gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Internet Addiction: The Emergence of a New Clinical Disorder (1998)

Anecdotal reports indicated that some on-line users were becoming addicted to the Internet in much the same way that others became addicted to drugs or alcohol, which resulted in academic, social, and occupational impairment. However, research among sociologists, psychologists, or psychiatrists has not formally identified addictive use of the Internet as a problematic behavior. This study investigated the existence of Internet addiction and the extent of problems caused by such potential misuse. Of all the diagnoses referenced in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1995), Pathological Gambling was viewed as most akin to the pathological nature of Internet use. By using Pathological Gambling as a model, addictive Internet use can be defined as an impulse-control disorder that does not involve an intoxicant. Therefore, this study developed a brief eight-item questionnaire referred to as a Diagnostic Questionnaire (DQ), which modified criteria for pathological gambling to provide a screening instrument for classification of participants. On the basis of this criteria, case studies of 396 dependent Internet users (Dependents) and 100 nondependent Internet users (Nondependents) were classified. Qualitative analyses suggest significant behavioral and functional usage differences between the two groups such as the types of applications utilized, the degree of difficulty controlling weekly usage, and the severity of problems noted. Clinical and social implications of pathological Internet use and future directions for research are discussed.
A novel self-aligned epitaxial base transistor (2002)

The authors propose SATURN (self-alignment technology utilizing reserved nitride), a high-speed bipolar LSI technology. An advanced SATURN process, utilizing selective epitaxial technology, has been developed in order to improve the high-speed capability. It makes possible an emitter width of less than 0.4 mu m, a base area width of less than 2 mu m, and a base width of 1500 AA. Furthermore, a base width of 800 AA was realized by collector phosphorus doping using low-energy ion implantation, just before the deposition of base epitaxy.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Light propagation in biological tissue (2003)

Biological tissue scatters light mainly in the forward direction where the scattering phase function has a narrow peak. This peak makes it difficult to solve the radiative transport equation. However, it is just for forward-peaked scattering that the Fokker-Planck equation provides a good approximation, and it is easier to solve than the transport equation. Furthermore, the modification of the Fokker-Planck equation by Leakeas and Larsen provides an even better approximation and is also easier to solve. We demonstrate the accuracy of these two approximations by solving the problem of reflection and transmission of a plane wave normally incident on a slab composed of a uniform scattering medium.
Online collision avoidance for two robots in 3D-space (2002)

Previously presented methods for online collision avoidance for robots in a two-dimensional space are extended to the third dimension. Even if global planning and programming are done in multi-robot workcells, in real-world applications it is important to supervise the actual movements and to influence them if necessary, due to sensor-driven changes of the trajectories, incomplete information on the environment, and possible failures in mechanical or electrical devices. Therefore, precautions have to be taken for online collision detection and avoidance. Besides the considerations of dynamics for online collision avoidance in 3-D space, attention is given to the online computing of the algorithms and their execution on parallel hardware.
Glass Ionomer Cement Formulations: I. The Preparation of Novel Fluoroaluminosilicate Glasses High in Fluorine (1979)

The preparation of a large number of novel fluorine-containing aluminosilicate glasses is reported along with the properties of cements formed by their reaction to aqueous solutions of poly- (acrylic acid) (PAA).
Fast Mixing Condensation Nucleus Counter: Application to Rapid Scanning Differential Mobility Analyzer Measurements (2002)

Condensation nucleus counters (CNCs) exhibit slower time response than expected due to mixing effects within the detector.This mixing produces an exponential distribution of delay times with a characteristic mixing time τ_m that ranges from 0.1 s to 0.9 s for commonly used instruments and limits their usefulness for measuring rapidly changing aerosols. Moreover, when used as detectors in the scanning electrical mobility spectrometer (SEMS; also known as scanning mobility particle sizer, SMPS), CNCs limit the speed with which size distribution measurements can be made. In order to overcome this limitation, a new, fast-response mixing CNC (MCNC) has been developed and characterized. The time response of this new detector and TSI Models 3025 and 3010 CNCs has been measured using a spark source to generate an aerosol pulse. The mixing induced response smearing of this new detector, τ_m, of this instrument is 0.058 s, which is significantly shorter than either of the other instruments tested. Its lower detection limit is about 5 nm diameter. The high aerosol flow rate of the MCNC (0.65 l min^(-1)), fast time response, and low detection limit make it an ideal detector for SEMS/SMPS measurements. Using this MCNC as a detector for the SEMS, size distribution measurements over the 5 nm to 140 nm range have been made in 3 s with minimal distortion. The size distribution of a coagulation aerosol was effectively recovered by deconvolution with scans as short as 1 s. Uncertainties in the 1 s scans result, in part, from electronics problems in the scanning DMA.
Non-cell autonomous cues for enhanced functionality of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes via maturation of sarcolemmal and mitochondrial KATP channels (2016)

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is a potential unlimited ex vivo source of ventricular (V) cardiomyocytes (CMs), but hESC-VCMs and their engineered tissues display immature traits. In adult VCMs, sarcolemmal (sarc) and mitochondrial (mito) ATP-sensitive potassium (K<sub>ATP</sub>) channels play crucial roles in excitability and cardioprotection. In this study, we aim to investigate the biological roles and use of sarcK<sub>ATP</sub> and mitoK<sub>ATP</sub> in hESC-VCM. We showed that SarcI<sub>K, ATP</sub> in single hESC-VCMs was dormant under baseline conditions, but became markedly activated by cyanide (CN) or the known opener P1075 with a current density that was ~8-fold smaller than adult; These effects were reversible upon washout or the addition of GLI or HMR1098. Interestingly, sarcI<sub>K, ATP</sub> displayed a ~3-fold increase after treatment with hypoxia (5% O<sub>2</sub>). MitoI<sub>K, ATP</sub> was absent in hESC-VCMs. However, the thyroid hormone T3 up-regulated mitoI<sub>K, ATP,</sub> conferring diazoxide protective effect on T3-treated hESC-VCMs. When assessed using a multi-cellular engineered 3D ventricular cardiac micro-tissue (hvCMT) system, T3 substantially enhanced the developed tension by 3-folds. Diazoxide also attenuated the decrease in contractility induced by simulated ischemia (1% O<sub>2</sub>). We conclude that hypoxia and T3 enhance the functionality of hESC-VCMs and their engineered tissues by selectively acting on sarc and mitoI<sub>K, ATP</sub>.
Asymmetric hydrogenation with a complex of rhodium and a chiral bisphosphine (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAsymmetric hydrogenation with a complex of rhodium and a chiral bisphosphineW. S. Knowles, M. J. Sabacky, B. D. Vineyard, and D. J. WeinkauffCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 9, 2567–2568Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1975https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00842a058Request reuse permissionsArticle Views2869Altmetric-Citations378LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (281 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ligand design for selective complexation of metal ions in aqueous solution (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLigand design for selective complexation of metal ions in aqueous solutionRobert D. Hancock and Arthur E. MartellCite this: Chem. Rev. 1989, 89, 8, 1875–1914Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr00098a011https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00098a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views6163Altmetric-Citations988LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Structural requirement of the calcium-channel subunit α2δ for gabapentin binding (1999)

Gabapentin [Neurontin, 1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic acid] is a novel anticonvulsant drug with a high binding affinity for the Ca2+-channel subunit α2δ. In this study, the gabapentin-binding properties of wild-type and mutated porcine brain α2δ proteins were investigated. Removal of the disulphide bonds between the α2 and the δ subunits did not result in a significant loss of gabapentin binding, suggesting that the disulphide linkage between the two subunits is not required for binding. Singly expressed α2 protein remained membrane associated. However, α2 alone was unable to bind gabapentin, unless the cells were concurrently transfected with the expression vector for δ, suggesting that both α2 and δ are required for gabapentin binding. Using internal deletion mutagenesis, we mapped two regions [amino acid residues 339-365 (δF) and 875-905 (δJ)] within the α2 subunit that are not required for gabapentin binding. Further, deletion of three other individual regions [amino acid residues 206-222 (δD), 516-537 (δH) and 583-603 (δI)] within the α2 subunit disrupted gabapentin binding, suggesting the structural importance of these regions. Using alanine to replace four to six amino acid residues in each of these regions abolished gabapentin binding. These results demonstrate that region D, between the N-terminal end and the first putative transmembrane domain of α2, and regions H and I, between the putative splicing acceptor sites (Gln511 and Ser601), may play important roles in maintaining the structural integrity for gabapentin binding. Further single amino acid replacement mutagenesis within these regions identified Arg217 as critical for gabapentin binding.
Synaptic and Extrasynaptic NMDA Receptors Differentially Modulate Neuronal Cyclooxygenase-2 Function, Lipid Peroxidation, and Neuroprotection (2011)

Stimulation of synaptic NMDA receptors (NMDARs) induces neuroprotection, while extrasynaptic NMDARs promote excitotoxic cell death. Neuronal expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is enhanced by synaptic NMDARs, and although this enzyme mediates neuronal functions, COX-2 is also regarded as a key modulator of neuroinflammation and is thought to exacerbate excitotoxicity via overproduction of prostaglandins. This raises an apparent paradox: synaptic NMDARs are pro-survival yet are essential for robust neuronal COX-2 expression. We hypothesized that stimulation of extrasynaptic NMDARs converts COX-2 signaling from a physiological to a potentially pathological process. We combined HPLC-electrospray ionization-tandem MS-based mediator lipidomics and unbiased image analysis in mouse dissociated and organotypic cortical cultures to uncover that synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDARs differentially modulate neuronal COX-2 expression and activity. We show that synaptic NMDARs enhance neuronal COX-2 expression, while sustained synaptic stimulation limits COX-2 activity by suppressing cellular levels of the primary COX-2 substrate, arachidonic acid (AA). In contrast, extrasynaptic NMDARs suppress COX-2 expression while activating phospholipase A₂, which enhances AA levels by hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids. Thus, sequential activation of synaptic then extrasynaptic NMDARs maximizes COX-2-dependent prostaglandin synthesis. We also show that excitotoxic events only drive induction of COX-2 expression through abnormal synaptic network excitability. Finally, we show that nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation of arachidonic and other polyunsaturated fatty acids is a function of network activity history. A new paradigm emerges from our results suggesting that pathological COX-2 signaling associated with models of stroke, epilepsy, and neurodegeneration requires specific spatiotemporal NMDAR stimulation.
Alveolar Fibrin Formation Caused by Enhanced Procoagulant and Depressed Fibrinolytic Capacities in Severe Pneumonia: Comparison with the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (2000)

Changes in the alveolar hemostatic balance in severe pneumonia were compared with those in the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Analysis was performed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) of patients with ARDS triggered by nonpulmonary underlying events in the absence of lung infection (ARDS; n = 25), pneumonia demanding mechanical ventilation (PNEU-vent; n = 114), spontaneously breathing patients with pneumonia (PNEU-spon; n = 40), and ARDS in combination with lung infection (ARDS+PNEU; n = 43); comparison with healthy control subjects (n = 35) was performed. In all groups of patients, BALF total procoagulant activity was increased by nearly two orders of magnitude, being largely attributable to the tissue factor pathway of coagulation. Concomitantly, markedly reduced overall fibrinolytic capacity (fibrin plate assay) was noted in the lavage fluids of all patients. BALF levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator were significantly reduced throughout, whereas the lavage concentrations of tissue-type plasminogen activator did not differ from those in control subjects. In addition, markedly enhanced levels of plasminogen activator- inhibitor I and alpha(2)-antiplasmin were noted in ARDS, ARDS+PNEU, and PNEU-vent, but not in PNEU-spon. In all groups of patients, the changes in the lavage enzymatic activities were paralleled by manifold increased BALF concentrations of fibrinopeptide A and D-dimer, reflecting in vivo coagulation processes. Within the overall number of patients with pneumonia, changes in the alveolar hemostatic balance were more prominent in alveolar and interstitial pneumonia than in bronchopneumonia. Acute inflammatory lung injury, whether triggered by nonpulmonary systemic events or primary lung infection, is thus consistently characterized by both enhanced procoagulant and depressed fibrinolytic activities in the alveolar lining layer, with the appearance of fibrin formation in this compartment. Profile and extent of changes in severe pneumonia demanding respirator therapy are virtually identical to those in ARDS, whereas somewhat less prominent alterations of the alveolar hemostatic balance are noted in spontaneously breathing patients with pneumonia.
DNA probes for identification of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (1987)

Eighty-one Escherichia coli strains belonging to all known invasive O serogroups were tested with two distinct invasiveness probes (pMR17 and pSF55). All 54 Sereny test-positive strains and 5 strains that lost Sereny positivity during storage hybridized with both probes. Probe-positive strains carried a 120- to 140-megadalton plasmid, did not produce lysine decarboxylase, and, with the exception of certain serotypes, were nonmotile. Motile strains of serotype O144:H25 were for the first time characterized as invasive by hybridization with the probes.
Evaluating the Links Between Turbidite Characteristics and Gross System Architecture: Upscaling Insights from the Turbidite Sheet-System of Peïra Cava, SE France (2000)

Understanding how the characteristics of individual turbidites measured along a 1D (vertical) section may relate to reservoir-scale system geometry remains a significant upscaling problem, yet the ability to make this link is fundamentally important when evaluating turbidite reservoirs. Insights into the key relationships are perhaps best gained from well-exposed outcrops in which bed-to-bed correlations can be established. The Peïra Cava outlier of the Tertiary Annot Sandstone contains sheetform turbidites that were deposited in a confined and ponded basin. They are now exposed over a 10 by 6 km area. Bed-to-bed correlations have been established throughout a selected 420 m...
Preventing fire and smoke in power supplies (2004)

Leakage current through a printed circuit board epoxy has a strong Arrhenius dependence on temperature. Fire and smoke occurrences can be prevented by monitoring the leakage current between a ground plane and an adjacent test plane and shutting off power if the leakage current rises above a predetermined critical value.
Taking the Heat (2012)

In 1939 the American Geographical Society published a comprehensive review of the literature on European settlement in the tropics by the Australian geographer, A Grenfell Price. Grenfell Price outlined some key questions which lay people had recently asked scientists: 'Why in general have the whites failed? Are they beginning to make progress? Can they hope for ultimate success?' Price could discover no agreement among scientists on these questions. Instead he uncovered a persistent unease about whether there was any future for permanent white settlement in tropical zones.
A two-step method for out-of-sequence measurements (2005)

In multi-sensor environments with latency, reports from the sensors can arrive at the tracking/fusing platform out of sequence. There have been a number of methods for dealing with these reports. The most accurate way of dealing with these reports is to replay them in order. In many applications this is cost prohibitive. Dropping the reports is also not desirable, since, many times, the latent sensor is providing important cross-range information to better specify track location. There have been several approximation methods for processing the out-of-sequence measurements (OOSM). This work presents another approximation method, that in the examples provided, is better than the methods previously appearing in the literature. This method was motivated by the need to produce more accurate information for gating purposes than the previously derived methods produce. In This work we derive the new approximation method, known as the two-step method. We show that when the problem is single lag, i.e., there has only been one report after the OOSM, the method produces the exact result. We analyze the complexity of several approximation methods, and show that the two-step method is the most efficient of those analyzed. Several results are given that shows that the approximations produced are generally better than the existing methods.
A Novel Programming Method to Refresh a Long-Cycled Phase Change Memory Cell (2008)

Degradation of device characteristics as a presage of the 'stuck to SET' failure of a long-cycled phase change memory device was investigated to illuminate its cause and to propose a novel programming method that can cure the problem for an extended device life time. From the finding that the degraded RESET characteristics could be cured by reverse RESET current pulses, field-induced atomic migration was confirmed to play a determining role. It was vividly demonstrated that life time of a phase change memory device could be greatly extended by periodically imposing reverse RESET current pulses during normal operations.
XII. <i>On the manufacture and theory of diffraction-gratings</i> (1874)

(1874). XII. On the manufacture and theory of diffraction-gratings. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 47, No. 310, pp. 81-93.
Fluorescent Imidazolium-Based Cyclophane for Detection of Guanosine-5′-triphosphate and I<sup>–</sup> in Aqueous Solution of Physiological pH (2011)

A new water-soluble and fluorescent imidazolium-anthracene cyclophane (1) effectively recognizes the biologically important GTP and I(-) over other anions in a 100% aqueous solution of physiological pH 7.4. Fluorescence and (1)H NMR spectra and ab initio calculations demonstrate that emission arises from the formation of an excimer state and quenching occurs upon GTP/I(-) binding through (C-H)(+)···A(-) hydrogen bond interactions.
Characterization of nanocrystalline Pd by x ray diffraction and EXAFS (1990)

Since the fraction of atoms located within a few atomic distances of one or more internal interfaces increases rapidly with decreasing grain size in the nanometer regime, it is expected that the structure of grain boundaries plays an important role in determining and controlling the properties of nanocrystalline materials. A high resolution electron microscopy study of nanocrystalline Pd found no evidence for extended, disordered boundary regions that would differ from boundaries in coarse-grained materials. Recent results from x-ray diffraction, EXAFS and hydriding studies have yielded clear evidence that the boundaries in nanocrystalline Pd are ordered and/or extremely localized in nature. The present paper will summarize and discuss the principal results of these three studies. 12 refs., 4 figs.
Linearity & Efficiency of Inverse Class-AB Amplifiers (2007)

In this paper, we find that inverse Class-AB mode can offer significant improvements in performance. But there is no well support in traditional textbooks, so we give the detailed theory explanation of inverse Class-AB mode for the first time. Using Fourier analysis to calculate the maximum collector voltage of PAs in inverse Class-AB mode, we can calculate the maximum efficiency. Using Volterra series and out-of-band cancellation technique we analyze the nonlinearity of PAs in inverse Class-AB mode. Finally, we do simulation to verify all of our analysis.