gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PET Imaging of Norepinephrine Transporters (2006)

The involvement of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) in the pathophysiology and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), substance abuse, neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD)) and depression has long been recognized. However, many of these important findings have resulted from studies in vitro using postmortem tissues; as of now, these results have never been verified via in vivo methods because brain imaging of NET in living systems has been hampered due to the lack of suitable radioligands. The fact that all three monoamine (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin) transporters (DAT, NET and SERT) are involved in various neurological and psychiatric diseases further emphasizes the need to develop suitable NET ligands so that researchers will be able to probe the contributions of each monoamine transporter system to specific CNS disorders. In this review article, the design and biological evaluation of several radioligands for imaging the brain NET system with PET are discussed. Based on these characterization studies, including C-11 labeled desipramine (DMI), 2-hydroxydesipramine (HDMI), talopram, talsupram, nisoxetine (Nis), oxaprotiline (Oxap), lortalamine (Lort) and C-11 and F-18 derivatives of reboxetine (RB), methylreboxetine (MRB) and their individual (R, R) and (S, S) enantiomers, in conjunction with studies with radiolabeled 4-iodo-tomoxetine and 2-iodo-nisoxetine, we have identified the superiority of (S, S)-[(11)C]MRB and the suitability of the MRB analogs as potential NET ligands for PET. In contrast, Nis, Oxap and Lort displayed high uptake in striatum (higher than thalamus). The use of these ligands is further limited by high non-specific binding and relatively low specific signal, as is characteristic of many earlier NET ligands. Thus, to our knowledge, (S, S)-[(11)C]MRB remains by far the most promising NET ligand for PET studies.
IEEE 802.15.4: a developing standard for low-power low-cost wireless personal area networks (2001)

A low-rate wireless personal area network, or LR-WPAN, is a network designed for low-cost very-low-power short-range wireless communications. Until now, the main focus in the wireless industry has been on communications. Until now, the main focus in the wireless industry has been on communication with higher data throughput, leaving out a set of applications requiring simple wireless connectivity with relaxed throughput and latency requirements. LR-WPANs will connect devices that previously have not been networked and allow applications that cannot use current wireless specifications, including applications in fields such as industrial, agricultural, vehicular, residential, medical sensors and actuators. TaskGroup 4 of the IEEE 802.14 Wireless personal Area Network working group is currently working to define a wireless communication standard for LR-WPANs. This article discusses the technical considerations and system requirements necessary when implementing a low-cost low-power wireless personal area network and provides an overview of the unique applications such a technology will enable.
Organic Nitrogen Bases from Pyrolysis of Cottonseed Meal<sup>1</sup> (1936)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOrganic Nitrogen Bases from Pyrolysis of Cottonseed Meal1Ivy Parker, C. L. Gutzeit, A. C. Bratton, and J. R. BaileyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1936, 58, 7, 1097–1104Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1936Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1936https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01298a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01298a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views50Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Weighted Fourier Series Representation and Its Application to Quantifying the Amount of Gray Matter (2007)

We present a novel weighted Fourier series (WFS) representation for cortical surfaces. The WFS representation is a data smoothing technique that provides the explicit smooth functional estimation of unknown cortical boundary as a linear combination of basis functions. The basic properties of the representation are investigated in connection with a self-adjoint partial differential equation and the traditional spherical harmonic (SPHARM) representation. To reduce steep computational requirements, a new iterative residual fitting (IRF) algorithm is developed. Its computational and numerical implementation issues are discussed in detail. The computer codes are also available at http://www.stat.wisc.edu/-mchung/softwares/weighted.SPHARM/weighted-SPHARM.html. As an illustration, the WFS is applied i n quantifying the amount ofgray matter in a group of high functioning autistic subjects. Within the WFS framework, cortical thickness and gray matter density are computed and compared.
Feature‐recognizing MRI (1993)

We describe a new theory of MR imaging that utilizes prior information in the form of a set of "training" images thought to be similar to the "unknown" objects to be scanned. First, the training images are processed to find an orthonormal series representation of these images that is more convergent than the usual Fourier series. The coefficients in this new series can be calculated from a subset of the phase-encoded signals needed to construct the Fourier image representation. The characteristics of the training images also determine exactly which phase-encoded signals should be measured in order to minimize error in the image reconstruction. The optimal phase-encodings are usually scattered nonuniformly in kappa-space. Good results were obtained when this theory was applied to imaging data from simulated objects and to experimental data from phantom scans. This theory provides the basis for developing efficient scanning and image reconstruction techniques that are "tailored" to each body part or to particular disease states.
Pigment epithelium-derived factor protects cultured retinal neurons against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death (1999)

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a neurotrophic protein synthesized and secreted by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in early embryogenesis and has been shown to be present in the extracellular matrix between the RPE cells and the neural retina. It induces neuronal differentiation and promotes survival of neurons of the central nervous system from degeneration caused by serum withdrawal or glutamate cytotoxicity. Because the role of PEDF in the retina is still unknown, we examined its ability to protect cultured retinal neurons against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced cell death. Retinas of 0-2-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were isolated and dissociated, and the neurons were maintained for 2 weeks in a synthetic serum-free medium. Immunocytochemical labeling showed that 50-60% of the cultured cells were rod photoreceptors. Treatment with H(2)O(2) induced significant death of retinal neurons in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Pretreatment with PEDF prior to insult greatly attenuated H(2)O(2)-induced cytotoxicity, and its effect was shown to be dose dependent. Cytotoxicity was determined by 3,(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase assays, and apoptotic cell death was evaluated by the TdT-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling assay. The present study also showed that H(2)O(2)-induced retinal neuron death was by apoptosis that could be inhibited by PEDF. Combination of PEDF with basic fibroblast growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or ciliary neurotrophic factor improves the protection. These data strongly suggest that PEDF is a potential neuroprotective agent in the treatment of retinal degeneration.
microRNA‐122 as a regulator of mitochondrial metabolic gene network in hepatocellular carcinoma (2010)

Tumorigenesis involves multistep genetic alterations. To elucidate the microRNA (miRNA)-gene interaction network in carcinogenesis, we examined their genome-wide expression profiles in 96 pairs of tumor/non-tumor tissues from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Comprehensive analysis of the coordinate expression of miRNAs and mRNAs reveals that miR-122 is under-expressed in HCC and that increased expression of miR-122 seed-matched genes leads to a loss of mitochondrial metabolic function. Furthermore, the miR-122 secondary targets, which decrease in expression, are good prognostic markers for HCC. Transcriptome profiling data from additional 180 HCC and 40 liver cirrhotic patients in the same cohort were used to confirm the anti-correlation of miR-122 primary and secondary target gene sets. The HCC findings can be recapitulated in mouse liver by silencing miR-122 with antagomir treatment followed by gene-expression microarray analysis. In vitro miR-122 data further provided a direct link between induction of miR-122-controlled genes and impairment of mitochondrial metabolism. In conclusion, miR-122 regulates mitochondrial metabolism and its loss may be detrimental to sustaining critical liver function and contribute to morbidity and mortality of liver cancer patients.
The acoustic transmission properties of anisotropic sandwich panels with perforations (1990)

Abstract A rectangular sandwich panel, consisting of two thin plane shells on either side of a cellular structure, has perforations in one of the bounding shells so that some or all of the cells may act as Helmholtz resonators. The compound panel is set in an otherwise rigid plane baffle and is irradiated by a plane wave travelling from the unperforated side of the system. An estimate is presented, in integral form, for the acoustic power transmitted through the panel, averaged with respect to time and with respect to all possible directions of incidence, in the limit of large values of ka and kb, where k is the acoustic wavenumber and a, b denote the plate dimensions. For operating frequencies below a certain critical coincidence value, the basic estimate is supplemented by an additional contribution from the resonantly driven but acoustically inefficient modes, which become significant at modest values of ka and kb if the mechanical loss factor ϵ is sufficiently small. There is good agreement between the numerical evaluation of the estimates and the available experimental data.
A-317491, a novel potent and selective non-nucleotide antagonist of P2X <sub>3</sub> and P2X <sub>2/3</sub> receptors, reduces chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain in the rat (2002)

P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors are highly localized on peripheral and central processes of sensory afferent nerves, and activation of these channels contributes to the pronociceptive effects of ATP. A-317491 is a novel non-nucleotide antagonist of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptor activation. A-317491 potently blocked recombinant human and rat P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptor-mediated calcium flux (Ki = 22-92 nM) and was highly selective (IC50 >10 microM) over other P2 receptors and other neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels, and enzymes. A-317491 also blocked native P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Blockade of P2X3 containing channels was stereospecific because the R-enantiomer (A-317344) of A-317491 was significantly less active at P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors. A-317491 dose-dependently (ED50 = 30 micromolkg s.c.) reduced complete Freund's adjuvant-induced thermal hyperalgesia in the rat. A-317491 was most potent (ED50 = 10-15 micromolkg s.c.) in attenuating both thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia after chronic nerve constriction injury. The R-enantiomer, A-317344, was inactive in these chronic pain models. Although active in chronic pain models, A-317491 was ineffective (ED50 >100 micromolkg s.c.) in reducing nociception in animal models of acute pain, postoperative pain, and visceral pain. The present data indicate that a potent and selective antagonist of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors effectively reduces both nerve injury and chronic inflammatory nociception, but P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptor activation may not be a major mediator of acute, acute inflammatory, or visceral pain.
Single-atomic cobalt sites embedded in hierarchically ordered porous nitrogen-doped carbon as a superior bifunctional electrocatalyst (2018)

Exploring efficient and cost-effective catalysts to replace precious metal catalysts, such as Pt, for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) holds great promise for renewable energy technologies. Herein, we prepare a type of Co catalyst with single-atomic Co sites embedded in hierarchically ordered porous <i>N</i>-doped carbon (Co-SAS/HOPNC) through a facile dual-template cooperative pyrolysis approach. The desirable combination of highly dispersed isolated atomic Co-N<sub>4</sub> active sites, large surface area, high porosity, and good conductivity gives rise to an excellent catalytic performance. The catalyst exhibits outstanding performance for ORR in alkaline medium with a half-wave potential (<i>E</i><sub>1/2</sub>) of 0.892 V, which is 53 mV more positive than that of Pt/C, as well as a high tolerance of methanol and great stability. The catalyst also shows a remarkable catalytic performance for HER with distinctly high turnover frequencies of 0.41 and 3.8 s<sup>-1</sup> at an overpotential of 100 and 200 mV, respectively, together with a long-term durability in acidic condition. Experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the atomically isolated single Co sites and the structural advantages of the unique 3D hierarchical porous architecture synergistically contribute to the high catalytic activity.
Comparative study in mice of tetrazepam and other centrally active skeletal muscle relaxants. (1989)

Tetrazepam is a 1,4 benzodiazepine (BZD) clinically used in France and Germany as a muscle relaxant. The activity of tetrazepam was compared to that of diazepam, baclofen, mephenesin and chlormezanone in mice, in pharmacological models which are predictive of muscle relaxant and sedative properties. Tetrazepam was active in all the 6 tests of muscle relaxation (traction, chimney, inclined screen, grip force, horizontal grid and morphine-induced Straub tail). The overall muscle relaxant potency of tetrazepam was inferior to that of diazepam, but was clearly superior to that of chlormezanone and mephenesin. Baclofen was less active than tetrazepam in 3 tests (traction, horizontal grid, and grip strength), but more active in the other 3 tests. The administration of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist Ro 15-1788 blocked the effects of tetrazepam and diazepam in 2 representative tests, morphine-induced Straub tail and the rotarod test, but did not modify the activities of the other centrally acting muscle relaxants in these same models. The selectivity ratio (ED50 rotarod or ED50 locomotor activity/ED50 in each muscle relaxant test) for tetrazepam was superior to that of diazepam and all the other muscle relaxant drugs examined. It is concluded that tetrazepam exerts its muscle relaxant activity by stimulating central BZD receptors, and presents the advantage of a wide dissociation between muscle relaxant and sedative potencies.
Calibration of spatial light modulators suffering from spatially varying phase response (2013)

We present a method for converting the desired phase values of a hologram to the correct pixel addressing values of a spatial light modulator (SLM), taking into account detailed spatial variations in the phase response of the SLM. In addition to thickness variations in the liquid crystal layer of the SLM, we also show that these variations in phase response can be caused by a non-uniform electric drive scheme in the SLM or by local heating caused by the incident laser beam. We demonstrate that the use of a global look-up table (LUT), even in combination with a spatially varying scale factor, generally does not yield sufficiently accurate conversion for applications requiring highly controllable output fields, such as holographic optical trapping (HOT). We therefore propose a method where the pixel addressing values are given by a three-dimensional polynomial, with two of the variables being the (x, y)-positions of the pixels, and the third their desired phase values. The coefficients of the polynomial are determined by measuring the phase response in 8 × 8 sub-sections of the SLM surface; the degree of the polynomial is optimized so that the polynomial expression nearly replicates the measurement in the measurement points, while still showing a good interpolation behavior in between. The polynomial evaluation increases the total computation time for hologram generation by only a few percent. Compared to conventional phase conversion methods, for an SLM with varying phase response, we found that the proposed method increases the control of the trap intensities in HOT, and efficiently prevents the appearance of strong unwanted 0th order diffraction that commonly occurs in SLM systems.
Comparative evaluation of positron emission tomography radiotracers for imaging the norepinephrine transporter: (<i>S</i>,<i>S</i>) and (<i>R</i>,<i>R</i>) enantiomers of reboxetine analogs ([<sup>11</sup>C]methylreboxetine, 3‐Cl‐[<sup>11</sup>C]methylreboxetine and [<sup>18</sup>F]fluororeboxetine), (<i>R</i>)‐[<sup>11</sup>C]nisoxetine, [<sup>11</sup>C]oxaprotiline and [<sup>11</sup>C]lortalamine (2005)

We have synthesized and evaluated several new ligands for imaging the norepinephrine transporter (NET) system in baboons with positron emission tomography (PET). Ligands possessing high brain penetration, high affinity and selectivity, appropriate lipophilicity (log P = 1.0-3.5), high plasma free fraction and reasonable stability in plasma were selected for further studies. Based on our characterization studies in baboons, including 11C-labeled (R)-nisoxetine (Nis), oxaprotiline (Oxap), lortalamine (Lort) and new analogs of methylreboxetine (MRB), in conjunction with our earlier evaluation of 11C and 18F derivatives of reboxetine, MRB and their individual (R,R) and (S,S) enantiomers, we have identified the superiority of (S,S)-[11C]MRB and the suitability of MRB analogs [(S,S)-[11C]MRB > (S,S)-[11C]3-Cl-MRB > (S,S)-[18F]fluororeboxetine] as potential NET ligands for PET. In contrast, Nis, Oxap and Lort displayed high uptake in striatum (higher than in thalamus). The use of these ligands is further limited by high non-specific binding and relatively low specific signal, as is characteristic of many earlier NET ligands. Thus, to our knowledge (S,S)-[11C]MRB remains by far the most promising NET ligand for PET studies.
ENaC‐mediated alveolar fluid clearance and lung fluid balance depend on the channel‐activating protease 1 (2009)

Sodium transport via epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) expressed in alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) provides the driving force for removal of fluid from the alveolar space. The membrane-bound channel-activating protease 1 (CAP1/Prss8) activates ENaC in vitro in various expression systems. To study the role of CAP1/Prss8 in alveolar sodium transport and lung fluid balance in vivo, we generated mice lacking CAP1/Prss8 in the alveolar epithelium using conditional Cre-loxP-mediated recombination. Deficiency of CAP1/Prss8 in AEC induced in vitro a 40% decrease in ENaC-mediated sodium currents. Sodium-driven alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) was reduced in CAP1/Prss8-deficient mice, due to a 48% decrease in amiloride-sensitive clearance, and was less sensitive to beta(2)-agonist treatment. Intra-alveolar treatment with neutrophil elastase, a soluble serine protease activating ENaC at the cell surface, fully restored basal AFC and the stimulation by beta(2)-agonists. Finally, acute volume-overload increased alveolar lining fluid volume in CAP1/Prss8-deficient mice. This study reveals that CAP1 plays a crucial role in the regulation of ENaC-mediated alveolar sodium and water transport and in mouse lung fluid balance.
Advanced electron-beam writing system EX-11 for next-generation mask fabrication (1999)

Toshiba and Toshiba Machine have developed an advanced electron beam writing system EX-11 for next-generation mask fabrication. EX-11 is a 50 kV variable-shaped beam lithography system for manufacturing 4x masks for 0.15 - 0.18 micrometer technology generation. Many breakthroughs were studied and applied to EX-11 to meet future mask-fabrication requirements, such as critical dimension and positioning accuracy. We have verified the accuracy required for 0.15 - 0.18 micrometer generation.
Fungal life in the extremely hypersaline water of the Dead Sea: first records (1998)

The first report, to our knowledge, on the occurrence of filamentous fungi in the hypersaline (340 g salt l-1) Dead Sea is presented. Three species of filamentous fungi from surface water samples of the Dead Sea were isolated: Gymnascella marismortui (Ascomycota), which is described as a new species, Ulocladium chlamydosporum and Penicillium westlingii (Deuteromycota). G. marismortui and U. chlamydosporum grew on media containing up to 50% Dead Sea water. G. marismortui was found to be an obligate halophile growing optimally in the presence of 0.5-2 M NaCl or 10 30% (by volume) of Dead Sea water. Isolated cultures did not grow on agar media without salt, but grew on agar prepared with up to 50% Dead Sea water. This suggests that they may be adapted to life in the extremely stressful hypersaline Dead Sea.
<title>Technical issues associated with the detection of buried land mines with high-frequency seismic waves</title> (2002)

An array of radars is developed as a stand off sensor for use in elastic/seismic mine detection systems. The array consists of N radar sensors which operate independently to sense the displacement of the surface of the earth due to elastic waves propagating in the earth. Each of the sensors consists of a lens-focused, conical, corrugated, horn antenna and a homodyne radar. The focused antenna allows the sensor to have greater standoff than with the previous unfocused antenna while maintaining the spatial resolution required for a mine detection system. By using an array of N sensors instead of a single sensor, the scan rate of the array is improved by a factor of N. A theoretical model for the focused antenna is developed and an array of two radars is developed and used to validate the theoretical model. This array is tested in both the experimental and the field models for the elastic mine detection system. Results from both systems are presented.