gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Penicillium arizonense, a new, genome sequenced fungal species, reveals a high chemical diversity in secreted metabolites (2016)

A new soil-borne species belonging to the Penicillium section Canescentia is described, Penicillium arizonense sp. nov. (type strain CBS 141311<sup>T</sup> = IBT 12289<sup>T</sup>). The genome was sequenced and assembled into 33.7 Mb containing 12,502 predicted genes. A phylogenetic assessment based on marker genes confirmed the grouping of P. arizonense within section Canescentia. Compared to related species, P. arizonense proved to encode a high number of proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism, in particular hemicellulases. Mining the genome for genes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis resulted in the identification of 62 putative biosynthetic gene clusters. Extracts of P. arizonense were analysed for secondary metabolites and austalides, pyripyropenes, tryptoquivalines, fumagillin, pseurotin A, curvulinic acid and xanthoepocin were detected. A comparative analysis against known pathways enabled the proposal of biosynthetic gene clusters in P. arizonense responsible for the synthesis of all detected compounds except curvulinic acid. The capacity to produce biomass degrading enzymes and the identification of a high chemical diversity in secreted bioactive secondary metabolites, offers a broad range of potential industrial applications for the new species P. arizonense. The description and availability of the genome sequence of P. arizonense, further provides the basis for biotechnological exploitation of this species.
Mutual Priming Effects of GHRH and Arginine on GH Secretion: Informative Procedure for Evaluating GH Secretory Dynamics. (1990)

To establish a single and reliable test for evaluating GH secretion, we examined successive GH provocation by two agents with different modes of action: GHRH and arginine (Arg). In 4 normal subjects, a bolus injection of 50 micrograms of GHRH followed by 0.5 g/kg Arg infusion after 90 min evoked two GH peaks and the priming of the GHRH potentiated Arg-induced GH peak by 88% of that by Arg alone. In contrast, Arg pretreatment suppressed the GHRH-induced GH peak to a level of 15%. This inhibitory effect of Arg priming was not recovered by an increase in the GHRH dose (100 micrograms) or by prolongation of the GHRH injection period to 180 min. During Arg infusion, plasma somatostatin (SRIH) was significantly reduced and there was a linear correlation between Arg-induced GH peaks and basal TSH levels. This suggests that GH release by Arg is mediated by suppression of hypothalamic SRIH. One subject showed a blunted GH peak in response to GHRH but a normal peak in response to Arg repeatedly, suggesting an endogenous hypertonicity of SRIH. In 4 other normal subjects, the effect of endogenous GH fluctuation on the GHRH-Arg test was examined in the morning, afternoon and evening. The GH secretory profile was fairly consistent in individuals, but in 2 of them, GH response to GHRH was exaggerated in the evening and Arg-unresponsiveness ensued. This potentiation of GH release appears to be due to an increase in endogenous GHRH secretion or a decrease in SRIH tone. The GHRH-Arg test is therefore able to evaluate GH secretory dynamics through two major mechanisms, GHRH stimulation and SRIH inhibition in a single procedure, reducing the incidence of false negative GH response to Arg.
ChemInform Abstract: ELIMINATION REACTIONS WITH ANILIDE OXIME O‐CHLOROBENZOATES‐ FORMATION OF ARYLIMINONITRENES BY REACTION WITH NITROGEN BASES (1976)

Abstract Anilid‐oxim‐ester reagieren mit der Stickstoffbase DBU unter Abspaltung der Benzoyloxy‐Gruppe als Ammoniumcarboxylat und Bildung von Aryliminonitrenen, die sich zu Benzimidazolen cyclisieren können, wie bei der Reaktion der Ester (I) zu den Imidazolen (II).
Busulphan kinetics and limited sampling model in children with leukemia and inherited disorders. (1996)

Busulphan pharmacokinetics were investigated in 20 children, who underwent bone marrow transplantation for either leukemia or inherited disorders. Busulphan (1.90-6.02 mg/kg/day) was administered orally as a single dose or twice daily. Busulphan kinetics were found to be linear within the studied range. Children with inherited disorders eliminated busulphan significantly faster after the first and the last dose with half-lives (t1/2) of 1.93 and 1.71 h, respectively compared to children with leukemia (3.16 and 2.70 h, respectively). The area under plasma concentration curves (AUCs, corrected for mg/kg) as an expression for the systemic exposure of busulphan were significantly higher in children with leukemia, 22.4 and 19.04 mumol/l.h (5527 and 4690 ng.h.ml-1) after the first and the last dose, respectively, compared to 11.2 and 8.2 mumol/l.h (2768 and 2029 ng.h.ml-1) found in children with inherited disorders. The present results confirm those reported by others, ie busulphan pharmacokinetics can be influenced by the underlying disease and its status. Our population pharmacokinetic analysis showed a negative correlation between the weight corrected clearance and the age in both groups of children. However, clearance was about 42% higher in children with inherited disorders compared to those with leukemia. To estimate AUC for the first dose, we evaluated a limited sampling model based on three concentrations (1, 3 and 6 h). A high correlation (r = 0.998, P < 0.0001, n = 40) between the estimated and the determined AUC was found. The present model is reliable and adequate for studying more patients, with a long-term follow-up combined with drug monitoring in correlation with drug efficacy and toxicity to define the optimal busulphan dosage required.
CD44-Deficient Mice Develop Normally with Changes in Subpopulations and Recirculation of Lymphocyte Subsets (1999)

Cell adhesion molecules are considered to be pivotal elements required for proper embryo development. The transmembrane glycoprotein CD44, which is expressed in numerous splice variants on the surface of many different cell types and tissues, has been suggested to be involved in several physiological processes such as cell-cell interactions, signal transduction, and lymphocyte homing and trafficking during embryogenesis and in the adult organism. Some splice variants are thought to play an important role in tumor progression. To investigate the physiological roles of CD44 in vivo, we abolished expression of all isoforms of CD44 in mice by targeted insertion of a lacZ/neo cassette into the reading frame of the leader peptide. CD44-deficient mice are viable without obvious developmental defects and show no overt abnormalities as adults. However, CD44-deficient lymphocytes exhibit impaired entry into the adult thymus, although lymphocyte development is apparently unaltered. Our data indicate that all splice variants of CD44 are dispensable for embryonic development and implicate a critical function for CD44 in lymphocyte recirculation.
A Low Mass Power Electronics Unit to Drive Piezoelectric Actuators for Flying Microrobots (2017)

This paper presents a power electronics design for the piezoelectric actuators of an insect-scale flapping-wing robot, the RoboBee. The proposed design outputs four high-voltage drive signals tailored for the two bimorph actuators of the RoboBee in an alternating drive configuration. It utilizes fully integrated drive stage circuits with a novel highside gate driver to save chip area and meet the strict mass constraint of the RoboBee. Compared with previous integrated designs, it also boosts efficiency in delivering energy to the actuators and recovering unused energy by applying three power saving techniques, dynamic common mode adjustment, envelope tracking, and charge sharing. Using this design to energize four 15 nF capacitor loads with a 200 V and 100 Hz drive signal and tracking the control commands recorded from an actual flight experiment for the robot, we measure an average power consumption of 290 mW.
Varieties and characteristics of discrete spectral encoding (DSE) (2002)

Conventional wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) practices use discrete wavelengths to define virtual channels for communication. The number of such WDM virtual channels may be limited by physical effects such as wavelength crosstalk, four-wave-mixing, and the combinations of filter free spectral range and bandwidth over which the associated optical amplifiers have uniform gain, as well as by the number of WDM wavelengths available. Therefore, large (i.e., >10 nodes) networks or interconnection systems which depend on WDM require wavelength re-use, multihops, and/or incorporation of other physical multi-access techniques, such as time division multiplexing (TDM). Alternatively, as we discuss, the few WDM wavelengths can be considered to be a set of "unit vectors", orthogonal within the WDM crosstalk, in a WDM hyperspace. This alternative approach leads to a variety of new ways to define virtual channels, based on different ways of producing coding formats from these WDM wavelengths to define addresses for the transmitters (senders) or receivers (destinations). Since the number of WDM wavelengths are finite (such as in a WDM transmitter array) and well defined, the term discrete spectral encoding, or "DSE", is used to describe this new kind of coding and to differentiate it from spectral slicing WDM. Depending on the manner in which the wavelengths of a WDM array are used to define the code, a WDM array of n wavelengths can generate a space with many more than n addresses. This paper describes some varieties of DSE and the characteristics of their multi-access interference.
Modeling of user perceived webserver availability (2004)

We propose to use Markov regenerative process (MRGP) models to study the availability of Internet-based services perceived by a web user, which capture the interactions between the service facility and the user. The necessity of the sophisticated MRGP modeling is evidenced by the comparisons with the corresponding continuous time Markov chain (CTMC) models, which show that the popular convenient CTMC models tend to overestimate user-perceived service unavailabilities by 26% to 125%. We study two different online service scenarios: (1) single-user-single-host and (2) single-user-multiple-host. It is found that user-perceived service unavailability depends not only on the infrastructure's failure-recovery characteristics but also, more importantly, on the user's behavior. Also, for a service provider, to improve users' satisfaction, inventing a fast recovery mechanism is more effective than striving for a more reliable platform given the platform availability is the same.
Formation and disposition of newly synthesized heme in adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture. (1981)

Studies with the intact liver have suggested that newly synthesized heme exists transiently in a small pool before its incorporation into tissue heme proteins. The same or a closely related pool may regulate synthesis of heme and serve as the precursor of "early peak" bilirubin. To delineate this postulated pool by a direct approach, we have utilized primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Cultures pulse-labeled with delta-amino[3H]levulinic acid at various time points were fractionated into 105,000 X g supernatant and pellet. Labeled heme appeared within 1 to 2 min in the cytosol fraction, followed by transfer to the pellet. The kinetics of heme formation and transfer and of labeled bilirubin production were analyzed by computer simulation utilizing the least squares method. The experimental findings conformed best to a four-compartment model that includes a second cytosolic heme compartment exchanging with the initially labeled compartment but not serving as a direct precursor of bilirubin. Calculation of apparent rate coefficients indicated that, in cultured hepatocytes, 20% of newly formed heme is converted directly to bile pigment, whereas 80% is utilized for formation of cellular heme proteins (64% in the pellet, 16% in the second cytosol compartment). This experimental approach has provided direct evidence for a rapidly formed cytosolic heme fraction which appears to be identical with the previously postulated regulatory or "unassigned" heme pool of the liver.
Solving multiple square jigsaw puzzles with missing pieces (2015)

Jigsaw-puzzle solving is necessary in many applications, including biology, archaeology, and every-day life. In this paper we consider the square jigsaw puzzle problem, where the goal is to reconstruct the image from a set of non-overlapping, unordered, square puzzle parts. Our key contribution is a fast, fully-automatic, and general solver, which assumes no prior knowledge about the original image. It is general in the sense that it can handle puzzles of unknown size, with pieces of unknown orientation, and even puzzles with missing pieces. Moreover, it can handle all the above, given pieces from multiple puzzles. Through an extensive evaluation we show that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods on commonly-used datasets.
Complete Nucleotide Sequence of the <i>Drosophila</i> Transposable Element Copia: Homology Between Copia and Retroviral Proteins (1985)

We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the copia element present at the white-apricot allele of the white locus in Drosophila melanogaster. This transposable element is 5,146 nucleotides long and contains a single long open reading frame of 4,227 nucleotides. Analysis of the coding potential of the large open reading frame, which appears to encode a polyprotein, revealed weak homology to a number of retroviral proteins, including a protease, nucleic acid-binding protein, and reverse transcriptase. Better homology existed between another part of the copia open reading frame and a region of the retroviral pol gene recently shown to be distinct from reverse transcriptase and required for the integration of circular DNA forms of the retroviral genome to form proviruses. Comparison of the copia sequence with those of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transposable element Ty, several vertebrate retroviruses, and the D. melanogaster copia-like element 17.6 showed that Ty was most similar to copia, sharing amino acid sequence homology and organizational features not found in the other genetic elements.
Applications of Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy to Investigations of Cotton and Modified Cottons (1958)

The KBr technique to obtain spectra of cotton cellulose has been applied satisfactorily to an investigation of physical and crystalline modifications and to changes resulting from oxidation. Several experiments to illustrate applications are described. The potential applications to investigations suggested in the literature are reviewed. It has been shown that infrared absorption spectra of cotton cellulose can be used to follow changes in hydrogen bonding by the classical method of observing the exact wavelengths of the O-H stretching vibrations. Degree of crystallinity can be measured quantitatively by use of ratios of intensities of preselected absorption bands. Oxidation changes can be followed only where such processes result in the formation of C = O groups per se in the oxidized cotton.
ChemInform Abstract: Trifluoroacetoxysulphenylation of Unsaturated Nitriles as a Route to Lactones. (1987)

Abstract The unsaturated nitriles (I) are coupled with the disulfides (II) in the presence of Mn(III) or Pb(IV) acetate, yielding the isomeric β‐hydroxythioethers (III) and (IV).
Mechanical stress effect on imprint behavior of integrated ferroelectric capacitors (2003)

Stress-induced changes in the imprint and switching behavior of (111)-oriented Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT)-based capacitors have been studied using piezoresponse force microscopy. Visualization of polarization distribution and d33-loop measurements in individual 1×1.5-μm2 capacitors before and after stress application, generated by substrate bending, provided direct experimental evidence of stress-induced switching. Mechanical stress caused elastic switching in capacitors with the direction of the resulting polarization determined by the sign of the applied stress. In addition, stress application turned capacitors into a heavily imprinted state characterized by strongly shifted hysteresis loops and almost complete backswitching after application of the poling voltage. It is suggested that substrate bending generated a strain gradient in the PZT layer, which produced asymmetric lattice distortion with preferential polarization direction and triggered polarization switching due to the flexoelectric effect.
Release of Interleukin-1α or Interleukin-1β Depends on Mechanism of Cell Death (2014)

The cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) has two main pro-inflammatory forms, IL-1α and IL-1β, which are central to host responses to infection and to damaging sterile inflammation. Processing of IL-1 precursor proteins to active cytokines commonly occurs through activation of proteases, notably caspases and calpains. These proteases are instrumental in cell death, and inflammation and cell death are closely associated, hence we sought to determine the impact of cell death pathways on IL-1 processing and release. We discovered that apoptotic regulation of caspase-8 specifically induced the processing and release of IL-1β. Conversely, necroptosis caused the processing and release of IL-1α, and this was independent of IL-1β processing and release. These data suggest that the mechanism through which an IL-1-expressing cell dies dictates the nature of the inflammatory mechanism that follows. These insights may allow modification of inflammation through the selective targeting of cell death mechanisms during disease.
Effectiveness of three times daily lansoprazole/amoxicillin dual therapy for <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection in Korea (2011)

Because dual therapy had fewer side effects than triple therapy and a similar eradication rate, dual therapy may provide an acceptable alternative first line therapy for H. pylori eradication in Korea.
Towards understanding phishing victims' profile (2012)

Today it is known that the weakest link in the cyber security chain is the computer user. Social engineering attacks are commonly used to deceive computer users to perform actions that could leak private information. Such attacks psychologically manipulate the computer users to reveal his/her confidential information. Therefore, the computer user has been carefully studied by security researchers to understand the relationship between cyber security incidents and the victim background. In this paper, we present a breadth-first survey of recent studies that aim to understand the relationship between victims' backgrounds and phishing attacks. We summarize the characteristics of the phishing victims, following a review of their demographic and personality traits.
Combination therapy with IFN-α plus bortezomib induces apoptosis and inhibits angiogenesis in human bladder cancer cells (2006)

In a recent study, we showed that the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib sensitizes human bladder cancer cells to IFN-induced cell death. Here, we characterized the molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumoral effects of the combination in more detail. Bortezomib synergized with IFN-alpha to promote apoptosis via a tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-associated mechanism but did not inhibit production of proangiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and interleukin-8) in human UM-UC-5 cells. In contrast, exposure to the combination did not increase the levels of apoptosis in human UM-UC-3 cells but did inhibit the production of basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. Studies with tumor xenografts confirmed that combination therapy with bortezomib plus IFN-alpha was effective in both models but that the effects were associated with differential effects on tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-associated apoptosis (predominant in UM-UC-5) versus inhibition of angiogenesis (predominant in UM-UC-3). Together, our results show that combination therapy with IFN-alpha plus bortezomib is effective but can work via different mechanisms (apoptosis versus angiogenesis inhibition) in preclinical models of human bladder cancer.
Light-induced bias stress reversal in polyfluorene thin-film transistors (2003)

Gate bias-stress effects in the high-performance semiconducting polymer poly-9,9′ dioctyl-fluorene-co-bithiophene (F8T2) were studied. The bias stress in F8T2 was characterized in devices having various gate dielectric materials—different types of SiO2 and a polymer—and a variety of chemically modified dielectric/semiconductor interfaces. A bias-stress effect was reversed by illuminating the transistor structure with band gap radiation. The recovery rate was directly related to the absorption characteristics of F8T2. We conclude that bias stress in F8T2 is due to hole charge trapping inside the polymer, close to the dielectric interface and not to a structural change in the polymer, or to charge in the dielectric.
Biobased Anethole-Functionalized Poly(phenylene oxides): New Low Dielectric Materials with High <i>T</i><sub>g</sub> and Good Dimensional Stability (2018)

A series of modified poly(phenylene oxides) (PPOs) with low dielectric constant, high Tg and good dimensional stability were developed. These polymers were synthesized by treating brominated PPOs with a biobased anethole and polymerized at a high temperature in the presence of a peroxide. When the molar ratios of anethole in the PPO were 0.2, 0.35 and 0.5, respectively, the cross-linked PPOs displayed low dielectric constants of less than 2.74 and high Tg (more than 220 °C). In particular, the PPO with 0.5 molar ratio of anethole exhibited a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE, 23.4 ppm/°C) that is comparable to copper foil (ca. 18 ppm/°C). This result indicated that the modified PPOs are suitable for the production of copper-cladded laminates in electronic industry. Moreover, compared to a commercial PPO having a Tg of 153 °C and CTE of 155.8 ppm/°C, the modified PPOs with anethole units possessed a higher thermostability. Considering that PPOs are widely used in the electronics industry, this contribution offers a new approach to prepare high-performance materials using a biobased feedstock.
Application of recombinant DNA technologies to studies on chicken growth hormone (1984)

Messenger RNA isolated from chicken pituitaries was used to construct a chicken pituitary cDNA library. A chicken growth hormone cDNA clone was isolated using 32P-labeled mammalian growth hormone cDNA probes. The amino acid sequence (derived from the DNA sequence) of the mature form of chicken growth hormone shows 77% homology with that of bovine growth hormone. The chicken growth hormone cDNA clone was used to generate a vector capable of producing chicken growth hormone in Escherichia coli. The recombinant E. coli-derived chicken growth hormone was similar to pituitary chicken growth hormone in several biochemical and immunological properties. The recombinant-derived hormone has been used to establish a sensitive radioimmunoassay for growth hormone determinations made from chicken sera. The chicken growth hormone gene has also been introduced into a retroviral vector capable of establishing productive infections of chicken cells both in in vitro and in vivo. The resulting infections are accompanied by the production of radioimmunoassay-detectable growth hormone. The concentrations of growth hormone in sera of Leghorn chickens infected with the recombinant retrovirus are three- to tenfold higher than in control animals.