gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stretchable Low Resistance Thick Silver Electrode on Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Compliant Elastomeric Substrate (2010)

In this paper, we demonstrated a stretchable, low resistive thick silver electrode directly deposited on a roughened poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate and analyzed its surface crack evolution under the tensile stress. Improvement in the stretching property of the electrode was explained by analyzing changes in the stress distribution when the surface roughness is introduced on the PDMS substrate. It was found that the roughened surface plays two important roles of releasing the film stress of the thick electrode during the relatively long deposition process and uniformly distributing the highly stressed spots in the electrode, which can be easily damaged under the tensile strain.
Suboptimal reception of binary CPSK signals (1981)

A general class of binary continuous-phase shift keying (CPSK) signals is defined, of which continuous-phase FSK (CPFSK) and continuous-phase chirp (CPC) signals are special cases. The structure and performance of suboptimal average matched filter (AMF) receivers with multibit observation are considered; both coherent and noncoherent detection of binary CPSK signals are investigated. Expressions suitable for numerical evaluation of such suboptimal CPSK receivers in the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) environment are given, and simplified expressions are derived for special cases. In particular, the coherent AMF receiver with optimised CPC and CPFSK signal parameters is shown to be equivalent to a generalised inphase and quadrature receiver. The relation between crosstalk and filter orthogonality is clarified for non-coherent AMF detection. Numerical examples for CPFSK and CPC signals are given.
PEG-functionalized ionic liquids for cellulose dissolution and saccharification (2012)

Cellulose-dissolving ionic liquids (ILs) have become powerful neoteric solvents in the pretreatment of cellulosic biomass for ethanol fuel production. There are, however, a number of challenges to using current ionic solvents at large scales (imidazolium-based salts, in particular), including their relatively high costs and viscosities and their sluggish biodegradability. Aiming to overcome these hurdles, we have prepared a new series of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-functionalized ILs comprising inexpensive alkylammonium or piperidinium cations paired with acetate anions. Some of these new ILs are capable of dissolving 8–12 wt% cellulose, while displaying low viscosities and acceptable thermal stabilities at the required process temperature. Our XRD and SEM data further confirm that regenerative pretreatment of cellulose by these PEGylated ILs can effectively transform the cellulose I structure to cellulose II, reducing the crystallinity of cellulose and increasing the structural homogeneity. Most excitingly, cellulose regenerated from these ILs can be rapidly hydrolyzed to glucose, in ∼90% glucose yield after 2 h, using a commercial cellulase supplemented with β-glucosidase.
An Inferred Climatology of Icing Conditions Aloft, Including Supercooled Large Drops. Part I: Canada and the Continental United States (2007)

Abstract Because of a lack of regular, direct measurements, little information is available about the frequency and spatial and temporal distribution of icing conditions aloft, including supercooled large drops (SLD). Research aircraft provide in situ observations of these conditions, but the sample set is small and can be biased. Other techniques must be used to create a more unbiased climatology. The presence and absence of icing and SLD aloft can be inferred using surface weather observations in conjunction with vertical profiles of temperature and moisture. In this study, such a climatology was created using 14 yr of coincident, 12-hourly Canadian and continental U.S. surface weather reports and balloonborne soundings. The conditions were found to be most common along the Pacific Coast from Alaska to Oregon, and in a large swath from the Canadian Maritimes to the Midwest. Prime locations migrated seasonally. Most SLD events appeared to occur below 4 km, were less than 1 km deep, and were formed via the collision–coalescence process.
Multi-view AAM fitting and camera calibration (2005)

In this paper, we study the relationship between multi-view active appearance model (AAM) fitting and camera calibration. In the first part of the paper we propose an algorithm to calibrate the relative orientation of a set of N > 1 cameras by fitting an AAM to sets of N images. In essence, we use the human face as a (non-rigid) calibration grid. Our algorithm calibrates a set of 2 /spl times/ 3 weak-perspective camera projection matrices, protections of the world coordinate system origin into the images, depths of the world coordinate system origin, and focal lengths. We demonstrate that the performance of this algorithm is comparable to a standard algorithm using a calibration grid. In the second part of the paper, we show how calibrating the cameras improves tile performance of multi-view AAM fitting.
Cascading Tesla Oscillating Flow Diode for Stirling Engine Gas Bearings (2012)

Replacing the mechanical check-valve in a Stirling engine with a micromachined, non-moving-part flow diode eliminates moving parts and reduces the risk of microparticle clogging. At very small scales, helium gas has sufficient mass momentum that it can act as a flow controller in a similar way as a transistor can redirect electrical signals with a smaller bias signal. The innovation here forces helium gas to flow in predominantly one direction by offering a clear, straight-path microchannel in one direction of flow, but then through a sophisticated geometry, the reversed flow is forced through a tortuous path. This redirection is achieved by using microfluid channel flow to force the much larger main flow into this tortuous path. While microdiodes have been developed in the past, this innovation cascades Tesla diodes to create a much higher pressure in the gas bearing supply plenum. In addition, the special shape of the leaves captures loose particles that would otherwise clog the microchannel of the gas bearing pads.
A fracture mechanics approach to soldered joint cracking (1989)

Fracturing of a soldered joint, 60Sn-40Pb and beryllium copper, is investigated by a method that makes use of a double cantilever beam specimen where two symmetrical beams are soldered together. In this center line of solder layer, an initial crack is created. In one set of experiments, a monotonically increasing load is applied in the opening mode until the crack suddenly propagates. This procedure is repeated to obtain a set of load-deflection curves of different crack lengths which are used to calculate the J integral. The critical J integral is found to be 900-1200 J/m/sup 2/. In the second set of experiments, a subcritical load in the opening mode is applied and the corresponding displacement at the loading point is held constant. Subsequent load decrease and increase in the crack length are recorded with time. The rate of crack growth per unit time shows linear correlation with the third power of the J integral. Furthermore, there seems to exist a threshold J integral of 200-300 J/m/sup 2/ below which no crack growth is observed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A 40-MHz-to-1-GHz Fully Integrated Multistandard Silicon Tuner in 80-nm CMOS (2013)

A fully integrated, multistandard silicon tuner for the 42-1002-MHz band is presented. The tuner utilizes a single RF port for the whole band and requires a minimal number of external components. It achieves a NF of 2.7 to 4 dB and maximum gain IIP2/IIP3 of +20/-13 dBm, respectively. It combines a tunable RF filter and a harmonic rejection mixer to reject all harmonic channels by more than 65 dB. A filtering continuous time ΣΔ ADC minimizes baseband processing while supporting the ATSC blocking profile. Continuous background digital calibration allows more than 65 dB of image rejection. Various calibration methods are used to guarantee performance over PVT. The tuner consumes less than 450 mW from 1.8/1.0-V analog/digital supplies and occupies an area of 2×2.8 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Distributed-Bragg-reflection properties of segmented KTP waveguides (1993)

Segmented KTP waveguides designed for quasi-phase-matched frequency doubling have a periodic variation in the refractive index that acts as a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR). We have measured reflectivity spectra for both TM and TE modes in various segmented KTP waveguides. A reflectivity as high as 70% was observed in a periodically poled KTP waveguide. Reflection bandwidths were typically 0.03–0.06 nm, depending on the length of the sample. The measured temperature tuning rate of the DBR wavelength was 0.017 nm/°C.
Toward Haptic Perception of Objects in a Visual and Depth Guided Navigation (2014)

This paper investigates the limits of vibrato tactile haptic feedback when interacting with 3D virtual scenes. In this study, the spatial locations of the objects are mapped to the work-volume of the user using a Kinect sensor. In addition, the location of the hand of the user is determined using marker-based visual processing. The depth information is used to build a vibrotactile map on a finger of a haptic glove enhanced with vibrating actuators. The users can perceive the locations and dimensions of remote objects by moving their hand inside a scanning region. A marker detection imaging can provide the location and orientation of the user hand (glove). In order to map the corresponding tactile message. A user study was conducted to explore how different users can perceive such haptic experience. Factors like total number of detected objects, object separation spatial resolution, dimension-based and shape-based discrimination were evaluated. The preliminary results in a group of untrained users of different ages and backgrounds showed that the localization and counting of objects can be attained with a high degree of success. All users were able to classify groups of objects based on different dimensions (height, width, deep) and the perception of total volume. However, shape recognition proved to be a challenge for the majority of the users using the current configuration of the haptic glove.
Effect of mouse hepatitis virus infection on combination therapy of P388 leukemia with cyclophosphamide and pyrimidinones. (1987)

At least three marked differences were noted in the results compared from two parallel experiments using identical protocols with virus-free mice and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infected mice inoculated with P388 leukemia. First, the therapeutic effect of cyclophosphamide (CY), a cytotoxic antitumor drug, was apparently augmented in MHV-infected mice. A 162% increase of life span (ILS) was obtained in MHV-infected mice compared to a 100% ILS in uninfected mice. Second, the experimental error in terms of the range of animal survival time was much larger with MHV-infected mice than with uninfected mice. In MHV-infected mice, the therapeutic effect of the combination treatment with CY and pyrimidinone was not statistically different from that of the treatment with CY alone. In uninfected mice, the effects of the combination therapy at all doses of pyrimidinone were statistically more effective than that of CY treatment alone.
Increased Cyclin D1 Expression in Chronic Pancreatitis (1998)

Cyclin D1 is an important regulator of the G1 phase of the cell cycle. In this study we examined the expression and localization of cyclin D1 in chronic pancreatitis (CP), a condition associated with fibrosis, acinar cell degeneration, and foci of duct cell proliferation. Northern blotting of total RNA from the normal pancreas and from the pancreas of patients with CP revealed the presence of a 4.4-kb cyclin D1 mRNA transcript in all samples. Densitometric analysis indicated that pancreatic cyclin D1 mRNA levels were 2.0-fold increased in CP compared to normal controls (p = 0.0046). In the normal pancreas, faint cyclin D1 immunoreactivity was present in the nuclei and cytoplasm of some ductal cells and islet cells. In contrast, in CP, moderate to strong cyclin D1 immunoreactivity was present in many ductal and islet cells, as well as in some acinar cells and fibroblasts. These findings raise the possibility that enhanced cyclin D1 expression may contribute to a hyperproliferative state in CP.
Chemomechanical modeling of lithiation-induced failure in high-volume-change electrode materials for lithium ion batteries (2017)

Abstract The rapidly increasing demand for efficient energy storage systems in the last two decades has stimulated enormous efforts to the development of high-capacity, high-power, durable lithium ion batteries. Inherent to the high-capacity electrode materials is material degradation and failure due to the large volumetric changes during the electrochemical cycling, causing fast capacity decay and low cycle life. This review surveys recent progress in continuum-level computational modeling of the degradation mechanisms of high-capacity anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Using silicon (Si) as an example, we highlight the strong coupling between electrochemical kinetics and mechanical stress in the degradation process. We show that the coupling phenomena can be tailored through a set of materials design strategies, including surface coating and porosity, presenting effective methods to mitigate the degradation. Validated by the experimental data, the modeling results lay down a foundation for engineering, diagnosis, and optimization of high-performance lithium ion batteries.
Generating weighted fuzzy rules from relational database systems for estimating null values using genetic algorithms (2003)

In recent years, some methods have been proposed to estimate null values in relational database systems. However, the estimated accuracy of the existing methods are not good enough. In this paper, we present a new method to generate weighted fuzzy rules from relational database systems for estimating null values using genetic algorithms (GAs), where the attributes appearing in the antecedent part of generated fuzzy rules have different weights. After a predefined number of evolutions of the GA, the best chromosome contains the optimal weights of the attributes, and they can be translated into a set of rules to be used for estimating null values. The proposed method can get a higher average estimated accuracy rate than the methods we presented in two previous papers.
Optimization of a back bias generator for NMOS VLSI (2003)

An optimized back bias generator was designed and implemented in the NS32332 32-bit microprocessor. A novel analysis method based on energy transfer in the charge pump circuit was used for better understanding of the circuit. The complete considerations, implementation, and the improved performance results are presented and discussed. The most important design consideration was to implement a very strong pump and to eliminate mechanisms that might cause instabilities.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Multiple Peaks Tracking Algorithm Using Particle Swarm Optimization Incorporated With Artificial Neural Network (2011)

Due to the non-linear characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) array, PV systems typically are equipped with the capability of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) feature. Moreover, in the case of PV array under partially shaded conditions, hotspot problem will occur which could damage the PV cells. Partial shading causes multiple peaks in the P-V characteristic curves. This paper presents a hybrid algorithm of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) MPPT algorithm for the detection of global peak among the multiple peaks in order to extract the true maximum energy from PV panel. The PV system consists of PV array, dc-dc boost converter controlled by the proposed MPPT algorithm and a resistive load. The system was simulated using MATLAB/Simulink package. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm performs well to detect the true global peak power. The results of the simulations are analyzed and discussed.
Modulation of rat hepatic cytochrome<i>P</i>‐450 activity by garlic organosulfur compounds (1996)

Garlic organosulfur compounds exert chemopreventive effects at several organ sites in rodents after administration of chemical carcinogens, possibly by inhibiting carcinogen activation via cytochrome P-450-mediated oxidative metabolism. It has been suggested that the variability in potency of tumor inhibition by garlic sulfur compounds is due to structural differences, such as the number of allyl and sulfur groups. In this study, diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl disulfide (DADS), and allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) were administered to acetone-treated adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by gastric gavage at a dose of 1.75 mmol/kg in cottonseed oil. After 15 hours, hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 activity and content were examined. The activity of p-nitrophenol (pNP) hydroxylase (E.C. 1.14.13.29) was significantly decreased by all garlic compounds, whereas benzphetamine N-demethylase and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activities were not changed. The activity of pNP hydroxylase was decreased to 31%, 54%, and 65% of control activity, and immunodetectable CYP2E1 protein levels were decreased in a similar manner by DAS, DADS, and AMS, respectively. Additional acetone-treated rats were given 4-methyl pyrazole, a ligand specific for CYP2E1, intraperitoneally five hours after garlic compound administration. Ten hours later, pNP hydroxylase activity was decreased to 73%, 78%, and 67% of control levels by DAS, DADS, and AMS, respectively. Further studies are needed to determine whether the variable potency of inhibition of CYP2E1 enzyme activity is related to chemopreventive efficacy of garlic sulfur compounds.
Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sputum samples by modified fluorescent in situ hybridization (2008)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common and dominant infectious agent that causes chronic pneumonia in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful molecular method for the specific and rapid diagnosis of bacteria, including the detection of P. aeruginosa in sputum samples from CF patients. High background fluorescence of viscous sputum samples obtained from CF patients may impede detection of microorganisms by FISH. The aim of this study was to test the application of biotin during FISH technique to reduce unspecific background fluorescence in sputum samples to facilitate and improve detection of P. aeruginosa. Sixty-three sputum samples from CF patients were tested by FISH to detect P. aeruginosa. All the 63 samples were also examined by a modified FISH procedure including biotin treatment. The FISH results were compared with those of conventional culture method. The specificity of FISH was 100%. The sensitivity of FISH for detection of P. aeruginosa from samples without biotin treatment was 83.3%, whereas in biotin-treated samples was 88.1%. Biotin reduced background fluorescence of 12 sputum samples of CF patients and it did not show any adverse effect on FISH results of the remaining sputum samples. Therefore, using of biotin in FISH procedure seems to facilitate and improve the detection of respiratory tract infections by P. aeruginosa in this population.
Somatosensory- and Motor-Evoked Potential Monitoring Without a Wake-Up Test During Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgery (1998)

Combined somatosensory-evoked and neurogenic motor-evoked potentials monitoring during idiopathic scoliosis surgery represents a standard of care that obviates the need for an intraoperative wake-up test when reliable data are obtained and maintained.
Chemical implementation of finite-state machines. (1992)

With methods developed in a prior article on the chemical kinetic implementation of a McCulloch-Pitts neuron, connections among neurons, logic gates, and a clocking mechanism, we construct examples of clocked finite-state machines. These machines include a binary decoder, a binary adder, and a stack memory. An example of the operation of the binary adder is given, and the chemical concentrations corresponding to the state of each chemical neuron are followed in time. Using these methods, we can, in principle, construct a universal Turing machine, and these chemical networks inherit the halting problem
The human papillomavirus type 16 negative regulatory RNA element interacts with three proteins that act at different posttranscriptional levels (2000)

In human papillomaviruses, expression of the late genes L1 and L2, encoding the capsid proteins, is restricted to the upper layers of the infected epithelium. A 79-nt GU-rich negative regulatory element (NRE) located at the 3' untranslated region of the human papillomavirus 16 L1 gene was identified previously as key to the posttranscriptional control of late gene expression. Here, we demonstrate that in epithelial cells, the NRE can directly bind the U2 auxiliary splicing factor 65-kDa subunit, the cleavage stimulation factor 64-kDa subunit, and the Elav-like HuR protein. On induction of epithelial cell differentiation, levels of the U2 auxiliary splicing factor 65-kDa subunit decrease, levels of the cleavage stimulation factor 64-kDa subunit increase, and the levels of HuR remain unchanged, although redistribution of the HuR from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is observed. Late gene transcripts, which appear to be fully processed, are detected in undifferentiated W12 cells, but are confined in the nucleus. We propose that repression of late gene expression in basal epithelial cells may be caused by nuclear retention or cytoplasmic instability of NRE-containing late gene transcripts.
1D subsurface electromagnetic fields excited by energized steel casing (2009)

Abstract We use numerical simulations to investigate the possibility of enabling steel-cased wells as galvanic sources to detect and quantify spatial variations of electrical conductivity in the subsurface. The study assumes a vertical steel-cased well that penetrates electrically anisotropic horizontal layers. Simulations include a steel-cased vertical well with a finite-length thin wire of piecewise-constant electric conductivity and magnetic permeability. The steel-cased well is energized at the surface or within the borehole at an arbitrary depth with an electrode connected to a current source of variable frequency. Electromagnetic (EM) fields excited by the energized steel-cased well are simulated with an integral-equation approach. Results confirm the accuracy of the simulations when benchmarked against the whole-space solution of EM fields excited by a vertical electric dipole. Additional simulations consider a wide range of frequencies and subsurface conductivity values for several transmitter-receiver configurations, including borehole-to-surface and crosswell. The distribution of electric current along the steel-cased well is sensitive to vertical variations of electric conductivity in the host rock. In addition, numerical simulations indicate that crosswell and borehole-to-surface receiver configurations could reliably estimate vertical variations of electric conductivity within radial distances of up to 500m for frequencies below 100Hz and for average host rock electric conductivities below 1S/m.
MIMO Radar Waveform Design to Support Spectrum Sharing (2013)

In this paper, we propose an information theoretic waveform design algorithm for multiple-input multiple-output radars to support co-existence with a communication system under additional constraints on interference reduction from the clutter, minimizing the peak-to-average-power ratio and minimizing correlation levels of the radar. Numerical results are presented which show the performance of the proposed waveform design algorithm in terms of mutual information, interference reduction and sidelobe levels of the radar waveform.