gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbon Dichloride as an Intermediate in the Basic Hydrolysis of Chloroform. A Mechanism for Substitution Reactions at a Saturated Carbon Atom<sup>1</sup> (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbon Dichloride as an Intermediate in the Basic Hydrolysis of Chloroform. A Mechanism for Substitution Reactions at a Saturated Carbon Atom1Jack HineCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 6, 2438–2445Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1950https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01162a024RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1032Altmetric-Citations200LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (869 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Biochemical Studies of Bacterial Sporulation and Germination XII. A Sulfonic Acid as a Major Sulfur Compound of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Spores (1969)

A sulfonic acid found to be a major constituent of spores of Bacillus subtilis was provisionally identified as 3-l-sulfolactic acid. This compound was completely absent from vegetative cells during growth, but large amounts accumulated in sporulating cells just before the development of refractile spores. Essentially all of the accumulated sulfolactic acid was eventually incorporated into the nature spore, where it may represent more than 5% of the dry weight of the spore. Germination resulted in the rapid and complete release into the medium of unaltered sulfolactic acid. This compound was not found in spores of Bacillus megaterium, B. cereus, or B. thuringiensis.
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐2 (TIMP‐2) has erythroid‐potentiating activity (1992)

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) was purified and molecularly cloned on the basis of its erythroid-potentiating activity (EPA). TIMP/EPA appears to be a bifunctional molecule with both growth factor and anti-enzymatic activity. Recently, a second TIMP-related molecule was identified and we have investigated its possible erythroid-potentiating activity. Native, purified human TIMP-2 was assayed for erythroid-potentiating activity using an in vitro erythroid burst formation assay and was compared with that of previously characterized recombinant EPA/TIMP-1. The results demonstrate that both members of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase family, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, possessed erythroid potentiating activity which was inhibited by antibodies developed to neutralize EPA. These results suggest that TIMP-2 shares a common structural domain with EPA/TIMP-1 that is responsible for the erythroid-potentiating activity of these inhibitors. Therefore, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, with both anti-protease activity and growth factor activity, join a family of bifunctional molecules such as fibroblast growth factor and thrombin which have both enzymatic and growth factor activity.
The Nitroparaffins. (1943)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleThe Nitroparaffins.H. B. Hass and Elizabeth F. RileyCite this: Chem. Rev. 1943, 32, 3, 373–430Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1943Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1943https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60103a003https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60103a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views835Altmetric-Citations95LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Multiclass support vector machines using adaptive directed acyclic graph (2003)

Presents a method of extending support vector machines (SVMs) for dealing with multiclass problems. Motivated by the decision directed acyclic graph (DDAG), we propose the adaptive DAG (ADAG): a modified structure of the DDAG that has a lower number of decision levels and reduces the dependency on the sequence of nodes. Thus, the ADAG improves the accuracy of the DDAG while maintaining low computational requirement.
Catalysis. (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCatalysis.Hugh TaylorCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 19, 5007Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1954https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01648a089RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views153Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (156 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Sculpted optical silica fiber tips for use in Nd:YAG contact tip laser surgery: part 1--fabrication techniques (1992)

We analyze the optical properties of two commercial contact tips in air and saline: a silica conical tip manufactured by Heraeus Laser- Sonics and a sapphire rounded tip manufactured by SLT, together with a set of seven laboratory-fabricated silica tips. A statistical comparison (Dunnett's test) was used to determine the significance of the rounded sapphire contact tip compared to a set of five sculpted silica contact tips when used in a tissue mass ablating experiment using excised rat liver. A regression test was performed to determine a model for the relationship between mass ablation and energy. In addition, seven contact tips were assessed for an evaluation of laser-induced damage in excised rat liver. The tissue damage was assessed using histological sections, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and examined using a light microscope. Dunnett's test showed that with a level of significance of <i>P</i> < 0.05, no mass ablating ability difference existed between the five silica contact tips and the sapphire contact tip. The regression test showed that with a level of significance of <i>P</i> < 0.05, a first-degree linear model applies to mass ablation and energy input. The results of the histological investigation indicate that no relationship exists between tissue damage and the geometrical profiles for the various contact tips.
Active Learning of Equivalence Relations by Minimizing the Expected Loss Using Constraint Inference (2008)

Selecting promising queries is the key to effective active learning. In this paper, we investigate selection techniques for the task of learning an equivalence relation where the queries are about pairs of objects. As the target relation satisfies the axioms of transitivity, from one queried pair additional constraints can be inferred. We derive both the upper and lower bound on the number of queries needed to converge to the optimal solution. Besides restricting the set of possible solutions, constraints can be used as training data for learning a similarity measure. For selecting queries that result in a large number of meaningful constraints, we present an approximative optimal selection technique that greedily minimizes the expected loss in each round of active learning. This technique makes use of inference of expected constraints. Besides the theoretical results, an extensive evaluation for the application of record linkage shows empirically that the proposed selection method leads to both interesting and a high number of constraints.
Helix-Dependent Spin Filtering through the DNA Duplex (2016)

Recent work suggests that electrons can travel through DNA and other chiral molecules in a spin-selective manner, but little is known about the origin of this spin selectivity. Here we describe experiments on magnetized DNA-modified electrodes to explore spin-selective electron transport through hydrated duplex DNA. Our results show that the two spins migrate through duplex DNA with a different yield and that spin selectivity requires charge transport through the DNA duplex. Significantly, shifting the same duplex DNA between right-handed B- and left-handed Z-forms leads to a diode-like switch in spin selectivity; which spin moves more efficiently through the duplex depends upon the DNA helicity. With DNA, the supramolecular organization of chiral moieties, rather than the chirality of the individual monomers, determines the selectivity in spin, and thus a conformational change can switch the spin selectivity.
Shadow Detection and Removal from a Single Image Using LAB Color Space (2013)

Abstract A shadow appears on an area when the light from a source cannot reach the area due to obstruction by an object. The shadows are sometimes helpful for providing useful information about objects. However, they cause problems in computer vision applications, such as segmentation, object detection and object counting. Thus shadow detection and removal is a pre-processing task in many computer vision applications. This paper proposes a simple method to detect and remove shadows from a single RGB image. A shadow detection method is selected on the basis of the mean value of RGB image in A and B planes of LAB equivalent of the image. The shadow removal is done by multiplying the shadow region by a constant. Shadow edge correction is done to reduce the errors due to diffusion in the shadow boundary.
Efficient collision detection for spherical blend skinning (2006)

Recently, two algorithms improving the real-time simulation of articulated models in virtual environments have been published: 1) fast collision detection for linear blend skinning and 2) spherical blend skinning. Both linear and spherical blending solve the skinning problem of a skeletally controlled 3D model (e.g., an avatar), but only spherical blending avoids artifacts such as the candy-wrapper. However, to date, fast collision detection has been limited to linear blending. This paper describes how to perform collision detection for models skinned with the more sophisticated spherical method. As a result, both high-quality skinning and fast and exact collision detection can be achieved - there is no longer any need for a trade-off. The generalization from linear to spherical blending involves the construction of rotation bounds, derived using a quaternion representation. The resulting algorithm is simple to implement and fast enough for real-time virtual reality applications.
Optimal Detector for Multitaper Spectrum Estimator in Cognitive Radios (2009)

In this paper, the authors propose an optimal detector for the Thomson's multitaper spectral estimation (MTSE) in cognitive radios for spectrum sensing. The MTSE is used for spectral estimation and then the proposed detector can detect primary users and spectrum holes in cognitive radios. The detector is optimized based on the Neyman-Pearson Theorem. The analytical detection performance (probability of detection) of detecting primary users (PUs) and spectrum holes in spectrum sensing is mathematically formulated and verified by simulations. The proposed detector for the MTSE is non-cooperative in spectrum sensing and can perform blind spectrum sensing without prior knowledge of the primary users. Compared to the conventional energy detector, the proposed detector is more reliable and robust for various multiple Slepian tapers. The proposed detector outperforms the cooperative autocorrelation-based detectors in detection rate by 48% and with 3dB gain in SNR performance. Moreover, the minimum required observation size is smaller than the conventional energy detector by a reduction of 73.3%.
Broadband high power laser based on optical parametric chirped pulse amplifier (2002)

Summary form only given. We have been developing a broadband high-gain laser system by using optical parametric chirped pulse amplifiers. The laser system consists of a Ti:sapphire oscillator, a pulse stretcher, two LBO amplifying stages with crystal length of 18 mm and 15 mm respectively, a final KDP amplifying stage, a high-power Nd:YAG-Nd:glass pump source and a pulse compressor. The signal with a pulse duration of 120 fs at 1.064 /spl mu/m was derived from the Mirra 900 Ti:sapphire oscillator. The pulse was temporally expanded to about 500 ps in a grating pair stretcher and then was divided into two parts by a beam splitter. A fraction of the chirped pulse was used as the seed of the pump source. Another fraction acted as the seed of the OPCPA stages. Since the OPCPA stages and the pump source used the same oscillator, the jitter between signal and pump reduced to less than 5 ps, which improved significantly the output energy stability and reduced the aberration of the output spectrum.
Differential Expression of Genes for Response Regulators in Response to Cytokinins and Nitrate in Arabidopsis thaliana (1999)

In Arabidopsis thaliana, a number of response regulators are presumably involved in His-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction in response to environmental stimuli, such as phytohormones. Previously, it was shown that expression of a certain set of genes for response regulators are cytokinin- and nitrate-responsive in their mRNA accumulation, under certain growth conditions [Taniguchi et al. (1998) FEBS Lett. 429: 259, Brandstatter and Kieber (1998) Plant Cell 10: 1009]. To answer the critical question of whether or not other response regulator genes, so far identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, are also cytokinin-inducible, here an extended comparative examination was carried out. It was demonstrated that not all of response regulator genes are necessarily cytokinin-responsive in their transcription. Rather, the members of a certain subfamily (type-A) are cytokinin-responsive, but those belonging to the other (type-B) are not. The presumed nitrate-responsiveness was also assessed for the same set of response regulators, and the analogous view was supported. These results suggest that the two subtypes of response regulators differ from each other, as judged from not only their structural designs, but also the expression profiles of their transcripts in response to plant stimuli.
3D Digital Smile Design With a Mobile Phone and Intraoral Optical Scanner. (2018)

Extraoral facial scanning using a mobile phone has emerged as a viable, cost-effective option for certain applications not requiring high precision, such as patient education and 3-dimensional (3D) digital smile design. This technological development is particularly promising for general practitioners (GPs) who may not be able to invest in expensive,complex digital impressioning devices. This article describes and illustrates a relatively simple and accessible workflow that avails digital 3D facial scanning benefits to GPs.
Microglia in human disease, with an emphasis on acquired immune deficiency syndrome. (1991)

In conclusion, there is overwhelming evidence that within the CNS the primary sites of active HIV-1 infection are microglia. CNS infection may be related to the normal repopulation of the CNS by monocytes (microglial turnover) that carry latent infection into the CNS. Activation of viral infection may depend upon microglial differentiation, soluble factors (cytokines), and/or coexistent infections. Infection of microglia may disturb the normal hemostatic balance that exists between microglia and other glia, and between microglia and neurons, processes that are only recently being explored at the molecular level. The impact that HIV infection of microglia may have on synaptic integrity is unknown. Cytokines appear to be prime candidates as mediators of some of the adverse effects of microglial infection on other CNS cells, myelin and endothelial cells.
Prolonged treatment with finasteride (a 5α‐reductase inhibitor) does not affect bone density and metabolism (1992)

Testosterone is probably the active hormone in bone metabolism. However, oestradiol, the product of testosterone aromatization (which remains unaltered under finasteride) may yet be another possible responsible steroid in the maintenance of bone density. We can also not rule out that the small amount of dihydrotestosterone remaining under finasteride administration is sufficient for maintaining normal bone metabolism.
HIGH SPEED SWITCHING IN GASES (2018)

A fast, efficient and reliable switch is the basic ingredient of a pulse power accelerator. Two switches have been proposed so far: the solid state switch, and the vacuum photodiode switch. The solid state version has been tested to some extent, albeit at low (few kilovolts) level, with risetime around 10 ps in the radial line transformer configuration. The vacuum photodiode is being investigated by Fisher and Rao at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Common to both switches is the need of a short laser pulse; near infrared for the solid state switch, and ultraviolet for the vacuum photodiode switch. Another common feature is the poor energy gain of these switches: the gain being the ratio between the electrical energy switched and the laser energy needed to drive the switch. For the solid state switch, calculations and experimental data show that the energy gain cannot exceed a value between 5 and 10. For the vacuum photodiode, the situation is somewhat similar, unless very high quantum efficiency, rugged photocathodes can be found. A closing switch also can be used to produce short pulses of rf at frequencies related to its closing time, using a well-known device called the frozen wave generator. For a risetime of the order of 30 ps, one could produce several Gigawatts of rf at Xband at very low cost. 12 refs., 12 figs.
InGaAs-GaAs-InGaP channel guide strained quantum well lasers with output powers over 300 mW (1992)

Device results are reported from channel guide InGaAs-GaAs strained quantum well lasers (λL = 980 nm) with In0.49Ga0.51P cladding layers. AR-HR coated channel guide lasers with a p-n-p InGaP current blocking junction on a p+-GaAs substrate show high output powers of 302 mW which is the highest output power obtained from InGaAs-GaAs-InGaP lasers.
Toxicology of baclofen continuously infused into the spinal intrathecal space of the dog. (1993)

The continuous spinal administration of baclofen has been shown to have therapeutic benefit in the management of spasticity in humans with neuraxial injuries. The present study systematically investigated the potential spinal neurotoxicity of continuous intrathecally-infused baclofen in dogs. Male beagle dogs were prepared with chronic lumbar intrathecal catheters connected to subcutaneously implanted infusion pumps. Three groups of dogs received 28 days of infusion of saline (vehicle: 1 ml/24 hrs; N = 10), 200 micrograms/ml/24 hrs baclofen (N = 10) or 2000 micrograms/ml/24 hrs baclofen (N = 10). A mild, dose-dependent anti-nociception and muscle weakness was observed. Independent assessment of spinal histopathology in dogs sacrificed and perfusion fixed at 28 days of treatment revealed a mild fibrotic reaction to the catheter, but there were no changes distinguishable from vehicle infused animals which could be ascribed to any dose of intrathecal baclofen. Cisternal CSF protein and cells in samples taken at sacrifice were also not different for the three groups. These findings with chronic intrathecally administered baclofen in this dog model jointly support the lack of toxicity of chronic intrathecal baclofen at concentrations up to 2000 micrograms/ml.
Real-time multimedia data processing using VLIW hardware stack processor (2002)

We propose the real-time processing of multimedia data using a special purpose processor. We introduce a VLIW architecture and a hardware stack for our multimedia processor. The VLIW-Hardware Stack Processor (VLIW-HSP) consists of four hardware stack units and one control unit. We discuss real-time multimedia data processing using the VLIW architecture. We show the design of VLIW-HSP and present several performance evaluations using a software simulation of VLIW-HSP. The results of these evaluations indicate that the hardware stack typically achieves a 20% speed improvement. We describe a hardware emulator for VLIW-HSP using an Xilinx FPGA which is necessary for application level performance evaluation.
Inhibition of angiogenesis by growth factor receptor bound protein 2-Src homology 2 domain bound antagonists (2004)

Growth factor receptor bound protein 2 (Grb2) is an intracellular adaptor protein that participates in the signal transduction cascades of several angiogenic factors, including hepatocyte growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. We described previously the potent blockade of hepatocyte growth factor-stimulated cell motility, matrix invasion, and epithelial tubulogenesis by synthetic Grb2-Src homology 2 (SH2) domain binding antagonists. Here, we show that these binding antagonists block basic morphogenetic events required for angiogenesis, including hepatocyte growth factor-, vascular endothelial growth factor-, and basic fibroblast growth factor-stimulated endothelial cell proliferation and migration, as well as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated endothelial cell migration and matrix invasion. The Grb2-SH2 domain binding antagonists also impair angiogenesis in vitro, as shown by the inhibition of cord formation by macrovascular endothelial cells on Matrigel. We further show that a representative compound inhibits angiogenesis in vivo as measured using a chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. These results suggest that Grb2 is an important mediator of key proangiogenic events, with potential application to pathologic conditions where neovascularization contributes to disease progression. In particular, the well-characterized role of Grb2 in signaling cell cycle progression together with our present findings suggests that Grb2-SH2 domain binding antagonists have the potential to act as anticancer drugs that target both tumor and vascular cell compartments.