gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New polymer electrolyte nanocomposites: Melt intercalation of poly(ethylene oxide) in mica‐type silicates (1995)

The electrochemical performance of polymer‐based batteries can be improved by the addition of inorganic fillers to the polymer electrolyte, giving composite polymer electrolytes. The use of polymer nano composites, where the dimensions of the filler particles are reduced, should lead to the improvement of the performance of the electrolytes. Here, the direct intercalation of poly(ethylene oxide) into Na⊕ and Li⊕‐exchanged layered silicates and the properties of the resulting nanocomposites is reported.
Polymer emulsion test methods (1972)

There is somewhat of a lack of national and international standards regarding the performance of synthetic polymer emulsions, despite their undoubted importance as raw materials. This article describes the test methods used at, and in some cases modified by, Vinyl Products. The descriptions of the methods used are not intended to be full working instructions, but simply relate the values quoted in data sheets.
System design considerations for ultra-wideband communication (2005)

This article discusses issues associated with high-data-rate pulsed ultra-wideband system design, including the baseband processing, transmitter, antenna, receiver, and analog-to-digital conversion. A modular platform is presented that can be used for developing system specifications and prototyping designs. This prototype modulates data with binary phase shift keyed pulses, communicates over a wireless link using UWB antennas and a wideband direct conversion front-end, and samples the received signal for demodulation. Design considerations are introduced for a custom chipset that operates in the 3.1-10.6 GHz band. The chipset is being designed using the results from the discrete prototype.
Bayesian inference in estimation of distribution algorithms (2007)

Metaheuristics such as Estimation of Distribution Algorithms and the Cross-Entropy method use probabilistic modelling and inference to generate candidate solutions in optimization problems. The model fitting task in this class of algorithms has largely been carried out to date based on maximum likelihood. An alternative approach that is prevalent in statistics and machine learning is to use Bayesian inference. In this paper, we provide a framework for the application of Bayesian inference techniques in probabilistic model-based optimization. Based on this framework, a simple continuous Bayesian Estimation of Distribution Algorithm is described. We evaluate and compare this algorithm experimentally with its maximum likelihood equivalent, UMDA <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</sup> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> .
Recurrent Mixture Density Network for Spatiotemporal Visual Attention (2016)

In many computer vision tasks, the relevant information to solve the problem at hand is mixed to irrelevant, distracting information. This has motivated researchers to design attentional models that can dynamically focus on parts of images or videos that are salient, e.g., by down-weighting irrelevant pixels. In this work, we propose a spatiotemporal attentional model that learns where to look in a video directly from human fixation data. We model visual attention with a mixture of Gaussians at each frame. This distribution is used to express the probability of saliency for each pixel. Time consistency in videos is modeled hierarchically by: 1) deep 3D convolutional features to represent spatial and short-term time relations and 2) a long short-term memory network on top that aggregates the clip-level representation of sequential clips and therefore expands the temporal domain from few frames to seconds. The parameters of the proposed model are optimized via maximum likelihood estimation using human fixations as training data, without knowledge of the action in each video. Our experiments on Hollywood2 show state-of-the-art performance on saliency prediction for video. We also show that our attentional model trained on Hollywood2 generalizes well to UCF101 and it can be leveraged to improve action classification accuracy on both datasets.
Understanding Humans in Crowded Scenes: Deep Nested Adversarial Learning and A New Benchmark for Multi-Human Parsing (2018)

Despite the noticeable progress in perceptual tasks like detection, instance segmentation and human parsing, computers still perform unsatisfactorily on visually understanding humans in crowded scenes, such as group behavior analysis, person re-identification and autonomous driving, etc. To this end, models need to comprehensively perceive the semantic information and the differences between instances in a multi-human image, which is recently defined as the multi-human parsing task. In this paper, we present a new large-scale database "Multi-Human Parsing (MHP)" for algorithm development and evaluation, and advances the state-of-the-art in understanding humans in crowded scenes. MHP contains 25,403 elaborately annotated images with 58 fine-grained semantic category labels, involving 2-26 persons per image and captured in real-world scenes from various viewpoints, poses, occlusion, interactions and background. We further propose a novel deep Nested Adversarial Network (NAN) model for multi-human parsing. NAN consists of three Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)-like sub-nets, respectively performing semantic saliency prediction, instance-agnostic parsing and instance-aware clustering. These sub-nets form a nested structure and are carefully designed to learn jointly in an end-to-end way. NAN consistently outperforms existing state-of-the-art solutions on our MHP and several other datasets, and serves as a strong baseline to drive the future research for multi-human parsing.
Short-Latency Disparity Vergence in Humans (2001)

Eye movement recordings from humans indicated that brief exposures (200 ms) to horizontal disparity steps applied to large random-dot patterns elicit horizontal vergence at short latencies (80.9 +/- 3.9 ms, mean +/- SD; n = 7). Disparity tuning curves, describing the dependence of the initial vergence responses (measured over the period 90-157 ms after the step) on the magnitude of the steps, resembled the derivative of a Gaussian, with nonzero asymptotes and a roughly linear servo region that extended only a degree or two on either side of zero disparity. Responses showed transient postsaccadic enhancement: disparity steps applied in the immediate wake of saccadic eye movements yielded higher vergence accelerations than did the same steps applied some time later (mean time constant of the decay, 200 ms). This enhancement seemed to be dependent, at least in part, on the visual reafference associated with the prior saccade because similar enhancement was observed when the disparity steps were applied in the wake of saccadelike shifts of the textured pattern. Vertical vergence responses to vertical disparity steps were qualitatively similar: latencies were longer (on average, by 3 ms), disparity tuning curves had the same general form but were narrower (by approximately 20%), and their peak-to-peak amplitudes were smaller (by approximately 70%). Initial vergence responses usually had directional errors (orthogonal components) with a very systematic dependence on step size that often approximated an exponential decay to a nonzero asymptote (mean space constant +/- SD, 1.18 +/- 0.66 degrees ). Based on the asymptotes of these orthogonal responses, horizontal errors (with vertical steps) were on average more than three times greater than vertical errors (with horizontal steps). Disparity steps >7 degrees generated "default" responses that were independent of the direction of the step, idiosyncratic, and generally had both horizontal and vertical components. We suggest that the responses depend on detectors that sense local disparity matches, and that orthogonal and "default" responses result from globally "false" matches. Recordings from three monkeys, using identical disparity stimuli, confirmed that monkeys also show short-latency disparity vergence responses (latency approximately 25 ms shorter than that of humans), and further indicated that these responses show all of the major features seen in humans, the differences between the two species being solely quantitative. Based on these data and those of others implying that foveal images normally take precedence, we suggest that the mechanisms under study here ordinarily serve to correct small vergence errors, automatically, especially after saccades.
Study of simplified test procedure for 10-GB-Ethernet fibers (2002)

The bandwidth test under a special restricted mode launch is investigated as a simplified test procedure for the new generation high bandwidth fibers. By computer simulations, possible bandwidth variations are studied for usual deviations from the optimum refractive-index profile under 293 different launching conditions. These launching conditions represent excitations of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) showing normal fabrication tolerances, such as spatial offsets, angular tilts up, and gaps, between the VCSEL and the fiber end face. Although all excitations fulfill the criteria required for transmitters in 10-GB-Ethernet systems, the resulting bandwidth-length products of the same fiber can vary. This dependency is investigated for fibers with different refractive-index profiles.
Nonlinear Kinetic Analysis of the Elimination of Lipid Emulsion Administered Intravenously to Dogs (1983)

A model based on a Michaelis-Menten nonlinear kinetic approach was used to analyze the kinetics of elimination of an intravenously infused lipid emulsion in the dog. The emulsion was administered at doses of 0.3, 3, or 6 g of lipid/kg of body weight. The model was applicable to all data regardless of the kinetic order of the elimination process operating. This can be either zero (linear), mixed, or first order (exponential). Furthermore, it was also found that parameters derived with the model can be used to predict the kinetics of elimination at different dosages. However, it was also shown that elimination parameters for a single bolus dose of lipid emulsion cannot be used to predict the manner in which a continuously infused dose will be eliminated.
Could silver nano-particles control the 2019-nCoV virus?; An urgent glance to the past (2020)

2019-nCoV, this tiny crowned virus, which was first spread from Wuhan, China, killed thousands of peoples in China, Italy, Iran, and Spain, in a very short period of time. Now, it reaches to most countries all around the world, and thus, it becomes one of the most important threats against all human race. The fact is, the outbreak of this virus showed us, how much our science about the new viruses is weak and insufficient. In the near future, we have to revolutionary increase our knowledge about viruses and controlling those species. Due to the recent reports about the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) (in vitro and in vivo) on corona virus family especially influenzas, in this study, we have made attempts to take a glance on the effect of AgNPs on the viruses, and ask ourselves "may nano particles inhibit the 2019-nCoV?"
Circulating tumor cell and cell-free RNA capture and expression analysis identify platelet-associated genes in metastatic lung cancer (2019)

Quadcapture ferrofluid reagent did not significantly improve CTC capture efficacy. NanoString analysis based on CTC and plasma cfRNA data highlighted an intriguing PF-4-centric network in patients with metastatic lung cancer.
The topotaxy of the solid-state crystal growth of the spinel MgGa2O4 from its constituent oxides (1975)

The topotaxy of the reaction of single crystals of periclase, MgO, and β-Ga2O3 to form the spinel MgGa2O4 was investigated by optical and X-ray diffraction techniques after reaction at 1600°C. Three different reaction couples were studied, namely the (001) face of β-Ga2O3 contacting the (001), (110) and (111) surfaces of MgO. The three-dimensional coherency of the oxygen arrangement and packing between each constituent oxide and the spinel reaction product was demonstrated. In both cases the close-packed oxygen planes in the spinel product were aligned parallel to the close-packed oxygen planes in the respective reactant. The topotaxies between the spinel product and the parent crystals were: (a) (111)sp||(013)ga1, [1{\bar 1}0]sp||[100]gai; (b) (111)sp||(111)p, [1{\bar 1}0]sp||[1{\bar 1}0]p. The data for the topotaxy of the spinel reaction product with respect to β-Ga2O3 is fully consistent with an earlier study of the precipitation of β-Ga2O3 from a spinel crystalline solution. This study verified a Wagner-type reaction mechanism where the close-packed oxygen anion structure remains essentially unchanged while the reaction proceeds by a counter diffusion of Mg2+ and Ga3+ ions through the spinel layer formed at the interface. This method of solid-state crystal growth for binary oxide systems at a temperature far below the solidus temperature (≃ 2000°C) can find application in the growth of crystals that decompose or melt ineongruently or that have an undesirable polymorph when solidified directly from the melt.
A novel high-speed PLC communication modem (1992)

An innovative design for power line carrier (PLC) communication using digitally modulated signals is presented. The major contribution is a new signal coupler to the power line that achieves a stable transmission bandwidth of 4 kHz on distribution lines over long distances. Preliminary field tests achieved half-duplex operation at 1.2 kbaud over a distribution power line on the 120 V network and back with a symbol error rate of about 2% using less than about 10 W of average transmitted power, which was considerably superior to the present state-of-the-art PLC modems. Full-duplex operation over 120/240 V intrabuilding wiring has also been field tested at 9.6 kbaud over distances of 3000 ft. using 1 W of average transmitted power.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Real-time, non-vision sensory feedback during minimally invasive surgery (2009)

Minimally invasive surgery is a favorable choice for many operations. But it suffers from lack of tactile sensing information when grasping and handling of tissues. Sole force information in grasper-tissue interface cannot represent the firmness of the grasping nor is sufficient for guaranteeing safety of tissue while handling it. Measurement of stiffness in the grasper-tissue interface is proposed to be included as a supplementary measure. This paper presents the concept and design of a MEMS tactile sensor which is planned to be integrated into the grasper of a surgical manipulator. The sensor is an array of two group of sensing units which are arranged alternately. Each group of the sensing units is a 3 axial force sensor. But for sensing the stiffness their stiffness is different. The design concept is proposed and a lumped model formulation and FEM analysis was used to explain its performance. It is shown that higher stiffness difference results in higher measurement sensitivity. The sensor array is proposed to be developed out of polyimide polymer. ANSYS is used for detailed design of the sensor. The results showed that linear relationship is present between applied load and sensing elements reading; Tuning of stiffness can be done by diaphragm's span size and its; and Force requirements are satisfied by proposed dimensions and polyimide properties. Future work plan includes sensor development, Calibration of the Sensor and Integration into a laboratory grasper.
Integrated view of genome structure and sequence of a single DNA molecule in a nanofluidic device (2013)

We show how a bird's-eye view of genomic structure can be obtained at ∼1-kb resolution from long (∼2 Mb) DNA molecules extracted from whole chromosomes in a nanofluidic laboratory-on-a-chip. We use an improved single-molecule denaturation mapping approach to detect repetitive elements and known as well as unique structural variation. Following its mapping, a molecule of interest was rescued from the chip; amplified and localized to a chromosome by FISH; and interrogated down to 1-bp resolution with a commercial sequencer, thereby reconciling haplotype-phased chromosome substructure with sequence.
Facile metal transfer method for fabricating unconventional metamaterial devices (2015)

10.1364/OME.5.000733
Oxidative Stress in the Context of Acute Cerebrovascular Stroke (2000)

We conclude that hyperhomocyst(e)inemia is a possible causal factor in free radical generation during the acute phase of thrombotic cerebrovascular stroke. Pharmacological intervention could potentially be beneficial in this setting and warrants further evaluation.
Recent Progress in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C-N Cross-Couplings: Emerging Approaches Towards Sustainability (2011)

Transition-metal-catalyzed coupling of amines with aryl halides (or pseudo-halides) has evolved as the most versatile method available to forge carbon-nitrogen bonds. However, due to economic and environmental concerns, the quest for more attractive protocols in both academic and industrial domains has been pursued. In this review, we have summarized recent developments in the use of alternative methodologies, regarding non-conventional reaction medium, activation source and catalyst system, which can be considered promising for C-N cross-coupling reactions (Buchwald- Hartwig, Ullmann and correlates). Keywords: Buchwald-Hartwig amination, palladium, cross-coupling, green chemistry, Ullmann reaction, homogeneous catalysis, heterogeneous catalysis, Sustainability, amines, aryl halides, catalyst, arylamines, imidazole, or-ganocuprate chemistry, arylpalladium amide, tertiary phosphines, Ionic Liquids, N-vinylimidazoles, antifungal, antiparasitic, N-styrylimidazole, pyridinium cation, E-vinyl bromides, amino acid, ligand, Pd-catalyzed Reactions, nucleophilic arylamine, bistriflimide, chlorides, bromides, bromocinnamamide, Cu-catalyzed Reactions, cyclohexanone, N-arylations, indoles, azaindoles, lactams, acyclic, pyrazole, methylpyrazole, Microwave Irradiation, micro-wave-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS), homopiperazines
Cross‐Linking of the Extracellular Matrix by the Maillard Reaction in Aging and Diabetes: An Update on “a Puzzle Nearing Resolution” (2005)

The aging extracellular matrix is characterized by an age-related increase in insolubilization, yellowing, and stiffening, all of which can be mimicked by the Maillard reaction in vitro. These phenomena are accelerated in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and end-stage renal disease, which have in common with physiological aging the accumulation of various glycation products and cross-links. Eight years ago we concluded that the evidence favored oxidative cross-linking in experimental diabetes [Monnier, V.M. et al. 1996. The mechanism of collagen cross-linking in diabetes: a puzzle nearing completion. Diabetes 45(Suppl. 3): 67-72] and proposed a major role for a putative non-UV active cross-link derived from glucose. Below, we provide an update of the field that leads to the conclusion that, while oxidation might be important for Maillard reaction-mediated cross-linking via Strecker degradation and allysine formation, the single most important collagen cross-link known to date in diabetes and aging is glucosepane, a lysyl-arginine cross-link that forms under nonoxidative conditions.
Virus Purification, Preparation of Infectious Virus Stock, and Virus Storage (1990)

An important step in the characterization of a virus is its purification and biochemical analysis. Purification can generally be achieved either by column chromatography or by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The protein components of the purified virions can then be resolved on an acrylamide gel, yielding a biochemical profile of proteins indicated by their molecular weights. In this chapter, protocols are presented related to the techniques of SIV purification and the use of purified viral antigens as substrate for serologic assays. These protocols were developed for use with SIV, but they are also directly applicable to use with HIV. A technique used for long-term storage of titered stock of these retroviruses is also presented.
Spectrum of <i>SMARCB1/INI1</i> mutations in familial and sporadic rhabdoid tumors (2010)

Approximately one-third of newly diagnosed patients with rhabdoid tumor have an underlying genetic predisposition to tumors due to a germline SMARCB1 alteration. Families may demonstrate incomplete penetrance and gonadal mosaicism, which must be considered when counseling families of patients with rhabdoid tumor.
The fidelity of stochastic single-molecule super-resolution reconstructions critically depends upon robust background estimation (2014)

The quality of super resolution images obtained by stochastic single-molecule microscopy critically depends on image analysis algorithms. We find that the choice of background estimator is often the most important determinant of reconstruction quality. A variety of techniques have found use, but many have a very narrow range of applicability depending upon the characteristics of the raw data. Importantly, we observe that when using otherwise accurate algorithms, unaccounted background components can give rise to biases on scales defeating the purpose of super-resolution microscopy. We find that a temporal median filter in particular provides a simple yet effective solution to the problem of background estimation, which we demonstrate over a range of imaging modalities and different reconstruction methods.
Effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions on benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene-induced neoplasia and glutathione S-transferase activity in the mouse (1988)

In the present study, eight organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions were studied for their inhibitory effects on benzo[a]pyrene (BP)-induced neoplasia of forestomach and lung of female A/J mice when administered 96 and 48 h prior to carcinogen challenge. These compounds had one, two or three linearly connected sulfur atoms. They included the four allyl group-containing derivatives: allyl methyl trisulfide (AMT), allyl methyl disulfide (AMD), diallyl trisulfide (DAT), and diallyl sulfide (DAS), and also four corresponding saturated compounds in which propyl groups were substituted for the allyl groups. All four allylic compounds inhibited BP-induced neoplasia of the forestomach. The saturated analogs were almost without inhibitory activity, indicating the importance of the allyl groups. DAT, which contains two allyl groups, was more potent than AMT, which contains only one allyl group, thus providing further evidence for the role of allyl groups in the inhibitory effects observed. DAS and AMD, but not DAT or AMT, inhibited pulmonary adenoma formation. The fact that in the lung the monosulfide and disulfide inhibited, but the trisulfide did not inhibit, indicates that the number of sulfur atoms in the molecule can control the organ sites at which protection against carcinogenesis will occur. All four allylic compounds induced increased glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the forestomach, but varied in their capacity to induce GST in lung, liver and small bowel. Their saturated analogs produced little or no induction. In evaluating relationships between diet and cancer, it would be useful to consider the possible role of garlic and onion organosulfur compounds as protective agents. In addition, further studies of this class of chemicals might lead to the identification and development of useful new chemopreventive compounds.