gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and Optimization of High Aspect Ratio Through-Silicon-Vias Electroplating for 3D Inductor (2018)

In this study, the filling process of high aspect ratio through-silicon-vias (TSVs) under dense conditions using the electroplating method was efficiently achieved and optimized. Pulsed power was used as the experimental power source and the electroplating solution was prepared with various additive concentrations. Designed control variable experiments were conducted to determine the optimized method. In the control variable experiments, the relationship of multiple experimental variables, including current density (0.25⁻2 A/dm²), additive concentration (0.5⁻2 mL/L), and different shapes of TSVs (circle, oral, and square), were systematically analyzed. Considering the electroplating speed and quality, the influence of different factors on experimental results and the optimized parameters were determined. The results showed that increasing current density improved the electroplating speed but decreased the quality. Additives worked well, whereas their concentrations were controlled within a suitable range. The TSV shape also influenced the electroplating result. When the current density was 1.5 A/dm² and the additive concentration was 1 mL/L, the TSV filling was relatively better. With the optimized parameters, 500-μm-deep TSVs with a high aspect ratio of 10:1 were fully filled in 20 h, and the via density reached 70/mm². Finally, optimized parameters were adopted, and the electroplating of 1000-μm-deep TSVs with a diameter of 100 μm was completed in 45 h, which is the deepest and smallest through which a three-dimensional inductor has ever been successfully fabricated.
Efficacy of the Antimicrobial Peptide Nisin in Emulsifying Oil in Water (2000)

ABSTRACT: Nisin is an amphiphilic, antimicrobial peptide that has found application as a preservative in the food industry. Evaluation of nisin as an emulsifier was accomplished by measuring its ability to stabilize dispersed oil droplets in water. This was achieved by monitoring the time‐dependent electrical conductivity of the dispersion. Nisin solutions at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 mg/ml were used to prepare emulsions, by homogenization of a volume of nisin solution and corn oil. While nisin showed significant emulsifying capacity in comparison to Tween® 80 and β‐casein, its emulsifying properties were found to be highly concentration‐ and pH‐dependent.
VLSI-NEMS chip for AFM data storage (1999)

We report the microfabrication of a 32/spl times/32 (1024) 2D cantilever array chip and its electrical testing. It has been designed for ultrahigh-density, high-speed data storage applications using thermomechanical writing and thermal readout in thin polymer film storage media. The fabricated chip is the first VLSI-NEMS (NanoEMS) for nanotechnological applications. For electrical and thermal stability, the levers are made of silicon and the heater/sensor element is defined as a lower doped platform with the tip on top. Freestanding cantilevers are obtained with surface micromachining techniques, which result in better mechanical stability and heat sinking of the chip than with bulk micromachining releasing techniques. Two wiring levels interconnect the cantilevers for a time-multiplexed row/column addressing scheme. Two different versions for the array interconnections have been implemented, one with an additional Schottky diode in series with the lever to reduce crosstalk between levers, and one without diodes to investigate various addressing schemes.
Antibodies to rabbit progesterone receptor: crossreaction with human receptor. (1981)

Progesterone receptor from rabbit uterine cytosol was purified to a specific activity of approximately 2 nmol of bound hormone per mg of protein. A goat was immunized with this preparation and, after two injections of 0.7-0.8 nmol, yielded antireceptor antibodies. The antiserum reacted with both cytosolic and nuclear rabbit progesterone receptor and also with progesterone receptor from other rabbit tissues (vagina and pituitary). A crossreaction was observed with progesterone receptors from other mammalian, especially human, tissues (cytosolic receptor from rat and guinea pig uterus, cytosolic receptor from human breast cancer, and nuclear receptor from human endometrium). On the contrary, there was no interaction with a nonmammalian receptor (chicken oviduct progesterone receptor). The antibodies did not crossreact with other rabbit steroid receptors (uterine estradiol receptor and liver glucocorticoid receptor) or with nonreceptor progesterone-binding proteins (transcortin from plasma and uteroglobin from uterine fluid).
Fibronectin and collagens modulate the proliferation and morphology of astroglial cells in culture (1987)

The proliferation and morphology of astroglia derived from neonatal rat cortex and cultured in serum-free medium on either untreated, or fibronectin-, or collagen I-, or collagen IV-treated substrates were investigated using tritiated thymidine autoradiography and immunocytochemical staining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and actin. Modification of culture substratum with fibronectin enhanced the rate of proliferation of astroglial cells and increased the proportion of process-bearing astroglial cells. The distribution of actin and patterns of adhesion observed were typical for motile cells. Both types of collagen decreased the proportion of astroglial cells undergoing mitosis. Many of the astroglial cells exhibited a flat morphology and displayed prominent stress fibres in the cell body and processes. The data suggest that specific interactions with the substratum modulate the proliferation and morphological behaviour of astroglial cells.
Oxidative stress in toxicology: established mammalian and emerging piscine model systems. (1998)

Interest in the toxicological aspects of oxidative stress has grown in recent years, and research has become increasingly focused on the mechanistic aspects of oxidative damage and cellular responses in biological systems. Toxic consequences of oxidative stress at the subcellular level include lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage to DNA and proteins. These effects are often used as end points in the study of oxidative stress. Typically, mammalian species have been used as models to study oxidative stress and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying cellular damage and response, largely because of the interest in human health issues surrounding oxidative stress. However, it is becoming apparent that oxidative stress also affects aquatic organisms exposed to environmental pollutants. Research in fish has demonstrated that mammalian and piscine systems exhibit similar toxicological and adaptive responses to oxidative stress. This suggests that piscine models, in addition to traditional mammalian models, may be useful for further understanding the mechanisms underlying the oxidative stress response.
Petroleum Reservoir Simulation Coupling Flow and Deformation (1998)

Abstract The paper presents a discussion on the issues related to the interaction between rock deformation and multiphase fluid flow behaviour in hydrocarbon reservoir simulations. Pore pressure and temperature changes resulting from production and fluid injection induce rock deformations which should be accounted for in reservoir modelling. Reservoir rock deformation can affect the permeability and pore compressibility of the rock. In turn, the pore pressures will vary due to changes in the pore volume. The deformation of the surrounding non-reservoir rocks (under-, side- and over- burdens) should also be taken into account in order to assess their effects on the overall reservoir compressibility as well as the loads transmitted to the reservoir by the weight of the overburden. The paper presents the formulation of Biot's equations for multi-phase fluid flow in deformable porous media. Based on this formulation, it is argued that rock deformation and multi- phase fluid flow are fully-coupled processes which should be accounted for simultaneously. However, the coupled equations can be decoupled to a classical hydraulic diffusivity equation for pre-defined simple stress paths. In the general case, by contrasting Biot's equations and its finite element discretization to the corresponding multiphase fluid flow equations used in classical reservoir simulations, it is shown that reservoir simulators neglect or simplify important geomechanical aspects that can have impact on reservoir productivity. This is attributed to the fact that the only rock mechanical parameter involved in reservoir simulations is the pore compressibility. This parameter is not sufficient in representing aspects of rock behaviour such as stress path dependency and dilatancy, which require a full constitutive relation. Furthermore, the pore pressure changes due to the applied loads from the non-pay rock cannot be accounted for by simply adjusting the pore compressibility. Example problems are shown in order to illustrate the importance of coupling flow and deformation in reservoir simulators. P. 63
Combined Effects of Manganese, Iron, Copper, and Dopamine on Oxidative DNA Damage (2011)

Manganese (Mn) damages the central nervous system and causes Parkinson's disease (PD)-like syndrome called manganism. Abnormal accumulation of Mn and iron (Fe) is observed in the basal nuclei of patients with PD. Dopamine induces oxidative DNA damage in the presence of Fe or copper (Cu) in vitro. Therefore, an Mn-induced neural disorder may involve combined actions of Mn, Fe/Cu, and catecholamines. Here we investigated the combined effects of Mn(II) on the DNA damage induced by dopamine and either Fe(III) or Cu(II). Mn(II) enhanced the formation of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) induced by dopamine and Fe(III)/Cu(II), whereas Mn(II) did not induce 8-oxodG formation in the absence of Fe(III)/Cu(II). Mn(II) accelerated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in the dopamine-Fe(III)/Cu(II) system. Furthermore, Mn(II) decreased superoxide anion radicals (O2•-) generated in the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. These results indicate that Mn(II)-mediated enhancement of DNA damage is caused by facilitated conversion of O2•- to H2O2. In addition, Mn(II) accelerated the formation of aminochrome, an oxidized dopamine product, in the presence of Cu(II). This reaction may have involved Mn(III) accompanied by H2O2 production from O2•-, suggesting a mechanism for Mn-induced oxidative stress on dopaminergic neurons through the combined actions of Mn, Fe, Cu, and dopamine.
Optimized End-Stacking Provides Specificity of <i>N</i>-Methyl Mesoporphyrin IX for Human Telomeric G-Quadruplex DNA (2012)

N-methyl mesoporphyrin IX (NMM) is exceptionally selective for G-quadruplexes (GQ) relative to duplex DNA and, as such, has found a wide range of applications in biology and chemistry. In addition, NMM is selective for parallel versus antiparallel GQ folds, as was recently demonstrated in our laboratory. Here, we present the X-ray crystal structure of a complex between NMM and human telomeric DNA dAGGG(TTAGGG)(3), Tel22, determined in two space groups, P2(1)2(1)2 and P6, at 1.65 and 2.15 Å resolution, respectively. The former is the highest resolution structure of the human telomeric GQ DNA reported to date. The biological unit contains a Tel22 dimer of 5'-5' stacked parallel-stranded quadruplexes capped on both ends with NMM, supporting the spectroscopically determined 1:1 stoichiometry. NMM is capable of adjusting its macrocycle geometry to closely match that of the terminal G-tetrad required for efficient π-π stacking. The out-of-plane N-methyl group of NMM fits perfectly into the center of the parallel GQ core where it aligns with potassium ions. In contrast, the interaction of the N-methyl group with duplex DNA or antiparallel GQ would lead to steric clashes that prevent NMM from binding to these structures, thus explaining its unique selectivity. On the basis of the biochemical data, binding of NMM to Tel22 does not rely on relatively nonspecific electrostatic interactions, which characterize most canonical GQ ligands, but rather it is hydrophobic in nature. The structural features observed in the NMM-Tel22 complex described here will serve as guidelines for developing new quadruplex ligands that have excellent affinity and precisely defined selectivity.
Low complexity, Low memory EMS algorithm for non-binary LDPC codes (2007)

International audience
Translating microscopic optical nonlinearity into macroscopic optical nonlinearity: the role of chromophore chromophore electrostatic interactions (1998)

It has been commonly assumed that electrostatic interactions between chromophores that exhibit large second hyperpolarizabilities β can be neglected in estimating electro-optic and second-harmonic coefficients, which can be achieved by electric-field poling of chromophore-containing polymers. Macroscopic optical nonlinearity has been assumed to scale as μβ/molecular weight, where μ is the dipole moment. Synthesis of chromophores with μβ values of the order of 10-44 esu has led to expectations of electro-optic coefficients for organic materials that substantially exceed those of lithium niobate. Expected values have not been easily realized; thus the utility of the above-mentioned scaling factor or chromophore figure of merit has been brought into question. We demonstrate that macroscopic optical nonlinearities are attenuated at high chromophore loading for chromophores characterized by electrostatic interactions that, at close approach distances, exceed thermal energies (kT) and poling energies (μF), where F is the effective electric field.
Sequential multistep reactions catalyzed by polymer-anchored homogeneous catalysts (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSequential multistep reactions catalyzed by polymer-anchored homogeneous catalystsCharles U. Pittman Jr. and Larry R. SmithCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 7, 1749–1754Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1975https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00840a022RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views251Altmetric-Citations76LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (754 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
FinTechs and the Market for Financial Analysis (2019)

Hundreds of equity market intelligence financial technology firms (FinTechs) have formed in the last decade. We assemble novel data to describe their capabilities, users, and consequences. Our data suggest that these FinTechs i) aggregate many data sources, including nontraditional ones (e.g., Twitter, blogs), and synthesize such data using artificial intelligence to make investment recommendations, and ii) change Internet users’ information discovery by serving as substitutes for traditional information providers. We evaluate some nontraditional data and find evidence suggesting that such data contain valuable information or “crowd wisdom” that links to informational efficiency. Overall, our findings are consistent with this innovation benefiting investors and markets.
Silicone foams stabilized by surfactants generated in situ from allyl-functionalized PEG (2010)

Silicone foams normally require the use of agents or chemical reactions that blow gases, and a surfactant for bubble stabilization. We have discovered that the presence of monoallyl-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) leads to large increases in the viscosity of silicone pre-elastomers such that stable foams form with bubbles mostly being generated by coalescence of dissolved gases during the normal degassing process. Although silicone elastomer cure may take up to 24 h for completion, the foams remain stable during this time when appropriate concentrations of allyl-PEG and curing catalyst are used. No traditional surfactant is required, but PEG-modified silicone surfactants are formed in situ by covalent grafting of the PEG to the silicone matrix, leading to the increase in viscosity. The presence of allyl-PEG decreases elastomer cure efficiency, but this is readily overcome, if necessary, to generate more rigid foams by the use of additional platinum catalyst, in which case foaming occurs both due to loss of dissolved gases and to hydrogen evolution. Foam stabilization with appropriate allyl-PEG compounds is a consequence of an initial viscosity increase.
The anatomy and physiology of the terminal thoracic duct and ostial valve in health and disease: potential implications for intervention (2018)

The thoracic duct (TD) transports lymph drained from the body to the venous system in the neck via the lymphovenous junction. There has been increased interest in the TD lymph (including gut lymph) because of its putative role in the promotion of systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction during acute and critical illness. Minimally invasive TD cannulation has recently been described as a potential method to access TD lymph for investigation. However, marked anatomical variability exists in the terminal segment and the physiology regarding the ostial valve and terminal TD is poorly understood. A systematic review was conducted using three databases from 1909 until May 2017. Human and animal studies were included and data from surgical, radiological and cadaveric studies were retrieved. Sixty-three articles from the last 108 years were included in the analysis. The terminal TD exists as a single duct in its terminal course in 72% of cases and 13% have multiple terminations: double (8.5%), triple (1.8%) and quadruple (2.2%). The ostial valve functions to regulate flow in relation to the respiratory cycle. The patency of this valve found at the lymphovenous junction opening, is determined by venous wall tension. During inspiration, central venous pressure (CVP) falls and the valve cusps collapse to allow antegrade flow of lymph into the vein. During early expiration when CVP and venous wall tension rises, the ostial valve leaflets cover the opening of the lymphovenous junction preventing antegrade lymph flow. During chronic disease states associated with an elevated mean CVP (e.g. in heart failure or cirrhosis), there is a limitation of flow across the lymphovenous junction. Although lymph production is increased in both heart failure and cirrhosis, TD lymph outflow across the lymphovenous junction is unable to compensate for this increase. In conclusion the terminal TD shows marked anatomical variability and TD lymph flow is controlled at the ostial valve, which responds to changes in CVP. This information is relevant to techniques for cannulating the TD, with the aid of minimally invasive methods and high resolution ultrasonography, to enable longitudinal physiology and lymph composition studies in awake patients with both acute and chronic disease.
Inpatient care for septicemia or sepsis: a challenge for patients and hospitals. (2011)

Septicemia and sepsis are serious bloodstream infections that can rapidly become life-threatening. They arise from various infections, including those of the skin, lungs, abdomen, and urinary tract. Patients with these conditions are often treated in a hospital’s intensive care unit. Early aggressive treatment increases the chance of survival. In 2008, an estimated $14.6 billion was spent on hospitalizations for septicemia, and from 1997 through 2008, the inflation-adjusted aggregate costs for treating patients hospitalized for this condition increased on average annually by 11.9%. Despite high treatment expenditures, septicemia and sepsis are often fatal. Those who survive severe sepsis are more likely to have permanent organ damage, cognitive impairment, and physical disability. Septicemia is a leading cause of death. The purpose of this report is to describe the most recent trends in care for hospital inpatients with these diagnoses.
Breeding Anthuriums in Hawaii (1997)

A brief description of the history of Hawai'i's Anthurium industry is followed by a discussion of the origin of many of the existing cultivars. Secrets of successful plant breeding are disclosed along the way, making the book especially valuable to growers, and scientific data have been condensed for greater accessibility.
A Novel Leg-Shaking <i>Drosophila</i> Mutant Defective in a Voltage-Gated K<sup>+</sup> Current and Hypersensitive to Reactive Oxygen Species (2000)

1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride (methyl viologen; paraquat), an herbicide that causes depletion of NADPH and generates excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo, has been used to screen for ROS-sensitive Drosophila mutants. One mutant so isolated, named quiver(1) (qvr(1)), has a leg-shaking phenotype. Mutants of the Shaker (Sh), Hyperkinetic (Hk), and ether a go-go (eag) genes, which encode different K(+) channel subunits that regulate the A-type K(+) current (I(A)) in different ways, exhibit leg shaking under ether anesthesia and have heightened metabolic rates and shortened life spans. We found that Sh, Hk, and eag mutant flies were all hypersensitive to paraquat. Double-mutant combinations among the three channel mutations and qvr(1) had drastically enhanced sensitivity to paraquat. Synaptic transmission at the larval neuromuscular junction was increased in the qvr(1) mutant to the level of Sh mutants. Similar to eag Sh double mutants, double mutants of eag and qvr(1) showed striking enhancement in synaptic transmission and a wings-down phenotype, the hallmarks of extreme hyperexcitability. Voltage-clamp experiments demonstrated that the qvr(1) mutation specifically disrupted the Sh-dependent I(A) current without altering the other currents [I(K), Ca(2+)-activated fast (I(CF)) and slow (I(CS)) currents, and I(Ca)] in larval muscles. Several deficiency strains of the qvr locus failed to complement qvr(1) and confirmed that ether-induced leg shaking, reduced I(A) current, and paraquat hypersensitivity map to the same locus. Our results suggest that the qvr gene may encode a novel K(+) channel-related polypeptide and indicate a strong link between a voltage-activated K(+) current and vulnerability to ROS.