gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wavelength-agile high-power sources via four-wave mixing in higher-order fiber modes (2017)

Frequency doubling of conventional fiber lasers in the near-infrared remains the most promising method for generating integrated high-peak-power lasers in the visible, while maintaining the benefits of a fiber geometry; but since the shortest wavelength power-scalable fiber laser sources are currently restricted to either the 10XX nm or 15XX nm wavelength ranges, accessing colors other than green or red remains a challenge with this schematic. Four-wave mixing using higher-order fiber modes allows for control of dispersion while maintaining large effective areas, thus enabling a power-scalable method to extend the bandwidth of near-infrared fiber lasers, and in turn, the bandwidth of potential high-power sources in the visible. Here, two parametric sources using the LP<sub>0,7</sub> and LP<sub>0,6</sub> modes of two step-index multi-mode fibers are presented. The output wavelengths for the sources are 880, 974, 1173, and 1347 nm with peak powers of 10.0, 16.2, 14.7, and 6.4 kW respectively, and ~300-ps pulse durations. The efficiencies of the sources are analyzed, along with a discussion of wavelength tuning and further power scaling, representing an advance in increasing the bandwidth of near-infrared lasers as a step towards high-peak-power sources at wavelengths across the visible spectrum.
Glycolytic inhibition by 2-deoxyglucose reduces hyperglycemia-associated mortality and morbidity in the ischemic rat. (1986)

Numerous laboratories have shown that hyperglycemia increases cerebral ischemic damage. This presumably results from increased lactate production and accumulation during ischemia. Although increased tissue lactic acidosis is associated with increased ischemic brain damage, this damage has not been directly linked to glycolytic flux. Because 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) is a competitive inhibitor of glycolysis we tested its ability to reduce hyperglycemia-exacerbated ischemic brain damage. Severe forebrain ischemia was produced by the four-vessel occlusion model in rats. Four rats received 3 g/kg glucose and saline while a second group (n = 5) was injected with 3 g/kg glucose plus 1.6 g/kg 2-DG. A third group (n = 5) was treated with 1 g/kg glucose plus saline and a fourth group (n = 5) received 1 g/kg glucose and 1.6 g/kg 2-DG. All rats were injected i.p. 10 minutes prior to the ischemic insult with the same volume/kg body weight. All rats receiving the high dose of glucose alone (3 g/kg) were dead within 24 hours postischemia. Rats who received 2-DG in addition to 3 g/kg glucose showed only 40% mortality (p = 0.119 Fisher's Exact). 2-DG completely eliminated convulsions during the initial two hours of recovery which was significant (p = 0.008), however, all rats in both groups showed some convulsions by 24 hours postischemia. Among rats receiving the low glucose dose (1 g/kg), none of the rats receiving 2-DG died or convulsed by 24 hours postischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A 65 nm CMOS varactorless mm-wave VCO (2014)

We present a cross-coupled 60 GHz differential LC voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology. To eliminate the need for varactors, the frequency tuning is implemented using transformers in the resonator, where the effective inductance can be controlled by injecting current into the secondary windings. Measurements show an average current consumption of 15 mA from a 1.2 V supply, resulting in a minimum FOM of -182.4 dBc/Hz, and the frequency versus tuning current in the secondary is close to linear. The die area of the oscillator core, including the transformers, is 70 um × 85 um.
Airway Basal Cells. The “Smoking Gun” of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2014)

The earliest abnormality in the lung associated with smoking is hyperplasia of airway basal cells, the stem/progenitor cells of the ciliated and secretory cells that are central to pulmonary host defense. Using cell biology and 'omics technologies to assess basal cells isolated from bronchoscopic brushings of nonsmokers, smokers, and smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), compelling evidence has been provided in support of the concept that airway basal cells are central to the pathogenesis of smoking-associated lung diseases. When confronted by the chronic stress of smoking, airway basal cells become disorderly, regress to a more primitive state, behave as dictated by their inheritance, are susceptible to acquired changes in their genome, lose the capacity to regenerate the epithelium, are responsible for the major changes in the airway that characterize COPD, and, with persistent stress, can undergo malignant transformation. Together, these observations led to the conclusion that accelerated loss of lung function in susceptible individuals begins with disordered airway basal cell biology (i.e., that airway basal cells are the "smoking gun" of COPD, a potential target for the development of therapies to prevent smoking-related lung disorders).
Electron emission from single-walled carbon nanotubes with sharpened bundles (2001)

We investigated the influence of grinding as a pretreatment prior to the emitter film formation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on the field emission and the geometric properties of SWNTs. Field emission from emitter films composed of ground SWNTs was found to be dramatically enhanced as well as to be homogeneous and stable, compared with that from emitter films composed of unground SWNTs. Transmission electron microscopy observations showed that several SWNTs protrude from the ends of ground SWNT bundles. The improved emission current is attributed to the large field enhancement at the sharpened ends of the SWNT bundles.
["A research institute for psychiatry...". The development of the German Research Institution for Psychiatry in Munich between 1917 and 1945]. (1991)

The "Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatrie" (DFA) in Munich, one of the most important research institutes in the field of theoretical and clinical psychiatry was founded in 1917 by Emil Kraepelin. Its financial existence between the World Wars was guaranteed by enormous donations from the jewish American James Loeb. The scientific work done by Walther Spielmeyer (neuropathology), Felix Plaut (serology), Kurt Schneider (clinical psychiatry) and Ernst Rüdin (psychiatric genetics) earned the DFA the reputation as an international center for psychiatry and neurology. During the "Third Reich", Ernst Rüdin cooperated with the national socialist health system. His genetic concepts supported eugenic laws such as compulsory sterilization of psychotic patients. These complex interrelations underscore the DFA's importance for the recent history of medical science in Germany.
Improved osseointegration of a novel, hydrophilic Ti surface – a review (2009)

Abstract The high surface energy of sandblasted and acid etched (SLA) titanium surfaces can be retained by keeping them submersed in an isotonic NaCl solution at pH 4 to 6 under a nitrogen atmosphere immediately after the acid‐etching process, thus reducing the adsorption of potential contaminants from the atmosphere. The novel implant surface thus produced shows a strongly increased hydrophilicity, compared to the conventional SLA surface, and is named SLActive. Several animal studies have indicated a faster osseointegration of the SLActive surface, compared to the SLA surface, and improved regeneration in bone defects next to implants. Histological and immunohistochemical studies have shown improved wound healing at the SLActive surface only a few days after implantation and a pilot clinical study has shown the break point from decreasing stability to increasing stability occurring after 2 weeks for SLActive implants, compared to 4 weeks for SLA implants.
Importance of functional group determination in organic quantitative analysis (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTImportance of functional group determination in organic quantitative analysisSidney Siggia Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1950, 27, 3, 141Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1950Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 March 1950Published inissue 1 March 1950https://doi.org/10.1021/ed027p141Request reuse permissions Article Views252Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Oxidized amino acids in the urine of aging rats: potential markers for assessing oxidative stress in vivo (1999)

Oxidative damage of proteins has been implicated in disease and aging. In vitro studies demonstrate that two unnatural amino acids, o,o'-dityrosine and o-tyrosine, are stable markers of protein oxidation. We have investigated the possibility that assaying these compounds in urine could provide a noninvasive way to determine levels of protein oxidation in vivo. Isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to quantify levels of o,o'-dityrosine and o-tyrosine in skeletal muscle and urine of aging rats subjected to two interventions: 1) dietary antioxidant supplementation and 2) exercise training. In both sedentary rats and exercise-trained rats, antioxidant therapy reduced levels of protein-bound o,o'-dityrosine in skeletal muscle. In contrast, antioxidant therapy or exercise training minimally affected o-tyrosine levels in this tissue. Levels of the oxidized amino acids in urine samples mirrored those of skeletal muscle proteins. Quantification of the levels of oxidized amino acids in urine may thus serve as a noninvasive measure of oxidative stress in vivo because they change in parallel with levels of protein-bound oxidized amino acids in skeletal muscle.
Indexing Z<sup>n</sup> Lattice Vectors for Generalized Gaussian Distributions (2007)

Indexing lattice vectors is a key problem in lattice quantization applications. In this paper we propose a solution to this problem using the lattice leaders and the framework of the theory of partitions. Our solution works for generalized Gaussian distributions sources and allows the use of product codes. It also permits to index high dimensional vectors.
Depurination causes mutations in SOS-induced cells. (1981)

Introduction of apurinic sites into phi X174 am3 DNA leads to loss of biological activity when measured in a transfection assay. For single-stranded DNA, approximately one apurinic site constitutes a lethal hit; for double-stranded (RFI) DNA, approximately 3.5 hits per strand are lethal. When the reversion frequency of am3 DNA is measured, no increase due to depurination is observed above the background level. However, a large increase in reversion frequency is observed when the same DNA is assayed by using spheroplasts derived from bacteria previously exposed to UV light. The results suggest that apurinic sites are impediments to a replicating DNA polymerase; however, nucleotides can be incorporated opposite these sites under SOS-induced conditions. We estimate the frequency of mutagenesis per apurinic site to be less than 1 in 1400 in normal spheroplasts and 1 in 100 in SOS-induced spheroplasts.
The time delay in human vision (1998)

Nijhawan has published an intriguing demonstration that indicates that humans are partially able to correct for the time delays inherent in their vision. Nijhawan’s demonstration is briefly discussed and a simple apparatus for reproducing the demonstration is described.
IX.—Determination of the constitution of fatty acids. Part II (1900)

A. W. Crossley and H. R. Le Sueur, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1900, 77, 83 DOI: 10.1039/CT9007700083
Parameter optimization for noise and vibration reduction associated with position and speed sensorless control of permanent magnet machines at low speed (2009)

With the advantages and popularity of Permanent Magnet (PM) motors due to their high power density, there is an increasing incentive to use them in variety of applications including electric actuation. These applications have strict noise emission standards. The generation of audible noise and associated vibration modes are characteristics of all electric motors, it is especially problematic in low speed sensorless control rotary actuation applications using high frequency voltage injection technique. This dissertation is aimed at solving the problem of optimizing the sensorless control algorithm for low noise and vibration while achieving at least 12 bit absolute accuracy for speed and position control. The low speed sensorless algorithm is simulated using an improved Phase Variable Model, developed and implemented in a hardware-in-the-loop prototyping environment. Two experimental testbeds were developed and built to test and verify the algorithm in real time. A neural network based modeling approach was used to predict the audible noise due to the high frequency injected carrier signal. This model was created based on noise measurements in an especially built chamber. The developed noise model is then integrated into the high frequency based sensorless control scheme so that appropriate tradeoffs and mitigation techniques can be devised. This will improve the position estimation and control performance while keeping the noise below a certain level. Genetic algorithms were used for including the noise optimization parameters into the developed control algorithm. A novel wavelet based filtering approach was proposed in this dissertation for the sensorless control algorithm at low speed. This novel filter was capable of extracting the position information at low values of injection voltage where conventional filters fail. This filtering approach can be used in practice to reduce the injected voltage in sensorless control algorithm resulting in significant reduction of noise and vibration. Online optimization of sensorless position estimation algorithm was performed to reduce vibration and to improve the position estimation performance. The results obtained are important and represent original contributions that can be helpful in choosing optimal parameters for sensorless control algorithm in many practical applications.
Modeling electrical networks with Object Oriented data structures for smart control (2014)

The electrical networks are becoming more complex with the introduction of distributed generators; power electronics based control devices and various types of loads. The electrical networks are no longer passive meshed systems, as they were a couple decades ago. Rather the generation, transmission and consumption co-exist almost at all levels of the electrical networks. With the increasing number of control parameters the management, protection and control of these electrical networks become a real challenge for power engineers. Furthermore, several loads and/or distributed generators may connect/disconnect from/to the network at any time. Therefore, the shape of the network is not fixed but variable. Power flow, power quality calculations as well as protection parameters such as relay settings, fault current settings etc. require that the exact structure of an electrical network should be monitored. This can be achieved by making use of communication lines in a central management system. In this paper, the electrical nodes such as relays, generators and loads are represented with Object Oriented (OO) data structures to model microgrids with graph theory. Dijkstra's algorithm is implemented to monitor the changes in the network and recognize new deployments. In this manner, the exact structure of the network can be monitored without central management and necessary adjustments can be made on the fly. The simulation of the proposed model shows the viability of such model and its effectiveness.
Photoionization of alkylphenothiazines in vesicles: effects of the alkyl chain length and the vesicle surface charge (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotoionization of alkylphenothiazines in vesicles: effects of the alkyl chain length and the vesicle surface chargeMasato. Sakaguchi, Ming. Hu, and Larry. KevanCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 2, 870–874Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100365a067https://doi.org/10.1021/j100365a067research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views386Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
An on-chip resonant-gate-drive switched-capacitor converter for near-threshold computing achieving 70.2% efficiency at 0.92A/mm<sup>2</sup> current density and 0.4V output (2018)

Near-threshold computing (NTC) is a promising approach to address the increasing demand for energy efficiency in computing platforms. In NTC, the supply voltage is scaled down to realize quadratic energy savings while degrading the operating frequency only linearly, which can be compensated by using many-core architectures. However, practical implementation of many-core NTC systems requires a large number of on-chip DC-DC converters to provide each core with independent voltages and fast dynamic voltage scaling at a reduced cost. Moreover, these converters must support heavy loads (a few hundreds of milliamps) to supply the current required per core, or cluster of cores, while occupying minimal area (i.e. high current density) and achieving high power-conversion efficiency at low output voltages.
Signal processing, communication, and networking requirements for synchrophasor systems (2012)

The synchrophasor technology has become focus of many theoretical, conceptual and practical studies lately due to an increased opportunity to improve power system reliability and security through enhanced monitoring, protection and control. The paper provides a survey of signal processing, communication and networking issues surrounding this topic so that professionals from related areas can benefit from better understanding the needs for their input and contribution in the overall smart grid integration of synchrophasor technology.
Energy Efficiency of Low Form Factor Cooling Devices (2007)

With increasing attention to the energy efficiency of consumer and commercial products, thermal engineering and science community is devoting greater effort and attention to the design and implementation of energy-efficient cooling solutions. This study focuses on the cooling potential and Coefficient of Performance, (COP), achievable with three distinct meso-scale cooling technologies, applicable to a wide range of electronics cooling challenges. The thermo-fluid and thermodynamic characteristics of synthetic jets, piezo-driven vibrating blades, and compact muffin fans will be addressed. We are dedicating this paper to Prof. Kakac for his contributions to heat transfer science and technology, developing young scientists, writing highly valuable heat transfer textbooks, and most importantly for his kindness and friendship.
Photolytic Release of Carboxylic Acids Using Linked Donor−Acceptor Molecules:  Direct versus Mediated Photoinduced Electron Transfer to <i>N</i>-Alkyl-4-picolinium Esters (2005)

[reaction: see text] Efficient photorelease (Phi = 0.7) of carboxylic acids is achieved with a covalently linked mediator (benzophenone) protecting group (N-alkyl-4-picolinium ester) molecule. The mechanism involves initial photoreduction of the mediator, followed by rapid electron transfer to the protecting group.
Introduction (2010)

The United States and China are the two most important states in the international system. The global economic crisis of 2008–09 has, unusually in the post-1945 period, hurt the United States disproportionately in the short term and may accelerate an erosion of its military, economic, and cultural preponderance. Many now see China as the major beneficiary, but the longer-term consequences of this crisis are very uncertain. America’s primacy in global politics and economics, including its position in many global institutions, remains considerable, and its impact on key global issues – either through its neglect of or participation in their management or resolution – will remain a central influence upon the evolving global order for decades to come.
A comparison between auroral particle characteristics and atmospheric composition inferred from analyzing optical emission measurements alone and in combination with incoherent scatter radar measurements (1999)

On day 59 of 1987 a well calibrated set of photometric observations of auroral emissions (427.8, 630.0, 844.6, and 871.0 nm) was obtained at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland coincident with incoherent scatter radar measurements of electron density. Ratios of these optical emissions were used to correct for atmospheric extinction and to infer the average energy of the precipitating electrons and the deviations in the atmospheric composition induced by auroral heating. Previously, the radar data taken alone had been used to infer the average energy of the auroral particles. For the first time a comparison is made of the results from this optical ratio technique with those obtained by combining the optical data with the radar data and with results obtained using the radar data alone. Specifically, we compare the average energy inferred by these techniques as well as the changes in the atomic oxygen to molecular nitrogen ratio in the lower thermosphere. This study shows the critical importance of characterizing the atmospheric scattering if reliable results are to be derived. In particular, it is shown that on occasion the optical technique may be even more reliable than using radar and optics together since, because of light scattering, the radar and the optics are sometimes observing different parts of the aurora. Magnetometer data are used to estimate local Joule heating. The combined data are also used to address the question of whether observed composition changes were produced locally.