gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nanoscale Tunable Reduction of Graphene Oxide for Graphene Electronics (2010)

The reduced form of graphene oxide (GO) is an attractive alternative to graphene for producing large-scale flexible conductors and for creating devices that require an electronic gap. We report on a means to tune the topographical and electrical properties of reduced GO (rGO) with nanoscopic resolution by local thermal reduction of GO with a heated atomic force microscope tip. The rGO regions are up to four orders of magnitude more conductive than pristine GO. No sign of tip wear or sample tearing was observed. Variably conductive nanoribbons with dimensions down to 12 nanometers could be produced in oxidized epitaxial graphene films in a single step that is clean, rapid, and reliable.
A split wordline cell for 16 Mb SRAM using polysilicon sidewall contacts (2002)

A 16-Mb SRAM (static RAM) cell having three significant features in comparison with conventional cells has been developed. First, a split wordline memory cell layout was adopted. Second, a double-gated PMOS thin film transistor (TFT) load was used. Third, polysilicon sidewall contacts were applied to the cell storage-node to reduce the number of fabrication process steps. The cell size was 2.1 mu m*4.15 mu m and it was fabricated using a conventional i-line stepper; and two phase-shift masks were required for the fabrication process. Memory cell operation was verified using a 64-kb test chip. In order to reduce soft errors, the 'fin' capacitor was applied to the 16-Mb SRAM cell.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Inhibitory characteristics of citrullinated telopeptides of type I and II collagens for autoantibody binding in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (2006)

Based on inhibition assay, it is possible to measure the autoantibodies binding specifically to citrullinated telopeptides of type I and II collagens. When only one assay is involved, variance is decreased and the overall performance is easier than before.
Unusual Contact Shifts and Magnetic Tensor Orientation in <i>Rhodobacter</i> <i>capsulatus</i> Ferrocytochrome <i>c</i>‘:  NMR, Magnetic Susceptibility, and EPR Studies (1999)

In contrast to high-spin ferrous paramagnetic heme proteins, the chemical shifts of the heme protons are very unusual in the ferrocytochromes c‘. Magnetic susceptibility studies of Rhodobacter capsulatus ferrocytochrome c‘ in frozen solutions have been performed and indicate an S = 2 spin state and a large negative axial (D) zero-field splitting parameter (−18.3 cm-1) as well as a significant rhombic (E) value (−4.9 cm-1). The 1H and 15N resonances have been extensively assigned by TOCSY−HSQC, NOESY−HSQC, and HSQC−NOESY−HSQC 3-D heteronuclear experiments performed on a 8 mM sample labeled with 15N. Based on short-range and medium-range NOEs and HN exchange rates, the secondary structure consists of four helices: helix-1 (3−30), helix-2 (34−49), helix-3 (78−97), and helix-4 (103−117). The 15N, HN, and Hα chemical shifts of the reduced (or ferro) state are compared to those previously assigned for the diamagnetic carbon monoxide complex form. From the chemical shift differences between these redox states, the orientation and the anisotropy of the paramagnetic susceptibility tensor have been determined using the crystallographic coordinates of the ferric state. Values of −23 and −3 cm-1 have been inferred for D and E, and the z-axis of the tensor is tilted approximately 30° from the normal to the heme. The paramagnetic chemical shifts of the heme protons have been determined and split up into Fermi shift and the dipolar shift contributions. The pattern of the contact shifts is very unusual, exhibiting a 2-fold symmetry, and is discussed in terms of molecular orbital interactions between the porphyrin macrocycle and the imidazole ring.
Synthesis of peptides by the solid-phase method. III. Bradykinin: fragments and analogs (1978)

The natural sequence of bradykinin (BK) and 55 fragments or analogs of this peptide were perpared via the solid-phase method. The peptides were purified using ion-exchange (O-carboxymethyl(CM) and partition (Sephadex G-25) chromatography. The purity of each peptide was established by paper and thin-layer chromatography, paper electrophoresis, amino acid analysis, and biological assays. The compounds were tested in anesthetized rats (tested in vivo) and in two smooth-muscle preparations (rabbit aorta strip, cat ileum strip) in which BK produces contraction by stimulating specific receptors of different types. Some of the new peptides are interesting in that they either resist pulmonary inactivation, or are more potent than BK itself, or antagonize the myotropic effect of BK in rabbit aorta strips.
HOW TO SHOW THAT UNICORN MILK IS A CHRONOBIOTIC: THE REGRESSION-TO-THEMEAN STATISTICAL ARTIFACT (2001)

Few chronobiologists may be aware of the regression-to-the-mean (RTM) statistical artifact, even though it may have far-reaching influences on chronobiological data. With the aid of simulated measurements of the circadian rhythm phase of body temperature and a completely bogus stimulus (unicorn milk), we explain what RTM is and provide examples relevant to chronobiology. We show how RTM may lead to erroneous conclusions regarding individual differences in phase responses to rhythm disturbances and how it may appear as though unicorn milk has phase-shifting effects and can successfully treat some circadian rhythm disorders. Guidelines are provided to ensure RTM effects are minimized in chronobiological investigations.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐BROMOETHYL GLYCOSIDES, PART 5. SYNTHESIS OF SPACER‐ARM, LIPID, AND ETHYL GLYCOSIDES OF THE TRISACCHARIDE PORTION (α‐D‐GAL‐(1→4)‐β‐D‐GAL‐(1→4)‐β‐D‐GLC) OF THE BLOOD‐GROUP PK ANTIGEN: PREPARATION OF NEOGLYCOPROTEINS (1984)

Abstract Das geschützte Bromethylglykosid (Ia) wird nach Deacetylierung in das Benzylidenderivat (Ib) übergeführt, dessen Dibenzylether (Ic) mit NaBH 3 (CN) zu (Id) umgesetzt wird.
Synthesis and optical properties of copper nanoparticles prepared by a chemical reduction method (2011)

Abstract Copper nanoparticles, due to their interesting properties, low cost preparation and many potential applications in catalysis, cooling fluid or conductive inks, have attracted a lot of interest in recent years. In this study, copper nanoparticles were synthesized through the chemical reduction of copper sulfate with sodium borohydride in water without inert gas protection. In our synthesis route, ascorbic acid (natural vitamin C) was employed as a protective agent to prevent the nascent Cu nanoparticles from oxidation during the synthesis process and in storage. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was added and worked both as a size controller and as a capping agent. Cu nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to investigate the coordination between Cu nanoparticles and PEG. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV–vis spectrometry contributed to the analysis of size and optical properties of the nanoparticles, respectively. The average crystal sizes of the particles at room temperature were less than 10 nm. It was observed that the surface plasmon resonance phenomenon can be controlled during synthesis by varying the reaction time, pH, and relative ratio of copper sulfate to the surfactant. The surface plasmon resonance peak shifts from 561 to 572 nm, while the apparent color changes from red to black, which is partly related to the change in particle size. Upon oxidation, the color of the solution changes from red to violet and ultimately a blue solution appears.
Haemophilus influenzae Rd KW20 has virulence properties (2003)

Haemophilus influenzae is a human-adapted commensal and pathogen that can cause mucosal infections such as sinusitis, otitis media and bronchitis. Certain strains also cause bacteraemia and meningitis. Clinical isolates are genetically heterogeneous and are often recalcitrant to standard genetic manipulation. H. influenzae strain Rd KW20 has traditionally been considered avirulent, since it does not survive in the bloodstream of animals, is readily killed by normal adult human sera and cannot colonize the nasopharynx of infant rats. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Rd KW20 could be used in certain infection models. It is shown here that strain Rd KW20 can invade certain human epithelial cell lines grown either as monolayers or as differentiated epithelium at the air-liquid interface. In addition, Rd KW20 can invade a monolayer of immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Finally, this strain can replicate and survive in human bronchial xenografts for up to 3 weeks. The complete genomic sequence of Rd KW20 is available and it is readily amenable to genetic manipulation. These properties and the results reported here indicate that this strain is a viable alternative to the use of clinical isolates for the investigation of H. influenzae virulence.
[The effect of pH on in vitro deproteinization in orthomyxo- and paramyxoviruses]. (1990)

Deproteinization effect of nonionic detergent NP-40 on orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses depends on the ionic strength and pH of the medium. Solubilization of the M1 protein is considerably more efficient at pH 6.0-5.0 than at pH 6.5-9.0 for influenza types A, B, C viruses. In contrast, the extraction of matrix protein M from the virions of paramyxoviruses is increased at pH about 9.0. The phenomenon of pH-dependent solubilization of the virions matrix protein is analyzed in connection with the mechanisms of viral invasion of the target cell. Polypeptide M1 is found to be more tightly bound with the nucleocapside of influenza virus with the cleaved hemagglutinine HA1/2 than with the nucleocapside of the virus with the intact HA0.
Helicopter UAV systems for in situ measurements and sensor placement (2012)

The use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) is growing in research and civil applications. Advancing technology offers huge potential which is just starting being used. We present a method to have a helicopter UAS interacting with the environment physically. This basic technology, which includes high precision control and a vision system can be adapted for different in situ measurement tasks. Applications cover a wide range from placement of sensors or direct measurements to sampling. While UAS systems get more complex, we describe a way of interacting with a them by means of an interactive control framework, which can also include other systems and sensors.
Mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by diallyl trisulfide in human prostate cancer cells is associated with generation of reactive oxygen species and regulated by Bax/Bak (2007)

Garlic constituent diallyl trisulfide (DATS) inhibits growth of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by causing apoptosis, but the sequence of events leading to cell death is not fully understood. We now show that DATS treatment triggers mitochondria-mediated apoptosis program in human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, LNCaP-C81, LNCaP-C4-2) irrespective of their androgen responsiveness. Interestingly, a normal prostate epithelial cell line (PrEC) is significantly more resistant to apoptosis induction by DATS compared with prostate cancer cells. The DATS-induced apoptosis in LNCaP cells correlated with the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, modest increase in protein level of Bak, and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL protein levels. The DATS-induced apoptosis was significantly attenuated by knockdown of Bax and Bak proteins, but not by ectopic expression of either Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL. The DATS treatment caused generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LNCaP cells, but not in PrEC, which was attenuated by pretreatment with antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. The N-acetylcysteine pretreatment conferred significant protection against DATS-mediated disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis. In conclusion, the present study reveals that the mitochondria-mediated cell death by DATS is associated with ROS generation and regulated by Bax/Bak but independent of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL.
[Fever. A guideline in the development of medical thinking]. (1991)

Fever being one of the best known symptoms, and appearing so frequently that it is often assimilated to "illness", has brought us to try and find out what "fever" means in a general way; in other words, we examined its medical and scientific concept throughout the centuries. In the course of primitive and archaic periods, fever, as well as diseases, was placed in the supernatural sphere and was reserved to magico-religious practices. Hippocrates will change this method by devoting himself to meticulous clinical observation, considering fever as a sign of illness, and by characterizing the different types of fever. When considering the mechanisms of its appearance, he will stick to the theory of "body-humors" and the "theories of numbers." Galenos will adapt that theory to Aristotle's philosophy and, doing so, he made it last for several centuries. The Renaissance will place critical thinking higher than slavish acceptance of theories, but it will not start any revolution in the appreciation of fevers. The possibility of contagion is mentioned, but the latter will only be well established by Pasteur and Koch. The breakthrough of microscopy into pathology will have to wait for Virchow. Thermometry will have to wait two centuries between Santorio and Wunderlich. The fever-concept will stay vague until experimental physiology and medicine will acquire their vested rights owing to Magendie and Bernard. They will moreover be followed by the microbiological era. The breakthrough will be the consequence of experimental proofs of the existence of a temperature-centre located in the hypothalamus and the pre-optic area. The discovery of endogenous as well as exogenous pyrogens has contributed to the creation of rational models which cover nearly completely the problem of body-temperature and fever. This long way did not progress as a regularly favourable evolution but, now and again, appeared figureheads who allowed us to approach the truth nearer and nearer.
THE RULES OF POWER AND THE POWER OF RULES (2012)

The article aims to analyze and explain how the institutionalization of the multilateral trade regime affected international trade regulation and created incentives for countries to integrate it and to direct their trade negotiation strategies to it. To accomplish this, I will examine some factors related to the way the negotiating agenda is set, according to a country’s economic and political clouts, the rules of power; and those which encourage the political participation of less powerful countries by using coalitions and enforcement mechanisms created at the multilateral trade regime, denoting the power of rules. Two dimensions of the multilateral trade regime are taken into account: first, the legal-diplomatic dimension, focusing on changes in dispute settlement mechanisms and their effects on the politics of the trade disputes at the regime; and second, the political-negotiating dimension, related to the creation of new coalitions among developing countries in the new context negotiations at the multilateral trade regime. Finally, some concluding remarks are presented on the implications of the institutionalization of the multilateral trade regime for trade negotiation strategies.
A Convenient Synthesis of Fluorobenzaldehydes by KF/Ph4PBr/18-Crown-6 Reagent System (1988)

Abstract 4-Fluorobenzaldehyde was easily synthesized from 4-chlorobenzaldehyde by potassium fluoride in the presence of tetraphenylphosphonium halide plus 18-crown-6 or poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether. Several fluorobenzaldehyde derivatives were similarly prepared from the corresponding chloro-derivatives in good yields.
Measurement of refractive indices of fibers with regular or irregular transverse sections and having a skin-core structure (1991)

Multiple-beam Fizeau fringes crossing fibers of different cross-sectional shapes and having a skin-core structure are studied to determine the refractive indices of the two layers. These fibers are of circular, rectangular, triangular, trilobal, elliptical, kidney, and dog-bone cross-sectional shapes. The area enclosed under the fringe shift is considered to represent the optical path difference integrated across the fiber. This method is suitable for the measurement of refractive indices of fibers of regular or irregular transverse sections. This method is applied to nylon 6 fibers.
Neural Networks Arbitration for Optimum DCT Image Compression (2007)

Image compression using Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is one of the simplest commonly used compression methods. The quality of compressed images, however, is marginally reduced at higher compression ratios due to the lossy nature of DCT compression, thus, the need for finding an optimum DCT compression ratio. An ideal image compression system must yield high quality compressed images with good compression ratio, while maintaining minimum time cost. Neural networks perform well in simulating non-linear relationships. This paper suggests that a neural network could be trained to recognize an optimum ratio for DCT compression of an image upon presenting the image to the network. The neural network associates the image intensity with its compression ratios in search for an optimum ratio. Experimental results suggest that a trained neural network can simulate such non-linear relationship and thus can be successfully used to provide an intelligent optimum image compression system.
Stabilized α ‐ Ni (  OH  ) 2 as Electrode Material for Alkaline Secondary Cells (1994)

Hydrotalcite‐like compounds of formula , having the same structure as that of , have been synthesized by substituting nickel hydroxide with aluminum. Of these, the compounds of compositions are found to have prolonged stability in strong alkaline medium. The electrodes comprising stabilized of composition are rechargeable with discharge‐capacity values of 240 (±15) mAh‐g−1 and are attractive for applications in various alkaline secondary cells employing nickel‐positive electrodes.
Intracellular Signaling by the Unfolded Protein Response (2006)

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an intracellular signaling pathway that is activated by the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). UPR activation triggers an extensive transcriptional response, which adjusts the ER protein folding capacity according to need. As such, the UPR constitutes a paradigm of an intracellular control mechanism that adjusts organelle abundance in response to environmental or developmental clues. The pathway involves activation of ER unfolded protein sensors that operate in parallel circuitries to transmit information across the ER membrane, activating a set of downstream transcription factors by mechanisms that are unusual yet rudimentarily conserved in all eukaryotes. Recent results shed light on the mechanisms by which unfolded proteins are sensed in the ER and by which the unfolded protein signals are relayed and integrated to reestablish homeostasis in the cell's protein folding capacity or-if this cannot be achieved-commit cells to apoptosis.
Role of the rfaG and rfaP genes in determining the lipopolysaccharide core structure and cell surface properties of Escherichia coli K-12 (1992)

Deletions which removed rfa genes involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core synthesis were constructed in vitro and inserted into the chromosome by linear transformation. The deletion delta rfa1, which removed rfaGPBI, resulted in a truncated LPS core containing two heptose residues but no hexose and a deep rought phenotype including decreased expression of major outer membrane proteins, hypersensitivity to novobiocin, and resistance to phage U3. In addition, delta rfa1 resulted in the loss of flagella and pili and a mucoid colony morphology. Measurement of the synthesis of beta-galactosidase from a cps-lacZ fusion showed that the mucoid phenotype was due to rcsC-dependent induction of colanic acid capsular polysaccharide synthesis. Complementation of delta rfa1 with rfaG+ DNA fragments resulted in a larger core and restored the synthesis of flagella and pili but did not reverse the deep rough phenotype or the induction of cps-lacZ, while complementation with a fragment carrying only rfaP+ reversed the deep rough phenotype but not the loss of flagella and pili. A longer deletion which removed rfaQGPBIJ was also constructed, and complementation studies with this deletion showed that the product of rfaQ was not required for the functions of rfaG and rfaP. Thus, the function of rfaQ remains unknown. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of LPS core oligosaccharides from complemented delta rfa1 strains indicated that rfaP+ was necessary for the addition of either phosphoryl (P) or pyrophosphorylethanolamine (PPEA) substituents to the heptose I residue, as well as for the partial branch substitution of heptose II by heptose III. The substitution of heptose II is independent of the type of P substituent present on heptose I, and this results in four different core structures. A model is presented which relates the deep rough phenotype to the loss of heptose-linked P and PPEA.
Grain‐Boundary Chemistry of Barium Titanate and Strontium Titanate: II, Origin of Electrical Barriers in Positive‐Temperature‐Coefficient Thermistors (1990)

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) of positive‐temperature‐coefficient (PTC) BaTiO 3 thermistors shows that the grain‐boundary oxygen content in as‐received (oxidatively cooled) materials is slightly enriched compared to quenched samples, and the acceptor‐rich space‐charge present at high temperatures is retained upon cooling. The defect density of the space charge is approximately equal to the acceptor state density at PTC boundaries determined by electrical measurements. Accordingly, it is proposed that the electrical barrier forms when acceptor defects already segregated in the ionic space charge at high temperature become active interface states when compensating donor defects in the grain‐boundary core are oxidized. These acceptor defects appear to be primarily barium vacancies, but need not form upon cooling in the manner proposed by Daniels and Wernicke. Acceptor solutes when present can also contribute to barrier formation through space‐charge segregation; the increase in interface state density upon addition of Mn is consistent with the magnitude of the expected segregation.
Ge/Si Heterojunction Photodiodes Fabricated by Wafer Bonding (2006)

Ge/Si heterojunction photodiodes with a mesa structure were fabricated by wet wafer bonding. Photocurrents were observed for lights of 1.31 and 1.55 µm wavelengths with above 40% quantum efficiencies. The measured capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristic indicated that photoelectrons were injected into the p-Si layer through the hetero-interface when the depletion layer reached the interface. The photodiode structure having a Ge/Si heterojunction can be applied to an avalanche photodiode (APD) having a multiplication noise lower than those of conventional InGaAs/InP APDs.