gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highly anisotropic microwave plasma etching for high packing density silicon patterns (2003)

Anisotropic etching which can be performed effectively with a low-pressure and high-density plasma may sometimes produce nonuniform patterns. Such a phenomenon has been observed in Si trench etching and poly-Si etching. Although this phenomenon is thought to be based on the local electric field, the mechanism for its generation is not clear. The nonuniformity of the ion direction, which is a serious problem in the fabrication of higher-packing-density patterns of future ULSIs such as 256 M DRAMs is considered. Time-modulated (TM) etching based on a model featuring pattern-plasma interaction is also discussed. It was found that peripheral patterns are inclined by the local electric field generated by the secondary electron effect. Using TM etching with an alternately supplied bias, such nonuniformity was reduced, and quarter-micron-level anisotropic etching of dense Si patterns was achieved.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An interactive Augmented Reality system: A prototype for industrial maintenance training applications (2012)

In this paper, we present an innovative Augmented Reality prototype designed for industrial education and training applications. The system uses an Optical See-Through HMD integrating a calibrated camera and a laser pointer to interactively augment an industrial object with virtual sequences designed to train a user for specific maintenance tasks. The training leverages user interactions by simply pointing on a specific object component. The architecture of our prototype involves two main vision-based modules : camera localization and user-interaction handling. The first module includes markerless trackers for camera localization, which can deal with partial occlusions and specular reflections on the metallic object surfaces. In the second module, we developed fast image processing methods for red laser dot tracking. By combining these processing elements, the proposed system is able to interactively augment in real time an industrial object making the learning process more interesting and intuitive.
Synthesis of densely branched poly(methyl methacrylate)s via ATR copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (2007)

Abstract Densely branched poly(methyl methacrylate)s have been synthesized by copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) using atom transfer free radical polymerization (ATRP). By employing the phenyl and benzyl esters of 2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropionic acid as the initiators with 2,2‐bipyridyl and Cu(I)Cl it has been possible to use high field 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to evaluate in some detail the composition and structure of the branched PMMAs obtained. Parallel molar mass size exclusion chromatographic analysis using a multi‐angle light scattering detector with a refractive index detector (MALS/SEC) has allowed the branched architecture of the products to be confirmed. Rather remarkably, high yields of branched PMMAs can be obtained without crosslinking using MMA/EGDMA molar feed ratios of up to 5/1 by appropriate adjustment of the molar feed of initiator. In particular by maintaining the EGDMA/initiator molar feed ratio ∼1/1 fully soluble products can be obtained that are densely branched since this feed ratio ensures that on average each living primary chain initiated contains on average only one branching EGDMA segment. As might be expected this controlled free radical process offers better control in the synthesis of branched polymer than the corresponding system we have reported using conventional free radical polymerization, and unlike the latter which requires the use of a chain transfer agent, the ATRP system requires no additional chain regulating component. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2375–2386, 2007
Reducing Frailty and Falls in Older Persons: An Investigation of Tai Chi and Computerized Balance Training (1996)

A moderate TC intervention can impact favorably on defined biomedical and psychosocial indices of frailty. This intervention can also have favorable effects upon the occurrence of falls. Tai Chi warrants further study as an exercise treatment to improve the health of older people.
Photochemistry of Phenyl Azides Bearing 2‐Hydroxy and 2‐Amino Groups Studied by Matrix‐Isolation Spectroscopy: Generation and Characterization of Reactive <i>o</i>‐Quinoid Compounds (1996)

Abstract Broad‐band irradiation (λ > 370 nm) of 2‐hydroxyphenyl azide ( 1 ) in Ar at 10K monitored by IR resulted in the formation of at least three major products, all of which were shown to be photointerconvertible under these conditions. The two products showing carbonyl stretching absorption bands were assigned to an E/Z mixture of 6‐imino‐2,4‐cyclohexadien‐1‐one ( 3 ), while the product showing sharp absorption bands in the cumulenic double bond region was assigned to 6‐imino‐1,3,5‐hexatrien‐1‐one ( 4 ). These assignments were fully supported by comparison of the experimental IR spectra with the theoretical data calculated at the HF/6‐31G ** level of theory. Similar irradiation (λ > 350 nm) of 2‐aminophenyl azide ( 6 ) in Ar at 10 K also afforded three photointerconvertible products, which were assigned to a mixture of ( E,E )‐( E,Z )‐ and ( Z,Z )‐1,2‐diimino‐3,5‐cyclohexadiene ( 8 ). The assignments were again supported by ab initio calculations. The reactions are discussed in terms of a 1,4 H shift in the photolytically generated phenylnitrenes ( 2 and 8 ) from the azides ( 1 and 7 ).
Improved Radiometric Performance Attained by an Elliptical Microwave Antenna With Suction (2011)

We present a new way to securely mount a medical microwave antenna onto the human body for improved in vivo temperature measurements by microwave radiometry. A low cost and simple vacuum pressure source is used to provide suction (negative pressure) on the aperture of an elliptical antenna with vacuum chamber cavity backing. The concept offers improved electromechanical coupling between the antenna surface and the skin of the body. The proposed solution is evaluated experimentally to test repeatability of radiometric temperature measurements by remounting the antenna many times in one sequence on a given anatomical location. Four representative locations (hand, belly, hip, and chest) were used to test the suction antenna concept against anatomical curvature and load variations. Statistical analysis shows a marked decrease in the standard deviation of measured temperatures with the use of suction compared to conventional manual fixation. At repeated measurements, the vacuum antenna produces less uncertainty and improved estimate of the true lossy load temperature. During body movement, the antenna mounted at bone-filled areas shows greatest potential for improved performance.
Ganglioside GM1 binds to the Trk protein and regulates receptor function. (1995)

Several lines of evidence have suggested that ganglioside GM1 stimulates neuronal sprouting and enhances the action of nerve growth factor (NGF), but its precise mechanism is yet to be elucidated. We report here that GM1 directly and tightly associates with Trk, the high-affinity tyrosine kinase-type receptor for NGF, and strongly enhances neurite outgrowth and neurofilament expression in rat PC12 cells elicited by a low dose of NGF that alone is insufficient to induce neuronal differentiation. The potentiation of NGF activity by GM1 appears to involve tyrosine-autophosphorylation of Trk, which contains intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity that has been localized to the cytoplasmic domain. In the presence of GM1 in culture medium, there is a > 3-fold increase in NGF-induced autophosphorylation of Trk as compared with NGF alone. We also found that GM1 could directly enhance NGF-activated autophosphorylation of immunoprecipitated Trk in vitro. Monosialoganglioside GM1, but not polysialogangliosides, is tightly associated with immunoprecipitated Trk. Furthermore, such tight association of GM1 with Trk appears to be specific, since a similar association was not observed with other growth factor receptors, such as low-affinity NGF receptor (p75NGR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Thus, these results strongly suggest that GM1 functions as a specific endogenous activator of NGF receptor function, and these enhanced effects appear to be due, at least in part, to tight association of GM1 with Trk.
Using viral load and epidemic dynamics to optimize pooled testing in resource constrained settings (2020)

Extensive virological testing is central to SARS-CoV-2 containment, but many settings face severe limitations on testing. Group testing offers a way to increase throughput by testing pools of combined samples; however, most proposed designs have not yet addressed key concerns over sensitivity loss and implementation feasibility. Here, we combine a mathematical model of epidemic spread and empirically derived viral kinetics for SARS-CoV-2 infections to identify pooling designs that are robust to changes in prevalence, and to ratify losses in sensitivity against the time course of individual infections. Using this framework, we show that prevalence can be accurately estimated across four orders of magnitude using only a few dozen pooled tests without the need for individual identification. We then exhaustively evaluate the ability of different pooling designs to maximize the number of detected infections under various resource constraints, finding that simple pooling designs can identify up to 20 times as many positives compared to individual testing with a given budget. We illustrate how pooling affects sensitivity and overall detection capacity during an epidemic and on each day post infection, finding that sensitivity loss is mainly attributed to individuals sampled at the end of infection when detection for public health containment has minimal benefit. Crucially, we confirm that our theoretical results can be accurately translated into practice using pooled human nasopharyngeal specimens. Our results show that accounting for variation in sampled viral loads provides a nuanced picture of how pooling affects sensitivity to detect epidemiologically relevant infections. Using simple, practical group testing designs can vastly increase surveillance capabilities in resource-limited settings.
The Function of Nuclear Architecture: A Genetic Approach (2003)

Eukaryotic genomes are distributed on linear chromosomes that are grouped together in the nucleus, an organelle separated from the cytoplasm by a characteristic double membrane studded with large proteinaceous pores. The chromatin within chromosomes has an as yet poorly characterized higher-order structure, but in addition to this, chromosomes and specific subchromosomal domains are nonrandomly positioned in nuclei. This review examines functional implications of the long-range organization of the genome in interphase nuclei. A rigorous test of the physiological importance of nuclear architecture is achieved by introducing mutations that compromise both structure and function. Focussing on such genetic approaches, we address general concepts of interphase nuclear order, the role of the nuclear envelope (NE) and lamins, and finally the importance of spatial organization for DNA replication and heritable gene expression.
Statistical Evaluation of Prognostic versus Diagnostic Models: Beyond the ROC Curve (2007)

Although it is useful for classification, evaluation of prognostic models should not rely solely on the ROC curve, but should assess both discrimination and calibration. Risk reclassification can aid in comparing the clinical impact of two models on risk for the individual, as well as the population.
Transjugular Liver Biopsy (2012)

Liver biopsy is considered the gold standard for the evaluation of acute and chronic liver disorders. Transjugular liver biopsy (TJLB) was described by Dotter in 1964 and clinically performed for the first time by Hanafee in 1967. TJLB consists of obtaining liver tissue through a rigid cannula introduced into one of the hepatic veins, typically using jugular venous access. The quality of the TJLB specimens has improved so much that the samples obtained by this method are comparable with those obtained with the percutaneous technique. TJLB is indicated for patients with coagulopathy, ascites, peliosis hepatis, morbid obesity, liver transplant, or in patients undergoing a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedure. The technical success rate for a TJLB procedure ranges from 87 to 97%. Sample fragmentation has been reported in 14 to 25% of the TJLB samples. The complication rates are low and range between 1.3% and 6.5%. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the fundamental aspects of the TJLB procedure, including technique, indications, contraindications, results, and complications.
A 0.1pJ Freeze Vernier time-to-digital converter in 65nm CMOS (2014)

A Freeze Vernier delay line time-to-digital converter for very low power and high resolution is presented. The Freeze Vernier Delay Line is a Vernier-type TDC, where the state of the start line can be frozen by the stop line, omitting the power-hungry time capture elements like D-registers or arbiters that are usually employed in a Vernier TDC. The two main issues of the design, the charge kickback between the delay lines and the imperfect freezing are solved with additional circuitry. The TDC core consists of inverters and current-enabled inverters only. A proof-of-concept design has been implemented in 65nm CMOS with a typical resolution of 4.88ps, a dynamic energy consumption of 106.22fJ per conversion and a combined gate width of 96μm.
Synthesis and properties of polyurethanes containing phosphatidylcholine analogues in the polymer backbone (1995)

Abstract New polyurethanes ( 4a, 4b ) and a segmented polyurethane ( 4c ) bearing phosphatidylcholine moieties in the main chain were synthesized. They are thermally stable up to 300°C and show the viscosity behaviour of common polyelectrolytes. Preliminary studies suggest that these polyurethanes are interesting new biomaterials.
Initiation of Polymerization with High-Energy Radiation (1983)

High energy photons and electrons interact with organic liquids to produce excited species, positive molecule ions and electrons. Most of the electrons rapidly recombine with their geminate cation radicals to form additional excited molecules. Some of the latter lose their excitation energy by collision with ether molecules; the remainder break into free radicals. For this reason most of the polymerization reactions of vinyl monomers in bulk, emulsion and in solution are initiated by free radicals. A small proportion of the ejected electrons have sufficient energy to escape the coulombic forces of their corresponding positive molecule ions. These free electrons lose their energy to the surroundings, become thermalized, and can generate anionic species either by simple capture or by dissociative electron capture. Both the positive and negative ionic species can, under suitable conditions, initiate cationic and anionic polymerizations, respectively. An important point of fundamental interest is that the early positive and
A simple apparatus to demonstrate Walden inversion. (1947)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA simple apparatus to demonstrate Walden inversion.C. R. Noller Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1947, 24, 6, 277Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1947Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 June 1947Published inissue 1 June 1947https://doi.org/10.1021/ed024p277RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views29Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (662 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Biological Activity of Some 2-Amino 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro Benzo(b)-Thiophenes and Their Derivatives (1978)

Medicinal Chemistry Division Department of Pharmacology Department of Microbiology Sarabbai Research Centre, Post Box 162 Baroda-390 001 <em>Manuscript received 7 January 1978, accepted 7 July 1978</em> Various 2-amino-4, S, 6, 7-tetrahydro benzo (b)-thiophenes were synthesised by the Gewald reaction. These were converted into the schiffs bases, aryl and hetero aryl derivatives and then were evaluated for their pharmacological, antibacterial, antifungal and antitubercular activities. Some of the compounds synthesised showed promising activity.
Properties of <i>R</i> -Citramalyl-Coenzyme A Lyase and Its Role in the Autotrophic 3-Hydroxypropionate Cycle of <i>Chloroflexus aurantiacus</i> (2007)

The autotrophic CO(2) fixation pathway (3-hydroxypropionate cycle) in Chloroflexus aurantiacus results in the fixation of two molecules of bicarbonate into one molecule of glyoxylate. Glyoxylate conversion to the CO(2) acceptor molecule acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) requires condensation with propionyl-CoA (derived from one molecule of acetyl-CoA and one molecule of CO(2)) to beta-methylmalyl-CoA, which is converted to citramalyl-CoA. Extracts of autotrophically grown cells contained both S- and R-citramalyl-CoA lyase activities, which formed acetyl-CoA and pyruvate. Pyruvate is taken out of the cycle and used for cellular carbon biosynthesis. Both the S- and R-citramalyl-CoA lyases were up-regulated severalfold during autotrophic growth. S-Citramalyl-CoA lyase activity was found to be due to l-malyl-CoA lyase/beta-methylmalyl-CoA lyase. This promiscuous enzyme is involved in the CO(2) fixation pathway, forms acetyl-CoA and glyoxylate from l-malyl-CoA, and condenses glyoxylate with propionyl-CoA to beta-methylmalyl-CoA. R-Citramalyl-CoA lyase was further studied. Its putative gene was expressed and the recombinant protein was purified. This new enzyme belongs to the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase family and is a homodimer with 34-kDa subunits that was 10-fold stimulated by adding Mg(2) or Mn(2+) ions and dithioerythritol. The up-regulation under autotrophic conditions suggests that the enzyme functions in the ultimate step of the acetyl-CoA regeneration route in C. aurantiacus. Genes similar to those involved in CO(2) fixation in C. aurantiacus, including an R-citramalyl-CoA lyase gene, were found in Roseiflexus sp., suggesting the operation of the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle in this bacterium. Incomplete sets of genes were found in aerobic phototrophic bacteria and in the gamma-proteobacterium Congregibacter litoralis. This may indicate that part of the reactions may be involved in a different metabolic process.
Treating tumor-bearing mice with low-dose gamma-interferon plus tumor necrosis factor alpha to diminish immune suppressive granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells increases responsiveness to interleukin 2 immunotherapy. (1995)

Production of granulocyte-macrophage (GM) colony-stimulating factor by murine metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma cells (LLC-LN7) increases the number and distribution of GM progenitor cells that are suppressive to T cell responsiveness to interleukin 2 (IL-2). The presence of these GM suppressor cells can be diminished by treatment of LLC-LN7-bearing mice with low doses of 100 units IFN-gamma plus 10 units tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). The aim of this study was to determine whether treatment of LLC-LN7-bearing mice with IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha to diminish GM suppressor cell presence would increase the responsiveness to IL-2 immune stimulatory therapy (100-1000 IU, twice daily for 5 days). Treatment first with IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha and then also with low dose IL-2 increased both the numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ cells within the tumor and the levels of their expression of the p55 IL-2 receptor. These intratumoral T cells also had an increased cytolytic capacity toward autologous tumor cells and an increased capacity to proliferate and secrete IL-2. Such effects were observed to a lesser extent in mice that were treated with either IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha alone or with low doses of IL-2 only. The combination treatment regimen of IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha and then IL-2 was also significantly more effective at reducing the size of the primary tumor and the formation of metastatic lung nodules than were the individual treatments. These results show that treatment to minimize the presence of GM suppressor cells enhances the effectiveness of IL-2 to stimulate anti-tumor immune responses and to diminish tumor growth and metastasis.
Torsional Structures to Enable Large Angle Deflections (2018)

MEMS micromirrors for large angle beamsteering are needed for numerous broadband steering and imaging applications. However, current scanning micromirrors generally exhibit scanning angles (<20°) and typically in only one direction. In addition, the optical fill-factor is generally <50% which leads to significant signal loss and possible heating of the underlying mechanical structures. In this research, we design, model, fabricate, and test high; out-of-plane MEMS actuators utilizing torsional spring assemblies to enable the large angle (∼45°) tip-tilt of the actuation platform assembly. The micromirror exhibit tip, tilt, and piston motion due to the segmented actuation design approach used; thus, the torsional spring structural elements must be integrated into the design to enable the large tilt angles. The torsional structures must enable large angle bending while also being robust enough to support a micromirror structure during switching events. Through precise material selection, and design control (i.e., structure length, material thickness, Young’s Modulus, and deposition temperature), these spring-based torsional structures can be used to enable the twisting and bending of the micromirror platform to enable the large angle scanning. Several different structural designs are assessed to determine the bending and torsional capabilities necessary for reliable and repeatable switching of the micromirrors.
Process migration in DEMOS/MP (1983)

Process migration has been added to the DEMOS/MP operating system. A process can be moved during its execution, and continue on another processor, with continuous access to all its resources. Messages are correctly delivered to the process's new location, and message paths are quickly updated to take advantage of the process's new location. No centralized algorithms are necessary to move a process.