gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GECCO 2011 tutorial (2011)

Cartesian Genetic Programming (CGP) is an increasingly popular and efficient form of Genetic Programming that was developed by Julian Miller in 1999 and 2000. In its classic form, it uses a very simple integer based genetic representation of a program in the form of a directed graph. Graphs are very useful program representations and can be applied to many domains (e.g. electronic circuits, neural networks). In a number of studies, CGP has been shown to be comparatively efficient to other GP techniques. It is also very simple to program. Since then, the classical form of CGP has been developed made more efficient in various ways. Notably by including automatically defined functions (modular CGP) and self-modification operators(self-modifying CGP). SMCGP was developed by Julian Miller, Simon Harding and Wolfgang Banzhaf. It uses functions that cause the evolved programs to change themselves as a function of time. Using this technique it is possible to find general solutions to classes of problems and mathematical algorithms (e.g. arbitrary parity, n-bit binary addition, sequences that provably compute pi and e to arbitrary precision, and so on). The tutorial will cover the basic technique, advanced developments and applications to a variety of problem domains.
Combinatorial biosynthesis in plants: A (p)review on its potential and future exploitation (2011)

Combinatorial biochemistry, also called combinatorial biosynthesis, comprises a series of methods that establish novel enzyme-substrate combinations in vivo and, in turn, lead to the biosynthesis of new, natural product-derived compounds that can be used in drug discovery programs. Plants are an extremely rich source of bioactive natural products and continue to possess a huge potential for drug discovery. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art in combinatorial biosynthesis methods to generate novel molecules from plants. We debate on the progress and potential in biotransformation, mutasynthesis, combinatorial metabolism in hybrids, activation of silent plant metabolism and synthetic biology in plants to create opportunities for the combinatorial biosynthesis of plant-derived natural products, and, ultimately, for drug discovery. The therapeutic value of two classes of natural products, the terpenoid indole alkaloids and the triterpene saponins, is particularly highlighted.
Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Human Albumin Products (1976)

A collection of 1,985 lots of normal serum albumin (NSA) and 1,361 lots of plasma protein fraction (PPF) prepared between 1958 and 1974 were tested for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Twenty-one percent of NSA lots and 71 per cent of PPF lots were HBsAg-positive by radioimmunoassay. There was considerable variation in frequency of HBsAg-positive lots among the 17 different manufacturers of NSA and the six manufacturers of PPF. In general, those lots prepared from volunteer donor plasma and placental material demonstrated lower rates of HBsAg-positivity than those prepared from commercial donor plasma. A striking decrease in the prevalence of HBsAg-positive lots of both NSA and PPF occurred during the period 1971 to 1973, coincident with the onset of routine screening of all plasma for HBsAg. Although NSA and PPF can be HBsAg-positive, they probably do not transmit type B hepatitis. Serologic tests for HBsAg and antibody to HBsAg revealed that albumin products prepared from infectious, icterogenic plasma were infectious prior to pasteurization, but that they no longer transmitted type B hepatitis after heat treatment at 60 C for ten hours.
Strained InGaAs/AlGaAs quantum well infrared detectors at 4.5 μm (1994)

We demonstrate midinfrared photodetection at λ=4.5 μm in a multi-quantum well detector using a strained InGaAs/AlGaAs alloy grown on a GaAs substrate. The detector shows very low dark current of a few pA, a peak unpolarized light responsivity R=12 mA/W for an external 45° angle of incidence, and a background-limited detectivity D*BL=4×1010 cm Hz1/2/W at temperatures up to 95 K in the same conditions. This opens the way to high performance 3–5 and 8–12 μm GaAs-based multispectral detectors
Guidebook for Mitigating Fixed-Route Bus-and-Pedestrian Collisions (2008)

This report will be of interest to public transportation systems that provide fixed-route bus services and their communities. This Guidebook will assist small, medium, and large transit agencies and their community members in better understanding bus-and-pedestrian collisions and in determining preventative or remedial strategies for reducing the frequency and severity of these types of collisions. The Guidebook is divided into four parts. Part I discusses how to mitigate the four most common collision types and circumstances. Part II presents a variety of mitigation strategies with detailed information for over 80 applications of the strategies. Part III contains 14 case studies, which provide in-depth examples for the best documented applications. Part IV presents a discussion of important considerations for improving pedestrian safety around transit buses.
Research on optimal policy of budget allocation cross GSP search engines (2014)

Recently, sponsored search has been rapidly growing which increase tremendous interests in improving performance in search engine marketplace. The complexity of market dynamics makes it difficult for advertisers to maximizing the effect of advertising. Simulation analysis is a more viable option than real world testing especially in fast accomplishing different experiments and effectively prompting decision making supports. In this paper, the sponsored search budget allocation problem model integrated with quality score for single search engine has been exploered and then extended to multiple quality-based search engines. Also, several advertising policies have been proposed and verified under the general simulation framework in both single and multiple search engine scenarios.
On the nature of the cell wall constituents of <i>Laminaria</i> spp. Mannuronic acid (1931)

THE nature of the cell wall constituents of the red and brown algae has been the subject of study in
Integration of a <sup>6</sup>LilnSe<sub>2</sub> thermal neutron detector into a CubeSat instrument (2016)

We present a preliminary design for a neutron detection system that is compact, lightweight, and low power consuming, utilizing the CubeSat platform making it suitable for space-based applications. This is made possible using the scintillating crystal lithium indium diselenide (LiInSe26), the first crystal to include Li6 in the crystalline structure, and a silicon avalanche photodiode. The schematics of this instrument are presented as well as the response of the instrument to initial testing under alpha radiation. A principal aim of this work is to demonstrate the feasibility of such a neutron detection system within a CubeSat platform. The entire end-to-end system presented here is 10×10×15 cm3, weighs 670 g, and requires 5 V direct current at 3 W.
Towards Run-Time Re-Configurable Techniques for Real-Time Embedded Applications. (2003)

Many embedded applications can benefit from the flexible custom computing opportunities that FPGA technology offers. The Run-Time Reconfiguration (RTR) of the FPGA as an application is being served provides further flexibility. It gives the opportunity to reuse FPGA space used by custom computing circuits that are not operational in a given time frame. Custom computing circuits can meet very tight real-time requirements but when it comes to reconfiguring these circuits, the time taken can be comparatively long and non-deterministic. There is a need for a suitable development environment to investigate how to cope with or reduce the RTR time. This paper describes how this can be achieved with currently available tools and technologies. We first review an appropriate subset of the available technology to implement a system comprising a CPU running a RTOS on a SoPC that can ébe adapted using RTR. Then we propose a system architecture that is feasible with current technology. We outline the processes and databases needed to support RTR of the SoPC. We present how the RTOS is made aware of the architectural constraints and reconfiguration options, thus simplifying the use of reconfigurable hardware for the application programmer. 1.
Leaky-guided channeled substrate planar (LCSP) laser with reduced substrate radiation and heating (1989)

A semiconductor laser design, the leaky-guided channeled substrate planar (LCSP) structure, is presented. The structure with a buffer layer in the region outside the channel provides a built-in negative effective index step. The transverse mode is well damped in the buffer layer, and the substrate radiation in the region outside the channel is virtually eliminated. As a result, the significant heating and facet degradation in the region outside the channel that is related to the substrate radiation in conventional CSP lasers is minimized. The calculated local temperature rise in the region outside the channel of the CSP laser is about 45 degrees C for an output power level of 100 mW and is in reasonably good agreement with previously experimental results. Analysis using the complex domain effective index method shows that the LCSP structure provides better lateral mode discrimination than either gain-guided or positive index step structures. The LCSP structure with reduced heating and strong lateral coupling effect may be useful for high-power linear array lasers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Solid-immersion-lens-enhanced nonlinear frequency-variation mapping of a silicon integrated-circuit (2011)

By inducing two-photon absorption within the active layer of a proprietary silicon test chip, we demonstrate here solid-immersion-lens-enhanced nonlinear frequency-variation mapping of a 500-MHz ring oscillator circuit at 1560 nm. This work compares the performance of conventional single-photon linear methodologies against advanced two-photon alternatives and reports a maximum laser-induced change in the oscillator stage-delay of approximately 1 ps, and a signal injection resolution of 260 nm.
Interspecies extrapolation in risk analysis. (1991)

This report provides an overview of one of the fundamental problems in cancer risk assessment: extrapolation of observed experimental results between animal species and man. Lacking detailed information on interspecific differences, researchers assume that experimental results can be extrapolated between species using the first power of body weight or using surface area scaling (body weight to 2/3 power). Neither of these extrapolation procedures will be exactly correct for all compounds. However, in the absence of species-specific data, body weight or surface area extrapolations are used with the explicit knowledge that they are only approximately correct. We recommend that when a scaling metric for a specific compound is known, the scaling metric should be used in a risk assessment. When there is no prior knowledge of a chemical's pharmacokinetics or mechanism of action (the usual case in risk assessment), we recommend that the 3/4 power of body weight be used as the most appropriate interspecies scaling metric. The methods and properties used in interspecies extrapolation include allometric scaling, scaling physiological parameters (organ volumes, volume rates, partition coefficients, and biological half-life), physiological time, and physiologically-based pharmacokinetics. The extrapolation of these physiological, biochemical, and metabolic parameters across species controls interspecific extrapolation of pharmacokinetics. We analyzed clearance and half-life data for several compounds in multiple species and determined that the 3/4 power scaling law provides a more accurate estimate of a compound's true scaling metric than does the surface area scaling metric or the first power of body weight scaling metric.
An Effective Surveillance System Using Thermal Camera (2009)

Thermography, or thermal visualization is a type of infrared visualization. Thermographic cameras are used in many heavy factories like metal recycling factories, wafer production factories and etc for monitoring the temperature conditions of the machines. Besides, thermographic camera can be used to detect trespassers in environment with poor lighting condition, whereby, the conventional digital cameras are less applicable in. In this paper, we proposed two simple and fast detection algorithms into a cost effective thermal imaging surveillance system. This surveillance system not only used in monitoring the functioning of different machinery and electrical equipments in a factory site, it can also used for detecting the trespassers in poor lighting condition. Experimental results show that the proposed surveillance system achieves high accuracy in monitoring machines conditions and detecting trespassers.
Cholesterol transport between cells and high density lipoprotein subfractions from obese and lean subjects (1998)

We studied the pathway of cholesterol efflux from fibroblasts by testing plasma samples from obese and lean subjects. Plasma samples were incubated with [3H]cholesterol-labeled human skin fibroblasts for 1 h to ensure uniform labeling of all of the high density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions. Supernatants were then transferred to unlabeled cells and the displacement of labeled cholesterol within HDL subfractions by unlabeled cellular cholesterol was analyzed in short-term experiments. Plasma samples of obese subjects were characterized by a lower content of total apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and alpha1-HDL and a lower overall capacity to take up labeled cholesterol. In plasma of lean subjects, pre beta2-HDL and alpha1-HDL appeared to be the most active particles in the initial uptake of unlabeled cellular cholesterol. By contrast, in plasmas of obese subjects, the pre beta1-HDL appeared to be most active in taking up unlabeled cellular cholesterol and transferring [3H]cholesterol. There were negative correlations between body mass index (BMI) and apoA-I and alpha1-HDL concentrations, and with the apparent increments of cellular cholesterol uptake within pre beta2-HDL and alpha1-HDL, as well as with the overall capacity to promote cholesterol efflux. By contrast, BMI was positively correlated with the apparent increment in cellular cholesterol within pre beta1-HDL. While cholesterol efflux was correlated with total plasma apoA-1, there were no such correlations with the concentration of any individual HDL subfraction. We conclude that the pattern of cholesterol transfer between fibroblasts and high density lipoprotein particles is influenced by body fatness and may be a factor in the abnormal metabolism of HDL in obesity.
Satellite Radar Interferometry for Monitoring Ice Sheet Motion: Application to an Antarctic Ice Stream (1993)

Satellite radar interferometry (SRI) provides a sensitive means of monitoring the flow velocities and grounding-line positions of ice streams, which are indicators of response of the ice sheets to climatic change or internal instability. The detection limit is about 1.5 millimeters for vertical motions and about 4 millimeters for horizontal motions in the radar beam direction. The grounding line, detected by tidal motions where the ice goes afloat, can be mapped at a resolution of approximately 0.5 kilometer. The SRI velocities and grounding line of the Rutford Ice Stream, Antarctica, agree fairly well with earlier ground-based data. The combined use of SRI and other satellite methods is expected to provide data that will enhance the understanding of ice stream mechanics and help make possible the prediction of ice sheet behavior.
The effects of ascorbic acid on diphtheria toxin and intoxicated hela cells. (1976)

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) prevented diphtheria toxin from inhibiting the incorporation of [U-14C]-alanine into trichloroacetic acid precipitable material in HeLa cells. Ascorbic acid did not exhibit an effect on the adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation of amino acyl transferase II nor did it separate fragment A from fragment B in "nicked" toxin. A non-specific reducing agent, para-methylaminophenol sulfate, exhibited an effect on HeLa cells very similar to the results of ascorbic acid. Citric acid, a tricarboxylic acid, had no effect on HeLa cells.
Myrsinoic Acid E, an Anti-inflammatory Compound from<i>Myrsine seguinii</i> (2003)

The methanolic extract of Myrsine seguinii yielded the novel anti-inflammatory compound, myrsinoic acid E (1), whose structure was elucidated to be 3,5-digeranyl-4-hydroxy benzoic acid. We synthesized 1- and its 3,5-diprenyl (2) and 3,5-difarnesyl analogues (3). Compounds 1-3 suppressed 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation of mouse ears by 59%, 14%, and 69% at a dose of 1.4 micromol.
Novel HVPE technology to grow nanometer thick GaN, AlN, AlGaN layers and multi‐layered structures (2007)

Abstract In this paper, we demonstrate new results on controllable HVPE growth of nitride materials with a deposition rate below 0.02 microns per minute and the first quantum size structures fabricated by HVPE. The nm‐scale layer thicknesses were verified by transmision electron microscopy (TEM) and photoluminescence (PL). Quantum well (QW) GaN/AlGaN and AlN/AlGaN structures have been grown by HVPE for the first time. Properties of the HVPE grown QWs are reported. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Single‐Crystalline Tellurium Nanorods and Nanowires in Ionic Liquids (2004)

HotMAIL! A microwave-assisted ionic-liquid (MAIL) method has been developed for controlled production of tellurium nanorods or nanowires (see pictures). The MAIL method is a fast, high-yield, and may be extended to synthesize a variety of other elemental and compound nanostructures.
Emergence of Novel Human Group A Rotavirus G12 Strains in India (2003)

Three rare human G12 strains were detected from diarrheic clinical samples of children (<8 months of age) in Calcutta during a routine surveillance study of rotaviral diarrhea in India. The VP7 genes of G12 strains and their products showed maximum homology (97 to 99% at the nucleotide level and 98% at the amino acid level, respectively) with those of two recently reported G12 strains (from the United States and Thailand) but lesser homology with those of prototype G12 strain L26.
Novel Hybrid Method For Gene Selection And Cancer Prediction (2010)

Microarray data profiles gene expression on a whole genome scale, therefore, it provides a good way to study associations between gene expression and occurrence or progression of cancer. More and more researchers realized that microarray data is helpful to predict cancer sample. However, the high dimension of gene expressions is much larger than the sample size, which makes this task very difficult. Therefore, how to identify the significant genes causing cancer becomes emergency and also a hot and hard research topic. Many feature selection algorithms have been proposed in the past focusing on improving cancer predictive accuracy at the expense of ignoring the correlations between the features. In this work, a novel framework (named by SGS) is presented for stable gene selection and efficient cancer prediction . The proposed framework first performs clustering algorithm to find the gene groups where genes in each group have higher correlation coefficient, and then selects the significant genes in each group with Bayesian Lasso and important gene groups with group Lasso, and finally builds prediction model based on the shrinkage gene space with efficient classification algorithm (such as, SVM, 1NN, Regression and etc.). Experiment results on real world data show that the proposed framework often outperforms the existing feature selection and prediction methods, say SAM, IG and Lasso-type prediction model.
OutRank: A GRAPH-BASED OUTLIER DETECTION FRAMEWORK USING RANDOM WALK (2008)

This paper introduces a stochastic graph-based algorithm, called OutRank, for detecting outliers in data. We consider two approaches for constructing a graph representation of the data, based on the object similarity and number of shared neighbors between objects. The heart of this approach is the Markov chain model that is built upon this graph, which assigns an outlier score to each object. Using this framework, we show that our algorithm is more robust than the existing outlier detection schemes and can effectively address the inherent problems of such schemes. Empirical studies conducted on both real and synthetic data sets show that significant improvements in detection rate and false alarm rate are achieved using the proposed framework.
5-aminolevulinic acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli coexpressing NADP-dependent malic enzyme and 5-aminolevulinate synthase. (2007)

5-aminolevulinate (ALA) synthase (E.C. 2.3.1.37), which mediates the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent condensation of glycine and succinyl-CoA, encoded by the Rhodobacter sphaeroides hemA gene, enables Escherichia coli strains to produce ALA at a low level. To study the effect of the enhanced C4 metabolism of E. coli on ALA biosynthesis, NADP-dependent malic enzyme (maeB, E.C. 1.1.1.40) was coexpressed with ALA synthase in E. coli. The concentration of ALA was two times greater in cells coexpressing maeB and hemA than in cells expressing hemA alone under anaerobic conditions with medium containing glucose and glycine. Enhanced ALA synthase activity via coupled expression of hemA and maeB may lead to metabolic engineering of E. coli capable of large-scale ALA production.
A novel MALDI-TOF based methodology for genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms (2003)

A new MALDI-TOF based detection assay was developed for analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). It is a significant modification on the classic three-step minisequencing method, which includes a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), removal of excess nucleotides and primers, followed by primer extension in the presence of dideoxynucleotides using modified thermostable DNA polymerase. The key feature of this novel assay is reliance upon deoxynucleotide mixes, lacking one of the nucleotides at the polymorphic position. During primer extension in the presence of depleted nucleotide mixes, standard thermostable DNA polymerases dissociate from the template at positions requiring a depleted nucleotide; this principal was harnessed to create a genotyping assay. The assay design requires a primer- extension primer having its 3'-end one nucleotide upstream from the interrogated site. The assay further utilizes the same DNA polymerase in both PCR and the primer extension step. This not only simplifies the assay but also greatly reduces the cost per genotype compared to minisequencing methodology. We demonstrate accurate genotyping using this methodology for two SNPs run in both singleplex and duplex reactions. We term this assay nucleotide depletion genotyping (NUDGE). Nucleotide depletion genotyping could be extended to other genotyping assays based on primer extension such as detection by gel or capillary electrophoresis.