gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-Voltage Glow Discharges in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">D</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>Gas. I. Diagnostic Measurements (1961)

Pulsed glow discharges in ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ gas at currents of the order of 1 amp and voltages in the range 40-80 kv are experimentally examined to determine the mass and energy distribution of ions incident on the cathode, the secondary electron emission due to various particles incident on the cathode, the energy spectrum of the electrons incident on the anode, the potential distribution along the glass walls, and the temperature and density of the electrons in the plasma which develops in the anode end of the discharge. The experimental results are discussed together with available cross-section data from the literature to establish the relative importance of the various collision processes which contribute to the sustainment of the discharge. Several processes peculiar to the extremely high operating potential (not of particular importance in ordinary glow discharges) are shown to assume dominant roles. These include electron backscattering from the anode, ionization of the gas by fast ions and fast neutral atoms, and ionization in the plasma region due to the secondary electrons released from the glass walls. The necessity of a complete revision of the usual theoretical point of view regarding electron ionization in the cathode region of the discharge and in the anode (plasma) region is indicated.
An ultrasonic robot eye for object identification using neural network (2003)

To construct an ultrasonic robot eye, a new system which combines acoustical imaging with a neural network was developed. In this system, by measuring sound pressures of scattered waves by a receiver array, 3-D object categories are identified, their locations estimated, and their images improved. The structure of the system is described, and some experimental results are reported.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Matrix Suppression Effect and Ionization Mechanisms in Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (1996)

At appropriate matrix:analyte mixing ratios, small to moderate sized analyte ions (1000–20 000 u) can fully suppress positively charged matrix ions in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectra. This is true for all matrix species, including radical cations and adducts with protons or alkali-metal ions. Full matrix suppression is also observed, regardless of the preferred analyte ion form, be it protonated or an alkali adduct. These facts lead us to propose a mechanism for prompt, primary (not secondary gas-phase) MALDI ionization in which excited matrix molecules are the key species. At least two such excited molecules are believed to be necessary for free ion generation. This model is found to be consistent with the available data, as well as making several predictions which are confirmed by new observations. The model also predicts that the matrix suppression effect will not be observable with heavy analytes because their large excluded volume precludes desorption at the necessary mixing ratios.
Generation of Hypoimmunogenic Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Allogeneic Cell and Tissue Transplantation (2017)

Background: The most urgent problem facing transplantation today is the lack of suitable donor organs and tissues. One possible alternative may be cell transplantation with the aim to replace, repair, or enhance the biological function of the diseased organ. Induced pluripotent stem cells are promising candidates for cell-based therapies. Transplanted autologous iPS cell do not cross histocompatibility barriers since such cells are genetically identical to the transplant recipient. However, for acute diseases such as myocardial infarction, treatment options must be readily available, and generating autologous iPSCs for treatment purposes would take too long. Therefore, identifying alternative methods for preventing rejection of iPSCs would be of great interest. In this study, we generated MHC I and MHCII -deficient mouse iPSCs (miPSCs) via disruption of beta-2-microglobulin and C2TA. The antigenicity was investigated in in vivo and in vitro assays. Methods: IPSCs were generated from C57BL/6 mouse fibroblasts by non-viral minicircle transfection of the transcription factors c-Myc, Sox-2, Klf4 and Oct4. The CRIPSR/Cas9 technology was used to generate β2m and C2TA knockout miPSCs (β2m-C2TA−/− miPSCs). Unmodified and β2m-C2TA −/− miPSCs as well as their derivates were injected in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice and in allogeneic BALB/c mice. Cellular response was quantified and bioluminescence imaging was performed to assess cell survival. Results: FACS analysis showed a lack of MHC I and MHC II expression on the β2m-C2TA−/− iPSCs but a normal expression in unmodified iPSCs. After allogeneic transplantation into BALB/c mice, β2m-C2TA−/− miPSCs generated a significantly weaker response in both IFNγ (p<0.01) and IL-4 (p<0.01) ELISPOT assays. Teratoma formation occurred in C57BL/6 mice receiving unmodified iPSCs (100%) and BALB/c mice receiving β2m-C2TA−/− iPSCs (100%), whereas BALB/c mice receiving unmodified iPSCs did not form any teratoma (0%). Indeed, also miPSC derivates, such as cardiomyocytes, endothelial and islet cells showed long-term survival after allogeneic transplantation. Conclusion: Our results clearly demonstrate the hypoimmunogenicity of β2m-C2TA−/− iPSCs after allogeneic transplantation. Thus, MHC I MHC II deficient iPSCs might serve an unlimited cell source for the generation of universally compatible “off-the-shelf” cells grafts or tissues in future clinical applications. Christiane Pahrmann.
Ultraviolet GaN-based microdisk laser with AlN/AlGaN distributed Bragg reflector (2010)

We demonstrated a 4.7 μm GaN-based microdisk laser with 25-pair AlN/AlGaN distributed Bragg reflector in ultraviolet range without undercut or deeply-etching procedures. The distributed Bragg reflector provides a high reflectivity of 85%, and selects lasing mode around 375 nm wavelength. Under optical pumping conditions, the lasing action was observed with a low threshold power density of 0.03 kW/cm2. We also characterized the whispering gallery mode profiles of the microdisk with finite-different time-domain simulation.
Data Scaling for Operational Risk Modelling (2006)

In 2004, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision defined Operational Risk (OR) as the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events. After publication of the new capital accord containing this dfinition, statistical properties of OR losses have attracted considerable attention in the financial industry since financial institutions have to quantify their exposures towards OR events. One of the major topics related to loss data is the non-availability of a suficient amount of data within the Financial Institutions. This paper describes a way to circumvent the problem of data availability by proposing a scaling mechanism that enables an organization to put together data originating from several business units, each one having its specific characteristics like size and exposure towards operational risk. The same scaling mechanism can also be used to enable an institution to include external data originating from other institutions into their own exposure calculations. Using both internal data from different business units and publicly available data from other (anonymous) institutions, we show that there is a strong relationship between losses incurred in one business unit respectively institution, and a specific size driver, in this case gross revenue. We study an appropriate scaling power law as a mechanism that explains this relationship. Having properly scaled the data from different business units, we also show how the resulting aggregated data set can be used to calculate the Value-at-OR for each business unit and present the principles of calculating the value of the OR capital charge according the minimal capital requirements of the Basel committee.
사회적 배제가 가족갈등수준에 미치는 영향 -우울의 매개효과를 중심으로- (2021)

본 연구는 가족갈등이 심화되고 있는 상황에서 경제적 차원뿐만 아니라 사회문화적·구조적 차원 등 다차원성을 특징으로 하는 사회적 배제 개념을 활용하여 가족갈등에 미치는 영향을 규명하고, 더 나아가 우울이 이러한 관계를 매개하는지를 규명하고자 한다. 사회적 배제의 정도를 수량적으로 측정하기 위해 퍼지집합이론을 활용하였고, 사회적 배제 지표의 영향력이 다를 수 있기에 이를 보완하기 위한 방법으로 가중치를 고려하여 적용하였다. 연구문제를 규명하기 위해 한국복지패널 14차년도(2019년)자료를 활용하였으며, 총 5,927명의 가구주를 분석대상으로 하여 경로분석을 수행하였고, 매개효과의 통계적 유의미성을 검증하기 위해 부트스트래핑을 활용하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 사회적 배제 수준이 가족갈등수준에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나, 사회적 배제 수준이 높을수록 가족갈등수준이 증가하는 직접효과가 확인되었다. 둘째, 사회적 배제 수준이 우울에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 우울이 사회적 배제 수준과 가족갈등수준의 관계를 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구는 가족갈등을 줄이기 위한 실천적, 정책적 함의를 논의하였다.
Imaging of multitargets with ISAR based on the time-frequency distribution (2002)

Presents an efficient method for imaging multitargets with inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) based on the time-frequency distribution. We first estimate the Doppler frequency of each target by evaluating the time-frequency distribution of the targets' echo signals, then perform the Doppler compensation and image motion compensation separately for each target. The exponential distribution is utilized to detect the Doppler frequency of each target. The proposed approach is proved to be reliable by experiments and computer simulations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
DNN-Based Source Enhancement to Increase Objective Sound Quality Assessment Score (2018)

We propose a training method for deep neural network (DNN) based source enhancement to increase objective sound quality assessment (OSQA) scores such as the perceptual evaluation of speech quality. In many conventional studies, DNNs have been used as a mapping function to estimate time-frequency masks and trained to minimize an analytically tractable objective function such as the mean squared error (MSE). Since OSQA scores have been used widely for sound-quality evaluation, constructing DNNs to increase OSQA scores would be better than using the minimum MSE to create high-quality output signals. However, since most OSQA scores are not analytically tractable, i.e., they are black boxes, the gradient of the objective function cannot be calculated by simply applying backpropagation. To calculate the gradient of the OSQA-based objective function, we formulated a DNN optimization scheme on the basis of black-box optimization, which is used for training a computer that plays a game. For a black-box-optimization scheme, we adopt the policy gradient method for calculating the gradient on the basis of a sampling algorithm. To simulate output signals using the sampling algorithm, DNNs are used to estimate the probability density function of the output signals that maximize OSQA scores. The OSQA scores are calculated from the simulated output signals, and the DNNs are trained to increase the probability of generating the simulated output signals that achieve high OSQA scores. Through several experiments, we found that OSQA scores significantly increased by applying the proposed method, even though the MSE was not minimized.
The Influence of <i>β</i>-Alanine and 4-Aminobutyric Acid Residues on the Solubility of Peptides Containing Them (1993)

Abstract The influence of unnatural amino acid residues, i.e., β-alanine (β-Ala) and 4-aminobutyric acid (γ-Aba) residues, on the solubility of peptides containing them was studied in organic solvents. The difference between the solubilities of peptides containing β-Ala, γ-Aba, Pro, Gly, Leu, and Asp(OBzl) was investigated by the solvent titration method by use of IR absorption spectra. The order of their solubilities is as follows, peptides containing Pro &gt; β–Ala &gt; γ–Aba &gt; Asp(OBzl) &gt; Leu &gt; Gly. The extreme high solubility of peptides containing Pro residues is explained by the concept of “Peptide Segment Separation” caused by the tertiary peptide bond of the Pro residue. The high solubility of peptides containing β-Ala or γ-Aba residues is believed to be due to the difference of the geometries of the Gly, β-Ala, and γ-Aba residues. Their effective concentration seemed to be less important than their geometry. The role of β-Ala and γ-Aba residues in the solubility of peptides is similar to the role of Pro residues rather than Asp(OBzl), Gly, and Leu residues.
Ensemble Bayesian Decision Making with Redundant Deep Perceptual Control Policies (2019)

This work presents a novel ensemble of Bayesian Neural Networks for control of safety-critical systems. Decision making for safety-critical systems is challenging due to performance requirements with significant consequences in the event of failure. In practice, failure of such systems can be avoided by introducing redundancies of control. Neural Networks are generally not used for safety-critical systems as they can behave in unexpected ways in response to novel inputs. In addition, there may not be any indication as to when they will fail. BNNs have been recognized for their ability to produce not only viable outputs but also provide a measure of uncertainty in these outputs. This work combines the knowledge of prediction uncertainty obtained from BNNs and ensemble control for a redundant control methodology. Our technique is applied to an agile autonomous driving task. Multiple BNNs are trained to control a vehicle in an end-to-end fashion on different sensor inputs provided by the system. We show that an individual network is successful in maneuvering around the track but crashes in the presence of unforeseen input noise. Our proposed ensemble of BNNs shows successful task performance even in the event of multiple sensor failures.
Isolation of phenol--degrading bacteria and analysis of ARDRA (2005)

A number of strains were isolated from the wastewater by direct plating.PCR with specific primer of phenol hydroxylase gene was used to identify the strains as phenol degrading bacteria.By this,a total of 87 phenol degrading strains were purified and divided into populations based on enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence PCR(ERIC-PCR) genomic fingerprints.The results indicated that there were 15 different ERIC-PCR types present among the isolates.ARDRA with enzymes AluI revealed 4 operational taxonomic units(OTU) among 15 strains that exhibited different ERIC-PCR types.Moreover,the results indicate that there were 4 species at least.
Preparation, characterization, and thermal properties of polystyrene‐<i>block</i>‐quaternized poly(4‐vinylpyridine)/Montmorillonite nanocomposites (2006)

Abstract Polystyrene‐ block ‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (PS‐ b ‐P4VP) was synthesized by two steps of reversible addition‐fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene (St) and 4‐vinylpyridine (4VP) successively. After P4VP block was quaternized with CH 3 I, PS‐ b ‐quaternized P4VP/montmorillonite (PS‐ b ‐QP4VP/MMT) nanocomposites were prepared by cationic exchange reactions of quaternary ammonium ion in the PS‐ b ‐QP4VP with ions in MMT. The results obtained from X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images demonstrate that the block copolymer/MMT nanocomposites are of intercalated and exfoliated structures, and also a small amount of silicates' layers remained in the original structure; differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) results show that the nanocomposites displayed higher glass transition temperature ( T g ) and higher thermal stability than that of the corresponding copolymers. The blending of PS‐ b ‐QP4VP/MMT with commercial PS makes MMT to be further separated, and the MMT was homogeneously dispersed in the polymer matrix. The enhancement of thermal stability of PS/PS‐ b ‐QP4VP/MMT is about 20°C in comparison with commercial PS. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:1950–1958, 2006
Spoken Language Understanding without Transcriptions in a Call Canter Scenario (2005)

This dissertation addresses the possibilities of Spoken Language Understanding (SLU) in a call center scenario. It is widely agreed upon that human understanding involves complicated cognitive structures the machine replication of which is not tangible today. However, many practically important applications in the automated SLU don’t have to rely on computer cognition, while adopting the behaviorist approach to understanding instead. This approach states that understanding is present wherever the action the machine takes upon receiving an input message, is perceived as intuitively correct. This action can be formally encoded in terms of its semantic function (that determines a rough category of the action) and semantic attributes, parameters that this function takes to become well-defined. Thus, the goal of the understanding becomes to extract these elements from the input signals wherever possible. So, calltype COLLECT CALL is semantic function and named entity 12345 is its parameter in the utterance “I’d like to make a collect call to number 12345” taken from one call center scenario. In general, calltypes as semantic functions and named entities as semantic attributes are characteristic for many call center applications; in this work we show how spoken utterances can be handled with respect to these information types. We extract calltypes and consider three categories of named entity processing tasks: detection, localization and value extraction of named entities. One distinctiveness of our experiments consists in not relying on the availability of manually created word-level annotations for training corpora from the target domain. To retain acceptable word accuracy in the ASR-output, we suggest using the mechanism of unsupervised language model adaptation. Similarly, we avoid the need to manually annotate instances of named entities in the training data by using generic application-independent grammars for their modeling. For those hard cases where not even an off-the-shelf language model is available to bootstrap the speech recognizer, we show how our algorithms can be ported onto the phone level. In the context of the last task, we also discuss the academic problem of word lexicon extraction from a continuous phone stream. We use special semantic and syntactic qualities of words, to infer phone subsequences that replicate them. All experiments we report on in this thesis were conducted on the “How May I Help You?” speech corpus of over-the-phone interactions of AT&T customers with the company’s partly automated call center.
Smell reduction and disinfection of textile materials by dielectric barrier discharges (2010)

In this paper we present investigations of textile cleaning of cotton fabrics with respect to both, the smell reduction and the disinfection of textile materials. Normal pressure plasma sources on the base of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) were used for the purification and disinfection of textiles. For gaseous odour components which stick to clothing the results have shown that one can reach an uncritical odour threshold. In the case of disinfection a significant reduction of microorganism population in some of the samples could be noted. In particular a high reactivity is reached, while in parallel with a radiation by ultraviolet light ozone is activated.
Large-core high n.a. fibres for data-link applications (1977)

High-n.a. fibres are required for optical-fibre data links. A germania-silica-core/silica-clad fibre has been produced by an alteration to the m.c.v.d. process, by the use of helium as a lining agent and the addition of P2 O5 to the core, with a measured n.a. of 0.38 and an attenuation of less than 5 dB/km at 0.89 μm wavelength.
Neumonía nosocomial: diagnóstico y tratamiento (Segunda parte) (2012)

La neumonía nosocomial es la segunda causa de infección hospitalaria con una incidencia del 15% (1) y la primera causa de mortalidad (20% a 70%), cifras que no han cambiado a pesar de la introducción de potentes antimicrobianos, modalidades de soporte complejas y medidas preventivas. Tienen mayor mortalidad cuando se asocia a ventilación mecánica, bacteremia, y cuando el agente etiológico es Pseudomona aeruginosa. La neumonía nosocomial es de difícil diagnóstico; este se basa en criterios clínicos, en combinación con evidencia radiológica de infiltrados pulmonares nuevos o empeoramiento de los preexistentes, gram de esputo sugestivo, cultivo de esputo y aspirado transtraqueal. Los especimenes así aislados son sensibles para patógenos bacterianos pero poco específicos, especialmente en ventilación mecánica; los hemocultivos y cultivos de liquido pleural tienen poca sensibilidad. Existen recomendaciones para estandarizar los métodos de diagnóstico en neumonía asociada a ventilador, e incluyen técnicas broncoscópicas con cultivo cuantitativo y lavado broncoalveolar, estas son invasivas y pueden causar complicaciones como hipoxemia, sangrado o arritmias. Se han desarrollado técnicas no broncoscopicas con cateterización ciega de la vía aérea distal como el lavado broncoalveolar protegido, cepillado con catéter protegido, cultivo cuantitativo de aspirado endotraqueal. El tratamiento con monoterapìa es adecuado. Se requiere terapia combinada cuando el germen es agresivo o hay sospecha de resistencia. Si no se logra mejoría en 72 horas o hay deterioro rápido, es indispensable reevaluar y realizar pruebas diagnósticas más agresivas, así como considerer la posibilidad de enfermedad no infecciosa. La prevención es efectiva para evitar neumonía nosocomial.
Ultrastructure of Arrested Embryos from Lethal Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana (1990)

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of cellular differentiation in arrested embryos from lethal mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. The question to be addressed was whether arrested embryos in heterozygous siliques resembled mature wild-type embryos at the cellular level. Protein bodies were chosen as developmental markers because they appear only during the final stages of embryogenesis. Both the hypocotyl and cotyledons of wild-type embryos contained protein bodies that became filled with storage protein during the cotyledonary stages of development. Some mutant embryos (emb30) contained normal protein bodies and resembled mature wild-type embryos at the cellular level. Other mutant embryos (emb22) contained only immature protein bodies and were therefore blocked in both morphogenesis and cellular differentiation. The formation of protein bodies in emb31 was normal in the hypocotyl but delayed in the cotyledons. In this case the mutant gene appears to disrupt the timing of both morphogenesis and differentiation. This ultrastructural view of arrested embryos has provided additional information on the nature of developmental arrest that should facilitate the classification of embryonic lethals and the identification of mutants with defects in developmental rather than housekeeping functions.
Plasma Concentrations of the Novel Peptide Apelin are Decreased in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure (2006)

Plasma apelin concentrations are decreased in patients with CHF. The Apelin-APJ signaling pathway may be a potentially important mediator in the pathophysiological processes of heart failure and may therefore have potential therapeutic implications.
High performance graphene FETs with self-aligned buried gates fabricated on scalable patterned ni-catalyzed graphene (2011)

For the first time, we report a scalable technique to fabricate graphene transistors with self-aligned buried gates process. The high performance buried-gate graphene transistor has excellent field-effect mobility of 6,100cm2/V·s and 24,000 cm2/V·s before and after subtraction of contact resistance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest room temperature mobility for CVD graphene FETs reported to date. This result paves the way for manufacturable high quality graphene transistor technology.