gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation and properties of compounds containing platinum–silicon bonds (1970)

Three methods are described for the preparation of silylplatinous complexes, viz. (a) reaction of R31SiLi compounds with cis-[PtCl2(PR23)2] and [PtCl2(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2)] to give cis-[Pt(SiR13)2(PR23)2](R13Si = MePh2Si, R23P = Me2PhP or R13Si = Me2PhSi, R23P = MePh2P) and [Pt(SiR13)2(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2)](R13Si = MePh2Si), respectively; (b) reaction of trichlorosilane or triarylsilanes, R3SiH, with trans-[PtHCl(PMe2Ph)2] to give trans-[PtCl(SiR3)(PMe2Ph)2](R = Cl, C6F5, or XC6H4 where X = H, p-OMe, p-NMe2, m-CF3, p-CF3, m-F, p-F, p-Cl, p-Me); (c) reaction of triarylsilanes, R3SiH, with [PtX2(QMe2Ph)2] compounds, where X = Cl or Br and Q = P or As, in benzene–triethylamine to give trans-[PtX(SiR3)(QMe2Ph)2] derivatives (e.g., R3Si = MePh2Si or R = XC6H4, where X = H, p-OMe, p-NMe2, and m- or p-F, -Cl, -CF3, and -Me). Triphenylgermane behaves analogously in reactions (b) and (c), and triethylstannane in reaction (b).Features of the n.m.r. and i.r. spectra are discussed, and the very low values of ν(Pt–Cl) and ν(Pt–Br) in the trans-[PtX(SiR13)(PR23)2] compounds are ascribed to the large inductive trans-effect of silicon. The cleavages of the Pt–Si bonds in some of these compounds by halogen, hydrogen chloride, methyl iodide, thiophenol, and hydrogen are described.
Indium as a Reducing Agent: Reduction of Aromatic Nitro Groups (1998)

Treatment of a range of aromatic nitro compounds with indium powder in aqueous ethanolic ammonium chloride results in selective reduction of the nitro groups; ester, nitrile, amide and halide substituents are unaffected.
Advanced NDT with high resolution Computed Tomography (2008)

In today’s quality market, achieving the smallest feature recognition possible in the inspection process has become a higher priority than ever before. Due to com plex geometries and miniaturization of many high reliability components in the automotive, electronics and aerospace industries, achieving this level of feature recognition has also become increasingly difficult. Due to inherent limitations, many of the inspection requirements can no longer be satisfied with conventional X -ray inspection methods such as 2D X-ray inspection. For example, the depth of detail is not quantif iable, which in some cases can be vital to the manufacturing process. High resolution Computed Tomography (CT) presents an effective method of mapping the internal structure of components in three dimensions. With this technique, any internal difference that correspon ds to a contrast in material, density or porosity can be visualized and measured. These properties allow the us e of CT as an NDT tool, permitting examination of samples for internal porosity, cracks, delamination, inc lusions and mechanical fit. CT techniques are used to measure internal distances or the internal wall thicknes s of complex castings and areas which are often inaccessible for optical scanners or conventional tact ile coordinate measurement machines (CMM). The CT volume data provides information for reverse engineering or first article inspection of the entire part by mer ging it with the CAD model to generate a variance map of bot h data sets. Combined these capabilities contribute t o early detection of process and product weaknesses therefo re increasing yield and productivity. Modern microfocus and nanofocus ®1 systems are not only suitable for examinations of low absorbing materials like synthetics, but also for the analysis of the inter nal microstructure of higher absorbing metal castings, ceramics or composites containing high absorbing parti cles. High resolution CT widely expands the spectrum of X-ray detectable defects in process control and fail ure analysis increasing reliability and safety of components for, e.g., automotive, aerospace, and militar y applications. It opens a new dimension for 3D quality assurance and will partially replace destructive methods l ike cross-sectioning ‐ saving costs and time per sample inspected. For high resolution NDT with Computed Tomography, a wide range of systems is available. This starts with microfocus X-ray systems like x|argos for real time ins pection of large castings which may be upgraded for Computed Tomography ‐ this makes the advantages of 3D inspection affordable even for smaller companies. For high resolution high quality CT the nanotom ®1 is the first 180 kV nanoCT ®1 system with the capability to analyse small samples with the exceptional voxel-resolut ion of less than 0.5 microns per volume pixel (voxel). For example, object surfaces of molded plastics, light meta l castings and any internal details related to a variation in material, density or porosity can be visua lized and precisely measured.
Evaluating microgrid management and control with an implementable energy management system (2014)

A microgrid can be characterized by its integration of distributed energy resources and controllable loads. Such integration brings unique challenges to the microgrid management and control which can be significantly different from conventional power systems. Therefore, a conventional energy management system (EMS) needs to be re-designed with consideration of the unique characteristics of microgrids. To this end, we propose a microgrid EMS named a microgrid platform (MP). We take into account all the functional requirements of a microgrid EMS (i.e., forecast, optimization, data analysis, and human-machine interface) and address the engineering challenges (i.e., flexibility, extensibility, and interoperability) in the design and development of the MP. Moreover, we deploy the prototype system and conduct experiments to evaluate the microgrid management and control in real-world settings at the UCLA Smart Grid Energy Research Center. Our experimental results demonstrate that the MP is able to manage various devices in the testbed, interact with the external systems, and perform optimal energy scheduling and demand response.
Manipulation and sorting of magnetic particles by a magnetic force microscope on a microfluidic magnetic trap platform (2005)

We have integrated a microfluidic magnetic trap platform with an external magnetic force microscope (MFM) cantilever. The MFM cantilever tip serves as a magnetorobotic arm that provides a translatable local magnetic field gradient to capture and move magnetic particles with nanometer precision. The MFM electronics have been programmed to sort an initially random distribution of particles by moving them within an array of magnetic trapping elements. We measured the maximum velocity at which the particles can be translated to be 2.2mm∕s±0.1mm∕s, which can potentially permit a sorting rate of approximately 5500particles∕min. We determined a magnetic force of 35.3±2.0pN acting on a 1μm diameter particle by measuring the hydrodynamic drag force necessary to free the particle. Release of the particles from the MFM tip is made possible by a nitride membrane that separates the arm and magnetic trap elements from the particle solution. This platform has potential applications for magnetic-based sorting, manipulation, and probing of biological molecules in a constant-displacement or a constant-force mode.
An efficient merge sort technique that reduces both times and comparisons (2004)

We proposed a new but simple and efficient merge sort technique. This method has several advantages on performance over previous merge sort technique. This technique divides the whole data as like divided and conquer method but until two elements in a group instead of one in each group like traditional merge sort by [D. E. Knuth (1973)]. Then solves the divided parts and conquers them. The resulting efficiency of this method is that the division of problem is much less then the previous method, so the recursive call is also less. As a result we have less comparison and less computational time.
A two-stage genome-wide association study of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2009)

The cause of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is largely unknown, but genetic factors are thought to play a significant role in determining susceptibility to motor neuron degeneration. To identify genetic variants altering risk of ALS, we undertook a two-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS): we followed our initial GWAS of 545 066 SNPs in 553 individuals with ALS and 2338 controls by testing the 7600 most associated SNPs from the first stage in three independent cohorts consisting of 2160 cases and 3008 controls. None of the SNPs selected for replication exceeded the Bonferroni threshold for significance. The two most significantly associated SNPs, rs2708909 and rs2708851 [odds ratio (OR) = 1.17 and 1.18, and P-values = 6.98 x 10(-7) and 1.16 x 10(-6)], were located on chromosome 7p13.3 within a 175 kb linkage disequilibrium block containing the SUNC1, HUS1 and C7orf57 genes. These associations did not achieve genome-wide significance in the original cohort and failed to replicate in an additional independent cohort of 989 US cases and 327 controls (OR = 1.18 and 1.19, P-values = 0.08 and 0.06, respectively). Thus, we chose to cautiously interpret our data as hypothesis-generating requiring additional confirmation, especially as all previously reported loci for ALS have failed to replicate successfully. Indeed, the three loci (FGGY, ITPR2 and DPP6) identified in previous GWAS of sporadic ALS were not significantly associated with disease in our study. Our findings suggest that ALS is more genetically and clinically heterogeneous than previously recognized. Genotype data from our study have been made available online to facilitate such future endeavors.
Surface Chemistry and Dissolution of α-FeOOH Nanorods and Microrods: Environmental Implications of Size-Dependent Interactions with Oxalate (2008)

Although recent evidence suggests that particle size plays an important role in the dissolution of iron from mineral dust aerosol, a fundamental understanding of how particle size influences the rate and extent of iron oxide dissolution processes remains unclear. In this study, surface spectroscopic methods are combined with solution phase measurements to explore ligand-promoted dissolution and photochemical reductive dissolution of goethite (α-FeOOH) of different particle sizes in the presence of oxalate at pH 3 and 298 K. Both X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) revealed differences between α-FeOOH particles in the nanometer-size range as compared to α-FeOOH particles in the micrometer-size range (nanorods and microrods, respectively). ATR-FTIR spectra showed a significant presence of surface hydroxyl groups as well as differences in surface complexes formed on nanorod surfaces. Furthermore, the saturation coverage of oxalate adsorbed on nanorods relative to microrods is ∼30% less as determined from solution phase batch adsorption isotherms. Despite less oxalate uptake per unit surface area, the surface-area-normalized rate of oxalate-promoted dissolution was ∼4 times greater in nanorod suspensions, suggesting this process is particle-size-dependent. Photochemical dissolution experiments revealed only a moderate increase in the rate of oxalate oxidation per gram of α-FeOOH with decreasing particle size. However, concentration profiles of photochemically generated Fe(II) and Fe(III) suggest differences in the dominant mechanisms controlling nanorod and microrod dissolution. Although loss of reactive surface area arising from oxalate-induced particle aggregation can contribute to size-dependent reactivity trends toward oxalate, our data, taken collectively, suggest unique surface chemistry of nanorods as compared to larger microrods. Results from ligand-promoted and photochemical dissolution experiments also highlight the important, and sometimes dominant, role that iron oxides on the nanoscale may play in iron mobilization relative to the larger oxide phases present in mineral dust aerosol.
Active Synchronization Control of the Gyroscopic Vibration Absorber (1975)

Active synchronization control of the gyroscopic vibration absorber is experimentally investigated to provide efficient transition between steady-state synchronization conditions. One open loop and two feedback loop synchronization control systems were designed, developed, and experimentally tested for their ability to quickly and smoothly maintain a nulled condition for an experimental structure-GVA system during transient synchronization. Maximum structural amplitude and resynchronization time were descriptive parameters of structure-GVA behavior used to compare the effectiveness of the three active synchronization control systems.
MSW Variable Time-Delay Techniques. (1982)

Work performed during the first year of a program to investigate magnetostatic wave device techniques for phased arrays and microwave signal processing is described. Among the topics covered is a variable delay line formed by a backward volume wave down-chirp and a forward volume wave up-chirp; propagation in YIG films biased at an arbitrary angle; propagation and transduction in double YIG films; and the growth of Sm-doped GGG suitable for use as an epitaxial spacer between two YIG films.
Complement Component C1q Mediates Mitochondria-Driven Oxidative Stress in Neonatal Hypoxic–Ischemic Brain Injury (2010)

Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury in infants is a leading cause of lifelong disability. We report a novel pathway mediating oxidative brain injury after hypoxia-ischemia in which C1q plays a central role. Neonatal mice incapable of classical or terminal complement activation because of C1q or C6 deficiency or pharmacologically inhibited assembly of membrane attack complex were subjected to hypoxia-ischemia. Only C1q(-/-) mice exhibited neuroprotection coupled with attenuated oxidative brain injury. This was associated with reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in C1q(-/-) brain mitochondria and preserved activity of the respiratory chain. Compared with C1q(+/+) neurons, cortical C1q(-/-) neurons exhibited resistance to oxygen-glucose deprivation. However, postischemic exposure to exogenous C1q increased both mitochondrial ROS production and mortality of C1q(-/-) neurons. This C1q toxicity was abolished by coexposure to antioxidant Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid). Thus, the C1q component of complement, accelerating mitochondrial ROS emission, exacerbates oxidative injury in the developing HI brain. The terminal complement complex is activated in the HI neonatal brain but appeared to be nonpathogenic. These findings have important implications for design of the proper therapeutic interventions against HI neonatal brain injury by highlighting a pathogenic priority of C1q-mediated mitochondrial oxidative stress over the C1q deposition-triggered terminal complement activation.
Low-noise receivers for fiber-optic microwave signal transmission (1988)

The problem of low-noise reception of high-frequency narrowband modulated optical radiation is discussed. Relatively simple p-i-n diode/FET based optical receiver structures which achieve good narrowband optical sensitivity are proposed. These receivers achieve good gain and noise performance due to a lossless parallel resonance circuit which shunts the input to the detector and FET. Design characteristics are presented for S-band receivers constructed using low-capacitance photodetectors, and GaAs MESFETs. Experimental realizations of these receiver designs, which achieve conversion efficiencies on the order of 250 V/W and optical noise equivalent power of less than 10 pW/ square root Hz for 0.8- mu m radiation, are reported. Scaling rules which should be of use in optimizing the performance of more advanced designs are stated and other types of receiver structures which can be expected to yield high narrowband optical sensitivity are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Oxidation of Primary Trimethylsilyl Ethers to Aldehydes – a selective conversion of a primary hydroxy group into an aldehyde group in the presence of a secondary hydroxy group (1986)

Abstract Secondary trimethylsilyl ethers ( 2a – d ) are not affected by Collins reagent in dichloromethane at 0°C. Primary trimethylsilyl ethers ( 4a – e ), however, are smoothly oxidized to aldehydes ( 5a – e ) under these conditions. In agreement with these observations trimethylsilylated diols or polyols with primary and secondary trimethylsilyloxy groups ( 6 – 9 ) are oxidized selectively by Collins reagent to trimethylsilyloxy aldehydes ( 10 – 13 ).
cAMP-Dependent Axon Guidance Is Distinctly Regulated by Epac and Protein Kinase A (2009)

cAMP is a key mediator of a number of molecules that induce growth cone chemotaxis, including netrin-1 and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). Endogenous neuronal cAMP levels decline during development, and concomitantly axonal growth cones switch their response to cAMP-dependent guidance cues from attraction to repulsion. The mechanisms by which cAMP regulates these polarized growth cone responses are unknown. We report that embryonic growth cone attraction to gradients of cAMP, netrin-1, or MAG is mediated by Epac. Conversely, the repulsion conferred by MAG or netrin-1 on adult growth cones is mediated by protein kinase A (PKA). Furthermore, fluorescence resonance energy transfer reveals that netrin-1 distinctly activates Epac in embryonic growth cones but PKA in postnatal neurons. Our results suggest that cAMP mediates growth cone attraction or repulsion by distinctly activating Epac or PKA, respectively. Moreover, we propose that the developmental switch in growth cone response to gradients of cAMP-dependent guidance cues from attraction to repulsion is the result of a switch from Epac- to PKA-mediated signaling pathways.
Uniform <i>p</i>-type impurity-doped multiquantum well AlGaInP semiconductor lasers with a lasing wavelength of 633 nm at 20 °C (1991)

Impurity doping into a GaInP/AlGaInP multiquantum well (MQW) active layer is applied to suppress the occurrence of the ordered structure of column III elements. Calculation of the quantized energy level in an ordered and disordered GaInP quantum well (QW) shows that uniform p-type impurity doping into a MQW structure is more effective than modulation doping for shortening the lasing wavelength. The lasing wavelength of p-doped MQW lasers with a 3-nm-thick GaInP QW can be shortened to 633.2 nm at an output power of 2 mW at 20 °C. A maximum lasing temperature of 46 °C for a 630 nm band AlGaInP MQW laser with a cavity length of 450 μm is obtained.
Antioxidant Capacity and UPLC-PDA ESI-MS Phenolic Profile of Stevia rebaudiana Dry Powder Extracts Obtained by Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (2018)

Stevia leaves, which are commonly used as a natural sweetener in food products, have increased in importance for antioxidant delivery due to their high content of phenolic compounds. In this study, the influence of the drying process on stevia leaves, with regards to phenolic content and antioxidant activity during drying kinetics 40 °C for 7 h, was studied. The effect of solvent concentration and extraction time using a 32 factorial design on total phenol content (TPC), and on antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from dried stevia leaves, by ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) as alternative method was evaluated. Steviol glycosides contents were also evaluated by a conventional and UAE method. Phenols identification, quantification and purification were performed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS), Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array (UPLC-PDA) and advanced automated flash purification, respectively. Drying time affected the moisture content of stevia leaves. A constant weight was reached after six hours of drying, and higher antioxidant activity was observed, while the highest TPC was obtained after seven hours of drying. The highest TPC (91.57 ± 8.8 mg GAE/g dw) and antioxidant activity (603.24 ± 3.5 μmol TE/g dw) in UAE method was obtained when ethanol 50% at 5 min was used. Steviol glycosides extracted by UAE were recorded with a content of 93.18 ± 1.36 mg/g dw and 98.97 ± 1.75 mg/g dw for stevioside and rebaudioside A respectively. Six phenolic compounds including four phenolic acids and two flavonoids were identified and quantified by UPLC-PDA, and confirmed by ESI-MS reporting its fragmentation pattern. Diosmin and chlorogenic acid were the most abundant compounds with values of 2032.36 μg/mL and 434.95 μg/mL respectively. As a novelty we found that the antioxidant activity evaluated in partially purified fractions suggested that biological activity might be attributed to the synergistic effect of the six phenols present in the stevia leaves extract. In addition to its sweeting properties, stevia leaves constitute a potential source of polyphenolic compounds, with antioxidant activity that could be used as a food additive.
Solid state quantum computer development in silicon with single ion implantation (2003)

Spawned by the finding of efficient quantum algorithms, the development of a scalable quantum computer has emerged as a premiere challenge for nanoscience and nanotechnology in the last years. Spins of electrons and nuclei in P31 atoms embedded in silicon are promising quantum bit (qubit) candidates. In this article we describe single atom doping strategies and the status of our development of single atom qubit arrays integrated with control gates and readout structures in a “top down” approach. We discuss requirements for P31 qubit array formation by single ion implantation, and integration with semiconductor processing.
Chromosomal bar codes produced by multicolor fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization with multiple YAC clones and whole chromosome painting probes (1993)

Colored chromosome staining patterns, termed chromosomal 'bar codes' (CBCs), were obtained on human chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with pools of Alu-PCR products from YAC clones containing human DNA inserts ranging from 100 kbp to 1 Mbp. In contrast to conventional G- or R-bands, the chromosomal position, extent, individual color and relative signal intensity of each 'bar' could be modified depending on probe selection and labeling procedures. Alu-PCR amplification products were generated from 31 YAC clones which mapped to 37 different chromosome bands. For multiple color FISH, Alu-PCR amplification products from various clones were either biotinylated or labeled with digoxigenin. Probes from up to twenty YAC clones were used simultaneously to produce CBCs on selected human chromosomes. Evaluation using a cooled CCD camera and digital image analysis confirmed the high reproducibility of the bars from one metaphase spread to another. Combinatorial FISH with mixtures of whole chromosomes paint probes was applied to paint seven chromosomes simultaneously in different colors along with a set of YAC clones which map to these chromosomes. We discuss the potential to construct analytical chromosomal bar codes adapted to particular needs of cytogenetic investigations and automated image analysis.
A 4096-bit high-speed ECL compatible RAM (1975)

A totally ECL I/O compatible, fast 4096 bit N-channel dynamic MOS RAM will be described. Access time is less than 80 ns, and no external or cyclic refresh is required.