gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Asynchronous Representation and Processing of Nonstationary Signals : A Time-Frequency Framework (2013)

Nonstationarity relates to the variation over time of the statistics of a signal. Therefore, signals from practical applications that are realizations of nonstationary processes are difficult to represent and to process. In this article, we provide a comprehensive discussion of the asynchronous representation and processing of nonstationary signals using a time-frequency framework. Power consumption and type of processing imposed by the size of the devices in many applications motivate the use of asynchronous, rather than conventional synchronous, approaches. This leads to the consideration of nonuniform, signal-dependent level-crossing (LC) and asynchronous sigma delta modulator (ASDM)-based sampling. Reconstruction from a nonuniform sampled signal is made possible by connecting the sinc and the prolate spheroidal wave (PSW) functions?a more appropriate basis. Two decomposition procedures are considered. One is based on the ASDM that generalizes the Haar wavelet representation and is used for representing analog nonstationary signals. The second decomposer is for representing discrete nonstationary signals. It is based on a linear-chirp-based transform that provides local time-frequency parametric representations based on linear chirps as intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Important applications of these procedures are the compression and processing of biomedical signals, as it will be illustrated in this article.
Quasi-one-dimensional nanostructures and efficient heat transfer in nanoscale devices (2005)

The steady decrease of the feature size of integrated circuits towards the nanometer scale leads to an increase in generated heat per unit area. Hence, efficient transfer of heat away from hotspots of integrated circuits becomes a crucial issue in the design of new generations of electronic devices. The importance of efficient thermal transport is even more pronounced in moving parts of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Recent research has shown that low-dimensional nanomaterials possess high thermal conductivity and hence are promising candidates for efficient heat reduction in nanodevices. In this talk, we present results of theoretical modeling of heat transport in one-dimensional (e.g. long chain molecules) and quasi-one-dimensional (e.g. carbon nanotubes) nanostructures. The study is performed under the assumption that the contribution of electrons to thermal conductivity is negligible and therefore the heat transfer is solely due to nonlinear interactions between vibrations of atoms in a nanostructure. We investigate the role of various lattice vibration modes in the heat transport with a particular focus on nonlinear localized vibration modes (breathers). These modes are highly localized and have properties qualitatively different from the linear phonon vibration modes. In particular, breathers are very stable and, at certain conditions, they move at a constant velocity which exceeds the speed of sound. This property of breathers suggests their potential use in efficient transfer of heat away from hotspots in a nanoscopic device.
Failure Analysis of Memory Organization for Utilization in a Self-Repair Memory System (1971)

Traditional approaches to memory reliability have been limited to complete redundancy or coding techniques. Redundancy frequently proves too expensive (introducing additional systems faults) and the traditional memory coding techniques have been limited to those areas of memory where a single fault results in a single failure (e.g., a broken core in a magnetic memory) as distinguished from an address decoder fault. To take an integrated approach to this problem, using a variety of coding and modularization techniques on each of the memory subsystems, it is necessary to determine the types of faults and failures caused by these faults that could occur in the system. This paper presents the results of a failure analysis study of typical 2D, 2½D, and 3D memory organizations. Two-way memories are also considered. This study demonstrates that a 2D memory, utilizing a switching array for memory access, is less susceptible to eatastrophic failures than other organizations considered. A memory organization capable of distributing the failures, in a manner permitting correction by linear codes, was adopted. Other techniques for automatic replacement of fault units are also considered.
C3a receptor on dibutyryl-cAMP-differentiated U937 cells and human neutrophils: The human C3a receptor characterized by functional responses and 125I-C3a binding (1992)

The anaphylatoxic peptide C3a is part of a basic immunological defense mechanism, the complement system. Research on the human C3a receptor and signal transduction is hampered by the lack of a suitable human cell or cell line. We screened tumor cell lines and human blood cells for a C3a-dependent increase in cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and analyzed this reaction in a fura-2/AM fluorescence assay for cells in suspension. U937 cells, when differentiated with dibutyryl-cAMP (Bt2cAMP), and purified human neutrophils reacted in a dose-dependent fashion to C3a and a C3a analogue synthetic peptide. We found complete homologous desensitization of this response and no heterologous desensitization to human C5a. Pertussis toxin totally blocked the increase in [Ca2+]i, indicating the possible involvement of a G-protein. Single-cell analysis by digital imaging fluorescence microscopy indicated that neutrophilic granulocytes responded to C3a. In binding studies with Bt2cAMP-differentiated U937 cells and human granulocytes, the 125I-C3a binding was displaced by C3a, yielding one class of C3a binding sites with dissociation constants (Kd) in the low nanomolar range. We identified myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) as the second messenger possibly causing the [Ca2+]i increase and the release of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase as one secretory cell response. By functional and binding studies we demonstrated the expression of the C3a receptor on Bt2-cAMP-differentiated U937 cells and human neutrophils and characterized parts of the C3a signal pathway. Our data support a physiological concept in which C3a might be more important than presently thought.
[Symptomatic treatment and palliative care of ALS]. (2001)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease, affecting upper and lower motor neurons, which eventually progresses to respiratory deterioration and death in most of the patients. Only one drug, riluzole, has been approved for the treatment of ALS. The drug has a benefit, prolonging life by 3-6 months, but the disease progresses inexorably, with no better quality of life. The fundamental role of medicine is sometimes to cure, but always to bring comfort. In current situation, ALS patients need adequate palliative care more than anything else. Prognosis and treatment options should be discussed with the patient and the relatives, but full information about the prognosis may deprive the patient of hope. However, disclosure of the prognosis is necessary to obtain informed consent for management decisions such as tracheostomy and artificial ventilation. Nasal positive-pressure ventilation (BiPAP) is an alternative to tracheostomy, at least for some patients without advanced bulbar impairment. Nutritional status in patients who cannot swallow can be efficiently improved by a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. (PEG).
Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops (2006)

The extent of our reliance on animal pollination for world crop production for human food has not previously been evaluated and the previous estimates for countries or continents have seldom used primary data. In this review, we expand the previous estimates using novel primary data from 200 countries and found that fruit, vegetable or seed production from 87 of the leading global food crops is dependent upon animal pollination, while 28 crops do not rely upon animal pollination. However, global production volumes give a contrasting perspective, since 60% of global production comes from crops that do not depend on animal pollination, 35% from crops that depend on pollinators, and 5% are unevaluated. Using all crops traded on the world market and setting aside crops that are solely passively self-pollinated, wind-pollinated or parthenocarpic, we then evaluated the level of dependence on animal-mediated pollination for crops that are directly consumed by humans. We found that pollinators are essential for 13 crops, production is highly pollinator dependent for 30, moderately for 27, slightly for 21, unimportant for 7, and is of unknown significance for the remaining 9. We further evaluated whether local and landscape-wide management for natural pollination services could help to sustain crop diversity and production. Case studies for nine crops on four continents revealed that agricultural intensification jeopardizes wild bee communities and their stabilizing effect on pollination services at the landscape scale.
On handling component and transaction failures in multi agent systems (2001)

Multi agent systems are being used for various practical applications like e-commerce, e-auctions and gathering information from the web. Thus there is a need for these systems to be robust. However, agents can fail due to component failures. The atomic tasks taken up by the agents might also fail. So, agents need to recover to a correct state after a failure. This paper deals with the logging required and hence forth the recovery protocol to recover the agent to a correct state. An agent is modeled as a colored Petrinet. By logging the state information of the agent (Petrinet) an agent recovers from failures. For atomicity of tasks in multi-agent systems, linear two-phase commit protocol with some enhancements is proposed
Image Analysis for Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Carotid Plaque Imaging (2014)

__Abstract__\n\nIntraplaque neovascularization (IPN) has been presented as an important biomarker for progressive atherosclerotic disease and plaque vulnerability in several pathological studies. Therefore, quantification of IPN may allow early prediction of plaque at risk of rupture and thus prevention of future cardiovascular events such as stroke. Contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) enables us to detect and visualize IPN by use of ultrasound contrast agents. So, the degree of IPN can potentially be measured by quantitative imaging biomarkers derived from CEUS. Since quantification tools for IPN are scarce, so far mainly visual IPN scoring on CEUS clips has been used to assess IPN, which is subjective and tedious.\nCurrently available commercial tools for contrast quantification, e.g. QLAB region of interest (ROI) quantification tool (Philips Medical Systems, Bothell, USA) and VueBox (Bracco Suisse SA, Geneva, Switzerland), are not suitable for quantitative analysis of IPN. These commercial quantification tools have been developed mainly for time intensity curve analysis (TIC) of large organs such as heart, liver and prostate, not for plaques. Plaques are very small and intermittently perfused. Therefore, the perfusion characteristics of plaques are quite different from those of large organs and TIC analysis as applied in large well-perfused organs is not applicable. Some IPN quantification approaches have been reported but they suffer from a number of limitations such as imaging artifacts and no or imperfect motion compensation. In this thesis work, we avoided the known limitations of IPN quantification methods reported in previous studies and developed and evaluated specialized IPN analysis tools for carotid CEUS image sequences.
Poly(divinylbenzene-<i>alt</i>-maleic anhydride) Microgels:  Intermediates to Microspheres and Macrogels in Cross-Linking Copolymerization (2002)

Three distinct copolymer morphologies were observed during the cross-linking copolymerization of divinylbenzene-55 and maleic anhydride at low monomer concentrations in methyl ethyl ketone/heptane mixtures: microspheres, microgels, and macrogels. These morphologies depended primarily upon solvent composition and changed from microspheres and microgels to macrogels with increasing methyl ethyl ketone volume fractions. The effects of solvent composition and cross-linker concentration on the observed morphologies were investigated using electron microscopy, viscosity, and light scattering experiments. Microgels were found to be precursors to both macrogels and microspheres, and mechanisms for the formation of each morphology are proposed.
Inhalation of Alcohol Vapor: Measurement and Implications (2017)

Decades of alcohol research have established the health risks and pharmacodynamic profile of oral alcohol consumption. Despite isolated periods of public health concern, comparatively less research has evaluated exposure to alcohol vapor. Inhaled alcohol initially bypasses first-pass metabolism and rapidly reaches the arterial circulation and the brain, suggesting that this route of administration may be associated with pharmacological effects that increase the risk of addiction. However, detailed reviews assessing the possible effects of inhaled alcohol in humans are lacking. A comprehensive, systematic literature review was conducted using Google Scholar and PubMed to examine manuscripts studying exposure to inhaled alcohol and measurement of biomarkers (biochemical or functional) associated with alcohol consumption in human participants. Twenty-one publications reported on alcohol inhalation. Fourteen studies examined inhalation of alcohol vapor associated with occupational exposure (e.g., hand sanitizer) in a variety of settings (e.g., naturalistic, laboratory). Six publications measured inhalation of alcohol in a controlled laboratory chamber, and 1 evaluated direct inhalation of an e-cigarette with ethanol-containing "e-liquid." Some studies have reported that inhalation of alcohol vapor results in measurable biomarkers of acute alcohol exposure, most notably ethyl glucuronide. Despite the lack of significantly elevated blood alcohol concentrations, the behavioral consequences and subjective effects associated with repeated use of devices capable of delivering alcohol vapor are yet to be determined. No studies have focused on vulnerable populations, such as adolescents or individuals with alcohol use disorder, who may be most at risk of problems associated with alcohol inhalation.
Leadership at the edge of CHAOS: From control to creativity (1997)

“A new breed of companies is emerging that seems to thrive on chaos. These companies — which I call ‘Quantum Organizations’ — operate on an organic model that closely mirrors the functioning of natural systems.”
Implementing Real-Time Step Detection Algorithm in Eyesweb Environment (2011)

Many methods are used for measuring and defining the presence of Parkinson's disease. One important aspect of the disease is gait disturbance, which can be discovered in the early stages of the disease. This disturbance can be measured using three dimensional accelerometers, which are present in the Shimmer device. These devices are light weighted wireless sensor nodes which can be easily mounted on the patient's limbs. Data captured by the device can be streamed to a computer for real-time processing. The Matlab algorithms for step detection are converted to C++ code so they can be used in the EyesWeb environment. Whereas Matlab code can only serve post-processing, the Shimmer's Bluetooth datastream can now be processed in real-time, since the EyesWeb environment supports real-time execution. Hence the Visual Studio environment is needed to design the algorithms into C++ based EyesWeb blocks. This real-time detection algorithm can be applied easily in small and inexpensive lab environments to calculate and obtain the Parkinson's disease severity parameters. Hereby conclusions can be made to prevent the progress of the disease and to treat Parkinson's disorder in early stages.
2-Formyl-4-pyrrolidinopyridine (FPP):  A New Catalyst for the Hydroxyl-Directed Methanolysis of Esters (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXT2-Formyl-4-pyrrolidinopyridine (FPP): A New Catalyst for the Hydroxyl-Directed Methanolysis of EstersTarek Sammakia and T. Brian HurleyView Author Information Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 37, 8967–8968Publication Date (Web):September 18, 1996Publication History Received25 April 1996Published online18 September 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja9613623https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9613623rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views642Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Alcohols,Catalysts,Organic compounds,Post-translational modification,Pyridines Get e-Alerts
A Negatively Charged Amino Acid in Skp2 Is Required for Skp2-Cks1 Interaction and Ubiquitination of p27Kip1 (2003)

Proteolysis of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 occurs predominantly in the late G1 phase of the cell cycle through a ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation pathway. Ubiquitination of p27 requires the SCFSkp2 ubiquitin ligase and Skp2 F-box binding protein Cks1. The mechanisms by which Skp2 recognizes Cks1 to ubiquitylate p27 remain obscure. Here we show that Asp-331 in the carboxyl terminus of Skp2 is required for its association with Cks1 and ubiquitination of p27. Mutation of Asp-331 to Ala disrupts the interaction between Skp2 and Cks1. Although Asp-331 mutation negates the ability of the Skp1-Cullin-F-box protein (SCF) complex to ubiquitylate p27, such a mutation has no effect on Skp2 self-ubiquitination. A conservative change from Asp to Glu at position 331 of Skp2 does not affect Skp2-Cks1 interaction. Our results revealed a unique requirement for a negatively charged residue in the carboxyl-terminal region of Skp2 in recognition of Cks1 and ubiquitination of p27.
Implementing Gaze-corrected Videoconferencing. (2002)

Lack of gaze awareness is a key failure that hinders the widespread acceptance of videoconferencing. GazeMaster is a project which attempts to provide a software solution to gaze awareness and eye contact. Previous publications have described the general approach of GazeMaster. This paper describes our implementation experience, giving more details of our software architecture, and explaining our approach to head modeling. Our results with respect to video, graphics, and networking are solid. Our computer vision technology, while promising, is still immature, and requires further research.
Noninvasive imaging of the human rod photoreceptor mosaic using a confocal adaptive optics scanning ophthalmoscope (2011)

The rod photoreceptors are implicated in a number of devastating retinal diseases. However, routine imaging of these cells has remained elusive, even with the advent of adaptive optics imaging. Here, we present the first in vivo images of the contiguous rod photoreceptor mosaic in nine healthy human subjects. The images were collected with three different confocal adaptive optics scanning ophthalmoscopes at two different institutions, using 680 and 775 nm superluminescent diodes for illumination. Estimates of photoreceptor density and rod:cone ratios in the 5°-15° retinal eccentricity range are consistent with histological findings, confirming our ability to resolve the rod mosaic by averaging multiple registered images, without the need for additional image processing. In one subject, we were able to identify the emergence of the first rods at approximately 190 μm from the foveal center, in agreement with previous histological studies. The rod and cone photoreceptor mosaics appear in focus at different retinal depths, with the rod mosaic best focus (i.e., brightest and sharpest) being at least 10 μm shallower than the cones at retinal eccentricities larger than 8°. This study represents an important step in bringing high-resolution imaging to bear on the study of rod disorders.
Prospective Significance of Antiendomysium Antibody Positivity in Subsequently Verified Celiac Disease (1997)

Endomysium antibody positivity at presentation has been found to be as useful as gluten challenge in the diagnosis of celiac disease, even in patients under the age of 2 years. Challenge is still advisable in patients with a flat small intestinal mucosa when antiendomysium antibody results are negative or have not been done, as among these patients significantly lower relapse rates were found.
ITK-SNAP: An interactive tool for semi-automatic segmentation of multi-modality biomedical images (2016)

Obtaining quantitative measures from biomedical images often requires segmentation, i.e., finding and outlining the structures of interest. Multi-modality imaging datasets, in which multiple imaging measures are available at each spatial location, are increasingly common, particularly in MRI. In applications where fully automatic segmentation algorithms are unavailable or fail to perform at desired levels of accuracy, semi-automatic segmentation can be a time-saving alternative to manual segmentation, allowing the human expert to guide segmentation, while minimizing the effort expended by the expert on repetitive tasks that can be automated. However, few existing 3D image analysis tools support semi-automatic segmentation of multi-modality imaging data. This paper describes new extensions to the ITK-SNAP interactive image visualization and segmentation tool that support semi-automatic segmentation of multi-modality imaging datasets in a way that utilizes information from all available modalities simultaneously. The approach combines Random Forest classifiers, trained by the user by placing several brushstrokes in the image, with the active contour segmentation algorithm. The new multi-modality semi-automatic segmentation approach is evaluated in the context of high-grade glioblastoma segmentation.