gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Review of Purge Air Designs for Aeroengine-Based Optical Pyrometers (2002)

Abstract With the advent of "power by the hour" type agreements within the civil aeroengine market, the application of engine monitoring system data has reached the level of strategic use for informed decision making in not only the aftermarket but increasingly in the contract negotiation stage. One of the key cost drivers in these dollar-per-hour contracts for the OEMs to analyze is the life and maintenance requirements of the turbine blades leading ultimately to blade life management. Such life management of key components is of critical importance to ensure that the economic and technical risks to both service provider and customer are minimized. The optical pyrometer, through providing a direct temperature measurement of the turbine blades, is a primary input for providing a more realistic assessment of the component’s operating history associated with the use of life usage/remaining algorithms. However, the greatest concern with the in-service use of pyrometry is the issue of fouling since the pyrometer’s lens is exposed to the turbine environment. The level of optical contamination is usually minimized by introducing purge air, bled from the compressor, down the sight tube to prevent both the build-up of contaminants on the exposed system optics and particles in the gas stream from coming in contact with the lens. This paper provides a review of purge air designs and the key methodologies for engine designers to be acquainted with when seeking to integrate the use of optical pyrometry systems in new engine concepts.
Trigrams as index element in full text retrieval (1993)

A trigram is a three element sequence of characters. In this paper we demonstrate the effectiveness of a trigram based index for morphologically based retrievals from a full text document retrieval system. Retrieved documents are considered relevant if they contain exact matches for each of the query terms. Using this definition of relevance we consistently achieve a recall rate of 100%. In the experiments described here, we used sets of 100 anded three term queries, and the average precision per set varied from 47% to 87%. We propose a method for increasing the average precision to 100%. Using overlapping trigrams extracted from the Brown Corpus [KUCE67] and a character set of 45 elements, we found a horizontal asymptote near 11,000 for the number of entries in a trigram based index. Finally we show that a trigram based system provides a reasonable alternative to a word based one and is superior to it in retrievals of word fragments.
PHOTOLYSIS OF CHLOROBENZENE. PHENYLATION OF CHLOROBENZENE WITH ANOMALOUS ORIENTATION (1981)

Abstract Photolysis of chlorobenzene as neat and in concentrated solutions gives a mixture of o-, m-, and p-chlorobiphenyls in an anomalous ratio, with the highest ratio of the p-isomer. However, on dilution with solvent, the isomer ratio tends to approach the normal ratio as obtained from the usual phenylation of chlorobenzene with the highest ratio of the o-isomer. A mechanism is proposed in which a triplet excimer of chlorobenzene arising in concentrated solutions favours the production of the p-isomer.
CReconfigurable finite field instruction set architecture (2007)

Reconfigurable computing can provide a significant speed-up factor to cryptographic and error correcting code algorithms. Finite field arithmetic is essential to both, but is difficult to implement efficiently. Finite field instruction set extensions and a reconfiguration framework have been constructed to enable a finite field multiplier to be regenerated via software control. A performance evaluation has been created by generating a Finite Field Extensions Unit with MicroBlaze processor in a Xilinx Virtex2Pro FPGA. By utilizing the in-system partial reconfiguration capability, the finite field multiplier can be customized to a particular size and definition. With a customized GF(2163 ) multiplier, a speed-up factor of 1530X has been demonstrated versus execution of the same algorithm on the MicroBlaze processor alone.
Computing with structured neural networks (1988)

The authors are concerned with how one can design, realize, and analyze networks that embody the specific computational structures needed to solve hard problems. They focus on the design and use of massively parallel connectionist computational models, particularly in artificial intelligence. They describe a computing environment for working with structured networks and present some sample applications. Throughout, they treat adaptation and learning as ways to improve structured networks, not as replacements for analysis and design.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Vertical cavity surface-emitting laser arrays (1994)

Semiconductor diode lasers emitting normal to the substrate plane, known as surface-emitting lasers, are extremely promising for addressing a range of applications from optical interconnects, optical communications and optical recording to remote sensing. The most promising aspect perhaps lies in the prospect of eliminating low yield laser fabrication steps, i.e. laser packaging processing including wafer lapping, cleaving and dicing, facet coatings and diode bonding. The possibility of being able to make any number of lasers anywhere on a wafer is also an increasingly important factor for applications such as optical interconnects. At present two completely different approaches are aimed at realizing surface-emitting lasers. The first represents an extension of the existing technology for semiconductor edge-emitting lasers that uses a 45° slanted mirror or a second-order grating to vertically couple the light out (Figure 9.1(1). (2)). The second, pioneered by K. Iga in 1979, uses highly reflective mirrors to clad the active region, resulting in a vertical cavity that produces an output beam propagating normal to the substrate surface (Figure 9.1(3)).
Detection of <i>KRAS</i> and <i>BRAF</i> mutations in advanced colorectal cancer by allele-specific single-base primer extension (2011)

Evaluation of: Magnin S, Viel E, Baraquin A et al. A multiplex SNaPshot assay as a rapid method for detecting KRAS and BRAF mutations in advanced colorectal cancers. J. Mol. Diagn. 13(5), 485–492 (2011).Since mutations in the KRAS and BRAF genes are associated with resistance to therapy with anticancer drugs targeting the EGF receptor pathway, the analysis of KRAS and BRAF mutational status has become an important tool in the clinical management of patients with advanced colorectal cancer. To be useful in the clinical setting, a diagnostic assay has to address several issues related to the sensitivity and specificity of the method, the modularity of the assay, the turnaround time and the running costs. A variety of methods have been applied to the diagnosis of KRAS and BRAF mutational status. Although there is a good concordance between different methods, differences exist regarding sensitivity, multiplexing capacity and costs. In this article, we review a recently published assay for the simultaneous detection of diagnostically relevant KRAS and BRAF mutations and discuss this work in the context of conventional diagnostic methods.
Highly Orthogonal Functionalization of ADMET Polymers via Photo-Induced Diels–Alder Reactions (2012)

Within the current contribution, we introduce two strategies for the catalyst-free, modular, ambient temperature synthesis of ABC triblock copolymers via photoinduced Diels–Alder reactions. On the one hand, the 2-formyl-3-methylphenoxy (FMP) moiety (a second generation photoenol precursor) was employed for orthogonal polymer–polymer conjugations using terminal acrylates of diblock copolymers synthesized via acyclic-diene-metathesis (ADMET) polymerizations to directly prepare triblock copolymers. On the other hand, the disparate reactivity of 2,5-dimethylbenzophenone (first generation photoenol) and the FMP moiety was exploited to selectively synthesize complex triblock copolymers (6.5 kDa≤ Mn ≤11.5 kDa, 1.16≤ PDI ≤ 1.30) via a sequential one pot approach utilizing the extraordinary orthogonality of the photoinduced Diels–Alder reaction. Polymers functionalized with a photoenol (second generation) moiety were employed for conjugation reactions with polymers featuring an acrylate terminus, while polymers having a photoenol (first generation) end group were employed for selective conjugations of maleimide functional polymers. In this context, the selective head-to-tail ADMET polymerization was employed as a straightforward methodology for the preparation of bifunctional polymers having a terminal acrylate and a photoenol end-group.
Transcription of a yeast phosphoglucomutase isozyme gene is galactose inducible and glucose repressible. (1990)

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL5 (PGM2) gene was isolated and shown to encode the major isozyme of phosphoglucomutase. Northern (RNA) blot hybridization revealed that the GAL5 transcript level increased three- to fourfold in response to galactose and was severely repressed in response to glucose. Total cellular phosphoglucomutase activity was likewise responsive to galactose and to glucose, and this responsiveness was found to be due primarily to variation in the activity of the major isozyme of phosphoglucomutase. These results imply that the major and minor isozymes of phosphoglucomutase have distinct roles in yeast cells. The galactose inducibility of GAL5 was found to be under the control of the GAL4, GAL80, and GAL3 genes. In striking contrast to other galactose-inducible genes, the GAL5 gene exhibited an unusually high GAL4-independent basal level of expression. These results have implications for metabolic trafficking.
Constraint-induced movement therapy: bridging from the primate laboratory to the stroke rehabilitation laboratory (2003)

In this laboratory we have developed a set of techniques that randomized controlled studies indicate can substantially reduce the motor deficit of patients with mild to moderately severe chronic strokes. The techniques, termed Constraint-Induced Movement therapy (CI therapy), involve motor restriction of the less-affected arm while at the same time intensively training the more-affected arm. The intervention was derived directly from basic research with monkeys. The primary difference between CI therapy and conventional physical therapy is in the duration and intensity of the treatment. The greatly improved extremity function produced in the laboratory transfers to the activities of daily living outside the clinic. Treatment gains persisted for the two years tested. Converging data from seven experiments has shown that CI therapy produces massive alterations in brain organization and function correlated with the large improvements in motor ability that it produces.
Cytogenetic analysis of chimeric antibody-producing CHO cells in the course of dihydrofolate reductase-mediated gene amplification and their stability in the absence of selective pressure (1999)

Previously, the highest producing (HP) recombinant CHO subclones isolated at various methotrexate (MTX) levels showed different antibody production stability during long-term culture, although they were clonally derived from CS13 transformant. In this study, genetic basis for their difference in antibody production stability was investigated using southern blot hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques. Southern analysis of HP subclones revealed that light-chain (LC) and heavy-chain (HC) cDNAs were located closely within 23 kb on an amplification unit, and the configuration of LC and HC cDNAs within this amplification unit was not disrupted during long-term culture in the absence of MTX. However, when LC and HC genes were localized on the metaphase chromosomes of HP subclones using FISH, the amplified sequences were present as an extended array on diverse marker chromosomes. HP subclones selected at higher MTX level had more kinds of marker chromosomes. CS13*-002 isolated at 0.02 μM MTX had only one marker chromosome (m002), whereas CS13*-1.0 isolated at 1 μM MTX had five different ones (m10A, m10B, m10C, m10D, and m10E). Each marker chromosome showed different fate during long-term culture of HP subclones in the absence of MTX, resulting in different degrees of stability among the HP subclones. The m10A and m10B remained unchanged, whereas the others disappeared or evolved to variants with shortened amplified arrays. The cells containing stable marker chromosomes constituted dominant subpopulations in CS13*-1.0, and thereby CS13*-1.0 became most stable in regard to antibody production during long-term culture. Furthermore, our dual-color FISH showed that the telomeric ends of amplified arrays on the stable marker chromosomes were always surrounded by (TTAGGG)n sequences, indicating that (TTAGGG)n sequences are closely related to the stability and evolution of amplified sequences. Taken together, our data show that the assessment of genotypic stability of amplified CHO cells is a prerequisite for understanding their production stability during long-term culture in the absence of selection pressure. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 64: 741–749, 1999.
Applying Proteolytic Enzymes on Soybean (1970)

The cold-insoluble fraction of soy protein was hydrolyzed with pepsin under usual conditions and the hydrolyzate was dialyzed. The nondialyzable part was treated with aqueous ethanol to obtain a 50% ethanol-soluble and 90% ethanol-insoluble fraction. From this fraction, a bitter tetracosapeptide was separated with the aid of column chromatography using Sephadex G-10 and DEAE Sephadex A-25, thin layer chromatography using silica gel G and cellulose powder, and paper electrophoresis. The partial structure of the bitter tetracosapeptide was proposed as follows: H·Phe–(Arg, Asp2, Glu2, Gly, Ile, Leu, Lys2, Pro, Ser, Thr)–Trp–(Ala, Arg, Asp, Gly, Val)–Gln–Tyr–Phe–Leu·OH. Pepsin hydrolyzed this peptide to lessen its bitterness, whereas trypsin was ineffective in lessening the bitterness. Either carboxypetidase A or aspergillus acid carboxypeptidase was effective in debittering. N-Bromosuccinimide treatment on this peptide produced a nonapeptide bearing the intact C-terminal structure, which was found to be still bitter. However, further degradation of the bitter nonapeptide with the carboxypeptidase A or the aspergillus acid carboxypeptidase from its C-terminal side lenssened the bitterness. These results indicate that the bitterness of the bitter tetracosapeptide relates intimately to the hydrophobic C-terminal sequence, –Tyr–Phe–Leu·OH. Experimental results concerning chemical modification on this tetracosapeptide and also concerning some synthesized model oligopeptides supported the above conclusion.
Extraction of Mercaptans with Alkaline Solutions (1940)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTExtraction of Mercaptans with Alkaline SolutionsD. L. YabroffCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1940, 32, 2, 257–262Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1940Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1940https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50362a022https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50362a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views412Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Robust Model-Based Fault Detection for a Roll Stability Control System (2007)

Fault management is critical for a vehicle active safety system. Since a sensor fault may not always be detectable by a sensor self-test or an electronic monitoring system whose detection often relies on out-of-range signals, a redundancy check is warranted for the detection of an in-range signal fault. In this paper, an in-vehicle roll rate sensor failure detection scheme utilizing analytical redundancy is presented. The vehicle is assumed to be equipped with a steering wheel angle sensor, a yaw rate sensor, a lateral accelerometer, and wheel speed sensors in addition to the roll rate sensor. Due to the wide variation of vehicle dynamics under a vast operating range, such as various and dynamically changing road super-elevations and road grades, the detection of a roll rate signal fault using analytical redundancy is particularly challenging. These challenges, as well as the robustness and performance of the proposed scheme are discussed. The robust performance of the proposed scheme, over model uncertainties and road disturbances, is illustrated analytically and validated through experimental test data. The analytical illustrations include three elements: a robust estimation of the vehicle roll angle, a dynamic compensation of both electrical and kinematics-induced biases in the roll rate signal, and a directionally sensitive design of a robust observer which decouples the model uncertainties and disturbances from the fault. The experimental verifications of no false positive and/or no false negative were taken with a variety of maneuvers and road conditions on several vehicle test platforms
Mammalian chymotrypsin-like enzymes. Comparative reactivities of rat mast cell proteases, human and dog skin chymases, and human cathepsin G with peptide 4-nitroanilide substrates and with peptide chloromethyl ketone and sulfonyl fluoride inhibitors (1985)

The extended substrate binding sites of several chymotrypsin-like serine proteases, including rat mast cell proteases I and II (RMCP I and II, respectively) and human and dog skin chymases, have been investigated by using peptide 4-nitroanilide substrates. In general, these enzymes preferred a P1 Phe residue and hydrophobic amino acid residues in P2 and P3. A P2 Pro residue was also found to be quite acceptable. The S4 subsites of these enzymes are less restrictive than the other subsites investigated. The substrate specificity of these enzymes was also investigated by using substrates which contain model desmosine residues and peptides with amino acid sequences of the physiologically important substrates angiotensin I and angiotensinogen and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, the major plasma inhibitor for chymotrypsin-like enzymes. These substrates were less reactive than the most reactive tripeptide reported here, Suc-Val-Pro-Phe-NA. The thiobenzyl ester Suc-Val-Pro-Phe-SBzl was found to be an extremely reactive substrate for the enzymes tested and was 6-171-fold more reactive than the 4-nitroanilide substrate. The four chymotrypsin-like enzymes were inhibited by chymostatin and N-substituted saccharin derivatives which had KI values in the micromolar range. In addition, several potent peptide chloromethyl ketone and substituted benzenesulfonyl fluoride irreversible inhibitors for these enzymes were discovered. The most potent sulfonyl fluoride inhibitor for RMCP I, RMCP II, and human skin chymase, 2-(Z-NHCH2CONH)C6H4SO2F, had kobsd/[I] values of 2500, 270, and 1800 M-1 s-1, respectively. The substrates and inhibitors reported here should be extremely useful in elucidating the physiological roles of these proteases.
Band Shape Analysis of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (1982)

The application of a finite difference Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear least-squares procedure for the resoluton of overlapping peaks in Fourier transform-infrared spectra is described. Starting estimates of peak parameters utilized in the refinement are obtained from a numerically approximated second derivative spectrum which has been smoothed. Quantitative information reflecting the constituent peaks and the “goodness of fit” is displayed graphically in a procedure requiring much less than 1 min to both initiate and obtain results in a form that is readily interpreted.
Mechanical stretching modulates growth direction and MMP-9 release in human keratinocyte monolayer (2009)

Cells within human skin are exposed to mechanical stretching that is considered a trigger stimulus for keratinocyte proliferation, while its effect on keratinocyte migration has been poorly investigate. In order to explore the effect of stretching on keratinocyte migration spontaneously immortalized human keratinocyte (HaCaT) monolayers seeded onto collagen I-coated silicon sheets were stimulated 3 times for 1 hour every 24 hours (total time = 72 hours) by mechanical stretching increasing substrate deformations (10%) applied both as static (0 Hz) and cyclic (0.17 Hz) uniaxial stretching. At the end of stimulations monolayer areas measured in both static and cyclic samples appeared reduced and strongly oriented in a direction perpendicular to the stress direction compared to unstimulated ones. Moreover during the mechanical stimulation period HaCaT monolayers strongly increased the release in the medium of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), a proteolytic enzyme necessary for keratinocyte migration.
CD28: Direct and Critical Receptor for Superantigen Toxins (2013)

Every adaptive immune response requires costimulation through the B7/CD28 axis, with CD28 on T-cells functioning as principal costimulatory receptor. Staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigen toxins hyperstimulate the T-cell-mediated immune response by orders of magnitude, inducing a lethal cytokine storm. We show that to elicit an inflammatory cytokine storm and lethality, superantigens must bind directly to CD28. Blocking access of the superantigen to its CD28 receptor with peptides mimicking the contact domains in either toxin or CD28 suffices to protect mice effectively from lethal shock. Our finding that CD28 is a direct receptor of superantigen toxins broadens the scope of microbial pathogen recognition mechanisms.
Drug delivery methods for posterior segment disease (2007)

With the development of therapeutic agents that require repeated administration comes a need for new strategies to improve safety and maximize efficacy. Novel drug delivery systems involving nonbiodegradable or biodegradable implants, microparticulates or nanoparticulates, liposomes, or transscleral iontophoresis may provide the solution.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Poly(organophosphazene)/Doxorubicin Conjugates (1999)

Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejon, KoreaReceived December 1, 1998250 Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 1999, Vol. 20, No. 2 NotesDoxorubicin shows a wide spectrum of activity for solidtumors such as sarcomas, adenocarcinomas and melanomas,but its strong side effects including myelosuppression,extravasation reaction and cardiotoxicity have been a seriousproblem.