gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep Residual Learning for Weakly-Supervised Relation Extraction (2017)

Deep residual learning (ResNet) ResNet has won the ImageNet ILSVRC 2015 classification task, and achieved state-of-theart performances in many computer vision tasks. However, the effect of residual learning on noisy natural language processing tasks is still not well understood. In this paper, we design a novel convolutional neural network (CNN) with residual learning, and investigate its impacts on the task of distantly supervised noisy relation extraction. In contradictory to popular beliefs that ResNet only works well for very deep networks, we found that even with 9 layers of CNNs, using identity mapping could significantly improve the performance for distantly-supervised relation extraction.
A security analysis on standard IoT protocols (2016)

In this paper we explore the security challenges of the IoT industry with focus on standardized communication protocols. We provide implementation details for the security levels mandated by the Constrained Application Protocol and see how these reflect in Message Queuing Telemetry Transport protocol. Finally we conclude our analysis emphasizing the necessity of anonymization and decentralized authentication.
Synthesis and tautomeric structure of some 2<i>H</i>‐pyrazolo[3,4‐<i>d</i>]pyridazines (1977)

Abstract A number of substituted 2 H ‐pyrazolo[3,4‐ d ]pyridazines, pyridazin‐7(6 H )ones, and ‐pyrid‐azine‐4,7(5 H ,6 H )diones have been prepared from the 3,4‐diacyl‐, 3‐carbethoxy‐4‐acyl‐, 3‐carbethoxy‐4‐cyano‐, and 3,4‐dicarbethoxy‐pyrazole derivatives and hydrazine hydrate. The structures of the compounds prepared were inferred from their elemental analyses and spectral data. On the basis of spectroscopic data it was concluded that pyrazolopyridazinones have the oxo form, whereas the monohydroxymono oxo structure is preferred for pyrazolopyridazine‐diones.
Scaling IPv6 address bindings in support of a moving target defense (2014)

Moving target defense is an area of network security research in which machines are moved logically around a network in order to avoid detection. This is done by leveraging the immense size of the IPv6 address space and the statistical improbability of two machines selecting the same IPv6 address. This defensive technique forces a malicious actor to focus on the reconnaissance phase of their attack rather than focusing only on finding holes in a machine's static defenses. We have a current implementation of an IPv6 moving target defense entitled MT6D, which works well although is limited to functioning in a peer to peer scenario. As we push our research forward into client server networks, we must discover what the limits are in reference to the client server ratio. In our current implementation of a simple UDP echo server that binds large numbers of IPv6 addresses to the ethernet interface, we discover limits in both the number of addresses that we can successfully bind to an interface and the speed at which UDP requests can be successfully handled across a large number of bound interfaces.
Inhibition of thrombin‐induced microglial activation and NADPH oxidase by minocycline protects dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra <i>in vivo</i> (2005)

The present study shows that activation of microglial NADPH oxidase and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with thrombin-induced degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons in vivo. Seven days after thrombin injection in the rat substantia nigra (SN), tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry showed a significant loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons. This cell death was accompanied by localization of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated fluorecein UTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) staining within dopaminergic neurons. This neurotoxicity was antagonized by the semisynthetic tetracycline derivative, minocycline, and the observed neuroprotective effects were associated with the ability of minocycline to suppress NADPH oxidase-derived ROS production and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, including interleukin-1beta and inducible nitric oxide synthase, from activated microglia. These results suggest that microglial NADPH oxidase may be a viable target for neuroprotection against oxidative damage.
Optical Probe of Quantum Shot-Noise Reduction at a Single-Atom Contact (2010)

Visible and infrared light emitted at a Ag-Ag(111) junction has been investigated from tunneling to single-atom contact conditions with a scanning tunneling microscope. The light intensity varies in a highly nonlinear fashion with the conductance of the junction and exhibits a minimum at conductances close to the conductance quantum. The data are interpreted in terms of current noise at optical frequencies, which is characteristic of partially open transport channels.
Advances and Recent Trends in Heterogeneous Photo(Electro)-Catalysis for Solar Fuels and Chemicals (2015)

In the context of a future renewable energy system based on hydrogen storage as energy-dense liquid alcohols co-synthesized from recycled CO2, this article reviews advances in photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis that exploit solar (photonic) primary energy in relevant endergonic processes, viz., H2 generation by water splitting, bio-oxygenate photoreforming, and artificial photosynthesis (CO2 reduction). Attainment of the efficiency (>10%) mandated for viable techno-economics (USD 2.00-4.00 per kg H2) and implementation on a global scale hinges on the development of photo(electro)catalysts and co-catalysts composed of earth-abundant elements offering visible-light-driven charge separation and surface redox chemistry in high quantum yield, while retaining the chemical and photo-stability typical of titanium dioxide, a ubiquitous oxide semiconductor and performance "benchmark". The dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cell and multi-junction Si are key "voltage-biasing" components in hybrid photovoltaic/photoelectrochemical (PV/PEC) devices that currently lead the field in performance. Prospects and limitations of visible-absorbing particulates, e.g., nanotextured crystalline α-Fe2O3, g-C3N4, and TiO2 sensitized by C/N-based dopants, multilayer composites, and plasmonic metals, are also considered. An interesting trend in water splitting is towards hydrogen peroxide as a solar fuel and value-added green reagent. Fundamental and technical hurdles impeding the advance towards pre-commercial solar fuels demonstration units are considered.
Pegasus: Precision hunting for icebergs and anomalies in network flows (2013)

Accurate online network monitoring is crucial for detecting attacks, faults, and anomalies, and determining traffic properties across the network. With high bandwidth links and consequently increasing traffic volumes, it is difficult to collect and analyze detailed flow records in an online manner. Traditional solutions that decouple data collection from analysis resort to sampling and sketching to handle large monitoring traffic volumes. We propose a new system, Pegasus, to leverage commercially available co-located compute and storage devices near routers and switches. Pegasus adaptively manages data transfers between monitors and aggregators based on traffic patterns and user queries. We use Pegasus to detect global icebergs or global heavy-hitters. Icebergs are flows with a common property that contribute a significant fraction of network traffic. For example, DDoS attack detection is an iceberg detection problem with a common destination IP. Other applications include identification of “top talkers,” top destinations, and detection of worms and port scans. Experiments with Abilene traces, sFlow traces from an enterprise network, and deployment of Pegasus as a live monitoring service on PlanetLab show that our system is accurate and scales well with increasing traffic and number of monitors.
A Novel Surface Electrocardiogram–Based Marker of Ventricular Arrhythmia Risk in Patients With Ischemic Cardiomyopathy (2012)

In this pilot study, we have developed a novel VA risk marker, R2I2, and have shown that it correlated with a structural measure of arrhythmic risk and predicted risk of VA or death in patients with ICM. R2I2 may improve risk stratification and merits further evaluation. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1:e001552 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.112.001552.).
Azide rearrangements in electron-deficient systems (2005)

The azide group has a diverse and extensive role in organic chemistry, reflected in the power of azide anion as a strong nucleophile, the role of organic azides as excellent substrates for cycloaddition reactions, the uses of azides as precursors of amines and nitrenes, and azide rearrangements known as the Curtius and Schmidt reactions. In recent years the scope of the Schmidt reaction has begun to be explored in depth, so that it now represents an important reaction in synthetic chemistry. This tutorial review analyses and summarises key recent developments in the field of Schmidt reactions.
Complete restoration of phenylalanine oxidation in phenylketonuria mouse by a self‐complementary adeno‐associated virus vector (2011)

Complete phenotypic correction of PKU mice was achieved by the scAAV8 vector for the longest duration reported to date. The vector overcame the female-specific disadvantage in AAV-mediated liver transduction; thus, it offers a promising platform of long-lasting gene therapy for PKU.
The Synthesis and Properties of 6-Mercaptomethylpurine and Derivatives<sup>1a</sup> (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis and Properties of 6-Mercaptomethylpurine and Derivatives1aAlfredo Giner-Sorolla and Aaron BendichCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1965, 8, 5, 667–672Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00329a024https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00329a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views75Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: OLEFIN METATHESIS. VII. OLEFIN METATHESIS OVER SUPPORTED RHENIUM OXIDE CATALYSTS (1976)

Abstract Über Rheniumoxid‐Trägerkatalysatoren werden die Anlagerung von 2‐Buten an Isobutylen und die Disproportionierung von Propylen sowohl in einem Fließbettverfahren als auch nach der Pulse‐Reactor‐Methode untersucht.
Pharmacokinetics and central nervous system effects of the novel dual <scp>NK<sub>1</sub>/NK<sub>3</sub></scp> receptor antagonist <scp>GSK</scp>1144814 in alcohol‐intoxicated volunteers (2012)

Administration of GSK1144814 in the presence of alcohol was generally well tolerated and not likely to produce clinically relevant additional impairments after alcohol consumption.
Bayesian integration of visual and auditory signals for spatial localization (2003)

Human observers localize events in the world by using sensory signals from multiple modalities. We evaluated two theories of spatial localization that predict how visual and auditory information are weighted when these signals specify different locations in space. According to one theory (visual capture), the signal that is typically most reliable dominates in a winner-take-all competition, whereas the other theory (maximum-likelihood estimation) proposes that perceptual judgments are based on a weighted average of the sensory signals in proportion to each signal's relative reliability. Our results indicate that both theories are partially correct, in that relative signal reliability significantly altered judgments of spatial location, but these judgments were also characterized by an overall bias to rely on visual over auditory information. These results have important implications for the development of cue integration and for neural plasticity in the adult brain that enables humans to optimally integrate multimodal information.
Role of the Cytoplasmic Tail of Ecotropic Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Env Protein in Fusion Pore Formation (2000)

Fusion between cells expressing envelope protein (Env) of Moloney murine leukemia virus and target cells were studied by use of video fluorescence microscopy and electrical capacitance measurements. When the full-length 632-amino-acid residue Env was expressed, fusion did not occur at all for 3T3 cells as target and only somewhat for XC6 cells. Expression of Env 616*-a construct of Env with the last 16 amino acid residues (617 to 632; the R peptide) deleted from its C terminus to match the proteolytically cleaved Env produced during viral budding-resulted in high levels of fusion. Env 601*, lacking the entire cytoplasmic tail (CT) (identified by hydrophobicity), also led to fusion. Truncation of an additional six residues (Env 595*) abolished fusion. The kinetics of forming fusion pores did not depend on whether cells were first prebound at 4 degrees C and the time until fusion measured after the temperature was raised to 37 degrees C or whether cells were first brought into contact at 37 degrees C and the time until fusion immediately measured. This similarity in kinetics indicates that binding is accomplished quickly compared to subsequent steps in fusion. The fusion pores formed by Env 601* and Env 616* had the same initial size and enlarged in similar manners. Thus, once the R peptide is removed, the CT is not needed for fusion and does not affect formed pores. However, residues 595 to 601 are required for fusion. It is suggested here that the ectodomain and membrane-spanning domain of Env are directly responsible for fusion and that the R peptide affects their configurations at some point during the fusion process, thereby indirectly controlling fusion.
Mammobarography: a possible method of mass breast screening (1988)

Preliminary details are given of a novel method of detecting breast lumps. The technique relies on the fact that such a lump will cause a perturbation in the pressure distribution when the breast is loaded against a flat plate. The pressure distribution is monitored by using the principle of frustrated total internal reflection to generate a brightness distribution which can then be presented as a contour map in synthesized colour. Using this technique, simulated lumps in breast prostheses have been detected down to a diameter of 6 mm. It is argued that this represents the basis of a method of mass breast screening.
27 A New Method for Initiating Treatment with the Long-acting Antipsychotic Aripiprazole Lauroxil (2019)

Abstract STUDY OBJECTIVE Slow release is a fundamental feature of long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics. This property allows continuous drug exposure between dosing intervals. However, there can be a significant delay between giving the first LAI dose and achievement of efficacious plasma concentrations. This time period requires additional pharmacologic intervention. Until now, this delay was addressed with one of two strategies: 1) continuing with supplemental oral antipsychotic, or 2) giving more LAI up front (e.g. loading dose). A third strategy has now been developed to reduce the time needed for oral supplementation when starting the LAI aripiprazole lauroxil (AL) from 21days to 1day. A nano-crystalline milled dispersion of AL (ALNCD; brand name ARISTADA INITIO™) was formulated by reducing the AL particle diameter from micron-size particles to nanometer- sized particles. ALNCD has faster dissolution and a shorter half-life than AL and is designed to be used as a single injection along with a single oral aripiprazole dose of 30mg as a 1-day alternative to the 21days of oral aripiprazole supplementation. Here we provide an overview of the new 1-day initiation regimen for starting AL treatment, and demonstrate the relative contributions of each of its components. METHODS A blinded, randomized, phase 1, pharmacokinetic (PK), and safety study compared the 1-day initiation regimen with the 21-day oral aripiprazole regimen. A combination of observed data, and population pharmacokinetic model–based simulations were used to plot plasma aripiprazole concentrations of single doses of ALNCD, 30mg oral aripiprazole, and AL, individually, and all three combined. RESULTS The PK profiles of the 1-day and 21-day initiation regimens (both in conjunction with either 441mg or 882mg doses of AL) were comparable, with therapeutically relevant aripiprazole levels achieved within 4days of treatment initiation. The safety profile of the 1-day initiation regimen was similar to the 21-day initiation regimen, and consistent with that of AL. Aripiprazole concentration–time profiles demonstrated that each component delivered aripiprazole to the systemic circulation at different time periods, with the 30mg dose of oral aripiprazole predominant in the first week, followed by ALNCD, and then AL. CONCLUSIONS The 1-day initiation regimen is well-tolerated and a suitable alternative to 21days of oral aripiprazole supplementation for starting AL. Each component of the 1-day initiation regimen, together with AL, is necessary to provide continuous coverage from treatment initiation until the next regularly scheduled AL injection. Funding Acknowledgements: This study was funded by Alkermes Inc.
A Bipartite Model of 2-5A-dependent RNase L (1997)

The 2-5A-dependent RNase (RNase L) is a tightly regulated endoribonuclease of higher vertebrates that is catalytically active only after engaging unusual effector molecules consisting of the 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates, p1-3A(2'p5'A)>/=2 (2-5A). Progressive truncations from either terminus have provided insight into the structure, function, and regulation of RNase L. We determined that deletion of the N-terminal 335 amino acids of RNase L, about 45% of the enzyme, produced a constitutively active endoribonuclease, thus effectively eliminating the requirement for 2-5A. The truncated nuclease had 6-fold lower catalytic activity against an oligo(rU) substrate than wild type RNase L. However, the two enzymes showed identical RNA cleavage site preferences with an mRNA as substrate. The repressor function required only the last three of a series of nine ankyrin-like repeats present in the N-terminal part of RNase L. In contrast, the entire ankyrin repeat region was necessary and sufficient for 2-5A binding activity. Deletion of a 10-amino acid sequence near the C terminus of RNase L, between residues 710 and 720, eliminated both the catalytic and RNA substrate binding functions of the enzyme. The ability to bind native RNase L in response to 2-5A required amino acid sequences near both termini of the protein. A bipartite model for the structure of RNase L emerged in which the regulatory functions of the molecule are located in the N-terminal half, while the catalytic domain is present in the C-terminal half.
Outer hair cell electromechanical properties in a nonlinear piezoelectric model (2009)

A nonlinear piezoelectric circuit is proposed to model electromechanical properties of the outer hair cell (OHC) in mammalian cochleae. The circuit model predicts (a) that the nonlinear capacitance decreases as the stiffness of the load increases, and (b) that the axial compliance of the cell reaches a maximum at the same membrane potential for peak capacitance. The model was also designed to be integrated into macro-mechanical models to simulate cochlear wave propagation. Analytic expressions of the cochlear-partition shunt admittance and the wave propagation function are derived in terms of OHC electro-mechanical parameters. Small-signal analyses indicate that, to achieve cochlear amplification, (1) nonlinear capacitance must be sufficiently high and (2) the OHC receptor current must be sensitive to the velocity of the reticular lamina.
Bootless Boot: Reducing Device Boot Latency with Byte Addressable NVRAM (2013)

Booting is an essential process that loads an operating system (OS) to a main memory and initializes all the system. In this paper, we propose a new technique to shorten the boot-up time by using a non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM). This technique eliminates the kernel loading, the kernel decompression, and the reallocation of a kernel image by maintaining of the linux binary image at the non-volatile random access memory. The essence of locating OS binary image at NVRAM lies in how to re-initialize the segments that are updated as OS executes and have been initialized implicitly while OS is loaded onto memory from the storage device. We develop a Bootless Boot which completely removes the process of loading any of the kernel images. Bootless Boot consists of (i) object filter which identifies the kernel objects which need to be initialized every time OS boots up, (ii) explicit initialization module which explicitly re-initializes the objects identified by the object filter. Explicit initialization module is added to the linux kernel.
Silencing of the expression of the immunoglobulin kappa gene in non-B cells. (1991)

Although the activating factor NF-kappa B can be present in the nucleus of many cell types, transcription and rearrangement of the immunoglobulin kappa chain gene is restricted to cells of the B lineage. Part of this specificity is determined by sequences within the major intron of the kappa gene that specifically silence gene expression in non-B cells (T cells and HeLa cells). These sequences are found in a 232-bp fragment located 5' of the NF-kappa B binding sequence of the enhancer. When this fragment is added back upstream of an active NF-kappa B site, it specifically decreases the expression of a linked gene by more than 10-fold in activated T cells but it has no effect on expression in B cells. The kappa silencer region acts in an orientation- and distance-independent manner and appears to be composed of multiple negative elements. The kappa silencer may act to restrict transcription and rearrangement of the C kappa locus to cells of the B lineage.