gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Femtosecond laser irradiation of polymethylmethacrylate for refractive index gratings (2003)

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or Perspex is an inexpensive polymer widely used for making the cores of communications grade polymer optical fibres (POFs) and as a substrate for polymer optoelectronic devices and integrated waveguides. Periodic refractive index structures have been written in undoped PMMA using multiple pulses of 40 fs duration from a 1 kHz Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser operating at the fundamental (800 nm). A refractive index change (Δn) of 5 ± 0.5 × 104 was observed before the onset of striations. Optimization of writing conditions for refractive index modification of POP fibres or bulk undoped PMMA will enable structures such as Bragg gratings, long-period gratings, mode couplers, microlens arrays, and zone plates to be written.
Nucleation of misfit dislocations in In0.2Ga0.8As epilayers grown on GaAs substrates (1995)

Misfit dislocation arrays in In0.2Ga0.8As epilayers grown on GaAs substrates tilted 2°–10° away from exact (001) toward varied directions have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. A method has been developed to determine the glide plane and the Burgers vector of each misfit dislocation in the tilted InGaAs/GaAs interfaces. Based on experimental observations and theoretical analyses, it is proposed that a stacking fault surrounded by a 30° partial is at first generated by a growth error, followed by thermally activated nucleation of a 90° partial dislocation that removes the stacking fault and forms a 60° dislocation. From the frequency of nucleation events versus the dislocation glide force, the energy barrier for dislocation nucleation of α and β 90° partial dislocations was determined to be equal to 1.5 and 1.4 eV, respectively.
Properties of the Maize Transposable Element Activator in Transgenic Tobacco Plants: A Versatile Inter-Species Genetic Tool (1990)

Reinhard Hehl, Barbara Baker, Properties of the Maize Transposable Element Activator in Transgenic Tobacco Plants: A Versatile Inter-Species Genetic Tool, The Plant Cell, Vol. 2, No. 8 (Aug., 1990), pp. 709-721
Comparative study of haptic training versus visual training for kinesthetic navigation tasks. (2008)

Kinesthetic motion appears in tasks ranging from minimally invasive surgical procedures to patient rehabilitation. In this work, a comparative study is performed using two training paradigms for kinesthetic tasks. Subjects are trained to learn a complex 3D path through either the haptic method or the visual method. After the training period, subjects trace the learned 3D path without any feedback. Performance is evaluated primarily based on path deviation and time. Results indicate that haptically trained users have significantly higher performance than visually trained users. Other relevant results are also presented that can have a significant effect in the design of haptics-based interaction systems.
Expression of a 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Gene from Camptotheca acuminata Is Differentially Regulated by Wounding and Methyl Jasmonate (1993)

We have isolated a gene, hmg1, for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) from Camptotheca acuminata, a Chinese tree that produces the anti-cancer monoterpenoid indole alkaloid camptothecin (CPT). HMGR supplies mevalonate for the synthesis of the terpenoid component of CPT as well as for the formation of many other primary and secondary metabolites. In Camptotheca, hmg1 transcripts were detected only in young seedlings and not in vegetative organs of older plants. Regulation of the hmg1 promoter was studied in transgenic tobacco using three translational fusions (-1678, -1107, -165) with the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. Histochemical analysis of plants containing each of the three promoter fusions showed similar developmental and spatial expression patterns. In vegetative tissues, GUS staining was localized to the epidermis of young leaves and stems, particularly in glandular trichomes. Roots showed intense staining in the cortical tissues in the elongation zone and light staining in the cortex of mature roots. hmg1::GUS expression was also observed in sepals, petals, pistils, and stamens of developing flowers, with darkest staining in the ovary wall, ovules, stigmas, and pollen. Leaf discs from plants containing each of the translational fusions showed a 15- to 20-fold wound induction of hmg1::GUS expression over 72 h; however, this increase in GUS activity was completely suppressed by treatment with methyl jasmonate. Taken together, these data show that a 165-bp fragment of Camptotheca hmg1 promoter is sufficient to confer developmental regulation as well as wound induction and methyl jasmonate suppression of GUS expression in transgenic tobacco.
Candidate Gene Association Study in Type 2 Diabetes Indicates a Role for Genes Involved in β-Cell Function as Well as Insulin Action (2003)

Type 2 diabetes is an increasingly common, serious metabolic disorder with a substantial inherited component. It is characterised by defects in both insulin secretion and action. Progress in identification of specific genetic variants predisposing to the disease has been limited. To complement ongoing positional cloning efforts, we have undertaken a large-scale candidate gene association study. We examined 152 SNPs in 71 candidate genes for association with diabetes status and related phenotypes in 2,134 Caucasians in a case-control study and an independent quantitative trait (QT) cohort in the United Kingdom. Polymorphisms in five of 15 genes (33%) encoding molecules known to primarily influence pancreatic beta-cell function-ABCC8 (sulphonylurea receptor), KCNJ11 (KIR6.2), SLC2A2 (GLUT2), HNF4A (HNF4alpha), and INS (insulin)-significantly altered disease risk, and in three genes, the risk allele, haplotype, or both had a biologically consistent effect on a relevant physiological trait in the QT study. We examined 35 genes predicted to have their major influence on insulin action, and three (9%)-INSR, PIK3R1, and SOS1-showed significant associations with diabetes. These results confirm the genetic complexity of Type 2 diabetes and provide evidence that common variants in genes influencing pancreatic beta-cell function may make a significant contribution to the inherited component of this disease. This study additionally demonstrates that the systematic examination of panels of biological candidate genes in large, well-characterised populations can be an effective complement to positional cloning approaches. The absence of large single-gene effects and the detection of multiple small effects accentuate the need for the study of larger populations in order to reliably identify the size of effect we now expect for complex diseases.
Any algorithm in the complex object algebra with powerset needs exponential space to compute transitive closure (1994)

The Abiteboul and Beeri algebra for complex objects can express a query whose meaning is transitive closure, but the algorithm is naturally associated to this query needs exponential space. We show that any other query in the algebra which expresses transitive closure needs exponential space. This proves that in general the powerset is an intractable operator for implementing fixpoint queries.
The Comparative Enzymology of Creatine Kinases (1967)

Abstract The two chicken creatine kinases from brain and from muscle have been purified as well as the chicken hybrid enzyme. The brain and muscle enzymes from the rabbit have also been purified and compared to the chicken enzymes. There are significant differences in amino acid composition between the brain and muscle types; the hybrid enzyme has an intermediate composition. Peptide maps of the muscle and brain types further indicate that the sequences of the two types are considerably different. Antibodies prepared against the chicken muscle type enzyme do not cross-react, as measured by complement fixation methods or by Ouchterlony tests, with the chicken brain type enzymes; antibodies against the purified brain type enzyme do not react with the muscle type enzyme. However, the hybrid enzyme reacts with both antibodies, although quantitatively less than with the pure enzymes. The two brain type enzymes from the chicken and rabbit, or the two muscle enzymes, are more similar in their properties than are the brain and muscle forms of one species.
Syntheses of N-substituted 2(3,4)-pyridylcarboxylic acid hydrazides with analgesic and antiinflammatory activity (1979)

A group of N-substituted 2(3,4)-pyridylcarboxylic acid hydrazides were synthesized to investigate the effects that changes in functionality on the terminal hydrazide nitrogen have on analgesic and antiinflammatory activities. The most active analgesic-antiinflammatory compound was 1-(2-pyridylcarbonyl)-2-(2-pyridyl)hydrazine (10a), which was much more potent than dextropropoxyphene and caused a 100% inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema up to 5 h. Pyridylcarbonylhydrazides 5a, 8, and 10c exhibited analgesic activity similar to dextropropoxyphene. Although 10b was an inactive analgesic agent, it exhibited antiinflammatory activity similar to 10a.
Genomic Classifier Augments the Role of Pathological Features in Identifying Optimal Candidates for Adjuvant Radiation Therapy in Patients With Prostate Cancer: Development and Internal Validation of a Multivariable Prognostic Model (2017)

Purpose Despite documented oncologic benefit, use of postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy (aRT) in patients with prostate cancer is still limited in the United States. We aimed to develop and internally validate a risk-stratification tool incorporating the Decipher score, along with routinely available clinicopathologic features, to identify patients who would benefit the most from aRT. Patient and Methods Our cohort included 512 patients with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy at one of four US academic centers between 1990 and 2010. All patients had ≥ pT3a disease, positive surgical margins, and/or pathologic lymph node invasion. Multivariable Cox regression analysis tested the relationship between available predictors (including Decipher score) and clinical recurrence (CR), which were then used to develop a novel risk-stratification tool. Our study adhered to the Transparent Reporting of a Multivariable Prediction Model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis guidelines for development of prognostic models. Results Overall, 21.9% of patients received aRT. Median follow-up in censored patients was 8.3 years. The 10-year CR rate was 4.9% vs. 17.4% in patients treated with aRT versus initial observation ( P < .001). Pathologic T3b/T4 stage, Gleason score 8-10, lymph node invasion, and Decipher score > 0.6 were independent predictors of CR (all P < .01). The cumulative number of risk factors was 0, 1, 2, and 3 to 4 in 46.5%, 28.9%, 17.2%, and 7.4% of patients, respectively. aRT was associated with decreased CR rate in patients with two or more risk factors (10-year CR rate 10.1% in aRT v 42.1% in initial observation; P = .012), but not in those with fewer than two risk factors ( P = .18). Conclusion Using the new model to indicate aRT might reduce overtreatment, decrease unnecessary adverse effects, and reduce risk of CR in the subset of patients (approximately 25% of all patients with aggressive pathologic disease in our cohort) who benefit from this therapy.
Binding of Liposomes to Human Bladder Tumor Epithelial Cell Lines: Implications for an Intravesical Drug Delivery System for the Treatment of Bladder Cancer (1989)

Present therapy of human superficial bladder cancer includes the intravesical administration of antitumor drugs and immunomodulators. The purpose of these studies was to determine whether liposomes can bind to human bladder cancer cells and thereby provide a mechanism to improve the delivery of anticancer agents to diseased urothelium. Negatively charged large multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) bound to four different human bladder tumor cell lines (253J, J82, T24, TCCSUP) more avidly than did small sonicated vesicles or vesicles consisting of uncharged phosphatidylcholine (PC). Of the three types of negatively charged MLVs tested, phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine (7:3, mol ratio) (PC/PS) MLVs bound the most. MLV binding to tumor cells was saturable and appeared to be specific. In contrast, the binding of liposomes to normal fetal bladder cells was minimal. These data suggest that targeting of drugs to superficial bladder cancer can be achieved by the intravesical administration of PC/PS MLV.
CASTING OF SYNTHETIC BILAYER MEMBRANES ON GLASS AND SPECTRAL VARIATION OF MEMBRANE-BOUND CYANINE AND MEROCYANINE DYES (1983)

Abstract Cast films were prepared on glass from aqueous dispersions of double-chain ammonium amphiphiles. The bilayer characteristics were preserved and specific spectral variations were observed for film-bound cyanine and merocyanine dyes.
Evolution of cell resistance, threshold voltage and crystallization temperature during cycling of line-cell phase-change random access memory (2011)

Doped SbTe phase change (PRAM) line cells produced by e-beam lithography were cycled 100 million times. During cell cycling the evolution of many cell properties were monitored, in particular the crystalline and amorphous resistance, amorphous resistance drift exponent, time-dependent threshold voltage, threshold voltage as a function of RESET pulse height, crystallization temperature, and activation energy of crystal growth. The power of the present approach is that all these properties were measured simultaneously during the life of single cells. The evolution of the cell properties can be summarized by (i) an initialization phase characterized by settle-in effect of the material surrounding the programmable region, (ii) a usable life phase where initially the cell properties remain fairly constant until after ∼5 × 105 cycles decomposition of the programmed region caused degradation of the cell properties, and (iii) finally an end of life phase where the cell is stuck in the SET state after typically 108 cycles. Although generally the threshold voltage is directly related to the amorphous resistance it was found that during cycling this relation is not constant but evolved as well. Instead, the crystallization temperature could be linked to the threshold voltage throughout the complete life cycle of the cell which could lead to new insights to the nature of the threshold event.
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON BODY COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY OF ELDERLY PERSONS. IN: MOBILITY AND TRANSPORTATION IN THE ELDERLY (2000)

This paper describes how the capacity of older men and women to adapt to regularly performed exercise has been demonstrated by many laboratories. Aerobic exercise results in improvements in functional capacity and reduced risk of developing Type II diabetes in elderly persons. High intensity resistance training has been demonstrated to cause large increases in strength in elderly persons. In addition, resistance training results in significant increases in muscle size in elderly men and women. Resistance training has also been shown to significantly increase energy requirements and insulin action for elderly persons. It has a positive effect on multiple risk factors for osteoporosis fractures in previously sedentary postmenopausal women. This includes increased levels of physical activity. Increasing leg muscle strength in elderly men and women increases mobility as measured by total levels of physical activity.
Design criteria for CAE-to-ATE translation (2002)

The development and performance of two translation methods that connect, and integrate the CAE and ATE environments are discussed. The objective is the automatic translation of the information achieved by CAE design simulation procedures into a program that can be directly input to the test equipment for device-under-test (DUT) stimulus and response verification. The authors show how a set of commands for the tester is automatically generated, improving systems integration and robustness in DUT verification.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A 5.0mW 0dBm FSK transmitter for 315/433 MHz ISM applications in 0.25 μm CMOS (2004)

An ultra-low power multi-channel narrowband FSK transmitter has been developed that operates in the 315/433 MHz bands for ISM applications and consumes only 5.0 mW at 1.3 V for an output power of 0 dBm. For an output power of -10 dBm the combination of the minimum power supply (0.9 V) and maximal data rate (100 kbps) leads to an energy consumption of less than 17 nJ/bit. The transmitter has a direct PLL modulation architecture using a /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ fractional-N synthesizer. The IC is implemented in a 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS process and occupies 4.8 mm/sup 2/.
Energy minimization via graph cuts for semantic place labeling (2010)

This paper presents a novel framework for semantic place labeling by formulating the problem in terms of energy minimization. A method based on graph cuts is used to minimize energy for a function of data cost and smoothness cost. While the data term aims at assigning visual observations to a set of pre-specified place categories, using appearance-based hierarchical classifiers, the smoothness term incorporates contextual evidence from neighbors to ensure that the labels vary smoothly almost everywhere while preserving discontinuities at the borders between adjacent places in the environment. Our proposed method achieved a performance of 91.85%, labeling 2,146 images from the challenging COLD database with place semantics. Correct labeling of 14.5% of images was the result of incorporating contextual information.
Criteria for the ultrasonic measurement of thicknesses by interferometric methods (1984)

An ultrasonic interferometer, aimed at the measurement of coating thicknesses and working in a pulsed mode, has been described recently. A new scheme for using this apparatus is proposed here, which applied to the case where a severe acoustic impedance mismatch exists between the measured slice and the surrounding media. Optimal operating conditions for the new scheme and the older one are theoretically discussed and experimentally checked. Owing to the actual impedance mismatch, a choice criterion between the two schemes is then derived.
Figure of merit for near-velocity-matched traveling-wave modulators (2001)

We derive a relationship between the bandwidth and active length and a figure of merit for velocity- and near-velocity-matched lithium niobate traveling-wave electro-optic modulators. The figure of merit is given by the bandwidth per unit drive voltage squared and is independent of the length of the device. Alternatively, this figure of merit can be described by its inverse, which is proportional to the device's switching energy.
Adding multimedia collections to the Dexter Model (1994)

The Dexter Model defines the notion of atomic components and composite components, but it does not prescribe, nor it suggests, any particular structure for composite components. This paper proposes a specific type of composite component, called “collection”.
An Acknowledgement-Based Access Scheme in a Two-Node Packet-Radio Network (1984)

A two-node packet-radio network with infinite buffers at the nodes is considered. The two nodes transmit data packets to a common station through a shared radio channel. One of the two nodes is granted full access rights to the channel, while the other node bases its decisions whether to transmit or not on the acknowledgments it receives about its transmissions. For this acknowledgment-based access scheme and for general arrival processes, we derive the joint generating function of the queue contents in steady state, as well as the condition for steady state. From the generating function, any moment can be derived, as well as average time delays. Numerical results are presented for independent Bernoulli arrival processes.
Comparative in vitro activity of moxifloxacin against Gram-positive clinical isolates (2000)

The in vitro activity of moxifloxacin was compared with that of 15 antibacterial agents against 513 Gram-positive microorganisms. The MIC(90) (mg/L) of moxifloxacin was 0.06 for quinolone-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, 0.12 for Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae; 0.25 for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus anginosus and Actinomyces pyogenes; 0.5 for Streptococcus sanguis and Listeria monocytogenes, 2 for Corynebacterium jekeium and Bifidobacterium bivius. Over 50% of Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, quinolone-resistant staphylococci, Nocardia steroides and Clostridium difficile were susceptible to 2 mg/L moxifloxacin. Moxifloxacin and trovafloxacin demonstrated comparably high activity towards Gram-positive cocci; moxifloxacin and clinafloxacin were most active against Gram-positive bacilli.
Real electronic commerce ‐ smart cards on the superhighway (1997)

Discusses “smart cards” as electronic cash carriers. Examines technological innovations such as the Mondex “electronic purse” in the UK, where card values can be topped up by telephone. Forecasts that in the next few years, physical cash will be replaced as a main medium for transactions by “e‐cash,” which is cheaper to manufacture, more portable, and more versatile.
Airport Choice, Leakage, and Experience in Single-Airport Regions (2003)

Airport leakage refers to the phenomenon where travelers in small, single-airport regions avoid using their local (nearest) airports and prefer to use the more distant but larger metropolitan airports. Past studies of airport choice did not consider airport leakage tendencies of air travelers in single-airport regions, nor considered how the choice probabilities of individual travelers are affected by the goodness or badness of the travelers’ experiences with one or more of the candidate airports. This paper extends the research on airport choice by considering the airport leakage tendencies of travelers in single-airport regions, and by incorporating variables that capture the individuals’ heterogeneity of airport experience. The results indicate that single-airport area travelers are more likely to leak to larger metropolitan airports when their trip purpose is leisure than when it is business, and that travelers are more likely to choose the airports in which they gained good experiences than those which they have never used or had bad experiences.
Diffraction of electromagnetic waves by smooth obstacles for grazing angles (1959)

The diffraction of electromagn etic waves by a convex cylindri cal surface is considered . Attention is confined primarily to the r egion n ear the light-shadow bound ary. The complexintegral represe ntation for the field is utilized to obtain a correction to the Kirchhoff theory. Numerical results are presented which illustrate the influ ence of surface cUt'vature and polarization on the diffract ion pattern. Good agr ee me nt wi th th e experim ental results of Bachy n ski and Neugebauer is obtai ned . The effec t of finite co ndu ctivity is also considered .
A method of estimating nursing workload (1982)

A real-time nursing computer system operational on six medical wards allows the automatic data capture of all nursing procedures carried out for all patients. Each nursing procedure has been graded by an experienced nurse on a 5-point scale (Ninewells Index I), with grade 5 representing the greatest workload. A Delphi type survey was carried out by a questionnaire involving 115 medical charge nurses in Scotland who graded the same procedures on a 5-point scale (Delphi Index I). Good agreement with the two indices was found. The Delphi Index I was transferred from the original scale to an interval scale (Delphi Index II) to facilitate statistical handling of data and conversion to timings. The conversion of Delphi Index II to timings (Ninewells Index II) was achieved by using data from three extensive work studies. It is suggested that Ninewells Index II is a practical problem of staff allocation in medical wards.