gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The PTSim and TOPAS Projects, Bringing Geant4 to the Particle Therapy Clinic (2011)

Though the Geant4 Simulation Toolkit has been widely accepted in the particle therapy community, with research and clinical use at most of the major centers currently involved in this innovative approach to cancer treatment, the high level of Geant4 expertise required for these applications has proven a serious barrier for users. The PTSim collaboration in Japan and the TOPAS collaboration in the United States wrap and extend the Geant4 toolkit to meet the needs of this critical community. PTSim has provided a common platform to model three Japanese proton and ion therapy facilities plus three more in other countries, allowing users who are not Geant4 experts to accurately and efficiently run Geant4 simulations for any of these pre-built configurations. Building on a rich history of proton therapy applications at MGH (site of the world's first proton therapy system), NCC Korea, and elsewhere, the TOPAS project aims to take flexibility further, allowing any particle therapy clinician or researcher to Geant4-simulate their own real or envisioned facility still without requiring a Geant4 expert. We describe these projects, how their designs bridge the gap between flexibility and ease of use, what key missing software components they have contributed and how the two projects may evolve together.
Ignition System Integrated AC Ion Current Sensing for Robust and Reliable Online Engine Control (2000)

<span class="label">1</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A recent breakthrough in understanding the origin of ion signals from operating combustion engines [<span class="xref">12</span>] led to a new approach in integrating advanced ion current sensing into a compact ignition system. Thus it is now possible to continuously monitor mixture, ignition and combustion properties through online ion current recordings via a novel AC technique. In this paper this AC technique is compared to the standard DC technique and its known drawbacks: expensive high voltage components, sensitivity to plug fouling and expensive electronics.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The AC technique is based on the specific properties of the electrical field of spark plugs being characterized by a point source with an extreme inhomogeneity of the electrical field due to the small center electrode. This causes a distinct diode characteristic of the ion signal: very low signals for negative voltages and high signals for positive ion sensing voltages, respectively. Using an AC sensing voltage provides thus a very simple, robust and reliable ion current detection scheme.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This AC technology is extremely simple to integrate into modern AC ignition systems since the sensing signal can be readily imposed on the primary ignition circuit without any need for additional components on the primary, or even more important, on the high voltage side. Additional advantages are: arbitrary high sensing voltages, simple control on the primary circuit, no separate sensing voltage source required and insensitivity to plug fouling.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This AC technique has been implemented into a lab-type ignition system which was successfully applied to various S.I. engines. In this paper the fundamentals of the AC technique and it's implementation will be described in detail. Special emphasis will be given to the inherent robustness and insensitivity to plug fouling. Since the shunt resistor formed by plug fouling can be determined quantitatively, it can be also used for continuously monitoring and controlling the performance of long life ignition systems. Characteristic examples of engine results will be presented.</div>
Effect of Quick Freezing at Very Low Temperatures of Donor Tissue in Gorneal Transplants. (1946)

Summary1. Corneas frozen in liquid nitrogen can be grafted in rabbits, but invariably become opaque. Transplants of living corneal tissue, using the same technic as in the frozen, are successful and remain clear. 2. The use of frozen tissue is no handicap in the performance of the operation. 3. The results support the hypothesis that for the production of permanently clear corneal transplants living tissue must be used. 4. The data also support the suggestion that the corneal stroma of a clear graft retains its identity as donor tissue for a long period of time.
An online complete coverage algorithm for cleaning robots based on boustrophedon motions and A* search (2012)

This paper presents an online complete coverage algorithm for cleaning robots based on boustrophedon motions combined with A* search algorithm. In our approach, while performing a boustrophedon motion to cover an unvisited area in the workspace, the robot detects and stores backtracking points. To execute the next boustrophedon motion, A* search is employed as a backtracking mechanism which guides the robot to the nearest backtracking point. Experimental results prove that the proposed algorithm ensures the complete coverage of the workspace in the finite moving steps of the robot. Furthermore, our proposed approach is efficient in terms of the covered path length and the number of boustrophedon motions.
Interactive visualization of spatiotemporal patterns using spirals on a geographical map (1999)

Timelines are used as the basis for representing events over time. When they are combined with a geographical map, they show the spatiotemporal pattern of those events. This spatiotemporal line depicts temporal pattern of events with respect to their spatial attributes. To help users observe patterns with respect to different spatial viewpoints and periodical constraints, we propose an interactive visualization approach using a spirals-based technique. A spiral has a geometric shape that could help to reveal periodical patterns and the timeline is the best source for it. When the user wants to observe patterns with respect to different spatial viewpoints on the map and periodical constraints, the spatiotemporal line can be decomposed according to specified locations to browse patterns.
Lewis acid complexes of 1,2-diketones and their derivatives. The synthesis of seven-membered rings (1983)

The structures and charge distributions of Lewis and complexes of butane-2,3-dione, 1, cyclohexane-1,2-dione, 2, and 2-methoxycyclohex-2-en-1-one, 5, have been investigated by 1 H nmr spectroscopy. A 1:1 complex was formed between 1 and SnCl 4 which appeared to have a bridged structure. In the case of 2 and 5 both oxygens were again involved in complex formation with TiCl 4 or SnCl 4 . In each case the large downfield shift of the vinyl proton resonance, H3, indicated extensive charge delocalization within the complexes and that these systems can be regarded as complexed α,β-unsaturated enones. The reactions of Lewis acid complexes of 2, 5, and the silyl ethers 2-(trimethylsiloxy)cyclohex-2-en-1-one, and 3-(trimethylsiloxy)-but-3-en-2-one, 11, with butadiene have been investigated. The acyclic enol ether 11 reacted with butadiene in the presence of either TiCl 4 or SnCl 4 to give products corresponding to both 4C + 3C and 4C + 2C cycloaddition reactions; in all other cases 4C + 2C products only could be isolated.
An automated statis perimeter/adaptometer using light emitting diodes. (1983)

An automated static perimeter/adaptometer is described which measures thresholds with lights of 2 wavelengths. The instrument uses light-emitting diodes to produce the stimuli and is controlled by a small computer, making it very suitable for clinical testing of large numbers of patients. The use of 2 LEDs with different peak emission wavelengths (530 and 660 nm) permits an assessment of the relative state of rod and cone mechanisms in a particular region of the retina either during dark adaptation or when the eye is fully dark adapted.
Novel Neural Networks-Based Fault Tolerant Control Scheme With Fault Alarm (2014)

In this paper, the problem of adaptive active fault-tolerant control for a class of nonlinear systems with unknown actuator fault is investigated. The actuator fault is assumed to have no traditional affine appearance of the system state variables and control input. The useful property of the basis function of the radial basis function neural network (NN), which will be used in the design of the fault tolerant controller, is explored. Based on the analysis of the design of normal and passive fault tolerant controllers, by using the implicit function theorem, a novel NN-based active fault-tolerant control scheme with fault alarm is proposed. Comparing with results in the literature, the fault-tolerant control scheme can minimize the time delay between fault occurrence and accommodation that is called the time delay due to fault diagnosis, and reduce the adverse effect on system performance. In addition, the FTC scheme has the advantages of a passive fault-tolerant control scheme as well as the traditional active fault-tolerant control scheme's properties. Furthermore, the fault-tolerant control scheme requires no additional fault detection and isolation model which is necessary in the traditional active fault-tolerant control scheme. Finally, simulation results are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the developed techniques.
Deriving Expertise Profiles from Tags (2009)

We propose a novel approach to the problem of expertise mining in an enterprise, taking advantage of online social applications deployed within the enterprise. Based on the assumption that the userspsila interactions with such social software reflect to some extent their expertise, we devise a probabilistic method for identifying the main areas of expertise of users based solely on their set of tags extracted from a social bookmarking system. We base our approach on statistical language models, which we adapt to fit our unique setting. We train and validate our model on a real world dataset extracted from two IBM-internal applications. Our results show that our approach provides a viable alternative to other methods that rely on documents extracted from the enterprise corpora.
Single-Site β-Diiminate Zinc Catalysts for the Alternating Copolymerization of CO<sub>2</sub> and Epoxides:  Catalyst Synthesis and Unprecedented Polymerization Activity (2001)

Synthetic routes to zinc beta-diiminate complexes are reported. The synthesis of 11 beta-diimine [(BDI)-H] ligands, with varying N-aryl substituents and bridging structures, is described. These ligands are converted to (BDI)ZnX complexes (X = OAc, Et, N(SiMe3)2, Br, Cl, OH, OMe, O(i)Pr). X-ray structural data revealed that all zinc complexes examined exist as micro-X-bridged dimers in the solid state, with the exception of the zinc ethyl and amido complexes which were monomeric. Complexes of the form (BDI)ZnOR (R = alkyl, acyl) and (BDI)ZnN(SiMe3)2 are highly active catalysts for the alternating copolymerization of epoxides and CO2. Copolymerizations of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and CO2 with (BDI-1)ZnX [(BDI-1) = 2-((2,6-diisopropylphenyl)amido)-4-((2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino)-2-pentene)] and (BDI-2)ZnX [(BDI-2) = 2-((2,6-diethylphenyl)amido)-4-((2,6-diethylphenyl)imino)-2-pentene)], where X = OAc, Et, N(SiMe3)2, Br, Cl, OH, OMe, O(i)Pr, were attempted at 50 degrees C and 100 psi CO2. Complexes with X = OAc, N(SiMe3)2, OMe, O(i)Pr all produced polycarbonate by the alternated insertion of CHO and CO2 with similar catalytic activities, comparable molecular weights, and narrow molecular weight distributions (MWD approximately 1.1), indicating the copolymerizations are living. Furthermore, ligand effects were shown to dramatically influence the polymerization activity as minor steric changes accelerated or terminated the polymerization activity.
Regulation of antibody responses by rheumatoid factor. I. Polyclonal activation of human B cells by rheumatoid factor-containing preparations from seropositive plasma. (1985)

Rheumatoid factor (RF)-containing IgM preparations isolated from the plasma of two seropositive patients were able to increase the number of Ig-secreting cells in normal human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures. This polyclonal B cell activation was optimal in the presence of both T cells and monocytes. A relationship was established between the activator and RF in these preparations based on the ability of both to bind to insolubilized human IgG. The presence of the activator also coincided with the presence of large, RF-containing Ig complexes. These data suggest that RF contributes to the formation of B cell-stimulating immune complexes--a phenomenon with possible negative consequences in disease states characterized by these complexes.
Localized Corrosion of Corrosion Resistant Alloys in H2S-Containing Environments (2016)

Corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs) are widely used in harsh oil and gas production environments where low-alloy steels cannot be used. It is recognized that stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of stainless steels and Ni-based alloys can occur at potentials above the repassivation potential (Erp) for localized corrosion. This paper focuses on experimental work that has been conducted to determine Erp of six CRAs, i.e., super-martensitic stainless steels S13Cr (UNS S41425) and S15Cr (UNS S42625), super-duplex stainless steel 2507 (UNS S32750), and solid solution Ni-based Alloys 2535 (UNS N08535), 29 (UNS N08029), and 28 (UNS N08028) in chloride-H2S environments. A generalized approach is applied to determine Erp values from electrochemical polarization results at temperatures ranging from 85°C to 232°C. The use of completely deaerated solutions and ensuring the stable growth of localized corrosion are both critical to obtain conservative Erp values for CRAs in environments that are similar to downhole conditions. A part of the obtained data set has been used in the development of a mechanistic model for calculating Erp as a function of alloy composition, environment chemistry, and temperature in order to generalize the observations and predict localized corrosion and SCC in a wide range of chloride-H2S environments by using limited experimental tests. Another part of the Erp data set has been used to validate the model predictions. It has been demonstrated that the model predictions agree well with the experimental Erp values. Based on the measurements coupled with model predictions, the effects of H2S, temperature, and alloying elements on the susceptibility of CRAs to localized corrosion and SCC are analyzed.
Phenotypic phase variation in Haemophilus somnus lipooligosaccharide during bovine pneumonia and after in vitro passage (1992)

A high rate of phenotypic variation in the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) electrophoretic profile of Haemophilus somnus occurred in most isolates obtained at approximately weekly intervals from three calves intrabronchially challenged with a cloned isolate of H. somnus 2336. Daily subculturing for 2 weeks resulted in at least one major alteration in the LOS electrophoretic profiles for strain 2336 and both additional disease isolates examined, but no change occurred in the LOS electrophoretic profiles for any of three commensal isolates examined. None of the LOSs from any of the postchallenge intrabronchial isolates reacted with rabbit antiserum to the challenge strain LOS in immunoblotting, but LOSs from two nasopharyngeal isolates did. Antigenic variation in the extracted LOSs of most of the isolates was supported by the results of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Preimmune serum from each of the calves did not react with any of the isolates or the challenge strain, whereas sera obtained 35 days after challenge reacted with the challenge strain and zero to five additional isolates and sera obtained 74 days after challenge reacted with two to six additional isolates. Recognition of LOSs from isolates obtained near the end of the 70-day experiment by day-74 sera was related to clearance of the bacteria from the lungs. Isolates demonstrating major electrophoretic changes showed variations in the composition of the oligosaccharide, but not lipid A, moiety of their LOSs. The oligosaccharide of the LOS of each isolate was composed predominantly of glucose but varied substantially in the contents of galactose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid. Therefore, the LOS of H. somnus is capable of undergoing compositional and antigenic variations, which may act as an important virulence mechanism for evading host immune defense mechanisms.
Identifying Important Risk Factors for Survival in Patient With Systolic Heart Failure Using Random Survival Forests (2010)

An RSF model in a cohort of patients with heart failure performed as well as a traditional Cox proportional hazard model and may serve as a more intuitive approach for clinicians to identify important risk factors for all-cause mortality.
Activity of TH-6041 and TH-6042 Against Stored-Product Insects1 (1978)

Two experimental insecticides, TH-6041 [N, 3-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1 H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide] and TH-6042 [N, 3-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-4,5-phenyl-1 H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide] were relatively toxic on wheat to the adult stages of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), granary weevil. S. granarius (L.), and lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (LD95 ≤ 6 ppm). The confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal, sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), and almond moth, Ephestia cautella (Walker), were more tolerant (LD95 ≥ 35 ppm). TH-6042 was very effective as a progeny suppressant against all Coleoptera (ID95 < 5 ppm) but only marginally active against Lepidoptera (ID95 < 48 ppm). TH-6041 had good activity against progeny of the rice weevil, granary weevil, sawtoothed grain beetle, and lesser grain borer (ID95 ≤ 26 ppm).
c-Met signaling in the development of tumorigenesis and chemoresistance: Potential applications in pancreatic cancer (2014)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the 4(th) leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. The majority of patients are candidates only for palliative chemotherapy, which has proven largely ineffective in halting tumor progression. One proposed mechanism of chemoresistance involves signaling via the mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor protein (MET), a previously established pathway critical to cell proliferation and migration. Here, we review the literature to characterize the role of MET in the development of tumorigenesis, metastasis and chemoresistance, highlighting the potential of MET as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer. In this review, we characterize the role of c-Met in the development of tumorigenesis, metastasis and chemoresistance, highlighting the potential of c-Met as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
Council Realigns Regional Boundaries, Raises Dues (1986)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVACS NewsNEXTCouncil Realigns Regional Boundaries, Raises DuesERNEST L. CARPENTERView Author Information C&EN WashingtonCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1986, 64, 18, 60–63Publication Date (Print):May 5, 1986Publication History Published online7 November 2010Published inissue 5 May 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v064n018.p060https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n018.p060acs-newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1986 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views63Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (672 KB) Get e-Alerts
Microglial apolipoprotein E and astroglial apolipoprotein J expression <i>in vitro</i>: opposite effects of lipopolysaccharide (2003)

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) and apoJ are lipid carriers produced in the brain primarily by glial cells. A variety of glial-activating stimuli induce a parallel upregulation of both apolipoproteins expression in vivo and in vitro. To further characterize the cell type and mechanisms by which apoE and apoJ expression are upregulated in activated glia, mixed glial cultures from neonatal rat cortex were treated with the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS induced dose-dependent increases in apoJ and decreases in apoE expression and secretion with maximum effects at 1-10 ng/mL and 0.1-1 microg/mL, respectively. Experiments with enriched astroglial and microglial cultures demonstrated that apoE and apoJ expression are predominantly microglial and astroglial, respectively. Given the pivotal role that nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) plays in glial activation, we assessed its possible role in mediating apoE and apoJ expression by activated glia. LPS robustly increased NF-kappa B activation in mixed glial cultures. Two NF-kappa B inhibitors, aspirin (10 mM) and MG-132 (0.1 microM), blocked basal apoE and apoJ secretion as well as LPS-induced apoJ secretion. These data demonstrate that glial apoE and apoJ expression are independently regulated by LPS in microglia and astroglia, respectively, and that activated microglia are the predominant source of apoE in mixed glial cultures. The transcription factor NF-kappa B appears to be a critical mediator of LPS-stimulated apoJ expression from astroglia.
Rate Gyro Surveying of Wellbores in the Rocky Mountains (1983)

ABSTRACT The introduction of a rate gyro surveying system was made in the Rocky Mountain area in April 1982. This paper describes that system as well as its accuracy and durability. It appears there has been a significant increase in accuracy and durability, with a decrease in survey time over conventional free gyro systems. This assessment is made from data accumulated over 100 field surveys, many runs in a 1400 foot test well and hundreds of hours on a laboratory test stand. The Eastman Whipstock rate gyro system employs a single floated rate integrating gyroscope gimbled with a single precision accelerometer. This configuration is rotated about the tool axis 360° for every survey measurement. From this rotation the gyro measures a component of the earths horizontal spin vector, which by definition points true north, and the accelerometer measures a component of the earths gravity. The information is then processed to provide inclination, borehole azimuth and tool face. This method provides increased accuracy by producing readings which are independent of those taken previously and by eliminating C-independent sensor bias. Additionally this configuration allows a pressure barrel outside diameter of only 1 3/4″ (45.0mm).