gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solution of Partial Differential Equations on Vector and Parallel Computers (1985)

In this work we review the present status of numerical methods for partial differential equations on vector and parallel computers. A discussion of the relevant aspects of these computers and a brief review of their development is included, with particular attention paid to those characteristics that influence algorithm selection. Both direct and iterative methods are given for elliptic equations as well as explicit and implicit methods for initial-boundary value problems. The intent is to point out attractive methods as well as areas where this class of computer architecture cannot be fully utilized because of either hardware restrictions or the lack of adequate algorithms. A brief discussion of application areas utilizing these computers is included.
Colorless polyimides with low coefficient of thermal expansion derived from alkyl‐substituted cyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydrides (2013)

Abstract Alkyl‐substituted cyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydrides ( CBDAs ) were synthesized by photo‐dimerization of alkyl‐substituted maleic anhydrides to obtain novel colorless polyimides ( PIs ). Dimethyl‐substituted CBDA ( DM‐CBDA ) showed much higher polymerizability with various diamines than conventional cycloaliphatic tetracarboxylic dianhydrides and led to high molecular weights of PI precursors. Polyaddition of non‐substituted CBDA and trans ‐1,4‐cyclohexanediamine (t‐ CHDA ) was completely inhibited by salt formation in the initial reaction stage. The use of DM‐CBDA allowed the formation of a homogeneous/viscous PI precursor solution by overcoming the salt formation problem. The prominent substituent effect probably reflects how the methyl substituents of DM‐CBDA contributed to increasing the salt solubility. Some of the thermally imidized DM‐CBDA ‐based systems simultaneously possessed non‐coloration, low coefficient of thermal expansion ( CTE ), very high T g exceeding 300 °C and very low dielectric constant. Copolymerization was very effective for improving the solubility of DM‐CBDA ‐based PIs . The copolyimide cast films prepared via chemical imidization displayed a further decreased CTE without sacrificing other target properties, suggesting that the present materials can be useful as plastic substrates in display devices. The mechanism of self‐chain orientation behavior during solution casting is also discussed. A potential application of the copolyimide systems as optical compensation film materials in liquid crystal displays is proposed. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry .
The Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) Contained within the RNA-binding Motif Protein 3 (Rbm3) mRNA Is Composed of Functionally Distinct Elements (2003)

Although the internal ribosome entry sites (IRESes) of viral mRNAs are highly structured and comprise several hundred nucleotides, there is a variety of evidence indicating that very short nucleotide sequences, both naturally occurring and synthetic, can similarly mediate internal initiation of translation. In this study, we performed deletion and mutational analyses of an IRES contained within the 720-nucleotide (nt) 5' leader of the Rbm3 mRNA and demonstrated that this IRES is highly modular, with at least 9 discrete cis-acting sequences. These cis-acting sequences include a 22-nt IRES module, a 10-nt enhancer, and 2 inhibitory sequences. The 22-nt sequence was shown to function as an IRES when tested in isolation, and we demonstrated that it did not enhance translation by functioning as a transcriptional promoter, enhancer, or splice site. The activities of all 4 cis-acting sequences were further confirmed by their mutation in the context of the full IRES. Interestingly, one of the inhibitory cis-acting sequences is contained within an upstream open reading frame (uORF), and its activity seems to be masked by translation of this uORF. Binding studies revealed that all 4 cis-acting sequences could bind specifically to distinct cytoplasmic proteins. In addition, the 22-nt IRES module was shown to bind specifically to 40 S ribosomal subunits. The results demonstrate that different types of cis-acting sequences mediate or modulate translation of the Rbm3 mRNA and suggest that one of the IRES modules contained within the 5' leader facilitates translation initiation by binding directly to 40 S ribosomal subunits.
Methylphenidate associated with narcotics for the treatment of cancer pain. (1987)

Thirty-two patients with chronic pain due to advanced cancer were treated with methylphenidate (10 mg with breakfast and 5 mg with lunch) for 3 days, versus placebo, in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study designed to evaluate the capacity of methylphenidate to potentiate the analgesic effect of narcotics and/or to decrease sedation induced by narcotics. In 28 evaluable patients, the intensity of pain (visual analogue 0-100) and intake of extra doses of analgesics (number of doses/day) were 43 +/- 27 and 2.2 +/- 2.4 during methylphenidate, versus 55 +/- 24 (P less than 0.02) and 2.9 +/- 2.9 (P less than 0.002) during placebo, respectively. Activity and drowsiness (visual analogue 0-100) were 57 +/- 25 and 58 +/- 24 after methylphenidate, respectively, versus 41 +/- 26 (P less than 0.05) and 45 +/- 27 (P less than 0.02) after placebo. Upon completion of the study, the investigator and the patient chose methylphenidate blindly as a more useful drug in 23 cases (83%) and 20 cases (70%), respectively (P less than 0.02). No cases of severe toxicity were observed. We conclude that methylphenidate can increase the analgesic effect and decrease sedation of narcotics in this population.
Regulation and Properties of PstSCAB, a High-Affinity, High-Velocity Phosphate Transport System of<i>Sinorhizobium meliloti</i> (2006)

The properties and regulation of the pstSCAB-encoded Pi uptake system from the alfalfa symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti are reported. We present evidence that the pstSCAB genes and the regulatory phoUB genes are transcribed from a single promoter that contains two PhoB binding sites and that transcription requires PhoB. S. meliloti strain 1021 (Rm1021) and its derivatives were found to carry a C deletion frameshift mutation in the pstC gene (designated pstC1021) that severely impairs activity of the PstSCAB Pi transport system. This mutation is absent in RCR2011, the parent of Rm1021. Correction of the pstC1021 mutation in Rm1021 by site-directed mutagenesis revealed that PstSCAB is a Pi-specific, high-affinity (Km, 0.2 microM), high-velocity (Vmax, 70 nmol/min/mg protein) transport system. The pstC1021 allele was shown to generate a partial pho regulon constitutive phenotype, in which transcription is activated by PhoB even under Pi-excess conditions that render PhoB inactive in a wild-type background. The previously reported symbiotic Fix- phenotype of phoCDET mutants was found to be dependent on the pstC1021 mutation, as Rm1021 phoCDET mutants formed small white nodules on alfalfa that failed to reduce N2, whereas phoCDET mutant strains with a corrected pstC allele (RmP110) formed pink nodules on alfalfa that fixed N2 like the wild type. Alfalfa root nodules formed by the wild-type RCR2011 strain expressed the low-affinity orfA-pit-encoded Pi uptake system and neither the pstSCAB genes nor the phoCDET genes. Thus, metabolism of alfalfa nodule bacteroids is not Pi limited.
In vivo dynamics of skeletal muscle Dystrophin in zebrafish embryos revealed by improved FRAP analysis (2015)

Dystrophin forms an essential link between sarcolemma and cytoskeleton, perturbation of which causes muscular dystrophy. We analysed Dystrophin binding dynamics in vivo for the first time. Within maturing fibres of host zebrafish embryos, our analysis reveals a pool of diffusible Dystrophin and complexes bound at the fibre membrane. Combining modelling, an improved FRAP methodology and direct semi-quantitative analysis of bleaching suggests the existence of two membrane-bound Dystrophin populations with widely differing bound lifetimes: a stable, tightly bound pool, and a dynamic bound pool with high turnover rate that exchanges with the cytoplasmic pool. The three populations were found consistently in human and zebrafish Dystrophins overexpressed in wild-type or dmd(ta222a/ta222a) zebrafish embryos, which lack Dystrophin, and in Gt(dmd-Citrine)(ct90a) that express endogenously-driven tagged zebrafish Dystrophin. These results lead to a new model for Dystrophin membrane association in developing muscle, and highlight our methodology as a valuable strategy for in vivo analysis of complex protein dynamics.
Switched interconnect for system-on-a-chip design (2000)

With the ever increasing demands on processing power and communication on a single chip the industry is facing a huge obstacle in closing the gap between possible complexity and achieved complexity, the so called design gap. A possible path out of this is the increase (re-)use of intellectual property (IP) blocks from within the company or from other suppliers. We have identified the problem area in the on-chip communication between IP blocks where the time-division multiplex buses are quickly becoming saturated.Another problem arising with the increased use of deep submicron manufacturing technologies is the relatively long delay of wires compared to the gates. This problem forces the synchronous part of a chip to either shrink or run at a slower speed. With the goals of keeping the clock rate and increasing the complexity the only feasible solution is to use smaller synchronous subsystems that communicate asynchronously. This approach is known as globally asynchronous but locally synchronous (GALS).This thesis presents the work on a bus replacement for on-chip communication. The goal of this bus replacement is to achieve very high performance compared to the old solution while allowing for higher flexibility, GALS style implementation, and simpler verification of the system.With this goal in mind we investigated the possible topologies for a switched on-chip network (OCN) and concluded that a 2-d mesh or torus is the most appropriate. To keep the latency low we decided on a pseudo-circuit switched network using the 2-d mesh. We have developed a novel approach for route setup in the circuit switched network called packet connected circuit (PCC) which allows very short latency both for routing and payload transfer while having a very low silicon cost.A simulator for this network has been implemented together with behavioral models of the network components. Simulations have shown that the PCC concept is not very suitable for general purpose processing platforms but that it is very suitable for a hard real time system that uses some communication scheduling.
UHF satellite sound broadcasting technology (2003)

In preparation for a world satellite planning conference to be held late in 1988, various developments in UHF satellite sound broadcasting technology have been reported. This work is reviewed and system problems created by the adverse multipath propagation environment are aired, together with a description of new and advanced digital coding and modulation schemes tailored to deal with such difficulties. It is concluded that there is a viable range of systems and technology under development which could be realized in the early 1990s to begin satellite sound broadcasting services.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Use of filter paper for sample collection and transport in steroid pharmacology (1997)

Field studies of androgen pharmacology are complicated by the necessity to collect, process, and store blood samples in a central facility. We have assessed the feasibility of using capillary blood spots collected by fingerprick and dried on filter paper for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic measurements with nandrolone and testosterone RIAs modified for extracts from capillary blood spots. Assays on punched spots of 7.9-mm diameter (14.9 microL of dried blood) permitted accurate quantification of testosterone down to 0.4 nmol/L from a single spot and nandrolone down to 0.9 nmol/L from two spots. Stability of the steroids in dried blood spots to adverse environmental conditions, notably increased temperatures, was investigated both in the laboratory and in field studies of dried spots sent through the postal system. Storage or postal transport under moderate conditions appeared to have no deleterious effects on apparent androgen concentrations. However, under extreme conditions of storage at 50 degrees C for a week or more, or transport to a very hot tropical location, a rise in the final concentration of nandrolone, and, to a lesser extent, testosterone when corrected for tracer recovery, was noticed. These effects were largely due to apparent susceptibility of tritiated tracer, but not unlabeled androgen, to thermal degradation. In a pilot pharmacological study involving intramuscular injection of 100 mg of nandrolone decanoate in 1 mL of arachis oil, nandrolone concentrations in concurrently collected plasma as well as venous and capillary blood spots showed good agreement. Testosterone concentrations in contemporaneously collected plasma and venous blood spots also showed very good agreement. We propose that these methods may allow patients and experimental subjects to self-collect samples at remote or field locations for convenient mailing to a central laboratory for androgen assay. Applications of this methodology are now under way.
Megestrol Acetate and Mirtazapine for the Treatment of Unplanned Weight Loss in the Elderly (2009)

A rising concern among clinicians is treatment of unplanned weight loss in the elderly, especially given the predicted growth of this population over the next few decades. Unexpected weight loss in the geriatric patient worsens overall health outcomes. A variety of pharmacotherapeutic options are available for treatment; however, evidence underlying their use is limited, and none has gained approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration for this indication. At present, no guidelines support the choice of one agent over another. Although several drug interventions have been employed for this problem, megestrol acetate and mirtazapine are becoming increasingly used for appetite stimulation. These drugs represent two feasible options for geriatric patients because of their generally favorable adverse-effect profiles and few drug interactions, but they are often misused. In a comprehensive search of the MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts databases, we identified all published reports on the use of megestrol acetate or mirtazapine for the treatment of weight loss and on any adverse events associated with these drugs. Special emphasis was placed on trials performed in an elderly population. Results were conflicting, most likely because of differing study designs and small numbers of patients. Megestrol acetate and mirtazapine appear to be effective for appetite stimulation and weight gain in some settings. However, applicability of the data to elderly individuals is unclear, and adverse events reported in a few of the trials and in case reports were not benign. Therefore, the use of megestrol acetate or mirtazapine for weight loss should be thoroughly evaluated on an individual basis. Pharmacotherapy should be used only after all underlying causes of weight loss are assessed and treated.
Distance Learning, Games and Pedagogy (2009)

Education in the 21st century necessitates innovative teaching methods. Distance Learning (DL) has emerged as a popular approach, replacing traditional instruction methods. In this study we explore the learning outcomes and benefits when employing simulations in a DL environment. We show that taking this novel approach brings a different learning experience to students. The findings lead us to conclude that although modern technology makes it easier to acquire education, there are still several challenges educators need to address in order to make this DL more applicable in the Information Systems domain.
Mapping interleaving laws on parallel Turbo decoder architectures (2003)

For high data rate applications, the implementation of iterative turbo-like decoders requires the use of parallel architectures posing some collision-free constraints to the reading/writing process in the soft-input soft-output (SISO) decoders. Contrary to the literature belief, we prove in this paper that the parallelism constraints can be met by any permutation law employed by the turbo-interleaver, and we give a constructive method to satisfy those constraints.
Multi-layer perceptron ensembles for increased performance and fault-tolerance in pattern recognition tasks (2002)

Multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) have proven to be an effective way to solve classification tasks. A major concern in their use is the difficulty to define the proper network for a specific application, due to the sensitivity to the initial conditions and to overfitting and underfitting problems which limit their generalization capability. Moreover, time and hardware constraints may seriously reduce the degrees of freedom in the search for a single optimal network. A very promising way to partially overcome such drawbacks is the use of MLP ensembles: averaging and voting techniques are largely used in classical statistical pattern recognition and can be fruitfully applied to MLP classifiers. This work summarizes our experience in this field. A real-world OCR task is used as a test case to compare different models.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Adaptive dynamic range matching for spectroscopic measurements (2009)

We describe the design and development of an adaptive spectrometer that actively manages dynamic range mismatch between source signals and the spectrometer's detector. The introduction of an inexpensive digital micromirror array yields performance improvements compared to a traditional device. Simulation results are presented that indicate real-world scenarios in which the adaptive spectrometer will yield superior performance. Experimental results from a first-generation prototype adaptive spectrometer confirm the expectations of the simulations.
Promoter methylation status of tumor suppressor and tumor-related genes in neoplastic and non-neoplastic gastric epithelia. (2004)

A number of tumor suppressor and tumor-related genes exhibit promoter hypermethylation with resulting gene silencing in human cancers. In addition, several gene promoters have also been shown to become hypermethylated in non-neoplastic cells during aging. To assess the physiological consequence and clinical significance of gene promoter methylation in gastric epithelia, our laboratory has studied the methylation status of tumor suppressor and tumor-related genes, including APC, DAP-kinase, DCC, E-cadherin, GSTP1, hMLH1, p16, PTEN, RASSF1A, RUNX3 and TSLC1, in neoplastic and non-neoplastic gastric epithelia. The tumor suppressor and tumor-related genes, except APC, were generally unmethylated in non-neoplastic gastric epithelia obtained from younger individuals. The frequencies of methylation increased with age to varying degrees in various genes, although GSTP1 and PTEN methylation was completely absent in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic gastric epithelia. The methylation frequencies in each gene were found to be comparable in neoplastic and non-neoplastic gastric epithelia, except the methylation of RUNX3 and TSLC1, which was mostly cancer-specific (P<0.01). When methylation frequencies were compared between non-neoplastic gastric epithelia from cancer-bearing and non-cancer-bearing stomachs, hMLH1 and p16 methylation was more frequent in those from cancer-bearing stomachs (P<0.01). Promoter methylation in tumor suppressor and tumor-related genes initially occurs in non-neoplastic gastric epithelia, increases with age, and ultimately silences gene function to constitute a field-defect that may predispose tissues to gastric cancer evolution. In clinical applications RUNX3 and TSLC1 methylation may be utilized as molecular diagnostic markers, and hMLH1 and p16 methylation as predictors of malignancy in the stomach.
Acidic and Basic Drugs in Medicinal Chemistry: A Perspective (2014)

The acid/base properties of a molecule are among the most fundamental for drug action. However, they are often overlooked in a prospective design manner unless it has been established that a certain ionization state (e.g., quaternary base or presence of a carboxylic acid) appears to be required for activity. In medicinal chemistry optimization programs it is relatively common to attenuate basicity to circumvent undesired effects such as lack of biological selectivity or safety risks such as hERG or phospholipidosis. However, teams may not prospectively explore a range of carefully chosen compound pKa values as part of an overall chemistry strategy or design hypothesis. This review summarizes the potential advantages and disadvantages of both acidic and basic drugs and provides some new analyses based on recently available public data.
Transcriptional Profiling of <i>Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae</i> during Heat Shock Using Microarrays (2005)

Bacterial pathogens undergo stress during host colonization and disease processes. These stresses result in changes in gene expression to compensate for potentially lethal environments developed in the host during disease. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae colonizes the swine epithelium and causes a pneumonia that predisposes the host to enhanced disease from other pathogens. How M. hyopneumoniae responds to changing environments in the respiratory tract during disease progression is not known. In fact, little is known concerning the capabilities of mycoplasmas to respond to changing growth environments. With limited genes, mycoplasmas are thought to possess only a few mechanisms for gene regulation. A microarray consisting of 632 of the 698 open reading frames of M. hyopneumoniae was constructed and used to study gene expression differences during a temperature shift from 37 degrees C to 42 degrees C, a temperature swing that might be encountered during disease. To enhance sensitivity, a unique hexamer primer set was employed for generating cDNA from only mRNA species. Our analysis identified 91 genes that had significant transcriptional differences in response to heat shock conditions (P < 0.01) with an estimated false-discovery rate of 4 percent. Thirty-three genes had a change threshold of 1.5-fold or greater. Many of the heat shock proteins previously characterized in other bacteria were identified as significant in this study as well. A proportion of the identified genes (54 of 91) currently have no assigned function.