gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distributed Computing Column 70 (2018)

Blockchains and distributed ledgers, the technologies underlying Bitcoin and other decentralized transaction systems, have been garnering increasing interest in the theoretical distributed comput- ing community. The current column, by Antonio Fernández Anta, Chryssis Georgiou, Kishori Konwar, and Nicolas Nicolaou, starts with an informative overview of the world of distributed ledgers and motivates the need for rigorous approaches. The authors present an approach for formally specifying a distributed ledger in the context of several popular consistency conditions. The authors then give algorithms that implement the di erent variants in message-passing systems subject to crash failures. The article closes with a discussion of intriguing open questions. Many thanks to Antonio, Chryssis, Kishori and Nicolas for their timely contribution!
Storage scheme of system information for digital television receiver (2003)

This paper presents a storage scheme of system information for a digital television receiver. The proposed configuration is based on MPEG-2/DVB (Moving Picture Experts Group/Digital Video Broadcasting) standards. The corresponding software for system information processing has been implemented and runs under the real time and multitask operating system. System information consists of SI (Service Information) and PSI (Program Specific Information). As the data in the memory of the DTV receiver can be shared between the SI and PSI, the requirement of the memory resource is reduced. An improved version of the system information identification is also proposed.
MMICs for automotive and traffic applications (2003)

A number of applications of microwave and, in particular, millimeter-wave MMICs (monolithic microwave integrated circuits) in automotive systems are under development. The authors review these applications and give the current status of some of these developments. The applications considered are sensors (both radar and radiometric), communication systems, and traffic control systems. MMICs for the following specific systems are considered: speed sensors, electronic toll collection, and collision avoidance radar.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Three-Dimensional Structure Determines the Pattern of CD4<sup>+</sup>T-Cell Epitope Dominance in Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin (2007)

The structural context of a CD4(+) T-cell epitope is known to influence immunodominance at the level of antigen processing, but general rules have not emerged. Dominant epitopes of influenza virus hemagglutinin are found to be localized to the C-terminal flanks of conformationally stable segments identified by low crystallographic B-factors or high COREX residue stabilities. The bias toward C-terminal flanks is distinctive for antigens from the influenza virus. Dominant epitopes in antigens/allergens from other sources also localize to the flanks of stable segments but are found on either N- or C-terminal flanks. Thus, dominance arises from preferential endoproteolytic nicking between stable segments followed by loading of fragment terminal regions into antigen-presenting proteins. This mechanism probably arose in order to direct CD4(+) responses onto sequences that are conserved for structure and function. Structure-guided presentation could enhance protection against genetically drifting influenza virus variants but most likely reduces protection against new viral subtypes.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease (2009)

Research progress has given detailed knowledge on the molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has been translated into an ongoing development of disease-modifying treatments. These new drug candidates are targeted on inhibiting amyloid-beta (Abeta) production and aggregation or tau aggregation. If these drugs prove to be efficient, diagnostic tools enabling early diagnosis of AD will be of great value. Also in drug development, it is important to co-develop biomarkers to serve as tools to identify and monitor the biochemical effect of the drug directly in patients. Molecular aberrations in the AD brain are reflected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The core candidate CSF biomarkers Abeta42, total tau (T-tau), and phosphorylated tau (P-tau) have been shown to have a high diagnostic performance to identify AD also in the early phase of the disease. This paper reviews recent research advances on these CSF biomarkers for use in clinical diagnosis and in clinical trials in AD.
Structured Analytic Techniques for Intelligence Analysis (2010)

This book takes the relatively new concept of structured analytic techniques, defines its place in a taxonomy of analytic methods, and moves it a giant leap forward. It describes 50 techniques that are divided into eight categories. There are techniques for: Decomposition and Visualization Idea GenerationScenarios and IndicatorsHypothesis Generation and TestingCause and Effect Challenge AnalysisConflict ManagementDecision Support Each structured technique involves a step-by-step process that externalizes an individual analyst s thinking in a manner that makes it readily apparent to others, thereby enabling it to be shared, built on, and easily critiqued by others. This structured and transparent process combined with the intuitive input of subject matter experts is expected to reduce the risk of analytic error. Our current high tech, global environment increasingly requires collaboration between analysts with different areas of expertise and analysts representing different organizational perspectives. Structured analytic techniques are the ideal process for guiding the interaction of analysts within a small team or group. Each step in a technique prompts relevant discussion within the team, and such discussion generates and evaluates substantially more divergent information and more new ideas than a team that does not use a structured process. By defining the domain of structured analytic techniques, providing a manual for using and teaching these techniques, and outlining procedures for evaluating and validating these techniques, this book lays a common ground for continuing improvement of how analysis is done. These techniques are especially needed in the field of intelligence analysis where analysts typically deal with incomplete, ambiguous and sometimes deceptive information. However, these practical tools for analysis are also useful in a wide variety of professions including law enforcement, medicine, finance, and business.
Analysis of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase expression during turion formation induced by abscisic acid in Spirodela polyrhiza (greater duckweed) (2012)

These results suggest that the differential expression of APLs could be used to enhance energy flow from photosynthesis to storage of carbon in aquatic plants, making duckweeds a useful alternative biofuel feedstock.
Quality assessment of atomic force microscopy probes by scanning electron microscopy: Correlation of tip structure with rendered images (1999)

While image quality from instruments such as electron microscopes, light microscopes, and confocal laser scanning microscopes is mostly influenced by the alignment of optical train components, the atomic force microscope differs in that image quality is highly dependent upon a consumable component, the scanning probe. Although many types of scanning probes are commercially available, specific configurations and styles are generally recommended for specific applications. For instance, in our area of interest, tapping mode imaging of biological constituents in fluid, double ended, oxide-sharpened pyramidal silicon nitride probes are most often employed. These cantilevers contain four differently sized probes; thick- and thin-legged 100 microm long and thick- and thin-legged 200 microm long, with only one probe used per cantilever. In a recent investigation [Taatjes et al. (1997) Cell Biol. Int. 21:715-726], we used the scanning electron microscope to modify the oxide-sharpened pyramidal probe by creating an electron beam deposited tip with a higher aspect ratio than unmodified tips. Placing the probes in the scanning electron microscope for modification prompted us to begin to examine the probes for defects both before and after use with the atomic force microscope. The most frequently encountered defect was a mis-centered probe, or a probe hanging off the end of the cantilever. If we had difficulty imaging with a probe, we would examine the probe in the scanning electron microscope to determine if any defects were present, or if the tip had become contaminated during scanning. Moreover, we observed that electron beam deposited tips were blunted by the act of scanning a hard specimen, such as colloidal gold with the atomic force microscope. We also present a mathematical geometric model for deducing the interaction between an electron beam deposited tip and either a spherical or elliptical specimen. Examination of probes in the scanning electron microscope may assist in interpreting images generated by the atomic force microscope.
Iron and carbon monoxide attenuate degradation of plasmatic coagulation by Crotalus atrox venom (2015)

Hypofibrinogenemia is an important clinical consequence following envenomation by Crotalus species, usually attenuated or prevented by administration of antivenom. It has been determined that iron and carbon monoxide (CO) enhance fibrinogen as a thrombin substrate, likely secondary to conformational changes in molecular structure. We tested the hypothesis that pretreatment of plasma with iron and CO could attenuate the effects of exposure to Crotalus atrox venom. Human plasma was exposed to 0 to 10 μmol/l ferric chloride (iron source) and 0 to 100 μmol/l CO-releasing molecule-2 (CO source) followed by exposure to 0 to 0.5 μg/ml venom for 5 to 20 min. Changes in coagulation kinetics were determined with thrombelastography. Iron and CO significantly attenuated venom-mediated degradation of plasmatic coagulation in terms of onset time, velocity of clot growth and final clot strength. Further preclinical investigation of iron and CO administration as a 'bridge-to-antivenom' to preserve plasmatic coagulation is justified.
Preparation of some mixed diesters of aliphatic diols and their evaluation as plasticizers (1976)

Abstract Mixed diesters of three diols‐ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and 2‐butene‐1,4‐diol—were prepared wherein one of the ester moieties was benzoate. The laurates were shown to be excellent plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin. Diesters containing two aroyl groups, or benzoyl and a short branched‐chain alkanoyl group were also shown to be compatible plasticizers for PVC resin. Longer chain acids, including oleic and erucic, gave incompatible plasticizers. Benzoyloxyethoxyethyl laurate plasticized PVC had low temperature properties, volatility, and thermal stability superior to PVC plasticized with di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate.
Macrophage Infiltration into Omental<i>Versus</i>Subcutaneous Fat across Different Populations: Effect of Regional Adiposity and the Comorbidities of Obesity (2007)

Preferential macrophage infiltration into OM fat is a general phenomenon exaggerated by central obesity, potentially linking central adiposity with increased risk of diabetes and coronary heart disease.
Application of support vector machine in prediction of reservoir parameters (2010)

The conventional method is not performing well in reservoir parameters prediction because of lacking learning samples. The support vector machine method could help us in this situation. We repeat an experiment to verify the excellent generalization ability of SVM. Four applications of real data processing were done by us, and they were all working very well. The result shows that this method would bring us to a nice place.
Solar light-driven photocatalyzed alkylations. Chemistry on the window ledge (2009)

Tetrabutylammonium decatungstate photocatalysis is effective for the C-H activation of alkanes, aldehydes, ethers and amides and the alkylation of alkenes occurs effectively by merely exposing the solution to the sun in a glass vessel on a window ledge (up to 10 g per dm(2) in a few days).
Glycolytic strategy as a tradeoff between energy yield and protein cost (2013)

Contrary to the textbook portrayal of glycolysis as a single pathway conserved across all domains of life, not all sugar-consuming organisms use the canonical Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnass (EMP) glycolytic pathway. Prokaryotic glucose metabolism is particularly diverse, including several alternative glycolytic pathways, the most common of which is the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway. The prevalence of the ED pathway is puzzling as it produces only one ATP per glucose--half as much as the EMP pathway. We argue that the diversity of prokaryotic glucose metabolism may reflect a tradeoff between a pathway's energy (ATP) yield and the amount of enzymatic protein required to catalyze pathway flux. We introduce methods for analyzing pathways in terms of thermodynamics and kinetics and show that the ED pathway is expected to require several-fold less enzymatic protein to achieve the same glucose conversion rate as the EMP pathway. Through genomic analysis, we further show that prokaryotes use different glycolytic pathways depending on their energy supply. Specifically, energy-deprived anaerobes overwhelmingly rely upon the higher ATP yield of the EMP pathway, whereas the ED pathway is common among facultative anaerobes and even more common among aerobes. In addition to demonstrating how protein costs can explain the use of alternative metabolic strategies, this study illustrates a direct connection between an organism's environment and the thermodynamic and biochemical properties of the metabolic pathways it employs.
Co‐expression of slow‐twitch/cardiac muscle Ca<sup>2+</sup>‐ATPase (SERCA2) and phospholamban (1990)

Full length cDNAs encoding both slow-twitch/cardiac (SERCA2) and fast-twitch skeletal muscle (SERCA1) Ca2(+)-ATPases were expressed by transient transfection of COS-1 cells. Studies of the Ca2(+)-dependency of Ca2(+)-transport in microsomes isolated from these cells showed that both isoforms had an affinity for Ca2+ of about 0.2 microM. The Ca2(+)-affinity of SERCA2 was lowered when phospholamban was co-expressed with it, demonstrating that the two proteins interact in this expression system. These studies support the view that phospholamban inhibition accounts for the low Ca2(+)-affinity and low activity of SERCA2 in cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Transport of Monosaccharides I. ASYMMETRY IN THE HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE MECHANISM (1973)

Transport of D-glucose across human erythrocyte membranes occurs via a facilitated diffusion process which demonstrates influx-efflux asymmetry. The mechanism of the asymmetry has been studied by estimating unidirectional fluxes in the presence or absence of trans equilibrium hexose. In the absence of transhexose, the half-saturation constant for efflux at 15 degrees C was approximately 10 mM as compared with 27 mM for influx; the corresponding values for maximal transfer rates (mumol/min per ml cell H(2)O) were approximately 51 vs. 18. The estimation of kinetic parameters, including the constant F(s), which is the ratio of maximal transfer rate/half-saturation constant, indicates a unique effect of intracellular hexose on the transfer system. Further evidence to support this conclusion was obtained by studying the effects of noncompetitive inhibitors on efflux vs. influx. N-ethylmaleimide, p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate, and dichloroallyldiethylstilbestrol all inhibited efflux much more than influx. Glucose rendered the transport system more reactive to N-ethylmaleimide as assayed by efflux, whereas influx was much less affected. The results support the hypothesis that the transport system exists in two states. Transition from one state to the other is dependent on the presence of intracellular hexose.
Exploiting the promiscuity of imatinib (2009)

The protein kinase inhibitor imatinib, also known as Gleevec, has been a notable success in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia. A recent paper in BMC Structural Biology reports a 1.75 A crystal structure of imatinib bound to the oxidoreductase NQO2 and reveals insights into the binding specificity and the off-target effects of the inhibitor.
A fast test to generate flash memory threshold voltage distribution map (2003)

This paper describes a method to determine threshold voltage (V/sub th/) distribution as a multi-colored bitmap of the die. That is, a visual indication of relative threshold voltages on different areas of the die is provided. The spatial distribution of threshold voltage is felt to be more informative than conventional techniques which provide results as a bell-curve Gauss distribution plot of threshold voltage versus number of cells. The time required for test execution (including data gathering) is considerably less than the time taken by conventional methods.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder : a clinical workbook (1991)

ADHD Fact Sheet. Forms for Use with Children and Adolescents. Instructions for Child and Adolescent Forms. General Instructions for Completing the Questionnaires. Child and Family Information. Developmental and Medical History. How to Prepare for Your Child's Evaluation. Clinical Interview - Parent Report Form. Barkley Screening Checklist for ADHD. Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale - Parent Form. Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale - Teacher Form. Home Situations Questionnaire. School Situations Questionnaire. Issues Checklist for Parents and Teenagers. Using a Daily School Behavior Report Card. 18 Great Ideas for Managing Children or Teens with ADHD. Great Classroom Accommodations for Children or Teens with ADHD. Forms for the Evaluation of Adults. Instruction for Adult Forms. Developmental History. Employment History. Health History. Social History. Current Symptoms Scale - Self-report Form. Childhood Symptoms Scale - Self-report Form. Current Symptoms Scale - Other Report Form. Childhood Symptoms Scale - Other Report Form. Childhood School Performance Scale - Other Report Form. Work Performance Rating Scale - Self-report Form. Adult Interview. Driving History Survey. Driving Behavior Survey - Self-report Form. Driving Behavior Survey - Other Report Form. Issues in Documenting ADHD as Disorder Under the Americans with Disabilities Act. Practical Advice for Coping with ADHD in Adulthood. Forms for Use During Medication Treatment. Thinking about Medications for ADHD. Physician's Checklist for Parents. Follow-up Information. Side Effects Rating Scale.
THE CONSERVATION OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY TRACING PAPER (1984)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Résumé Cet article décrit la conservation des papiers décalques du XIX' siècle au Musée Mantime: National Après un bref historique de la fabrication el emplois du papier décalque, les dilférents types de détérioration détectés dans les papiers décalques venani de la collection des Plans de Navire du Musée sont décrits. Les différentes techniques de conservation sont ensuite présentées dam leurs grandes lignes, deux procédes étant plus particulièrement exposés le premier requiert l'emploi d'un cellulose de sodium (sodium carboxy-methyl cellulose) pour fixer un décalque fragile sur un renfort. Le second est l'exposé d'une nouvelle lechnique encore experimental qui se serl d'une Colle' à chaud (Beva 371), mise au point pour la conservation des peintures a l'huile, pour renforcer d'un nouveau fond un déalque fragile.
Phycocyanin liposomes for topical anti-inflammatory activity: in-vitro in-vivo studies (2009)

The results showed that C-PC can be successfully used as an anti-inflammatory drug and that liposomal encapsulation is effective in improving its anti-inflammatory activity.
Evaluation of alternative reference toxicants for use in the earthworm toxicity test (1995)

Abstract The use of the 14-d earthworm toxicity test to aid in the evaluation of the ecological impact of contaminated soils is becoming increasingly widespread. However, the method is in need of further standardization. As part of this continuing process, the choice of reference toxicants was evaluated. Reference toxicants were rated in relation to the following criteria: (a) reproducibility, (b) low human health hazard, (c) feasibility of measurement, and (d) chemical stability. Potassium chloride (KCl) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) were evaluated as possible alternatives to the one currently in common use, 2-chloroacetamide. Potassium chloride rated the best for the combination of the four criteria, followed by NH4Cl and 2-chloroacetamide. Coefficients of variation (C.V.s) from control charts of six definitive tests were used to measure reproducibility. The best reproducibility (lowest C.V.) was shown by KCl, followed by NH4Cl and 2-chloroacetamide. Toxicants ranked KCl &lt; NH4Cl ≪ 2-chloroacetamide in terms of health hazard; and KCl = NH4Cl &gt; 2-chloroacetamide in terms of measurement feasibility. Both 2-chloroacetamide and NH4Cl changed in concentration during testing. Evidence is also presented that 2-chloroacetamide degrades rapidly during testing, and that, as dead worms decay, ammonification may be adding another toxicant, ammonia, to tests.
Designing Active and Stable Silicon Photocathodes for Solar Hydrogen Production Using Molybdenum Sulfide Nanomaterials (2014)

Silicon is a promising photocathode for tandem photoelectrochemical water splitting devices, but efficient catalysis and long term stability remain key challenges. Here, it is demonstrated that with appropriately engineered interfaces, molybdenum sulfide nanomaterials can provide both corrosion protection and catalytic activity in silicon photocathodes. Using a thin MoS 2 surface protecting layer, MoS 2 ‐n + p Si electrodes that show no loss in performance after 100 h of operation are created. Transmission electron microscopy measurements show the atomic structure of the device surface and reveal the characteristics of the MoS 2 layer that provide both catalytic activity and excellent stability. In spite of a low concentration of exposed catalytically active sites, these electrodes possess the best performance of any precious metal‐free silicon photocathodes with demonstrated long term stability to date. To further improve efficiency, a second molybdenum sulfide nanomaterial, highly catalytically active [Mo 3 S 13 ] 2− clusters, is incorporated. These photocathodes offer a promising pathway towards sustainable hydrogen production.
Atopic eczema : the role of stratum corneum lipids in the skin barrier (2013)

The skin barrier function strongly relies on the outermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC), which consists of dead corneocytes embedded in a highly organized extracellular lipid matrix. The lipids are thought to play a crucial role in the skin barrier function. This lipid matrix consists mainly of ceramides, cholesterol and free fatty acids in an approximately equimolar ratio. Atopic eczema (AE) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease that is characterized by dryness, erythema and pruritus. AE patients have a decreased skin barrier function as monitored with transepidermal water loss. The main objective of this thesis is to determine the SC lipid composition, lipid organization and lipid/protein ratio in AE patients and control subjects and to determine how these changes are associated with the impaired skin barrier function and disease severity of AE patients. The studies demonstrate that there is an altered lipid composition and lipid/protein ratio in non-lesional as well as lesional SC of AE patients. The changes in lipid composition result in an altered lipid organization that is associated with an impaired skin barrier function in AE patients