gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of thiazolidine hydrolysis. Ring opening and hydrolysis of 1,3-thiazolidine derivatives of p-(dimethylamino)cinnamaldehyde (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMechanism of thiazolidine hydrolysis. Ring opening and hydrolysis of 1,3-thiazolidine derivatives of p-(dimethylamino)cinnamaldehydeThomas H. Fife, R. Natarajan, C. C. Shen, and Ramesh BembiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 8, 3071–3079Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1991https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00008a041RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1841Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Urinary metabolism of dextromethorphan in man. (1987)

After an oral dose of 50 mg of (+)-3-methoxy-N-methylmorphinan (dextromethorphan) to volunteers, urinary metabolism was studied by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A total of 15 previously unknown metabolites and derivatives of dextromethorphan could be identified by mass spectrometric techniques. The main metabolic pathways were: O,N-demethylation, O,N-acetylation, hydroxylation of the phenyl ring and the saturated ring system with subsequent further oxidation.
Control of Cement Penetration in Total Knee Arthroplasty (1984)

A radiogrphic study of 45% knees immediately and at least two years after operatin showed that the average depth of cement penetration was 1.5–3.0 mm at different locations arond the interface and that there was a strong inverse relatin between the development of radiolucency and initial cement penetration. In laboratory studies of penetration in the upper tibia, penetration was approximately proportional to bone pore diameter and to the square root of th applied pressure and inversely proportional to the time after initial mixing. There was a low correlation of the tensile strength of the cement-bone bond with the depthof penetratin, probably dur to the variability of the trabecular bone strength. Failure occurred by direct cement pullout or by partial or tatal factors, the suggested ideal depth of cement penetration is 3–4 mm.This penetration can be achieved by using the left-lift method about four minutes after initial cement mixing, utwith sme selective prepenetration around the eriphery of the tibia.
An Engineering Equation of State: Square-Well Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (SAFT). (1999)

Molecular thermodynamics is an engineering discipline rooted in molecular physics and physical chemistry and aimed at developing practical models that predict the properties of matter. The goal of this work is to develop a molecular thermodynamic model for predicting fluid densities, phase equilibria, and energy functions, such as enthalpy and heat capacity. Chemical engineers need these properties to develop and design new processes and materials, and to make these processes energy efficient and environmentally benign. The approach is to hypothesize a mathematical approximation that captures interactions among real molecules on the basis of a molecular theory called the statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT). In this approximation, each molecule is composed of spherical segments that interact according to a square-well potential. These segments are allowed to form covalent or hydrogen bonds. A result of this approximation is an engineering equation of state referred to as SAFT1 that is found to be applicable to small and large molecules, associating and non-associating molecules, and to homopolymers and copolymers. SAFT1 is tested on real-fluid properties, such as vapor pressure, vapor and liquid density, second virial coefficient, heat of vaporization, specific heat, and phase equilibria. For small n-alkanes, not only the vapor pressure and liquid density (that are correlated), but also the second virial coefficient, heat of vaporization, and heat capacity (that are predicted) are found to be accurate. For small alkanols-1, the vapor pressure and liquid density are also well correlated. The SAFT1 parameters for n-alkanes and alkanols-1 are found to be well behaved and hence easy to estimate reliably for high-molecular-weight molecules of corresponding homologs. The SAFT1 equation of state developed in this work has already been applied by others to calculate fluid-liquid and solid-fluid equilibria in solutions of n-alkanes and polyolefins. More important, the knowledge and practical tools generated in this work are applicable to developing new processes and materials that are less energy wasteful and more environmentally benign.
Clustering of Hand Written Digits Using K-Means Algorithm and Self Organizing Maps (2018)

Present work focuses on clustering of MNIST dataset using K-means clustering and Self-Organizing Maps (SOM). Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) descriptors are used to extract the feature vectors and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is applied on feature vectors to reduce the dimensionality. First two principal components are taken for cluster formation. Purity of cluster metric is used to evaluate the clusters. External criteria with prior information of true class is chosen to validate cluster. The performance of SOM is better than K-means in forming clusters. Out of 10 clusters K-means algorithm missed clusters of 3 digits (0, 7 and 9) whereas SOM missed clusters of 2 digits (5, 9).
Biocatalytic Approaches to the Henry (Nitroaldol) Reaction (2012)

Abstract Enantiopure β‐nitro alcohols are key chiral building blocks for the synthesis of bioactive pharmaceutical ingredients. The preparation of these target compounds in optically pure form has been the focus of much research and there has been an emergence of biocatalytic protocols in the past decade. For the first time, these biotransformations are the focus of this review. Herein, we describe two principal biocatalytic approaches to the Henry (nitroaldol) reaction. The first method is a direct enzyme‐catalysed carbon–carbon bond formation resulting in either an enantio‐enriched or enantiopure β‐nitro alcohol. The second approach describes the Henry reaction without stereocontrol followed by a biocatalytic resolution to yield the enantiopure β‐nitro alcohol.
Organotypic Raft Cultures for the In Vitro Evaluation of Vaginal Microbicidal Agents (1997)

Adding microbicides onto raft cultures at effective virucidal concentrations shows harmful effects on epithelial tissues undetectable in submerged cultures.
WoLF PSORT: protein localization predictor (2007)

WoLF PSORT is an extension of the PSORT II program for protein subcellular location prediction. WoLF PSORT converts protein amino acid sequences into numerical localization features; based on sorting signals, amino acid composition and functional motifs such as DNA-binding motifs. After conversion, a simple k-nearest neighbor classifier is used for prediction. Using html, the evidence for each prediction is shown in two ways: (i) a list of proteins of known localization with the most similar localization features to the query, and (ii) tables with detailed information about individual localization features. For convenience, sequence alignments of the query to similar proteins and links to UniProt and Gene Ontology are provided. Taken together, this information allows a user to understand the evidence (or lack thereof) behind the predictions made for particular proteins. WoLF PSORT is available at wolfpsort.org.
Efectos del desayuno escolar en la tasa de retención del sistema escolar público (2004)

El estudio analiza los efectos de la politica educativa -desayuno escolar-en la tasa de retencion del sistema educativo publico en el departamento de Cochabamba, Bolivia, entre los anos 1998 y 2001. Para ello utiliza una base de datos que permite armar un modelo de panel con efectos fijos, el cual muestra no solo los efectos de las politicas en un determinado ano, sino tambien los cambios de estas y sus consecuencias a traves del tiempo Los efectos encontrados indican que el desayuno escolar influye en gran medida en el aumento de la tasa de retencion, pero a un costo elevado, por lo que se recomienda la focalizacion del programa en los grupos de mayor riesgo de abandono del sistema y la no ampliacion de este programa a todo el sistema educativo publico.
Human Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells: Models of Embryonic Development in Humans (2004)

There are few reliable experimental systems available to study the molecular mechanisms that govern human embryonic development. Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells are pluripotent stem cells derived from teratocarcinomas and are considered the malignant counterparts of human embryonic stem (ES) cells. Several of the existing human EC stem cell lines provide robust and simple culture systems to study certain aspects of cellular differentiation in a manner pertinent to human embryogenesis. Here we review the strategies used to derive and characterize the established and recognized human EC stem cell line TERA2.cl.SP12. Furthermore, we demonstrate the value of human EC stem cells as a model of early development and focus on cell fate determination in the embryonic ectoderm.
Ultrastructural cytochemical demonstration of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoenzyme activity in "hairy cells" of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. (1972)

The pathognomonic "hairy cell" of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis was studied for ultrastructural localization of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity. The enzyme activity could not be demonstrated by Gomori's method, but it was readily demonstrated in the cytoplasmic vesicles and Golgi saccules of the hairy cell by substitution of naphthol AS-BI phosphoric acid for Na-beta-glycerophosphate of Gomori's medium. This apparent substrate specificity may be used as a marker for electron microscopic identification of the hairy cell, and may facilitate the study of histogenesis of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis.
Divergent national-scale trends of microbial and animal biodiversity revealed across diverse temperate soil ecosystems (2019)

Abstract Soil biota accounts for ~25% of global biodiversity and is vital to nutrient cycling and primary production. There is growing momentum to study total belowground biodiversity across large ecological scales to understand how habitat and soil properties shape belowground communities. Microbial and animal components of belowground communities follow divergent responses to soil properties and land use intensification; however, it is unclear whether this extends across heterogeneous ecosystems. Here, a national-scale metabarcoding analysis of 436 locations across 7 different temperate ecosystems shows that belowground animal and microbial (bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists) richness follow divergent trends, whereas β-diversity does not. Animal richness is governed by intensive land use and unaffected by soil properties, while microbial richness was driven by environmental properties across land uses. Our findings demonstrate that established divergent patterns of belowground microbial and animal diversity are consistent across heterogeneous land uses and are detectable using a standardised metabarcoding approach.
High-temperature brownian motors: Deterministic and stochastic fluctuations of a periodic potential (2008)

The high-temperature unidirectional motion of a Brownian particle with time-dependent potential energy described by a spatially asymmetric periodic function is considered. A general formula derived for the mean velocity ν of such a motion is specified for dichotomic deterministic and Markovian stochastic processes. In both cases, ν increases linearly for low-frequencies γ of potential-energy fluctuations and reaches maxima for γ about the inverse time of diffusion by the spatial period of the potential. The behaviors of ν for large γ values are different in these cases: ν ∝ γ−2 and ν ts γ−1 for the deterministic and stochastic processes, respectively. It is shown that the direction of the motor motion depends on the relative lifetimes of each of the dichotomic-process states if the amplitude of the potential-energy fluctuations is fairly large in comparison with the mean value.
Detecting and correcting malicious data in VANETs (2004)

In order to meet performance goals, it is widely agreed that vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) must rely heavily on node-to-node communication, thus allowing for malicious data traffic. At the same time, the easy access to information afforded by VANETs potentially enables the difficult security goal of data validation. We propose a general approach to evaluating the validity of VANET data. In our approach a node searches for possible explanations for the data it has collected based on the fact that malicious nodes may be present. Explanations that are consistent with the node's model of the VANET are scored and the node accepts the data as dictated by the highest scoring explanations. Our techniques for generating and scoring explanations rely on two assumptions: 1) nodes can tell "at least some" other nodes apart from one another and 2) a parsimony argument accurately reflects adversarial behavior in a VANET. We justify both assumptions and demonstrate our approach on specific VANETs.
Compact hybrid plasmonic polarization rotator (2012)

We propose a novel ultracompact (5 μm) hybrid plasmonic polarization rotator operating at telecommunication wavelength for integrated silicon photonic circuits. The polarization mode of a silicon waveguide is rotated with >14 dB polarization extinction ratio and low total insertion losses of 2.1 dB.
Evaluation of Various Turbulence Models in Predicting Airflow and Turbulence in Enclosed Environments by CFD: Part 1—Summary of Prevalent Turbulence Models (2007)

Air distribution in enclosed environments is crucial to thermal comfort and air quality. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has played an important role in evaluating and designing various air distribution. Many factors can influence the applications of CFD for studying air distribution. The most critical factors are the selection of an appropriate CFD approach and a turbulence model. Recent advances in CFD approaches and turbulence models provide great potential for improving prediction accuracy of air distribution in enclosed environments. This paper summarizes recent progress in CFD turbulence modeling and its application to some practical indoor environment studies. Also described are turbulence models that either are commonly used or have been proposed and used recently for indoor environment modeling. Finally, this study further identifies a few turbulence models that show great potential for modeling airflows in enclosed environments. A companion paper presents the evaluation of the selected models by using experimental data from the literature.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of acetylsalicylic acid after intravenous and oral administration to healthy volunteers (2014)

This study demonstrates that intravenous ASA provides more rapid and consistent platelet inhibition than oral ASA within the first hour after dosing.
Mathematical basis for describing crucialtechnical shortcoming of split C-V techniquein thin SOI MOSFETs (1998)

The authors discuss the conventional split C-V technique used in bulk MOSFETs and show mathematically that it is not always suitable for fully-depleted SOI MOSFETs.
Skeleton-space: a multiscale shape description combining region and boundary information (1994)

A multiscale extension to the medial axis transform(MAT) or skeleton can be obtained by combining information derived from a scale-space hierarchy of boundary representations with region information provided by the MAT. The skeleton-space is constructed by attributing each skeleton component with a hierarchically ordered sequence of residual values, each expressing the saliency of the component at a distinct resolution level. Since our method amounts to a rather symbolic than iconic computation of a multiscale MAT, it does not introduce the correspondence problem between distinct levels of detail, in contrast to other commonly proposed techniques. Our multiscale MAT is capable of describing complex shapes characterized by significantly jagged boundaries. Furthermore, tracking the evolution of prominent loci of the MAT such as nodes across scales permits to assess the most significant skeleton constituents and to automatically determine pruning parameters. A salient subset of the MAT (first order skeleton) can be extracted without the need of manual threshold adjustment.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Marching triangles: range image fusion for complex object modelling (2002)

A new surface based approach to implicit surface polygonisation is introduced. This is applied to the reconstruction of 3D surface models of complex objects from multiple range images. Geometric fusion of multiple range images into an implicit surface representation was presented in previous work. This paper introduces an efficient algorithm to reconstruct a triangulated model of a manifold implicit surface, a local 3D constraint is derived which defines the Delaunay surface triangulation of a set of points on a manifold surface in 3D space. The 'marching triangles' algorithm uses the local 3D constraint to reconstruct a Delaunay triangulation of an arbitrary topology manifold surface. Computational and representational costs are both a factor of 3-5 lower than previous volumetric approaches such as marching cubes.
93 Utility of NT-BNP as a screening tool for cardiac dysfunction in patients with long-standing diabetes mellitus (2004)

Background: Cardiac dysflmction (CD) is common in patients with long-standing diabetes mellitus and can lead to heart failure or sudden death. N-Terminal pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) may provide a screening method for the early detection and treatment of patients with CD but is confounded by renal dysfunction. Aim: To assess the utility of NT-proBNP for detecting CD in patients over 50 years of age with long-standing (> 10 years) diabetes. Method: A standard clinical history, current medications, height and weight were recorded for all patients. They underwent a blood test for NT-proBNP, routine haematology and biochemistry, lung function tests, 12-lead ECG and echocardiography. Results were compared with 100 normal subjects. Results: We invited 144 consecutive patients attending a long-term follow-up clinic for diabetes. 109 consented to participate. 37 patients had known IHD, 9 had LVEF 30, 46 had moderate or severe LVH, 5 had moderate or severe valve disease and 5 had a glomemlar filtration rate (GFR) of 330pg/ml, the 95th centile of the control group. An NT-proBNP cut-off value of 135 pg/ml provided a test specificity (SP) of 62% at a sensitivity (SN) of 100% (AUC 0.888) for the detection of LVEF<40%. Correction of NTproBNP for GFR and age improved test performance (SP = 68%, SN = 100%, AUC = 0.895) with a cut off value of 152 pg/ml. However, a better test performance was obtained using piecewise decision rules (see Table 1) for NT-proBNP and GFR (SP - 78%, SN = 100%). For a population of 1000, this would give a 42.7% reduction in false positive results from 349 (based on NT-proBNP only) to 149, with no increase in the number of false negatives. Table 1. Optimal Decision Rules for Detection of LVEF < 40% Decision rule Test result
Crystallization of Liquid Water in a Molecular Dynamics Simulation (1994)

In this Letter we report our success in crystallizing a bulk sample of liquid water in molecular dynamics simulations. In these computer experiments supercooled liquid TIP4P water at 250 K was subjected to a homogeneous static electric field; the resulting polar crystal which forms within 200 ps has the structure of ice ${\mathrm{I}}_{c}$. These simulation results suggest that the local electric fields that exist near the surfaces of various materials or within confined geometries can play an important role in promoting the crystallization of liquid water.
ON THE REDUCTION OF SOME AROMATIC NITRO-COMPOUNDS. (1902)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTON THE REDUCTION OF SOME AROMATIC NITRO-COMPOUNDS.F. J. Alway and M. D. WelshCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1902, 24, 11, 1052–1060Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1902Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1902https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja02025a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02025a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views267Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts