gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solvent-free selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol by molecular oxygen over uranium oxide supported nano-gold catalyst for the production of chlorine-free benzaldehyde (2007)

A detailed investigation on the production of chlorine-free benzaldehyde in the solvent-free oxidation of benzyl alcohol by O2 over nano-gold supported on U3O8 has been carried out. Influence of different catalyst parameters (different methods of gold deposition on U3O8, gold loading and particle size, and catalyst calcination temperature) and reaction conditions (reaction period and temperature) on the process performance has been studied. The catalyst containing gold at higher concentration and with smaller gold particles showed the better process performance (higher benzyl alcohol conversion and benzaldehyde yield or selectivity). The benzyl alcohol conversion is largely increased but the selectivity for benzaldehyde is slightly decreased (while that of benzyl benzoate is increased) with increasing the reaction period or temperature. In the presence of solvent (viz. tolune, p-xylene, DMF or DMSO), the process performance was found to be inferior to that observed in the absence of any solvent. Substituted benzyl alcohols also can be oxidized by O2 to corresponding aldehydes with high yield and/or selectivity, using the catalyst in the absence of any solvent.
Capillary supercritical fluid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (1986)

Abstract Capillary supercritical fluid chromatography and its combination with mass spectrometry (SFC‐MS) is an important analytical methodology for the analysis of thermally labile and high molecular weight compounds. The mass spectrometer provides sensitive and highly selective detection for the chromatographic effluent. The same physical‐chemical properties of supercritical fluids that provide important chromatographic advantages are also important for the transport and gas phase introduction of analyte molecules into the mass spectrometer. The low mobile phase flow rates of small diameter (< 100 μm i.d.) capillary columns allow the total chromatographic effluent to be introduced with conventional, but often slightly modified, ion source configurations for quadrupole mass spectrometers with either electron impact (EI) or chemical ionization (CI) detection. The full range of CI reagents can also be used to obtain additional selectivity and complementary structural data. The instrumentation and operating parameters for capillary SFC‐MS methods are described. The applicability and usefulness of various SFC‐MS analysis methods are demonstrated using a variety of samples.
<title>Proximity Effects And Influences Of Nonuniform Illumination In Projection Lithography</title> (1982)

The change in the size of a feature due to the proximity of large features is explored experimentally and theoretically, and the effects of nonuniform light source intensity are examined theoretically. For proximity effects, a test mask was designed to provide test patterns for two different systems: the Perkin-Elmer "Micralign" model 220 and the Canon FPA-141 4x reduction projection printer. The mask consists of isolated features of various widths which pass parallel to large features at various spacings. Exposures made on the Perkin-Elmer showed proximity effects dependent on the amount of partial coherence present in the light. For relatively incoherent light, proximity effects are intuitive and cause linewidth and spacewidth changes for small features. For relatively coherent light, the proximity effects can be counterintuitive in that the width of a small feature can be reduced due to the presence of adjacent features. Proximity effects are particularly significant for small geometries in the range of 0.5w/(NA) and below, where w is the wavelength. Some mask design guidelines are offered, suggesting that better overall image quality may be obtained not with coherent illumination, but with a partial coherence factor of about 0.5. Several types of condenser aperture illumination sources are explored. Central obscuration is shown to be disadvantageous for traditional optical lithography where the fundamental image spatial frequency is below that of coherent cutoff. A four spot Gaussian source is shown to give image quality similar to that of a uniform source of the same diameter. It is shown that source asymmetry cannot contribute asymmetrical resist profiles in a diffraction limited system, and thus any resist asymmetry must be attributed to proximity effects.
An Overview of Chromatographic Instrumentation: Problems and Solutions (1982)

Journal Article An Overview of Chromatographic Instrumentation: Problems and Solutions Get access Forrest L. Bayer Forrest L. Bayer Corporate Quality Assurance Department, The Coca-Cola Company, P.O. Drawer 1734, Atlanta, Georgia 30301 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Chromatographic Science, Volume 20, Issue 9, September 1982, Pages 393–401, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/20.9.393 Published: 01 September 1982
Effect of restriction of the binocular visual field on driving performance (1992)

The importance of the visual field on driving performance was investigated. This was undertaken by simulating binocular visual field defects for a group of young normal subjects and assessing the impact of these defects on performance on a driving course. Constriction of the binocular visual field to 40° or less, significantly increased time taken to complete the course, reduced the ability to detect and correctly identify road signs, avoid obstacles and lo manoeuvre through limited spaces. Accuracy of road positioning and reversing were also impaired. Constriction of the binocular visual field did not significantly affect speed estimation, stopping distance, or the time taken for the reversing and manoeuvring tasks. The monocular condition did not significantly affect performance for any of the driving tasks assessed.
Hybrid alphavirus–rhabdovirus propagating replicon particles are versatile and potent vaccine vectors (2008)

Self-propagating, infectious, virus-like particles are generated in animal cell lines transfected with a Semliki Forest virus RNA replicon encoding a single viral structural protein, the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) glycoprotein. We show here that these infectious particles, which we call propagating replicons, are potent inducers of neutralizing antibody in animals yet are nonpathogenic. Mice vaccinated with a single dose of the particles generated high titers of VSV-neutralizing antibody and were protected from a subsequent lethal challenge with VSV. Induction of antibody required RNA replication. We also report that additional genes (including an HIV-1 envelope protein gene) expressed from the propagating replicons induced strong cellular immune responses to the corresponding proteins after a single inoculation. Our studies reveal the potential of these particles as simple and safe vaccine vectors inducing strong humoral and cellular immune responses.
Universal Carrier Recovery Loop for QASK and PSK Signal Sets (1983)

A new carrier recovery loop which applies to quadrature amplitude shift keying (QASK) and phase shift keying (PSK) modulation schemes is presented. This loop is shown to provide significant advantages compared with those already used. Furthermore, the baseband processing of the demodulated signals allows an easy implementation, especially for high-speed digital modems. Both geometrical interpretation and theoretical justification using estimation criteria are provided. Finally, experimental results are reported.
Effect of Ni-Gd<sub>0.1</sub>Ce<sub>0.9</sub>O<sub>1.95</sub>Anode Functional Layer Composition on Performance of Lower Temperature SOFCs (2012)

Anode supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with varying Ni content in the anode function layer (AFL) were fabricated and investigated. The observed open circuit potential (OCP) was higher with lower Ni content. However, the highest maximum power densities (MPDs) in the low temperature range, from 450 to 650°C, were achieved at 60 wt% NiO in the AFL, which is a 1:1 volume ratio of Ni (49 vol%) to Gd-doped ceria (GDC) (51 vol%) phase after reduction. The long term stability of the SOFC of this composition was demonstrated with a power density of ∼1.1 W/cm2 at 650°C for 200 hours. Electrochemical impedance was consistent with these results showing the lowest electrode area specific resistance (ASR) at 49 vol% Ni, which has a linear relationship with MPD.
Indole-2-carboxamides as Allosteric Modulators of the Cannabinoid CB<sub>1</sub> Receptor (2012)

We synthesized new N-phenylethyl-1H-indole-2-carboxamides as the first SAR study of allosteric modulators of the CB(1) receptor. The presence of the carboxamide functionality was required in order to obtain a stimulatory effect. The maximum stimulatory activity on CB(1) was exerted by carboxamides 13 (EC(50) = 50 nM) and 21 (EC(50) = 90 nM) bearing a dimethylamino or piperidinyl group, respectively, at position 4 of the phenethyl moiety and a chlorine atom at position 5 of the indole.
Caspase-3 Is Required for α-Fodrin Cleavage but Dispensable for Cleavage of Other Death Substrates in Apoptosis (1998)

Although the commonly activated death protease caspase-3 appears not to be essential for apoptosis during development except in the brain, it was not shown whether substrates known to be cleaved by caspase-3 are still proteolyzed in its absence. We have addressed this question with MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells that we recently showed lack caspase-3 owing to the functional deletion of the CASP-3 gene. Tumor necrosis factor- or staurosporine-induced apoptosis of caspase-3-deficient MCF-7 cells resulted in cleavage of the death substrates PARP, Rb, PAK2, DNA-PKcs, gelsolin, and DFF-45, but not alpha-fodrin. In contrast, all these substrates including alpha-fodrin were cleaved in apoptotic HeLa cells expressing caspase-3. Introduction of CASP-3 cDNA, but not CASP-10 cDNA, into MCF-7 cells restored alpha-fodrin cleavage. In addition, tumor necrosis factor- or staurosporine-induced apoptosis of MCF-7 cells stably expressing pro-caspase-3 also resulted in alpha-fodrin cleavage. Although the specific caspase inhibitory peptides Z-VAD-fmk and Z-DEVD-fmk prevented apoptosis of MCF-7 cells, we were unable to detect activation of caspases 2 and 7, which are known to be inhibited by Z-DEVD-fmk. Together our results suggest that caspase-3 is essential for cleavage of alpha-fodrin, but dispensable for the cleavage of PARP, Rb, PAK2, DNA-PKcs, gelsolin, and DFF-45 and imply that one or more caspases other than caspases 2, 3, and 7 is activated and plays a crucial role in the cleavage of these substrates in MCF-7 cells.
Enhancement and stabilization effect of EDTA on Sendai virus neuraminidase activity. (1977)

EDTA was found to enhance, and exert a stabilizing effect on, Sendai virus neuraminidase activity. The effect was dependent on the molecular form of the enzyme and on the nature of the substrate. The "native form" (enzyme bound to the virions) was less influenced than the "mixed form" (enzyme separated from the surface of virions together with other glycoproteins), which in turn was less influenced than the purified enzyme. On the other hand, the stimulation by EDTA of neuraminidase-induced hydrolysis of fetuin was higher than that of ovomucoid. The kinetic data obtained indicate that EDTA modifies the enzyme in such a manner that the affinity of the substrate for the enzyme is increased.
TH-C-201C-02: Impact of Image Acquisition Mode and Reconstruction Parameters on Target Volume Definition Using PET-Thresholded-Based Segmentation (2010)

Purpose: Although PET-threshold-based tumor segmentation has been investigated extensively for target definition in radiotherapy the sensitivity of this method to quantitative imaging uncertainties is often neglected. This work investigates the impact of image acquisition and reconstruction parameters on tumor volumes defined by PET-threshold-based segmentation. Method and Materials: Fifteen patients underwent PET/CT on a GE Discovery VCT scanner 60 minutes post injection of 10mCi of [18F]-FDG. Scans were acquired in both 2D and 3D mode. For each acquisition the grid size post-reconstruction filter and the number of iterations in the reconstruction algorithm were varied within typical clinical settings. Ten different reconstructed images were created for each patient. Lesions were segmented using thresholds of 40% and 70% of the maximum standardized uptake value and the corresponding segmented volumes (V40 and V70 respectively) were calculated. The range of the segmented volume differences was determined for all images with respect to the image generated using our default reconstruction parameters. Results: PET acquisition and reconstruction parameters caused extensive changes in V40 and V70. For 3D acquisition the volume difference ranged between −5% to 90% for V40 and −10% to 140% for V70. For 2D acquisition the volume difference ranged between −10 to 75% for V40 and −50% to 104% for V70. The maximum difference in segmented tumor volumes observed in the same patient exceeded 150%. Dissimilarities in contour-shape were observed on all images for 40% and 70% thresholds. Conclusion: A startling degree of variability was observed in PET-thresholded tumors when different acquisition modes and reconstruction parameters were used. These variations alone can lead to volumetric errors greater than 100%. Variability in the target volume due to reconstruction parameters and acquisition modes must be addressed before PET-threshold-based segmentation can be used for target definition in radiotherapy.
Complement activation by cross-linked truncated and chimeric full-length β-amyloid (1997)

The activation of complement by beta-amyloid (A beta) has been implicated in the local inflammatory response in Alzheimer's disease. To assess the structural parameters required for this activation, beta-sheet-containing fibrils of A beta1-28 were induced by low pH and then chemically cross-linked to constrain the beta-sheet conformation. Chimeric A beta peptides with a substituted C-terminal sequence derived from two different transmembrane proteins were also assessed for the ability to form fibrils rich in beta-sheet structure and to activate complement. Both the cross-linked A beta1-28 and the chimeric A beta peptides were strong activators of the classical complement pathway. These results suggest that the C-terminal residues (29-42) of A beta facilitate fibril assembly required for complement activation but do not contain the interaction sites required for complement activation, further supporting the hypothesis that C1q binds to the N-terminal hydrophilic domain of A beta, and that a fibrillar beta-sheet-rich conformation is required for effective binding and activation of C1.
Structure and function of the tympanic membrane: a review. (1995)

Advances made in the last three decades of research on morphological, cell biological, and immunobiological aspects of the tympanic membrane of laboratory animals and humans are reviewed. The tympanic membrane is composed of the pars flaccida and pars tensa with considerable variations in their size and thickness. Both pars flaccida and pars tensa consist of an epidermal layer, a lamina propria, and a mucosal epithelial layer. The fibrils of the fibrous layer contain a large amount of type II and type III collagen, and a small amount of type I collagen. It has been suggested that such an unusual collagen composition is the underlying reason for the unique physical feature of the pars tensa of the tympanic membrane. A large number of mast cells are found in the Shrapnell's membrane and these cells are suggested to be responsible for the production of middle ear effusion. The cellular basis for the epidermal migration and the role of epidermal and fibroblast growth factors in epidermal cell proliferation and in wound healing are also reviewed. Future research directions on tympanic membrane biology and pathobiology are discussed.
A new method for placental/cord blood processing in the collection bag. I. Analysis of factors involved in red blood cell removal. (1996)

We describe a new procedure for large-scale CB processing in the collection bag, thus minimizing the risk of CB contamination. A solution of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) was added directly to the CB containing bag. After RBC sedimentation at 4 degrees C, the WBC-rich supernatant was collected in a satellite bag and centrifuged. After supernatant removal, the cell pellet was resuspended and the percent recovery of total WBC, CD34+ progenitor cells, CFU-GM and cobblestone area-forming cells (CAFC) evaluated. Results obtained with three different types of CB collection bags (300, 600 and 1000 ml) were analyzed and compared with those of an open system in 50 ml tubes. CB processing procedures in 300 and 1000 ml bags were associated with better WBC, CFU, CD34+ cell and CAFC recovery (83-93%). This novel CB processing procedure appears to be easy, effective and particularly suitable for large-scale banking under GMP conditions.
Highly efficient 3D fluorescence microscopy with a scanning laser optical tomograph (2011)

Optical Projection Tomography (OPT) proved to be useful for the three-dimensional tracking of fluorescence signals in biological model organisms with sizes up to several millimeters. This tomographic technique detects absorption as well as fluorescence to create multimodal three-dimensional data. While the absorption of a specimen is detected very fast usually less than 0.1% of the fluorescence photons are collected. The low efficiency can result in radiation dose dependent artifacts such as photobleaching and phototoxicity. To minimize these effects as well as artifacts introduced due to the use of a CCD- or CMOS- camera-chip, we constructed a Scanning Laser Optical Tomograph (SLOT). Compared to conventional fluorescence OPT our first SLOT enhanced the photon collection efficiency a hundredfold.
A statistical image of colour space (1999)

The distribution of colours in an image has proven to be very useful for object recognition. Building on Swain's colour indexing (1991), colour distributions are now an integral part of many recognition schemes. This is not to say that colour alone suffices but rather that colour is one important cue that aids recognition. In this paper we look at colour distribution based recognition from a rather novel image processing perspective. Specifically we view the distribution of colours in an image as an image and so recast colour distribution matching as a problem of image comparison. Two results are reported here. First that, by compressing images we can improve matching efficiency (recognize objects more quickly). Second, that the degree of compression (and so speedup) that is possible depends on the colour space on top of which the distribution images are built. The more uniform opponent colour encoding can be compressed more effectively compared with conventional rg-chromaticity encoding. We explain this in the following way: image processing is based on the assumption that all image locations are equal so, to treat colour space as an image, each colour location should also be equally likely. This is in fact approximately the case for the opponent chromaticity space. To validate our approach we repeated Swain's object recognition experiments. We show that the distribution of colours in an image (which Swain encoded with 4096 numbers) represented by 8 numbers (the projection coefficients onto an 8-dimensional principal component basis) suffices to achieve the same (almost perfect) recognition rate. Our method delivers a 500-fold speed up in indexing without loss of accuracy. This result scales to a second larger database of 140 images
Machinery Noise Measurement (1985)

Designed for engineers with little or no training in noise measurement, this practical handbook provides a thorough grounding in machinery acoustics, techniques crucial for the design of today's quieter machines. After a discussion of fundamental acoustic terminology; the authors describe various methods for machinery sound power measurement in free field, in semi-reverberant space, and in a reverberant room. Other sections consider noise measurement on nominally identical small machines, sound intensity measurement, and the new analogue and digital noise measuring equipment. In an era of growing noise pollution, this book will be very useful to acoustic engineers and equipment designers responsible for producing quieter machines.
Identification and characterization of SarH1, a new global regulator of virulence gene expression in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2000)

The global regulators agr (accessory gene regulator) and sarA (staphylococcal accessory regulator) have been reported to be both activators and repressors of virulence gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus. How the effector of the agr system, RNAIII, interacts with target gene promoters is unknown. SarA, on the other hand, is a DNA-binding protein, which binds to conserved DNA motifs immediately upstream of both positively and negatively regulated promoters. Here, we searched for additional regulators that could explain the differential effects of RNAIII and SarA. Four differently regulated genes (hla, alpha-toxin; hld, RNAIII; spa, protein A; ssp, serine protease) were analysed for binding of potential regulatory proteins to the corresponding promoter DNA fragments, linked to magnetic beads. One protein (29 kDa), with affinity for all four promoters, showed a high degree of similarity to SarA and was named SarH1 (Sar homologue 1). Expression of sarH1 was strongly repressed by sarA and agr. Analysis of hla, hld, ssp and spa mRNAs in sarH1, sarA and agr mutants, and in sarA/sarH1 and agr/sarH1 double mutants, revealed that sarH1 has a strong repressive effect on hla and an activating effect on spa transcription. SDS-PAGE analysis of secreted proteins from the different mutants showed that the production of several other exoproteins was affected by sarH1. In conclusion, we show that both the agr-dependent suppression of protein A production and the sarA-dependent stimulation of alpha-toxin production is mediated via a new regulator, SarH1, which belongs to a family of Sar homologues.
Objective analysis of toric intraocular lens rotation and centration (2010)

Objective analysis of digital retroillumination images allowed sensitive assessment of IOL rotation and centration stability. Eye rotation between images can lead to significant errors if not taken into account. Image quality is important to analysis accuracy.
Vulnerabilities of P2P Systems and a Critical Look at their Solutions (2006)

Peer-to-peer systems have emerged from a drive to realize a computing architecture which cannot be taken down by attacking any single point. Scale and massively distributed nature of its architecture are its characteristics defense. Interestingly, these two features also seem to have introduced new set of menacing vulnerabilities. The vulnerabilities become complex due to architectural goals such as load distribution, search facilitation, and easy of reconfigurability. A P2P network must be expanded to include nodes in a potentially unknown environment (such as the Internet). These untrusted nodes may be faulty, malicious, and act together to commit as much damage to the P2P network as possible. In this survey, we discuss some of the vulnerabilities of these P2P systems, and take a critical look at some of their solutions to better understand these new threats.