gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Seeking an ethical and legal way of procuring transplantable organs from the dying without further attempts to redefine human death (2007)

Because complex organs taken from unequivocally dead people are not suitable for transplantation, human death has been redefined so that it can be certified at some earlier stage in the dying process and thereby make viable organs available without legal problems. Redefinitions based on concepts of "brain death" have underpinned transplant practice for many years although those concepts have never found universal philosophical acceptance. Neither is there consensus about the clinical tests which have been held sufficient to diagnose the irreversible cessation of all brain function--or as much of it as is deemed relevant--while the body remains alive. For these reasons, the certification of death for transplant purposes on "brain death" grounds is increasingly questioned and there has been pressure to return to its diagnosis on the basis of cardiac arrest and the consequent cessation of blood circulation throughout the body. While superficially a welcome return to the traditional and universally accepted understanding of human death, examination of the protocols using such criteria for the diagnosis of death prior to organ removal reveals a materially different scenario in which the circulatory arrest is not certainly final and purely nominal periods of arrest are required before surgery begins. Recognizing the probably unresolvable conflict between allowing enough time to pass after truly final circulatory arrest for a safe diagnosis of death and its minimization for the sake of the wanted organs, Verheijde and colleagues follow others in calling for the abandonment of the "dead donor rule" and the enactment of legislation to permit the removal of organs from the dying, without pretence that they are dead before that surgery. While it may be doubted whether such a "paradigm change" in the ethics of organ procurement would be accepted by society, their call for its consideration as a fully and fairly informed basis for organ donation is to be applauded.
Amyloid angiopathy and lobar cerebral haemorrhage. (1984)

Seven cases of lobar cerebral haemorrhage due to amyloid angiopathy were found among 60 necropsy cases of intracerebral haemorrhage. Clinically five patients were demented and two had hypertension. Immediately after the onset of stroke there was a high incidence of headache and vomiting, followed by nuchal rigidity. Amyloid angiopathy was most prominent in the cerebral cortex and the leptomeninges. Senile plaques were noted in all cases. One should suspect that a haemorrhage may be due to amyloid angiopathy, when lobar cerebral haemorrhage occurs in an aged, normotensive patient with or without dementia. Surgical evacuation of the haematoma is inadvisable, because of the diffuse nature of amyloid angiopathy, high recurrence rate and less tendency to cause brain stem compression.
Antiquity and Function of<i>CASTOR</i>and<i>POLLUX</i>, the Twin Ion Channel-Encoding Genes Key to the Evolution of Root Symbioses in Plants     (2008)

Root symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobial bacteria share a common signaling pathway in legumes. Among the common symbiosis genes are CASTOR and POLLUX, the twin homologous genes in Lotus japonicus that encode putative ion channel proteins. Here, we show that the orthologs of CASTOR and POLLUX are ubiquitously present and highly conserved in both legumes and nonlegumes. Using rice (Oryza sativa) as a study system, we employ reverse genetic tools (knockout mutants and RNA interference) to demonstrate that Os-CASTOR and Os-POLLUX are indispensable for mycorrhizal symbiosis in rice. Furthermore, a cross-species complementation test indicates that Os-POLLUX can restore nodulation, but not rhizobial infection, to a Medicago truncatula dmi1 mutant.
Barriers and Negative Nudges (2015)

Although food journaling is understood to be both important and difficult, little work has empirically documented the specific challenges people experience with food journals. We identify key challenges in a qualitative study combining a survey of 141 current and lapsed food journalers with analysis of 5,526 posts in community forums for three mobile food journals. Analyzing themes in this data, we find and discuss barriers to reliable food entry, negative nudges caused by current techniques, and challenges with social features. Our results motivate research exploring a wider range of approaches to food journal design and technology.
Neuromodulation with transcranial focused ultrasound (2018)

The understanding of brain function and the capacity to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders rest on the ability to intervene in neuronal activity in specific brain circuits. Current methods of neuromodulation incur a tradeoff between spatial focus and the level of invasiveness. Transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) is emerging as a neuromodulation approach that combines noninvasiveness with focus that can be relatively sharp even in regions deep in the brain. This may enable studies of the causal role of specific brain regions in specific behaviors and behavioral disorders. In addition to causal brain mapping, the spatial focus of FUS opens new avenues for treatments of neurological and psychiatric conditions. This review introduces existing and emerging FUS applications in neuromodulation, discusses the mechanisms of FUS effects on cellular excitability, considers the effects of specific stimulation parameters, and lays out the directions for future work.
Subcellular Compartmentation of Indole-3-acetic Acid in Mesophyll Cells of Spinacia oleracea (1981)

Abstract A compartmental analysis of the distribution of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was performed with mesophyll cells of spinach leaves. The results indicated that up to about 45% of the total amount of free IAA in the laminae of spinach is localized within the chloroplasts, although these organelles occupy only about 7% of the tissue volume. This distribution is due to the dissociation properties of IAA which has a pK a of 4,7. The chloroplast envelope is easily permeable for the undissociated acid (IAAH) and less permeable for the anion (IAA"). The rate of uptake of LAA by chloroplasts was linearly dependent on the IAAH concentration gradient between medium and stroma. Uptake was increased by lowering the extraplastidic pH or by alkalization of the stroma during illumination. In illuminated chloroplasts, IAA was accumulated up to 4 fold compared to the surrounding medium owing to the pH gradient between the medium (pH 7.6) and the stroma (pH 8.0). The unexpectedly high plastidic IAA concentration observed in the dark (concentration ratio stroma/medium was about 2) suggested binding of IAA to chloroplast components. Due to this binding, the IAA distribution between medium and chloroplasts must not be used for calculating the stroma pH, as is possible with ABA. However, from the different distribution of IAA in light and darkness the light-induced alkalization of the chloroplast stroma can be calculated.
Electrolyte and acid-base disorders in inflammatory bowel disease. (2013)

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY INTESTINAL DISORDER ENCOMPASSING TWO MAJOR ENTITIES: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Intestinal inflammatory processes reduce the absorption of sodium, chloride and calcium, while they increase potassium secretion. In addition, mild to severe metabolic alkalosis may occur in IBD patients, mainly depending on the severity of the disease and the part of the gastrointestinal tract being affected. The aim of this review is the presentation of the electrolyte and acid-base disturbances in IBD and how the activity state of the disease and/or treatment may affect them.
Joint Threshold Adjustment and Power Allocation for Cognitive Target Tracking in Asynchronous Radar Network (2017)

In this paper, a joint threshold adjustment and power allocation (JTAPA) algorithm is developed for target tracking in asynchronous radar network (ARN). The basis of the JTAPA strategy is to feed back the target track information from the fusion center to local radar sites to enhance both the target detection capability and the resource utilization efficiency of the ARN. For the detector, we develop a threshold adjustment (TA) algorithm for better detection performance, based on the predicted target location information fed back from the fusion center. For the transmitter, we build an asynchronous power allocation (APA) model based on the perceptual information, and use an optimization technique to control the limited power resource for the next period of time. The goal of the APA scheme is to achieve better target tracking accuracy with a given power budget. The Bayesian Cramér-Rao lower bound is derived, normalized, and subsequently utilized, as the optimization criterion for the APA strategy. The resulting nonconvex optimization problem is solved through relaxation incorporating the spectral projected gradient technique. Simulation results demonstrate that the integration of the TA and APA processes can evidently improve the tracking performance.
Isolation of Genes that Are Preferentially Expressed at the G<sub>1</sub>/S Boundary during the Cell Cycle in Synchronized Cultures of <i>Catharanthus roseus</i> Cells (1991)

A cDNA library was screened for genes that may be involved in the progression of the cell cycle of cells of higher plants. The Catharanthus roseus L. (G) Don. cells were synchronized by the double phosphate starvation method, and a lambdagt11 cDNA library was prepared using poly(A)(+) RNA from cells in the S phase of the cell cycle. Two independent sequences, cyc02 and cyc07, were identified by differential screening. The levels of cyc02 and cyc07 mRNAs increased dramatically, but transiently, at the G(1)/S boundary of the cell cycle. High levels of cyc02 mRNA, but not of cyc07 mRNA, were also present in cells arrested at the G(1) phase by phosphate starvation. In an asynchronous batch culture, cyc02 and cyc07 mRNAs accumulated transiently at different stages of the growth cycle, cyc02 mRNA early in the stationary phase, and cyc07 mRNA in the midlogarithmic phase. When the proliferation of cells was arrested by nutrient starvation, i.e. by sucrose or nitrogen starvation, the relative amounts of the cyc02 and cyc07 mRNAs decreased. These results indicate that cyc02 and cyc07 contain nucleotide sequences from growth-related genes. The analysis of nucleotide sequence of cyc02 shows that the predicted product of this gene is basic and is composed of 101 amino acids. No significant homology to other known proteins was detected.
Design of common access channels for TDMA-TDD microcell communications systems (2002)

This paper describes a detailed design of common access channels in the down link which are constructed with two transmission frames, multi-frame and super-frame, on a dedicated control carrier frequency in TDMA-TDD systems. The co-channel interference between TDMA-TDD bursts is discussed as the first consideration in the design of multi-frame. For the super-frame design, the average connection delay in a call control sequence is evaluated for the various period of super-frame as a function of offered traffic. A method of designing the optimum common access channels transmission frames is proposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Removal of Acyl Protective Groups from Glycopeptides:  Base Does Not Epimerize Peptide Stereocenters, and β-Elimination Is Slow (1996)

Epimerization of glycopeptide stereocenters and beta-elimination have been considered as important potential side reactions on deacylation of glycopeptides which have the carbohydrate moieties protected with O-acyl groups. Since no systematic investigation of these side reactions has been reported, a model acetylated, O-linked glycotripeptide and its three epimers at the alpha-carbon stereocenters were prepared. The model glycopeptide did not undergo any epimerization (<1%) or beta-elimination, as determined by (1)H NMR spectroscopy, under various conditions which are in common use for deacetylation of glycopeptides. Under more severe conditions, which are required for removal of O-benzoyl groups, beta-elimination occurred slowly and was accompanied by slight (<5%) epimerization. The surprisingly low tendency of glycopeptides to undergo base catalyzed epimerization and beta-elimination is most likely due to protection of the alpha-carbon stereocenters by deprotonation of the adjacent amide groups.
A Study of Customer Education Materials for the Cadillac Night Vision System (2004)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">One of the noteworthy aspects of the introduction of the Night Vision System on the 2000 Cadillac DeVille was the use of multimedia (i.e., written and video) customer education materials. These materials were designed to allow drivers to properly understand the strengths and limitations of the feature, and allow them to take full advantage of the potential benefits of Night Vision technology. These materials were developed utilizing existing technical knowledge and important information gained from a focused study on user comprehension of customer education materials. The study was conducted to support and help ensure the successful introduction of the Night Vision feature. As of preparation of this paper, the Cadillac DeVille continues to include a Video Owner's Guide addressing Night Vision as part of the vehicle content.</div>
Direct visualization of cross-links in the primary plant cell wall (1990)

ABSTRACT We have investigated the structure of the onion primary cell wall at high resolution, using shadowed replicas of rapidly frozen deep-etched specimens. We have sequentially extracted polymers from the wall and have visualized both these and the remaining structures at each extraction step. By viewing the structures in as near their native state as possible, an accurate three-dimensional picture of wall construction has been assembled, facilitated by viewing stereo pairs of micrographs. Our observations show that the physical links between cellulose microfibrils that we observe in the intact wall are generally shorter (20-40 nm) than the isolated molecules we extract (30-&gt;700nm), suggesting that lateral interactions must occur between linking polymers and cellulose in muro. These cross-links are hemicellulosic and we believe them to be xyloglucans: their removal allows increased lateral association of microfibrils. Na2CO3-extractable pectic fractions form a separate coextensive network, the removal of which does not affect basic cellulose/ hemicellulose architecture. Preliminary evidence for a lamellate model of wall construction has been obtained. In addition, we propose a positive role for hemicellulose in maintaining the ordered spacing of cellulose microfibrils, perhaps regulating wall porosity and strength. The basic wall parameters that we derive impose constraints on possible cell wall models.
Effect of combination treatment with 5-azacytidine and cytidine on the life-span and spleen and bone marrow cells of leukemic (L1210) and nonleukemic mice. (1970)

Summary Investigations were carried out to examine the antileukemic effect of 5-azacytidine, a synthetic analog of cytidine. The effect of cytidine and deoxycytidine upon the antileukemic activity and toxicity of 5-azacytidine was also investigated. Treatment from Days 3 to 7 and 3 to 11 with optimal doses of 5-azacytidine increased the life-span of the leukemic mice by 85 to 100% over that of the untreated leukemic controls. Mice treated with doses above the optimum succumbed from the toxic effects of the drug. Simultaneous treatment with cytidine (600 or 360 mg/kg) reversed the antileukemic activity of optimal doses of 5-azacytidine. This treatment also reduced the toxicity of higher doses of 5-azacytidine (12 to 33 mg/kg) to leukemic mice, permitting the observations of increased survival time of these mice, and completely reversed the toxicity of the drug to nonleukemic mice. Spleen and bone marrow cells of leukemic and non-leukemic mice treated with 5-azacytidine were significantly reduced below the levels of untreated controls. However, the results indicate that the optimal doses of 5-azacytidine (2.6 and 4.3 mg/kg) were more active against rapidly proliferating leukemic cells than nonleukemic cells. Concurrent treatment with cytidine restored the spleen and bone marrow cells of leukemic and nonleukemic mice and also the colony-forming capability of nonleukemic cells. With deoxycytidine instead of cytidine in combination treatment with 5-azacytidine, only minor effects were observed in lowering antileukemic activity and host toxicity of the drug.
상급병실 의료이용 결정요인 (2011)

우리나라 국민건강보험의 보장성을 약화시키는 중요한 항목으로는 의료이용 상 상급병실 이용에 따른 상급병실 차액이 있는데, 본 연구는 상급병실 차액을 부담시키는 의료이용 결정요인을 파악하기 위해 수행되었으며, Dutton(1986)의 의료이용 모형을 적용하여 상급병실 이용 결정요인에 대해 한국의료패널자료를 이용하여 분석하였다. 본 연구 결과, 상급병실 의료이용을 많이 한 대상은 환자특성요인에서는 출산한 환자들이었으며, 의료공급체계의 특성요인에서는 수술환자들이었다. 독일과 벨기에의 경우, 의료적인 측면과 병실부족 등에 의해 상급병실을 사용하였을 경우, 보험급여 혜택을 환자들에게 주고 있으며, 국내에서는 산업재해보상보험 적용환자 및 자동차보험 적용환자들이 환자 치료와 일반병실이 부족할 경우, 7일의 범위내에서 상급병실 차액을 지급해주고 있음으로, 출산 및 수술환자 대상으로 상급병실 이용 결정요인들에 대한 추후 연구를 통해 환자 치료와 일반병실이 부족하다고 증명되어진 환자들이 상급병실 이용시, 일정한 기간동안 보험자 부담수준을 고려하여 100대 60, 100대 50 등 단계를 구분하여 건강보험급여 혜택이 제공될 수 있도록 건강보험 정책상 제안하고자 한다.
Adherent Neural Stem (NS) Cells from Fetal and Adult Forebrain (2006)

Stable in vitro propagation of central nervous system (CNS) stem cells would offer expanded opportunities to dissect basic molecular, cellular, and developmental processes and to model neurodegenerative disease. CNS stem cells could also provide a source of material for drug discovery assays and cell replacement therapies. We have recently reported the generation of adherent, symmetrically expandable, neural stem (NS) cell lines derived both from mouse and human embryonic stem cells and from fetal forebrain (Conti L, Pollard SM, Gorba T, Reitano E, Toselli M, Biella G, Sun Y, Sanzone S, Ying QL, Cattaneo E, Smith A. 2005. Niche-independent symmetrical self-renewal of a mammalian tissue stem cell. PLoS Biol 3(9):e283). These NS cells retain neuronal and glial differentiation potential after prolonged passaging and are transplantable. NS cells are likely to comprise the resident stem cell population within heterogeneous neurosphere cultures. Here we demonstrate that similar NS cell cultures can be established from the adult mouse brain. We also characterize the growth factor requirements for NS cell derivation and self-renewal. We discuss our current understanding of the relationship of NS cell lines to physiological progenitor cells of fetal and adult CNS.
Characterization of a biologically active extracellular domain of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 expressed in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1992)

The functional features of a recombinant fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor (FGF-R) were investigated by expressing at high level in Escherichia coli a soluble non-glycosylated form of FGF-R1. The extracellular domain of the mature protein (XC-FGF-R), comprising the first 356 amino acids, was purified from a large-scale fermentation. After cell lysis, the protein was quantitatively found in the pellet. XC-FGF-R was solubilized using guanidine/HCl and allowed to refold using two dialysis steps. The refolded protein was obtained in a homogeneous form after ammonium sulphate precipitation and gel-filtration chromatography. The soluble receptor had the ability to form a complex with recombinant human basic FGF (rhbFGF) in solution, as demonstrated by immunoprecipitation with anti-(FGF-R) serum. Formation of a rhbFGF/XC-FGF-R complex was visualized by cross-linking experiments. Quantitative binding experiments with the XC-FGF-R immobilized on Affi-Gel resin showed high binding affinity for 125I-bFGF (Kd = 5-10 nM). Purified XC-FGF-R inhibited binding of 125I-bFGF to its high-affinity receptors on baby hamster kidney cells. These data suggest that glycosylation of the FGF-R is not necessary for its ligand-binding activity. The use of an E. coli expression system resulted in the efficient production of a soluble receptor in a form suitable for ligand/receptor structural studies and screening of new potential agonists and antagonists of angiogenesis. These results indicate that E. coli can be used for the production of complex molecules such as Ig-like receptors.
Achieving per-station fairness in IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs (2010)

In this paper, we address the issue of per-station fairness in IEEE 802.11-based wireless local area networks (WLANs). Although the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) has been designed to provide a fair channel access for all competing stations, it does not guarantee fairness between uplink and downlink flows in infrastructure mode WLANs. In the literature, several solutions have been proposed, where they give a higher channel access priority to an access point (AP) in order to avoid the starvation of downlink flows. However, we found that existing solutions cannot guarantee per-station fairness when uplink and downlink flows coexist in a station. In this paper, we propose a new MAC protocol for IEEE 802.11 WLANs, which aims at providing a fair medium access for all stations regardless of the direction of flows. In the proposed protocol, stations are classified into four states according to their traffic patterns, and they access the medium in different ways according to their states. The proposed protocol is fully backward compatible with the IEEE 802.11 standard and it does not include any complex scheduling algorithm. We evaluated the performance of the proposed protocol via extensive simulations and experiments in a real test-bed. Compared to existing work, the proposed protocol shows improved fairness performance in resource sharing among WLAN stations.
Terbinafine inhibits endothelial cell migration through suppression of the Rho-mediated pathway (2006)

We showed previously that terbinafine, an allylamine with fungicidal activity, could inhibit angiogenesis by suppressing the endothelial cell proliferation. In the present study, we further showed that terbinafine (0-120 micromol/L) dose dependently inhibited the adhesion and migration of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC). Western blot analysis showed that terbinafine decreased the levels of Ras protein and membrane-bound RhoA protein. Moreover, the terbinafine-induced migration inhibition in HUVEC was prevented by pretreatment with farnesol or geranylgeraniol. Pretreatment of HUVEC with Ras inhibitor peptide or a ROCK (a kinase associated with RhoA for transducing RhoA signaling) inhibitor, Y27632, abolished the farnesol- or geranylgeraniol-induced prevention effect on the terbinafine-induced migration inhibition, respectively. These data suggest that the consuming or depletion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and consequent suppression of protein geranylgeranylation and farnesylation, which is essential for activation of Rho GTPases and Ras, respectively, might account for the terbinafine-induced inhibition of HUVEC migration. The levels of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase and paxillin protein and the mRNA levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were also decreased by terbinafine treatment. Taken together, these results indicate that suppression of Rho-mediated pathway might be involved in the signal transduction leading to the inhibition of cell migration caused by terbinafine in HUVEC.
ATMOSPHERIC INFRARED RADIATION OVER MINNEAPOLIS TO 30 MILLIBARS (1957)

This paper presents some of the conclusions from the results of about 300 Black Ball flights in which the total atmospheric infrared radiation is measured in terms of an equivalent radiation temperature. The data presented include typical measurements and a seasonal analysis of the radiation at various pressures. The measurements indicate that the net loss of energy to space by infrared radiation is considerably less than calculations have indicated and cast doubt on some of the assumptions implicit in those calculations.