gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tyrosine phosphorylation of RAS by ABL allosterically enhances effector binding (2015)

RAS proteins are signal transduction gatekeepers that mediate cell growth, survival, and differentiation through interactions with multiple effector proteins. The RAS effector RAS- and RAB-interacting protein 1 (RIN1) activates its own downstream effectors, the small GTPase RAB5 and the tyrosine kinase Abelson tyrosine-protein kinase (ABL), to modulate endocytosis and cytoskeleton remodeling. To identify ABL substrates downstream of RAS-to-RIN1 signaling, we examined human HEK293T cells overexpressing components of this pathway. Proteomic analysis revealed several novel phosphotyrosine peptides, including Harvey rat sarcoma oncogene (HRAS)-pTyr(137). Here we report that ABL phosphorylates tyrosine 137 of H-, K-, and NRAS. Increased RIN1 levels enhanced HRAS-Tyr(137) phosphorylation by nearly 5-fold, suggesting that RAS-stimulated RIN1 can drive ABL-mediated RAS modification in a feedback circuit. Tyr(137) is well conserved among RAS orthologs and is part of a transprotein H-bond network. Crystal structures of HRAS(Y137F) and HRAS(Y137E) revealed conformation changes radiating from the mutated residue. Although consistent with Tyr(137) participation in allosteric control of HRAS function, the mutations did not alter intrinsic GTP hydrolysis rates in vitro. HRAS-Tyr(137) phosphorylation enhanced HRAS signaling capacity in cells, however, as reflected by a 4-fold increase in the association of phosphorylated HRAS(G12V) with its effector protein RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RAF1). These data suggest that RAS phosphorylation at Tyr(137) allosterically alters protein conformation and effector binding, providing a mechanism for effector-initiated modulation of RAS signaling.
Helping or destroying? Generally Accepted Criticism of the International Monetary Fund and the Media problem-The case of Argentina and Croatia (2009)

This paper analyses the generally accepted criticism of the International Monetary Fund and its relations with the media. The latter is done in respect of the IMF cooperation with Argentina and Croatia. These two countries did not have exactly the same type of cooperation with the IMF but they are similar in the amount of criticism that the IMF got in both of the countries. At first, it is thought that the IMF undermined the Argentinean economy and, secondly, it is often blamed for the foreign debt and for foreign ownership of Croatian banks. Additionally, the IMF is often blamed to be the enforcer of the US foreign policy directing its help towards the countries allied with the United States and at the same time undermining the economies of the countries not being allied with the United States. Due to the impossibility of getting any comment from the IMF (after several months of attempting to do so) with an explanation to consult the website, this paper also analyses the IMF website and its communication with the media via its official website. The conclusion is that the IMF website is doubtful due to the impossibility of obtaining certain information and due to the unclear system of classifying the press releases and country information. Instead of having clear communication with the media, the IMF directs a journalist to the website where it seems that it ignores certain information and underlines the other making the work of trying to get a clear and full information really difficult and furthermore, making the criticism even more reliable and trustworthy.
Discrimination between human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and II (HTLV-I and HTLV-II) infections by using synthetic peptides representing an immunodominant region of the core protein (p19) of HTLV-I and HTLV-II (1993)

We describe enzyme immunoassays that use synthetic oligopeptides to discriminate serologically between human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and II (HTLV-I and HTLV-II) infections. The peptides represented 20-amino acid segments between residues 111 and 130 (MA1) and residues 116 and 135 (MA2) of the p19 gag proteins of HTLV-I and HTLV-II, respectively. The assays were sensitive since 69 of 74 HTLV-positive sera were reactive to at least one of the two matrix (MA) peptides (sensitivity, 93.2%). By using the ratio of the optical density of MA1 to the optical density of MA2, which represents for every serum sample the ratio between the absorbance value obtained in the MA1 assay and the absorbance value obtained in the MA2 assay, 59 of the 69 reactive serum samples were clearly and easily typed as positive for either antibody to HTLV-I or antibody to HTLV-II. Eight of the 10 remaining reactive serum samples were analyzed further by an inhibition procedure, and their type specificities were then clearly identifiable. Therefore, the results indicate that all MA-reactive sera were serologically distinguished by our peptide assays.
Studies in Cross-Linking Reactions of Cellulose (1963)

With a view to studying the effect of bulky substituents in the cross-linking molecule on the physico-chemical properties of reacted cellulose, 1:3-dichloro-2-propanol and its acetyl, propionyl, and butyryl esters have been reacted with cellulose. Two cotton fabrics have been used: (i) a casement cloth of open structure and (ii) a poplin fabric of closed construction. The presence of cross-links and the retention of the ester groups in the cross-links have been established by the determination of the insolubility of the treated cellulose in cuprammonium hydroxide and the estimation of the ester contents. The effect of the substituent ester groups on the reactivity of these compounds and the resulting changes in the physico-chemical properties of the treated fabrics, such as dry and wet crease recovery, tensile strength, tear strength, stiffness as bending length, moisture regain, etc., have been assessed. It has been found that the cross-linking reactivity of these compounds decreases with the increase in molecular weight. Besides this, the ester group exerts a distinct influence on the various properties mentioned above. It is observed that the improved wet crease recovery, increased moisture regain, and stiffness of the fabrics treated with these compounds are inversely related to the increasing molecular weight of the substituent ester group. Similarly the losses in tensile and tear strength and the decrease in dry crease recovery become less as the molecular weight of the substituent ester group increases. Further work with heavier substituent groups is in progress.
Design and performance of a recessed thin film inductive transducer (1996)

An improved inductive transducer is achieved by placing the coil and the majority of the transducer body into a recessed alumina basecoat. Process advantages of a recessed over planar structure includes lower top pole topography, improved pole trim capability, and improved top pole composition uniformity. Coil and photoresist processing in a recessed cavity allows for multiple layers with lower resistance without increasing transducer Permalloy path length. Recessed trimmed design performance has increased efficiency with higher amplitude and a narrower pulse width along with improved overwrite compared to planar untrimmed transducers. The recessed basecoat design is explained, and compared to planar transducers using modeling and performance results.
[Prolactin, a link between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. Role in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases]. (1994)

Increasing evidence suggest that prolactin (PRL) has important immunoregulatory properties and may play a role in the pathogenesis and disease expression of certain autoimmune diseases. Prolactin is co-mitogenic on murine and human lymphocytes, induces the formation of IL-2 cell surface receptor and modulates the expression of various growth factor related genes. Prolactin also stimulates antibody production both in vivo and in vitro. Specific high affinity prolactin-receptors have been described on T and B lymphocytes as well as on monocytes. They are distributed on heterogeneous lymphocyte subsets and they showed imbalance in autoimmune situations. Lymphocytes may produce PRL-like proteins biologically active that function as autocrine growth factors for lymphoproliferation. Hyperprolactinemia has been found in male patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and also during pregnancy in SLE patients. Hyperprolactinemia is correlated with clinical and serological activity in a subset of SLE patients. High levels of PRL aggravates disease activity and accelerates mortality in the B/W mouse model of SLE. In rheumatoid arthritis an excessive and upregulated secretion of PRL has been shown. Hyperprolactinemia has also been shown in a subset of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. High PRL levels have been found in Reiter's syndrome patients and bromocriptine treatment has been reported effective in these patients and psoriatic arthritis patients. These data support a potential role of this immunoregulatory hormone in the pathogenesis of some rheumatic diseases.
Scanning tunneling microscopy study of Si (001) and Si (110) surface structures resulting from different thermal cleaning treatments (1990)

We have studied the morphology and distribution of atomic steps on Si (001) and Si (110) with scanning tunneling microscopy. We find that native oxide removal at temperatures up to 1350 K leads to step pinning and bunching on Si (001) and to facetting on Si (110). Cleaning at temperatures in excess of 1450 K leads to regular step distributions. For both types of surfaces, the average step direction and step density reflect the macroscopic misorientation of the sample. However, locally the step edges tend to follow directions determined by surface reconstructions.
Improving Performance: How to Manage the White Space on the Organization Chart (1990)

1. Introduction: The Challenges Facing American Business Part One: A Framework for Improving Performance 2. Viewing Organizations as Systems 3. Three Levels of Performance: Organization, Process, and Job/Performer Part Two: Exploring the Three Levels of Performance 4. The Organization Level of Performance 5. The Process Level of Performance 6. The Job/Performer Level of Performance Part Three: Applying the Three Levels of Performance 7. Linking Performance to Strategy 8. Moving from Annual Programs to Sustained Performance Improvement 9. Diagnosing and Improving Performance: A Case Study 10. Redesigning Processes 11. Overcoming the Seven Deadly Sins of Process Improvement 12. Measuring Performance and Designing a Performance Management System 13. Managing Processes and Managing Organizations as Systems 14. Designing an Organization Structure That Works 15. Creating a Performance-Based Human Resource Development Function 16. Developing an Action Plan for Implementation.
Enantioselective Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed <i>N</i>-Acyliminium Cyclization Cascades (2009)

An enantioselective Brønsted acid-catalyzed N-acyliminium cyclization cascade of tryptamines with enol lactones to form architecturally complex heterocycles in high enantiomeric excess has been developed. The reaction is technically simple to perform as well as atom-efficient and may be coupled to a gold(I)-catalyzed cycloisomerization of alkynoic acids whereby the key enol lactone reaction partner is generated in situ. Employing up to 10 mol % bulky chiral phosphoric acid catalysts in boiling toluene allowed the product materials to be generated in good overall yields (63-99%) and high enantioselectivities (72-99% ee). With doubly substituted enol lactones, high diastereo- and enantioselectivities were obtained, thus providing a new example of a dynamic kinetic asymmetric cyclization reaction.
Effects of Recombinant Apolipoprotein A-I <sub>Milano</sub> on Aortic Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice (1998)

Recombinant A-I(Milano)/PC prevented progression of aortic atherosclerosis and reduced lipid and macrophage content of plaques in apo E-deficient mice despite severe hypercholesterolemia. Thus, A-I(Milano)/PC may have a role in inhibiting progression and promoting stabilization of atherosclerosis.
Summary of complementation groups of UV-sensitive CHO cell mutants isolated by large-scale screening (1989)

A summary is given for the lineage and complementation group assignments of 153 UV-sensitive mutants of the CHO AA8 cell line. The distribution of mutants among six complementation groups was highly non-random, with the great majority of the isolates belonging to groups 1 and 2. This asymmetry is consistent with the known hemizygosity of these two linked loci in CHO cells. The relative numbers of mutants induced in group 2 was found to depend greatly on the type of mutagen used. Mutagenesis with UV radiation, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and 7-bromomethylbenz[a]anthracene produced high frequencies of group 2 mutants. In contrast, ICR170 and ICR191, which are thought to produce mostly frameshift mutations, yielded very few mutants in group 2. These results are of particular importance in light of the recent finding that the human ERCC2 gene, which corrects group 2 mutants, has very strong homology with the yeast gene RAD3. RAD3 is an essential gene for viability in yeast, and the low recovery of group 2 mutants using the frameshift agents strongly suggests that frameshift mutations tend to be lethal in the hamster ERCC2 locus. Several mutagen-sensitive double mutants were isolated in two-step selections from EMS-, mitomycin C- or UV-sensitive parental cells, including the line UVU1, the first mammalian line with two mutations that affect UV sensitivity. The first mutation inactivated excision repair, and the second mutation appears to have affected some other recovery process. UVU1 should be useful for studying recovery processes that are separate from nucleotide excision repair.
Reverse engineering of GUI models for testing (2010)

The incorrect behaviour of Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) can compromise the effective use of the overall software application. One way to discover defects and increase the quality of GUIs is through testing. Test cases can be created manually or produced automatically from a model of the GUI. The size and complexity of GUIs makes it unpractical to do extensive manual testing. However, creating a model of the GUI in order to generate automatically test cases is also a laborious task. This paper presents a reverse engineering approach for diminishing the effort required for constructing the model of an existing GUI. The GUI is exercised by a combination of manual and automatic exploration, and information about its structure and some of its behaviour is automatically extracted, resulting in an incomplete GUI model. This model is subsequently completed manually, validated and used as input for automatic test generation and execution.
<title>MPEG-2 systems</title> (1994)

MPEG is a standard which defines data formats for coded (compressed) audio, video, and their combination. The Systems part of this work, which is Part 1, defines the coding and related requirements for providing the combination of audio and video, including key system- level functions. These functions include synchronization of audio and video, multiplexing, clock recovery, guaranteed buffer behavior, program time identification, and many other system-level functions which are required in practice and which are not part of the compression coding of audio and video. MPEG-2 formally known as ISO 13818, and MPEG-2 Systems is ISO 13818-1. Currently MPEG-2 has the status of a Committee Draft, meaning that it has been published for review by participating national bodies, as part of the procedure for becoming an official International Standard.
Synthesis of polynomial-based nonlinear device and harmonic shifting technique for virtual bass system (2009)

Low frequency bandwidth limitation is a common problem faced by miniature speakers and highly-directional speakers that have relatively high cut-off frequency. As such, low frequencies cannot be effectively reproduced. One of the current methods in addressing this problem is to employ psychoacoustic signal processing based on the “missing fundamental phenomenon”. Nonlinear device is generally used to induce virtual pitch that enhances the low frequency perception. However, some of the difficulties in using nonlinear device include the need of precise adjustment of harmonics' magnitudes, harmonic order and its decay rate to achieve good perceived bass. In this paper, we propose two techniques on synthesis of polynomial-based nonlinear device and harmonic shifting by modulation in an attempt to overcome these difficulties. Real-Time implementation and listening tests were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Chemical Preparation of Lead‐Containing Niobate Powders (1996)

A chemical precipitation method was developed for synthesis of typical relaxor compounds—Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 (PMN), Pb(Fe 1/2 Nb 1/2 )O 3 (PFN), and Pb(Sc 1/2 Nb 1/2 )O 3 (PSN)—from nitrate solutions. To obtain a niobium precursor compatible with the aqueous chemical routes, peroxo‐niobium complex solutions were prepared by dissolving hydrated niobia precipitates in a dilute nitric acid solution with hydrogen peroxide. Powders that consisted of small particles ranging from 20 to 40 nm were successfully precipitated from the mixed nitrate solutions by hydrolysis with aqueous ammonia solutions. On calcination, these powders were highly reactive. For example, PMN precursor powder began to crystallize simultaneously to cubic pyrochlore and perovskite phases at ∼400°C and yielded ∼95% of the perovskite phase after calcination at 800°C for 1 h. PFN and PSN precursor powders calcined under similar conditions formed single perovskite phases.
Intracortical Recording Interfaces: Current Challenges to Chronic Recording Function (2015)

Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) offer significant hope to tetraplegic and paraplegic individuals. This technology relies on extracting and translating motor intent to facilitate control of a computer cursor or to enable fine control of an external assistive device such as a prosthetic limb. Intracortical recording interfaces (IRIs) are critical components of BCIs and consist of arrays of penetrating electrodes that are implanted into the motor cortex of the brain. These multielectrode arrays (MEAs) are responsible for recording and conducting neural signals from local ensembles of neurons in the motor cortex with the high speed and spatiotemporal resolution that is required for exercising control of external assistive prostheses. Recent design and technological innovations in the field have led to significant improvements in BCI function. However, long-term (chronic) BCI function is severely compromised by short-term (acute) IRI recording failure. In this review, we will discuss the design and function of current IRIs. We will also review a host of recent advances that contribute significantly to our overall understanding of the cellular and molecular events that lead to acute recording failure of these invasive implants. We will also present recent improvements to IRI design and provide insights into the futuristic design of more chronically functional IRIs.
Acerca de la programación en el shell de UNIX (1998)

El SHELL de UNIX cuenta con un interprete de comandos que permite programar sofisticadamente y lo mas probable es de que un usuario de unix gaste mucho tiempo interactuando con el SHELL y el comprender bien su potencia puede incrementar su productividad. Aunque existen tres tipos de SHELL (Bourne SHELL, Korn SHELL y “C” SHELL) este articulo tratara solo de la programacion en el Bourne SHELL. ∗PEMEX-REFINACION, SUBDIRECCION DE DISTRIBUCION, UNIDAD DE SISTEMAS Y APOYO LOGISTICO, COORDINACION DE INGENIERIA DE SISTEMAS
NMR imaging in theory and in practice (1988)

This review attempts to provide in simple terms the basic principles of NMR theory. This is followed by a discussion on the most common methods by which various parameters may be imaged. If quantitative diagnostic imaging is to be achieved it is necessary to make accurate measurements of NMR parameters. Factors which may affect the accuracy of the measurements are therefore briefly examined. Factors affecting the quality of images, e.g. spatial resolution, contrast, signal to noise ratio, etc, are also discussed in some detail since these not only help with image interpretation but also provide a sound basis for understanding the nature of the imaging process. The use of NMR imaging in clinical practice is very briefly discussed and the review ends with a look at some of the medical applications of nuclei other than protons.
Redox modifier genes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in mice (2007)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), one of the most common adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases, has no known cure. Enhanced redox stress and inflammation have been associated with the pathoprogression of ALS through a poorly defined mechanism. Here we determined that dysregulated redox stress in ALS mice caused by NADPH oxidases Nox1 and Nox2 significantly influenced the progression of motor neuron disease caused by mutant SOD1(G93A) expression. Deletion of either Nox gene significantly slowed disease progression and improved survival. However, 50% survival rates were enhanced significantly more by Nox2 deletion than by Nox1 deletion. Interestingly, female ALS mice containing only 1 active X-linked Nox1 or Nox2 gene also had significantly delayed disease onset, but showed normal disease progression rates. Nox activity in spinal cords from Nox2 heterozygous female ALS mice was approximately 50% that of WT female ALS mice, suggesting that random X-inactivation was not influenced by Nox2 gene deletion. Hence, chimerism with respect to Nox-expressing cells in the spinal cord significantly delayed onset of motor neuron disease in ALS. These studies define what we believe to be new modifier gene targets for treatment of ALS.
Multimedia User Interfaces for Telecommunications Products and Services (1993)

The emergence of multimedia systems, which incorporate media types such as text, graphics, audio, video, and animation, has great potential to change how people interact with systems and with each other. As multimedia technologies and their applications in telecommunications products and services evolve, some critical human factors challenges in designing these systems are emerging. This paper describes how the use of new multimedia technologies, complemented by the proper application of human factors design principles, can enhance the usability of AT&T products and services. Examples of three types of applications — multimedia-based training, multimedia-based performance support, and multimedia conferencing — highlight challenges specific to the design of multimedia user interfaces.
Reduced State Distance Spectrum Computation for General Trellis Codes (1994)

For an N state nonlinear trellis code the distance spectrum computation requires an N2 state distance generating trellis. This and the search algorithm often make the problem prohibitively complex. In this paper, the classical finite state machine theory is applied to derive a general and efficient algorithm. The distance generating matrix is first obtained by a Kronecker type product. It is then reduced by the systematic state space partitioning process. The search algorithm is also replaced by the recursive matrix multiplications with distance truncations. Since no condition is pre-required, the algorithm can handle all trellis codes and/or ISI channels. However, if some symmetrical property of the code/channel is known, such as linearity or quasi-regularity, then the state reduction process can be bypassed for further efficiency. With minor modifications, the algorithm can also be used for calculation of product distance spectrum.