gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Beneficial Effect of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide on Cyclosporine Nephrotoxicity (1990)

Nephrotoxicity is the most common and important side effect of cyclosporine (CyA) therapy. It is characterized by a fall in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and by a decrease in sodium and water excretion. Since atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) has been shown to increase GFR and to cause a potent diuretic and natriuretic effect, we have investigated the potential beneficial action of ANP on CyA induced renal injury. To this end two groups of animals were studied: 1) rats that received an intravenous infusion of CyA (20 mg/kg body weight) (acute studies) and 2) rats that have been treated with daily intraperitoneal injections of CyA (20 mg/kg body weight) for a total of seven days (chronic studies). To both groups of rats synthetic ANP was administered intravenously as a bolus (10 μg/kg) and then as a constant infusion (1 μg/kg/min). In group 1 the CyA administration resulted in a decrease in GFR, urine output, urinary sodium and potassium excretion. After ANP infusion there was a prompt restoration of GFR, with a large rise in urine, sodium and potassium excretion rates. Similar effects on renal hemody-namics and electrolyte excretion rates were detected after ANP administration in chronic CyA treatment. These data show that the administration of ANP to rats that have been exposed to acute or chronic CyA treatment is able to reverse the harmful effect of CyA on renal function. Am J Hypertens 1990;3:204-210
Seizure suppression in kindling epilepsy by grafts of fetal GABAergic neurons in rat substantia nigra (1998)

Compared with studies on models of neurodegenerative diseases, considerably less work has been performed with neural grafts in experimental epilepsy. The potential value of this approach, however, is already shown by evidence that noradrenergic grafts implanted bilaterally into the hippocampus or amygdala-piriform cortex can suppress seizure development in the kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy. We previously showed that amygdala kindling results in a significant decrease of GABA and its synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase in substantia nigra (SN), i.e., a region thought to be critically involved in seizure propagation in various models of epilepsy. Thus, transplantation of fetal GABAergic neurons into SN might be an effective means of permanently blocking seizure generalization in kindling epilepsy and probably also other types of epilepsy. To test this hypothesis, three groups of female Wistar rats (n = 10 per group) were kindled by electrical stimulation via a bipolar electrode in the basolateral amygdala. After all rats were fully kindled, one group was implanted with GABA-rich cells prepared from the striatal eminence of Wistar rat fetuses at embryonic day 14. The striatal neurons were bilaterally microinjected at various sites over the anterior-posterior axis of the SN, aimed at the pars reticulata. The second group received microinjections of spinal cord cell preparations, whereas the third group received microinjections of cell-free medium only. In all rats, the threshold for focal discharges (afterdischarge threshold [ADT]) as well as afterdischarge duration and severity and duration of seizures occurring at ADT current were determined once weekly before and after transplantation. Eleven to 12 weeks following transplantation, the rats were killed, and location and integration of grafts were examined by immunohistological methods. Rats with GABAergic grafts in SN exhibited a significant increase in ADT and marked reduction in seizure severity compared with pretransplantation values, whereas no such alteration was seen in the other groups. However, the seizure-suppressing effect of GABAergic grafts was not permanent but slowly disappeared over the weeks after transplantation. Although the data indicate that intranigral transplantation of GABA-producing cells is no effective means of inducing long-lasting anticonvulsant effects in experimental epilepsy, this approach may be an initial step to develop more efficient strategies for seizure suppression.
Understanding electrokinetics at the nanoscale: A perspective (2009)

Electrokinetics promises to be the microfluidic technique of choice for portable diagnostic chips and for nanofluidic molecular detectors. However, despite two centuries of research, our understanding of ion transport and electro-osmotic flow in and near nanoporous membranes, whose pores are natural nanochannels, remains woefully inadequate. This short exposition reviews the various ion-flux and hydrodynamic anomalies and speculates on their potential applications, particularly in the area of molecular sensing. In the process, we revisit several old disciplines, with some unsolved open questions, and we hope to create a new one.
Constitutive synthesis of tumor necrosis factor in the thymus. (1992)

Although tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major mediator of endotoxic shock, the normal function of TNF that has preserved this protein throughout mammalian evolution remains unknown. If the protein serves a role in normal development or homeostasis, it must be produced under physiologic conditions. To determine whether TNF secretion occurs in normal animals, and to define the tissue sources of the protein, we prepared a reporter construct in which the TNF coding sequence and introns are replaced by the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) coding sequence. This construct was inserted into the murine genome, yielding 13 transgenic founders. Macrophages harvested from 4 of the transgenic lines expressed CAT activity after stimulation with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in vitro. Each of these 4 transgenic lines also constitutively expressed CAT activity in the thymus but in no other tissue examined. Cultured thymocytes secrete TNF, as demonstrated both by cytotoxicity assays and by immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled thymic culture medium. CAT activity was associated with the thymic lymphocyte population and not with thymic macrophages or dendritic cells. CAT activity was present in thymic lymphocytes irrespective of CD4 or CD8 expression; T cells from the spleen, however, had no detectable CAT activity. The biosynthesis of TNF in the thymus of normal animals implies a role for this protein in the development or regulation of the immune response.
"The Restoration Principle": A Critical Analysis (1965)

Ward, Roy B. (1965) ""The Restoration Principle": A Critical Analysis," Restoration Quarterly: Vol. 8 : No. 4. This repository hosts selected Restoration Quarterly articles in downloadable PDF format. For the benefit of users who would like to browse the contents of RQ, we have included all issue covers even when full-text articles from that issue are unavailable. All Restoration Quarterly articles are available in full text in the ATLA Religion Database, available through most university and theological libraries or through your local library’s inter-library loan service.
Direct evidence that apoptosis enhances tumor responses to fractionated radiotherapy. (1998)

Currently, the contribution of cellular apoptotic sensitivity to tumor response after radiation therapy remains controversial. To address this issue, the survival of Rat-1 fibroblasts containing a 4-hydroxytamoxifen-regulated c-Myc allele, c-MycER (T. D. Littlewood et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 23: 1686-1690, 1995), after single and fractionated doses of radiation was investigated. This model system allows pharmacological regulation of apoptosis sensitivity in the same cells in vitro and as xenograft tumors derived from these cells in vivo (G. I. Evan et al., Cell, 69: 119-128, 1992; R. M. Alarcon et al., Cancer Res., 56: 4315-4319, 1996). Activating c-MycER in vitro resulted in marked sensitization of Rat-1 fibroblasts to the effects of both single-dose and fractionated irradiation as measured by the induction of apoptosis and clonogenic survival. Overexpression of the antiapoptosis protein Bcl-2 suppressed the induction of apoptosis and increased clonogenic survival in cells with activated c-Myc after single-dose and fractionated radiation. Systemic time-release implant delivery of 4-hydroxytamoxifen to severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing Rat-1-MycER tumors over the course of either single-dose (10 Gy) or fractionated (five fractions of 2 Gy) radiotherapy resulted in prolonged tumor growth delay relative to identical tumors from mice that received placebo implants. Furthermore, tumors derived from Rat-1-MycER cells that overexpressed Bcl-2 exhibited shorter tumor growth delays relative to similarly treated Rat-1-MycER tumors. The length of tumor growth delay after single-dose or fractionated radiotherapy strongly correlated with the extent of radiation-induced apoptosis in the xenograft tumors as measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling. These in vivo results provide direct evidence that increasing the sensitivity of tumor cells to die by apoptosis increases the efficacy of fractionated radiotherapy by reducing tumor cell clonogenic survival.
Broadcast Flags and the War against Digital Television Piracy: A Solution or Dilemma for the Digital Era? (2005)

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a significant cause of vision loss and a research subject that is constantly being explored for new mechanisms of damage and potential therapeutic options. There are many mechanisms and pathways that provide numerous options for therapeutic interventions to halt disease progression. The purpose of the present literature review is to explore both basic science research and clinical research for proposed mechanisms of damage in diabetic retinopathy to understand the role of triglyceride and cholesterol dysmetabolism in DR progression. This review delineates mechanisms of damage secondary to triglyceride and cholesterol dysmetabolism vs. mechanisms secondary to diabetes to add clarity to the pathogenesis behind each proposed mechanism. We then analyze mechanisms utilized by both triglyceride and cholesterol dysmetabolism and diabetes to elucidate the synergistic, additive, and common mechanisms of damage in diabetic retinopathy. Gathering this research adds clarity to the role dyslipidemia has in DR and an evaluation of the current peer-reviewed basic science and clinical evidence provides a basis to discern new potential therapeutic targets.
Comparison of Grid Following and Grid Forming Control for a High Inverter Penetration Power System (2018)

The displacement of synchronous generators with inverter-based sources in the electric grid can results in larger frequency deviations due to lower rotating inertial energy. Existing grid-tied inverters operate as grid-following sources that track the voltage angle of the grid to control their output. Even with inverter fast frequency support, frequency regulation still depends on the remaining synchronous generators. In contrast, grid-forming sources actively control their frequency output, making it possible for them to naturally support the system frequency while sharing a portion of the load change. In this work, the impact of grid-forming and grid-following inverter controllers on the system frequency dynamics is studied and compared. A simple two-source system is modeled, and the small-signal dynamic characteristics are studied at various penetration levels and varying levels of mechanical inertia. The resulting eigenvalue trajectories are presented and these analytical results are validated by the corresponding time-domain plots. The results exhibit significant dynamic response advantages of the grid-forming inverter over its grid-following counterpart, particularly under the most demanding conditions when the penetration level of inverter-based sources reaches high levels and the available system stored inertial energy drops.
Preventing posttraumatic pneumonia. (1995)

Between 20% and 40% of patients admitted to the hospital with multiple trauma develop bacterial pneumonias. The most immediate causes are aspiration, blunt chest trauma, and prolonged immobilization. Traumatic shock and the need for immediate head and chest surgery are contributing factors. Signs of systemic infection, infiltrates on the chest film, and microbiological evidence obtained from sputum samples are the principal diagnostic criteria. Prophylactic measures include aseptic management of the airway, tracheostomy when indicated, adequate pain relief, and early mobilization. When the incipient signs of pneumonia appear, prompt aggressive antimicrobial therapy is indicated.
Photochemistry of dipeptides in aqueous solution (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotochemistry of dipeptides in aqueous solutionRoger R. Hill, John D. Coyle, David Birch, Edwin Dawe, Graham E. Jeffs, David Randall, Iwan Stec, and Tessa M. StevensonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 5, 1805–1817Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00005a053https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00005a053research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views381Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Signaling Receptome: A Genomic and Evolutionary Perspective of Plasma Membrane Receptors Involved in Signal Transduction (2003)

Intercellular communication in multicellular organisms requires the relay of extracellular signals by cell surface proteins to the interiors of cells. The availability of genome sequences from humans and several model organisms has facilitated the identification of several human plasma membrane receptor families and allowed the analysis of their phylogeny. This review provides a global categorization of most known signal transduction-associated receptors as enzymes, recruiters, and latent transcription factors. The evolution of known families of human plasma membrane signaling receptors was traced in current literature and validated by sequence relatedness. This global analysis reveals themes that recur during receptor evolution and allows the formulation of hypotheses for the origins of receptors. The human receptor families involved in signaling (with the exception of channels) are presented in the Human Plasma Membrane Receptome database.
ADP-ribosylation of the GTP-binding protein RhoA blocks cytoplasmic division in human myelomonocytic cells (1995)

To test the role of Rho GTP-binding proteins in growth regulation of human myelomonocytic tumour cells we used recombinant C3 exoenzyme of Clostridium botulinum to specifically ADP-ribosylate and inactivate Rho proteins in situ. In homogenates of HL60 cells, the C3 exoenzyme [32P]ADP-ribosylated one protein that was identified as RhoA by immunoblot and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. [32P]ADP ribosylation of RhoA in HL60 homogenates in vitro was reduced to 10-20% when cells in culture were pretreated with C3 exoenzyme (10 micrograms, 24 h), indicating that 80-90% of RhoA could be ADP-ribosylated in situ. The C3 exoenzyme inhibited HL60 cell proliferation by up to 80% and the degree of growth inhibition correlated with the amount of in situ ADP-ribosylated RhoA in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that the C3 exoenzyme-treated HL60 cells accumulated in mitosis, and nuclear staining revealed binucleated cells. These findings suggest that RhoA has a key role in human myelomonocytic tumour cell growth by regulating cytoplasmic division.
Cryogenic computer architecture modeling with memory-side case studies (2019)

Modern computer architectures suffer from lack of architectural innovations, mainly due to the power wall and the memory wall. That is, architectural innovations become infeasible because they can prohibitively increase power consumption and their performance impacts are eventually bounded by slow memory accesses. To address the challenges, making computer systems run at ultra-low temperatures (or cryogenic computer systems) has emerged as a highly promising solution as both power consumption and wire resistivity are expected to significantly reduce at ultra-low temperatures. However, cryogenic computers have not been yet realized as computer architects do not fully understand the behaviors of existing computer systems and their cost effectiveness at such ultra-low temperatures.
Optimal Compression of Floating-Point Astronomical Images Without Significant Loss of Information (2010)

We describe a compression method for floating-point astronomical images that gives compression ratios of 6 - 10 while still preserving the scientifically important information in the image. The pixel values are first preprocessed by quantizing them into scaled integer intensity levels, which removes some of the uncompressible noise in the image. The integers are then losslessly compressed using the fast and efficient Rice algorithm and stored in a portable FITS format file. Quantizing an image more coarsely gives greater image compression, but it also increases the noise and degrades the precision of the photometric and astrometric measurements in the quantized image. Dithering the pixel values during the quantization process greatly improves the precision of measurements in the more coarsely quantized images. We perform a series of experiments on both synthetic and real astronomical CCD images to quantitatively demonstrate that the magnitudes and positions of stars in the quantized images can be measured with the predicted amount of precision. In order to encourage wider use of these image compression methods, we have made available a pair of general-purpose image compression programs, called fpack and funpack, which can be used to compress any FITS format image.
Management-practices and soil biota (1995)

The soil biota consist of a large number and range of micro- and macro-organisms and are the living part of soils. They interact with each other and with plants, directly providing nutrition and other benefits. They regulate their own populations as well as those of incoming microorganisms by biological control mechanisms. Microorganisms are responsible for organic matter decomposition and for the transformations of organically bound nitrogen and minerals to forms that are available to plants. Their physical structure and products contribute significantly to soil structure. Management practices have a significant impact on micro- and macro-organism populations and activities. Stubble retention, an increasing trend in Australia, provides an energy source for growth and activity. Significant increases in the sizes and activities of microbial biomass, including heterotrophic microorganisms, cellulolytic microorganisms, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria have been observed. In addition, increases in protozoa and meso- and macro-fauna have been seen. Stubble retention provides a means of maintaining or increasing organic matter levels in soils. The way in which stubbles are managed may impact further on the activities of the soil biota and may alter the population balance, e.g. bacterial:fungal ratios. In general, no-tillage results in a concentration of microorganisms closer to the soil surface and causes least disruption of soil structure compared with conventionally tilled soils. Some plant diseases increase with stubble retention and with no-tillage, particularly where the next crop is susceptible to the same disease as the previous crop. However, the general increase in microbial populations resulting from stubble retention can exclude pathogens through competitive inhibition and predatory and parasitic activity. Cropping sequences may be used to break disease cycles. Crop rotations that include legumes may provide additional nitrogen and stimulate mineralization processes. Coupled with no-tillage in stubble retention systems is an increased usage of herbicides to control weeds. Continued herbicide use has been shown to significantly depress some groups of microorganisms and some of their activities but, in Australia, little information is available about the effects of herbicides on microbial populations. Although we know that micro- and macro-organisms are vital in maintaining ecosystem function, our knowledge about them is still very limited. New techniques in molecular microbial ecology promise further advances. Much more detailed information about the effects of specific managements on the size and activities of populations is needed. Soils and their processes are extremely complex and, in order to develop appropriate management practices, integration of new and existing information is necessary. This is now being made possible through computer simulation modelling.
Evaluation and Selection of Drill-ln-Fluid Candidates To Minimize Formation Damage (1997)

Summary Conoco drilled and completed a horizontal well in a depleted, high-permeability oil reservoir. The formation is an unconsolidated, clean sandstone with absolute permeability over 3,300 md. The unconsolidated nature of the formation combined with its low pressure and high permeability caused concerns regarding hole stability, fracturing, excessive fluid loss, and differential sticking. To identify the best drill-in fluid (DIF) for the horizontal section, the evaluation of fluid candidates focused on both drilling properties and formation/completion-damage potential. The testing compared fluid performance in standard drilling-fluid tests, low-shear rheology at elevated temperature, dynamic fluid-loss behavior at elevated temperature, and core-flow tests. The flow testing was performed with cores from an offset well to simulate damage caused by DIF exposure and to evaluate remedial treatment options. Also, a new laboratory-scale procedure was developed to observe the tendency of prepacked screens to be plugged by DIF filter cake and unconsoli-dated formation sand. In addition to the laboratory testing, a review of the drilling and completion operations is presented, including performance of the drilling fluid at high overbalance pressure ( ≈ 2,600 psi) and the design and execution of subsequent remedial treatments. The production history is discussed and related to laboratory observations regarding cleanup and remedial-treatment effectiveness.