gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty Analysis of the Experimental Results of Air Conditioner Performance due to the Uncertainty of the Equation of State (2018)

In previous literature, the uncertainty analyses of experimental results of air conditioners usually ignored the uncertainty due to the equation of state (EoS) of the refrigerants. One possible reason was that the uncertainty reported in the EoS literature was much smaller than the one of the measurement. However, with the advancement of measurement technologies, the impact of measurement uncertainty on the air conditioner performance calculation is lowered and becomes on par with that of the EoS. Simultaneously, new research findings give more comprehensive understanding of the EoS uncertainties, such as that the uncertainty of EoS reported in previous studies was underestimated under some conditions. To examine if the uncertainty of experimental results of a thermal system are significantly affected by the new findings, an uncertainty analysis is carried out with experimental data of an air conditioner using propane. The results show that the uncertainty of the EoS has a more significant impact on experimental results involving saturation temperature such as subcooling and superheat measurement than the uncertainties of the measurement, while its impact on the uncertainty of the measured heat transfer rate is still not as significant in most cases.
Scanning Sequence and Repetition Rate of Television Images (1936)

This paper considers factors which affect the apparent steadiness of television images: namely, line flicker, flicker of the image as a whole, alternating-current ripple in the defecting circuits, alternating-current ripple in the video frequency signal, and various kinds of beating of the alternating-current ripple with the various scanning frequencies. It is concluded that an integer ratio between alternating-current ripple frequency and frame frequency is very desirable for progressive scanning and is almost imperative for interlaced scanning. Interlaced scanning with a frame frequency of thirty per second and a field frequency of sixty per second fulfills the requirements in regard to flicker and the relations to alternating-current ripple frequency for a sixty-cycle power source, and offers considerable net gain over other scanning procedures considered. The problems of both odd- and evenline methods of interlacing are discussed and the odd-line method is found preferable.
An efficient flow-based botnet detection using supervised machine learning (2014)

Botnet detection represents one of the most crucial prerequisites of successful botnet neutralization. This paper explores how accurate and timely detection can be achieved by using supervised machine learning as the tool of inferring about malicious botnet traffic. In order to do so, the paper introduces a novel flow-based detection system that relies on supervised machine learning for identifying botnet network traffic. For use in the system we consider eight highly regarded machine learning algorithms, indicating the best performing one. Furthermore, the paper evaluates how much traffic needs to be observed per flow in order to capture the patterns of malicious traffic. The proposed system has been tested through the series of experiments using traffic traces originating from two well-known P2P botnets and diverse non-malicious applications. The results of experiments indicate that the system is able to accurately and timely detect botnet traffic using purely flow-based traffic analysis and supervised machine learning. Additionally, the results show that in order to achieve accurate detection traffic flows need to be monitored for only a limited time period and number of packets per flow. This indicates a strong potential of using the proposed approach within a future on-line detection framework.
Dirac-like cone modulation for phononic crystals using deaf band (2019)

Accidental degeneracy is the only known reason behind the degeneration of 3 or more modes, giving a Dirac cone or Dirac-like cone, depending on the position of the occurrence. The generation of triply degenerate points at the center of the Brillouin zone (where the wave number k→ = 0) is rare and only happens accidentally. In this article, it is proposed to execute triple degeneracy using the simplest geometric microarchitecture of phononic crystals (PnCs). The modulation of the crystals can be performed to demonstrate multiple Dirac-like cones at Γ point by using the nondispersive deaf band obtained from the periodic structure. Thus, a deaf band based predictive model of PnCs can be realized, by proving the existence of the deaf band both numerically and experimentally. The claims have been proved and validated using a squared array of cylindrical polyvinylchloride (PVC) inclusions in an air matrix. This phenomenon yields multiple wave guiding patterns that can be practically used in many research fields.
Quantitative Infrared Photoanalysis of Selected Bacteria (1974)

A technique to measure transmitted infrared radiation from minute biological systems is described. Infrared color film was exposed by radiation transmitted through bacterial colonies. The resultant photographic image was unique for each species of bacteria examined and spectral analysis of the image provided differential light emission patterns which could be quantitated. A formula for developing numerical comparisons among bacterial colonies was provided. The results of this numerical procedure gave quantitative relationships for the total infrared data from each microbial colony and made possible the differential identification of ten species of medically significant bacteria.
DC-DC-CONVERTER WITH INPUT POLARITY DETECTOR FOR THERMOGENERATORS (2009)

This paper presents a DC-DC converter, which automatically detects the polarity of its input voltage. Thus, the converter can work with both positive and negative input voltages. It is intended to be used by energy harvesting thermogenerators with output voltages below 300 mV where hot and cold side can exchange. A test design achieved an efficiency of 65 % for an input voltage of 200 mV and an output voltage of 2.5 V with an output power of 4 mW. This first design was built with discrete components, but can also be integrated on a chip with few external components (such as transformer and input/output capacitor).
Techniques for selective revalidation (1990)

The authors address the question of how to decide which test cases to rerun after a modification. They emphasize that it is important that these tests be selected systematically, because executing an entire test suite to validate a few modifications can consume large amounts of time and computational resources and involve many people, and it is unreliable to exercise a system by selecting test cases intuitively or randomly. They develop a revalidation strategy that is based on an extension of the Fischer algorithm (see K.F. Fischer et al., Proc. Nat. Telecom. Conf., 1981, p.B6.3.1-B6.3.6). Fischer's revalidation technique is based on a zero-one integer programming model. The authors implement a prototype environment based on his methodology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Changes of Sucrose-Phosphate Synthase Activity in Barley Primary Leaves during Light/Dark Transitions (1984)

The activity of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) in 9-day-old barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) primary leaves was measured over a 24-hour period. Extractable enzyme activity was constant in the light, decreased 50 to 60% during the first one-half hour of darkness, and then returned to full activity before the start of the normal light period. Decreases of SPS activity in the dark were fully reversed by less than 10 minutes of illumination. In contrast to results with barley, the measurable activity of SPS in soybean, spinach, and pea leaves was unchanged during the first hour of darkness. Changes of SPS activity in barley primary leaves were stable upon gel filtration. The exact biochemical mechanism responsible for the enzyme activity changes in barley leaf extracts is unknown. The above findings support the suggestion by de Fekete (1973 Eur J Biochem, 10: 73-80) that SPS is controlled by posttranslational protein modification. These results are discussed in relation to the regulation of photosynthetic sucrose metabolism.
The accuracy of protein structure alignment servers (2016)

Background: Protein structural alignment is one of the most fundamental and crucial areas of research in the domain of computational structural biology. Comparison of a protein structure with known structures helps to classify it as a new or belonging to a known group of proteins. This, in turn, is useful to determine the function of protein, its evolutionary relationship with other protein molecules and grasping principles underlying protein architecture and folding. Results: A large number of protein structure alignment methods are available. Each protein structure alignment tool has its own strengths and weaknesses that need to be highlighted. We compared and presented results of six most popular and publically available servers for protein structure comparison. These web-based servers were compared with the respect to functionality (features provided by these servers) and accuracy (how well the structural comparison is performed). The CATH was used as a reference. The results showed that overall CE was top performer. DALI and PhyreStorm showed similar results whereas PDBeFold showed the lowest performance. In case of few secondary structural elements, CE, DALI and PhyreStorm gave 100% success rate. Conclusion: Overall none of the structural alignment servers showed 100% success rate. Studies of overall performance, effect of mainly alpha and effect of mainly beta showed consistent performance. CE, DALI, FatCat and PhyreStorm showed more than 90% success rate.
Time trends and risk factors for diabetes mellitus in cats presented to veterinary teaching hospitals (2007)

Veterinary Medical Data Base records of cats with diabetes mellitus (DM) from 1970 through 1999 were reviewed to identify trends in hospital prevalence of DM and potential host risk factors. Hospital prevalence increased from eight cases per 10,000 in 1970 to 124 per 10,000 in 1999 (P < 0.001). Case fatality percent at first visit decreased from 40% to 10% (P < 0.001). Hospital prevalence increased in all age groups (P < 0.002). There was no apparent seasonal pattern in hospital prevalence. Significant risk factors included male gender, increasing age for both genders (P < 0.001), increasing weight for males (P < 0.001), and mixed vs pure breed for females (P = 0.006).
Printed antenna for satellite communications (2010)

An antenna which has been conceived as a portable system for satellite communications is introduced. It is a planar and a compact structure with a size of 40×40×2.5cm. The antenna is formed by a square array of 256 printed elements covering a large bandwidth (14.7%) at X-Band with a 1.4:1 VSWR, including the transmission (Tx) and the reception (Rx) bands simultaneously. The printed antenna has a radiation pattern with a 3dB beamwidth of 5º, over 31dBi directivity, a dual and an interchangeable circular polarization and a feeding network with total losses about 0.8dB. The complete design of the antenna is shown in this work, besides measurements of the radiation capabilities of the radiating element, the unit cell and the behavior of some components of the feeding network.
Innovative approaches for implementing the aeronautical telecommunication network (2002)

The Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN) concept was approved by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Future Air Navigation Systems (FANS) in 1991. This paper introduces the ATN as enabling an open architecture for air/ground and ground/ground data communications. Also described is the progress being made in turning the concept into reality. The achievements of the voluntary ATN Project (ATNP) are described, together with its plans. Next the ATN Consortium and Cooperative Agreement model are presented as a way to speed realization of ATN implementation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Direct effects of ethane dimethanesulphonate on epididymal function in adult rats. An in vitro demonstration. (1992)

It was recently demonstrated that the Leydig cell toxicant ethane dimethanesulphonate (EDS) produces multiple effects on the epididymis after a single in vivo exposure. To determine whether any of the perturbations were mediated by a direct action of the compound, we used a novel system for the coculture of epididymal epithelial cells and sperm from the caput epididymidis. This system maintains the morphologic integrity and cell polarity of the epididymal epithelial cells before and during coculture, and the sperm recovered after coculture have intact plasma and acrosomal membranes. In addition, several functions required for epididymal sperm maturation are expressed, including the secretion of protein by the epididymal epithelium, the association of secreted protein with the plasma membrane of cocultured sperm, and the acquisition of progressive motility by cocultured sperm. In vitro exposure of epididymal epithelial cells and sperm to EDS results in a significant decline in protein secretion by the epithelial cells during coculture, and in particular, a dose-dependent decline in a 36- to 38-kd protein (PI 4.0 to 4.5) and a 34- to 36-kd protein (PI 4.5 to 5.0). Moreover, these and other proteins are not recovered from the sperm membrane of cocultured sperm after EDS treatment. Finally, EDS results in a dose-dependent decline in the percentage of both motile and progressively motile sperm recovered after coculture compared with that of sperm from untreated cocultures. These effects on sperm motility were not observed when sperm were pretreated with EDS and subsequently cocultured with untreated epithelial cells. We conclude that EDS alters epididymal sperm maturation by acting directly on the epididymal epithelium to mediate changes in sperm membrane protein, and that this may subsequently alter the development of the progressive motility of sperm.
Notch and neurogenesis (1998)

The Notch signaling pathway has during the last few years emerged as an important signaling mechanism for communication between neighboring cells. Many of the components in the Notch signaling pathway have been identified and the pathway is important for cellular differentiation in various organs, including the nervous system. The Notch pathway is pivotal for a process called lateral inhibition, which ensures that cells differentiate to distinct fates from an initially homogenous cell population. The aim of this review is to describe our current understanding of the molecular aspects of the Notch signaling pathway and to discuss its importance for nervous system development and disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 54:125–136, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Neutrophil function in infection-prone children. (1980)

Seven variables connected with the function of the neutrophil granulocyte were studied in 24 children who had undue susceptibilities to infections. The phagocytosis rate of IgG-coated latex particles by the patients' neutrophils was significantly reduced compared with an age-matched control group. The chemokinetic effect of patients' sera on normal polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes was reduced too, especially in heated (56 degrees C, 30 min) serum. Spontaneous chemotactic activity in the patients' sera was significantly lower than in sera from healthy adults and from the age-matched control group. A functional index based on the 7 variables of neutrophil function was constructed. The score of the functional index was correlated to the severity of the patients' clinical condition and discriminated well between normal children and those with undue susceptibility to infections.
A Panel of High Resolution Melting (HRM) Technology-Based Assays with Direct Sequencing Possibility for Effective Mutation Screening of EGFR and K-ras Genes (2009)

Background : Increasing data from clinical trials support EGFR and K-ras mutation status as predictive markers of tumour response to EGFR-targeted therapies. Consequently, rapid and reliable mutation screening assays are demanded to guide rational use of EGFR-targeted therapies. Methods : In this study, we describe the development of high resolution melting (HRM) technology-based assays with direct sequencing confirmation possibility for mutation screening of the EGFR gene (exons 19, 20 and 21) in routine diagnostic specimens, and compared assay findings to those of conventional nested-PCR following cycle-sequencing. Results : In reconstruction experiments, each HRM assay following sequencing demonstrated a sensitivity of ≤5% of mutated DNA in a background of wild-type DNA. The panel of EGFR HRM assays following sequencing applied to a series of genomic DNA samples isolated from 68 FFPE NSCLC specimens correctly identified all EGFR mutations that were previously found by nested-PCR following cycle-sequencing. The HRM approach additionally scored two mutations not detected by the conventional assay. Complementary HRM following sequencing for K-ras revealed three mutations. EGFR and K-ras mutations were mutually exclusive. Conclusions : The panel of designed HRM assays with direct reflex sequencing possibility provides an effective method for mutation screening of EGFR and K-ras genes in routine diagnostic specimens, thereby allowing the selection of the treatment of choice in clinical practice.
Multi-class cosegmentation (2012)

Bottom-up, fully unsupervised segmentation remains a daunting challenge for computer vision. In the cosegmentation context, on the other hand, the availability of multiple images assumed to contain instances of the same object classes provides a weak form of supervision that can be exploited by discriminative approaches. Unfortunately, most existing algorithms are limited to a very small number of images and/or object classes (typically two of each). This paper proposes a novel energy-minimization approach to cosegmentation that can handle multiple classes and a significantly larger number of images. The proposed cost function combines spectral- and discriminative-clustering terms, and it admits a probabilistic interpretation. It is optimized using an efficient EM method, initialized using a convex quadratic approximation of the energy. Comparative experiments show that the proposed approach matches or improves the state of the art on several standard datasets.
황해냉수괴의 (黃海冷水塊) 수평한계를 결정짓는 전선의 역학기구 (1986)

Dynamical conditions for the fronts around the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass, were investigated by means of the oceanographical data and simple numerical experiment. The coastal front developed along the coast inside the Yellow Sea and distinguished the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass from the coastal water is attributed to the predominant tidal mixing near the coast. On the other hand the southern part of the front of the cold water mass would be explained a a part of the extention of a western boundary current which flows into the Cheju Channel.
Spatio–Temporal Reconstruction of Bilateral Auditory Steady-State Responses Using MEG Beamformers (2008)

A rapidly growing number of neuromagnetic studies focus on the analysis of auditory steady-state responses (ASSR) in relation to a diverse array of factors including age, selective attention, and presence of psychopathology. The objectives of these studies require accurate spatio-temporal estimation of the underlying neural generators, a challenging task due to the relatively low signal strength and high correlation between bilateral auditory cortical sources. This paper evaluates the performance of two beamforming schemes that can potentially overcome such difficulties: 1) the linearly constrained minimum variance beamformer with partial sensor coverage (LCMV-PSC), and 2) the multiple constrained minimum-variance beamformer with coherent source region suppression (MCMV-CSRS). Simulation experiments are conducted to assess the impact of source parameters on the reconstruction accuracy. The results indicate that the LCMV-PSC method is prone to localization errors that essentially occur along medio-lateral directions, increase with source depth, and are associated to amplitude and phase distortions of the estimated time courses of activity. Comparatively, the MCMV-CSRS method exhibits precise localization and minimal amplitude and phase distortion for a broad range of relative interferer's positions within the suppression region. The results from the numerical experiments are validated on real magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data collected from a 40-Hz ASSR paradigm.
New heterocyclic derivatives of benzimidazole with germicidal activity--XII--Synthesis of N1-glycosyl-2-furyl benzimidazoles. (1994)

Over the last decade, several derivatives of benzimidazole have been synthesized; some of them turned out to have a good antimicrobial activity; however, all of them were not soluble in water. Therefore the N1-heterosides of four derivatives of 2-(2'-furyl) benzimidazole, chosen from those with the highest biological activity have been now synthesized. These compounds were expected to have some new properties, including a good water-solubility and a higher or at least similar biological activity; furthermore, taking into account some previously published data on similar molecules, an antileukemic activity was expected. However, no one of these hypothesis was confirmed experimentally.
Objective evaluation of speech signal quality by the prediction of multiple foreground diagnostic acceptability measure attributes (2012)

A methodology is described to objectively diagnose the quality of speech signals by predicting the perceptual detectability of a selected set of distortions. The distortions are a statistically selected subset of the broad number of distortions used in diagnostic acceptability measure (DAM) testing. The justification for such a methodology is established from the analysis of a set of speech signals representing a broad set of distortions and their respective DAM scores. At the heart of the ability to isolate and diagnose the perceptibility of the individual distortions is a physiologically motivated cochlear model. The philosophy and methodology is thus distinct from traditional objective measures that are typically designed to predict mean opinion scores (MOS) using well versed functional psychoacoustic models. Even so, a weighted sum of these objectively predicted set of distortions is able to predict accurate and robust MOS scores, even when the reference speech signals have been subject to the Lombard effect.
Spread Coating of OPA on Mica:  From Multilayers to Self-Assembled Monolayers (2001)

The process of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation by the spread coating of an octadecylphosphonic acid (OPA) solution onto a mica surface is investigated by atomic force microscopy. When concentrated solutions are employed, a novel mechanism of SAM formation is found: OPA multilayers, mostly bilayers, are initially deposited on the mica surface. As time passes, these large multilayers break apart and evolve into disorganized monolayers. Following a rapid evolution, such monolayers are found to transform into well-ordered OPA self-assembled monolayers.
Exciton photochemistry of light-sensitive crystals (2001)

It is shown that in photosensitive materials light absorption centers and centers of latent and developed photographic images are of a hydrogen-like nature, and the light sensitivity together with the photoelectric current have an Uhrbach-type temperature dependence.