gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Corrosion Protection of Copper Using Organic Solderability Preservatives (1993)

The emergence of new interconnection technologies involving double‐sided surface mounted components has put stronger restrictions on the method of preserving the solderable finish on printed circuit (PC) boards. The popular Sn/Pb coatings have come under strong scrutiny due to environmental hazards of lead and also because they do not provide flat, planar surfaces for SM assembly. Organic solderability preservative coatings (OSP) are emerging as strong contenders for replacing Sn/Pb surface finishes. Benzotriazole based organic coatings have been successfully used in the past by several electronics manufacturers. However, assembly technologies involving multiple thermal operations have necessitated a fundamental understanding of the thermal stabilities and the mechanism of corrosion protection provided by the OSPs. This paper reports the results of an investigation of the thermal stabilities of two organic corrosion protection coatings. Although both are organic azole based, they operate in two distinct regimes: one forming thin films (∼100 Å) and the other forming thick films (∼5000 Å). The mechanism of surface protection has been studied using direct surface analytical techniques such as X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), scanning transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). The solderability of the copper was measured by wetting balance techniques and correlated to the amount of copper oxidation. The results indicate that, although the thin films provide excellent protection for storage and handling operations, they decompose under heat, thereby causing oxidation of the copper. The thick films appear to withstand multiple thermal cycling. However, the underlying copper substrate can still be oxidised by oxygen diffusion through pores or cracks, or the film may undergo chemical changes that render the copper unsolderable.
Starch granule morphology in oat endosperm (2016)

Mature and developing oat (Avena sativa) grains were sectioned and image analysis methods used to estimate the starch granule-size distribution and morphology in endosperm cells. This showed that oat endosperm cells contain two types of starch granule: compound starch granules such as those seen in rice endosperm and in most other grasses; and simple granules similar to the B-type starch granules seen in the endosperm of Triticeae species such as wheat (Triticum aestivum). The simple granules in oats are similar in size and relative abundance to B-type granules in Triticeae suggesting that they may share a common evolutionary origin. However, there is a fundamental difference between oats and Triticeae in the timing of granule initiation during grain development. In Triticeae, the B-type granules initiate several days after the A-type granules whereas in oats, both the simple and compound granule types initiate at the same time, in early grain development.
Multicenter Intestinal Current Measurements in Rectal Biopsies from CF and Non-CF Subjects to Monitor CFTR Function (2013)

Intestinal current measurements (ICM) from rectal biopsies are a sensitive means to detect cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function, but have not been optimized for multicenter use. We piloted multicenter standard operating procedures (SOPs) to detect CFTR activity by ICM and examined key questions for use in clinical trials. SOPs for ICM using human rectal biopsies were developed across three centers and used to characterize ion transport from non-CF and CF subjects (two severe CFTR mutations). All data were centrally evaluated by a blinded interpreter. SOPs were then used across four centers to examine the effect of cold storage on CFTR currents and compare CFTR currents in biopsies from one subject studied simultaneously either at two sites (24 hours post-biopsy) or when biopsies were obtained by either forceps or suction. Rectal biopsies from 44 non-CF and 17 CF subjects were analyzed. Mean differences (µA/cm(2); 95% confidence intervals) between CF and non-CF were forskolin/IBMX=102.6(128.0 to 81.1), carbachol=96.3(118.7 to 73.9), forskolin/IBMX+carbachol=200.9(243.1 to 158.6), and bumetanide=-44.6 (-33.7 to -55.6) (P<0.005, CF vs non-CF for all parameters). Receiver Operating Characteristic curves indicated that each parameter discriminated CF from non-CF subjects (area under the curve of 0.94-0.98). CFTR dependent currents following 18-24 hours of cold storage for forskolin/IBMX, carbachol, and forskolin/IBMX+carbachol stimulation (n=17 non-CF subjects) were 44%, 47.5%, and 47.3%, respectively of those in fresh biopsies. CFTR-dependent currents from biopsies studied after cold storage at two sites simultaneously demonstrated moderate correlation (n=14 non-CF subjects, Pearson correlation coefficients 0.389, 0.484, and 0.533). Similar CFTR dependent currents were detected from fresh biopsies obtained by either forceps or suction (within-subject comparisons, n=22 biopsies from three non-CF subjects). Multicenter ICM is a feasible CFTR outcome measure that discriminates CF from non-CF ion transport, offers unique advantages over other CFTR bioassays, and warrants further development as a potential CFTR biomarker.
Indoor geo-fencing and access control for wireless networks (2013)

Having an idea of a user's location when he/she is using network services has been an area of interest ever since wireless networks became very popular. As the costs of wireless technologies decrease more and more, we observe the rise of an extremely diverse market of wireless capable devices. However, the field of indoor positioning is still wide open. In this field, most of the existing technologies are dependent on additional hardware and/or infrastructure, which increases the requirements for users. In this research, we investigate the ways of coupling indoor geo-fencing with access control including authentication and registration. To achieve this, we apply a classification based geo-fencing approach using received signal strength indicator. Consequently, we are mainly focusing on associating accurate geo-fencing with secure communication and computing. Experimental results show that we have achieved considerable positioning accuracy while providing a secure way of communication. Favouring diversity, our implementation does not mandate users to undergo any system software modification or adding new hardware components.
CamAuth: Securing Web Authentication with Camera (2015)

Frequent outbreak of password database leaks and server breaches in recent years manifests the aggravated security problems of web authentication using only password. Two-factor authentication, despite being more secure and strongly promoted, has not been widely applied to web authentication. Leveraging the unprecedented popularity of both personal mobile devices (e.g., Smartphones) and barcode scans through camera, we explore a new horizon in the design space of two-factor authentication. In this paper, we present CamAuth, a web authentication scheme that exploits pervasive mobile devices and digital cameras to counter various password attacks including man-in-the-middle and phishing attacks. In CamAuth, a mobile device is used as the second authentication factor to vouch for the identity of a use who is performing a web login from a PC. The device communicates directly with the PC through the secure visible light communication channels, which incurs no cellular cost and is immune to radio frequency attacks. CamAuth employs public-key cryptography to ensure the security of authentication process. We implemented a prototype system of CamAuth that consists of an Android application, a Chrome browser extension, and a Java-based web server. Our evaluation results indicate that CamAuth is a viable scheme for enhancing the security of web authentication.
IMMUNOREACTIVE RELAXIN-LIKE SUBSTANCE IN HUMAN SEMINAL PLASMA. (1980)

Large amounts of an immunoreactive relaxin-like peptide were demonstrated in human seminal plasma. The concentrations of this peptide were determined in seven healthy volunteers, and in twenty-eight non-selected male patients seeking advice for sterility. A wide range of immunoreactive relaxin concentrations was observed, varying between 1,240 pg and 73,000 pg of relaxin porcine equivalents per ml of seminal plasma. Given the very special assay medium of seminal plasma, particular attention was paid to the validity of the radioimmunoassay system when applied to this medium.
National health expenditures, 1993. (1994)

This article presents data on health care spending for the United States, covering expenditures for various types of medical services and products and their sources of funding from 1960 to 1993. Although these statistics show a slowing in the growth of health care expenditures over the past few years, spending continues to increase faster than the overall economy. The share of the Nation's health care bill funded by the Federal Government through the Medicaid and Medicare programs steadily increased from 1991 to 1993. This significant change in the share of health expenditures funded by the public sector has caused Federal health expenditures as a share of all Federal spending to increase dramatically.
New Monofunctional POSS and Its Utilization as Dewetting Additive in Methacrylate Based Free-Standing Films (2009)

New polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), (iBuSi)7O12SiOSi(Me)2CH2(CH2)nCH2OC(O)C(CH3)═CH2 bearing one single methacrylate group, were synthesized by hydrosilylation of allylalcohol or 4-penten-1-ol, followed by acylation with methacryloyl chloride. All intermediates and final derivatives were carefully characterized by FTIR, 1H, 13C, and 29Si solution state NMR, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), MALDI-TOF MS, and powder XRD (including full indexation of the diffraction patterns). In a second step, POSS/methacrylate based films were prepared. For 10 wt % of POSS, phase separation occurs with concomitant POSS crystallization. This behavior is not observed for 2 wt %, but XPS analyses show migration of POSS toward the film−air interface, which led to improved hydrophobic properties of the UV polymerized films with a 30° increase in contact angle.
Rufinamide for the adjunctive treatment of partial seizures in adults and adolescents: A randomized placebo‐controlled trial (2009)

Adjunctive therapy with rufinamide 3200 mg/day compared with matching placebo demonstrated efficacy and was generally well tolerated in adults with partial seizures. Further study of this agent in adults with partial seizures taking a range of baseline AEDs is warranted.
Hepatitis C virus and the immune system: a concise review (2005)

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) induces a chronic infection in 50%-80% of infected individuals, which can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The inefficiency of the immune system in eliminating the virus is not well understood as humoral and cellular immune responses are induced. While a persistent infection is generally associated with a weak CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response during the acute phase, there is no good explanation as to why this response is strong enough in 20% of acutely infected people such that they spontaneously resolve the infection. However, the immune system partially controls the viral infection but due to a long-lasting inflammatory milieu, hepatic damage occurs. During the chronic phase of the infection, HCV does not seem to be cytopathic. This aspect is still controversial as the virus was linked to the development of cholestatic syndrome or acute lobular hepatitis after liver transplant in HCV infected patients. The development of new experimental systems such as HCV pseudoparticles, genomic replicon and transfected cell lines have improved our vision of the virus cycle as well as the understanding of the mechanism of persistence. However, a convincing explanation for the chronicity of the infection in the presence of a functional immune response is still missing and is an important area of research to understand HCV immune pathogenesis. Future research should dissect mechanisms that lead to quantitatively or qualitatively inadequate immune responses, the role of the high variability of the virus, the relevance of host's genetic factors and mechanisms of immunosuppression induced by the virus.
Mutational analysis of the redox-sensitive transcriptional regulator OxyR: regions important for oxidation and transcriptional activation (1995)

OxyR is a redox-sensitive transcriptional regulator of the LysR family which activates the expression of genes important for the defense against hydrogen peroxide in Escherichia coli and Samonella typhimurium. OxyR is sensitive to oxidation and reduction, and only oxidized OxyR is able to activate transcription of its target genes. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we found that one cysteine residue (C-199) is critical for the redox sensitivity of OxyR, and a C-199-->S mutation appears to lock the OxyR protein in the reduced form. We also used a random mutagenesis approach to isolate eight constitutively active mutants. All of the mutations are located in the C-terminal half of the protein, and four of the mutations map near the critical C-199 residue. In vivo as well as in vitro transcription experiments showed that the constitutive mutant proteins were able to activate transcription under both oxidizing and reducing conditions, and DNase I footprints showed that this activation is due to the ability of the mutant proteins to induce cooperative binding of RNA polymerase. Unexpectedly, RNA polymerase was also found to reciprocally affect OxyR binding.
Ultrastructure of Paired Helical Filaments of Alzheimerʼs Neurofibrillary Tangle (1984)

Isolated paired helical filaments (PHF) of Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (AD/SDAT) were studied by negative stain techniques and electron microscopy (EM). The helical structure of the PHF was confirmed by tilt analysis of negatively stained isolated PHF. A substructure of four protofilaments, each 3-5 nm in diameter, was also observed. A comparison of PHF substructure, neurofilaments and microtubules, revealed no similarity among the three structures.
Phenolics for High Temperature Applications in Small Engine Technologies (Cost Effective Performance Advantages) (1995)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Plastic materials have made significant progress in small engine components. Most of these applications have been in external parts like fan shrouds and fuel tanks. Meeting new emissions requirements, along with reducing noise and more compact engine styling will require plastic materials which perform at higher temperatures than those typically used to date, as well as materials which can replace mechanical parts now produced in metal.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper presents mechanical performance data at temperatures up to 200°C for several engineering phenolic compounds. Also reviewed are fluid resistance, fatigue endurance, and examples of phenolics in production components in small engines.</div>
Electronic properties of a one-dimensional channel field effect transistor formed by molecular beam epitaxial regrowth on patterned GaAs (1993)

A high mobility electron gas was grown by molecular beam epitaxy on patterned GaAs consisting of a p-GaAs/n-GaAs multilayered structure. By contacting to the p-GaAs and n-GaAs layers separately and applying the appropriate bias voltages, we were able to laterally modulate the electron gas to form narrow conduction channels. At 1.5 K we obtain an electron mobility of 5×105 cm2/V s and when operated in the field effect transistor mode a transconductance of 50 ms/mm for a device with a 50-μm source/drain separation.
Design and evaluation of menu systems for immersive virtual environments (2002)

Interfaces for system control tasks in virtual environments (VEs) have not been extensively studied. The paper focuses on various types of menu systems to be used in such environments. We describe the design of the TULIP menu, a menu system using Pinch Gloves/sup TM/, and compare it to two common alternatives: floating menus and pen and tablet menus. These three menus were compared in an empirical evaluation. The pen and tablet menu was found to be significantly faster, while users had a preference for TULIP. Subjective discomfort levels were also higher with the floating menus and pen and tablet.
Incommensurate stripe order in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">La</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">−</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Sr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">NiO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>with<i>x</i>=0.225 (1996)

In recent studies of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{NiO}}_{4}$ it has been suggested that ordering of the dopant-induced holes occurs only commensurately at special values of x, such as 1/3 and 1/2. Commensurate order of both charge and spin densities has also been found in a crystal with x=0.20. The present neutron scattering study of an x=0.225 crystal demonstrates that the spin and charge order can also be incommensurate. In fact, the incommensurability is temperature dependent, as observed previously in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{NiO}}_{4.125}$, indicating that such behavior is intrinsic to the doped ${\mathrm{NiO}}_{2}$ layers and not dependent on ordering of the dopant ions. A careful analysis of the unusual variation of peak widths as a function of momentum transfer perpendicular to the planes shows that the charge- and spin-density modulations are tied to the lattice, with the shift in phase of the charge modulations from one layer to the next equal to exactly one in-plane lattice spacing. A comparison of results for a number of samples shows that the charge and spin ordering temperatures vary linearly with hole concentration, with charge order always occurring at higher temperature, clearly indicating that the ordering is driven by the charge. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Making a living while starving in the dark: metagenomic insights into the energy dynamics of a carbonate cave (2013)

Carbonate caves represent subterranean ecosystems that are largely devoid of phototrophic primary production. In semiarid and arid regions, allochthonous organic carbon inputs entering caves with vadose-zone drip water are minimal, creating highly oligotrophic conditions; however, past research indicates that carbonate speleothem surfaces in these caves support diverse, predominantly heterotrophic prokaryotic communities. The current study applied a metagenomic approach to elucidate the community structure and potential energy dynamics of microbial communities, colonizing speleothem surfaces in Kartchner Caverns, a carbonate cave in semiarid, southeastern Arizona, USA. Manual inspection of a speleothem metagenome revealed a community genetically adapted to low-nutrient conditions with indications that a nitrogen-based primary production strategy is probable, including contributions from both Archaea and Bacteria. Genes for all six known CO2-fixation pathways were detected in the metagenome and RuBisCo genes representative of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle were over-represented in Kartchner speleothem metagenomes relative to bulk soil, rhizosphere soil and deep-ocean communities. Intriguingly, quantitative PCR found Archaea to be significantly more abundant in the cave communities than in soils above the cave. MEtaGenome ANalyzer (MEGAN) analysis of speleothem metagenome sequence reads found Thaumarchaeota to be the third most abundant phylum in the community, and identified taxonomic associations to this phylum for indicator genes representative of multiple CO2-fixation pathways. The results revealed that this oligotrophic subterranean environment supports a unique chemoautotrophic microbial community with potentially novel nutrient cycling strategies. These strategies may provide key insights into other ecosystems dominated by oligotrophy, including aphotic subsurface soils or aquifers and photic systems such as arid deserts.
Fabrication of quantum point contacts by imprint lithography and transport studies (2000)

This article demonstrates the integration of imprint lithography into nanoelectronic device fabrication. We present a quantum point contact (QPC) with split gates patterned by imprint lithography. The semiconductor substrate is a modulation-doped GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure with the two-dimensional electron gas located about 90 nm below the surface. A Si mold with a split-gate pattern is embossed into a poly(methylmethacrylate) film located on top of the semiconductor. The Schottky gates are fabricated by metal evaporation and liftoff. The gate tip separation ranges from 120 to 600 nm. Transport studies performed at T=2 K show conductance quantization with varying gate voltages. Measurements performed on a reference QPC with gates defined by electron beam lithography show similar results. This indicates that the imprint does not affect the electronic performance of the semiconductor.
Blockage of coordination with shift reagent by tert-butyldimethylsilylation in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and its applications to deuterium-labeled steroids. (1977)

Derivatization of a hydroxyl group into the tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether was shown to be useful for selective blockage of coordination of the substrate with the lanthanide shift reagent in 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This method was conveniently applied to confirmation of the labeled position with deuterium in the dioxygenated steroids.
Causal Relationship Analysis between Leadership Behavior, Organizational Commitment for Employees of College Athletic Departments in Taiwan (2010)

The general problem was to investigate the causal relationship between perceived types of leadership and organizational commitment for employees in selected college athletic departments in Taiwan and to advance the understanding of these variables as well as comprehend the cause and effect relationship among these concepts in order to determine how these variables are influenced from each others.This study found that the relationship among leadership practice andorganizational commitment to be significant and consistent. Employees who reported high levels of satisfaction also reported high levels of organizational commitment, and employees who reported lower levels of perceived job satisfaction were transferred into a high level of turnover intentions.