gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A2A receptors in inflammation and injury: lessons learned from transgenic animals (2007)

Adenosine regulates the function of the innate and adaptive immune systems through targeting virtually every cell type that is involved in orchestrating an immune/inflammatory response. Of the four adenosine receptors (A(1), A(2A), A(2B), A(3)), A(2A) receptors have taken center stage as the primary anti-inflammatory effectors of extracellular adenosine. This broad, anti-inflammatory effect of A(2A) receptor activation is a result of the predominant expression of A(2A) receptors on monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, neutrophils, endothelial cells, eosinophils, epithelial cells, as well as lymphocytes, NK cells, and NKT cells. A(2A) receptor activation inhibits early and late events occurring during an immune response, which include antigen presentation, costimulation, immune cell trafficking, immune cell proliferation, proinflammatory cytokine production, and cytotoxicity. In addition to limiting inflammation, A(2A) receptors participate in tissue remodeling and reparation. Consistent with their multifaceted, immunoregulatory action on immune cells, A(2A) receptors have been shown to impact the course of a wide spectrum of ischemic, autoimmune, infectious, and allergic diseases. Here, we review the regulatory roles of A(2A) receptors in immune/inflammatory diseases of various organs, including heart, lung, gut, liver, kidney, joints, and brain, as well as the role of A(2A) receptors in regulating multiple organ failure and sepsis.
Thyroid disease and female reproduction (2007)

The menstrual pattern is influenced by thyroid hormones directly through impact on the ovaries and indirectly through impact on SHBG, PRL and GnRH secretion and coagulation factors. Treating thyroid dysfunction can reverse menstrual abnormalities and thus improve fertility. In infertile women, the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is significantly higher compared to parous age-matched women. This is especially the case in women with endometriosis and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). AITD does not interfere with normal foetal implantation and comparable pregnancy rates have been observed after assisted reproductive technology (ART) in women with and without AITD. During the first trimester, however, pregnant women with AITD carry a significantly increased risk for miscarriage compared to women without AITD, even when euthyroidism was present before pregnancy. It has also been demonstrated that controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) in preparation for ART has a significant impact on thyroid function, particularly in women with AITD. It is therefore advisable to measure thyroid function and detect AITD in infertile women before ART, and to follow-up these parameters after COH and during pregnancy when AITD was initially present. Women with thyroid dysfunction at early gestation stages should be treated with l-thyroxine to avoid pregnancy complications. Whether thyroid hormones should be given prior to or during pregnancy in euthyroid women with AITD remains controversial. To date, there is a lack of well-designed randomized clinical trials to elucidate this controversy.
Problem of equilibration and the computation of correlation functions on a quantum computer (2000)

We address the question of how a quantum computer can be used to simulate experiments on quantum systems in thermal equilibrium. We present two approaches for the preparation of the equilibrium state on a quantum computer. For both approaches, we show that the output state of the algorithm, after long enough time, is the desired equilibrium. We present a numerical analysis of one of these approaches for small systems. We show how equilibrium (time-)correlation functions can be efficiently estimated on a quantum computer, given a preparation of the equilibrium state. The quantum algorithms that we present are hard to simulate on a classical computer. This indicates that they could provide an exponential speedup over what can be achieved with a classical device.
Phase transitions induced by confinement of ferroic nanoparticles (2007)

A general approach for considering primary ferroic (ferroelectric, ferromagnetic, ferroelastic) nanoparticle phase transitions was proposed in phenomenological theory framework. The surface stress, order parameter gradient, and striction, as well as depolarization, demagnetization, and de-elastification effects, were included into the free energy. The strong intrinsic surface stress under the curved nanoparticle surface was shown to play the important role in the shift of transition temperature (if any) up to the appearance of a new ordered phase absent in the bulk ferroic. Euler-Lagrange equations obtained after the Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire free energy minimization were solved by direct variational method. This leads to the conventional form of the free energy with renormalized coefficients depending on nanoparticle sizes, surface stress, and electrostriction tensor values, and so opens the way for polar property calculations by algebraic transformations. Surface piezoeffect causes built-in electric field that induces an electretlike polar state and smears the phase transition point. The approximate analytical expression for the size-induced ferroelectric transition temperature dependence on cylindrical or spherical nanoparticle sizes, polarization gradient coefficient, correlation radius, intrinsic surface stress, and electrostriction coefficient was derived. Under the favorable conditions (radius of $5--50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ and compressive surface stress), spatial confinement induces a ferroelectric phase in incipient ferroelectric nanowires and nanospheres. The prediction of size-induced ferroelectricity in $\mathrm{K}\mathrm{Ta}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ nanorods with radius less than $5--20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ at room temperature could be useful for the next generation of devices based on three-dimensional nanostructures.
New biogenetic-type approach to Cephalotaxus alkaloids and the mechanism of Schelhammera-type homoerythrinadienone formation in vitro (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew biogenetic-type approach to Cephalotaxus alkaloids and the mechanism of Schelhammera-type homoerythrinadienone formation in vitroS. Morris Kupchan, Om P. Dhingra, and Chang-Kyu KimCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 23, 4464–4468Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00417a015https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00417a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views160Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ApoA-II/apoA-I molar ratio in the HDL particle influences phospholipid transfer protein-mediated HDL interconversion. (1997)

Pig plasma phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) facilitates interconversion of both human HDL3 and pig HDL into HDL subpopulations of large and small particles. We recently suggested that there are two essential parts in the conversion mechanism, i.e., the release of apoA-I and phospholipids and the fusion of apoA-I-depleted unstable particles. Based on their mass composition and electrophoretic mobility in agarose gel, the released apoA-I-containing particles are similar to previously described pre beta-HDL particles known as primary acceptors of peripheral cholesterol. The aim of this study was to determine whether the apolipoprotein composition of HDL regulates the PLTP-mediated conversion process. Pig HDL was incubated with increasing amounts of human apoA-II which incorporates into pig HDL with a concomitant release of apoA-I and some phospholipids. These hybrid pig HDL particles formed were isolated by a combination of ultracentrifugation at density 1.21 g/ml and gel filtration. The apoA-II/apoA-I molar ratios in the hybrid HDL particles ranged from 0.2 to 7.6 mol/mol. In the maximally modified HDL apoA-I was totally substituted by apoA-II. These particles were incubated in the presence of purified PLTP and the conversion products were isolated and characterized. Both the formation of large particles and the release of apoA-I were inhibited by increasing concentrations of apoA-II in the HDL particle. The hybrid HDL particles behaved similarly as native pig HDL as acceptors of phospholipid from PC-vesicles in the PLTP-assay. This study suggests that the apoA-II/apoA-I molar ratio in the HDL particle regulates PLTP-mediated HDL interconversion.
Characterization of the murine cytomegalovirus early transcription unit e1 that is induced by immediate-early proteins (1990)

The regulation of murine cytomegalovirus early (E) gene expression was studied in the cell line B25, which is stably transfected with the immediate-early ie1/ie3 gene complex. Infection of B25 cells in the presence of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide resulted in the expression of some E genes, whereas for the expression of other E genes prior protein synthesis was still mandatory, thus showing differences in the expression requirements of individual E genes. Transcription unit e1, a member of the E genes induced by immediate-early products of the ie1/ie3 gene complex, was characterized. It is located between map units 0.709 and 0.721 of the genome of murine cytomegalovirus strain Smith. A 2.6-kilobase RNA specified in this region is spliced from three exons of 912, 177, and 1,007 or 1,020 nucleotides, which are separated by introns of 93 and 326 nucleotides. The second AUG located in the first exon 119 nucleotides downstream of the 5' cap site is followed by an open reading frame of 990 nucleotides. The predicted polypeptide of 330 amino acids has a calculated molecular mass of 36.4 kilodaltons. Transfection with e1 revealed three antigenically related proteins of 36, 37, and 38 kilodaltons; these proteins probably represent differently modified forms of the predicted protein. These three proteins are phosphorylated and are associated with intranuclear inclusion bodies. A 33-kilodalton protein also derived from e1 was identified as a product of nonspliced transcripts. Comparison of amino acid sequences revealed homology between the murine cytomegalovirus transcription unit e1 and a human cytomegalovirus E transcription unit.
Family of BODIPY Photocages Cleaved by Single Photons of Visible/Near-Infrared Light (2018)

Photocages are light-sensitive chemical protecting groups that provide external control over when, where, and how much of a biological substrate is activated in cells using targeted light irradiation. Regrettably, most popular photocages (e.g., o-nitrobenzyl groups) absorb cell-damaging ultraviolet wavelengths. A challenge with achieving longer wavelength bond-breaking photochemistry is that long-wavelength-absorbing chromophores have shorter excited-state lifetimes and diminished excited-state energies. However, here we report the synthesis of a family of BODIPY-derived photocages with tunable absorptions across the visible/near-infrared that release chemical cargo under irradiation. Derivatives with appended styryl groups feature absorptions above 700 nm, yielding photocages cleaved with the highest known wavelengths of light via a direct single-photon-release mechanism. Photorelease with red light is demonstrated in living HeLa cells, Drosophila S2 cells, and bovine GM07373 cells upon ∼5 min irradiation. No cytotoxicity is observed at 20 μM photocage concentration using the trypan blue exclusion assay. Improved B-alkylated derivatives feature improved quantum efficiencies of photorelease ∼20-fold larger, on par with the popular o-nitrobenzyl photocages (εΦ = 50-100 M<sup>-1</sup> cm<sup>-1</sup>), but absorbing red/near-IR light in the biological window instead of UV light.
S100A8 Triggers Oxidation-sensitive Repulsion of Neutrophils (2006)

The inflammatory response to tissue injury is a multi-faceted process. During this process, neutrophils migrate in the extravascular spaces, directed to the site of injury by chemical gradients generated by chemotactic molecules. S100A8, a protein associated with a wide variety of inflammatory conditions, is heavily over-expressed in association with inflammation. We hypothesized that human S100A8 possesses neutrophil-repelling properties that result in an anti-inflammatory effect in vivo. The chemotactic activity of S100A8 on neutrophils was tested in Transwell chemotaxis assays. Analysis of the data indicates that S100A8 causes a repulsion of peripheral neutrophils, an activity that S100A8 loses upon its oxidation. Using a mutant of S100A8 resistant to oxidation and consistent with the in vitro findings, we demonstrated that S100A8 causes a strong anti-inflammatory effect in the rat air-pouch model of inflammation in vivo. These data highlight a naturally occurring novel anti-inflammatory pathway and provide potential molecular targets for the development of novel anti-inflammatory therapeutics. Abbrevations: ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA); limulus amoebocyte lysate assay (LAL); pertussis toxin (PTX); forward scatter (FSC); Interleukin-8 (IL-8); formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP); monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1).
Evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction for detecting the urease C gene of Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsy samples and dental plaque (1993)

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with oligonucleotide primers homologous to a portion of the urease C gene of Helicobacter pylori was evaluated for specificity with pure DNA and biopsy material. The assay was used to test for the presence of the organism in dental plaque. The species specificity of detection was confirmed by ensuring that the primers did not amplify DNA extracts from H. cinaedi, H. felis, H. fennelliae, H. mustelae and H. nemestrinae. Sixty-two gastric biopsy samples collected from 14 patients (antrum, body and duodenal sites) were cultured and PCR was performed on the samples after culture. Primer sites were conserved in genomically diverse strains. Samples prepared by single-step heat lysis of bacterial cells and biopsy material did not inhibit PCR. The overall specificity was 96% irrespective of genotype. H. pylori was not cultured from dental plaque (15 patients), neither was H. pylori DNA detected by PCR in either urea breath test-positive or -negative individuals. The results showed that primer pair sequences within the urease C gene are conserved in most strains and provide an accurate basis for detecting H. pylori. As the PCR assay was not inhibited and did not yield false positive results with crude extracts from organisms or in the presence of biopsy material, its value as a diagnostic test was confirmed.
40 Gbit/s, multihop optical packet routing using optical label processing based packet switch prototype (2004)

40 Gbit/s, three-hop optical packet routing using optical code label processing based packet switch nodes is experimentally demonstrated. 200 Gchip/s all-optical label processing, optical switching, optical buffering, electronic scheduling, and optical packet merge are achieved.
Investigation of a continuum damage model as an indicator for the prediction of spalling in fire exposed concrete (2012)

Continuum damage theory has been widely adopted to model fracturing of concrete under mechanical loading and has been applied in capturing degradation of concrete under elevated temperatures. Here, the application of damage theory to prediction of concrete spalling in fire is investigated in the context of a fully coupled hygro-thermo-mechanical formulation. The ability of the model to capture spalling is assessed as is its sensitivity to choice of parametric relationships. The model, calibrated against experimental results, is shown to be a useful indicator for spalling. However, selection of model parameters must be carefully considered as a whole, not in isolation.
System Engineering & Integration Lessons Learned from Commercial Aircraft Integrated Modular Avionics Systems as they Apply to Applications in Space Vehicles (2010)

Integrated Modular Avionics, otherwise known as IMA, is an architecture extensively applied in recent commercial aircraft avionics systems and now just beginning to be applied to Space vehicles. IMA architectures utilize common hardware and software building blocks along with abstraction design principles. By contrast legacy spacecraft systems have employed federated architectures where the various units or groups of units within the avionics have little design commonality with each other. Compared with a federated architecture IMA’s design features have allowed systems to achieve:  Lower power, size and weight  Lower overall acquisition costs  Shorter software life cycles and development schedules  Much easier ability to upgrade the system  More flexibility for changes  Scalability for the desired redundancy and improved safety Lessons learned from commercial aircraft programs have shown that IMA systems cannot be developed in the same ways as federated systems. Commercial aviation has had the benefit of numerous aircraft programs along with avionics architectures that have evolved in more and more complexity over the years – allowing the time to create development guidelines and standards to address the evolution of technology. New human flight space vehicles by contrast only come along at a very low rate. The lessons learned in developing complex IMA avionics for commercial aircraft can greatly assist in the Space Vehicle development practices to take full advantage of the benefits IMA architectures provide.
Noninvasive Transdermal Delivery System of Lidocaine Using an Acoustic Droplet‐Vaporization Based Wearable Patch (2018)

Current technologies for managing acute and chronic pain have focused on reducing the time required for achieving high therapeutic efficiency. Herein a wearable transdermal patch is introduced, employing an acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) methodology, as an effective noninvasive transdermal platform, for a fast local delivery of the anesthetic agent lidocaine. The skin-worn patch consists of a flexible drug reservoir containing hundreds of micropores loaded with lidocaine, and mixed with the perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsion. The ultrasound-triggered vaporization of the PFC emulsion provides the necessary force to breach dermal barriers. The drug release kinetics of our model was investigated by measuring the amount of lidocaine that passed through phantom tissue and pigskin barriers. The ADV platform increases the payload skin penetration resulting in shorter treatment times compared to passive diffusion or ultrasound alone, holding considerable promise for addressing the delayed therapeutic action and slow pain relief of existing delivery protocols. It is envisioned that the integration of ADV-based transdermal devices could be expanded to the depth-dependent delivery of other pain management, vaccines, and gene therapy modalities.
Cytotoxic, cell cycle, and chromosomal effects of methylxanthines in human tumor cells treated with alkylating agents. (1986)

Human tumor cells, like rodent cells, are sensitive to effects of methylxanthines (MEX) on lethality, cell cycle delays, and chromosome aberrations after DNA damage by anticancer drugs. Enhanced cytotoxicity of alkylating agents was observed when T24 human bladder tumor cells in culture were exposed to nontoxic concentrations of MEX such as caffeine or pentoxifylline. Tumor cell lethality was increased up to 10-fold by either caffeine or pentoxifylline (1 mM) present during the first cell cycle (16-24 h) after exposure to nitrogen mustard (HN2) or thiotepa. Cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, abolished the enhanced lethality produced by MEX. In these synchronized human tumor cells further kinetic studies revealed that HN2 (0.5 microM X 1 h) delayed transit through S phase by about 1-2 h, and this delay was prevented by MEX. After completion of S phase, HN2-treated cells were delayed 3-6 h in G2, and MEX also prevented this delay, leading to mitoses at the rate of controls. Chromosome analysis of these mitotic cells revealed dramatic increases in aberrations induced by alkylator + MEX combinations. The greatest number of aberrations was seen in HN2-treated cells exposed briefly to MEX in late S-G2. In contrast, no increased chromosome damage was seen in cells exposed to MEX in mid-S phase. Taken together, our results are consistent with the model that MEX enhance lethality of alkylator-treated human tumor cells by preventing delays in cell cycle transit through G2, leading to chromosome aberrations which are lethal. G2 delays in human tumor cells may provide time for repair processes that are critical for survival after sublethal DNA damage by HN2 or other anticancer alkylating agents.
A large bore pulsed quadrupole magnet for transport of high current beams at low energies (2002)

We present the design of a large bore pulsed quadrupole magnet for transport of a high current, space charge-dominated heavy ion beam in a neutralized beam focussing experiment using four magnets. The design is current dominated, with solid circular cross-section insulated copper conductors located within a circular laminated iron core. The design produces a field of 0.96 T at the maximum beam envelope of 12 cm. The magnet has a short length relative to its bore, and a small number of turns in order to minimize inductance, thus allowing high currents at modest voltage. A conductor diameter is chosen to minimize the combination of resistive and eddy current losses in the magnet coils, within limits of existing fabrication equipment. Higher order multipole field components sum to 0.06% B/sub 2/ @ 10 cm radius. Coils are fabricated using a wind/stretch technique to produce straight and accurately located conductor runs while preserving the integrity of the polymer insulation. Coils are wound in a "single layer/double pancake" style to place all conductor runs at the same radius, yet avoid "stranded" conductors at the poles. The beamtube is a separate composite stainless steel/fiberglass epoxy beam tube for the entire magnetic transport line. This minimizes eddy current losses in the vacuum system, both in the midsection of the magnets and at the magnet ends, where thick flanges would normally be present.
Release of α-actin into serum after skeletal muscle damage (2005)

According to these results, alpha-actin was the most significant skeletal muscle damage marker analysed and may be an ideal candidate for the identification of all types of myofibre injury, including sports injuries. Our findings support the use of alpha-actin as a marker alongside other currently used biological proteins.