gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kunitz-Type Proteinase Inhibitors Derived by Limited Proteolysis of the Inter-α-Trypsin Inhibitor, V<sup><b>[1–4]</b></sup>. Attachments of Carbohydrates in the Human Urinary Trypsin Inhibitor Isolated by Affinity Chromatography (1981)

The inhibitory active part of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor with a known amino acid sequence is present as an acid-resistant inhibitor in human serum, in urine, in bronchial and in nasal mucus. The inhibitor molecule has a 50% carbohydrate content. Carbohydrate side chains are attached in two positions. One chain is linked to the polypeptide O-glycosidically via the serine residue in position 10 in the N-terminal extension peptide. The second side chain is attached N-glycosidically via the asparagine residue in position 24, located in the inactive "inhibitory" Kunitz-type domain of the inhibitor. The composition of the carbohydrate side chains were determined.
Low delay data transmission over the ATDMA air interface (2002)

Among the features proposed for UMTS by the RACE 2084 ATDMA project is the provision for data services from 9.6 to 64 kbits/s with low transmission delay (no more than 30 ms) and high integrity (bit error rate lower than 10/sup -6/). The paper shows how this service class can be transported over the ATDMA air interface. After a brief presentation of the latter, the authors develop an appropriate error control coding scheme based on code concatenation. To protect the data to the required quality while matching varying propagation and interference conditions, they define so-called transport modes. Under link adaptation control, the air interface configuration changes from one mode to another so that the target link quality can be maintained. Design parameters are dimensioned and decoding performances are assessed by means of computer and hardware simulations. The authors use a dedicated two-stage simulation approach based on hidden Markov modelling of the transmission channel. Results confirm the validity of the proposed scheme.
Characterization of a multi‐axis ion chamber array (2010)

The ability of the panel to accurately reproduce water tank profiles, FDDs, and output factors is an indication of its abilities as a dosimetry system. The benefits of using the panel versus a scanning water tank are less setup time and less error susceptibility. The same measurements (including device setup and breakdown) for both systems took 180 min with the water tank versus 30 min with the panel. The time-savings increase as the measurement load is increased.
A realization of sound focused personal audio system using acoustic contrast control (2009)

A personal audio system that does not use earphone or any wire would have great interest and potential impact on the audio industries. In this study, a line array speaker system is used to localize sound in the listening zone. The contrast control [Choi, J.-W. and Kim, Y.-H. (2002). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 111, 1695-1700] is applied, which is a method to make acoustically bright zone around the user and acoustically dark zone in other regions by maximizing the ratio of acoustic potential energy density between the bright and the dark zone. This ratio is regarded as acoustic contrast, analogous with what is used for optical devices. For the evaluation of the performance of acoustic contrast control, experiments are performed and the results are compared with those of uncontrolled case and time reversal array.
Case Study - Compressed Natural Gas Refuse Fleets (2019)

This case study explores the use of heavy-duty refuse trucks fueled by compressed natural gas highlighting three fleets from very different types of organizations.
Totally Ordered Multicast in Large-Scale Systems (1995)

Totally ordered multicast protocols have proved to be extremely useful in supporting fault-tolerant distributed applications. This paper compares the performance of the two main classes of protocols providing total order in large-scale systems: token-site and symmetric protocols. The paper shows that both classes of protocols can exhibit a latency close to 2D, where D is the message transit delay between two processes. In face of these observations, the paper makes the following contributions: it presents a rate-synchronization scheme for symmetric protocols that exhibits a latency close to D+ t, where t is the largest inter-message transmission time; it proposes a new hybrid protocol and shows that the hybrid scheme for heterogeneous topologies performs better than any of the previous classes of protocols in isolation; finally, the paper presents an algorithm that allows a process to dynamically adapt to changes in throughput and in network delays. The combination of these three techniques results in a dynamic hybrid scheme that, when applied to systems where the topology/traffic patterns are not known a priori, offers a much lower latency than non-hybrid approaches.
Proteoglycans in the Developing Brain: New Conceptual Insights for Old Proteins (2000)

Proteoglycans are a heterogeneous class of proteins bearing sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Some of the proteoglycans have distinct core protein structures, and others display similarities and thus may be grouped into families such as the syndecans, the glypicans, or the hyalectans (or lecticans). Proteoglycans can be found in almost all tissues being present in the extracellular matrix, on cellular surfaces, or in intracellular granules. In recent years, brain proteoglycans have attracted growing interest due to their highly regulated spatiotemporal expression during nervous system development and maturation. There is increasing evidence that different proteoglycans act as regulators of cell migration, axonal pathfinding, synaptogenesis, and structural plasticity. This review summarizes the most recent data on structures and functions of brain proteoglycans and focuses on new physiological concepts for their potential roles in the developing central nervous system.
Vessicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 are differentially associated with auditory nerve and spinal trigeminal inputs to the cochlear nucleus (2006)

Projections of glutamatergic somatosensory and auditory fibers to the cochlear nucleus (CN) are mostly nonoverlapping: projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5) terminate primarily in the granule cell domains (GCD) of CN, whereas type I auditory nerve fibers (ANFs) project to the magnocellular areas of the VCN (VCNm) and deep layers of Dorsal CN (DCN). Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs), which selectively package glutamate into synaptic vesicles, have different isoforms associated with distinct subtypes of excitatory glutamatergic neurons. Here we examined the distributions of VGLUT1 and VGLU2 expression in the CN and their colocalization with Sp5 and ANF terminals following injections of anterograde tracers into Sp5 and the cochlea in the guinea pig. The CN regions that showed the most intense expression of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 were largely nonoverlapping and were consistent with ANF and Sp5 projections, respectively: VGLUT1 was highly expressed in VCNm and the molecular layer of the DCN, whereas VGLUT2 was expressed predominantly in the GCD. Half (47% +/- 3%) of the Sp5 mossy fiber endings colabeled with VGLUT2, but few (2.5% +/- 1%) colabeled with VGLUT1. In contrast, ANFs colabeled predominantly with VGLUT1. The pathway-specific expression of VGLUT isoforms in the CN may be associated with the intrinsic synaptic properties that are unique to each sensory pathway.
Comparative study of time-domain and frequency-domain channel estimation in MIMO-OFDM systems (2004)

The time-domain channel estimator is compared with the frequency-domain channel estimator when multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is employed. The time-domain maximum likelihood channel estimation (TMLE) and its mean square error (MSE) are derived assuming the knowledge of the maximum channel length. If we use only one OFDM symbol for the estimation, the preamble sequence of each transmit antenna uses a different set of subcarriers in MIMO-OFDM systems. As a result, the MSE of the frequency-domain least square channel estimation (FLSE) is derived assuming that linear interpolation is employed, numerical results show that the MSE of TMLE is smaller than that of FLSE and that the performance difference increases as the number of transmit antenna increases.
Photocurable Polymers for Ion Selective Field Effect Transistors. 20 Years of Applications (2009)

Application of photocurable polymers for encapsulation of ion selective field effect transistors (ISFET) and for membrane formation in chemical sensitive field effect transistors (ChemFET) during the last 20 years is discussed. From a technological point of view these materials are quite interesting because they allow the use of standard photo-lithographic processes, which reduces significantly the time required for sensor encapsulation and membrane deposition and the amount of manual work required for this, all items of importance for sensor mass production. Problems associated with the application of this kind of polymers in sensors are analysed and estimation of future trends in this field of research are presented.
A new high coercive magnetic particle for recording tape (1974)

A high coercive magnetic particle named AVILYN has been developed. This new particle is an acicular magnetic iron oxide on whose surface certain cobalt compounds have been adsorbed. The coercive force of the particles is determined by the amount of cobalt and other preparing conditions, and is controllable between 450 and 800 Oe. The particles display much improved thermal stability with respect to remanence and coercive force. The new video tape having a coercive force of 550 Oe is compatible with CrO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> video tape in recording characteristics according to our measurement on a conventional VTR. The head wear rate of the tape is about one-fifth that of CrO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> tape, and is almost the same as for conventional iron oxide tape. Tape demagnetization is not as serious as is in the case of cobalt-doped γ-Fe <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> tapes.
Development of streamlined OT-MACH-based ATR algorithm for grayscale optical correlator (2005)

JPL is developing an Advanced Autonomous Target Recognition (AATR) technology to significantly reduce broad area search workload for imagery analysts. One of the algorithms to be delivered, as part of JPL ATR Development and Evaluation (JADE) project, is the OT-MACH based ATR algorithm software package for grayscale optical correlator. In this paper we describe the basic features and functions of the software package as currently implemented. Automation of filter synthesis and test for GOC, particularly the automation of OT-MACH parameter optimization, is discussed.
Introduction to Hindered Amine Stabilizers (1985)

The hindered amine story is an interesting success story involving participation by scientists throughout the world. The success of hindered amines has partly been due to the free exchange of information among scientists, so that the accomplishments of one group, studying stable free radicals, could be picked up by those in other groups, in other parts of the world, who were interested in stable free radicals as polymer stabilizers. The mechanisms of stabilization by hindered amines were somewhat mysterious in the beginning since these compounds didn't fit any of the known stabilizer types and known mechanisms. Since stable free radicals had been of interest for their antioxidant activity as trappers of chain-propagating peroxy radicals the triacetoneamine-N-oxyl and derivatives thus were, at first, of interest as radical-trapping antioxidants. However, it wasn't long before the light stabilizing activity of that class of materials was recognized and not much longer before practical versions
Refractive indices of In0.49Ga0.51−<i>x</i>Al<i>x</i>P lattice matched to GaAs (1986)

The refractive indices of In0.49Ga0.51P, In0.49Al0.51P, and In0.49Ga0.29Al0.22P, lattice matched to GaAs grown by molecular-beam epitaxy, are determined from double-beam reflectance measurements for photon energies ranging from 0.6 to 1.3 eV. Variation of the In0.49Ga0.51−xAlxP, refractive index with Al composition x and photon energy is calculated according to the single-effective-oscillator model. These analytical results are then compared with experimental data.
Storage performance of LiFePO<sub>4</sub>nanoplates (2008)

The morphology of electrode materials is addressed as a key factor controlling rapid lithium storage in anisotropic systems such as LiFePO4. In view of this, we have synthesized nanoplates of LiFePO4 with a uniform coating of a 5 nm thick amorphous carbon layer by the solvothermal method and investigated their electrochemical storage behavior. The obtained nanoplates are well characterized by XRPD, SEM, HRTEM and XPS techniques. The thickness along the b-axis is found to be 30–40 nm; such a morphology favors short diffusion lengths for Li+ ions, while the external conductive carbon coating provides connectivity for facile electron diffusion, resulting in high rate performances. Increase in the size of the nanoplates results in poor lithium storage performance. The storage performance of nanoplates is compared with that of mesoporous nanoparticles of LiFePO4 with non-uniform carbon coating. This paper thus describes the advantages of thinner nanoplates for high rate storage performances of battery electrode materials.
Expression of γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Protects Ramos B Cells from Oxidation-induced Cell Death (2001)

The ectoenzyme, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT, EC ) cleaves glutathione (GSH) to facilitate the recapture of cysteine for synthesis of intracellular GSH. The impact of GGT expression on cell survival during oxidative stress was investigated using the human B cell lymphoblastoid cell line, Ramos. Ramos cells did not express surface GGT and exhibited no GGT enzyme activity. In contrast, Ramos cells stably transfected with the human GGT cDNA expressed high levels of surface GGT and enzymatic activity. GGT-transfected Ramos cells were protected from apoptosis when cultured in cyst(e)ine-deficient medium. The GGT-expressing cells also had lower levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Homocysteic acid and alanine, inhibitors of cystine and cysteine uptake, respectively, caused increased ROS content and diminished viability of GGT expressing cells. Exogenous GSH increased the viability of the GGT-transfected cells more effectively than that of control cells, whereas the products of GSH metabolism prevented death of both the control and GGT-transfected cells comparably. These data indicate that GGT cleavage of GSH and the subsequent recapture of cysteine and cystine allow cells to maintain low levels of cellular ROS and thereby avoid apoptosis induced by oxidative stress.
Oriented chain-extended polyethylene (1973)

Abstract Simple observations have been made of the fracture behaviour and Young's modulus parallel to c, for drawn polyethylene after annealing at 5·34 kbar between 220 and 260°C. The modulus shows three regions of behaviour, corresponding to the textural changes described in the preceding paper. At first the polymer has extra stiffness associated with drawing, but this has disappeared by 236°C when the average crystal thickness is only of order 500 Å. There follows a region of series behaviour, to 1000 Å thickness, in which the modulus increases according to the proportion of crystalline and interlamellar regions, both of which have constant properties. Beyond this the polymer softens abruptly as chain-extended lamellae replace chainfolded and then stiffens again with further increase of crystal thickness. The maximum overall chain modulus produced is about 40 kbar, essentially determined by the proportion of interlamellar regions, which have a modulus of 3 kbar. Attainment of the theoretical modulus requires poorer crystal interfaces than are given by annealing, coupled with high molecular extension and orientation. Preparation might be practicable by flow crystallisation above 3 kbar. Annealing at above 240°C embrittles whole polymer because of the segregation of shorter molecules between chain-extended lamellae associated with a phase transition, leading to fracture in {001} planes. Ductility is restored by removal of low-melting material.
Symbolic time-series analysis for anomaly detection in mechanical systems (2006)

This paper examines the efficacy of a novel method for anomaly detection in mechanical systems, which makes use of a hidden Markov model, derived from the time-series data of pertinent measurement(s). The core concept of the anomaly detection method is symbolic time-series analysis that is built upon the principles of Automata Theory, Information Theory, and Pattern Recognition. The performance of this method is compared with that of other existing pattern-recognition techniques from the perspective of early detection of small fatigue cracks in ductile alloy structures. The experimental apparatus, on which the anomaly detection method is tested, is a multi-degree-of-freedom mass-beam structure excited by oscillatory motion of two electromagnetic shakers. The evolution of fatigue crack damage at one or more failure sites are detected from symbolic time-series analysis of displacement sensor signals.
An in vivo patient-derived model of endogenous IDH1-mutant glioma (2011)

Somatic mutations in the catalytic domain of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1/2 and accumulation of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) appear to be among the earliest events in gliomagenesis and may contribute to malignant transformation. The lack of cell lines with endogenous mutations has been one of the major challenges in studying IDH1/2-mutant glioma and developing novel therapeutics for these tumors. Here, we describe the isolation of a glioma brain tumor stem cell line (BT142) with an endogenous R132H mutation in IDH1, aggressive tumor-initiating capacity, and 2-HG production. The neurosphere culture method was used to establish a brain tumor stem cell line from an IDH1-mutant anaplastic oligoastrocytoma sample, and an orthotopic xenograft system was developed to allow its rapid expansion. Production of 2-HG by glioma cells with endogenous IDH1 mutations was confirmed by mass spectrometry. BT142 retained an endogenous R132H IDH1 mutation in culture and possessed aggressive tumor-initiating capacity, allowing it to be readily propagated in orthotopic xenografts of nonobese diabetic/severe combined immune deficiency (NOD SCID) mice. Endogenous 2-HG production by BT142 was detectable in both cell culture medium and xenograft animal serum. BT142 is the first brain tumor cell line with an endogenous IDH1 mutation and detectable 2-HG production both in vitro and in vivo, which thus provides a unique model for studying the biology of IDH1-mutant glioma and in vivo validation of compounds targeting IDH1-mutant cells.
Holographic imaging of 3D objects on dichromated polymer systems (1996)

Conventional volume transmission holograms of a 3D scene were recorded on dichromated poly(acrylic acid) (DCPAA) films under 488 nm light. The holographic characterization and quality of reconstruction have been studied by varying the influencing parameters such as concentration of dichromate and electron donor, and the molecular weight of the polymer matrix. Ammonium and potassium dichromate have been employed to sensitize the poly(acrylic) matrix. the recorded hologram can be efficiently reconstructed either with red light or with low energy in the blue region without any post thermal or chemical processing.
Purification of lipoteichoic acids by using phosphatidyl choline vesicles (1978)

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a component of nearly all gram-positive membranes and recently has been found to be excreted into growth media by certain lactic acid bacteria. Cell-free extracts of LTA are usually contaminated with proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, thus causing problems to investigators studying the true biological function(s) of LTA. This report describes the preparation of purified extracellular LTA of Streptococcus mutans BHT and intracellular LTA of S. mutans AHT by three techniques: gel filtration, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and adsorption to phospholipid vesicles. Gel filtration, the most commonly employed method for LTA purification, was found to remove nucleic acids, teichoic acids, and much polysaccharide while greatly concentrating LTA. But gross amounts of antigenic carbohydrate and protein remained associated with the LTA preparation. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography employing octyl Sepharose-4B allowed the separation of protein but not polysaccharide from partially purified BHT LTA preparations. By means of a new technique described in this paper, synthetic membranes (vesicles) were found to effectively separate all contaminants from the intracellular (AHT) and extracellular (BHT) LTA of S. mutans. This rapid method, on a comparative basis, proved to be the most effective approach for the purification of LTA from two widely differing sources.
Vaccine Adjuvants in Fish Vaccines Make a Difference: Comparing Three Adjuvants (Montanide ISA763A Oil, CpG/Poly I:C Combo and VHSV Glycoprotein) Alone or in Combination Formulated with an Inactivated Whole Salmonid Alphavirus Antigen (2014)

Most commercial vaccines offered to the aquaculture industry include inactivated antigens (Ag) formulated in oil adjuvants. Safety concerns are related to the use of oil adjuvants in multivalent vaccines for fish, since adverse side effects (e.g., adhesions) can appear. Therefore, there is a request for vaccine formulations for which protection will be maintained or improved, while the risk of side effects is reduced. Here, by using an inactivated salmonid alphavirus (SAV) as the test Ag, the combined use of two Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand adjuvants, CpG oligonucleotides (ODNs) and poly I:C, as well as a genetic adjuvant consisting of a DNA plasmid vector expressing the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) glycoprotein (G) was explored. VHSV-G DNA vaccine was intramuscularly injected in combination with intraperitoneal injection of either SAV Ag alone or combined with the oil adjuvant, Montanide ISA763, or the CpG/polyI:C combo. Adjuvant formulations were evaluated for their ability to boost immune responses and induce protection against SAV in Atlantic salmon, following cohabitation challenge. It was observed that CpG/polyI:C-based formulations generated the highest neutralizing antibody titres (nAbs) before challenge, which endured post challenge. nAb responses for VHSV G-DNA- and oil-adjuvanted formulations were marginal compared to the CpG/poly I:C treatment. Interestingly, heat-inactivated sera showed reduced nAb titres compared to their non-heated counterparts, which suggests a role of complement-mediated neutralization against SAV. Consistently elevated levels of innate antiviral immune genes in the CpG/polyI:C injected groups suggested a role of IFN-mediated responses. Co-delivery of the VHSV-G DNA construct with either CpG/polyI:C or oil-adjuvanted SAV vaccine generated higher CD4 responses in head kidney at 48 h compared to injection of this vector or SAV Ag alone. The results demonstrate that a combination of pattern recognizing receptor (PRR) ligands, such as CpG/polyI:C, increases both adaptive and innate responses and represents a promising adjuvant strategy for enhancing the protection of future viral vaccines.