gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor Binding Inhibitory Activity of Pinusolide Derivatives: A Structure−Activity Study (1998)

Pinusolide, a labdane-type diterpene lactone isolated from Biota orientalis, was found to be a potent platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor binding antagonist. To investigate the structure-activity relationship and find derivatives with improved pharmacological profiles, 17 pinusolide derivatives were prepared and tested for their ability to inhibit the PAF receptor binding. The results demonstrated that the carboxymethyl ester group at C-19, the integrity of the alpha,beta-unsaturated butenolide ring, and the exocyclic olefinic function of pinusolide are all necessary for its maximum PAF receptor binding inhibitory activity. Among the derivatives, the 17-nor-8-oxo derivative 8 was found to be as potent as pinusolide. The results also suggested that several derivatives warrant further pharmaceutical and pharmacological studies due to their improved water solubility (8 and 11) and apparent lack of susceptibility to Michael-type nucleophilic addition (13 and 18).
Construction of Enantiomerically Enriched Diazo Compounds Using Diazo Esters as Nucleophiles: Chiral Lewis Base Catalysis (2013)

Amazing diazo: The title reaction leads to highly functionalized diazo compounds in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities (see scheme; Boc=tert-butoxycarbonyl). The utility of the products was demonstrated by the rapid synthesis of a number of optically pure nitrogen heterocycles. The key to this process was the use of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl diazoacetate as a superior nucleophilic reagent. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A Noise Reduction Method for Photoacoustic Imaging <italic>In Vivo</italic> Based on EMD and Conditional Mutual Information (2019)

Photoacoustic tomography is a technique to reconstruct the image of light energy absorption distribution in tissues based on the detected photoacoustic signals. In recent years, this research field has been greatly developed, and its application range is wide, including anatomy, functionality, and molecular imaging. However, the conversion efficiency of photoacoustic effect from light to sound is quite low, which leads to the low signal-to-noise ratio of photoacoustic signal and the poor quality of reconstructed photoacoustic image. The traditional method to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of photoacoustic signals is data averaging method, but it seriously limits the imaging speed due to multiple acquisition. Without sacrificing signal fidelity and imaging speed, an empirical mode decomposition (EMD) combined with conditional mutual information de-noising algorithm for photoacoustic tomography is proposed in this paper. The simulation results and experimental results of photoacoustic signal de-noising achieve significant improvement of signal-to-noise ratio of photoacoustic signal and the enhancement of contrast of the reconstructed image. The simulation results and experimental results show that EMD combined with mutual information method improves at least 2 dB and 3 dB, respectively, more than traditional wavelet threshold method and band-pass filter. The improvement of contrast-to-noise ratio is more than 2 dB and 3 dB, respectively, more than traditional wavelet threshold method and band-pass filter.
Dielectrically Addressable Microspheres Engineered Using Self-Assembled Monolayers (2003)

We have used self-assembled monolayer techniques to produce a new class of microspheres with specifically engineered dielectric properties to enable their dielectrophoretic manipulation and identification in microsystems. Dielectrophoresis is an electrokinetic phenomenon that exploits frequency-dependent polarizability differences between a particle and its suspending medium to drive the movement of the particle toward or away from the high-field regions of an inhomogeneous electric field. While dielectrophoretic methods have been used extensively for cell manipulation, separation, and identification, we wished to extend the applicability of dielectrophoresis to molecular analysis by developing a panel of dielectric microspheres or "handles". Dielectric shell theory was used to model the dielectrophoretic response for a biomimetic particle composed of a thin insulating shell over a conductive interior. We specifically sought to modulate the specific capacitance, and thereby the dielectric properties, of the particle by controlling the thickness of the insulating layer. Such a structure was fabricated by covering a gold-coated polystyrene core particle with self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiol and phospholipid. To test the prediction that the carbon chain length of these layers should dictate the dielectric properties of the particles, we constructed a panel of six microsphere types with shell compositions ranging from a C(9) alkanethiol monolayer to a C(32) hybrid bilayer membrane. These microsphere populations were distinguishable and manipulatable by dielectrophoresis in a characteristic, frequency-dependent manner as predicted by theory. Experimentally derived specific membrane capacitance values were inversely related to the insulating shell thickness and agreed with published capacitance values for planar layers of similar thicknesses. These proof of principle studies are the first to demonstrate that the dielectric properties of particles can be specifically engineered to allow their dielectrophoretic manipulation and are a first step toward the development of bead-based dielectrophoretic microsystems for multiplexed molecular separation and analysis.
The functional neuroanatomy of tinnitus (1998)

Reply from the Authors: Unlike Dr. Gordon, who has been trying to decorticalize auditory hallucinations, we began with the test of the null hypothesis that there would be no blood flow-neural activity differences between loud and soft tinnitus states.1 Detection of significant differences confined to the cortex opposite the ear in which tinnitus occurred led to rejection of the null hypothesis. Neural activation tests using real, unilaterally presented sounds were also performed in our patients and controls. We again rejected the null hypothesis when the analysis revealed bilateral cortical responses. When we sought to explain these data, we saw no clear alternative to our statement that Our data suggest that the tinnitus experienced by our patients (emphasis added) arises in the central auditory system and not the …
FPGA Implementation of the CORDIC Algorithm for Fingerprints Recognition Systems (2013)

In this paper, we propose a low-cost sequential architecture for the implementation of CORDIC algorithm in two computation modes. It suited for serial operation that performs conversion between polar and rectangular coordinate systems, essentially sin/cos, sinh/cosh and arctan computation. The design targets real time application of fingerprint recognition. We present a VHDL description of CORDIC algorithm. To reduce iteration delay, we used some combinatory blocks. Fixed point arithmetic was considered. To valid our conception and its CORDIC accuracy, we present relative error calculated in convergence range for some trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. All measurements show an enhancement compared with our previous work. The architecture was implemented and tested. The contribution of the paper includes the CORDIC design flow.
Testing Intrusion detection systems (2000)

In 1998 and again in 1999, the Lincoln Laboratory of MIT conducted a comparative evaluation of intrusion detection systems (IDSs) developed under DARPA funding. While this evaluation represents a significant and monumental undertaking, there are a number of issues associated with its design and execution that remain unsettled. Some methodologies used in the evaluation are questionable and may have biased its results. One problem is that the evaluators have published relatively little concerning some of the more critical aspects of their work, such as validation of their test data. The appropriateness of the evaluation techniques used needs further investigation. The purpose of this article is to attempt to identify the shortcomings of the Lincoln Lab effort in the hope that future efforts of this kind will be placed on a sounder footing. Some of the problems that the article points out might well be resolved if the evaluators were to publish a detailed description of their procedures and the rationale that led to their adoption, but other problems would clearly remain./par>
Measuring Prices and Price Competition Online: Amazon and Barnes and Noble (2002)

Despite the interest in measuring price sensitivity of online consumers, most academic work on Internet commerce is hindered by a lack of data on quantity. In this paper we use publicly available data on the sales ranks of about 20,000 books to derive quantity proxies at the two leading online booksellers.
Phospholipid−Protein Adducts of Lipid Peroxidation:  Synthesis and Study of New Biotinylated Phosphatidylcholines (2007)

Oxidative stress gives rise to a number of electrophilic aldehydes from membrane phospholipids, and these compounds have been linked to pathophysiologic events associated with the progression of cardiovascular disease. A headgroup biotinylated phosphatidylcholine (PC) has been prepared, and its oxidation chemistry has been studied. Biotin or biotin-sulfoxide groups were attached to PC at the ammonium headgroup via a di-ethylene glycol link. The modified phospholipids have calorimetric and colloidal properties similar to those of the parent. The oxidation of PLPBSO (the biotin-sulfoxide analogue of 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoylglycerylphosphatidylcholine, PLPC) was studied under a variety of conditions. PLPBSO, like PLPC, undergoes oxidation to give electrophiles that adduct to small model peptides as well as to isolated proteins such as human serum albumin. PLPBSO incorporates into human blood plasma, and treatment of the plasma with water soluble free radical initiators gives rise to a number of biotinylated plasma proteins that can be isolated via (strept)avidin affinity. Isolated peptide or protein-lipid adducts can be identified by proteomics analyses, and studies on model peptides show that phospholipid-protein adduction sites can be identified by known algorithms. Biotinylated lipids such as PLPBSO and modern proteomics tools would appear to provide a new approach to exploring the chemistry and biology of membrane peroxidation associated with oxidative stress.
Prospective Diagnosis of the Initial Prodrome for Schizophrenia Based on the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes: Preliminary Evidence of Interrater Reliability and Predictive Validity (2002)

In small groups of subjects, these diagnostic criteria for the schizophrenic prodrome and the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes showed promising interrater reliability and predictive validity.
Competing Dynamic Matching Markets (2015)

While dynamic matching markets are usually modeled in isolation, assuming that every agent to be matched enters that market, in many real-world settings there exist rival matching markets with overlapping pools of agents. We extend a framework of dynamic matching due to Akbarpour et al. [2014] to ch
NIST special database 27: (2000)

The National Institute of Standards and Technology in conjunction with the Federal Bureau of Investigation has developed a new database of grayscale fingerprint images and corresponding minutiae data. The database contains latent fingerprints from crime scenes and their matching rolled fingerprint mates. In all there are 258 latent cases. Each case includes the latent image, the matching tenprint image, and four sets of minutiae that have been validated by a professional team of latent examiners.
Longitudinal Trends in Costs of Palliative Radiation for Metastatic Prostate Cancer (2015)

Between 2000 and 2007, palliative radiation therapy for bony prostate cancer metastases was characterized by the use of more advanced treatment technologies and prolonged radiation treatment courses. Further research investigating barriers to cost-effective palliation is warranted.
A historical perspective of the development of the vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (2000)

The vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is emerging as a key element for next-generation information processing systems and technologies. This laser has the ease of manufacture of the light-emitting diode and the versatility of the conventional edge-emitting laser for high-speed interconnect applications in communication networks. Its size, manufacturability, and potential ease of heterogeneous integration with electronics promise a range of applications that have yet to be explored. The paper outlines the history of the development of the surface-emitting laser and the role that fortuitous timing and the creation of an infrastructure have played in its successful development.
Kinematic motion analysis of the human arm during a manipulation task (2010)

Research in the field of human kinematic analysis has gained interest in recent years and has fostered new ideas and expectations. Next generations of manipulators are expected to resemble a human-like behaviour at kinematic level, in order to avoid any unease or discomfort (like fear or shock) to the nearby humans. Robot manufactures are in fact already putting on the market kinematically redundant manipulators that guarantee high levels of dexterity and a more flexible motion planning. In this paper, a kinematic experimental approach to study the motion of the human arm will be presented. In particular, the proposed scenario will be used to study how humans exploit the kinematic redundancy of their arm, for a future use in a robotic controller.
Synthese N‐geschützter Cysteinsäurederivate und ihrer aktivierten Ester (1979)

Abstract Die Darstellung von N ‐( tert ‐Butyloxycarbonyl)‐L‐cysteinsäure als Mononatriumsalz [Boc‐Cys‐(O 3 Na)‐OH, 1b ], N ‐(Benzyloxycarbonyl)‐L‐cysteinsäure als Monokaliumsalz [Z‐Cys(O 3 Na)‐OH, 2b ], N‐(Phthaloyl)‐L‐cysteinsäure als Monokaliumsalz [Pht‐Cys(O 3 K)‐OH, 3 ] und deren P ‐Nitro‐phenylester 4, 5, 6 , sowie die Synthese von N‐( tert ‐Butyloxycarbonyl)‐L‐cysteinsäure‐hydroxysuccinimidester als Mononatriumsalz [Boc‐Cys(O 3 Na)‐ONSu, 7 ] werden beschrieben.
Regression-based Intra-prediction for Image and Video Coding (2016)

By utilizing previously known areas in an image, intra-prediction techniques can find a good estimate of the current block. This allows the encoder to store only the error between the original block and the generated estimate, thus leading to an improvement in coding efficiency. Standards such as AVC and HEVC describe expert-designed prediction modes operating in certain angular orientations alongside separate DC and planar prediction modes. Being designed predictors, while these techniques have been demonstrated to perform well in image and video coding applications, they do not necessarily fully utilize natural image structures. In this paper, we describe a novel system for developing predictors derived from natural image blocks. The proposed algorithm is seeded with designed predictors (e.g. HEVC-style prediction) and allowed to iteratively refine these predictors through regularized regression. The resulting prediction models show significant improvements in estimation quality over their designed counterparts across all conditions while maintaining reasonable computational complexity. We also demonstrate how the proposed algorithm handles the worst-case scenario of intra-prediction with no error reporting.
Supervision in counselling, psychotherapy and health (1998)

Abstract This paper presents the Clarkson Intervention Priority Sequencing Model for clarification and decision making in counselling, psychotherapy, supervision, consultancy As well as in the training and supervision of practitioners in these fields. The model can assist professionals to differentiate whether the focus for most urgent intervention in any part of the supervisory system primarily concerns areas of Danger, Confusion, Conflict, Deficit or Development and gives examples referring to health psychology and cultural diversity as well as providing some guidelines for application.
635-nm GaInP/GaAlInP surface-emitting laser diodes (1993)

Monolithic, in‐plane visible surface‐emitting laser diodes operating at 635 nm have been demonstrated. Both the deflecting 45° and 90° micromirrors were fabricated by ion beam etching. An interesting self‐optical‐annealing phenomenon was observed from these facet‐etched GaInP/GaAlInP devices. By employing this unique characteristic, pulsed output powers of 170 mW, and 70 mW at room temperature were achieved from etched‐cleaved and etched‐etched uncoated devices, respectively. Output powers will increase to 725 mW with facet coatings.
Alternate metal virtual ground EPROM array implemented in a 0.8 mu m process for very high density applications (2002)

The alternate metal virtual ground EPROM array (AMG) is introduced as a new scaling concept. This array dramatically reduces cell size by making poly pitch the only limitation in both X and Y directions. The AMG concept scales cell size by sharing one metal line per two diffusion bit lines and relies on a segmentation scheme and fieldless array to achieve the poly pitch limited cell. The cell size in 0.8- mu m technology is 2.56 mu m/sup 2/, which is considerably smaller than the standard EPROM cell in 0.6- mu m technology. A major advantage of this array is reduction of drain turn-on induced punch-through. This reduction allows scaling of effective channel length to as low as 0.25 mu m, resulting in high read current and fast programming time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An Open ECN Service in the IP layer (2001)

This document contributes to the effort to add explicit congestion notification (ECN) to IP. In the current effort to standardise ECN for TCP it is unavoidably necessary to standardise certain new aspects of IP. However, the IP aspects will not and cannot only be specific to TCP. We specify interaction with features of IP such as fragmentation, differentiated services, multicast forwarding, and a definition of the service offered to higher layer congestion control protocols. This document only concerns aspects related to the IP layer, but includes any aspects likely to be common to all higher layer protocols. Any specification of ECN support in higher layer protocols is expected to appear in a separate specification for each such protocol.
Importance of Aquathermal Pressuring Effect in Gulf Coast: GEOLOGIC NOTE (1975)

Study of subsurface pressure and compaction data in the Gulf Coast demonstrates the possible presence of aquathermal pressuring effect as proposed by Barker. The average rate of pore-pressure increase since isolation is estimated to be about 1.4 psi/ft, significantly higher than the average overburden-pressure gradient for this area which seldom exceeds 1 psi/ft. Therefore overburden pressure alone cannot explain the actual subsurface pore pressure; some other pressuring effect, such as aquathermal, also must be involved. The Gulf Coast data also suggest that aquathermal pressuring is more effective if the isolation of pore water started at a deeper depth or a greater compaction level. The leakage of pore water from the undercompacted shale then would be less, so that more of the generated abnormal pressure would be retained. The amount of water moved in the average undercompacted shale in this area is estimated by using Barker's temperature-pressure-density diagram for water; its ratio to the amount moved in normally compacted shales is in the order of 1:100, a very small quantity. However, such undercompacted shales usually are buried deeply and have reached high temperatures, so that the movement of such water--even this much--might be important in the migration of hydrocarbons, especially liquid hydrocarbons. If shale-pore fluids were isolated at a depth of 8,000 ft, and if the gradient of pore-pressure increase since isolation was 1.4 psi/ft, the pore pressure could have reached or exceeded the overburden pressure at about 20,000 ft. Thus, this event could have had a significant impact on the sediments, and may have contributed to structural deformation such as fracturing and/or shale diapirism.
Method for determining <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> var. <i>thuringiensis</i> Berliner in soil (1969)

A plate dilution frequency technique was developed for determination of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis Berliner in soil. Confirmation of B. thuringiensis colonies was achieved by microscopic examination of stained smears for the presence of characteristic parasporal crystals. Competitive growth of B. thuringiensis relative to soil microorganisms was promoted by use of nutrient agar amended to contain 5 p.p.m. polymyxin B sulfate and 4 p.p.m. penicillin G, and incubation at 37 °C for 48 hours. Limits of detection were 600 to 1000 B. thuringiensis propagules/g soil, depending on the soils and the ratio of total soil microorganisms to B. thuringiensis present.
Speech and wideband audio compression using filter banks and wavelets (1997)

The rapidly expanding volume of multimedia data transfers over the Internet and current progress in wireless communications have led to burgeoning research activity in voice and wideband audio compression for novel applications. This thesis presents audio and speech compression methodologies under the framework of sampling the time-scale plane. We outline the different schemes of time-scale tiling, their corresponding implementations, and the compression scenarios that they are most suitable for. We present a theoretical framework using sampling to describe the traditional decimated wavelet transform, wavelet packets, the extrema representation, spline spaces and adaptive sampling. A technique for speech compression using the decimated wavelet transform is presented with a demonstration. The extrema representation is presented with an example showing its performance in the presence of road noise as in a moving car. We show that the extrema representation of spline wavelet decompositions yields a non-iterative reconstruction scheme. It is also amenable to a least squares formulation for reconstruction under noisy conditions. A new scheme for compressing CD quality music is presented. This method computes a signal-dependant filter bank structure based on a cost function. It has an adaptive filter bank structure which changes according to computational power available at the decoder, to facilitate real time decoding. It also has the multi-resolution property, such that successive bit streams yield improved quality of music. It incorporates a psychoacoustic model into its framework to provide transparent compression. Finally, it can be used as a variable-rate scheme, with a bit budget dictating the compression efficiency. Perceptual experiments at about 50 KBits/sec for monophonic CD quality music samples indicate that the reconstruction from compressed signals are virtually indistinguishable from the original samples.