gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Imiquimod 5&#x25; Cream Use in Dermatology, Side Effects and Recent Patents (2012)

Imiquimod is an immune response modifier that stimulates the patient's own immune system to release various chemical substances, such as interferon and interleukin-12. Although, approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration since 1997 as a topical treatment for genital and perianal warts, investigators have found that this product may offer an alternative treatment for a wide variety of medical conditions, such as for actinic keratoses, molluscum contagiosum, genital herpes, and various skin tumours. Clinical trials are now demonstrating the beneficial effects that its administration may have in treating other immune-related, dermatologic disorders. Understanding the pharmacology of this kind of drug is another step to fully understanding the power of the human immune system. Local reactions occur most frequently and include itching, burning, pain, soreness, flaking, erosions, and crusting. Since, it is administered locally; only a small amount of drug should reach systemic circulation, if used correctly. However, uncommon systemic side effects have been reported including headache, flu-like symptoms, fatigue, nausea, and myalgia. This article reviews imiquimod use in dermatology including its off-label use, side effects, future developments, new molecules related to dermatology and relevant patents.
Harry Rainy, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P.Ed. (1924)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Ferrate(VI) Oxidation of Aqueous Cyanide (1998)

The rates of oxidation of cyanide with Fe(VI) were measured as a function of pH (8.0−12) and temperature (15−30 °C). The reaction was found to be first order for each reactant. The rates decrease with increasing pH. The energy of activation was found to be 38.9 ± 1.0 kJ mol-1 at pH 9.0. The removal of cyanide by oxidation with Fe(VI) was studied at pH 7.5, 9.0, and 12.0. Fe(VI) removal efficiency was greater at pH 9.0 than at pH 7.5 and 12.0. At pH 9.0, Fe(VI) molar consumption was nearly equal to that of oxidized cyanide. Cyanate and nitrite ions were identified as the products of the reaction at pH 7.5. The experiments indicated 1:1 stoichiometric conversion of cyanide to nitrite ion at pH 9.0 and 12.0. Experiments were conducted to test the Fe(VI) removal efficiency of cyanide in electroplating rinsewater. The results indicate that Fe(VI) has the potential to serve as a reliable and safe oxidative treatment for removing cyanide in wastewater effluent.
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and del(22q11) syndrome: a non-random association. (1998)

Del(22q11) is a common microdeletion syndrome with an extremely variable phenotype. Besides classical manifestations, such as velocardiofacial (Shprintzen) or DiGeorge syndromes, del(22q11) syndrome may be associated with unusual but probably causally related anomalies that expand its phenotype and complicate its recognition. We report here three children with the deletion and a chronic, erosive polyarthritis resembling idiopathic cases of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Patient 1, born in 1983, initially presented with developmental delay, facial dysmorphism, velopharyngeal insufficiency, and severe gastro-oesophageal reflux requiring G tube feeding. From the age of 3 years, he developed JRA, which resulted in severe restrictive joint disease, osteopenia, and platyspondyly. Patient 2, born in 1976, had tetralogy of Fallot and peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis. She developed slowly, had mild dysmorphic facial features, an abnormal voice, and borderline intelligence. JRA was diagnosed at the age of 5 years. The disorder followed a subacute course, with relatively mild inflammatory phenomena, but an extremely severe skeletal involvement with major osteopenia, restrictive joint disease (bilateral hip replacement), and almost complete osteolysis of the carpal and tarsal bones with phalangeal synostoses, leading to major motor impairment and confinement to a wheelchair. Patient 3, born in 1990, has VSD, right embryo-toxon, bifid uvula, and facial dysmorphism. She developed JRA at the age of 1 year. She is not mentally retarded but has major speech delay secondary to congenital deafness inherited from her mother. In the three patients, a del(22q11) was shown by FISH analysis. These observations, and five other recently published cases, indicate that a JRA-like syndrome is a component of the del(22q11) spectrum. The deletion may be overlooked in those children with severe, chronic inflammatory disorder.
<title>Development of high-pressure xenon detectors</title> (1998)

During the past decade high-pressure Xe (HPXe) detectors have been successfully developed for gamma-ray spectroscopy of the energy range between 0.1 - 2.0 Mev. The feasibility of these detectors has been demonstrated in a number of experiments, which covered areas from gamma-ray astronomy through to various industrial applications. The attraction of HPXe arises from its excellent properties as a detecting medium. It has high stopping power, an intrinsic energy resolution of less than 1%, and with the development of new purification methods, the ability to operate for many years without loss of performance. The recent developments of the HPXe detectors are summarized in this paper. These include: (1) purification techniques, (2) the spectroscopic and scintillation properties of Xe, and (3) some practical aspects of designs of HPXe detectors.
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore provides a key to the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic brain injury (2012)

The pathological consequences of traumatic head injury result largely from the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). The mPTP opens due to a decrease in brain phosphorylation energy resulting in a further decrease in brain ATP production and a measurable increase in brain heat generation and temperature. The increase in brain temperature can be measured transcranially by near infrared spectroscopy which can be used to diagnose traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to monitor treatment. Effective therapy of TBI can be achieved by closure of the mPTP by administration of cyclosporine A or by oral administration of ketone body esters. While ketosis has previously been known to prevent damage from TBI, the availability of oral ketone esters presents the first practical modality of achieving therapeutic levels of ketone bodies.
Temperature-Programmed Capillary Electrophoresis for Detection of DNA Point Mutations (1996)

A method for unambiguous determination of point mutations in genomic DNA, based on electrophoresis in thin capillaries, is reported here. The method is based on the principle of temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE), a variant of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and exploits the differential melting of mutant and wild-type PCR-amplified DNA fragments during electrophoresis through a temperature gradient. Unlike TGGE, where the temperature gradient exists along the separation space, the denaturing temperature gradient in the fused-silica capillaries is time-programmed, so as to reach the melting points (Tms) of all species under analysis prior to electrophoretic transport past the detector window. The DNA fragments are injected in a capillary maintained (by combined chemical and thermal means) just below the expected Tm values. The temperature increment applied is typically minute (1 degree -1.5 degrees C) and the sweep speed is rather shallow (e.g., 0.05 degree C/min). Additionally, the denaturing thermal gradient is not controlled externally, but generated internally by Joule heat produced by voltage ramps. Point mutants are fully resolved into a spectrum of four bands, with a dynamic range extending from 45 degrees C (low melters) up to 70 degrees C for high melters. The present method can thus be universally applied to any type of point mutation.
Error-affected experimental data analysis: application to fitting procedures (1990)

The experimental data analysis problem, when both variables are subjected to errors, is re-examined and solved with an analytical approach on the basis of the error propagation law only. A new weight definition is found that leads to exact results without any mathematical complexity. The method can be easily applied to existing programs since only the first derivative of the theoretical function is required.
Hepatoprotective effect of an active constituent isolated from the leaves of <i>Ricinus communis</i> Linn (1992)

Abstract Dose (1.5–12 mg/kg p.o. × 7) dependent choleretic, anticholestatic, and hepatoprotective activity in rat was observed with N‐demethyl ricinine isolated from the leaves of Ricinus communis Linn. The anticholestatic and hepatoprotective activity was seen against paracetamol‐induced hepatic damage. The choleretic and anticholestatic activity was evidenced by an increase in the volume of bile and its contents. The hepatoprotective effect was evaluated by an increase in the percent viability of hepatocytes (ex vivo) and by the reversal of altered enzymatic levels (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [GOT], glutamic pyruvic transaminase [GPT], and alkaline phosphatase) towards normal. The compound showed more potent activity than silymarin, a known hepatoprotective agent.
A biorobotic adhesive disc for underwater hitchhiking inspired by the remora suckerfish (2017)

Remoras of the ray-finned fish family Echeneidae have the remarkable ability to attach to diverse marine animals using a highly modified dorsal fin that forms an adhesive disc, which enables hitchhiking on fast-swimming hosts despite high magnitudes of fluid shear. We present the design of a biologically analogous, multimaterial biomimetic remora disc based on detailed morphological and kinematic investigations of the slender sharksucker (<i>Echeneis naucrates</i>). We used multimaterial three-dimensional printing techniques to fabricate the main disc structure whose stiffness spans three orders of magnitude. To incorporate structures that mimic the functionality of the remora lamellae, we fabricated carbon fiber spinules (270 <b>μ</b>m base diameter) using laser machining techniques and attached them to soft actuator-controlled lamellae. Our biomimetic prototype can attach to different surfaces and generate considerable pull-off force-up to 340 times the weight of the disc prototype. The rigid spinules and soft material overlaying the lamellae engage with the surface when rotated, just like the discs of live remoras. The biomimetic kinematics result in significantly enhanced frictional forces across the disc on substrates of different roughness. Using our prototype, we have designed an underwater robot capable of strong adhesion and hitchhiking on a variety of surfaces (including smooth, rough, and compliant surfaces, as well as shark skin). Our results demonstrate that there is promise for the development of high-performance bioinspired robotic systems that may be used in a number of applications based on an understanding of the adhesive mechanisms used by remoras.
Sodium Ion Translocation by <i>N</i><sub>5</sub>‐Methyltetrahydromethanopterin: Coenzyme M Methyltransferase from <i>Methanosarcina mazei</i> Gö1 Reconstituted in Ether Lipid Liposomes (1996)

The N5-methyltetrahydromethanopterin (H,MPT):coenzyme M methyltransferase is a membrane associated, corrinoid-containing protein that uses the methylation of coenzyme M (HS-CoM) by methyl-tetrahydromethanopterin to drive an energy-conserving sodium ion pump. The enzyme was purified from acetate-grown Methanosarcina mazei Gö1 by a two-step solubilization with n-octyl-beta-glucoside, chromatography on hydroxyapatite, and by gel filtration on Superdex 200 or Sepharose CL-6B. The highly purified protein was apparently composed of six different subunits of 34, 28, 20, 13, 12, and 9 kDa. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of these polypeptides were determined. The native enzyme exhibited an apparent molecular mass of about 380 kDa. During purification, the enzyme was stabilized with 10 microM hydroxocobalamin. The highest specific activity reached during purification was 10.4 U/mg. The purified enzyme was reconstituted in monolayer liposomes prepared from ether lipids of M. mazei Gö1. In experiments with radioactive sodium ions, it was shown that the methyltransferase catalyzes the vectorial translocation of sodium ions across the membrane. Methyltransferase activity was stimulated by sodium ions. 1.7 mol Na-/mol methyl groups transferred were translocated. Methyltetrahydrofolate and methyl-cobalamin could substitute for methyl-H,MPT.
Class II enveloped viruses (2011)

A number of viruses transport their genomic material from cell to cell enclosed within a lipid bilayer that is in turn encased within a symmetric protein shell. This review focuses in a group of RNA viruses that have this type of virions. This group includes several of important human pathogenic viruses, such as the hepatitis C virus, dengue virus, chikungunya virus, rubella virus and the bunyaviruses. The best studied are the flaviviruses and the alphaviruses, which have a β-sheet rich class II viral fusion protein used for entry into susceptible cells. We extend here the class II concept to encompass symmetric viruses in which the envelope proteins are derived from a precursor polyprotein containing two transmembrane glycoproteins arranged in tandem. The first glycoprotein acts as chaperone for the folding of the second one, which carries the membrane fusion function. Since the bunyaviruses, included here, are very similar to the class I arenaviruses in other respects, this analysis highlights the patchwork nature of the various viral functional modules acting at different stages of the virus cycle, which appear assembled from genes of different origins.
Estimation of Sodium Hyponitrite in Presence of Sodium Nitrite, Sodium Nitrate, and Sodium Carbonate (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEstimation of Sodium Hyponitrite in Presence of Sodium Nitrite, Sodium Nitrate, and Sodium CarbonateV. T. OzaCite this: Anal. Chem. 1957, 29, 3, 452–453Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60123a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60123a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views32Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Structure and pressure inside Xe nanoparticles embedded in Al (2008)

Crystalline and amorphous xenon nanoparticles were produced in aluminum by ${\text{Xe}}^{+}$ ion implantation and were characterized with high-resolution electron microscopy combined with electron energy loss (EEL) spectroscopy. Unusual distributions of the aspect ratio and of the diameter of the crystalline particles were observed and explained, respectively, by minimization of the surface energy and of the strain energy due to the specific lattice mismatch between Al and Xe. Matrix oxidation was revealed as an important phenomenon accompanying the amorphization of Xe particles. Significant variation of relative EEL peak intensities with Xe particle size was observed and associated with unequal pressure inside different particles. The thus revealed variation was utilized to map the pressure distribution inside individual particles with a nanometer spatial resolution.
Amplitude versus offset analysis in a finely layered media (1988)

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1988Amplitude versus offset analysis in a finely layered mediaAuthors: Herbert W. SwanHerbert W. SwanARCO Oil and Gas Co.https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1892488 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1892488FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByHigh-resolution recursive stacking using plane-wave constructionKelly Regimbal and Sergey Fomel1 September 2016Nonstretching NMO correction of prestack time-migrated gathers using a matching-pursuit algorithmBo Zhang, Kui Zhang, Shiguang Guo, and Kurt J. Marfurt13 December 2012 | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. 78, No. 1 SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1988ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645Copyright: 1988 Pages: 1359 publication data© 1988 Copyright © 1988 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished: 10 Feb 2005 CITATION INFORMATION Herbert W. Swan, (1988), "Amplitude versus offset analysis in a finely layered media," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 1195-1198. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1892488 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...
OSTEOLYSIS AND ARTHROPATHY OF THE SHOULDER AFTER USE OF BIOABSORBABLE KNOTLESS SUTURE ANCHORS (2006)

Athwal, George S. MD, FRCSC; Shridharani, Shyam M. MD; O'Driscoll, Shawn W. MD, PhD, FRCSC Author Information
Liberalismus - einfach kompliziert (2011)

Worauf zielt der Liberalismus ab? Auf eine Politik der gerechten Ungleichheit. Auf eine Politik also, die das Glück des Tüchtigen zulässt, aber mehr ist als nur die sozialdarwinistische Interpretation der natürlichen Ungleichheit unter den Menschen.
Introduction (2010)

The American presidential campaign of 2008 offered the possibility for Africa and Africans to occupy an important and central place in American political life. The father of the eventually successful candidate, Barack Obama, was African, specifically Kenyan. But Obama's campaign and presidency embraced an African American identity and affiliation, paradoxically tethered to America. Obama's African genealogy was, if not ignored, then carefully decentralized in the construction of his identity. Through this campaign America was powerfully constituted as a place united by shared values and morals that made difference between Americans not so much something to embrace, but simply irrelevant. This was summed up in his first presidential visit to Turkey, where Obama told a press conference in Ankara: "We do not consider ourselves a Christian nation or a Jewish nation or a Muslim nation.… We consider ourselves a nation of citizens who are bound by ideals and a set of values" (Associated Press, April 6, 2009).1 Significantly, in a nation founded on shared ideals and values, specific genealogies become irrelevant, and with that, Obama's African history was rendered less important.KeywordsJewish NationMuslim NationChristian NationAfrican American IdentityAmerican TravelerThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
The role of melanocortin neuronal pathways in circadian biology: a new homeostatic output involving melanocortin‐3 receptors? (2009)

Obesity, insulin resistance and increased propensity for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease result from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. The cloning of genes involved in energy homeostasis produced a simple feedback model for the homeostatic regulation of adipose mass. Serum leptin secreted from adipocytes signals nutrient sufficiency, curbing appetite and supporting energy expenditure. A rapid decline in leptin during nutrient scarcity instigates adaptive mechanisms, including increased appetite and reduced energy expenditure. Hypothalamic melanocortin neurons are important mediators of this response, integrating inputs of energy status from leptin with other peripheral signals. While this feedback response prolongs survival during fasting, other mechanisms allowing the prediction of nutrient availability also confer a selective advantage. This adaptation has been commonly studied in rodents using restricted feeding paradigms constraining food intake to limited periods at 24-h intervals. Restricted feeding rapidly elicits rhythmic bouts of activity and wakefulness anticipating food presentation. While the response exhibits features suggesting a clock-like mechanism, the neuromolecular mechanisms governing expression of food anticipatory behaviours are poorly understood. Here we discuss a model whereby melanocortin neurons regulating the homeostatic adaptation to variable caloric availability also regulate inputs into neural networks governing anticipatory rhythms in wakefulness, activity and metabolism.
Synchronization phenomena in mixed media of passive, excitable, and oscillatory cells (2008)

We study collective phenomena in highly heterogeneous cardiac cell culture and its models. A cardiac culture is a mixture of passive (fibroblasts), oscillatory (pacemakers), and excitable (myocytes) cells. There is also heterogeneity within each type of cell as well. Results of in vitro experiments are modelled by Luo-Rudy and FitzHugh-Nagumo systems. For oscillatory and excitable media, we focus on the transitions from fully incoherent behavior to partially coherent behavior and then to global synchronization as the coupling strength is increased. These regimes are characterized qualitatively by spatiotemporal diagrams and quantitatively by profiles of dependence of individual frequencies on coupling. We find that synchronization clusters are determined by concentric and spiral waves. These waves arising due to the heterogeneity of medium push covered cells to oscillate in synchrony. We are also interested in the influence of passive and excitable elements on the oscillatory characteristics of low- and high-dimensional ensembles of cardiac cells. The mixture of initially silent excitable and passive cells shows the transitions to oscillatory behavior. In the media of oscillatory and passive or excitable cells, the effect of oscillation death is observed.
Efficient symbolic simulation of low level software (2008)

Symbolic execution has long been a staple technique for formal hardware verification. Its application to software requires methods for dealing with software specific complexities. In this paper we elaborate methods for the efficient symbolic simulation of embedded software; some methods are new, others are improvements of existing methods. Using these techniques we have been able to symbolically execute real life microcode of thousands of lines, allowing formal methods to become an integral part of microcode validation in Intel Corporation.