gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Concomitant in vivo production of 19 different cytokines in human tonsils. (1994)

Accumulating data indicate that cytokines, peptides involved in regulation of both physiological and pathological immune responses, are produced predominantly at the site of local antigen stimulation. Cytokine-producing cells were detected at the protein level in human tonsil tissue obtained from children with recurrent tonsillitis or infectious mononucleosis (IM). Concomitant production of 19 different human cytokines, interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-1 beta, IL-1 receptor antagonist (ra), IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), G-CSF, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), TNF-beta, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and transforming growth factor-beta 1-3 (TGF-beta 1-3), was identified at a single-cell level by indirect immunohistochemical staining procedures and use of carefully selected cytokine-specific antibodies (Ab). Fresh frozen sections were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized by 0.1% saponin treatment, eluting cholesterol from the cell-surface membrane and the Golgi complex. The intracellular localization of all cytokines, except IL-1 and IL-1ra, was demonstrated by a characteristic local cytoplasmic perinuclear configuration in producer cells. In addition, the immunoreactivity for certain cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, G-CSF and GM-CSF) was expressed on the cell membranes and extended over a large extracellular area encompassing the producer cell. Localization of the cytokine to the Golgi organelle was established by co-staining with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific to the Golgi complex. Both the extra- and intracellular cytokine staining reactions could be blocked by preincubation of the cytokine-specific Ab with the corresponding purified natural or recombinant cytokine. A complex cytokine pattern was established in both groups studied, where most T-helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 lymphokines were expressed in the tonsils but at different frequencies and localizations. Cells expressing IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13, (Th2 response) were evident at higher frequencies in recurrent tonsillitis compared to sections from IM, which were associated with a more pronounced IL-2, IFN-gamma and TNF-beta expression.
The glycosylation of phosphoglucomutase is modulated by carbon source and heat shock in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1994)

Phosphoglucomutase is the acceptor for UDP-glucose: glycoprotein glucose-1-phosphotransferase and contains Glc in a phosphodiester linkage to O-linked Man. In this study, we have characterized the glycosylation of phosphoglucomutase by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in response to heat shock and growth in media containing carbon sources other than Glc. Phosphoglucomutase synthesized under these conditions is underglucosylated relative to that synthesized during logarithmic growth in Glc. The underglucosylation results in increased UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucose-1-phosphotransferase acceptor activity in in vitro assays and a newly appearing less negatively charged form of phosphoglucomutase resolvable by anion exchange chromatography. Utilizing a yeast strain in which phosphoglucomutase is overexpressed via a multicopy plasmid, metabolic labeling of the enzyme with [35S]Met and [3H]Man increased in response to heat shock, whereas [3H]Glc labeling decreased. The glucosylation state of phosphoglucomutase was also compared in cells grown in media containing various carbon sources and was found to be lowest in cells utilizing Gal as the sole carbon source compared with Glc or lactate. In mammalian cells, the glucosylation of phosphoglucomutase has been shown to be sensitive to changes in cytoplasmic Ca2+ and to correlate with a change in its membrane association. The change in phosphoglucomutase's oligosaccharide in Saccharomyces cerevisiae may be important to alterations in its distribution under conditions of nutrient deprivation or metabolic stress.
Photoemission Electron Spectroscopy IV: Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (2010)

角度分解光電子分光法（ARPES）は，固体とその表面の電子構造の運動量依存性，すなわち電子構造のバンド分散 ε(k)を測定する有力な実験手法である．ARPESは低次元（一次元あるいは二次元）相関電子系における準粒子励起における電子相関の影響を調べるための理想的な手法でもある．本稿では，自由電子的な三次元系から低次元強相関電子系までの系に対するARPESの代表的な研究とその有効性について概説する．
Regeneration of teeth using stem cell-based tissue engineering (2005)

Tooth autotransplantation, allotransplantation and dental implants have existed for many years, but have never been totally satisfactory. Thus, the development of new methods of tooth replacement has become desirable, and with the increasing knowledge of stem cell biology becomes a realistic possibility. Stem cell-based tissue engineering involving the recapitulation of the embryonic environment demonstrates that dental, non-dental, embryonic and adult stem cells can contribute to teeth formation in the appropriate setting. Evidence that stem cell populations may be present in human teeth provides the opportunity to consider biological tooth replacement 'new for old'.
Synthesis of a rigid dimethoxynaphthalene-spacer-dithiol which spontaneously attaches to gold and platinum electrodes: properties of monolayer films in nonaqueous solvents (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of a rigid dimethoxynaphthalene-spacer-dithiol which spontaneously attaches to gold and platinum electrodes: properties of monolayer films in nonaqueous solventsAndrew J. Black, Timothy T. Wooster, William E. Geiger, and Michael N. Paddon-RowCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 17, 7924–7925Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00070a067https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00070a067research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views144Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Ultrabroadband THz spectroscopy using rapid scanning method (2006)

Abstract We applied rapid scanning method to ultrabroadband terahertz detection using photoconductive antennas. Measurement time was reduced to one tenth of the conventional method. Ultrabroadband terahertz spectrum from 0.1 to 15 THz was observed. This technique provides significant improvement in THz time‐domain spectroscopy. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Providing Quality of Service over InfiniBandTM Architecture Fabrics (2000)

The provision of Quality of Service (QoS) in data communication networks is currently the center of much discussion and research in the industry. InfiniBandTM Architecture (IBA) enables QoS support through a rich set of mechanisms to segregate traffic flows into traffic classes and to provide hop level forwarding control over these individual classes. This paper describes the QoS problem and describes a generalized approach to its solution. The IBA mechanisms applicable to QoS are described in relation to the generalized model. Finally, the Differentiated Services architecture, as described in RFC 2475, is introduced and an overview of a possible implementation of DiffServ over IBA is described.
Worldwide Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Foods and Feeds—An Update (1989)

In a review presented at the first FAO/WHO/UNEP Conference on Mycotoxins in 1977, the occurrence of aflatoxins, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, citrinin, trichothecenes, patulin, penicillic acid, and the ergot alkaloids was indicated to be significant in naturally contaminated foods and feeds. The information presented on aflatoxin contamination greatly exceeded that for all other mycotoxins combined. This study reviews the worldwide levels and occurrence of mycotoxins in various commodities since 1976. Comparatively few countries have lowered the acceptable levels for aflatoxins in susceptible commodities. However, intensified efforts are needed to establish control of aflatoxin levels in the global food supply, particularly in peanuts, tree nuts, corn, and animal feeds. Extensive deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination of grains, especially wheat, was demonstrated. Co-contamination of grains by Fusarium toxins, especially DON and nivalenol, with zearalenone to a lesser extent, was reported. However, more information on co-occurrence of Fusarium toxins in cereals should be developed. When contamination of feeds by ochratoxin A was significant, this toxin occurred in swine kidney and smoked meats in high levels. On the basis of occurrence and/or toxicity, patulin and penicillic acid contamination of foods does not appear to be of real concern. More recent developments suggest, however, that expanded monitoring studies of Alternaria toxins, moniliformin, citrinin, cyclopiazonic acid, penitrem A, and ergot alkaloids are indicated.
Emulsion Copolymerization of Styrene with Amphiphilic Poly(2-oxazoline) Macromonomer Bearing Ammonio Group at the Chain End (1993)

Abstract Emulsion copolymerization of styrene with a block-type amphiphilic poly(2-oxazoline) macromonomer having a quaternary ammonio group at the chain end was performed to produce monodisperse polymer particles in the submicron range. Poly(2-oxazoline) chains and the ammonio group were localized on the particle surface.
Large area silicon sheet for solar cells (1982)

Polycrystalline silicon sheets having a 6-in. or 4-in. diameter with a 0.3–0.4-mm thickness have been obtained directly by spinning the silicon melt dropped on the plate. Production time of the sheet formation from the melt is about one second per sheet. The crystallites of the sheet have columnar structures. Material loss in the production process is little or none because of a clean recovery of the surplus silicon. Using this sheet, p-n junction solar cells with an AM1 efficiency of 4.1–6.0% have been made experimentally.
A simplified direct-viewing bistable storage tube (1965)

A simplified meshless storage tube has been developed which uses a single-layer dielectric storage target deposited over a transparent conductive coating on the glass faceplate. The dielectric layer serves both of the two principle purposes of bistable charge storage and production of the visible image. The mechanism of writing, storing and erasing depends on the well-known bistability of a good secondary emitting surface under flood current bombardment. The occurrence of an upper and lower stable potential is used, as in previous bistable devices, to form light and dark image areas having a sharply defined boundary between them. This boundary is an inherently unstable region having a high gradient across it, which tends to move the boundary across the face of the target.
Online Dual Decomposition for Performance and Delivery-Based Distributed Ad Allocation (2016)

Online optimization is central to display advertising, where we must sequentially allocate ad impressions to maximize the total welfare among advertisers, while respecting various advertiser-specified long-term constraints (e.g., total amount of the ad's budget that is consumed at the end of the campaign). In this paper, we present the online dual decomposition (ODD) framework for large-scale, online, distributed ad allocation, which combines dual decomposition and online convex optimization. ODD allows us to account for the distributed and the online nature of the ad allocation problem and is extensible to a variety of ad allocation problems arising in real-world display advertising systems. Moreover, ODD does not require assumptions about auction dynamics, stochastic or adversarial feedback, or any other characteristics of the ad marketplace. We further provide guarantees for the online solution as measured by bounds on cumulative regret. The regret analysis accounts for the impact of having to estimate constraints in an online setting before they are observed and for the dependence on the smoothness with which constraints and constraint violations are generated. We provide an extensive set of results from a large-scale production advertising system at Amazon to validate the framework and compare its behavior to various ad allocation algorithms.
Web services: been there, done that? (2003)

Web services can be defined as loosely coupled, reusable software components that semantically encapsulate discrete functionality and are distributed and programmatically accessible over standard Internet protocols. Web services have received a lot of hype, the reasons for which are not easily determined. Some of their benefits might even seem to waste away, once we touch on the nitty-gritty details, because Web services per se do not offer a solution to underlying problems. The contributions included in this section delve into some of these issues, including: pitfalls of workflow issues; structuring procedural knowledge into problem-solving methods; discussing how a low initial entry barrier and simple technology are balanced against the long-term goal of easy integration; including semantics in a Web service modeling framework; and building on new kinds of applications such as grid enterprises.
Acceleration of dose calculations for intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (2001)

The requirements and trade-offs between accuracy and speed for radiotherapy dose computations have been discussed for decades. Inverse planning used for intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) optimization imposes additional demands on dose calculation since it is an iterative process in which dose calculations might be repeated many (10's to 1000's) of times. This work discusses the accuracy and speed issues as related to IMRT dose calculations. A hybrid dose calculation method which accelerates the optimization process is proposed and applied in which a fast-pencil beam (PB) model is used for initial optimization iterations, followed by superposition/convolution (SC) calculations. Optimization dose results are compared for pure PB optimization, pure SC optimization, and PB optimization followed by SC optimization. Plans were evaluated in terms of isodose coverage, dose-volume histograms, and total dose calculation time for five head and neck cases with diverse locations, sizes, and shapes for tumors and critical structures. Patient plans were designed for nine equispaced beams. For one patient, an additional five-beam configuration was tested. We found that gross features of intensity distributions resulting from all schemes were similar, however there were differences in the fine detail. Differences were small between composite dose distributions optimized with PB and SC methods, yet differences in individual beam dose distributions were quite significant. When the SC method was used to compute dose following optimization with PB method, dose differences were reduced significantly both for composite plans and for individual beams. Substantial overall timesavings were observed, allowing IMRT dose planning to become a more interactive activity.
How Accurately Does Wrist Actigraphy Identify the States of Sleep and Wakefulness? (2001)

Low PV's and overestimation of sleep currently disqualify actigraphy as an accurate sleep-wake indicator. Actigraphy may, however, by useful for measuring circadian period and sleep-wake consolidation and has face validity as a measure of rest/activity.
Focal and Perifocal Changes in Tissue Energy State during Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Normo- and Hyperglycemic Rats (1992)

The objective of the present study was to assess changes in cellular energy metabolism in focal and perifocal areas of a stroke lesion and to explore how these changes are modulated by preischemic hyperglycemia. A model for reversible occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in rats was used to study changes in energy metabolism. Following MCA occlusion for 5, 15, or 30 min in normoglycemic rats, the tissue was frozen in situ, and samples from the lateral caudoputamen and from two neocortical areas were collected for metabolite analyses, together with a control sample from the contralateral, nonischemic hemisphere. Two other groups, subjected to 30 min of MCA occlusion, were made hyperglycemic by acute glucose infusion or by prior injection of streptozotocin. Enzymatic techniques were used for measurements of phosphocreatine, creatine, ATP, ADP, AMP, glycogen, glucose, pyruvate, and lactate. The neocortex of the contralateral, nonischemic hemisphere had labile metabolites that were similar to those measured in control animals. Ipsilateral neocortex bordering the focus, and thus constituting the "penumbra," showed mild to moderate ischemic changes. In the "focus" (lateral caudoputamen plus the overlying neocortex), deterioration of energy state was rapid and relatively extensive (ATP content 20-40% of control). After 5 min of occlusion, no further deterioration of metabolic parameters was observed. Substrate levels were markedly reduced, and lactate content rose to approximately 10 mM kg-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Perceived issues associated with military use of satellite based personal communications systems (2002)

As charged by Congress and the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) created the Commercial Satellite Communications Initiatives (CSCI) program. The CSCI program's purpose is to assess the use of available and planned commercial communications satellites to fulfill, in a cost-effective manner, certain military communications that would be otherwise provided by Government satellite systems. This paper describes planned commercial satellite based personal communications systems (PCS) capable of providing voice, data and other services anywhere in the world to mobile users equipped with lightweight, handheld transceivers. The paper then provides an overview of issues associated with military use of satellite PCS services.
Ovicidal and Adulticidal Activity of <i>Eucalyptus globulus </i>Leaf Oil Terpenoids against <i>Pediculus humanus capitis</i> (Anoplura:  Pediculidae) (2004)

The toxic effects of Eucalyptus globulus leaf oil-derived monoterpenoids [1,8-cineole, l-phellandrene, (-)-alpha-pinene, 2-beta-pinene, trans-pinocarveol, gamma-terpinene, and 1-alpha-terpineol] and the known Eucalyptusleaf oil terpenoids (beta-eudesmol and geranyl acetate) on eggs and females of the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, were examined using direct contact and fumigation bioassays and compared with the lethal activity of delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum, two commonly used pediculicides. In a filter paper contact bioassay with female P. h. capitis, the pediculicidal activity was more pronounced with Eucalyptus leaf oil than with either delta-phenothrin or pyrethrum on the basis of LT(50) values (0.125 vs 0.25 mg/cm(2)). 1,8-Cineole was 2.2- and 2.3-fold more toxic than either delta-phenothrin or pyrethrum, respectively. The pediculicidal activities of (-)-alpha-pinene, 2-beta-pinene, and (E)-pinocarveol were comparable to those of delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. l-Phellandrene, gamma-terpinene, and 1-alpha-terpineol were relatively less active than delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. beta-Eudesmol and geranyl acetate were ineffective. 1-alpha-Terpineol and (E)-pinocaveol were highly effective at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/cm(2), respectively, against P. h. capitis eggs. At 1.0 mg/cm(2), (-)-alpha-pinene, 2-beta-pinene, and gamma-terpinene exhibited moderate ovicidal activity, whereas little or no ovicidal activity was observed with the other terpenoids and with delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. In fumigation tests with female P. h. capitis at 0.25 mg/cm(2), 1,8-cineole, (-)-alpha-pinene, (E)-pinocarveol, and 1-alpha-terpineol were more effective in closed cups than in open ones, indicating that the effect of the monoterpenoids was largely due to action in the vapor phase. Neither delta-phenothrin nor pyrethrum exhibited fumigant toxicity. Eucalyptus leaf oil, particularly 1,8-cineole, 1-alpha-terpineol, and (E)-pinocaveol, merits further study as potential pediculicides or lead compounds for the control of P. h. capitis.
LNA-antenna codesign for UWB systems (2006)

In this paper, the problematic of co-design between LNA and antenna is addressed. The targeted application is ultra wide band where this part of front end is a main interest in RF design. A comparison is drawn out between a 50 Ohm and a co-designed version, with same LNA architecture and power consumption. Simulation results show a 7 dB power gain enhancement in the latter version. Noise factor is improved by more than 1.5 dB over the whole bandwidth
A Review of Thermal Conductivity Data, Mechanisms and Models for Nanofluids (2010)

Numerous studies have shown that nanofluids have superb physical properties, among which thermal conductivity has been studied most extensively but remains controversial. In this review article, we first present important milestones in experimental studies that show new features of the thermal conductivity of nanofluids, together with those that show no such special features. After a brief review of the physical mechanisms proposed to explain the thermal conductivity of nanofluids we present a critical review of the classical and new models used to predict the thermal conductivity behavior of nanofluids. We discuss some controversial issues such as data inconsistencies, the sufficiency and suitability of classical and new mechanisms, and the discrepancies between experimental data and model predictions. At the end of our review, we give some directions for future research in nanofluids and to aid researchers in resolving the controversial issues we are still facing in developing nanofluids with superior t...
Angle-Independent Hot Carrier Generation and Collection Using Transparent Conducting Oxides (2014)

When high-energy photons are absorbed in a semiconductor or metal, electrons and holes are generated with excess kinetic energy, so-called hot carriers. This extra energy is dissipated, for example, by phonon emission, which results in sample heating. Recovery of hot carriers is important for detectors, sensors, and power convertors; however, the design and implementation of these devices is difficult due to strict requirements on the device geometry, angle of illumination, and incident photon wavelength. Here, we present for the first time a simple, angle-independent device based on transparent conducting electrodes that allows for the generation and collection of hot carriers. We show experimental photocurrent generation from both monochromatic and broadband light sources, show uniform absorption for incident illumination at up to 60° from the surface normal, and find an expected open-circuit voltage in the range 1.5-3.0 V. Under solar illumination, the device is 1 order of magnitude more efficient than previous metal-insulator-metal designs, and power conversion efficiencies >10% are predicted with optimized structures. This approach opens the door to new hot carrier collection devices and detectors based on transparent conducting electrodes.