gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Do prokaryotes contain microtubules? (1994)

In eukaryotic cells, microtubules are 24-nm-diameter tubular structures composed of a class of conserved proteins called tubulin. They are involved in numerous cell functions including ciliary motility, nerve cell elongation, pigment migration, centrosome formation, and chromosome movement. Although cytoplasmic tubules and fibers have been observed in bacteria, some with diameters similar to those of eukaryotes, no homologies to eukaryotic microtubules have been established. Certain groups of bacteria including azotobacters, cyanobacteria, enteric bacteria, and spirochetes have been frequently observed to possess microtubule-like structures, and others, including archaebacteria, have been shown to be sensitive to drugs that inhibit the polymerization of microtubules. Although little biochemical or molecular biological information is available, the differences observed among these prokaryotic structures suggest that their composition generally differs among themselves as well as from that of eukaryotes. We review the distribution of cytoplasmic tubules in prokaryotes, even though, in all cases, their functions remain unknown. At least some tend to occur in cells that are large, elongate, and motile, suggesting that they may be involved in cytoskeletal functions, intracellular motility, or transport activities comparable to those performed by eukaryotic microtubules. In Escherichia coli, the FtsZ protein is associated with the formation of a ring in the division zone between the newly forming offspring cells. Like tubulin, FtsZ is a GTPase and shares with tubulin a 7-amino-acid motif, making it a promising candidate in which to seek the origin of tubulins.
Continuous Infusion of 20‐Hydroxyecdysone Increased Mass of Triceps Brachii in C57BL/6 Mice (2012)

Phytoecdysteroids have been attributed with numerous pharmacological properties in animals, including increasing muscle mass, and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) is one of the most abundant phytoecdysteroids produced by plants. In this study, the physiological and gene expression effects of 20E were analyzed in C57BL/6 mice given a continuous infusion of saline or 20E (5 mg/kg/day) for 5 or 15 days using subcutaneously implanted Alzet® osmotic pumps. The masses of the total body, muscle groups and organs were determined. There was a significant increase ( p = 0.01) in the mass of triceps brachii in mice treated with 20E for 5 days (115 ± 8 mg) compared with mice treated with saline for 5 days (88 ± 3 mg), however, there were no differences in the other measured parameters. To determine potential mechanisms of 20E in skeletal muscle, Illumina's Mouse Whole Genome-6 v2.0 Expression BeadChips were used to evaluate changes in gene expression of the triceps brachii after 20E infusion. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis was used to identify genes with the most evidence for differential expression, of which, 16 genes involved in the skeletal and muscular system were identified. Overall, the data suggest that 20E does not have potent anabolic properties, however, a muscle-specific increase was observed and genes were identified to provide an explanation for the muscle accretion.
Treating <scp>F</scp>ragile <scp>X</scp> syndrome with the diuretic bumetanide: a case report (2013)

This single case report showed an improvement of the scores of each test used after 3 months of treatment. Double-blind clinical trials are warranted to test the efficacy of bumetanide in FRX.
D-Malate Dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens UK-1. (1980)

An enzyme catalyzing oxidative decarboxylation of D-malate was induced by D-malate and beta, beta-dimethyl-malate in Pseudomonas fluorescens UK-1. D-Malate dehydrogenase was purified to homogeneity from the cells grown on D-malate by using ammonium sulfate precipitation, heat treatment, DEAE-sephadex chromatography, Ultrogel AcA 34 gel filtration and 5'-AMP-Sepharose affinity chromatography. D-Malate dehydrogenase has a molecular weight of 140 000 and contains 4 identical subunits of 34 000. The enzyme is very stable against sulfhydryl group reagents or alkylating agents and rather stable against heat or protein denaturants like urea or sodium dodecyl sulfate. NAD protects against heat inactivation and trypsinization but not against protein denaturants. D-Malate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli does not cross-react with anti-D-malate dehydrogenase to D-malate dehydrogenase form P.fluorescens UK-1.
Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals Lineage and X Chromosome Dynamics in Human Preimplantation Embryos (2016)

Mouse studies have been instrumental in forming our current understanding of early cell-lineage decisions; however, similar insights into the early human development are severely limited. Here, we present a comprehensive transcriptional map of human embryo development, including the sequenced transcriptomes of 1,529 individual cells from 88 human preimplantation embryos. These data show that cells undergo an intermediate state of co-expression of lineage-specific genes, followed by a concurrent establishment of the trophectoderm, epiblast, and primitive endoderm lineages, which coincide with blastocyst formation. Female cells of all three lineages achieve dosage compensation of X chromosome RNA levels prior to implantation. However, in contrast to the mouse, XIST is transcribed from both alleles throughout the progression of this expression dampening, and X chromosome genes maintain biallelic expression while dosage compensation proceeds. We envision broad utility of this transcriptional atlas in future studies on human development as well as in stem cell research.
Evolution of optimal compute server clusters for dynamic load-balancing systems (2003)

The paper studies emergence of coalitions for optimal load-balancing among compute nodes in large distributed systems. A compute node in our model is a rational agent that tries to minimize the difference between its load and the average load of other nodes in the vicinity. By limiting communication within the clusters, the cost of communication necessary for dynamic load-balancing is dramatically decreased.
Channeling Mr. Potato head - Face super-resolution using semantic components (2014)

We present a novel approach to face super-resolution using information about semantic components. For each facial component, we seek a similar matching aligned component from a dictionary of training face images. During this process, we also consider the appropriate face pose and use information about people wearing glasses. We then blend the gradient and the high-frequency information of the best-matching high-resolution facial components along with glasses to the input image that has been up-scaled by an existing method. In this paper, we compare with several state-of-the-art methods and demonstrate improvements for multiple poses and expressions.
Identification and Characterization of the Thrombin Binding Sites on Fibrin (1996)

Thrombin binds to fibrin at two classes of non-substrate sites, one of high affinity and the other of low affinity. We investigated the location of these thrombin binding sites by assessing the binding of thrombin to fibrin lacking or containing gamma' chains, which are fibrinogen gamma chain variants that contain a highly anionic carboxyl-terminal sequence. We found the high affinity thrombin binding site to be located exclusively in D domains on gamma' chains (Ka, 4.9 x 10(6) M-1; n, 1.05 per gamma' chain), whereas the low affinity thrombin binding site was in the fibrin E domain (Ka, 0.29 x 10(6) M-1; n, 1.69 per molecule). The amino-terminal beta15-42 fibrin sequence is an important constituent of low affinity binding, since thrombin binding at this site is greatly diminished in fibrin molecules lacking this sequence. The tyrosine-sulfated, thrombin exosite-binding hirudin peptide, S-Hir53-64 (hirugen), inhibited both low and high affinity thrombin binding to fibrin (IC50 1.4 and 3.0 microM respectively). The presence of the high affinity gamma' chain site on fibrinogen molecules did not inhibit fibrinogen conversion to fibrin as assessed by thrombin time measurements, and thrombin exosite binding to fibrin at either site did not inhibit its catalytic activity toward a small thrombin substrate, S-2238. We infer from these findings that there are two low affinity non-substrate thrombin binding sites, one in each half of the dimeric fibrin E domain, and that they may represent a residual aspect of thrombin binding and cleavage of its substrate fibrinogen. The high affinity thrombin binding site on gamma' chains is a constitutive feature of fibrin as well as fibrinogen.
Postural Instability and Cognitive Dysfunction in Early Parkinson's Disease (2012)

These findings showed the postural instability present in early-stage (Hoehn-Yahr stage 2-2.5) Parkinson's disease. We also found a close relationship between postural instability and cognitive function in Parkinson's disease patients.
Acyl nitrene cyclizations in antibiotics. Synthesis of 6"-aminogentamicin C2 (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAcyl nitrene cyclizations in antibiotics. Synthesis of 6"-aminogentamicin C2J. J. Kim Wright, James A. Albarella, and Paul LeeCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 3, 523–527Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1982https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00342a030RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views181Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (673 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
AN INPUT-OUTPUT APPROACH TO THE MEASUREMENT OF PRODUCTIVITY DIFFERENCES* (2001)

This paper deals with the measurement of efficiency differences among countries within a federation. The key tool is the use of a suitable interpretation of the non-substitution theorem in order to get a natural technological standard. Two alternative indices are proposed. One provides a structural productivity measure, independent of consumption and prices. The other consists of a price index associated with the equilibrium aggregate demand.
Reclassifying the SILL: Validation Using Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (2018)

For decades, the Strategy Inventory of Language Learning (SILL) has been extensively used in the previous studies on foreign/second language (L2) learners’ learning strategies, which have yielded a substantial amount of empirical findings in the field of L2. The conventional classification of the SILL questionnaire, however, has not gone without challenges, especially given the tremendous diversity of the EFL context. In this study, we revisited the SILL and reclassified the language learning strategies in this popular questionnaire. The data were collected in an EFL context in which a total of 282 Taiwanese senior high school students filled out the SILL questionnaire. Validity was the paramount concern during reclassifying and was demonstrated via exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmation factor analysis (CFA). EFA was first used to extract factors from the SILL, which helps to conceptualize the new classification. CFA was then performed to confirm the exploratory model. At the end of the study, the SILL was reclassified into the 6 dimensions which were labeled as: 1) Social Strategies, 2) Metacognitive Strategies (Type I), 3) Metacognitive Strategies (Type II), 4) Affective Strategies, 5) Cognitive Strategies and 6) Memory Strategies. Keywords: Language learning strategy, the Strategy Inventory of Language Learning, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis
Loss of mutant mitochondrial DNA harboring the MELAS A3243G mutation in human cybrid cells after cell-cell fusion with normal tissue-derived fibroblast cells (2009)

Mutant mitochondrial (mt) DNA variants are related to human disease and have been investigated using cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) cells generated from human tumor cells in which mutant mt maintenance depends on the cell line. It is, however, unclear whether human intercellular fusion of non-tumorous cells influences the maintenance of disease-related mutant mt. A preliminary experiment of cell-cell fusion between a human skin fibroblast cell line from a Lesch-Nyhan syndrome patient and an osteosarcoma cybrid cell line harboring the mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR)A3243G mutation showed a decrease of A3243G mutant mtDNA in fused cells during passages. In order to confirm the decrease of mutant mtDNA, we performed cell-cell fusion experiments using another human lung fibroblastic cell line. When the hygromycin-resistant osteosarcoma cybrid cell line was fused with the fibroblasts without any A3243G mtDNA mutations, the proportion of A3243G mutant mtDNA in the hybrid cells gradually decreased during cell culture and almost completely disappeared in all hybrid clones at the end of 15 passages. These results indicated that A3243G mutant specific mtDNA decreases in the hybrid background when normal fibroblast-derived cell contents, including the nucleus and mt, were introduced. Thus, we are hypothesizing that the non-tumorigenic fibroblast cellular components induce a difference in replication efficacy between the mtDNAs with and without the A3243G mutant sequence, which may be related to the decrease of disease-related mutant mtDNA in the hybrid cells.
A novel inverse-magnetostrictive type pressure sensor with planar sensing inductor (2013)

In this study, a novel planar inductor to detect the pressure sensor is proposed. The planar inductor consists of planar coil and CoFeB films. The proposed sensor exploits the inverse-magnetostriction effect to change the permeability of the CoFeB film by pressure load. This permeability variation will further result in the inductance difference of the planar inductor. Consequently the relationship between the pressure and inductance can be obtained by the inductance measurement. To demonstrate the presented concept, prototype inverse-magnetostrictive type pressure sensors with planar sensing inductor (Al planar coil and CoFeB films) have been implemented and tested. Sensitivity measurements show the gauge factor of the novel pressure sensor is approximate 280. To support the proposed concept, the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements show the magnetic anisotropy of the CoFeB film (extracted from the hysteresis loops) is changed due to the applied pressure load.
The Effects of Quadratic AM-PM Conversion in Frequency-Division Multiplexed Multiple-Access Communication Satellite Systems (1971)

A traveling-wave tube amplifier such as those employed in frequency-division multiplexed multiple-access communication-satellite repeaters is considered. The amplifier nonlinearity is assumed to follow an error-function characteristic, and the AM-PM conversion is taken to be a quadratic function of the envelope of the input signal. An exact expression allowing for both arbitrary amounts of amplifier saturation and AM-PM conversion is derived for the autocorrelation function of the amplifier output when the input is a Gaussian bandpass process. Distortion spectra are calculated for the parameters of a typical travelingwave tube transmitter.
Characteristics of Thin-Film Transistors Fabricated on Fluorinated Zinc Oxide (2012)

Thin-film transistors fabricated on fluorinated zinc oxide have been found to exhibit improved electrical characteristics. The dependence of the extent of the improvement on the amount of fluorine, precisely controlled using ion implantation, is investigated. At a fluorine concentration of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">20</sup> /cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> , transistors with a relatively high field-effect mobility of ~60 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /V·s have been realized. The enhancement is attributed to the passivation of carrier traps by fluorine. Fluorine concentration in excess of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">20</sup> /cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> is found to result in degraded transistor characteristics.
An embedded FBG sensor for simultaneous measurement of stress and temperature (2005)

An embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor for simultaneous measurement of stress and temperature is proposed, where a uniform FBG is capsulated in a tapered polymer so that the grating is linearly chirped when the sensor is stressed. The value of applied stress and temperature can be obtained by measuring the chirp and central wavelength via a coefficient matrix. Experimental results demonstrate that the sensor has a stress sensitivity of 2.62/spl times/10/sup -3/nm/N and a temperature sensitivity of 0.108 nm//spl deg/C. Since the FBG is well protected and no sudden strain change is imposed on it, the sensor is expected to have an excellent reliability.
A flexible parylene-based glutamate sensor (2011)

This paper presents the results of a study aimed at the fabrication and basic evaluation of a parylene-based flexible sensor for glutamate detection in the brain. We fabricated a flexible sensor using Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology. Then, to modify the electrodes, we deposited an enzyme on the surface of the electrodes. To evaluate the function of the sensor, we performed an in vitro aliquot injection test. The fabricated flexible sensor was able to detect glutamate in vitro.
Homogeneous Controlled Free Radical Polymerization in Aqueous Media (2002)

The ability to conduct controlled radical polymerizations (CRP) in homogeneous aqueous media is discussed. Three main techniques, namely stable free radical polymerization (SFRP), with an emphasis on nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) are examined. No examples exist of homogeneous aqueous NMP polymerization, but mixed water/solvent systems are discussed with specific reference to the NMP of sodium 4-styrenesulfonate. Aqueous ATRP is possible, although monomer choice is limited to methacrylates and certain styrenics. Finally, homogeneous aqueous RAFT polymerizations are examined. We demonstrate the greater versatility of this technique, at least in terms of monomer variety, by discussing the controlled polymerization of charged and neutral acrylamido monomers and of a series of ionic styrenic monomers. Many of these monomers cannot/have not been polymerized by either NMP or ATRP.
Hydantoin Derivatives of L- and D-amino acids: Synthesis and Evaluation of Their Antiviral and Antitumoral Activity (2006)

3,5-Disubstituted hydantoin (1,3-imidazolidinedione) derivatives 5a-h were prepared by base induced cyclization of the corresponding N-(1-benzotriazolecarbonyl)-L- and D-amino acid amides 4a-h. Compounds 5a-h were evaluated for their cytostatic and antiviral activities. Among all the compounds evaluated, 3-benzhydryl-5-isopropyl hydantoin (5a) showed a weak but selective inhibitory effect against vaccinia virus (EC(50) = 16 microg/mL; selectivity index: 25). 3-Cyclohexyl-5-phenyl hydantoin (5g) showed inhibitory activity against cervical carcinoma (HeLa, IC(50) = 5.4 microM) and breast carcinoma (MCF-7, IC(50) = 2 microM), but also cytotoxic effects towards human normal fibroblasts (WI 38). On the contrary, the 3-benzhydryl-5-phenyl substituted hydantoin derivative 5h showed moderate inhibitory activity towards HeLa, MCF-7, pancreatic carcinoma (MiaPaCa-2), lung carcinoma (H 460) and colon carcinoma (SW 620) (IC(50) = 20-23 microM), but no effect on WI 38.
Relative roles of collagenase and lysosomal cysteine-proteinases in bone resorption. (1992)

Both lysosomal cysteine-proteinases and collagenase appear to be necessary for the resorption of actively growing, immature woven bone, but their relative roles are not yet clearly elucidated. The present evidence indicates that, during bone resorption, the osteoclast first solubilizes the mineral by a secretion of acid and then removes the exposed demineralized collagen by the action of secreted lysosomal collagenolytic cysteine-proteinases. Collagenase in bone seems to be mainly a product of osteoblasts and related cells, not osteoclasts. Its role could be limited in the removal of any non-mineralized collagen layers which could be covering mineralized bone surfaces and which seem to prevent the activation of osteoclasts and thus their action; such a "shield" of unmineralized osteoid is well-established at the surface of actively growing woven bone, although not on the resorbing surfaces of mature lamellar bone. Moreover, some osteoblast-derived procollagenase is stored in the mineralized bone matrix from which it can be released by demineralization. It is therefore possible that it may also contribute to the degradation of demineralized bone collagen once it has been released and activated by lysosomal cysteine-proteinases under the osteoclast.