gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Rapid Gene Delivery-Based Mouse Model for Early-Stage Alzheimer Disease-Type Tauopathy (2013)

The perforant pathway projection from the entorhinal cortex (EC) to the hippocampal dentate gyrus is critically important for long-term memory and develops tau and amyloid pathologies and progressive degeneration starting in the early stages of Alzheimer disease (AD). However, perforant pathway function has not been assessed in experimental models of AD, and a therapeutic agent that protects its structure and function has not yet been identified. Therefore, we developed a new adeno-associated virus-based mouse model for perforant pathway tauopathy. Microinjection into the lateral EC of vectors designed to express either human tau bearing a pathogenic P301L mutation or enhanced green fluorescent protein as a control selectively drove transgene expression in lateral EC layer II perikarya and along the entire rostrocaudal extent of the lateral perforant pathway afferents and dentate terminal field. After human tau expression, hyperphosphorylated tau accumulated only within EC layer II perikarya, thereby modeling Braak stage I of transentorhinal AD tauopathy. Expression of pathologic human tau but not enhanced green fluorescent protein led to specific dose-dependent apoptotic death of perforant pathway neurons and loss of synapses in as little as 2 weeks. This novel adeno-associated virus-based method elicits rapid tauopathy and tau-mediated neurodegeneration localized to the mouse perforant pathway and represents a new experimental approach for studying tau-driven pathogenic processes and tau-based treatment strategies in a highly vulnerable neural circuit.
Synergetic Bitherapy in Mice with Xenografts of Human Prostate Cancer Using a Methional Mimic (METLICO) and an Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 3 Inhibitor (MATE): Systemic Intraperitoneal (IP) and Targeted Intra-Tumoral (IT) Administration (2009)

An intraperitoneal (IP) monotherapy in nu/nu mice with subcutaneous xenografts of a human prostate epithelial cancer cell line:DU145 was undertaken with an aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 inhibitor MATE, that is a potent apoptogen on (DU145) in culture but not on their human prostate epithelial normal counterparts [13] . Tumour growth was slowed down but treatment had to be done 5days/week. To try to potentiate the action of MATE in vivo, a bitherapy was undertaken based on the synergetic apoptotic effect that had been observed previously in culture on DU145 treated with a methional mimic METLICO and DIMATE, an inhibitor of ALDH1 and ALDH3 [19]. The bitherapy with METLICO/MATE administered IP was as effective as the monotherapy with MATE alone by IP, but at a 2-fold lower dose of MATE and at a dose of METLICO that had no growth-inhibitory effect as a monotherapy . Hence there was definite synergism with bitherapy. To try to increase the efficacy of bitherapy, it was administered by the intra-tumoral (IT) route using the recently developed 20-bars-pressurized microinjection system from CERMA [16, 17]. IT administration of the bitherapy was indeed more effective than that by IP as regards tumour volumes are concerned. Histopathological analysis of IT-treated tumours confirmed that there were many necrotized zones but intact cells were still present. Approaches for treating a wider zone of tumour tissue by IT-bitherapy are discussed.
DERIVATIVES OF BENZOYLRESORCINOL (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDERIVATIVES OF BENZOYLRESORCINOLJ. VanALLAN and J. F. TINKERCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1954, 19, 8, 1243–1251Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01373a005https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01373a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views304Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Photonic Crystals Engineering For Light Manipulation: Low Symmetry, Graded Index and Parity Time Symmetry (2016)

The great interest to the two and three dimensionally periodic structures, called photonic crystals (PCs), has begun with the pioneer works of Yablonovitch and John as one can efficiently control the propagation of the electromagnetic (EM) waves in the same manner with semiconductors that affect the electron conduction. One of the main peculiar properties of PCs is that they have photonic band gap in the transmission spectrum similar to electronic band gap and hence, they are able to prevent the light to propagate in certain frequency regions irrespective of the propagation direction in space. Inside the band gaps, neither optical modes nor spontaneous emissions exist. Breaking the rotational and mirror symmetries of PC unit cells provides rich dispersive features such as tilted self-collimation, and wavelength de-multiplexing effects. Another important issue in PC designs is that it is feasible to design graded index medium if the parameters of the two dimensional PCs is intentionally rearranged. That type of configuration is known as Graded index photonic crystals (GRIN PCs). The implementations of GRIN via periodic structures provide great flexibilities in terms of designing different index gradient and photonic integrated circuit components such as couplers, lenses, and mode order converters. It is crucial to deliver optical signal without any loss for the long distances where light diffraction plays an important role. Hence, dealing with the alternative solution to light diffraction phenomena using 2D axicon shape annular type photonic structure is another topic of this thesis. In addition to conventional photonic all dielectric structures, we have proposed gain-loss modulated parity-time (PT-) symmetric photonic structures to obtain strong asymmetric light transmission close to the crystallographic resonances or, equivalently, close to high-symmetry points.
Effect of wheel geometry parameters on vehicle steering (2010)

In modern era, steerability and handling characteristics of the vehicle have become major aspects. Providing comfort to the driver by reducing steering effort without any compromise in steerability and handling of the vehicle is a major concern for automakers. Evaluating handling and steering characteristics of a vehicle in a virtual environment with the help of multi-body system packages saves product development time and cost. The main intention is to improve the steerability and handling of the vehicle by avoiding the steering pull and wheel wandering problems.
Kinetic collision detection: algorithms and experiments (2002)

Efficient collision detection is important in many robotic tasks, from high-level motion planning in a static environment to low-level reactive behavior in dynamic situations. Specially challenging are problems in which multiple robots are moving among multiple moving obstacles. In this paper we present a number of collision detection algorithms formulated under the kinetic data structures (KDS) framework, a framework for design and analyzing algorithms for objects in motion. The KDS framework leads to event-based algorithms that sample the state of different parts of the system only as often as necessary for the task at hand. Earlier work has demonstrated the theoretical efficiency of KDS algorithms. In this paper we present new algorithms and demonstrate their practical efficiency as well as by an implementable and direct comparison with classical broad and narrow phase collision detection techniques.
<title>Sensitive absorbance measurement for gas-phase analytes based on multiwave-mixing spectroscopy</title> (1996)

Multi-wave mixing spectroscopy is presented as a simple and sensitive laser method for elemental analysis at trace- concentration levels with sub-Doppler spectral resolution. Since the signal is a coherent beam, virtually 100% of the generated signal can be directed into a photodetector. The nonlinear signal has a cubic dependence on excitation intensity, and hence, laser power requirements are low, and mW-level continuous-wave lasers and nJ-level pulsed dye lasers can be used for this multi-photon spectroscopic setup. The optical alignment and beam quality requirements are relatively less demanding compared to other multi-photon methods, and hence, compact inexpensive lasers, including laser diodes, can be used. Since the coherence time and coherence length requirements are also relatively low, many types of laser sources can be used quite conveniently in this nonlinear spectroscopic setup. Parts-per-trillion level detection sensitivity can be obtained for a wide range of fluorescing and non-fluorescing analytes and matrices using various analytical atomizers. The graphite furnace atomizer offers many advantages, including convenient sample introduction for solid, liquid or gas analytes, high atomization temperature, clean atomization environment, and minimum source and chemical interferences, resulting in lower atomizer background noise. Taking advantage of the unique features of this multi-wave mixing optical method and those of a graphite furnace atomizer, one can obtain both excellent spectral resolution and detection sensitivity.
Characterization of<i>cry</i>Genes in a Mexican<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>Strain Collection (1998)

Mexico is located in a transition zone between the Nearctic and Neotropical biogeographical regions and contains a rich and unique biodiversity. A total of 496 Bacillus thuringiensis strains were isolated from 503 soil samples collected from the five macroregions of the country. The characterization of the strain collection provided useful information on the ecological patterns of distribution of B. thuringiensis and opportunities for the selection of strains to develop novel bioinsecticidal products. The analysis of the strains was based on multiplex PCR with novel general and specific primers that could detect the cry1, cry3, cry5, cry7, cry8, cry9, cry11, cry12, cry13, cry14, cry21, and cyt genes. The proteins belonging to the Cry1 and Cry9 groups are toxic for lepidopteran insects. The Cry3, Cry7, and Cry8 proteins are active against coleopteran insects. The Cry5, Cry12, Cry13, and Cry14 proteins are nematocidal. The Cry11, Cry21, and Cyt proteins are toxic for dipteran insects. Six pairs of general primers are used in this method. Strains for which unique PCR product profiles were obtained with the general primers were further characterized by additional PCRs with specific primers. Strains containing cry1 genes were the most abundant in our collection (49.5%). Thirty-three different cry1-type profiles were identified. B. thuringiensis strains harboring cry3 genes represented 21.5% of the strains, and 7.9% of the strains contained cry11 and cyt genes. cry7, cry8, and cry9 genes were found in 0.6, 2.4, and 2.6% of the strains, respectively. No strains carrying cry5, cry12, cry13, cry14, or cry21 genes were found. Finally, 14% of the strains did not give any PCR product and did not react with any polyclonal antisera. Our results indicate the presence of strains that may harbor potentially novel Cry proteins as well as strains with combinations of less frequently observed cry genes.
Retrograde labeling, enrichment, and characterization of retinal ganglion cells from the neonatal rat (1983)

We have developed a method for labeling retinal ganglion cells in neonatal rats by retrograde transport of the fluorescent dye, True Blue (TB), injected into the optic chiasm. Following proteolytic dissociation of labeled retinas into single cells, the labeled cells could be enriched 50- to 100-fold by centrifugation in a 5%/10% metrizamide gradient. When plated in Ham's F-10 medium in the presence of fetal calf serum and chick optic tectum-conditioned medium, the labeled cells could be maintained in vitro up to 48 hr. In these cultures, the ganglion cells (GCS) constituted 50 to 70% of the total cell population. When GC-rich fractions or GC cultures were stained with a monoclonal antibody to Thy-1 antigen, greater than 90% of the TB-labeled cells were reactive. In order to localize voltage-sensitive sodium channels, GC-rich cultures were reacted with 125I-scorpion toxin. Analysis of the autoradiograms showed that the density of silver grains was about 10-fold higher on TB-labeled cells than on nonfluorescent cells, or in controls which contained excess of unlabeled toxin. When GC cultures were incubated with micromolar concentrations of putative GC transmitters, aspartate and glutamate, the amino acids were accumulated by 15 to 20% of labeled cells. Several lectin receptors were also localized on TB-labeled cells in situ. Whereas the lectins wheat germ agglutinin, concanavalin A, peanut agglutinin, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, and Limulus polyphemus agglutinin bound to TB-labeled cells, others such as Ricinus communis agglutinin I, Ulex, and Lotus lectins showed no binding. The lectin binding was specific since preincubation with the appropriate hapten sugar blocked lectin binding.
Pitting Resistance of New and Conventional Orthopedic Implant Materials—Effect of Metallurgical Condition (1978)

The pitting resistances of four high strength, high ductility, stainless steels (TRIP steels) were compared with those of the two alloys most widely used in implants today: Type 316L stainless steel and a cast Co-Cr-Mo alloy (Vitallium). Each of the alloys in several metallurgical conditions was tested in a physiological saline solution. Results from long term immersion tests were compared with the results obtained using two short term electrochemical techniques. The currently popular electrochemical technique, the cyclic polarization method, ranked materials differently than the newer pit propagation rate (PPR) method, but neither method gave results that were inconsistent with the results from the long term tests. Vitallium has a high resistance to localized corrosion in both the as cast and annealed conditions. Cold work has a detrimental effect on the pitting resistance of Type 316L stainless steel, but it has a generally beneficial effect on the TRIP steels. The results indicate that several of the TRIP steels have substantially better pitting resistance than Type 316L stainless steel. If these high strength, high ductility TRIP steels are as resistant to other forms of corrosion (such as fretting corrosion and corrosion fatigue), they must be considered prime candidates for future implants.
Radical Cyclization Approaches to Pyrrolidines (2002)

Five-membered rings are readily prepared by 5-exo-trig radical cyclization. This thesis is concerned with novel methodology for pyrrolidine synthesis. We have synthesised selenium containing radical precursors from aziridines and α-phenylseleno ketones, and cyclized them to 2,4- and 3,4-disubstituted pyrrolidines. A few examples of 5-exo-dig cyclization were also demonstrated. In another study we investigated the capacity of the nitrogen protecting group to direct diastereoselectivity in the formation of 2,4-disubstituted pyrrolidines. The diphenylphosphinoyl protecting group directed cyclization to occur in a highly cis-selective manner. When cyclizations were performed at 17 oC, cis/trans-ratios as high as 24/1 were obtained. In contrast, cyclization of the unprotected pyrrolidine precursor afforded the trans-diastereomer as the major product (cis/trans = 1/3.3 – 1/20). We also examined the use of a hydroxyl auxiliary for controlling diastereoselectivity in radical cyclization. The required selenium containing radical precursors were synthesised from 2-cyanoaziridines by addition of organometallic reagents, reduction of the resulting aziridine ketone, and benzeneselenol ring-opening of the aziridine. Cyclization at 17 oC produced 2,4-disubstituted pyrrolidines substantially enriched in the trans-isomer (cis/trans = 1/9 – 1/12). Novel radical cyclization approaches to thiazolines and pyrrolines were also tried. The thesis also describes attempts to improve the Hassner aziridine synthesis by employing stannous chloride as a functional group tolerant reducing agent.
Isolable and Readily Handled Halophosphonium Pre-reagents for Hydro- and Deuteriohalogenation (2017)

Although the addition of acid halides across olefins is well-studied, limitations remain with a number of substrate classes that possess leaving groups, polyunsaturation, and acid-sensitive moieties, particularly polyenes prone to cyclization. The process is also challenging when conducted on a small scale, and moreover, methods for the addition of their deuterated counterparts typically require special techniques, especially when control of stoichiometry is required. Herein is described a readily synthesized and handled reagent class which can accomplish the controlled and selective Markovnikov addition of both HCl and HBr across several alkene classes under mild reaction conditions tolerant of diverse functionality. The process is particularly valuable on a laboratory scale, and direct comparisons to other methods are provided. As a result of in-depth mechanistic studies seeking to understand how these novel tools work and the active species behind their efficacy, the means to easily add DCl and DBr using a controlled amount of D<sub>2</sub>O was discovered along with the critical role of hydrolysis in leading to active hydrohalogenation species.
Multilevel optimization for large-scale circuit placement (2000)

We have designed and implemented a new class of fast and highly scalable placement algorithms that directly handle complex constraints and achieve total wirelengths comparable to the state of the art. Our approach exploits recent advances in (i) multilevel methods for hierarchical computation, (ii) interior-point methods for nonconvex nonlinear programming, and (iii) the Fast Multipole Method for the order N evaluation of sums over the N (N - 1)/2 pairwise interactions of N components. Significant adaptation of these methods for the placement problem is required, and we have therefore developed a set of customized discrete algorithms for clustering, declustering, slot assignment, and local refinement with which the continuous algorithms are naturally combined. Preliminary test runs on benchmark circuits with up to 184,000 cells produce total wirelengths within approximately 5-10% of those of GORDIAN-L [1] in less than one tenth the run time. Such an ultra-fast placement engine is badly needed for timing convergence of the synthesis and layout phases of integrated circuit design.
Going back and forth (2011)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) cloud computing has revolutionized the way we think of acquiring resources by introducing a simple change: allowing users to lease computational resources from the cloud provider's datacenter for a short time by deploying virtual machines (VMs) on these resources. This new model raises new challenges in the design and development of IaaS middleware. One of those challenges is the need to deploy a large number (hundreds or even thousands) of VM instances simultaneously. Once the VM instances are deployed, another challenge is to simultaneously take a snapshot of many images and transfer them to persistent storage to support management tasks, such as suspend-resume and migration. With datacenters growing rapidly and configurations becoming heterogeneous, it is important to enable efficient concurrent deployment and snapshotting that are at the same time hypervisor independent and ensure a maximum compatibility with different configurations. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a virtual file system specifically optimized for virtual machine image storage. It is based on a lazy transfer scheme coupled with object versioning that handles snapshotting transparently in a hypervisor-independent fashion, ensuring high portability for different configurations. Large-scale experiments on hundreds of nodes demonstrate excellent performance results: speedup for concurrent VM deployments ranges from a factor of 2 up to 25, with a reduction in bandwidth utilization of as much as 90%.
A novel single IR light based gaze estimation method using virtual glints (2015)

Among various infrared (IR) image based remote eye gaze tracking (REGT) methods, 2-D interpolation based methods, e.g., the cross ratio-based and homography normalization (HN)-based methods, have been widely researched owing to their highly accurate performance and simplicity with respect to hardware setup. These methods, however, can be employed only when user utilizes more than four IR light sources to obtain multiple corneal reflections projected on the image plane, i.e. glints. In this paper, a novel 2-D interpolation-based REGT method with a single IR light source is proposed, which attains both accuracy and headpose robustness. In the proposed method, the virtual glint (VG), which can substitute for the actual glint, is first estimated by utilizing the mathematical and geometrical principles established between the 3-D location of an IR light source and the corresponding glint in the image plane, and then the point of gaze (POG) is calculated by employing the HN method using the estimated VGs. The experimental results indicate that the proposed REGT method is highly competitive with conventional ones requiring multiple IR light sources, in terms of accuracy and robustness against head movements.
Native architecture of the Chlamydomonas chloroplast revealed by in situ cryo-electron tomography (2015)

Chloroplast function is orchestrated by the organelle's intricate architecture. By combining cryo-focused ion beam milling of vitreous Chlamydomonas cells with cryo-electron tomography, we acquired three-dimensional structures of the chloroplast in its native state within the cell. Chloroplast envelope inner membrane invaginations were frequently found in close association with thylakoid tips, and the tips of multiple thylakoid stacks converged at dynamic sites on the chloroplast envelope, implicating lipid transport in thylakoid biogenesis. Subtomogram averaging and nearest neighbor analysis revealed that RuBisCO complexes were hexagonally packed within the pyrenoid, with ~15 nm between their centers. Thylakoid stacks and the pyrenoid were connected by cylindrical pyrenoid tubules, physically bridging the sites of light-dependent photosynthesis and light-independent carbon fixation. Multiple parallel minitubules were bundled within each pyrenoid tubule, possibly serving as conduits for the targeted one-dimensional diffusion of small molecules such as ATP and sugars between the chloroplast stroma and the pyrenoid matrix.