gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of surface roughness on magnetic flux leakage testing of micro-cracks (2017)

Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing owns the advantages of high inspection sensitivity and stability, but its testing results are always affected by surface roughness. The relationship between the surface roughness () and detection signals for surface-breaking cracks is mainly discussed. The existence of roughness magnetic compression effect (RMCE) in present MFL testing is specially pointed out and its relevant theory is also analyzed, which manifest themselves in the compression of MFL signal in its peak value and the baseline drifts mixed with noise. An experimental investigation on surface comparators with different arithmetic average height () and artificial notch size, is performed to analyze the effects of surface roughness on detection signals of cracks. The detection limit (DL) of micro-crack is analyzed by comparing the noise-signal ratio () and peak-peak signals of the cracks. Meanwhile, increases with the and , in this case, relatively shallow defects cannot be clearly distinguished at determined rough surface. Afterwards, a series of simulations are designed and performed to verify the effects of surface roughness on characteristic of the electromagnetic field, and a theoretical DL of micro-crack is presented as: . Furthermore, the optimal lift-off value is selected for the micro-cracks' detection to weaken the negative magnetic compression effect. MFL signals cannot reflect the accurate sizes of the cracks on rough surface due to the RMCE and its relevant phenomenon. The discovery and results will benefit the quantitative evaluation of the MFL testing.
Modeling Cutting Forces for Five Axis Milling of Sculptured Surfaces (2011)

5-axis ball-end milling processes are used in various industries such as aerospace, automotive, die-mold and biomedical industries. 5-axis machining provides reduced cycle times and more accurate machining via reduction in machining setups, use of shorter tools due to improved tool accessibility. However, desired machining productivity and precision can be obtained by physical modeling of machining processes via appropriate selection of process parameters. In response to this gap in the industry this paper presents a cutting force model for 5-axis ball-end milling cutting force prediction. Cutter-workpiece engagement is extracted via developed solid modeler based engagement model. Simultaneous 5-axis milling tests are conducted on Al7075 workpiece material with a carbide cutting tool. Validation of the proposed model is performed for impeller hub roughing toolpaths. Validation test proves that presented model is computationally efficient and cutting forces can be predicted reasonably well. The result of validation test and detailed comparison with the simulation are also presented in the paper.
Three redundant murein endopeptidases catalyse an essential cleavage step in peptidoglycan synthesis of <i> <scp>E</scp> scherichia coli </i> <scp>K</scp> 12 (2012)

Summary Bacterial peptidoglycan ( PG or murein) is a single, large, covalently cross‐linked macromolecule and forms a mesh‐like sacculus that completely encases the cytoplasmic membrane. Hence, growth of a bacterial cell is intimately coupled to expansion of murein sacculus and requires cleavage of pre‐existing cross‐links for incorporation of new murein material. Although, conceptualized nearly five decades ago, the mechanism of such essential murein cleavage activity has not been studied so far. Here, we identify three new murein hydrolytic enzymes in E scherichia coli , two ( Spr and YdhO ) belonging to the NlpC / P 60 peptidase superfamily and the third ( YebA ) to the lysostaphin family of proteins that cleave peptide cross‐bridges between glycan chains. We show that these hydrolases are redundantly essential for bacterial growth and viability as a conditional mutant lacking all the three enzymes is unable to incorporate new murein and undergoes rapid lysis upon shift to restrictive conditions. Our results indicate the step of cross‐link cleavage as essential for enlargement of the murein sacculus, rendering it a novel target for development of antibacterial therapeutic agents.
End‐of‐dose dystonia in Parkinson's disease (1993)

To evaluate the pathogenesis of end-of-dose dystonia in levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson's disease, we discontinued a steady-state optimal-dose levodopa infusion either abruptly or slowly. Although dystonic signs appeared sooner after sudden levodopa termination, in both situations dystonia emerged only when circulating drug levels had fallen to the same concentration and parkinsonian scores had declined by the same amount. Dystonia onset thus appears to reflect the degree, rather than the rate, of reduction in dopaminergic stimulation, and may involve the preferential interaction of dopamine with a receptor subpopulation that does not mediate its antiparkinsonian efficacy.
Practical error-correction procedures in quantum cryptography (2005)

Quantum cryptography (secure key distribution) systems must include procedures for correcting errors in the raw key transmitted over a quantum communication channel. Several reconciliation protocols are discussed and compared in terms of efficiency.
Induction and inhibition of outgrowth and development of renal collecting duct epithelium. (1983)

Renal cortical explants consisting of capsula fibrosa with an adherent thin layer of collecting duct anlagen, S-shaped bodies, and nephrogenic blastema were isolated from newborn New Zealand rabbits and cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium for 24 hours. Within this period of time, the explants formed globular bodies surrounded by an epithelium of differentiated collecting duct cells. The outgrowth of the collecting duct cells and the formation of the epithelium occurred only when serum was added to the cultivation medium. Different types and different concentrations of serum were tested; fetal bovine serum and newborn and adult rabbit sera at concentrations of at least 5% induced the outgrowth and spreading of the cells. The surrounding epithelium did not develop in the absence of serum. The outgrowth of the collecting duct cells in serum-supplemented cultivation media was arrested by inhibitors of protein and glycoprotein synthesis and by cytoskeletonal-blocking agents such as cycloheximide (1 x 10(-6) M), actinomycin C1 (2 micrograms/ml), tunica-mycin (1 microgram/ml), 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (2 x 10(-5) M), vinblastine (5 x 10(-6) M), colchicine (1 x 10(-3) M), and cytochalasin B (2 micrograms/ml). In contrast, inhibitors of DNA synthesis, e.g., cytosine arabinoside (2.5 x 10(-5) M), mitomycin (1 x 10(-6) M), and hydroxyurea (2.5 x 10(-3) M), had no influence on the outgrowth.
Update on radiosensitization by halogenated thymidine analogs-molecular mechanisms of drug processing and cell death signaling: Implications for future clinical trials (2008)

AbstractCommentary to:Sensitization to radiation-induced DNA damage accelerates loss of bcl-2 and increases apoptosis and autophagy Manuel Rieber , Mary Strasberg Rieber
Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes (1998)

Congenital disease in a patient usually involves a mutation in a gene that obeys established rules of Mendelian inheritance. This chapter describes two genetically related syndromes that do not conform to these principles and thereby give rise to totally independent clinical disorders. Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) was first described by three German physicians, Prader, Labhart, and Willi, in 1956, and represents the most common form of syndromic genetic obesity. PWS was originally called the HHHO syndrome for its main features of hyperphagia, hypotonia, hypogonadism, and obesity. Angelman syndrome (AS) was first described by the British pediatrician, Harry Angelman in 1965, in which he coined the term “Happy Puppet syndrome,” as it described two of the cardinal features of AS, a happy disposition with unprovoked laughter and severe ataxic movements. PWS and AS each occur at a frequency of about 1\10,000 to 1\20,000 births.
Rapid Events in Growth Hormone Action. Induction of c-fos and c-jun Transcription in 3T3-F442A Preadipocytes* (1990)

To investigate early events in GH action, we examined whether GH altered the expression of c-fos and c-jun mRNA in 3T3-F442A cells. The rapid induction of these early response protooncogenes is one of the initial events in stimulation of cell proliferation and differentiation by a variety of growth factors. In 3T3-F442A preadipocytes, which differentiate in response to GH, treatment with GH for 15-30 min transiently increased the expression of c-fos and c-jun mRNA at GH concentrations in the physiological range (10-500 ng/ml). Both genes were superinduced by GH in the presence of cycloheximide. Nuclear run-on experiments indicated that the effect of GH on c-fos and c-jun occurred at the level of gene transcription, indicating that in the 3T3-F442A preadipocytes, GH acts similarly to other growth factors which induce c-fos and c-jun. Chronic preincubation with the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate interfered with the induction of c-fos by GH, suggesting that diacylglycerol and protein kinase C are involved in this effect of GH. Insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin were less effective than equimolar concentrations of GH in inducing c-fos expression. Taken together, these findings are consistent with coordinated expression of c-fos and c-jun playing an early role in responses to GH in 3T3-F442A cells.
Antidepressant Desipramine Leads to C6 Glioma Cell Autophagy: Implication for the Adjuvant Therapy of Cancer (2013)

Depression is the most common psychiatric syndrome in cancer patients and adversely affects anti-cancer immune system and life quality of patients. Antidepressant desipramine (DMI) is clinically prescribed in the auxiliary treatment of cancer patients. Increasing evidences suggest that DMI has a broad spectrum of target-off biological effects, such as anticancer properties. Our previous study revealed that DMI at the clinical relevant concentrations could induce CHOP-dependent apoptotic death in C6 glioma cells. In this study, we further explored the pro-autophagic effect of DMI in C6 glioma cells and its underlying mechanism. Treatment with DMI could induce autophagic cell death characterized by the formation of autophagosome and the elevated level of autophagic protein Beclin-1 and cellular redistribution of marker LC3. Meanwhile, DMI inhibited the activation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway which is considered as a negative regulator of autophagy. Furthermore, DMI activated PERK-eIF2α and ATF6 of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway, while knockdown of PERK with the PERK-specific short interfering RNA (siRNA) could obviously attenuate the autophagy. The results strongly suggested that DMI could induce autophagy through the PERK-ER stress pathway in C6 glioma cells. Our findings provided new insights into another beneficial potential of antidepressant DMI in the adjuvant therapy of cancer.
Making sense of centromeres. (2004)

Comparative analysis of the proteins that bind exclusively at the centromere provides evidence of an evolutionary battle that may make sense of sex.
Use of maximum heart distance to evaluate heart dosimetry for tangential field radiotherapy in left-sided breast cancer after modified radical mastectomy (2015)

Objective
To assess the value of maximum heart distance (MHD) in predicting the dose of tangential field heart irradiation in left-sided breast cancer.


Methods
A total of 40 left-sided breast cancer patients who were given adjuvant tangential field irradiation on the left chest wall after modified radical mastectomy in our hospital from January 2010 to December 2011 were selected in this study. For each patient, the following parameters were derived using three-dimensional treatment planning system: MHD, mean dose (Dmean) to organs at risk including the whole heart, left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, left ventricle (LV) , and anterior myocardial territory (AMT) , thickness of the contralateral breast tissue, and thickness from the sternum to the body surface (measuring body fat). The relationship between MHD and each Dmean was analyzed by curve fitting equation. The reliability of R2> 0.8 represented a good correlation.


Results
The MHD of 40 patients was between 1.14 and 5.34 cm ((2.66±0.16) cm)). The R2 values of first-, second-, and third-order curve fitting equations were 0.869, 0.875, and 0.883, respectively, between MHD and whole heart Dmean (all P=0.000) ; 0.777, 0.799, and 0.813, respectively, between MDH and AMT Dmean (all P=0.000) ; 0.598, 0.601, and 0.633, respectively, between MHD and LV Dmean (all P=0.000) ;and 0.418, 0.470, and 0.472, respectively, between MHD and Dmean of the LAD coronary artery (all P=0.000). The Dmean of all the heart compartments was not affected by the body fat thickness.


Conclusions
MHD is a reliable predictor of the mean dose to organs at risk (whole heart and AMT) in tangential field radiotherapy for left-sided breast cancer.


Key words: 
Maximum heart distance; Mean heart dose; Breast neoplasm/radiotherapy
Explaining the Performance of Bidirectional Dijkstra and A* on Road Networks (2017)

The heuristic search community traditionally uses A* as the baseline algorithm for their research methods. Research papers in the road networks community, however, often build upon Dijkstra's algorithm and use Bidirectional Dijkstra's algorithm as their baseline. This thesis investigates the performance of A* and Bidirectional Dijkstra in road networks to see how they compare and to see if there is a principled explanation for the different approaches. Our analysis reveals why Bidirectional Dijkstra can perform well in this domain, but also shows a simple mistake that can be made when building test problems that hurts the performance of A*.
Learning to Be a Forestry Lecturer at the University of Helsinki (1964)

International Get access Kenneth P. Davis Kenneth P. Davis Professor of Forest Management and Chairman Department of Forestry, School of Natural Resources, The University of Michigan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar BioScience, Volume 14, Issue 7, July 1964, Page 47, https://doi.org/10.2307/1293239 Published: 01 July 1964
IMPROVED ZIRCONIUM DECONTAMINATION IN PUREX PROCESS. (1971)

phosphorus. A series of standards was prepared and is being analyzed. Several inorganic sorbent materials have been received and will be used in initial screening tests to determine TBP removal efficiency. Commercially available macroreticular polymeric adsorbents and anion exchange resins for the removal of iodine from dilute nitric acid streams (simulating concentrator overheads condensate) are being tested with encouraging results being obtained. The major portion of the literature search on solvent extraction equipment alternatives was completed, and a bibliographic listing of approximately 1000 items was generated. In the removal and re-entrainment of plutonium and other radionuclides project, a literature search was conducted to provide parameterizations for the draft Environmental Impact Statement for the LWR--Model Fuel Recycle Facilities. Recommended procedures are to ignore deposition and resuspension when calculating direct and inhalation doses; use Gaussian plume models only out to distances where sigma/sub z/ = h/2, then use the mixing height h out to 24-hr travel time, and thereafter use a constant mixing ratio; for calculating the indirect dose use a total (wet plus dry) deposition velocity of 3 cm/sec for reactive gases and all particles, regardless of size. (LK)
The Economic Impact of U.S. Tobacco Products Exports (1991)

The economic impacts of increasing U.S. tobacco exports on the U.S. economy are analyzed. Simulation of expanded exports to South Korea and Thailand are conducted. Over $1.1 billion in economic activity and 12,000 jobs were associated with tobacco export increases to these countries. Declining raw tobacco exports to Thailand, however, offset gains associated with greater cigarette sales. The resultant losses totaled $5.3 million in economic activity and over 378 jobs in the U.S.
Molecular Diversity and Function of G Proteins and Calcium Channels1 (1991)

General features of signal transduction by G proteins and structural properties of G-protein-modulated calcium channels are described. Recent results on roles of beta gamma dimers in signal transduction, on the kinetic properties of Gi alpha subunits and structural diversity of Go alpha subunits are discussed, as are the background and current state of our knowledge of the modulation of calcium channels by G proteins.
Reovirus Apoptosis and Virulence Are Regulated by Host Cell Membrane Penetration Efficiency (2007)

Apoptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of reovirus encephalitis and myocarditis in infected animals. Differences in apoptosis efficiency displayed by reovirus strains are linked to the viral mu1-encoding M2 gene segment. Studies using pharmacologic inhibitors of reovirus replication demonstrate that apoptosis induction by reovirus requires viral disassembly in cellular endosomes but not RNA synthesis. Since the mu1 protein functions to pierce endosomal membranes during this temporal window, these findings point to an important role for mu1 in activating signaling pathways that lead to apoptosis. To understand mechanisms used by mu1 to induce apoptosis, a panel of mu1 mutant viruses generated by reverse genetics was analyzed for the capacities to penetrate host cell membranes, activate proapoptotic signaling pathways, evoke cell death, and produce encephalitis in newborn mice. We found that single amino acid changes within the delta region of mu1 reduce the efficiency of membrane penetration. These mutations also diminish the capacities of reovirus to activate proapoptotic transcription factors NF-kappaB and IRF-3 and elicit apoptosis. Additionally, we observed that following intracranial inoculation, an apoptosis-deficient mu1 mutant is less virulent in newborn mice in comparison to the wild-type virus. These results indicate a critical function for the membrane penetration activity of mu1 in evoking prodeath signaling pathways that regulate reovirus pathogenesis.
Effect of antimycotic agents on the activity of aspartyl proteinases secreted by Candida albicans (2003)

The inhibitory effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteinase inhibitors amprenavir and saquinavir and antifungal agents terbinafine, ketoconazole, amphotericin B and ciclopiroxolamine on aspartyl proteinases (Saps) secreted by Candida albicans was tested in an in vitro spectophotometric assay. As expected, both HIV proteinase inhibitors showed a significant inhibitory effect on Sap activity, which was comparable to that of the classical aspartyl proteinase inhibitor pepstatin A (P < 0.001). Antifungal drugs such as ketoconazole, terbinafine and amphotericin B had no, or only minor, inhibitory effects on proteolytic activity. In contrast, a significant reduction in Sap activity could be demonstrated during treatment with the antifungal agent ciclopiroxolamine (P < 0.001). These results point to a multiple effect of this antimycotic agent and might explain the reduced adherence of C. albicans to human epithelial cells at subinhibitory doses.
Preparation of a new adsorbent from activated carbon and carbon nanofiber (AC/CNF) for manufacturing organic-vacbpour respirator cartridge (2013)

In this study a composite of activated carbon and carbon nanofiber (AC/CNF) was prepared to improve the performance of activated carbon (AC) for adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and its utilization for respirator cartridges. Activated carbon was impregnated with a nickel nitrate catalyst precursor and carbon nanofibers (CNF) were deposited directly on the AC surface using catalytic chemical vapor deposition. Deposited CNFs on catalyst particles in AC micropores, were activated by CO2 to recover the surface area and micropores. Surface and textural characterizations of the prepared composites were investigated using Brunauer, Emmett and Teller's (BET) technique and electron microscopy respectively. Prepared composite adsorbent was tested for benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) adsorption and then employed in an organic respirator cartridge in granular form. Adsorption studies were conducted by passing air samples through the adsorbents in a glass column at an adjustable flow rate. Finally, any adsorbed species not retained by the adsorbents in the column were trapped in a charcoal sorbent tube and analyzed by gas chromatography. CNFs with a very thin diameter of about 10-20 nm were formed uniformly on the AC/CNF. The breakthrough time for cartridges prepared with CO2 activated AC/CNF was 117 minutes which are significantly longer than for those cartridges prepared with walnut shell- based activated carbon with the same weight of adsorbents. This study showed that a granular form CO2 activated AC/CNF composite could be a very effective alternate adsorbent for respirator cartridges due to its larger adsorption capacities and lower weight.
United States of America (1953)

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Neglect-like symptoms in complex regional pain syndrome: Learned nonuse by another name? (2012)

Sponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of this article. aSchool of Rehabilitation and Health Sciences, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK bHand Therapy Unit, Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Wakefield, UK cPain Services, The Mid-Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Wakefield, UK *Corresponding author. Address: School of Rehabilitation and Health Sciences, Leeds Metropolitan University (City Campus), Calverley Street, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK. Tel: +44 (0)113 812 8518. E-mail: [email protected] Submitted July 14, 2012; revised October 5, 2012; accepted November 14, 2012.
Immobilization of bacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in poly(tetrafluoroethylene) membranes (1991)

A novel method for immobilization of bacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells is described. Microorganisms may be entrapped in a matrix of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) fibrils. Cells are blended with an aqueous emulsion of PTFE stabilized with Triton X-100 surfactant to form a thick paste. The paste is calendered biaxially in a standard rubber mill. This process causes fibrillation of the PTFE and formation of the fibril matrix, which serves only to impart physical integrity to the composite microporous membrane. The cells trapped in the membrane were shown to be viable by incubation of the membrane on solid media and in broth culture. This bioactive membrane represents a new means of immobilization of cells for bioprocessing.