gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Maintenance of HCT116 colon cancer cell line conforms to a stochastic model but not a cancer stem cell model (2009)

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model, in which a small population of cells within a tumor possesses the ability to self-renew and reconstitute the phenotype of primary tumor, has gained wide acceptance based on evidence over the past decade. It has also been reported that cancer cell lines contain a CSC subpopulation. However, phenotypic differences between CSCs and non-CSCs in cancer cell lines are not better defined than in primary tumors. Furthermore, some cell lines do not have a CSC population, revealed as a side population and expression of CD133. Thus, the identification of CSCs in cancer cell lines remains elusive. Here, we investigated the CSC hierarchy within HCT116 colon cancer cells, which do not have a CD133-positive subpopulation. We examined the expression of alternative CSC markers epithelial specific antigen (ESA) and CD44 in floating-sphere-derived cells, which are known to be the cells of enriching CSCs. Sphere-derived HCT116 cells exhibited heterogeneous expression of ESA and CD44. The two major subpopulations of HCT116 sphere cells (ESA(low)CD44(-/low) and ESA(high)CD44(high)) exhibited a biological/proliferative hierarchy of sphere-forming and soft agar colony-forming activity. However, there was no difference between the two subpopulations in the incidence of xenograft tumors. When ESA(low)CD44(-/low) cells were allowed to aggregate and re-form floating-spheres, the biological/proliferative hierarchy of parental HCT116 spheres was reconstituted, in terms of ESA and CD44 expression. Thus, HCT116 cells have plasticity when they are set in floating-spheres, suggesting that maintenance of the HCT116 cell line conforms to a stochastic model, not a CSC model.
Effect of H and OH desorption and diffusion on electronic structure in amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O metal-oxide-semiconductor diodes with various gate insulators (2012)

Metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) diodes with various gate insulators (G/Is) were characterized by capacitance–voltage characteristics and isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy (ICTS) to evaluate the effect of H and OH desorption and diffusion on the electronic structures in amorphous In–Ga–Zn–O (a-IGZO) thin films. The density and the distribution of the space charge were found to be varied depending on the nature of the G/I. In the case of thermally grown SiO2 (thermal SiO2) G/Is, a high space-charge region was observed near the a-IGZO and G/I interface. After thermal annealing, the space-charge density in the deeper region of the film decreased, whereas remained unchanged near the interface region. The ICTS spectra obtained from the MOS diodes with the thermal SiO2 G/Is consisted of two broad peaks at around 5 × 10−4 and 3 × 10−2 s before annealing, while one broad peak was observed at around 1 × 10−4 s at the interface and at around 1 × 10−3 s in the bulk after annealing. Further, the trap density was considerably high near the interface. In contrast, the space-charge density was high throughout the bulk region of the MOS diode when the G/I was deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The ICTS spectra from the MOS diodes with the CVD G/Is revealed the existence of continuously distributed trap states, suggesting formations of high-density tail states below the conduction band minimum. According to secondary ion mass spectroscopy analyses, desorption and outdiffusion of H and OH were clearly observed in the CVD G/I sample. These phenomena could introduce structural fluctuations in the a-IGZO films, resulting in the formation of the conduction band tail states. Thin-film transistors (TFTs) with the same gate structure as the MOS diodes were fabricated to correlate the electronic properties with the TFT performance, and it was found that TFTs with the CVD G/I showed a reduced saturation mobility. These results indicate that the electronic structures in the a-IGZO films were strongly influenced by the nature of the G/Is as well as the process conditions. It is concluded that controlling of the natures of the G/I such as film density and hydrogen content in the films is critical to obtain high-performance electronic devices using a-IGZO.
Cytology of the Yeast Life Cycle (1981)

INTRODUCTION The preceding papers in this volume clarify the major reasons that Saccharomyces cerevisiae is exceptionally well-suited to the analysis of cellular functions. The facility and rigor of its genetic analysis enable the researcher to apply the power of molecular genetics to the analysis of a wide variety of biochemical and cytological processes. One hopes, of course, that many of the processes revealed in yeast will provide clues to mechanisms operating in a broader range of eukaryotic organisms. Any similarities between processes occurring in yeasts and those in plant or animal cells may indicate useful experimental approaches for the latter organisms, which are less amenable to genetic analysis. In contrast, any differences should aid in defining those mechanisms that are fundamental to the eukaryotic mode of cellular function. Accordingly, this paper describes certain aspects of yeast cytology in comparison with our current understanding of other eukaryotic cells. In keeping with the central importance of genetics to our study of yeast, I have chosen to stress cytological aspects that are most pertinent to the transmission of the genetic material: mitosis, conjugation, and meiosis. This approach will necessitate omission of a wealth of other cytological information. Many topics, including important early observations from freeze-fracture preparation for electron microscopy, are described in the seminal review by Matile et al. (1969). In more recent reviews, Hartwell (1974) and Pringle and Hartwell (this volume) discuss observations on cytological changes in the cell-division cycle, and Cabib (1975) and Ballou (1982) describe the structure and formation of...
Tin Oxide Meshes Consisting of Nanoribbons Prepared through an Intermediate Phase in an Aqueous Solution (2007)

Novel nanoarchitectures of SnO and SnO2 crystals that had two- and three-dimensionally meshed structures consisting of nanoribbons were prepared through Sn6O4(OH)4 as an intermediate state. Two-dimensional meshes consisting of oriented nanoribbons of single-crystalline tin monoxide (SnO) that was 50−300 nm wide were grown via Sn6O4(OH)4, which was initially produced at room temperature. Textured spherical particles with three-dimensional meshed nanostructures were produced at 60 °C in the presence of citric acid in the aqueous system. The formation of the specific architectures is ascribed to the densely branching growth of SnO crystals in a matrix of Sn6O4(OH)4 as a reactant. The meshed nanostructures of rutile-type tin dioxide were successfully obtained by oxidation of the SnO crystals without deformation of their architectures.
The S-layer from Bacillus stearothermophilus DSM 2358 functions as an adhesion site for a high-molecular-weight amylase (1995)

The S-layer lattice from Bacillus stearothermophilus DSM 2358 completely covers the cell surface and exhibits oblique symmetry. During growth of B. stearothermophilus DSM 2358 on starch medium, three amylases with molecular weights of 58,000, 98,000, and 184,000 were secreted into the culture fluid, but only the high-molecular-weight enzyme was found to be cell associated. Studies of interactions between cell wall components and amylases revealed no affinity of the high-molecular-weight amylase to isolated peptidoglycan. On the other hand, this enzyme was always found to be associated with S-layer self-assembly products or S-layer fragments released during preparation of spheroplasts by treatment of whole cells with lysozyme. The molar ratio of S-layer subunits to the bound amylase was approximately 8:1, which corresponded to one enzyme molecule per four morphological subunits. Immunoblotting experiments with polyclonal antisera against the high-molecular-weight amylase revealed a strong immunological signal in response to the enzyme but no cross-reaction with the S-layer protein or the smaller amylases. Immunogold labeling of whole cells with anti-amylase antiserum showed that the high-molecular-weight amylase is located on the outer face of the S-layer lattice. Because extraction of the amylase was possible without disintegration of the S-layer lattice into its constituent subunits, it can be excluded that the enzyme is incorporated into the crystal lattice and participates in the self-assembly process. Affinity experiments strongly suggest the presence of a specific recognition mechanism between the amylase molecules and S-layer protein domains either exposed on the outermost surface or inside the pores. In summary, results obtained in this study confirmed that the S-layer protein from B. stearothermophilus DSM 2358 functions as an adhesion site for a high-molecular-weight amylase.
Analysis of Pressure Buildup Data Following a Short Flow Period (1982)

Summary Methods for analyzing buildup data following a short flow period are presented, discussed, and illustrated. A new type curve for uniform-flux and infinite-conductivity vertically fractured wells is presented. By matching buildup data with this new type presented. By matching buildup data with this new type curve, we can determine the dimensionless flowing time before shut-in. A method for converting buildup data to equivalent drawdown data is discussed. This method can be used to combine buildup and drawdown data to obtain a longer band of data for type-curve matching. This method canbe used for constant-rate production, constant-pressure production, and for the case where both pressure and rate production, and for the case where both pressure and rate vary during production. Introduction Over the past decade, the use of type-curve matching toanalyze pressure data has gained increasing acceptance. The advantages and dis advantages of type-curve matchingare well recognized and the procedure has become astandard tool to analyze data qualitatively, to identify flow regimes, and, quantitatively, to determine iformation parameters. Virtually all type curves available in the literature examine the pressure response at a flowing well-i.e., only drawdown solutions have been examined. These type curves may be used to analyze shut-in pressure behavior provided that the flowing time before shut-in is provided that the flowing time before shut-in is significantly longer than the maximum shut-in time. This limitation has prevented type-curve analysis ofpressure buildup data following short flow periods. pressure buildup data following short flow periods. The effect of a short flow period on pressure buildup data influenced by either wellbore storage or vertical fractures was presented recently. It was shown that significant errors result if proper care is not taken in analyzing pressure buildup data when the producing timeis short. Procedures to account for the influence of producing time were outlined. producing time were outlined. The objectives of this paper areto present anew correlation that considerably simplifies the use of buildup type curves for vertically-fractured wells givenin Ref. 1, andto suggest a procedure to analyze pressure buildup data by means of drawdown type pressure buildup data by means of drawdown type curves. The procedures discussed here can be applied to single- or multiwell tests, to data obtained after shortor long flow periods, to constant or variable flow rates, and to virtually all wellbore conditions including data influenced by wellbore storage and skin and fracturesof finite or infinite conductivity. Theory The basic pressure buildup equation based on the principle of super position is given by principle of super position is given by (1) Here, t is flowing time and Delta t is shut-in time. Thesymbols p and t denote dimension less wellbore pressure drop and dimension less time, respectively, and are defined as follows. JPT P. 904
Nanoscience of an Ancient Pigment (2012)

We describe monolayer nanosheets of calcium copper tetrasilicate, CaCuSi(4)O(10), which have strong near-IR luminescence and are amenable to solution processing methods. The facile exfoliation of bulk CaCuSi(4)O(10) into nanosheets is especially surprising in view of the long history of this material as the colored component of Egyptian blue, a well-known pigment from ancient times.
DNA bending by hexamethylene-tethered ammonium ions. (1996)

DNA is bent when complexed with certain proteins. We are exploring the hypothesis that asymmetric neutralization of phosphate charges will cause the DNA double helix to collapse toward the neutralized face. We have previously shown that DNA spontaneously bends toward one face of the double helix when it is partially substituted with neutral methylphosphonate linkages. We have now synthesized DNA duplexes in which cations are tethered by hexamethylene chains near specific phosphates. Electrophoretic phasing experiments demonstrate that tethering six ammonium ions on one helical face causes DNA to bend by approximately 5 degrees toward that face, in qualitative agreement with predictions. Ion pairing between tethered cations and DNA phosphates provides a new model for simulating the electrostatic consequences of phosphate neutralization by proteins.
Effect of unilateral vestibular stimulation on histamine release from the hypothalamus of rats in vivo (1993)

1. We investigated the effect of unilateral vestibular stimulation on histamine release from the anterior hypothalamic area of urethan-anesthetized rats in vivo, using a brain microdialysis method coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography fluorometry. 2. The histamine release was increased to approximately 180% of the basal release by the electrical stimulation of the inner ear with 1 Hz, 500 microA, and 200 ms for 20 min. This effect was dependent on the current intensity. 3. Activation of the unilateral horizontal semicircular canal by middle ear irrigation for 15 min with 45 degrees C water increased the histamine release to approximately 200% of the basal release. 4. Irrigation of the middle ear with ice water for 15 min increased the histamine release to approximately 190% of the basal release. 5. The histamine release was not changed by the irrigation of the middle ear with 37 degrees C water and the irrigation of the auricle with ice water, which suggests that neither somatosensory stimulation to the middle ear nor nonspecific cold stress affects the histamine release. 6. All these findings suggest that the sensory mismatch signals induced by caloric stimulation and unilateral electrical vestibular stimulation activate the histaminergic neuron system in the brain.
Evaluation of thin CaF/sub 2/ (Eu) scintillator for detecting tritium (1986)

The primary objective of this project was to investigate the feasibility of using a CaF/sub 2/ (Eu) scintillator for detecting low-energy beta particles from tritium. A proof-of-principle detector was designed for flowing tritium-spiked nitrogen gas across the surface of a thin scintillator, which was optically coupled between two low-noise photomultiplier tubes. Electronics for operating the two photomultiplier tubes in coincidence eliminated most of the tube noise pulses and allowed detection of the small pulses from the low-energy tritium beta particles.
Error probability and near-far resistance of minimum mean squared error interference suppression schemes for CDMA (2003)

Interference suppression schemes for direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS/SS) code division multiple access (CDMA) systems using the minimum mean squared error (MMSE) criterion are considered. When compared to other interference suppression schemes, such as maximum-likelihood decoding, this criterion has the advantage of being amenable to adaptive implementations that do not require knowledge of the interference parameters, such as their relative strengths and spreading sequences. These schemes are shown to be near-far resistant to varying degrees, depending on their complexity. That is, the error probability remains relatively low no matter how strong the interference. Numerical results showing error probability vs. interference power demonstrate that the proposed schemes offer substantial performance gains relative to the matched filter receiver.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Molecular Mechanisms of RET Receptor–Mediated Oncogenesis in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 2B (2006)

Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2B (MEN 2B) is an inherited syndrome of early onset endocrine tumors and developmental anomalies. The disease is caused primarily by a methionine to threonine substitution of residue 918 in the kinase domain of the RET receptor (2B-RET); however, the molecular mechanisms that lead to the disease phenotype are unclear. In this study, we show that the M918T mutation causes a 10-fold increase in ATP binding affinity and leads to a more stable receptor-ATP complex, relative to the wild-type receptor. Further, the M918T mutation alters local protein conformation, correlating with a partial loss of RET kinase autoinhibition. Finally, we show that 2B-RET can dimerize and become autophosphorylated in the absence of ligand stimulation. Our data suggest that multiple distinct but complementary molecular mechanisms underlie the MEN 2B phenotype and provide potential targets for effective therapeutics for this disease.
Lipid nanotubes as substrates for helical crystallization of macromolecules (1998)

A general approach for crystallization of proteins in a fast and simple manner would be of immense interest to biologists studying protein structure-function relationships. Here, we describe a method that we have developed for promoting the formation of helical arrays of proteins and macromolecular assemblies. Electron micrographs of the arrays are suitable for helical image analysis and three-dimensional reconstruction. We show that hydrated mixtures of the glycolipid galactosylceramide (GalCer) and derivatized lipids or charged lipids form unilamellar nanotubules. The tubules bind proteins in a specific manner via high affinity ligands on the polar head groups of the lipid or via electrostatic interactions. By doping the GalCer with a novel nickel-containing lipid, we have been able to form helical arrays of two histidine-tagged proteins. Similarly, doping with a biotinylated lipid allows crystallization of streptavidin. Finally, three proteins with affinity for positively or negatively charged lipid layers formed helical arrays on appropriately charged tubules. The generality of this method may allow a wide variety of proteins to be crystallized on lipid nanotubes under physiological conditions.
Refractive index of Al<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As between 1.2 and 1.8 eV (1974)

The refractive indices of AlxGa1−xAs samples prepared by liquid-phase epitaxy were determined from accurate double-beam reflectance measurements. The variation of the refractive index with photon energy at room temperature was obtained for AlAs mole fractions between 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.38 in the spectral range 1.2–1.8 eV.
Chemistry of epoxy compounds. XX. Stereospecific syntheses of cis- and trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexanes and aliphatic vicinal diamines (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemistry of epoxy compounds. XX. Stereospecific syntheses of cis- and trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexanes and aliphatic vicinal diaminesGraham Swift and Daniel SwernCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1967, 32, 3, 511–517Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01278a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01278a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views955Altmetric-Citations84LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Performance characteristics of Hemox-Analyzer for assessment of the hemoglobin dissociation curve. (1996)

The Hemox-Analyzer (TCS, Medical Products Division, Southampton, PA) is an automatic system for determining the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve (ODC) and P50 values. The ODC is recorded during deoxygenation with nitrogen gas and plotted on graph paper; the oxygen tension is detected by a Clark electrode, while the oxyhemoglobin fraction (%HbO2) is evaluated by a dual-wavelength spectrophotometer. Even though this instrument has been commercially available for more than 20 years, its performance characteristics have been assessed. We evaluated the performance characteristics of the Hemox-Analyzer. P50 was tested in 28 healthy volunteers, in 16 anemic and in 9 polycythemic patients. To test its precision we evaluated both inter- and intra-assay variability. The system shows good precision: standard deviation was 0.39 for assays in duplicate, CV = 1.9% for intra-assay and CV = 3.0% for inter-assay measurements. The mean P50 values were 25.2 +/- 1.5 mmHg in normal volunteers and 27.3 +/- 1.4 mmHg in anemic patients. The Hemox-Analyzer is a simple, quick and reliable instrument for recording the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. Both the P50 value and observation of the fine structure of the curve can furnish information about the delivery of oxygen to tissues.
Poled glass optical communication devices (1997)

nonlinear optical devices based on poled glass will be presented, including recent developments and potential applications.
Dynamic Spin Organization in Dilute Magnetic Systems (1985)

Low-temperature time-resolved Faraday-rotation measurements in ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$ allow direct observation of the time evolution of the interaction between an electron spin and the magnetic moments of dilute impurity ions. The experiment displays real-time formation and evolution of magnetically organized states suggestive of the bound magnetic polaron.