gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of Lines with Wiggles using the Radon Transform (1996)

The discrete Radon transform is a useful tool in image processing for detection of lines (or in general curves) in digital images. One of the key properties of the discrete Radon transform is that a line in an image is transformed into a peak in the parameter domain, where the position of the peak corresponds to the line parameters. What often is needed, is to determine whether a Radon transform based curve detection algorithm will work in presence of noise. Lately analytical expressions for the probability of detecting a curve in presence of additive noise has been analyzed, and in this paper another kind of noise is analyzed theoretically, namely that the lines in the images might not be perfectly linear but include some random misalignment, here called wiggles. 1. INTRODUCTION The Radon transform can be defined in various ways. In general image processing the lines are often parameterized using normal parameters [1], and in seismic signal processing the ø -p transform or slant stac...
Net continuous wave optical gain in a low loss silicon-on-insulator waveguide by stimulated Raman scattering (2005)

We observe for the first time net continuous wave optical gain in a low loss silicon-on-insulator waveguide based on stimulated Raman scattering. We show that nonlinear optical loss due to two-photon absorption induced free carrier absorption can be significantly reduced by introducing a reverse biased p-i-n diode in the waveguide. For a 4.8 cm long waveguide with an effective core area of ~1.6 microm2, we obtain a net CW Raman gain of > 3dB with a pump power of ~700mW inside the waveguide.
Photochemie organischer Festkörper (1975)

In den Jahren seiner Tätigkeit am Weizmann Institut of Science begann G. M. J. Schmidt seine Arbeiten über die Beziehungen zwischen der Struktur organischer Kristalle und der in ihnen stattfindenden chemischen Reaktionen, ein Forschungsvorhaben, das sich in der Folge als außergewöhnlich fruchtbar erwiesen hat. So wuchs seine „Festkörper-Gruppe”︁ und wurde divergenter - Röntgenstrukturanalytiker, Organiker, Spektroskopiker und schließlich sogar Theoretiker wirkten mit. Professor Schmidt starb 1971. Als eines der Mitglieder dieser Gruppe folge ich nun der Einladung, über neuere Entwicklungen auf meinem Interessengebiet zu berichten. Ein Großteil der bisher untersuchten Reaktionen organischer Kristalle wird durch Licht oder andere Strahlung induziert. Dies ist eine natürliche Folge davon, daß Strahlung, ungleich den meisten chemischen Reaktanden, leicht die Oberfläche des Kristalls durchdringen und so die zu aktivierenden Orte erreichen kann. In diesem Beitrag sollen einige der in der Photochemie organischer Kristalle wirksamen Prinzipien aufgezeigt und anhand von Beispielen verdeutlicht werden, wobei nicht beabsichtigt ist, alle bisher untersuchten unterschiedlichen Reaktionstypen und Systeme zu erfassen. Es ist geboten, hier in Anerkennung auch eines anderen großen Wissenschaftlers zu gedenken, der vor kurzer Zeit verschied - Theodor Förster. Manche der Ideen, auf die ich im folgenden eingehe, wurzeln, wie so vieles in der jüngsten Entwicklung der Photochemie, in Professor Försters früheren Arbeiten.
Evaluation of an Interference Screw for Tendon Reattachment to Small Bones (2002)

Interference screw fixation provides significant initial fixation strength (p < 0.05).
Interfacial force sensor with force-feedback control (2002)

A novel interfacial force microscope capable of measuring the forces between two surfaces over the entire range of surface separations, up to contact, has been developed. The design is centered around a differential capacitance displacement sensor where the common capacitor plate is supported by torsion bars. A force-feedback control system balances the interfacial forces at the sensor, maintaining the common capacitor plate at its rest position. This control eliminates the instability which occurs with the conventional cantilever-based force sensors when the attractive force gradient exceeds the mechanical stiffness of the cantilever. The ability to measure interfacial forces at surface separations smaller than this instability point using the feedback control is demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Oleochemical Monographs (No. 70) — Part 1 (1992)

Eleostearic acid is the backbone of tung oil, the manufacturer, uses, potential and chemical structure of which have been reviewed in earlier years. Eleostearic acid is a conjugated, positional isomer of linolenic acid, with three double bonds and is a very reactive acid, even more so than linolenic acid —
Influence of Site-Specific Sulfonation on Acrylic Graft Copolymer Morphology (2008)

Novel selectively sulfonated graft copolymers, poly(methyl methacrylate)-g-(poly(sulfonic acid styrene)-b-poly(tert-butylstyrene)), poly(methyl methacrylate)-g-(poly(tert-butylstyrene)-b-poly(styrenesulfonic acid)), and the corresponding sodium sulfonate salts were successfully synthesized. The weight-average molecular weights (Mw) of the graft copolymers were ∼200 000 g/mol and the polydispersity ranged from 1.86 to 2.22. The graft copolymers contained ∼9−10 branches on average and 4 wt % of sulfonic acid or sodium sulfonate blocks adjacent to the backbone or at the branch terminus. The mobility of the sulfonated blocks located at the branch terminus enabled the sulfonated blocks to more readily interact and form ionic aggregates. The glass transition temperatures of the sulfonated graft copolymer with sulfonated blocks at the branch terminus were higher than values for copolymers with sulfonated blocks adjacent to the backbone. This behavior was attributed to the sulfonated blocks at the branch terminus more easily forming ionic aggregates. In general, appearance of multiple scattering maxima in the small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data indicated the formation of lamellar morphologies. More facile aggregation of sulfonated blocks at the branch terminus resulted in the appearance of ionomer peaks in SAXS whereas ionomer peaks were not observed in sulfonated graft copolymers with sulfonated blocks adjacent to the backbone. Reasonable fits of the Yarusso−Cooper model to the SAXS data strongly supported the identification of the nonlamellar maxima as ionomer peaks. Strong ionic interactions with Na+ counterions reduced the Bragg spacings, d, of the sodium sulfonate graft copolymers and increased the size of the ionic aggregates. The location of sulfonated blocks in both sulfonic acid and sodium sulfonate graft copolymers significantly affected thermal properties and morphologies.
Purification of C3b Inactivator and Demonstration of Its Two Polypeptide Chain Structure (1977)

C3b inactivator (C3bINA) was isolated from plasma by sequential ammonium sulfate gradient solubilization, anion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and repeat ammonium sulfate gradient solubilization. The final product was pure as assessed by alkaline disc gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and elicited a monospecific rabbit antiserum. The normal serum concentration of C3bINA was found to be 53 +/- 9 microgram/ml (mean +/- S.D.). Heterogeneity of purified C3bINA was apparent on alkaline disc gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, but not with SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and thus is attributed to forms of C3bINA that differ in charge rather than in size. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of unreduced, alkylated C3bINA yielded a single stained band with an apparent m.w. of 93,000, whereas the reduced protein demonstrated two bands of 55,000 and 42,000 m.w., thereby establishing a composition of two disulfide-linked polypeptide chains for C3bINA.
Breastfeeding Prevents Severe Disease in Full Term Female Infants With Acute Respiratory Infection (2009)

Breastfeeding had a protective effect against severe disease in infant girls experiencing their first symptomatic respiratory infection. Nonbreastfeeding females are at significant risk for severe acute lung disease and should be targeted intensively by breastfeeding campaigns.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation research advances (2008)

Preface Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells: Homing and Rescue of Injury in the Lung Role of Platelet Derived Factors for the Protection Against Graft-Versus-Host Disease The Evolving Role of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Stem Cell Plasticity Dental Management Before Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Adult and Pediatric Patients with Hematological Disease Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Quality of Life Risk Factors for Survival in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Allogeneic Cord Blood Transplantation Multipoptent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Skin Wound Healing and Skeletal Muscle Repair Index.
A new method for assigning signal flow directions to MOS transistors (2002)

Signal flow directions of MOS transistors have been used in many CAD tools. A graph theoretic approach is presented for determining these directions. A MOS circuit is represented using several undirected graphs called ST-graphs. The direction assignment problem is modeled as a two paths problem in each ST-graph. Necessary and sufficient conditions under which all edges in an ST-graph are unidirectional are derived. A linear time algorithm is presented that assigns directions to all edges in an ST-graph if they all unidirectional. If bidirectional edges exist, the algorithm assigns directions to most edges in the ST-graph, and the remaining edges are resolved by a sequence of additional algorithms. Experimental results validate the performance benefits of this approach.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Progress in the Palladium-Catalyzed α-Arylation of Ketones with Chloroarenes (2002)

Non- and deactivated chloroarenes can be coupled with a wide range of ketones to yield the corresponding arylmethyl ketones in good to excellent yields using a palladium(II) acetate/n-BuPAd2 catalyst system. Depending on the ketone, the chloroarene/ketone ratio and the base, mono or diarylation can be effected selectively.
Electric-Field-Induced Friction Reduction and Control (2012)

Friction is always present when surfaces in contact are set in motion. In this work I describe how a precise, active control of the global friction is possible by adjusting the local molecular conformation of a polyelectrolyte coating via the application of an alternating electric field. The intensity of the applied field determines the degree of interpenetration between polymer brushes in contact, regulating chain stretching while sliding, which is the process at the origin of the global friction. The dynamics of the problem is controlled by the relaxation times of the polyelectrolyte.
Granulocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Accumulate in Human Placenta and Polarize toward a Th2 Phenotype (2015)

Tolerance induction toward the semiallogeneic fetus is crucial to enable a successful pregnancy; its failure is associated with abortion or preterm delivery. Skewing T cell differentiation toward a Th2-dominated phenotype seems to be pivotal in maternal immune adaption, yet underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are innate immune cells that mediate T cell suppression and are increased in cord blood of healthy newborns and in peripheral blood of pregnant women. In this study, we demonstrate that granulocytic MDSCs (GR-MDSCs) accumulate in human placenta of healthy pregnancies but are diminished in patients with spontaneous abortions. Placental GR-MDSCs effectively suppressed T cell responses by expression of arginase I and production of reactive oxygen species and were activated at the maternal-fetal interface through interaction with trophoblast cells. Furthermore, GR-MDSCs isolated from placenta polarized CD4(+) T cells toward a Th2 cytokine response. These results highlight a potential role of GR-MDSCs in inducing and maintaining maternal-fetal tolerance and suggest them as a promising target for therapeutic manipulation of pregnancy complications.
I-Field Capabilities Enable Optimizing Water Injection Strategies in Saudi Arabian Newly Developed Oil Fields (2008)

Abstract This paper demonstrates how I-Field capabilities were used to monitor in real time pre-injection performance of eight reservoirs across the three AFK fields. Focus will be on illustrating one I-Field workflow used to monitor injection from real time data gathering, validation, and mapping using Permanent Downhole Monitoring Systems (PDHMS), and integrated surface & subsurface modeling and data mapping packages. Additionally, the paper will address how integrated real time data and modeling results are used to optimize injection strategy for the three fields for more efficient real time reservoir management.
Assessment of Diagnostic Tests When Disease Verification is Subject to Selection Bias (1983)

In the assessment of the statistical properties of a diagnostic test, for example the sensitivity and specificity of the test, it is common to derive estimates from a sample limited to those cases for whom subsequent definitive disease verification is obtained. Omission of nonverified cases can seriously bias the estimates. In order to adjust the estimates it is necessary to make assumptions about the mechanism for selecting cases for verification. Methods for making the necessary adjustments can then be derived.
Distributed estimation in the presence of correlated noises (2013)

We propose a method for distributed sequential estimation in the presence of correlated noises. At each time slot, a node exchanges information with its neighbors and then updates the estimate by using the received information from its neighbors and its local observation. It is assumed that the noises have the Markov property with respect to the network topology. A doubly stochastic matrix for combining information from the nodes is employed to average the sufficient statistics over the network. We show that the performance of the proposed method converges to that of the centralized optimal estimator as the iterations go on. Therefore, our algorithm approaches the Cramer-Rao bound asymptotically.
Nanoscale Zirconia as a Nonmetallic Catalyst for Graphitization of Carbon and Growth of Single- and Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes (2009)

We report that nanoparticulate zirconia (ZrO(2)) catalyzes both growth of single-wall and multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and graphitization of solid amorphous carbon. We observe that silica-, silicon nitride-, and alumina-supported zirconia on silicon nucleates single- and multiwall carbon nanotubes upon exposure to hydrocarbons at moderate temperatures (750 degrees C). High-pressure, time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of these substrates during carbon nanotube nucleation and growth shows that the zirconia catalyst neither reduces to a metal nor forms a carbide. Point-localized energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) confirms catalyst nanoparticles attached to CNTs are zirconia. We also observe that carbon aerogels prepared through pyrolysis of a Zr(IV)-containing resorcinol-formaldehyde polymer aerogel precursor at 800 degrees C contain fullerenic cage structures absent in undoped carbon aerogels. Zirconia nanoparticles embedded in these carbon aerogels are further observed to act as nucleation sites for multiwall carbon nanotube growth upon exposure to hydrocarbons at CVD growth temperatures. Our study unambiguously demonstrates that a nonmetallic catalyst can catalyze CNT growth by thermal CVD while remaining in an oxidized state and provides new insight into the interactions between nanoparticulate metal oxides and carbon at elevated temperatures.
Building a simple reliable low-cost modelocker system (1983)

Since the addition of a modelocker to a passive modelocked laser oscillator results in a great improvement of just about all output characteristics, we wish to describe how to build a modelocker system of commercial performance with resources that are within reach of most university laboratories.
Inheritance of Pattern: Analysis from Phenotype to Gene (1987)

The form and pattern of multicellular organisms are developmental phenotypes. They are long term processes rather than static structures. They involve myriad events at multiple locations. The efficient encoding of such phenotypes is analyzed here in two stages. First, the complex developmental behavior is broken down so it can be accounted for by cell or tissue rules. The most effective rules have the instantaneous character found in time-based differential equations. When integrated over time and space, the rules produce the behavior. Second, the cytological and nuclear basis of the rules is sought. One thus studies a complex phenotype in terms of its successive antecedent causes, refining understanding as one gets closer to the genome. The approach is applied here to phyllotactic (leaf placement) patterns. Leaves may be alternating in a plane, whorled, or in a helical arrangement. In all three cases a new leaf forms as an arc-like bulge at a site apical to a small number of neighboring leaves. The leaf-forming sites are irregularities in the pattern of cellulose reinforcement in the surface of the apical dome. Two organ-level rules combine to produce new leaf sites. First, each established leaf develops a single reinforcement field, with gently curved reinforcement lines, on the region of the dome just above the leaf. Second, where parts of two or three such fields abut on the dome they combine to make the irregularity for the next leaf. Hence a given reinforcement pattern on the dome produces a leaf; the action of the leaves in turn reestablishes the reinforcement pattern. The cellular basis of generating a reinforcement field appears to be a cytoskeletal response to excessive stretch, brought on by rapid growth of adjacent leaf bases. The large scale patterns are thus traceable to cytoskeletal phenomena and from there to genes involving microtubular behavior.
Phishing Using a Modified Bayesian Technique (2010)

Dakota State University has a unique computing environment. Every undergraduate student and professor has a school assigned tablet PC. In addition, it is the State of South Dakota's premier four year technology university. The university also hosts email, website, and website services for the state's K-12 program in addition to its own. The high use of the mobile computing environment serves as a reason why we chose it for our phishing experiment. For example, recently one staff member was able to be fooled into providing domain login and password information through a phishing email. This caused over 300,000 emails to be sent from that account and the university was therefore blacklisted from Microsoft and its associated affiliates such as Hotmail and MSN. This paper is an attempt to measure the viability of a phishing attack in a mobile computing environment as well as using an adaptation of a popular spam filtering technique to separate phishing emails from spam and phishing emails from legitimate email.
4n π Electrons but Stable:<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dihydrodiazapentacenes (2009)

Despite having 4n pi electrons, dihydrodiazapentacenes are more viable than their 4n+2 pi azapentacene counterparts. Ab inito valence bond block-localized wave function (BLW) computations reveal that despite having 4n pi electrons, dihydrodiazapentacenes are stabilized and benefit substantially from four dihydropyrazine ethenamine (enamine) conjugations. Almost all of these dihydrodiazapentacenes have large negative overall nucleus independent chemical shifts NICS(0)(pizz) values even though their dihydropyrazine rings (e.g., for 6-H(2)) are modestly antiaromatic, as their paratropic contributions are attenuated by delocalization throughout the system.
B-cell lymphoma in severe combined immunodeficiency not associated with the Epstein–Barr virus (1987)

Patients with congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies are at increased risk for the development of B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. When the appropriate tests have been performed, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen (EBNA) or EBV DNA has been found in tissues from these tumors. These data have provided support for the idea that these tumors are associated with EBV. In this article we report about a child with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) who developed a malignant B-cell lymphoma that was not associated with EBV. The B-cell lymphoma in the patient proved to be, by hybridization analysis of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain gene rearrangements of tumor-cell DNA, of clonal origin. However, neither EBNA nor EBV DNA could be detected in tumor tissue by anticomplement immunofluorescence or in situ cytohybridization with an EBV DNA probe. Furthermore, EBV DNA could not be detected by Southern blot hybridization using two EBV DNA hybridization probes on the same DNA blots that clearly contained the clonal Ig gene rearrangement. This case represents a clonal B-cell lymphoma occurring in a severely immunodeficient patient that was not associated with EBV. Antiviral chemoprophylaxis has been recommended for the prevention of EBV-related B-cell lymphoproliferations in transplant patients. Such prophylaxis may be ineffective in patients with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders not associated with EBV.
Alpha-Interferon Suppresses Hepadnavirus Transcription by Altering Epigenetic Modification of cccDNA Minichromosomes (2013)

Covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) of hepadnaviruses exists as an episomal minichromosome in the nucleus of infected hepatocyte and serves as the transcriptional template for viral mRNA synthesis. Elimination of cccDNA is the prerequisite for either a therapeutic cure or immunological resolution of HBV infection. Although accumulating evidence suggests that inflammatory cytokines-mediated cure of virally infected hepatocytes does occur and plays an essential role in the resolution of an acute HBV infection, the molecular mechanism by which the cytokines eliminate cccDNA and/or suppress its transcription remains elusive. This is largely due to the lack of convenient cell culture systems supporting efficient HBV infection and cccDNA formation to allow detailed molecular analyses. In this study, we took the advantage of a chicken hepatoma cell line that supports tetracycline-inducible duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) replication and established an experimental condition mimicking the virally infected hepatocytes in which DHBV pregenomic (pg) RNA transcription and DNA replication are solely dependent on cccDNA. This cell culture system allowed us to demonstrate that cccDNA transcription required histone deacetylase activity and IFN-α induced a profound and long-lasting suppression of cccDNA transcription, which required protein synthesis and was associated with the reduction of acetylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) and 27 (H3K27) in cccDNA minichromosomes. Moreover, IFN-α treatment also induced a delayed response that appeared to accelerate the decay of cccDNA. Our studies have thus shed light on the molecular mechanism by which IFN-α noncytolytically controls hepadnavirus infection.
La voz del silencio (2011)

La voz del silencio es la historia de las otras educaciones, esas que se hanquedado en los margenes de los discursos oficiales y de los manuales, alborde de la academia, como parte de iniciativas aisladas de intelectuales,grupos de investigacion o comunidades. La voz del silencio hace referencia a poblaciones o grupos (negros, afrodescendientes, indigenas, gitanos, campesinos),a saberes que se cuentan (luchas, resistencias, tipos de escuela,medios de educacion, modelos de ensenanza, materiales de formacion), a formas y medios de dar cuenta de esos saberes (historias orales, historias personales, biografia, relatos).