gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Geometrical Theory of Diffraction* (1962)

The geometrical theory of diffraction is an extension of geometrical optics which accounts for diffraction. It introduces diffracted rays in addition to the usual rays of geometrical optics. These rays are produced by incident rays which hit edges, corners, or vertices of boundary surfaces, or which graze such surfaces. Various laws of diffraction, analogous to the laws of reflection and refraction, are employed to characterize the diffracted rays. A modified form of Fermat’s principle, equivalent to these laws, can also be used. Diffracted wave fronts are defined, which can be found by a Huygens wavelet construction. There is an associated phase or eikonal function which satisfies the eikonal equation. In addition complex or imaginary rays are introduced. A field is associated with each ray and the total field at a point is the sum of the fields on all rays through the point. The phase of the field on a ray is proportional to the optical length of the ray from some reference point. The amplitude varies in accordance with the principle of conservation of energy in a narrow tube of rays. The initial value of the field on a diffracted ray is determined from the incident field with the aid of an appropriate diffraction coefficient. These diffraction coefficients are determined from certain canonical problems. They all vanish as the wavelength tends to zero. The theory is applied to diffraction by an aperture in a thin screen diffraction by a disk, etc., to illustrate it. Agreement is shown between the predictions of the theory and various other theoretical analyses of some of these problems. Experimental confirmation of the theory is also presented. The mathematical justification of the theory on the basis of electromagnetic theory is described. Finally, the applicability of this theory, or a modification of it, to other branches of physics is explained.
Gene activation mediated by protein kinase C in human macrophage and teratocarcinoma cells expressing aminoglycoside phosphotransferase activity (1991)

The bacterial neomycin phosphotransferase gene driven by the Moloney mouse leukemia virus long terminal repeat (LTR) or SV40 early region promoter was introduced into the human promonocyte-macrophage cell line, U937, and into the pluripotential human embryonic teratocarcinoma cell line, NT2/D1. Clonally derived cell lines capable of growing in 2-4 mg/ml of the aminoglycoside antibiotic, G418 (Geneticin), were established and transfected with pHIVCat, a plasmid expressing the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) activity under the control of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) LTR. All of the G418 resistant (neo(r)) U937 cell lines and 10 of 14 neo(r) NT2/D1 cell lines exhibited reduced basal levels of CAT expression or impaired responses to activation of the HIV-1 LTR by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) when compared to the parental lines. Other differences included inhibition of tat activation of the HIV-1 LTR and increased sensitivity of U937 cells to human tumor necrosis factor alpha. The expression of other eukaryotic promoters including the HTLV-1 LTR, SV40 ori sequences, and the human beta-actin gene promoter was similarly affected. However, differentiation of the neo(r) U937 cells into macrophages was neither delayed nor impaired. Because PMA is an activator of protein kinase C (PKC) and a potent inducer of HIV-1 directed gene expression, the amounts, sensitivity to G418, and cytosol to membrane translocation of this enzyme were determined in the wild type and neo(r) U937 cells. G418 at concentrations too low to affect cell growth (12-150 micrograms/ml) inhibited PMA-induced transactivation responses in wild type cells but did not inhibit PKC-dependent protein phosphorylation in vitro. PKC activities in the wild type and neo(r) cells were similar in absolute amounts and in the cytosol-membrane distribution of the enzyme. In contrast with wild type cells, however, all of the cytosolic Ca(2+)-phospholipid-dependent form of PKC disappeared from the neo(r) cells within 30 min after PMA induction. The results suggested that, depending upon the cell type, gene cotransfer using aminoglycoside resistance as a selectable marker may seriously perturb important cellular control mechanisms such as the PKC pathway leading to activation of gene expression.
Antiparallel plasmid-plasmid pairing may control P1 plasmid replication. (1991)

The copy number of the P1 plasmid replicon is stringently controlled, giving only one or two copies per newborn cell. Control is achieved by the action of the copy-control locus incA, which contains nine repeats of the 19-basepair binding site for the plasmid-encoded initiator protein RepA. A set of five similar repeats are present in the replication origin where RepA acts to trigger initiation. Using an in vitro replication system consisting of an Escherichia coli extract, the P1 origin as a template, and purified RepA protein, we show that supercoiled DNA circles containing the incA locus block origin function in trans. Shutdown becomes complete at a 1:1 ratio of origin to incA sequences. This is not due to titration of the RepA protein, as an excess of RepA can be added without restoring activity. Rather, the incA sequences appear to block the origin by direct contact in a plasmid-plasmid pairing event. When both the origin and the incA locus are present on one plasmid, trans contacts with daughter molecules appear to predominate over cis looping. The results are consistent with a model for replication control where daughter plasmids block their own replication by a pairing in which each origin is in contact with the incA locus of its partner.
A stable monocyclic triarylalkoxy P-H phosphorane, a 10-P-5 species with an apical phosphorus-hydrogen bond, and its conjugate base, a phosphoranide (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA stable monocyclic triarylalkoxy P-H phosphorane, a 10-P-5 species with an apical phosphorus-hydrogen bond, and its conjugate base, a phosphoranideMichael R. Ross and J. C. MartinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 5, 1234–1235Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00395a049https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00395a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views465Altmetric-Citations54LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Revision Surgery for Failed, Nonseptic Total Hip Arthroplasty (1982)

The rapidly increasing incidence of femoral failure after total hip arthroplasty has forced the generation of numerous major techniques to treat this complication effectively. Extraction of a femoral component that is not grossly loose is vastly facilitated by a new femoral component extractor. Cement removal has been made much simpler and safer with the use of a medullary canal guide, a fiberoptic headlight, and wide exposure of the proximal femur by release of the iliopsoas, the vastus lateralis, and the intermedius, and more effective using Depuy drills, rigid Kunshcher rods, and an ordinary power source. A new technique developed for removing broken femoral stems uses the Midas Rex to drill a hole in the metal, undercutting the metal and extracting the broken tip through the femoral neck. This technique eliminates the need for a window and the requirement for long-stem prosthesis. Special components are required for specific problems in bone loss, including devices that replace a deficient calcar femorale, as well as more common long-stem and proximal femoral replacement implants. In circumstances of massive bone loss in the proximal part of the femur, techniques for allografting entire femoral segments have been effective. These innovations play a major role in reducing the technical complications with revising a failed femoral component after total hip arthroplasty and obtaining excellent functional restoration.
S-Antigen Uveitis in Primates (1981)

Uveitis was induced rhesus monkeys immunized with purified retinal S-antigen. Focal retinal and subretinal infiltration, in addition to periphlebitic changes, were observed histologically. Immunized monkeys had similar cell-mediated in vitro immune responses to the S-antigen as do humans with posterior uveitis. Circulating immune complexes at the time of disease could not be detected. This primate model supports the notion that the S-antigen may play a role in human uveitis.
[Situation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistances in Spain]. (2008)

A primary resistance rate of 8.3% and 4.9% was obtained for isoniazid (INH). The probability of suffering resistant tuberculosis was major in the immigrant population with a resistance rate of 12%. Repeating these surveillance studies in later years is recommended.
Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and its binding protein-7: potential novel biomarkers for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (2016)

In conclusion, this hypothesis-generating pilot study suggests the IGFBP-7/IGF-1 axis correlates with diastolic function and may serve as a novel biomarker in patients with HFpEF. A rise in IGFBP-7 or the IGFBP-7/IGF-1 ratio may reflect worsening diastolic function, adverse cardiac remodeling, and metabolic derangement.
Azithromycin Blocks Quorum Sensing and Alginate Polymer Formation and Increases the Sensitivity to Serum and Stationary-Growth-Phase Killing of<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>and Attenuates Chronic<i>P. aeruginosa</i>Lung Infection in<i>Cftr</i><sup>−</sup><sup>/</sup><sup>−</sup>Mice (2007)

The consequences of O-acetylated alginate-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in the lungs of chronically infected cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are tolerance to both antibiotic treatments and effects on the innate and the adaptive defense mechanisms. In clinical trials, azithromycin (AZM) has been shown to improve the lung function of CF patients. The present study was conducted in accordance with previous in vitro studies suggesting that the effect of AZM may be the inhibition of alginate production, blockage of quorum sensing (QS), and increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and the complement system. Moreover, we show that AZM may affect the polymerization of P. aeruginosa alginate by the incomplete precipitation of polymerized alginate and high levels of readily dialyzable uronic acids. In addition, we find that mucoid bacteria in the stationary growth phase became sensitive to AZM, whereas cells in the exponential phase did not. Interestingly, AZM-treated P. aeruginosa lasI mutants appeared to be particularly resistant to serum, whereas bacteria with a functional QS system did not. We show in a CF mouse model of chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection that AZM treatment results in the suppression of QS-regulated virulence factors, significantly improves the clearance of P. aeruginosa alginate biofilms, and reduces the severity of the lung pathology compared to that in control mice. We conclude that AZM attenuates the virulence of P. aeruginosa, impairs its ability to form fully polymerized alginate biofilms, and increases its sensitivity to complement and stationary-phase killing, which may explain the clinical efficacy of AZM.
Note on Rearrangement Collisions (1961)

The conventional Born approximation formula for rearrangement collisions is used extensively in both atomic and nuclear physics. This formula contains a direct contribution from the heavy-particle or "core" interaction. A straightforward demonstration shows that for the usual case of a massive core this contribution does not appear, so that the only effect of this interaction is to distort the incident and outgoing waves. Such problems as the "post-prior" discrepancy are clarified.
Copolymerization of α‐pyrrolidone and ϵ‐caprolactam (1963)

Abstract Copolymerization of α‐pyrrolidone and ϵ‐caprolactam has been carried out in the presence of sodium and acetyl compounds. A large amount of both catalysts is necessary to obtain a comparatively good yield. Infrared absorption measurement was adopted to obtain the polymer composition. The compositions of unreacting monomer were determined by equation: D 958 / D 994 = 0.501( C cl C py ), where D 958 and D 994 are optical densities at 958 and 994 cm. −1 , which are characteristic absorptions of ϵ‐caprolactam and α‐pyrrolidone, respectively, and C cl and C py , are concentrations of monomers in weight. The polymer composition was calculated from this composition of residual monomers. The polymerization was followed by this analysis and it was found that the α‐pyrrolidone polymerized a t the early stage of reaction while ϵ‐caprolactam reacts with a steady rate. Higher temperature made this phenomenon distinguishable and the degradation of α‐pyrrolidone was observed. The optimum temperature for polymerization was 90–110°C. The stability of α‐pyrrolidone anion explains these phenomena, as this anion promotes alkaline‐salt formation and degradation and reduces the chain numbers. The prepared copolymers have low melting points and good solubilities which vary according to composition. The melting point of the copolymer whose composition is 1 mole caprolactam: 1 mole pyrrolidone is as low as 140°C. and this polymer shows good solubility in ethanol. Apparent monomer reactivity ratios indicate that the copolymers formed are block copolymers.
Fast Computational GPU Design with GT-Pin (2015)

As computational applications become common for graphics processing units, new hardware designs must be developed to meet the unique needs of these workloads. Performance simulation is an important step in appraising how well a candidate design will serve these needs, but unfortunately, computational GPU programs are so large that simulating them in detail is prohibitively slow. This work addresses the need to understand very large computational GPU programs in three ways. First, it introduces a fast tracing tool that uses binary instrumentation for in-depth analyses of native executions on existing architectures. Second, it characterizes 25 commercial and benchmark OpenCL applications, which average 308 billion GPU instructions apiece and are by far the largest benchmarks that have been natively profiled at this level of detail. Third, it accelerates simulation of future hardware by pinpointing small subsets of OpenCL applications that can be simulated as representative surrogates in lieu of full-length programs. Our fast selection method requires no simulation itself and allows the user to navigate the accuracy/simulation speed trade-off space, from extremely accurate with reasonable speedups (35X increase in simulation speed for 0.3% error) to reasonably accurate with extreme speedups (223X simulation speedup for 3.0% error).
Preparation and C‐Alkylation of Enantiomerically Pure <i>S</i>‐Phenyl Aziridinecarbothioates. On the Structure of Small‐Ring Ester Lithium Enolates (1987)

Abstract Racemic and enantiomerically pure methyl N‐(tert ‐butyl)‐ N ‐benzyl‐ and N ‐1‐(phenylethyl)aziridinecarboxylates are prepared by known methods and converted to phenyl thioesters ( 1 , 2 , 15 , 16 ; Schemes 2 and 3 ). These are deprotonated with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) and BuLi (for removal of diisopropylamine) in THF at dry‐ice temperature. The resulting lithiated species are surprisingly stable and are deuterated, alkylated (CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , allyl, benzyl), and added to aldehydes and nitroolefins in good yields (50–80 %, 18 examples; Schemes 1 and 4–6 ). The configurational stability of the lithiated species is studied, and conclusions about their structures are drawn. Thus, a C(α)‐lithiated ester (see L , Scheme 9 ) or an O ‐lithiated ‘enolate’ (see M ) with pyramidalized C(β)‐atom is proposed for the species from levorotatory S ‐phenyl N ‐benzylaziridinecarbothioate which does not undergo racemization after 1 h at −60° (THF solution).
The Synthesis and Identification of Block Polymers of Butadiene and Styrene (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis and Identification of Block Polymers of Butadiene and StyreneR. J. Orr and H. Leverne WilliamsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 12, 3137–3141Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01569a040https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01569a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views135Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Novel System for Assigning the Mode of Inheritance in Mitochondrial Disorders Using Cybrids and Rhodamine 6G (1999)

When normal human cultured skin fibroblasts were treated with the fluorescent dye rhodamine 6G (R6G), there was a drastic reduction in numbers of intact mitochondria and electron transport chain enzyme activities, despite the fact that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was still present in treated cells. We used this observation to develop a novel system for generating cybrids. When cultured skin fibroblast cells from a patient with the mitochondrial encephalopathy and ragged-red fibers (MERRF) syndrome harboring the A8344G mtDNA mutation and which showed a severe reduction in cytochrome c oxidase activity were treated with R6G and fused to enucleated HeLaCOT cells, the resulting cybrid clones showed recovery of cytochrome c oxidase activity, and were shown to have mtDNA derived solely from the HeLaCOT cell line. R6G has significant advantages over ethidium bromide in removing the mitochondrial elements from cultured cells, and the results reported here demonstrate that this strategy can be used to determine the origin of the genetic defect in patients with electron transport chain abnormalities.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2013)

Squamous Cell CarcinomaSquamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin is a cancer of the cells that make up most of the top layer of normal skin.
Bitcoin: The Political ‘Virtual’ Of An Intangible Material Currency (2013)

This paper concerns the open source software project Bitcoin, which is often described as virtual cash. The paper investigates what ‘virtual’ signifies when applied to ‘cash’ and in turn what ‘virtual cash’ says about Bitcoin. Bitcoin is the latest cryptographic effort to create digital cash-like tokens, where Bitcoin’s designer Nakamoto argues that users now no longer have to trust a third party, traditionally the bank. Paradoxically, for Bitcoin it is key that nodes in the network agree on the status of the shared block chain database. Trust remains to be established, albeit in a different manner. Power is not destroyed, but transferred from banks to Bitcoin’s protocol. The paper concludes that ‘virtual’ refers to Bitcoin’s model of how cash appears to function in everyday exchange, allowing user privacy. Bitcoin does not model another aspect of cash, its function as a credential referring to debt. Bitcoin discontinues the concept of debt.
Controlled Adverse Environment Chambers in Dry Eye Research (2018)

Dry eye disease (DED) is a common condition with signs and symptoms that vary depending on a wide range of environmental factors to which people are exposed in their daily lives. Factors such as variable temperature, airflow velocity, relative humidity, seasonality, and pollutants can alter the rate of tear film evaporation, improving or exacerbating symptoms of DED. Results from currently available clinical tests do not always correlate well with patient-reported symptoms, and the continually changing environment and variability in DED symptoms present challenges for the design and conduct of clinical trials. Controlled adverse environment chambers allow standardization of temperature, humidity, and airflow and may minimize potential confounding factors in clinical investigations. Their use can promote accurate study of the pathophysiology of DED, discovery of disease biomarkers, and assessment of the effect of various therapeutic approaches on patients' symptoms. Controlled adverse environment chambers have been used to simulate indoor surroundings such as airplane cabins and to test their effects on contact lens wearers. This review summarizes how these chambers may be useful for the development, approval, and differentiation of potential new treatments for DED.
Performance Evaluation of a New Modulation Technique (1971)

The performance of a new modulation technique which has been called mixed-base modulation (MBM) is presented. This technique provides significant performance advantages over other common modulation techniques for applications where both power and bandwidth are limited. Its performance for bandspreading factors of two relative to single-sideband is within 4 dB of the ultimate Shannon bounds. Most available techniques are very poor in this region. The viewpoint which allowed synthesis of this technique will be given before the basic approach and its performance are discussed. A section comparing the theoretical performance of MBM and that of other common techniques is followed by a discussion of some of the practical considerations.
The Unsaturated Cyanurate Type Novolaks as High Molecular Weight Cross-linking Agent (1967)

フェノールノボラック, p-tert-ブチルフェノールノボラックと2, 4-ビス-(ジアリルアミノ)-6-クロル-s-トリアジンまたは2 ,4-ジアリロキシ-6-クロル-s-トリアジンの縮合により不飽和シアヌレート型ノボラックを合成し,そのアリル基による重合硬化およびビニルモノマーとの共重合硬化によって不溶,不融性の硬化物を得た。適当量のビニルモノマーの添加は硬化時間の短縮,硬化率の増加に有効であり,さらに大過剰のビニルモノマーに対してはこの不飽和シアヌレート型ノボラックは高分子橋かけ剤として有効に作用し,同様構造の低分子橋かけ剤を用いた場合より硬化物の耐溶剤性,耐熱性が向上する。また,このような特性は不飽和シアヌレート型ノボラックの分子量あるいはノボラックとモノクロル-s-トリアジンとの縮合率の大なる場合ほど顕著に認められ,さらに耐熱性はジアリルアミノ基を有するものがアリロキシ基を有するものよりも優れている。
The molecular and cellular biology of Fanconi anemia (1999)

Fanconi anemia is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by multiple congenital abnormalities, bone marrow failure, and cancer susceptibility. The mean age of onset of anemia is 8 years, and the mean survival is 16 years. Death usually results from complications of bone marrow failure. Considerable progress in Fanconi anemia research has resulted from the recent identification and cloning of three Fanconi anemia genes. The current review describes the structure and function of the Fanconi anemia genes and describes the role of the encoded Fanconi anemia proteins in a cellular pathway controlling chromosome stability.