gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth of Iron, Nickel, and Permalloy Thin Films by MOCVD for Use in Magnetoresistive Sensors (1997)

Abstract Thin films of elemental iron and nickel, plus a wide composition range of iron‐nickel alloys, have been deposited by atmospheric pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition at a growth temperature of 200°C, using iron pentacarbonyl and nickel tetracarbonyl as the source precursors. Detailed magnetoresistance measurements of the permalloy layers showed that the maximum value of magnetoresistance occurred at a composition of approximately 90 % Ni10 % Fe, and the maximum sensitivity occurred at approximately 80 % Ni20 % Fe, in accordance with literature values. In addition, both the application of an 80 mT magnetic field during deposition and the annealing of samples at temperatures higher than the growth temperature of 200°C improved the magnetic properties.
Further Evidence for the Decay<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">K</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow><mml:mi/><mml:mo>→</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>π</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow><mml:mi>ν</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ν</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>¯</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2002)

Additional evidence for the rare kaon decay K+-->pi+nu(nu) has been found in a new data set with comparable sensitivity to the previously reported result. One new event was observed in the pion momentum region examined, 211<P<229 MeV/c, bringing the total for the combined data set to two. Including all data taken, the backgrounds were estimated to contribute 0.15+/-0.05 events. The branching ratio is B(K+-->pi+nu(nu)) = 1.57(+1.75)(-0.82)x10(-10).
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, High-Resolution Optical Spectroscopy, and Extended Hückel Calculations on Cyclometalated [Re(CO)<sub>4</sub>(ppy)] (ppy = 2-Phenylpyridine) (1997)

The cyclometalated complex [Re(CO)4(ppy)], where ppy- = 2-phenylpyridine, was synthesized. Its crystal and molecular structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. The lowest energy electronic excitations were studied by high-resolution optical spectroscopy at cryogenic temperature. The first excited state in [Re(CO)4(ppy)] is nominally a triplet ligand-centered state, with 1.8% metal-to-ligand charge transfer character mixed in through spin−orbit coupling. This induces a shortened lifetime (89 μs at 10 K) and the occurrence of metal−ligand vibrations in both absorption and luminescence spectra. The transition moment of the first electronic excitation lies in the molecular plane with a tilt toward the pyridine part of the ppy- ligand. This is derived from the polarized absorption measurements and confirmed by an extended Hückel calculation. Splittings in the IR absorption bands are resulting from the presence of two crystallographically equivalent complexes in the unit cell which are tilted with respect to each other.
A Biosensor Strategy for<i>E. coli</i>Based on Ligand-Dependent Stabilization (2018)

The engineering of microorganisms to monitor environmental chemicals or to produce desirable bioproducts is often reliant on the availability of a suitable biosensor. However, the conversion of a ligand-binding protein into a biosensor has been difficult. Here, we report a general strategy for generating biosensors in Escherichia coli that act by ligand-dependent stabilization of a transcriptional activator and mediate ligand concentration-dependent expression of a reporter gene. We constructed such a biosensor by using the lac repressor, LacI, as the ligand-binding domain and fusing it to the Zif268 DNA-binding domain and RNA polymerase omega subunit transcription-activating domain. Using error-prone PCR mutagenesis of lacI and selection, we identified a biosensor with multiple mutations, only one of which was essential for biosensor behavior. By tuning parameters of the assay, we obtained a response dependent on the ligand isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) of up to a 7-fold increase in the growth rate of E. coli. The single destabilizing mutation combined with a lacI mutation that expands ligand specificity to d-fucose generated a biosensor with improved response both to d-fucose and to IPTG. However, a mutation equivalent to the one that destabilized LacI in either of two structurally similar periplasmic binding proteins did not confer ligand-dependent stabilization. Finally, we demonstrated the generality of this method by using mutagenesis and selection to engineer another ligand-binding domain, MphR, to function as a biosensor. This strategy may allow many natural proteins that recognize and bind to ligands to be converted into biosensors.
On the Formal Verification of ATM Switches (1999)

Because of the difficulty of adequately simulating large digital designs, there has been a surge of interest in formal verification, in which a mathematical model of the design is proved to satisfy a precise specification. Model Checking and Equivalence Checking , which have the advantage of automatic verification, are two main formal verification techniques that people are working on. The main problem of model checking and sequential equivalence checking is the state space explosion. Another drawback of model checking is lack of methods on establishing an environment and expressing a property. In this thesis, we propose Property Division techniques which avoid the state space explosion problem by deducing a property from several sub-properties. A number of methods on establishing an environment and expressing a property are illustrated. Although ATM hardware is hard to design due to its high speed and various features. the applications of model checking and equivalence checking on ATM hardware verification are few. In this thesis, Fairisle ATM switch fabric, Fairisle ATM null port controller, Input FIFO of RCMP-800 and Concentrator of Knockout ATM switch are developed. With the techniques we propose, all these ATM hardware designs are formally verified in the formal verification tools called Verification Interacting with Synthesis ( VIS )
Synthesis of hydrophilic polyamide from L‐tartarate and diamines by active polycondensation (1975)

Abstract Dimethyl L‐tartarate underwent polycondensation reaction with hexamethylenediamine in solutions at 30°C to form polyamide having pendent hydroxyl groups. Solvents had a great influence on polymer yields and diglyme, tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were favorable in respect of polymer yields. Solution viscosities of resulting polyamide were as low as 0.1 to 0.2. However, post‐polycondensation of the precursor polyamide at solid phase yielded hydrophilic polyamide having film‐forming ability. The polyamide decomposed at 210°C by heating.
A proposed information environment for enhanced integrated access and valueadding to electronic documents (2000)

Providing enhanced access and added value to electronic documents (e‐documents) will require interfaces that effectively mediate between the information seeking needs of the users and the information that the e‐document has to offer. A proposed information environment (PIE) to support effective and creative use of e‐documents to fulfil users’ various information tasks and needs is presented. Providing a suite of novel features and interactive tools that can be flexibly combined, the PIE allows users to apply multiple novel ways to intuitively query and navigate information in an e‐document. The querying and browsing processes in the PIE are supported by various interactive and visualisation techniques. Users work within a visually sovereign, integrated environment for information gathering and organising, based on navigable, fractional information objects that are also affiliated with rich metadata and additional layers of value‐adding information. This paper describes the conceptual design of the PIE and uses a representative scenario to show how the PIE is likely to be used for interacting with electronic journals (e‐journals) and the ability of the proposed environment to provide enhanced user interaction and value‐adding.
Endpiece: Students at Guy's and St Thomas's, 1819 (2004)

I must be permitted to caution you against blindly adopting any system of opinion and practice which may be taught in the schools to which you may be... attached; this could be to degrade you to the ranks of empiricism. Think for yourselves.

Aesculapius. The hospital pupil's guide at St Thomas's and Guy's Hospitals.

Lond Med Repository 1819;11: 128-30
Novel Cationic Surfactants Derived From Metal Ion Cage Complexes: Potential Antiparasitic Agents (1995)

The paper describes the synthesis and properties of a series of macrobicyclic cage cobalt(III) complexes which have lipophilic substituents . Those with paraffin tails, C8 or larger, have detergent-like characteristics and are able to penetrate biological membranes. A selection of the reagents was tested in vitro against parasitic nematodes, cestodes, trematodes and protozoa. Compounds with tails longer than C8 effectively killed the organisms at concentrations =10-3 M. In vivo against cestodes, that activity was also evident and biodistribution following oral administration showed that the compounds were confined to the gastrointestinal tract, unlike organic detergents such as cetylpyridinium chloride which are absorbed systemically. It is argued that the high charge and size of the head group of the complex detergents destabilize the exterior membrane of the organism. This new class of detergents, appropriately formulated, may be an effective new method of treating gastrointestinal parasites via this novel mode of action.
DNA Polymerase Fidelity: From Genetics Toward a Biochemical Understanding (1998)

This review summarizes mutagenesis studies, emphasizing the use of bacteriophage T4 mutator and antimutator strains. Early genetic studies on T4 identified mutator and antimutator variants of DNA polymerase that, in turn, stimulated the development of model systems for the study of DNA polymerase fidelity in vitro. Later enzymatic studies using purified T4 mutator and antimutator polymerases were essential in elucidating mechanisms of base selection and exonuclease proofreading. In both cases, the base analogue 2-aminopurine (2AP) proved tremendously useful-first as a mutagen in vivo and then as a probe of DNA polymerase fidelity in vitro. Investigations into mechanisms of DNA polymerase fidelity inspired theoretical models that, in turn, called for kinetic and thermodynamic analyses. Thus, the field of DNA synthesis fidelity has grown from many directions: genetics, enzymology, kinetics, physical biochemistry, and thermodynamics, and today the interplay continues. The relative contributions of hydrogen bonding and base stacking to the accuracy of DNA synthesis are beginning to be deciphered. For the future, the main challenges lie in understanding the origins of mutational hot and cold spots.
Reliability Models for Facility Location: The Expected Failure Cost Case (2005)

Classical facility location models like the P-median problem (PMP) and the uncapacitated fixed-charge location problem (UFLP) implicitly assume that, once constructed, the facilities chosen will always operate as planned. In reality, however, facilities “fail” from time to time due to poor weather, labor actions, changes of ownership, or other factors. Such failures may lead to excessive transportation costs as customers must be served from facilities much farther than their regularly assigned facilities. In this paper, we present models for choosing facility locations to minimize cost, while also taking into account the expected transportation cost after failures of facilities. The goal is to choose facility locations that are both inexpensive under traditional objective functions and also reliable. This reliability approach is new in the facility location literature. We formulate reliability models based on both the PMP and the UFLP and present an optimal Lagrangian relaxation algorithm to solve them. We discuss how to use these models to generate a trade-off curve between the day-to-day operating cost and the expected cost, taking failures into account, and we use these trade-off curves to demonstrate empirically that substantial improvements in reliability are often possible with minimal increases in operating cost.
Modeling and simulations of a positive chemically amplified photoresist for x-ray lithography (1994)

This article presents the results of the experimental and modeling study of a positive tone, chemically amplified photoresist, in application to x-ray lithography. Spectrophotometric titration, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and development rate monitor data were acquired and used as inputs for the modeling of the processes and pattern simulations. The exposure model assumes monomolecular decomposition upon radiation and corresponds to Dill’s model for a nonbleaching photoactive compound. The post-exposure bake (PEB) model is based on formal kinetic equations which include a term for photoacid loss (or side reactions) during the post-exposure bake process in a generalized way. The effective kinetic order of the photoacid loss reaction is derived from the FTIR absorbance data obtained for different PEB times and exposure doses. For patterned exposures, a diffusion term for the local photoacid concentration is included. The photoacid and tert-butoxycarbonyloxystyrene concentration profile changes with PEB time have been simulated for a 0.25 μm line and spaces pattern. It is shown that a nonlinear PEB photoacid reaction kinetics, rather than the photoacid diffusion, dominates the linewidth decrease during PEB for the photoresist studied.
Scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of Torpedo acetylcholine receptor. (1992)

The synaptic surface of the acetylcholine receptor in membranes from Torpedo californica electric organ has been imaged by scanning tunneling microscopy. The molecule appears pentameric, with one major and four minor protrusions rising above the surface, and these protrusions encompass a large central cavity. The outer diameter of the molecule is 69 +/- 10 A, while the diameter of the cavity, measured at the widest complete contour line delimiting the opening, is 26 +/- 7 A. The images and dimensions obtained are consistent with the structure determined from hybrid density maps obtained by x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Thus, scanning tunneling microscopy can be used to obtain overall dimensions and low-resolution structural features of the surface of a membrane-embedded protein.
Lactobacillus amylophilus D14 protects tight junction from enteropathogenic bacteria damage in Caco-2 cells (2012)

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium could adhere to epithelial tissue and destroy cell junctions, leading to intestinal inflammation and diarrhea. Lactobacillus could prevent the adhesion of pathogens to host cells and protect the mucosal barrier. The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of Lactobacillus amylophilus D14 on Caco-2 cells against the invasion of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 and Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344. We found that with a reduction in dextran permeability and an increase in transepithelial electrical resistance, L. amylophilus D14 could ameliorate the damage to cell integrity caused by pathogens. Furthermore, L. amylophilus D14 reduced the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase and phospho-c-jun N-terminal kinase, and it decreased the secretion of IL-8. The abilities of the Lactobacillus to protect the cell junctions were then evaluated on Caco-2 cells. Increased expression and amelioration distribution of tight junction proteins (zonula occludens-1, claudin-1, and E-cadherin) were observed when the cells were cocultured with pathogens and Lactobacillus simultaneously. Lactobacillus amylophilus D14 may influence the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to regulate the correct assembly of the tight junction and adherens junction, protecting the cell junctions and mucosal barrier damaged by enterotoxigenic E. coli K88 or Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344 infection.
Location of Biomarkers and Reagents within Agarose Beads of a Programmable Bio‐nano‐chip (2011)

The slow development of cost-effective medical microdevices with strong analytical performance characteristics is due to a lack of selective and efficient analyte capture and signaling. The recently developed programmable bio-nano-chip (PBNC) is a flexible detection device with analytical behavior rivaling established macroscopic methods. The PBNC system employs ≈300 μm-diameter bead sensors composed of agarose "nanonets" that populate a microelectromechanical support structure with integrated microfluidic elements. The beads are an efficient and selective protein-capture medium suitable for the analysis of complex fluid samples. Microscopy and computational studies probe the 3D interior of the beads. The relative contributions that the capture and detection of moieties, analyte size, and bead porosity make to signal distribution and intensity are reported. Agarose pore sizes ranging from 45 to 620 nm are examined and those near 140 nm provide optimal transport characteristics for rapid (<15 min) tests. The system exhibits efficient (99.5%) detection of bead-bound analyte along with low (≈2%) nonspecific immobilization of the detection probe for carcinoembryonic antigen assay. Furthermore, the role analyte dimensions play in signal distribution is explored, and enhanced methods for assay building that consider the unique features of biomarker size are offered.
Mu-opioid and noradrenergic α2-adrenoceptor contributions to the effects of tapentadol on spinal electrophysiological measures of nociception in nerve-injured rats (2010)

Multiple pathological mechanisms at multiple sensory sites may underlie the pain that follows nerve injury. This provides a basis for recommending more than one agent, either sequentially or in combination, for its treatment. According to this premise, new drugs that combine different mechanisms of analgesic action in a single molecule are gaining momentum, such as tapentadol which stimulates mu-opioid receptors (MOR) and acts as a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (NRI) in the CNS. Tapentadol is currently indicated for treating moderate to severe acute and severe chronic pain, and here we demonstrate its efficacy in an animal model of ongoing neuropathic pain. In particular, we performed a series of in vivo electrophysiological tests in spinal nerve ligated and sham-operated rats to show that systemic tapentadol (1 and 5mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced evoked responses of spinal dorsal horn neurones to a range of peripheral stimuli, including brush, punctate mechanical and thermal stimuli. Furthermore, we showed that spinal application of the selective α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole, or alternatively the mu-opioid receptor antagonist naloxone, produced near complete reversal of tapentadol's inhibitory effects, which suggests not only that the spinal cord is the key site of tapentadol's actions, but also that no pharmacology other than MOR-NRI is involved in its analgesia. Moreover, according to the extent that the antagonists reversed tapentadol's inhibitions in sham and SNL rats, we suggest that there may be a shift from predominant opioid inhibitory mechanisms in control animals, to predominant noradrenergic inhibition in neuropathic animals.
Evaluation and control of device damage in high density plasma etching (1994)

The effects of polysilicon etch plasma conditions on metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) capacitor breakdown and n-channel MOS transistor (NMOS) performance have been investigated. A high density electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma source with multipolar magnetic confinement was integrated into a full NMOS process flow. The polysilicon etch plasma process parameters for designed experiments were microwave power, overetch time, rf bias, and plasma radial uniformity. MOS capacitor leakage currents increase with longer polysilicon edge lengths on gate oxide, higher ion density, and higher ion energy during the polysilicon overetch step. Lower NMOS transistor transconductance and higher threshold voltages correlate with longer overetch times and high microwave power and rf bias during the overetch step. Device performance degradation increases with decreasing channel length, and the exposure of the source and drain oxide edges to a high density flux is thought to be the main cause for observed degradation. A high rate, selective, and low damage polysilicon etch process can be obtained using a high density (≳1011 cm−3) and moderate ion energy (&lt;30 eV) ECR discharge, with moderate power and zero applied rf bias during the overetch step.
ValuJet flight 592: Crisis communication theory blended and extended (1999)

This article investigates the integration of three crisis communication approaches as it analyzes the crash of ValuJet Flight 592. The article is divided into four parts. Part One of the article defines crisis communication and examines the scope of the concept. Part Two discusses theory‐building and explains the three leading theoretical approaches to understanding a crisis communication event. Part Three applies elements from Fink's stage theory and Benoit's image restoration strategies to the crisis involving the crash of Valujet Flight 592. Part Four evaluates the “crisis communication situation” in the Valujet crash and demonstrates haw a “focusing events” approach adds a useful perspective to the case. The conclusion contends that a blended methodological orientation, integrating the recent work done in studying “focusing events” along with the stage and strategies models, provides a superior methodology for analyzing a complex crisis event rather than relying upon any one theory in isolation from the others. This article also emphasizes the pivotal role of the media in triggering an investigation into the lapse of safety standards and enforcement procedures in the Valujet Flight 592 crash.
Adaptive nonlinear control of systems containing a deadzone (2002)

The authors present an adaptive nonlinear controller for a plant containing a nonsmooth nonlinearity with unknown parameters in the span of the control (specifically, a deadzone). They develop a Lyapunov-based adaptation scheme which updates the parameters of the specific region of the deadzone in which the system is operating. They then employ some switching logic to turn on and off the adaptation as the state of the system proceeds from one region of the deadzone to another. A significant feature of the adaptive controller is the presence of set uncertainty. Thus, conceptually, adaptation is not only for unknown parameters, but also for the regions of the piecewise smooth nonlinearity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>