gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning General Purpose Distributed Sentence Representations via Large Scale Multi-task Learning (2018)

A lot of the recent success in natural language processing (NLP) has been driven by distributed vector representations of words trained on large amounts of text in an unsupervised manner. These representations are typically used as general purpose features for words across a range of NLP problems. However, extending this success to learning representations of sequences of words, such as sentences, remains an open problem. Recent work has explored unsupervised as well as supervised learning techniques with different training objectives to learn general purpose fixed-length sentence representations. In this work, we present a simple, effective multi-task learning framework for sentence representations that combines the inductive biases of diverse training objectives in a single model. We train this model on several data sources with multiple training objectives on over 100 million sentences. Extensive experiments demonstrate that sharing a single recurrent sentence encoder across weakly related tasks leads to consistent improvements over previous methods. We present substantial improvements in the context of transfer learning and low-resource settings using our learned general-purpose representations.
Synthesis of liquid crystalline side-chain polyitaconates via phase-transfer catalysis (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of liquid crystalline side-chain polyitaconates via phase-transfer catalysisPatrick KellerCite this: Macromolecules 1985, 18, 11, 2337–2339Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00153a055https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00153a055research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views84Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Magnetron sputter deposition with high levels of metal ionization (1993)

A new deposition technique has been developed which combines conventional magnetron sputter deposition with a rf inductively coupled plasma (RFI). The RFI plasma is located in the region between the magnetron cathode and the sample position, and is set up by a metal coil immersed in the plasma. A large fraction of the metal atoms sputtered from the magnetron cathode are ionized in the RFI plasma. By placing a negative bias on the sample, metal ions are then accelerated across the sample sheath and deposited at normal incidence. Results from a gridded energy analyzer configured with a microbalance collector and located at the sample position indicate the level of ionization is low at a few mTorr and rises to ≳80% at pressures in the 25–35 mTorr range. Optical measurements of metal ion and neutral emission lines show scaling of the relative ionization to higher discharge powers. Significant cooling of the plasma electron temperature is observed when high concentrations of metal atoms were sputtered into the plasma.
Design approaches for real-time transaction processing remote site recovery (2002)

Computer applications are evolving to the point where failure to provide service is unacceptable. A class of failure receiving more and more attention is site failure, whether it be due to disaster or planned outage. The design approaches to implementing real-time site recovery for transaction processing/database systems are examined. Several approaches are described, along with the appeal and problems of each approach. In remote logging, system log data are transported to the remote site where they are used, as appropriate, to reconstruct the active site's system. The most flexible approach to transport is sending data as they are created, using communications facilities. The IBM Almaden Research Center started the Lifeboat project in order to understand real-time remote site recovery technology. After design approaches were evaluated the remote logging approach was chosen for further investigation. The Lifeboat project for remote site recovery is briefly discussed, along with some of the challenges it faces.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Influence of hydrogen on the magnetic properties of iron-rich metallic glasses (invited) (1984)

Melt spun and sputtered amorphous alloys from the a FexM100−x series with M=Y or Zr can be electrolytically hydrogenated up to a maximum of about 3 hydrogens per M, while retaining their mechanical integrity. Hydrogen uptake has been monitored in situ during hydrogenation by following the increase in length of the melt-spun ribbons. Values of up to 7% have been found, and the corresponding increase in volume per absorbed hydrogen is approximately 0.5 Å3. Hydrogen diffusion constants have been estimated from the mechanical relaxation, and activation energies of order 0.4 eV have been deduced. The binding energy is about 1 eV per hydrogen. Desorption at elevated temperatures preceeds crystallization of the alloys studied, and the hydrogen-loaded materials retain much of their charge at room temperature for periods of order one year. Iron-rich yttrium alloys have a moment close to 2 μB/Fe, but they are asperomagnets, the iron moments freezing in a random noncollinear arrangement which possesses a net moment, below their spin freezing temperature of about 100 K. On hydrogenation they become excellent soft ferromagnets with a Curie point at 400–500 K, although there is little change in the magnitude of the iron moment. The effect is attributed to a shift in the exchange distribution towards more positive values on dilation of the interatomic spacings. Iron-rich zirconium alloys are quite different. They are essentially weak itinerant ferromagnets with a greatly reduced iron moment, and pure amorphous iron, judging from a FexM100−x as x→100, would be nonmagnetic. On hydrogenation however they tend towards the same ferromagnetic state as the hydrogenated yttrium alloys.
Onset of efficacy and tolerability following the initiation dosing of long-acting paliperidone palmitate: post-hoc analyses of a randomized, double-blind clinical trial (2011)

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT#00590577.
Efficient Simulation for Low-Salinity Waterflooding in Porous and Fractured Reservoirs (2009)

Abstract Low-salinity brine injection has emerged as a promising, cost-effective improved oil recovery (IOR) method for waterflooding reservoirs. Laboratory tests and field applications show that low-salinity waterflooding could lead to significant reduction of residual oil saturation. There has been a growing interest with an increasing number of low-salinity waterflooding studies. However, there are few quantitative studies on flow and transport behavior of low-salinity IOR processes. This paper presents a general mathematic model (1) to incorporate known IOR mechanisms and (2) to quantify low-salinity waterflooding processes. In our mathematical conceptual model, salt is treated as an additional "component" to the aqueous phase, based on the following physical considerations: salt is transported only within the aqueous phase by advection and diffusion, and also subject to adsorption onto rock solids; relative permeability, capillary pressure, and residual oil saturation depend on salinity. Interaction of salt between mobile and immobile water zones is handled rigorously using a multi-domain approach. Fractured rock is handled using the multiple-continuum model or a discrete-fracture modeling approach. The conceptual model is implemented into a general-purpose reservoir simulator for modeling low-salinity IOR processes, using unstructured, regular, and irregular grids, applicable to 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D simulation of low-salinity water injection into porous media and fractured reservoirs. As demonstrated, the model provides a general capability for quantitative evaluation of low-salinity waterflooding in site-specific investigations.
Bogoch Replikins Pandemic Prevention: Increase of Strain-Specific Influenza Genomic Replikin Counts, Having Predicted Outbreaks and their Location Seven Times Consecutively, Up to Two Years in Advance, Provides Time for Prevention of Pandemics (2012)

Abstract Earlier studies have shown that the increased concentration of a new class of virus genomic peptides, Replikins, precedes and predicts virus outbreaks. We now find that the area in the genome of the highest concentration of Replikins, and the country in which this peak exists in scout viruses, have permitted in the past five years seven consecutive accurate predictions of the geographic localization of coming outbreaks, including those now realized in Mexico for H1N1, and in Cambodia for H5N1. Real-time Replikin analysis of the evolution of the virus genome identified both mutations and structural reorganization of the hemagglutinin and p B1 genes over several years before each outbreak. This information, together with the specific Replikin sequences so obtained, permitted solid-phase synthesis of Replikin vaccines in seven days, which blocked H5N1 in chickens. The information also now provides up to two years of time to thoroughly test and distribute vaccines to high risk individuals in the countries identified; thus for the first time, a quantitative genomic Replikins method to both predict initial outbreaks and to prevent the development of a pandemic.
<i>Lotus corniculatus</i> Nodulation Specificity Is Changed by the Presence of a Soybean Lectin Gene (1998)

Plant lectins have been implicated as playing an important role in mediating recognition and specificity in the Rhizobium-legume nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. To test this hypothesis, we introduced the soybean lectin gene Le1 either behind its own promoter or behind the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter into Lotus corniculatus, which is nodulated by R. loti. We found that nodulelike outgrowths developed on transgenic L. corniculatus plant roots in response to Bradyrhizobium japonicum, which nodulates soybean and not Lotus spp. Soybean lectin was properly targeted to L. corniculatus root hairs, and although infection threads formed, they aborted in epidermal or hypodermal cells. Mutation of the lectin sugar binding site abolished infection thread formation and nodulation. Incubation of bradyrhizobia in the nodulation (nod) gene-inducing flavonoid genistein increased the number of nodulelike outgrowths on transgenic L. corniculatus roots. Studies of bacterial mutants, however, suggest that a component of the exopolysaccharide surface of B. japonicum, rather than Nod factor, is required for extension of host range to the transgenic L. corniculatus plants.
Influence of different luminols on the characteristics of the chemiluminescence reaction in human neutrophils (1995)

In search for a luminol with very high output of light, 20 different luminol samples were tested for their ability to enhance the chemiluminescence reaction in phorbol myristate acetate activated human neutrophils. We found that the majority of luminols tested (17 samples) gave almost the same light output from neutrophils, and that the major part of the activity was from an intracellular origin. Owing to the fact that three isoluminol samples were unable to monitor respiratory burst activity taking place intracellularly, a very low level of chemiluminescence was obtained with these samples. Their light output was, however, greatly increased when horseradish peroxidase or myeloperoxidase was added, showing that the light-generating reaction with isoluminol as well as with luminol is peroxidase-dependent. The fact that isoluminol could also use myeloperoxidase as amplifying peroxidase, suggests that that the lack of measurable intracellular activity in the presence of isoluminol is somehow related to a limited or restricted diffusion of the molecule to intracellular sites. The isoluminol system constitutes a sensitive system for measuring release of oxygen metabolites from phagocytic cells.
A Review of Solid Materials as Alternative Ammonia Sources for Lean NOx Reduction with SCR (2009)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The need for improved emissions control in lean exhaust to meet tightening, world-wide NOx emissions standards has led to the development of selective catalytic reduction of NOx with ammonia as a major technology for emissions control. Current systems are being designed to use a solution of urea (32.5 wt %) dissolved in water or Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) as the ammonia source. While DEF or AdBlue® is widely used as a source of ammonia, it has a number of issues at low temperatures, including freezing below −12 °C, solid deposit formation in the exhaust, and difficulties in dosing at exhaust temperatures below 200 °C. Additionally creating a uniform ammonia concentration can be problematic, complicating exhaust packaging and usually requiring a discrete mixer. A number of other materials have been proposed as alternative sources of ammonia that would improve many of these issues; materials such as solid urea, ammonium carbamate, and metal ammine chloride salts allow for the direct injection of ammonia gas into the exhaust.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">We have examined the relevant properties of a range of ammonia source materials for their ability to provide ammonia for use in SCR. Important properties, including volumetric efficiency (moles of ammonia/liter), mass efficiency (moles of ammonia/gram), and ammonia release temperatures were evaluated. A number of materials provide an equivalent number of moles of ammonia to AdBlue® in roughly one third the volume or one third the mass. After a careful review of these materials, we have found that ammonium salts (e.g., ammonium carbamate) and metal ammine chlorides (e.g., strontium ammine chloride) offer the most desirable range of properties for use as ammonia source materials. Further issues relating to the use of these materials will be discussed.</div>
Enhanced G protein activation in immortalized lymphoblasts from patients with essential hypertension. (1995)

Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B lymphoblasts obtained from hypertensive patients with enhanced Na+/H+ exchanger activity (HT cells) proliferate distinctly faster upon serum stimulation than those from normotensive controls with low exchanger activity (NT cells) (Rosskopf, D., E. Frömter, and W. Siffert. 1993. J. Clin. Invest. 92:2553-2559). Stimulation with platelet-activating factor (PAF) as well caused an enhanced proliferation of HT cells. In analyzing possible differences in signal transduction between the immortalized NT and HT lymphoblasts, we observed that cell stimulation with PAF and somatostatin caused a twofold higher increase in [Ca2+]i in HT than in NT cell lines. This difference was completely abrogated by pertussis toxin (PTX) treatment. Furthermore, PAF-stimulated formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) was twofold enhanced in HT cell lines. On the other hand, PAF receptor density and affinity, total cellular phospholipase C activity, expression of PTX-sensitive G proteins, and control binding of the stable GTP analogue, guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (GTP gamma S), to membrane G proteins were not different in NT and HT cell lines. However, PAF- and mastoparan-stimulated binding of GTP gamma S to G proteins, which was fully PTX-sensitive, was 2.5-fold higher in HT than NT cell lines. These data suggest an enhanced receptor-mediated activation of PTX-sensitive G proteins despite unchanged receptor and G protein expression. Thus, this study not only suggests that enhanced signal transduction and cell proliferation are abnormalities in a certain group of patients with essential hypertension but also explains these findings as a result of an enhanced G protein activation in this common disorder.
SELF-DIRECTED TREATMENT OF INTERMITTENT HEARTBURN (1995)

BACKGROUND: Heartburn, a common symptom, is self-treated with oral antacids. Efficacy of antacids has not been demonstrated for individual, spontaneous heartburn episodes. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of self-directed treatment for episodic heartburn comparing famotidine (FAM) 5, 10, or 20 mg and antacid (11 mEq ANC) to placebo (PBO) during a 4-week period. Twenty-nine US investigators enrolled a total of 565 outpatients, ages 18--81 years (mean 44.1 years) with heartburn but not seeking care for heartburn. Treatment of spontaneous heartburn episodes was permitted as needed, up to twice daily, with self-administered test drug. An open-label, backup antacid was provided to use if test drug did not provide adequate relief. Patients assessed heartburn relief hourly and recorded use of backup antacid. Relief was defined as complete relief of symptoms without the use of backup antacid. RESULTS: The media proportion of episodes relieved was: PBO, 41%; FAM 5 mg, 59%, 0.05 less-than-or-equal p < 0.10; FAM 10 mg, 70%, p < 0.001; FAM 20 mg, 69%, p < 0.001; antacid, 62%, p < 0.05 (p-values versus PBO). Supplemental analyses incorporating time to relief confirmed that famotidine and antacid provided more rapid and more frequent relief than placebo (odds ratio for relief relative to PBO: FAM 5 mg, 1.55, p = 0.003; FAM 10 mg, 1.94, p < 0.001; FAM 20 mg, 2.13, p < 0.001; antacid 1.57, p = 0.003). The tolerability profile was similar with famotidine, antacid, and placebo. CONCLUSIONS: The positive results with antacid demonstrated for the first time the efficacy of antacid in self-treatment of individual heartburn episodes and provided internal validation of this study paradigm. Patients in this study self-medicated effectively using low doses of famotidine on an as needed basis for spontaneous episodes of heartburn.
Investigation of an electronically tuned 100 GHz superconducting phase shifter (1991)

Turnable superconducting millimeter-wave phase shifters are discussed. The tuning mechanism is based on inductance modulation of NbN microstrips by excess quasiparticle injection. When measured by a DC method, using the interference patterns and resonances of specially designed DC SQUIDs, the inductance of NbN microstrips can be varied by up to 300%. Based on these results, superconducting microstrip interferometers to operate as low-power 100 GHz phase shifters were designed and fabricated. The 100 GHz signal is coupled into and out of the interferometers by finline antennas. Amplitude modulation of the output is used as the criterion for phase shift in one of the interferometer branches. Thin superconducting films (thinner than the penetration depth) and dielectric layers are needed to achieve tunability of the inductance. The conflicting requirements of tunability and efficient signal coupling are quantified in the interferometer testing, and the range of parameter optimization is bracketed. The elements of this required optimization are presented.
Chromosomal Integration of Heterologous DNA in <i>Escherichia coli</i> with Precise Removal of Markers and Replicons Used during Construction (1999)

A set of vectors which facilitates the sequential integration of new functions into the Escherichia coli chromosome by homologous recombination has been developed. These vectors are based on plasmids described by Posfai et al. (J. Bacteriol. 179:4426-4428, 1997) which contain conditional replicons (pSC101 or R6K), a choice of three selectable markers (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, or kanamycin), and a single FRT site. The modified vectors contain two FRT sites which bracket a modified multiple cloning region for DNA insertion. After integration, a helper plasmid expressing the flippase (FLP) recombinase allows precise in vivo excision of the replicon and the marker used for selection. Sites are also available for temporary insertion of additional functions which can be subsequently deleted with the replicon. Only the DNA inserted into the multiple cloning sites (passenger genes and homologous fragment for targeting) and a single FRT site (68 bp) remain in the chromosome after excision. The utility of these vectors was demonstrated by integrating Zymomonas mobilis genes encoding the ethanol pathway behind the native chromosomal adhE gene in strains of E. coli K-12 and E. coli B. With these vectors, a single antibiotic selection system can be used repeatedly for the successive improvement of E. coli strains with precise deletion of extraneous genes used during construction.
The Impact of Smart Grid Prosumer Grouping on Forecasting Accuracy and Its Benefits for Local Electricity Market Trading (2014)

Local electricity markets may emerge as a mechanism for managing the increasing numbers of distributed generation resources. However, in order to be successful, these markets will heavily rely on accurate forecasts of consumption and/or production from its participants. This issue has not been widely researched in the context of such markets, and it presents a clear roadblock for wide market adoption as forecasting errors result in penalty and opportunity costs. Forecasting individual demand often leads to large errors. However, these errors can be reduced through the creation of groups, however small. In the work presented here, we investigate the relationship between group size and forecast accuracy, based on Seasonal-Naïve and Holt-Winters algorithms, and the effects forecasting errors have on trading in an intra-day local electricity market composed of consumers and “prosumers.” Furthermore, we measure the performance of a group participating on the market, and demonstrate how it can be a mitigating strategy to enable even highly unpredictable individuals to reduce their costs, and participate more effectively in the market.
Visual interaction with overhauser curves and surfaces (1977)

The method of parabolic blending for curve and surface interpolation originally conceived by A. W. Overhauser is applied to the interactive free-form design of three dimensional objects. A significant advantage of the algorithm is the user-oriented control of surface shape that is achieved because one interactively manipulates only coordinates on the design surface, as opposed to parametric slopes or design points.The algorithm is demonstrated using an interactive 3D design system that executes in a dual-minicomputer refresh graphics environment without special 3D hardware. The system provides high level data generation commands and direct visual interaction with structured 3D data using a multi-purpose 3D cursor and shaping tool. Objects composed of points, lines, curves and surfaces of different forms may be interactively created and manipulated.