gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Increasing stability of water-soluble PQQ glucose dehydrogenase by increasing hydrophobic interaction at dimeric interface (2005)

We have achieved via site-directed mutagenesis the improvement of the thermal stability of PQQGDH-B by increasing the dimer interface interaction. Through rational design based on the quaternary structure of the enzyme, we selected residues located at the dimer interface that do not contribute to the intersubunit interaction. By substituting these residues to hydrophobic ones, the thermal stability of PQQGDH-B was increased without decreasing its catalytic activity.
On electromagnetic characterization and homogenization of nanostructured metamaterials (2010)

In this overview paper the trends in the modern literature concerning the characterization of linear electromagnetic properties of nanostructured metamaterials are briefly discussed. Electromagnetic characterization of bulk and surface metamaterials is discussed. The problem of characterization of metamaterials with spatial dispersion effects is addressed. It is shown that for bulk metamaterials formed as orthorhombic dipole lattices experimental electromagnetic characterization (retrieval of material parameters) becomes possible. However, standard schemes of material parameter retrieval contain pitfalls even for this kind of material. To clarify these pitfalls the concept of characteristic material parameters is suggested which is clearer and more restrictive that the concept of effective material parameters. For a special but important class of metamaterials (called Bloch lattices by the author) bulk material parameters are obtained which probably fit the concept of electromagnetic characterization because they satisfy basic physical limitations. Further, the problem of the violation of Maxwell boundary conditions for a macroscopic field at the physical boundary of the metamaterial lattice is discussed. The role of transition layers (perhaps transition sheets) in the characterization of metamaterials is explained. Finally, a relevant numerical example is presented as an illustration of the theory.
Die Dehydratisierung von Alkoholen an Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. XIII. Einfluß der Vergiftung durch Pyridin auf Adsorption und Dehydratisierung von Alkoholen (1970)

Abstract Es wird der Einfluß der Präadsorption von Pyridin an Aluminiumoxid unter verschiedenen Bedingungen auf die Adsorption und Dehydratisierung von Äthanol, Isobutanol und t ‐Butanol untersucht. Das Oberflächenäthylat wird durch Dissoziation der O – H‐Bindung des Alkohols an Säure‐Base‐Paarzentren gebildet. An den gleichen Zentren wird Isobutanol zum Carboxylat oxydiert. Die Adsorption von t ‐Butanol, das keine der beiden Spezies zu bilden vermag, wird durch Pyridin lediglich aus sterischen Gründen behindert. Die Ätherbildung aus Äthanol erfolgt durch Reaktion einer Alkoxidgruppe mit einer vermutlich über H‐Brücken gebundenen Alkoholmolekel. Die Kondensation zweier Alkoxidgruppen wird ausgeschlossen. Die Olefinbildung wird am besten als Eliminierung von Wasser aus einer über H‐Brücken adsorbierten Alkoholmolekel ohne Beteiligung von Lewis‐Zentren beschrieben. Das Oberflächencarboxylat hemmt die Adsorption über H‐Brücken ebenso wie die Dehydratisierung der Alkohole.
Measurement of the Dielectric Properties of Char at 2.45 GHZ (1994)

Microwave energy applied to a carbon-based adsorbent has been found to enhance the chemical reactions of SOx, and NOx, decomposition. The NOx and SOx, in the combustion flue gas are adsorbed in a bed of carbon adsorbent and decomposed by microwave energy into nitrogen and elemental sulfur; respectively. The dielectric properties of various carbon adsorbents were measured by the waveguide short circuit sample holder technique. A knowledge of the dielectric properties of carbon adsorbent is necessary for a better understanding of microwave processes and for design of reactors.
Smart cars and highways go global (1991)

The status of plans and projects for intelligent vehicle-highway systems (IVHS) in Europe, Japan, and the US is examined. The four broad areas covered by IVHS are described. They are advanced traffic management systems. advanced traveler information systems commercial vehicle operations systems, and advanced vehicle control systems. A variety of projects in Europe, Japan, and the US which aim at proving the feasibility and practicality of IVHS are described. Socioeconomic factors then could delay or even arrest the development of IVHS are examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Thrombospondin is an osteoblast-derived component of mineralized extracellular matrix. (1989)

Thrombospondin, the most abundant protein of platelet alpha granules, is a biosynthetic product of a variety of connective tissue cells and a component of many extracellular matrices. In this study, thrombospondin distribution in bone was investigated using a monoclonal antibody specific for the human protein. Thrombospondin was localized in osteoid of undemineralized, frozen sections of fetal subperiosteal bone, and identified as a component of mineralized bone matrix of neonatal and/or young (growing) bone of many animal species by Western blot analysis. Adult human bone cells were demonstrated to contain mRNA for thrombospondin by hybridization of a cDNA thrombospondin probe to a 6.1 kb mRNA. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that the protein was synthesized and the majority was secreted from osteoblastic cells. Treatment of the cells with TGF-beta (0.01-10 ng/ml) slightly decreased total thrombospondin synthesis, but caused an increase in the retention on newly synthesized thrombospondin in the cell layer/matrix fraction. In cell attachment assays, thrombospondin mediated adhesion, but not spreading of adult human bone cells.
An implicit velocity decoupling procedure for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations (2001)

Abstract An efficient numerical method to solve the unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations is developed. A fully implicit time advancement is employed to avoid the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy restriction, where the Crank–Nicolson discretization is used for both the diffusion and convection terms. Based on a block LU decomposition, velocity–pressure decoupling is achieved in conjunction with the approximate factorization. The main emphasis is placed on the additional decoupling of the intermediate velocity components with only nth time step velocity. The temporal second‐order accuracy is preserved with the approximate factorization without any modification of boundary conditions. Since the decoupled momentum equations are solved without iteration, the computational time is reduced significantly. The present decoupling method is validated by solving several test cases, in particular, the turbulent minimal channel flow unit. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forskolin decreases sensitivity of brain adenylate cyclase to inhibition by 2′,5′‐dideoxyadenosine (1989)

The effects of forskolin on the sensitivity of adenylate cyclase to 'P'-site-mediated inhibition were studied. Stimulation of crude and purified preparations of adenylate cyclase by forskolin led to decreased sensitivity to inhibition by 2',5' dideoxyadenosine with enzyme from rat and bovine brain. This is in contrast with the enhancement of P-site sensitivity induced by calmodulin, divalent cations, and stable GTP analogs and is in contrast with behavior seen with enzyme from liver and S49 cyc membranes. The effect of forskolin on P-site sensitivity of the brain adenylate cyclase was not dependent on the presence of G-proteins or calmodulin. It was not the consequence of proteolysis nor was it due to an obvious artifact in the assay procedures. This distinct behavior of the brain enzyme is most likely due to a structural difference in the catalytic subunit.
Identification of a New Exosite Involved in Catalytic Turnover by the Streptokinase-Plasmin Activator Complex during Human Plasminogen Activation (2009)

With the goal of identifying hitherto unknown surface exosites of streptokinase involved in substrate human plasminogen recognition and catalytic turnover, synthetic peptides encompassing the 170 loop (CQFTPLNPDDDFRPGLKDTKLLC) in the beta-domain were tested for selective inhibition of substrate human plasminogen activation by the streptokinase-plasmin activator complex. Although a disulfide-constrained peptide exhibited strong inhibition, a linear peptide with the same sequence, or a disulfide-constrained variant with a single lysine to alanine mutation showed significantly reduced capabilities of inhibition. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the 170 loop of the beta-domain of streptokinase was then performed to elucidate its importance in streptokinase-mediated plasminogen activation. Some of the 170 loop mutants showed a remarkable decline in k(cat) without any alteration in apparent substrate affinity (K(m)) as compared with wild-type streptokinase and identified the importance of Lys(180) as well as Pro(177) in the functioning of this loop. Remarkably, these mutants were able to generate amidolytic activity and non-proteolytic activation in "partner" plasminogen as wild-type streptokinase. Moreover, cofactor activities of the 170 loop mutants, pre-complexed with plasmin, against microplasminogen as the substrate showed a similar pattern of decline in k(cat) as that observed in the case of full-length plasminogen, with no concomitant change in K(m). These results strongly suggest that the 170 loop of the beta-domain of streptokinase is important for catalysis by the streptokinase-plasmin(ogen) activator complex, particularly in catalytic processing/turnover of substrate, although it does not seem to contribute significantly toward enzyme-substrate affinity per se.
On the Theory of Relaxation Processes (1957)

A general procedure is given for finding the equation of motion of the density matrix of a system in contact with a thermal bath, as for example a nuclear spin system weakly coupled to a crystal lattice. The thermal bath is treated both classically and quantum mechanically, and the theory is similar to, and a generalization of, conventional theories of time proportional transition probabilities. Relaxation of the system by the thermal bath is expressed by a linear matrix operator, and it is stressed that elements of this operator can be regarded as secular or nonsecular perturbations on the equation of motion and can be treated accordingly. When the motion of the system is slow compared to that of the thermal bath, the equation of motion can be expressed in an operator form which is independent of representation. If the system has a time-dependent Hamiltonian which varies slowly compared to the motion of the thermal bath, the same equation of motion is obeyed and the system is relaxed by the bath toward a Boltzmann distribution with respect to its instantaneous Hamiltonian. If the time variation of the Hamiltonian is more rapid, higher order corrections to the equation of motion must be applied. The theory is applied to spin-lattice relaxation of a coupled nuclear spin system in a metal, for arbitrary externally applied fixed magnetic field.
Discussion on Assay Method of D-Glucosamine Sulfate Potassium Chloride (2008)

OBJECTIVE To validate the validity of assay method of D-Glucosamine Sulfate Potassium Chloride.METHODS The determination was performed on a Zorbax C8 column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) with acetonitrile-0.05%Phosphate buffer(pH=3.0)(40∶60) as the mobile phase,the flow was 0.6 mL·min-1,wavelength of detection was 195 nm. RESULTS Main peaks in chromatogram of D-Glucosamine Hydrochloride RS and D-Glucosamine Sulfate Potassium Chloride may be not glucosamine peak but Cl-peak.On the chromatography conditions in USP,SO42-peak of D-Glucosamine Sulfate Potassium Chloride overlays with main peak of Cl-,and interfere the determination of main peak.CONCLUSION It is necessary to revalidate the method of analytical D-Glucosamine Sulfate Potassium Chloride.
The PB1 subunit alone can catalyze cRNA synthesis, and the PA subunit in addition to the PB1 subunit is required for viral RNA synthesis in replication of the influenza virus genome (1996)

We indicated that the PB1 and PA subunits of RNA polymerase and nucleoprotein (NP) can support replication of the influenza virus genome as well as transcription to yield uncapped poly(A)(+)-RNA (Y. Nakagawa, N. Kimura, T. Toyoda, K. Mizumoto, A. Ishihama, K. Oda, and S. Nakada, J. Virol. 69:728-733, 1995). To analyze the functions of the PB1 and PA subunits in replication and transcription, YP1N clones in which the PB1 and NP genes can be expressed in response to dexamethasone were established. cRNA was transcribed from model viral RNA (vRNA), but vRNA synthesis from model cRNA was not detected in YP1N clones. Furthermore, poly(A)(+)-RNA directed from model vRNA was synthesized in YP1N clones. These results indicated that PB1 and NP can support the syntheses of cRNA and poly(A)(+)-RNA and that the PA subunit, in addition to that of PB1 and to NP, is required for vRNA synthesis. In summary, the PB1 subunit is involved in the catalytic activities of nucleotide elongation, and the PA subunit may act as an allosteric modulator and cause a conformational change from a cRNA-to a vRNA-synthesizing form of the PB1 subunit.
Preparation of Mixed Ligand Immobilized Artificial Membranes for Predicting Drug Binding to Membranes (1994)

Mixed ligand immobilized artificial membranes (IAMs) are surfaces that contain at least two immobilized membrane phospholipids which are designated as either the primary phospholipid or the secondary phospholipid. The primary immobilized phospholipid refers to the immobilized phospholipid that has the highest surface density. For this work, the primary immobilized phospholipid was a single-chain ether phosphatidylcholine (PC) analog. Four mixed-ligand IAMs were prepared by use of immobilized PC as the primary immobilized phospholipid. The secondary immobilized phospholipid ligand was either phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, or phosphatidic acid. All of these secondary phospholipids are bonded at approximately 6-10 mol % relative to the molar amount of immobilized PC. Each secondary phospholipid contains functional groups in the polar head group region that require protecting groups during the immobilization process. The four-step synthetic strategy to prepare mixed-ligand IAMs involves (i) immobilization of the PC analog at high density to silica propylamine (SPA), (ii) immobilization of the second phospholipid (PL) analog at low density, (iii) end capping residual amines with a long-chain anhydride followed by end capping with a short-chain anhydride, and (iv) deprotection of the polar head group protecting groups. The surface density of the mixed PLs bonded to the silica support was approximately 130 mumol of PLs/g of SPA. High-performance liquid chromatography using these mixed lipid IAMs can be exploited to rapidly predict the membrane binding properties of drugs.
Electric Vehicle Related Technologies. Basic Principle and Maximum Torque Characteristics of A Six-Phase Pole Change Induction Motor for Electric Vehicles. (1996)

In addition to basic characteristics such as a small size, light weight and easy maintenance, the electric vehicle (EV) motor is required to possess characteristics which allow for the production of a high torque at a low speed region and to realize a wide range of constant power operation at a high speed region.In an attempt to further improve the constant power operation properties of the induction motor (IM), this paper proposes a six-phase pole change IM (six-phase PCIM). The six-phase PCIM further expands the constant power operation range without increasing the volume and current of IM.To clarify the basic principle and the torque characteristics of the six-phase PCIM, first, its winding method and distribution of mmf will be examined. Next, by establishing a performance calculation method based on quasi-sinusoidal wave method, the feasibility of a highly precise performance calculation sufficient for actual use will be demonstrated. Furthermore, by clarifying the maximum torque characteristics through experiment, the feasibility of the expansion of the constant power operation range will be confirmed and its effectiveness in the EV will be discussed.
Features of Polar Crystals Electrical Polarization (2019)

Unique properties of polar crystals, in particular, pyroelectricity, are described by a new representation, which expands and refines the widely used concept of spontaneous polarization. Next physical mechanism is proposed: polar crystals have a finely balanced structure highly sensitive to external influences; therefore, they are capable to generate electrical response onto non-electrical action. In other words, it is assumed that in the polar crystals no permanent polarization exists, but electrical polarization appears in them as a response to thermal, mechanical, optical, chemical and others actions. At that, the difference between pyroelectrics and piezoelectrics is not fundamental but can be explained by spatial distribution of polar-sensitive (mixed ionic-covalent) bonds, emerged as a result of compensation of atoms electronegativities. In the ferroelectrics polar-sensitive bonds can reversal their orientation with nonlinear response onto electrical field.
Screening of Fresh Water Fish Extracts for Enzyme-Inducing Substances by an Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase Induction Bioassay Technique (1983)

A sensitive biological test to detect the presence of certain contaminants, such as highly toxic halogenated dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in foods, was applied to extracts of fresh water fish that had been prepared by a food extraction-cleanup procedure developed by the Food and Drug Administration for pesticides and industrial chemicals. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in a rat hepatoma cell line was used as the biological detection system for residues that induce enzyme activity. The induction of AHH activity by the extracts was compared with a standard AHH-induction curve for the most active compound known, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), and results were computed as TCDD equivalents. Several dilutions of fish extracts were used to produce AHH-induction curves from which an optimal dose-response range was determined and used to estimate TCDD equivalents. Cleaned-up extracts of fish obtained from different water bodies in the United States were examined for AHH activity. The samples which had low levels of polyhalogenated contaminants produced low biological activity, while a higher activity was obtained from fish that contained higher levels of polyhalogenated contaminants. The results suggest that the fish extracts can be screened for AHH inducers before chemical analysis.
Fundamental-mode spot-size measurement in single-mode optical fibers (1982)

It has been shown that the fundamental mode spot size governs the splice loss1 and the microbending loss2 of single-mode fibers. Matsumura also showed3 that the equivalent step-index fiber has approximately the same transmission characteristics (bending loss, propagation constant, provided the actual Index profile Is not too far from a step). Thus a very simple measurement of the mode spot size is of primary importance. We report a simple method, requiring only a variable aperture camera lens added to the attenuation measurement apparatus and no further fiber handling: the variable aperture lens (VAL) method.
Light Coupling and Trapping in Ultrathin Cu(In,Ga)Se<sub>2</sub> Solar Cells Using Dielectric Scattering Patterns (2015)

We experimentally demonstrate photocurrent enhancement in ultrathin Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) solar cells with absorber layers of 460 nm by nanoscale dielectric light scattering patterns printed by substrate conformal imprint lithography. We show that patterning the front side of the device with TiO2 nanoparticle arrays results in a small photocurrent enhancement in almost the entire 400-1200 nm spectral range due to enhanced light coupling into the cell. Three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations are in good agreement with external quantum efficiency measurements. Patterning the Mo/CIGSe back interface using SiO2 nanoparticles leads to strongly enhanced light trapping, increasing the efficiency from 11.1% for a flat to 12.3% for a patterned cell. Simulations show that optimizing the array geometry could further improve light trapping. Including nanoparticles at the Mo/CIGSe interface leads to substantially reduced parasitic absorption in the Mo back contact. Parasitic absorption in the back contact can be further reduced by fabricating CIGSe cells on top of a SiO2-patterned In2O3:Sn (ITO) back contact. Simulations show that these semitransparent cells have similar spectrally averaged reflection and absorption in the CIGSe active layer as a Mo-based patterned cell, demonstrating that the absorption losses in the Mo can be partially turned into transmission through the semitransparent geometry.
Preface for the Special Issue on the Capture of Carbon Dioxide From Industrial Sources:  Technological Developments and Future Opportunities (2006)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEEditorialNEXTPreface for the Special Issue on the Capture of Carbon Dioxide From Industrial Sources: Technological Developments and Future OpportunitiesCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2006, 45, 8, 2413Publication Date (Web):February 11, 2006Publication History Published online11 February 2006Published inissue 1 April 2006https://doi.org/10.1021/ie0680019Copyright © 2006 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views936Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (11 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Absorption,Climate change,Power,Solvents Get e-Alerts
Period doubling of a torus in a chain of oscillators (1994)

We have experimentally studied the transition to chaos in a quasi-one-dimensional chain of nonlinear coupled oscillators, with periodic boundary conditions. We show that as long as the dynamics are not chaotic, this transition follows an unusual scenario: the period doubling of a ${\mathit{T}}^{2}$ torus. During this scenario all oscillators remain in phase. When the chain of oscillators bifurcates to chaos, it loses its spatial homogeneity and localized wave holes randomly propagate along the chain.