gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monkey median nerve repaired by nerve graft or collagen nerve guide tube (1995)

Nerve regeneration was followed in 15 median and 1 ulnar nerve of eight Macaca fascicularis monkeys by serial electrophysiological assessments over a period of three and a half years. Nerve gaps of 5 mm at the wrist were bridged by collagen-based nerve guides, nerve autografts, or direct suture repairs. Thenar muscle reinnervation occurred between 50 and 70 d for all groups, indicating axonal elongation rates of approximately 1 mm/d. The recovery rates of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and the compound sensory action potential (CSAP) amplitudes were significantly slower after direct suture repair compared to the other two procedures, although the final levels of recovery were all comparable. Similar results were achieved in one median and one ulnar nerve following nerve guide repair of a 15 mm nerve gap. The functional reinnervation of Pacinian corpuscles was detected in all cases following either nerve graft or nerve guide repair, with similar amplitudes and latencies of the tactile evoked CSAP for both types of repair. Histological analysis demonstrated a significant increase in the number of myelinated axons in the median nerve distal to the nerve lesions following both nerve graft and nerve guide repairs compared to proximal and normal controls, with significant reductions of fiber diameter and corresponding increases in g-ratio. The return of a bimodal frequency distribution of myelinated axon fiber diameter was confirmed by three-dimensional surface plots which illustrate the frequency distribution of the relationship between fiber diameter and g-ratio. These combined results demonstrate that nerve regeneration after repair of a 5 mm nerve gap with a collagen nerve guide in the nonhuman primate is similar to that after graft repair, and the final level of physiological recovery for both repair procedures is comparable to direct suture repair of the median nerve.
Multiple Roles of BRIT1/MCPH1 in DNA Damage Response, DNA Repair, and Cancer Suppression (2010)

Mammalian cells are frequently at risk of DNA damage from both endogenous and exogenous sources. Accordingly, cells have evolved the DNA damage response (DDR) pathways to monitor and assure the integrity of their genome. In cells, the intact and effective DDR is essential for the maintenance of genomic stability and it acts as a critical barrier to suppress the development of cancer in humans. Two central kinases for the DDR pathway are ATM and ATR, which can phosphorylate and activate many downstream proteins for cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, or apoptosis if the damages are irreparable. In the last several years, we and others have made significant progress to this field by identifying BRIT1 (also known as MCPH1) as a novel key regulator in the DDR pathway. BRIT1 protein contains 3 breast cancer carboxyl terminal (BRCT) domains which are conserved in BRCA1, MDC1, 53BP1, and other important molecules involved in DNA damage signaling, DNA repair, and tumor suppression. Our in vitro studies revealed BRIT1 to be a chromatinbinding protein required for recruitment of many important DDR proteins (ATM, MDC1, NBS1, RAD51, BRCA2) to the DNA damage sites. We recently also generated the BRIT1 knockout mice and demonstrated its essential roles in homologous recombination DNA repair and in maintaining genomic stability in vivo. In humans, BRIT1 is located on chromosome 8p23.1, where loss of hetero-zigosity is very common in many types of cancer. In this review, we will summarize the novel roles of BRIT1 in DDR, describe the relationship of BRIT1 deficiency with cancer development, and also discuss the use of synthetic lethality approach to target cancers with HR defects due to BRIT1 deficiency.
Autohydrolytic Production of Feruloylated Arabinoxylan Hydrolysates from Cereal Processing Coproducts for Food Applications (2011)

Cereal brans are rich sources of dietary fiber and phenolic antioxidants. The chief portion of dietary fiber in cereal brans is insoluble arabinoxylans, which are cross-linked via ferulate bridges and poorly fermentable by gut bacteria. Because many functional properties and health benefits of dietary fiber rely on solubility and microbial fermentation, it is desirable to develop strategies to solubilize the arabinoxylans in cereal brans. Autohydrolysis describes the process of subjecting cereal brans to high temperatures (160-220 °C) in the presence of water, releasing a portion of the insoluble arabinoxylans in the form of feruloylated arabinoxylan hydrolysates. These hydrolysates may impart several health benefits that deserve exploration.
Sliding mode control in dynamic systems (2002)

This paper deals with the generalization of the concept of "sliding mode control" for arbitrary dynamic systems governed by a shift operator. This class embraces continuous- and discrete-time, finite- and infinite-dimensional systems, and systems described by difference-differential equations. The new concept rests upon the singularity property of a shift operator in systems with sliding modes. The design procedures are presented for different classes of dynamic systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Use of a controlled-nutrient experiment to test heterosis hypotheses. (1990)

A controlled-nutrient (CN) experiment was conducted to test three heterosis hypotheses with reference to tomato yield, and its components, for a set of two inbred lines and their hybrid that had previously exhibited considerable heterosis under field conditions. The CN treatments consisted of periodic applications of differential doses of nutrient solution to plants reared individually in containers filled with vermiculite. Ripe fruit were harvested, counted and weighed over a period of 340 days. The data permitted the partitioning of yield into a closed system of five component variables. Heterosis was not exhibited by yield, nor yield components, at any of the four nutrient levels. Hence the total heterosis phenomenon was classified as nutrient-dependent: heterosis occurring under field conditions, but not under the nutritional restrictions of the CN experiment. Three heterosis hypotheses were examined for their ability to explain all of the nutrient-dependent aspects of the heterosis phenomenon. Hypothesis 1: Heterosis is a consequence of a more efficient hybrid metabolic system in that it can produce more product with equal input. Hypothesis 2: Heterosis is a consequence of the somatic multiplication of additive component traits. Hypothesis 3: Heterosis is a consequence of a faster hybrid growth rate. Although none of the hypotheses are rejected by the field data, the first two are rejected by the CN experimental results. The third hypothesis fits all aspects of the nutrient-dependent heterosis phenomenon remarkably well. It is speculated that the indeterminate pattern of plant development responsible for yield and its components is due to two major gene systems: genes that determine morphogenetic, and genes that determine growth rate manifestations of growth. Under this hypothesis, the CN technique permits separation of the responses due to these two gene systems.
Efficient hardware-software co-implementation of H.263 video codec (2002)

An H.263 video codec is implemented by adopting the concept of hardware and software co-design. Each module of the codec is investigated to find which approach between hardware and software is better to achieve real-time processing speed and flexibility. The hardware portion includes motion-related engines, such as motion estimation and compensation, and memory control. The other portion of the H.263 video codec and other parts of the H.324 system like G.723, H.223, and H.245 are implemented in software using a RISC processor. This paper also introduces efficient design methods for hardware and software modules. In hardware, an architecture for a hierarchical motion estimator using correlation of neighboring motion vectors is suggested to reduce the chip size. Software optimization techniques are also explored using the statistics of transformed coefficients and the minimum sum of absolute difference (SAD) obtained from the motion estimator.
Resistance to <I>Spodoptera frugiperda</I> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and <I>Euxesta stigmatias</I> (Diptera: Ulidiidae) in Sweet Corn Derived from Exogenous and Endogenous Genetic Systems (2007)

Field trials using Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Euxesta stigmatias Loew (Diptera: Ulidiidae) were conducted to evaluate resistance and potential damage interactions between these two primary corn, Zea mays L., pests against Lepidoptera-resistant corn varieties derived from both endogenous and exogenous sources. The endogenous source of resistance was maysin, a C-glycosyl flavone produced in high concentrations in varieties 'Zapalote Chico 2451' and 'Zapalote Chico sh2'. The exogenous resistance source was the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)11 gene that expresses Cry1A(b) insecticidal protein found in 'Attribute GSS-0966'. Damage by the two pests was compared among these resistant varieties and the susceptible 'Primetime'. Single-species tests determined that the Zapalote Chico varieties and GSS-0966 effectively reduced S. frugiperda larval damage compared with Primetime. E. stigmatias larval damage was less in the Zapalote Chico varieties than the other varieties in single-species tests. E. stigmatias damage was greater on S. frugiperda-infested versus S. frugiperda-excluded ears. Ears with S. frugiperda damage to husk, silk and kernels had greater E. stigmatias damage than ears with less S. frugiperda damage. Reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of nonpollinated corn silk collected from field plots determined that isoorientin, maysin, and apimaysin plus 3'-methoxymaysin concentrations followed the order Zapalote Chico sh2 > Zapalote Chico 2451 > Attribute GSS-0966 = Primetime. Chlorogenic acid concentrations were greatest in Zapalote Chico 2451. The two high maysin Zapalote Chico varieties did as well against fall armyworm as the Bt-enhanced GSS-0966, and they outperformed GSS-0966 against E. stigmatias.
Glutathione-related mechanisms in cellular resistance to anticancer drugs. (1998)

Glutathione conjugation and transport of glutathione conjugates of anticancer drugs out of cells have been shown to work as a system in the detoxification of many anticancer drugs. The major components of this system include glutathione (GSH), GSH-related enzymes and glutathione conjugate export pump (GS-X pump). GSH can combine with anticancer drugs to form less toxic and more water soluble GSH conjugates, the conjugation reaction is catalysed by glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). The GSH conjugates of anticancer drugs can be exported from cells by GS-X pump or multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP). GSH, glutathione-related enzymes and GS-X pump or MRP have been found to be increased or overexpressed in many drug resistant cells. Increased detoxification of anticancer drugs by this system may confer drug resistance. Inhibition of this detoxification system is a strategy for modulation of drug resistance.
Quasi-Ballistic Thermal Transport Across MoS<sub>2</sub> Thin Films (2019)

Layered two-dimensional (2D) materials have highly anisotropic thermal properties between the in-plane and cross-plane directions. Conventionally, it is thought that cross-plane thermal conductivities (κ <sub>z</sub>) are low, and therefore c-axis phonon mean free paths (MFPs) are small. Here, we measure κ <sub>z</sub> across MoS<sub>2</sub> films of varying thickness (20-240 nm) and uncover evidence of very long c-axis phonon MFPs at room temperature in these layered semiconductors. Experimental data obtained using time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) are in good agreement with first-principles density functional theory (DFT). These calculations suggest that ∼50% of the heat is carried by phonons with MFP > 200 nm, exceeding kinetic theory estimates by nearly 2 orders of magnitude. Because of quasi-ballistic effects, the κ <sub>z</sub> of nanometer-thin films of MoS<sub>2</sub> scales with their thickness and the volumetric thermal resistance asymptotes to a nonzero value, ∼10 m<sup>2</sup> K GW<sup>-1</sup>. This contributes as much as 30% to the total thermal resistance of a 20 nm thick film, the rest being limited by thermal interface resistance with the SiO<sub>2</sub> substrate and top-side aluminum transducer. These findings are essential for understanding heat flow across nanometer-thin films of MoS<sub>2</sub> for optoelectronic and thermoelectric applications.
Fast multipattern search algorithms for intrusion detection (2002)

Presents new search algorithms to detect the occurrences of any pattern from a given pattern set in a text, allowing in the occurrences a limited number of spurious text characters among those of the pattern. This is a common requirement in intrusion detection applications. Our algorithms exploit the ability to represent the search state of one or more patterns in the bits of a single machine word and to update all the search states in a single operation. We show analytically and experimentally that the algorithms are able of rapidly searching large sets of patterns, allowing a large number of spurious characters, yielding about a 75-fold improvement over the classical algorithm.
A hardware efficient phase/gain tracking loop for the Grand Alliance VSB HDTV receiver (1996)

The Grand Alliance VSB HDTV system is a terrestrial HDTV broadcasting standard for the USA. We propose a hardware efficient algorithm for the phase/gain tracking loop block which tracks out the residual phase noise and slowly varying gain error at the output of the channel equalizer. In the proposed algorithm, the phase error is calculated using a modified decision directed (DD) method where a stop-and-go type flag is used to allow the update of the de-rotation phase only when the sign of the DD phase error is considered to be reliable. Computer simulations are performed and the satisfactory performance of the phase/gain tracking loop is verified.
Assessment of surgical competence (2001)

This paper examines the issues that arise in the broad area of competence assessment in surgical practice, with particular reference to the objective assessment of technical skill which has historically been the weakest aspect of assessment in surgical training. To facilitate a thorough appraisal of competence, a simple model of surgical practice is advanced, followed by a review of both current and experimental methods of assessing technical skill. The review comprises not only the published literature, but also work (both from the authors' and other groups) that is in progress or under consideration for publication. Significant issues in the implementation of these new technologies, especially the necessary further validation, and the imperative to demonstrate that the process introduced does indeed improve the outcomes are discussed. Key Words: competence assessment; surgery; learning
Evaluating Low-Level Features for Beat Classification and Tracking (2007)

In this paper, we address the question of which low-level acoustical features are the most suitable for identifying music beats computationally. We consider 172 features computed on consecutive signal frames and systematically evaluate their individual value in the task of providing reliable cues for the presence and localisation of beats in music signals. We compare two ways of evaluating features: their accuracy in a song-specific classification task (classifying beats vs nonbeats) and their performance as a front-end to a beat tracking system.
The Role of Well Logs in Reservoir Modeling (1980)

ABSTRACT Wireline well-logging measurements are one of the richer sources of petrophysical data for input into and control of reservoir simulators. Besides providing many of the petrophysical parameters required in the design of reservoir models, logs complement, expand and verify data from other sources; afford insight into geological characteristics: and provide acceptable estimates of reservoir parameters normally obtainable elsewhere but not always readily available.
Defect Structure of Ni,Co-Doped LiNbO<sub>3</sub> and LiTaO<sub>3</sub> (1997)

The stoichiometries and structures of LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 doped with Ni2+ and Co2+ have been established through a combination of phase diagram determination, Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray diffraction data, extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy on the Ni, Co K edges, and magnetic measurements. Extensive ranges of Ni2+,Co2+-containing solid solutions form by the principal substitution mechanism 3Li + Nb,Ta ⇌ 4Ni,Co. A secondary substitution mechanism, observed with both doped and undoped LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 is 5Li ⇌ Nb, Ta. All results are consistent with substitution of Ni2+,Co2+ onto primarily the Li sites but sometimes, depending on composition, also onto Nb/Ta sites; in both cases, the sites have off-center, distorted octahedral coordination. The doped compositions can be divided into two regions: first, region II in which the Nb/Ta sites are full but Li sites contain a random mixture of Li, Ni/Co, Nb/Ta, and vacancies; these have the general formula [Li, Ni/Co, Nb/Ta, □][Nb/Ta]O3 where □ is a cation vacancy. Second, region I in which there is insufficient Nb/Ta to fully occupy their own sites, the balance is made up of Ni/Co and the Li sites contain Li, Ni/Co, and vacancies, i.e., [Li, Ni/Co, □][Nb/Ta, Ni/Co]O3. Regions I and II are separated by a line of constant Nb/Ta content in which the substitution mechanism 2Li ⇌ Ni, Co occurs. On this line, Nb/Ta sites are fully occupied and Li sites contain a mixture of Li, Ni/Co, and vacancies. Magnetic measurements support the valency of both dopants (Co2+ and Ni2+ in high-spin state) and show the presence of weak magnetic coupling between these dopants at 4 K.
Web Content Accessibility for People with Cognitive Disabilities (2019)

Web accessibility is considered as a component of universal design, the purpose of which is to lower the discrimination level in access to the living environment for people with special needs. People with cognitive disabilities are impaired in the act of processing information such as well as remembering or reasoning, making it more difficult for them to process information in a recognized, meaningful way. This paper gives an overview of the ways of inclusion of people with cognitive disabilities in the world wide web with systematic approach regarding all aspects of design and publishing of web content. The WCAG 2.0 standards with success criteria from Level AA and Level AAA are explored in order to enable access to information and knowledge trough Internet for people with cognitive disabilities.
Method to determine the reading frame of a protein from the purine/pyrimidine genome sequence and its possible evolutionary justification. (1981)

The periodic variations obtained by correlating the relative positions of purines and pyrimidines (and of the four bases thymine, cytosine, adenine, and guanine) in a wide variety of genomes of wholly or partly known sequence suggest that there may be enough of an earlier comma-free coding system (i.e., only readable in one frame) still present to permit determination of the reading frame and approximate extent of the present protein coding stretches. The characteristics of these variations support the hypothesis that these primitive messages were formed of coding triplets having the form RNY (R = purine; Y = pyrimidine; and N = purine or pyrimidine). The base sequences and reading frames that have a minimal deviation from such a message are still good predictors of actual coding regions and reading frames in spite of the many mutations that have occurred since such a genetic code was last in use. In fact, the right frame for almost all the proteins in a number of viruses and various prokaryotes and eukaryotes is deduced purely from purine/pyrimidine information and not by using the normal start and stop signals.
Detection of rodents activity rhythm fine structure by a simple time series monitor (1994)

Abstract A low‐cost, highly‐efficient digital animal‐monitoring‐system [AMS] was designed to elucidate the fine structure of rodent's biological rhythms. This AMS accommodates various detectors which are able to measure motor activity (both by cutting beam and running wheel) as well as food and drink accessing. Up to 192 parallel input/output [I/O] channels can be monitored by the use of a programmable peripheral 8255‐based digital card located in a personal computer. The present report describes: A. the system; B. the rational behind the preferred choice of infrared [IR] detectors; C. detection and reaction times; D. the design of the IR detectors placement in the cage which provides high detecting efficiency; E. the details of the sampling program's main loop; F. the circuit diagram of the AMS and the IR detectors, and G. the pattern of mice activity rhythm produced by this AMS. Abstracting keywords: Animal Monitoring Systeminfrared detectorbehavioractivityrhythmmouse Notes Chronobiology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978. Please send correspondence to: Prof. Israel Ashkenazi, Department of Human Genetics, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978, Tel: 972–3–6409154, Fax: 972–3–6409900. This study is part of Mr. A. Ticher's Ph. D. thesis, in the Faculty of Medicine, Tel‐Aviv University.
Traveling-Matte Photography and the Blue-Screen System: A Tutorial Paper (1965)

Traveling-matte photography is so complex a subject that the author's intention here is only to familiarize the reader with some of the basic concepts and problems. Personal experience, skill and knowledge of the most intricate phases of photographic science on the part of individuals have led to unique and often patentable methods of achieving the same type of composite photography in different ways.
Cr^4+:YAG double-clad crystal fiber laser (2008)

We report what we believe to be the first demonstration of a room-temperature, continuous-wave Cr(4+):Y(3)Al(5)O(12) (Cr(4+):YAG) double-clad crystal fiber laser grown by the codrawing laser heated pedestal growth method. The threshold is below 100 mW, which is a factor of 4 lower than previously reported Cr(4+)-doped lasers. A slope efficiency of 6.9% was obtained, and is in good agreement with the numerical simulation. In additional to small core diameter, the low-threshold lasing is made possible by the low propagation loss of 0.08 dB/cm and the high crystallinity of the core.
Nurses rush to help in omagh bomb atrocity (1998)

N urses flocked from both sides of the border to help treat casualties from Saturday's bombing in Omagh, Co Tyrone.
Semi-Supervised Bio-Named Entity Recognition with Word-Codebook Learning (2010)

We describe a novel semi-supervised method called Word-Codebook Learning (WCL), and apply it to the task of bio-named entity recognition (bioNER). Typical bioNER systems can be seen as tasks of assigning labels to words in bio-literature text. To improve supervised tagging, WCL learns a class of word-level feature embeddings to capture word semantic meanings or word label patterns from a large unlabeled corpus. Words are then clustered according to their embedding vectors through a vector quantization step, where each word is assigned into one of the codewords in a codebook. Finally codewords are treated as new word attributes and are added for entity labeling. Two types of word-codebook learning are proposed: (1) General WCL, where an unsupervised method uses contextual semantic similarity of words to learn accurate word representations; (2) Task-oriented WCL, where for every word a semi-supervised method learns target-class label patterns from unlabeled data using supervised signals from trained bioNER model. Without the need for complex linguistic features, we demonstrate utility of WCL on the BioCreativeII gene name recognition competition data, where WCL yields state-of-the-art performance and shows great improvements over supervised baselines and semi-supervised counter peers.