gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Religious Sources of General Contract Law: An Historical Perspective (1986)

In his dramatic, if not mystical, account of the birth, growth, senescence, and death of American contract law, and of its ultimate dissolution into the law of tort, Grant Gilmore certainly did not intend to join forces with those who would later seize on his story as evidence that both contract and tort, and, indeed, law all together, are merely artificial devices to support a hierarchical and hegemonic political structure and to facilitate economic exploitation of the weak by the strong. Yet Gilmore's expose of the logical circularities and fallacies of contract doctrine (especially as it is taught in first-year courses in American law schools) does add fuel to the already raging fires of skepticism—skepticism not only about the coherence of individual branches of the legal tree (contracts, torts, property, etc.) but also about the validity of doctrinal legal analysis and ultimately of law itself.Arthur Corbin—Gilmore's mentor and the hero of his book—did not share that skepticism, although he strongly opposed the rigidities of the then prevailing contract doctrine, especially as represented in the teachings of his friend and rival, Samuel Williston. Unlike Williston, Corbin was prepared to give a contractual remedy for losses caused by reliance on a promise, and thus to bring contract and tort into a common focus. He was also more willing than Williston to expand concepts of fairness at the expense of strict liability for breach. Nevertheless, Corbin did not doubt, and surely did not seek to undermine, the coherence of contract law.
PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS IN A MANAGED CARE POPULATION (2005)

The prevalence and incidence of interstitial cystitis is significantly higher for women and men than previously published estimates. Men account for a higher proportion of patients with IC than has previously been recognized.
WETD - a finite element time-domain approach for solving Maxwell's equations (1994)

A family of finite element time-domain methods, WETD(/spl Theta/), is derived to solve the time-varying Maxwell's equations. The proposed methodology is based upon the application of the Faedo-Galerkin procedure and the use of the Whitney 1-forms as bases to result in an ordinary differential equation in time for the electric field. Moreover, the resultant ordinary differential equation is solved by employing central and/or backward difference approximations. Since the WETD methods presented here are used in conjunction with tetrahedral finite element meshes, it imposes no limitations on the problem geometry. Also, in this contribution, a general stability condition has been derived for the WETD(/spl Theta/) method of which the central and backward differences are special cases corresponding to /spl Theta/=1 and /spl Theta/=0, respectively.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Stability of superconducting YBa2Cu3O7 in the presence of water (1987)

The new high transition temperature superconductors such as YBa2Cu3O7 in powdered form have been observed to react vigorously at room temperature with water producing a nonsuperconducting cuprate with copper in oxidation state +2, O2, CuO, and Ba(OH)2. Similar reactions will probably occur with nearly equal rapidity in all cuprate superconductors. We have used room-temperature and liquid N2 resistance measurements to study the stability of smaller surface area specimens (thin sheets). We have found that such specimens react slowly with humid air at room temperature and rapidly in air at 85 °C and 85% rel. humidity, the standard conditions used for accelerated humidity testing. The resultant end products are nonsuperconducting phases formed in from hours to days, depending on conditions. Furthermore, we have found that, while a plastic encapsulant considerably slowed such reactions, it did not eliminate them. The implications for both scientific experiments to characterize high transition temperature superconductors and for applications as well as possible remedies are discussed.
Diblock and triblock copolymers of styrene and acetoxymethylstyrene by one‐pot ATRP (2004)

Abstract We describe the synthesis of diblock and triblock copolymers by sequential atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene and acetoxymethylstyrene. Contrary to the usual block copolymerization involving isolation of the macroinitiator, a convenient one‐pot procedure is developed. This is possible because of the preferential polymerization of acetoxymethylstyrene, even in the presence of residual styrene, as inferred from characterization of the intermediate polystyrenes and the block copolymers by size exclusion chromatography, 1 H NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and GPEC techniques. The latent acetoxy functionalities in these block copolymers are shown to be easily unmasked to OH and Br functionalities, with the potential for block ionomers and dense graft architectures. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 575–583, 2005
Design for Pool Alarm System Based on Pulse-width Anti-narrow (2007)

In order to reduce child drowning in the unattended ponds or swimming pools, a design method of a pool alarm system is proposed. The design of hydrophone probe was simplified by making the sealed probe model up of rigid plastic pipe, pond surface, piezoelectric ceramic and other elements. The influence on measurement accuracy caused by many factors such as vibration was weakened through adopting the differential equipment amplifier. The application scope of system was widened by using programmable amplifier. The alarm accuracy was increased and the miss rate was decreased because of adopting pulse-width anti-narrow filter. The experimental results indicate that the system has a good applicability and the accuracy of alarm is over 98%.
Flow Cytometric Detection of Adenoviruses and Intracellular Adenovirus Proteins (2007)

Precise and simple assay of purified and crude preparations of human adenoviruses is essential for basic and gene therapy research. Previous bioassays used to quantitate adenoviruses (such as the plaque assay or fluorescent focus assay) are time-consuming and subjective in their interpretation. Here we describe a flow cytometric method that eliminates these disadvantages and provides a quantitative and reliable method of focus-forming unit (FFU) assay.
Helmholtz coils for MIL-STD-462D RS101 testing (2003)

The design of a square Helmholtz coil pair for MIL-STD-462D RS101 radiated susceptibility magnetic field testing is detailed. The square coil shape provides a uniform magnetic field volume that is better suited to typical DUT (device under test) shapes when compared to round coils. The coil pair provides a 30/spl times/30/spl times/40 inch (76/spl times/76/spl times/102 cm) test volume. Capacitors are used to resonate the coils and reach the MIL-standard specified test field levels over most of the frequency range.
The impact of using multicode transmission in the WCDMA system (2003)

The multicode transmission scheme for achieving higher data rates in the WCDMA system is studied especially considering envelope variations and nonlinear power amplifiers. Results show that using three codes instead of a single code reduces the power efficiency of the power amplifier from about 40% down to 25% at a adjacent channel power ratio of -40 dB. However, by the introduction of a simple but very effective precoder it is possible to maintain the power efficiency of the amplifier at 40%. This precoder is a simple parity check code where the fourth bit is the parity of the three first bits. Assuming that four orthogonal spreading codes are used this precoder construction limits the envelope variations to that of a single code transmission thus allowing for the same output backoff of the power amplifier as for the single code transmission scheme. It is furthermore shown that the precoded scheme performs as well as the multicode scheme using three codes.
The fatty acid monolayer technique for preparing frozen‐hydrated specimens (1985)

Abstract A major difficulty in preparing frozen‐hydrated specimens from solutions is to control an optimal thickness of water remaining on the EM grid just before it is immersed in liquid nitrogen. In this report, we describe a modification of the fatty acid monolayer technique for preparing frozen‐hydrated specimens. With the use of this technique, all excess solvent is removed when a behenic acid (a fatty acid) monolayer film is picked up over the surface of the electron microscope grid. Low‐dose electron diffraction patterns and optical diffraction patterns of low‐dose micrographs of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) of Halobacterium halobium thus prepared show strong reflection orders at a resolution of ∽4 Å and ∽10 Å, respectively. Because the preparation of thin, hydrated specimens by the behenic acid monolayer technique does not depend upon evaporation of water, a dramatic change of ion concentration and pH is not expected to occur. The method should be applicable to specimens which need to be kept in a specific buffer and/or at a specific ionic strength.
Ultrasensitive detection of waste products in water using fluorescence emission cavity-enhanced spectroscopy (2014)

Clean water is paramount to human health. In this article, we present a technique for detection of trace amounts of human or animal waste products in water using fluorescence emission cavity-enhanced spectroscopy. The detection of femtomolar concentrations of urobilin, a metabolic byproduct of heme metabolism that is excreted in both human and animal waste in water, was achieved through the use of an integrating cavity. This technique could allow for real-time assessment of water quality without the need for expensive laboratory equipment.
Sonic - gamma ray logs improve bit selection (1982)

Analysis of logs from neighboring wells has increased the accuracy of matching the proper bit with formations in the Rocky Mountains. Sonic logs record porosity - an indirect measure of rock strength - and gamma logs can be interpreted to reveal shale content. Once these two key factors are known, choosing the most appropriate bit becomes more accurate. 7 refs.
U.S. Humanitarian Demining in the Middle East (2001)

The United States seeks to relieve human suffering caused by landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) while promoting U.S. foreign policy interests. U.S. objectives are to reduce civilian casualties, create conditions for the safe return of refugees and displaced persons to their homes and reinforce an affected country’s stability. The U.S. seeks to accomplish these objectives by helping to establish and support sustainable indigenous mine action capabilities in mine-affected nations where appropriate. Since fiscal year 1993, the United States has committed almost $500 million (U.S.) to global mine action initiatives, including research and development and survivor assistance. Nearly $90 million (U.S.) more will be provided in fiscal year 2002.
Cancer cell-derived IL-1α induces CCL22 and the recruitment of regulatory T cells (2016)

In cancer patients, immunosuppression through regulatory T cells (Treg) is a crucial component of tumor immune evasion and contributes to disease progression. Tumor-infiltrating Treg in particular suppress local effector T cell responses and are associated with poor prognosis in tumors such as human pancreatic cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The chemokine CCL22 is known to recruit Treg into the tumor tissue and many types of human tumors are known to express high levels of CCL22. The mechanisms leading to intratumoral secretion of CCL22 are so far unknown. We demonstrate here that intratumoral CCL22 is induced in tumor-infiltrating immune cells through cancer cell-derived interleukin-1 (IL-1α). In pancreatic cancer and HCC, CCL22 is produced by intratumoral dendritic cells, while the cancer cells themselves do not secrete CCL22 <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Incubation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or murine splenocytes with tumor cells or tumor cell supernatants strongly induced CCL22 secretion <i>in vitro</i>. Tumor cell supernatants contained IL-1 and CCL22 induction in PBMC could be specifically prevented by the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra or by transfection of tumor cell lines with IL-1 siRNA, leading to a suppression of Treg migration. In conclusion, we identify here tumor cell-derived IL-1α as a major inducer of the Treg attracting chemokine CCL22 in human cancer cells. Therapeutic blockade of the IL-1 pathway could represent a promising strategy to inhibit tumor-induced immunosuppression.
Interleukin‐6 Gene‐Deficient Mice Show Impaired Defense against Pneumococcal Pneumonia (1997)

Induction of pneumonia in C57Bl/6 mice by intranasal inoculation with 10(6) cfu of Streptococcus pneumoniae resulted in sustained expression of interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA in lungs and increases in lung and plasma IL-6 concentrations. In IL-6-deficient (IL-6-/-) mice, pneumonia was associated with higher lung levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1beta, and interferon-gamma and of the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 than in wild type (IL-6+/+) mice (all P < .05). Also, the plasma concentrations of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors were higher in IL-6-/- mice (P < .05), while the acute-phase protein response was strongly attenuated (P < .01). Lungs harvested from IL-6-/- mice 40 h after inoculation contained more S. pneumoniae colonies (P < .05). IL-6-/- mice died significantly earlier from pneumococcal pneumonia than did IL-6+/+ mice (P < .05). During pneumococcal pneumonia, IL-6 down-regulates the activation of the cytokine network in the lung and contributes to host defense.
A Study of GaAsSb Nanowires by Molecular Beam Epitaxy for Near IR Applications (2015)

Abstract : Ga assisted growth of axial and core-shell configured GaAs/GaAsSb/GaAs heterostructured nanowires containing different Sb compositions by molecular beam epitaxy are reported. Substrate preparation prior to the growth was found to be critical for achieving all vertical NWs with high nanowire (NW) density in the 8x108/cm2 range. The morphological, structural and optical properties of these NWs were correlated using low temperature photoluminescence (PL), Raman spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopies and X-ray diffraction. Red shift up to 0.9 eV in the 4K photoluminescence (PL) spectra is obtained with increasing Sb incorporation in core-shell configured nanowires. Though a maximum shift up to only 1.1 eV was achieved in the axial configuration, it was largely free of planar defects. First reports of bandgap tuning up to 1.3 m in GaAs/GaAsSb/GaAs based core-shell nanowires by incorporation of dilute amount of N are also presented. The observation of room temperature PL emission on as-grown nanowires demonstrates the advantage that the dilute nitride system offers in the NW configuration. Be doping of the GaAs NW ensemble was examined to realize an axial p-i-n heterostructured NW photodetector. NW aspect ratio, growth rate, NW density and doping efficiency were found to be strongly influenced by group V/III ratio, Be effusion cell temperature and the core/shell configuration.
Potassium Channel Gain of Function in Epilepsy: An Unresolved Paradox (2018)

Exome and targeted sequencing have revolutionized clinical diagnosis. This has been particularly striking in epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disorders, for which new genes or new variants of preexisting candidate genes are being continuously identified at increasing rates every year. A surprising finding of these efforts is the recognition that gain of function potassium channel variants are actually associated with certain types of epilepsy, such as malignant migrating partial seizures of infancy or early-onset epileptic encephalopathy. This development has been difficult to understand as traditionally potassium channel loss-of-function, not gain-of-function, has been associated with hyperexcitability disorders. In this article, we describe the current state of the field regarding the gain-of-function potassium channel variants associated with epilepsy (KCNA2, KCNB1, KCND2, KCNH1, KCNH5, KCNJ10, KCNMA1, KCNQ2, KCNQ3, and KCNT1) and speculate on the possible cellular mechanisms behind the development of seizures and epilepsy in these patients. Understanding how potassium channel gain-of-function leads to epilepsy will provide new insights into the inner working of neural circuits and aid in developing new therapies.
Patient Specific Surgical Simulation System for Procedures in Colonoscopy (2001)

We have assembled a preliminary environment for simulating tasks that are performed in colonoscopy to provide a professional learning experience. Different commercial endoscopy simulators exist and provide realistic interfaces, but none of these products are able to simulate realistic soft tissue deformations using patient specific preoperative CT or MRI colon datasets. Colon models are represented as deformable objects within physically-based modeling simulation system. The simplified mass-spring system models an object as a collection of point masses connected by linear springs in a mesh structure. We can import patient specific high resolution meshes from MRI and CT abdominal examinations into a system that models objects with different physical properties for interaction with both non-force-feedback and haptic devices. The score tip of the colonoscope with instrument channel, irrigation, lens and light is modeled and the working channel allows interactions with different instruments as an endoscopic biopsy forceps and a snare (lasso tool) for polyp extraction. This virtual reality system for simulating virtual colonoscopy and polyp extraction can be used to simulate diverse procedures on a variety of pathologies in a novel physical environment and hopefully can shorten training periods and reduce complications.
Highly Efficient Antiviral CD8<sup>+</sup>T-Cell Induction by Peptides Coupled to the Surfaces of Liposomes (2009)

In previous studies, we have demonstrated that liposomes with differential lipid components display differential adjuvant effects when antigens (Ags) are chemically coupled to their surfaces. When ovalbumin was coupled to liposomes made by using unsaturated fatty acids, it was found to be presented not only to CD4(+) T cells but also to CD8(+) T cells and induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) which effectively eradicated the tumor from mice. In this study, we coupled liposomes to immunodominant CTL epitope peptides derived from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and evaluated its potency as an antiviral vaccine. The intramuscular immunization of mice with the peptide-liposome conjugates along with CpG resulted in the efficient induction of antiviral CD8(+) T-cell responses which conferred complete protection against not only LCMV Armstrong but also a highly virulent mutant strain, clone 13, that establishes persistent infections in immunocompetent mice. The intranasal vaccination induced mucosal immunity effective enough to protect mice from the virus challenge via the same route. Complete protection was achieved in mice even when the Ag dose was reduced to as low as 280 ng of liposomal peptide. This form of vaccination with a single CTL epitope induced Ag-specific memory CD8(+) T cells in the absence of CD4(+) T-cell help, which could be shown by the complete protection of CD4-knockout mice in 10 weeks as well as by the analysis of recall responses. Thus, surface-linked liposomal peptide might have a potential advantage for the induction of antiviral immunity.
Toward A Highly Specific DNA Biosensor: PNA-Modified Suspended-Core Photonic Crystal Fibers (2009)

The feasibility of a biosensor for DNA detection based on suspended-core photonic crystal fibers is investigated. The possibility of functionalization of the hole surface, which allows DNA strand binding, is demonstrated, along with the selective detection of DNA through hybridization of immobilized peptide nucleic acid probes with their full-complementary and mismatched DNA segments.
Low power techniques for address encoding and memory allocation (2001)

This paper presents encoding techniques to optimize the switching activity on a multiplexed DRAM address bus. The DRAM switching activity can be classified either as external (between two consecutive addresses) or internal (between the row and column addresses of the same address). To eliminate the external switching activity for sequential access, we propose an optimal encoding, Pyramid code, for conventional DRAM mode as well as Burst Pyramid code for burst mode DRAM. To minimize the internal switching activity, we propose Scattered Paging for both random and sequential access patterns by exploiting the built-in virtual memory mechanism, which is commonly present on modern processors.
ELECTROPHORIC APPARATUS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF VOLTAIC THEORY (2011)

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<i>Msx1</i> antagonizes the myogenic activity of <i>Pax3</i> in migrating limb muscle precursors (1999)

The migration of myogenic precursors to the vertebrate limb exemplifies a common problem in development - namely, how migratory cells that are committed to a specific lineage postpone terminal differentiation until they reach their destination. Here we show that in chicken embryos, expression of the Msx1 homeobox gene overlaps with Pax3 in migrating limb muscle precursors, which are committed myoblasts that do not express myogenic differentiation genes such as MyoD. We find that ectopic expression of Msx1 in the forelimb and somites of chicken embryos inhibits MyoD expression as well as muscle differentiation. Conversely, ectopic expression of Pax3 activates MyoD expression, while co-ectopic expression of Msx1 and Pax3 neutralizes their effects on MyoD. Moreover, we find that Msx1 represses and Pax3 activates MyoD regulatory elements in cell culture, while in combination, Msx1 and Pax3 oppose each other's trancriptional actions on MyoD. Finally, we show that the Msx1 protein interacts with Pax3 in vitro, thereby inhibiting DNA binding by Pax3. Thus, we propose that Msx1 antagonizes the myogenic activity of Pax3 in migrating limb muscle precursors via direct protein-protein interaction. Our results implicate functional antagonism through competitive protein-protein interactions as a mechanism for regulating the differentiation state of migrating cells.