to the air channels by a photonic band-gap guidance mechanism, with loss ~5 dB/cm in the 1550 nm wavelength region. The waveguides employ standard silicon processes and have potential applications in MEMS and lab-on-chip systems.
Metal–Organic Layers for Synergistic Lewis Acid and Photoredox Catalysis (2020)

We report the design of a new multifunctional metal-organic layer (MOL), Hf<sub>12</sub>-Ir-OTf, comprising triflate (OTf)-capped Hf<sub>12</sub> secondary building units (SBUs) and photosensitizing Ir(DBB)[dF(CF<sub>3</sub>)ppy]<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> [DBB-Ir-F, DBB = 4,4'-di(4-benzoato)-2,2'-bipyridine; dF(CF<sub>3</sub>)ppy = 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine] bridging ligands. Hf<sub>12</sub>-Ir-OTf effectively catalyzed dehydrogenative cross-couplings of heteroarenes with ethers, amines, and unactivated alkanes with turnover numbers of 930, 790, and 950, respectively. Hf<sub>12</sub>-Ir-OTf also competently catalyzed late-stage functionalization of bioactive and drug molecules such as caffeine, Fasudil, and Metyrapone. The superior catalytic performance of Hf<sub>12</sub>-Ir-OTf over a mixture of photoredox catalyst and stoichiometric amounts of Brønsted acids or substoichiometric amounts (20 mol %) of Lewis acids is attributed to the close proximity (1.2 nm) between photoredox and Lewis acid catalysts in Hf<sub>12</sub>-Ir-OTf, which not only facilitates the reaction between the carbon radical and the activated heteroarene but also accelerates the electron transfer from the nitrogen radical intermediate to the Ir(IV) species in the catalytic cycle.
Asymmetric alkene reduction by yeast old yellow enzymes and by a novel <i>Zymomonas mobilis</i> reductase (2007)

The genes encoding yeast old yellow enzymes (OYE 1, 2, and 3) and NAD(P)H-dependent 2-cyclohexen-1-one reductase from Zymomonas mobilis (NCR) were expressed separately in Escherichia coli. All four recombinant strains reduced the carbon double bond in alpha,beta-unsaturated alkenals and alkenones, however rates and enantio-specificities differed. Which of the two possible enantiomers was predominantly formed, was not only dependent on the choice of enzyme but also on the substrate: In addition to a dependency on methylation in alpha- or beta-position, the data of this study illustrate that firstly the E- or Z-configuration (cis- or trans-) of the carbon double-bond and secondly the remainder of the substrate molecule play roles in determining enantio-specificity. Based on the currently accepted mechanism of flavin mediated anti-hydrogenation of the carbon double bond, the data in this study may be explained by a flipped orientation of some of the substrates in the active center of OYE.
Triptans for Migraine Therapy: A Comparison Based on Number Needed to Treat and Doses Needed to Treat (2005)

Eletriptan 40 mg provides the best value in terms of the lowest DNT, assuming an approximately equal AWP discount for each triptan. Eletriptan 40 mg also was found to have the lowest total triptan cost to successfully treat 100 patients. Future research should further explore the utility of DNT in managed care decision making.
Factors Affecting Phosphorescence Decay of the Zinc Sulfide Phosphors (1945)

Modifications of the energy‐band theory of the solid insulator have been found useful in explaining the mechanism underlying several different aspects of phosphorescence. These include (1) the relation between afterglow and phosphorescence, the effects (2) of partial alterations in composition and (3) of changes in structure, (4) the action of a secondary activator, and (5) the differences in decay after cathode ray excitation and after ultraviolet. More serious consideration should perhaps be given to other possible modifications of the energy diagram. They might serve as valuable guides for further experimental investigations.
Sintering of Nanocrystalline Zinc Oxide via Conventional Sintering, Two Step Sintering and Hot Pressing (2010)

Two-step sintering an d hot pressing methods were applied on nanoc rystalline ZnO to control the accelerated grain growth occurring during the � nal-stage of sintering. The sintering conditions (temperature and total time) and results (density and grain size) of two-step sintering (TSS), conventional sintering (CS) and hot pressing (HP) methods were compared. The grain size of the high density (> 98 %) ZnO compact produced by the two-step sintering was smaller than 1 �m; while the grain size of those formed by the conventional sintering method was ~4 �m. The HP technique versus CS was shown to be a superior method to obtain higher � nal density (99 %), lower sin tering temperature, shorter total sintering time and rather � ne grain size. The maximum density achieved via HP, TSS and CS methods w ere 99, 98.3 and 97 %, respectively. The � nal grain size of samples obtained by HP was larger than that of TSS method. However, th e ultraprolonged sintering total time (88 ks) and the lower � nal density (98.3 %) are the drawbacks of TSS in comparison with the fas ter HP method (17 ks and 99 %, respectively).
Analyses of infiltration events in relation to determining soil hydraulic properties by inverse problem methodology (1991)

At the field scale, because of the relatively large number of observation points required to estimate the spatial distributions of hydraulic properties, application of inversion procedures must be based on a characteristic of the flow that for a given point in the field can be measured with relative ease, and can be used as input for the inversion procedure. Suggesting the use of infiltration data for this purpose, and recognizing the fact that a basic requirement for the design of a transient flow experiment is that the resulting inverse problem be sufficiently well posed to allow solution, this paper addresses the question under which circumstances the resulting inverse problem is well posed, utilizing the concepts of identifiability, uniqueness, and stability. For this purpose, three different models of the soil hydraulic properties were analyzed. The main conclusion of this study is that when infiltration data measured at the Darcy scale are used as input for the inversion procedure, the inclusion of prior information on a single measurable parameter, the saturated conductivity K s , in the estimation criterion will enhance the likelihood of uniqueness and stability of the inverse solution provided that the structure of the hydraulic model is sufficiently simple. However, since for a particular situation, it is impossible to determine a priori whether the resultant inverse problem is well posed or not, this must be carried out only a posteriori by solving the problem several times with different initial parameter estimates, accompanied by an analysis of the associated estimation errors.
COMBINED AUTOLOGOUS TRANSPLANTATION OF NEUROSENSORY RETINA, RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM, AND CHOROID FREE GRAFTS (2017)

Combined autologous RPE-choroid and neurosensory retinal free graft is a potential surgical alternative in eyes with end-stage exudative age-related macular degeneration, including concurrent refractory macular hole.
An ε-insensitive approach to fuzzy clustering (2001)

Fuzzy clustering can be helpful in finding natural vague boundaries in data. The fuzzy c-means method is one of the most popular clustering methods based on minimization of a criterion function. However, one of the greatest disadvantages of this method is its sensitivity to the presence of noise and outliers in the data. The present paper introduces a new e-insensitive Fuzzy C-Means (eFCM) clustering algorithm. As a special case, this algorithm includes the well-known Fuzzy C-Medians method (FCMED). The performance of the new clustering algorithm is experimentally compared with the Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) method using synthetic data with outliers and heavy-tailed, overlapped groups of the data.
Ethene Polymerization Activity and Coordination Gap Aperture in non‐<i>ansa</i> Alkyl‐substituted Cyclopentadienyl‐ and Phospholyl‐zirconium/MAO Catalysts (1996)

Abstract The ethene polymerization activities of a series of Cp'(C 5 H 5 )ZrCl 2 and Cp' 2 ZrCl 2 pre‐catalysts (Cp' = C 5 HMe 4 , C 4 Me 4 P, C 5 Me 5 , C 5 H 4 t Bu, C 5 H 3 ‐1,3‐ t Bu 2 , C 5 H 2 ‐1,2,4‐ t Bu 3 ) together with (C 5 H 5 ) 2 ZrCl 2 have been correlated with the coordination gap aperture. In the case of the mixed substituted C 5 R 5‐ n R' n ligands, the coordination gap aperture has been determined with the help of the cyclopentadienyl cone angle and the bending angle at zirconium. A hindered rotatability of the tert ‐butyl substituted systems has been evaluated by molecular modeling calculations and was included in the gap aperture estimation. Deviations from the activity—gap aperture correlation in the case of the phospholyl (C 4 Me 4 P) systems could be accounted for in terms of adduct formation between aluminum species and the phosphorus donors. These Lewis acid/base adducts form in an equilibrium reaction at high Al/Zr ratios, as shown by 31 P NMR. Ab initio calculations on model L 2 TiMe + complexes (L = C 5 H 5 , C 5 H 4 N and C 5 H 4 P) for the insertion of ethene in the TiMe bond suggest a high electronic similarity for phospholyl and cyclopentadienyl. The 91 Zr‐NMR data (chemical shift and line width) for the above zirconocene series are reported. The 91 Zr chemical shift values increase with a good linear correlation to the number of methyl or tert ‐butyl groups, which is traced to the additive electron donating effect of the alkyl groups. The hyperconjugative donor effect of a tert ‐butyl group is found here to be 1.25 times that of a methyl group. The X‐ray structure of (C 5 H 3 ‐1,3‐ t Bu 2 )(C 5 H 5 )ZrCl 2 has been determined (monoclinic, P 2 1 / n , a = 6.631(3), b = 18.843(9), c = 15.265(5) Å, β = 91.3°, Z = 4).
A Profound Deficiency in Thymic Progenitor Cells in Mice Lacking Jak3 (2000)

Humans and mice with genetic deficiencies that lead to loss of signaling through common gamma-chain (gammac)-containing cytokine receptors have severe defects in B and T lymphocytes. In humans, these deficiencies lead to a complete absence of T cells, whereas in mice, small thymuses give rise to normal numbers of peripheral T cells. We have examined the first wave of developing T cells in Jak3-/-, IL-7-/-, and IL-7Ralpha-/- fetal mice, and have found a near absence of thymic progenitor cells. This deficiency is highlighted by the complete inability of Jak3-/- progenitor cells to reconstitute T cell development in the presence of competing wild-type cells. These data clearly demonstrate a strong common basis for the T cell deficiencies in mice and humans lacking gammac/Jak3 signaling pathways.
Difference in the Binding Mode of Two Mannose-Binding Proteins:  Demonstration of a Selective Minicluster Effect<sup>†</sup> (1997)

Serum-type and liver-type mannose-binding proteins (MBP) are both present in higher animals and both are composed of a carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) and a collagenous domain. Although known as mannose-binding proteins, these proteins bind N-acetylglucosamine and other related sugars quite well. An earlier specificity study using cloned CRD portions of both types of MBP from rat [Childs, R. A., Feizi, T., Yuen, C.-T., Drickamer, K., & Quesenberry, M. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 20770-20777] revealed that the liver MBP CRD binds the trimannosyl core structure of N-glycosides, whereas the serum MBP CRD does not. We studied the substrate preferences of these CRDs using both solid and solution phase assays, testing monosaccharides, glycoproteins, and synthetic cluster ligands. While there was no significant difference in the monosaccharide binding specificities of the two CRDs, they displayed very different affinities for natural glycoproteins and mannose-containing cluster glycosides. Most interestingly, synthetic cluster ligands with two terminal GlcNAc moieties have affinity equal to monovalent GlcNAc ligands toward both CRDs, whereas a series of structurally similar Man-terminated divalent ligand displays about 20-fold enhanced affinity toward liver CRD only. A plausible explanation is that the liver MBP CRD has two sugar binding sites per subunit, one of which binds only mannose, and the other, both mannose and N-acetylglucosamine. In contrast, the serum MBP CRD has only one site of the latter type. Results of isothermal titration calorimetry support this hypothesis.
Partial blocks in the early steps of the chlorophyll synthesis pathway: A common feature of chlorophyll <i>b</i>‐deficient mutants (1996)

We have analyzed precursor pools in the chlorophyll (Chi) synthesis pathway for a set of eighteen well studied Chl b ‐defident mutants in monocotyledonous (barley, maize and wheat) and dicotyledonous plants ( Antirrhinum, Arabidopsis , soybean, tobacco and tomato) that form abnormal thylakoid membrane systems. All of these mutants have a partial block in Chl synthesis and nearly all of them accumulate protoporphyrin IX (Proto), the last porphyrin compound common to both heme and Chl synthesis. The large number of mutants at several genetic loci affecting this critical branchpoint in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis suggests that the Mg‐chelatase enzyme, catalyzing the first committed step of Chi biosynthesis, is a multimeric complex composed of the products of some of these genetic loci, and perhaps regulated by others. We hypothesize that these mutants are Chi b ‐deficient and have reduced amounts of light‐harvesting antenna complexes (LHCs.) and develop abnormal thylakoid membranes as a direct result of limited Chl synthesis. The observed bottleneck in Chl synthesis can also explain the light‐intensity‐dependent and temperature‐dependent expression of the mutant phenotype. This hypothesis offers a simple explanation for the wide variety of pbenotypes that have been reported for the many Chl‐deficient mutants in the literature. Our findings are also consistent with the notion that Chl b is made from “left over” Chl a molecules and suggest that the Chi b ‐deficient mutants should be considered more appropriately as leaky Chl‐deficient mutants.
Controllable Cross-Linking of Vapor-Deposited Polymer Thin Films and Impact on Material Properties (2013)

We report the single-step preparation of controllably cross-linked poly(divinylbenzene) (PDVB) and poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-divinylbenzene) thin films using initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-based methods for quantifying film composition and degree of cross-linking are elucidated; the validity of these methods is assessed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and nanoindentation. The extent of reaction of divinylbenzene (DVB) pendant vinyl bonds in homo- and copolymer films is unaffected by changes in initiator concentration, suggesting that bond reactivity, rather than radical concentration, is the limiting factor. Analysis of film step coverage (S) over high aspect ratio (AR) features and sticking probability calculations lend insight into the reactivity of both monomers and explain the extreme conformality of PDVB films (S = 0.87 ± 0.02 at AR = 4.7). In addition, the incorporation and cross-linking of DVB moieties in the copolymer are extremely reproducible and can be used to tune the elastic moduli of the films from 3.4 to 5.8 GPa.
Digestive proteolysis organization in two closely related Tenebrionid beetles: red flour beetle (<i>Tribolium castaneum</i>) and confused flour beetle (<i>Tribolium confusum</i>) (2009)

The spectra of Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum larval digestive peptidases were characterized with respect to the spatial organization of protein digestion in the midgut. The pH of midgut contents in both species increased from 5.6-6.0 in the anterior to 7.0-7.5 in the posterior midgut. However, the pH optimum of the total proteolytic activity of the gut extract from either insect was pH 4.1. Approximately 80% of the total proteolytic activity was in the anterior and 20% in the posterior midgut of either insect when evaluated in buffers simulating the pH and reducing conditions characteristic for each midgut section. The general peptidase activity of gut extracts from either insect in pH 5.6 buffer was mostly due to cysteine peptidases. In the weakly alkaline conditions of the posterior midgut, the serine peptidase contribution was 31 and 41% in T. castaneum and T. confusum, respectively. A postelectrophoretic peptidase activity assay with gelatin also revealed the important contribution of cysteine peptidases in protein digestion in both Tribolium species. The use of a postelectrophoretic activity assay with p-nitroanilide substrates and specific inhibitors revealed a set of cysteine and serine endopeptidases, 8 and 10 for T. castaneum, and 7 and 9 for T. confusum, respectively. Serine peptidases included trypsin-, chymotrypsin-, and elastase-like enzymes, the latter being for the first time reported in Tenebrionid insects. These data support a complex system of protein digestion in the Tribolium midgut with the fundamental role of cysteine peptidases.
Intelligent System for Video Monitoring of Vehicle Cockpit (1998)

This paper describes the application of vision systems to driver monitoring and occupancy detection in automobiles. The first section describes the observation and analysis of a driver monitoring system which tracks a driver's eyelid movement. It gives an overview of the system, including its specifications, prototype characteristics algorithm, and evaluation results. The second section describes an occupant sensing system and with an accompanying smart airbag function. An overview of the system and its characteristics is given.
Phototherapy (2018)

The efficacy of phototherapy is based on the interaction between ultraviolet (UV) radiation and the skin. The photobiological effects thus achieved depend on the wavelengths used. Targeted use of UVA and UVB, where indicated in combination with a photosensitizer such as psoralen, provides the dermatologist with a broad armamentarium for the treatment of a multitude of skin diseases. The spectrum of indications ranges from superficial dermatitis, psoriasis, and malignancies, such as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, to deep sclerosing conditions such as morphea. The objective of the present review is to highlight the photobiological effects of the various types of UV radiation as well as the resultant clinical indications for phototherapy.
New phosphonate-mediated syntheses of cyclopentanoids and prostaglandins (1999)

Abstract
Contextual classification and segmentation of textured images (2002)

An algorithm which combines the merits of statistical classification- and estimation-theory-based approaches is proposed for textured image segmentation. The texture regions are modeled by noncausal Gaussian Markov random fields (GMRF). The algorithm is comprised of two stages. In the first stage, the image is partitioned into small blocks of pixels. GMRF parameter estimates are extracted as the feature vector for each block. A maximum likelihood spatial classifier, which explores the class conditional correlation properties among neighboring feature vectors, is proposed for classifying each block into one of m-possible texture classes. The result of classification is a coarse segmented image. The locations of the edges are estimated in the second stage using a line-by-line maximum likelihood edge-estimation technique. Each detected edge sequence is further modeled as an autoregressive (AR) process and processed by a Kalman filter in order to smooth the detected boundary.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Li Cold Agglutinin: A Further Antibody Recognizing SialicAcid-Dependent Antigens Fully Expressed onNewborn Erythrocytes (1985)

The cold agglutinin anti-Li recognizes a sialic acid-dependent antigen fully expressed only on newborn red cells. Although it resembles anti-i in all aspects except for its nonreactivity with neuraminidase-treated red cells, it is entirely different from anti-i, since sialic acid is not involved in i antigenic determinants.
Physiology of the lung in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (2018)

The clinical expression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is directly related to multiple alterations in lung function. These alterations derive from a complex disease process affecting all compartments of the lower respiratory system, from the conducting airways to the lung vasculature. In this article we review the profound alterations in lung mechanics (reduced lung compliance and lung volumes), pulmonary gas exchange (reduced diffusing capacity, increased dead space ventilation, chronic arterial hypoxaemia) and airway physiology (increased cough reflex and increased airway volume), as well as pulmonary haemodynamics related to IPF. The relative contribution of these alterations to exertional limitation and dyspnoea in IPF is discussed.
A Self-scaling, Distributed Information Architecture for Public Health, Research, and Clinical Care (2007)

This model shows the feasibility of an architecture wherein the requirements of care providers, investigators, and public health authorities are served by a distributed model that grants autonomy, protects privacy, and promotes participation.