gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Leydig Cell Function after Experimental Testicular Torsion Despite Loss of Spermatogenesis (1995)

Little is known about specific testicular cell responses to periods of testicular torsion. In particular, the steroidogenic capacity of Leydig cells in the post-torsion testis is unknown. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (450-550 g) underwent no torsion (control) or a 720 degrees unilateral testicular torsion for either 0 (sham), or 1 or 2 Such torsions have previously been shown to cause progressive damage to the rat testis. One, 15, or 30 days after torsion repair all animals (n = 5-10/group) were prepared for testicular venipuncture and intravenous infusion of ovine luteinizing hormone (LH) via the femoral vein. Testicular venous blood was collected directly from the surface of the testis both 5 minutes prior to and 90 minutes after infusion of predetermined ED50 (0.1 microgram) or ED100 (0.5 microgram) doses of LH. Testicular venous serum (TVS) was assayed for testosterone (T) by radioimmunoassay. Control animal TVS T concentrations before LH infusion and 90 minutes after ED50 and ED100 LH stimulation were 103 +/- 25, 621 +/- 103, and 1,055 +/- 140 ng/ml, respectively. Testes having experienced a 1-hour torsion did not have a significantly (P < 0.05) reduced capacity to respond to ED50 and ED100 stimulation at either 15 and 30 days after the torsion. Testes having experienced a 2-hour torsion did have significantly reduced (P < 0.05) ED50 responses at both 1 hour and 30 days after torsion repair. More remarkably, significant steroidogenic reserve was still present in testes after torsion, which in previous studies had been shown to have permanent loss of spermatogenesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
7 DOF arm type haptic interface for teleoperation and virtual reality systems (2002)

This paper presents a new type of human interface with force feedback attached to an arm, which we named Sensor Arm. The Sensor Arm can be utilized as an interface for interactive communication with the virtual environment and as a master manipulator of a tele-operation system. The number of degrees-of-freedom (DOF) of the Sensor Arm is seven, which is the same DOF of a human arm. Angle and torque of each joint can be measured. Moreover, in this system, force feedback can be realized at each joint of the human arm. To measure human force a new type of force sensor system is proposed in the Sensor Arm system. The structure of the Sensor Arm system and the experimental results are shown.
A <i>Staphylococcus aureus ypfP</i> mutant with strongly reduced lipoteichoic acid (LTA) content: LTA governs bacterial surface properties and autolysin activity (2007)

Many Gram-positive bacteria produce lipoteichoic acid (LTA) polymers whose physiological roles have remained a matter of debate because of the lack of LTA-deficient mutants. The ypfP gene responsible for biosynthesis of a glycolipid found in LTA was deleted in Staphylococcus aureus SA113, causing 87% reduction of the LTA content. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that the mutant LTA contained a diacylglycerol anchor instead of the glycolipid, whereas the remaining part was similar to the wild-type polymer except that it was shorter. The LTA mutant strain revealed no major changes in patterns of cell wall proteins or autolytic enzymes compared with the parental strain indicating that LTA may be less important in S. aureus protein attachment than previously thought. However, the autolytic activity of the mutant was strongly reduced demonstrating a role of LTA in controlling autolysin activity. Moreover, the hydrophobicity of the LTA mutant was altered and its ability to form biofilms on plastic was completely abrogated indicating a profound impact of LTA on physicochemical properties of bacterial surfaces. We propose to consider LTA and its biosynthetic enzymes as targets for new antibiofilm strategies.
Intercultural Pragmatic Failure (2018)

In this entry the term ( intercultural ) pragmatic failure is defined and illustrated, along with the commonly accepted and interrelated notions of pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic failure . A possible cause of pragmatic failure is negative pragmatic transfer (or, with a more precise term, crosslinguistic influence ). A classic example will be given from the large body of research on this topic in interlanguage pragmatics: the investigation of second language speakers' pragmatic transfer in the case of refusals. In the area of intercultural communication, pragmatic failure may be studied from the perspective of rapport management, while in discourse studies intercultural challenges may be viewed as jointly constructed rather than attributed to linguistic deficiency on the part of the second language speakers. Four other possible reasons for pragmatic failure are offered, along with pedagogical suggestions as to how to address these cases in the second or foreign language classroom.
Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers: what works? what doesn't? (2001)

Although no gold standard for preventing or treating pressure ulcers has been established, data from clinical trials indicate specific efforts are worthwhile. Preventive strategies include recognizing risk, decreasing the effects of pressure, assessing nutritional status, avoiding excessive bed rest, and preserving the integrity of the skin. Treatment principles include assessing the severity of the wound; reducing pressure, friction, and shear forces; optimizing wound care; removing necrotic debris; managing bacterial contamination; and correcting nutritional deficits.
DNA as a Powerful Tool for Morphology Control, Spatial Positioning, and Dynamic Assembly of Nanoparticles (2014)

CONSPECTUS: Several properties of nanomaterials, such as morphologies (e.g., shapes and surface structures) and distance dependent properties (e.g., plasmonic and quantum confinement effects), make nanomaterials uniquely qualified as potential choices for future applications from catalysis to biomedicine. To realize the full potential of these nanomaterials, it is important to demonstrate fine control of the morphology of individual nanoparticles, as well as precise spatial control of the position, orientation, and distances between multiple nanoparticles. In addition, dynamic control of nanomaterial assembly in response to multiple stimuli, with minimal or no error, and the reversibility of the assemblies are also required. In this Account, we summarize recent progress of using DNA as a powerful programmable tool to realize the above goals. First, inspired by the discovery of genetic codes in biology, we have discovered DNA sequence combinations to control different morphologies of nanoparticles during their growth process and have shown that these effects are synergistic or competitive, depending on the sequence combination. The DNA, which guides the growth of the nanomaterial, is stable and retains its biorecognition ability. Second, by taking advantage of different reactivities of phosphorothioate and phosphodiester backbone, we have placed phosphorothioate at selective positions on different DNA nanostructures including DNA tetrahedrons. Bifunctional linkers have been used to conjugate phosphorothioate on one end and bind nanoparticles or proteins on the other end. In doing so, precise control of distances between two or more nanoparticles or proteins with nanometer resolution can be achieved. Furthermore, by developing facile methods to functionalize two hemispheres of Janus nanoparticles with two different DNA sequences regioselectively, we have demonstrated directional control of nanomaterial assembly, where DNA strands with specific hybridization serve as orthogonal linkers. Third, by using functional DNA that includes DNAzyme, aptamer, and aptazyme, dynamic control of assemblies of gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, and iron oxide nanoparticles in response to one or more stimuli cooperatively have been achieved, resulting in colorimetric, fluorescent, electrochemical, and magnetic resonance signals for a wide range of targets, such as metal ions, small molecules, proteins, and intact cells. Fourth, by mimicking biology, we have employed DNAzymes as proofreading units to remove errors in nanoparticle assembly and further used DNAzyme cascade reactions to modify or repair DNA sequences involved in the assembly. Finally, by taking advantage of different affinities of biotin and desthiobiotin toward streptavidin, we have demonstrated reversible assembly of proteins on DNA origami.
Characterizing the obesogenic environment: the state of the evidence with directions for future research (2009)

Despite the explosion of obesogenic environment research within the last decade, consensus on what constitutes the very environment we are trying to measure has not yet been reached. This presents a major challenge towards our understanding of environmental research for obesity, and the development of a desperately needed contextualized evidence base to support action and policies for curbing this epidemic. Specifically, we lack the application of a cohesive definition or framework, which creates the potential for confusion regarding the role of the environment, misinterpretation of research findings and missed opportunities with respect to possible avenues for environmentally based interventions. This scoping review identified primary studies and relevant reviews examining factors related to body mass index, diet and/or physical activity with respect to the obesogenic environment. Using a comprehensive framework for conceptualizing the obesogenic environment, the Analysis Grid for Environments Linked to Obesity (ANGELO), we identified 146 primary studies, published between January 1985 and January 2008, that could be characterized according to the dimensions of ANGELO. Gaps in the literature were clearly identified at the level of the macro-environment, and the political and economic micro-environments, highlighting key areas where further research is warranted if we are to more fully understand the role of the obesogenic environment.
Phospholipase C-γ1 Interacts with Conserved Phosphotyrosyl Residues in the Linker Region of Syk and Is a Substrate for Syk (1996)

Antigen receptor ligation on lymphocytes activates protein tyrosine kinases and phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma) isoforms. Glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins containing the C-terminal Src-homology 2 [SH2(C)] domain of PLC-gamma1 bound to tyrosyl phosphorylated Syk. Syk isolated from antigen receptor-activated B cells phosphorylated PLC-gamma1 on Tyr-771 and the key regulatory residue Tyr-783 in vitro, whereas Lyn from the same B cells phosphorylated PLC-gamma1 only on Tyr-771. The ability of Syk to phosphorylate PLC-gamma1 required antigen receptor ligation, while Lyn was constitutively active. An mCD8-Syk cDNA construct could be expressed as a tyrosyl-phosphorylated chimeric protein tyrosine kinase in COS cells, was recognized by PLC-gamma1 SH2(C) in vitro, and induced tyrosyl phosphorylation of endogenous PLC-gamma1 in vivo. Substitution of Tyr-525 and Tyr-526 at the autophosphorylation site of Syk in mCD8-Syk substantially reduced the kinase activity and the binding of this variant chimera to PLC-gamma1 SH2(C) in vitro; it also failed to induce tyrosyl phosphorylation of PLC-gamma1 in vivo. In contrast, substitution of Tyr-348 and Tyr-352 in the linker region of Syk in mCD8-Syk did not affect the kinase activity of this variant chimera but almost completely eliminated its binding to PLC-gamma1 SH(C) and completely eliminated its ability to induce tyrosyl phosphorylation of PLC-gamma1 in vivo. Thus, an optimal kinase activity of Syk and an interaction between the linker region of Syk with PLC-gamma1 are required for the tyrosyl phosphorylation of PLC-gamma1.
Overexpression of QM Induces Cell Differentiation and Mineralization in MC3T3-E1 (2005)

It has been reported that QM was highly expressed by cells isolated from epiphyseal cartilage as opposed to proliferative chondrocytes. In vitro investigation of the expression of QM revealed higher QM expression in nonmineralizing osteoblast and pericyte cultures as compared with mineralizing cultures. These evidences suggest that QM may play an essential role in cell differentiation before mineralization. However, our research results showed that QM overexpression in MC3T3-E1 enhanced cell differentiation and mineralization. In this study, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and nodule mineralization were increased in MC3T3-E1 from QM overexpression cultures relative to normal expression QM cultures. RT-PCR revealed upregulation of the marker genes type I collagen, ALP, osteocalcin, osterix and BMP-2 and a slight decrease of a negative regulator osteopontin. These results suggest that the increasing of QM expression could stimulate osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1.
Varying-radix numeration system and its applications (2002)

At present, there are no effective methods for modeling on a representing sequence containing position information in some special problems. A novel varying-radix numeration system is proposed to solve this kind of problem. This varying-radix numeration system differs from common fixed radix numeration systems. The applications of varying-radix numeration system in a first-in-last-out (FILO) stack problem and multi-pulse excited linear prediction (MPELP) vocoder have illustrated the availability and benefit of this specific numeration system.
Investigating recognition of children's speech (2003)

Recognition of children's speech was investigated by considering a phone recognition task. Two baseline systems were trained, one for children and one for adults, by exploiting two Italian speech databases. Under matching conditions, for training and recognition performed with data from the same population group, the phone recognition accuracy was 77.30% and 79.43% for children and adults, respectively. It was found that, for many children, recognition results were as good as for adults. However, a higher variability in phone recognition accuracy across speakers was observed for children than for adults. Vocal tract length normalization, under matched and mismatched training and testing conditions, was also investigated. For both adults and children, a performance improvement, with respect to the baseline systems, was observed.
Bayesian-based deconvolution fluorescence microscopy using dynamically updated nonstationary expectation estimates (2015)

Fluorescence microscopy is widely used for the study of biological specimens. Deconvolution can significantly improve the resolution and contrast of images produced using fluorescence microscopy; in particular, Bayesian-based methods have become very popular in deconvolution fluorescence microscopy. An ongoing challenge with Bayesian-based methods is in dealing with the presence of noise in low SNR imaging conditions. In this study, we present a Bayesian-based method for performing deconvolution using dynamically updated nonstationary expectation estimates that can improve the fluorescence microscopy image quality in the presence of noise, without explicit use of spatial regularization.
A new electronically tunable combline filter with simultaneous continuous control of central frequency and bandwidth (2004)

A new reconfigurable band pass filter with electronically continuous control of both central frequency and bandwidth is presented in this paper. The bandwidth tuning is achieved by means of an ingenious method to modify the electrical couplings of the filter resonators. The propose structure employs varactor capacitors as variable reactance elements. Finally, a filter prototype is designed, constructed and measured in suspended stripline technology in the UHF band (470-862 MHz).
Glutamic acid as anticancer agent: An overview (2013)

The objective of the article is to highlight various roles of glutamic acid like endogenic anticancer agent, conjugates to anticancer agents, and derivatives of glutamic acid as possible anticancer agents. Besides these emphases are given especially for two endogenous derivatives of glutamic acid such as glutamine and glutamate. Glutamine is a derivative of glutamic acid and is formed in the body from glutamic acid and ammonia in an energy requiring reaction catalyzed by glutamine synthase. It also possesses anticancer activity. So the transportation and metabolism of glutamine are also discussed for better understanding the role of glutamic acid. Glutamates are the carboxylate anions and salts of glutamic acid. Here the roles of various enzymes required for the metabolism of glutamates are also discussed.
Molecular cloning of a functional human galanin receptor. (1994)

The ubiquitous neuropeptide galanin controls numerous functions such as endocrine secretions, intestinal motility, and behavioral activities. These regulatory effects of galanin are mediated through the interaction with specific membrane receptors and involve the pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide binding proteins Gi/Go as transducing elements. We report here the isolation of a cDNA coding for a human galanin receptor from a Bowes melanoma cell line cDNA expression library, by using a radioligand binding strategy. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned receptor reveals an open reading frame encoding a 349-amino acid protein with seven putative hydrophobic transmembrane domains and significant homology with members of the guanine nucleotide binding protein-coupled neuropeptide receptor family. The cloned receptor expressed in COS cells specifically binds human, porcine, and rat galanin with high affinity (Kd in the nanomolar range) and mediates the galanin inhibition of adenylate cyclase. A 2.8-kb galanin receptor transcript was identified in several human tissues. Cloning of this galanin receptor should enhance our knowledge of its distribution, structure, and function in human physiology and pathophysiology.
SAW-less analog front-end receivers for TDD and FDD (2013)

In cellular receivers, out-of-band blockers are generally managed by surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) filters between the antenna and the low-noise amplifier (LNA). For Time Division Duplexing (TDD), such as GSM, the SAW can be removed if the receiver can handle very large interferers (e.g. in GSM 0dBm 20 MHz away) [1]. Generally SAW filters also perform differential to single-ended (SE) conversion (balun). Once the SAW is removed an SE transceiver eliminates the external balun, reducing cost and attenuation. For the same sensitivity, a SAW-less SE transceiver can have a noise figure (NF) 2 to 3dB higher than a classical one. An SE LNA could be susceptable to couplings from supply and substrate, which are usually rejected through symmetry. Therefore it should become symmetric as closely as possible to the input pin. A SAW-less differential transceiver [2] can also be appealing if it has an NF close to that of classical transceivers. This is because it can have better sensitivity in TDD (a balun attenuates less than a SAW) and it can be very flexible, being usable for both FDD (where duplexers are differential) and TDD.
Inhibition by epsilon-aminocaproic acid of the activation of the first component of the complement system. (1975)

The influence of EACA on C1 in whole human serum and on C1 and C (see article) as isolated molecules was assessed hemolytically. There was selective inhibition of C1 without effect on the levels of C4, C2, C3, and C9 in whole human serum that was reversed by dialysis. EACA was found to inhibit the intrinsic activation of C1 without inhibiting the already active molecule. This was confirmed by the capacity of trypsin to uncover C1 activity in cellular intermediates formed by C1 treated with EACA that did not evolve in the absence of this extrinsic activating mechanism. Inasmuch as the trypsin-dependent recovery of C1 was incomplete, an effect on binding cannot be excluded.
Combined Top-Down/Bottom-Up Segmentation (2008)

We construct a segmentation scheme that combines top-down with bottom-up processing. In the proposed scheme, segmentation and recognition are intertwined rather than proceeding in a serial manner. The top-down part applies stored knowledge about object shapes acquired through learning, whereas the bottom-up part creates a hierarchy of segmented regions based on uniformity criteria. Beginning with unsegmented training examples of class and non-class images, the algorithm constructs a bank of class-specific fragments and determines their figure-ground segmentation. This bank is then used to segment novel images in a top-down manner: the fragments are first used to recognize images containing class objects, and then to create a complete cover that best approximates these objects. The resulting segmentation is then integrated with bottom-up multi-scale grouping to better delineate the object boundaries. Our experiments, applied to a large set of four classes (horses, pedestrians, cars, faces), demonstrate segmentation results that surpass those achieved by previous top-down or bottom-up schemes. The main novel aspects of this work are the fragment learning phase, which efficiently learns the figure-ground labeling of segmentation fragments, even in training sets with high object and background variability; combining the top-down segmentation with bottom-up criteria to draw on their relative merits; and the use of segmentation to improve recognition.
Assessment of Polymer‐Electrolyte Batteries for EV and Ambient Temperature Applications (1985)

The feasibility of polyether‐based all‐solid‐state cells has been assessed in a joint research and development program. At 80°–100°C, cells using or positive‐electrode material and excess lithium show high material utilization at 0.5–1.0 mA/cm2 and can be cycled more than 250 times. Furthermore, a new family of polyether electrolytes has been found that allows room temperature (26°C) operation at 3–20 μA/cm2.
Visible Light Initiated Free Radical Promoted Cationic Polymerization Using Acylgermane Based Photoinitiator in the Presence of Onium Salts (2008)

The cationic polymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) was achieved by UV irradiation (λ = 350−420 nm) of methylene chloride solutions containing benzoyltrimethylgermane (BTG) and onium salts, such as diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (Ph2I+PF6−) or N-ethoxy-2-methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate (EMP+PF6−). A feasible initiation mechanism involves the photogeneration of germyl radicals and benzoyl radicals in the first step. Subsequent oxidation of germyl radicals by onium salts yields germanium ions capable of initiating the polymerization of CHO. In agreement with the proposed mechanism, the polymerization was completely inhibited by a radical scavanger such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy, and polymerization efficiency was directly related to the reduction potential of the onium salts, i.e. Ph2I+PF6− (Ered1/2 = −0.2 V) was found to be more efficient than EMP+PF6− (Ered1/2 = −0.7 V). The results were compared to the other photoinitiators generally used in free radical promoted cationic polymerizations. In addition to CHO, vinyl monomers such butyl vinyl ether and N-vinyl carbazole, and a bisepoxide such as 3,4-epoxycyclohexyl-3′,4′-epoxycyclohexene carboxylate, were polymerized in the presence of BTG and iodonium salt with high efficiency.