gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Being vulnerable, at risk and having complex needs - where it is least expected (2006)

HomeGround Services has a long history or working with clients with 'high and complex needs' in the provision of housing support.
Containing Bioterrorist Smallpox (2002)

The need for a planned response to a deliberate introduction of smallpox has recently become urgent. We constructed a stochastic simulator of the spread of smallpox in structured communities to compare the effectiveness of mass vaccination versus targeted vaccination of close contacts of cases. Mass vaccination before smallpox introduction or immediately after the first cases was more effective than targeted vaccination in preventing and containing epidemics if there was no prior herd immunity (that is, no prior immunologic protection within the population). The effectiveness of postrelease targeted and mass vaccinations increased if we assumed that there was residual immunity in adults vaccinated before 1972, but the effectiveness of targeted vaccination increased more than that of mass vaccination. Under all scenarios, targeted vaccination prevented more cases per dose of vaccine than did mass vaccination. Although further research with larger-scale structured models is needed, our results suggest that increasing herd immunity, perhaps with a combination of preemptive voluntary vaccination and vaccination of first responders, could enhance the effectiveness of postattack intervention. It could also help targeted vaccination be more competitive with mass vaccination at both preventing and containing a deliberate introduction of smallpox.
Aspartate‐β‐Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase from <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1980)

Aspartate-beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, from an Escherichia coli mutant derepressed for the biosynthesis of L-lysine, has been purified to homogeneity. Its isoelectric point is pH 4.3. This enzyme has a molecular weight of 77000 and is composed of two identical or highly similar subunits of molecular weight 38000 +/- 2000. Their N-terminal amino-acid sequence is Met-Lys-Asx-Val-Gly-. Three cysteine residues per subunit were detected: two are reactive in the native enzyme and one is partially protected by the substrate. Formation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate was also detected. Correlation of the 1H nucleár magnetic resonance spectrum of [4-2H]NADPH produced from [4-2H]NADP+ indicated that aspartate beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase transfers the pro-S hydrogen from NADPH (class B dehydrogenase). A short comparison with the corresponding yeast enzyme is given.
High-speed all-optical gate switching experiment in a Fabry-Perot semiconductor laser amplifier (1987)

Optical gate switching for one signal beam using another control beam is presented in a Fabry-Perot semiconductor laser amplifier. High-speed switching, where the signal output is on without the control beam and off with it, is demonstrated employing modulation of an 800 Mbit/s pulse pattern.
Synthesis of bioactive and stabilized cyclic peptides by macrocyclization using C(sp<sup>3</sup>)–H activation (2017)

Cyclic peptides have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to their ability to inhibit protein-protein interactions. Current strategies to prepare cyclic peptides often rely on functional amino acid side chains or the incorporation of unnatural amino acids, thus limiting their structural diversity. Here, we describe the development of a highly versatile peptide macrocyclization strategy through a palladium-catalyzed C(sp<sup>3</sup>)-H activation and the synthesis of cyclic peptides featuring unique hydrocarbon linkages between the β-carbon of amino acids and the aromatic side chains of Phe and Trp. We demonstrate that such peptides exhibit improved biological properties compared to their acyclic counterparts. Finally, we applied this method in the synthesis of the natural product celogentin C.
A new, well-retained myocardial imaging agent: radioiodinated 15-(p-lodophenyl)-6-tellurapentadecanoic acid. (1982)

A method involving the acid-catalyzed decomposition of a piperidyltriazene intermediate in the presence of radioiodide has been developed for the synthesis of radioiodinated 15-(p-iodophenyl)-6-tellurapentadecanoic acid. The iodine-125-labeled agent shows rapid, pronounced myocardial uptake in rats (5.30-6.45% injected dose/g after 5 min) and also exhibits the prolonged retention previously observed with 9-[123mTe]telluraheptadecanoic acid (9-123mTe]HDA). After 6 hr, the heart uptake remained high (3.89-5.33%) dose/g) and decreased only to 3.02-3.41% dose/g after 24 hr. Very low blood activity was detected (0.24-0.27% dose/g at 5 min; 0.29-0.32% dose/g at 6 hr) and the heart-to-blood ratios were high (22:1 at 5 min; 15:1 at 6 hr). Minimal deiodination was demonstrated by the low thyroid uptake (1.41-1.63% dose/g at 5 min; 5.33-7.08% dose/g at 6 hr). The rapid and pronounced uptake, prolonged myocardial retention, and low in vivo deiodination make this agent attractive for further evaluation.
Investigation of In-Grown Dislocations in 4H-SiC Epitaxial Layers (2006)

We have investigated the generation of new dislocations during the epitaxial growth of 4H-SiC layers. Dislocations were mainly propagated from the substrate into the epitaxial layer. However, it was found that some amount of new threading edge dislocations (TEDs) and basal plane dislocations (BPDs) were generated during the epitaxial growth. The generation of those dislocations appeared to depend on the in-situ H2 etching conditions, not the epitaxial growth conditions. By optimizing in-situ H2 etching condition, we were able to effectively suppress the generation of new dislocations during epitaxial growth, and obtain 4H-SiC epitaxial layers which have the equivalent etch pit density (EPD) to the substrates. Our additional investigation of the conversion of BPDs to TEDs revealed that its efficiency similarly depends on in-situ H2 etching. We were able to obtain a high conversion efficiency of 97 % by optimizing the in-situ H2 etching conditions before epitaxial growth.
Anion ordering in spinel-type gallium oxonitride (2011)

The specific locations of the anions---nitrogen and oxygen---in the crystallographic sites are not known in the spinel-type gallium oxonitride. We report here on an indirect method for determining the specific location of the light elements N and O in a defect spinel-structured gallium oxonitride, Ga${}_{2.79}$O${}_{3.05}$N${}_{0.76}$. The locations of elements that are adjacent in the periodic table ($\ensuremath{\Delta}Z=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$) are indistinguishable with conventional x-ray diffraction techniques. However, by examining the local electronic structure we show that the anions are spatially ordered such that $R\overline{3}m$ (no. 166) is the most appropriate defect-free space group. Finally, we determined the electronic band gap of Ga${}_{2.79}$O${}_{3.05}$N${}_{0.76}$ experimentally to be 2.95 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 0.30, agreeing with our calculated value of 2.79 eV (direct) for Ga${}_{3}$O${}_{3}$N using a local density approximation functional including a semilocal potential modified from that of Becke and Johnson (the MBJLDA functional).
<b>The importance of measuring toothpaste abrasivity in both a quantitative and qualitative way</b> (2012)

This study emphasizes the importance of not only considering the RDA value, but also a roughness value, when describing the abrasivity of a toothpaste. Furthermore, it can be concluded that so called 'whitening' toothpastes do not necessarily have a higher abrasive effect than other toothpastes.
Capillary Sorption Equilibria in Fiber Masses (1967)

, Phenomena related to the equilibrium take-up and retention of fluid in porous media can be explained and predicted in terms of the capillary sorption cycle (CSC) formed by the absorption and exsorption isotherms. An experimental method is described for determining the CSC as well as the simultaneous changes in the bulk volume of the porous medium as it cycles between 0 and 100% fill-up. The complex shape of the CSC and the, sometimes highly significant, differences between the first and all subse quent cycles can be explained in terms of the mechanism which causes volume changes. The method of analysis provides a tool for investigating the capillary sorption proper ties of heteroporous media, such as fiber masses of different composition, structure, and bulk density. This has been demonstrated by applying the criteria of sorption equi librium to phenomena related to the spontaneous fill-up and capillary transfer of fluid in the pore system of fiber masses.
Image-driven navigation of analytical BRDF models (2006)

Specifying parameters of analytic BRDF models is a difficult task as these parameters are often not intuitive for artists and their effect on appearance can be non-uniform. Ideally, a given step in the parameter space should produce a predictable and perceptually-uniform change in the rendered image. Systems that employ psychophysics have produced important advances in this direction; however, the requirement of user studies limits scalability of these approaches. In this work, we propose a new and intuitive method for designing material appearance. First, we define a computational metric between BRDFs that is based on rendered images of a scene under natural illumination. We show that our metric produces results that agree with previous perceptual studies. Next, we propose a user interface that allows for navigation in the remapped parameter space of a given BRDF model. For the current settings of the BRDF parameters, we display a choice of variations corresponding to uniform steps according to our metric, in the various parameter directions. In addition to the parametric navigation for a single model, we also support neighborhood navigation in the space of all models. By clustering a large number of neighbors and removing neighbors that are close to the current model, the user can easily visualize the alternate effects that can only be expressed with other models. We show that our interface is simple and intuitive. Furthermore, visual navigation in the BRDF space both in the local model and the union space is an effective way for reflectance design.
Residues 334 and 338 in Transmembrane Segment 8 of Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 Are Important Determinants of Inhibitor Sensitivity, Protein Folding, and Catalytic Turnover (2007)

Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) are important for the metabolic salvage of nucleosides and the cellular uptake of antineoplastic and antiviral nucleoside analogs. Human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) is inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of structurally diverse compounds, including dipyridamole, dilazep, nitrobenzylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside (NBMPR), draflazine, and soluflazine. Random mutagenesis and screening by functional complementation for inhibitor-resistant mutants in yeast revealed mutations at Phe-334 and Asn-338. Both residues are predicted to lie in transmembrane segment 8 (TM 8), which contains residues that are highly conserved in the ENT family. F334Y displayed increased V(max) values that were attributed to increased rates of catalytic turnover, and N338Q and N338C displayed altered membrane distributions that appeared to be because of protein folding defects. Mutations of Phe-334 or Asn-338 impaired interactions with dilazep and dipyridamole, whereas mutations of Asn-338 impaired interactions with draflazine and soluflazine. A helical wheel projection of TM 8 predicted that Phe-334 and Asn-338 lie in close proximity to other highly conserved and/or hydrophilic residues, suggesting that they form part of a structurally important region that influences interactions with inhibitors, protein folding, and rates of conformational change during the transport cycle.
Equilibration between 3′,5′- and 2′, 5′-di-O-acylribonucleosides on silica gel in the regio-selective 2′-O-deacylation of fully acylated ribonucleosides (1978)

Excellent regioselectivity observed in the partial O -deacylation of fully acylated purine and pyrimidine ribonucleosides by means of hydrazinolysis and hydroxyaminolysis was proved to be a result of column chromatographic separation of di- O -acylribonucleosides mixtures resulting from the aminolyseson silica gel (Wakogel C-300); the mixtures having already attained equilibrium in the reaction media were re-equilibrated on the silica gel to afford mixtures of 3′, 5′- and 2′,5′-di- O -acylribonucleosides containing the former preponderantly.
Crystal Clear Structural Evidence for Electron Delocalization in 1,2-Dihydro-1,2-azaborines (2008)

The first examples of "pre-aromatic" 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborine heterocycles have been structurally characterized, enabling the direct comparison of delocalized bonds of 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborines to their corresponding formal double and single bonds in nonaromatic systems. The crystallographic data provide an unprecedented look into the structural changes that occur in six-membered BN-heterocycles on their road to aromaticity, and they establish with little ambiguity that 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborines possess delocalized structures consistent with aromaticity.
A Facile Route to Aryl-Substituted 1,10-Phenanthrolines by Means of Suzuki Coupling Reactions between Substituted Areneboronic Acids and Halogeno-1,10-phenanthrolines (2002)

Twelve new mono- or diaryl-substituted 1,10-phenanthrolines (17 and 18) have been synthesized. The key step is a Suzuki coupling reaction between the substituted areneboronic acids 6, 11, and 15 and the mono- and dihalo-1,10-phenanthrolines 16. The syntheses of bis-ortho-substituted boronic acids 6, 11, and 15 from substituted arenes 5 or substituted bromoarenes 10 and 14 by lithiation and subsequent treatment with trimethyl borate is described. Not only 2,9-diiodo- (16c) but also 2,9-dichloro-1,10-phenanthroline (16b) can be used with good yields (65−92%) in the described Suzuki coupling. For the syntheses of unsymmetrically substituted 1,10-phenanthrolines 18b, 18i, and 18j, the use of 2-chloro-9-iodo-1,10-phenanthroline is not necessary; two different bis-ortho-substituted arene rings can be introduced stepwise in 46 to 64% total yield. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)
Teaching Young Children Programming and Word Processing Skills: The Effects of Three Preparatory Conditions (1987)

Ninety-two students from kindergarten, first, and second grades participated in the study. Students were randomly assigned to one of three preparatory groups: Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI), Keyboard Instruction (KEY), and Robot Instruction (ROB). Students were regrouped for instruction in LOGO and word processing, which continued until children met ending criteria. New LOGO and writing tasks were presented and the students' performances compared across preparatory conditions. Results indicated that students in the KEY groups obtained the highest scores on the LOGO and writing tasks, followed closely by students in the ROB groups. Students in the CAI groups showed no significant gains in their ability to program in LOGO or to write using a word processor.
Topical anaesthetic use for treating premature ejaculation: a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study (2004)

OBJECTIVE To assess the use of a topical anaesthetic mixture to improve premature ejaculation (PE), for which penile hypersensitivity might be a cause. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 42 men divided in two groups; group A used a lidocaine‐prilocaine solution and group B used an inert cream. The tubes of cream were distributed randomly and participants asked to note any unpleasant symptoms, difficulties and the results of each attempt at intercourse, assessed by the intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT). RESULTS There was a significant increase in the mean ( sd ) IELT, from 1.49 (0.9) to 8.45 (0.9) min ( P < 0.001) in group A but not in group B, at 1.67 (0.7) to 1.95 (0.12) min ( P > 0.05). CONCLUSION We suggest that anaesthetic cream might be effective for treating PE.
Fundamental Components of Attention (2007)

A mechanistic understanding of attention is necessary for the elucidation of the neurobiological basis of conscious experience. This chapter presents a framework for thinking about attention that facilitates the analysis of this cognitive process in terms of underlying neural mechanisms. Four processes are fundamental to attention: working memory, top-down sensitivity control, competitive selection, and automatic bottom-up filtering for salient stimuli. Each process makes a distinct and essential contribution to attention. Voluntary control of attention involves the first three processes (working memory, top-down sensitivity control, and competitive selection) operating in a recurrent loop. Recent results from neurobiological research on attention are discussed within this framework.
ETHOSOMES A NONINVASIVE APPROACH FOR TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY (2010)

Ethosomes are noninvasive delivery carriers that enable drugs to reach the deep skin layers and/or the systemic circulation. Although ethosomal systems are conceptually sophisticated, they are characterized by simplicity in their preparation, safety, and efficacy a combination that can highly expand their application. Ethosomes are soft, malleable vesicles tailored for enhanced delivery of active agents. This article reviews various aspect of ethosomes including their preparation, characterization, potential advantages and their applications in drug delivery. Because of their unique structure, ethosomes are able to encapsulate and deliver through the skin highly lipophilic molecules such as cannabinoids, testosterone, and minoxidil, as well as cationic drugs such as propranolol, trihexyphenidil, Cyclosporine A, insulin, salbutamol etc.. Ethosomes provides a number of important benefits including improving the drug’s efficacy, enhancing patient compliance and comfort and reducing the total cost of treatment. Enhanced delivery of bioactive molecules through the skin and cellular membranes by means of an ethosomal carrier opens numerous challenges and opportunities for the research and future development of novel improved therapies.
CUSTOMS AND CEREMONIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE (2009)

After the Sermon in the morning, the Vice-Chancellor, in his scarlet gown, and the Proctors, with their hoods squared, wait in the vestry, till notice is given them that the Mayor, &c. are in readiness to receive them. They then proceed to the Town-Hall. The Heads of Houses and the Doctors, who were at Church, sometimes accompany them.
Long-Term Simultaneous Localization and Mapping in Dynamic Environments (2015)

One of the core competencies required for autonomous mobile robotics is the ability to use sensors to perceive the environment. From this noisy sensor data, the robot must build a representation of the environment and localize itself within this representation. This process, known as simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), is a prerequisite for almost all higher-level autonomous behavior in mobile robotics. By associating the robot's sensory observations as it moves through the environment, and by observing the robot's ego-motion through proprioceptive sensors, constraints are placed on the trajectory of the robot and the configuration of the environment. This results in a probabilistic optimization problem to find the most likely robot trajectory and environment configuration given all of the robot's previous sensory experience. SLAM has been well studied under the assumptions that the robot operates for a relatively short time period and that the environment is essentially static during operation. However, performing SLAM over long time periods while modeling the dynamic changes in the environment remains a challenge. The goal of this thesis is to extend the capabilities of SLAM to enable long-term autonomous operation in dynamic environments. The contribution of this thesis has three main components: First, we propose a framework for controlling the computational complexity of the SLAM optimization problem so that it does not grow unbounded with exploration time. Second, we present a method to learn visual feature descriptors that are more robust to changes in lighting, allowing for improved data association in dynamic environments. Finally, we use the proposed tools in SLAM systems that explicitly models the dynamics of the environment in the map by representing each location as a set of example views that capture how the location changes with time. We experimentally demonstrate that the proposed methods enable long-term SLAM in dynamic environments using a large, real-world vision and LIDAR dataset collected over the course of more than a year. This dataset captures a wide variety of dynamics: from short-term scene changes including moving people, cars, changing lighting, and weather conditions; to long-term dynamics including seasonal conditions and structural changes caused by construction.
Postnatal Development of Electrophysiological Properties of Nucleus Accumbens Neurons (2000)

We have studied the postnatal development of the physiological characteristics of nucleus accumbens (nAcb) neurons in slices from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P49 rats using the whole cell patch-clamp technique. The majority of neurons (102/108) were physiologically identified as medium spiny (MS) projection neurons, and only these were subjected to detailed analysis. The remaining neurons displayed characteristics suggesting that they were not MS neurons. Around the time of birth and during the first postnatal weeks, the membrane and firing characteristics of MS neurons were quite different from those observed later. These characteristics changed rapidly during the first 3 postnatal weeks, at which point they began to resemble those found in adults. Both whole cell membrane resistance and membrane time constant decreased more than fourfold during the period studied. The resting membrane potential (RMP) also changed significantly from an average of -50 mV around birth to less than -80 mV by the end of the third postnatal week. During the first postnatal week, the current-voltage relationship of all encountered MS neurons was linear over a wide range of membrane potentials above and below RMP. Through the second postnatal week, the proportion of neurons displaying inward rectification in the hyperpolarized range increased steadily and after P15, all recorded MS neurons displayed significant inward rectification. At all ages, inward rectification was blocked by extracellular cesium and tetra-ethyl ammonium and was not changed by 4-aminopyridine; this shows that inward rectification was mediated by the same currents in young and mature MS neurons. MS neurons fired single and repetitive Na(+)/K(+) action potentials as early as P1. Spike threshold and amplitude remained constant throughout development in contrast to spike duration, which decreased significantly over the same period. Depolarizing current pulses from rest showed that immature MS neurons fired action potentials more easily than their older counterparts. Taken together, the results from the present study suggest that young and adult nAcb MS neurons integrate excitatory synaptic inputs differently because of differences in their membrane and firing properties. These findings provide important insights into signal processing within nAcb during this critical period of development.