gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A High Resolution Delay Line Readout For Microchannel Plates (1989)

We report investigations of delay line configurations used to encode photon event locations in microchannel plate (MCP) detectors. Several delay line schemes of planar and multilayer structure are discussed. We examine the importance of the delay line substrate material, and show that the raw signals from delay lines are narrow (~3-4ns FWHM). The factors determining the delay line resolution are evaluated, and we demonstrate that these are in agreement with measurements. Resolutions of -18gm FWHM have been achieved. Measurements of the linearity of the delay line readout show that event centroid locations deviate from perfect linearity by less than 5011m, even with the very simple anode fabrication methods employed. The image stability has also been evaluated and we show that image shifts are less than one resolution element over a period of two months.
Rational engineering of highly sensitive SERS substrate based on nanocone structures (2010)

At last meeting, we reported a new type of surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) substrates based on metal (Au or Ag) coated Si nanocones fabricated by a Bosch etching process. The substrate showed reliable SERS performance with an analytical enhancement factor greater than 6 × 10<sup>7</sup> for trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)-ethylene (BPE) molecules. However, the process is limited to single crystalline silicon material, also silicon can absorb both incident and scattered light, making it difficult to investigate the SERS enhancement mechanism. To further improve the sensitivity of the SERS substrate, we have recently developed a process to duplicate the Si nanocones by a cross-linked polymer using 3-D nanoimprint lithography (NIL). The SERS substrate made by NIL demonstrated better enhancement factors for both 633 nm excitation and 785 nm excitation with analytical enhancement factors of over 10<sup>11</sup> demonstrated. We will report the rational engineering of the nanocone based SERS substrate and the fundamental understanding of the enhancement mechanism.
Transformation with <i>TT8</i> and <i>HB12</i> RNAi Constructs in Model Forage (<i>Medicago sativa</i>, Alfalfa) Affects Carbohydrate Structure and Metabolic Characteristics in Ruminant Livestock Systems (2015)

Lignin, a phenylpropanoid polymer present in secondary cell walls, has a negative impact on feed digestibility. TT8 and HB12 genes were shown to have low expression levels in low-lignin tissues of alfalfa, but to date, there has been no study on the effect of down-regulation of these two genes in alfalfa on nutrient chemical profiles and availability in ruminant livestock systems. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of transformation of alfalfa with TT8 and HB12 RNAi constructs on carbohydrate (CHO) structure and CHO nutritive value in ruminant livestock systems. The results showed that transformation with TT8 and HB12 RNAi constructs reduced rumen, rapidly degraded CHO fractions (RDCA4, P = 0.06; RDCB1, P < 0.01) and totally degraded CHO fraction (TRDCHO, P = 0.08). Both HB12 and TT8 populations had significantly higher in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) at 30 h of incubation (ivNDF30) compared to the control (P < 0.01). The TT8 populations had highest ivDM30 and ivNDF240. Transformation of alfalfa with TT8 and HB12 RNAi constructs induced molecular structure changes. Different CHO functional groups had different sensitivities and different responses to the transformation. The CHO molecular structure changes induced by the transformation were associated with predicted CHO availability. Compared with HB12 RNAi, transformation with TT8 RNAi could improve forage quality by increasing the availability of both NDF and DM. Further study is needed on the relationship between the transformation-induced structure changes at a molecular level and nutrient utilization in ruminant livestock systems when lignification is much higher.
Mandarin accent adaptation based on context-independent/context-dependent pronunciation modeling (2002)

An accent adaptation approach using pronunciation variation modeling technology for the Mandarin accent was proposed in this paper. As the Chinese language is monosyllabic, the syllable pronunciation variation dictionary (SPVD) was built to depict the characteristics of accent. Firstly, the pronunciation modeling technology was utilized to get the context-independent and context-dependent accent-specific syllable confusion matrix according to the acoustic recognition results (pin-yin stream). Then the accent-specific Chinese SPVD was constructed from this confusion matrix. Finally, N-Best acoustic recognition candidates were re-scored with the help of SPVD. The proposed method was experimented on INTEL Shanghai-Accent Mandarin Corpus and the 863 standard Mandarin acoustic recognizer. The syllable recognition error rate was reduced 15% by context-independent SPVD, and 20% by context-dependent SPVD.
Prototype Production of New Magnetic Planetary and Differential Gears and Performance Characteristics Test. (2002)

Non-contact magnetic gears have many mechanical and dynamic performance characteristics. A magnetic spur gear, for examples, has both internal and external meshing of a pair of gear sets. Magnetic bevel gears can change the intersection angle of the axis between pinion and gear during operation, and a magnetic skew gear can be set at any pinion and gear position by changing the amount of offset.A new magnetic planetary and differential gear can have two outring gears, offering many uses. There is, moreover, perfect separating of the outring gears. The sun gear and planetary gears transmit torque through the partition.This report describes prototype production and a performance characteristics test on a new magnetic planetary and differential gear.
Smart EDFA with embedded control (2002)

We present a novel erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) with electronic gain and output power control, which only uses the total optical power measured at different points of EDFA as the control parameter. With this simple control mechanism, this EDFA is capable of very fast surviving channel gain control caused by 15 dB add/drop power excursions, and still be able to maintain lowest NF and gain flatness over an extremely wide dynamic range of input powers and EDFA gain variations. Also, the amplifier presented here is aimed for use outside of the laboratory environment and therefore is designed to maintain the same performance over a temperature range of 0 to 65/spl deg/C.
Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lysine)-gadolinium-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid micelle (2011)

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-b-poly(L-lysine) (P(Lys))-gadolinium-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (Gd-DOTA) micelle, abbreviated as PEG-P(Lys-DOTA-Gd), is a Gd-based macromolecular contrast agent that has been developed by Shiraishi et al. for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1).Magnetization recovery in the longitudinal direction (T1) and magnetization decay in the transverse plane (T2, T2*) form the basis of soft-tissue contrast in MRI (2). Use of Gd-based contrast agents results in a decrease of T1 and thus leads to positive contrast enhancement in MR images. However, to date, the US Food and Drug Administration-approved Gd-based agents such as Gd-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) are low-molecular-weight Gd-chelates that induce a relatively low T1 relaxivity (r1) because of their fast rotation. Their typical r1 values are in the range of 3–5 (mM·s)-1 (2). Macromolecular Gd-chelates have been developed to improve the r1, and are often synthesized with PEG, P(Lys), poly(glutamic acid), dendrimers, liposomes, or dextrans (3-5). The large size of these macromolecular systems results in a higher r1 value because of the slow tumbling of macromolecules. In animals, these macromolecular agents exhibit a long circulation time in the bloodstream and accumulate preferentially within tumors (6). However, agents with high molecular weights may fail to be excreted from the body, and a high blood concentration could result in undesirably high background (5).Shiraishi et al. synthesized two types of polymeric micelle–based MRI contrast agents through conjugation of a PEG-P(Lys) block copolymer and a Gd-DOTA chelate (1, 5). One type possesses only DOTA-substituted lysine residues, and the other possesses both DOTA-substituted and unmodified lysine residues. These agents have been designed on the basis of the concept that stable Gd-chelated block copolymers produce a high r1, whereas formation of complex micelles lowers the r1 (1, 5, 7, 8). In blood circulation, the agent presents as polymeric micelles, and the r1 is suppressed to a low level. The micelle structure inhibits access of water molecules to Gd ions in the inner core of polymeric micelles. In contrast, the polymeric micelles are gradually dissociated into single-polymer chains at the tumor sites. Because water molecules can easily access the Gd ions, the accumulated single-polymer chains generate a higher r1. Thus the micelle agent exhibits changeable r1via the formation and dissociation of micelle structure. In addition, a single block copolymer with a molecular weight of PIC micelles .
Membrane probe card technology (the future for higher performance wafer test) (2003)

A probe card technology is described that addresses the needs of testing VLSI devices at the wafer level. This technology offers the ability to test high-pin count devices at operating speed with the same performance as obtained in package test. The design and performance characteristics of two implementations are summarized and the results of several applications are reviewed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Efficient and regioselective nickel-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cyclotrimerization of ynoates and related alkynes (2013)

A nickel-based catalytic system has been developed for [2 + 2 + 2] cyclotrimerization of various alkynes, especially ynoates. This catalytic system enables facile construction of substituted aromatic compounds in excellent yields with high regioselectivity.
A JC Virus-Induced Signal Is Required for Infection of Glial Cells by a Clathrin- and eps15-Dependent Pathway (2003)

Infectious entry of JC virus (JCV) into human glial cells occurs by receptor-mediated clathrin-dependent endocytosis. In this report we demonstrate that the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein blocks virus entry and inhibits infection. Transient expression of dominant-negative eps15 mutants, including a phosphorylation-defective mutant, inhibited both virus entry and infection. We also show that the JCV-induced signal activates the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1 and ERK2. These data demonstrate that JC virus binding to human glial cells induces an intracellular signal that is critical for entry and infection by a ligand-inducible clathrin-dependent mechanism.
A critical appraisal of pathogenesis and morbidity of surgical treatment of chronic anal fissure. (1994)

Preoperative and postoperative manometric findings and the results of lateral internal sphincterotomy were analyzed in 44 consecutive patients affected with chronic anal fissure. Preoperatively, resting anal pressure was increased in 32 patients. At one month postoperatively, 23 patients showed normal pressures, whereas 14 were still hypertonic and seven, hypotonic. Only three patients still had a weak sphincter six months postoperatively. The overall morbidity rate was 31.8 percent. Minor complications occurred in 11 patients. Major complications affected three patients. Overall, impaired continence was recorded in eight patients, although only two complained of persistent, albeit lesser, defects of continence not requiring the use of pads. Nonoperative treatment should be reserved for few selected patients with recent, acute fissures. As for chronic and fissures, compared with other operative or nonoperative modalities of treatment, lateral internal sphincterotomy is a highly successful procedure and its minimal morbidity is well accepted by the patient.
ickp: a consistent checkpointer for multicomputers (1994)

There has been much research on checkpointing algorithms for parallel and distributed systems; but surprisingly few implementations for uniprocessors, multiprocessors, and distributed systems, and none at all for multicomputers. We discuss ickp, our consistent checkpointer for the Intel iPSC/860, which is the first general-purpose checkpointer for a multicomputer. It is a checkpointing library that may be invoked asynchronously from the host processor, at a periodic interval, or by a library call. It implements three consistent checkpointing algorithms, two optimizations to reduce checkpoint time and overhead, and recovery.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cell cycle regulation in hair cell development and regeneration in the mouse cochlea (2008)

Cell cycle inhibitors play important roles in the development of mammalian cochleae. Loss of function of those factors in mice at various developmental stages results in distinct phenotypes characterized by overproduction or loss of cochlear sensory cells. Our recent study showed that acute deletion of the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) induces rapid cell cycle reentry and subsequent loss of postnatal cochlear hair cells in mice. Clearly, these regulators play multiple roles in cell cycle exit and differentiation of hair cell and supporting cell progenitors. They are also crucial in maintenance of postmitotic states and survival of differentiated hair cells and supporting cells. In mammals, lost hair cells cannot be spontaneously replaced, leading to permanent deafness. However, lower vertebrates such as birds and fish can naturally regenerate damaged hair cells from the underlying supporting cells through proliferation and transdifferentiation. Thus, manipulating cell cycle inhibitors in mammalian cochleae could provide a new avenue to restore hearing in deaf people caused by a variety of genetic mutations and environmental insults.
Expression of bone morphogenetic protein 6 in normal mammary tissue and breast cancer cell lines and its regulation by epidermal growth factor (1999)

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional regulators of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. BMP-6 is involved in numerous developmental processes. We have demonstrated expression of BMP-6 in breast cancer cell lines by RT-PCR and immuno-histochemistry. The level of BMP-6 mRNA decreased upon serum starvation, whereas epidermal growth factor (EGF) treatment led to elevation of BMP-6 mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximum at 50 ng/ml EGF under serum-free conditions in hormone-sensitive (MCF-7) and in hormone-insensitive (SK-BR-3) breast cancer cell lines. The EGF-like growth factors transforming growth factor-alpha, amphiregulin and betacellulin were also able to elevate the BMP-6 mRNA level after 24 hr. Inhibition of EGF receptor tyrosine kinase with tyrphostine AG 1517 repressed the inductive effect of these growth factors, indicating an EGF receptor-mediated regulation of BMP-6 mRNA. In addition, BMP-6 mRNA was detected in tumor samples from breast carcinoma patients. However, levels were reduced in 18/44 samples compared with tumor-free resection margins. In 12 of these 18 patients, at least a 10-fold reduction of EGF receptor mRNA levels in tumor samples vs. tumor-free samples was observed. This suggests a putative relationship between EGF receptor and BMP-6 mRNA levels in breast cancer.
Overview of <scp>DNA</scp> Sequencing Strategies (2008)

Efficient and cost-effective DNA sequencing technologies have been, and may continue to be, critical to the progress of molecular biology. This overview of DNA sequencing strategies provides a high-level review of six distinct approaches to DNA sequencing: (a) dideoxy sequencing; (b) cyclic array sequencing; (c) sequencing-by-hybridization; (d) microelectrophoresis; (e) mass spectrometry; and (f) nanopore sequencing. The primary focus is on dideoxy sequencing, which has been the dominant technology since 1977, and on cyclic array strategies, for which several competitive implementations have been developed since 2005. Because the field of DNA sequencing is changing rapidly, this unit represents a snapshot of this particular moment.
Structural and functional consequences of amino acid substitutions in hemoglobin as manifested in natural and artificial mutants. (1989)

Compiled data for more than 440 natural human hemoglobin mutants with single amino acid substitutions indicate that molecular properties (oxygen binding, structural stability, ease of autooxidization, etc.) of more than half of them are altered in some way and that the mode of alteration is closely related to the region within the hemoglobin molecule in which the substitution takes place. The present study gives a quantitative basis for the correlations. By means of protein engineering, including site-directed mutagenesis, several artificial mutants of human hemoglobin were prepared and their oxygen binding properties were studied to investigate the functional consequences of the amino acid substitutions which have not yet been isolated in natural mutants. These artificial mutants gave straight-forward information regarding the major factors regulating the oxygen affinity of heme and the identification of a Bohr group in the alpha chain. On the other hand the mutants, which were designed to test some hypotheses for the molecular evolution in hemoglobin, did not necessarily give the results predicted from accumulated structure-function data obtained from the study of natural mutants and X-ray crystallographic analyses.
Differences in News Translation between Broadcasting and Newspapers: A Case Study of Korean-English Translation1 (2006)

The aim of the study is to look into differences between broadcasting and newspaper news translation in their approaches to rendering the lead of the news report. For this purpose, the study analyzes shifts in English translations of Korean newspaper reports and compares them with the results of a previous study on broadcasting translation. The analysis suggests that while lead reduction is characteristic of broadcasting translation, lead expansion figures more prominently in newspaper translation. The paper gives a detailed account of these differences and offers some tentative explanations about what gives rise to them. It also discusses the differences in terms of the degree of latitude the translator exercises in editing the TT and their implications for different roles played by the translator in the two modes of translation.
Linear And Differential Techniques In The Scanning Optical Microscope (1988)

The limitations of the scanning optical microscope in producing high contrast images of nearly uniform objects are discussed. It is shown that by resorting to linear and differential imaging concepts, a number of techniques can be devised 'which overcome such inherent limitations. The design and operation of a scanning differential amplitude, and linear differential interference contrast microscopes are discussed, and a number of experimental results are presented. These microscopes are capable of stable operation and sensitivity down to 10<sup>-6</sup> in detecting a refractive index change, and 1.5>10<sup>-4</sup>nm height variation, in a 1 kHz bandwidth.
Detection of mRNA in <i>Streptomyces</i> Cells by Whole-Cell Hybridization with Digoxigenin-Labeled Probes (1993)

Detection of mRNA of the thiostrepton resistance gene (tsr) harbored by plasmid pIJ673 in Streptomyces violacelatus was achieved by whole-cell hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled in vitro transcripts followed by an antibody-alkaline phosphatase detection of the digoxigenin reporter molecule. Prior to hybridization, the cells had to be permeabilized by lysozyme, the detergent Nonidet P-40, and toluene. The permeability of the S. violacelatus cells for probes and the antibody-alkaline phosphatase conjugate was demonstrated by hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled, 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotides.
A fiberoptic reflectance probe with multiple source-collector separations to increase the dynamic range of derived tissue optical absorption and scattering coefficients (2010)

Measurement of tissue optical absorption and (transport) reduced scattering coefficients (mu(a) and mu(s)', respectively) is fundamental to many applications of light in medicine and biology. We report a handheld fiberoptic probe to determine these coefficients by measuring the diffuse reflectance at multiple source-collector distances, which allows for a larger dynamic range than a single source-collector separation. Diffusion theory and a priori knowledge of the spectral shape of mu(a) and mu(s)' are used in a forward model of the diffuse reflectance. The dynamic range and accuracy of this method were evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations, phantom experiments and tissues in vivo.
Nudge: improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness (2008)

A groundbreaking discussion of how we can apply the new science of to nudge people toward decisions that will improve their lives by making them healthier, wealthier, and more free Every day, we make decisions on topics ranging from personal investments to schools for our children to the meals we eat to the causes we champion. Unfortunately, we often choose poorly. Nobel laureate Richard Thaler and legal scholar and bestselling author Cass Sunstein explain in this important exploration of that, being human, we all are susceptible to various biases that can lead us to blunder. Our mistakes make us poorer and less healthy; we often make bad decisions involving education, personal finance, health care, mortgages and credit cards, the family, and even the planet itself. In Nudge, Thaler and Sunstein invite us to enter an alternative world, one that takes our humanness as a given. They show that by knowing how people think, we can design environments that make it easier for people to choose what is best for themselves, their families, and their society. Using colorful examples from the most important aspects of life, Thaler and Sunstein demonstrate how thoughtful choice architecture can be established to nudge us in beneficial directions without restricting freedom of choice. Nudge offers a unique new take-from neither the left nor the right-on many hot-button issues, for individuals and governments alike. This is one of the most engaging and provocative books to come along in many years.
Can Radiation Risks to Patients Be Reduced Without Reducing Radiation Exposure? The Status of Chemical Radioprotectants (2011)

There are a wide variety of chemical compounds that have been studied for radioprotective effects. Although there is promising research, chemical radioprotectants have not been shown to be very effective and, with one limited exception, are not the standard of care in medicine.
Extracting Source Models from Java Programs: Parse, Disassemble, or Profile? (1999)

Source models of software systems are often created during re-engineering to aid in performing tasks such as reachability analysis and software architecture recovery. It is therefore vital to be able to create source models that are both detailed and accurate. However, in practice the creation of these models is difficult and error prone: extraction tools often tell only part of the story.