gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SOME UNUSUAL LOW BOUGUER ANOMALIES OF SMALL EXTENT IN CENTRAL IRELAND AND THEIR CONNECTION WITH GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE* (1962)

A bstract During a regional gravity survey in Central Ireland a series of intense B ouguer anomalies of very limited extent was encountered. They are all negative, the largest being ‐6.4 mgal and each covers an area of the order of one square km. Gradients up to 9 mgal/km have been measured. The country rock is Carboniferous Limestone, density 2.7 g/cm 3 , but outcrops are scarce particularly in the region of the anomalies and the surface is in general covered by glacial gravels, drift and bog. Most of the anomalies lie on an approximate straight line running northeast‐southwest for a distance of 115 km. An analysis indicates that the cause of each anomaly is a mass with a negative density contrast of at least 0.3 g/cm 3 , probably 0.5 g/cm 3 , and so positioned that its top is not deeper than 0.5 km from the surface. As no rock with a density less than 2.5 g/cm 3 is known to exist in the neighbourhood, it is postulated that the cause of the anomalies lies in a sequence of solution cavities in the limestone now filled with water or lightly packed rock debris and gravel aligned along a large fault. No such system has been known or suspected in Ireland. The presence of such large faults would have serious consequences on the possibility of oil accumulation while the infillings of the cavities might have economic importance.
States Worse Than Death Among Hospitalized Patients With Serious Illnesses (2016)

tegic expansion of evidence-based interventions in geographic areas heavily affected by heroin and fentanyl is needed to reduce demand and stop deaths.The letter by Arens et al 1 demonstrates the importance of public health surveillance of emerging drugs but also conveys the inadequacy of our current approaches: detection requires exposure to drugs at levels that almost cause death.One surveillance strategy to spare lives, detect trends earlier, and influence product safety in illicit drug markets is provision of drug checking services, which conduct forensic analysis of publicly submitted drug samples, the individual results of which are shared anonymously and aggregated for surveillance.In many European countries, drug checking services facilitate clinical and consumer understanding of blackmarket products while providing low-threshold points of contact between supportive services and people who use drugs. 8 New surveillance approaches and rapid expansion of evidencebased interventions are the missing parameters needed to shift the curve of the epidemic of opioid use.The Office of National Drug Control and Policy has provided leadership in supporting closer public health and public safety collaborations to address recent surges in heroin use.Similar oversight, direction, and coordination are needed to expedite implementation of responses and to navigate local, state, and federal opportunities and tensions around these new approaches.
Sparse and Compositionally Robust Inference of Microbial Ecological Networks (2015)

16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and other environmental sequencing techniques provide snapshots of microbial communities, revealing phylogeny and the abundances of microbial populations across diverse ecosystems. While changes in microbial community structure are demonstrably associated with certain environmental conditions (from metabolic and immunological health in mammals to ecological stability in soils and oceans), identification of underlying mechanisms requires new statistical tools, as these datasets present several technical challenges. First, the abundances of microbial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from amplicon-based datasets are compositional. Counts are normalized to the total number of counts in the sample. Thus, microbial abundances are not independent, and traditional statistical metrics (e.g., correlation) for the detection of OTU-OTU relationships can lead to spurious results. Secondly, microbial sequencing-based studies typically measure hundreds of OTUs on only tens to hundreds of samples; thus, inference of OTU-OTU association networks is severely under-powered, and additional information (or assumptions) are required for accurate inference. Here, we present SPIEC-EASI (SParse InversE Covariance Estimation for Ecological Association Inference), a statistical method for the inference of microbial ecological networks from amplicon sequencing datasets that addresses both of these issues. SPIEC-EASI combines data transformations developed for compositional data analysis with a graphical model inference framework that assumes the underlying ecological association network is sparse. To reconstruct the network, SPIEC-EASI relies on algorithms for sparse neighborhood and inverse covariance selection. To provide a synthetic benchmark in the absence of an experimentally validated gold-standard network, SPIEC-EASI is accompanied by a set of computational tools to generate OTU count data from a set of diverse underlying network topologies. SPIEC-EASI outperforms state-of-the-art methods to recover edges and network properties on synthetic data under a variety of scenarios. SPIEC-EASI also reproducibly predicts previously unknown microbial associations using data from the American Gut project.
Radio resource sharing and capacity of some multiple access methods in hierarchical cell structures (2003)

To decrease total system cost and improve efficiency, in future mobile communication systems, we can implement a structure of multiple cells covering an area. This is often referred to as a hierarchical cell structure, HCS. We compare five methods of sharing the scarce radio resources in a two-layer HCS: (i) DS-CDMA in macrocells and TDMA in microcells; (ii) TDMA in macrocells and DS-CDMA in microcells; (iii) DS-CDMA in both macrocells and microcells on the same frequency band; (iv) TDMA in both layers with frequency splitting; and (v) TDMA in both layers with reuse of macro frequencies in microcells. Through simulation we study the system capacities, i.e., the number of users supported per cell. Highest capacities are achieved by method (iv) and (v). Method (v) could also be used in a CDMA type of system if it is possible to have more than one carrier.
AdaBoost Parallelization on PC Clusters with Virtual Shared Memory for Fast Feature Selection (2007)

Feature selection is a key issue in many machine learning applications and the need to test lots of candidate features is real while computational time required to do so is often huge. In this paper, we introduce a parallel version of the well-known AdaBoost algorithm to speed up and size up feature selection for binary classification tasks using large training datasets and a wide range of elementary features. This parallelization is done without any modification to the AdaBoost algorithm and designed for PC clusters using Java and the JavaSpace distributed framework. JavaSpace is a memory sharing paradigm implemented on top of a virtual shared memory, that appears both efficient and easy-to-use. Results and performances on a face detection system trained with the proposed parallel AdaBoost are presented.
Ischemia and Arrhythmia Classification Using Time-Frequency Domain Features of QRS Complex (2018)

The QRS complex is the significant wave of electrocardiogram (ECG) and occurs during ventricular depolarization. If the synchronization problem (i.e., depolarization) occurs between endocardial cardiomyocytes and outer layers, then abnormal morphological changes in QRS complex take place which is possible in case of arrhythmia and ischemia. The proposed approach describes time domain measures of such alterations (i.e., the ratio of average rise & fall amplitude and interval) of QRS complex along with the frequency domain feature i.e., peak frequency and power of mean QRS complexes. An improvised Difference Operation Method (DOM) (Yeh Yun-Chi et al., 2008) is implemented with added features like preprocessing techniques (e.g., baseline drifts and noise cancellation). The proposed methodology is evaluated with the standard databases, i.e., FANTASIA (healthy subjects), MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database (MITDB), and European ST-T database (EDB) respectively. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and decision tree are carried out for classification healthy, arrhythmic and ischemic subjects incorporating the time-frequency domain characteristics. The Naive Bayes’ Classifiers also implemented where these two classes, i.e., ischemia and arrhythmia are visually distinguished by convergently spreading in different areas. Real-time hardware validation of this approach has also executed. The future scope of this approach is to be validated with ischemia-induced arrhythmia subjects for precise identification and classification.
The Critical Period for Repair of CNS of Neonatal Opossum (<i>Monodelphis domestica</i>) in Culture: Correlation with Development of Glial Cells, Myelin and Growth‐inhibitory Molecules (1995)

A comparison was made of neurite growth across spinal cord lesions in the isolated central nervous system (CNS) of newborn opossums (Monodelphis domestica) at various stages of development. The aim was to define the critical period at which growth after injury ceases to occur, with emphasis on growth-inhibitory proteins, myelin and glial cells. In postnatal opossums 3-6 days old (P3-6), repair was observed 5 days after lesions were made in culture at the cervical level (C7) by crushing with forceps. Through-conduction of action potentials was re-established and axons stained by Dil grew into and beyond the crush. In a series of 66 animals 29 showed repair. In 28 animals at P11-12 with comparable lesions repair was observed in five preparations. At P13-14, the CNS was still viable in culture, but none of the 25 preparations examined showed any axonal growth into the crush or conduction through it. The rostro-caudal gradient of development permitted lesions to be made in mature cervical and immature lumbar regions of P11-12 spinal cord. Growth across crushes occurred in lumbar but not in cervical segments of the same preparation. The development of glial cells and myelin was assessed by electron microscopy and by staining with specific antibodies (Rip-1 and myelin-associated glycoprotein) in cervical segments of neonatal P6-14 opossums. At P8, oligodendrocytes and thin myelin sheaths started to appear followed at P9 by astrocytes stained with antibody against glial fibrillary acidic protein. By P14, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and well-developed myelin sheaths were abundant. The cervical crush sites of P12 cords contained occasional astrocytes but no oligodendrocytes. Specific antibodies (IN-1) to neurite growth-inhibiting proteins (NI-35/250) associated with oligodendrocytes and myelin in the rat CNS cross-reacted with opossum proteins. Assays using the spreading of 3T3 fibroblasts and IN-1 showed that by P7 inhibitory proteins became apparent, particularly in the hindbrain and cervical spinal cord. The concentrations of NI-35/250 thereafter increased and became abundant in the adult opossum. Our finding of a well-defined critical period, encompassing only 5 days, in CNS preparations that can be maintained in culture offers advantages for analysing mechanisms that promote or prevent CNS repair.
High-power InGaAs(P)/InGa(Al)P/GaAs semiconductor diode lasers (1997)

Al-free active-region, 100 micrometers -stripe lasers operating at a wavelength of 0.98 micrometers (0.81 micrometers ), provide high CW powers: 8W (5W) and `wallplug' efficiencies: 66% (45%). At 0.81 micrometers , the devices are potentially twice as reliable as Al-containing active-layer devices.
An Integrated Performance Model for Multilateral Wells Equipped with Inflow Control Valves (2011)

Abstract Intelligent well technology is a relatively new technology that has been adopted by many operators in recent years to improve oil and gas production, and recovery. The technology uses downhole monitoring and control to regulate flow condition and provides solutions to production problems. It is one of the most effective means for optimization of commingled multilateral wells in heterogeneous reservoirs. Due to the high cost and complexity in intelligent multilateral well constructions, accurate modeling of the reservoir, completion and wellbore performance is essential to design an economically beneficial well, and the critical component, inflow control valves (ICV), should be integrated into the performance modeling process. This paper presents an integrated analytical model that is built on existing models for predicting reservoir and wellbore flow behavior. Also, equations that can predict the flow performance through restrictions such as ICVs, in a multilateral well system are incorporated into the analytical model. The integrated model estimates the reservoir inflow and flowing wellbore pressure at each lateral of a multilateral well, then predicts the anticipated pressure drop across each ICV for any given flow rate. By knowing pressure and flow distribution in a well system, the flow rate distribution can be balanced by operating ICVs to achieve better flow conditions. This analytical model provides the engineers with a hands-on tool to select proper ICV positions for each lateral or segment and helps optimize the well production. Examples at field conditions are used in the paper to illustrate how the model can be used to improve well performance. Applications such as preventing crossflow in commingled multilateral wells are also presented in the paper.
Contact localization and motion analysis in the ocean environment: A perspective (1983)

This paper presents a perspective on contact localization and motion analysis (CLMA) in the ocean environment. Such well-studied cases as passive hearings-only contact motion analysis, multipath ranging, and localization/tracking via arrays are used to illustrate the concept. The performance of current CLMA systems is shown to depend on the type and characteristics of the basic measurements developed by their time delay estimators, the acoustic channels linking contact and observer, and the type and description of relative motion between contact and observer. General classes of CLMA schemes are presented. Complexity is shown to depend on the linearity/nonlinearity of their solution equations, the degree to which a contact is observable at each sample time, and the relative motion between contact and observer. Contributions to total system gain, biasing issues, and candidate solutions are discussed. Comprehensive references are provided.
Materials for Use at Liquid Hydrogen Temperature (1961)

Low-temperature tensile properties and average coefficients of linear expansion from low to ambient temperature were obtained for materials applicable to rocket engines including aluminum-, nickel-, iron-, copper- and titanium-base alloys and plastics. Procedures and techniques for tension and expansion coefficient testing at liquid hydrogen temperature (−423 F) and descriptions of testing chambers are given. Some alloys tested showed very high tensile strength while maintaining good ductility at liquid hydrogen temperature. Alloys considered suitable for use with liquid hydrogen include wrought and cast aluminum, nickel, copper and 9310 and A 286 steel. In general, coefficients of linear expansion decreased as temperatures approached that of liquid hydrogen.
Phage operon involved in sensitivity to the Lactococcus lactis abortive infection mechanism AbiD1 (1995)

Phage bIL66 is unable to grow on Lactococcus lactis cells harboring the abortive infection gene abiD1. Spontaneous phage mutants able to grow on AbiD1 cells were used to study phage-Abi interaction. A 1.33-kb DNA segment of a mutant phage allowed growth of AbiD1s phages in AbiD1 cells when present in trans. Sequence analysis of this segment revealed an operon composed of four open reading frames, designated orf1 to orf4. The operon is transcribed 10 min after infection from a promoter presenting an extended -10 consensus sequence but no -35 sequence. Analysis of four independent AbiD1r mutants revealed a different point mutation localized in orf1, implying that this open reading frame is needed for sensitivity to AbiD1. However, the sensitivity is partly suppressed when orf3 is expressed in trans on a high-copy-number plasmid, suggesting that AbiD1 acts by decreasing the concentration of an available orf3 product.
Optical Techniques for the Generation of Microlens Arrays (1990)

Abstract A technique is described for the manufacture of regular closely packed arrays of very small lenses of good optical quality. Hexagonal fringes from three-beam interference are first recorded in photoresist to produce a hexagonal array of quasi-cylindrical lenses. These are then used to image a point source of light into an array of narrow lines, which are recorded in photoresist and developed through to the substrate. The photoresist is then melted to produce lenses.
Effects of end‐ring/shield configuration on homogeneity and signal‐to‐noise ratio in a birdcage‐type coil loaded with a human head (2003)

We modeled four different end-ring/shield configurations of a birdcage coil to examine their effects on field homogeneity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at 64 MHz and 125 MHz. The configurations are defined as: 1) conventional: a conventional cylindrical shield; 2) surrounding shield: a shield with annular extensions to closely shield the end rings; 3) solid connection: a shield with annular extensions connected to the rungs; and 4) thin wire connection: a shield with thin wires connected to the rungs. At both frequencies, the coil with conventional end-ring/shield configuration produces the most homogeneous RF magnetic (B1) field when the coil is empty, but produces the least homogeneous B1 field when the coil is loaded with a human head. The surrounding shield configuration results in the most homogeneous B1 and highest SNR in the coil loaded with the human head at both frequencies, followed closely by the solid connection configuration.
Bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF): A systematized bibliography (1991)

In conjunction with the development of a bidirectional scattering metrology project, a large number of papers pertaining to the theory and measurement of bidirectional scattering from optical surfaces were collected and categorized. This collection includes papers that deal with various aspects of the bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF), its measurement, interpretation, use, and implications. Each paper is classified in one or more subject categories on the basis of its technical content. The subject categories are included just to serve as a key to the most salient characteristics of each paper cited. Because of the interest in this field, this bibliography is being published as a service to the public.
Training-induced changes of motor cortex representations in stroke patients (2000)

A single session of physiotherapy produces a use-dependent enlargement of motor cortex representations paralleled by an improvement of motor function in stroke patients.
Computational fluid dynamics analysis on recurrence of simple coiling intracranial aneurysms with remnant neck (2016)

Hemodynamic factors are considered to play an important role in the initiation and recurrence of cerebral aneurysms. However, hemodynamic characteristics leading to the recurrence of aneurysms is not well recognized. This study analyzes the hemodynamics of simple-coiling and remnant-neck aneurysms, and discusses the impact of hemodynamic factors on the recurrence of cerebral aneurysms. This study selected three simple-coiled and remnant-neck aneurysms with at least once angiographic follow-up. The follow-up was conducted by 3D rotational DSA and the 3D reconstruction of the vessel. The aneurysms located on ophthalmic segment of ICA, including one recurrent case and two stable cases. We used a porous medium model to simulate and analyze the hemodynamics of aneurysms. For the recanalized aneurysm, in the immediate post-operative period, the WSS at the remnant neck decreased, low blood flow velocity and stagnant regions were found in the aneurysm sac. In the first follow-up, compared to immediately post-operative, at the residual neck, the WSS was higher, the flow impingement was stronger. In the sac, the stagnation area decreased and its contour limit shrank into the aneurysm. However, in the second follow-up, compared to the previous follow-up, at the remnant neck, the WSS was lower, the flow impingement weaker, while in the sac the stagnant region expanded. Aneurysm recurrence could occur in two phases: early coil compaction resulting from blood flow impingement and later vessel remodeling due to hemodynamic effects.
Stereoselective deuteriation at carbon 2 of the gibberellins (1984)

Various routes are described for the preparation of 2α- and 2β-deuteriated gibberellins. The stereoselective preparation of gibberellins A4 and A9, containing 0.8 deuterium atoms per molecule of which 90% was located at the 2α-position, was achieved via 2β-iodo-3-oxogibberellin A4. An improved incorporation (0.9 deuterium atoms per molecule) was obtained via 2β-bromo-3-oxogibberellin A4, the preparation of which, from 2β-iodo-3-oxogibberellin A4, is discussed.
Isothermal mass flow measurements in microfabricated rectangular channels over a very wide Knudsen range (2014)

Measurement and modeling of gas flows in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) scale channels are relevant to the fundamentals of rarefied gas dynamics (RGD) and the practical design of MEMS-based flow systems and micropumps. We describe techniques for building robust, leak-free, rectangular microchannels which are relevant to micro- and nanofluidic devices, while the channels themselves are useful for fundamental RGD studies. For the first time, we report the isothermal steady flow of helium (He) gas through these channels from the continuum to the free-molecular regime in the unprecedented Knudsen range of 0.03–1000. On the high end, our value is 20-fold larger than values previously reported by Ewart et al (2007 J. Fluid Mech. 584 337–56). We accomplished this through a dual-tank accumulation technique which enabled the monitoring of very low flow rates, below 10−14 kg s−1. The devices were prebaked under vacuum for 24 h at 100 °C in order to reduce outgassing and attain high Kn. We devised fabrication methods for controlled-depth micro-gap channels using silicon for both channel ceiling and floor, thereby allowing direct comparisons to models which utilize this simplifying assumption. We evaluated the results against a closed-form expression that accurately reproduces the continuum, slip, transition, and free-molecular regimes developed partly by using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. The observed data were in good agreement with the expression. For Kn > ∼100, we observed minor deviations between modeled and experimental flow values. Our fabrication processes and experimental data are useful to fundamental RGD studies and future MEMS microflow devices with respect to extremely low-flow measurements, model validation, and predicting optimal designs.
Political Cartoons in Commercial Advertising in Early Twentieth Century China (2009)

Though advertising has long existed in China, the extensive use of advertisements, especially visual images, to excite the consumers’ imagination only started in the early twentieth century in the treaty ports, Shanghai in particular. Many of the commercial advertisements of the period have clear political connotations, such as the 1911 Republican Revolution. This article studies commercial advertisements in early twentieth century China in their political and social context, in particular how advertisements tried to capture consumers’ aspirations for progress and prosperity.
Ultrafast photoconductive switches with current block layers fabricated by using an atomic force microscope (2002)

Summary form only. This paper describes the structure and the ultrafast response of insulator-gap photoconductive switches with current block layers.