gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High <i>p</i>-type conductivity in cubic GaN/GaAs(113)<i>A</i> by using Be as the acceptor and O as the codopant (1996)

P-type room-temperature conductivities as high as 50/Ω cm are achieved in cubic GaN layers by the concept of reactive codoping. We use Be as the acceptor species and O as the reactive donor to render isolated Coulomb scatterers into dipole scatterers. This concept allows us to achieve high hole mobilities and thus p-type conductivities.
Towards a metagenomic understanding on enhanced biomethane production from waste activated sludge after pH 10 pretreatment (2013)

This study is the first to provide a microbiological understanding of improved biogas production subsequent to a novel waste sludge pretreatment method. The knowledge garnered will assist the design of more efficient pretreatment methods for biogas production in the future.
Magnetic Properties of Pb-Doped Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Superconductors (1988)

The D.C. magnetization of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O compound was significantly increased by Pb-doping. However, the hysteresis Δ M in magnetization curves rapidly decreased with increasing magnetic field, and became almost zero above 0.5 T. This small hysteresis may be related to the thin layers of superconducting phases. Low-temperature tails in superconducting resistive transition curves measured in magnetic fields were drastically decreased by the Pb-doping. H c2 values at 77 K and 0 K obtained by extrapolation using the transition curves were 60 T and 140 T, respectively, when defined at the midpoint of the transition.
Tensor2Tensor for Neural Machine Translation (2018)

Tensor2Tensor is a library for deep learning models that is well-suited for neural machine translation and includes the reference implementation of the state-of-the-art Transformer model.
Evidence of a Pre-Angiosperm Origin of Endosperm: Implications for the Evolution of Flowering Plants (1992)

The formation of a polyploid endosperm tissue has long been considered a unique and defining feature (autapomorphy) of angiosperms. Contemporaneous with the fertilization of an egg nucleus by a sperm nucleus in Ephedra trifurca (a nonflowering seed plant closely related to angiosperms), a second fertilization event has previously been shown to occur between a second sperm nucleus and the sister nucleus of the egg nucleus. Development of the second fertilization product is now shown to be fundamentally similar to that of endosperm in primitive flowering plants: both are characterized by an initial period of free nuclear proliferation followed by a process of cellularization. In Ephedra, however, the second fertilization product ultimately yields additional embryos. If double fertilization in Ephedra and angiosperms is evolutionarily homologous, it is likely that endosperm evolved from a supernumerary fertilization event that originally produced embryos into one that produced a specialized nonembryo tissue dedicated to the nourishment of the zygotic embryo.
Reducing Plated‐through Hole Copper Loss during Pin‐in‐hole Rework — Polymer Barrier Film Process (1993)

In an electronic manufacturing environment, rework of pin‐in‐hole components on printed circuit boards is an essential process. Rework enhances product yield and through‐put efficiency by allowing device repair to occur quickly and at significantly reduced costs in comparison with complete board reconstruction. However, current rework techniques are not without their shortcomings, most notably enhanced dissolution of copper in plated‐through holes. This paper discusses a new methodology using polymer films as barrier layers, resulting in negligible plated‐through‐hole copper dissolution when conventional rework technologies are practised.
Single-Chain Bifunctional Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)-C-Terminal Peptide (CTP) Is Superior to the Combination Therapy of Recombinant VEGF plus FSH-CTP in Stimulating Angiogenesis during Ovarian Folliculogenesis (2006)

Infertility technologies often employ exogenous gonadotropin therapy to increase antral follicle production. In an effort to enhance ovarian response, several long-acting FSH therapies have been developed including an FSH-C-terminal peptide (CTP), where the FSH subunits are linked by the CTP moiety from human chorionic gonadotropin, which is responsible for the increased half-life of human chorionic gonadotropin. We found that administration of FSH-CTP for ovarian hyperstimulation in rats blunted ovarian follicle vascular development. In women, reduced ovarian vasculature has been associated with lower pregnancy rates. We were interested in determining whether vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy could enhance ovarian angiogenesis in FSH-CTP-treated rats. Coadministration of systemic FSH-CTP plus recombinant VEGF was compared with treatment with a novel, single-chain bifunctional VEGF-FSH-CTP (VFC) analog. For VFC, the FSH portion targets the protein to the ovary and stimulates follicle growth, whereas VEGF enhances local vascular development. Both in vitro and in vivo studies confirm the dual FSH and VEGF action of the VFC protein. Evaluation of ovarian follicle development demonstrates that administration of combination therapy using VEGF and FSH-CTP failed to increase follicle vasculature above levels seen with FSH-CTP monotherapy. However, treatment with VFC significantly increased follicle vascular development while concurrently increasing the number of large antral follicles produced. In conclusion, we report the production and characterization of a long-acting, bifunctional VEGF-FSH-CTP protein that is superior to combination therapy for enhancing VEGF activity in the ovary and stimulating follicular angiogenesis in rats.
A 600 MHz single-chip multiprocessor with 4.8 GB/s internal shared pipelined bus and 512 kB internal memory (2003)

This 600 MHz single-chip multiprocessor consists of two M32R 32 b CPU cores and 512 kB shared SRAM and is designed for embedded systems. Embedded processors are required with increased performance while power dissipation is paramount for battery-operated applications. The design is implemented in a single-chip in a 0.15 /spl mu/m 4M CMOS process and operates at 600 MHz with 800 mW peak power dissipation.
Space charge measurement in polyethylene under high static pressure (2017)

Submarine DC power cable engineering is considered as the most difficult and technical transmission project. Accordingly, as the most important part of transmission, submarine cables are equipment with very strict requirement. Polyethylene is widely used in submarine DC power cables as insulators due to its excellent electrical property and mechanical performance. However the problems caused by space charge have kept focusing much attention, which threaten the fatigue life of the insulators. Space charge accumulated in the bulk of dielectric materials may result in local electric stress enhancement and is indicated to play an important role in the degradation and even premature breakdown of insulators for high-voltage application. Considering the extremely harsh undersea environment such as the very high pressure, it is significant to study the space charge behavior on this condition. Thus, in this paper, planar samples are subjected to a high static pressure which is up to 100 MPa and a measurement system based on Piezoelectric Induced Pressure Wave Propagation (PIPWP) method has been developed for monitoring the space charge distribution in the dielectric materials. A precise measurement about the deformation of the sample under pressure also has been done. Results are discussed and it indicated that high pressure have a direct influence on reducing charge injection.
Human renin is correctly processed and targeted to the regulated secretory pathway in mouse pituitary AtT-20 cells. (1987)

Renin is formed by intracellular processing of prorenin and catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, the precursor to angiotensin II. Several tissues synthesize prorenin. However, in man, the kidney is the only known source of circulating renin, raising the possibility that the processing enzyme is unique to that tissue. We have transfected a gene that directs prorenin synthesis in pituitary AtT-20 cells, which are capable of processing other prohormones. The results demonstrate that transfected AtT-20 cells can secrete inactive prorenin, accurately process prorenin to active renin, and be stimulated to release active renin in response to a secretagogue. These data imply that cellular elements capable of directing the processing of prorenin to renin and its correct subcellular compartmentalization may be present in nonrenal cell types and that critical elements of the regulated release of renin that occur in the kidney can be reconstituted in cells in culture.
X-ray double crystal diffraction study of porous silicon (1985)

Depending on the dopant concentration, two distinct types of porous silicon can be formed during the anodization of silicon in hydrofluoric acid. A range of samples of both types of porous silicon has been investigated using x-ray double crystal diffraction techniques. The crystal lattice of porous silicon is found to be tetragonally distorted. In the plane of the substrate, the interplanar spacing of the porous film is identical to that of the substrate but is increased in the direction normal to it. The increase is typically 700 ppm in the type of film formed on heavily doped silicon and 6000 ppm in that on lightly doped silicon. We propose that stresses, generated by the growth of a native oxide on the surface of the pores, are responsible for the observed increase in lattice parameter. The different interplanar spacings of the two types of film are related to the observed differences in their oxygen contents which are a consequence of their different surface area to volume ratios.
Efficiency of chip-level versus external power combining [microwave power amplifiers] (1999)

In this paper, we compare two X-band high-efficiency switched-mode amplifiers designed around two commercially available packaged MESFET's, one having a four times larger gate periphery than the other. The amplifiers using the larger and smaller devices are designed to operate in classes E and F, respectively. The smaller device gives 685 mW output power with 7.4 dB gain and 64% overall efficiency. The larger device gives 1.70 W output power with 5.3 dB gain and 57% overall efficiency. This gives an internal (or chip-level) power-combining efficiency for the larger device of 89% in terms of overall efficiency. This is compared to the combining efficiency of circuit and spatial power combining using high-efficiency amplifiers, with the goal of assessing which architecture is the most efficient in terms of total dissipated power (DC and RF).
Mechanism for transforming growth factor <i>beta</i> and IL-2 enhancement of IgA expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated B cell cultures. (1990)

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), but not IL-2, causes LPS-stimulated surface (s)IgA- cells to express sIgA. Although there is a progression of sIgA- cells to sIgA+ cells and then to IgA-secreting cells, there is not a parallel change in ratio of membrane to secreted form of alpha-mRNA. In fact, the secreted form of alpha-mRNA is always the predominant form even before the expression of sIgA. However, at least some of the secreted alpha-mRNA transcripts are sterile. The increase in sIgA expression and the induction of sterile transcripts indicate that TGF-beta enhances H chain class switching to IgA as opposed to allowing the growth and maturation of cells precommitted to IgA secretion. The addition of IL-2 to cultures with TGF-beta results in a 5- to 10-fold increase in IgA secretion compared to cultures to which only TGF-beta was added. In these cultures IL-2 increases neither the proportion nor the total number of sIgA+ cells suggesting that IL-2 acts to increase IgA secretion. However, IL-2 does not cause a change in the ratio of secreted to membrane form of alpha-mRNA nor does it lead to an increase in the steady state level of alpha-mRNA comparable to the increase in secreted IgA. Thus, it appears that regulation of transcription of IgA as sIgA- cells proliferate and undergo H class switching and maturation does not follow the same sequence as is seen when sIgM+ cells proliferate and mature to Ig-secreting cells. Furthermore, the data suggest that maturation to high level secretion is controlled posttranscriptionally.
Dynamic rating of forced cooled transmission cables (1992)

Preliminary results of a research program involving the installation and evaluation of a real-time monitoring and dynamic rating system on two feeders on the Con Edison underground transmission system are described. A description of the dynamic thermal model and test system is given. Research results and practical application and use of the system are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Algorithm animation using 3D interactive graphics (1993)

This paper describes a variety of 3D interactive graphics techniques for visualizing programs. The third dimension provides an extra degree of freedom for conveying information, much as color adds to black-and-white images, animation adds to static images, and sound adds to silent animations. The examples in this paper illustrate three fundamental uses of 3D: for providing additional information about objects that are intrinsically two-dimensional, for uniting multiple views, and for capturing a history of execution.
Environment generation for validating event-driven software using model checking (2010)

Event-driven systems maintain an ongoing dialog with their environment. Examples include: distributed programs, where each process reacts to received messages by performing computation and sending messages to peers; graphical user interfaces (GUI), where the interface software and the underlying application react to user inputs and web-based applications, where presentation, business logic and storage tier functionality react to user inputs and response from other web-based services. Such applications are difficult to test because the set of possible interaction sequences between the system and its environment can be very large and governed by complex constraints. The exhaustive nature of software model checking techniques offers hope for effectively validating such systems, however, they only work for closed systems. Previously, the authors developed the Bandera Environment Generator, which given an open system, called a unit under analysis, closes it with a model of its environment. The authors' previous work on environment generation has focused on developing broadly applicable mechanisms for modelling environment behaviour. The generality of this approach often makes it difficult to produce environment models that enable precise and efficient system analysis. The authors' experience shows that by exploiting information about the application domain, generated environments can be made both more precise and more efficient for model checking. This study presents the concept of domain-specific environment generation, details techniques for customising environment generation for the domain of event-driven software, and assesses those techniques on the domains of GUI and web-based applications.
Energy harvesting using dielectric elastomers (2010)

Dielectric Elastomers are well known for there performance as actuators, but these materials can be used effectively as generators. Research on this field have received considerable attention lately, several prototypes were built like wavepower and human kinetic power generators. The focus of this paper is how the dielectric elastomer can be used as generator. The paper presents a dynamic model to calculate the capacitance of the electroactive polymer according to the external loading and investigates and compares several energy harvesting cycles based on the energy gain.
Monoclonal antibodies reacting with placental protein 5: use in radioimmunoassay, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. (1988)

Monoclonal antibodies were raised reacting with placental protein 5 (PP5), a glycoprotein with properties of a serine protease inhibitor. Immunization was carried out with an antigen purified from late pregnancy placenta tissues. After fusion with myeloma cells, clones producing antibodies reacting with PP5 were isolated. Antibodies produced by two of the established hybridoma clones were characterized. The Ka of the antibodies was 0.22 x 10(9) L/mol and 0.3 x 10(8) L/mol. in Western blot analysis, both monoclonal antibodies reacted with the purified antigen that had a relative molecular weight (Mr) of 30 kd, but minor components of Mr 27 kd, 56 kd, and 62 kd were also identified. In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate under reducing conditions, the purified protein yielded three polypeptides (Mrs of 16.4 kd, 16.8 kd, and 18.3 kd) that did not react with the monoclonal antibodies in Western blot analysis. By immunoperoxidase staining with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, PP5 was localized to the syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, and endothelium of early and late pregnancy placenta tissues, whereas various other tissues were PP5-negative. In immunofluorescence staining, isolated endothelial cells were stained with both monoclonal antibodies. Endothelial cells in monolayer culture released into the medium a substance that is immunologically similar to purified PP5.
Studies on Peptides. XLIV. Synthesis of the Basic Trypsin Inhibitor from Bovine Pancreas (Kunitz and Northrop) by the Fragment Condensation Procedure on Polymer Support (1974)

Five protected peptide subunits which cover the entire 58 amino acid residues of the bovine pancreatic basic trypsin inhibitor, i.e., Z-Arg (NO2)-Pro-Asp (OBzl)-Phe-Cys (Bzl)-Leu-Glu (OBzl)-Pro-Pro-Tyr-Thr-Gly-OH (I, positions 1-12), Z (OMe)-Pro-Cys (Bzl)-Lys (Z)-Ala-Arg (Tos)-Ile-Ile-Arg (Tos)-Tyr-Phe-Tyr-Asn-Ala-Lys (Z)-Ala-Gly-OH (II, positions 13-28), Z (OMe)-Leu-Cys (Bzl)-Gln-Thr-Phe-Val-Tyr-Gly-Gly-OH (III, positions 29-37), Z (OMe)-Cys (Bzl)-Arg (Tos)-Ala-Lys (Z)-Arg (Tos)-Asn-Asn-Phe-Lys (Z)-Ser-Ala-Glu (OBzl)-Cys (Bzl)-Met-Arg (Tos)-Thr-Cys (Bzl)-Gly-OH (IV, positions 38-56), Z (OMe)-Gly-Ala-OH (V, positions 57-58), were successively assembled on the polymer support by means of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide plus N-hydroxysuccinimide. In each step, the Z (OMe) group was deprotected by trifluoroacetic acid and the unreacted amino component on the resin was masked by acetylation. After deblocking of all protecting groups by HF and subsequent oxidation followed by affinity chromatographic purification, a highly active peptide, specific activity 82%, indistinguishable from the natural bovine pancreatic basic trypsin inhibitor, was isolated.
Viral replication is required for induction of ocular immunopathology by herpes simplex virus (1996)

Corneal infection of BALB/c mice with herpes simplex virus type 1 results in a chronic inflammatory response in the stroma termed herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK). This disease is considered to be immunopathological and mediated primarily by CD4+ T cells of the type 1 cytokine profile. However, the nature of the antigens, virus or host derived, which drive the inflammatory response remains in doubt. In this study, the relevance of infection with replicating virus for the subsequent development of HSK was evaluated with immunocompetent mice as well as with SCID mice reconstituted with herpes simplex virus-immune CD4+ T cells. In the corneas of immunocompetent mice, infectious virus, viral antigen, and mRNA expression were detectable for only a brief period of time (< or = 7 days postinfection), and all were undetectable by the time clinical lesions were evident (10 to 15 days). Viral replication, however, was necessary for the development of HSK in both models, since infection with UV-inactivated virus or with mutant viruses which were incapable of multiple rounds of replication in vivo failed to induce HSK. The inactivated and mutant viral preparations did, however, stimulate T-cell immune responses in immunocompetent mice. The results are discussed in terms of possible involvement of host antigens exposed in response to transient progeny virion replication in the immune-privileged cornea.
One-to-Many and Many-to-One Voice Conversion Based on Eigenvoices (2007)

This paper describes two flexible frameworks of voice conversion (VC), i.e., one-to-many VC and many-to-one VC. One-to-many VC realizes the conversion from a user's voice as a source to arbitrary target speakers' ones and many-to-one VC realizes the conversion vice versa. We apply eigenvoice conversion (EVC) to both VC frameworks. Using multiple parallel data sets consisting of utterance-pairs of the user and multiple pre-stored speakers, an eigenvoice Gaussian mixture model (EV-GMM) is trained in advance. Unsupervised adaptation of the EV-GMM is available to construct the conversion model for arbitrary target speakers in one-to-many VC or arbitrary source speakers in many-to-one VC using only a small amount of their speech data. Results of various experimental evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed VC frameworks.
Secondary-Side Phase-Shift-Controlled Dual-Transformer-Based Asymmetrical Dual-Bridge Converter With Wide Voltage Gain (2014)

A novel dual-transformer-based asymmetrical dual-bridge (DT-ADB) converter with secondary-side phase-shift control strategy is proposed. The primary side of the DT-ADB converter is a fully active full bridge, and the secondary side is a semiactive bridge comprising of one active leg and two passive legs. The current and power of the two transformers in the converter are shared automatically by adopting primary-side-series and secondary-side-parallel configuration, and the turns ratio of the transformer is reduced by employing two transformers. The high-frequency-link inductor is reduced because the voltage applied on the inductor is reduced compared to previous converters, and hence the efficiency and power density can be improved. Zero-voltage turn-on of all the active switches and zero-current turn-off of all the diodes are achieved in a wide operation range. Furthermore, the turn-off losses of the secondary-side active switches are reduced because only half of the output current flows through the switches. Moreover, the proposed topology offers several other advantages including continuous output current and smaller output filter requirement. The operation principle is analyzed and experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed converter.
Quantitative evaluation of focused ion-beam repair for quartz bump defect of alternating phase-shift masks (2002)

An alternating phase shift mask technique is one of the candidates to extend the KrF excimer laser lithography generation. One of the issues for practical fabrication of Alt-PSMs is a repair of quartz bump defects. A conventional focused-ion beam (FIB) repair technique has been investigated for quartz bump defect etching using (beta) -gas which has been introduced as a gas assist etching gas for MoSi based att-PSMs. We have prepared dual trench type alt- PSMs, which have programmed defects with various heights and sizes. Inspection and printability results are presented using these programmed defects masks. First, visibility of defects on a repair system is confirmed because the FIB repair system uses secondary Si ion for pattern imaging. Secondly, we have optimized parameters for quartz etching rate control with evaluation for etching depth accuracy and depth of riverbed. Thirdly, transmittance and printability of repaired point are confirmed with AIMS and wafer exposure experiments. This paper discusses feasibility of FIB repair of alt-PSMs in terms of limitation of small quartz bump defect visibility, quartz etching rate repeatability and printability of repaired points.