gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Type Inference for C (2020)

Type inference is a feature that is common to a variety of programming languages. While, in the past, it has been prominently present in functional ones (e.g., ML and Haskell), today, many object-oriented/multi-paradigm languages such as C# and C++ offer, to a certain extent, such a feature. Nevertheless, type inference still is an unexplored subject in the realm of C. In particular, it remains open whether it is possible to devise a technique that encompasses the idiosyncrasies of this language. The first difficulty encountered when tackling this problem is that parsing C requires, not only syntactic, but also semantic information. Yet, greater challenges emerge due to C’s intricate type system. In this work, we present a unification-based framework that lets us infer the missing struct, union, enum, and typedef declarations in a program. As an application of our technique, we investigate the reconstruction of partial programs. Incomplete source code naturally appears in software development: during design and while evolving, testing, and analyzing programs; therefore, understanding it is a valuable asset. With a reconstructed well-typed program, one can: (i) enable static analysis tools in scenarios where components are absent; (ii) improve precision of “zero setup” static analysis tools; (iii) apply stub generators, symbolic executors, and testing tools on code snippets; and (iv) provide engineers with an assortment of compilable benchmarks for performance and correctness validation. We evaluate our technique on code from a variety of C libraries, including GNU’s Coreutils and on snippets from popular projects such as CPython, FreeBSD, and Git.
Il ne me faut plus nule rien. Changement sémantique, métataxe et réanalyse (2003)

Peter Koch’s starting point is the observation of a spectacular linguistic change in the field of verbs, i. e., the passage from Old French (OF) falir « to lack, to miss » (e. g. ci ne faillent li baing) to Modern French (MF) falloir « to be needed » (e. g. il me faut de l’argent). From a point of view which is valential and typological as well as cognitive he reconstructs in detail the metataxis which occurred on the syntactic level (syntactic floating, subject > DO depersonalization) as well as the metonymic change which took place at the level of lexical meaning. The notion of « reanalysis » has proved to be very useful in the understanding of the forces which directed this change – provided that it is assumed that reanalysis has a semantic-pragmatic basis. Koch finishes the study by discussing the phenomena described in the broader context of the syntactic tendencies of MF. This contribution shows the importance of the distinction between the syntactic, semantic-propositional and informative levels and their interaction.
Demonstration of Microfiltration Technology (1991)

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in cooperation with E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Company, Inc. (DuPont) and the Oberlin Filter Company (Oberlin), undertook a field demonstration project to evaluate microfiltration technology for removal of zinc and suspended solids from wastewater. The microfiltration system utilized DuPont's Tyvek T-980 membrane filter media in conjunction with the Oberlin automatic pressure filter. The project was undertaken at the Palmerton Zinc Superfund site in April 1990 to verify the ability of the technology to remove dissolved zinc from the site's shallow groundwater. Pretreatment of the groundwater with lime for pH adjustment to precipitate dissolved zinc and other metals was included as part of the technology demonstration program. Analysis of the treated filtrate indicated that the system removed precipitated zinc and other suspended solids at an efficiency greater than 99.9 percent. The filter cake produced during the study passed both the Extraction Procedure (EP) Toxicity and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) tests.
p53 Activation by Nitric Oxide Involves Down-regulation of Mdm2 (2002)

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important bioactive molecule involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. At the same time, NO is also an inducer of stress signaling, owing to its ability to damage proteins and DNA. NO was reported to be a potent activator of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. However, the mechanisms underlying p53 activation by NO remain to be elucidated. We report here that NO induces the accumulation of transcriptionally active p53 in a variety of cell types and that NO signaling to p53 does not require ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, or the ARF tumor suppressor protein. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts, NO elicits a down-regulation of Mdm2 protein levels that precedes the rise in p53. NO-induced down-regulation of Mdm2 protein but not its mRNA also occurs in several p53-deficient cell types and is thus p53-independent. The drop in endogenous Mdm2 levels following NO treatment is accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the rate of p53 ubiquitination. Thus, the down-regulation of Mdm2 by NO is likely to contribute to the activation of p53.
[X-ray and computed tomographic diagnosis of aneurysm of the thoracic aorta]. (1989)

The paper is concerned with the results of x-ray and CT investigations conducted in 62 patients with suspected aneurysm of the thoracic aorta. The diagnosis was confirmed in 56. Of them 38 patients were operated on, 2 died without surgical intervention. X-ray investigations permitted differential diagnosis of mediastinal formations in 91.5% of cases. However in 2 cases when the combined method of intravenous administration of a contrast medium by means of a syringe was not used, aneurysmal aortic dilatation was not detected by CT. This method was found to be effective for diagnosis of complications of aneurysms of the thoracic aorta (calcinosis, aortic wall stratification and thrombosis of aneurysmal cavity).
Comparison of Eight Kits for the Diagnosis of Pregnancy (1975)

The results obtained with eight pregnancy kits on 735 urines were compared. Overall accuracies were similar and fairly high (93.4 to 95.37%), although only 78.28% of all pregnancies were simultaneously detected by all eight kits. It is suggested that the different performances of each kit could be accounted for not only by lack of product homologation, differences in kit sensitivity, and laboratorian error, but also by the presence of various hormonal components in various concentrations in the urines of pregnant women, and by the presence of different antibodies against these hormonal components in various concentrations in the antisera included in the various kits.
Creation of [110]-aligned Si quantum wires encompassed by SiO2 using low-energy separation-by-implanted-oxygen on a V-groove patterned substrate (1998)

Si quantum wires (QWRs) suspended in SiO2 are successfully created on a V-groove patterned Si(001) substrate by using low-energy oxygen ion implantation. A single Si QWR aligned to [110] is formed near the bottom center of the V groove, which has a hexagonal cross section with {111} and {001} lateral facets. The development of Si QWRs was found to be controlled by the oxygen ion dose and the formation mechanism is attributed to an oxygen ion enrichment near the V-groove corner which arises from lateral ion straggling.
KSL/Logic: integration of logic with objects (2002)

KSL/Logic is an integration of logic and object-oriented programming that adds the declarative framework and deductive reasoning of logic programming to the powerful modeling capabilities of the object-oriented paradigm. Predicates, logic expressions, and the generalized search protocol of KSL/Logic are implemented as an integral part of KSL, a reflective, object-oriented programming language. KSL/Logic provides capabilities that go beyond those of Prolog to permit domain-based reasoning, functional arguments, matching of complex object patterns, and object representation of facts. The syntax and semantics of KSL/Logic are described, and the object implementation of its predicate resolution is examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Stimulation of Drosophila TrpL by capacitative Ca2+ entry (1999)

Trp-like protein (TrpL, where Trp is transient receptor-potential protein) of Drosophila, a non-selective cation channel activated in photoreceptor cells by a phospholipase C-dependent mechanism, is thought to be a prototypical receptor-activated channel. Our previous studies showed that TrpL channels are not activated by depletion of internal Ca2+ stores when expressed in Sf9 cells. Using fura-2 to measure cation influx via TrpL, and cell-attached patch recordings to monitor TrpL single-channel activity directly, we have found a thapsigargin-induced increase in TrpL activity in the presence of extracellular bivalent cations, with Ca2+ > Sr2+ Ba2+. The increase in TrpL channel activity was blocked by concentrations of La3+ that completely inhibited endogenous capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE), but have no effect on TrpL, suggesting that TrpL exhibits trans-stimulation by cation entry via CCE. TrpL has two putative calmodulin (CaM)-binding domains, designated CBS-1 and CBS-2. To determine which site may be required for stimulation of TrpL by the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), a chimaeric construct was created in which the C-terminal domain of TrpL containing CBS-2 was attached to human TrpC1, a short homologue of Trp that is not activated by depletion of internal Ca2+ stores or by a rise in [Ca2+]i. This gain-of-function mutant, designated TrpC1-TrpL, exhibited trans-stimulation by Ca2+ entry via CCE. Examination of CaM binding in gel-overlay experiments showed that TrpL and the TrpC1-TrpL chimaera bound CaM, but TrpC1 or a truncated version of TrpL lacking CBS-2 did not. These results suggest that only CBS-2 binds CaM in native TrpL and that the C-terminal domain containing this site is important for trans-stimulation of TrpL by CCE.
CAG repeat within the androgen receptor gene and incidence of surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia in U.S. physicians (1999)

Variability in the AR gene CAG repeat influences the development of symptomatic BPH.
Detecting bioactive amyloid β peptide species in Alzheimer's disease (2004)

Amyloid beta peptide (A beta) is believed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the form of A beta that induces neurodegeneration in AD, defined here as bioactive A beta, is not clear. Preventing the formation of bioactive A beta or inactivating previously formed bioactive A beta should be a promising approach to treat AD. We have previously developed a cell-based assay for the detection of bioactive A beta species. The assay is based upon the correlation between the ability of an A beta sample to induce a unique form of cellular MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] formazan exocytosis, and its ability to activate glia and induce neurotoxicity. Here, we show that this cell-based assay is not only useful for a cellular model of A beta amyloidogenesis but is also able to detect bioactive A beta species in a transgenic mouse model of AD, as well as in post-mortem cortex samples from AD patients. There is a good correlation between the extent of glia activation and the level of bioactive A beta species in the mouse brain. A promising deuteroporphyrin that can inactivate bioactive A beta species was also identified using this assay. These novel insights and findings should have important implications for the treatment of AD.
Characteristics of Temperature Sensitive Magnetic Powders for Soft Heating and Their Application to Hyperthermia (1989)

The basic characteristics of a soft heating method utilizing temperature-sensitive magnetic powders were examined. Soft heating has the following advantages: (1) objects for implantation can be formed in any desired shape, and (2) it should be easy to transfer the powder to deep tissue by magnetic induction. However, no magnetic powder has yet been developed which can produce sufficient heat to reach desired temperatures. In order to generate more heat, metal rings were imbedded in a powder, and eddy current losses within them were utilized. The maximum heat was obtained by using rings of optimum resistance and density.
Optimum Fluid Injection Rate in Carbonate Acidizing Based on Acid Dissolution Morphology Analysis (2017)

Successful carbonate rock matrix acidizing should contribute to the formation of several main acid dissolution holes (wormholes), which provide favorable oil and gas seepage channels through the contaminated zone near the wellbore. The distribution and characteristics of wormholes play a critical role in deciding the acid penetration distance and acidification effect, while the development of wormholes is directly influenced by the acid fluid injection rate. In this study, carbonate rock cores are selected for displacement experiments, during which effects of different injection rates on wormhole development are compared. The breakthrough volume is a key parameter in determining the optimum acidizing fluid injection rate, while the pressure drop curve is used to analyze the development process of wormholes. Meanwhile, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging technology is employed to analyze the core end surface and internal structure after acidification to identify acid dissolution types and further determine the corresponding boundary of fluid injection rates for different acid dissolution types. The acid breakthrough volumes with different injection rates are calculated and compared when the hydrochloric acid concentration is 20%, which comes to the conclusion that the injection rate of 2 mL/min initiates the formation of wormholes and the injection rate of 3–4 mL/min results in the optimum acidification effect.
Design of Golf Club Head with High Restitution Performance (2000)

In this paper, the effects of the natural frequencies of ball and head are investigated on the restitution performance in order to develop a superior club head with high restitution performance. To this end, the coefficient of restitution is calculated by using the lumped mass models of ball and head. As a result, the coefficient of restitution increases when the natural frequencies of ball and head where the contact part is fixed or free, coincide with each other. And the coefficient of restitution is bigger when the natural frequencies of ball and head where the contact part is fixed, coincide with each other than when the natural frequencies of ball and head where the contact part is free, coincide with each other.
Lysosome-Targeting Fluorogenic Probe for Cathepsin B Imaging in Living Cells (2016)

Cathepsin B (CTB) is a lysosomal protease which has been recognized as a promising biomarker for many malignant tumors, and accurate detection of its activity is important in early diagnosis of cancers and predicting metastasis. Herein, we reported a lysosome-targeting fluorogenic small-molecule probe for fluorescence imaging of lysosomal CTB in living cancer cells by incorporating a CTB-recognitive peptide substrate Cbz-Lys-Lys-p-aminobenzyl alcohol (Cbz-Lys-Lys-PABA) and a lysosome locating group morpholine. We demonstrated that the probe could be efficiently activated by CTB to generate ∼73-fold enhancement in fluorescence under acidic lysosomal environment (pH 4.5-6.0), allowing for high sensitivity and specificity to detect CTB. Fluorescence imaging results showed selective accumulation and fluorescence turn-on in the lysosomes of cancer cells, which were capable of reporting on lysosomal CTB activity in cancer cells and normal tissue cells. This study highlights the potential of using a lysosome-targeting group to design a sensitive and specific fluorogenic probe for fluorescence imaging of lysosomal CTB in living cells.
A comparison of potential molecular wires as components for molecular electronics (2002)

The field of electronics using single-molecule components has recently received much attention as a possible new design concept for the continued miniturisation of electronics. Molecular wires are the conceptually simplest components of such electronic systems and several different compound types have been used to produce molecular wires. Examples of some of the most promising families of molecular wires are presented, namely conjugated hydrocarbons, carbon nanotubes, porphyrin oligomers and DNA. Discussion centres around their potential use in functioning electronic architectures in terms of their electronic properties, ease and controllability of synthesis and potential for self-assembly.
Preparation of Anisotropic Sm-Fe-N Magnetic Powders Nitrided in (NH3+H2) Mixed Gas and Their Magnetic Properties. (1996)

Using two kinds of Sm2(Fe, Mn)17 powders whose grain sizes are 32-74 μm and 74-100 μm, the nitriding behaviour of Sm2(Fe, Mn)17 in a mixed-gas atmosphere of ( NH3+H2) and their magnetic properties have been investigated . Sm2(Fe, Mn)17Nxspecimens with 0<X<6 were fabricated in both of the above mentioned two cases . Though the coercivity increased with increasing X, the saturation of magnetization tended to decrease with increasing X in both of two specimens . The (BH)max was highest at X=4.8 in case of the specimen using 32-74 μm powder, and at X=4.3 in case of the specimen using 74-100 μm powder ; the value of (BH)max was 85.20kJ/m3 in the former and 63.05kJ/m3 in the latter. The magnetic anisotropy was also recognized in both of the two specimens. These magnetic properties were confirmed to be related to the grain refinement observed during nitriding process.
Transglutaminase‐mediated cross‐linking of α‐crystallin: structural and functional consequences (2001)

Aggregation and covalent cross-linking of the crystallins, the major structural proteins of the eye lens, increase light scattering by the lens leading to opacification and cataract. Disturbance of calcium homeostasis in the tissue is one of the factors implicated in cataractogenesis. Calcium-activated transglutaminase (TG)-catalyzed cross-linking of some lens proteins has been reported earlier. We show here that alpha-crystallin, a major structural protein in the lens and a member of the small heat shock protein family, is also a substrate for TG-mediated cross-linking, indicating the presence of donor Lys and acceptor Gln residues in the protein. Upon TG-catalyzed dimerization, the secondary and tertiary structures of the protein are altered, and its surface hydrophobicity reduced. The chaperone-like property of the protein, suspected to be one of its functions in situ, is substantially reduced upon such cross-linking. These results, taken together with earlier ones on lens beta-crystallins and vimentin, suggest that TG-mediated events might compromise lens function. Also, since alpha-crystallin occurs not only in the lens but in other tissues as well, such TG-catalyzed cross-linking and the associated alterations in its structure and activity would be of general pathological interest.
Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys (2001)

Abstract Magnesium is the world's most readily available metal and occurs naturally in minerals, brines, and seawater. Magnesium metal is prepared commercially by two types of processes. In the first process, magnesium chloride is recovered from the raw materials and converted to metal by molten salt electrolysis. The second process involves the reduction of magnesium oxide with silicon or aluminum at high temperatures. The resulting metal is then cast into a variety of shapes and sizes of ingots, or alloyed with various other metals and made into ingots, slabs, billets, and many extruded shapes. Pure magnesium is used for making aluminum alloys, the desulfurization of steel, the manufacture of ductile iron, and as a reducing agent for the production of other metals. Elemental magnesium is the lightest structural metal. Magnesium alloys are used mainly in die and sand castings, and in the manufacture of wrought products. Alloy composition is varied to obtain the desired physical and mechanical properties for a given application. Production capacities, import and export data are given. Magnesium is essential to most plant and animal life.
Evaluation of Cracking Resistance of Recycled Asphalt Mixture Using Semi-Circular Bending Test (2010)

The objective of this laboratory study is to utilize the semi-circular bending (SCB) test to evaluate the effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) on the cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures. Two type of SCB test, the tensile strength and the fracture test, were conducted on a gravel mixture containing four percentages of RAP. The results show that RAP generally increased the SCB tensile strength but significantly decreased the post-failure tenacity of asphalt mixtures. RAP also decreased the J-integral of asphalt mixture and therefore its cracking resistance. Both short-term and long-term aged asphalt mixtures exhibited similar trend in evaluating the effect of RAP.
Localization of chitin in the cell wall of Candida albicans by means of wheat germ agglutinin. Fluorescence and ultrastructural studies. (1981)

Cytochemical localization of wheat germ agglutinin binding sites in the cell wall of Candida albicans was investigated with fluorescence and electron microscopy. Various analytical techniques were employed in order to obtain a good penetration of the cytochemical markers, glycosylated horseradish peroxidase or glycosylated ferritin. In blastospores sectioned by cryostatic methods, a weak and continuous labelling of the blastospore periphery was observed with peroxidase, whereas bud scars and inner cell wall areas were labelled with ferritin. Following enzymatic treatment with pronase whose efficiency was followed by the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide -- Silver proteinate technique, the inner cell wall layers of bud are strongly stained with both fluorescein and the reactions products of peroxidase. After pronase-chitinase treatment, fluorescence was observed only in the mother cell wall. Finally, ultrathin glycol methacrylate sections showed a labelling both in inner and outer layers. All these results suggest that chitin was essentially distributed in the inner wall layers near the plasmalemma and in a smaller amount in outer wall layers. On the basis of the present findings, a hypothesis of wall assembly is proposed.
Differential effects of theaflavin monogallates on cell growth, apoptosis, and Cox-2 gene expression in cancerous versus normal cells. (2000)

Theaflavin (TF-1), theaflavin-3-monogallate and theaflavin-3'-monogallate mixture (TF-2), and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF-3) are the major black tea polyphenols. Here we compared the effects of these polyphenols on cell growth, apoptosis, and gene expression in normal and cancerous cells. We showed that TF-2 (10-50 microM) inhibited the growth of SV40 transformed WI38 human cells (WI38VA) and Caco-2 colon cancer cells but had little effect on the growth of their normal counterparts. The IC50s of TF-2 for the growth inhibition of WI38 and WI38VA cells were, respectively, 300 and 3 microM. The other two black tea polyphenols, TF-1 and TF-3, did not exhibit such differential growth-inhibitory effect. TF-2, but not TF-1 or TF-3, induced apoptosis in transformed WI38VA cells but not in normal WI38 cells, suggesting that apoptosis was responsible, at least in part, for the differential growth-inhibitory effect of TF-2. Cox-2 has been implicated in intestinal carcinogenesis. Among the tea polyphenols tested, TF-2 and, to a lesser degree, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate inhibited cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2 gene expression. TF-2 at 50 microM completely blocked the serum-induced Cox-2 gene expression at both mRNA and protein level. Other genes, including c-fos, c-myc, thymidine kinase, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, BRCA1, BRCA2, and Cox-1, were not significantly affected by TF-2. These findings suggest that TF-2 may be responsible, at least in part, for the chemopreventive activity in black tea extracts.