gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular mechanisms of Spemann's organizer formation: conserved growth factor synergy between Xenopus and mouse. (1995)

Mesoderm induction assays in Xenopus have implicated growth factors such as activin, Vg1, Xwnt-8, and noggin as important in directing the formation of dorsal mesoderm (Spemann's organizer). Because these growth factors are structurally very different, they presumably act through distinct cell surface receptors that initiate different intracellular signaling cascades. A consequence of all of these signaling pathways, however, seems to be the induction of goosecoid (gsc) gene expression. To understand how integration of these different signaling pathways results in formation of Spemann's organizer, we sought to identify growth factor-responsive elements within the gsc promoter. Through microinjection of reporter genes we have identified two cis-acting elements, a distal element (DE) and a proximal element (PE), that are required for activin/BVg1 and Wnt induction, respectively. We have shown that the DE mediates activin induction in the absence of protein synthesis and therefore constitutes the first activin response element identified to interpret transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily member signaling directly. Using a reporter gene construct containing a multimerized DE, we find that an activin/BVg1-type signaling cascade is active throughout the vegetal hemisphere and marginal zone but not in the animal hemisphere. We demonstrate further that both the distal and proximal elements are essential for high-level transcription of the gsc gene, specifically in dorsal mesoderm, strongly suggesting that establishment of Spemann's organizer requires synergistic input from activin/BVg1-like and Wnt signaling pathways. Finally, mechanisms of establishing the organizer are likely to be conserved throughout vertebrate evolution.
Jacques Angelier – Obituary (2010)

Members of editorial board and readers of «Geodynamic & Tectonophysics» deeply grieve about unlimited death of a member of editorial board the professor Jack Angelier and express the intimate condolence to his family, friends and colleagues.
Antiviral CD8 T Cells in the Control of Primary Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in Early Childhood (2004)

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) establishes persistent infection, with control of replication thought to be mediated by CMV-specific CD8 T cells. Primary CMV infection commonly affects young children and causes prolonged viral shedding in saliva and urine. We investigated whether this virus-host interaction pattern reflects a developmental deficiency of antiviral CD8 T cell-mediated immunity during childhood. CMV-specific CD8 T cell responses in asymptomatic children with active infection were not different from adults with recent or long-term infection in frequency and functional analyses. High urine CMV concentrations were detected, despite these CMV-specific CD8 T cell responses. We conclude that delayed resolution of primary CMV infection in young children is not caused by a deficient CMV-specific CD8 T cell response. Because these healthy children continue to have local CMV replication, we suggest that CD8 T cells may function primarily to prevent symptomatic, disseminated disease.
Intrusion detection system for grid computing using SNORT (2012)

Because of distributed nature, grid computing environments are easy targets for intruders looking for possible vulnerabilities to exploit [1]. By impersonating legitimate users, the intruders can use a service's abundant resources maliciously. To combat attackers, intrusion-detection systems (IDSs) can offer additional security measures for these environments by investigating configurations, logs, network traffic, and user actions to identify typical attack behavior. However, IDS must be distributed to work in a grid computing environment. It must monitor each node and, when an attack occurs, alert other nodes in the environment. This kind of communication requires compatibility between heterogeneous hosts, various communication mechanisms, and permission control over system maintenance and updates. We present the problem of grid intrusion; analyze the requirements of a system to detect them. In this paper we are discussing how IDS can be implemented for grid computing environment.
<i>BRCA</i> Reversion Mutations in Circulating Tumor DNA Predict Primary and Acquired Resistance to the PARP Inhibitor Rucaparib in High-Grade Ovarian Carcinoma (2018)

A key resistance mechanism to platinum-based chemotherapies and PARP inhibitors in <i>BRCA</i>-mutant cancers is the acquisition of <i>BRCA</i> reversion mutations that restore protein function. To estimate the prevalence of <i>BRCA</i> reversion mutations in high-grade ovarian carcinoma (HGOC), we performed targeted next-generation sequencing of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) extracted from pretreatment and postprogression plasma in patients with deleterious germline or somatic <i>BRCA</i> mutations treated with the PARP inhibitor rucaparib. <i>BRCA</i> reversion mutations were identified in pretreatment cfDNA from 18% (2/11) of platinum-refractory and 13% (5/38) of platinum-resistant cancers, compared with 2% (1/48) of platinum-sensitive cancers (<i>P</i> = 0.049). Patients without <i>BRCA</i> reversion mutations detected in pretreatment cfDNA had significantly longer rucaparib progression-free survival than those with reversion mutations (median, 9.0 vs. 1.8 months; HR, 0.12; <i>P</i> < 0.0001). To study acquired resistance, we sequenced 78 postprogression cfDNA, identifying eight additional patients with <i>BRCA</i> reversion mutations not found in pretreatment cfDNA. SIGNIFICANCE: <i>BRCA</i> reversion mutations are detected in cfDNA from platinum-resistant or platinum-refractory HGOC and are associated with decreased clinical benefit from rucaparib treatment. Sequencing of cfDNA can detect multiple <i>BRCA</i> reversion mutations, highlighting the ability to capture multiclonal heterogeneity.<i>This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 151</i>.
Effect of the Torrefaction Temperature on the Structural Properties and Pyrolysis Behavior of Biomass (2017)

To improve prospects for high-value utilization of biomass, torrefaction pretreatments were conducted at 210, 230, 250, 270, and 300 °C with a reaction time of 30 min. The pyrolysis of torrefied biomass was also performed on a fixed-bed reactor system at 450 °C. The effect of torrefaction temperature on the yield, energy yield, structure, physical-chemical characteristics, and production composition of bio-oil was studied. The torrefaction pretreatment improved the fuel characteristics of pyrolysis products. When the torrefaction temperature was increased, the -OH and C=O contents decreased, the C=C contents increased, the pyrolysis peak temperature decreased, the residual carbon contents noticeably increased, and the Ea value remained in the range of 69 to 129 kJmol-1. The pore volume increased and the crystallinity index decreased due to degradation and recrystallization. The solid yield of pyrolysis biomass decreased sharply in contrast to the liquid yield. When the torrefaction temperature increased, the bio-oil yield decreased from 36.82 wt.% to 20.13 wt.%. The phenol content in the bio-oil markedly increased; however, oxygen-containing compounds such as acids, sugars, and furans, significantly decreased, which indicated that torrefaction pretreatment efficiently improved the quality of the fuel.
DYNAMICS OF AN EXPLICIT RATE ALLOCATION ALGORITHM FOR AVAILABLE BIT-RATE (ABR) SERVICE IN ATM NETWORKS (1995)

In this paper we study the performance of an explicit rate allocation algorithm for ATM Networks using
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase‐positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma: current and future perspectives in adult and paediatric disease (2014)

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare T-cell lymphoma seen in both adults and children. ALCL is associated with a characteristic chromosomal translocation, t(2;5)(p23;35) which fuses the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene on chromosome 2 with the nucleophosmin (NPM) gene on chromosome 5, resulting in a NPM-ALK fusion protein, ALK over-expression and constitutive tyrosine kinase activity. This aggressive lymphoma is more prevalent in males and can present with extranodal involvement (lung, skin and marrow infiltration) and haemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis. The long-term overall survival is approximately 70-90% in children and over 70% in adults. Staging systems and prognostic risk factors are different in both childhood and adult ALCL. Treatment in adults is typically anthracycline-based, with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) salvaging patients in relapsed disease. There is evidence for ALL-like therapy or intensive, pulsed anthracycline-based induction in children. ASCT, allogeneic SCT and vinblastine maintenance are all considered reasonable options in relapsed childhood disease. The anti-CD30 immunoconjugate Brentuximab Vedotin and the specific ALK inhibitor Crizotinib are changing the treatment paradigm in ALCL (ALK-positive or negative) and ALK-positive ALCL respectively. Both agents have shown encouraging responses in relapsed ALCL. It remains to be seen how these novel agents are used, but it is very possible that they may improve overall responses and survival in both children and adults. This review highlights the presentation, histopathological features, prognostic factors, and evidence-based treatment approaches in the first line and relapsed setting in ALK-positive ALCL. The review concludes by discussing the novel approaches using Brentuximab and Crizotinib which are being tested in clinical trials.
Explicating an Evidence-Based, Theoretically Informed, Mobile Technology-Based System to Improve Outcomes for People in Recovery for Alcohol Dependence (2010)

Post-treatment relapse to uncontrolled alcohol use is common. Currently available communication technology can use existing models for relapse prevention to cost-effectively improve long-term relapse prevention. This paper describes: (1) research-based elements of alcohol consumption-related relapse prevention and how they can be encompassed in self-determination theory (SDT) and Marlatt's cognitive behavioral relapse prevention model, (2) how technology could help address the needs of people seeking recovery, (3) a technology-based prototype, organized around sexual transmitted disease and Marlatt's model, and (4) how we are testing a system based on the ideas in this article and related ethical and operational considerations.
Full crop protection from an insect pest by expression of long double-stranded RNAs in plastids (2015)

Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) targeted against essential genes can trigger a lethal RNA interference (RNAi) response in insect pests. The application of this concept in plant protection is hampered by the presence of an endogenous plant RNAi pathway that processes dsRNAs into short interfering RNAs. We found that long dsRNAs can be stably produced in chloroplasts, a cellular compartment that appears to lack an RNAi machinery. When expressed from the chloroplast genome, dsRNAs accumulated to as much as 0.4% of the total cellular RNA. Transplastomic potato plants producing dsRNAs targeted against the β-actin gene of the Colorado potato beetle, a notorious agricultural pest, were protected from herbivory and were lethal to its larvae. Thus, chloroplast expression of long dsRNAs can provide crop protection without chemical pesticides.
High Resolution Radar Cross-Section Imaging (1991)

Fundamental imaging concepts instrumentation and signal processing for RCS imaging two-dimensional range, cross-range imaging of rotating objects focused synthetic-aperture processing tomographic imaging maximum entropy methods.
Enhanced carrier-carrier interaction in optically pumped hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (2012)

A femtosecond pump-probe setup was used to measure the time resolved reflectivity of hydrogenated amorphous silicon containing crystalline silicon nanoparticles at eight different incidence angles. Results fitted with the Drude model found a scattering rate of Γ=2−1+1.2×1015 s−1 at a corresponding carrier concentration of ∼1020 cm−3. The observed scattering rate is attributed to enhanced carrier-carrier interaction in optically pumped nanocrystals.
Inclination Effects on Flow Characteristics of High Viscosity Oil/Gas Two-Phase Flow (2012)

Abstract The effect of downward and upward pipe inclinations on flow characteristics for high viscosity oil-gas two-phase flow was experimentally studied. 400 experimental tests were conducted in a 50.8-mm ID pipe for ±2° inclinations. Four different oil viscosities, namely, 0.585, 0.378, 0.257 and 0.181 Pas, were considered. Superficial gas and liquid velocity varied from 0.1 to 3.5 m/s and 0.1 to 0.8 m/s, respectively. Flow pattern and pressure drop are reported. The experimental results were used to evaluate different flow pattern maps, models and two-phase flow correlations.
The CXCR2 Antagonist, SCH-527123, Shows Antitumor Activity and Sensitizes Cells to Oxaliplatin in Preclinical Colon Cancer Models (2012)

Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Recent studies showed that interleukin-8 (IL-8) and its receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2) are significantly upregulated in both the tumor and its microenvironment, and act as key regulators of proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Our previous study showed that IL-8 overexpression in colorectal cancer cells triggers the upregulation of the CXCR2-mediated proliferative pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the CXCR2 antagonist, SCH-527123, inhibits colorectal cancer proliferation and if it can sensitize colorectal cancer cells to oxaliplatin both in vitro and in vivo. SCH-527123 showed concentration-dependent antiproliferative effects in HCT116, Caco2, and their respective IL-8-overexpressing variants colorectal cancer cell lines. Moreover, SCH-527123 was able to suppress CXCR2-mediated signal transduction as shown through decreased phosphorylation of the NF-κB/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/AKT pathway. These findings corresponded with decreased cell migration and invasion, while increased apoptosis in colorectal cancer cell lines. In vivo results verified that SCH-527123 treatment decreased tumor growth and microvessel density when compared with vehicle-treated tumors. Importantly, these preclinical studies showed that the combination of SCH-527123 and oxaliplatin resulted in a greater decrease in cell proliferation, tumor growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis that was superior to single-agent treatment. Taken together, these findings suggest that targeting CXCR2 may block tumor proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. In addition, CXCR2 blockade may further sensitize colorectal cancer to oxaliplatin treatment.
The System Alumina‐Gallia‐Water (1952)

A study of the system Al 2 O 3 –Ga 2 O 3 –H 2 O has resulted in the determination of equilibrium diagrams for the systems Al 2 O 3 –Ga 2 O 3 and Al 2 O 3 .‐H 2 O–Ga 2 O 3 .H 2 O. Extensive solid solution characterizes the α ‐Al 2 O 3 and β ‐Ga 2 O 3 structures at high temperatures, but it is shown that below 810°C. a compound, GaAlO 3 , and a new series of (Al, Ga) 2 O 3 structures are stable. Among the hydrates, a complete series of diaspore solid solutions extends from Al 2 O 3 .H 2 O to Ga 2 O 3 .H 2 O. Boehmite solid solutions extend to approximately the composition 70Al 2 O 3 .H 2 O, 30Ga 2 O 3 .H 2 O.
Incentives and rewarding in social computing (2013)

Praise, pay, and promote crowd-member workers to elicit desired behavioral responses and performance levels.
Bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis and an immunoglobulin G2 protease produced by Porphyromonas levii. (1999)

Acute interdigital phlegmon (AIP) is a commonly occurring anaerobic bacterial infection in cattle. This study examined in vitro the interaction of bovine polymorphonuclear granulocytic neutrophils (PMN) from blood with bacterial species involved in AIP. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils were purified from whole bovine blood, exposed to one of the three putative etiologic agents of AIP and comparatively assessed for phagocytosis using light microscopy. Fusobacterium necrophorum and Prevotella intermedia were effectively phagocytosed by PMN, but Porphyromonas levii was phagocytosed significantly less effectively by PMN. The effect of high titre anti-P. levii bovine serum on antibody-mediated phagocytosis by PMN was also evaluated. High titre serum increased the efficiency of phagocytosis of P. levii by bovine PMN. This was independent of heat labile complement factors. Antibodies specific for P. levii were assessed for protease activity capable of cleaving bovine immunoglobulins (IgG, IgG1, IgG2, and IgM). Partially purified supernatant from broth cultures of P. levii were incubated with biotinylated immunoglobulins (Igs). Samples were taken from times 0 to 72 h and examined using SDS-PAGE followed by Western blot analysis. Streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase and NBT-BCIP were used to visualize the Igs for heavy and light chains as well as lower molecular weight fragments of these glycoproteins. Porphyromonas levii produced an immunoglobulin protease which readily cleaved bovine IgG into fragments, but did not act against IgM. Specifically, the enzyme may be a significant virulence factor as it may act to neutralize the antibodies demonstrated necessary for effective PMN-mediated phagocytosis.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors in Human Mesangium in Vitro and in Glomerular Disease (2000)

Mesangial cell proliferation and growth factor over-expression are characteristic features of several glomerular diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent mitogen, is expressed in podocytes in the glomerulus, and VEGF receptors (flt-1, KDR, and neuropilin-1) are present on endothelial cells and other cell types. This study examined whether human mesangial cells (HMC) express VEGF receptors in vitro and ex vivo and evaluated the effect of VEGF on HMC proliferation. All receptor types were detected in HMC in vitro by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. VEGF(165) induced a dose-responsive increase in (3)H-thymidine incorporation (25 ng/ml VEGF(165) : 2.3-fold increase; 50 ng/ml : 3.8-fold; 100 ng/ml : 4. 8-fold; 200 ng/ml : 3.4-fold; P = 0.016) and in cell number (50 ng/ml VEGF(165) : 1.2-fold increase; 100 ng/ml : 1.6-fold; 200 ng/ml : 1.4-fold; P = 0.005), effects prevented by an anti-VEGF(165) polyclonal neutralizing antibody (100 microg/ml). The proliferative effect was confirmed by a tetrazolium dye-based assay (100 ng/ml VEGF(165) : 1.4-fold increase). In ex vivo experiments, VEGF receptors in biopsy material from normal and diseased kidneys were detected by immunohistochemistry. No mesangial flt-1 receptor staining was seen in normal renal cortical tissue samples, and only weak mesangial KDR staining was detected. In contrast, mesangial flt-1 and KDR receptor staining were both clearly seen in biopsy samples from proliferative renal diseases. In conclusion, flt-1, KDR, and neuropilin-1 are present on cultured HMC, and VEGF(165) induces HMC proliferation. In addition, the flt-1 and KDR receptors are expressed in the mesangium in mesangioproliferative disease.
Clinical characterization of 42 oligospermic or azoospermic men with microdeletion of the AZFc region of the Y chromosome, and of 18 children conceived via ICSI (2002)

AZFc-deleted men are somatically healthy, will most likely have useable sperm, will have stable sperm production over time and will have a good chance to experience biological paternity, but their sons will also be AZFc-deleted.
Magnetoresistive readout of thin-film memories (1962)

THE MAGNETORESISTANCE of thin films has been studied by a number of authors* who have shown that it is a convenient means of measuring the magnetic properties of these films. This is particularly so since static measurements are possible. This paper will show that it has also been found possible to use the effect for the readout of thin-film memories. It is well known that the resistance of a thin magnetic film varies with the angle between the measuring current through the film and its magnetization. An exaggerated dependence of R on this angle is illustrated in Figure 1. The resistance is maximum at 0 ° and 18- ° and is minimum at 90 °.
Coded-aperture imaging systems: Past, present and future development – A review (2016)

Scintillator based coded-aperture imaging has proven to be effective when applied for X- and gamma-ray detection. Adaptation of the same method for neutron imaging has resulted in a number of propitious systems, which could be potentially employed for neutron detection in security and nuclear decommissioning applications. Recently developed scintillator based coded-aperture imagers reveal that localisation of neutron sources using this technique may be feasible, since pulse shape discrimination algorithms implemented in the digital domain can reliably separate gamma-rays from fast neutron interactions occurring within an organic scintillator. Moreover, recent advancements in the development of solid organic scintillators make them a viable solution for nuclear decommissioning applications as they present less hazardous characteristics than currently dominating liquid scintillation detectors. In this paper existing applications of coded-apertures for radiation detection are critically reviewed, highlighting potential improvements for coded-aperture based neutron source localisation. Further, the suitability of coded-apertures for neutron imaging in nuclear decommissioning is also assessed using Monte-Carlo modelling.
Emulsion-templated silica nanocapsules formed using bio-inspired silicification (2014)

A novel, bio-inspired templating platform technology is reported for the synthesis of biocompatible oil-core silica-shell nanocapsules with tunable shell thickness by utilizing a designed bifunctional peptide. Furthermore, facile encapsulation of an active molecule and its sustained release are demonstrated.
Diphtheria Toxin Mutant CRM197 Possesses Weak EF2-ADP-ribosyl Activity that Potentiates its Anti-tumorigenic Activity (2007)

CRM197, a mutated diphtheria toxin (DT), has long been recognized to be a non-toxic protein. Based on its non-toxic feature, this protein has been utilized for various purposes, including as an inhibitor of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and as an immunological adjuvant for vaccination. Here we show evidence that CRM197 has a weak toxicity. This toxicity was observed in cells over-expressing the DT receptor/proHB-EGF, but not in parental cells, indicating that the toxicity was mediated through DT receptor. CRM197 did not show any toxicity toward DT-resistant cells, which have a mutation in elongation factor 2, and a cell-free assay revealed the existence of weak EF-2-ADP ribosylation activity in fragment A of CRM197. Thus, the present study indicates a requirement for specific care in the use of CRM197 at a high dosage, although the toxicity of CRM197 is about 10(6) times less than that of wild-type DT. We found that a monoclonal antibody to DT inhibited CRM197 toxicity, but did not affect the inhibitory activity of CRM197 toward HB-EGF-induced mitogenic activity. CRM197 strongly inhibits tumour growth in nude mice. The anti-DT monoclonal antibody administered with CRM197 reduced the anti- tumourigenic effect of CRM197, indicating that the toxicity of CRM197 potentiates its anti- tumourigenic effect.