gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vivo skin decontamination of methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI): soap and water ineffective compared to polypropylene glycol, polyglycol- based cleanser, and corn oil (1999)

In the home and workplace, decontamination of a chemical from skin is traditionally done with a soap-and-water wash, although some workplaces may have emergency showers. It has been assumed that these procedures are effective, yet workplace illness and even death occur from chemical contamination. Water, or soap and water, may not be the most effective means of skin decontamination, particularly for fat-soluble materials. This study was undertaken to help determine whether there are more effective means of removing methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI), a potent contact sensitizer, from the skin. MDI is an industrial chemical for which skin decontamination, using traditional soap and water and nontraditional polypropylene glycol, a polyglycol-based cleanser (PG-C), and corn oil were all tried in vivo on the rhesus monkey, over 8 h. Water, alone and with soap (5% and 50% soap), were partially effective in the first h after exposure, removing 51-69% of the applied dose. However, decontamination fell to 40-52% at 4 h and 29-46% by 8 h. Thus, the majority of MDI was not removed by the traditional soap-and-water wash; skin tape stripping after washing confirmed that MDI was still on the skin. In contrast, polypropylene glycol, PG-C, and corn oil all removed 68-86% of the MDI in the first h, 74-79% at 4 h, and 72-86% at 8 h. Statistically, polypropylene glycol, PG-C, and corn oil were all better (p < 0.05) than soap and water at 4 and 8 h after dose application. These results indicate that a traditional soap-and-water wash and the emergency water shower are relatively ineffective at removing MDI from the skin. More effective decontamination procedures, as shown here, are available. These procedures are consistent with the partial miscibility of MDI in corn oil and polyglycols.
DANK (2011)

«Man kann mit gutem Recht sagen, daß wegen des unauslöschlichen Hasses, den die Medici gegen unsere Familie hegten, weil wir Förderer und Freunde der Freiheit sind, das Exil bei uns erblich ist, ja geradezu wie ein Familienvermögen an die Nachkommen weitergegeben wird.»
Multiple scattering between two elastic cylinders and invariants of the time-reversal operator: Theory and experiment (2006)

The decomposition-of-the-time-reversal-operator method is an ultrasonic method based on the analysis of the array response matrix used for detection and characterization. The eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of the time-reversal operator (equivalent to the singular values and the singular vectors of the array response matrix) provide information on the localization and nature of scatterers in the insonified medium. Here, the eigenmodes of the time-reversal operator are studied for two elastic cylinders: The effects of multiple scattering and anisotropic scattering are considered. Analytical expressions for the singular values are established within the isotropic scattering approximation. Then, the comparison with a complete model is presented, putting in evidence the importance of the anisotropy of the scattering. Experiments, carried out at central frequency 1.5MHz on 0.25mm diameter nylon and copper cylinders embedded in water, confirm the theory. In particular, the small cylinder limit and the effect of the dominant quadrupolar normal mode of nylon are discussed.
Introduction (2017)

Eurasia is a vast land mass extending from the Caspian to western China, an area stretching from the Urals to the Great Mountain Arc in the west formed by the Altai, Tien Shan, the Pamir, the Hindukush and the Kopet Dagh running through the vast steppes and deserts in between. The vastness of Eurasia suits high-tech mega-projects of infrastructure development. Over the years, Russian interest in Eurasia has been on the increase. It seems to have gained an upper hand in present-day Russian politics. The Russian leadership remains torn between westernisers and Eurasianists. India has a long history of interaction with the Eurasian region which is in proximity to our land and continues to be of vital interest even in the present times. The British colonial power was conscious of the Indian historical links with Central Asia and the Caspian region and did not hesitate to promote its strategic and geopolitical goals.
Organic Acids in Carbonate Acidizing (2004)

Summary This paper discusses the use of organic acid as a stimulation fluid in carbonate formations. Organic acids, such as acetic or formic acid, have been used for many years as alternatives to HCl because of the retarded reaction rate, low corrosivity, and reduced tendency to form acid/oil sludge in asphaltene-rich crudes. In Venezuela, organic acids were pumped in acid-fracturing treatments in deep, hot limestone formations. Although these treatments were very successful, optimization of the design was hampered by the fact that models for organic acid/carbonate spending did not exist. Case histories are discussed later. A new model for acid spending is proposed in this paper that can be used for strong (HCl) and weak (organic) acids as well as acid mixtures. Compared to existing (HCl) models, the only new element is the acid dissociation constant that describes the differences between strong and weak acids. The model was verified by comparing simulated reaction rates with rates actually measured in the laboratory with a rotating disk. The results of acid-fracture simulations, comparing the etched length and width of organic acid with HCl acid, are also discussed.
Carotene-Oxygen Radical Interactions (1992)

All-trans beta-carotene radical anion efficiently transfers an electron to oxygen but the reverse reaction is not observed and, instead we suggest the formation of a beta-carotene-superoxide radical addition complex. On the other hand, all-trans lycopene undergoes a reversible electron transfer with the superoxide radical. This distinctive behaviour may be related to the anti-cancer properties of these molecules.
Synthesis of PAMAM Dendrimer Derivatives with Enhanced Buffering Capacity and Remarkable Gene Transfection Efficiency (2011)

In this study, we introduced histidine residues into l-arginine grafted PAMAM G4 dendrimers to enhance proton buffering capacity and evaluated the physicochemical characteristics and transfection efficacies in vitro. The results showed that the synthesized PAMAM G4 derivatives effectively delivered pDNA inside cells and the transfection level improved considerably as the number of histidine residues increased. Grafting histidine residues into the established polymer vector PAMAM G4-arginine improved their proton buffering capacity. The cytotoxicity of PAMAM G4 derivatives was tested and it was confirmed that they displayed relatively lower cytotoxicity compared to PEI25KD in various cell lines. Also, confocal microscopy results revealed that PAMAM G4 derivatives effectively delivered pDNA into cells, particularly into the nucleus. These PAMAM dendrimer derivatives conjugated with histidines and arginines may provide a promising polymeric gene carrier system.
Neuronal versus glial cell swelling in the ischaemic retina (2005)

Under normal conditions, the pigment epithelium dehydrates the outer retina while Müller glial cells mediate the rapid water transport within the inner retina. Gliotic alterations of Müller cells may be implicated in the development of oedema in the post-ischaemic retina. Here, we suggest a mechanism of Müller cell-supported neuronal cell swelling and apoptosis in the ischaemic retina. During ischaemia, over-excitation of ionotropic glutamate receptors leads to neuronal cell depolarization that causes excess Ca(2+) influx into the cells, and to activation of the apoptosis machinery. The ion fluxes into the retinal neurons are associated with water movements that are mediated by aquaporin-4 water channels expressed by Müller cells and result in neuronal cell swelling. After reperfusion, the glial cells may swell due to the down-regulation of their K(+) conductance, which results in intracellular K(+) overload and water movements from the blood and vitreous into the cells. An inhibition of the glial cell-mediated water movements during ischaemic episodes should reduce the ion shifts at the neuronal synapses, resulting in decreased neuronal cell swelling and apoptosis. An inhibition of the water movements in the post-ischaemic phase may prevent cytotoxic Müller cell swelling but may impair the fluid clearance from retinal tissue in the presence of vasogenic oedema. Thus, pharmacological modification of the ion and fluid clearance functions of Müller cells may become a novel way to resolve both cytotoxic and vasogenic oedema in the retina.
MECHANISMS OF VERTEBRATE SYNAPTOGENESIS (2005)

The formation of synapses in the vertebrate central nervous system is a complex process that occurs over a protracted period of development. Recent work has begun to unravel the mysteries of synaptogenesis, demonstrating the existence of multiple molecules that influence not only when and where synapses form but also synaptic specificity and stability. Some of these molecules act at a distance, steering axons to their correct receptive fields and promoting neuronal differentiation and maturation, whereas others act at the time of contact, providing positional information about the appropriateness of targets and/or inductive signals that trigger the cascade of events leading to synapse formation. In addition, correlated synaptic activity provides critical information about the appropriateness of synaptic connections, thereby influencing synapse stability and elimination. Although synapse formation and elimination are hallmarks of early development, these processes are also fundamental to learning, memory, and cognition in the mature brain.
An In Vivo Angiogenesis Assay to Study Positive and Negative Regulators of Neovascularization (2003)

The formation of new blood vessels from existing blood vessels has been referred to as angiogenesis to distinguish the process from de novo embryonic vessel formation or vasculogenesis (1). This chapter will describe an in vivo assay to measure angiogenesis. There are several important reasons to study and measure angiogenesis in vascular disease. First, it is necessary to try to understand proliferative angiogenesis as it occurs in tumors and in diabetic complications and devise strategies to inhibit it. Second, there is intense interest in improving angiogenesis after ischemia or in chronic wounds (2). Third, many potential modulators of angiogenesis need to be evaluated to determine their effects on blood vessel development.
Comparison of the reliability of brain lesion localization when using traditional and stereotactic image-guided techniques: a prospective study (2005)

Findings of this study indicate that the conventional localization technique used to demarcate brain cortical and subcortical lesions has an error of approximately 1 to 1.5 cm in both the mediolateral and anteroposterior directions. This error can be reduced by judicious use of image-guided techniques.
Rhenium(VII) Oxide Catalyzed Heteroacylative Ring-Opening Dimerization of Tetrahydrofuran (2007)

Re(2)O(7), which is known primarily as a strong oxidant, was found to be a highly selective Lewis acid catalyst that affects the heteroacylative dimerization of THF at room temperature. This multicomponent reaction, which involves THF, trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA), and a carboxylic acid, produces a nonsymmetrical diester, RCO(2)(CH(2))(4)O(CH(2))(4)OCOCF(3), in high yields. The reaction is quite general with respect to the carboxylic acid but is highly selective for unsubstituted THF in preference to other cyclic ethers. It is also highly selective for TFAA in preference to other anhydrides. Isotope labeling experiments indicate that two of the five oxygen atoms in the product originate from THF; one comes from rhenium oxide, and the two carbonyl oxygens originate from the carboxylic acid and from TFAA. The catalytic cycle, which is proposed on the basis of these experiments, involves a multistep sequence of nucleophilic attacks, starting with an attack of a rhenium oxo ligand on a coordinated THF, then attack of the resultant alkoxide ligand on a second coordinated THF, nucleophilic addition of the resultant alkoxide ligand to the coordinated carboxylic acid (an intramolecular metal-oxygen bond metathesis), and, finally, electrophilic cleavage of the other coordinated alkoxide by TFAA to produce the nonsymmetrical diester. This synthetically useful reaction highlights the unique, frequently avoided Lewis acidity of transition-metal oxides.
Copper (I) Catalyzed N-Arylation of Azoles, the Recent Developments (2008)

N-arylated azoles have broad applications either alone or as intermediates in the synthesis of natural products, drugs, polymers, agrochemicals, among other items. Recently, instead of the less universal “classic” methods of arylation, a series of approaches based on the use of a complex of transition metals – derivatives of palladium and copper – was suggested. This mini-review looks into one of the most promising trends in this group of methods, arylation with the use copper(I)-based catalysts. The emphasis is made on a detailed consideration of each arylation method, in order to give the reader a possibility to compare the effectiveness and the limitations of one method or another, evaluate the conditions of conducting a reaction and the availability of reactants. In each subsection, results are presented in chronological order to demonstrate sequential progress in this area.
Auto-tuned fuzzy logic control (2005)

This paper presents an auto-tuned, fuzzy logic controller. It starts with a simple fuzzy PID controller definition which is a useful nonlinear PID controller. Then an analysis of the fuzzy nonlinear relationship is given and some features of the fuzzy controller are discussed. The scaling factors of the fuzzy PID controller are associated with PID controller parameters. Thirdly, a practical approach to auto-tuning the fuzzy PID controller is proposed by using Astrom and Hagglund's (1984) auto-tuning technique for PID tuning. Last, experiments on the auto-tuned fuzzy PID controller are conducted and compared to regular PID controllers.
Thrombin-dependent NF-κB Activation and Monocyte/Endothelial Adhesion Are Mediated by the CARMA3·Bcl10·MALT1 Signalosome (2010)

Thrombin is a potent modulator of endothelial function and, through stimulation of NF-κB, induces endothelial expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). These cell surface adhesion molecules recruit inflammatory cells to the vessel wall and thereby participate in the development of atherosclerosis, which is increasingly recognized as an inflammatory condition. The principal receptor for thrombin on endothelial cells is protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Although it is known that PAR-1 signaling to NF-κB depends on initial PKC activation, the subsequent steps leading to stimulation of the canonical NF-κB machinery have remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate that a complex of proteins containing CARMA3, Bcl10, and MALT1 links PAR-1 activation to stimulation of the IκB kinase complex. IκB kinase in turn phosphorylates IκB, leading to its degradation and the release of active NF-κB. Further, we find that although this CARMA3·Bcl10·MALT1 signalosome shares features with a CARMA1-containing signalosome found in lymphocytes, there are significant differences in how the signalosomes communicate with their cognate receptors. Specifically, whereas the CARMA1-containing lymphocyte complex relies on 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 for assembly and activation, the CARMA3-containing endothelial signalosome functions completely independent of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 and instead relies on β-arrestin 2 for assembly. Finally, we show that thrombin-dependent adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells requires an intact endothelial CARMA3·Bcl10·MALT1 signalosome, underscoring the importance of the signalosome in mediating one of the most significant pro-atherogenic effects of thrombin.
An Introduction to biomedical nuclear magnetic resonance (1985)

Separated into three sections, this book gives an overview on the principles of nuclear magnetic spectroscopy and the imaging procedures based upon this technique, an insight into the parameters which have influence on the NMR image, e.g. relaxation times, flow and contrast, and finally an account of medical applications in the brain, the spine, the cardiovascular system, the abdomen, and in tumor imaging.
Fabrication of Magnetic Tunnel Junctions with a Synthetic Ferrimagnetic Free Layer for Magnetic Field Sensor Applications (2011)

Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with a CoFeB/Ru/Ni 80 Fe 20 synthetic ferrimagnetic free layer and an MgO barrier layer were fabricated. The effect of the shape and thickness of the free layer on the magnetic field sensor characteristics was systematically investigated. We achieved a high sensitivity of 4.8%/Oe in the MTJ with a 70-nm-thick Ni 80 Fe 20 layer and an aspect ratio of 1.0. Here, sensitivity is defined as TMR/(2 H k ), where TMR is tunnel magnetoresistance ratio in the MTJ and H k is a magnetic anisotropy field of the free layer. Furthermore, we successfully increased the detection field range up to 230 Oe while keeping high sensitivity and linearity.
Delivering services to the poor : An assessment of the capacity to deliver education, health, and water services to local communities in Ghana (2006)

This needs assessment sought to answer the question, how can the Ghanaian government's capacity to deliver Education, Health, and Water/Sanitation services to the poor at the level of local communities be most effectively strengthened? The assessment was conducted in 12 communities located in the Volta and Eastern Regions, using a participatory approach to identifying capacity-building needs called the Capacity Enhancement Needs Assessment (CENA). While addressing traditional capacity factors such as the skills and knowledge levels of the actors concerned, the CENA approach focuses mainly on the institutional environment, because institutions are frameworks of rules, procedures, and arrangements that can either provide incentives for action or constraints that impede actions. The five-step process of the CENA approach led to several main findings. First, it appears that the government still hesitates to fully implement its decentralization policy. Officials at the district levels have no authority to make critical decisions, which leads to delays in actions on important issues and affects release of budgetary allocations, payment of salaries, and allowances and benefits due to staff. Political interference in decision and policy making in Education is frequent. A second capacity constraint linked to the institutional environment stems from the lack of clarity of the government policies in the three sectors. As a result, the policies tend to be interpreted differently by the different actors concerned (when they are not completely misunderstood by the intended beneficiaries). A third capacity constraint has to do with the regulatory framework. The rules and directives to help guide the different actors involved in the complex collective actions that the delivery of services to the poor requires are often inadequate. A fourth capacity constraint exposed by the CENA stems from the confusion about the roles of key actors; this confusion is made worse by the friction between the modern system of governance that the government superimposed on the traditional governance arrangements. The absence of a clear demarcation line of authority between traditional chiefs and elected District Assembly officers was the example most often mentioned. A fifth institutional weakness relates to organizational arrangements. For example, the community is underrepresented in the current decision-making and management arrangements in the three sectors, particularly at the district level. In order to improve community voice, representatives of the various community management teams should be adequately represented at the district level in the different sector departments.
[Therapeutic results in patients with biphenotypic acute leukemia at Sapporo Medical University Hospital]. (2010)

We reviewed the results of 6 patients with biphenotypic acute leukemia (BAL) which the diagnostic standard of the European Group for the Immunological Characterization of Leukemia (EGIL) at Sapporo Medical University Hospital between 2006 and 2008. There were 5 males and 1 females with an average age of 35 years. Among them, 4 were B lymphoid and myeloid, 2 were T lymphoid and myeloid, and one was T/B lymphoid. Two of 4 patients did not attain complete remission, and two relapsed after first treatment with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) protocol. On the other hand, two showed complete remission after the acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) protocol. One of 4 patients survived who had been treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as a post-remission therapy. The ALL protocol was good for the induction therapy. However, overall treatment-related deaths were 4 patients and considerable caution was necessary.
SolexaQA: At-a-glance quality assessment of Illumina second-generation sequencing data (2010)

The SolexaQA package produces standardized outputs within minutes, thus facilitating ready comparison between flow cell lanes and machine runs, as well as providing immediate diagnostic information to guide the manipulation of sequence data for downstream analyses.
Comparative Performance Evaluations of IGBTs and MCT incorporated into Voltage-Source Type Single-Ended Quasi-Resonant Zero Voltage Soft Switching Inverter (2002)

A cost effective high-efficiency, simple, low noise voltage-source type single-ended quasi-resonant high frequency inverter using a single power semiconductor switching device and its modified circuit topologies are commonly applied for consumer induction heated rice cooker with a warmer function, cooking heater and microwave oven. This paper presents some comparative performance evaluations of each generation IGBT and MCT (MOS Controlled Thyristor) incorporated into the typical voltage-source quasi-resonant inverter operating under zero voltage soft switching transition mode. New generation IGBT has been improved for consumer power applications in order to reduce the conduction loss which is based on the lowered saturation voltage characteristics due to the latest IGBT. The comparative steady-state characteristics of some sample power-semiconductor switching devices of each generation IGBT are demonstrated on the basis of the simplest single-ended quasi-resonant inverter circuit operating under a condition of zero voltage soft switching commutation principle. In addition, the power losses and temperature performance analysis of the latest IGBT are discussed and evaluated as compared with previously-developed IGBTs. Finally, the further reduced saturation voltage and conduction loss characteristics of MCT which are more suitable for consumer utilizations are presented in comparison with the conventional IGBT.