gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Macho: Writing Programs with Natural Language and Examples (2012)

Abstract—Current natural language programming systems avoid the difficulties of dealing with abstract and ambiguous concepts by restricting the input words to those comparable to a normal high-level programming language. Our system, language by asking the programmer to provide a unit test: one or more examples of correct input and output. This may seem unnecessarily complicated, but we show that natural language and examples have a surprising synergy both in constraining the ambiguity of the specification and in generating correct solutions. I.
Elevated LET components in clinical proton beams (2011)

This paper assesses the contribution of secondary particles to pencil and passively scattered proton beams, in particular when considering the dose-averaged linear energy transfer (LET(d)) in biological treatment planning. Proton Monte Carlo simulations are performed in water phantoms and for two patients, considering all primary and secondary particles, including recoils from inelastic nuclear interactions. Our results show that secondary protons exhibit LET(d) values up to a factor 10 higher than those of the primary protons at the same depth. Thus, secondary protons have a significant impact on the LET(d). Their contribution increases the LET(d) by ∼50% along the central axis and even >200% in the penumbra. Furthermore, the LET maximum after the peak changes from 12 to 15 keV µm(-1) when adding secondary protons to the primary contribution. This is important when modeling LET(d) with analytical methods. The contribution of recoils (A > 3) is observed to be 1.2% in the entrance region considering a prostate case. The degree of biological damage inflicted by recoils remains hard to quantify, but is discussed on the basis of detailed energy spectra. The results highlight the role of secondary protons in LET-based radiobiological effectiveness calculations for proton therapy and when analyzing radiobiological experiments. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate the impact of inhomogeneities on the LET and the subtle changes between the LET distributions of passively scattered and actively scanned beams.
Pulse stretching and shape control by compound feedback in a Q-switched ruby laser (1975)

Feedback control is employed to stabilize the output of a <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</tex> -switched ruby laser. A computational model of the rate equations plus feedback terms is used to examine pulse shapes with changing feedback parameters. It is shown that a lengthened flat-top pulse cannot be obtained with negative feedback alone, a compound feedback arrangement is suggested to facilitate this. A practical laser system is constructed with an associated feedback loop, good agreement is found between theory and experiment. Pulses flat to within ±5 percent are obtained with durations up to 600 ns and are amplified with no apparent saturation. Output powers of 15 MW are achieved for hundreds of nanoseconds with a divergence of 7 mrad and a spectrum consisting of transform-limited lines separated by the axial mode spacing.
Adaptive entitlement control of resource containers on shared servers (2005)

In this paper, we describe the design of online feedback control algorithms to dynamically adjust entitlement values for a resource container on a server shared by multiple applications. The goal is to determine the minimum level of entitlement for the container such that its hosted application achieves desired performance levels. Classic control theory is used for both model identification and controller design. Specific implementation issues that affect the closed-loop system performance are discussed. A self-tuning adaptive controller is also presented to handle limited variations in the workload. The controllers were implemented and evaluated on a testbed using the HP-UX PRM as the resource container and the Apache Web server as the hosted application in the container. In all experiments, our controller was able to quickly converge to the proper level of CPU entitlement for the Web server to track its performance target. By using our entitlement control system, shared servers can potentially reach much higher resource utilization while meeting service level objectives for the hosted applications under changing operating conditions.
Fetal Anasarca (2011)

Fetal anasarca, defined by the presence of generalized subcutaneous edema measuring >5 mm tissue thickness, is a rare sonographic finding associated with end-stage hydrops fetalis and impending fetal death.This literature review describes the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for both immune and nonimmune hydrops fetalis. Medical technology and treatment have favorably affected fetal mortality associated with hydrops fetalis. Sonography is a noninvasive procedure that is heavily used in the management of hydrops fetalis. Sonographic guidance is equally important in the diagnosis and treatment. Sonographer recognition of early signs that may precipitate fetal anasarca is vital to continued favorable maternofetal outcome.
Air entrainment and oxygen transfer in a venturi (2003)

The dissolved oxygen content is a prime indicator of the quality of water. Water jets can increase dissolved oxygen levels when the jet impact velocity exceeds a critical velocity. In this paper, air entrainment rate and oxygen transfer efficiency of a venturi device with air holes at the throat portion were studied experimentally, and in particular the effect of varying numbers, positions, and the open/closed status of the air holes. A negative pressure drew air in through holes at the throat portion of the venturi device. The resulting aeration of the jet affected its expansion, its shape, the air entrainment rate, the bubble penetration depth, and hence the oxygen transfer efficiency. It was demonstrated that the values of the air entrainment rate and the oxygen transfer efficiency of the venturi device were significantly higher than those for a circular nozzle.
Polyether‐segmented nylon hemodialysis membranes. II. Morphologies and permeability characteristics of polyether‐segmented nylon 610 membrane prepared by the phase inversion method (1997)

The relationships between the morphologies and the permeability characteristics as dialysis membrane of polyether-segmented nylon 610 (PE-Ny610) have been investigated. PE-Ny610 used are poly(propylene oxide) (PPO)-segmented nylon 610 containing 25 wt % PPO (PPO-Ny610) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-segmented nylon 610 containing 15 wt % PEO (PEO-Ny610). The morphologies in the cross section of the membranes exhibit the cellular porous structures due to liquid-liquid phase separation. On the other hand, the structures of the surfaces are mainly composed of the crystalline spherulite due to liquid-solid phase separation. These morphologies are little affected by the composition ratio of the coagulant, calcium chloride/methanol/water mixture. PEO-Ny610 membranes have shown superior membrane performances to the PPO-Ny610 membrane. The effect of PEO content in PEO-Ny610 on the adhesion of platelet onto the PEO-Ny610 film surface was investigated and it is concluded that PEO-Ny610 having > 10 wt % PEO shows a good nonthrombogenicity equal to PPO-Ny610. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65:1713–1721, 1997
Osteosarcopenic Obesity Syndrome: What Is It and How Can It Be Identified and Diagnosed? (2016)

Conditions related to body composition and aging, such as osteopenic obesity, sarcopenia/sarcopenic obesity, and the newly termed osteosarcopenic obesity (triad of bone muscle and adipose tissue impairment), are beginning to gain recognition. However there is still a lack of definitive diagnostic criteria for these conditions. Little is known about the long-term impact of these combined conditions of osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and obesity in older adults. Many may go undiagnosed and progress untreated. Therefore, the objective of this research is to create diagnostic criteria for osteosarcopenic obesity in older women. The proposed diagnostic criteria are based on two types of assessments: physical, via body composition measurements, and functional, via physical performance measures. Body composition measurements such as T-scores for bone mineral density, appendicular lean mass for sarcopenia, and percent body fat could all be obtained via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Physical performance tests: handgrip strength, one-leg stance, walking speed, and sit-to-stand could be assessed with minimal equipment. A score could then be obtained to measure functional decline in the older adult. For diagnosing osteosarcopenic obesity and other conditions related to bone loss and muscle loss combined with obesity, a combination of measures may more adequately improve the assessment process.
Effects of fertilization and other agronomic measures on nutritional quality of crops (2007)

Abstract Crops, as the basic source of essential substances and nutrients, do not always contain sufficient amounts of these essential nutrients to meet dietary requirements. In this review paper, we discussed the effects of fertilization and other agronomic measures on the nutritional quality of cereal, oilseed and protein crops, tuber plants and vegetables. Research indicates that application of N, P, K and S fertilizers generally increases crop yield as well as nutritional quality. For example, fertilizer increased protein concentration in cereals and pulses, oil concentration in oilseed crops, starch concentration in tubers, and concentration of essential amino acids and vitamins in vegetables. However, excessive fertilizer application, especially N fertilizer, can result in undesirable changes such as increases in nitrate, titratable acidity and acid to sugar ratio, while decreasing the concentration of vitamin C, soluble sugar, soluble solids, and Mg and Ca in some crops. Other agronomic measures, such as tillage and crop rotation, organic farming, soil moisture management, and crop breeding and genetic engineering can also have a large effect on food crop quality, though the potential benefits of these measures for improving crop quality has not been fully exploited. Research literature on this subject suggests that more information is needed in order to achieve an increase in the concentration of essential microelements, prevent accumulation of toxic levels of elements such as Cu, Mo, Zn, Ni, Se and nitrate, and other dangerous or toxic substances and elements in crops. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Direct RF sampling continuous-time bandpass Δ-Σ A/D converter design for 3G wireless applications (2004)

This paper presents the behavioral simulation of a fourth-order multi-bit continuous-time bandpass /spl Delta/-/spl Sigma/ analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for direct radio frequency (RF) conversion in multi-band 3G base stations. With a 2.1 GHz carrier frequency, the conventional method requires a sampling frequency greater than 8 GHz. To overcome the design complexity, jitter issue, and high power consumption anticipated for a design at such a high sampling-rate, we propose a new mirrored-image sampling technique to achieve targeted ADC performance at a much lower sampling rate. Detailed analysis of stability and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) find the optimum DAC topology and design parameters. With an RZ33%-DAC, the ADC is capable of digitizing a 2.1 GHz RF signal with a 20 MHz band at 2.8 Gsamples/sec, and achieving a 87 dB SNR.
Steroids and steroid metabolism in plant tissue cultures. (1975)

The steroids which have been isolated from plant callus and suspension cultures are reviewed. In addition, the research involving the use of plant tissue cultures to investigate steroid biosynthesis and metabolism is summarized.
Magnesium transport in <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>: the influence of new mutations conferring Co<sup>2+</sup> resistance on the CorA Mg<sup>2+</sup> transport system (1991)

The CorA Mg2+ transport system of Salmonella typhimurium mediates both influx and efflux of Mg2+. Mutations at the corA locus (83.5 min) confer resistance to Co2+. Using transposon mutagenesis, three additional Co2+ resistance loci (corB, corC, and corD) were found and mapped to 55, 15, and 3min, respectively, on the S. typhimurium chromosome. No mutations corresponding to the reported corB locus at 95 min in Escherichia coli were obtained. The corB, corC, and corD mutations confer levels of Co2+ resistance intermediate between those of the wild-type and corA mutations. Isogenic strains were constructed containing combinations of transposon insertion mutations in each of the three Co(2+)-resistance loci to assess their influence on the CorA Mg2+ transport system. The Vmax and Km values for 28Mg2+ or for 57Co2+ and 63Ni2+ influx, analogues of Mg2+ transported by the CorA system, were changed less than twofold compared with the wild-type values, regardless of the mutation(s) present. However, while efflux of 28Mg2+ through the CorA system was decreased threefold in strains carrying one or two mutant alleles among corB, corC, or corD, efflux was completely abolished in either a corA or a corBCD strain. Thus, although the corA gene product is necessary and sufficient to mediate Mg2+ influx, Mg2+ efflux requires the presence of a wild-type allele of at least one of the corB, corC or corD loci.
Rebuttal to: "Equilibrium adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water onto activated carbon" (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRebuttal to: "Equilibrium adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water onto activated carbon"Richard W. Walters and Richard G. LuthyCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1985, 19, 9, 870–871Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00139a020https://doi.org/10.1021/es00139a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views87Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Robust features selection scheme for fault diagnosis in an electric power distribution system (2002)

In this paper, the authors present a statistically derived features set for use as input to a neural network based arcing line fault detector for power distribution systems. In addition, the authors test the performance of the back-propagation artificial neural network uses values of the features set computed from laboratory experimental data. The results show great promise toward the development of an efficient artificial neural network based arcing line fault detector.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Starting high-inertia loads (2001)

Common methods used to start AC induction motors driving high-inertia loads include across-the-line starting and reduced-voltage starting by autotransformer, wye-delta, or resistor/reactor. Application of these methods is generally well documented and understood. However, with the increased use of electronic soft starters and variable-frequency drives, applications can be markedly different. This paper reviews the aforementioned methods and explains the benefits and limitations of each. The effect of high-inertia loads on both acceleration time and motor heating is examined. A case history of starting a centrifuge with an electronic soft starter is studied. Finally, a comparison of all of the methods is presented with recommendations on choosing the proper starter given.
Gas Extraction (1994)

Application of compressed gases as solvents has found widespread interest within the scientific community. Its processes have industrial applications. Gas Extraction deals with the possibilities of su
Atomic Layer Deposition of LiF Thin Films from Lithd, Mg(thd)<sub>2</sub>, and TiF<sub>4</sub> Precursors (2013)

Lithium fluoride is an interesting material because of its low refractive index and large band gap. Previously LiF thin films have been deposited mostly by physical methods. In this study a new way of depositing thin films of LiF using atomic layer deposition (ALD) is presented. Mg(thd)2, TiF4 and Lithd were used as precursors, and they produced crystalline LiF at a temperature range of 300–350 °C. The films were studied by UV–vis spectrometry, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), time-of-flight elastic recoil detection analysis (ToF-ERDA), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In addition, film adhesion was tested by a Scotch tape test. This method results in LiF films with a growth rate of approximately 1.4 Å per cycle. According to the ToF-ERDA measurements, the films are pure LiF with very small Mg and Ti impurities, the largest impurity being hydrogen with contents below 1 atom %.
Functional conservation of the lipid II biosynthesis pathway in the cell wall‐less bacteria <i>Chlamydia</i> and <i>Wolbachia</i>: why is lipid II needed? (2009)

Cell division and cell wall biosynthesis in prokaryotes are driven by partially overlapping multiprotein machineries whose activities are tightly controlled and co-ordinated. So far, a number of protein components have been identified and acknowledged as essential for both fundamental cellular processes. Genes for enzymes of both machineries have been found in the genomes of the cell wall-less genera Chlamydia and Wolbachia, raising questions as to the functionality of the lipid II biosynthesis pathway and reasons for its conservation. We provide evidence on three levels that the lipid II biosynthesis pathway is indeed functional and essential in both genera: (i) fosfomycin, an inhibitor of MurA, catalysing the initial reaction in lipid II biosynthesis, has a detrimental effect on growth of Wolbachia cells; (ii) isolated cytoplasmic membranes from Wolbachia synthesize lipid II ex vivo; and (iii) recombinant MraY and MurG from Chlamydia and Wolbachia exhibit in vitro activity, synthesizing lipid I and lipid II respectively. We discuss the hypothesis that the necessity for maintaining lipid II biosynthesis in cell wall-lacking bacteria reflects an essential role of the precursor in prokaryotic cell division. Our results also indicate that the lipid II pathway may be exploited as an antibacterial target for chlamydial and filarial infections.
TNF‐α, TNF‐β, IL‐6, and IL‐10 Polymorphisms in Patients with Lung Cancer (2005)

Apart from cigarette smoking, genetic factors seem to be of importance in the development of lung cancer. The present case-control study investigated frequencies of five inflammatory response gene polymorphisms (TNF-alpha-308, TNF-beta-Intron1-252, IL-6-174, IL-10-819 and IL-10-1082) in patients with lung cancer and controls. The study population consisted of 117 patients with lung cancer (77 patients with NSCLC, including 40 Squamous Cell Carcinoma and 26 Adenocarcinoma, and 40 patients with SCLC), 117 matched controls without pulmonary disease and 243 healthy individuals (population control). Genotype analyses revealed no difference in genotype frequencies using matched-pair analysis. However, in comparison to the population control, the IL-10-1082 genotypes carrying the G allele appeared with higher frequency in the SCLC group (p=0.006) [SCLC: 84.6%, population controls: 64.6%]. This yields an odds ratio of 3.01 for SCLC (95% CI = [1.21, 7.48]). No associations were seen for all other polymorphisms analysed. The study raises the possibility of a correlation between the IL-10-1082_G allele and the presence of SCLC in a German population. The functional IL-10-1082 polymorphism correlates with altered IL-10 levels and might influence lung cancer susceptibility by altered inflammatory responses in the airways.
Time-Resolved Proteomic Visualization of Dendrimer Cellular Entry and Trafficking (2015)

Our understanding of the complex cell entry pathways would greatly benefit from a comprehensive characterization of key proteins involved in this dynamic process. Here we devise a novel proteomic strategy named TITAN (Tracing Internalization and TrAfficking of Nanomaterials) to reveal real-time protein-dendrimer interactions using a systems biology approach. Dendrimers functionalized with photoreactive cross-linkers were internalized by HeLa cells and irradiated at set time intervals, then isolated and subjected to quantitative proteomics. In total, 809 interacting proteins cross-linked with dendrimers were determined by TITAN in a detailed temporal manner during dendrimer internalization, traceable to at least two major endocytic mechanisms, clathrin-mediated and caveolar/raft-mediated endocytosis. The direct involvement of the two pathways was further established by the inhibitory effect of dynasore on dendrimer uptake and changes in temporal profiles of key proteins.
Caffeine for asthma (2010)

Caffeine appears to improve airways function modestly, for up to four hours, in people with asthma . People may need to avoid caffeine for at least four hours prior to lung function testing, as caffeine ingestion could cause misinterpretation of the results. Drinking caffeinated coffee before taking exhaled nitric oxide measurements does not appear to affect the results of the test, but more studies are needed to confirm this.
THE ACTION OF THE HALOGEN HYDRINS AND OF ETHYLENE OXIDE ON THE THIOUREAS (1930)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE ACTION OF THE HALOGEN HYDRINS AND OF ETHYLENE OXIDE ON THE THIOUREASJohn F. Olin and F. B. DainsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1930, 52, 8, 3322–3327Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1930Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1930https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01371a047https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01371a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views200Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts