gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immune-regulating effects of exercise on cigarette smoke-induced inflammation (2018)

Long-term cigarette smoking (LTCS) represents an important risk factor for cardiac infarction and stroke and the central risk factor for the development of a bronchial carcinoma, smoking-associated interstitial lung fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The pathophysiologic development of these diseases is suggested to be promoted by chronic and progressive inflammation. Cigarette smoking induces repetitive inflammatory insults followed by a chronic and progressive activation of the immune system. In the pulmonary system of cigarette smokers, oxidative stress, cellular damage, and a chronic activation of pattern recognition receptors are described which are followed by the translocation of the NF-kB, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteases, and damage-associated molecular patterns. In parallel, smoke pollutants cross directly through the alveolus-capillary interface and spread through the systemic bloodstream targeting different organs. Consequently, LTCS induces a systemic low-grade inflammation and increased oxidative stress in the vascular system. In blood, these processes promote an increased coagulation and endothelial dysfunction. In muscle tissue, inflammatory processes activate catabolic signaling pathways followed by muscle wasting and sarcopenia. In brain, several characteristics of neuroinflammation were described. Regular exercise training has been shown to be an effective nonpharmacological treatment strategy in smoke-induced pulmonary diseases. It is well established that exercise training exerts immune-regulating effects by activating anti-inflammatory signaling pathways. In this regard, the release of myokines from contracting skeletal muscle, the elevations of cortisol and adrenalin, the reduced expression of Toll-like receptors, and the increased mobilization of immune-regulating leukocyte subtypes might be of vital importance. Exercise training also increases the local and systemic antioxidative capacity and several compensatory mechanisms in tissues such as an increased anabolic signaling in muscle or an increased compliance of the vascular system. Accordingly, regular exercise training seems to protect long-term smokers against some important negative local and systemic consequences of smoking. Data suggest that it seems to be important to start exercise training as early as possible.
α1 Chain of Chick Type VI Collagen (1989)

A cDNA library constructed from chick aorta poly(A+) RNA in the expression vector pEX1 was screened with rabbit polyclonal antisera. Additional clones were obtained by DNA-DNA hybridization with subclones from the most 5'- and 3'-ends. The overlapping clones span 4.6 kilobases and code for the entire alpha 1 (VI) chain. The nucleotide sequence reveals a 3057-base pair open reading frame that codes for 1019 amino acids. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence predicts that alpha 1 (VI) has one collagenous domain (COL) of 336 residues flanked by three repeated domains of about 200 residues each, one at the amino (A'3) and two at the carboxyl ends (A'2 and A'1), respectively, that are similar to the type A repeats of von Willebrand Factor. The COL domain presents two short interruptions near the carboxyl end of the triple helix and three of the six potential N-asparaginyl-linked carbohydrate attachment sites (Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr). Furthermore, it contains 1 cysteine at position 89 that could participate in the formation of dimers and 3 Arg-Gly-Asp sequences that might be potential sites for cell adhesion. The COL domain shows an extended region, starting from position 40, within the triple helix, made of 14 Gly-Xaa-Yaa triplets that lack proline in the Y position, suggesting that it might be more flexible than the rest of the domain. At the junction of the COL with the N- and C-terminal domains, there are several cysteines that could confer the well known resistance of type VI collagen to pepsin and collagenase digestion under nonreducing conditions. The present sequence data allow a structural model for type VI collagen assembly to be proposed that is consistent with the structure implied from previous electron microscopic observation by Furthmayr et al. (Furthmayr, H., Wiedemann, H., Timpl, R., Odermatt, R., and Engel, J. (1983) Biochem. J. 221, 303-311).
Optical modulation from an electro-optic polymer based hybrid Fabry-Perot etalon using transparent conducting oxides (2007)

Fabry-Perot etalons using electro-optic (EO) organic materials can be used for devices such as tunable filters and spatial light modulators (SLM's) for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) communication systems<sup>1-5</sup> and ultrafast imaging systems. For these applications the SLM's need to have: (i) low insertion loss, (ii) high speed operation, and (iii) large modulation depth with low drive voltage. Recently, there have been three developments which together can enhance the SLM performance to a higher level. First, low loss distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirrors are now used in SLM's to replace thin metal mirrors, resulting in reduced transmission loss, high reflectivity (>99%) and high finesse. Second, EO polymer materials have shown excellent properties for wide bandwidth optical modulation for information technology due to their fabrication flexibility, compatibility with high speed operation, and large EO coefficients at telecommunication wavelengths. For instance, the EO polymer AJL8/APC (AJL8: nonlinear optical chromophore, and APC: amorphous polycarbonate has recently been incorporated into waveguide modulators and achieved good performance for optical modulation. Finally, very low loss transparent conducting oxide (TCO) electrodes have drawn increasing attention for applications in optoelectronic devices. Here we will address how the low loss indium oxide (In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) electrodes with an absorption coefficient ~1000/cm and conductivity ~204 S/cm can help improve the modulation performance of EO polymer Fabry-Pérot étalons using the advanced electro-optic (EO) polymer material (AJL8/APC). A hybrid etalon structure with one highly conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode outside the etalon cavity and one low-absorption In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> electrode inside etalon cavity has been demonstrated. High finesse (~234), improved effective applied voltage ratio (~0.25), and low insertion loss (~4 dB) have been obtained. A 10 dB isolation ratio and ~10% modulation depth at 200 kHz with only 5 V applied voltage have been achieved. These results indicate that such etalons are very promising candidates for ultrafast spatial light modulation in information technology.
Efficient bandwidth utilization and congestion control through network traffic analysis (2011)

Netadhict [1], an effective tool for network traffic analysis, can classify current traffic into hierarchical clusters of a semantic kind using a revolutionary technique based on the similarity of their contents — (p, n)-grams with respect to n-bytes substrings at a p byte offset. The underlying algorithm, ADHICT, continues to refine its classified sets as long as certain sets keep receiving more than their right share of packets. Consequently, ADHICT has enormous potential to help us establish a best-effort bandwidth allocation basis and control congestion effectively. As a result, based on ADHICT, we propose to use merge and freeze operations in order to separate traffic into “equivalence classes” and balance them dynamically. To deal with congestion situations, we set up a maximum threshold: when packets dropped exceed the threshold, the same class set is limited by a firewall. We then allocate shares of bandwidth to each of these sets through an adaptive traffic shaping technique. Finally, to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism, we perform two types of simulations, then classify each with our algorithm. The first simulation is conducted for normal traffic in a local network connected to the Internet, while the second simulation is done for abnormal traffic in which a large quantity of self-propagated worm packets cause congestion.
(ZnSe/MgS)/ZnCdSe DBRs grown by molecular beam epitaxy using ZnS as a sulphur source (2006)

Abstract MBE growth and study of optical and structural properties of (ZnSe/MgS)/ZnCdSe distributed Bragg reflectors with λ = 520 nm and R max = 97% are presented. The samples were grown pseudomorphically on GaAs (001) substrate using ZnS as a sulphur source. The details of MBE growth of such structures are discussed. Scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and optical measurements demonstrate good optical and structural characteristics of the Bragg reflectors. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High Precision Digital Interferometry: Its Application To The Production Of An Ultrathin Solid Fabry-Perot Etalon (1984)

Teflon polishing is capable of producing surfaces flat to 3 nm or better, but its wider application requires suitable testing methods to measure such small residual errors. Digital interferometry solves this problem and, because data can be stored and processed, makes it possible to carry out a variety of tests with high precision. The application of these techniques to the production and testing of a solid Fabry-Perot eta Ion with a diameter of 50 mm, a thickness of 0.352 mm, and a maximum deviation from parallelism of its faces of ±2 nm over the central 30 mm is described.
The impact of expression of the metastasis suppressor protein KAI1 on prognosis in invasive squamous cell cervical cancer. (2001)

KAI1-down-regulation is a frequent event in cervical cancer occurring early in carcinogenesis. KAI1 expression did not influence the prognosis of patients with primary irradiated cervical cancer.
The effect of <i>Penicillium</i> fungi on plant growth and phosphorus mobilization in neutral to alkaline soils from southern Australia (2007)

The phosphate solubilizing fungi Penicillium radicum, Penicillium bilaiae (strain RS7B-SD1), and an unidentified Penicillium sp. designated strain KC6-W2 were tested for their ability to increase the growth and phosphorus (P) nutrition of wheat, medic, and lentil in three soils of neutral to alkaline pH reaction. The strongest plant growth promoting (PGP) strain was Penicillium sp. KC6-W2, which stimulated significant increases in shoot growth and dry mass in seven of the nine experiments conducted. Levels of PGP by Penicillium sp. KC6-W2 ranged from 6.6% to 19% and were associated with increased uptake of P to the shoot. The PGP properties of Penicillium sp. KC6-W2 were evident on each of the three different plant species and soil types, a level of reliability not observed in other strains tested. Inoculation of seed with P. radicum increased lentil growth by 5.5% (P < 0.05) in soil from Tarlee but did not affect plant growth in the eight other experiments. Inoculation of plant seed with P. bilaiae RS7B-SD1 resulted in significant PGP in two of the nine experiments conducted. However, when significant, stimulation of PGP by P. bilaiae RS7B-SD1 was strong and resulted in increases in medic dry matter (19%) and lentil shoot dry matter (15%). A soil microcosm experiment investigated the effect of Penicillium fungi on cycling of soil P. Penicillium bilaiae RS7B-SD1 was the only fungus to significantly increase HCO3-extractable P (23% increase; P < 0.05). Production of phosphatase enzymes was not associated with increased HCO3-extractable P. Addition of carbon in the form of ryegrass seed significantly increased microbial respiration and movement of P to the microbial biomass (P < 0.05), but these parameters were irrespective of Penicillium treatment. This work has established the potential for use of Penicillium inoculants to increase plant growth on alkaline soils in Australia. The role of Penicillium fungi in plant P uptake and soil P cycling requires further exploration.
Acrosin Accelerates the Dispersal of Sperm Acrosomal Proteins during Acrosome Reaction (1998)

Using homologous recombination, we have previously produced male mice carrying a disruptive mutation (Acr-/-) in the acrosin gene. Although Acr-/- mouse sperm lacking the acrosin protease activity still penetrated the zona pellucida and fertilized the egg, the mutant sperm exhibited a delay in penetration of the zona pellucida solely at the early stages after insemination. To further elucidate the role of acrosin in fertilization, we have examined the involvement of acrosin in the acrosome reaction of sperm using the Acr-/- mutant mice. When the ability of sperm to adhere (attach) and bind to the zona pellucida of cumulus-free eggs was assessed in vitro, no significant difference was observed among Acr+/+, Acr+/-, and Acr-/- mouse sperm. Immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated that the release of several acrosomal proteins from the acrosome of Acr-/- mouse sperm was significantly delayed during the calcium ionophore- and solubilized zona pellucida-induced acrosome reaction, despite normal membrane vesiculation. These data indicate that the delayed sperm penetration of the zona pellucida in the Acr-/- mouse results from the altered rate of protein dispersal from the acrosome and provide the first evidence that the major role of acrosin is to accelerate the dispersal of acrosomal components during acrosome reaction.
Correlation of <i>in vitro</i> susceptibility with <i>in vivo</i> efficacy in mice for cefoxitin in comparison with cephalosporins (1979)

Agar minimal inhibitory concentrations and mouse protection test effective doses were determined for each of four beta-lactam antibiotics against each of 12 Gram-negative and 3 Gram-positive bacterial cultures. The beta-lactamase activity of these cultures also was studied. The data were examined to determine whether relative in vivo efficacies could be predicted from relative in vitro activities. Although such predictions were quite accurate for cefoxitin and cefazolin, this was not true for cefamandole or for cephalothin. Such poor predictability was not necessarily associated with the susceptibility of these cephalosporins to hydrolysis by bacterial beta-lactamases. Although the clinical significance of these observations is not known, these data emphasize that relative in vitro activities should be used only with caution to estimate in vivo efficacies, since not all compounds show the excellent predictability observed here for cefazolin and cefoxitin.
The thin dielectric film capacitive displacement transducer to nanometer (2001)

The paper deals with the new capacitive transducer for small displacements (from a few micrometers to a few millimeters), denoted the Thin Dielectric Film Capacitive Displacement Transducer (TFCDT). This principle is based on the properties of a very thin dielectric film between the faced electrodes. The film may be applied by a dielectric, such as alumina. The transducers are designed in a differential form. Their electrodes have to be constructed by either photo-chemical- or laser etching. A few implementation prototypes (IPs) of the TFCDT have been designed and constructed. The first of the IPs (TO IF) has been constructed in two forms, for linear and rotary displacement by a dielectric spray varnish with thickness of about 2 /spl mu/m. The second of the IPs (II/spl deg/IP) has been designed and constructed only in the form for linear displacement, with different techniques for achieving lower thickness of the alumina dielectric film. The test results on both the I/spl deg/IP and II/spl deg/IP are critically analyzed. The sensitivity and linearity obtained, respectively, are about: 5 pF/mm, 0.6 pF//spl deg/, 25/spl times/10/sup -6/, 2 nF/mm, and 7 nm//spl mu/V, nearly in the absence of nonlinearities. A feature for improving the sensitivity and linearity, respectively, to about 40 /spl mu/V/nm and to a few/spl times/10/sup -8/ is also illustrated. A variable absolute scale of capacitance and capacitive voltage divider based on the TFCDT is also proposed.
Eine neue Darstellungsweise von α‐N‐Formylaminonitrilen, α‐N‐Formylaminosäureamiden und α‐ sowie β‐Aminosäuren<sup>1)</sup> (1970)

Abstract Aus Cyanhydrinen 1 von Aldehyden und Ketonen erhält man mit Ameisensäure und Formamid α‐ N ‐Formylaminonitrile 2 und α‐ N ‐Formylaminosäureamide 3, die sich durch Verseifung in α‐Aminosäuren überführen lassen. Außerdem wird gezeigt, daβ‐Hydroxynitrile sowie Acrylnitril mit Ameisensäure bei ca. 200° in Polyamide übergehen, die zu β‐Aminosäuren verseift werden können.
The vibrational mode of the tibia and assessment of bone union in experimental fracture healing using the impulse response method (1996)

This study attempts to clarify the use of the impulse response method in the assessment of fracture healing. The vibrational mode as well as the effect of simulated callus consolidation on the vibrational parameters of excised human tibia were studied. Two separate vibrations were found, one vibrating strongly in the lateral direction and the other vibrating weakly in the antero-posterior direction. The ability to identify the primary vibrational mode in the lateral direction would make the impulse response method suitable for use in clinical practice. The callus consolidation process was simulated by the sequential consolidation of an adhesive material in an experimentally produced fracture gap. The change in hardness of the epoxy was found to correlate well with the change of resonant frequency of the bone. The resonant frequency demonstrated a steady increase during the initial phase of consolidation of the adhesive, up to about 40% of its final hardness. With the addition of various constructs for fracture fixation to the in vitro model such as a plate, Ender's pins, a Russell-Taylor intramedullary nail, or an Orthofix external fixator, the relationship between the consolidation of the 'callus' and the change in resonant frequency of the bone was not disturbed.
Characterising the flowability of powders (2001)

Experts working in a wide range of industries are constantly searching for ways to improve product performance and streamline production. Yet everyone involved in the development, formulation or manufacture of a product, where components are in particulate form during the process, knows that variability in a powder's behaviour presents a significant challenge. With over 50 % of manufactured products in powder form at some stage of their production, the economic significance of powders is clear. Consistent, high quality manufacture of plugs and sockets, the appropriate formulation of pharmaceuticals or the energy-efficient production of cement for example, all demand an understanding of powder flowability that, up to now, has mostly come from experience.
Smart Drug Delivery Nanocarriers with Self‐Assembled DNA Nanostructures (2013)

Self-assembled DNA nanostructures have emerged as a type of nano-biomaterials with precise structures, versatile functions and numerous applications. One particularly promising application of these DNA nanostructures is to develop universal nanocarriers for smart and targeted drug delivery. DNA is the genetic material in nature, and inherently biocompatible. Nevertheless, cell membranes are barely permeable to naked DNA molecules, either single- or double- stranded; transport across the cell membrane is only possible with the assistance of transfection agents. Interestingly, recent studies revealed that many DNA nanostructures could readily go into cells with high cell uptake efficiency. In this Progress Report, we will review recent advances on using various DNA nanostructures, e.g., DNA nanotubes, DNA tetrahedra, and DNA origami nanorobot, as drug delivery nanocarriers, and demonstrate several examples aiming at therapeutic applications with CpG-based immunostimulatory and siRNA-based gene silencing oligonucleotides.
Applications of multifunctional polymer-matrix composites in hybrid heat sinks (2012)

Designers of electronic devices and telecommunications equipment have used three-dimensional chip architecture, comprised of a vertically integrated stack of chips, to increase the number of transistors on integrated circuits. These latest chips generate excessive amount of heat, and thus can reach unacceptably high temperatures. In this context, this research aims to develop thermally conductive liquid crystal polymer (LCP)/hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) composite films to replace the traditionally-used Kapton films that satisfy the electrical insulation requirements for the attachment of heat sinks to the chips without compromising the heat dissipation performance. Parametric study was conducted to elucidate the effects of hBN contents on the heat dissipation ability of the composite. The performance of the hybrid heat sinks were experimentally simulated by measuring the temperature distribution of the hybrid heat sinks attached to a 10 W square-faced (i.e., 10 cm by 10 cm) heater. Experimental simulation show that the maximum temperature of the heater mounted with a hybrid heat sink reduced with increased hBN content. It is believed the fibrillation of LCP matrix leads to highly ordered structure, promoting heat dissipation ability of the electrically insulating pad of the hybrid heat sink.
Silicon Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors with Dual Work Function Gate (2006)

This paper discusses silicon complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) field-effect transistors with dual work function gates (DWFG) to improve transconductance ( g m ) and drain conductance ( g ds ) characteristics. For a n-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) device, the polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) gate on the source and drain side are doped p+ and n+, respectively and vice versa for a p-channel MOSFET. The work function difference in a poly-Si gate affects channel potential distribution and increases the lateral electric field inside the channel. The increased electric field inside the channel improves carrier drift velocity. Experimental results from the fabricated DWFG devices show improved g m and g ds over conventional single work function gate devices.