gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Maintaining fertility in the Wisconsin drift soil area of Iowa (1914)

Ten years of experiments at Ames on the principal Iowa type of the Wisconsin drift soil point clearly to the fact that the farming systems of this large soil area must be modified if the land is to be kept permanently fertile.\nThese modified systems of farming, as the results of the Ames test show, must be based on a definite rotation of crops, including some legume which is turned under as a green manure or fed to livestock on the farm. It must make provision for the careful saving of all manure produced on the farm and its most effective use, for it is the cheapest and best fertilizer. With grain farming, the need of a legume in the rotation to be turned under is especially urgent to keep up the soil’s nitrogen content. Some time in the future .the use of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers must be considered, though at present they do not seem necessary on the particular soils tested. Drainage is all important and is a first requisite to satisfactory yields on the Wisconsin drift area. Thorough cultivation is likewise essential and there is need of testing for acidity and the application of lime where the soils are sour.
Going to war (2008)

It is the achievement of Bloch and Norman Angell to have shown that even a successful conflict between modern states can bring no material gain. We can now look forward with something like confidence to the time when war between civilised nations will be considered as antiquated as the duel, and when the peacemakers shall be called the children of God.G. P. Gooch, The History of Our Time: 1885–1913
Long-wavelength infrared surface plasmons on Ga-doped ZnO films excited via 2D hole arrays for extraordinary optical transmission (2013)

Extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) through highly conductive ZnO films with sub-wavelength hole arrays is investigated in the long-wavelength infrared regime. EOT is facilitated by the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and can be tuned utilizing the physical structure size such as period. Pulse laser deposited Ga-doped ZnO has been shown to have fluctuations in optical and electrical parameters based on fabrication techniques, providing a complimentary tuning means. The sub-wavelength 2D hole arrays are fabricated in the Ga-doped ZnO films via standard lithography and etching processes. Optical reflection measurements completed with a microscope coupled FTIR system contain absorption resonances that are in agreement with analytical theories for excitation of SPPs on 2D structures. EOT through Ga-doped ZnO is numerically demonstrated at wavelengths where SPPs are excited. This highly conductive ZnO EOT structure may prove useful in novel integrated components such as tunable biosensors or surface plasmon coupling mechanisms.
A readout chip for a 64/spl times/64 pixel matrix with 15-bit single photon counting (1998)

A single Photon Counting pixel detector readout Chip (PCC) has been derived from previous work in the CERN RD19 collaboration for particle physics tracking devices, recently developed for high energy physics experiments. The readout chip is a 64/spl times/64 matrix of identical 170 /spl mu/m/spl times/170 /spl mu/m cells. It is to be bump-bonded to an equally segmented 1 cm matrix of semiconductor sensors, e.g., Si or GaAs. Each readout cell comprises a preamplifier, a discriminator and a 15-bit counter. The input noise is 170 e-rms. At the lowest nominal threshold of 1400 e- (5.1 keV in Si) the cells exhibit a threshold distribution with a spread before adjustment of 350 e-rms. Each cell has a 5-bit register which allows masking, test-enable and 3-bit individual threshold adjust. After adjustment the threshold spread is reduced to 80 e-rms. Absolute calibration of the electrically measured equivalent charge can be done once the readout chip is bump-bonded to a detector.
Identification and molecular genetic analysis of the cichorine gene cluster in Aspergillus nidulans (2012)

We recently demonstrated that the phytotoxin cichorine is produced by Aspergillus nidulans. Through a set of targeted deletions, we have found a cluster of seven genes that are required for its biosynthesis. Two of the deletions yielded molecules that give information about the biosynthesis of this metabolite.
Microbiome of prebiotic-treated mice reveals novel targets involved in host response during obesity (2014)

The gut microbiota is involved in metabolic and immune disorders associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. We previously demonstrated that prebiotic treatment may significantly improve host health by modulating bacterial species related to the improvement of gut endocrine, barrier and immune functions. An analysis of the gut metagenome is needed to determine which bacterial functions and taxa are responsible for beneficial microbiota-host interactions upon nutritional intervention. We subjected mice to prebiotic (Pre) treatment under physiological (control diet: CT) and pathological conditions (high-fat diet: HFD) for 8 weeks and investigated the production of intestinal antimicrobial peptides and the gut microbiome. HFD feeding significantly decreased the expression of regenerating islet-derived 3-gamma (Reg3g) and phospholipase A2 group-II (PLA2g2) in the jejunum. Prebiotic treatment increased Reg3g expression (by ∼50-fold) and improved intestinal homeostasis as suggested by the increase in the expression of intectin, a key protein involved in intestinal epithelial cell turnover. Deep metagenomic sequencing analysis revealed that HFD and prebiotic treatment significantly affected the gut microbiome at different taxonomic levels. Functional analyses based on the occurrence of clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) of proteins also revealed distinct profiles for the HFD, Pre, HFD-Pre and CT groups. Finally, the gut microbiota modulations induced by prebiotics counteracted HFD-induced inflammation and related metabolic disorders. Thus, we identified novel putative taxa and metabolic functions that may contribute to the development of or protection against the metabolic alterations observed during HFD feeding and HFD-Pre feeding.
Radiation-Induced DNA Damage: Formation, Measurement, and Biochemical Features (2004)

Most of the reactions induced by *OH radicals (indirect effects) and by one-electron oxidation (direct effects) as the result of exposure to ionizing radiation may be described for the four main DNA nucleobases. Relevant information is now available on the formation of single and tandem base lesions implicating guanine as the most susceptible DNA component to the deleterious effects of ionizing radiation. In contrast, there is still a paucity of information on the radiation-induced formation of base damage within cellular DNA. This is mostly a result of difficulties associated with the measurement of oxidized purine and pyrimidine bases that appear to be generated in very low yields. This is illustrated by the measurement of low amounts of E. coli formamidopyrimidine glycosylase- and endonuclease-III-sensitive sites in the DNA of neoplastic monocytes upon exposure to gamma rays (48 and 53 per 10(9) bases and per Gy, respectively) using a modified comet assay (the overall number of strand breaks and alkali-labile sites was estimated to be 130 per 10(9) bases and per Gy). More specifically, the level of several radiation-induced modified bases, including thymine glycols, 5-formyluracil, 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine, and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroadenine, together with related formamidopyrimidine derivatives was assessed using the suitable HPLC-MS/MS method. Information is also provided on the substrate specificity of DNA repair enzymes and the mutagenic potential of base lesions using site-specific modified oligonucleotides as the probes.
Monitoring and Physical-Layer Attack Mitigation in SDN-Controlled Quantum Key Distribution Networks (2019)

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has been identified as a secure method for providing symmetric keys between two parties based on the fundamental laws of quantum physics, making it impossible for a third party to copy the quantum states exchanged without being detected by the sender (Alice) and receiver (Bob) and without altering the original states. However, when QKD is applied in a deployed optical network, physical-layer intrusions may occur in the optical links by injecting harmful signals directly into the optical fiber. This can have a detrimental effect on the key distribution and eventually lead to its disruption. On the other hand, network architectures with software-defined networking (SDN) benefit from a homogeneous and unified control plane that can seamlessly control a QKD-enabled optical network end-to-end. There is no need for a separate QKD control, a separate control for each segment of an optical network, and an orchestrator to coordinate between these parts. Furthermore, SDN allows customized and application-tailored control and algorithm provisioning, such as QKD-aware optical path computation, to be deployed in the network, independent of the underlying infrastructure. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate the integration of the application, SDN, and QKD infrastructure layers and confirm capability for flexible supervision and uninterrupted key service provisioning in the event of link level attacks. An experimental demonstrator is used, for the first time, to verify the architecture proposed, considering real-time monitoring of quantum parameters and fiber-optic link intruders to emulate real-world conditions. Furthermore, attacks on a standard single-mode fiber (via a 3 dB coupler) and a multicore fiber (via an adjacent core) are undertaken to explore different connectivity between QKD units. Results show additional attacker identification and switching time of less than 60 ms for the link cases investigated, being negligible compared to the total (re-)initialization time of 14 min of the QKD units.
A VLSI photonics platform for microwave photonic applications (2005)

A new low-loss high-index-contrast photonics platform has been developed for integrated optics and microwave photonics. The platform consists of a material system that has an index contrast that is adjustable from 0 to 25% and which is processed using conventional CMOS tools. The platform allows one to four orders of magnitude reduction in the size of optical components compared with conventional planar technologies. As an example, meter long path lengths occupy coils that are millimeters in diameter. Microwave photonic building blocks that are enabled include large bit count programmable delay lines for beam steering and shaping that fit in less than a square centimeter and which have delays controllable from 5 fsec to 10 nsec. Also enabled are arrays of high order tunable filters, a hundred micrometers in size, having linewidths ranging from tens of MHz to tens of GHz. These filters can be tuned over several hundred GHz, and when placed in Vernier architectures can be tuned across the C band (5 THz). An optical chip typically consists of dozens of optical elements. Each element is placed in its own micro-control loop that consists of a thin film heater for thermo-optic control and a thermistor for electronic feedback. The micro-control loops impart intelligence to the optical chip.
Thinning Activity of Benzyladenine on Several Apple Cultivars (1990)

Postbloom sprays of BA thinned `McIntosh', `Delicious', `Golden Delicious', `Mutsu, `Empire', and `Abas' apples. BA at 75 to 100 mg·liter -1 was equal to NAA at 6 to 7.5 mg·liter -1 or carbaryl at 600 to 800 mg·liter -1 . BA increased fruit size, flesh firmness, and soluble solids concentration (SSC) on all cultivars evaluated. Since BA is applied during the time when cell division is occurring, it is concluded that the increased fruit size and flesh firmness were due to Increased cell numbers. Increased SSC was not due solely to increased leaf: fruit ratio. Thinning with BA was additive with other chemical thinners and no interactions were found on fruit abscission. In most eases, BA increased return bloom. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)1H-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)]; 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 1-naphthalenyl methylcarbamate (carbaryl); butanedioic acid mono(2,2dimethylhydrazide (daminozide); (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Heringʼs Law and Eyebrow Position (1998)

A patient with bilateral but asymmetrical brow ptosis is presented in whom the frontalis action on the relative position of the eyebrows could be demonstrated to obey Hering's law of equal innervation. The neurological basis for this finding is discussed, along with the implications for the surgical management of brow ptosis.
A mutation that enhances synthesis of sigma 32 and suppresses temperature-sensitive growth of the rpoH15 mutant of Escherichia coli (1990)

The rpoH15 mutant cannot grow at or above 34 degrees C, because it produces an altered sigma 32 protein that is largely deficient in the transcription of the heat shock genes. Extragenic suppressor mutations (suhB) located at 55 min on the Escherichia coli chromosome endowed the mutant cell with the ability to grow at 40 degrees C and the inability to grow at 25 degrees C. One such mutation (suhB2), studied in detail, markedly enhanced the rate of sigma 32 synthesis and the rpoH mRNA level during steady-state growth at 37 to 40 degrees C but little affected the cellular content of sigma 32 or the induction of heat shock proteins. In the isogenic rpoH+ strain, neither sigma 32 synthesis nor the rpoH mRNA level was enhanced by the suhB suppressor. Furthermore, expression of the rpoH-lacZ gene fusion, but not the operon fusion, was much higher in the suhB mutant than in the wild type or the suhB rpoH+ strain, indicating that suhB affects rpoH expression primarily at the level of translation. suhB probably acts to increase sigma 32 synthesis by affecting the regulatory circuit of rpoH expression or by modulating certain parameters in protein synthesis. Consistent with these findings, overproduction of the mutant (rpoH15) sigma 32 by multicopy plasmid enabled the rpoH15 or delta rpoH (deletion) mutant to grow at up to 40 degrees C. Plasmids containing an E. coli DNA segment of 1.0 kilobase could complement the cold-sensitive phenotype of the suhB2 mutant. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the segment contained an open reading frame encoding a protein of 29,128 daltons.
Analysis of Characteristics of Spatio-temporal Evolution of Land Use in Inhabited Islands of Pearl River Estuary (2011)

Abstract Under the support of the remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) techniques, we acquire the land use data in 1990 and 2008 regarding 6 inhabited islands, namely Longxue Island, Hengmen Island, Weiyuan Island, Oi'ao Island, Hengqin Island and Gaolan Island in Pearl River Estuary . By using dynamic degree of land use, land use change intensity, relative change rate and other indicators, we conduct quantitative description, and thus quantitatively and qualitatively analyze characteristics of temporal evolution and law of spatial pattern change concerning land use of each island. The study indicates that in the period 1990 2008, the area of construction land and water in 6 islands increased, while the area of agricultural land and unused land increased in some islands and decreased in others. The land use change shows spatial disparity; the holistic land use change degree in Hengmen Island is higher than that of other islands; the dynamic degree of land use, intensity of land use, and relative change rate differ in different islands.
Hair growth‐promotion effects of different alternating current parameter settings are mediated by the activation of Wnt/<i>β</i>‐catenin and <scp>MAPK</scp> pathway (2015)

Electrical stimulation is being used in variable skin therapeutic conditions. There have been clinical studies demonstrating the positive effect of electrical stimuli on hair regrowth. However, the underlying exact mechanism and optimal parameter settings are not clarified yet. To investigate the effects of different parameter settings of electrical stimuli on hair growth by examining changes in human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) in vitro and by observing molecular changes in animal tissue. In vitro, cultured hDPCs were electrically stimulated with different parameter settings at alternating current (AC). Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. The Ki67 expression was measured by immunofluorescence. Hair growth-related gene expressions were measured by RT-PCR. In animal model, different parameter settings of AC were applied to the shaved dorsal skin of rabbit for 8 weeks. Expression of hair-related genes in the skin of rabbit was examined by RT-PCR. At low voltage power (3.5 V) and low frequency (1 or 2 MHz) with AC, in vitro proliferation of hDPCs was successfully induced. A significant increase in Wnt/β-catenin, Ki67, p-ERK and p-AKT expressions was observed under the aforementioned settings. In animal model, hair regrowth was observed in the entire stimulated areas under individual conditions. Expression of hair-related genes in the skin significantly increased on the 6th week of treatment. There are optimal conditions for electrical stimulated hair growth, and they might be different in the cells, animals and human tissues. Electrical stimuli induce mechanisms such as the activation of Wnt/β-catenin and MAPK pathway in hair follicles.
Struggling Between Aspirations to Innovate and the Tyranny of Reality (2010)

In this paper, I reflect on over twenty years of teaching interpreting, evolving from a “listen and interpret” teacher to an aspirant for innovation. There are discussions of how I broke out of the comfort zone of notions of “accuracy” and “correct interpretation,” but the focus of the paper is on how a broadened vision enabled me to formulate my own teaching philosophies and on how I am teaching interpreting in an evolved regime. I will also discuss the outcomes of the innovations. As will be shown, there are positive outcomes for the students, the innovator, and the university. But there are also disappointing outcomes, including emerging signs of the unsustainability of the innovations vis-à-vis the commercial reality of interpreter education programs in Australia. I concede that I have not been able to reconcile the innovative teaching of interpreting and the pressure of commercial forces. However, I would like to think that if discussions and debates can be generated, more ideas may emerge that will eventually make innovations more acceptable. This paper is intended to stimulate such discussions and debates.
Engineered unnatural ubiquitin for optimal detection of deubiquitinating enzymes (2020)

Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are responsible for removing ubiquitin (Ub) from its protein conjugates. DUBs have been implicated as attractive therapeutic targets in the treatment of viral diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. The lack of selective chemical tools for the exploration of these enzymes significantly impairs the determination of their roles in both normal and pathological states. Commercially available fluorogenic substrates are based on the C-terminal Ub motif or contain Ub coupled to a fluorophore (Z-LRGG-AMC, Ub-AMC); therefore, these substrates suffer from lack of selectivity. By using a hybrid combinatorial substrate library (HyCoSuL) and a defined P2 library containing a wide variety of nonproteinogenic amino acids, we established a full substrate specificity profile for two DUBs-MERS PLpro and human UCH-L3. Based on these results, we designed and synthesized Ub-based substrates and activity-based probes (ABPs) containing selected unnatural amino acids located in the C-terminal Ub motif. Biochemical analysis and cell lysate experiments confirmed the activity and selectivity of engineered Ub-based substrates and probes. Using this approach, we propose that for any protease that recognizes Ub and Ub-like substrates, a highly active and selective unnatural substrate or probe can be engineered.
Role of fatty acids in growth‐promoting effect of serum albumin on hamster cells in vitro (1978)

Dialyzed serum albumin had considerable growth-promoting effect on cultivated hamster cells. This effect was virtually lost on removal of the fatty acids, and it was completely restored by recombination of the fatty acid-free albumin with the isolated and purified fatty acids. The role of albumin itself appeared to be largely that of a carrier of fatty acids, protecting the cells against toxic effects of fatty acids in free solution. This conclusion was based on two observations: Fatty acids in the absence of albumin were growth-inhibitory except in extremely dilute solutions, and beta-lactoglobulin, a protein possessing, like albumin, the ability to bind and release fatty acids, could replace albumin in the presence of fatty acids with similar growth-promoting effect. Examination of individual molecular types of fatty acids showed that all unsaturated acids tested were growth-promoting, whereas the saturated acids were growth-inhibiting, with the exception of stearic acid in low concentrations. Although the possibility of a mitotic triggering effect was not excluded, the fatty acids presumably stimulated growth by providing substrate for cellular metabolism, since there was a direct relationship between the degree of growth stimulation and the duration of exposure of cells to the fatty acids.
η<sup>2</sup>-Organoazide Complexes of Nickel and Their Conversion to Terminal Imido Complexes <i>via</i> Dinitrogen Extrusion (2008)

1-Adamantyl- and mesitylazide react with [(dtbpe)Ni]2(eta2-mu-C6H6) to give the eta2 organic azide adducts (dtbpe)Ni(eta2-N3R) (R = Ad, 3a; Mes, 3b) that have been isolated in good yields and crystallographically characterized. These azide adducts are intermediates in the formation of the corresponding terminal imido complexes (dtbpe)NiNR (R = Ad, 4a; Mes, 4b), undergoing intramolecular loss of dinitrogen upon mild thermolysis.
The Optimistic Direct Access File System: Design and Network Interface Support (2002)

Abstract | The emergence of commercially-available net-work interface controllers (NICs) with remote direct mem-ory access (RDMA) capability and the prospect of their tighter integration with the host memory system moti-vate the design of distributed systems based on an RDMA paradigm. A recent example is the Direct Access File Sys-tem (DAFS). DAFS clients communicate requests to servers using lightweight Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) based on low-overhead message passing. Data can be transmitted ei-ther in-line with the messages, or via server-initiated RDMA independent of the messages. DAFS clients do not initiate RDMA, despite the potentially lower latency of this mech-anism for short transfers. With current NICs, servers that export their entire le cache would have to resort to ex-cessive page wiring to guarantee success of client-initiated RDMA operations. In this paper we present the design of the Optimistic Di-rect Access File System, a distributed lesystem that en-hances DAFS by enabling clients to directly access remote memory pages of cached les exported by servers. Using our proposed NIC support, exported pages are not per-manently wired in physical memory except during RDMA operations referencing them. Client RDMA attempts for pages that are no longer memory-resident result in excep-tions thrown by the RDMA target (server) and caught by the initiator (client), prompting a switch to an alternative access method. We present simulation results showing that optimistic client-initiated RDMA seldom fails when client working sets t in server physical memory. Microbench-marks with a prototype RDMA-capable NIC designed to support the Optimistic Direct Access File System show that client-initiated RDMA can achieve lower le access latency when compared to le access using RPC. The applicability of optimistic client-initiated RDMA extends to other domains, such as Distributed Shared Memory systems. I.