gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Cyclotron: A Nuclear Transformer (1942)

Although the cyclotron is popularly known as an “atom smasher,” it is in more scientific terms a “nuclear transformer,” for it deals not as much with the atoms themselves as with the ten thousand times smaller nuclei of the atoms, and instead of smashing them completely it transforms them into new forms. Atomic Structure To appreciate the action involved in “atom smashing,” or man-made transformations of nuclei, we need first to picture the atom as a whole and then to enlarge upon its tiny center, the nucleus. An atom may be conceived as being an infinitesimally small solar system, as shown schematically in Figure 1.2 While the diameter of the solar system is about one hundred thousand million times greater than the height of a man, that of an atom is only about one one hundred thousand millionth as large as a man. Or roughly, man is mid-way in the scale of size between the solar system and an atom. The atom is so small that in one cubic centimeter of air, which we consider as being quite tenuous, there are about ten billion billion atoms, or as many as the number of red blood cells in one million people. Besides being very small the atom is mostly empty space. At its center is the nucleus, like the sun at the center of the solar system, which contains nearly all of the mass of the system. Around this nucleus revolve electrons in orbits, like planets in the solar system. As small as the atom is, the nucleus is still ten thousand times smaller in diameter, or about one million millionth of a centimeter in diameter. In order to visualize this, we may think of a nucleus as a steel ball one centimeter in diameter. On this scale the much lighter electrons could be considered as small balloons revolving in a sphere one hundred meters in diameter or in a volume that of a cubic city block. While the solar system is held together by gravitational forces between masses, the atomic system is maintained by electrical forces between charges. Each electron has just one unit negative charge. No charge exists smaller than this amount, and larger charges are even multiples of this unit. Whereas the planets in the solar system are different, the electrons are all the same. Moreover, they are the same in all atoms. Nuclei, on the other hand, are charged positively and differ from element to element. They are found in nature containing anywhere from one to ninety-two plus charges. In a neutral atom the nucleus is surrounded by a nebulous swarm of electrons equal in number to the number of plus charges on the nucleus. Thus the charge on the nucleus of an atom determines the number of electrons that the neutral atom can possess. As a consequence, the nuclear charge also determines the chemical identity of the element, for the chemical nature of the element depends on the number and arrangement of its electrons, which are its means of contact and combination with other atoms.
Preparation of Collagen‐Glycosaminoglycan Sponges with Open Surface Porous Structures Using Ice Particulate Template Method (2010)

Funnel-like sponges of collagen incorporated with glycosaminoglycan (GAG) were prepared by freeze-drying using ice particulates as templates. The funnel-like collagen-GAG sponges showed similar porous structures to those of funnel-like collagen sponges. The funnel-like collagen-GAG and collagen sponges have one top surface layer and one bulk porous layer. The large, top surface pores were determined by ice particulates that were used as templates, and the inner bulk pores were determined by freezing temperature. The funnel-like pore structures facilitated homogenous cell distribution, improved cell viability, and resulted in homogenous tissue formation. Incorporation of GAG increased the mechanical property and cell viability of collagen sponges.
Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope with adaptive optical wavefront correction (2003)

We have developed a new prototype of a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope that incorporate relatively low-cost adaptive optics to correct for wavefront aberrations induced in the exit path of the eye and the optical setup components. The scanning part of the system consists of two galvanometric scanners, and the adaptive optics part contains a membrane deformable mirror in conjunction with a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor. The system allows to register images of the retina with infrared illumination at a 15 Hz frame rate and with a variable viewing angle in the range of 1° to 10°. We show first results obtained with the system with images of a test target in an artificial eye and with imaging of the living human retina. We compare images obtained without and with the adaptive optics part activated. In preliminary images, retinal features down to a size of ~25 μm have been resolved with the application of adaptive optics.
“ Rand ” (1856)

“ Rand ” Get access J. Ss. J. Ss. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s2-II, Issue 33, 16 August 1856, Page 138, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s2-II.33.138c Published: 16 August 1856
The β-Amyloid Precursor Protein APP Is Tyrosine-phosphorylated in Cells Expressing a Constitutively Active Form of the Abl Protoncogene (2001)

The cytosolic domain of the beta-amyloid precursor protein APP interacts with three PTB (phosphotyrosine binding domain)-containing adaptor proteins, Fe65, X11, and mDab1. Through these adaptors, other molecules can be recruited at the cytodomain of APP; one of them is Mena, that binds to the WW domain (a protein module with two conserved tryptophans) of Fe65. The enabled and disabled genes of Drosophila, homologues of the mammalian Mena and mDab1 genes, respectively, are genetic modulators of the phenotype observed in flies null for the Abl tyrosine kinase gene. The involvement of Mena and mDab1 in the APP-centered protein-protein interaction network suggests the possibility that Abl plays a role in APP biology. We show that Fe65, through its WW domain, binds in vitro and in vivo the active form of Abl. Furthermore, in cells expressing the active form of Abl, APP is tyrosine-phosphorylated. Phosphopeptide analysis and site-directed mutagenesis support the hypothesis that Tyr(682) of APP(695) is the target of this phosphorylation. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that active Abl and tyrosine-phosphorylated APP also form a stable complex, which could result from the interaction of the pYENP motif of the APP cytodomain with the SH2 domain of Abl. These results suggest that Abl, Mena, and mDab1 are involved in a common molecular machinery and that APP can play a role in tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling.
Diagnostic Methods for the Detection of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Cows (1999)

Two experiments were conducted 1) to validate a field protocol for the determination of ruminal pH and 2) to develop a strategy to interpret ruminal pH data from groups of cows. In the first experiment, ruminal fluid was collected from 30 lactating dairy cows. Ruminal fluid pH was 0.28 pH units lower for fluid collected by rumenocentesis than for fluid collected through a ruminal cannula. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids were correspondingly higher in samples collected by rumenocentesis. A portable pH meter capable of measuring pH of a very small volume of ruminal fluid yielded very similar pH readings as did a standard meter with a pH probe. Filtration or aspiration of ruminal fluid had no effect on pH. In the second experiment, a strategy was developed to use ruminal pH values from a subsample of cows to distinguish between groups fed either a low or higher forage diet. Groups could be distinguished using a cut point of 5.5 ruminal pH, a sample size of 12 cows, and a critical value of 3 or more cows below the cut point. This strategy had the lowest theoretical error rate for herds with either a high or low prevalence of cows with a low ruminal pH.
Determination of Fictive Temperature of Soda‐Lime Silicate Glass (1995)

Peak positions of silica structural bands, both in infrared absorption and reflection modes, were used earlier to measure the fictive temperature of silica glass. In the present study, the method was applied to determine the fictive temperatures of a soda‐lime silicate glass. For the silicate glass, the IR absorption spectra produced a broad structural band which made the precise determination of peak position difficult, and only the IR reflection band was used. Equilibrium peak positions of ∼1056 cm −1 IR band, due to Si‐O stretching, were found to be directly correlated with the fictive temperature of the soda‐lime silicate glass. The soda‐lime glass exhibited an opposite dependence of the IR band position on the glass fictive temperature as compared to silica glass.
Hyperthermia – description of a method and a review of clinical applications (2007)

The aim of this paper is to give a concise description of hyperthermia and a brief review of its clinical applications. Hyperthermia (HT, thermal therapy) is thought to be one of the cancer therapies and is considered to be an artificial way of increasing the body tissue temperature by delivering heat obtained from external sources to destroy cancerous cells or prevent their further growth. The first principles of hyperthermic biology are presented. The phenomena of thermotolerance and radiosensitization are briefly described, as well as the concept of thermal dose delivered to the tissues. Three main clinical applications of HT are presented. They include local, regional or part-body HT and whole-body HT that deliver heat to localized, advanced or deep-seated and disseminated malignancies, respectively, depending on location, depth and staging of the tumour. Energies used to apply heat to the tumour include microwaves, radiofrequency energy, ultrasound, infrared radiators and different kinds of hot sources (hot water, ferromagnetic seeds, nanoparticles, resistive implants). General indications for each HT subtype and possible combinations of HT with other cancer treatment modalities are presented. Substantially, HT is used as an adjuvant therapy and in such a role it is being evaluated in many clinical randomized trials throughout the scientific medical centres. Their first preliminary results are already available, but still time is needed to produce firm conclusions and strict indications for hyperthermia treatment.
Enzymes in farm animal nutrition (2001)

<title>Abstract</title> This book contains 16 chapters by individual authors reviewing feed enzymes within the context of their mode of action, interaction with intestinal physiology, economic and environmental impacts, and application of the technology to the diets of various livestock species.
Magnetic Electron Multipliers for Detection of Positive Ions (1951)

Two designs of 15-stage electron multiplier wherein focusing from one beryllium copper dynode to the next occurs in crossed electric and magnetic fields have been developed particularly for detection of weak beams or pulses of positive ions in magnetic fields. One, with dynodes ⅜ in. wide, is usable in fields between about 250 and 460 oersteds while the other, with dynodes ⅛ in. wide, is usable in fields between about 300 and 1100 oersteds. It appears likely that, by using still narrower dynodes, such multipliers can be constructed to operate in fields of several thousand oersteds. Advantages of these designs over previously described multipliers employing crossed fields are the use of about half the number of insulated plates and less tendency, because of uniformity of the electric field, for breakdown and noise, due to ion feedback, to occur. The uniformity of the electric field also allows quite reliable calculation of the spread in transit time. From this it is concluded that, with a modified collecting system, a multiplier could be built with a rise time between 10−11 and 10−10 sec, which is very probably less than could be obtained with a static multiplier.
Calcium phosphate nanoparticles as a new generation vaccine adjuvant (2017)

Adjuvants are essential components in vaccine formulations to induce robust immunity against pathogens. The most widely used adjuvants in human vaccines are aluminum salts, that can effectively elicit a T helper type-2 (Th2)-biased humoral immune response for producing a high antibody titer but with a limited cellular immune response. Biocompatible calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaP-NPs) with tunable characteristics have potentials to function as adjuvants for inducing more balanced T helper type-1 (Th1) and Th2 immune responses. Areas covered: Here we review the preparation procedures and characteristics of CaP-NPs. The process can be well-controlled and readily scaled up. Antigen loading can take place as encapsulation during the particle formation or as passive adsorption post particle formation. Different modalities of immunogens were tested with CaP-NPs as adjuvants. The possible mechanisms of the CaP-NP-based adjuvants are discussed. Expert commentary: With good adjuvant effects and safety profiles, CaP-NPs have the potentials to be a new generation vaccine adjuvant. A more in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of their adjuvanticity could facilitate the process optimization for making adjuvants with preferred characteristics. Interdisciplinary collaborations are essential for testing the biocompatible CaP-NPs in human vaccines for clinical development and eventually for use in marketed vaccines.
On the Optimality of Sequential Forward Feature Selection Using Class Separability Measure (2011)

This paper studies sequential forward feature selection that uses the scatter-matrix-based class separability measure. We find that by adding a scale factor to each iteration of the conventional sequential selection, a sequential selection that guarantees the global optimum can be attained. We give a thorough theoretical proof of its optimality via a novel geometric interpretation, and this leads to a unified framework including the optimal sequential selection, the conventional sequential selection and the best-individual-N selection. In addition, we show that with our formulation, feature selection can be treated as a linear fractional maximization problem, and it can be efficiently solved by algorithms well developed in the literature. This gives a non-sequential globally optimal feature selection algorithm. Both theoretical and experimental study demonstrate their efficiency.
The Annealing Characteristics of LiF:Mg,Ti (1990)

The annealing characteristics of LiF:Mg,Ti are reviewed in detail, and new data concerning some of the standard annealing procedures routinely applied to LiF:Mg,Ti, especially the influence of the reproducibility of the annealing temperature profiles on the dosimetric precision, are presented. Based on these investigations, and based on the criterion that the annealing should be carried out at a temperature where the TL sensitivity is not a rapidly varying function of the annealing temperature, the recommended optimum annealing procedure for LiF:Mg,Ti is: (i) 400 ± 5 oC for one hour followed by an accelerated 'natural' air cooling rate of approximately 150 oC.min-1, (ii) 75 ± 3 oC for 24 h pre-irradiation and/or 110 ± 3 oC for 10 min post-irradiation.
Coping with stress: Divergent strategies of optimists and pessimists. (1986)

Previous research has shown that dispositional optimism is a prospective predictor of successful adaptation to stressful encounters. In this research we attempted to identify possible mechanisms underlying these effects by examining how optimists differ from pessimists in the kinds of coping strategies that they use. The results of two separate studies revealed modest but reliable positive correlations between optimism and problem-focused coping, seeking of social support, and emphasizing positive aspects of the stressful situation. Pessimism was associated with denial and distancing (Study 1), with focusing on stressful feelings, and with disengagement from the goal with which the stressor was interfering (Study 2). Study 1 also found a positive association between optimism and acceptance/resignation, but only when the event was construed as uncontrollable. Discussion centers on the implications of these findings for understanding the meaning of people's coping efforts in stressful circumstances.
Systemic viral material in the cells of the freshwater red alga <i>Sirodotia tenuissima</i> (holden) skuja (1971)

ABSTRACT A cytoplasmic inclusion consisting of polygonal viral particles surrounding a spherical viroplasm is described in the cells of Sirodotia tenuissima but not in other species of Sirodotia and Batracliospermum investigated. Some polygonal viral particles are also found associated with nucleolar material in the nucleus of S. tenuissima. The viral material is present in the apical cell and appears to be distributed to the daughter cells during division of the apical cell.
Theoretical analysis of the radiation force applied in the particles in FCS (2005)

Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) is one of the most popular techniques in the studying of intramolecular dynamics as well as molecular interactions of biomolecules in the local microenvironments of cells or tissues. In FCS, fluorescence intensity fluctuations due to Brown movement are measured in a microscopic detection volume defined by a tightly focused laser beam. By fluorescence correlation analysis, a multitude of parameters such as local concentrations & diffuse coefficients are assessed. Combined with high sensitive photoelectric detector, processing circuit and high performance computer, the applications has been reported includes combination of antigen and antibody, micro PH measuring, pharmaceutical drug screening and so on. Particle in light field will be applied a radiation force, especially in two-photon excitation FCS due to its high intensity focused laser beam. This radiation force can be described by two components, i.e. scattering force and gradient force. In this paper, we simulate the two forces of the particle applied in Rayleigh scattering regime, and analyze the radiation force influenced by different radius of the particle.
Soluble 14-kDa beta-galactoside-specific bovine lectin. Evidence from mutagenesis and proteolysis that almost the complete polypeptide chain is necessary for integrity of the carbohydrate recognition domain. (1991)

The soluble beta-galactoside-specific bovine lectin of subunit 14 kDa has been expressed in vitro by transcription and then translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The protein thus expressed shows the predicted binding to lactose coupled to Sepharose. Several mutants of the 134 amino acid protein have been expressed and insight gained into (a) the polypeptide length required to form the carbohydrate recognition domain and (b) the functional importance of some of the highly conserved amino acids. The following amino acids have been deleted: 1-9, 1-23, 88-122, 88-134, 107-134, or 124-134. In addition, a frame-shift mutant has been made in which the 23 amino acids at the C-terminal end were completely changed. Among these seven mutants only mutant 1-9 shows carbohydrate binding but with congruent to 30% of the activity of the wild-type protein (as assessed by the percentage of the protein bound to lactose-Sepharose). On the other hand, carbohydrate binding is relatively well preserved (75-90%) in mutant proteins where the C-terminal octapeptide sequence of the bovine lectin has been changed to sequences that resemble those in the chick 14-kDa lectin. When the single tryptophan at position 68 is changed by point mutagenesis to phenylalanine or to a leucine residue, a weak binding activity (congruent to 20%) is retained only with the former. When either of the cysteines 2 or 60 is changed to serine, binding activity is reduced to congruent to 60%, and when both are changed, to congruent to 20% of that for the wild-type protein. The susceptibility of the lectin to oxidative inactivation is unaffected when these 2 cysteines and cysteine 130 are changed to serine individually or in tandem (cysteines 2 and 60). In a second approach we show that the natural protein isolated from bovine heart is protected from proteolysis by trypsin and V8-protease in the presence of saccharide ligand. Although further work is required to identify residues which come into contact with the carbohydrate ligand, these results indicate that almost the complete polypeptide chain is necessary for the integrity of the carbohydrate recognition domain.
Hierarchical SOM applied to image compression (2002)

The increase of the need for image storage and transmission in computer systems has increased the importance of signal and image compression algorithms. The approach involving vector quantization (VQ) relies on the design of a finite set of codes which will substitute the original signal during transmission with a minimal of distortion, taking advantage of the spatial redundancy of image to compress them. Algorithms such as LBG and SOM work in an unsupervised way toward finding a good codebook for a given training data. However, the number of code vectors (N) needed for VQ increases with the vector dimension, and full-search algorithms such as LBG and SOM can lead to large training and coding times. An alternative for reducing the computational complexity is the use of a tree-structured vector quantization algorithm. This paper presents an application of a hierarchical SOM for image compression which reduces the search complexity from O(N) to O(log N), enabling a faster training and image coding. Results are given for conventional SOM, LBG and HSOM, showing the advantage of the proposed method.
Pulsed CO2 Gas-Dynamic Laser (1971)

We report a pulsed combustion-operated CO2 gas-dynamic laser. A gas mixture is ignited in a combustion chamber to form heated CO2 and N2. The mixture expands through a supersonic nozzle, thereby causing population inversion in the CO2. Laser energy was about 20 J and pulse duration 0.3 sec. Variations of gain and pulse energy with gas composition and stagnation pressure are described.
Extract characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Nannochloropsis oculata (2007)

This research progresses the understanding of super-critical carbon dioxide extraction of an algal sample composed of Nannochloropsis oculata. The apparatus used in the experiments was optimized in several iterations to find the best balance of quality of data collection and practicality of operation. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), and gravimetric analytical techniques were applied to the algae extract. The results indicate that 400 ± 4.5 bar and 83 ± 9.7°C recovered the largest proportion of extract on a mass basis. TLC analysis revealed a polar spot for some experiments, but it was not possible to verify that the spot was from the extraction and not a contaminant. GC analysis verified the lipid profile of the extract was modified by different extraction conditions and over the course of the extraction. The results reveal that additional research is warranted with super-critical carbon dioxide extraction of algae.
Phosphoantigen‐Expanded Human γδ T Cells Display Potent Cytotoxicity against Monocyte‐Derived Macrophages Infected with Human and Avian Influenza Viruses (2009)

Our findings suggest a potentially novel therapeutic approach to seasonal, zoonotic avian, and pandemic influenza-the use of phosphoantigens to activate gammadelta T cells against influenza virus infections.