gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Basic Unified Context for Evaluating the Beam Forming and MIMO Options in a Wireless Link (2011)

For one isolated wireless link we take a unified look at simple beamforming (BF) as contrasted with MIMO to see how both emerge and under which conditions advantage goes to one or the other. Communication is from a high base array to a user in clutter. The channel propagation model is derived from fundamentals. The base knows the power angular spectrum, but not the channel instantiation. Eigenstates of the field spatial autocorrelation are the preferred apodizations (APODs) which are drivers of the natural modes for exciting lectric fields. Preference for MIMO or BF depends on APOD spectra which are surveyed pointing to various asymptotic effects, including the maximum BF gain. Performance is studied under varying eigenmode power settings at 10% outage. We focus on (1,4) driving the strongest mode for BF and (4,4) driving the 4 strongest for MIMO. Results are obtained under representative parameter settings, e.g. an angular spread of 8 deg, 2 GHz carrier, 0 dB SNR and an array aperture of 1.68m (4 field decorrelation lengths) with antenna elements spaced as close as lambda/2. We find MIMO excelling for array apertures much larger than the decorrelation length; BF does almost as well for smaller apertures.
A 65nm 4Kb algorithm-dependent computing-in-memory SRAM unit-macro with 2.3ns and 55.8TOPS/W fully parallel product-sum operation for binary DNN edge processors (2018)

For deep-neural-network (DNN) processors [1-4], the product-sum (PS) operation predominates the computational workload for both convolution (CNVL) and fully-connect (FCNL) neural-network (NN) layers. This hinders the adoption of DNN processors to on the edge artificial-intelligence (AI) devices, which require low-power, low-cost and fast inference. Binary DNNs [5-6] are used to reduce computation and hardware costs for AI edge devices; however, a memory bottleneck still remains. In Fig. 31.5.1 conventional PE arrays exploit parallelized computation, but suffer from inefficient single-row SRAM access to weights and intermediate data. Computing-in-memory (CIM) improves efficiency by enabling parallel computing, reducing memory accesses, and suppressing intermediate data. Nonetheless, three critical challenges remain (Fig. 31.5.2), particularly for FCNL. We overcome these problems by co-optimizing the circuits and the system. Recently, researches have been focusing on XNOR based binary-DNN structures [6]. Although they achieve a slightly higher accuracy, than other binary structures, they require a significant hardware cost (i.e. 8T-12T SRAM) to implement a CIM system. To further reduce the hardware cost, by using 6T SRAM to implement a CIM system, we employ binary DNN with 0/1-neuron and ±1-weight that was proposed in [7]. We implemented a 65nm 4Kb algorithm-dependent CIM-SRAM unit-macro and in-house binary DNN structure (focusing on FCNL with a simplified PE array), for cost-aware DNN AI edge processors. This resulted in the first binary-based CIM-SRAM macro with the fastest (2.3ns) PS operation, and the highest energy-efficiency (55.8TOPS/W) among reported CIM macros [3-4].
Improvement of Dispersibility of Iron Oxide Magnetic Particles by Dispersion in Water and Displacement of Solvent (1989)

A new dispersing process based on a surface property of cobalt-modified γ-Fe2O3(Co-γ-Fe2O3) magnetic particles was developed in order to improve the dispersibility of Co-γ-Fe2O3 in magnetic coating. Heat of immersion into water and adsorption isotherm of water revealed that Co-γ-Fe2O3 particles have strongly hydrophilic surfaces. The Co-γ-Fe2O3 particles with the hydrophilic surface showed better dispersibility in water than that in organic solvent. Drying of aqueous suspension of particles caused hard agglomerations of particles which were difficult to redisperse in paint using organic solvent. To overcome this problem, the displacement of water in the aqueous suspension by organic solvent such as alcohol, ketone and so on, was investigated. The dispersibility of Co-γ-Fe2O3 particles in the magnetic paint using organic solvent was significantly improved by the combination of dispersion in water and subsequent displacement of water by organic solvent. Thus, saturation magnetization and surface roughness of the coating made by the new process were improved about 10% and 50%, respectively, compared with the coating by a conventional process.
Investigations of radiation resistant beryllium grades for nuclear fusion applications (2002)

R&D results on beryllium with high radiation resistance obtained recently are described in this report. The data are presented on nine different grades of isotropic beryllium manufactured by VNIINM and distinguished by both initial powder characteristics and properties of billets, made of these powders. The average grain size of the investigated beryllium grades varied from 8 to 26 /spl mu/m, the content of beryllium oxide was 0.9-3.9 wt.%, the dispersity of beryllium oxide /spl sim/0.04-0.5 /spl mu/m, tensile strength-250-650 MPa. All materials were irradiated in SM-2 reactor over the temperature range 550-780/spl deg/C. The results of the investigation showed, that HIP beryllium grades are less susceptible to swelling at higher temperatures in comparison with hot pressed and extruded grades. Beryllium samples, having the smallest grain size, demonstrated minimal swelling, which was less than 0.8% at 750/spl deg/C and Fs=3.7/spl middot/10/sup 21/ cm/sup -2/ (E>0.1 MeV). The mechanical properties, creep and microstructure parameters, measured before and after irradiation, are presented.
Predicting False Positives of Protein-Protein Interaction Data by Semantic Similarity Measures<sup>§</sup> (2013)

Recent technical advances in identifying protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have generated the genomic-wide interaction data, collectively collectively referred to as the interactome. These interaction data give an insight into the underlying mechanisms of biological processes. However, the PPI data determined by experimental and computational methods include an extremely large number of false positives which are not confirmed to occur in vivo. Filtering PPI data is thus a critical preprocessing step to improve analysis accuracy. Integrating Gene Ontology (GO) data is proposed in this article to assess reliability of the PPIs. We evaluate the performance of various semantic similarity measures in terms of functional consistency. Protein pairs with high semantic similarity are considered highly likely to share common functions, and therefore, are more likely to interact. We also propose a combined method of semantic similarity to apply to predicting false positive PPIs. The experimental results show that the combined hybrid method has better performance than the individual semantic similarity classifiers. The proposed classifier predicted that 58.6% of the S. cerevisiae PPIs from the BioGRID database are false positives.
Incremental prediction of the side-chain conformation of proteins by a genetic algorithm (2002)

The paper reports an approach for predicting the side-chain conformation of a protein using a genetic algorithm: an incremental GA. In the GA, the chromosome consists of an array of side-chain torsion angles(/spl chi/), and the fitness is only calculated from overlap among each atom's van der Waals radius under the assumption of fixed main-chain atoms. The GA was incrementally used in the simulation. No van der Waals contact was observed in the predicted structures. This process automatically conforms most of the large side-chains in the hydrophobic core exactly the same in comparison with physical methods such as X-ray crystallography. This approach shows other solutions than the native tertiary conformation in some small side-chain positions. The observed conformation shows that the incremental GA has abilities in predicting side-chain conformation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pharmacological profile of a high affinity dipeptide NK<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonist, FK888 (1992)

1. In our search for compounds that inhibit the binding of [3H]-substance P (SP) to guinea-pig lung membranes, the dipeptide SP antagonist, FK888, was developed by chemical modification of the parent compound, (D-Pro4, D-Trp7,9,10, Phe11)SP4-11. 2. In a [3H]-SP binding assay using guinea-pig lung membranes and rat brain cortical synaptic membranes, FK888 displaced [3H]-SP binding with a Ki value of 0.69 +/- 0.13 nM and 0.45 +/- 0.17 microM, respectively, in a competitive manner. 3. FK888 inhibited the contraction of guinea-pig isolated ileum induced by SP in the presence of atropine and indomethacin (a NK1 receptor bioassay) with a pA2 value of 9.29 (8.60-9.98). 4. FK888 inhibited contractions of rat vas deferens by NKA (a NK2 receptor bioassay) and of rat portal vein by NKB (a NK3 receptor bioassay) at concentrations at least 10,000 times greater than that required to inhibit contractions of guinea-pig ileum. 5. FK888 also inhibited SP-induced airway oedema in guinea-pig after both intravenous and oral administration. 6. These data demonstrate that FK888 is a potent and selective NK1 antagonist which is active both in vitro and in vivo.
Integrating oculomotor and perceptual training to induce a pseudofovea: A model system for studying central vision loss (2016)

People with a central scotoma often adopt an eccentric retinal location (Preferred Retinal Locus, PRL) for fixation. Here, we proposed a novel training paradigm as a model system to study the nature of the PRL formation and its impacts on visual function. The training paradigm was designed to effectively induce a PRL at any intended retinal location by integrating oculomotor control and pattern recognition. Using a gaze-contingent display, a simulated central scotoma was induced in eight normally sighted subjects. A subject's entire peripheral visual field was blurred, except for a small circular aperture with location randomly assigned to each subject (to the left, right, above, or below the scotoma). Under this viewing condition, subjects performed a demanding oculomotor and visual recognition task. Various visual functions were tested before and after training at both PRL and nonPRL locations. After 6-10 hr of the training, all subjects formed their PRL within the clear window. Both oculomotor control and visual recognition performance significantly improved. Moreover, there was considerable improvement at PRL location in high-level function, such as trigram letter-recognition, reading, and spatial attention, but not in low-level function, such as acuity and contrast sensitivity. Our results demonstrated that within a relatively short time, a PRL could be induced at any intended retinal location in normally-sighted subjects with a simulated scotoma. Our training paradigm might not only hold promise as a model system to study the dynamic nature of the PRL formation, but also serve as a rehabilitation regimen for individuals with central vision loss.
RASSF1A Suppresses the c-Jun-NH2-Kinase Pathway and Inhibits Cell Cycle Progression (2005)

Some oncogenes, such as activated Ras, cause the malignant transformation of lung cells. c-Jun-NH2-kinase (JNK) activation is essential for the oncogenic function of these cells. In this study, we show that RASSF1A inhibits the growth of lung cancer cells by blocking the JNK pathway. The exogenous expression of RASSF1A suppressed JNK phosphorylation, and cells stably transfected with RASSF1A showed reduced JNK and c-Jun phosphorylation and Cyclin D1 down-regulation. An in vitro kinase assay showed that the exogenous expression of RASSF1A inhibited JNK activity and that JNK activity suppression due to ectopically expressed RASSF1A was revived by RASSF1A siRNA treatment. Based on our data, we suggest that RASSF1A exerts a tumor-suppressing effect by blocking oncogene-mediated JNK activation in lung cells.
[Study on prenatal diagnosis using fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction for congenital toxoplasmosis]. (2003)

Maternal TOX infection may cause fetal damage. Detection of TOX-DNA in amniotic fluid with FQ-PCR technique can diagnose fetal toxoplasmosis exactly. Treatment in pregnant period may decrease intrauterine infection rate.
Increased expression of fragile site Xq by hydroxyurea. Preliminary communication. (1985)

The addition of hydroxyurea in final concentration 1.3 X 10(-5) M increases the frequency of fraX in comparison with cultures without hydroxyurea. The same concentration of hydroxyurea did not induce fraX formation and "nonspecific" gaps in cultures of lymphocytes derive from healthy individuals. The possible explanation of this effect is discussed.
New results in holographic data storage with organic polymer films (2004)

High density polarization holographic demonstrator system has been developed using ~2 µm thick azobenzene polyesters on reflective card form media. One possible development of the system is the introduction of phase encoding into the reference arm that provides enhanced security applications. Simulations were carried out with a custom computer program based on mathematical model of the system to generate code sets optimal in terms of code number and security level. The model is suitable also for the prediction of expected tolerances necessary before the definition of a working system. Performed experiments proved applicability of the model for possible system considerations. We also present our concept of extending thin-film holographic principle to multilayered holographic storage of increased capacity.
Ultraviolet-induced degradation of Ziegler-Natta and metallocene catalyzed polyethylenes (2000)

The metallocene revolution has aroused a storm of interest and associated questions regarding the performance and durability of polyolefins. This new technology has impacted the additives used to stabilize and process polymers. In this work, Ziegler-Natta and metallocene polyethylene (PE) samples were exposed to natural weather conditions under high doses of ultraviolet radiation, high temperature, and increased humidity. Weather-induced degradation of the two sets of PEs was studied using gel permeation chromatography, mechanical properties testing, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The gel permeation chromatography analysis indicated the change in molecular weight distribution and molecular weights of metallocene PE to be more stable than conventional Ziegler-Natta PE. The tensile properties of metallocene PE are known to have higher values than Ziegler-Natta PE. The former exhibited a lower drop rate in mechanical properties when exposed to natural weather. Formations of nonvolatile carbonyl oxidation products, which absorb in the infrared region with a maximum absorbance level at 1742 cm−1 were determined. This indicated a higher rate of photo-oxidative and thermal degradation of Ziegler-Natta PE as compared with metallocene PE. The ultraviolet stabilization of metallocene PE may require different doses and a new kind of stabilizer system that can impart a longer useful lifetime and are cost effective for PE used for outdoor purposes. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 78: 1591–1596, 2000
Efficient analysis of microwave passive structures using 3-D envelope-finite element (EVFE) (2002)

A three-dimensional envelope-finite element (EVFE) technique is proposed to solve the transient responses of general microwave passive structures. EVFE simulates the signal envelope rather than the original signal waveform by de-embedding the carrier from the time-domain wave equation. The sampling rate of the time-domain waveform is only governed by the Nyquist rate of the envelope, rather than that of the carrier in traditional time-domain simulators. Compared to traditional finite-element time-domain (FETD) methods, the computational cost can be dramatically reduced when the signal envelope-to-carrier ratio is very small. It also provides much higher computational efficiency than frequency-domain finite-element methods for simulating frequency responses over certain bandwidth. This technique is applied to solve a waveguide structure with a dielectric post discontinuity and a microstrip patch antenna. The accuracy and efficiency is demonstrated and compared with traditional unconditionally stable FETD methods.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for operable breast cancer (2007)

Abstract Background Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer can avoid mastectomy by shrinkage of tumour volume. This review assesses the effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on clinical outcome. Methods All randomized trials comparing neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer were reviewed systematically and meta-analyses were performed. Results Fourteen studies randomizing 5500 women were eligible for analysis. Overall survival was equivalent in both groups. In the neoadjuvant group, the mastectomy rate was lower (relative risk 0·71 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 0·67 to 0·75)) without hampering local control (hazard ratio 1·12 (95 per cent c.i. 0·92 to 1·37)). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was associated fewer adverse effects. Conclusion Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is an established treatment option for early breast cancer.
<i>LKB1</i> and Lung Cancer: More Than the Usual Suspects (2008)

Often, the problem in cancer research is figuring out how a gene or pathway works in regulating cellular transformation. The question of what RAS activates or PTEN inhibits have been classic dilemmas of modern cancer biology. In these cases, biochemical and genetic studies have provided us with a fairly clear picture of the cancer relevant functions of these genes. For LKB1, a more recently identified human tumor suppressor gene, however, the problem is different. This serine-threonine kinase that is conserved from yeast to mammals seems to play a role in many diverse cellular pathways. Therefore, although elegant functional and genetic approaches have established critical roles for LKB1 in the regulation of metabolism, motility, polarity, and the cell cycle, the role(s) responsible for its true tumor suppressor function(s) is unknown. One is reminded of an Agatha Christie murder mystery where nearly every character in the book has reason to be suspected of committing the crime-there are too many suspects for how LKB1 might repress lung cancer.
Free-space optical mesh-connected bus networks using wavelength-division multiple access (1993)

A novel optical free-space mesh-connected bus interconnect network architecture is proposed. A mesh-connected bus [IEEE Trans. Comput. C-30, 264-273 (1981)] is known to have the capability of interconnecting, with a three-stage switching, N nodes with a power distribution loss proportional to √N and is therefore advantageous for networking a large number, say over 1000, of communicating ports. Based on conventional space-invariant optical components in a compact and efficient geometry, the proposed optical mesh-connected bus system concept can be used to build either free-space optical interconnect links for parallel processing applications or central switching systems for local or global lightwave communication networks. The proposed architecture lends itself to networking under both the wavelength-division multiple access and other multiple-access environments. In this paper, based on the wavelength-division multiple-access environment, various optical system implementation and performance issues are discused and parameters are analyzed. It was found that by use of a reasonably compact three-dimensional free-space volume, more than 100,000 dispersion-limited communication nodes at a uniform channel spacing of 0.75 nm can be linked with a moderate power distribution loss of 28 dB. Some preliminary optical wavelength-division multiple-access mesh-connected bus experiments based on a 27 × 27 panchromatic optical source array were performed to confirm the operational principle of the proposed concept.
Review of soil solution samplers (1988)

Soil interstitial waters are an extremely important facet of many environmental studies. The biogeochemical cycles of important nutrients, metal migration across the landscape, and pollutant movement to groundwater are highly affected by the water flow characteristics in soils and sediments. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the various soil solution sampling techniques. There is no single device that will perfectly sample soil solution in all conditions encountered in the field; hence a critical literature review on the different soil solution samplers is given. The differences among the various soil solution samplers and their relative advantages and limitations are discussed. The problems involved in using these samplers are assessed and plausible solutions are presented.
Structure–Activity Relationship for Thiirane-Based Gelatinase Inhibitors (2012)

An extensive structure-activity relationship study with the template of 2-(4-phenoxyphenylsulfonylmethyl)thiirane (1), a potent and highly selective inhibitor for human gelatinases, is reported herein. Syntheses of 65 new analogs, each in multistep processes, allowed for exploration of key structural components of the molecular template. This study reveals that the presence of the sulfonylmethylthiirane and the phenoxyphenyl group were important for gelatinase inhibition. However, para- and some meta-substitutions of the terminal phenyl ring enhanced inhibitory activity, and led to improve metabolic stability. This agrees with the result from metabolism studies with compound 1 that the primary route of biotransformation is oxidation, mainly at the para position of the phenyl ring and alpha position of the sulfonyl group in the aliphatic side chain.
A method for detecting faulty code violating implicit coding rules (2002)

In the field of legacy software maintenance, there unexpectedly arise a large number of implicit coding rules --- which are seldom written down in specification documents or design documents --- as software becomes more complicated than it used be. Since not all the members in a maintenance team realize each of implicit coding rules, a maintainer who is not aware of a rule often violates the rule while doing various maintenance activities such as adding new functionality and repairing faults. The problem here is not only such a violation causes injection of a new fault into software but also this violation will be repeated again and again in the future by different maintainers. Indeed, we found that 32.7% of faults of certain legacy software were due to such violations.This paper proposes a method for detecting code fragments that violate implicit coding rules. In the method, an expert maintainer firstly investigates the causes, situations, and code fragments of each fault described in bug reports; and, identifies implicit coding rules as much as possible. Then, code patterns violating the rules (which we call bug code patterns) are described in a pattern description language. Finally, potential faulty code fragments are extracted by a pattern matching technique.
Intermolecular oxidative cross-coupling of arenes (2009)

Biaryls constitute an important subunit found in medicinal agents, functional materials, and natural products. While the Suzuki reaction and related processes currently represent the method of choice for the construction of arene-arene bonds, the direct-coupling of two unfunctionalized arenes mediated by the addition of an oxidant represents a powerful alternative strategy for biaryl synthesis. This tutorial review describes recent progress in this rapidly developing field, focusing on intermolecular examples of selective arene oxidation strategies and metal-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling via C-H activation.