gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microstructural and texture development in direct laser fabricated IN718 (2014)

Microstructural characterisation was performed for IN718 thin-walled builds, produced using direct laser fabrication (DLF), to understand the influence of the variations in the deposition path and the laser power on the microtexture, grain structures and intermetallic particle morphology development. Considerable differences were observed, with the high laser power input generating a columnar grain structure, with a strong < 001 > fibre texture along the build height, compared to a mixture of fine uniform and large columnar grains in the low power builds, with a near random texture. The influence of different DLF conditions on the formation of Laves and of δ phase was also found to be significant, with the Laves phase precipitates being larger in the high laser power sample. Carbides and δ were also present in the high power build, but were not observed in the low power samples regardless of the deposition path.
Selection and characterization in culture of mammary tumor cells with distinctive growth properties in vivo. (1980)

Abstract Two epithelial subpopulations with different growth capabilities have been isolated from a mammary tumor cell line. The parent cell line, WAZ-2T, was derived from an adenocarcinoma which developed spontaneously from hyperplastic BALB/c mouse mammary tissue. The subpopulations were isolated using agarose suspension cultures from which anchorage-independent (+SA) and -dependent (-SA) WAZ-2T cells were cultured. Both +SA and -SA sublines grew rapidly in monolayer culture and exhibited stable epithelial morphologies similar to that of the parent line. The cloning efficiency of +SA cells in agarose was 35% while -SA cells did not grow in suspension culture even when plated at high cell density (10 6 cells/25-sq cm flask). Population doubling times in vitro were 17 and 20 hr for +SA and -SA cells, respectively. Production of plasminogen activator was approximately, 2-fold greater in +SA cultures as compared to -SA cultures. Both +SA and -SA cells were tumorigenic in BALB/c mice when inoculated s.c. or i.v. However, the latency period for s.c. tumor development was markedly greater for the -SA subline. Similarly, after 4 weeks but not after 7 weeks, significantly more lung nodules developed from i.v. injection of +SA cells than -SA cells. The greater number of +SA lung nodules was not due to increased cell adhesion in the lung. We conclude that established cell lines from mammary tumors can contain widely heterogeneous subpopulations and that these subpopulations provide excellent material for establishing the significance of correlations between in vivo and in vitro behavior.
Enzymatic resolution of (S)‐(+)‐naproxen in a continuous reactor (1991)

An enzymatic method for the continuous production of (S)-(+)-2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl) propionic acid (Naproxen) has been developed. The process consists of a stereoselective hydrolysis of the racemic Naproxen ethoxyethyl ester catalyzed by Candida cylindracea lipase. The reaction has been carried out in a continuous-flow closed-loop column bioreactor packed with Amberlite XAD-7, a slightly polor resin on which the lipase has been immobilized by adsorption. Various immobilization conditions as well as the properties of the immobilized lipase have been studied. The performance and the productivity of the bioreactor were evaluated as a function of the critical reaction parameters such as temperature, substrate concentration, and product inhibition. By using a 500-mL column bioreactor, 1.8 kg of optically pure (S)-(+)-Naproxen were produced after 1200 h of continuous operation with a slight loss of the enzymatic activity.
Timing Jitter Measurement in Single-Flux-Quantum Circuits Based on Time-to-Digital Converters With High Time-Resolution (2007)

We evaluated timing jitter based on a time-to-digital converter (TDC) having sub-pico seconds time resolution. The measured jitter at liquid helium temperature was 65 fs for an optimally damped simple junction composing a conventional Josephson transmission line fabricated with the NEC standard process. The temperature dependence and shunt resistance dependence of jitter indicate that the jitter originates from thermal noise generated at the shunt resistor of the junction. We also found that the timing jitter of a balanced comparator is much larger than that of a JTL. The jitter of a balanced comparator is independent of temperature. This means that the jitter of a balanced comparator does not arise from thermal noise.
Disruption of TGF-β Signaling Improves Ocular Surface Epithelial Disease in Experimental Autoimmune Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (2011)

Our results showed that disruption of TGF-β signaling in CD4(+) T cells causes paradoxical improvement of dry eye disease in mice subjected to desiccating stress.
Development of Tissue-Targeting Hemagglutinating Virus of Japan Envelope Vector for Successful Delivery of Therapeutic Gene to Mouse Skin (2007)

We report a novel strategy for constructing a tissue-targeting hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ; Sendai virus) envelope vector (HVJ-E), and its application in gene therapy of a mouse model of genetic skin disease. Chimeric genes encoding viral F protein and green fluorescent protein (GFP) were constructed on the basis of various deletion mutants. The product of one chimeric gene, containing signal peptide, transmembrane domain, and the cytoplasmic tail of F protein, was transported to the cell surface and incorporated into new viruses released from HVJ-infected LLC-MK2 cells. For tissue targeting, in the preceding construct GFP was replaced with single-chain antibody (scFv) against mouse desmoglein 3 (mDsg3), a desmosomal cadherin found in basal layer keratinocytes of the skin. HVJ encoding scFv-F chimeric protein bound to mDsg3-coated plates much more efficiently than did wild-type HVJ. When chimeric HVJ was injected into a skin blister of a mouse model of epidermolysis bullosa, in which defective expression of type VII collagen results in a failure to secure epidermis to the underlying dermis, viral F protein expression was detected in most of the basal keratinocytes. Furthermore, chimeric HVJ-E introduced type VII collagen expression more efficiently compared with wild-type HVJ in basal keratinocytes of type VII collagen-deficient mouse skin, resulting in efficient amelioration of the genetic defect. Thus, a novel tissue-targeting HVJ-E could be used to successfully target epidermal keratinocytes both in vitro and in vivo.
A direct effect of guanosine tetraphosphate on pausing of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase during RNA chain elongation. (1981)

The effect of the regulatory nucleotide ppGpp on transcription by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase in vitro has been studied using bacteriophage T7 and T3 DNAs as templates. We have previously described the development of transcriptional test systems using these templates that can sensitively detect changes in promotor or terminator recognition of an RNA polymerase (Wiggs, J.L., Bush, J.W., and Chamberlin, M.J. (1979) Cell 16, 97-109) or changes in the rate of any of the major steps of the transcription cycle (Chamberlin, M.J., Nierman, W.C., Wiggs, J.L., and Neff, N. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 10061-10069). Using these procedures we fail to detect any substantial alteration by ppGpp of the normal interaction of E. coli RNA polymerase with the several T7 major and minor promoter sites or of the rate of productive RNA chain initiation at either T7 promoter A1 (ATP start) or A2 (GTP start). However, at physiologically relevant concentrations (KI approximately 50 microM), ppGpp significantly lowers the overall elongation rate of T7 RNA chains, leading to a substantial reduction in the overall rate of RNA synthesis. Inhibition of transcriptional elongation does not appear to be competitive with the ribonucleoside triphosphate substrates. Furthermore, ppGpp does not inhibit chain elongation during transcription of the synthetic polynucleotide templates poly[d(A-T)] or poly[d(A-G):d(C-T)]. We conclude that ppGpp interacts directly with some site on RNA polymerase other than one of the sites used for substrate binding. Furthermore, the inhibition must depend on specific DNA sequences present in T7 DNA, but not in poly[d(A-T)] or poly[d(A-G):d(C-T)]. Analysis of T7 transcripts formed in the presence and absence of ppGpp by gel electrophoresis reveals that in the latter instance there is enhanced pausing of the transcriptional elongation complex at specific sites on the template. It is likely that the enzyme also pauses at such sequences in the absence of ppGpp, but for a far briefer time (Kassavetis, G.A., and Chamberlin, M.J. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 2777-2786). Thus, ppGpp appears to slow transcriptional elongation by binding to RNA polymerase and altering its structure in a manner that impedes passage of the enzyme through certain DNA sequences. The presence of similar transcriptional barriers in rRNA operons activated by the presence of ppGpp could lead selectively to large reductions in the rate of rRNA synthesis in vivo.
Expression of a copy number control gene (copB) of plasmid R1 is constitutive and growth rate dependent (1982)

The copy number control gene copB from plasmid R1 was fused to the lacZ gene in vitro, resulting in expression of a fused polypeptide consisting of the first 53 amino acids of the CopB polypeptide and the beta-galactosidase polypeptide minus its first 8 amino acids. Based on measurements of specific activities of this fused protein under various conditions, it was concluded that expression of copB is gene dosage dependent, unregulated by plasmid-coded functions, and proportional to growth rate between 0.4 and 2.0 doublings per h. The rate of expression of the copB gene is surprisingly high compared with other known cases of regulatory proteins.
Chatbot implementation and testing (2013)

In my thesis I did a research on different chatbot technologies. I only looked at technologies that enable the use of chatbots on a local computer. There are two approaches to determine the chatbot's content, including knowledge and personality, the scripted and the learned approach. If we choose the scripted approach, we determine the content ourselves, if we choose the learned approach, we get it with machine learning from a conversation database. Since I didn't have access to a conversation database, I had to take the scripted approach to determine the content. I identified AIML (Artificial Intelligence Markup Language) and Chatscript as the technologies with the most potential. The main advantages of AIML are a large community, a large collection of accessible chatbots available for free, which can serve as a base for a new chatbot, and many interpreters. The main advantages of Chatscript are a strong pattern language, enabling faster and easier content writing, active development and the possibility of the use of databases, such as Wordnet. After researching the performance of both chosen technologies, I decided to use Chatscript to make my own chatbot. Next came the description of the chatbot's personality and writing the content divided into different topics. For proper changing of topics and a good conversation flow with the chatbot I had to adjust the control script. After the first development phase there were several testing and improvement iterations. Due to a lack of objective chatbot quality metrics this was the best way of development. With the newly acquired knowledge and experience I concluded that the technologies available at the moment are good enough to be used for entertainment or as virtual assistants, but they still haven't reached the level to pass the Turing test and thus make people unable to distinguish a chatbot from a human conversation partner.
cis-acting components in the replication origin from ribosomal DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1993)

The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contain an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) that colocalizes with a chromosomal origin of replication. We show that a minimal sequence necessary for full ARS function corresponds to a 107-bp rDNA fragment which contains three 10-of-11-bp matches to the ARS consensus sequence. Point mutations in only one of the 10-of-11-bp matches, GTTTAT GTTTT, inactivate the rDNA ARS, indicating that this consensus sequence is essential. A perfect match to a revised ARS consensus is present but not essential. Sequences up to 9 bp 5' from the essential consensus are dispensable. A broad DNA region directly 3' to the essential consensus is required and is easily unwound as indicated by: (i) hypersensitivity to nicking of an approximately 100-bp region by mung bean nuclease in a negatively supercoiled plasmid and (ii) helical instability determined by thermodynamic analysis of the nucleotide sequence. A correlation between DNA helical instability and replication efficiency of wild-type and mutated ribosomal ARS derivatives suggests that a broad region 3' to the essential ARS consensus functions as a DNA unwinding element. Certain point mutations that do not stabilize the DNA helix in the 3' region but reduce ARS efficiency reveal an element distinct from, but overlapping, the DNA unwinding element. The nucleotide sequence of the functionally important constituents in the ARS appears to be conserved among the rDNA repeats in the chromosome.
A General Theory of Gas Production in SAGD Operations (2001)

Abstract The small gas/oil ratio (GOR) commonly measured in SAGD projects has not previously been adequately explained, and various phenomena such as "microfingering" have been proposed to account for its presence. It is shown that the production of gases can be entirely explained by gases dissolved in the produced fluids at the temperature and pressure conditions of the SAGD steam chamber. Although methane is produced, in part, via bitumen, there is a significant contribution from methane dissolved in water as well. Other gases, such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide, are primarily produced by virtue of their solubility in water at the pertaining temperature and pressure. This result is a consequence of the asymptotic Henry's Law behaviour of gases in water as the critical point of water is approached. This asymptotic behaviour is shown to govern at temperatures well below the critical point, and within the temperature range of SAGD steam zones. The theoretical foundation of this work permits the estimation of gas-water equilibrium constants for the major produced gases of importance in SAGD, and thus an ultimate understanding of gas effects in the steam zone. Introduction The production of hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide, together with other minor gases in thermal recovery processes such as Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD), is a common observation. The process that gives rise to these gases is a high temperature hydrolysis of aliphatic sulphur linkages in the bitumen, dubbed "aquathermolysis" by Hyne et al.(1–3) Typically, the amount of hydrogen sulphide produced per tonne of bitumen varies between six and 75 l. Considerably more carbon dioxide is produced, usually in the range 900 - 10,000 l per tonne. However, Hyne and co-workers have not dealt with the question of whether steam or steam condensate affects these reactions, and their experiments permit no conclusions in this regard. In some of our own experiments, the procedure of Hyne et al. was changed in that a stainless steel reaction vessel was used. In order to avoid loss of hydrogen sulphide to the steel, it was necessary to suppress the hydrogen sulphide in the gas phase. The experiment was arranged such that the reaction vessel was completely filled to eliminate a headspace, and an overpressure of 50,000 kPa was applied by means of helium gas. Thus, while Hyne's experiments at 240 °CDATA [C were conducted at the steam saturation saturation pressure of approximately 3,500 kPa, in our case, a gas phase was effectively prevented from forming. Our results were within the range reported by Hyne, suggesting strongly that the steam condensate, rather than the steam itself, is the reagent in the aquathermolysis. The question thus arises about the location within the steam zone where this reaction occurs. Elementary considerations of chemical kinetics would suggest that the steam front and the fluid drainage zone are the only regions of the SAGD steam chamber where the reaction is possible, these being the only regions where both steam condensate and bitumen are present in high saturations.
Using qualitative eye-tracking data to inform audio presentation of dynamic Web content (2010)

Presenting Web content through screen readers can be a challenging task, but this is the only means of access for many blind and visually impaired users. The difficulties are more acute when the information forms part of an interactive process, such as the increasingly common “Web 2.0 applications”. If the process is to be completed correctly and efficiently it is vital that appropriate information is given to the user at an appropriate time. Designing a non-visual interface that achieves these aims is a non-trivial task, for which several approaches are possible. The one taken here is to use eye-tracking to understand how sighted users interact with the content, and to gain insight into how they benefit from the information, then apply this understanding to design a non-visual user interface. This paper describes how this technique was applied to develop audio interfaces for two common types of interaction—auto-suggest lists and pop-up calendars. Although the resulting interfaces were quite different, one largely mirroring the visual representation and the other not, evaluations showed that the approach was effective, with both audio implementations effective and popular with participants.
The Glu298Asp polymorphism of the NOS 3 gene as a determinant of the baseline production of nitric oxide (2002)

The ecNOS Glu298Asp polymorphism is associated with reduced basal NO production and might therefore have functional implications in the development of atherosclerosis or hypertension.
Operative Factors Influencing Mortality in Intracranial Aneurysm Surgery: Analysis of 186 Consecutive Cases (1970)

ELECTED reports in the literature indicate that operative mortality rates in intracranial aneurysm surgery are impressively low in risk patients. Pool and Potts ~5 reported a mortality of 4.7% in 84 cases in 1965. Drake-~ had a 5% mortality in risk patients, and Hunt and Hess more recently reported 1.4% mortality in his risk group. Norldn ~2 gives mortality rates of 5% in supraclinoid internal carotid aneurysms and 5% in both middle cerebral and anterior cerebral artery aneurysms; all are 'good risk patients. In contrast, higher mortality figures are also reported. Lougheed, et al., ~ in 1965 reported 13.1%, and French, et al., although not specifically grading their patients, recently reported a 15% mortality, stating that: Fortunately the majority of the patients in this series were in fairly good general condition and were neurologically stable at the time of admission... If one analyzes the data reported by the Cooperative Study of Intracranial Aneurysms, 16 272 patients are categorized as being symptom-free or having minor symptoms; these roughly correspond to Hunt and Hess's G Grade I in which there were 49 deaths (14.3% mortality). If one includes in the risk group Hunt and Hess's third category, which includes patients with greater symptoms and signs but without changes in sensorium, the total number of patients in these three categories is 508, with 106 deaths (21% mortality). This total group corresponds more closely to Pool and Potts '~ risk group and is identical to the risk group reported here. Over-all mortality rates also vary: Hunt
Identification and partial characterization of PDZK1: a novel protein containing PDZ interaction domains. (1998)

We recently reported the isolation and partial characterization of a novel membrane-associated protein designated MAP17. In normal tissues, MAP17 was expressed only in the apical brush border of proximal tubular epithelial cells of the human adult kidney. However, MAP17 was diffusely expressed in most carcinomas originating in the kidney, colon, lung, and breast. Transfection of MAP17 into the HT29 carcinoma cell line markedly decreased cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo, suggesting that MAP17 plays a role, either direct or indirect, in the control of cell proliferation. In an attempt to elucidate the function of MAP17, we screened a human kidney cDNA library for interacting proteins using the yeast two-hybrid system and isolated a novel protein containing PDZ protein interaction domains, which we have named PDZK1. PDZK1 is a 519-amino acid protein with a molecular weight of 63 kd; it is expressed in the kidney, pancreas, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and adrenal cortex. In situ hybridization experiments showed that the expression of PDZK1 was limited to epithelial cells. In the kidney, it colocalized with MAP17 in the brush border of proximal tubular epithelial cells. In addition, PDZK1 was overexpressed in selected tumors of epithelial origin. Although the function of PDZK1 has yet to be determined, proteins containing PDZ domains have been shown to play important roles as diverse as cell-cell interaction, cell differentiation, growth control, ion channels organization, and signal transduction. This is of particular interest because MAP17 is localized in areas either of cell-cell contact or where ion channels are localized, for example in the kidney. PDZK1 may represent the link between the cell membrane-where it interacts with MAP17-and other cytoplasmic proteins involved in biologic functions such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and ion transport.
[Estimation of postmortem interval using myofibril fragmentation index]. (2006)

The myofibril fragmentation index may be used on the estimation of early postmortem interval.
Effect of Homeopathic <i>Arnica montana</i> on Bruising in Face-lifts (2006)

This computer model provides an efficient, objective, and reproducible means with which to assess perioperative color changes, both in terms of area and degree. Patients taking perioperative homeopathic A. montana exhibited less ecchymosis, and that difference was statistically significant (P<.05) on 2 of the 4 postoperative data points evaluated.
MAMMOGRAPHIC PARENCHYMAL PATTERNS IN WOMEN RECEIVING NONCONTRACEPTNE ESTROGEN TREATMENT (1989)

Two population-based registers, one of women with at least one estrogen prescription, and the other of women who had undergone mammographic screening, were linked by means of the national registration number, revealing 3,436 estrogen-treated women who had attended the mammography screening program. Their mammographic parenchymal pattern was classified according to the criteria of Wolfe into two groups, one with a low risk and the other with a high risk of development of breast cancer. Estrogen replacement therapy was more common in women with a high risk than in those with a low risk mammographic parenchymal pattern (standardized morbidity ratio = 1.3). The increased probability of receiving noncontraceptive estrogen treatment in women with a high risk mammographic parenchymal pattern remained when the impact of several possible confounding factors had been taken into account in a logistic regression analysis (odds ratio = 1.36, 95% confidence interval 1.24-1.49). No evidence was found of a shift toward the unfavorable mammographic parenchymal pattern during treatment, which suggests that the treatment itself was not responsible for the high proportion of P2 and DY patterns. The mammographic parenchymal pattern must therefore be looked upon as a confounder in the context of studying breast cancer risk after estrogen treatment.