gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Serotonin as a Feedback Inhibitor of Lactation in the Bovine (2008)

Serotonin (5-HT), a neurotransmitter synthesized from tryptophan, has been proposed as a feedback inhibitor of lactation. We determined that the gene coding for tryptophan hydroxylase 1, the rate-limiting enzyme for 5-HT synthesis, is expressed in bovine mammary epithelial cells in vitro and is upregulated by prolactin. In addition, 5-HT reduced the expression of alpha-lactalbu-min and casein genes in vitro. Furthermore, inhibiting 5-HT synthesis with p-chlorophenylalanine or blocking the 5-HT receptor with methysergide (METH) increased milk protein gene expression. We then evaluated effects of intramammary 5-HT or METH infusion on production and milk composition in 6 multiparous Holstein cows. Cows were assigned to a repeated measures design of contralateral intramammary infusions of METH (20 mg/quarter per d) or saline for 3 d followed by a 7-d washout period before administering 5-HT (50 mg/quarter/d) or SAL for 3 d. For each udder half, milk yield was recorded twice and composition was determined once per day. Blood samples were harvested each day for plasma to determine glucose and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations. Evaporative heat loss, respiration rate, left and right udder temperatures, and rectal temperatures were obtained after each milking to evaluate possible systemic effects of infusions. During METH and saline infusions milk yield increased 10.9%. During 5-HT and saline infusion milk yield decreased 11.1%. Milk yield and physiological responses suggested intramammary 5-HT and METH doses were high enough to cause systemic effects. Infusing saline, METH, and 5-HT increased milk SCC. Infusing 5-HT tended to reduce mean lactose concentration (4.3 vs. 4.6%) relative to saline. Milk protein content was decreased by METH and SAL (2.0%) and was increased (5.8%) by 5-HT followed by a 33% decrease postinfusion. Infusion of METH increased evaporative heat loss 11%, which decreased 11% postinfusion. Infusions of 5-HT or METH did not affect plasma nonesterified fatty acid or glucose concentrations, respiration rate, or milk fat content. We conclude 5-HT infusion reduced milk synthesis, whereas blocking the 5-HT receptor with METH increased milk synthesis. Doses of 5-HT and METH used in this study likely resulted in systemic effects. These data support the concept that 5-HT is a feedback inhibitor of lactation in the bovine.
Distribution Strategies that Minimize Transportation and Inventory Costs (1985)

This paper develops an analytic method for minimizing the cost of distributing freight by truck from a supplier to many customers. It derives formulas for transportation and inventory costs, and determines the optimal trade-off between these costs. The paper analyzes and compares two distribution strategies: direct shipping (i.e., shipping separate loads to each customer) and peddling (i.e., dispatching trucks that deliver items to more than one customer per load). The cost trade-off in each strategy depends on shipment size. Our results indicate that, for direct shipping, the optimal shipment size is given by the economic order quantity (EOQ) model, while for peddling, the optimal shipment size is a full truck. The peddling cost trade-off also depends on the number of customers included on a peddling route. This trade-off is evaluated analytically and graphically. The focus of this paper is on an analytic approach to solving distribution problems. Explicit formulas are obtained in terms of a few easily measurable parameters. These formulas require the spatial density of customers, rather than the precise locations of every customer. This approach simplifies distribution problems substantially while providing sufficient accuracy for practical applications. It allows cost trade-offs to be evaluated quickly using a hand calculator, avoiding the need for computer algorithms and mathematical programming techniques. It also facilitates sensitivity analyses that indicate how parameter value changes affect costs and operating strategies.
Relative Pose Estimation Algorithm with Gyroscope Sensor (2016)

This paper proposes a novel vision and inertial fusion algorithm S 2 fM (Simplified Structure from Motion) for camera relative pose estimation. Different from current existing algorithms, our algorithm estimates rotation parameter and translation parameter separately. S 2 fM employs gyroscopes to estimate camera rotation parameter, which is later fused with the image data to estimate camera translation parameter. Our contributions are in two aspects. (1) Under the circumstance that no inertial sensor can estimate accurately enough translation parameter, we propose a translation estimation algorithm by fusing gyroscope sensor and image data. (2) Our S 2 fM algorithm is efficient and suitable for smart devices. Experimental results validate efficiency of the proposed S 2 fM algorithm.
Production of Chlorine (1981)

Chlorine and its coproduct, sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), are significant factors in the world economy. They are indispensable intermediates for the chemical industry, and also possess important uses in a variety of other industries. Chlorine is second to aluminum as a consumer of electricity among the electrolytic processes. Direct current (dc) power for chlorine cells accounts for nearly 2% of all electric power generated in the United States.(1)
Term Validation for Vocabulary Construction and Key Term Extraction (2011)

A 3D shape measurement method in the presence of strong interreflections is presented. Traditional optical 3D shape measurement methods such as fringe projection profilometry (FPP) cannot measure regions that contain strong interreflections, which result in 3D shape measurement failure. In the proposed method, epipolar imaging with speckle patterns is utilized to eliminate the effects of interreflections and obtain the initial 3D shape measurement result. Regional fringe projection based on the initial measurement result is further applied to achieve high-accuracy measurement. Experimental results show that the proposed method can measure the regions that contain strong interreflections at a high accuracy.
The impact of COVID-19 on the WHO FCTC, cessation, andtobacco policy (2020)

'In the absence of the COVID-19 pandemic, many people in tobacco control worldwide would have been at the Hague, Netherlands, from 9-14 November for the 9th Conference of the Parties (COP9) of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC), advocating for even stronger policies against the tobacco epidemic. The COP has been postponed to 2021, but the pandemic did not stop the global civil society from "virtually" gathering to talk about the WHO FCTC, where it is and where it is going.'
Benzindene prostaglandins. Synthesis of optically pure 15-deoxy-U-68,215 and its enantiomer via a modified intramolecular Wadsworth-Emmons-Wittig reaction (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBenzindene prostaglandins. Synthesis of optically pure 15-deoxy-U-68,215 and its enantiomer via a modified intramolecular Wadsworth-Emmons-Wittig reactionChiu Hong Lin, Paul A. Aristoff, Paul D. Johnson, James P. McGrath, Joseph M. Timko, and Andre RobertCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 25, 5594–5601Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00234a016https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00234a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views661Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Protein expression profiles of non-small cell lung carcinomas: correlation with histological subtype. (2002)

Of the four major subtypes of lung cancer, three subtypes, namely squamous cell lung carcinomas, adenocarcinomas and large cell carcinomas are usually combined within the larger group of non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). However, the heterogeneity that exists within any given tumor has also been clearly demonstrated. In order to study whether or not the protein expression profile is different in the histological subtypes of NSCLC, the expression of several parameters including proto-oncogene and suppressor gene products, proliferative, apoptotic, angiogenic and resistance factors was evaluated immunohistochemically in 139 NSCLC (45 adenocarcinomas and 94 squamous cell lung carcinomas). In both histological subtypes the percentage of positively-stained parameters was determined. The expression of the proteins ERBB2, JUN, RAS and tissue factor was significantly higher in adenocarcinomas compared to squamous cell lung carcinomas. In contrast, all resistance proteins analyzed were more frequently expressed in squamous cell lung carcinomas in comparison to adenocarcinomas, though only GST-pi reached statistical significance. Apoptotic factors and angiogenic factors were higher in adenocarcinomas, but these differences did not reach statistical significance. In conclusion, the protein expression profiles of adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas differ from each other. Squamous cell lung carcinomas in comparison to adenocarcinomas are characterized by a down-regulation of some oncogenes and an up-regulation of several resistance factors. These findings could explain the different biological behaviour and treatment response of these tumours.
Attenuating cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. (2000)

Patients with type 2 diabetes (formerly known as non-insulin-resistant diabetes) have a significantly increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Once clinical cardiovascular disease develops, these patients have a poorer prognosis than normoglycemic patients. By inducing endothelial changes, hyperglycemia contributes directly to atherosclerosis. Type 2 diabetes is also associated with atherogenic dyslipidemias. This form of diabetes, or the precursor state of insulin resistance, commonly occurs as a metabolic syndrome (formerly known as syndrome X) consisting of hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidemia and a procoagulant state, in addition to the disorder of glucose metabolism. All cardiovascular risk factors except smoking are more prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes. In addition to exercise, weight control, aspirin therapy and blood pressure control, therapy to modify lipid profiles is usually necessary. The choice of agent or combination of statin, bile acid sequestrant, fibric acid derivative and nicotinic acid depends on the lipid profile and characteristics of the individual patient.
Very narrow graded-barrier single quantum well lasers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (1982)

Graded-barrier GaAs-GaAlAs single quantum well lasers have been fabricated, utilizing the graded-index separate confinement heterostructure to confine carriers and optical field. Very low threshold current densities have been observed down to a well size of 75 Å. The lowest threshold current density observed is 240 A/cm2 for a 100-Å heavily doped quantum well laser. This experimental value agrees very well with the calculated threshold current density obtained from detailed band calculation and is attributed to the enhanced gain-current characteristic in these quantum well structures.
Thickness dependence of the total magnetic moment per atom in the Cu/Ni/Cu/Si(001) system (1997)

Systematic measurements of the magnetic moment per Ni atom in Cu/Ni/Cu/Si(001) structures have been made using polarized neutron reflection (PNR) for Ni thicknesses in the range 30 \AA{}400 \AA{} at room temperature. We find a dramatic reduction in the magnetic moment per atom for t100 \AA{} and near bulk values above 100 \AA{}. These results are corroborated by alternating gradient magnetometer measurements on the same samples. A Cu/Ni-wedge/Cu/Si(001) structure with 30 \AA{}150 \AA{} was studied using magnetic circular x-ray dichroism (MCXD), polar magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE), and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) in order to estimate the variation in the values of 〈${\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{z}}$〉, 〈${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{z}}$〉, perpendicular anisotropy strength, and surface in-plane Ni lattice constant, respectively, during epitaxial growth. RHEED measurements show that the in-plane lattice constant falls by 1.7% in the Ni thickness range 30 \AA{}90 \AA{}. The MCXD measurements reveal the same trend for 〈${\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{z}}$〉, 〈${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{z}}$〉, and total moment per atom versus Ni thickness as found for the total moment by PNR. Polar MOKE measurements confirmed the transition from a perpendicular easy axis towards an in-plane magnetic easy axis as has already been extensively studied in the literature. Comparison of the PNR results with RHEED measurements reveal a striking correlation between the increase of in-plane strain and reduction in magnetic moment per atom with decreasing Ni thickness. While a direct strain-induced variation of the moment based on bulk phase calculations cannot account for the magnitude of the moment variations we observe, we show that the results cannot be attributed to sample contamination, interdiffusion, or a reduction of the Curie temperature with decreasing Ni thickness. Furthermore, the presence of a magnetically dead layer in the samples is not consistent with the PNR results. The strong moment variation partially explains the large thickness range for which perpendicular anisotropy is observed in this system.
Crystal Structures of Aspergillus japonicus Fructosyltransferase Complex with Donor/Acceptor Substrates Reveal Complete Subsites in the Active Site for Catalysis (2010)

Fructosyltransferases catalyze the transfer of a fructose unit from one sucrose/fructan to another and are engaged in the production of fructooligosaccharide/fructan. The enzymes belong to the glycoside hydrolase family 32 (GH32) with a retaining catalytic mechanism. Here we describe the crystal structures of recombinant fructosyltransferase (AjFT) from Aspergillus japonicus CB05 and its mutant D191A complexes with various donor/acceptor substrates, including sucrose, 1-kestose, nystose, and raffinose. This is the first structure of fructosyltransferase of the GH32 with a high transfructosylation activity. The structure of AjFT comprises two domains with an N-terminal catalytic domain containing a five-blade beta-propeller fold linked to a C-terminal beta-sandwich domain. Structures of various mutant AjFT-substrate complexes reveal complete four substrate-binding subsites (-1 to +3) in the catalytic pocket with shapes and characters distinct from those of clan GH-J enzymes. Residues Asp-60, Asp-191, and Glu-292 that are proposed for nucleophile, transition-state stabilizer, and general acid/base catalyst, respectively, govern the binding of the terminal fructose at the -1 subsite and the catalytic reaction. Mutants D60A, D191A, and E292A completely lost their activities. Residues Ile-143, Arg-190, Glu-292, Glu-318, and His-332 combine the hydrophobic Phe-118 and Tyr-369 to define the +1 subsite for its preference of fructosyl and glucosyl moieties. Ile-143 and Gln-327 define the +2 subsite for raffinose, whereas Tyr-404 and Glu-405 define the +2 and +3 subsites for inulin-type substrates with higher structural flexibilities. Structural geometries of 1-kestose, nystose and raffinose are different from previous data. All results shed light on the catalytic mechanism and substrate recognition of AjFT and other clan GH-J fructosyltransferases.
Effects of Growth Temperature and V/III Ratio on MOCVD-Grown GaAs-on-Si (1990)

Effects of growth temperature and V/III ratio on surface morphology, crystallinity and residual impurities of MOCVD-grown GaAs-on-Si have been studied. The effects are different from those on MOCVD-grown GaAs-on-GaAs. The difference arises from the heteroepitaxial problems. High silicon concentrations are found in all the GaAs-on-Si, and the electrical activation of silicon as a donor reaches 100% for higher growth temperatures. Crystallinity improves but surface morphology degrades with increasing growth temperature. The trade-off between crystallinity and surface morphology has been eliminated by the three-step growth process.
The use of projections for dimensionality reduction of flow cytometric data (1984)

In order to visualize multiparameter flow cytometric measurements it is desirable to reduce the dimensionality of the data to two while preserving important features of each data pattern. We describe a method that projects two-parameter data onto a straight line that forms an angle theta with one of the original parameter axis. The angle is selected interactively or by principal component analysis. The procedure is applied on-line or off-line to pairs of parameters of the original data set that has been collected in LIST mode.
Capasaicin induced deafferentation enhances the effect of electrical vagal nerve stimulation on food intake and body mass. (2004)

Study was based on hypothesis that electrical stimulation (ES) with parameters obtained from analysis of vagal afferent discharge fed state may fake brain with satiety state. We evaluated effect of denervation of vagal capsaicin-sensitive afferents on food intake and body weight in rats with ES of vagal nerves using microchip (MC). Group A was scheduled to MC implantation, B to sham operation only, C to MC implantation and capsaicin vagal deafferentation, and D to capsaicin denervation only. ES lasted 24 days. MC parameters were 0.05 Hz, 0.1s, 0.55 V. ES of left vagus significantly reduced total food intake as well as the mean daily intake in groups A and C in comparison to control and D group (ANOVA, F=18.55, p=0.0038). Body weight was lower in group A (3462 g) and C (2727 g) then in control (3814 g) and D (3568 g) (F=25.68, p=0.00068). Leptin decreased in C (165 pg/mL) in comparison to A (625 pg/mL), B (677 pg/mL), and D (612 pg/mL) (p<0,05), mainly due to ES (F=7.27, p=0.019). Glucose was decreased in A (F=5.55, p=0.036) - by 11% and by 16% in C group. Proper vagal neuromodulation results in central and peripheral effects causing food intake and body weight downregulation.
Acquisition of high resolution three-dimensional models using free, open-source, photogrammetric software (2012)

The 3D digitisation of palaeontological resources is of tremendous use to the field, providing the means to archive, analyse, and visualise specimens that would otherwise be too large to handle, too valuable to destructively sample, or simply in a different geographic location. Digitisation of a specimen to produce a 3D digital model often requires the use of expensive laser scanning equipment or proprietary digital reconstruction software, making the technique inaccessible to many workers. Presented here is a guide for producing high resolution 3D models from photographs, using freely available open-source software. To demonstrate the accuracy and flexibility of the approach, a number of examples are given, including a small trilobite (~0.04 m), a large mounted elephant skeleton (~3 m), and a very large fossil tree root system (~6 m), illustrating that the method is equally applicable to specimens or even outcrops of all sizes. The digital files of the models produced in this paper are included. The results demonstrate that production of digital models from specimens for research or archival purposes is available to anyone, and it is hoped that an increased use of digitisation techniques will facilitate research and encourage collaboration and dissemination of digital data.
A Spiral-Dipole Antenna for MIMO Systems (2008)

A new circular polarization spiral-dipole antenna has been proposed for multilple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems. A dipole antenna is loaded with spirals at both of its ends to generate omnidirectional left-hand or right-hand circular polarization. The sense of polarization [left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) or right-hand circular polarization (RHCP)] depends on the orientation of the spirals. The measured bandwidth of the antenna is 8% at the center frequency of 5.2 GHz with 3.6-dBic gain. The isolation ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">21</sub> ) between collocated LHCP and RHCP antennas is better than 30 dB that makes them suitable for MIMO.
Extraordinary-ray and -wave tracing in uniaxial crystals (1975)

Solutions for tracing the extraordinary ray through a uniaxial nonabsorbing birefringent crystal are presented in a simple and explicit form that is directly amenable for computer programming. The general case in which the incident ray, the optic axis, and the exit surface have arbitrary orientation with respect to the entrance surface is treated. Solutions for the extraordinary wave vector within the crystal are also given.
Effects of Undercoats and Overcoats on Damage Thresholds of 248 nm Coatings (1983)

Previous experiments have demonstrated that 1064 nm high reflectors benefit from the addition of halfwave silica overcoats, and that 1064 nm antireflection coatings can be improved by adding halfwave silica undercoats or barrier layers. In each case, a statistical improvement of about 50% has been observed. This paper reports similar results for coatings designed for 248 nm. The high reflectors were scandia/magnesium fluoride quarterwave stacks. Three design variations were tested: with no overcoat, with a halfwave silica overcoat, and with a halfwave magnesium fluoride overcoat. The presence of the overcoat more than doubled the threshold of the reflectors. The highest threshold, 8.5 joules/sq.cm, was measured on a reflector with a magnesium fluoride overcoat. Two material combinations were used for the four-layer antireflection coatings: scandia/silica and scandia/magnesium fluoride. Each of these combinations was coated without a barrier layer, with a silica barrier layer, and with a magnesium fluoride barrier layer. The barrier layer was an undercoat with a halfwave optical thickness. Varying degrees of improvement in thresholds, ranging up to 50%, were found in all cases with barrier layers. The highest thresholds exceeded 6 joules/sq.cm for scandia/silica coatings with silica barrier layers.
Plan recognition for intelligent interfaces (2002)

A domain-independent assessment of plan recognition, with respect to its use in enhancing user interfaces, is presented. Plan recognition is a research area in automatic reasoning and is a promising approach to engineering better interfaces. Plan recognition makes interfaces more intelligent and interactive by providing an intelligent assistant that supports such tasks as advice generation, task completion, context-sensitive responses and error detection and recovery. How such tasks in turn provide representation and reasoning constraints that must be satisfied in order for the plan recognizer to efficiently support them is described. It is also shown how interfaces are fundamentally limited by current plan and recognition approaches. These limitations can be used to direct current research towards creating a new generation of plan-recognition systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>