gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigations into the effects of an arc discharge on a high velocity liquid jet (1977)

High velocity liquid jets have been shown to be effective in removing rock in drilling and mining. The high pressures needed to accelerate the fluid to the required velocities are difficult to sustain at reasonable costs. The effect of an arc discharge on the stream of liquid is investigated to determine the value of the spark as an enhancement device. The primary effects investigated are the enhancement of the initial shock wave by the stream velocity, the water hammer from the inerrupted stream, the possibility of disruption of the arc by the jet, and the jetting into a collapsing cavitation bubble. All of the experiments are conducted at atmospheric conditions with an analysis of the effects of hydrostatic pressure on the system. The experimental apparatus is a 25 kV capacitive discharge system to develop the arc in a liquid with a jet passing between the electrodes. Pressures up to 20 MP/sub a/ (3 kpsi) that give velocities of 200 m/s (650 fps) are used in the experiments. The primary diagnostic techniques are piezoelectric pressure transducers, framing and streak cameras, and rock specimen damage observations. A definite enhancement in the rock removing capabilities is observed. Steady jets that will not erode a specimen become effective in rock erosion when disrupted by an arc discharge. The energy required by the arc discharge is much less than the amount required to comminute rock with the spark alone. Problems in operating an impulse type jet cutter at atmospheric pressure when the working fluid is not degassed are discussed.
Monolayer protection for eletrochemical migration control in silver nanocomposite (2006)

The authors introduced an effective approach of using monolayer-protected silver nanoparticles to reduce silver migration for electronic device interconnect applications. Formation of surface complex between the carboxylate anion and surface silver ion reduces the solubility and diffusivity significantly of migration components and therefore contributes to effective migration control. A fundamental understanding of the mechanism of silver migration control was conducted by studying the current-voltage relationships of the nanocomposites with a migration model. The control of silver migration enables the application of the silver composites in fine pitch and high performance electronic device interconnects.
The Nitech-NAIST HMM-Based Speech Synthesis System for the Blizzard Challenge 2006 (2008)

We describe a statistical parametric speech synthesis system developed by a joint group from the Nagoya Institute of Technology (Nitech) and the Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) for the annual open evaluation of text-to-speech synthesis systems named Blizzard Challenge 2006. To improve our 2005 system (Nitech-HTS 2005), we investigated new features such as mel-generalized cepstrum-based line spectral pairs (MGC-LSPs), maximum likelihood linear transform (MLLT), and a full covariance global variance (GV) probability density function (pdf). A combination of mel-cepstral coefficients, MLLT, and full covariance GV pdf scored highest in subjective listening tests, and the 2006 system performed significantly better than the 2005 system. The Blizzard Challenge 2006 evaluations show that Nitech-NAIST-HTS 2006 is competitive even when working with relatively large speech databases.
Synergistic Promotion on Tyrosinase Inhibition by Antioxidants (2018)

When exposed to ultraviolet radiation, the human skin produces profuse reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn activate a variety of biological responses. Mounting ROS levels activate tyrosinase by mobilizing α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the epidermis and finally stimulates the melanocytes to produce melanin. Meanwhile, the Keap1-Nrf2/ARE pathway, which removes ROS, is activated at increased ROS levels, and antioxidant compounds facilitates the dissociation of Nrf2. In this study, we explored the possible suppressing effects of antioxidant compounds and tyrosine inhibitors on melanin formation and the promotory effects of these compounds on ROS scavenging. The antioxidant activity of glabridin (GLA), resveratrol (RES), oxyresveratrol (OXYR), and phenylethylresorcinol (PR) were investigated via the stable free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. The inhibitory effects of the four compounds and their mixtures on tyrosinase were evaluated. l-Tyrosine or 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-l-alanine (l-DOPA) was used as a substrate. The results showed that all mixtures did not exhibit synergistic effects with the l-tyrosine as a substrate, suggesting that l-tyrosine is not suitable as a substrate. However, the mixtures of "GLA:RES," "GLA:OXYR," "OXYR:RES," and "PR:RES" demonstrated synergistic effects (CI < 0.9, <i>p</i> < 0.05), whereas "GLA:RES" and "PR:OXYR" indicated an additive effect (0.9 ditive1, <i>p</i> < 0.05). Furthermore, we used a molecular docking strategy to study the interactions of the four compounds with tyrosinase and l-DOPA. The molecular docking result is consistent with that of the experiment. Finally, we selected RES + OXYR and used PIG1 cells to verify whether OXYR synergistically promotes RES activity on tyrosinase. The two agents had a synergistic inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity. These results provided a novel synergistic strategy for antioxidants and tyrosinase inhibitors, and this strategy is useful in skin injury treatment.
Staphylokinase as a Plasminogen Activator Component in Recombinant Fusion Proteins (1999)

The plasminogen activator staphylokinase (SAK) is a promising thrombolytic agent for treatment of myocardial infarction. It can specifically stimulate the thrombolysis of both erythrocyte-rich and platelet-rich clots. However, SAK lacks fibrin-binding and thrombin inhibitor activities, two functions which would supplement and potentially improve its thrombolytic potency. Creating a recombinant fusion protein is one approach for combining protein domains with complementary functions. To evaluate SAK for use in a translational fusion protein, both N- and C-terminal fusions to SAK were constructed by using hirudin as a fusion partner. Recombinant fusion proteins were secreted from Bacillus subtilis and purified from culture supernatants. The rate of plasminogen activation by SAK was not altered by the presence of an additional N- or C-terminal protein sequence. However, cleavage at N-terminal lysines within SAK rendered the N-terminal fusion unstable in the presence of plasmin. The results of site-directed mutagenesis of lysine 10 and lysine 11 in SAK suggested that a plasmin-resistant variant cannot be created without interfering with the plasmin processing necessary for activation of SAK. Although putative plasmin cleavage sites are located at the C-terminal end of SAK at lysine 135 and lysine 136, these sites were resistant to plasmin cleavage in vitro. Therefore, C-terminal fusions represent stable configurations for developing improved thrombolytic agents based on SAK as the plasminogen activator component.
New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase and Multidrug Resistance: A Global SOS? (2011)

extended-spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL)‐ or AmpC-producing gram-negative bacteria. At that time, only a few b-lactamases could inactivate carbapenems, and these were limited to rare strains of Enterobacter cloacae possessing serine carbapenemases called NMC-A (Non Metallo Carbapenmase-A) and IMI-1 (Imipenemase-I), Sme-1 (Serratia marcescens), MBLs BcI and BcII of Bacillus cereus, the MBL L1 of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and CcrA of Bacteroides fragilis (another MBL) [3]. In
On some midpoint-type algorithms. (2018)

We introduce iterative methods approximating fixed points for nonlinear operators defined on infinite-dimensional spaces. The starting points are the Implicit and Explicit Midpoint Rules, which generate polygonal functions approximating a solution for an ordinary differential equation infinite-dimensional spaces. The purpose is to determine suitable conditions on the mapping and the underlying space, in order to get strong convergence of the generated sequence to a common solution of a fixed point problem and a variational inequality.
Using Classification to Protect the Integrity of Spectrum Measurements in White Space Networks (2011)

Recently, Japanese guidelines for the treatment and prevention of peptic ulcers were established by the Japanese Society of Gastroenterology. Herein, we focus on proton pump inhibitor(PPI) and H2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) for prophylaxis and treatment of peptic ulcer associated with NSAIDs including low dose of aspirin. Double dose of H2RAs are effective at preventing chronic NSAID related ulcers, however, the effect is not superior to PPI. Full-dose misoprostol and PPI are clinically equivalent, although the potential adverse effects of misoprostol are a major cause of poor compliance. Overall, PPIs have the best profile of efficacy and side-effects for the healing and prevention of NSAID-associated ulcers, especially in the patients with high risk, such as history of peptic ulcer.
The Importance and Clinical Implications of FLASH Ultra-High Dose-Rate Studies for Proton and Heavy Ion Radiotherapy (2019)

The goal of radiation therapy is to provide the highest probability of tumor control while minimizing normal tissue toxicity. Recently, it has been discovered that ultra-high dose rates of ionizing radiation may preferentially spare normal tissue over tumor tissue. This effect, referred to as FLASH radiotherapy, has been observed in various animal models as well as, more recently, in a human patient. This effect may be related to the cell sparing found <i>in vitro</i> at ultra-high dose rates of photons and electrons dating back to the 1960s. Conditions representative of physiologic oxygen were found to be essential for this process to occur. However, there is no conclusive data on whether this effect occurs with protons, as all results to date have been in cells irradiated at ambient oxygen conditions. There have been no ultra-high dose-rate experiments with heavy ions, which would be relevant to the implementation of FLASH to carbon-ion therapy. These basic science results are critical in guiding this rapidly advancing field, since clinical particle therapy machines capable of FLASH dose rates have already been promoted for protons. To help ensure FLASH radiotherapy is reliable and maximally effective, the radiobiology must keep ahead of the clinical implementation to help guide it. In this context, <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> proton and heavy ion experiments involving FLASH dose rates need to be performed to evaluate not only short-term consequences, but also sequelae related to long-term health risks. Critical to these future studies is consideration of relevant oxygen tensions at the time of irradiation, as well as appropriate <i>in silico</i> modeling to assist in understanding the initial physicochemical events.
Modification of Soy Protein for Wood Adhesives using Mussel Protein as a Model: The Influence of a Mercapto Group (2004)

Abstract Summary: Mussel protein can serve as a strong and water‐resistant adhesive, but is expensive and not readily available. Soy protein is inexpensive, abundant, and readily available, but is a poor adhesive. Mussel protein contains a high amount of mercapto‐containing cysteine. This study revealed that increasing the free mercapto group content in soy protein could greatly increase the strength and water‐resistance of wood composites bonded with the modified soy protein. Preparation of the modified SPIs. image Preparation of the modified SPIs.
Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Functionalization of Imidazolinone:  Synthesis of Dibromophakellstatin (2007)

The direct C−H functionalization of imidazolinone is achieved with Pd(OAc)2/NaOAc in DMSO. Dibromophakellstatin can be synthesized in five steps with 40% overall yield using this new C−H activation method.
Developments in relativistic nonlinear optics (2002)

We report recent results of experiments and simulations in the regime of peak laser intensities above 1019 W/cm2, including the following topics: (1) electron and proton acceleration to energies in excess of 10 MeV in well collimated beams; (2) use of laser chirp to control the growth of plasma waves and acceleration of electrons by the Raman instability; (3) all optical injection and acceleration of electrons; (4) relativistic self-focusing by means of the mutual index of refraction of two overlapping laser pulses; (5) creation of a radioisotope by the reaction 10B(d,n)11C; (6) high-order harmonic generation from relativistic free electrons in an underdense plasma.
Bone Marrow Adipocytes: A Neglected Target Tissue for Growth Hormone (2002)

Bone marrow (BM) contains numerous adipocytes. These share a common precursor with osteoblasts and chondrocytes, but their function is unknown. It is unclear what regulates the differentiation of these three different cell types, though their subsequent metabolic activity is under hormonal regulation. GH and estrogen stimulate bone growth and mineralization, by direct effects on chondrocytes and osteoblasts. GH also stimulates lipolysis in subcutaneous and visceral adipocytes. However, adipocytes in BM have largely been ignored as potential targets for GH or estrogen action. We have addressed this by measuring BM adipocyte number, perimeter and area as well as bone area and osteoblast activity in GH-deficient dwarf (dw/dw), normal, or ovariectomized (Ovx) rats, with or without GH, IGF-1, PTH, or estrogen treatment or high fat feeding. Marrow adipocyte numbers were increased 5-fold (P < 0.001) in dw/dw rats, and cell size was also increased by 20%. These values returned toward normal in dw/dw rats given GH but not when given IGF-1. Cancellous bone area and osteoblast number were significantly (P < 0.005) lower in dw/dw rats, though alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in individual osteoblasts was unchanged. GH treatment increased % osteoblast covered bone surface without affecting individual cell ALP activity. Ovariectomy in normal or dw/dw rats had no affect on marrow adipocyte number nor size, although estrogen treatment in ovariectomized (Ovx) normal rats did increase adipocyte number. Ovx decreased tibial cancellous bone area in normal rats (64%; P < 0.05) and decreased osteoblast ALP-activity (P < 0.01) but did not affect the percentage of osteoblast-covered bone surface. Estrogen replacement reversed these changes. While treatment with PTH by continuous sc infusion decreased cancellous bone (P < 0.05) and high fat feeding increased the size of BM adipocytes (P < 0.01), they did not affect BM adipocyte number. These results suggest that GH has a specific action on BM adipocytes that is not simply due to altered bone or fat metabolism. We conclude that the marrow adipocyte lineage is an important and specific target for GH action. The inverse relationship between adipocyte number and osteoblast covered bone surface, together with the well-known effects of GH on epiphysial chondrocytes leads us to propose that GH plays two important roles on cells of all three lineages. During differentiation, it regulates the numbers of each cell type that are maintained from the common precursor lineage. Subsequently it has cell-specific effects on the metabolic activities of the differentiated cells. In the case of marrow adipocytes, GH-dependent lipolysis could provide an important hormonally regulated local high energy source in bone.
So What “ <i>Should</i> ” We Use? Evaluating the Impact of Five Racial Measures on Markers of Social Inequality (2016)

In recent years, researchers have increasingly noted the malleability of racial boundaries across time, context, and life course. Although this research has advanced our knowledge of the maintenance and perceptions of racial groups, it has introduced a new question: If we are attempting to best capture the actual variation in racial inequality, how should we operationalize race? Using the 2006 wave of the Portraits of American Life Study, a national-level, in-home survey with extensive race measures and oversamples of Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians, the authors identify five ways that race can be and to varying degrees is operationalized: census, combined race/ethnic, pentagon, triracial, and skin tone measures. Using the Vuong non-nested model tests, the authors compare the effectiveness of these five measurements in predicting three measures of social inequality: household income, education, and self-rated health. The authors find that overall, Hollinger’s ethnoracial pentagon is best able to capture existing inequality. Thus, for scholars attempting to understand variation in contemporary racial inequality, this research suggests that scholars should use five monoracial categories: White, Black, Hispanic, Native American and Asian.
Self-optimization of capacity and coverage in LTE networks using a fuzzy reinforcement learning approach (2010)

This paper introduces a solution to enable self-optimization of coverage and capacity in LTE networks through base stations' downtilt angle adjustment. The proposed method is based on fuzzy reinforcement learning techniques and operates in a fully distributed and autonomous fashion without any need for a priori information or human interventions. The solution is shown to be capable of handling extremely noisy feedback information from mobile users as well as being responsive to the changes in the environment including self-healing properties. The simulation results confirm the convergence of the solution to the global optimal settings and that the proposed scheme provides up to 20% performance improvement when compared with an existing fuzzy logic based reinforcement learning approach.
The isolation of viable coccidial sporozoites (1964)

A method is described by which viable sporozoites of the sheep parasite, Eimeria arloingi , may be obtained in sterile solution and free of any extraneous vegetable matter. Faeces are washed through metal sieves and the oocysts separated by a gravity floatation technique. The oocysts are sterilized and floated free of any remaining faecal debris in a solution of sodium hypochlorite. Sporulation is induced by constant aeration in water. Excystation is effected by incubating firstly under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide and secondly in a solution of trypsin and sheep bile. I wish to thank Professor H. R. Carne for encouragement and advice, and Mr R. F. Jones for skilful technical assistance.
Applications of Ultrasound to the Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials (2010)

Recent advances in nanostructured materials have been led by the development of new synthetic methods that provide control over size, morphology, and nano/microstructure. The utilization of high intensity ultrasound offers a facile, versatile synthetic tool for nanostructured materials that are often unavailable by conventional methods. The primary physical phenomena associated with ultrasound that are relevant to materials synthesis are cavitation and nebulization. Acoustic cavitation (the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in a liquid) creates extreme conditions inside the collapsing bubble and serves as the origin of most sonochemical phenomena in liquids or liquid-solid slurries. Nebulization (the creation of mist from ultrasound passing through a liquid and impinging on a liquid-gas interface) is the basis for ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) with subsequent reactions occurring in the heated droplets of the mist. In both cases, we have examples of phase-separated attoliter microreactors: for sonochemistry, it is a hot gas inside bubbles isolated from one another in a liquid, while for USP it is hot droplets isolated from one another in a gas. Cavitation-induced sonochemistry provides a unique interaction between energy and matter, with hot spots inside the bubbles of approximately 5000 K, pressures of approximately 1000 bar, heating and cooling rates of >10(10) K s(-1); these extraordinary conditions permit access to a range of chemical reaction space normally not accessible, which allows for the synthesis of a wide variety of unusual nanostructured materials. Complementary to cavitational chemistry, the microdroplet reactors created by USP facilitate the formation of a wide range of nanocomposites. In this review, we summarize the fundamental principles of both synthetic methods and recent development in the applications of ultrasound in nanostructured materials synthesis.
Transmisión eficiente de flujos de video ante la convergencia digital (2006)

We used qualitative methods to assess pregnant women and men's attitudes, feelings, beliefs, experiences and reactions to male partners' involvement in antenatal clinic (ANC) in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa. The aims of these studies were to determine barriers to male partners' attendance of ANC with their pregnant female partners and to identify possible strategies to overcome these barriers. Findings from the qualitative studies demonstrated that pregnant women were keen to invite their male sexual partners and that men would attend if invited. The main barrier to male participation was lack of awareness and the healthcare facility environment. The findings of these studies emphasized the need to increase awareness among men in Khayelitsha of the need for male attendance of ANC and the need to address the barriers to male attendance of ANC. It was clear that community sensitization programmes coupled with improvement of the health facility environment to be receptive to men are essential for increasing male attendance of ANC.
Biological Costs and Mechanisms of Fosfomycin Resistance in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2003)

Fosfomycin is a cell wall inhibitor used mainly for the treatment of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections. As shown here, resistance to fosfomycin develops rapidly in Escherichia coli under experimental conditions, but in spite of the relatively high mutation rate in vitro, resistance in clinical isolates is rare. To examine this apparent contradiction, we mathematically modeled the probability of resistance development in the bladder during treatment. The modeling showed that during a typical episode of urinary tract infection, the probability of resistance development was high (>10(-2)). However, if resistance was associated with a reduction in growth rate, the probability of resistance development rapidly decreased. To examine if fosfomycin resistance causes a reduced growth rate, we isolated in vitro and in vivo a set of resistant strains. We determined their resistance mechanisms and examined the effect of the different resistance mutations on bacterial growth in the absence and presence of fosfomycin. The types of mutations found in vitro and in vivo were partly different. Resistance in the mutants isolated in vitro was caused by ptsI, cyaA, glpT, uhpA/T, and unknown mutations, whereas no cyaA or ptsI mutants could be found in vivo. All mutations caused a decreased growth rate both in laboratory medium and in urine, irrespective of the absence or presence of fosfomycin. According to the mathematical model, the reduced growth rate of the resistant strains will prevent them from establishing in the bladder, which could explain why fosfomycin resistance remains rare in clinical isolates.