gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Alternate Route to the Active Chiral Hydrogenation Catalysts [Ru(bisphosphine)(H)(solvent)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>+</sup>:  Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Evaluation (2004)

We report an improved synthesis of cis-[Ru(CH3CN)2((1−3-η)-C3H5)((1,2:5,6-η)-C8H12)]BF4 and its use in the synthesis of [Ru(bisphosphine)((1−3:5,6-η)-C8H11)(CH3CN)]BF4 (where bisphosphine = (R)-BINAP, (R)-Tol-BINAP). Thermolyses of the complexes [Ru(bisphosphine)((1−3:5,6-η)-C8H11)(CH3CN)]BF4 afford [Ru(bisphosphine)((1−5-η)-C8H11)]BF4, which serve as convenient precatalysts to the active hydrogenation catalysts fac-[Ru(bisphosphine)(H)(sol)3]BF4 (sol = THF, acetone, i-PrOH). We compare the properties and activities of these catalysts with those of related, established systems.
Biomaterial Approaches for Stem Cell-Based Myocardial Tissue Engineering (2015)

Adult and pluripotent stem cells represent a ready supply of cellular raw materials that can be used to generate the functionally mature cells needed to replace damaged or diseased heart tissue. However, the use of stem cells for cardiac regenerative therapies is limited by the low efficiency by which stem cells are differentiated in vitro to cardiac lineages as well as the inability to effectively deliver stem cells and their derivatives to regions of damaged myocardium. In this review, we discuss the various biomaterial-based approaches that are being implemented to direct stem cell fate both in vitro and in vivo. First, we discuss the stem cell types available for cardiac repair and the engineering of naturally and synthetically derived biomaterials to direct their in vitro differentiation to the cell types that comprise heart tissue. Next, we describe biomaterial-based approaches that are being implemented to enhance the in vivo integration and differentiation of stem cells delivered to areas of cardiac damage. Finally, we present emerging trends of using stem cell-based biomaterial approaches to deliver pro-survival factors and fully vascularized tissue to the damaged and diseased cardiac tissue.
Interpolymer Complexes and Miscible Blends of PolyN-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone with Novolac Resin and the Effect of Crosslinking on Related Behaviour (1996)

The formation of complexes between poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) and novolac resin in various solvents was studied. Interpolymer complexes were formed in methanol, ethanol, 2-butanone, cyclohexanone and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). However, only polymer blends were obtained in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The nature of the solvent has a profound influence on the degree of interpolymer association. The formation of 1/1 and 2/1 ([novolac]/[PVP]) interpolymer complexes in DMF solution was shown by measurements of reduced viscosity, conductivity and clear point. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed the single-phase nature of both the blends and the complexes of uncured novolac/PVP. The complexes had higher glass transition temperatures than those of the blends with the same composition, and the strength of the interactions between the components in the complex is much higher than that in the blend. The driving force in the formation of the interpolymer complexes between novolac and PVP is the hydrogen-bonding interaction between the hydroxyl of the novolac and the proton-accepting groups of PVP. Both the blends and the complexes were cured with 15 wt% hexamethylenetetramine relative to novolac content. The cured novolac/PVP blends were only partially miscible, but significant amounts of complex still existed in the cured complexes. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy revealed that the interaction between the components was rather strong for both the uncured and cured blends.
Temperature-independent localization algorithm using guided wave interrogation methods (2013)

This paper examines the current challenges of using Lamb wave interrogation methods to localize fatigue crack damage in a complex metallic structural component in the presence of temperature variations. The goal of this research is to improve damage localization results for a structural component interrogated at an unknown temperature by developing a probabilistic and reference-free framework for estimating Lamb wave velocities. The proposed approach for temperature-independent damage localization involves a model that can describe the change in Lamb wave velocities with temperature, the use of advanced time-frequency based signal processing for damage feature extraction, estimation of the actual Lamb wave velocities from transducer signals, and a Bayesian damage localization framework with data association and sensor fusion. The technique does not require any additional transducers on a component and allows the estimation of the velocities for the actual Lamb waves present in a component. Experiments to validate the proposed method were conducted using an aluminum lug joint interrogated with piezoelectric transducers for a range of temperatures and fatigue crack lengths. Experimental results show the advantages of using a velocity estimation algorithm to improve damage localization for a component interrogated at both known and unknown temperatures.
Evidence for a parallel input serial analysis model of word processing. (1990)

A parallel input serial analysis (PISA) model of word processing was developed and tested. The goal was to expand on the "critical processing duration" hypothesis of Johnson, Allen, and Strand (1989) so that both single-word and multiple-word presentation, letter detection data could be explained. In Experiments 1-3 four different word frequency categories on a single-presentation, letter detection task were used. These three experiments indicated that there was a curvilinear relationship between word frequency and letter detection reaction time (RT). That is, letter detection RTs for medium-high-frequency words were significantly longer than letter detection RTs for very-high-, low-, and very-low-frequency words. These results support the PISA model rather than the Healy, Oliver, and McNamara (1987) version of the unitization model. In Experiments 4-5 multiple-presentation (i.e., two words), letter detection tasks were used. The PISA model could also account for the results from these two experiments, but the unitization model could not.
PKC Delta and Epsilon in Drug Targeting and Therapeutics (2009)

Protein kinase C (PKC) belongs to the serine and threonine kinase family. At least ten PKC isoforms have been identified and subdivided into three groups: classical (alpha, beta I, beta II and gamma), novel (delta, epsilon, theta and eta), and atypical (zeta and iota/lambda). Two calcium-insensitive isoforms of novel PKC, PKC delta and epsilon, have received particular attention as promising targets for new drugs. PKCs play a multifaceted role in cellular responses in a range of tissues. Professor Mochly-Rosen's group and KAI Pharmaceuticals Inc. have developed drugs targeted against PKC delta (KAI-9803) and epsilon (KAI-1678). These drugs ameliorate pathological conditions in acute myocardial infarction and reduce pain via specific modulation of membrane-translocation of PKC delta or epsilon. Another research group has recently used the KinAce() approach to produce PKC epsilon-abrogating peptides (KCe-12 and KCe-16) that are based on the catalytic domain of PKC. These peptides specifically inhibit PKC epsilon and ameliorate pathological conditions in a rodent insulin resistance model. This review describes the development of these therapeutic drugs targeting PKC delta and epsilon by two independent groups in the light of recent patents.
Complex Osteotomies of Tibial Plateau Malunions Using Computer-Assisted Planning and Patient-Specific Surgical Guides (2015)

The accurate reduction of tibial plateau malunions can be challenging without guidance. In this work, we report on a novel technique that combines 3-dimensional computer-assisted planning with patient-specific surgical guides for improving reliability and accuracy of complex intraarticular corrective osteotomies. Preoperative planning based on 3-dimensional bone models was performed to simulate fragment mobilization and reduction in 3 cases. Surgical implementation of the preoperative plan using patient-specific cutting and reduction guides was evaluated; benefits and limitations of the approach were identified and discussed. The preliminary results are encouraging and show that complex, intraarticular corrective osteotomies can be accurately performed with this technique. For selective patients with complex malunions around the tibia plateau, this method might be an attractive option, with the potential to facilitate achieving the most accurate correction possible.
Identification of N-acetylneuraminyl alpha 2–>3 poly-N-acetyllactosamine glycans as the receptors of sialic acid-binding Streptococcus suis strains. (1992)

Streptococcus suis is a common cause of sepsis, meningitis, and other serious infections in young piglets and also causes meningitis in humans. The cell-binding specificity of sialic acid-recognizing strains of Streptococcus suis was investigated. Treatment of human erythrocytes with sialidase or mild periodate abolished hemagglutination. Hemagglutination inhibition experiments with sialyl oligosaccharides indicated that the adhesin preferred the sequence NeuNAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4Glc(NAc). Resialylation of desialylated erythrocytes with Gal beta 1-3(4)GlcNAc alpha 2-3-sialyltransferase induced a strong hemagglutination, whereas no or only weak hemagglutination was obtained with cells resialylated with two other sialyltransferases. Binding of radiolabeled bacteria to blots of erythrocyte membrane proteins revealed binding to the poly-N-acetyllactosamine-containing components Band 3, Band 4.5, and polyglycosyl ceramides and to glycophorin A. The involvement of glycophorin A as a major ligand was excluded by the strong hemagglutination of trypsin-treated erythrocytes and En(a-) erythrocytes defective in glycophorin A. Sensitivity of the hemagglutination toward endo-beta-galactosidase treatment of erythrocytes and inhibition by purified poly-N-acetyllactosaminyl glycopeptides indicated that the adhesin bound to glycans containing the following structure: NeuNAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-.
Protective Effect of Spironolactone on Endothelial Cell Apoptosis (2006)

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) undergo apoptosis in response to serum deprivation. We show that the nonspecific mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, spironolactone, protects from caspase-3 activation induced by serum deprivation in contrast to the selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, eplerenone, that is nonprotective. We also demonstrate that progesterone, hydrocortisone, and dexamethasone all protect HUVECs from serum-deprivation-induced caspase-3 activation, whereas aldosterone and dihydrotestosterone have no effect. Spironolactone has been demonstrated to display agonist activity only to the progesterone receptor (PR), and we additionally show that spironolactone and progesterone, but not eplerenone, inhibit mitochondrial cytochrome c release and cleavage of nuclear poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and increase cell viability. Additionally, the PR antagonist mifepristone (RU486) partially blocked the inhibitory effect of both spironolactone and progesterone on caspase-3 activation, cytochrome c release, and nuclear PARP cleavage. Nitric oxide (NO) protects HUVECs from apoptosis in response to various stimuli including serum-deprivation; however, the NO synthase inhibitor N-monomethyl-l-arginine, did not abolish inhibition of caspase-3 activation or PARP cleavage by spironolactone. Thus, we demonstrate that spironolactone protects HUVECs from serum-deprivation-induced apoptosis by inhibition of caspase-3 activity, cytochrome c release and PARP cleavage by a NO-independent mechanism; further, this effect is likely mediated by the agonist properties of spironolactone toward the PR.
Thiamine and Cholinergic Transmission in the Electric Organ of <i>Torpedo</i> (1980)

The electrogenic tissue of Torpedo was found to phosphorylate in vitro external [14C]thiamine by a saturable process. The rate of this metabolisaton was increased when acetate, an efficient precursor of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis in this tissue, was added to the incubation medium, thus increasing the turnover of ACh. Nerve stimulation did not release significant amounts of the previously accumulated [14C]thiamine. Exogenous thiamine modified the size of the electroplaque potential (e.p.p.). At concentrations higher than 10(-3)M the nerve-electroplaque transmission was depressed after a transient increase of the e.p.p. Such a depression was due to a strong decrease of the ACh release. At concentrations equal to or lower than 10(-3)M, thiamine affected transmission in a rather complex fashion. ACh release was decreased or increased depending on concentration, time of application, and mode of stimulation. Oxythiamine, a structural antimetabolite of thiamine, affected the transmission in a very characteristic manner at 10(-5)M and higher concentrations. The amplitude of the e.p.p. was increased and, more strikingly, its duration was prolonged. These changes were not due to an inhibition of cholinesterase activity but to an enhancement of the evoked release of ACh either on single-impulse or repetitive stimulation. Another antimetabolite, pyrithiamine, had no effect on the transmission nor on ACh release. From this and our previous work, it is proposed that thiamine is involved, directly or indirectly, in the process of ACh release. The possible mechanisms of this involvement are discussed.
Multiple molecular marker testing (p53, C-Ki-ras, c-erbB-2) improves estimation of prognosis in potentially curative resected non-small cell lung cancer (2000)

A prospective study was performed in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to evaluate the prognostic importance of multiple molecular marker (p53, c-Ki-ras, c-erbB-2) testing. 103 patients with potentially curative resections (RO resection) for NSCLC in histopathological stages I-IIIA were included. SSCP analysis and DNA sequencing for p53 and c-Ki-ras genes were performed on paired tumour and normal lung tissue samples and immunohistochemistry (c-erbB-2) was done on frozen tissue sections with a specific anti-c-erbB-2 monoclonal antibody. 46/103 (44.6%) NSCLC showed p53 mutations and 17/103 (16.5%) c-Ki-ras mutations including 12/37 (32.4%) adenocarcinomas. Overexpression of c-erbB-2 (p185) was detected in 56/103 (54.4%) tumours. 24/103 (23.3%) NSCLC were negative for alterations in all 3 parameters (c-Ki-ras, p53 and p185) whereas 79/103 (76.7%) were positive for at least one of the 3 parameters. In a regression model including a multiple molecular marker parameter (negative for all 3 markers versus positive for at least one marker), histopathological stage (P<0.00001), respectively the pT (P<0.01) and pN (P<0.00001) categories and the multiple molecular marker parameter (P<0.01) were of significant prognostic importance. This study demonstrates that testing 3 molecular markers (c-Ki-ras, p53 and c-erbB-2) improves estimation of prognosis compared to single marker testing and appears to define low (82.6%+/-7.9% 5-year survival) and high risk (40.2%+/-5.5% 5-year survival) groups for treatment failure in potentially curative (RO) resected NSCLC.
Environment-Independent 14-Helix Formation in Short β-Peptides:  Striking a Balance between Shape Control and Functional Diversity (2003)

We report a significant and unanticipated advance in the study of beta-amino acid-based foldamers: a small proportion of highly preorganized residues can impart high stability to a specific helical secondary structure in water. Most of the residues in these beta-peptides (2 and 3) are intrinsically flexible. Flexible beta-amino acids can be readily and enantiospecifically prepared in functionally diverse forms, but preorganized residues with side chains are rare and challenging to synthesize. Our findings demonstrate that interspersing a few copies of an unfunctionalized but rigid residue among a larger number of flexible residues with diverse side chains is a viable strategy for creating beta-peptides that adopt the 14-helix conformation and therefore display side chains in a predictable spatial arrangement. These results are significant because they enhance the prospects of developing beta-peptides with useful activities.
The major histocompatibility complex-restricted antigen receptor on T cells: the genetics of expression of an allotype. (1985)

The monoclonal antibody KJ16-133 binds an allelic determinant expressed on the antigen-specific, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted receptors on approximately 20% of T cells in most mouse strains. The locus controlling the presence or absence of the determinant mapped 9.8 +/- 2.2 centimorgans from the Igk/Ly-2 locus on chromosome 6 in mice, and may be the beta-chain locus. Other genetic loci were identified that controlled the frequency of cells that expressed the allele in positive mice. One of these was the MHC itself, which may control expression of the beta-chain allele by controlling T cell repertoire. The identity of the other, as yet unmapped locus is unknown. KJ16-133 was used to show that T cell receptor gene products are expressed in a manner consistent with allelic exclusion.
Z-source inverter (2003)

This paper presents an impedance-source (or impedance-fed) power converter (abbreviated as Z-source converter) and its control method for implementing DC-to-AC, AC-to-DC, AC-to-AC, and DC-to-DC power conversion. The Z-source converter employs a unique impedance network (or circuit) to couple the converter main circuit to the power source, thus providing unique features that cannot be obtained in the traditional voltage-source (or voltage-fed) and current-source (or current-fed) converters where a capacitor and inductor are used respectively. The Z-source converter overcomes the conceptual and theoretical barriers and limitations of the traditional voltage-source converter (abbreviated as V-source converter) and current-source converter (abbreviated as I-source converter) and provides a novel power conversion concept. The Z-source concept can be applied to all DC-to-AC, AC-to-DC, AC-to-AC, and DC-to-DC power conversion. To describe the operating principle and control, this paper focuses on an example: a Z-source inverter for DC-AC power conversion needed in fuel cell applications. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the new features.
Non-blocking writes to files (2015)

Writing data to a page not present in the file-system page cache causes the operating system to synchronously fetch the page into memory first. Synchronous page fetch defines both policy (when) and mechanism (how), and always blocks the writing process. Non-blocking writes eliminate such blocking by buffering the written data elsewhere in memory and unblocking the writing process immediately. Subsequent reads to the updated page locations are also made non-blocking. This new handling of writes to non-cached pages allow processes to overlap more computation with I/O and improves page fetch I/O throughput by increasing fetch parallelism. Our empirical evaluation demonstrates the potential of nonblocking writes in improving the overall performance of systems with no loss of performance when workloads cannot benefit from it. Across the Filebench write workloads, non-blocking writes improve benchmark throughput by 7X on average (up to 45.4X) when using disk drives and by 2.1X on average (up to 4.2X) when using SSDs. For the SPECsfs2008 benchmark, nonblocking writes decrease overall average latency of NFS operations between 3.5% and 70% and average write latency between 65% and 79%. When replaying the MobiBench file system traces, non-blocking writes decrease average operation latency by 20-60%.
Change of minority carrier diffusion length in polycrystalline silicon by ultrasound treatment (1995)

We present a new approach for defect engineering by ultrasound treatment (UST) in solar-grade polycrystalline silicon wafers, leading to significant enhancement of minority carrier diffusion length (L) in wafer regions with short L. The maximum value of the UST effect is a 2.7 times increase of the diffusion length in regions of the sample with L=10 to 25 mu m. Using the surface photovoltage (SPV) method for non-contact mapping of the diffusion length, we have found both a positive and negative variation of L after UST in different wafer regions. The UST effect depends upon temperature, showing an activation energy of about 0.17 eV. A relaxation study of the UST effect shows two different behaviours: (i) stable result versus post-UST holding time, and (ii) partial or complete recovery of the diffusion length. Process (ii) is linked to the ultrasound-enhanced dissociation of FeB pairs followed by pairing kinetics.
The Neurofibrillary Pathology of Alzheimer's Disease (1997)

Abundant neurofibrillary lesions in certain brain regions constitute one of the defining neuropathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease, where their presence correlates with the degree of dementia. An understanding of the mechanisms that lead to the neurofibrillary pathology is critical for elucidating the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Neurofibrillary lesions consist of neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads, and abnormal neurites. Ultrastructurally, each of these lesions consists of abnormal paired helical and straight filaments. These filaments are made of the six brain isoforms of microtubule-associated protein tau in a hyperphosphorylated and an abnormally phosphorylated state. Several candidate protein kinases and protein phosphatases for the hyperphos phorylation of tau have been identified. Moreover, recent results suggest that an interaction between tau protein and sulfated glycosaminoglycans may play an important role in inducing both the hyperphosphor ylation of tau and the formation of paired helical and straight filaments. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:131-141, 1997
O‐Alkenyl Hydroxylamines: A New Concept for Cyclofunctionalization. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Speculations on the Role of Transmissible Agents in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease (1986)

Unconventional agents and conventional viruses provide model systems to investigate the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The essay which follows examines the hypothetical role of herpes simplex in AD and presents some generally applicable experimental approaches to detecting genes in brain tissues. The concluding section, on parallels between AD and diseases of the brain caused by unconventional viruses, defines strategies for isolating genes related to pathology.