gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Brief History of Central Banks (2007)

A central bank is the term used to describe the authority responsible for policies that affect a country's supply of money and credit. More specifically, a central bank uses its tools of monetary policy—open market operations, discount window lending, changes in reserve requirements—to affect short-term interest rates and the monetary base (currency held by the public plus bank reserves) and to achieve important policy goals.
Characterization and purification of human retinoic acid receptor-<i>γ</i> 1 overexpressed in the baculovirus-insect cell system (1992)

The full-length cDNA for the human retinoic acid receptor-gamma 1 (RAR-gamma 1) has been expressed to high levels in Spodoptera frugiferda (Sf9) cells using the baculovirus expression system. Western blot analysis revealed that RAR-gamma 1 expression increased between 32 and 60 h post-infection. The recombinant receptor was expressed primarily as a nuclear protein and displayed a molecular mass of 50 kDa as determined by SDS/PAGE and gel-filtration chromatography, consistent with its cDNA-deduced size. Based on ligand binding, 2 x 10(6) RAR-gamma 1 molecules were expressed per Sf9 cell, a level approx. 2000 times greater than in mammalian cells. The receptor was partially purified 300-fold by sequential anion-exchange, gel-filtration and DNA affinity chromatographies. The overexpressed receptor specifically bound all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) and the synthetic retinoid CD367 with high affinity (Kd 0.15 nM and 0.23 nM respectively). The RA metabolites 4-hydroxy-RA and 4-oxo-RA were poor competitors for [3H]CD367 binding to recombinant RAR-gamma 1 (K(i) > 1 microM), indicating that 4-oxidation of RA greatly reduces its affinity for RAR-gamma 1. Gel-retardation analysis demonstrated that RAR-gamma 1 specifically bound the RA response element of the mouse RAR-beta gene. RAR-gamma 1 species expressed from recombinant baculovirus (in Sf9 cells) and vaccinia virus (in HeLa cells) exhibited similar affinities for RA and CD367 and had comparable DNA-binding properties in gel-retardation experiments. Moreover, a similar requirement for additional DNA-binding stimulatory factor(s) was observed in both cases. These results provide a basis for the use of baculovirus-expressed RAR-gamma 1 in further functional and structural studies.
Primary and Secondary Drug Screening Assays for Friedreich Ataxia (2011)

Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neuro- and cardiodegenerative disorder for which there are no proven effective treatments. FRDA is caused by decreased expression and/or function of the protein frataxin. Frataxin chaperones iron in the mitochondrial matrix for the assembly of iron-sulfur clusters (ISCs), which are prosthetic groups critical for the function of the Krebs cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Decreased expression of frataxin or the yeast frataxin orthologue, Yfh1p, is associated with decreased ISC assembly, mitochondrial iron accumulation, and increased oxidative stress, all of which contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction. Using yeast depleted of Yfh1p, a high-throughput screening (HTS) assay was developed in which mitochondrial function was monitored by reduction of the tetrazolium dye WST-1 in a growth medium with a respiration-only carbon source. Of 101 200 compounds screened, 302 were identified that effectively rescue mitochondrial function. To confirm activities in mammalian cells and begin understanding mechanisms of action, secondary screening assays were developed using murine C2C12 cells and yeast mutants lacking specific complexes of the ETC, respectively. The compounds identified in this study have potential relevance for other neurodegenerative disorders associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, such as Parkinson disease.
Non-Linear Dynamic Power System State Estimation (1986)

This paper describes the application of the invariant imbedding non-linear dynamic estimation technique to determine the transient state of a power system. The estimator handles system and measurement non-linearities effectively and works in the presence of system input disturbance and measurement noise. Off-line computer simulations of the estimator applied to a single machine infinite busbar power system successfully estimated the states of the machine. The results indicated that successful estimation is achieved by a careful choice of the input disturbance noise covariance matrix, Q. High Q values are recommended for the stepout region and low Q values for the hunting region.
Synthesis and thermal properties of Lu2Ti2O7 nano-wires (2012)

Lu2Ti2O7 nano-wires were first synthesized by a modified molten salt technique. A large-scale synthesis of single-crystalline Lu2Ti2O7 nano-wires with average diameters of 200 nm, containing only minor amounts of impurities is reported. The isolated product is composed of cubic-phase Lu2Ti2O7 nano-wires with <111> oriented along their length.
Photoconductivity in Epitaxial Pb1−<i>x</i>Sn<i>x</i>Te (1972)

Bulklike photoconductivity has been observed in Pb1−xSnxTe (x ≈ 0.17) layers deposited on BaF2. At 77 °K a peak detectivity of 6.6 × 108 at 8.9 μ has been measured for carrier concentrations of about 4 × 1016 cm−3.
Bing developer assistant: improving developer productivity by recommending sample code (2016)

In programming practice, developers often need sample code in order to learn how to solve a programming-related problem. For example, how to reuse an Application Programming Interface (API) of a large-scale software library and how to implement a certain functionality. We believe that previously written code can help developers understand how others addressed the similar problems and can help them write new programs. We develop a tool called Bing Developer Assistant (BDA), which improves developer productivity by recommending sample code mined from public software repositories (such as GitHub) and web pages (such as Stack Overflow). BDA can automatically mine code snippets that implement an API or answer a code search query. It has been implemented as a free-downloadable extension of Microsoft Visual Studio and has received more than 670K downloads since its initial release in December 2014. BDA is publicly available at: http://aka.ms/devassistant.
Schade in veld en bewaring : trips in uien een bedreiging (2009)

Trips veroorzaakt aantasting in het veld en in de bewaring. Alertheid is dus geboden, want trips in de bewaring kan een domper zetten op de vele zorg voor een mooie opbrengst
Long-life operation of an XeCl excimer laser (1979)

An experimental investigation of the performance of an XeCl excimer laser operating with moelcular traps is reported. The effects of cold traps, active carbon, and molecular sieves on the lasing gas mixture has been tested in order to selectively remove contaminant reaction products which quence laser action. Best results have been obtained by using a 3-Å molecular sieve directly inserted into the laser chamber. More than 180 000 shots have been obtained after 5 h of 10-Hz laser operation with a single refill before the output power decayed to one-half the initial value.
An experimental study of load balancing on Amoeba (2002)

The paper presents the results of an experimental study of load balancing using job initiation and process migration, carried out on Amoeba (A.S. Tanenbaum et al., 1990). The results indicate the need for a load balancing facility in a distributed system to improve system performance, e.g., the average response time of processes. A number of load balancing algorithms, including the bidding and neighbouring algorithms, have been studied in this work. A comparison between these algorithms under various conditions is presented, which indicates that in a system with 10-20 computers, a centralized algorithm outperforms a distributed one and job initiation plays an important role in a load balancing scheme. We also point out some requirements for an operating system in order to support an efficient load balancing facility, on the basis of our experience. We conclude with a summary of our experiences and suggestions for further work.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Statistical Framework of Optimal Workload Consolidation With Application to Capacity Planning for On-Demand Computing (2007)

AbstractIn on-demand computing services, the customer pays based on actual usage, and the service provider is free to allocate unused capacity to other customers. Capacity planning becomes an important issue in such a shared environment. It is desirable that a portfolio effect occurs so that less total capacity is required in a shared system than in a dedicated system. In this article a quantile-based statistical approach is proposed to quantify the portfolio effect and the associated risks. It is shown that the portfolio effect may or may not exist for a given set of workloads, depending crucially on their joint distribution and the assumed risk levels. For Gaussian workloads, the portfolio effect almost always exists regardless of the statistical correlation and risk level. For non-Gaussian workloads, the portfolio effect is not guaranteed and may even be negative, even if the workloads are negatively correlated or statistically independent. However, when simultaneously recorded workload history is available, the portfolio effect can be estimated directly from the data. Based on the data-driven approach, an optimization problem is formulated for capacity planning with the aim of maximizing the portfolio effect for a given set of workloads. This problem calls for consolidation of the workloads into one or more portfolios so that each portfolio can be served satisfactorily by a dedicated system and the total capacity requirement is minimized. Iterative algorithms are proposed to solve the optimization problem numerically. The method is applied to a server consolidation problem with real workload data.KEY WORDS: BootstrapCluster analysisCombinatorial optimizationPortfolioQuantileResource allocationRiskServer virtulizationUtility computing
Magnetic field effect on singlet oxygen production in a biochemical system (2004)

The yield of singlet oxygen sensitized by chemically modified, carotenoidless bacterial photosynthetic reaction centres and the ensuing oxidative damage are both shown to be magnetic field-dependent.
Autocorrelation of ultrashort optical pulses using polarization interferometry (1983)

A proposal and an analysis are presented for the autocorrelation of ultrashort optical pulses by using polarization interferometry in a birefringent crystal wedge.
Influence of Solvent Quality on the Self-Organization of Archetypical Hairy Rods−Branched and Linear Side Chain Polyfluorenes: Rodlike Chains versus “Beta-Sheets” in Solution (2006)

We report on the nanoscale structure and solvent-induced phase behavior of two, nearly similar π-conjugated hairy-rod polymers, branched side chain poly[9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl] (PF2/6) and linear side chain poly[9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl] (PFO or PF8), in good and bad (or poor) solventsdeuterated toluene and deuterated methylcyclohexane (MCH)at 20 °C. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements exploiting contrast variation with side chain deuterated PFO polyfluorene have been employed and complemented by optical absorption measurements. In toluene both PF2/6 and PFO adopt an elongated (rodlike) conformation containing predominantly only a single polymer chain (diameter of the order of 1 nm), which indicates dissolution down to the molecular level. In contrast, in MCH, PF2/6 shows an elongated structure while PFO forms sheetlike structures (characteristic thickness of 2−3 nm), thus dissolving down to the “colloidal” level. The elongated structure of PFO consists of individual polymer chains adopting dominantly a conformational isomer Cα. The thickness of sheetlike PFO particles corresponds to that of around two polymer layers and side chain contrast variation gives an evidence for an even distribution of the backbones within the sheets. These sheets are potentially an initial stage of PFO crystallization and also contain conformational isomer Cβ of those chains observed in the so-called beta-phase (or beta-sheets) in the solid state. The observed phenomena were not found to depend on concentration over the concentration range 5−10 mg/mL.
THE SYSTEM MAGNESIUM SULFATE-SODIUM SULFATE-WATER AND A METHOD FOR THE SEPARATION OF THE SALTS (1924)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE SYSTEM MAGNESIUM SULFATE-SODIUM SULFATE-WATER AND A METHOD FOR THE SEPARATION OF THE SALTSE. H. Archibald and W. A. GaleCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1924, 46, 8, 1760–1771Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1924Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1924https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01673a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01673a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views187Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Management of fibromyalgia syndrome (2018)

Fibromyalgia syndrome is a chronic pain condition that affects 440,000 Canadians above the age of 12. People with fibromyalgia report lifelong biological, emotional, cognitive and social complications. Recent clinical practice guidelines indicate management of symptoms is limited outside of analgesics. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is one emerging treatment that displays promise for these individuals. CBT helps individuals to realize their maladaptive thought processes and how these can affect their own emotional response as well as the significance they attribute to potentially noxious stimuli. In conjunction with a physical exercise program, CBT shows promise in both the management of pain, and an improvement of quality of life.
Polynomial codes: an optimal design for high-dimensional coded matrix multiplication (2017)

We consider a large-scale matrix multiplication problem where the computation is carried out using a distributed system with a master node and multiple worker nodes, where each worker can store parts of the input matrices. We propose a computation strategy that leverages ideas from coding theory to design intermediate computations at the worker nodes, in order to optimally deal with straggling workers. The proposed strategy, named as polynomial codes, achieves the optimum recovery threshold, defined as the minimum number of workers that the master needs to wait for in order to compute the output. This is the first code that achieves the optimal utilization of redundancy for tolerating stragglers or failures in distributed matrix multiplication. Furthermore, by leveraging the algebraic structure of polynomial codes, we can map the reconstruction problem of the final output to a polynomial interpolation problem, which can be solved efficiently. Polynomial codes provide order-wise improvement over the state of the art in terms of recovery threshold, and are also optimal in terms of several other metrics including computation latency and communication load. Moreover, we extend this code to distributed convolution and show its order-wise optimality.
Solid phase epitaxial growth of GaAs on Si substrates (1990)

Thin films of GaAs on Si were grown by molecular beam epitaxy, which involves the solid phase epitaxial (SPE) growth of the amorphous GaAs buffer layer. A Rutherford backscattering minimum channeling yield of ∼9.4% has been obtained for a 0.8-μm-thick GaAs film. Cross-sectional transmission electron micrographs and reflection high-energy electron diffraction results have revealed that misfit dislocations are mostly confined to what used to be the buffer layer of ∼300 nm in thickness, and that the microtwins (and/or stacking faults) are mostly originated from the GaAs/Si interface and are generated during SPE growth.
Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II Regulation of c-FLIP Expression and Phosphorylation in Modulation of Fas-mediated Signaling in Malignant Glioma Cells (2003)

Fas, upon cross-linking with Fas ligand (FasL) or Fas agonistic antibody, transduces apoptotic yet also proliferative signals, which have been implicated in tumor pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms that control Fas-mediated signaling in glioma cells. Fas agonistic antibody, CH-11, induced apoptosis in sensitive glioma cells through caspase-8 recruitment to the Fas-mediated death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) where caspase-8 was cleaved to initiate apoptosis through a systematic cleavage of downstream substrates. In contrast, CH-11 stimulated cell growth in resistant glioma cells through recruitment of c-FLIP (cellular Fas-associated death domain (FADD)-like interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme (FLICE)-inhibitory protein) to the Fas-mediated DISC. Three isoforms of long form c-FLIP were detected in glioma cells, but only the phosphorylated isoform was recruited to and cleaved into a p43 intermediate form in the Fas-mediated DISC in resistant cells. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II) activity was up-regulated in resistant cells. Treatment of resistant cells with the CaMK II inhibitor KN-93 inhibited CaMK II activity, reduced c-FLIP expression, inhibited c-FLIP phosphorylation, and rescued CH-11 sensitivity. Transfection of CaMK II cDNA in sensitive cells rendered them resistant to CH-11. These results indicated that CaMK II regulates c-FLIP expression and phosphorylation, thus modulating Fas-mediated signaling in glioma cells.
A Defect in the Cytochrome b Large Subunit in Complex II Causes Both Superoxide Anion Overproduction and Abnormal Energy Metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans (2001)

A mev-1(kn1) mutant of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is defective in the cytochrome b large subunit (Cyt-1/ceSDHC) in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. We have previously shown that a mutation in mev-1 causes shortened life span and rapid accumulation of aging markers such as fluorescent materials and protein carbonyls in an oxygen-dependent fashion. However, it remains unclear as to whether this hypersensitivity is caused by direct toxicity of the exogenous oxygen or by the damage of endogenous reactive oxygen species derived from mitochondria. Here we report important biochemical changes in mev-1 animals that serve to explain their abnormalities under normoxic conditions: (i) an overproduction of superoxide anion from mitochondria; and (ii) a reciprocal reduction in glutathione content even under atmospheric oxygen. In addition, unlike wild type, the levels of superoxide anion production from mev-1 mitochondria were significantly elevated under hyperoxia. Under normal circumstances, it is well known that superoxide anion is produced at complexes I and III in the electron transport system. Our data suggest that the mev-1(kn1) mutation increases superoxide anion production at complex II itself rather than at complexes I and III. The mev-1 mutant also had a lactate level 2-fold higher than wild type, indicative of lactic acidosis, a hallmark of human mitochondrial diseases. These data indicate that Cyt-1/ceSDHC plays an important role not only in energy metabolism but also in superoxide anion production that is critically involved in sensitivity to atmospheric oxygen.
Effect of Formic Acid and Furfural on the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose Powder and Dilute Acid-Pretreated Poplar Hydrolysates (2012)

Biomass pretreatment often leads to the formation of compounds that are inhibitory to enzymatic hydrolysis. To remove inhibitory compounds prior to enzymatic hydrolysis, pretreated biomass is washed with at least 3 volumes of water. However, this washing step would be difficult to manage in commercial operations because of the unsustainable water consumption. This study reports on the effects of formic acid and furfural on Accellerase 1500 with cellulose powder and dilute acid-pretreated poplar as substrates. Using cellulose powder as the substrate for enzymatic hydrolysis with the addition of 5 or 10 mg/mL formic acid, glucose recovery was reduced by 34% and 81%, respectively, in comparison to the control. The addition of furfural, at 2 or 5 mg/mL, to the enzymatic system reduced glucose recovery by 5% and 9%, respectively. When 5 mg/mL of formic acid was combined with 5 mg/mL of furfural, glucose recovery in the cellulose powder enzymatic system was reduced by 59%. Inhibition of sugar recovery was more pronounced when dilute acid-pretreated poplar was used as a substrate for enzymatic hydrolysis. At 24 h incubation, recovery reductions were 94%, 97%, and 93% in the presence of 5 or 10 mg/mL formic acid or the 5 mg/mL combination.
Solid Food Thermal Conductivity Determination at High Temperatures (1993)

ABSTRACT Thermal conductivity of carrots and potatoes was measured using a line heat source probe adapted for measurements to 130°C. Fastest response and rapid attainment of linearity in temperature rise vs In time plots, were obtained with a silicone oil‐filled probe with an uninsulated thermocouple junction. Custom designed electronics to amplify thermocouple output, and computer control of measurements, data acquisition and analysis resulted in 0.4% data repeatability (two standard deviations) for calibration standards. Thermal conductivity of carrot and potato vs temperature agreed well with the published volume fraction model for multi‐component foods.
Use of nested polymerase chain reaction to identify feline herpesvirus in ocular tissue from clinically normal cats and cats with corneal sequestra or conjunctivitis (1997)

Polymerase chain reaction is a useful clinical test for identifying FHV-1 DNA in cats with conjunctivitis, yielding greater sensitivity over that of current available tests. Herpesvirus may be less of a cause of corneal sequestration in the commonly affected breeds, Himalayan and Persian, than other factors, such as lagophthalmos or corneal metabolic defects.