gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Presenilin-1 regulates neuronal differentiation during neurogenesis (2000)

Mutations in Presenilin-1 (PS1) are a major cause of familial Alzheimer's disease. Our previous studies showed that PS1 is required for murine neural development. Here we report that lack of PS1 leads to premature differentiation of neural progenitor cells, indicating a role for PS1 in a cell fate decision between postmitotic neurons and neural progenitor cells. Neural proliferation and apoptotic cell death during neurogenesis are unaltered in PS1(-/-) mice, suggesting that the reduction in the neural progenitor cells observed in the PS1(-/-) brain is due to premature differentiation of progenitor cells, rather than to increased apoptotic cell death or decreased cell proliferation. In addition, the premature neuronal differentiation in the PS1(-/-) brain is associated with aberrant neuronal migration and disorganization of the laminar architecture of the developing cerebral hemisphere. In the ventricular zone of PS1(-/-) mice, expression of the Notch1 downstream effector gene Hes5 is reduced and expression of the Notch1 ligand Dll1 is elevated, whereas expression of Notch1 is unchanged. The level of Dll1 transcripts is also increased in the presomitic mesoderm of PS1(-/-) embryos, while the level of Notch1 transcripts is unchanged, in contrast to a previous report (Wong et al., 1997, Nature 387, 288-292). These results provide direct evidence that PS1 controls neuronal differentiation in association with the downregulation of Notch signalling during neurogenesis.
PIC and its progeny (1987)

Abstract The Particle-in-Cell (PIC) method was developed to solve numerically for the strongly contorting dynamics of several materials in two or three space dimensions. Related numerical techniques with Lagrangian marker particles are also discussed in this brief survey. An extensive bibliography lists many of the earlier publications describing these techniques.
Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia (2000)

“My whole mental power has disappeared, I have sunk intellectually below the level of a beast”(a patient with schizophrenia, quoted by Kraepelin, 1919, p. 25).
Diffusion‐relaxation correlation spectroscopic imaging: A multidimensional approach for probing microstructure (2017)

The diffusion-relaxation correlation spectroscopic imaging approach provides powerful new capabilities for resolving the different components of multicompartment tissue models, and can be leveraged to significantly expand the insights provided by MRI in studies of tissue microstructure. Magn Reson Med 78:2236-2249, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Potential of Different Polyamino Carboxylic Acids as Barium and Strontium Sulfate Dissolvers (2005)

Abstract The studies were focused on evaluation of different scale dissolvers for barite sag or barium sulfate scales, while the chemically similar compound, the strontium sulfate obtained much less attention. Therefore, an extensive research programme was launched with the aim at evaluating the potential of seven different polyamino carboxylic acids (NTA, EDTA, DCTA, DTPA, EGETA, HEDTA and TTHA) using both technical and economic aspects to compare the behavior of these two compounds. Dissolving capacity of each compounds was determined under equilibrium conditions as a function of BaSO4 and SrSO4 concentration in both the presence and absence of reservoir rock. The absolute and relative selectivity of dissolution were precisely analyzed. Dissolution of all components was followed in time and kinetic calculations were made. Results of the measurements provided reliable data for comparison of dissolution capacities under identical chemical conditions. On the basis of the experimental findings it was concluded that the sequence of dissolution capacity is different if the results were evaluated in technical or economic sense. It was also shown that the preferentially used compounds (e.g. DTPA, and particularly EDTA) are not the best choices when technical considerations are only enforced. Namely, the practice justifies their application at the expense of poor efficiency. Results of that systematic analysis may open new vistas in mitigation of formation damage caused by BaSO4 or SrSO4 and accelerate the search for more effective mixtures of complex-forming dissolvers.
Characterization of a Maize β-Amylase cDNA Clone and Its Expression during Seed Germination (1997)

A maize (Zea mays L.) cDNA clone (pZMB2) encoding beta-amylase was isolated from a cDNA library prepared from the aleurone RNA of germinating kernels. The cDNA encodes a predicted product of 488 amino acids with significant similarity to known beta-amylases from barley (Hordeum vulgare), rye (Secale cereale), and rice (Oryza sativa). Glycine-rich repeats found in the carboxyl terminus of the endosperm-specific beta-amylase of barley and rye are absent from the maize gene product. The N-terminal sequence of the first 20 amino acids of a beta-amylase peptide derived from purified protein is identical to the 5th through 24th amino acids of the predicted cDNA product, indicating the absence of a conventional signal peptide in the maize protein. Recombinant inbred mapping data indicate that the cDNA clone is single-copy gene that maps to chromosome 7L at position 83 centimorgans. Northern blot analysis and in vitro translation-immunoprecipitation data indicate that the maize beta-amylase is synthesized de novo in the aleurone cells but not in the scutellum during seed germination.
Dual regulation of GAP-43 gene expression by nerve growth factor and glucocorticoids. (1988)

GAP-43 is a neural-specific protein that is believed integral to neurite growth and to the plasticity of neuronal structure. Its gene expression is regulated in vivo and correlates with periods of axonal growth. We investigated the regulation of GAP-43 gene expression in PC12 cells, which are believed to resemble precursor cells of the adrenomedullary lineage. In these cells, nerve growth factor (NGF) increases GAP-43 expression, and corticosteroids decrease it. Corticosteroids diminish GAP-43 levels even in cells already differentiated by NGF, as well as in primary neurons of the superior cervical ganglion. Neither the NGF nor the steroid effect requires new protein synthesis. Nuclear run-on experiments show that the steroid repression is mediated at the level of gene transcription but that the NGF effect is likely to be posttranscriptional. NGF and corticosteroids are known to regulate bimodally the cell fate decision of sympathoadrenal precursors, with NGF promoting the neuronal phenotype and steroids promoting the chromaffin phenotype. The regulation of GAP-43 is consistent with the notion that this gene is bimodally regulated during these cell fate decisions.
Modeling segmental duration in German text-to-speech synthesis (2002)

The paper reports on the construction of a model for segmental duration in German. The model predicts the durations of speech sounds in various textual, prosodic, and segmental contexts. It has been implemented in the German version of the Bell Labs text to speech system (R. Sproat and J. Olive, 1995; B. Mobius et al., 1996). The construction of the duration system was made efficient by the use of an interactive statistical analysis package that incorporates the approach outlined by J.P.H. van Santen (1994). The results an stored in tables in a format that can be directly interpreted by the TTS duration module. Tables are constructed in two phases: inferential statistical analysis of the speech corpus, and parameter estimation. The overall correlation between observed and predicted segmental durations is .896.
Guinea Pig Model of Immunologic Asthma Induced by Inhalation of Trimellitic Anhydride (1992)

We established a model of asthma induced by trimellitic anhydride (TMA) in guinea pigs and assessed the role of sensitization in the development of their bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and relationship between bronchial responsiveness and bronchial inflammation. Fourteen guinea pigs (sensitized group) were administered 1 mg/0.5 ml of trimellity 36-bovine serum albumin intramuscularly and 0.5 ml of complete Freund adjuvant on Day 1 as the priming dose. Booster doses were repeated on Day 15. By Day 28, all of the sensitized animals showed a high passive hemagglutination titer against trimellityl 14-ovalbumin. On Day 29, they were challenged by an inhalation of TMA (150 mg/m3) for 30 min, and respiratory resistance (Rrs) was monitored by the oscillation method. In all sensitized animals, Rrs increased immediately upon challenge and returned to baseline within 6 h. The bronchial reactivity to acetylcholine (Ach), measured 6 h after TMA challenge in the sensitized animals, increased significantly (p < 0.01) compared with that measured 24 h before challenge; that measured 24 h later was not different from that before challenge. There was also a significant difference (p < 0.01) in the number of eosinophils in the lamina propria and the epithelium 6 and 24 h after the challenge inhalation in the sensitized group. The increased airway responsiveness to Ach in the sensitized animals was correlated with an increase in the number of eosinophils in the lamina propria and the epithelium. These observations suggest that humoral antibody and eosinophils are involved in the pathogenesis of TMA-induced asthma.
<i>SRE1</i> Regulates Iron-Dependent and -Independent Pathways in the Fungal Pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum (2011)

Regulation of iron acquisition genes is critical for microbial survival under both iron-limiting conditions (to acquire essential iron) and iron-replete conditions (to limit iron toxicity). In fungi, iron acquisition genes are repressed under iron-replete conditions by a conserved GATA transcriptional regulator. Here we investigate the role of this transcription factor, Sre1, in the cellular responses of the fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum to iron. We showed that cells in which SRE1 levels were diminished by RNA interference were unable to repress siderophore biosynthesis and utilization genes in the presence of abundant iron and thus produced siderophores even under iron-replete conditions. Mutation of a GATA-containing consensus site found in the promoters of these genes also resulted in inappropriate gene expression under iron-replete conditions. Microarray analysis comparing control and SRE1-depleted strains under conditions of iron limitation or abundance revealed both iron-responsive genes and Sre1-dependent genes, which comprised distinct but overlapping sets. Iron-responsive genes included those encoding putative oxidoreductases, metabolic and mitochondrial enzymes, superoxide dismutase, and nitrosative-stress-response genes; Sre1-dependent genes were of diverse functions. Genes regulated by iron levels and Sre1 included all of the siderophore biosynthesis genes, a gene involved in reductive iron acquisition, an iron-responsive transcription factor, and two catalases. Based on transcriptional profiling and phenotypic analyses, we conclude that Sre1 plays a critical role in the regulation of both traditional iron-responsive genes and iron-independent pathways such as regulation of cell morphology. These data highlight the evolving realization that the effect of Sre1 orthologs on fungal biology extends beyond the iron regulon.
High-Resolution, Single-Molecule Measurements of Biomolecular Motion (2007)

Many biologically important macromolecules undergo motions that are essential to their function. Biophysical techniques can now resolve the motions of single molecules down to the nanometer scale or even below, providing new insights into the mechanisms that drive molecular movements. This review outlines the principal approaches that have been used for high-resolution measurements of single-molecule motion, including centroid tracking, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, magnetic tweezers, atomic force microscopy, and optical traps. For each technique, the principles of operation are outlined, the capabilities and typical applications are examined, and various practical issues for implementation are considered. Extensions to these methods are also discussed, with an eye toward future application to outstanding biological problems.
A Comparison Between Actively and Passively Matched S-Band GaAs Monolithic FET Amplifiers (2005)

The ability to design monolithic GaAs circuits which are insensitive to active and passive component variations is demonstrated. Actively and passively matched monolithic S-band amplifiers are compared in terms of reproducibility, GaAs usage, power consumption and processing complexity.
Zener substrate triggering for CMOS ESD protectiondevices (1996)

A low-voltage substrate triggering method for ESD protection structures in a standard CMOS digital process is presented. The principle is based on Zener avalanche to cause a local increase in substrate voltage.
Low leakage high breakdown e-mode GaN DHFET on Si by selective removal of in-situ grown Si<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf> (2009)

We describe the fabrication and characteristics of high voltage enhancement mode SiN/AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN double heterostructure FET devices. The Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> not only acts as a passivation layer but is crucial in the device concept as it acts as an electron donating layer (1). By selective removal under the gate of the in-situ SiN, we realize e-mode operation with a very narrow threshold voltage distribution with an average value of +475 mV and a standard deviation of only 15 mV. Compared to the reference depletion mode devices, we see no impact of the e-mode architecture on the breakdown behaviour. The devices maintain very low leakage currents even at drain biases up to 80% of the breakdown voltage.
Phytophagous insect fauna of two weeds, Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. and Jatropha gossypifolia L., in Australias Northern Territory (1997)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
Metallothionein protects against the cytotoxic and DNA-damaging effects of nitric oxide. (1995)

In inflammatory states, nitric oxide (.NO) may be synthesized from precursor L-arginine via inducible .NO synthase (iNOS) in large amounts for prolonged periods of time. When .NO acts as an effector molecule under these conditions, it may be toxic to cells by inhibition of iron-containing enzymes or initiation of DNA single-strand breaks. In contrast to molecular targets of .NO, considerably less is known regarding mechanisms by which cells become resistant to .NO. Metallothionein (MT), the major protein thiol induced in cells exposed to cytokines and bacterial products, is capable of forming iron-dinitrosyl thiolates in vitro. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that overexpression of MT reduces the sensitivity of NIH 3T3 cells to the .NO donor, S-nitrosoacetylpenicillamine (SNAP), and to .NO released from cells (NIH 3T3-DFG-iNOS) after infection with a retroviral vector expressing human iNOS gene. There was a 4-fold increase in MT in cells transfected with the mouse MT-1 gene (NIH 3T3/MT) compared to cells transfected with the promoter-free inverted gene (NIH 3T3/TM). NIH 3T3/MT cells were more resistant than NIH 3T3/TM cells to the cytotoxic effects of SNAP (0.1-1.0 mM) or .NO released from NIH 3T3-DFG-iNOS cells. A brief (1 h) exposure to 10 mM SNAP caused DNA single-strand breaks that were 9-fold greater in NIH 3T3/TM compared to NIH 3T3/MT cells. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of NIH 3T3 cells revealed a greater peak at g = 2.04 (e.g., iron-dinitrosyl complex) in NIH 3T3/MT than NIH 3T3/TM cells. These data are consistent with a role for cytoplasmic MT in interacting with .NO and reducing .NO-induced cyto- and nuclear toxicity.
Virus-Induced Apoptosis (1997)

Apoptosis of virus-infected cells may be important to block the spread of some virus infections in the host organism. Thus, virus-induced apoptosis can be a protective host defense mechanism. However, other viruses appear to thrive in apoptotic cells. In these circumstances, virus-induced apoptosis may also be harmful to the host—for example, when the virus itself does not kill the cell or when the virus infects a cell population that cannot be replenished. Thus, virus-induced programmed cell death also can contribute to the pathogenesis of disease. The striking morphologic changes and biochemical events that occur during virus-induced apoptosis do not significantly differ from those observed during apoptosis induced by other stimuli. Although viruses generally leave additional marks on the cell, cells dying by virus-induced apoptosis exhibit severe chromatin condensation around the periphery of the nucleus that is detectable with DNA stains and by electron microscopy. This chapter reviews the role of apoptosis in viral pathogenesis, the mechanisms by which viruses induced apoptosis, and the viral gene product that inhibit apoptosis. The chapter first describes the viral products that inhibit apoptosis as these are most familiar.
Natural language question answering over RDF (2014)

RDF question/answering (Q/A) allows users to ask questions in natural languages over a knowledge base represented by RDF. To answer a national language question, the existing work takes a two-stage approach: question understanding and query evaluation. Their focus is on question understanding to deal with the disambiguation of the natural language phrases. The most common technique is the joint disambiguation, which has the exponential search space. In this paper, we propose a systematic framework to answer natural language questions over RDF repository (RDF Q/A) from a graph data-driven perspective. We propose a semantic query graph to model the query intention in the natural language question in a structural way, based on which, RDF Q/A is reduced to subgraph matching problem. More importantly, we resolve the ambiguity of natural language questions at the time when matches of query are found. The cost of disambiguation is saved if there are no matching found. We compare our method with some state-of-the-art RDF Q/A systems in the benchmark dataset. Extensive experiments confirm that our method not only improves the precision but also speeds up query performance greatly.
Improving 3GPP-LTE Uplink Control Signaling Performance Using Complex-Field Coding (2012)

We study the uplink control signaling in Third-Generation Partnership Program (3GPP)-Long-Term Evolution (LTE) systems. Specifically, we propose a precoding method that uses complex-field coding (CFC) to improve the performance of the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) format 2 control signaling. We derive optimal detectors for both the conventional method and the proposed precoding method for different cases of channel state information (CSI) and noise variance information at the receiver. With a single receive antenna, the proposed method offers significant gains compared with the coding currently used in 3GPP-LTE for all the different scenarios considered in this work. However, the gains are relatively less with two receive antennas.
DFT-based decision directed channel estimation for OFDM systems in very large delay spread channels (2008)

In this paper, enhanced DFT-based channel estimation for OFDM system is proposed. Conventional DFT-based channel estimations improve the performance by suppressing time-domain noise. However, the disadvantage is that it cannot distinguish each path from the aliasing components of CIR when the periodic replicas of the estimated CIR are overlapped each other in very large delay spread channels. If any wrong CIR is chosen to obtain the CFR, a significant estimation error floor will appear despite of no ISI. In order to overcome the disadvantage, we consider a modified DFT-based channel estimation using decision-directed scheme. By using computer simulation, we show that proposed algorithm outperforms the conventional DFT-based estimation in terms of BER and MSE performance and displays sufficiently good performance similar to ideal case which is known CFR perfectly when the delay spread of multi-path channel is relatively large.
Simultaneous assessment of iodine, iron, vitamin A, malarial antigenemia, and inflammation status biomarkers via a multiplex immunoassay method on a population of pregnant women from Niger (2017)

Deficiencies of vitamin A, iron, and iodine are major public health concerns in many low- and middle-income countries, but information on their status in populations is often lacking due to high costs and logistical challenges associated with assessing micronutrient status. Accurate, user-friendly, and low-cost analytical tools are needed to allow large-scale population surveys on micronutrient status. We present the expansion of a 7-plex protein microarray tool for the simultaneous measurement of up to seven biomarkers with relevance to the assessment of the key micronutrients iron, iodine, and vitamin A, and inflammation and malaria biomarkers: α-1-acid glycoprotein, C-reactive protein, ferritin, retinol binding protein 4, soluble transferrin receptor, thyroglobulin, and histidine-rich protein II. Assay performance was assessed using international reference standards and then verified by comparing the multiplexed and conventional immunoassay results on a training panel of plasma samples collected from US adults. These data were used to assign nominal concentrations to the calibrators of the assay to further improve performance which was then assessed by interrogating plasma samples from a cohort of pregnant women from Niger. The correlation between assays for each biomarker measured from this cohort was typically good, with the exception of thyroglobulin, and the sensitivity ranged from 74% to 93%, and specificity from 81% to 98%. The 7-Plex micronutrient assay has the potential for use as an affordable tool for population surveillance of vitamin A, iron, and iodine deficiencies as well as falciparum malarial parasitemia infectivity and inflammation. The assay is easy-to-use, requires minimal sample volume, and is scalable, rapid, and accurate-needing only a low-cost reader and basic equipment present in most reference laboratory settings and so may be employed by low and middle income countries for micronutrient surveillance to inform on status in key populations. Micronutrient deficiencies including iron, iodine, and vitamin A affect a significant portion of the world's population. Efforts to assess the prevalence of these deficiencies in vulnerable populations are challenging, partly due to measurement tools that are inadequate for assessing multiple micronutrients in large-scale population surveys. We have developed a 7-plex immunoassay for the simultaneous measurement of seven biomarkers relevant to assessing iodine, iron, and vitamin A status, inflammation and Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia by measuring levels of thyroglobulin, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, retinol binding protein 4, α-1-acid glycoprotein, C-reactive protein, and histidine-rich protein II. This 7-plex immunoassay technique has potential as a rapid and effective tool for use in large-scale surveys and assessments of nutrition intervention programs in low- and middle-income countries.
Correlation between model observer and human observer performance in CT imaging when lesion location is uncertain (2013)

In CT imaging of different sizes of low-contrast lesions (-15 HU), the performance of CHO with Gabor channels was highly correlated with human observer performance for the detection and localization tasks with uncertain lesion location in CT imaging at four clinically relevant dose levels. This suggests the ability of Gabor CHO model observers to meaningfully assess CT image quality for the purpose of optimizing scan protocols and radiation dose levels in detection and localization tasks for low-contrast lesions.