gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nickel based superalloy welding practices for industrial gas turbine applications (2004)

The continued drive for increased efficiency, performance and reduced costs for industrial gas turbine engines demands extended use of high strength-high temperature capability materials, such as nickel based superalloys. To satisfy the requirements of the component design and manufacturing engineers, these materials must be capable of being welded in a satisfactory manner. The present paper describes the characteristic defects found as a result of welding the more difficult, highly alloyed materials and reviews a number of welding processes used in the manufacture and repair of nickel alloy components. These include gas tungsten arc (GTA) and electron beam (EB) welding, laser powder deposition and friction welding. Many of the more dilute nickel based alloys are readily weldable using conventional GTA processes; however, high strength, precipitation hardened materials are prone to heat affected zone and strain age cracking defect formation. A number of factors are found to affect the propensity for defects: composition (aluminium and titanium content), grain size, pre- and post-weld heat treatment, as well as the welding process itself (control of heat input and traverse speed). Process parameter identification is still largely empirical and a fuller understanding of the joining processes is dependent upon the development and application of more sophisticated numerical modelling techniques.
Protein Expression Profiles in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Compared with Normal Pancreatic Tissue and Tissue Affected by Pancreatitis as Detected by Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry (2004)

Pancreatic cancer is a rapidly fatal disease, and there is an urgent need for early detection markers and novel therapeutic targets. The current study has used a proteomic approach of two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry (MS) to identify differentially expressed proteins in six cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, two normal adjacent tissues, seven cases of pancreatitis, and six normal pancreatic tissues. Protein extracts of individual sample and pooled samples of each type of tissues were separated on 2D gels using two different pH ranges. Differentially expressed protein spots were in-gel digested and identified by MS. Forty proteins were identified, of which five [i.e., alpha-amylase; copper zinc superoxide dismutase; protein disulfide isomerase, pancreatic; tropomyosin 2 (TM2); and galectin-1] had been associated previously with pancreatic disease in gene expression studies. The identified proteins include antioxidant enzymes, chaperones and/or chaperone-like proteins, calcium-binding proteins, proteases, signal transduction proteins, and extracellular matrix proteins. Among these proteins, annexin A4, cyclophilin A, cathepsin D, galectin-1, 14-3-3zeta, alpha-enolase, peroxiredoxin I, TM2, and S100A8 were specifically overexpressed in tumors compared with normal and pancreatitis tissues. Differential expression of some of the identified proteins was further confirmed by Western blot analyses and/or immunohistochemical analysis. These results show the value of a proteomic approach in identifying potential markers for early diagnosis and therapeutic manipulation. The newly identified proteins in pancreatic tumors may eventually serve as diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets.
A dual grating alignment technique for x-ray lithography (1983)

In order to realize a highly accurate alignment technique for submicron x-ray lithography, we have developed a new dual grating alignment technique capable of detecting both the lateral position and gap with resolutions of 0.01 and 0.1 μm, respectively. In a conventional dual grating alignment scheme, the alignment signal is the difference in intensities of +1st and −1st order diffracted light from a pair of grating marks on the mask and wafer. However, it is difficult to apply the above scheme to a practical alignment system in spite of its high detection sensitivity capability. The reason for this is that the alignment signal is very sensitive to variations in the gap between the mask and wafer. To overcome this disadvantage, we have analyzed the influence of the gap variations on position detection accuracy, and found that the sum of intensities between +1st and −1st order diffracted light reaches maximum when the gap is equal to a specific value. This characteristic applies to any lateral displacement value. Therefore, it is easy to control the gap by detecting the sum of diffracted light intensities. On the other hand, at the specific gap value mentioned above, the intensity sum reaches minimum or maximum, respectively, when the relative lateral displacement is equal to 0 or 1/2 grating pitch. In this case, the lateral displacement which indicates the maximum or minimum intensity is not affected by gap variations. Therefore, it is possible to align the lateral position by detecting the sum of intensities. By using this new dual grating alignment technique, very high accuracy alignment in a proximity mode can be realized.
Noise analysis of MAP - EM algorithms for emission tomography (1997)

The ability to theoretically model the propagation of photon noise through PET and SPECT tomographic reconstruction algorithms is crucial in evaluating the reconstructed image quality as a function of parameters of the algorithm. In a previous approach for the important case of the iterative ML-EM (maximum-likelihood-expectation-maximization) algorithm, judicious linearizations were used to model theoretically the propagation of a mean image and a covariance matrix from one iteration to the next. Our analysis extends this approach to the case of MAP (maximum a posteriori)-EM algorithms, where the EM approach incorporates prior terms. We analyse in detail two cases: a MAP-EM algorithm incorporating an independent gamma prior, and a one-step-late (OSL) version of a MAP-EM algorithm incorporating a multivariate Gaussian prior, for which familiar smoothing priors are special cases. To validate our theoretical analyses, we use a Monte Carlo methodology to compare, at each iteration, theoretical estimates of mean and covariance with sample estimates, and show that the theory works well in practical situations where the noise and bias in the reconstructed images do not assume extreme values.
Quantitative analysis of highly parallel transfection in cell microarrays (2004)

As more genomes are sequenced, we are facing the challenge of rapidly unraveling the functions of genes. To that end, cell microarrays have recently been described that transfect thousands of nucleic acids in parallel and can be used to analyze the phenotypic consequences of such perturbations. As many parameters can influence the efficacy of transfection in such a format, we describe some important features in manufacturing cell microarrays that may improve reliability and efficiency of both plasmid DNA and siRNA transfection. We have also developed image analysis software that allows automatic detection of cell clusters, quantification of transfection efficiency and levels of expression/extinction of genes. Along with cell microarrays, this bioinformatic tool should expedite functional exploration of the human genome.
Acoustic Echo Cancellation (2003)

Abstract This article explains the problem of acoustical echoes and their cancellation. It focuses on the hands‐free telephone as one of the major applications for echo cancelling devices. Beginning with a short discussion of a system formed by a loudspeaker and a microphone located within the same enclosure, the properties of speech signals and noise are described. The major part of the echo can be cancelled by an adaptive filter connected in parallel to the loudspeaker and the microphone. Residual echoes are suppressed by an additional filter within the outgoing signal path. Algorithms for the adaptation of the echo cancelling filter are described. Because of its robustness and its low computational complexity the NLMS algorithm is primarily applied. Measures to improve the speed of convergence and to avoid divergence in case of double talk or strong local noise are discussed. Echo cancellation for stereophonic systems, cancellation in subbands, and the applications of block processing techniques conclude the article.
THz Chemical Imaging for Biological Applications (2011)

THz spectroscopy is advantageous in analytical chemistry because it can detect and identify intermolecular interactions in chemical compounds, such as hydrogen bonds and hydrations, and molecular networks. Recent advances in THz components, such as ultrashort pulsed lasers and photoconductive antennas, have improved the sensitivity of THz time-domain (TDS) spectroscopy and have made the THz chemical imaging possible. THz chemical imaging can reveal hydrogen bond distributions and will be a very powerful tool in biology, pharmacology, and life sciences. THz-TDS is also promising for the quantitative chemical analysis and detection of molecules and clusters in nanospace and ice.
eHealth for Patient Engagement: A Systematic Review (2016)

eHealth interventions are recognized to have a tremendous potential to promote patient engagement. To date, the majority of studies examine the efficacy of eHealth in enhancing clinical outcomes without focusing on patient engagement in its specificity. This paper aimed at reviewing findings from the literature about the use of eHealth in engaging patients in their own care process. We undertook a comprehensive literature search within the peer-reviewed international literature. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. eHealth interventions reviewed were mainly devoted to foster only partial dimensions of patient engagement (i.e., alternatively cognitive, emotional or behavioral domains related to healthcare management), thus failing to consider the complexity of such an experience. This also led to a great heterogeneity of technologies, assessed variables and achieved outcomes. This systematic review underlines the need for a more holistic view of patient needs to actually engage them in eHealth interventions and obtaining positive outcomes. In this sense, patient engagement constitute a new frontiers for healthcare models where eHealth could maximize its potentialities.
Hydrogen Peroxide–Mediated SERCA Cysteine 674 Oxidation Contributes to Impaired Cardiac Myocyte Relaxation in Senescent Mouse Heart (2013)

Oxidative modification of SERCA at Cys674 contributes to decreased SERCA activity and impaired myocyte relaxation in the senescent heart. Strategies to decrease oxidant levels and/or protect target proteins such as SERCA may be of value to preserve diastolic function in the aging heart.
Synthesis of 5H‐Pyrazolo[4,3‐c]quinolines. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Characterization of unr; a gene closely linked to N-ras. (1990)

The mammalian N-ras gene is believed to play a role in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. While investigating N-ras, we isolated cDNA's that originate from a closely linked upstream gene. RNase protection assays reveal that this gene, unr, is transcribed in the same direction as N-ras and that its 3' end is located just 130 base pairs away from the point at which N-ras transcription begins. The close spatial relationship between the two genes is conserved in all species from which the N-ras gene has been isolated. An open reading frame, potentially encoding a 798 amino acid protein, is contained within the unr cDNA. Neither the primary protein structure nor the nucleic acid sequence of unr is homologous to any other known gene, including N-ras. Unr transcripts are detected in mouse, rat and human cells, and Southern analysis indicates that the unr locus found immediately upstream of the N-ras gene is transcriptionaly active in the mouse since only a single copy of unr is detected in this species. Unr produces multiple transcripts that differ in their 3' ends and are apparently created through the differential use of multiple polyadenylation sites located in the 3' untranslated region of the gene. Both unr and N-ras are expressed in all tissues examined. In the testis, both genes are developmentally regulated, with an increase in expression occurring upon testicular maturation. Thus the two genes may be coordinately regulated, at least in certain circumstances. Our findings suggest that a thorough analysis of the relationship that exists between the two genes could potentially provide insights into the regulation and/or function of N-ras.
Ang-1 Gene Therapy Inhibits Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α)-Prolyl-4-Hydroxylase-2, Stabilizes HIF-1α Expression, and Normalizes Immature Vasculature in <i>db</i>/<i>db</i> Mice (2008)

Normalization of immature vasculature by Ang-1 gene therapy may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of the diabetes-associated impairment of myocardial angiogenesis.
Purification of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors by Column Chromatography and Its Performance <i>in Vivo</i> (2000)

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) holds much promise for human gene therapy. While evidence indicates that AAV mediates long-term gene transfer in several different tissues, difficulty in preparing and purifying this viral vector in large quantities remains a major obstacle for evaluating AAV vectors in clinical trials. The current method of purification, based on sedimentation through cesium chloride, is not scaleable and yields product of insufficient quality. In this article we report a new technique for purifying AAV, using a fully closed two-column chromatography system. Yields of AAV vectors purified by this method are high, potency is increased, and the purity of column-purified preparations is substantially improved. We previously reported a novel method to generate AAV based on an AAV Rep/Cap-containing cell line (B50) and an Ad-AAV hybrid virus, which is amenable to scale-up in bioreactors. By combining the new, fully scaleable purification process we report here with the B50/hybrid production method, it would be feasible to prepare AAV vectors to the scale and purity required for clinical and potential commercial applications.
A flow-based method for abnormal network traffic detection (2004)

One recent trend in network security attacks is an increasing number of indirect attacks which influence network traffic negatively, instead of directly entering a system and damaging it. In future, damages from this type of attack are expected to become more serious. In addition, the bandwidth consumption by these attacks influences the entire network performance. This paper presents an abnormal network traffic detecting method and a system prototype. By aggregating packets that belong to the identical flow, we can reduce processing overhead in the system. We suggest a detecting algorithm using changes in traffic patterns that appear during attacks. This algorithm can detect even mutant attacks that use a new port number or changed payload, while signature-based systems are not capable of detecting these types of attacks. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can identify attacks that cannot be detected by examining only single packet information.
Extracting knowledge about users' activities from raw workstation contents (2006)

A long-standing goal of AI is the development of intelligent workstation-based personal agents to assist users in their daily lives. A key impediment to this goal is the unrealistic cost of developing and maintaining a detailed knowledge base describing the user's different activities, and which people, meetings, emails, etc. are affiliated with each such activity. This paper presents a clustering approach to automatically acquiring such a knowledge base by analyzing the raw contents of the workstation, including emails, contact person names, and online calendar meetings. Our approach analyzes the distribution of email words, the social network of email senders and recipients, and the results of Google Desktop Search queried with text from online calendar entries and person contact names. For each cluster it constructs, the program outputs a frame-based representation of the conesponding user activity. This paper describes our approach and experimentally assesses its perfonnance over the workstations of three different users.
Measurement of hip joint motion during walking (1969)

An accurate, simple, and relatively inexpensive method for measuring hip-joint motion during walking with an electrogoniometer has been described. Average motion at the hip joint during walking for thirty-three normal subjects was 52 degrees in the sagittal plane, 12 degrees in the coronal plane, an
Nursing establishments within acute inpatient mental health units: the need for clarity (2006)

Staffing levels and skill mixes have not kept pace with the increased demands made on modern acute care settings. Now, with a steady stream of skilled nurses leaving acute inpatient units, Patrick McKee and colleagues feel it is time to debate the true cost of delivering this vital service
Strategies for gene therapy. (1993)

The use of retroviral-mediated gene transfer to introduce a DNA label into T cells (TIL) being used in the immunotherapy of patients with malignant melanoma finally opened the door to the clinical application of gene therapy for a wide variety of inherited and acquired diseases. The gene therapy trial for ADA deficiency SCID has demonstrated that long term stable expression of exogenous genes can be achieved in human T lymphocytes using retroviral vectors for ex vivo treatment and that significant immune reconstitution can be achieved in these patients following periodic infusions with ADA gene-corrected autologous T cells. Newer clinical applications include the insertion of genes into CD34 enriched stem cell populations, the testing of autologous tumor vaccines employing cytokine gene-modified tumor cells and the direct transfer of the herpes thymidine kinase gene into brain tumors in situ in order to render those tumors sensitive to treatment with the ordinarily non-cytotoxic drug ganciclovir.
Catheter Ablation of Cardiac Arrhythmias (1999)

Information about reprints can be found online at: Reprints: document. Permissions and Rights Question and Answer this process is available in the click Request Permissions in the middle column of the Web page under Services. Further information about Office. Once the online version of the published article for which permission is being requested is located, can be obtained via RightsLink, a service of the Copyright Clearance Center, not the EditorialCirculationin Requests for permissions to reproduce figures, tables, or portions of articles originally publishedPermissions: by guest on March 6,
Dynamic light scattering with single-mode and multimode receivers (1993)

Single-mode optical fibers provide the ideal receiver optics for dynamic light-scattering measurements. Theoretical analysis shows that with a single-mode fiber one can achieve a theoretical limit of 1 for the coherence factor while maintaining a high light-collection efficiency. In fact, the sensitivity of the single-mode receiver surpasses that of a classical two-pinhole setup with a coherence factor of 0.8 by a factor of 4 and the advantage increases rapidly when a still higher coherence factor is desired. In addition, a single-mode fiber receiver offers the possibility of working with an arbitrary large scattering volume and with an arbitrary working distance. All these features are also demonstrated experimentally by a remarkably simple apparatus that consists, essentially, of a commercial laser beam delivery assembly.
Advanced trajectory simulation of directional wellbores (1997)

A comprehensive mathematical model has been developed to simulate drilling of directional wells with a steerable assembly based on an adjustable stabilizer. The model is comprised of (1) a new rock/bit interaction model for PDC bits, (2) a model of the bottom hole assembly with the adjustable stabilizer and (3) a control algorithm that determines the stabilizer adjustment in order to follow a pre-planned path. The resulting equations are highly nonlinear and can only be solved numerically. This paper describes the model components and presents application results covering BHA design considerations, the influence of the distance between bit and directional sensor, and the comparison of various control algorithms.
Characterization of CFTR expression and chloride channel activity in human endothelia (1998)

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) functions as a low-conductance, cAMP-regulated chloride (Cl-) channel in a variety of cell types, such as exocrine epithelial cells. Our results demonstrate that human primary endothelial cells isolated from umbilical vein (HUVEC) and lung microvasculature (HLMVEC) also express CFTR as determined via RT-PCR and immunohistochemical and immunoprecipitation analyses. Moreover, Cl- efflux and whole cell patch-clamp analyses reveal that HUVEC (n = 6 samples, P < 0.05) and HLMVEC (n = 5 samples, P < 0.05) display cyclic nucleotide-stimulated Cl- transport that is inhibited by the CFTR selective Cl- channel blocker glibenclamide but not by the blocker DIDS, indicative of CFTR Cl- channel activity. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that human endothelial cells derived from multiple organ systems express CFTR and that CFTR functions as a cyclic nucleotide-regulated Cl- channel in human endothelia.
Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate: signaling inside and out (2000)

Ample evidence indicates that sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP) can serve as an intracellular second messenger regulating calcium mobilization, and cell growth and survival. Moreover, the dynamic balance between levels of the sphingolipid metabolites, ceramide and SPP, and consequent regulation of opposing signaling pathways, is an important factor that determines whether a cell survives or dies. SPP has recently also been shown to be the ligand for the EDG-1 family of G-protein-coupled receptors, which now includes EDG-1, -3, -5, -6 and -8. SPP is thus a lipid mediator that has novel dual actions signaling inside and outside of the cell.
Multi-level engineering facilitates the production of phenylpropanoid compounds in tomato (2015)

Phenylpropanoids comprise an important class of plant secondary metabolites. A number of transcription factors have been used to upregulate-specific branches of phenylpropanoid metabolism, but by far the most effective has been the fruit-specific expression of AtMYB12 in tomato, which resulted in as much as 10% of fruit dry weight accumulating as flavonols and hydroxycinnamates. We show that AtMYB12 not only increases the demand of flavonoid biosynthesis but also increases the supply of carbon from primary metabolism, energy and reducing power, which may fuel the shikimate and phenylalanine biosynthetic pathways to supply more aromatic amino acids for secondary metabolism. AtMYB12 directly binds promoters of genes encoding enzymes of primary metabolism. The enhanced supply of precursors, energy and reducing power achieved by AtMYB12 expression can be harnessed to engineer high levels of novel phenylpropanoids in tomato fruit, offering an effective production system for bioactives and other high value ingredients.
A randomised controlled trial comparing transvaginal ultrasound, outpatient hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy with inpatient hysteroscopy and curettage (1999)

Transvaginal sonography and endometrial biopsy can safely be used as the initial investigations in the management of abnormal uterine bleeding. Hysteroscopy can be used as a second line investigation. Outpatient hysteroscopy with local anaesthesia is well tolerated although general anesthesia may occasionally be necessary.