gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Being Prepared (2014)

Nerve agents are extremely toxic and are some of the most lethal substances on earth. This group of chemicals consists of sarin, cyclosarin, soman, tabun, VX, and VR. It is currently unknown how many countries possess these chemicals and in what quantities. These agents work through altering the transmission and breakdown of acetylcholine by binding to, and inactivating, acetylcholinesterase. This results in an uncontrolled and overwhelming stimulation of both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Receptor activation at these sites can lead to a wide variety of clinical symptoms, with death frequently resulting from pulmonary edema. Antidotal therapy in this setting largely consists of atropine, pralidoxime, and benzodiazepines, all of which must be administered emergently to limit the progression of symptoms and prevent the enzyme inactivation from becoming permanent. This article reviews the mechanism of action of the nerve agents and their effects on the human body, the currently available therapies to mitigate their impact, and important therapeutic considerations for health care practitioners in the emergency department.
Realistic force feedback for virtual reality based diagnostic surgery simulators (2002)

Virtual reality surgery simulators are almost certainly the future of endoscopic surgery trainers. While many aspects of such systems, such as the visualization of the operating scene, have been brought to satisfactory levels of resemblance to real endoscopic surgery, the haptic feedback simulation is one of the major obstacles remaining. The aim of this work is to describe the main components necessary for a realistic haptic feedback in surgery, concentrating on the modelling of soft organic tissue, necessary for the simulation of soft tissue deformation. We also present a method to measure in-vivo the material parameters figuring in the developed elastomechanical models of living tissues.
Analytical and Diagnostic Characteristics of 11 2nd- and 3rd-Generation Immunoenzymatic Methods for the Detection of Antibodies to Citrullinated Proteins (2007)

The analytical imprecision and diagnostic accuracies of commercially available methods for the detection of anti-CP antibodies differ. Careful selection of methods is needed.
Combined delivery of BCNU and VEGF siRNA using amphiphilic peptides for glioblastoma (2013)

Combined delivery of chemical drug and therapeutic gene has been introduced as an efficient method for the treatment of cancers such as glioblastoma. In this study, bis-chloroethylnitrosourea (BCNU) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) small interfering RNA (VEGF-siRNA) were co-delivered into C6 glioblastoma cells using a non-toxic peptide-based carrier. The R3V6 peptides, which are composed of 3-arginine and 6-valine, formed self-assembled micelles in aqueous solution. BCNU, a hydrophobic anti-cancer drug, was loaded into the hydrophobic core of the micelles, forming BCNU-loaded R3V6 micelles (R3V6-BCNU). In gel retardation assay, R3V6-BCNU formed a stable complex with siRNA. In vitro transfection assay showed that the VEGF-siRNA/R3V6-BCNU complex had the highest transfection efficiency into C6 cells at a 1:20 weight ratio (VEGF-siRNA:R3V6-BCNU). In addition, the VEGF-siRNA/R3V6-BCNU complexes had higher delivery efficiency than lipofectamine or naked siRNA. VEGF expressions were remarkably decreased by transfection of the VEGF-siRNA/R3V6 or VEGF-siRNA/R3V6-BCNU complexes. Furthermore, R3V6-BCNU delivered BCNU more efficiently into the cells than BCNU only. Therefore, R3V6 delivered both VEGF-siRNA and BCNU efficiently into the glioblastoma cells. The results suggest that R3V6-BCNU may be useful for combined delivery of siRNA and chemical drug into cancer cells.
Evolutionary Monte Carlo Methods for Clustering (2007)

The problem of clustering a group of observations according to some objective function (e.g., K-means clustering, variable selection) or a density (e.g., posterior from a Dirichlet process mixture model prior) can be cast in the framework of Monte Carlo sampling for cluster indicators. We propose a new method called the evolutionary Monte Carlo clustering (EMCC) algorithm, in which three new “crossover moves,” based on swapping and reshuffling sub cluster intersections, are proposed. We apply the EMCC algorithm to several clustering problems including Bernoulli clustering, biological sequence motif clustering, BIC based variable selection, and mixture of normals clustering. We compare EMCC's performance both as a sampler and as a stochastic optimizer with Gibbs sampling, “split-merge” Metropolis–Hastings algorithms, K-means clustering, and the MCLUST algorithm.
PoP/CSP warpage evaluation and viscoelastic modeling (2008)

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the critical factors for package-on-package (PoP) and chip scale package (CSP) warpage control through experiments and modeling. Shadow moire was used to measure package warpage from room temperature to reflow temperature. The impact of new developments in laminate substrate technology including thin core and emerging low CTE core materials were emphasized in addition to the effects of die size and mold compound material. Warpage data for the package stackable flip chip CSP (PSfcCSP) used in high end PoP stacks as well as the newly developed thru-mold-via (TMV) technology were also reported. The evaluation showed the TMV technology had much less warpage than the conventional type of bare die PSfcCSP. A viscoelastic warpage model was developed to correlate the design of experiments (DOE) data. The viscoelastic property of four different mold compound materials was measured to obtain master curves and time temperature shifting functions by curve fitting the stress relaxation data. The correlation showed the results from the viscoelastic warpage models consistently agreed well with the test data in a wide range of design parameter space covered by the DOE. Furthermore, chemical shrinkage data was integrated with the viscoelastic relaxation to properly model the warpage during the mold curing step. The correlation data showed this was a much more effective approach to accurately model the actual shrinkage effect on warpage.
Commentary: Vitamin C: Antioxidant or Pro-Oxidant In Vivo? (1996)

Ascorbic acid has a multiplicity of antioxidant properties, but it can exert pro-oxidant effects in vitro, usually by interaction with transition metal ions. It is as yet uncertain that these pro-oxidant effects have any biological relevance: some of the available data are summarized.
Water-Assisted Formation of Micrometer-Size Honeycomb Patterns of Polymers (2000)

Micropatterned thin films have received increased interest in the past few years. Besides preparation by conventional lithography, self-assembly of materials around a template can be used for patterning. Recently a method that utilizes the condensation of micrometer-size water droplets on solutions of block copolymers was reported for the preparation of ordered micrometer-size honeycomb structures. Here we show that the formation of honeycomb-like porous films is a general method that can be used for patterning many materials, e.g., block copolymers, amphiphilic polyion complexes, organic/inorganic hybrids, and homopolymers, such as polystyrene. Stabilization of water droplets is indispensable for regular pattern formation.
Mechanical Properties of Pure, Dense Aluminum Oxide as a Function of Temperature and Grain Size (1964)

The elastic modulus and transverse bend strength of pure, dense alumina specimens were determined as a function of grain size (1 to 250μ) and temperature (30° to 1500°C). The elastic modulus was essentially independent of grain size over the temperature range covered. The transverse bend strength for fine–grain–sized alumina was substantially greater than that for larger–grain–sized alumina over the entire temperature range, although, at the highest temperatures, the rate of decrease of strength with temperature was greatest for the he–grained material. Fine–grained alumina (1 to 2P) exhibited considerable yielding and nonlinear load–deflection behavior at 1000°C and above. At 150O°C, the 1‐ to 2‐μ specimens bent to the limit of the apparatus without fracturing (approximately 7% outer‐fiber strain).
Raman and infrared modes of hydrogenated amorphous carbon nitride (2001)

Features in the Raman and infrared (IR) spectra of highly sp3 bonded hydrogenated amorphous carbon nitride films are assigned. The Raman spectra show three main features all found in a-C itself, the G and D peaks at 1550 and 1350 cm−1, respectively, and the L peak near 700 cm−1. The intensity ratio of the D and G peaks, I(D)/I(G), is found to scale as (band gap)−2, which confirms that nitrogen induces carbon to form sp2 graphitic clusters. The intensity of the L mode is found to scale with the D mode, supporting its identification as an in-plane rotational mode of sixfold rings in graphitic clusters. A small feature at 2200 cm−1 due to C≡N modes is seen, but otherwise the Raman spectra resembles that of a-C and shows no specific features due to N atoms. The hydrogen content is found to have a strong effect on the IR spectra at 1100–1600 cm−1 making this band asymmetric towards the 1600 cm−1 region.
Allelic losses of loci at 3p25.1, 8p22, 13q12, 17p13.3, and 22q13 correlate with postoperative recurrence in breast cancer. (2001)

We previously defined 18 chromosomal regions in which frequent allelic losses were observed in breast cancers (T. Sato et al., Cancer RES:, 50: 7184-7189, 1990; Y. Harada et al., Cancer (PHILA:), 74: 2281-2286, 1994; I. Ito et al., BR: J. Cancer, 71: 438-441, 1995; K. Tsukamoto et al., Cancer (PHILA:), 78: 1929-1934, 1996; S. Matsumoto et al., Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 20: 268-274, 1997; T. Yokota et al., JPN: J. Cancer RES:, 88: 959-964, 1997; K. Tsukamoto et al., Cancer (PHILA:), 82: 317-322, 1998; A. Iida et al., Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 21: 108-112, 1998; K. Fukino et al., Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 24: 345-350, 1999; T. Yokota et al., Cancer (PHILA:), 85: 447-452, 1999; Y. Utada et al., JPN: J. Cancer RES:, 91: 293-300, 2000). To identify specific allelic losses that might correlate with postoperative recurrence, we examined tumors from a cohort of 504 breast cancer patients, who were followed clinically for 5 years postoperatively, for allelic losses of 18 microsatellite markers. Patients whose tumors had lost an allele at 3p25.1, 8p22, 13q12, 17p13.3, or 22q13 had significantly higher risks of recurrence than those whose tumors retained both alleles at those loci; at 3p25.1, the 5-year recurrence rate was 27% among patients with losses versus 18% with retention (P = 0.0131); at 8p22, 27% versus 14% (P = 0.0129); at 13q12, 28% versus 15% (P = 0.0109); at 17p13.3, 27% versus 20% (P = 0.0482); and at 22q13, 29% versus 20% (P = 0.0477). These data indicate that loss of heterozygosity at any one of these five specific loci is a significant predictor of postoperative recurrence among patients who have undergone surgery for breast cancer. These allelic losses can serve as negative prognostic indicators to guide postoperative management of patients.
Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions in Patients with Normal Hearing and in Patients with Hearing Loss (1998)

TEOAEs can be used to identify hearing loss in children under routine clinical conditions. Univariate tests accurately identified auditory status at mid and high frequencies but performed more poorly at lower frequencies. The decrease in performance as frequency decreases may be a result of increased noise at lower frequencies but also may be due to properties of the measurement paradigm ("QuickScreen," high-pass filter at 0.8 kHz), which would not be ideal for recording energy around 1 kHz. The improvement in test performance when SNR was used and the interaction of this effect with frequency, however, would be consistent with the view that test performance in lower frequencies is at least partially influenced by the level of background noise. Multivariate analysis techniques improved test performance compared with the more traditional univariate approaches to data analysis. An approach is provided that allows one to assign measured TEOAE amplitudes, SNRs, or outputs from multivariate analyses to one of three categories: response properties consistent with normal hearing; results consistent with hearing loss; hearing status undetermined.
Identification of TFII-I as the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response Element Binding Factor ERSF: Its Autoregulation by Stress and Interaction with ATF6 (2001)

When mammalian cells are subjected to stress targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), such as depletion of the ER Ca(2+) store, the transcription of a family of glucose-regulated protein (GRP) genes encoding ER chaperones is induced. The GRP promoters contain multiple copies of the ER stress response element (ERSE), consisting of a unique tripartite structure, CCAAT(N(9))CCACG. Within a subset of mammalian ERSEs, N(9) represents a GC-rich sequence of 9 bp that is conserved across species. A novel complex (termed ERSF) exhibits enhanced binding to the ERSE of the grp78 and ERp72 promoters using HeLa nuclear extracts prepared from ER-stressed cells. Optimal binding of ERSF to ERSE and maximal ERSE-mediated stress inducibility require the conserved GGC motif within the 9-bp region. Through chromatographic purification and subsequent microsequencing, we have identified ERSF as TFII-I. Whereas TFII-I remains predominantly nuclear in both nontreated NIH 3T3 cells and cells treated with thapsigargin (Tg), a potent inducer of the GRP stress response through depletion of the ER Ca(2+) store, the level of TFII-I transcript was elevated in Tg-stressed cells, correlating with an increase in TFII-I protein level in the nuclei of Tg-stressed cells. Purified recombinant TFII-I isoforms bind directly to the ERSEs of grp78 and ERp72 promoters. The stimulation of ERSE-mediated transcription by TFII-I requires the consensus tyrosine phosphorylation site of TFII-I and the GGC sequence motif of the ERSE. We further discovered that TFII-I is an interactive protein partner of ATF6 and that optimal stimulation of ERSE by ATF6 requires TFII-I.
Sulfur in human nutrition and applications in medicine. (2002)

Because the role of elemental sulfur in human nutrition has not been studied extensively, it is the purpose of this article to emphasize the importance of this element in humans and discuss the therapeutic applications of sulfur compounds in medicine. Sulfur is the sixth most abundant macromineral in breast milk and the third most abundant mineral based on percentage of total body weight. The sulfur-containing amino acids (SAAs) are methionine, cysteine, cystine, homocysteine, homocystine, and taurine. Dietary SAA analysis and protein supplementation may be indicated for vegan athletes, children, or patients with HIV, because of an increased risk for SAA deficiency in these groups. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), a volatile component in the sulfur cycle, is another source of sulfur found in the human diet. Increases in serum sulfate may explain some of the therapeutic effects of MSM, DMSO, and glucosamine sulfate. Organic sulfur, as SAAs, can be used to increase synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), glutathione (GSH), taurine, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). MSM may be effective for the treatment of allergy, pain syndromes, athletic injuries, and bladder disorders. Other sulfur compounds such as SAMe, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), taurine, glucosamine or chondroitin sulfate, and reduced glutathione may also have clinical applications in the treatment of a number of conditions such as depression, fibromyalgia, arthritis, interstitial cystitis, athletic injuries, congestive heart failure, diabetes, cancer, and AIDS. Dosages, mechanisms of action, and rationales for use are discussed. The low toxicological profiles of these sulfur compounds, combined with promising therapeutic effects, warrant continued human clinical trails.
[Study on the status of methylation of Rb gene promoter in human esophageal cancer and effect of NMBzA on Rb gene promoter in monkey esophageal epithelium]. (1998)

These data suggest that abnoromal expression of Rb gene may be related to hypermethylation of its promoter and carcinogen NMBzA can induce such hypermethylation in monkey esophageal epithelium.
Change in refractive index for <i>p</i>-type GaAs at λ=1.06, 1.3, and 1.55 μm due to free carriers (1991)

A quantum-mechanical approach used to calculate the refractive-index change Δn due to free carriers for various doped p-type GaAs is presented. The approach makes use of a numerical Kramers–Kronig analysis to analyze a carrier-related optical-absorption spectrum in which various important carrier effects have been considered including the band-filling effect, the band-tailing effect, the band-gap-shrinkage effect, the direct optical transition of carriers between subvalence bands, and the indirect intravalence-band absorption due to phonons and impurities. Values of Δn have been obtained for various doping and carrier concentrations at wavelength λ=1.06, 1.3, and 1.55 μm. These Δn data are directly applicable to both the injection- and depletion-type optical-switching and modulation applications, and the optical-probing application. A comparison of various index-changing effects for GaAs at wavelength λ=1.06, 1.3, and 1.55 μm is also listed.
Acid degradable ZnO quantum dots as a platform for targeted delivery of an anticancer drug (2011)

Efficacious chemotherapy mainly hinges on the tumor-specific delivery of anticancer drugs. Herein we report a successful fabrication of highly photoluminescent and water dispersible ZnO quantum dotsvia a new ligand exchange free strategy. In addition to bioimaging, ZnO QDs have also been evaluated as a platform for targeted and pH responsive intracellular delivery of an anticancer drug. The cancer targeting feature is endowed by conjugating folic acid on to the surface of ZnO–NH2 QDs via an amidation reaction. Doxorubicin (DOX) is then successfully loaded onto the folic acid functionalized ZnO QDs by capitalizing on its marked tendency towards the formation of metal complexes. Drug loaded ZnO-FA QDs remain stable at physiological pH but readily disintegrate in the mildly acidic intracellular environment of cancer cells as validated by a drug release profile, confocal microscopy and a cell-cytotoxicity assay. Compared to the conventional drug nanovector, ZnO-FA QDs themselves manifest a significant therapeutic activity after reaching their targeted site, therefore, combined DOX and ZnO QDs can be more efficacious than either alone. Hence, this approach provides a valuable ZnO QDs-based nanovector that can simultaneously realize targeting, diagnosis, and therapy of cancer cells.
Systematic approach of rapid prototyping for EC drives in automotive applications (2004)

This paper describes the systematic approach towards rapid prototyping for the development of electronically commutated (EC) drives in automotive applications. The aims were to reduce development time as well as to offer a greater variability of possible drive solutions. For this purpose offline and online simulations are established for EC drives. For offline simulations an extensive library of permanent magnet synchronous machines has been developed featuring different electrical topologies and several levels of complexity in both Matlab and SABER. Also libraries of power inverters have been created with varying topologies including the correspondent control blocks. For online simulations dSPACE Prototyping hardware is used. As power converter a new highly modular inverter has been developed covering a broad range of EC drive applications. The rapid prototyping process has successfully been evaluated in practice. This enables the operation of EC drives at an early project stage without developing the corresponding electronic control units or handcoding software. Good results have been achieved in several concurrent projects where the development time could significantly be reduced.
Identification of a Dominant Epitope in the Hemagglutinin of an Asian Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Clade 1 Virus by Selection of Escape Mutants (2010)

H5N1 avian influenza virus has caused widespread infection in poultry and wild birds, and has the potential to emerge as a pandemic threat to humans. The hemagglutinin (HA) is a glycoprotein on the surface of the virus envelope. Understanding its antigenic structure is essential for designing novel vaccines that can inhibit virus infection. The aim of this study was to map the amino acid substitutions that resulted in resistance to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) of the highly pathogenic A/crested eagle/Belgium/01/2004 (H5N1), a clade 1 virus. Two hybridomas specific to H5N1 clade 1 viruses were selected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, virus neutralization test, and immunofluorescence assay. Escape mutant populations resisting neutralization by those MAbs (8C5 and 5A1) were then selected, and sequencing of these mutants allowed the prediction of the HA protein structure by molecular homology. We could detect an amino acid change in our escape mutants at position K189E corresponding to antigenic site 2 of H5 HA1 and site B of H3 HA1. Interestingly, 336 out of 350 available HA sequences from H5N1 clade 1 and clade 2.3 viruses had Lys (K) at position 189 in the HA1, whereas HA sequences analyzed from dade 2.1 and 2.2 viruses had Arg (R). This residue also interacts with the receptor-binding site, and it is thus important for the evolution of H5N1 viruses. An additional substitution K29E in HA2 subunit was also observed and identified with the use of NetChop software as a loss of a proteasomal cleavage site, which seems to be an advantage for H5N1 viruses.
Motivation and Implementation of a Software H.264 Real-Time CIF Encoder for Mobile TV Broadcast Applications (2007)

An encoding system was implemented purely in software for sending H.264 video multicast to mobile devices. The H.264 encoder is a multi-threaded parallel-GOP encoder. It is capable of running in real-time with an AMD Opteron 1.8 GHz dual-core platform in baseline profile at CIF resolution at 1 Mbps-Real-time video encoding is accomplished with aggressive single instruction multiple data assembly code optimizations and advanced algorithms. A time control algorithm was developed to quell the mode decision process from spending too much time per frame. Transmission of the audio and video streams is on an IP layer over WiFi and DVB-H. DVB-H is chosen for its power saving and reliability features. Using the IP network, the encoder can be repurposed for applications other than mobile broadcast video.
Hardware realisation of artificial neural network with application to information coding (1994)

A general purpose flexible and low cost ANN system has been designed and built. The hardware is based on four MD1220 neural bit slice processors interfaced to a PC/AT host computer. The system can be configured to run concurrently as one partition or up to 4 independent partitions, with dedicated firmware control and weight placement in the Local Weight Ram of each MD1220. The hardware is capable of storing up to 65536 16 bit weights with its internal 256 K RAM and 1024 neurons with its global RAM using time division multiplexing technique. Back propagation learning paradigm is used for evaluating the system and application of (7,4) Hamming coding is demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>