gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient techniques for comprehensive protection from memory error exploits (2005)

Despite the wide publicity received by buffer overflow attacks, the vast majority of today&apos;s security vulnerabilities continue to be caused by memory errors, with a significant shift away from stacks-mashing exploits to newer attacks such as heap overflows, integer overflows, and format-string attacks. While comprehensive solutions have been developed to handle memory errors, these solutions suffer from one or more of the following problems: high overheads (often exceeding 100%), incompatibility with legacy C code, and changes to the memory model to use garbage collection. Address space randomization (ASR) is a technique that avoids these drawbacks, but existing techniques for ASR do not offer a level of protection comparable to the above techniques. In particular, attacks that exploit relative distances between memory objects aren&apos;t tackled by existing techniques. Moreover, these techniques are susceptible to information leakage and brute-force attacks. To overcome these limitations, we develop a new approach in this paper that supports comprehensive randomization, whereby the absolute locations of all (code and data) objects, as well as their relative distances are randomized. We argue that this approach provides probabilistic protection against all memory error exploits, whether they be known or novel. Our approach is implemented as a fully automatic source-to-source transformation which is compatible with legacy C code. The address-space randomizations take place at load-time or runtime, so the same copy of the binaries can be distributed to everyone -- this ensures compatibility with today&apos;s software distribution model. Experimental results demonstrate an average runtime overhead of about 11%.
Nonhuman Primate Models of Zika Virus Infection, Immunity, and Therapeutic Development (2017)

Zika virus is a re-emerging flavivirus transmitted primarily by arthropod vectors. The recent devastating outbreak of Zika virus in Brazil was preceded by the slow global encroachment of this virus over many decades. To date, significant research efforts are underway to understand the spread and the unique pathogenesis of this virus; with the intent to rapidly develop vaccines and therapeutics. Several model systems have emerged to study Zika. This review will focus on the use of nonhuman primates to model Zika infection.
Regulation of connective tissue metabolism by autacoid mediators. (1983)

Current evidence from in vitro studies draws attention to families of molecules able to stimulate replication of different classes of connective tissue cells and to stimulate the formation of some or all of the components of the extracellular matrix for which such cells are responsible. Some mediators are known to stimulate synthesis and release of enzymes with potential for degradation of the connective tissue matrix. A few of these mediators have been purified sufficiently to permit chemical characterization and immunologic measurement in man.
Biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy in men with pathologic organ‐confined disease: pT2a versus pT2b (2004)

There was no difference in PSA recurrence rates between men with pT2aN0 versus pT2bN0 tumors. In men with organ-confined disease, radical prostatectomy provided excellent 10-year PSA progression-free survival regardless of tumor burden (pT2a vs. pT2b). Consideration should be given to modifying the TNM staging system to eliminate substratification of pT2 tumors.
Estimates of the worldwide frequency of sixteen major cancers in 1980 (1988)

The numbers of new cancer cases in 16 common sites occurring in 1980 have been estimated for 24 areas of the world for which the United Nations produces population estimates. For the world as a whole, the total number of new cases was 6.35 million, almost exactly evenly divided between the developed and developing countries. In males, the most important sites were lung, stomach, colon/rectum, mouth/pharynx, prostate and oesophagus, and in females breast, cervix, colon/rectum, stomach, corpus uteri and lung. When the two sexes are combined, stomach cancer emerges as the most common cancer in 1980 (669,400 new cases per year), but this estimate is only slightly greater than that of lung cancer (660,500 new cases), and comparisons with earlier estimates for 1975 suggest that, with declining incidence rates for stomach cancer and the continuing rise for lung cancer, the latter would become the most common cancer in the world by the end of 1981. The implications for cancer control in the developed and developing countries of the world are discussed.
Selective activation of the M <sub>1</sub> muscarinic acetylcholine receptor achieved by allosteric potentiation (2009)

The forebrain cholinergic system promotes higher brain function in part by signaling through the M(1) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR). During Alzheimer's disease (AD), these cholinergic neurons degenerate, therefore selectively activating M(1) receptors could improve cognitive function in these patients while avoiding unwanted peripheral responses associated with non-selective muscarinic agonists. We describe here benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid (BQCA), a highly selective allosteric potentiator of the M(1) mAChR. BQCA reduces the concentration of ACh required to activate M(1) up to 129-fold with an inflection point value of 845 nM. No potentiation, agonism, or antagonism activity on other mAChRs is observed up to 100 microM. Furthermore studies in M(1)(-/-) mice demonstrates that BQCA requires M(1) to promote inositol phosphate turnover in primary neurons and to increase c-fos and arc RNA expression and ERK phosphorylation in the brain. Radioligand-binding assays, molecular modeling, and site-directed mutagenesis experiments indicate that BQCA acts at an allosteric site involving residues Y179 and W400. BQCA reverses scopolamine-induced memory deficits in contextual fear conditioning, increases blood flow to the cerebral cortex, and increases wakefulness while reducing delta sleep. In contrast to M(1) allosteric agonists, which do not improve memory in scopolamine-challenged mice in contextual fear conditioning, BQCA induces beta-arrestin recruitment to M(1), suggesting a role for this signal transduction mechanism in the cholinergic modulation of memory. In summary, BQCA exploits an allosteric potentiation mechanism to provide selectivity for the M(1) receptor and represents a promising therapeutic strategy for cognitive disorders.
Structure−Antiviral Activity Relationship in the Series of Pyrimidine and Purine <i>N</i>-[2-(2-Phosphonomethoxy)ethyl] Nucleotide Analogues. 1. Derivatives Substituted at the Carbon Atoms of the Base (1999)

A series of dialkyl esters of purine and pyrimidine N-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl] derivatives substituted at position 2, 6, or 8 of the purine base or position 2, 4, or 5 of the pyrimidine base were prepared by alkylation of the appropriate heterocyclic base with 2-chloroethoxymethylphosphonate diester in the presence of sodium hydride, cesium carbonate, or 1,8-diazabicyclo[5,4, 0]undec-7-ene (DBU) in dimethylformamide. Additional derivatives were obtained by the transformations of the bases in the suitably modified intermediates bearing reactive functions at the base moiety. The diesters were converted to the corresponding monoesters by sodium azide treatment, while the free acids were obtained from the diester by successive treatment with bromotrimethylsilane and hydrolysis. None of the PME derivatives in the pyrimidine series, their 6-aza or 3-deaza analogues, exhibited any activity against DNA viruses or retroviruses tested, except for the 5-bromocytosine derivative. Substitution of the adenine ring in PMEA at position 2 by Cl, F, or OH group decreased the activity against all DNA viruses tested. PMEDAP was highly active against HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV in the concentration range (EC50) of 0.07-2 microg/mL. Also the 2-amino-6-chloropurine derivative was strongly active (EC50 = 0.1-0. 4 microg/mL) against herpes simplex viruses and (EC50 = 0.006-0.3 microg/mL) against CMV and VZV. PMEG was the most active compound of the whole series against DNA viruses (EC50 approximately 0.01-0.02 microg/mL), though it exhibited significant toxicity against the host cells. The base-modified compounds did not show any appreciable activity against DNA viruses except for 7-deazaPMEA (IC50 approximately 7.5 microg/mL) against HIV-1 and MSV. The neutral (diisopropyl, diisooctyl) diesters of PMEA were active against CMV and VZV, while the corresponding monoesters were inactive. The diisopropyl ester of the 2-chloroadenine analogue of PMEA showed substantially (10-100x) higher activity against CMV and VZV than the parent phosphonate. Also, the diisopropyl and diisooctyl ester of PMEDAP inhibited CMV and VZV, but esterification of the phosphonate residue did not improve the activity against either MSV or HIV.
Small-divergence singlemode emitting tapered distributed-feedback quantum cascade lasers (2010)

A tapered distributed feedback quantum cascade laser emitting at λ∼8.1 µm is reported. Utilising a tapered waveguide structure with a surface metal grating, the device exhibited singlemode operation over the temperature range of 100 to 214 K, with sidemode suppression ratio >20 dB and a nearly diffraction limited far-field beam divergence angle of 5.4°.
Free-volume model for ionic conductivity in polymers (1973)

Electrical conduction in polymers under a relatively low applied electric field is considered to be ionic and is affected strongly by the structural factors of the polymers. The following equation for the electrical conductivity σ was derived in which free volume Vf, jump energy Ej, and ionic dissociation energy W were taken into consideration: σ=σ0exp{− [γ Vi*/Vf+(Ej+W/2ε)(kT)−1]}, where σo is a constant, γ the numerical factor to correct the overlap of free volume, Vi* the critical volume required for transport of an ion, ε the dielectric constant, k Boltzmann's constant, and T the absolute temperature. This equation describes well the conduction phenomena in polymethylmethacrylate, polystyrene, and an unsaturated polyester. Relationships between electrical conduction and free volume are discussed.
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (1940)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCashew Nut Shell LiquidM. T. Harvey and S. CaplanCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1940, 32, 10, 1306–1310Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1940Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1940https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50370a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50370a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views481Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Studies on Condensed Pyrimidine Systems. IX. The Synthesis of Some 6-Substituted Purines (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies on Condensed Pyrimidine Systems. IX. The Synthesis of Some 6-Substituted PurinesGertrude B. Elion, Elizabeth Burgi, and George H. HitchingsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 2, 411–414Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01122a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01122a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views854Altmetric-Citations255LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
WNT pathway in oral cancer: Epigenetic inactivation of WNT-inhibitors (2010)

Epigenetic DNA methylations plays an important role in oral carcinogenesis. The soluble frizzled receptor protein (SFRP) family together with WIF-1 and DKK-3 encodes antagonists of the WNT pathway. Silencing of these genes leads to constitutive WNT signalling. Because aberrant expression of beta-catenin might be associated with the epigenetic inactivation of WNT inhibitors, we analyzed, in a collection of primary OSCC with matched normal oral mucosa, the methylation status of a complete panel of genes, SFRP-1, SFRP-2, SFRP-4, SFRP-5, WIF-1, DKK-3, that are involved directly and indirectly in WNT pathway, in order to demonstrate WNT-pathway activation in the absence of beta-catenin and/or APC/Axin mutations during oral carcinogenesis. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was performed to study inactivation of SFRP-1, SFRP-2, SFRP-4, SFRP-5, WIF-1, DKK-3 genes in 37 cases of paraffin embedded oral cancer. This study showed that the methylation is an important epigenetic alteration in oral cancer. In particular, SFRP-2, SFRP-4, SFRP-5, WIF-1, DKK-3 revealed methylation status of their promoter in OSCC, whereas SFRP-1 showed demethylation in cancer. Fisher's exact test revealed statistically significant results (p<0.05) for all genes. The Wald test confirmed the statistically significant association between SFRP2-4-5 gene methylation and OSCC (p<0.05). SFRP-1 was also characterized by a different statistically significant epigenetic behaviour, because of it was demethylated in cancer (p<0.05). Statistical regression test showed high levels of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for SFRP genes, while WIF-1 and DKK-3 have reportedly high specificity, moderate accuracy but low sensitivity. This study suggests that a cause of catenin delocalization in oral cancer could be due to WNT pathway activation, by epigenetic alterations of SFRP, WIF-1 and DKK-3 genes.
Introduction: The Nature and Management of Call Centre Work (2004)

There has been a substantial growth of employment in telephone call centres over the last five years. It is now estimated that around two workers in every 100 in the United Kingdom have jobs in call centres (Income Data Services, 2001, p. 11; Key Note, 2002, p. 19). In the USA they employ about 3 per cent of the workforce while in Europe the figure is just over 1 per cent (Datamonitor, 1998; 1999). Call centres are said to be the most rapidly growing form of employment in Europe today (Paul and Huws, 2002, p. 19). The number of call centres in France and Germany has more than doubled since 1997 (Key Note, 2002, p. 79). These developments reflect a more general shift in economic activity from goods production to service provision. Call centres epitomize many of the characteristics of service work that have come to dominate developed economies. Like most customer service organizations they provide an intangible, perishable product, which is highly variable and engages the customer in its production (Korczynski, 2002). However, distinctively, call centres require their employees to be skilled at interacting directly with customers while simultaneously working with sophisticated computer-based systems which dictate both the pace of their work and monitor its quality.KeywordsHuman Resource ManagementEmotional ExhaustionCustomer ServiceCall CentreService WorkThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Accelerated testing and failure of thin‐film PV modules (2004)

Abstract Packaging‐related PV module failure is distinguished from cell failure, and those failures specific to thin‐film modules are reviewed. These are categorized according to the type of stress that produced them, e.g., temperature, voltage, moisture, current, and thermal cycling. An example is given that shows how to relate time under accelerated stress to time in use. Diagnostic tools for locating the affected area within a large‐area module are pointed out along with the importance of interpretation of the visual appearance of the different damage mechanisms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A strategic approach to reproductive health programme development (2000)

Many countries are transforming their efforts to meet their population’s reproductive health needs by refocusing maternal and child health and family planning activities into more comprehensive reproductive health programmes. Clearly, the specific directions and magnitude of the changes involved should depend on the socio-economic context and local epidemiology of reproductive health problems, as well as on the current programmatic situation. In seeking to innovate and expand reproductive health services, programme managers and policy makers are generally advised to follow an approach that is (a) public health based - addressing key reproductive health problems, (b) pragmatic - adding interventions and services in an incremental manner and building on what already exists, and (c) participatory - recognizing what different actors can feasibly do (Fathalla, 1996). The need to identify appropriate service delivery models and subsequently scale-up successful efforts is acute.
Flash Disk Opportunity for Server Applications (2008)

NAND flash densities have been doubling each year since 1996. Samsung announced that its 32-gigabit NAND flash chips would be available in 2007. This is consistent with Chang-gyu Hwang’s flash memory growth model1 that NAND flash densities will double each year until 2010. Hwang recently extended that 2003 prediction to 2012, suggesting 64 times the current density250 GB per chip. This is hard to credit, but Hwang and Samsung have delivered 16 times since his 2003 article when 2-GB chips were just emerging. So, we should be prepared for the day when a flash drive is a terabyte(!). As Hwang points out in his article, mobile and consumer applications, rather than the PC ecosystem, are pushing this technology.
Factors influencing the insulation coordination of transformers (1933)

IN THE early days of the electrical industry, surges were relatively mysterious as to their origin, magnitude, and behavior. The ordinary factory tests now required by the A.I.E.E. rules were the reflection of experience and judgment rather than the analysis which has been made possible in the last few years. From experience, it was found on the one hand that it was necessary to increase the insulation of some parts of the transformers far above the requirements of the A.I.E.E. rules (i. e., turn and coil insulation bushings) and, on the other hand, to limit the voltages transmitted to the transformer from the line, by the specification of line insulation and protective gaps. In the meanwhile, progress has been made in the laboratory study of the surge characteristics of the insulators, gaps, and insulation structures commonly used in transformers.
Dynamic Pricing with Demand Learning under Competition (2007)

In this thesis, we focus on oligopolistic markets for a single perishable product, where firms compete by setting prices (Bertrand competition) or by allocating quantities (Cournot competition) dynamically over a finite selling horizon. The price-demand relationship is modeled as a parametric function, whose parameters are unknown, but learned through a data driven approach. The market can be either in disequilibrium or in equilibrium. In disequilibrium, we consider simultaneously two forms of learning for the firm: (i) learning of its optimal pricing (resp. allocation) strategy, given its belief regarding its competitors ’ strategy; (ii) learning the parameters in the price-demand relation-ship. In equilibrium, each firm seeks to learn the parameters in the price-demand relationship for itself and its competitors, given that prices (resp. quantities) are in equilibrium. In this thesis, we first study the dynamic pricing (resp. allocation) problem when
Structure and properties of polymeric chelates. IV. Structure and shape of polyvinylamine chelates in aqueous solution (1965)

Abstract The properties of polyvinylamine chelates were studied in aqueous solution by spectrophotometric, viscometric, and conductometric measurements. The results obtained by potentiometric measurements in a previous investigation were confirmed and extended. Polyvinylamine was shown to yield, with copper ion, stable chelates (mainly of the 1/4 type) which are water‐soluble over a wide range of p H values for sufficiently low ionic strength and polychelate concentration. The chelation is accompanied by a very important modification of the shape of the macromolecule, shape which also depends, but to a much less extent, upon the degree of charge of the macromolecule.
A fast general-purpose hardware synchronization mechanism (1985)

article Free Access Share on A fast general-purpose hardware synchronization mechanism Author: John T. Robinson IBM T J Watson Research Center, P O Box 218, Yorktown Heights, New York IBM T J Watson Research Center, P O Box 218, Yorktown Heights, New YorkView Profile Authors Info & Claims ACM SIGMOD RecordVolume 14Issue 4May 1985 pp 122–130https://doi.org/10.1145/971699.318910Published:01 May 1985Publication History 17citation336DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations17Total Downloads336Last 12 Months19Last 6 weeks3 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Intermolecular Interactions in Bromo-, Methyl-, and Cyanoimidazole Derivatives (2013)

Materials containing bistable N–H···N hydrogen bonds, such as imidazole crystals, show promise for applications in electronics. Herein, we examine the effect of imidazole functionalization upon structural parameters relating to proton transfer, molecular rotation, and order–disorder transitions. Three different substituents are studied: methyl-, bromo-, and cyano-, resulting in steric, electronic, and supramolecular modification of the imidazole core.