gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Primary study on the signal transduction concerned human papillomavirus 18 E6 oncoprotein (2011)

Objective To explore the relationship of signal transduction among human papillomavirus 18 E6 oncoprotein (HPV18E6), signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1), protein kinase R( PKR )/α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 ( eIF2α ), nuclear factor-kappa Bp65 ( NF-κBp65 ), mitogen-activated protein kinase( MAPK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK) ,and possible molecular mechanism. Methods Construct two lentiviral vectors which contain shRNA interfering sequence aiming at the targets of HPV18E6 oncogene and NC sequence( HPV18E6-RNAi-LV, NC-GFP-LV), based on the transduction with HPV18E6-RNAi-LV and NC-GFP-LV into HeLa cell to interfere the expression of HPV18E6 oncogene and NC sequence,the expressions of mRNA and protein( including phosphating patem)of HPV18E6, STATI, PKR, eIF2α, NF-κBp65, MAPK, JNK are measured with RT-PCR and Western blot, the difference of proliferation and sensitivity to carboplatin of HeLa cell are determined with Transwell cell methods and MTT among every groups. Results The expression of HPV18E6 oncogene can affect the expression level of mRNA and protein of NF-κBp65 and PKR genes, also affect phosphating levels of phosphating protein p-STAT1, p-PKR and p-eIF2α;the restraining rates of proliferation and sensitivity to carboplatin of HeLa cell are higher in HPV18E6-RNAi-LV group than the other groups( P＜0. 05 or P＜0.01 ). Conclusion HPV18E6 oncoprotein not only reduces the expression of PKR but dephosphorylates p-STAT1, pPKR and p-eIF2α to restrain activation of PKR/eIF2α signal transduction passage, maintain the proliferation and invading ability of HeLa cell and restrain apoptosis. The signal transduction among HPV18E6, MAPK/JNK are not clear.

Key words: 
Human papillomavirus 18 E6 oncoprotein; Lentiviral vector; Signal transduction; Protein kinase R; Nuclear factor-kappa Bp65
Heart Sounds Interference Cancellation in Lung Sounds (2006)

Several attempts have been made to achieve a quantitative analysis of lung sounds mainly for two purposes: a) an understanding of their genesis, and b) an insight of their changes with pathologies for medical diagnosis. Early studies involved the collection of acoustic information at several positions on the thoracic surface or at the extra-thoracic trachea with one up to four microphones, but with a non-simultaneous acquisition. However, an increment for simultaneous acquisition points has been suggested; for example, as a consequence of multichannel acquisition acoustic visualization through computerized interpolation has emerged being helpful to analyze lung sounds (LS) origin, distribution, and relation to ventilation. Nevertheless, quantitative analysis of lung sounds requires eliminating interference signals prior to the extraction of relevant features. The acquired signals not only contain LS but also heart sounds (HS) among other interferences. HS are unavoidable and sometimes represent severe disturbing interference. This paper proposes a HS cancellation scheme as an extension of a previous effort using the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and a combination of time warping with linear adaptive FIR filtering. Simulated signals are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme under known and controlled scenarios.
PTEN Loss Does Not Predict for Response to RAD001 (Everolimus) in a Glioblastoma Orthotopic Xenograft Test Panel (2008)

These data suggest that loss of PTEN function is insufficient to adequately predict responsiveness to mTOR inhibitors in glioblastoma multiforme.
A MEMS RF phase and frequency modulator (2005)

We present a method to create an RF MEMS oscillator with continuous control of the output phase and frequency. When the weakly nonlinear oscillating system becomes synchronized with an imposed sinusoidal force of close frequency, the resonator frequency can be detuned with a DC bias on a resistive actuator to produce an easily controlled phase differential between the injected signal and the resonator feedback. We demonstrate a 26 MHz MEMS oscillator with frequency tunability of 0.3% and phase tunability of 200/spl deg/. By modulating the Joule heat dissipated in the structure, a 26 MHz carrier frequency was either frequency modulated by a 30 kHz baseband signal with a modulation depth of 15 kHz, or phase modulated by a 20 kHz baseband signal with a modulation depth of 160/spl deg/.
A Perspective – can copper complexes be developed as a novel class of therapeutics? (2017)

Although copper-ligand complexes appear to be promising as a new class of therapeutics, other than the family of copper(ii) coordination compounds referred to as casiopeínas these compounds have yet to reach the clinic for human use. The pharmaceutical challenges associated with developing copper-based therapeutics will be presented in this article along with a discussion of the potential for high-throughput chemistry, computer-aided drug design, and nanotechnology to address the development of this important class of drug candidates.
The Structure of the Periplasmic Ligand-binding Domain of the Sensor Kinase CitA Reveals the First Extracellular PAS Domain (2003)

The integral membrane sensor kinase CitA of Klebsiella pneumoniae is part of a two-component signal transduction system that regulates the transport and metabolism of citrate in response to its environmental concentration. Two-component systems are widely used by bacteria for such adaptive processes, but the stereochemistry of periplasmic ligand binding and the mechanism of signal transduction across the membrane remain poorly understood. The crystal structure of the CitAP periplasmic sensor domain in complex with citrate reveals a PAS fold, a versatile ligand-binding structural motif that has not previously been observed outside the cytoplasm or implicated in the transduction of conformational signals across the membrane. Citrate is bound in a pocket that is shared among many PAS domains but that shows structural variation according to the nature of the bound ligand. In CitAP, some of the citrate contact residues are located in the final strand of the central beta-sheet, which is connected to the C-terminal transmembrane helix. These secondary structure elements thus provide a potential conformational link between the periplasmic ligand binding site and the cytoplasmic signaling domains of the receptor.
Inspection of Voids in External Tendons of Posttensioned Bridges (2010)

Segmental posttensioned bridges are major structures that carry significant traffic. Recent investigations of these bridges identified voids in their ducts. The exposed strands at these void locations can undergo corrosion. The corrosion of strands may lead to the failure of tendons. As such, an effective inspection process for identifying these voids is needed. From a literature review, several nondestructive testing methods are compared for applicability to void inspection in external tendons. The impact echo, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and sounding inspection methods are then selected and assessed for further preliminary testing. The sounding inspection method is further assessed for its effectiveness in identifying voids in a full-scale, external tendon system. The results indicate that sounding inspection slightly underestimates the size of the voids. However, the inspected size and locations of voids have a close correlation with actual voids in ducts. Thus, sounding inspection can be an effective tool for identifying voids because of its easy application in the field.
Loss of PINK1 Increases the Heart's Vulnerability to Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury (2013)

We show that the loss of PINK1 increases the heart's vulnerability to ischemia-reperfusion injury. This may be due, in part, to increased mitochondrial dysfunction. These findings implicate PINK1 as a novel target for cardioprotection.
Radioimmunodetection of degranulated human eosinophils in mice: a potential model for imaging Hodgkin's disease and other pathologic conditions. (1991)

Various human tumors such as lymphomas and carcinomas sometimes contain extensive infiltration by degranulating eosinophils. To determine if degranulated eosinophils are suitable targets for immunolocalization, we performed in vivo distribution and imaging studies in mice, using EOS (a murine monoclonal antibody directed to human eosinophil peroxidase) labeled with indium-111. Adult mice were injected intravenously with radiolabeled EOS antibody or with similarly radiolabeled normal mouse IgG before receiving an intramuscular injection into the right thigh of homogenized human eosinophils adsorbed to latex microspheres. There was striking localization in the right thigh of the radiolabeled EOS antibody detectable by gamma imaging techniques as soon as 24 hr after injection. By contrast, there was little accumulation of radiolabeled normal IgG in the right thigh. We conclude that human eosinophil peroxidase is potentially a suitable target for radioimmunodetection and therapy of neoplasms and pathologic conditions that contain degranulating eosinophils.
Comparative study of fluorinated and hydrogenated nonionic surfactants. I. Surface activity properties and critical concentrations (2007)

In very dilute aqueous solutions, the behaviour of hydrogenated and fluorinated nonionics are similar but not identical. For air/water adsorption and micellisation, the main result is the equivalence in the length of the hydrophobic chains, which is about 1/1.7, but it also depends on temperature. An overview of comparative thermodynamic data is presented for both these phenomena.
Carbohydrates act as sorting determinants in ER-associated degradation of tyrosinase (2004)

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality-control machinery maintains the fidelity of the maturation process by sorting aberrant proteins for ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD), a process requiring retrotranslocation from the ER lumen to the cytosol and degradation by the proteasome. Here, we assessed the role of N-linked glycans in ERAD by monitoring the degradation of wild-type (Tyr) and albino mutant (Tyr(C85S)) tyrosinase. Initially, mutant tyrosinase was established as a genuine ERAD substrate using intact melanocyte and semi-permeabilized cell systems. Inhibiting mannose trimming or accumulating Tyr(C85S) in a monoglucosylated form led to its stabilization, supporting a role for lectin chaperones in ER retention and proteasomal degradation. In contrast, ablating the lectin chaperone interactions by preventing glucose trimming caused a rapid disappearance of tyrosinase, initially due to the formation of protein aggregates, which were subsequently degraded by the proteasome. The co-localization of aggregated tyrosinase with protein disulfide isomerase and BiP, but not calnexin, supports an ER organization, which aids in protein maturation and degradation. Based on these studies, we propose a model of tyrosinase degradation in which interactions between N-linked glycans and lectin chaperones help to minimize tyrosinase aggregation and also target non-native substrates for retro-translocation and subsequent degradation.
Activation of NF- <i>κ</i> B by Reactive Oxygen Intermediates in the Nervous System (1999)

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) is a transcription factor crucially involved in glial and neuronal function. NF-kappa B is ubiquitously distributed within the nervous system, and its inducible activity can be discerned from constitutive activity. Prototypic inducible NF-kappa B in the nervous system is composed of the DNA-binding subunits p50 and p65 complexed with an inhibitory I kappa B-alpha molecule. A number of signals from the cell surface can lead to rapid activation of NK-kappa B, thus releasing the inhibition by I kappa B. This activates translocation of NF-kappa B to the nucleus, where it binds to kappa B motifs of target genes and activates transcription. Previous findings have identified reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) as a common denominator of NF-kappa B activating signals. More specifically, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) might be used as second messenger in the NF-kappa B system, despite its cytotoxicity. Analysis of pathways leading to NF-kappa B activation in the nervous system has identified a number of ROI-dependent pathways such as cytokine- and neurotrophin-mediated activation, glutamatergic signal transduction, and various diseases with crucial ROI involvement (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and injury). A number of NF-kappa B-specific target genes contribute to the production of ROI or are involved in detoxification of ROIs. In this review, possible mechanisms and regulatory pathways of ROI-mediated NF-kappa B activation are discussed.
Evidence of the wavelength switching caused by a blocked carrier transport in an asymmetric dual quantum well laser (1991)

The mechanism of wavelength switching in an asymmetric dual quantum well laser was investigated. Switching between 830 and 780 nm was achieved, with increasing injection current under cw as well as under pulsed operation. This is the widest switching range of monolithic LDs under cw operation ever reported. Time-resolved spectra for the dual-wavelength simultaneous lasing under short-pulse operation show that emissions at the two wavelengths have a time difference. This provides evidence that holes are inhomogeneously injected into the two wells with a time difference and that their dynamics govern the lasing for each wavelength and the switching.
Microstructure studies of AuNiGe Ohmic contacts to <i>n</i>-type GaAs (1986)

Microstructure analysis and contact resistance measurements of alloyed AuNiGe contacts to GaAs were performed to assist in the development of low resistance Ohmic contacts for metal–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET) devices. The contact metals were prepared by sequential deposition of 100 nm of Au–27 at. % Ge, 35 nm Ni, and 50 nm Au onto sputter-cleaned GaAs wafers in which conducting channels were formed by Si doping to a level of about 1×1018 cm−3. The contact resistances were determined by the transmission line method. Analysis of the substrate and the film microstructure was carried out by x-ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A strong correlation between the contact resistance and the film microstructure was observed. Low resistances were observed when NiAs compounds containing Ge were in contact with GaAs and the β-AuGa phase was concentrated near the top of the contact. High resistances were measured when free Au, the α-AuGa phase, or a NiGe compound were present. The temperature dependence of the contact resistance and the kinetics of compound formation were found to be influenced by the deposition sequence. Deposition of 5 nm Ni as a first layer significantly enhanced the formation of the NiAs compounds containing Ge, resulting in low contact resistance at a lower alloying temperature. However, a further increase in the thickness of the first Ni layer to 10 nm increased the contact resistance as well as the spread in the resistance values. The present study emphasizes the importance of the distribution of compounds which directly contact the GaAs in determining the contact resistance and its spread. The contact resistance increase observed previously during thermal annealing at 400 °C, after the formation of the contact, is believed to be due to the increase in contact area between GaAs and AuGa phases as a result of grain growth.
A NEW TEST METHOD FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF NECK INJURIES IN REAR-END COLLISIONS (2001)

Whiplash injuries due to rear-end car collisions is one of the most aggravating traffic safety problems with serious implications for the European society. Yearly more than a million European citizens suffer neck injuries from rear-end car collisions, implying tremendous societal costs. Therefore the European Community has sponsored the European Whiplash project. The objective of this paper is to present a general overview of this project. Accident studies show the relevance of rear impact related whiplash injuries and representative rear impact conditions in which whiplash is likely to occur. For the development of a Rear Impact Dummy (RID) typical human responses to rear impact are needed and were obtained with human volunteer and Post Mortem Human Subject tests at low speeds. Accident reconstructions were performed in order to derive injury thresholds for the dummy. Combining information from the accident investigations and the reconstructions, test methods for the evaluation of seats and head restraints were developed. Finally the dummy and the test methods were used to evaluate seats available on the European market.
Consequences of active or passive immunization of turkeys against Escherichia coli O78. (1980)

Turkeys were injected at 7 and 14 days of age with live, heat-killed or formalin-killed Escherichia coli O78. Other turkeys were passively immunized at 22 days of age with hyperimmune serum produced against live or heat-killed E. coli O78. All turkeys were challenged at 24 days of age with E. coli O78. Turkeys immunized intramuscularly or intratracheally with live E. coli O78 were protected from death, whereas few turkeys given killed E. coli O78 were protected. Passively immunized turkeys were protected from death regardless of whether live or heat-killed E. coli O78 was used to produce the hyperimmune serum. Most turkeys that survived challenge developed septic polysynovitis 2--4 days after challenge.
Transient increase in circulating gamma/delta T cells during Plasmodium vivax malarial paroxysms. (1994)

The percentage of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) bearing the CD3+ phenotype and the alpha/beta and gamma/delta T cell receptors (TCR) in PBMC were examined in Plasmodium vivax malaria patients and convalescents. The cells were labeled with monoclonal antibodies, stained with either fluorescence or phycoerythrin, and examined by ultraviolet (UV) microscopy. A highly significant increase in both the proportion and the absolute numbers of gamma/delta T cells (p < 0.005 and < 0.001, respectively, Student's t test) was observed in nonimmune P. vivax patients during clinical paroxysms compared to nonmalarial controls. These T cells, which normally constitute not more than 3-5% of PBMC, constituted < or = to 30% of PBMC during paroxysms in these nonimmune patients in whom the clinical symptoms were severe. A less significant increase of gamma/delta T cells were also observed in these nonimmune patients during infection, between paroxysms and during convalescence. In contrast, in an age-matched group of semi-immune patients resident in a malaria-endemic region of the country, in whom the clinical disease was comparatively mild, there was no increase in gamma/delta T cells either during infection, even during paroxysms, or convalescence. The severity of disease symptoms in patients as measured by a clinical score correlated positively with the proportion of gamma/delta T cells in peripheral blood (r = 0.53, p < 0.01), the most significant correlation being found between the prevalence and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms, nausea, anorexia, and vomiting, and the proportion of gamma/delta T cells (r = 0.49, p = 0.002). These findings suggest that gamma/delta T cells have a role to play in the pathogenesis of malaria, possibly in the general constitutional disturbances and particularly in gastrointestinal pathology in malaria.
A PIN-entry method resilient against shoulder surfing (2004)

Magnetic stripe cards are in common use for electronic payments and cash withdrawal. Reported incidents document that criminals easily pickpocket cards or skim them by swiping them through additional card readers. Personal identification numbers (PINs) are obtained by shoulder surfing, through the use of mirrors or concealed miniature cameras. Both elements, the PIN and the card, are generally sufficient to give the criminal full access to the victim's account. In this paper, we present alternative PIN entry methods to which we refer as cognitive trapdoor games. These methods make it significantly harder for a criminal to obtain PINs even if he fully observes the entire input and output of a PIN entry procedure. We also introduce the idea of probabilistic cognitive trapdoor games, which offer resilience to shoulder surfing even if the criminal records a PIN entry procedure with a camera. We studied the security as well as the usability of our methods, the results of which we also present in the paper.
Effects of electroporation pulse wave on the incorporation of viral RNA into tobacco protoplasts. (1990)

The uptake and expression of cucumber mosaic viral (CMV) RNA by tobacco protoplasts was examined using both square wave and exponential wave electroporation pulses. These electropulses, when supplied at sufficient field strength for a critical duration, enabled RNA to be incorporated and expressed in more than 60% of the surviving protoplasts. The results of experiments using these two electroporation wave forms showed significant differences in RNA uptake and expression. The number of viable protoplasts and cells showing expression of RNA was higher over a much broader range of experimental conditions using the square rather than exponential wave generator, even when both machines were optimized for maximal performance. However, at a narrow range of low field strengths the exponential wave pulse generated a higher percentage of transformants than did the square wave pulse. It was shown that after an electroporation pulse from either wave form, there were viable cells which expressed foreign RNA at predictable levels.
Comparison of the Heme-free and -bound Crystal Structures of Human Heme Oxygenase-1 (2003)

Heme oxygenase (HO) catalyzes the degradation of heme to biliverdin. The crystal structure of human HO-1 in complex with heme reveals a novel helical structure with conserved glycines in the distal helix, providing flexibility to accommodate substrate binding and product release (Schuller, D. J., Wilks, A., Ortiz de Montellano, P. R., and Poulos, T. L. (1999) Nat. Struct. Biol. 6, 860-867). To structurally understand the HO catalytic pathway in more detail, we have determined the crystal structure of human apo-HO-1 at 2.1 A and a higher resolution structure of human HO-1 in complex with heme at 1.5 A. Although the 1.5-A heme.HO-1 model confirms our initial analysis based on the 2.08-A model, the higher resolution structure has revealed important new details such as a solvent H-bonded network in the active site that may be important for catalysis. Because of the absence of the heme, the distal and proximal helices that bracket the heme plane in the holo structure move farther apart in the apo structure, thus increasing the size of the active-site pocket. Nevertheless, the relative positioning and conformation of critical catalytic residues remain unchanged in the apo structure compared with the holo structure, but an important solvent H-bonded network is missing in the apoenzyme. It thus appears that the binding of heme and a tightening of the structure around the heme stabilize the solvent H-bonded network required for proper catalysis.