gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An extension of probabilistic simulation for reliability analysis of CMOS VLSI circuits (1991)

The probabilistic simulation approach is extended to include the computation of the variance waveform of the power/ground current, in addition to its expected waveform. The focus is on the problem of estimating the median time-to-failure (MTF) due to electromigration (EM) in the power and ground buses of CMOS circuits. Theoretical results that quantify the relationship between the MTF and the statistics of the stochastic current are presented. This leads to a more accurate estimate of the MTF that requires both the expected and variance waveforms. A novel technique is then presented to compute the variance waveform for CMOS circuits, which has been incorporated into the probabilistic simulator CREST. Results of this implementation demonstrating efficiency and accuracy on a number of circuits are provided. The authors use these results to study the importance of the variance waveform by estimating its contribution to the MTF relative to that of the expected waveform.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fat Suppression with Dixon Techniques in Musculoskeletal Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Pictorial Review (2015)

Dixon techniques are part of the methods used to suppress the signal of fat in MRI. They present many advantages compared with other fat suppression techniques including (1) the robustness of fat signal suppression, (2) the possibility to combine these techniques with all types of sequences (gradient echo, spin echo) and different weightings (T1-, T2-, proton density-, intermediate-weighted sequences), and (3) the availability of images both with and without fat suppression from one single acquisition. These advantages have opened many applications in musculoskeletal imaging. We first review the technical aspects of Dixon techniques including their advantages and disadvantages. We then illustrate their applications for the imaging of different body parts, as well as for tumors, neuromuscular disorders, and the imaging of metallic hardware.
Tolerance-based OPC and solution to MRC-constrained OPC (2011)

Model based optical proximity correction (MB-OPC) has been widely used in advanced lithography process today. However controlling the edge placement error (EPE) and critical dimension (CD) has become harder as the k1 process factor decreases and design complexity increases. Especially, for high-NA lithography using strong off-axis illumination (OAI), ringing effects on 2D layout makes CD control difficult. In addition, mask rule check (MRC) limits also prevent good OPC convergence where two segment edges are corrected towards each other to form a correction-conflicting scenario because traditional OPC only consider the impact of the current edge when calculating the edge movement. A more sophisticated OPC algorithm that considers the interaction between segments is necessary to find a solution that is both MRC and convergence compliant. This paper first analyzes the phenomenon of MRC-constrained OPC. Then two multiple segment correction techniques for tolerance-based OPC and MRC-constrained OPC are discussed. These correction techniques can be applied to selected areas with different lithographic specifications. The feasibility of these techniques is demonstrated by quantifying the EPE convergence through iterations and by comparing the simulated contour results.
CMP-less integration of fully Ni-silicided metal gates in FinFETs by simultaneous silicidation of the source, drain, and the gate using a novel dual hard mask approach (2005)

We demonstrate a novel CMP-less dual hard mask scheme for the integration of fully silicided gates in FinFETs by simultaneous silicidation of the gate, source and the drain. V/sub T/ of 0.18V and -0.2V are demonstrated for 50nm gate length NFET and PFET respectively. Competitive I/sub on/-I/sub off/ of 960uA/um-140nA/um for NFET and 620uA/um-100nA/um for PFET were obtained at V/sub D/=l .3V for an EOT of 1.8nm.
New trends in active filters for power conditioning (1996)

Attention has been paid to active filters for power conditioning which provide the following multifunctions: reactive power compensation; harmonic compensation; flicker/imbalance compensation; and voltage regulation. Active filters in a range of 50 kVA-60 MVA have been practically installed in Japan. In the near future, the term "active filters" will have a much wider meaning than it did in the 1970s. For instance, active filters intended for harmonic solutions are expanding their functions from harmonic compensation of nonlinear loads into harmonic isolation between utilities and consumers, and harmonic damping throughout power distribution systems. This paper presents the present status of active filters based on state-of-the-art power electronics technology, and their future prospects and directions toward the 21st Century, including the personal views and expectations of the author.
Excessive anticoagulation in patients with mild renal insufficiency receiving long‐term therapeutic enoxaparin (2001)

Low-molecular-weight heparins, such as enoxaparin, are increasingly being used for treatment of venous thromboembolism. We describe two patients who received therapeutic enoxaparin for several months. Although their serum creatinine values were normal, both had mild renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance 60-70 ml/min), and both accumulated the drug abnormally and experienced clinical bleeding. These results suggest that patients receiving enoxaparin (or other low-molecular-weight heparins) in therapeutic doses for periods of more than 4 weeks should be considered for laboratory monitoring to avoid bleeding.
Measurement and partial characterization of an interleukin-2 inhibitor (IL-2-IN) in human urine. (1991)

We observed a human urine-derived protein complex (IL-2-IN) which competitively inhibits interleukin-2 (IL-2) dependent murine lymphocyte proliferation. Measurements of urinary IL-2-IN have been used to stratify the immune response of patients to bacteria in the bladder. Partial characterization of IL-2-IN indicates that it is a heat-stable, 75 kDa complex comprised of interleukin-2 bound to another protein(s). Although the IL-2-IN complex is stable in physiologic buffers, the complex can be disrupted using acidic or low-ionic strength buffers, thereby liberating IL-2. IL-2-IN activity is susceptible to bacterial and endogenous urinary proteolysis. The IL-2 bound in the IL-2-IN complex cannot be detected using a double monoclonal antibody radioimmunoassay for IL-2. Unlike other IL-2 binding proteins, the IL-2 binding protein of the IL-2-IN complex is not a soluble interleukin-2 receptor. A modification of the bioassay for interleukin-2 activity is the method of choice for the detection and quantification of urinary IL-2-IN.
<title>Comparison of multiresolution morphological and Laplacian techniques for automated inspection</title> (1992)

This paper concerns the analysis of images at multiple scales of spatial resolution. We describe and compare two methods of generating hierarchical image representations (called pyramids) which are based on changes in image resolution. The first of these methods utilizes the tools of mathematical morphology to derive image pyramids, while the second method is based on well known linear filtering techniques to create Gaussian and Laplacian pyramids. Both methods involve the successive remodel of high frequency components from an image so that an ordered sequence of low pass filtered, subsampled images results. It is also possible in each case to use differences of adjacent levels in a low-pass pyramid to generate a band-pass pyramid of images. The resulting hierarchy of images is well suited to such applications as automated industrial inspection, since components of interest can be expected to appear at particular levels of the hierarchy. A problem with the latter method is that image features are blurred by the linear smoothing. This drawback is not present in the former technique, which depends on nonlinear, set-theoretic transformations. This paper describes these two methods for generating image pyramids and compares the results of each in the inspection of a printed circuit board.
Sound fields and sonic landscapes in rural environments (2013)

The anthropocentric sonic landscape consists of the immediate soundscape extending to 20‑200 metres from the receiver; outside this is the distant soundscape, reaching out to 15‑20 kilometres. There is usually a great number of different abiotic and biotic sound sources, surrounded by their own sound fields in the anthropocentric soundscape. Climatic and topographic elements cause considerable deformations of the theoretically calculated extension and shape of sound fields and soundscapes. Sound level measurements of wind‑generated sounds on wooded skerries in the archipelago of SW‑Finland show that there is an almost linear relation between wind velocity and the mean sound level at wind speeds between 5 and 20 m/s. Some biotic sounds from insects and birds have been measured and analyzed with respect to their sound level and octave‑band dispersion. Besides measurements of the background sound level in rural landscapes, octave‑band analyses of some informative sounds, such as ringing church bells and fog signals from vessels, have also been made. Different kinds of disturbing noise in rural recreational environments are discussed. Attention is paid primarily to the traffic noise from small boats, ferries and snowmobiles.
Chemical Vapour Deposition of Graphene—Synthesis, Characterisation, and Applications: A Review (2020)

Graphene as the 2D material with extraordinary properties has attracted the interest of research communities to master the synthesis of this remarkable material at a large scale without sacrificing the quality. Although Top-Down and Bottom-Up approaches produce graphene of different quality, chemical vapour deposition (CVD) stands as the most promising technique. This review details the leading CVD methods for graphene growth, including hot-wall, cold-wall and plasma-enhanced CVD. The role of process conditions and growth substrates on the nucleation and growth of graphene film are thoroughly discussed. The essential characterisation techniques in the study of CVD-grown graphene are reported, highlighting the characteristics of a sample which can be extracted from those techniques. This review also offers a brief overview of the applications to which CVD-grown graphene is well-suited, drawing particular attention to its potential in the sectors of energy and electronic devices.
Obtaining parsimonious hydraulic conductivity fields using head and transport observations: A Bayesian geostatistical parameter estimation approach (2009)

Flow path delineation is a valuable tool for interpreting the subsurface hydrogeochemical environment. Different types of data, such as groundwater flow and transport, inform different aspects of hydrogeologic parameter values (hydraulic conductivity in this case) which, in turn, determine flow paths. This work combines flow and transport information to estimate a unified set of hydrogeologic parameters using the Bayesian geostatistical inverse approach. Parameter flexibility is allowed by using a highly parameterized approach with the level of complexity informed by the data. Despite the effort to adhere to the ideal of minimal a priori structure imposed on the problem, extreme contrasts in parameters can result in the need to censor correlation across hydrostratigraphic bounding surfaces. These partitions segregate parameters into facies associations. With an iterative approach in which partitions are based on inspection of initial estimates, flow path interpretation is progressively refined through the inclusion of more types of data. Head observations, stable oxygen isotopes ( 18 O/ 16 O ratios), and tritium are all used to progressively refine flow path delineation on an isthmus between two lakes in the Trout Lake watershed, northern Wisconsin, United States. Despite allowing significant parameter freedom by estimating many distributed parameter values, a smooth field is obtained.
From Ugly Duckling to Swan: Unexpected Identification from Cell-SELEX of an Anti-Annexin A2 Aptamer Targeting Tumors (2014)

Although aptamers could be selected during cell-SELEX against other targets than those initially intended, they represent a potential source of ligands for basic research, diagnoses and therapy. Here, studying such aptamers, we identify one with high affinity for Annexin A2 that could be a promising tool for biomedical application.
Antigenic Sites on the ERA Rabies Virus Nucleoprotein and Non-structural Protein (1985)

Thirty-one monoclonal antibodies, specific for either the nucleoprotein (N) or the non-structural protein (NS; nucleocapsid-associated protein) of the nucleocapsid of the ERA strain of rabies virus, were used to investigate the topography of antigenic sites on the nucleocapsid complex. Based on the results of a competitive enzyme immunoabsorbent assay using these antibodies, five spatially distinct antigenic sites were defined: three on the N protein (groups N I, N II and N III) and two on the NS protein (groups NS I and NS II). Antigenic variations among various street and laboratory strains of rabies virus were analysed by indirect immunofluorescence assay with the monoclonal antibodies specific for the nucleocapsid. Some correlation between the natural nucleocapsid variation and the antigenic topographical map was observed.
Mass spectrometry identification of granins and other proteins secreted by neuroblastoma cells (2013)

We used mass spectrometry-based protein identification to determine the presence of granins and other proteins in the mouse neuroblastoma secretome. We detected polypeptides derived from four members of the granin family: chromogranin A, chromogranin B, secretogranin III, and VGF. Many of them are derived from previously described biologically active regions; however, for VGF and CgB, we detected peptides not related to known bioactivities. Along with granins, we identified 115 other proteins secreted by mouse neuroblastoma cells, belonging to different functional categories. Fifty-six out of 119 detected proteins possess the signal fragments required for translocation into endoplasmic reticulum. Sequences of remaining 63 proteins were analyzed using SecretomeP algorithm to determine probability of nonclassical secretion. Identified proteins are involved in the regulation of cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, proteolysis, and cell adhesion.
Cloud readiness assessment framework and recommendation system (2015)

Cloud computing is one of the fastest growing technologies. For developing countries like Ethiopia which has a growing ICT, cloud computing is an attractive choice to adopt. However, the adoption of such a technology should be planned ahead of time taking into consideration the various factors that make adoption successful. The main objective of this research is to propose a cloud readiness assessment framework and an expert system that assesses cloud readiness and recommend which cloud deployment and service model to adopt. The research is grounded by well-studied technological innovation adoption theories: Technology Organization Environment framework (TOE), Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Based on these theoretical foundations, a new cloud readiness framework is proposed. A survey is designed based on the framework; using this survey an initial dataset is generated and expanded using synthetic data generator. The expert system relies on predictive modeling for assessing cloud readiness. So, using Weka machine learning platform, J48 decision tree algorithm is experimented using various settings, to train and obtain acceptable model accuracy. Training is performed on the original dataset and synthetically generated dataset. The best obtained model accuracy is 75% with the original dataset.
Preclinical Efficacy and Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms of Action of the Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Rilzabrutinib for Immune-Mediated Disease (2021)

Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is expressed in B cells and innate immune cells, acting as an essential signaling element in multiple immune cell pathways. Selective BTK inhibition has the potential to target multiple immune-mediated disease pathways. Rilzabrutinib is an oral, reversible, covalent BTK inhibitor designed for immune-mediated diseases. We examined the pharmacodynamic profile of rilzabrutinib and its preclinical mechanisms of action. In addition to potent and selective BTK enzyme and cellular activity, rilzabrutinib inhibited activation and inflammatory activities of B cells and innate cells such as macrophages, basophils, mast cells, and neutrophils, without cell death (in human and rodent assay systems). Rilzabrutinib demonstrated dose-dependent improvement of clinical scores and joint pathology in a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis and demonstrated reductions in autoantibody-mediated FcγR signaling in vitro and in vivo, with blockade of rat Arthus reaction, kidney protection in mouse Ab-induced nephritis, and reduction in platelet loss in mouse immune thrombocytopenia. Additionally, rilzabrutinib inhibited IgE-mediated, FcεR-dependent immune mechanisms in human basophils and mast cell-dependent mouse models. In canines with naturally occurring pemphigus, rilzabrutinib treatment resulted in rapid clinical improvement demonstrated by anti-inflammatory effects visible within 2 wk and all animals proceeding to complete or substantial disease control. Rilzabrutinib is characterized by reversible covalent BTK binding, long BTK residence time with low systemic exposure, and multiple mechanistic and biological effects on immune cells. Rilzabrutinib's unique characteristics and promising efficacy and safety profile support clinical development of rilzabrutinib for a broad array of immune-mediated diseases.
<title>Etendue efficient coupling of light using dual paraboloid reflectors for projection displays</title> (2002)

With the introduction of Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) and Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCOS) technologies, imagers for projection displays become increasingly smaller, thus requiring more intense, focused light with lower etendue values. To illuminate these smaller imagers, a patented dual paraboloid reflector system has been developed to collect and focus light from an arc lamp onto the imager without loss of brightness. This powerful optical platform provides the control and etendue efficiency that has been missing in standard illumination sy stems. The dual paraboloid reflector system consists of two parabolic reflectors placed symmetrically facing each other. The first parabolic reflector collects and collimates it into a parallel beam. The second parabolic reflector intercepts the parallel beam and focuses the light with unity magnification, i.e. 1:1 imaging, into a tapered light pipe (TLP) with conserved brightness. The TLP transforms the focused light into an output with the needed area, shape, and numerical aperture (NA). It also acts as a homogenizer so that the intensity profile at the output surface is uniform and eventually provides a uniform intensity profile at the screen. The reflection of light twice in the dual paraboloid reflector system provides a high IR and UV rejection ratios, resulting in less degradation of the optical components. Polarization and color recycling systems are also designed taking advantage of this reflector configuration.
Anti-wrinkle effects of fermented and non-fermented Cyclopia intermedia in hairless mice (2014)

This in vivo study demonstrates that honeybush produces significant anti-wrinkle effects and is therefore of interest in anti-aging skin care products.
Denitrification in sediment determined from nitrogen isotope pairing (1992)

Abstract A new method for accurate and easy measurement of denitrification in sediments is presented. The water overlying intact sediment cores was enriched with <sup>15</sup>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> which mixed with the <sup>14</sup>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> of the natural sources of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>. The formation by denitrification of single‐labeled (<sup>14</sup>N<sup>15</sup>N) and double‐labeled (<sup>15</sup>N<sup>15</sup>N) dinitrogen pairs was measured by mass spectrometry after a few hours incubation. Total denitrification including the formation of unlabeled (<sup>14</sup>N<sup>14</sup>N) dinitrogen could be calculated assuming random isotope pairing by denitrification of the uniformly mixed NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> species. In contrast to previous approaches, by this method it is possible to measure denitrification of both NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> diffusing from the overlying water and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> from nitrification within the sediment.
Real-time hand gesture recognition using the Myo armband and muscle activity detection (2017)

Hand gesture recognition consists of identifying the class and the instant of occurrence of a given movement of the hand. The solutions to this problem have many applications in science and technology. In this paper, we propose a model for hand gesture recognition in real time. This model takes as input the surface electromyography (EMG) measured on the muscles of the forearm by the Myo armband. For any user, the proposed model can learn to recognize any gesture of the hand through a training process. As part of this process a user needs to record 5 times, during 2 s each, the EMG on his forearm, close to the elbow, while performing the gesture to recognize. The ¿-nearest neighbor and the dynamic time warping algorithms are used for classifying the EMGs seen through a window. As part of the proposed model, we also include a detector of muscle activity that speeds the time of processing up and improves the accuracy of the recognition. We tested the proposed model at recognizing the 5 gestures defined by the proprietary recognition system of the Myo armband, achieving an accuracy of 89.5%. Finally, we also demonstrated that the model proposed in this work outperforms other systems, including the recognition system of the Myo.
Advanced mix-and-match using a high-NA i-line scanner (2000)

Step and Scan technology has matured for the current generation of semiconductor lithography tools and has become the standard for most new fabs and fab expansions. It is estimated that for the year 1999, more than 64 percent of new exposure tool shipments from all vendors were step and scan platforms. For economical mass production in sub 180 nm applications, DUV and i-line lithography have to be combined with critical layers that are exposure during DUV. Semi- critical and non-critical layers are exposed using i-line. The choice to use a stepper ora scanner for the i-line platform becomes critical in terms of operating cost and technical capability. This paper reports on the performance of high resolution, high throughput i-line scanners that are used in mix and match with DUV scanners. Advanced imaging capability is demonstrated on the ASML PAS 5500/400 i-line scanner as well as alignment performance on the most difficult layers using the ATHENA advanced alignment system. Matching strategies are presented along with a cost analysis showing the merits of using i-line scanners for semi- critical and non-critical layers in mix and match.
Analysis and design of L-probe proximity fed-patch antennas (2001)

In this paper, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is employed to analyze L-probe proximity-fed rectangular patch antennas. Numerical results for the input impedance, co- and cross-polarization radiation patterns are presented and compared with the measurements. Good agreement between the computed and measured results is obtained. The effects of geometric parameters on the characteristics of the L-probe patch antenna are extensively studied. For design purposes, the variation of input impedance at resonance with different geometric parameters is plotted on a Smith chart. Mutual coupling between two L-probe patch antennas is also investigated.