gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tunable terahertz wave generation in the 3- to 7-THz region from GaP (2003)

Following the generation of tunable terahertz waves from GaP in the 0.5- to 3-THz region, we extended the frequency region up to 7 THz, using an optical parametric oscillator and a YAG laser (1.064 μm). The tuning angle θin increased superlinearly in the 3- to 7-THz region, so that the total reflection took place at 5 THz, which was avoided by rotating the crystal relative to the incident optic axis. As a result, terahertz output peak powers of 100 mW at up to 5.6 THz and 3 mW at 7 THz were obtained, at pump and signal energies of 3 mJ, respectively.
Dosimetric accuracy of a deterministic radiation transport based brachytherapy treatment planning system. Part II: Monte Carlo and experimental verification of a multiple source dwell position plan employing a shielded applicator (2011)

Results of this work attest the capability of the TPS to accurately account for the scatter conditions and the increased attenuation involved in HDR brachytherapy applications employing multiple source dwell positions and partially shielded applicators.
Decreased Growth of <i>Streptococcus uberis</i> in Milk from Mammary Glands of Cows Challenged with the Same Mastitis Pathogen (1998)

Milk samples from mammary glands challenged with Streptococcus uberis and from unchallenged mammary glands were selected for analyses of bacterial growth, antibody response, and lactoperoxidase activity. All challenged mammary glands became infected with isolation of S. uberis and elevated somatic cell counts in milk during the first week after challenge. In vitro growth of the homologous challenge strain and a heterologous strain of S. uberis was significantly lower in milk from challenged mammary glands than in milk from control mammary glands at 3, 5, and 7 days after challenge. Removal of casein significantly reduced bacterial growth. In general, antibodies specific to S. uberis started to increase at day 3 post-challenge and were higher in milk from challenged mammary glands than in milk from control mammary glands. There was also a marked increase in total IgG in milk from challenged mammary glands. Growth of S. uberis increased following heat treatment at 56 degrees C of pooled milk or whey samples from challenged mammary glands. Growth of S. uberis correlated negatively with the specific antibody response to the bacteria (P < 0.001). Lactoperoxidase activity varied among cows and among different samples over time and did not appear to contribute to decreased growth of S. uberis. These results suggest that decreased growth of S. uberis in milk from challenged mammary glands in comparison to milk from control mammary glands could result from the interaction of antibodies with complement components.
Crystallization of amorphous silicon films by Nd:YAG laser heating (1975)

We have converted amorphous Si films into crystalline Si by heating with focused Nd:YAG laser radiation. The films were scanned by a focused laser beam and then studied by reflection electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. These studies indicate that crystallite sizes as large as 25 μm were produced and suggest that a crystallization technique using a scanned laser beam focused to a slit image could be useful in preparing large-grain Si films for photovoltaic cells.
X-ray computed tomography (CT) critical nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of nickel-hydrogen spacecraft batteries (2003)

Summary form only given as follows. This paper focuses on the methods and techniques of applying CT X-ray analysis to nickel-hydrogen spacecraft cells and batteries. Computed tomography X-ray analysis provides high-resolution quantitative imaging of internal battery components and structures, including metals, alloys and nonmetallic composites. Boeing is equipped with two independent scanning systems-a large part scanner and a high resolution small part scanner. Evaluation by the 201 system is capable of large components measuring as large as 68 inches in diameter, 72 inches high, and weighing up to 5000 pounds. The system utilizes a 2.5 MEV pulsed linear accelerator source to generate high-energy X-rays to a 128 discrete element linear detector array. Computed tomography (CT) produces a two-dimensional density map (or tomogram) of a cross-sectional slice of an object's interior. Faults within materials can be located and analyzed without touching the object. Though pioneered in the medical diagnostic industry, Tomography provides important benefits for industrial nondestructive testing (NDT) and nondestructive evaluation (NDE). CT offers several advantages over other NDT/NDE techniques, like film radiography, real-time radioscopy, and ultrasonics. CT scanning provides easily-interpreted images of objects with complex geometric configurations and/or compositions. CT scan images are less sensitive to contrast degradation caused by radiation scattering effects. Dimensional information is accurate within several thousandths of an inch. Quantitative information provided by CT scanning, in digital form, provides fast, accurate, and repeatable computer analysis, rather than requiring subjective visual interpretations by individual operators.
<i>Yersinia pestis</i>with Regulated Delayed Attenuation as a Vaccine Candidate To Induce Protective Immunity against Plague (2010)

Two mutant strains of Yersinia pestis KIM5+, a Deltacrp mutant and a mutant with arabinose-dependent regulated delayed-shutoff crp expression (araC P(BAD) crp), were constructed, characterized in vitro, and evaluated for virulence, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in mice. Both strains were highly attenuated by the subcutaneous (s.c.) route. The 50% lethal doses (LD(50)s) of the Deltacrp and araC P(BAD) crp mutants were approximately 1,000,000-fold and 10,000-fold higher than those of Y. pestis KIM5+, respectively, indicating that both strains were highly attenuated. Mice vaccinated s.c. with 3.8 x 10(7) CFU of the Deltacrp mutant developed high anti-Y. pestis and anti-LcrV serum IgG titers, both with a strong Th2 bias, and induced protective immunity against subcutaneous challenge with virulent Y. pestis (80% survival) but no protection against pulmonary challenge. Mice vaccinated with 3.0 x 10(4) CFU of the araC P(BAD) crp mutant also developed high anti-Y. pestis and anti-LcrV serum IgG titers but with a more balanced Th1/Th2 response. This strain induced complete protection against s.c. challenge and partial protection (70% survival) against pulmonary challenge. Our results demonstrate that arabinose-dependent regulated crp expression is an effective strategy to attenuate Y. pestis while retaining strong immunogenicity, leading to protection against the pneumonic and bubonic forms of plague.
Role of M Cells and Macrophages in the Entrance of <i>Mycobacterium paratuberculosis</i> into Domes of Ileal Peyer's Patches in Calves (1988)

Ligated ileal loops of calves were inoculated with live and heat-killed Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and were examined by light and electron microscopy. At 5 hours after inoculation, acid-fast bacilli were in subepithelial macrophages, but not in M cells covering domes. At 20 hours, more than 50 acid-fast bacilli per cross section were in subepithelial macrophages in domes. Both living and heat-killed bacilli passed into domes. Addition of anti-M. paratuberculosis bovine serum to the inoculum enhanced entry of bacteria into domes. By electron microscopy, intact bacilli with electron-transparent zones (peribacillary spaces) were in the supranuclear cytoplasm of M cells at 20 hours. M cells also contained vacuoles, including electron-dense material interpreted as degraded bacilli. Subepithelial and intraepithelial macrophages contained bacilli and degraded bacterial material in phagosomes. These results suggest that calf ileal M cells take up bacilli, and that subepithelial and intraepithelial macrophages secondarily accept bacilli or bacterial debris which are expelled from M cells.
Stabilities of lyophilized Staphylococcus aureus typing bacteriophages (1988)

Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophages (25 phages) were lyophilized in aliquots 12 to 18 years ago and stored in vacuo at -20 degrees C. Eight viruses each lost one log titer, while seventeen retained the original titers. The use of lyophilized phages provided more reproducible phage typing and reduced by 75% the complexity and cost. This important test is thus made feasible for more laboratories.
A relevance model based filter for improving ad quality (2009)

Recently there has been a surge in research that predicts retrieval relevance using historical click-through data. While a larger number of clicks between a query and a document provides a stronger ``confidence" of relevance, most models in the literature that learn from clicks are error-prone as they do not take into account any confidence estimates. Sponsored Search models are especially prone to this error as they are typically trained on search engine logs in order to predict click-through-rate (CTR). The estimated CTR ultimately determines the rank at which an ad is shown and also impacts the price (cost-per-click) for the advertiser. In this paper, we improve a model that applies collaborative filtering on click data by training a filter that has been trained to predict pure relevance. Applying the filter to ads that have seen few clicks on live traffic results in improved CTR and click-yield (CY). Additionally, in offline experiments we find that using features based on the \emph{organic} results improves the relevance based filter's performance.
Protein Kinase C Inhibitor AEB071 Targets Ocular Melanoma Harboring GNAQ Mutations via Effects on the PKC/Erk1/2 and PKC/NF-κB Pathways (2012)

Somatic GNAQ mutations at codon 209 have been identified in approximately 50% of uveal melanomas and have been reported to be oncogenic through activating PLCβ/PKC/Erk1/2 pathways. We hypothesized that protein kinase C (PKC) may provide new opportunities for therapeutic targeting of uveal melanoma carrying GNAQ mutations. To test this hypothesis, uveal melanoma cells harboring wild-type or mutant GNAQ were treated with the PKC inhibitor AEB071 (sotrastaurin) or infected with lentivirus-expressing short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) targeting PKC isoforms. Notably, AEB071 at low micromolar concentrations significantly inhibited the growth of uveal melanoma cells harboring GNAQ mutations through induction of G(1) arrest and apoptosis. However, AEB071 had little effect on uveal melanoma cells carrying wild-type GNAQ. AEB071-mediated cell inhibition in the GNAQ-mutated uveal melanoma was accompanied by inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)1/2 phosphorylation, NF-κB, decreased expression of cyclin D1, survivin, Bcl-xL, and XIAP, and increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1). AEB071 suppressed the expression of PKC α, β, δ, ε, and θ in GNAQ-mutated uveal melanoma cells. Our findings from shRNA-mediated knockdown studies revealed that these PKC isoforms are functionally important for uveal melanoma cells harboring GNAQ mutations. Furthermore, inhibitors of Erk1/2 and NF-κB pathways reduced viability of uveal melanoma cells. Together, our findings show that AEB071 exerts antitumor action on uveal melanoma cells carrying GNAQ mutations via targeting PKC/Erk1/2 and PKC/NF-κB pathways. Targeted PKC inhibition with drugs such as AEB071 offers novel therapeutic potential for uveal melanoma harboring GNAQ mutations.
Diagnosis and treatment of biliary atresia: a retrospective study. (2005)

Early recognition of babies with BA is critical for optimal intervention for preventing progressive fibrosis. Clinical presentation, imaging and laparoscopy are helpful in enhancing the early diagnostic rate of BA patients. The long-term survival rates can be obtained after the improvement of operative methods, liver transplantation for children with advanced BA, and development of other medical strategies.
Production of galactooligosaccharides using a hyperthermophilic β-galactosidase in permeabilized whole cells of Lactococcus lactis (2013)

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are novel prebiotic food ingredients that can be produced from lactose using β-galactosidase, but the process is more efficient at higher temperatures. To efficiently express the lacS gene from the hyperthermophile Sulfolobus solfataricus, in Lactococcus lactis a synthetic gene (lacSt) with optimized codon usage for Lc. lactis was designed and synthesized. This hyperthermostable β-galactosidase enzyme was successfully overexpressed in Lc. lactis LM0230 using a nisin-controlled gene expression system. Enzyme-containing cells were then killed and permeabilized using 50% ethanol and were used to determine both hydrolysis and transgalactosylation activity. The optimum conditions for GOS synthesis was found to be at pH 6.0 and 85 °C. A maximum production of 197 g/L of GOS tri- and tetrasaccharides was obtained from 40% initial lactose, after 55 h of incubation. The total GOS yield increased with the initial lactose concentration, whereas the highest lactose conversion rate (72%) was achieved from a low lactose solution (5%). Given that a significant proportion of the remaining lactose would be expected to be converted into disaccharide GOS, this should enable the future development of a cost-effective approach for the conversion of whey-based substrates into GOS-enriched food ingredients using this cell-based technology.
Mobile TV content to home WLAN (2008)

The proliferation of mobile broadcast networks and home multimedia networks makes relevant considering a new level of digital convergence. One aspect is the integration of mobile content access to the home network. In this framework, a mobile device serves as a gateway for real time content rebroadcast. This paper investigates the mobile rebroadcasting problem and implementation between the Mobile TV system based on the DVB-H standard and DLNA/UPnP enabled home network based on WLAN.
Curve and surface models to drive 3D reconstruction using stereo and shading (2003)

We propose a reconstruction technique which consists in defining a parametric surface lying on a closed curve by setting the extremal behavior of the surface along the curve on which it lies. Therefore, we most build a set of curves in space from a stereo reconstruction of matched and closed contours in an image pair. Then, we use photometric information extracted near the image contours to define the local behavior of the surfaces lying on the closed curves. In order to build such a surface we use the duality existing between a stereo-based reconstruction which is able to determine the position of points in the scene space and photoclinometry which gives information about the shape of the objects in the scene. Our geometric model is composed of a radial set of triparametric Gregory patches for each surface to reconstruct. The topological concepts introduced by these kind of surfaces and the use of photometric models gave a framework for both image analysis processing and reconstruction geometrical processing.
Exploiting Web Images for Video Highlight Detection With Triplet Deep Ranking (2018)

Highlight detection from videos has been widely studied due to the fast growth of video contents. However, most existing approaches to highlight detection, either handcraft feature based or deep learning based, heavily rely on human-curated training data, which is very expensive to obtain and, thus, hinders the scalability to large datasets and unlabeled video categories. We observe that the largely available Web images can be applied as a weak supervision for highlight detection. For example, the top-ranked images in reference to the query “skiing” returned by a search engine may contain considerable positive samples of “skiing” highlights. Motivated by this observation, we propose a novel triplet deep ranking approach to video highlight detection using Web images as a weak supervision. The approach handles the relative preference of highlight scores between highlighting frames, nonhighlighting frames, and Web images by the triplet ranking constraints. Our approach can iteratively train two interdependent deep models (i.e., a triplet highlight model and a pairwise noise model) to deal with the noisy Web images in a single framework. We train the two models with relative preferences to generalize the capability regardless of the categories of training data. Therefore, our approach is fully category independent and exploits weakly supervised Web images. We evaluate our approach on two challenging datasets and achieve impressive results compared with the state-of-the-art pairwise ranking support vector machines, a robust recurrent autoencoder, and spatial deep convolution neural networks. We also empirically verify through cross-dataset evaluation that our category-independent model is fairly generalizable even if two different datasets do not share exactly the same categories.
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Induced Release of Growth Hormone in Aging Male Rats: Dependence on Pharmacological Manipulation and Endogenous Somatostatin Release (1988)

These studies were designed to assess whether a decline in pituitary response to growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) contributes to the decline in amplitude of growth hormone (GH) pulses with age. Atrial cannulated young (3-4 months), middle-aged (12-14 months) and old (20-22 months) Fischer 344 male rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital to suppress pulsatile release of GH. One hour later, animals were injected with hpGRF(1-44) (10 micrograms/kg) and blood samples were removed at 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 min. Animals were then passively immunized with somatostatin antiserum and hpGRF(1-44) was reinjected. Samples were removed at the time intervals previously described. In response to 10 micrograms/kg GRF, plasma GH in young and middle-aged animals increased to 921 +/- 105 and 866 +/- 126 ng/ml, respectively, at 10 min and declined. In old animals, GH concentrations only increased to 654 +/- 80 ng/ml (p less than 0.05 compared to young rats). This represents a 28% reduction in the peak GH response to GRF. Despite passive immunization with somatostatin antiserum, the peak GH response to a second injection of GRF was diminished in all age-groups. However, integration of the area under the response curve indicated that GH secretion was similar in young and old animals during the 80-min sampling period after somatostatin antiserum. In another study, diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC; 250 mg/kg, i.v.), a dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, was used to inhibit pulsatile GH release. One hour later, animals were injected with hpGRF(1-44) (50 micrograms/kg, i.v.) and blood samples were removed as previously described.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Calculation of the maximum obtainable probing depth of optical coherence tomography in tissue (2000)

The maximum probing depth is of considerable interest in the characterization and optimization of an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system when used for imaging in highly scattering tissue. In this paper, we calculate the maximum obtainable probing depth based on the design variables of the OCT system, the detector characteristics, and the optical properties of the tissue. The calculation of the maximum probing depth is based on the minimum acceptable signal-to-noise ratio and a new analytical model of the OCT technique, which is valid in both the single and multiple scattering regimes. The new model is based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle and the use of mutual coherence functions. The so-called shower curtain effect, which manifests itself in standard OCT systems, is an inherent property of this model. We demonstrate the utmost importance of including both multiple scattering and the shower curtain effect when calculating the maximum probing in tissue. Furthermore, we show how the maximum probing depth depends on the design variables of the OCT system and the optical properties of the tissue including the reflection characteristics of the probed discontinuity. Finally, experiments are presented verifying the validity of the model used in the calculations.
<title>Multiresolution tree architecture with its application in video sequence coding: a new result</title> (1993)

Motion estimation and compensation are important tasks in image sequence coding. In this paper, we present a motion estimation scheme with multiresolution tree structure and hierarchical motion vector search. Experiments and analysis show that this scheme is not only computation efficient, but also robust. The multiresolution tree structure is further utilized in a variable block size image sequence coding scheme that incorporates the visual spatio-temporal characteristics. Both DCT and quadtree approaches are used to encode the motion compensated prediction error. Although the signal-to-noise ratio of the quadtree coded image is a little lower, the subjective quality around sharp edges is much better. Comparing our extensive simulation results with the MPEG-1 standard, we have obtained quite promising results.
Effect of Vibrator to Head Coupling Force on the Auditory Brain Stem Response to Bone Conducted Clicks in Newborn Infants* (1991)

The effect of vibrator to head coupling force on the auditory brain stem response (ABR) to bone conducted clicks in newborn infants was investigated. Twenty full term newborn infants were tested. ABRs to bone conducted clicks were obtained with four different coupling forces (225, 325, 425, and 525 g) at stimulus intensities of 15 and 30 dB nHL. ABRs to air conducted clicks were also obtained at 30 dB nHL. The results of this study indicated that ABR wave V latencies to bone conducted clicks in newborn infants were affected significantly when the vibrator to head coupling force shift exceeded 200 g. It is recommended that the coupling force be controlled and remain consistent when implementing ABR to bone conducted stimuli in newborn infants.
Application of FWI to Resolve Gas Cloud Velocity Anomaly in Deep Water Gulf of Mexico (2012)

Typically, we resort to ray-based tomography on CIGs to obtain velocities for prestack depth imaging. However, this workflow does not produce high resolution velocity models in the presence of complex geology because of the inherent limitations of ray-based tomography. In this paper, we have applied 3D anisotropic full waveform inversion to deep water GOM narrow-azimuth towed-streamer survey to resolve a complex gas pocket surrounded by radial faults. The FWI velocity updates are conformal to the structures, especially, the faults and the gas cloud. Furthermore, we observe improved focusing of the migrated image and the residual curvature of the common image gathers thereby validating the FWI velocity update.
BIPNOR: A New, Efficient Bisphosphine Having Two Chiral, Nonracemizable, Bridgehead Phosphorus Centers for Use in Asymmetric Catalysis (1997)

Abstract Optically active phosphorus ligands are widely used in homogeneous asymmetric catalysis. However, among the numerous available structures of this type, the subclass of optically active bisphosphines with at least one chiral phosphorus atom is rather underdeveloped. A bisphosphine with two chiral, nonracemizable bridgehead phosphorus centers, ( meso,d/l )‐2,2′,3,3′‐tetraphenyl‐4,4′,5,5′‐tetramethyl‐6,6′‐ bi s‐1‐ p hospha nor borna‐2,5‐dienyl (BIPNOR), can be obtained by thermolysis of 1,1′‐bisphospholyl with diphenylacetylene. Here, we report the resolution of the d/l isomer by means of a chiral palladium complex to give the two optically active forms of BIPNOR. We then investigate the catalytic properties of BIPNOR, incorporated in Rh I and Ru II catalysts for the hydrogenation of olefins and ketones and in a Pd II catalyst for asymmetric alkylation reactions. BIPNOR is shown to give good results in these catalytic reactions.