gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical vortex lasers by the coherent superposition of off-axis multiple-pass transverse modes in an azimuthal symmetry breaking laser resonator (2018)

Optical vortex (OV) laser is generated by the superposition of coherently phase-locked off-axis laser beamlets in a nearly semi-spherical optical resonator with intra-cavity azimuthal symmetry breaking (ASB) optics. Due to the ASB, this laser resonator rejects radiation to resonate on-axis but supports off-axis beamlets belonging to the multiple-pass transverse (MPT) modes. These independent off-axis MPT modes, which are experimentally proven to retrace V-shaped paths in the resonator span ring-shaped intensity distribution and are coherently phase-locked to form an OV with a wavefront dislocation mirroring the topological charge (TC) of the ASB optics. Pumped by a conventional diode laser without critical beam shaping, we successfully generate randomly polarized OV having an annular intensity distribution and a positive unit TC of more than 99.9% at a central wavelength of 1064 nm when the power of pump laser goes above 1.52 W. The build-up of the deterministic phase relation among the independent MPT modes is demonstrated by spatial coherence measurement of the laser from a perturbed ASB resonator. This ASB resonator not only provides an easy approach to generate intrinsic vortex laser with power scalability but also serves as an useful platform to shape laser beams structurally, to study the laser dynamics and to combine radiations coherently.
Mass spectra of 5,5′‐(l,2‐ethanediyl)bis [3‐(aryl)‐l,2,4‐oxadiazoles] (1991)

Abstract The electron‐impact mass spectra of a series of bis [1,2,4‐oxadiazoles] are described.
Reduced Fhit expression in sporadic and BRCA2-linked breast carcinomas. (1999)

Evidence for alteration of the FHIT gene in a significant fraction of breast carcinomas has been reported, in apparent concordance with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at chromosome region 3p14.2 in breast cancer and benign proliferative breast disease. A significantly higher frequency of LOH at the FHIT locus was reported for BRCA2-/- tumors, possibly due to misrepaired double-strand breaks at this common fragile region. To determine whether such genomic alterations lead to Fhit inactivation, we have assessed the level of Fhit expression by immunohistochemical detection in sporadic tumors and cancers occurring in BRCA2 999del5 carriers. To determine whether Fhit inactivation may have prognostic significance, we have also assessed expression of breast cancer markers and clinical features in sporadic tumors relative to Fhit expression. Of 40 consecutive sporadic breast carcinomas studied for tumor markers, 50% showed reduced Fhit expression. In these sporadic cancers, loss of Fhit expression was not correlated significantly with the presence or absence of other tumor markers. In a study of 58 sporadic and 34 BRCA2 999del5 Icelandic invasive cancers, there was a significant association of LOH at 3p14.2 with reduced expression of Fhit (P = 0.001); also the lower expression of Fhit and higher LOH at 3p14.2 in BRCA2 999del5 tumors relative to sporadic cancers was significant (P = 0.002). Thus, genetic alteration at the fragile site within the FHIT gene leads to loss of Fhit protein in a significant fraction of sporadic breast cancers and a much larger fraction of familial breast cancers with an inherited BRCA2 mutation, consistent with the idea that loss of BRCA2 function affects stability of the FHIT/FRA3B locus.
Energy Efficiency in Plasticating Screw Extrusion (1979)

The most widely used polymer conversion processes are injection molding, extrusion, blow molding, thermoforming, calendering and compression molding. All of these processes consist of basically three functional steps (Figure l); plastication or melting of a polymer solid, forming of the polymer melt into a desired shape and solidification of the formed polymer article. Forming is accomplished by pressure or other types of stress and requires only a small amount of mechanical energy, insignificant in comparison to the energy required for melting. Solidification is accomplished by cooling the polymer melt for thermoplastic polymers, and by curing and subsequent cooling for thermoset polymers. At present, the polymer processing industry does not recover the thermal energy removed from the polymer melt by cooling. The melting step consumes the major portion of energy required for processing and the energy efficiency in this step is regrettably low. Melting is accomplished by the thermal energy from
Nitrogenous metabolites from the deep water sponge <i>Hexadella</i> sp. (1989)

The secondary metabolites of the sponge Hexadella sp., collected by SCUBA (−40 m) and manned submersible (−100 to −200 m) in Jervis Inlet, British Columbia, have been examined. The submersible-collected material contained only the previously reported compound topsentin B2 (1). Sponge material collected in shallower water via SCUBA contained hexadellins A (2) and B (3), two new dibromotyrosine derived metabolites. The structures of 2 and 3 were determined by spectroscopic analysis of the diacetyl derivatives 6 and 7. Keywords: sponge, metabolite, Hexadella, nitrogenous.
Raloxifene protects endothelial cell function against oxidative stress (2008)

Raloxifene is effective against oxidative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction in vitro through an ICI 182,780-sensitive mechanism that involves the increased phosphorylation and activity of Akt and eNOS in rat aortae.
Avant-propos (1988)

and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Characterization of the Left Atrial Neural Network and its Impact on Autonomic Modification Procedures (2013)

We have demonstrated neural pathways connecting LA GPs with the PVs, AV node, and SA node. The effects of high frequency stimulation at GP sites can be prevented by ablating the GP site or the neural pathway. This further delineates the mechanism via which PV isolation prevents atrial fibrillation and highlights important caveats for autonomic modification end points.
A Preliminary Evaluation of Nelfinavir Mesylate, an Inhibitor of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)‐1 Protease, to Treat HIV Infection (1998)

A phase I/II dose-ranging open-label 28-day monotherapy study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and antiviral activity of nelfinavir mesylate (Viracept), an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 protease, was done in 65 HIV-1-infected subjects. After 28 days, 54 responding subjects entered an open-label extension that allowed for the addition of nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase and dose escalation to maintain durability. The drug was well-tolerated and demonstrated robust antiviral activity, with demonstrable superiority of the 750 mg and 1000 mg three times daily regimens. Thirty subjects who continued to receive therapy at 12 months attained a persistent 1.6 log10 reduction in HIV RNA, accompanied by a mean increase in CD4 cells of 180-200/mm3. Studies of viral genotype and phenotype after virus rebound revealed that the initial active site mutation allowing for nelfinavir resistance is mediated by a unique amino acid substitution in the HIV-1 protease D30N, which does not confer in vitro phenotypic cross-resistance to the currently available protease inhibitors.
A Similarity Based Supervised Decision Rule for Qualitative Improvement of Text Categorization (2015)

The similarity based decision rule computes the similarity between a new test document and the existing documents of the training set that belong to various categories. The new document is grouped to a particular category in which it has maximum number of similar documents. A document similarity ba sed supervised decision rule for text categorization is proposed in this article. The similarity measure determine the similarity between two documents by finding their distances with all the documents of training set and it can explicitly identify two dissimilar documents. The decision rule assigns a test document to the best one among the competing categories, if the best category beats the next competing category by a previously fixed margin. Thus the proposed rule enhances the certainty of the decision. The salient feature of the decision rule is that, it never assigns a document arbitrarily to a category when the decision is not so certain. The performance of the proposed decision rule for text categorization is compared with some well known classification techniques e.g., k-nearest neighbor decision rule, support vector machine, naive bayes etc. using various TREC and Reuter corpora. The empirical results have shown that the proposed method performs significantly better than the other classifiers for text categorization.
Living cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers (1990)

Abstract The cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers initiated by CH 3 ‐CH(OR)(I) / R 4 N + A − (R = Alkyl, A − = ClO 4 − , BF 4 − , PF 6 − , I − , NO 3 − ) shows the characteristics of a living polymerization. The rate of polymerization is a function of the solvent polarity, the temperature, the type and concentration of the ammonium salt. The experimental data can be explained on the basis of the secondary salt effect overlapped by some dipol‐dipol interactions of the chain end and the added salt. Functionalization of the chain end with thermolabile azo functions yields polymeric initiator which was applied for the synthesis of blockcopolymers. Vinyl ethers functionalized with furylacrylic ester groups were polymerized and crosslinked via [2+2] cycloaddition.
Throughput Performance of an Incremental Redundancy Scheme with Mapper Rearrangement (2005)

This paper is concerned with the capacity evaluation of an incremental redundancy (IR) scheme with mapper rearrangement. The AWGN performance of the scheme originally proposed by Schmitt [6], [7] is evaluated for the coded modulation (CM) as well as for the bitinterleaved coded modulation (BICM) scenario. A mapper that is improving the BICM performance at low SNR values is introduced. Simulations will support the analytical result.
Molecular basis for structural diversity in the core regions of the lipopolysaccharides of <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Salmonella enterica</i> (1998)

Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are unique and complex glycolipids that provide characteristic components of the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. In LPS of the Enterobacteriaceae, the core oligosaccharide links a highly conserved lipid A to the antigenic O-polysaccharide. Structural diversity in the core oligosaccharide is limited by the constraints imposed by its essential role in outer membrane stability and provides a contrast to the hypervariable O-antigen. The genetics of core oligosaccharide biosynthesis in Salmonella and Escherichia coli K-12 have served as prototypes for studies on the LPS and lipo-oligosaccharides from a growing range of bacteria. However, despite the wealth of knowledge, there remains a number of unanswered questions, and direct experimental data are not yet available to define the precise mechanism of action of many gene products. Here we present a comparative analysis of the recently completed sequences of the major core oligosaccharide biosynthesis gene clusters from the five known core types in E. coli and the Ra core type of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and discuss advances in the understanding of the related biosynthetic pathways. Differences in these clusters reflect important structural variations in the outer core oligosaccharides and provide a basis for ascribing functions to the genes in these model clusters, whereas highly conserved regions within these clusters suggest a critical and unalterable function for the inner region of the core.
Preparation of ultralow loss mirrors with reflectivity of over 99.9968% (2003)

Ultralow loss mirrors (at the wavelength of 1315 nm) were prepared by RF ion beam sputtering with materials of tantalum oxide and silicon oxide. The mirror loss (A + S + T), including directly measured transmission, scattering, and absorption, respectively, is less than 32 ppm, which corresponds to a reflectivity of over 99.9968%. This is the highest reflectivity achieved at this wavelength in published reports.
Use of the SOFA score to assess the incidence of organ dysfunction/failure in intensive care units (1998)

The SOFA score is a simple, but effective method to describe organ dysfunction/failure in critically ill patients. Regular, repeated scoring enables patient condition and disease development to be monitored and better understood. The SOFA score may enable comparison between patients that would benefit clinical trials.
Assessment of Heat Deformation and Throughput for Selecting Mask Substrate Material for Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (2002)

In order to determine the selection of the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mask substrate, an assessment model based on the temperature profile along the substrate thickness is proposed. Regarding the glass ceramic materials, thermal deflection and displacement due to thermal expansion are compared as functions of the heat transfer coefficient between the mask and the stage. Displacement is small although the thermal deflection is large in the region where the heat transfer coefficient is sufficiently high. Marginal EUV power density used for 35 nm node is determined by the substrate material and exposure conditions. Throughput estimated by EUV power density and exposure conditions depends on the substrate material. It was shown that a throughput of 60 wafer per hour (wph) is possible under conditions equivalent to low pressure in a helium environment.
Computational Analysis of the ESX-1 Region of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Insights into the Mechanism of Type VII Secretion System (2011)

Type VII secretion system (T7SS) is a recent discovery in bacterial secretion systems. First identified in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, this secretion system has later been reported in organisms belonging to the Actinomycetales order and even to distant phyla like Firmicutes. The genome of M. tuberculosis H37Rv contains five gene clusters that have evolved through gene duplication events and include components of the T7SS secretion machinery. These clusters are called ESAT-6 secretion system (ESX) 1 through 5. Out of these, ESX-1 has been the most widely studied region because of its pathological importance. In spite of this, the overall mechanism of protein translocation through ESX-1 secretion machinery is not clearly understood. Specifically, the structural components contributing to the translocation through the mycomembrane have not been characterized yet. In this study, we have carried out a comprehensive in silico analysis of the genes known to be involved in ESX-1 secretion pathway and identified putative proteins having high probability to be associated with this particular pathway. Our study includes analysis of phylogenetic profiles, identification of domains, transmembrane helices, 3D folds, signal peptides and prediction of protein-protein associations. Based on our analysis, we could assign probable novel functions to a few of the ESX-1 components. Additionally, we have identified a few proteins with probable role in the initial activation and formation of mycomembrane translocon of ESX-1 secretion machinery. We also propose a probable working model of T7SS involving ESX-1 secretion pathway.
Efficient Unbiased Rendering using Enlightened Local Path Sampling (2011)

Most global illumination algorithms today solve the light transport problem using Monte Carlo ray tracing. These algorithms are capable of producing photo-realistic imagery and in addition have few limitations with respect to the kind of input (geometry, re flection models, etc.) they support. The downside to using these algorithms is that they can be slow to converge. Due to the nature of Monte Carlo methods, the results are random variables subject to variance. This manifests itself as noise in the images, which can only be reduced by generating more samples. The reason these methods are slow is because of a lack of eeffective methods of importance sampling. Most global illumination algorithms are based on local path sampling, which is essentially a recipe for constructing random walks. Using this procedure paths are built based on information given explicitly as part of scene description, such as the location of the light sources or cameras, or the re flection models at each point. In this work we explore new methods of importance sampling paths. Our idea is to analyze the scene before rendering and compute various statistics that we use to improve importance sampling. The first of these are adjoint measurements, which are the solution to the adjoint light transport problem. The second is a representation of the distribution of radiance and importance in the scene. We also derive a new method of particle sampling, which is advantageous compared to existing methods. Together we call the resulting algorithm englightened local path sampling and demonstrate how the algorithm improves efficiency in some hard scenes.
A randomized controlled multicenter trial of Rebamipide on chronic non-atrophic gastritis (2008)

Objective To investigate the effect of rebamipide on chronic non-atrophic gastritis （NAG） with erosion and its protection of gastric mucosa from Helicobacter pylori（Hp） associated lesions. Methods Patients （ n = 452 ） with endoscopically confirmed NAG with erosion from 11 hospitals in China were enrolled and randomly assigned at a ratio of 3：1 to receive either rebamipide （ 100 mg t. i. d. ） or sucralfate （ 1.0 t. i. d. ） for 8 weeks. Hp infected patients received eradication treatment before randomization. Symptoms, endoscopic scores and histological changes were recorded before and after therapy. Concentrations of serum prostaglandin E （ PGE2 ） and oxygen free radical（MDA） were measured in patients from 2 centers. Results Per-protocol analysis（ n =415 ） showed that the dyspeptic symptom score in rebamipide group decreased significantly after eight weeks of treatment. The endoscopic inflammation score in rebamipide group also decreased from 2.65 ± 0.09 to 0.60 ± 0. 10 （ P 〈 0. 001 ）, which was significantly better than that of sucralfate group（ P 〈0.00l ）. Histological findings were consistent with the endoscopic findings. There was a significant elevation（ P = 0. 002 ） in PGE2 concentration in mucosa from rebamipide-treated subjects [ （225.4±18.3） pg/g vs. （266.7 ± 14. 7） pg/g] compared with that in sucralfate group. The concentration of MDA significantly decreased from （325. 9 ± 65.6） mmol/g to （216. 5 ± 61.5 ） mmol/g, which is markedly different from that of sucralfate group（ P = 0.046）. No statistical difference was found between Hp eradication group, Hp infection group and Hp negative group, regarding the effect of Rebamipide. Conclusion Compared to sucralfate, Rebamipide demonstrates a superior effect on improvement of dyspepsia symptom and endoscopic findings in erosive NAG, which is not influenced by Hp infection.

Key words: 
Rebamipide;  Chronic non-atrophic gastritis;  Helicobacter pylori
Hyperhomocysteinemia increases permeability of the blood-brain barrier by NMDA receptor-dependent regulation of adherens and tight junctions (2011)

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) increases permeability of the blood-brain barrier, but the mechanisms are undetermined. Homocysteine (Hcy) is an agonist of the neuronal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr). We tested the hypothesis that HHcy disrupts the blood-brain barrier by an NMDAr-dependent mechanism in endothelium. In brain microvascular endothelial cells, there was no change in expression of the adherens junction protein VE-cadherin with Hcy treatment, but there was a significant decrease in the amount of β-catenin at the membrane. Moreover, Hcy caused nuclear translocation of β-catenin and attachment to the promoter for the tight junction protein claudin-5, with concomitant reduction in claudin-5 expression. Using a murine model of HHcy (cbs(+/-)), treatment for 2 weeks with an NMDAr antagonist (memantine) rescued cerebrovascular expression of claudin-5 and blood-brain barrier permeability to both exogenous sodium fluorescein and endogenous IgG. Memantine had no effect on these parameters in wild-type littermates. The same results were obtained using an in vitro model with brain microvascular endothelial cells. These data provide the first evidence that the NMDAr is required for Hcy-mediated increases in blood-brain barrier permeability. Modulating cerebral microvascular NMDAr activity may present a novel therapeutic target in diseases associated with opening of the blood-brain barrier in HHcy, such as stroke and dementia.
Parametric frequency conversion of ultrashort light pulses (1980)

A study is made of the evolution of ultrashort pulses of interrogation and generated fields, traveling across a medium after a pump pulse under two-photon resonance conditions. It is shown that, in spite of the absence of overlap of the pulses in space and time, the generated wave becomes phase-locked. The area theorem is obtained for the process in question. It is found that at large distances the second pulse should give rise to a subpulse of the interrogation field and a proportional subpulse whose area tends to zero or to 2π. This conclusion about the formation of subpulses and their limiting areas applies also in the two-photon interaction case. A report is given of an estimate of the threshold intensities of an interrogation pulse in cesium and sodium vapors. The maximum conversion efficiency is found as a function of the pump energy, parameters of the investigated medium, and frequencies of the interacting fields. It is shown that an overall conversion efficiency close to 100% can be obtained when the intensities of the pump and interrogation fields are within the capabilities of the currently available lasers.
Large peak current densities in novel resonant interband tunneling heterostructures (1990)

We have observed negative differential resistance (NDR) and large peak current densities in a novel resonant interband tunneling structure grown by molecular beam epitaxy in the InAs/GaSb/AlSb material system. The structure consists of a thin AlSb barrier layer displaced from an InAs(n)/GaSp(p) interface. NDR is readily observable at room temperature with peak current densities greater than 105 A/cm2. The enhancement in peak current density relative to a structure with no AlSb barrier is consistent with the existence of a quasi-bound state in the region between the barrier and the InAs/GaAs interface. Furthermore, we demonstrate that by growing the AlSb layer on either the InAs or GaSb side of the interface, the quasi-bound state can be localized in either material.