gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Engineering for the future: weight saving and cost reduction initiatives (2001)

Over the past several years, Pechiney has launched intensive R&D activities, in close connection with its main customers, aimed at tailoring property balances to specific applications and at reducing the overall cost of manufactured aircraft parts. These close partnerships led to the development of a number of new alloys and tempers covering all the major aircraft structural parts, all of them bringing benefits in one or more design properties, and all of them having being chosen for new aircraft. Similarly, new special qualities were designed to reduce customer costs: low residual stress, high formability, age formable and weldable solutions were developed and chosen for their efficiency in lean manufacturing. It is the purpose of this paper to review these cost reduction and weight saving initiatives conducted by Pechiney. The main design property improvements for the newly developed alloys and tempers and practical applications of the special material qualities will be reported. In addition, the underlying metallurgical principles of the performance improvements will be discussed.
Mechanism of immunosuppression of the antirheumatic herb TWHf in human T cells. (1999)

This is the first evidence that the immunosuppressive mechanism of TWHf in T cells was mediated through both downregulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway and induction of cellular apoptosis, which is defective in autoimmune diseases.
Antioxidant and emulsifying activity of N-(long-chain-acyl)histidine and N-(long-chain-acyl)carnosine (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAntioxidant and emulsifying activity of N-(long-chain-acyl)histidine and N-(long-chain-acyl)carnosineHironobu. Murase, Akihiko. Nagao, and Junji. TeraoCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1993, 41, 10, 1601–1604Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00034a014https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00034a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views317Altmetric-Citations71LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Reformer feedstock pretreatment (1989)

Naphtha Hydrotreating is sometimes inadequate to achieve product sulfur consistently less than 1 wppm. High rhenium naphtha reforming catalysts have 0.5 wppm as a sulfur limit, but lower sulfur concentrations are preferred. Achieving these consistently low sulfur levels is possible using supplemental sulfur sorption processes. These processes are differentiated by the process stream on which each is installed. The liquid phase process is installed on the stripper bottoms and the vapor phase process is installed within the reformer recycle loop after the last preheat exchanger. In evaluation of which process should be used, this paper also presents some guidelines.
Design of a mathematical expression recognition system (2002)

We present a system to segment and recognize texts and mathematical expressions in a document. The system can be divided into six stages: page segmentation and labeling, character segmentation, feature extraction, character recognition, expression formation, and error correction and expression extraction. In expression formation, we build a symbol relation tree for each text line to represent the relationships among the symbols in the text line. Some heuristic rules based on the primitive tokens are used to correct the recognition errors in a text line. We extract all mathematical expressions according to some basic expression forms. Our database consists of 190 symbols in the current stage. The average recognition rate is about 96.16%.
Destruction of biological particles using non-thermal plasma (2016)

Mechanism of inactivation of bio-particles exposed to non-thermal plasma (NTP), namely, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), and plasma jet (PJ), has been studied using <i>E. coli</i>, <i>B. subtilis</i> spore, <i>S. cerevisiae</i> and bacteriophages. States of different biological components were monitored during the course of inactivation. Analysis of green fluorescent protein, GFP, introduced into <i>E. coli</i>. or <i>B. subtiles</i> spore cells proved that radicals generated by NTP penetrate into microbes, destroying the cell membrane and finally damage the genes. We have evaluated the damage of the bacteriophages. Bacteriophage λ having double stranded DNA was exposed to DBD, then DNA was purified and subjected to <i>in vitro</i> DNA packaging reactions. The re-packaged phages consist of the DNA from discharged phages and brand-new coat proteins were proved to be active, indicating that the damage of coat proteins is responsible for inactivation. M13 phages having single stranded DNA were also examined with the same manner. In this case, damage to the DNA was as severe as that of the coat proteins. For practical applications, DBD showed very intense sterilization ability for <i>B. Subtilis</i> spore with the D-value of less than 10 s. This result indicates a possibility of application of NTP for quick sterilization.
Computation of Smallest Eigenvalues using Spectral Schur Complements (2005)

The automated multilevel substructuring method (AMLS) was recently presented as an alternative to well-established methods for computing eigenvalues of large matrices in the context of structural engineering. This technique is based on exploiting a high level of dimensional reduction via domain decomposition and projection methods. This paper takes a purely algebraic look at the method and explains that it can be viewed as a combination of three ingredients: (a) A first order expansion to a nonlinear eigenvalue problem that approximates the restriction of the original eigenproblem on the interface between the subdomains, (b) judicious projections on partial eigenbases that correspond to the interior of the subdomains, (c) recursivity. This viewpoint leads us to explore variants of the method which use Krylov subspaces instead of eigenbases to construct subspaces of approximants. The nonlinear eigenvalue problem viewpoint yields a second order approximation as an enhancement to the first order technique inherent to AMLS. Numerical experiments are reported to validate the approaches presented.
A <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1\times8$ </tex-math> </inline-formula> Linear Ultra-Wideband Phased Array With Connected Dipoles and Hyperbolic Microstrip Baluns (2018)

A 1×8 linear single polarized ultra-wideband connected dipole phased array with wide angle scan range is proposed. The dipoles in the array are connected with each other in E-plane to improve the impedance matching on the low end of the frequency band. The frequency band and the scan range in E-plane is 2~9 GHz for broadside radiation, 2~8 GHz for 30° scan, 2~7 GHz for 45° scan, and 2~6.5 GHz for 60° scan. The VSWR is better than 2.0 across the frequency band from 2 to 9 GHz for broadside radiation and the cross-polarization level is below -10 dB. A hyperbolic microstrip balun is used as an impedance transformer to connect the 50 Ω SMA connector to a 150 Ω broadband dipole in an array. The structure of this antenna is totally planar and low profile, thus it is made easy to integrate with the PCB boards. To eliminate the surface wave blindness, no other dielectric layer is used in the array. The proposed balun supports common mode (CM) current and the radiation of this CM current cancels the radiation of the dipole in some frequency for a certain scan angle, this results in feed blindness. Adding H-plane PEC walls decreases the feed blindness frequency in the design.
Full-swing Schottky BiCMOS/BiNMOS and the effects of operating frequency and supply voltage scaling (1994)

Novel full-swing BiCMOS/BiNMOS logic circuits which use Schottky diode in the pull-up section for low supply-voltage regime are developed. The full-swing pull-up operation is performed by saturating the bipolar transistor with a base current pulse. After which, the base is isolated and bootstrapped to a voltage higher than V/sub DD/. The BiCMOS/BiNMOS circuits do not require a PNP bipolar transistor. They outperform other BiCMOS circuits at low supply voltage, particularly at 2 V using 0.5 /spl mu/m BiCMOS technology. Delay, area, and power dissipation comparisons have been performed. The new circuits offer delay reduction at 2 V supply voltage of 37% to 56% over CMOS. The minimum fanout at which the new circuits outperform CMOS gate is 2 to 3. Furthermore, the effect of the operating frequency on the delay of a wide range of BiCMOS and BiNMOS circuits is reported for the first time, showing the superiority of the Schottky circuits.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Inhibition of type I and type II iodothyronine deiodinase activity in rat liver, kidney and brain produced by selenium deficiency (1989)

Selenium deficiency for periods of 5 or 6 weeks in rats produced an inhibition of tri-iodothyronine (T3) production from added thyroxine (T4) in brain, liver and kidney homogenate. This inhibition was reflected in plasma T4 and T3 concentrations, which were respectively increased and decreased in selenium-deficient animals. Although plasma T4 levels increased in selenium-deficient animals, this did not produce the normal feedback inhibition on thyrotropin release from the pituitary. Selenium deficiency was confirmed in the animals by decreased selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GSH-Px) activity in all of these tissues. Administration of selenium, as a single intraperitoneal injection of 200 micrograms of selenium (as Na2SeO3)/kg body weight completely reversed the effects of selenium deficiency on thyroid-hormone metabolism and partly restored the activity of Se-GSH-Px. Selenium administration at 10 micrograms/kg body weight had no significant effect on thyroid-hormone metabolism or on Se-GSH-Px activity in any of the tissues studied. The characteristic changes in plasma thyroid-hormone levels that occurred in selenium deficiency appeared not to be due to non-specific stress factors, since food restriction to 75% of normal intake or vitamin E deficiency produced no significant changes in plasma T4 or T3 concentration. These data are consistent with the view that the Type I and Type II iodothyronine deiodinase enzymes are seleno-enzymes or require selenium-containing cofactors for activity.
Design of grating-assisted codirectional couplers with discrete inverse-scattering algorithms (2003)

We present a flexible and accurate approach for the design of grating-assisted codirectional couplers. The design method is based on a discrete coupling model. The two spectral responses of the coupler are chosen according to certain physical constraints. We prove necessary and sufficient conditions for realizability and demonstrate how they can be applied for determining an optimal coupler response. The ambiguity when designing a coupler with a specified cross-coupling response is also discussed in detail. Once the realizable responses have been found, they can be applied as input to a layer-peeling inverse-scattering method which computes the required coupler structure. The layer-peeling algorithm is implemented in the time domain for increased efficiency and clarity. Since the algorithm is tailored to the special case of codirectional coupling, divergence problems for strong coupling is avoided. Numerical design examples are shown in order to illustrate the performance of the method. Various realizations of square passband filters with high power transfer and a long-period fiber grating filter for EDFA gain flattening within the entire C-band have been designed.
Laser‐Induced generation of thin silicone layers with high chemical and spectral purity (1994)

Abstract Excimer lasers (ArF, λ = 193 nm, and KrF, λ = 248 nm) were used to generate polymers free of additives such as catalysts, initiators, or sensitizers. The layers obtained are of potential interest for medical applications and future molecular electronics. Dimethylpolysiloxanes and dimethylsiloxane copolymers that contain phenyl‐, n ‐hexyl‐ or 3.3.3‐trifluoropropyl groups or silicon‐bound hydrogen atoms were crosslinked in the liquid phase, whereby layer thicknesses in the range from 1–300 μm were obtained. Disiloxanes and alkoxysilanes were deposited from the gas phase (LCVD, laser chemical vapor deposition) resulting in layer thicknesses below 1 μm. In almost all cases, organic layers with a smooth surface, transparency, and good adhesion were obtained on silicon as well as quartz substrates. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A system for measuring surface facet orientation from atomic force microscope data (1996)

The authors describe a graphical system developed for researchers in materials science for extracting information from data obtained by atomic force microscopy. In particular, they consider the problem of computing surface orientations from data obtained from ceramic materials. The visualization problems they consider in designing this system include finding useful mechanisms for the researcher to interact with the data, presenting results in forms familiar to the scientist, and enhancing traditional display techniques.
Direct Oxidation of Methane to Methanol at Low Temperature and Pressure in an Electrochemical Fuel Cell (2008)

Fuel for thought? The direct oxidation of methane to methanol occurs at atmospheric pressure between 50 and 250 °C in a fuel-cell-type reactor (see picture). The efficiency of the electrochemical activation of oxygen is higher than that for the catalytic activation of oxygen.
The AGNP-TDM Expert Group Consensus Guidelines: focus on therapeutic monitoring of antidepressants (2005)

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of psychotropic drugs such as antidepressants has been widely introduced for optimization of pharmacotherapy in psychiatric patients. The interdisciplinary TDM group of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Neuropsychopharmakologie und Pharmakopsychiatrie (AGNP) has worked out consensus guidelines with the aim of providing psychiatrists and TDM laboratories with a tool to optimize the use of TDM. Five research-based levels of recommendation were defined with regard to routine monitoring of drug plasma concentrations: (i) strongly recommended; (ii) recommended; (iii) useful; (iv) probably useful; and (v) not recommended. In addition, a list of indications that justify the use of TDM is presented, eg, control of compliance, lack of clinical response or adverse effects at recommended doses, drug interactions, pharmacovigilance programs, presence of a genetic particularity concerning drug metabolism, and children, adolescents, and elderly patients. For some drugs, studies on therapeutic ranges are lacking, but target ranges for clinically relevant plasma concentrations are presented for most drugs, based on pharmacokinetic studies reported in the literature. For many antidepressants, a thorough analysis of the literature on studies dealing with the plasma concentration-clinical effectiveness relationship allowed inclusion of therapeutic ranges of plasma concentrations. In addition, recommendations are made with regard to the combination of pharmacogenetic (phenotyping or genotyping) tests with TDM. Finally, practical instructions are given for the laboratory practitioners and the treating physicians how to use TDM: preparation of TDM, drug analysis, reporting and interpretation of results, and adequate use of information for patient treatment TDM is a complex process that needs optimal interdisciplinary coordination of a procedure implicating patients, treating physicians, clinical pharmacologists, and clinical laboratory specialists. These consensus guidelines should be helpful for optimizing TDM of antidepressants.
Effect of intranasal exposure to leukotoxindeficient Mannheimia haemolytica at the time of arrival at the feedyard on subsequent isolation of M haemolytica from nasal secretions of calves (2003)

Exposure of calves to LktA-deficient MH elicited an increase in serum antibody titers against MH and decreased colonization of the nasopharynx by wild-type MH. Earlier exposure would likely allow an immune response to develop before transportation and offer protection from nasopharyngeal colonization and pneumonia caused by wild-type MH.
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a review of the recent patent literature (2010)

Targeting PDGFR kinase with small molecule inhibitors has remained a very active area. Many new and novel PDGFR inhibitors with different selectivity profiles are being discovered and evaluated. In cancer therapy, the identification of novel and potent PDGFR inhibitors with preferred kinase inhibitory profiles that deliver superior antitumor efficacy, yet have manageable side effects and toxicities, will continue to be the key for success. Additionally, interest in targeting PDGF signaling for intervention of various vascular diseases and fibrotic conditions is expected to continue to grow.
Stacking faults in heavily nitrogen doped 4H-SiC (2004)

A high density of planar defects is observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in wafers cut from 4H-SiC crystals containing nitrogen above about 2 × 1019 cm−3 and heat treated at 1100 °C. All of the planar defects observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy have the same structure comprising six Si-C bilayers in cubic stacking sequence. Such a lamella can originate from two stacking faults in neighbouring basal planes and is therefore called double stacking fault. The recently proposed quantum well model of the electronic structure of the double stacking faults is used to explain the characteristic luminescence band at about 500 nm and the strong anisotropy of the electrical resistivity in the heavily doped, heat treated wafers.
W-7783, a unique antifungal antibiotic (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTW-7783, a unique antifungal antibioticDavid T. Connor, R. Clive Greenough, and Maximillian Von StrandtmannCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 23, 3664–3669Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00443a006https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00443a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views324Altmetric-Citations85LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Multifunctional Gold Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and Therapy of Disease (2013)

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have a number of physical properties that make them appealing for medical applications. For example, the attenuation of X-rays by gold nanoparticles has led to their use in computed tomography imaging and as adjuvants for radiotherapy. AuNPs have numerous other applications in imaging, therapy and diagnostic systems. The advanced state of synthetic chemistry of gold nanoparticles offers precise control over physicochemical and optical properties. Furthermore gold cores are inert and are considered to be biocompatible and nontoxic. The surface of gold nanoparticles can easily be modified for a specific application, and ligands for targeting, drugs or biocompatible coatings can be introduced. AuNPs can be incorporated into larger structures such as polymeric nanoparticles or liposomes that deliver large payloads for enhanced diagnostic applications, efficiently encapsulate drugs for concurrent therapy or add additional imaging labels. This array of features has led to the aforementioned applications in biomedical fields, but more recently in approaches where multifunctional gold nanoparticles are used for multiple methods, such as concurrent diagnosis and therapy, so-called theranostics. This review covers basic principles and recent findings in gold nanoparticle applications for imaging, therapy and diagnostics, with a focus on reports of multifunctional AuNPs.
The role of VHDL within the TOSCA hardware/software codesign framework (1994)

VHDL-based cosimulation, starting from high-level cospecification. The prototype software environment, supporting the envisaged codesign flow, will also be addressed. This paper presents an overview of a hardware/software codesign methodology and its supporting framework (TOSCA) with emphasis on the role played by the VHDL language. The proposed approach is tailored for control-oriented applications and aims at capturing the entire codesign flow, including system cospecification, high-level partitioning, hw/sw tradeoffs, cosynthesis and cosimulation. 2. The codesign environment The proposed methodology aims at allowing computer-aided exploration of alternative system architectures in order to balance hardware cost/performance and software flexibility. A prototype software environment, supporting the codesign flow depicted in fig.1, is currently under development. The final goal is to cover all the following issues: VHDL acts as the cornerstone in the task of evaluating the outputs of the codesign flow as well as linking them to commercial simulation and synthesis environments. In particular, the paper will address the issue of simulating hardware/software architectures, focusing on the application of VHDL to the definition of an easily retargetable CPU core model by exploiting the concept of virtual kernel and customizable input/output management scheme. • acquisition of behavioral specifications, suited to the application field of interest, while maintaining full independence of any particular hw/sw implementation; • analysis/validation at specification-level; • tool-directed system-level partitioning including hw/sw binding of specifications;