gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PEG–PEI Copolymers for Oligonucleotide Delivery to Cells and Tissues (2008)

Inefficient delivery of antisense oligonucleotides (AO) to target cell nuclei remains as the foremost limitation to their usefulness. Copolymers of cationic poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are extremely well-studied compounds that markedly improve the in vitro and in vivo delivery of AOs to cells and tissues. By varying the Mw of PEI, as well as the nature of PEG shielding, PEG-PEI-AO nanoparticulates can be prepared with a dynamic range of size, surface charge, and stability. Each of these properties in-turn influences the transfection capacity of the PEG-PEI-AO polyplexes. In addition, PEG-PEI copolymers are readily functionalized for enhanced efficacy and specificity of cellular and tissue targeting. The synthesis and functionalization of PEG-PEI copolymers is remarkably simple and requires very little specialized equipment. Thus, PEG-PEI copolymers represent a tractable and adaptable oligonucleotide delivery system that can be customized and optimized to the investigators' specific application. This chapter describes the step-by-step synthesis of several PEG-PEI copolymers that are specifically formulated to provide effective delivery of AOs using both in vitro and in vivo applications. We describe the preparation of the PEG-PEI-AO polyplexes and provide examples showing transfection of cultured cells in vitro, as well as skeletal muscles in vivo using both local and systemic delivery.
Hypo-glycosylated human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH21/18) is much more active in vitro than fully-glycosylated hFSH (hFSH24) (2013)

Hypo-glycosylated hFSH(21/18) (possesses FSHβ(21) and FSHβ(18)bands) was isolated from hLH preparations by immunoaffinity chromatography followed by gel filtration. Fully-glycosylated hFSH(24) was prepared by combining the fully-glycosylated FSHβ(24) variant with hCGα and isolating the heterodimer. The hFSH(21/18) glycoform preparation was significantly smaller than the hFSH(24) preparation and possessed 60% oligomannose glycans, which is unusual for hFSH. Hypo-glycosylated hFSH(21/18) was 9- to 26-fold more active than fully-glycosylated hFSH(24) in FSH radioligand assays. Significantly greater binding of (125)I-hFSH(21/18) tracer than hFSH(24) tracer was observed in all competitive binding assays. In addition, higher binding of hFSH(21/18) was noted in association and saturation binding assays, in which twice as much hFSH(21/18) was bound as hFSH(24). This suggests that more ligand binding sites are available to hFSH(21/18) in FSHR than to hFSH(24). Hypo-glycosylated hFSH(21/18) also bound rat FSHRs more rapidly, exhibiting almost no lag in binding, whereas hFSH(24) specific binding proceeded very slowly for almost the first hour of incubation.
PA-824 Kills Nonreplicating <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> by Intracellular NO Release (2008)

Bicyclic nitroimidazoles, including PA-824, are exciting candidates for the treatment of tuberculosis. These prodrugs require intracellular activation for their biological function. We found that Rv3547 is a deazaflavin-dependent nitroreductase (Ddn) that converts PA-824 into three primary metabolites; the major one is the corresponding des-nitroimidazole (des-nitro). When derivatives of PA-824 were used, the amount of des-nitro metabolite formed was highly correlated with anaerobic killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Des-nitro metabolite formation generated reactive nitrogen species, including nitric oxide (NO), which are the major effectors of the anaerobic activity of these compounds. Furthermore, NO scavengers protected the bacilli from the lethal effects of the drug. Thus, these compounds may act as intracellular NO donors and could augment a killing mechanism intrinsic to the innate immune system.
Metformin for Prevention of Weight Gain and Insulin Resistance with Olanzapine: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial (2006)

Metformin did not prevent olanzapine-induced BWG. While some lipid parameters worsened during placebo, the HOMA-IR improved in both the placebo and the metformin groups. Carbohydrate metabolism impairment was not systematically observed during short-term olanzapine administration.
Non-pilot based synchronization for ACO-OFDM (2009)

Cyclic-prefix-based synchronization has been used in radio-frequency OFDM for tracking both the timing and frequency offset. The idea behind cyclic-prefix based synchronization is to use the redundancy that is already inherent in the symbol and avoid additional pilots. Asymmetrically-clipped Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (ACO-OFDM) is a power-efficient form of intensity-modulated/direct-detection (IM/DD) OFDM that avoids the use of a DC-bias. Like OFDM, ACO-OFDM has a cyclic prefix, but it also has additional redundancy in the signal due to the fact that information is transmitted only on the odd carriers. This paper introduces a way to exploit this additional redundancy along with the cyclic-prefix for time-synchronization in ACO-OFDM systems.
A single-center study of aminolevulinic acid and 417 NM photodynamic therapy in the treatment of moderate to severe acne vulgaris. (2003)

This article describes a single-center trial involving twenty-two patients with acne vulgaris. Blu-U light was used in all patients, while half were pre-treated with aminolevulinic acid. Preliminary results show promise for this treatment in mild to moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris.
Port wine stain: a new therapeutic approach to an old birth defect. (1990)

A new treatment is available for port wine stains (PWS), which are congenital malformations. Both children and adults now can be treated by selective photothermolysis with a flashlamp, pumped, tunable, dye laser. Careful attention to the laser characteristics of pulse-width and dose allows significant lightening of PWS with minimal change in skin texture.
Experimental investigations and simulations using FEM for the direct field oriented control of linear induction motor (2002)

In the vector control of a linear induction motor (LIM), it is difficult to calculate air gap field vector exactly because of end effects of LIM. So, this paper shows the longitudinal end effect and the transverse edge effect of LIM by experiment and determines the position of the sensor for detecting the air gap field vector. The direct vector control scheme is utilized to control the speed of LIM. As a result, simulation values by finite element analysis and experimental values of direct vector control using DSP are compared, and investigated.
Smart Speaker: Suspicious Event Detection with Reverse Mode Speakers (2019)

Loudspeakers are transducers that convert electrical signals to sounds. However, it is well-known that in reverse mode, they can convert sounds to electrical signals. The paper studies the feasibility of designing an embedded system that detects suspicious events like gunshots or screaming by utilizing the reverse mode of loudspeakers. A proof-of-concept system was introduced, which can record the induced reverse mode signal in the inactive states of a speaker while providing the direct mode functionality in the active states. To examine the impact of the reverse mode's distorting effects on the event detection accuracy, traditional audio event datasets were transformed into forms as they would have been recorded by speakers. Three different signal processing scenarios were introduced and evaluated by different methods and classifiers. The results suggested that in all three scenarios the reverse mode speakers could be used for event detection.
Nucleotide requirements for CDX2 binding to the <i>cis</i> promoter element mediating intestine‐specific expression of guanylyl cyclase C (2001)

Guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C), specifically expressed by intestinal epithelial cells, is the receptor for the Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin that causes diarrhea. Tissue-specific expression of GC-C is mediated by the intestinal transcriptional regulator CDX2. This trans-activating protein regulates intestine-specific expression by binding to a critical sequence in the proximal promoter of GC-C. The precise nucleotide elements mediating CDX2 binding to promoter elements remain undefined. Several nuclear proteins form complexes with a DNA probe containing the promoter element of GC-C mediating CDX2 binding. The present study examined the nucleotide requirements in the consensus binding site and flanking regions in the cis element that mediates specific CDX2 binding to the promoter of GC-C. These studies identified seven core base pairs in the critical promoter element mediating tissue-specific expression of GC-C that are required for CDX2 binding. In addition, base pairs flanking this core sequence contribute to and are required for CDX2 recognition. These studies describe the precise nucleotide sequence within the GC-C promoter that comprises the CDX2 binding site required for intestine-specific expression.
The decidual suction method: a new way of collecting decidual tissue for functional and morphological studies (2004)

Background. Studies of extravillous trophoblasts and placental bed spiral arteries are essential for a better understanding of pathological pregnancies such as preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and diabetes mellitus. A major challenge is to obtain representative and sufficient tissue for morphological and functional investigations. Currently, tissue material is mostly harvested by placental bed biopsy (PBB). We describe a new suction method to obtain a larger volume of decidual tissue from the placental bed. Methods. Tissue was harvested in 51 cesarean sections by vacuum suction of the placental bed. Sections from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue were routinely stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), immunostained with a panel of antibodies and morphologically examined for the presence of trophoblasts and spiral arteries. The results were compared with those from archive material from PBBs and placental basal plate sections (BPSs). Short-term adverse events were registered for the study patients. Long-term complications were registered from medical charts of 151 women having undergone the decidual suction method (DSM), with a follow-up of 38–60 months. Results. In 86% (n = 44), one random section from the decidual suction material demonstrated at least one spiral artery. In 37% (n = 19), six or more spiral arteries were present. All sections revealed extravillous trophoblasts. No short- or long-term morbidity was recorded. Conclusions. The decidual suction method represents an important improvement in the work to obtain sufficient decidual tissue for morphological and functional studies of extravillous trophoblast function and spiral artery adaptation. The method is safe, as no short- or long-term complications were registered.
Interaction of high-frequency sound with fibre-guided coherent light (1978)

Variations in mechanical stress applied to an optical fibre result in a phase modulation of coherent light propagating along the fibre. Mechanical vibration modes of the fibre have been found to play an important role in this process. This letter describes the effect of these vibration modes and presents experimental evidence of the accentuation of the phase modulation due to one of these modes.
Mathematical modelling of color mixing process and PLC control implementation by using human machine interface (2010)

The mixing process is a multivariable and intrinsically non-linear plant. Mathematical modelling of the mixing color process has been taken into consideration in order to design an adequate control (PI controllers) to assure zero steady state, fast control and disturbance rejection. The comparisons of the nonlinear mathematical model and linear one have been done. The control of the process has been implemented by using STEP7 Programming Software for Siemens SIMATIC Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The entire process has been implemented in Matlab-Simulink environment. The process control has in view maintaining an appropriate level of liquid and a color as close to that required in the mixed tank, and only height control in auxiliaries tanks. Controlled process has been implemented on-line using specific language for Step7 (FBD - functional block diagram). Additionally, in order to use in industry by an operator for the implemented control has been created a friendly and intuitively HMI (human machine interface) in WinCC.
Implementing an initial software metrics program (2002)

It is noted that software metrics is one of the tools that software practitioners have available to provide software measurement and management of software projects. Using software metrics for measurement allows an organization to assess software products to ensure they adhere to original performance requirements continuously throughout a development effort. Using software metrics to assist in the software management process allows the managers to assess the development process for adherence to development plans and schedules. Ultimately, the inherent quality of a software product and the efficiency of a development effort can then be identified, quantified, and improved. The author discusses the importance of using metrics, explains how to implement an initial software measurement program within a software development organization, and introduces a software quality metrics framework for further growth in the area of software measurement.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Can Mirtazapine Counteract the Weight Loss Associated With Alzheimer Disease? A Retrospective Open-label Study (2012)

Weight loss is a frequent complication of Alzheimer disease (AD), associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Increased appetite and weight gain are known side effects of the antidepressant mirtazapine. This analysis was undertaken to assess the safety and potential utility of mirtazapine to counteract weight loss in patients with AD or mixed AD (AD with cerebrovascular lesions). We performed a retrospective analysis of the clinical records of all outpatients attending our memory clinic for AD or mixed AD, who had received mirtazapine (30 mg daily) with the specific purpose of inducing weight or appetite gain. Data were available for a total of 22 patients (mean age, 80.9 y, 86.4% female). The mean weight at baseline was 52.4 kg and the mean BMI was 20.5 kg/m2. 77.3% of the patients had gained weight after 3 months (mean gain, 1.93 kg or 3.9% of initial body weight) and 82.3% after 6 months (2.11 kg or 4.6%). One patient had to discontinue mirtazapine because of daytime sleepiness. Mirtazapine seems to be a safe and useful approach to counteract weight loss in AD, if possible in combination with nonpharmacological interventions. Body weight should be monitored during treatment to avoid excessive weight gain.
Compact titanium dioxide waveguides with high nonlinearity at telecommunication wavelengths (2018)

Dense integration of photonic integrated circuits demands waveguides simultaneously fulfilling requirements on compactness, low loss, high nonlinearity, and capabilities for mass production. In this work, titanium dioxide waveguides with a thick core of 380 nm exhibiting a compact mode size (0.43 μm<sup>2</sup>) and a low loss (5.4 ± 1 dB/cm) at telecommunication wavelengths around 1550 nm have been fabricated and measured. A microring resonator having a 50 μm radius has been measured to have a loaded quality factor of 53500. Four-wave mixing experiments reveal a nonlinear parameter for the waveguides of 21-34 W<sup>-1</sup> m<sup>-1</sup> corresponding to a nonlinear index around 2.3-3.6 x 10<sup>-18</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/W, which results in a wavelength conversion efficiency of -36.2 dB. These performances, together with the potentially simple dispersion engineering to the fabricated waveguides by the post processes, yield a strong promise for the titanium dioxide waveguides applied in photonic integrated circuits, especially for nonlinear implementations.
Lack of correlation between V3-loop peptide enzyme immunoassay serologic subtyping and genetic sequencing (1998)

Our results indicate that V3-loop PEIA methodologies used in different laboratories correlate poorly with genetic subtyping, and that their accuracy to predict HIV-1 subtypes in sera of Belgian individuals infected with different HIV-1 subtypes (A, B, C, D, F, G and H) vary considerably. The poor correlation between serotyping and genetic subtyping was partly due to the simultaneous occurrence of subtype-specific octameric sequences at the tip of the V3 loop of viruses belonging to different genetic subtypes.
Liquid-crystalline monomers, dimers and side group polymers containing phenylpyrimidine mesogens (1987)

Abstract Phenylpyrimidine derivatives were used to synthesize monomers, dimers and side group polymers. Only a few monomers and dimers show liquid-crystalline behaviour whereas almost all of the polysiloxanes, polyacrylates and polymetha-crylates prepared possess enantiotropic Hquid-crystalline phases. The structure of the main chain and of the mesogenic unit as well as the length of the spacer and of the terminal groups were modified. The relation between structure and phase behaviour is discussed.
Cardiomyogenic Potential of C-Kit <sup>+</sup> –Expressing Cells Derived From Neonatal and Adult Mouse Hearts (2010)

These data suggest that the ability of cardiac-resident c-kit(+) cells to acquire a cardiomyogenic phenotype is subject to temporal limitations or, alternatively, that the cardiomyogenic population is lost. Elucidation of the underlying molecular basis may permit robust cardiomyogenic induction in adult-derived cardiac c-kit(+) cells.
Does progressive nuclear staining with hemalum (alum hematoxylin) involve DNA, and what is the nature of the dye-chromatin complex? (2018)

Previous investigators have disagreed about whether hemalum stains DNA or its associated nucleoproteins. I review here the literature and describe new experiments in an attempt to resolve the controversy. Hemalum solutions, which contain aluminum ions and hematein, are routinely used to stain nuclei. A solution containing 16 Al<sup>3+</sup> ions for each hematein molecule, at pH 2.0-2.5, provides selective progressive staining of chromatin without cytoplasmic or extracellular "background color." Such solutions contain a red cationic dye-metal complex and an excess of Al<sup>3+</sup> ions. The red complex is converted to an insoluble blue compound, assumed to be polymeric, but of undetermined composition, when stained sections are blued in water at pH 5.5-8.5. Staining experiments with DNA, histone and DNA + histone mixtures support the theory that DNA, not histone, is progressively colored by hemalum. Extraction of nucleic acids, by either a strong acid or nucleases at near neutral pH, prevented chromatin staining by a simple cationic dye, thionine, pH 4, and by hemalum, with pH adjustments in the range, 2.0-3.5. Staining by hemalum at pH 2.0-3.5 was not inhibited by methylation, which completely prevented staining by thionine at pH 4. Staining by hemalum and other dye-metal complexes at pH ≤ 2 may be due to the high acidity of DNA-phosphodiester (pK<sub>a</sub> ~ 1). This argument does not explain the requirement for a much higher pH to stain DNA with those dyes and fluorochromes not used as dye-metal complexes. Sequential treatment of sections with Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> followed by hematein provides nuclear staining that is weaker than that attainable with hemalum. Stronger staining is seen if the pH is raised to 3.0-3.5, but there is also coloration of cytoplasm and other materials. These observations do not support the theory that Al<sup>3+</sup> forms bridges between chromatin and hematein. When staining with hematein is followed by an Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> solution, there is no significant staining. Taken together, the results of my study indicate that the red hemalum cation is electrostatically attracted to the phosphate anion of DNA. The bulky complex cation is too large to intercalate between base pairs of DNA and is unlikely to fit into the minor groove. The short range van der Waals forces that bind planar dye cations to DNA probably do not contribute to the stability of progressive hemalum staining. The red cation is precipitated in situ as a blue compound, insoluble in water, ethanol and water-ethanol mixtures, when a stained preparation is blued at pH > 5.5.
Efficient, Fault-Tolerant All-Optical Multicast Networks via Network Coding (2008)

Network coding, an emerging field of research, provides a means to create efficient all-optical multicast networks that feature hitless reconfiguration. Here a photonic bitwise exclusive-OR hardware element supplies the key enabling functionality.
Controlling and characterizing the coagulation of liquid aerosol droplets (2006)

We demonstrate that optical tweezers can be used to control and characterize the coagulation and mixing state of aerosols. Liquid aerosol droplets of 2-14 mum in diameter are optically trapped and characterized by spontaneous and stimulated Raman scatterings, which together provide a unique signature of droplet size and composition. From the conventional bright field image, the size of the trapped droplet can be estimated and compared with that determined from stimulated Raman scattering, and the motion of the particle within the trapping plane can be recorded. A maximum of four droplets can be manipulated in tandem by forming multiple optical traps through rapid beam steering. The coagulation of two droplets can be studied directly by controlling two droplets. The limiting conditions under which optical forces and capillary forces dominate the aerosol coagulation event are explored by varying the relative optical trap strengths and characterizing the coagulation of different droplet sizes. Finally, we demonstrate that the coagulation of different aerosol components can be compared and the mixing state of the final coagulated droplet can be investigated. In particular, we compare the outcome of the coagulation of an aqueous sodium chloride aerosol droplet with a second aqueous droplet, with an ethanol droplet or with a decane droplet.
Conductance quantization in nanoscale vertical structure silicon field-effect transistors with a wrap gate (2000)

Experimental results of quantum ballistic transport in single quantum contact by using vertical structure silicon field effect transistors with a wrap gate are presented. Based on dc measurement, the conductance–voltage characteristics show quantized plateaus at multiples of 2e2/h. The devices were prepared by electron beam lithography and by combinations of various types of etching. The channel is fabricated by the chemical vapor deposition of amorphous silicon and solid-phase crystallization. The vertical structure allows a channel length as short as 30 nm, which is defined by the film thickness. The effective channel is reduced by the depletion potential, resulting in a much narrower channel width compared to the geometrical width of 60 nm. Thus, the effective size of the silicon transistor is smaller than the elastic mean free path of 40 nm, resulting in the conduction quantization at 3–5 K.
Erratum to “<i>DNMT3A</i> Mutations in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia in South Brazil” (2014)

The abstract, line 6: In "in 6 patients (8%)" should read "in 5 patients (6%)". Page 4, line 12: In "8% (6) of the samples, being 5 missens" should read "6% (5) of the samples, being 4 missense". Page 4, line 19: In "Of the 6 cases" should read "Of the 5 cases".