gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Atypicality of Atypical Antipsychotics Revisited (2013)

Background: All antipsychotic agents marketed since clozapine have been categorized as “atypical”, without regard for the true definition of “atypicality”. The standard practice of designating every new agent as “atypical” not only ignores the definition, but conveys a false sense of safety for the majority of these medications when considering the risks of movement disorders, both acute and latent. Though receptor profiles are unique to each medication, the antipsychotic effect of all agents is attributed to reducing dopamine activity in the mesolimbic area, usually through the blockade of dopamine type 2 (D2) receptors, whether the agent is “tightly” or “transiently bound”. Yet, antagonism of D2 receptors in the striatum is associated with the potential for extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), as well as the development of tardive dyskinesia (TD). Clozapine is categorized as “atypical” because its use is not associated with EPS or TD at a rate greater than placebo, as it provides antipsychotic efficacy at a lower saturation of D2 receptors than traditional antipsychotics. As newer second-generation agents came to market, the definition of “atypical” has been modified to include a variety of characteristics unrelated to movement side effects. Nevertheless, many clinicians still assume that “atypicality” indicates a risk of EPS and TD at no-greater-than-placebo rates. Objective: This paper examines each of the 10 second-generation agents approved in the United States for treatment of schizophrenia (and cariprazine, for which approval is pending), and examines which ones meet the strict definition of “atypical” (ie, risk of EPS and TD no greater than placebo). Data source: A literature search using PubMed and Google Scholar, involving various combinations of the keywords “antipsychotic,” “atypical,” “typical,” “first generation,” “second generation,” “schizophrenia,” “tardive dyskinesia,” “movement disorders,” and “extrapyramidal symptoms,” in addition to the 11 agents by chemical name, yielded a vast set of clinical trials, systematic reviews, case reports, and receptor-profile studies. These articles and reports were narrowed to the appended reference list, based on the report’s/trial’s contribution to the discussion of “atypicality.” Results/Conclusions: Of the 10 second-generation agents currently in use, and the one awaiting approval, only clozapine, quetiapine, and iloperidone meet the criteria necessary for the designation of “atypical” (ie, rates of EPS and TD no greater than placebo).
Magnetoelastic sensors in combination with nanometer-scale honeycombed thin film ceramic TiO2 for remote query measurement of humidity (2000)

Ribbonlike magnetoelastic sensors can be considered the magnetic analog of an acoustic bell; in response to an externally applied magnetic field impulse the sensors emit magnetic flux with a characteristic resonant frequency. The magnetic flux can be detected external to the test area using a pick-up coil, enabling query remote monitoring of the sensor. The characteristic resonant frequency of a magnetoelastic sensor changes in response to mass loads. [L.D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Theory of Elasticity, 3rd ed. (Pergamon, New York, 1986). p. 100].Therefore, remote query chemical sensors can be fabricated by combining the magnetoelastic sensors with a mass changing, chemically responsive layer. In this work magnetoelastic sensors are coated with humidity-sensitive thin films of ceramic, nanodimensionally porous TiO2 to make remote query humidity sensors.
Control of Downy Brome (<i>Bromus tectorum</i>) in Conservation Fallow Systems (1991)

Field studies were conducted to determine the most effective rate of several herbicides applied at various growth stages to control downy brome in conservation fallow programs. Downy brome growth stage affected the efficacy of all herbicides. All herbicides were less effective when application was delayed until the boot stage of downy brome. Fluazifop-P and sethoxydim must be applied prior to tillering to effectively control downy brome. Glyphosate, the commercial mixture of glyphosate plus 2,4-D, paraquat, and HOE-39866 consistently controlled downy brome up to the 3- to 5-tiller stage. Glyphosate at 180 to 200 g ha -1 , paraquat at 250 to 300 g ha -1 , and the commercial mixture of glyphosate plus 2,4-D at 600 to 660 g ha -1 controlled downy brome 80 to 90%. The effective rates were lower than rates currently registered for downy brome control in western Canada, and thus there is potential for making conservation fallow programs more economical when downy brome is the predominant weed.
Hybrid Battery-friendly Mobile Solution for Extracting Users’ Visited Places (2016)

Extracting and analyzing outdoor humans’ activities represent a strong support for several applications fields, ranging from traffic management to marketing and social studies. Mobile users take their devices with them everywhere which leads to an increasing availability of persons’ traces used to recognize their activities. However, mobile environment is distinguished from one to another by its resources limitations. In this paper, we present a novel hybrid approach that combines activity recognition and prediction algorithms in order to online recognize users’ outdoor activities without draining the mobile resources. Our approach minimizes activity computations by wisely reducing the search frequency of activities, we demonstrate that our proposal is capable of reducing the battery consumption up to 60% while maintaining the same accuracy as its similar.
Lignin-Derived Compounds as Efficient Laccase Mediators for Decolorization of Different Types of Recalcitrant Dyes (2005)

Ten phenols were selected as natural laccase mediators after screening 44 different compounds with a recalcitrant dye (Reactive Black 5) as a substrate. Their performances were evaluated at different mediator/dye ratios and incubation times (up to 6 h) by the use of Pycnoporus cinnabarinus and Trametes villosa laccases and were compared with those of eight known synthetic mediators (including -NOH- compounds). Among the six types of dyes assayed, only Reactive Blue 38 (phthalocyanine) was resistant to laccase-mediator treatment under the conditions used. Acid Blue 74 (indigoid dye), Reactive Blue 19 (anthraquinoid dye), and Aniline Blue (triarylmethane-type dye) were partially decolorized by the laccases alone, although decolorization was much more efficient and rapid with mediators, whereas Reactive Black 5 (diazo dye) and Azure B (heterocyclic dye) could be decolorized only in the presence of mediators. The efficiency of each natural mediator depended on the type of dye to be treated but, with the only exception being Azure B (< 50% decolorization), nearly complete decolorization (80 to 100%) was attained in all cases. Similar rates were attained with the best synthetic mediators, but the reactions were significantly slower. Phenolic aldehydes, ketones, acids, and esters related to the three lignin units were among the best mediators, including p-coumaric acid, vanillin, acetovanillone, methyl vanillate, and above all, syringaldehyde and acetosyringone. The last two compounds are especially promising as ecofriendly (and potentially cheap) mediators for industrial applications since they provided the highest decolorization rates in only 5 to 30 min, depending on the type of dye to be treated.
New Diacylamino Protecting Groups for Glucosamine (2005)

Abstract Glucosamine was transformed into N ‐diphenylmaleoyl (DPM), N ‐(3,3‐dimethylglutaryl) (DMG), and N ‐diglycolyl (DG) derivatives which furnished O ‐acetyl‐protected O ‐glycosyl trichloroacetimidates 3 , 12 , and 20 , respectively, as glycosyl donors. Their reactions with various acceptors 4 in the presence of TMSOTf as catalyst afforded the corresponding β‐glycosides 5a – c , 13a – e , and 21a , d , f , g generally in high yields. Investigations into the cleavage of the N ‐protecting groups led to good results for the DPM and DG groups. 3‐ O ‐Unprotected glucosamine derivative 24 with N ‐DG protection also served well as an acceptor, as shown in its reaction with galactosyl donor 25 which led to disaccharide 26 in very high yield. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Oxidants and asthma (2004)

Many decades of research have produced a significant amount of data showing increased oxidative stress in asthma and indicating a potential role for oxidants in the pathogenesis of the disease, particularly during exacerbations. Putatively relevant pro-oxidative mechanisms have also been identified. Currently available asthma drugs are generally effective for the treatment of the disease, but their effects on oxidative stress have still not been completely elucidated. From the data available in the literature one can conclude that antioxidant compounds may have a potential role in the treatment of asthma, especially of asthma exacerbations. More convincing evidence from controlled clinical trials is required.
Improved Photocatalytic Degradation of Textile Dye Using Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes Formed Over Titanium Wires (2009)

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes formed by anodization over titanium wires show a significant improvement in photocatalytic activity compared to the nanotubes formed over foils. This is evident when the fractional conversion of a textile dye, methyl orange, increased from 19% over a foil to 40% over wires in the presence of nanotubes of identical dimensions illuminated over the same geometrical area. Higher degradation rates with Pt-TiO2 nanotubes over foils are matched by the Pt-free TiO2 nanotubes over the wires. The higher photocatalytic activity over the anodized wires can be attributed to the efficient capture of reflected and refracted light by the radially outward oriented TiO2 nanotubes formed over the circumference of the titanium wire. The formation of TiO2 nanotubes over wires can be considered as an effective alternate to improve photodegradation rates by avoiding expensive additives.
Video Processing in an FPGA-Enabled Ethernet Switch (2014)

Carriage of uncompressed high-definition video using Internet protocol (IP) holds great potential for enhancing the flexibility of broadcast plants while reducing the number of cables required through aggregation of signals using statistical multiplexing. The broadcast industry is just beginning to determine the appropriate architectures to best use professional video-over-IP capabilities. The Arista 7124FX application switch is a 10 Gbit Ethernet data center-class Ethernet switch that also supports application acceleration through the use of an onboard field programmable gate array (FPGA) without adding network jitter. A proof of concept has been developed to show how an FPGA-enabled switch can perform frame-accurate video stream switching of SMPTE ST 2022-6:2012 realtime protocol flows.
Chemical modification of paraherquamide. 1. Unusual reactions and absolute stereochemistry (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemical modification of paraherquamide. 1. Unusual reactions and absolute stereochemistryTimothy A. Blizzard, Gaye Marino, Helmut Mrozik, Michael H. Fisher, Karst Hoogsteen, and James P. SpringerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 11, 2657–2663Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00272a039https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00272a039research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views224Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Some criteria for recognition of braided stream deposits (1964)

Braided stream deposits are found commonly where abundant sediment and high discharges were available during deposition. Braiding often results where incompetent streams form longitudinal bars by depositing coarse elements of bed load which trap finer elements. Transverse bars formed of better sorted sediment are tabular wedge-shaped bodies with foreset cross-strata and may be either the only depositional form or may be deposited on the downstream ends of longitudinal bars. Criteria are described as external geometric, that is, the shape, size, and relationships to surrounding deposits, or internal geometric, which include the grain orientation, grain-size distribution, and cross-stratification.
Introduction (2006)

Abstract I begin by discussing what a theory of time is and what it should aim to do. Then discusses the initial plausible candidates for a theory of time; shows how best to frame the debate between tensed and tenseless theories of time; and discusses the tenseless theory, and the various tense theories, such as the growing block view of Tooley, the branching‐future view of McCall, and presentism.
Detection of Multiple Protein Conformational Ensembles in Solution via Deconvolution of Charge-State Distributions in ESI MS (2001)

Monitoring the changes in charge-state distributions of protein ions in electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra has become one of the commonly accepted tools to detect large-scale conformational changes of proteins in solution. However, these experiments produce only qualitative, low-resolution information. Our goal is to develop a procedure that would produce quantitative data on protein conformational isomers coexisting in solution at equilibrium. To that end, we have examined the evolution of positive ion charge-state distributions in the
Nearly Identical Paralogs: Implications for Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) Genome Evolution (2006)

As an ancient segmental tetraploid, the maize (Zea mays L.) genome contains large numbers of paralogs that are expected to have diverged by a minimum of 10% over time. Nearly identical paralogs (NIPs) are defined as paralogous genes that exhibit > or = 98% identity. Sequence analyses of the "gene space" of the maize inbred line B73 genome, coupled with wet lab validation, have revealed that, conservatively, at least approximately 1% of maize genes have a NIP, a rate substantially higher than that in Arabidopsis. In most instances, both members of maize NIP pairs are expressed and are therefore at least potentially functional. Of evolutionary significance, members of many NIP families also exhibit differential expression. The finding that some families of maize NIPs are closely linked genetically while others are genetically unlinked is consistent with multiple modes of origin. NIPs provide a mechanism for the maize genome to circumvent the inherent limitation that diploid genomes can carry at most two "alleles" per "locus." As such, NIPs may have played important roles during the evolution and domestication of maize and may contribute to the success of long-term selection experiments in this important crop species.
Space-Time Gradient Method for Unsteady Bladerow Interaction: Part I — Basic Methodology and Verification (2015)

For advanced turbomachinery development, there is increasing interest to carry out unsteady analyses for flows through multiple bladerows during a design stage. Even with the huge increase in computer processing power currently available, direct unsteady calculations in a whole annulus domain are still very time consuming. Efficient alternative methods with truncations in time and/or in space have been developed for unsteady turbomachinery flows in the past 20 years or so, but they all are associated with related limitations. The present development is motivated to maintain as many modelling fidelities of direct unsteady solution methods as possible while still have a significant speed-up. To this end, a new steady-solution-like unsteady time-domain methodology has been developed for bladerow interactions. No circumferential domain truncation is required so that a direct periodic (repeating) condition can be applied. For each mesh cell, the temporal gradient term as required to balance the discretized unsteady flow equation is obtained by specially sequenced spatial variations of corresponding cells in multiple-passages. Consequently the rotor-stator interface treatment becomes completely compatible to that of a direct unsteady solution. Thus a fully conservative interface is easily achieved, in contrast to existing truncated models where interface treatments tend to be complicated and non-conservative. The simultaneous solution procedure with the space-time gradient (STG) link enables an unsteady flow solution to converge at a rate comparable to that of a steady solution. The background, motivation/justification, basic methodology and some preliminary verifications are described in this paper as Part I. Further validations and applications with extension to more complex configurations and flow conditions will be presented in Part II.
A Generic and Programmable Name Resolution System in Future Internet Architectures (2017)

As one of the cornerstones of networked systems, the design of resolution between names and resources, that is, name resolution, is crucial. In recent years, with the emerging research on future Internet architectures, many namespaces and resolution systems have been proposed. However, these namespaces and resolution systems are closed systems, where a system can only support one or more predefined namespaces and the policies for resolution among them. Such closed design lacks the flexibility of defining new resolution policy and interoperability among different networked systems. In this article, we analyze the existing namespaces and resolution systems in various network architectures and propose a generic name resolution framework, which can allow flexible namespace and resolution policy definition and enable interoperation among different network architectures. A prototype of such a name resolution system supporting the interoperability among WiFi, Zigbee, and Bluetooth, and the interoperability between NDN and HTTP is demonstrated.
Multifunctional Coating Improves Cell Adhesion on Titanium by using Cooperatively Acting Peptides (2016)

Promotion of cell adhesion on biomaterials is crucial for the long-term success of a titanium implant. Herein a novel concept is highlighted combining very stable and affine titanium surface adhesive properties with specific cell binding moieties in one molecule. A peptide containing L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine was synthesized and affinity to titanium was investigated. Modification with a cyclic RGD peptide and a heparin binding peptide (HBP) was realized by an efficient on-resin combination of Diels-Alder reaction with inverse electron demand and Cu(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The peptide was fluorescently labeled by thiol Michael addition. Conjugating the cyclic RGD and HBP in one peptide gave improved spreading, proliferation, viability, and the formation of well-developed actin cytoskeleton and focal contacts of osteoblast-like cells.
Strategies for magnetizing speed‐sensorless induction machines (1999)

Abstract Whenever possible, only easily measurable quantities like stator currents and DC link voltage are used to control inverter‐fed induction motors nowadays. Also for high‐performance AC drives speed‐sensorless control of induction motors has received increasing attention from the viewpoint of cost, trouble immunity and reliability. Different algorithms for speed identification are known. They allow good performance of torque or speed control in almost the whole operating area of an induction machine without using rotational transducers. One remaining problem is to start the machine when mechanical speed is not known. This paper now presents two new strategies for magnetizing a demagnetized speed‐sensorless induction machine also with non‐zero speed.
<i>Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis by Preventing Acetylcholine Receptor Modulation</i> (2008)

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease caused by antibodies mainly directed to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) of the neuromuscular junction. Induction of antigenic modulation and complement activation by such autoantibodies leads to ultrastructural damage of the postsynaptic membrane and loss of AChR and associated proteins. Reduction of antigenic modulation by increasing the expression of the receptor-associated anchor protein, rapsyn, or by functionally monovalent competing IgG4 anti-AChR antibodies was shown to prevent MG disease activity. We propose that preventing antigenic modulation can be used as a treatment strategy for MG.
Multi-resolution isotropic strain limiting (2010)

In this paper we describe a fast strain-limiting method that allows stiff, incompliant materials to be simulated efficiently. Unlike prior approaches, which act on springs or individual strain components, this method acts on the strain tensors in a coordinate-invariant fashion allowing isotropic behavior. Our method applies to both two-and three-dimensional strains, and only requires computing the singular value decomposition of the deformation gradient, either a small 2x2 or 3x3 matrix, for each element. We demonstrate its use with triangular and tetrahedral linear-basis elements. For triangulated surfaces in three-dimensional space, we also describe a complementary edge-angle-limiting method to limit out-of-plane bending. All of the limits are enforced through an iterative, non-linear, Gauss-Seidel-like constraint procedure. To accelerate convergence, we propose a novel multi-resolution algorithm that enforces fitted limits at each level of a non-conforming hierarchy. Compared with other constraint-based techniques, our isotropic multi-resolution strain-limiting method is straightforward to implement, efficient to use, and applicable to a wide range of shell and solid materials.