gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Involvement of acetaldehyde for full protection against alcoholism by homozygosity of the variant allele of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase gene in Asians. (1999)

There is a functional polymorphism of the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) gene with the variant allele (ALDH2*2) encoding a protein subunit that confers low activity to the tetrameric enzyme. Genetic epidemiologic studies have strongly suggested that homozygosity for the allele ALDH2*2 is sufficient in completely inhibiting the development of alcoholism in Asians. To study the pathophysiology of this unique pharmacogenetic effect, we recruited a total of eighteen adult Han Chinese men, matched by age, body-mass index, nutritional state and homozygosity at the alcohol dehydrogenase gene loci from a population base of 273 men. Six individuals were chosen for each of the three ALDH2 allelotypes: homozygous ALDH2*2/*2, heterozygous ALDH2*1/*2, and homozygous ALDH2*1/*1. Following a low dose of ethanol (0.2 g/kg body weight), blood ethanol/acetaldehyde concentrations, cardiac and extracranial/intracranial arterial hemodynamic parameters, as well as self-rated subjective sensations, were measured for 130 min. Homozygous ALDH2*2 individuals were found to be strikingly responsive to the small amount of alcohol, as evidenced by the pronounced cardiovascular hemodynamic effects as well as subjective perception of general discomfort for as long as 2 h following ingestion. This low-dose alcohol hypersensitivity, accompanied by a prolonged and large accumulation of acetaldehyde in blood, provides an explanation for the strong protection against heavy drinking and alcoholism in individuals homozygous for the ALDH2*2 gene allele.
An effective power management scheme for RTL design based on multiple clocks (1996)

This paper presents an effective technique of low power design for RTL circuits and microarchitectures. The basis of this technique is: (a) to use a multiple clocking scheme of n non-overlapping clocks, by dividing the frequency f of a single clock into n cycles; (b) to partition the circuit into disjoint modules and assign each module to a distinct clock with frequency f/n. However, the overall effective frequency of the circuit remains f the single clock frequency. The results show that our multiple clocking scheme provides more effective power management (power savings up to 50%) at the RTL in comparison to conventional power management techniques based on gated clocks.
Molecular cloning of the gene for the E1α subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1990)

The E1 alpha and E1 beta subunits of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were purified. Antibodies raised against these subunits were used to clone the corresponding genes from a genomic yeast DNA library in the expression vector lambda gt11. The gene encoding the E1 alpha subunit was unique and localized on a 1.7-kb HindIII fragment from chromosome V. The identify of the gene was confirmed in two ways. (a) Expression of the gene in Escherichia coli produced a protein that reacted with the anti-E1 alpha serum. (b) Gene replacement at the 1.7-kb HindIII fragment abolished both pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and the production of proteins reacting with anti-E1 alpha serum in haploid cells. In addition, the 1.7-kb HindIII fragment hybridized to a set of oligonucleotides derived from amino acid sequences from the N-terminal and central regions of the human E1 alpha peptide. We propose to call the gene encoding the E1 alpha subunit of the yeast pyruvate dehydrogenase complex PDA1. Screening of the lambda gt11 library using the anti-E1 beta serum resulted in the reisolation of the RAP1 gene, which was located on chromosome XIV.
MEASUREMENT OF PLATELET ADHESIVENESS. A SIMPLE IN VITRO TECHNIQUE DEMONSTRATING AN ABNORMALITY IN VON WILLEBRAND'S DISEASE. (1963)

Abstract The adhesiveness of human blood platelets has been measured by an in vitro technique which employs a short contact time and requires no anticoagulant before contact of blood with a foreign surface. Under these conditions, platelet adhesiveness is normal in disorders of blood coagulation and in patients receiving heparin but is deficient in thrombasthenia and in ion Willebrand's disease. When blood is exposed to glass, a time-consuming reaction occurs, manifested by a rise in platelet adhesiveness. This phenomenon requires calcium and is not blocked by heparin. These observations are consistent with the thesis that the initial aggregation of platelets in hemostasis is not dependent on blood coagulation.
Glycan Antagonists and Inhibitors: A Fount for Drug Discovery (2007)

Glycans, the carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids, represent a relatively unexploited area for drug development compared with other macromolecules. This review describes the major classes of glycans synthesized by animal cells, their mode of assembly, and available inhibitors for blocking their biosynthesis and function. Many of these agents have proven useful for studying the biological activities of glycans in isolated cells, during embryological development, and in physiology. Some are being used to develop drugs for treating metabolic disorders, cancer, and infection, suggesting that glycans are excellent targets for future drug development.
New clinical and toxicological scenario of gammaglutamyltranspeptidase (2011)

After the discovery of gammaglutamyltranspeptidase in 1950 by Hanes, the significance of its increased levels in clinical practice has mainly been focused on ethanol toxicity, and also some neoplasms and biliary tract obstruction. More recently, attention has swift to the metabolic functions of this enzyme, as a neutralizer of oxygen free radicals and as a glutathione donor to the cell. High serum levels of gammaglutamyltranspeptidase is known to occur when oxidative stress is increased, or associated with several vascular risk factors and the insulin resistance syndrome, as an early marker of diabetes. There are also a number of drugs that induce the expression of the tissue enzyme (microsomes) with the result of high serum levels without structural damage to the liver. Because it is a ubiquitous enzyme, a very high number of causes can be involved, that may be difficult to recognize. Finally, because glutathione is necessary to conjugate a number of chemical compounds, from an epidemiological and toxicological perspective, the enzyme might be useful as a biomarker of several ambient toxins.In this review we want to emphasize the increasing clinical and diagnostic significance of this enzyme discovered half a century ago.
Synergistic effect of nitrilotriacetate on iron mobilization by desferrioxamine in vivo (1981)

Abstract Removal of iron from biologically important ligands by desferrioxamine (DF), in vitro, is exceedingly slow because of a kinetic barrier. This kinetic barrier can be overcome by a variety of a small molecular weight anions, of which nitrilotriacetate (NTA) is a prototype. We explored the effect of NTA on DF iron mobilization in vivo. Iron mobilization was increased and the effect was synergistic.
Impairment of Primary Hemostasis and Platelet Function after Alcohol Ingestion in Man (1984)

The effect of alcohol ingestion on primary hemostasis was investigated in fasting healthy humans. Primary hemostasis was measured with the template bleeding time and platelet aggregation assayed with the turbidometric method. Blood was collected to study coagulation and fibrinolysis. 1 h after ingestion of 2 ml/kg body weight of 40% alcohol the plasma alcohol concentration was 19.3 +/- 1.6 mmol/l. At this time there was a significant prolongation of the bleeding time accompanied by an impairment of platelet responsiveness to both collagen and ADP. A prolongation of the bleeding time and impairment of platelet function was also found 2 h after alcohol ingestion. Ingestion of this amount of alcohol did not affect parameters of coagulation or fibrinolysis. The data indicate that primary hemostasis is impaired in man after ingestion of moderate amounts of alcohol. This may explain the favorable effect of moderate alcohol consumption on ischemic heart disease but indicates an increased risk for patients with bleeding.
METHYLANDROSTENEDIOL: A PROTEIN-ANABOLIC STEROID WITH LITTLE ANDROGENIC ACTIVITY*† (1951)

THE need for a compound which stimulates general tissue growth has led to examination of a number of agents by several methods of assay. The final test of clinical usefulness of such a compound is its ability to produce an increment of tissue in man as measured by weight, height, and metabolic balance studies. The hormones found to be potent in this respect are also strongly androgenic, a quality which limits their clinical application. Although the growth hormone of the anterior pituitary gland fulfills the criteria of tissue growth in animal experimentation and is devoid of androgenic activity, existing preparations of this hormone have been disappointing in man (1, 2). Previous experiments have suggested that the androgenic potency of the steroids does not necessarily parallel their anabolic activity (3). These studies have also indicated that the weight of the levator ani muscle of the castrate male rat reflects the anabolic efficacy of administered steroids. This muscle is restored to normal, or even rendered hypertrophic, by potent anabolic agents: testosterone propionate, unesterified testosterone, methyltestosterone, testosterone, cyclopentylpropionate, and the pituitary growth hormone. Progesterone, the anabolic effects of which have been inconclusive, produces a moderate but significant growth of this muscle. No growth results from steroids which have been found ineffective by the metabolic balance method: estradiol dipropionate, desoxycorticosterone acetate, ethinyl testosterone, and cistestosterone. Conditions producing tissue catabolism, such as hyperthyroidism and administration of cortisone, are accompanied by a decrease in the weight of the already atrophic muscle (4).
Signal generation using pulsed semiconductor lasers for application in millimeter-wave wireless links (1995)

We investigate the generation of signals using pulsed semiconductor lasers for application in millimeter-wave (mm-wave) wireless links. The generation of mm wave harmonic frequencies in both mode-locked and gain-switched lasers is considered and a method to generate mm-wave modulated optical signals with modulation depths approaching 100% is implemented. The technique uses optical filtering to select only two optical modes in the pulsed laser spectrum that beat together in a highspeed photodiode. The application of this method to the feeding of mm-wave wireless links incorporating microstrip patch antennas is demonstrated. These optically fed links have application in indoor wireless LAN's and optical fiber microcellular systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Isolation and sequence analysis of a cDNA encoding the ATP/ADP translocator of<i>Zea mays L</i> (1985)

A cDNA complementary to the mRNA for the ATP/ADP translocator of maize (Zea mays L.) has been identified by virtue of hybridisation with the homologous gene from yeast. The cloned cDNA has been shown by DNA sequence analysis to contain an open reading frame of 954bp., which encodes a polypeptide of molecular weight 40,519. This polypeptide exhibits a high degree of homology to the translocator polypeptides of beef heart and Neurospora crassa mitochondria.
Renaissance: managing the network computer and its storage requirements (2002)

The authors describe a set of solutions developed to address the storage management problem for networks of workstations and fileservers. Specifically, they describe the implementation of the Renaissance Infinite Storage Manager (ISM). Based on the bitfile client and bitfile server components of the IEEE Mass Storage Reference Model, the network ISM uses a mass storage server as backing store for magnetic disks attached to workstations and workgroup servers on a network. The ISM preserves the transparency of access while the contents of the least recently used storage on the network automatically migrate to the storage server.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Boswellic acids trigger apoptosis via a pathway dependent on caspase-8 activation but independent on Fas/Fas ligand interaction in colon cancer HT-29 cells (2002)

Boswellic acids are the effective components of gum resin of Boswellia serrata, which has anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies on brain tumors and leukemic cells indicate that boswellic acids may have antiproliferative and apoptotic effects with the mechanisms being not studied in detail. We studied their antiproliferative and apoptotic effects on colon cancer cells and the pathway leading to apoptosis. HT-29 cells were treated with beta-boswellic acid (BA), keto-beta-boswellic acid (K-BA) and acetyl-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AK-BA), respectively. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry, by cytoplasmic DNA-histone complex and the activity of caspase-3. The cleavage of poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP) and expression of Fas were examined by western blot. Specific caspase inhibitors, polyclonal Fas antibody, and antagonistic Fas antibody ZB4 were employed to elucidate apoptotic pathways. DNA synthesis and cell viability were examined. Both K-BA and AK-BA increased cytoplasmic DNA-histone complex dose-dependently and increased pre-G(1) peak in flow cytometer analysis, with the effects of AK-BA being stronger than K-BA. BA only increased the formation of DNA-histone complex at a high concentration. K-BA and AK-BA increased caspase-8, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities accompanied by cleavage of PARP. The effects of AK-BA on formation of cytoplasmic DNA histone and on caspase-3 activation were 3.7- and 3.4-fold, respectively, more effective than those induced by camptothecin. The apoptosis induced by AK-BA was inhibited completely by caspase-3 or caspase-8 inhibitor and partially by caspase-9 inhibitor. ZB4 blocked exogenous Fas ligand-induced apoptosis, but had no effect on AK-BA-induced apoptosis. AK-BA had no significant effect on expression of Fas. Apart from apoptotic effect, these acids also inhibited [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and cell viability to different extent. In conclusion, boswellic acids, particularly AK-BA and K-BA have antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in human HT-29 cells. The apoptotic effect is mediated via a pathway dependent on caspase-8 activation but independent of Fas/FasL interaction.
Distributed web security for science gateways (2011)

Science gateways broaden and simplify access to cyberinfrastructure (CI) by providing advanced interfaces to collaboration, analysis, data management, and other tools for students and researchers. As these science gateway interfaces to cyberinfrastructure grow in popularity, web portal developers adopt ad hoc approaches to the security challenges of authentication, authorization, and delegation. Science gateways integrate cyberinfrastructure resources on the researcher's behalf, i.e., accessing data, compute cycles, instruments, and other valuable resources. Resource access often requires use of the researcher's security credentials, in some cases exposing the researcher's long-lived password to potential compromise at the science gateway. There is no standard approach for a researcher to control and limit a science gateway's access to his or her resources. Thus, researchers are required to accept unnecessary risks when using science gateways.
Reaction between 2,2′-anhydro-1-β-<scp>D</scp>-arabinofuranosyluracil and thiolate ions (1982)

2,2′-Anhydro-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyluracil [2,2′-anhydrouridine](1a) reacts with the conjugate bases of thiophenol, toluene-4-thiol, ethanethiol, propane-1-thiol, 2-methylpropane-2-thiol and 4-methoxyphenylmethanethiol to give good to high yields of the corresponding 2′-deoxy-2′-mercaptouridine derivatives (2a; R2= Ph, 4-MeC6H4, Et, Pr, But, and 4-MeOC6H4CH2, respectively).
Money, Power, and Politics: Governance Models and Campaign Finance Regulation (1998)

A continuing constitutional debate over money and politics was left unfinished in the Supreme Court's recent, fractured decision in Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v Federal Election Commission. Beginning with a series of stylized models that reflect different conceptions of public governance, this article suggests a constitutional framework for thinking about the role money can play in politics, and relates this framework to those models. The article then applies an agency cost approach derived from the proposed constitutional framework to suggest where the Court has gone wrong and what should have been done in the money-and-speech cases.
Tin for organic synthesis, 3. Facile and effective synthesis of unusually substituted aromatic <i>N</i>‐phenylamides (1990)

Abstract A mild and effective new method for the preparation of a variety of arylamides 3a‐i as well as heterocyclic 5a,b and 6 and olefinic amides 7, 9 is described. The reaction of tri‐alkylstannyl‐substituted aromatic, heterocyclic or vinylic hy‐drocarbons with aryl isocyanates in the presence of aluminium trichloride provides the corresponding N‐aryl‐substituted am‐ides in good to excellent yields. The stannyl group serves as a powerful leaving group superior to hydrogen by several powers of ten which allows, via ips0 substitution, to obtain isomer patterns not accessible by normal electrophilic substi‐ tution reactions, e. g. substitution in meta position with respect to a methoxy group.
The electrical dynamics of laparoscopic sterilization. (1975)

The minimum voltage needed to perform laparoscopic sterilization was studied to learn more about prevention of bowel burns. Using a "CUT" waveform at very low levels, it is practical to coagulate fallopian tubes with as little as 100 volts peak. If electrosurgical cutting of fulguration (charring) is desired, the nimimum voltage is about 700 volts peak. The changes in electrical resistance of tissue were measured during coagulation of sample tissues and actual sterilizations. A discussion of basic electrosurgical principles is included.
Studies in the chemistry of polyhalogenobenzene compounds. The synthesis and reactivity of 2,3,5,6- and 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobenzenesulphonyl chlorides and related compounds (1976)

2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorobenzenesulphonyl chloride (2) and pentachlorobenzenesulphonyl chloride (4) have been obtained from the corresponding sulphonic acids (3) and (5) by treatment with phosphorus pentachloride. The sulphonyl chlorides have been characterized as a series of polychlorobenzene- sulphonamides, some of which have been converted into N-trichloromethylsulphenyl derivatives. The reaction of 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene with chlorosulphonic acid has been reinvestigated; comparatively short reaction periods gave mainly bis(pentachloropheny1) sulphide, and prolonged heating afforded hexachlorobenzene. Possible routes to these products are briefly discussed. Attempts to obtain 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorobenzenesulphonohydrazide (10) were unsuccessful; but the corresponding sulphonyl azide (11) has been prepared and its reactions with triphenylphosphine, norbornene and cyclohexene investigated.
Laser-self-mixing interferometry in the Gaussian beam approximation: experiments and theory (2010)

We analyze the laser-self-mixing process in the Gaussian beam approximation and reformulate the expression of the feedback coefficient C in terms of the effective feedback power coupled back into the laser diode. Our model predicts a twenty-fold increase of the ratio between the maximum and the minimum measurable displacements judged against the current plane-wave model. By comparing the interaction of collimated or diverging Gaussian laser beams with a plane mirror target, we demonstrate that diverging beams tolerate larger wobbling during the target displacement and allow for measurement of off-axis target rotations up to the beam angular width. A novel method for reconstructing the phase front of the Gaussian beam by self-mixing scanning measurements is also presented.
Isolation of Cell Lines That Show Novel, Murine Leukemia Virus-Specific Blocks to Early Steps of Retroviral Replication (2005)

ABSTRACT In order to identify cellular proteins required for early stages of retroviral replication, a high volume screening with mammalian somatic cells was performed. Ten pools of chemically mutagenized Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells were challenged with a murine leukemia virus (MLV) vector pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G), and cells that failed to be transduced were enriched by cell sorting. Each pool yielded a clonally derived cell line with a 5-fold or greater resistance to virus infection, and five cell lines exhibited a >50-fold resistance. These five cell lines were efficiently infected by a human immunodeficiency virus vector pseudotyped with VSV-G. When engineered to express the TVA receptor for subgroup A avian sarcoma and leukosis virus (ASLV-A), the five cell lines were resistant to infection with a MLV vector pseudotyped with the ASLV-A envelope protein but were fully susceptible to infection with an ASLV-A vector. Thus, the defect in these cells resides after virus-cell membrane fusion and, unlike those in other mutant cell lines that have been described, is specific for the MLV core. To identify the specific stages of MLV infection that are impaired in the resistant cell lines, real-time quantitative PCR analyses were employed and two phenotypic groups were identified. Viral infection of three cell lines was restricted before reverse transcription; in the other two cell lines, it was blocked after reverse transcription, nuclear localization, and two-long terminal repeat circle formation but before integration. These data provide genetic evidence that at least two distinct intracellular gene products are required specifically for MLV infection. These cell lines are important tools for the biochemical and genetic analysis of early stages in retrovirus infection.
Prevalence of bovine parvovirus infection in Ontario dairy cattle. (1995)

Studies were conducted to determine prevalence and dynamics of bovine parvovirus (BPV) infection. Dairy cows from 29 randomly selected herds in southwestern Ontario were tested twice, one year apart, for the presence of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies against BPV. Fifty-one percent of 1141 cows tested had BPV-HI titers > 1:32. One year later, the seroprevalence was 83% in 1131 cows from the same farms. The herd mean seroprevalence was 49% and 86% for the year-1 and year-2 samples, respectively. Evidence of BPV infection was found in 96% (27/28) of herds in year-1 and 100% of herds in year-2. A comparison of titers from 716 cows tested twice showed evidence of frequent BPV infection. Sixty-two percent of 326 animals selected in a systematic manner from 40 Guelph area dairy farms had BPV-HI titers > 1:32. The herd mean seroprevalence was 64% Two herds had no animals with titers above the critical titer (1:32) while in one-quarter of the herds all animals exceeded the critical titer.