gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Auxin‐stimulated ethylene production in fern gametophytes and sporophytes (1987)

The auxins indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) stimulated ethylene production from gametophytes of the fern Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. var. latiusculum (Desv) underw. ex Heller and sporophytes of the ferns Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.)Todaro and Polystichum munitum (Kaulf.) Presl. Treatment with Co 2+ or l ‐α ‐(2‐aminoethoxyvinyl)‐glycine (AVG) eleminated or significantly reduced the stimulatory effects of IAA. Treatment with 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) resulted in significantly greater rates of ethylene production from all tissues tested. Based on their response to auxin, ACC, AVG and Co 2+ , the ethylene biosynthetic pathway in these three lower vascular plants appears similar to that existing in angiosperms.
Axonal regeneration by chronically injured supraspinal neurons can be enhanced by exposure to insulin-like growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor or transforming growth factor beta (1996)

To test whether known growth factors could promote the regenerative reponse of chronically injured neurons, we exposed the injured adult rat spinal cord to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or transforming growth factor beta 1 + 2 (TGFβs) 1 month after creation of a hemisection lesion. At 1 week later an autologous peripheral nerve graft was apposed to the rostral cavity wall and 1 month later Nuclear Yellow (NY) was used to retrogradely label neurons that had grown an axon into the graft. Neurons capable of axonal regeneration after a long term (5 weeks) injury were double labeled with True Blue (TB, provided at the time of hemisection lesion) and NY. Exposure to any of the three growth factors, compared to a PBS-treated control, resulted in a significant increase in the total number of regenerating supraspinal neurons, with the greatest increase after treatment with TGFβs. Treatment with TGFβs or bFGF led to a significant increase in the number of regenerating neurons in 6 out of 7 major regions (excluding the motor cortex) contributing to descending spinal pathways. Treatment with IGF-1 promoted significant regeneration only by reticular formation neurons. These results indicate that exposure to specific growth factors can enhance axonal regeneration by chronically injured neurons, thus overcoming one significant challenge to the repair of long standing structural damage to the spinal cord. © 1996 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Structure and function of pectic enzymes: Virulence factors of plant pathogens (2000)

The structure and function of Erwinia chrysanthemi pectate lysase C, a plant virulence factor, is reviewed to illustrate one mechanism of pathogenesis at the molecular level. Current investigative topics are discussed in this paper.
Improving Performance of Anomaly-Based IDS by Combining Multiple Classifiers (2011)

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) play an important role to defend networks from cyber attacks. Among them, anomaly-based IDSs can detect unknown attacks like 0-day attacks that are hard to detect by using signature-based system. However, they have problems that their performance depends on a learning dataset. It is very hard to prepare an appropriate learning dataset in a static fashion, because the traffic in the Internet changes quite dynamically and complexity. In this paper, we propose a method that follows traffic trend by combining multiple classifiers. We evaluate our method using Kyoto2006+ and existing algorithm.
Effect of interferon‐α2b on guinea pig wound closure and the expression of cytoskeletal proteins in vivo (1998)

Scar contraction following the healing of deep partial-thickness or full-thickness dermal injury is a leading cause of functional and cosmetic morbidity. The therapeutic use of interferon for the treatment of fibroproliferative disorders associated with scar contraction, including hypertrophic scar, has been suggested because of its antifibrotic properties. Treatment of fibroblasts with interferon has been shown to reduce the rate and extent of contraction using the in vitro fibroblast-populated collagen lattice model. In order to establish the effect of interferon-alpha2b on full-thickness wound contraction in vivo, osmotic pumps loaded with interferon or sterile saline were implanted intraperitoneally in guinea pigs. Seven days following implantation, six full-thickness punch biopsy wounds were created and were monitored by daily assessment of the wound. There was a significant reduction in the rate of wound contraction in the interferon-treated animals after day 3 (p < 0.01). Western blot analysis was used to quantitate selected cytoskeletal proteins in the normal skin and tissue biopsied from the wound at days 7, 14, and 21 postinjury. The amount of vimentin in the contracted wound increased following injury as compared with the amount present in normal skin (p < 0.0001); however, the relative amounts of the myofibroblast-associated cytoskeletal proteins alpha-smooth muscle actin and smooth muscle myosin were less than those found in normal, uninjured skin. By using vimentin to adjust the levels of cytoskeletal proteins for the increase in cellularity in the wounds, both alpha-smooth muscle actin and smooth muscle myosin significantly increased after closure of the wounds on day 14, as compared with the open-wound stage (day 7), before further reductions occurred with remodeling on day 21. Measurement of apoptotic cells using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay revealed an increase in apoptosis in the interferon-alpha2b-treated animals at 21 days following wounding (p < 0.001), which did not colocalize with alpha-smooth muscle actin staining. Taken together, these findings suggest that interferon-alpha2b inhibits wound contraction in vivo, not through an appreciable alteration in myofibroblast number or cytoskeletal protein expression, but possibly through a reduction in fibroblast cellularity by the induction of apoptosis.
Corosolic Acid Induces GLUT4 Translocation in Genetically Type 2 Diabetic Mice (2004)

The effect of corosolic acid (CA) on blood glucose was studied in KK-Ay mice, an animal model of type 2 diabetes. CA (10 mg/kg) reduced the blood glucose (p<0.05) of KK-Ay mice 4 h after single oral administration when compared with the control group. However, CA did not change the plasma insulin. The muscle facilitative glucose transporter isoform 4 (GLUT4) translocation from low-density microsomal membrane to plasma membrane was significantly increased in the orally CA-treated mice when compared with that of the controls (p<0.05). These results suggest that the hypoglycemic effect of CA is derived, at least in part, from an increase in GLUT4 translocation in muscle. Therefore, it may be that CA has beneficial effects on hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes.
Photolysis of o-phenylene oxalate. A high-yield photodecarbonylation reaction (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotolysis of o-phenylene oxalate. A high-yield photodecarbonylation reactionSteven P. Schmidt and Gary B. SchusterCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 9, 1823–1824Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00403a048https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00403a048research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views185Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Near Real-Time CSG (Constructive Solid Geometry) Rendering Using Tree Normalization and Geometric Pruning (1988)

Abstract : Described is a set of algorithms for efficiently rendering a CSG- defined objective directly into a frame buffer without converting first to a boundary representation. The method requires only that the frame buffer contain sufficient memory to hold two color values, two z values, and three one-bit flags. The algorithm first converts the CSG tree to a normalized form that is analogous to the sum-of-products form for boolean switching functions. Expanding on results previously reported the authors, introduce 1) an improved algorithm for converting a CSG expression to sum-of-products form, 2) a technique for minimizing the tree using don't care conditions based on geometry, 3) the dynamic interleaving of the above two algorithms, allowing very efficient rendering for most CSG objects, 4) a method for extending the technique to non- convex primitives, and 5) an implementation of these ideas in an interactive CSG design system on Pixelplanes 4. In this system the designer directly manipulates the CSG structure while continuously viewing the color rendering of the object under design. It is believed these algorithms will attain similar speeds on many of the next generation high-performance graphics system that have frame buffers with many bits per pixel.
A SiGe MMIC 6-bit PIN diode phase shifter (2002)

A 6-bit PIN diode phase shifter has been successfully demonstrated at microwave frequencies in a SiGe bipolar technology. A post-silicon polymer dielectric interconnect technology is implemented to achieve low loss microstrip structures on the silicon substrate. The monolithic microwave integrated circuit exhibits flat phase shift, low VSWR, and low insertion loss variation, over the 7- to 11-GHz band. This phase shifter demonstrates the feasibility of integrating SiGe technology into microwave systems.
Differential Expression and Molecular Associations of Syk in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus T Cells (2008)

Diminished expression of TCR zeta and reciprocal up-regulation and association of FcRgamma with the TCR/CD3 complex is a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) T cells. In this study we explored whether differential molecular associations of the spleen tyrosine kinase Syk that preferentially binds to FcRgamma contribute to pathological amplification of signals downstream of this "rewired TCR" in SLE. We detected higher amounts of Syk expression and activity in SLE compared with normal T cells. Selective inhibition of the activity of Syk reduced the strength of TCR-induced calcium responses and slowed the rapid kinetics of actin polymerization exclusively in SLE T cells. Syk and ZAP-70 also associated differently with key molecules involved in cytoskeletal and calcium signaling in SLE T cells. Thus, while Vav-1 and LAT preferentially bound to Syk, phospholipase C-gamma1 bound to both Syk and ZAP-70. Our results show that differential associations of Syk family kinases contribute to the enhanced TCR-induced signaling responses in SLE T cells. Thus, we propose molecular targeting of Syk as a measure to control abnormal T cell responses in SLE.
Formulation Strategies to Improve the Bioavailability of Poorly Absorbed Drugs with Special Emphasis on Self-Emulsifying Systems (2013)

Poorly water-soluble drug candidates are becoming more prevalent. It has been estimated that approximately 60-70% of the drug molecules are insufficiently soluble in aqueous media and/or have very low permeability to allow for their adequate and reproducible absorption from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) following oral administration. Formulation scientists have to adopt various strategies to enhance their absorption. Lipidic formulations are found to be a promising approach to combat the challenges. In this review article, potential advantages and drawbacks of various conventional techniques and the newer approaches specifically the self-emulsifying systems are discussed. Various components of the self-emulsifying systems and their selection criteria are critically reviewed. The attempts of various scientists to transform the liquid self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) to solid-SEDDS by adsorption, spray drying, lyophilization, melt granulation, extrusion, and so forth to formulate various dosage forms like self emulsifying capsules, tablets, controlled release pellets, beads, microspheres, nanoparticles, suppositories, implants, and so forth have also been included. Formulation of SEDDS is a potential strategy to deliver new drug molecules with enhanced bioavailability mostly exhibiting poor aqueous solubility. The self-emulsifying system offers various advantages over other drug delivery systems having potential to solve various problems associated with drugs of all the classes of biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS).
Concepts for Command & Control Effectiveness in German Disaster Response (2010)

The paper analyzes relevant concepts for command & control effectiveness in the German disaster response system. The concepts are derived from legal text review, an analogy between military and disaster response domain and interpretations of representatives from major German disaster response organizations. The concepts are integrated into a conceptual model.
Development of a real-time learning scheduler using reinforcement learning concepts (2002)

A scheme for the scheduling of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) has been developed which divides the scheduling function (built upon a generic controller architecture) into four different steps: candidate rule selection, transient phenomena analysis, multicriteria compromise analysis, and learning. This scheme is based on a hybrid architecture which utilizes neural networks, simulation, genetic algorithms, and induction mechanism. This paper investigates the candidate rule selection process, which selects a small list of scheduling rules from a larger list of such rules. This candidate rule selector is developed by using the integration of dynamic programming and neural networks. The system achieves real-time learning using this approach. In addition, since an expert scheduler is not available, it utilizes reinforcement signals from the environment (a measure of how desirable the achieved state is as measured by the resulting performance criteria). The approach is discussed and further research issues are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High <i>in vitro</i>‐<i>in vivo</i> correlation of drug response using sponge‐gel‐supported three‐dimensional histoculture and the MTT end point (1992)

The in vitro sponge-gel-supported three-dimensional histoculture chemosensitivity assay (Hoffman assay) allows the in vivo-like culture of human tumors. In this study, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide (MTT) end point was applied to the Hoffman assay in an attempt to increase in vitro-in vivo correlation. The chemosensitivities of 16 human tumor lines were determined in vitro by the histoculture assay, and retrospectively correlated to their in vivo chemosensitivity as xenografts in nude mice. The in vitro test was considered to be positive if tumor-cell MTT reduction activity was lowered by more than 50%. The cutoff drug concentrations to determine sensitivity in vitro were determined for mitomycin C, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. Using these cutoff drug concentrations in vitro we found, as a function of time of exposure, a strong correlation between serum drug concentrations found in nude mice given maximum tolerated doses and drug concentrations found in the histoculture media in vitro, thereby establishing a relationship between the amounts of drugs to which tumors were exposed in vivo and in vitro. The overall correlation rate of the efficacy results of the drug-response assay to in vivo chemosensitivities was 89.8%, with 90.0% true-positive and 89.7% true-negative rates, 81.7% sensitivity and 94.6% specificity, thereby indicating potential clinical use for tumor histoculture with the MTT end point.
Stereoselective synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3‐<i>d</i>]pyrimidine α‐ and β‐<scp>D</scp>‐ribonucleosides from anomerically pure <scp>D</scp>‐ribofuranosyl chlorides: Solid‐Liquid Phase‐Transfer Glycosylation and <sup>15</sup>N‐NMR Spectra (1988)

Abstract Solid‐liquid phase‐transfer glycosylation (KOH, tris[2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethye]amine ( = TDA‐1), MeCN) of pyrrolo[2,3‐ d ]pyrimidines such as 3a and 3b with an equimolar amount of 5‐ O ‐[(1,1 ‐dimethylethyl)dimethylsilyl]‐2,3‐ O ‐(1‐methylethylidene)‐α‐ D ‐ribofuranosyl chloride (1) [6] gave the protected β‐ D ‐nucleosides 4a and 4b , respectively, stereoselectively (Scheme). The β‐ D ‐anomer 2 [6] yielded the corresponding α‐ D ‐nucleosides 5a and 5b with traces of the β‐ D ‐compounds. The 6‐substituted 7‐deazapurine nucleosides 6a , 7a , and 8 were converted into tubercidin (10) or its α‐ D ‐anomer (11) . Spin‐lattice relaxation measurements of anomeric ribonucleosides revealed that T 1 values of HC(8) in the α‐ D ‐series are significantly increased compared to HC(8) in the β‐ D ‐series while the opposite is true for T 1 of HC(1′). 15 N‐NMR data of 6‐substituted 7‐deazapurine D ‐ribofuranosides were assigned and compared with those of 2′‐deoxy compounds. Furthermore, it was shown that 7‐deaza‐2′deoxyadenosine ( = 2′‐deoxytubercidin; 12 ) is protonated at N(1), whereas the protonation site of 7‐deaza‐2′‐deoxyguanosine ( 20 ) is N(3).
Preparation of Soluble Polymeric Supports with a Functional Group for Liquid-Phase Organic Synthesis (2002)

Soluble copolymers of styrene with functional groups were prepared by radical co-polymerization of styrene with various substituted styrenes. They were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and their molecular weight was determined by size exclusion chromatography.
Label-checking strategies to adapt behaviour to design (2015)

Despite robust quality control procedures, labelling errors on fresh produce are estimated to cost the UK supermarket industry approximately £50million pounds per year in product recalls and wastage. Changing the format of the labels themselves is not a viable option. Instead, the challenge is to change or guide human operatives' behaviour so that label printing errors do not go undetected during quality control procedures. To this end, a simulated label checking task was presented to naïve participants to compare more systematic and strategic methods of label checking. Two conditions in which behaviour was computer-led were compared with a control condition in which checkers adopted their own idiosyncratic checking method. The data indicate that the two computer-led approaches resulted in improved levels of accuracy. Pushing label checkers towards a more systematic approach would appear to be effective in reducing undetected label errors, and could lead potentially to significant financial savings and reduced environmental wastage in the fresh produce industry.
Calcium-dependent Properties of Peptidylarginine Deiminase from Rabbit Skeletal Muscle (1986)

Peptidylarginine deiminase, which catalyzes the deimination of arginyl residues in protein, required Ca2+ as an essential cofactor and the half-maximal activity was attained at 40—60 μm Ca2+. Other divalent cations were practically inactive except for Sr2+, which was about 50% as active as Ca2+ when tested at 10 mm. However, Sr2+ at less than the concentration of 100 μm had little or no activity. The direct Ca2+-binding for the enzyme showed a sigmoidal curve with a transition midpoint of about 110 μm, indicating that the binding is cooperative. Analysis of Hill plots of the data revealed that the enzyme binds 3 mol of Ca2+/mol of protein with an apparent dissociation constant of llO μm. A conformational change upon Ca2+-binding was also described for the enzyme using UV-difference spectra. The alteration could be attributed to an increased exposure of the aromatic residues to a more aqueous environment, as has been described for Ca2+-binding proteins such as calmodulin. Phosphatidylserine enhanced the reaction velocity and concomitantly reduced the Ca2+-requirement for the enzyme. These effects were stimulated by the addition of diacylglycerol. Diacylglycerol alone had little or no effect. On the other hand, calmodulin had no effect on the enzymatic activity over a wide range of Ca2+ concentrations. These suggest that the activity and Ca2+-sensitivity of peptidylarginine deiminase is increased at the cell membrane.
Perinatal infection, fetal inflammatory response, white matter damage, and cognitive limitations in children born preterm (2002)

Only sparse information is available about a possible association between antenatal infection outside the brain and subsequent cognitive limitations among preterm infants. Based on published studies, we provide a theoretical schema that links them via the fetal inflammatory response and neonatal white matter damage. We conclude that the relationship between antenatal infection and cognitive limitations deserves much further attention by researchers interested in the prevention of this undesirable outcome of prematurity.
Methotrexate analogs. 6. Replacement of glutamic acid by various amino acid esters and amines (1975)

A series of methotrexate (MTX) analogs was prepared in which the glutamic acid moiety is replaced by various amino acid esters and amines. The synthetic method consisted of the reaction of 4-amino-4-deoxy-N10-methylpteroic acid with various reagents to form intermediate mixed anhydrides, which then reacted with amino acid esters or amines to give the MTX analogs. These compounds were tested for antibacterial activity against Streptococcus faecium and for antitumor activity against L1210 leukemia in mice. Several compounds showed significant antibacterial activity; the MTX homocysteinethiolactone and MTX aspartate analogs showed marginal in vivo antitumor activity.
Synthese von r‐Cocaïn (1903)

CH=CH-C'H, Cykloheptatriencarbonsaure und zwar die namliche 8 -Saure vom Schmelzp. 5 ~5 -5 6 ~ wie aus 1-Ecgonin und d-Ecgonin4). Das in besserer Ausbeute gebildete Ecgoninisomere erinnert gleichfalls im Habitus an Ecgonin. Im Gegensatze dazu weist es aber weder eine freie Hydroxylgruppe auf, noch lasst es sich nach den gewohnlichen Nethoden esterificiren. Durch Blkohol und Chlorwasserstoff und auch beim Kochen mit wassriger Salzslure wird es unter Abspaltung von