gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rational Design of Ruthenium Complexes Containing 2,6‐Bis(benzimidazolyl)pyridine Derivatives with Radiosensitization Activity by Enhancing p53 Activation (2015)

The rational design of metal-based complexes is an effective strategy for the discovery of potent sensitizers for use in cancer radiotherapy. In this study, we synthesized three ruthenium complexes containing bis-benzimidazole derivatives: Ru(bbp)Cl3 (1), [Ru(bbp)2 ]Cl2 (2 a) (in which bbp=2,6-bis(benzimidazol-1-yl)pyridine), and [Ru(bbp)2]Cl2 (2 b) (where bbp=2,6-bis-(6-nitrobenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine). We evaluated their radiosensitization capacities in vitro and mechanisms of action. Complex 2 b was found to be particularly effective in sensitizing human melanoma A375 cells toward radiation, with a sensitivity enhancement ratio of 2.4. Along with this potency, complex 2 b exhibited a high degree of selectivity between human cancer and normal cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that 2 b promotes radiation-induced accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by reacting with cellular glutathione (GSH) and then causing DNA stand breaks. The subsequent DNA damage induces phosphorylation of p53 (p-p53) and upregulates the expression levels of p21, which inhibits the expression of cyclin-B, leading to G2M arrest. Moreover, p-p53 activates caspases-3 and -8, triggers cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), finally resulting in apoptosis. Taken together, the results of this study provide a strategy for the design of ruthenium-based radiosensitizers for use in cancer therapy.
Troubleshooting interactive complexity bugs in wireless sensor networks using data mining techniques (2014)

This article presents a tool for uncovering bugs due to interactive complexity in networked sensing applications. Such bugs are not localized to one component that is faulty, but rather result from complex and unexpected interactions between multiple often individually nonfaulty components. Moreover, the manifestations of these bugs are often not repeatable, making them particularly hard to find, as the particular sequence of events that invokes the bug may not be easy to reconstruct. Because of the distributed nature of failure scenarios, our tool looks for sequences of events that may be responsible for faulty behavior, as opposed to localized bugs such as a bad pointer in a module. We identified several challenges in applying discriminative sequence mining for root cause analysis when the system fails to perform as expected and presented our solutions to those challenges. We also present two alternative schemes, namely, two-stage mining and the progressive discriminative sequence mining to address the scalability challenge. An extensible framework is developed where a front-end collects runtime data logs of the system being debugged and an offline back-end uses frequent discriminative pattern mining to uncover likely causes of failure. We provided several case studies where we applied our tool successfully to troubleshoot the cause of the problem. We uncovered a kernel-level race condition bug in the LiteOS operating system and a protocol design bug in the directed diffusion protocol. We also presented a case study of debugging a multichannel MAC protocol that was found to exhibit corner cases of poor performance (worse than single-channel MAC). The tool helped to uncover event sequences that lead to a highly degraded mode of operation. Fixing the problem significantly improved the performance of the protocol. We also evaluated the extensions presented in this article. Finally, we provided a detailed analysis of tool overhead in terms of memory requirements and impact on the running application.
Immunocytochemical detection of the homeobox B3, B4, and C6 gene products in breast carcinomas. (2000)

Breast cancer (BC) represents the most frequent neoplasm in women with a risk of incidence between 10% and 12%. The detection of tumor associated and oncofetal antigen re-expression in a variety of neoplastically transformed cell types has aided in the more precise diagnosis and prognostication of human cancers. The homeobox (HOX) genes encode proteins which contain a 61 amino acid DNA-binding homeodomain and are involved in the transcriptional regulation of other genes during normal onto- and histogenesis. The class I HOX genes are organized in four clusters on different chromosomes in humans, with a high conservation in the order of the genes within each of these clusters. Re-expression of HOX gene products has been reported in a wide variety of neoplastically transformed cells and it seems quite likely that the HOX genes represent yet another class of oncofetal antigens involved in both normal development and carcinogenesis, as well as tumor progression. The expression pattern of three HOX gene products (HOX-B3, -B4, and -C6) was examined immunocytochemically in 11 human breast carcinoma (BC) tissues. In all observed BC cases, HOX-C6 was present in over 90% of the neoplastically transformed cells (+4) demonstrating a high grade (A and B) staining intensity. The same expression pattern was defined for the other two observed proteins (HOX-B3 and -B4; over 90% or +4 and a high grade staining intensity or A and B). Current treatment of BC encompasses the three "classic" modalities of therapy: surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Although advances have been made, we still face great difficulties in the treatment of this deadly human neoplasm. Therefore, we are always seeking novel tumor associated antigens (TAAs), including oncofetal antigens, to use as molecular targets in cancer cell directed fourth modality immunotherapy.
Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of leukotriene B4 (1989)

Ten years have elapsed since the discovery and structural elucidation of the leukotriene compounds (1-5). The leukotrienes constitute a group of potent biologically active arachidonic acid-derived metabolites which are implicated as mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions and inflammation. They were first discovered in leukocytes and were determined to contain a conjugated triene structure, thus the derivation of their name (6). The cysteinyl-containing leukotrienes (LTC,, LTD4, and LTE,),' which together make up the slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis, are synthesized primarily by eosinophils, mast cells, and macrophages. They stimulate contraction of various smooth muscle cells, promote bronchial mucous secretion, and induce extravasation of plasma proteins by increasing microvascular permeability. Leukotriene B, (LTB,), synthesized predominantly by neutrophils, is capable of stimulating circulating leukocytes to adhere to the vascular endothelium and induces extravasation and chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in nanomolar concentrations. At higher concentrations, LTBI induces polymorphonuclear leukocyte degranulation, superoxide generation, and can augment natural killer cell activity. Several reviews on the structure, biosynthesis, and biological actions of the leukotrienes have been written (7-13). It is the aim of the present review to concentrate on the advances made in recent years, primarily through molecular biology studies, on the reaction pathway leading to production of LTB,. 5-Lipoxygenase
Chemical overprint on the natural remanent magnetization of a subtropical red soil sequence in the Bose Basin, southern China (2007)

We present a high‐resolution paleomagnetic investigation of the subtropical red soil sequence at the Damei section, Bose Basin, southern China. Maghemite with low coercivities and fine‐grained hematite with high coercivities but relatively low unblocking temperatures were identified as main carriers of the natural remanent magnetization (NRM). Strong chemical weathering occurring under subtropical climatic conditions in southern China led to a chemical remanent magnetization (CRM) overprint that is sufficiently strong to mask the primary NRM. Analysis of the Bose Basin soil sequence indicates that the CRM has a large lock‐in depth (>4 m). This example shows that magnetostratigraphic studies on red soil sequences in subtropical‐tropical southern China should be interpreted with caution.
Clinical evaluation of a new concept: resting myocardial perfusion heterogeneity quantified by markovian analysis of PET identifies coronary microvascular dysfunction and early atherosclerosis in 1,034 subjects. (2005)

Patchy heterogeneous resting myocardial perfusion by noninvasive cardiac PET quantified objectively using Markovian homogeneity analysis, and its improvement after dipyridamole, are powerful independent predictors of even mild stress-induced perfusion abnormalities, more than standard risk factors, consistent with coronary microvascular dysfunction as an early marker of preclinical CAD for potential preventive treatment.
Transformation of rat 3Y1 cells by human papillomavirus type‐18 DNA (1988)

Rat 3Y1 cell cultures transfected with human papillomavirus type-18 (HPV 18) DNA produced foci of morphologically transformed cells capable of anchorage-independent growth. Analyses of the transformed cell clones obtained after transfection with EcoRI-cleaved linear HPV 18 DNA showed that, although the viral DNAs integrated in the cell DNA had rearrangements (probably around the sites of integration), they appeared to retain the putative transcriptional control region and the downstream area containing E6E7 open reading frames (ORF) intact, and to be transcriptionally active. The expression plasmids constructed from an SV40-derived expression vector (pSV2-0) and HPV 18 DNA fragments containing either E6 or E7 ORF intact were examined for their transforming capacity. HPV 18 E7 ORF was found to encode a transforming gene for rat 3Y1 cells.
Three-dimensional magnetotelluric modelling and inversion (1989)

An outline is presented of the nature of the problem of making quantitative use of magnetotelluric data for geophysical exploration. The authors discuss their view and experiences in dealing with the modeling and interpretation problems. The key step is considered to be the modeling step, which is that of predicting the response of a given distribution of electrical properties within the Earth to the electromagnetic excitation. Decisions about modeling methods also consider the interpretation process that will be used. The electromagnetic problem is three-dimensional which makes it necessary to use numerical methods. Difference equations are used and the authors investigate spacing requirements and two approaches to solving the system of equations: a relaxation method and a direct solution method. The relaxation method is found to be much faster, but it is very difficult to eliminate all the errors in the resulting solution. The interpretation problem is approached using a scheme that minimizes the joint probability of fitting the observed data and adhering to an a priori conductivity model. A relaxation procedure is used to solve this problem and the behavior of the procedure is examined associated with the application of magnetotellurics to exploration problems. Some of the problems in signal resolution that arise when interpreting the data are noted.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Germanium: The Past and Possibly a Future Material for Microelectronics (2007)

Germanium possesses higher bulk mobilities than silicon and was used for the first transistors. However, by the 1960s its use was largely supplanted with Si due largely to Si's high quality thermal oxide. Today, with the 45 nm technology node in production, high k dielectrics are beginning to replace SiO2 in the gate, and as such, one of the key reasons for using Si is no longer as relevant. This, combined with performance concerns for Si based devices for and beyond the 22 nm node has made Ge a worthy area for research for high performance devices. In this paper, we give an overview of some of the major issues for Ge MOSFETs, illustrating recent progress using data from IMEC. Key results include a factor of 10 reduction in threading dislocations for epi Ge on Si by the use of an ~850{degree sign}C anneal, the first successful use of As halo implants, progress on optimization of activation anneals, the use of a thin epitaxial Si passivation and its impact on threshold voltage, a 2-step anneal NiGe process flow to drastically reduce defects, and the importance of a hydrogen anneal following metallization.
Volumetric umbilical artery blood flow: comparison of the normal versus the single umbilical artery cord (2001)

Volumetric blood and its components were measured indirectly with ultrasound. The SUA cord artery carried twice the blood volume of an artery in a three-vessel cord. Other flow parameters changed appropriately to explain the increased flow. For the anatomically normal fetus with SUA there was no increase in intrauterine growth restriction.
Guiding Visual Surveillance by Tracking Human Attention (2009)

We describe a novel method for directing the attention of an automated surveillance system. Our starting premise is that the attention of people in a scene can be used as an indicator of interesting areas and events. To determine people’s attention from passive visual observations we develop a system for automatic tracking and detection of individual heads to infer their gaze direction. The former is achieved by combining a histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) based head detector with frame-to-frame tracking using multiple point features to provide stable head images. The latter is achieved using a head pose classification method which uses randomised ferns with decision branches based on both HOG and colour based features to determine a coarse gaze direction for each person in the scene. By building both static and temporally varying maps of areas where people look we are able to identify interesting regions.
Electroplating on Titanium (1953)

A method for obtaining adherent electrodeposits on titanium is described. It consists in subjecting titanium to an anodic etch prior to plating, under controlled conditions. Bath composition and operating variables are discussed, and photomicrographs showing the mechanical nature of the bond are given. Conditions for electropolishing titanium are also reported.
Evolutionary learning of graph layout constraints from examples (1994)

We propose a new evolutionary method of extracting user preferences from examples shown to an automatic graph layout system. Using stochastic methods such as simulated annealing and genetic algorithms, automatic layout systems can find a good layout using an evaluation function which can calculate how good a given layout is. However, the evaluation function is usually not known beforehand, and it might vary from user to user. In our system, users show the system several pairs of good and bad layout examples, and the system infers the evaluation function from the examples using genetic programming technique. After the evaluation function evolves to reflect the preferences of the user, it is used as a general evaluation function for laying out graphs. The same technique can be used for a wide range of adaptive user interface systems.
Sodium Reduction and Its Effect on Food Safety, Food Quality, and Human Health (2009)

Sodium is an essential nutrient with important functions in regulating extracellular fluid volume and the active transport of molecules across cell membranes. However, recent estimates from NHANES III (Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) data show that over 95% of men and over 75% of women exceed the recommended daily tolerable upper intake of sodium. Since these high levels of dietary sodium are associated with a high prevalence of hypertension, prehypertension and, possibly, other adverse effects on health, many national and international health organizations recommend that sodium intake be significantly decreased. Traditionally, salt (sodium chloride) has been used as a food preservative that kills or limits the growth of foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms by decreasing water activity. Salt also performs other important functions in foods by adding flavor and masking bitter tastes, controlling growth of yeast and fermentative bacteria, and promoting binding of proteins and other components in foods to achieve desired textures. Many processed foods contain high levels of salt and several countries have developed national programs for significantly reducing the sodium chloride content in many processed foods and encouraging a decrease in discretionary salt use. This review considers published data on the apparent adverse health effects of excess salt intake as well as the important functions of salt in different foods and possible strategies for reducing sodium levels in processed foods while still producing safe foods that consumers find acceptable.
Activation of Liver Pyruvate Kinase by Fructose 1,6-Diphosphate (1967)

Research Article| February 01 1967 Activation of Liver Pyruvate Kinase by Fructose 1,6-Diphosphate C. B. Taylor; C. B. Taylor Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar E. Bailey E. Bailey Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1967) 102 (2): 32C–33C. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj1020032C Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation C. B. Taylor, E. Bailey; Activation of Liver Pyruvate Kinase by Fructose 1,6-Diphosphate. Biochem J 1 February 1967; 102 (2): 32C–33C. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj1020032C Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1967 The Biochemical Society1967 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Wide-field schematic eye models with gradient-index lens (2007)

We propose a wide-field schematic eye model, which provides a more realistic description of the optical system of the eye in relation to its anatomical structure. The wide-field model incorporates a gradient-index (GRIN) lens, which enables it to fulfill properties of two well-known schematic eye models, namely, Navarro's model for off-axis aberrations and Thibos's chromatic on-axis model (the Indiana eye). These two models are based on extensive experimental data, which makes the derived wide-field eye model also consistent with that data. A mathematical method to construct a GRIN lens with its iso-indicial contours following the optical surfaces of given asphericity is presented. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated with three variants related to different age groups. The role of the GRIN structure in relation to the lens paradox is analyzed. The wide-field model with a GRIN lens can be used as a starting design for the eye inverse problem, i.e., reconstructing the optical structure of the eye from off-axis wavefront measurements. Anatomically more accurate age-dependent optical models of the eye could ultimately help an optical designer to improve wide-field retinal imaging.
Zero waiting-cycle hierarchical block matching algorithm and its array architectures (1994)

A new hierarchical block matching algorithm with a novel arrangement of data flow is proposed. Its speed can be as fast as that of the conventional hierarchical block matching algorithms and its prediction quality is very close to the full search algorithm. In order to implement this algorithm, a multiprocessor array architecture for real-time processing is proposed. Due to the novel arrangement of data flow, the limitations of conventional ones will no longer exist. Moreover, the hardware complexity, size of local memory, input bandwidth, and speed performance of the proposed architecture are also analyzed. Finally, the simulation results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of this new algorithm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effects of Fibroblast and Epidermal Growth Factors on Ovarian Cell Proliferation<i>in Vitro</i>. I. Characterization of the Response of Granulosa Cells to FGF and EGF (1977)

Despite numerous studies on the effects of gonadotropins on ovarian cells in tissue culture, the factors controlling the proliferation of granulosa cells in vitro remain unknown. We have examined the effect of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on granulosa cell proliferation in vitro in an attempt to clarify their possible roles in the control of ovarian development. FGF and EGF both stimulate DNA synthesis in resting populations of granulosa cells. The halfmaximal response for this effect with FGF was observedat4 x lO-11MandwithEGFat 1.5 x 10-13M. Autoradiography demonstrated that the whole cell population initiated DNA synthesis in the presence of either EGF or FGF, thus precluding an additive effect of the two mitogens. When cells were maintained at low density (100 cells/cm2) in the presence of low serum (1%) they divided with a doubling time of 48-72 h, but addition of either EGF or FGF accelerated their proliferation. The doubling time observed in the presence of FGF was 16 h versus 20 h with EGF and the final cell density reached in the presence of EGF or FGF was 20 times that of cells maintained in the presence of 1% calf serum alone. In the presence of 10% serum, granulosa cells had a doubling time of 24 h and the final density reached was similar to that observed in 1% serum with EGF and FGF. Addition of EGF or FGF to 10% serum resulted in a final density 3 to 4-fold higher than that observed with 10% serum alone. The ultrastructure of the granulosa cells grown in the presence of EGF or FGF was similar to that of cells maintained in the absence of added mitogens. The only marked difference was that cells grown in the presence of FGF or EGF had a high lipid granule content while cells grown in their absence had a low lipid granule content. The effect of various concentrations of FGF and EGF on the proliferation of granulosa cells has been analyzed. The minimal effective dose of EGF was 3 x 10-14M and saturation was observed at 3 x 10-11M, with a half-maximal response at 6 x 10-13M. With FGF the minimal dose stimulating proliferation was 1.5 x 10-12M and saturation was achieved at 1.5 x 10-10M, with a half-maximal response at 3 x 10-11M. Our results show that EGF and FGF are the most potent mitogens ever observed and are mitogenic for granulosa cells at 300 to 3000-fold lower concentrations than for other cell types which have been studied, such as fibroblasts or lens epithelial cells.
Evaporative Emissions from Gasolines and Alcohol-Containing Gasolines with Closely Matched Volatilities (1986)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Alcohol-gasoline blends have attracted considerable attention for a variety of reasons, including their higher evaporative emissions compared with gasolines. To better understand the reasons for higher evaporative emissions with blends and to determine if blends with similar volatility (closely matched Reid vapor pressure and distillation temperatures) to gasoline would have equivalent evaporative emissions, experimental and modelling studies were undertaken.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Evaporative emissions with alcohol-gasoline blends were nearly equal to or slightly lower than corresponding emissions with gasolines of similar volatility characteristics. By measuring vapor generation in the SHED test, it was determined that the alcohol-gasoline blends generated less mass of vapors than the corresponding gasolines. The mathematical model developed to predict the evaporative vapor losses from the fuel tanks showed that the lower vapor generation by the oxygenated fuels was due to their lower vapor pressures at the test temperatures and the lower molecular weights of the vapors generated by these fuels.</div>