gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The 90-kDa Ribosomal S6 Kinase (pp90rsk) Phosphorylates the N-terminal Regulatory Domain of IκBα and Stimulates Its Degradation in Vitro (1997)

Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a eukaryotic member of the Rel family of transcription factors whose biological activity is post-translationally regulated by its assembly with various ankyrin-rich cytoplasmic inhibitors, including IkappaBalpha. Expression of NF-kappaB in the nucleus occurs after signal-induced phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and proteasome-mediated degradation of IkappaBalpha. The induced proteolysis of IkappaBalpha unmasks the nuclear localization signal within NF-kappaB, allowing its rapid migration into the nucleus, where it activates the transcription of many target genes. At present, the identity of the IkappaBalpha kinase(s) that triggers the first step in IkappaBalpha degradation remains unknown. We have investigated the potential function of the 90-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase, or pp90(rsk), as a signal-inducible IkappaBalpha kinase. pp90(rsk) lies downstream of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in the well characterized Ras-Raf-MEK-MAP kinase pathway that is induced by various growth factors and phorbol ester. We now show that pp90(rsk), but not pp70(S6K) or MAP kinase, phosphorylates the regulatory N terminus of IkappaBalpha principally on serine 32 and triggers effective IkappaBalpha degradation in vitro. When co-expressed in vivo in COS cells, IkappaBalpha and pp90(rsk) readily assemble into a complex that is immunoprecipitated with antibodies specific for either partner. While phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate produced rapid activation of pp90(rsk), in vivo, other potent NF-kappaB inducers, including tumor necrosis factor alpha and the Tax transactivator of human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, type I, failed to activate pp90(rsk). These data suggest that more than a single IkappaBalpha kinase exists within the cell and that these IkappaBalpha kinases are differentially activated by different NF-kappaB inducers.
Self-outphasing Chireix power amplifier using device input impedance variation (2016)

A new outphasing signal splitter for a radio frequency (RF) single input Chireix power amplifier without using digital signal processing is introduced. Input signal phase control versus power for outphasing operation is obtained by using only a linear circuit, exploiting the input impedance variation of non-ideal devices. A 52.6 dBm peak output power, 6 dB back-off Chireix power amplifier is built operating at 2.17 GHz. More than 50% drain efficiency is maintained over 5.7 dB output power back-off range.
Low bit-rate quantization of LSP parameters using two-dimensional differential coding (1992)

A novel spectral coding method, two-dimensional differential line spectra pair coding (2DdLSP), is proposed. Taking advantage of the strong inter-frame, and intra-frame correlation of LSP parameters, a two-dimensional linear prediction technique is used to reduce the variance of the parameters to be quantized. One scalar quantization and two vector quantization schemes are designed to quantize the 2-D prediction residuals. Without further buffering delay, the spectral distortion of 1 dB/sup 2/ can be achieved at 19 b/frame when the frame period is 10 ms. Both within- and out-of-training tests show the robustness of the method to speech data variance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Short Communication: Early Detection of Mastitis Using Infrared Thermography in Dairy Cows (2008)

Infrared thermography (IRT) absorbs infrared radiation and generates images based on the amount of heat generated. It has been used in human medicine for diagnosis of various cancers. This experiment was conducted to determine if IRT had merit for early detection of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. Milk sample and skin surface temperature (SST) were simultaneously evaluated using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and IRT for each quarter in 94 dairy cows (49 Brown Swiss and 45 Holstein). Average days in milk (DIM) and milk production were 93 +/- 37 d and 16 +/- 2.2 kg (mean +/- SD) and their ages ranged from 4 to 8 yr. There was a strong correlation between SST and CMT score (r = 0.92). Average SST was 33.19, 34.08, 34.99, and 36.15 degrees C for quarters with the CMT score of 0 (n = 156), +1 (n = 116), +2 (n = 80), and +3 (n = 24), respectively. This association was best described by a linear model as follows: y = 0.94x + 33.17, R(2) = 0.85, where y = SST and x = CMT score. Changes in rectal temperature (RT) due to the CMT score were minor (y = 0.09x + 38.39, R(2) = 0.07, where y = RT and x = average CMT score). In conclusion, RT may not confirm mastitis. However, IRT is sensitive enough to perceive changes in SST in response to varying degrees of severity of the mammary gland infection as reflected by the CMT score, suggesting that as a noninvasive tool, IRT can be employed for screening dairy cows for mastitis.
Analysis of lens cell fate and eye morphogenesis in transgenic mice ablated for cells of the lens lineage (1989)

Transgenic mice carrying the diphtheria toxin A gene driven by mouse gamma 2-crystallin promoter sequences manifest microphthalmia due to ablation of fiber cells in the ocular lens. Here we map ablation events in the lens by crossing animals hemizygous for the ablation construct with transgenic mice homozygous for the in situ lacZ reporter gene driven by identical gamma 2-crystallin promoter sequences. By comparing the spatial distribution of lacZ-expressing cells and the profile of gamma-crystallin gene expression in the lenses of normal and microphthalmic offspring, the contributions of specific cell types to lens development were examined. The results suggest that phenotypically and developmentally distinct populations of lens fiber cells are able to contribute to the lens nucleus during organogenesis. We also show that dosage of the transgene and its site of integration influence the extent of ablation. In those mice homozygous for the transgene and completely lacking cells of the lens lineage, we show that the sclera, cornea, and ciliary epithelium are reduced in size but, otherwise, reasonably well formed. In contrast, the anterior chamber, iris, and vitreous body are not discernible while the sensory retina is highly convoluted and extensively fills the vitreous chamber.
Simple, One-Step Synthesis of Gold Nanowires in Aqueous Solution (2005)

A simple procedure to synthesize gold nanowires based on the reduction of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate by 2-mercaptosuccinic acid in aqueous solution is presented. This procedure requires no additional capping or reduction agent and produces wires with an apparent curly morphology several micrometers in length with diameters as thin as 15 nm. Some of the wires produced end in a ribbonlike structure, finally terminated by a flat triangular prism. Investigations by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (bright and dark field), scanning transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy as well as conductivity measurements indicate fully connected, polycrystalline gold objects.
Globalising the firm through cooperative projects: the case of Renault (2002)

Over the past decade, the automotive industry has been the arena for concentration and globalisation of firms. While strategies aiming to attain a critical mass through external growth and international expansion programs are not new in this sector, the magnitude and global extent of this movement have reached an unprecedented level during the 1990s. Although this trend would seem to be homogeneous and guided by a kind of fashion phenomena, a fine-grained analysis of the dynamics of today's firms reveals, instead, a significant variety of patterns. Since the globalisation of a firm is just one attribute of its complex identity associating different dimensions, it raises some important questions. How will the globalisation issue be articulated with the other key dimensions of a firm? How will this development axis be integrated with the firm's own traditions? In the same way that typologies of organisations have been identified, is it possible to characterise both the diversity of globalisation processes and the firm's globalisation model? This paper aims to address these questions by analysing the Renault case. Firstly, we provide a conceptual framework based upon organisational learning theories to explain the dynamics of the firm. Secondly, we argue that four globalisation trajectories should be distinguished the traditional model based on the dominant market, globalisation through projects, functional lines and platforms. Each trajectory will be described and compared. Finally, in the last section, we illustrate the globalisation trajectory through projects with intermediate results of an ongoing research on the Renault and GME partnership for the joint development of a new light commercial vehicle. Using interactive-research methods, the aim of this research is to experiment several organisational devices in order to develop and promote collective competencies in the management of international cooperative projects, throughout the organisation. We conclude by giving some managerial implication of our findings and directions for further research.
Low-dose rituximab is effective in pemphigus (2011)

A low dose of rituximab is an effective and safe treatment for pemphigus. Relapses may occur, mostly at the end of the second year. Cost-effectiveness studies with a long follow-up are required to determine the proper dosage of this expensive drug in pemphigus.
Crystal Structure of the Nuclear Export Receptor CRM1 in Complex with Snurportin1 and RanGTP (2009)

CRM1 mediates nuclear export of numerous unrelated cargoes, which may carry a short leucine-rich nuclear export signal or export signatures that include folded domains. How CRM1 recognizes such a variety of cargoes has been unknown up to this point. Here we present the crystal structure of the SPN1.CRM1.RanGTP export complex at 2.5 angstrom resolution (where SPN1 is snurportin1 and RanGTP is guanosine 5' triphosphate-bound Ran). SPN1 is a nuclear import adapter for cytoplasmically assembled, m(3)G-capped spliceosomal U snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins). The structure shows how CRM1 can specifically return the cargo-free form of SPN1 to the cytoplasm. The extensive contact area includes five hydrophobic residues at the SPN1 amino terminus that dock into a hydrophobic cleft of CRM1, as well as numerous hydrophilic contacts of CRM1 to m(3)G cap-binding domain and carboxyl-terminal residues of SPN1. The structure suggests that RanGTP promotes cargo-binding to CRM1 solely through long-range conformational changes in the exportin.
Bortezomib and IL-12 produce synergetic anti-multiple myeloma effects with reduced toxicity to natural killer cells (2013)

The aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that a combination of proteasome inhibition by bortezomib and immune therapy with interleukin-12 (IL-12) can produce enhanced antitumor efficacy relative to the effects of either of these agents alone. A mouse xenograft model of myeloma was developed. The mice were randomly divided into saline control (NS), IL-12 (0.4 µg/animal; intraperitoneal), bortezomib (0.75 mg/kg; intravenous), and bortezomib+IL-12 groups. Effects of treatments on tumor growth were assessed by before and after treatment comparisons and group comparisons. The effects of various treatments on the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells were assessed by complete blood count and flow cytometry analysis. The cell-killing function of NK cells in splenocytes was evaluated using the lactate dehydrogenase release assay. IL-12 treatment alone produced a mild decrease in tumor volume compared with control (P>0.05). Bortezomib alone resulted in substantial inhibition of tumor growth at varying time points, reaching ~65 and ~60% reduction in tumor volume after 15 and 21 days of therapy, respectively. At the same time points, the combination therapy produced ~75 and ~84% decreases in tumor growth, respectively, which were significantly greater than the reduction produced by bortezomib monotherapy. Tumors resumed growth upon termination of bortezomib treatment at 2 weeks, although the tumor volume was still significantly smaller than that in the time-matched NS and IL-12 animals. This rebound of tumor growth was completely prevented with the combination therapy, and tumor volume continued to decrease throughout the time course. The percentage and total number of NK cells were significantly decreased after bortezomib monotherapy and combination therapy; however, they remained unaltered after IL-12 treatment compared with no treatment. Further, combination therapy significantly restored the bortezomib-induced functional impairment of the cell-killing capability of NK cells, relative to bortezomib alone. We conclude that the bortezomib-IL-12 combination therapy offers superior antitumor efficacy over monotherapy with either bortezomib or IL-12 in a mouse model of myeloma. Restoration of bortezomib-induced functional impairment of NK cells by IL-12 may be a mechanism for the synergetic effects of the two agents. Therefore, a combination of the two agents may represent a more rational therapeutic approach for myeloma.
Final days at home. (2014)

Most dying people wish to be cared for and die at home. A home death has often been shown to have a positive effect on patients and their families.[1][1]–[5][2] Ensuring that all involved experience a home death as a “good death,” and that the family and care team feel supported 24 hours a day
Directed Self‐Assembly of Block Copolymers on Two‐Dimensional Chemical Patterns Fabricated by Electro‐Oxidation Nanolithography (2010)

A hexagonal web of carboxylic-terminated nanostripes (left image, bright areas) is patterned onto a methyl-terminated surface of an octadecyltrichlorosilane monolayer. A thermally annealed polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) thin-film, spin-cast on the chemical pattern (right image), exhibits surface normal oriented cylindrical PEO microdomains on the methyl-terminated regions only. These chemical patterns effectively template the order and spatial orientation of diblock-copolymer microdomains. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Induction Versus Permanent Magnet Motors for ESP Applications (2018)

Abstract This paper provides an overview comparing Induction Motors (IM) and Permanent Magnet Motors (PMM) for Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) applications. What are the design differences and how the performances of the two types of motors are stacked against each other? What are the advantage and unique applications of PMMs? Why and how are PMMs controlled differently from IMs? Are there safety aspects that field engineers need to be aware of with PMMs? These questions will be addressed in the paper. The information presented includes literature review and latest R&D results. It covers operating principles of IM and PMM, selection of permanent magnet materials, operating frequency, stator windings and magnetic poles. PMMs offer better efficiency, higher power factor performance and compactness. Ideal applications include slim well applications, through-tubing rigless deployment, Y-tool completion and Electric Submersible Progressive cavity Pump (ESPCP). The paper will also shed some light on why conventional IMs cannot be used to drive ESPCPs directly without speed reduction gearboxes. It is very likely that the use of PMM will increase for ESP applications in the near future and this will require engineers to acquire a basic understanding of this technology. A high level comparison between IM and PMM is missing in the ESP industry and this paper fills the gap. PMMs need to be operated with a different type of control for Variable Speed Drive (VSD) and require matching transformers for high frequency applications. The paper also intends to highlight the safety aspects of PMMs in shop and field handling.
A Passive 2-DOF Walker: Hunting for Gaits Using Virtual Holonomic Constraints (2009)

A planar compass-like biped on a shallow slope is one of the simplest models of a passive walker. It is a 2-degree-of-freedom (DOF) impulsive mechanical system that is known to possess periodic solutions reminiscent of human walking. Finding such solutions is a challenging computational task that has attracted many researchers who are motivated by various aspects of passive and active dynamic walking. We propose a new approach to find stable as well as unstable hybrid limit cycles without integrating the full set of differential equations and, at the same time, without approximating the dynamics. The procedure exploits a time-independent representation of a possible periodic solution via a virtual holonomic constraint. The description of the limit cycle obtained in this way is useful for the analysis and characterization of passive gaits as well as for design of regulators to achieve gaits with the smallest required control efforts. Some insights into the notion of hybrid zero dynamics, which are related to such a description, are presented as well.
Structural basis of docking interactions between ERK2 and MAP kinase phosphatase 3 (2006)

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are central components of signal transduction pathways for cell proliferation, stress responses, and differentiation. Signaling efficiency and specificity are modulated in large part by docking interactions between individual MAP kinase and the kinase interaction motif (KIM), (R/K)(2-3)-X(1-6)-Phi(A)-X-Phi(B), in its cognate kinases, phosphatases, scaffolding proteins, and substrates. We have determined the crystal structure of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 2 bound to the KIM peptide from MAP kinase phosphatase 3, an extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 2-specific phosphatase. The structure reveals that the KIM docking site, situated in a noncatalytic region opposite of the kinase catalytic pocket, is comprised of a highly acidic patch and a hydrophobic groove, which engage the basic and Phi(A)-X-Phi(B) residues, respectively, in the KIM sequence. The specific docking interactions observed in the structure consolidate all known biochemical data. In addition, structural comparison indicates that the KIM docking site is conserved in all MAP kinases. The results establish a structural model for understanding how MAP kinases interact with their regulators and substrates and provide new insights into how MAP kinase docking specificity can be achieved.
pHLIP-FIRE, a Cell Insertion-Triggered Fluorescent Probe for Imaging Tumors Demonstrates Targeted Cargo Delivery <i>In Vivo</i> (2014)

We have developed an improved tool for imaging acidic tumors by reporting the insertion of a transmembrane helix: the pHLIP-Fluorescence Insertion REporter (pHLIP-FIRE). In acidic tissues, such as tumors, peptides in the pHLIP family insert as α-helices across cell membranes. The cell-inserting end of the pHLIP-FIRE peptide has a fluorophore-fluorophore or fluorophore-quencher pair. A pair member is released by disulfide cleavage after insertion into the reducing environment inside a cell, resulting in dequenching of the probe. Thus, the fluorescence of the pHLIP-FIRE probe is enhanced upon cell-insertion in the targeted tissues but is suppressed elsewhere due to quenching. Targeting studies in mice bearing breast tumors show strong signaling by pHLIP-FIRE, with a contrast index of ∼17, demonstrating (i) direct imaging of pHLIP insertion and (ii) cargo translocation in vivo. Imaging and targeted cargo delivery should each have clinical applications.
Sulfuric Acid and Sulfur Trioxide (2006)

Abstract Sulfuric acid has been an important article of commerce for at least 250 years and is one of the largest volume basic chemicals in the world. This article discusses physical properties of sulfuric acid, oleum, and sulfur trioxide and includes 13 tables, 19 graphs, and extensive references. Both the single and double absorption contact processes for sulfuric acid manufacture are discussed, including materials of construction. Also discussed are significant advances in the process that increase energy recovery. Other information includes economics, health and toxicity, and applicable Federal regulations for shipping and handling.
Live Haploid-diploid Mosaic Charr <i>Salvelinus leucomaenis</i> (1999)

A live haploid-diploid mosaic charr Salvelinus leucomaenis, in which 89% of erythrocytes were unusually small, was found by chance. This individual was externally normal in shape and grew to the adult size (335 mm body length, 324 g body weight). Flow cytometry for DNA content revealed that large population of cells in blood, liver, and spleen were haploid, whereas those in brain were diploid. Thus, this individual was concluded to be a mosaic consisted of two types of cells with different ploi dies. These results suggested that haploid cells may have normal function in the mosaic environment in cluding diploid cells. Histological observation showed that this mosaic charr was a female with ovaries filled with degenerating and degenerated oocytes which showed various abnormalities and was likely to lack normal reproductive ability, even if it had survived longer.
Generation of radical species on polypropylene by alkylborane‐oxygen system and its application to graft polymerization (2009)

Abstract Graft polymerization of ethyl acrylate and n ‐butyl acrylate onto surface of polypropylene (PP) beads (diameter: 3.2 mm) were carried out by using a redox system composed of triethylborane (Et 3 B) and molecular oxygen in air. The amounts of the grafted polymers increased by prolonging a period of soaking PP beads in a solution of Et 3 B in hexane, a less polar solvent of which affinity with PP would be higher than that of tetrahydrofuran, a highly polar solvent. These results implied that the present graft polymerization involved: (1) interpenetration of Et 3 B into the surface area with the aid of hexane as a solvent, (2) its aerobic oxidation to generate a radical species, (3) abstraction of proton from PP by the radical species, and (4) initiation of polymerization from the resulting radical on the PP surface. Besides the acrylates, acrylic acid, and glycidyl methacrylate were also grafted onto the surface of PP to endow it with carboxyl and epoxy moieties, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6163–6167, 2009
β-Catenin Is Required for Endothelial Cyp1b1 Regulation Influencing Metabolic Barrier Function (2016)

Wnt/β-catenin signaling is crucial for blood-brain barrier (BBB) development and maintenance; however, its role in regulating metabolic characteristics of endothelial cells is unclear. We provide evidence that β-catenin influences endothelial metabolism by transcriptionally regulating the cytochrome P450 enzyme Cyp1b1 Furthermore, expression of its close homolog Cyp1a1 was inhibited by β-catenin. Functionally, Cyp1b1 generated retinoic acid as well as 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid that regulated P-glycoprotein and junction proteins, respectively, thereby modulating BBB properties. Inhibition of Cyp1b1 in vivo increased BBB permeability being in line with its downregulation in glioma endothelia, potentially implicating Cyp1b1 in other brain pathologies. In conclusion, Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates endothelial metabolic barrier function through Cyp1b1 transcription.