gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Five-Year Survival with Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma (2019)

BACKGROUND Nivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab alone resulted in longer progression-free and overall survival than ipilimumab alone in a trial involving patients with advanced melanoma. We now report 5-year outcomes in the trial. METHODS We randomly assigned patients with previously untreated advanced melanoma to receive one of the following regimens: nivolumab (at a dose of 1 mg per kilogram of body weight) plus ipilimumab (3 mg per kilogram) every 3 weeks for four doses, followed by nivolumab (3 mg per kilogram every 2 weeks); nivolumab (3 mg per kilogram every 2 weeks) plus ipilimumab-matched placebo; or ipilimumab (3 mg per kilogram every 3 weeks for four doses) plus nivolumab-matched placebo. The two primary end points were progression-free survival and overall survival in the nivolumab-plus-ipilimumab group and in the nivolumab group, as compared with the ipilimumab group. RESULTS At a minimum follow-up of 60 months, the median overall survival was more than 60.0 months (median not reached) in the nivolumab-plus-ipilimumab group and 36.9 months in the nivolumab group, as compared with 19.9 months in the ipilimumab group (hazard ratio for death with nivolumab plus ipilimumab vs. ipilimumab, 0.52; hazard ratio for death with nivolumab vs. ipilimumab, 0.63). Overall survival at 5 years was 52% in the nivolumab-plus-ipilimumab group and 44% in the nivolumab group, as compared with 26% in the ipilimumab group. No sustained deterioration of health-related quality of life was observed during or after treatment with nivolumab plus ipilimumab or with nivolumab alone. No new late toxic effects were noted. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with advanced melanoma, sustained longterm overall survival at 5 years was observed in a greater percentage of patients who received nivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab alone than in those who received ipilimumab alone, with no apparent loss of quality of life in the patients who received regimens containing nivolumab. (Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and others; CheckMate 067 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01844505.).
Thermoelectric properties and electronic structure of Zintl compound BaZn2Sb2 (2007)

Polycrystalline sample of the title compound was prepared and its thermoelectric properties from 2to675K were investigated. This Zintl compound shows rather low thermal conductivity, 1.6Wm−1K−1, at room temperature. The value of its thermoelectric figure of merit ZT reaches 0.31 at 675K. Its electronic structure, calculated by ab initio methods, suggests that the electrical transport are mainly ascribe to [Zn2Sb2] framework for p-type BaZn2Sb2. The heat capacity curve at low temperature was fitted lineally to obtain Debye temperature (about 208K). It provides the authors with a host lattice for modification and optimization the thermoelectric properties through substitution and/or doping.
Applications of resonant-tunneling diodes to high-speed digital ICs (2003)

Ultrahigh-speed circuit applications of resonant-tunneling diodes (RTDs) have been developed. The key points are the utilization of the edge-triggered and latching properties arising from the negative differential resistance of the RTD, and the combination of RTDs and high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). High-speed and low power operation of various flip-flop (FF) circuits monolithically integrating InP-based RTDs and HEMTs have been demonstrated at room temperature, including a delayed flip-flop operation at 35 Gbit/s. By extending the concept of electronic-input circuits to the optical-input circuit, an ultrahigh-speed optoelectronic circuit integrating RTDs and a photodiode has been developed. Using this optoelectronic circuit, we have succeeded in demultiplexing a 80 Gbit/s optical signal into a 40 Gbit/s electrical signal. These results show the potentiality of RTD-based circuits for ultrahigh-speed communications and signal processing circuits.
Interaction of U2AF <sup>65</sup> RS Region with Pre-mRNA of Branch Point and Promotion Base Pairing with U2 snRNA (1996)

The mammalian splicing factor U2AF65 binds to the polypyrimidine tract adjacent to the 3' splice site and promotes assembly of U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein on the upstream branch point, an interaction that involves base pairing with U2 small nuclear RNA (snRNA). U2AF65 contains an RNA binding domain, required for interaction with the polypyrimidine tract, and an arginine-serine-rich (RS) region, required for U2 snRNP recruitment and splicing. Here it is reported that binding of U2AF65 to the polypyrimidine tract directed the RS domain to contact the branch point and promoted U2 snRNA-branch point base pairing even in the absence of other splicing factors. Analysis of RS domain mutants indicated that the ability of U2AF65 to contact the branch point, to promote the U2 snRNA-branch point interaction, and to support splicing are related activities, requiring only a few basic amino acids. Thus, the U2AF65 RS domain plays a direct role in modulating spliceosomal RNA-RNA interactions.
Citicoline protects hippocampal neurons against apoptosis inducedby brain beta-amyloid deposits plus cerebral hypoperfusion in rats (1999)

Citicoline is an endogenous intermediate involved in the biosynthesis of brain phospholipids and acetylcholine which has been extensively used for the treatment of several neurodegenerative conditions. The effects of citicoline on neurodegeneration, apoptosis and learning were investigated in male Sprague Dawley rats subjected to implants of the beta-amyloid fragment 1-40 (A beta 4: 3 Mmol) into the right hippocampus and to permanent unilateral occlusion of the carotid artery. Citicoline (CDP; 0, 62.5, 125 and 250 mg/kg/day i.p.) was given during 2 days before and for 5 days after surgery, and the extension of the degeneration and the number of apoptotic figures (TUNEL technique) were evaluated in the dentate gyrus (DG) and the CA1 area of the hippocampus. Citicoline, at 125 and 250 mg/kg, reduced the number of apoptotic neurons in the hippocampus of rats with A beta 4/hypoperfusion-induced neurodegeneration (CDP0 = 105.3 +/- 32.8 apoptotic figures; CDP125 = 39.2 +/- 7.4** apoptotic figures; CDP250 = 34.5 +/- 14.4** apoptotic figures; **p < 0.01 vs. CDP0). CDP also reduced neuronal degeneration in the CA1 area in a dose-dependent manner (CDP0 = 450.5 +/- 130.1 microns; CDP62.5 = 280.6 +/- 76.3 microns; CDP125 = 86.6 +/- 37.3* microns; CDP250 = 121.7 +/- 85.3* microns; p < 0.05 vs. CDP0). Variability of results was very high in the DG, where a significant reduction in the extent of neurodegeneration was only observed in the group of rats receiving 62.5 mg/kg of citicoline. Finally, citicoline improved retention of a passive avoidance learning task, increasing the number of avoidances (Av) (CDP0 = 4.2 +/- 0.7 Av; CDP62.5 = 6.9 +/- 1.0 Av; CDP125 = 7.9 +/- 0.7** Av; CDP250 = 8.5 +/- 0.6** Av; **p < 0.01 vs. CDP0) in a dose-related manner. Based on these results, it was concluded that citicoline exerts antiapoptotic, neuroprotective and antiamnesic effects in conditions of neurodegeneration induced by A beta 4 plus hypoperfusion.
Effects of Varying Lengths of Double-Stranded RNA on Binding and Activation of 2′-5′-Oligoadenylate Synthetase (1997)

We investigated the effects of varying the length of the double-stranded (ds) RNA cofactor on activation of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate [2-5 (A)] synthetase. dsRNA of 40, 55, 67, 85, and 110 bp lengths were generated by in vitro transcription of complementary strands and annealing and trimming of the single-stranded overhangs. The dsRNA molecules were radiolabeled by polynucleotide kinase and purified by gel electrophoresis. Their abilities to bind to recombinant mouse 9-2 2-5 (A) synthetase, as monitored by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, were comparable. When used at a saturating concentration of 25 microg/ml, all dsRNA molecules were equally effective in activating the enzyme. At a subsaturating concentration, however, longer RNAs were better activators. At 100 nM concentration, there was a linear relationship between the length of the dsRNA and its ability to activate 2-5 (A) synthetase.
Augmentation procedures for the rehabilitation of deficient edentulous ridges with oral implants (2006)

On the basis of available data it was shown that it was difficult to demonstrate that a particular surgical procedure offered better outcome as compared to another. The main limit encountered in this review has been the overall poor methodological quality of the published articles. Therefore larger well-designed long term trials are needed.
An Optimization Method for Multiple Persistency Requirements on Stream Management System (2007)

Today, the amount of data delivered as data streams has been increasing, and requirements over data streams have a great variety. We have been developing a stream management system called Harmonica by combining a stream processing engine and DBMSs to fulfill such requirements. Generally, throughputs of DBMSs are slower than those of stream processing engines with a high-speed memory. It is very difficult to process a huge number of continuous queries which request the system to store data into DBMSs. In order to overcome this bottleneck, we propose an optimization method for multiple persistency requirements. The main idea of our optimization is to reduce the writing costs of DBMSs by sharing common store-operators. Our optimization method creates feasible processing plans. In this paper, we present the algorithm of our method and the results of experiment by using Harmonica System.
Multimodal Abstractive Summarization for How2 Videos (2019)

In this paper, we study abstractive summarization for open-domain videos. Unlike the traditional text news summarization, the goal is less to "compress" text information but rather to provide a fluent textual summary of information that has been collected and fused from different source modalities, in our case video and audio transcripts (or text). We show how a multi-source sequence-to-sequence model with hierarchical attention can integrate information from different modalities into a coherent output, compare various models trained with different modalities and present pilot experiments on the How2 corpus of instructional videos. We also propose a new evaluation metric (Content F1) for abstractive summarization task that measures semantic adequacy rather than fluency of the summaries, which is covered by metrics like ROUGE and BLEU.
Exploiting Linguistic Resources for Neural Machine Translation Using Multi-task Learning (2017)

Linguistic resources such as part-of-speech (POS) tags have been extensively used in statistical machine translation (SMT) frameworks and have yielded better performances. However, usage of such linguistic annotations in neural machine translation (NMT) systems has been left under-explored. In this work, we show that multi-task learning is a successful and a easy approach to introduce an additional knowledge into an end-to-end neural attentional model. By jointly training several natural language processing (NLP) tasks in one system, we are able to leverage common information and improve the performance of the individual task. We analyze the impact of three design decisions in multi-task learning: the tasks used in training, the training schedule, and the degree of parameter sharing across the tasks, which is defined by the network architecture. The experiments are conducted for an German to English translation task. As additional linguistic resources, we exploit POS information and named-entities (NE). Experiments show that the translation quality can be improved by up to 1.5 BLEU points under the low-resource condition. The performance of the POS tagger is also improved using the multi-task learning scheme.
[2+2+1] Cyclization of allenes (2014)

The [2+2+1] cyclization of an alkyne, an alkene and carbon monoxide, i.e., the Pauson-Khand reaction, is one of the most powerful tools for constructing a five-membered ring. In place of the alkene or alkyne part, the use of an allene functionality has proven to make this reaction more valuable for organic synthesis. This review focuses on the origin and progress of the allenic [2+2+1] cyclocarbonylation, including the chirality transfer of the allene and its synthetic applications.
Of Cancer, Gastric Secretion, and of Other Things (1959)

A Modern Delilah: When your President, Dr. Leo G. Rigler, our erstwhile Professor of Roentgenology at the University of Minnesota, asked me to give the 1958 Carman Lecture of the American Radiological Society on gastric cancer, I experienced mixed emotions in arriving at a decision. In the first instance, I could not have refused any reasonable request from Leo Rigler, a colleague whom every member of the faculty of the Medical School during his tenure had come to admire, love, and respect. Those of you privileged to know him well know whereof I speak. Radiologist, teacher and friend, of whom one is tempted to speak only in superlatives, he possesses still another unique attribute—that of being able to change the quality of the day for the better for those with whom he associates. Blessed and lucky beyond description is that man who has such a wife or friend. As a surgeon, coming to you with the results of surgical therapy of a dreadful scourge, I knew it would be exceedingly difficult to bring any new or interesting materials relating to the problem of gastric cancer. It is a gridiron which exhibits obvious evidences of having been heavily trampled in a wet field. Moreover, the distinguished name of Russell D. Carman, identified with your annual lectureship, is deserving of a worthy effort. Under the hypnotic influence of the persuasive eloquence of Leo Rigler, all my misgivings of inadequacy before the subject of gastric cancer vanished. But I know now, my trusted friend of many years is, in a manner, a reincarnated modern hair-trimming Delilah who shears away at one's locks of resistance until all power of independent decision is lost. Carman—the Man and His Work: On an occasion such as this, when we come together to honor the memory of a great American roentgenologist, it is entirely proper that we commit ourselves for a moment to the piety of memory in an attempt to recapture and appreciate the importance and impact of this man's life upon the field of radiology. It was my privilege, during an exchange year (1924) as Surgical Fellow at the Mayo Foundation in Rochester, to have many casual and informal contacts with Dr. Carman. It was his practice to come each morning to the operating rooms of St. Mary's Hospital. Armed with a list of his studied patients being operated upon, he would wander from room to room to see how his diagnosis tallied with the surgical findings. It was an interesting experience to observe a skilled diagnostician disciplining himself by checking his observations with those at the operating table. And on occasion, when it concerned an especially interesting specimen, he would wander across the hall to the surgical-pathological laboratory, to view a specimen first hand and to check it with his films. My understanding is that Dr. Carman relied heavily on fluoroscopic findings and that in an afternoon he would fluoroscope as many as 30 to 40 patients—a heavy responsibility for anyone.
The Lectin Receptor Kinase-VI.2 Is Required for Priming and Positively Regulates <i>Arabidopsis</i> Pattern-Triggered Immunity (2012)

Plant cells can be sensitized toward a subsequent pathogen attack by avirulent pathogens or by chemicals such as β-aminobutyric acid (BABA). This process is called priming. Using a reverse genetic approach in Arabidopsis thaliana, we demonstrate that the BABA-responsive L-type lectin receptor kinase-VI.2 (LecRK-VI.2) contributes to disease resistance against the hemibiotrophic Pseudomonas syringae and the necrotrophic Pectobacterium carotovorum bacteria. Accordingly, LecRK-VI.2 mRNA levels increased after bacterial inoculation or treatments with microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). We also show that LecRK-VI.2 is required for full activation of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI); notably, lecrk-VI.2-1 mutants show reduced upregulation of PTI marker genes, impaired callose deposition, and defective stomatal closure. Overexpression studies combined with genome-wide microarray analyses indicate that LecRK-VI.2 positively regulates the PTI response. LecRK-VI.2 is demonstrated to act upstream of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, but independently of reactive oxygen production and Botrytis-induced kinase1 phosphorylation. In addition, complex formation between the MAMP receptor flagellin sensing2 and its signaling partner brassinosteroid insensitive1-associated kinase1 is observed in flg22-treated lecrk-VI.2-1 mutants. LecRK-VI.2 is also required for full BABA-induced resistance and priming of PTI. Our work identifies LecRK-VI.2 as a novel mediator of the Arabidopsis PTI response and provides insight into molecular mechanisms governing priming.
Data-driven Personas (2016)

User Experience (UX) research teams following a user centered design approach harness personas to better understand a user's workflow by examining that user's behavior, goals, needs, wants, and frustrations. To create target personas these researchers rely on workflow data from surveys, self-reports, interviews, and user observation. However, this data not directly related to user behavior, weakly reflects a user's actual workflow in the product, is costly to collect, is limited to a few hundred responses, and is outdated as soon as a persona's workflows evolve. To address these limitations we present a quantitative bottom-up data-driven approach to create personas. First, we directly incorporate user behavior via clicks gathered automatically from telemetry data related to the actual product use in the field; since the data collection is automatic it is also cost effective. Next, we aggregate 3.5 million clicks from 2400 users into 39,000 clickstreams and then structure them into 10 workflows via hierarchical clustering; we thus base our personas on a large data sample. Finally, we use mixed models, a statistical approach that incorporates these clustered workflows to create five representative personas; updating our mixed model ensures that these personas remain current. We also validated these personas with our product's user behavior experts to ensure that workflows and the persona goals represent actual product use.
Formin-mediated bridging of cell wall, plasma membrane, and cytoskeleton in symbiotic infections of Medicago truncatula (2021)

Legumes have maintained the ability to associate with rhizobia to sustain the nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis (RNS). In Medicago truncatula, the Nod factor (NF)-dependent intracellular root colonization by Sinorhizobium meliloti initiates from young, growing root hairs. They form rhizobial traps by physically curling around the symbiont.<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup> Although alterations in root hair morphology like branching and swelling have been observed in other plants in response to drug treatments<sup>3</sup> or genetic perturbations,<sup>4-6</sup> full root hair curling represents a rather specific invention in legumes. The entrapment of the symbiont completes with its full enclosure in a structure called the "infection chamber" (IC),<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>7</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>8</sup> from which a tube-like membrane channel, the "infection thread" (IT), initiates.<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>9</sup> All steps of rhizobium-induced root hair alterations are aided by a tip-localized cytosolic calcium gradient,<sup>10</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>11</sup> global actin re-arrangements, and dense subapical fine actin bundles that are required for the delivery of Golgi-derived vesicles to the root hair tip.<sup>7</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>12-14</sup> Altered actin dynamics during early responses to NFs or rhizobia have mostly been shown in mutants that are affected in the actin-related SCAR/WAVE complex.<sup>15-18</sup> Here, we identified a polarly localized SYMBIOTIC FORMIN 1 (SYFO1) to be required for NF-dependent alterations in membrane organization and symbiotic root hair responses. We demonstrate that SYFO1 mediates a continuum between the plasma membrane and the cell wall that is required for the onset of rhizobial infections.
Toward the Rational Design of Galactosylated Glycoclusters That Target <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Lectin A (LecA): Influence of Linker Arms That Lead to Low‐Nanomolar Multivalent Ligands (2016)

Anti-infectious strategies against pathogen infections can be achieved through antiadhesive strategies by using multivalent ligands of bacterial virulence factors. LecA and LecB are lectins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa implicated in biofilm formation. A series of 27 LecA-targeting glycoclusters have been synthesized. Nine aromatic galactose aglycons were investigated with three different linker arms that connect the central mannopyranoside core. A low-nanomolar (Kd =19 nm, microarray) ligand with a tyrosine-based linker arm could be identified in a structure-activity relationship study. Molecular modeling of the glycoclusters bound to the lectin tetramer was also used to rationalize the binding properties observed.
Formation of AOT/Brine Multilamellar Vesicles (1996)

A rheo-optic study of the formation kinetics of the multilamellar vesicle (MLV) structure in the AOT/brine system is reported. Controlled shear rate rheology and flow dichroism are used to identify a critical shear stress below which MLVs are formed and above which a transition to a biphasic state occurs. Controlled stress rheology with in situ flow small-angle light scattering shows that MLV formation occurs at a critical strain that is signaled by shear-thickening behavior and small-angle scattering typical of spherulites. Further, the applied shear stress controls both the MLV formation rate and the final MLV size. At high stresses shear-induced ordering of the MLVs is observed, similar to that seen in colloidal suspensions, as well as a transition to a biphasic state. The results are used to reinterpret previously published “nonequilibrium phase diagrams” and to test scaling models for the MLV size in the pure MLV phase.
Culture, Perceived Corruption, and Economics (2001)

Corruption can impede commerce and economic development, yet it seems to be tolerated in many countries. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a model that integrates socioeconomic factors related to corruption. The analysis revealed that a negative relationship between economic adversity and wealth was mediated by corruption. Economic adversity was positively related to corruption, and corruption was inversely related to wealth. Uncertainty avoidance moderated the relationship between economic adversity and corruption, whereas power distance and uncertainty avoidance were positively associated with corruption. The implications of these results for enhancing the effectiveness of international agreements are discussed.