gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Holocene playa deposits of Farafra Oasis, Egypt, and their palaeoclimatic and geoarchaeological significance (2000)

Archaeological sites associated with the Holocene playas in Farafra Oasis were occupied primarily by foragers. Intensive utilization of wild sorghum, originally dated to 6700 yr B.P., has now been pushed back to 7600 yr B.P. Sheep and goats, originating in the Levant, were introduced in Farafra Oasis ca. 6700 yr B.P. The playas were episodically sustained by surface runoff and wadi activity under wet/moist climatic conditions with frequent dry oscillations from approximately 9650 to 6000 radiocarbon yr B.P. A shift toward drier climatic conditions associated with colluvial reworking of older cultural material is evident from 7300 to 6000 yr B.P. This shift precipitated a significant change in settlement strategy. The main phase of playa formation ended ca. 6000 yr B.P. under cold conditions and increasing aridity. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Availability of the Emergency Core Cooling System of a CANDU Pressurized Heavy-Water Reactor Following a Small Loss-of-Coolant Accident (1985)

The availability of the emergency core cooling system (ECCS) as a long-term safety backup system following a small loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) has been analyzed for the Pickering NGS Unit A, a Canada deuterium uranium (CANDU) type of pressurized heavy-water reactor (PHWR). Fault tree analysis methodology was used to assess the unavailability of the ECCS. The PREP and KITT computer codes were used to estimate the failure probabilities. From these computations, the unavailability of the ECCS to supply sufficient coolant to the core is estimated as 3.63 × 10−3. This figure is higher than the failure probability target 3 × 10−3 that is specified by the Canadian Atomic Energy Control Board for the safety systems of CANDU PHWRs.It has been found that human error might make a very important contribution to ECCS unavailability, especially if the human error rates have been assigned the upper bound values in the fault tree calculations. That should be the case, therefore, for any fault analysis and reliability assessment of nuclear generating stations. Unlike the case for light water reactors, the ECCS in a CANDU PHWR is not the last defense against the LOCA, because of the availability of quite a large amount of D2O moderator in the calandria around the pressure tubes.
Naltrexone for alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled trial (2001)

These findings demonstrate that naltrexone is effective in preventing relapse to drinking in the setting of limited psychosocial treatment. Further studies should examine the duration of treatment needed to maintain the effect long term.
Pseudolinear transformations and evaluation in Ore extensions (1995)

The relations between evaluation of Ore polynomials and pseudo-linear transformations are studied. The behavior of these transformations under homomorphisms of Ore extensions, in particular with respect to algebraicity, is analyzed leading to characterization of left and right primitivity of an Ore extension. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for algebraic pseudo-linear transformations to be diagonalizable. Natural notions of (S,D) right and left eigenvalues are introduced and sufficient conditions for a matrix to be (S,D) diagonalizable are given.
Beam-driven tokamak fusion--fission hybrid reactors (1975)

The conditions for maximizing neutron flux from a beam-driven tokamak plasma 'are derived.The evolution of fusion power density and Q in p d s s i ~~y L L O ~~I purely beam-driven opcrcltion to purely thermonuclear operation is discussed.With 200-kev deuteron beams injected into a tritium target plasma, one obtains the same power density for : Q -1 conditions as in a thermal D-T reactor' operating at considerably great Bt , and temperature, and requiring an n-c many times larger.Fissile breeding rates and power productions are given for beam-driven fusion-fission hybrid reactors with plasma parameters Bt, = 50 kG, Te = 6 keV, -3 3Relevant plasma physics problem areas are! discussed.
Paget's Disease of Bone (2013)

Paget's disease of bone may present with bone pain but is often asymptomatic. Treatment (typically with bisphosphonates) is indicated in patients with pain that is localized to an affected site but not in asymptomatic patients.
Probabilistic Approach for Diversifying Web Services Discovery and Composition (2016)

Due to the increasing number of available web services, discovering the best service that matches a user requirement is still a challenge. In most cases the discovery system returns a set of very similar services and sometimes it is unable to find results for some complex queries. Therefore, integrating web service discovery and composition, taking into account the diversity of discovered results, in a unified way is still a big issue for web services. In this paper, we propose a novel service ranking algorithm for diversifying web services discovery results in order to minimize the redundancy in the search results. This algorithm chooses a set of selected web services based on relevancy, service diversity and service density. We also propose a new method to generate service dependency network using the Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) framework. The generated graph is used to select the composition of discovered web services set. Experimental results show that our method performs better than others baseline approaches.
A murine macrofilaricide pre-clinical screening model for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis (2014)

New drugs effective against adult filariae (macrofilaricides) would accelerate the elimination of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Anti-Onchocerca drug development is hampered by the lack of a facile model. We postulated that SCID mice could be developed as a fmacrofilaricide screening model. The filaricides: albendazole (ABZ), diethylcarbamazine (DEC), flubendazole (FBZ), ivermectin (IVM) and the anti-Wolbachia macrofilaricide, minocycline (MIN) were tested in Brugia malayi (Bm)-parasitized BALB/c SCID mice vs vehicle control (VC). Responses were compared to BALB/c wild type (WT). Onchocerca ochengi male worms or onchocercomata were surgically implanted into BALB/c SCID, CB.17 SCID, BALB/c WT mice or Meriones gerbils. Survival was evaluated at 7–15 days. BALB/c SCID were tested to evaluate the responsiveness of pre-clinical macrofilaricides FBZ and rifapentine (RIFAP) against male Onchocerca. WT and SCID responded with >95% efficacy following ABZ or DEC treatments against Bm larvae (P < 0.0001). IVM was partially filaricidal against Bm larvae in WT and SCID (WT; 39.8%, P = 0.0356 and SCID; 56.7%, P = 0.026). SCID responded similarly to WT following IVM treatment of microfilaraemias (WT; 79%, P = 0.0194. SCID; 76%, P = 0.0473). FBZ induced a total macrofilaricidal response against adult Bm in WT and SCID (WT; P = 0.0067, SCID; P = 0.0071). MIN induced a >90% reduction in Bm Wolbachia burdens (P < 0.0001) and a blockade of microfilarial release (P = 0.0215) in SCID. Male Onchocerca survival was significantly higher in SCID vs WT mice, but not gerbils, after +15 days (60% vs 22% vs 39% P = 0.0475). Onchocercoma implants had engrafted into host tissues, with evidence of neovascularisation, after +7 days and yielded viable macro/microfilariae ex vivo. FBZ induced a macrofilaricidal effect in Onchocerca male implanted SCID at +5 weeks (FBZ; 1.67% vs VC; 43.81%, P = 0.0089). Wolbachia loads within male Onchocerca were reduced by 99% in implanted SCID receiving RIFAP for +2 weeks. We have developed a `pan-filarial’ small animal research model that is sufficiently robust, with adequate capacity and throughput, to screen existing and future pre-clinical candidate macrofilaricides. Pilot data suggests a murine onchocercoma xenograft model is achievable.
The Valve Primer (1997)

Written for engineers, operators, and maintenance technicians in the power generation, oil, chemical, paper and other processing industries, The Valve Primer provides a basic knowledge of valve types and designs, materials used to make valves, where various designs should and should not be used, factors to consider in specifying a valve for a specific application, how to calculate flow through valves, and valve maintenance and repair. If you are involved in valve selection, specification, procurement, inspection, troubleshooting or repair, you will find a wealth of information in The Valve Primer. Presents information on a wide variety of valves and explains the operational basics of the thousands of valves that are found in power stations, refineries, plants and mills throughout the world. Includes over fifty illustrations depicting various valve types and how they operate. Contains valuable information the cannot be found in any other single source.
Selective Formation of Imines by Aerobic Photocatalytic Oxidation of Amines on TiO<sub>2</sub> (2011)

An oxygenation pathway: The title transformation involves a two-step process: a selective oxygenation step to generate aldehyde intermediates and a subsequent condensation step to afford the imine products (see scheme). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Zinc and Alzheimer's Disease (1995)

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Gram‐Scale Preparation of a <i>p</i>‐(C‐Glucopyranosyl)‐<scp>L</scp>‐phenylalanine Derivative by a Negishi Cross‐Coupling Reaction (2005)

Abstract A p ‐(C‐glucopyranosyl)‐ L ‐phenylalanine derivative protected to be directly incorporated into a peptidic chain is prepared in 37 % yield from glucose on a gram scale, with a Negishi cross‐coupling reaction as the key step. Zincated glucal and p ‐iodo‐ L ‐phenylalanine are involved in this organometallic coupling, which gives rise to a link between the sugar and amino acid moieties in 90 % yield; the β‐ gluco configuration of the C‐glycopyranosyl amino acid is ascertained by a stereoselective hydroboration of the double bond of the glucal. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
On the evening time exosphere of Mars: Result from MENCA aboard Mars Orbiter Mission (2016)

Abstract The Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyser (MENCA) aboard the Indian Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) is a quadrupole mass spectrometer which provides in situ measurement of the composition of the low‐latitude Martian neutral exosphere. The altitude profiles of the three major constituents, i.e., amu 44 (CO 2 ), amu 28 (N 2 + CO), and amu 16 (O) in the Martian exosphere during evening (close to sunset terminator) hours are reported using MENCA observations from four orbits of MOM during late December 2014, when MOM's periapsis altitude was the lowest. The altitude range of the observation encompasses the diffusively separated region much above the well‐mixed atmosphere. The transition from CO 2 to O‐dominated region is observed near 270 km. The mean exospheric temperature derived using these three mass numbers is 271 ± 5 K. These first observations corresponding to the Martian evening hours would help to provide constraints to the thermal escape models.
Motion-compensated video coding with adaptive perceptual quantization (1991)

The authors address the problem of adapting the Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) quantizer for scenes of different complexity (at bit rates around 1 Mb/s), such that the perceptual quality of the reconstructed video is optimized. Adaptive quantisation techniques conforming to the MPEG syntax can significantly improve the performance of the encoder. The authors concentrate on a one-pass causal scheme to limit the complexity of the encoder. The system employs prestored models for perceptual quality and a bit rate that have been experimentally derived. A framework is provided for determining these models as well as adapting them to locally varying scene characteristics. The variance of an 8*8 (luminance) block is basic to the techniques developed. Following standard practice, it is defined as the average of the square of the deviations of the pixels in the block from the mean pixel value.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Radiation oncology. Programs for the present and future (1985)

Radiation oncology in 1984 continues to make major advances in the multidisciplinary clinical programs. This has been possible by virtue of the radiation oncologist, who is an active participant in these clinical programs. The changing role for the radiation oncologist has dictated a greater participation in the primary management of the patient's disease process and also participation in multidisciplinary research programs.
Learning Doctors' Medicine Prescription Pattern for Chronic Disease Treatment by Mining Electronic Health Records: A Multi-Task Learning Approach. (2017)

Increasing learning ability from massive medical data and building learning methods robust to data quality issues are key factors toward building data-driven clinical decision support systems for medicine prescription decision support. Here, we attempted accordingly to address the factors using a multi-task neural network approach, benefiting from multi-task learning's advantage in modeling commonalities to increase learning performance and neural network's robustness to imprecise data. By mining electronic health record data, we learned medicine prescription patterns of multiple correlated antidiabetic agents in blood glucose control and antihypertensive drugs in blood pressure control scenarios. We achieved AUC increases of 0.02 to 0.06 in single drug prescription and an accuracy increase of 0.05 in prescription pattern prediction compared to logistic regression, demonstrating the efficacy of multi-task neural network approach in learning medicine prescription patterns.
Personalized spam filtering using incremental training of support vector machine (2016)

Continuously increasing ratio of spam mails has raised a serious issue regarding the Content of an e-mail and the user Consent for accepting an e-mail. The content of spam mails changes over a time period as, spammers apply different techniques to elude filters. The consent relates individual user's preferences for discriminating mails as spam or legitimate. We present personalized spam filter using incremental training of support vector machines (SVM). The filter is built with two different approaches. In the first approach, the filter is incrementally trained with support vectors and a set of incoming mails, keeping the same set of features. While in the second approach, the feature set is heuristically updated before applying incremental training to SVM. In depth comparison of results with conventional SVM batch training shows that the incremental approach achieves higher classification accuracy and lower false positive rate.
tert.‐Butyl‐substituierte Carbazole (1972)

Abstract Die Synthese der tert.‐butyl‐substituierten Carbazole 1–3 und 7 , 8 wird beschrieben: Die Friedel‐Crafts‐Reaktion des Carbazols mit tert.‐Butylchlorid ergab 1 , 2 und 3 . Die Substitution von tert.‐Butylgruppen in 3 durch H über Nitro‐, Amino‐ und Jodderivate lieferte 2 , 7 und 8 . Alle NMR‐Signale von 1–3 und 7 , 8 ließen sich zuordnen. Die Reaktivität der sterisch abgeschirmten NH‐Funktion in 3 wurde durch mehrere Umsetzungen charakterisiert.
Rheological Influence of Short-Chain Branching for Polymeric Materials under Shear with Variable Branch Density and Branching Architecture (2017)

An important objective in polymer science is to manipulate the material properties of polymers by altering their molecular architecture. To this end, understanding of the fundamental role of chain branches along the polymer backbone is crucial. Although the dynamics of linear and long-branched polymers have been thoroughly investigated over the past decades, a comprehensive understanding of branching effects has not yet been obtained, particularly because of a serious lack of knowledge on the role of short-chain branches, the effects of which have mostly been neglected in favor of the standard entropic-based concepts of long polymers. Here we have comprehensively studied the general effect of short-chain branching on the rheological properties of polymeric materials using Brownian dynamics simulations for a series of SCB polymers with systematically varied branch densities and branching architectures along the chain backbone. Our results demonstrate that the short branches, via their fast random motions, give rise to a more compact and less deformed chain structure in response to the applied flow, eventually reducing the shear-thinning behavior in viscosity and the first normal stress coefficient. Most importantly, by altering the distribution of short branches along the backbone, the structural and rheological properties of the SCB system are dramatically changed. We discuss the physical origins and molecular mechanisms underlying these effects and present a detailed interpretation using a molecular-level analysis of individual chain dynamics. This information is valuable, showing us how to systematically tune the material properties by controlling the molecular architecture of branched polymers under various flow conditions.
Combined Use of Vitamin D Status and FGF23 for Risk Stratification of Renal Outcome (2012)

Combined use of two markers is useful for the risk stratification of renal outcome.
Second form of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone in mouse: immunocytochemistry reveals hippocampal and periventricular distribution (1999)

Hypothalamic GnRH (GnRH-I) is known and named for its role in regulating reproductive function in vertebrates by controlling release of gonadotropins from the pituitary. However, another form of GnRH of unknown function (pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-His-Gly-Trp-Tyr-Pro-Gly; GnRH-II) is expressed in the mesencephalon of all vertebrate classes except jawless fish. Here we show with immunocytochemical staining that the GnRH-II peptide is localized to the mouse midbrain as in other vertebrates, as well as in cells surrounding the ventricles and in cells adjacent to the hippocampus. Staining of adjacent sections using GnRH-I antibody revealed that the distribution of GnRH-I does not overlap with that of GnRH-II.
Insulin Receptor Substrate Regulation of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (2010)

Insulin receptor substrates (IRS) serve as downstream messengers from activated cell surface receptors to numerous signaling pathway cascades. One of these pathways, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), frequently displays aberrant function in the setting of cancer. IRS proteins are capable of both regulating and activating PI3K, depending on the cell of origin. As such, both prohost and protumor functions have been described for IRS proteins in human cancers. IRS proteins may eventually serve as biomarkers of PI3K activity, and serve a much-needed role as a guide to using targeted pathway therapy. Additionally, IRS-1 could be indirectly targeted in lung cancer, by inhibiting neutrophil elastase, which functions to degrade IRS-1 in lung tumor cells, thereby generating PI3K hyperactivity.
AFP <sup>+</sup> , ESC‐Derived Cells Engraft and Differentiate into Hepatocytes in Vivo (2002)

A major problem in gene therapy and tissue replacement is accessibility of tissue-specific stem cells. One solution is to isolate tissue-specific stem cells from differentiating embryonic stem (ES) cells. Here, we show that liver progenitor cells can be purified from differentiated ES cells using alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) as a marker. By knocking the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene into the AFP locus of ES cells and differentiating the modified ES cells in vitro, a subpopulation of GFP(+) and AFP-expressing cells was generated. When transplanted into partially hepatectomized lacZ-positive ROSA26 mice, GFP(+) cells engrafted and differentiated into lacZ-negative and albumin-positive hepatocytes. Differentiation into hepatocytes also occurred after transplantation of GFP(+) cells in apolipoprotein-E- (ApoE) or haptoglobin-deficient mice as demonstrated by the presence of ApoE-positive hepatocytes and ApoE mRNA in the liver of ApoE-deficient mice or by haptoglobin in the serum and haptoglobin mRNA in the liver of haptoglobin-deficient mice. This study describes the first isolation of ES-cell-derived liver progenitor cells that are viable mediators of liver-specific functions in vivo.
A spectrophotometric method for determination of fluorophore-to-protein ratios in conjugates of the blue fluorophore 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid (AMCA) (1990)

7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid (AMCA) has been found to be a useful fluorophore for immunofluorescence. The present study describes a spectrophotometric method for determining the ratio of moles AMCA to moles protein (or the f/p ratio) in an AMCA-conjugated IgG. The concentration of a substance absorbing light can be determined spectrophotometrically using Beer's Law: Absorbance = Concentration x Extinction coefficient. From Beer's law, one can derive the following formula for determining the f/p ratio of AMCA-IgG conjugates: f/p = (epsilon 280IgG).A350 - (epsilon 350IgG).A280/(epsilon 350AMCA).A280 - (epsilon 280AMCA).A350 where A is the optical density of the conjugate at the given wavelength and epsilon is the extinction coefficient of a substance at the wavelength specified. Using conjugates of model proteins, it was found that the extinction coefficients of the AMCA moiety of AMCA-conjugated protein were 1.90 x 10(4) at 350 nm and 8.29 x 10(3) at 280 nm. Similarly, it was found that the extinction coefficients of swine IgG were 1.56 x 10(3) at 350 nm and 1.26 x 10(5) at 280 nm. Thus, for AMCA-conjugated swine IgG: f/p = (1.26 x 10(5)).A350 - (1.56 x 10(3)).A280/(1.47 x 10(4)).A280 - (6.42 x 10(3)).A350 [corrected]. Based on this formula, the f/p ratios of some AMCA-IgG conjugates useful for immunohistochemistry have been found to range between 6 and 24.
Comprehensive Study of Single-Phase AC-DC Power Factor Corrected Converters With High-Frequency Isolation (2011)

Solid-state switch mode AC-DC converters having high-frequency transformer isolation are developed in buck, boost, and buck-boost configurations with improved power quality in terms of reduced total harmonic distortion (THD) of input current, power-factor correction (PFC) at AC mains and precisely regulated and isolated DC output voltage feeding to loads from few Watts to several kW. This paper presents a comprehensive study on state of art of power factor corrected single-phase AC-DC converters configurations, control strategies, selection of components and design considerations, performance evaluation, power quality considerations, selection criteria and potential applications, latest trends, and future developments. Simulation results as well as comparative performance are presented and discussed for most of the proposed topologies.