gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How to reduce your cancer risk: mechanisms and myths (2011)

Cancer prevention continues to be a high research priority and the most optimal way to ultimately lower the economic and psychological burden of cancer. Many known risk factors associated with cancer are related to dietary and lifestyle factors and can be avoided. These risk factors include among others, smoking, obesity, alcohol, physical inactivity, and carcinogens in diet. This article reviews the biological mechanisms leading to cancer in association with these factors, highlights important achievable cancer prevention methods, addresses commonly asked questions about lifestyle and cancer, and dispels some of the myths about cancer prevention.
Metallic Nanowire‐Based Transparent Electrodes for Next Generation Flexible Devices: a Review (2016)

Transparent electrodes attract intense attention in many technological fields, including optoelectronic devices, transparent film heaters and electromagnetic applications. New generation transparent electrodes are expected to have three main physical properties: high electrical conductivity, high transparency and mechanical flexibility. The most efficient and widely used transparent conducting material is currently indium tin oxide (ITO). However the scarcity of indium associated with ITO's lack of flexibility and the relatively high manufacturing costs have a prompted search into alternative materials. With their outstanding physical properties, metallic nanowire (MNW)-based percolating networks appear to be one of the most promising alternatives to ITO. They also have several other advantages, such as solution-based processing, and are compatible with large area deposition techniques. Estimations of cost of the technology are lower, in particular thanks to the small quantities of nanomaterials needed to reach industrial performance criteria. The present review investigates recent progress on the main applications reported for MNW networks of any sort (silver, copper, gold, core-shell nanowires) and points out some of the most impressive outcomes. Insights into processing MNW into high-performance transparent conducting thin films are also discussed according to each specific application. Finally, strategies for improving both their stability and integration into real devices are presented.
EM-based soft noncoherent equalization of doubly selective channels using tree search and basis expansion (2009)

We propose a soft noncoherent equalizer for coded transmissions over unknown time- and frequency-selective, or doubly selective, channels. Such a soft equalizer can be used in conjunction with a soft decoder as part of a turbo reception scheme. Like a number of existing designs, ours is motivated by the use of the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate the unknown channel parameters, and manifests as an iteration between soft channel estimation and soft coherent equalization. As a departure from the existing designs, which assume a Gauss-Markov (i.e., autoregressive) channel and employ a trellis whose number-of-states grows exponentially in the channel length, we use a basis expansion (BE) model for the channel and a soft tree-search in place of the trellis, leveraging recent ideas from the MIMO literature. The complexity of our schemes grows only linearly in the block length and quadratically in the number of BE coefficients. Numerical experiments show performance that is close to genie-aided bounds and robust to mismatch in channel-fading rate.
Direct Appraisal of the Potato Tuber ADP-glucose Pyrophosphorylase Large Subunit in Enzyme Function by Study of a Novel Mutant Form (2008)

The higher plant ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase is a heterotetramer consisting of two subunit types, which have evolved at different rates from a common ancestral gene. The potato tuber small subunit (SS) displays both catalytic and regulatory properties, whereas the exact role of the large subunit (LS), which contains substrate and effector binding sites, remains unresolved. We identified a mutation, S302N, which increased the solubility of the recombinant potato tuber LS and, in turn, enabling it to form a homotetrameric structure. The LS302N homotetramer possesses very little enzyme activity at a level 100-fold less than that seen for the unactivated SS homotetramer. Unlike the SS enzyme, however, the LS302N homotetramer enzyme is neither activated by the effector 3-phosphoglycerate nor inhibited by P(i). When combined with the catalytically silenced SS, S D143N, however, the LS302N-containing enzyme shows significantly enhanced catalytic activity and restored 3-PGA activation. This unmasking of catalytic and regulatory potential of the LS is conspicuously evident when the activities of the resurrected L(K41R.T51K.S302N) homotetramer are compared with its heterotetrameric form assembled with S D143N. Overall, these results indicate that the LS possesses catalytic and regulatory properties only when assembled with SS and that the net properties of the heterotetrameric enzyme is a product of subunit synergy.
Design and verification of multi-gigabit transmission channels using equalization techniques (2005)

In this paper 6.25Gbps and 5Gbps digital data transmission over copper cables up to 15m is investigated on a high-speed test board. Transmitter and receiver equalization techniques to compensate the non-ideal channel characteristic are evaluated. Signal integrity design and measurement implications of receiver side equalization are discussed.
Key dates (2003)

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A TOOLKIT FOR BUILDING DYNAMIC COMPILERS FOR ARRAY-BASED LANGUAGES TARGETING CPUS AND GPUS (2015)

Array-based languages such as MATLAB and Python (with NumPy) have become very popular for scientific computing.However, the performance of the implementations of these languages is often lacking.For example, some of the implementations are interpreted.Further, these languages were not designed with multi-core CPUs and GPUs in mind and thus don't take full advantage of modern hardware.Thus, developing just-in-time (JIT) compilers for these languages that allow scientific programmers to efficiently target both CPUs and GPUs is of increasing interest.However building such compilers requires considerable effort.Prior to this thesis, there were no reusable compiler toolkits for array-based languages even though many of the compilation challenges are similar across languages.This thesis is about a set of two novel and reusable tools, Velociraptor and RaijinCL, that simplify the work of building JIT compilers for array-based languages targeting both CPUs and GPUs.Velociraptor is a reusable, embeddable dynamic compiler toolkit while RaijinCL is an auto-tuning highperformance matrix operations library.Velociraptor provides a new high-level intermediate representation (IR) called VRIR which has been specifically designed for numeric computations, with rich support for arrays, plus support for high-level parallel and GPU constructs.A compiler developer uses Velociraptor by generating VRIR for key parts of an input program.Velociraptor provides an optimizing compiler toolkit for generating CPU and GPU code and also provides a smart runtime system to manage the GPU.An important contribution of the thesis is a new dynamic compilation technique called region specialization that is particularly designed for numerical programs.Region specialization first performs region detection analysis, a novel compiler analysis which identifies i This thesis would not have been possible without the help from many people.First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Laurie Hendren for her supervision.Without her supervision, I would likely never have finished the thesis because I would have picked a new project every week.She has taught me a lot about compilers and also about being a good researcher.I would like to thank McLab project members for discussing ideas and also for building tools and infrastructure such as Natlab
Computer Simulation of Adaptive Drug Infusion (1987)

Clinical drug infusion protocols, such as a single bolus followed by a constant drip, do not establish and maintain therapeutic drug levels in an optimal manner. We have investigated a system in which the patient, drug pump, drug assay, and a pump controller are incorporated into an adaptive configuration. The system, which we have simulated on a computer, uses an adaptive approach in which the pump controller operates with a model of the subject response. The model is fit to the specific subject by a regression analysis of the subject's response, obtained by assay of the subject's blood.
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation (2006)

Although part of the normal host response to infection or injury, inflammation is involved in many pathological conditions and disease states. Most interest in the influence of fatty acids on inflammatory processes has centred on the opposing actions of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid gives rise to the eicosanoid family of inflammatory mediators (prostaglandins, leukotrienes and related metabolites) and through these regulates the activities of inflammatory cells, the production of inflammatory cytokines, etc. Consumption of long-chain n-3 PUFAs [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] decreases the amount of arachidonic acid in inflammatory cell membranes and so available for eicosanoid production. Thus, consumption of long-chain n-3 PUFAs results in decreased production of eicosanoids from arachidonic acid. EPA acts as an alternative substrate for eicosanoid synthesis giving rise to mediators tha t are less potent than the analogues produced from arachidonic acid. EPA and DHA give rise to newly discovered families of mediators termed E- and Dresolvins, respectively, which have anti-inflammatory and inflammation-resolving actions. In addition to this range of effects, long-chain n-3 PUFAs affect cell-signalling processes and gene expression in inflammatory cells, resulting in decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules. Such long-chain n-3 PUFA-induced effects may be of importance in protecting against the development of and lowering the severity of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. There is good evidence for the efficacy of long-chain n-3 PUFAs in rheumatoid arthritis, with less strong evidence in other inflammatory conditions. The precursor n-3 PUFA, ?-linolenic acid, exerts some anti-inflammatory effects at very high intakes, perhaps reflecting the need for its conversion to EPA to be effective. Keywords: arachidonic acid; cytoki n e; eicosanoid; fish oil; inflammation; macrophage
High‐throughput quantitative analysis of HIV‐1 and SIV‐specific ADCC‐mediating antibody responses (2011)

We have developed a high-throughput platform to detect the presence of HIV-1 and SIV-specific ADCC-mediating antibody responses. The assay is based on the hydrolysis of a cell-permeable fluorogenic peptide substrate containing a sequence recognized by the serine protease, Granzyme B (GzB). GzB is delivered into target cells by cytotoxic effector cells as a result of antigen (Ag)-specific Ab-Fcγ receptor interactions. Within the target cells, effector cell-derived GzB hydrolyzes the substrate, generating a fluorescent signal that allows individual target cells that have received a lethal hit to be identified by flow cytometry. Results are reported as the percentage of target cells with GzB activity (%GzB). Freshly isolated or cryopreserved PBMC and/or NK cells can be used as effector cells. CEM.NKR cells expressing the CCR5 co-receptor are used as a target cells following: (i) coating with recombinant envelope glycoprotein, (ii) infection with infectious molecular clones expressing the Env antigens of primary and lab adapted viruses, or (iii) chronic infection with a variant of HIV-1/IIIB, termed A1953. In addition, primary CD4(+) T cells infected with HIV-1 in vitro can also be used as targets. The assay is highly reproducible with a coefficient of variation of less than 25%. Target and effector cell populations, in the absence of serum/plasma, were used to calculate background (8.6 ± 2.3%). We determined that an initial dilution of 1:50 and 1:100 is required for testing of human and non-human primate samples, respectively. This assay allows for rapid quantification of HIV-1 or SIV-specific ADCC-mediating antibodies that develop in response to vaccination, or in the natural course of infection, thus providing researchers with a new methodology for investigating the role of ADCC-mediating antibodies as correlates of control or prevention of HIV-1 and SIV infection.
Correlation between clinical response to EGFR inhibition and EGFR mutational status in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. (2011)

e21081 Background: EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) targeted therapies are known to be effective in the management of lung cancer patients carrying mutations in the EGFR gene. In these patients, EGFR inhibitors can produce a complete tumor response even in disease refractory to all other therapies. There is considerable clinical experience with EGFR inhibitors in mucosal carcinomas of the head and neck, a disease in which the response rate to EGFR monotherapy is low and EGFR mutational status irrelevant. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (SCCS), however, may be different; we have seen several instances of complete tumor response to anti-EGFR therapy in cases of metastatic or recurrent SCCS. We are not aware of published correlations between clinical response to EGFR inhibitors and EGFR mutational status in SCCS patients. In this study, SCCS specimens from 5 patients with known response to EGFR inhibitor therapy were analyzed for EGFR mutation. Methods: After obtaining local IRB approval for the use of archived tissue for research purposes, tumor specimens from the above listed patients were analyzed using the ResponseDX test developed by Response Genetics Inc. This test identifies EGFR mutations by positive allele-specific PCR amplification using primers specific for the EGFR mutations: G719X, E19del, S7681, E20ins, L858R, and L861Q. Results: All 5 specimens were found to be wild-type and contain no known mutations in the EGFR gene. Conclusions: We did not find an association between EGFR mutation and EGFR-inhibitor efficacy in SCCS patients. Nonetheless, in these SCCS patients, EGFR therapy provided excellent and lasting palliation with minimal toxicity. Clinical trials should be pursued exploring use of EGFR inhibition as a therapeutic option for patients with advanced/recurrent SCCS. Abbreviations: CR, complete response; PR, partial response. Age Site Anti-EGFR agent Best response Duration of response 39 Lung (metastases) Erlotinib PR 8 mo 54 Neck Erlotinib CR 1 mo* Erlotinib CR 1 mo* Erlotinib CR 10 mo 41 Face Gefitinib PR 11 mo Erlotinib PR 10 mo 90 Face Erlotinib PR 6 mo 60 Lip Erlotinib CR 2 mo* Erlotinib CR 5 mo* Erlotinib CR 6 mo * Recurrence upon discontinuation of anti-EGFR treatment.
Stereoscopic imaging: filling disoccluded areas in depth image-based rendering (2006)

Depth image based rendering (DIBR) is a method for converting 2D material to stereoscopic 3D. With DIBR, information contained in a gray-level (luminance intensity) depth map is used to shift pixels in the 2D image to generate a new image as if it were captured from a new viewpoint. The larger the shift (binocular parallax), the larger is the perceived depth of the generated stereoscopic pair. However, a major problem with DIBR is that the shifted pixels now occupy new positions and leave areas that they originally occupied "empty." These disoccluded regions have to be filled properly, otherwise they can degrade image quality. In this study we investigated different methods for filling these disoccluded regions: (a) Filling regions with a constant color, (b) filling regions with horizontal linear interpolation of values on the hole border, (c) solving the Laplace equation on the hole boundary and propagate the values inside the region, (d) horizontal extrapolation with depth information taken into account, (e) variational inpainting with depth information taken into account, and (f) preprocessing of the depth map to prevent disoccluded regions from appearing. The methods differed in the time required for computing and filling, and the appearance of the filled-in regions. We assessed the subjective image quality outcome for several stereoscopic test images in which the left-eye view was the source and the right-eye view was a rendered view, in line with suggestions in the literature for the asymmetrical coding of stereoscopic images.
Maximal Tolerated Insulin Therapy in Gestational Diabetes (1980)

Beginning in 1963 we have administered fast-acting insulin in three daily injections up to the maximal tolerated dose (M.T.D.), which can be defined as the highest quantity that can be given without bringing about hypoglycemic disturbances. This therapeutic criteria was applied both to gestational (280 pregnant women) and clinical (199 pregnant women) diabetes. M.T.D. was established on first admission to hospital and afterward controlled weekly in the outpatient clinic and during short periods of hospitalization (average of 53 days per patient). The average increase of the M.T.D. was 38 IU from 15 wk until delivery. As regards maternal blood sugar, at the M.T.D. average values at fasting and over the 24-h period were very close to the corresponding values of the control group (normal pregnancy). Total perinatal mortality (P.M.) was 2.9%; in the gestational diabetes group it was 2%. The incidence of congenital malformations (C.M.) (2.4%) increased with the severity of diabetes. No congenital defects were observed in 96 infants of patients treated before the 15th wk. Labor started spontaneously in 90.4% of the cases. The incidence of cesarean section was 21% in patients in White's Classes Al and A2 (as recently redefined by Freinkel and Metzger8) and 28% in other classes and that of forceps and vacuum extraction was 1% and 6%, respectively. The incidence of small-for-dates and overweight newborns from mothers with gestational and clinical diabetes without vascular complications is consistent with normal figures (macrosomia 3.4%). Small-for-dates newborns from pregnant diabetic women with vascular complications had a significant incidence. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was 0.6% and hypoglycemia was 13.4%. No case of death was due to these two causes. Clinical results are discussed.
In Vitro Study of Novel Collagenase (XIAFLEX®) on Dupuytren's Disease Fibroblasts Displays Unique Drug Related Properties (2012)

Dupuytren's disease (DD) is a benign, fibroproliferative disease of the palmar fascia, with excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and over-production of cytokines and growth factors, resulting in digital fixed flexion contractures limiting hand function and patient quality of life. Surgical fasciectomy is the gold standard treatment but is invasive and has associated morbidity without limiting disease recurrence. Injectable Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (CCH)--Xiaflex®--is a novel, nonsurgical option with clinically proven in vivo reduction of DD contractures but with limited in vitro data demonstrating its cellular and molecular effects. The aim of this study was to delineate the effects of CCH on primary fibroblasts isolated from DD and non-DD anatomical sites (using RTCA, LDH, WST-1, FACS, qRT-PCR, ELISA and In-Cell Quantitative Western Blotting) to compare the efficacy of varying concentrations of Xiaflex® against a reagent grade Collagenase, Collagenase A. Results demonstrated that DD nodule and cord fibroblasts had greater proliferation than those from fat and skin. Xiaflex® exposure resulted in dose- and time-dependent inhibition of cellular spreading, attachment and proliferation, with cellular recovery after enzyme removal. Unlike Collagenase A, Xiaflex® did not cause apoptosis. Collagen expression patterns were significantly (p<0.05) different in DD fibroblasts across anatomical sites - the highest levels of collagen I and III were detected in DD nodule, with DD cord and fat fibroblasts demonstrating a smaller increase in both collagen expression relative to DD skin. Xiaflex® significantly (p<0.05) down-regulated ECM components, cytokines and growth factors in a dose-dependent manner. An in vitro scratch wound assay model demonstrated that, at low concentrations, Xiaflex® enabled a faster fibroblast reparatory migration into the wound, whereas, at high concentrations, this process was significantly (p<0.05) inhibited. This is the first report elucidating potential mechanisms of action of Xiaflex® on Dupuytren fibroblasts, offering a greater insight and a better understanding of its effect in DD.
Chemical and Petrographic Classification of Kerogen/Macerals (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemical and Petrographic Classification of Kerogen/MaceralsAdrian Hutton, Sunil Bharati, and Thomas RoblCite this: Energy Fuels 1994, 8, 6, 1478–1488Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1994https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00048a038Request reuse permissionsArticle Views1093Altmetric-Citations62LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Transcriptional fingerprinting of “browning” white fat identifies NRG4 as a novel adipokine (2014)

Brown adipocytes help to maintain body temperature by the expression of a unique set of genes that facilitate cellular metabolic events including uncoupling protein 1-dependent thermogenesis. The dissipation of energy in brown adipose tissue (BAT) is in stark contrast to white adipose tissue (WAT) which is the body's primary site of energy storage. However, adipose tissue is highly dynamic and upon cold exposure profound changes occur in WAT resulting in a BAT-like phenotype due to the presence of brown-in-white (BRITE) adipocytes. In our recent report, transcription profiling was used to identify the gene expression changes that underlie the browning process as well as the intrinsic differences between BAT and WAT. Neuregulin 4 was categorized as a cold-induced BAT gene encoding an adipokine that signals between adipocytes and nerve cells and likely to have a role in increasing adipose tissue innervation in response to cold.