gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The deensity of clonogenic cless in human solid tumors (1991)

Considering that tumors are maintained by clonogenic cells, and that the primary target in the therapy of cancer is the clonogenic cell, the density of clonogens in a tumor could become an important parameter in quantitating the response to therapy. Indirect methods for determining the density of clonogenic cells in human tumors based on the response of tumors to radiation suggest there are circa 1 X 10(5) clonogens per gram with a large range. Direct methods, based on the measurement of cloning efficiency of enzymatically disaggregated biopsies of human tumors in soft agar, suggest a clonogen density of approximately 1,500 clonogens per gram. As this value is inconsistent with the prior data, we chose to determine the density of clonogenic cells in human tumors by assaying the enzyme digest of biopsies of human tumors for clonogenic cells using an enriched monolayer clonogenic assay. We determined the average clonogen density to be 1.12 x 10(5) clonogens per gram with a large range. The agreement with the indirect method suggests that the enriched monolayer clonogenic assay supports the proliferation of the cell population responsible for maintaining the tumor.
Long-Term Stable 2H-MoS<sub>2</sub> Dispersion: Critical Role of Solvent for Simultaneous Phase Restoration and Surface Functionalization of Liquid-Exfoliated MoS<sub>2</sub> (2017)

Chemical exfoliation approaches such as Li-intercalation for the production of two-dimensional MoS<sub>2</sub> are highly attractive due to their high yield of monolayer forms, cost-effectiveness, and mass-scalability. However, the loss of the semiconducting property and poor dispersion stability in solvent have limited the extent of their potential applications. Here, we report simultaneous phase recovery and surface functionalization for the preparation of a highly stable 2H-MoS<sub>2</sub> dispersion in water. This study shows that high-yield restoration of the semiconducting 2H phase from a chemically exfoliated MoS<sub>2</sub> (ce-MoS<sub>2</sub>) can be induced by a mild-temperature (180 °C) solvent thermal treatment in <i>N</i>-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). In addition to a phase transition, this solvent thermal treatment in NMP realizes concurrent surface functionalization of the 2H-MoS<sub>2</sub> surface, which provides an outstanding dispersion stability to 2H-MoS<sub>2</sub> in water for more than 10 months. Finally, we report the humidity sensor based on the functionalized 2H-MoS<sub>2</sub>, which shows a substantial response enhancement compared with a nonfunctionalized 2H-MoS<sub>2</sub> or ce-MoS<sub>2</sub>.
Bragg-Gray theory and ion chamber dosimetry for photon beams (1991)

The validity of the Bragg-Gray cavity theory in photon radiation dosimetry for photon energies from 10 keV to 10 MeV has been investigated quantitatively in this paper. A crucial assumption for Bragg-Gray cavity theory to be valid is that the dose from photon interactions in the detector material is negligible. The ratio, Fair, of the absorbed dose resulting from photon interactions in an air cavity, DPA(air), to that in air under the condition of charged-particle equilibrium, DCPE(air), has been used as a parameter to determine if the air cavity can be classified as a Bragg-Gray cavity. Monte Carlo calculated results show that, for monoenergetic photon beams of energies above about 220 keV, the dose ratio, Fair, is smaller than 0.05 for an air cavity of 6 mm thickness and 6 mm diameter in vacuum. Furthermore, it is shown that the Burlin general cavity theory seriously overestimates the departure from Bragg-Gray behaviour. For clinical photon beams the dose ratio, Fair, is 0.29 for a 150 kVp beam and 0.27 for a 240 kVp beam compared to 0.006 for a 60 Co beam if the cavity is placed at a depth of 5 cm in water. This study confirms that typical air-filled ionization chambers cannot be considered to be Bragg-Gray cavities for low- and medium-energy photon radiation.
Phase I/II Examination of Transurethral Ethanol Ablation of the Prostate for the Treatment of Symptomatic Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (2007)

In this randomized clinical trial transurethral ethanol ablation of the prostate was safe and effective at 6-month followup. No serious adverse events were encountered. Although ethanol can safely ablate prostatic tissue, further studies will be necessary before widespread clinical application.
A compact LTCC multilayer multiport stripline coupler network for wideband low loss power combining/splitting (2002)

This paper describes the design, fabrication and test of a compact multilayer stripline 8-14 GHz 6-way combining network using Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC). The design evolved through circuit modeling and EM field simulation and features the novel integration of several microwave circuit structures both cascaded and vertically stacked in a multilevel LTCC stripline assembly.
A Novel Self-Deployable Solar Sail System Activated by Shape Memory Alloys (2019)

This work deals with the feasibility and reliability about the use of shape memory alloys (SMAs) as mechanical actuators for solar sail self-deployment instead of heavy and bulky mechanical booms. Solar sails exploit radiation pressure a as propulsion system for the exploration of the solar system. Sunlight is used to propel space vehicles by reflecting solar photons from a large and light-weight material, so that no propellant is required for primary propulsion. In this work, different small-scale solar sail prototypes (SSP) were studied, manufactured, and tested for bending and in three different environmental conditions to simulate as much as possible the real operating conditions where the solar sails work. Kapton is the most suitable material for sail production and, in the space missions till now, activated booms as deployment systems have always been used. In the present work for the activation of the SMA elements some visible lamps have been employed to simulate the solar radiation and time-temperature diagrams have been acquired for different sail geometries and environmental conditions. Heat transfer mechanisms have been discussed and the minimum distance from the sun allowing the full self-deployment of the sail have also been calculated.
Strain sensitive resonant gate transistor (2005)

The Strain Sensitive Resonant Gate Transistor (SSRGT) working as a strain gauge has been developed. The device is fabricated by using surface micromachining techniques. It consists of a n-type silicon substrate in which two p+ regions, the source and drain, are formed. The gate electrode is a poly-Si beam whose edges are clamped on a silicon diaphragm. The beam is encapsulated by a poly-Si cell in order to keep it inside the vacuum. It is driven by an electrostatic force and its resonant frequency is detected by an insulated gate field effect transistor (IGFET) underneath the beam. The resonant frequency shifts when the diaphragm is bent by applying pressure. Characterization of the sensor has been
Verapamil Versus Saline in Electromotive Drug Administration for Peyronie’s Disease: A Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial (2007)

Although a greater percent of patients treated with verapamil in our electromotive drug administration protocol had a measured decrease in curvature, the results were not statistically significant. Further research is necessary to determine whether electric current may have a role in the treatment of Peyronie's disease as well as if verapamil delivered via electromotive drug administration may have a role as effective treatment. Electromotive drug administration is a treatment option in the patient whose major complaint is pain or in the patient with mild curvature who does not wish to undergo intralesional therapy or surgical correction.
Deformation-induced lipid trafficking in alveolar epithelial cells (2001)

Mechanical ventilation with a high tidal volume results in lung injury that is characterized by blebbing and breaks both between and through alveolar epithelial cells. We developed an in vitro model to simulate ventilator-induced deformation of the alveolar basement membrane and to investigate, in a direct manner, epithelial cell responses to deforming forces. Taking advantage of the novel fluorescent properties of BODIPY lipids and the fluorescent dye FM1-43, we have shown that mechanical deformation of alveolar epithelial cells results in lipid transport to the plasma membrane. Deformation-induced lipid trafficking (DILT) was a vesicular process, rapid in onset, and was associated with a large increase in cell surface area. DILT could be demonstrated in all cells; however, only a small percentage of cells developed plasma membrane breaks that were reversible and nonlethal. Therefore, DILT was not only involved in site-directed wound repair but might also have served as a cytoprotective mechanism against plasma membrane stress failure. This study suggests that DILT is a regulatory mechanism for membrane trafficking in alveolar epithelia and provides a novel biological framework within which to consider alveolar deformation injury and repair.
Extending IOU Based Multi-Object Tracking by Visual Information (2018)

Today's multi-object tracking approaches benefit greatly from nearly perfect object detections when following the popular tracking-by-detection scheme. This allows for extremely simple but accurate tracking methods which completely rely on the input detections as the high-speed IOU tracker. For real world applications, few missing detections cause a high number of ID switches and fragmentations which degrades the quality of the tracks significantly. We show that this problem can be efficiently overcome if the tracker falls back to visual single-object tracking in cases where no object detection is available. In several experiments we show for different visual trackers that the number of ID switches and fragmentations can be reduced by a large amount while maintaining high tracking speeds and outperforming the state-of-the art for the UA-DETRAC and VisDrone datasets.
Microsatellite instability in preinvasive and invasive head and neck squamous carcinoma. (1996)

To investigate the extent and significance of microsatellite instability in head and neck carcinogenesis we analyzed DNA extracted from normal squamous epithelium, severe dysplasia, and corresponding carcinoma specimens from 20 patients by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Loci on chromosomes 3p, 5p, 5q, 8p, 9p, 9q, 11q, 17p, 17q, 18p, 18q were selected for analysis. Our results show that three of the dysplasias (15.0%) and six of the invasive carcinoma (30.0%) manifested instability at multiple loci. Two of the dysplastic lesions had identical alterations in the corresponding carcinomas and one showed instability differences in only two of eight loci. Normal squamous epithelium lacked microsatellite instability. No apparent association between smoking, alcohol use, or family history of cancer and instability was found in this small cohort. Invasive carcinomas with instability were relatively more poorly differentiated and had a higher stage and a high proliferative fraction. Our study indicates that microsatellite instability is 1) noted in a small subset of dysplastic lesions of head and neck squamous epithelium and 2) present in approximately one-third of invasive lesions, usually with aggressive characteristics, and may clinically be a late event associated with tumor progression.
Use of pre-pulse in laser spot welding of materials with high optical reflection (2003)

Laser micro welding has become a standard manufacturing technique, particularly in industry sectors, such as automotive and aerospace electronics or medical devices, where the requirements for strength, miniaturization and temperature resistance are constantly rising. So far the use of laser micro welding is limited due to the fluctuation of the quality of the welded joints, because the welding results for material with high optical reflection and thermal conductivity, such as copper and copper alloys, depend very strongly on the condition of the material surface. This paper presents investigations on the use of a laser pre-pulse in spot welding of electronic materials with Nd:YAG laser. In order to achieve reproducible joining results two strategies are followed-up. The first one utilizes a reflection-based process control for measuring the reflection during the short pre-pulse. The intensity of the reflected light is used to calculate an appropriated welding pulse power, which corresponds to the measured relative absorption. Adjustment of laser parameters according to the condition of the surface is done in real time before laser main pulse. A second possibility for the stabilization of copper welding is the employment of a short and powerful laser pre-pulse before laser main pulse. This pre-pulse affects the workpiece surface and creates more reproducible absorption conditions for the main pulse, independent from the initial situation on material surface.
Predicting the deformation characteristics of rectangular unsymmetrically laminated piezoelectric materials (1998)

A theory is presented which can be used to explain the room-temperature shape, specifically the curvature of the out-of-plane deflections, of the laminated piezoceramic material known as THUNDER. Because of its unsymmetric laminated construction, THUNDER exhibits unusual deformation characteristics as it cools from its elevated cure temperature to room temperature. The theory, which was originally used by the first author for the study of unsymmetrically laminated fiber-reinforced composite materials, predicts the cooled shape can be spherical, or one of two near-cylindrical shapes. Which shape actually occurs depends on the geometry of the laminate. When the laminate assumes one of the two near-cylindrical shapes, it can be changed to the other near-cylindrical shape by a simple snap-through action. Thus, stability is an issue and is examined. The theory is extended to explain the deformation response of THUNDER to an electrical field applied to produce dilatational strains in the piezoceramic. In general, the applied field changes the curvatures of the laminate in linear proportion to the field strength and the laminate remains basically the same shape. However, it is shown that under certain conditions the applied field has the potential for changing the laminate from one near-cylindrical shape to the other.
Smooth Location-Dependent Bandwidth Selection for Local Polynomial Regression (2007)

AbstractA bandwidth function for local polynomial models is commonly obtained by optimizing a pointwise penalty criterion, such as an estimated mean squared error (MSE), over a grid of predictor locations. A resultant regression estimate may suffer from irregularities, such as discontinuities, and contextual information over nearby predictor locations is not used. To mediate these difficulties, ad hoc postprocessing is sometimes carried out in the form of smoothing of the penalty criterion and/or the bandwidth estimates. In this work a technique is developed for choosing a smooth bandwidth function that uses a smoothing spline selected based on new “fit” and “roughness” penalties. The fit penalty pushes the bandwidth estimate to adhere to the chosen pointwise criterion, whereas the roughness penalty is imposed on the fitted regression estimate as opposed to the bandwidth estimate, which usually is not of direct interest. The technique can be used in conjunction with various adaptive bandwidth selection methods and provides a systematic way of incorporating contextual information into bandwidth estimation. To justify a spline bandwidth function, we show that under mild regularity conditions, there exists a smooth, asymptotically optimal bandwidth function. We also demonstrate empirically that the technique outperforms the empirical-bias bandwidth selector (EBBS) of Ruppert when using an EBBS MSE pointwise penalty estimate.KEY WORDS: Kernel bandwidthLocal regressionNonparametric statisticsSmoothing
High-Level Semantic Based Image Characterization Using Artificial Neural Networks (2007)

Low-level attributes such as color, shape and texture generally fail in describing the high-level semantic concepts. This work presents, through the formation of a high- level characteristics vector, the representation of the subjective knowledge used by humans for the verification of which aspects are most important for image characterization. Such vector will be formed by using the Artificial Intelligence techniques, more specifically the Artificial Neural Networks, which will generate, through predefined examples, the low-level characteristics forming the new high- level vector, making image retrieval possible. Finally, some tests results are presented and discussed to demonstrate the potentiality of the method.
Helios Is Associated with CD4 T Cells Differentiating to T Helper 2 and Follicular Helper T Cells In Vivo Independently of Foxp3 Expression (2011)

Helios is selectively upregulated in CD4 T cells during Th2 and TFh responses to alum-protein vaccines in vivo, but the functional significance of this upregulation remains uncertain.
Multiscale recursive estimation, data fusion, and regularization (1994)

We describe a framework for modeling stochastic phenomena at multiple scales and for their efficient estimation or reconstruction given partial and/or noisy measurements which may also be at several scales. In particular multiscale signal representations lead naturally to pyramidal or tree-like data structures in which each level in the tree corresponds to a particular scale of representation. A class of multiscale dynamic models evolving on dyadic trees is introduced. The main focus of this paper is on the description, analysis, and application of an extremely efficient optimal estimation algorithm for this class of models. This algorithm consists of a fine-to-coarse filtering sweep, followed by a coarse-to-fine smoothing step, corresponding to the dyadic tree generalization of Kalman filtering and Rauch-Tung-Striebel smoothing. The Kalman filtering sweep consists of the recursive application of three steps: a measurement update step, a fine-to-coarse prediction step, and a fusion step. We illustrate the use of our methodology for the fusion of multiresolution data and for the efficient solution of "fractal regularizations" of ill-posed signal and image processing problems encountered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Choline‐Derivative‐Based Ionic Liquids (2007)

A total of sixty-three choline derivative-based ionic liquids in the forms of chlorides, acesulfamates, and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imides have been prepared and their physical properties (density, viscosity, solubility, and thermal stability) have been determined. Thirteen of these salts are known chlorides: precursors to the 26 water-soluble acesulfamates, 12 acesulfamates only partially miscible with water, and 12 water-insoluble imides. The crystal structures for two of the chloride salts-(2-hydroxyethyl)dimethylundecyloxymethylammonium chloride and cyclododecyloxymethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)dimethylammonium chloride-were determined. The antimicrobial (cocci, rods, and fungi) activities of the new hydrophilic acesulfamate-based ILs were measured and 12 were found to be active. The alkoxymethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)dimethylammonium acesulfamates have been shown to be insect feeding deterrents and thus open up a new generation of synthetic deterrents based on ionic liquids. The alkoxymethyl(2-decanoyloxyethyl)dimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imides have also been shown to act as fixatives for soft tissues and can furthermore be used as substitutes for formalin and also preservatives for blood.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of diluted magnetic semiconductors:<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Zn</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi>−</mml:mi><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>M</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Se</mml:mi><mml:mi/><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Mn</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo></mml:math>Fe, Co) and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Zn</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi>−</mml:mi><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Mn</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi>Y</mml:mi><mml:mi/><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>Y</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Se</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo></mml:math>Te) (2001)

We have investigated $3d$ electronic states of doped transition metals in II-VI diluted magnetic semiconductors ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{M}_{x}\mathrm{Se}(M=\mathrm{Mn},\mathrm{F}\mathrm{e},\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o})$ and ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}Y(Y=\mathrm{Se},\mathrm{Te}),$ using the transition-metal ${L}_{2,3}$-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements. In order to explain the XAS spectra, we employed a tetragonal cluster model calculation, which includes not only the full ionic multiplet structure but also configuration interaction (CI). The results show that CI is essential to describe the experimental spectra adequately, indicating the strong hybridization between the transition metal $3d$ and the ligand p orbitals. In the study of ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}Y(Y=\mathrm{Se},\mathrm{Te}),$ we also found considerable spectral change in the Mn ${L}_{2,3}$-edge XAS spectra for different ligands, confirming the importance of the hybridization effects in these materials.
Hepatitis B Virus X (HBx) Induces Tumorigenicity of Hepatic Progenitor Cells in 3,5–Diethoxycarbonyl–1,4–Dihydrocollidine–Treated HBx Transgenic Mice (2011)

HBx induces intrinsic cellular transformation promoting the expansion and tumorigenicity of HPCs in DDC-treated mice, which may be a possible origin for liver cancer induced by chronic hepatitis infection.
Towards rational design of antisense DNA: molecular modelling of phosphorothioate DNA analogues. (1992)

In order to assess the effects of substitution of one of the non-bridging oxygens in the phosphodiester group with sulfur, molecular dynamics calculations were performed on duplex oligodeoxynucleotides having a complete helical turn, [d(CpGpCpGpApApTpTpCpGpCpG)]2. The calculations were carried out with the unmodified duplex, as well as with duplexes having one phosphorothioate strand with uniform phosphorus stereochemistry (SP or RP). The electrostatic and structural (equilibrium molecular dimensions as well as force constants) parameters of the phosphorothioate group for molecular mechanics and dynamics calculations were derived from ab initio quantum mechanics optimizations of conformers of O,O'-dimethyl phosphorothioate. Molecular dynamics simulations (30 ps) were carried out using the AMBER force field, with explicit inclusion of all hydrogen atoms, counterions, and water. The simulations indicate a significant decrease of stability of the model containing the homochiral RP-phosphorothioate strand, whereas the model containing the homochiral SP-phosphorothioate strand has practically the same energy as the unmodified oligodeoxynucleotide duplex. The energy difference determined indicates some preference for the use of stereochemically pure SP-phosphorothioates as antisense gene inhibitors. Moreover, the significance of these results in connection with use of phosphorodithioates is discussed.