gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dealing with Bias and Fairness in Data Science Systems (2020)

Tackling issues of bias and fairness when building and deploying data science systems has received increased attention from the research community in recent years, yet a lot of the research has focused on theoretical aspects and very limited set of application areas and data sets. There is a lack of 1) practical training materials, 2) methodologies, and 3) tools for researchers and developers working on real-world algorithmic decision making system to deal with issues of bias and fairness. Today, treating bias and fairness as primary metrics of interest, and building, selecting, and validating models using those metrics is not standard practice for data scientists. In this hands-on tutorial we will try to bridge the gap between research and practice, by deep diving into algorithmic fairness, from metrics and definitions to practical case studies, including bias audits using the Aequitas toolkit (http://github.com/dssg/aequitas). By the end of this hands-on tutorial, the audience will be familiar with bias mitigation frameworks and tools to help them making decisions during a project based on intervention and deployment contexts in which their system will be used.
Augmented immunity in cancer patients treated with alpha-interferon. (1985)

Thirty patients with metastatic colon or breast cancer were treated with recombinant alpha-interferon, clone A, 9 to 50 X 10(6) units/sq m, i.m., 3 times weekly for up to 4 months. Immunological parameters including natural killer activity, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, an assay of inhibition of tumor cell growth in culture, and quantification of leukocyte subsets were monitored serially. Statistically significant increases in the inhibition of tumor growth and in the proportion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells bearing the T10 marker were observed both early and late in the treatment course in the population as a whole (p less than 0.03 and p less than 0.0001, respectively). The true maximum effect in the assay of inhibition of tumor growth was probably higher, since the monitoring was not performed at peak activity for this assay. Other immune parameters, including natural killing, could not be shown to change consistently in the population as a whole, although interferon effects could be discerned easily in the activity profiles of some individual patients. The two patients with tumor response showed increased putative tumor immunity by these measures. These data confirm results previously published supporting the responsiveness of these parameters to interferon as administered clinically and may provide the basis for optimization of interferon dose and scheduling.
A Study of the Intelligence of Italian and Polish School Children from Deteriorated and Non-Deteriorated Areas of Chicago as Measured by the Chicago Non-Verbal Examination (1941)

Andrew W. Brown, Carol B. Cotton, A Study of the Intelligence of Italian and Polish School Children from Deteriorated and Non-Deteriorated Areas of Chicago as Measured by the Chicago Non-Verbal Examination, Child Development, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Mar., 1941), pp. 21-30
Facile Synthesis of 1,3,7-Trihydroxyxanthone and Its Regioselective Coupling Reactions with Prenal:  Simple and Efficient Access to Osajaxanthone and Nigrolineaxanthone F (2006)

A facile five-step synthesis of naturally occurring 1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone has been described starting from 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene via NBS-induced nuclear bromination, lithiation followed by an in situ benzoylation with methyl 2,5-dibenzyloxybenzoate, selective deprotection of the two benzyl groups, base-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization, and demethylations pathway with 62% overall yield. The regioselective coupling reactions of 1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone with prenal in the presence of calcium hydroxide at room temperature and under thermal conditions at 140-150 degrees C have been demonstrated to exclusively obtain the natural products osajaxanthone in 75% yield and nigrolineaxanthone F in 98% yield, respectively.
Solid-State Planar Microsensors for Selective Potentiometric Determination of Ethylmorphine (1999)

The potentiometric performance characteristics of microelectronically fabricated solid-state planar ethylmorphine sensors based on silicon/silicon nitride substrate and a mixture of ethylmorphine-tetraphenylborate and potassium tetrakis(p-chlorophenyl)borate as ion exchangers in a plasticized PVC matrix are described. Sensors incorporating dibutylsebacate and dioctylphthalate plasticizers display linear and stable near-Nernstian responses for ethylmorphine concentrations over the range 1x10−2 - 4.5x10−5 M and 1x10−2 - 2.5x10−5 M with calibration slopes of 53.1±0.8 and 57.1±0.8 mV/decade, respectively. The lower limit of detection is 1 μg/ml. The working pH range is 2.5-6:5 and the selectivity of the sensors for ethylmorphine is substantially higher with respect to a large number of opiate derivatives, amines, amides, amino acids and inorganic cations. The sensors are used for direct potentiometry and potentiotitrimetry of ethylmorphine in aqueous solutions and in pharmaceutical preparations. Results with an average recovery of 98.2% and a mean standard deviation of 1.2% are obtained.
Selegiline-induced postural hypotension in Parkinson's disease: A longitudinal study on the effects of drug withdrawal (1999)

This study confirms our previous finding that selegiline in combination with L-dopa is associated with selective orthostatic hypotension. The possibilities that these cardiovascular findings might be the result of non-selective inhibition of monoamine oxidase or of amphetamine and metamphetamine are discussed.
Inhibition of Ice Crystal Growth by Synthetic Glycopolymers: Implications for the Rational Design of Antifreeze Glycoprotein Mimics (2008)

A series of structurally diverse polymers, containing either peptide or vinyl-derived backbones, was tested for ice recrystallization inhibition activity, which is commonly associated with antifreeze (glyco)proteins. It was revealed that only polymers bearing hydroxyl groups in the side chain could inhibit ice growth. Furthermore, well-defined glycopolymers were shown to have a small but significant recrystallization inhibition effect, showing that it may be possible to design antifreeze glycoprotein mimics based upon polymers derived from vinyl monomers.
CMOS low-power analog circuit design (2002)

This chapter covers device and circuit aspects of low-power analog CMOS circuit design. The fundamental limits constraining the design of low-power circuits are first recalled with an emphasis on the implications of supply voltage reduction. Biasing MOS transistors at very low current provides new features but requires dedicated models valid in all regions of operation including weak, moderate and strong inversion. Low-current biasing also has a strong influence on noise and matching properties. All these issues are discussed, together with the particular aspects related to passive devices and parasitic effects. The design process has to be supported by efficient and accurate circuit simulation. To this end, the EKV compact MOST model for circuit simulation is presented. The use of the basic concepts such as pinch-off voltage, inversion factor and specific current are highlighted thanks to some very simple but fundamental circuits and to an effective use of the model. New design techniques that are appropriate for low-power and/or low-voltage circuits are presented with an emphasis on the analog floating point technique, the instantaneous companding principle, and their application to filters.
Effect of a Therapeutic Intervention for the Hemiplegic Upper Limb in the Acute Phase After Stroke (1998)

Adding a specific intervention during the acute phase after stroke improved motor recovery, which was apparent 1 year later. These results emphasize the potential beneficial effect of therapeutic interventions for the arm.
Plant lectins: the ties that bind in root symbiosis and plant defense (2009)

Lectins are a diverse group of carbohydrate-binding proteins that are found within and associated with organisms from all kingdoms of life. Several different classes of plant lectins serve a diverse array of functions. The most prominent of these include participation in plant defense against predators and pathogens and involvement in symbiotic interactions between host plants and symbiotic microbes, including mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. Extensive biological, biochemical, and molecular studies have shed light on the functions of plant lectins, and a plethora of uncharacterized lectin genes are being revealed at the genomic scale, suggesting unexplored and novel diversity in plant lectin structure and function. Integration of the results from these different types of research is beginning to yield a more detailed understanding of the function of lectins in symbiosis, defense, and plant biology in general.
Symmetrical Four-Port Edge-Guided Wave Circulators (1976)

Four-port microwave-integrated-circuit (MIC) edge-guided wave circulators (BGC) have been designed, fabricated, and tested. A mathematical characterization of the strip conductor's shape as well as a precise mechanical control of the bias inhomogeneity are provided. By means of these two techniques the reproducibility of the device is greatly improved with respect to that of the EGC obtained by the traditional cut-and-try methods. X-band performance data are presented and related to the spatial distribution of the effective magnetic permeability mu/sub eff/ in the ferrite substrate. Experimental evidence is reported that an efficient circulator action occurs when mu/sub eff/< 0 at some point under the central circular shield. The spatial distribution of the RF electric field at the circulator's surface is investigated by a mechanical probing technique. It is found that in the lower part of the operation band, RF fields of considerable amplitude extend in the air in the region between the guiding edge and the substrate's edge.
Low-loss tunable integrated acoustooptical wavelength filter in LiNbO/sub 3/ with strong sidelobe suppression (1998)

An integrated acoustooptical double-stage wavelength filter in LiNbO/sub 3/ has been developed using acoustooptical polarization converters and polarization splitters as basic components integrated on the same chip. Ti-indiffusion technology is used throughout to fabricate the device. The packaged and pigtailed filter has low insertion losses (4.1 dB fiber-to-fiber), low-polarization dependence (0.1 dB) and a strong sidelobe and baseline suppression (>30 dB). Its tuning range exceeds the gain bandwidth of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers around 1550 nm.
2×2 adiabatic 3-dB coupler on silicon-on-insulator rib waveguides (2013)

We demonstrated 2×2 broadband adiabatic 3-dB couplers based on silicon rib waveguides. Functioning as 50/50 optical power splitters, these devices can be used in optoelectronic applications. Fabricated using siliconon-insulator technology, we demonstrated the performance of the adiabatic 3-dB couplers by integrating two couplers into an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI). Measurements of the MZI were made over a 100 nm wavelength range. Extinction ratios in excess of 33.4 dB were obtained over the wavelength range from 1520 nm to 1600 nm, for light injected into Input Port1 and measured at Output Port2, i.e., the cross port response.
Information theory (biology) (2015)

AccessScience is an authoritative and dynamic online resource that contains incisively written, high-quality educational material covering all major scientific disciplines. An acclaimed gateway to scientific knowledge, AccessScience is continually expanding the ways it can demonstrate and explain core, trustworthy scientific information that inspires and guides users to deeper knowledge.
Conversion of FFT’s to Fast Hartley Transforms (1986)

The complex Fourier transform of a real function and its real Hartley transform are expressed in terms of each other, allowing translation of theorems and computer programs between the two versions.Any FFT can thus be converted, by a few indexing changes, into a Fast Hartley Transform which is equally efficient, in terms of floating point operations per real datum transformed. The FHT can therefore transform one real array of length N in half the time that it takes the FFT to process a complex array of length N Several tricks to speed up both FHT and FFT are presented and a Fortran version of the FHT is supplied which delivers the result in $.75\log _2 N$ multiplications and $1.75\log _2 N$ additions.
Cancer, Epidemiology and Prevention: Current Concepts (1977)

This volume brings into focus a number of aspects of the cancer problem, ranging from economic costs to immunologic parameters. As with all multiauthored books (there are 37 contributors), there is some unevenness to the presentations. However, over all it is well done. Perhaps the three chapters of most interest to the dermatologic community concern ionizing radiation, sunlight, and immunovirology. The review by Farrington Daniels Jr on sunlight and cancer is thorough and clearly presented. It is one of the highlights of the book. The chapter on immunovirology, by W.D. Winters and D.L. Morton, is also informative. In contrast, the section on ionizing radiation is somewhat less complete. This book would not be of interest to dermatologists in general. However, it would be of value to those involved in the various aspects of cancer research. It certainly belongs in medical center libraries as an important reference volume. <h3>KENALOG® SPRAY Triamcinolone</h3>
A sensitive millimeter wave self-oscillating Gunn diode mixer (1971)

A sensitive millimeter wave receiver has been developed in which a single Gunn diode is employed both as local oscillator and mixer. The dynamic range can extend from well below 10 pW to well above 1 µW. Useful conversion gain is realized owing to the negative differential resistance of the device.
Ultrasound Imaging of Apoptosis in Tumor Response: Novel Preclinical Monitoring of Photodynamic Therapy Effects (2008)

High-frequency ultrasound is a novel method to detect apoptotic cell death based on changes in cell morphology that cause alterations in the viscoelastic and, consequently, the acoustic properties of cell ensembles and tissues. In this study, we evaluated the first preclinical tumor-based use of high-frequency ultrasound spectroscopy to noninvasively monitor tumor treatment by following xenograft malignant melanoma tumor responses to photodynamic therapy (PDT) in vivo. We observed a time-dependant increase in ultrasound backscatter variables after treatment. The observed increases in spectroscopic variables correlated with morphologic findings, indicating increases in apoptotic cell death, which peaked at 24 hours after PDT. We analyzed the changes in spectral slope and backscatter in relation to apoptosis and histologic variations in cell nuclear size. Changes in spectral slope strongly correlated with the changes in mean nuclear size over time, associated with apoptosis, after PDT (P < 0.05). At 48 hours, a decrease in ultrasound backscatter was observed, which could be explained by an increase in cell nuclear degradation. In summary, we show that high-frequency ultrasound spectroscopic variables can be used noninvasively to monitor response after treatment in a preclinical tumor cancer model. These findings provide a foundation for future investigations regarding the use of ultrasound to monitor and aid the customization of treatments noninvasively based on responses to specific interventions.
Molecular cloning and functional expression of bacteriophage PK1E‐encoded endoneuraminidase Endo NE (1995)

Homopolymeric alpha-2,8-linked sialic acid (PSA) has been found as a capsular component of sepsis- and meningitis-causing bacterial pathogens, and on eukaryotic cells as a post-translational modification of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). The polysaccharide is specifically recognized and degraded by a phage-encoded enzyme, the endo-N-acetylneuraminidase E (Endo NE). Endo NE therefore has become a valuable tool in the study of bacterial pathogenesis and eukaryotic morphogenesis. In this report we describe the molecular cloning of Endo NE and the expression of a functionally active recombinant enzyme. The cloned DNA sequence (2436 bp) encodes a polypeptide of 811 amino acids, which at the 5' end contains a totally conserved neuraminidase motif. Expressed in Escherichia coli, the enzyme migrates as a single band of approximately 74 kDa in SDS-PAGE. A central domain of 669 amino acid residues is about 90% homologous to the recently cloned Endo NF. Both phage-induced lysis of bacteria and the catalysis of PSA degradation by the recombinant enzyme are efficiently inhibited by a polyclonal antiserum raised against the intact phage particle. The C-terminal region seems to be essential to enzymatic functions, as truncation of 32 amino acids outside the homology domain completely abolishes Endo NE activity. Our data also indicate that the 38 kDa protein, previously assumed to be a subunit of the Endo NE holoenzyme, is the product of a separate gene locus and is not necessary for in vitro depolymerase activity.
High-speed electroabsorption modulation of composite-resonator vertical-cavity lasers (2009)

The high-speed characteristics of a composite-resonator vertical-cavity laser (CRVCL) under both small- and large-signal electroabsorption modulation are investigated. The maximum −3 dB modulation bandwidth of 12.5 GHz is measured. The theoretical modulation response of the CRVCL is derived from the standard rate equations, and the qualitative form is in agreement with the measured results. The CRVCL under electroabsorption modulation exhibits a promising potential to extend the modulation bandwidth beyond that of a conventional VCSEL. However, the CRVCL under large-signal electroabsorption modulation is limited to low data rates, and the large relaxation oscillation resonance must be suppressed for higher-speed digital–optical link applications.
Specificities of bio-antimutagens in plant kingdom. (1984)

Desmutagens are defined as agents that' inactivate chemical mutagens by working directly on them.^On the other hand, we like to call bio-antimutagens those agents suppressing cellular mutagenesis. Bio-antimutagens of diverse chemical types have been recently isolated from different plants and characterized, for example, protoanemonin from Ranunculus,2) cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon,3) and enmein from Enmeiso.4) Since these antimutagens were isolated with the criterion of reducing the frequency of UV-induced mutations of E. coli B/r trp involving the SOSDNA-repair function, it is interesting to know if antimutagenic factors of similar specificities exist universally in the plant kingdom. The other implication of surveying them in plants relates to their functions. We previously found that a typical bio-antimutagen such as cobaltous chloride working in UV-induced mutations in the above E. coli B/r strain also antagonized to a high frequency mutations due to a temperature-sensitive DNApolymerase III in B. subtilis.5'6) Therefore, it is interesting to examine if the UV-induced SOS repair might involve a kind of DNA-replicating polymerase, as suggested by Bridges et al.7)
Constrained predictive control using neural network (2003)

Efficient control algorithms are important for industrial processes with constraints. The presence of constraints often results in nonlinear optimization problems which are difficult to solve online. A constrained neural predictive controller is presented, in which the internal dynamics of the neural network will drive the states of neurons to their steady states just corresponding to the constrained predictive control law. The structure of the computer control system with the neural predictive controller is also investigated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Homeostatic plasticity induced by brief activity deprivation enhances long-term potentiation in the mature rat hippocampus (2014)

Different forms of plasticity occur concomitantly in the nervous system. Whereas homeostatic plasticity monitors and maintains neuronal activity within a functional range, Hebbian changes such as long-term potentiation (LTP) modify the relative strength of specific synapses after discrete changes in activity and are thought to provide the cellular basis for learning and memory. Here, we assessed whether homeostatic plasticity could influence subsequent LTP in acute hippocampal slices that had been briefly deprived of activity by blocking action potential generation and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation for 3 h. Activity deprivation enhanced the frequency and the amplitude of spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents and enhanced basal synaptic transmission in the absence of significant changes in intrinsic excitability. Changes in the threshold for Hebbian plasticity were evaluated by inducing LTP with stimulation protocols of increasing strength. We found that activity-deprived slices consistently showed higher LTP magnitude compared with control conditions even when using subthreshold theta-burst stimulation. Enhanced LTP in activity-deprived slices was also observed when picrotoxin was used to prevent the modulation of GABAergic transmission. Finally, we observed that consecutive LTP inductions attained a higher magnitude of facilitation in activity-deprived slices, suggesting that the homeostatic plasticity mechanisms triggered by a brief period of neuronal silencing can both lower the threshold and raise the ceiling for Hebbian modifications. We conclude that even brief periods of altered activity are able to shape subsequent synaptic transmission and Hebbian plasticity in fully developed hippocampal circuits.
The herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA polymerase accessory protein, UL42, contains a functional protease-resistant domain (1993)

Herpes simplex virus type 1 encodes its own DNA polymerase (Pol), the product of the UL30 gene, and a polymerase accessory subunit, the product of the UL42 gene, both of which are required for viral DNA replication. Pol and the UL42 protein associate to form a heterodimeric complex (Pol/UL42) which is more active and has a higher processivity than the Pol catalytic subunit alone. The Pol/UL42 complex has been reconstituted by mixing together highly purified Pol and UL42 subunits obtained from recombinant baculovirus-infected cells. We have used polymerase activity on poly(dA):oligo(dT20), a template that the Pol subunit utilizes with low efficiency, to measure the formation of the Pol/UL42 complex. Our data indicate that the association constant for the Pol/UL42 complex is 1 x 10(8) M-1. Proteolytic digestions of UL42 were performed to determine whether structural domains of UL42 could be disclosed by differential amino acid accessibilities. The ability of these protease-resistant domains to form a functional complex with Pol was determined by measuring their ability to stimulate Pol activity on poly(dA):oligo(dT20). We have found that trypsin digestion of UL42 in the presence of DNA generates protease-resistant fragments of 28K and 8K which co-elute from a MonoQ column and are able to stimulate Pol activity on poly(dA):oligo(dT20). Complex formation of the 28K and 8K tryptic fragments with Pol was also shown by their co-immunoprecipitation with antibody to Pol. It was determined that the 28K fragment of UL42 comprised amino acids 1 to 245 or 1 to 254 of UL42, whereas the 8K fragment started at amino acid 255. Thus, controlled proteolysis of UL42 revealed two closely contiguous structural domains that retained the ability to complex with Pol and stimulate Pol activity.