gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parallel transport of BSA by surface and pore diffusion in strongly basic chitosan (1994)

Abstract The parallel transport of a protein by surface and pore diffusion within a highly porous ion exchanger is studied by measuring equilibria and uptake curves for adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on two different strongly basic chitosan ion exchangers (hard gels): Ch‐2503 and Ch‐2507 at pH 6.9 and 298 K. Experimental equilibrium isotherms are correlated by the Langmuir equation. Intraparticle effective diffusivities of BSA (D eff ) are determined from the homogeneous Fickian diffusion model, increasing with the bulk phase concentration increase of BSA (C 0 ). It suggests the existence of parallel diffusion. The surface diffusivity D S for the parallel diffusion model is determined from the D eff , and D S = 0.47 × 10 −13 m 2 · s −1 (Ch‐2507) and 2.4 × 10 −13 m 2 · s −1 (Ch‐2503) were obtained. Pore diffusivities based on the pore diffusion control (D′ P ) are obtained by matching the shrinking core model with the experimental uptake curves. D′ P decreases with increasing C 0 . Since D′ P in Ch‐2507 is constant when C 0 ≥ 1 kg·m −3 , the constant value 2.7 × 10 −11 m 2 · s −1 is taken as the accurate pore diffusivity (D P ). As D′ P in Ch‐2503 does not approach a constant value, D P = 1.0 × 10 −11 m 2 · s −1 is determined by matching the parallel diffusion model with the uptake data, and the model calculated using experimental values of D S and D P agrees reasonably well with the uptake data for Ch‐2507 and Ch‐2503. This theoretical approach may be applied not only for intraparticle diffusion of proteins but any adsorbates in porous materials.
On the Distributed Complexity of Computing Maximal Matchings (2001)

We show that maximal matchings can be computed deterministically in O(log4n ) rounds in the synchronous, message-passing model of computation. This is one of the very few cases known of a nontrivial graph structure, and the only "classical" one, which can be computed distributively in polylogarithmic time without recourse to randomization.
Vacuolar H<sup>+</sup>-ATPase in human breast cancer cells with distinct metastatic potential: distribution and functional activity (2004)

Tumor cells thrive in a hypoxic microenvironment with an acidic extracellular pH. To survive in this harsh environment, tumor cells must exhibit a dynamic cytosolic pH regulatory system. We hypothesize that vacuolar H(+)-ATPases (V-ATPases) that normally reside in acidic organelles are also located at the cell surface, thus regulating cytosolic pH and exacerbating the migratory ability of metastatic cells. Immunocytochemical data revealed for the first time that V-ATPase is located at the plasma membrane of human breast cancer cells: prominent in the highly metastatic and inconspicuous in the lowly metastatic cells. The V-ATPase activities in isolated plasma membranes were greater in highly than in lowly metastatic cells. The proton fluxes via V-ATPase evaluated by fluorescence spectroscopy in living cells were greater in highly than in lowly metastatic cells. Interestingly, lowly metastatic cells preferentially used the ubiquitous Na(+)/H(+) exchanger and HCO(3)(-)-based H(+)-transporting mechanisms, whereas highly metastatic cells used plasma membrane V-ATPases. The highly metastatic cells were more invasive and migratory than the lowly metastatic cells. V-ATPase inhibitors decreased the invasion and migration in the highly metastatic cells. Altogether, these data indicate that V-ATPases located at the plasma membrane are involved in the acquisition of a more metastatic phenotype.
<i>In vitro</i> and <i>In vivo</i> Characterization of 64Cu-Labeled AbegrinTM, a Humanized Monoclonal Antibody against Integrin αvβ3 (2006)

Abegrin (MEDI-522 or Vitaxin), a humanized monoclonal antibody against human integrin alpha(v)beta(3), is in clinical trials for cancer therapy. In vivo imaging using Abegrin-based probes is needed for better treatment monitoring and dose optimization. Here, we conjugated Abegrin with macrocyclic chelating agent 1,4,7,10-tetra-azacylododecane N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic (DOTA) at five different DOTA/Abegrin ratios. The conjugates were labeled with (64)Cu (half-life = 12.7 hours) and tested in three human (U87MG, MDA-MB-435, and PC-3) and one mouse (GL-26) tumor models. The in vitro and in vivo effects of these (64)Cu-DOTA-Abegrin conjugates were evaluated. The number of DOTA per Abegrin varied from 1.65 +/- 0.32 to 38.53 +/- 5.71 and the radiolabeling yield varied from 5.20 +/- 3.16% to 88.12 +/- 6.98% (based on 2 mCi (64)Cu per 50 microg DOTA-Abegrin conjugate). No significant difference in radioimmunoreactivity was found among these conjugates (between 59.78 +/- 1.33 % and 71.13 +/- 2.58 %). Micro-positron emission tomography studies revealed that (64)Cu-DOTA-Abegrin (1,000:1) had the highest tumor activity accumulation (49.41 +/- 4.54% injected dose/g at 71-hour postinjection for U87MG tumor). The receptor specificity of (64)Cu-DOTA-Abegrin was confirmed by effective blocking of MDA-MB-435 tumor uptake with coadministration of nonradioactive Abegrin. (64)Cu-DOTA-IgG exhibited background level tumor uptake at all time points examined. Integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-specific tumor imaging using (64)Cu-DOTA-Abegrin may be translated into the clinic to characterize the pharmacokinetics, tumor targeting efficacy, dose optimization, and dose interval of Abegrin and/or Abegrin conjugates. Chemotherapeutics or radiotherapeutics using Abegrin as the delivering vehicle may also be effective in treating integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-positive tumors.
Cyclotrimerisation of Cyano-compounds into 1,3,5-Triazines (1978)

A survey is made of papers on the cyclotrimerisation of substituted monofunctional cyanides X.C:N differing in the structure of the substituent X = H, R, Ar, N, HO, RO, ArO, HS, RS, Hal. This reaction has been widely used in recent years both in preparative organic chemistry and in large-tonnage industrial manufactures, by virtue of the availability of the initial compounds, the high yields of 1,3,5-triazines, and the simplicity of operation. Attention is paid mainly to recent work to elucidate the influence of substituents X on the reactivity of NC-containing compounds; various mechanisms of cyclotrimerisation are discussed, as well as the effects of catalysts, pressure, and other factors. Consideration is given not only to homocyclotrimerisation but also to mixed cyclotrimerisation of cyanide derivatives and the influence of the reaction conditions on the structure of the resulting 1,3,5-triazines. A list of 247 references is included.
Polymeric Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery of Drugs and Vaccines: A Critical Evaluation of In Vivo Studies (2005)

Oral drug delivery is the preferred route of administration of drugs. Because of their versatility, nanoparticles often have been investigated for the delivery of a wide number of drugs by this route. This article first examines the physicochemical, pharmaceutical and technological aspects that make nanoparticles a potential oral delivery system for drugs and active biomolecules. Next, upon consideration of in vivo studies, the pharmacokinetic, pharmacological and therapeutic aspects of orally administered nanoparticles are described. Special emphasis is placed on improvement of oral bioavailability of drugs incorporated into nanoparticles. Two main mechanisms involved in enhancing drug absorption are discussed: the protection of drug by nanoparticles against harsh conditions in the gut and the prolongation of gastrointestinal transit of nanoparticles by using bioadhesive polymers. Furthermore, nanoparticle uptake by intestinal cells and oral vaccination by these colloidal carriers are also covered. In this context, the immune responses elicited as well as the protection against pathogens induced by antigen-loaded nanoparticles administered by the oral route are presented. Finally, the main limitations and perspectives of these colloidal carriers as oral drug delivery systems are discussed.
El uso de las TIG en los barrios informales: una herramienta indispensable de evaluación y planificación. El caso de ESF-Cat en Mozambique (2009)

Con la voluntad de mejorar la planificacion y evaluacion de los proyectos urbanos de ESF-Cat, desde sus inicios el Programa Barrios de Maputo (Mozambique) se planteo, como una herramienta indispensable, la elaboracion de una Linea Base de Informacion a traves de las TIG, y en especial, de los SIG. La futura elaboracion del Plan Urbanistico del barrio de Maxaquene �A� constata, aun mas, la necesidad real de contar con una informacion de base, organizada y centralizada, y ademas, pone sobre la mesa la discusion etica y economica del uso de software libre o privativo. En el siguiente articulo se expone la evolucion y situacion actual respecto a la elaboracion del SIG urbano, asi como sus principales problemas y resultados.
The role of metering in revenue protection (1999)

Revenue protection is an important problem for utilities although it is not universally recognised to be so yet. Specific actions are needed to get a focus appropriate to the size of the problem. Developments in metering technology offer a set of solutions to the revenue protection needs to utilities. The anti-tamper and revenue protection features provided by modem meters, woven into management structures with information systems are excellent weapons in the armoury of the revenue protection engineer. This paper discusses the relationship between meters and revenue protection. The paper discusses pre-payment meters and fraud, tamper intelligence, theft outside of the meter, transformer operated meters, 3-phase whole current meters, standards, and investment required.
Gram-positive shock (1992)

Gram-positive infections due to Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes, and non-group A Streptococcus cause serious infections in humans, and in the last 15 years some have seemingly become more virulent and certainly more resistant to antibiotics. This review discusses the clinical nuances of gram-positive infection and pursues basic science mechanisms responsible for shock, tissue destruction, and multiorgan failure.
New NTP analogs: the synthesis of 4′-thioUTP and 4′-thioCTP and their utility for SELEX (2005)

The synthesis of the triphosphates of 4'-thiouridine and 4'-thiocytidine, 4'-thioUTP (7; thioUTP) and 4'-thioCTP (8; thioCTP), and their utility for SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) is described. The new nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) analogs 7 and 8 were prepared from appropriately protected 4'-thiouridine and -cytidine derivatives using the one-pot method reported by J. Ludwig and F. Eckstein [(1989) J. Org. Chem., 54, 631-635]. Because SELEX requires both in vitro transcription and reverse transcription, we examined the ability of 7 and 8 for SELEX by focusing on the two steps. Incorporation of 7 and 8 by T7 RNA polymerase to give 4'-thioRNA (thioRNA) proceeded well and was superior to those of the two sets of frequently used modified NTP analogs for SELEX (2'-NH2dUTP and 2'-NH2dCTP; 2'-FdUTP and 2'-FdCTP), when an adequate leader sequence of DNA template was selected. We revealed that a leader sequence of about +15 of DNA template is important for the effective incorporation of modified NTP analogs by T7 RNA polymerase. In addition, reverse transcription of the resulting thioRNA into the complementary DNA in the presence of 2'-deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) also proceeded smoothly and precisely. The stability of the thioRNA toward RNase A was 50 times greater than that of the corresponding natural RNA. With these successful results in hand, we attempted the selection of thioRNA aptamers to human alpha-thrombin using thioUTP and thioCTP, and found a thioRNA aptamer with high binding affinity (K(d) = 4.7 nM).
Highly efficient immobilization of phospholipase A2 and its biomedical applications. (1995)

A new method for the immobilization of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has been developed to enhance the activity retention of immobilized PLA2. When PLA2 from the venom of Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus was pretreated with 4-nitro-3-octanoyl-oxybenzoic acid to acylate epsilon-amino groups of two lysines (Lys-7 and Lys-10) and the resulting acylated enzyme was covalently coupled onto carbonyldiimidazole-activated cross-linked agarose beads, the immobilized acylated enzyme showed high retention of activity toward various aggregated phospholipids. Toward densely packed phospholipid bilayers, such as large unilamellar vesicles of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, the immobilized acylated A. p. piscivorus PLA2 was 25-fold more active than the soluble A. p. piscivorus PLA2. The general applicability of our immobilization protocol was demonstrated by the high retention of activity achieved for the immobilized acylated PLA2 from the venom of Naja naja naja. In particular, full activity retention of the immobilized acylated A. p. piscivorus PLA2 toward phospholipids on the surface of human low density lipoproteins suggests its potential usefulness in a newly developed PLA2-based therapy for hypercholesterolemia.
Single Pass Connected Components Analysis (2007)

The classic connected components labelling algorithm requires a minimum of 2 passes through an image. This paper presents a modification of this algorithm that allows the resolution of merged labels to be deferred. This enables the subsequent data analysis step to be combined with the labelling procedure, with the result that connected components can be analysed in a single pass by gathering data on the regions as they are built. This avoids the need for buffering the image, making the algorithm ideally suited for processing streamed images on an FPGA or other embedded system with limited memory. It is shown that an FPGA-based design could use 1 clock cycle per pixel with a small overhead to manage merging of “U ” shaped components. It is demonstrated that the worst case overhead is 20 % of the image, although for typical images the overhead is less than 1%.
Functional properties of rat and human neocortical voltage-sensitive sodium currents (1994)

1. The functional properties of sodium currents in acutely dissociated adult human, neonatal rat [postnatal day (P) 3 and P10], and mature rat (P21-23) neocortical pyramidal neurons were studied using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. 2. The voltage dependence of activation and steady-state inactivation of neonatal rat sodium currents was shifted in the positive direction when compared with mature rat sodium currents. In contrast, no difference was detected between the voltage dependence of activation and steady-state inactivation of mature rat and adult human sodium currents. 3. The fast inactivation of rat (neonatal and mature) and human neocortical sodium currents were best fit with three components; a fast decay component, a slow decay component, and a persistent component. The magnitude of the persistent current in neocortical neurons averaged 1-3% of the peak current. Inactivation was faster for sodium currents in neonatal rat neocortical neurons than in mature neurons. No difference was detected in the kinetics of inactivation between mature rat and adult human sodium currents. 4. Saxitoxin (STX) inhibited neuronal sodium currents at nanomolar concentrations in neonatal and mature rat and adult human neocortical neurons. STX-insensitive channels were not detected. 5. STX affinity was also assayed using 3H-STX. A single high-affinity binding site was found in neonatal rat, mature rat, and adult human neocortical tissue. A developmental increase in STX binding site density in the rat neocortex was tightly correlated with the increase in the sodium current density (normalized to cell capacitance). Human neocortical tissue and mature rat neocortical tissue did not differ in STX binding site density or sodium current density. 6. From these electrophysiological and autoradiographic studies we conclude that 1) the increase in the normalized sodium current density and STX binding density with age postnatally reflects an increase in binding sites of sodium channels functionally expressed on neuronal membranes, 2) the functional differences in channel behavior with maturation can explain the higher threshold for excitation in neonatal neocortical neurons and the increase in accommodation or adaptation in firing in the mature neuron, and 3) mature rat neocortical neurons represent a valid model for the study of adult human pyramidal neocortical neurons in terms of Na+ channel expression and function.
RCMS-a second generation medical synchrotron (2002)

The Rapid Cycling Medical Synchrotron (RCMS) is a second generation synchrotron. The transverse beam size is dominated by multiple scattering, if the incoming size is at the 1 mm level. It takes 10 overlapping beam pulses 0.5 cm wide to scan a tumor 5 cm wide with 1 % flatness. Small beam sizes are critical for inexpensive gantries, since small beams permit the use of small, lightweight, magnets which are economical to operate. The RCMS achieves small beam sizes by applying "strong focusing" optics to a small emittance beam. Gantries and nozzles, control systems and the design are discussed.
Review: The adsorption of functional polymers from their organic solutions: applications to fuel additives (2004)

Abstract Functional polymers are used as additives in the formulation of fuels either for their detergency properties or for retaining cold weather operability. Examples of recent research work aimed at a better understanding of the physico‐chemical phenomena involved and at the design and synthesis of new polymers are described. One phenomenon common in most applications is the adsorption of the polymers on various surfaces (gums, soot, metal walls, paraffin crystals). In the case of chain‐end functional polymers, strong affinity of the functional groups for the surface sites is required in order to reach the high adsorption densities that allow optimum stabilization properties. This can be achieved by a correct choice of the functional group (of its polymeric nature, having a primary amino group that will strongly interact with surface sites) or by the design of the macromolecular architecture. In the case of very complex systems (eg the crystallization of paraffins in diesel fuel), the selection of relevant experimental models allows investigations into mechanisms at a microscopic level. Such studies would obviously not be possible on the diesel fuel itself, which is nevertheless the only really representative sample. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Lithium treatment alleviates impaired cognition in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome (2013)

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by suppressed expression of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), which results in intellectual disability accompanied by many variably manifested characteristics, such as hyperactivity, seizures and autistic-like behaviors. Treatment of mice that lack FMRP, Fmr1 knockout (KO) mice, with lithium has been reported to ameliorate locomotor hyperactivity, prevent hypersensitivity to audiogenic seizures, improve passive avoidance behavior and attenuate sociability deficits. To focus on the defining characteristic of FXS, which is cognitive impairment, we tested if lithium treatment ameliorated impairments in four cognitive tasks in Fmr1 KO mice, tested if the response to lithium differed in adolescent and adult mice and tested if therapeutic effects persisted after discontinuation of lithium administration. Fmr1 KO mice displayed impaired cognition in the novel object detection task, temporal ordering for objects task and coordinate and categorical spatial processing tasks. Chronic lithium treatment of adolescent (from 4 to 8 weeks of age) and adult (from 8 to 12 weeks of age) mice abolished cognitive impairments in all four cognitive tasks. Cognitive deficits returned after lithium treatment was discontinued for 4 weeks. These results show that Fmr1 KO mice exhibit severe impairments in these cognitive tasks, that lithium is equally effective in normalizing cognition in these tasks whether it is administered to young or adult mice and that lithium administration must be continued for the cognitive improvements to be sustained. These findings provide further evidence that lithium administration may be beneficial for individuals with FXS.
ChemInform Abstract: HYDROFORMYLATION OF α‐PINENE (1976)

Abstract (‐)‐(a)‐Pinen (I) liefert bei der Hydroformylierung in Gegenwart von Dikobaltoctacarbonyl als Katalysator als Hauptprodukt das (‐)‐2‐Formyl‐bornan (II).
Sensory evaluation of fermented milks: vocabulary development and the relations between sensory properties and composition and between acceptability and sensory properties (1992)

Methodology for sensory profiling of fermented milks has been studied. A vocabulary of sensory attributes has been developed which encompasses most of the difference between samples. Principal Component Analysis, incorporating factor rotation, allowed simplification of the variability between samples to five Principal Components capable of clear interpretation. Sensory mapping was found to be a useful tool for categorizing fermented milks. The acceptability of the fermented milks was successfully modelled, by Partial Least Squares Regression, in terms of a limited number of key attributes. The model explained 88.4% of the variance. The relations between sensory attributes and the composition of the fermented milks were considered using Multiple Linear Regression. Although a number of statistically significant relations were derived they were of poor to modest value for purposes of prediction .
Effects of leaky-wave propagation in metamaterial grounded slabs excited by a dipole source (2005)

In this paper, dispersive propagation and radiation properties of leaky waves on metamaterial grounded slabs are investigated. The proper or improper nature of leaky modes supported by such structures is shown to be related to the metamaterial being /spl epsi/-negative, /spl mu/-negative, or double-negative, and to field polarization, giving rise to backward or forward radiation depending on the frequency range of operation. These spectral features and the associated frequency scan of the radiated beam are illustrated by considering the field excited by a dipole source in the presence of an infinite metamaterial grounded slab. The possibility to achieve nearly equal values for the phase constants of a TE and a TM leaky mode on a large frequency range is shown; this allows us to obtain a conical radiation pattern and, also, for suitable values of the attenuation constants, the radiation of a pencil beam at broadside. Conditions for achieving maximum power density at broadside are derived, when one constitutive parameter is much smaller than the other. In order to illustrate these novel features, numerical results based on experimentally tested dispersion models for permittivity and permeability of the metamaterial media are provided, concerning leaky-wave modal properties and near and far fields excited by a dipole source.
A custom-made guide-wire positioning device for Hip Surface Replacement Arthroplasty: description and first results (2010)

Pilot testing of a custom made jig for use during SRA indicated that the device was (1) successfully applied and user friendly and (2) allowed for accurate guide wire placement according to the preoperative plan.