gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Raman spectroscopic evaluation of polyacrylonitrile‐based carbon nanofibers prepared by electrospinning (2004)

Abstract Poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) solutions in N , N ‐dimethylformamide were electrospun into webs consisting of 350 nm ultra‐fine fibers. The webs were oxidatively stabilized and followed by heat treatment in the range of 700–1000°C. Characterization of the microstructure of PAN‐based carbon nanofibers was performed by x‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, electrical conductivity and Raman spectroscopy. The L c (002) and L a (10) values were calculated to be 1.85–2.15 and 2.23–3.36 nm, respectively. The L c (002) and L a (10) values increased by about 86% and 66%, respectively, when the heat treatment temperature (HTT) was increased from 700 to 1000°C. The electrical conductivity of carbonized PAN nanofiber webs increased with increasing carbonization temperature, being 6.8 × 10 −3 and 1.96 S cm −1 at 700 and 1000°C, respectively. The D and G bands from Raman scattering were fitted into a Gaussian–Lorentzian hybridized function, and the crystallite sizes in the nanofibers were evaluated from the R ‐values determined from the ratios of the intensity of the G band to that of the D band. The domain size of the graphitic layers was in the range 1.6–3.2 nm with higher values at higher HTT. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metastatic behaviour of primary human tumours in a zebrafish xenotransplantation model (2009)

Our results show that the zebrafish is a useful in vivo animal model for rapid analysis of invasion and metastatic behaviour of primary human tumour specimen.
Germinal center exclusion of autoreactive B cells is defective in human systemic lupus erythematosus (2005)

Breach of B cell tolerance is central to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, how B cell tolerance is subverted in human SLE is poorly understood due to difficulties in identifying relevant autoreactive B cells and in obtaining lymphoid tissue. We have circumvented these limitations by using tonsil biopsies to study autoreactive B cells (9G4 B cells), whose regulation is abnormal in SLE. Here we show that 9G4 B cells are physiologically excluded during the early stages of the GC reaction before acquiring a centroblast phenotype. Furthermore, we provide evidence to indicate that an anergic response to B cell receptor stimulation may be responsible for such behavior. In contrast, in SLE, 9G4 B cells progressed unimpeded through this checkpoint, successfully participated in GC reactions, and expanded within the post-GC IgG memory and plasma cell compartments. The faulty regulation of 9G4 B cells was not shared by RA patients. To our knowledge, this work represents the first comparative analysis of the fate of a specific autoreactive human B cell population. The results identify a defective tolerance checkpoint that appears to be specific for human SLE.
Transformation of Phycomyces blakesleeanus to G-418 resistance by an autonomously replicating plasmid. (1986)

The fungus, Phycomyces blakesleeanus, shows many well-defined responses to a number of external stimuli. Genetic analysis shows that at least eight genes are involved in Phycomyces sensory transduction. As a first step toward the molecular analysis of these genes and their products, we have developed a transformation protocol for Phycomyces by using a plasmid containing the kanamycin-resistance gene from Tn903 and a Phycomyces DNA fragment capable of supporting autonomous replication in yeast (ARS). Our results demonstrate that the Tn903 gene is expressed in Phycomyces and that the ARS fragment selected in yeast supports autonomous replication in Phycomyces as well.
Active Acoustic Screening: Reduction of Noise in Gradient Coils by Lorentz Force Balancing (1995)

We have designed and constructed a quiet gradient set with restricted access for the combined purposes of evaluating the principles of active acoustic screening, recently introduced by Mansfield, Glover, and Bowtell, and for EPI studies of the head at 3.0 T. The design utilizes the return paths of the conductors in a closed arc loop arrangement to eliminate net Lorentz forces thereby attenuating acoustic noise especially at low frequency. This design should significantly reduce the dangers to patients of high noise levels, especially in high field magnetic resonance imaging systems.
Mechanics for engineers (1976)

Mechanics for engineers , Mechanics for engineers , کتابخانه دیجیتالی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات درمانی شهید بهشتی
Studies on Water in Barnacle Muscle Fibres II. Role of ions and Organic Solutes in Swelling of Chemically-skinned Fibres (1981)

ABSTRACT Single muscle fibres from the giant barnacle, Balanus nubilis, were chemically skinned (2 % Tween 20), then equilibrated for 40 h in salt solutions ranging in ionic strength from 0·025 to 0·6 m at pH 7·0. The water content of the fibres and the net charge on the myofilaments increased with increasing salt concentration. Cation accumulation in the fibres was about equal to anion exclusion at all salt concentrations. When an organic solute (trimethylamine oxide, glycine, alanine, serine, proline, or glycerol) in the concentration range from 0·1 to 0·6 m was added to the salt solution, cation accumulation increased and water content decreased. Myofilament architecture was disrupted when the fibres were equilibrated in high salt (&gt; 0·4 m) solutions and preserved when 0·5 M-triethylamine oxide was also added. The results are consistent with the view that organic solutes enhance the association between the fixed charge sites and their counterions. This hypothesis is examined quantitatively using the Oosawa relationship between the volume and the counterion association for cylindrical polyelectrolytes. The results illustrate that organic solutes can influence fibre volume in a way other than through osmo-regulation.
Low-Abundance Kutznerides from <i>Kutzneria</i> sp. 744 (2006)

Five new (5-9) and four known (1-4) kutznerides were isolated from the actinomycete Kutzneria sp. 744. Compounds 1-9 all consisted of a cyclohexadepsipeptide core with the general structure 2-(1-methylcyclopropyl)-D-glycine-(2S,3aR,8aS)-6,7-dichloro-3a-hydroxy-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole-2-carboxylic acid-3-hydroxy-D-glutamic acid-O-methyl-L-serine-L-piperazic acid-(S)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyric acid. Compounds 5, 6, and 8 contained erythro-3-hydroxy-D-glutamic acid, whereas 7 and 9 contained the threo isomer and the hydroxy acid was present as (S)-2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid in 5 and 7. The piperazic acid was C-5-N unsaturated and 4-hydroxylated in 6, 4-chlorinated in 8, and C-5-N unsaturated in 9. Minimal inhibitory concentrations for bacteria were found down to 6 microM (Staphylococcus aureus and Erwinia carotovora) and for fungi down to 70 microM (Fusarium culmorum). The trichlorinated 2 and 8 showed the highest antimicrobial activity, whereas 6, with a hydroxylated piperazic acid unit, did not show any inhibition of the pathogens at 230 microM.
Nanocarriers: Promising Vehicle for Bioactive Drugs (2006)

Development of new delivery systems that deliver the potential drug specifically to the target site in order to meet the therapeutic needs of the patients at the required time and level remains the key challenge in the field of pharmaceutical biotechnology. Developments in this context to achieve desired goal has led to the evolution of the multidisciplinary field nanobiotechnology which involves the combination of two most promising technologies of 21st century--biotechnology and nanotechnology. Nanobiotechnology encompasses a wide array of different techniques to improve the delivery of biotech drugs, and nanoparticles offer the most suitable form whose properties can be tailored by chemical methods. This review highlights the different types of nanoparticulate delivery systems employed for biotech drugs in the field of molecular medicine with a short overlook at its applications and the probable associated drawbacks.
Lack of Association Between the α-Adducin Locus and Essential Hypertension in the Japanese Population (1998)

Significant linkage and association of alpha-adducin, a cytoskeleton protein involved in transmembrane ion transport, with essential hypertension were recently shown in Caucasian populations, especially in relation to salt sensitivity. The present study investigated the relevance of this candidate gene to hypertension in a well-characterized Japanese population. A total number of 507 individuals were selected from clinic outpatients. Hypertensive subjects were defined on the basis of the individual's blood pressure readings before starting medications; the criteria included systolic blood pressure > or = 160 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure > or = 95 mm Hg. Patients with diabetes mellitus, renal failure, and secondary forms of hypertension had been excluded. Control subjects had blood pressure values < 130/85 mm Hg. The allele frequency of a genetic variant at amino acid residue 460 of alpha-adducin (460Trp) was compared between cases and control subjects with chi(2) statistics; in addition, the association was tested with blood pressure as a continuous variable. No significant association was found in either of the statistics tested. The 460Trp variant appeared to be relatively common in the Japanese (54% to 60%) compared with a reported prevalence of 13% to 23% in Caucasians. The present study brought up an important issue concerning the pathophysiological role of alpha-adducin in non-Caucasian populations, given the likely ethnic variation in the nature of genetic susceptibility loci. The 460Trp variant of the alpha-adducin gene is unlikely to have a major effect on susceptibility to hypertension in the Japanese population studied, although the present study does not exclude the involvement of alpha-adducin in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Toward a Phonetic Representation of Signs: Sequentiality and Contrast (2010)

In this paper we examine the theory of the structure of signs that grew from Stokoe’s (1965) proposals. We begin by examining argument for the structural simultaneity of signs by examining claims about how signs contrast and how cheremes function. Historically, such discussions have involved three claims: (1) that signs are composed of a single handshape, a single location, and a sequence of movements, and (2) that these structural aspects account for contrast between signs in the same way that phonemes account for contrast in spoken languages, and (3) that this is evidence of dual patterning. Using a number of different examples, we evaluate these claims from the perspective of the standard definitions of contrast and duality of pattern, showing that discussions drawn from this reasoning are not consistent with standard notions of the phoneme or of double articulation and duality of pattern. We suggest that, if signed languages in fact are structured in the way Stokoe proposed—an approach maintained even in recent work (Meir et al. 2007, 537–39)—then the phoneme and notions of duality of pattern must be redefined for signed languages. We demonstrate, however, that the putative simultaneity proposed by this model does not adequately represent actual observations about the structure of signing and conclude that a model with inherent sequentiality of segments provides a more precise description of signs. We evaluate several such models, finding each to be inadequate, and end with the claim that an adequate descriptive system for signed languages will employ sequential segments. Such a system would be consistent with notions of contrast and duality of pattern developed for other languages.
Ytterbium-based compounds as fast and dense inorganic scintillators (2005)

The recent observation of UV scintillation in mixed yttrium/ytterbium aluminium garnets opened the field of investigation to a new class of scintillating crystals. Their interesting luminescence properties make them very attractive not only for solar neutrino spectroscopy as ytterbium containing detector material, but also for radiation detection in general, as dense, fast and efficient scintillators. Studies of charge transfer luminescence and quenching mechanisms in single crystals of the garnet system (Y-Yb)/sub 3/Al/sub 3/O/sub 5/ are reported. Fluorescence intensity and decay time under X-ray and VUV excitations decrease at low temperatures (T/spl sim/100 K) and demonstrate the important role played by the traps. The fluorescence intensity and decay time are also dependent on Yb/sup 3+/ concentration and the presence of Yb/sup 2+/. The results trace major directions to get optimized scintillators in terms of their efficiency and lifetime. X-ray luminescence has also been found in gallium garnets (Y-Yb)/sub 3/Ga/sub 3/O/sub 5/ and the perovskites (Y-Yb)AlO/sub 3/ and LaYbO/sub 3/ in the form of single crystals and/or powders. More specific properties required by neutrino spectroscopy, such as radioactive background, pulse shape, false signatures, alpha/gamma discrimination, are also addressed.
Nucleation Control in the Growth of Bulk GaN by Sublimation Method (1997)

Nucleation of GaN crystallites by sublimation method on sapphire (0001), scratched sapphire (0001), SiO 2 , Si (111), and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD)-GaN/sapphire (0001) was investigated. The density of the nuclei on SiO 2 and Si (111) was estimated to be 6 × 10 3 /cm 2 . On the other hand, a continuous film rather than discrete crystallites was obtained on both the MOCVD-GaN and the scratched sapphire. Growth nucleation control was performed by partly covering the MOCVD-GaN or scratched sapphire (0001) with SiO 2 . As a result, hexagonal columns about 200 µm in diameter and 200 µm high were selectively and uniformly grown at the window sites. The diameter of each hexagonal column was much larger than the width of each window. This method can be used for device processing utilizing the crystallites.
Ultrasonic imaging with limited-diffraction beams (2006)

Limited-diffraction beams are a class of waves that may be localized in space and time. Theoretically, these beams are propagation invariant and can propagate to an infinite distance without spreading. In practice, when these beams are produced with wave sources of a finite aperture and energy, they have a very large depth of field, meaning that they can keep a small beam width over a large distance. Because of this property, limited-diffraction beams may have applications in various areas such as medical imaging and tissue characterization. In this paper, fundamentals of limited-diffraction beams are reviewed and the studies of these beams are put into a unified theoretical framework. Theory of limited-diffraction beams is further developed. New limited-diffraction solutions to Klein-Gordon Equation and Schrodinger Equation, as well as limited-diffraction solutions to these equations in confined spaces are obtained. The relationship between the transformation that converts any solutions to an (-1)-dimensional wave equation to limited-diffraction solutions of an -dimensional equation and the Lorentz transformation is clarified and extended. The transformation is also applied to the Klein-Gordon Equation. In addition, applications of limited-diffraction beams are summarized.
Study of the frequency autocorrelation of the differential group delay in fibers with polarization mode dispersion (2000)

We study the frequency autocorrelation of the differential group delay (DGD) in fibers with polarization mode dispersion (PMD). We show that the correlation bandwidth of the DGD is comparable with that of the orientation of the PMD vector. Furthermore, we show that all the most general statistical properties of polarization mode dispersion in long fibers are uniquely determined by the mean DGD. An estimate of the accuracy of measurements in which the mean DGD is extracted by frequency averaging in a single fiber is obtained as a function of the measured bandwidth.
340. γ-Substitution in the resorcinol nucleus. Part I. Synthesis of γ-resorcylaldehyde (1938)

R. C. Shah and M. C. Laiwalla, J. Chem. Soc., 1938, 1828 DOI: 10.1039/JR9380001828
Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps. (2007)

In the nasal cavity, VEGF expression is observed more, causing angiogenesis and an increase in the vascular permeability. In the paranasal sinuses, lower VEGF-PI results may show that contact inhibition reduces VEGF expression and thus the polyp growth rate.
A Novel Semantic Attribute-Based Feature for Image Caption Generation (2018)

Image captioning is challenging because it connects computer vision and natural language processing. It requires not only sensing objects but also the interrelations and context in an image to generate natural language descriptions. In this paper, we propose to extract a novel visual feature weighted by salient semantic attributes, which is fed to the encoder of Long Short Term Memory (LSTM). Semantic attributes are important to exploit more semantic-related information in images and describe the salient scenes to enhance the accuracy of generating image captions. Based on the Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) architecture on VGG-16 network, we design transferring rules that map high probability attributes to the feature vector in fc7 layer. It results in more semantic-related visual features. Our model can recognize richer details of images effectively and achieve the state-of-the-art performance on MSCOCO 2014 dataset under standard metrics.
A highly basic triphenylphosphine, [2,4,6-(MeO)3C6H2]3P (1984)

M. Wada and S. Higashizaki, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1984, 482 DOI: 10.1039/C39840000482
Area Target Response of Triangularly Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave Radars (1978)

For a postulated model of the area target returns, the variance of the signal appearing at the detector output of a frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar is analytically and graphically displayed as a function of the range and Doppler spread. The influence of important system parameters like modulation frequency, measuring time, and frequency excursion are also included in the analysis. Closedform relationships are given for sawtooth or triangular frequency modulation and a Gaussian separable scattering function. A comparison is also made between the range noise of an ideal frequency detector and a zero-crossings counter.
Single‐breath clinical imaging of hyperpolarized <sup>129</sup>xe in the airspaces, barrier, and red blood cells using an interleaved 3D radial 1‐point Dixon acquisition (2016)

Purpose We sought to develop and test a clinically feasible 1‐point Dixon, three‐dimensional (3D) radial acquisition strategy to create isotropic 3D MR images of 129 Xe in the airspaces, barrier, and red blood cells (RBCs) in a single breath. The approach was evaluated in healthy volunteers and subjects with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Methods A calibration scan determined the echo time at which 129 Xe in RBCs and barrier were 90° out of phase. At this TE, interleaved dissolved and gas‐phase images were acquired using a 3D radial acquisition and were reconstructed separately using the NUFFT algorithm. The dissolved‐phase image was phase‐shifted to cast RBC and barrier signal into the real and imaginary channels such that the image‐derived RBC:barrier ratio matched that from spectroscopy. The RBC and barrier images were further corrected for regional field inhomogeneity using a phase map created from the gas‐phase 129 Xe image. Results Healthy volunteers exhibited largely uniform 129 Xe‐barrier and 129 Xe‐RBC images. By contrast, 129 Xe‐RBC images in IPF subjects exhibited significant signal voids. These voids correlated qualitatively with regions of fibrosis visible on CT. Conclusions This study illustrates the feasibility of acquiring single‐breath, 3D isotropic images of 129 Xe in the airspaces, barrier, and RBCs using a 1‐point Dixon 3D radial acquisition. Magn Reson Med 75:1434–1443, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
환경친화적 소비태도와 소비행동간의 관계 (1999)

【The objectives of this study are (1) to identify sub-areas of the pro-environmental behavior, (2) to examine the level of the pro-environmental attitude and behavior, (3) to examine the degree of inconsistency between attitude and behavior, and (4) to investigate the reasons of the inconsistency. Data was collected from the questionnares with 299 married men and 378 married women and the deep interviews with 10 married women. The major findings are follows : (1) The pro-environmental behavior can be classified into 2 sub-areas : social-oriented area and individual-oriented area. (2) The level of pro-environmental attitude and behavior in the social-oriented area is lower than those in individual-oriented area. (3) The attitude-behavior inconsistency in the social-oriented sub-area is stronger than that in the individual-oriented sub-area. (4) The reasons of the pro-environmental attitude-behavior inconsistency are the lack of the sincere environmental consciousness and the existence of the pro-environmental behavior restriction factors.】
One-Pot Synthesis of Hexatriynediamines (1987)

Hexatriynediamines 4 are conveniently prepared by successive treatment of 5,6,6-trichloro-5-hexen-1,3-diynylamines 1 with butyllithium, cyanogen bromide and a secondary aliphatic amine .
Optimized Growth Conditions for Tissue Engineering of Human Cardiovascular Structures (2000)

Optimized in vitro formation of strong tissue is a prerequisite for tissue engineering of cardiovascular structures, such as heart valves and blood vessels. This study evaluates different growth media additives as to cell proliferation, extracellular matrix formation, and mechanical characteristics. Biodegradable polymers were seeded with human vascular myofibroblasts. Group A was cultured with standard medium, groups B, C, and D were in addition supplemented with ascorbate, fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and both respectively. Analysis included histology, electron microsocopy, mechanical testing, and biochemical assays for cell proliferation (DNA) and extracellular matrix (collagen). DNA content increased in all groups, showing significantly more cells in group C and D after 14d. Collagen increased in all groups, except for C. Morphology showed viable, layered cellular tissue, with collagen fibrils after 2w, most pronounced in B and D. Mechanical properties decreased initially, stabilizing after 2w. In conclusion, standard nutrient media were efficient for seeded human vascular cells cultured on biodegradable meshes. Supplementation with bFGF+ascorbate resulted in enhanced early cell proliferation and structurally more mature tissue formation.
Nontraumatic fracture of the thoracic spine in ankylosing spondylitis (1967)

No Abstract.