gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spaceborne Reflector SAR Systems with Digital Beamforming (2012)

Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging enters an era where increasingly short revisit times, or large swath widths, respectively, and high spatial resolutions are requested. These requirements impose contradicting constraints on conventional SAR systems using analog beamforming technology. The development for future radar satellites is therefore towards digital beamforming (DBF) systems where the analogous receiver hardware is replaced by digital components. Concerning the SAR antenna the innovative concept of a parabolic mesh reflector in conjunction with a digital feed array is becoming a promising architecture for this new SAR system generation. These antennas, already a mature technique for communication satellites, have the potential to outperform planar array antennas in terms of gain at a moderate hardware effort. This article provides a hardware concept study based on a design in X-band. Focus is put on DBF algorithms adopted to the SAR case and important performance figures are derived.
Antibody‐mediated inhibition of the human alloimmune response to platelet transfusion in Hu‐PBL‐SCID mice (1999)

Severe combined immune deficient (SCID) mice were engrafted with human (Hu) peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from a previously alloimmunized donor and transfused with HLA-mismatched platelets. We have previously shown this to be a useful model for platelet transfusion. These engrafted mice (Hu-PBL-SCID mice) produced high levels of alloantibody in response to standard platelet preparations. However, when the first platelet challenge was presensitized with anti-HLA antibody and then transfused there was a marked reduction in the amount of alloantibody produced to five subsequent untreated platelet transfusions. Platelets pretreated with platelet-specific anti-HPA-1a (PL(A1)) sera did not induce a decrease in the anti-HLA alloantibody response. This demonstrated that platelet-induced HLA alloimmunization can be blocked by anti-HLA antibody-sensitized cells.
THE KANO MODEL: HOW TO DELIGHT YOUR CUSTOMERS (1996)

So far customer satisfaction was mostly seen as a one-dimensional construction the higher the perceived product quality, the higher the customer’s satisfaction and vice versa. But fulfilling the individual product requirements to a great extent does not necessarily imply a high level of customer satisfaction. It is also the type of requirement which defines the perceived product quality and thus customer satisfaction. Departing from Kano’s model of customer satisfaction, a methodology is introduced which determines which influence the components of products and services have on customer satisfaction. The authors also demonstrate how the results of a customer survey can be interpreted and how conclusions can be drawn and used for the management of customer satisfaction is demonstrated.
Stages of Meningococcal Sepsis Simulated In Vitro, with Emphasis on Complement and Toll-Like Receptor Activation (2008)

The clinical presentation of meningococcal disease is closely related to the number of meningococci in the circulation. This study aimed to examine the activation of the innate immune system after being exposed to increasing and clinically relevant concentrations of meningococci. We incubated representative Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (ST-32) and serogroup C (ST-11) strains and a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-deficient mutant (the 44/76 lpxA mutant) in human serum and whole blood and measured complement activation and cytokine secretion and the effect of blocking these systems. HEK293 cells transfected with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were examined for activation of NF-kappaB. The threshold for cytokine secretion and activation of NF-kappaB was 10(3) to 10(4) meningococci/ml. LPS was the sole inflammation-inducing molecule at concentrations up to 10(5) to 10(6) meningococci/ml. The activation was dependent on TLR4-MD2-CD14. Complement contributed to the inflammatory response at >or=10(5) to 10(6) meningococci/ml, and complement activation increased exponentially at >or=10(7) bacteria/ml. Non-LPS components initiated TLR2-mediated activation at >or=10(7) bacteria/ml. As the bacterial concentration exceeded 10(7)/ml, TLR4 and TLR2 were increasingly activated, independent of CD14. In this model mimicking human disease, the inflammatory response to N. meningitidis was closely associated with the bacterial concentration. Therapeutically, CD14 inhibition alone was most efficient at a low bacterial concentration, whereas addition of a complement inhibitor may be beneficial when the bacterial load increases.
Calibrating the BKW-EOS with a large product species data base and measured C-J properties (1992)

The Becker-Kistiakowsky-Wilson equation of state (BKW-EOS) has been calibrated over a wide initial density range near C-J states using measured detonation velocities, pressures and temperatures from 62 explosives at 111 total initial densities. Values for the empirical BKW constants [alpha], [beta], [kappa], and [theta], were 0.5, 0.298, 10.5, and 6620, respectively. Values for the co-volume factors k[sub i], were assumed to be invariant. Model evaluation includes comparison to measured detonation properties from 91 explosives composed of combinations of Al, B, Ba, C, Ca, Cl, F, H, N, O, P, Pb, and Si at 147 total initial densities. Adequate agreement between predictions and measurements were obtained with a few exceptions. The exceptions were explosives which contained large amounts of aluminum, ammonium nitrate, barium nitrate, and silicon, as well as tetranitromethane and lead styphnate. However, detonation properties for the aluminum and nitrate containing explosives can be predicted adequately by assuming partial equilibrium. The performance of explosives containing large amounts of silicon can be predicted adequately by changing [beta] from 0.298 to 0.249. Performance of tetranitromethane and lead styphnate can also be predicted by adjusting [beta] and/or [kappa] slightly. 5 tabs, 3 figs, 19 refs.
Investigation of assessment methods for railway masonry arch bridges (2016)

Although masonry arch bridge research over the last few decades has spawned several advanced capacity assessment tools, the maintenance and assessment of these bridges is still a constant concern for the bridge owners. There have been many appeals for the MEXE method to be replaced but no agreed alternative has yet been found. Though the development of a new, simple and robust capacity assessment is important, there is an immediate need to identify critical issues in the current assessment methods which may lead to unsafe capacity assessments. This paper provides a critical appraisal of the MEXE method proposed in the current Railway Codes. Details of the specific concerns are established, justified and assessed. Conclusions are drawn which are potentially of significant practical interest.
Two-Fiber Optical Channel Shared Protection Ring with 4×4 Thermal-Optic Switches (2001)

With the development of optical networks to meet the explosive traffic demand, there is an increasing need to perform network protection and restoration functions in the optical layer to simplify network designs and reduce network cost.
Homoepitaxy of 4H-SiC on Trenched (0001) Si Face Substrates by Chemical Vapor Deposition (2004)

The homoepitaxy of 4H-SiC on trenched substrates by chemical vapor deposition has been investigated. Two types of 4H-SiC (0001) substrates inclined 8° toward [112̄0] or [11̄00] were used. 4H-SiC growth near trenches perpendicular to the off-direction tended to be highly asymmetric due to the influence of step flow growth, and the (0001) facet was formed along the downstream side of trenches by step flow. In contrast, the growth near trenches parallel to the off-direction was symmetric. The strong influence of C/Si ratio on the growth behavior near trenches has been revealed. Although the growth rate on trench sidewalls is usually lower than that on the bottom of a trench and that on the top surface, this difference in epilayer thickness becomes smaller with decreasing C/Si ratio during growth. The use of a low C/Si ratio is effective in filling trenches. A smooth morphology was obtained on SiC substrates inclined toward the [112̄0] direction, but triangular surface defects appeared on SiC substrates inclined toward the [11̄00] direction.
Studies on 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of some cycloimmonium ylides (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies on 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of some cycloimmonium ylidesRam S. Tewari, Ajay K. Dubey, and Naresh K. MisraCite this: J. Chem. Eng. Data 1982, 27, 1, 101–103Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/je00027a033https://doi.org/10.1021/je00027a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views49Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Fluid Flow Through Porous Metals (1951)

Abstract A method is outlined for correlating experimental data obtained in studies of the flow of gases and liquids through porous metals. The correlation is based upon the suggestion of Forcheimer that the pressure gradient attending the flow of a liquid through a porous medium can be expressed as a function of flow rate by a simple quadratic equation. An equation of this type defines two length parameters necessary for characterization of a porous structure and permits a general definition of the Reynolds number for a structure of arbitrary complexity.
A Review of Jamming Actuation in Soft Robotics (2020)

Jamming is a popular and versatile soft robotic mechanism, enabling new systems to be developed that can achieve high stiffness variation with minimal volume variation. Numerous applications have been reported, including deep-sea sampling, industrial gripping, and use as paws for legged locomotion. This review explores the state-of-the-art for the three classes of jamming actuator: granular, layer and fibre jamming. We highlight the strengths and weaknesses of these soft robotic systems and propose opportunities for further development. We describe a number of trends, promising avenues for innovative research, and several technology gaps that could push the field forwards if addressed, including the lack of standardization for evaluating the performance of jamming systems. We conclude with perspectives for future studies in soft jamming robotics research, particularly elucidating how emerging technologies, including multi-material 3D printing, can enable the design and creation of increasingly diverse and high-performance soft robotic mechanisms for a myriad of new application areas.
A single ets-related transcription factor, E1AF, confers invasive phenotype on human cancer cells. (1996)

Invasion of cancer cells is the first step of metastasis. The invasive activity is thought to be dependent on the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The transcription regulatory regions of MMP genes often contain binding sites for Ets and AP-1 transcription factors and they mediate oncogene- and growth factor-induced transcription of the genes. We recently isolated the cDNA encoding human E1AF, a new member of ets oncogene family. E1AF highly stimulated transcription from three different subclasses of MMP genes in transient expression assays. Here we show that transfection of the non-invasive human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 with the E1AF expression plasmid results in induction of invasive and motile activities, accompanied by an increase of 92 kD type IV collagenase (MMP-9) gene expression. Tumors derived from the E1AF transfectant were highly invasive and produced MMP-9. Expression of E1AF and MMP-9 genes was elevated in several invasive tumor cell lines. These results provide evidence for an important role of ets-related E1AF in tumor cell invasion.
Large vocabulary sign language recognition based on fuzzy decision trees (2004)

The major difficulty for large vocabulary sign recognition lies in the huge search space due to a variety of recognized classes. How to reduce the recognition time without loss of accuracy is a challenging issue. In this paper, a fuzzy decision tree with heterogeneous classifiers is proposed for large vocabulary sign language recognition. As each sign feature has the different discrimination to gestures, the corresponding classifiers are presented for the hierarchical decision to sign language attributes. A one- or two- handed classifier and a hand-shaped classifier with little computational cost are first used to progressively eliminate many impossible candidates, and then, a self-organizing feature maps/hidden Markov model (SOFM/HMM) classifier in which SOFM being as an implicit different signers' feature extractor for continuous HMM, is proposed as a special component of a fuzzy decision tree to get the final results at the last nonleaf nodes that only include a few candidates. Experimental results on a large vocabulary of 5113-signs show that the proposed method dramatically reduces the recognition time by 11 times and also improves the recognition rate about 0.95% over single SOFM/HMM.
A Mixed-Valent Polyiron Oxo Complex that Models the Biomineralization of the Ferritin Core (1993)

A novel polyiron oxo complex, [Fe III 4 Fe II 8 (O) 2 (OCH 3 ) 18 (O 2 CCH 3 ) 6 (CH 3 OH) 4.67 ] (1), has been prepared from ferrous acetate and lithium methoxide in methanol by slow addition of dioxygen. The three-dimensional close-packed layered structure found in 1 closely mimics that proposed for the inorganic core in the iron storage protein ferritin. The Mössbauer spectra of 1 reveal superparamagnetic relaxation at temperatures below 15 K, a property characteristic of the ferritin core. The small size and mixed-valent nature of 1 suggest that it is a reasonable model for intermediates formed in the biomineralization of iron during ferritin core formation. A related compound, with the same iron-oxygen framework found in 1 but containing only two ferric ions, has also been structurally characterized. Because the clusters exhibit properties of both discrete molecules and extended solids, they are representative of a new class of nanometer-sized compounds that bridge the molecular solid-state boundary.
R-(-)-deprenyl (Selegiline, Movergan) facilitates the activity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron. (1987)

(-)Deprenyl, when administered continuously in small doses (0.25 mg/kg/day), facilitates the activity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron because of its highly characteristic complex spectrum of pharmacologic activity: it is a highly potent and selective inhibitor of B-type MAO; it inhibits the reuptake of dopamine; it inhibits dopamine autoreceptors; it enhances scavenger function. 1) (-)Deprenyl treatment decreased significantly the activity of the cholinergic interneurons. In a series of experiments the acetylcholine (ACh) content was found to be 0.69 nmole/mg protein in the striatum of untreated rats, whereas a significantly higher amount of ACh (0.86 nmol/mg protein) was found in the rat striatum after two week pretreatment with (-)deprenyl, and the fractional rate constant (kb) of ACh efflux from the cholinergic interneurons of the striatum decreased significantly in the (-)deprenyl-treated group from 9.1 +/- 0.8 to 6.2 +/- 0.55. 2) The (-)deprenyl-induced increase of the dopaminergic tone in the striatum was proved by measurements of the activity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron. Whereas the striatum of untreated rats contained 52.7 +/- 1.6 nmole/g dopamine (DA) and the turnover rate (TRDA) was found to be 13.7 +/- 1.3 nmole/g/hr, the striatum of rats pretreated with 0.25 mg/kg (-)deprenyl daily for 28 days contained significantly higher amount of DA (81.77 +/- 5.7 nmole) and the turnover rate increased significantly to 24.44 +/- 1.1. Using the Glowinski-Iversen preparation we found that from the striata of untreated rats 200.0 +/- 25.8 pmole/g/min DA was released to KCl stimulation, whereas the amount of DA released to stimulation from the striata of rats pretreated with (-)deprenyl for 3 weeks increased significantly to 1452.2 +/- 183.1 pmole/g/min. 3) (-)Deprenyl inhibits the uptake of dopamine into the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron. In a new series of experiments we found that 420 +/- 21 pmole/g protein 3H-DA was taken up within 5 minutes in the striatum slices of untreated rats. Pretreatment of the rats with 0.25 mg/kg (-)deprenyl daily for two weeks decreased significantly the uptake of DA to 284 +/- 28 pmole/mg. 4) In a new series of experiments we found that the striata of untreated rats emitted 404.2 +/- 36.2 pmole/g/min ACh to ouabain stimulation but the striata dissected from rats pretreated with 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) released 811.4 +/- 49.2 pmol/g/min (p less than or equal to 0.001).
Three-Dimensional Metamaterials with an Ultrahigh Effective Refractive Index over a Broad Bandwidth (2009)

The authors introduce a general mechanism, based on electrostatic and magnetostatic considerations, for designing three-dimensional isotropic metamaterials that possess an enhanced refractive index over an extremely large frequency range. The mechanism allows nearly independent control of effective electric permittivity and magnetic permeability without the use of resonant elements.
Reactions of Amines. XIV. An Oxidative Rearrangement of Amides<sup>1,2</sup> (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions of Amines. XIV. An Oxidative Rearrangement of Amides1,2Henry E. Baumgarten and Andris StaklisCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 5, 1141–1142Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01083a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01083a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views713Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Experimental study of atmospheric water collection powered by solar energy using the Peltier effect (2020)

Abstract A small-scale prototype with one thermoelectric module was constructed to collect water from the atmosphere, and studied experimentally. It was driven by a solar panel module and operated by reducing the cold side temperature to less than the dew point temperature of ambient air. The system was designed and assembled depending on the capacity of the Peltier device, of dimension (4×4 cm^2), and energy needed. The system consisted of a heat sink, extended cold surface, Peltier device and fan, which were housed in a vertical rectangular section duct and used with different air temperatures, airflow rates, and humidity levels. A numerical model was used to study the temperature distribution on the cold side, which was applied to size the cooler to estimate the water production rate. The results suggest that the water production rate increased with the increasing of the moisture level in the air. The tests also showed that increasing the amount of air flowing on the heat sink increased the amount of water collected and enhanced the transfer of heat on the hot side. The achieved results show that the collection of water is reasonable with the proposed thermoelectric method using solar energy.
Extracting and Ranking Travel Tips from User-Generated Reviews (2017)

User-generated reviews are a key driving force behind some of the leading websites, such as Amazon, TripAdvisor, and Yelp. Yet, the proliferation of user reviews in such sites also poses an information overload challenge: many items, especially popular ones, have a large number of reviews, which cannot all be read by the user. In this work, we propose to extract short practical tips from user reviews. We focus on tips for travel attractions extracted from user reviews on TripAdvisor. Our method infers a list of templates from a small gold set of tips and applies them to user reviews to extract tip candidates. For each attraction, the associated candidates are then ranked according to their predicted usefulness. Evaluation based on labeling by professional annotators shows that our method produces high-quality tips, with good coverage of cities and attractions.
Growth and surface chemistry of oxynitride gate dielectric using nitric oxide (1995)

Oxynitride films grown on preoxidized (100) silicon surfaces in a nitric oxide (NO) ambient at 950 °C have been investigated using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM). Compared to N2O oxynitride, NO oxynitride exhibits very different surface chemistry, interface properties, and growth mechanisms. The etch back of NO and N2O oxynitride films allows control of sample thickness for the XPS measurements. NO oxynitride has the interfacial nitrogen (Nint) sharply peaked on the Si substrate side of the interface, while it is broad and on the dielectric side of the interface for the N2O oxynitride. The N(1s) XPS results reveal a clear distinction between N2O oxynitride and NO oxynitride. Near the Si/dielectric interface the NO oxynitride shows primarily Si≡N bonds, while the N2O films showed a N(1s) binding energy peak that is in-between that of Si≡N bonds and Si2=N—O bonds. Furthermore, the NO oxynitride surface roughness as determined by AFM is lower than that of the Si/SiO2 interface.