gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis of chromatin compaction in living cells using FLIM–FRET (2009)

We present a quantitative Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based assay using multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to measure chromatin compaction at the scale of nucleosomal arrays in live cells. The assay uses a human cell line coexpressing histone H2B tagged to either enhanced green fluorescent protein (FP) or mCherry FPs (HeLa(H2B-2FP)). FRET occurs between FP-tagged histones on separate nucleosomes and is increased when chromatin compacts. Interphase cells consistently show three populations of chromatin with low, medium, or high FRET efficiency, reflecting spatially distinct regions with different levels of chromatin compaction. Treatment with inhibitors that either increase chromatin compaction (i.e., depletion of adenosine triphosphate) or decrease chromosome compaction (trichostatin A) results in a parallel increase or decrease in the FLIM-FRET signal. In mitosis, the assay showed variation in compaction level, as reflected by different FRET efficiency populations, throughout the length of all chromosomes, increasing to a maximum in late anaphase. These data are consistent with extensive higher order folding of chromatin fibers taking place during anaphase.
Anti-Inflammatory And Anti-Mitotic Activates Of Lupeol Isolated From The Leaves Of Ixora Coccinea Linn (1994)

Lupeol was isolated form the petroleum ether fraction of ethanol extract of the leaves of ixora coccinea (Fam.Rubiaceae). Pharmacological studies showed that lupeol is having anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw oedema in albino rats and anti-mitotic activity in a preliminary cytotoxic study using the â€œAllium testâ€Â of Leavan.
Health Benefits, Risks, and Cost-Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccination in Children (2008)

Annual vaccination of all children 6-59 months of age is recommended in the United States but not in most of Europe. This paper reviews issues surrounding the epidemiology of influenza and vaccine effectiveness relevant to the determination of vaccination policy. Most clinical trials of vaccines (and treatments) that provide the evidence for current policy took place in the 1990s when rates of influenza-like illness (ILI) were twice those reported in recent years. The impact of influenza in the community is concealed by the variety of diagnoses appropriate to describing acute respiratory infections. Even in influenza virus active periods diagnoses of coryza, acute bronchitis, and otitis media made by general practitioners greatly exceed those of ILI. Respiratory syncytial virus presents particular problems because it often circulates at the same time as influenza. Thus, the diagnostic uncertainty and variety of respiratory pathogens causing similar illnesses are major confounders when estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness. Although meta-analyses have cast doubt on the wisdom of the universal vaccination of children, high-quality clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy against laboratory-confirmed infection. The distinction between this positive benefit and the wider issue of effectiveness against ILI in the community poses difficulties for determining policy. Mathematical models examining this issue are populated with data that are mostly estimated: therefore, the sensitivity analysis is critical and the conclusions are invariably accompanied by reservations. National policies based on demonstrated cost effectiveness are desirable, but these should not become a barrier to parents wishing to secure a benefit for their child or family, provided there is clear evidence of clinical efficacy.
Detailed folding structures of M-lycotoxin-Hc1a and its mutageneses using 2D HP model (2012)

Abstract Although the hydrophobic-polar (HP) model was proposed a decade ago, it applies almost to no real-case study because of its intense computation. In this study, a 2D HP model was applied to study the folding structures of M-lycotoxin-Hc1a, an antimicrobial peptide, in order to get full pictures of its numerous folding structures. The normalised hydrophobicity index was used to convert M-lycotoxin-Hc1a and its six mutageneses into HP sequences, and then the 2D HP model was used to compute all the possible folding structures (324 = 282,429,536,481), and finally the normalised hydrophobicity index was used to distinguish the native state. The results showed that M-lycotoxin-Hc1a had 6 and 138 folding structures at their native state with the minimal energy of − 13 at pH 2 and pH 7 when glycine served as hydrophobic amino acid. When glycine serves as polar amino acid, M-lycotoxin-Hc1a had 12 and 54 folding structures at their native state with the minimal energy of − 12 and − 13 at pH 2 and pH 7, respectively. This study advanced the knowledge on how to apply the HP model to real-life study, and how the mutageneses influenced the folding structures of M-lycotoxin-Hc1a, their native states and minimal energy at different pH levels. Keywords: folding structureHP modelminimal energyM-lycotoxin-Hc1amutagenesisnative state Acknowledgements This study was partly supported by Guangxi Science Foundation (0907016, 0991006Z, 10-046-06, 2010GXNSFF013003, 2010GXNSFA013046 and 11-031-11). The corresponding author wishes to thank Drs Aihua Pan, Xiaowen Han and Kai Zhu at Beijing Bioway BOSI Biointelligence Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China, for providing him with the HP model.
Injection and Capture of Electrons in the UCI Stellatron (1985)

An l=2 stellatron accelerator is under experimental study. The stellarator field has a strength of up to 10 kG and a rotational transform angle χ ~ 0.1. Electrons are injected from either a thermionic emitter or a field-emission cathode placed inside the torus. Typically, a 20 kV, 2-4 μs pulse is applied to the hot cathode which emits ~ 3 A. A 2 MeV, 200 A beam is formed due to betatron acceleration which immediately follows the injection. The injection voltage is raised to 60 kV with the cold cathode emitting ~ 30 A for ~ 0.4 μs. A significant increase in beam current is not observed. A beam in excess of 500 A is generated by injecting plasma and electrons simultaneously at the beginning of the stellarator field and starting the betatron acceleration after the plasma has diffused throughout the torus.
Endocytosis and Recycling of the HIV Coreceptor Ccr5 (2000)

The chemokine receptor CCR5 is a cofactor for the entry of R5 tropic strains of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV)-1 and -2 and simian immunodeficiency virus. Cells susceptible to infection by these viruses can be protected by treatment with the CCR5 ligands regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta. A major component of the mechanism through which chemokines protect cells from HIV infection is by inducing endocytosis of the chemokine receptor. Aminooxypentane (AOP)-RANTES, an NH(2)-terminal modified form of RANTES, is a potent inhibitor of infection by R5 HIV strains. AOP-RANTES efficiently downmodulates the cell surface expression of CCR5 and, in contrast with RANTES, appears to prevent recycling of CCR5 to the cell surface. Here, we investigate the cellular basis of this effect. Using CHO cells expressing human CCR5, we show that both RANTES and AOP-RANTES induce rapid internalization of CCR5. In the absence of ligand, CCR5 shows constitutive turnover with a half-time of 6-9 h. Addition of RANTES or AOP-RANTES has little effect on the rate of CCR5 turnover. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy show that most of the CCR5 internalized after RANTES or AOP-RANTES treatment accumulates in small membrane-bound vesicles and tubules clustered in the perinuclear region of the cell. Colocalization with transferrin receptors in the same clusters of vesicles indicates that CCR5 accumulates in recycling endosomes. After the removal of RANTES, internalized CCR5 recycles to the cell surface and is sensitive to further rounds of RANTES-induced endocytosis. In contrast, after the removal of AOP-RANTES, most CCR5 remains intracellular. We show that these CCR5 molecules do recycle to the cell surface, with kinetics equivalent to those of receptors in RANTES-treated cells. However, these recycled CCR5 molecules are rapidly reinternalized. Our results indicate that AOP-RANTES-induced changes in CCR5 alter the steady-state distribution of the receptor and provide the first evidence for G protein-coupled receptor trafficking through the recycling endosome compartment.
Regulation of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A2 (PAPPA2) in a human placental trophoblast cell line (BeWo) (2011)

Our study demonstrates that factors previously known to be highly expressed in preeclamptic placentae (PGE2 and TNF-alpha), contribute to the upregulation of PAPPA2. Hypoxia, known to occur in preeclamptic placentae, also increased PAPPA2 expression. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that PAPPA2 is upregulated as a consequence of placental pathology, rather than elevated PAPPA2 levels being a cause of preeclampsia.
A Differential Coding-Based Scheduling Framework for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (2012)

In wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs), visual correlation exists among multiple nearby cameras, thus leading to considerable redundancy in the collected images. This paper proposes a differential coding-based scheduling framework for efficiently gathering visually correlated images. This framework consists of two components including MinMax Degree Hub Location (MDHL) and Maximum Lifetime Scheduling (MLS). The MDHL problem aims to find the optimal locations for the multimedia processing hubs, which operate on different channels for concurrently collecting images from adjacent cameras, such that the number of channels required for frequency reuse is minimized. After associating camera sensors with proper hubs, the MLS problem targets at designing a schedule for the cameras such that the network lifetime of the cameras is maximized by letting highly correlated cameras perform differential coding on the fly. It is proven in this paper that the MDHL problem is NP-complete, and the MLS problem is NP-hard. Consequently, approximation algorithms are proposed to provide bounded performance. Since the designed algorithms only take the camera settings as inputs, they are independent of specific multimedia applications. Experiments and simulations show that the proposed differential coding-based scheduling can effectively enhance the network throughput and the energy efficiency of camera sensors.
XML-ECG: An XML-Based ECG Presentation for Data Exchanging (2007)

With the development of the electrical health record and telemedicine, sharing healthcare data becomes more and more important. Standardizing the data presentation is the best solution to exchange them among heterogeneous systems. But ECG has met problem since almost none of the standard could be used for this purpose well. The paper introduces a simple but complete XML-based data presentation method: XML-ECG. It has the "Header" section for common information and "Body" section for content, which is constituted of six modules with each for certain part of ECG related information. In order to convert XML-ECG to & from other ECG data format, the work of XML-ECG conversion tool set is introduced, which could also verify the completeness of XML-ECG. Besides, the work of integrated ECG viewer is also described to show the applications of XML-ECG in EHR system or telemedicine.
On the computation of electromagnetic field components from a transmission line: theory and application (2002)

Two programs, EMIDIF and EMIDIP, for computing emissions in near and far field from simple thin wire structures are described. An example applied to digital circuits is given and results obtained with these two programs are compared with those obtained with MININEC. Results are in good agreement. EMIDIF code is useful when one knows the currents at the ends of the lines, calculated by transmission line models. EMIDIP is useful when one knows the distribution along the conductors. EMIDIP allows one to predict both differential and common mode radiated emissions. Common mode current is very difficult to calculate without taking into account displacement current. However, in practical situations, common mode current can be measured by a current probe and the complete field can be calculated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Origin and fate of IgE-bearing lymphocytes. I. Peyer's patches as differentiation site of cells. Simultaneously bearing IgA and IgE. (1981)

Peyer's patches (PP) from adult conventionally raised (C) and germ-free (GF) rats of the same age differed strikingly in the distributions of cells bearing membrane-bound immunoglobulin of the different isotypes. High concentrations of cells with membrane-bound IgE (approximately 20% of total cells determined by indirect immunofluorescence) were found in PP of rats, whereas IgE+ cells were absent from PP of C rats. The numbers of IgA+ cells were almost threefold higher in PP of GF rats when compared with C rats. In contrast, PP of GF rats had greatly reduced numbers of IgM-bearing cells (4%) when compared with C rats (23%); in some experiments virtually no IgM-bearing cells were detected. The levels of IgA- and IgE-bearing cells in spleen of GF rats were increased (to 11% and 7%, respectively). Of the IgE-bearing cells in PP and spleen of GF rats, approximately one-half were simultaneously positive for IgA. When these PP cells were treated with pronase to remove membrane bound immunoglobulins and maintained in culture, both IgE and IgA reappeared within 12 h. The proportion of doubly labeled cells was similar to that of the untreated population. No IgE+ cells were detected in bone marrow of C of GF rats at any time, in agreement with the findings of Ishizaka et al., although up to 20% of bone marrow cells bore other immunoglobulin isotypes, suggesting that IgE-bearing cells arise in the PP either de novo or by switching from precursors carrying IgM or IgA.
Discrimination sociolinguistique et pluralité des normes identitaires (2013)

Le present texte constitue ainsi un des elements du cadrage theorique issu du projet STORI. Nous proposons ainsi de definir la discrimination sociolinguistique non seulement en regard avec la terminologie actuellement en cours et les recherches publiees (y compris dans les disciplines voisines attentives aux discours) mais encore en considerant les effets, dans ses acceptions et usages scientifiques possibles, de l'introduction du paradigme de recherche relatif a la spatialite. Pour cela, nous avons organise notre propos en quatre temps : 1. une analyse des rapports entre stigmatisation sociale et spatialisation ; 2. un point sur les liens entre discrimination et segregation en sociolinguistique (ces deux premiers points permettant de percevoir l'interet de penser le paradigme de la spatialite dans les approches sociolinguistiques presentes) ; 3. une reflexion centree sur la pertinence a conceptualiser la discrimination en sociolinguistique ; et, enfin, pour terminer, une definition de la discrimination sociolinguistique pensee en coherence avec le spatial turn , c'est-a-dire incluant la prise en compte de la pluralite des normes identitaires.
Bioinspired Strategy to Reinforce PVA with Improved Toughness and Thermal Properties via Hydrogen-Bond Self-Assembly (2013)

Despite the high strength and stiffness of polymer nanocomposites, they usually display lower deformability and toughness relative to their matrices. Spider silk features exceptionally high stiffness and toughness via the hierarchical architecture based on hydrogen-bond (H-bond) assembly. Inspired by this intriguing phenomenon, we here exploit melamine (MA) to reinforce poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) via H-bond self-assembly at a molecular level. Our results have shown that due to the formation of physical cross-link network based on H-bond assembly between MA and PVA, yield strength, Young's modulus, extensibility, and toughness of PVA are improved by 22, 25, 144, and 200% with 1.0 wt % MA, respectively. Moreover, presence of MA can enhance the thermal stability of PVA to a great extent, even exceeding some nanofillers (e.g., graphene). This work provides a facile method to improve the mechanical properties of polymers via H-bond self-assembly.
Scheduling independent tasks to reduce mean finishing time (1974)

Sequencing to minimize mean finishing time (or mean time in system) is not only desirable to the user, but it also tends to minimize at each point in time the storage required to hold incomplete tasks. In this paper a deterministic model of independent tasks is introduced and new results are derived which extend and generalize the algorithms known for minimizing mean finishing time. In addition to presenting and analyzing new algorithms it is shown that the most general mean-finishing-time problem for independent tasks is polynomial complete, and hence unlikely to admit of a non-enumerative solution.
Analyze p53 degradation by 35S p53 Pulse Chase Analysis (2012)

p53, is known as the guardian of the genome and as such requires exquisite regulation not only of its abundance but also its activity. The abundance of p53 can be modulated at the level of transcription, translation, and also via its degradation.This protocol involves 35S metabolic labelling of newly synthesized proteins followed by a period of chase with "cold" media. Samples are harvested and p53 immunopreciptiated, separated by SDS PAGE and the levels of 35S labelled p53 determined. By comparing the level of 35S p53 at 0 h to those "chased" with cold media (e.g. 60 min) provides an indication of the rate of p53 turnover.
Piezoelectric devices (1982)

The history of the discovery of piezoelectricity and its application in practical devices is traced from the late 19th century. The origin of the piezoelectric effect is outlined in terms of the symmetry of the materials, and Tables are given in which the electroelastic properties are listed for single crystals, ferroelectric ceramics and polymers which show the phenomenon. The applications of both the direct and inverse piezoelectric effect are considered in devices operating at frequencies from DC to greater than 100 GHz. Particular attention is paid to signal processing using piezoelectric substrates for surface acoustic waves, and to the use of quartz in crystal-controlled oscillators, but the whole range of devices from low frequency transducers, through acoustic and ultrasonic devices to VHF filters is discussed.
The 1200V direct-driven SiC JFET power switch (2011)

Wide band-gap semiconductors are most attractive as materials for power devices due to low losses, improved temperature capability and high thermal conductivity. Although silicon carbide Schottky diodes have been commercially available for years, an active wide band-gap switch has still been missing. In this work, the 1200 V SiC JFET is introduced as commercially available SiC power switch. The JFET offers an excellent performance while being a normally-on device. As an alternative to get a normally-off behavior, the direct-driven JFET concept is proposed which combines a normally-on JFET with a low-voltage normally-off silicon MOSFET. An intelligent driver solution is developed to benefit from the full JFET performance. Application tests indicate excellent performance of the proposed solution.
Attenuated <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> Protects against Highly Pathogenic Influenza A Viruses by Dampening the Cytokine Storm (2010)

The threat of a pandemic spread of highly virulent influenza A viruses currently represents a top global public health problem. Mass vaccination remains the most effective way to combat influenza virus. However, current vaccination strategies face the challenge to meet the demands in a pandemic situation. In a mouse model of severe influenza virus-induced pneumonitis, we observed that prior nasal administration of an attenuated strain of Bordetella pertussis (BPZE1) provided effective and sustained protection against lethal challenge with two different influenza A virus subtypes. In contrast to most cross-protective effects reported so far, the protective window offered upon nasal treatment with BPZE1 lasted up to at least 12 weeks, suggesting a unique mechanism(s) involved in the protection. No significant differences in viral loads were observed between BPZE1-treated and control mice, indicating that the cross-protective mechanism(s) does not directly target the viral particles and/or infected cells. This was further confirmed by the absence of cross-reactive antibodies and T cells in serum transfer and in vitro restimulation experiments, respectively. Instead, compared to infected control mice, BPZE1-treated animals displayed markedly reduced lung inflammation and tissue damage, decreased neutrophil infiltration, and strong suppression of the production of major proinflammatory mediators in their bronchoalveolar fluids (BALFs). Our findings thus indicate that protection against influenza virus-induced severe pneumonitis can be achieved through attenuation of exaggerated cytokine-mediated inflammation. Furthermore, nasal treatment with live attenuated B. pertussis offers a potential alternative to conventional approaches in the fight against one of the most frightening current global public health threats.
Interfacial and breakdown characteristics of MOS devices with rapidly grown ultrathin SiO<sub>2</sub>gate insulators (1987)

Metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices fabricated with composite gates and subhundred-angstrom SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> gate insulators grown by rapid thermal oxidation were characterized by various electrical measurements. The as-fabricated devices with unannealed rapidly grown oxides exhibited breakdown characteristics superior to furnace-grown oxides as evidenced by their excellent breakdown uniformity, an average breakdown field of 15 MV/cm, and an average breakdown charge density of over 50 C/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at a stress current density of 1 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The preoxidation surface cleaning procedure was observed to affect the charge-to-breakdown and the densities of fixed oxide charges and surface states in these MOS structures.
<title>Quantitative Evaluation Of Holographic Interference Patterns Under Image Processing Aspects</title> (1980)

An automated quantitative evaluation of holographic interference patterns can be carried out by a microprocessor controlled system. The recorded images normally are disturbed by e.g. diffraction patterns of dust particles and speckle noise. We describe some image processing techniques which can be applied to these images in order to suppress the disturbances and to enhance the interference pattern. It is reported on the realization of these techniques by a microprocessor controlled system.