gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and Demonstration of Blockchain Applicability Framework (2019)

Blockchain technology has been gaining great interest from a variety of industry sectors, including financial, food processing, and power and energy markets. Realizing the strength of blockchain technology beyond the successful application in the cryptocurrency arena, researchers have been evaluating and using blockchain for applications such as supply chain management, transactive industry (both financial and energy), system integrity, device cybersecurity, identity management, and much more. One of the unique elements of the blockchain technology that made it such a captivating technology to researchers is its plethora of features. Some of the features include smart contracts, cryptocurrency and tokenizing, immutable distributed ledger, cryptographic hashing, and digital signature. In addition, there are multiple types of blockchains, such as permissioned/private and permissionless/public, and various consensus models, such as proof-of-work, proof-of-authority, proof-of-burn, and proof-of-stake. Therefore, it is often nontrivial to determine if an application requires a blockchain. If so, what kind of blockchain and consensus is most appropriate? This article discusses the blockchain applicability framework (BAF), which was specifically designed with the purpose to answer those questions. The BAF is divided into five domains, 18 subdomains, and about 100 controls. It is designed to ingest detailed user requirements to perform a weighted evaluation that is built on mathematical constructs to determine the ideal combination of blockchain that is appropriate for an application. Along with the core logical formulation of the BAF, this article depicts the efficacy of the BAF through two use cases.
Experimental investigation on plugging behavior of granular lost circulation materials in fractured thief zone (2015)

Lost circulation of drilling fluid occurs frequently when drilling in fractured formations. Granular lost circulation material (LCM) is still widely used as a cure to combat the circulation loss of drilling fluid. The placement styles of granular LCM in the fractured thief zone are discussed in this paper. A series of experimental tests to examine the placement style have been carried out using a new developed test equipment. The effects of the material type, particle size distribution (PSD), and concentration of the granular LCMs on the plugging behavior have been investigated. The experimental results proved that t the rigid granules work as an ideal bridging material determining the plugging depth, and the powder material is more suitable as filling material controlling the total fluid loss. The PSD of granular LCM dominates the placement style and efficiency in fractured thief zone, and there exists an optimum concentration for maximum effect of granular LCM additives.
Preparation and Physical Properties of Thermoresponsive Biodegradable Poly(asparagine) Derivatives (2005)

Abstract New biodegradable and thermoresponsive poly(asparagine) derivatives have been developed. They have a LCST and showed a sol–gel–sol phase transition. The LCST and a sol–gel–sol phase transition temperature could be controlled by the composition ratio of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups of the polymer side chain.
Format for human body modelling from 3‐D body scanning (1995)

Presents a standard data format for describing and interpolating 3‐D human body shapes from data collected by a 3‐D body scanner. The body data were treated as a series of horizontal cross‐sections. Each cross‐section was described by 16 data points. The 3‐D surface can be calculated by interpolating between these sections. This procedure allowed editing and manipulation of raw scanned data, as well as substantial data reduction. Horizontal cross‐sections of the body were chosen to correspond to particular anatomical surface landmarks, rather than distances from a reference point. Hence, each data element described a particular anatomical location, irrespective of body shape and size. This feature allowed comparison and averaging of 3‐D shapes, greatly enhancing the application of 3‐D scanned data. The standard data format allows 3‐D scanned data to be transferred into CAD/CAM systems for automated garment design and manikin manufacture.
Analysis of One-Bit Quantized Precoding for the Multiuser Massive MIMO Downlink (2017)

We present a mathematical analysis of linear precoders for downlink massive MIMO multiuser systems that employ one-bit digital-to-analog converters at the basestation in order to reduce complexity and mitigate power usage. The analysis is based on the Bussgang theorem, and applies generally to any linear precoding scheme. We examine, in detail, the special case of the quantized zero-forcing (ZF) precoder, and derive a simple asymptotic expression for the resulting symbol error rate at each terminal. Our analysis illustrates that the performance of the quantized ZF precoder depends primarily on the ratio of the number of antennas to the number of users, and our simulations show that it achieves performance similar to a more complicated nonlinear least-squares encoder for low-to-moderate signal to noise ratios, where massive MIMO systems are presumed to operate. We also use the Bussgang theorem to derive a new linear precoder optimized for the case of one-bit quantization, and illustrate its improved performance.
An epoxide hydrolase involved in the biosynthesis of an insect sex attractant and its use to localize the production site (2008)

Epoxide hydrolases (EHs) are enzymes occurring in virtually any living organism. They catalyze the hydrolysis of epoxide containing lipids and are involved in crucial mechanisms, such as the detoxification of xenobiotics or the regulation of inflammation and blood pressure. Here, we describe a function of a putative EH gene in the biosynthesis of a sex attractant in the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis and use this gene to localize the site of pheromone production. Males of this parasitic wasp release a mixture of (4R,5R)-( threo-) and (4R,5S)-( erythro-)5-hydroxy-4-decanolide (HDL) to attract virgin females. Using a stable isotope labeled precursor, we demonstrated that vernolic acid ( erythro-12,13-epoxy-octadec-9Z-enoic acid) is converted by N. vitripennis males to threo-HDL. This suggested the involvement of an EH in hydrolyzing the fatty acid epoxide under inversion of the stereochemistry into the respective diol, which might be further processed by chain shortening and lactonization to HDL. We cloned a putative N. vitripennis EH gene (Nasvi-EH1) encoding 470 amino acids and localized its transcripts in the male rectal papillae by in situ RT-PCR. Chemical analyses and histological studies confirmed that males synthesize the sex attractant in the rectal vesicle and release it via the anal orifice. Involvement of Nasvi-EH1 in HDL biosynthesis was established by RNAi-mediated gene silencing. Injection of Nasvi-EH1 dsRNA into male abdomens inhibited pheromone biosynthesis by 55% and suppressed the targeted gene transcripts in the rectal vesicle by 95%.
Logos-TCS: an expert system language for operations management based on temporal constraint satisfaction (2002)

It is shown that the precedence graph upon which popular analysis tools in operations management such as PERT/CPM depend, is a special case of the temporal constraint satisfaction (TCS) problem. TCS provides a richer set of temporal relationships than the precedence relationship. A temporal constraint system provides a metaphor (constraint propagation) to model the down-line effects of perturbations that occur in dynamic operations. Logos-TCS, as a language to express expert problem-solving, provides a declarative framework to define TCS problems, Logos-TCS implements an innovative scheme by embedding a constraint system within a deductive reasoning system (Logos). Encoding expertise in relaxation strategies when constraint violations occur (situations arise that cause current operations to fail) is discussed. Heuristics such as task rearrangement, priority changes, first in first out, shifting start or finish times and retracting constraints have been the major source of expertise accumulated through experience. Logos-TCS provides a simple and straightforward rule-based framework to encode these strategies in its reasoning rules.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effects of the Long-Term Ingestion of Tea Catechins on Energy Expenditure and Dietary Fat Oxidation in Healthy Subjects (2005)

The long-term ingestion of tea catechins has been reported to reduce body fat. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the long-term ingestion of tea catechins on postprandial energy expenditure and dietary fat oxidation. Twelve healthy men aged 27-48 years participated in the study. The subjects consumed 350 ml of a test beverage/day that contained either a high dose of catechin (592.9 mg) or a low dose of catechin (77.7 mg) for a period of 12 weeks. Respiratory analyses were conducted before and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks during the test period, in which oxygen consumption and the excretion of 13CO2 were monitored over 8 hr after a single ingestion of a test meal containing 13C labeled triglyceride. The excretion of 13CO2 in the high dose catechin group (the HC group) was significantly increased at 4 and 12 weeks of the test period compared to that for the low dose catechin group (the LC group) (p < 0.05), and this elevation persisted at 8.9% at week 0 to 12.9% at week 12. Dietary induced thermogenesis (DIT), defined as an increased energy expenditure from the fasting baseline for 8 hr after the single ingestion of a test meal, was significantly higher in the HC group at 8 and 12 weeks compared to that in the LC group (p < 0.05) with elevation to 90.3 kcal at week 12 from 51.4 kcal at week 0. In conclusion, enhanced dietary fat oxidation and an increased DIT may play an important role in the mechanism of the anti-obesity effect of tea catechins.
A synthetic time-reversal imaging method for structural health monitoring (2004)

This paper presents an experimental and theoretical investigation of the applicability of the time-reversal concept to guided waves in plate-like structures, where the stress waves are dispersive and of multi-modes. It is shown that temporal and spatial focusing can be achieved through time reversal, although the dispersive behaviour of the flexural waves renders it impossible to exactly reconstruct the waveform of the original excitation. Based on the principle of the time-reversal concept, a digital imaging method suitable for distributed sensor/actuator networks has been developed. This new method, which overcomes the limitation of the conventional phased array method that operates under pulse-echo mode, provides an efficient imaging method for locating and approximate sizing of structural damages. In addition, it has been shown that signal strengths can be considerably enhanced by applying the present synthetic time-reversal method, thus reducing the number of sensors and actuators required to achieve a given signal-to-noise ratio.
Synthetic Study for 1-Methoxyindoles and 1-Methoxy-2-oxindoles (1985)

The first syntheses of I-methoxypimprinine, 9-methoxy-8-carboline derivatives, and 3,3-disubstituted l-methoxy-2-oxindoles are reported.A practical short step synthetic method for I-methoxyindale-3-acetonitrile is also reported.Isolation of a number of 1-methoxyindole derivatives3 from plants and microorganisms prompted us to synthesize 1-methoxy analogs of biologically active indole derivatives.In this report, we wish to describe the first syntheses of l-methoxypimprinine, R-methoxy-8-carboline derivatives including 9-methaxyharman, and 3,3disubntituted 1-methoxy-2-oxindoles.Synthesis of natural auxin,4 l-methaxyindole-3-acetonitrile, is also reported. I. Preparation of 1-MethoxpimprinineReadily available 1-methoxyindale ( 2 ) .prepared from 2-nitrotoluene (11 in 6 2 %
Information slicing: anonymity using unreliable overlays (2007)

This paper proposes a new approach to anonymous communication called information slicing. Typically, anonymizers use onion routing, where a message is encrypted in layers with the public keys of the nodes along the path. Instead, our approach scrambles the message, divides it into pieces, and sends the pieces along disjoint paths. We show that information slicing addresses message confidentiality as well as source and destination anonymity. Surprisingly, it does not need any public key cryptography. Further, our approach naturally addresses the problem of node failures. These characteristics make it a good fit for use over dynamic peer-to-peer overlays. We evaluate the anonymity of information slicing via analysis and simulations. Our prototype implementation on PlanetLab shows that it achieves higher throughput than onion routing and effectively copes with node churn.
Effects of acetylsalicylic acid and paracetamol alone and in combination on prostanoid synthesis in man. (1990)

1. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of acetylsalicylic acid and paracetamol given separately and in combination on total body and renal PGE2 synthesis in healthy volunteers. 2. In a randomized four-way cross-over study eleven female volunteers received for two consecutive days 3 g day-1 acetylsalicylic acid or 3 g day-1 paracetamol or a combination of 1.5 g day-1 acetylsalicylic acid and 1.5 g day-1 paracetamol, or 1.5 g day-1 acetylsalicylic acid separated by washout phases of at least 5 days. Urinary excretion of the major urinary metabolite of PGE2 (PGE-MUM), PGE2 and creatinine clearance were measured before and on day 2 of each treatment period. Compliance was tested by measuring metabolites of the two drugs in urine. 3. Paracetamol did not reduce urinary excretion of PGE2 whereas both dosages of acetylsalicylic acid caused a significant reduction. 4. The combination of both drugs did not reduce PGE2 excretion more than acetylsalicylic acid alone. 5. All four drug schedules reduced urinary excretion of PGE-MUM significantly.
Robust features for speech detection - a comparative study (2015)

Abstract: In the paper are presented the results from an experimental comparative study of four robust features intended for speech detection. These features are the Mean-Delta (MD) feature [6], the Spectral Entropy (SE) [3], the Spectral Entropy with Normalized frame Spectrum (SENS) [7] and the Relative Spectral Entropy (RSE) [1]. For noisy speech, the trajectory’s variations of the features are compared by visual evaluation on their graphical representations. Noisy speech samples from two databases (the SpEAR database [2] and the BG-SRDat corpus [5]) are selected and used in the study. In all tests, the performance of the MD feature is similar or better than that of the other features.
Predicting Methicillin Resistance and the Effect of Inadequate Empiric Therapy on Survival in Patients With Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia (2000)

The results of this study support the safety of the restriction of vancomycin use in patients with clinically significant S aureus bacteremia. However, patients with a history of MRSA are more likely to have future MRSA infections and should receive empiric therapy using vancomycin for possible S aureus infections, particularly for nosocomial infections.
Identification, characterisation and specificity of a cell wall lytic enzyme from<i>Lactobacillus fermentum</i>BR11 (2004)

Screening of a genomic library with an antiserum raised against whole Lactobacillus fermentum BR11 cells identified a clone expressing an immunoreactive 37-kDa protein. Analysis of the 3010-bp DNA insert contained within the clone revealed four open reading frames (ORFs). One ORF encodes LysA, a 303 amino acid protein which has up to 35% identity with putative endolysins from prophages Lj928 and Lj965 from Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lp1 and Lp2 from Lactobacillus plantarum as well as with the endolysin of Lactobacillus gasseri bacteriophage Φadh. The immunoreactive protein was shown to be encoded by a truncated ORF downstream of lysA which has similarity to glutamyl-tRNA synthetases. The N-terminus of LysA has sequence similarity with N-acetylmuramidase catalytic domains while the C-terminus has sequence similarity with putative cell envelope binding bacterial SH3b domains. C-terminal bacterial SH3b domains were identified in the majority of Lactobacillus bacteriophage endolysins. LysA was expressed in Escherichia coli and unusually was found to have a broad bacteriolytic activity range with activity against a number of different Lactobacillus species and against Lactococcus lactis, streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus. It was found that LysA is 2 and 8000 times more active against L. fermentum than L. lactis and Streptococcus pyogenes, respectively.
GaAs Schottky diodes for THz mixing applications (1992)

The operation of GaAs Schottky barrier diodes, the critical mixer element used in heterodyne receivers for a variety of scientific applications in the terahertz frequency range, is reviewed. The constraints that the receiver system places on the diodes are considered, and the fundamental guidelines for device optimization are presented. The status of ongoing research, both experimental and theoretical, is examined. Emphasis is placed on investigations of the various effects that can limit diode performance at these high frequencies. Investigations of planar diode technology are summarized, and the potential replacement of whisker-contacted devices with planar structures is considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Virtual metrology for plasma etch processes. (2011)

Plasma processes can present dicult control challenges due to time-varying dynamics\nand a lack of relevant and/or regular measurements. Virtual metrology (VM) is the\nuse of mathematical models with accessible measurements from an operating process to\nestimate variables of interest. This thesis addresses the challenge of virtual metrology\nfor plasma processes, with a particular focus on semiconductor plasma etch.\nIntroductory material covering the essentials of plasma physics, plasma etching, plasma\nmeasurement techniques, and black-box modelling techniques is rst presented for readers\nnot familiar with these subjects. A comprehensive literature review is then completed\nto detail the state of the art in modelling and VM research for plasma etch processes.\nTo demonstrate the versatility of VM, a temperature monitoring system utilising a\nstate-space model and Luenberger observer is designed for the variable specic impulse\nmagnetoplasma rocket (VASIMR) engine, a plasma-based space propulsion system. The\ntemperature monitoring system uses optical emission spectroscopy (OES) measurements\nfrom the VASIMR engine plasma to correct temperature estimates in the presence of\nmodelling error and inaccurate initial conditions. Temperature estimates within 2% of\nthe real values are achieved using this scheme.\nAn extensive examination of the implementation of a wafer-to-wafer VM scheme to estimate\nplasma etch rate for an industrial plasma etch process is presented. The VM\nmodels estimate etch rate using measurements from the processing tool and a plasma\nimpedance monitor (PIM). A selection of modelling techniques are considered for VM\nmodelling, and Gaussian process regression (GPR) is applied for the rst time for VM\nof plasma etch rate. Models with global and local scope are compared, and modelling\nschemes that attempt to cater for the etch process dynamics are proposed. GPR-based\nwindowed models produce the most accurate estimates, achieving mean absolute percentage\nerrors (MAPEs) of approximately 1:15%. The consistency of the results presented\nsuggests that this level of accuracy represents the best accuracy achievable for\nthe plasma etch system at the current frequency of metrology.\nFinally, a real-time VM and model predictive control (MPC) scheme for control of\nplasma electron density in an industrial etch chamber is designed and tested. The VM\nscheme uses PIM measurements to estimate electron density in real time. A predictive\nfunctional control (PFC) scheme is implemented to cater for a time delay in the VM\nsystem. The controller achieves time constants of less than one second, no overshoot,\nand excellent disturbance rejection properties. The PFC scheme is further expanded by\nadapting the internal model in the controller in real time in response to changes in the\nprocess operating point.
Can Postexposure Vaccination against Smallpox Succeed? (2003)

What can be achieved by the vaccination of individuals exposed to smallpox virus after release of the virus by bioterrorists? There exist several past sources of information on postexposure vaccination failures from which it may be inferred that prompt vaccination of contacts (i.e., individuals exposed to smallpox) often prevented smallpox altogether, that revaccination of previously vaccinated individuals at any time during the first week of the incubation period was largely protective, and that revaccination done even as late as the second week of the incubation period attenuated disease and prevented most deaths. Primary vaccination done within 4 days of exposure was also usually protective at least from serious illness. Modern contingency planning against the release of smallpox virus during a bioterrorist attack should therefore include the capacity for prompt tracing and (re)vaccination of all contacts. Because a growing majority of the population has never before been vaccinated against smallpox and, so, may be unreachable within 4 days, anticipatory vaccination of sections of the populations of potential target countries should be considered if the bioterrorist threat intensifies.
[Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in closed communities and risk behaviour]. (2011)

The results confirm the fact that the population in correctional facilities is at high risk for hepatitis B infection, the ways of disease transmission being already known (infected blood, injected drugs, tattooing, homosexual relationships).
Assessment of Inducible Fracture Micromotion in Distal Radial Fractures Using Radiostereometry (2008)

The precision of this RSA method was sufficient to observe inducible movements occurring during fracture healing. This has the potential for quantifying rates of fracture union and improving understanding of the available treatments.