gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Emittance control of electron and positron beams in laser plasma accelerators (2015)

We propose to use a combination of Hermite-Gaussian laser modes to generate a nonlinear ring bubble with a large longitudinal accelerating field and a transverse focusing field suitable for positron beam focusing and acceleration. The nonlinear bubble can provide higher accelerating gradients compared with a linear plasma wake. PIC simulations have been used to demonstrate control of the focusing force by changing the relative intensity ratio of the two laser modes, enabling matched positron beam propagation for emittance preservation. In addition, in order to improve phase space characteristics of laser wakefield produced electron beams, in particular, to reduce their transverse emittance, we propose to generate femtosecond electron beams with ultralow emittance using a two-color laser-ionization injection method. By controlling the amplitude and the duration of the injection pulse, the emittance can be controlled to the level of 10<sup>-2</sup> mm mrad.
The effects of grain boundaries in the electrical characteristics of large grain polycrystalline thin-film transistors (2002)

High-performance low-voltage thin-film transistors (TFTs) can be fabricated by grain-enhancement methods such as nickel-seeded metal-induced lateral crystallization (MILC). Electrical characteristics of the TFTs may vary due to the existence of the grain boundaries in the device active region. To obtain the best device characteristics, the effect of grain boundaries on the device must be investigated. In this paper, the cumulative distributions of the device properties such as leakage current, threshold voltage, subthreshold slope, and field-effect mobility as a function of different channel lengths and widths were studied. In general, the grain boundary effects decrease with device size. Devices with short channel lengths and wide channel widths may suffer from degradation due to large leakage current. Moreover, the effects due to the location of the nickel-seeding region on device characteristics were investigated. These include the effect of the longitudinal and lateral grain boundaries and the distance between the nickel seeding region and the device. Finally, a design guideline to reduce the grain boundary effect is presented.
Further classification of dysmotility-like dyspepsia by interdigestive gastroduodenal manometry and plasma motilin level. (1997)

To investigate interdigestive gastroduodenal motility with an infused catheter and measure plasma motilin levels in eight normal individuals and 18 patients with dysmotility-like dyspepsia.All normal individuals had normal gastroduodenal interdigestive migrating complexes. Patients with dysmotility-like dyspepsia were classified into three subgroups on the basis of gastric antral motility: 1) seven patients with normal interdigestive migrating complexes, 2) five patients without interdigestive migrating complexes and with gastric phase II predominant over phase I, and 3) six patients without interdigestive migrating complexes and with phase I predominance. The maximum and mean plasma motilin levels were significantly different in normal individuals from those in subgroup 3 (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.05).Dysmotility-like dyspepsia appears to be a heterogeneous condition. Abnormal motilin secretion may cause dysmotility in subgroup 3, but dyspepsia in subgroup 1 and the absence of interdigestive migrating complexes in subgroup 2 could not be explained only on this basis.
Two-dimensional electron gas m.e.s.f.e.t. structure (1980)

The first m.e.s.f.e.t. structure is reported in which the channel near pinch-off is occupied by a two-dimensional electron gas accumulated at the interface of a GaAs(N)-AlxGa1−xAs(N) heterojunction. Experimental data are in good agreement with theoretical calculations.
Accumulation of Multipotent Progenitors with a Basal Differentiation Bias during Aging of Human Mammary Epithelia (2012)

Women older than 50 years account for 75% of new breast cancer diagnoses, and the majority of these tumors are of a luminal subtype. Although age-associated changes, including endocrine profiles and alterations within the breast microenvironment, increase cancer risk, an understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlies these observations is lacking. In this study, we generated a large collection of normal human mammary epithelial cell strains from women ages 16 to 91 years, derived from primary tissues, to investigate the molecular changes that occur in aging breast cells. We found that in finite lifespan cultured and uncultured epithelial cells, aging is associated with a reduction of myoepithelial cells and an increase in luminal cells that express keratin 14 and integrin-α6, a phenotype that is usually expressed exclusively in myoepithelial cells in women younger than 30 years. Changes to the luminal lineage resulted from age-dependent expansion of defective multipotent progenitors that gave rise to incompletely differentiated luminal or myoepithelial cells. The aging process therefore results in both a shift in the balance of luminal/myoepithelial lineages and to changes in the functional spectrum of multipotent progenitors, which together increase the potential for malignant transformation. Together, our findings provide a cellular basis to explain the observed vulnerability to breast cancer that increases with age.
Biotin-Derivatized Poly(<scp>l</scp>-lysine)-<i>g</i>-poly(ethylene glycol):  A Novel Polymeric Interface for Bioaffinity Sensing (2001)

A novel biosensor interface exploiting the spontaneous surface assembly of a polycationic, PEG-grafted, biotinylated copolymer was developed and tested on optical waveguide chips in a model immunoassay based on sequential immobilization of (strept)avidin and biotinylated goat antirabbit immunoglobulin (αRIgG−biotin) as a capture molecule to sense the rabbit immunoglobulin (RIgG) target molecule. Optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy with niobium oxide waveguiding layers was used to monitor quantitatively and in situ the spontaneous adsorption of the (biotinylated) copolymer onto the waveguide surface, the resistance of the resulting adlayer to nonspecific protein adsorption, and the mass uptakes in each step of the model immunoassay. Poly(l-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene oxide) (PLL-g-PEG) is a polycationic copolymer that adsorbs spontaneously from aqueous solutions onto negatively charged surfaces via electrostatic interactions. It forms monolayers with densely packed PEG chains. PLL-g-PEG graft copolymers carrying terminal biotin groups on 0, 20, 30, or 50% of the PEG chains were synthesized and assembled onto the surface of niobium oxide (negatively charged at neutral pH). The surface concentration of biotin was tailored by adjusting the biotin grafting ratio in the polymeric molecule or by assembling mixed [PLL-g-PEG/PEGbiotin + PLL-g-PEG] adlayers from the corresponding mixed solutions. These biotinylated surfaces are shown to be highly resistant to nonspecific adsorption from serum while still allowing for the specific surface binding of the linkage proteins: streptavidin, avidin, or neutral avidin. The amount of immobilized linkage protein is shown to be closely related to the biotin surface concentration. The subsequent adsorption behavior of αRIgG−biotin and RIgG, however, depends in a more complex manner on each individual surface modification step and is discussed in the light of specific and nonspecific interactions, as well as of orientational and steric repulsion effects within the adlayers. In terms of the sensing signal-to-background ratio, the [PLL-g-PEG/PEGbiotin//NeutrAvidin//αRIgG−biotin] architecture demonstrated particularly promising performance as an interface architecture for bioaffinity sensing of proteins.
Holographic Ultrafiche (1972)

Even though photographic emulsions exist that are capable of attaining the theoretical resolution for a given wavelength of light, the lack of reliability in recording conventional images at very high reduction ratios has tended to limit greatly the useful storage density of photographic film. Holographic recording techniques offer a means for attaining the necessary reliability, thereby making the recording of many pages at high reduction ratios feasible. Some tasks that are difficult in conventional recording are in fact quite easy in holographic recording. Generally, the characteristics of holographic recording are very different from recording conventional microimages. We discuss the techniques and problems of holographic ultrafiche recording and indicate our progress in this area.
A Multimicrospray Nebulizer for Microwave-Induced Plasma Mass Spectrometry (2000)

We have developed a nebulizer, called a multimicrospray nebulizer (MMSN), that efficiently introduces analytes for plasma mass spectrometry and plasma emission spectrometry. In this nebulizer, both the sample solution and the nebulizer gas are divided into several streams to produce a multispray. That is, the MMSN is a nebulizer that contains several micronebulization units, each unit including an orifice for passing the nebulizer gas and a capillary for introducing a sample solution. The microspray from each micronebulization unit can be operated at a microliter per minute sample uptake rate to achieve high nebulization efficiency. The multimicrospray nebulizer is capable of introducing more analyte to the plasma compared with a single-orifice micronebulizer, which has a very low sample uptake rate. In this work, an MMSN with three orifices was found to be suitable for microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometry (MIP-MS). The sample uptake rate can be varied within a range of 5-250 microL/min. Therefore, the nebulizer is unique in its ability to deal with various sample volumes and provide high nebulization efficiency. The sensitivity for all elements obtained with the MMSN was higher than that obtained with a conventional concentric nebulizer (CCN), which is difficult to achieve with other types of microintroduction nebulizers. For most elements, the MIP-MS sensitivity was improved about 2-fold at a sample uptake rate of 150 microL/min, a much lower rate than that for the CCN (usually 0.5-1.5 mL/min). The sensitivity for arsenic was improved by a factor of 5. The relative standard deviation was found to be less than 2.0%.
Involvement of the 4-1BB/4-1BBL Pathway in Control of Monocyte Numbers by Invariant NKT Cells (2014)

4-1BB is expressed on invariant (i)NKT cells, but its role is unclear. We showed previously that iNKT cells are involved in control of monocyte numbers during influenza A virus (IAV) infection and now question the role of the 4-1BB costimulatory pathway in the cross-talk between these cells. We found that iNKT cells and monocytes interact to promote expression of 4-1BB and 4-1BBL, respectively. Blockade of 4-1BB/L pathway under resting coculture conditions increased apoptosis of iNKT cells and monocytes. However, activation of iNKT cells overrides this survival signal, causing marked apoptosis of monocytes independent of 4-1BB/L. Blocking 4-1BBL in alpha-galactosylceramide-activated iNKT-monocyte cocultures reduced iNKT proliferation and abrogated monocytic IL-12 production. In vivo, expression of 4-1BB and 4-1BBL is increased on iNKT cells and Ly6C(hi) monocytes, respectively, during IAV infection, and there were lower frequencies of apoptosing Ly6C(hi) monocytes in the blood of iNKT knockout mice and higher numbers of monocytes in lungs compared with infected wild-type mice. Adoptive transfer of iNKT cells into the lungs of these mice reduced lung Ly6C(hi) monocytes levels, even when iNKT cells were preincubated with 4-1BB blocking Abs. These findings suggest that under resting conditions, 4-1BB/L engagement during iNKT-monocyte interaction promotes survival of these cells. When iNKT cells are activated, whether by alpha-galactosylceramide or during IAV infection, iNKT cells induced apoptosis of monocytes via a 4-1BB/L-independent mechanism, reducing monocyte numbers. 4-1BB/L costimulation amplified monocyte-mediated proliferation of iNKT cells, indirectly providing a method for monocytes to control their own numbers during infection.
Power System Transient Control by Capacitor Switching (1969)

Inserting and removing a series capacitor in a transmission line can remove the oscillatory transients due to a fault. The capacitor should be inserted in the remaining transmission lines when the fault is detected and removed by short circuiting when the time rate of change of power flow through the capacitor is zero or the rate of change of phase angle between line terminations is zero. The capacitor should be reinserted when the kinetic energy due to speed deviations equals the amount of kinetic energy that can be removed during the remaining swing to the target state independent of whether or not the line is restored to service.
Quantum computing (1998)

The subject of quantum computing brings together ideas from classical information theory, computer science, and quantum physics. This review aims to summarise not just quantum computing, but the whole subject of quantum information theory. It turns out that information theory and quantum mechanics fit together very well. In order to explain their relationship, the review begins with an introduction to classical information theory and computer science, including Shannon's theorem, error correcting codes, Turing machines and computational complexity. The principles of quantum mechanics are then outlined, and the EPR experiment described. The EPR-Bell correlations, and quantum entanglement in general, form the essential new ingredient which distinguishes quantum from classical information theory, and, arguably, quantum from classical physics. Basic quantum information ideas are described, including key distribution, teleportation, data compression, quantum error correction, the universal quantum computer and quantum algorithms. The common theme of all these ideas is the use of quantum entanglement as a computational resource. Experimental methods for small quantum processors are briefly sketched, concentrating on ion traps, high Q cavities, and NMR. The review concludes with an outline of the main features of quantum information physics, and avenues for future research.
Synthesis of Furan Derivatives. LV. Macrocyclic Rings from the Reaction of Dialdehyde with Bisphosphorane and with Diamine (1971)

7, 8 : 17, 18-Dibenzo [20] annulene 1, 4 : 11, 14-dioxide all trans isomer (IV) has been synthesized from the Wittig reaction of di-trans 1, 2-bis [(β-5-formyl)-2-furyl]-vinyl benzene (IIIa) with o-xylene-bis-(triphenylphosphonium bromide) in fairly high yield (35%). The reaction of IIIa with o-phenylenediamine in tetrahydrofuran has been shown to yield three annelated products, i.e., 7, 8 : 17, 18-dibenzo-19, 20-dihydro-16, 19-diaza [20] annulene 1, 4 : 11, 14-dioxide (VI) in 15%, 16-H-7, 8 : 17, 18-dibenzo-15-keto-16, 19-diaza [20] annulene 1, 4 : 11, 14-dioxide (VII) in 1.0% and oxazirino [2, 3-s] 7, 8 : 17, 18-dibenzo-16-aza [20] annulene 1, 4 : 11, 14-dioxide (VIII) in 15.7% yield. The interrelationship among these products was discussed. The reaction of hydrazine hydrate and cis-α, β-di (5-formyl-2-furyl) ethylene (XIb) has been shown to yield dimeric [28] tetraazaannulene tetraoxide (XIII) in 2.5%, and no monomeric [14] diazaanulene dioxide (XII) or no other disproportionation products were obtained.
Modeling Symmetric Macromolecular Structures in Rosetta3 (2011)

Symmetric protein assemblies play important roles in many biochemical processes. However, the large size of such systems is challenging for traditional structure modeling methods. This paper describes the implementation of a general framework for modeling arbitrary symmetric systems in Rosetta3. We describe the various types of symmetries relevant to the study of protein structure that may be modeled using Rosetta's symmetric framework. We then describe how this symmetric framework is efficiently implemented within Rosetta, which restricts the conformational search space by sampling only symmetric degrees of freedom, and explicitly simulates only a subset of the interacting monomers. Finally, we describe structure prediction and design applications that utilize the Rosetta3 symmetric modeling capabilities, and provide a guide to running simulations on symmetric systems.
Multiple‐species candidemia in patients with cancer (2004)

In patients with cancer, MSC was more likely to occur as breakthrough candidemia, predominantly in those with leukemia and prolonged neutropenia, and was associated with suboptimal responses to single-agent antifungal therapy.
The radiosynthesis of a new potential glucose transport protein tracer: 3‐[<sup>125</sup>I]iodophloretin (1994)

Abstract Phloretin (2′,4′,6′‐trihydroxy‐3‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐propiophenone) is a glucose transport (GLUT) blocker acting at the extracellular part of the GLUT protein. Labelling this compound with radioiodine can provide a tracer for elucidating in vitro and in vivo the role of GLUT's in cells showing an increased glucose metabolism. As the inhibition of GLUT by phloretin is supposed to occur at the 2′,4′,6′‐trihydroxyphenyl site, the radioiodine is substituted on the 3‐position of the 4‐hydroxyphenyl group. Direct electrophilic substitution on this position is not possible due to highly activated sites in the trihydroxyphenyl group. 3‐Bromophloretin, the precursor for radioiodination, is prepared using a new method, a saturation substitution followed by the elimination of the unstable bromine atoms. Radioiodinated phloretin is obtained with a labelling yield of 75% by applying Cu +1 ‐assisted radioiodo for bromo exchange at 140°C. Pure non carrier added tracer results from HPLC separation coupled to a mini‐column preconcentration and recovery (± 70% overall yield).
90Mo NMR and kinetic studies of peroxomolybdic intermediates involved in the catalytic disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide by molybdate ions (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT90Mo NMR and kinetic studies of peroxomolybdic intermediates involved in the catalytic disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide by molybdate ionsV. Nardello, J. Marko, G. Vermeersch, and J. M. AubryCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1995, 34, 20, 4950–4957Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00124a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00124a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views985Altmetric-Citations122LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (3)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Pastoral Genomics - a foray into the clover genome (2006)

Pastoral Genomics is engaged in applying molecular mapping and functional genomics to characterise and manipulate key phenotypic traits associated with improved productivity in the commercially important forage crop white clover (Trifolium repens L.). We report on the development of a framework linkage map for white clover and the application of this map to the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with vegetative and seed yield traits. Homologues of genes responsible for the traits of interest have been identified and cloned in order to identify 'perfect markers' for marker assisted breeding and to develop a cisgenicÂ® clover cultivar. We introduce western clover (T. occidentale), a diploid perennial clover species closely related to white clover, as a stoloniferous clover model to dissect low heritability traits initially intractable in white clover. We have identified extensive genetic variation in this species, which previously has been reported to be remarkably uniform. We have developed a framework map for T. occidentale and demonstrated conservation of marker order and spacing with white clover. An ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutant population has been used to isolate three distinct groups of condensed tannin (CT) mutants. We have also investigated our model's transformation potential, achieving frequencies 2-3 fold higher than for white clover and suggest that this model is potentially useful for genomic analysis of white clover and other clonal species
Use of Transient CD4 Lymphocyte Depletion to Prolong Transgene Expression of E1-Deleted Adenoviral Vectors (1996)

E1-deleted adenoviral vectors are increasingly being utilized for in vivo gene transfer. The potential use of these vectors is limited by transient expression of the transgene and a markedly reduced rate of transduction following readministration, presumably due to a host immune response to the vector. We hypothesized that CD4+ lymphocytes are necessary to generate an immune response to these vectors and that administration of a depleting anti-CD4 antibody (GK1.5) might prolong transgene expression in vivo. We found that pretreatment of mice with a single injection (transient depletion) or weekly injections of GK1.5 (persistent depletion), markedly prolonged expression of an adenovirus-encoded tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor or luciferase gene compared to controls. Moreover, mice treated with GK1.5 showed no antiadenoviral antibody response to repeat administration of the vector and a second adenoviral transgene could be expressed in these animals. However, control mice developed a significant neutralizing antibody response that prevented transgene expression with administration of a second adenovirus. These findings demonstrate that manipulation of the host immune response may expand potential applications of gene transfer utilizing adenoviral vectors.
Cutting Edge: <i>Salmonella</i> AvrA Effector Inhibits the Key Proinflammatory, Anti-Apoptotic NF-κB Pathway (2002)

Secreted prokaryotic effector proteins have evolved to modulate the cellular functions of specific eukaryotic hosts. Generally, these proteins are considered virulence factors that facilitate parasitism. However, in certain plant and insect eukaryotic/prokaryotic relationships, effector proteins are involved in the establishment of commensal or symbiotic interactions. In this study, we report that the AvrA protein from Salmonella typhimurium, a common enteropathogen of humans, is an effector molecule that inhibits activation of the key proinflammatory NF-kappaB transcription factor and augments apoptosis in human epithelial cells. This activity is similar but mechanistically distinct from that described for YopJ, an AvrA homolog expressed by the bacterial pathogen Yersinia. We suggest that AvrA may limit virulence in vertebrates in a manner analogous to avirulence factors in plants, and as such, is the first bacterial effector from a mammalian pathogen that has been ascribed such a function.