gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Corneal Fibroblasts as Sentinel Cells and Local Immune Modulators in Infectious Keratitis (2017)

The cornea serves as a barrier to protect the eye against external insults including microbial pathogens and antigens. Bacterial infection of the cornea often results in corneal melting and scarring that can lead to severe visual impairment. Not only live bacteria but also their components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria contribute to the development of inflammation and subsequent corneal damage in infectious keratitis. We describe the important role played by corneal stromal fibroblasts (activated keratocytes) as sentinel cells, immune modulators, and effector cells in infectious keratitis. Corneal fibroblasts sense bacterial infection through Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated detection of a complex of LPS with soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and LPS binding protein present in tear fluid. The cells then initiate innate immune responses including the expression of chemokines and adhesion molecules that promote the recruitment of inflammatory cells necessary for elimination of the infecting bacteria. Infiltrated neutrophils are activated by corneal stromal collagen and release mediators that stimulate the production of pro-matrix metalloproteinases by corneal fibroblasts. Elastase produced by <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (<i>P. aeruginosa</i>) activates these released metalloproteinases, resulting in the degradation of stromal collagen. The modulation of corneal fibroblast activation and of the interaction of these cells with inflammatory cells and bacteria is thus important to minimize corneal scarring during treatment of infectious keratitis. Pharmacological agents that are able to restrain such activities of corneal fibroblasts without allowing bacterial growth represent a potential novel treatment option for prevention of excessive scarring and tissue destruction in the cornea.
Collective Action by Public School Teachers (1964)

Discusses issues concerning the collective action by public school teachers in the United States. Legal and practical aspects of the action; Position of public school teachers as white-collar and professional employees; Examination of the problems posed by the emergence of teacher collective activity. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)
Regulation of myosin isoenzyme composition in fetal and neonatal rat ventricle by endogenous thyroid hormones. (1984)

The effect of thyroid hormone on the expression of ventricular isomyosins V1, V2, and V3 was studied in fetal and neonatal rats. Between 15 and 21 days gestation, V3 accounts for 80-90% of fetal ventricular myosin. After birth, there is a rapid transition from the fetal V3 isotype to an equal mixture of V1 and V3 at 3 days, and to 100% V1 at 3 weeks of age. The endogenous serum levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) increase from trace amounts in the fetus to adult levels at 2-3 weeks of age; this increase correlates with the maximal expression of V1 during the same period. Expression of the V1 isomyosin can be eliminated in the neonatal rat if endogenous thyroid hormone synthesis is suppressed by propylthiouracil (PTU) treatment. In the PTU-treated rats, V3 is the only isomyosin synthesized between 1 and 30 days of age. In fetal ventricle, the amount of V1 is also decreased but not completely eliminated by PTU treatment. Conversely, the relative amount of V1 can be increased in the fetal ventricle by increasing the fetal serum concentrations of T4 and T3 to adult physiological levels. In these fetal ventricles, V1 represents greater than 85% of the total myosin. Likewise, the expression and accumulation of V1 could be stimulated in ventricles of PTU-treated, 12-day-old rats by administration of pharmacological or physiological doses of T3. Within 4 to 8 h after an initial dose of T3, V1 accumulates to 5-10% of the ventricular myosin, and by 72 h comprises 60-80% of the myosin. These results indicate that endogenous thyroid hormone induces the synthesis of ventricular heavy chain alpha, which as a dimer forms the V1 isomyosin, or plays a permissive role for the continued synthesis of heavy chain alpha in ventricles of fetal and neonatal rats.
Implementing performance-based aid in Africa: the country policy and institutional assessment (2004)

Unlike most other donors, IDA bases its country envelopes on a formal performance assessment, the Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA). This paper takes the CPIA instrument as given. It outlines the process of estimating country ratings with special reference to the (Sub-Saharan) Africa Region, and addresses a number of questions concerning (a) how the CPIA compares with other ratings, (b) the relationship between the CPIA and country performance, and (c) the likely errors of CPIA-type ratings and their implications for disclosure and performance-based allocation of development assistance. CPIA estimates are broadly correlated with the rankings of a number of other indicators, including the Kaufmann, Kraay and Zoido-Lobaton (KKZ) governance indicators and the Heritage Foundation's Economic Freedom Indicator. The closest association is found with the similar, but independently estimated, performance index of the African Development Bank. Comparing African countries as a group with others, we found no evidence of an Africa bias, either positive or negative, relative to other indicators. CPIA ratings have been quite strongly associated with medium-run growth performance. In Africa, over 1996-2002, high-rated CPIA countries typically grew 3-4 percent per year more than lower-rated countries. Countries increasing their CPIA ratings over a sustained period tend to experience a growth boost and those seeing a large decline in ratings tend to see a growth slowdown. The results do not conclusively prove causality. However, country-level changes in CPIA ratings are not associated with recent growth, suggesting that the CPIA score is not simply a mirror of observed performance.
Field 24 amended in b/hAnalysis of mismatch sensitivity in a simulataneously latched CMOS sense amplifier (1992)

A new formula for the sensitivity of a vertically matched CMOS sense amplifier, of the type used in DRAMs, to threshold voltage mismatch, parasitic capacitance mismatch, transconductance mismatch, and bitline load capacitance mismatch is derived. The mathematical methods used in the derivation of the formula are described in detail. The formula yields insight on the DRAM sensing operation. The perturbation approach used is novel and rigorous and yields an explicit closed-form solution. The formula agrees well with simulations. It is inherently slightly conservative and thus appropriate for use in design.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Alternatives to Those Artificial FD&C Food Colorants (2012)

Replacement of artificial food dyes with natural colorants is a current marketing trend, notwithstanding the fact that neither the United States nor the European Union (EU) has defined natural with respect to food colors. Consumer groups have concerns over the safety of synthetic colorants, and in addition, many of the naturally derived colorants provide health benefits. Food scientists frequently have the assignment of replacing artificial colorants with natural alternatives. This can be challenging, as naturally derived colorants are usually less stable, and all desired hues might, in fact, not be obtainable. In this review, the chemical and physical properties, limitations, and more suitable applications for those colorants that are legally available as substitutes for the synthetic colorants are summarized. Issues and challenges for certain foods are discussed, and in addition, colorants that may be available in the future are briefly described.
Endometriosis (2007)

Endometriosis is a chronic condition characterised by growth of endometrial tissue in sites other than the uterine cavity, most commonly in the pelvic cavity, including the ovaries, the uterosacral ligaments, and pouch of Douglas (fig 1).⇓ Common symptoms include dysmenorrhoea, dyspareunia, non-cyclic pelvic pain, and subfertility (table 1).⇓ The clinical presentation is variable, with some women experiencing several severe symptoms and others having no symptoms at all. The prevalence in women without symptoms is 2-50%, depending on the diagnostic criteria used and the populations studied.1 The incidence is 40-60% in women with dysmenorrhoea and 20-30% in women with subfertility.w1-w3 The severity of symptoms and the probability of diagnosis increase with age.w4 The most common age of diagnosis is reported as around 40, although this figure came from a study in a cohort of women attending a family planning clinic.w5 Symptoms and laparoscopic appearance do not always correlate.2 The American Society for Reproductive Medicine has published a classification of severity of endometriosis at laparoscopy.w6 View this table: Table 1 Common presentations of endometriosis Fig 1 Mild pelvic endometriosis seen at the time of diagnostic laparoscopy. Arrows show typical endometriotic deposits (reproduced with permission from Dr D A Hill) #### Summary points ##### Medical treatment ##### Surgical treatment ##### Recurrences
Bi-directional labeled point matching (2010)

Robust point matching (RPM) simultaneously estimates correspondences and non-rigid warps between unstructured point-sets. While RPM is robust to outliers in the target (fixed) point-set, its performance degrades when the template (moving) point-set contains outliers. Additionally, RPM does not utilize information about the topological structure or group memberships of the data it is matching. Bi-directional Labeled Point Matching (BLPM) extends the RPM objective function by introducing (i) Bi-Directionality (BD) and (ii) a Label Entropy (LE) term. BD aids in outlier rejection in both point-sets and LE discourages mappings that transform points within a single group in one point-set onto points from multiple distinct groups in the other point-set. The resulting BLPM algorithm translates into simple modifications to the standard RPM update rules.
Regulation of somatic growth by the p160 coactivator p/CIP (2000)

A family of p160 coactivators was initially identified based on ligand-dependent interactions with nuclear receptors and thought to function, in part, by recruiting CREB-binding protein/p300 to several classes of transcription factors. One of the p160 factors, p/CIP/AIB1, often amplified and overexpressed in breast cancer, also exhibits particularly strong interaction with CREB-binding protein/p300. In this manuscript, we report that p/CIP, which exhibits regulated transfer from cytoplasm to nucleus, is required for normal somatic growth from embryonic day 13.5 through maturity. Our data suggest that a short stature phenotype of p/CIP gene-deleted mice reflect both altered regulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) gene expression in specific tissues and a cell-autonomous defect of response to IGF-1, including ineffective transcriptional activities by several classes of regulated transcription factors under specific conditions. The actions of p/CIP are therefore required for full expression of a subset of genes critical for regulating physiological patterns of somatic growth in mammals.
Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and kidney injury in children with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. (2012)

Urine NGAL in children with FSGS can be used as a marker of progression of kidney damage as expressed in its positive correlation with both declining in glomerular filtration rate and the level of proteinuria even in those with remission.
Search and Rest Unemployment (2011)

This paper develops a tractable version of the Lucas and Prescott (1974) search model. Each of a continuum of industries produces a heterogeneous good using a production technology that is continually hit by idiosyncratic shocks. In response to adverse shocks, some workers search for new industries while others are rest unemployed, waiting for their industry's condition to improve. We obtain closed-form expressions for key aggregate variables and use them to evaluate the model's quantitative predictions for unemployment and wages. Both search and rest unemployment are important for understanding the behavior of wages at the industry level.
Thermodynamic Properties of Duplex DNA in Microchannel Laminar Flow (2007)

Microreactor: Linear dichroism and UV-thermal measurements of duplex DNAs in a continuous-flow microchannel system are presented and the results compared to those from batchwise labscale systems. The observed shift in thermal stability is induced by the conformational change under shear stress (see figure). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2267/2007/z700152_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Gadget speak (2008)

Are we agreed on what we actually mean by 'green gadget'? Two DAB radio manufacturers have taken differing views on what 'eco' actually means.
Synthesis of 8-aryl-substituted 4-(5-chloropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine-2-yl)morpholines as intermediates of potential PI3K inhibitors via selective Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction (2009)

The selective Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of 4- (5-chloro-8-iodopyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-2yl)morpholine and 4- (8-bromo-5-chloropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)morpholine catalyzed by palladium has been studied during the preparation of 8-aryl-substituted 4- (5-chloropyrido[4,3d]pydimidin-2-yl)morpholines as key intermediates of potential PI3K inhibitors.This is the first report of the selective Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of fused π-deficient heterocycles containing a 2-chloro-5-halopyridine.The selectivity of the reaction is highly dependent on the nature of the palladium catalyst, solvent, base and temperature.Under optimized conditions, a variety of aryl boronic acids and even heteroaryl boronic acids were coupled in high yield and selectivity.
V.—The Fossil Flora of the Ingleton Coal-Field (Yorkshire) (1912)

The Upper Carboniferous rocks of the Ingleton Coal-field in North-West Yorkshire present a difficult study, and at the present time they are very imperfectly known. As mapped by the Geological Survey, there is apparently a perfect succession, passing up from the Yoredales, through the Millstone Grits, to the Lower and Middle Coal-measures. The coal-measures are in part overlain hy a series of red rocks, which have been assigned to the Permian, as in the case of other of the Midland Coal-fields. In the index of the Survey map of the north-eastern portion of the coal-field, the Deep Coal is taken as the top of the Lower, and the bottom of the Middle Coal-measures.
Professor Robert W. Taft (1994)

on the methanolysis of substituted 1-menthylbenzoates,
Variations in protein expression related to human eosinophil heterogeneity. (1989)

In hypereosinophilic patients, eosinophil heterogeneity has been assessed mainly according to morphologic and biologic criteria. In order to investigate the molecular basis of such heterogeneity, biochemical analysis was performed on various eosinophil subpopulations fractionated on metrizamide gradients. Whole cell extracts from purified eosinophils disrupted with a nonionic (NP-40) detergent were successively analyzed by SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional electrophoresis (isoelectric focusing or nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis in the first dimension). Hypodense eosinophils that sediment in the lightest density gradients (18 to 22% metrizamide solution) differed from other purified eosinophils (intermediate and normodense eosinophils respectively collected in 22 to 23% and 23 to 25% metrizamide solutions). Comparative analysis of protein patterns on both monodimensional and bidimensional electrophoresis showed that a basic protein of Mr 51 kDa, present on normodense or intermediate eosinophils, was poorly detected in the case of hypodense eosinophils. In contrast, two other proteins with apparent Mr of about 23 kDa and 41 kDa were exclusively or predominantly identified in these latter cell fractions. Immunochemical analysis with polyclonal antibodies against eosinophil basic proteins and enzymatic assays revealed that the 51-kDa polypeptide could be related to an eosinophil peroxidase-like molecule. In addition, the two proteins detected only in hypodense eosinophils might be related to proteins newly synthesized by in vivo activated eosinophils. Our results suggest that variations in protein expression might represent a good marker of in vivo activation.
Rapid world modelling from a mobile platform (2002)

The ability to successfully use and interact with a computerized world model is dependent on the ability to create an accurate world model. The goal of this project was to develop a prototype system to remotely deploy sensors into a workspace, collect surface information, and rapidly build an accurate world model of that workspace. A key consideration was that the workspace areas are typically hazardous environments, where it is difficult or impossible for humans to enter. Therefore, the system needed to be fully remote, with no external connections. To accomplish this goal, an electric, mobile platform with battery power sufficient for both the platform and sensor electronics was procured and 3D range sensors were deployed on the platform to capture surface data within the workspace. A radio Ethernet connection was used to provide communications to the vehicle and all on-board electronics. Video from on-board cameras was also transmitted to the base station and used to teleoperate the vehicle. Range data generated by the on-board 3D sensors was transformed into surface maps, or models. Registering the sensor location to a consistent reference frame as the platform moved through the workspace allowed construction of a detailed 3D world model of the extended workspace.
Efficient Directional Coupling between Silicon and Copper Plasmonic Nanoslot Waveguides: toward Metal−Oxide−Silicon Nanophotonics (2010)

Coupling plasmonics and silicon photonics is the best way to bridge the size gap between macroscopic optics and nanodevices in general and especially nanoelectronic devices. We report on the realization of key blocks for future plasmonic planar integrated optics, nano-optical couplers, and nanoslot waveguides that are compatible both with the silicon photonics and the CMOS microelectronics. Copper-based devices provide for very efficient optical coupling, unexpectedly low propagation losses and a broadband sub-50 nm optical confinement. The fabrication in a standard frontline microelectronic facilities hints broad possibilities of hybrid opto-electronic very large scale integration.
Invivo Somatic Mutations In Humans: Measurement And Analysis (1990)

We have made rapid progress in recent years in identifying the genetic causes of many human diseases. However, despite this recent progress, our mechanistic understanding of these diseases is often incomplete. This is a problem because it limits our ...Read More
Transformed Cladding Waveguides: Confining Light with All-Dielectric Metamaterials (2013)

Contrary to popular assumption, we show that all-dielectric metamaterials ε >1, μ =1 can be used to strongly confine light. This leads to a new class of lossless waveguides capable of dense photonic integration.
Hierarchical cross-training in work-in-process-constrained systems (2006)

Abstract We study Work-In-Process (WIP)-constrained flowlines staffed by partially cross-trained workers with hierarchical skill sets. We characterize the optimal worker-to-task assignment policy for CONWIP systems with two workers and general stochastic processing times. This leads us to the "fixed-before-shared" principle, which states that a flexible worker should process a task he/she is uniquely qualified for before helping other workers with shared tasks. To provide insights on the performance opportunity of hierarchical cross-training in systems with limited WIP, we provide a complete characterization of the optimal policy and closed-form expressions of the resulting throughput for the case of exponential processing times. We extend our results to the more general case of floater workers, and illustrate their applicability to various real-world systems. Our analysis shows that hierarchical cross-training can provide significant benefits, but should be implemented with care in WIP-constrained environments such as those making use of pull systems. Keywords: Workforce agilityhierarchical cross-trainingworksharing Acknowledgements This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grants no. DMI-9322930, and DMI-9732868 to Northwestern University and DMI-0099821 to Loyola University Chicago. The authors thank American Steel Foundries, Bell + Howell Corp. (UMI), John Deere Co., R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co., Ruud Lighting Corp., Yehuda Bassok and those unnamed who assisted with this project.
Water‐soluble acrylamide copolymers. VIII. Preparation and characterization of polyacrylamide‐<i>co</i>‐<i>N</i>‐<i>t</i>‐butylacrylamide (2001)

Abstract The preparation of a series of copolymers of N ‐ t ‐butylacrylamide (NTBAM) with acrylamide (AM) is reported. The insolubility of NTBAM in water led to the testing of methanol, t ‐butanol, and mixtures of these solvents with water to obtain effective copolymerization. Several of these polymerizations produced nonhomogeneous product mixtures. Samples of the components were separated and characterized by photoacoustic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. Hydrodynamic volumes of the products were obtained from solution‐viscosity measurements, gel permeation chromatography, and multi‐angle laser light scattering methods. The NTBAM‐ co ‐AM copolymers had degrees of polymerization and molecular weights in the 4.1–5.9 × 10 4 monomer units and 3.25–4.5 × 10 6 g/mol range, respectively. They contained from 15 to 36 mol % NTBAM. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 1960–1977, 2001
Continuous diradical as transition state. Internal rotational preference in the thermal enantiomerization and diastereoisomerization of cis- and trans-1-cyano-2-isopropenylcyclopropane (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTContinuous diradical as transition state. Internal rotational preference in the thermal enantiomerization and diastereoisomerization of cis- and trans-1-cyano-2-isopropenylcyclopropaneW. von E. Doering and Krishna SachdevCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 4, 1168–1187Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00811a034https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00811a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views281Altmetric-Citations91LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts