gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reliability consideration for advanced microelectronics (2005)

Recent advances in the design and fabrication techniques of microelectronic devices have resulted in tremendous improvements in system functionality, performance and power consumption. These improvements have been fueled by tremendous growth in the semiconductor industry and increasing demand for hand-held and wireless electronic systems. However, these same advances also impact the stability, reliability and fault tolerance of the devices and systems in question. In addition, the increasing dependence of our society on these advanced systems translates to a higher need for assuring the reliability and long life of such systems. In order to achieve the desired system performance characteristics, device manufacturers have developed a suite of material systems and semiconductor processes which can satisfy the customer needs. As an example, the demand for faster device switching speeds and low power consumption have resulted in the utilization of new metalization systems and dielectric materials. The limits of device processing technology are continually being pushed to the limit by the utilization of new and advanced processing tools and techniques. Establishing the reliability of these new processes and systems is a constant challenge and requires a detailed understanding of the failure mechanisms and the environments of operation. This presentation will address current technology trends and the impact on fault tolerance and reliability including radiation effects of terrestrial and extraterrestrial applications.
Gabor filter based localization of needles in ultrasound guided robotic interventions (2014)

This paper presents an entropy based parameter tuning method for needle segmentation, and a probability map based needle tip estimation method using Gabor-based line filter. The proposed automatic parameter tuning method optimizes the threshold value that is used by the Otsu's thresholding technique to binarize the ultrasound image. A probability map is created to estimate the needle tip location using the Gabor filtered image and the binarized image. The pixel with the maximum probability represents the needle tip location. Finally, an enhancement method to improve needle visibility is proposed. The proposed methods are experimentally tested in four different phantoms and distilled water. The image processing time is reduced by 24% using the proposed tuning method, and the needle tip location can be successfully estimated using the probability map.
Gesture-based user authentication on mobile devices using accelerometer and gyroscope (2017)

Mobile devices offer their users lots of possibilities and a feeling of freedom. However, this freedom comes along with new security threats. Sensitive data might be stolen and abused, if an unauthorized person gets unrestricted access to such devices. Therefore, user authentication mechanisms are required. So far authentication mechanisms like PINs and passwords do not take into account the limited capabilities of user interfaces of mobile devices. So, it is necessary to create and develop specially adapted mechanisms, which are designed to be usable under these restrictions. Prior work has shown that gestural interfaces have potential as gestural interaction is natural to humans. In this thesis a behavioral biometric user authentication mechanism for mobile devices based upon gestures is presented using an embedded 3-dimensional accelerometer and a 3-dimensional gyroscope. As recognition algorithms Dynamic Time Warping and Hidden Markov Models were studied. The designed mechanism of this thesis was evaluated in a user study including a realistic attack. The conducted user study confirmed that gesture-based authentication is feasible, usable and promising for mobile devices.
The neuropsychiatry of multiple sclerosis: Focus on disorders of mood, affect and behaviour (2010)

Neuropsychiatric symptoms are common in multiple sclerosis (MS). They include two broad categories of disturbances: abnormalities in cognition, and abnormalities of mood, affect and behaviour. The present review deals with the epidemiology, clinical features, etiology and treatment of disturbances included in the second category, i.e., major depression, fatigue and sleep disorders, bipolar disorder, euphoria, pathological laughing and crying, anxiety, psychosis and personality changes. Major depression is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders in MS with an approximate 50% lifetime prevalence rate. Early recognition and management of depression in MS is of major importance because it is a key predictor of morbidity, mortality, quality of life, possibly physical outcome and disease exacerbations, adherence to immunomodulatory treatments and suicide risk in MS patients, as well as of the caregiver's distress and quality of life. The etiopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders in MS has been incompletely investigated. It is postulated that a complex interplay of biological, disease-related, behavioural and psychosocial factors contribute to the pathophysiology of most of them. Management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in MS is often effective, although commonly based on evidence provided by case studies and uncontrolled trials. A comprehensive biopsychosocial neuropsychiatric approach is essential for the optimal care of patients with MS.
A review of the role of serotonin receptors in psychiatric disorders (2000)

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) mediates a wide variety of physiological functions by activating multiple receptors, and abnormalities of these receptor systems has been implicated in many psychiatric disorders including anxiety, depression, psychosis, migraine, disorders of sexual functioning, sleep, cognition, and feeding. Many of the currently used treatments for these disorders act by affecting the serotonergic system. Observation of serotonin receptor alterations, before and following effective treatments, may yield important insights into the aetiology of these psychiatric disorders and may ultimately lead to more selective and effective therapies. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuronal Dopamine D3 Receptors: Translational Implications for Preclinical Research and CNS Disorders (2021)

Dopamine (DA), as one of the major neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery, exerts its actions through five types of receptors which belong to two major subfamilies such as D1-like (i.e., D1 and D5 receptors) and D2-like (i.e., D2, D3 and D4) receptors. Dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) was cloned 30 years ago, and its distribution in the CNS and in the periphery, molecular structure, cellular signaling mechanisms have been largely explored. Involvement of D3Rs has been recognized in several CNS functions such as movement control, cognition, learning, reward, emotional regulation and social behavior. D3Rs have become a promising target of drug research and great efforts have been made to obtain high affinity ligands (selective agonists, partial agonists and antagonists) in order to elucidate D3R functions. There has been a strong drive behind the efforts to find drug-like compounds with high affinity and selectivity and various functionality for D3Rs in the hope that they would have potential treatment options in CNS diseases such as schizophrenia, drug abuse, Parkinson's disease, depression, and restless leg syndrome. In this review, we provide an overview and update of the major aspects of research related to D3Rs: distribution in the CNS and periphery, signaling and molecular properties, the status of ligands available for D3R research (agonists, antagonists and partial agonists), behavioral functions of D3Rs, the role in neural networks, and we provide a summary on how the D3R-related drug research has been translated to human therapy.
Simultaneously Tolerate Thermal and Process Variations Through Indirect Feedback Tuning for Silicon Photonic Networks (2020)

Silicon photonics is the leading candidate technology for high-speed and low-energy-consumption networks. Thermal and process variations are the two main challenges of achieving high-reliability photonic networks. Thermal variation is due to the heat issues created by application, floorplan, and environment, while process variation is caused by fabrication variability in the deposition, masking, exposition, etching, and doping. Tuning techniques are then required to overcome the impact of the variations and efficiently stabilize the performance of silicon photonic networks. We extend our previous optical switch integration model, BOSIM, to support the variation and thermal analyses. Based on device properties, we propose indirect feedback tuning (IFT) to simultaneously alleviate thermal and process variations. IFT can improve the BER of silicon photonic networks to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> under different variation situations. Compared to state-of-the-art techniques, IFT can achieve an up to 1.52 ×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sup> times bit-error-rate improvement and 4.11X better heater energy efficiency. Indirect feedback does not require high-speed optical signal detection, and thus, the circuit design of IFT saves up to 61.4% of the power and 51.2% of the area compared to state-of-the-art designs.
Laser with dynamic holographic intracavity distortion correction capability (1982)

We report here a novel laser resonator with the ability to correct for intracavity phase distortions. The optical cavity employs a passive (self-pumped) phase conjugate reflector to provide this capability.
Brevican, a Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan of Rat Brain, Occurs as Secreted and Cell Surface Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Isoforms (1995)

cDNA clones encoding proteins related to the aggrecan/versican family of proteoglycan core proteins have been isolated with antisera against rat brain synaptic junctions. Two sets of overlapping cDNAs have been characterized that differ in their 3'-terminal regions. Northern analyses with probes derived from unique regions of each set were found to hybridize with two brain-specific transcripts of 3.3 and 3.6 kilobases (kb). The 3.6-kb transcript encodes a polypeptide that exhibits 82% sequence identity with bovine brevican and is thought to be the rat ortholog of brevican. Interestingly, the polypeptide deduced from the open reading frame of the 3.3-kb transcript is truncated just carboxyl-terminal of the central domain of brevican and instead contains a putative glypiation signal. Antibodies raised against a bacterially expressed glutathione S-transferase-brevican fusion protein have been used to show that both soluble and membrane-bound brevican isoforms exist. Treatment of the crude membrane fraction and purified synaptic plasma membranes with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C revealed that isoforms of brevican are indeed glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored to the plasma membrane. Moreover, digestions with chondroitinase ABC have indicated that rat brevican, like its bovine ortholog, is a conditional chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. Immunohistochemical studies have shown that brevican is widely distributed in the brain and is localized extracellularly. During postnatal development, amounts of both soluble and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-sensitive isoforms increase, suggesting a role for brevican in the terminally differentiating and the adult nervous system.
A compact low-power VLSI transceiver for wireless communication (1995)

A 3 V CMOS VLSI for dual-mode wireless communication systems has been designed and fabricated using the MOSIS scaleable CMOS technology. By using mixed analog and digital circuit design techniques, a single chip solution to baseband processing of data and supervisory audio tone signals in the analog transmission mode is possible. Key analog circuits include an anti-alias filter, two fifth-order low-pass filters, one sixth-order band-pass filter, an interpolator for sampling rate conversion, and two comparators. The digital modules perform data transmission and reception, error coding and decoding, as well as tone detection and regeneration. When implemented in the 2 /spl mu/m CMOS technology from the MOSIS Service for low-cost low-power applications, the transceiver chip consumes less than 6 mW at receive-only mode. It is also quite suitable for battery-powered devices, such as portable terminals. Design technologies can be applied to future high-speed wireless transceiver design. The architecture and circuits described in this chip can be used in aggressively scaled technologies even with the supply voltage reduced toward 1 V if the threshold voltage is proportionally decreased.
Tumour suppressor genes in chemotherapeutic drug response (2012)

Since cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, there is an urgent need to find better treatments. Currently, the use of chemotherapeutics remains the predominant option for cancer therapy. However, one of the major obstacles for successful cancer therapy using these chemotherapeutics is that patients often do not respond or eventually develop resistance after initial treatment. Therefore identification of genes involved in chemotherapeutic response is critical for predicting tumour response and treating drug-resistant cancer patients. A group of genes commonly lost or inactivated are tumour suppressor genes, which can promote the initiation and progression of cancer through regulation of various biological processes such as cell proliferation, cell death and cell migration/invasion. Recently, mounting evidence suggests that these tumour suppressor genes also play a very important role in the response of cancers to a variety of chemotherapeutic drugs. In the present review, we will provide a comprehensive overview on how major tumour suppressor genes [Rb (retinoblastoma), p53 family, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, BRCA1 (breast-cancer susceptibility gene 1), PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10), Hippo pathway, etc.] are involved in chemotherapeutic drug response and discuss their applications in predicting the clinical outcome of chemotherapy for cancer patients. We also propose that tumour suppressor genes are critical chemotherapeutic targets for the successful treatment of drug-resistant cancer patients in future applications.
The Sebright Bantam Chicken and the Genetic Control of Extraglandular Aromatase* (1987)

NO ASPECT of sexual dimorphism is more striking or more variable among species than is the feathering pattern of birds. One such sexual difference involves the morphology of feathers. For example, in some birds the feathers of the male are longer and more deeply fringed than those of the female.1 Species in which such sexual differences are extreme include the lyre bird, the peacock, some types of hummingbird, and the domestic chicken (1). Owing to their accessibility, chickens have been the favored subjects for the study of relationships between gonadal function and feather structure, and it is customary to characterize the plumage of adult chickens as either henny or cocky (Fig. 1) (3). In the hen most feathers are short and straight and have a solid vane with many barbules and hence little fringing. In the rooster, in contrast, the neck hackle feathers, the feathers of the saddle (the median tail coverts), and the major tail coverts and great sickle feathers of the tail are long and deeply fringed owing to the paucity of barbules on the distal ends of the feather barbs.
Effect of implant temperature on secondary defects created by MeV Sn implantation in silicon (2001)

Secondary defects induced by ion implantation in silicon after annealing have been previously shown to vary with the implantation and annealing conditions. However, in the low dose implants, well below the amorphization dose, the defects have been predominantly characterized to be interstitial in nature. In this article, we study the effect of implant temperature on secondary defects created by 1 MeV Sn implantation to a dose of 3×1013 cm−2 after subsequent annealing. We report a variation in the defect microstructure with implant temperature showing preferential formation of small interstitial loops for −191 °C and only rod-like defects for similar implants carried out at 300 °C. We conclude that these microstructures are a result of the dense cascades created by heavy Sn ions, creating local amorphous pockets in the implant damage region at the lowest implant temperatures. The variation of the microstructure with implant temperature is interpreted in terms of the effect of dynamic annealing over the defects formed in silicon.
Evaluation of ColorPAC <i>Giardia/Cryptosporidium</i> Rapid Assay and ProSpecT <i>Giardia/Cryptosporidium</i> Microplate Assay for Detection of <i>Giardia</i> and <i>Cryptosporidium</i> in Fecal Specimens (2001)

Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in clinical stool specimens using the ColorPAC and ProSpecT enzyme immunoassays revealed 98.7% agreement for Giardia detection and 98.1% agreement for Cryptosporidium detection. Sensitivities were uniformly 100%. The specificities of the ColorPAC immunoassay for Giardia and Cryptosporidium detection were 100 and 99.5%, respectively, and those for the ProSpecT assay were 98.4 and 98.6%, respectively. The false-positive reactions with the ProSpecT assay occurred with specimens that were grossly bloody.
Controlled Study of Heparin versus Epoprostenol Sodium (Prostacyclin) as the Sole Anticoagulant for Chronic Hemodialysis (1991)

We performed a controlled parallel study comparing the effects of heparin sodium to epoprostenol sodium (prostacyclin sodium, Flolan) during hemodialysis in 30 dialysis patients. Mean fiber bundle volume loss and dialyzer function were similar with both anticoagulation methods. Intradialytic symptoms occurred in 100% of the epoprostenol dialyses and 88% of the heparin dialyses, but only 10/325 epoprostenol and 3/374 heparin dialysis were discontinued prematurely because of symptoms. Long-term hemodialysis with epoprostenol is safe and effective. Epoprostenol may be a suitable alternative to heparin in some dialysis settings.
Effects of adrenal function tests on the levels of endogenous digitalis-like substances and some pituitary hormones (1993)

In order to study the influence of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis on the levels of endogenous digitalis-like substances (EDLS) in plasma and urine, eight healthy subjects (25-40 years old) were given dexamethasone 1 mg orally and tetracosactide (an ACTH analog) 0.25 mg i.v., on separate occasions. The circulating levels of EDLS, TSH, PRL and AVP following administration of either test drug, and under control conditions, were measured by a RIA for digoxin and specific RIAs for each hormone. Plasma cortisol was measured by liquid chromatography. The area under the curve (AUC) of hormone levels between 08.00 and 09.30 was used for data comparisons. Urine was collected before and after each test dose, and analysed for cortisol levels by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and for digitalis-like activity both by RIA and by a bioassay measuring 86Rb-uptake into red blood cells. Dexamethasone suppressed the AUC of plasma and urine levels of cortisol (p = 0.0001 and p < 0.01, respectively) and immunoreactive EDLS (p = 0.0007 and p < 0.01), as well as serum levels of TSH (p = 0.0002) and PRL (p = 0.001), but did not alter AVP levels. The biological digitalis-like activity in the urine measured by the 86Rb-uptake assay was decreased, but not to a statistically significant degree. ACTH increased the levels of cortisol in plasma (p = 0.0001) and urine (p < 0.01) and the immuno-reactive EDLS in plasma (p = 0.03), but not in urine. There were no effects of ACTH on TSH, PRL or AVP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Syntheses of 1-Alkyl-1,2,4-triazoles and the Formation of Quaternary 1-Alkyl-4-polyfluoroalkyl-1,2,4-triazolium Salts Leading to Ionic Liquids (2002)

1,2,4-triazole was alkylated (alkyl = methyl, butyl, heptyl, decyl) at N-1 in >90% isolated yields. The resulting 1-alkyl triazoles were quaternized at N-4 in >98% isolated yields using fluorinated alkyl halides with >98% isolated yields, under neat reaction conditions at 100-120 degrees C to form N1-CH(3)-N4-(CH(2))(2)C(m)F(2)(m)(+ 1)-triazolium (Taz) iodide (m = 1, 6), N1-C(4)H(9)-N4-(CH(2))(2)C(m)F(2)(m)(+ 1)-Taz iodide (m = 1, 4, 6), N1-C(7)H(15)-N4-(CH(2))(2)C(m)F(2)(m)(+ 1)-Taz iodide (m = 1, 4, 6), N1-C(10)H(21)-N4-(CH(2))(2)C(m)F(2)(m)(+1)-Taz iodide (m = 1, 4), and N1-C(n)H(2)(n )(+ 1)-N4-(CH(2))(2)F-Taz bromide (n = 4, 7, 10). Single-crystal X-ray analyses confirmed the structure of [1-CH(3)-4-CH(2)CH(2)CF(3)-Taz](+)I(-). It crystallized in the orthorhombic space group Pccn, and the unit cell dimensions were a = 13.8289(9) A, b = 17.3603(11) A, c = 9.0587(6) A (alpha = beta = gamma = 90 degrees ). Metathesis of these polyfluoroalkyl-substituted triazolium halides with other salts led to the formation of quaternary compounds, some of which comprise ionic liquids, namely, [R(R(f))-Taz](+)Y(-) (Y = NTf(2), BF(4), PF(6), and OTf), in good isolated yields without the need for further purification: N1-CH(3)-N4-(CH(2))(2)C(m)F(2)(m)( +) (1)-Taz Y (m = 1, 6; Y = NTf(2)), N1-C(4)H(9)-N4-(CH(2))(2)C(m)F(2)(m)(+ 1)-Taz Y (m = 1, 4, 6; Y = NTf(2)), N1- C(7)H(15)-N4-(CH(2))(2)C(m)F(2)(m)(+ 1)-Taz Y (m = 1, 4, 6; Y = NTf(2)), N1-C(10)H(21)-N4-(CH(2))(2)C(m)F(2)(m)(+1)-Taz Y (n = 1, 4; Y = NTf(2)), N1-C(n)H(2)(n )(+ 1)-N4-(CH(2))(2)F-Taz Y (n = 7, 10; Y = NTf(2)), N1-C(10)H(21)-N4-(CH(2))(2)F-TazY (Y = OTf), N1-C(7)H(15)-N4-(CH(2))(2)F-TazY (Y = BF(4)), N1-C(4)H(9)-N4-(CH(2))(2)C(m)F(2)(m) (+ 1)-Taz Y (m = 4, 6; Y = PF(6)), N1-C(7)H(15)-N4-(CH(2))(2)C(4)F(9)-Taz Y (Y = PF(6)), N1-C(4)H(9)-N4-(CH(2))(2)C(m)F(2)(m)(+ 1)-Taz Y (m = 4, 6; Y = OTf). All new compounds were characterized by (1)H, (19)F, and (13)C NMR and MS spectra and elemental analyses. T(g)s and T(m)s of ionic liquids were determined by DSC.
Quantitative flow cytometric detection of specific microorganisms in soil samples using rRNA targeted fluorescent probes and ethidium bromide (1997)

Specific detection and accurate enumeration of microorganisms in the environment have been hampered by the lack of suitable techniques. A three-parameter flow cytometric method (FCM) was developed to detect quantitatively Sphingomonas sp. strain 107 inoculated into soil samples. By combining light scattering profiles (i.e., morphological properties), ethidium bromide (EtBr) influx (i.e., wall permeability), and fluorescence in situ hybridization against the 16S rRNA (i.e., detection specificity), we could accurately discriminate the bacterium of interest from the indigenous microflora and soil debris. EtBr was used, first, to determine the optimal cell wall permeabilization treatment to allow oligonucleotide probes to enter the bacterial cells and, second, to achieve clear discrimination of fixed cells from debris in soil samples. This method allowed effective qualitative and quantitative analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The results showed that the detection threshold by FCM was 3 x 10(4) cells/g of dry soil. Cell counts deduced from FCM analysis were similar to those obtained by the colony forming unit assay when soils contained fewer than 3 x 106 cells/g dry soil. This method should be useful for either quantitative monitoring of microorganisms inoculated in contaminated soil samples during bioremediation or detecting known bacterial strains in environmental samples.
New Optoelectronic Materials Based on Bitriazines:  Synthesis and Properties (2008)

A series of bitriazine derivatives were synthesized for the first time by the self-coupling reactions of the monocholoro-triazines in the presence of nickel catalyst. Such bitriazines show excellent optoelectronic properties.