gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Site-directed mutagenesis and CBM engineering of Cel5A (<i>Thermotoga maritima</i>) (2008)

In order to make cost-effective bioethanol from dynamic lignocellulosic material, we require potentially acting and stable cellulolytic enzymes. In our investigation, the hyperthermostable endoglucanase Cel5A from Thermotoga maritima was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis and carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) engineering. For this purpose, amino acids around the active-site region were targeted. Results indicated that five single mutants showed a shift in optimal pH from 5 to 5.4. The N147E mutant displayed 10% higher activity than native Cel5A. Domain engineering was performed with fungal and bacterial CBM. In addition, CBM1 from (CBHII) Trichoderma reesei and CBM6 from Clostridium stercorarium xylanase A were fused with Cel5A. Both the CBM-engineered Cel5A showed 14-18-fold higher hydrolytic activity towards Avicel. Immuno-gold labeling assay of engineered enzymes further indicated the relativity that exists between binding ability and activity.
A modified scleroderma skin scoring method. (1987)

The extent of skin thickness in scleroderma has been reported to correlate with the degree of internal organ involvement. An objective method for the clinical evaluation of skin involvement (skin score) in scleroderma is described. In this preliminary study, the method was tested in twenty scleroderma patients. An acceptable degree of inter-observer reproducibility was noted. This method is proposed as a means of monitoring the degree of skin involvement and the overall disease activity.
Automated Detection of Epileptic Seizures Using Wavelet Entropy Feature with Recurrent Neural Network Classifier (2008)

Electroencephalograms (EEG) are the brain signals that provide us the valuable information about the normal or epileptic state of the brain. In this paper the EEG signals were characterized by wavelet, sample and spectral entropy approach and the recurrent neural network classifier is used for the automated detection of epileptic seizures.
Distributed Coordination Control and Industrial Applications (2017)

The papers in this special section focus on new developments in the area of distributed coordination control and industrial applications.
Processing Conditions for the Formation of Spider Silk Microspheres (2008)

Abstract Spider silk is a material consisting of very large (>200 kDa) proteins and has a high potential for biomedical applications as a result of its biocompatibility and biodegradability. We report on the influence of physicochemical factors on structure formation of the engineered spider silk protein eADF4(C16), which mimics the known sequence of the dragline protein ADF4 from the spider Araneus diadematus. Under certain experimental conditions, eADF4(C16) forms stable microspheres that have been analyzed with respect to sphere size, size distribution, and surface inertness upon different preparation methods (dialysis, pipette and micromixing). As a result of their material strength, biocompatibility, and the possibility of functionalization, spider silk microspheres have a high potential for the development of targeted drug‐delivery systems.
Imaging Biomarkers of Tumor Response in Neuroendocrine Liver Metastases Treated with Transarterial Chemoembolization: Can Enhancing Tumor Burden of the Whole Liver Help Predict Patient Survival? (2016)

Purpose To investigate whether whole-liver enhancing tumor burden [ETB] can serve as an imaging biomarker and help predict survival better than World Health Organization (WHO), Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), modified RECIST (mRECIST), and European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) methods in patients with multifocal, bilobar neuroendocrine liver metastases (NELM) after the first transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) procedure. Materials and Methods This HIPAA-compliant, institutional review board-approved retrospective study included 51 patients (mean age, 57.8 years ± 13.2; range, 13.5-85.8 years) with multifocal, bilobar NELM treated with TACE. The largest area (WHO), longest diameter (RECIST), longest enhancing diameter (mRECIST), largest enhancing area (EASL), and largest enhancing volume (ETB) were measured at baseline and after the first TACE on contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance images. With three-dimensional software, ETB was measured as more than 2 standard deviations the signal intensity of a region of interest in normal liver. Response was assessed with WHO, RECIST, mRECIST, and EASL methods according to their respective criteria. For ETB response, a decrease in enhancement of at least 30%, 50%, and 65% was analyzed by using the Akaike information criterion. Survival analysis included Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regressions. Results Treatment response occurred in 5.9% (WHO criteria), 2.0% (RECIST), 25.5% (mRECIST), and 23.5% (EASL criteria) of patients. With 30%, 50%, and 65% cutoffs, ETB response was seen in 60.8%, 39.2%, and 21.6% of patients, respectively, and was the only biomarker associated with a survival difference between responders and nonresponders (45.0 months vs 10.0 months, 84.3 months vs 16.7 months, and 85.2 months vs 21.2 months, respectively; P < .01 for all). The 50% cutoff provided the best survival model (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.1, 0.4). At multivariate analysis, ETB response was an independent predictor of survival (HR: 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1, 0.6). Conclusion Volumetric ETB is an early treatment response biomarker and surrogate for survival in patients with multifocal, bilobar NELM after the first TACE procedure. <sup>©</sup> RSNA, 2016.
A CMOS-integrated microinstrument for trace detection of heavy metals (2005)

This paper presents a voltammetric microsystem which includes CMOS-integrated sensors, electronic interface, and data conversion circuits for enabling cost-effective, in situ detection of trace metals. The system's electronics were implemented in a 0.5 /spl mu/m, 5 V, CMOS process and occupy 36 mm/sup 2/. Single-chip integration of the system was accomplished using post-CMOS, thin-film fabrication techniques. Due to its reduced ambient noise coupling and an integrated, pseudo-differential potentiostat, this design provides the best figures of merit for detection limit, area, and power published to date for heavy-metal microinstruments. The microsystem dissipates 16 mW and has successfully detected lead at concentrations of 0.3 ppb on 3.2/spl times/10/sup -5/ cm/sup 2/ gold electrodes using subtractive anodic stripping voltammetry.
Characteristics and applications of fast-wave gyrodevices (1999)

Gyrodevice oscillators and amplifiers (or gyro-oscillators and gyro-amplifiers) are being utilized in a variety of applications where high power levels are required at millimeter-wave frequencies. Gyro-oscillators, developed primarily for magnetic fusion research applications, have achieved power levels near 1 MW for pulse durations in excess of 1 s at frequencies above 100 GHz. Continued work on these devices should enable them to achieve continuous-wave operation at multimegawatt power levels at frequencies in the 100-GHz to 200-GHz range, thereby meeting the requirements of planned magnetic fusion experiments. The development of gyro-oscillators for fusion experiments has led to the utilization of the devices in several industrial applications, such as ceramic sintering and metal joining. Activities in this area involve adapting the oscillators to the industrial environment where reliability, efficiency, and ease of operation are paramount. Gyro-amplifiers are being developed for applications requiring phase coherence and instantaneous bandwidth, such as in linear accelerators and millimeter-wave radar. Impressive results from X-band to W-band already suggest the promise of these devices. Potential new applications and novel gyrodevice design approaches continue to attract the attention of researchers around the world.
E-VSB-an 8T-VSB compatible system with improved white noise and multipath performance (2002)

Enhanced-VSB (E-VSB) is a flexible, compatible outer coding enhancement to 8T-VSB which trades payload bit rate for improved white noise and multipath performance when properly equipped receivers are utilized. It is transparent to legacy ATSC receivers.
Silver halide fiber optic radiometry for temperature monitoring and control of tissues heated by microwave (1993)

The heating of tissue by microwave radiation has attained a place of importance in various medical fields, such as the treatment of malignancies, urinary retention, and hypothermia. Accurate temperature measurements in these treated tissues is important for treatment planning and for the control of the heating process. It is also important to be able to measure spacial temperature distribution in the tissues because they are heated in a nonuniform way by the microwave radiation. Conventional temperature sensors used today are inaccurate in the presence of microwave radiation and require contact with the heated tissue. Fiber optic radiometry makes it possible to measure temperatures accurately in the presence of microwave radiation and does not require contact with the tissue. Accurate temperature measurements of tissues heated by microwave was obtained using a silver halide optic radiometer, enabling control of the heating process in other regions of the tissue samples. Temperature mappings of the heated tissues were performed and the nonuniform temperature distributions in these tissues was demonstrated.
Electrochemically Reduced Single‐Layer MoS<sub>2</sub> Nanosheets: Characterization, Properties, and Sensing Applications (2012)

The electrochemical study of single-layer, 2D MoS₂ nanosheets reveals a reduction peak in the cyclic voltammetry in NaCl aqueous solution. The electrochemically reduced MoS₂ (rMoS₂) shows good conductivity and fast electron transfer rate in the [Fe(CN)₆]³⁻/⁴⁻ and [Ru(NH₃)₆]²⁺/³⁺ redox systems. The obtained rMoS₂ can be used for glucose detection. In addition, it can selectively detect dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid. This novel material, rMoS₂, is believed to be a good electrode material for electrochemical sensing applications.
AdaptWID: An Adaptive, Memory-Efficient Window Aggregation Implementation (2008)

Memory efficiency is important for processing high-volume data streams. Previous stream-aggregation methods can exhibit excessive memory overhead in the presence of skewed data distributions. Further, data skew is a common feature of massive data streams. The authors introduce the AdaptWID algorithm, which uses adaptive processing to cope with time-varying data skew. AdaptWID models the memory usage of alternative aggregation algorithms and selects between them at runtime on a group-by-group basis. The authors' experimental study using the NiagaraST stream system verifies that the adaptive algorithm improves memory usage while maintaining execution cost and latency comparable to existing implementations.
Palmitoylation of the Intracytoplasmic R Peptide of the Transmembrane Envelope Protein in Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (1999)

Previously it was reported that the 16-amino-acid (aa) C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) transmembrane protein Pr15E is cleaved off during virus synthesis, yielding the mature, fusion active transmembrane protein p15E and the 16-aa peptide (R peptide or p2E). It remains to be elucidated how the R peptide impairs fusion activity of the uncleaved Pr15E. The R peptide from MoMLV was analyzed by Tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunostained with antiserum against the synthetic 16-aa R peptide. The R peptide resolved with an apparent molecular mass of 7 kDa and not the 4 kDa seen with the corresponding synthetic peptide. The 7-kDa R peptide was found to be membrane bound in MoMLV-infected NIH 3T3 cells, showing that cleavage of the 7-kDa R-peptide tail must occur before or during budding of progeny virions, in which only small amounts of the 7-kDa R peptide were found. The 7-kDa R peptide was palmitoylated since it could be labeled with [(3)H]palmitic acid, which explains its membrane association, slower migration on gels, and high sensitivity in immunoblotting. The present results are in contrast to previous findings showing equimolar amounts of R peptide and p15E in virions. The discrepancy, however, can be explained by the presence of nonpalmitoylated R peptide in virions, which were poorly detected by immunoblotting. A mechanistic model is proposed. The uncleaved R peptide can, due to its lipid modification, control the conformation of the ectodomain of the transmembrane protein and thereby govern membrane fusion.
Investigation of a tetrahydroisoquinoline scaffold as dual-action steroid sulfatase inhibitors generated by parallel solid-phase synthesis (2013)

Various derivatives of the tetrahydroisoquinoline core were designed as non-steroidal dual-action inhibitors of steroid sulfatase (STS). Sulfamate derivatives and their corresponding phenol derivatives were both synthesized by parallel solid-phase chemistry. The sulfamate compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit STS activity, whereas the phenol compounds were tested for their ability or non-ability to induce the proliferation of estrogen-dependent MCF-7 and Saos-2 cells. Interestingly, many sulfamate derivatives showed good inhibitory activity toward the enzyme (80–90% of inhibition at 0.1 μM), whereas four phenol derivatives did not present unwanted estrogenic activity on MCF-7 cells but induced a proliferation of Saos-2 cells, thus suggesting a selective-estrogen receptor modulator potential.
Solvent-resistant antibacterial microfibers of self-quaternized block copolymers from atom transfer radical polymerization and electrospinning (2008)

Diblock copolymers with one block of poly[((2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-co-(glycidyl methacrylate)] P(DMAEMA-c-GMA) and another of poly(pentachlorophenyl acrylate) (PPCPA) (P(DMAEMA-c-GMA)-b-PPCPA) were synthesized via consecutive atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Electrospinnning of P(DMAEMA-c-GMA)-b-PPCPA from a solution in THF and DMF gave rise to microfibers with diameters in the range of 300 nm to 1.3 μm. Solvent-resistant microfibers were obtained by the subsequent treatment with 1,6-hexanediamine. The quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) were generated viaN-alkylation of tertiary amine groups of the P(DMAEMA-c-GMA) block by the chloro-aromatic compounds of the PPCPA block (or self-quaternization of P(DMAEMA-c-GMA)-b-PPCPA). Combination of the hydrophobic interaction of the PPCPA and the electrostatic interaction of QASs from the self-quaternization of P(DMAEMA-c-GMA)-b-PPCPA gives the resulting microfibers a high antibacterial activity. The antibacterial effect of the crosslinked microfibers was assayed with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus cultures. 95% E. coli and 97% S. aureus were killed after being contacted with 50 mg P(DMAEMA-c-GMA)-b-PPCPA microfibers in 10 min. The permanence of the antibacterial activity of the self-quaternized P(DMAEMA-c-GMA)-b-PPCPA microfibers was also demonstrated in repeated applications.
ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF SWINE WASTE BY THE ANAEROBIC SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR (1997)

Anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) uses a high-rate anaerobic bioconversion process to stabilizeorganic wastes for odor control and generate biogas for energy use. It is well suited for treating animal wastes. Thisarticle reviews previous research on the ASBR and reported a laboratory study to evaluate the ASBR with swine waste atshort hydraulic retention times (HRTs) (two, three, and six days), over a wide range of volatile solids loading rate (0.9 to5.5 g/L/day) and at 25C. The ASBR demonstrated satisfactory performance at all three HRTs. The three-day HRT reactorshowed the best overall performance in terms of biomass settleability, biogas production rate, and reductions of volatilesolids and biochemical oxygen demand in the manure after the treatment. In the intermediate range of VS loading rate(1.6-4.5 g/L/day), the VS reduction was 55 to 61%, BOD5 reduction was 81 to 86% and biogas production rate was 0.9 to1.8 L/L/day. It was found that ammonia did not adversely affect the performance of the ASBR at a concentration as highas 2470 mg/L in a pH range of 6.8 to 7.4. The ASBR can be easily integrated into a waste management system on a swinefarm. The conceptual designs for the configurations and operational schemes of the ASBR system for working with swineconfinement operations using flushing, scraping, or gravity draining (pull-plug) systems are presented.
Trophoblast/Leukocyte-Common Antigen is Expressed by Human Testicular Germ Cells and Appears on the Surface of Acrosome-Reacted Sperm1 (1989)

The murine monoclonal antibody H316 reacts with a cell-surface antigen of human trophoblast, leukocytes, certain epithelia, and several malignant cell types. We have found that the H316 antibody also recognizes an antigen synthesized by pre- and post-meiotic human testicular germ cells and is expressed in the acrosomal region of methanol-fixed testicular, epididymal, and ejaculated sperm. The antigen is poorly expressed on the surface of fresh ejaculated motile sperm, but is detectable on most viable sperm after a 6-h incubation in medium containing human serum albumin (HSA), or 60-min incubation with the calcium ionophore A23187 (both treatments induce sperm acrosomal changes termed capacitation and acrosome reaction). We found that antigen recognized by H316 is immunoprecipitated as a single, broad 50 kDa band from radiolabeled ionophore-treated sperm extracts and that preincubation of HSA-capacitated sperm with this antibody causes a moderate, but significant, inhibition of hamster egg penetration. These data indicate that the antigen recognized by the H316 monoclonal antibody is synthesized by testicular germ cells and is surface-expressed on capacitated/acrosome-reacted sperm populations. Its potential as a human sperm acrosome reaction marker, and possible biological role in sperm-egg or sperm-lymphocyte interactions, warrants further investigation.
<title>Comparison of automatic video segmentation algorithms</title> (1996)

While several methods of automatic video segmentation for the identification of shot transitions have been proposed, they have not been systematically compared. We examine several segmentation techniques across different types of videos. Each of these techniques defines a measure of dissimilarity between successive frames which is then compared to a threshold. Dissimilarity values exceeding the threshold identify shot transitions. The techniques are compared in terms of the percentage of correct and false identifications for various thresholds, their sensitivity to the threshold value, their performance across different types of video, their ability to identify complicated transition effects, and their requirements for computational resources. Finally, the definition of a priori set of values for the threshold parameter is also examined. Most techniques can identify over 90% of the real shot transitions but have a high percentage of false positives. Reducing the false positives was a major challenge, and we introduced a local filtering technique that was fairly effective.
Blockade of LIGHT/LTβ and CD40 signaling induces allospecific T cell anergy, preventing graft-versus-host disease (2002)

Previous studies have shown that blockade of LIGHT, a T cell costimulatory molecule belonging to the TNF superfamily, by soluble lymphotoxin beta receptor-Ig (LTbetaR-Ig) inhibits the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to host antigenic disparities and ameliorates lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a B6 to BDF1 mouse model. Here, we demonstrate that infusion of an mAb against CD40 ligand (CD40L) further increases the efficacy of LTbetaR-Ig, leading to complete prevention of GVHD. We further demonstrate that alloantigen-specific CTLs become anergic upon rapid expansion, and persist in the tolerized mice as a result of costimulatory blockade. Transfer of anergic CTLs to secondary F1 mice fails to induce GVHD despite the fact that anergic CTLs can be stimulated to proliferate in vitro by antigens and cytokines. Our study provides a potential new approach for the prevention of lethal GVHD.
Signaling Mechanism of Renal Fibrosis in Unilateral Ureteral Obstructive Kidney Disease in ROCK1 Knockout Mice (2006)

It has been shown that blockade of Rho kinase with pharmacologic inhibitors inhibits renal fibrosis. This study examined the role of Rho kinase in renal fibrosis in the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model in mice that do not express the ROCK1 gene, a critical downstream mediator of Rho GTPase. Unexpected, real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that, compared with the wild-type mice, mice with ROCK1 knockout (KO) were not protected against renal fibrosis at both the early (day 5) and late (day 10) UUO, as determined by histology and expression of both mRNA and protein levels of alpha-smooth muscle actin, collagen types I and III, and fibronectin within the diseased kidney. Then the mechanisms of loss of protective effect on renal fibrosis in ROCK1 KO mice were investigated. It is interesting that mice that lacked ROCK1 did not have altered expression of ROCK2 but significantly increased TGF-beta expression and Smad2/3 activation (phosphorylation and nuclear translocation) in the diseased kidney at day 5, which remained high at day 10 of UUO. Similarly, primary cultures of kidney fibroblasts that were obtained from both ROCK1 wild-type and KO mice showed that deletion of ROCK1 did not prevent TGF-beta-induced activation of Smad2/3 and collagen I expression. This also was observed in the presence of Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632. Taken together, results from this study suggest that Rho/Rho kinase may not be a necessary or a central pathway for renal fibrosis in the UUO model. The interplay between the Rho/Rho kinase pathway and the Smad signaling pathway may be a key mechanism by which loss of ROCK1 does not prevent renal fibrosis in the UUO model.
A Digital Method of Frequency Multiplication and Its Application to Numeric Spectrum Analysis of Periodic Signals (1977)

A digital way to produce an integral multiple of the frequency of periodic trigger pulses is described. This procedure is used to generate the sampling pulses for the ADC of a time-series analyzer. The device which implements this method is called sampling frequency generator (SFG). A comparison is made between this digital method and the analog frequency multiplication method by means of a PLL.
Investigation of State Stability of Low-Resistance State in Resistive Memory (2010)

We investigated the state stability of the low-resistance state (LRS) in a resistive switching memory having a Pt/Cu:MoO <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</i> /GdO <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</i> /Pt structure. Various resistance values of LRS were accurately controlled using an external load resistor connected in series with the resistive memory device. We found that the retention time decreased with an increase in the resistance of LRS. We performed accelerating tests for resistance transition from a low- to a high-resistance state under temperatures ranging from 200°C to 250°C. A predicted resistance of LRS for a ten-year retention period at 85°C was determined based on the Arrhenius law.