gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Typhi Uses Type IVB Pili To Enter Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells (2000)

DNA sequencing upstream of the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi pilV and rci genes previously identified in the ca. 118-kb major pathogenicity island (X.-L. Zhang, C. Morris, and J. Hackett, Gene 202:139-146, 1997) identified a further 10 pil genes apparently forming a pil operon. The product of the pilS gene, prePilS protein (a putative type IVB structural prepilin) was purified, and an anti-prePilS antiserum was raised in mice. Mutants of serovar Typhi either lacking the whole pil operon or with an insertion mutation in the pilS gene were constructed, as was a strain in which the pilN to pilV genes were driven by the tac promoter. The pil(+) strains synthesized type IVB pili, as judged by (i) visualization in the electron microscope of thin pili in culture supernatants of one such strain and (ii) the presence of PilS protein (smaller than the prePilS protein by removal of the leader peptide) on immunoblotting of material pelleted by high-speed centrifugation of either the culture supernatant or sonicates of pil(+) strains. Control pil mutants did not express the PilS protein. A pilS mutant of serovar Typhi entered human intestinal INT407 cells in culture to levels only 5 to 25% of those of the wild-type strain, and serovar Typhi entry was strongly inhibited by soluble prePilS protein (50% inhibition of entry at 1.4 microM prePilS).
Second Harmonic Treatment Technique for Bandwidth Enhancement of GaN HEMT Amplifier With Harmonic Reactive Terminations (2017)

Source and load impedance conditions for the second harmonics have a great influence on the efficiency of amplifiers. The bandwidth of high-efficiency operation is limited, since efficiency is drastically degraded due to a slight change in source-side second harmonic impedance from the optimum point. For this reason, to avoid steep efficiency degradation, a source-side second harmonic impedance control is introduced. In addition, a harmonic treatment network, which reduces the influence on matching-network design, is also described here. A fabricated GaN HEMT amplifier has achieved a maximum power-added efficiency (PAE) of 79% with a saturated output power of 48.0 dBm at 2.02 GHz. The amplifier has also achieved a high-efficiency characteristic of more than 70% PAE in the frequency range from 1.68 to 2.12 GHz.
The Prognostic Value of Nailfold Capillary Changes for the Development of Connective Tissue Disease in Children and Adolescents with Primary Raynaud Phenomenon: A Follow‐up Study of 250 Patients (2006)

To assess the prognostic value of capillaroscopy findings for the development of connective tissue disease in children and adolescents with Raynaud phenomenon, we followed up a group of 250 (mean age 15 years) for 1 to 6 years after the first capillaroscopy was performed. Every 6 months they were screened for signs and symptoms of connective tissue disease. Analysis was performed on capillary changes registered 6 months before the development of connective tissue disease. Capillary changes were classified into three types: normal, nonspecific, and sclerodermatous. At the end of the follow-up period, 191 (76%) subjects had primary Raynaud phenomenon, 27 (10.8%) were diagnosed as having undifferentiated connective tissue disease, and 32 (12.8%) fulfilled the criteria for a diagnosis of a specific connective tissue disease. Systemic lupus erythematosus was found in nine (3.6%) patients, rheumatoid arthritis in 10 (4%) patients (six of them with juvenile onset rheumatoid arthritis), and scleroderma spectrum disorders in 13 (5.2%). The mean time for the evolution of Raynaud phenomenon into undifferentiated connective tissue disease or a form of the disease was 2 years. Most of the subjects with primary Raynaud phenomenon (173/191, 91%), undifferentiated connective tissue disease (22/27, 81%), juvenile onset rheumatoid arthritis/rheumatoid arthritis (7/10, 70%), and systemic lupus erythematosus (6/9, 67%) had normal capillary findings. Nonspecific capillary changes occurred in 3 of 10 (30%) patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 2 of 9 (22%) with systemic lupus erythematosus, 4 of 27 (15%) with undifferentiated connective tissue disease, and 18 of 191 (9%) with primary Raynaud phenomenon. Of all the subjects, only 10 (4%) showed sclerodermatous disease type capillary changes 6 months before the expression of a particular disease: eight (62%) of these developed scleroderma spectrum disorders, one expressed systemic lupus erythematosus, and one had undifferentiated connective tissue disease. We concluded that there were no specific capillary changes predictive for future development of systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile onset rheumatoid arthritis/rheumatoid arthritis, and undifferentiated connective tissue disease in children and adolescents with Raynaud phenomenon. Most of our study subjects with Raynaud phenomenon who developed these diseases had normal capillary findings or nonspecific changes. Children and adolescents who developed scleroderma spectrum disorders showed a sclerodermatous type of capillary changes 6 months before the expression of the disease, indicating that this type of capillary changes in children and adolescents with Raynaud phenomenon highly correlated with further development of scleroderma spectrum disorders.
The SONAR study—is there a future for endothelin receptor antagonists in diabetic kidney disease? (2019)

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a clinical diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a patient with diabetes mellitus in the absence of signs or symptoms of other primary causes of kidney damage.
The regulation and control of photorespiration (1995)

Abstract The photorespiratory pathway is described, together with the mutants which have been isolated for this metabolic pathway. Some of the key regulatory properties of the photorespiratory cycle are reviewed together with the regulatory interactions that might occur between photorespiration and other processes, such as the Benson-Calvin cycle and anaplerotic carbon flow into organic acids. These are discussed in relation to recent studies of the regulation and control of photorespiratory carbon and nitrogen metabolism in photorespiratory mutants, including possible mechanisms for the control of photosynthetic and photorespiratory carbon and nitrogen metabolism and of the activation state of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in heterozygous barley mutants with reduced activities of glutamine synthetase or glutamate synthase.
Comparison of longevity and common tumor profiles between Sprague-Dawley and Han Wistar rats (2020)

The Sprague Dawley (SD) and Han Wistar (HW) are the two most commonly used rat strains in Europe and the US, with the Han Wistar increasing in popularity because of its greater longevity and lower tumor burden. This survey was undertaken at Covance CRS (Huntingdon and Eye) to compare in-house longevity and common spontaneous tumor profiles of the two strains with published data. Data were compiled from 104-week studies started between 2010 and 2017. Mean survival was greater for both sexes of HWs when compared with SDs. Pituitary tumors were the commonest in both strains, with slightly higher incidences and more malignant tumors in SDs of both sexes. Mammary tumors were the second most common tumor in both strains; the incidence being greater in SDs compared to HWs. Benign pheochromocytomas of the adrenal and fibromas of the skin/subcutis were commoner in male SDs than in HWs. Granular cell tumors of the uterine tract were recorded only in SDs, but uterine stromal and glandular tumors were more common in HWs, which also displayed a higher incidence of granulosa cell tumors of the ovaries. Vascular tumors of the mesenteric lymph nodes, thymomas and follicular cell tumors of the thyroids were recorded at a higher incidence in HWs than in SDs. Tumor profiles of other common tumors were broadly similar between the two strains. The results of this survey correlate closely with similar comparisons made at other laboratories, and with data compiled at our laboratories 10 years ago and published as a poster.
Biofuels from lignin and novel biodiesel analysis (2009)

The first part of the thesis presents a study based on the forest biorefinery concept, which involves converting a pulp mill into a multi-purpose biofuels, biomaterials, and biopower production facility in which these products are produced in an environmentally compatible and sustainable manner. A key challenge in this process is the recovery of lignin from process streams such that it can be utilized in a variety of innovative green chemistry processes \n\tThe first study examines the fundamental chemical structure of LignoBoost derived lignin recovered from Kraft pulping streams using an acid precipitation/washing methodology. Functional group analysis and molecular weight profiles were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and size exclusion chromatography. These findings gave valuable insight into the physical properties and the determining chemical properties of this currently underutilized, renewable bioresource. \n\tThe second study is based on the future second generation bioethanol production process, where ethanol produced from lignocellulosic materials will bring about the co-production of significant amounts of under-utilized lignin. The study examines the potential of conventional heterogeneous and novel homogeneous catalysts for the selective cleavage of the aryl-O-aryl and aryl-O-aliphatic linkages of ethanol organosolv lignin to convert it from a low grade fuel to potential fuel precursors or other value added chemicals. The experimental data demonstrated that aryl-O-aryl and aryl-O-aliphatic linkages could be cleaved and the hydrogenated lignin had a decrease in oxygen functionality and the formation of products with lower oxygen content.\n\tThe second part of this thesis reports the development and optimization of a novel qualitative method for the determination of the various types of hydroxyl groups present in biodiesel production streams. In the first study, the use of 2-chloro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane as a phosphitylation reagent for quantitative ³¹P-NMR analysis of the hydroxyl groups in biodiesel process samples has been developed. Subsequently a characteristic chemical shifts library is developed with model compounds to provide quantitative data on the concentration of biodiesel precursors, intermediates and final product. The last part of this thesis depicts the results of an industrial trial based on the novel biodiesel analytical method developed earlier.
Studies of Mitogen-induced Lymphocyte Transformation by a Semi-microtechnic (1975)

The authors have demonstrated that mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation can be effectively studied in a semi-microsystem allowing multiple studies from a reasonably small volume of blood, which makes the technic more feasible for clinical studies of cellular immune mechanisms. The variability among individuals, and from day to day in the same individual, makes repeated, careful kinetic studies necessary for valid data. Moreover, the very wide range of normal responses in man makes the interpretation of cellular hyporesponsiveness difficult in pathologic states and necessitates the use of several mitogen concentrations and sequential kinetic studies to establish the validity of results.
Localized SOI Logic and Bulk I/O devices co-integration for Low Power System-on-Chip Technology. (2010)

International audience
Special Issues with Single-Payer Health Insurance Systems (2004)

Health insurance systems have been broadly classified into two groups based on the number of insurance pools: single-payer and multiple-payer systems. In single-payer systems, one organization-typically the government-collects and pools revenues and purchases health services for the entire population, while in multiple-payer systems several organizations carry out these roles for specific segments of the population. This paper examines the organization and operation of single-payer health insurance systems. We classify single-payer systems into four generic models: regional/private, regional/public, central/private, and central/public. The differences between these models are the level of centralization of financing and administration of health care (regional or central) and the ownership of health care providers (mainly public or mainly private). These four models are compared in four topic areas: revenue collection, risk pooling, purchasing, and social solidarity. The single-payer models are then contrasted with systems that use multiple-payer models. The comparisons are made in the same four topics: revenue collection, risk pooling, purchasing, and social solidarity. The paper concludes with a discussion of specific issues for low- and middle-income countries considering a choice between single- and multiple-payer systems.
Porcine Muscle Prolyl Endopeptidase and Its Endogenous Substrates (1988)

Prolyl endopeptidase [EC 3.4.21.26] was purified 4,675-fold with a yield of 26.3% from porcine muscle. The purified enzyme was shown to be very similar to the liver enzyme with respect to its molecular weight (72,000-74,000), antigenicity, substrate specificity, and susceptibility to protease inhibitors. Among several bioactive peptides, angiotensins I, II, and III had the lowest Km of 0.6 to 3 microM with the lowest kcat of 0.19 to 0.85 s-1, while thyrotropin-releasing hormone had the highest Km of 98 microM with the highest kcat of 14.4 s-1. Interestingly, mastoparan was hydrolyzed at alanyl bonds, but insulin was only slightly hydrolyzed and glucagon was not hydrolyzed although the latter two peptides contain prolyl and/or alanyl bonds. Muscle prolyl endopeptidase failed to hydrolyze proteins with high molecular weight such as albumin, immunoglobulin G, elastin, collagen, and muscle soluble and insoluble proteins. However, 8 of 14 peptides with molecular weights lower than 3,000, which were isolated from muscle extract, were digested by this enzyme, and they were proved to contain prolyl and/or alanyl residues in their molecules. The data suggest that they are probable endogenous substrates for prolyl endopeptidase.
Comparison of initiation rates of encephalomyocarditis virus and host protein synthesis in infected cells (1978)

The relative initiation rates for encephalomyocarditis virus mRNA and host mRNA's in infected cells were measured using two independent techniques. In both cases the results showed that viral mRNA initiates at a much higher rate than host mRNA'S. This difference was observed midway in the infectious cycle, well before virus-induced cytopathic effects (leakage of low-molecular-weight metabolites, failure to exclude trypan blue) were apparent. These results confirm that encephalomyocarditis viral mRNA is a more efficient initiator than host mRNA's in vivo, as has previously been demonstrated in in vitro experiments.
Dynamic behavior of multistep cracked beams with varying cross section (2001)

An analytical method for free-vibration analysis of a multistep nonuniform cracked beam is presented. Special solutions for five different types of nonuniform beams are given first. The procedure for determining the fundamental solutions that satisfy the normalization conditions is proposed. The problem of free vibration of a multistep beam, each step beam being nonuniform and having an arbitrary number of cracks and concentrated masses, can be conveniently solved based on the fundamental solutions and recurrence formulas developed in this paper. The eigenvalue equation of such a multistep cracked beam with any kind of two end supports can be established from a determinant of order 2.
Video segmentation using spatial and temporal statistical analysis method (2002)

Video segmentation is a critical component for video shot detection, video data analysis and information retrieval. In this paper, a new statistical method for video segmentation based on the spatial and temporal analysis of the video data is proposed. A statistical hypothesis testing framework is described for video shot detection and video sequence segmentation. The proposed approach is based on the salient statistical features utilizing both local and global spatial and temporal information in the video image sequence. The statistical hypothesis testing framework in our approach provides a flexible way of handling the variabilities of the video data, and it avoids the pitfalls of heuristic methods of pre-defined threshold in traditional frame-difference and histogram based approaches. This algorithm is applied to real-time broadcasting news video and movie video clips. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm is more robust than previous approaches. Significant performance improvements are observed and the efficacy of the algorithm is verified on the real unconstrained video sequence.
Functional transformations of bile acid transporters induced by high-affinity macromolecules (2014)

Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporters (ASBT) are the intestinal transporters that form intermediate complexes with substrates and its conformational change drives the movement of substrates across the cell membrane. However, membrane-based intestinal transporters are confined to the transport of only small molecular substrates. Here, we propose a new strategy that uses high-affinity binding macromolecular substrates to functionally transform the membrane transporters so that they behave like receptors, ultimately allowing the apical-basal transport of bound macromolecules. Bile acid based macromolecular substrates were synthesized and allowed to interact with ASBT. ASBT/macromolecular substrate complexes were rapidly internalized in vesicles, localized in early endosomes, dissociated and escaped the vesicular transport while binding of cytoplasmic ileal bile acid binding proteins cause exocytosis of macromolecules and prevented entry into lysosomes. This newly found transformation process of ASBT suggests a new transport mechanism that could aid in further utilization of ASBT to mediate oral macromolecular drug delivery.
Formate-Free Metal-Organic Decomposition Inks of Copper Particles and Self-Reductive Copper Complex for the Fabrication of Conductive Copper Films (2016)

Metal-organic decomposition (MOD) inks have been developed for printed electronics applications. Cu-based MOD inks prevent the oxidation of the metal during storage, as the Cu is already present in an oxidized form (i.e. a salt). However, usually hazardous formates such as Cu (II) formate have to be used as the copper salt in order to ensure thermal decomposition and self-reduction of the metal salt at moderate temperatures (less than 150°C). In this study, a formate-free hybrid ink containing copper particles and a Cu/1-amino-2-propanol (AmIP)/acetate complex was developed for the fabrication of conductive copper films on flexible polymer substrates at low sintering temperatures. A hybrid ink with a weight ratio of 3:1copper particles to MOD ink produced a conductive copper film with close-packed copper particles and a low resistance of 7.3—10-5Ω cm after sintering at a temperature of 180°C for 60 min under a N2 gas flow. Good oxidation resistance of the copper films was observed after exposure to air at 23 Â°C for two months.
Hepatocyte growth factor. A cytokine mediating endothelial migration in inflammatory arthritis (1996)

These results indicate that synovial HGF may contribute to the vasculoproliferative phase of inflammatory arthritides such as RA, by inducing HGF-mediated synovial neovascularization. These findings point to a newly described role for HGF in the fibroproliferative phase of RA-associated synovitis.
Reduced levels of retinyl esters and vitamin A in human renal cancers. (2001)

Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that retinoids can inhibit the growth of a small percentage of human renal cancers (RCs), although the majority of RCs both in vitro and in vivo are retinoid resistant. Our recent studies indicate that the metabolism of retinol to retinyl esters is greatly reduced in human carcinoma cell lines of the oral cavity, skin, and breast as compared with their normal epithelial counterparts, suggesting that human carcinoma cells are retinoid deficient relative to normal epithelial cells. We considered whether retinoid resistance in RCs was related to an abnormality in retinoid metabolism. The metabolism of [3H]retinol and of [3H]retinoic acid (RA) was examined in RC cell lines and normal human kidney (NK) epithelial cells cultured in media, in RA, or in RA plus IFN-alpha. The expression of LRAT (lecithin:retinol acyltransferase) was assessed by Northern and Western analysis. Retinol and retinyl ester levels were determined in tissue samples of normal human kidney and renal cell carcinoma. NK cells esterified all of the 50 nM [3H]retinol in which they were cultured. In contrast, six of the seven RC cell lines metabolized only trace amounts of [3H]retinol to [3H]retinyl esters. Consistent with this relative lack of [3H]retinol esterification by the tumor cells, the tumor cells exhibited LRAT transcripts of aberrantly low sizes relative to those in normal epithelial cells. Moreover, the NK cells expressed abundant levels of LRAT protein by Western analysis, whereas the RC cells did not express LRAT protein. When samples of human kidney tumor tissue were compared with samples of normal kidney tissue from patients who had undergone surgery for primary RC, the normal kidney tissues contained much higher levels of retinol and retinyl esters (approximately 0.5-2 microg/gram wet weight) than the tumor tissues in all seven patients examined. Culture of the RC lines in IFN-alpha plus all-trans-RA, a combination therapy used clinically, resulted in higher intracellular levels of [3H]retinol and [3H]retinyl esters. The metabolism of [3H]RA was also examined in these RC lines versus NK cells. Although the NK epithelial cells metabolized [3H]RA, the majority of the RC lines metabolized [3H]RA at a much slower rate. Most of the RC lines metabolized only 10-30% of the 50 nM [3H]RA over 6 h of culture. These data indicate that RCs both in vitro and in vivo are retinol and retinyl ester deficient relative to the normal human kidney, and they suggest that the aberrant differentiation of the neoplastic renal cells results in part from a defect in retinoid metabolism.
<i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> (cyto)toxicity assays using PVC and LDPE as model materials (2006)

The choice for a biomaterial is partly based on the outcome of (cyto)toxicity assays. The rationales behind the selection of certain parameters, such as cell lines, controls, and animals, were evaluated using a positive and a negative control, and one experimental sample designed to induce intermediate toxicity. Extraction and direct contact assays were performed using human epidermal keratinocytes and mouse fibroblasts and mouse epithelial cells. Cell survival was measured with the tetrazolium salt (MTT) reduction assay. In addition, local implantation studies were performed in mice and rats. The positive control induced a high degree of toxicity in all in vitro tests performed, indicating that the toxicity observed in the direct contact assay was due to in situ extraction of toxic components. In the direct contact assay the negative control tested on the mouse fibroblasts resulted in a significant reduction of cell survival. No decrease in cell survival was found using the experimental sample. Subcutaneous implantation studies in mice showed that the positive control material induced a severe degeneration in mice. However, in rats just minimal alterations were noted. The experimental material induced moderate responses only in mice. Our results indicate that the direct contact assay provides limited additional information on the cytotoxicity of materials if certain limitations are not taken into account. For the in vivo implantation assay mice were superior to rats in detecting local toxic responses.