gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Postannealing on GaN Grown by MOCVD on Reactive ion Beam Pretreated Sapphire Substrate (2001)

GaN is a key material for blue and ultraviolet optoelectronics. Postannealing process was employed to investigate the structural change and the effect on electrical property of the GaN thin film grown on reactive ion beam(RIB) treated sapphire (0001) substrate. Full width half maximum (FWHM) of double crystal x-ray diffraction (DCXRD) spectra and Hall mobility of the specimen were significantly changed depending on the postannealing time at in N2 atmosphere. FWHM of DCXRD reduced upto about 50arc-sec and the mobility increased about /V.sec. The postannealed specimen with the best mobility was compared with sample without annealing by TEM. The former sample showed a decrease in the lattice strain and reduction of dislocation density by about 56~59%. This implies that there is a strong correlation between crystalline quality and the electrical property of the film. The Present results clearly show that the combination of RIB pretreatment and proper post annealing conditions results in the improved properties of GaN films grown by MOCVD.
Steroids and walden inversion. Part XII. The epimeric 3-cholesterylacetic and 3-cholestanylacetic acids (1954)

C. W. Shoppee and R. J. Stephenson, J. Chem. Soc., 1954, 2230 DOI: 10.1039/JR9540002230
Rapid Up-Regulation of α4 Integrin-mediated Leukocyte Adhesion by Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (2003)

The alpha4 integrins (alpha4beta1 and alpha4beta7) are cell surface heterodimers expressed mostly on leukocytes that mediate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion. A characteristic feature of alpha4 integrins is that their adhesive activity can be subjected to rapid modulation during the process of cell migration. Herein, we show that transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) rapidly (0.5-5 min) and transiently up-regulated alpha4 integrin-dependent adhesion of different human leukocyte cell lines and human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) to their ligands vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and connecting segment-1/fibronectin. In addition, TGF-beta1 enhanced the alpha4 integrin-mediated adhesion of PBLs to tumor necrosis factor-alpha-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells, indicating the stimulation of alpha4beta1/VCAM-1 interaction. Although TGF-beta1 rapidly activated the small GTPase RhoA and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, enhanced adhesion did not require activation of both signaling molecules. Instead, polymerization of actin cytoskeleton triggered by TGF-beta1 was necessary for alpha4 integrin-dependent up-regulated adhesion, and elevation of intracellular cAMP opposed this up-regulation. Moreover, TGF-beta1 further increased cell adhesion mediated by alpha4 integrins in response to the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha. These data suggest that TGF-beta1 can potentially contribute to cell migration by dynamically regulating cell adhesion mediated by alpha4 integrins.
Application of combined non-thermal treatments for the processing of liquid whole egg (2002)

Ziel der Forschung war die Entwicklung und die Optimierung eines nicht-thermischen Verfahrens von flüssigem Vollei durch die Anwendung hoher hydrostatischer Drücke, Nisin, Leistungsultraschall oder deren Kombinationen. Als erster Schritt wurden die Koagulationsgrenzen des flüssigen Volleis während der Hochdruckbehandlung festgestellt. Die Parameter Druck (100-400 MPa), Temperatur (5, 25 und 45 °C) und Behandlungszeit (0-3600 s) wurden variiert und deren Einflüsse auf die Koagulation der Eiproteine durch ein rheologisches Meßverfahren evaluiert. Die ausgewerteten Prozeßkriterien zeigten, daß Druckbehandlungen bei niedrigen Temperaturen (5 und 25 °C) deutlich bessere Ergebnisse bei der Hochdruckbehandlung ohne Koagulation der Eiproteine. Kinetische Untersuchungen zur Abtötung der Mikroorganismen innerhalb dieser Prozeßkriterien zeigten, daß die Inaktivierung der Mikroorganismen nicht nur Behandlungsdruck und Temperatur sondern auch vom Phasenzustand des flüssigen Volleis abhängig war. Die optimierten Hochdruck Behandlungsbedingungen (250 MPa für 886 s oder 300 MPa für 200 s um 5 °C) wurden so festgelegt, daß sowohl die Erhaltung der rheologischen Eigenschaften als auch die maximale Abtötung der Mikroorganismen erreicht werden konnte. Die Kombinationsprozesse von Hochdruck mit anderen nicht-thermischen Verfahren, wie Nisin oder Leistungsultraschall, wurden erforscht um eine verbesserte Inaktivierung der Mikroorganismen zu erreichen. Der Kombinationsprozeß von Hochdruck mit Nisin zeigte ausgeprägte Synergismen gegen Gram-positive Listerien. Schließlich wurden die Wirkungen von Hochdruck und von Kombinationsprozessen auf die funktionellen Eigenschaften von flüssigen Volleier mit denen von frischer Volleier vergleichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß durch die Anwendung der ausgewählten nicht-thermischenVerfahren flüssiges Vollei mit bessere Qualität produziert werden konnen.
SlowFast Networks for Video Recognition (2019)

We present SlowFast networks for video recognition. Our model involves (i) a Slow pathway, operating at low frame rate, to capture spatial semantics, and (ii) a Fast pathway, operating at high frame rate, to capture motion at fine temporal resolution. The Fast pathway can be made very lightweight by reducing its channel capacity, yet can learn useful temporal information for video recognition. Our models achieve strong performance for both action classification and detection in video, and large improvements are pin-pointed as contributions by our SlowFast concept. We report state-of-the-art accuracy on major video recognition benchmarks, Kinetics, Charades and AVA. Code has been made available at: https://github.com/facebookresearch/SlowFast.
A human imprinting centre demonstrates conserved acquisition but diverged maintenance of imprinting in a mouse model for Angelman syndrome imprinting defects (2005)

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and Angelman syndrome (AS) are caused by the loss of imprinted gene expression from chromosome 15q11-q13. Imprinted gene expression in the region is regulated by a bipartite imprinting centre (IC), comprising the PWS-IC and the AS-IC. The PWS-IC is a positive regulatory element required for bidirectional activation of a number of paternally expressed genes. The function of the AS-IC appears to be to suppress PWS-IC function on the maternal chromosome through a methylation imprint acquired during female gametogenesis. Here we have placed the entire mouse locus under the control of a human PWS-IC by targeted replacement of the mouse PWS-IC with the equivalent human region. Paternal inheritance of the human PWS-IC demonstrates for the first time that a positive regulatory element in the PWS-IC has diverged. These mice show postnatal lethality and growth deficiency, phenotypes not previously attributed directly to the affected genes. Following maternal inheritance, the human PWS-IC is able to acquire a methylation imprint in mouse oocytes, suggesting that acquisition of the methylation imprint is conserved. However, the imprint is lost in somatic cells, showing that maintenance has diverged. This maternal imprinting defect results in expression of maternal Ube3a-as and repression of Ube3a in cis, providing evidence that Ube3a is regulated by its antisense and creating the first reported mouse model for AS imprinting defects.
Adaptive fuzzy rule-based classification systems (1996)

This paper proposes an adaptive method to construct a fuzzy rule-based classification system with high performance for pattern classification problems. The proposed method consists of two procedures: an error correction-based learning procedure, and an additional learning procedure. The error correction-based learning procedure adjusts the grade of certainty of each fuzzy rule by its classification performance. That is, when a pattern is misclassified by a particular fuzzy rule, the grade of certainty of that rule is decreased. On the contrary, when a pattern is correctly classified, the grade of certainty is increased. Because the error correction-based learning procedure is not meaningful after all the given patterns are correctly classified, we cannot adjust a classification boundary in such a case. To acquire a more intuitively acceptable boundary, we propose an additional learning procedure. We also propose a method for selecting significant fuzzy rules by pruning unnecessary fuzzy rules, which consists of the error correction-based learning procedure and the concept of forgetting. We can construct a compact fuzzy rule-based classification system with high performance.
Acoustooptic Q-switching of erbium lasers (1990)

Experiments were performed on Q switching of erbium lasers at 3 mu m with an acoustooptical modulator. Different laser crystals of YAG:Er and YSGG:Cr:Er have been investigated. The highest fraction of single pulse Q-switch energy to free-running mode energy was 1%. Pulse durations of 50 ns were obtained. Multiple switching with up to 14 Q-switch peaks per flashlamp pulse could be generated, containing up to 19% of the energy of the free-running mode.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Enhanced Culture Detection of Kingella kingae, a Pathogen of Increasing Clinical Importance in Pediatrics (2004)

Osteoarticular infection and occult bacteremia are the 2 invasive infectious pathologies most frequently associated in childhood with Kingella kingae. We report a series of 11 patients in whom osteomyelitis predominates over septic arthritis, which is the reverse of other series, probably as a consequence of inoculation of samples during surgery on agar media, used in combination with or as an alternative to inoculation into blood culture bottles. Although K. kingae infections usually follow a benign clinical course, we noted 2 patients with mild orthopedic sequelae.
Formation of stationary and transient spots on thermionic cathodes and its prevention (2008)

Spots on cathodes of high-pressure arc discharges induced by a rapid increase in the arc current are studied numerically and experimentally. Appearance of stationary and transient spots is analysed in the context of the general pattern of steady-state modes of current transfer to thermionic cathodes and their stability. Transient spots are studied in experiments with COST-529 standard lamps. Modelling and experimental results are in reasonable agreement. A method to prevent formation of transient spots on cathodes of high-pressure arc discharges by means of short negative rectangular current pulses is proposed and validated both numerically and experimentally. Experimental indications are found that the main mechanism of blackening of burners of HID lamps that accompanies appearance of transient cathode spots is evaporation of the cathode material and not sputtering.
Improving the Capacity Retention of LiCoO[sub 2] Cycled to 4.5 V by Heat-Treatment (2003)

Impedance growth of electrodes cycled with an upper cutoff potential of 4.5 V is caused by side reactions involving species on the surface of and -based electrolyte. These detrimental chemical species can apparently be removed by a heat-treatment to 550°C because electrodes made with heat-treated materials show excellent capacity retention even when cycled to 4.5 V. The detrimental surface species can be subsequently reformed on heat-treated materials by exposure of to water, suggesting prolonged air exposure is responsible for their formation on commercial samples. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Fiber composition of the rat sciatic nerve (1986)

The rat sciatic nerve originates from the spinal segments L4-L6. It is unifascicular at the trochanter; 5-7 mm distally, the nerve splits into two and then into four fascicles. The tibial portion gives rise to the tibial and the sural nerves, and the peroneal portion gives rise to the peroneal nerve and a cutaneous branch that perforates the lateral hamstring muscles to innervate the proximolateral face of the calf. The number and type of the axons in these branches were determined in light and electron micrographs of normal nerves, and after de-efferentation or sympathectomy. Deafferentation was technically not feasible because spinal ganglia and ventral roots were supplied by the same vascular plexus. The tibial nerve contained 1,000 motor and 3,500 myelinated afferent axons, 3,700 sympathetic axons, and 5,400 unmyelinated afferent axons. The peroneal nerve contained 600 motor and 1,300 myelinated afferent axons, 1,100 sympathetic axons and 3,000 unmyelinated afferent axons. The sural nerve contained 1,100 myelinated and 2,800 unmyelinated afferent axons; in addition, there were 1,500 unmyelinated sympathetic axons. The cutaneous branch consisted of 400 myelinated and 1,800 unmyelinated afferent axons. Thus, the entire sciatic nerve at midthigh is composed of about 27,000 axons; 6% are myelinated motor axons, 23% and 48% are myelinated and unmyelinated sensory axons, respectively, and 23% are unmyelinated sympathetic axons. The techniques used did not demonstrate sympathetic axons in the cutaneous branch and did not reveal the few motor axons contained in the sural nerve.
The isolation and composition of two phosphoproteins from hen's egg (1970)

1. Phosvitin extracted from domestic hen's-egg yolk was resolved on Sephadex G-100 into two phosphoprotein components. 2. The major component has a molecular weight of about 3.4x10(4) and alanine as an N-terminal residue. Glucosamine is present, but tyrosine is virtually absent. 3. The minor component has a molecular weight of about 2.8x10(4) and lysine as an N-terminal residue. Missing residues are glucosamine, methionine and leucine. Lysine, histidine, threonine, glycine, phenylalanine and tyrosine contents differ significantly from those of the major component. 4. Sephadex G-100 also removes small amounts of an impurity with a much higher molecular weight.
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Inhibitory Binding of Alkylimidazolium Ionic Liquids to Laccase (2017)

Water-miscible alkylimidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) are "green" co-solvents for laccase catalysis, but generally inhibit enzyme activity. Here, we present novel insights into inhibition mechanisms by a combination of enzyme kinetics analysis and molecular simulation. Alkylimidazolium cations competitively bound to the T<sub>I</sub> Cu active pocket in the laccase through hydrophobic interactions. Cations with shorter alkyl chains (C₂~C₆) entered the channel inside the pocket, exhibiting a high compatibility with laccase (competitive inhibition constant K<sub>ic</sub> = 3.36~3.83 mM). Under the same conditions, [Omim]Cl (K<sub>ic</sub> = 2.15 mM) and [Dmim]Cl (K<sub>ic</sub> = 0.18 mM) with longer alkyl chains bound with Leu296 or Leu297 near the pocket edge and Leu429 around T<sub>I</sub> Cu, which resulted in stronger inhibition. Complexation with alkylimidazolium cations shifted the pH optima of laccase to the right by 0.5 unit, and might, thereby, lead to invalidation of the Hofmeister series of anions. EtSO₄<sup>-</sup> showed higher biocompatibility than did Ac<sup>-</sup> or Cl<sup>-</sup>, probably due to its binding near the T<sub>I</sub> Cu and its hindering the entry of alkylimidazolium cations. In addition, all tested ILs accelerated the scavenging of 2, 2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, which, however, did not play a determining role in the inhibition of laccase.
Real-Time PCR to Identify Variola Virus or Other Human Pathogenic Orthopox Viruses (2007)

Abstract Background: Variola virus (family Poxviridae, genus Orthopoxvirus) and the closely related cowpox, vaccinia, and monkeypox viruses can infect humans. Efforts are mounting to replenish the smallpox vaccine stocks, optimize diagnostic methods for poxviruses, and develop new antivirals against smallpox, because it is feared that variola virus might be used as a weapon of bioterrorism. Methods: We developed an assay for the detection of variola virus DNA. The assay is based on TaqMan chemistry targeting the 14-kD protein gene. For the 1st stage of the assay we used genus consensus primers and a mixture of 2 probes (14-kD POX and 14-kD VAR) spanning the 14-kD protein-encoding gene for detection of all human pathogenic orthopoxviruses. We then tested positive samples with the specific orthopoxvirus-specific probe 14-kD POX to identify monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses and with the 14-kD VAR probe to identify variola viruses. The assay was established on 4 different PCR cycler platforms. It was assessed in a study with 85 different orthopoxvirus species and strains that included variola, camelpox, cowpox, monkeypox, and vaccinia viruses at concentrations ranging from 100 ng/L to 1 μg/L. Results: The assay detected as little as 0.05 fg of DNA, corresponding to 25 copies of DNA, and enabled differentiation of variola virus from the other orthopoxviruses. Conclusions: This real-time PCR assay provides a rapid method for the early detection and differentiation of smallpox and other human pathogenic orthopoxvirus infections.
Spectral Characteristics of Exploding Wires for Optical Maser Excitation (1963)

As pulsed light sources, exploding wires can be used to provide intense narrow spectral lines as well as the characteristic continuum of very high temperature blackbodies. The surface brightness depends on the wire material and conditions under which the wire is exploded. Optimum conditions for 100–500-μsec long light pulses from wires exploded in air have been found for tungsten, tantalum, and molybdenum wires 0.005 to 0.010 in. in diameter for energy inputs of 3000 J or more. Wires exploded in small diameter vacuum tubes (1–20 μ of Hg) radiate as blackbodies, but narrow line spectra are produced in enclosures of larger dimensions. In the visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum the spectral radiance of air-exploded wires is one to three orders of magnitude greater than that of conventional flash lamps. Vacuum-exploded wires have spectral radiance another factor of eight greater. Excitation of various optical masers with exploding wires is discussed.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation for Liver Cell Failure: A New Direction and Option (2018)

The early assessment of the efficacy of MSCT could be based on variations of ALT at half a month and TBIL at 2 and 3 months. And it had beneficial effects for patients with LF, especially in ACLF based on the <i>D</i> value of MELD.
SELECTION OF ACTIVE NOISE CONTROL STRATEGY: TWO TEST CASES (2004)

Peritoneal macrophages from Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-deficient ScCr mice produced less tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-1alpha, and IL-1beta than did macrophages of control mice, when stimulated with conidia, but not with hyphae, of Aspergillus fumigatus, a finding suggesting that TLR4-mediated signals are lost during germination. This hypothesis was confirmed by use of a TLR4-specific fibroblast reporter cell line (3E10) that responded to the conidia, but not to the hyphae, of A. fumigatus. In contrast, macrophages from TLR2-knockout mice had a decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines in response to both Aspergillus conidia and Aspergillus hyphae, and these results were confirmed in 3E10 cells transfected with human TLR2. In addition, Aspergillus hyphae, but not Aspergillus conidia, stimulated production of IL-10 through TLR2-dependent mechanisms. In conclusion, TLR4-mediated proinflammatory signals, but not TLR2-induced anti-inflammatory signals, are lost on Aspergillus germination to hyphae. Therefore, phenotypic switching during germination may be an important escape mechanism of A. fumigatus that results in counteracting the host defense.
Model reduction of variable-geometry interconnects using variational spectrally-weighted balanced truncation (2001)

This paper presents a spectrally-weighted balanced truncation technique for RLC interconnects, a technique needed when the interconnect circuit parameters change as a result of variations in the manufacturing process. The salient features of this algorithm are the inclusion of parameter variations in the RLC interconnect, the guaranteed stability of the reduced transfer function, and the availability of provable frequency-weighted error bounds for the reduced-order system. This paper shows that the balanced truncation technique is an effective model-order reduction technique when variations in the circuit parameters are taken into consideration. Experimental results show that the new variational spectrally-weighted balanced truncation attains, on average, 20% more accuracy than the variational Krylov-subspace-based model-order reduction techniques while the run-time is also, on average, 5% faster.
Atomic Resolution Imaging of a Carbon Nanotube from Diffraction Intensities (2003)

Atomic imaging of three-dimensional structures has required a crystal in diffraction or a lens in electron imaging. Whereas diffraction achieves very high resolution by averaging over many cells, imaging gives localized structural information, such as the position of a single dopant atom. However, lens aberrations limit electron imaging resolution to about 1 angstrom. Resolution is reduced further by low contrast from weakscattering or from the limitations on electron dose for radiation-sensitive molecules. We show that both high resolution and high contrast can be achieved by imaging from diffraction with a nanometer-sized coherent electron beam. The phase problem is solved by oversampling and iterative phase retrieval. We apply this technique to image a double-wall carbon nanotube at 1-angstrom resolution, revealing the structure of two tubes of different helicities. Because the only requirement for imaging is a diffraction pattern sampled below the Nyquist frequency, our technique has the potential to image nonperiodic nanostructures, including biological macromolecules, at diffraction intensity-limited resolutions.
Avalanche deaths in the United States: a 45-year analysis (1999)

Avalanche fatalities have increased over the last 45 years. Climbers, backcountry skiers, out-of-bounds skiers, and more recently snowmobilers constitute the majority of the victims. The decrease in deaths among groups that benefit from avalanche control programs supports the benefit of avalanche prevention strategies. Further study is needed to assess the impact of avalanche safety education for individuals who travel in remote and uncontrolled terrain.
An integrated approach to shared synchronous groupware workspaces (2002)

A unified framework for multimedia shared workspaces and their associated floor control that treats both audio and video components uniformly is presented. To this end, a classification scheme is presented which groups the shared workspaces based on multiple orthogonal criteria. For visual displays, this includes the group-orientation of the applications, the organization of the display, and the contiguity relationships among display images. The same classification criteria are applied to the audio component, which considers the group-orientation of the audio channel, the organization of the speaker systems, and the contiguity relationships among the audible ranges of the speakers. The classification also covers the floor control concepts and design approaches. The classification is applied to a known groupware system, MERMAID, as a case study.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>