gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Truthing, testing and evaluation issues in complex systems (2002)

This paper describes the issues involved in the design of a system for evaluating improvements in the performance of a real-time address recognition system being used by the United States Postal Service for processing mail-piece images. Evaluation of the performance of recognition systems is normally carried out by measuring the performance of the system on a representative sample of images. Designing a comprehensive and valid testing scenario is a complex task that requires careful attention. Sampling live mail-stream to generate a deck of images representative of the general mail-stream for testing, truthing (generating reference data on a significant number of images), grading and evaluation, and designing tools to facilitate these functions are important topics that need to be addressed. This paper describes the efforts of the United States Postal Service and CEDAR towards developing an infrastructure for sampling, truthing and testing of mail-stream images.
1/f dielectric polarization noise in silicon p-n junctions (1997)

Dielectric polarization noise in silicon p-n junctions was measured at low leakage current, less than 1×10−17 A, and at temperatures between 110 and 200 K. The power spectra of the noise voltages exhibit 1/f characteristics, where f is the frequency. The dielectric loss of the p-n junctions, which was derived from the 1/f noise by using the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, is proportional to the temperature, and is almost independent of the characteristics of the p-n junctions.
Correlation dimension of optokinetic nystagmus as evidence of chaos in the oculomotor system (1992)

The correlation dimension of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) eye movements from a normal human subject was computed. Results indicate a value of about 2.8, indicating the possibility of chaotic dynamics in OKN. This was found to differ from the dimension of an artificial OKN signal with the same second-order statistics.
Meddling with the Constitutional Court : media freedom & regulation (2012)

We are all aware of loud that has been voiced by many civil society institutions against Protection of State Information Bill and how government's determination to have it enacted in law has been severely criticised. This, however, is only one aspect of an environment where government leaders have expressed hostility to press - which some have labelled the opposition - and adopted other practices which obstruct press and prevent public from knowing what is going on. The press and many civil society institutions have been highly critical of misrule, serious shortcomings in service delivery, ever-increasing levels of corruption and other deficiencies in government. As a result government has resorted to attempts to cloak its activities in secrecy.
ADAM10 as a Target for Anti-Cancer Therapy (2008)

There is a great unmet medical need in the area of cancer treatment. A potential therapeutic target for intervention in cancer is ADAM10. ADAM10 is a disintegrin-metalloproteinase that processes membrane bound proteins from the cell surface to yield soluble forms. Pharmaceutical companies are actively seeking out inhibitors of ADAM10 for treatments in cancer as the enzyme is known to release the ErbB receptor, HER2/ErbB2 from the cell membrane, an event that is necessary for HER2 positive tumor cells to proliferate. ADAM10 is also capable of processing betacellulin indicating that an inhibitor could be used against EGFR/ErbB1 and/or HER4/ErbB4 receptor positive tumor cells that are betacellulin-dependent. ADAM10 is the principle sheddase for several other molecules associated with cancer proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and migration such as Notch, E-cadherin, CD44 and L1 adhesion molecule indicating that targeting ADAM10 with specific inhibitors could be beneficial.
Rectangular Waveguide Type Variable Band-Pass Filters (2005)

Two rectangular waveguide type variable band-pass filters for 10 GHz and 4 GHz bands have been proposed and tested. The pass-band width varied from 600 MHz to 2.2 GHz in the filter using ridge resonant irises, and it varied 260 MHz to 1.02 GHz in the filter using varactor-diodes. The center frequency of both filters could be changed arbitrarily.
Generation of neutralizing aptamers against herpes simplex virus type 2: potential components of multivalent microbicides (2011)

The prophylactic use of topical antiviral agents has recently been validated by the reduction in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection incidence seen using tonofovir-containing microbicides. In order to develop a wide-spectrum microbicide to prevent infection with a wide range of sexually transmitted viruses, we have previously reported the development of HIV-neutralizing aptamers and here report the isolation and characterization of aptamers that neutralize herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). These aptamers bind the envelope glycoprotein (gD), are potent (IC(50) of 20-50 nM) and are able to block infection pathways dependent on both major entry receptors, Nectin1 and HVEM. Structural analysis and mutagenesis of these aptamers reveal a core specificity element that could provide the basis for pharmaceutical development. As HSV-2 is a major risk factor for the acquisition of HIV-1, a microbicide capable of preventing HSV-2 infection would not only reduce the morbidity associated with HSV-2, but also that derived from HIV-1.
Java transactions for the Internet (1998)

The Web frequently suffers from failures which affect the performance and consistency of applications run over it. An important fault-tolerance technique is the use of atomic transactions for controlling operations on services. While it has been possible to make server-side Web applications transactional, browsers typically did not possess such facilities. However, with the advent of Java it is now possible to consider empowering browsers so that they can fully participate within transactional applications. In this paper we present the design and implementation of a standards-compliant transactional toolkit for the Web. The toolkit allows transactional applications to span Web browsers and servers and supports application-specific customization, so that an application can be made transactional without compromising the security policies operational at browsers and servers.
Limitations of current Parkinson's disease therapy (2003)

Levodopa and other dopaminergic medications drastically improve the motor symptoms and quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease in the early stages of the disease. However, once the "honeymoon" period has waned, usually after a few years of dopaminergic therapy, patients become progressively more disabled despite an ever more complex combination of available antiparkinsonian treatments. Sooner or later, they suffer from "dopa-resistant" motor symptoms (speech impairment, abnormal posture, gait and balance problems), "dopa-resistant" nonmotor signs (autonomic dysfunction, mood and cognitive impairment, sleep problems, pain) and/or drug-related side effects (especially psychosis, motor fluctuations, and dyskinesias). Therefore, the current antiparkinsonian therapy cannot be considered as ideal with regard to both efficacy and safety.
ascatNgs: Identifying Somatically Acquired Copy‐Number Alterations from Whole‐Genome Sequencing Data (2016)

We have developed ascatNgs to aid researchers in carrying out Allele-Specific Copy number Analysis of Tumours (ASCAT). ASCAT is capable of detecting DNA copy number changes affecting a tumor genome when comparing to a matched normal sample. Additionally, the algorithm estimates the amount of tumor DNA in the sample, known as Aberrant Cell Fraction (ACF). ASCAT itself is an R-package which requires the generation of many file types. Here, we present a suite of tools to help handle this for the user. Our code is available on our GitHub site (https://github.com/cancerit). This unit describes both 'one-shot' execution and approaches more suitable for large-scale compute farms. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Experimental investigations on electronically tunable microstrip antennas (1999)

The frequency tunability of a microstrip antenna on barium strontium titanate (BST) substrate is presented in this paper. This investigation has been made as a first step toward the realization of an electronically tunable microstrip antenna, taking advantage of the voltage-tunable dielectric substrate. It is already established that the change in dielectric constant of these substrate material is more than 50%, depending on the stoichiometric composition of BST and the bias voltage. It is also possible to control the dielectric constant during processing of the substrate in the range of 15–1500 with some tradeoff in tunability. A microstrip patch antenna is printed on the tunable substrate, and the radiation performance was studied for different bias conditions; frequency tuning is demonstrated experimentally. The antenna frequency can be changed by varying the applied dc voltage. To take further advantage of the tuning range of the substrates, it is necessary to design and develop high-performance dc-blocking circuits. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 20: 166–169, 1999.
A Feasibility Study of Microfinance for Chinese Disabled Farmers (2007)

The Chinese government supports development aid to persons with disabilities (PWDs) in the form of microfinance. The nation’s Poverty Alleviation and Development Plan for PWDs (2001-2010) and the Eleventh Five-Year Plan for Rural Disabled Persons (2006-2010) spell providing quality rehabilitation out that the main methods to help poor rural disabled persons include significantly increasing the amount of funds for their use as well as ion services for them. The local government at every level has the responsibility to assist disabled persons.
Holographic Moire, An Optical Tool For The Determination Of Displacements, Strains, Contours, And Slopes Of Surfaces (1982)

In conventional holographic interferometry, the observed fringe patterns are determined by the object displacement and deformation, and by the illumination and observation configurations. The obtained information may not be in the most convenient form for further data processing. To overcome this problem, and to create new possibilities, holographic fringe patterns can be changed by modifying the optical setup. As a result of these modifications, well-known procedures of the moire method can be applied to holographic interferometry. Components of displacement and components of the strain tensor can be isolated and measured separately. Surface contours and slopes can also be determined.
Apparent heterozygote deficiencies observed in DNA typing data and their implications in forensic applications (1992)

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) analysis using the Southern blot technique can be used to recognize copy number variation of variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) of conserved core sequences at several regions of the human genome. This new class of polymorphisms reveals a high degree of genetic variation, useful for individual identification purposes. Criticisms against forensic applications of such DNA typing data include the limitation of employing Hardy-Weinberg expectation of genotype frequencies, since several surveys indicate apparent deficiency of heterozygosity (or excess homozygosity) in comparison with Hardy-Weinberg expectations. This research postulates an alternative explanation of deficiency of apparent heterozygosity which is caused by the inability to detect extremely small-sized alleles (called 'non-detectable' alleles) due to the sensitivity of Southern gel electrophoresis. We show that the presence of 'non-detectable' alleles can produce pseudo-homozygosity and their frequencies can be predicted from the observed proportional heterozygote deficiency. Furthermore, in the covert presence of such 'non-detectable' alleles, we show that the gene-count method provides over-estimates of allele frequencies in the sample population, and hence the Hardy-Weinberg predictions of genotype frequencies avoid wrongful bias against suspects in forensic applications of DNA typing data. Applications of this theory to population data on six VNTR loci in US Caucasians and US Blacks suggest that the presence of 'non-detectable' alleles could be the major cause of apparent heterozygote deficiency, and the current approaches of predicting the population frequency of specific DNA phenotypes are practically free of the possible wrongful bias in courtroom applications of DNA typing data.
Learning Exponential Families in High-Dimensions: Strong Convexity and Sparsity (2009)

The versatility of exponential families, along with their attendant convexity properties, make them a popular and effective statistical model. A central issue is learning these models in high-dimensions, such as when there is some sparsity pattern of the optimal parameter. This work characterizes a certain strong convexity property of general exponential families, which allow their generalization ability to be quantified. In particular, we show how this property can be used to analyze generic exponential families under L_1 regularization.
Shapes of Rectangular Prisms After Repeated Random Division (1997)

The shape of a rectangular prism in ( d + 1)-dimensions is defined as Y = ( Y 1 , Y 2 , · ··, Y d ), Y n = L n /L n +1 where the L n are the prism's edge lengths, in ascending order. We investigate shape distributions that are invariant when the prism is cut into two, also rectangular, prisms, with one prism retained for measurement and the other discarded. Interesting new distributions on [0, 1] d arise.
Introduction to two-dimensional X-ray diffraction (2003)

Two-dimensional X-ray diffraction refers to X-ray diffraction applications with two-dimensional detector and corresponding data reduction and analysis. The two-dimensional diffraction pattern contains far more information than a one-dimensional profile collected with the conventional diffractometer. In order to take advantage of two-dimensional diffraction, new theories and approaches are necessary to configure the two-dimensional X-ray diffraction system and to analyze the two-dimensional diffraction data. This paper is an introduction to some fundamentals about two-dimensional X-ray diffraction, such as geometry convention, diffraction data interpretation, and advantages of two-dimensional X-ray diffraction in various applications, including phase identification, stress, and texture measurement.
Looking to build a model world: automatic construction of static object models using computer vision (1998)

Interest in virtual reality and multimedia has provided a great impetus to the development of automatic techniques for building graphical CAD/CAM models of objects and environments by sensing reality itself. The learning of models in this way is essential, particularly in terms of production times and attaining the required high fidelity needed for many applications. Research has produced techniques for extracting full 3D shape models using a variety of sensors and a spectrum of techniques. These include the use of static video cameras, mobile video cameras (e.g. walk through video), multiple camera platforms and/or specialist active range sensors (typically based on laser striping or sonar). This paper introduces the principles and methodologies underlying several of these methods and presents algorithms and examples from systems representative of three major approaches: models from silhouettes, models from active range sensors and, finally, models from passive uncalibrated video sequences.
Dual response modes in lateral geniculate neurons: Mechanisms and functions (1996)

Relay cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus, like those of other thalamic nuclei, manifest two distinct response modes, and these represent two very different forms of relay of information to cortex. When relatively hyperpolarized, these relay cells respond with a low threshold Ca2+ spike that triggers a brief burst of conventional action potentials. These cells switch to tonic mode when depolarized, since the low threshold Ca2+ spike, being voltage dependent, is inactivated at depolarized levels. In this mode they relay information with much more fidelity. This switch can occur under the influence of afferents from the visual cortex or parabrachial region of the brain stem. It has been previously suggested that the tonic mode is characteristic of the waking state while the burst mode signals an interruption of the geniculate relay during sleep. This review surveys the key properties of these two response modes and discusses the implications of new evidence that the burst mode may also occur in the waking animal.
The logic theory machine--A complex information processing system (1956)

In this paper we describe a complex information processing system, which we call the logic theory machine, that is capable of discovering proofs for theorems in symbolic logic. This system, in contrast to the systematic algorithms that are ordinarily employed in computation, relies heavily on heuristic methods similar to those that have been observed in . human problem solving activity. The specification is written in a formal language, of the nature of a pseudo-code, that is suitable for coding for digital computers. However, the present paper is concerned exclusively with specification of the system, and not with its realization in a computer. The logic theory machine is part of a program of research to understand complex information processing systems by specifying and synthesizing a substantial variety of such systems for empirical study.
A message source authentication scheme for inter-domain routing protocols (2010)

This paper proposes a message source authentication scheme for inter-domain routing protocols in which the initiator and the responder have no pre-established trust relationship. They use their cryptographically generated IPv6 addresses as source addresses for routing protocol, and sign routing protocol messages using their own private keys. Therefore, their IPv6 addresses are bound to their public-private key pair. After the initial message exchange, the initiator and the responder reach a shared key, and the routing protocol messages exchanged between them are authenticated using that shared key.
Independent Component Analysis of Body Surface Potential Mapping Recordings with Atrial Fibrillation (2006)

Body surface potential mapping BSPM is an advanced electrocardiographic technique aimed at estimating the global potential distribution by recording potentials at multiple sites on the thoracic surface. In patients with atrial fibrillation the recorded potentials can be modelled as a linear mixture of the statistically independent atrial and ventricular activities. In order to extract atrial activity from surface recordings, we propose the independent component analysis of 64-lead BSPM recordings with atrial fibrillation. We apply also ICA to the 12-lead classical ECG and compare the results. This analysis shows that increasing the number of leads not only improves the quality of the extraction of the atrial activity but it allows an optimization of the localization of the leads. We introduce also a new index to measure the quality of the extraction. The BSPM recordings can also be used to obtain the best locations in order to select the minimum number of leads required to extract the AA, an important feature for long time recordings.
Efficient Treg depletion induces T‐cell infiltration and rejection of large tumors (2010)

There are a number of factors that hamper immunotherapy of cancer. For example, tumors exhibit an aberrant vasculature that appears to form a barrier against T-cell infiltration. Another major obstacle is created by Treg. So far, conventional depletion of Treg with anti-CD25 antibodies, which eliminate only 70% of Treg, has failed to significantly reduce the growth of established tumors. Using Foxp3.LuciDTR-4 mice, we show here that 90-95% Treg depletion resulted in complete regression of large established tumors, whereas 70% depletion was ineffective. The extensive Treg depletion induced a number of processes that are critical for tumor rejection, including activation of tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells and enhanced infiltration of these cells into the tumor. The precise mechanism of enhanced infiltration is not known, but normalization of the tumor vasculature is assumed to assist infiltration. Indeed, we observed that 90% Treg depletion caused normalization of the tumor vasculature as indicated by a reduction in leakiness and the number of dilated vessels. These results suggest that for clinical immunotherapy of cancer, it would be desirable to have reagents that allow high-level depletion of Treg, which, in conjunction with treatment modalities such as vaccination, may concomitantly increase T-cell activation and infiltration.
Universal traffic management system (UTMS) in Japan (2002)

Universal traffic management system (UTMS) is a new and comprehensive project that includes an integrated traffic control system, advanced mobile information system, mobile operation control system, dynamic route guidance system, public transportation priority system and environment protection management system. The National Police Agency, Japan (NPA), which governs the Japanese traffic management, has been promoting to introduce an advanced traffic management system called UTMS. UTMS is based on a broader concept like the IVHS in the United States and the DRIVE in Europe. From the viewpoint of traffic control using an automatic control system, this paper deals with four categories: the optimum control of the signal control system, the traffic information service system, the advanced traffic control system supported by a traffic data acquisition system, and the goal of UTMS.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Expression levels of asparagine synthetase in blasts from children and adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (2006)

L-asparaginase is active in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) through the depletion of serum asparagine. Here we report that median asparagine synthetase (AS) mRNA levels were higher in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) than ALL blasts in both children and adults, with intermediate levels in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (NPBMC). NPBMC versus child ALL (Tukeys multiple comparison test, P < 0.05); child ALL versus child AML (P < 0.001) and adult ALL versus adult AML (P < 0.01) were all significant and support the hypothesis that selectivity to treatment with l-asparaginase is due, at least in part, to lower AS expression.