gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Foundations of Machine Learning (2012)

Foundations of Machine LearningSoon we will embark on a theoretical study of AdaBoost in order to understand its properties, particularly its ability as a learning algorithm to generalize, that is, to make accurate predictions on data not seen during training.Before this will be possible, however, it will be necessary to take a step back to outline our approach to the more general problem of machine learning, including some fundamental general-purpose tools that will be invaluable in our analysis of AdaBoost.We study the basic problem of inferring from a set of training examples a classification rule whose predictions are highly accurate on freshly observed test data.On first encounter, it may seem questionable whether this kind of learning should even be possible.After all, why should there be any connection between the training and test examples, and why should it be possible to generalize from a relatively small number of training examples to a potentially vast universe of test examples?Although such objections have indeed often been the subject of philosophical debate, in this chapter we will identify an idealized but realistic model of the inference problem in which this kind of learning can be proved to be entirely feasible when certain conditions are satisfied.In particular, we will see that if we can find a simple rule that fits the training data well, and if the training set is not too small, then this rule will in fact generalize well, providing accurate predictions on previously unseen test examples.This is the basis of the approach presented in this chapter, and we will often use the general analysis on which it is founded to guide us in understanding how, why, and when learning is possible.We also outline in this chapter a mathematical framework for studying machine learning, one in which a precise formulation of the boosting problem can be clearly and naturally expressed.Note that, unlike the rest of the book, this chapter omits nearly all of the proofs of the main results since these have largely all appeared in various texts and articles.
ANTITUMORIGENIC AND CYTOTOXIC PROPERTIES OF AN ETHANOL EXTRACT DERIVED FROM<i>Rhus Verniciflua</i>STOKES (RVS) (2001)

In this study, the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antitumorigenic activities of a fractionated, ethanol extract derived from Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS), a plant indigenous to Korea, China, and Japan, were determined. Physicochemical analysis and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) results indicated that the active component of a Sephadex G-150-fractionated RVS extract (PII fraction) was a copper-containing glycoprotein, possibly a plant laccase. Antioxidant activity of the fractionated RVS extract, observed in both aqueous and lipid in vitro oxidation reactions using 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, site-specific Fenton-reaction deoxyribose, and a model lipid emulsion test system, indicated an affinity for protection against hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals. Cultured mouse brain neurons were protected against glucose oxidase-induced hydroxyl radical in the presence of the fractionated RVS extract (e.g., 58% protection at 4.9 microM and 95% protection with 22.7 microM RVS). RVS was further shown to protect against in vitro Fenton-reaction-induced single- and double-strand scission in supercoiled plasmid DNA. Further testing for bioactivity of the fractionated RVS extract was based on the affinity to inhibit cell proliferation in cultured HeLa and CT-26 tumor cells. The presence of RVS resulted in 70% cell death after 24 h of incubation in both cell lines at a minimum concentration of 2.48 microM RVS. Data demonstrate multiple bioactive chemopreventative properties of a Sephadex G-150-fractionated extract derived from RVS.
ACAP-a system for the interactive graphical capture of module generators (2002)

Tools for the interactive graphical capture of module generators are presented. By using incremental compaction to position objects in a layout, and capturing these operations, textual generators can be created without typing a line of code. Incremental compaction consists of two fundamental operations, alignment and as-close-as-possible (ACAP) object compaction. The tools considered consist of a procedural and graphical interface to incremental compaction, a human interface to aid in the creation of layouts, and the ability to capture the operations used in the creation of a layout. Due to the use of incremental compaction, generators can be built which are very tolerant of design rule and technology changes, since design rule information is hidden in the incremental compaction functions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Rainwater Collection System in Urban Areas (2019)

Rainwater harvesting involves the collection and storage of rainwater into the natural reservoirs or artificial reservoirs in order to prevent the surface water runoff. Rainwater harvesting is a process of collecting and storing rainwater for using it as a backup supply of freshwater to meet everyday domestic and agricultural requirements, especially when water becomes scarcely available. There are several methods by which we can collect rainwater flowing from our rooftops, ditches, gardens, fields, forests and other locations. These methods are discussed in detail in the following essays. Rainwater harvesting not only provides fresh water in difficult times but also prevents naturally occurring freshwater resources from drying up, by reducing the demand for water. Rainwater harvesting is the least we can do to maintain the supply of water and also to support life on earth .
Cation disordered rock salt phase Li2CoTiO4 as a potential cathode material for Li-ion batteries (2012)

Li2CoTiO4 as a new titanate cathode material for Li-ion batteries was successfully synthesized by a sol–gel process. It had a cation disordered rock salt structure and showed an excellent cycle stability at room temperature. After coating with carbon, the Li2CoTiO4 possessed a high discharge capacity of 144.3 mAh g−1. The poor conductivity and lithium ion diffusion coefficient of pure Li2CoTiO4 are the main reasons for the limited electrochemical performance of the lithium batteries. The irreversible capacity loss during the first cycle was assigned to the irreversibility of the structural changes.
Speeding up moving-target search (2007)

In this paper, we study moving-target search, where an agent (= hunter) has to catch a moving target (= prey). The agent does not necessarily know the terrain initially but can observe it within a certain sensor range around itself. It uses the strategy to always move on a shortest presumed unblocked path toward the target, which is a reasonable strategy for computer-controlled characters in video games. We study how the agent can find such paths faster by exploiting the fact that it performs A* searches repeatedly. To this end, we extend Adaptive A*, an incremental heuristic search method, to moving-target search and demonstrate experimentally that the resulting MT-Adaptive A* is faster than isolated A* searches and, in many situations, also D* Lite, a state-of-the-art incremental heuristic search method. In particular, it is faster than D* Lite by about one order of magnitude for moving-target search in known and initially unknown mazes if both search methods use the same informed heuristics.
Real-time Ultrasound to Predict Carcass Traits in Live Cattle (1991)

Ultrasound technology offers a low-cost alternative to expensive and time-consuming progeny testing of beef sires for carcass merit. Expected progeny differences (EPDs) for carcass traits such as fat cover, ribeye area, and marbling would provide a tremendous tool to the beef 'cattle industry for producing a high quality, uniform end product. With these EPDs, breeders and commercial bull buyers will be able to directionally change the end product through genetic improvement programs. The objective of this report is to relate the accuracy with which fat cover and ribeye area can be measured with ultrasound equipment when compared with carcass measurements and to demonstrate how serial scans with ultrasound relate changes in body composition of cattle as they mature.
A delay-constrained least-cost path routing protocol and the synthesis method (2002)

Real-time communication services will be one of the most promising future applications in both the B-ISDN and Internet. In addition, real-time traffic usually utilizes a significant amount of resources while traversing the network. Thus there is the need for routing mechanisms which are able to satisfy requirements of both real-time traffic and efficient management of network resources. Firstly we discuss an issue of routing of real-time traffic subject to each end-to-end delay constraint and a path cost. Then, we describe a key concept which is taken into consideration of the requirements simultaneously. Based on the requirements, a delay constrained least-cost path problem is formulated. Since the problem is NP-hard, a heuristic method is proposed to solve the problem. The heuristic method can always find a delay-constrained path between a source node and a destination node, if there is such a path. Based on the heuristic method, an outline of the synthesis method for the delay-constrained least-cost path routing protocol is also presented.
Optimum processors for pattern recognition with nonoverlapping target and scene noise (1995)

In this dissertation, we are concerned with the detection of a known two-dimensional signal, with possibly an unknown illumination or strength, in the presence of noise, using optical pattern recognition techniques.^ Part I: Optimum receivers for pattern recognition with nonoverlapping target and scene noise. In the first part, we design optimum receivers for pattern recognition problems with nonoverlapping target and scene noise. The design of the receivers is based on hypothesis testing. We show that a noise-free target in the presence of spatially nonoverlapping scene noise can be detected with no error by operations that are independent of the scene-noise statistics. The operations performed by the optimum receiver for this case are two correlations and a subtraction which can be implemented with an optical processor. We also design the optimum receiver for detecting a noisy target in nonoverlapping colored background noise. We show that in this receiver the input signal must pass through a prewhitening process in addition to the operations performed by the optimum receiver designed for a noise-free target.^ Part II: Statistical analysis and design of nonlinear joint transform correlators. We investigate the performance of the optical nonlinear joint transform correlators (JTC) for target detection in the presence of colored background noise. We also investigate the sensitivity of the binary nonlinear JTC, using different thresholding methods for binarization in the Fourier plane, under unknown illumination conditions. Finally we introduce a technique to select the support area in the Fourier plane of a binary JTC to design a ternary JTC. We show that the ternary JTC, under certain conditions, can have a better noise performance compared with a binary JTC. ^
Mechanistic description and experimental studies of electrochromatography of proteins (1995)

Abstract Electrochromatography is a form of gradient liquid chromatography in which an axial electric potential is applied to columns packed with gel‐filtration media. Experimental methodology and a mechanistic model are further developed for a system that minimizes Joule heating at electric field strengths of 100 V/cm by dissipating heat through a cooling jacket and use of a cooled, low ionic strength eluting buffer. Focusing of proteins can be achieved in a 15‐mm‐dia. Column by the interplay of eluent velocity, electrophoretic migration rate, and electrically induced concentration polarization when the stationary phase is more conductive than the mobile phase. Voltage gradients of up to 125 V/cm for eluent velocities at 18–25 cm/h separate binary protein mixtures of Bhb‐α‐lactalbumin, BSA‐myoglobin, and α‐lactalbumin‐myoglobin over Sephadex G‐100 and G‐50. Retention times are consistent with values obtained from a mechanistic nonlinear model.
Factors in pin tract infections. (1991)

To determine the factors pertinent to the etiology of pin tract infections, 214 pins in 42 patients were examined prospectively at the time of pin removal. Eighty-nine (41.6%) pin tracts were inflamed, 49 (22.9%) pins had loose anchorages, and 160 (74.8%) pin tips cultured positive for bacteria. The predominant organism cultured was Staphylococcus epidermidis (90.6%), considered nonvirulent, followed by virulent Staphylococcus aureus (37.5%), and Escherichia coli (9.4%). There were 32 loose, inflamed pin tracts. This correlation was statistically significant (P less than .005). There were 40 loose pins whose pin tips had positive cultures. Loose pins correlated for infection with virulent species of bacteria at a highly significant level (P less than .005). Results demonstrate that most pins possess bacterial colonization. Clinically, this means that either inflamed pin tracts or pins with cultures positive for invasive organisms are probably loose and should be removed. Also, mechanical factors are the critical variable in determining the flora of external fixation pins.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanofibrous Sodium Manganese Oxide with a 2 × 4 Tunnel Structure (2001)

Sodium manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieves with a 2 × 4 tunnel structure (Na−2 × 4) have been hydrothermally synthesized from Na−birnessite materials at low temperatures and pressures. The synthetic template materials, the pH value of the medium, and the autoclaved temperature are critical in the synthesis. Sodium salts, such as NaCl, NaNO3, and Na2SO4, are good templates for Na−2 × 4. In strong basic solution or below 160 °C, Na−birnessite does not transform to the Na−2 × 4 structure. TEM images show the synthesized Na−2 × 4 is made up of thin slablike single crystals elongated along the b axis. The formula of Na−2 × 4 can be written as Na0.33M M O2·xH2O, and it is monoclinic with space group C2/m. The unit cell parameters (a, b, c, and β) for Na−2 × 4 are 14.434(5) Å, 2.849(7) Å, 23.976(6) Å, and 98.18°, respectively. These data for Na−2 × 4 are slightly different from the data for Rb−2 × 4 synthesized under high pressure and high temperature, which were reported by Rziha et al. (Eur. J. Miner. 1996, 8, 1155−1161). The surface area of Na−2 × 4 is about 57 m2/g. Na−2 × 4 materials are thermally stable up to 450 °C as indicated by TGA and TPD data.
Deficient nonhomologous end-joining activity in cell-free extracts from Brca1-null fibroblasts. (2002)

BRCA1 ensures genomic stability, at least in part, through a functional role in DNA damage repair. BRCA1 interacts with the Rad50/Mre11/Nbs1 complex that occupies a central role in DNA double-strand break repair mediated by homologous recombination and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). NHEJ can be catalyzed by mammalian whole cell extract in a reaction dependent upon DNA ligase IV, Xrcc4, Ku70, Ku80, and DNA-PKcs. Here, we show that under identical cell-free reaction conditions, the addition of antibodies specific for BRCA1 and Rad 50 but not Rad51, inhibits end-joining activity. Cell extracts derived from Brca1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts exhibit reduced end-joining activity independent of the endogenous protein amounts of DNA ligase IV, Ku80, and Ku70. The Brca1-dependent NHEJ activity predominates at the lower concentrations of Mg2+ (0.5 mM); elevated Mg2+ or Mn2+ concentrations (10 mM) dramatically increase overall end-joining activity and abrogates the requirement for Brca1, Xrcc4, and Ku70. The addition of partially purified BRCA1, in association with Rad50/Mre11/Nbs1 complex, complements the NHEJ deficiency of Brca1-null fibroblast extracts. These results suggest a role for Brca1 in NHEJ and in the maintenance of genome integrity.
Crowd Scene Simulation (2003)

This presentation will look at the state-of-the-art in the simulation of crowd scenes for film, television and games. It will trace the technical development and application of this type of screen spectacle as an optical effect to current 'intelligent' virtual actors used in such work as the Lord of the Rings trilogy. The presentation will then briefly attempt to place ideas about crowd spectacle in a broader media context.
Structure-related perceptual weighting: a way toimprove embeddedzerotree wavelet image coding (1997)

A novel image coding scheme is proposed, in which structure-related perceptual weighting is introduced to improve the performance of the embedded zerotree wavelet image coding algorithm. Significant image quality improvement has been observed. The experiment has been carried out over images with a compression rate ranging from 8 to 64 for still images.
Continuous butanol/isopropanol fermentation in down‐flow column reactor coupled with pervaporation using supported liquid membrane (1992)

Continuous butanol/isopropanol fermentation with immobilized Clostridium isopropylicum was performed in a downflow column reactor using molasses as the substrate. In order to prevent product inhibition and at the same time obtain high concentration of the products, the column reactor was coupled with a pervaporation module using a supported liquid membrane. The liquid membrane was prepared with oleyl alcohol nontoxic to the microorganism. In comparison with the continuous fermentation without product removal, the specific butanol production rate was 2 times higher. The butanol concentration in the permeate was 230 kg/m(3), which was about 50 times higher than that in the culture broth. A numerical investigation suggested a further increase in the productivity by improving the module construction.
Cellobiose oxidase from <i>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</i> can be cleaved by papain into two domains (1991)

Cellobiose oxidase from the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium has been purified to homogeneity by a new method. The enzyme has been cleaved by papain into two fragments: one containing the heme group and one containing the flavin group. The flavin fragment can oxidize cellobiose and is reoxidized by oxygen. Cellobiose oxidase binds to cellulose to approximately the same extent as cellobiohydrolase I. The cellulose-binding site is located on the flavin domain. The enzyme cannot be totally displaced from cellulose by cellobiose, and it is still active when adsorbed to cellulose. The possible role of the enzyme in lignocellulose degradation is discussed.
Two‐dimensional impedance studies of BSA buoyant density separated human erythrocytes (1985)

Combined DC (Coulter Volume) and radio frequency impedance studies were performed on human erythrocytes which had been separated by buoyant density in linear, neutral, isotonic bovine serum albumin gradients. The individual buoyant density fractions showed no reproducible shift in volume with buoyant density but did show a shift with opacity, radio frequency impedance divided by dc impedance. This new electronic parameter of opacity can be related to cell age, since both it and cell age are directly related to buoyant density. This increase in opacity with buoyant density is correlated with a change in shape.
Calcium stearate in resins and resinous polymers: part 2 (1996)

The second in a two‐part series, describes various applications of calcium stearate in resins and resinous polymers. Focuses in particular on its use in polypropylenes and stynenes (e.g. as a slip agent, a dispersing agent, a light stabilizer, or a nucleating agent) and in polyvinyl chlorides (e.g. as a pure‐proofing agent, to enhance ageing and heat resistance or as a non‐toxic stabilizer against acid, heat and light). Also considers the different applications of various stearate blends.
A New Versatile One-Pot Synthesis of Functionalized Thioamides From Grignards, Carbon Disulfide and Amines (1995)

The one-pot successive reactions of Grignard reagents with carbon disulfide and amines mediated by 1-trifluoromethylsulfonylbenzotriazole or triflic anhydride, provide and attractive and general route to thioamides. A wide variety of amines (primary alkyl, arylalkyl, secondary alkyl, cyclic amines, aniline, N-substituted anilines, heterocyclic amidines, amino alcohols, amino ethers, amino acetals, amino ketones, amino esters, amino amides (peptides), aminoalkenes, and diamines) and Grignard (primary alkyl, arylalkyl, aryl, secondary alkyl and tertiary alkyl) can be used, and thioamides are generally formed in good to moderate yields.
Automatic Checking of Quality Best Practices in Software Development Documents (2011)

Quality assurance tasks of software products typically take place throughout the entire software development life-cycle. Frequently, paper-based inspections methods are used to review software development documents (e.g. requirements specifications, design documents, test plans). Nevertheless, even though the quality of these documents has a major impact on the quality of the developed software product, they are often not as rigorously reviewed as source code. This paper presents a tool-based approach that facilitates the software inspection process in order to determine defects of generally accepted documentation best practices in software development documents. Moreover, we present results of a conducted empirical study and show how this tool-based approach helps to facilitate inspection tasks and to support gathering information on the quality of the inspected documents.
Content of beta-d-glucan in cereal grains (2006)

The beta-D-glucan content in 111 genotypes of spring barley, 79 genotypes of oat, and 14 genotypes of spring wheat was analysed using the Mixed-linkage beta-glucan assay kit. Samples were suspended and hydrated in a sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5), incubated with purified lichenase enzyme, and an aliquot of filtrate was reacted with purified beta-glucosidase enzyme. The glucose product was assayed using an oxidase/peroxidase reagent. The mean value of beta-D-glucan content in barley samples was 41.6 g.kg sup(-1) (in the range 18.6--53.7 g.kg sup(-1)), in oats 34.9 g.kg sup(-1) (in the range 17.3--57.0 g.kg sup(-1)), and in wheat samples 4.8 g.kg sup(-1) (in the range 1.9--6.7 g.kg sup(-1)). Although we have observed high variation in beta-D-glucan content within barley and oat genotypes, our results indicate that barley and oat are suitable sources of the health beneficial beta-D-glucan. The barley genotypes Merkur, Orbit, Heda, Zlatan, Karat, Atlas, and Atribut, oat genotypes Terra, Avenuda, SV-5, and Arnold with the highest levels ( 50.0 g.kg sup(-1)) observed can be used in our breeding programmes and in food industry as a potential material by preparation of functional foods.