gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experience in the Use of the NIOSH Diffusive Sampler Evaluation Protocol (1996)

Diffusive sampler operation may be affected by a large number of factors. Interactions between the factors may also be important. A protocol for determining sampler performance has been developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) that addresses sampler precision and accuracy when these factors vary within the ranges normally encountered in the field. However, it is costly, time-consuming, and often unnecessary to apply all of the tests to each sampler for every possible chemical hazard. A sampler shown to sample a specific vapor accurately may be assumed to require fewer tests to assure equal performance with related chemicals. The criteria used to define the reduced tests depends somewhat on sampler design, and the justification for applying the criteria must depend on information gained from validating a large selection of related chemicals using the full protocol. Thus, the full protocol remains the standard of reference for the lower validation level. Based on these considerations a "bilevel validation" approach was developed for the SKC 575 series diffusive sampler. Application of the bilevel approach to the NIOSH protocol is described, and the results are related to the full NIOSH protocol and also to a European validation protocol. The European protocol recognizes the validity of reduced tests for homologue validation. The conclusions are that (1) it is feasible to validate a sampler for a large number of organic vapors using the NIOSH protocol and that this number can be substantially increased by use of a bilevel approach, saving time and resources, and (2) samplers validated to either the NIOSH or European protocol should be accepted as meeting the requirements of the other.
Efficacy of Plasma Phospholipid Removal During Sample Preparation And Subsequent Retention Under Typical Uhplc Conditions (2012)

Phospholipid removal plates are useful where no sample concentration is required; however for more challenging LOD it will be necessary to enrich the original sample. In these cases build-up of phospholipids can be avoided with a thoughtful choice of UHPLC column.
Method for Printing Functional Protein Microarrays (2003)

Piezoelectric dispensing of proteins from borosilicate glass capillaries is a popular method of protein biochip fabrication that offers the advantages of sample recovery and noncontact with the printing substrate. However, little regard has been given to the quantitative aspects of dispensing minute volumes (1 nL or less) at the low protein concentrations (20 micrograms/mL or less) typically used in microprinting. Specifically, loss of protein sample due to nonspecific adsorption to the glass surface of the dispensing capillaries can limit the amount of protein delivered to the substrate. We demonstrate the benefits of a low ionic strength buffer containing the carrier protein BSA that effectively minimizes the ionic strength-dependent phenomenon of nonspecific protein adsorption to borosilicate glass. Over the concentration range of 20-2.5 micrograms/mL, the dispensing of a reference IgG in 10 mM PBS including 0.1% BSA resulted in the deposition of 3.6- to 44-fold more IgG compared to the deposition of IgG in standard 150 mM PBS in the absence of BSA. Furthermore, when the IgG was dispensed with carrier protein, the resulting spots exhibited a more uniform morphology. In a direct immunoassay for cholera toxin, capture antibody spots dispensed in 10 mM PBS containing 0.1% BSA produced fluorescent signals that were 2.8- to 4.3-fold more intense than antibody spots that were dispensed in 150 mM PBS without BSA. Interestingly, no differences were observed in the specific activities of the capture antibodies as a result of printing in the different buffers. The implications of these results on the future development of protein biochips are discussed.
Radioresistance Induced by Oncogenic Transformation (1989)

Rat embryo cells at various stages of oncogenic transformation are obtained by a combination of X irradiation and transfection with the ras and the myc oncogenes. Transfection with either the ras or the myc oncogenes can lead to increased radioresistance, relative to the parental cells. X-ray-transformed clones of the transfected cells do not show additional alteration in radioresponse. Incorporation of the two oncogenes appears to lead to a higher degree of radioresistance.
Organic Nitrogen Compounds and Fuel Instability in Middle Distillate Fuels (2008)

Previous research studies have implicated polar organic nitrogen compounds in fuel instability. Twenty-one middle distillate fuels were investigated for their organic nitrogen content and to determine if any specific organic nitrogen compound might be linked to fuel instability. The organic nitrogen compounds were isolated by mild acid extraction followed by silica gel adsorption. Three extracts were obtained from each fuel sample: a basic nitrogen extract in methylene chloride (BNC), a nonbasic nitrogen extract in methylene chloride (NBNC), and a nonbasic nitrogen extract in methanol (NBNC). The major constituents of each extract were determined by high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). After the compounds were identified for each fuel, the fuels were grouped by ASTM stability values to determine if there was significantly more or less of one type of organic nitrogen compound present that could cause instability. The results of this study showed that there was not a specific organic nitrogen compound responsible for instability, but probably an imbalance in either the basic or nonbasic organic nitrogen compounds that caused a shift in equilibrium resulting in sediment or gum formation. This is important to the military because military fuels can remain in storage tanks for 1 or more years. As fuels are drawn from these tanks, the tanks are subsequently topped off with more recently purchased fuels. In many cases, the mixed fuels are not compatible, resulting in sediment and sludge formation.
Identification of Three Proteins in the Eye of Aplysia, Whose Synthesis Is Altered by Serotonin (5-HT). POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF THESE PROTEINS IN THE OCULAR CIRCADIAN SYSTEM (1995)

Previous results using translation inhibitors in the ocular circadian system of Aplysia suggest that protein synthesis may be involved in the light and serotonin (5-HT) entrainment pathways or perhaps in the circadian oscillator. Proteins have been previously identified whose synthesis was altered by treatments of light capable of perturbing the phase of the circadian rhythm in the eye of Aplysia. We extended these studies by investigating the effects of other treatments that perturb the ocular circadian rhythm on protein synthesis. 5-HT altered the synthesis of nine proteins. Interestingly, five of the proteins affected by treatments with 5-HT were previously shown to be affected by treatments with light. Four of the proteins affected by treatments with 5-HT were also affected by treatments with analogs of cAMP, a treatment which mimics the effects of 5-HT on the ocular circadian rhythm. To identify the cellular function of some of these proteins, we obtained their partial amino acid sequences. Based on these sequences and additional characterizations, a 78-kDa, pI 5.6 Aplysia protein appears to be glucose-regulated protein 78/binding protein, and a 36-kDa, pI 5.7 Aplysia protein appears to be porin/voltage-dependent anion channel. Heat shock experiments on Aplysia eyes revealed that yet another one of the Aplysia proteins (70 kDa) affected by 5-HT appears to be a heat-inducible member (heat shock protein 70) of the family of heat shock proteins. These findings suggest that these three identified proteins, together or individually, may be involved in some way in the regulation of the timing of the circadian oscillator in the eye of Aplysia.
Physicochemical Mechanism for the Continuous Reaction of γ‐Al <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> ‐Modified Aluminum Powder with Water (2007)

Previous experiments showed that γ‐Al 2 O 3 ‐modified Al powder could continuously react with water and generate hydrogen at room temperature under atmospheric pressure. In this work, a possible physicochemical mechanism is proposed. It reveals that a passive oxide film on Al particle surfaces is hydrated in water. OH − ions are the main mobile species in the hydrated oxide film. When the hydrated front meets the metal Al surface, OH − ions react with Al and release H 2 . Because of the limited H‐soluble capacity in small Al particles and the low permeability of the hydrated oxide film toward H + species, H 2 molecules accumulate and form small H 2 gas bubbles at the Al:Al 2 O 3 interface. When the reaction equilibrium pressure in H 2 bubbles exceeds a critical gas pressure that the hydrated oxide film can sustain, the film on the Al particle surfaces breaks and the reaction of Al with water continues. As the surface oxide layer on modified Al particles has a lower tensile strength, the critical gas pressure in H 2 bubbles is lower so that under an ambient condition, the reaction of modified Al particles with water is continuous. The proposed mechanism was further confirmed by a new experiment showing that the as‐received Al powder could continuously react with water at temperatures above 40°C and under low vacuum, because the vacuum makes the critical gas pressure in H 2 bubbles decrease as well.
Homotopy Directed Optimization to Design a Six-Bar Linkage for a Lower Limb With a Natural Ankle Trajectory (2016)

This paper presents a synthesis method for the Stephenson III six-bar linkage that combines the direct solution of the synthesis equations with an optimization strategy to achieve increased performance for path generation. The path synthesis equations for a six-bar linkage can reach as many as 15 points on a curve; however, the degree of the polynomial system is 1046. In order to increase the number of accuracy points and decrease the complexity of the synthesis equations, a new formulation is used that combines 11 point synthesis with optimization techniques to obtain a six-bar linkage that minimizes the distance to 60 accuracy points. This homotopy directed optimization technique is demonstrated by obtaining a Stephenson III six-bar linkage that achieves a specified gait trajectory.
A Unified QoS-Inspired Load Optimization Framework for Multiple Access Points Based Wireless LANs (2009)

The extensive deployment of 802.11 WLAN has positioned itself as the de-facto wireless access network for the 'last mile' connections. The potential for WLAN to deliver multimedia contents such as VoIP, video conferencing, streaming and data services will become a reality with the advent of 802.11n standard, promising data rate of up to 600 Mbps. Although these QoS demanding multimedia applications can be supported by the 802.11e standard, it offers limited QoS guarantee. Further, its possible adoption by the industry remains unclear due to high cost of hardware replacements. In this paper, we give a solution to provision QoS support for multimedia traffic in commercially deployed 802.11 a/b/g WLAN operating with fundamental distributed coordination function (DCF) access mechanism in a unifying QoS-inspired load optimization framework. We further postulate the notion of QoS balance as load criterion in heterogeneous WLANs where data rates and channel conditions are radically different. In practice, link adaptation employed to combat diverse channel conditions could lead to multirate operation and consequently the long-term throughput of stations are penalized by the lowest data rate peer. We argue that such rate anomaly can be mitigated by maintaining a QoS-balanced system. Simulations show that our solution provides service QoS guarantee for both real-time and non real-time traffic as well as achieves both throughput and QoS fairness under dynamic network conditions in a self-adjusting manner.
HOW E‐BUSINESS IS TRANSFORMING SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT (2000)

With the Internet, companies can access a broader range of trading partners and exchange detailed information more quickly and more cheaply than ever before.
Effects of polyacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid on cellulose production by <i>Acetobacter xylinum</i> (2003)

Abstract Polyacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid (PA) added to shake flask cultures of Acetobacter xylinum at concentrations up to 3 g dm −3 resulted in increased production of bacterial cellulose. For PA concentrations of 0–3 g dm −3 , 7‐day cellulose production rose monotonically from 2.7 ± 0.8 to 6.5 ± 0.5 g dm −3 at a shaker speed of 175 rpm, and from 1.7 ± 0.01 to 3.7 ± 0.5 g dm −3 at shaker speed of 375 rpm. Addition of PA also changed the morphology of the biomass from amorphous/stringy forms to spheroidal particles with diameters ≤2 mm. Similarly, bioreactor cultures grown in the absence of PA formed long fibrous masses which deposited on the internals, while those grown in the presence of 1–2 g dm −3 PA formed small discrete particles with diameters ≤0.1 mm. Tests performed with 1 and 2 g dm −3 PA, and stirrer speeds from 500 to 900 rpm, appeared to give the highest cellulose concentration of 5.3 ± 0.7 g dm −3 in 64–68.5 h in the presence of 2 g dm −3 PA at 700 rpm, although this value was statistically indistinguishable from that obtained at 1 g dm −3 PA and 900 rpm. A qualitative model is proposed to describe the mechanisms by which PA affects biomass morphology, resulting in its advantageous formation as small, dispersed, spheroidal pellets. Quantitative analysis of the results gave inverse correlations between both the fraction of fructose carbon going to cellulose synthesis and the specific fructose consumption rate, and the maximum cellulose concentration and the fraction of fructose carbon going to by‐product formation. Since cellulose yield was almost universally improved by higher polyacrylamide concentration, it appears likely that increased viscosity reduces fructose uptake rate by limiting mass transfer. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Efficient hierarchical algorithm for mixed mode placement in three dimensional integrated circuit chip designs (2009)

Hierarchical art was used to solve the mixed mode placement for three dimensional (3-D) inte­grated circuit design. The 3-D placement flow stream includes hierarchical clustering, hierarchical 3-D floorplanning, vertical via mapping, and recursive two dimensional (2-D) global/detailed placement phases. With state-of-the-art clustering and de-clustering phases, the design complexity was reduced to enhance the placement algorithm efficiency and capacity. The 3-D floorplanning phase solved the layer assignment problem and controlled the number of vertical vias. The vertical via mapping transformed the 3-D placement problem to a set of 2-D placement sub-problems, which not only simplifies the original 3-D placement problem, but also generates the vertical via assignment solution for the routing phase. The design optimizes both the wire length and the thermal load in the floorplan and placement phases to improve the performance and reliability of 3-D integrate circuits. Experiments on I BM benchmarks show that the total wire length is reduced from 15% to 35% relative to 2-D placement with two to four stacked layers, with the number of vertical vias minimized to satisfy a pre-defined upper bound constraint. The maximum temperature is reduced by 16% with two-stage optimization on four stacked layers.
Lights, Camera, Education in Action!: Creating video discharge instructions to improve patient and caretaker knowledge of concussions in the pediatric emergency department (2020)

Background: From Instagram stories to viral YouTube clips, short and easily-shareable videos are now ubiquitous. By learning how to create like content, pediatric providers can better educate patients and caregivers on various diagnoses. Concussions frequently present to the pediatric emergency department (ED) immediately after injury. Studies have shown that, due to common misconceptions and media misrepresentations, many pediatric patients and caregivers are unable to identify the symptoms of a concussion and perceive concussions to be non-severe injuries. Video discharge instructions (VDI) may serve as an important educational tool …
An analytical description of Aristotle's enthymeme (1973)

The purpose of this article is to determine what an Aristotelian enthymeme is, and to describe the enthymeme so that we will not only be able to recognize one when we see it, but also so that we will be better able to use the concept as a tool for analyzing argumentative discourse. The analysis reveals five major distinguishing characteristics of enthymemes.
Crosslinked Electrospun Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Nanofibers Coated by Antibacterial Copper Nanoparticles (2014)

Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibers were prepared via electrospinning of concentrated PVA solutions. The nanofibers were crosslinked to enhance their resistance against the moisture. The chemical crosslinking of the nanofibers was carried out using glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agent in the presence of hydrochloride acid. The chemical structure, water solubility, and morphology of the electrospun PVA nanofibers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer,water durability test, and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. In addition, the crosslinked nanofibers were coated by copper nanoparticles (CNPs) using electrospraying technique. For this purpose, colloidal CNPs were synthesized through the chemical reduction of copper ions in the presence of different stabilizers, i.e. poly (vinyl alcohol) and ethylene glycol (EG), in an aqueous media. The effect of the stabilizer concentration (0.001 and 0.005 M) and reduction temperature (25 and 70°C) were investigated on the CNP dispersion in the media using UV-visible spectroscopy. Furthermore, the dispersion of the CNPs on the PVA nanofibers was studied by means of SEM. The SEM micrographs showed that the nanofiber scould properly imprison the CNPs. Successful the proposed approach would be exploited to prepare polymer nanofibers incorporating metal nanoparticles which might have interesting properties such as antibacterial activity.
Analysis of SiO2 nanoparticles binding proteins in rat blood and brain homogenate (2014)

A multitude of nanoparticles, such as titanium oxide (TiO2), zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, gold oxide, silver oxide, iron oxide, and silica oxide, are found in many chemical, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and electronic products. Recently, SiO2 nanoparticles were shown to have an inert toxicity profile and no association with an irreversible toxicological change in animal models. Hence, exposure to SiO2 nanoparticles is on the increase. SiO2 nanoparticles are routinely used in numerous materials, from strengthening filler for concrete and other construction composites, to nontoxic platforms for biomedical application, such as drug delivery and theragnostics. On the other hand, recent in vitro experiments indicated that SiO2 nanoparticles were cytotoxic. Therefore, we investigated these nanoparticles to identify potentially toxic pathways by analyzing the adsorbed protein corona on the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles in the blood and brain of the rat. Four types of SiO2 nanoparticles were chosen for investigation, and the protein corona of each type was analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technology. In total, 115 and 48 plasma proteins from the rat were identified as being bound to negatively charged 20 nm and 100 nm SiO2 nanoparticles, respectively, and 50 and 36 proteins were found for 20 nm and 100 nm arginine-coated SiO2 nanoparticles, respectively. Higher numbers of proteins were adsorbed onto the 20 nm sized SiO2 nanoparticles than onto the 100 nm sized nanoparticles regardless of charge. When proteins were compared between the two charges, higher numbers of proteins were found for arginine-coated positively charged SiO2 nanoparticles than for the negatively charged nanoparticles. The proteins identified as bound in the corona from SiO2 nanoparticles were further analyzed with ClueGO, a Cytoscape plugin used in protein ontology and for identifying biological interaction pathways. Proteins bound on the surface of nanoparticles may affect functional and conformational properties and distributions in complicated biological processes.
THE BIOELECTRIC POTENTIALS OF PLANTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE: V. SOME DAILY AND SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL AND RESISTANCE OF LIVING TREES (1963)

Continuous records of bioelectric stem potentials have been made throughout a season for three kinds of tree: Ulmus americana L., Pinus resinosa Ait., and Acer saccharum Marsh. Daily measurements of potential and resistance for a 15-month period have also been made on a maple and some direct measurements of current are also given. A yearly rhythm was clearly visible, also daily cycles, and during the growing season cycles of 5-minute frequency. The yearly and daily rhythms have been interpreted in terms of electro-osmosis or streaming potential and seem to be correlated with the transport within the tree. The 5-minute oscillations have been related to cambial growth.
Automating post-silicon debugging and repair (2007)

Modern IC designs have reached unparalleled levels of complexity, resulting in more and more bugs discovered after design tape-out However, so far only very few EDA tools for post-silicon debugging have been reported in the literature. In this work we develop a methodology and new algorithms to automate this debugging process. Key innovations in our technique include support for the physical constraints specific to post-silicon debugging and the ability to repair functional errors through subtle modifications of an existing layout. In addition, our proposed post-silicon debugging methodology (FogClear) can repair some electrical errors while preserving functional correctness. Thus, by automating this traditionally manual debugging process, our contributions promise to reduce engineers' debugging effort. As our empirical results show, we can automatically repair more than 70% of our benchmark designs.
Clinical and molecular characterization of <i>KCNT1</i> -related severe early-onset epilepsy (2017)

Gain-of-function <i>KCNT1</i> pathogenic variants cause a spectrum of severe focal epilepsies with onset in early infancy. Currently, genotype-phenotype correlations are unclear, although clinical outcome is poor for the majority of cases. Further elucidation of disease mechanisms may facilitate the development of targeted treatments, much needed for this pharmacoresistant genetic epilepsy.
Genetic relatedness of toxic and nontoxic isolates of the marine pennate diatom <i>Pseudonitzschia</i> (bacillariophyceae): Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA sequences (1994)

The nuclear small subunit (SSU) rRNA genes from several marine diatoms, including 2 species that have been responsible for toxic blooms, were amplified from total DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the sequences analysed to determine their genetic relatedness. The isolates investigated include 2 morphologically similar forms of the pennate diatom Pseudonitzschia pungens: (1) P. pungens f. multiseries, a known producer of the toxin domoic acid, and (2) P. pungens f. pungens, which is not toxic. Strains of a second toxin-producing species, P. australis, and a nontoxic Thalassiosira species were also included in this study. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences by both distance and parsimony methods clearly distinguished the 2 forms of P. pungens and the 2 Pseudonitzschia species from other diatoms for which sequence data are available. Differences in the nucleotide sequences of the 2 forms of P. pungens permitted the design of PCR primers that allowed discrimination between them. This may prove a valuable tool in identifying toxic and nontoxic forms of closely related and morphologically similar diatom species.