gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Validity and reliability of scaffolded peer assessment of writing from instructor and student perspectives. (2006)

Although peer reviewing of writing is a way to create more writing opportunities in college and university settings, the validity and reliability of peer-generated grades are a major concern. This study investigated the validity and reliability of peer-generated writing grades of 708 students across 16 different courses from 4 universities in a particular scaffolded reviewing context: Students were given guidance on peer assessment, used carefully constructed rubrics, and were provided clear incentives to take the assessment task seriously. Distinguishing between instructor and student perspectives of reliability and validity, the analyses suggest that the aggregate ratings of at least 4 peers on a piece of writing are both highly reliable and as valid as instructor ratings while (paradoxically) producing very low estimates of reliability and validity from the student perspective. The results suggest that instructor concerns about peer evaluation reliability and validity should not be a barrier to implementing peer evaluations, at least with appropriate scaffolds. Future research needs to investigate how to address student concerns about reliability and validity and to identify scaffolds that may ensure high levels of reliability and validity.
Improving bug detection via context-based code representation learning and attention-based neural networks (2019)

Bug detection has been shown to be an effective way to help developers in detecting bugs early, thus, saving much effort and time in software development process. Recently, deep learning-based bug detection approaches have gained successes over the traditional machine learning-based approaches, the rule-based program analysis approaches, and mining-based approaches. However, they are still limited in detecting bugs that involve multiple methods and suffer high rate of false positives. In this paper, we propose a combination approach with the use of contexts and attention neural network to overcome those limitations. We propose to use as the global context the Program Dependence Graph (PDG) and Data Flow Graph (DFG) to connect the method under investigation with the other relevant methods that might contribute to the buggy code. The global context is complemented by the local context extracted from the path on the AST built from the method’s body. The use of PDG and DFG enables our model to reduce the false positive rate, while to complement for the potential reduction in recall, we make use of the attention neural network mechanism to put more weights on the buggy paths in the source code. That is, the paths that are similar to the buggy paths will be ranked higher, thus, improving the recall of our model. We have conducted several experiments to evaluate our approach on a very large dataset with +4.973M methods in 92 different project versions. The results show that our tool can have a relative improvement up to 160% on F-score when comparing with the state-of-the-art bug detection approaches. Our tool can detect 48 true bugs in the list of top 100 reported bugs, which is 24 more true bugs when comparing with the baseline approaches. We also reported that our representation is better suitable for bug detection and relatively improves over the other representations up to 206% in accuracy.
Relational Web Search (2006)

Facts are naturally organized in terms of entities, classes, and their relationships as in an entity-relationship diagram or a semantic network. Search engines have eschewed such structures because, in the past, their creation and processing have not been practical at Web scale. This paper introduces the extraction graph, a textual approximation to an entity-relationship graph, which is automatically extracted from Web pages. The extraction graph is an intermediate representation that is more informative than a mere page-hyperlink graph but far easier to construct than a semantic network. The paper also introduces TextRunner, a search engine that utilizes this representation to answer complex relational queries that are difficult to answer using today’s search engines or Web Information Extraction (IE) systems. The paper compares TextRunner to a state-of-the-art IE system on list searches, and finds that TextRunner is 40 % more precise, with 11 % better recall than the IE system. Our experiments, computed over a 90-million page corpus and a 227-million node extraction graph, show how TextRunner will scale to billions of pages.
The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) (2002)

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections that are becoming increasingly difficult to combat because of emerging resistance to all current antibiotic classes. The evolutionary origins of MRSA are poorly understood, no rational nomenclature exists, and there is no consensus on the number of major MRSA clones or the relatedness of clones described from different countries. We resolve all of these issues and provide a more thorough and precise analysis of the evolution of MRSA clones than has previously been possible. Using multilocus sequence typing and an algorithm, BURST, we analyzed an international collection of 912 MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. We identified 11 major MRSA clones within five groups of related genotypes. The putative ancestral genotype of each group and the most parsimonious patterns of descent of isolates from each ancestor were inferred by using BURST, which, together with analysis of the methicillin resistance genes, established the likely evolutionary origins of each major MRSA clone, the genotype of the original MRSA clone and its MSSA progenitor, and the extent of acquisition and horizontal movement of the methicillin resistance genes. Major MRSA clones have arisen repeatedly from successful epidemic MSSA strains, and isolates with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin, the antibiotic of last resort, are arising from some of these major MRSA clones, highlighting a depressing progression of increasing drug resistance within a small number of ecologically successful S. aureus genotypes.
Further Observations on the Morphology of Chrysotile and Halloysite (1957)

Abstract Electron microscope studies of chrysotile show that tubes are present in bulk specimens and that these tubes commonly have fuzzy, amorphous-looking material on both the inside and outside. Similar material is associated with synthetic chrysotile and has been noted previously in halloysite specimens. The existence of such material between and within the tubes, together with apparent irregularities in size, shape and packing of tubes, explains the apparent discrepancy between the measured density of bulk samples and the calculated density of a hypothetical sample consisting of close-packed, regular, hollow capillaries. Replicas of fractured surfaces of halloysite (2H 2 O) from various localities reveal that the particles occur as curved to flat laths commonly possessing “hexagonal” terminations and surface features indicative of a higher degree of crystallinity than tubes of halloysite (4H 2 O). It is suggested that a complete morphological series from plates through laths to tubes exists both in platy to fibrous serpentine and in kaolinite to halloysite (4H 2 O). In each series a number of structural varieties are to be expected between the morphologically distinct “end members.”
Flower Pigments. Flavonoids from Argemone mexicana linn. (Papaveraceae) (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFlower Pigments. Flavonoids from Argemone mexicana linn. (Papaveraceae)W. RAHMAN and MOHD. ILYASCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27, 1, 153–155Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01048a037https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01048a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views188Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Photoluminescence Properties and Crystallographic Sites of Ce[sup 3+] in Ca[sub 2]BO[sub 3]Cl (2010)

The luminescent properties of -activated with nominal composition were investigated at room temperature and low temperature. There are two types of -emitting centers in the phosphor due to different occupancies in the host . The influence of doping concentration on the preferential site occupancy was studied, and the resonant-type energy transfer from site 1 to site 2 was also confirmed. In addition, the optimal composition of phosphor was , which shows a bright blue emission and strong band absorption in the near-UV region.
Dependence Minimizing Regression with Model Selection for Non-Linear Causal Inference under Non-Gaussian Noise (2010)

The discovery of non-linear causal relationship under additive non-Gaussian noise models has attracted considerable attention recently because of their high flexibility. In this paper, we propose a novel causal inference algorithm called least-squares independence regression (LSIR). LSIR learns the additive noise model through minimization of an estimator of the squared-loss mutual information between inputs and residuals. A notable advantage of LSIR over existing approaches is that tuning parameters such as the kernel width and the regularization parameter can be naturally optimized by cross-validation, allowing us to avoid overfitting in a data-dependent fashion. Through experiments with real-world datasets, we show that LSIR compares favorably with the state-of-the-art causal inference method.
Hydrogen Production from Biomass-Derived Syngas Using a Membrane Reactor Based Process (2013)

Integrated gas combined (power generation) cycle (IGCC) power plants show promise for environmentally benign power generation. In these plants coal and/or biomass are first gasified into syngas, which is then processed in a water gas shift (WGS) reactor to further enhance its hydrogen content for power generation. However, impurities in the syngas, primarily H2S, NH3, various organic vapors, and tar-like species, are detrimental to catalyst life and must be removed before the gas enters the WGS reactor. This, then, means cooling the syngas for cleanup and then reheating it to the WGS reaction temperature. For use in various industrial applications, and potentially for CO2 capture/sequestration, hydrogen purification is required. This, today, is accomplished by conventional absorption/adsorption processes, which results in significant process complexity and energy penalty for the overall plant. Ideally, one would like to establish a “one-box” process in which the syngas is fed directly into the WGS reactor, which then effectively converts the CO into hydrogen in the presence of all of the aforementioned impurities and delivers a contaminant-free hydrogen product. In this study, the development of such a process is described. It includes a catalytic membrane reactor (MR) making use of a hydrogen-selective, carbon molecular sieve membrane, and a sulfur-tolerant Co/Mo/Al2O3 catalyst. In this work, the membrane reactor’s behavior has been investigated for different experimental conditions and compared with the modeling results.
Modulation of Extracellular ISG15 Signaling by Pathogens and Viral Effector Proteins (2020)

ISG15 is a ubiquitin-like modifier that also functions extracellularly, signaling through the LFA-1 integrin to promote interferon (IFN)-γ release from natural killer (NK) and T cells. The signals that lead to the production of extracellular ISG15 and the relationship between its two core functions remain unclear. We show that both epithelial cells and lymphocytes can secrete ISG15, which then signals in either an autocrine or paracrine manner to LFA-1-expressing cells. Microbial pathogens and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists result in both IFN-β-dependent and -independent secretion of ISG15, and residues required for ISG15 secretion are mapped. Intracellular ISGylation inhibits secretion, and viral effector proteins, influenza B NS1, and viral de-ISGylases, including SARS-CoV-2 PL<sup>pro</sup>, have opposing effects on secretion of ISG15. These results establish extracellular ISG15 as a cytokine-like protein that bridges early innate and IFN-γ-dependent immune responses, and indicate that pathogens have evolved to differentially inhibit the intracellular and extracellular functions of ISG15.
Comparing Bayesian models for multisensory cue combination without mandatory integration (2009)

Bayesian models of multisensory perception traditionally address the problem of estimating an underlying variable that is assumed to be the cause of the two sensory\nsignals. The brain, however, has to solve a more general problem: it also has to establish which signals come from the same source and should be integrated,\nand which ones do not and should be segregated. In the last couple of years, a few models have been proposed to solve this problem in a Bayesian fashion. One of these has the strength that it formalizes the causal structure of sensory signals. We first compare these models on a formal level. Furthermore, we conduct a psychophysics\nexperiment to test human performance in an auditory-visual spatial localization task in which integration is not mandatory. We find that the causal Bayesian inference model accounts for the data better than other models.
Single Honeybee Silk Protein Mimics Properties of Multi-Protein Silk (2011)

Honeybee silk is composed of four fibrous proteins that, unlike other silks, are readily synthesized at full-length and high yield. The four silk genes have been conserved for over 150 million years in all investigated bee, ant and hornet species, implying a distinct functional role for each protein. However, the amino acid composition and molecular architecture of the proteins are similar, suggesting functional redundancy. In this study we compare materials generated from a single honeybee silk protein to materials containing all four recombinant proteins or to natural honeybee silk. We analyse solution conformation by dynamic light scattering and circular dichroism, solid state structure by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, and fiber tensile properties by stress-strain analysis. The results demonstrate that fibers artificially generated from a single recombinant silk protein can reproduce the structural and mechanical properties of the natural silk. The importance of the four protein complex found in natural silk may lie in biological silk storage or hierarchical self-assembly. The finding that the functional properties of the mature material can be achieved with a single protein greatly simplifies the route to production for artificial honeybee silk.
Oseltamivir and early deterioration leading to death: A proportional mortality study for 2009A/H1N1 influenza (2011)

These data suggest Tamiflu use could induce sudden deterioration leading to death especially within 12 hours of prescription. These findings are consistent with sudden deaths observed in a series of animal toxicity studies, several reported case series and the results of prospective cohort studies. From "the precautionary principle" the potential harm of Tamiflu should be taken into account and further detailed studies should be conducted.
Applied mechanics, materials and manufacturing IV : selected, peer reviewed papers from the 4th International Conference on Applied Mechanics, Materials and Manufacturing (ICA3M 2014, ICAMMM2014), August 23-24, 2014, Shenzhen, China (2014)

This is a collection of selected, peer reviewed papers from the 4th International Conference on Applied Mechanics, Materials and Manufacturing (ICA3M 2014, ICAMMM2014), August 23-24, 2014, Shenzhen, China. The 336 papers are grouped as follows: Chapter 1: Nanomaterials Science and Technology; Chapter 2: Metals and Alloys; Chapter 3: Optical and Magnetic Materials, Semiconductors and Technology; Chapter 4: Composite Materials and Applications; Chapter 5: Chemical Materials and Technologies for Chemical Engineering; Chapter 6: Building Materials and Construction Technology; Chapter 7: Technologies of Material Processing; Chapter 8: Applied and Computational Mechanics in Designing and Research; Chapter 9: Industrial Equipment and Technology; and, 10 Chapter 10: Mechanical Structural Strength, Reliability and Risk Analysis and Assessment. It also includes: Chapter 11: Vibration, Sound, Noise Analysis and Control; Chapter 12: Measurement Technology, Instruments and Sensors, Monitoring, Detection Technologies and Methodologies; Chapter 13: Mechatronics, Industrial Robots, Automation and Control Technologies; Chapter 14: Electronics, Circuit Technology and Electrics; Chapter 15: Computer Applications and Mathematical Modeling, Intelligent Algorithms and Optimization; Chapter 16: Industrial Engineering, Production Management, Operations, Quality and Control; and, Chapter 17: New Technologies in Engineering Education.
Contaminant Robust Water Extraction from Lunar and Martian Soil for In Situ Resource Utilization - System Testing (2013)

Water has been identified on a number of planets and celestial bodies with the potential for future manned exploration, including Mars. Water is a crucial resource for any extended duration mission carrying humans. The ability to generate propellants and life support consumables from available water and other in-situ resources is vital to any mission success that does not solely rely on carrying full supplies from Earth. However, many of the water sources on extraterrestrial surfaces are assumed to be contaminated with compounds that are difficult to separate from water and are damaging to downstream processing equipment. A water clean-up system is key to the implementation of water extraction from planetary sources. An ionomer-membrane based Contaminant Robust In-situ Water Extractor (CRIWE) is currently being developed to clean water for in-situ processing. Various system architectures employing CRIWE technology for both Lunar and Martian environments in the context of water electrolysis were previously reported. A full-scale water extractor EDU based on a Martian architecture has since been developed. The EDU was tested at full-scale conditions. A contaminated water vapor stream was delivered to the EDU. The water vapor that transported across the membrane was collected as condensate and sent to a lab for analysis. Test results including extracted water purity and recovery rates are presented.
Fabrication of three-dimensional structures by three-photon polymerization (2005)

We report the fabrication of three-dimensional structures of submicrometer resolution by three-photon polymerization. This resolution has been achieved by polymerizing ORMOCER, a UV photocurable organic-inorganic hybrid material, with an ultrafast laser irradiation at 1028 nm. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of three-photon polymerization, a process that may allow the fabrication of components of very high resolution.
Microlens array fabricated by a low-cost grayscale lithography maskless system (2013)

This work presents the fabrication of a contiguous f/#=f/15 Fresnel microlens array (MLA) by employing a low-cost home-built maskless exposure lithographic system based on a digital light projector technology by using Texas Instruments’ digital micromirror device chip. A continuous diffractive phase relief structure was generated on a photoresist-coated silicon wafer, replicated in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and electrostatically bonded to a glass substrate. The whole exposure time takes 10.8 min to expose a 2.4×2.4 mm MLA, with a resolution of 2.5 μm. This exposure time is relatively short, enabling high throughput or fast prototyping. Optical characterization was carried out using a He-Ne laser source (λ=633 nm ), by evaluating the maximum intensity of each spot generated at the MLA focal plane, Imax, as well as its sharpness by measuring their full width at half maximum (FWHM) intensity values. The resulting FWHM and maximum intensity spot average values were FWHM AVG =20±8% μm and Imax AVG =0.71±7% a.u. , respectively. The quality of replication was evaluated by profile characterization of the resulting mold and replica based on step height measurement along 180 μm. The maximum obtained difference was 32 nm, corresponding to 2.5% of the total mold height or λ/20 . AFM measurements were also carried out to quantify the roughness quality between mold and replica. The resulting RMS roughness was 4.73 nm (λ/130 ) and 6.66 nm (λ/95 ) for mold and replica, respectively. A comparison between theoretical and measured intensity profiles at the MLA focal plane was also carried out. A good correspondence between the results was found. Such an MLA can be applied as a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor in optical interconnects and to enhance the efficiency of detector arrays.
Comparative analysis of evolving software systems using the Gini coefficient (2009)

Software metrics offer us the promise of distilling useful information from vast amounts of software in order to track development progress, to gain insights into the nature of the software, and to identify potential problems. Unfortunately, however, many software metrics exhibit highly skewed, non-Gaussian distributions. As a consequence, usual ways of interpreting these metrics - for example, in terms of ldquoaveragerdquo values - can be highly misleading. Many metrics, it turns out, are distributed like wealth - with high concentrations of values in selected locations. We propose to analyze software metrics using the Gini coefficient, a higher-order statistic widely used in economics to study the distribution of wealth. Our approach allows us not only to observe changes in software systems efficiently, but also to assess project risks and monitor the development process itself. We apply the Gini coefficient to numerous metrics over a range of software projects, and we show that many metrics not only display remarkably high Gini values, but that these values are remarkably consistent as a project evolves over time.