gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of Mn ions on the growth of cubic GaN (2007)

We perform first‐principles pseudopotential calculations to investigate the effect of Mn delta‐doping on the stability of the zinc‐blende and wurtzite structures in GaN. In bulk GaN, it is possible for the zinc‐blende structure to become a stable phase againt the wurtzite one with increasing the concentration of the delta‐doped Mn ions. On GaN surfaces, it costs very high energies to form inversion domains with a Mn exposure because the Mn–N bond is not strong enough to stabilize the inverted structures. In the initial growth of GaN, we also examine the formation of stacking faults by the Mn delta‐doping, which generate cubic bonds, and find that the stacking faults easily occur on the Ga‐polar surface rather than on the N‐polar one. On the Ga‐polar surface, the Mn ions tend to remain on the surface than in the bulk region, suggesting that these ions act as a surfactant.
A BIOFILM USED AS ULTRAVIOLET‐DOSIMETER (1992)

Abstract— A UV‐dosimeter has been developed for routine measurements which mainly weights the various components of the spectrum in relation to their damaging effects on a microorganism. For this purpose a biofilm was constructed, comprising dried spores of Bacillus subtilis (wild‐type or DNA repair defective strain), immobilized on transparent polyester plastic sheets. After irradiation, the biofilm was incubated in a growth medium. The proteins, synthesized by the immobilized microorganisms after spore germination and several cell divisions, were stained and determined by photometry, giving a measure of the biological activity. The ”biologically effective dose“ was determined from a calibration curve. It reflects the dose equivalent to that of the calibration source producing the same effect. The UV‐response of the biofilm is additive and follows the reciprocity law in the range of fluence rates investigated. The response is nearly independent of temperature within the range of ‐20°C to +70°C as well as of humidity between about 37 and 80% relative humidity. Storage for up to 9 months at <70% relative humidity and room temperature does not significantly influence the viability of the spores.
Toward a Total Synthesis of the Immunosuppressant Sanglifehrin A. Preparation of Two Relay Compounds by Degradation and Their Use in the Reassembly of the Natural Product (1999)

A potential relay route for the synthesis of the novel immunosuppressive agent sanglifehrin A (1) has been developed. Degradation of 1 by a sequence involving regioselective dihydroxylation of the C26,C27 double bond, followed by periodate cleavage of the resulting diol 4, afforded lactol 2 and macrocyclic aldehyde 3. Intramolecular ketal formation between the 1,3-diol and ketone functions present in 3 gave ketal−aldehyde 5. Lactol 2 was converted into sulfone 14 in four steps. The fragments 5 and 14 were reassembled, using the Julia−Kocienski olefination procedure, to afford intermediate 15, which was converted back to sanglifehrin A (1) after two deprotection steps.
Illumination normalization for robust face recognition against varying lighting conditions (2003)

Evaluations of the state-of-the-art of both academic face recognition algorithms and commercial systems have shown that recognition performance of most current technologies degrades due to the variations of illumination. We investigate several illumination normalization methods and propose some novel solutions. The main contribution includes: (1) A gamma intensity correction (GIC) method is proposed to normalize the overall image intensity at the given illumination level; (2) A region-based strategy combining GIC and the histogram equalization (HE) is proposed to further eliminate the side-lighting effect; (3) A quotient illumination relighting (QIR) method is presented to synthesize images under a predefined normal lighting condition from the provided face images captured under nonnormal lighting condition. These methods are evaluated and compared on the Yale illumination face database B and Harvard illumination face database. Considerable improvements are observed. Some conclusions are given at last.
Case 32-1980 (1980)

Presentation of CaseA three-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital because of the nephrotic syndrome.The child's health was excellent until six weeks before admission, when he was observed to have puffy eyes. Several days later the abdomen became swollen, and the scrotum was edematous. He was admitted to another hospital, where examination showed anasarca. The blood pressure was 110/60 mm Hg. The urine gave a + + + + test for protein. Hypoalbuminemia was found. Furosemide and prednisone were administered; the weight fell from 19 to 16 kg, although proteinuria persisted, with + + to + + + . . .
Nonuniformities in Laminated Transmission Lines (1959)

The effect on transmission properties of certain nonuniformities in laminated transmission lines has been calculated by a perturbation method. Particular cases hare been calculated, including the effect of varying radius of curvature in a cylindrical Clogston line, the effect of systematic variation in effective dielectric constant and the effect of random variation in layer thickness where the nonuniformities are known only through statistical properties. In one Clogston line where measurements of nonuniformity have been made the method predicts a transmission impairment in substantial agreement with observations.
Mechanism of acyl transfer by the class A serine <i>β</i>-lactamase of <i>Streptomyces albus</i> G (1991)

Optimization by energy minimization of stable complexes occurring along the pathway of hydrolysis of benzylpenicillin and cephalosporin C by the Streptomyces albus G beta-lactamase has highlighted a proton shuttle that may explain the catalytic mechanism of the beta-lactamases of class A. Five residues, S70, S130, N132, T235 and A237, are involved in ligand binding. The gamma-OH group of T235 and, in the case of benzylpenicillin, the gamma-OH group of S130 interact with the carboxylate group, on one side of the ligand molecule. The side-chain NH2 group of N132 and the carbonyl backbone of A237 interact with the exocyclic CONH amide bond, on the other side of the ligand. The backbone NH groups of S70 and A237 polarize the carbonyl group of the scissile beta-lactam amide bond. Four residues, S70, K73, S130 and E166, and two water molecules, W1 and W2, perform hydrolysis of the bound beta-lactam compound. E166, via W1, abstracts the proton from the gamma-OH group of S70. While losing its proton, the O-gamma atom of S70 attacks the carbonyl carbon atom of the beta-lactam ring and, concomitantly, the proton is delivered back to the adjacent nitrogen atom via W2, K73 and S130, thus achieving formation of the acyl-enzyme. Subsequently, E166 abstracts a proton from W1. While losing its proton, W1 attacks the carbonyl carbon atom of the S70 ester-linked acyl-enzyme and, concomitantly, re-entry of a water molecule W'1 replacing W1 allows E166 to deliver the proton back to the same carbonyl carbon atom, thus achieving hydrolysis of the beta-lactam compound and enzyme recovery. The model well explains the differences found in the kcat. values for hydrolysis of benzylpenicillin and cephalosporin C by the Streptomyces albus G beta-lactamase. It also explains the effects caused by site-directed mutagenesis of the Bacillus cereus beta-lactamase I [Gibson, Christensen & Waley (1990) Biochem J. 272, 613-619].
Bewley Diagrams Revisited via Visualization (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> The paper applies the well-known red-green-blue (RGB) coloring method to visualize traveling waves initiated by switching events or faults occurring in power systems. The three-phase voltage profile along a given transmission line is obtained first. This profile is then converted into a colored picture by assigning different colors to phase signals according to their intensity. An interesting outcome of repeating this process for each time step is the emergence of the Bewley diagram <citerefgrp><citeref refid="ref1"/> </citerefgrp> which is commonly used to illustrate the behavior of traveling waves in space-time. The main contribution of the paper is to show that RGB coloring of phase signals reveals essentially the same profile as the one obtained by using the aerial mode of the signals transformed into the modal domain. Furthermore, it discusses how this result can possibly be useful in applications such as fault location. </para>
Effect of right ventricular function on cardiac resynchronization therapy (2013)

Objective To evaluate the right ventricular function by Tei index,and investigate the influence of preoperative right heart function on the clinical efficacy of patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy(CRT).Methods Twenty-six CRT recipients with chronic heart failure were studied,each patient received standard echocardiographic examination and cardiac function evaluation before CRT and in the follow-up.At 6 months after CRT,group A(the responder to CRT) was defined as the patients with a decrease of NYHA ≥ 1 and a decrease of left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) ≥15％ at least,while the others were defined as group B(no-responder to CRT).The echocardiographic parameters of right ventricular Tei index and conventional parameters were statistically analyzed.Results There were 18 cases in group A and 8 cases in group B.Compared with group B,the Tei index in group A before CRT was remarkable lower than that in group B[(0.44 ±0.07)vs.(0.55 ±0.07),P ＜0.05],PAP in group A also was remarkable lower than group B [(39 ± 9) mm Hg vs.(50 ± 7) mm Hg,P ＜ 0.05].At 6 months after CRT,in the group A:the Tei index dereased remarkably [(0.44 ± 0.07)vs.(0.39±0.08),P ＜ 0.05],PAP also decreased [(39 ±9)mm Hg vs.(35 ±7)mm Hg,P ＜0.05].In the group B:the Tei index increased remarkably [(0.55 ± 0.07) vs.(0.68 ± 0.08),P ＜0.05],whereas the level of PAP had no remarkably change.Conclusions Preoperative right ventricular function can affect cardic resynchronization therapy effect.Routine assessment of right ventricular should be considered in the evaluation of patients for CRT.

Key words: 
Chronic heart failure;  Cardic resynchronization therapy;  Right ventricular myocardial performance index;  Pulmonary artery pressure
LIVER DIALYSIS IN TREATMENT OF HEPATIC FAILURE AND HEPATORENAL FAILURE (2000)

The Liver Dialysis Unit is a currently marketed artificial liver that employs hemodiabsorption (dialysis of blood against powdered sorbent) to remove the numerous small molecular weight toxins of hepatic failure. A randomized, prospectively controlled study of Liver Dialysis in treatment of hepatic failure was performed in 5 centers. Entry criteria were: decrease in hepatic function associated with Stage 2–4 encephalopathy, renal failure or respiratory failure allowed, but not already on dialysis or CVVH Another 28 patients were treated in crossover studies. Most patients had stage IV encephalopathy, renal insufficiency, and respiratory insufficiency or failure. Of the 75 patients, 32 had fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), and 43 had acute-on-chronic failure. Liver Dialysis (6 hrs, 3–5 days) significantly improved neurologic (70%) and physiologic status (72%) of all patients vs. control groups (27% and 10% respectively). Liver Dialysis significantly improved patient outcome (improvement of condition for transplant or recovery of liver function) for patients with A-on-C (57%) vs. control patients (36%), though not for FHF patients. In 32 patients with hepatic and renal failure on entry, Liver Dialysis significantly improved patient outcome (41%) vs. control patients (0%). Since market introduction, more than 50 patients, mostly A-on-C have been treated in many hospitals for hepatic failure, with 58% positive outcome, confirming the above studies. The suspension is easily modified by adding dry powdered chemicals to the sorbent bag. Branched chain amino acids added to the sorbent result in a greater increase in Fischer's ratio during treatment, and new ammonium sorbents increase the removal of ammonium. Clinical effects of Liver Dialysis in treatment of hepatic failure may be further hastened and augmented by these improvements.
Angiotensin and Aldosterone Elevation in Salt‐induced Migraine (1981)

SYNOPSIS This study was designed to document the clinical observation that oral salt load triggers migraine, and to evaluate angiotensin and aldosterone changes during the headache response. One gram capsules of sodium chloride or identical gelatin placebos given by mouth to 25 migraine patients and 24 non‐migrainous controls resulted in statistically significant elevation of plasma angiotensin levels in those receiving salt compared to those receiving gelatin. Fourteen out of fifteen migraine patients who received salt developed typical migraine headache. Headache occurred in one out of ten migraineurs ingesting gelatin capsules. This difference in induced headache was also statistically significant.
Getting started with the internet of things (2011)

The Internet of Things is the new generation of devices that serve as the Internet's interface to the physical world. Today's tiny microcontrollers, sensors, and actuators are powerful, inexpensive, and simple enough to code that anyone with basic programming skills can create a variety of fun, useful, and even profitable systems -- such as devices that detect and extinguish fires or automatically water plants when the soil becomes too dry. This hands-on introductory guide will quickly show you how it's done. You'll learn how to program embedded devices using the .NET Micro Framework and the Netduino Plus board, and then connect these devices to the Internet using Pachube, a cloud platform for sharing real-time sensor data.Getting Started with the Internet of Things briefly introduces the tools and then walks you though several techniques for using them, using a series of C# examples: * Develop programs that demonstrate the use of simple outputs (actuators) and inputs (sensors) * Build client programs that show how measurements can be pushed to an existing Web service * Create server programs that provide Web services to clients on the Web * Develop a program that is both client and server and runs in the cloud * Get . NET classes and methods needed to implement all of the book's examples
Cutting Edge: The Prevalence of Regulatory T Cells in Lymphoid Tissue Is Correlated with Viral Load in HIV-Infected Patients (2005)

Inadequate local cell-mediated immunity appears crucial for the establishment of chronic HIV infection. Accumulation of regulatory T cells (Treg) at the site of HIV replication, the lymphoid organs, may influence the outcome of HIV infection. Our data provide the first evidence that chronic HIV infection changes Treg tissue distribution. Several molecules characteristics of Treg (FoxP3, CTLA-4, glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related receptor, and CD25) were expressed more in tonsils of untreated patients compared with antiretroviral-treated patients. Importantly, most FoxP3+ cells expressed CTLA-4, but not CD69. Furthermore, a direct correlation between FoxP3 levels and viral load was evident. In contrast, FoxP3 expression was decreased in circulating T cells from untreated patients, but normalized after initiation of treatment. Functional markers of Treg activity (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, TGF-beta, and CD80) were markedly increased in the tonsils of untreated patients. Our data could provide a new basis for immune-based therapies that counteract in vivo Treg and thereby reinforce appropriate antiviral immunity.
Prevention of prosthetic vascular graft infection by rifampicin impregnation of a protein-sealed Dacron graft in combination with parenteral cephalosporin. (1992)

Antibiotic-impregnated prosthetic vascular grafts have been shown to be highly resistant to bacterial contamination in animal models. The aim of this study was to assess if graft infection in an animal model challenged with local bacterial contamination could be reduced further by the use of rifampicin soaking of a protein-sealed Dacron graft in addition to the prophylaxis provided by perioperative intravenous cephalosporin. Of 20 Merino sheep given cefoxitin intravenously before the induction of anaesthesia, ten had a rifampicin treated Dacron graft implanted into the common carotid artery (group 1), and ten received an untreated Dacron graft (group 2). Before wound closure the grafts were inoculated with 1 ml of 10(8) colony forming units per ml of Staphylococcus aureus. After three weeks the grafts were removed and cultured. Group 1 sheep had fewer graft infections (two of 10) compared to group 2 (six of eight survivors), this difference being statistically significant (p = 0.03; Fisher exact test). It is concluded that rifampicin treatment of protein-sealed Dacron grafts combined with intravenous cefoxitin provides more protection from contaminating Staphylococcus aureus than intravenous cefoxitin alone in this animal model.
Reaction of Butyltin Hydroxide Oxide with <i>p</i>-Toluenesulfonic Acid: Synthesis, X-ray Crystal Analysis, and Multinuclear NMR Characterization of {(BuSn)<sub>12</sub>O<sub>14</sub>(OH)<sub>6</sub>}(4-CH<sub>3</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (2000)

The reaction of butyltin hydroxide oxide, BuSnO(OH), with p-toluenesulfonic acid, 4-CH3C6H4SO3H, yields the butyltin oxo cluster {(BuSn)12(μ3-O)14(μ2-OH)6}2+ mixed with a soluble ill-defined butyltin oxo polymer, the presence of which was established by solid-state and quantitative solution 119Sn NMR. The reaction conditions were varied in order to optimize the yield of oxo cluster, which can be quantitatively isolated by crystallization as {(BuSn)12O14(OH)6}(4-CH3C6H4SO3)2·C4H8O2 (1·diox). The structure of the latter compound was determined by X-ray diffraction. 1·diox and {(BuSn)12O14(OH)6}(4-CH3C6H4SO3)2 (1) were also characterized by solid-state 119Sn MAS NMR and solution 119Sn, 1H, and 13C NMR. In 1·diox, the existence of weak Lewis interactions, taking place in the crystal between five-coordinate tin atoms and dioxane molecules, was evidenced by solid-state 119Sn NMR. 2D 1H−1H NOESY and ROESY experiments, along with ionic conductivity measurements, have proved that the ionic dissociation between {(BuSn)12O14(OH)6}2+ and 4-CH3C6H4SO3- (PTS-) does not take place in dichloromethane, while it does in the more polar and dissociating dimethyl sulfoxide. Using the 1H−119Sn J-HMQC NMR technique, the weak 2J(1H−O−119Sn) coupling constant between the μ2-OH and the six-coordinate tin nuclei was determined and shown to depend on the solvent.
Light spectral filtering based on spatial adiabatic passage (2013)

We present the first experimental realization of a light spectral filter based on the spatial adiabatic passage technique. We demonstrate that a fully integrable CMOS-compatible system of three coupled identical total internal reflection silicon oxide waveguides with variable separation along their propagation direction can be used simultaneously as a low- and high-pass spectral filter within the visible range of wavelengths. Light is injected into the right waveguide, and after propagating along the system, long wavelengths are transferred into the left output, whereas short wavelengths propagate to the right and central outputs. The stopband reaches values up to −11 dB for the left output and approximately −20 dB for the right plus central outputs. The passband values are close to 0 dB for both cases. We also demonstrate that the filtering characteristics of the device can be controlled by modifying the parameter values, which define the geometry of the triple-waveguide system. However, the general filtering behavior of the system does not critically depend on technological variations. Thus, the spatial adiabatic passage filtering approach constitutes an alternative to other integrated filtering devices, such as interference or absorbance-based filters. Researchers have developed a waveguide-based scheme for filtering different wavelengths of light that suits chip-level integration. The approach, developed by Ricard Menchon-Enrich and co-workers from Barcelona, Spain, and Lausanne, Switzerland, relies on wavelength-dependent coupling between three closely spaced silicon oxide waveguides. When white visible light is launched into the right waveguide input, the red spectral components are transferred to the left waveguide output while green and blue components propagate to both right and central outputs. This ‘spatial adiabatic passage filter’ represents an alternative to filters that rely on either absorption or interference, which can be lossy or inconvenient to implement. Furthermore, because this filter is compatible with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor fabrication, it could potentially be combined with other optical and electronic devices in a monolithic photonic integrated circuit.
Laparoscopic Surgery for Gastric Cancer (2003)

Advanced laparoscopic surgeries have been widely practiced with an advent of sophisticated instrumentation and development of new technologies. Selection of laparoscopic therapeutic modalities such as intragastric mucosal resection, local resection, and gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy have been decided by gastric cancer treatment guidelines which will be published in the near future in Korea. The indication of laparoscopic surgery is mainly based on the size of lesion, depth of tumor, and histological type. However in order to extend the indications of laparoscopic surgery for gastric cancer, standardization of the procedure of laparoscopic en-block lymphadenectomy is necessary. For more active adoption of Minimally Invasive Surgery in the field of gastric diseases, it is mandatory to resolve medical insurance obstacle and to verify the advantages of this surgery without harming the basic principles of cancer surgery through prospective randomized studies. It is speculated that the "tailored therapy" with less invasive laparoscopic surgery for stage I, II and more agressive conventional open surgery for stage III, IV will be the surgical treatment trend for gastric cancer in the near future.
Results of total knee arthroplasty with a non-constrained prosthesis. (1983)

A non-constrained total knee prosthesis designed at St. Luc Hospital, Montreal, has been used there since 1977. The geometry of its femoral component simulates the normal anatomy of the knee and the flat articular surfaces of its tibial component allow unconstrained rotation, rolling, and sliding motion, as dictated by the retained cruciate ligaments. The results achieved in the first 107 consecutive arthroplasties (in eighty-three patients) were evaluated after a minimum follow-up of two years (range, two to four and one-half years). Using the knee-rating system of The Hospital for Special Surgery, 91 per cent of the knees had an excellent or good result. In ninety-eight knees the preoperative pain was adequately relieved and the limb was in physiological valgus alignment. One hundred and four knees had normal medial-lateral stability in extension, and three were unstable. The average postoperative arc of flexion was 102.8 degrees. Sixty-three patients (76 per cent) could ascend and descend stairs normally, and gait studies on seventeen of these patients (twenty-three involved knees) demonstrated that the flexion arc of the knee while the patients were ascending and descending stairs was the same as that of normal controls. Three knees had a deep wound infection and one knee had aseptic loosening of the femoral component.