gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Flexible assembly automation using industrial robots (2008)

Industrial robots used to perform assembly tasks are still a small portion of total robot sales each year. One of the main reasons is that it is difficult for conventional industrial robots to adjust to any sort of change. Therefore, more intelligent industrial robotic systems are attracting more and more attentions. This paper discusses an intelligent robotics system that performs an assembly process while the object is moving using visual and force servoing. The wheel loading process, which assemblies the wheel into the wheel hub of a vehicle on a moving assembly line, is used as an example to demonstrate the developed technology. A working system has been set up and experiments of loading wheels onto the wheel hub have been implemented and performed successfully. The experimental results demonstrate that the developed technology can be used for assembly while the assembly line is moving randomly. Check sample for key words. Most of them have list of key words.
Deformation Responses of a Physically Cross-Linked High Molecular Weight Elastin-Like Protein Polymer (2008)

Recombinant protein polymers were synthesized and examined under various loading conditions to assess the mechanical stability and deformation responses of physically cross-linked, hydrated, protein polymer networks designed as triblock copolymers with central elastomeric and flanking plastic-like blocks. Uniaxial stress-strain properties, creep and stress relaxation behavior, as well as the effect of various mechanical preconditioning protocols on these responses were characterized. Significantly, we demonstrate for the first time that ABA triblock protein copolymers when redesigned with substantially larger endblock segments can withstand significantly greater loads. Furthermore, the presence of three distinct phases of deformation behavior was revealed upon subjecting physically cross-linked protein networks to step and cyclic loading protocols in which the magnitude of the imposed stress was incrementally increased over time. We speculate that these phases correspond to the stretch of polypeptide bonds, the conformational changes of polypeptide chains, and the disruption of physical cross-links. The capacity to select a genetically engineered protein polymer that is suitable for its intended application requires an appreciation of its viscoelastic characteristics and the capacity of both molecular structure and conditioning protocols to influence these properties.
Prospects for photolithography at 121 nm (2002)

We have evaluated several subsystems that would be required for lithography at 121 nm: radiation sources, optics, ambient control, and resists. Dense plasma sources can generate significant power, &gt;0.5 J of 121 nm radiation per pulse. An extensive survey of commercially available LiF, as well as specially grown LiF, shows that transmission losses are ∼20% per cm, a value which is at least 5× too high if LiF is to be used as lens material. At present it is not clear whether there is a fundamental limitation to LiF transparency at 121 nm, but the main source of absorption arises from lithium oxide or hydroxide in the crystal. Polymers, fluorinated or not, exhibit very high absorption at 121 nm, indicating that ultrathin resists or bilayer resists will have to be used at 121 nm. However, the photochemistry at 121 nm is probably not much different from that at longer wavelengths. The resists are sensitive, ∼1 mJ/cm2 required dose, and they have high contrast at 121 nm. Finally, we have also performed preliminary patterning experiments. Using contact printing with a phase shifting mask we have printed 45 nm features in an ultrathin photoresist.
Transformation of an oral bacterium via chromosomal integration of free DNA in the presence of human saliva (2001)

Transformation of Streptococcus gordonii DL1 by free DNA was studied in human saliva. Competent S. gordonii could be transformed in vitro with plasmid DNA that had been taken into the human mouth. Transformation also occurred with a plasmid that cannot replicate in S. gordonii, but that has a region of chromosomal homology, by integration into the bacterial chromosome, although linearised plasmid DNA gave no transformants. Linear chromosomal DNA fragments did however transform S. gordonii/Tn916 efficiently in saliva when regions of homology with the recipient chromosome flanked the marker gene. These findings are discussed in relation to the potential for acquisition of DNA sequences, including genetically modified DNA, by gut and oral bacteria.
Skin and hair: models for exploring organ regeneration (2008)

Skin is an excellent model to study the basic biology of organ regeneration and translational approaches to regenerative medicine. Because of the accessibility of the skin, a long history of regenerative approaches already exists. Identifying the commonalities between skin regeneration and the regeneration of other organs could provide major breakthroughs in regenerative medicine. The hair follicle represents a miniature organ with readily accessible stem cells, multiple cell lineages, and signaling centers. During the normal lifespan of a human, this miniature organ regenerates itself more than 10 times. The cells responsible for this remarkable process are called bulge stem cells. A plethora of molecular and genetic tools have been developed to follow their fate and to explore their ontogeny. Major advances have been made toward understanding the normal cell fate of bulge stem cells and their developmental plasticity. Recent studies suggest the epidermis and hair may have an untapped potential to form other organs. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate adult stem-cell proliferation is a major goal for regenerative medicine. In the hair follicle, pharmacologic agents, recombinant proteins, and artificial cell-permeable proteins have been developed to manipulate the proliferation of the quiescent bulge stem cells. These advances illustrate a potential roadmap for regenerative medicine using molecular tools developed for skin biology to promote organ regeneration by manipulating adult stem cells in situ.
Perception of musical sources with impoverished spectral envelopes (2009)

A study was conducted to investigate an alternative method of manipulating musical sources with improvised spectral envelopes. A set of resynthesized musical tones was generated at a common pitch such that all spectral information was eliminated except at harmonics that occurred at average spectral peaks. The impact of these manipulations on timbre identification and discrimination was evaluated as a function of musical instrument. Tonnes were equated for loudness and compressed to 1755 ms while retaining amplitude envelopes. Three tones were synthesized for each instrument, while one included all harmonics from the original tone. Listeners completed two computer-controlled tasks that involved timbre identification, indicating the instrument from which the tone was derived.
Regional prolongation of ARI and altered restitution properties cause ventricular arrhythmia in heart failure (2002)

The mechanism of arrhythmogenicity in heart failure remains poorly understood. We examined the relationship between electrical abnormalities and ventricular arrhythmia by using experimental heart failure models. Sixty unipolar electrograms were recorded from the entire cardiac surface in control dogs ( n = 13) and pacing-induced heart failure dogs ( n = 16). In failing hearts, activation time (AT) was delayed at the apex, and AT dispersion increased in failing hearts. Activation-recovery intervals (ARI) were prolonged mainly at the apex and ARI dispersion was significantly augmented. The slope of the ARI restitution curve, interaction of diastolic interval, and ARI in failing hearts was significantly steeper than in control hearts. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) was easily induced by programmed stimulation in failing hearts, whereas no arrhythmia occurred in control hearts. Computer simulation studies could reproduce the experimental results. Altering the ARI restitution to the steep slope causes VF in a model heart. It is suggested that electrical remodeling, especially steepness of electrical restitution, may play a role in arrhythmogenicity in failing hearts.
A series of conditional shuttle vectors for targeted genomic integration in budding yeast (2015)

The capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to repair exposed DNA ends by homologous recombination has long been used by experimentalists to assemble plasmids from DNA fragments in vivo. While this approach works well for engineering extrachromosomal vectors, it is not well suited to the generation, recovery and reuse of integrative vectors. Here, we describe the creation of a series of conditional centromeric shuttle vectors, termed pXR vectors, that can be used for both plasmid assembly in vivo and targeted genomic integration. The defining feature of pXR vectors is that the DNA segment bearing the centromere and origin of replication, termed CEN/ARS, is flanked by a pair of loxP sites. Passaging the vectors through bacteria that express Cre recombinase reduces the loxP-CEN/ARS-loxP module to a single loxP site, thereby eliminating the ability to replicate autonomously in yeast. Each vector also contains a selectable marker gene, as well as a fragment of the HO locus, which permits targeted integration at a neutral genomic site. The pXR vectors provide a convenient and robust method to assemble DNAs for targeted genomic modifications.
Lignin‐polypropylene composites. Part 1: Composites from unmodified lignin and polypropylene (2002)

Abstract Lignin polypropylene composites were prepared in the range of 10–60% by weight lignin content. Blending of lignin with polypropylene resulted in materials with reduced tensile and flexural strength and a dramatic decrease in unnotched Izod impact strength compared to the properties of virgin polypropylene, although moduli (Young's and flexural) were improved. Traditional surface‐treated fillers such as mica and talc performed better than lignin, but when lignin and inorganic fillers were mixed, the strength properties were improved with respect to lignin alone, perhaps because of a better lignin‐filler‐particle interaction and distribution. This could be an alternate approach for obtaining improved strength composites containing large quantities of unmodified kraft lignin. Incorporation of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) as a coupling agent also improved strength properties, although at high lignin contents (e.g. 60%) there was considerable variability in the tensile strength.
High-Frequency Components in the Alpha Band and Memory Performance (1998)

We tested the hypothesis that alpha band power is correlated with memory performance. For a sample of 68 subjects, the ongoing electroencephalogram(EEG) was analyzed during three experimental conditions: eyes closed (EC), eyes open (EO), and memorizing words. The results show that the upper alpha band of ∼ 10-12 Hz is related to memory performance. Only within this frequency range did we obtain significant positive correlations between memory performance and EEG power. A comparison of power spectra showed that within the range of the upper alpha band good performers had significantly greater normalized percent power than bad memory performers. In contrast to condition EC, the obtained relationship between upper alpha power and memory performance was particularly strong during EO and memorizing words.
Controllable Synthesis of Highly Uniform Nanosized HKUST-1 Crystals by Liquid–Solid–Solution Method (2019)

Nowadays, preparation of nanosized metal–organic frameworks (NMOFs) has attracted great attention for diverse applications, such as drug delivery, biological imaging, catalysis, and functional membranes. In this report, highly uniform nanosized HKUST-1 crystals with sizes from about 30 to 140 nm were obtained by the liquid–solid–solution (LSS) method, which is mainly based on a general phase transfer and separation mechanism occurring at the interfaces of the liquid, solid, and solution phases. The SEM, TEM, PXRD, FTIR, TGA, and gas adsorption–desorption analysis results demonstrated the successful preparation of nanosized HKUST-1 crystals. This work further proves its feasibility of the LSS method to synthesize NMOFs, which may open up a facile and universal method to facilitate the fundamental research on preparing NMOFs.
T Cells and Costimulation in Cancer (2013)

Optimal T cell response is dependent not only on T cell receptor activation, but also on additional signaling from coreceptors. The main coreceptors include B7 and tumor necrosis factor family members. They exert costimulatory or coinhibitory effects, and their balance determines the fate of T cell response. In normal conditions, costimulators facilitate the development of protective immune response, whereas coinhibitors dampen inflammation to avoid organ/tissue damage from excessive immune reaction. In the tumor microenvironment, the balance is garbled: inhibitory pathways predominate, and T cell response is impaired. The importance of cosignaling in the tumor immune response has been experimentally and clinically demonstrated. New therapeutic strategies targeting T cell cosignaling, especially coinhibitory molecules, are under active experimental and clinical investigation. This review summarizes the functions of main T cell cosignaling axes and discusses their clinical application.
Rank Transformations as a Bridge between Parametric and Nonparametric Statistics (1981)

Abstract Many of the more useful and powerful nonparametric procedures may be presented in a unified manner by treating them as rank transformation procedures. Rank transformation procedures are ones in which the usual parametric procedure is applied to the ranks of the data instead of to the data themselves. This technique should be viewed as a useful tool for developing nonparametric procedures to solve new problems.
Accurate Measurement of Gas-Lubricated Slider Bearing Separation Using Visible Laser Interferometry (1988)

This paper outlines an optical method utilizing laser interferometry for measuring the static and dynamic characteristics of self-acting gas-lubricated slider bearings. The method achieves a high accuracy of down to 1–2 nanometers and a wide frequency range of more than 100 kHz by suppressing the adverse effect of undesirable interference patterns through the adoption of optics which permit the laser beam to be focused into a fairly small cavity. Experimental results derived from this method in an ambient helium atmosphere confirm that the modified Reynolds equation can be applied to the prediction of slider flying characteristics within an experimental range of spacing down to 0.025 μm and a corresponding Knudsen number as high as 8. Furthermore, experiments designed to measure slider transient motion as it travels across rectangular grooves or bumps indicate that the measurement system achieves a higher response performance than do conventional systems.
Structure of the <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> <scp>d</scp> -Alanine: <scp>d</scp> -Alanine Ligase, a Target of the Antituberculosis Drug <scp>d</scp> -Cycloserine (2010)

D-alanine:D-alanine ligase (EC 6.3.2.4; Ddl) catalyzes the ATP-driven ligation of two D-alanine (D-Ala) molecules to form the D-alanyl:D-alanine dipeptide. This molecule is a key building block in peptidoglycan biosynthesis, making Ddl an attractive target for drug development. D-Cycloserine (DCS), an analog of D-Ala and a prototype Ddl inhibitor, has shown promise for the treatment of tuberculosis. Here, we report the crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ddl at a resolution of 2.1 Å. This structure indicates that Ddl is a dimer and consists of three discrete domains; the ligand binding cavity is at the intersection of all three domains and conjoined by several loop regions. The M. tuberculosis apo Ddl structure shows a novel conformation that has not yet been observed in Ddl enzymes from other species. The nucleotide and D-alanine binding pockets are flexible, requiring significant structural rearrangement of the bordering regions for entry and binding of both ATP and D-Ala molecules. Solution affinity and kinetic studies showed that DCS interacts with Ddl in a manner similar to that observed for D-Ala. Each ligand binds to two binding sites that have significant differences in affinity, with the first binding site exhibiting high affinity. DCS inhibits the enzyme, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 0.37 mM under standard assay conditions, implicating a preferential and weak inhibition at the second, lower-affinity binding site. Moreover, DCS binding is tighter at higher ATP concentrations. The crystal structure illustrates potential drugable sites that may result in the development of more-effective Ddl inhibitors.
Direct laser interference patterning of magnetic thin films (2004)

Recently, patterned magnetic thin films have attracted much attention for a variety of applications such as high density magnetic recording, magnetoresistive sensing, and magnetic random access memories. In the case of magnetic recording, one scheme calls for the films to be patterned into single domain “dots”, where every dot represents a thermally stable bit. In this thesis, we extended a technique called direct laser interference patterning (DLIP), originally developed by Polushkin and co-workers, to pattern and locally modify the materials properties of magnetic thin films. In this technique, a high-intensity Nd:YAG pulse laser beam was split into two, three, or four beams, which are then recombined to interfere on a sample surface. The interference intensity maxima can modify the local materials properties of the film through local “annealing” or, more drastically, by ablation. We carried out some preliminary investigations of the DLIP process in several films including co-sputtered Co-C, amorphous Dy/Co:SiO2 multilayers, and Co/SiO2 multilayers in order to refine our techniques. We successfully produced regular arrays of lines, dots, or antidots formed by ablation of the thin film. The preliminary studies also showed that, in the regime of more modest pulse energies, it is possible to modify the magnetic properties of the films without noticeably changing the film topography. We then prepared perpendicular magnetic anisotropy Co/Pt multilayers with a SiO x passivation layer and applied DLIP at fairly modest intensities to pattern the film. We then studied the structural and magnetic changes that occurred in some detail. X-ray diffraction scans showed the Co/Pt:SiO x multilayer films to be nanocrystalline before and after patterning. Atomic force microscopy images showed no evidence for topographic changes of the Co/Pt:SiOx during patterning. In contrast, magnetic force microscopy showed regular periodic dot arrays, indicating that the local magnetic properties were significantly affected by the patterning process. Alternating-gradient-force magnetometry and magneto-optic measurements also showed that the magnetic properties were markedly changed by the DLIP process. Our results offer strong evidence that local heating causes the moments to change from perpendicular to in-plane, with the consequent formation of an “anisotropy lattice”: dots of in-plane magnetization within a matrix of perpendicular magnetization. We also carried out some optical interference calculations to predict the light intensity distributions for two, three, and four interfering beams of light. We found that the patterns could be controlled by varying the angles of incidence, the polarizations of the beams, and the wavelength and intensity of the beams, and that a wide variety of patterns are possible. The predicted patterns were in quite good agreement with those observed experimentally.
[Immunotherapy of chemically induced rat colon cancer]. (1977)

An experimental model of chemically induced or transplanted rat colon carcinoma has been used to test the effects of specific (cancer cells) or non specific (BCG) immunotherapy. According to the immunization technique and schedule experiemnts resulted in a partial inhibition or definite enhancement of tumour growth. These experimental data emphasize the possible hazards of human colon cancer immunotherapy.
Patch-Clamp Applications and Protocols (1995)

When the President of Humana Press first suggested that a series on methods in the neurosciences might be useful, one of us (AAB) was quite skeptical; only after discussions with GBB and some searching both of memory and library shelves did it seem that perhaps the publisher was right. Although some excellent methods books had recently appeared, notably in neuroanatomy, it is a fact that there was a dearth in this particular field, a fact attested to by the alacrity and enthusiasm with which most of the contributors to this series accepted our invitations and suggested additional topics and areas. After a somewhat hesitant start, essentially in the neurochemistry section, the series has grown and will encompass neurochemistry, neuropsychiatry, neurology, neuropathology, neurogenetics, neuroethology, molecular neurobiology, animal models of nervous disease, and no doubt many more "neuros."Although we have tried to include adequate methodological detail and in many cases detailed protocols, we have also tried to include wherever possible a short introductory review of the methods and/or related substances, comparisons with other methods, and the relationship of the substances being analyzed to neurological and psychiatric disorders. Recognizing our own limitations, we have invited a guest editor to join with us on most volumes in order to ensure complete coverage of the field. These editors will add their specialized knowledge and competencies. We anticipate that this series will fill a gap; we can only hope that it will be filled appropriately and with the right amount of expertise with respect to each method, substance or group of substances, and area treated.
[Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza on serum lipid peroxide, superoxide dismutase of the patients with coronary heart disease]. (1996)

Twenty-four patients of coronary heart disease(CHD) were treated with Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) and the change of SM on serum lipid peroxide (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) after treatment were observed. The results were compared with that of control group consisted of 20 healthy persons, it showed that before treatment, the serum LPO of patient was significantly higher than that of control group and the SOD of patient was lower than that of healthy subjects (P < 0.01). After treated with SM, the LPO level decreased and SOD activity increased significantly. The mechanism might be correlated with the effect of SM in inhibiting platelets aggregation, reducing blood viscosity, improving myocardial ischemia and protecting cytomembrane. It suggested that SM could be regarded as a good exogenous scavenger of oxygen free radical.
Intrathymic administration of B cells induces prolonged survival of fully allogeneic cardiac grafts without prolonged deletion of donor-specific thymocytes (1998)

Intrathymic (IT) injection of alloantigen has been shown to induce unresponsiveness to allografts although the exact mechanisms of tolerance induction remains unclear. C57BL/10 (H2b) cardiac allografts were accepted in C3H/He (H2k) mice pretreated with IT inoculation of donor splenocytes (1 x 10(6)) in combination with a depleting anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody 27 days before cardiac transplantation. To investigate which cell types were responsible for tolerance induction by IT injection of alloantigen, resting B (rB) cells or dendritic cells were used as the thymic inoculum instead of whole splenocytes. IT injection of rB cells induced indefinite graft prolongation in all recipients while only 20% of mice that had received IT injection of dendritic cells accepted grafts for over 100 days. In contrast, IT injection of dendritic cells resulted in significant deletion of donor-specific thymocytes whereas rB cells were relatively ineffective. IT deletion is not essential for the induction of tolerance by IT injection of rB cells; nondeletional mechanisms can be involved.