gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 5‐aryl‐2‐oxazolepropionic acids and analogs. Antiinflammatory agents (1969)

Abstract Condensation of 2‐bromoacetophenones with sodium succinimide gave N ‐phenacylsuccinimides ( 1 ) which were opened with sodium hydroxide to N ‐phenacylsuccinamic acids ( 2 ). The latter were cyclized to 5‐aryl‐2‐oxazolepropionic acids ( 3 ) in sulfuric acid. Similar cyclization of N ‐phenacylphthalamic acid ( 5 ) and succinic acid 2‐benzoylhydrazide ( 7 ) gave o ‐(5‐phenyl‐2‐oxazolyl)benzoic acid ( 6 ) and 5‐phenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐2‐propionic acid ( 8 ). The succinamic acids 2 and the phthalamic acid 5 were observed to recyclize to the corresponding imides ( 1 and 4 ) on heating, and the succinic acid hydrazide 7 was similarly cyclized to N ‐benzamidosuccinimide ( 9 ) with acetic anhydride. Antiinflammatory screening data are reported for 3 , 6 and 8 .
GaN/SiC <i>p-n</i> mesa junctions for HBTs fabricatedusingselective photoelectrochemical etching (2001)

GaN/SiC p-n junctions for heterojunction bipolar transistors have been fabricated using photoelectrochemical etching. The process was shown to have excellent selectivity between n- and p-type semiconductors, self-terminating at the p-type SiC layer. Smooth p-SiC surfaces were observed, and contact resistance on the etched surface of 3 × 10-3 Ωcm2 was achieved. This process has been used in the fabrication of HBTs.
Teodoro de Croix and the Northern Frontier of New Spain, 1776-1783; From the Original Documents in the Archives of the Indies, Seville (1941)

Journal Article Teodoro de Croix and the Northern Frontier of New Spain, 1776–1783; From the Original Document in the Archives of the Indies, Seville. Translated and edited by Alfred Barnaby Thomas. American Exploration and Travel Series, Vol. V Get access Philip C. Brooks Philip C. Brooks The National Archives Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 28, Issue 2, September 1941, Pages 250–251, https://doi.org/10.2307/1896224 Published: 01 September 1941
Evaluation of a commercially‐available block for spatially fractionated radiation therapy (2010)

In this paper, we present the dosimetric characteristics of a commercially-produced universal GRID block for spatially fractioned radiation therapy. The dosimetric properties of the GRID block were evaluated. Ionization chamber and film measurements using both Kodak EDR2 and Gafchromic EBT film were performed in a solid water phantom to determine the relative output of the GRID block as well as its spatial dosimetric characteristics. The surface dose under the block and at the openings was measured using ultra thin TLDs. After introducing the GRID block into the treatment planning system, a treatment plan was created using the GRID block and also by creating a GRID pattern using the multi-leaf collimator. The percent depth doses measured with film showed that there is a shift of the dmax towards shallower depths for both energies (6 MV and 18 MV) under investigation. It was observed that the skin dose at the GRID openings was higher than the corresponding open field by a factor as high as 50% for both photon energies. The profiles showed the transmission under the block was in the order of 15-20% for 6 MV and 30% for 18 MV. The MUs calculated for a real patient using the block were about 80% less than the corresponding MUs for the same plan using the multileaf collimator to define the GRID. Based on this investigation, this brass GRID compensator is a viable alternative to other solid compensators or MLC-based fields currently in use. Its ease of creation and use give it decided advantages. Its ability to be created once and used for multiple patients (by varying the collimation of the linear accelerator jaws) makes it attractive from a cost perspective. We believe this compensator can be put to clinical use, and will allow more centers to offer GRID therapy to their patients.
cis- and trans-Azetidin-2-ones from nitrones and copper acetylide (1976)

The reaction between nitrones and copper acetylides in pyridine yields cis- and trans-azetidinones. Deuteriation and isomerisation studies indicate that the trans-compound is produced from the initially formed cis-isomer and that the amount of cis-product may be increased by using non-basic solvents. Lactams with aromatic, aliphatic, and ethoxycarbonyl substituents may be obtained from appropriately substituted acetylenes, and the use of cyclic nitrones leads to bicyclic compounds.
Orientation in the 1,3-Benzodioxole Series (1945)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOrientation in the 1,3-Benzodioxole SeriesRichard T. Arnold and Newman BortnickCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1945, 67, 10, 1797–1798Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1945Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1945https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01226a053RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views109Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (218 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Overview of Transmission Lines Above 700 kV (2005)

This paper describes the transmission lines that have been built throughout the world to operate above 700 kV. The paper provides information on the system planning, the electrical design, the mechanical and tower design, and the operation and maintenance experience of lines built in the U.S., Canada, South Africa, Brazil, Venezuela, Russia, Korea, India and Japan. Also briefly discussed is the research conducted around the world to develop systems to operate above 700 kV including the research conducted by EPRI at their high-voltage research facility in Lenox, Massachusetts.
High Channel Mobility 4H-SiC MOSFETs by Antimony Counter-Doping (2014)

Channel mobility of >100 cm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> V <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{-1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> s <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{-1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> has been obtained on enhancement mode 4H-SiC MOSFETs using an antimony (Sb) doped surface channel in conjunction with nitric oxide (NO) postoxidation annealing. Temperature dependence of the channel mobility indicates that Sb, being an n-type dopant, reduces the surface electric field while the NO anneal reduces the interface trap density, thereby improving the channel mobility. This letter highlights the importance of semiconductor/dielectric materials processes that reduce the transverse surface electric field for improved channel mobility in 4H-SiC MOSFETs.
A Randomized Phase II/III Study of Naptumomab Estafenatox + IFNα versus IFNα in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Final Analysis with Baseline Biomarker Subgroup and Trend Analysis (2016)

The study did not meet its primary endpoint. Nap + IFN has an acceptable safety profile, and results from post hoc subgroup analyses showed that the treatment might improve OS/PFS in a baseline biomarker-defined RCC patient subgroup. The results warrant further studies with Nap in this subgroup. Clin Cancer Res; 22(13); 3172-81. ©2016 AACR.
Synthesis of Optically Active 4-Alkoxycarbonyl-β-lactams from L-Aspartic Acid (1994)

Abstract Cyclization of L-aspartic acid to (S)-4-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-azetidinone followed by transesterification of this compound in the presence of titanium (IV) tetrabutoxide proved to be an exceedingly efficient method of general application for the preparation of (S)-4-alkoxycarbonyl-β-lactams.
Progress in surface modification of kaolin (2004)

Surface modification of kaolin is one of the attractive projects which have been studied intensively in recent years. The current situation, the utilization and the potential research objects of surface modified kaolin are mentioned in this paper.
Gravity data obtained in Great Britain by the Anglo-American Oil Company Limited (1948)

The paper describes the widespread and detailed gravity surveys carried out over much of England by the Anglo-American Oil Company. An account is given of the operating method, and the results in individual areas are analysed in detail. The surveys have been of material assistance in outlining the broad geological framework of the areas, and the gravimeter has been successful in depicting with considerable accuracy minor structural features, notably in southern England and the eastern Midlands. The discovery of several important subsurface tectonic features, hitherto unknown, can be directly attributed to the gravimeter. Gravity surveys of this nature, by indicating areas worthy of further examination, serve as a necessary prelude to detailed investigation by seismic methods.
Preface to the second edition (2003)

Although English as a global language did not appear until 1997, it was actually written in 1995, which in 2002 seems a very long time ago, as far as global linguistic developments are concerned. The 1990s were a revolutionary decade, in that respect, with a proliferation of new linguistic varieties arising out of the worldwide implementation of the Internet, an emerging awareness of the crisis affecting the world's endangered languages, and an increasingly public recognition of the global position of English. Academic publications relating to this last topic seriously increased in number and weight. The largely article-driven literature of previous decades had typically been exploratory and programmatic, restricted to individual situations, anecdotal in illustration, lacking a sociolinguistic frame of reference, and focusing on the written (and usually literary) language. By contrast, the 1990s saw the emergence of a more comprehensive perspective in which spoken varieties became prominent, there was a real increase in the amount of descriptive data, and attempts were made to arrive at explanations and to make predictions of an appropriately general and sociolinguistically informed character.
Sulfur-Containing Volatiles Arising by Thermal Degradation of Alliin and Deoxyalliin (1997)

Alliin (S-allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide) and its biochemical precursor deoxyalliin (S-allyl-l-cysteine) were heated in a closed model system at different temperatures (from 80 to 200 °C) in the presence of variable amounts of water (0−98%) for 1−60 min. The arising volatile compounds were isolated by extraction, analyzed, and identified by means of GC and GC/MS. The major volatile compounds generated by thermal degradation of these amino acids were diallyl sulfides (mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrasulfide) and allyl alcohol. Other important degradation products (arising especially at temperatures higher than 140 °C) were sulfur-containing cyclic compounds, namely 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-dithianes, 2-methyl-1,4-dithiepane, and dimethyl-1,2,5-trithiepanes. It was found that the typical garlic aroma can be formed nonenzymatically during the thermal treatment of either alliin or deoxyalliin. The major precursor of this aroma was alliin, while deoxyalliin was much more stable. The contribution of the individual volatiles to the resulting aroma with regard to their sensory properties is discussed. Keywords: Alliin; S-allylcysteine; deoxyalliin; garlic; sulfur volatiles; flavor precursor
각국 장애인차별금지법에서의 고용차별 분석 (2003)

본 연구는 한국에 있어 장애인 고용차별을 직접적으로 언급하는 법률들이 있으나 법 적용의 실효성과 구제기관의 설치, 입증책임에 대한 분명한 내용을 규정하는 법률이 없기 때문에 고용차별이 계속적으로 발생하고 있으며, 이를 예방하고 고용차별을 근본적으로 개선하기 위해서는 장애차별법을 제정하고 있는 다른 국가나 국제기구 협약에서의 고용차별 내용과 구제기관 및...
Exceptionally large room-temperature ferroelectric polarization in the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="bold">PbNiO</mml:mi><mml:mn mathvariant="bold">3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>multiferroic nickelate: First-principles study (2012)

We present a study based on several advanced first-principles methods of the recently synthesized ${\mathrm{PbNiO}}_{3}$ [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 16920 (2011)], a rhombohedral antiferromagnetic insulator, which crystallizes in the highly distorted $R3c$ crystal structure. We find this compound electrically polarized with a very large electric polarization of $\ensuremath{\sim}100\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{C}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, thus, even exceeding the polarization of well-known ${\mathrm{BiFeO}}_{3}$. ${\mathrm{PbNiO}}_{3}$ is a proper ferroelectric with polarization driven by large Pb-O polar displacements along the [111] direction. Contrary to naive expectations, a definite ionic charge of $4+$ for the Pb ion cannot be assigned, and, in fact, the large Pb $6s\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{O}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}2p$ hybridization drives the ferroelectric distortion through a lone-pair mechanism similar to that of other Pb- and Bi-based multiferroics.
ChemInform Abstract: Determination of the Local Structure and Electronic States of High‐Tc Superconductors by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Preparation of Zeolite ANA Crystal from Zeolite Y by in Situ Solid Phase Iso-Structure Transformation (2010)

A new method has been explored to synthesize zeolite ANA crystals with regular icositetrahedron in aqueous media via transformation of zeolite Y under the conditions of low temperature, short reaction time, and without organic template. The products are perfect, almost 100% crystals. The samples prepared at different crystallization stages are measured by XRD, TEM, and SEM to investigate the transformation mechanism from zeolite Y to zeolite ANA. It has been demonstrated for the first time that the mechanism of forming a zeolite ANA polycrystal with sphere or shell morphologies is the in situ solid phase iso-structure transformation (Is-SPIST) of zeolite Y. The Is-SPIST mechanism is also supported by the results of steam-induced crystallization experiments and other assistant means, including the same Si/Al ratio, the same weight, the same particle size, and the same morphology before and after transformation of zeolite Y to zeolite ANA. It is also observed that a spherical or shell ANA polycrystal is constructed via the reconstruction from its exterior to interior, to form an ANA single crystal with a solid or hollow icositetrahedron. The main driving force of the reconstruction is considered to be the grain boundary energy existing between polycrystalline grains. This process also obeys the mechanism of in situ solid phase reconstruction (Is-SPR). Furthermore, the size and morphology of the zeolite ANA single crystal can be modified by surfactants.
Spectral extent and pulse shape of the supercontinuum for ultrashort laser pulse (1986)

The pulse shape and the generated supercontinuum spectral distribution associated with the propagation of an ultrashort intense pulse in a cubic ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X^(3)</tex> ) nonlinear medium are obtained by solving the electromagnetic field wave equation using the method of multiple scales. New forms for the set of quasi-linear partial differential equations describing the system, pulse distortion, and the spectral extent of the supercontinuum are the focus of this paper.
Kinetic Isotope Effects for Acyl Transfer from <i>p</i>-Nitrophenyl Acetate to Hydroxylamine Show a pH-Dependent Change in Mechanism (1997)

Kinetic isotope effects were measured for the acyl transfer reaction from p-nitrophenyl acetate to hydroxylamine at pH 6.0 and 12.0. The isotope effects measured and their values at pH 6.0 and 12.0, respectively, are as follows: leaving group oxygen-18 isotope effect, 1.0310 and 1.0074; the carbonyl oxygen-18 isotope effect, 1.0082 and 1.0008; the β-deuterium isotope effect, 0.9644 and 0.9516; the carbonyl carbon-13 isotope effect, 1.0287 and 1.0337; the nitro group nitrogen-15 isotope effect, 1.0009 and 1.0011. The solvent deuterium isotope effect is 1.4 at pH 7.5 and 0.85 at pH 12.0. The leaving group oxygen-18 isotope effect was measured as a function of pH between 6.0 and 12.0 and was found to have an inflection at pH 10.0 between the plateau regions at high and low pH. The results are consistent with rate limiting breakdown of an intermediate for the low pH reaction and attack of hydroxylamine anion with concerted expulsion of nitrophenolate ion at high pH.
Acoustic instrument with internally positioned microphone means for receiving acoustical vibrations (1991)

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From Complex <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm B}_{1}$</tex></formula> Mapping to Local SAR Estimation for Human Brain MR Imaging Using Multi-Channel Transceiver Coil at 7T (2013)

Elevated specific absorption rate (SAR) associated with increased main magnetic field strength remains a major safety concern in ultra-high-field (UHF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications. The calculation of local SAR requires the knowledge of the electric field induced by radio-frequency (RF) excitation, and the local electrical properties of tissues. Since electric field distribution cannot be directly mapped in conventional MR measurements, SAR estimation is usually performed using numerical model-based electromagnetic simulations which, however, are highly time consuming and cannot account for the specific anatomy and tissue properties of the subject undergoing a scan. In the present study, starting from the measurable RF magnetic fields (B1) in MRI, we conducted a series of mathematical deduction to estimate the local, voxel-wise and subject-specific SAR for each single coil element using a multi-channel transceiver array coil. We first evaluated the feasibility of this approach in numerical simulations including two different human head models. We further conducted experimental study in a physical phantom and in two human subjects at 7T using a multi-channel transceiver head coil. Accuracy of the results is discussed in the context of predicting local SAR in the human brain at UHF MRI using multi-channel RF transmission.
Examples (2001)

In this chapter some examples of signal-processing problems are presented to show how the various techniques can be applied to data to extract useful information and reject artefacts. Details of the individual techniques are in Chapter 5.
Inference of the impact of insertion sequence (IS) elements on bacterial genome diversification through analysis of small-size structural polymorphisms in <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157 genomes (2009)

Mobile genetic elements play important roles in the evolution and diversification of bacterial genomes. In enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157, a major factor that affects genomic diversity is prophages, which generate most of the large-size structural polymorphisms (LSSPs) observed in O157 genomes. Here, we describe the results of a systematic analysis of numerous small-size structural polymorphisms (SSSPs) that were detected by comparing the genomes of eight clinical isolates with a sequenced strain, O157 Sakai. Most of the SSSPs were generated by genetic events associated with only two insertion sequence (IS) elements, IS629 and ISEc8, and a number of genes that were inactivated or deleted by these events were identified. Simple excisions of IS629 and small deletions (footprints) formed by the excision of IS629, both of which are rarely described in bacteria, were also detected. In addition, the distribution of IS elements was highly biased toward prophages, prophage-like integrative elements, and plasmids. Based on these and our previous results, we conclude that, in addition to prophages, these two IS elements are major contributors to the genomic diversification of O157 strains and that LSSPs have been generated mainly by bacteriophages and SSSPs by IS elements. We also suggest that IS elements possibly play a role in the inactivation and immobilization of incoming phages and plasmids. Taken together, our results reveal the true impact of IS elements on the diversification of bacterial genomes and highlight their novel role in genome evolution.
β-Adrenoreceptors Reactivate Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Lytic Replication via PKA-Dependent Control of Viral RTA (2005)

Reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic replication is mediated by the viral RTA transcription factor, but little is known about the physiological processes controlling its expression or activity. Links between autonomic nervous system activity and AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma led us to examine the potential influence of catecholamine neurotransmitters. Physiological concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine efficiently reactivated lytic replication of KSHV in latently infected primary effusion lymphoma cells via beta-adrenergic activation of the cellular cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway. Effects were blocked by PKA antagonists and mimicked by pharmacological and physiological PKA activators (prostaglandin E2 and histamine) or overexpression of the PKA catalytic subunit. PKA up-regulated RTA gene expression, enhanced activity of the RTA promoter, and posttranslationally enhanced RTA's trans-activating capacity for its own promoter and heterologous lytic promoters (e.g., the viral PAN gene). Mutation of predicted phosphorylation targets at RTA serines 525 and 526 inhibited PKA-mediated enhancement of RTA trans-activating capacity. Given the high catecholamine levels at sites of KSHV latency such as the vasculature and lymphoid organs, these data suggest that beta-adrenergic control of RTA might constitute a significant physiological regulator of KSHV lytic replication. These findings also suggest novel therapeutic strategies for controlling the activity of this oncogenic gammaherpesvirus in vivo.