gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Initiation and termination of duck hepatitis B virus DNA synthesis during virus maturation (1987)

We characterized a number of important features of the structure of the cohesive overlap region of the DNA genome of duck hepatitis B virus. The 5'-terminal nucleotide of minus-strand DNA was localized to nucleotide 2537, a G residue within the 12-base repeat sequence DR1. This G residue was shown to be the site of a covalent linkage to a protein, consistent with speculation that this protein is the primer of minus-strand synthesis, which occurs by reverse transcription. The 3' terminus of the minus strand was heterogeneous, being mapped to nucleotides 2530 and 2531, indicating that the minus strand is terminally redundant by seven or eight bases and ends at the putative 5' end of the transcribed RNA template (pregenome) for reverse transcription. We previously demonstrated that the presumptive RNA primer of plus-strand synthesis remains attached to plus-strand DNA during virus maturation; moreover, the sequence of this primer suggested an origin from the 5' end of the pregenome (J.-M. Lien, C. E. Aldrich, and W. S. Mason, J. Virol. 57:229-236, 1986). We show here that over 75% of plus-strand primers are capped, further supporting the idea that these primers are uniquely derived from the 5' end of the pregenome. Finally, we found that seemingly mature duck hepatitis B virus genomes are incomplete by at least 12 bases, in that the 12-base repeat sequence DR2 is not copied into plus-strand DNA during virus maturation. Since DR2 in virion DNA is duplexed with the RNA primer of plus-strand synthesis, it is possible that the failure to make complete plus strands is due to an inability of the viral DNA polymerase to carry out a displacement of the bound RNA primer.
Scaling of GaN HEMTs and Schottky Diodes for Submillimeter-Wave MMIC Applications (2013)

In this paper, we report state-of-the-art high frequency performance of GaN-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) and Schottky diodes achieved through innovative device scaling technologies such as vertically scaled enhancement and depletion mode (E/D mode) AlN/GaN/AlGaN double-heterojunction HEMT epitaxial structures, a low-resistance <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$n^{+}$</tex></formula> -GaN/2DEG ohmic contact regrown by MBE, a manufacturable 20-nm symmetric and asymmetric self-aligned-gate process, and a lateral metal/2DEG Schottky contact. As a result of proportional scaling of intrinsic and parasitic delays, an ultrahigh <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$f_{T}$</tex></formula> exceeding 450 GHz (with a simultaneous <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$f_{\rm max}$</tex></formula> of 440 GHz) and a <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$f_{\rm max}$</tex></formula> close to 600 GHz (with a simultaneous <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$f_{T}$</tex></formula> of 310 GHz) are obtained in deeply scaled GaN HEMTs while maintaining superior Johnson figure of merit. Because of their extremely low on-resistance and high gain at low drain voltages, the devices exhibited excellent noise performance at low power. 501-stage direct-coupled field-effect transistor logic ring oscillator circuits are successfully fabricated with high yield and high uniformity, demonstrating the feasibility of GaN-based E/D-mode integrated circuits with <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${>}{1000}$</tex> </formula> transistors. Furthermore, self-aligned GaN Schottky diodes with a lateral metal/2DEG Schottky contact and a 2DEG/ <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$n^{+}$</tex></formula> -GaN ohmic contact exhibited <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$RC$</tex></formula> -limited cutoff frequencies of up to 2.0 THz.
Novel therapeutic approaches for celiac disease. (2014)

Celiac disease, which mainly affects the small intestine, is the only systemic autoimmune disorder with an identified environmental trigger which is dietary gluten. Lifelong adherence to a strict gluten free diet (GFD) is currently the only accepted treatment. Celiac disease is increasingly diagnosed and the GFD is known to be associated with a large treatment burden. Furthermore, a substantial number of celiac disease patients show an incomplete clinical response to the GFD. These factors have led to demands for the development and testing of novel, non-dietary, therapeutic agents that are both safe and effective. Celiac disease pathogenesis is well elucidated which has greatly aided targeted drug development. Compounds currently being tested in phase II clinical trials include glutenase enzymes (to detoxify gluten) and a tight junction modulator (to reduce access of gluten peptides to lamina propria antigen presenting cells). Other promising approaches include inhibition of the transglutaminase 2 enzyme, blocking antigen presentation by HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8, induction of tolerance, and modulation of the inflammatory response. It is hoped that non-dietary therapy for celiac disease will become available in the coming years and can both reduce the burden of treatment of celiac disease and help patients whose symptoms do not respond completely to the GFD.
Nonparametric correction of distortion (2002)

Images taken with wide angle and inexpensive medium angle lenses show substantial distortion, which will cause many computer vision applications to malfunction. Parametric calibration algorithms cannot handle the wide range of possible distortion functions and they require a known image center, expensive equipment, and/or estimation of unneeded parameters. We present a new algorithm to remove distortion. It is similar to the plumb line method but it: (a) uses images of spheres rather than lines, (b) corrects to stereographic rather than perspective projection, (c) calibrates aspect ratio, and (d) uses a nonparametric distortion model.
A supressão da geografia no exercício da alteridade (2017)

O artigo em questão problematiza por intermédio de cinco categorizações a negligencia quanto à percepção das diferenças geográficas no que tange às características de indivíduos ou Estados. Esta negligência é chamada de supressão da geografia no exercício da alteridade e é criticada por meio dos pressupostos fenomenológicos que explicam a natureza híbrida, permeável e dinâmica das culturas. As categorizações trabalhadas neste artigo são os mapas culturais, as artes, as reações populares, textos acadêmicos e literários e o fazer geopolítico. O artigo apresenta ainda as consequências da supressão da geografia no exercício da alteridade, indicando a importância da temática em um momento contemporâneo marcado pela intensa interlocução intercultural.
Mononeuropathy multiplex associated with acute hepatitis B infection (1990)

Immunologic syndromes are associated with hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection. However, mononeuropathy multiplex (MM), a syndrome in which immune factors may play a role, is rare in acute HBV infection. Few cases of MM associated with HBV infection have been reported. We report a case of acute HBV infection in which MM involving the median, ulnar and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves complicated the course of the acute illness. Skin biopsy demonstrated vasculitic changes which may accompany the immunologic factors in HBV infection.
Time Resolved Annealing of Interface Traps in Polysilicon Gate Metal‐Oxide‐Silicon Capacitors (1987)

The annealing of interface traps in polysilicon gate metal‐oxide‐silicon (MOS) structures has been studied using rapid thermal annealing. Capacitors with different gate geometries were annealed in forming gas and in nitrogen at 400°, 450°, and 500°C for times ranging from 15s to 1h. Three distinct annealing mechanisms were observed: lateral diffusion of hydrogen from the ambient under the polysilicon gate, vertical diffusion of hydrogen from the ambient through the polysilicon gate, and annealing by residual hydrogen in the polysilicon and the oxide. An equilibrium model describing the annealing of interface states by lateral diffusion of molecular hydrogen is developed and is used to determine the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in . The derived value of agrees well with the value measured by Schols and Maes.
Synthesis and photophysical characteristics of 2,3,12,13-tetraalkylbacteriochlorins (2016)

Tetraalkylbacteriochlorins, available upon acid-mediated self-condensation of α-ester stabilized dihydrodipyrrin-carboxaldehydes, provide valuable models of the naturally occurring bacteriochlorophylls.
Image information and visual quality (2004)

Measurement of image quality is crucial for many image-processing algorithms. Traditionally, image quality assessment algorithms predict visual quality by comparing a distorted image against a reference image, typically by modeling the human visual system (HVS), or by using arbitrary signal fidelity criteria. We adopt a new paradigm for image quality assessment. We propose an information fidelity criterion that quantifies the Shannon information that is shared between the reference and distorted images relative to the information contained in the reference image itself. We use natural scene statistics (NSS) modeling in concert with an image degradation model and an HVS model. We demonstrate the performance of our algorithm by testing it on a data set of 779 images, and show that our method is competitive with state of the art quality assessment methods, and outperforms them in our simulations.
Marine applications of shear waves (1986)

It is well known that water cannot, by its nature, support shear-wave motion. Therefore, shear applications in this environment must follow one of two routes: either the source and receiver must both be on the sea floor, or converted shear waves must be identified by their slow velocity characteristic.
The final step of pantothenate biosynthesis in higher plants: cloning and characterization of pantothenate synthetase from <i>Lotus japonicus</i> and <i>Oryza sativum</i> (rice) (1999)

We have isolated a Lotus japonicus cDNA for pantothenate (vitamin B5) synthetase (PS) by functional complementation of an Escherichia coli panCmutant (AT1371). A rice (Oryza sativum) expressed sequence tag, identified by sequence similarity to PS, was also able to complement the E. coli auxotroph, as was an open reading frame from Saccharomyces cerevisiae(baker's yeast). The Lotus and rice cDNAs encode proteins of approx. 34 kDa, which are 65% similar at the amino acid level and do not appear to encode N-terminal extensions by comparison with PS sequences from other organisms. Furthermore, analysis of genomic sequence flanking the coding sequence for PS in Lotus suggests the original cDNA is full-length. The Lotus and rice PSs are therefore likely to be cytosolic. Southern analysis of Lotus genomic DNA indicates that there is a single gene for PS. Recombinant PS from Lotus, overexpressed in E. coli AT1371, is a dimer. The enzyme requires D-pantoate, β-alanine and ATP for activity and has a higher affinity for pantoate (Km 45 μM) than for β-alanine (Km 990 μM). Uncompetitive substrate inhibition becomes significant at pantoate concentrations above 1 mM. The enzyme displays optimal activity at about 0.5 mM pantoate (kcat 0.63 s-1) and at pH 7.8. Neither oxopantoate nor pantoyl-lactone can replace pantoate as substrate. Antibodies raised against recombinant PS detected a band of 34 kDa in Western blots of Lotus proteins from both roots and leaves. The implications of these findings for pantothenate biosynthesis in plants are discussed.
Conduction mechanisms in amorphous and crystalline Ta2O5 thin films (1998)

Electrical properties and leakage current mechanisms of amorphous and polycrystalline tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) films were studied. Ta2O5 thin films were deposited on Pt/SiO2/n-Si substrate by reactive magnetron sputtering and then annealed at temperatures ranging from 500 to 800 °C for 30 min in O2. The as-deposited films were amorphous and showed good electrical properties in terms of a dielectric constant of about 31 and leakage current density of 10−10 A/cm2 at 100 kV/cm. The leakage current flowing through Ta2O5 film increases from 10−10 to 10−7 A/cm2 following the annealing. The conduction mechanism at low electric fields (100 kV/cm) is due to Ohmic conduction. On the other hand Schottky mechanism dominates at the intermediate fields (100–350 kV/cm) and Poole–Frenkel becomes predominant at high fields (&gt;350 kV/cm). The increase in leakage current density in the crystallized film is due to Si penetrated into the Ta2O5 grain and grain boundary from the underlying SiO2/n-Si substrate.
Real Time Database Systems (2008)

Abstract A real‐time database system (RTDBS) is a database system designed to handle workloads whose state is constantly changing. This system differs from traditional databases containing persistent data, mostly unaffected by time. A real‐time database is a database in which transactions have deadlines or timing constraints. Real‐time databases are commonly used in real‐time computing applications that require timely access to data. In this article, we will discuss the most important concepts of real‐time database systems.
Adapting wavelet compression to human motion capture clips (2007)

Motion capture data is an effective way of synthesizing human motion for many interactive applications, including games and simulations. A compact, easy-to-decode representation is needed for the motion data in order to support the real-time motion of a large number of characters with minimal memory and minimal computational overheads. We present a wavelet-based compression technique that is specially adapted to the nature of joint angle data. In particular, we define wavelet coefficient selection as a discrete optimization problem within a tractable search space adapted to the nature of the data. We further extend this technique to take into account visual artifacts such as footskate. The proposed techniques are compared to standard truncated wavelet compression and principal component analysis based compression. The fast decompression times and our focus on short, recomposable animation clips make the proposed techniques a realistic choice for many interactive applications.
Nondestructive testing of polyaramide cables by longitudinal wave propagation: Study of the dynamic modulus (2000)

Abstract It has been observed that cables at different states of fatigue had their own speed of longitudinal propagation of acoustic waves (1). This speed can be measured with piezoelectric captors and is proportional to the square root of the sonic modulus. Our experiments, which have been carried out on Technora cables of diameter 2 mm, show that the modulus obtained from the wave speed has the same behavior in fatigue as the modulus obtained from tensile tests. Furthermore, our experiments also show that the residual strength in the cable is proportional to the modulus. A nondestructive control of cables can hence be made from these sonic modulus measurements.
Resource-aware Virtualization for Industrial Networks - A Novel Architecture Combining Resource Management, Policy Control and Network Virtualization for Networks in Automation or Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Networks (2013)

Within the EU Project IoT@Work future Internet techniques such as network virtualization are investigated in order to provide communication services in automation systems. The physical network is modeled as an abstract pool of resources that is allocated through virtual slices to different automation applications. Each slice of the network resources fulfils the application communication needs in terms of security, QoS, and reliability. The proposed architecture is targeted at constrained networks, where a centralized control and management point could be accessed through an API to create and implement virtual networks which could be mapped to a real physical infrastructure. This approach would impact not only the task of engineering by separating application programming from configuring networks. It also hides the network dynamics and self-management connecting ever more dynamic, adaptive and smart automation systems.
Watt-Class High-Output-Power 365 nm Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes (2004)

Ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diode (LED) epilayers were grown on low dislocation density (1×10 8 /cm 2 ) GaN templates with sapphire substrates. Then, the GaN templates and sapphire substrates were removed using laser-induced lift-off and polishing techniques. Additionally, to enhance the extraction efficiency, this LED chip used a higher reflectance Ag p-type electrode, patterned surface, and silicone resin molding package. When this UV LED was operated at a forward-bias pulsed current of 1 A at room temperature, the peak wavelength, output power, forward voltage, and external quantum efficiency were 365 nm, 1.5 W, 4.4 V, and 44%, respectively.
Unsupervised Concept Categorization and Extraction from Scientific Document Titles (2017)

This paper studies the automated categorization and extraction of scientific concepts from titles of scientific articles, in order to gain a deeper understanding of their key contributions and facilitate the construction of a generic academic knowledgebase. Towards this goal, we propose an unsupervised, domain-independent, and scalable two-phase algorithm to type and extract key concept mentions into aspects of interest (e.g., Techniques, Applications, etc.). In the first phase of our algorithm we proposePhraseType, a probabilistic generative model which exploits textual features and limited POS tags to broadly segment text snippets into aspect-typed phrases. We extend this model to simultaneously learn aspect-specific features and identify academic domains in multi-domain corpora, since the two tasks mutually enhance each other. In the second phase, we propose an approach based on adaptor grammars to extract fine grained concept mentions from the aspect-typed phrases without the need for any external resources or human effort, in a purely data-driven manner. We apply our technique to study literature from diverse scientific domains and show significant gains over state-of-the-art concept extraction techniques. We also present a qualitative analysis of the results obtained.
Acetoin Metabolism in Bacteria (2007)

Acetoin is an important physiological metabolite excreted by many microorganisms. The excretion of acetoin, which can be diagnosed by the Voges Proskauer test and serves as a microbial classification marker, has its vital physiological meanings to these microbes mainly including avoiding acification, participating in the regulation of NAD/NADH ratio, and storaging carbon. The well-known anabolism of acetoin involves alpha-acetolactat synthase and alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase; yet its catabolism still contains some differing views, although much attention has been focused on it and great advances have been achieved. Current findings in catabolite control protein A (CcpA) mediated carbon catabolite repression may provide a fuller understanding of the control mechanism in bacteria. In this review, we first examine the acetoin synthesis pathways and its physiological meanings and relevancies; then we discuss the relationship between the two conflicting acetoin cleavage pathways, the enzymes of the acetoin dehydrogenase enzyme system, major genes involved in acetoin degradation, and the CcpA mediated acetoin catabolite repression pathway; in the end we discuss the genetic engineering progresses concerning applications. To date, this is the first integrated review on acetoin metabolism in bacteria, especially with regard to catabolic aspects. The apperception of the generation and dissimilation of acetoin in bacteria will help provide a better understanding of microbial strategies in the struggle for resources, which will consequently better serve the utilization of these microbes.
Quantum (not frustrated) theory of the total internal reflection as the source of the Goos-Hänchen shift (2014)

The frustrated total internal reflection theories (FTIR) from previous century are thoroughly recalculated from the, so called, monodromy operator’s point of view – a theory lunched by Born and Wolf [Principles of Optics (Pergamon Press, 1975), Chap. 1.6] and Arnold [Geometric Methods in the Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations (Springer, 1987)]. Monodromy is a theory of simultaneous solution (for both reflection and transmission amplitudes) of one dimensional Schrödinger equation (for the wavefunction and its derivative) and the Maxwell equation (for electric and magnetic fields). Introducing new quantities: the dwell distance and the phase distance, we get general Goos-Hänchen (G-H) shift formula for optical tunneling for three layer system with refraction indexes n 0, n 1, n 2. This formula reduces itself to expressions known from the scientific literature for infinite air gap (infinite width of second layer). Extension to many layers is possible.
Evaluation of moisture ingress from the perimeter of photovoltaic modules (2013)

ABSTRACT Many thin film photovoltaic (PV) technologies can be sensitive to corrosion induced by the presence of water vapor in the packaging materials. Typically impermeable front and backsheets are used in conjunction with an edge‐seal around the perimeter to prevent water vapor ingress. These edge‐seal materials are often made of a polyisobutylene resin filled with desiccant, which dramatically increases the time for moisture to reach sensitive module components. While edge‐seals can prevent moisture ingress, even the lowest diffusivity transparent encapsulant materials are insufficient for the lifetime of a module. To evaluate the performance of edge‐seal and encapsulant materials in a manner that simulates their function in a PV module, an optical method was devised where ingress is detected by reaction of a Ca film with water. Using this method, we have exposed test samples to heat and humidity allowing quantitative comparison of different edge‐seal and encapsulant materials. Next, we use measurements of polymer diffusivity and solubility to evaluate the ability to model this moisture ingress. Here, we find good agreement between these two methods highlighting the much greater ability of polyisobutylene materials to keep moisture out as compared with typical encapsulant materials used in the PV industry. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diode pumped Nd:YVO/sub 4/ microlaser 2D array (2002)

Summary form only given. A 2D microchannel cooled, monolithic surface emitting array operating at 808 nm, has been used to pump a 400 /spl mu/m thick wafer of Nd:YVO/sub 4/. The 12 by 8 diode array is collimated with fiber lenses to pump 80 /spl mu/m diameter spots. The array area has a cross-section of approximately 0.5 cm/sup 2/. Thermal lensing, produced by pump light absorption, provides cavity stability for each microlaser cell in the array. The Nd:YVO/sub 4/ wafer was AR coated on the pumped side at 808 nm and HR coated at 1.064 /spl mu/m.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>