gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of an oral therapeutic HIV-1 vaccine on AIDS patients with CD4 count above 250 cells/mm3. (2004)

A simple delivery route, e.g. oral, would greatly facilitate the acceptance of an AIDS vaccine by a large target population. We developed a vaccine that took advantage of inherent properties of mucosal immunity in response to oral antigen challenge, namely the V-1 Immunitor vaccine (V1), which is a polyvalent oral Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) vaccine. The vaccine, currently manufactured in Thailand, contains pooled, inactivated viral antigens. In order to compare this vaccine with HIV-1 therapeutic vaccines reported earlier we analyzed retrospectively 13 HIV-1-positive patients that had the baseline CD4 T-cell counts greater than 250 cells/mm3 (range 270-605 cells/mm3). The patients self-administered one 850 mg vaccine tablet at breakfast and dinnertime for an average of 32 weeks (median 26 weeks). The treatment was well tolerated without any toxic effect. Twelve of thirteen patients (92%) and 9 of 13 patients (69%) experienced an elevation in CD4 and CD8 cells. The mean increase in absolute CD4 and CD8 cell counts across this group was 98 (22%; P = 0.02) and 324 (26%; P = 0.05) cells/mm3, respectively. Viral plasma load was measured by PCR in six patients. The observed viremia reduction was within 1 log unit. Subjective parameters, i.e., appetite, energy, and sense of well-being were reported by patients as being markedly improved, reflected in a mean body weight gain of 2.75 kg (P = 0.0008). Oral administration of HIV-1 immunogens provides compelling clinical response, especially when patients are treated earlier.
Social Implications of Hyperfunctional Facial Lines (2003)

The face is the focus of human interactions, and facial appearance profoundly affects self-esteem. Facial appearance is not only a compilation of the dimensions of the primary morphologic features but is also a direct result of the emotional expressions exhibited on the face. Facial expressions are central in the communication of emotions, as well as in signaling characteristics such as age. The repeated expression of emotions produces hyperfunctional facial lines, and the presence of these lines when the face is at repose may give an erroneous impression of emotions or personality characteristics. These lines are also perceived as a sign of aging. Treatment of hyperfunctional facial lines is beneficial for patients who believe that their faces are not communicating their emotions properly, who want to delay the outward appearance of aging, or who simply want to look their best.
Involvement of endogenously synthesized interleukin (IL)-18 in the protective effects of IL-12 against pulmonary infection with Cryptococcus neoformans in mice (2000)

We previously demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-12 protected mice against fatal pulmonary infection with a highly virulent strain of Cryptococcus neoformans, which correlated well with the production of interferon (IFN)-γ as well as IL-18 in the primary infected site. In the present study, we examined the role of endogenously synthesized IL-18 in IL-12-induced host resistance to this pathogen. There was little or no production of IFN-γ and IL-18 both at mRNA and protein levels in lungs of mice infected with C. neoformans, while treatment with IL-12 induced a marked production of these cytokines. Caspase-1 mRNA was expressed in infected mice even without IL-12 treatment. Administration of neutralizing anti-IFN-γ monoclonal antibody (mAb) clearly inhibited production of IFN-γ and IL-18 induced by IL-12, while control IgG did not show such an effect. However, administration of IFN-γ did not induce the production of both cytokines in infected mice, although tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IFN-γ-inducible protein (IP)-10 were synthesized by the same treatment. Finally, neutralizing anti-IL-18 antibody (Ab) significantly interfered with the production of IFN-γ and elimination of the microorganism from the lung induced by IL-12 treatment. Furthermore, both IFN-γ synthesis and host protection caused by IL-12 were profoundly diminished in IL-18 gene-disrupted mice. Considered collectively, our results indicated that host protection against C. neoformans induced by IL-12 involved endogenously synthesized IL-18 and that the production of IL-18 was mediated at least in part by endogenous IFN-γ.
Cytochalasins E and K, toxic metabolites from Aspergillus clavatus (1982)

The isolation of cytochalasin E and cytochalasin K from Aspergillus clavatus is described. The structure of cytochalasin K, a new metabolite, has been determined by spectroscopic data and chemical reactions. The relationship between cytochalasin E and cytochalasin K was confirmed by chemical conversion. Chemical reactions on cytochalasins E and K, both of which contain the unique vinyl carbonate moiety, are described.
Commodity Agreements and Commodity Markets: Lessons From Tin (1988)

In what follows we study the history of the tin market over the period I982-5. Important questions this exercise will help to answer are: Was the collapse of the tin market a failure of the buffer stock operation and was it inevitable? Was the activity of the buffer stock a commodity market manipulation? Was there a deficiency in the drafting of the tin agreement?Was there a failure of commodity market regulation? More generally, while it has long been recognised that stabilisation schemes are vulnerable to speculative attacks, the interconection between buffer stock managements and futures markets has not been explored. In this sense, our historical analysis will
<i>Z</i>- and Enantioselective Ring-Opening/Cross-Metathesis with Enol Ethers Catalyzed by Stereogenic-at-Ru Carbenes: Reactivity, Selectivity, and Curtin–Hammett Kinetics (2012)

The first instances of Z- and enantioselective Ru-catalyzed olefin metathesis are presented. Ring-opening/cross-metathesis (ROCM) reactions of oxabicyclic alkenes and enol ethers and a phenyl vinyl sulfide are promoted by 0.5-5.0 mol % of enantiomerically pure stereogenic-at-Ru complexes with an aryloxy chelate tethered to the N-heterocyclic carbene. Products are formed efficiently and with exceptional enantioselectivity (>98:2 enantiomer ratio). Surprisingly, the enantioselective ROCM reactions proceed with high Z selectivity (up to 98% Z). Moreover, reactions proceed with the opposite sense of enantioselectivity versus aryl olefins, which afford E isomers exclusively. Preliminary DFT calculations in support of Curtin-Hammett kinetics as well as initial models that account for the stereoselectivity levels and trends are provided.
Phospholipase activity in<i>Candida albicans</i> (1977)

Phospholipase A and lysophospholipase have been identified as the enzymes responsible for phospholipid hydrolysis by Candida albicans. The method used to identify and measure the activity of these enzymes is described, and the probable significance of phospholipase in the invasion of the epithelium by Candida albicans discussed.
Patterned Slippery Surface through Dynamically Controlling Surface Structures for Droplet Microarray (2019)

Patterned slippery surfaces based on the technique of slippery liquid-infused porous surface (SLIPS) have broad technological applications in biofouling, liquid handling, biomolecule collection, and droplet microarrays. However, methods to generate patterned SLIPS with flexibility and practical potential remain a technical roadblock. Here, we report an approach for generating patterned SLIPS, and by utilizing which, as a proof-of-technique application, the droplet microarrays have been presented. Our approach is based on a photocross-linkable polyelectrolyte poly(ethyleneimine)/azide-poly(acrylic acid) (PEI/PAA-N3) film, whose surface structures can be dynamically controlled. We have prepared the surface-patterned PEI/PAA-N3 film containing microstructured and flat regions. We then demonstrate that, because of much higher lubricant retaining capability of the microstructured regions, a patterned SLIPS can be simply generated through infusing the lubricant onto the surface and applying a shear spinning process. This work highlights the importance of the dynamics of surface structures to functional materials, showing broad potential applications.
Poster abstract (2013)

Precision ball screw assembly (hereafter called "ball screw"), as shown in Fig. 1, is a mechanical wear out part that widely used in CNC (computer numerical control) machine tools to control the movement of processing targets and spindles. Up until now, there has been no simple way to directly measure ball screw for knowing the state of wear quantitatively. An indirect approach is logging all the signals (vibration, temperature, and preload change) during the operation of ball screw, and to use them to construct the wear model for estimating its remaining lifetime. To achieve this goal, we proposed a cloud-based logging system in this study that emphasizes (1) logging all the signals during operation in a ball screw's whole lifetime, and transferring to the data server without data loss; and (2) saving all the data into the cloud data storage of the ball screw's manufacturer. The data collected from many ball screws can be used to analyze and construct the wear model of ball screw, allowing the manufacturer to understand the state of wear and send a warning to the tool machine's owner before excessive wear.
A novel synthesis of antineoplastic 4'-thionucleosides using D-glucose as a chiral synthon. (1995)

We have synthesized 2'-deoxy-2'-methylene-4'-thiocytidine as a potential antineoplastic agent. Isopropylidene-3-O-benzylxylose, readily obtained from D-glucose in 5 steps, was converted to 1,4-anhydro-4-deoxy-4-thio-arabinitol. After manipulation at 2-position, unique Pummerer type glycosylation at the alpha-position of sulfoxides gave the target compound. Antineoplastic effect of this compound is also reported.
THE PREPARATION OF SUBSTITUTED THIONOCARBAMATES (1960)

The preparations and properties of a number of substituted thionocarbamates are described.
A comparative study of high-frequency, low-profile planar transformer technologies (2002)

A study several of available technologies used to construct low-profile, planar transformers is presented. Finite element analysis is used to determine an appropriate winding configuration with low AC resistance and leakage inductance. The advantages and disadvantages of printed circuit board (PCB), flex-circuit and stamped-copper winding technologies are evaluated. The trade-offs between electrical and mechanical properties are emphasized. It is demonstrated that the secondary winding termination resistances for these transformers constitute a large percentage of the total AC resistance of the transformer.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Parametric design of a coal mine refuge chamber (2007)

In 2006 several coal mine tragedies led to safety legislation to provide post accident protection to coal miners. One of the key aspects of this legislation was providing refuge areas where miners could await rescue if they could not escape the mine. These refuge areas were to be designed to sustain life for four days, providing the miners with adequate oxygen, carbon dioxide scrubbing, food, water, and reasonable temperature control. A parametric study has been performed to provide further definition of the requirements in order to design an optimal portable refuge chamber with little or no electricity to enhance the comfort level of the trapped miners. The specific areas of interest concentrate on the amount and method of supplying oxygen and carbon dioxide scrubbing per miner along with the method of cooling necessary for sustaining the miners. Temperature inside the chamber becomes a vital concern when the outside ambient temperature rises in conjunction with internally generated heat from carbon dioxide scrubbing and metabolic body heat, causing internal temperatures to become elevated above safe levels. The maximum ambient temperature to sustain miners without air conditioning and the maximum ambient temperature with air conditioning was investigated to provide the best protection for the miners after an accident. The following work describes the complete calculations and design of the parameters using fundamentals from Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning.
Evaluation of Mehlich 3 as an Agri‐Environmental Soil Phosphorus Test for the Mid‐Atlantic United States of America (2002)

Laws and guidelines limiting P applications to cropland based on soil P exist in the Mid‐Atlantic USA because of water quality concerns. We evaluated Mehlich 3 (M3) as an environmental soil P test using 465 soils typical to the Mid‐Atlantic region and found M3‐P accurately predicted water soluble P (WSP), desorbable P (Fe oxide strip P [FeO‐P]), and total sorbed P (oxalate P). The M3‐P saturation ratio (M3 [P/(Al+Fe)]) was linearly related to the well‐established oxalate P saturation method (DPS ox ) and a M3 [P/(Al+Fe)] range of 0.10 to 0.15 corresponded to reported environmental limits for DPS ox (25–40%). Rainfall simulation and column leaching studies showed M3 [P/(Al+Fe)] predicted runoff and leachate P concentrations better than M3‐P. We suggest consideration of the following approach now used in Delaware for agri‐environmental interpretation of M3‐P and M3 [P/(Al+Fe)]: (i) Below optimum (crop response likely; M3‐P ≤ 50 mg kg −1 ; M3 [P/(Al+Fe)] < 0.06); (ii) Optimum (economic response to P unlikely, recommendations for P rarely made; M3‐P = 51–100 mg kg −1 ; M3 [P/(Al+Fe)] = 0.06–0.11); (iii) Above Optimum (soil P will not limit crop yields, no P recommended; M3‐P > 100 mg kg −1 ; M3 [P/(Al+Fe)] > 0.11); (iv) Environmental (implement improved P management to reduce potential for nonpoint P pollution—in Delaware M3‐P > 150 mg kg −1 ; M3 [P/(Al+Fe)] > 0.15 is now used). (v) Natural Resource Conservation (no P applied even if the potential water quality impact is low to conserve P, a finite natural resource).
Thrombotic distal middle cerebral artery occlusion produced by topical FeCl<sub>3</sub> application: A novel model suitable for intravital microscopy and thrombolysis studies (2011)

Intravital or multiphoton microscopy and laser-speckle imaging have become popular because they allow live monitoring of several processes during cerebral ischemia. Available rodent models have limitations for these experiments; e.g., filament occlusion of the proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA) is difficult to perform under a microscope, whereas distal occlusion methods may damage the MCA and the peri-arterial cortex. We found that placement of a 10% FeCl(3)-soaked filter paper strip (0.3 × 1 mm(2)) on the duramater over the trunk of the distal MCA through a cranial window for 3 minutes induced intraarterial thrombus without damaging the peri-arterial cortex in the mouse. This caused a rapid regional cerebral blood flow decrease within 10 minutes and total occlusion of the MCA segment under the filter paper in 17±2 minutes, which resulted in a typical cortical infarct of 27±4 mm(3) at 24 hours and moderate sensorimotor deficits. There was no significant hemispheric swelling or hemorrhage or mortality at 24 hours. Reperfusion was obtained in half of the mice with tissue plasminogen activator, which allowed live monitoring of clot lysis along with restoration of tissue perfusion and MCA flow. In conclusion, this relatively simple and noninvasive stroke model is easy to perform under a microscope, making it suitable for live imaging and thrombolysis studies.
Adhesive Failure and Deformation Behaviour of Polymers (1989)

Abstract An instrument has been developed to determine the adhesive fracture energy as a function of the most important parameters such as temperature, contact time etc. and to study the stress–strain behaviour during bond separation. Additionally, the deformation processes during debonding were observed by high speed photography. Investigations of two high molecular weight polymers, polyisobutylene (PIB) and polyethylhexylacrylate (PEHA), showed two different types of bond separation: “brittle” behaviour with low adhesive failure energy for PIB and the formation and deformation of fibrillar structures for PEHA leading to much higher strains at break and adhesive failure energies. It follows from mechanical measurements that both polymers differ mainly by their entanglement networks. The much longer entanglement spacing for PEHA leads to the formation of fibrillar structures which, in accordance with a theory of Good, seem to be the reason for strong adhesion.
Conversion of AC transmission lines to HVDC using current modulation (2006)

This paper outlines a method for modulating direct current in such a way as to distribute power equally among three rather than two conductors., thus making it particularly adaptable to conversion of long AC lines to HVDC. Those principles and the resulting operating characteristics of "tripole" HVDC are then discussed as they relate to converter station design, construction and operation. Finally, the operating characteristics which distinguish tripole HVDC are compared to traditional monopole and bipole schemes as they bear on the value-in-service of an HVDC line. It is shown that the tripole scheme will often be less costly, more reliable and easier to adapt to high overload capacity than traditional schemes, that it may allow increased loading on parallel ac circuits, and that it can be achieved using equipment and operating techniques already proven in hundreds of existing HVDC installations
Effects of N-Ethylmaleimide on Conformational Equilibria in Purified Cardiac Muscarinic Receptors (2002)

Muscarinic receptors purified from porcine atria and devoid of G protein underwent a 9-27-fold decrease in their apparent affinity for the antagonists quinuclidinyl benzilate, N-methylscopolamine, and scopolamine when treated with the thiol-selective reagent N-ethylmaleimide. Their apparent affinity for the agonists carbachol and oxotremorine-M was unchanged. Conversely, the rate of alkylation by N-ethylmaleimide, as monitored by the binding of [(3)H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, was decreased by antagonists while agonists were without effect. The receptor also underwent a time-dependent inactivation that was hastened by N-ethylmaleimide but slowed by quinuclidinyl benzilate and N-methylscopolamine. The destabilizing effect of N-ethylmaleimide was counteracted fully or nearly so at saturating concentrations of each antagonist and the agonist carbachol. Similar effects occurred with human M(2) receptors differentially tagged with the c-Myc and FLAG epitopes, coexpressed in Sf9 cells, and extracted in digitonin/cholate. The degree of coimmunoprecipitation was unchanged by N-ethylmaleimide, which therefore was without discernible effect on oligomeric size. The data are quantitatively consistent with a model in which the purified receptor from porcine atria interconverts spontaneously between two states (i.e. R R*). Antagonists favor the R state; agonists and N-ethylmaleimide favor the comparatively unstable R* state, which predominates after purification. Occupancy by a ligand stabilizes both states, and antagonists impede alkylation by favoring R over R*. Similarities with constitutively active receptors suggest that R and R* are akin to the inactive and active states, respectively. Purified M(2) receptors therefore appear to exist predominantly in their active state.
An Area of T Cell Localization in the Cloacal Bursa of White Leghorn Chickens (1980)

Within the cloacal bursa (bursa of Fabricius), there is a diffusely infiltrated area (DIA) of lymphoid cells just dorsal to the bursal duct opening. Because this region displayed certain histologic characteristics of thymus-dependent areas found in mammals, such as high endothelial venules, heavy reticular fiber components, and epithelium infiltrated with lymphocytes, experiments were conducted to determine whether thymus-derived cells (T cells) were present. Two independent methods substantiated the presence of T cells in the DIA. After the acid alpha-naphthyl acetate staining technique, the characteristic T cell focal esterase activity could be demonstrated in significant numbers of cells found in the DIA. Also autologous radioactively labeled thymocytes could be identified in the DIA by autoradiography a few hours after IV injection. This establishment of a definite T cell area within the bursa gives additional credence to the contention that the bursa functions as a secondary lymphatic organ.
A revision of the genus Longipedia Claus (Crustacea: Copepoda: Harpacticoida) (1980)

The harpacticoid copepod genus Longipedia Claus is revised and all species where material is available for study are redescribed. The differences between species often depend upon a balance of rather subtle characters and it is pointed out that attention to such fine detail is proving to be crucial in harpacticoid taxonomy. The genus as now revised includes ten species. A further four species whose descriptions are inadequate are placed incertae sedis in the genus. L. rosea Sars is considered to be a nomen dubium
Naturally occurring and experimentally induced mycoplasmal arthritis of cattle (1975)

Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis strain Iowa 1136 was isolated from synovial fluids of a clinical case of arthritis in cattle on pasture in Iowa. When given to calves and cows by intra-articular or intravenous injection, it caused severe and persistent joint infections with fever, lameness, and swelling of the affected joints, plus synovitis, tendonitis, and fibrinous-purulent synovial fluids of high protein content. Intramammary administration of the organism caused severe mastitis. Calves nursing the cows developed severe mycoplasmal arthritis.
Real-time multi-wavelength fluorescence imaging of living cells. (1990)

We describe a new real-time fluorescence video microscope design for capturing intensified images of cells containing dual wavelength "ratio" dyes or multiple dyes. The microscope will perform real-time capture of two separate fluorescence emission images simultaneously, improving the time resolution of spatial distribution of fluorescence to video frame rates (30 frames/s or faster). Each emission wavelength is imaged simultaneously by one of two cameras, then digitized, background corrected and appropriately combined at standard video frame rates to be stored at high resolution on tape or digital video disk for further off-line analysis. Use of low noise, high sensitivity image intensifiers, coupled to CCD cameras produce stable, high contrast images using ultra low light levels with little persistence or bloom. The design has no moving parts in its optical train, which overcomes a number of technical difficulties encountered in the present filter wheel designs for multiple imaging. Coupled to compatible image processing software utilizing PC-AT computers, the new design can be built for a significantly lower cost than many presently available commercial machines. The system is ideal for ratio imaging applications; the software can calculate the ratio of fluorescence intensities pixel by pixel and provide the information to generate false-color images of the intensity data as well as other calculations based on the two images. Thus, it provides a powerful, inexpensive tool for studying the real-time kinetics of changes in living cells. Examples are presented for the kinetics of rapidly changing intracellular calcium detected by the calcium indicator probe indo-1 and the redistribution kinetics of multiple vital dyes placed in cells undergoing cell fusion.