gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
El programari lliure i les llengües minoritàries: una oportunitat impagable (2003)

El programari lliure es un tipus de programari que dona llibertat als seus usuaris. Amb l'adveniment d'Internet, el programari lliure s'ha consolidat com a alternativa, tecnicament viable i economicament sostenible, al programari de propietat. Llengues com el breto, el gallec, el gaelic o el catala han tingut un desenvolupament molt escas en el mon del programari de propietat per les limitacions que imposa. En contraposicio amb aixo, en el mon del programari lliure aquestes llengues s'han desenvolupat amb un exit notable. Projectes de programari lliure tan importants com el navegador Mozilla, l'entorn GNOME o el sistema GNU/Linux tenen traduccions completes o parcials en totes aquestes llengues. El programari lliure representa una oportunitat sense precedents per al desenvolupament de llengues minoritaries, com ara el catala, en les noves tecnologies gracies a les llibertats que ens garanteix.
Advanced library characterization for high-performance ASIC (2002)

Texas Instruments ASIC Division (TI) has developed a highly accurate and flexible statistical characterization technique using equations to predict delay performance. A 21-term polynomial equation is described which accurately predicts individual cell delays as a nonlinear function of supply voltage, temperature, process variation, input slew time (rise and fall time), and output loading. The accuracy and flexibility of this technique is contrasted with traditional, less sophisticated methods.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Design of InGaAs-InAlAs multiple-quantum-well (MQW) optical modulators (1992)

Design of InGaAs-InAlAs multiple-quantum-well (MQW) optical modulators is described by employing the step segment method (SSM), the three-dimensional beam propagation method (3-D BPM), and the lumped element circuit model. Optical waveguides are treated as materials with complex refractive index. Field distributions, power confinement factors ( Gamma factors), propagation losses, etc. are calculated. It is found that the overlap integral is needed to calculate accurately coupling losses between the optical waveguides and single-mode fibers in place of the simple Gaussian beam-coupling formula and that quasi-single-mode propagation can be obtained even for thick core structures. Design procedures for the driving voltage, and frequency characteristics are also discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Benefits of supplementing St Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution with tetraethylammonium on functional and metabolic recovery of isolated rat hearts (1997)

This study was designed to evaluate whether the addition of potassium channel blockers, tetraethylammonium, 4-aminopyridine or glibenclamide, to St Thomas' cardioplegia improved myocardial preservation over that achieved by St Thomas' cardioplegic solution alone. Initially, isolated rat hearts were subjected to 30 min of continuous normothermic hypoxic cardioplegia. Control hearts were arrested with St Thomas' cardioplegia followed by tetraethylammonium, glibenclamide or 4-aminopyridine-enriched cardioplegia. Subsequently, in a second experiment, hearts were subjected to 45 min of normothermic global ischaemia, after 3 min of cardioplegia with either tetraethylammonium-enriched or standard St Thomas' cardioplegia. In both regimens, hearts arrested with tetraethylammonium-enriched St Thomas' cardioplegia showed better recovery of contractile function than controls (P<0.001). Creatine kinase levels were significantly lower in the tetraethylammonium group (P<0.001). 4-Aminopyridine treatment caused similar contractility to that of the control group but raised creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels (P<0.001). Glibenclamide diminished coronary flow autoregulation, and increased lactate dehydrogenase leakage in reperfusion (P<0.05) with similar contractility to controls. The results of this preliminary in vitro study demonstrate that, in rat heart, St Thomas' cardioplegia enriched with tetraethylammonium improves post-ischaemic contractile function and reduces creatine kinase release. It is concluded that high potassium blocks the membrane at the rapid depolarization phase with rapid sodium influx and tetraethylammonium further prevents repolarization by blocking voltage-dependent potassium channels.
Sequential release of antigens from chloroform‐treated <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> : application towards a possible vaccine (1990)

This study describes the properties of two potential Staphylococcus epidermidis vaccines prepared by chloroform treatment of bacteria and release of antigen from these chloroform-treated organisms. Both vaccines were antigenic on testing with homologous hyperimmune serum and induced immune reactivity in immunized rabbits. There was protective efficacy in mice against intraperitoneal challenge by Staph. epidermidis.
A diminutive and specific RNA binding site for L-tryptophan (2005)

Selection for amino acid affinity by elution of RNAs from tryptophan-Sepharose using free L-tryptophan evokes one sequence predominantly (K(D) = 12 microM), a symmetrical internal loop of 3 nt per side. Though we have also isolated larger sequences with affinity for tryptophan, successively squeezed selection in randomized tracts of 70, 60, 40, 20 and 17 nt show that this internal loop is the simplest sequence that can meet the column affinity selection. From sequence variation in approximately 50 independent isolates, only 26 bits of information are required to describe this loop (equivalent to only 13 fully conserved nucleotides). Thus, it is among the simplest amino acid binding sites known, as well as selective among hydrophobic side chains. Among site sequences defined as essential to affinity by conservation, protection and modification-interference, there is a recurring CCA sequence (a tryptophan anticodon triplet) which apparently forms one side of the binding site. Such conserved juxtaposition of tryptophan with a cognate coding triplet supports a stereochemical origin for the genetic code.
Robust data sharing with key-value stores (2012)

A key-value store (KVS) offers functions for storing and retrieving values associated with unique keys. KVSs have become the most popular way to access Internet-scale “cloud” storage systems. We present an efficient wait-free algorithm that emulates multi-reader multi-writer storage from a set of potentially faulty KVS replicas in an asynchronous environment. Our implementation serves an unbounded number of clients that use the storage concurrently. It tolerates crashes of a minority of the KVSs and crashes of any number of clients. Our algorithm minimizes the space overhead at the KVSs and comes in two variants providing regular and atomic semantics, respectively. Compared with prior solutions, it is inherently scalable and allows clients to write concurrently. Because of the limited interface of a KVS, textbook-style solutions for reliable storage either do not work or incur a prohibitively large storage overhead. Our algorithm maintains two copies of the stored value per KVS in the common case, and we show that this is indeed necessary. If there are concurrent write operations, the maximum space complexity of the algorithm grows in proportion to the point contention. A series of simulations explore the behavior of the algorithm, and benchmarks obtained with KVS cloud-storage providers demonstrate its practicality.
Low-Light-Level Image-Amplifying Device with Full Color Capability (1974)

Equipment capable of amplifying the light of visible images has been available for many years. The new CBS Color Light Amplifier (CLA), however, is the first device to do so without destroying color information. It was made to couple to a 16mm Arriflex motion-picture camera, but in principle it can also be used with color television cameras. Consisting essentially of a high-quality, electrostatic-type image intensifier between two specially designed color wheels, the unit provides a light gain of about 100. CBS News has used the unit at scene light levels as low as 0.05 fc (0.54 lm/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ). The CLA weighs 8 lb (3.6 kg) and lengthens the Arriflex camera by 11.3 in (287 mm). An improved, smaller version is currently under development.
Total Syntheses of the Phytotoxic Lactones Herbarumin I and II and a Synthesis-Based Solution of the Pinolidoxin Puzzle (2002)

A concise approach to a family of potent herbicidal 10-membered lactones is described on the basis of ring-closing metathesis (RCM) as the key step for the formation of the medium-sized ring. This includes the first total syntheses of herbarumin I (1) and II (2) as well as the synthesis of several possible macrolides of the pinolidoxin series. A comparison of their spectral and analytical data with those of the natural product allowed us to establish the stereostructure of pinolidoxin, a potent inhibitor of induced phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, as shown in 46. This finding, however, makes clear that a previous study dealing with the relative and absolute stereochemistry of this phytotoxic agent cannot be correct. An important aspect from the preparative point of view is the fact that the stereochemical outcome of the RCM reaction can be controlled by the choice of the catalyst. Thus, use of the ruthenium indenylidene complex 16 always leads to the corresponding (E)-alkenes, whereas the second generation catalyst 17 bearing an N-heterocyclic carbene ligand affords the isomeric (Z)-olefin with good selectivity. This course is deemed to reflect kinetic versus thermodynamic control of the cyclization reaction and therefore has potentially broader ramifications for the synthesis of medium-sized rings in general. A further noteworthy design feature is the fact that D-ribose is used as a convenient starting material for the preparation of both enantiomers of the key building block 14 by means of a "head-to-tail" interconversion strategy.
A fully-integrated efficient CMOS inverse Class-D power amplifier for digital polar transmitters (2011)

We demonstrate a fully-integrated, high-efficiency inverse Class-D power amplifier in 65nm CMOS process. Such efficient switching amplifiers can form the core of digital polar transmitters. A comprehensive analytical framework has been developed to reveal the design trade-offs and enable efficiency maximization. Operating from a 1-V supply, the PA delivers 22dBm output power with a high efficiency of 44% without using any RF process options. The PA efficiency is comparable to that of state-of-the-art CMOS switching PAs, though it uses a much simpler output matching network. The PA has been integrated into a mixed-signal polar transmitter and meets the 802.11g (54Mbps 64QAM OFDM) spectral mask and EVM requirements with more than 18% average efficiency.
[Water-soluble ginsenosides in American ginseng]. (1998)

Water-soluble ginsenosides were isolated from the water-soluble extract of American Ginseng suggesting that malonyl ginsenosides exist both in American Ginseng and Ginseng.
Indexing and Retrieval of Non-Text Information (2012)

The scope of this volume will encompass a collection of research papers related to indexing and retrieval of online non-text information. In recent years, the Internet has seen an exponential increase in the number of documents placed online that are not in textual format. These documents appear in a variety of contexts, such as user-generated content sharing websites, social networking websites etc. and formats, includingphotographs, videos, recorded music, data visualizations etc. The prevalence of these contexts and data formats presents a particularly challenging task to information indexing and retrieval research due to many difficulties, such as assigning suitable semantic metadata, processing and extracting non-textual content automatically, and designing retrieval systems that "speak in the native language" of non-text documents.
Balanced switching converter to reduce common-mode conducted noise (2002)

Because conventional switching converters have been usually using unbalanced circuit topologies, parasitic capacitance between the drain/collector of an active switch and the frame ground through its heat sink may generate the common-mode conducted noise. This paper proposes a balanced switching converter circuit, which is an effective way to reduce the common-mode conducted noise. As an example, a boost converter version of the balanced switching converter is presented, and the mechanism of the common-mode noise reduction is explained using an equivalent circuit. This good feature is confirmed by experimental results. The concept of the balanced switching converter is applied to some other types of switching converter.
Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Rahnella aquatilis and R. aquatilis-related strains. (2000)

A database is described of the natural susceptibilities of 70 Rahnella strains to 71 antibiotics. MIC values were determined by a microdilution procedure and evaluated by a table calculation program. Rahnella aquatilis and R. aquatilis-related strains were naturally resistant to amoxycillin, ticarcillin, fosfomycin and to antibiotics to which other species of Enterobacteriaceae are also intrinsically resistant, i.e. macrolides (except azithromycin), benzylpenicillin, oxacillin, rifampicin, fusidic acid, lincosamides and glycopeptides. Rahnella strains were also naturally resistant or intermediate to cefazolin, cefuroxime and loracarbef. All rahnellae were naturally sensitive or intermediate to doxycycline, minocycline, aminoglycosides, some penicillins and cephalosporins, carbapenems, aztreonam, quinolones, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, cotrimoxazole, chloramphenicol and nitrofurantoin. Bimodal or broad MIC distributions were seen for several antibiotics, e.g. quinolones and cephalosporins. With the exception of quinolones no differences in natural antibiotic susceptibility were seen between reference strains of Rahnella genomovar 1 (n=6) and 2 (n=7). Reference strains of genomovar 1 were pyrase-positive and more susceptible to quinolones than reference strains of genomovar 2, which were pyrase-negative. By discrimination of all rahnellae in the pyrase-positive and pyrase-negative strains the MIC distributions for quinolones became smaller and unimodal. Under the conditions described pyrase might be a parameter to differentiate strains of Rahnella genomovars 1 and 2.
Mastoparan as a G Protein Activator (2000)

Mastoparan was isolated from the venom of wasp, Vespula lewisii, as a peptide that induces histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (Hirai et al., 1979). It is a C-terminally amidated tetradecapeptide comprising primarily basic and hydrophobic amino acid residues but no acidic residues (Tab. 1). Structurally similar peptides that also induce the histamine release have been isolated from venom of other wasps and hornets, and are collectively termed mastoparans (Nakajima et al., 1985). Mastoparans were also found to induce exocytosis from a variety of cells: serotonin from platelets (Ozaki et al., 1990), insulin from pancreatic β cells (Yokokawa et al., 1989), surfactant from pulmonary alveolar type 2 epithelial cells (Joyce-Brady et al., 1991), and catecholamine from chromaffin cells (Kuroda et al., 1980; Vitale et al., 1993). This peptide also elevates intracellular Ca2+ concentration in neutrophils (Perianin and Snyderman, 1989) and promotes proliferation of Swiss 3T3 cells (Gil et al., 1991).
1995 Physicians' Desk Reference (1995)

1995 Physicians' Desk Reference 49th ed By Medical Economics Data 1995,2,787 pp $64.95 hardcover
Design and analysis of a proactive application management system (PAMS) (2002)

Management of large-scale network-centric systems (NCS) and their applications is an extremely complex and challenging task due to factors such as centralized management architectures, lack of coordination and compatibility among heterogeneous network management systems, and the dynamic characteristics of networks and application bandwidth requirements, just to name a few. The goal of this research is to develop a hierarchical framework to achieve end-to-end intelligent proactive network management system that can be used to manage large-scale network-centric systems and their applications. This framework provides the ability to write management programs to manage any required function or property (performance, high assurance, fault, quality of service, etc.) of the network-centric systems and their applications during all the phases of their operations. Our ultimate objective is to consider the management of network-centric systems and applications starting from the design phase and forward rather than being afterthought process. In this paper, we present a framework to develop proactive and adaptive management services and an implementation of a proactive application management system (PAMS) based on that framework. Our implementation approach utilizes delegated mobile agents to implement the management functions required by any network-centric system and/or application. We also present experimental results and evaluation of the management services offered by the PAMS prototype.
Dynamic Young’s moduli of some commercially available polyurethanes (1983)

The Young’s modulus and loss tangent have been measured in air for a number of commercially available polyurethanes. A resonance technique was used for measurements over the approximate frequency range 102 to 104 Hz and the approximate temperature range 40° to −5 °C. Master curves and Williams–Landel–Ferry shift constants were detemined for the materials tested. The automated data acquisition system used is described. The experimental procedure was found to be a reliable method for determining the viscoelastic constants for extensional wave propagation in elastomeric materials.
Can Inhibitor-Resistant Substitutions in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-Lactamase BlaC Lead to Clavulanate Resistance?: a Biochemical Rationale for the Use of β-Lactam–β-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations (2013)

The current emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis calls for novel treatment strategies. Recently, BlaC, the principal β-lactamase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was recognized as a potential therapeutic target. The combination of meropenem and clavulanic acid, which inhibits BlaC, was found to be effective against even extensively drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains when tested in vitro. Yet there is significant concern that drug resistance against this combination will also emerge. To investigate the potential of BlaC to evolve variants resistant to clavulanic acid, we introduced substitutions at important amino acid residues of M. tuberculosis BlaC (R220, A244, S130, and T237). Whereas the substitutions clearly led to in vitro clavulanic acid resistance in enzymatic assays but at the expense of catalytic activity, transformation of variant BlaCs into an M. tuberculosis H37Rv background revealed that impaired inhibition of BlaC did not affect inhibition of growth in the presence of ampicillin and clavulanate. From these data we propose that resistance to β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations will likely not arise from structural alteration of BlaC, therefore establishing confidence that this therapeutic modality can be part of a successful treatment regimen against M. tuberculosis.
Resistance to Rifampin and Lysozyme of Strains of Some Species of Mycobacterium and Nocardia as a Taxonomic Tool (1977)

Examination of 682 strains representing four species of mycobacteria (Mycobacterium phlei, M. smegmatis, M. fortuitum, and M. marinum) and seven species of nocardiae (Nocardia asteroides, N. caviae, N. brasiliensis, N. autotrophica, N. dassonvillei, N. madurae, and N. pelletieri) indicated that, with the exception of N. madurae and N. pelletieri, resistance to rifampin (20 μg/ml) is a useful property for describing these species. Resistance to lysozyme (300 to 500 U/ml) is taxonomically useful for delineating all 11 species.
The molecular mechanisms responsible for resistance to ET-743 (Trabectidin; Yondelis) in the Ewing's sarcoma cell line, TC-71. (2005)

Identification of new active agents against sarcoma is considered an important challenge in medical oncology. ET-743 (Trabectidin; Yondelis) has recently emerged as the first active drug developed against sarcoma in the last two decades, with promising results especially against soft-tissue sarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma (ES). In this study, we analyzed the molecular mechanisms responsible for resistance to ET-743 in ES cells. Three resistant cell variants (TC/ET 3 nM, TC/ET 6 nM and TC/ET 12 nM) were obtained, showing 28-, 47- and 102-fold increase in ET-743 resistance. Cross-resistance to other drugs was analyzed. Comparative genomic hybridization and cDNA microarray technology were employed to characterize and compare the gene expression profile of two TC/ET variants with the parental cell line. TC/ET cells show a conventional multidrug resistance phenotype and P-glycoprotein overexpression was found to significantly contribute to ET-743 resistance. However, functional studies with the cyclosporine analogue, PSC-833, indicate that other mechanisms are involved in resistance to ET-743. The gene expression profile of TC/ET cells indicated, among up-regulated genes, an increase in expression of insulin-like growth factor receptor-I (IGF-IR) and one of its major intracellular mediators, insulin receptor substrate-1. Functional studies using a neutralizing antibody anti-IGF-IR confirmed involvement of this signaling pathway in resistance to ET-743. Simultaneous blockage of both P-glycoprotein and IGF-IR completely restored sensitivity to ET-743 in ES cells. Overall, these findings provide impetus for future studies testing the therapeutic value of new specific inhibitors of P-glycoprotein and IGF-IR, which could represent a concrete therapeutic option for ES patients refractory to conventional agents.
Joint Beamforming and Power Control for Multiantenna Relay Broadcast Channel With QoS Constraints (2008)

This paper studies the two-hop relay broadcast channel (BC) for a relay-assisted wireless cellular network where the multiuser independent downlink signals from the base station (BS) are first transmitted to a fixed relay station (RS), and then forwarded by the RS to multiple mobile users. Assuming both the BS and RS are equipped with multiantennas, we study the joint optimization of linear beamforming and power control at the BS and RS so as to minimize their weighted sum-power consumption under the user minimum signal-to-interference-noise-ratio (SINR) - quality-of-service (QoS) - constraints. We apply two well-known criteria in the literature, namely, the ldquoSINR balancingrdquo and the ldquochannel-inversion,rdquo for the design of linear precoding in the traditional nonrelay-assisted multiantenna BC to the relay-assisted multiantenna BC. First, a convergence-ensured iterative SINR-balancing algorithm is proposed to successively in turn optimize the transmit parameters at one station (BS or RS) with those at the other station being fixed. Second, a joint BS and RS channel-inversion algorithm is proposed together with a novel technique, termed ldquoeigenmode switching,rdquo at the RS to reduce the power penalty of the channel inversion. Simulation results show that the proposed joint beamforming and power control schemes provide substantial power savings to achieve the assigned user QoS constraints.