gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of the heart: (3) Formation of the ventricular outflow tracts, arterial valves, and intrapericardial arterial trunks (2003)

In the first part of our review of cardiac development,1 we explained the changes occurring during the transformation of the solitary primary heart tube into the primordiums of the definitive heart, describing how this involved the processes of looping, and subsequent formation from the primary tube of the components of the atriums and ventricles. In the second part of our review,2 we then accounted for the steps involved in separation of the atrial and ventricular chambers, emphasising that the processes were more complicated than the simple formation of partitions within the respective atrial and ventricular primordiums.

The subject of this, our third review, is the transformation of the initially solitary outflow portion of the heart tube into the intrapericardial parts of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk, their arterial valves and sinuses, and the subarterial ventricular outflow tracts. In our first review, we summarised some of the problems that continue to plague the understanding of the development of these outflow structures. Thus, initially the entirety of the primary heart tube contained within the confines of the pericardial cavity possesses a myocardial phenotype. Yet, in the definitive heart, the walls of the intrapericardial arterial trunks, along with the sinuses of the arterial valves, and small parts of the subarterial ventricular outlets, have an arterial or fibrous phenotype. The steps involved in the changes of the walls from the myocardial to the arterial and fibrous phenotypes have yet to be clarified. And then, cushions, or ridges, of endocardial tissue initially fuse to divide the entirety of the solitary outflow segment into the presumptive systemic and pulmonary outlets. With subsequent development, these cushions lose their septal function, as the arterial valves and trunks, along with the subpulmonary muscular infundibulum, develop as free-standing structures with their own discrete walls within the pericardial …
Genome Relationships: The Grass Model in Current Research (2000)

Ten years ago, with the advent of comparative mapping, a new tool became available to plant geneticists. Comparative genome analyses demonstrated that gene orders among related plant species remained largely conserved over millions of years of evolution. This finding has revolutionized our thinking
FOTS: Fast Oriented Text Spotting with a Unified Network (2018)

Incidental scene text spotting is considered one of the most difficult and valuable challenges in the document analysis community. Most existing methods treat text detection and recognition as separate tasks. In this work, we propose a unified end-to-end trainable Fast Oriented Text Spotting (FOTS) network for simultaneous detection and recognition, sharing computation and visual information among the two complementary tasks. Specially, RoIRotate is introduced to share convolutional features between detection and recognition. Benefiting from convolution sharing strategy, our FOTS has little computation overhead compared to baseline text detection network, and the joint training method learns more generic features to make our method perform better than these two-stage methods. Experiments on ICDAR 2015, ICDAR 2017 MLT, and ICDAR 2013 datasets demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods significantly, which further allows us to develop the first real-time oriented text spotting system which surpasses all previous state-of-the-art results by more than 5% on ICDAR 2015 text spotting task while keeping 22.6 fps.
Stabilization of pH-Induced Degradation of Porcine Insulin in Biodegradable Polyester Microspheres (1999)

The purpose of this research project was to stabilize the pH-induced degradation of porcine insulin encapsulated within biodegradable polyester microspheres through the incorporation of a basic additive. Insulin microspheres fabricated using Poly(L-lactide) (L-PLA) and Poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (50:50 DL-PLGA) were subjected to in vitro release studies and the stability of unreleased insulin encapsulated within microspheres was investigated. The intramicrosphere pH was estimated by encapsulating acid-base indicators covering a wide pH transition range within 50:50 DL-PLGA microspheres. Finally, a basic excipient sodium bicarbonate was incorporated in 50:50 DL-PLGA microspheres to minimize acid-induced insulin degradation. The in vitro release was slow and incomplete (< 30% in 30 days). Extraction and analyses of the unreleased insulin within the microspheres revealed that an average of approximately 11% remained intact. The degradation products observed consisted of approximately 15% of three distinct deamidated hydrolysis products including A-21 Desamido insulin, approximately 22% Covalent Insulin Dimer and trace amounts of High Molecular Weight Transformation Products. Comparison of the degradation profile of unreleased insulin contained in various microsphere formulations with the in vitro release kinetics indicated that an increase in covalent dimer formation within the microspheres prior to release is associated with a decrease in the cumulative percent insulin released during a 30-day incubation period. In an attempt to correlate insulin degradation with the drop in intra-microsphere pH due to polymer hydrolysis, it was determined that the pH within a degrading microsphere reaches a value of approximately 1.8 after 4 weeks. The incorporation of a basic excipient, sodium bicarbonate, in 50:50 DL-PLGA microspheres resulted in an improved in vitro release profile (cumulative release approximately 47.3% in 30 days) as well as a significant reduction in covalent dimerization of the unreleased insulin to barely detectable levels. The low pH microenvironment within a degrading microsphere is one of the major factors leading to protein instability, and the degradation of proteins encapsulated within polyester microspheres can be minimized by the incorporation of a basic excipient.
Thermal and Solutal Convection Damping Using an Applied Magnetic Field (1985)

Samples of eutectic Bi/Mn alloy were directionally solidified in the presence of a transverse magnetic field to determine if gravity-induced convection effects could be reduced or eliminated. The microstructure of Bi/MnBi is characterized by a regular, aligned-rod eutectic morphology that is sensitive to growth conditions. This, combined with ferromagnetism of one of the components, MnBi, can be used to eliminate whether convection effects are significant enough to be effected by the presence of a static, homogeneous, magnetic field.
Fate of microbicidal 3-isothiazolone compounds in the environment. Modes and rates of dissipation (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFate of microbicidal 3-isothiazolone compounds in the environment. Modes and rates of dissipationStephen F. Krzeminski, Charles K. Brackett, and James D. FisherCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1975, 23, 6, 1060–1068Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf60202a053https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60202a053research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views296Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Experimental Investigation of Dispersion Maps for 40 x 10 Gb/s Transmission over 1600 km of Fiber with 100-km Spans Employing Distributed Raman Amplification (2001)

We show that system performance depends critically on the level of in-line dispersion compensation in 40 x 10-Gb/s WDM transmission. 110% and 90% per-span dispersion compensation yield similar high performance, however, 100% per-span dispersion compensation leads to a severe penalty.
Radiation hardened PowerPC 603e/sup TM/ based single board computer (2002)

The RHPPC Single Board Computer (SEC) has an open architecture based on COTS standards for form factor, instruction set, operating system, backplane bus, and I/O. The RHPPC is a radiation hardened processor derived from PowerPC 603e/sup TM/ technology licensed from Motorola. The RHPPC is 100% software compatible with the commercial PowerPC603e/sup TM/ part allowing all the mature COTS PowerPC/sup TM/ software development tools to be used with the RHPPC. The RHPPC SEC architecture has been defined in conjunction with several key users. The RHPPC has a VxWorks/sup TM/ integrated operating environment consisting of startup code (SUROM), a Board Support package (BSP) and I/O drivers. This flight code is written in C using Wind River's COTS Tornado/sup TM/ software development environment. The RHPPC SEC provides enough throughput to enable on-board payload processing or can be used for spacecraft control functions. The RHPPC SEC offers 210 MIPS performance.
Efficient Selective Encryption Scheme for the H.264/Scalable Video Coding(SVC) (2008)

This paper describes the efficient selective encryption scheme for H.264/SVC. The proposed scheme encrypts with three domains in hierarchical layers using different keys: the intra prediction modes, the motion vector difference values and the sign bits of the texture data. The features of the proposed scheme are as follow. The proposed scheme offers 1) the computational efficiency by encrypting domains selectively according to each layer type, 2) the time efficiency through the light-weight encryption, 3) the security through the use of mutually different keys, and 4) the format compliance by utilizing the H.264/SVC structure and method.
A Comparison of Diesel and Biodiesel Emissions Using Dimethyl Carbonate as an Oxygenated Additive (2010)

Diesel vehicles account for the majority of new vehicles sales in Europe. This is due to inherent fuel efficiency and high reliability. Global warming concerns have seen demand for renewable alternatives to fossil diesel with low carbon dioxide (CO2) producing emissions. Oxygenated biodiesel fuels such as rapeseed methyl ester (RME) can be utilized in an unmodified conventional diesel engine. RME combustion produces low emissions of unburnt total hydrocarbons (THCs), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM). This is due in part to fuel-born oxygen content (10.8% wt). This study examines the effect of adding fuel-born oxygen in the form of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (a nontoxic potentially bioderived 53.3% wt oxygenated additive) to conventional pump diesel. It was found that nitrogen oxides (NOx) increased and that THCs, CO, and PM were reduced by up to 50% with a 96% diesel, 4% DMC blend. Interestingly 2% DMC in diesel can generate comparable particulate, THCs and CO emissions to RME combustion, at just 1.1% wt oxygen. A DMC blend may also have potential in the reduction of as yet unregulated carcinogenic emissions such as benzene and 1,3-butadiene.
Photonic Generation of Dual-Chirp Waveforms With Improved Time-Bandwidth Product (2017)

We present a photonic method for the generation of dual-chirp signals. In this approach, a single-tone RF signal is first modulated using a modulator in order to generate two optical carriers, which are further modulated by a linearly chirped signal by another modulator. Square-law detection in a photodiode then generates a dual-chirp signal whose center frequency and time-bandwidth product (TBWP) are fourfold increased. The dual-chirping and the improved TBWP can improve the range resolution of the radar system and help avoid the range measurement error caused by the range-Doppler coupling effect. The generation of bandwidth-quadrupled S-band dual-chirp waveforms is demonstrated experimentally. The processing of the dual-chirp signal is also discussed, in order to show its advantages over single-chirp signals. We believe that the proposed approach is a potential solution for the generation of dual-chirp signals with high center frequency and large bandwidth in modern radar systems.
Vertical comb array microactuators (2003)

A vertical actuator fabricated using a trench-refilled-with-polysilicon (TRiPs) process technology and employing an array of vertical oriented comb electrodes is presented. This actuator structure provides a linear drive to deflection characteristic and a large throw capability which are key features in many sensors, actuators and micromechanisms. The actuation principle and relevant theory is developed, including FastCap simulations for theoretical verification. Design simplifications have been suggested that enable one to use parallel plate analytical expressions which match simulation results with ∼5.6% error. Several actuators were designed and fabricated using the 7-mask TRiPs technology with calculated drive voltages as low as 45 V producing 10 μm of deflection. The actuators employed a mechanical structure that was 18 μm tall using a polysilicon layer 1.5 μm thick and occupying a total area of 750 μm by 750 μm. The actuators were successfully tested electrostatically and several microns of deflection were observed.
Imaging a GaAlAs laser diode in operation using apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy (1999)

We report the local study of an operating double hetero-junction GaAs/GaAlAs laser diode by apertureless Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (SNOM). This study allows the characterization of the spatial properties of the light emitted by the laser source. The optical probe used is a tungsten tip vibrating (at frequency f) perpendicularly to the emitting surface. Suitable experimental parameters permitting us to accede to near-field information have been defined. This has leaded to an experimental configuration in which the probe vibration amplitude is "optimal". A far-field detection at grazing angle is used and a second harmonic (at frequency 2f) lock-in detection is performed. This configuration has permitted us to obtain SNOM images in stimulated emission as well as in spontaneous emission. Above the threshold current, information concerning the emitted laser mode are obtained, whereas in spontaneous emission the SNOM images are linked to the index contrast of the laser diode front facet.
Apache Administrator's Handbook (2002)

From the Publisher:
Apache Administrator's Handbook is a comprehensive manual on the Apache Web server. Designed to be a hands-on, comprehensive desk reference, it covers everything from installation to configuration, performance tuning, security, logging, and dynamic content.

The book covers Apache 2.0 and also provides information on migrating from Apache 1.3 and earlier.
Area-efficient parallel FIR digital filter implementations (2002)

This paper presents a novel approach for implementing area-efficient parallel (block) finite impulse response (FIR) filters that require less hardware than traditional block FIR filter implementations. Parallel processing is a powerful technique because it can be used to increase the throughput of a FIR filter or reduce the power consumption of a FIR filter. However, a traditional block filter implementation causes a linear increase in the hardware cost (area) by a factor of L, the block size. In many design situations, this large hardware penalty cannot be tolerated. Therefore, it is advantageous to produce parallel FIR filter implementations that require less area than traditional block FIR filtering structures. In this paper, we propose a method to design parallel FIR filter structures that require a less-than-linear increase in the hardware cost. A novel adjacent coefficient sharing based sub-structure sharing technique is introduced and used to reduce the hardware cost of parallel FIR filters. A novel coefficient quantization technique, referred to as a maximum absolute difference (MAD) quantization process, is introduced and used to produce quantized filters with good spectrum characteristics. By using a combination of fast FIR filtering algorithms, a novel coefficient quantization process and area reduction techniques, we show that parallel FIR filtering structures with up to a 45% reduction in hardware is achieved for the given examples.
Parallel crawlers (2002)

In this paper we study how we can design an effective parallel crawler. As the size of the Web grows, it becomes imperative to parallelize a crawling process, in order to finish downloading pages in a reasonable amount of time. We first propose multiple architectures for a parallel crawler and identify fundamental issues related to parallel crawling. Based on this understanding, we then propose metrics to evaluate a parallel crawler, and compare the proposed architectures using 40 million pages collected from the Web. Our results clarify the relative merits of each architecture and provide a good guideline on when to adopt which architecture.
Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Combined with Bioinformatic Tools for Bacterial Classification (2005)

Timely classification and identification of bacteria is of vital importance in many areas of public health. We present a mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics approach for bacterial classification. In this method, a bacterial proteome database is derived from all potential protein coding open reading frames (ORFs) found in 170 fully sequenced bacterial genomes. Amino acid sequences of tryptic peptides obtained by LC-ESI MS/MS analysis of the digest of bacterial cell extracts are assigned to individual bacterial proteomes in the database. Phylogenetic profiles of these peptides are used to create a matrix of sequence-to-bacterium assignments. These matrixes, viewed as specific assignment bitmaps, are analyzed using statistical tools to reveal the relatedness between a test bacterial sample and the microorganism database. It is shown that, if a sufficient amount of sequence information is obtained from the MS/MS experiments, a bacterial sample can be classified to a strain level by using this proteomics method, leading to its positive identification.
Low-sidelobe weighted-coupled integrated acoustooptic tunable filter using focused surface acoustic waves (1992)

A single-stage low-sidelobe weighted-coupled integrated acoustooptic tunable filter (IAOTF) operating at the optical wavelength of 1.31 mu m has been realized on a Y-cut X-propagating LiNbO/sub 3/ substrate for the first time. The weighted-coupling, which enabled the achievement of low-sidelobe levels, was facilitated by focused surface acoustic waves generated by a curved interdigital transducer. First sidelobe levels as low as -17.6 dB have been obtained. Optical bandwidth of 4 nm and tuning range of 170 nm for an interaction length of 6 mm were also accomplished.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Affibody-Attached Hyperbranched Conjugated Polyelectrolyte for Targeted Fluorescence Imaging of HER2-Positive Cancer Cell (2011)

A hyperbranched conjugated polyelectrolyte (HCPE) with a core-shell structure is designed and synthesized via alkyne polycyclotrimerization and click chemistry. The HCPE has an emission maximum at 565 nm with a quantum yield of 12% and a large Stokes shift of 143 nm in water. By virtue of its poly(ethylene glycol) shell, this polymer naturally forms spherical nanoparticles that minimize nonspecific interaction with biomolecules in aqueous solution, consequently allowing for efficient bioconjugation with anti-HER2 affibody via carbodiimide-activated coupling reaction. The resulting affibody-attached HCPE can be utilized as a reliable fluorescent probe for targeted cellular imaging of HER2-overexpressed cancer cells such as SKBR-3. Considering its low cytotoxicity and good photostability, the HCPE nanoprobe holds great promise in practical imaging tasks. This study also provides a molecular engineering strategy to overcome the intrinsic limitations of traditional fluorescent polymers (e.g., chromophore-tethered polymers and linear conjugated polyelectrolytes) for bioconjugation and applications.
Early Striatal Dendrite Deficits followed by Neuron Loss with Advanced Age in the Absence of Anterograde Cortical Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (2004)

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the neurotrophin family, modulates neuronal survival, differentiation, and synaptic function. Reduced BDNF expression in the cortex caused by mutation of the huntingtin gene has been suggested to play a role in the striatal degeneration observed in Huntington's disease. BDNF expression rises dramatically in the cortex during the first few weeks of postnatal life in mice. Previously, it has been impossible to study the specific long-term effects of BDNF absence on CNS structures because of the early postnatal lethality of BDNF-/- mice. Mice harboring a floxed BDNF gene were bred with Emx1(IREScre/+) mice to generate Emx-BDNF(KO) mice that lack cortical BDNF but are viable. Adult Emx-BDNF(KO) mice display a hindlimb clasping phenotype similar to that observed in mouse models of Huntington's disease. The striatum of postnatal Emx-BDNF(KO) mice was reduced in volume compared with controls, and the most abundant neuron type of the striatum, medium spiny neurons (MSNs), had shrunken cell somas, thinner dendrites, and fewer dendritic spines at 35 d of age. Although significant striatal neuron losses were not detected at 35 or 120 d postnatal, 35% of striatal neurons were missing in Emx-BDNF(KO) mice aged beyond 1 year. Thus, cortical BDNF, although not required for the generation or near-term survival of MSN, is necessary for normal striatal neuron dendrite morphology during the period when BDNF expression rises in the cortex. Furthermore, a long-term in vivo requirement for cortical BDNF in supporting the survival of MSNs is revealed.
HDAC inhibitors in experimental liver and kidney fibrosis (2013)

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been extensively studied in experimental models of cancer, where their inhibition of deacetylation has been proven to regulate cell survival, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. This in turn has led to the use of a variety of HDAC inhibitors in clinical trials. In recent years the applicability of HDAC inhibitors in other areas of disease has been explored, including the treatment of fibrotic disorders. Impaired wound healing involves the continuous deposition and cross-linking of extracellular matrix governed by myofibroblasts leading to diseases such as liver and kidney fibrosis; both diseases have high unmet medical needs which are a burden on health budgets worldwide. We provide an overview of the potential use of HDAC inhibitors against liver and kidney fibrosis using the current understanding of these inhibitors in experimental animal models and in vitro models of fibrosis.
Mechanism (2009)

Primitive man saw nature as a collection of objects which acted on one another, if at all, by direct contact; he was familiar with the pressure of wind and water on his body, the fall of raindrops on his skin, the thrust by an enemy, but action at a distance was somewhat of a rarity in his scheme of things.