gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electric field tomography for contactless imaging of resistivity in biomedical applications (2004)

The technique of contactless imaging of resistivity distribution inside conductive objects, which can be applied in medical diagnostics, has been suggested and analyzed. The method exploits the interaction of a high-frequency electric field with a conductive medium. Unlike electrical impedance tomography, no electric current is injected into the medium from outside. The interaction is accompanied with excitation of high-frequency currents and redistribution of free charges inside the medium leading to strong and irregular perturbation of the field's magnitude outside and inside the object. Along with this the considered interaction also leads to small and regular phase shifts of the field in the area surrounding the object. Measuring these phase shifts using a set of electrodes placed around the object enables us to reconstruct the internal structure of the medium. The basics of this technique, which we name electric field tomography (EFT), are described, simple analytical estimations are made and requirements for measuring equipment are formulated. The realizability of the technique is verified by numerical simulations based on the finite elements method. Results of simulation have confirmed initial estimations and show that in the case of EFT even a comparatively simple filtered backprojection algorithm can be used for reconstructing the static resistivity distribution in biological tissues.
End-to-End Fair Bandwidth Allocation in Multi-Hop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks (2005)

The shared-medium multi-hop nature of wireless ad hoc networks poses fundamental challenges to the design of an effective resource allocation algorithm to maximize spatial reuse of spectrum, whilemaintaining basic fairness among multiple flows. When previously proposed scheduling algorithms have been shown to perform well in providing fair shares of bandwidth among single-hop wireless flows, they do not consider multi-hop flows with an end-to-end perspective when maximizing spatial reuse of spectrum. Instead, previous work attempts to break each multi-hop end-to-end flow into multiple single-hop flows for scheduling purposes. While this may be sufficient for maintaining basic fairness properties among single-hop subflows with respect to bandwidth, we show that, due to the intra-flow correlation between upstream and downstream hops, it may not be appropriate for maximizing spatial reuse of bandwidth. In this paper, we analyze the issue of increasing such spatial reuse of bandwidth from an end-to-end perspective of multihop flows. Through analysis and simulation results, we show that our proposed algorithm is able to appropriately distribute resources amongmulti-hop flows, so that end-to-end throughput may be maximized in wireless ad hoc networks, while still maintaining basic fairness across the multi-hop flows.
Thermal Oxidation of ZnS Modifications Sphalerite and Wurtzite (1995)

Abstract The oxidation of phase pure ZnS in the wurtzite and sphalerite modification upon heating in an air flow has been studied by simultaneous thermogravimetry‐differential thermal analysis and in‐situ X‐ray diffraction at high temperature (high temperature camera and electron synchrotron). The oxidation of wurtzite starts at higher temperature, ZnO is formed without any detectable side or intermediate products. Sphalerite oxidation starts at lower temperature, ZnSO 4 and Zn 3 O(SO 4 ) 2 are formed intermediately in side reactions yielding finally ZnO.
Protolytic decomposition of n-octane on graphite at near room temperature (2016)

Graphite basal surface is inert, and decomposition of n-alkanes on the graphite surface has not been discovered. We here report the evidence of decomposition of n-octanes on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface, heat-treated up to 1200 °C under high vacuum (10(-7) Pa), at near room temperatures. Using a temperature programmed desorption apparatus equipped with a quadrupole mass spectrometer showed the production of hydrogen molecules, methane, and ethane, suggesting that the protonation of n-octane takes place on graphite surface at near room temperature. It is known that acidic functional groups are terminated at edges on the air-cleaved HOPG surface and they increase their acidity via reactions with water. However, it is most unlikely that they protonate n-alkanes at near room temperature such as superacids. We anticipate that superacidic protons, which can protonate n-octanes, are produced on the graphite surface through a novel reaction mechanism.
ABCA1 agonist peptides for the treatment of disease (2015)

ABCA1 is an integral membrane protein that plays a central role in biology. Its principal function is to mediate the efflux of cholesterol and phospholipid from cells to extracellular apo, preventing a build-up of excess cholesterol in membranes. This process generates HDL particles that perform a variety of functions to protect against disease. A number of these functions can be viewed as directly or indirectly supporting ABCA1 activity, thus constituting a positive feedback system to optimize cellular lipid efflux responses and disease prevention. Consequently, therapeutic approaches that mimic the activities of apos may prove highly effective to combat disease. One such approach involves the use of peptides. The broad biological relevance of ABCA1 suggests these apo mimetic peptides may be useful for the treatment of a number of diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease.
Single-Molecule Fluorescence Imaging of Peptide Binding to Supported Lipid Bilayers (2009)

Single-molecule fluorescence imaging techniques have been adapted to the quantitative characterization of peptide-binding to lipid bilayers. Peptide-membrane interactions are important in therapeutics, diagnostics, and membrane permeation and for understanding of the structure and function of membrane-bound proteins. Total-internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging is capable of determining membrane-binding equilibrium constants through the reliable counting of individual peptide molecules in order to report their surface density in the membrane. The residence times of the individual molecules in the membrane can also be determined and the rates of unbinding determined from a histogram of residence times. A combination of the unbinding kinetics and the equilibrium constant allows the binding rate of a peptide to the membrane also to be reported. We apply this method to characterize the lipid membrane affinity of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a 30-residue membrane-active peptide that is involved in glycemic control. Using single-molecule TIRF imaging, we have measured the affiliation of GLP-1 with a supported, phospholipid bilayer and determined its binding equilibrium constant. Two rates of dissociation were observed, suggesting strongly and weakly bound states of the peptide. The rate of membrane association was much slower than diffusion-controlled, indicating a significant kinetic barrier to membrane binding. The data were interpreted using a heterogeneous, surface-reaction model analogous to electron-transfer kinetics at an electrode. To our knowledge, these results are the first example of using single-molecule counting to quantify peptide-lipid bilayer binding equilibria and kinetics.
Progress in the Automated Identification, Measurement, and Counting of Fish in Underwater Image Sequences (2016)

Abstract Underwater video systems are widely used for counting and measuring fish in aquaculture, fisheries, and conservation management. To determine population counts, spatial or temporal frequencies, and age or weight distributions, snout to tail fork length measurements are performed in video sequences, most commonly using a point and click process by a human operator. Current research aims to automate the identification, measurement, and counting of fish in order to improve the efficiency of population counts or biomass estimates. A fully automated process requires the detection and isolation of candidates for measurement, followed by the snout to tail fork length measurement, species classification, as well as the counting and tracking of fish. This paper reviews the algorithms used for the detection, identification, measurement, counting, and tracking of fish in underwater video sequences. The paper analyzes the most commonly used approaches, leading to an evaluation of the techniques most likely to be a comprehensive solution to the complete process of candidate detection, species identification, length measurement, and population counts for biomass estimation.
Direct measurement of exchange as a function of separation for discrete donor-acceptor pairs in ZnSe (1988)

We describe optical detection of magnetic resonance for 17 well-resolved discrete zinc interstitial donor-zinc vacancy acceptor pairs of varying separation in ZnSe. For most of the pairs, microwave transitions are detected between the exchange split triplet and singlet manifolds giving a direct high-precision measurement of the separated electron and hole exchange interaction in the excited emitting state of each pair. From these studies the E(+/2+) second donor state of the isolated interstitial zinc atom is estimated to be \ensuremath{\sim}${E}_{c}$-0.8 eV.
D-lactic acid measurements in the diagnosis of bacterial infections (1989)

Body fluids suspected of bacterial infection were cultured and examined for the presence of D-lactic acid, a specific bacterial metabolite. We examined 206 patients and 264 specimens. D-Lactic acid was found in concentrations of greater than or equal to 0.15 mM in 11 of 11 infected and 6 of 40 noninfected ascitic fluids, 6 of 6 infected and 4 of 33 noninfected pleural fluids, 4 of 4 infected and 0 of 13 noninfected synovial fluids, and 26 of 27 infected and 2 of 130 noninfected cerebrospinal fluids. The overall sensitivity was 79.7%, and the specificity was 99.5% when the D-lactic acid concentration was at least 0.15 mM. The most important clinical utility of the D-lactic acid measurement appears to be for patients with bacterial infection in various body compartments and in patients who have already received antimicrobial therapy. An elevation in D-lactic acid may indicate the presence of bacterial infection even when cultures are negative.
Cytotoxic T‐Lymphocyte Clones, Established by Stimulation with the HLA‐A2 Binding p53<sub>65–73</sub> Wild Type Peptide Loaded on Dendritic Cells <i>In Vitro</i>, Specifically Recognize and Lyse HLA‐A2 Tumour Cells Overexpressing the p53 Protein (2000)

Mutations in the tumour suppressor gene p53 are among the most frequent genetic alterations in human malignancies, often associated with an accumulation of the p53 protein in the cytoplasm. We have generated a number of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones that specifically recognize the HLA-A*0201 p53 wild type peptide RMPEAAPPV [65-73], designated R9V, by the in vitro stimulation of CD8 enriched peripheral blood lymphocytes from a healthy HLA-A*0201 donor using peptide loaded autologous dendritic cells. A total of 22 CTL clones were generated from the same bulk culture and demonstrated to carry identical T-cell receptors. The CTL clone, 2D9, was shown to specifically lyse the HLA-A*0201+ squamous carcinoma cell line SCC9 and the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468. Our data demonstrate that human peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal healthy individuals comprise T cells capable of recognizing p53 derived wild type (self) peptides. Furthermore, the capacity of R9V specific T cell clones to exert HLA restricted cytotoxicity, argues that the R9V peptide is naturally presented on certain cancer cells. This supports the view that p53 derived wild type peptides might serve as candidate target antigens for the immunotherapeutic treatment of cancer.
Scope and stereochemistry of an olefin synthesis from β-hydroxysulphones (1978)

The synthesis of olefins from β-acyloxy-sulphones by reduction with sodium amalgam in methanol–ethyl acetate can be applied to the preparation of a wide variety of conjugated dienes. When used for the synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted olefins in which the new double bond is either isolated or conjugated, the reaction is highly stereoselective, and leads to the trans-isomers.
A framework for the automated generation of power-efficient classifiers for embedded sensor nodes (2007)

This paper presents a framework for power-efficient detection in embedded sensor systems. State detection is structured as a decision tree classifier that dynamically orders the activation and adjusts the sampling rate of the sensors (termed groggy wakeup), such that only the data necessary to determine the system state is collected at any given time. This classifier can be tuned to trade-off accuracy and power in a structured, parameterized fashion. An embedded instantiation of these classifiers, including real-time sensor control, is described. An application based on a wearable gait monitor provides quantitative support for this framework. The decision tree classifiers achieved roughly identical detection accuracies to those obtained using support vector machines while drawing three times less power. Both simulation and real-time operation of the classifiers demonstrate that our multi-tiered classifier determines states as accurately as a single-trigger (binary) wakeup system while drawing as little as half as much power and with only a negligible increase in latency.
Integral-transport-based deterministic brachytherapy dose calculations (2002)

We developed a transport-equation-based deterministic algorithm for computing three-dimensional brachytherapy dose distributions. The deterministic algorithm has been based on the integral transport equation. The algorithm provided us with the capability of computing dose distributions for multiple isotropic point and/or volumetric sources in a homogenous/heterogeneous medium. The algorithm results have been benchmarked against the results from the literature and MCNP results for isotropic point sources and volumetric sources.
Decoupling Dynamics and Reward for Transfer Learning (2018)

Current reinforcement learning (RL) methods can successfully learn single tasks but often generalize poorly to modest perturbations in task domain or training procedure. In this work, we present a decoupled learning strategy for RL that creates a shared representation space where knowledge can be robustly transferred. We separate learning the task representation, the forward dynamics, the inverse dynamics and the reward function of the domain, and show that this decoupling improves performance within the task, transfers well to changes in dynamics and reward, and can be effectively used for online planning. Empirical results show good performance in both continuous and discrete RL domains.
Treatment of multiple sclerosis with human beta interferon. (2005)

The present manuscript uses an evidence-based approach to review and analyse evidence for the use of human beta interferon in the treatment of MS. Human beta interferon modulates many of the biological processes believed to be involved in MS development. Beta interferon is a member of a large family of secreted proteins that are involved in an organisms defence against viral infections, cell growth regulation and in modulation of immune response. The therapeutic efficacy of beta interferon in relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive MS has been established in several clinical trials, and evidence indicates that the total weekly dosage of beta interferon and/or the frequency of beta interferon administration are important factors in its clinical use. Future therapeutic developments in MS will be fuelled by our increasing understanding of the physical and biological roles of the interferons, in health and in MS pathogenesis.
The relation of immune response to pathogenesis, vaccination and epidemiology in virus induced leukaemia. (1975)

The antigenic systems of oncornaviruses and particularly feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) are reviewed briefly. The use of immunological methods in studying the epidemiology of the disease is described. The incidence of FeLV infection as judged by a serological survey is at least 100 times greater than that of leukaemia in the cat population. Horizontal transmission, due to virus replication in respiratory and alimentary epithelial cells, is common. A method of producing high titres of antibody against membrane antigens of virus infected cells is described; the use of such vaccination is discussed in relation to several epidemiological facets of feline leukaemia virus infection. Leukaemia viruses are well known to cause immunodepression to heterologous antigens. The hypothesis is advanced that depression of the humoral antibody response to leukaemia virus antigens and cell membrane antigens may be an early event allowing establishment and replication of virus in haemic and the lymphatic tissues. Subsequent depression of cell mediated immunity through direct action of thymic cells is known to take place in the cat system. This may allow further spread of the virus with replication in epithelial cells which are not susceptible to cytotoxic action. Thus the primary events leading to leukaemogenesis may be an interplay between immunostimulation and immunodepression.
Immunohistochemical Demonstration of a Novel Hypothalamic Peptide, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, in the Ovine Hypothalamus* (1990)

We recently reported isolation, characterization and synthesis of a novel ovine hypothalamic peptide with 38 residues which stimulates accumulation of cAMP in rat anterior pituitary cell cultures. The peptide was named PACAP38 (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide with 38 residues). The presence of another peptide corresponding to the N-terminal 1-27 residues (PACAP27) was also demonstrated. Both PACAP38 and PACAP27 have an amidated C-terminus. Antisera against synthetic PACAP27 were generated in rabbits. These antisera were tested for titer and specificity in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. One of the antisera (no. 88121-3) exhibited a high titer of antibody, which was specific to PACAP27 and PACAP38 with exception of slight cross-reactivity with ovine CRF (oCRF). Therefore, the antibodies against oCRF were removed from the antiserum using a solid phase method. Removal of oCRF antibodies was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A dense immunoreactive fiber network was found in both external and internal zones of the median eminence and pituitary stalk. The fibers were demonstrated to be in close contact with the hypophysial portal capillaries. The preabsorption of antiserum with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or with the mixture containing TRH, LHRH, oCRF, ovine GH-releasing factor, somatostatin, and bovine thyroglobulin did not affect the immunostaining. On the other hand, the preabsorption of antiserum with an excess of PACAP27 or PACAP38 abolished the immunostaining. Therefore, the staining is considered specific for PACAP27 and PACAP38. Stained fibers were also present in the posterior pituitary. A dense fiber network was observed and the lateral hypothalamus the fibers appeared to cling to unstained neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites. In the lateral septum the fibers surrounded some blood vessels. Immunolabeled cell bodies were found in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. These findings support the view that PACAP may play a multifunctional role, including that of a hypophysiotropic hormone, neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, and vasoregulator.
Electrochemical Behavior of Lithium Electrolytes Based on New Polyether Networks (1994)

International audience
The Role of Liquid Ammonia in Functional Textile Finishes (1974)

The effect of anhydrous liquid ammonia in the durable press and flame-retardant finishing of cotton and polyester/ cotton blends was studied. The liquid ammonia treatment was carried out prior to, simultaneously with, and subsequent to the functional finishing treatments. The manner of the removal of the ammonia determines the morphological structure of the cellulose and thus the effectiveness of the treatment. Liquid ammonia apparently forms a less reactive aminated species with methylol compounds; therefore, liquid ammonia medium cannot be used for the application of such compounds. Liquid ammonia treatment prior to durable press and flame-retarding finishes is a viable approach to attain improved over-all fabric performance.
Conformational studies of the interdomain linker peptides in the dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli. (1992)

Two peptides (PEP1, 26 residues, and PEP2, 22 residues) were synthesized with amino acid sequences identical to two of the long segments of polypeptide chain rich in alanine, proline, and charged amino acids that link the lipoyl domains together in the dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli. The circular dichroism and 400-MHz 1H NMR spectra of the peptides indicated that they lacked regular secondary structure. Even in the presence of 45% (v/v) hexafluoroisopropanol, they appeared to acquire a helical content of only 23-25%. However, 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed that the Ala-Pro peptide bonds were all (> 95%) in the trans configuration, compared with a value of 87% for the Ala-Pro bond in the model peptide AAPA, which is a recurrent sequence motif in PEP1 and PEP2. Likewise in peptides representing the N- and C-terminal halves of peptide PEP2, the Ala-Pro bonds were again all (> 95%)-trans, suggesting that peptide length is the essential determinant of the cis:trans ratio. Antisera were raised against peptides PEP2 and PEP3, the latter representing a third interdomain segment of polypeptide chain (Radford, S. E., Laue, E. D., Perham, R. N., Martin, S. R., and Appella, E. (1989a) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 767-775). Despite extensive sequence similarity among peptides PEP1, PEP2, and PEP3, only limited immunological cross-reactivity was observed, which suggests that the antigenic epitope(s) in the peptides are different and distinct. It is likely that these peptides are representative of a class of inter-domain linkers or spacers found in a wide variety of proteins and endowed with varying degrees of flexibility and stiffness to match their particular biological purpose.
“Bolivia es una sola montaña”. Apuntes sobre los discursos y las representaciones en torno a la nación elaborados por el gobierno del MAS durante el 2009 (2019)

Hacia mediados de los años 30 se consolidaba en Bolivia la narración del país de contactos como doctrina geopolítica formal, la cual se asentó sobre las ideas elaboradas por los pensadores del territorio de principios del siglo XX. Entre estos últimos, se encontraba Jaime Mendoza Gonzáles, quien sostenía que los Andes constituían “el sustrato básico” de la nacionalidad boliviana. Este escrito tiene como objetivo volver sobre las raíces de este dispositivo discursivo, así como analizar su impacto y persistencia en la retórica del gobierno del MAS. Puntualmente, se propone observar de qué manera las nociones que sirvieron de fundamento a dicha narrativa presionaron sobre la memoria histórica trazada por el gobierno del MAS durante la inauguración del “Bicentenario de los Pueblos” en el 2009, dando lugar a una idea de Bolivia que pareciera tropezar con la búsqueda oficial por extender e integrar la nación en clave plurinacional.