gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparing leakage currents and dark count rates in Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (2002)

This letter presents an experimental study of dark count rates and leakage current in Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (GM APD). Experimental results from circular diodes over a range of areas (20–500 μm diam), exhibit leakage current levels orders of magnitude higher than anticipated from dark count rates. Measurements of the area and peripheral components of the leakage current indicate that the majority of the current in reverse bias does not enter the high-field region of the diode, and therefore, does not contribute to the dark count rate. Extraction of the area leakage current term from large-area devices (500 μm) corresponds well with the measured dark count rates on smaller devices (20 μm). Finally, the work indicates how dark count measurements represent 10−18 A levels of leakage current detection in GM APDs.
Surface enhancement in near-field Raman spectroscopy (2000)

The intensity and selection rules of Raman spectra change as a metal surface approaches the sample. We study the distance dependence of the new Raman modes with a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM). The metal-coated NSOM probe provides localized illumination of a metal surface with good distance control. Spectra are measured as the probe approaches the surface, and the changes elucidated with difference spectra. Comparisons to a theoretical model for Raman excitation by evanescent light near the probe tip indicate that while the general trends are well described, the data show oscillations about the model.
A direct PCR detection method for Clostridium tyrobutyricum spores in up to 100 milliliters of raw milk (1995)

A direct detection method for Clostridium tyrobutyricum spores in up to 100 ml of raw milk is presented. The bacterial spores are concentrated by centrifugation after chemical extraction of the milk components. The vegetative cells are selectively lysed, and their DNA is digested and washed away. Afterwards, the DNA is liberated from the spores by microwave treatment. For the identification of the C. tyrobutyricum DNA, a two-step PCR method with two nested pairs of primers is used. The primers were derived from the 16S-23S rRNA spacer region of C. tyrobutyricum, and the specificity of each of them for C. tyrobutyricum is demonstrated. The detection limit can be estimated to be between 3 and 30 spores in 100 ml of raw milk.
Etching on silicon membranes for sub-0.25-μm x-ray mask manufacturing (1993)

A multilayer resist (MLR) scheme for the manufacturing of sub-0.25-μm x-ray masks has been developed. MLR facilitates the generation of high-aspect ratio patterns by electron beam lithography and dry etching. The top three layers are standard MLR structures: a thin imaging resist layer, a thin intermediate layer, and a thick organic underlayer. Previously, others have used spin-on-glass or silicon nitride for the intermediate layer [R. Viswanathan, R. Acosta, D. Seeger, H. Voelker, A. D. Wilson, I. Babich, J. Maldonado, J. Warlaumont, O. Vlad’imirsky, F. Hohn, D. Crockatt, and R. Fair, Microelectron. Eng. 9, 93 (1989). A. Huberger, Microelectron. Eng. 5, 3 (1986)]. Sufficiently, thin low-stress tantalum or tungsten was utilized to provide oxygen reactive-ion etching resistance. The following layers are utilized under the MLR stack: another thin tantalum or tungsten etch stop layer; a thin gold plating base; and finally a 2.5-μm silicon membrane. Low image size bias dry etch processes that were successfully developed and performed on the thin x-ray mask membranes using a specially modified Plasma-Therm model 720 etch tool capable of automatically handling x-ray masks are described. Also, studies of membrane surface temperature as a function of plasma conditions are presented. Other dry etch processing issues that are driven by the uniqueness of processing on a membrane substrate and by the uniqueness of the x-ray mask fabrication process are discussed. Lastly, mask pattern distortion issues associated with MLR processing are examined.
Identifying Relevant Temporal Expressions for Real-World Events (2012)

Event detection is an interesting task for many applications, for instance: surveillance, scientific discovery, and Topic De-tection and Tracking. Numerous works have focused on de-tecting events from unstructured text and determining what features constitutes an event, e.g., key terms or named enti-ties. Although most works are able to find interesting time associated to an event, there is a lack in research on de-termining the relevance of time for an event. In this paper, we propose a method for automatically extracting real-world events from unstructured text documents. In addition, we propose a machine learning approach to identifying relevant time (i.e., temporal expressions) for the extracted events using three classes of features: sentence-based, document-based and corpus-specific features. Through experiments using real-world data and 3,500 manually judged relevance pairs, we show that our proposed approach is able to identify the relevant time of events with good accuracy.
Novel BiST methods for parametric test in wireless transceivers (2010)

This paper describes RF built-in self test (BiST) techniques to test the performance of a RF CMOS integrated wireless transceiver using on-chip digital resources as both the stimuli and response analyzer. Using a defect-oriented approach, key RF blocks as well as the overall functionality and performance of the device are analyzed using a combination of block level and loopback testing. Using these methods, contributors to error vector magnitude (EVM) such as amplifier gain, phase noise, and linearity performance (IP3) can be estimated and collected to predict the functional performance of a digital radio processor (DRP) for wireless applications.
Amphiphilic Networks. 9. Surface Characterization (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAmphiphilic Networks. 9. Surface CharacterizationDongkyu Park, Balazs Keszler, Vassilios Galiatsatos, Joseph P. Kennedy, and Buddy D. RatnerCite this: Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8, 2595–2601Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00112a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00112a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views240Altmetric-Citations42LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Identification of a Putative Autocrine Bone Morphogenetic Protein-Signaling Pathway in Human Ovarian Surface Epithelium and Ovarian Cancer Cells (2003)

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGFbeta superfamily of cytokines that are involved in development, differentiation, and disease. In an analysis of normal ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) and ovarian cancer (OC) cells, we observed BMP4 mRNA expression and found that primary OC cells produce mature BMP4. In addition, each member of the downstream signaling pathway was expressed in primary OSE and OC cells. Smad1 was phosphorylated and underwent nuclear translocation in normal OSE and OC cells upon treatment with BMP4. Interestingly, the BMP target genes ID1 and ID3 were up-regulated 10- to 15-fold in primary OC cells, compared with a 2- to 3-fold increase in normal OSE. The growth of several primary OC cells was relatively unaltered by BMP4 treatment; however, long-term BMP4 treatment of primary OC cells resulted in decreased cell density as well as increased cell spreading and adherence. These data demonstrate the existence and putative function of BMP signaling in normal OSE and OC cells, and thus the continued examination of BMP4 signaling in the regulation of these two processes will be critical to further our current understanding of the role of BMP biology in OC pathogenesis.
A system for stereo viewing (1971)

This paper describes a system for the viewing of stereoscopic pairs produced on a CRT. The system is cheap and reliable and conveniently allows several viewers to simultaneously perceive 3D objects in depth. It has proved to be very useful as an aid to understanding unfamiliar structures generated on the display and provides a powerful tool particularly when coupled with hidden line removal.
Notch signaling promotes astrogliogenesis via direct CSL‐mediated glial gene activation (2002)

In the developing central nervous system (CNS), Notch signaling preserves progenitor pools and inhibits neurogenesis and oligodendroglial differentiation. It has recently been postulated that Notch instructively drives astrocyte differentiation. Whether the role of Notch signaling in promoting astroglial differentiation is permissive or instructive has been debated. We report here that the astrogliogenic role of Notch is in part mediated by direct binding of the Notch intracellular domain to the CSL DNA binding protein, forming a transcriptional activation complex onto the astrocyte marker gene, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In addition, we found that, in CSL-/- neural stem cell cultures, astrocyte differentiation was delayed but continued at a normal rate once initiated, suggesting that CSL is involved in regulating the onset of astrogliogenesis. Importantly, although the classical CSL-dependent Notch signaling pathway is intact and able to activate the Notch canonical target promoter during the neurogenic phase, it is unable to activate the GFAP promoter during neurogenesis. Therefore, the effect of Notch signaling on target genes is influenced by cellular context in regulation of neurogenesis and gliogenesis.
30nm enhancement-mode In<inf>0.53</inf>Ga<inf>0.47</inf>As MOSFETs on Si substrates grown by MOCVD exhibiting high transconductance and low on-resistance (2012)

This paper describes the development of 30nm enhancement-mode In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.53</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.47</sub> As MOSFETs grown on Si substrates featuring Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> /InAlAs composite gate stack with extrinsic transconductance of 1700mS/mm at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ds</sub> =0.5V and on-resistance of 157 Ω·μm. A low-temperature process of post metallization annealing has been developed to achieve enhancement-mode operation. Capacitance-Voltage measurements and TEM observation were carried out to investigate the mechanisms of threshold voltage shift. Furthermore, device scalability down to 30nm is reported.
1931 tested seeds / (1931)

Dwarf Wax Varieties of all wax bean varieties. Unrivalled Wax, early semi-round podded, fleshy and attractive, very fine for market gardeners. Everbearing Wax, later than the above but of the same good quality, very large podded, bear very heavy and for a long period of time Pencil Podded Wax, perfectly round podded straight and of good quality, stringless. Round Pod Stringless Kidney Wax, (Brittle wax), strictly stringless, round podded, medium early. Burpee's Kidney Wax, like above, he bearing but not quite as stringless and of flatter shape. Da vis Wax, very productive fine appe; beans for main crop. llodson Wax, a late variety, very hardy and productive. Rust Proof Wax, a well known variety. ... Sure Crop Wax, an improvement on the above. Improved Golden Wax, a good rust-resistant variety. Dwarf Green Varieties Black Valentine, the earliest round podded and fine dark green variety for market gardeners.15 Stringless Black Valentine, (NEW) all the good qualities of the above but strictly Stringless.20 BEETS Early Wonder (Special , early globe shaped, short top and small tap root, dark red, fine for market gardeners. Boston Crosby, fine uniform globe shaped, a selection of the above. Detroit Dark Red Select, our particular strain of this variety has given perfect satis faction to the Milwaukee gardeners for sev eral years, due to uniformity of globe shape and deep red color. Improved Detroit Dark Red NEW i, origin ators strain of a selection on the above, free of white zones. Detroit Dark Red. regular strain. Extra Early Egyptian, the earliest variety but flat shaped. Crosby's Egyptian, an old standard early globe shaped variety. Improved Early Model, a selected stock of this old well known variety. Nutting's Early Gem. early, small top, ma ture evenly. Ideal, medium early, globe shape, very small tap root. Special Blood Turnip, improved strain of the old Blood Turnip varieties. Oval Gem. the deepest blood red Beet, but of long or oval shape.
[A so-called atypical adenoma of the thyroid in an endemic struma area]. (1986)

In view of the benign clinical course of the atypical adenoma and the high diagnostic accuracy of our frozen sections we feel that subtotal strumectomy with in toto removal of the adenoma and closely spaced follow-ups constitutes an adequate treatment of this thyroid neoplasm. In our opinion primary lobectomy means unnecessarily exposing a disproportionately high percentage of patients to the higher complication risk of this more radical surgery. From 1977 to 1982 there were 47 cases of atypical adenoma among our patients. The ratio men: women was 1:3.7, the mean age of the patients was 44 years. The patients underwent subtotal strumectomy. In the period under review "atypical adenoma" diagnosed on the basis of frozen sections turned out to be carcinoma in 5 instances. The follow-up period of the 47 patients that underwent surgery ranges from 1 1/2 to 7 years. None of the patients has had tumor regrowth so far.
Determination of highly resolved particle size distributions in the submicron range by ultracentrifugation (1992)

Abstract Two methods, the H 2 O/D 2 O‐analysis and the Coupling‐Particle‐Size‐Distribution(PSD)‐Technique, to determine the distribution of the density and the sire of sub‐micron particles by means of an ultracentrifuge, are outlined. Either of them base only on Stokes' equations and on Mie's light scattering theory. Because of the possibility to measure seven samples simultaneously and to raise the rotor speed exponentially from 0 to 40,000 rpm, particle diameters from 10 to 3000 nm can be measured at high resolution. The H 2 O/D 2 O‐analysis supplies a density distribution and also a size distribution, provided the sample is chemically homogeneous. The Coupling‐PSD‐Technique allows to determine highly resolved size distributions of extremely broad distributed dispersions by only one single run. Several examples applying either method are given.
Generating Domain-Specific Ontology from Common-Sense Semantic Network for Target-Specific Sentiment Analysis (2010)

Target or feature specific sentiment classification of a product review consists of extracting opinion or sentiment expressing phrases, extracting the tar-gets (features in a product domain), computing the semantic orientation of the sentiment expressing phrase and assigning the sentiment expression to the product feature it targets. Each of the tasks is funda-mental to the problem of target-specific sentiment analysis. In this paper, we present an algorithm to automatically build a domain-specific ontology (a graph consisting of product features and seman-tic relations between them) which can be used as a lexical resource for performing target-specific sen-timent analysis in real-time. We use ConceptNet (a large semantic network of commonsense knowl-edge) for extracting domain-specific ontology. We evaluate our approach on publicly available pre-annotated dataset from phone and camera domain. The advantages of our approach are that it uses a resource which is created by volunteers on the In-ternet and not by trained or specialized knowledge engineers. Another advantage is the product fea-ture lexicon that is created is in the form of se-mantically rich domain ontology rather than a flat list of phrases. We investigate the usefulness of commonsense knowledge for generating domain-specific ontology for feature extraction task in senti-ment analysis application and conclude that the ap-proach is feasible. 1
Growth/differentiation factor‐5: a candidate therapeutic agent for periodontal regeneration? A review of pre‐clinical data (2010)

GDF-5 appears a promising therapeutic agent for periodontal wound healing/regeneration as GDF-5 supports/accelerates bone and tendon/ligament formation in several musculoskeletal settings including periodontal tissues.
On a class of computationally efficient, rapidly converging, generalized NLMS algorithms (1996)

Over the last decade, a certain computationally efficient, rapidly converging adaptive filtering algorithm has been independently discovered many times. The algorithm can be viewed as a generalization of the normalized LMS (NLMS) algorithm that updates on the basis of multiple input signal vectors. This article compares and discusses the different approaches to and embellishments of the basic algorithm, and contrasts the various interpretations from different perspectives.
Progress of the Swedish-Australian research collaboration on uncooled smart IR sensors (1998)

Progress is reported on the development of uncooled microbolometer IR focal plane detector arrays (IRFPDA) under a research collaboration between the Swedish Defence Research Establishment (FOA), and the Defence Science and Technology Organization (DSTO), Australia. The paper describes current focal plane detector arrays designed by Electro-optic Sensor Design (EOSD) for readout circuits developed by FOA. The readouts are fabricated in 0.8 micrometer CMOS, and have a novel signal conditioning and 16 bit parallel ADC design. The arrays are post-processed at DSTO on wafers supplied by FOA. During the past year array processing has been carried out at a new microengineering facility at DSTO, Salisbury, South Australia. A number of small format 16 X 16 arrays have been delivered to FOA for evaluation, and imaging has been demonstrated with these arrays. A 320 X 240 readout with 320 parallel 16 bit ADCs has been developed and IRFPDAs for this readout have been fabricated and are currently being evaluated.
Vapor‐liquid equilibria in multicomponent aqueous solutions of volatile weak electrolytes (1978)

Abstract A molecular‐thermodynamic correlation is established for calculating vapor‐liquid equilibria in aqueous solutions containing one or more volatile electrolytes: ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen cyanide. The correlation is similar to that presented in 1975, but the domain of application has been increased. The present correlation holds from about 0° to 170°C and for ionic strengths of about 6 molal; for the weak electrolytes considered here, this corresponds to total concentrations between 10 and 20 molal. To represent activities at these high concentrations, activity coefficients are expressed as a function of molality by Pitzer's equation. Required parameters are estimated from data reduction or from correlations. Special attention is given to the ternary systems ammonia‐carbon dioxide‐water and ammonia‐hydrogen sulfide‐water. Calculated equilibria are in satisfactory agreement with the severely limited experimental data now available.
Human Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor Is Colocalized With Integrins α <sub>v</sub> β <sub>3</sub> and α <sub>v</sub> β <sub>5</sub> on the Cardiomyocyte Sarcolemma and Upregulated in Dilated Cardiomyopathy (2001)

Background The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) was identified as a common cellular receptor for both viruses, but its biological and pathogenic relevance is uncertain. Knowledge of CAR localization in the human cardiovascular system is limited but important with respect to CAR-dependent viral infections and gene transfer using CAR-dependent viral vectors. Methods and Results Explanted failing hearts from 13 patients (8 with dilated cardiomyopathy [DCM] and 5 with other heart diseases [non-DCM]) and normal donor hearts (n=7) were investigated for the expression levels and subcellular localization of CAR and the adenovirus coreceptors α v β 3 and α v β 5 integrins. CAR immunoreactivity was very low in normal and non-DCM hearts, whereas strong CAR signals occurred at the intercalated discs and sarcolemma in 5 of the 8 DCM hearts (62.5%); these strong signals colocalized with both integrins. In all hearts, CAR was detectable in subendothelial layers of the vessel wall, but not on the luminal endothelial surface, and on interstitial cells. Human CAR (hCAR) expressed in rat cardiomyocytes was targeted to cell-cell contacts, which resembled CAR localization in DCM hearts and resulted in 15-fold increased adenovirus uptake. Conclusions Low hCAR abundance may render normal human myocardium resistant to CAR-dependent viruses, whereas re-expression of hCAR, such as that observed in DCM, may be a key determinant of cardiac susceptibility to viral infections. Asymmetric expression of hCAR in the vessel wall may be an important determinant of adenovirus tropism in humans. hCAR subcellular localization in human myocardium and hCAR targeting to cell-cell contacts in cardiomyocyte cultures suggest that hCAR may play a role in cell-cell contact formation.
A 100-Msps sampling analog-to-digital converter chip set (1992)

The authors describe a 100-Msps sampling analog-to-digital converter (ADC) chip set that can be used for a wideband high-resolution digital storage oscilloscope (DSO). A high conversion rate and a 500-MHz sampling bandwidth with an 8-b effective resolution are obtained by a combination of three Si-bipolar chips and two GaAs-diode chips. the ADC uses a pipelined two-step subranging architecture that uses two cascade wideband track-and-hold (T/H) circuits. The design features of the T/H circuits and the residual amplifier are also presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
[Rectification of calcium-activated potassium channels in hypothalamic neurons]. (2001)

BK in hypothalamic neurons had rectification properties, it might play a role in neuronal excitation and stability.
Bit error rate evaluation of optical signals amplified via stimulated Raman process in an optical fibre (1985)

Gain-stabilised Raman amplification in a silica fibre has been realised by means of backward pumping with a continuously mode-locked Nd:YAG laser. This enabled the first bit error rate evaluation of Raman amplified laser diode light signals. The power penalty owing to gain fluctuation has been suppressed to about 1 dB even at a gain as high as 14 dB.