gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of Computer Vision Technique for in Situ Soil Characterization (1996)

Construction and rehabilitation of highways, tunnels, and bridges require detailed information about subsurface stratigraphy. This study presents development of a new method for characterizing subsurface soil in situ using computer vision. Hardware and software systems are integrated to obtain the grain-size distribution (GSD) of subsurface soils continuously with depth and to identify small-scale subsurface anomalies. Research is being conducted in three phases. The first phase consists of measuring the GSD of detached cohesionless soil specimens in the laboratory from digital images obtained with a computer vision system (CVS). The second phase uses the CVS to develop image processing and analysis techniques to classify soil assemblies in the laboratory and identify subsurface anomalies by simulating the manner in which images will be acquired in situ. A texture analysis approach has been developed that can detect changes in stratigraphy. The technique has been successful in identifying different types of dry, uniformly graded soils. Finally, a subsurface vision probe is being designed and constructed that will capture video images at three different levels of magnification continuously with depth.
Metal Nanoparticles on Natural Cellulose Fibers: Electrostatic Assembly and In Situ Synthesis (2009)

The conformal deposition of metal nanoparticles (Au, Pd, and Pt) onto natural cellulose fibers using two chemical strategies is reported. The driven mechanism responsible for the high surface coverage of the substrates was identified as the electrostatic interactions between the positively charged cellulose and the either negatively charged nanoparticles or negative metal complex ions. The natural cellulose fibers were rendered cationic by grafting ammonium ions, using an epoxy substitution reaction, to the abundant hydroxyl groups present in cellulose molecules. The first method involved the electrostatic assembly of citrate-stabilized metal nanoparticles directly onto the cationic surfaces of cellulose. The second method involved the adsorption of negative metal complex ions onto the cationic cellulose followed by a reduction reaction. The attained metal nanoparticles bound with cellulose fibers were characterized by electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Both pathways generated metal nanoparticles with high packing densities on the cellulose substrates even when very dilute solutions of metal colloids or metal salts were used. Achieving high surface coverage with low-concentration precursor solutions may open an avenue for the production of flexible catalytic mantles or highly functionalized textile substrates.
Biologically active glycosides from asteroidea, XV. Asymmetric synthesis of phytosphingosine and phytosphingosine anhydro base: Assignment of the absolute stereochemistry (1988)

Abstract The first asymmetric synthesis of a phytosphingosine, (2 S ,3 S ,4 R )‐2‐amino‐1,3,4‐hexadecanetriol ( 2 ), was accomplished by kinetic resolution and asymmetric epoxidation. The absolute stereochemistry of the phytosphingosine from starfishes ( Acanthaster planci and Asterina pectinifera ) was established to be the same as for 2 . The phytosphingosine anhydro base 19 was also asymmetrically synthesized, and the structure was determined on the basis of NMR analyses involving 2D‐COSY, NOESY, and difference NOE experiments.
<title>High-efficiency liquid-crystal-filled diffraction gratings</title> (1997)

Diffraction characteristics of 0.5 micron period, liquid- crystal-filled diffraction gratings are presented. Theoretical predictions from rigorous coupled wave analysis, device fabrication techniques, and experimental device performance are detailed. These devices are shown to be useful for diffractive daylighting, high efficiency color liquid crystal displays and as elements in 3D video systems.
Blind deconvolution of medical ultrasound images using variable splitting and proximal point methods (2011)

The problem of reconstruction of ultrasound images by means of blind deconvolution has long been recognized as one of the central problems in medical ultrasound imaging. In this paper, a hybrid deconvolution method is employed to recover a reliable estimate of the tissue reflectivity function directly from ultrasound RF data. Here, the “hybridization” suggests a two-stage reconstruction scheme, in which some partial information about the point spread function (PSF) of the imaging system is recovered first, followed by its use to explicitly constrain the procedure of inverse filtering. The latter is realized in the form of an optimization problem, whose efficient and stable solution is addressed in this note. In particular, we proposed to solve the problem of inverse filtering using the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). We show that this method leads to a particularly efficient numerical scheme, which is implemented as a succession of analytically computable proximity operations. Additionally, it is shown how the inverse filters designed in this way can be used to deconvolve the ultrasound images in a non-blind manner so as to further improve their resolution and contrast. The effectiveness of the proposed deconvolution procedures is exemplified by in vivo experiments.
An Optimized Telomerase-Specific Lentivirus for Optical Imaging of Tumors (2010)

Advances in medical imaging techniques, such as ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography, have made great progress in detecting tumors. However, these imaging techniques are unable to differentiate malignant tumors from benign ones. Recently developed optical imaging of tumors in small animals provides a useful method to distinguish malignant tumors from their surrounding normal tissues. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is normally inactivated in most somatic cells, whereas it is commonly reactivated in many cancer cells. In this study, we constructed a lentiviral vector that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by an optimized hTERT promoter to create a noninvasive tumor-specific imaging methodology. The activity of this optimized hTERT promoter was found to be equal to the activity of SV40 and cytomegalovirus promoters. In vitro experiments showed that GFP was only expressed in telomerase-positive tumor cells infected with this lentivirus, whereas there was no GFP expression in telomerase-negative tumor cells or normal somatic cells. We also found that subcutaneous telomerase-positive tumors could be visualized 24 hours after an intratumoral injection with this lentivirus by using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. In contrast, telomerase-negative tumors could not be imaged after an intratumoral injection even for 30 days. These results suggest that infection with lentivirus containing this optimized hTERT promoter might be a useful diagnostic tool for the real-time visualization of macroscopically invisible tumor tissues using a highly sensitive CCD imaging system.
General purpose computer-assisted clustering and conceptualization (2011)

We develop a computer-assisted method for the discovery of insightful conceptualizations, in the form of clusterings (i.e., partitions) of input objects. Each of the numerous fully automated methods of cluster analysis proposed in statistics, computer science, and biology optimize a different objective function. Almost all are well defined, but how to determine before the fact which one, if any, will partition a given set of objects in an "insightful" or "useful" way for a given user is unknown and difficult, if not logically impossible. We develop a metric space of partitions from all existing cluster analysis methods applied to a given dataset (along with millions of other solutions we add based on combinations of existing clusterings) and enable a user to explore and interact with it and quickly reveal or prompt useful or insightful conceptualizations. In addition, although it is uncommon to do so in unsupervised learning problems, we offer and implement evaluation designs that make our computer-assisted approach vulnerable to being proven suboptimal in specific data types. We demonstrate that our approach facilitates more efficient and insightful discovery of useful information than expert human coders or many existing fully automated methods.
1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6-tripyrrol-1-ylbenzene (2007)

The title compound, C18H12Cl3N3, has two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit, related by an approximate inversion center. C—Cl distances are in the range 1.718 (2)–1.7234 (19) Å, C(phen­yl)—N distances are in the range 1.412 (2)–1.419 (2) Å and C(pyrrole)—N distances are in the range 1.366 (3)–1.387 (2) Å.
Novel Magnetic Sensor Based on Fiber Bragg Grating and Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys (2005)

In this work, the experimental demonstration of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based sensors as magnetic transducers is reported. Up to now, FBGs based magnetic sensors have been proposed by using Terfenol, metallic alloy with a giant magnetostriction coefficient. Here, a novel configuration is proposed employing a new class of magnetic materials, Magnetic Shape Memory alloys (MSMs), instead of Terfenol. This class of material, with a very giant magnetostriction coefficient, changes its shape when magnetic fields are applied. High strain values, up to 10 percent can be obtained with fast response times (less than 1 ms). A FBG has been bonded on a MSM sample and sensor characterization has been carried out. Experimental results and comparison with Terfenol based FBGs sensors performances are reported, showing, for MSM, a sensitivity expressed as (∆λB/λB)/ ( ∆H/Hm) of 1.6e-4, where λB is Bragg wavelength and Hm the mean magnetic field in a considered range.
Comparison of efficacy and safety of two doses of two different polyethylene glycol‐based laxatives in the treatment of constipation (2002)

Standard-dose Transipeg (5.9 g) normalized stool consistency with less semi-liquid or liquid stools than maximum-dose Transipeg and Forlax, with a non-significant trend towards less semi-liquid or liquid stools than standard-dose Forlax.
Gyrotrons for high power millimeter wave generation (1977)

The gyrotron is a new type of micrwave tube capable of producing high power output at millimeter wavelengths. Oscillator results have been described in recent Soviet publications This paper describes work in progress at Varian Associates, Inc. to develop an amplifier of the gyroklystron type to deliver 200 kW cw at 28 GHz. Considerable progress has been made with amplifier stability to the point that amplifier gains of up to 40 dB have been measured in a pulsed experimental amplifier. Current effort is concerned with improving efficiency. A pulsed oscillator is also described which produced 248 kW peak power at 28 GHz with 34% efficiency. A cw oscillator is under construction. Areas for future R and D are discussed. These include gyro-TWT amplifiers with increased instantaneous bandwidth (5 to 10%) and operation at harmonics of the cyclotron frequency to reduce the magnetic field requirements.
Evidence of a Local Mechanism for Desmopressin-Induced Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Release in Human Forearm (1998)

Systemic administration of desmopressin (DDAVP) induces increased plasma levels of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), coagulation factor VIII, and von Willebrand factor (vWF). However, the mechanisms behind these responses are not known. We tested the hypothesis that DDAVP acts as a local stimulator of acute endothelial release of t-PA and vWF independently of central pathways. Healthy, young, nonsmoking male volunteers were studied. In a first study (n = 7), DDAVP and placebo were administered as randomized single-blind stepwise intrabrachial artery infusions (0.7, 7.0, and 70 ng/min). In a another subset of subjects (n = 4), a constant-rate DDAVP infusion of 70 ng/min was administered for 20 minutes in the brachial artery of the nondominant arm with the dominant arm as control. To rule out that the observed t-PA release was flow-dependent, 4 additional subjects received stepwise intra-arterial infusions of both DDAVP (7.0, 21, and 70 ng/min) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 0.5, 2.5, and 10 μg/min). Brachial venoarterial plasma concentration gradients and forearm plasma flow were used to determine net release/uptake rates of t-PA and vWF. At baseline, the average net release rate of t-PA was 6.7 ng/min across the whole forearm vascular bed, whereas there was no detectable basal release of vWF. Stepwise infusion of DDAVP induced a massive regulated release of t-PA with a peak after 15 minutes on the highest dose-step (ANOVA; P < .0001). The average maximum net release rate was 178 ng/min, and the total amount of t-PA released was, on the average, 3,000 ng. The majority was released in its active form. Constant-rate DDAVP infusion again markedly increased t-PA release in the infusion arm but had no effect whatsoever in the control arm. In contrast, DDAVP did not stimulate a local release of vWF in either study. Central hemodynamics were unchanged during infusions despite a local vasodilatory response with DDAVP. Endothelium-independent flow stimulation by SNP did not elicit any local t-PA release. We conclude that DDAVP induces a massive acute flow-independent release of t-PA, without the simultaneous release of vWF, in the human forearm vascular bed. The lack of a t-PA response in the control arm, as well as the unaltered central hemodynamics with DDAVP, confirms that the observed regulated t-PA release is local and independent of central mechanisms.
Simultaneous absolute measurements of principal angle and phase retardation with a new common-path heterodyne interferometer (2004)

This study demonstrates a new method for simultaneously measuring both the angle of the principal axis and the phase retardation of the linear birefringence in optical materials. We used a circular common-path interferometer (polariscope) as the basic structure modulated by an electro-optic (EO) modulator. An algorithm was developed to simultaneously measure the principal axis and the phase retardation of a lambda/4 or lambda/8 plate as a sample. In the case of a lambda/4 plate, the average absolute error of the principal axis is approximately 3.77 degrees, and that of the phase retardation is approximately 1.03 degrees (1.09%). The retardation error is within the 5% uncertainty range of a commercial wave plate. Fortunately, the nonlinear error caused by the reflection phase retardation of the beam splitter dose not appear in the new system. Therefore the error could be attributed to misalignment and defects in the EO modulator or the other optical components. As for the repeatability of this new common-path heterodyne interferometer, the average deviation for the principal axis is 0.186 degrees and the phase retardation is 0.356 degrees. For the stability, the average deviation for the principal axis is 0.405 degrees and the phase retardation is 0.635 degrees. The resolution of this new system is estimated to be approximately 0.5 degrees, and the principal axis and phase retardation could be measured up to pi and 2pi, respectively, without ambiguity.
<title>Underwater Experiments On The Polarization, Coherence, And Scattering Properties Of A Pulsed Blue-Green Laser</title> (1966)

In order to find out if there are major differences in the behavior of laser light and ordinary incoherent light in an underwater environment, four experiments with an RCA pulsed blue-green laser were conducted by U. S. NOTS personnel at the Lake Winnipesaukee Diamond Island Field Station of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Visibility Laboratory during the summer of 1965. The experiments included:
Using Available Clinical Information in Practice-Based Research (2002)

Social workers in health and mental health settings routinely collect and record enormous quantities of clinical information about clients, psycho-social interventions and client responses to these interventions. Despite its abundance and non-intrusiveness, social work researchers generally have ignored available clinical information, claiming that it is unreliable and subject to too many threats to validity to warrant serious consideration as a data source. Instead, many researchers have advocated "gold standard" experimental studies, employing standardized instruments and prospective data-collection. As a result, the research potential of retrospective studies based on available clinical information has been relatively unexplored and untested. This paper asserts that available clinical information can be converted into valuable retrospective, data-bases for practice-based research studies. Exemplars of such studies in health and mental health settings are provided as are guidelines for their conduct.
DOUBLE-STRANDED AND SINGLE-STRANDED RNA VIRUSES OF <i>SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE</i> (1992)

Yeast RNA viruses include L-A (and its toxin-encoding satellites M1, M2, ...) and L-BC dsRNA viruses and the single-stranded replicons 20S RNA and 23S RNA. L-A has a single-segment 4.6-kb linear genome encoding a major coat protein (gag) and its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (pol), the latter expressed as a gag-pol fusion protein formed by a -1 ribosomal frameshift. In vitro replication, transcription, and binding systems for L-A have been used to define cis sites necessary for packaging and replication of viral RNA. Cellular functions that promote viral replication include the MAK3-encoded N-acetyltransferase whose modification of the gag N terminus is necessary for L-A virus assembly. The toxins encoded by the M satellite RNAs are processed by enzymes (KEX1 and KEX2, for killer expression) whose study led to discovery of mammalian hormone-processing enzymes. 20S RNA is an apparently naked circular RNA replicon (with a dsRNA form called W) encoding a RNA polymerase-like molecule. Its copy number is induced 10,000-fold in 1% potassium acetate, and it is subject to the same SKI antiviral system that represses L-A, L-BC, and M dsRNA copy number.
Genome-Wide Analysis of Core Cell Cycle Genes in the Unicellular Green Alga Ostreococcus tauri (2004)

The cell cycle has been extensively studied in various organisms, and the recent access to an overwhelming amount of genomic data has given birth to a new integrated approach called comparative genomics. Comparing the cell cycle across species shows that its regulation is evolutionarily conserved; the best-known example is the pivotal role of cyclin-dependent kinases in all the eukaryotic lineages hitherto investigated. Interestingly, the molecular network associated with the activity of the CDK-cyclin complexes is also evolutionarily conserved, thus, defining a core cell cycle set of genes together with lineage-specific adaptations. In this paper, we describe the core cell cycle genes of Ostreococcus tauri, the smallest free-living eukaryotic cell having a minimal cellular organization with a nucleus, a single chloroplast, and only one mitochondrion. This unicellular marine green alga, which has diverged at the base of the green lineage, shows the minimal yet complete set of core cell cycle genes described to date. It has only one homolog of CDKA, CDKB, CDKD, cyclin A, cyclin B, cyclin D, cyclin H, Cks, Rb, E2F, DP, DEL, Cdc25, and Wee1. We have also added the APC and SCF E3 ligases to the core cell cycle gene set. We discuss the potential of genome-wide analysis in the identification of divergent orthologs of cell cycle genes in different lineages by mining the genomes of evolutionarily important and strategic organisms.
Dose-effect and concentration-effect relationships of pinacidil and hydrochlorothiazide in hypertension (1989)

To determine dose-effect and concentration-effect relationships in hypertension for pinacidil and hydrochlorothiazide when given alone and together, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, 4 X 3 factorial, modified fixed-dose multicenter trial. Three hundred and eighty-four patients with essential hypertension (supine diastolic blood pressure, 95 to 110 mm Hg) were assigned to one of 12 groups that received all combinations of four doses of pinacidil (0, 12.5, 25, and 37.5 mg, b.i.d.) with three doses of hydrochlorothiazide (0, 12.5, and 25 mg, b.i.d.). Significant dose- and concentration-effect relationships were seen for pinacidil and hydrochlorothiazide on diastolic blood pressure. For pinacidil, dose- and concentration-effect relationships were steeper after the dose than before the dose. A significant interaction with hydrochlorothiazide was noted such that, when combined with 12.5 mg hydrochlorothiazide, 12.5 mg pinacidil had near-maximal effects on blood pressure at both peak and trough. Edema occurred in 47% of those who received 37.5 mg pinacidil monotherapy (19% discontinued). The administration of 12.5 mg pinacidil with 12.5 mg hydrochlorothiazide appears to be optimal for efficacy and safety.
The Role of Nuclear Receptor–Binding SET Domain Family Histone Lysine Methyltransferases in Cancer (2017)

The nuclear receptor-binding SET Domain (NSD) family of histone H3 lysine 36 methyltransferases is comprised of NSD1, NSD2 (MMSET/WHSC1), and NSD3 (WHSC1L1). These enzymes recognize and catalyze methylation of histone lysine marks to regulate chromatin integrity and gene expression. The growing number of reports demonstrating that alterations or translocations of these genes fundamentally affect cell growth and differentiation leading to developmental defects illustrates the importance of this family. In addition, overexpression, gain of function somatic mutations, and translocations of NSDs are associated with human cancer and can trigger cellular transformation in model systems. Here we review the functions of NSD family members and the accumulating evidence that these proteins play key roles in tumorigenesis. Because epigenetic therapy is an important emerging anticancer strategy, understanding the function of NSD family members may lead to the development of novel therapies.
N-bridged heterocycles. Part I. Synthesis and chemistry of NN′-polymethylene-o-phenylenediamines (1975)

Methods have been eleborated for the synthesis of the series of NN′-polymethylene-o-phenylenediamines with 5–10 and 12 methylene groups. The interaction of these compounds with formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and other aldehydes (to give bridged 2,3-dihydro-1H-benzimidazoles), with di-acid chlorides such as phosgene, thiophosgene, and oxalyl, succinyl, and sebacoyl chloride (to give various bridged heterocycles), with heterocumulenes such as carbon disulphide, and phenyl isocyanate and isothiocyanate, and with oxidising agents are reported.
Parameter Determination for Complex Number-Theoretic Transforms Using Cyclotomic Polynomials (1989)

Some new results for finding all convenient moduli m for a complex number-theoretic transform with given transform length n and given primitive nth root of unity modulo m are presented. The main result is based on the prime factorization for values of cyclotomic polynomials in the ring of Gaussian integers.