gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning Global Pairwise Interactions with Bayesian Neural Networks (2019)

Estimating global pairwise interaction effects, i.e., the difference between the joint effect and the sum of marginal effects of two input features, with uncertainty properly quantified, is centrally important in science applications. We propose a non-parametric probabilistic method for detecting interaction effects of unknown form. First, the relationship between the features and the output is modelled using a Bayesian neural network, capable of representing complex interactions and principled uncertainty. Second, interaction effects and their uncertainty are estimated from the trained model. For the second step, we propose an intuitive global interaction measure: Bayesian Group Expected Hessian (GEH), which aggregates information of local interactions as captured by the Hessian. GEH provides a natural trade-off between type I and type II error and, moreover, comes with theoretical guarantees ensuring that the estimated interaction effects and their uncertainty can be improved by training a more accurate BNN. The method empirically outperforms available non-probabilistic alternatives on simulated and real-world data. Finally, we demonstrate its ability to detect interpretable interactions between higher-level features (at deeper layers of the neural network).
The Uniform Galactose 4‐Sulfate Structure in the Carbohydrate‐Protein Linkage Region of Human Urinary Trypsin Inhibitor (1995)

The carbohydrate-protein linkage region of a chondroitin 4-sulfate chain attached to urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) was isolated from human urine and characterized structurally. The chondroitin 4-sulfate chain was released from UTI by beta-elimination using alkaline NaBH4 then digested with chondroitinase ABC. These treatments resulted in only a single hexasaccharide alditol derived from the carbohydrate-protein linkage region. Chemical and enzymic analyses and 600-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy revealed that the hexasaccharide alditol had the following structure: delta HexA alpha 1-3GalNAc(4-sulfate) beta 1-4GlcA beta 1- 3Gal(4-sulfate) beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Xyl-ol, where delta HexA, GlcA and Xyl-ol represent 4-deoxy-alpha-L-threo-hex-4-enepyranosyluronic acid, D-glucuronic acid and D-xylitol, respectively. This structure contained the novel 4-sulfated Gal residue, which was first demonstrated in one of the three linkage hexasaccharide-serines isolated from chondroitin 4-sulfate of rat chondrosarcoma [Sugahara, K., Yamashina, I., de Waard, P., Van Halbeek, H. & Vliegenhart, J. F. G. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 10168-10174]. This disulfated structure was recently identified as the sole structural component in the linkage hexasaccharide alditol fraction isolated from inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (ITI) in human plasma [Yamada, S., Oyama, M., Kinugasa, H., Nakagawa, T., Kawasaki, T., Nagasawa, S., Khoo, K.-H., Morris, H.R., Dell, A. & Sugahara, K. (1995) Glycobiology 5, 335-341]. The structural uniformity in the linkage hexasaccharide structure of ITI and UTI is in marked contrast to the heterogeneity demonstrated in the linkage hexasaccharides isolated from cartilaginous chondroitin sulfate whose linkage regions are sometimes but not always phosphorylated on the Xyl residue or sulfated on the Gal residue(s). The uniform structure containing the novel 4-sulfated Gal residue in the linkage region of UTI and ITI may imply its significance in the biosynthetic mechanism of chondroitin sulfate.
Bottleneck for reactive molar mass in the polymerization of propylene oxide initiated with potassium <i>t</i>‐butoxide (2009)

Abstract The anionic polymerization of propylene oxide was investigated with potassium t ‐butoxide as an initiator, and the solvent hexamethyl phosphoric triamide was used in controlling experiments. The relative molar mass limit of the products was determined as about 2700, and the CC double bond was found to exist by NMR. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor the whole polymerization process until the absorbance reached a constant value and the system reached equilibrium. However, propylene oxide still existed in the system, and alkoxide was detected in the reaction system by 23 Na‐NMR. On the basis of these results, we deduced that the residual alkoxide was not active enough to initiate propylene oxide polymerization in the near end of the polymerization. Therefore, there might have been another factor that limited the increase of the relative molar mass of poly(propylene oxide) in addition to chain transfer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Th17 Pathway As a Target for Multipotent Stromal Cell Therapy in Dogs: Implications for Translational Research (2016)

Detrimental Th17 driven inflammatory and autoimmune disease such as Crohn's disease, graft versus host disease and multiple sclerosis remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Multipotent stromal/stem cell (MSC) inhibit Th17 polarization and activation in vitro and in rodent models. As such, MSC based therapeutic approaches are being investigated as novel therapeutic approaches to treat Th17 driven diseases in humans. The significance of naturally occurring diseases in dogs is increasingly recognized as a realistic platform to conduct pre-clinical testing of novel therapeutics. Full characterization of Th17 cells in dogs has not been completed. We have developed and validated a flow-cytometric method to detect Th17 cells in canine blood. We further demonstrate that Th17 and other IL17 producing cells are present in tissues of dogs with naturally occurring chronic inflammatory diseases. Finally, we have determined the kinetics of a canine specific Th17 polarization in vitro and demonstrate that canine MSC inhibit Th17 polarization in vitro, in a PGE2 independent mechanism. Our findings provide fundamental research tools and suggest that naturally occurring diseases in dogs, such as inflammatory bowel disease, may be harnessed to translate novel MSC based therapeutic strategies that target the Th17 pathway.
Complete amino acid sequence of the ADP/ATP carrier from beef heart mitochondria. (1982)

The complete primary structure of the ADP/ATP carrier from beef heart mitochondria is described. Cyanogen bromide cleaves the protein into a long, N-terminally blocked fragment with Mr 22,000 (CB1) and several small peptides. The primary information was derived from liquid-phase sequencing of tryptic peptides obtained from the maleylated carrier protein and the citraconylated CB1 fragment, as well as from cleavage products with Staphylococcus aureus protease. The multitude of thermolysinolytic, tryptic, chymotryptic and peptic peptides was sequenced by manual methods. They rendered overlaps and further supported already known partial sequences. Also, the bridge between the published acidolytic C-terminal fragment A2 was thus obtained.
Design strategies for GaAs-based unipolar lasers: Optimum injector-active region coupling via resonant tunneling (2001)

Electron injection into the upper state of the laser transition in quantum cascade lasers is studied by investigating the electrical and optical characteristics of a set of electroluminescent devices. These devices exploit the active region of an (Al)GaAs laser based on a diagonal–anticrossed transition scheme with emission wavelength at 9.5 μm, and are identical except for the injection barrier thickness which varies from 3.9 up to 8.0 nm. We find that for thin barriers electron wave functions in the injector are directly coupled with those of the continuum. This leads to a parallel current path which strongly reduces the injection efficiency of electrons into the active region. The current leak is suppressed at low temperatures for samples with the thickest barriers, but it is still observable at high temperatures when electrons are thermally activated from the injector miniband into the continuum.
An Interactive Deblurring Technique for Motion Blur (2012)

An interactive deblurring technique to restore a motion blurred image is proposed in this paper. Segment based semiautomated restoration method is proposed using an error gradient descent iterative algorithm. In this approach, segments are automatically detected which are the best representatives of motion blur. Then the decimal parameters of the blur kernel are interactively derived; with extended precision using interpolation between pixels, with comparatively much lower error convergence rate. Once blur kernel is obtained, image is restored using Striling's interpolation formula. Experimental results show that proposed method gives sufficient restoration as interactive judgment gives the most desirable quality.
Optimum Utilization of Resources by using Transportation Technique (2015)

This Paper deals with a  study of national Games  . When Games  were held in India. Asian and Asian Games records were broken. It was  the first National Game which was held under the Olympic Council of Asia. So Many   athletes from 33 National Olympic Committees participated in this  games, competing in 196 events in 21 sports and 23 disciplines.For smooth running of Games  police force had  been called for from the various central police bodies like CRPF ,BSF,ITBP and  different  states like  Haryana ,Himachal Pradesh ,Uttar Pradesh ,Orissa and Gujrat .Besides this there were  10 battalions of Delhi Police available for disposition. These police force(outside and the local) had been placed at several places in the Union Region ofDelhi. The cost of transportation could be reduced by using Transportation problem .The analysis provide useful insight for the practising managers .The result of the model used in this case Study or generalized as learning lessons for managers. Keywords:– Transportation Problem, National Games.
Tacrolimus (FK506) metabolite patterns in blood from liver and kidney transplant patients (1996)

The metabolite patterns of tacrolimus in blood were evaluated in 41 kidney and liver graft recipients. Trough concentrations of tacrolimus and its metabolites were measured by HPLC-mass spectrometry and microparticle enzyme immunoassay in parallel. A statistically significant correlation between results of both assays was observed for kidney and liver transplant patients (r = 0.77, P <0.001 and r = 0.71, P <0.001, respectively). The main metabolites in blood were demethyl, demethylhydroxy, didemethyl, didemethylhydroxy, and hydroxy tacrolimus. These metabolites added up to 42% (range 0-145%) of the tacrolimus concentration in liver transplant patients and to 44.8% (range 16-152%) in kidney transplant patients. During episodes of impaired liver function, concentrations of tacrolimus and its metabolites were increased compared with normal liver function, indicating accumulation of metabolites, in particular second-generation metabolites such as didemethyl and didemethylhydroxy tacrolimus. Stepwise regression analysis including tacrolimus, its metabolites, and liver function parameters suggested a model including serum activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase as predictors for increased concentrations of demethyl tacrolimus, didemethyl tacrolimus, and the parent drug.
Multiprocessor memory reference generation using Cerberus (2003)

Presents Cerberus, an efficient system for simulating the execution of shared-memory, multiprocessor programs on a uniprocessor workstation. Using EDS (execution-driven simulation), it generates address traces which can be used to drive cache simulations on-the-fly, eliminating the large disk space requirements needed by trace files. It is fast because it links the program to be traced together with the cache or statistics gathering tool into a single executable, which eliminates the context switching needed by communicating processes. It is flexible because it has a simple interface which allows users to easily add any kind of module to use the generated trace information. It compares favorably to other existing tracers; it runs on a commonly available workstation and it is accurate, allowing cycle-by-cycle interactions between the simulated processors. The resulting slowdown from Cerberus is approximately 31 in uniprocessor mode and 45-50 in multiprocessor mode, relative to the workloads run natively on the same machines. We demonstrate that EDS uses only 5% of the total execution cycles when combined with a cache simulator, and we show that EDS is just as efficient as using trace-driven simulation.
Improved Inosine Production and Derepression of Purine Nucleotide Biosynthetic Enzymes in 8-Azaguanine Resistant Mutants of Bacillus subtilis (1972)

Journal Article Improved Inosine Production and Derepression of Purine Nucleotide Biosynthetic Enzymes in 8-Azaguanine Resistant Mutants of Bacillus subtilis Get access Kenji Ishii, Kenji Ishii Central Research Laboratories of Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Isamu Shiio Isamu Shiio Central Research Laboratories of Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 36, Issue 9, 1 September 1972, Pages 1511–1522, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1972.10860448 Published: 01 September 1972 Article history Received: 23 December 1971 Published: 01 September 1972
Thermal Decomposition of Ti(O-iPr)[sub 2](dpm)[sub 2] on Pt Foil (2006)

The decomposition of titanium diisopropoxide dipivaloylmethanato [: , ], a Ti precursor used in metallorganic chemical vapor deposition or in atomic layer deposition processes for producing Ti-containing films, was studied in a high vacuum chamber, maintained at a pressure of , using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). The species present on the substrate surface at different temperatures in the TPD experiments were monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The isopropoxy ligand is dissociated from the Ti precursor, producing acetone and isopropanol by disproportionation at and only acetone at temperatures higher than . The dissociation of the isopropoxy ligand is complete at . The dpm ligand is dissociated to give propylene and propanal at all temperatures above and the dissociation is complete at about . The XPS results indicate that titanium oxide is formed on the substrate surface at temperatures above . The other surface component is carbon, which largely originates from the t-butyl group. The formation of titanium oxide was confirmed by a separate film-deposition experiment at relatively high pressures, , using the same Ti precursor. That is, a film deposited on Pt at high pressures showed an XPS peak for the Ti state, representing titanium oxide, as the major peak when the Ti precursor was decomposed at temperatures higher than , the temperature range for dissociation of the dpm ligand.
Absolute Configuration for 1,<i>n</i>-Glycols: A Nonempirical Approach to Long-Range Stereochemical Determination (2012)

The absolute configurations of 1,n-glycols (n = 2-12, 16) bearing two chiral centers were rapidly determined via exciton-coupled circular dichroism (ECCD) using a tris(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (TPFP porphyrin) tweezer system in a nonempirical fashion devoid of chemical derivatization. A unique "side-on" approach of the porphyrin tweezer relative to the diol guest molecule is suggested as the mode of complexation.
Thermodynamic Assessment of the Gallium-Nitrogen System (2001)

Thermochemical and phase diagram data for the Ga–N system were assessed by employing the CALPHAD method. A consistent model representation of available thermodynamic properties agrees well with the critically evaluated experimental data. Thermodynamic extrapolation/interpolation of these data was applied to estimate the sublimation and melting characteristics of the GaN compound: at atmospheric pressure of nitrogen, gallium nitride sublimates incongruently by decomposing into nitrogen-rich gas and gallium-rich liquid, but can melt congruently at high nitrogen pressure (≈4.9 GPa).
Japanese Encephalitis Virus-Specific Proliferative Responses of Human Peripheral Blood T Lymphocytes (1995)

The T lymphocytes play an important role in prevention and recovery from viral infections. To characterize T lymphocyte responses to Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus infections, we analyzed JE virus-specific T lymphocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from seven JE patients and 10 vaccinees who had received a formalin-inactivated, purified JE virus vaccine (Biken vaccine). These PBMC were examined for proliferative responses against live JE virus, a glutaraldehyde-fixed lysate of cells infected with JE virus, and extracellular particles (EPs; subviral membrane vesicles released from cells infected with recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding the JE virus premembrane and envelope proteins). Japanese encephalitis virus-specific T cell proliferation was demonstrated with PBMC from both patients and vaccinees after stimulation with infectious JE virus or the lysate of JE virus-infected cells. Proliferating PBMC included CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD8+ T lymphocytes in responses to either form of JE viral antigens. Responses to EPs were observed only with PBMC from some American vaccinees whose PBMC also responded to the virus and lysate. These results indicate that JE virus infection and immunization with an inactivated JE vaccine induce JE virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T memory lymphocytes that can be induced to proliferate by infectious JE virus and noninfectious JE antigens.
SUCCESSFUL ALLOGENEIC TRANSPLANTATION OF RAT ISLETS EXPRESSING CYTOKINE-INDUCED MAJOR HISTOCOMPATABILITY COMPLEX CLASS II ANTIGEN (1990)

Cultured neonatal rat (F344, RT1(1v1)) islets that were devoid of MHC class II (OX6) antigen and antigen-presenting cells were treated with recombinant murine interferon (IFN-gamma) and/or recombinant murine tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) in vitro. The IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha resulted in some disruption of the integrity of the islets by 7 days of culture, but the combination resulted in disaggregation of the islets within 7-8 days. Insulin release into the medium and secretion in response to glucose were adversely affected by the cytokines. The IFN-gamma resulted in expression of class II antigen on about 10% of the endocrine cells after 3-4 days in culture. This effect of IFN-gamma was potentiated by TNF-alpha resulting in 27% of the cells expressing class II antigen. Islets treated with IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha alone or in combination were not rejected in a subsequent transplant underneath the kidney capsule of WF rats (RT1u). We conclude that expression of class II antigen alone is not sufficient to initiate an allogeneic rejection response, but that cytokine-mediated destruction of endocrine cells could be the basis of immune-mediated islet-cell loss in islet-allograft rejection or autoimmune diabetes.
Simultaneous Measurement of [<sup>15</sup>N]Nitrate and [<sup>15</sup>N]Nitrite Enrichment and Concentration in Urine by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry as Pentafluorobenzyl Derivatives (2010)

Quantification of (15)N-labeled nitrate and determination of the (15)N-enrichment in urine upon administration of (15)N-labeled precursors such as L-[guanidino-(15)N(2)]arginine is a suitable approach to study formation and metabolism of nitric oxide (NO) and its metabolites in vivo. Previously, we have reported on the simultaneous derivatization and accurate quantification of nitrite and nitrate in various biological fluids using pentafluorobenzyl bromide and GC/MS. We report here on a modification of this method that allows for the simultaneous determination of (15)N-enrichment of [(15)N]nitrate and [(15)N]nitrite and the simultaneous quantification of [(15)N]nitrate, [(14)N]nitrate, [(15)N]nitrite, and [(14)N]nitrite in human urine. In a pilot study, using the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor drug acetazolamide at therapeutical oral doses (5.4 and 5 mg per kg bodyweight) and by oral intake of [(15)N]nitrite (0.31 and 0.5 micromol per kg bodyweight) by two healthy volunteers, we demonstrate for the first time that renal carbonic anhydrase activity is mainly responsible for the reabsorption of nitrite from the primary urine and confirm previous findings on nitrate.
Perforating Requirements for Sand Prevention (2000)

Abstract Sand prevention implies an acceptable risk of sand production over the producing life of the well with no sand control mechanisms implemented. This paper reviews available methods to optimize the choice of perforation parameters (phasing, shot density and charge type) for sand prevention. Prior work has shown that sand production is preceded by failure of the perforation tunnels. In order to have successful sand prevention it is necessary to have stable perforation tunnels through rate (drawdown) changes, depletion, and water-cut. Available methods to determine the ability of perforation tunnels to produce sand free can be classified into theoretical models, experimental methods and historical techniques. Deep penetrating charges are recommended as they produce smaller diameter perforation tunnels that are more stable than larger diameter tunnels produced by big hole charges. Optimum phasing technique relies on the maximization of distance between adjacent perforations in 3-dimensional space for a given wellbore radius and shot density. This is advantageous in avoiding inter-linking of failed zones around adjacent perforations. Data from the Magnus field in the North Sea supports the use of these two techniques in minimizing sand production. Where there are significant stress contrasts in the formation and the directions are known, oriented perforating can be used to increase the stability of perforation tunnels (especially when increasing drawdown and when depleting the reservoir). It is shown how these three main techniques can be used to perforate for sand prevention. In addition, the paper also provides guidelines on how to avoid sand production at the time of perforation, selective perforating where there is a contrast in formation strength with depth and the use of experimental techniques to determine perforation stability due to rate (drawdown) changes, depletion and water-cut.
Characterization of the <i>p</i>-Coumaric Acid Decarboxylase from Lactobacillus plantarum CECT 748<sup>T</sup> (2008)

It was previously reported that cell cultures from Lactobacillus plantarum CECT 748 (T) were able to decarboxylate phenolic acids, such as p-coumaric, m-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, gallic, and protocatechuic acid. The p-coumaric acid decarboxylase (PDC) from this strain has been overexpressed and purified. This PDC differs at its C-terminal end when compared to the previously reported PDC from L. plantarum LPCHL2. Because the C-terminal region of PDC is involved in enzymatic activity, especially in substrate activity, it was decided to biochemically characterize the PDC from L. plantarum CECT 748 (T). Contrarily to L. plantarum LPCHL2 PDC, the recombinant PDC from L. plantarum CECT 748 (T) is a heat-labile enzyme, showing optimal activity at 22 degrees C. This PDC is able to decarboxylate exclusively the hydroxycinnamic acids p-coumaric, caffeic, and ferulic acids. Kinetic analysis showed that the enzyme has a 14-fold higher K(M) value for p-coumaric and caffeic acids than for ferulic acid. PDC catalyzes the formation of the corresponding 4-vinyl derivatives (vinylphenol and vinylguaiacol) from p-coumaric and ferulic acids, respectively, which are valuable food additives that have been approved as flavoring agents. The biochemical characteristics showed by L. plantarum PDC should be taken into account for its potential use in the food-processing industry.