gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of HBV Genetic Variability on RNAi Strategies (2011)

RNAi strategies present promising antiviral strategies against HBV. RNAi strategies require base pairing between short RNAi effectors and targets in the HBV pregenome or other RNAs. Natural variation in HBV genotypes, quasispecies variation, or mutations selected by the RNAi strategy could potentially make these strategies less effective. However, current and proposed antiviral strategies against HBV are being, or could be, designed to avoid this. This would involve simultaneous targeting of multiple regions of the genome, or regions in which variation or mutation is not tolerated. RNAi strategies against single genotypes or against variable regions of the genome would need to have significant other advantages to be part of robust therapies.
Evaluation of the HeartMate II™ left ventricular assist device in obese heart failure patients: Effects on weight loss (2011)

The HeartMate XVE™ results in significant reductions in weight at 6 months in obese patients with heart failure while the HeartMate II does not. Further research is necessary to better understand the effects of VADs on weight loss in obese HF patients.
Intracellular proteolysis of kininogen by malaria parasites promotes release of active kinins (2012)

In previously undescribed means of modulating host physiology, it was demonstrated that malaria parasites can generate active kinins by proteolysis of plasma kininogen.
Willingness to Participate in Cardiac Trials (2004)

The elderly, women, and minorities are all less likely to be enrolled in randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Whether differential patient interest in RCTs contributes to these disparities is unclear. The authors surveyed 660 patients willingness to consider two potential cardiac RCTs of medical therapy vs. percutaneous coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery, respectively. The cohorts mean age was 67 years (43% aged >or=70 years; 35% women; and 28% nonwhite). Compared with younger patients, those aged >or=70 years were equal or more likely to consider both the percutaneous coronary angioplasty (46% vs. 41%) and coronary artery bypass surgery RCTs (35% vs. 31%). Race also had no significant impact on trial enrollment, yet women were significantly less likely than men to participate in either RCT. In conclusion, patient willingness to consider RCT participation does not explain underenrollment of elderly and minority patients. Women, however, were more reluctant to consider RCTs, an area requiring further study.
Combine 1D and 3D color calibration methods for ensuring consistent color reproduction (2003)

Printer color calibration is a crucial step to ensure consistent color reproduction. In this paper, we present a color calibration system that can not only ensure the color consistency for a same printer at different times, but also ensure the color consistency for different printers of the same model. We will analyze the most significant sources of color variations in an ink jet printing system, and show that some factors produce only the luminance (optical density) variation, and some other factors produce both luminance and chrominance (hue and saturation) variations. Two adequate color calibration methods are proposed to compensate for these variations: one is based on 1D linearization, which is used to compensate for the luminance variation; and the other is based on a 3D search in an existing color conversion table, this method is particularly designed to compensate for the chrominance variation.
Intestinal Mucins Inhibit Rotavirus Replication in an Oligosaccharide-Dependent Manner (1994)

Rotaviruses are important causes of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. It has been previously shown that mucinous glycoproteins can inhibit rotavirus replication. However, the structure-function relationships of this inhibition have not been completely elucidated. Mucins were purified from epithelial scrapings of rat and human intestine by CsCl density-gradient ultracentrifugation and tested for the inhibition of rotavirus replication in MA-104 cells. Native human and rat intestinal mucins inhibited the replication of human and animal rotaviruses at low concentrations. Antiviral activity was most prominent in the densely glycosylated part of the rat and human mucins. Activity was retained after thiol reduction and alkylation, chloroform methanol partition, and partial removal of oligosaccharides. However, total deglycosylation of the mucins destroyed antiviral activity. Intestinal mucins from humans and other animals are potent inhibitors of rotavirus replication, and this inhibition is dependent on specific mucin-viral interactions.
Submicrometer-channel CMOS for low-temperature operation (1987)

A 0.5-µm-channel CMOS design optimized for liquid-nitrogen temperature operation is described. Thin gate oxide (12.5 nm) and dual polysilicon work functions (n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -poly gate for n-channel and p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -poly for p-channel transistors) are used. The power supply voltage is chosen to be 2.5 V based on performance, hot-carrier effects, and power dissipation considerations. The doping profiles of the channel and the background (substrate or well) are chosen to optimize the mobility, substrate sensitivity, and junction capacitance with minimum process complexity. The reduced supply voltage enables the use of silicided shallow arsenic and boron junctions, without any intentional junction grading, to control short-channel effects and to reduce the parasitic series resistance at 77 K. The same self-aligned silicide over the polysilicon gate electrode reduces the sheet resistance (as low as 1 Ω/sq at 77 K) and provides the strapping between the gates of the complementary transistors. The design has been demonstrated by a simple n-well/p-substrate CMOS process with very good device characteristics and ring-oscillator performance at 77 K.
Visualization techniques for efficient malware detection (2013)

Traditional tools for reverse engineering of binary and PE files are limited to heavy text base output, thus requiring skilled analysts to use them. In this paper, we present techniques that will visualize PE files, which will help analysts with basic skills to quickly understand their underlying structure. We also present Markov Byte Plot-based techniques to identify packed malware and discuss how our techniques can aid cybersecurity community for better enumeration of malicious software.
Visible Light-Driven Photocatalytic Performance of N-Doped ZnO/g-C3N4 Nanocomposites (2017)

N-doped ZnO/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> composites have been successfully prepared via a facile and cost-effective sol-gel method. The nanocomposites were systematically characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, HRTEM, FT-IR, XPS, and UV-vis DRS. The results indicated that compared with the pure N-doped ZnO, the absorption edge of binary N-doped ZnO/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> shifted to a lower energy with increasing the visible-light absorption and improving the charge separation efficiency, which would enhance its photocatalytic activity. Compared with the pure g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, ZnO, N-doped ZnO and the composite ZnO/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, the as-prepared N-doped ZnO/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> exhibits a greatly enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and phenol under visible-light irradiation. Meanwhile, N-doped ZnO/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> possesses a high stability. Finally, a proposed mechanism for N-doped ZnO/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> is also discussed. The improved photocatalysis can be attributed to the synergistic effect between N-doped ZnO and g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, including the energy band structure and enhanced charge separation efficiency.
The Response of Acne to Placebos and Antibiotics (1965)

A double-blind placebo-containing cross-over study of the effect of tetracycline hydrochloride and demethylchlortetracycline hydrochloride on acne is reported. The results do not show either antibiotic to be significantly superior to a placebo when administered in the doses and for the durations stated. The marked placebo response in all controlled studies and the normal distribution of degree of response to placebo in this study further indicate the need for critical appraisal of systemic antibiotic therapy for acne. This knowledge of placebo reactivity or spontaneous resolution or both should be properly recognized as a positive and sometimes potent therapeutic measure.
A Proposal for a Unified Identity Card for Use in an Academic Federation Environment (2014)

A lot of effort has been made recently to build academic federations. However some issues are still open. The first is off-line authentication. Today's model of federation requires systems to work on-line and synchronously, what limits its use for some applications. Second, the data federated institutions make available is only for computer systems and not for people. This makes it difficult for humans involved to assess such credentials. Finally, the federation has numerous technical and legal issues for the provision of private data such as biometric parameters. Even tough, these would bring a much stronger authentication process. Therefore this research proposes to model an identity card based on ICAO 9303 standard for usage in academic federated environments. This proposal enables off-line authentication, assessment of credentials by human agents and allow the usage of private biometric data in a secure manner.
ChemInform Abstract: ESTERS OF N,N‐DIETHYLOXAMIC ACID (1977)

Abstract Durch 4stündiges Erhitzen der Oxalsäureester (I) mit Diäthylarnin auf Siedetemperatur werden die Oxaminsäureester (II) dargestellt.
The Effect of 2,3,6-Trichlorophenylacetic and 2,2-Dichloropropionic Acids on Nitrite Oxidation (1962)

The effects of two herbicides, 2,3,6-trichlorophenylacetic acid, sodium salt, and 2,2-dichloropropionic acid, sodium salt, on nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were studied by the soil perfusion technique. The time of application of 2,3,6-trichlorophenylacetic acid affected its toxicity to the nitrifier. When it was present in the environment as the nitrifier started growth, it was more toxic than if the organisms were allowed to nitrify actively before they were subjected to the herbicide. The herbicide 2,2-dichloropropionic acid at rates up to 700 ppm had little effect on nitrite oxidation. The toxicity of 2,3,6-trichlorophenylacetic acid for Nitrobacter was reduced by 2,2-dichloropropionic acid irrespective of whether the cells came into contact with the agents before or during active oxidation. The mode of action for this phenomenon has not been determined.
Deep Learning (2015)

Automatically describing the content of an image is a fundamental problem in artificial intelligence that connects computer vision and natural language processing. In this paper, we present a generative model based on a deep recurrent architecture that combines recent advances in computer vision and machine translation and that can be used to generate natural sentences describing an image. The model is trained to maximize the likelihood of the target description sentence given the training image. Experiments on several datasets show the accuracy of the model and the fluency of the language it learns solely from image descriptions. Our model is often quite accurate, which we verify both qualitatively and quantitatively. For instance, while the current state-of-the-art BLEU score (the higher the better) on the Pascal dataset is 25, our approach yields 59, to be compared to human performance around 69. We also show BLEU score improvements on Flickr30k, from 55 to 66, and on SBU, from 19 to 27.
Variant form of diffuse corporal gastritis in NHE2 knockout mice. (2000)

Mice lacking the NHE2 Na+/H+ gene develop gastritis of the glandular mucosa as early as the tenth day of life, achieving maximal intensity of inflammation from 17 to 19 days after birth and maximal atrophy at one year. We assessed the effects of this process in such mice to 16 months of age. The stomach of NHE2 null mutants was examined at 10, 17 to 20, 24 to 35 and 49 to 70 days, and at 12 to 16 months. The NHE2 wild-type (+/+) and NHE2 heterozygous (+/-) mice were compared with the NHE2 homozygous mutant mice (-/-). The stomach of the mutant mice at all ages was characterized by a substantially reduced number of parietal cells. The 10-day-old mouse stomach had a transmural infiltrate of primarily neutrophils. With increasing age, neutrophils were replaced by lymphocytes and plasma cells in the glandular mucosa of the mutant mice. Young adult 49- to 70-day-old mice had surface cell hyperplasia and expansion of the replicating cell population. Hyperplasia of enterochromaffin-like cells and antral gastrin cells accompanied profound fundic gland and surface cell hyperplasia, and became progressively more severe with increasing age of the NHE2-/- mice. Neoplasms were not found in the mutant or control mice. This gastritis differs from that of autoimmune gastritis in that it is transmural, begins in infancy, and is associated with a predominantly neutrophilic infiltrate in its early stages. Some of the histologic changes in the adult mice can be explained on the basis of prolonged achlorhydria. This mouse may be a suitable model for prolonged effects of achlorhydria.
Time- and dose-related changes in the white matter of the rat brain after single doses of X rays (1988)

Following the local irradiation of the rat brain with single doses of 17.5-25 Gy of X rays, necrosis of the white matter was seen after a latent interval of greater than 26 weeks. At 39 weeks and 52 weeks after irradiation the incidence of necrosis was dose-related. The doses associated with a 50% incidence of necrosis in the white matter (ED50) at these times were 23.45 +/- 0.49 and 20.98 +/- 0.91 Gy, respectively. At both these times the incidence of necrosis was higher in the fimbria than in the capsula interna and the corpus callosum. This reflects a variation in the latency time for the appearance of necrosis. Necrosis occurs earlier in the fimbria. In the corpus callosum and the capsula interna the latency times for the appearance of necrosis were also dose-dependent. In the latent period prior to the onset of necrosis of the fimbria, a number of dose-related changes were seen in the vasculature and the associated astroglial cells. These changes, which included blood vessel dilation, blood vessel wall thickening, endothelial cell nuclear enlargement and the hypertrophy of perivascular astrocytes, were highly correlated and when combined appeared to represent a "unit of tissue injury". The incidence and severity of this "unit of tissue injury" apparently increased with time after irradiation until necrosis ensued. These dose-related vascular/glial changes were preceded by a reduction in the endothelial cell and vascular density. No early changes were seen in the number of glial parenchymal cells.
Thrombomodulin Mutations in Atypical Hemolytic–Uremic Syndrome (2009)

Mutations that impair the function of thrombomodulin occur in about 5% of patients with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome.
High-Throughput, 384-Well, LC-MS/MS CYP Inhibition Assay Using Automation, Cassette-Analysis Technique and Streamlined Data Analysis (2011)

Here we describe a high capacity and high-throughput, automated, 384-well CYP inhibition assay using well-known HLM-based MS probes. We provide consistently robust IC(50) values at the lead optimization stage of the drug discovery process. Our method uses the Agilent Technologies/Velocity11 BioCel 1200 system, timesaving techniques for sample analysis, and streamlined data processing steps. For each experiment, we generate IC(50) values for up to 344 compounds and positive controls for five major CYP isoforms (probe substrate): CYP1A2 (phenacetin), CYP2C9 ((S)-warfarin), CYP2C19 ((S)-mephenytoin), CYP2D6 (dextromethorphan), and CYP3A4/5 (testosterone and midazolam). Each compound is incubated separately at four concentrations with each CYP probe substrate under the optimized incubation condition. Each incubation is quenched with acetonitrile containing the deuterated internal standard of the respective metabolite for each probe substrate. To minimize the number of samples to be analyzed by LC-MS/MS and reduce the amount of valuable MS runtime, we utilize timesaving techniques of cassette analysis (pooling the incubation samples at the end of each CYP probe incubation into one) and column switching (reducing the amount of MS runtime). Here we also report on the comparison of IC(50) results for five major CYP isoforms using our method compared to values reported in the literature.
Single‐ and Multiple‐Dose Pharmacokinetics of Pirfenidone, an Antifibrotic Agent, in Healthy Chinese Volunteers (2007)

A randomized, dose-escalating study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of single and multiple oral doses of pirfenidone, a promising antifibrotic agent, in 48 healthy Chinese volunteers. The effects of sex and food on the pharmacokinetics of pirfenidone were also evaluated. Pharmacokinetics was determined from serial blood samples obtained up to 12 hours after administration of single 200-, 400-, or 600-mg doses of pirfenidone and after multiple doses of 400 mg administrated 3 times daily (tid). Plasma levels of pirfenidone and areas under the curve were found to be proportional to dose. Pirfenidone was rapidly absorbed (t(max) = 0.33-1 hours) and cleared (t((1/2)) = 2-2.5 hours). Pharmacokinetic parameters after multiple doses were similar to those after single doses. Food had a significant effect (P < .01) on the extent of absorption (AUC(0-infinity) = 37.4 +/- 15.4 mg x h/L [fed] vs 46.6 +/- 16.8 mg x h/L [fasted]), rate of absorption was considerably (P < .001) prolonged (t(max) = 1.5 +/- 0.4 hours [fed] vs 0.7 +/- 0.2 hours [fasted]), and peak concentrations were significantly (P < .001) decreased (C(max) = 9.2 +/- 2.9 mg/L [fed] vs 13.0 +/- 1.8 mg/L [fasted]). No significant sex differences were noted for pharmacokinetic variables. Pirfenidone was well tolerated. These results support a tid regimen of pirfenidone for the management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Concomitant intake of food will reduce the rate and extent (about 20%) of absorption, which is associated with better tolerability of pirfenidone.
Distinguishing between transfusion related acute lung injury and transfusion associated circulatory overload (2007)

TACO and TRALI have emerged as important causes of posttransfusion morbidity and mortality. As understanding of their pathogenesis improves, incidence, risk factors, differences, and possible preventive interventions are becoming clearer. There is no sentinel feature that distinguishes TRALI from TACO. Developing a thorough clinical profile including presenting signs and symptoms, fluid status, cardiac status including measurement of brain natriuretic peptide, and leukocyte antibody testing is the best strategy currently available to distinguish the two disorders.
Dynamic optimization of bytecode instrumentation (2013)

Accuracy, completeness, and performance are all major concerns in the context of dynamic program analysis. Emphasizing one of these factors may compromise the other factors. For example, improving completeness of an analysis may seriously impair performance. In this paper, we present an analysis model and a framework that enables reducing analysis overhead at runtime through adaptive instrumentation of the base program. Our approach targets analyses implemented with code instrumentation techniques on the Java platform. Overhead reduction is achieved by removing instrumentation from code locations that are considered unimportant for the analysis results, thereby avoiding execution of analysis code for those locations. For some analyses, our approach preserves result accuracy and completeness. For other analyses, accuracy and completeness may be traded for a major performance improvement. In this paper, we explore accuracy, completeness, and performance of our approach with two concrete analyses as case studies.
Structure and Dynamic Behavior of Crowded Cis Vicinal [(<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethylamino)cyclopentyl]trimethylammonium Salts and Related Compounds (1996)

Carbon-13 NMR spectra of [cis-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)cyclopentyl]trimethylammonium iodide (4a) and triflate (4b) in acetone-d6 and in CD3NO2 show inversion of the amine with rotation about the ring−N bond to be unusually slow with ΔH⧧ and ΔS⧧ (4b in acetone-d6) of 17 kcal/mol and 14 eu, similar to the values for cis-2-tert-butyl-1-(N,N-dimethylamino)cyclopentane (3) in Et2O-d10 of 16 kcal/mol and 17 eu, indicating that steric and not electrostatic interactions are responsible for the slow rates. In addition, the N+ methyls of 4a and 4b, which are magnetically nonequivalent by 13C NMR at low temperatures, undergo signal averaging with increasing temperature, the result of rotation dynamics around the ring−N+ bonds giving for 4b in acetone-d6 ΔH⧧ and ΔS⧧, respectively, of 7.2 kcal/mol and −9 eu. Similar values are found for tert-butyl rotation in 3 in Et2O-d10. Around room temperature for 4a and 4b, 1J(14N,13C) is resolved and found to be ca. 3.6 Hz. With decreasing temperature, this coupling is averaged by progressively faster 14N electric quadrupole induced relaxation. Line shape analysis of the 13C NMR spectra shows Ea for the correlation time to be 2−2.7 kcal/mol. X-ray crystallography of 4b and (cis-2-tert-butylcyclopentyl)trimethylammonium triflate (7) shows the rings to adopt the half-chair structure with vicinal substituents located at the puckered carbons. In 4b, the N+Me3 group is pseudoequatorial with the NMe2 group pseudoaxial; whereas, in 7, the tert-butyl group is pseudoequatorial with the N+Me3 group pseudoaxial. Interesting correlations are noted of 13C NMR shifts of individual methyls with their crystallographic structural assignments.
Testing a new Monte Carlo algorithm for protein folding (1998)

We demonstrate that the recently proposed pruned-enriched Rosenbluth method (PERM) (Grassberger, Phys. Rev. E 56:3682, 1997) leads to extremely efficient algorithms for the folding of simple model proteins. We test it on several models for lattice heteropolymers, and compare it to published Monte Carlo studies of the properties of particular sequences. In all cases our method is faster than the previous ones, and in several cases we find new minimal energy states. In addition to producing more reliable candidates for ground states, our method gives detailed information about the thermal spectrum and thus allows one to analyze thermodynamic aspects of the folding behavior of arbitrary sequences. Proteins 32:52–66, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evolution of Mechanical Ventilation in Response to Clinical Research (2007)

The strong concordance of predicted and observed practice changes suggests that randomized trial results have advanced mechanical ventilation practices internationally.
Globale und regionale Statistik (1965)

Die amtliche Statistik wird heute in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland vom Statistischen Bundesamt und den Statistischen Landesämtern vertreten. Sie geht zurück auf staatliche Einrichtungen, die für den Eigenbedarf zentraler staatlicher Verwaltungen Zahlenunterlagen zu beschaffen und zu bearbeiten hatten. Im Laufe der Jahrzehnte ist der Aufgabenbereich der amtlichen Statistik ganz außerordentlich erweitert worden, und die Ergebnisse von Zählungen und Erhebungen werden heute in größerem Umfange veröffentlicht, stehen also auch Wirtschaft und Forschung zur Verfügung. Dennoch ist »der staatspolitische Informationszweck« (Ch. Lorenz) Hauptaufgabe der amtlichen Statistik geblieben, laufend die Unterlagen, die für Staat und Verwaltung, für Bundesregierung, Landesregierungen und für nachgeordnete Dienststellen erforderlich sind, bereitzustellen.