gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The cytoskeleton in neurodegenerative diseases (2004)

Abundant abnormal aggregates of cytoskeletal proteins are neuropathological signatures of many neurodegenerative diseases that are broadly classified by filamentous aggregates of neuronal intermediate filament (IF) proteins, or by inclusions containing the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) tau. The discovery of mutations in neuronal IF and tau genes firmly establishes the importance of neuronal IF proteins and tau in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Multiple IF gene mutations are pathogenic for Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)--in addition to those in the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) gene. Tau gene mutations are pathogenic for frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), and tau polymorphisms are genetic risk factors for sporadic progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). Thus, IF and tau abnormalities are linked directly to the aetiology and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In vitro and transgenic animal models are being used to demonstrate that different mutations impair protein function, promote tau fibrilization, or perturb tau gene splicing, leading to aberrant and distinct tau aggregates. For recognition of these disorders at neuropathological examination, immunohistochemistry is needed, and this may be combined with biochemistry and molecular genetics to properly determine the nosology of a particular case. As reviewed here, the identification of molecular genetic defects and biochemical alterations in cytoskeletal proteins of human neurodegenerative diseases has facilitated experimental studies and will promote the development of assays of molecules which inhibit abnormal neuronal IF and tau protein inclusions.
Alginate-encapsulated technology for the propagation of the tropical forest trees: Cedrela odorata L., Guazuma crinita MART., and Jacaranda mimosaefolia D. DON. (1997)

The possibility for encapsulation of shoot-tips or axillary buds in the production of artificial seeds of Cedrela odorata L., Guazuma crinita MART., and Jacaranda mimosaefolia D. DON. was tested. High rate of bud emergence and shoot growth were achieved in vitro on substratum containing nutrients but, on substratum containing water only, the bud emergence from beads and later shoot growth were very poor. In an attempt to improve the plant regeneration rate from artificial seeds on substratum without nutrients (to diminish the risk of contamination under non-aseptic conditions), 2 types of beads with a single or double layer were tested. The best result was obtained with double layered beads containing medium at a concentration of 1,000% (w/v) supplemented with 0.5% (w/v) activated charcoal in the inner layer, and at concentration of 100% (w/v) in the outer layer. After 6 weeks of incubation on water substratum solidified with 1% (w/v) agar under in vitro conditions, high rates of bud emergence and shoot growth were achieved: 60% and 60% for C. odorata, 100% and 80% for G. crinita, and, 100% and 100% for J. mimosaefolia, respectively. However, when artificial seeds were directly sowed on nutrient-free substratum under non-aseptic conditions, the percentage of beads converted into plants was 6.7%, 3.3%, and 31.7% for C. odorata, G. crinita and J. mimosaefolia, respectively. But, when artificial seeds of C. odorata and G. crinita were incubated in vitro for about 1 week before sowing on non-sterilized substratum, the plant regeneration rate was increased to 28.6 % and 100 %, respectively.
Animal Models of Human Behaviour (2010)

Abstract Animal models should be viewed only as generating hypotheses about human behaviour, because there are differences between animal and human behaviour as well as similarities. There are two ways that gene‐based behavioural variants of animals can be used for this. The first way is in identifying and mapping genes with effects on human behaviour. This is considered for genes with effects on alcohol consumption, tolerance and withdrawal in mice. The second way is in developing hypotheses about the biological causes of human behaviour. This is considered for the role of the cyclic amp response element‐binding protein (CREB) gene and protein in learning and memory of a mollusc, fruitflies and mice. CREB is a transcription factor. The success and relevance of these and other gene‐based animal models of human behaviour depends on the occurrence of homologous genes in animals and humans and on the occurrence of similar biological mechanism for the animal and human behaviour. Key Concepts: Animal and humans are both similar and different biologically and behaviourally. Gene‐based animal models of human behaviour may be due to homologous genes acting on homologous behaviours or to homologous genes acting on analogous behaviours. Gene‐based animal models of human behaviour are best considered as hypothesis generators. Animal models generate hypotheses as to which genes may be involved in a human behaviour and how to find those genes from either comparative gene maps or molecular similarity. Animal models generate hypotheses as to the developmental, molecular, cellular or physiological effects of a gene on human behaviour.
Social behavior and gender in biomedical investigations using monkeys: studies in atherogenesis. (1991)

We review the use of socially housed cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in biomedical research with emphasis on studies of atherosclerosis, particularly in the two specific domains of atherosclerosis investigation for which nonhuman primates are especially well-suited as animal models: gender differences and psychosocial influences. We found that the presence of normal ovarian function prevented exacerbation of diet-induced coronary artery atherosclerosis in female monkeys. However, any manipulation or condition which impaired ovarian function tended to diminish or abolish this "female" protection. Among group-housed female monkeys, low social status was accompanied by ovarian dysfunction and, not surprisingly, by exacerbated coronary artery atherosclerosis as well. Surgical menopause (ovariectomy) also induced exacerbation of coronary atherosclerosis in monkeys, a situation which was prevented by estrogen replacement therapy. Conversely, pregnancy (a hyperestrogenic state) resulted in markedly diminished atherosclerosis. A somewhat different pattern of atherogenesis emerged among socially-housed males. Here, socially dominant animals developed exacerbated coronary artery atherosclerosis, but only under conditions of social stress (viz., disruption caused by periodic reorganization of social group membership). We hypothesized that exposure to repeated group reorganizations provoked activation of the sympathetic nervous system among dominant animals; in turn, the hemodynamic and metabolic concomitants of sympathetic activation may have damaged the coronary arteries of these monkeys, potentiating atherogenesis. To test this hypothesis, males were housed in unstable social groupings, with half of the monkeys administered a beta-adrenergic blocking agent (to attenuate heart rate and blood pressure responses to stress). The beta-blocker inhibited atherosclerosis, but only among those animals behaviorally predisposed to develop exacerbated lesions (i.e. dominant monkeys). These results support the view that monkeys are suitable research models of atherosclerosis, a disease that affects millions of humans.
Self-Navigated Three-Dimensional Ultrashort Echo Time Technique for Motion-Corrected Skull MRI (2020)

Ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI is capable of detecting signals from protons with very short T<sub>2</sub> relaxation times, and thus has potential for skull-selective imaging as a radiation-free alternative to computed tomography. However, relatively long scan times make the technique vulnerable to artifacts from involuntary subject motion. Here, we developed a self-navigated, three-dimensional (3D) UTE pulse sequence, which builds on dual-RF, dual-echo UTE imaging, and a retrospective motion correction scheme for motion-resistant skull MRI. Full echo signals in the second readout serve as a self-navigator that yields a time-course of center of mass, allowing for adaptive determination of motion states. Furthermore, golden-means based k-space trajectory was employed to achieve a quasi-uniform distribution of sampling views on a spherical k-space surface for any subset of the entire data collected, thereby allowing reconstruction of low-resolution images pertaining to each motion state for subsequent estimation of rigid-motion parameters. Finally, the extracted trajectory of the head was used to make the whole k-space datasets motion-consistent, leading to motion-corrected, high-resolution images. Additionally, we posit that hardware-related k-space trajectory errors, if uncorrected, result in obscured bone contrast. Thus, a calibration scan was performed once to measure k-space encoding locations, subsequently used during image reconstruction of actual imaging data. In vivo studies were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed correction schemes in combination with approaches to accelerated bone-selective imaging. Results illustrating effective removal of motion artifacts and clear depiction of skull bone voxels suggest that the proposed method is robust to intermittent head motions during scanning.
Noise-Modulated Distance Measuring Systems (1959)

Distance measuring systems using random noise as the modulating function are described. The distance measurement is accomplished by correlating the modulation on the transmitted and received signals. The spectrum of the modulating function determines the way in which this correlation, and hence system output, depends on distance to a reflecting target. Physical realizability of filters limits the output-to-distance behavior of linear, noise-modulated systems. Theoretically, either amplitude or frequency modulation can be used, but the latter has distinct advantages in overcoming incidental spurious signals generated within the system. Actual multiplication of signals is avoided through use of a conventional mixer. The resulting system is similar to existing altimeters but is free of the ambiguities inherent in periodically modulated systems, avoids the "fixed error," and is capable of measuring distances down to a few feet. This makes it particularly suited for use as an altimeter in blind landing systems.
AMPK Activation Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology and Spatial Memory Impairment in a Streptozotocin-Induced Alzheimer's Disease Model in Rats (2014)

Collecting evidence has shown that type 2 diabetes mellitus is a high risk factor of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD); the energy metabolic dysfunction is thought to be a convergent point of the two diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms of diabetes-associated AD are still unclear. In the current study, we investigated the roles of AMPK in diabetes-related AD-like pathologic features in models of intracerebroventricular-streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) animals. Rats infused with STZ (3 mg/kg, once) were followed by injection of AICAR (AMPK activator) or vehicle via ICV. We found that the level of p-AMPK (active type of AMPK) and SIRT1 activity were decreased and the level of phosphorylated tau was increased at Ser396 and Thr231 sites in ICV-STZ rats when compared with control rats. Mitochondria from ICV-STZ rats displayed a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, complex I activity, ATP level, and superoxide dismutase activity as well as an increase of reactive oxygen species production when compared with that from control rats. Meanwhile the number of apoptotic cell confirmed by cleaved caspase-3 (active type of caspase-3) staining was also stronger in ICV-STZ rats than control rats. All pathological changes including biochemistry and cognitive function could be mitigated through rescuing AMPK activity with its specific activator (AICAR) in ICV-STZ rats. Taken together, these results suggested that AMPK activation improves AD-like pathological changes via repairing mitochondrial functions in ICV-STZ rats.
No Duty to Save Lives, No Reward for Rescue: Is that Truly the Current State of International Salvage Law? (2006)

Many scholars argue that international maritime salvage law, and particularly American salvage law, not only does little to encourage "pure" life salvage on the high seas, but outright discourages the rescue of human life. Conversely, this author takes a novel stance - not only does current international salvage law promote pure life salvage through its tenets and compensation scheme, but American salvage law, on its face and as applied, violates international law binding upon America. Part I of this comment discusses current international salvage law - its inception, its purposes and its results. Part II places American life salvage law into a global setting, correlating American salvage law with the international salvage law that binds the United States. Part Ill analyzes the topic of compensation for life salvage - the mechanisms in place both domestically and internationally, as well as the principles discouraging life salvage. Part IV takes a look at current issues presented by international life salvage. Finally, this comment ends with the conclusion that international law is already in place to promote and adequately provide compensation for life salvage. Further, this comment will offer numerous solutions providing for the enforcement of such international law, both domestically and within the global community.
Fib420 , the Novel Fibrinogen Subclass: Newborn Levels Are Higher Than Adult (1997)

Fib420 is a recently identified subclass of normal human fibrinogen in which two extended alpha chain isoforms (alphaE) replace the common alpha chains, yielding a molecule (ca. 420 kD) which is larger than the more abundant 340-kD form. Evidence for preservation of this subclass throughout vertebrate evolution suggests it performs some as yet unidentified vital function. A survey was undertaken to establish the range of plasma Fib420 levels in normal, healthy adults and in placental cord (fetal) blood. For measuring Fib420, a quantitative Western blot assay was developed using monoclonal antibody against the exon-VI encoded C-terminus of the molecule's unique alphaE chain. This alphaE chain signal was normalized to that of the beta chain, common to both fibrinogen forms. Analysis of plasma samples from the adult and newborn cohorts (n = 25 each; total fibrinogen ca. 2.6 mg/mL in both) revealed a statistically significant difference, with a mean level of 100 +/- 28 microg/mL in the neonate compared to 34 +/- 7 microg/mL in the adult. On average, 1 out of every 100 fibrinogen molecules in adult plasma belongs to the Fib420 subclass. Unlike in the newborn, adult Fib420 levels remained the same over a wide range of total plasma fibrinogen. The striking difference observed between these two cohorts suggests a changing developmental expression of the Fib420 subclass and a homeostatic control operating in later stages of life.
Cesium carboxylates in dimethyl formamide. Reagents for introduction of hydroxyl groups by nucleophilic substitution and for inversion of configuration of secondary alcohols (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCesium carboxylates in dimethyl formamide. Reagents for introduction of hydroxyl groups by nucleophilic substitution and for inversion of configuration of secondary alcoholsWim H. Kruizinga, Bert Strijtveen, and Richard M. KelloggCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 21, 4321–4323Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00334a055https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00334a055research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1353Altmetric-Citations137LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Low Power Approach For Decimation Filter Hardware Realization (2008)

There are multiple ways to implement a decimator filter. This paper addresses usage of CIC (cascaded-integrator-comb) filter and HB (half band) filter as the decimator filter to reduce the frequency sample rate by factor of 64 and detail of the implementation step to realize this design in hardware. Low power design approach for CIC filter and half band filter will be discussed. The filter design is implemented through MATLAB system modeling, ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) design flow and verified using a FPGA (field programmable gate array) board and MATLAB analysis.
BMP-7 as antagonist of organ fibrosis (2009)

Fibrosis is a scarring process that is a common feature of chronic organ injury. It is characterized by elevated activity of transforming growth factor-beta resulting in increased and altered deposition of extracellular matrix and other fibrosis-associated proteins. Recent work has demonstrated that bone morphogenetic protein-7 blocks transforming growth factor-beta signaling. Moreover, member of the CCN family, Endoglin, Sclerostin, Sclerostin domain-containing proteins, Gremlin, Noggin, Chordin, and Kielin/Chordin-like protein influence the biological activity of both cytokines. As a consequence, they modulate cellular proliferation, migration, adhesion and extracellular matrix production. This tight protein network consisting of transforming growth factor-betas, bone morphogenetic proteins and various binding partners includes potential novel molecular targets and biomarkers useful for prognostication, disease monitoring and therapy. We here summarize recent advances in understanding bone morphogenetic protein-7 function and signaling and the current attempts to use this critical modulator as a pharmacological device to reverse transforming growth factor-beta-induced fibrogenesis.
Rejection and redistribution of scattered radiation in scan equalization digital radiography (SEDR): Simulation with spot images (2007)

The anti-scatter grid has been widely used to reject scatter and increase the perceptibility of a low-contrast object in chest radiography; however, it also attenuated the primary x-rays, resulting in a substantial loss of information and an increased relative noise level in heavily attenuated regions. A more dose efficient approach to scatter rejection is the slot-scan imaging technique. Another problem in chest radiography is the low transmitted x-ray intensity in heavily attenuating regions. It results in a higher relative noise level, thus limiting the contrast sensitivity. A solution to this problem is through the exposure equalization technique, with which the incident x-ray intensity is regionally modulated to compensate for the differences of x-ray attenuation due to the anatomic variation. We are in the process of implementing the scan equalization digital radiography (SEDR) technique, which combines the advantages of slot-scan imaging and exposure equalization. However, associated with the use of exposure equalization is a redistribution of scattered radiation at the detector, which may impact on the benefit of using exposure equalization in conjunction with the slot-scan imaging geometry. In order to understand the scatter properties and their impact in SEDR, we have used spot collimated digital radiographic images to synthesize simulated SEDR images with which scatter components, primary signals, and scatter-to-primary ratios (SPRs) were measured. It was shown that the anti-scatter grid rejected approximately 70% and 80% of scattered radiation in lightly and heavily attenuated regions, respectively, while the slot-scan method can reject as high as 95% (with 1 cm slot width) of scattered radiation without attenuation of the primary x-rays. Using a simple model for scatter effects, we have also estimated and compared the contrast-to-noise ratio degradation factors (CNRDFs, i.e., the fraction by which CNR is reduced). It was found that for quantum limited situations, the slot-scan technique has resulted in a substantial improvement of the image quality, as indicated by higher estimated CNRDFs (less scatter). An estimated improvement of 40%-50% in the lungs, 50%-90% in the mediastinum, and 60%-110% in the subdiaphragm was achieved with the slot-scan over the anti-scatter grid method. Compared to slot-scan imaging, SEDR resulted in higher SPRs in the lungs and lower SPRs in the mediastinum. In the subdiaphragmatic regions, the SPRs remain about the same. This corresponds to lower CNRDFs in the lungs, higher CNRDFs in the mediastinum, and about the same CNRDFs in the subdiaphragmatic regions. It was shown that although SEDR has resulted in minimum improvement over slot-scan imaging in reducing the SPRs, it could improve the contrast sensitivity by raising the primary signal levels in heavily attenuating regions. This advantage needs to be further investigated in our continuing study of the SEDR technique.
Raman and Infrared Spectral Studies of Anhydrous Li2CO3 and Na2CO3 (1971)

The infrared and Raman spectra of anhydrous crystalline Li2CO3 and Na2CO3 were measured at 300 and at 80°K. Bands observed in the vibrational spectra of Li2CO3 were assigned according to the C2h factor group symmetry. The doublet structure observed for each of the internal modes in the spectra of Na2CO3 was interpreted in terms of an ordered arrangement of CO3= ions over two nonequivalent orientations within the primitive cell. Multiple internal reflection and polarized specular reflectance techniques were used to determine transverse optical (TO) and longitudinal optical (LO) mode frequencies in Li2CO3 and Na2CO3. It was shown from these measurements that the infrared transmission spectra of these compounds exhibit band maxima which are admixtures of LO and TO modes.