gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highly Efficient Resonance Energy Transfer in Ultrathin Organic-Inorganic Semiconductor Hybrid Films (2007)

We report on the optical study of efficient excitation transfer in organic-inorganic hybrid thin films composed of alternating monolayers of CdSe/ZnS QDs and J-aggregate of cyanine dyes, by steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy study.
Learning from a Mineral Structure toward an Ultra‐Narrow‐Band Blue‐Emitting Silicate Phosphor RbNa<sub>3</sub>(Li<sub>3</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub>:Eu<sup>2+</sup> (2018)

Abstract Learning from natural mineral structures is an efficient way to develop potential host lattices for applications in phosphor converted (pc)LEDs. A narrow‐band blue‐emitting silicate phosphor, RbNa 3 (Li 3 SiO 4 ) 4 :Eu 2+ (RNLSO:Eu 2+ ), was derived from the UCr 4 C 4 ‐type mineral model. The broad excitation spectrum (320–440 nm) indicates this phosphor can be well matched with the near ultraviolet (n‐UV) LED chip. Owing to the UCr 4 C 4 ‐type highly condensed and rigid framework, RNLSO:Eu 2+ exhibits an extremely small Stokes shift and an unprecedented ultra‐narrow (full‐width at half‐maximum, FWHM=22.4 nm) blue emission band (λ em =471 nm) as well as excellent thermal stability (96 %@150 °C of the initial integrated intensity at 25 °C). The color gamut of the as‐fabricated (pc)LEDs is 75 % NTSC for the application in liquid crystal displays from the prototype design of an n‐UV LED chip and the narrow‐band RNLSO:Eu 2+ (blue), β‐SiAlON:Eu 2+ (green), and K 2 SiF 6 :Mn 4+ (red) components as RGB emitters.
Cholera toxin: A paradigm for multi-functional engagement of cellular mechanisms (Review) (2004)

Cholera toxin (Ctx) from Vibrio cholerae and its closely related homologue, heat-labile enterotoxin (Etx) from Escherichia coli have become superb tools for illuminating pathways of cellular trafficking and immune cell function. These bacterial protein toxins should be viewed as conglomerates of highly evolved, multi-functional elements equipped to engage the trafficking and signalling machineries of cells. Ctx and Etx are members of a larger family of A-B toxins of bacterial (and plant) origin that are comprised of structurally and functionally distinct enzymatically active A and receptor-binding B sub-units or domains. Intoxication of mammalian cells by Ctx and Etx involves B pentamer-mediated receptor binding and entry into a vesicular pathway, followed by translocation of the enzymatic A1 domain of the A sub-unit into the target cell cytosol, where covalent modification of intracellular targets leads to activation of adenylate cyclase and a sequence of events culminating in life-threatening diarrhoeal disease. Importantly, Ctx and Etx also have the capacity to induce a wide spectrum of remarkable immunological processes. With respect to the latter, it has been found that these toxins activate signalling pathways that modulate the immune system. This review explores the complexities of the cellular interactions that are engaged by these bacterial protein toxins, and highlights some of the new insights to have recently emerged.
Carbonyl-Iron/Epoxy Composite Magnetic Core for Planar Power Inductor Used in Package-Level Power Grid (2013)

Our research objective is to realize the basic technology for a next generation package-level power grid (PLPG) for plural application large scale integrated circuits (LSIs). In this study, a carbonyl-iron powder (CIP)/epoxy composite magnetic core, for large-current power inductor used for the main dc-dc converter in the PLPG, has been fabricated and evaluated. 54 vol.%-CIP/epoxy composite core made by screen-printing had a relative permeability of 7.5 and loss tangent of about 0.03 at 100 MHz. The planar power inductor using composite core was fabricated and evaluated, which had a quasi closed magnetic circuit consisting of low permeability composite core and embedded 35-μm-thick, two-turn copper spiral coil. The fabricated inductor with a 1-mm-square in size had 5.5 nH inductance, Q-factor of 15 at 100 MHz, and 18 mΩ dc coil resistance. Inductance was constant even when the superimposed dc current increased up to around 5.5 A.
Rapid Transfer of Endothelial Cell Sheet Using a Thermosensitive Hydrogel and Its Effect on Therapeutic Angiogenesis (2013)

In this study, thermosensitive hydrogels incorporated with multiple cell-interactive factors were developed as a substrate to form monolayer of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) that can be detached and transferrable to target sites as a cell-sheet in response to temperature change. The cell adhesive peptide (RGD) and growth factor (bFGF) covalently incorporated within the hydrogel significantly enhanced adhesion and proliferation of HUVECs, allowing for the formation of their confluent monolayer. Meanwhile, the precisely controllable change in the size of the hydrogels was observed by a repeated increase and decrease in temperature from 37 to 4 °C. By exploiting this unique behavior, the detachment and transfer of HUVEC sheet confluently cultured at 37 °C was rapidly induced within 10 min by expansion of the hydrogels when the temperature was decreased to 4 °C. The transferred cell sheet was highly viable and maintained robust cell-cell junction. Finally, the process of cell sheet transfer was directly applied onto an ischemic injury in the hind limb of mice. The transplanted HUVECs as a sheet retarded tissue necrosis over 14 days in comparison with that of direct injection of the same number of cells. Our results suggest that the developed multifunctional Tetronic-tyramine hydrogels could serve as an ideal substrate to modulate the formation of an endothelial cell layer that could potentially be utilized to treat peripheral arterial disease.
Overactive Bladder--Pharmacological Aspects (2002)

The micturition reflex can be initiated by contraction or distension of detrusor smooth muscle cells, or by signals from the urothelium. It has been shown that bladder distension causes release of ATP from the urothelium, and that ATP can activate P2X3 receptors on suburothelial afferent nerve terminals to evoke a neural discharge. However, most probably the activation of afferent fibres during bladder filling involves not only ATP, but a cascade of inhibitory and stimulatory transmitters/mediators. These mechanisms may be targets for future drugs. Both in the normal and functionally disturbed bladder, muscarinic receptor stimulation produces the main part of detrusor contraction, but evidence is accumulating that in disease states, such as neurogenic bladders, outflow obstruction, idiopathic detrusor instability, interstitial cystitis, and also in the ageing bladder, a non-cholinergic activation via purinergic receptors may occur. If this component of activation is responsible not only for part of the bladder contractions, but also for the symptoms of the overactive bladder, it should be considered an important target for therapeutic interventions. Drags blocking different P2X receptor subtypes, or counteracting bladder contraction via other mechanisms, e.g. beta3-adrenoceptor stimulation, may be developed for treatment of the overactive bladder.
Naltrexone in autistic children: a double-blind and placebo-controlled study. (1990)

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was designed to assess critically the effects of naltrexone on behavioral symptoms and learning in autistic children, and its safety. This is a preliminary report on 18 children, ages 3.08 to 7.99 years, who completed this ongoing study. Subjects were randomly assigned to naltrexone or placebo and received daily doses over a period of 21 days. Naltrexone was superior to placebo according to blind Clinical Global Consensus Ratings (unpublished scale). However, other behavioral rating measures did not confirm this result. There was only a suggestion that naltrexone reduced fidgety and hyperactive behavior and tended to alleviate overall symptomatology in older children. Naltrexone did not appear to affect discrimination learning. Results are preliminary and, owing to the small sample size, can be considered only suggestive until this study is completed or replication is obtained from independent research.
Intracellular Parasitism by <i>Histoplasma capsulatum</i> : Fungal Virulence and Calcium Dependence (2000)

Histoplasma capsulatum is an effective intracellular parasite of macrophages and causes the most prevalent fungal respiratory disease in the United States. A "dimorphic" fungus, H. capsulatum exists as a saprophytic mold in soil and converts to the parasitic yeast form after inhalation. Only the yeasts secrete a calcium-binding protein (CBP) and can grow in calcium-limiting conditions. To probe the relation between calcium limitation and intracellular parasitism, we designed a strategy to disrupt CBP1 in H. capsulatum using a telomeric linear plasmid and a two-step genetic selection. The resultingcbp1 yeasts no longer grew when deprived of calcium, and they were also unable to destroy macrophages in vitro or proliferate in a mouse model of pulmonary infection.
Sharps injuries in UK health care: a review of injury rates, viral transmission and potential efficacy of safety devices (2006)

Although injuries remain common, confirmed viral transmission in the UK has been relatively rare. The degree of under-reporting of sharps injuries may be as much as 10-fold. Safety-engineered devices are likely to be effective at injury reduction.
Crooked Tail(Cd) Models Human Folate-Responsive Neural Tube Defects (1999)

Genetic correlation of human neural tube defects (NTDs) with NTD genes identified in mouse may unravel predisposing complex traits for assessment of individual risk and treatment in clinical settings. Folic acid (FA) can reduce the recurrence of NTDs in human populations by as much as 50-70%, though the mechanism of this rescue is unknown. We examined whether Crooked tail ( Cd ), a mouse strain prone to exencephaly, could provide a genetic animal model for folate-responsive NTDs. The Cd locus was localized to a 0.2 cM interval of the Mouse Genome Database genetic map, identifying tightly linked markers for genotyping prior to phenotypic expression. In a controlled diet study, Cd was found to mimic closely the clinical response to FA. FA supplementation reduced the recurrence risk of Cd exencephaly by as much as 55%. This rescue was dose dependent and did not require subjects to be inherently folate deficient. Like the female predominance of NTDs in humans, female Cd embryos were most likely to display exencephaly and were more responsive than males to the FA rescue. Importantly, FA supplementation shifted the severity of Cd phenotypic expression from early embryonic lethality to longer survival, and reduced the incidence of NTDs. The Cd locus is distinct from the known genes associated with neurulation defects, and isolation of this gene will assist identification of biochemical, genetic and gender-dependent factors contributing to folate-responsive NTDs.
The Effect of Vibrotactile Stimuli via the SOMATRON  on the Identification of Pitch Change by Hearing Impaired Children (1992)

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of vibrotactile stimuli via the SOMATRON™ on the identification of pitch change by hearing impaired children. The research question was: Can vibrotactile stimuli assist hearing impaired children in developing tonal concepts normally acquired by hearing children through the auditory channel? Seventeen heating impaired students from a state school for the deaf served as subjects. Ten alternating patterns of octaves, perfect fifths, and major thirds, ascending and descending, were recorded in random order on audio tapes using a Yamaha synthesized PSR-90. Subjects were tested individually for identification of pitch change under two conditions: (a) use of auditory skills only, and (b) use of auditory skills supported by vibrotactile stimuli. Identification of pitch change was indicated by subjects' response on a mechanical auditory signal device. Audiotape recordings of subject data were analyzed for identification of pitch change. Data were recorded for correct and incorrect responses. Incorrect responses were omissions or indications of pitch change when no change occurred. Of the 17 subjects, 10 subjects identified more pitch changes under the use of auditory skills supported by vibrotactile stimuli condition. Four subjects identified more changes under the use of auditory skills only condition, and three subjects identified the same number of changes under both conditions. The data were further analyzed for identification differences occurring on the bases of number of beats preceding a change, size of the melodic interval or discrepancy in change, and age of subjects.
Disulfide-bridged peptide macrobicycles from nature (2015)

Disulfide-bridged peptide bicycles (DBPBs) are molecules that contain a transannular disulfide bridge within a macrocyclic framework. While DBPBs are precedented in nature, the development of synthetic analogues and their use as therapeutic agents has yet to realize their full potential. A series of naturally-occurring DBPBs and their respective structural and biological features is presented, followed by a description of synthetic methods used to prepare and understand these unique bicyclic systems. The synergy of high-throughput biology and synthetic chemistry should facilitate the development of novel DBPBs in the near future.
One-pot efficient synthesis of pyrrolylBODIPY dyes from pyrrole and acyl chloride (2012)

A facile one-pot synthesis of pyrrolylBODIPY dyes from acid chloride and excess pyrrole was developed through oxidative nucleophilic substitution of in situ formed dipyrromethene with pyrrole. Fluorescence imaging of living cells by using selected dyes has been successfully demonstrated.
A New Method for the Detection of Racemization during Peptide Synthesis: Stereoselective hydrolysis of diastereomeric peptides by leucine aminopeptidase (1973)

Abstract A suitably protected dipeptide of configuration L ‐ D , e.g. Z‐ L ‐Ala‐ D ‐Ala is coupled with an all L alanine peptide, e.g. L ‐Ala‐ L ‐Ala‐ONb Abbreviations according to the IUPAC‐IUB rules, ‘Symbols for Amino‐Acid Derivatives and Peptides, Recommendations (1971)’'. see e.g. J. biol. Chemistry 247 , 977 (1972). In particular the following abbreviations have been used: Z = benzyloxycarbonyl‐, ‐ONb = p ‐nitrobenzyloxy‐, ‐ONSu = succinimido‐oxy‐. Additional abbreviations are LAP = leucine aminopeptidase, DCCI = N,N′‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, DMF = dimethylformamide. . The blocking groups are removed and the free peptide hydrolyzed by leucine amino peptidase (E.C. 3.4.1.1). This enzyme shows absolute L ‐specificity for the penultimate peptide bond from the amino end and therefore cleaves only the all L peptide formed through racemization. The amount of free alanine determined by amino acid analysis gives a multiple of the degree of racemization. The sensitivity of the test allows 0.1% of ( L ‐Ala) 4 to be detected in the synthesis of L ‐Ala‐ D ‐Ala‐ L ‐Ala‐ L Ala. Coupling of Z‐ L ‐Ala‐ D ‐Ala and Z‐ L ‐Ala‐ D ‐Phe with di‐ and trialanine peptides has been studied using DCCI and DCCI + 1‐hydroxybenzotriazole as coupling reagents. The degree of racemization was around 80% for the coupling by DCCI in DMF but was reduced to 0.2–0.4% in the presence of 2 equivalents of 1‐hydroxybenzotriazole. Coupling using the succinimide esters Z‐ L ‐Ala‐ D ‐Ala‐ONSu and Z‐ L ‐Ala‐ D ‐Phe‐ONSu resulted in 0.8 to 10% racemization, depending on the solvent and base used.
Carpal tunnel: MR imaging. Part II. Carpal tunnel syndrome. (1989)

The magnetic resonance (MR) images of 14 wrists of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) were studied. Four general findings visible regardless of the cause of CTS included swelling of the median nerve, best evaluated at the level of the pisiform bone; flattening of the median nerve, most reliably judged at the hamate level; palmar bowing of the flexor retinaculum, best visualized at the level of the hamate bone; and increased signal intensity of the median nerve on T2-weighted images. Findings related to cause were tendon sheath edema in traumatic tenosynovitis, synovial hypertrophy in rheumatoid tenosynovitis, a ganglion cyst, and excessive amount of fat within the carpal tunnel, a persistent median artery, and a large adductor pollicis muscle. Knowledge of these findings may permit more rational choice of treatment. In four cases in which symptoms persisted after surgery, findings valuable in explaining or predicting the failure included incomplete incision of the flexor retinaculum, excessive fat within the carpal tunnel, persistent neuritis of the median nerve, and development of neuromas.
A novel method of motion estimation using luminance and chrominance blocks (2002)

The paper presents a method of motion estimation using luminance and chrominance blocks, It has the performance of adaptive control for the chrominance format and plays the role of a coarse search in a hierarchical search algorithm. This method compresses the data rate dependent upon the content of pictures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
600- and 1200-V bipolar-mode MOSFET's with high current capability (1985)

600-V 25-A and 1200-V 20-A bipolar-mode MOSFET's (T-BIFET) with 100-A and 75-A maximum current capability, respectively, have been developed, based on a new pattern design theory for high latch-up current density. It is also shown than an n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -buffer layer improves a tradeoff between the forward voltage and the turn-off time, compared with an ordinary n-buffer layer.
Starter aiding system based on supercapacitors for the LDE2100 locomotive (2009)

The paper presents an intelligent embedded system designed for aiding the starting process of the internal combustion engine of the LDE2100 locomotive. The system uses supercapacitors to reduce the strain on the main batteries increasing battery life. The higher charged supercapacitors also offer a higher degree of successful engine starts. Another advantage of the proposed system is the use of solid state relays instead of the electropneumatic ones, greatly reducing transient voltages and current spikes, the main causes of shortened lifespans of traditional engine starting systems.
Polymer‐driven crystallization (2007)

Obtaining well-diffracting crystals of macromolecules remains a significant barrier to structure determination. Here we propose and test a new approach to crystallization, in which the crystallization target is fused to a polymerizing protein module, so that polymer formation drives crystallization of the target. We test the approach using a polymerization module called 2TEL, which consists of two tandem sterile alpha motif (SAM) domains from the protein translocation Ets leukemia (TEL). The 2TEL module is engineered to polymerize as the pH is lowered, which allows the subtle modulation of polymerization needed for crystal formation. We show that the 2TEL module can drive the crystallization of 11 soluble proteins, including three that resisted prior crystallization attempts. In addition, the 2TEL module crystallizes in the presence of various detergents, suggesting that it might facilitate membrane protein crystallization. The crystal structures of two fusion proteins show that the TELSAM polymer is responsible for the majority of contacts in the crystal lattice. The results suggest that biological polymers could be designed as crystallization modules.
A Channel-Threading 16mm Television Projector (1972)

The new Eastman 16mm Television Projector Model CT-500 has been designed for heavy-duty use with existing telecine systems and allows for compatability with foreseeable broadcast automation schemes. This professional-quality intermittent projector retains many of the design elements of its predecessors and incorporates the following new features: C-shaped threading channel with automatic gate-closing and loop-forming operations; high-speed slewing in forward or reverse; solid-state cuing system; and all control functions brought to individual terminal strips permitting remote control of any or all of the functions. Solid-state sound, halogen cycle projection lamp, reverse projection at 24 frames/s, automatic exciter-lamp changer, and control and readout of projection-lamp voltage are features that are new to Eastman projectors and are incorporated in the CT-500.
Pharmacological and anatomical analysis of fear conditioning. (1990)

The potentiated startle paradigm measures conditioned fear by an increase in the amplitude of a simple reflex (the acoustic startle reflex) in the presence of a cue previously paired with shock. This paradigm offers a number of advantages as an alternative to most animal tests of fear or anxiety, since it involves no operant and is reflected by an enhancement rather than a suppression of ongoing behavior. Lesion and electrical stimulation studies on fear-potentiated startle and startle increased by electrical stimulation of the amygdala are being used to define the neural pathways necessary for a visual conditioned stimulus to alter the acoustic startle reflex. The current working hypothesis is that the conditioned stimulus activates the central nucleus of the amygdala through a pathway involving the lateral geniculate nucleus and insular cortex. The central nucleus of the amygdala may then project directly to the acoustic startle pathway, modulating the startle response. More work has to be done to define conclusively the relevant neural pathways involved in fear-potentiated startle. Nonetheless, by combining behavioral, anatomical, physiological, and pharmacological approaches, it will be possible to determine each step along the pathway that mediates the ability of a stimulus signaling fear to alter behavior. Once the exact structures are delineated, it should be possible to determine the neurotransmitters that are released during a state of fear and how this chemical information is relayed along these pathways to affect behavior. Eventually, this approach should help to determine where plastic changes take place along these pathways to mediate the conditioned effects that are being measured and the biochemical processes that are involved.
Advanced combustion methods (1986)

Combustion in Fluidized Beds. Pulsating Combustion. Combustion in Heat-Recirculating Burners. Catalytic Combustion. Electrical Discharge-Augmented Flames and Plasma Jets in Combustion. The Effects of Electric Fields on Combustion Processes. References. Index.
Intelligent Intrusion Detection of Grey Hole and Rushing Attacks in Self-Driving Vehicular Networks (2016)

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) play a vital role in the success of self-driving and semi self-driving vehicles, where they improve safety and comfort. Such vehicles depend heavily on external communication with the surrounding environment via data control and Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAMs) exchanges. VANETs are potentially exposed to a number of attacks, such as grey hole, black hole, wormhole and rushing attacks. This work presents an intelligent Intrusion Detection System (IDS) that relies on anomaly detection to protect the external communication system from grey hole and rushing attacks. These attacks aim to disrupt the transmission between vehicles and roadside units. The IDS uses features obtained from a trace file generated in a network simulator and consists of a feed-forward neural network and a support vector machine. Additionally, the paper studies the use of a novel systematic response, employed to protect the vehicle when it encounters malicious behaviour. Our simulations of the proposed detection system show that the proposed schemes possess outstanding detection rates with a reduction in false alarms. This safe mode response system has been evaluated using four performance metrics, namely, received packets, packet delivery ratio, dropped packets and the average end to end delay, under both normal and abnormal conditions.