gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cysteine Array Matrix Metalloproteinase (CA-MMP)/MMP-23 Is a Type II Transmembrane Matrix Metalloproteinase Regulated by a Single Cleavage for Both Secretion and Activation (2000)

Matrix metalloproteinases characterized so far are either secreted or membrane anchored via a type I transmembrane domain or a glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage. Lacking either membrane-anchoring mechanism, the newly discovered CA-MMP/MMP-23 was reported to be expressed as a cell-associated protein. In this report, we present evidence that CA-MMP is expressed as an integral membrane zymogen with an N-terminal signal anchor, and secreted as a fully processed mature enzyme. We further demonstrate that L(20)GAALSGLCLLSALALL(36) is required for this unique membrane localization as a signal anchor and its secretion is regulated by a proprotein convertase motif RRRR(79) sandwiched between its pro- and catalytic domains. Thus, CA-MMP is a type II transmembrane MMP that can be regulated by a single proteolytic cleavage for both activation and secretion, establishing a novel paradigm for protein trafficking and processing within the secretory pathway.
Hierarchical video patching with optimal server bandwidth (2008)

Video patching is a way for transporting true video-on-demand, that is, instantaneous without any delay, from a video server to several clients. Instead of sending a unique stream to each newly arriving client, clients share as many multicast transmissions as possible, and are serviced only those parts of the video that they have missed. We present a novel video patching scheme using hierarchies of patches. Our scheme minimizes the bandwidth needed by the video server, and may result in the fact that clients receive several streams in parallel. We show analytically that for Poisson arrival our algorithm achieves the optimal possible server bandwidth for all schemes where clients share multicast transmissions. We also show, how our approach can be combined with batching. This combination requires less server bandwidth than all fixed start point periodic broadcast algorithms.
Whole genome-based phylogenetic analysis of free-living microorganisms (1999)

A phylogenetic 'tree of life' has been constructed based on the observed presence and absence of families of protein-encoding genes observed in 11 complete genomes of free-living microorganisms. Past attempts to reconstruct the evolutionary relation-ships of microorganisms have been limited to sets of genes rather than complete genomes. Despite apparent rampant lateral gene transfer among microorganisms, these results indicate a single robust underlying evolutionary history for these organisms. Broadly, the tree produced is very similar to the small subunit rRNA tree although several additional phylogenetic relationships appear to be resolved, including the relationship of Archaeoglobus to the methanogens studied. This result is in contrast to notions that a robust phylogenetic reconstruction of microorganisms is impossible due to their genomes being composed of an incomprehensible amalgam of genes with complicated histories and suggests that this style of genome-wide phylogenetic analysis could become an important method for studying the ancient diversification of life on Earth. Analyses using informational and operational subsets of the genes showed that this 'tree of life' is not dependent on the phylogenetically more consistent informational genes.
Adherence to asthma self‐management plans with inhaled corticosteroid and oral prednisone: A descriptive analysis (2002)

Adherence to asthma SMP is variable and often poor. It tends to increase in proportion to the severity and duration of an asthma episode. This underscores the importance of SMP in more severe asthma. Symptoms are more important then PEF in prompting patients to alter treatment. This ought to modify our approach in constructing individual asthma SMP.
Miniaturized High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer MULTUM-S II with an Infinite Flight Path (2010)

A new miniature multiturn time-of-flight (TOF) analyzer "MULTUM-S II" has been designed and constructed. This instrument consists of an electron ionization source, the multiturn TOF ion optics, a detector, vacuum system, and electronic circuits. The multiturn TOF analyzer consists of four electrostatic toroidal sectors and two additional electric toroidal sectors for the purpose of ion injection/ejection. The size and weight of the system is less than 50 cm × 57 cm × 30 cm and 35 kg (including vacuum pumps and electronic circuits). The multiturn TOF analyzer is capable of high mass resolution because of its infinite flight path utilizing perfect space and time focused closed flight orbit. To evaluate the resolution in MULTUM-S II, separation of pyridine (¹²C₅H₅N) and the isotopic component of benzene (¹³C¹²C₅H₆) was performed at a mass resolution of about 20,000. Another performance characteristic of the MULTUM-S II was demonstrated by the separation of the greenhouse gas doublet CO₂ and N₂O (Δm = 0.0113 Da). While the mass difference is a mere 0.01 Da, the instrument could easily separate the two peaks at a calculated mass resolution of 31,600. The MULTUM-S II offers high mass resolution mass spectrometry in a miniaturized/portable enclosure.
ERNIE: Enhanced Representation through Knowledge Integration (2019)

We present a novel language representation model enhanced by knowledge called ERNIE (Enhanced Representation through kNowledge IntEgration). Inspired by the masking strategy of BERT, ERNIE is designed to learn language representation enhanced by knowledge masking strategies, which includes entity-level masking and phrase-level masking. Entity-level strategy masks entities which are usually composed of multiple words.Phrase-level strategy masks the whole phrase which is composed of several words standing together as a conceptual unit.Experimental results show that ERNIE outperforms other baseline methods, achieving new state-of-the-art results on five Chinese natural language processing tasks including natural language inference, semantic similarity, named entity recognition, sentiment analysis and question answering. We also demonstrate that ERNIE has more powerful knowledge inference capacity on a cloze test.
Proteasomal Inhibition Attenuates Transcriptional Activity of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1) via Specific Effect on the HIF-1α C-Terminal Activation Domain (2006)

The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) is involved in regulation of multiple cellular processes. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) is a prototypic target of the UPP and, as such, is stabilized under conditions of proteasomal inhibition. Using carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression as paradigmatic markers of HIF-1 activity, we found that proteasomal inhibitors (PI) abrogated hypoxia-induced CAIX expression in all cell lines tested and VEGF expression in two out of three. Mapping of the inhibitory effect identified the C-terminal activation domain (CAD) of HIF-1 alpha as the primary target of PI. PI specifically inhibited the HIF-1 alpha CAD despite activating the HIF-1 alpha coactivator p300 and another p300 cysteine/histidine-rich domain 1-dependent transcription factor, STAT-2. Coimmunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase pull downs indicated that PI does not disrupt interactions between HIF-1 alpha and p300. Mutational analysis failed to confirm involvement of sites of known or putative posttranslational modifications in regulation of HIF-1 alpha CAD function by PI. Our data provide evidence for the counterintuitive hypothesis that inhibition of HIF-1 function could be responsible for at least some of the antitumor effects of proteasomal inhibition. Further studies of the mechanism of the PI-induced attenuation of HIF-1alpha will provide important, potentially novel insight into regulation of HIF-1 activity and possibly identify new targets for HIF-directed therapy.
An improved genetic algorithm using the convex hull for traveling salesman problem (2002)

In this paper, we propose an improved genetic algorithm for the traveling salesman problem (TSP) by using the "visiting order restriction theorem". The visiting order restriction theorem gives a necessary condition for the shortest tour of TSP on the Euclidean plane by using the convex hull. The convex hull for a set of points S on a plane is defined as the smallest convex polygon that encloses S. In our method, the initial tours are produced to satisfy the necessary condition of the theorem for the shortest path without increasing the computation time. The simulation results using 10 well-known benchmark problems show that our algorithm can find better tour with shorter time than Pal's algorithm (1993).
Closing the window of vulnerability in multiphase memory transactions (1992)

Multiprocessor architects have begun to explore several mechanisms such as prefetching, context-switching and software-assisted dynamic cache-coherence, which transform single-phase memory transactions in conventional memory systems into multiphase operations. Multiphase operations introduce a window of vulnerability in which data can be invalidated before it is used. Losing data due to invalidations introduces damaging livelock situations. This paper discusses the origins of the window of vulnerability and proposes an architectural framework that closes it. The framework is implemented in Alewife, a large-scale multi-processor being built at MIT.
A learning scheme for open-loop and closed-loop control (2003)

The problem of control design for systems to perform repetitive tracking is considered. The control structure combines open-loop control and closed-loop control. The specific organization is designed on the philosophy that open-loop control should be used to take full advantage of a priori knowledge and feedback control should be used for regulation against modeling uncertainties and disturbances. With this control structure learning takes place in the open-loop controller. In each iteration the share of the open-loop control in the total control input increases, while that of the closed-loop control decreases. Convergence theorems are established as design guidelines for learning algorithms. Numerical examples are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Realtime ray tracing for current and future games (2005)

Recently, realtime ray tracing has been developed to the point where it is becoming a possible alternative to the current rasterization approach for interactive 3D graphics. With the availability of a first prototype graphics board purely based on ray tracing, we have all the ingredients for a new generation of 3D graphics technology that could have significant consequences for computer gaming. However, hardly any research has been looking at how games could benefit from ray tracing.In this paper we describe our experience with two games: The adaption of a well known ego-shooter to a ray tracing engine and the development of a new game especially designed to exploit the features of ray tracing. We discuss how existing features of games can be implemented in a ray tracing context and what new effects and improvements are enabled by using ray tracing. Both projects show how ray tracing allows for highly realistic images while it greatly simplifies content creation.
Copper-induced fluorescence enhancement and particle-size decrease of a C-6 unsubstituted tetrahydropyrimidine racemate (2013)

Fluorescence enhancement and particle-size control of organic fluorophores are of general interest owing to their wide applications. We recently developed a convenient five-component reaction (5CR) for the synthesis of a novel class of racemates, C-6 unsubstituted tetrahydropyrimidines with strong aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties. The copper-induced fluorescence enhancement and particle-size decrease of the racemate dimethyl 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-diphenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-4,5-dicarboxylate (THP-1), one of the 5CR products, were investigated in this paper. THP-1 shows useful AIE properties, which have attracted great attention recently, and the unusual size-independent emission (SIE) properties reported in our previous work. The fluorescence intensity of THP-1 increased upon adding Cu2+ and a good linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity at the peak position and the Cu2+ concentration was observed in the range of 0–80 μM of Cu2+. The fluorescence response to Cu2+ is highly selective over other common transition metal ions. Most importantly, the suspension particle sizes of THP-1 were found to gradually decrease upon adding Cu2+. This method for controlling organic particle-size is completely different from conventional ones. The investigation results of the influences of Cu2+ on the optical properties and particle sizes of THP-1 in ethanol–water suspensions as well as the molecular stacking mode in the single-crystal of THP-1 indicate that the copper-induced fluorescence enhancement and particle-size decrease are expected to result from the coordination-induced dissociation of intermolecular O–H⋯O bonds connecting non-emissive groups. In addition, THP-1 shows no cytotoxicity in EC109 cells at concentrations below 30 μM. These useful and interesting properties of THP-1 are expected to be very helpful for new probe design, theoretical research on the relationship between intermolecular hydrogen bonds and optical properties, as well as practical applications in organic particle-size control and chemical/biological fluorescence probes.
Joint Learning of Object and Action Detectors (2017)

While most existing approaches for detection in videos focus on objects or human actions separately, we aim at jointly detecting objects performing actions, such as cat eating or dog jumping. We introduce an end-to-end multitask objective that jointly learns object-action relationships. We compare it with different training objectives, validate its effectiveness for detecting objects-actions in videos, and show that both tasks of object and action detection benefit from this joint learning. Moreover, the proposed architecture can be used for zero-shot learning of actions: our multitask objective leverages the commonalities of an action performed by different objects, e.g. dog and cat jumping, enabling to detect actions of an object without training with these object-actions pairs. In experiments on the A2D dataset [50], we obtain state-of-the-art results on segmentation of object-action pairs. We finally apply our multitask architecture to detect visual relationships between objects in images of the VRD dataset [24].
Assessment of beer quality based on foamability and chemical composition using computer vision algorithms, near infrared spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms (2017)

The method proposed showed to be a rapid system based on NIR spectroscopy and RoboBEER outputs of foamability that can be used to infer the quality, production method and chemical parameters of beer with minimal laboratory equipment. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
A study of web usability for older adults seeking online health resources (2004)

The Web offers older adult users immediate access to health resources that might not otherwise be available. Older adult users, however, may encounter Web barriers associated with normal aging and lower education. The National Institute on Aging Web guidelines were used to assess the usability of 125 Web sites offering health resources. Performance, translation, and reading complexity were also assessed. Results showed that many of the sampled sites were not senior-friendly. Only 12% of the sites offered a Spanish version, many containing nontranslated text. Approximately a third of sampled sites required a college education to comprehend extracted health information.
Chromatin and sequence features that define the fine and gross structure of genomic methylation patterns (2010)

Abnormalities of genomic methylation patterns are lethal or cause disease, but the cues that normally designate CpG dinucleotides for methylation are poorly understood. We have developed a new method of methylation profiling that has single-CpG resolution and can address the methylation status of repeated sequences. We have used this method to determine the methylation status of >275 million CpG sites in human and mouse DNA from breast and brain tissues. Methylation density at most sequences was found to increase linearly with CpG density and to fall sharply at very high CpG densities, but transposons remained densely methylated even at higher CpG densities. The presence of histone H2A.Z and histone H3 di- or trimethylated at lysine 4 correlated strongly with unmethylated DNA and occurred primarily at promoter regions. We conclude that methylation is the default state of most CpG dinucleotides in the mammalian genome and that a combination of local dinucleotide frequencies, the interaction of repeated sequences, and the presence or absence of histone variants or modifications shields a population of CpG sites (most of which are in and around promoters) from DNA methyltransferases that lack intrinsic sequence specificity.
A Mouse Model for the Study of Recurrent Corneal Epithelial Erosions: α9β1 Integrin Implicated in Progression of the Disease (2004)

These data show that spontaneous recurrent corneal erosions occur in a mouse model after manual creation of a single wound by debridement. Differences between the healing of small (1.5 mm) and large (2.5 mm) wounds were observed. Large wounds often resulted in the presence of goblet cells on the central cornea and a loss of alpha9 integrin at the limbus. Small wounds never showed differences in the localization of alpha9 integrin at the limbus, and no goblet cells were observed in the central cornea. More studies are needed to understand the causes of erosions in these mice.
A new sensor for detecting partial discharges in operating turbine generators (1991)

A partial discharge (PD) sensor has been developed which is able to unequivocally differentiate between PD in the winding and all types of electrical interference. Thus, the sensor will permit an online test for turbine generators, similar to the test now used for hyrogenerators. The sensor requires no high-voltage connection to the winding, and is easily installed in the stator slot, underneath the wedges. Noise is differentiated from PD by the shapes of the electrical pulses from the sensor. The sensor, called the Stator Slot Coupler (SSC), is essentially a directional electromagnetic coupler. Calculations as well as laboratory tests indicate that the couplers can easily survive the electrical, thermal, magnetic, and mechanical stresses in the generator.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Scaling bilateral controls with impedance transmission using transfer admittance (2012)

Scaling bilateral control is a method to extend human ability by using master and slave robots. Position scaling extends working space of human; force scaling extends sensitivity of human. This technology is useful when the slave robot is larger in size compared with the master robot. In general, correct environmental impedance, such as softness or hardness of the object, cannot be transmitted in scaling bilateral control due to a mismatch of force scaling and position scaling in the bilateral control. However, correct environmental impedance is necessary for the safe operation, especially in the scaling bilateral control where the mass of robot tends to become large. This paper proposes a method of transmitting environmental impedance in position scaling bilateral control. Position scaling is focused for the sake of extending working space of operator when the slave robot has larger working space compared with the master robot. There exist two methods to scale position in bilateral control; scaling with constant coefficient and scaling with dimension variation. Conventionally, neither of these achieves correct impedance transmission. Proposed method can be applied to both position scaling methods with the same procedure and achieves impedance transmission by using property of gyrator type bilateral control. The transfer admittance has an ability to bring back the scaled bilateral control to non scaled bilateral control during contact motion. The effect of the proposal is verified through simulation and experiment.
El mercado de innovaciones del Banco Mundial (2002)

Las organizaciones grandes,amarradas a tradiciones,si son capaces de abrir espacio a innovaciones revolucionarias de bajo costo (y por lo tanto de bajo riesgo).Preguntenles a los ejecutivos del Banco Mundial. 

La historia de esta mejor practica empezo en 1998,cuando un equipo joven,que estaba a cargo de nuevos productos en la agencia financiera internacional, propuso crear dentro del banco un mercado de innovaciones destinado a captar ideas nuevas para aliviar la pobreza.El foro,que finalmente fue abierto a participantes externos, permitio que las personas presentasen sus ideas contra la pobreza a potenciales fuentes de financiamiento.Los financistas podrian caminar entre cientos de stands y evaluar propuestas para,digamos, un programa de seguros de reconstruccion posdesastre en paises en desarrollo o una iniciativa de vacunacion.Ese mismo mercado acorto el proceso estandar de revision de proyectos del banco,que a menudo se demoraba mas de un ano,y dio a los financistas permiso para comprometer hasta decenas de miles de dolares,en vez de las decenas de millones que acostumbraban recibir los proyectos financiados por el banco. Este mercado de innovaciones fue visto con cierto escepticismo al comienzo.Algunos altos ejecutivos del banco sentian que ningun grupo tenia el derecho de gastar el dinero de la agencia sin seguir el proceso establecido de asignacion de recursos. Pero el equipo que proponia la creacion de este mercado creia que un proceso abierto para repartir donaciones produciria mas ideas de avanzada,en el largo plazo,que un proceso centralizado. 

En este articulo,los autores describen como el equipo de nuevos productos se las ingenio para crear un mercado de ideas, como logro el apoyo de la alta gerencia y como expandio el concepto original para estas ferias de innovacion. El exito del programa,mantienen,ofrece tanto esperanza para los pobres del mundo como para los lideres empresariales en busqueda de nuevas ideas bajo la dura cascara de dogma corporativo,conformismo y burocracia.
Vilsmeier formylation of vinylcyclopropanes: 1. Formylation of thujopsene (1973)

Abstract Thujopsene (1) can be formylated in the 3‐position in 80% yield by use of one equivalent of the Vilsmeier reagent. The resulting 3‐formylthujopsene (4) is useful for the synthesis of other 3‐substituted derivatives (CH 2 OH, COOH, COCH 3 ). With an excess of the reagent higher formylation products are formed. Two such products have been isolated and characterized and a mechanism for their formation is put forward.
Handheld GPR and MD sensor for landmine detection (2005)

A novel landmine detection sensor system, called ALIS (advanced landmine imaging system), which combines a metal detector and GPR, has been developed. This is a handheld equipment, which has a sensor position tracking system, and the sensor output can be visualized in real time on a head-mounted PC display. A field evaluation test of ALIS was conducted in Afghanistan, and we demonstrated that it can detect buried antipersonnel landmines, and can also discriminate metal fragments from landmines.