gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transformations on the FSMD of the RTL code with combinational logic statements for equivalence checking of HLS (2015)

This paper proposes a transformation on FSMDs, after the high-level synthesis scheduling task, for formal verification of sequential circuits. In previous works, the equivalence checking between an algorithm description and a behavioral RTL, obtained after scheduling, is performed comparing state sequences of the corresponding FSMD models. Several techniques have used segments of state sequences, also known as paths, while others have used deep sequences that carry out complete computations. In both cases, conditional states generate multi sequences. However, none of them have considered that path based scheduling can produce behavioral RTL code with combinational logic composed of conditional and arithmetic operation statements in different variable dependency configurations. In these cases, the conditional statements and their branches may be associated to the same RTL FSMD state transition, causing false negative results of the equivalence checking of state sequences. In this paper, a transformation of the behavioral RTL FSMD model is proposed, in which every conditional statement produce multi sequences of states, being based on variable dependency. Obtained results show that our method is effective for the subsequent application of known equivalence checking schemes.
Fructan biosynthesis in excised leaves of <i>Lolium temulentum</i> L. (1988)

SUMMARY Fructan oligosaccharides with degree of polymerization of 3–12 extracted from leaves of Lolium temulemtum L. were analyzed by normal‐phase thin‐layer chromatography. The pattern of oligosaccharides was more complex than that observed in tubers of Helianthus tuberosus L. and stem internodes of Hordeum vulgare L., indicating that fructans of multiple linkage types were present in this tissue. On the basis of co‐chromatography with known standards and constituent hexose analysis, two trisaccharides, neokestose (6‐G fructosyl sucrose) and isokestose (1‐F fructosyl sucrose) were found to accumulate to high concentrations. A third trisaccharide, thought to be kestose (6‐F fructosyl sucrose) was present at much lower tissue concentrations. An abundant tetrasaccharide with a chromatographic mobility similar to that of nystose (1‐F difructosyl sucrose) also accumulated. When carbohydrate‐depleted leaves were excised and continuously illuminated, total water‐soluble carbohydrate accumulation was linear with respect to time at a rate of 1–8 mg g ‐1 fresh mass over a 30 h period. In the first 6h sucrose accumulated to lOmgg1, at which time fructan biosynthesis was detected. Isokestose appeared first, followed by neokestose and subsequently kestose and longer oligo‐ and polyfructosides. Changes in the concentrations of these compounds, and their radioactivity following feeding of 14 CO 2 , was consistent with precursor‐product relationships between sucrose and trisaccharides, and between trisaccharides and oligo‐ and polyfructans.
Effects of bipyridylium compounds on calcium release from triadic vesicles isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle (1994)

The effects of 1,1′‐diheptyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium dibromide (DHBP), a viologen for electrochromic memory display agent, on calcium release and ryanodine binding were studied with triad‐rich sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle. DHBP inhibited the calcium release induced by 2 mM caffeine and 2 μg ml −1 polylysine with an IC 50 value of 5 μg ml −1 and 4 μg ml −1 respectively. DHBP inhibited [ 3 H]‐ryanodine binding in a dose‐dependent manner with an IC 50 of 2.5 μg ml −1 and 90–100% inhibition at 20–30 μg ml −1 . Calcium uptake by SR was inhibited in the presence of caffeine and this inhibition was antagonized by concomitant addition of DHBP. The effect of DHBP on muscle twitches was studied on the mouse diaphragm. Muscle twitches elicited by direct electrical muscle stimulation and contractions induced by either 10 mM caffeine or 1 μ m ryanodine were blocked by pretreatment with DHBP. Data from this study provided evidence that DHBP blocked the calcium release from SR by direct interaction with the calcium release channel, also known as the ryanodine receptor. A possible use of this agent as a specific inhibitor for calcium release and as a muscle relaxant was suggested.
Measurement of Engine Air Cleaner Efficiency Using Airborne Particle Size Analysis (1983)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Dust loading and efficiency characteristics are discussed for a typical heavy duty diesel engine intake air cleaner. The effects of particle size and dust loading on efficiency are described with illustrative data for a typical system. Instrumentation and measurement techniques are explained.</div>
Glucoamylase I of Black Aspergillus (1982)

Glucoamylase I of black Aspergillus was purified by (NH,),SO, precipitation, ethanol fractionation, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, preparative isoelectric focusing and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. The enzyme thus purified was found to contain no cr-amylase and appeared to be homogeneous in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric point of glucoamylase I was at pH 3.4.
Dally regulates Dpp morphogen gradient formation in the<i>Drosophila</i>wing (2003)

Decapentaplegic (Dpp), a Drosophila TGF beta/bone morphogenetic protein homolog, functions as a morphogen to specify cell fate along the anteroposterior axis of the wing. Dpp is a heparin-binding protein and Dpp signal transduction is potentiated by Dally, a cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan, during assembly of several adult tissues. However, the molecular mechanism by which the Dpp morphogen gradient is established and maintained is poorly understood. We show evidence that Dally regulates both cellular responses to Dpp and the distribution of Dpp morphogen in tissues. In the developing wing, dally expression in the wing disc is controlled by the same molecular pathways that regulate expression of thick veins, which encodes a Dpp type I receptor. Elevated levels of Dally increase the sensitivity of cells to Dpp in a cell autonomous fashion. In addition, dally affects the shape of the Dpp ligand gradient as well as its activity gradient. We propose that Dally serves as a co-receptor for Dpp and contributes to shaping the Dpp morphogen gradient.
426. The preparation of a stable aluminium dodecanoate (laurate) with no gelling properties in hydrocarbons (1950)

J. Glazer, T. S. McRoberts and J. H. Schulman, J. Chem. Soc., 1950, 2082 DOI: 10.1039/JR9500002082
OPTICAL INTERCONVERSION OF ENANTIOMERIC SECONDARY ALCOHOLS USING 2-FLUOROBENZOTHIAZOLIUM SALT (1976)

Abstract A convenient method for optical interconversion of enantiomeric secondary alcohols was established according to the following procedures: treatment of optically active 2-alkyloxybenzothiazolium salt , formed in situ from 2-fluoro salt I and optically active secondary alcohols, with trichloroacetic acid to give the corresponding esters with inversion of configuration, and facile hydrolysis of the esters to alcohols with retention.
Ultralow Thermal Sensitivity of Phase and Propagation Delay in Hollow-Core Fibres (2017)

Propagation time through standard optical fibres changes with temperature at a rate of 40ps/km/K. This change is significantly lower in Hollow Core Fibres, where we reported 2ps/km/K. Recently we showed this sensitivity can be completely eliminated.
Characterization of a C3 receptor on the envelope of <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>. (1993)

The surface of the syncytial epithelium of the human parasite, Schistosoma mansoni, consists of an apical plasma membrane (APM) and an overlying envelope (En). The rapid turnover of these membranes is an adaptation to parasitism and is influenced by ambient signals emanating from the host's immune system. The third component of complement (C3) has been shown to stimulate the synthesis of the En via a C3-binding protein (C3bp) and a Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction mechanism. Using ELISA the C3bp was found to be restricted to the En. In addition, cross-linking of iodinated C3 to En proteins with the homobifunctional noncleavable disuccinimidyl suberate reagent yielded a receptor-C3 complex in excess of 250 kDa, and SDS-PAGE analysis of solubilized En proteins that were radiolabeled and chromatographed on C3-Sepharose revealed a 130-kDa protein that specifically bound to the C3 beads. In further experiments, using a photoactivatable radiolabeled cross-linker, the Denny-Jaffe reagent, C3 transferred the radiolabel to a 130-kDa En protein. Metabolic labeling experiments have demonstrated that this C3bp is synthesized by the parasite and, more importantly, antibodies raised against the C3bp blocked En synthesis in vivo. Also, the surface localization of the C3bp was demonstrated using immunolabeling electron microscopy. The data presented herein strongly suggest that the 130-kDa schistosome En protein is a C3bp responsible for renewal of the En in response to C3 binding.
<i>In vivo</i> glyco‐engineered antibody with improved lytic potential produced by an innovative non‐mammalian expression system (2007)

Recent studies have demonstrated that the reduction of the core fucosylation on N-glycans of human IgGs is responsible for a clearly enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This finding might give access to improved active therapeutic antibodies. Here, the expression of the tumor antigen-specific antibody IGN311 was performed in a glyco-optimized strain of the moss Physcomitrella patens. Removal of plant specific N-glycan structures in this plant expression host was achieved by targeted knockout of corresponding genes and included quantitative elimination of core fucosylation. Antibodies transiently expressed and secreted by such genetically modified moss protoplasts assembled correctly, showed an unaltered antigen-binding affinity and, in extensive tests, revealed an up to 40-fold enhanced ADCC. Thus, the glyco-engineered moss-based transient expression platform combines a rapid technology with the subsequent analysis of glycooptimized therapeutics with regard to advanced properties.
Sonic hedgehog Promotes G <sub>1</sub> Cyclin Expression and Sustained Cell Cycle Progression in Mammalian Neuronal Precursors (2000)

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signal transduction via the G-protein-coupled receptor, Smoothened, is required for proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron precursors (CGNPs) during development. Activating mutations in the Hedgehog pathway are also implicated in basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma, a tumor of the cerebellum in humans. However, Shh signaling interactions with cell cycle regulatory components in neural precursors are poorly understood, in part because appropriate immortalized cell lines are not available. We have utilized primary cultures from neonatal mouse cerebella in order to determine (i) whether Shh initiates or maintains cell cycle progression in CGNPs, (ii) if G(1) regulation by Shh resembles that of classical mitogens, and (iii) whether individual D-type cyclins are essential components of Shh proliferative signaling in CGNPs. Our results indicate that Shh can drive continued cycling in immature, proliferating CGNPs. Shh treatment resulted in sustained activity of the G(1) cyclin-Rb axis by regulating levels of cyclinD1, cyclinD2, and cyclinE mRNA transcripts and proteins. Analysis of CGNPs from cyclinD1(-/-) or cyclinD2(-/-) mice demonstrates that the Shh proliferative pathway does not require unique functions of cyclinD1 or cyclinD2 and that D-type cyclins overlap functionally in this regard. In contrast to many known mitogenic pathways, we show that Shh proliferative signaling is mitogen-activated protein kinase independent. Furthermore, protein synthesis is required for early effects on cyclin gene expression. Together, our results suggest that Shh proliferative signaling promotes synthesis of regulatory factor intermediates that upregulate or maintain cyclin gene expression and activity of the G(1) cyclin-Rb axis in proliferating granule neuron precursors.
Improvement of HEVC inter-coding mode using multiple transforms (2017)

Multiple transforms have received considerable attention recently, especially in the course of an exploration conducted by MPEG and ITU toward the standardization of the next generation video compression algorithm. This joint team has developed a software, called the Joint Exploration Model (JEM) which outperforms by over 25% the HEVC standard. The transform step in JEM consists in Adaptive Multiple Transforms (AMT) and Non-Separable Secondary Transforms (NSST) which are designed and adapted to the intra-coding modes. In inter-coding, only the AMT is allowed and it is restricted to a single set of five transforms. In this paper, adaptive transforms schemes suitable for inter-predicted residuals are designed and proposed to improve the coding efficiency. Two configurations are evaluated for the proposed designs, providing an average bitrate saving of roughly 1% over HEVC with unchanged decoding time.
Bent valence excited states of CO2 (1992)

The conical intersection regions on the potential energy functions of the valence excited 1,3Σu−, 1,3Δu, 3Σu+, and 1,3Πg states of CO2 have been investigated by ab initio calculations. Using large scale multireference configuration interaction the ordering of the lowest valence excited states of CO2 has been calculated to be 3B2, 3A2, 1A2 followed by 1B2. All these states have bent equilibrium structures and lie energetically below their dissociation asymptotes. The near equilibrium parts of the potential energy functions have been mapped in three dimensions by multiconfiguration self-consistent field calculations. The 1,3B2 and 1,3A2 states differ in their equilibrium angles (118° and 127°, respectively), and have much longer equilibrium distances (around 1.26 Å) than the electronic ground state. Anomalously low values of ca. 800 cm−1 have been calculated for the wave number of the antisymmetric stretching vibrations of the 1A2, 3B2, and 1B2 states. The crossings between the bent valence excited states in the geometry region 90°≤αOCO≤150° and 1.1 Å≤RCO≤1.4 Å have been located.
Comparison of six different calprotectin assays for the assessment of inflammatory bowel disease (2014)

All calprotectin assays showed comparable clinical performance for diagnosis of IBD. For follow up, performance was acceptable, except for mild Crohn's disease. Because of the large quantitative differences, further efforts are needed to standardize calprotectin assays.
MicroRNA Expression in Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue (2009)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, that play important regulatory roles in a variety of biological processes, including development, differentiation, apoptosis, and metabolism. In mammals, miRNAs have been shown to modulate adipocyte differentiation. Therefore, we performed a global miRNA gene expression assay in different fat depots of overweight and obese individuals to investigate whether miRNA expression in human adipose tissue is fat-depot specific and associated with parameters of obesity and glucose metabolism. Paired samples of abdominal subcutaneous (SC) and intraabdominal omental adipose tissue were obtained from fifteen individuals with either normal glucose tolerance (NGT, n = 9) or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D, n = 6). Expression of 155 miRNAs was carried out using the TaqMan(R)MicroRNA Assays Human Panel Early Access Kit (Applied Biosystems, Darmstadt, Germany). We identified expression of 106 (68%) miRNAs in human omental and SC adipose tissue. There was no miRNA exclusively expressed in either fat depot, suggesting common developmental origin of both fat depots. Sixteen miRNAs (4 in NGT, 12 in T2D group) showed a significant fat depot specific expression pattern. We identified significant correlations between the expression of miRNA-17-5p, -132, -99a, -134, 181a, -145, -197 and both adipose tissue morphology and key metabolic parameters, including visceral fat area, HbA(1c), fasting plasma glucose, and circulating leptin, adiponectin, interleukin-6. In conclusion, microRNA expression differences may contribute to intrinsic differences between omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue. In addition, human adipose tissue miRNA expression correlates with adipocyte phenotype, parameters of obesity and glucose metabolism.
Syntheses of Highly Substituted Enantiopure C<sub>6</sub>‐ and C<sub>7</sub>‐Enones. (2003)

Enantiopure epoxyvinyl sulfones <b><i>SS</i></b><b>-9a</b>, <b><i>SS</i></b><b>-9b</b>, produced from Jacobsen epoxidation of\n2-phenylsulfonyl 1,3-cyclohexa- and cycloheptadiene, are used as a template for the construction of\nsubstituted cycloalkenones and as chiral synthetic equivalents of enones<b> a </b>and<b> b</b>. The addition of carbon\nnucleophiles to <b><i>SS</i></b><b>-9a</b>, <b><i>SS</i></b><b>-9b</b> is high yielding and stereospecific. Enantiopure α,β- and γ-substituted\ncycloalkenones are easily constructed using a variety of methods.
Chemokines and chemokine receptors in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (2000)

In recent years we have seen growing evidence for the role of chemokines in the pathogenesis of several infectious and non-infectious inflammatory CNS disease states, including Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). An increase in proinflammatory chemokines has been associated with demyelinating lesions and clinical neurological dysfunction in patients with MS; these chemokines could be potential targets for MS therapy. Besides a clearly defined role in mediating leukocyte migration, these and other chemokines may act as immunoregulatory molecules in the driving to Th1/Th2 responses, switch of cytokine profiles, and the induction of tolerance. Since chemokine receptors have now been identified on macrophages, microglia, astrocytes, and endothelial cells as well as neurons in the CNS, chemokine/receptor interactions may mediate functional responses in a variety of CNS cell types during the course of inflammatory disease states. Therefore, clarification of the roles of chemokines and their receptors in the pathogenesis of EAE and MS will be useful in establishing immunotherapeutic strategies for these neurological autoimmune disorders.
Correction properties of electron mirrors (1997)

Electron mirrors are capable of correcting the primary spherical and chromatic aberration of rotationally symmetric lenses. The resolution of corrected systems is limited by the higher-order axial aberrations which are determined by means of a time-dependent perturbation procedure. This formalism allows one to calculate the geometric aberrations of a rotationally symmetric electromagnetic electron mirror up to arbitrary order. Relativisric effects are taken into account. The symmetry in time with respect to the turning point is utilized to reduce the number of numerical integrations. In addition analytical formulae are given for the coefficients of the spherical and the axial chromatic aberration. The correction properties are illustrated by means of two realistic examples.
Design, Construction, and Modeling of a<sup>252</sup>Cf Neutron Irradiator (2016)

Neutron production methods are an integral part of research and analysis for an array of applications. This paper examines methods of neutron production, and the advantages of constructing a radioisotopic neutron irradiator assembly using 252 Cf. Characteristic neutron behavior and cost-benefit comparative analysis between alternative modes of neutron production are also examined. The irradiator is described from initial conception to the finished design. MCNP modeling shows a total neutron flux of 3 × 10 5 n/(cm 2 ·s) in the irradiation chamber for a 25 μ g source. Measurements of the gamma-ray and neutron dose rates near the external surface of the irradiator assembly are 120 μ Gy/h and 30 μ Sv/h, respectively, during irradiation. At completion of the project, total material, and labor costs remained below $50,000.
Bregmanized Nonlocal Regularization for Deconvolution and Sparse Reconstruction (2010)

Bregman methods introduced in [S. Osher, M. Burger, D. Goldfarb, J. Xu, and W. Yin, Multiscale Model. Simul., 4 (2005), pp. 460–489] to image processing are demonstrated to be an efficient optimization method for solving sparse reconstruction with convex functionals, such as the $\ell^1$ norm and total variation [W. Yin, S. Osher, D. Goldfarb, and J. Darbon, SIAM J. Imaging Sci., 1 (2008), pp. 143–168; T. Goldstein and S. Osher, SIAM J. Imaging Sci., 2 (2009), pp. 323–343]. In particular, the efficiency of this method relies on the performance of inner solvers for the resulting subproblems. In this paper, we propose a general algorithm framework for inverse problem regularization with a single forward-backward operator splitting step [P. L. Combettes and V. R. Wajs, Multiscale Model. Simul., 4 (2005), pp. 1168–1200], which is used to solve the subproblems of the Bregman iteration. We prove that the proposed algorithm, namely, Bregmanized operator splitting (BOS), converges without fully solving the subproblems. Furthermore, we apply the BOS algorithm and a preconditioned one for solving inverse problems with nonlocal functionals. Our numerical results on deconvolution and compressive sensing illustrate the performance of nonlocal total variation regularization under the proposed algorithm framework, compared to other regularization techniques such as the standard total variation method and the wavelet-based regularization method.
Cellular Hypoxia Promotes Heterotopic Ossification by Amplifying BMP Signaling (2016)

Hypoxia and inflammation are implicated in the episodic induction of heterotopic endochondral ossification (HEO); however, the molecular mechanisms are unknown. HIF-1α integrates the cellular response to both hypoxia and inflammation and is a prime candidate for regulating HEO. We investigated the role of hypoxia and HIF-1α in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), the most catastrophic form of HEO in humans. We found that HIF-1α increases the intensity and duration of canonical bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling through Rabaptin 5 (RABEP1)-mediated retention of Activin A receptor, type I (ACVR1), a BMP receptor, in the endosomal compartment of hypoxic connective tissue progenitor cells from patients with FOP. We further show that early inflammatory FOP lesions in humans and in a mouse model are markedly hypoxic, and inhibition of HIF-1α by genetic or pharmacologic means restores canonical BMP signaling to normoxic levels in human FOP cells and profoundly reduces HEO in a constitutively active Acvr1(Q207D/+) mouse model of FOP. Thus, an inflammation and cellular oxygen-sensing mechanism that modulates intracellular retention of a mutant BMP receptor determines, in part, its pathologic activity in FOP. Our study provides critical insight into a previously unrecognized role of HIF-1α in the hypoxic amplification of BMP signaling and in the episodic induction of HEO in FOP and further identifies HIF-1α as a therapeutic target for FOP and perhaps nongenetic forms of HEO. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Design of In-Vehicle Comprehensive Acquisition System on Freeway Condition under Adverse Weather (2008)

Real-time information of the whole road can be acquired by in-vehicle road condition acquisition technology, which used to ensure the freeway safety under adverse weather. The influencing factors and evaluation parameters of the road condition under the adverse weather were analyzed, and functions of the in-vehicle road information acquisition system were decided. On the basis of those, the road detection system was designed, which was composed of road visibility detecting subsystem, road temperature and humidity detecting subsystem, pavement condition recognition subsystem, pavement micro-topography detecting subsystem, road data location subsystem, and information wireless transmission subsystem. This system also included measuring vehicle and power supply. In this system, some key technologies were analyzed. Lastly, the future research work was looked forward.