gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of moisture absorption on the physical properties of polyurethane shape memory polymer foams (2011)

The effect of moisture absorption on the glass transition temperature (T(g)) and stress/strain behavior of network polyurethane shape memory polymer (SMP) foams has been investigated. With our ultimate goal of engineering polyurethane SMP foams for use in blood contacting environments, we have investigated the effects of moisture exposure on the physical properties of polyurethane foams. To our best knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the effects of moisture absorption at varying humidity levels (non-immersion and immersion) on the physical properties of polyurethane SMP foams. The SMP foams were exposed to differing humidity levels for varying lengths of time, and they exhibited a maximum water uptake of 8.0% (by mass) after exposure to 100% relative humidity for 96 h. Differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrated that water absorption significantly decreased the T(g) of the foam, with a maximum water uptake shifting the T(g) from 67 °C to 5 °C. Samples that were immersed in water for 96 h and immediately subjected to tensile testing exhibited 100% increases in failure strains and 500% decreases in failure stresses; however, in all cases of time and humidity exposure, the plasticization effect was reversible upon placing moisture-saturated samples in 40% humidity environments for 24 h.
Perceptual evaluation of color gamut mapping algorithms (2008)

Abstract The recommendation of the CIE has been followed as closely as possible to evaluate the accuracy of five color gamut mapping algorithms (GMAs)—two nonspatial and three spatial algorithms—by psychophysical experiments with 20 test images, 20 observers, one test done on paper and a second one on display. Even though the results do not show any overall “winner,” one GMA is definitely perceived as not accurate. The importance of a high number of test images to obtain robust evaluation is underlined by the high variability of the results depending on the test images. Significant correlations between the percentage of out‐of‐gamut pixels, the number of distinguishable pairs of GMAs, and the perceived difficulty to distinguish them have been found. The type of observers is also important. The experts, who prefer a spatial GMA, show a stronger consensus and look especially for a good rendering of details, whereas the nonexperts hardly make a difference between the GMAs. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 470–476, 2008
Opportunity Cost (2008)

The concept of opportunity cost (or alternative cost) expresses the basic relationship between scarcity and choice. If no object or activity that is valued by anyone is scarce, all demands for all persons and in all periods can be satisfied. There is no need to choose among separately valued options; there is no need for social coordination processes that will effectively determine which demands have priority. In this fantasized setting without scarcity, there are no opportunities or alternatives that are missed, forgone, or sacrificed.
Cloning and sequence analysis of putative histidine protein kinases isolated from Lactococcus lactis MG1363 (1997)

Eight recombinant plasmids harboring chromosomal fragments of Lactococcus lactis MG1363 were shown to phenotypically suppress a histidine protein kinase (HPK) deficiency in either of two different E. coli strains. Sequence analysis of the plasmid inserts revealed five different complete or partial open reading frames (ORFs) specifying proteins with high similarity to HPKs. One of the plasmids also harbored an additional ORF, unrelated to HPKs, with suppressing activity.
Protozoa as Agents Responsible for the Decline of <i>Xanthomonas campestris</i> in Soil (1975)

A streptomycin-resistant mutant of Xanthomonas campestris was used to assess the persistence of the plant pathogen in soil and the changes in populations that might be important for its survival. In soil into which large numbers of the organism were introduced, a marked decline in its abundance occurred, but after about 1 week its population density reached a level of about 105 and did not continue to fall during the test period. No such marked decline was evident in sterile soil inoculated with X. campestris. The bacterium did not lose viability if starved for carbon or inorganic nitrogen. Although abundant in soil, the numbers of propagules capable of producing antibiotics or lytic enzymes active against X. campestris did not increase coincident with the pathogen's decline, and no increase in tartrate-extractable toxins was observed. Neither bdellovibrios nor bacteriophages active against the xanthomonad were found in the soil, but a marked increase in the frequency of protozoa paralleled the phase of rapid diminution in the X. campestris population. In actidione-treated soil, in which protozoan activity was severly limited, the high cell density of the pathogen was maintained. On the basis of these data, it is concluded that predation by protozoa is responsible for the abrupt fall in frequency of the bacterium in natural soil.
ANALYSIS OF POLYETHYLENE THICKNESS OF TIBIAL COMPONENTS IN TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT (2002)

The thickness of polyethylene tibial inserts has been implicated as a potential cause of excessive wear and early failure of total knee replacements. This paper highlights the fact that the information supplied by the manufacturers is inaccurate and potentially misleading; in one case, the true thickness was much less than the recommended minimum thickness. We recommend that the minimum thickness of the tibial components as well as the combined thickness of the polyethylene insert and the metal tibial tray be specified in the product information and on the packaged insert.
Fast distance computation for on-line collision detection with multi-arm robots (2003)

A fast method for computing the collision vector for online collision detection with a multi-arm robot is presented. Manipulators and obstacles are modeled by sets of convex polytopes. Known distance algorithms serve as a foundation. To speed up the collision detection dynamic obstacles are approximated by geometric primitives and organized in hierarchies. Online, the dynamic hierarchies are adjusted to the current arm configuration. A comparison with previous methods showed an increased acceleration of the computations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Energy Storage System for Reduction of Mid-line Voltage Variation of a DFIG Wind Turbine Connected to a Weak Grid (2006)

Penetration of wind power into electricity system is constantly increasing. Wind resources are usually distant from existing transmission lines. Wind farms are often connected to weak grids far from central generation stations. Maximum wind power extraction causes the more irregular and unpredicted power output of wind turbine, which has same nature as wind speed variation. The voltage in such long line is vulnerable with the consumption and generation imbalance. In a long line, the mid-line voltage is largely affected by the variation and the penetration of the wind fluctuating power. Fluctuating nature of wind power output and long transmission line have led to concern that the voltage disturbances impressed on the weak system may become unacceptable. Fluctuating power and X/R ratio are key contributors for unnecessary voltage fluctuation and variation along the feeder. Control of the wind power fluctuation and variation can prevent the excessive voltage fluctuation and variation in the system. The weak grid with a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine has a higher probability of the voltage variation due to the fluctuations of the wind speed and load demands. To compensate the variation of power and voltage in a weak grid system, an energy storage system can be designed to provide fast controllable responses. In this paper, effect of energy storage system for reduction of voltage variations has been investigated. The investigation has been carried out through modelling of a doubly fed wind turbine and an energy storage system using SimPowerSystems tools of MATLAB. 1.
Frequency response of cantilever beams immersed in viscous fluids with applications to the atomic force microscope: Arbitrary mode order (2007)

The frequency response of a cantilever beam is well known to depend strongly on the fluid in which it is immersed. In this article, we present a theoretical model for the frequency response of a rectangular cantilever beam immersed in a viscous fluid that enables the flexural and torsional modes of arbitrary order to be calculated. This extends the previous models of Sader and Green [J. Appl. Phys. 84, 64 (1998); 92, 6262 (2002)], which were formulated primarily for the fundamental mode and the next few harmonics, to the general case of arbitrary mode order by accounting for the three-dimensional nature of the flow field around the cantilever beam. Due to its importance in atomic force microscope applications, results for the thermal noise spectrum are presented and the influence of mode order on the frequency response investigated.
Selection of Proper Neural Network Sizes and Architectures—A Comparative Study (2012)

One of the major difficulties facing researchers using neural networks is the selection of the proper size and topology of the networks. The problem is even more complex because often when the neural network is trained to very small errors, it may not respond properly for patterns not used in the training process. A partial solution proposed to this problem is to use the least possible number of neurons along with a large number of training patterns. The discussion consists of three main parts: first, different learning algorithms, including the Error Back Propagation (EBP) algorithm, the Levenberg Marquardt (LM) algorithm, and the recently developed Neuron-by-Neuron (NBN) algorithm, are discussed and compared based on several benchmark problems; second, the efficiency of different network topologies, including traditional Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) networks, Bridged Multilayer Perceptron (BMLP) networks, and Fully Connected Cascade (FCC) networks, are evaluated by both theoretical analysis and experimental results; third, the generalization issue is discussed to illustrate the importance of choosing the proper size of neural networks.
Editor's outlook (1940)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVEditorialNEXTEditor's outlookJournal of Chemical Education Board of Publication and Executive Committee of the Division of Chemical Education Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1940, 17, 1, 2Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1940Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 January 1940Published inissue 1 January 1940https://doi.org/10.1021/ed017p2RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views153Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (343 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Professional Microsoft Windows Embedded CE 6.0 (2008)

Windows Embedded CE is a Microsoft operating system that addresses the needs of handheld, mobile, and embedded devices. This timely book will help you become familiar with the Windows Embedded CE environment quickly and efficiently. Youll explore how different pieces of Windows Embedded CE come together to develop and build various devices and discover what makes Windows Embedded CE the best embedded development environment from the cost, risks, and time-to-market perspectives.
Correctness of a compiler for arithmetic expressions (1967)

Abstract : The paper contains a proof of the correctness of a simple compiling algorithm for compiling arithmetic expressions into machine language.
Laser Range and Bearing Finder with No Moving Parts (2007)

A proposed laser-based instrument would quickly measure the approximate distance and approximate direction to the closest target within its field of view. The instrument would not contain any moving parts and its mode of operation would not entail scanning over of its field of view. Typically, the instrument would be used to locate a target at a distance on the order of meters to kilometers. The instrument would be best suited for use in an uncluttered setting in which the target is the only or, at worst, the closest object in the vicinity; for example, it could be used aboard an aircraft to detect and track another aircraft flying nearby. The proposed instrument would include a conventional time-of-flight or echo-phase-shift laser range finder, but unlike most other range finders, this one would not generate a narrow cylindrical laser beam; instead, it would generate a conical laser beam spanning the field of view. The instrument would also include a quadrant detector, optics to focus the light returning from the target onto the quadrant detector, and circuitry to synchronize the acquisition of the quadrant-detector output with the arrival of laser light returning from the nearest target. A quadrant detector constantly gathers information from the entire field of view, without scanning; its output is a direct measure of the position of the target-return light spot on the focal plane and is thus a measure of the direction to the target. The instrument should be able to operate at a repetition rate high enough to enable it to track a rapidly moving target. Of course, a target that is not sufficiently reflective could not be located by this instrument. Preferably, retroreflectors should be attached to the target to make it sufficiently reflective.
Rescue of retinal ganglion cells from axotomy-induced apoptosis through TRK oncogene transfer (1998)

Following axonal injury, central neurons die through programmed cell death. Modification of intracellular mechanisms through specific gene transfer might provide a mechanism for survival. Here we present rescue of rat retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) through gene transfer of TRK oncogenes. Administration of plasmid DNA at the optic axon terminals in the superior colliculus results in retrograde transport to their soma and significant expression of the exogenous DNA. Using this approach for transfection, a TRK oncogene containing plasmid was introduced in RGCs. Three days after plasmid injection, optic nerves were transected. TRK oncogene transfection induced extended survival of the axotomized neurons, lasting over 10 days. Gene delivery to specific cell types is an initial step in the development of therapeutic strategies for regeneration of the damaged nervous system.
Peripheral, but Not Central, CB1 Antagonism Provides Food Intake–Independent Metabolic Benefits in Diet-Induced Obese Rats (2008)

Several relevant metabolic processes appear to independently benefit from peripheral blockade of CB1, while CNS-CB1 blockade alone predominantly affects food intake and body weight.
IL-23 and IL-27: new members of the growing family of IL-12-related cytokines with important implications for therapeutics (2003)

The recent discoveries of the two interleukin (IL)-12-related cytokines, IL-23 and IL-27, reveal that the regulation of cellular immunity is more complex than originally thought. Until these discoveries, the role of IL-12 in modulating cellular immune responses had been overestimated due to the belief that the IL-12 p40 subunit was unique to IL-12. However, because p40 is shared between IL-12 and IL-23, it would be expected that p40-/- mice are doubly deficient in IL-12 and IL-23. Indeed, the essential role previously attributed to IL-12 in experimental autoimmune encephalitis during studies of p40-/- mice has been shown to be due to IL-23 instead. The newest addition to the IL-12 cytokine family, IL-27, has unique features as well. Its specific action on naive CD4+ T cells in both mice and humans appears to distinguish it from the other IL-12 family members. Although related, the IL-12 family of cytokines and their receptors have distinct patterns of expression and unique effects on developing immune responses. This review summarises much of the pertinent literature on the IL-12 cytokine family and provides predictions regarding their potential therapeutic roles based on what has been learned about their functions in vitro and in vivo in gene-deficient mice.
A vortex valve for flow modulation of 5500 F gas (1970)

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.
Increased activity and expression of NAD(P)H:quinone acceptor oxidoreductase in confluent cell cultures and within multicellular spheroids. (1994)

NAD(P)H:quinone acceptor oxidoreductase (NQO1, EC 1.6.99.2) is an enzyme that is believed to play a central role in the bioreductive activation of several compounds, particularly quinones. The results of this study demonstrate that the activity of NQO1 is significantly elevated (2.5-fold) in HT-29 human colon cells that are in the plateau phase of the growth curve as opposed to cells in the exponential phase. Analysis of gene expression using semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analysis demonstrates that the increased enzyme activity is associated with increased NQO1 mRNA levels. Sequential trypsinization of layers of cells from HT-29 multicellular spheroids and analysis of gene expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction demonstrate that NQO1 expression is elevated in cells close to the necrotic center. Maximum expression occurs at a depth of 90-110 microns, with reduced expression as the distance toward both the surface and the necrotic center decreases. HT-29 spheroids were significantly more responsive than monolayers (concentration producing 50% inhibition, 124.6 and 364 nM, respectively) to the experimental drug, 2,5-dimethyl-3,6 diaziridinyl-1,4 benzoquinone. While the environmental stimulus responsible for causing elevated NQO1 expression has not been identified, the fact that NQO1 expression is influenced by microenvironmental conditions will have important implications for those drugs that are activated by NQO1.
Tribological Properties of MoSi2 Against AISI10045 Steel Under Sliding Friction (2006)

MoSi_2 样品被自我繁殖的高温度的合成(SHS ) 和一种热压机技术准备。滑动磨擦并且在干燥磨擦下面穿金属间化合的 MoSi_2against AISI10045 钢的性质，油润滑油条件与 aMRH-5A 类型 ring-on-block 磨擦被调查并且穿测试者。元素的作文，微观结构和 MoSi_2 材料的穿的表面形态学借助于扫描电子显微镜学(SEM ) 和 X 光检查衍射(XRD ) 被观察并且分析，反映磨擦工作的合成参数 pv 价值，被用来讨论 MoSi_2 材料的 tribological 性质。结果显示出那 1 )油润滑油能显然改进 MoSi_2 的 tribological 性质， 2 )越大 pv 价值，越 greater 防摩和在油润滑油下面的 MoSi_2 的磨蚀阻力， 3 )随 pv 价值的增加， MoSi_2 材料在下面的wear 机制弄干 liding 磨擦是骨折和粘合剂穿的疲劳并且 4 )在油润滑油下面，wear 机制主要是疲劳 pitting 。
Comparison of nebulized glycopyrrolate and metaproterenol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1996)

We assessed the bronchodilating effect of glycopyrrolate (GP) and compared it with that of metaproterenol (MP), alone and in combination (GP+MP), in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In a double-blind study, 11 patients (aged (mean +/- SD) 69 +/- 6 yrs; forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 1.2 +/- 0.4 L) with stable COPD inhaled nebulized GP 1.0 mg, MP 15 mg, or GP 1.0 mg+MP 15 mg. Spirometry was performed before inhalation and at hourly intervals for 8 h after inhalation. It was found that GP produced a bronchodilating effect that was about equal to that of MP but lasted longer (8 vs 5 h). The combination of GP and MP produced a bronchodilating effect that was greater than that of either drug alone and was evident mostly during the effect of MP. The mean peak percentage improvement in FEV1 over baseline was 35% for GP+MP and 25% for either drug alone. These data suggest that nebulized glycopyrrolate is an effective bronchodilator in some patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Concurrent administration of glycopyrrolate and metaproterenol produces additional bronchodilation that is primarily apparent during the bronchodilator effect of metaproterenol.
Relation between Directional Sensitivity and Spectral Response Curves in Human Cone Vision (1960)

In human color vision each incident spectral energy distribution is coded in three values, corresponding to the responses of the red, green, and blue receptor systems. The Stiles-Crawford effect and the color phenomena associated with it indicate that these three values are in a different degree for each wavelength dependent on eccentricity of the point of entry of the light in the pupil.A rather quantitative description of the facts is given by a theory in which leak factor of the light to the surrounding tissue in the outer and the inner segment is involved. The leak factor implies that for oblique light the effective pathway in the outer segment is shortened. This results in narrowing of the fundamental response curve of the particular receptor.Theory strongly points to rather high densities of the photopigment in the receptor, but not improbably high. On the contrary, there is agreement with other sound suggestions and estimates of the density value. As absorption curves for the red, green, and blue pigments we used Pitt’s curves. The agreement of different experimental data with this theory strongly supports the Young-Helmholtz hypothesis, as far as the receptor layer is concerned, and also indicates that the curves derived by Pitt are fairly good approximations of the absorption curves of the photopigments after correction for absorption of light by the ocular media.
Preparation of polyaniline by oxidation of aniline using H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in the presence of an iron(II) catalyst (1992)

Abstract Oxidative polymerization of aniline using the H 2 O 2 ‐FeSO 4 system gave polyaniline under mild conditions. The prepared powdery emeraldine base, a form of polyaniline, is blue black and shows high solubility in organic solvents (e.g., ca. 200 mg/mL in N ‐methylpyrrolidone). The number‐average molecular weight ( M n ) of the polymer obtained was 1,3–1,7 · 10 4 (via gel permeation chromatography vs. polystyrene) and M w / M n = 1,6–2,2. Poly(2‐ethylaniline) and poly‐(2‐propylaniline) with high molecular weights were also synthesized by this procedure in high yield.