gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monitoring Silane Sol-Gel Kinetics with In-Situ Optical Turbidity Scanning and Dynamic Light Scattering (2019)

Organosilanes (e.g., R'-SiOR<sub>3</sub>) provide hydrophobic functionality in thin-film coatings, porous gels, and particles. Compared with tetraalkoxysilanes (SiOR<sub>4</sub>), organosilanes exhibit distinct reaction kinetics and assembly mechanisms arising from steric and electronic properties of the R' group on the silicon atom. Here, the hydrolysis and condensation pathways of n-propyltrimethoxy silane (nPM) and a tri-fluorinated analog of nPM, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl trimethoxy silane (3F), were investigated under aqueous conditions at pH 1.7, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0. Prior to hydrolysis, 3F and nPM are insoluble in water and form a lens at the bottom (3F) or top (nPM) of the solutions. This phase separation was employed to follow reaction kinetics using a Turbiscan instrument to monitor hydrolysis through solubilization of the neat silane lens while simultaneously tracking condensation-induced turbidity throughout the bulk solution. Dynamic light scattering confirmed the silane condensation and particle aggregation processes reported by the turbidity scanning. Employing macroscopic phase separation of the starting reactants from the solvent further allows for control over the reaction kinetics, as the interfacial area can be readily controlled by reaction vessel geometry, namely by controlling the surface area to volume. In-situ turbidity scanning and dynamic light scattering revealed distinct reaction kinetics for nPM and 3F, attributable to the electron withdrawing and donating nature of the fluoro- and organo-side chains of 3F and nPM, respectively.
Shape-selective oxidation catalysed by a Pt-promoted ultramicroporous heteropoly compound (1998)

Pt-promoted porous heteropoly compounds, Pt-CsxH3-xPW12O40, have been synthesized and their micro- and meso-pore size distributions determined by adsorption of variously sized molecules and the Dollimore–Heal N2 isotherm method, respectively. 0.5 wt.% Pt-Cs2.1H0.9PW12O40 showed a Type I N2 adsorption isotherm with a plateau, indicating the presence of nearly uniform micropores; 1.0 wt.% Pt-Cs2.1H0.9PW12O40, 1.5 wt.% Pt-Cs2.1H0.9PW12O40 and 0.5 wt.% Pt-Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 gave Type IV isotherms, as usually observed for mesoporous materials. Adsorption of molecules such as N2 [molecularsize (MS) = 0.36 nm], n-butane (MS = 0.43 nm), isobutane (MS = 0.50 nm), benzene (MS = 0.59 nm), 2,2-dimethylpro-pane (MS = 0.62 nm), and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (MS = 0.75 nm) demonstrated that the pore width of 0.5 wt.%Pt-Cs2.1H0.9PW12O40 was in the range 0.43–0.50 nm and that the external surface area was very small. Owing to the restricted pore size, 0.5 wt.% Pt-Cs2.1H0.9PW12O40 exhibited efficient shape selectivity for catalytic oxidation; smaller molecules such as methane (MS = 0.38 nm) and CO (MS = 0.38 nm) were readily oxidized, whereas benzene (MS = 0.59 nm) was not oxidized. This efficient shape selectivity indicates that Pt is present exclusively in the pores and not on the external surface of 0.5 wt.%Pt-Cs2.1H0.9PW12O40.
Reconstructing eukaryotic NAD metabolism (2003)

In addition to its well-known role as a coenzyme in oxidation-reduction reactions, the distinct role of NAD as a precursor for molecules involved in cell regulation has been clearly established. The involvement of NAD in these regulatory processes is based on its ability to function as a donor of ADP-ribose; NAD synthesis is therefore required to avoid depletion of the intracellular pool. The rising interest in the biosynthetic routes leading to NAD formation and the highly conserved nature of the enzymes involved prompted us to reconstruct the NAD biosynthetic routes operating in distinct eukaryotic organisms. The evidence obtained from biochemical and computational analysis provides a good example of how complex metabolic pathways may evolve. In particular, it is proposed that the development of several NAD biosynthetic routes during evolution has led to partial functional redundancy, allowing a given pathway to freely acquire novel functions unrelated to NAD biosynthesis.
Study on optimal size of repeater insertion with ununiform temperature distribution (2012)

Based on the influence of nonuniform temperature distribution on interconnect delay, an analytical model to estimate the optimal size of repeaters inserting RC interconnect is presented in this paper. In the proposed analytical model the temperature distribution is taken into account and a temperature correction factor is introduced to modify the repeater size and obtain the optimal interconnect delay. Adopting parameters of 90 nm and 65 nm process technology, the proposed model is compared with the model without considering the temperature distribution. Results show that the new model is more accurate and saves the repeater insertion area with maximum values of 15.6% and 36.7% in 90 nm and 65 nm technology, respectively.
Geophysical Methods for Monitoring Temperature Changes in Shallow Low Enthalpy Geothermal Systems (2014)

Low enthalpy geothermal systems exploited with ground source heat pumps or groundwater heat pumps present many advantages within the context of sustainable energy use. Designing, monitoring and controlling such systems requires the measurement of spatially distributed temperature fields and the knowledge of the parameters governing groundwater flow (permeability and specific storage) and heat transport (thermal conductivity and volumetric thermal capacity). Such data are often scarce or not available. In recent years, the ability of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), self-potential method (SP) and distributed temperature sensing (DTS) to monitor spatially and temporally temperature changes in the subsurface has been investigated. We review the recent advances in using these three methods for this type of shallow applications. A special focus is made regarding the petrophysical relationships and on underlying assumptions generally needed for a quantitative interpretation of these geophysical data. We show that those geophysical methods are mature to be used within the context of temperature monitoring and that a combination of them may be the best choice regarding control and validation issues.
Nucleophilic Substitutions at a Carbonyl Carbon Atom (XII). Solvolysis of Methylchloroformate and Its Thioanalogues in $CH_3CN-H_2O$ and $CH_3COCH_3-H_2$ Mixtures (1980)

Solvolysis rate constants for methylchloroformate, (CO)Cl, methylthiono-chloroformate, (CS)Cl, and methylthiolchloroformate, (CO)Cl, have been determined conductometrically in acetone-water and acetonitrile-water mixtures, and activation parameters, and , have been derived. Results show that in water-rich regions the order of rate increases as $$CH_3O(CO)Cl and log() show that the order of rate increase in water-rich region is the results of increase in character. It is concluded that (CO)Cl solvolyzes via mechanism whereas (CO)Cl reacts via and (CS)Cl via intermediate mechanism in water-rich region.
Involvement of plasmids in total degradation of chlorinated biphenyls (1982)

Acinetobacter sp. strain P6 has previously been reported to utilize biphenyl (BP) and chlorinated BPs, with accumulation of corresponding chlorobenzoic acids. Arthrobacter sp. strain M5 was isolated as a contaminant in the culture of Acinetobacter sp. strain P6 growing on 4-chlorobiphenyl and showed properties similar to P6 in the degradation of chlorinated BPs. Both strains harbored an identical plasmid of 53.7 megadaltons. These strains spontaneously lost the ability to utilize BP and 4-chlorobiphenyl with high frequency (4 to 8%) after overnight growth in nutrient broth. The BP- derivatives could not regain the BP-assimilating ability (reversion frequency, less than 10(-9) per cell per generation) but retained the plasmid with small, detectable deletions. BP+ P6 cells grown on BP or benzoate oxidized BP and 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl and produced meta cleavage compounds from the latter compound (lambda max, 434 nm) and also from catechol (lambda max, 375 nm) through the meta pathway. On the other hand, benzoate-grown BP- segregants totally lost the BP-metabolizing activities and oxidized catechol through the ortho pathway. A combined culture of the chlorinated BP-dissimilating P6 or M5 strain (harboring the putative 53.7-megadalton plasmid specifying conversion of chlorobiphenyls to chlorobenzoic acids) and genetically constructed mono- or dichlorobenzoate-utilizing pseudomonads (harboring plasmids encoding complete utilization of mono- or dichlorobenzoates) allowed greater than 98% utilization of mono- and dichlorobiphenyls, with the liberation of equivalent amounts of chloride ions.
Influence of oil quality on field distortion in transformer oil under DC stress (1986)

High resolution electro-optic Kerr measurements are used to study the electric field distribution in transformer oil under DC stress. Significant space charge effects are found in particular in aged oil. Oils with different aromatic contents have been studied but there is no obvious relationship between this content and space charge. The results are discussed in terms of a simple model based on charge carrier generation mainly by dissociation of ion pairs in the bulk of the liquid.
A Four Stack Processor (2000)

Early palliative care is a new intervention model that is increasingly used for patients with advanced chronic degenerative conditions. It has been shown to be effective in improving patients' quality of life and disease awareness and providing guidance and support in deciding on treatment choices, with significant cost savings for the healthcare system due to increased appropriateness of care. Several randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy of early palliative care, in particular in cancer patients and, more recently, also in patients with other advanced life-threatening illnesses. Results have been consistent in showing that early palliative care improves quality of life without negatively affecting survival compared with more aggressive treatment options. Palliative care should be delivered through an integrated approach to care that recognizes the roles of both general practitioners and hospital-based specialists for the early identification of patients who may most benefit from this intervention.
Band ordering in lossless compression of multispectral images (1997)

In this paper, we consider a model of lossless image compression in which each band of a multispectral image is coded using a prediction function involving values from a previously coded band of the compression, and examine how the ordering of the bands affects the achievable compression. We present an efficient algorithm for computing the optimal band ordering for a multispectral image. This algorithm has time complexity O(n/sup -/) for an n-band image, while the naive algorithm takes time /spl Omega/(n!). A slight variant of the optimal ordering problem that is motivated by some practical concerns is shown to be NP-hard, and hence, computationally infeasible, in all cases except for the most trivial possibility. In addition, we report on our experimental findings using the algorithms designed in this paper applied to real multispectral satellite data. The results show that the techniques described here hold great promise for application to real-world compression needs.
On prediction of future observation in growth curve model (1994)

Rao proposed and compared several approaches for predicting future observations in a growth curve model. The assessment of associated prediction efficiency for different prediction methods were evaluated by Cross-Validation Assessment Error (CVAE). He used three data sets, each with a limited number of subjects (13-27) and also with a limited number of repeated measurements (4-7) per subject, to illustrate the prediction methods. In the present paper, we applied four of the prediction methods discussed by Rao, on a data set with a relatively large number of subjects (174) and also with a larger number of measurements (21) per subject, using the polynomial function and log-linear function. We propose to use the restricted cubic spline function as an alternative growth curve model and compare its performance with the polynomial function and log-linear function. It turns out that, at least for larger data sets such as that used in this paper, the prediction methods perform somewhat better when the growth is described by restricted cubic spline function than when the growth is described by polynomial function and log-linear function.
Real-time multiview analysis of soccer matches for understanding interactions between ball and players (2008)

In the last decade, several research efforts have been undertaken in soccer video analysis. This increasing interest is motivated by the possible applications over a wide spectrum of topics: indexing, summarization, video enhancement, team and players statistics, tactic analysis, referee's support, etc. Soccer video analysis requires different challenging tasks: ball and players have to be localized in each frame, tracked over time and, above all, their interactions have to be detected and analyzed. The latter task is fundamental, especially for statistics and referee decision support purposes, but, unfortunately, it has not received adequate attention from the scientific community. In this paper a multi-view system able to understand in real time the interactions between the ball and the players is presented. 3D ball trajectories are extracted by triangulation from multiple cameras and used to detect the interactions between the players and the ball. Inference processes are then introduced to determine the player kicking the ball and to fix the instant of the interaction. The system has been tested during several matches of the Italian first division soccer championship and experimental proofs of its effectiveness are reported.
ACLIPS: A Capacity and Lead Time Integrated Procedure for Scheduling (1998)

We propose a general hierarchical procedure to address real-life job shop scheduling problems. The shop typically produces a variety of products, each with its own arrival stream, its own route through the shop and a given customer due date. The procedure first determines the manufacturing lot sizes for each product. The objective is to minimize the expected lead time, and therefore we model the production environment as a queueing network. Given these lead times, release dates are set dynamically. This in turn creates a time window for every manufacturing order in which the various operations have to be sequenced. The sequencing logic is based on an Extended Shifting Bottleneck Procedure. These three major decisions are next incorporated into a four-phase, hierarchical, operational implementation scheme. A small numerical example is used to illustrate the methodology. The final objective however is to develop a procedure that is useful for large, real-life shops. We therefore report on a real-life application.
Information Retrieval with Verbose Queries (2015)

Recently, the focus of many novel search applications shifted from short keyword queries to verbose natural language queries. Examples include question answering systems and dialogue systems, voice search on mobile devices and entity search engines like Facebook's Graph Search or Google's Knowledge Graph. However the performance of textbook information retrieval techniques for such verbose queries is not as good as that for their shorter counterparts. Thus, effective handling of verbose queries has become a critical factor for adoption of information retrieval techniques in this new breed of search applications. Over the past decade, the information retrieval community has deeply explored the problem of transforming natural language verbose queries using operations like reduction, weighting, expansion, reformulation and segmentation into more effective structural representations. However, thus far, there was not a coherent and organized tutorial on this topic. In this tutorial, we aim to put together various research pieces of the puzzle, provide a comprehensive and structured overview of various proposed methods, and also list various application scenarios where effective verbose query processing can make a significant difference.
Attentive Long Short-Term Preference Modeling for Personalized Product Search (2019)

E-commerce users may expect different products even for the same query, due to their diverse personal preferences. It is well known that there are two types of preferences: long-term ones and short-term ones. The former refers to users’ inherent purchasing bias and evolves slowly. By contrast, the latter reflects users’ purchasing inclination in a relatively short period. They both affect users’ current purchasing intentions. However, few research efforts have been dedicated to jointly model them for the personalized product search. To this end, we propose a novel Attentive Long Short-Term Preference model, dubbed as ALSTP, for personalized product search. Our model adopts the neural networks approach to learn and integrate the long- and short-term user preferences with the current query for the personalized product search. In particular, two attention networks are designed to distinguish which factors in the short-term as well as long-term user preferences are more relevant to the current query. This unique design enables our model to capture users’ current search intentions more accurately. Our work is the first to apply attention mechanisms to integrate both long- and short-term user preferences with the given query for the personalized search. Extensive experiments over four Amazon product datasets show that our model significantly outperforms several state-of-the-art product search methods in terms of different evaluation metrics.
Intracerebroventricular administration of the growth hormone-releasing peptide KP-102 increases food intake in free-feeding rats. (1996)

Recent evidence suggests that growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs) mimic an unidentified native GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)-amplifying hormone. GHRH has been shown to stimulate food intake acting on the central nervous system. The present studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that GHRPs may also potentiate the central effect of GHRH on feeding in free-feeding rats. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of picomole doses of a newly developed GHRP, KP-102, or human GHRH stimulated feeding, but the phenomenon was not reproduced by systemic injection. A prior ICV injection of a GHRH antagonist completely prevented the increase of food intake evoked by GHRH, but this pretreatment did not influence the increase in food intake induced by KP-102. When maximally effective doses of GHRH and KP-102 were co-administered ICV, the amount of food intake increased significantly compared with after ICV injection of a maximum dose of either peptide alone. These findings suggest that GHRPs stimulate food intake via a specific receptor for GHRPs in the central nervous system and amplify the central effect of GHRH on feeding.
Microglia/Macrophage Polarization Dynamics Reveal Novel Mechanism of Injury Expansion After Focal Cerebral Ischemia (2012)

Our results suggest that microglia/macrophages respond dynamically to ischemic injury, experiencing an early "healthy" M2 phenotype, followed by a transition to a "sick" M1 phenotype. These dual and opposing roles of microglia/macrophages suggest that stroke therapies should be shifted from simply suppressing microglia/macrophage toward adjusting the balance between beneficial and detrimental microglia/macrophage responses.
The Avian Egg: Chemistry and Biology (1989)

A survey of what is known about the chemistry and structure of avian eggs and how this information relates to the biosynthesis and biological functions of eggs, and to some aspects of the human uses of eggs is given in this book. Topics include: the chemical and structural aspects of the shell, albumen, vitelline membrane and yolk followed by subjects of more biological, microbiological, nutritional, medical, and commercial interest. A final summary presents some of the experimental procedures employed by the authors in the research laboratory. Tables of useful data, an extensive bibliography and over 150 illustrations are included. The text will be of interest to researchers in zoology, agriculture, poultry science and biochemistry.
Maturation of the reticulocyte <i>in vitro</i> (1984)

The maturation of reticulocytes into erythrocytes was demonstrated in vitro. Reticulocytosis was induced in rats by repeated bleeding or by phenylhydrazine injections. Whole blood samples were then incubated for 2 days at 37 degrees C. Reticulocytes in culture changed from polylobulated, monoconcave or triconcave forms to biconcave disks. During the first 12 h in vitro, the average reticulocyte count decreased from 39% to 12%, and the membrane-bound organelles, ribosomes and exocytic figures in the remaining reticulocytes were markedly diminished. In contrast, the number of red cells containing inclusions of denatured haemoglobin (Heinz bodies) in phenylhydrazine-treated blood did not decline. The reduction in reticulocyte count was not the result of differential cell destruction, since little haemolysis occurred in vitro. During red cell maturation three modes of organelle removal were observed particularly well when mitochondria were followed by cytochrome oxidase cytochemistry. First, some mitochondria degenerated, presumably through autolysis, by swelling, losing cristae and forming small single membrane-bound vesicles. Second, individual mitochondria became enclosed in vacuoles that fused with the plasma membrane and expelled their mitochondria by exocytosis. Third, autophagic vacuoles containing mitochondria, cytosol and membrane fragments fused with existing lysosomes. We conclude that all aspects of normal reticulocyte maturation occur in vitro, independent of the spleen, including the removal of organelles and the assumption of the mature biconcave disk shape.
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae bind respiratory syncytial virus glycoprotein (2007)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is associated with secondary bacterial infections caused by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The pathogenesis of these complications is not completely understood; however, viral infection of respiratory epithelial cells promotes colonization by these bacteria. In the present study, RSV virions associated with NTHi and pneumococci in an inoculum-dependent manner in a fluid-phase binding assay. Adherence of NTHi and S. pneumoniae to epithelial cells transiently expressing RSV G glycoprotein was 2- and 2.2-fold higher, respectively, than adhesion to cells transfected with the vector alone (P <0.01). Furthermore, 4.6- and 6.2-fold larger numbers of NTHi and pneumococci bound to cells expressing a membrane-bound full-length RSV G protein than to cells expressing a truncated non-membrane-bound protein (P <or=0.005). Pre-incubating cells expressing membrane-bound G protein with blocking anti-RSV G antibodies reduced bacterial adherence by 78-84 % (P <or=0.005). These studies demonstrate that RSV G protein is a receptor for both NTHi and S. pneumoniae. Strategies to prevent this interaction may reduce the incidence of secondary bacterial complications of RSV infection.