gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study of Particle Deposition on Semiconductor Wafers (1990)

A sensitive method for detecting particle deposition on semiconductor wafers has been developed. The method consisted of generating a monodisperse fluorescent aerosol, depositing the known-size monodisperse aerosol on a wafer in a laminar flow chamber, and analyzing the deposited particles using a fluorometric technique. For aerosol particles in the size range of 0.1–1.0 μm, the mobility classification-inertial impaction technique developed by Romay-Novas and Pui (1988) was used to generate the monodisperse test aerosols. Above a particle diameter of 1.0 μm, monodisperse uranine-tagged oleic acid aerosols were generated by a vibrating-orifice generator. The test wafer was a 3.8-cm diameter silicon wafer placed horizontally in a vertical laminar flow chamber which was maintained at a free stream velocity of 20 cm/s. A condensation nucleus counter and an optical particle counter were used to obtain the particle concentration profile in the test cross section and to monitor the stability of aerosol concentration during the experiment. The results show that the measured particle deposition velocities on the wafers agree well with the theory of Liu and Ahn (1987) in the particle size range between 0.15 and 8.0 μm. The deposition velocity shows a minimum around 0.25 μm in particle diameter and increases with both smaller and larger particle size owing to diffusional deposition and gravitational settling, respectively.
Electrical and microstructural properties of screenprinted CdS layers for CdS-CdTe solar cells (1988)

Results are presented on an investigation into the development of electrical and microstructural properties of sintered CdS films as a function of sintering parameters, and the double role of the evaporating flux is illustrated. CdCl/sub 2/ used in the sintering, acting both as a sintering flux and as an n-type dopant. The sintering temperature and sintering period were varied, and special attention was paid to the controlling of the flux evaporation. A study of the microstructural and electrical properties was performed, using SEM-analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy, resistivity, and Hall measurements. Data are presented on grain size, sheet resistance, carrier concentration, and carrier mobility versus sintering parameters. The results are explained in terms of the double role of the evaporating flux. It is found that the microstructure of screen-printed CdS films, sintered with the aid of CdCl/sub 2/ as a flux, is determined by the sintering temperature and by the effective sintering period, which is the period during which the flux can be kept active within the film.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An Unsupervised Autoregressive Model for Speech Representation Learning (2019)

This paper proposes a novel unsupervised autoregressive neural model for learning generic speech representations. In contrast to other speech representation learning methods that aim to remove noise or speaker variabilities, ours is designed to preserve information for a wide range of downstream tasks. In addition, the proposed model does not require any phonetic or word boundary labels, allowing the model to benefit from large quantities of unlabeled data. Speech representations learned by our model significantly improve performance on both phone classification and speaker verification over the surface features and other supervised and unsupervised approaches. Further analysis shows that different levels of speech information are captured by our model at different layers. In particular, the lower layers tend to be more discriminative for speakers, while the upper layers provide more phonetic content.
Performance and caching issues in an integration of neural net and conventional PC (2003)

This paper presents an analysis on the integration of Neural Network hardware to PC and a solution to the cache coherence problem. An analysis is achieved by determining clock cycles in CPU operation compared to mixed CPU-ANN mode. Cache coherence problem is resolved by hardware-based protocol executed on an additional cache consistency controller.
Edge enhancement in digital images using phase contrast filtering (1990)

An approach, termed phase contrast filtering (PCF), for the edge enhancement of digitized gray-scale images is presented. The design technique which realized these PCF filters as 2-D recursive high-pass digital filters is described in detail. Sample results are provided with qualitative comparison to the commonly used gradient operator methods.
A 380 ps, 9.5 mW Josephson 4-Kbit RAM operated at a high bit yield (1995)

We have developed a Josephson 4-Kbit RAM with improved component circuits and a device structure having two Nb wiring layers. A resistor coupled driver and sense circuit are improved to have wide operating margins. The fabrication process is simplified using bias sputtering, as a result, its reliability is increased. The RAM is composed of approximately 21000 Nb/AlO/sub x//Nb Josephson junctions, Mo resistors, Nb wirings, and SiO/sub 2/ insulators. Experimental results show a minimum access time of 380 ps and power dissipation of 9.5 mW. Maximum bit yield of 84% is obtained in minimum magnetic field of about 20 /spl mu/G. We confirm that most of fail bits are caused by trapped magnetic flux, and the RAM functions properly for 98% of the memory cells after measuring fail bit map several times.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Biomechanics of slips (2001)

The biomechanics of slips are an important component in the prevention of fall-related injuries. The purpose of this paper is to review the available literature on the biomechanics of gait relevant to slips. This knowledge can be used to develop slip resistance testing methodologies and to determine critical differences in human behaviour between slips leading to recovery and those resulting in falls. Ground reaction forces at the shoe-floor interface have been extensively studied and are probably the most critical biomechanical factor in slips. The ratio of the shear to normal foot forces generated during gait, known as the required coefficient of friction (RCOF) during normal locomotion on dry surfaces or 'friction used/achievable' during slips, has been one biomechanical variable most closely associated with the measured frictional properties of the shoe/floor interface (usually the coefficient of friction or COF). Other biomechanical factors that also play an important role are the kinematics of the foot at heel contact and human responses to slipping perturbations, often evident in the moments generated at the lower extremity joints and postural adaptations. In addition, it must be realized that the biomechanics are dependent upon the capabilities of the postural control system, the mental set of the individual, and the perception of the environment, particularly, the danger of slipping. The focus of this paper is to review what is known regarding the kinematics and kinetics of walking on surfaces under a variety of environmental conditions. Finally, we discuss future biomechanical research needs to help to improve walkway-friction measurements and safety.
An optimum SNS-to-binary conversion algorithm and pipelined field-programmable logic design (2000)

The Optimum Symmetrical Number System (OSNS) formulation is a direct consequence of the need to extract the maximum amount of information from a symmetrically folded waveform, and has found use in applications such as folding analog-to-digital converters and phase-sampled direction finding antenna architectures. One of the key problems in an OSNS hardware realization is recombining the OSNS symmetrical residues (S/sub 1/,S/sub 2/,...S/sub 3/) to determine the unknown incoming value. The symmetrical residues cannot be converted (e.g., using the Chinese Remainder Theorem) in a straightforward manner, since the integers within each modulus are ambiguous. This paper presents an OSNS-to-binary conversion algorithm for N=3 moduli of the form m/sub 1/=2/sup k/+1, m/sub 2/=2/sup k/, and m/sub 3/=2/sup k/-1. The algorithm consists of three main steps: 1) conversion of the symmetrical residues into complete residues; 2) solving the resulting congruences in binary; and 3) determining the unknown incoming value. A B=14-bit pipelined field-programmable logic design (FPLD) using Fe=6 is also presented to illustrate the algorithm. The number of bits throughout the FPLD are quantified and an example calculation is worked out to numerically demonstrate the efficiency of the design.
Ketoprofen (19.583 R. P.) (2-(3-benzoyl-phenyl)- propionic acid). Main pharmacological properties – Outline of toxicological and pharmacokinetic data (1976)

Ketoprofen possesses the typical pharmacological properties of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents i.e. anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity, as well as antibradykinin activity and ability to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. Ketoprofen is as potent as indomethacin in the tests for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, but its antipyretic and antibradykinin activities and its inhibitory activity against prostaglandin synthesis is respectively 4, 8 and 8 times greater than that of indomethacin. It seems very likely that the pituitary-adrenal axis is not involved in the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of ketoprofen, since in the carrageenan abscess test, the compound shows the same activity both in adrenalectomized and in normal rats and, when locally applied to the inflamed area, it is more active than when administered systemically. In the mouse the acute oral toxicity of ketoprofen is about one twentieth that of indomethacin. Like all powerful steroidal or non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents, ketoprofen shows some gastrointestinal toxicity, but its effect is mild and distinctly less than that of indomethacin. Pharmacokinetic studies in the rat, dog and monkey have shown that gastro-intestinal absorption of the drug is rapid and almost complete; the compound and its metabolites are excreted from the body fairly rapidly.
Tetanus toxin action: Inhibition of neurotransmitter release linked to synaptobrevin proteolysis (1992)

Tetanus toxin is a potent neurotoxin that inhibits the release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic nerve endings. The mature toxin is composed of a heavy and a light chain that are linked via a disulfide bridge. After entry of tetanus toxin into the cytoplasm, the released light chain causes block of neurotransmitter release. Recent evidence suggests that the L-chain may act as a metalloendoprotease. Here we demonstrate that blockade of neurotransmission by tetanus toxin in isolated nerve terminals is associated with a selective proteolysis of synaptobrevin, an integral membrane protein of synaptic vesicles. No other proteins appear to be affected by tetanus toxin. In addition, recombinant light chain selectively cleaves synaptobrevin when incubated with purified synaptic vesicles. Our data suggest that cleavage of synaptobrevin is the molecular mechanism of tetanus toxin action.
Analysis of MLP-Based Hierarchical Phoneme Posterior Probability Estimator (2010)

We analyze a simple hierarchical architecture consisting of two multilayer perceptron (MLP) classifiers in tandem to estimate the phonetic class conditional probabilities. In this hierarchical setup, the first MLP classifier is trained using standard acoustic features. The second MLP is trained using the posterior probabilities of phonemes estimated by the first, but with a long temporal context of around 150-230 ms. Through extensive phoneme recognition experiments, and the analysis of the trained second MLP using Volterra series, we show that 1) the hierarchical system yields higher phoneme recognition accuracies-an absolute improvement of 3.5% and 9.3% on TIMIT and CTS respectively-over the conventional single MLP-based system, 2) there exists useful information in the temporal trajectories of the posterior feature space, spanning around 230 ms of context, 3) the second MLP learns the phonetic temporal patterns in the posterior features, which include the phonetic confusions at the output of the first MLP as well as the phonotactics of the language as observed in the training data, and 4) the second MLP classifier requires fewer number of parameters and can be trained using lesser amount of training data.
MRE11 Expression Is Predictive of Cause-Specific Survival following Radical Radiotherapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (2010)

Radical radiotherapy and surgery achieve similar cure rates in muscle-invasive bladder cancer, but the choice of which treatment would be most beneficial cannot currently be predicted for individual patients. The primary aim of this study was to assess whether expression of any of a panel of DNA damage signaling proteins in tumor samples taken before irradiation could be used as a predictive marker of radiotherapy response, or rather was prognostic. Protein expression of MRE11, RAD50, NBS1, ATM, and H2AX was studied by immunohistochemistry in pretreatment tumor specimens from two cohorts of bladder cancer patients (validation cohort prospectively acquired) treated with radical radiotherapy and one cohort of cystectomy patients. In the radiotherapy test cohort (n = 86), low tumor MRE11 expression was associated with worse cancer-specific survival compared with high expression [43.1% versus 68.7% 3-year cause-specific survival (CSS), P = 0.012] by Kaplan-Meier analysis. This was confirmed in the radiotherapy validation cohort (n = 93; 43.0% versus 71.2%, P = 0.020). However, in the cystectomy cohort (n = 88), MRE11 expression was not associated with cancer-specific survival, commensurate with MRE11 being a predictive marker. High MRE11 expression in the combined radiotherapy cohort had a significantly better cancer-specific survival compared with the high-expression cystectomy cohort (69.9% versus 53.8% 3-year CSS, P = 0.021). In this validated immunohistochemistry study, MRE11 protein expression was shown and confirmed as a predictive factor associated with survival following bladder cancer radiotherapy, justifying its inclusion in subsequent trial designs. MRE11 expression may ultimately allow patient selection for radiotherapy or cystectomy, thus improving overall cure rates.
CXCR3 Binding Chemokine and TNFSF14 Over Expression in Bladder Urothelium of Patients With Ulcerative Interstitial Cystitis (2010)

Our study using DNA microarray analysis followed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction reveals over expression of genes related to immune and inflammatory responses, including T-helper type 1 related chemokines, and cytokines such as CXCR3 binding chemokines and TNFSF14. These genes may be potential interstitial cystitis biomarkers.
Security requirements and solution concepts in vehicular ad hoc networks (2007)

Inter-vehicle communication is one of the most challenging research areas for communication in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. The main benefit of this kind of communication is seen in active safety systems, which aim at increasing passengers' safety by exchanging warning messages between vehicles. In the past few years, considerable effort has been spent in research on networking protocols and applications, however research on security threats and solutions only started recently. In this paper, we elaborate on security issues in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) regarding active safety applications. We provide an overview on solution concepts and evaluate requirements of corresponding mechanisms. One conclusion is that although some concepts can be viewed as strong solutions from a network point of view, they do not fit into the design constraints of VANETs. Therefore, less secure mechanisms will probably have to suffice
[Effects and mechanism of ShenQi compound recipe on inflammation maker in GK rats]. (2006)

These results suggest that SQCR can decrease the level of inflammation maker in serum, which may be resulted from reducing the mRNA expression and activation of NF-kappaB.
Activation of cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase by Protein Kinase C (2003)

The cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKG) are emerging as important components of mainstream signal transduction pathways. Nitric oxide-induced cGMP formation by stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase is generally accepted as being the most widespread mechanism underlying PKG activation. In the present study, PKG was found to be a target for phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-responsive protein kinase C (PKC). PKG1alpha became phosphorylated in HEK-293 cells stimulated with PMA and also in vitro using purified components. PKC-dependent phosphorylation was found to activate PKG as measured by phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein, and by in vitro kinase assays. Although there are 11 potential PKC substrate recognition sites in PKG1alpha, threonine 58 was examined due to its proximity to the pseudosubstrate domain. Antibodies generated against the phosphorylated form of this region were used to demonstrate phosphorylation in response to PMA treatment of the cells with kinetics similar to vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation. A phospho-mimetic mutation at this site (T58E) generated a partially activated PKG that was more sensitive to cGMP levels. A phospho-null mutation (T58A) revealed that this residue is important but not sufficient for PKG activation by PKC. Taken together, these findings outline a novel signal transduction pathway that links PKC stimulation with cyclic nucleotide-independent activation of PKG.
Trends in Mediation Analysis in Nursing Research: Improving Current Practice (2017)

The purpose of this study was to describe common approaches used by nursing researchers to test mediation models and evaluate them within the context of current methodological advances. MEDLINE was used to locate studies testing a mediation model and published from 2004 to 2015 in nursing journals. Design (experimental/correlation, cross-sectional/longitudinal, model complexity) and analysis (method, inclusion of test of mediated effect, violations/discussion of assumptions, sample size/power) characteristics were coded for 456 studies. General trends were identified using descriptive statistics. Consistent with findings of reviews in other disciplines, evidence was found that nursing researchers may not be aware of the strong assumptions and serious limitations of their analyses. Suggestions for strengthening the rigor of such studies and an overview of current methods for testing more complex models, including longitudinal mediation processes, are presented.
Template-Free Liquid-Phase Synthesis of High-Density CdS Nanowire Arrays on Conductive Glass (2009)

High-density and single-crystalline CdS nanowire arrays were formed on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated soda-lime glass substrates without aid of templates at 220 °C. Bi was employed as a catalyst for the low-temperature growth of CdS nanowires via solution−liquid−solid (SLS) mechanism. CdS nanowires were very straight and they were ∼20−50 nm in diameter and ∼2−3 μm in length. CdS nanowires were in highly crystalline wurtzite structure, and their crystal growth direction was [001]. Careful controlling of processing conditions including Bi catalyst size, precursor concentration, and processing temperature was effective to grow thin CdS nanowires by suppressing formation of nanoparticles and radial growth of nanowires. Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) film covering Bi catalyst layer played a critical role in holding Bi liquid droplets on the substrates during nanowire growth. The potential of CdS nanowire arrays on FTO/glass substrates was demonstrated to be used for organic−inorganic hybrid solar cells.
Production of Leukotrienes in Human Skin and Conjunctival Mucosa after Specific Allergen Challenge (1985)

The production of leukotrienes has been monitored in tear fluids from subjects following a conjunctival provocation test, and skin blister fluids following initiation of a Prausnitz-Kustner reaction. In tear fluids elevated levels of leukotriene C4 (LTC4)-immunoreactive material were measured following allergen challenge as compared to control tear fluid obtained by mechanical or reflex stimulation. Analysis by high performance liquid chromatography indicated the presence of LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4. In the skin, significantly elevated levels of LTC4-immunoreactive material were measured following allergen challenge in the Prausnitz-Kustner reaction. HPLC analysis indicated the presence of both LTC4 and LTD4. LTB4 immunoreactive material was detected both in the tear fluid and the skin tissue fluid. However, no significant increase occurred in either tissue after the allergic reactions. These results indicate that the SRS-A leukotrienes are released in vivo in man following allergen challenge, and indicate these mediators may be important in human allergic diseases.
Invasiveness of Serotypes and Clones of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> among Children in Finland (2004)

Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) causes diseases from otitis media to life-threatening invasive infection. The species is extremely antigenically and clonally diverse. We wished to determine odds ratios (ORs) for serotypes and clones of S. pneumoniae that cause invasive disease in Finland. A total of 224 isolates of S. pneumoniae from cases of invasive disease in children <2 years of age in Finland between 1995 and 1999 were serotyped, and sequence types (STs) were determined by multilocus sequence typing. These STs were compared with a previously published carriage data set. STs from invasive disease were significantly less diverse than those from carriage (invasive disease, 0.038 +/- 0.01; carriage, 0.019 +/- 0.005). The ORs of serotypes 14, 18C, 19A, and 6B were significantly greater than 1, indicating association with invasive disease. The ORs of 6A and 11A were significantly less than 1. The difference between 6A and 6B is significant, which suggests that relatively subtle changes in the capsule may have a dramatic effect upon disease potential. We found that ST 156, the Spain(9V)-3 clone which mainly expressed serotype 14 in Finland, is strongly associated with invasive disease (OR, 10.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 79.5). Significant associations with invasive disease were also detected for STs 482, 191, 124, and 138, and associations with carriage were detected for STs 485 and 62. These results demonstrate the invasive phenotype of the serotype 14 variant of the Spain(9V)-3 clone and differences between members of the same serogroup in invasive disease potential.
Role of the <i>yiaR</i> and <i>yiaS</i> Genes of <i>Escherichia coli</i> in Metabolism of Endogenously Formed <scp>l</scp> -Xylulose (2000)

Genes yiaP and yiaR of the yiaKLMNOPQRS cluster of Escherichia coli are required for the metabolism of the endogenously formed L-xylulose, whereas yiaS is required for this metabolism only in araD mutants. Like AraD, YiaS was shown to have L-ribulose-5-phosphate 4-epimerase activity. Similarity of YiaR to several 3-epimerases suggested that this protein could catalyze the conversion of L-xylulose-5-phosphate into L-ribulose-5-phosphate, thus completing the pathway between L-xylulose and the general metabolism.