gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Resistant starches as a vehicle for delivering health benefits to the human large bowel (2008)

Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP; major components of dietary fibre) have been rather disappointing in the prevention and management of large bowel inflammatory diseases (IBD) or colorectal cancer (CRC). Resistant starch (RS) is that starch which escapes small intestinal digestion and enters the large bowel. RS contributes to total dietary fibre and could be as important as NSP in promoting large bowel health and preventing IBD and CRC. Indeed, it appears that some societies historically at low risk for these conditions eat relatively little NSP but have diets high in RS through their culinary practices. RS acts largely through its large bowel bacterial fermentation products which are, in adults, short chain fatty acids (SCFA). Collectively, SCFA have several non-specific positive actions on large bowel physiology including lowering of luminal pH. Of the major acids, butyrate has attracted the most attention. It is a major metabolic fuel for and promoter of a normal phenotype in colonocytes. Recent data from our laboratory support the latter suggestion. We have shown that, in rats, higher dietary protein (as casein, red meat or soy) increases colonocyte genetic damage and thinning of the colonic mucus barrier. However, feeding of RS as a high amylose maize starch opposed both of these changes in proportion to increased colonic butyrate. These data accord with prospective population data showing lower CRC risk with consumption of total dietary fibre. RS intakes appear to be low in most affluent industrialized countries, so increasing its consumption by modifying consumer foods is one strategy to improve public health. CSIRO and its partners are developing new high amylose cereal cultivars for this purpose. Colonic delivery of specific SCFA could also be useful clinically and we have shown that acetylated, propionylated and butyrylated starches resist small intestinal amylolysis. The bound SCFA are released by the large bowel microflora, raising their digesta levels, with the greatest increase being in the esterified acid. Feeding studies with butyrylated starch in rats have confirmed the opposition of diet-induced genetic damage, supporting a role for this SCFA in lowering risk of CRC and IBD. Further human and animal interventions are planned to determine the potential of these new types of RS in enhancing colonic health.
LLC resonant converter for wireless energy transmission system with PLL control (2008)

This paper presents a wireless transcutaneous energy transmission system utilizing the magnetic coupling of coils. No physical wire connection is required between the circuits inside and outside the body. Because the transformer is the contactless transformer, the coupling efficient of the transformer is not good as normal transformer. The parameter of the leakage inductance of transformer will be larger than the magnetizing inductance of transformer. An LLC resonant converter is used outside the body. The LLC resonant converter could have higher power conversion efficiency to improve wireless transcutaneous energy transmission system efficiency. In addition, the soft-switching structure of a LLC resonant converter is utilized. A phase locked loop is adopted to control the LCC resonance to facilitate the steady electrical energy transfer. According to the experimental results, the system can deliver an output power around 1W to the load circuits inside the body and the output voltage can be regulated at 4V.
Reply : Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nepafenac, amfenac, ketorolac, and bromfenac (2008)

We thank Bucci and Waterbury for their interest in our study and take this opportunity to address their concerns. First, they cite differences in relative aqueous NSAID concentrations between this study and their previously published study.1 The most troubling issue with the Bucci study was the comparison of aqueous ketorolac concentration with that of amfenac and nepafenac individually.2 Since aqueous humor localization of both molecules is a direct result of nepafenac penetration, the concentrations of both must be combined to accurately assess the aqueous penetration of Nevanac. Next, Bucci and Waterbury take issue with our conclusion that PGE2 levels could not be meaningfully interpreted, again citing their own research of aqueous PGE2 levels.1 However, as we clearly explained in our letter to the editor regarding their study,2 we learned that measuring PGE2 levels at the onset of surgery provides no insight into NSAID antiinflammatory activity because it takes hours after ocular insult to achieve elevated PGE2 levels.3,4 Their criticism of our suggestion that nepafenac serves as a reservoir for continued amfenac production5 may be a result of 2 fundamental misinterpretations. First, nepafenac, as the sole source of the potent COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor amfenac, is clearly vital to Nevanac's clinical efficacy. Furthermore, they maintain that only a fraction of aqueous nepafenac was converted to amfenac, when almost 60% was converted within only 4 hours. Their claim that the rate of nepafenac elimination from the aqueous was far greater than the rate of amfenac conversion fails to acknowledge that the majority of this “elimination” was actually caused by its conversion to amfenac. Bucci and Waterbury also charge that we have ignored the variability of the NSAIDs' pharmacokinetics, when, in fact, we have demonstrated this variability by presenting standard deviations of the mean Cmax values of each analyte. If they are attempting to point out the limitations of measuring pharmacokinetics over a finite time period, this has also been accounted for in each of our interpretations. For instance, they criticize our suggestion that amfenac is likely to have a prolonged duration of action relative to other topical NSAIDs. However, without considering that nepafenac is a reservoir for subsequent amfenac production, amfenac exposure alone during the 4-hour time period was higher than that of ketorolac. While we cannot determine the concentrations beyond this time period, we would expect, based on these results, that amfenac exposure would exceed that of ketorolac beyond 4 hours. Finally, the unpublished study mentioned by Bucci and Waterbury as having no details provided has since been published6 and we invite them to read this manuscript for more information on that study. Despite the above objections by our colleagues, we confidently maintain that our study provides the most comprehensive pharmacokinetic profiles of the leading topical NSAIDs to date, while simultaneously presenting a valid head-to-head potency comparison.
Advances in 4D radiation therapy for managing respiration: Part I – 4D imaging (2012)

Techniques for managing respiration during imaging and planning of radiation therapy are reviewed, concentrating on free-breathing (4D) approaches. First, we focus on detailing the historical development and basic operational principles of currently-available "first generation" 4D imaging modalities: 4D computed tomography, 4D cone beam computed tomography, 4D magnetic resonance imaging, and 4D positron emission tomography. Features and limitations of these first generation systems are described, including necessity of breathing surrogates for 4D image reconstruction, assumptions made in acquisition and reconstruction about the breathing pattern, and commonly-observed artifacts. Both established and developmental methods to deal with these limitations are detailed. Finally, strategies to construct 4D targets and images and, alternatively, to compress 4D information into static targets and images for radiation therapy planning are described.
Toxicologic evaluation of injectable acemannan in the mouse, rat and dog. (1992)

Acemannan, the USAN-accepted name for long-chain polydispersed beta-(1,4)-acetylated polymannose with interspersed 0-acetyl groups with a mannose monomer/acetyl ratio of approximately 1:1 and extracted from Aloe vera (barbadensis Miller), was administered as a 1.0 mg/ml solution to mice, rats and dogs, either as single dose or repeated at 4-d intervals for 8 doses by iv or ip routes. No significant signs of intoxication and no deaths occurred in animals treated with the single injection of acemannan at dosages of 80 mg/kg iv or 200 mg/kg ip in mice, 15 mg/kg iv or 50 mg/kg ip in rats, and 10 mg/kg iv or 50 mg/kg ip in dogs. On repeated injections systemic toxicity was limited to obvious transient discomfort that appeared dose related. There was accumulation of macrophages and monocytes without subsequent inflammatory reaction in lungs of the iv-treated animals, and in liver and spleen and on peritoneal surfaces of ip-treated animals. The effects were not considered adverse, but were consistent with the known immune stimulating activity of acemannan. A few deaths occurred in mice and rats that were suggestive of resulting from improper injection or sequella of necrosis of the injection site. The NOAELs for acemannan determined from these repeated injection studies were 20 mg/kg iv or ip in the mouse, 4.0 mg/kg iv and 50 mg/kg ip in the rat, and 1.0 mg/kg iv in dogs; 5.0 mg acemannan/kg ip in the dog was considered to be LOAEL, based on the emesis and abdominal discomfort induced.
Convenient Preparative Method for Lactones from 3-hydroxy Propanoic Acids Using Iodine under Solvent-Free Conditions (2007)

Intramolecular cyclization of 3-hydroxy acids was investigated using iodine as a catalyst under solvent-free conditions. The reaction proceeded to completion in the heterogeneous system. Lactones were obtained by intramolecular cyclization of 3-hydroxy acids. Propella lactone (11-oxatricyclo[4.4.3.0(1,6)]tridecan-12-one) was conveniently synthesized from 3-hydroxy acid ((6-hydroxyspiro[4.5]dec-6-yl)acetic acid) in 88% yield with carbon skeleton rearrangement. Spiro lactones and bicyclic lactones were also obtained from the corresponding 3-hydroxy acids in yields of over 75%. The most suitable reaction conditions were a temperature of 80 degrees C, a molar ratio of 3-hydroxy acid:iodine = 1:0.1, and a time period of 6 h. In addition, terpenic lactones were efficiently synthesized from the corresponding 3-hydroxy acids, derived from (+)-camphor, (-)-fencone, and (-)-pulegone, with skeleton rearrangement. The yield of the solvent-free reaction was as high as that of the corresponding reaction in solution.
Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging is More Reliable Than T2*-Weighted Gradient-Recalled Echo MRI for Detecting Microbleeds (2013)

SWI confers greater reliability as well as greater sensitivity for CMB detection compared with GRE, and should be the preferred sequence for quantifying CMB counts.
cDNA Cloning of Monodehydroascorbate Radical Reductase from Cucumber: a High Degree of Homology in Terms of Amino Acid Sequence between This Enzyme and Bacterial Flavoenzymes (1994)

The FAD-enzyme monodehydroascorbate (MDA) reductase catalyzes the regeneration of ascorbate from the MDA radical using NAD(P)H as the electron donor [Hossain and Asada (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260: 12920]. We cloned a cDNA of MDA reductase from cucumber seedlings and deduced its entire sequence of amino acid residues. The cDNA library from cucumber seedlings in the expression vector was screened with an antiserum against cucumber MDA reductase. Inserts from three immunoscreened clones hybridized with two oligonucleotide probes designed on the basis of the sequences of two peptide fragments from the cucumber enzyme. The nucleotide sequences of these three clones were determined and the longest one contained an open reading frame of 1,302 bp in length. The molecular mass of the translation product predicted from the open reading frame was 47 kDa, the same as that determined for the purified enzyme. The amino acid sequences determined from fragments of lysyl endopeptidase-digested MDA reductase could be aligned with that deduced from the open reading frame, although substitution of several residues was apparent. Thus, the open reading frame encoded an isozyme of MDA reductase of cucumber different from the purified enzyme. MDA reductase has the FAD- and NAD(P)H-binding domains of flavoproteins but shares only limited homology in terms of amino acid sequence with flavoenzymes from eukaryotes.
The Eighteenth Century in Latin Verse (1916)

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Developmental expression of trout egg polysialoglycoproteins and the prerequisite alpha 2,6-, and alpha 2,8-sialyl and alpha 2,8-polysialyltransferase activities required for their synthesis during oogenesis. (1994)

The developmental expression of the alpha 2,6- and alpha 2,8-linked sialic acid (Sia) residues in trout egg polysialoglycoproteins (PSGPs) was studied by correlating the temporal expression of these sugar residues, and the prerequisite sialyltransferases responsible for their synthesis, during oogenesis. The following new findings are reported. 1) Disialylated glycoproteins were identified in ovaries 4-6 months prior to ovulation. Three months prior to ovulation, a second more highly sialylated glycoprotein appeared. Structural studies confirmed that the two glycoproteins were discrete molecular species, designated PSGP(low Sia) and PSGP(high Sia), which differed only in their Sia content. PSGP(low Sia) contained mostly disialyl (Sia alpha 2,8-Sia alpha 2,6-) side chains, whereas PSGP(high Sia) contained alpha 2,8-linked oligo/polySia side chains ranging in length from 2 to over 20 Sia residues. The average degree of polymerization ([DP]av) was 6. 2) Biosynthetic studies using CMP-[14C]Neu5Ac indicated that three sialyltransferase activities were responsible for synthesis of the polysialyl residues of PSGPs: (i) alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase (alpha 2,6-ST), which catalyzed formation of the Sia residues alpha 2,6-linked to the proximal GalNAc residues in asialo-PSGP; (ii) alpha 2,6-sialoside alpha 2,8-sialyltransferase (alpha 2,8-ST or "initiase"), which catalyzed transfer of the first alpha 2,8-Sia residue to the alpha 2,6-linked Sia residue; and (iii) an alpha 2,8-polysialyltransferase (alpha 2,8-polyST or "polymerase"), responsible for synthesis of the alpha 2,8-linked poly/oligo Sia chains in PSGP(high Sia). Expression of these enzyme activities increased in accordance with the developmental appearance of each PSGP. 3) Structural characterization of the [14C]Sia-labeled side chains of each PSGP at different stages of development confirmed that synthesis of the disialyl unit containing a single alpha 2,8-Sia residue occurred before alpha 2,8-polysialylation. 4) In ovaries, 96% of the sialyltransferase activities were found in the Golgi-derived immature cortical vesicles or as soluble enzymes released from the fragile vesicles. Less than 4% of the activities were localized in the membrane (Golgi) fraction. In mature eggs, the sialyltransferases were also detected as soluble enzymes, and within the cortical vesicles.
Time-Domain Transmit Beamforming for MIMO-OFDM Systems with Finite Rate Feedback (2009)

Transmit beamforming (BF) and receive combining are simple and popular methods for performance enhancement in multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems. In this paper, we propose a novel single-data stream, time-domain BF (TD-BF) scheme for MIMO-OFDM systems which uses cyclic BF filters (C- BFFs). Assuming perfect channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter, the C-BFFs are optimized for two different criteria, namely, maximum average mutual information (AMI) per sub-carrier and minimum average uncoded bit error rate (BER). If the C-BFF length <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L<sub>g</sub></i> is equal to the number of sub-carriers N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> ,closed-form solutions to both optimization problems exist. For the practically relevant case <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L<sub>g</sub> < N<sub>c</sub></i> we present numerical methods for calculation of the optimum C-BFFs for both criteria. Using a global vector quantization (GVQ) approach the C-BFFs are quantized for practical finite-rate feedback channels. Simulation results for typical IEEE 802.11 n channels confirm the excellent performance of the proposed scheme and show that TD-BF has a more favorable performance/feedback rate trade-off than previously proposed frequency-domain BF (FD-BF) schemes.
Association Between Nocturnal Bruxism and Gastroesophageal Reflux (2003)

Nocturnal bruxism may be secondary to nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux, occurring via sleep arousal and often together with swallowing. The physiologic link between bruxism and the increase in salivation needs to be investigated.
수영만의 수질한경과 대장균 : 1 . 하계의 수질환경과 대장균에 관하여 (1991)

오염도가 높은 하계 수영만의 환경인자와 대장균군과의 상관관계를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다.
용존산소는 수영강하구에서는 0.54∼1.71㎖/l인 빈 산소상태으며, COD는 최저 0.28ppm에서 최고 9.84ppm, 염분은 14.7% 에서 33.5% 였다. 영앙염류는 아질산염이 0.13∼20.49㎍-at/l, 질산염이 0.98∼50.32㎍-at/l, 암모니아가 3.81∼246.98㎍-at/l, 규산염은 6.12∼177.55㎍-at/l였다.
대장균군 분포는 강하구에서 10⁴∼10^5/100㎖였고 외양으로 갈수록 감소되었다. 대장관군의 Type I 은 외양까지 출현율이 높았다. 대장균과 암모니아와의 상관관계는 0.629이었고, 염분, 용존산소와는 역상관 관계를 보여주고 있다. 이러한 결과는 유기물과 대장균과의 관계가 있음을 알 수 있다.
Second Use of Transportation Batteries: Maximizing the Value of Batteries for Transportation and Grid Services (2011)

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to gain significant market share in the next few decades. The economic viability for such vehicles is contingent upon the availability of cost-effective batteries with high power and energy density. For initial commercial success, government subsidies will be instrumental in allowing PHEVs and EVs to gain a foothold. However, in the long term, for electric vehicles to be commercially viable, the economics have to be self-sustaining. Toward the end of the battery life in the vehicle, the energy capacity left in the battery is not sufficient to provide the designed range for the vehicle. Typically, the automotive manufacturers recommend battery replacement when the remaining energy capacity reaches 70%-80%. There is still sufficient power (kilowatts) and energy capacity (kilowatthour) left in the battery to support various grid ancillary services such as balancing, spinning reserve, and load following. As renewable energy penetration increases, the need for such balancing services is expected to increase. This work explores optimality for the replacement of transportation batteries to be subsequently used for grid services. This analysis maximizes the value of an electric vehicle battery to be used as a transportation battery (in its first life) and, then, as a resource for providing grid services (in its second life). The results are presented across a range of key parameters, such as depth of discharge (DOD), number of batteries used over the life of the vehicle, battery life in the vehicle, battery state of health (SOH) at the end of life in the vehicle, and ancillary services rate. The results provide valuable insights for the automotive industry into maximizing the utility and the value of the vehicle batteries in an effort to either reduce the selling price of EVs and PHEVs or maximize the profitability of the emerging electrification of transportation.
An In-Plane High-Sensitivity, Low-Noise Micro-g Silicon Accelerometer With CMOS Readout Circuitry (2004)

A high-sensitivity, low-noise in-plane (lateral) capacitive silicon microaccelerometer utilizing a combined surface and bulk micromachining technology is reported. The accelerometer utilizes a 0.5-mm-thick, 2.4/spl times/1.0 mm/sup 2/ proof-mass and high aspect-ratio vertical polysilicon sensing electrodes fabricated using a trench refill process. The electrodes are separated from the proof-mass by a 1.1-/spl mu/m sensing gap formed using a sacrificial oxide layer. The measured device sensitivity is 5.6 pF/g. A CMOS readout circuit utilizing a switched-capacitor front-end /spl Sigma/-/spl Delta/ modulator operating at 1 MHz with chopper stabilization and correlated double sampling technique, can resolve a capacitance of 10 aF over a dynamic range of 120 dB in a 1 Hz BW. The measured input referred noise floor of the accelerometer-CMOS interface circuit is 1.6/spl mu/g//spl radic/Hz in atmosphere.
Induction of Cytosolic Ca2+ Elevation Mediated by Mas-7 Occurs through Membrane Pore Formation (1996)

Mas-7, a mastoparan derivative, induces elevation of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) along two independent pathways. The minor contribution occurs via phospholipase C activation and is negatively regulated by treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, a protein kinase C activator. The major contribution involves plasma membrane pores allowing not only Ca2+, Mn2+, and Na+ to enter but also the uptake of ethidium bromide (314 Da) and lucifer yellow (457 Da), but not fura-2 (831 Da), Evans blue (961 Da), and fluorescein-conjugate phalloidin (1,175 Da). Mas-7-induced current, as measured in planar lipid bilayers, reveals that Mas-7-induced pores have two slope conductances, 290 and 94 pS, and that the pores are nonselective for cations. The results also indicate that Mas-7 can produce pores by direct interaction with the plasma membrane without the involvement of membrane proteins and cytosolic factors. Besides in human neuroblastoma cells, similar Mas-7 effects were also observed in other cell lines such as HL-60, 1321N1 human astrocytoma, and bovine chromaffin cells. The data suggest that the Mas-7-induced [Ca2+]i elevation is the combined result of Ca2+ release from stores via phosphoinositide turnover and prolonged Ca2+ influx through membrane pores.
Grafting to Vinylpyrrolidone Polymers and Copolymers by the Ceric lon Method (1973)

Abstract Polymers and copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone were investigated as grafting substrates for methyl methacrylate using the ceric ion method. Ceric ion readily initiates methyl methacrylate grafting to commercial poly (vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) of 360,000 nominal molecular weight. The resulting graft copolymer was surprisingly found to be an ABA triblock system with PVP in the center block. This conclusion is supported by three key pieces of evidence: first, selective degradation of the PVP/MMA graft copolymer showed two PMMA grafts per PVP chain: second, blocking of what are apparently hydroxylic or glycolic PVP end groups by reaction with phenyl isocyanate rendered the PVP unreactive to ceric ion grafting; third, if the PVP is prepared by methods which preclude formation of hydroxylic end groups, the PVP is unreactive to ceric ion grafting. Vinylpyrrolidone polymers can be made graftable via ceric ion if N-methacryloyl-D-glucosamine (NMAG) is incorporated as a comonomer in the PVP backbone. Regardless of the method of preparation, incorporation of NMAG provides grafting sites which are highly reactive to ceric ion. At copolymer compositions up to 10 mole % NMAG, the methyl methacrylate graft copolymers are soluble in organic solvents. Above 10 mole % NMAG, the grafting reaction leads to cross-linking and formation of intractable gels.