gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Routes to simple 3-substituted oxetanes (1992)

This thesis describes syntheses and attempted syntheses of certain 3-substituted\noxetanes. Simple oxetanes bearing reactive substituents in the 3-position are required\nsince the polymerisation of these compounds is anticipated to lead to polymers of\npotential use as energetic binders in rocket propellant systems. Oxetanes of particular\ninterest are 3-hydroxyoxetane, 3,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxetane, and 3-(hydroxymethypoxetane.\n3-Hydroxyoxetane was prepared in three steps from epibromohydrin (I). Firstly,\nLewis acid-catalysed ring opening of the epoxide in the presence of acetic acid gave the\nbromohydrin II. This was heated with ethyl vinyl ether and p-toluenesulphonic acid,\nand cyclisation of the resulting ether III with strong base afforded the oxetane IV.\nDeprotection gave 3-hydroxyoxetane (V).\n3-Hydroxyoxetane (V) underwent reaction with dinitrogen pentaoxide, and the\nresulting nitrate ester VI was polymerised to give poly-3-nitratooxetane 3,3-Bis(hydroxymethyl)oxetane (IX) was prepared from pentaerythritol (VIII)\nvia pyrolysis of the carbonate ester X, and by monobromination followed by\nintramolecular Williamson reaction of the resulting bromohydrin XI.\nAttempts have been made to synthesise 3-(hydroxyMethypoxetane (XII) by two\nmain routes. The first involved cyclisation of either 2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol\n(XIII) or a protected derivative XIV to give either the oxetane XII itself or the\ncorresponding derivative XV. 2-(Hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol (XHI) was itself prepared by deamination\nof 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol (XVI) using hydroxylamine-0-\nsulphonic acid in base, but it could not be cyclised directly.\n2,2-Dimethy1-5-(hydroxymethyl)-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane (XVIII) was formed by\nthe reaction of 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (XVH) with 2-methoxypropene.\nThe dioxane XVIII was further protected by conversion to 2,2-dimethy1-5-\n(methanesulphonyloxymethyl)-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane (XIX). Hydro-denitration of the\nnitro-compound XIX using tri-n-butyltin hydride, yielded 2,2-dimethy1-5-\n(methanesulphonyloxymethyl)-1,3-dioxane (XX), which was hydrolysed to the\ncorresponding diol XXI. Treatment of this methanesulphonyl ester XXI with strong\nbase afforded 3-(hydroxy/methypoxetane (XV).\nAn attempt to form 2(t-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyppropane-1,3-diol (XXII)\nvia a five-stage process from allyl t-butyldimethylsilyl ether (xxim) was unsuccessful. Cyclo-addition of the allyl ether XXIII with dichloroketene gave 3-(tbutyldimethylsilyloxymethyl)-\n2,2-dichlorocyclobutanone (XXIV) which was dehalogenated\nto give 3-(t-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl)cyclobutanone (XXV). This\nwas converted to diethyl acetal XXVI, but the acetal failed to undergo Baeyer-Villiger\noxidation to 5-(t-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-dioxane (XXVII). A second route to 3-(hydroxymethyl)oxetane (MI) involved the formation and\nattempted cyclisation of the glycidyl ether XXVIII to give oxetane XXIX. The\nepoxide XXVIII was prepared from ethyl bromoacetate and glycidol, but no cyclisation\ncould be effected.
Costs and Utilization of Triptan Users Who Receive Drug Prophylaxis for Migraine Versus Triptan Users Who Do Not Receive Drug Prophylaxis (2005)

High utilizers of migraine therapy can be identified early in treatment. Drug prophylaxis for migraine is cost saving, and an intervention program that increases the use of migraine prophylaxis in potential candidates could be cost beneficial.
Divergent Synthesis of Heteroatom‐Centered 4,8,12‐Triazatriangulenes (2017)

Abstract The increasing attention devoted to triangulenes and their heteroatom derivatives inspired us to explore a divergent synthesis of heteroatom‐centered 4,8,12‐triazatriangulenes, which involved the preparation of a nitrogen‐containing macrocyclic precursor and subsequent central heteroatom introduction by electrophilic C−Li and C−H substitution. The boron‐centered triangulene has a planar structure unlike the bowl‐shaped phosphorus‐ and silicon‐centered triangulenes. The described synthetic procedure can be used to fabricate a broad range of attractive functional materials, for example, for organic light‐emitting diodes, based on heteroatom‐centered triangulenes.
Integrated balanced mixer receiver on InP (2003)

The authors present a balanced mixer receiver OEIC (optoelectronic integrated circuit) comprising an optical mixer, a balanced detector, and a low-noise electrical preamplifier stage. A current gain of 13 dB and a 3 dB bandwidth of 900 MHz were obtained. A low equivalent input noise current density of 8 pA/ square root Hz and a high direct detection sensitivity of 26.7 dBm were demonstrated. A common mode rejection ratio of -30 dB was measured over the entire receiver bandwidth, which assures efficient local laser noise suppression for coherent receiver applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Measurements of electric field strength in gas insulated high-voltage components using infrared diode laser absorption spectroscopy (1986)

Measurements of electric field strength in gas insulated high-voltage components using a tunable diode laser spectrometer have been made. The method utilizes the linear Stark effect in a trace gas molecule (nitric oxide) introduced in the insulating gas (sulfur-hexafluoride). Polarization effects make it possible to monitor the local electric field as to both magnitude and direction. Changes in the sparking potential due to the introduced trace gas have been investigated.
Inhibition of α–Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Activity by A Distinct Population of Autoantibodies Recognizing Dihydrolipoamide Succinyltransferase in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (1990)

Sera from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis contain autoantibodies that recognize mitochondrial proteins. Five of the target autoantigens have now been identified as enzymes of three related multienzyme complexes: the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex and the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Each complex consists of component enzymes designated E1, E2 and E3. In this report, we confirm that primary biliary cirrhosis sera react with dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase, the E2 component of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Seventy-three of 188 (39%) primary biliary cirrhosis sera reacted with alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex-E2 when immunoblotted against purified alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex; one of these sera also reacted with the E1 component. In addition, primary biliary cirrhosis sera possessing alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex-E2 reactivity specifically inhibited enzyme function of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Enzyme activity was not affected by primary biliary cirrhosis sera that contained autoantibodies to pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-E2 and/or branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex-E2, which lacked alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex-E2 reactivity. Furthermore, affinity-purified primary biliary cirrhosis sera against alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex-E2 inhibited only alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activity but did not alter enzyme activity of either pyruvate dehydrogenase complex or branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. Finally, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex-E2 specific affinity-purified antisera did not react on immunoblot with any component enzymes of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex or branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Forensic Analysis of Thermal Transfer Printing (2003)

Thermal transfer printing refers to printing processes that utilize heat to produce an image by either physical or chemical means or by a combination of both. As the technology has improved and the supplies have become less expensive, the use of thermal printing in the personal and business markets has increased significantly. Specifically, dye diffusion thermal transfer and thermal mass transfer have become predominant in the production of counterfeit credit cards, drivers' licenses, and other types of documents produced on plastic media. Chemical analysis by means of thin layer chromatography (TLC) has proven to be useful in characterizing various types of inks (e.g., writing and inkjet inks). In this study, the authors examined 81 different samples that included a total of 54 printer samples (43 photographic prints on paper and eleven plastic card samples) and 27 printer ribbons. A new TLC method was developed and tested utilizing a solvent system (80% n-hexane, 3% methyl ethyl ketone, and 17% ethyl acetate) that is capable of producing excellent resolution.
A Robust and Efficient Minutia-Based Fingerprint Matching Algorithm (2013)

In this paper, we propose a novel robust and efficient minutia-based fingerprint matching algorithm. There are two key contributions. First, we apply a set of global level minutia dependent features, i.e., the qualities that measure the reliabilities of the extracted minutiae and the area of overlapping regions between the query and template images of fingerprints. The implementation of these easy-to-get minutia dependent features presents coherence to the well-accepted fingerprint template standards. Besides, the reasonable combination of them results in the robustness to poor quality fingerprint images. Second, we implement a hierarchical recognition strategy, which applies a procedure of global matching that refines the local matching decision towards a genuine result over the entire images. Other than the much improved accuracy, our algorithm also promotes the efficiency, because compared with other state-of-the-art matching approaches, it does not make use of any time-consuming operations or any complex feature structures. The experimental results demonstrate the proposed method exhibits an excellent accuracy that exceeds the performances of well-known minutia based matchers. Meanwhile, the proposed algorithm presents potentials to serve a real-time fingerprint recognition system.
[Expression, purification of recombinant Luxi yellow cattle IFN-alpha fusion protein and its antiviral activities]. (2007)

Interferon a gene was cloned from genomic DNA of Chinese Luxi yellow cattle by PCR, and the PCR product was inserted into vector pET32a( + ) to make a recombinant plasmid pET32a( + )/BoIFN-alpha. The expression of BoIFN-alpha in Escherichia coli was induced by addition of IPTG. Sequence analysis showed that the Chinese Luxi yellow cattle IFN-alpha gene is composed of 498 nucleotides, encoding a mature polypeptide of 166 amino acids. Compared with other BoIFN-alpha subtypes, it shares the highest identity of 97.6% to the C-subtype. SDS-PAGE results showed that recombinant proteins were expressed in inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli with molecular weight of 40 kD and the recombinant proteins accounted for 26.7% of the whole proteins.The expressed product was purified by affinity chromatography with immobilized nickel chelating NTA (Ni-NTA) and its antiviral activities were tested on MDBK/VSV cell system. Its antiviral activities were 5 x 10(5) u/mg on MDBK/VSV cell system. The results showed that the expression plasmid was successfully constructed and BoIFN-alpha C2 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli. Moreover the purification had good effects on antiviral activities.
A constitutive model for the nonlinear viscoelastic viscoplastic behavior of glassy polymers (1995)

Abstract Two features of the glassy state of an amorphous polymer, which play a key role in determining its mechanical properties, are the distributed nature of the microstructural state and the thermally activated (temporal) evolution of this state. In this work, we have sought to capture these features in a mechanistically motivated constitutive model by considering a distribution in the activation energy barrier to deformation in a thermally activated model of the deformation process. We thus model what is traditionally termed the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior as an elastic‐inelastic transition, where the energetically distributed nature of inelastic events and their evolution with straining is taken into account. The thermoreversible nature of inelastic deformation is modeled by invoking the notion of strain energy stored by localized inelastic shear transformations. The model results are compared to experimental data for constant true strain rate uniaxial compression tests (nonmonotonic) at different rates and temperatures; its predictive capabilities are further tested by comparison with compressive creep tests at different stress levels and temperatures.
Electrochemical production of syngas from CO<sub>2</sub>at pressures up to 30 bar in electrolytes containing ionic liquid (2019)

Electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub>reduction in a reactor that can operate up to 100 bar and 80 °C, with a configuration similar to that of an alkaline electrolyser, for hydrogen production suitable to be used industrially is reported for the first time.
Targeting of the c-Abl Tyrosine Kinase to Mitochondria in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis (2001)

The ubiquitously expressed c-Abl tyrosine kinase localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm. Using confocal microscopy, we demonstrated that c-Abl colocalizes with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein grp78. Expression of c-Abl in the ER was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy. Subcellular fractionation studies further indicate that over 20% of cellular c-Abl is detectable in the ER. The results also demonstrate that induction of ER stress with calcium ionophore A23187, brefeldin A, or tunicamycin is associated with translocation of ER-associated c-Abl to mitochondria. In concert with targeting of c-Abl to mitochondria, cytochrome c is released in the response to ER stress by a c-Abl-dependent mechanism, and ER stress-induced apoptosis is attenuated in c-Abl-deficient cells. These findings indicate that c-Abl is involved in signaling from the ER to mitochondria and thereby the apoptotic response to ER stress.
Phase conjugation of low-power optical beans using liquid-crystal light valves (1987)

A real-time hologram generated in the liquid-crystal layer of a leaky-mirror silicon light valve is read by the same low-intensity beams used to record it. For a particular geometry, one of the diffracted beams propagating away from the device is the optical phase conjugate of one of the original beams, thus permitting correction of path-propagation aberrations. Experimental results show correction of tilt, focusing error, and random phase aberrations.
Metabolism of Cholest-5-ene-3β, 26-diol in the Rat and Hamster (1968)

Abstract The Clemmensen reduction procedure has been adapted for the tritiation of kryptogenin to obtain cholest-5-ene-3β, 26-diol-3H. Intravenous administration of cholest-5-ene-3β,26-diol to the bile fistula rat and hamster was followed by rapid excretion of bile acid metabolites in bile. Cholic acid was identified as a metabolite of cholest-5-ene-3β,26-diol by reverse isotope dilution in five hamsters and three rats. In addition, a monohydroxy bile acid, 3β-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid, was identified as a metabolite of cholest-5-ene-3β,26-diol. It seems possible, therefore, that a pathway from cholesterol to primary bile acid can exist which begins with the oxidation of the side chain to a C-24 carboxylic acid and is followed by alterations of the steroid ring.
Centimeter-Level Relative Positioning of Distributed Moving Platforms Using GPS Carrier Phase Observables (1999)

department. He is responsible for teaching and research related to positioning, navigation, and hydrography. He has been involved with GPS research, developments and applications since 1980. He has received numerous awards for his work including an Honorary Professorship from UESTC earlier this year. The precise relative positioning of moving platforms is required for numerous applications. Relative GPS carrier phase can provide cm-level positioning accuracy using a fixed integer ambiguity approach, provided that a short time to ambiguity resolution and a high level of reliability are not major concerns. When the precise relative positioning of several moving platforms is required, the redundancy provided by the multiplicity of platforms can speed up the time to ambiguity resolution while at the same time improve the reliability. This paper presents an approach to position multiple moving platforms to cm-level with respect to each other using ambiguity constraints available through the multiplicity of platforms. Various simulations are designed and conducted to investigate the effects of different system parameters on this approach using a configuration of three moving platforms. Results from these simulations show that the use of ambiguity constraints improve the time to integer ambiguity resolution by up to over 50%, depending on the magnitude of the various system errors.
Patterns of Fungal Attack in Wood-Plastic Composites Following Exposure in a Soil Block Test (2000)

The ability of whitc and brown rot fungi to colonize wood-plastic composites was investigated by measuring weight loss and anatomical changes.Three composite materials were evaluated.The material containing a 70130 wood-high density polyethylene (HDPE) mixture was most susccptiblc to fungal attack, while two different 50150 wood-HDPE composites experienced little or no attack.Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of samples not exposed to fungus revealed the presence of voids between the wood and HDPE in all three materials.Similar examination of decayed samples of thc composite with a higher wood content revealed that thc fungi had thoroughly colonized the particles, particularly near the point of initial fungal exposure.Fungal hyphae were also prevalent in the voids deeper in the composite.The two composites containing higher HDPE levels had little evidence of fungal attack, despite the presence of voids.
First Principles Calculations of Aqueous p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>Values for Organic and Inorganic Acids Using COSMO−RS Reveal an Inconsistency in the Slope of the p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>Scale (2003)

The COSMO-RS method, a combination of the quantum chemical dielectric continuum solvation model COSMO with a statistical thermodynamics treatment for more realistic solvation (RS) simulations, has been used for the direct prediction of pKa constants of a large variety of 64 organic and inorganic acids. A highly significant correlation of r(2) = 0.984 with a standard deviation of only 0.49 between the calculated values of the free energies of dissociation and the experimental pKa values was found, without any special adjustment of the method. Thus, we have a theoretical a priori prediction method for pKa, which has the regression constant and the slope as only adjusted parameters. Such a method can be of great value in many areas of physical chemistry, especially in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industry. To our surprise, the slope of pKa vs ΔGdiss is only 58% of the theoretically expected value of 1/RTln(10). A careful analysis with respect to different contributions as well as a comparison with the work of other authors excludes the possibility that the discrepancy is due to weaknesses of the calculation method. Hence, we must conclude that the experimental pKa scale depends differently on the free energy of dissociation than generally assumed.
Identification of goat and mouse urinary metabolites of the pneumotoxin, 3-methylindole (1993)

1. Urine from goats dosed i.v. with 3-methylindole (3MI; 15 mg/kg) or [methyl-14C] 3MI (15 mg/kg, 0.5 microCi/kg) contained at least 11 metabolites of 3MI. 2. Goat metabolized 3MI to sulfate conjugates of 4- or 7-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole, 5- or 6-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole, and 3,5- or 6-dihydroxy-3-methyloxindole; glucuronic acid conjugates of indole-3-carboxylic acid and 4- or 7-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole; and unconjugated 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole. Diastereoisomeric glucuronic acid conjugates of 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole were also identified in goat urine. 3. Urine from mice dosed i.p. with 3MI (400 mg/kg) or [ring-UL-14C] 3MI (400 mg/kg, 125 microCi/kg) contained at least six metabolites of 3MI. 4. Mice metabolized 3MI to glucuronic acid conjugates of 3,5- or 6-dihydroxy-3-methyloxindole, 5- or 6-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole, and indole-3-carboxylic acid; and unconjugated indole-3-carboxylic acid. Unconjugated 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole was identified in mouse urine in a previous report. 5. Both goats and mice metabolized 3MI to a mercapturate, 3-[(N-acetyl-L-cystine-S-yl)methyl]indole, which has been previously identified and was confirmed in this study. 6. 3-Methyloxindole was not identified in the urine of either goats or mice. 7. The major pathways of 3MI biotransformation in goats and mice is the formation of mono- and dihydroxy-3-methyloxindoles and their subsequent conjugation with glucuronic acid or sulfate. 8. There are no apparent qualitative differences in the biotransformation of 3MI between goats and mice that can account for their different sensitivities to 3MI-induced lung injury.
Sequential pulse defibrillation for implantable defibrillators. (1986)

A technique is described that reduces defibrillation threshold for automatic implantable defibrillators, permits either reducing the size of the pulse generator or increasing the effectiveness of the pulse generator, and provides an increased safety factor. Defibrillation threshold was compared in 12 anesthetized dogs with mean (+/- SD) body weight of 21.6 +/- 3.4 kg for two defibrillating modalities: 1) single pulse technique with current flowing from electrodes in the right ventricle to electrodes either in the superior vena cava or on the left ventricular epicardium, and 2) sequential pulse technique. The sequential pulse technique tested uses two pulses and three or four electrodes. Current of the first 5-ms pulse flows from the superior vena caval electrode to an electrode in the right ventricle, and after a 1-ms interval, current of the second pulse flows from electrodes on the left ventricular epicardium to the right ventricular electrode. Ventricular defibrillation threshold was reduced by 56% to 6.3 +/- 1.03 joules (mean +/- SEM) (P less than 0.01). Because defibrillation threshold is less for sequential pulse defibrillation than for conventional techniques, sequential pulse defibrillators can be smaller and more effective than previously available devices.