gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Lyme Disease Controversy (1996)

Since it was first described, Lyme disease has emerged as a major public health concern, complicated by an emerging body of beliefs often at odds with scientifically established facts. Disagreement between the belief systems has led to confusion and anxiety, resulting in an alternative, but unproved, approach to management. When Lyme disease is incorrectly diagnosed, the debility related to the true, underlying problems remains unaddressed. The financial cost of the overdiagnosis and overtreatment of Lyme disease includes expenses related to testing and therapy and those of side effects and toxic effects of these treatments. Harder to estimate are the emotional costs to society of incorrectly burdening patients with the diagnosis of a chronic, incurable illness, with attendant assumption of a sick role and a disabled self-image. Better education is a major component of the solution to the problems of misdiagnosis and mistreatment of Lyme disease. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1493-1500
AdaIN-Based Tunable CycleGAN for Efficient Unsupervised Low-Dose CT Denoising (2021)

Recently, deep learning approaches using CycleGAN have been demonstrated as a powerful unsupervised learning scheme for low-dose CT denoising. Unfortunately, one of the main limitations of the CycleGAN approach is that it requires two deep neural network generators at the training phase, although only one of them is used at the inference phase. The secondary auxiliary generator is needed to enforce the cycle-consistency, but the additional memory requirements and the increase in the number of learnable parameters are major hurdles for successful CycleGAN training. Despite the use of additional generator, CycleGAN only translates between two domains, so it is not possible to investigate the intermediate level of denoising. To address this issue, here we propose a novel tunable CycleGAN architecture using a single generator. In particular, a single generator is implemented using adaptive instance normalization (AdaIN) layers so that the baseline generator converting a low-dose CT image to a routine-dose CT image can be switched to a generator converting high-dose to low-dose by simply changing the AdaIN code. Thanks to the shared baseline network, the additional memory requirement and weight increases are minimized, and the training can be done more stably even with small training data. Furthermore, by interpolating the AdaIN codes between the two domains, we can investigate various intermediate level of denoising results. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the previous CycleGAN approaches while using only about half the parameters, and provide tunable denoising features that may be potentially useful in clinical environment.
hJam: Attachment Transmission in WLANs (2012)

Effective coordination can dramatically reduce radio interference and avoid packet collisions for multistation wireless local area networks (WLANs). Coordination itself needs consume communication resource and thus competes with data transmission for the limited wireless radio resources. In traditional approaches, control frames and data packets are transmitted in an alternate manner, which brings a great deal of coordination overhead. In this paper, we propose a new communication model where the control frames can be "attachedâ to the data transmission. Thus, control messages and data traffic can be transmitted simultaneously and consequently the channel utilization can be improved significantly. We implement the idea in OFDM-based WLANs called hJam, which fully explores the physical layer features of the OFDM modulation method and allows one data packet and a number of control messages to be transmitted together. hJam is implemented on the GNU Radio testbed consisting of eight USRP2 nodes. We also conduct comprehensive simulations and the experimental results show that hJam can improve the WLANs efficiency by up to 200 percent compared with the existing 802.11 family protocols.
Analysis of platelet‐reactive alloantibodies and evaluation of cross‐match‐compatible platelets for the management of patients with transfusion refractoriness (2017)

No development of additional platelet alloantibodies was observed during this platelet transfusion regiment. This study showed that transfusion of cross-match-compatible platelet units offers effective and safe management of platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR). The finding of alloantibodies among cross-match-incompatible cases can be used as predictors for platelet donor selection.
Electromagnetically Induced Transparency and Absorption in Metamaterials: The Radiating Two-Oscillator Model and Its Experimental Confirmation (2012)

Several classical analogues of electromagnetically induced transparency in metamaterials have been demonstrated. A simple two-resonator model can describe their absorption spectrum qualitatively, but fails to provide information about the scattering properties--e.g., transmission and group delay. Here we develop an alternative model that rigorously includes the coupling of the radiative resonator to the external electromagnetic fields. This radiating two-oscillator model can describe both the absorption spectrum and the scattering parameters quantitatively. The model also predicts metamaterials with a narrow spectral feature in the absorption larger than the background absorption of the radiative element. This classical analogue of electromagnetically induced absorption is shown to occur when both the dissipative loss of the radiative resonator and the coupling strength are small. These predictions are subsequently demonstrated in experiments.
Small-molecule c-Myc inhibitor, 10058-F4, inhibits proliferation, downregulates human telomerase reverse transcriptase and enhances chemosensitivity in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (2006)

c-Myc oncogene is critical for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Given the successful use of small-molecule inhibitors on cancers, targeting c-Myc with small-molecule inhibitors represents a promising approach. The potential of using small-molecule c-Myc inhibitor, 10058-F4, was evaluated on hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, HepG2 and Hep3B cells. HepG2 cells were more sensitive to 10058-F4 than Hep3B cells, as demonstrated by reduced cell viability, marked morphological changes and decreased c-Myc levels. 10058-F4 arrested the cell cycle (at G0/G1 phase) and induced apoptosis upon extended treatment. These observations might be attributable to the increased cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21, and decreased cyclin D3 levels. Besides, 10058-F4 also significantly decreased the alpha-fetoprotein levels, an indicator for hepatocellular carcinoma differentiation. We further found that 10058-F4 inhibited the transactivation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase, downregulated human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression and abrogated telomerase activity. In addition, pretreatment with 10058-F4 increased the chemosensitivity of HepG2 cells to low-dose doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. Therefore, small-molecule c-Myc inhibitors might represent a novel agent, alone or in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents, for anti-hepatocellular carcinoma therapy.
Molecular species composition of phosphatidylinositol from the brain, retina, liver and muscle of cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>) (1990)

Abstract The molecular species composition of phosphatidylinositol (PI) purified from four different tissues from cod was found to show large tissue‐specific differences. In brain 18∶0/20∶5 was the most abundant species (40.8%) followed by 18∶1/20∶5 (13.5%). In retina, 24–26% each of PI was the 16∶0/22∶6 and 18∶0/20∶4 species with 16–18% each of 18∶0/20∶5 and 18∶0/22∶6. In liver, almost half of the PI was 18∶0/20∶4 with 18% 18∶1/20∶4. In contrast, muscle contained almost 40% of 18∶0/22∶6 with 10–14% each of 18∶0/20∶4, 18∶0/20∶5 and 18∶1/22∶6.
Ultrasound Guidance for Central Venous Access by Emergency Physicians in Colorado (2012)

Although the majority of surveyed EPs feel UGCVC is a valuable technique and do perform it, a significant percentage reported receiving no training in the procedure and also reported being uncomfortable performing it. Nearly half of those surveyed cited lack of training as a barrier to more widespread implementation of UGCVC. This suggests that there continues to be a need for education and training of EPs in UGCVC.
Quantitative assessment of UV-induced pigmentation and erythema. (1988)

In this paper we present methods that we have developed to measure pigmentation in human skin. This involves the measurement of diffuse reflection spectra from human skin in vivo and referencing them to either totally depigmented skin, or the skin of the same individual if we are measuring variations in pigmentation. Changes in the pigmentary system brought about by UV radiation can be measured for each individual. Absolute measurements lead to estimates of the melanin concentration in the skin, while differential measurements lead to estimates of the quantity of additional or reduced pigment content of some skin lesions. The same instrumentation has been successfully used to assess UV-induced erythema as well as other vascular changes. The determination of the minimum detectable erythema dose can be performed even in the darkest-skinned subjects without loss of sensitivity as in the case of laser Doppler instruments. It has been shown that what is perceived by the eye as erythema is a very complex phenomenon, encompassing a large number of vascular reactions that can be studied in detail through diffuse reflection spectroscopy. Some of the possible responses are presented, as well as the contributing chromophores that have been identified so far.
Band-edge and deep level photoluminescence of pseudomorphic Si1−<i>x</i>−<i>y</i>Ge<i>x</i>C<i>y</i> alloys (1994)

Photoluminescence of strained Si1−x−yGexCy alloys grown by rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition on Si(100) is investigated. Two dominant features are reported: At low pump intensities, the photoluminescence is dominated by a deep level broad luminescence peak around 800 meV whereas at high pump intensities, a well-resolved band-edge luminescence (no phonon and transverse optic replica) is observed. At 77 K, we attribute this band-edge feature to an electron-hole plasma luminescence of the ternary alloy. The dependences of the deep level and band-edge peaks versus the excitation power density are, respectively square-root-like or superlinear. A blue shift of the energy gap of Si1−x−yGexCy alloys with respect to Si1−xGex alloy is observed. The blue shift increase with carbon content corresponds to what is expected for the bulk alloy. An eventual influence of the strain relaxation cannot be excluded.
Conformational strictness required for maximum activity and stability of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A as revealed by crystallographic study of three Phe120 mutants at 1.4 Å resolution (2002)

The replacement of Phe120 with other hydrophobic residues causes a decrease in the activity and thermal stability in ribonuclease A (RNase A). To explain this, the crystal structures of wild-type RNase A and three mutants--F120A, F120G, and F120W--were analyzed up to a 1.4 A resolution. Although the overall backbone structures of all mutant samples were nearly the same as that of wild-type RNase A, except for the C-terminal region of F120G with a high B-factor, two local conformational changes were observed at His119 in the mutants. First, His119 of the wild-type and F120W RNase A adopted an A position, whereas those of F120A and F120G adopted a B position, but the static crystallographic position did not reflect either the efficiency of transphosphorylation or the hydrolysis reaction. Second, His119 imidazole rings of all mutant enzymes were deviated from that of wild-type RNase A, and those of F120W and F120G appeared to be "inside out" compared with that of wild-type RNase A. Only approximately 1 A change in the distance between N(epsilon2) of His12 and N(delta1) of His119 causes a drastic decrease in k(cat), indicating that the active site requires the strict positioning of the catalytic residues. A good correlation between the change in total accessible surface area of the pockets on the surface of the mutant enzymes and enthalpy change in their thermal denaturation also indicates that the effects caused by the replacements are not localized but extend to remote regions of the protein molecule.
Polarisation-preserving coupler with self aligning birefringent fibres (1983)

Polarisation-preserving directional couplers have been fabricated with birefringent fibres that self align their axes within the coupling region. The polarisation characteristics have been measured with the reliable spectral-averaging technique, and broadband extinction ratios of −20 dB have been achieved, on average, in all ports.
A low-cost 8 to 26.5 GHz phased array antenna using a piezoelectric transducer controlled phase shifter (2001)

A new phased array antenna of wide bandwidth and good beam scanning angle has been developed using a low cost multiline phase shifter controlled by a piezoelectric transducer (PET) and a stripline fed Vivaldi antenna array. The multiline progressive PET phase shifter has a low perturbation loss of less than 2 dB and a total loss of less than 4 dB up to 40 GHz with a maximum phase shift of 480/spl deg/. The proposed phased array antenna consists of four E- or H-plane Vivaldi antennas, a PET phase shifter, and a power divider. The phased array shows a wide beam scanning capability of /spl plusmn/27/spl deg/ over a wide bandwidth from 8 to 26.5 GHz covering X, Ku, and K bands.
A Procedure for Calculating Fuel Gas Blend Knock Rating for Large-Bore Gas Engines and Predicting Engine Operation (1985)

This paper describes the procedure developed by Cooper-Bessemer for large-bore gas engines to calculate the knock rating of gas fuel blends and to predict with accuracy the required engine build to use that fuel with optimum detonation margin. Engine prototype test work has included fuel sensitivity tests mapped as a function of compression ratio, fuel air ratio, ignition advance, combustion air temperature, and engine rating. Success in predicting production engine operation for a given application involving a particular fuel blend has been gratifying. The basic reference method blend selected was normal butane in methane. Details are included in the paper to illustrate the problems in making sensitivity correlations between small-bore fuel research engines and large-bore production engines.
Self-Concentrations and Effective Glass Transition Temperatures in Polymer Blends (2000)

In a miscible polymer blend the local environment of a monomer of type A will, on average, be rich in A compared to the bulk composition, φ, and similarly for B; this is a direct consequence of chain connectivity. As a result, the local dynamics of the two chains may exhibit different dependences on temperature and overall composition. By assigning a length scale (or volume) to particular dynamic mode, the relevant “self-concentration” φs can be estimated. For example, we associate the Kuhn length of the chain, lK, with the monomeric friction factor, ζ, and thus the composition and temperature dependences of ζ should be influenced by φs calculated for a volume V ∼ lK3. An effective local composition, φeff, can then be calculated from φs and φ. As lower Tg polymers are generally more flexible, the associated φ s is larger, and the local dynamics in the mixture may be quite similar to the pure material. The higher Tg component, on the other hand, may have a smaller φs, and thus its dynamics in the mixture would be more representative of the average blend composition. An effective glass transition temperature for each component, Tgeff, can be estimated from the composition-dependent bulk average Tg as Tg(φeff). This analysis provides a direct estimate of the difference in the apparent Tg's for the two components in miscible blends, in reasonable agreement with those reported in the literature for four different systems. Furthermore, this approach can reconcile other features of miscible blend dynamics, including the asymmetric broadening of the calorimetric Tg, the differing effects of blending on the segmental relaxation times of the two components, and the failure of time−temperature superposition.
Degradable block polyurethanes from nontoxic building blocks as scaffold materials to support cell growth and proliferation (2007)

Linear degradable polyurethanes were prepared and proposed for tissue engineering applications. Biocompatible segments were selected for the synthesis to promote their integration with the biological environment. Physicochemical and morphological characterization (SEC, DSC, DMTA, AFM) revealed that the properties of these polymeric systems can be easily tuned by varying the nature and the composition of the constituent segments. In vitro biological assays (citotoxicity, fibroblast adhesion, and proliferation) showed that all polymers are not toxic, promoting the adhesion and proliferation of fibroblast cells, with slight differences depending on the material hydrophilicity.
Flow injection analysis and chromatography: twins or siblings? Plenary lecture (1990)

The purpose of this survey of liquid chromatography and flow injection analysis, which reveals their common background and shared features, the various novel approaches possible and the lack of a unified theory, is to highlight the compatibility of these techniques and to promote the interaction and exchange of ideas between areas of the newly emerging discipline of “injection techniques,” in the field of flow analysis.
Microencapsulation in polyurea shell: Kinetics and film structure (1996)

Abstract Interfacial polycondensation is an important polymerization technique that encapsulates a variety of active principles. Mechanisms governing the reaction and interplay of physical and chemical rate processes need to be understood for both rational design of reaction equipment and the process control to produce capsules with desired characteristics. A theoretical and experimental study of the process is reported here. Kinetic data were obtained over a range of concentrations, monomer mole ratios and polymer film thicknesses, using a technique that relies on the on‐line measurement of pH as a function of time. To understand the mechanisms the reaction was slowed down by reducing the interfacial area. A minimum thickness of the polymer was observed to be necessary so that capsules preserve their integrity and do not break up. The theoretical model developed considers ionic equilibria in the aqueous phase and the resistance due to external mass transfer, diffusion through the polymer, and interfacial reaction. Under the conditions chosen, the resistance due to the chemical reaction is generally more dominant. Values of rate parameters were determined by fitting the model to the experimental data. Observed variations in the diffusivity between different experiments were rationalized through a study of the crystalline structure of polymers.
Optical charge-sensing method for testing and characterizing thin-film transistor arrays (1995)

Improved methods for testing thin-film transistor (TFT) arrays are becoming increasingly Important as TFT liquid-crystal flat-panel displays become the first choice for many applications. The optical charge-sensing method for testing TFT arrays described in this paper uses interface reflections to sense accumulative free carriers and to generate maps showing the type and location of line and point defects. The method is nondestructive and provides data which can be used to repair certain types of array defects. It can also be used to measure such parameters as threshold voltage and channel conductance of TFT's, and frequency response of driver circuits. Optical charge sensing depends not only on charge density but also on the structure of the TFT arrays. Charge-sensing sensitivity is reduced by reflections from the metal interconnects. An improvement in the net reflectance change is obtained by using polarized and angled incident light in spite of reduced reflectance changes compared with normal incidence.
Enzymatic methylation of band 3 anion transporter in intact human erythrocytes (1987)

Band 3, the anion transport protein of erythrocyte membranes, is a major methyl-accepting substrate of the intracellular erythrocyte protein carboxyl methyltransferase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine: protein-D-aspartate O-methyltransferase; EC 2.1.1.77) [Freitag, C., & Clarke, S. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 6102-6108]. The localization of methylation sites in intact cells by analysis of proteolytic fragments indicated that sites were present in the cytoplasmic N-terminal domain as well as the membranous C-terminal portion of the polypeptide. The amino acid residues that serve as carboxyl methylation sites of the erythrocyte anion transporter were also investigated. 3H-Methylated band 3 was purified from intact erythrocytes incubated with L-[methyl-3H]methionine and from trypsinized and lysed erythrocytes incubated with S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H]methionine. After proteolytic digestion with carboxypeptidase Y, D-aspartic acid beta-[3H]methyl ester was isolated in low yields (9% and 1%, respectively) from each preparation. The bulk of the radioactivity was recovered as [3H]methanol, and the amino acid residue(s) originally associated with these methyl groups could not be determined. No L-aspartic acid beta-[3H]methyl ester or glutamyl gamma-[3H]methyl ester was detected. The formation of D-aspartic acid beta-[3H]methyl esters in this protein in intact cells resulted from protein carboxyl methyltransferase activity since it was inhibited by adenosine and homocysteine thiolactone, which increases the intracellular concentration of the potent product inhibitor S-adenosylhomocysteine, and cycloleucine, which prevents the formation of the substrate S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H]methionine.
T-Type Calcium Channel Inhibition Underlies the Analgesic Effects of the Endogenous Lipoamino Acids (2009)

Lipoamino acids are anandamide-related endogenous molecules that induce analgesia via unresolved mechanisms. Here, we provide evidence that the T-type/Cav3 calcium channels are important pharmacological targets underlying their physiological effects. Various lipoamino acids, including N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly), reversibly inhibited Cav3.1, Cav3.2, and Cav3.3 currents, with potent effects on Cav3.2 [EC(50) approximately 200 nm for N-arachidonoyl 3-OH-gamma-aminobutyric acid (NAGABA-OH)]. This inhibition involved a large shift in the Cav3.2 steady-state inactivation and persisted during fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition as well as in cell-free outside-out patch. In contrast, lipoamino acids had weak effects on high-voltage-activated (HVA) Cav1.2 and Cav2.2 calcium currents, on Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 sodium currents, and on anandamide-sensitive TRPV1 and TASK1 currents. Accordingly, lipoamino acids strongly inhibited native Cav3.2 currents in sensory neurons with small effects on sodium and HVA calcium currents. In addition, we demonstrate here that lipoamino acids NAGly and NAGABA-OH produced a strong thermal analgesia and that these effects (but not those of morphine) were abolished in Cav3.2 knock-out mice. Collectively, our data revealed lipoamino acids as a family of endogenous T-type channel inhibitors, suggesting that these ligands can modulate multiple cell functions via this newly evidenced regulation.
Whole body vibration exercise: are vibrations good for you? (2005)

Whole body vibration has been recently proposed as an exercise intervention because of its potential for increasing force generating capacity in the lower limbs. Its recent popularity is due to the combined effects on the neuromuscular and neuroendocrine systems. Preliminary results seem to recommend vibration exercise as a therapeutic approach for sarcopenia and possibly osteoporosis. This review analyses state of the art whole body vibration exercise techniques, suggesting reasons why vibration may be an effective stimulus for human muscles and providing the rationale for future studies.