gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functions of Fukutin, a Gene Responsible for Fukuyama Type Congenital Muscular Dystrophy, in Neuromuscular System and Other Somatic Organs (2010)

Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD) is an autosomal recessive disease, exhibiting muscular dystrophy, and central nervous system (CNS) and ocular malformations. It is included in alpha-dystroglycanopathy, a group of muscular dystrophy showing reduced glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan. alpha-Dystroglycan is one of the components of dystrophin-glycoprotein complex linking extracellular and intracellular proteins. The sugar chains of alpha-dystroglycan are receptors for extracellular matrix proteins such as laminin. Fukutin, a gene responsible for FCMD, is presumably related to the glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan like other causative genes of alpha-dystroglycanopathy. The CNS lesion of FCMD is characterized by cobblestone lissencephaly, associated with decreased glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan in the glia limitans where the basement membrane is formed. Astrocytes whose endfeet form the glia limitans seem to be greatly involved in the genesis of the CNS lesion. Fukutin is probably necessary for astrocytic function. Other components of the CNS may also need fukutin, such as migration and synaptic function in neurons. However, roles of fukutin in oligodendroglia, microglia, leptomeninges and capillaries are unknown at present. Fukutin is expressed in various somatic organs as well, and appears to work differently between epithelial cells and astrocytes. In the molecular level, since the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex is linked to cell signaling pathways involving c-src and c-jun, fukutin may be able to affect cell proliferation/survival. Fukutin was localized in the nucleus on cancer cell lines. With the consideration that mutations of fukutin give rise to wide spectrum of the clinical phenotype, more unknown functions of fukutin besides the glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan can be suggested. Trials for novel treatments including gene therapy are in progress in muscular dystrophies. Toward effective therapies with minimal side effects, precise evaluation of the pathomechanism of FCMD and the function of fukutin would be required.
Intrinsic birefringence in calcium fluoride and barium fluoride (2001)

We report measurements of the intrinsic birefringence in ${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{BaF}}_{2}$ for wavelengths in the range 365 nm to 156 nm, and ab initio optical response calculations in these materials and Si, Ge, GaAs, and GaP. Calculations typically agree within 40%. For 〈110〉 propagation, where the effect is largest, our measurements for ${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}[{\mathrm{BaF}}_{2}]$ give ${n}_{〈1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}10〉}\ensuremath{-}{n}_{〈001〉}=(\ensuremath{-}11.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}[(+34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}]$ for $\ensuremath{\lambda}=156.10\mathrm{nm}.$ The magnitudes of these values have serious consequences for the use of crystalline optics in precision optical systems in the ultraviolet, including 193 nm and 157 nm optical lithography.
P<scp>ULSED</scp>EPR S<scp>PECTROSCOPY</scp>: Biological Applications (2001)

Pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) methods such as ESEEM, PELDOR, relaxation time measurements, transient EPR, high-field/high-frequency EPR, and pulsed ENDOR, have been used successfully to investigate the local structure and dynamics of paramagnetic centers in biological samples. These methods allow different contributions to the EPR spectra to be distinguished and can help unravel complicated EPR spectra consisting of overlapping resonance lines, as are often found in disordered protein samples. The basic principles, specific potentials, technical requirements, and limitations of these advanced EPR techniques will be reviewed together with recent applications to metal centers, organic radicals, and spin labels in proteins.
Low-Temperature-Deposited <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{SiO}_{2}$</tex> </formula> Gate Insulator With Hydrophobic Methyl Groups for Bottom-Contact Organic Thin-Film Transistors (2010)

This study used a simple deposition method to fabricate hydrophobic SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> as an organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) gate insulator. The SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> gate insulator, which was deposited at 80 °C by plasma chemical vapor deposition using a tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) precursor gas, contained hydrophobic methyl (CH <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ) functional groups due to incompletely dissociated TEOS molecules. These CH <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> functional groups made the SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> surface more hydrophobic and, thus, facilitated crystalline growth of the pentacene film, resulting in device performance that could be comparable to OTFTs with SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -based gate insulators deposited at higher temperatures. Therefore, we believe that the proposed 80 °C SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> gate insulator, which delivers a good performance, will enable the potential application of OTFTs on flexible substrates.
Comparison of dose response of radiochromic film measured with He‐Ne laser, broadband, and filtered light densitometers (1997)

Dose response curves for GAFChromic MD-55-2 film were measured using three different densitometer systems: a He-Ne laser densitometer, a broadband (white light) densitometer, and a filtered red light densitometer. These were found to differ significantly; the dose needed to achieve a net optical density of 1 (DNOD1) was greater than 100 Gy for the white light densitometer, 56 Gy for the He-Ne densitometer, and only 14.8 Gy for the filtered red light densitometer. This represents approximately a fourfold increase in response for the filtered red light versus the He-Ne laser densitometer, which is a significant improvement. For some patient prescriptions this enables us to achieve an accuracy and precision sufficient to verify daily dose to within 5%.
Characterization of synaptic vesicles and related neuronal features in nerve growth factor and ras oncogene differentiated PC12 cells (1995)

PC12 cells can differentiate into neuron-like cells after treatment with either nerve growth factor (NGF) or transduction with a retrovirus which expresses the K-ras oncogene. The concomitant treatment of NGF plus ras differentiates PC12 cells further than either agent alone with respect to neurite outgrowth, acetylcholinesterase levels, and most strikingly, the number of synaptic vesicle (SV) clusters. These SV clusters in PC12 cell neurites closely resemble those in the presynaptic terminals of neurons. Such SV clusters have not been described in cell lines previously. The SV clusters from all three differentiated groups (NGF, ras, and NGF plus ras) were similar in size, shape, and configuration, except that the ones in the doubly treated group occur in higher frequency and have more vesicles. The synaptic nature of these vesicle clusters was demonstrated by their regulated depletion after potassium stimulation. Furthermore, these vesicle clusters stained positively for two SV-associated proteins, synapsin I and synaptophysin, by EM immunocytochemistry (ICC). Such SV clusters in a cell line are very useful for characterizing the regulated release of SVs and the distribution of SV-related antigens in intact cells. Analysis by SDS-gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting indicated that synapsin I levels are higher in all three differentiated groups compared to untreated cells; whereas synaptophysin levels are lower in cells exposed to NGF alone or with NGF and ras double treatment. Possible convergence and/or divergence on the mechanisms of NGF and ras differentiation in PC12 cells are discussed.
A 900-MHz dual-conversion low-IF GSM receiver in 0.35-μm CMOS (2001)

A low-power fully integrated GSM receiver is developed in 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS. This receiver uses dual conversion with a low IF of 140 kHz. This arrangement lessens the impact of the flicker noise. The first IF of 190 MHz best tolerates blocking signals. The receiver includes all of the circuits for analog channel selection, image rejection, and more than 100-dB controllable gain. The receiver alone consumes 22 mA from a 2.5-V supply, to give a noise figure of 5 dB, and input IP3 of -16 dBm. A single frequency synthesizer generates both LO frequencies. The integrated VCO with on-chip resonator and buffers consume another 8 mA, and meets GSM phase-noise specifications.
Common haplotypes in five genes influence genetic variance of LDL and HDL cholesterol in the general population (2002)

We studied the association between common haplotypes in six relevant lipid metabolism genes with plasma lipid levels. We selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hepatic triglyceride lipase (HL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol receptor (LDLR), apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) genes, and studied 732 individuals from 184 German families. Total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) were similar to those reported in other European and American populations. Haplotypes derived from SNP combinations resulted in more significance and of a higher degree than did single SNPs in the genotype-phenotype association analysis. Reduction of the polygenic variance attributable to haplotypes was estimated using variance components analysis. Under the biometrical genetic model, allelic association of haplotypes was highly significant for HDL, LDL and the LDL/HDL ratio. The residual kinship correlation was reduced accordingly. The ApoE gene had a strong effect on trait variation; however, the other genes also contributed substantially. An epistatic interaction could not be demonstrated in this sample. The data are consistent with the notion that common genetic variants influence common traits.
Efficient automatic diagnosis of digital circuits (2002)

The problem of automatic diagnosis of digital circuits with efficiency is studied. Two improvements over the method of J.C. Madre et al. (1989) are developed to enhance the efficiency of diagnosis. Specifically, the dominance relation in circuit topology is utilized to reduce the search space of possibly correctable gates. In the authors' experiment, the search space is reduced to about one-half. A novel divide-and-conquer technique to determine the correct gate function is proposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Distribution of Marine Invertebrates by Ships (1953)

In comparatively recent years a number of sedentary marine invertebrates have been found on the east coast of Australia, where they were previously unknown. New records for Australian waters are: Bryozoa — Bugula flabellata Thompson,Conopeum tubigerum Osburn, Schizoporella unicornis Johnston, Watersipora cucullata Busk, and Anguinella palmata van Beneden; Polycliaeta ( Serpulidae) — Mercierella enigmatica Fauvel; Cirripedia — Balanus algicola Pilsbry. By reason of their abundance, these species could not have been overlooked by field collectors, and as they are ship-fouling organisms in other parts of the world it is concluded that they have been introduced by ships. An examination is made of the factors militating against such importations, but despite the difficulties encountered, organisms can be successfully translocated by ships. Mention is made of some of the more outstanding introductions that have occurred overseas in recent years. The available evidence suggests that many cosmopolitan species may owe their wide distribution to the movements of shipping.
Cc (2006)

Citizenship is both a practice and a status. As a practice, citizenship describes the relationship between individuals and the state in which they are linked together by sets of rights and responsibilities. Citizenship is also more narrowly understood as status in terms of individual membership of a nation-state's political community.
Hydrocarbon Activation with Metal Halides:  Zirconium Tetrachloride Catalyzing the Jacobsen Reaction and Assisting the Trimerization of Alkynes via the Formation of η<sup>6</sup>-Arene−Zirconium(IV) Complexes (1997)

Solubilization of the highly insoluble polymeric ZrCl4 is achieved using 1,2,4,5-Me4C6H2 (durene) as a carrier in a halogenated solvent, such as CH2Cl2, CHCl3, 1,2-Cl2C2H4, or o-Cl2C6H4. Solubilization can reach the level of 40 g of ZrCl4 in 100 mL of CH2Cl2 using an equimolar amount of durene. This is a very successful approach to making available soluble ZrCl4 in a noncoordinating solvent. The solubilization occurs via the formation of a η6-arene complex, which has been structurally characterized in the form of the hexamethylbenzene derivative [(η6-Me6C6)Zr2(μ-Cl)3Cl5] (3). This complex is in equilibrium, as revealed by the 1H NMR spectrum in CH2Cl2, with free C6Me6 and a complex (4) which contains a higher Zr/C6Me6 ratio. A careful analysis of the CH2Cl2 solution, containing originally ZrCl4 and durene, showed that durene underwent transformation to C6Me5H and C6Me6. These species have been trapped, bonded to zirconium in complex [(η6-C6Me5R)Zr2(μ-Cl)3Cl5] (2, R = H, 50%; R = Me, 50%), which has been structurally characterized. The methyl redistribution reaction in CH2Cl2 can result in the inconvenient formation of byproducts derived from the Zr-assisted Friedel−Craft reaction of CH2Cl2 on the arene. The intermediate of such a reaction has been isolated as [C6Me6CHCl2]+[Zr2Cl9]- (5), whose X-ray structure is available. In order to avoid the intervention of the solvent and to speed up the reaction, the ZrCl4 rearrangement of methylbenzenes was carried out in neat hydrocarbon at 90 °C for 6 h. This rearrangement has a number of peculiarities: (i) unlike the original Jacobsen reaction, it involves intermolecular methyl transfer; (ii) it reaches an equilibrium of methyl distribution; and (iii) it is catalytic in zirconium. The very high stability of 3 accounts for the isolation of the same compound derived from the ZrCl4-assisted trimerization of 2-butyne in n-hexane.
A quality of service architecture that combines resource reservation and application adaptation (2002)

Reservation and adaptation are two well-known and effective techniques for enhancing the end-to-end performance of network applications. However, both techniques also have limitations, particularly when dealing with high-bandwidth, dynamic flows: fixed-capability reservations tend to be wasteful of resources and hinder graceful degradation in the face of congestion, while adaptive techniques fail when congestion becomes excessive. We propose an approach to quality of service (QoS) that overcomes these difficulties by combining features of reservations and adaptation. In this approach, a combination of online control interfaces for resource management, a sensor permitting online monitoring, and decision procedures embedded in resources enable a rich variety of dynamic feedback interactions between applications and resources. We describe a QoS architecture, GARA, that has been extended to support these mechanisms, and use three examples of application-level adaptive strategies to show how this framework can permit applications to adapt both their resource requests and behavior in response to online sensor information.
Comparative in situ and laboratory sediment bioassays with juvenile<i>Mercenaria mercenaria</i> (2002)

Sediment toxicity assays were conducted with juvenile Mercenaria mercenaria to compare the results of laboratory assays and in situ deployments. Juvenile clams were deployed for one week at a variety of degraded and undegraded sites in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. USA, during the summers of 1998, 1999, and 2000. Parallel laboratory assays were conducted with sediments collected from the deployment sites. Mortality and a sublethal endpoint, seed clam growth rate, were used to compare toxicity between reference and degraded sites. Growth rates of field-deployed clams tended to be higher than growth rates for laboratory assays, especially at the reference sites. Field studies indicated a higher potential for toxicity than did the laboratory studies at degraded sites. These studies suggest that laboratory assays may underestimate potential sediment toxicity at degraded sites. However, field growth rates may be affected by natural environmental factors (e.g., pH, dissolved oxygen, and salinity), so regression normalization techniques were used to distinguish the effects of these variables from those of contaminants.
Using the generalized Radon transform for detection of curves in noisy images (2002)

In this paper the discrete generalized Radon transform will be investigated as a tool for detection of curves in noisy digital images. The discrete generalized Radon transform maps an image into a parameter domain, where curves following a specific parameterized curve form will correspond to a peak in the parameter domain. A major advantage of the generalized Radon transform is that the curves are allowed to intersect. This enables a thresholding algorithm in the parameter domain for simultaneous detection of curve parameters. A threshold level based on the noise level in the image is derived. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the theory.
Bidonvilles de Nanterre : une destruction en trompe-l'œil (2011)

C’est en 1971 que les derniers bidonvilles de Nanterre ont été détruits. Bien qu’il s’agisse de l’un des plus importants lieux de mémoire de l’immigration maghrébine en région parisienne, les circonstances dans lesquelles ils ont disparu sont encore mal connues. Si leur destruction a été médiatisée, les protestations des habitants face aux conditions de relogement qu’on leur a imposées, n’ont, elles, laissé que peu de traces.
Serum Gamma-Glutamyltransferase as a Risk Factor of Ischemic Stroke Might Be Independent of Alcohol Consumption (2002)

FIGURES 14–19. Utivarachna rama sp. n., male holotype (14–17) and female paratype (18, 19). Male palp, dorsal (14), ventral (15), prolateral (16) and retrolateral (17) views. Epigyne, ventral view (18) and its internal structures, dorsal view (19). Abbreviations: A, epigynal atrium; BS, anterior bursa; CO, copulatory orifice; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; ID, insemination duct; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD, sperm duct; SP, spermatheca; ST, subtegulum; T, tegulum. Scale line = 0.50 mm (14–17) and 0.25 mm (18, 19).
What Next for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma? (2015)

Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Despite current multimodality treatment including surgical resection and temozolomide-based chemoradiotherapy, median survival is only 14-16 months. Characterization of molecular alterations in glioblastoma has identified prognostic subgroups and therapeutic opportunities for clinical trials across glioblastoma subsets. Following a number of negative Phase III trials testing temozolomide dose intensification and angiogenesis inhibition, recent interim analysis data indicate survival prolongation with use of a device (Optune™) delivering alternating electrical field therapy in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients. In this review, we present an overview of the data supporting the current standard of care and discuss novel experimental therapies in early and late phase clinical testing including devices, small molecule drugs, angiogenesis inhibitors, oncolytic virotherapy and immunotherapy.
Strategy for Sensor Based on Fluorescence Emission Red Shift of Conjugated Polymers: Applications in pH Response and Enzyme Activity Detection (2012)

A new strategy was developed and applied in monitoring pH response and enzyme activity based on fluorescence emission red shift (FERS) of the conjugated polymer PPP-OR10 induced by the inner filter effect (IFE) of nitrobenzene derivatives. Neutral poly(p-phenylenes) functionalized with oligo(oxyethylene) side chains (PPP-OR10) was designed and synthesized by the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. Nitrobenzene derivatives display different light absorption activities in the acidic or basic form due to adopting different electron-transition types. When environmental pH is higher than their pK(a) values, nitrobenzene derivatives exhibit strong absorbance around 400 nm, which is close to the maximal emission of polymer PPP-OR10. As a result, the maximal emission wavelength of PPP-OR10/nitrobenzene derivatives red shifts with the pH value increasing. Apparently, the IFE plays a very important role in this case. A new method has been designed that takes advantage of this pH-sensitive platform to sensor α-chymotrypsin (ChT) based on the IFE of p-nitroaniline, since the absorption spectrum of p-nitroaniline, the ChT-hydrolyzed product of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine-p-nitroaniline (BTNA), overlaps with the emission spectrum of PPP-OR10. In addition, the present approach can detect α-chymotrypsin with a detection limit of 0.1 μM, which is lower than that of the corresponding absorption spectroscopy method. Furthermore, the pH response and enzyme detections can be carried out in 10% serum, which makes this new FERS-based strategy promising in applications in more complex conditions and a broader field.
Natural Variation in an ABC Transporter Gene Associated with Seed Size Evolution in Tomato Species (2009)

Seed size is a key determinant of evolutionary fitness in plants and is a trait that often undergoes tremendous changes during crop domestication. Seed size is most often quantitatively inherited, and it has been shown that Sw4.1 is one of the most significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying the evolution of seed size in the genus Solanum-especially in species related to the cultivated tomato. Using a combination of genetic, developmental, molecular, and transgenic techniques, we have pinpointed the cause of the Sw4.1 QTL to a gene encoding an ABC transporter gene. This gene exerts its control on seed size, not through the maternal plant, but rather via gene expression in the developing zygote. Phenotypic effects of allelic variation at Sw4.1 are manifested early in seed development at stages corresponding to the rapid deposition of starch and lipids into the endospermic cells. Through synteny, we have identified the Arabidopsis Sw4.1 ortholog. Mutagenesis has revealed that this ortholog is associated with seed length variation and fatty acid deposition in seeds, raising the possibility that the ABC transporter may modulate seed size variation in other species. Transcription studies show that the ABC transporter gene is expressed not only in seeds, but also in other tissues (leaves and roots) and, thus, may perform functions in parts of the plants other than developing seeds. Cloning and characterization of the Sw4.1 QTL gives new insight into how plants change seed during evolution and may open future opportunities for modulating seed size in crop plants for human purposes.