gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reversible Electron Storage in an All-Vanadium Photoelectrochemical Storage Cell: Synergy between Vanadium Redox and Hybrid Photocatalyst (2015)

Colossal solar energy conversion and storage studies using photoelectrochemical cells (PECs) have been undertaken in the past four decades; however, how to efficiently utilize solar energy despite the intermittent nature of sunlight still remains a challenge. In this paper, a WO3/TiO2 hybrid photoelectrode was coupled with our newly developed all-vanadium photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) with the aim of implementing photoelectrochemical solar energy conversion and storage. Zero-resistance ammetry (ZRA) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to study the photoelectrochemical response of this system in the conversion and storage of solar energy both under illumination and in the dark. The preliminary results proved the feasibility of this approach to store/release solar energy, even under dark conditions and showed that hydrogen tungsten bronze was responsible for the storage and release of photogenerated electrons from the semiconductor. The results also indicated an important synergy between electron storage and the all-vanadium electrolytes, which potentially offers great reversibility, high-capacity electron storage, and significant improvement in the photocurrent. To better understand the observed photoelectrochemical and electrochemical impedance behavior of our system, a model that unfolds the WO3 electron storage mechanism and photogenerated charge carrier pathways in the all-vanadium PEC is proposed.
Integration of Dialysis Membranes into a Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Microfluidic Chip for Isoelectric Focusing of Proteins Using Whole-Channel Imaging Detection (2008)

A poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic chip-based cartridge is developed and reported here for protein analysis using isoelectic focusing (IEF)-whole-channel imaging detection (WCID) technology. In this design, commercial dialysis membranes are integrated to separate electrolytes and samples and to reduce undesired pressure-driven flow. Fused-silica capillaries are also incorporated in this design for sample injection and channel surface preconditioning. This structure is equivalent to that of a commercial fused-silica capillary-based cartridge for adapting to an IEF analyzer (iCE280 analyzer) to perform IEF-WCID. The successful integration of dialysis membranes into a microfluidic chip significantly improves IEF repeatability by eliminating undesired pressure-driven hydrodynamics and also makes sample injection much easier than that using the first-generation chip as reported recently. In this study, two microfluidic chips with a 100-microm-high, 100-microm-wide and a 200-microm-high, 50-microm-wide microchannel, respectively, were applied for qualitative and quantitative analysis of proteins. The mixture containing six pI markers with a pH range of 3-10 was successfully separated using IEF-WCID. The pH gradient exhibited a good linearity by plotting the pI value versus peak position, and the correlation coefficient reached 0.9994 and 0.9995 separately for the two chips. The separation of more complicated human hemoglobin control sample containing HbA, HbF, HbS, and HbC was also achieved. Additionally, for the quantitative analysis, a good linearity of IEF peak value versus myoglobin concentration in the range of 20-100 microg/mL was obtained.
Inclusive and Exclusive Concepts of Agaricus subrufescens Peck: A Reply to Wasser et al. (2007)

Agaricus subrufescens, described from New York, USA, by Peck in 1893, has been interpreted narrowly by some authors (Wasser et al.) and more broadly by others (Kerrigan). DNA sequence similarities between A. subrufescens and the recently named species A. rufotegulis and A. brasiliensis are great, indicating a close, intraspecific relationship, as is found within other well-known species of Agaricus. Single-spore progeny of A. subrufescens from North America and another strain from Brazil (by way of Japan) can mate to produce fertile offspring. Overall, basidiomata from the Americas, Europe, and Hawaii share a similar, recognizable aspect, with variation in some characteristicsfor example, Hawaiian specimens are relatively more gracile. Whether such population-level variation is sufficient to merit taxonomic recognition, and if so, at what taxon rank, is a matter of opinion rather than proof. Only customary practice provides guidance, whereas prudence favors a synthesis of all lines of evidence. The author presents arguments for treating A. subrufescens as a single phylogenetic species within which some regional and other morphological variation occurs. This is a traditional, conservative approach toward interpreting the relationships among these mushrooms.
Fixed p-i-n junction polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells based on charged self-assembled monolayers (2007)

The authors report on enhanced efficiency of polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) by means of forming a n-doping self-assembled monolayer (SAM) at the cathode-polymer interface. The addition of the SAM, a silane-based salt with structural similarity to the commonly used LEC n-dopant tetra-n-butylammonium, caused a twofold increase in quantum efficiency. Photovoltaic analysis indicates that the SAM increases both the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current. Current versus voltage data are presented which indicate that the SAM does not simply introduce an interfacial dipole layer, but rather provides a fixed doping region, and thus a more stable p-i-n structure.
Visual Detection of Carcinoembryonic Antigen on Surfaces (1976)

An attempt is made to detect carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) at clinically interesting concentrations by using a simple immunologic surface test. Antibodies to CEA are detected in a direct test at concentrations below 1 ng/ml. The sensitivity of this assay is mainly limited by diffusion to the reacting surface. CEA is detected in an inhibition test at concentrations down to 20 ng/ml. The sensitivity of this inhibition test is limited by the average equilibrium constant in solution of the antibody-antigen reaction.
Adaptive calibration techniques for time-interleavedADCs (2001)

At high sampling rates, the resolution of time-interleaved analogue-to-digital converters appears to be limited by the path mismatches, which produce distortions in the output spectrum. Adaptive calibration structures, which can converge in the mean, are described. They operate in the background and significantly improve the converter performance.
Mussel-inspired hydrogels for biomedical and environmental applications (2014)

This mini-review highlights the recent development of mussel-inspired hydrogels in biomedical and environmental fields.
Structure-activity Relationships in the Development of Hypoxic Cell Radiosensitizers (1979)

The efficiency of 35 nitroaromatic and nitroheterocyclic compounds in radiosensitizing hypoxic Chinese Hamster cells in vitro was determined. The concentration C of the compound required to achieve an enhancement ratio of 1.6 was measured, and the redox and partition properties were quantified as the one-electron reduction potential at pH 7, E, and the octanol: water partition coefficient, P, respectively. Most of the compounds studied were 2-nitroimidazoles, but some 4- and 5-nitromidazoles, 5-nitrofurans and nitrobenzenes were investigated for comparison. Together with data for nine nitroimidazoles previously reported, the results were fitted to a structure-activity relationship of the form -log C = b0 + b1E + b2 log P + b3 (log P)2 using multiple linear regression analysis. Statistical tests showed that the coefficients b2 and b3 were not significantly different from zero and the simpler equation, obtained by omitting the terms in log P, explained 85 per cent of the variance in log C. Earlier reports that the radiosensitization efficiency of nitro compounds in vitro largely depends on the reduction potential were confirmed. The conclusive demonstration that P is unimportant in vitro is valuable in interpreting the results of experiments in vivo, where P is expected to have a much greater influence on biological response.
A Human Monoclonal Antibody that Binds Serotype A Botulinum Neurotoxin (2008)

Monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated significant potential as therapeutics for botulinum neurotoxin exposures. We previously described a hybridoma method for cloning native human antibodies that uses a murine myeloma cell line that ectopically expresses the human telomerase catalytic subunit gene (hTERT) and the murine interleukin-6 gene (mIL-6). Here we describe a heterohybridoma cell line that ectopically expresses mIL-6 and hTERT and has improved stability of hTERT expression. We fused this cell line to human peripheral blood B cells from a subject who had received the botulinum toxoid vaccine, cloning a high-affinity antibody (13A) specific for serotype A botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT/A). The 13A antibody is an affinity-matured, post-germinal center IgG(1) lambda antibody that has partial neutralization activity in vivo. 13A binds an epitope on BoNT/A that overlaps the binding epitope of an IgG antibody previously shown to fully neutralize a lethal dose of BoNT/A in vivo. The 13A antibody may be useful for diagnostic testing or for incorporation into an oligoclonal therapeutic to counteract BoNT/A exposure.
Effects of Cyclic Loading and Various Test Conditions in an Uniaxial Tester (2007)

Abstract The effect of cyclic loading during consolidation in an uniaxial tester is investigated. The effect seems to be a reduction of the compressive strength of BCR limestone powder, except for consolidation stresses close to the stress level of the cyclic loading. The larger the consolidation stress level is, the more the compressive strength is reduced compared to standard consolidation without cycling. The velocity of the piston under consolidation, as well as the number of cycles and at what stress level the cycling took place, also affect the compressive strength.
Influence of Carbon Source Pre-Adaptation on Clostridium ljungdahlii Growth and Product Formation (2011)

Syngas fermentation is considered an alternate processing method for biofuel and biochemical production as part of thermochemical biomass conversion. Exposure of syngas fermenting microorganisms to sugars, either in the primary syngas fermentation or through pre-adaptation in the seed culture, has the potential to enhance overall fermentation performance and stress tolerance. In this rapid communication, Clostridium ljungdahlii was grown on different carbon sources including syngas only, syngas-fructose and fructose only to identify ideal pre-adaptation conditions for ethanol and acetate production from subsequent cultures grown in reactors containing syngas only or fructose-syngas substrates. In syngas only reactors, cultures pre-adapted to fructose had faster cell production rates (2X) and at least 83% higher ethanol and 16% higher acetate formation than cells pre-adapted on syngas or syngas-fructose. In syngasfructose reactors, cultures did not show significant growth or acetate production differences under pre-adaptation treatments. Nevertheless, in these syngas-fructose reactors, cultures pre-adapted on syngas and syngas-fructose had nearly 20% higher ethanol production than those pre-adapted on fructose. Among pre-adaptation treatments, fructose had better results in syngas only reactors than syngas-fructose reactors. However, the presence of syngas in preadaptation cultures was better overall for ethanol production.
Complement C3 and C4 in plasma and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke: a population-based cohort study (2007)

C3 and C4 show substantial correlations with cardiovascular risk factors, including blood pressure, BMI, and lipids. This relationship accounts for the increased incidence of CVD in men with high C3 levels. However, very high C4 levels may be associated with the incidence of CVD, independently of traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
The strength of brittle materials containing second phase dispersions (1972)

Abstract Cracks in brittle materials can be impeded by obstacles in the form of second phase dispersions. The crack tends to bow out between obstacles forming secondary semi-elliptical flaws. The strength is determined by the stress to propagate these secondary cracks. Stress calculations show that this depends on the ratios of the obstacle dimensions and the obstacle spacing and, except for large relative obstacle spacings, the stress is larger than the stress to extend the primary crack. Second phase dispersions will usually increase strength, therefore, through an effect equivalent to the ‘line tension effect’ observed for dislocation motion. A comparison of the calculated ‘line tension effect’ with observed increases in strength in brittle matrix composites shows that line tension is the major contribution to the strength increase for brittle obstacles, but only a minor contribution for fibre composites, and probably a minor contribution for ductile obstacles.
Dual-comb spectroscopy of water vapor with a free-running semiconductor disk laser (2017)

Dual-comb spectroscopy offers the potential for high accuracy combined with fast data acquisition. Applications are often limited, however, by the complexity of optical comb systems. Here we present dual-comb spectroscopy of water vapor using a substantially simplified single-laser system. Very good spectroscopy measurements with fast sampling rates are achieved with a free-running dual-comb mode-locked semiconductor disk laser. The absolute stability of the optical comb modes is characterized both for free-running operation and with simple microwave stabilization. This approach drastically reduces the complexity for dual-comb spectroscopy. Band-gap engineering to tune the center wavelength from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared could optimize frequency combs for specific gas targets, further enabling dual-comb spectroscopy for a wider range of industrial applications.
Alterations of Endothelial Nucleotide Levels by Mycophenolic Acid Result in Changes of Membrane Glycosylation and E-Selectin Expression (1999)

The effect of the inhibitor of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), mycophenolic acid, on intracellular nucleotides and the synthesis of cellular glycoproteins was evaluated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. A clinically attainable concentration (10 micromol/l) of mycophenolic acid decreased guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) levels significantly and led to a strong elevation of uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP), whereas intracellular adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) pools remained unaffected. The staining of the endothelial cell membranes with lectins specific for fucose and mannose (Ulex europaeus- and Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, respectively) was reduced, reflecting an inhibition of fucose and mannose incorporation into endothelial glycoproteins. The surface expression of E-selectin, an important determinant for leuko-endothelial interactions decreased significantly. Guanine and guanosine prevented the actions of mycophenolic acid and reversed the drug-induced decrease in GTP and its associated effects. The findings that mycophenolic acid produces alterations in the formation of glycoproteins and in the membrane architecture are indicative of metabolic lesions induced by an agent that depresses guanine nucleotide synthesis through inhibition of IMPDH. The pronounced reduction of E-selectin surface expression on endothelial cells accompanied by changes of endothelial cell fucosylation, a prerequisite for the contact with lymphocytic L-selectin, indicates an inhibitory effect of mycophenolic acid in the rolling phase of leukocyte recruitment and strongly implies a new and additional immunosuppressive mechanism of this agent.
Management of reflux disease (2002)

The management of reflux disease can be divided into three major phases, the first being diagnosis and severity assessment, the second, prompt initial control of symptoms, and the third, selection of a long term management approach that is tailored to meet individual patient needs and preferences. Throughout these phases of management, the major priorities should include achieving patient satisfaction and minimising management costs.
Identification of a 27 bp 5′-flanking region element responsible for the low level constitutive expression of the human cytosolic phospholipase A<sub>2</sub>gene (1995)

The cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) gene codes for an enzyme that liberates arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids, and thus plays a pivotal role in the production of the prostaglandin and leukotriene mediators of inflammation, as well as in a variety of cell signalling pathways. After preliminary studies demonstrated the cPLA2 gene is expressed in a variety of human tissues and was localized to the q arm of chromosome 1 between markers F13B and D1S74, we cloned and characterized the 5'-flanking region of this gene in order to identify the elements controlling its low level constitutive expression. The 5'-flanking region has features typical of a housekeeping gene with no TATA box or CAAT box, although atypical in that it is not GC rich, has no SP1 sites, and has a long run of CA repeats. Analysis of fragments of the 5'-flanking region demonstrated that 541 bp 5' to exon 1 supported reporter gene activity at a level 30% of the SV40 promoter. Interestingly, similar activity was observed by deleting most of the 5'-flanking region down to a 27 bp region containing a sequence with homology to the initiator sequence in the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase gene and a polypyrimidine tract similar to the initiator element of the mouse ribosomal protein gene. Within this 27 bp region, a 10 bp fragment (-17 to -8 bp) within the polypyrimidine tract is critical for the baseline expression of the human cPLA2 gene. While the 5'-flanking region contains a putative composite AP-1 and glucocorticoid response element, this region does not respond to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and/or glucocorticoids in a cell line (HEp-2) that exhibits upregulation of cPLA2 mRNA transcript levels by TNF. The observations that the expression of the cPLA2 gene is tightly controlled at a relatively low level is consistent with the evolving concept that modulation of expression of this critical enzyme is primarily at the post-translational level.
A totally synthetic glucose responsive gel operating in physiological aqueous conditions (2010)

Here described is a phenylboronic acid (PBA) based glucose-responsive hydrogel operating under physiological pH and temperature, a material potentially applicable to a totally synthetic smart insulin delivery system to treat diabetes.
An improved hidden Markov model for transmembrane protein detection and topology prediction and its applications to complete genomes (2005)

http://liao.cis.udel.edu/website/servers/TMMOD/
High Aspect Ratio Wrinkles via Substrate Prestretch (2014)

A non-fractured, high aspect ratio wrinkled surface is successfully fabricated. Building upon recently developed models of the localization transition and the current knowledge of surface failures, the wrinkling mode is stabilized at high strain, doubling the accessible wrinkling aspect ratio to the currently reported value. This high aspect ratio surface provides significant promise for future wrinkle-based applications.
DDoS-Resilient Scheduling to Counter Application Layer Attacks Under Imperfect Detection (2006)

Countering Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks is becoming ever more challenging with the vast resources and techniques increasingly available to attackers. In this paper, we consider sophisticated attacks that are protocol-compliant, non-intrusive, and utilize legitimate application-layer requests to overwhelm system resources. We characterize application-layer resource attacks as either request flooding, asymmetric, or repeated one-shot, on the basis of the application workload parameters that they exploit. To protect servers from these attacks, we propose a counter-mechanism that consists of a suspicion assignment mechanism and a DDoS-resilient scheduler, DDoS Shield. In contrast to prior work, our suspicion mechanism assigns a continuous valued vs. binary measure to each client session, and the scheduler utilizes these values to determine if and when to schedule a session’s requests. Using testbed experiments on a web application, we demonstrate the potency of these resource attacks and evaluate the efficacy of our counter-mechanism. For instance, we effect an asymmetric attack which overwhelms the server resources, increasing the response time of legitimate clients from 0.1 seconds to 10 seconds. Under the same attack scenario, DDoS Shield limits the effects of false-negatives and false-positives and improves the victims’ performance to 0.8 seconds.
Normal reproductive organ development in CF-1 mice following prenatal exposure to bisphenol A (1999)

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer used in the manufacture of a multitude of chemical products, including epoxy resins and polycarbonate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of BPA on male sexual development. This study, performed in CF-1 mice, was limited to the measurement of sex-organ weights, daily sperm production (DSP), epididymal sperm count, and testis histopathology in the offspring of female mice exposed to low doses of BPA (0, 0.2, 2, 20, or 200 microg/kg/day), by deposition in the mouth on gestation days 11-17. Male sexual development determinations were made in offspring at 90 days-of-age. Since this study was conducted to investigate and clarify low-dose effects reported by S. C. Nagel et al., 1997, Environ. Health Perspect. 105, 70-76, and F. S. vom Saal et al., 1998, Toxicol. Indust. Health 14, 239-260, our study protocol purposely duplicated the referenced studies for all factors indicated as critical by those investigators. An additional group was dosed orally with 0.2 microg/kg/day of diethylstilbestrol (DES), which was selected based on the maternal dose reported to have maximum effect on the prostate of developing offspring, by F. S. vom Saal (1996, personal communication), vom Saal et al. (1997, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 94, 2056-2061). Tocopherol-stripped corn oil was used as the vehicle for BPA and DES, and was administered alone to control animals. No treatment-related effects on clinical observations, body weight, or food consumption were observed in adult females administered any dose of BPA or DES. Similarly, no treatment-related effects on growth or survival of offspring from dams treated with BPA or DES were observed. The total number of pups born per litter was slightly lower in the 200-microg/kg/day BPA group when compared to controls, but this change was not considered treatment-related since the litter size was within the normal range of historical controls. There were no treatment-related effects of BPA or DES on testes histopathology, daily sperm production, or sperm count, or on prostate, preputial gland, seminal vesicle, or epididymis weights at doses previously reported to affect these organs or at doses an order of magnitude higher or lower. In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, the effects of low doses of BPA reported by S. C. Nagel et al., 1997 (see above) and F. S. vom Saal et al., 1998 (see above), or of DES reported by F. S. vom Saal et al., 1997 (see above) were not observed. The absence of adverse findings in the offspring of dams treated orally with DES challenges the "low-dose hypothesis" of a special susceptibility of mammals exposed perinatally to ultra-low doses of even potent estrogenic chemicals. Based on the data in the present study and the considerable body of literature on effects of BPA at similar and much higher doses, BPA should not be considered as a selective reproductive or developmental toxicant.
Utilizing a portable cycle purge nitrogen venturi for removal of process gases in semiconductor processing gas systems (1992)

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