gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<b><i>In vitro</i></b> Digestibility of Raw Starches Extracted from five Yam (<b><i>Dioscorea</i></b> spp.) Species Grown in Jamaica (2004)

Abstract Starch granules from Round leaf yellow yam, Negro yam, Sweet yam, Bitter yam and Chinese yam grown in Jamaica were isolated and characterized. The amylose content, granular size, crystallinity, and digestibility by α‐amylase were determined. The granules obtained were of three crystalline types. Round leaf yellow yam, Negro yam and Sweet yam were found to be type‐B, while Chinese yam and Bitter yam were type‐C and type‐A, respectively. Round leaf yellow yam had the highest amylose content (26.5%) while Chinese yam had the lowest (11.1%). The granule size varied between 1–3 μm for Chinese yam and 16–42 μm for Round leaf yellow yam. Significant variations in digestibility of the granules were observed. Raw starches from Chinese yam and Bitter yam were the most susceptible to α‐amylase digestion (porcine pancreatic α‐amylase, pH 5.5, 0.02% CaCl 2 , 40°C, 24 h) with 21.27 ± 0.01% and 18.11 ± 0.02% degradation, respectively, while Round leaf yellow yam, Negro yam and Sweet yam starches were the least susceptible, with 13.74 ± 0.03%, 14.98 ± 0.08%, and 15.32 ± 0.04% enzymatic degradation, respectively.
The Defect and Transport Properties of Donor Doped Single Crystal TlBr (2010)

Thallium bromide (TlBr) is attractive for high energy radiation detection, given its large molecular weight and wide energy bandgap. However, TlBr exhibits levels of ionic conductivity that can lead to an undesirable leakage, or dark current, thereby reducing sensor performance. To investigate the role of dopants in controlling the ionic conductivity, single crystals of TlBr were grown using zone refining and/or vertical Bridgman methods with controlled levels of donor (Pb) dopants. Their electrical properties were examined as a function of temperature with frequency dependent impedance spectroscopy. A Schottky-based defect equilibria model was fitted to the resulting conductivity data, and enthalpies of Schottky defect formation , cation migration , and anion migration were extracted. Br vacancies were found to posses about 5 orders of magnitude higher mobility than that of Tl vacancies at .
<title>SCALPEL masks</title> (1994)

The concept of a mask for a projection electron-beam lithography, based on the difference in scattering between two electron transparent materials -- SCALPEL<SUP>TM</SUP>, has been demonstrated previously. In order to translate this initial proof-of-concept int a mask suitable for a real lithography system, it is necessary to address a large number of issues. Because of the thin membranes employed, the design of the mask, its fabrication, robustness and dimensional stability are critical issues. Cleaning and repair strategies are also affected by the mask structure. Patterning, inspection and metrology are also vital to the production of a viable mask, but these are areas of importance common to all advanced lithographies.
Bleeding Complications Associated With Combinations of Aspirin, Thienopyridine Derivatives, and Warfarin in Elderly Patients Following Acute Myocardial Infarction (2005)

In practice, antiplatelet and anticoagulant combinations lead to modest increases in bleeding risk in elderly patients, but the overall risk is small.
Passive and Active Tagging of Glass-Fiber Polymeric Composites for In-Process and In-Field Non-Destructive Evaluation (1996)

Conventional non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods are not very effective in monitoring the material conditions of advanced composite and adhesive joints. A technology that has been proposed to enhance the inspectability of advanced composites is the particle tagging technique. Two theoretical models were recently proposed to characterize the dynamic behavior of ferromagnetic and magnetostrictive tagging particles. These theoretical models concerning the development of an active tagging technique with embedded ferromagnetic and magnetostrictive particles and magnetic excitation are now experimentally verified. The experimental results of the active particle tagging shows a variation in the dynamic response of the specimens when defects and/or damage are present. The sensory signature from a tagged polymer is extracted as a result of the interaction between the embedded particles and their host matrix. A study of various types of composites and tagging particles for passive and active tagging was performed. Experimental validation of concepts for tagging of structural materials for on-site inspection prior to installation have also been explored. The on-site particle tagging inspection has been verified on laboratory specimens obtained from industry and was shown to be very efficient.
Synthesis and properties of 7‐hydroxy‐8‐phenylxanthine and its derivatives. Disproportionation to derivatives of 8‐phenylxanthine and 6‐amino‐5‐nitrosouracil (1982)

Abstract 8‐Phenyl, 8‐( p ‐methoxyphenyl) and 8‐( p ‐chlorophenyl)‐7‐hydroxyxanthine were synthesized by ring closure of 6‐amino‐5‐nitrosouracil with benzaldehyde, p ‐methoxybenzaldehyde and p ‐chlorobenzaldehyde, respectively. The disproportionation of these products to the corresponding 8‐phenylxanthines and 6‐amino‐5‐nitrosouracil was studied. The dependence of the rate of the reaction on the various substituents was studied. The disproportionation reaction is inhibited by the polarophilic ethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and enhanced by phosphate.
D-1 dopamine receptors in the rat brain: a quantitative autoradiographic analysis (1986)

The distribution of dopamine D-1 receptors has been determined in the rat brain by a quantitative in vitro light-microscopic autoradiographic method. The binding of [N-methyl-3H]-SCH 23390 to slide-mounted tissue sections takes place with characteristics expected of a substance that recognizes D-1 receptors. The binding is saturable, has high affinity, and exhibits an appropriate pharmacology and stereospecificity in several discrete microscopic brain regions as determined by quantitative autoradiography. The highest density of D-1 receptors occurs in the caudate-putamen, accumbens nucleus, olfactory tubercle, and the substantia nigra pars reticulata. High concentrations of D-1 receptors were associated with the intercalated and medial nuclei of the amygdala, entopeduncular nucleus, and major island of Calleja. Furthermore, moderate to low concentrations were observed in several other structures, such as the frontal cortex, subthalamic nucleus, and several thalamic, hypothalamic, and hippocampal areas. The distribution of D-1 receptors correlates very well with projection areas of dopaminergic pathways. This technique furnishes a powerful assay for the accumulation of detailed pharmacologic and anatomical data about D-1 receptors, and the results suggest possible CNS sites of action of D-1 dopamine receptor selective compounds.
Miniaturized and highly parallel protein crystallization on a microfluidic disc (2007)

For the first time we present a new microfluidic system for miniaturized and highly parallel protein crystallization experiments by the free interface diffusion (FID) method. The novel system is based on a microfluidic disc fabricated by hot embossing which features 100 protein crystallization chambers enabling up to 100 different crystallization experiments in parallel. The mi- crostructures exhibit minimal feature sizes of 30mum and a maximum aspect ratio of 1. The fluidic design of the disc enables lamination of nanoliter volumes of protein and crystallization solution (precipitant) in a crystallization chamber of minimum volume of 5 nL. The protein sample is loaded to the disc by a non-contact nL-dispenser with a minimal dosage volume of 1 nL and dead volume of only 500 nL. All liquid processing steps on the disc are accomplished by centrifugal forces caused by rotation of the disc. Up to 80mum large crystals of catalase, lysozyme, proteinase K and insulin, have been produced on the disc to demonstrate the proper performance. Subsequently the crystals have been analyzed in situ in an X-ray experiment without removing them from the disc.
Fluidic shear-stress measurement using surface-micromachined sensors (2002)

A poly-silicon hot-film shear-stress sensor insulated by a vacuum-chamber underneath has been designed and fabricated by the surface micromachining technology. The sensor is operated at both constant current and constant temperature modes. The dynamic performance (including time constant and cut-off frequency) measurement, calibration, and temperature compensation of the sensor have been realized.
Resource-Aware Session Types for Digital Contracts (2021)

Programming digital contracts comes with unique challenges, which include (i) expressing and enforcing protocols of interaction, (ii) controlling resource usage, and (iii) preventing the duplication or deletion of a contract's assets. This article presents the design and type-theoretic foundation of Nomos, a programming language for digital contracts that addresses these challenges. To express and enforce protocols, Nomos is based on shared binary session types. To control resource usage, Nomos employs automatic amortized resource analysis. To prevent the duplication or deletion of assets, Nomos uses a linear type system. A monad integrates the effectful session-typed language with a general-purpose functional language. Nomos' prototype implementation features linear-time type checking and efficient type reconstruction that includes automatic inference of resource bounds via off-the-shelf linear optimization. The effectiveness of the language is evaluated with case studies on implementing common smart contracts such as auctions, elections, and currencies. Nomos is completely formalized, including the type system, a cost semantics, and a transactional semantics to deploy Nomos contracts on a blockchain. The type soundness proof ensures that protocols are followed at run-time and that types establish sound upper bounds on the resource consumption, ruling out re-entrancy and out-of-gas vulnerabilities.
DNA/protein complexes delivered in conjunction with adenovirus generate high-efficiency in vitro transfection: A powerful transfection reagent with potential broad applications (1993)

We have combined a receptor-mediated DNA delivery system with the endosomal lysis ability of adenovirus and shown that DNA can be delivered into primary hepatocytes, resulting in a high level of gene expression. When asialoorosomucoid conjugated with poly(L-lysine) was used to deliver the Escherichia coli β-galactosidase gene into primary hepatocytes through binding with the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor, only a low level of β-galactosidase was detectable, with less than 0.1% of the hepatocytes being transfected. This level of activity can be greatly enhanced by the cointernalization of the DNA protein complex with a replication-defective adenovirus, resulting in 100% of the hepatocytes staining blue with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyI β-D-galactoside. Quantitative analysis of β-galactosdase expression also showed a 1000-fold enhancement of activity. To test the applicability of this DNA delivery system for the correction of phenylketonuria, a metabolic disorder that causes severe mental retardation in children, we have delivered the human phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene to hepatocytes derived from a PAH-deficient mouse strain and dem-onstrated complete reconstitution of enzymatic activity. This method shows great promise for efficient gene delivery to the liver for correction of hepatic disorders.
Cathode-ray-tube to reflection-print matching under mixed chromatic adaptation using RLAB (1995)

The <i>Journal of Electronic Imaging</i> (JEI), copublished bimonthly with the Society for Imaging Science and Technology, publishes peer-reviewed papers that cover research and applications in all areas of electronic imaging science and technology.
A Study on the Preparation and Application of Au/TiO<sub>2</sub>Nanofiber from AAO Template (2009)

본 연구에서는 불순물이 포함된 Al 기판으로부터 두 단계의 양극산화 (anodization) 법에 의해 균일한 나노기공을 갖는 AAO(Anodic Aluminum Oxide)을 제조하였다. 생성된 AAO템플릿 위에 Deposition-Precipitation(DP)방법을 사용하여 수직으로 형성된 <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX> 나노섬유에 Au를 첨가시켜 2 wt.% <TEX>$Au/TiO_2$</TEX> 나노섬유룰 제조하였다. 두 단계의 양극산화를 통해 규칙적으로 배열된 AAO 기공 형상과 기판 위에 수직으로 배향된 <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX> 나노섬유의 형상을 SEM을 통해 확인하였다. 또한 <TEX>$Au/TiO_2$</TEX> 나노섬유의 특성은 XRD와 Raman 분석을 통하여 <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX>의 아나타제(anatase)와 루타일(rutile) 결정구조와 <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX> 나노섬유에 담지된 Au의 존재를 확인하였다. 또한 일산화탄소(CO) 산화반응을 통해 AAO(Anodic Aluminum Oxide)기판 위에 형성된 <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX>와 2 wt% <TEX>$Au/TiO_2$</TEX> 나노섬유의 광촉매적 활성을 비교하였다. In this study, highly ordered AAO (Anodic Aluminum Oxide) with nanopores was prepared by commercial grade Al substrate containing 3.5 wt.% impurities through two step anodizing method. Nanopores of prepared AAO arrays were used as templates for preparing nanofiber. <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX> was deposited by using DP (deposition-precipitation) method into AAO pores to grow nanofiber. Au particles were loaded on this <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX> nanofiber which was grown vertically. Prepared 2 wt.% <TEX>$Au/TiO_2$</TEX> nanofiber was characterized by XRD, SEM and Raman. The crystal structure was analyzed by the XRD. SEM was used to observe pore size and pore wall thickness. Photocatalytic activity of co-oxidation was compared with <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX> and <TEX>$Au/TiO_2$</TEX> nanofiber on AAO arrays.
TRPC3-GEF-H1 axis mediates pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis (2016)

Structural cardiac remodeling, accompanying cytoskeletal reorganization of cardiac cells, is a major clinical outcome of diastolic heart failure. A highly local Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx across the plasma membrane has been suggested to code signals to induce Rho GTPase-mediated fibrosis, but it is obscure how the heart specifically decodes the local Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx as a cytoskeletal reorganizing signal under the conditions of the rhythmic Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling required for pump function. We found that an inhibition of transient receptor potential canonical 3 (TRPC3) channel activity exhibited resistance to Rho-mediated maladaptive fibrosis in pressure-overloaded mouse hearts. Proteomic analysis revealed that microtubule-associated Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, GEF-H1, participates in TRPC3-mediated RhoA activation induced by mechanical stress in cardiomyocytes and transforming growth factor (TGF) β stimulation in cardiac fibroblasts. We previously revealed that TRPC3 functionally interacts with microtubule-associated NADPH oxidase (Nox) 2, and inhibition of Nox2 attenuated mechanical stretch-induced GEF-H1 activation in cardiomyocytes. Finally, pharmacological TRPC3 inhibition significantly suppressed fibrotic responses in human cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts. These results strongly suggest that microtubule-localized TRPC3-GEF-H1 axis mediates fibrotic responses commonly in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts induced by physico-chemical stimulation.
Hepatitis C Virus Particles and Lipoprotein Metabolism (2005)

The majority of infectious hepatitis C particles are present in the low-density fractions from plasma of infected patients, suggesting an association of the virus with lipoproteins and the use of lipoprotein receptors for cell entry. Although classical hepatitis C virus (HCV) virions have been reported by some investigators, their role in the HCV life cycle has not been clearly identified. Moreover, two other forms of particles have been characterized: low-density lipo-viro-particles (LVPs) and high-density particles. The latter are nonenveloped nucleocapsids that have immunoglobulin G Fcgamma binding capacity. LVPs are spherical particles enriched in triglycerides. At a minimum, they contain apolipoprotein B, HCV RNA, and core protein. The main source of LVPs is likely to be the enterocytes rather than the hepatocytes, suggesting an interaction between chylomicron and LVP assembly. In experimental systems, HCV core protein inhibits the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, binds to apolipoprotein AII, and induces accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets. A model of LVP and HCV core-lipid droplet generation is proposed.
A continuous-flow, Variable-Length FFT SDF architecture (2010)

This paper presents a FFT architecture, which processes FFT frames of various size in a continuous-flow fashion. The organization is based on the Single-path Delay Feedback (SDF) scheme and it computes mixed radix FFT algorithms with radixes 2, 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> and 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> . The proposed SDF is able to execute FFT of size varying from 128 to 2048 in continuous-flow by exploiting the memory of each stage for efficiently storing the elements of any FFT frame-size. The design handles FFT size variation without requiring additional buffers and/or idle time for reconfiguration, while it keeps the complexity and the memory size comparable to that of the radix-2 SDF for 2048 points. A FPGA implementation verifies the results.
Location of Energy Barriers. I. Effect on the Dynamics of Reactions A + BC (1969)

The dynamics of exchange reactions A+BC→AB+C have been examined on two types of potential-energy hypersurfaces that differed in the location of the energy barrier along the reaction coordinate. On “surface I” the barrier was in the entry valley of the energy surface, along the approach coordinate. On “surface II” the barrier was in the exit valley of the energy surface, along the retreat coordinate. The classical barrier height was Ec = 7.0 kcal mole−1 on both surfaces, and was displaced from the corner of the energy surface by the same amount; on surface I, r1‡ = 1.20 Å, r2‡ = 0.80 Å; on surface II, r1‡ = 0.80 Å, r2‡ = 1.20 Å (r1 ≡ rAB, r2 ≡ rBC, and the superscript ‡ refers to the location of the crest of the barrier). Three-dimensional (3D) classical trajectory calculations were performed for the mass combination mA = mB = mC at several reagent energies. The reagent energy took the form of translation, vibration or an equilibrium distribution of the two. The main findings were that translation was markedly more effective than vibration in promoting reaction on surface I, and vibration markedly more effective than translation in promoting reaction on surface II. The total reactive cross section with the entire reagent energy vested in translation was symbolized ST, with the reagent energy (but for 1.5 kcal) in vibration, SV, and with an equilibrium distribution over reagent translation and vibration, Seq. On surface I ST ≫ SV: on surface II SV ≫ ST. Close to the threshold for ST on surface I, ST / Seq ∼ 10; close to the threshold for SV, on surface II, SV / Seq ∼ 10. At high reagent energies (2 × threshold) on surface I ST / Seq fell to 2, whereas on surface II SV / Seq increased to extremely large values. Product energy and angular distributions were recorded for two reagent energies. On surface I with low translational energy in the reagents a major part of the available energy appeared as vibration in the molecular product. At higher collision energy this fraction decreased. On surface II with low vibrational energy in the reagents only a small part of the available energy appeared as vibration in the product. At higher vibrational energy this fraction increased. The product angular distribution at low reagent translational energy on surfaces I and II corresponded to backward-peaked scattering of the molecular product. At increased reagent energy on both surfaces the distribution shifted forward (this is a novel phenomenon in the case of increased reagent vibration; surface II).
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Efficient, Practical Approach to Natural Taxol. (1988)

Abstract Since the isolation of the exceptionally promising cancer chemotherapeutic agent taxol from the bark of yew species is very difficult and low‐yielding and, obviously, fatal to the source which is threatened, an efficient partial synthesis of taxol from an easily and permanently accessible congener is required.
More on the error recovery for variable-length codes (1995)

Variable-length codes (e.g. Huffman codes) are commonly employed to minimize the average codeword length for noiseless encoding of discrete sources. Upon transmission over noisy channels, conflicting views note that such codes "tend to be self-synchronizing" and suffer from the "catastrophic effect of the error's propagation". Maxted and Robinson (1985) used a state model to describe the error recovery of the decoder. The present paper extends their results in several ways.
A Robust Image Steganography Technique Using Dynamic Embedding with Two Least Significant Bits (2011)

In this paper we are proposing a new Image steganography technique for secure communication between sender and receiver. At the sender we follow two steps. In the first step we encrypt the secret information by blowfish algorithm and in second step we embed the cipher text in LSB minus one and LSB (least significant bit) locations of some of the selected pixels (bytes) of the carrier image. One pixel is 8 bits in 8-bit gray scale. The selection of the pixels is done by a dynamic evaluation function. Depending on the cipher text bits, the dynamic evaluation function decides on which pixels the different cipher text bits are to be embedded. At the receiver also two steps are followed, first the cipher bits are retrieved from the image from the said locations and then it is decrypted by using the blowfish algorithm to get the secret information. As the embedding byte locations are decided based on bits of the cipher text, so it is dynamic steganography. This approach provides two levels of security, one at the cryptography level and the other at the steganography level. The proposed technique is experimented through a large number of experiments.
Effect of Heterogeneity on the Non-Darcy Flow Coefficient (1998)

Abstract An analytical method for calculating an effective non-Darcy flow coefficient for a heterogeneous formation is presented. The method presented here can be used to calculate an effective non-Darcy flow coefficient for heterogeneous gridblocks in reservoir simulators. Based on this method, it is shown that the non-Darcy flow coefficient of a heterogeneous formation is larger than the non-Darcy flow coefficient of an equivalent homogenous formation. This result is confirmed using numerical simulations. Non-Darcy flow coefficients calculated from analysis of well test data from a gas condensate field show that non-Darcy flow obtained from well tests that are significantly larger than those predicted from experimental correlations. Permeability heterogeneity is, therefore, a very likely reason for differences in non-Darcy flow coefficients often seen between lab and field data. P. 215