gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human estrogen receptor ligand activity inversion mutants: receptors that interpret antiestrogens as estrogens and estrogens as antiestrogens and discriminate among different antiestrogens. (1996)

The estrogen receptor (ER) is a transcription factor whose activity is normally activated by the hormone estradiol and inhibited by antiestrogen. It has been found that certain mutational changes in the activation function-2 region in the hormone-binding domain of the human ER result in ligand activity inversion mutants, i.e. receptors that are now activated by antiestrogen and inhibited by estrogen. The ER point mutant L540Q is activated by several antiestrogens (the more pure antiestrogens ICI 164,384 and RU 54,876 or the partial antiestrogen trans-hydroxytamoxifen) but not by estradiol. The presence of the F domain and an intact activation function-i in the A/B domain are required for this activity, as is the DNA-binding ability of the receptor. This inverted ligand activity is observed with several estrogen-responsive promoters, both simple and complex; however, the activating ability of antiestrogens is observed only in some cells, highlighting the important role of cell-specific factors in ligand interpretation. The introduction of two additional amino acid changes close to 540 results in receptors that are still not activated by estradiol but are now able to distinguish between partial antiestrogens (which remain agonistic) and pure antiestrogens (which show a greatly reduced stimulatory activity). These ligand activity inversion mutants remain stable in cells in the presence of the antiestrogen ICI 164,384, as does a related ER mutant receptor that shows the normal, wild type ER ligand activity profile in which ICI 164,384 is transcriptionally inactive. Thus, the presence of adequate levels of mutant ER may be necessary but not sufficient for ICI 164,384 to elicit transcriptional activity. These findings highlight the means by which the carboxyl-terminal region in domain E functions to interpret the activity of a ligand, and they demonstrate that rather minimal changes in the ER can result in receptors with inverted response to antiestrogen and estrogen. Such point mutations, if present in estrogen target cells, would result in antiestrogens being seen as growth stimulators, rather than suppressors, with potentially detrimental consequences in terms of breast cancer treatment with antiestrogens.
Enhanced activity of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hüb. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) nuclear polyhedrosis virus by boric acid in the laboratory (1997)

Boric acid concentrations (0.02,0.03,0.045,0.067 and 0.101 g/100 ml of diet) were evaluated in combination with the Anticarsia gemmatalis Hüb. nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AgNPV) for enhanced virali activity against the insect. Seven days after inoculation, the median lethal concentration (LC50) was 1.52 x 10(5) for the AgNPV alone and 7.95 x 10² for the NPV mixed with 0.045g of boric acid/100 ml of diet. At subsequent evaluation dates (9,11 and 14 days after inoculation) LC50's for NPV+boric acid were ca. 4x lower than those observed for the NPV alone. The median lethal time (LT50) was 13.6 days when the NPV was used alone, while, when in mixture with increasing concentrations of boric acid, LT50 values ranged from 13.7 days (boric acid at 0.02g/100 ml of diet) to 7.4 days (boric acid at 0.101 g/ml of diet). Therefore, boric acid added to the AgNPV significantly increased A. gemmatalis larval mortality and shortened mortality time by the pathogen.
Degradation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene by the lignin-degrading fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium (1992)

Under ligninolytic conditions, the white rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium mineralizes 2,4-dinitrotoluene (I). The pathway for the degradation of I was elucidated by the characterization of fungal metabolites and oxidation products generated by lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), and crude intracellular cell extracts. The multistep pathway involves the initial reduction of I to yield 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene (II). II is oxidized by MnP to yield 4-nitro-1,2-benzoquinone (XII) and methanol. XII is then reduced to 4-nitro-1,2-hydroquinone (V), and the latter is methylated to 1,2-dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene (X). 4-Nitro-1,2-hydroquinone (V) is also oxidized by MnP to yield nitrite and 2-hydroxybenzoquinone, which is reduced to form 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene (VII). 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene (X) is oxidized by LiP to yield nitrite, methanol, and 2-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (VI), which is reduced to form 2-methoxy-1,4-hydroquinone (IX). The latter is oxidized by LiP and MnP to 4-hydroxy-1,2-benzoquinone, which is reduced to 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene (VII). The key intermediate 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene is ring cleaved by intracellular cell extracts to produce, after reduction, beta-ketoadipic acid. In this pathway, initial reduction of a nitroaromatic group generates the peroxidase substrate II. Oxidation of II releases methanol and generates 4-nitro-1,2-benzoquinone (XII), which is recycled by reduction and methylation reactions to regenerate intermediates which are in turn substrates for peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation leading to removal of the second nitro group. Thus, this unique pathway apparently results in the removal of both aromatic nitro groups before ring cleavage takes place.
Fluorescent Nanoparticles Comprising Amphiphilic Rod−Coil Graft Copolymers (2008)

Three fluorescent amphiphilic rod−coil grafted copolymers comprising fluorene-based backbones and PEO side chains have been synthesized through the Suzuki coupling reaction. Stable and uniform fluorescent micelles were formed from the fluorescent amphiphiles in aqueous solution. The micelle size was tuned from 85 to 178 nm through controlling the hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio and molecular weight of the amphiphiles. Preliminary biocompatibility and bioimaging investigation with BV-2 cells indicates that the fluorescent micelles are noncytotoxic, and BV-2 cells can be uniformly labeled by the micelles. Because of the intense fluorescence, biocompatibility, and noncytotoxicity of the amphiphiles, the fluorescent micelles may find potential applications in visualization of microscopic structures and drug delivery tracing.
Wavelet packet division multiplexing and wavelet packet design under timing error effects (1997)

Wavelet packet division multiplexing (WPDM) is a multiple signal transmission technique in which the message signals are waveform coded onto wavelet packet basis functions for transmission. The overlapping nature of such waveforms in time and frequency provides a capacity improvement over the commonly used frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM) schemes while their orthogonality properties ensure that the overlapping message signals can be separated by a simple correlator receiver. The interference caused by timing offset in transmission is examined. A design procedure that exploits the inherent degrees of freedom in the WPDM structure to mitigate the effects of timing error is introduced, and a waveform that minimizes the energy of the timing error interference is designed. An expression for the probability of error due to the presence of Gaussian noise and timing error for the transmission of binary data is derived. The performance advantages of the designed waveform over standard wavelet packet basis functions are demonstrated by both analytical and simulation methods. The capacity improvement of WPDM, its simple implementation, and the possibility of having optimum waveform designs indicate that WPDM holds considerable promise as a multiple signal transmission technique.
Liver Fibrosis: Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Staging by Using Gadoxetic Acid–enhanced Hepatobiliary Phase MR Images (2017)

Purpose To investigate the performance of a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) model in the staging of liver fibrosis using gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary phase magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included patients for whom input data (hepatobiliary phase MR images, static magnetic field of the imaging unit, and hepatitis B and C virus testing results available, either positive or negative) and reference standard data (liver fibrosis stage evaluated from biopsy or surgical specimens obtained within 6 months of the MR examinations) were available were assigned to the training (534 patients) or the test (100 patients) group. For the training group (54, 53, 81, 113, and 233 patients with fibrosis stages F0, F1, F2, F3, and F4, respectively; mean patient age, 67.4 ± 9.7 years; 388 men and 146 women), MR images with three different section levels were augmented 90-fold (rotated, parallel-shifted, brightness-changed and contrast-changed images were generated; a total of 144 180 images). Supervised training was performed by using the DCNN model to minimize the difference between the output data (fibrosis score obtained through deep learning [F<sub>DL</sub> score]) and liver fibrosis stage. The performance of the DCNN model was evaluated in the test group (10, 10, 15, 20, and 45 patients with fibrosis stages F0, F1, F2, F3, and F4, respectively; mean patient age, 66.8 years ± 10.7; 71 male patients and 29 female patients) with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. Results The F<sub>DL</sub> score was correlated significantly with fibrosis stage (Spearman rank correlation coefficient: 0.63; P < .001). Fibrosis stages F4, F3, and F2 were diagnosed with areas under the ROC curve of 0.84, 0.84, and 0.85, respectively. Conclusion The DCNN model exhibited a high diagnostic performance in the staging of liver fibrosis. <sup>©</sup> RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
Pyrene-labeled amphiphilic poly-(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamides) prepared by using a lipophilic radical initiator: synthesis, solution properties in water, and interactions with liposomes (1995)

Fluorescently labeled amphiphilic poly-(N-isopropylacrylamides) (PNIPAM) substituted with a N-[4-(1-pyrenyl)butyl]-N-n-octadecyl group at the chain end were prepared by free-radical polymerization in dioxane of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) using 4,4′-azobis{4-cyano-N,N-[4-(1-pyrenyl)butyl]-n-octadecyl}pentanamide as the initiator. The solution properties of the polymers in water were studied as a function of polymer concentration and temperature. Quasi-elastic light-scattering measurements and fluorescence experiments monitoring the pyrene excimer and pyrene monomer emissions revealed the presence of multimolecular polymeric micelles below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAM. These underwent partial, reversible reorganization as they were heated above the LCST. The interactions of the pyrene-labeled amphiphilic PNIPAM with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) liposomes have been examined in water at 25 °C. From fluorescence experiments it was established that the polymeric micelles are disrupted irreversibly upon contact with the liposomes. The anchoring of the polymer chains occurs by insertion of their hydrophobic tail within the phospholipidic bilayer, as evidenced from a large decrease of the pyrene excimer emission relative to pyrene monomer emission. The copolymers remained anchored within the bilayer as the temperature of the copolymer–liposome suspension was raised above the LCST of PNIPAM. Keywords: liposome, poly-(N-isopropylacrylamide), fluorescence, micelles.
6.4 An APS-H-Size 250Mpixel CMOS image sensor using column single-slope ADCs with dual-gain amplifiers (2016)

Recently, there has been strong demand for high-resolution CMOS image sensors (large number of pixels) in the fields of security, science, and other specialized areas [1,2]. One of the major issues in realizing high-resolution image sensors is to speed up signal readout. For high-speed signal readout, it is necessary to accelerate pixel readout, AD conversion in column circuits, horizontal data output from column memories, and digital data output from the chip. Single-slope ADCs (SS-ADC) are the most common architecture in commercialized CMOS image sensors; increasing their counting clock frequency up to 2.376GHz [3] and using multiple ramp signals [4] can shorten the AD conversion period. However, the former has difficulty in maintaining the clock quality and suppressing power dissipation due to the high clock frequency, and the latter has difficulty in controlling the uniformity and the quality of the multiple ramp signals. Another significant issue is power consumption. Rise of power consumption with increase in number of columns results in non-uniformity of power supply to the column circuits due to IR drops. It may give rise to degradation of image quality such as fixed pattern noise, etc.
Chromatographic purification of tetramethylrhodamine-immune globulin conjugates and their use in the cellular localization of rabbit gamma-globulin polypeptide chains. (1965)

Summary 1.Rabbit spleen imprints were double stained with pairs of fluorescein and tetramethylrhodamine conjugates derived from the following goat reagent globulins: anti-Fragment III (anti-γG heavy chain), anti-light chain and anti-Fragment I. 2.To obtain specific staining of the component chains of rabbit immunoglobulin it was necessary to develop procedures for the chromatographic fractionation of tetramethylrhodamine-immune globulin conjugate to supplement existing procedures for the preparation of specific staining fluorescein-conjugates. 3.Bright specific staining could be obtained using the subfractionated conjugates at concentrations as low as 32 to 43 µg of antibody/ml. 4.A series of simple Kodak Wratten filters, K2, 23A and 57A, were used to differentiate between singly and doubly stained fluorescent cells. These filters permitted detection and proper classification of fluorescent cells even when the optimal ratio of reagent concentrations was varied over a 16-fold range. 5.Staining with anti-light chain and anti-III, conjugated with contrasting fluorochromes, resulted in double labeling of 63 to 78% of all fluorescent cells. These cells presumably contained all component chains of γG-globulin. A distinct minority of the fluorescent cells, 21 to 34% of the population, stained only with the anti-light chain reagent. A similar class of cells, comprising 14 to 26% of all fluorescent cells, stained only with the anti-I reagent when it was used as a counterstain with anti-III reagent. 6.Anti-light chain reagents detected more immunoglobulin-containing cells than did anti-I reagents. Double staining with anti-I and anti-light chain, conjugated with contrasting fluorochromes, yielded 63 to 85% doubly stained cells, 15 to 32% of cells stained with the anti-light chain alone, and 0 to 10% of cells stained with anti-I alone.
Daily parathyroid hormone 1-34 replacement therapy for hypoparathyroidism induces marked changes in bone turnover and structure (2012)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has variable actions on bone. Chronically increased PTH is catabolic and leads to osteoporosis; yet intermittent administration is anabolic and increases bone mass. PTH deficiency is associated with decreased bone remodeling and increased bone mass. However, the effects of PTH replacement therapy on bone in hypoparathyroidism are not well known. We discontinued calcitriol therapy and treated 5 hypoparathyroid subjects (2 adults and 3 adolescents) with synthetic human PTH 1-34 (hPTH 1-34), injected two to three times daily for 18 months, with doses individualized to maintain serum calcium at 1.9 to 2.25 mmol/L. Biochemical markers and bone mineral density (BMD) were assessed every 6 months; iliac-crest biopsies were performed before and after 1 year of treatment. hPTH 1-34 therapy significantly increased bone markers to supranormal levels. Histomorphometry revealed that treatment dramatically increased cancellous bone volume and trabecular number and decreased trabecular separation. Changes in trabecular width were variable, suggesting that the increase in trabecular number was due to the observed intratrabecular tunneling. Cortical width remained unchanged; however, hPTH 1-34 treatment increased cortical porosity. Cancellous bone remodeling was also stimulated, inducing significant changes in osteoid, mineralizing surface, and bone formation rate. Similar changes were seen in endocortical and intracortical remodeling. BMD Z-scores were unchanged at the spine and femoral neck. Total hip Z-scores increased; however, total body BMD Z-scores decreased during the first 6 months of treatment and then stabilized, remaining significantly decreased compared to baseline. Radial Z-scores also decreased with treatment; this was most pronounced in the growing adolescent. Daily hPTH 1-34 therapy for hypoparathyroidism stimulated bone turnover, increased bone volume, and altered bone structure in the iliac crest. These findings suggest that treatment with hPTH 1-34 in hypoparathyroid adults and adolescents has varying effects in the different skeletal compartments, leading to an increase in trabecular bone and an apparent trabecularization of cortical bone.
Heat stress yields a unique MADS box transcription factor in determining seed size and thermal sensitivity (2016)

Early seed development events are highly sensitive to increased temperature. This high sensitivity to a short-duration temperature spike reduces seed viability and seed size at maturity. The molecular basis of heat stress sensitivity during early seed development is not known. We selected rice (Oryza sativa), a highly heat-sensitive species, to explore this phenomenon. Here, we elucidate the molecular pathways that contribute to the heat sensitivity of a critical developmental window during which the endosperm transitions from syncytium to the cellularization stage in young seeds. A transcriptomic comparison of seeds exposed to moderate (35°C) and severe (39°C) heat stress with control (28°C) seeds identified a set of putative imprinted genes, which were down-regulated under severe heat stress. Several type I MADS box genes specifically expressed during the syncytial stage were differentially regulated under moderate and severe heat stress. The suppression and overaccumulation of these genes are associated with precocious and delayed cellularization under moderate and severe stress, respectively. We show that modulating the expression of OsMADS87, one of the heat-sensitive, imprinted genes associated with syncytial stage endosperm, regulates rice seed size. Transgenic seeds deficient in OsMADS87 exhibit accelerated endosperm cellularization. These seeds also have lower sensitivity to a moderate heat stress in terms of seed size reduction compared with seeds from wild-type plants and plants overexpressing OsMADS87 Our findings suggest that OsMADS87 and several other genes identified in this study could be potential targets for improving the thermal resilience of rice during reproductive development.
Osmanlı Belgelerinin Dili (Diplomatik) Hakkında (1996)

Osmanlı Belgelerinin Dili (Diplomatik), İstanbul 1994, Kubbealtı Akademisi Kültür Ve Sanat Vakfı Yayınları, XXXIII+ 605 s. Osmanlı Belgelerinin Dili isimli kitap bu konuda günümüze kadar hazırlanmış olan benzerleri içerisinde en kapsamlı diplomatik kitabı olmak özeııiğini taşır. Böyle bir kitabı hazırlayan Sayın Mübahat Kütükoğlu Hanımefendiyi kutlamak isterim.
Recent developments in ESD protection for RF ICs (2003)

New challenge in ESD protection design for RF ICs is to address the complex interactions between the ESD protection network and the core circuit being protected in both directions. This paper reviews recent developments in RF ESD protection design, including switching and mis-triggering of ESD protection networks; ESD-induced parasitic capacitive, resistive, noise coupling and self-generated noise effects; RF ESD evaluation techniques; and low-parasitic compact RF ESD protection solutions.
Molecular and Physiological Role of the Trehalose-Hydrolyzing α-Glucosidase from <i>Thermus thermophilus</i> HB27 (2008)

Trehalose supports the growth of Thermus thermophilus strain HB27, but the absence of obvious genes for the hydrolysis of this disaccharide in the genome led us to search for enzymes for such a purpose. We expressed a putative alpha-glucosidase gene (TTC0107), characterized the recombinant enzyme, and found that the preferred substrate was alpha,alpha-1,1-trehalose, a new feature among alpha-glucosidases. The enzyme could also hydrolyze the disaccharides kojibiose and sucrose (alpha-1,2 linkage), nigerose and turanose (alpha-1,3), leucrose (alpha-1,5), isomaltose and palatinose (alpha-1,6), and maltose (alpha-1,4) to a lesser extent. Trehalose was not, however, a substrate for the highly homologous alpha-glucosidase from T. thermophilus strain GK24. The reciprocal replacement of a peptide containing eight amino acids in the alpha-glucosidases from strains HB27 (LGEHNLPP) and GK24 (EPTAYHTL) reduced the ability of the former to hydrolyze trehalose and provided trehalose-hydrolytic activity to the latter, showing that LGEHNLPP is necessary for trehalose recognition. Furthermore, disruption of the alpha-glucosidase gene significantly affected the growth of T. thermophilus HB27 in minimal medium supplemented with trehalose, isomaltose, sucrose, or palatinose, to a lesser extent with maltose, but not with cellobiose (not a substrate for the alpha-glucosidase), indicating that the alpha-glucosidase is important for the assimilation of those four disaccharides but that it is also implicated in maltose catabolism.
Effects of Mutual Coupling on the Accuracy of Adcock Direction Finding Systems (2012)

The design of direction finding (DF) systems intended to operate over large frequency ranges involves various compromises. Typical implementations involve the use of multiple antenna arrays, each of which is scaled to cover a portion of the frequency range of interest. To minimize the size of the resulting multiband antenna assembly, two or more arrays can be combined in a coplanar antenna configuration. However, this introduces the issue of mutual coupling between the elements of the different arrays. A comprehensive study of the effects of mutual coupling on the estimation error for this type of antenna array configuration for two commonly used DF techniques is provided. Several important results clarify key design issues and trade-offs. It is shown that proper design choices are required to avoid uncorrectable ambiguities and the resulting large estimation errors.
Selection criteria for solvent and coagulation medium in view of macrovoid formation in the wet phase inversion process (1999)

Sponge-like and finger-like structures are two distinct membrane structures commonly observed in membranes produced by the wet immersion process. An index Φ calculated solely from solubility parameters was defined as an indicator of the membrane structure. The Φ values of four polymers, poly(methyl metharylate), polysulfone, cellulose acetate, and poly(vinylidene fluoride), in various solvent-nonsolvent pairs were calculated and compared with the corresponding membrane structures. It was found that the finger-like structure often occurred at higher Φ values. Although the Φ value represents mostly the thermodynamics nature of a system, as an index for prior selection of solvent-nonsolvent pairs for a particular polymer, a general rule of thumb was developed. Taking 15% polymer concentration and 300 μm casting thickness as a referential casting condition, selecting solvent-nonsolvent pairs with Φ values higher than 0.25 is suggested, when a finger-like structure is desired. The polymer concentration in the casting solution and the casting thickness will also affect the membrane structure. If a higher polymer concentration needs to be used, selection of a polymer-solvent-nonsolvent system with a Φ value much higher than 0.25 is suggested, or keeping the casting thickness lower than 300 μm to obtain a finger-like membrane structure. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 1495–1502, 1999