gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Justifying multiply sectioned Bayesian networks (2002)

We consider multiple agents whose task is to determine the true state of an uncertain domain so they can act properly. If each agent only has partial knowledge about the domain and local observation, how can agents accomplish the task with the least amount of communication? Multiply sectioned Bayesian networks (MSBNs) provide an effective and exact framework for such a task but also impose a set of constraints. The most notable is the hypertree agent organization which prevents an agent from communicating directly with arbitrarily another agent. Are there simpler frameworks with the same performance but with less restrictions? We identify a small set of high level choices which logically imply the key representational choices made in MSBNs. The result addresses concerns regarding the necessity of restrictions of the framework. It facilitates comparison with related frameworks and provides guidance to extension of the framework as to what can or cannot be traded off.
Self-Assembled Nanoparticles of Amphiphilic Twin Drug from Floxuridine and Bendamustine for Cancer Therapy (2015)

We report here an amphiphilic twin drug strategy directly using small molecular hydrophilic and hydrophobic anticancer drugs to self-assemble into nanoparticles with a high and fixed drug content, which can solve problems of anticancer drug delivery including poor water solubility, low therapeutic indices, and severe side effects. The twin drug has been prepared by the esterification of the hydrophilic anticancer drug floxuridine (FdU) with the hydrophobic anticancer drug bendamustine (BdM). Due to its inherent amphiphilicity, the FdU-BdM twin drug can self-assemble into stable and well-defined nanoparticles. After FdU-BdM twin drug enters into cells, the ester linkage between hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs is readily cleaved by hydrolysis to release free FdU and BdM. Since both FdU and BdM can kill cancer cells, the FdU-BdM twin drug nanoparticles can overcome the multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumor cells and present an excellent anticancer activity. This strategy can be extended to other hydrophilic and hydrophobic anticancer drugs to synthesize amphiphilic twin drugs which can form nanoparticles to self-deliver drugs for cancer therapy.
Cutting Off the Nose to Save the Penis (2008)

(i) With few exceptions, bicycle police officers were able to effectively use no-nose saddles in their police work. (ii) Use of no-nose saddles reduced most perineal pressure. (iii) Penile health improved after 6 month using no-nose saddles as measured by biothesiometry and IIEF. There was no improvement in Rigiscan(R) measure after 6 months of using no nose saddles, suggesting that a longer recovery time may be needed..
Deeply-Fused Nets (2016)

In this paper, we present a novel deep learning approach, deeply-fused nets. The central idea of our approach is deep fusion, i.e., combine the intermediate representations of base networks, where the fused output serves as the input of the remaining part of each base network, and perform such combinations deeply over several intermediate representations. The resulting deeply fused net enjoys several benefits. First, it is able to learn multi-scale representations as it enjoys the benefits of more base networks, which could form the same fused network, other than the initial group of base networks. Second, in our suggested fused net formed by one deep and one shallow base networks, the flows of the information from the earlier intermediate layer of the deep base network to the output and from the input to the later intermediate layer of the deep base network are both improved. Last, the deep and shallow base networks are jointly learnt and can benefit from each other. More interestingly, the essential depth of a fused net composed from a deep base network and a shallow base network is reduced because the fused net could be composed from a less deep base network, and thus training the fused net is less difficult than training the initial deep base network. Empirical results demonstrate that our approach achieves superior performance over two closely-related methods, ResNet and Highway, and competitive performance compared to the state-of-the-arts.
Simulation and Deep CNN based architecture for validation of Intelligent automotive functions (2018)

Intelligent automotive software applications such as advanced driver assistant systems and self-driving cars possess tremendous potential to revitalize the transportation sector. Software-enabled vehicles tend to be a game-changer on the roads, transforming the entire structure of driving which we see nowadays. The massive use of sensors and actuators along with the availability of large amounts of data are fostering artificial intelligence applications such as machine learning and deep learning algorithms to be extensively adopted in the transportation domain. Deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) can play a substantial role in driving vehicles autonomously without human intervention. Autonomous driving relies on the meticulous functioning of advanced driver assistance systems. This paper, however, describes an approach to utilize existing deep neural network principles to construct a mechanism for autonomous driving functions. A deep neural network algorithm has been proposed for an automated driving scenario. The designed algorithm is then evaluated on a simulator which produces highly effective results. Unity framework is used as a simulator for manually providing input data.
Coupling of diode laser arrays with photorefractive passive phase conjugate mirrors (1987)

An experimental study of the coupling of diode laser arrays to various photorefractive phase conjugate mirrors is presented. We demonstrate frequency locking of arrays as well as the control of their emitted light patterns.
A Study for the Measurement of a Fluid Density in a Pipe Using Elastic Waves (2003)

The effect of liquid confined in a pipe on elastic waves propagating in the pipe wall was studied theoretically and experimentally. The axisymmetric motion of the wave was modeled with the cylindrical membrane shell theory. The liquid pressure satisfying the axisymmetric wave equation was included in the governing equation as a radial load. The phase speed of the wave propagating in the axial direction was calculated, accounting for the apparent mass of the liquid. Experiments were performed in a pipe equipped with ring-shaped, piezoelectric transducers that were used for transmitting and receiving axisymmetric elastic waves in the pipe wall. The measured wave speeds were compared with the analytical ones. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using pipe waves for the determination of the density and, eventually, the flow rate of the liquid in a pipe.
Cytotoxic and HIV-1 enzyme inhibitory activities of Red Sea marine organisms (2014)

The strong cytotoxicity of the soft corals L. arboreum and S. trochliophorum as well as the anti-PR activity of the jelly fish C. andromeda and the red algae G. filamentosa suggests the medicinal potential of crude extracts of these marine organisms.
Observation of spatial optical solitons in a nonlinear glass waveguide (1990)

We report the observation of spatial optical solitons due to the Kerr nonlinearity in a planar glass waveguide and present measurements of the nonlinear response obtained by placing a pinhole at the output of the waveguide. For input intensities greater than that required for the fundamental soliton, we observe breakup of the output owing to the effect of two-photon absorption.
Crystal structure and isothermal compression of Fe2O3, Cr2O3, and V2O3 to 50 kbars (1980)

Crystal structures of several of the corundum-type oxides have been determined at pressures to 50 kbars. All materials have linear compression within the pressure range and precision of the techniques used. Compression of Cr2O3 and Al2O3 is essentially isotropic (c/a remains constant), Fe2O3 has a slightly anisotropic compression, with c/a decreasing slightly with pressure, and V2O3 is very anisotropic, with the a axis nearly three times more compressible than c. Similar differences are observed in the structural parameters. Aluminum, iron, and chromium sesquioxides simply scale, whereas atomic positions in V2O3 approach an ideal HCP arrangement with increasing pressure. The differences in structural variation with pressure for these ’’isostructural’’ compounds emphasize the difficulty in using simple bonding parameters to predict details of crystal structures under nonambient conditions.
Two New Triterpenes from the Husks of<i>Xanthoceras sorbifolia</i> (2005)

Two new triterpenes, 22-angeloyl-21-epoxyangeloylbarringtogenol C (1) and 21,22-diangeloyl-24-hydroxy-R(1)-barrigenol (2), and the known 21,22-diangeloyl-R(1)-barrigenol (3) were isolated from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge. Their structures were elucidated based on detailed NMR analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited significantly the growth of cancer cell lines (A375-S2, HeLa) with IC(50) values ranging from 2.9 to 76.3 micromol/L.
HSP70 and HSP90 homologs are associated with tubulin in hetero-oligomeric complexes, cilia and the cortex of <i>Tetrahymena</i> (1997)

We show in the present study that homologs of hsp90 and hsp70 are induced by heat shocks in Tetrahymena and appear to form a high molecular mass complex (approximately 700 kDa) with tubulin. Three members of the hsp70 family (hsp72, 73, and 78) and one member of the hsp90 family (hsp82) have been identified by immunological or by a combination of immunological and sequencing methods. The known components of the 700 kDa complex and the conditions under which it can be recovered suggest that it may be an induced protective assemblage rather than a normal processing intermediate. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence studies suggest further that large amounts of hsp73 and lesser amounts of hsp82 are associated with mature microtubules in both cilia and the cortex in this cell type. Some site-specific localizations of the identified heat shock proteins were also noted in non-microtubular components of the cell cortex.
Nucleotide sequence and expression of a maize H1 histone cDNA (1991)

The first complete amino acid sequence of a H1 histone of a monocotyledonous plant was deduced from a cDNA isolated from a maize library. The encoded H1 protein is 245 amino acid-long and shows the classical tripartite organization of this class of histones. The central globular region of 76 residues shows 60% sequence homology with H1 proteins from dicots but only 20% with the animal H1 proteins. However, several of the amino acids considered as being important in the structure of the nucleosome are conserved between this protein and its animal counterparts. The N-terminal region contains an equal number of acidic and basic residues which appears as a general feature of plant H1 proteins. The 124 residue long and highly basic C-terminal region contains a 7-fold repeated element KA/PKXA/PAKA/PK. Southern-blot hybridization showed that the H1 protein is encoded by a small multigene family. Highly homologous H1 gene families were also detected in the genomes of several more or less closely related plant species. The general expression pattern of these genes was not significantly different from that of these genes encoding the core-histones neither during germination nor in the different tissues of adult maize.
Current concepts in the pathophysiology and treatment of aplastic anemia (2013)

Historically viewed in isolation as an odd, rare, and invariably fatal blood disease, aplastic anemia is now of substantial interest for its immune pathophysiology, its relationship to constitutional BM failure syndromes and leukemia, and the success of both stem cell transplantation and immunosuppressive therapies in dramatically improving survival of patients. Once relegated to a few presentations in the red cell and anemia sessions of the ASH, the Society now sponsors multiple simultaneous sessions and plenary and scientific committee presentations on these topics. This update emphasizes developments in our understanding of immune mechanisms and hematopoietic stem cell biology and new clinical approaches to stem cell stimulation as a therapy, alone and in combination with conventional suppression of the aberrant immune system.
Copper Redistribution during Corrosion of Aluminum Alloys (1999)

We describe a new quantitative electrochemical technique for measuring the copper redistribution that occurs during corrosion and pretreatment of high‐strength copper‐containing aluminum alloys. Underpotential deposition (upd) of Pb on Cu was used to assay the surface coverage of Cu. Model experiments using samples of known Al‐Cu ratios were used to evaluate the accuracy of the technique and develop a calibration curve. The results demonstrated the accuracy of the method to within 2%. The elemental copper remaining on the surface of Al 2024-T3 samples after various pretreatment/corrosion procedures was determined using the upd technique. A simple treatment involving open‐circuit etching of the alloy surface in 3 M was found to be most efficient for the removal of Cu from the Al alloy surface. In accord with a recent observation of Bucheit et al., convection was found to enhance copper redistribution on an Al 2024-T3 sample in 0.5 M NaCl solution. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Methylglyoxal-Derived Advanced Glycation Endproducts in Multiple Sclerosis (2017)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The activation of inflammatory cells is crucial for the development of MS and is shown to induce intracellular glycolytic metabolism in pro-inflammatory microglia and macrophages, as well as CNS-resident astrocytes. Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) are stable endproducts formed by a reaction of the dicarbonyl compounds methylglyoxal (MGO) and glyoxal (GO) with amino acids in proteins, during glycolysis. This suggests that, in MS, MGO-derived AGEs are formed in glycolysis-driven cells. MGO and MGO-derived AGEs can further activate inflammatory cells by binding to the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE). Recent studies have revealed that AGEs are increased in the plasma and brain of MS patients. Therefore, AGEs might contribute to the inflammatory status in MS. Moreover, the main detoxification system of dicarbonyl compounds, the glyoxalase system, seems to be affected in MS patients, which may contribute to high MGO-derived AGE levels. Altogether, evidence is emerging for a contributing role of AGEs in the pathology of MS. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the involvement of AGEs in MS.
3,4-Polymerization of Isoprene by Using NSN- and NPN-Ligated Rare Earth Metal Precursors: Switching of Stereo Selectivity and Mechanism (2014)

The rare-earth metal complexes bearing NSN-bidentate β-diimidosulfonate ligands (RNSNdipp)Ln(CH2SiMe3)2(THF)n (R = Ph, Ln = Lu (1a), n = 1, Y (1b), n = 2, Sc (1c), n = 1; R = PhNMe2, Ln = Lu (1d), n = 1) were synthesized by treatment of the ion-pairs [Ln(CH2SiMe3)2(THF)x][BPh4] with equimolar amount of the ligand lithium salts (RNSNdipp)Li(THF)2 (NSNdipp = S(NC6H4iPr2-2,6)2). Addition reaction between lutetium tris(alkyl)s, Ln(Z)3(THF)n and NSNdipp gave the corresponding dialkyl complexes (ZNSNdipp)Lu(Z)2(THF)n (Z = CH2SiMe3, n = 1 (1e); Z = o-CH2C6H4NMe2, n = 0 (1f)). Deprotonation of β-imidophosphonamido ligands H–NPNdipp and H–NPNEt (NPNdipp = Ph2P(NC6H3iPr2-2,6)2, NPNEt = PPh2(NC6H3iPr2-2,6)(NC6H4-Et-2)) with Lu(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2 yielded the corresponding dialkyl complexes (NPNdipp)Lu(CH2SiMe3)2(THF) (2) and (NPNEt)Lu(CH2SiMe3)2(THF) (3). All the complexes had been structurally well-defined, and 1a, 1b, 1e, 2, and 3 were further characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis where the almost planar NSN rare-earth metal unit is Cs (or pseudo Cs) symmetry with the two alkyl groups arranging on both sides and a coordinated THF against it. Upon activation with [PhMe2NH][B(C6F5)4] and AliBu3, all these complexes exhibited high 3,4-regioselectivity (ranging from 91% to >99%) for the polymerization of isoprene. Moreover, the excellent isospecific selectivity up to mmmm > 99% have been achieved with complexes 1 depending on the electronics of the sulfur substituents to give crystalline polyisoprene with the highest Tm (170 °C) reported to date. The NPN-bidentate β-imidophosphonamide ligated rare-earth metal complexes provide both high syndio- and iso- 3,4-selectivities (3,4 > 99%, rr = 66%, mmmm = 96%) depending on the frameworks, steric environment and geometry of the ligands. The regio- and stereo- selective mechanisms proceeded in these systems were explicated by DFT simulation.
Prolactin Receptor Signaling during Platelet Activation (2003)

Prolactin is a newly recognized platelet coactivator that functions through potentiation of ADP-induced platelet activation. However, the possible association between hyperprolactinemia and venous thromboembolism (VTE) has not been systematically investigated up to now; prolactin signaling mechanisms in platelets still need to be elucidated. In this study, plasma prolactin levels in healthy subjects and patients with VTE were determined, demonstrating that patients with VTE and no other congenital risk factors had significantly increased plasma prolactin levels. Moreover, prolactinoma patients demonstrated a higher incidence of VTE than the general population. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms for the development of venous thrombosis, prolactin receptor signaling during platelet activation was investigated with a focus on ADP-stimulated G-protein-regulated signaling pathways. The short isoform of prolactin receptors was detected on platelets. Signaling through this receptor, although not directly linked to Gq-proteins, substitutes for Gq-protein regulated signaling pathways involved in platelet activation. We identified protein kinase C, a well-established signaling molecule in platelet activation, as a target molecule for prolactin signaling pathways in human platelets. Our findings indicate that hyperprolactinemia may be an important novel risk factor for VTE, suggesting that its thrombogenic effect may be mediated through enhanced platelet reactivity. Revealing the molecular mechanisms of prolactin signaling will allow the design of new antithrombotic therapies.
Reduction of Uncertainties in Prediction of Wake-Vortex Locations (2002)

Lift-generated vortex wakes of subsonic transport aircraft are known to pose a rolling-moment hazard to in-trail following aircraft. Hazardous wake encounters are now avoided by maintaining in-trail separation distances that are larger than needed for other operational considerations. To increase airport capacity, considerable effort has been devoted to the development of techniques and procedures by which vortex wakes can be accurately located as a function of time, so that following aircraft can avoid them with less in-trail spacings. To improve the accuracy with which vortex wakes can be located, a study of the uncertainties associated with the determination of the time-dependent location of vortex wakes and on ways to reduce the uncertainties are reported
Targeting RNA Foci in iPSC-Derived Motor Neurons from ALS Patients with a <i>C9ORF72</i> Repeat Expansion (2013)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neurodegenerative condition characterized by loss of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Expansions of a hexanucleotide repeat (GGGGCC) in the noncoding region of the C9ORF72 gene are the most common cause of the familial form of ALS (C9-ALS), as well as frontotemporal lobar degeneration and other neurological diseases. How the repeat expansion causes disease remains unclear, with both loss of function (haploinsufficiency) and gain of function (either toxic RNA or protein products) proposed. We report a cellular model of C9-ALS with motor neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from ALS patients carrying the C9ORF72 repeat expansion. No significant loss of C9ORF72 expression was observed, and knockdown of the transcript was not toxic to cultured human motor neurons. Transcription of the repeat was increased, leading to accumulation of GGGGCC repeat-containing RNA foci selectively in C9-ALS iPSC-derived motor neurons. Repeat-containing RNA foci colocalized with hnRNPA1 and Pur-α, suggesting that they may be able to alter RNA metabolism. C9-ALS motor neurons showed altered expression of genes involved in membrane excitability including DPP6, and demonstrated a diminished capacity to fire continuous spikes upon depolarization compared to control motor neurons. Antisense oligonucleotides targeting the C9ORF72 transcript suppressed RNA foci formation and reversed gene expression alterations in C9-ALS motor neurons. These data show that patient-derived motor neurons can be used to delineate pathogenic events in ALS.
Cutting Edge: OX40 Inhibits TGF-β- and Antigen-Driven Conversion of Naive CD4 T Cells into CD25+Foxp3+ T cells (2007)

Naive CD4 T cells can develop into regulatory T cells by acquiring the transcription factor Foxp3. Combined signals from the TCR, CD28, IL-2R, and TGF-beta R promote Foxp3 expression in activated naive CD25(-) CD4 T cells. Here we show that OX40 (CD134) signaling inhibits TGF-beta-driven Foxp3 mRNA and suppresses the conversion of naive Ag-specific transgenic CD4 T cells into CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells. These data identify OX40 as a negative regulator of Foxp3 and suggest that OX40 can concomitantly promote effector T cell generation while antagonizing the differentiation of adaptive Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells.
Lipid analysis of follicular casts from cyanoacrylate strips as a new method for studying therapeutic effects of antiacne agents (2001)

Our method proved suitable for the detection of quantitative and qualitative changes in lipid profiles of both infundibulum cast content and surface lipids. It enabled simple, non-invasive and objective assessment of the most relevant lipid classes in the sebaceous infundibulum, and efficient monitoring of drug effects on the follicular infundibulum.
A STANDARDIZING STRAIN GAGE FOR MEASUREMENTS REQUIRING LONG-TIME STABILITY (1958)

A NEW TYPE OF UNBONDED ELASTIC WIRE STRAIN GAGE IS DESCRIBED. STRAINS ARE DETERMINED BY MEASURING THE CHANGES IN ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF THE ELASTIC WIRE WITH CONVENTIONAL STRAIN BRIDGES, BUT LONG-TIME STABILITY IS ACHIEVED IN A NOVEL MANNER BY REFERRING ALL STRAIN MEASUREMENTS TO A BUILT-IN INVAR LENGTH STANDARD. THE PERFORMANCE OF ONE STANDARDIZING STRAIN GAGE WAS EVALUATED BY COMPARISON WITH A 10-IN. WHITTEMORE GAGE. THE STANDARDIZING GAGE CAN BE SURFACE-MOUNTED OR EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE. /AUTHOR/
Combined comparative genomic hybridization and genomic microarray for detection of gene amplifications in pulmonary artery intimal sarcomas and adrenocortical tumors (2002)

Identification of gene amplifications in human tumors is important for the understanding of tumorigenesis and may lead to discovery of diagnostic and prognostic markers. In this study, we used a microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) technique, combined with conventional CGH, to identify gene amplifications in 43 tumors including eight pulmonary artery intimal sarcomas and 35 adrenocortical tumors. Conventional CGH revealed gains or amplifications of 12q13-q15 in six sarcomas and in two adrenocortical carcinomas. Using microarrays, we demonstrated that, among genes located on 12q13-q15, SAS/CDK4 were amplified in six sarcomas, and MDM2 and GLI in five and four sarcomas, respectively. The two adrenocortical tumors showed coamplifications of SAS/CDK4 and MDM2. Furthermore, PDGFRA (located on 4q12) amplification was identified in five sarcomas. Our data demonstrate: (1) amplifications of SAS/CDK4, MDM2, GLI, and PDGFRA are strongly associated with the tumorigenesis of pulmonary artery intimal sarcomas, whereas SAS/CDK4 and MDM2 coamplification may contribute to the progression of adrenocortical tumors; (2) microarray-based CGH is a useful tool for simultaneous detection of multiple gene amplifications, with a high sensitivity and resolution compared to that of conventional CGH.