gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Activation of EGFR/ERBB2 via Pathways Involving ERK1/2, P38 MAPK, AKT and FOXO Enhances Recovery of Diabetic Hearts from Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury (2012)

This study characterized the effects of diabetes and/or ischemia on epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR, and/or erbB2 signaling pathways on cardiac function. Isolated heart perfusion model of global ischemia was used to study the effect of chronic inhibition or acute activation of EGFR/erbB2 signaling on cardiac function in a rat model of type-1 diabetes. Induction of diabetes with streptozotocin impaired recovery of cardiac function (cardiac contractility and hemodynamics) following 40 minutes of global ischemia in isolated hearts. Chronic treatment with AG825 or AG1478, selective inhibitors of erbB2 and EGFR respectively, did not affect hyperglycemia but led to an exacerbation whereas acute administration of the EGFR ligand, epidermal growth factor (EGF), led to an improvement in cardiac recovery in diabetic hearts. Diabetes led to attenuated dimerization and phosphorylation of cardiac erbB2 and EGFR receptors that was associated with reduced signaling via extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38 mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase and AKT (protein kinase B). Ischemia was also associated with reduced cardiac signaling via these molecules whereas EGF-treatment opposed diabetes and/or ischemia induced changes in ERK1/2, p38 MAP kinase, and AKT-FOXO signaling. Losartan treatment improved cardiac function in diabetes but also impaired EGFR phosphorylation in diabetic heart. Co-administration of EGF rescued Losartan-mediated reduction in EGFR phosphorylation and significantly improved cardiac recovery more than with either agent alone. EGFR/erbB2 signaling is an important cardiac survival pathway whose activation, particularly in diabetes, ischemia or following treatment with drugs that inhibit this cascade, significantly improves cardiac function. These findings may have clinical relevance particularly in the treatment of diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction.
Measuring accuracy of distance protection with particular reference to earth-fault conditions on 400kv looped-circuit interconnections (1970)

The paper provides a detailed evaluation of the errors arising in the measurement of impedance by distance protection, when applied to 400kV double-circuit lines formed in the widely used looped interconnection. An accurate separation of the errors arising from primary-circuit interphase and intercircuit mutual coupling, nontransposition of phase conductors, and fault resistance, is developed; and the fault and prefault operating conditions for which the errors have their greatest individual and combined effects are formulated. Extensive computer evaluations of errors under single-phase-to-earth fault conditions are tabulated, on the basis of which their consequences in relation to the fault operating performance of distance protection are assessed.
Functional testing and characterisation of (bio-)chemical sensors on wafer level (2009)

An automated computer-assisted system for the testing and characterisation of (bio-)chemical sensors on wafer level is developed and integrated into a commercial prober station. The system enables the identification and selection of “good” sensors on wafer level and thus, allows avoiding expensive bonding, encapsulation and packaging processes for defective or non-functioning sensor structures. Moreover, a specifically designed flow-through electrochemical microcell offers the possibility of wafer-level characterisation of (bio-)chemical sensors in terms of sensitivity, hysteresis and response time at an early process stage. The system has been exemplarily tested using wafers combining pH-sensitive field-effect transistors with different geometrical sizes and gate layouts.
Contrast enhancement via multiscale gradient transformation (2002)

We present a new technique for image contrast enhancement via multiscale gradient transformation. In contrast to histogram-based techniques which aim to change the global statistical distribution of pixel intensities, we improve image contrast by modifying the modulus of the gradient image at multiple scales. In computation, a multiscale gradient representation of the image is generated by a wavelet transform (WT). Linear or nonlinear transformation is applied to multiscale gradients. A contrast-enhanced image is obtained from the transformed multiscale gradients by the inverse wavelet transform. Experimental results demonstrate two advantages of the new method: its flexibility to selectively enhance features of different sizes and ability to control noise magnification.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Aspirin-induced gastroduodenal injury and its prevention by prostaglandins. (1988)

It appears likely that aspirin injury and thus bleeding is due to both inhibition of the mucosal synthesis of protective endogenous prostanoids and to a local irritant effect. This injury can be abolished in humans by acid-inhibitory doses of prostaglandins and can probably be ameliorated by 'cytoprotective' doses. It has yet to be shown that the gastropathy seen in patients taking long-term aspirin-like drugs can be prevented or treated by prostaglandins. The clinical relevance of such protection has not yet been established.
4′-Ethynyl-2-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine, MK-8591 (2018)

EFdA is a novel antiretroviral with activity against both wild-type and NRTI-resistant viruses. As a result of the prolonged intracellular half-life of its active moiety, it is amenable to flexibility in dosing of at least daily to weekly and perhaps longer.
Cell-permeable fluorescent indicator for cytosolic chloride (1991)

A major limitation of quinolinium-based fluorescent indicators for cytosolic Cl- has been the necessity of invasive cell loading because the positively charged ring nitrogen confers high polarity and membrane impermeability. A novel approach to mask the positive nitrogen was developed and evaluated for rapid, noninvasive indicator loading into living cells and effective intracellular trapping. The nonpolar and lipophilic compound 6-methoxy-N-ethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (diH-MEQ) was Cl- insensitive but was readily oxidized to the membrane-impermeable and Cl(-)-sensitive fluorescent indicator 6-methoxy-N-ethylquinolium chloride (MEQ), MEQ had 344-nm absorbance and 440-nm emission maxima, 0.70 quantum yield, and 4100 M-1 cm-1 molar extinction coefficient. In aqueous buffers, the fluorescence of MEQ was quenched by Cl- by a collisional mechanism with a Stern-Volmer constant (KCl) of 145 M-1. MEQ fluorescence was quenched by other anions (KBr = 275 M-1, KI = 360 M-1, KSCN = 300 M-1) but not by NO3-, SO4(2-), cations, and pH. Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts and colonic T84 cells were loaded with MEQ by incubation at 37 degrees C with 25-50 microM diH-MEQ for 5-10 min followed by diH-MEQ-free buffer for 15 min. MEQ stained cells brightly and uniformly and was nontoxic in studies of cell growth, cAMP and Ca2+ signaling, and electrophysiological properties. MEQ leaked out of cells by less than 10% in 60 min and was sensitive to cytosolic Cl- with KCl = 19 M-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Reduction of differential‐mode to common‐mode conversion by means of analytic description in common‐mode chokes used for an automotive communication bus system (2013)

The following study describes the attempt to reduce differential‐mode to common‐mode conversion of data‐line common‐mode chokes (CMCs) which are used in unshielded‐twisted‐pair automotive communication bus systems. Conversion of a choke leads directly to emissions of the data line. Furthermore, the emission within the information signal's frequency range varies depending on the signal conversion. For high speed bus systems like for example 100 Mbit/s Ethernet, this leads to a significant emission in case of state‐of‐the‐art CMCs used nowadays. The study is based on measurement results, simulations and an analytic description of different CMCs. In the analytic description all important parameters of a choke contributing to the mode conversion are shown. These parameters are the length of connection lines (connection from the windings on the coil to the package) and the length difference between the connection lines, as well as the characteristic impedance of connection lines and the characteristic impedance difference between the connection lines. The study indicates that the conversion factor and the emission level decrease by 10 dB when the length difference between the connection lines reduces from 4.8 to 0.2 mm. The overall result shows that the reduction of conversion factor is 25 dB when all parameters introducing in this study are optimised. The theory described in this study can point out the mutual influence of parameters and the weighting or prioritisation of parameters. This means that it is possible to design CMCs with small conversion and hereby reduce the emissions of an unshielded‐twisted‐pair automotive communication bus system.
Reverberatory and Stack Furnaces (2008)

Abstract This article illustrates the basic components of dry and wet hearth reverberatory furnace. It discusses stack melters that are used for aluminum metal casting, as they are efficient in sealing the furnace and using the flue gases to preheat the charge materials. The article describes the various factors for improving and maintaining furnace efficiencies. It explains the benefits of circulating molten metal in reverberatory furnaces and circulation methods.
Antigenic and genetic analysis of a recently isolated H1N1 swine influenza virus (1993)

Hemagglutinins (HA) of H1N1 swine influenza viruses isolated in the United States have remained antigenically and genetically conserved for many years. In contrast to such conservation, the HA of A/Swine/Nebraska/1/92 (Sw/Neb) could readily be distinguished from those of contemporary porcine viruses. Twenty-eight amino acid mutations differentiated the HA of Sw/Neb and A/Swine/Indiana/1726/88, the most recent H1N1 swine influenza virus for which HA sequence data were available. Among these differences were mutations at potential asparagine-linked glycosylation sites and charge changes at many residues. The Sw/Neb virus also could be differentiated from other swine influenza viruses in hemagglutination-inhibition assays with monoclonal antibodies to recent H1 swine HA. Nonetheless, overall sequence analysis of the HA and the nucleoprotein genes of Sw/Neb indicated that this virus was more closely related genetically to classic H1N1 swine influenza viruses than to H1N1 avian or human viruses. Infection of swine with Sw/Neb under experimental conditions induced clinical signs and lesions typical of swine influenza. However, affected swine in the field had high, persistent fevers, but relatively mild signs of respiratory tract disease. This study indicated that an antigenically and genetically novel variant of swine influenza virus was detected in the United States.
Passive Fit in Screw Retained Multi-unit Implant Prosthesis Understanding and Achieving: A Review of the Literature (2013)

One of the considerable challenges for screw-retained multi-unit implant prosthesis is achieving a passive fit of the prosthesis' superstructure to the implants. This passive fit is supposed to be one of the most vital requirements for the maintenance of the osseointegration. On the other hand, the misfit of the implant supported superstructure may lead to unfavourable complications, which can be mechanical or biological in nature. The manifestations of these complications may range from fracture of various components in the implant system, pain, marginal bone loss, and even loss of osseointegration. Thus, minimizing the misfit and optimizing the passive fit should be a prerequisite for implant survival and success. The purpose of this article is to present and summarize some aspects of the passive fit achieving and improving methods. The literature review was performed through Science Direct, Pubmed, and Google database. They were searched in English using the following combinations of keywords: passive fit, implant misfit and framework misfit. Articles were selected on the basis of whether they had sufficient information related to framework misfit's related factors, passive fit and its achievement techniques, marginal bone changes relation with the misfit, implant impression techniques and splinting concept. The related references were selected in order to emphasize the importance of the passive fit achievement and the misfit minimizing. Despite the fact that the literature presents considerable information regarding the framework's misfit, there was not consistency in literature on a specified number or even a range to be the acceptable level of misfit. On the other hand, a review of the literature revealed that the complete passive fit still remains a tricky goal to be achieved by the prosthodontist.
Photoacoustic detection of dissolved gases in transformer oil (2007)

Abstract This paper investigates the applications of photoacoustic spectrometry (PAS) to analyze dissolved gases in transformer oil. An inexpensive experimental device with an electric pulse infrared light and six filters has been developed to detect six main fault gases in transformer oil, namely, CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , C 2 H 4 , C 2 H 2 , CO, and CO 2 . The method of choosing the characteristic wavelengths for the above six fault gases is discussed in detail. A weighted least‐square error method is proposed to analyze the measured data and to determine the component concentrations of dissolved gas in oil. Two sample sets of gas mixtures are analyzed by the experimental device for the purpose of verification. The PAS measurements are compared with the true values and the values measured by a conventional gas chromatograph (GC) method. The comparison results show that PAS is an effective way of analyzing dissolved gases in transformer oil, which exhibits some advantages in the gas detection such as consuming no gas, separating no gas, high accuracy, high stability, and rapid measurements. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spontaneous vesiculation of aqueous lipid dispersions (1986)

The swelling properties of lipid mixtures consisting of phosphatidylcholine and a charged single-chain detergent have been studied. The work presented here is confined to lipid mixtures forming smectic lamellar phases in H2O. These mixtures exhibit continuous swelling with increasing water content, provided the surface charge density exceeds a threshold value of about 1-2 microC/cm2. In excess H2O, such mixtures undergo spontaneous vesiculation: unilamellar vesicles form spontaneously when excess H2O or salt solutions of moderate ionic strength (I less than 0.2) are added to the dried film of such lipid mixtures. The resulting dispersion of unilamellar vesicles is usually polydisperse. Its average size depends on the detergent/phospholipid mole ratio, decreasing with increasing detergent content. It is shown that in the phase diagram of three-component systems consisting of phosphatidylcholine, a charged single-chain detergent, and excess H2O there is a compositional range, though narrow, within which the small unilamellar vesicle (diameter less than 100 nm) is the thermodynamically most stable structure. This behavior is characteristic of charged, single-chain detergents of 14 and more C atoms. Many pharmacologically active compounds are amphiphilic and surface-active, and as such, they will orient at phospholipid-water interfaces, imparting a net surface charge to neutral lipid surfaces. It is shown that such drugs exhibit detergent-like action. Mixed films of phosphatidylcholine and a pharmacologically active compound behave similarly to phosphatidylcholine-detergent mixtures: they undergo spontaneous vesiculation when excess H2O or salt solutions of moderate ionic strength are added. In this case, the drug itself induces vesiculation; possible pharmacological implications of this finding are discussed.
The Application of the Correlation Method for the EB (Electron Beam) Exposure System (1990)

In EB direct wafer writing, we have applied the correlation method to detecting the position of the registration mark and we also applied it to detecting the width of the mark, the size of the beam and the degree of focusing for the calibration of the EB exposure system. This method is less influenced by random noises and has wide capability for the signal forms. We have also developed a detection hardware unit and applied it to our variable shaped EB exposure system JBX-8600DV with satisfactory results. The reliability of detection of the mark position is 0.05 µmpp by single scanning; that of the beam size is 0.02 µmpp. We can adjust the focus to within ±3 µm.
Interpolation of skipped image frames for image sequence coding (2002)

This work presents several algorithms for temporal interpolation which permit frame skipping with less degradation in quality of the interpolated frames. In the developed algorithms there is a trade-off between this quality and the amount of additional side-information used. Smoothing of the motion-vector field, based on a selective median filter is intended to prevent blocking effects created by sub-optimal block matching or stray motion. The performance of the proposed algorithms is compared in image-sequence coding simulations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis of alkylidenephosphiranes by extrusion of nitrogen from 3-alkylidene-4,5-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-diazaphospholes (1995)

The 3-alkylidene-4,5-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-diazaphospholes 4, obtained from diphenylmethylene(mesityl) phosphine 3 and silyl diazo ketones 1, undergo thermal extrusion of nitrogen to form alkenyl phosphines 7 and alkylidenephosphiranes 8; the structures of these products have been established by single crystal X-ray structure analyses.
Block copolymers based on 2,2‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐propane polycarbonate. I. Preparation and properties of copolymers from a variety of homopolymers (1961)

Abstract Low molecular weight 2,2‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)propane polycarbonate was block‐copolymerized with the bischloroformate of polymeric glycols of a variety of structural types. Poly(ethylene oxide), polytetrahydrofuran, and hydroxy‐terminated polystyrene gave the highest molecular weight copolymers with the polycarbonate. The presence of flexible blocks along the chain promoted the crystallization of the polycarbonate, which resulted in flexible polymers with high melting points. The polytetrahydrofuran copolymer was an elastomer. Preparative details and thermal and mechanical properties of cast films are given.
Structural study and preliminary biological evaluation on the collagen hydrogel crosslinked by γ‐irradiation (2012)

Under γ-irradiation, concentrated collagen solutions yielded collagen hydrogels and liquid products. The molecular structure of collagen hydrogels and the source of the liquid products were studied. Furthermore, preliminary biological properties of the hydrogels were investigated. The results revealed that crosslinking occurred to form collagen hydrogel and the crosslinking density increased with the increasing of the absorbed dose, and the collagen hydrogels showed enhanced mechanical properties. Meanwhile, collagen underwent radiation degradation and water was squeezed out from hydrogel by contraction of hydrogel, yielding liquid products. Collagen hydrogels induced by γ-irradiation maintained the backbone structure of collagen, and tyrosine partially involved in crosslinking. The irradiated collagen hydrogels have higher denatured temperature, can promote fibroblasts proliferation, and their degradation rate in vivo depended on the absorbed dose. The comprehensive results suggested that the collagen hydrogels prepared by radiation crosslinking preserved the triple helical conformation, possessed improved thermal stability and mechanical properties, excellent biocompatibility, which is expected to favor its application as biomaterials.
Coronary thrombolysis with facilitated absorption of intramuscularly injected tissue-type plasminogen activator. (1985)

Conventional activators of the fibrinolytic system used for coronary thrombolysis entail unavoidable delay, risk of bleeding, or both in contrast to tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA). Because the potential benefit of coronary thrombolysis is inversely related to the duration of antecedent ischemia, this study was performed to develop an approach for facilitated absorption of intramuscularly injected t-PA potentially adaptable for prompt, self-medication. In rabbits, absorption was markedly potentiated by hydroxylamine hydrochloride and electrical stimulation at the injection site. Intramuscular administration of t-PA in doses of 1 mg/kg of body weight, comparable to amounts given intravenously to patients (0.5-0.75 mg/kg), elicited peak blood levels of 431 +/- 52 (SEM) ng/ml 5 min after injection, well within the therapeutic range. In dogs, absorption facilitated by hydroxylamine promptly elicited angiographically documented coronary thrombolysis as well. The approach developed should ultimately permit prompt coronary thrombolysis and enhanced salvage of jeopardized ischemic myocardium in patients with life-threatening coronary thrombi.
Control of hybrid FES system for restoration of paraplegic locomotion (2002)

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) technology for restoration of upper limb function is today in a process of transfer from the research laboratory to the clinical environment. However, the restoration of locomotion in paraplegics is still difficult even in the research level. The main reason of the difficulty comes from the fact that the stabilizing torques generated by lower limb muscles are strongly dependent upon the posture of the upper half of the body. In this paper,a new-technique, which is called as Hybrid FES system (HFES), is proposed. The hardware of HFES system consists of a conventional FES system and an active orthosis. A pair of actuator and sensor is attached at each joint in the orthosis, which can generate a required torque and obtain values of angle and angular velocity at the joint. Based on the dynamics of the orthosis, the posture of the upper body can be estimated using the measurements from the sensors. Moreover, the stabilizing torques for the actuators can be dynamically calculated from the estimated posture. Some preliminary results are obtained in a simulation study and discussion on the performance and realizability of proposed HFES systems has been given in this paper.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Towards a Theory of the Laminar Architecture of Cerebral Cortex: Computational Clues from the Visual System (2002)

One of the most exciting and open research frontiers in neuroscience is that of seeking to understand the functional roles of the layers of cerebral cortex. New experimental techniques for probing the laminar circuitry of cortex have recently been developed, opening up novel opportunities for investigating how its six-layered architecture contributes to perception and cognition. The task of trying to interpret this complex structure can be facilitated by theoretical analyses of the types of computations that cortex is carrying out, and of how these might be implemented in specific cortical circuits. We have recently developed a detailed neural model of how the parvocellular stream of the visual cortex utilizes its feedforward, feedback and horizontal interactions for purposes of visual filtering, attention and perceptual grouping. This model, called LAMINART, shows how these perceptual processes relate to the mechanisms that ensure the stable development of cortical circuits in the infant, and to the continued stability of learning in the adult. The present article reviews this laminar theory of visual cortex, considers how it may be generalized towards a more comprehensive theory that encompasses other cortical areas and cognitive processes, and shows how its laminar framework generates a variety of testable predictions.