gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Porosity in sputtered platinum films (1974)

Platinum films have been deposited by dc sputtering in an argon discharge, using plane parallel electrodes. The system was used either for diode sputtering or, by addition of a heated filament, for triode sputtering with the same geometry. Both configurations were used to maintain constant discharge current and voltage over the pressure range 10–150 mTorr. Films were deposited over this pressure range for sputtering voltages between 1.5 and 4.0 kV. The mass deposited in a given time decreased with increasing pressure and decreasing voltage. Films up to 0.7 μ thick were deposited, and the film density decreased linearly from near the bulk value to 60% of the bulk value as the pressure increased from 10 to 150 mTorr. At the same time, the resistivity increased from twice the bulk value to ten times the bulk value while the temperature coefficient of resistance was between 30%–50% of the bulk value. For the densest films, the product of resistivity and temperature coefficient was close to the value predicted by Matthiessen's rule for platinum. Since no significant doping of the platinum was observed, the change in electrical properties is attributed to porosity in the films. The crystal structure was examined both by x-ray diffractometer and wide-film Debye-Scherrer techniques. As the resistivity increased, the crystalline orientation in the films became more random and the grain size decreased although the crystal structure of bulk platinum was maintained. It is suggested that the porosity is due to decreasing surface mobility caused by the increasing pressure and that this may be inherent in the sputtering process so that all films sputtered at pressures above approximately 20 mTorr may have some porosity.
The relationship between the free pool of proline and collagen content in human liver cirrhosis (1970)

The free proline, free glutamic acid, and total collagen contents of the livers of cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients were determined. The amounts of free proline in the sera of the patients were also determined. The results indicated that certain metabolic changes occurred in cirrhotic livers of humans that were similar to the metabolic changes observed previously in CCl(4)-induced cirrhosis in the rat. The amount of free proline was coordinate with the increase in total collagen, and both were inversely related to the amount of free glutamic acid. The average proline concentration in sera of cirrhotic patients was not higher than that of non cirrhotic patients, suggesting that the metabolic alteration noted above is a local event in the liver related to fibrogenesis. These and other results suggest that the pool size of free proline may play a prime role in regulation of collagen biosynthesis in liver cirrhosis.
Relative Motion Calculator (2012)

AbstractThe wind power business has in recent times changed its focus from land-based installations to offshore installations. This has presented challenges both technological and financial, mainly related to construction and maintenance. To optimize the availability of the offshore wind turbines it is important to have support vessels and boarding systems that can handle as rough sea conditions as possible, and the relative motions between these vessels and the wind turbines become increasingly important to predict, as the offshore wind business expands.For this purpose, a need has been expressed for a simple tool for quick estimation of such motions. In this thesis, a MATLAB program has been developed for this purpose. It takes various input from the user, such as information on the sea state and the physical situation to be considered, as well as limiting criteria. The program provides the user with information on the local vessel motions and the relative motions between a point on the vessel and a fixed point on the wind turbine, and then compares it to the given criteria. It also gives out various plots to illustrate the motions and the relevant transfer functions.The final version of Relative Motion Calculator, RMC 2.3, features the following options: \tTwo types of wave spectra \tArbitrary placement of the moving coordinate system \tArbitrary placement of the considered points \tLong- or short-crested wave theoryRMC 2.3 has undergone thorough testing to prove its validity, and all test results are reasonable and according to expectation. Although the program is a bit difficult to use, it can be used as intended, for calculating relative motions between a moving point on a vessel and a fixed point. Furthermore, the program might provide a good platform for further development.
Ciprofloxacin versus cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of adult patients with acute bacterial sinusitis. (1998)

This pilot study suggests that ciprofloxacin is efficacious in the management of acute bacterial sinusitis.
Hexagonal Transition‐Metal Chalcogenide Nanoflakes with Pronounced Lateral Quantum Confinement (2014)

Transition-metal chalcogenide (TMC) nanoflakes of composition MX2 (where M=Ti, Zr and Hf; X=S and Se) crystallize preferentially in equilateral hexagons and exhibit a pronounced lateral quantum confinement. The hexagonal shape of octahedral (1T) TMC nanoflakes is the result of charge localization at the edges/vertices and the resulting Coulomb repulsion. Independent of their size, all nanoflakes have the Mn X2n-2 stoichiometry and thus an unoxidized metal center which results in dopant states. These states become relevant for small nanoflakes and lead to metallic character, but for larger nanoflakes (>6 nm) the 2D monolayer properties dominate. Finally, coordination of Lewis bases at the nanoflake edges has no significant effect on the electronic structure of these species confirming the viability of colloidal synthetic approaches.
Characterization of Cu <sub>2</sub> ZnSnS <sub>4</sub> thin films prepared by photo‐chemical deposition (2006)

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films were prepared by post-annealing films of metal sulfides of Cu2S, ZnS and SnS2 precursors deposited on soda-lime glass substrates by photo-chemical deposition (PCD) from aqueous solution containing CuSO4, ZnSO4, SnSO4 and Na2S2O3. In this study, sulfurization was employed to prepare high quality CZTS thin films. Deposited films of metal sulfides were annealed in a furnace in an atmosphere of N2 or N2+H2S(5%) at the temperature of 300°, 400° or 500 °C. The sulfured films showed X-ray diffraction peaks from (112), (220), and (312) planes of CZTS and the peaks became sharp by an increase in the sulfurization temperature. CZTS thin film annealed in atmosphere of N2 was S-poor. After annealing atmosphere was changed from N2 into N2+H2S(5%), the decrease of a composi- tional ratio of sulfur could be suppressed. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Distribution, diversity and evolution of the bacterial mercury resistance (<i>mer</i>) operon (1997)

Mercury and its compounds are distributed widely across the earth. Many of the chemical forms of mercury are toxic to all living organisms. However, bacteria have evolved mechanisms of resistance to several of these different chemical forms, and play a major role in the global cycling of mercury in the natural environment. Five mechanisms of resistance to mercury compounds have been identified, of which resistance to inorganic mercury (HgR) is the best understood, both in terms of the mechanisms of resistance to mercury and of resistance to heavy metals in general. Resistance to inorganic mercury is encoded by the genes of the mer operon, and can be located on transposons, plasmids and the bacterial chromosome. Such systems have a worldwide geographical distribution, and furthermore, are found across a wide range of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria from both natural and clinical environments. The presence of mer genes in bacteria from sediment cores suggest that mer is an ancient system. Analysis of DNA sequences from mer operons and genes has revealed genetic variation both in operon structure and between individual genes from different mer operons, whilst analysis of bacteria which are sensitive to inorganic mercury has identified a number of vestigial non-functional operons. It is hypothesised that mer, due to its ubiquity with respect to geographical location, environment and species range, is an ancient system, and that ancient bacteria carried genes conferring resistance to mercury in response to increased levels of mercury in natural environments, perhaps resulting from volcanic activity. Models for the evolution of both a basic mer operon and for the Tn21-related family of mer operons and transposons are suggested. The study of evolution in bacteria has recently become dominated by the generation of phylogenies based on 16S rRNA genes. However, it is important not to underestimate the roles of horizontal gene transfer and recombinational events in evolution. In this respect mer is a suitable system for evaluating phylogenetic methods which incorporate the effects of horizontal gene transfer. In addition, the mer operon provides a model system in the study of environmental microbiology which is useful both as an example of a genotype which is responsive to environmental pressures and as a generic tool for the development of new methodology for the analysis of bacterial communities in natural environments.
“Unusual” modifications and variations of vertebrate oligosaccharides: are we missing the flowers for the trees? (1996)

The remarkable complexity of oligosaccharide structures found on vertebrate cells results from the concerted action of glycosyltransferase enzymes (Joziasse, 1992; Stanley and Ioffe, 1995; Varki and Marth, 1995; Whitfield and Douglas, 1996), several of which were first identified and characterized by Robert Hill (Paulson et al, 1977; Paulson et al, 1978; Beyer et al, 1979; Rearick et al, 1979; Sadler et ai, 1979, 1982). Together with the structural characterization of naturally occurring oligosaccharides, the study of these enzymes has led to the definition of the major structural motifs of vertebrate sugar chains (Cummings, 1992; Kobata and Takasaki, 1992; Varki and Freeze, 1994; Varki and Marth, 1995). These motifs can be divided into (1) the core regions unique for each class of glycoconjugate (e.g., the Chitobiosyl-N-Asn-linkage region); and (2) the outer chains (e.g., type 1 and 2 lactosamine units with sialylation and/or fucosylation) that can be shared to varying extents by the different core classes (Cummings, 1992; Kobata and Takasaki, 1992; Varki and Freeze, 1994; Varki and Marth, 1995). Vertebrate cells utilize a relatively limited subset of the monosaccharides known to exist in nature, and in only some of the many possible combinations. However, several unusual variations of the typical structures exist, as well as a variety of specific modifications of the individual monosaccharide units. Hypothesizing that such subtle variations and modifications are more likely to mediate specific biological functions (Varki, 1993), we have paid special attention to their existence, structure and biosynthesis. Here I briefly describe some examples that my group has studied over the past decade.
Wild-Type Levels of Nuclear Localization and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in the Absence of the Central DNA Flap (2002)

Numerous factors have been implicated in the nuclear localization of retroviral preintegration complexes. Whereas sequences in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) matrix, Vpr, and integrase proteins were initially reported to function specifically in nondividing cells, other recently identified sequences apparently function in dividing cells as well. One of these, the central DNA flap formed during reverse transcription, is specific to lentiviruses. It was previously reported that flap-negative (F(-)) HIV-1(LAI) was completely defective for viral spread in the MT-4 T-cell line, yet F(-) HIV-1 vectors were only 2- to 10-fold defective in various single-round transduction assays. To address these different findings, we analyzed the infectivity and nuclear localization phenotypes of two highly related T-cell-tropic strains, HIV-1(NL4-3) and a derivative of HIV-1(HXBc2) deficient for both Vpr and Nef. In stark contrast to the previous report, F(-) derivatives of both strains replicated efficiently in MT-4 cells. F(-) HIV-1(NL4-3) also spread like wild-type HIV-1(NL4-3) in infected Jurkat and primary T-cell cultures. In contrast, F(-) HIV-1(HXBc2) was replication defective in primary T cells. Results of real-time quantitative PCR assays, however, indicated that F(-) HIV-1(HXBc2) entered primary T-cell nuclei as efficiently as its wild-type counterpart. Thus, the F(-) HIV-1(HXBc2) growth defect did not appear to correlate with defective nuclear import. Consistent with this observation, wild-type nef restored replication to F(-) HIV-1(HXBc2) in primary T cells. Our results indicate that the central DNA flap does not play a major role in either preintegration complex nuclear import or HIV-1 replication in a variety of cell types.
Serotypes of human rhinoviruses isolated from hospitalized children with severe acute respiratory infection in Shanghai during the autumn and winter of 2016-2017 (2018)

Objective
To investigate the etiological characteristics of common viral respiratory tract infections and to analyze the distribution of human rhinovirus (HRV) serotypes in children with severe acute respiratory tract infection (SARI) in Shanghai.


Methods
Totally 199 nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens were collected from children with SARI in Shanghai from October 2016 to March 2017. A nuclear acid test was performed to detect 15 common respiratory viruses in these specimens. HRV strains were screened out using the primer pairs derived from the 5′UTR of HRV and the serotypes of them were identified based on the VP4-VP2 gene sequencing.


Results
Among the 199 specimens, HRV-positive specimens accounted for 26.1%, followed by those positive for influenza A (6.5%), adenovirus (6.5%), respiratory syncytial virus (6.5%) and Boca virus (5%). Fifty-two HRV-positive specimens were typed by the VP4-VP2 gene sequencing with 30 belonging to species A (18 serotypes, predominant serotypes: A21, A12, A38, A78, A88 and A96), seven belonging to species B (five serotypes, predominant serotype: B72) and 15 belonging to species C (nine serotypes, predominant serotypes: C27 and C40). There were two cases of HRV co-infection. Two HRV-positive specimens could not be typed. HRV mixed serotype infections and co-infections of HRV with other viruses were existed. No significant difference in infection rates of different age groups and clinical characteristics was found between HRV-A and HRV-C infection groups.


Conclusion
HRV-A and HRV-C were the predominant pathogens causing SARI in children in Shanghai. Thirty-two HRV serotypes were detected and the predominant types were A21, A12, A38, A78, A88, A96, B72, C27 and C40.


Key words: 
Severe acute respiratory infection; Children; Human rhinovirus; Serotype
Broad-Band Tunable GaAs-FET Oscillator with Hybrid-Coupled Microstrip and Evanescent-Mode Resonators (1980)

An integrated GaAs-FET oscillator has been developed which provides inexpensive tuning of the oscillation frequency over a frequency range of 950 MHz with little power variation and good efficiency around 8 GHz. This was achieved by coupling the microstrip-mounted FET to an evanescent-mode cavity, which is part of the microstrip box. In a modified version, a varactor diode has been mounted into such an oscillator, permitting additional electronic tuning over 1 GHz around 6 GHz.
Integrated inertial navigation system/Global Positioning System (INS/GPS) for manned return vehicle autoland application (2002)

It is noted that with the development of the International Space Station Freedom, people will permanently live in space and require routine access and an assured crew return capability in case of emergencies in space. The extended duration in space requires a manned return vehicle that is less demanding on the crew and provides an autonomous deorbit, entry, and autoland capability. The authors discuss an autoland capability with an integrated differential GPS/INS that provides the required position and velocity accuracies without the need for tactical aircraft navigation (TACAN) and microwave landing system (MLS) navigation aides. Simulation results are used to demonstrate the feasibility of autoland using differential GPS aided with a high-precision altimeter. This concept applies to several manned space applications, such as Assured Crew Return Vehicle (ACRV), Assured Shuttle Availability (ASA), Advanced Manned Launch System (AMLS), and National Aerospace Plane (NASP), and to unmanned return vehicles such as the Propulsion Avionics Module (P/AM).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
New mitomycin analogs produced by directed biosynthesis. (1986)

When the normal fermentation medium for the production of mitomycin C with Streptomyces caespitosus is supplemented with a number of primary amines, two new types of mitomycin analogs described as Type I and Type II are produced. Type I analogs are related to mitomycin C with the amine substitution at position C7 on the mitosane ring. Type II analogs also contain the same substitutions at C7 but the conformation of the mitosane ring is related to mitomycin B having an OH at positions C9a and a methyl substituted aziridine. The products obtained from the supplementation of the medium with methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, propargylamine and 2-methylallylamine were isolated and characterized. In all cases the Type I analogs are more active in a prophage induction test and against L1210 lymphatic leukemia in mice. A number of other amines have been tested and shown to yield new products that have not yet been isolated. No secondary amines are incorporated.
BYSTANDER INJURY OF HOST LYMPHOID TISSUE DURING MURINE GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE IS MEDIATED BY NITRIC OXIDE1 (1996)

The suppressed lymphocyte proliferative responses characteristic of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are due, in part, to production of nitric oxide (NO). In order to more fully elucidate the role of NO during GVHD, an NO synthesis inhibitor, aminoguanidine (AG), was administered to unirradiated (C57BL/6J X DBA/2J)F1 mice injected with 5 X 10(7) C57BL/6J splenocytes. Administration of AG resulTed in abrogation of the elevation in serum NO2- + NO3- levels characteristic of GVHD. A significantly increased percentage of splenocytes of host phenotype (H2b/d, B220+, and THY1.2+) and a significantly higher hematocrit value were detected in GVHD animals receiving AG therapy. Additionally, the Con A-induced proliferative response of splenocytes obtained from GVHD mice receiving AG therapy was increased compared with the responses of splenocytes from animals that did not receive AG therapy. Parameters not affected by AG therapy included NO synthesis by recovered peritoneal macrophages, donor antihost cytolytic activity in splenocyte populations, serum GM-CSF levels and long-term engraftment of donor cells. These data indicate that NO may play a role in the destruction of both lymphoid and erythroid host tissue as well as the reduced lymphoproliferative responses associated with the acute phase of GVHD.
Refractive index engineering with subwavelength gratings in silicon microphotonic waveguides (2011)

We present a method of engineering the waveguide core refractive index locally on a silicon photonic chip using subwavelength gratings. Applications such as efficient waveguide crossings, fiber-chip couplers and multiplexer circuits are discussed.
Mammalian choices: combining fast-but-inaccurate and slow-but-accurate decision-making systems (2008)

Empirical findings suggest that the mammalian brain has two decision-making systems that act at different speeds. We represent the faster system using standard signal detection theory. We represent the slower (but more accurate) cortical system as the integration of sensory evidence over time until a certain level of confidence is reached. We then consider how two such systems should be combined optimally for a range of information linkage mechanisms. We conclude with some performance predictions that will hold if our representation is realistic.
Autonomous Coil Alignment System Using Fuzzy Steering Control for Electric Vehicles with Dynamic Wireless Charging (2015)

An autonomous coil alignment system (ACAS) using fuzzy steering control is proposed for vehicles with dynamic wireless charging. The misalignment between the power receiver coil and power transmitter coil is determined based on the voltage difference between two coils installed on the front-left/front-right of the power receiver coil and is corrected through autonomous steering using fuzzy control. The fuzzy control is chosen over other control methods for implementation in ACAS due to the nonlinear characteristic between voltage difference and lateral misalignment distance, as well as the imprecise and constantly varying voltage readings from sensors. The operational validity and feasibility of the ACAS are verified through simulation, where the vehicle equipped with ACAS is able to align with the power transmitter in the road majority of the time during operation, which also implies achieving better wireless power delivery.
Heat Transfer and Thermal Management in a Pulsed Detonation Engine (2003)

Abstract : The unsteady nature of the Pulsed Detonation Engine (PDE) cycle creates a thermal environment fundamentally different from steady flow cycles. Gas velocities in a detonation tube range from O(-1) to O(1000) within a single cycle. This broad range of velocities and flow reversal make it difficult to determine analytically the contribution to the beat load from the purging filling detonating and blow down portions of the cycle. In this paper the overall heat load on a detonation tube is measured calorimetrically in an aluminum water-cooled detonation tube. The effects of operating parameters such as fill fraction purge fraction ignition delay equivalence ratio and cycle frequency are examined. Equivalence ratio and cycle frequency are found to have the largest effect on detonator tube heat load.
Effect of Surfactants on the Crystal Properties and Dissolution Behavior of Aspirin (2009)

The aim of present investigation was to evaluate the effects of different surfactants on crystal properties and dissolution behavior of aspirin. Aspirin was crystallized through methanol in the presence of three surfactants namely cetrimide (cationic), sodium lauryl sulphate (anionic) and Tween 80 (non-ionic). All the three surfactants were used in various concentrations ranging from 0.0001M to 0.1M. The crystals were characterized for habit, melting points, bulk density, true density, solubility and drug-surfactant interaction studies using infra-red spectroscopy. Dissolution profile of aspirin tablets prepared with surfactant was compared with control aspirin tablets using USP dissolution apparatus. The concentration and charge of the surfactants have brought about modifications in the crystal habit of aspirin, which has subsequently affected the crystal properties such as density and equilibrium solubility. IR spectroscopic studies revealed that the internal lattice structure of aspirin was not altered in presence of the surfactants in all of the employed concentrations. However, presence of surfactants considerably modified crystal habit and other crystal properties. Such changes apparently appeared to be responsible for altered equilibrium solubility. Presence of surfactant (0.1 M SLS) in aspirin tablets enhanced the dissolution of aspirin significantly as compared to control aspirin tablets (P<0.05). From these results it can be concluded that the choice of selection of surfactants and optimization of its concentration is important in manufacturing of dosage forms with aspirin.