gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast Inverse $QR$ Factorization for Toeplitz Matrices (1993)

Fast orthogonalization schemes for $m \times n$ Toeplitz matrices T, introduced by Bojanczyk, Brent, and de Hoog (BBH) and Chun, Kailath, and Lev-Ari (CKL), are extended to compute directly an inverse $QR$ factorization of T using only $O(mn)$ operations. An inverse factorization allows for an efficient parallel implementation, and the algorithm is computationally less expensive for computing a solution to the Toeplitz least squares problem than previously studied inverse $QR$ methods. In addition, it is shown that regularization can be incorporated into the algorithm with virtually no extra work. Thus it is possible to compute regularized solutions to ill-conditioned Toeplitz least squares problems using only $O(mn)$ operations. An application to ill-conditioned problems occurring in signal restoration is provided, illustrating the effectiveness of this method.
AN OPERATION FRAME FOR SPINAL FUSION (1967)

1. The operation of spinal fusion combined with Harrington rod instrumentation is often accompanied by severe blood loss. Factors affecting the degree of blood loss are discussed with emphasis on the adverse effects of partial or complete obstruction of the inferior vena cava during operation. 2. A new scoliosis operating frame is described which is designed to encourage normal venous return during spinal fusion with the patient prone. In addition, it stabilises the patient during the procedure. 3. A standard anaesthetic technique and method of supporting the patient have been used in forty major corrective operations in thirty-eight consecutive cases of scoliosis in the past nine months. The measured blood loss at operation encountered in this series compares favourably with the quantities lost in a previously reported series of cases in which alternative methods of anaesthesia and of support for the patients were used. 4. All operations in both series were performed by the same surgeon (J. E. H.). Although further experience with the surgical technique has helped in reducing the blood loss in the later series, the same basic method of exposure and performance of the instrumentation and fusion has been used in all cases.
Reversed thermo-switchable molecular sieving membranes composed of two-dimensional metal-organic nanosheets for gas separation (2017)

It is highly desirable to reduce the membrane thickness in order to maximize the throughput and break the trade-off limitation for membrane-based gas separation. Two-dimensional membranes composed of atomic-thick graphene or graphene oxide nanosheets have gas transport pathways that are at least three orders of magnitude higher than the membrane thickness, leading to reduced gas permeation flux and impaired separation throughput. Here we present nm-thick molecular sieving membranes composed of porous two-dimensional metal-organic nanosheets. These membranes possess pore openings parallel to gas concentration gradient allowing high gas permeation flux and high selectivity, which are proven by both experiment and molecular dynamics simulation. Furthermore, the gas transport pathways of these membranes exhibit a reversed thermo-switchable feature, which is attributed to the molecular flexibility of the building metal-organic nanosheets.
Piezoelectric nanogenerators synthesized using KNbO<sub>3</sub>nanowires with various crystal structures (2014)

KNbO3 (KN) nanowires having a tetragonal structure or a polymorphic phase boundary (PPB) structure, which contains both tetragonal (P4mm) and orthorhombic (Amm2) structures, are formed at low temperatures. The presence of tetragonal and PPB KN nanowires is attributed to the existence of OH− and H2O defects. Further, the tetragonal and PPB KN nanowires change to orthorhombic KN nanowires in the temperature range between 300 and 400 °C owing to desorption of the lattice hydroxyl group. A composite consisting of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and KN nanowires having a PPB structure shows large dielectric constant and low dielectric loss values of 9.2 and 0.5%, respectively, at 100 kHz. Moreover, a nanogenerator (NG) synthesized using the PPB KN nanowires exhibits the largest output voltage and current among NGs synthesized using the tetragonal or orthorhombic KN nanowires. In particular, the NG containing 0.7 g of PPB KN nanowires shows an output voltage of 10.5 V and an output current of 1.3 μA; these values are among the highest ever reported for NGs synthesized using a lead-free composite. In addition, this NG exhibited the maximum output power and energy conversion efficiency, which were 4.5 μW and 0.9%, respectively, for an external load of 1.0 MΩ.
Cro-Magnon and Qafzeh - Vive La Differences (2018)

The obligatory use of cooking by the Mousterian occupants of the north temperate zone relaxed the forces of selection maintaining archaic tooth size and led to the reductions that shaped modern human face form from the Middle East to the Atlantic coast. The delay in the spread of cooking techniques accounts for the later onset of dental reduction to the south. The development and use of projectiles in the African Middle Stone Age led to gracilization and the earlier appearance of "modern" post-cranial and reflected cranial form in Africa. The subsequent adoption of the use of projectiles elsewhere was followed by gracilization and the appearance of "modern" post-cranial morphology. The craniofacial form of Cro-Magnon allies it with the living populations of northwestern Europe, specifically with the fringes in Scandinavia and England, but not with the European continent. Qafzeh represents the pattern still found in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly West Africa. Although the craniofacial configuration in both is "modern," the dentition of Qafzeh is archaic in size and form. Qafzeh is a logical representative of the ancestral form for sub-Saharan Africans but not for Cro-Magnon and subsequent Europeans.
Intracellular Binding Site for a Positive Allosteric Modulator of the Dopamine D1 Receptor (2018)

The binding site for DETQ [2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1-((1<i>S</i>,3<i>R</i>)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1<i>H</i>)-yl)ethan-1-one], a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the dopamine D1 receptor, was identified and compared with the binding site for CID 2886111 [<i>N</i>-(6-<i>tert</i>-butyl-3-carbamoyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide], a reference D1 PAM. From D1/D5 chimeras, the site responsible for potentiation by DETQ of the increase in cAMP in response to dopamine was narrowed down to the N-terminal intracellular quadrant of the receptor; arginine-130 in intracellular loop 2 (IC2) was then identified as a critical amino acid based on a human/rat species difference. Confirming the importance of IC2, a <i>β</i>2-adrenergic receptor construct in which the IC2 region was replaced with its D1 counterpart gained the ability to respond to DETQ. A homology model was built from the agonist-state <i>β</i>2-receptor structure, and DETQ was found to dock to a cleft created by IC2 and adjacent portions of transmembrane helices 3 and 4 (TM3 and TM4). When residues modeled as pointing into the cleft were mutated to alanine, large reductions in the potency of DETQ were found for Val119 and Trp123 (flanking the conserved DRY sequence in TM3), Arg130 (located in IC2), and Leu143 (TM4). The D1/D5 difference was found to reside in Ala139; changing this residue to methionine as in the D5 receptor reduced the potency of DETQ by approximately 1000-fold. None of these mutations affected the activity of CID 2886111, indicating that it binds to a different allosteric site. When combined, DETQ and CID 2886111 elicited a supra-additive response in the absence of dopamine, implying that both PAMs can bind to the D1 receptor simultaneously.
Erratum (1981)

Abstract In the December-January 1980-81 issue of Soviert Education, devoted to the foundations of vocational pedagogy, the last sentence in the next to last paragraph of the editor's introduction should have read: the following four sections deal with practical production training, the social education of young workers in training, administration of vocational-technical schools, and on-the-job training programs.
The global economic costs of the need to treat polluted water (2016)

We estimate the global costs and other implications of the need to treat wastewater before it can be re-used. We extend the World Trade Model by creating water treatment sectors and provide alternative sources of water for satisfying users’ quantity and quality requirements. The database distinguishes qualities and quantities of water endowments, sectoral water requirements, and wastewater discharges. We estimate that global water treatment costs could be reduced by several trillion dollars if water endowments were maintained at higher quality than currently is the case. Under scenarios where water quality degrades further, the treatment costs more than double even without taking account of likely increases in quality requirements. This modeling framework provides a starting point not only for more detailed empirical investigations of water management strategies, but also for examining prospects and associated costs for recovering other resources, such as metals, which can be reused multiple times.
A versatile, source‐independent system for digital data management (1986)

A simple, easily used data management system for digital scientific data has been developed for scientists whose primary interest is data analysis rather than data management. This file system, herein called FLATDBMS, features standardized input/output (I/O) operations and nonhierarchical direct access self‐documenting data files. The system is designed for scientists who interact with a variety of data sets when using FORTRAN programs. The design is particularly suited to searching for and selecting particular intervals of data, documenting data manipulations, and operating interactively with data. The cornerstone of the system is seven basic subroutines that perform the I/O operations in all applications programs. An interactive interface has been developed to allow easy viewing, selecting, and plotting of data stored in this format.
Subzero-Temperature Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Benzodiazepines for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (1999)

On the basis of the phenomenon that hydrophilic acetonitrile is separated from the aqueous phase at -20 degrees C, we employed a novel extraction method, "subzero-temperature liquid-liquid extraction", to extract benzodiazepines (estazolam and triazolam) from serum or aqueous solution for liquid chromatography. A 1:1 mixture of acetonitrile and the specimen was cooled at -20 degrees C for 20 min to separate the acetonitrile and aqueous phases. The acetonitrile phase was directly injected into a high-performance liquid chromatograph. Recovery rates of the drugs following the first subzero-temperature liquid-liquid extraction were 50.3 +/- 0.6-54.0 +/- 0.9%, which were lower than those (73.9 +/- 3.3-80.6 +/- 0.6% and 81.6 +/- 4.7-96.1 +/- 2.6%) of the first conventional liquid-liquid extraction using diethyl ether and solid-phase extraction using a Sep-Pak C18 column, respectively. However, three to four repeated subzero-temperature liquid-liquid extractions and conventional liquid-liquid extractions resulted in recovery of almost 100% of the drugs. In the chromatogram of the benzodiazepines recovered from serum by the subzero-temperature extraction, no coextracted component interfered with determination of the drugs. Detection limits of the drugs were 0.02-0.08 microgram/mL, and coefficients of variance were 1.14-2.17% suggesting high reproducibility.
Integrated microelectrode arrays for trace-metal analysis of aqueous solutions (1995)

Stripping Voltammetry (SV) at microelectrodes has gained increased interest in the analysis of aqueous solutions due to its ability to analyze low concentrations (ppb) of electroactive metallic species in solution. Existing integrated circuit (IC) technology allows the inexpensive fabrication of microelectrodes with dimensions on the order of microns and with a high degree of uniformity and reproducibility. Additional circuitry, both multiplexing and signal conditioning, can be placed directly onto the sensor offering increased sensitivity and flexibility. Multi-element electrochemical sensors containing arrays of Pt, Au, and Ag electrodes and capable of individual measurement through built-in multiplexing or simultaneous measurement at the appropriate potential ranges for each individual electrode were fabricated using existing 2 micron IC technology. Results of simultaneous measurements of low concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, As, and Hg in solution indicate that interferences due to intermetallic compound formation at electrode surfaces can be isolated by the extra information provided by the differences in the formation of these compounds at different electrode surfaces.
Simultaneous alignment and clustering for an image ensemble (2009)

Joint alignment for an image ensemble can rectify images in the spatial domain such that the aligned images are as similar to each other as possible. This important technology has been applied to various object classes and medical applications. However, previous approaches to joint alignment work on an ensemble of a single object class. Given an ensemble with multiple object classes, we propose an approach to automatically and simultaneously solve two problems, image alignment and clustering. Both the alignment parameters and clustering parameters are formulated into a unified objective function, whose optimization leads to an unsupervised joint estimation approach. It is further extended to semi-supervised simultaneous estimation where a few labeled images are provided. Extensive experiments on diverse real-world databases demonstrate the capabilities of our work on this challenging problem.
Changes in posttraumatic ankle joint mobility, pain, and edema following intermittent pneumatic compression therapy. (1989)

The changes in posttraumatic ankle joint mobility, pain, and edema following intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) therapy were examined in patients with lower leg fractures after six to 12 weeks of immobilization in a cast. The study group consisted of 22 patients with distal fractures of the lower leg. Each patient was given IPC treatment on five consecutive days for 75 minutes daily. The control group consisted of 12 patients with lower leg fractures who were not given any treatment. Ankle joint mobility in the study group increased by 11.9 degrees (SE = 1.5), but by only 1.0 degree (SE = 0.8) in the control group. The difference is highly significant (p less than 0.001). The study group also experienced markedly greater pain relief than did the control patients. The reduction of edema was 170 ml (SE = 23) in the study group and only 15 ml (SE = 12) in the control group (p less than 0.001). This study suggests that IPC treatment promotes the rehabilitation of the posttraumatic conditions.
Improvement in Trade-Off between Turn-Off Time and Other Electrical Characteristics of Fast-Switching Thyristors (1982)

Trade-offs between turn-off time, on-state voltage and reverse blocking voltage should be improved in producing fast-switching thyristors with higher blocking voltage and current handling capabilities. It is well known that the electrical characteristics of a thyristor depend strongly on the gold distribution in its n B layer. The influence of a boron-diffused layer on the gold distribution in a silicon wafer has been investigated. It has been found that the gold distribution gradient in the central region of the wafer is varied by the existence of a highly-concentrated layer of boron on one side of the wafer, and that if this phenomenon is applied to the production of thyristors, the trade-offs between turn-off time, on-state voltage and reverse blocking voltage are greatly improved. Further, the effect of the gold distribution gradient on the turn-off time, on-state voltage and reverse leakage current is discussed theoretically.
Variability in Salt Tolerance of Sorghum bicolor L. (2014)

Salt tolerance of ten sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) varieties (‘1790E’, ‘BTx642’, ‘Desert Maize’, ‘Macia’, ‘RTx430’, ‘Schrock’, ‘Shallu’, ‘Tx2783’, ‘Tx7078’, and ‘Wheatland’) was evaluated in two greenhouse experiments. In the first experiment, sorghum were sown in substrates moistened with either nutrient solution (no addition of salts, control) at electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS·m-1 or salt solution at EC 5, 10 or 17 dS·m-1. Seedling emergence percentage decreased in all varieties only at EC of 17 dS·m-1 compared to the control. Seedling emergence percentage of sorghum ‘Macia’ and ‘1790E’ irrigated with salt solution at EC of 17 dS·m-1 decreased by 50% and 51%, while that of ‘RTx430’ reduced by 97%, other varieties ranged from 64% to 90%. Both salt solution at EC of 5 and 10 dS·m-1 reduced the dry weight of sorghum seedlings by 29% and 72% on average, respectively, compared to control. In the 2nd experiment, plants were irrigated with nutrient solution or salt solution at EC of 5.0 or 10.0 dS·m-1 for 30 days. Salt solution at EC of 5.0 and 10.0 dS·m-1 had similar influences on dry weight (DW) of all sorghum varieties except ‘Tx2783’. The relative dry weight of ‘Shallu’, ‘Desert Maize’, and ‘1790E’ irrigated with salt solution at EC of 10 dS·m-1 were over 67%, those of ‘Macia’, ‘Schrock’, and ‘RTx430’ ranged from 30% to 33%, and other varieties were 45% to 59%. Foliar salt damage was observed on all salt-treated sorghum varieties except for ‘Shallu’, which had the lowest shoot DW reduction and greatest visual score. Leaf photosynthesis of all sorghum plants irrigated with salt solution at EC of 5 and 10 dS·m-1 was decreased by 6.0% and 10.6%, respectively. Leaf Na+ concentration at EC of 5.0 and 10.0 dS·m-1 increased by 25.6% and 60.7%, respectively, compared to the control; while Cl- concentration increased by 16.4% and 41.2%, and Ca2+ concentration increased by 17.8% and 34.3%. In conclusion, salt tolerance of sorghum varied with plant growing stage and varieties. ‘Shallu’, ‘Desert Maize’, and ‘1790E’ were the most salt tolerant varieties, while ‘Schrock’ and ‘RTx430’ showed the least salt tolerance in both experiments. All varieties had high Na+ exclusion ability.
Louis Moulinier, Socrate devant Protagoras (Publications des Annales de la Faculté des Lettres), 1966 (1967)

Carriere Jean. Louis Moulinier, Socrate devant Protagoras (Publications des Annales de la Faculte des Lettres), 1966. In: Revue des Etudes Anciennes. Tome 69, 1967, n°1-2. pp. 131-132.
Reactions of silicon fluorides with some non-metal hydrides (1979)

The reactions of SiF 4 , Si 2 F 6 , and SiF 2 with PH 3 , CH 3 PH 2 , (CH 3 ) 2 PH, (CH 3 ) 4 P 2 , HSCH 3 , and HSi(CH 3 ) 3 have been studied. Several new compounds resulting from insertion of Si—F containing units into P—H, S—H, or Si—H bonds have been identified.
Advanced investment cast processing for gamma titanium aluminide alloys (1995)

Investment casting of gamma titanium aluminide alloys has become the near-term process of choice for component manufacture. This is largely due to its near-net shape processing capabilities which allow cast gamma components to be manufactured at a lower cost when compared to wrought or powder methods. Many papers have been published discussing the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure of HIP processed samples. However, the relationship between casting parameters and resultant microstructures has not been widely discussed. An L9 DOE casting experiment was performed to examine mold preheat, furnace atmosphere, shell type and gating design parameters. It was determined that mold preheat had a very significant effect on as-cast and as-HIP processed microstructures. Mold preheats of 70 F and 750 F produced HIP Processed microstructures containing 80 to >90% equiaxed gamma grains and 2,100 F mold preheats produced structures containing 10--30% equiaxed gamma grains. The results of this experiment will be presented, including optical microstructures and microprobe analysis.
A Measurement System for Rn Decay Product Lung Deposition Based on Respiratory Models (1990)

Using models of particle deposition in the nasal cavity and in the tracheobronchial region of the respiratory tract, it is possible to design a measurement system based on wire screen penetration theory. This system provides direct estimates for the quantities of Rn decay product activity deposited in the nasal cavity and in the tracheobronchial region. Historically, measurements of the "unattached" fraction of the airborne Rn decay product size distribution have been made in order to better estimate the dose resulting from the deposition of these 222Rn progeny in the human respiratory tract. However, previous measurement systems have been developed based on choices of screen parameters and sampling flow conditions in an attempt to separate the "unattached" fraction from the rest of the activity size distribution. By taking into consideration the deposition behavior of particles in the respiratory tract, a specific choice of wire screens and flow rates can be made that can provide better information for the estimation of deposited dose in the respiratory tract.
Memory System Design I (2004)

In this chapter, we study the computer memory system. A computer memory is organized in a hierarchy. In such hierarchy, larger and slower memories are used to supplement smaller and faster ones. This observation has since then proven essential in constructing a computer memory. A typical memory hierarchy starts with a small, expensive, and relatively fast unit, called the cache. The cache is followed in the hierarchy by a larger, less expensive, and relatively slow main memory unit. Cache and main memory are built using solid-state semiconductor material. They are followed in the hierarchy by a far larger, less expensive, and much slower magnetic memories that consist typically of the (hard) disk and the tape. Our deliberation in this chapter starts by discussing the characteristics and factors influencing the success of a memory hierarchy of a computer. We then direct our attention to the design and analysis of cache memory. Discussion on the (main) memory unit is conducted in chapter 7. Also discussed in chapter 7 are the issues related to virtual memory design. A brief coverage of the different read-only memory (ROM) implementations is also provided in chapter 7.