gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Corticosteroids and β2 Agonists Differentially Regulate Rhinovirus-induced Interleukin-6 via Distinct Cis-acting Elements (2007)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine up-regulated by rhinovirus infection during acute exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The role of IL-6 during exacerbations is unclear; however, it is believed IL-6 could contribute to airway and systemic inflammation. In this study we investigate the effects of common asthma treatments fluticasone propionate and beta(2) agonists salmeterol and salbutamol on IL-6 production in BEAS-2B and primary bronchial epithelial cells. Salmeterol and salbutamol enhanced rhinovirus- and IL-1beta-induced IL-6 production; however, fluticasone treatment caused a reduction of IL-6 protein and mRNA. Combined activity of salmeterol and fluticasone at equimolar concentrations had no effect on rhinovirus or IL-1beta induction of IL-6. The induction of IL-6 by salmeterol was dependent upon the beta(2) receptor and could also be induced by cAMP or cAMP-elevating agents forskolin and rolipram. Using transfection of IL-6 promoter reporter constructs, dominant negative mutants, and electromobility shift assays, it was found that NF-kappaB was the only transcription factor required for rhinovirus induction of IL-6 gene expression. Salmeterol caused an augmentation of rhinovirus-induced promoter activation via a mechanism dependent upon the c/EBP and/or CRE (cyclic AMP response element) cis-acting sites. The suppressive effect of FP was dependent upon distinct glucocorticoid response element sequences proximal to the transcriptional start site within the IL-6 promoter. The data demonstrate that beta(2) agonists can augment IL-6 expression by other stimuli in an additive manner via cyclic AMP and that the negative effect of steroids is mediated by glucocorticoid response elements within the IL-6 promoter.
Ein Beitrag zur Chemotherapie der bakteriellen Infektionen (1935)

Drug Prescribing for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in General Practice: a Cross-Sectional Study
Structured Reward Shaping using Signal Temporal Logic specifications (2019)

Deep reinforcement learning has become a popular technique to train autonomous agents to learn control policies that enable them to accomplish complex tasks in uncertain environments. A key component of an RL algorithm is the definition of a reward function that maps each state and an action that can be taken in that state to some real-valued reward. Typically, reward functions informally capture an implicit (albeit vague) specification on the desired behavior of the agent. In this paper, we propose the use of the logical formalism of Signal Temporal Logic(STL) as a formal specification for the desired behaviors of the agent. Furthermore, we propose algorithms to locally shape rewards in each state with the goal of satisfying the high-level STL specification. We demonstrate our technique on two case studies, a cart-pole balancing problem with a discrete action space, and controlling the actuation of a simulated quadrotor for point-to-point movement.The proposed framework is agnostic to any specific RL algorithm, as locally shaped rewards can be easily used in concert with any deep RL algorithm.
Hybrid Video Coding Based on Bidimensional Matching Pursuit (2004)

Hybrid video coding combines together two stages: first, motion estimation and compensation predict each frame from the neighboring frames, then the prediction error is coded, reducing the correlation in the spatial domain. In this work, we focus on the latter stage, presenting a scheme that profits from some of the features introduced by the standard H.264/AVC for motion estimation and replaces the transform in the spatial domain. The prediction error is so coded using the matching pursuit algorithm which decomposes the signal over an appositely designed bidimensional, anisotropic, redundant dictionary. Comparisons are made among the proposed technique, H.264, and a DCT-based coding scheme. Moreover, we introduce fast techniques for atom selection, which exploit the spatial localization of the atoms. An adaptive coding scheme aimed at optimizing the resource allocation is also presented, together with a rate-distortion study for the matching pursuit algorithm. Results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the standard DCT, especially at very low bit rates.
Screening of exon 51 and subclone of introns 50 and 51 on both sides of the exon 51 in dystrophin gene (1994)

The clone containing exon 51 of dystrophin gene was screened from Human X Chromesome Phage Library and identified by Southern blot hybridization with the probe cDMD_(8). The subclone sites of enzyme Kpn I and Hind Ⅲ were determined by means of the fine scale map of dystrophin gene. So the subclones containing introns 50 and 51 which linked to exon 51 of dystrophin gene were obtained, which is the basis of the DNA sequences of intron 50 and 51 were analysed.
Enhancement of stromal cell‐derived factor‐1α‐induced chemotaxis for CD4/8 double‐positive thymocytes by fibronectin and laminin in mice (2001)

Stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha) is a chemokine abundantly expressed in the thymus. However, a potential role of SDF-1alpha in the thymus has been under consideration, since no appreciable difference was detected in the migratory responsiveness to the SDF-1alpha between cortical and medullary thymocytes. In the present study, we examined the effects of extracellular matrix (ECM) on the responsiveness of murine thymocytes to several chemokines including SDF-1alpha. In the absence of ECM, chemotactic activity of SDF-1alpha for cortical (CD4/8 double-positive) thymocytes was almost same as that for medullary (CD4 or CD8 single-positive) thymocytes. In contrast, the chemotactic activity of SDF-1alpha for cortical thymocytes was considerably (more than 10-fold) enhanced by laminin or fibronectin as compared with that for medullary thymocytes. Chemotactic activities of macrophage-derived chemokine and macrophage inflammatory protein-3beta for both cortical and medullary thymocytes were only slightly enhanced by fibronectin or laminin. Thus, fibronectin and laminin appear to enhance the chemotactic activity of SDF-1alpha for cortical thymocytes selectively. Addition of a monoclonal antibody against CD29 showed no inhibitory effect on the enhanced chemotactic activity of SDF-1alpha, suggesting that the other unknown receptor(s) is involved in this enhancement. Our present data demonstrate that SDF-1alpha in the presence of fibronectin or laminin is involved in the distribution of developing thymocytes.
UVR, Vitamin D and Three Autoimmune Diseases—Multiple Sclerosis, Type 1 Diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis (2005)

We review the evidence indicating a possible beneficial role for UVR on three Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases: multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis in relation to recent developments in photoimmunology. Recent work suggests that UVR exposure may be one factor that can attenuate the autoimmune activity leading to these three diseases through several pathways involving UVB and UVA irradiation, UVR-derived vitamin D synthesis and other routes such as alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, calcitonin gene related peptide and melatonin. Ecological features, particularly a gradient of increasing prevalence of multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes with higher latitude, provide some support for a beneficial role of UVR. Analytical studies provide additional support, particularly as low vitamin D has been prospectively associated with disease onset for all three diseases, but are not definitive. Randomized controlled trial data are required. Further, we discuss how associated genetic studies may assist the accumulation of evidence with regard to the possible causal role of low UVR exposure and/or low vitamin D status in the development of these diseases.
Object Recognition with and without Objects (2017)

While recent deep neural networks have achieved a promising performance on object recognition, they rely implicitly on the visual contents of the whole image. In this paper, we train deep neural networks on the foreground (object) and background (context) regions of images respectively. Considering human recognition in the same situations, networks trained on the pure background without objects achieves highly reasonable recognition performance that beats humans by a large margin if only given context. However, humans still outperform networks with pure object available, which indicates networks and human beings have different mechanisms in understanding an image. Furthermore, we straightforwardly combine multiple trained networks to explore different visual cues learned by different networks. Experiments show that useful visual hints can be explicitly learned separately and then combined to achieve higher performance, which verifies the advantages of the proposed framework.
Self-report quality of life measure for people with schizophrenia: The SQLS (2000)

The SQLS was completed within 5-10 minutes. It possesses internal reliability and construct validity, and promises to be a useful tool for the evaluation of new treatment regimes for people with schizophrenia.
A review of mobility support paradigms for the internet (2006)

Abstract With the development of mobile communication and Internet technology, there is a strong need to provide connectivity for roaming devices to communicate to other communication end point in the Internet at any time and anywhere. The key issue of this vision is how to support mobility in TCP/IP networks. In this paper, we review the TCP/IP protocol stack and analyze the problems associated with it in a mobile environment. We then investigate the mobility support techniques and existing solutions to provide mobility support in the Internet. We classify the proposed solutions based on the protocol layers and present examples for each category. We also provide a comparison of the different solutions belonging to different categories and in the same category, including their advantages and disadvantages, and conclude that there is no single solution perfectly addresses mobility support for the Internet. We conclude this survey with a recommendation of features that need to be satisfied in Internet mobility support.
Design and testing of a mesoscale actuator device (MAD) (2000)

Three different piezoelectric stacks (PI, NEC, and Marco stack) were characterized in this paper. Their mechanical and electrical properties were first evaluated including Young' modulus, piezoelectric constants, and effective permittivity under mechanical preloads up to 69 MPa (10 ksi) at 2 MV/m. Test result shows that the PI stack generated the highest strain output (2087 με) under a mechanical preload of 55 MPa (8 ksi) at 2 MV/m. As electric field and frequency increased, piezoelectric stack was heated. Heating is mainly caused by power dissipated due to dielectric loss. The power density of the piezoelectric stack was measured under different frequencies, electric fields, and mechanical loads based on a factorial experimental design. Test results indicate that operational frequency influenced the power density more significantly than other parameters.
Induction of Potent CD8 T Cell Cytotoxicity by Specific Targeting of Antigen to Cross-Presenting Dendritic Cells In Vivo via Murine or Human XCR1 (2014)

Current subunit vaccines are incapable of inducing Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell cytotoxicity needed for the defense of certain infections and for therapy of neoplastic diseases. In experimental vaccines, cytotoxic responses can be elicited by targeting of Ag into cross-presenting dendritic cells (DC), but almost all available systems use target molecules also expressed on other cells and thus lack the desired specificity. In the present work, we induced CD8(+) T cell cytotoxicity by targeting of Ag to XCR1, a chemokine receptor exclusively expressed on murine and human cross-presenting DC. Targeting of Ag with a mAb or the chemokine ligand XCL1 was highly specific, as determined with XCR1-deficient mice. When applied together with an adjuvant, both vector systems induced a potent cytotoxic response preventing the outgrowth of an inoculated aggressive tumor. By generating a transgenic mouse only expressing the human XCR1 on its cross-presenting DC, we could demonstrate that targeting of Ag using human XCL1 as vector is fully effective in vivo. The specificity and efficiency of XCR1-mediated Ag targeting to cross-presenting DC, combined with its lack of adverse effects, make this system a prime candidate for the development of therapeutic cytotoxic vaccines in humans.
Beyond the Hormone: Insulin as an Autoimmune Target in Type 1 Diabetes (2011)

Insulin is not only the hormone produced by pancreatic β-cells but also a key target antigen of the autoimmune islet destruction leading to type 1 diabetes. Despite cultural biases between the fields of endocrinology and immunology, these two facets should not be regarded separately, but rather harmonized in a unifying picture of diabetes pathogenesis. There is increasing evidence suggesting that metabolic factors (β-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance) and immunological components (inflammation and β-cell-directed adaptive immune responses) may synergize toward islet destruction, with insulin standing at the crossroad of these pathways. This concept further calls for a revision of the classical dichotomy between type 1 and type 2 diabetes because metabolic and immune mechanisms may both contribute to different extents to the development of different forms of diabetes. After providing a background on the mechanisms of β-cell autoimmunity, we will explain the role of insulin and its precursors as target antigens expressed not only by β-cells but also in the thymus. Available knowledge on the autoimmune antibody and T-cell responses against insulin will be summarized. A unifying scheme will be proposed to show how different aspects of insulin biology may lead to β-cell destruction and may be therapeutically exploited. We will argue about possible reasons why insulin remains the mainstay of metabolic control in type 1 diabetes but has so far failed to prevent or halt β-cell autoimmunity as an immune modulatory reagent.
Family Centered Treatment®--an alternative to residential placements for adjudicated youth: outcomes and cost-effectiveness (2012)

Nearly 100,000 adjudicated youth in the United States are placed in residential facilities (or out of home) annually, at an estimated national cost approaching $6 billion. This study compares behavioral and cost outcomes for adjudicated youth in the state of Maryland who were placed out of home with those who were diverted into the Family Centered Treatment® (FCT) program, which allowed them to remain in their homes and communities. Data were provided by the Maryland Department of Juvenile Services (DJS) and FamiliFirst, Inc. Outcomes analyzed include recidivism rates, post-treatment placement rates, and program costs. RESULTS show that FCT provides significant, positive behavioral results based on a 2-year follow-up and reduces post-treatment placements. In addition, a cost analysis demonstrates that the FCT model is a cost-effective alternative to residential placement. Keywords: juvenile justice, detention alternatives; court diversion alternatives; diversion programs; juvenile diversion; evidence-based programs Language: en
A memory-efficient pipelined implementation of the aho-corasick string-matching algorithm (2010)

With rapid advancement in Internet technology and usages, some emerging applications in data communications and network security require matching of huge volume of data against large signature sets with thousands of strings in real time. In this article, we present a memory-efficient hardware implementation of the well-known Aho-Corasick (AC) string-matching algorithm using a pipelining approach called P-AC. An attractive feature of the AC algorithm is that it can solve the string-matching problem in time linearly proportional to the length of the input stream, and the computation time is independent of the number of strings in the signature set. A major disadvantage of the AC algorithm is the high memory cost required to store the transition rules of the underlying deterministic finite automaton. By incorporating pipelined processing, the state graph is reduced to a character trie that only contains forward edges. Together with an intelligent implementation of look-up tables, the memory cost of P-AC is only about 18 bits per character for a signature set containing 6,166 strings extracted from Snort. The control structure of P-AC is simple and elegant. The cost of the control logic is very low. With the availability of dual-port memories in FPGA devices, we can double the system throughput by duplicating the control logic such that the system can process two data streams concurrently. Since our method is memory-based, incremental changes to the signature set can be accommodated by updating the look-up tables without reconfiguring the FPGA circuitry.
Mechanisms regulating the nuclear translocation of p38 MAP kinase (2010)

p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is of fundamental importance in a cell's response to environmental stresses, cytokines and DNA damage. p38 resides in the cytoplasm of resting cells, and translocates into the nucleus upon activation, yet the exact mechanisms remain largely unclear. We show here that the phosphorylation-dependent nuclear translocation of p38 is a common phenomenon when cells are stimulated with various stresses. On the other hand, the nuclear export of p38 requires its dephosphorylation, and it is exported both in a MK2-dependent and a nuclear export signal (NES)-independent manner. Although different p38-regulated/activated protein kinase (PRAK) mutants all dictate the intracellular localization of p38, results from a PRAK-deficient cell line indicate that it plays no role in this process. Microtubule depolymerizing reagent nocodazole and dynein inhibitor EHNA both block the nuclear translocation of p38, demonstrating roles for microtubules and dynein in p38 transport. Taken together, stress-induced nuclear accumulation of p38 is a phosphorylation-dependent, microtubule- and dynein-associated process.
The Research on the hearing damage and methods of hearing protection against aircraft noise (1995)

Nowadays aviation noise significantly affects a number of people over the world. This paper is mainly focused on the effect of temporary and permanent hearing loss of cockpit crew, flight attendants, passengers, persons in communities exposed to aircraft overflight. Also this paper describes the human hearing mechanism and the processes of temporary and permanent hearing loss. The results of research are presented and the potential for hearing loss in aviation noise environments evaluated. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) hearing protection criteria are also addressed.
Recent Developments in Borazine-Based Polymers (1994)

Although they have tremendous applications potential, inorganic polymers have received relatively little attention compared to organic polymers. Recent demands for entirely new hybrid materials and advanced ceramics, however, are driving efforts to develop new inorganic polymer systems. This paper summarizes some historical background along with recent results from our two laboratories on the formation of boron-nitrogen polymers based upon borazine monomer chemistry that will be useful in the realization of advanced materials goals.
Computational Studies of Cobalt-Substituted Aluminophosphates (2000)

Electronic structure calculations have been performed on a number of models for cobalt substituted aluminophosphates (or CoAPOs) using density functional theory. A number of different cluster models of CoAPOs were constructed and used for the calculations. Our results predict that the high-spin forms of cobalt in tetrahedral coordination are the most stable in agreement with previous electron spin resonance measurements. Also, we find that the structural parameters obtained from geometry optimizations are in good agreement with X-ray absorption experiments (EXAFS). For example, for models of CoAPO compounds with cobalt in the reduced Co(II) oxidation state we calculate the Co−O bond length to be ca. 1.94 Å from cluster calculation as compared to 1.90 Å from EXAFS measurements on reduced CoAPO-18. Our calculations also show the necessity of applying constraints when considering cluster models to correctly represent the local environment around the transition metal, and we have developed a method using atomistic shell-model calculations to obtain reasonable constraints for this purpose. We have calculated the thermochemistry of a likely initiation step for partial oxidation with a number of substrates. It is found that the reaction is more favorable when an additional ligand, H2O or hydroxyl, is introduced into the cobalt coordination sphere forming a five-coordinate local geometry, and that also considerable stabilization of the resulting alkyl radical can be achieved by the formation of a metal−carbon bond. Additionally, it can be noted that although for reproduction of EXAFS data for four-coordinated cobalt models, smaller cluster are sufficient, when considering the energetics of five-coordinated cobalt species, larger cluster are needed to avoid the formation of unrealistic fragment products. We have also investigated the interaction of small molecules (O2 and CH3CN) with the cobalt center. Whereas we find no evidence for a stable intermediate involving direct coordination of molecular oxygen, our results with acetonitrile show good agreement with previous EXAFS measurements on CoAPO-5/CH3CN.
The evolution of tissue engineered vascular grafts: from research to clinical practice (2010)

There is a considerable need for alternatives to the autologous vein and artery tissues used for vascular reconstructive surgeries such as CABG, lower limb bypass, arteriovenous shunts and repair of congenital defects of the pulmonary outflow tract. So far, synthetic materials have not matched the efficacy of native tissues, particularly small diameter applications. We have developed a completely autologous approach called sheet based tissue engineering.
DOUBLE LUMEN CATHETER FOR USE WITH ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY (1959)

Hemodialysis by means of an artificial kidney has become a well-established adjunct in maintaining life and reducing morbidity during the oliguric phase of reversible renal failure.<sup>1</sup>Some kidney units such as that developed by Skeggs and co-workers<sup>2</sup>and Kolff and Watschinger<sup>3</sup>utilize a pump to propel the patient's blood through the dialyzing tubing. This modification permits venous blood to be utilized for outflow to the artificial kidney. A pump or negative pressure surrounding the dialyzing membrane<sup>4</sup>incorporates ultrafiltration into the procedure of hemodialysis, making possible the reduction of otherwise intractable edema.<sup>5</sup> Hemodialysis is time consuming. This factor limits to some extent the availability of the procedure. The period of actual dialyzation with presently available methods cannot be appreciably reduced. It is doubtful whether more rapid rates of clearance are physiologically desirable. However, any time that may be saved in preparing the instrument or the patient
Chronic fatigue syndrome (1995)

A new international definition of chronic fatigue syndrome employs an epidemiological perspective.Studies in nonspecialist settings confirm the association of the symptom of chronic fatigue with depression but also reveal that the physical illness attribution, typical of hospital-referred patients and associated with a poor prognosis, is relatively uncommon in primary care. It is concluded that further efforts at classification and treatment of patients suffering from chronic unexplained fatigue should take the patients' beliefs, behaviour and emotional state into account as well as their somatic symptoms.