gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tracing Branched Curvilinear Structures with a Novel Adaptive Local PCA Algorithm. (2008)

A vast variety of branched structures differing in size, shape, and function are found in Nature and engineering. Needed are robust and sufficiently general methods for extracting geometric information about structure-function arrangements and relationships from images of branched structures. This paper describes a novel mathematical algorithm called Adaptive Local Principal Component Analysis (ALPCA) for tracing branched curvilinear structures. Utility of this algorithm is demonstrated by its application to quantitative analysis of shape in various plant organs undergoing development. Specifically, time series of digital images representing seedling stems (hypocotyls) responding to light or root systems undergoing branching were automatically analyzed by ALPCA. Automated quantification of such structures changing size and shape will enable algorithmic classification of phenotypes (consequences of altered gene functions) and therefore add a new technological element to the field of plant functional genomics. The general design of ALPCA enables the tracing of gray-scale digital images of other categories of branched structures.
Resistance C-MOS Circuits (1976)

By combining dynamic C-MOS circuits with a few passive components, very simple logic circuits with static behavior are obtained (e. g. counters, flip-flops, decoders). In silicon gate technology, the area is nearly half that required for corresponding standard C-MOS circuits.
Rapid Synthesis of 1,3,4,4-Tetrasubstituted β-Lactams from Methyleneaziridines Using a Four-Component Reaction (2008)

2-Methyleneaziridines can be transformed into a variety of 1,3,4,4-tetrasubstituted beta-lactams in moderate to good yields (46-63%) via a "one-pot" process that brings together four components with the formation of three new intermolecular carbon-carbon bonds.
The secreted aspartate proteinase of Candida albicans: physiology of secretion and virulence of a proteinase-deficient mutant (1990)

It was established that Candida albicans grew rapidly in a simple medium containing yeast extract (0.2%, w/v) plus glucose (2%, w/v). These cultures were in or near to a state of nitrogen limitation and the concentration of secreted aspartate proteinase increased rapidly (within 3-4 h) on addition of BSA. Synthesis and secretion were apparently controlled both positively (induction by albumin or, more probably, the peptides produced from it) and negatively (repression by NH4Cl). A small intracellular pool of the enzyme was detected during production of the enzyme and this pool decreased with the cessation of synthesis and secretion. A stable mutant, IR24, was isolated which secreted less than 0.3% of the amount of the proteinase exported by the parent strain ATCC 10261. The LD50 values for mutant IR24 and the parent strain administered intravenously to mice were greater than 1.0 x 10(9) and 1.6 x 10(6) c.f.u. kg-1 respectively.
A policy-based priority and precedence framework for military IP networks (2005)

The paper reports the design, implementation and demonstration of a policy-based quality of service framework for priority and precedence in IP networks. The solution is built on the IETF IntServ framework, using RSVP with policy-based data flow admission control and priority based preemption. Data flows are admitted into the network based on user and/or application identities, as well as on the flow's setup priority. When a link reaches full utilization, lower prioritised flows are preempted to accommodate requests for higher prioritised traffic. More than one dataflow may be preempted if more bandwidth is required for the higher precedence flow. The feasibility and usefulness of this infrastructure is demonstrated using on-demand video streaming between LANs interconnected with Linux-based routers.
Molecular mechanism of the sweet taste enhancers (2010)

Positive allosteric modulators of the human sweet taste receptor have been developed as a new way of reducing dietary sugar intake. Besides their potential health benefit, the sweet taste enhancers are also valuable tool molecules to study the general mechanism of positive allosteric modulations of T1R taste receptors. Using chimeric receptors, mutagenesis, and molecular modeling, we reveal how these sweet enhancers work at the molecular level. Our data argue that the sweet enhancers follow a similar mechanism as the natural umami taste enhancer molecules. Whereas the sweeteners bind to the hinge region and induce the closure of the Venus flytrap domain of T1R2, the enhancers bind close to the opening and further stabilize the closed and active conformation of the receptor.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hexagonal Boron Nitride as a Gate Dielectric (2016)

Two different growth modes of large-area hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) film, a conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth mode and a high-pressure CVD growth mode, were compared as a function of the precursor partial pressure. Conventional self-limited CVD growth was obtained below a critical partial pressure of the borazine precursor, whereas a thick h-BN layer (thicker than a critical thickness of 10 nm) was grown beyond a critical partial pressure. An interesting coincidence of a critical thickness of 10 nm was identified in both the CVD growth behavior and in the breakdown electric field strength and leakage current mechanism, indicating that the electrical properties of the CVD h-BN film depended significantly on the film growth mode and the resultant film quality.
Human-like robotic handwriting and drawing (2013)

The method of human-like handwriting and drawing is addressed with a three-link arm. Three strategies of trajectory planning are considered: the basic stroke method, the Bezier curve method, and the non-gradient numerical optimization method. Planar patterns of handwriting or drawing are converted into the vector form of joint angles in which sequence and speed of the movement can be designed to imitate human handwriting and drawing. A nonlinear three-link three-dimensional arm, similar to a human arm, is developed to track the planned trajectories. The feasibility of these methods is demonstrated by simulation.
Homology Modeling of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. (mGluRs) Structural Motifs Affecting Binding Modes and Pharmacological Profile of mGluR1 Agonists and Competitive Antagonists (1996)

A three-dimensional model of the amino terminal domain (ATD) of the mGluR1 receptor subtype was constructed on the basis of the previously reported sequence homology with bacterial periplasmic proteins. The model was utilized for revealing structural motifs affecting the interaction with mGluR1 agonists and competitive antagonists. The agonist binding site region, identified on the basis of published site-directed mutagenesis experiments, is located on the surface of one of the two lobes constituting the mGluR1 ATD. A number of electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding interactions can be detected between mGluR1 agonists such as L-Glu (1), Quis (2), and (1S,3R)-ACPD (4) and binding site residues. A different binding mode was proposed for mGluR1 competitive antagonists such as 4CPG (5), 4C3HPG (6), and UPF523 (10). Interactions with both lobes of the ATD of mGluR1 and the lack of a specific role for the phenyl moiety of mGluR1 antagonists are important features of the proposed antagonist binding mode. The correspondence of the molecular modeling results with the pharmacological data of mGluR1 agonists and competitive antagonists is a confirmation of the plausibility of the model.
Regulatory CD8<sup>+</sup>T cells fine-tune the myelin basic protein-reactive T cell receptor Vβ repertoire during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (2003)

A significant number of self-reactive T cell clones escape thymic negative selection and are released into the periphery, where some are potentially pathogenic. The clonal expansion of self-reactive T cells is known to be limited during initial antigen encounter by apoptotic or anergic mechanisms, regulatory CD4+ T cells, and cytokines. Here we report that superimposed on these mechanisms, during the evolution of autoimmunity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), CD8+ T cells are induced, which fine-tune the peripheral self-reactive T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. We assayed the myelin basic protein-reactive TCR repertoire in naive, EAE-recovered mice as well as EAE-recovered mice depleted of CD8+ T cells by TCRV beta surface expression, complementarity-determining region 3 length distribution, and complementarity-determining region 3 sequencing analysis. In EAE-recovered mice, certain myelin basic protein-reactive CD4+V beta 8.2+ clones are significantly decreased and this decrease is not observed if CD8+ T cells were depleted from these mice. The clones that persist in CD8+ T cell-intact mice are highly diverse in contrast to the clones expanded in CD8+ T cell-depleted mice, which are dominated by the significant outgrowth of a few clones. Importantly, the T cell clones that expand in the absence of CD8+ T cell control are enriched in potentially pathogenic self-reactive T cell clones capable of inducing EAE in vivo.
Contrastes y afinidades: la forma verbal en -ra en la península Ibérica (2001)

This article is about factitive-causative structures in French and Romanian, presenting the linguistic means by which causality is expressed in both languages and showing evidence of the divergences between them. The semantic and pragmatic criteria upon which the choice of means of expression depends in the constructions discussed are also analyzed. One of the conclusions of the article, at the level of contrast, is that in Romanian there are three factitive constructions in complementary distribution: two factitive verbs, a face and a pune, and one lexical factitive, covering the area of the French factitive verb faire, which has a rich polysemy and a more marked value of generality.
A knowledge based infrared camera system for invisible gas detection utilizing image processing techniques (2019)

An infrared camera system for real-time monitoring of invisible methane gas leakages is proposed, which can be used in production, transportation, and gas plants. Instead of using conventional lasers, a medium wavelength light-emitting diode (LED) with a center wavelength of approximately 3300 nm is used for the light source of the gas detector. We achieve compact cooling with low power consumption by using a small electronic part with a Peltier element instead of a larger cooling unit. We also propose an algorithm based on adaptive average method and adaptive histogram equalization process to extract the background efficiently. This knowledge based infrared camera system effectively detects the leakage of invisible gas. Preliminary experimental results confirm the potential and effectiveness of the developed equipment to be commercialized for use in real-time gas monitoring systems. We aim to eventually develop an image analysis system that combines image processing and knowledge engineering techniques.
Control over the permeation of silica nanoshells by surface-protected etching with water (2010)

We demonstrate a water-based etching strategy for converting solid silica shells into porous ones with controllable permeability. It overcomes the challenges of the alkaline-based surface-protected etching process that we previously developed for the production of porous and hollow silica nanostructures. Mild etching around the boiling point of water partially breaks the imperfectly condensed silica network and forms soluble monosilicic acid, eventually producing mesoscale pores in the silica structures. With the surface protection from poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), it is possible to maintain the overall shape of the silica structures while at the same time to create porosity inside. By using bulky PVP molecules which only protect the near-surface region, we are able to completely remove the interior silica and produce hollow particles. Because the etching is mild and controllable, this process is particularly useful for treating small silica particles or core-shell particles with very thin silica shells for which the alkaline-based etching method has been difficult to control. We demonstrated the precise control of the permeation of the chemical species through the porous silica shells by using a model reaction which involves the etching of Ag encapsulated inside Ag@SiO(2) by a halocarbon. It is expected that the water-based surface-protected etching method can be conveniently extended to the production of various porous silica shells containing functional materials whose diffusion to outside and/or reaction with outside species can be easily controlled.
Advanced Propfan Engine Technology (APET) definition study, single and counter-rotation gearbox/pitch change mechanism design (1985)

Single-rotation propfan-powered regional transport aircraft were studied to identify key technology development issues and programs. The need for improved thrust specific fuel consumption to reduce fuel burned and aircraft direct operating cost is the dominant factor. Typical cycle trends for minimizing fuel consumption are reviewed, and two 10,000 shp class engine configurations for propfan propulsion systems for the 1990's are presented. Recommended engine configurations are both three-spool design with dual spool compressors and free power turbines. The benefits of these new propulsion system concepts were evaluated using an advanced airframe, and results are compared for single-rotation propfan and turbofan advanced technology propulsion systems. The single-rotation gearbox is compared to a similar design with current technology to establish the benefits of the advanced gearbox technology. The conceptual design of the advanced pitch change mechanism identified a high pressure hydraulic system that is superior to the other contenders and completely external to the gearboxes.
Cochlear Pathology in Presbycusis (1993)

A survey of the temporal bone collection at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary reveals 21 cases that meet the criterion for the clinical diagnosis of presbycusis. It is evident that the previously advanced concept of four predominant pathologic types of presbycusis is valid, these being sensory, neural, strial, and cochlear conductive. An abrupt high-tone loss signals sensory presbycusis, a flat threshold pattern is indicative of strial presbycusis, and loss of word discrimination is characteristic of neural presbycusis. When the increments of threshold loss present a gradually decreasing linear distribution pattern on the audiometric scale and have no pathologic correlate, it is speculated that the hearing loss is caused by alterations in the physical characteristics of the cochlear duct, and the loss is identified as cochlear conductive presbycusis. It is clear that many individual cases do not separate into a specific type but have mixtures of these pathologic types and are termed mixed presbycusis. About 25% of all cases of presbycusis show none of the above characteristics and are classified as indeterminate presbycusis.
Abnormal Expression of a 170-Kilodalton P-Glycoprotein Encoded by <i>MDR1</i> Gene, a Metabolically Active Efflux Pump, in CD4 <sup>+</sup> and CD8 <sup>+</sup> T Cells from Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection (1996)

Peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from 16 patients with HIV-1 infection, 8 each with CD4+ T cell counts of > 200/mm3 (group I) and with CD4+ T cell counts of < 200/mm3 (group II), and 8 age- and sex-matched controls, were examined for the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a 170-kDa phosphoglycoprotein encoded by the MDR1 gene, using dual-color flow cytometric analysis. The function of P-glycoprotein was assessed by the accumulation of rhodamine-123 (Rh123) dye in the presence or absence of cyclosporin A (which inhibits Rh123 efflux). A significantly increased proportion of CD4+ T cells from patients with HIV-1 infection expressed P-glycoprotein as compared to controls, resulting in a significantly increased ratio of the proportions of CD4+P-gp+/CD8+P-gp+ cells. The ratio of CD4+P-gp+/CD8+P-gp+ in group II patients was significantly higher (p = 0.02) than in group I patients, suggesting a progressive increase in P-gp expression with the advancement of HIV-1 infection. The proportions of CD4+P-gp+ and CD8+P-gp+ T cells did not differ significantly between those who received AZT and those who were not treated with AZT. Contrary to expectation, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from patients accumulated significantly more Rh123 as compared to controls. Furthermore, cyclosporin A failed to increase intracellular accumulation of Rh123 in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from patients. These data suggest a functionally defective P-gp expression in HIV-1 infection that appears to increase with the progression of HIV-1 infection. A study of a large number of patients with HIV-1 infection is needed to determine the effects of opportunistic infection and antiretroviral therapy on the expression of P-gp and to determine whether the expression of P-gp could serve as another surrogate marker for the progression of HIV-1 infection.
Diversity in the use of electronic mail: a preliminary inquiry (1988)

This paper describes a series of interviews that examine the ways that professional office workers use electronic mail to manage their daily work. The purpose is to generate hypotheses for future research. A number of implications for the design of flexible mail systems are discussed. Two principal claims are made. First, the use of electronic mail is strikingly diverse, although not infinitely so. Individuals vary both in objective measures of mail use and in preferred strategies for managing work electronically. Feelings of control are similarly diverse and are related to the size of the user's inbox, numbers of folders, and subscriptions to distribution lists. This diversity implies that one's own experiences with electronic mail are unlikely to provide sufficient understanding of other's uses of mail. Mail designers should thus seek flexible primitives that capture the important dimensions of use and provide flexibility for a wide range of users. The second claim is that electronic mail is more than just a communication system. Users archive messages for subject retrieval, prioritize messages to sequence work activities, and delegate tasks via mail. A taxonomy of work management is proposed in which mail is used for information management, time management, and task management activities. Directions for future research are suggested.
Species-specific disruption of STING-dependent antiviral cellular defenses by the Zika virus NS2B3 protease (2018)

The limited host tropism of numerous viruses causing disease in humans remains incompletely understood. One example is Zika virus (ZIKV), an RNA virus that has reemerged in recent years. Here, we demonstrate that ZIKV efficiently infects fibroblasts from humans, great apes, New and Old World monkeys, but not rodents. ZIKV infection in human-but not murine-cells impairs responses to agonists of the cGMP-AMP synthase/stimulator of IFN genes (cGAS/STING) signaling pathway, suggesting that viral mechanisms to evade antiviral defenses are less effective in rodent cells. Indeed, human, but not mouse, STING is subject to cleavage by proteases encoded by ZIKV, dengue virus, West Nile virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus, but not that of yellow fever virus. The protease cleavage site, located between positions 78/79 of human STING, is only partially conserved in nonhuman primates and rodents, rendering these orthologs resistant to degradation. Genetic disruption of STING increases the susceptibility of mouse-but not human-cells to ZIKV. Accordingly, expression of only mouse, not human, STING in murine STING knockout cells rescues the ZIKV suppression phenotype. STING-deficient mice, however, did not exhibit increased susceptibility, suggesting that other redundant antiviral pathways control ZIKV infection in vivo. Collectively, our data demonstrate that numerous RNA viruses evade cGAS/STING-dependent signaling and affirm the importance of this pathway in shaping the host range of ZIKV. Furthermore, our results explain-at least in part-the decreased permissivity of rodent cells to ZIKV, which could aid in the development of mice model with inheritable susceptibility to ZIKV and other flaviviruses.
Dynamic Pricing for Airline Ancillaries with Customer Context (2019)

Ancillaries have become a major source of revenue and profitability in the travel industry. Yet, conventional pricing strategies are based on business rules that are poorly optimized and do not respond to changing market conditions. This paper describes the dynamic pricing model developed by Deepair solutions, an AI technology provider for travel suppliers. We present a pricing model that provides dynamic pricing recommendations specific to each customer interaction and optimizes expected revenue per customer. The unique nature of personalized pricing provides the opportunity to search over the market space to find the optimal price-point of each ancillary for each customer, without violating customer privacy.
Equilibrium states of anodic double layers (2009)

Equilibrium states of anodic double layers that form near a positively biased disk-shaped electrode immersed in a partially ionized plasma are studied experimentally using electrostatic probes. When the potential drop from the electrode to the plasma is less than a critical value, Δϕc, an anode glow is observed where a double layer potential drop is within a few millimeters of the electrode surface. For larger biases an anode spot forms where the double layer potential drop is centimeters from the electrode and the intervening region is a plasma more luminous than the bulk plasma. A theoretical model is developed which predicts that Δϕc ∝ 1/P + C, where P is the neutral pressure and C is a constant, and it predicts hysteresis in the current–voltage characteristic at the electrode; both effects are observed experimentally. The model also provides an estimate for the distance between the electrode and double layer potential drop that agrees with the measurements. Near small electrodes, anode spots are observed to be 'fireballs,' which are spherical in shape. Near larger electrodes 'firerods' are found instead, which have a cylindrical shape. It is shown that firerods are required by global current balance because they have a smaller effective electron collecting area than fireballs. Experiments also confirm that global nonambipolar flow (Baalrud S D et al 2007 Phys. Plasmas 14 042109) accompanies firerods. In this case all electrons are lost through the firerod to the electrode, while all positive ions are lost to the other plasma boundaries.
Energy Efficiency for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (2011)

This paper emphasizes the energy efficiency issue for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The power requirement for an UAV system was modeled with the aid of energy requiring from all possible sub-systems. In this model, a single UAV system was broken down by the six power consumption components. The scientific research areas and emerging technologies assisted UAV design stages involved in the mainly "six-part" load components; those are (1) Control, (2) Data processing, (3) Communication, (4) Payloads, including sensors with actuators, (5) External Loads as system perturbation, and (6) System Dynamicity with a performance criteria.