gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alemtuzumab in the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (2010)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by CNS inflammation, demyelination and cellular damage with atrophy. Most patients with MS initially present with a relapsing-remitting course, with periodic episodes of neurologic symptomatology that do not follow a predictable pattern. In order to maintain a stable clinical course, it is felt to be important to control the number and severity of relapses, as disability, at least in part, is a cumulative effect of damage from multiple lesions within the brain and spinal cord. Historically, MS has not been considered curable, because the immune system could not be adequately normalized over the course of a lifetime. Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H; Campath(®), Genzyme, MA, USA) has recently been investigated in a Phase II clinical trial in the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS. The results observed in the study are very encouraging and multiple insights have been made into the nature of autoimmunity in general based on the clinical response to this monoclonal antibody. Enrollment in two pivotal Phase III clinical trials of alemtuzumab in MS is now complete.
Synthesis, properties and evaluation of biological activity of herbicidal ionic liquids with 4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoate anion (2016)

In this study, fourteen new herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs) based on MCPB with a 1-alkyl-1-methylpiperidinium cation were synthesized and characterized.
Inside Cover: Silicon Analogues of the RXR‐Selective Retinoid Agonist SR11237 (BMS649): Chemistry and Biology (ChemMedChem 7/2009) (2009)

Abstract The inside cover picture shows a carbon‐based (left) and the analogous silicon‐based (right) derivative of the highly potent pan‐RXR‐selective retinoid agonist SR11237. Switching from carbon to silicon increased the biological activity by a factor of ten. To further understand this effect, both agonists were co‐crystallized with the ligand‐binding domain of hRXRα (superposition of the two crystal structures shown). For more details, see the Full Paper by R. Tacke et al. on p. 1143 ff. magnified image
Function-Associated Surface Molecules on Airway Dendritic Cells in Cigarette Smokers (2008)

Airway dendritic cells (DCs) control pulmonary immune responses to inhaled particles. However, the profile of function-associated surface molecules on airway DCs in smokers is unknown. In this study, function-associated surface molecules were analyzed using four-color flow cytometry on myeloid DCs (mDCs) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of cigarette smokers and never-smokers. Furthermore, the lung function was assessed directly before bronchoscopy in all participants. There was a 7-fold increase in total cell numbers in BALF of smokers, as compared with never-smokers. The percentage of mDCs among BALF cells and the expression of the maturation marker CD83 on mDCs did not differ between smokers and never-smokers. However, there was a strong increase in the expression of Langerin and CD1a (markers of Langerhans cells) on mDCs of smokers. Furthermore, mDCs of smokers were characterized by an increased expression of antigen presentation markers such as CD80 and CD86. By contrast, mDCs of smokers displayed a decreased expression of the lymph node homing receptor CCR7, as compared with mDCs of never-smokers. Decreased expression of CCR7 on mDCs, but not any of the other surface molecules studied, was specifically associated with airway obstruction and pulmonary hyperinflation in smokers. In conclusion, our data suggest that smoking affects the expression profile of function-associated surface molecules on airway mDCs. We provide the first evidence that a reduced CCR7 expression on airway mDCs is associated with airflow limitation in smokers.
Hospital readmissions. Return to sender. (2002)

A study of elderly patients who were repeatedly readmitted to an acute hospital found many admissions could be averted by providing more intense, alternative care. Many admissions were made by on-call GPs who did not know the patients' case. Some discharges appeared to have been premature. More attention needs to be given to preventive care, and greater use made of community nurses as the focal point of a support system. The study has highlighted the need for pooled budgets between health and social services.
Rapid thermal annealing study of magnetoresistance and perpendicular anisotropy in magnetic tunnel junctions based on MgO and CoFeB (2011)

The tunneling magnetoresistance and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in CoFeB(1.1-1.2 nm)/MgO/CoFeB(1.2-1.7 nm) junctions were found to be very sensitively dependent on annealing time. During annealing at a given temperature, decay of magnetoresistance occurs much earlier compared to junctions with in-plane magnetic anisotropy. Through a rapid thermal annealing study, the decrease of magnetoresistance is found to be associated with the degradation of perpendicular anisotropy, instead of impurity diffusion as observed in common in-plane junctions. The origin of the evolution of perpendicular anisotropy as well as possible means to further enhance tunneling magnetoresistance is discussed.
Classics Revisited: Accounting for Difference in Two Jungian Readings (2000)

INTRODUCTION John Izod and Jane Ryan both analyze feature films in accordance with theoretical principles deriving from the work of Carl Jung. We share the conviction that a Jungian reading, if it is to be distinguishable from any other form of textual analysis, must find its base in the intuitive and emotional response of the interpreter. Jungian screen theory, as we are developing it, institutes and formalizes a positive role for the subjective experience of the textual analyst. Although the latter is not permitted to depart from an interpretation licensed by the textual evidence, without his or her intuitive understanding of what the screen offers, the Jungian reading has little value. Given the heightened import of the subjective in a Jungian reading, it seems self evident that the response of each individual should be distinctive. But at the same time, if it is to be identifiably Jungian, it ought also to reveal a core in common with other readings founded on the same principles. We decided to put this broad hypothesis to the test by writing our own separate accounts of Stanley Kubrickʼs 2001: A Space Odyssey (MGM, 1968). In starting out we knew that we both regarded the film as the vehicle for a magnificent myth, a superbly optimistic celebration of the future of the species.
Novel evidence‐based colchicine dose‐reduction algorithm to predict and prevent colchicine toxicity in the presence of cytochrome P450 3A4/P‐glycoprotein inhibitors (2011)

These studies provide quantitative evidence regarding drug interactions and necessary adjustments in the dose of colchicine if colchicine treatment is continued during therapy with multiple CYP3A4/P-glycoprotein inhibitors. We demonstrated the need for specific reductions in the dose of colchicine when it is used in combination with 2 broadly prescribed calcium channel blockers (verapamil ER and diltiazem ER) and that the dose of colchicine does not need to be adjusted when it is used in combination with azithromycin.
Morphological and molecular characteristics of living human fetuses between Carnegie stages 7 and 23: developmental stages in the post-implantation embryo (1997)

Determination of embryonic age groups or stages has been based on the Carnegie Institute collection started in 1887. Improved technology has enabled the building of a new collection of embryos of < 9 weeks gestation; these were then used to compare with the original Carnegie collection. The results suggest that in providing definitive stages that are rigidly bound by developmental events, limitations are placed on categorizing the embryo. Allocation of embryos to a specific stage can assist in identifying post-ovulatory age but overlaps between stages could lead to classification into an incorrect stage.
The effect of immobilization on rotator cuff healing using modified Mason-Allen stitches: a biomechanical study in sheep. (2001)

Long-term biomechanical integrity of the surgical site is crucial to the outcome of rotator cuff repair. Usually after rotator-cuff surgery, the arm is immobilized for 6-12 weeks to minimize disruption at the healing site. Unfortunately, currently there is very little clinical data on the effects of immobilization after rotator cuff surgery. This study analyzed the effect of immobilization on rotator cuff healing by comparing the healing strength of the tendon in a bone trough using a sheep model. In sixteen (16) female adult sheep, the right infraspinatus tendons were reattached into a bone trough using a modified Mason-Allen suture pattern. After surgery, each sheep was randomly assigned into either an immobilized or non-immobilized treatment group. The immobilized group was fitted with a softball taped under the foot to restrict limb movement for 6 weeks. The non-immobilized treatment group was allowed to fully bear weight on the treated shoulder. At 26 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and the surgical shoulders were harvested and stored in a -30 degrees C freezer. Biomechanical testing was performed using a MTS 809 Axial/Torsional Servohydraulic System. Special cryo-grips were used to test the infraspinatus tendon-bone interface in anatomical alignment. All samples were preloaded with 10 +/- 5 N, and then force was measured during a crosshead displacement of 500 mm/min until failure. Force and displacement were acquired at 100 Hz and used to calculate load-to-failure and stiffness of the bone-tendon interface. The load-to-failure (N) and stiffness (N/cm) were determined for both treatment groups. For the non-immobilized group, the loads to failure and stiffness means were 2571.95 +/- 329.9 N and 2319.09 +/- 457.72 N/cm. The immobilized group means were 2954.42 +/- 473.52 N (load-to-failure) and 2579.13 +/- 383.51 N/cm (stiffness). A two-tailed two-samples unequal variance student t-test with significance set at 0.05, found no significant difference between the treatment groups for load-to-failure (p = 0.2174) and stiffness (p = 0.8286).
Simultaneous vs. Sequential Biventricular Pacing in Dilated Cardiomyopathy: An Acute Hemodynamic Study (2002)

A significant increase of LV dP/dt with no change in RV dP/dt can be obtained by sequential biventricular pacing as compared to simultaneous biventricular pacing. The highest LV dP/dt is achieved when LV is stimulated before RV. The hemodynamic advantage might be of clinical significance in selected cases.
Injection Snoreplasty: How to Treat Snoring without All the Pain and Expense (2001)

Injection Snoreplasty is a simple, safe, and effective office treatment for primary snoring. Advantages over current snoring procedures include simplicity, low cost, decreased posttreatment pain levels, and minimal/no convalescence.
Entity set expansion from the Web via ASP (2018)

Knowledge on the Web in a large part is stored in various semantic resources that formalize, represent and organize it differently. Combining information from several sources can improve results of tasks such as recognizing similarities among objects. In this paper, we propose a logic-based method for the problem of entity set expansion (ESE), i.e. extending a list of named entities given a set of seeds. This problem has relevant applications in the Information Extraction domain, specifically in automatic lexicon generation for dictionary-based annotating tools. Contrary to typical approaches in natural languages processing, based on co-occurrence statistics of words, we determine the common category of the seeds by analyzing the semantic relations of the objects the words represent. To do it, we integrate information from selected Web resources. We introduce a notion of an entity network that uniformly represents the combined knowledge and allow to reason over it. We show how to use the network to disambiguate word senses by relying on a concept of optimal common ancestor and how to discover similarities between two entities. Finally, we show how to expand a set of entities, by using answer set programming with external predicates.
An integrated floating point vector processor for DSP and scientific computing (2003)

The architecture of a high-performance floating-point microprocessor intended for computation-intensive applications is presented. Utilizing a massively parallel execution unit, very high bandwidth onchip memory, and extensive parallel address calculation hardware, the processor is expected to achieve peak execution rates of 400 MFLOPS for single-precision floating-point numbers. This type of performance is competitive with that of popular mainframe vector processors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Ins and Outs of Exosomes (2005)

MONTREAL, CANADA--
 Cells spit out these mysterious vesicles, but what they do and whether they boast medical uses, such as in cancer vaccines, is up in the air.
Observation of hot-electron energy loss through the emission of phonon-plasmon coupled modes in GaAs (1990)

We have directly observed hot-electron energy loss through the emission of phonon-plasmon coupled modes in n-type Si-doped GaAs. The self-compensation of silicon in GaAs was exploited to allow observation of hot-electron recombination with neutral Si acceptors in a high background concentration of free electrons. We have obtained hot-luminescence data which exhibit a peak due to the initial unrelaxed hot electrons followed by a peak lower in energy by the ${\mathit{L}}^{+}$ coupled-mode energy. The lower-energy peak corresponds to hot-electron relaxation via emission of a phonon-plasmon coupled mode. The observed peak agrees well with energy-loss calculations.
Solving the sonar equations with fluctuating signals in noise (2005)

Fluctuations of signals and noise are commonplace in sonar and have profound effects on the detectability of sonar targets. In this paper, "transition curves", giving probability of detection vs "signal excess", are derived for three theoretical fluctuation models and their use in making sonar performance predictions by means of the sonar equations is described. Some detection results from fleet exercises are presented. They seem to show that the handy and oft-assumed log-normal fluctuation model, with a σ of 6 to 8 dB, provides as good a fit as any to the sparse and scattered field data.
Kinetics of Te doping in disodering GaInP grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (2001)

Te-doped GaInP epitaxial layers were grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy in an effort to clarify the Te disordering mechanism. CuPt ordered GaInP is produced under normal growth conditions. The addition of Te has been reported to induce disorder. One suggested mechanism for disordering GaInP is the increased step velocity caused by the addition of Te. To test this hypothesis, the effects of growth rate and growth temperature on the disordering effect of Te were studied. The Te/III ratio in the vapor and the partial pressure of the P precursor, tertiarybutylphosphine, were kept constant. The behavior of Te incorporation is found to be unusual. The decrease with increasing temperature is consistent with Te acting as a volatile impurity. However, the Te incorporation is also found to be inversely proportional to the growth rate, a characteristic of nonvolatile dopants. A suggested solution to this apparent contradiction is that the Te, which accumulates at step edges, is not able to keep pace with the steps when they move at the higher velocities. As the growth rate was decreased, with a corresponding decrease in measured step velocity, the degree of order was observed to increase, in support of this kinetic model. GaInP layers grown at higher temperatures were observed to become much less ordered. Analysis of these data indicates that the effect is due mainly to the effect of temperature on step velocity. The direct correlation between the step velocity and the degree of order, as these two growth parameters were varied, confirms that Te disorders GaInP for kinetic reasons.
Imaging Pancreas in Healthy and Diabetic Rodent Model Using [ <sup>18</sup> F]Fallypride Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (2014)

[(18)F]Fallypride can be a useful surrogate marker for monitoring changes in pancreatic islet cells, thus providing a noninvasive method to evaluate efficacy of therapeutics.
Reconfigurable Dynamic Trusted Platform Module for Control Flow Checking (2014)

Trusted Platform Module (TPM) has gained its popularity in computing systems as a hardware security approach. TPM provides the boot time security by verifying the platform integrity including hardware and software. However, once the software is loaded, TPM can no longer protect the software execution. In this work, we propose a dynamic TPM design, which performs control flow checking to protect the program from runtime attacks. The control flow checker is integrated at the commit stage of the processor pipeline. The control flow of program is verified to defend the attacks such as stack smashing using buffer overflow and code reuse. We implement the proposed dynamic TPM design in FPGA to achieve high performance, low cost and flexibility for easy functionality upgrade based on FPGA. In our design, neither the source code nor the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) needs to be changed. The benchmark simulations demonstrate less than 1% of performance penalty on the processor, and an effective software protection from the attacks.
The 30th Anniversary of the IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (2009)

2010 marks the 30th anniversary of the IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (TPAMI), although the precise timing is a matter of some debate (overly meticulous readers might point out that the first issue appeared in January 1979). However, it is indisputable that TPAMI celebrated its 20th anniversary in 2000, and the author will follow this tradition and declare this year to be our 30th anniversary. An anniversary, of course, is traditionally an occasion to look at the past for perspective and also to think about the future. For the 20th anniversary, TPAMI published a series of survey articles, and it is instructive to consider the areas represented: statistical pattern recognition, document image analysis, handwriting recognition, medical image analysis, sensing for ubiquitous computing, and content-based image retrieval. While many of these areas remain important, perhaps the most striking development of the last decade has been the growth of areas at the intersection of computer vision and other fields. Machine learning, of course, is the preeminent example, but graphics and discrete optimization have also gained considerable importance. Turning to the current state of the journal, TPAMI is in excellent shape. The standard way of measuring the overall excellence of a journal is the Thompson-ISI impact factor, and TPAMI in 2008 has surpassed even its impressive 2007 performance. The impact factor is now 5.96, and there were 24,674 total citations in 2008. This makes TPAMI not only the #1 IEEE (and thus IEEE CS) publication, but also #1 in both electrical engineering and artificial intelligence, as well as #3 in all of computer science. These numbers are all-time highs. The situation for journals in 2010 poses some obvious challenges, such as the growing popularity of new ways to disseminate research results, even within traditionalist institutions such as universities. Yet TPAMI is well positioned due to its nonprofit status, along with its long-established tradition of publishing high-impact papers. We can all look forward to the many exciting research developments that will no doubt appear in TPAMI in the coming decade.
Template-Assisted Growth of Nominally Cubic (100)-Oriented Three-Dimensional Crack-Free Photonic Crystals (2005)

Three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals (PhCs) are now beginning to acquire functionality via the use of dopants and heterostructures. However, the self-organized fabrication of large-area single crystals that are free of cracks and stacking faults has remained a challenge. We demonstrate a technology for the fabrication of (100)-oriented thin film 3D opal PhCs that exhibit no cracks over areas having no intrinsic size limit via a modified template-assisted colloidal self-assembly approach onto a patterned substrate. This technology potentially makes available large area regions of single photonic crystal, which can be used for optoelectronic devices.
Terahertz time domain magneto-optical ellipsometry in reflection geometry (2004)

We propose and examine a method to reveal the diagonal and off-diagonal components of a dielectric tensor from THz magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) measurements. The proposed method, which is based on time-domain THz measurement, does not involve any assumption on the magnitude of the magneto-optical constant. We apply this method to determine the dielectric tensor of $n$-type InAs in the spectral range from 0.5 to 2.5 THz and compare the results with those obtained in the framework of the conventional small magneto-optical response approximation. (SMRA). It is shown that when the probe frequency is lower than the frequency of longitudinal electromagnetic modes in the medium (e.g., below magnetoplasma or longitudinal phonon resonance) the SMRA-based analysis should be replaced with the method we developed even for small magneto-optical signals.