gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Discovery of Surfactants for Metal/Semiconductor Separation of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes via High-Throughput Screening (2011)

We report novel surfactants that can be used for the separation of metallic (M) and semiconducting (S) single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Among the M/S separation methods using surfactants in an aqueous solution, sodium dodecyl sulfate plays a key role in density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGU) and agarose gel separations. In this study, we screened 100 surfactants for M/S separation using a high-throughput screening system. We identified five surfactants, which could be used for both DGU and agarose gel separations, suggesting that the basic principle of these separations is common. These surfactants have relatively low dispersibilities, which is likely due to their common structural features, i.e., straight alkyl tails and charged head groups, and appeared to enable M- and S-SWCNTs to be distinguished and separated. These surfactants should stimulate research in this field and extend the application of electrically homogeneous SWCNTs not only for electronics but also for biology and medicine.
A transforming growth factorbeta1 signal peptide variant increases secretion in vitro and is associated with increased incidence of invasive breast cancer. (2003)

There is evidence that transforming growth factor (TGF)beta acts as a suppressor of tumor initiation but also as a promoter of tumor progression when the antiproliferative effect of the TGFbeta signaling pathway has been overridden by other oncogenic mutations. Several somatic mutations that disrupt the TGFbeta-SMAD signaling pathway have been reported in human breast tumors. We have examined the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TGFbeta1 gene and the incidence of invasive breast cancer in three case-control series, with a maximum of 3987 patients and 3867 controls, median age approximately 50 years, and range 22-92 years. The promoter SNP, C-509T, and the T +29C signal-peptide SNP (encoding Leu10Pro) are in strong linkage disequilibrium. They are both significantly associated with increased incidence of invasive breast cancer in a recessive manner [odds ratios: (TT versus C-carrier), 1.25; 95% confidence intervals 1.06-1.48; P = 0.009 and (ProPro versus Leu-carrier), 1.21; 95% confidence intervals 1.05-1.37; P = 0.01]. The G-800A SNP was not significantly associated with incidence of breast cancer. The C-509T SNP is not contained within a known consensus sequence for a promoter regulatory element and therefore unlikely to affect TGFbeta1 expression, whereas the Leu10Pro signal peptide substitution potentially affects TGFbeta1 secretion. Transfections of HeLa cells with constructs encoding either the Pro or Leu forms of TGFbeta1 and driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter indicate that the signal peptide with Pro at residue 10 causes a 2.8-fold increase in secretion compared with the Leu form. These data indicate that the allele encoding Pro10 is associated with increased rates of TGFbeta1 secretion and with increased incidence of invasive breast cancer for the population samples described. It is estimated that 3% of all breast cancer cases may be attributable to Pro10 homozygosity.
Refractive index changes of Pd-coated magnesium lanthanide switchable mirrors upon hydrogen insertion (1999)

The optical effect upon insertion of hydrogen into Pd-coated magnesium lanthanide switchable mirrors is investigated in terms of the changes of their complex refractive indices. A significant change in the optical constants of LnMg layers is seen between the as-deposited state and the dehydrided state after one cycle. Furthermore, the optical effect of switching the Pd cap layer to a PdH cap layer was determined. It is shown that the Pd layer mainly limits the visible transmittance of the hydrided stack to about 35%–40%. Whereas the extinction coefficient of dehydrided LnMg layers at 550 nm is between 2.2 and 3.1, it is as low as 10−4 in the transparent state. This is of great promise to applications requiring large optical contrast (e.g., optical switches).
Trick play method for HD H.264 set-top box (2008)

Trick play functionality in set-top box players is an attractive feature to VoD consumers. In this paper, we envision a mid-session control with 2-level speed scaling scheme that server can control content playback speed without client's aid so that no software/hardware upgrading in set-top box requires. Especially, as our scheme does not need bit stream re-encoding, server still can use well-known performance features such as network acceleration cards. Therefore, it promises great advantages for VoD service providers and set-top box manufacturers.
Aralia cordata Protects Against Amyloid β Protein (25–35)–Induced Neurotoxicity in Cultured Neurons and Has Antidementia Activities in Mice (2009)

The present study investigated an ethanol extract of the aerial part of Aralia cordata Thunb. (Araliaceae) for possible neuroprotective effects on neurotoxicity induced by amyloid beta (Abeta) protein (25 - 35) in cultured rat cortical neurons and antidementia activity in mice. Exposure of cultured cortical neurons to 10 muM Abeta(25 - 35) for 36 h induced neuronal apoptotic death. At 1 - 10 mug/ml, A. cordata inhibited neuronal death, elevation of intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)), glutamate release into the medium, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by Abeta(25-35) in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. Memory loss induced by intracerebroventricular injection of ICR mice with 15 nmol Abeta(25-35) was inhibited by chronic treatment with A. cordata (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o. for 7 days) as measured by a passive avoidance test, and corresponding reductions were observed in brain cholinesterase activity and neuronal death measured histologically in the hippocampal region. Oleanolic acid isolated from A. cordata also inhibited neuronal death, elevation of [Ca(2+)](i), glutamate release, and generation of ROS induced by Abeta(25-35) in cultured rat cortical neurons, suggesting that the neuroprotective effect of A. cordata may be, at least in part, attributable to this compound. From these results, we suggest that the antidementia effect of A. cordata is due to its neuroprotective effect against Abeta(25-35)-induced neurotoxicity and that A. cordata may have a therapeutic role in preventing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
Algorithms for Maintaining a High-Resolution Panoramic Display with a Tele-Operated Robotic Camera (2005)

Abstract — A new class of low-cost teleoperated pan-tilt-zoom robotic video cameras can provide high resolution panoramic displays of remote sites for disaster response, environmental monitoring, and security applications. While the camera is teleoperated, the resulting video is transmitted back and inserted into an evolving panoramic display. Since small errors in camera position can produce large registration errors in the panoramic display, we address the image alignment problem. To quantify alignment error, we introduce a new metric based on motor error and image overlap. We use this metric to develop a fast minimal variance image alignment algorithm. We have implemented the algorithm and describe experiments demonstrating panoramic quality and that optimal alignment can be computed as fast as the camera can be tele-operated. Index Terms — tele-operation, telerobotics, networked robot, panoramic display, pan-tilt-zoom camera.
Approaches to the treatment of central nervous system autoimmune disease using specific neuroantigen (1998)

The ultimate aim in the treatment of autoimmune disease is to restore self-tolerance to the autoantigen(s) in question. In lieu of this ideal result, the conversion of a destructive or pathogenic autoimmune response into one of benign autoimmunity would also be highly desirable. In either case the use of the antigenic epitope, which is the target of the destructive immune response, would ideally be employed so as to give specificity to the protection without the need for long-term immunosuppression. This review describes a number of different approaches using various forms, doses, and routes of injection of specific neuroantigen to inhibit the different clinical varieties of autoimmune encephalomyelitis in a number of animal models; all done with the view to translating the findings into the clinic for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. We conclude that any treatment strategy for multiple sclerosis (MS) must have a number of features: it must be clinically acceptable, specific, long-lasting, require only short-term treatment, able to shunt off ongoing disease, and have the potential to prevent or deal with epitope spreading. Few of the approaches we describe fulfill all of these criteria. We suggest that investigations of new adjunctive agents to be used with a specific antigen be pursued, and that currently the use of chimeric proteins or DNA vaccination with or without the new adjunctives may hold the most hope for the future.
Smart Livestock Farms Using Digital Twin: Feasibility Study (2018)

While the convergence of ICT in various industries is actively under progress, there is still the nontrivial matter of the livestock industry being smarter and safer. This problem can cause unnecessary expenses in the case of various diseases due to the contamination of livestock farms. In this paper, we propose a design concept of a smart pig farm using digital twin for improving animal welfare as a feasibility study. Digital twin is the digital replica of the real world and is becoming more attractive with the realization of the industry 4.0. Due to the deployment of digital twin, livestock farming has been replicated and simulated to be more vigorous against livestock disorders in the virtual world and applies outcomes to livestock farms in the real world.
The Variational Formulation of the Fokker--Planck Equation (1998)

The Fokker--Planck equation, or forward Kolmogorov equation, describes the evolution of the probability density for a stochastic process associated with an Ito stochastic differential equation. It pertains to a wide variety of time-dependent systems in which randomness plays a role. In this paper, we are concerned with Fokker--Planck equations for which the drift term is given by the gradient of a potential. For a broad class of potentials, we construct a time discrete, iterative variational scheme whose solutions converge to the solution of the Fokker--Planck equation. The major novelty of this iterative scheme is that the time-step is governed by the Wasserstein metric on probability measures. This formulation enables us to reveal an appealing, and previously unexplored, relationship between the Fokker--Planck equation and the associated free energy functional. Namely, we demonstrate that the dynamics may be regarded as a gradient flux, or a steepest descent, for the free energy with respect to the Wasserstein metric.
Mechanically-coupled CMOS-MEMS free-free beam resonator arrays with two-port configuration (2011)

Integrated CMOS-MEMS free-free beam resonator arrays operated in a standard two-port electrical configuration simultaneously with low motional impedance and high power handling capability centered at 10.5 MHz have been demonstrated by the combination of pull-in gap reduction mechanism and mechanically-coupled array design. The mechanical links (i.e., coupling elements) using short stubs connect each constituent resonator of an array to its adjacent ones at the high-velocity vibrating locations to accentuate the desired mode and reject all other spurious modes. A single second-mode free-free beam resonator with quality factor Q > 2,200 and motional impedance R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> <; 150 kQ has been utilized to achieve mechanically-coupled resonator arrays in this work. In array design, a 9-resonator array has been experimentally characterized to have around 10X performance improvement on motional impedance and power handling as compared with that of a single resonator. In addition, two-port electrical configuration is much preferred due to its low feedthrough nature and high design flexibilities for future oscillator and filter implementation rather than its one-port counterpart.
Influence of microstructure on the photoconductivity of glow discharge deposited amorphous SiC:H and amorphous SiGe:H alloys (1987)

We introduce a parameter obtained from infrared measurements as a means of quantifying the amount of amorphous silicon microstructure and its degree of passivation by hydrogen. Using this parameter, the photoconductivities of amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), amorphous silicon carbon (a-SiC:H), and amorphous silicon germanium (a-SiGe:H) fall on the same curve. We discuss the relevance of these results with regard to material quality.
Snow avalanche runout from two Canadian mountain ranges (1993)

Field measurements on maximum runout from two different mountain ranges in Canada are presented and compared: the Coast Mountains in British Columbia and the Rocky Mountains. We include a statistical analysis of topographic terrain parameters such as starting zone catchment area, horizontal reach, vertical drop and relevant slope angles. Following McClung and Mears (1991), we derived a dimensionless parameter which is a measure of runout for each avalanche and we found that the runout ratios (defined below) for a given mountain range obey a Gumbel distribution consistent with previous results. In addition, we found that the runout ratios for both mountain ranges have a length-scale dependence which is potentially very important for land-use planning procedures: the mean value of the runout ratio decreases significantly as the horizontal reach increases. Together with data from other mountain ranges, our results show that path length effects will have to be incorporated when using statistical prediction methods for engineering zoning purposes. The runout ratio is defined as the quotient of two lengths, Δx/X β , where Δ is the horizontal distance from the 10° point to the maximum runout position, and X β is the horizontal distance from the start position to the point where slope angle first declines to 10°.
Institutionalizing American Literary Theory (1991)

Among the literary research approaches that flourished in American academic organizations, one significance is that there is a wonderful connection between the rise of interdisciplinary notions and the interest in literary theory. The emergence of the “New Criticism” after the Second World War was characterized by a way of reading that subverted traditional literary training by focusing on the teaching of the close connection between the literary text and its social history background, which in turn led to research becoming the single goal of learning. On the other hand, the “New Criticism” advocated that every text must be analyzed, focusing on the use of formalism to find the source of its power. Behind this process was the hypothesis “what should a literary work be?” and from this hypothesis, literary theory emerged. In the end, opposition to the New Criticism gave rise to a few opposing theories, and the result was the emergence of a literary theory, which attempted to compare and evaluate several mutually conflicting theories. Under the influence of French ideas and human science concepts, text not only referred to literary texts but was also expanded to include all texts. Thus, literary theory expanded into “critical theory”, which was an attempt to hegemonically control all the texts in a wide array of disciplines. Critical theory is a theory of appraisal, attempting to theorize the source by looking for the theorists’ position in their socio-historical background, and later deconstructing theories.
Spiral peripheral nerve interface; updated fabrication process of the regenerative implant (2013)

The spiral peripheral nerve interface (SPNI) has been developed to record neural activity by utilizing the body's own ability to regenerate axons after injury. The implantable device is capable of providing a chronic recording array for use with technology designed to compensate for a loss of motor function. The SPNI offers a good route to establishing an effective interface to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) as the signals are enclosed within an insulating array that amplifies the axon signals for the neural recording, and reduces the amount of current necessary for stimulation. This paper presents an updated fabrication process that addresses the problems of previous designs and allows for an easier integration to external electronics via a ball-bonding technique. The updated device has been tested electrically in vitro, to show that it is capable of providing a reliable electrical interface to the regenerated tissue.
Mechanism of gel formation in κ‐carrageenan (1984)

Abstract We present a general view of κ‐carrageenan gelation and some new experimental results concerning their behavior in the presence of Na + , K + , or Rb + counterions in semidilute concentration. The gelation mechanism is based on the aggregation of helical dimers.
Reduced linewidth re-broadening by suppressing longitudinal spatial hole burning in high-power 1.55-μm continuous-wave distributed-feedback (CW-DFB) laser diodes (2003)

For the first time, the impact of longitudinal photon density distribution and longitudinal carrier density distribution on the spectral linewidth re-broadening effect in single-electrode 1.55-μm distributed feedback (DFB) laser diodes (LDs) is investigated experimentally in details. By optimizing the front-to-rear facet power ratio, the nonuniformity of the photon density distribution along the laser cavity is reduced, hence reducing the degree of longitudinal spatial hole burning (SHB). Using this optimized value of front-to-rear facet power ratio, the degree of longitudinal SHB can be further reduced through reduction of the nonuniformity of the longitudinal carrier density distribution by increasing the cavity length. As a result, the local stimulated emission is reduced, hence reducing linewidth re-broadening caused by longitudinal SHB. The outcomes of this analysis is being used fruitfully to design high-power 1.55-μm DFB LDs exhibiting very narrow spectral linewidth of approximately 1.3 MHz at an output power of 175 mW under continuous-wave operation.
Howis the weather: Automatic inference from images (2012)

Low-cost monitoring cameras/webcams provide unique visual information. To take advantage of the vast image dataset captured by a typical webcam, we consider the problem of retrieving weather information from a database of still images. The task is to automatically label all images with different weather conditions (e.g., sunny, cloudy, and overcast), using limited human assistance. To address the drawbacks in existing weather prediction algorithms, we first apply image segmentation to the raw images to avoid disturbance of the non-sky region. Then, we propose to use multiple kernel learning to gather and select an optimal subset of image features from a certain feature pool. To further increase the recognition performance, we adopt multi-pass active learning for selecting the training set. The experimental results show that our weather recognition system achieves high performance.
An automated cell-counting algorithm for fluorescently-stained cells in migration assays (2011)

A cell-counting algorithm, developed in Matlab®, was created to efficiently count migrated fluorescently-stained cells on membranes from migration assays. At each concentration of cells used (10,000, and 100,000 cells), images were acquired at 2.5 ×, 5 ×, and 10 × objective magnifications. Automated cell counts strongly correlated to manual counts (r2 = 0.99, P < 0.0001 for a total of 47 images), with no difference in the measurements between methods under all conditions. We conclude that our automated method is accurate, more efficient, and void of variability and potential observer bias normally associated with manual counting.
Channel estimation for iterative MIMO OFDM/OQAM transceivers (2008)

OFDM/OQAM modulation scheme is an alternative to the conventional cyclic-prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM) modulation. It allows a larger theoretical spectral efficiency as it does not require the use of any guard interval. In this paper we investigate and evaluate channel estimation for OFDM/OQAM modulations in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) context. We focus on transmission over radio channels and use a two transmit antenna spatial data multiplexing (SDM) scheme. Direct compared in this paper.
MOOCs and the funnel of participation (2013)

Massive Online Open Courses (MOOCs) are growing substantially in numbers, and also in interest from the educational community. MOOCs offer particular challenges for what is becoming accepted as mainstream practice in learning analytics.
Modular synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and in situ functionalization using “click” chemistry of azide terminated amide containing self-assembled monolayers (2013)

A general and modular synthetic route is developed for the synthesis of azidoalkylthiol molecules, which contain an amide functional group, from common and easily available precursors. SAMs (self-assembled monolayers) formed by these amide containing azidoalkylthiols are characterised by attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle goniometry and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Signature peaks are identified in the data which allows direct observation of all the functional groups on Au electrodes bearing these monolayers. The terminal azide group is functionalised with electroactive ferrocene group in situ, using “click” chemistry. An alkyne bearing heme derivative is covalently attached using the same technique resulting in O2 reducing electrodes.
The Chancellor, 1969–74 (1997)

It was mainly on the basis of their outlook on foreign policy that the new coalition between the SPD and the FDP was formed; no agreement on domestic affairs was attempted. The negotiations proceeded speedily with the FDP obtaining three major ministries: Foreign – for party leader Scheel – Interior and Agriculture. This was more than their electoral success seemed to warrant and indicated the extent to which the small coalition partner was able to use its pivotal position. Despite this success the coalition was highly controversial, not only in the FDP, and Brandt was elected Chancellor by only two votes (251 to 249). Although this was two votes more than Adenauer had received in 1949, as Brandt was quick to point out, it also reflected the shaky ground on which the new government rested. This partly explains the enormous speed with which it tackled the tasks it had set itself.
Plain English: Risks of Java Applets and Microsoft ActiveX Controls (2003)

One technology that requires a risk-benefit analysis prior to introduction onto a secure intranet is mobile code. Mobile code is a mini-application that has a specific task. The term ‘mobile’ is derived from the fact the code (mini-application) can be transferred from one computer to another with the same or different operating systems and/or hardware. This allows for tremendous functionality and transportability.
Aplicação da microcorrente galvânica no tratamento das estrias rubras pós-gestação: relato de caso (2015)

Introdução: A estria é a atrofia da pele adquirida, podendo surgir durante o período gestacional. A microcorrente galvânica é um dos tipos de tratamento sugerido para essa disfunção estética. Objetivo: avaliar os efeitos da microcorrente galvânica no tratamento das estrias rubras. Metodologia: O estudo contou com a participação de uma voluntária com estrias rubras na região do abdome, a análise dos dados foi feita por meio de registros fotográficos antes e após o tratamento através do software imagem J. Resultado: Observamos uma redução da área e melhor qualidade do tecido tratado. Conclusão: O estudo verificou que o uso da microcorrente galvânica é satisfatório no tratamento das estrias rubras.