gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
All-in-One Gel-Based Electrochromic Devices: Strengths and Recent Developments (2018)

Electrochromic devices (ECDs) have aroused great interest because of their potential applicability in displays and smart systems, including windows, rearview mirrors, and helmet visors. In the last decades, different device structures and materials have been proposed to meet the requirements of commercial applications to boost market entry. To this end, employing simple device architectures and achieving a competitive electrolyte are crucial to accomplish easily implementable, high-performance ECDs. The present review outlines devices comprising gel electrolytes as a single electroactive layer ("all-in-one") ECD architecture, highlighting some advantages and opportunities they offer over other electrochromic systems. In this context, gel electrolytes not only overcome the drawbacks of liquid and solid electrolytes, such as liquid's low chemical stability and risk of leaking and soil's slow switching and lack of transparency, but also exhibit further strengths. These include easier processability, suitability for flexible substrates, and improved stabilization of the chemical species involved in redox processes, leading to better cyclability and opening wide possibilities to extend the electrochromic color palette, as discussed herein. Finally, conclusions and outlook are provided.
Comme Il Faut (2013)

In Racial Culture, the legal scholar Richard Ford asks his readers to imagine what would happen to a female tango dancer who refused her gendered role in the dance. She would be sanctioned by her dance instructor, he suggests, who would “correct” her “mistake.” She would be sanctioned by the other female dancers, who would let her know, whether subtly or not so subtly, that she ought to behave more appropriately. She would be sanctioned by the male dancers, as well (the “leads”), who would, in Ford’s words, “silently punish her by refusing to ask her to dance.” If the dancer wants approval, if she wants acceptance, if she wants the rewards distributed through this particular social practice, she will conform to the gendered expectations of the tango.
Targeting transcription regulation in cancer with a covalent CDK7 inhibitor (2014)

Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to N.S.G. (nathanael_gray@dfci.harvard.edu) or R.A.Y.
Design, Synthesis, and Structure–Activity Relationship of New Pyrimidinamine Derivatives Containing an Aryloxy Pyridine Moiety (2017)

The pyrimidinamine diflumetorim is an ideal template for the discovery of agrochemical lead compounds due to its unique mode of action, novel chemical structure, and lack of reported resistance. To develop a new pyrimidinamine fungicide effective against cucumber downy mildew (CDM), a series of new pyrimidinamine derivatives containing an aryloxy pyridine moiety were designed and synthesized by employing the recently reported intermediate derivatization method (IDM). The structures of all compounds were identified by <sup>1</sup>H NMR, elemental analyses, HRMS, and X-ray diffraction. Bioassays demonstrated that some of the title compounds exhibited excellent fungicidal activities against CDM. Compound 9 gave the best activity (EC<sub>50</sub> = 0.19 mg/L), which is significantly better than the commercial fungicides diflumetorim, flumorph, and cyazofamid. The relationship between structure and fungicidal activity of the synthesized pyrimidinamines was explored. The study showed that compound 9 is a promising fungicide candidate for further development.
The Roles of <i>Clostridium difficile</i> and Enterotoxigenic <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> in Diarrhea in Dogs (2001)

In this prospective study, feces of dogs with diarrhea were compared with feces of normal dogs for the presence of Clostridium difficile, C difficile toxins A and B, C perfringens, and C perfingens enterotoxin (CPE). C difficile toxins A, B, or both were present in feces of 18 of 87 (21%) dogs with diarrhea and 4 of 55 (7%) normal dogs (P = 0.03), whereas CPE was present in the feces of 24 of 87 (28%) dogs with diarrhea and 3 of 55 (5%) normal dogs (P = 0.01). C difficile was isolated from 2 of 87 (2%) dogs with diarrhea but was not isolated from the feces of 55 normal dogs, possibly because of poor survival of the organism in fecal samples. C perfringens was isolated from the feces of 23 of 24 (96%) CPE-positive dogs with diarrhea, 52 of 63 (83%) CPE-negative dogs with diarrhea, and 39 of 55 (71%) CPE-negative dogs with normal feces. No correlation was found between C perfringens spore number and the presence of CPE.
Lead hepatotoxicity & potential health effects. (2007)

Occupational and environmental exposures to lead (Pb), one of the toxic metal pollutants, is of global concern. Health risks are increasingly associated with environmental exposures to Pb emissions from, for example, the widespread use of leaded gasoline in developing countries. Exposure occurs mainly through the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems, and the ingested and absorbed Pb is stored primarily in soft tissues and bone. Autopsy studies of Pb-exposed patients have shown a large amount (approximately 33%) of the absorbed Pb in soft tissue stored in liver. In addition to neuronal encephalopathy observed in persons after exposure to very high concentrations of Pb, gastrointestinal colic (abdominal pain, constipation, intestinal paralysis) is a consistent early symptom of Pb poisoning in humans. Such severe gastrointestinal effects are consistently observed in patients with a blood Pb range of 30 to 80 microg/dl. Ingestion of Pb is one of the primary causes of its hepatotoxic effects. Hepatocarcinogenic effects of Pb reported in animal toxicology studies have led to new research into the biochemical and molecular aspects of Pb toxicology. Gains in the molecular understanding of Pb effects on hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes, cholesterol metabolism, oxidative stress, and hepatic hyperplasia suggest a potential role for Pb in damaging extrahepatic systems, including the cardiovascular system. This review also discusses the therapeutic potential of chelation therapy in treating Pb-induced hepatotoxicity in animals.
Growth Factors and Bone Formation in Osteoporosis: Roles for Fibroblast Growth Factor and Transforming Growth Factor Beta (2004)

Osteoporosis is characterised by excess bone fragility resulting from bone loss and altered bone microarchitecture. Bone loss occurring during aging and after menopause in women is known to result from an imbalance between bone formation and resorption. Bone formation is dependent on the commitment of osteoprogenitor cells, the proliferation of pre-osteoblasts, their differentiation into mature osteoblasts synthesising bone matrix and the life-span of mature osteoblasts. Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFbeta) and Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) are important factors that promote osteoprogenitor cell proliferation and osteogenesis. Reduced expression of TGFbeta in bone was found in several animal models of osteopenia. In addition, both FGF and TGFbeta were found to exert anabolic effects on bone formation in intact animals and to reduce bone loss in experimental models of osteoporosis. Both genetic manipulation of FGF and TGFbeta or their receptors in mice and bone phenotype associated with FGF receptors and TGFbeta mutations or polymorphism suggest that TGFbeta and FGF signalling may contribute to the control of osteogenesis and bone mass in vivo. The determination of molecular mechanisms involved in the anabolic actions of FGF and TGFbeta in cells of the osteoblastic lineage may lead in the future to the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed at improving bone formation in osteoporotic patients.
Multiplexing control of a multichannel piezoelectric deformable mirror (2005)

Addressing of massive arrays of piezoelectric actuators is usually achieved by using separate high-voltage output drivers, one per channel. This approach applied to high-order adaptive optics systems results in complex, expensive and vulnerable to handling abuse driver electronics, hardly scalable to 10<sup>3</sup>-10<sup>4</sup> actuators. To reduce the number of identical electronic units and simplify the control, we propose sequential multiplexing of piezoelectric actuators. The relatively large capacitance inherent in mirror piezo-actuators allows for storage of charge (high voltage) on a disconnected actuator retaining its displacement, while other actuators are addressed. As a demonstrator a 12-channel piezoelectric deformable mirror driven by a single high-voltage amplifier has been characterized experimentally. The multiplexing of actuators was accomplished by miniature optical switches. Temporal stability of ~λ/100 was demonstrated at multiplexing frequency of 700 Hz with a full-range ~2 µm inter-actuator stroke. The developed approach can be scaled to higher-order deformable mirrors.
Microdroplet-Enabled Highly Parallel Co-Cultivation of Microbial Communities (2011)

Microbial interactions in natural microbiota are, in many cases, crucial for the sustenance of the communities, but the precise nature of these interactions remain largely unknown because of the inherent complexity and difficulties in laboratory cultivation. Conventional pure culture-oriented cultivation does not account for these interactions mediated by small molecules, which severely limits its utility in cultivating and studying "unculturable" microorganisms from synergistic communities. In this study, we developed a simple microfluidic device for highly parallel co-cultivation of symbiotic microbial communities and demonstrated its effectiveness in discovering synergistic interactions among microbes. Using aqueous micro-droplets dispersed in a continuous oil phase, the device could readily encapsulate and co-cultivate subsets of a community. A large number of droplets, up to ∼1,400 in a 10 mm × 5 mm chamber, were generated with a frequency of 500 droplets/sec. A synthetic model system consisting of cross-feeding E. coli mutants was used to mimic compositions of symbionts and other microbes in natural microbial communities. Our device was able to detect a pair-wise symbiotic relationship when one partner accounted for as low as 1% of the total population or each symbiont was about 3% of the artificial community.
Biological and karyotypic characterization of a new cell line derived from human gliosarcoma. (1988)

A cell line (NCE-G28) was established from the biopsy material of a human gliosarcoma of low histological differentiation. The initial cultures showed a mixed population of cells which in later stages became more uniform due to loss of slower growing constituents. The cells have been growing steadily for 20 months. A suspension of NCE-G28 cells injected s.c. as well as i.p. into nude mice produced solid tumors in all cases. Histologically these tumors closely resembled the original tumor. The original tumor, the nude mouse tumor, and NCE-G28 cells were immunochemically positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein as well as for neural plasma membrane antigen A2B5 expression. Two cell strains, 9B2C and 9B2E, were obtained by cloning of the initial cultures and another strain, NCE-G28T, was derived after explantation of a mouse heterotransplant. The two subclones were negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein expression but stained for cell surface fibronectin. NCE-G28T cells initially were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein but lost this property within 8 months of cultivation. Karyotype analysis of NCE-G28 and the three strains revealed hyperdiploidy and six structurally altered marker chromosomes five of which were shared by nearly all cells. Receptors for epidermal growth factor were detected in all cell lines with the highest levels (about 300,000 receptors/cell) in the parental cell line. The epidermal growth factor receptors had an affinity of 2.5 nM (Kd) and by affinity cross-linking analysis a molecular weight of 170,000 was found. Initially, NCE-G28 cells responded to epidermal growth factor as well as fibroblast growth factor with increased rates of proliferation, while platelet derived growth factor had no effect. In higher passages the growth factor sensitivity was reduced. Using antibodies directed against synthetic protooncogene peptides the production of c-sis immunoreactive material was detected. NCE-G28 cells produce an autocrine factor which stimulated proliferation. This factor is present in conditioned medium and is active on cultured meningiomas and other glioma cell lines. NCE-G28 cells can be maintained in serum-free defined medium on plastic coated with fibronectin or an extracellular matrix from bovine corneal endothelial cells. The NCE-G28 cell line with its strains provide an in vitro model system in which the complexity of gliosarcoma cell populations and the interaction of the cloned cellular constituents can be studied.
Particle Growth During the Polymerisation of Olefins on Supported Catalysts, 1 – Nascent Polymer Structures (2009)

Abstract It is shown that the relationship between the catalyst/polymer structure, process conditions and final product properties needs to be addressed in more detail. From an industrial point of view, the interest starts from the need to control the growth of the catalyst/polymer particle during the polymerisation process. This first part of a two‐part review discusses the different factors that can influence the physical properties of the nascent polymer, and how these can impact the evolution of particle morphology. magnified image
Robust Nanostructured Silver and Copper Fabrics with Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Property for Effective Visible Light Induced Reductive Catalysis (2016)

Inspired by high porosity, absorbency, wettability, and hierarchical ordering on the micrometer and nanometer scale of cotton fabrics, a facile strategy is developed to coat visible light active metal nanostructures of copper and silver on cotton fabric substrates. The fabrication of nanostructured Ag and Cu onto interwoven threads of a cotton fabric by electroless deposition creates metal nanostructures that show a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect. The micro/nanoscale hierarchical ordering of the cotton fabrics allows access to catalytically active sites to participate in heterogeneous catalysis with high efficiency. The ability of metals to absorb visible light through LSPR further enhances the catalytic reaction rates under photoexcitation conditions. Understanding the modes of electron transfer during visible light illumination in Ag@Cotton and Cu@Cotton through electrochemical measurements provides mechanistic evidence on the influence of light in promoting electron transfer during heterogeneous catalysis for the first time. The outcomes presented in this work will be helpful in designing new multifunctional fabrics with the ability to absorb visible light and thereby enhance light‐activated catalytic processes.
Cough {middle dot} 3: Chronic cough and gastro-oesophageal reflux (2003)

The pathogenesis and clinical features of gastro-oesophageal reflux related cough are complex and the diagnostic tests available are of limited reliability. Treatment needs to be tailored to the specific needs of individual patients and other possible causes of chronic cough should be investigated. Treatment should only be considered to have failed when cough persists after administration of proton pump inhibitors at an adequate dosage for a sufficient length of time.
Sonic hedgehog regulates CRH signal transduction in the adult pituitary (2004)

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a signaling protein that binds to Patched and mediates its effects through Gli transcription factors. Shh is important in regulating survival and growth in both the embryo and the adult. It is known to be involved in pituitary development, but its role in the adult pituitary has not been investigated. Here, we show Shh and Gli1 immunoreactivity in adult human corticotroph cells. Administration of Shh (5 microg/ml) alone and in combination with corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH; 100 nM) in dispersed rat anterior pituitary and AtT-20 mouse corticotrophinoma cells increased corticotrophin (ACTH) secretion and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) promoter activity. Shh and CRH act additively in increasing CRH receptor 1 (CRH-R1). Unexpectedly, we found that CRH on its own increased Gli-dependent transcription, which in turn stimulated POMC transcription. Gli1 is necessary for CRH signaling, since knocking down Gli1 by RNA interference abolished the stimulatory effect of CRH on POMC. Taken together, our results demonstrate a new role for Shh and Gli1 in corticotroph function and provide a new link between Shh and CRH signaling pathways.
The mouse mutation reeler causes increased adhesion within a subpopulation of early postmitotic cortical neurons (1995)

Early postmitotic cortical neurons are mostly corticofugal projection neurons that take up positions in deep cortical laminae. Later postmitotic neurons are preferentially localized to superficial cortical laminae. In reeler mutant mice it appears that cortical laminar positions with respect to birthdate are reversed (Caviness, 1982). In a reanalysis of reeler lamination we found that early postmitotic cortical neurons labeled by embryonic day (E) 11–13 injections of a birthdate marker, or by early postnatal day (PND) 2 retrograde labeling through their output projections, appear to take up positions both in the superficial and deep cortex. Neurons born on E11 and E12 are more likely to be situated superficially in the reeler cortex and neurons born on E13 are more likely to be situated in the deep reeler cortex. Many corticofugal projection neurons in the deep (but not superficial) reeler cortex either die or retract their axons before PND 21. We hypothesize that the earliest postmitotic (E11-E12) of the early postmitotic reeler cortical neurons are overly adhesive and act as a barrier to later postmitotic migrating neurons. In vitro cortical aggregation cultures confirmed that early postmitotic (E12) reeler neurons are more adhesive than early postmitotic (E12) wild-type neurons or late postmitotic (E16) reeler or wild-type cortical neurons. We suggest that the moderate wild-type preferential adhesion of early postmitotic cortical neurons to each other helps deep and superficially fated lineages to form cortical laminae.
Pressure as a probe of the physics of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>18</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:math>-substituted<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">SrTiO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2004)

Studies of the dielectric properties and phase behavior of an ${}^{18}\mathrm{O}$-substituted ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ (>97% ${}^{18}\mathrm{O}),$ or STO-18, crystal at 1 bar and as functions of hydrostatic pressure and applied dc biasing electric field have shed much light on the mechanism of the ${}^{18}\mathrm{O}$-induced ferroelectric transition in this material. Dielectric measurements reveal an equilibrium phase transition ${(T}_{c}\ensuremath{\simeq}24\mathrm{K}$ at 1 bar) and an enhancement of the static dielectric constant ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ over that of normal (i.e., ${}^{16}\mathrm{O})$ ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3},$ or STO-16, over a large temperature range above ${T}_{c}.$ This enhancement is quantitatively shown to be attributed to additional softening of the ferroelectric soft-mode frequency $({\ensuremath{\omega}}_{s})$ of STO-16, in agreement with lattice dynamic calculations. Thus, in STO-18, two effects due to the heavier mass of ${}^{18}\mathrm{O}$ conspire to induce the transition: (i) this additional softening of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{s}$ and (ii) damping of quantum fluctuations. Pressure lowers ${T}_{c}$ at the large initial rate of 20 K/kbar and completely suppresses the ferroelectric state leading to a quantum paraelectric state at \ensuremath{\geqslant}0.7 kbar, confirming earlier results. Very large effects of a biasing dc electric fields on the peak temperature and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ are also observed in the quantum regime reflecting the small characteristic energies of the system. The results also reveal a dielectric relaxation process near 10 K with interesting properties. The implications of all the results on our understanding of the physics of STO-18 are discussed.
Sequential Protocol for C(sp<sup>3</sup>)–H Carboxylation with CO<sub>2</sub>: Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Benzylic C–H Silylation and Fluoride-Mediated Carboxylation (2012)

One of the most challenging transformations in current organic chemistry is the catalytic carboxylation of a C(sp(3))-H bond using CO(2) gas, an inexpensive and ubiquitous C1 source. A sequential protocol for C(sp(3))-H carboxylation by employing a nitrogen-directed, metal-assisted, C-H activation/catalytic silylation reaction in conjunction with fluoride-mediated carboxylation with CO(2) was established. The carboxylation proceeded only at the benzylic C(sp(3))-Si bond, not at the aromatic C(sp(2))-Si, which is advantageous for further manipulations of the products.
Head group‐modified sophorolipids: Synthesis of new cationic, zwitterionic, and anionic surfactants (2006)

Abstract Amino acid‐glycolipid conjugates were prepared using carbodiimide‐mediated coupling methods. The amino acid units were multifunctional and possessed a para ‐aminobenzoic acid linker. The glycolipid used was a stearic sophoroside. The aim of preparing these modified sophorolipids was to increase their water solubility as well as to introduce sites at the polar head groups that permitted further chemical derivatization. After acidolytic or hydrogenolytic deprotection of the amino acid N‐terminus or side chain, water‐soluble compounds were obtained that displayed good surfactant properties. Critical micelle concentration values were clustered in the range of high 10 −6 to low 10 −5 M, and minimum surface tension values were below 40 mN m −1 . Two of the compounds represented more complicated structural classes, namely, gemini and bolaform surfactants.
Voltage-Controlled Magnetic Anisotropy MeRAM Bit-Cell over Event Transient Effects (2019)

Magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) with a voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) effect has been introduced to achieve robust non-volatile writing control with an electric field or a switching voltage. However, continuous technology scaling down makes circuits more susceptible to temporary faults. The reliability of VCMA-MTJ-based magnetoelectric random access memory (MeRAM) can be impacted by environmental disturbances because a radiation strike on the access transistor could introduce write and read failures in 1T-1MTJ MeRAM bit-cells. In this work, Single-Event Transient (SET) effects on a VCMA-MTJ-based MeRAM in 28 nm FDSOI CMOS technology are investigated. Results show the minimum SET charge Q c required to reach the access transistor associated with the striking time that can lead to an unsuccessful switch, that is, an error in the writing process (write failure). The synchronism between the fluctuations of the magnetic field in the MTJ free layer and the moment of the write pulse is also analyzed in terms of SET robustness. Moreover, results show that the minimum Q c value can vary more than 100 % depending on the magnetic state of the MTJ and the width of the access transistor. In addition, the most critical time against the SET occurrence may be before or after the write pulse depending on the magnetic state of the MTJ.