gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Imaging periodic currents using alternating balanced steady‐state free precession (2007)

Existing functional brain MR imaging methods detect neuronal activity only indirectly via a surrogate signal such as deoxyhemoglobin concentration in the vascular bed of cerebral parenchyma. It has been recently proposed that neuronal currents may be measurable directly using MRI (ncMRI). However, limited success has been reported in neuronal current detection studies that used standard gradient or spin echo pulse sequences. The balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) pulse sequence is unique in that it can afford the highest known SNR efficiency and is exquisitely sensitive to perturbations in free precession phase. It is reported herein that when a spin phase-perturbing periodic current is locked to an RF pulse train, phase perturbations are accumulated across multiple RF excitations and the spin magnetization reaches an alternating balanced steady state (ABSS) that effectively amplifies the phase perturbations due to the current. The alternation of the ABSS signal therefore is highly sensitive to weak periodic currents. Current phantom experiments employing ABSS imaging resulted in detection of magnetic field variations as small as 0.15nT in scans lasting for 36 sec, which is more sensitive than using gradient-recalled echo imaging.
Image Compression Using the Discrete Cosine Transform (1994)

The discrete cosine transform (DCT) is a technique for converting a signal into elementary frequency components. It is widely used in image compression. Here we develop some simple functions to compute the DCT and to compress images. These functions illustrate the power of Mathematica in the prototyping of image processing algorithms. The rapid growth of digital imaging applications, including desktop publishing, multimedia, teleconferencing, and high-definition television (HDTV) has increased the need for effective and standardized image compression techniques. Among the emerging standards are JPEG, for compression of still images [Wallace 1991]; MPEG, for compression of motion video [Puri 1992]; and CCITT H.261 (also known as Px64), for compression of video telephony and teleconferencing. All three of these standards employ a basic technique known as the discrete cosine transform (DCT). Developed by Ahmed, Natarajan, and Rao [1974], the DCT is a close relative of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Its application to image compression was pioneered by Chen and Pratt [1984]. In this article, I will develop some simple functions to compute the DCT and show how it is used for image compression. We have used these functions in our laboratory to explore methods of optimizing image compression for the human viewer, using information about the human visual system [Watson 1993]. The goal of this paper is to illustrate the use of Mathematica in image processing and to provide the reader with the basic tools for further exploration of this subject. The One-Dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform The discrete cosine transform of a list of n real numbers s(x), x = 0,..., n-1, is the list of length n given by: Mathematica Journal, 4(1), 1994, p. 81-88 S ( u) = 2 n C ( u) s ( x) cos 2x n−1
Hierarchical Models in Environmental Science (2003)

Summary Environmental systems are complicated. They include very intricate spatio‐temporal processes, interacting on a wide variety of scales. There is increasingly vast amounts of data for such processes from geographical information systems, remote sensing platforms, monitoring networks, and computer models. In addition, often there is a great variety of scientific knowledge available for such systems, from partial differential equations based on first principles to panel surveys. It is argued that it is not generally adequate to consider such processes from a joint perspective. Instead, the processes often must be considered as a coherently linked system of conditional models. This paper provides a brief overview of hierarchical approaches applied to environmental processes. The key elements of such models can be considered in three general stages, the data stage, process stage, and parameter stage. In each stage, complicated dependence structure is mitigated by conditioning. For example, the data stage can incorporate measurement errors as well as multiple datasets with varying supports. The process and parameter stages can allow spatial and spatio‐temporal processes as well as the direct inclusion of scientific knowledge. The paper concludes with a discussion of some outstanding problems in hierarchical modelling of environmental systems, including the need for new collaboration approaches.
KGP-2: AN ELECTRON-BEAM-PUMPED CADMIUM SULFIDE LASER (1972)

An electron-beam-pumped cadmium sulfide laser was developed in the form of a sealed unit cooled with liquid nitrogen. The electron energy was up to 60 keV, the density of the electron-beam current up to 10 A/cm2, and the laser radiation output up to 40 W. The duration of the output pulses could be varied from 10–6 to 10–10 sec by modulation and scanning the crystal with the electron beam. The pulse repetition frequency of the electron beam was up to 200 Hz and the scanning frequency of the beam was up to 1 GHz.
Consequence of <i>Nramp1</i> Deletion to <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Infection in Mice (1999)

129sv mice functionally deleted of the antimicrobial resistance gene, Nramp1, were found to be as resistant as wild-type mice to infection with the virulent H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as determined by monitoring bacterial growth in major organs and recording host survival times. Death of infected mice of both types was associated with extensive infection-induced pathology in the lungs but not in other major organs. These findings are in keeping with the view that Nramp1 is of limited importance in resistance to tuberculosis in mice.
Simultaneous Determination of Pesticides Using a Four-Band Disposable Optical Capillary Immunosensor (2002)

The development of a four-band capillary optical immunosensor for the simultaneous determination of mesotrione, hexaconazole, paraquat, and diquat is described. Four distinct bands (each corresponding to a different analyte) are created in the internal walls of a plastic capillary by immobilizing protein conjugates of the analytes. To perform the assay, the capillary is filled with a mixture of anti-analyte-specific antibodies together with a standard or sample containing the analyte(s). After a short incubation, a mixture of the appropriate second antibodies labeled with fluorescein is introduced into the capillary. To measure the fluorescence intensity bound onto each band, the capillary was scanned, perpendicularly to its axis, by a laser light beam. Part of the emitted photons were trapped into the capillary walls and waveguided to a photomultiplier placed at the one end of the capillary. The analytical characteristics of the assays of mesotrione, paraquat, diquat, and hexaconazole were as follows: detection limits of 0.04, 0.06, 0.09, and 0.10 ng/mL, respectively; dynamic ranges up to 9, 6, 12, and 15 ng/ mL, respectively, intra- and interassay CVs less than 10%. The analytical characteristics of the assays were comparable with those of the corresponding single-analyte fluoroimmunoassays performed in microtitration wells, proving the ability of the proposed immunosensor for reliable multianalyte determinations. Moreover, the combination of low-cost disposable plastic capillary tubes with the low consumption of reagents, the short assay time, and the multianalyte feature of the proposed immunosensor indicates its potential for environmental analysis.
Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood: <i>An Unusual Case of Infection with</i> Aspergillus nidulans <i>var</i>. echinulatus (1988)

Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus was the sole agent cultured from the left lung, a paraspinal abscess, left ribs, and thoracic vertebral bodies from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease. Hyphal elements were present in histologic sections of lung, vertebral bodies, and infected ribs along with granuloma formation. The patient was treated with two debridement procedures and insertion of a Harrington rod followed by a long course of amphotericin B, flucytosine, and daily white blood cell transfusions.
Leveraging Observation Tools for Instructional Improvement: Exploring Variability in Uptake of Ambitious Instructional Practices (2016)

Background/Context Current efforts to build rigorous teacher evaluation systems has increased interest in standardized classroom observation tools as reliable measures for assessing teaching. However, many argue these instruments can also be used to effect change in classroom practice. This study investigates a model of professional development (PD) built around a tool—the Protocol for Language Arts Teaching Observations (PLATO). Purpose/Objective The study analyzes the extent to which teachers appropriated the instructional practices targeted in the PLATO PD. We also assess factors that may have supported and/or hindered teachers’ uptake of practices. Setting/Participants The study sample includes 27 teachers who participated in PD over 2 years. Teachers worked in six middle schools in a single, large urban district. Intervention The two year PD consisted of 5 daylong sessions each school year, and a 4-day summer institute. All sessions focused on the PLATO scales. Teachers also worked in school-based teams to design lessons featuring the focal practices and attended five school-site meetings with PLATO PD providers. Research Design and Data Collection PLATO served as a set of practices around which to orient PD, as well as a standardized tool for measuring changes in teacher practice. All teachers were observed using PLATO scales throughout the PD and during the subsequent year. We conducted multiple interviews with all participating teachers, which were transcribed and coded by multiple researchers. Case studies of six purposively sampled teachers incorporate interviews, scores, and field notes. Findings/Results: The duration of PD mattered in terms of teachers’ appropriation of PLATO practices. In addition, “foundational practices” supported the appropriation of more ambitious practices targeted in the PLATO PD, including time and behavior management and instructional planning. Finally, our findings suggest stable and collaborative communities support professional learning and growth. Conclusions/Recommendations The findings suggest moving away from “one size fits all models” and differentiating PD for teachers. Effective professional development may not be effective for all teachers. Observation protocols can play a unique role in PD by allowing professional developers to gather standardized information across teachers and to compare changes in teacher practice in systematic ways. PD providers might also use such tools di-agnostically to identify and respond to the heterogeneity in teachers’ practice.
Aids and criminality – A new legal perspective (2000)

In rare display of aberrant behaviour, instances are recorded when HIV positivity in an individual has been used as a weapon of offense in criminal act, and breach of duty of care. Perhaps it is difficult to say if such behaviour was the direct consequence of AIDS, or else it was temporally suppressed latent criminality which surfaced when option of life longevity was closed. In the light of such incidence it needs to be emphasized that certain laws on crime require re-visitation, and certain definitions re-Classification. Admittedly, though law cannot prevent the spread of infection, it can certainly be used to contain it and discourage selfish, reckless and malicious behaviour.
VE-PTP controls blood vessel development by balancing Tie-2 activity (2009)

Vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) is an endothelial-specific receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase that associates with Tie-2 and VE-cadherin. VE-PTP gene disruption leads to embryonic lethality, vascular remodeling defects, and enlargement of vascular structures in extraembryonic tissues. We show here that antibodies against the extracellular part of VE-PTP mimic the effects of VE-PTP gene disruption exemplified by vessel enlargement in allantois explants. These effects require the presence of the angiopoietin receptor Tie-2. Analyzing the mechanism we found that anti-VE-PTP antibodies trigger endocytosis and selectively affect Tie-2-associated, but not VE-cadherin-associated VE-PTP. Dissociation of VE-PTP triggers the activation of Tie-2, leading to enhanced endothelial cell proliferation and enlargement of vascular structures through activation of Erk1/2. Importantly, the antibody effect on vessel enlargement is also observed in newborn mice. We conclude that VE-PTP is required to balance Tie-2 activity and endothelial cell proliferation, thereby controlling blood vessel development and vessel size.
Orion: a power-performance simulator for interconnection networks (2002)

With the prevalence of server blades and systems-on-a-chip (SoCs), interconnection networks are becoming an important part of the microprocessor landscape. However, there is limited tool support available for their design. While performance simulators have been built that enable performance estimation while varying network parameters, these cover only one metric of interest in modern designs. System power consumption is increasingly becoming equally, if not more important than performance. It is now critical to get detailed power-performance tradeoff information early in the microarchitectural design cycle. This is especially so as interconnection networks consume a significant fraction of total system power. It is exactly this gap that the work presented in this paper aims to fill.We present Orion, a power-performance interconnection network simulator that is capable of providing detailed power characteristics, in addition to performance characteristics, to enable rapid power-performance trade-offs at the architectural-level. This capability is provided within a general framework that builds a simulator starting from a microarchitectural specification of the interconnection network. A key component of this construction is the architectural-level parameterized power models that we have derived as part of this effort. Using component power models and a synthesized efficient power (and performance) simulator, a microarchitect can rapidly explore the design space. As case studies, we demonstrate the use of Orion in determining optimal system parameters, in examining the effect of diverse traffic conditions, as well as evaluating new network microarchitectures. In each of the above, the ability to simultaneously monitor power and performance is key in determining suitable microarchitectures.
A CONTAMINANT ICE VISUALIZATION EXPERIMENT IN A GLASS PULSE TUBE (2000)

Results are presented from pulse tube experiments designed to investigate the effect of 400 parts per million water vapor contamination of the helium working gas. The experiments were conducted in a glass pulse tube to enable visualization of ice formation on internal surfaces. Photographs of this ice formation were taken along with simultaneous coldtip temperature and compressor power measurements. Four types of regenerator elements were tested in various combinations: 200- and 400-mesh stainless steel screens, 1.6 mm diameter glass beads, and 1.6 mm thick perforated plastic plates. Internal spacers were also used to provide clear fields of view into the regenerator stack. Substantial water-ice formation was observed at the cold end of the regenerator and on the inside wall of pulse tube; it appeared to be highly porous, like snow, and was seen to accumulate only in a very localized region at the coldest end, despite changing the cold tip temperature across a range of 150 to 235 K. Ice formation degraded pulse tube thermal performance only in cases where screen regenerators were used at the regenerator cold end. It was concluded that flow blockage was the mechanism by which contaminants affected performance; coarse regenerator elements were largely immune over the tested time scale of a few days. Substantially reduced ice formation and minimal performance loss were also observed in repeated tests where the contaminated gas was reused after warming up and melting of the accumulated internal ice. Significant adsorption of the liquid water onto the regenerator was inferred, a process that depleted the gas phase concentration of water.
Influence of Baricity on the Outcome of Spinal Anesthesia With Bupivacaine for Lumbar Spine Surgery (1995)

Plain bupivacaine is superior to hyperbaric bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia for elective lumbar spine surgery.
Removal of lactoferrin from plasma is mediated by binding to low density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein/<i>α</i><sub>2</sub>‐macroglobulin receptor and transport to endosomes (1995)

LDL receptor related protein (LRP) is a ubiquitously expressed cell surface receptor that binds, at least in vitro, a plethora of ligands among them alpha 2-macroglobulin and lactoferrin (Lf). The function of LRP in internalisation and distribution of ligands within cellular metabolism is still unclear. We here investigated by combined ligand- and immunoblotting the participation of LRP/alpha 2MR and its associated protein (RAP) in receptor mediated endocytosis of Lf into rat liver. We found LRP highly enriched in sucrose density gradient fractions around density 1.10 g/ml, previously characterised as endosomal fractions. RAP was concentrated in distinct fractions around density 1.14 g/ml. This separation of RAP from LRP/alpha 2MR is physiologically meaningful as RAP avidly binds to LRP/alpha 2MR and by that shuts off all ligand binding function. In endosomal fractions we found one single binding protein for 125I-labelled Lf. With a specific anti LRP/alpha 2MR antibody and ligand blotting with 125I-labelled RAP this endosomal Lf binding site was verified to be LRP/alpha 2MR. Endosomes did not bind labelled Lf when prepared from rats that received an intravenous injection of Lf (20 mg per animal) 20 min prior to preparation. Surprisingly we immunodetected Lf in these endosomes at a position around 600 kDa, comigrating with LRP/alpha 2MR. We determined Lf binding to be optimal at pH 5.8, what led us to suggest the existence of a very stable LF-LRP/alpha 2MR complex in endosomes. These data support the idea of effective binding of Lf at pH as found in inflamed tissue environment where Lf is reported to be involved in leukocyte mediated inflammation regulation.
Low-cost CMOS pulse generator for UWB systems (2007)

The design of a CMOS ultra-wideband (UWB) pulse generator for impulse radio system transmission in the 3.1–10.6 GHz frequency band is presented. The pulse generator uses an elementary pulse combiner, which appears to be well suited to tune the synthesised pulse. The generator is designed with no inductors or external filter in order to reduce the die area and the production cost. Simulations with a standard 0.13 µm CMOS design kit show a 600 mVpp pulse that satisfies the FCC regulation mask and a power consumption of 2.64 mW with a 100 MHz pulse repetition frequency.
The Emerging Molecular Genetics of Sarcoma Translocations (1995)

Many types of sarcomas are characterized by specific chromosomal translocations which are likely to be of etiologic significance. The recent elucidation of the molecular structure of the several of these translocations has revealed some striking similarities. Nearly all appear to result in the production of novel, tumor-specific chimeric transcription factors. Furthermore, six of the translocations, namely the t(11;22), t(21;22), and t(7;22) of Ewing's sarcoma, the t(12;22) of clear cell sarcoma, the t(12;16) of myxoid liposarcoma, and the t(11;22) of desmoplastic small round cell tumor, achieve this following a peculiar pattern, consisting in the fusion of a gene with an RNA-binding domain (EWS or TLS) with a transcription factor gene (FLI1, ERG, ETV1, ATF-1, CHOP, or WT1). The observation that the different translocation partners of the EWS gene are specifically associated with several distinct types of primitive sarcomas suggests a model in which the translocation partner supplying the DNA-binding domain confers the target specificity of the transcriptional activation mediated by these chimeric proteins, whereas the partner supplying the N-terminal domain and promoter region determines their transactivation potential and expression level. Further analysis of the normal functions and expression patterns of these genes should yield insights into the histogenesis of these different tumor types and into normal tissue development and differentiation. Clinically, our new understanding of the molecular structure of these translocations opens new avenues for molecular diagnosis and investigative therapeutics.
Managing risk and contractual liability. Part 10: Certification (2015)

The series from insurance broker Griffiths & Armour examines certification and warns consultants to consider carefully what they are being asked to sign.
High voltage vacuum insulation : basic concepts and technological practice (1995)

R.V. Latham, Introduction. Part I-Basic Concepts: The Pure Vacuum Gap: R.V. Latham, The Operational Characteristics of Practical HV Gaps. R.V. Latham, Diagnostic Studies of Prebreakdown Electron Pin-Holes. N.S. Xu, The Physical Origin of Prebreakdown Electron Pin-Holes. N.S. Xu and R.V. Latham, Electron Emission Based Breakdown Mechanisms. R.V. Latham, The Point-Plane Field Emitting Diode. R.V. Latham, Microparticle Phenomena. The Bridged Vacuum Gap: H.C. Miller, High Voltage Performance Characteristics of Solid Insulators in Vacuum. G. Blaise and C. Le Gressus, Charge Trapping-Detrapping Processes and Related Breakdown Phenomena. Part II-TechnologicalPractice: A. Maitland, Pulsed Power. A.J. Durand and A.M. Schroff, High Voltage Breakdown in the Electron Gun of Linear Microwave Tubes. H. Padamsee, RF Superconducting Accelerating Cavities. M.F. Rose, HV Insulation in Space-based Device Applications. B. Mazurek, High Voltage Vacuum Insulation at Cryogenic Temperatures. B. GA. Juttner, Vacuum Arc Initiation and Applications. Subject Index.
Spectrum Sharing of Radar and Wi-Fi Networks: The Sensing/Throughput Tradeoff (2015)

The approach to spectrum sharing explored in this paper is based on unilateral action by Wi-Fi networks to prevent unacceptable interference to incumbent search radars (e.g., those operating in S-band). Specifically, we evaluate the ability of a single Wi-Fi network to speedily detect radar operation and to subsequently switch to a clear channel as a means of protecting them. We rely on the opportunistic use of naturally occurring random quiet/idle periods in a Wi-Fi network employing distributed coordination function to detect the presence of a radar using energy detection. We analytically characterize the statistical properties of the idle periods in terms of occurrence and duration in the full buffer and downlink only traffic cases, and verify our analysis using simulations. We then suggest simple modifications to Wi-Fi parameters in order to improve radar detection performance and examine the resulting Wi-Fi throughput costs. The key contribution of this paper is to thoroughly characterize the Wi-Fi throughput versus detection tradeoff implicated by this coexistence mechanism.