gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Magnetically Enhanced Dual Frequency Capacitively Coupled Plasma Source for Large-area Wafer Processing (1998)

A magnetron-type plasma source of parallel plate configuration has been developed for large-area wafer processing in the semiconductor industry. In this plasma source there are 80 equally separated magnets arranged with alternative polarities on a 40-cm-diameter top rf electrode. These magnets generate magnetic field cusps below the top rf electrode. Since electrons that lie in the magnetic field cusps are confined, a lower self-bias voltage of the top rf electrode results. With this magnet arrangement, the E × B drifts of charged particles are limited to smaller localized areas and canceled out in macro-scale. Therefore, the radial uniformity of the plasma does not differ much from that of a nonmagnetic parallel plate capacitively coupled plasma source. The plasma density of this magnetron-type plasma source monitored at 1.3 Pa is above 10 11 cm -3 for rf powers over 1000 W. The plasma nonuniformity over φ300 mm area is <±5% at the pressures below 4 Pa. Further, this magnet arrangement yields a magnetic-field-free environment for wafer processing in the close vicinity of the top rf electrode–a feature that cannot be seen in most of the magnetron-type plasma sources.
Codata tools: portable software for self-describing data files (1982)

This paper describes the Codata tools, a set of programs which read, write, and restructure selfdescribing Codata (common data format) files.These tools manipulate both data and data description, so that the the output of any operation is itself a Codata file.Semantics of results and descriptions of derived Codata files are inherited from descriptions of input Codata files.Following the Software Tools philosophy, the Codata tools are modular -each tool performs a specific limited task.They follow the UNIX and Software Tools conventions of standard input and output.The output of any module can automatically serve as the input of another, and they can be ''pipelined" or "chained" together.Codata tools can be used to extract specified rows and/or columns from a file, to sort a file, to perform relational joins, to perform tabulations by aggregating on common key values, and to perform other operations.The Codata tools are written in RATFOR (a transportable FORTRAN preprocessor), and can be easily adapted to run on any computer where the Software Tools have been implemented.Work is currently under way on substantial enhancements to the Codata file format and the Codata tools to provide for more efficient physical storage formats, more complex data structures, and more extensive, open-ended data description.
Identification and isozyme characterisation of Meloidogyne spp. infecting horticultural and agronomic crops, and weed plants in Florida (2008)

Abstract A total of 327 root samples collected from horticultural and agronomic crops, and weeds associated with these crops in Florida crop production regions, were examined. Isozyme phenotypes, esterase (EST) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) phenotypes were used to characterise and identify the species of Meloidogyne present in these samples. At least 26 females from each sample were examined using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Sixteen major bands of EST activity were found, corresponding to 12 phenotypes. A species-specific EST phenotype was consistently associated with each of the Meloidogyne spp. identified: Meloidogyne arenaria, M. floridensis, M. graminicola, M. hapla, M. incognita, M. javanica, M. mayaguensis and M. partityla. Two unique EST phenotypes, which have not been described, were found associated with three unidentified nematode populations. Five bands of MDH activity and four phenotypes were also found among the populations. During this study, new host records were determined for M. floridensis and M. mayaguensis, two recently reported Meloidogyne spp. in Florida. Plant species found as new hosts of M. floridensis were Cucumis sativus, Phaseolus sp., Solanum melongena and one weed species, Emilia sonchifolia, and the M. incognita-resistant peach rootstock ‘Flordaguard’. New hosts for M. mayaguensis were Carica papaya, Capsicum annuum var. Longum, and six weed plants, including Eclipta prostrata, Fatoua villosa, Panicum sp., Poinsettia cyathophora, Solanum americanum and also one unidentified weed species belonging to the family Acanthaceae. To our knowledge, Florida is the only geographic area of North America where M. floridensis and M. mayaguensis have been detected.
Small Liposomes Accelerate the Fibrillation of Amyloid β (1–40) (2014)

The deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer disease. Aβ peptides were previously considered to interact specifically with ganglioside-containing membranes. Several studies have suggested that Aβ peptides also bind to phosphatidylcholine membranes, which lead to deformation of membranes and fibrillation of Aβ. Moreover, the role of membrane curvature, one type of deformation produced by binding of proteins to a membrane, in the binding and fibrillation of Aβ remains unclear. To clearly understand the relationship between the binding, consequent membrane deformation, and fibrillation of Aβ, we examined the amyloid fibrillation of Aβ-(1-40) in the presence of liposomes of various sizes. Membrane curvature increased with a decrease in the size of the liposomes. We used liposomes made of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine to eliminate electrostatic effects. The results obtained showed that liposomes of smaller sizes (≤50 nm) significantly accelerated the nucleation step, thereby shortening the lag time of fibrillation. On the other hand, liposomes of larger sizes decreased the amount of fibrils but did not notably affect the lag time. The morphologies of fibrils, which were monitored by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, revealed that the length of Aβ-(1-40) fibrils became shorter and the amount of amorphous aggregates became larger as liposomes increased in size. These results suggest that the curvature of membranes coupled with an increase in water-accessible hydrophobic regions is important for binding and concentrating Aβ monomers, leading to amyloid nucleation. Furthermore, amyloid fibrillation on membranes may compete with non-productive binding to produce amorphous aggregates.
Scripting Media Types (2006)

This document describes the registration of media types for the ECMAScript and JavaScript programming languages and conformance requirements for implementations of these types.
Detection of Nitroaromatic and Peroxide Explosives in Air Using Infrared Spectroscopy: QCL and FTIR (2013)

A methodology for processing spectroscopic information using a chemometrics-based analysis was designed and implemented in the detection of highly energetic materials (HEMs) in the gas phase at trace levels. The presence of the nitroaromatic HEM 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) and the cyclic organic peroxide triacetone triperoxide (TATP) in air was detected by chemometrics-enhanced vibrational spectroscopy. Several infrared experimental setups were tested using traditional heated sources (globar), modulated and nonmodulated FT-IR, and quantum cascade laser- (QCL-) based dispersive IR spectroscopy. The data obtained from the gas phase absorption experiments in the midinfrared (MIR) region were used for building the chemometrics models. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to generate pattern recognition schemes for trace amounts of explosives in air. The QCL-based methodology exhibited a better capacity of discrimination for the detected presence of HEM in air compared to other methodologies.
Mathematical Models of Cementation Processes (1987)

An analysis of the physics of cementation processes (metal displacement) is presented. Hydrogen,H+, and hydride, H-, ions are shown to be the key intermediate species in cementation processes. The possibility of either diffusional transport of noble species or migrational transport of hydrogen species is suggested, and a kinetic model of the cementation migration regime is developed and partially verified by experimental data.
Characterization of novel mono- and bifacially active semi-transparent crystalline silicon solar cells (1999)

This paper presents the latest cell results for semi-transparent mono- as well as bifacially active POWER (Polycrystalline Wafer Engineering Result) solar cells of different cell sizes on Cz and multicrystalline silicon substrates. Top efficiencies of 10.4% for monofacial and 12.9% for bifacial cells are reported. Attention has been paid to apply a fully industrially compatible production process. It uses dicing saw based mechanical texturization of the front and rear side of the silicon wafer and screen printing metallization. In the POWER solar cell concept, perpendicular grooves on the front and rear side create holes with a variable diameter at their crossing points. This results in a partial optical transparency of the solar cell. In this study, holes of 200 /spl mu/m diameter lead to a transparency of 16-18% on average for the total cell area. The cell characteristics for the different cell types are compared by means of illuminated and dark current-voltage (I-V), spectral response, and Laser Beam Induced Current (LBIC) measurements. While bifacial POWER cells need a more elaborate production process, they reveal better I-V characteristics and a higher efficiency as compared to monofacial cells. This is mainly explained by a better surface passivation due to an active emitter and a passivating silicon nitride ARC both on the front and rear surface.
Shaping Solid-State Supramolecular Cavities: Chemically Induced Accordionlike Movement ofγ-Zirconium Phosphate Containing Polyethylenoxide Pillars (1999)

The hydrophilic oxygen atoms of polyethylenoxide chains inserted as pillars in gamma-zirconium phosphate form hydrogen bonds with the acid groups of the host. As a result the pillars are almost perpendicular to the gamma layers. Upon changing the pH level of the supernatant solution the hydrogen bonds are broken and the pillars become almost perpendicular to the layers (shown schematically). Thus there is a reversible enlargement-shortening of the interlayer space.
Purification to homogeneity and amino acid sequence analysis of two anionic species of human interleukin 1. (1986)

Two anionic species of human IL-1 have been purified to homogeneity. These molecules were characterized as having pI of 5.4 and 5.2 and molecular weights identical to IL-1/6.8 (17,500). The specific activities of IL-1/5.4 and IL-1/5.2, as measured in the mouse thymocyte co-mitogenic assay, were identical to that of IL-1/6.8, namely 1.2 X 10(7) U/mg, with half-maximal stimulation observed at 2 X 10(-11) M. IL-1/5.4 and IL-1/5.2 were found to be antigenically distinct from IL-1/6.8 in an ELISA. IL-1/5.4 was structurally distinct from IL-1/6.8 based on reverse-phase HPLC or CNBr peptides. Intact IL-1/5.2 and three intact CNBr peptides of IL-1/5.4 were sequenced, with the identification of 74 amino acid residues. These sequences were found to correspond exactly with the amino acid sequence deduced from the IL-1-alpha cDNA reported by March et al.
<title>Design of 3D mouse using ultrasonic distance measurement</title> (2000)

The principle and design of a 3D mouse using ultrasonic distance measurement are proposed in this paper. The system employs the method of measuring the time of flight. In addition, some techniques, including automatic gain control, self-adaptive variable threshold and temperature compensation, are also used to improve precision. According to the direct ratio between the distance and the time of flight, the distances between the transmitters on the mouse and the three receivers can be calculated. After that, the positions of the 3D mouse can be triangulated. Meanwhile, commands from the mouse buttons are detected and carried out. The validity and precision of the 3D mouse are verified by the experiment in a robot system. The proposed 3D mouse not only can be an input device in interactive 3D interface systems, but also can be used in virtual reality systems, location of robot manipulators, etc.
Integrated maritime picture for surveillance and monitoring applications (2013)

This paper presents the outcomes of the EC FP7 NEREIDS project focused to move forward to an integrated maritime picture for ship surveillance and monitoring applications. Technical details about the system philosophy and how different external add-in modules are integrated into a common system kernel are provided, jointly with the main results about the integration tests. The main algorithms used to process and cross-correlate the different inputs are briefly described. The results of the different campaigns conducted during 2013 are detailed with the aim to highlight the importance of correlating the information gathered by different data sources into a unique space. Once analyzed, the data confirm how user procedures would be notably improved by adopting the proposed integrated solution.
Activated carbon based biological fluidized beds for contaminated water and wastewater treatment: a state-of-the-art review (1994)

The ability of the biological fluidized bed (BFB) process configuration to intensify biological reaction rates through accumulation of high concentrations of active biomass has brought attention to the technology for the past twenty years. Over 80 commercial, media based BFB reactors have been installed in North America and Europe. Currently there is much interest in systems in which granular activated carbon (GAC) is used as the fluidizing media for treatment of contaminated waters and wastewaters. This paper provides a historical review of the development of the technology together with information on design and commercial application of the technology in North America.
Prevalence and Impact of Bacteriophages on the Presence of <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 in Feedlot Cattle and Their Environment (2009)

The relationship between endemic bacteriophages infecting E. coli O157:H7 (referred to as "phage") and levels of shedding of E. coli O157:H7 by cattle was investigated in two commercial feedlots in southern Alberta, Canada. Between May and November 2007, 10 pens of cattle were monitored by collection of pooled fecal pats, water with sediment from troughs, manure slurry from the pen floor, and rectal fecal samples from individual animals (20 per pen) at two separate times. Bacteriophages infecting E. coli O157:H7 were detected more frequently (P<0.001) after 18 to 20 h enrichment than by initial screening and were recovered in 239 of 855 samples (26.5% of 411 pooled fecal pats, 23.8% of 320 fecal grab samples, 21.8% of 87 water trough samples, and 94.6% of 37 pen floor slurry samples). Overall, prevalence of phage was highest (P<0.001) in slurry. Recovery of phage from pooled fecal pats was highest (P<0.05) in May. Overall recovery did not differ (P>0.10) between fecal grab samples and pooled fecal pats. A higher prevalence of phage in fecal pats or water trough samples was associated (P<0.01) with reduced prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in rectal fecal samples. There was a weak but significant negative correlation between isolation of phage and E. coli O157:H7 in fecal grab samples (r= -0.11; P<0.05). These data demonstrate that the prevalence of phage fluctuates in a manner similar to that described for E. coli O157:H7. Phage were more prevalent in manure slurry than other environmental sources. The likelihood of fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 was reduced if cattle in the pen harbored phage.
A fast codebook search algorithm for nearest-neighbor pattern matching (2005)

A critical issue in the use of Vector Quantization is to circumvent the complexity bottleneck that prevents the full power of this data compression technique from being exploited. The demanding exhaustive codebook search can be avoided by more efficient algorithms for locating the nearest codevector in a codebook to a given input vector. This paper introduces a fast nearest neighbor search algorithm, the Binary Hyperplane Testing (BHT) algorithm, for fast codebook searching when least Euclidean distance is the appropriate distortion or dissimilarity measure. Let <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</tex> denote the size of a codebook, and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</tex> denote the dimension of a vector. The search complexity of the BHT algorithm increases linearly with the resolution <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r = (\log_{2}N)/k</tex> for fixed dimension <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</tex> . The search complexity of the BHT algorithm is sufficiently low that it has been used to implement a real-time speech waveform vector quantizer with sampling rate 8 KHz, dimension <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k = 4</tex> , and codebook size <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N = 128</tex> using a single programmable signal processor, the TMS32010.
Multiprotocol management agents: a look at an implementation and the issues to consider (1993)

This paper discusses the implementation of a multiprotocol management agent. While there are numerous implementations of agents that allow for management of objects using one protocol or the other, few implementations provide for management of the same set of objects over multiple protocols. To be manageable over multiple protocols, the managed objects have to be modeled according to the different management models as well as resolve the management protocol related differences. Additional requirements may be imposed on the multiprotocol management agent to render the subagents and the protocol entities independent of the multiple protocols and management models. The differences between the multiple management mechanisms involved and the need to support future mechanisms imply that efficient implementations of management agents must converge the multiple management mechanisms into a generic local mechanism. The management agent described in this paper allows for the management of a generic network device such as a gateway. The network device operates at the transport-layer level of several communication protocol stacks and therefore, has several modules to be managed, corresponding to the lower layers of each protocol stack.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Proteome Analysis of Migrating versus Nonmigrating Rat Heart Endothelial Cells Reveals Distinct Expression Patterns (2003)

Migration of endothelial cells plays an important role during angiogenesis and the late remodeling phase of arteriogenesis. To investigate mechanisms responsible for cell migration, the authors subcloned a rat heart endothelial cell line (RHE) into a migrating and a nonmigrating cell line (RHE-A and RHE-neg, respectively). Both cell lines form cobblestone patterns in confluent cultures similar to the originating cell line, but RHE-neg cells grow in dense cell islets of several layers whereas RHE-A cells grow in a less dense monolayer. Both cell lines show the same expression pattern of known endothelial cell surface antigens (e.g., FIK-1). The authors used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis technique to look for differentially regulated proteins with possible functional importance for cell migration. The analysis of the cytosolic fraction as well as the membrane fraction revealed differences in the protein expression patterns of RHE-neg and RHE-A cells. Regulated spots were isolated and analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS/MS technique), leading to the identification of proteins potentially responsible for endothelial cell migration, e.g., the intermediate filament vimentin that was exclusively expressed in RHE-A cells. The authors thus have generated a reproducible model that allows the analysis of the proteome responsible for endothelial cell migration.
A General Equation of Aesthetic Curves and its Self-Affinity (2006)

Computer-Aided Design and Applications is an international journal on the applications of CAD and CAM. It publishes papers in the general domain of CAD plus in emerging fields like bio-CAD, nano-CAD, soft-CAD, garment-CAD, PLM, PDM, CAD data mining, CAD and the internet, CAD education, genetic algorithms and CAD engines. The journal is aimed at all developers and users of CAD technology to ptovide CAD solutions for various stages of design and manufacturing. The journal publishes all about Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided technologies.
Algebraic Multiuser Space-Frequency Block Codes (2008)

In this paper, we consider a wireless multiuser multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) uplink scenario, where the information sequences of all users are encoded by individual space-frequency block codes (SFBC). At the receiver, joint maximum likelihood detection is applied using the sphere decoding algorithm. Using a truncated union-bound approximation, we propose the design criteria of multiuser SFBCs for frequency selective fading MIMO multiple access channels (MAC). Next, we show how, by combining the structure of algebraic perfect space-time block codes, a family of multiuser SFBCs can be constructed to fulfill the design criteria. Finally, we show that the proposed SFBC outperforms previously known codes.
A −104dBc/Hz in-band phase noise 3GHz all digital PLL with phase interpolation based hierarchical time to digital convertor (2011)

An ADPLL which uses a time-to-digital convertor with <0.13rad resolution achieves LO generation at 3GHz with −104dBc/Hz in-band phase noise. The fine and stable resolution is derived by known phase interpolation circuits. It is fabricated in a 65nm CMOS process and the active area is 0.18mm2. keywords: ADPLL, TDC, phase interpolator.
Three-beam interferometric profilometer (1983)

A noncontact optical technique for the measurement of thin-film thickness and surface roughness with 25-Å and 2-μm vertical and horizontal resolutions, respectively, has been described. It is based on a common-path three-beam shearing interferometer, in which the outer beams act as a reference while the middle beam scans the surface. The results of this technique are comparable with the ones obtained with a stylus instrument.
Aortic Binding of AZD5248: Mechanistic Insight and Reactivity Assays To Support Lead Optimzation (2015)

The oral dipeptidyl peptidase 1 (DPP1) inhibitor AZD5248 showed aortic binding in a rat quantitative whole-body autoradiography (QWBA) study, and its development was terminated prior to human dosing. A mechanistic hypothesis for this finding was established invoking reactivity with aldehydes involved in the cross-linking of elastin, a major component of aortic tissue. This was tested by developing a simple aldehyde chemical reactivity assay and a novel in vitro competitive covalent binding assay. Results obtained with AZD5248, literature compounds, and close analogues of AZD5248 support the mechanistic hypothesis and provide validation for the use of these assays in a two tier screening approach to support lead optimization. The strengths and limitations of these assays are discussed.