gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metal/intrinsic diamond/semiconducting diamond junction diodes fabricated from polycrystalline diamond films (1993)

The electrical properties of metal/intrinsic semiconductor/semiconductor junctions formed by Al, undoped polycrystalline diamond, and B-doped p-type polycrystalline diamond films were investigated. These results are compared with those of standard metal/semiconductor junctions formed by direct metallization of Al on p-type semiconducting diamond. Polycrystalline diamond samples were grown using a microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition technique. These diamond thin films were then annealed, and chemically cleaned in order to stabilize their electrical properties prior to metallization. Good rectifying characteristics, with rectification ratios of 106–107 at 5 V, were obtained for metal-intrinsic diamond-semiconducting diamond junctions. Reverse bias breakdown voltages in excess of 20 V were observed with increasing thickness of the undoped diamond layer. Rectification was observed at 300 °C with a ratio of forward to reverse current of 103 at 5 V. A first-order model has been proposed to explain the effects of the undoped layer on the electrical characteristics of this junction diode. Only poor rectifying characteristics were obtained for metal-semiconductor junctions.
Investigating plant cell wall components that affect biomass recalcitrance in poplar and switchgrass (2013)

One of the key barriers to low cost biological conversion of cellulosic biomass into renewable fuels and chemicals is the recalcitrance of plants to deconstruction by chemical, enzymatic, and/or microbial routes. A deeper understanding of the source of biomass recalcitrance is sorely needed so that specific cell wall chemical and structural features that limit the release of sugars can be identified in different plants. In this study, biomass from two phylogenetically different plants, the monocot switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and the woody dicot poplar (Populus trichocarpa) were studied. Sets of samples that varied in composition and structure were generated from each native biomass via defined chemical and enzymatic extractions. The two native biomasses, as well as their extracted residues, were characterized, and the enzymatic digestibility of all samples was tested to shed light on substrate-related features that limit sugar release. Based on the results from this study, lignin and hemicellulose were found to influence the enzymatic digestibility of both poplar and switchgrass, but the degree of influence varied significantly. Xylan removal from switchgrass resulted in materials that achieved nearly 100% glucose yields at high enzyme loading in subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis, whereas chlorite extractions that reduced the lignin content had the most beneficial effect in poplar. While lignin content likely plays an important role in biomass recalcitrance particularly in plants such as poplar that contain higher levels of lignin, this work identified subsets of hemicellulose that were key recalcitrance-causing factors in switchgrass. The findings and research approach presented in this study strongly suggest that different strategies will need to be adopted when trying to engineer poplar and switchgrass for reduced recalcitrance or when designing processing conditions to efficiently convert a specific biomass feedstock into sugars.
Design and Development of a High-Voltage Transformer-less Power Supply for Ozone Generators Based on a Voltage-fed Full Bridge Resonant Inverter (2012)

It is known that transformer based power supplies for ozone generators have low efficiency, high cost and exhibits a limited frequency range of operation. To overcome these disadvantages, this paper proposes a high frequency ozone generator with the absence of a transformer. The voltage step-up is achieved only by utilizing the resonant tank. This is made possible by a novel combination of ozone chamber materials that allow ozone to be generated at only 1.5 - 3.5 <TEX>$kV_{p-p}$</TEX>. The input to the resonant tank is driven by a PWM full bridge resonant inverter. Furthermore, zero-current zero-voltage switching (ZCZVS) operation is achieved by employing a duty factor of 25% between the switches of the full bridge. The advantages of the proposed system include high efficiency, low cost and the ability to control ozone production by varying the input voltage to the inverter. The prototype is verified by both simulation and experimental results.
The Stable Free-Radical Polymerization Process: Role of Excess Nitroxide (1998)

The rate of polymerization of styrene in the stable free radical polymerization (SFRP) process is shown to be dependent on the excess of free nitroxide in the reaction mixture. Monomer conversion is independent of the amount of initiator and, instead, dependent on the concentration of excess nitroxide. While the excess nitroxide in styrene polymerizations is controlled by a combination of auto-initiation and termination, the actual amount of free nitroxide is proportional to the amount of initiator-adduct used.
Cation exchange membranes by radiation-induced graft copolymerization of styrene onto PFA copolymer films. II. Characterization of sulfonated graft copolymer membranes (2000)

PFA-g-polystyrene sulfonic acid membranes were prepared by simultaneous radiation-induced graft copolymerization of styrene onto poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluorovinyl ether) (PFA) film followed by sulfonation. The membrane physico-chemical properties such as swelling behavior, ion exchange capacity, hydration number, and ionic conductivity were studied as a function of the degree of grafting. Thermal as well as chemical stability of the membranes was also investigated. The membrane properties were found to be mainly dependent upon the degree of grafting. The water uptake, ion exchange capacity, hydration number, and ionic conductivity of the membranes were increased, whereas the chemical stability decreased as the degree of grafting increased. The membranes showed reasonable physico-chemical properties compared to Nafion 117 membranes. However, their chemical stability has to be further improved to make them acceptable for practical use in electrochemical applications. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 1–11, 2000
Prognostic Significance and Molecular Associations of 18q Loss of Heterozygosity: A Cohort Study of Microsatellite Stable Colorectal Cancers (2009)

Purpose Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at chromosome 18q frequently occurs late during colon cancer development and is inversely associated with microsatellite instability (MSI). 18q LOH has been reported to predict shorter survival in patients with colorectal cancer, whereas MSI-high status has been associated with superior prognosis. However, it is unclear whether 18q LOH in colorectal cancer has any prognostic implication independent of MSI status and other potential predictors of clinical outcome. Patients and Methods Among 555 non–MSI-high colorectal cancers (stage I to IV) in two independent prospective cohort studies, we examined 18q LOH in relation to other molecular events and patient survival. Cox proportional hazard models computed hazard ratio of death, adjusted for clinical and tumoral characteristics, including KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, β-catenin, p53, CpG island methylator phenotype, LINE-1 methylation, and John Cunningham (JC) virus T antigen. Results In multivariate logistic regression, 18q LOH was independently associated with JC virus T antigen (odds ratio [OR] = 1.93; P = .0077), body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m 2 (obesity; OR = 2.01; P = .014), high tumor grade (OR = 0.40; P = .018), KRAS mutation (OR = 0.66; P = .40), and LINE-1 hypomethylation (for a 30% decrease; OR = 1.92; P = .045). Five-year colorectal cancer–specific survival was 75% among patients with 18q LOH-positive tumors and 74% among those with 18q LOH-negative tumors (log-rank P = .80). Five-year overall survival was 70% among patients with 18q LOH-positive tumors and 68% among those with 18q LOH-negative tumors (log-rank P = .54). Multivariate analysis did not show prognostic significance of 18q LOH. Conclusion In our large prospective study of patients with non–MSI-high colorectal cancer, 18q LOH or allelic imbalance was not associated with patient survival.
Inter-relationship of lipids transferred by the lipid-transfer protein isolated from human lipoprotein-deficient plasma. (1983)

In a previous study we demonstrated that highly purified lipid-transfer protein facilitated the transfer of triglyceride, cholesteryl ester, and phosphatidylcholine between plasma lipoproteins. It remained unclear, however, whether these lipids were transferred by independent sites on the lipid-transfer protein. To address this point, we have studied the protein-mediated transfer of triglyceride, cholesteryl ester, and phosphatidylcholine as a function of the concentration and lipid composition of donor and acceptor lipoproteins. Lipoproteins labeled in vitro, reconstituted lipoproteins of defined lipid composition, and phosphatidylcholine liposomes with or without triglyceride and/or cholesteryl ester have been used to investigate the inter-relationships of lipids transferred by the lipid-transfer protein. In studies of initial (less than or equal to 10-13%) transfer, we found that, although absolute transfer rates were affected, the ratio of cholesteryl ester to triglyceride transferred was independent of donor and acceptor lipoprotein concentrations and acceptor lipoprotein lipid composition. With reconstituted lipoproteins as donor, we demonstrated that this ratio was linearly related to the ratio of cholesteryl ester to triglyceride in the donor particle; the sum of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester transferred remained constant and independent of the lipid composition of the donor. Experiments with intact lipoproteins labeled in vitro and with small unilamellar vesicles in the presence and absence of p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate, confirmed the interdependence of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester transfer. In contrast, under all assay conditions, no correlation was found between the amount of phosphatidylcholine transferred and the transfer of triglyceride and/or cholesteryl ester. We conclude that triglyceride and cholesteryl ester compete for transfer and that the extent of transfer for each lipid is determined by its relative concentration in the donor particle, whereas phosphatidylcholine transfer is independent of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester transfer. The data also strongly support the conclusion that lipid transfer protein promotes both the exchange and net transfer of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester and that the net transfer process proceeds by a reciprocal exchange of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester without net transfer of core lipid between lipoproteins.
MICRODETERMINATION OF MANGANESE IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL BY MEANS OF CATALYSIS (1947)

The standard methods of manganese determination in biological material (1,2), based on the oxidation of Mn *to permanganate, are not sufficiently sensitive. Since the Mn++ content of animal tissues is very low, 20 to 100 gm. of material are required for analysis. The color reaction of manganese dioxide and benzidine was successfully applied for the quantitative detection of Mn++ in tissues by Wiese and Johnson (3). This method made it possible to determine manganese from 5 gm. tissue samples. However, in animal experiments it is desirable to use even less material.
Measurement of the atmospheric electrostatic potential gradient near sea level (1981)

A simple apparatus has been constructed to measure the atmospheric electrostatic-potential gradient at the surface of the Earth. On 10 September 1979 in an open field in South Hadley, Massachusetts (elevation 250 ft) a potential gradient of 197 V/m was obtained, in reasonable agreement with previous measurements in comparable locations and under similar weather conditions.
Properties of Two Inhibitors of Plant Virus Infection from Fruiting Bodies of <i>Lentinus edodes</i> and from Leaves of <i>Yucca recurvifolia</i> Salisb. (1987)

One of the inhibitors, named “fruiting body protein (FBP),” was purified from fruiting bodies of Lentinus edodes, and the other, named “yucca leaf protein (YLP),” from leaves of Yucca recurvifolia Salisb. The properties of these inhibitors were investigated, and the concentration of substances for a 50% inhibition ratio of TMV infection were measured. The inhibition ratios of YLP, FBP, Poly-Lys, Poly-Orn, Poly-Arg and cytochrome c were 0.6, 6.3, 14.1, 31.6, 44.7 and 100 ppm, respectively. Two inhibitors had no RNA hydrolyzing activity and no activity to TMV aggregation. FBP and YLP prevented infection of the plant by TMV when treated within 3 days before TMV inoculation, but not when treated within 1 hr for FBP or 3 hr for YLP after TMV inoculation. It seems that these two inhibitors had a preventive effect on plant virus infection, but no curative effect.
A new concept for the WDM module using a waveguide equipped with filter (2002)

We report a directly deposited multilayer filter onto an end face of a polyimide waveguide. The hybrid integration of a waveguide equipped with filter and a silicon V-groove achieve the all-passive alignment process.
Review of GPR Rebar Detection (2009)

The background and current state of the art of ground penetrating radar testing of rebar in concrete is brie∞y reviewed. This encompasses developments of Polarization in rebar detection, diameter detection, corrosion detection,neural network and other automatic method in rebar detection.
Differentiating malware from cleanware using behavioural analysis (2010)

This paper proposes a scalable approach for distinguishing malicious files from clean files by investigating the behavioural features using logs of various API calls. We also propose, as an alternative to the traditional method of manually identifying malware files, an automated classification system using runtime features of malware files. For both projects, we use an automated tool running in a virtual environment to extract API call features from executables and apply pattern recognition algorithms and statistical methods to differentiate between files. Our experimental results, based on a dataset of 1368 malware and 456 cleanware files, provide an accuracy of over 97% in distinguishing malware from cleanware. Our techniques provide a similar accuracy for classifying malware into families. In both cases, our results outperform comparable previously published techniques.
Studies on the degradation products of paper with and without pollutants in a closed environment: (1990)

We have developed methods using Mass Spectroscopy, Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography to detect degradation products of rag paper and newsprint in the presence of some common air pollutants.We have searched for products that might themselves be autocatalytic to encourage degradation of these materials.In particular, we have looked at gaseous degradation products and those degradation products which are mobile and which may be transferred from one paper to another by surface or gas phase diffusion .Six organic acids have been tentatively identified as degradation products which are surface mobile on newsprint and rag paper.Acetic acid is a major organic acid gas phase component.The results of these studies were correlated with more traditional bulk paper properties tests.breaking in amorphous regions with concomitant decreases in the degree of polymerization.The chromatographic detection of fragments suggests a more fundamental characterization of aging steps.Mass spectra indicate a new peak of apparent m/e = 38 in the atmosphere over both rag and newsprint.This unidentified peak suggests a volatile divalent fragment of mass 76, such as that of glycolic acid. 1 .0 BACKGROUND Protection of the records in the National Archives and Records
Advanced composites for structures. (1966)

The Air Force Advanced Development program on high-modulus filaments and composites involves a comprehensive and integrated effort; it involves not only materials development but simultaneous and heavy emphasis on design and fabrication. It includes, as an essential ingredient, the conclusive demonstration of the value of the technology in the product form, which are major advanced composite structural components. The attack on the most rapid and efficient technique for development of the technology is organized along three vertically integrated major lines. These are: reinforcement development, composite materials development, and component development. The brain center of the program is component development, where (by actual design, fabrication, and test of composite materials hardware) direction and emphasis will be given to the filament and composite development efforts. The program areas of primary interest, although concentrating initially on continuous boron and glass filaments with organic matrices, will include other reinforcement materials, reinforcement forms, metallic and inorganic matrices, etc. as dictated by their applicability and importance to the highest payoff composite structural components. The total advanced development technical program, including status and progress, is briefly discussed; and the perspective with related exploratory and manufacturing development activities is treated.
Toward More Adequate Selection Criteria: Correlates of Empathy, Genuineness, and Respect (1974)

Correlations were obtained between scores or ratings on 17 variables derived from a review of the research and theory on the problem of selection and rated levels of empathic understanding, genuineness, and respect provided by 19 graduate students to clients during the counseling practicum experience. The results revealed that empathic understanding and respect are significantly related to two similar personality variables: tolerance of ambiguity and need for order. Ratings from Carkhuff's Index of Communication were significantly related to empathic understanding. None of the variables investigated was significantly related to genuineness. Suggestions are made for further research and the improvement of existing selection instruments.
A model of humin (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleA model of huminJames A. Rice and Patrick MacCarthyCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1990, 24, 12, 1875–1877Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00082a015https://doi.org/10.1021/es00082a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views348Altmetric-Citations57LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Convenient Synthesis of a [1‐<sup>14</sup>C]Diazirinylbenzoic Acid as a Photoaffinity Label for Binding Studies of V‐ATPase Inhibitors (2007)

Abstract Diazirine‐tagged systems are considered reliable compounds for photoaffinity labeling (PAL) in biochemical studies as they enable investigation and understanding of biological mechanisms through covalent bonding to the target and subsequent detection. 14 C‐labeled 4‐(3‐trifluoromethyl‐3 H ‐diazirin‐3‐yl)benzoic acid ( 11 ) was prepared by a lithium‐bromide exchange on the bis‐silylated 4‐bromophenyldiaziridine 19 with subsequent transformations with electrophiles as key steps of the synthesis. Using 14 CO 2 , which was generated from rather inexpensive Ba 14 CO 3 , the desired diaziridinylbenzoic acid 21 was obtained in 78 % yield based on the employed radioactive material. Oxidation under mild conditions then yielded diazirine 11 in a 100 mg scale. This versatile photoaffinity label was selectively attached to the tetrahydropyrane ring of bafilomycin A 1 ( 2 ) and concanamycin A‐derived 3 , which both specifically inhibit the V‐ATPases. Inhibition assays were performed and revealed that the inhibitory capacities of the labeled derivatives are suitable for PAL studies on this important group of enzymes to elucidate the as yet unknown binding sites. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Ensuring the conformance of reactive discrete-event systems using supervisory control (2004)

We study the problem of controlling an implementation of a system by means of an automatically computed supervisor, in order to ensure a conformance relation between the implementation and its formal specification. The supervisor can be seen as a "patch" that automatically fixes errors, which otherwise should have been discovered by testing and fixed by hand.
Implications of the Colonic Deposition of Free Hemoglobin-α Chain (2014)

In the colitides, mucosal/submucosal tissue microenvironments demonstrated pool of free Hb-α chain. In vitro exposure of NCM460 cells to Hb(n)/Hb induced ROS and DNAD. Toxic effect of free Hb-α, in colonic epithelial cells, is therefore through production of ROS formation modulated by impairment of antioxidant effects. Targeting reduction-oxidation-sensitive pathways and transcription factors may offer options for inflammatory bowel disease-management and colitis-related cancer prevention.
Presence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance in <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> Isolates Possessing <i>bla</i> <sub>KPC</sub> in the United States (2008)

The presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes [i.e., qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA] was evaluated among 42 bla(KPC)-containing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates collected in the eastern United States. One isolate carried the bla(KPC-3) and qnrB19 genes on the same conjugative plasmid, whereas another carried the bla(KPC-3) and qnrA1 genes on separate plasmids.
Diverse Routing in Networks With Probabilistic Failures (2010)

We develop diverse routing schemes for dealing with multiple, possibly correlated, failures. While disjoint path protection can effectively deal with isolated single link failures, recovering from multiple failures is not guaranteed. In particular, events such as natural disasters or intentional attacks can lead to multiple correlated failures, for which recovery mechanisms are not well understood. We take a probabilistic view of network failures where multiple failure events can occur simultaneously, and develop algorithms for finding diverse routes with minimum joint failure probability. Moreover, we develop a novel Probabilistic Shared Risk Link Group (PSRLG) framework for modeling correlated failures. In this context, we formulate the problem of finding two paths with minimum joint failure probability as an integer nonlinear program (INLP) and develop approximations and linear relaxations that can find nearly optimal solutions in most cases.