gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Depth profile study of molecular collagen structure in normal human cornea (2008)

Abstract Purpose To investigate the structure and organisation of corneal collagen as a function of stromal depth. Methods A strip extending from limbus to limbus along the superior to posterior meridian was cut from a normal human cornea and 100µm serial sections, parallel to the surface plane of the tissue, were obtained. Wide angle x‐ray diffraction experiments were performed in ID‐13 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) using a 25µm square beam. Each section was scanned at 450µm or 500µm steps. Additionally, another thin vertical strip (1mm thickness) was mounted in such a way that the beam was scanning edge‐on. Two scans were performed (1mm apart, each covering the depth of the cornea) from the anterior to the posterior surface at 25µm intervals. Data analysis provided information on the direction and degree of alignment of preferentially oriented collagen fibrils, as well as collagen intermolecular spacing (IMS). Results IMS is relatively stable throughout the depth of the central cornea, but is decreased in the posterior peripheral cornea. The degree of preferential alignment of fibrillar collagen is lower in the peripheral anterior part. In addition, the previously well‐documented tangential or annular collagen structure at the limbus is mainly restricted to the most posterior 100µm of stroma. At more superficial layers collagen preferred orientation tends to obtain an “x” shaped pattern, possibly forming part of the "anchoring fibril" structure alluded to previously in full‐thickness averaged x‐ray studies. Conclusion The preferred directions of the lamellae and IMS are depth‐dependent. The annulus at the limbus, which is thought to be implicated in the maintenance of corneal curvature, resides in the posterior limbus.
Similarities among factors that render macrophages tumoricidal in lymphokine and interferon preparations. (1978)

Lymphokine preparations, including supernatants derived from antigen-stimulated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-immune spleen cell cultures and normal spleen cells incubated with insoluble concanavalin A, were compared with partially purified L-cell interferon for the ability to render resting macrophages nonspecifically tumoricidal in vitro. Significant activation of macrophages by lymphokine preparations occurred at concentrations as low as 0.5 and 0.25% of the assay mixture for antigen-stimulated and concanavalin A-induced lymphokine, respectively. These end point concentrations were each determined to contain 0.3 unit of interferon per ml. Supernatants obtained from unstimulated normal spleen cells, concanavalin A-treated nu/nu spleen cells, or Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-immune spleen cells in the absence of sensitizing antigen did not enhance macrophage tumoricidal function and lacked interferon. Activation by L-cell interferon required at least 1 unit/ml. The macrophage-activating factors contained in lymphokine and interferon preparations were stable at pH 2 and at 56 degrees, but they were destroyed when heated at 80 degrees for 30 min, and were inactivated by trypsin. The data demonstrate common properties for the induction of tumoricidal macrophages by these divese preparations.
Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Direct Arylation of Benzoic Acids by Tandem Decarboxylation/C−H Activation (2009)

A novel protocol for the palladium-catalyzed intramolecular direct arylation of benzoic acids is reported, which combines decarboxylation and C-H activation into one efficient process. With the optimized catalyst system of palladium trifluoroacetate, silver carbonate, and the proper solvent mixture (5% DMSO/dioxane), dibenzofuran derivatives are formed in excellent yield and selectivity.
HYDROGEN-BONDED STRUCTURES OF TRIMESIC AND MELAMINE ON HIGHLY ORIENTED PYROLYTIC GRAPHITE (2014)

The assembled structures of triangular symmetrically shape molecules with three functional groups, trimesic acid (TMA) and melamine, have been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG) in ambient. Hexagonal porous structures are formed by these molecules and the cavity of the assembled structure becomes bigger when larger molecules are used as building blocks. The cavity within the assembled structure formed by TMA is bigger enough to host guest molecule.
Memory T cells established by seasonal human influenza A infection cross-react with avian influenza A (H5N1) in healthy individuals (2008)

The threat of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans remains a global health concern. Current influenza vaccines stimulate antibody responses against the surface glycoproteins but are ineffective against strains that have undergone significant antigenic variation. An alternative approach is to stimulate pre-existing memory T cells established by seasonal human influenza A infection that could cross-react with H5N1 by targeting highly conserved internal proteins. To determine how common cross-reactive T cells are, we performed a comprehensive ex vivo analysis of cross-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cell responses to overlapping peptides spanning the full proteome of influenza A/Viet Nam/CL26/2005 (H5N1) and influenza A/New York/232/2004 (H3N2) in healthy individuals from the United Kingdom and Viet Nam. Memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells isolated from the majority of participants exhibited human influenza-specific responses and showed cross-recognition of at least one H5N1 internal protein. Participant CD4+ and CD8+ T cells recognized multiple synthesized influenza peptides, including peptides from the H5N1 strain. Matrix protein 1 (M1) and nucleoprotein (NP) were the immunodominant targets of cross-recognition. In addition, cross-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells recognized target cells infected with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing either H5N1 M1 or NP. Thus, vaccine formulas inducing heterosubtypic T cell-mediated immunity may confer broad protection against avian and human influenza A viruses.
Effect of Lentinan on Superoxide Dismutase Enzyme Activity in Vitro (1989)

The effects of lentinan on enzyme induced lipid peroxidation, xanthine-xanthine oxidase-induced cytochrome c reduction, and on the superoxide-dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity and expression of human lymphocytes and erythrtocytes were studied. Lentinan in low concentration decreased SOD activity of lymphocytes and erythrocytes from healthy subjects. In higher concentration (10 micrograms/ml) lentinan increased the pathologically low SOD activity of erythrocytes and lymphocytes of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. No significant antioxidant (free radical scavenger) effect has been observed in NADPH-induced and Fe3+-stimulated lipid peroxidation and in xanthine-xanthine oxidase system.
Mode group division multiplexing in graded-index multimode fibers (2013)

Data transmission over multimode fibers has the potential to considerably increase the capacity limit of single-mode fibers by exploiting the spatial dimension. For long-haul systems, mode division multiplexing using one mode per channel in a few-mode fiber requires coherent detection in conjunction with digital multiple input multiple output (MIMO) processing for signal separation. In the following we focus on spatial multiplexing using mode groups rather than spatial modes in standard graded-index multimode fibers. In combination with on-off keying (OOK) modulation and direct detection, these systems might be advantageous for access- and connection-related applications, e.g., for super computer interconnects or in the near metro region at link lengths shorter than about 10 km. In this paper we study the potential of mode groups for mode group division multiplexing (MGDM). Single-mode group transmission experiments at 10 Gb/s per mode group, experimental mode group launching by phase mask, and concepts for passive optical mode demultiplexers are discussed.
Integrated 3D scene flow and structure recovery from multiview image sequences (2002)

Scene flow is the 3D motion field of points in the world. Given N (N>1) image sequences gathered with a N-eye stereo camera or N calibrated cameras, we present a novel system which integrates 3D scene flow and structure recovery in order to complement each other's performance. We do not assume rigidity of the scene motion, thus allowing for non-rigid motion in the scene. In our work, images are segmented into small regions. We assume that each small region is undergoing similar motion, represented by a 3D affine model. Nonlinear motion model fitting based on both optical flow constraints and stereo constraints is then carried over each image region in order to simultaneously estimate 3D motion correspondences and structure. To ensure the robustness, several regularization constraints are also introduced. A recursive algorithm is designed to incorporate the local and regularization constraints. Experimental results on both synthetic and real data demonstrate the effectiveness of our integrated 3D motion and structure analysis scheme.
Hierarchical design of quantum-dot cellular automata devices (1999)

We use hierarchical layout methods to combine fundamental quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) devices into more complex devices, including a 2-to-1 multiplexer, a 4-to-1 multiplexer, and an eight-function bit-slice arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The ALU unit is implemented using 1245 cells, making it the largest QCA device ever designed and simulated. This hierarchical design method is possible because the Coulombic interaction between QCA cells is very local in nature. Since distant cells have very little effect on each other, the state of a cell can be very well approximated by considering only those cells that are near it. In a QCA device, nearby cells are usually part of the same functional unit, so we can design each functional unit separately, connect them with appropriate binary wires, and then simulate the entire device to verify its correct operation.
Radar and Video Multimodal Learning for Human Activity Classification (2019)

Camera systems are widely used for surveillance in the security and defense domains. The main advantages of camera systems are their high resolution, their ease of use, and the fact that optical imagery is easy to interpret for human operators. However, particularly when considering application in the defense domain, cameras have some disadvantages. In poor lighting conditions, dust or smoke the image quality degrades and, additionally, cameras cannot provide range information. These issues may be alleviated by exploiting the strongpoints of radar. Radar performance is largely preserved during nighttime, in varying weather conditions and in dust and smoke. Furthermore, radar provides range information of detected objects. Since their qualities appear to be complementary, can radar and camera systems learn from each other? In the current study, the potential of radar/video multimodal learning is assessed for the classification of human activity.
Molecular Tectonics. Use of the Hydrogen Bonding of Boronic Acids To Direct Supramolecular Construction (2002)

Tetraboronic acids 1 and 2 have four -B(OH)(2) groups oriented tetrahedrally by cores derived from tetraphenylmethane and tetraphenylsilane. Crystallization produces isostructural diamondoid networks held together by hydrogen bonding of the -B(OH)(2) groups, in accord with the tendency of simple arylboronic acids to form cyclic hydrogen-bonded dimers in the solid state. Five-fold interpenetration of the networks is observed, but 60% and 64% of the volumes of crystals of tetraboronic acids 1 and 2, respectively, remain available for the inclusion of disordered guests. Guests occupy two types of interconnected channels aligned with the a and b axes; those in crystals of tetraphenylmethane 1 measure approximately 5.9 x 5.9 A(2) and 5.2 x 8.6 A(2) in cross section at the narrowest points, whereas those in crystals of tetraphenylsilane 2 are approximately 6.4 x 6.4 A(2) and 6.4 x 9.0 A(2). These channels provide access to the interior and permit guests to be exchanged quantitatively without loss of crystallinity. Because the Si-C bonds at the core of tetraboronic acid 2 are longer (1.889(3) A) than the C-C bonds at the core of tetraboronic acid 1 (1.519(6) A), the resulting network is expanded rationally. By associating to form robust isostructural networks with predictable architectures and properties of porosity, compounds 1 and 2 underscore the usefulness of molecular tectonics as a strategy for making ordered materials.
Asymmetric Synthesis of 2,3-Disubstituted Succinates via Chiral Oxazolidinone Controlled Displacement of .alpha.-Trifluoromethanesulfonate Substituted Esters (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAsymmetric Synthesis of 2,3-Disubstituted Succinates via Chiral Oxazolidinone Controlled Displacement of .alpha.-Trifluoromethanesulfonate Substituted EstersCarl P. Decicco, David J. Nelson, Ronald L. Corbett, and Jason C. DreabitCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 15, 4782–4785Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00120a022https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00120a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views680Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Silymarin’s Inhibition and Treatment Effects for Alzheimer’s Disease (2019)

As a longstanding problem, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has stymied researchers in the medical field with its increasing incidence and enormous treatment difficulty. Silymarin has always been valued by researchers for its good efficacy and safety in treating liver disease. Recent studies have shown that silymarin also has good pharmacological activity in the nervous system, especially for the treatment of AD. Silymarin can control the production of Aβ by inhibiting the precursor substance of Aβ (β-amyloid precursor protein), and it can inhibit the polymerization of Aβ. Silymarin can also increase the acetylcholine content in the nervous system by inhibiting cholinesterase activity. At the same time, it also has the effect of resisting oxidative stress and the inflammatory response of the nervous system. These pharmacological activities contribute to the inhibition of the onset of AD. The good efficacy of silymarin on AD and its high safety and availability give it huge potential for the treatment of AD.
THE METABOLISM OF NORMAL PLASMA PROTEINS AND GAMMA-MYELOMA PROTEIN IN MICE BEARING PLASMA-CELL TUMORS (1961)

Study of the synthesis, catabolism and nature of y-globulin has been facilitated by the availability in mice of transplantable plasma-cell tumors, each capable of synthesizing characteristic and different forms of plasma globulin (1). Since the use of such tumors in inbred mice readily permits mul- tiple comparable observations, a study was carried out in sufficient detail to permit evaluation of the effects of different plasma-cell tumors on the me- tabolism of individual serum proteins. The find- ings were compared with those in human multiple myeloma in which published results are few and apparently conflicting. Thus, Berson and Yalow (2) found the fractional turnover rate of a y-mye- loma protein to be approximately normal in the donor patient as well as in another patient with- out a serum myeloma protein. Lippincott and co- workers (3, 4), however, observed a rapid turn- over of normal y-globulins and -y-myeloma proteins in patients with -y-myeloma proteins. Gamma- globulin turnover was less rapid in patients with ,8-myeloma proteins. Neufeld (5) also noted a rapid turnover for globulins in a patient with a y-myeloma protein.
Fracability Index – More Than Just Calculating Rock Properties (2012)

Abstract The geometry and complexity of hydraulic fracture stimulation treatments is largely controlled by the heterogeneous and anisotropic nature of rocks. Conventional practice in designing fracture stimulation treatments revolve around the parameters that can be changed and considers the rock being stimulated as homogenous and isotropic. Engineers can influence the frac geometry to some degree by changing the pumping rate, fluid viscosity and proppant loading. If the goal of a frac job is to get the fluid and proppant below the ground, most any formation can be frac’d. The degree to which a reservoir will generate complex fracture networks, break into fresh rock or create a simple bi-wing fracture can be influenced by the stimulation treatment job design. The creation of a complex fracture network is a function of the stimulation fluid rheology, rock properties and presence and orientation of preexisting planes of weakness acting in the stress state of the reservoir. The index of brittleness or fracability is a term frequently used to describe formations that are likely to create complex fracture networks when fracture stimulated. In a broader view, fracability is much more than just calculating mechanical rock properties. A new definition of fracability, the Complex Fracability Index (CFI), proposed here integrates the sedimentary fabric, stratigraphic properties, mineral distribution and the presence and orientation of preexisting planes of weakness operating in the present day stress state into a single metric. This approach establishes a means to qualitatively or quantitatively determine the degree to which the rock will have the ability to create a complex fracture network or just a simple planer hydraulic fracture using the mechanical rock properties and the dip and orientation of the preexisting planes of weakness in the rock in the modern day stress state. The CFI methodology is not limited to shale reservoirs. Examples from the Barnett Shale and the tight sand in the Piceance Basin will be discussed.
Diffusion enhancement in on/off ratchets (2013)

We show a diffusion enhancement of suspended polystyrene particles in an electrical on/off ratchet. The enhancement can be described by a simple master equation model. Furthermore, we find that the diffusion enhancement can be described by a general curve whose shape is only determined by the asymmetry of the ratchet repeat unit. The scaling of this curve can be explained from an analytical expression valid for small off-times. Finally, we demonstrate how the master equation model can be used to find the driving parameters for optimal particle separation.
Neural network process control (1991)

Article Neural network process control Share on Authors: Michael J. Piovoso E.I. du Pent de Nemours & Co. E.I. du Pent de Nemours & Co.View Profile , Aaron J. Owens E.I. du Pent de Nemours & Co. E.I. du Pent de Nemours & Co.View Profile Authors Info & Claims ANNA '91: Proceedings of the conference on Analysis of neural network applicationsMay 1991 Pages 84–94https://doi.org/10.1145/106965.105256Online:29 May 1991Publication History 1citation1,136DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations1Total Downloads1,136Last 12 Months51Last 6 weeks3 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
Fatty acids directly increase the activity of Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels in rabbit coronary smooth muscle cells (1994)

The large conductance Ca2+ activated K+ channel (BK channel) has been considered to play an important role in the excitability and contractility of vascular smooth muscle cells. Activation of the BK channel causes the hyperpolarization and relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells. It has been reported that fatty acids can affect the BK channel activity and its concentration is increased significantly during myocardial ischemia. These reports suggest that fatty acids may contribute to the ischemic coronary vasodilation by increasing the BK channel activity. However, the underlying mechanism of fatty acid-induced activation of the BK channel is still uncertain. In the present study, we measured the effect of fatty acids on the BK channel activity in rabbit coronary smooth muscle cells by using patch clamp method and also examined its underlying mechanism. Arachidonic acid (AA) dissolved in DMSO activated the BK channel in a dose-dependent manner (from 0.5 to 10 µM), and DMSO (0.1%) alone had no effect on the activity of the BK channel. Arachidonic acid activated BK channels in both cell-attached and inside-out patches, but the onset and recovery of this effect were slower in the cell-attached patch configuration. The BK channel activity was also increased by other fatty acids, including myristic acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid and palmitic acid. Long chain fatty acids were more effective than short chain fatty acids (myristic acid), and there was no statistical difference between the effect of saturated (palmitic acid) and unsaturated fatty acids (palmitoleic acid) on the BK channel activity. The concentration of Ca+ and Mg2+ in the bathing solution had no appreciable effects on the AA-induced increase of BK channel activity. From the above results, it may be concluded that fatty acids directly increase the BK channel activity and may contribute to the ischemic coronary vasodilatation in rabbit coronary smooth muscle cells.
Operative Cholangiography in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Is It Essential? (1997)

This study is to evaluate the need for preoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy when endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is available. Over a period of four years, 1105 consecutive patients had laparoscopic cholecystectomy. All patients, in addition to their clinical assessment, had routine liver function tests (LFTs) and ultrasound (US) examination of the biliary tract. Preoperative ERCP was performed (diagnostic and/or therapeutic) in 107 (9.6%) of the patients. The indications for ERCP were one or more of the following: 1) abnormal liver function test, 74 patients; 2) jaundice, 37 patients; 3) common bile duct (CBD) stone seen in US, 36 patients, and/or CBD dilatation, 46 patients; and 4) pancreatitis, 20 patients. In 41 out of 107 (38%) patients, CBD stones were present and cleared endoscopically. Postoperative ERCP was necessary in eight patients: to remove retained stones in the CBD (two patients), to stop bile leak (two patients), and to investigate the persistent abnormal LFTs in the remaining patients. The number of patients who had evidence of retained CBD stone following laparoscopic cholecystectomy was only two. In both patients, endoscopic removal was successful. Therefore, it is clear that operative cholangiography in laparoscopic cholecystectomy is not essential if there is a reasonable facility for ERCP.