gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In Vitro and in Vivo Interactions of Bisphenol A and Its Metabolite, Bisphenol A Glucuronide, with Estrogen Receptors α and β (2000)

The estrogenic activities of bisphenol A (BPA) and its major metabolite BPA glucuronide (BPA-G) were assessed in a number of in vitro and in vivo assays. BPA competed with [3H]-17beta-estradiol (E2) for binding to mouse uterine cytosol ER, a glutathione S-transferase (GST)-human ER D, E, and F domain fusion protein (GST-hERalphadef) and full-length recombinant hERbeta. The IC(50) values for E2 were similar for all three receptor preparations, whereas BPA competed more effectively for binding to hERbeta (0.96 microM) than to either mouse uterine cytosol ER (26 microM) or GST-hERalphadef (36 microM). In contrast, BPA-G did not competitively displace [3H]E2 from any of the ER preparations. In MCF-7 cells transiently transfected with Gal4-hERalphadef or Gal4-hERbetadef, BPA induced reporter gene activity with comparable EC(50) values (71 and 39 microM, respectively). No significant induction of reporter gene activity was seen for BPA-G. Cotreatment studies showed that concentrations of (10 microM) BPA and BPA-G did not antagonize E2-induced luciferase mediated through either Gal4-hERalphadef or Gal4-hERbetadef. In vivo, the uterotropic effect of gavage or subcutaneous (sc) administration of 0.002-800 mg of BPA/kg of body weight/day for three consecutive days was examined in immature rats. Dose-related estrogenic effects on the rat uterus were observed at oral doses of 200 and 800 mg/kg and at sc doses of 10, 100, and 800 mg/kg. These results demonstrate that BPA competes more effectively for binding to ERbeta, but induces ERalpha- and ERbeta-mediated gene expression with comparable efficacy. In contrast, BPA-G did not exhibit any in vitro estrogenic activity. In addition, there was a clear route dependency on the ability of BPA to induce estrogenic responses in vivo.
Adaptive GOP structure determination in hierarchical B picture coding for the extension of H.264/AVC (2008)

The hierarchical B-picture coding is introduced into the extension of H.264/AVC in order to improve coding performance and provide strong temporal scalability as well. In general, coding performance is affected by the content variation in GOP. Therefore, the ways to determine the size of GOP (group of picture) is a critical problem for video coding. In this paper, the adaptive GOP structure determination scheme is proposed to select the appropriate GOP size with content complexity consideration. Experimental results show that the proposed method can provide better PSNR performance compared to the highest GOP setting in the existing hierarchical B-picture coding of H.264/AVC.
Clearance of complement by human vascular endothelial cells: effects of hypoxia/reoxygenation and IL-1beta activation (2005)

Antibody-mediated rejection is characterized by deposits of complement (C) C4 and C3 split products on endothelial cells (ECs). C3 split products are critical mechanistically and diagnostically because they are deposited in amplified quantities, bind covalently to ECs and act as ligands for leukocytes. This study was designed to determine whether cultured vascular human ECs could clear covalently bound C3 split products from their surface. An immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody against beta(2)-microglobulin of major histocompatibility complex class I antigens was used to activate C in human serum. Some cells were exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation and/or interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) prior to incubation with antibody. C3b/iC3b and C3d deposition on the cell surface was measured by flow cytometry. Incubation with antibody followed by human serum caused a dose-dependent deposition of C3b/iC3b and C3d. Over half of deposited C3b/iC3b and one-third of C3d were cleared from the cell surface during a 3-7-h incubation period with human serum. Neither hypoxia/reoxygenation nor IL-1beta further increased the deposition of C3b/iC3b and C3d, and only slightly modulated their rates of clearance. In summary, human ECs rapidly clear iC3b and C3d from their surface. This finding may have important diagnostic and mechanistic implications to transplantation because C3d is used as a marker of antibody-mediated rejection.
Increased immunogenicity of tumors bearing mutant p53 and P1A epitopes after transduction of B7-1 via recombinant adenovirus. (1997)

The majority of human solid tumors are likely to express protein epitopes which can act as targets for cytotoxic T cells, but these are frequently not effectively recognized. We tested whether the introduction of the costimulatory molecule B7-1 using a recombinant adenovirus (Ad-B7) can result in effective induction of epitope-specific immunity in two tumor models that express defined endogenous protein epitopes: D459, a fibroblast-derived cell line transfected with a human missense mutant p53 (C to Y at position 135), and P815, a mastocytoma expressing the endogenous tumor epitope P1A. Under the conditions studied, both of these tumors grow and kill their hosts without evidence of significant immune rejection. However, after transduction with the adenovirus containing B7-1, both of these tumors lose tumorigenicity and elicit specific cellular immunity to the mutant p53 epitope in D459 and P1A in P815. In addition, animals exposed to B7-transduced tumor cells were protected from subsequent challenge with nontransduced tumor. Adenovirus has distinct advantages for this approach, as it has high infectivity not requiring in vitro culture, low lytic potential, and transient expression of sufficient duration for immunologic effectiveness but without significant concern over permanent genetic modification. We conclude that transduction of tumor cells with Ad-B7 can increase the immunogenicity of endogenous protein epitopes and may represent a practical therapeutic approach to system human cancers.
Advances in optical angular momentum (2008)

Abstract Some 16 years ago, Allen et al. [Phys. Rev. A 45 , 8185 (1992)] recognised that laser beams which carried an angular momentum additional to photon spin, could be realized in the laboratory. Such beams have helical phase fronts and so have an azimuthal component to the Poynting vector, which results in angular momentum along the beam axis. This orbital angular momentum, very often combined with spin to make optical angular momentum, has given rise to many developments. These range from optical spanners for driving micro‐machines to high dimensional quantum entanglement and new opportunities in quantum information processing. The concept of orbital angular momentum is now leading to new understanding of a wide range of phenomena, including fundamental processes in Bose‐Einstein condensates, while the associated technologies have led to new applications in optical tweezing and microscopy.
Constant envelope signal space diversity (2014)

We propose a nonlinear signal space diversity (SSD) precoding technique that produces transmit signals that have constant envelope (CE) in discrete time, resulting in low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) waveforms after pulse-shape filtering. We propose two methods for construction of CE signal set. While the proposed CE-SSD scheme is inferior to the conventional SSD designs in terms of coding gain performance, it performs better in terms of overall power efficiency because of the reduced back-off requirement of the power amplifier (PA).
CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) and cohesin influence the genomic architecture of the <i>Igh</i> locus and antisense transcription in pro-B cells (2011)

Compaction and looping of the ~2.5-Mb Igh locus during V(D)J rearrangement is essential to allow all V(H) genes to be brought in proximity with D(H)-J(H) segments to create a diverse antibody repertoire, but the proteins directly responsible for this are unknown. Because CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) has been demonstrated to be involved in long-range chromosomal interactions, we hypothesized that CTCF may promote the contraction of the Igh locus. ChIP sequencing was performed on pro-B cells, revealing colocalization of CTCF and Rad21 binding at ~60 sites throughout the V(H) region and 2 other sites within the Igh locus. These numerous CTCF/cohesin sites potentially form the bases of the multiloop rosette structures at the Igh locus that compact during Ig heavy chain rearrangement. To test whether CTCF was involved in locus compaction, we used 3D-FISH to measure compaction in pro-B cells transduced with CTCF shRNA retroviruses. Reduction of CTCF binding resulted in a decrease in Igh locus compaction. Long-range interactions within the Igh locus were measured with the chromosomal conformation capture assay, revealing direct interactions between CTCF sites 5' of DFL16 and the 3' regulatory region, and also the intronic enhancer (Eμ), creating a D(H)-J(H)-Eμ-C(H) domain. Knockdown of CTCF also resulted in the increase of antisense transcription throughout the D(H) region and parts of the V(H) locus, suggesting a widespread regulatory role for CTCF. Together, our findings demonstrate that CTCF plays an important role in the 3D structure of the Igh locus and in the regulation of antisense germline transcription and that it contributes to the compaction of the Igh locus.
An exploration of the cold gas-dynamic spray method for several materials systems (1995)

This paper reports activities of a consortium of companies formed under the aegis of the National Center for Manufacturing Sciences (NCMS) to explore a cold gas-dynamic spray method (CGSM) developed in Russia by Alkhimov, Papyrin and coworkers. In this spray process metal powder particles develop into a coating as a result of ballistic impingement on a suitable substrate. In some instances, surface preparation of the substrate using such traditional methods as grit blasting is unnecessary. The spray nozzle used in this process has been designed so as to permit introduction of powder particles into a preheated gas stream which is then rendered supersonic by expansion through a converging-diverging throat, with accompanying temperature reduction. Thus, the temperature of the gas stream is always below the melting point of the particulate material, providing coatings developed primarily from particles in the solid state. The fundamentals of CGSM are reviewed and results from several material combinations explored in the first phase of the research program are presented. Experimental coatings including copper on alumina ceramic, steel on cast aluminum, and a chromium carbide composite on titanium were produced. Typical microstructures, porosity, adhesion, and physical characteristics of these coatings are discussed.
Some Counteractive Effects of Antitranspirants (1972)

Some previously unexpected effects of antitranspirants on stomata and plant growth are described, and their implications are discussed. Antitranspirant films increase the resistance to diffusion of water vapor from stomata. This increases leaf water potential and results in wider stomatal apertures immediately under the film, as well as on those parts of a partially treated leaf which are not covered by the film. Antitranspirants are expected to curtail growth via reduced photosynthesis. However, by increasing plant water potential they can enhance the growth of fruits and shoots.
Stimulated emission depletion microscopy to study amyloid fibril formation (2015)

Aggregation of misfolded proteins is a characteristic hallmark of many neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s diseases. The ability to observe these aggregation processes and the corresponding structures formed <i>in vitro</i> or <i>in situ</i> is therefore a key requirement to understand the molecular mechanisms of these diseases. We report here on the implementation and application of Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) microscopy to visualize the formation of amyloid fibrils <i>in vitro</i>.
Information sharing and team performance: A meta-analysis. (2009)

Information sharing is a central process through which team members collectively utilize their available informational resources. The authors used meta-analysis to synthesize extant research on team information sharing. Meta-analytic results from 72 independent studies (total groups = 4,795; total N = 17,279) demonstrate the importance of information sharing to team performance, cohesion, decision satisfaction, and knowledge integration. Although moderators were identified, information sharing positively predicted team performance across all levels of moderators. The information sharing-team performance relationship was moderated by the representation of information sharing (as uniqueness or openness), performance criteria, task type, and discussion structure by uniqueness (a 3-way interaction). Three factors affecting team information processing were found to enhance team information sharing: task demonstrability, discussion structure, and cooperation. Three factors representing decreasing degrees of member redundancy were found to detract from team information sharing: information distribution, informational interdependence, and member heterogeneity.
Characteristics of Medium‐ and Fine‐Textured Humic‐Gley Soils of Ohio (1958)

Abstract Humic‐Gley soils are an important soil group in Ohio. In some western Ohio counties they comprise 20 to 25% of the upland soils derived from calcareous till. In the lake plain area of northwestern Ohio they are the dominant soil group. These soils have developed under conditions of poor or very poor drainage. Profile descriptions and data for a number of prominent series developed from medium‐ and fine‐textured materials are used to characterize the Humic‐Gley soils. Variations in texture profile and B horizon development are shown. The horizon of maximum clay content is relatively near the surface in many profiles, and shows maximum development of strong, fine or medium, angular blocky structure and noticeable clay coatings on ped surfaces. Such horizons are considered the B 2 subhorizon even though the dark surface color extends to this depth. Reaction ranges from medium acid to neutral or mildly alkaline and remains relatively uniform or increases with depth. Base saturation is high. For 9 profiles base saturation at the surface ranges between 49 and 83% (only one profile below 69%) and increases with depth, approaching or reaching 100% in the lower part of the solum. Calcium is the predominant cation. A high‐calcium status of the parent material appears to be associated with the formation of Humic‐Gley soils. Organic matter content is high. For 53 cultivated profiles the organic matter content ranges between 9.0 and 3.2% with a medium value of 5.4%. The organic matter content of the surface layer of 5 forested profiles varies between 8.3 and 11.8%. The carbon‐nitrogen ratios vary between 10.3 and 14.0 in surface layers. The carbonnitrogen ratio decreases with depth. Both illite and montmorillonite appear to be the common clay minerals of Humic‐Gley soils.
The P1 vector system for the preparation and screening of genomic libraries. (1994)

In retrospect, it is remarkable how swiftly the P1 cloning system has progressed in only a few years from a novel cloning system to one now widely used for the production of recombinant libraries and the building of physical maps. As the libraries become larger, better characterized and more widely distributed, we certainly will see a blossoming of research articles and techniques based on the use of P1 recombinant clones. Specifically, we can look forward to scanning P1 clones for expressed sequences (N. Sternberg, personal communication), routine retrofitting of P1 clones with a combination of transposon and P1 transduction techniques (3), the random or loxP-directed (68,69) insertion of P1 clones into host genomes and the subsequent production of transgenic animals (63), a further use of P1 clones in the building of contigs and physical maps, an a higher in vitro cloning efficiency due to the purification of the P1 pacase proteins used during in vitro packaging (70). In summary, P1 bacteriophage cloning is favorably impacting research today and will continue to fill an important niche as a genomic cloning system.
Optimized gearbox design (2010)

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A comparison of eukaryotic viral 5′-leader sequences as enhancers of mRNA expression<i>in vivo</i> (1987)

The 5'-untranslated leader sequences of several plant RNA viruses, and a portion of the 5'-leader of an animal retrovirus, were tested for their ability to enhance expression of contiguous open reading frames for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) or beta-glucuronidase (GUS) in tobacco mesophyll protoplasts, Escherichia coli and oocytes of Xenopus laevis. Translation of capped or uncapped transcripts was substantially enhanced in almost all systems by the leader sequence of either the U1 or SPS strain of TMV. All leader sequences, except that of TYMV, stimulated expression of 5'-capped GUS mRNA with the native prokaryotic initiation codon context, in electroporated protoplasts. Only the TMV leaders enhanced translation of uncapped GUS mRNAs in protoplasts and increased expression of uncapped CAT mRNA in microinjected X. laevis oocytes. In oocytes, the TYMV leader sequence was inhibitory. In transformed E. coli, the TMV-U1 leader enhanced expression of both the native and eukaryotic context forms of GUS mRNA about 7.5-fold, despite the absence of a Shine-Dalgarno region in any of the transcripts. The absolute levels of GUS activity were all about 6-fold higher with mRNAs containing the native initiation codon context. In E. coli, the leaders of AlMV RNA4 and TYMV were moderately stimulatory whereas those of BMV RNA3, RSV and the SPS strain of TMV enhanced GUS expression by only 2- to 3-fold.
Culture of human insulinoma cells: development of a neuroendocrine tumor cell- and human pancreatic islet cell-specific monoclonal antibody (1998)

We report on the culture of human insulinoma cells derived from a 32-year-old male patient with hyperinsulinism due to an insulinoma of the pancreas. A single-cell suspension was made by passing insulinoma fragments through a fine-gauge stainless-steel mesh. Cluster-forming insulinoma cells resembling pancreatic islets grew in the presence of fibroblasts. The insulinoma cell clusters could be differentiated from fibroblasts by using in situ pan optic staining and specific immunocytochemical staining (anti-human insulin and anti-human insulinoma monoclonal antibody (mAb) D24). mAb D24 was generated using insulinoma cells as antigen for immunization of a Balb/C mouse and cell fusion by the hybridoma cell technique. The anti-insulinoma cell mAb recognized a 32 kDa protein on immunoblot analysis of neuroendocrine tumor cells. D24 mAb also reacted immunohistochemically with normal pancreatic beta-cells and tumors such as vipoma, gastrinoma and carcinoid. Insulinoma cell clusters separated from fibroblasts by micromanipulation and plated into multiwell culture dishes exhibited an insulin-secretion rate of approximately 30 U/100 cells per 24 h with no insulin-secretory response to elevated glucose concentration. Purified insulinoma cells incubated with 1 ng/ml human nerve growth factor expressed neurofilament and neurite extension. These findings together with earlier observations in animal models suggest that human pancreatic beta-cells share some properties with neurons and are related to other neuroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract.
Serum Soluble Interleukin‐2 Receptor Levels in Patients with Adult T‐cell Leukemia and Human T‐cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Virus Type‐I Seropositive Healthy Carriers (1988)

Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, we measured the soluble interleukin 2 receptor (s-IL-2R) levels in the sera of patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) in Japan. The s-IL-2R levels in the sera of the ATL patients were markedly higher (range 540-310, 400 U/ml, mean +/- SD = 62,800 +/- 81,000 U/ml, n = 42) than those in normal individuals (range 42-950 U/ml, mean +/- SD = 322 +/- 198 U/ml, n = 35, P less than 0.01). The patients with acute-type or lymphoma-type ATL had high s-IL-2R levels (range 11,900-310,400 U/ml, mean +/- SD = 110,340 +/- 370 U/ml, n = 15; range 26,400-214,400 U/ml, mean +/- SD = 90,170 +/- 59,040 U/ml, n = 7, respectively). All of the patients with hypercalcemia (Ca greater than 10 mg/dl) or elevated serum LDH levels (LDH greater than 500 IU/liter) also had s-IL-2R levels above 10,000 U/ml. The high s-IL-2R levels in the sera of ATL patients indicate abnormal IL-2 receptor production and its release from the leukemic cells in vivo. Thus, the serum s-IL-2R level may be a sensitive and useful marker to monitor the total amount of tumor cells in ATL, especially in the lymphoma type. We next examined the serum s-IL-2R levels in human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type-I (HTLV-I) seropositive healthy carriers to investigate whether there might be abnormal IL-2 receptor expression in such individuals. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the s-IL-2R level of 71 HTLV-I seropositive healthy carriers (range 65-880 U/ml, mean +/- SD = 394 +/- 212 U/ml) and that of 71 age- and sex-matched normal individuals (range 33-950 U/ml, mean +/- SD = 357 +/- 224 U/ml) who lived in Okinawa Prefecture.
Virtual Environment Interaction Techniques (1995)

Virtual environments have shown considerable promise as a natural (and thus it is hoped more effective) form of human-computer interaction. In a virtual world you can use your eyes, ears, and hands much as you do in the real world: move your head to set your viewpoint, listen to sounds that have direction, reach out your hands to grab and
Fatigue Crack Growth in High Load Capacity Rubber Laminates (1986)

Abstract The main conclusion from the work reported here is that the rate of fatigue crack growth in high load capacity and high shape factor rubber/steel laminates loaded in compression can be predicted from a tearing energy ( i.e. , fracture mechanics) theory of fracture. This conclusion is not just a point of scientific interest but is potentially of practical value in the design of many rubber engineering components. There is now a growing body of evidence that by adopting suitable simplifying assumptions, the fracture mechanics approach can successfully describe the fracture behaviour of rubber composites even when the detailed stress distributions are complex. A very similar approach has been successful in the study of fracture in 2-ply rubber-cord laminates—a situation that would at first sight seem intractable. These results encourage confidence that fracture mechanics could become much more widely used as a basis for the design of rubber engineering components than it is at present.
Target detection in post-STAP undernulled clutter (2002)

We describe a new detection algorithm for use with adaptively beamformed radar data. It is designed to take advantage of the a priori knowledge of the location of the ground clutter azimuth-Doppler ridge. In real data, the clutter is likely to be non-homogeneous, leading to the possibility of undernulled clutter discretes appearing in the adaptive beamformer output, the magnitude and frequency of which depend directly on the choice of training set for the adaptive nulling algorithm. The new detection algorithm estimates the magnitude of such undernulled clutter, and adjusts its threshold to account for the amount of residual clutter appearing in the adaptive beam. The advantage of such a detector lies in reducing the number of false alarms due to clutter discretes while maintaining detector sensitivity in areas in which the clutter discretes are well-nulled by the adaptive nulling algorithm.