gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoresist Trimming in Oxygen-Based High-Density Plasmas:  Effect of HBr and Cl<sub>2</sub>Addition to CF<sub>4</sub>/O<sub>2</sub>Mixtures (2003)

The effects of HBr or Cl2 addition to CF4/O2 plasmas on resist trimming were examined. Because the reactivity of halogens on trimming decreases from F to Br and then to Cl, the addition of HBr and Cl2 to CF4/O2 decreases the trim rate. In contrast, the etch selectivity of the resist to the underlying polysilicon and the trim-rate uniformity are generally improved with the addition of enough HBr to CF4/O2, whereas addition of Cl2 has the opposite effect in that it degrades the selectivity and uniformity. The constituents of the resist sidewall in different plasma etchants with HBr or Cl2 gas added to CF4/O2 were examined using angle-resolved XPS to study how the trim rate is influenced by the sidewall films formed during resist trimming. The XPS results showed that the films formed on the resist sidewall had different constituents and concentrations according to the plasma chemistry. COxBryFz and COxClyFz films were formed on the resist sidewall during trimming with HBr/CF4/O2 and Cl2/CF4/O2, respectively. The presence of halogen in the plasma affects the availability of the oxygen atom to the resist surface. A greater atomic concentration ratio of oxygen to carbon and a higher degree of halogenation of the films coincide with a higher trim rate.
The inhibitory action of taxol on granulosa cell steroidogenesis is reversible. (1994)

Taxol is a novel anticancer agent extracted from the bark of Pacific yew trees. The drug has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer and is in clinical trials for other malignancies, including breast cancer. The goals of this study were to determine whether taxol adversely and irreversibly affects ovarian granulosa cell steroidogenesis. Cultured porcine granulosa cells were treated with taxol (0.12-12 microM) or vehicle (0.01-1% ethanol) in the absence or presence of 10(-9) M hCG in a time- and dose-response study. Morphological changes were recorded every 2 h, and media were collected for the measurement of progesterone (P4) and 17 beta-estradiol. Taxol suppressed both basal P4 and 17 beta-estradiol production and hCG-stimulated P4 production in a time- and dose-dependent manner and drastically changed cell shape by causing disorganization of microtubule bundles and other subcellular organelles. hCG partially reversed the steroid inhibition induced by taxol. These changes are not attributed to ethanol used as the vehicle, because ethanol at higher concentrations than that present in taxol did not suppress P4 production. When taxol was removed from the culture, P4 production returned to control levels. The results of this study show that taxol causes a significant, but reversible, inhibition of granulosa cell steroidogenesis. This inhibitory effect can be partially overcome by co-treatment with hCG.
Utilizing Self-Exchange To Address the Binding of Carboxylic Acid Ligands to CdSe Quantum Dots (2010)

We use solution NMR techniques to analyze the organic/inorganic interface of CdSe quantum dots (Q-CdSe) synthesized using oleic acid as a surfactant. It is shown that the resulting Q-CdSe are stabilized by tightly bound oleic acid species that only exchange upon addition of free oleic acid. The NMR analysis points toward a two-step exchange mechanism where free ligands are initially physisorbed within the ligand shell to end up as bound, chemisorbed ligands in a second step. Importantly, we find that every ligand is involved in this exchange process. By addition of oleic acid with a deuterated carboxyl headgroup, we demonstrate that the bound ligands are oleate ions and not oleic acid molecules. This explains why a dynamic adsorption/desorption equilibrium only occurs in the presence of excess free oleic acid, which donates the required proton. Comparing the number of oleate ligands to the excess cadmium per CdSe quantum dot, we find a ratio of 2:1. This completes the picture of Q-CdSe as organic/inorganic entities where the surface excess of Cd(2+) is balanced by a double amount of oleate ligands, yielding overall neutral nanoparticles.
Stereoselective disposition of ibuprofen enantiomers in man. (1985)

This study has examined the stereoselective disposition of the enantiomers of ibuprofen in four healthy male subjects following separate administration of racemic ibuprofen (800 mg) and of each enantiomer (400 mg). A mean of 63 +/- 6% of an administered dose of R(-) ibuprofen was stereospecifically inverted to the S(+) enantiomer. There were no measurable inversion of the S(+) to R(-) ibuprofen. The kinetics of the individual enantiomers were altered by concurrent administration of the respective optical antipode. It is likely that this change reflects an interaction between the enantiomers at plasma protein binding sites. It was found that formation of ester glucuronide conjugates stereoselectively favoured the S(+) enantiomer. The data have demonstrated that the pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen and other alpha-methylarylacetic acids cannot be interpreted adequately without studying the pharmacokinetics of the individual enantiomers.
Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of the mechanism of substrate oxidation by methane monooxygenase (1992)

Soluble methane monooxygenase from Methylococcus capsulatus(Bath) and Methylosinus trichosporium(OB3b) comprises three proteins that are necessary for the formation of methanol from methane, NADH2 and O2. The reductase (Mr= 38 500) contains an FAD and Fe2S2 centre and passes electrons to the hydroxylase (Mr= 250 000) which contains a bridged diiron centre. The third protein (protein B) contains no metal ions or cofactors and plays a regulatory role.Various spectroscopic techniques have been used to show that there is a very close similarity between the iron centres in the hydroxylases in which the Fe–Fe distance is 3.41 Å with an average first-shell Fe–O/N distance of 2.05 Å. The latter values varied according to the oxidation state of the binuclear centre. The data suggest that there is no short Fe–O bond but that a µ-hydroxo or µ-alkoxy bridge may be present.The major role of this enzyme is to convert methane into methanol, but it is quite catholic in its choice of substrates and will convert C–H into C–OH in many systems. We have used a range of spin traps coupled with EPR spectroscopy to show that the first stage of these conversions is to form the carbon-centred radicals, C˙. Direct evidence for ˙CH3, ˙CH2OH and a range of other radical intermediates have thereby been obtained. There is no evidence for the formation of ˙OH or related radicals, which rules out one of the possible reaction mechanisms. A detailed scheme for reactions in which C–H is replaced by C–OH is proposed.There is a second type of reaction, typified by the formation of pyridine N-oxide from pyridine, which does not appear to proceed by a free-radical mechanism, since no spin-trapped species were detected. We suggest that these processes involve direct oxygen atom transfer, either from an FeIII–O–O unit or an FeV–O unit.
Integrating an object-oriented data model with multilevel security (1990)

A security model is presented for object-oriented database systems. This model is a departure from the traditional security models based on the passive-object active-subject paradigm. The model is a flow model whose main elements are objects and messages. An object combines the properties of a passive information repository with those of an active agent. Messages are the main instrument of information flow. The chief advantages of the proposed model are its compatibility with the object-oriented data model and the simplicity with which security policies can be stated and enforced.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Scalable submicrometer additive manufacturing (2019)

High-throughput fabrication techniques for generating arbitrarily complex three-dimensional structures with nanoscale features are desirable across a broad range of applications. Two-photon lithography (TPL)-based submicrometer additive manufacturing is a promising candidate to fill this gap. However, the serial point-by-point writing scheme of TPL is too slow for many applications. Attempts at parallelization either do not have submicrometer resolution or cannot pattern complex structures. We overcome these difficulties by spatially and temporally focusing an ultrafast laser to implement a projection-based layer-by-layer parallelization. This increases the throughput up to three orders of magnitude and expands the geometric design space. We demonstrate this by printing, within single-digit millisecond time scales, nanowires with widths smaller than 175 nanometers over an area one million times larger than the cross-sectional area.
Research on Mapping Patent Document and Industrial Classification——Mapping Between the 2015 Annual Patents of Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Classification of Strategic Emerging Industries (2017)

[Purpose/significance] This paper aims to propose a mapping model based on cosine similarity for mapping between patent documents and industrial classification. This model is accurate, efficient and scalable, which provides some references for the further research. [Method/process] After introducing the methods for mapping between patents and industrial classification, we designed a model for mapping between patent documents and industrial classification and completed the mapping between the 2015 annual patents of Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Classification of Strategic Emerging Industries. Then we evaluated this model according to the mapping results. [Result/conclusion] This model obtains the mapping results between patent documents and industrial classification automatically by the natural language processing technology and enables mapping between patents and industrial classification bi-directionally. The method saves a lot of labor costs and can easily adjust the fine-grained classification and be applied to most of the mapping between patents and industrial classification. Finally, improvements of the model are described. Some future application areas are also briefly discussed in this paper.
Fourier analysis of facial profiles of young twins (2000)

Twins studies provide a powerful approach to determining the relative contribution of genetics and environment to observed variation. Such studies assume trait differences in monozygous (MZ) twins are due to environmental factors and those in dizygous (DZ) twins are due to both genetic and environmental factors. This study quantitated facial profiles of twins using Fourier equations, determining their value in profile analysis and the assessment of the genetic contribution to facial shape. Standardized profile slide photographs of 79 pairs of 4–6 year-old twins (37 MZ pairs, 42 DZ pairs) were scanned and x and y coordinates were extracted from each profile using sellion and Camper's plane as references. The coordinates were subjected to Fourier analysis and the normalised vertex projection coefficients were studied. The means of the differences between coefficients for MZ co-twins did not differ significantly from that of DZ co-twins, although the DZ group showed higher mean differences in the higher harmonics. Subjective examination of superimposed reconstructions showed wider variation between DZ co-twins than MZ co-twins. Correct classification of twins by discriminant function analysis using Fourier coefficients was similar for both groups (MZ: 70.3%; DZ: 73.8%). Fourier analysis could quantitate facial profiles of young children and differentiate some details, but was unable to discriminate between genetic and environmental influences, and any possible interactions between these influences, on their overall facial profiles at this developmental stage. Am J Phys Anthropol 113:369–379, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Injection Molded Glass Fiber Reinforced Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) Composites:  Fabrication and Properties Evaluation (2005)

Injection-molded composite materials as fabricated from chopped glass fiber and poly(trimethylene terephthalate), PTT, are evaluated through physicomechanical and thermomechanical analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were used to measure the thermal properties of the above composites. The mechanical properties including impact properties, tensile properties, and flexure properties of these composites were tested with a United Testing System SFM-20. Results showed that impact strength, tensile strength and modulus, flexure strength, and modulus of glass fiber reinforced PTT composites were improved significantly with increasing fiber content. The simultaneous improvement of both stiffness and toughness of composite materials is one of the important findings of this investigation. It was found that the crystallization temperature of PTT increased and heat deflection temperature doubled through reinforcement with glass fiber. The tensile fractured surfaces are evaluated through environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) for studying the interaction between fiber and the matrix.
The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on Wettability of Polymer Surfaces (1982)

Abstract The wettability of polystyrene and poly(methyl vinyl ketone) surface can be markedly changed by ultraviolet irradiation in air. The contact angle of water on both polymers decreases dramatically as a function of exposure time. This effect is mainly due to increase in the polar component of surface energy. The wettability of irradiated polymers goes back to near original values due to soluble photooxidation products into water after the water extraction.
The Nd:YAG Laser Rangefinder/Designator (1986)

A review of the Nd:YAG laser rangefinder/designator is presented. General operation of the laser rangefinder and its use by the military are discussed. Comparisons between conventional laser designs and ruggedized stable configurations show the folded crossed porro resonator is a successful approach. Designing a laser rangefinder in a small package that will meet performance specifications in a military environment requires many unique features. Size, weight, and volume reductions in military laser rangefinders have progressed over the last ten years. Comparable airborne systems have been reduced from 50 lbs. to less than 7 lbs. Handheld rangefinders are available in packages slightly greater than 1 lb. Future trends for the Nd:YAG laser rangefinder are referred to in closing.
Ineffectiveness of intrastromal voriconazole for filamentous fungal keratitis (2014)

Intrastromal voriconazole injection is successful in treating yeast keratitis. However this is not the case for filamentous fungal keratitis.
Effect of candesartan on coronary flow reserve in patients with systemic hypertension (2006)

Candesartan improves the CFR in hypertensive patients. The improvement was not related to BP control or LVMI regression. Patients with a lower CFR show a better response to candesartan. This fact can be demonstrated non-invasively with echography after 3 months of therapy.
Implementation of V2X with the Integration of Network RTK: Challenges and Solutions (2012)

This paper highlights the major improvement in vehicle localisation that is possible through the adoption of Network Real-Time Kinematic (N-RTK) GNSS positioning, while assessing in detail the real-world challenges that need to be overcome before its implementation. From previous research, it was shown that vehicle positioning with the aid of a Network RTK GNSS receiver was limited by the cell network communication link problems causing degradation of the important correction messages, and GNSS outages typical with GNSS receivers. During a thorough assessment of each of these issues, and tests carried out in the laboratory and real world driving, the extent of the problem is detailed. It is found that the cell network handling the communication of the correction messages is fairly robust, but once the signal strength drops to approximately -100 dBM, message losses and message delays degrade the position solution. The extent of the GNSS signal outage is assessed in a motorway environment with regular overhead obstructions. The average total GNSS outage period is found to be around 1.13 seconds, with an average time of 13.13 seconds to resolve the ambiguity for the Network RTK GNSS solution. These figures are useful in the assessment of complimentary positioning sensors for a ubiquitous positioning system.
Synthesis of a new pair of fluorescence resonance energy transfer donor and acceptor dyes and its use in a protease assay (2005)

A new, efficient and very robust fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) system, which can be measured in a normal as well as in a time-resolved mode, was developed and its feasibility demonstrated in a protease assay format.
Multistandard film to tape transfer using the CCD telecine FLH 1000 (1994)

Telecine equipment will continue to improve serving the television production and post production industries. In 1991 the Eastman Kodak Company and BTS GmbH started the joint development of a multistandard, high-performance CCD telecine, the FLH 1000. The Eastman Kodak Company provide the CCD film scanner to BTS Broadcast Television System for incorporation into the telecine product. The BTS Broadcast Television System hardware includes film deck, control, servo system and the entire digital signal processing. BTS is responsible for manufacturing, final test, sales and service of the FLH 1000 telecine equipment. The discusses the advantages of the innovative technologies, which result in superior reliability, flexibility and image quality for the user. It refers to questions and possible solutions for film to tape transfer in a multistandard system configuration. Experience with parallel HD and SD outputs gained from technology demos during SMPTE and NAB as well as response from customer tests are described.
Supramolecular Assembly of Nanoparticles at Liquid–Liquid Interfaces (2005)

At the interface: The supramolecular organization of nanometer-scale objects is of great interest in the field of applied nanotechnology. Liquid–liquid interfaces can provide an alternative to current methods for the formation of highly ordered structures through the self-assembly of nanoparticles, nanocrystals, and even viruses (see picture). The concept is generally applicable and can be transferred to other interfaces, such as those of polymers.
Asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in the inner membrane of beef heart mitochondria. (1979)

The transversal distribution of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and cardiolipin in the inner membrane of beef heart mitochondria was investigated. Highly purified “right-side-out” (mitoplasts) and “inside-out” (submitochondrial particles) membranes were used, permitting the independent study of the phospholipid composition on either half of the membrane. Three independent, and partially complementary, methods were employed: (a) chemical labeling with fluorescamine; (b) phospholipase AZ treatment; (c) immunoreaction with anticardiolipin antibodies. (a) 41 and 61% of the total phosphatidylethanolamine in mitoplasts and submitochondrial particles, respectively, were labeled with fluorescamine. With membranes solubilized by deoxycholate about 95% of the total phosphatidylethanolamine was labeled. (b) Phospholipase AZ (EC 3.1.1.4) from NC& nuju venom hydrolyzed 73% of the total phosphatidylcholine and 39% of the total phosphatidylethanolamine in mitoplasts, and 30% of phosphatidylcholine and 63% of phosphatidylethanolamine in submitochondrial particles, provided the enzyme was purified according to Deems and Dennis (Deems, R. A., and Dennis, E. A. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250,9008-9012). After solubilizing the membranes with Triton X-100, more than 90% of the phospholipids were hydrolyzed. The rate of hydrolysis was fast in the case of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine but slow in the case of cardiolipin. After 60 min, 20 and 60% of the total cardiolipin was hydrolyzed in mitoplasts and submitochondrial vesicles, respectively. (c) The immunoreaction with cardiolipin antibodies indicated cardiolipin to be about 3 times more abundant on the matrix side of the membrane. From the three approaches applied, the following phospholipid composition of the inner membrane of heart mitochondria was obtained: tin the cytoplasmic side (mitoplasts) the composition was 28% phosphatidylcholine, 13% phosphatidylethanolamine, 6% cardiolipin; on the matrix side (submitochondrial particles) the composition was 11% phosphatidylcholine, 21% phosphatidylethanolamine, 18% cardiolipin.
Robust Privacy-Preserving Motion Detection and Object Tracking in Encrypted Streaming Video (2021)

Video privacy leakage is becoming an increasingly severe public problem, especially in cloud-based video surveillance systems. It leads to the new need for secure cloud-based video applications, where the video is encrypted for privacy protection. Despite some methods that have been proposed for encrypted video moving object detection and tracking, none has robust performance against complex and dynamic scenes. In this paper, we propose an efficient and robust privacy-preserving motion detection and multiple object tracking scheme for encrypted surveillance video bitstreams. By analyzing the properties of the video codec and format-compliant encryption schemes, we propose a new compressed-domain feature to capture motion information in complex surveillance scenarios. Based on this feature, we design an adaptive clustering algorithm for moving object segmentation with an accuracy of 4x4 pixels. We then propose a multiple object tracking scheme that uses Kalman filter estimation and adaptive measurement refinement. The proposed scheme does not require video decryption or full decompression and has a very low computation load. The experimental results demonstrate that our scheme achieves the best detection and tracking performance compared with existing works in the encrypted and compressed domain. Our scheme can be effectively used in complex surveillance scenarios with different challenges, such as camera movement/jitter, dynamic background, and shadows.
Information Technology and the Internationalization of the Firm (2002)

A key concern for all multinationals is where to find a suitable location for their business activities, bearing in mind that they must find the right balance between global integration and local responsiveness. This article contributes to the internationalization debate by asking: in what sense will information technology enable globalization? We focus on the sourcing process, an area where globalization is often claimed to be the case. Re-examination of empirical evidence shows that global sourcing is not as generally predominant as is claimed. Consequently inhibitors to global integration exist and we classify these inhibitors into three categories: geographical, relational and environmental inhibitors. We then analyze the role information technology plays in reducing these inhibitors and formulate propositions that are then illustrated in two case studies. Information technology is proposed to reduce the geographical and relational inhibitors, but it will have no effect on environmental inhibitors. However, the latter category of inhibitors will become more prominent in the future. Information technology thus shifts the balance towards global integration, but simultaneously creates new problems in managing internationalization.