gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Noise estimation and removal in MR imaging: The variance-stabilization approach (2011)

We develop optimal forward and inverse variance-stabilizing trans formations for the Rice distribution, in order to approach the problem of magnetic resonance (MR) image filtering by means of standard denoising algorithms designed for homoskedastic observations. Further, we present a stable and fast iterative procedure for robustly estimating the noise level from a single Rician-distributed image. At each iteration, the procedure exploits variance stabilization composed with a homoskedastic variance-estimation algorithm. Theoretical and experimental study demonstrates the success of our approach to Rician noise estimation and removal through variance stabilization. In particular, we show that the performance of current state-of-the-art algorithms specifically designed for Rician distributed data can be matched by combining conventional algorithms designed for additive white Gaussian noise with optimal variance-stabilizing transformations.
Automated multiphasic screening. (1974)

From our experience with automated multiphasic health tests in more that 20,000 children, we have formed the following tentative conclusions. Multiphasic testing, combining a group of tests for administration at a single session, is less costly in time and inconvenience to the patient and provides more useful information to the evaluating and treating physician than does an uncoordinated set of individual tests. Automation of instruments, use of nonprofessional testers, and computer processing of data can markedly reduce the usual cost of acquiring standard data provided that (1) there is a large number of persons from which standardized data are to be acquired; (2) the acquisition of the data can be scheduled so that specialized equipment and personnel are fully utilized; (3) automated equipment is used only when there is a real advantage over manual equipment. These potential benefits of automated multiphasic testing are severely limited by (1) the lack of knowledge and agreement about what standard information is useful for improving the health care of children; and (2) the problems involved in ensuring appropriate follow-up examinations. Our purpose in presenting these conclusions is not to support or condemn automated multiphasic testing or screening, but rather to point out that a number of unsolved problems exist. They will not be solved unless all who engage in automated multiphasic screening, or any kind of screening, arrange their testing and data keeping procedures so that the new knowledge necessary for evaluating programs and resolving unsolved problems can be gained. Until we have such knowledge, we must be modest and tentative in our claims that automated multiphasic screening can contribute positively to the health care of children.
Oxidation of thiourea and substituted thioureas: a review (2011)

Abstract Thioureas, containing sulfur and nitrogen atoms, are susceptible to oxidation by a large number of oxidants giving rise to various products including ureas, sulfides, oxides of sulfur, and nitrogen. Some novel cyclized products were also obtained during oxidation. The reaction conditions and types of oxidants steer the formation of different products. This review comprises basically the synthetic aspects, and the mechanism/schemes of the reactions discussed in the manuscript are based on stoichiometry and products of the reactions. Keywords: thioureaoxidationthiazoledisulfideurea Acknowledgements BKM thanks University Grants Commission for financial assistance through a research project. SS thanks Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi for Senior Research Fellowship.
Novel bifunctional probe for radioisotope-free photoaffinity labeling: compact structure comprised of photospecific ligand ligation and detectable tag anchoring unitsElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Photo-decomposition study of phenyl and benzyl azides. Experimental details for photoreactions of 1 and 5. Synthetic procedures and characterization of new compounds. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/ob/b3/b316221d/. (2004)

A novel method for radioisotope-free photoaffinity labeling was developed, in which a bifunctional ligand is connected to a target protein by activation of a photoreactive group, such as an aromatic azido or 3-trifluoromethyl-3H-diazirin-3-yl group, and identification of the ligated product is achieved by anchoring of a detectable tag through the Staudinger-Bertozzi reaction with an alkyl azido moiety that survives photolysis. The chemical ground of this method was confirmed using model compounds with the bifunctional group under photoirradiation in the presence of trapping agents for reactive intermediates. The utility of the method has been demonstrated by specific labeling of the catalytic portion of human HMG-CoA reductase.
Deep Structured-Output Regression Learning for Computational Color Constancy (2016)

Computational color constancy that requires esti- mation of illuminant colors of images is a fundamental yet active problem in computer vision, which can be formulated into a regression problem. To learn a robust regressor for color constancy, obtaining meaningful imagery features and capturing latent correlations across output variables play a vital role. In this work, we introduce a novel deep structured-output regression learning framework to achieve both goals simultaneously. By borrowing the power of deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) originally designed for visual recognition, the proposed framework can automatically discover strong features for white balancing over different illumination conditions and learn a multi-output regressor beyond underlying relationships between features and targets to find the complex interdependence of dif- ferent dimensions of target variables. Experiments on two public benchmarks demonstrate that our method achieves competitive performance in comparison with the state-of-the-art approaches.
Role of Src homology 3 domains in assembly and activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. (1994)

The phagocyte NADPH oxidase, dormant in resting cells, is activated during phagocytosis to produce superoxide, a precursor of microbicidal oxidants. The activated oxidase is a complex of membrane-integrated cytochrome b558, composed of 91-kDa (gp91phox) and 22-kDa (p22phox) subunits, and two cytosolic factors (p47phox and p67phox), each containing two Src homology 3 (SH3) domains. Here we show that the region of the tandem SH3 domains of p47phox (p47-SH3) expressed as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein inhibits the superoxide production in a cell-free system, indicating involvement of the domains in the activation. Furthermore, we find that arachidonic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate, activators of the oxidase in vitro, cause exposure of p47-SH3, which has probably been masked by the C-terminal region of this protein in a resting state. The unmasking of p47-SH3 appears to play a crucial role in the assembly of the oxidase components, because p47-SH3 binds to both p22phox and p67phox but fails to interact with a mutant p22phox carrying a Pro-156-->Gln substitution in a proline-rich region, which has been found in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease. Based on the observations, we propose a signal-transducing mechanism whereby normally inaccessible SH3 domains become exposed upon activation to interact with their target proteins.
A quorum-consensus replication method for abstract data types (1986)

Replication can enhance the availability of data in distributed systems. This paper introduces a new method for managing replicated data. Unlike many methods that support replication only for uninterpreted files, this method systematically exploits type-specific properties of objects such as sets, queues, or directories to provide more effective replication. Each operation requires the cooperation of a certain number of sites for its successful completion. A quorum for an operation is any such set of sites. Necessary and sufficient constraints on quorum intersections are derived from an analysis of the data type's algebraic structure. A reconfiguration method is proposed that permits quorums to be changed dynamically. By taking advantage of type-specific properties in a general and systematic way, this method can realize a wider range of availability properties and more flexible reconfiguration than comparable replication methods.
Formation of silicon nitride layers by nitrogen ion irradiation of silicon biased to a high voltage in an electron cyclotron resonance microwave plasma (1998)

Silicon was pulse biased to −50 kV in a nitrogen plasma generated by microwave excitation in electron cyclotron resonance mode. Nitrogen ions from the plasma were accelerated in the electrical field and implanted into the silicon. Cross-section transmission electron microscopy showed that the resulting surface layer was amorphous. Tempering at 1500 K led to the formation of a 25 nm thick continuous crystalline film of α-Si3N4 buried under a 50 nm thick amorphous surface zone.
Power law relationship between yield stress and shear modulus for glassy polymers (1977)

Abstract The published data on the yielding of glassy polymers under a variety of testing conditions reveal that the yield stress increases with the elastic modulus. However, fundamental understanding of the interrelation has not yet been established. In this paper, a power law relation between the shear yield stress τ y and the shear modulus G is presented: T 0 τ y / T τ y 0 = ( T 0 G / TG 0 ) n , where T is the absolute temperature, T 0 . is reference temperature, and τ y 0 and G 0 are, respectively, the shear yield stress and the shear modules at T 0 . The exponent n takes a value 1.63 for amorphous polymers without exception, whereas it is about 0.8–0.9 for crystalline polymers. The exponent 1.63 for amorphous polymers is in good agreement with the value derived from the approximation of the Bowden–Raha dislocation analog. This law may enable us to investigate a model for the yielding of glassy polymers.
Selecting the best open source tools for collecting and visualzing social media content (2015)

Social media data and information become a real concern for many parties such as countries and organizations for analysis, strategies and decision making purposes. Selecting the best open source social media tool for collection and visualization data from social networks' web is a big challenge. In this paper, we propose an integrated approach to select the most appropriate tools for collecting and visualizing information that are available on social media web. The proposed approach has two phases, namely, evaluation and selection. The current practice of evaluation process involves expert users opinions on the tool to rate it's importance based on the users' satisfaction which is measured on the efficiency of the tool for finding required results. The evaluation phase of the proposed technique combines the current practice with the weight of importance, where the later one has been calculated by applying statistical methods. The selection phase has designed based on the well-known PROMETHEE technique. The results have been showed as a ranking list of the selected libraries and frameworks/tools for both the data collection and data visualization.
All optical packet routing time wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (2015)

Time Wavelength Division Multiplexing (TWDM) Passive Optical Network (PON) is a combinati on of both Time Division Multiplexing (TOM) and Wave length-Division Multiplexing (WDM) technologies. The TWDM PON system can provide scalable and efficient wavelength management in WDM-PON network and at the same time can reduce numbers of aggregation node in metro network level. In this study, a new All-Optical Packet Routing (AOPR) TWDM PON system is designed to provide more flexibi lity of data delivery for each PON port and more bandwidth to each subscriber at multi ple PON Optical Distribution Network (ODN) link. By proposing broadcasting, multicasting, and multiplexing technique in downstream signal, the system is capable to support full degree of flexibility in managing efficient dynamic bandwidth allocation. To achieve flexible packet routing between multiple PON ports and multiple PON ODN links TWDM PON architecture, most of the proposed system used tunable transceiver in optical line terminal. This design wi II cause the attractiveness of the PON system, which is able to broadcast and multicast packet within the entire PON system limited only at single PON link. The proposed AOPR module was designed to incorporate fixed-type wavelength Optical Line Terminal (OLT) transmitter with Continuous Wave (CW) Pump Probe Signal (PPS) module. This design used high-speed wavelength selective switch (WSS) or ALL ON method to support high speed wavelength switching or all broadcast signal to replace a wavelength tunin g feature in tunable OLT transmitter . The proposed architecture has been designed using the multicasting cross-ga in modulation (XGM) method. In this proposed design. XGM function located in the OLT system becomes a part of the AOPR OLT transmitter. The arrangement of this design aims to generat e single or multiple wavelengths in a downstream direct ion in each OLT PON port. The system is designed and simulated using VPI photonic software followed by experimental verificat ion in the laboratory. This design showed the ability of the system to perform flexible packet routing function by using WSS method with 38 dB allowable link loss margin in the system at 10 Gbps at Bit Error Rate (BE R) of 10'.1. By using 16/,. 10Gbps downstream bandwidth can serve up to 2000 users at 20km. In regard to handling the broadcasting or multicasting flexible function with ALL ON method in the system, the result revealed that the proposed system can support 160Gbps broadcast downstream bandwidth to serve up to16 PON links using 16A. The proposed architecture shows this method will minimise an inventory issue and reduce point of error caused by different OLT PO ' port transmitter wavelength during system installation and maintenance. The proposed AOPR OLT module has high potential to be used in the future extended TWDM PON access network
Innovative low temperature plasma approach for deposition of alumina films (2014)

Alumina films were deposited from a new plasma method using aluminum acetylacetonate (AAA) powder as precursor. The AAA was sputtered in argon and oxygen plasma mixtures. It was investigated the effect of the oxygen proportion (O2%) on the properties of the coatings. Deposition rate was derived from the layer height measured by profilometry. The elemental composition and molecular structure of the films were determined by Rutherford backscattering and infrared spectroscopies, respectively. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction was used to investigate the microstructure of the films while hardness was determined by nanoindentation technique. Inspections on the surface morphology and on the film composition were conducted associating scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Incorporation of oxygen affects the plasma kinetics and consequently the properties of the coatings. As moderated concentrations of oxygen (< 25%) are added, the structure is predominantly organic containing stoichiometric amorphous alumina. On the other hand, as high O2% (> 25%) are incorporated, the structure become rich in metallic aluminum with carbon rising at low proportions. The deposited layer is not homogeneous in thickness once the chemical composition of the precursor is changed by the action of the reactive oxygen plasma. Oxygen ablation on the film surface also contributes to the lack of homogeneity of the structure, especially as high oxygen proportions are imposed. Hardness data (0.5-2.0 GPa) corroborated the idea of an amorphous structure. Based on the results presented here it was possible to identify the oxygen concentration in the plasma atmosphere which mostly removed organics while preserving the stoichiometric alumina precipitation, subject of great relevance as one considers the reduction in the energy necessary for the creation of fully oxide coatings.
Design and analysis of micromechanical tunable interferometers for WDM free-space optical interconnection (1999)

This paper proposes a new concept of high density chip-to-chip optical interconnection based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), which can be realized as a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device. The output signals from a preprocessing integrated circuit (IC) chip (N channels) are converted to optical signals of different wavelengths by using wavelength tunable laser diodes and projected onto an array of wavelength-selective photodiodes. Channel connection is made by wavelength matching between the light sources and detectors, by using micromechanical Fabry-Perot interferometers. In this scheme arbitrary 1 to 1 connection as well as 1 to N or N to 1 connection is available. Since the input/output connections are made in an optical manner, the switching state can be reconfigured and the whole switching system can be integrated in a compact space. We have investigated design principle of the micromechanical Fabry-Perot interferometers for tunable photodiodes to maximize the switching contrast and channel density in a given wavelength range. The preliminary interferometer arrays are implemented by silicon-based surface micromachining.
A Preference Programming Approach to Make the Even Swaps Method Even Easier (2005)

This paper introduces an approach to support different phases of the even swaps process by preference programming, which is a framework for modeling incomplete information within multiattribute value theory (MAVT). In the approach, the even swaps process is carried out as usual, but in parallel, the evolution of the preferences of the decision maker is modeled with preference programming. With this model, we can provide information to the even swaps process to help identify practically dominated alternatives, and to find applicable candidate attributes for the next even swap. The approach does not compromise the original idea of an easy-to-use process. Our Smart-Swaps web software is used to demonstrate the method in practice.
Expanded linkage map of <i>Erwinia chrysanthemi</i> strain 3937 (1989)

In this paper we describe the chromosomal location of various loci in Erwinia chrysanthemi strain 3937. Auxotrophic markers were obtained by chemical mutagenesis, antibiotic resistances were isolated spontaneously and mutations in sugar utilization were obtained by means of Mu insertions. These markers were located on the genetic linkage map of strain 3937 by using a conjugative system mediated by RP4::mini-Mu plasmids which permitted transfer of genetic material from any point of origin. The location of these markers was compared to that of previously located mutations. Many genes involved in pectinolysis were also located on the E. chrysanthemi 3937 map. These results permitted us to present a new genetic map containing 61 markers distributed over 34 widely scattered loci on the chromosome. Some pairs of markers giving high cotransfer frequencies were tested for cotransduction mediated by the generalized transducing phage phi-EC2; nine cotransducing pairs were found. It appears that the chromosomal locations of many of these loci are quite different to those of the well-known enterobacterium Escherichia coli but seem similar to those described for other E. chrysanthemi strains.
Cell-mediated reduction of human β-defensin 1: a major role for mucosal thioredoxin (2013)

Human β-defensin 1 (hBD-1) is an antimicrobial peptide expressed by epithelia and hematopoietic cells. We demonstrated recently that hBD-1 shows activity against enteric commensals and Candida species only after its disulfide bonds have been reduced by thioredoxin (TRX) or a reducing environment. Here we show that besides TRX, glutaredoxin (GRX) is also able to reduce hBD-1, although with far less efficacy. Moreover, living intestinal and lymphoid cells can effectively catalyze reduction of extracellular hBD-1. By chemical inhibition of the TRX system or specific knockdown of TRX, we demonstrate that cell-mediated reduction is largely dependent on TRX. Quantitative PCR in intestinal tissues of healthy controls and inflammatory bowel disease patients revealed altered expression of some, although not all, redox enzymes, especially in ulcerative colitis. Reduced hBD-1 and TRX localize to extracellular colonic mucus, suggesting that secreted or membrane-bound TRX converts hBD-1 to a potent antimicrobial peptide in vivo.
Volume dependence of the elastic equation of state. 2. Solution-cured poly(dimethylsiloxane) (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVolume dependence of the elastic equation of state. 2. Solution-cured poly(dimethylsiloxane)R. W. Brotzman and B. E. EichingerCite this: Macromolecules 1981, 14, 5, 1445–1448Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma50006a058https://doi.org/10.1021/ma50006a058research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views112Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Numerical Investigation into the Effectiveness of "Smart" Restraint Systems in Mitigating Injury Risk under "Real World" Accident Conditions (2005)

This paper presents the value of smart restraint systems in mitigating the injury risk to occupants in a greater range of impact conditions than those presently considered in current regulatory and consumer impact tests. The work was carried out under the European 5th framework project PRISM (Proposed Reduction of car crash Injuries through improved SMart restraint development technologies). A generic MADYMO compartment model of a typical European midi-MPV was developed with a conventional restraint system for the modelled driver. To identify variables that need to be considered in the performance of a smart restraint system and subsequently assess potential adaptations that could be made to a restraint system, two simulation studies were carried out with the developed model. The first of these studies investigated the influence that the following variables have on driver injury risk: occupant size (using both a Hybrid-III and human body models), the reclined position of the seat, the bracing response of the driver and thoracic fracture. Based on the models' predictions it is implied that the kinematics and predicted injury risk of various sizes of human model are very different from those of a 50th percentile Hybrid-III dummy and that the reclined position of the seat and bracing response of the driver increases injury risk. It was not clear if fractures in the thoracic region would contribute to an increase in injury risk to other body regions. In the second simulation study investigations were performed to assess alterations that could be made to the modelled restraint system to adapt its performance to better protect different occupant sizes. It was concluded that if it were possible to adapt restraint characteristics to the specific occupant size, injury risk could be lowered.