gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chirp-coded excitation imaging with a high-frequency ultrasound annular array (2008)

High-frequency ultrasound (HFU, > 15 MHz) is an effective means of obtaining fine-resolution images of biological tissues for applications such as opthalmologic, dermatologic, and small animal imaging. HFU has two inherent drawbacks. First, HFU images have a limited depth of field (DOF) because of the short wavelength and the low fixed F-number of conventional HFU transducers. Second, HFU can be used to image only a few millimeters deep into a tissue because attenuation increases with frequency. In this study, a five-element annular array was used in conjunction with a synthetic-focusing algorithm to extend the DOF. The annular array had an aperture of 10 mm, a focal length of 31 mm, and a center frequency of 17 MHz. To increase penetration depth, 8-micros, chirp-coded signals were designed, input into an arbitrary waveform generator, and used to excite each array element. After data acquisition, the received signals were linearly filtered to restore axial resolution and increase the SNR. To compare the chirpcoded imaging method with conventional impulse imaging in terms of resolution, a 25-microm diameter wire was scanned and the -6-dB axial and lateral resolutions were computed at depths ranging from 20.5 to 40.5 mm. The results demonstrated that chirp-coded excitation did not degrade axial or lateral resolution. A tissue-mimicking phantom containing 10-microm glass beads was scanned, and backscattered signals were analyzed to evaluate SNR and penetration depth. Finally, ex vivo ophthalmic images were formed and chirpcoded images showed features that were not visible in conventional impulse images.
Space-variant polarization manipulation of a thermal emission by a SiO2 subwavelength grating supporting surface phonon-polaritons (2005)

Space-variant polarization manipulation of enhanced nondirectional thermal emission in a narrow spectral peak is presented. The emission is attributed to surface phonon-polariton excitation from space-variant subwavelength SiO2 gratings. Polarization manipulation was obtained by discretely controlling the local orientation of the grating. We experimentally demonstrated thermal emission in an axially symmetric polarization distribution. Theoretical calculations based on rigorous coupled-wave analysis are presented along with experimental results.
Association of p53 Arg72Pro polymorphism with gastric cancer: a meta-analysis (2012)

This meta-analysis suggests that p53 Arg72Pro polymorphism is associated with increased risk of gastric cancer in Asians.
Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor hastens granulocyte recovery after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation in Hodgkin's disease. (1989)

To determine whether recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) can accelerate granulocyte recovery after high-dose combination chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) in patients with Hodgkin's disease, we performed a nonrandomized phase II study using historical controls as a comparison. Eighteen relapsed/refractory Hodgkin's disease patients who received cyclophosphamide at 1.5 g/m2/day (days -6 to -3), carmustine (BCNU) at 300 mg/m2 (day -6), and etoposide (VP-16) at 125 mg/m2 every 12 hours (days -6 to -4), followed by ABMT (day 0) were treated with rhG-CSF at 60 micrograms/kg/day for a maximum of 28 days beginning on day 1. rhG-CSF dosage was gradually diminished and stopped once an adequate granulocyte count was maintained. rhG-CSF significantly accelerated absolute granulocyte count (AGC) compared with historical controls recovery to the 100/microL level (median, 9 days v 13 days; P = .103 x 10(-4), 500/microL level (median, 13 days v 22 days; P = 0.189 x 10(-2), and 1000/microL level (median, 16 days v 30 days levels; P = .125 x 10(-5). Platelet recovery to 50,000/microL was not significantly altered (P = .370). rhG-CSF was well tolerated, bone pain and myalgia being the only side effects noted. rhG-CSF hastens granulocyte recovery after high-dose chemotherapy with ABMT in patients with relapsed/refractory Hodgkin's disease without significant toxicity.
Molecular orientation in small-molecule organic light-emitting diodes (2011)

In research on small-molecule organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), the molecular orientation in vacuum-deposited amorphous films has been disregarded for around 20 years, and its effects on device performance have not been sufficiently discussed at the microscopic level. Only recently have the intermolecular interaction and subsequent horizontal molecular orientation in OLEDs been investigated and reported. In this article, an overview of the recent studies on molecular orientation in OLEDs is presented. The general properties of molecular orientation of OLED materials are shown, and its significant effects on the electrical and optical properties of devices are discussed to understand device physics and improve the future performance and reliability of OLEDs.
Monitoring of turn short-circuit faults in stator of PMSM in closed loop by on-line parameter estimation (2009)

This paper presents a method for monitoring of turn short-circuits faults of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with non sinusoidal electromotive force (emf) in closed loop conditions. The proposed method is formulated by combining multi-model approach in extended Park frame and the recursive least squares algorithm (RLS). The fault and its severity are indicated by the surface of structure distance between the extended Park model and PMSM.
Eosinophils are a feature of upper and lower airway pathology in non‐atopic asthma, irrespective of the presence of rhinitis (2000)

These results show that eosinophil infiltration was present in the nasal mucosa of asthmatic patients even in the absence of rhinitis, and add further support to the hypothesis that asthma and rhinitis are clinical expressions of the same disease entity.
Vibrating wire field-measuring technique (1997)

The technique described here is dedicated to the problem of alignment of quadrupole magnets, a very important issue for particle accelerators. The technique is based on the excitation of the harmonics of a wire vibration by Lorenz forces between current in a wire and the surrounding magnetic field. Theoretical analyses show that knowing the amplitude and the phase of the various harmonics of the wire vibration, one can easily reconstruct the surrounding magnetic field which will indicate any misalignment of elements. Experiments confirmed the theoretical conclusions, and demonstrated the high sensitivity of the technique as well as its convenience for application.
Dry lithography using focused ion beam implantation and reactive ion etching of SiO2 (1993)

We report a novel dry process suitable for submicron lithography using focused ion beam writing and plasma development of SiO2. Robust masks are fashioned in layers of SiO2 with a focused Ga ion beam, followed by development using CF4/O2 reactive ion etching. We find the development selectivity (etch rate ratio) between unimplanted and implanted SiO2 increases with increasing Ga dose. Using an implant dose of 1.5×1016 cm−2 we form SiO2 line and circular dot masks with dimensions as small as 300 nm. To demonstrate the utility of these durable masks, the patterns are transferred into GaAs by reactive ion etching, producing structures with aspect ratios (depth/width) greater than 10. Since masks formed of SiO2 are appropriate for ion bombardment processes such as found in plasma etching, as well as high-temperature regrowth steps, this dry lithographic technique is promising for in situ vacuum integrated fabrication.
Electrochemical Surface Transfer Doping (2004)

Intrinsic diamond with a bandgap of 5.4 eV exhibits a surface conductivity (SC) of the order of when terminated by hydrogen. This conductivity is carried by a hole-accumulation layer close to the surface with an areal carrier concentration of about and it has already been utilized for a unique kind of field effect transistor [H. Kawarada, Surf. Sci. Rep., 26, 205 (1996)]. Although the microscopic doping mechanism is still under debate. Based on the results of a variety of surface-sensitive experiments we propose a new surface-transfer doping mechanism by which electron transfer from the valence band to adsorbed, hydrated ionic species at the surface creates the holes for the surface conductivity. In order to draw a complete picture of the surface conductivity concepts from surface and semiconductor physics as well as electrochemistry have to be adopted. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Social network-based trust computing in P2P environments (2008)

Trust has been shown to have fundamental effects on the security induced by interaction of more general networks, such as social networks. These effects have, however, proved to be sensitive to the details of the dynamics management of relationship network like the small world network in human society. Inspired from this, we derive a dynamics security mechanism of trust computing in P2P networks, starting from fundamental individual level such as autonomic and anonymous peers. Then we describe components of trust computing framework to demonstrate how one can derive the trust enhanced security solutions for peers’ protection with the proposed trust computing architecture. Applying the computing model, we investigate how a trust mechanism to promote network security and performance.
Antimicrobial Resistance Trends of <i>Shigella</i> Serotypes in New York City, 2006–2009 (2010)

Shigellosis is the third most common enteric bacterial infection in the United States. Although infection is typically self-limiting, empiric treatment is often prescribed. Because of increasing antimicrobial resistance to Shigella, empiric treatment options are decreasing. Identifying resistance patterns can inform empiric treatment recommendations. The goals of our study were to examine risk factors associated with antimicrobial resistance of Shigella and examine issues related to empiric treatment and antimicrobial resistance of Shigella. During June 2006-February 2009, we attempted to interview all New York City patients reported to have shigellosis. Their Shigella isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to examine the level of resistance and identify risk factors for resistance. Analysis was conducted on two groups distinguished by a large outbreak that was documented during the data collection period. Of the 477 nonoutbreak patients, 333 (70%) patients reported taking an antibiotic for shigellosis and 36 (11%) were treated with an antibiotic to which their Shigella infection was resistant. Among this group, high levels of antimicrobial resistance were detected to amoxicillin-clavulanate (66%), ampicillin (68%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (66%). Non-travel-associated ciprofloxacin-resistant Shigella (five patients) and ciprofloxacin-resistant Shigella sonnei (four patients) were reported for the first time to our knowledge. Antimicrobial resistance is significantly higher in New York City residents compared with national data. Some patients were treated with therapies that were not effective and to which the patient's Shigella infection was resistant. Shigella infections should not be treated with antibiotics unless the patient presents with severe or underlying illness and is at risk for systemic illness. When treatment is indicated, local monitoring of Shigella for antimicrobial resistance will provide local clinicians with the best guidance for effective empiric treatments.
Quantitative enzyme radioautography with 3H-Ro 41-1049 and 3H-Ro 19- 6327 in vitro: localization and abundance of MAO-A and MAO-B in rat CNS, peripheral organs, and human brain (1992)

Monoamine oxidases A and B (MAO-A and MAO-B) oxidatively deaminate neurotransmitter and xenobiotic amines. Since the cellular localization of the isoenzymes in the CNS and peripheral organs determines to a large extent which substrate has access to which isoenzyme, knowledge of their tissue distribution and cellular localization is essential. Here we describe how reversible and selective inhibitors of MAO-A and MAO-B [Ro 41-1049 and Ro 19-6327 (lazabemide), respectively] can be used, as tritiated radioligands, to map the distribution and abundance of the enzymes in microscopic regions of the rat CNS and peripheral organs, and human brain by quantitative enzyme radioautography. The in vitro binding characteristics of both radiolabeled inhibitors revealed them to be selective, high-affinity ligands for the respective enzymes. KD and Bmax values for 3H-Ro 41-1049 in rat cerebral cortex were 10.7 nM and 7.38 pmol/mg protein, respectively, and for 3H-Ro 19-6327 were 18.4 nM and 3.45 pmol/mg protein, respectively. In accordance with their potencies as enzyme inhibitors, binding to MAO-A and MAO-B was competitively inhibited by clorgyline (IC50 = 1.4 nM) and L-deprenyl (selegiline; IC50 = 8.0 nM), respectively. The capacities of various rat and human tissues to bind the radioligands correlated extremely well with their corresponding enzyme activities. As revealed by the respective binding assays, the distribution and abundance of MAO-A and MAO-B in the tissues investigated differed markedly. MAO-A was most abundant in the locus coeruleus, paraventricular thalamus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, median habenular nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamus, raphe nuclei, solitary tract nucleus, inferior olives, interpeduncular nucleus, claustrum, and numerous peripheral tissues, including liver, vas deferens, heart, superior cervical ganglion, and exocrine and endocrine pancreas. In contrast, MAO-B was most abundant in the ependyma, circumventricular organs, olfactory nerve layer, periventricular hypothalamus, cingulum, hippocampal formation, raphe nuclei, paraventricular thalamus, mammillary nuclei, cerebellar Bergmann glia cells, liver, posterior pituitary, renal tubules, and endocrine pancreas. The cellular localization of the isoenzymes in both rat and human brain differs markedly and does not reflect the distribution of the presumed natural substrates, for example, absence of MAO-A in serotoninergic neurons. Indeed, the present evidence suggests that, whereas MAO-A is found in noradrenergic and adrenergic neurons, MAO-B occurs in astrocytes, serotoninergic neurons, as well as ventricular cells, including most circumventricular organs. The physiological roles of the enzymes are discussed in the light of these findings, some of which were unexpected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
From RF signals to B-mode Images Using Deep Learning (2018)

Ultrasound imaging is a safe and popular imaging technique that relies on received radio frequency (RF) echos to show the internal organs and tissue. B-mode (Brightness mode) is the typical mode of ...
Exercise training of late-pregnant and nonpregnant dairy cows affects physical fitness and acid-base homeostasis (2009)

The objective was to determine if exercise training improves physical fitness of nonlactating, late-pregnant and nonpregnant multiparous Holstein cows and alters acid-base homeostasis during an exercise test on a treadmill. Twenty-six pairs (each pair having 1 late-pregnant and 1 nonpregnant) of cows were assigned to treatments of exercise training or no exercise. Exercise training was walking (1.25 to 1.5 h at 3.25 km/h) every other day in an outdoor mechanical walker for 70 d. Cows completed treadmill exercise tests on d 0, 30, and 60 of the experiment or about d 70, 40, and 10 before expected parturition of the pregnant cow of each pair. On d 0, physical fitness was similar among all cows based on durations of treadmill tests, heart rates, and acid-base measurements at given workloads (21.1 +/- 0.6 min; 144 +/- 2.2 beats per min; plasma lactate 3.1 +/- 1.9 mmol/L; and venous blood pH 7.44 +/- 0.0035, respectively). After 60 d of training, exercised cows walked longer during treadmill exercise tests compared with nonexercised cows (23.7 vs. 18.3 +/- 0.85 min, respectively), indicating greater physical fitness (pooled across pregnancy status). Heart rates and plasma lactate concentrations at given workloads were less (144 vs. 156 +/- 2.7 beats per min; and 1.4 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.24 mmol/L for exercised compared with nonexercised cows, respectively). Additionally, exercised cows more effectively maintained acid-base homeostasis during treadmill tests compared with nonexercised cows. Metabolic, endocrine, and nutritional demands associated with late pregnancy did not affect responses differently to exercise training for late-pregnant compared with nonpregnant cows. Overall, exercise training of late-pregnant and nonpregnant cows for 60 d improved physical fitness.
The expression and role of miR-195 in diabetic retinopathy (2015)

Objective
To investigate the expression of miR-195 and the underlying molecular mechanisms of miR-195 regulating HMGB1 in diabetic retinopathy (DR).


Methods
Extract 5 ml venous blood from DR patients, diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and normal subjects, then extract and perificate plasma total RNA. MicroRNA array and real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to screen out miRNAs which were expressed with significant differences in the serum of patients with DR. Bioinformatics was employed to predict the miR-195 related to high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) regulation. Next, miR-195 was down-regulated or up-regulated in umbilical vein endothelial cells through transfection of miR-195 inhibitor and miR-29b mimics respectively.Then we analyzed expression of HMGB1 mRNA and protein by RT-PCR and Western blot.


Results
MicroRNA array results showed the expression of miR-195 in DR group is decreased by 8.34 times and 11.47 times compared with DM group and the normal group. RT-PCR verification results conforms to the microRNA array results. Compared with the DM group (F=0.034, t=8.057) and the normal group (F=0.370, t=9.522), the expression of miR-195 in DR group were significantly reduced, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). RT-PCR showed that the expression of HMGB1 mRNA was significantly decreased in up-regulation group, compared with blank (F=0.023, t=11.287) and negative control group (F=0.365, t=7.471), the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The expression of HMGB1 mRNA was significantly increased in down-regulation group, compared with blank (F=0.053, t=10.871) and negative control group (F=0.492, t=6.883), the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Western blot showed that the expression of HMGB1 protein was significantly decreased in up-regulation group, compared with blank (F=0.021, t=8.820) and negative control group (F=0.039, t=7.401), the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); and significantly increased in down-regulation group, compared with blank (F=0.186, t=10.092) and negative control group (F=0.017, t=12.923), the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).


Conclusion
MiR-195 can inhibit the expression of HMGB1, reduce the inflammation and angiogenesis, thereby delaying or inhibiting the occurrence and development of DR.


Key words: 
Diabetic retinopathy/psychology; MicroRNAs; High mobility group proteins; Gene transfer techniques
VEGF Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy (2005)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated angiogenesis is thought to play a critical role in tumor growth and metastasis. Consequently, anti-VEGF therapies are being actively investigated as potential anti-cancer treatments, either as alternatives or adjuncts to conventional chemo or radiation therapy. Among the techniques used to block the VEGF pathway are: 1) neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against VEGF or its receptor, 2) small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors of VEGF receptors, 3) soluble VEGF receptors which act as decoy receptors for VEGF, and 4) ribozymes which specifically target VEGF mRNA. Recent evidence from phase III clinical trials led to the approval of bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody, by the FDA as first line therapy in metastatic colorectal carcinoma in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents. However, may challenges still remain, and the role of anti-VEGF therapy in the treatment of other solid tumors remains to be elucidated. The aim of this article is to review the progress of clinical investigations involving VEGF inhibitors in the treatment of different types of solid tumors.
MicroRNA-21 induces resistance to the anti-tumour effect of interferon-α/5-fluorouracil in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (2010)

The miR-21 in HCC cell lines and clinical HCC samples is a significant modulator of the anti-tumour effect of IFN-α and 5-FU. This suggests that miR-21 is a potentially suitable marker for the prediction of the clinical response to the IFN-α/5-FU combination therapy.
Anterior Septal Reconstruction (2006)

The anterior septal reconstruction technique is effective in improving both nasal airway function and aesthetics in patients with severe septonasal deviation. The technique avoids the most common complication of standard extracorporeal septoplasty by preserving the dorsal strut of septal cartilage and its attachment to the nasal bones at the keystone area.
Metallization of Large Silicon Wafers (1978)

A metallization scheme was developed which allows selective plating of silicon solar cell surfaces. The system is comprised of three layers. Palladium, through the formation of palladium silicide at 300 C in nitrogen, makes ohmic contact to the silicon surface. Nickel, plated on top of the palladium silicide layer, forms a solderable interface. Lead-tin solder on the nickel provides conductivity and allows a convenient means for interconnection of cells. To apply this metallization, three chemical plating baths are employed.
Conditioned pain modulation (the diffuse noxious inhibitory control-like effect): its relevance for acute and chronic pain states (2010)

Low CPM efficiency is associated with higher pain morbidity and vice versa. Further work is awaited on clarifying plasticity of CPM and its relevance to selection and efficacy of pain therapy.
Subunit-Subunit Interactions in Trimeric Arginase (2001)

The structure of the trimeric, manganese metalloenzyme, rat liver arginase, has been previously determined at 2.1-A resolution (Kanyo, Z. F., Scolnick, L. R., Ash, D. E., and Christianson, D. W., (1996) Nature 383, 554-557). A key feature of this structure is a novel S-shaped oligomerization motif at the carboxyl terminus of the protein that mediates approximately 54% of the intermonomer contacts. Arg-308, located within this oligomerization motif, nucleates a series of intramonomer and intermonomer salt links. In contrast to the trimeric wild-type enzyme, the R308A, R308E, and R308K variants of arginase exist as monomeric species, as determined by gel filtration and analytical ultracentrifugation, indicating that mutation of Arg-308 shifts the equilibrium for trimer dissociation by at least a factor of 10(5). These monomeric arginase variants are catalytically active, with k(cat)/K(m) values that are 13-17% of the value for wild-type enzyme. The arginase variants are characterized by decreased temperature stability relative to the wild-type enzyme. Differential scanning calorimetry shows that the midpoint temperature for unfolding of the Arg-308 variants is in the range of 63.6-65.5 degrees C, while the corresponding value for the wild-type enzyme is 70 degrees C. The three-dimensional structure of the R308K variant has been determined at 3-A resolution. At the high protein concentrations utilized in the crystallizations, this variant exists as a trimer, but weakened salt link interactions are observed for Lys-308.
Synthetic Studies on Bengazoles of Marine Sponge Origin. Synthesis of the Core Bis-oxazole Fragments (1998)

The core bis-oxazole fragment 3 was constructed by the coupling of the aldehyde (6) with the lithiated oxazoles (7), oxidation of the resulting bis-oxazolyl methanol (11), followed by the asymmetric reduction with (R)-(+)-BINAL-H as key steps. Preparation of another bis-oxazole fragment (4) was accomplished by the Barton-McCombie radical deoxygenation reaction of 11.