gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Economics of shareware: How uncertainty and piracy affect shareware quality and brand premium (2006)

In the past, shareware has been mainly used to market small and simple software, the developers of which could not afford to distribute their products through a physical retail channel. Shareware was often distributed through complimentary floppy or CD disks attached to PC or games magazines. However, with increased network speed, it has become viable for digital files, even large ones, to be distributed over the Internet. The Internet channel has opened up new opportunities for developers, small or large, to distribute their products as shareware to reach consumers directly. Indeed, in recent years, we begin to see big firms, including Microsoft, Adobe, and Google, distributing their products as shareware. We find that shareware is an increasingly widespread marketing strategy for selling software products via the Web. Because the emergence of shareware has not been driven by economic concerns, there is limited analytical research on shareware. However, as shareware gains in popularity as a strategy to reduce consumersâ uncertainty about new software products, there is a need for deeper understanding of the economic implications of its use. This paper analyzes the interrelationships among key issues that are central to the software industry, including uncertainty, piracy, shareware quality, and full version price. We show that customersâ aversion to the uncertainty of software quality tends to increase shareware quality while piracy tends to decrease it. Counter intuitively, the perceived quality of the full version software or the trust toward the software developer does not affect the full version price and the profit of the firm when piracy is prevalent.
Dnmt3L and the Establishment of Maternal Genomic Imprints (2001)

Complementary sets of genes are epigenetically silenced in male and female gametes in a process termed genomic imprinting. The Dnmt3L gene is expressed during gametogenesis at stages where genomic imprints are established. Targeted disruption of Dnmt3L caused azoospermia in homozygous males, and heterozygous progeny of homozygous females died before midgestation. Bisulfite genomic sequencing of DNA from oocytes and embryos showed that removal of Dnmt3L prevented methylation of sequences that are normally maternally methylated. The defect was specific to imprinted regions, and global genome methylation levels were not affected. Lack of maternal methylation imprints in heterozygous embryos derived from homozygous mutant oocytes caused biallelic expression of genes that are normally expressed only from the allele of paternal origin. The key catalytic motifs characteristic of DNA cytosine methyltransferases have been lost from Dnmt3L, and the protein is more likely to act as a regulator of imprint establishment than as a DNA methyltransferase.
Advertising Keywords Recommendation for Short-Text Web Pages Using Wikipedia (2012)

Advertising keywords recommendation is an indispensable component for online advertising with the keywords selected from the target Web pages used for contextual advertising or sponsored search. Several ranking-based algorithms have been proposed for recommending advertising keywords. However, for most of them performance is still lacking, especially when dealing with short-text target Web pages, that is, those containing insufficient textual information for ranking. In some cases, short-text Web pages may not even contain enough keywords for selection. A natural alternative is then to recommend relevant keywords not present in the target Web pages. In this article, we propose a novel algorithm for advertising keywords recommendation for short-text Web pages by leveraging the contents of Wikipedia, a user-contributed online encyclopedia. Wikipedia contains numerous entities with related entities on a topic linked to each other. Given a target Web page, we propose to use a content-biased PageRank on the Wikipedia graph to rank the related entities. Furthermore, in order to recommend high-quality advertising keywords, we also add an advertisement-biased factor into our model. With these two biases, advertising keywords that are both relevant to a target Web page and valuable for advertising are recommended. In our experiments, several state-of-the-art approaches for keyword recommendation are compared. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed approach produces substantial improvement in the precision of the top 20 recommended keywords on short-text Web pages over existing approaches.
Performance analysis of BP-based algorithms for irregular low-density parity-check codes on fast Rayleigh fading channel (2005)

In this paper, we analyze the performance of irregular low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes with three belief propagation (BP) based decoding algorithms, namely, the uniformly most powerful (UMP) BP-based algorithm, the normalized BP-based algorithm, and the offset BP-based algorithm on a fast Rayleigh fading channel by using density evolution (DE). We also optimize the code construction of the irregular LDPC codes with three BP-based algorithms, and determine optimum parameters for the normalized BP-based algorithm and the offset BP-based algorithm on the fast Rayleigh fading channel. From the numerical results, we show that the performance of the irregular LDPC codes with offset BP-based algorithm can be very close to that with the BP algorithm on the fast Rayleigh fading channel. We also show that the irregular LDPC codes with offset BP-based algorithm can achieve a very good trade-off between the performance and decoding complexity.
Changes of Spontaneous Oscillatory Activity to Tonic Heat Pain (2014)

Transient painful stimuli could induce suppression of alpha oscillatory activities and enhancement of gamma oscillatory activities that also could be greatly modulated by attention. Here, we attempted to characterize changes in cortical activities during tonic heat pain perception and investigated the influence of directed/distracted attention on these responses. We collected 5-minute long continuous Electroencephalography (EEG) data from 38 healthy volunteers during four conditions presented in a counterbalanced order: (A) resting condition; (B) innoxious-distracted condition; (C) noxious-distracted condition; (D) noxious-attended condition. The effects of tonic heat pain stimulation and selective attention on oscillatory activities were investigated by comparing the EEG power spectra among the four experimental conditions and assessing the relationship between spectral power difference and subjective pain intensity. The change of oscillatory activities in condition D was characterized by stable and persistent decrease of alpha oscillation power over contralateral-central electrodes and widespread increase of gamma oscillation power, which were even significantly correlated with subjective pain intensity. Since EEG responses in the alpha and gamma frequency band were affected by attention in different manners, they are likely related to different aspects of the multidimensional sensory experience of pain. The observed contralateral-central alpha suppression (conditions D vs. B and D vs. C) may reflect primarily a top-down cognitive process such as attention, while the widespread gamma enhancement (conditions D vs. A) may partly reflect tonic pain processing, representing the summary effects of bottom-up stimulus-related and top-down subject-driven cognitive processes.
Activity of Tedizolid Phosphate (TR-701) in Murine Models of Infection with Penicillin-Resistant and Penicillin-Sensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae (2012)

The in vitro activity of tedizolid (previously known as torezolid, TR-700) against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP) clinical isolates and the in vivo efficacy of tedizolid phosphate (torezolid phosphate, TR-701) in murine models of PRSP systemic infection and penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae (PSSP) pneumonia were examined using linezolid as a comparator. The MIC(90) against 28 PRSP isolates was 0.25 μg/ml for tedizolid, whereas it was 1 μg/ml for linezolid. In mice infected systemically with a lethal inoculum of PRSP 1 h prior to a single administration of either antimicrobial, oral tedizolid phosphate was equipotent to linezolid (1 isolate) to 2-fold more potent than linezolid (3 isolates) for survival at day 7, with tedizolid phosphate 50% effective dose (ED(50)) values ranging from 3.19 to 11.53 mg/kg of body weight/day. In the PSSP pneumonia model, the ED(50) for survival at day 15 was 2.80 mg/kg/day for oral tedizolid phosphate, whereas it was 8.09 mg/kg/day for oral linezolid following 48 h of treatment with either agent. At equivalent doses (10 mg/kg once daily tedizolid phosphate or 5 mg/kg twice daily linezolid), pneumococcal titers in the lungs at 52 h postinfection were approximately 3 orders of magnitude lower with tedizolid phosphate treatment than with linezolid treatment or no treatment. Lung histopathology showed less inflammatory cell invasion into alveolar spaces in mice treated with tedizolid phosphate than in untreated or linezolid-treated mice. These results demonstrate that tedizolid phosphate is effective in murine models of PRSP systemic infection and PSSP pneumonia.
Quantum mechanical wavepacket transport in quantum cascade laser structures (2006)

We present a viewpoint of the transport process in quantum cascade laser structures in which spatial transport of charge through the structure is a property of coherent quantum mechanical wave functions. In contrast, scattering processes redistribute particles in energy and momentum but do not directly cause spatial motion of charge.
New Synthesis of Dibasic Acids<sup>1-3</sup> (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew Synthesis of Dibasic Acids1-3CHARLES E. FRANK and WALTER E. FOSTERCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 2, 303–307Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01061a006https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01061a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views88Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
VIRGO: Hierarchical DSP Code Generator Based on Vectorized Signal Flow Graph Description (1992)

A hierarchical digital signal processor (DSP) code generator, VIRGO, for large-scale general signal processing algorithms is proposed. Hierarchical structured vectorized signal flow graph (V-SFG) description is used as input specification. The DSP independent optimization procedure for both the program size and the execution time is performed, module by module, hierarchically with regard to operation order, memory assignment, and register allocation. Efficient code generation is demonstrated by comparing both instruction steps and dynamic steps of a practical adaptive differential pulse-code modulation (ADPCM) encoder/decoder with a conventional method. >
Reactivity and Geometry in Allylic Systems. VI.<sup>1</sup> Stereospecific Conversion of Allylic Alcohols to α,β-Epoxy Ketones by Photosensitized Oxygenation<sup>2</sup> (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactivity and Geometry in Allylic Systems. VI.1 Stereospecific Conversion of Allylic Alcohols to α,β-Epoxy Ketones by Photosensitized Oxygenation2A. Nickon and W. L. MendelsonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 17, 3921–3928Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01095a023https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01095a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views115Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Secretion of Unconjugated Androgens and Estrogens by the Normal and Abnormal Human Testis before and after Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (1974)

The secretion of androgens and estrogens by normal and abnormal testes was compared by determining the concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione (Delta(4)A), testosterone (T), estrone (E(1)), and 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) in peripheral and spermatic venous plasma samples from 14 normal men and 5 men with unilateral testicular atrophy. Four normal men and one patient with unilateral atrophy of the testis were given human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) before surgery. Plasma estrogens were determined by radioimmunoassay; plasma androgens were measured by the double-isotope dilution derivative technique. Peripheral concentrations of these steroids before and after HCG were similar in both the normal men and the patients with unilateral testicular atrophy. In normal men, the mean +/-SE spermatic venous concentrations were DHEA, 73.1+/-11.7 ng/ml; Delta(4)A, 30.7+/-7.9 ng/ml; T, 751+/-114 ng/ml; E(1), 306+/-55 pg/ml; and E(2), 1298+/-216 pg/ml. Three of four subjects with unilateral testicular atrophy had greatly diminished spermatic venous levels of androgens and estrogens. HCG treatment increased the testicular secretion of DHEA and T fivefold, Delta(4)A threefold, E(1) sixfold, and E(2) eightfold in normal men. In the single subject with an atrophic testis who received HCG, the spermatic venous concentrations of androgens and estrogens were much less than in normal men similarly treated. We conclude that: (a) E(1) is secreted by the human testis, but testicular secretion of E(1) accounts for less than 5% of E(1) production in normal men; (b) HCG stimulation produces increases in spermatic venous estrogens equal to or greater than the changes in androgens, including testosterone; and (c) strikingly decreased secretion of androgen and estrogen by unilateral atrophic human tests cannot be appreciated by analyses of peripheral steroid concentrations.
Transient Oscillations in NMR Cross-Polarization Experiments in Solids (1974)

Strong transient oscillations have been observed in proton-carbon-13 cross-polarization experiments in a ferrocene single crystal. These oscillations are in contrast with the usually observed exponential behavior of cross polarization. They are manifestations of coherence effects caused by the dipolar coupling of the carbon-13 to the directly bound proton. A simple model is described which explains the observations.
Red Law, White Supremacy: Cherokee Freedmen, Tribal Sovereignty, and the Colonial Feedback Loop, 47 J. Marshall L. Rev. 1227 (2014) (2014)

This paper attempts to unpack questions at the intersections of race and sovereignty by analyzing two federal court cases involving Cherokee Freedmen and citizenship: Vann v. United States DOI and Cherokee Nation v. Nash.
Dose-Dependence of 4-Aminopyridine Plasma Concentrations and Electrophysiological Effects in Dogs (2000)

The interpretation of previous studies using intravenous 4AP administration to inhibit I(to) in dogs in vivo needs to be reevaluated in light of the fact that the infusion regimens used produce plasma concentrations that are inadequate to affect ventricular I(to). Our findings also support the concept that selective inhibition of ultrarapid delayed rectifier current can prolong atrial refractory periods without affecting ventricular refractoriness.
Molecular biology and life science (1993)

Molecular biology has made the transition from phase 1, dealing with prokaryotic genes and DNA, to phase 2, dealing with genes of eukaryotic multicellular organisms. This transition came about because of the DNA technology that has evolved since the early 1970s. Now we are at the beginning of the transition to phase 3, through the emerging human genome project. The background of the development of this project, its current state, and its possible impact on the life sciences is briefly outlined and discussed.
Dopaminergic Agonists Normalize Elevated Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y and Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Body Weight Gain, and Hyperglycemia in ob/ob Mice (2000)

Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) influence feeding and levels of plasma glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, and triglycerides. Treatment of genetically obese, ob/ob mice, with dopamine receptor D(1)/D(2) agonists normalizes hyperphagia, body weight gain, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. We therefore examined whether levels of NPY and CRH immunoreactivity in discrete hypothalamic nuclei are altered in ob/ob mice, and whether dopaminergic treatment reverses this alteration. Female ob/ob mice were treated daily at 1 h after light onset with the D(1)/D(2) agonists, SKF-38393 (20 mg/kg) and bromocriptine (15 mg/kg), respectively or vehicle for 2 weeks. Such treatment, while normalizing body weight gain and hyperglycemia, also significantly reduced elevated NPY immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic (by 39%), intergeniculate (by 43%), paraventricular (PVN; by 31%), and arcuate (by 41%) nuclei in obese mice to levels observed in lean mice. This treatment also caused a 45-50% decline in levels of CRH in the PVN and dorsomedial hypothalamus compared to obese controls to levels observed in lean mice. Taken together, these findings suggest that dopaminergic D(1)/D(2) receptor coactivation may improve hyperphagia, hyperglycemia, and obesity in the ob/ob mouse, in part, by normalizing elevated levels of both NPY and CRH.
Lurasidone drug-drug interaction studies: a comprehensive review (2014)

Lurasidone PK is altered by strong cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 inhibitors or inducers, and coadministration is contraindicated; whereas moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors have less effect, and lurasidone dosage restrictions are recommended. No dose adjustment for lurasidone is needed when administered with lithium or valproate. Dose adjustment is not required for lithium, valproate, digoxin (a P-glycoprotein substrate), or midazolam or oral contraceptives (CYP3A4 substrates) when coadministered with lurasidone.
Cation–π interactions in protein–protein interfaces (2005)

Arginine is an abundant residue in protein-protein interfaces. The importance of this residue relates to the versatility of its side chain in intermolecular interactions. Different classes of protein-protein interfaces were surveyed for cation-pi interactions. Approximately half of the protein complexes and one-third of the homodimers analyzed were found to contain at least one intermolecular cation-pi pair. Interactions between arginine and tyrosine were found to be the most abundant. The electrostatic interaction energy was calculated to be approximately 3 kcal/mol, on average. A distance-based search of guanidinium:aromatic interactions was also performed using the Macromolecular Structure Database (MSD). This search revealed that half of the guanidinium:aromatic pairs pack in a coplanar manner. Furthermore, it was found that the cationic group of the cation-pi pair is frequently involved in intermolecular hydrogen bonds. In this manner the arginine side chain can participate in multiple interactions, providing a mechanism for inter-protein specificity. Thus, the cation-pi interaction is established as an important contributor to protein-protein interfaces.
Scudder's Revision of the Melanopli. (1898)

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Recycle.io: An IoT-Enabled Framework for Urban Waste Management (2018)

Addressing environmentally safe management of waste is becoming increasingly a challenging task. The predicament of the rate at which waste is generated due to increasing populations is also contributing to this challenge. One possible approach for effectively handling waste can be achieved by source reduction and recycling. The problem, however, improving the collection of waste can be costly particularly during the source separation process after waste is collected. It would be desirable if there exists a mechanism that can help municipalities, local governments or waste management companies to monitor in real-time sources of violations prior to the waste collection process. In this paper, we introduce recycle.io, an Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled waste management system that is based on a serverless architecture that can identify these sources of violations. Using recycle.io, it is then possible to track the violations geographically which can help local governments, for example, to improve or enforce tighter regulations for waste disposal. Our recycle.io system uses Microsoft Azure IoT Hub for device management. Throughout the paper, we demonstrate usefulness of using our approach for urban waste management in smart cities.
Structure-activity relationships for analogs of the tuberculosis drug bedaquiline with the naphthalene unit replaced by bicyclic heterocycles (2018)

Replacing the naphthalene C-unit of the anti-tuberculosis drug bedaquiline with a range of bicyclic heterocycles of widely differing lipophilicity gave analogs with a 4.5-fold range in clogP values. The biological results for these compounds indicate on average a lower clogP limit of about 5.0 in this series for retention of potent inhibitory activity (MIC<sub>90</sub>s) against M.tb in culture. Some of the compounds also showed a significant reduction in inhibition of hERG channel potassium current compared with bedaquiline, but there was no common structural feature that distinguished these.