gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast and Robust Learning by Reinforcement Signals: Explorations in the Insect Brain (2009)

We propose a model for pattern recognition in the insect brain. Departing from a well-known body of knowledge about the insect brain, we investigate which of the potentially present features may be useful to learn input patterns rapidly and in a stable manner. The plasticity underlying pattern recognition is situated in the insect mushroom bodies and requires an error signal to associate the stimulus with a proper response. As a proof of concept, we used our model insect brain to classify the well-known MNIST database of handwritten digits, a popular benchmark for classifiers. We show that the structural organization of the insect brain appears to be suitable for both fast learning of new stimuli and reasonable performance in stationary conditions. Furthermore, it is extremely robust to damage to the brain structures involved in sensory processing. Finally, we suggest that spatiotemporal dynamics can improve the level of confidence in a classification decision. The proposed approach allows testing the effect of hypothesized mechanisms rather than speculating on their benefit for system performance or confidence in its responses.
Chemical Characterization of High-Temperature Arc Gasification Slag with a Focus on Element Release in the Environment (2014)

High-temperature arc gasification (HTAG) has been proposed as a viable technology for the generation of energy and the production of saleable byproducts from municipal solid waste (MSW). Total concentrations of elements in HTAG slag were assessed and indicated a high partitioning of trace elements (Pb, Cd, and As) into the flue gas, an issue of concern when assessing the air pollution control residues (APCR) status as a hazardous waste. Hazardous waste leaching tests [such as the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)] were performed and confirmed that the slag did not meet U.S. criteria for a hazardous waste. Leaching was assessed using batch and column tests; the results revealed that Sb and Al were elevated in respect to risk-based regulatory thresholds. Slag samples were carbonated to simulate weathering effects, and although leachable concentrations of Al did decrease by an order of magnitude, Sb concentrations were found to increase. Low total concentrations of certain trace elements (As, Cd, and Pb), with respect to MSW incineration bottom ashes support the potential for reuse of HTAG slag; however, leaching of elements (Pb, Al, and Sb) in batch and column tests indicate that proper engineering controls would need to be taken to ensure protection of water supplies in a reuse application.
Analysis of aerosol propellants (1966)

8Ynolsis--Methods are described for the analysis of propellants of the chlorofluoro- carbon type, including the analysis of packs. The methods include those used for the estimation of boiling range and of inert gases, and of deleterious impurities such as water and chloride ion, and the analysis of mixed propellants by gas chromatographic methods. The industry has continued to expand rapidly during the last decade. Excluding food products marketed in form, pro- duction has risen from 6 million in 1955 to 110 million in 1964. By common usage, the term aerosol in this context has deviated from its strictly scientific meaning, and in the packaging field is applied to any product--solid, liquid or Ioammwhich is expelled from its container by a liquefied or compressed gas. A wide range of propellants is used, including inert gases such as nitrogen, hydrocarbons such as butane and propane and a number of chlorofluorocarbons. This paper is concerned with the analysis of the latter compounds, both alone and when part of an formulation. The chlorofluorocarbons are distinguished by a numbering system, used throughout the world, which is related to their chemical formulae (Table I). They are marketed in this country as Isceon and Arcton
The "casual cashmere diaper bag" (1997)

We describe a new technology for using small collections of example sentences to automatically restrict a speech recognition grammar to allow only the more plausible subset of the sentences it would otherwise admit. This technology is unusual because it bridges the gap between hand-built grammars (used with no training data) and statistical approaches (which require significant data).
Therapeutic Response Evaluation of Malignant Hepatic Masses Treated by Interventional Procedures With Contrast‐Enhanced Agent Detection Imaging (2003)

Contrast-enhanced agent detection imaging proved useful and as effective as helical computed tomography for evaluating the therapeutic effects of interventional therapeutic procedures for malignant hepatic masses.
Assembly of Ligand-Stripped Nanocrystals into Precisely Controlled Mesoporous Architectures (2012)

The properties of mesoporous materials hinge on control of their composition, pore dimensions, wall thickness, and the size and shape of the crystallite building units. We create ordered mesoporous materials in which all of these parameters are independently controlled. Different sizes (from 4.5 to 8 nm) and shapes (spheres and rods) of ligand-stripped nanocrystals are assembled using the same structure-directing block copolymers, which contain a tethering domain designed to adsorb to their naked surfaces. Material compositions range from metal oxides (Sn-doped In(2)O(3) or ITO, CeO(2), TiO(2)) to metal fluorides (Yb,Er-doped NaYF(4)) and metals (FePt). The incorporation of new types of nanocrystals into mesoporous architectures can lead to enhanced performance. For example, TiO(2) nanorod-based materials withstand >1000 electrochemical cycles without significant degradation.
Pyrophosphohydrolase activity and inorganic pyrophosphate content of cultured human skin fibroblasts. Elevated levels in some patients with calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease. (1986)

In calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition disease, metabolic abnormalities favoring extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) accumulation have been suspected. Elevations of intracellular PPi in cultured skin fibroblasts from a single French kindred with familial CPPD deposition (19) and elevated nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase activity (NTPPPH), which generates PPi in extracts of CPPD crystal-containing cartilages (14) favor this suspicion. To determine whether NTPPPH activity or PPi content of cells might be a disease marker expressed in extraarticular cells, human skin-derived fibroblasts were obtained from control donors and patients affected with the sporadic and familial varieties of CPPD (CPPD-S and CPPD-F) deposition. Intracellular PPi was elevated in both CPPD-S (P less than 0.05) and CPPD-F (P less than 0.01) fibroblasts compared with control fibroblasts. Ecto-NTPPPH activity was elevated in CPPD-S (P less than 0.01) but not CPPD-F. Intracellular PPi correlated with ecto-NTPPPH (P less than 0.01). Elevated PPi levels in skin fibroblasts may serve as a biochemical marker for patients with familial or sporadic CPPD crystal deposition disease; ecto-NTPPPH activity further separates the sporadic and familial disease types. Expression of these biochemical abnormalities in nonarticular cells implies a generalized metabolic abnormality.
Behavior of a Bingham Solid in Hydrodynamic Lubrication : Part 2, Application to Step Bearing (1973)

There are few papers in which the effects of the core formation on bearing performances were investigated experimentally and compared with the theoretical results. The process of the core formation has not been observed precisely.We have investigated the behavior of a Bingham solid in hydrodynamic lubrication. The general theory on a Bingham solid was already presented in the first paper.In this paper, we applied this theory to the step bearing and clarified theoretically how the existence of a yield value in shear stress affects the core formation and the bearing performances.After confirming that grease had the behavior of a Bingham solid, we observed the core distribution in the step bearing using grease as a lubricant. And comparing the experimental results with the theory, we found that both agreed and the film pressure and the range of the core formation increased as the dimensionless yield stress increased.
Discrete synchronization of hybrid systems (2003)

Control theory is faced with new paradigms and challenges that fall beyond traditional problems. Nowadays applications tend to be distributed, and require partial synchronization among their various subsystems. We give initial steps towards discrete synchronization problems for systems which are compositions of several, possibly distributed, hybrid systems. Such problems arise frequently in the coordination of multi-agent systems, where each agent is modeled as a hybrid system. This results in control problems where the model is the composition of decoupled subsystems, but the specification is coupled across subsystems. A centralized solution to this problem requires computing the product hybrid system resulting in state explosion. We alternatively consider decentralized solutions to such discrete synchronization problems. Partially decentralized synchronization is achieved if each subsystem is allowed to communicate with the subsystems it needs to partially synchronize with. The required communication between agents is provided by modeling abstractions of the remaining agents. These abstractions. which are property-dependent, are then used to derive local controllers using global, but minimal, observations.
Testing the Quality of a Query Optimizer. (1995)

Today, database technology is used in many different application areas. Therefore, the need to understand how well a particular database management system (DBMS) suits the requirements of a given application has become an important task. One way to address this need is to provide means to measure and to verify the quality of a database management system and its query optimizer. Additionally, since database implementors continue to improve the query optimizer of their specific systems, it becomes especially important for them and the users of those systems to evaluate those changes on a large scale. In particular, changes of the optimizer must be understood by both groups of people. Individual test environments or standardized benchmarks are commonly used to evaluate the quality of an optimizer. Almost all of them are only suited for a particular, artificial database schema and lack the flexibility of determining the size and the shape of queries to be tested and the database to be used...
Lane Adaptive Recovery for Multiple Lane Faults in Optical Ethernet Link (2014)

We propose a lane adaptive recovery scheme for multiple lane faults in a multi-lane-based Ethernet link. In our scheme, when lane faults occur in a link, they are processed not as full link faults but as partial link faults. Our scheme provides a higher link utilization and lower packet loss rate by reusing the available lanes of the link and providing a low recovery time of under a microsecond.
Some new results in hybrid acousto-optic processing (2003)

A fully programmable hybrid acousto-optic convolving processor has been designed for transversal and recursive filtering applications. This system is used for specific signal processing tasks. Its performance (computing time, available precision, noise limitations) is characterized for each task. The main results are reported, with emphasis on transformations pertaining to the image processing field (bidimensional convolution, gradient and Laplacian operators, discrete Fourier transform, discrete cosine transform). Future applications are discussed, including the implementation of algorithms of the JPEG and MPEG classes and work toward the design of hybrid acousto-optic neural networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Internalized Antigens Must Be Removed to Prepare Hypoimmunogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cell and Gene Therapy (2004)

Adult stem cells from human bone marrow stroma, referred to as mesenchymal stem cells or marrow stromal cells (hMSCs), are attractive candidates for clinical use. The optimal conditions for hMSC expansion require medium supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS). Some forms of cell therapy will involve multiple doses, raising a concern over immunological reactions caused by medium-derived FCS proteins. By a sensitive fluorescence-based assay we determined that 7 to 30 mg of FCS proteins are associated with a standard preparation of 100 million hMSCs, a dosage that probably will be needed for clinical therapies. Here we present ex vivo growth conditions for hMSCs that reduce the FCS proteins to less than 100 ng per 100 million hMSCs, approximately a 100,000-fold reduction. The cells maintain their proliferative capacity and sustain their ability for multilineage differentiation. Experiments in rats demonstrate that rat MSCs grown in 20% FCS induce a substantial humoral response after repeated administrations, whereas cells grown under the conditions described in this study reduce the immunogenicity in terms of IgG response over 1000-fold to barely detectable levels. Our results have the potential to dramatically improve cellular and genetic therapies using hMSCs and perhaps other cells.
INTERIOR RECONSTRUCTION USING THE 3D HOUGH TRANSFORM (2013)

Abstract. Laser scanners are often used to create accurate 3D models of buildings for civil engineering purposes, but the process of manually vectorizing a 3D point cloud is time consuming and error-prone (Adan and Huber, 2011). Therefore, the need to characterize and quantify complex environments in an automatic fashion arises, posing challenges for data analysis. This paper presents a system for 3D modeling by detecting planes in 3D point clouds, based on which the scene is reconstructed at a high architectural level through removing automatically clutter and foreground data. The implemented software detects openings, such as windows and doors and completes the 3D model by inpainting.
MMSE Turbo Equalizer for Channels with Cochannel Interference (2006)

The MMSE turbo equalizer has excellent performance with moderate complexity. Current realizations of an MMSE turbo equalizer usually assume the equalizer output is Gaussian, which, however, may not be true for channels with co-channel interference (CCI). In this paper, we first show that, in presence of CCI, a linear pre-whitener is required to decorrelate the CCI-plus-noise. Then we apply density estimation for the residual noise at the equalizer output to further improve the performance. Numerical simulations are also shown to verify the analysis
Circulatory and Metabolic Correlates of Brain Function in Normal Humans (1987)

The sections in this article are: 1 Methods 1.1 Tracer Strategies 1.1.1 Nonradioactive Inert-Gas Methods 1.1.2 Regional Nontomographic Measurements 1.1.3 Regional Tomographic Measurements 1.2 Instrumentation 1.2.1 Multidetector Systems 1.2.2 Tomographic Systems 1.3 Anatomical Localization Procedures 1.4 Statistical Considerations 2 Relationship of Neuronal Activity to Blood Flow and Energy Metabolism 2.1 Neuronal Function and Energy Metabolism 2.2 Blood Flow and Energy Metabolism 2.3 Effect of Elementary Stimulus Variables 3 Resting Awake Brain: Changes in Blood Flow and Metabolism 3.1 Normal Features 3.2 Sleep 3.3 Anxiety 3.4 Age 3.5 Anatomical Asymmetries and Atrophy 4 Activated Brain: Changes in Blood Flow and Metabolism 4.1 Voluntary Motor Activity 4.2 Somatosensory Stimulation 4.3 Visual Stimulation 4.4 Auditory Stimulation 4.5 Speech and Language 4.6 Mental Work 5 conclusion5 Conclusions
Shape and erosion of pebbles (2007)

The shapes of flat pebbles may be characterized in terms of the statistical distribution of curvatures measured along their contours. We illustrate this method for clay pebbles eroded in a controlled laboratory apparatus, and also for naturally occurring rip-up clasts formed and eroded in the Mont St.-Michel bay. We find that the curvature distribution allows finer discrimination than traditional measures of aspect ratios. Furthermore, it connects to the microscopic action of erosion processes that are typically faster at protruding regions of high curvature. We discuss in detail how the curvature may be reliably deduced from digital photographs.
Leprosy in the 21st Century (2015)

Despite significant improvements in leprosy (Hansen's disease) treatment and outlook for patients since the introduction of multidrug therapy (MDT) 3 decades ago, the global incidence remains high, and patients often have long-term complications associated with the disease. In this article, we discuss recent findings related to genetics, susceptibility, and disease reservoirs and the implications of these findings for Hansen's disease control and health outcomes for patients. We describe the continued difficulties associated with treatment of inflammatory episodes known as "leprosy reactions," which cause much of the disability associated with the disease and can affect people for many years after MDT is complete. We also discuss some of the contemporary challenges for physicians and patients, including international and internal migration of people affected by the disease. We suggest some important areas of focus for future Hansen's disease research.
The Promise of a Malaria Vaccine—Are We Closer? (2018)

Malaria vaccine development has rapidly advanced in the past decade. The very first phase 3 clinical trial of the RTS,S vaccine was completed with over 15,000 African infants and children, and pilot implementation studies are underway. Next-generation candidate vaccines using novel antigens, platforms, or approaches targeting different and/or multiple stages of the Plasmodium life cycle are being tested. Many candidates, in various stages of development, promise enhanced efficacy of long duration and broad protection against genetically diverse malaria strains, with a few studies under way in target populations in endemic areas. Malaria vaccines together with other interventions promise interruption and eventual elimination of malaria in endemic areas.
Defense-Net: Defend Against a Wide Range of Adversarial Attacks through Adversarial Detector (2019)

Recent studies have demonstrated that Deep Neural Networks(DNNs) are vulnerable to adversarial input perturbations: meticulously engineered slight perturbations can result in inappropriate categorization of valid images. Adversarial Training has been one of the successful defense approaches in recent times. In this work, we propose an alternative to adversarial training by training a separate model with adversarial examples instead of the original classifier. We train an adversarial detector network known as 'Defense-Net' with strong adversary while training the original classifier with only clean training data. We propose a new adversarial cross entropy loss function to train Defense-Net appropriately differentiate between different adversarial examples. Defense-Net solves three major concerns regarding the development of a successful adversarial defense method. First, our defense does not have clean data accuracy degradation in contrast to traditional adversarial training based defenses. Second, we demonstrate this resiliency with experiments on the MNIST and CIFAR-10 data sets, and show that the state-of-the-art accuracy under the most powerful known white-box attack was increased from 94.02 % to 99.2 % on MNIST, and 47 % to 94.79 % on CIFAR-10. Finally, unlike most recent defenses, our approach does not suffer from obfuscated gradient and can successfully defend strong BPDA, PGD, FGSM and C & W attacks.
Neuroprotective signal transduction in model motor neurons exposed to thrombin: G‐protein modulation effects on neurite outgrowth, Ca2 mobilization, and apoptosis (2001)

Thrombin, the ultimate protease in the blood coagulation cascade, mediates its known cellular effects by unique proteolytic activation of G-protein-coupled protease-activated receptors (PARs), such as PAR1, PAR3, and PAR4, and a “tethered ligand” mechanism. PAR1 is variably expressed in subpopulations of neurons and largely determines thrombin's effects on morphology, calcium mobilization, and caspase-mediated apoptosis. In spinal cord motoneurons, PAR1 expression correlates with transient thrombin-mediated [Ca2+]i flux, receptor cleavage, and elevation of rest [Ca2+]i activating intracellular proteases. At nanomolar concentrations, thrombin retracts neurites via PAR1 activation of the monomeric, 21 kDa Ras G-protein RhoA, which is also involved in neuroprotection at lower thrombin concentrations. Such results suggest potential downstream targets for thrombin's injurious effects. Consequently, we employed several G-protein-specific modulators prior to thrombin exposure in an attempt to uncouple both heterotrimeric and monomeric G-proteins from motoneuronal PAR1. Cholera toxin, stimulating Gs, and lovastatin, which blocks isoprenylation of Rho, reduced thrombin-induced calcium mobilization. In contrast, pertussis toxin and mastoparan, inhibiting or stimulating Go/Gi, were found to exacerbate thrombin action. Effects on neuronal rounding and apoptosis were also detected, suggesting therapeutic utility may result from interference with downstream components of thrombin signaling pathways in human motor neuron disorders, and possibly other neurodegenerative diseases. Published 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 48: 87–100, 2001
Geometrical and Monte Carlo projectors in 3D PET reconstruction (2010)

The orthogonal distance-based ray-tracer and Siddon ray-tracer using PSF image-space convolutions represent satisfactory alternatives to factorizing the system matrix or to the conventional on-the-fly ray-tracing methods for list-mode reconstruction, where an extensive modeling based on Monte Carlo simulations is unfeasible.
Normalizing and denoising protein expression data from droplet-based single cell profiling (2020)

Abstract Multimodal single-cell protein and transcriptomic profiling (e.g. CITE-seq) holds promise for comprehensive dissection of cellular heterogeneity, yet protein counts measured by oligo-conjugated-antibody can have substantial noise that masks biological variations. Here we integrated experiments and computational analysis to reveal two major noise sources: protein-specific noise from unbound antibodies and cell-specific noise captured by the shared variance of isotype controls and background protein counts. We provide an open source R package (dsb) to denoise and normalize CITE-seq data based on these findings. ( https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dsb/index.html ).