gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Emerging role of kinase-targeted strategies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (2012)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a malignancy of mature B cells that depend on host factors in the tissue microenvironment for survival and proliferation. In vitro, CLL cells rapidly undergo apoptosis unless microenvironmental factors are provided that support their survival. Signaling pathways activated in the microenvironment in vivo include the B-cell receptor (BCR) and NF-κB pathways. Thus, CLL is a disease "addicted to the host" and is dependent on pathways that promote normal B-cell development, expansion, and survival; this is particularly true in the case of the BCR signaling cascade. Small-molecule inhibitors of kinases that are essential for BCR signal transduction abrogate the stimulating effects of the microenvironment on CLL cells. The orally administered tyrosine kinase inhibitors fostamatinib and ibrutinib and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor GS-1101 have induced impressive responses in relapsed and refractory CLL patients, mostly with moderate side effects. Reductions in lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly are seen within weeks and are frequently accompanied by a transient rise in absolute lymphocyte count that is asymptomatic and probably the result of changes in CLL cell trafficking. This review discusses the biologic basis for kinase inhibitors as targeted therapy of CLL and summarizes the exciting early clinical experience with these agents.
Simultaneous determination of trifolirhizin, (–)‐maackiain, (–)‐sophoranone, and 2‐(2,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐5,6‐methylenedioxybenzofuran from <i>Sophora tonkinensis</i> in rat plasma by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study (2014)

A new liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of trifolirhizin, (-)-maackiain, (-)-sophoranone, and 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,6-methylenedioxybenzofuran from Sophora tonkinensis in rat plasma using chlorpropamide as an internal standard. Plasma samples (50 μL) were prepared using a simple deproteinization procedure with 150 μL of acetonitrile containing 100 ng/mL of chlorpropamide. Chromatographic separation was carried out on an Acclaim RSLC120 C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 2.2 μm) using a gradient elution consisting of 7.5 mM ammonium acetate and acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid (0.4 mL/min flow rate, 7.0 min total run time). The detection and quantitation of all analytes were performed in selected reaction monitoring mode under both positive and negative electrospray ionization. This assay was linear over concentration ranges of 50-5000 ng/mL (trifolirhizin), 25-2500 ng/mL ((-)-maackiain), 5-250 ng/mL ((-)-sophoranone), and 1-250 ng/mL 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,6-methylenedioxybenzofuran) with a lower limit of quantification of 50, 25, 5, and 1 ng/mL for trifolirhizin, (-)-maackiain, (-)-sophoranone, and 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,6-methylenedioxybenzofuran, respectively. All the validation data, including the specificity, precision, accuracy, recovery, and stability conformed to the acceptance requirements. The results indicated that the developed method is sufficiently reliable for the pharmacokinetic study of the analytes following oral administration of Sophora tonkinensis extract in rats.
An experimental study on hub labeling based shortest path algorithms (2017)

Shortest path distance retrieval is a core component in many important applications. For a decade, hub labeling (HL) techniques have been considered as a practical solution with fast query response time (e.g., 1--3 orders of magnitude faster), competitive indexing time, and slightly larger storage overhead (e.g., several times larger). These techniques enhance query throughput up to hundred thousands queries per second, which is particularly helpful in large user environment. Despite the importance of HL techniques, we are not aware of any comprehensive experimental study on HL techniques. Thus it is difficult for a practitioner to adopt HL techniques for her applications. To address the above issues, we provide a comprehensive experimental study on the state-of-the-art HL technique with analysis of their efficiency, effectiveness and applicability. From insightful summary of different HL techniques, we further develop a simple yet effective HL techniques called Significant path based Hub Pushing (SHP) which greatly improves indexing time of previous techniques while retains good query performance. We also complement extensive comparisons between HL techniques and other shortest path solutions to demonstrate robustness and efficiency of HL techniques.
The Ultrastructure and Computer-enhanced Digital Image Analysis of Plasmodesmata at the Kranz Mesophyll-Bundle Sheath Interface of Themeda triandra var. imberbis (Retz) A. Camus in Conventionally-fixed Blades (1993)

The ultrastructure of the plasmodesmata at the Kranz mesophyll-bundle sheath (KMS-BS) interface in Themeda triandra, and the substructures within the plasmodesmata were investigated, using conventionally fixed leaf-blade material, enhanced by the addition of 0·1% tannic acid to the primary fixative. Examination of high-resolution electronmicrographs, and computer-enhanced digital images suggests that these plasmodesmata are complex structures, comprised of helically-arranged particulate material. The electron-dense particles are between 2·5 and 3·0 nm in diameter. These particles are specifically associated with the inner face of the inner plasmalemma membrane leaflet, and the outer region of the desmotubule wall. The electron-dense particles are presumably proteinaceous and embedded in a lipid matrix. In the constricted median portion of the KMS-BS plasmodesmata, the space between the desmotubule and the inner plasmalemma membrane leaflet and areas surrounding the proteinaceous particles thereof (the cytoplasmic sleeve) is about 3 nm in cross-section, and constitutes what we believe to be the space through which intercellular transport takes place.Copyright 1993, 1999 Academic Press
Design: a voice activated thermostat. (1992)

The voice activated thermostat was designed so the temperature in a house could be set without having to touch the thermostat. This is especially useful for a quadriplegic who would like to change the temperature of the room he is in. For simplicity, it was designed using VCP200 speaker-independent word recognizer chip. This chip comes pre-programmed with a limited number of words, so programming of words was not necessary. Every time the activation word is said the digital thermostat changes by one degree.
Formulation and evaluation of hydrous and anhydrous skin whitening products containing sodium ascorbyl phosphate and kojic acid dipalmitate (2006)

Table of contents 5.9 Sodium ascorbyl phosphate release rate 5.9.1 Results 5.9.2 Discussion 5.10 Conclusion Chapter 6: Hydrous lotion and anhydrous ointment results and discussion 63 6.1 6.8.2 Discussion 72 6.9 Preservative efficacy 73 6.9.1 Results 73 6.9.2 Discussion 73 6.10 Penetration 6.10.1 Results 6.10.2 Discussion 74 6.1 1 Spreadability 75 6.1 1.1 Results 75 6.1 1.2 Discussion 75 6.12 Kojic acid dipalmitate release 76 6.12.1 Results 76 6.12.2 Discussion 77 6.13 Sodium ascorbyl phosphate release rate 78 6.13.1 Results 78 6.13.2 Discussion 79 6.14 Conclusion 79 Chapter 7: Hydrous and anhydrous stick results and discussion 81
Transistor Superregenerative Detection (1956)

This paper presents thc results of an analytical and experimental study of the principles and mechanism of superregenerative detection using junction transistors. The analysis is based on the study of a transistor oscillator, the criterion of oscillation, and the build-up and decay of oscillation. Due to the dependence of transistor parameters on the operating points, the loop gain of a transistor oscillator can be controlled by changing the emitter current <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(I_{e})</tex> and/or the collector voltage <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(V_{c})</tex> . This property makes the control of a transistor oscillator by an external quenching signal possible. Either the linear mode or the logarithmic mode of detection can be obtained. Self-quenched superregenerative detection also can be obtained. The circuit design and the bias of the transistor have to be such that the initial emitter current <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(I_{e})</tex> is small, but the loop gain of the oscillator is sufficient to start oscillations. Then the bias point of the transistor should be able to change corresponding to the amplitude of oscillation. Typical properties of a superregenerative detector, such as high gain and noise, are characteristic of both vacuum tube and transistor circuits.
Food Delivery Automation in Restaurants Using Collaborative Robotics (2018)

Collaborative operation, even though challenging, has the ability to solve many difficult issues in automation of a system; reducing effort, time, error, etc. and increasing quality, capacity and efficiency. In this article the challenges and issues in collaborative operation of robots and their solution is discussed considering an application of restaurant automation with a team of mobile robots, acting as waiters, and a centralized control station. Centralized control station implements and run algorithms for target fixing, matching customer party size and table size and robot selection based on heuristics like energy, distance, etc. The mobile robot, acts as a line follower, has a modified A* algorithm for indoor navigation in the fixed size grid environment. The algorithms at central station will be implemented in MATLAB and the mobile robot operation will be achieved through FIREBIRD V experimenter kits housing android phones having application for food ordering.
Towards graphene bromide: bromination of graphite oxide (2014)

Halogenated graphene derivatives are interesting for their outstanding physical and chemical properties. In this paper, we present various methods for the synthesis of brominated graphene derivatives by the bromination of graphite oxides. Graphite oxides, prepared according to either the Hummers or Hofmann method, were brominated using bromine or hydrobromic acid under reflux or in an autoclave at elevated temperatures and pressures. The influence of both graphite oxide precursors on the resulting brominated graphenes was investigated by characterization of the graphenes, which was carried out using various techniques, including SEM, SEM-EDS, high-resolution XPS, FTIR, STA and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, the resistivity of the brominated graphenes was measured and the electrochemical properties were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. Although the brominated graphenes were structurally similar, they had remarkably different bromine concentrations. The most highly brominated graphene (bromine concentration above 26 wt%) exhibited a C/O ratio above 44 and partial hydrogenation. Brominated graphenes with such properties could be used for reversible bromine storage or as a starting material for further chemical modifications.
How to combat long echoes in OFDM transmission schemes: sub-channel equalization or more powerful channel coding (2002)

The OFDM technique with guard-time, which has been proposed for terrestrial digital image and digital audio broadcasting applications in Europe, is an interesting approach to combat the frequency selectivity of the channel. However, it is sensitive to the interference caused by echoes longer than the guard-time. The aim of this article is twofold. First, the effects of the guard interval on a real case multipath channel are analyzed for an OFDM transmission system. The system performance is analytically derived as a function of the guard interval. The sensitivity of the OFDM system to the interference caused by echoes exceeding the guard-time is analyzed. The degradation due to the interference can be restored by applying two different techniques: using more powerful channel coding or employing sub-channel equalization. For channel coding, a combination of multilevel coding with multiresolution modulation, which is proposed for a digital terrestrial TV broadcasting, is used. The sub-channel equalizer is based on the DFE, where its adaptation calls-upon the LMS-algorithm, using the reference symbols sent periodically. Simulation results show that using powerful channel coding, rather than equalization, can partly restore the degradation caused by a shorter guard-time.
Towards Cover-Layer Incident Read-Out of a Dual-layer Disc with a NA=1.5 Solid Immersion Lens (2005)

We present the status of our efforts to demonstrate the feasibility of recording on a cover-layer protected dual-layer optical disc with a blue laser and NA=1.45 objective lens that is based on a solid immersion lens (SIL). We discuss the potential data density and some practical and theoretical considerations for the light path, the objective lens and the media. In particular, we show a lens design and results of prototype manufacturing for a NA=1.45 lens that focuses on the data layer of an optical disc through a sub-wavelength air gap and a 3 µm spin coated cover-layer that protects the data on the disc.
Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> Derivatives as Natural Asymmetric Catalysts:  Enantioselective Cyclopropanation of Alkenes (2004)

Vitamin B(12) derivatives were found for the first time to be general and efficient catalysts for asymmetric cyclopropanation of alkenes with ethyl diazoacetate (EDA). Among several common derivatives, aquocobalamin (B(12a)) was shown to be the most effective catalyst for a variety of alkenes, providing cis-dominant cyclopropanes in excellent yields and moderate enantioselectivity. Reactivity studies under different conditions suggest that the active species in the proposed catalytic cycle is the base-on cob(II)alamin (B(12r)) that is generated possibly via in situ reduction of B(12a) by EDA.
A Strategy of Load Balancing in Object Storage System (2005)

Most of traditional load balancing strategies are based on servers or applications architecture. Storage subsystem, as the back tier, provides file or block interface to server or application tier, is often ignored when the bottleneck of service is studied. Our load balancing strategy is based on storage object, which provides object interface for the up tier. We concentrate on storage objects with massive dynamic processing. The characteristics of storage object in object storage system (OSS) enable us to apply our load balancing strategy at the back end of servers or applications in order to deal with bottlenecks at the storage tier in data-intensive applications
Stability of Supported Amine Adsorbents to SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> in Postcombustion CO<sub>2</sub> Capture. 1. Single-Component Adsorption (2013)

Flue gases from coal-fired power plants typically contain not only CO2 but other acid-gas impurities such as SOx and NOx that can dramatically influence the CO2 capture efficiency. Whereas postcombustion CO2 capture by aminosilica materials has been extensively studied over the past few years because of their high equilibrium CO2 capacities, the performance of these materials under realistic conditions (in the presence of SOx, NOx, and O2) remains relatively unexplored. In this study, the degree of irreversible binding of SO2, NO, and NO2 to four supported amine adsorbents is evaluated to assess the SO2, NO, and NO2 adsorption capacities of aminosilica sorbents and their effects on the CO2 adsorption capacities. Adsorbents constructed using poly(ethyleneimine) and three different silane coupling agents (based on propyltrimethoxysilane linkers) with primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are evaluated. Under the experimental conditions used in this investigation, it is found that primary amines with high amine loadings displayed more affinity toward NO than their secondary and tertiary amine counterparts. However, overall, NO adsorption on the aminosilica adsorbents is low, and therefore, the CO2 capacities of the adsorbent materials exposed to NO remained almost unchanged after the exposure. In contrast, all materials showed a very high nitrogen dioxide adsorption capacity upon exposure to NO2. As a result, all adsorbents treated with NO2 exhibited a dramatic reduction in CO2 capacity, which corresponds to the deactivation of amine groups due to the irreversible binding of NO2. In addition, our results indicate that SO2 adsorbed significantly on supported amine adsorbents, resulting in a dramatic loss in CO2 capacity during CO2 capture from flue gas. With similar amine loadings, although secondary amines exhibited higher affinity to SO2, their CO2 capacity loss after exposure to SO2 is lower than that of primary amines, indicating that these materials are more stable in the presence of SO2, which implies that more SO2 desorbs from secondary amines during the desorption step. These results suggest that for silica-supported amine materials to be useful in practical CO2 capture applications, it is necessary to significantly reduce the SO2 and NO2 concentrations of the flue gas prior to the CO2 capture process. On the other hand, the capture efficiency of these materials does not change significantly in the presence of NO. This suggests that such materials might be promising for postcombustion CO2 capture from flue gas streams derived from natural gas combustion, as these streams typically contain reduced SO2 concentrations but can still have significant NOx concentrations.
A new algorithm for error-tolerant subgraph isomorphism detection (1998)

We propose a new algorithm for error-correcting subgraph isomorphism detection from a set of model graphs to an unknown input graph. The algorithm is based on a compact representation of the model graphs. This representation is derived from the set of model graphs in an off-line preprocessing step. The main advantage of the proposed representation is that common subgraphs of different model graphs are represented only once. Therefore, at run time, given an unknown input graph, the computational effort of matching the common subgraphs for each model graph onto the input graph is done only once. Consequently, the new algorithm is only sublinearly dependent on the number of model graphs. Furthermore, the new algorithm can be combined with a future cost estimation method that greatly improves its run-time performance.
Immunoassay for IgG rheumatoid factor with a murine monoclonal anti-Fd antibody. (1985)

Conventional radioimmunoassays for IgG rheumatoid factors (RF) detect the binding of IgG RF (or their F(ab')2 fragments) to solid-phase human IgG Fc fragments or rabbit IgG. Binding is detected with a radiolabeled antibody that is IgG-specific but is nonreactive with human Fc (i.e., an alpha-Fd reagent) or with rabbit IgG. Anti-Fd reagents are quite laborious to produce. We developed a murine monoclonal alpha-Fd antibody, confirmed its specificity, and compared it with conventional rabbit alpha-Fd in the IgG RF radioimmunoassay. We also adapted the assay to an enzyme-linked assay with both human Fc and rabbit IgG as antigen. We compared the four assay methods with each other and examined their relationship to certain clinical and laboratory features of rheumatoid arthritis.
Optical properties of AlN and GaN in elevated temperatures (2004)

Deep ultraviolet photoluminescence spectroscopy has been employed to study the optical transitions in AlN and GaN epilayers at temperatures from 10 to 800K, from which the parameters that describe the temperature variation of the energy band gap (α and β or aB and θ) and linewidth broadening have been obtained. These parameters are compared with the previously reported values in AlN and GaN obtained by different methods in narrower temperature ranges. Our experimental results demonstrate that the broader temperature range of measurements is necessary to obtain accurate values of these parameters, particularly for AlN. These results, together with other well-known physical properties of AlN, may expand future prospects for the application of III-nitride materials.
Inhibitory Effects of a Cyclosporin Derivative, SDZ PSC 833, on Transport of Doxorubicin and Vinblastine via Human P‐Glycoprotein (1998)

The inhibitory effects of SDZ PSC 833 (PSC833), a non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin derivative, on the P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated transport of doxorubicin and vinblastine were compared with those of cyclosporin A (Cs-A). The transcellular transport of the anticancer drugs and PSC833 across a monolayer of LLC-GA5-COL150 cells, which overexpress human P-gp, was measured. Both PSC833 and Cs-A inhibited P-gp-mediated transport of doxorubicin and vinblastine in a concentration-dependent manner and increased the intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin and vinblastine in LLC-GA5-COL150 cells. The values of the 50%-inhibitory concentration (IC50) of PSC833 and Cs-A for doxorubicin transport were 0.29 and 3.66 microM, respectively, and those for vinblastine transport were 1.06 and 5.10 microM, respectively. The IC50 of PSC833 for doxorubicin transport was about 4-fold less than that for vinblastine transport, suggesting that the combination of PSC833 and doxorubicin might be effective. PSC833 itself was not transported by P-gp and had higher lipophilicity than Cs-A. These results indicated that the inhibitory effect of PSC833 on P-gp-mediated transport was 5- to 10-fold more potent than that of Cs-A, and this higher inhibitory effect of PSC833 may be related to the absence of PSC833 transport by P-gp and to the higher lipophilicity of PSC833.
Isolation of hybridoma cell lines and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against cholera enterotoxin and its subunits (1982)

Hybridoma cell lines which produced monoclonal antibodies against cholera toxin were isolated. These cell lines were detected with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay screening procedure with purified cholera toxin or subunit A of cholera toxin. Seven cell lines were characterized with respect to their reactivity with cholera toxin subunits by Western blot analysis. Five clones produced antibodies which were directed against subunit A, and two clones produced antibodies which reacted with subunit B. These antibodies were also characterized by Western blot analysis for reactivity with the heat-labile enterotoxin produced by porcine and human enterotoxinogenic strains of Escherichia coli. Monoclonal antibodies which reacted with subunit A of cholera toxin also reacted with subunit A of both porcine and human heat-labile enterotoxins. In contrast, monoclonal antibodies to subunit B of cholera toxin did not react with subunit B of the heat-labile enterotoxin. Antibodies directed against subunit B neutralized the biological activity of cholera toxin in vitro in the S49 mouse lymphosarcoma assay. In contrast to polyclonal anti-subunit A antisera, monoclonal anti-subunit A from four of five clones had small but measurable neutralizing capacities in vitro.