gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Integrin α2β1 Ameliorates Glomerular Injury (2012)

Mesangial cells and podocytes express integrins α1β1 and α2β1, which are the two major collagen receptors that regulate multiple cellular functions, including extracellular matrix homeostasis. Integrin α1β1 protects from glomerular injury by negatively regulating collagen production, but the role of integrin α2β1 in renal injury is unclear. Here, we subjected wild-type and integrin α2-null mice to injury with adriamycin or partial renal ablation. In both of these models, integrin α2-null mice developed significantly less proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. In addition, selective pharmacological inhibition of integrin α2β1 significantly reduced adriamycin-induced proteinuria, glomerular injury, and collagen deposition in wild-type mice. This inhibitor significantly reduced collagen synthesis in wild-type, but not integrin α2-null, mesangial cells in vitro, demonstrating that its effects are integrin α2β1-dependent. Taken together, these results indicate that integrin α2β1 contributes to glomerular injury by positively regulating collagen synthesis and suggest that its inhibition may be a promising strategy to reduce glomerular injury and proteinuria.
The Theory and Practice of Teacher's School-based Learning (2005)

Training for teachers in primary and secondary schools is primarily teacher learning, especially school-based learning. The process from teachers'school-based training to school-based learning is the process of teachers' self education and self improvement and also the process of school culture construction. Through the learning activities in schools, teachers can enjoy enthusiasm of self improvement from reading. The model of school educational reform will be changed into top-down from bottom-up. The new model not only includes teacher learning on educational problems, but also includes school-based teaching and research which helps teachers to produce more reflections on their actions.
UAV altitude estimation by mixed stereoscopic vision (2010)

Altitude is one of the most important parameters to be known for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) especially during critical maneuvers such as landing or steady flight. In this paper, we present mixed stereoscopic vision system made of a fish-eye camera and a perspective camera for altitude estimation. Contrary to classical stereoscopic systems based on feature matching, we propose a plane sweeping approach in order to estimate the altitude and consequently to detect the ground plane. Since there exists a homography between the two views and the sensor being calibrated and the attitude estimated by the fish-eye camera, the algorithm consists then in searching the altitude which verifies this homography. We show that this approach is robust and accurate, and a CPU implementation allows a real time estimation. Experimental results on real sequences of a small UAV demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
An Intensive Approach to Atlantic Halibut Fry Production (1993)

Abstract The larval stage is regarded to be the main bottleneck of halibut production. Halibut eggs were obtained from captive broodstock both by stripping and by natural spawning. Artificial photoperiods were used to increase the total spawning season. Yolk sac larvae are presently produced either in small stagnant units or in large flow through systems. A major consideration is to avoid stress of the larvae, caused by mechanical disturbances of the larvae and by high bacterial load or high ammonia levels in the water. The experiments showed that halibut larvae began to ingest algae earlier than rotifers Brachionus sp. Supplementation of algae to first feeding tanks resulted in enhanced survival and growth rate of the larvae. Both rotifers and Artemia can be enriched with very high levels of highly unsaturated n‐3 fatty acids (n‐3 HUFA). Enriched live feed, containing high levels of n‐3 HUFA and total lipids, enhanced both survival and growth of the halibut larvae. The highest growth rates were obtained with wild zooplankton and addition of algae, but enriched cultivated feed combined with algae resulted in growth of the same magnitude as with wild zooplankton.
Influence of leakage and gain-cavity alignment on the performance of Al(GaInP) visible vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers (2001)

The temperature dependence of the threshold current Ith in visible vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) is investigated. To separate the intrinsic, material effects such as carrier leakage into the X-minima from the structurally induced gain-cavity alignment effects of the VCSEL structure, simple equivalent edge emitting lasers (EELs) are considered in conjunction with full VCSELs. From measurements as a function of temperature and pressure, it is deduced that carrier leakage accounts for approximately 20% of Ith at room temperature, increasing strongly with an activation energy of 267 meV. Measurements performed on full VCSEL structures containing the same active region as the EELs show similar behaviour around room temperature, clearly indicating that under normal operating conditions the temperature dependence of the VCSELs is also dominated by carrier leakage. At higher temperatures, carrier leakage coupled with gain-cavity detuning gives rise to a further increase in Ith . The effect of detuning at low temperatures (<200 K) is also observed, where Ith again increases for the VCSEL. Interestingly, while the maximum output power of the VCSEL strongly decreases at elevated temperatures, it shows no such decrease at the lowest temperatures, confirming that carrier leakage also limits the maximum power output of visible VCSELs.
Happiness Is Assortative in Online Social Networks (2011)

Online social networking communities may exhibit highly complex and adaptive collective behaviors. Since emotions play such an important role in human decision making, how online networks modulate human collective mood states has become a matter of considerable interest. In spite of the increasing societal importance of online social networks, it is unknown whether assortative mixing of psychological states takes place in situations where social ties are mediated solely by online networking services in the absence of physical contact. Here, we show that the general happiness, or subjective well-being (SWB), of Twitter users, as measured from a 6-month record of their individual tweets, is indeed assortative across the Twitter social network. Our results imply that online social networks may be equally subject to the social mechanisms that cause assortative mixing in real social networks and that such assortative mixing takes place at the level of SWB. Given the increasing prevalence of online social networks, their propensity to connect users with similar levels of SWB may be an important factor in how positive and negative sentiments are maintained and spread through human society. Future research may focus on how event-specific mood states can propagate and influence user behavior in "real life."
Anaerobic oxidation of p-cresol mediated by a partially purified methylhydroxylase from a denitrifying bacterium (1989)

Anoxic cell extracts of a denitrifying bacterial isolate (PC-07) were shown to oxidize p-cresol to p-hydroxybenzoate. Oxidation of the substrate was independent of molecular oxygen and required nitrate as the natural terminal electron acceptor. Two enzyme activities were implicated in the pathway utilized by PC-07. A p-cresol methylhydroxylase mediated the oxidation of p-cresol to p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, which was further oxidized to p-hydroxybenzoate by an NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase. The PC-07 methylhydroxylase was partially purified by anion-exchange chromatography. The protein appeared to be a multifunctional flavocytochrome, which first oxidized p-cresol to p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, which was then oxidized to p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The identity of the aldehyde was confirmed by mass spectroscopy. The PC-07 methylhydroxylase had a limited substrate range and required an alkyl-substituted phenolic ring with a hydroxyl group in the para position. From the available evidence, p-cresol, a naturally occurring phenol, exhibited the greatest affinity to the enzyme and therefore may be its natural substrate.
Lysophosphatidic Acid Promoting Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing by Transactivation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (2007)

LPA accelerates corneal epithelial wound healing through its ability to induce autocrine HB-EGF signaling. Transactivation of EGFR by LPA represents a convergent signaling pathway accessible to stimuli such as growth factors and ligands of G-protein-coupled receptors in response to pathophysiological challenge in human corneal epithelial cells.
Honeybee royal jelly inhibits autoimmunity in SLE-prone NZB × NZW F1 mice (2008)

Royal jelly (RJ) is a gelatinous secretion from young nurse worker bees (Apis mellifera), which serves as the sole food for the queen bee. Because of its pleiotropic functions for queen bees, RJ has also been used as a dietary supplement with various health benefits for humans. Because RJ is being indicated to have immunomodulatory potential for humans, we undertook the study to determine whether the oral administration of RJ could alter the development of systemic autoimmunity in New Zealand Black (NZB) x New Zealand White (NZW) F1 mice that genetically exhibit many manifestations similar to human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We herein reported that mice administered with RJ showed a significant delay in the onset of the disease, as manifested by decreased proteinuria and a prolongation of lifespan. In addition, RJ administration after the onset of the disease significantly improved the renal symptoms, leading to an extended lifespan. RJ administration to mice caused a significant decrease in the serum level of IL-10, and in the autoantibodies against ssDNA, dsDNA and erythrocytes, as well as a reduction in the number of splenic autoreactive B cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that the use of RJ may be beneficial in the prevention of the early onset of SLE and in the control of the active progression of the manifestations of SLE.
False Discovery Rate in Linkage and Association Genome Screens for Complex Disorders (2003)

We explore the implications of the false discovery rate (FDR) controlling procedure in disease gene mapping. With the aid of simulations, we show how, under models commonly used, the simple step-down procedure introduced by Benjamini and Hochberg controls the FDR for the dependent tests on which linkage and association genome screens are based. This adaptive multiple comparison procedure may offer an important tool for mapping susceptibility genes for complex diseases.
The Evolution of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes as Biocatalysts in Drug Discovery and Development (2013)

Engineered biocatalysts offer the opportunity to introduce modifications into complex lead molecules and drug candidates in a chemo-, regio- and stereoselective manner that is difficult to accomplish using traditional synthetic organic chemistry. As candidate biocatalysts, the cytochrome P450 enzymes that metabolize drugs and other xenobiotics are amongst the most versatile agents known. Not only can they mediate an exceptional range of biotransformation reactions, but they act on an unparalleled diversity of substrates. However, this versatility comes at the cost of relatively poor catalytic efficiency and low rates of coupling of cofactor consumption to product formation. Directed evolution is being used to redefine the substrate specificity of P450 enzymes while at the same time improving their efficiency, thermostability and other properties. This review will outline the key successes with bacterial P450s used as biocatalysts, examine the studies done to date with mammalian forms, and assess the prospects for exploiting xenobiotic-metabolizing P450s for applications in medicinal chemistry.
Osteopenic effects of forelimb immobilisation in horses (1991)

Methods for the non-invasive assessment of bone quality were used to monitor the osteopenia induced by immobilising a forelimb in a cast. These techniques included the measurement of ultrasound velocity, single photon absorptiometry and radiographic photodensitometry. Serial measurements were made before, during and after an eight week period of immobilisation of the left forelimb of four adult standardbreds in a light fibreglass cast which included the foot and extended above the carpus. The measurements continued for 12 weeks after the removal of the cast. The results indicated a trend to decreasing bone strength and mineral content in both forelimbs, with the decreases being greater in the limb with the cast. The values tended to recover slowly after the removal of the cast, then more quickly after the horses returned to the paddock four weeks later. The differences between the limb with the cast and the opposite limb were significant at only a few points of comparison.
Reversion of B Cell Commitment upon Loss of <i>Pax5</i> Expression (2002)

The transcription factor Pax5 is essential for initiating B cell lineage commitment, but its role in maintaining commitment is unknown. Using conditional Pax5 inactivation in committed pro-B cells, we demonstrate that Pax5 is required not only to initiate its B lymphoid transcription program, but also to maintain it in early B cell development. As a consequence of Pax5 inactivation, previously committed pro-B cells regained the capacity to differentiate into macrophages in vitro and to reconstitute T cell development in vivo in RAG2-/- mice. Hence, Pax5 expression is continuously required to maintain B cell lineage commitment, because its loss converts committed pro-B cells into hematopoietic progenitors with multilineage potential.
Polymorphisms in Immune Response Genes in Infectious Diseases and Autoimmune Diseases (2008)

The clinical presentation of infections caused by the same micro-organism is highly\ndiverse. This is for example demonstrated for infections with Neisseria meningitidis\nand respiratory syncytial virus. Some patients infected with N. meningitidis develop\nmeningitis, while others present with sepsis or even septic shock. Moreover, only part\nof the individuals colonized with N. meningitidis develops clinical disease indicating\na different susceptibility between individuals to develop clinical disease. The disease\nphenotype in respiratory syncytial virus infection varies from a common cold to severe\nbronchiolitis which requires mechanical ventilation.(1) A similar variation is observed\nin autoimmune diseases: While some patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have\nrelatively mild disease, in others joint erosion develops rather early after diagnosis.\nAlthough part of these variations in susceptibility and severity of infection is explained\nby, for example, age or crowding, the reasons for this variation are not completely\nclear. Genetic heterogeneity is thought to play a role.
Status of the Sulzer Hexis Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) System Development (1997)

Sulzer is developing SOFC systems (SULZER HEXIS SOFC) for small scale cogeneration in the electrical power range of 1 to 200 kW [1]. After several successful thermally self sustaining 1 kW lab system tests Sulzer has started a field test phase with units for the residential application. End of 1996 a first field test system started operation at the city utility of Winterthur (Switzerland) and a second one is planned mid of 1997 in a common project with the city utility of Dortmund (Germany). Prior to these demonstrations, Sulzer has successfully operated cell stacks using natural gas as fuel. A thermally integrated steam prereformer has been sucessfully operated during several thousand hours. From 1998 to 2000 Sulzer plans to install an additional small series of approximately ten field test units with several partners.
Cultural Consensus in Lending to Knowledge-Based Businesses (2012)

Previous research reveals a consistent culture of lending by financial institutions when conventional business proposals are evaluated. Consistency may not be displayed for proposals based on knowledgebased business (KBB) with weak collateral and track record. In addressing this gap it is difficult to conceptualize and measure culture across diverse financial lending institutions. Consensus analysis was employed to research the nature of consensus across institutions in Eastern Canada. Respondents were asked to review two-stage conventional and KBB proposals. A high level of consensus was observed for all account managers from diverse institutions when considering a traditional proposal, but divergent trends emerged when considering the KBB proposal. KBB specialists exhibit high consensus with each other but differ sharply from the culture of other account managers. Results should interest entrepreneurs, finance researchers and policymakers.
Equivalence verification of arithmetic datapaths with multiple word-length operands (2006)

This paper addresses the problem of equivalence verification of RTL descriptions that implement arithmetic computations (add, mult, shift) over bit-vectors that have differing bit-widths. Such designs are found in many DSP applications where the widths of input and output bit-vectors are dictated by the desired precision. A bit-vector of size n can represent integer values from 0 to 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> - 1; i.e. integers reduced modulo 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> . Therefore, to verify bit-vector arithmetic over multiple word-length operands, we model the RTL datapath as a polynomial function from Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2n1</sub> times Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2n2</sub> times ... Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2nd</sub> to Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2m</sub> . Subsequently, RTL equivalence f equiv g is solved by proving whether (f - g) equiv 0 over such mappings. Exploiting concepts from number theory and commutative algebra, a systematic, complete algorithmic procedure is derived for this purpose. Experimentally, we demonstrate how this approach can be applied within a practical CAD setting. Using our approach, we verify a set of arithmetic datapaths at RTL where contemporary approaches prove to be in feasible
Combination Effects of .ALPHA.-Cyclodextrin and Xanthan Gum on Rectal Absorption and Metabolism of Morphine from Hollow-Type Suppositories in Rabbits. (1996)

Pharmacokinetics of morphine and its glucuronides in plasma were studied after rectal administration of hollow-type oleaginous suppositories containing kneading mixtures of morphine hydrochloride, alpha-cyclodextrin, and/or xanthan gum in rabbits. In combination with xanthan gum, alpha-cyclodextrin reduced the first-pass metabolism of morphine in the rectal mucosa and by the liver and improved the apparent rectal bioavailability of the opioid about 4 fold. In vitro permeation studies using an isolated rectal mucosal preparation of rabbits revealed that alpha-cyclodextrin increased the transepithelial conductance and facilitated the transport of morphine through the rectal mucosa. Furthermore, alpha-cyclodextrin facilitated its own mucosal permeation and reduced the glucuronidation of morphine during the passage through the rectal mucosa, probably through restricting the formation of a catalytic complex of morphine with glucuronyltransferases, rather than because of the enzyme saturation. The present data suggest that alpha-cyclodextrin in combination with xanthan gum is particularly effective in improving the rectal bioavailability of morphine from hollow-type suppositories.
Hrbrid Laser-Arc Welding (2012)

Hybrid Laser-Arc Welding 5 solved satisfactorily by the laser welding process alone, e.g., joining of tailored blanks in the automotive engineering; welding of heavy plates in shipbuilding industry; as well as high speed welding of crack-susceptible materials. In searching for suitable solutions, the hybrid laser welding was developed into a viable joining technique with significant industrial acceptance during the last decade.
Approximation Algorithms for Data Placement Problems (2008)

We develop approximation algorithms for the problem of placing replicated data in arbitrary networks, where the nodes may both issue requests for data objects and have capacity for storing data objects so as to minimize the average data-access cost. We introduce the data placement problem to model this problem. We have a set of caches $\mathcal{F}$, a set of clients $\mathcal{D}$, and a set of data objects $\mathcal{O}$. Each cache i can store at most $u_i$ data objects. Each client $j\in\mathcal{D}$ has demand $d_j$ for a specific data object $o(j)\in\mathcal{O}$ and has to be assigned to a cache that stores that object. Storing an object o in cache i incurs a storage cost of $f_i^o$, and assigning client j to cache i incurs an access cost of $d_jc_{ij}$. The goal is to find a placement of the data objects to caches respecting the capacity constraints, and an assignment of clients to caches so as to minimize the total storage and client access costs. We present a 10-approximation algorithm for this problem. Our algorithm is based on rounding an optimal solution to a natural linear-programming relaxation of the problem. One of the main technical challenges encountered during rounding is to preserve the cache capacities while incurring only a constant-factor increase in the solution cost. We also introduce the connected data placement problem to capture settings where write-requests are also issued for data objects, so that one requires a mechanism to maintain consistency of data. We model this by requiring that all caches containing a given object be connected by a Steiner tree to a root for that object, which issues a multicast message upon a write to (any copy of) that object. The total cost now includes the cost of these Steiner trees. We devise a 14-approximation algorithm for this problem. We show that our algorithms can be adapted to handle two variants of the problem: (a) a k-median variant, where there is a specified bound on the number of caches that may contain a given object, and (b) a generalization where objects have lengths and the total length of the objects stored in any cache must not exceed its capacity.
On the Throughput Performance of Some Continuous ARQ Strategies with Repeated Transmissions (1986)

The paper considers a class of continuous ARQ strategies, whereby multiple copies of each data block are sent contiguously (instead of one single copy), and whereby the data blocks are delivered at the receiver side in their order of arrival at the transmitter. In order to achieve the best possible throughput efficiency-within this class-an optimum value for the number of copies to be sent is determined, in terms of the block error probability and the propagation delay. It turns out that, depending on these parameters, the optimum scheme is one of the two following alternatives: 1) sending each data block repeatedly until a positive acknowledgment is received for it; 2) sending each block a constant (optimum) number of times. A throughput comparison of the optimum scheme with other related ARQ strategies is given.