gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamometer Development of a Lightly Stratified Direct Injection Combustion System (2004)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes the dynamometer development of a lightly stratified direct-injection spark-ignition engine. The engine was designed for stratified charge operation at speeds and loads below 2000 RPM, 2 bar BMEP. Test results detailed in this report include evaluation of part-load stratified-charge, part-load homogeneous-charge, and WOT operation. The program had aggressive goals in improving WOT performance and part-load fuel consumption compared to a baseline PFI engine while meeting Stage V emissions levels. Mini-map analysis of the engine data indicated that the engine was able to meet the emissions and fuel consumption goals.</div>
Improving Performance and Drainage of Coalescing Filters (2010)

Pure air or gas is very critical to many industrial applications.Gas streams contain impurities in the form of solid and liquid aerosols of micron and submicron sizes.It is very important to remove these aerosols for improving the economy and reliability of industrial processes and equipment as well as protecting our health and environment.Among different filters being used, coalescing filters are effectively used to remove liquid aerosols from gas streams and hence has numerous industrial applications.The performance of the filter affects the economy of the process.A coalescing filter captures the oil droplets and the captured liquid typically drains from the filter by action of gravity.The saturation or hold-up of liquid in the filter constricts the gas flow, increases pressure drop, and increases the operating costs of the filter.The filter loaded with liquid droplet indicates limited filter life and needs to be replaced which increases the cost of process.Filter performance and filter life can be improved if the liquid saturation is reduced without reduction in capture efficiency.In this research work filter media are modified with drainage structures to reduce saturation and to reduce drag resistance.The media are tested in horizontal and vertical orientations to determine whether their orientation with gravity influences the performance.The experimental results show that with no drainage channels the media oriented with flow vertically downward operates the best whereas with drainage channels the horizontally iii oriented media had the best performance.The results also show filter geometries developed by embedding low surface energy woven drainage channels at 45 degree downward angles have the overall best performance.Adding nanofibers to improve the performance of the filter media is an effective way of improving filter media's capture efficiency with moderate increase in pressure drop.Nanofiber augmented filter media indicated higher pressure drop but when the drainage channels are incorporated in the filter, the increase in the pressure drop is significantly low.The pressure drop increase will be significant for a nanofiber augmented filter media without the drainage channels.Filter geometries developed by incorporating drainage channels at downward angles indicate significantly low pressure drop, the drainage channels create a path of lower resistance and hence maximum flow goes through the drainage channel improving the filter performance and drainage.This research work allows to develop cost effective filter geometries which will significantly increase filter performance as compared to the glass fiber filter media which are commonly used in the industry.
Hormesis (2008)

Abstract This article summarizes the historical foundations of the dose‐response relationship with particular emphasis on why the threshold dose‐response model became widely accepted within the pharmacology and toxicology communities and the hormetic dose‐response model became largely marginalized. The article describes the current resurgence of interest in the hormetic dose‐response model and why it may improve predictions in the low‐dose zone. The article provides a summary of the quantitative features of the hormetic dose‐response, its generalizability, mechanistic foundations, and its capacity for application in the risk assessment process.
Trousseau's syndrome: multiple definitions and multiple mechanisms (2007)

In 1865, Armand Trousseau noted that unexpected or migratory thrombophlebitis could be a forewarning of an occult visceral malignancy. An analysis by Sack and colleagues in 1977 extended the term Trousseau's syndrome to include chronic disseminated intravascular coagulopathy associated with microangiopathy, verrucous endocarditis, and arterial emboli in patients with cancer, often occurring with mucin-positive carcinomas. In recent times the term has been ascribed to various clinical situations, ranging all the way from these classic descriptions to any kind of coagulopathy occurring in the setting of any kind of malignancy. These multiple definitions of Trousseau's syndrome are partly the consequence of multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms that apparently contribute to the hypercoagulability associated with cancer. Even the classic syndrome probably represents a spectrum of disorders, ranging from exaggerated fluid-phased thrombosis dependent on prothrombotic agents such as tissue factor to a platelet- and endotheliumum-based selectin-dependent microangiopathy associated with mucin-producing carcinomas, along with thrombin and fibrin production. Also considered here are recent hypotheses about genetic pathways within tumor cells that might trigger these thrombotic phenomena, and the reasons why therapy with heparins of various kinds remain the preferred treatment, probably because of their salutary actions on several of the proposed pathologic mechanisms.
Evaluation of BER in Bluetooth Wireless Systems Disturbed by Radiated Noise from Spread Spectrum Clock Systems (2006)

Frequency-modulated clock signals are widely used in personal computers to reduce the amplitude of the clock harmonic noise, as measured using an electromagnetic interference (EMI) test receiver. However, the power of the clock harmonics is not decreased with this technique called spread spectrum clocking (SSC). Hence, the impact of the harmonics of a frequency-modulated clock on the bit error rate (BER) and packet error rate (PER) of a Bluetooth system is theoretically analyzed. In addition, theoretical analysis covers the effectiveness of a frequency hopping spread spectrum (FH-SS) scheme and forward error correction (FEC) in mitigating the degradation in the BER and PER caused by clock harmonic interference. The results indicate that the BER and PER strongly depend on the modulating frequency and maximum frequency deviation of the clock harmonic. They also indicate that radiated clock harmonics may considerably degrade the BER and PER when a Bluetooth receiver is very close to a personal computer. Frequency modulating the clock harmonics slightly reduces the BER while it negligibly reduces the PER.
Stromal cell‐derived factor 1 (SDF‐1, CXCL12) is increased in subacromial bursitis and downregulated by steroid and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory agents (2006)

Several studies have demonstrated that inflammation in the subacromial bursa is an important component in the pathogenesis of impingement syndrome. We have demonstrated in a previous study that many inflammatory cytokines, including stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1, CXCL12), are increased in the subacromial bursa [Blaine et al. 2005. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 14(Suppl 1):84S-89S]. SDF-1 is a potent chemotactic and angiogenic factor that stimulates recruitment of inflammatory cells. In the current study, we proposed that the resident cells in subacromial bursal tissue produce SDF-1, which can play a role in the inflammatory reponse of bursal tissue, and that this chemokine can be regulated by steroid (dexamethasone) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs). Twenty-two subacromial bursa tissues (18 bursitis and 4 normal bursa) were obtained intraoperatively from patients during shoulder surgery and analyzed using the cDNA Array technique in accordance with an IRB approved protocol. cDNA array results were confirmed with real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Bursal cells (from 4 normal bursa, 3 bursitis) and two normal bone marrow with whole tissue explants were cultured for one passage. Cell culture supernatants were collected and SDF-1 protein was detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cultured bursal cells were treated with a COX-2 inhibitor and dexamethasone, and cells was harvested at 1-day and 4-day intervals. SDF-1 expression was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. cDNA Array analysis demonstrated that the gene expression of SDF-1 was increased in patients with subacromial bursitis compared to controls (p < 0.05). Real-time RT-PCR also revealed that the mRNA expression of SDF-1 in bursitis tissue is increased 10-fold over control tissue. While the normal bursal cells produced negligible amounts of SDF-1 protein, cultured cells derived from bursitis lesion released as much SDF-1 protein (235 pg/100,000 cells) as normal bone marrow stromal cells (283 pg/100,000 cells) as measured by ELISA. The addition of a COX-2 inhibitor and dexamethasone to bursitis cell lines led to decreased SDF-1 expression levels compared to untreated bursitis cell lines. These studies demonstrate that there is a significant elevation of SDF-1 expression in the subacromial bursa of patients with rotator cuff disease. Furthermore, this chemokine can be downregulated by COX-2 inhibitors and steroids. These results provide biologic evidence for the use of steroid and NSAIDs in the treatment of subacromial bursitis. In the future, targeted inhibition of molecules such as SDF-1 in the subacromial bursa may present a therapeutic strategy that may avoid the side effects of these other (steroid and NSAID) medications.
Theoretical equation of state: thermal expansivity, compressibility, and the Tait relation (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTheoretical equation of state: thermal expansivity, compressibility, and the Tait relationR. K. Jain and Robert SimhaCite this: Macromolecules 1989, 22, 1, 464–468Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1989https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00191a084RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views240Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (545 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
A New Fluoroquinolone Derivative Exhibits Inhibitory Activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication (1999)

The inhibitory activity of several fluoroquinolone antibiotics against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication was investigated. R-71762, (+/-) 9-fluoro-3-fluoromethyl-2, 3-dihydro-10-[4-(2-pyridyl)-1-piperazinyl]-7-oxo-7H-pyrido[1,2, 3-de][1,4]benzoxazine-6-carboxylic acid, protected MT-4 cells from HIV-1-induced cytopathic effects. Furthermore, the compound inhibited virus replication both in acutely and in chronically HIV-1-infected cells. On the other hand, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and enoxacin, that were previously reported to be protective against HIV-1-induced cytopathic effects, did not show any protective activity in our assay system. These results indicate that R-71762 is a novel inhibitor of HIV-1 replication and is effective even in HIV-1 chronically infected cells.
A Lightweight Protocol Based on the SSL Protocol for Handheld Devices (2011)

Currently the most popular secure protocol is SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), but it has some negative aspects: First, it imposes a heavier burden on handheld wireless devices, and when a certificate uses PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) e.g. RSA algorithms, it takes a long time to establish a secure connection between client and server. This paper proposes a lightweight protocol based on the SSL protocol, which is more suitable for handheld wireless devices operating under low-capabilities, low-bandwidth and error-prone wireless links. The new lightweight SSL protocol has designed the SSL to reduce the client computational load, leaving the computational intensive operation on the server side. The client does not need to generate and encrypt the pre_master secret nor calculate the master secret. The only operation the client needs to perform is to decrypt the master secret it has received from the server. Moreover it is able to reduce the response time between client and server using SSL session reuse. It is more suitable to securely connect handheld wireless devices and servers.
Synthesis of novel sulfonyl‐containing liquid‐crystalline side‐chain poly(vinyl ethers) (1995)

Abstract The synthesis of some new liquid‐crystalline polymers with sulfonyl‐containing mesogenic groups is described. 4‐[( S )‐(‐)‐2‐MethylbutyIsulfonyl]‐4′‐[(11‐vinyloxy)undecyloxy]biphenyl ( 10 ‐11), 4‐[( S )‐(‐)‐2‐methylbutylsulfonyl]‐4′‐[8‐(vinyloxy)octyloxy]biphenyl ( 10 ‐8), 4‐[( S )‐(‐)‐2‐ methylbutylsulfonyl]biphenyl 4‐[11‐(vinyloxy)undecyloxy]benzoate ( 12 ‐11), 4‐[( S )‐(‐)‐2‐methylbutylsulfonyl]biphenyl 4‐[8‐(vinyloxy)octyloxy]benzoate ( 12 ‐8), 4‐[( S )‐(‐)‐2‐methylbutyloxy]‐4′‐ [11‐(vinyloxy)undecylsulfonyl]biphenyl ( 18 ‐11) and 2‐[11‐(vinyloxy)undecyloxy]‐6‐{4‐[( S )‐(‐)‐2‐ methylbutylsulfonyl]phenyl}naphthalene ( 23 ‐11) were all synthesized, and polymerized with the initiating system CF 3 SO 3 H/S(CH 3 ) 2 in CH 3 Cl 3 at 0°C. Monomers 10 ‐11, 10 ‐8, 18 ‐11 and 23 ‐11 are crystalline, while both 12 ‐11 and 12 ‐8 show an enantiotropic smectic A phase. All polymers exhibit the same thermotropic behaviour as their corresponding monomers, except poly( 23 ‐11) which exhibits an enantiotropic smectic A (s A ) and a monotropic chiral smectic C phase (S* C ).
Diabetes and Coronary Heart Disease in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study (1996)

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death among American Indians. However, information on the prevalence of CHD and its association with known risk factors is limited. The purpose of the Strong Heart Study is to quantify CHD and its risk factors among three geographically diverse groups of American Indians. The population consists of 4,549 adults between 45 and 74 years of age in 13 Indian communities in Arizona, Oklahoma, and South and North Dakota. The phase I examination (1989-1991) revealed very high prevalence rates of diabetes that ranged from 33 to 72% in men and women in the three centers. Prevalence rates of definite myocardial infarction (MI) and definite CHD were higher in men than in women in all three centers (P < 0.0001) and in those with diabetes (P = 0.002 and P = 0.0003 in women and men respectively). Diabetes was associated with a relatively greater increase in prevalence of MI (prevalence rate = 3.8 vs. 1.9) and CHD (prevalence rate = 4.6 vs. 1.8) in women than in men. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the prevalence of CHD among American Indians was significantly related to age, diabetes, hypertension, albuminuria, percentage of body fat, smoking, high concentrations of plasma insulin, and low concentrations of HDL cholesterol. Lower prevalence rates of CHD were found in Arizona despite higher rates of diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and albuminuria; these lower rates may be in part related to lower smoking frequency and lower concentrations of total and LDL cholesterol. These findings from the baseline Strong Heart Study examination emphasize the relative importance of diabetes and its associated variables as risk factors for CHD among American Indian populations.
A New Local Distance-Based Outlier Detection Approach for Scattered Real-World Data (2009)

Detecting outliers which are grossly different from or inconsistent with the remaining dataset is a major challenge in real-world KDD applications. Existing outlier detection methods are ineffective on scattered real-world datasets due to implicit data patterns and parameter setting issues. We define a novel "Local Distance-based Outlier Factor" (LDOF) to measure the {outlier-ness} of objects in scattered datasets which addresses these issues. LDOF uses the relative location of an object to its neighbours to determine the degree to which the object deviates from its neighbourhood. Properties of LDOF are theoretically analysed including LDOF's lower bound and its false-detection probability, as well as parameter settings. In order to facilitate parameter settings in real-world applications, we employ a top-n technique in our outlier detection approach, where only the objects with the highest LDOF values are regarded as outliers. Compared to conventional approaches (such as top-n KNN and top-n LOF), our method top-n LDOF is more effective at detecting outliers in scattered data. It is also easier to set parameters, since its performance is relatively stable over a large range of parameter values, as illustrated by experimental results on both real-world and synthetic datasets.
Automated melanoma detection: Multispectral imaging and neural network approach for classification (2003)

Our aim in the present research is to investigate the diagnostic performance of artificial neural networks (ANNs) applied to multispectral images of cutaneous pigmented skin lesions as well as to compare this approach to a standard traditional linear classification method, such as discriminant function analysis. This study involves a series of 534 patients with 573 cutaneous pigmented lesions (132 melanomas and 441 nonmelanoma lesions). Each lesion was analyzed by a telespectrophotometric system (TS) in vivo, before surgery. The system is able to acquire a set of 17 images at selected wavelengths from 400 to 1040 nm. For each wavelength, five lesion descriptors were extracted, related to the criteria of the ABCD (for asymmetry, border, color, and dimension) clinical guide for melanoma diagnosis. These variables were first reduced in dimension by the use of factor analysis techniques and then used as input data in an ANN. Multivariate discriminant analysis (MDA) was also performed on the same dataset. The whole dataset was split into two independent groups: i.e., train (the first 400 cases, 95 melanomas) and verification set (last 173 cases, 37 melanomas). Factor analysis was able to summarize the data structure into ten variables, accounting for at least 90% of the original parameters variance. After proper training, the ANN was able to classify the population with 80% sensitivity, 72% specificity, and 78% sensitivity, 76% specificity for the train and validation set, respectively. Following ROC analysis, area under curve (AUC) was 0.852 (train) and 0.847 (verify). Sensitivity and specificity values obtained by the standard discriminant analysis classifier resulted in a figure of 80% sensitivity, 60% specificity and 76% sensitivity, 57% specificity for the train and validation set, respectively. AUC for MDA was 0.810 and 0.764 for the train and verify set, respectively. Classification results were significantly different between the two methods both for diagnostic scores and model stability, which was worse for MDA.
Effects of ligustrazine on hepatic oxygenation in isolated perfused rat liver. (1999)

The effects of ligustrazine on hepatic oxygenation in the isolated rat liver were investigated during prolonged perfusion and following the injection of norepinephrine. After injection of erythrocytes into the perfusate, the hemoglobin spectra in the liver were measured by Erlangen microlightguide spectroscopy, and the hemoglobin oxygenation (HbO2) in the liver was calculated on the basis of the Kubelka-Munk theory. During artificial perfusion, the HbO2 value was decreased from 59.3 +/- 6.4% (after one hour's perfusion) to 25.5 +/- 19.5% (n = 441; after six hours' perfusion). However, when ligustrazine was injected into the perfusate after six hours' perfusion, the HbO2 values recovered to 56.4 +/- 9.7% (n = 441). After injection of norepinephrine, HbO2 in the liver decreased from 48.8 +/- 10.4% to 25.2 +/- 18.4% (n = 961), while subsequent administration of ligustrazine caused a recovery to 62.9 +/- 6.0% (n = 961). Our results suggested that ligustrazine is a powerful hepatic vasodilator for improving hepatic oxygenation.
One-shot multi-user cancellation receiver for wireless CDMA communication systems (2005)

This paper deals with a multi-user cancellation detection scheme for DS/CDMA communication systems where the BPSK modulation technique is used in transmission. The proposed receiver, defined as a one-shot detector is supposed to be used at the end of an up-link terrestrial channel. Asynchronous users and multipath fading phenomena are considered in our analysis. One-shot receiver basic assumption is to divide signals into two different groups according to the received power level. The reliable ones are directly detected and cancelled from the whole received signal before making the decision on not reliable signals, without any further processing delay. The proposed scheme performance is evaluated in bit error rate (BER) terms by means of simulations. In particular, it is shown here that the proposed receiver exhibits a good behaviour and lowers the computational complexity and processing delay in comparison with previously proposed alternatives.
The Crystal Structure of Benzoylformate Decarboxylase at 1.6 Å Resolution:  Diversity of Catalytic Residues in Thiamin Diphosphate-Dependent Enzymes<sup>,</sup> (1998)

The crystal structure of the thiamin diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzyme benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFD), the third enzyme in the mandelate pathway of Pseudomonas putida, has been solved by multiple isomorphous replacement at 1.6 A resolution and refined to an R-factor of 15.0% (free R = 18.6%). The structure of BFD has been compared to that of other ThDP-dependent enzymes, including pyruvate decarboxylase. The overall architecture of BFD resembles that of the other family members, and cofactor- and metal-binding residues are well conserved. Surprisingly, there is no conservation of active-site residues not directly bound to the cofactor. The position of functional groups in the active site may be conserved, however. Three classes of metal ions have been identified in the BFD crystal structure: Ca2+ bound to the cofactor in each subunit, Mg2+ on a 2-fold axis of the tetramer, and Ca2+ at a crystal contact. The structure includes a non-proline cis-peptide bond and an unusually long and regular polyproline type II helix that mediates the main contact between tetramers in the crystal. The high-quality electron-density map allowed the correction of errors totaling more than 10% of the amino acid sequence, which had been predicted from the reported sequence of the mdlC gene. Analysis of the BFD structure suggests that requirements for activation of the cofactor, the nature of the reaction intermediates, and architectural considerations relating to the protein fold have been dominant forces in the evolution of ThDP-dependent enzymes.