gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Data Mining in the Context of Entity Resolution (2008)

We have encountered several practical issues in performing data mining on a database that has been normalized using entity resolution. We describe here four specific lessons learned in such mining and the meta-level lesson learned through dealing with these issues. The four specific lessons we describe deal with handling correlated values, getting canonical records, getting authoritative records and ensuring that relations are properly stored. The perhaps most important lesson learned is that one ought to know the kind of data mining is to be done on the data before designing the schema of the normalized database such that data specific to the mining is derivable from the database. 1.
Toward an understanding of the protein interaction network of the human liver (2011)

Proteome-scale protein interaction maps are available for many organisms, ranging from bacteria, yeast, worms and flies to humans. These maps provide substantial new insights into systems biology, disease research and drug discovery. However, only a small fraction of the total number of human protein-protein interactions has been identified. In this study, we map the interactions of an unbiased selection of 5026 human liver expression proteins by yeast two-hybrid technology and establish a human liver protein interaction network (HLPN) composed of 3484 interactions among 2582 proteins. The data set has a validation rate of over 72% as determined by three independent biochemical or cellular assays. The network includes metabolic enzymes and liver-specific, liver-phenotype and liver-disease proteins that are individually critical for the maintenance of liver functions. The liver enriched proteins had significantly different topological properties and increased our understanding of the functional relationships among proteins in a liver-specific manner. Our data represent the first comprehensive description of a HLPN, which could be a valuable tool for understanding the functioning of the protein interaction network of the human liver.
Selective Nitration of Aromatic Compounds with Bismuth Subnitrate and Thionyl Chloride (2003)

Bismuth subnitrate/thionyl chloride have been found to be an efficient combination of reagents for nitration of a wide range of aromatic compounds in dichloromethane. Phenols, in particular, were easily mononitrated and dinitrated with the reagents by controlling the stoichiometry,
Single-Tube Balanced Heminested PCR for Detecting <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> in Smear-Negative Samples (2000)

In order to achieve more sensitive and specific results for the rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis, we have developed a new method, named balanced heminested PCR, which avoids the inconvenience of asymmetric amplification and has the advantages of single-tube heminested PCR. This was achieved by replacing the outer primer that participates in both rounds of amplification in the standard heminested technique by another primer containing the sequence of the inner primer attached at its 5' end. When both techniques were tested for the IS6110 target of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in 80 smear-negative culture-positive sputum samples and 60 control samples, the results showed 100% specificity for both techniques and sensitivities of 60 and 75% for heminested PCR and balanced heminested PCR, respectively (P = 0.02). In conclusion, the balanced heminested technique shows a higher sensitivity than that of the standard heminested, and it could be applied to any PCR by attaching the inner primer at the 5' end of the opposite outer primer. Thus, the balanced heminested technique provides a target for the inner primer in both strands, avoiding asymmetric amplification and thereby resulting in a more efficient amplification, and, in practice, a higher sensitivity without loss of specificity and with a minimum risk of cross-contamination.
24.4L: <i>Late‐News Paper</i> : A 13.0‐inch AM‐OLED Display with Top Emitting Structure and Adaptive Current Mode Programmed Pixel Circuit (TAC) (2001)

Abstract A device structure and a driving method were developed to design large‐scale active matrix organic light‐emitting diode (AM‐OLED) display with good gray scale uniformity and high aperture ratio. With these technologies, we developed a full color 13.0‐inch SVGA AM‐OLED display, the largest OLED display ever reported to date. These technologies will open up the OLED applications to larger size displays such as desktop monitors and TVs.
Growth Factors and Regulation of Cell Growth (1982)

A new class of polypeptide hormones known collectively as growth factors has been identified. These polypeptides are able to stimulate DNA synthesis and mitosis of cells cultured in vitro. Growth factors have been isolated from several sources, including platelets, submaxillary glands, pituitary, brain, and medium conditioned by cells grown in vitro. Growth factors appear to behave like classic polypeptide hormones. In the cases of epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor, specific cell membrane receptors have been studied in detail and partially purified. Platelet-derived growth factor and somatomedin-C interact synergistically and apparently, sequentially to promote cell proliferation in vitro. These studies suggest that cell proliferation is controlled by a synergistic interaction among several growth factors and, perhaps, other hormones. Several in vivo roles for growth factors and a role for tumor-cell-derived growth factors in neoplasia have been suggested.
Insights into the physiological function of the β‐amyloid precursor protein: beyond Alzheimer's disease (2014)

The β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been extensively studied for its role as the precursor of the β-amyloid protein (Aβ) of Alzheimer's disease. However, the normal function of APP remains largely unknown. This article reviews studies on the structure, expression and post-translational processing of APP, as well as studies on the effects of APP in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that the published data provide strong evidence that APP has a trophic function. APP is likely to be involved in neural stem cell development, neuronal survival, neurite outgrowth and neurorepair. However, the mechanisms by which APP exerts its actions remain to be elucidated. The available evidence suggests that APP interacts both intracellularly and extracellularly to regulate various signal transduction mechanisms. This article reviews studies on the structure, expression and post-translational processing of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP), as well as studies on the effects of APP in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that the published data provide strong evidence that APP has a trophic function. APP is likely to be involved in neural stem cell development, neuronal survival, neurite outgrowth and neurorepair. However, the mechanisms by which APP exerts its actions remain to be elucidated. The available evidence suggests that APP interacts both intracellularly and extracellularly to regulate various signal transduction mechanisms.
A Novel Role of the Lumican Core Protein in Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide-induced Innate Immune Response (2007)

Lumican is an extracellular matrix protein modified as a proteoglycan in some tissues. The core protein with leucine-rich repeats, characteristic of the leucine-rich-repeat superfamily, binds collagen fibrils and regulates its structure. In addition, we believe that lumican sequestered in the pericellular matrix interacts with cell surface proteins for specific cellular functions. Here we show that bacterial lipopolysaccharide sensing by the Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway and innate immune response is regulated by lumican. Primary cultures of lumican-deficient (Lum(-/-)) macrophages show impaired innate immune response to lipopolysaccharides with lower induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-6. Macrophage response to other pathogen-associated molecular patterns is not adversely affected by lumican deficiency, suggesting a specific role for the lumican core protein in the Toll-like receptor 4 pathway. An exogenous recombinant lumican core protein increases lipopolysaccharide-mediated TNFalpha induction and partially rescues innate immune response in Lum(-/-) macrophages. We further show that the core protein binds lipopolysaccharide. Immunoprecipitation of lumican from peritoneal lavage co-precipitates CD14, a cell surface lipopolysaccharide-binding protein that is involved in its presentation to Toll-like receptor 4. The Lum(-/-) mice are hypo-responsive to lipopolysaccharide-induced septic shock, with poor induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNFalpha, and interleukins 1beta and 6 in the serum. Taken together, the data indicates a novel role for lumican in the presentation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to CD14 and host response to this bacterial endotoxin.
Molecular-beam epitaxy of gallium nitride on (0001) sapphire substrates using ammonia (1998)

Ammonia is used for growing undoped GaN layers by gas source molecular-beam epitaxy on c-plane sapphire substrates. The growth mode is layer by layer as shown by the observation of reflection high-energy electron diffraction intensity oscillations. The structural quality is studied by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) and reflectivity demonstrate intrinsic excitonic emission. Room-temperature PL exhibits a strong band-edge intensity and a weak deep-level emission, the so-called yellow band. Finally, secondary ion mass spectroscopy is carried out to check the residual impurity levels of Si, C, and O.
Divergence pattern of animal gene families and relationship with the Cambrian explosion (2001)

There are many gene families that are specific to multicellular animals. These have either diverged from ancestral genes that are shared with fungi and/or plants or evolved from an ancestral gene unique to animals. The evolution of gene families involved in cell-cell communication and developmental control has been studied to establish whether the number of member genes increased dramatically immediately prior to or in concert with the Cambrian explosion. A molecular phylogeny-based analysis of several animal-specific gene families has revealed that gene diversification by duplication occurred during two active periods interrupted by a long intervening quiescent period. Intriguingly, the Cambrian explosion is situated in the silent period, indicating that there is no direct link between the first burst of gene diversification and the Cambrian explosion itself. The importance of gene recruitment as a possible molecular mechanism for morphological diversity, and its possible role for the Cambrian explosion, are discussed.
Circadian gating of cell division in cyanobacteria growing with average doubling times of less than 24 hours. (1996)

To ascertain whether the circadian oscillator in the prokaryotic cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7942 regulates the timing of cell division in rapidly growing cultures, we measured the rate of cell division, DNA content, cell size, and gene expression (monitored by luminescence of the PpsbAI::luxAB reporter) in cultures that were continuously diluted to maintain an approximately equal cell density. We found that populations dividing at rates as rapid as once per 10 h manifest circadian gating of cell division, since phases in which cell division slows or stops recur with a circadian periodicity. The data clearly show that Synechococcus cells growing with doubling times that are considerably faster than once per 24 h nonetheless express robust circadian rhythms of cell division and gene expression. Apparently Synechococcus cells are able to simultaneously sustain two timing circuits that express significantly different periods.
Historical Review on Genetic Analysis in Hemophilia A (2014)

Molecular genetic analysis is widely applied in inherited bleeding disorders. The outcome of genetic analysis allows genetic counselling in affected families and helps to find a link between the genotype and phenotype. Genetic analysis in hemophilia A (HA) has tremendously improved in the past decades. Many new techniques and modifications as well as analysis software have become available, which has enabled genetic analysis and interpretation of data to become faster and more accurate. The advances in mutation detection strategies facilitate the identification of the causal mutation in up to 97% of patients with HA. This review discusses the milestones in genetic analysis of HA and highlights the importance of identification of the causative mutations for genetic counseling and particularly for the interpretation of the clinical presentation of HA patients.
Computer control of pressure die-casting (1991)

The Ford Motor Company (Belfast) Limited manufactures pressurised aluminium die-castings for water pumps and oil pumps for the Ford automobile range. The paper describes a computer monitoring and control system, its development in the Ford plant, and the contribution which this system has made to improved quality in the components being produced. Initially, the system was retro-fitted to five existing die-casting cells but has now been integrated into the controllers for the new cells being delivered. Future plans involve the linking of the entire die-casting area into a computer integrated manufacturing system.
Maize susceptibility to drought at flowering: a new approach to overcome the problem (1998)

Among the agronomically important grasses, maize is the most susceptible to drought at flowering. Drought stimulates a protandrous pattern of development, increasing the anthesis-silking interval. Because maize has a short period of flowering and pollen remains viable for only a short period of time, each day of delay between pollen shed and silk emergence will reduce the rate of sexual fertilization and increase barrenness. The purpose of this article is to present an ideotype of maize designed to overcome this problem. The biological model described here can reduce sensitivity to water deficiency through morphological and anatomical modifications, such as the transference of the ear from the axil of a leaf to the apex of the plant; condensation of the upper stem internodes; and a reduction of plant height and leaf number. Genetic diversity was found for all traits of interest. It was possible to identify and select mutants that exhibited the proposed alterations in a single phenotype. However, associated with those mutants there were several undesirable characteristics, such as lack of vigor and disease susceptibility. To gain an agronomically acceptable phenotype with adaptation to a hot and dry environment further improvement is needed.
Interaction of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> and <i>F. moniliforme</i> in Maize Ears: Disease Progress, Fungal Biomass, and Mycotoxin Accumulation (1999)

ABSTRACT To investigate the interaction between two major ear-rotting pathogens, maize ears were inoculated with either Fusarium graminearum, F. moniliforme, or an equal mixture of the two. Silk and kernel tissues were periodically harvested throughout the growing season so that a time course of the experimental variables (disease severity, ergosterol content, fungal DNA content, and mycotoxin concentration) could be recorded. Over the 3 years tested (1992 to 1994), the highest levels of disease and ergosterol were found in the F. graminearum treatment, followed by the mixture treatment (F. graminearum plus F. moniliforme) and, finally, the F. moniliforme treatment. Kernel ergosterol content and disease rating were correlated for both pathogens, but the highest correlation coefficients were obtained in the F. graminearum treatment. The DNA analysis revealed that, in the mixed inoculum, F. moniliforme had a greater growth rate than did F. graminearum. In 1994, appreciable F. moniliforme from natural inoculum was found in the F. graminearum treatment. Fumonisin B(1) levels did not differ between the F. moniliforme treatment and the mixed inoculum treatment. The effect of temperature on the growth rate of the two species explained some of the field results, with temperatures in the silks being more favorable to F. moniliforme. Data on the growth rate on silks obtained by the incorporation of radiolabeled precursor to ergosterol demonstrated that F. graminearum was able to grow well at 26 to 28 degrees C, whereas F. moniliforme grew well over a broader range, including at higher temperatures.
Realising service-oriented architecture through context-based dynamic service invocation (2005)

The service-oriented architecture (SOA) model promotes reusability of software services, achieved through the conscious application of the loose-coupling concept when assembling or building systems. In this SOA computing paradigm, heterogeneity is a key feature, from platforms to programming languages and messaging protocols. As such, invocations of services are expected not to be limited to XML or SOAP (as used in Web services) only, but to be multi-protocol based. Furthermore, realisation of loose coupling would imply that the usage of services is not rigidly specified during design time, but able to be changed and configured during its lifetime. This leads to the desire also for runtime configurability of inter-service dependencies with dynamic invocations capability. This paper outlines an approach that allows for runtime configurability across different messaging protocols for dynamic invocation of services. This paper also discusses implementation examples of this approach, including the ability to handle inputs mismatch between services, using the aid of contextual mappings via a XML rule-based engine.
Disposition and pharmacology of propofol glucuronide administered intravenously to animals (1992)

1. Propofol glucuronide (PG) is the major human metabolite of the i.v. anaesthetic propofol, 2,6-diisopropylphenol. 2. Bolus i.v. doses of 14C-PG (1 mg/kg) to rat and dog were eliminated in urine (40 and 66% respectively) and faeces (48 and 19%); 25 and 48% of the dose were excreted unchanged in urine. 3. In dog, PG was distributed from plasma (t 1/2 4 min) into a volume equivalent to extracellular water and eliminated with t 1/2 80 min. Total body clearance was 1.8 ml/min per kg, and renal clearance about 20% GFR. In rat, plasma 14C concentrations were about one-tenth those in dog, thus PG levels were not quantified. 4. Propofol was not detected in the plasma showing that PG is hydrolytically stable. Enterohepatic circulation of PG occurred in rat and to a lesser extent in dog. Metabolites, mainly side-chain hydroxylation products, were evident in both species from 4 h after dosing. 5. Bolus i.v. doses of PG (200 mg/kg) showed no hypnotic activity in mice.
A Fully-Integrated Buck Converter Design and Implementation for On-Chip Power Supplies (2012)

A 5V-2.5V fully-integrated low-power buck converter was designed and implemented using 0.5µm CMOS technology. The critical circuits of the high frequency controller and an on-chip multi-layer spiral inductor were presented. The structure of multi-layer spiral inductor having parallel and series branches of the metal strip. As the result that the parallel branching structure greatly reduced the series resistance and the series branching structure greatly improved the series inductance of the inductor, the structure can achieve quality factor and current capability enhancement while compatible with conventional CMOS process. The quality factor was quantitatively analyzed with a scalable model and its origin was investigated at a structural point of view. From chip measurement results, when the converter is running at the rated load, the average output voltage of 2.5V, the output voltage ripple within ±2%, and the energy efficiency of 46% are achieved.
The singlet–triplet energy gap in organic and Pt-containing phenylene ethynylene polymers and monomers (2002)

We have studied the evolution of the T1 triplet excited state in an extensive series of phenylene ethynylene polymers and monomers with platinum atoms in the polymer backbone and in an analogous series of all-organic polymers with the platinum(II) tributylphosphonium complex replaced by phenylene. The inclusion of platinum increases spin–orbit coupling so T1 state emission (phosphorescence) is easier to detect. For both, the platinum-containing polymer series and for the all-organic polymers, we find the T1 state to be at a constant separation of 0.7±0.1 eV below the singlet S1 state. It is not possible to change this singlet–triplet splitting by altering the size or the charge-transfer character of the polymer repeat unit or by changing the electron delocalization along the polymer backbone. The S1–T1 gap can be increased by confining the S1 state in oligomers and monomers.
Audit quality attributes, client size and cost of equity capital (2010)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of certain audit quality attributes, namely auditor size, auditor industry specialization and auditor tenure on a client firm's cost of equity capital. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses empirical data to construct a measure of ex ante cost of equity capital for each firm and year using analyst forecasts. Independent audit quality measures used are auditor size, auditor industry specialization and auditor tenure. Firm cost of equity capital is regressed against the three independent variables and appropriate control variables. Findings The paper finds that auditor size (auditor is a member of the BigX), auditor industry specialization and auditor tenure are negatively associated with the client firm's cost of equity capital. However, the paper finds that this effect is limited only to small client firms, potentially reflecting the poor information environment associated with such firms. Practical implications The study highlights the importance of audit quality attributes in determining the firm's cost of capital. It also highlights ways in which firms (especially small firms) can reduce the cost of equity capital by improving their information environment through the judicious selection of auditors. Originality/value This is believed to be the first paper to examine whether the effects of three audit quality attributes (auditor size, auditor industry specialization and auditor tenure) on a firm's cost of capital are dependent on the client's size. The paper empirically shows that such effects are more pronounced for smaller clients.
Zur Synthese der 5‐Hydroxy‐2,4‐dimethyl‐1‐hexen‐1,5‐dicarbonsäure (Nemorensinsäure) (1980)

Abstract Es wird ein Weg zur Darstellung der offenkettigen Form der Nemorensinsäure, der 5‐Hydroxy‐2,4‐dimethyl‐1 ‐hexen‐1,5‐dicarbonsäure, aufgezeigt.
Model-based motion tracking control of an electric 3DoF parallel motion platform (2010)

A heave-pitch-roll parallel-type motion platform used extensively for flight simulation applications is considered. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> It introduces a novel configuration of the mechanism which benefits in two important aspects, better weight balancing due to utilizing a vertically mounted pneumatic actuator and better synchronization and higher stiffness due to the use of a new configuration of scissors. A model-based nonlinear control based on dynamics inversion is applied to the system. Dynamic model of low complexity is employed that describes the predominant dynamics of the system that is appropriate for real-time applications. The controller is then applied to the complete dynamic model that takes into account both the legs' mass and inertia and actuators' frictions. The accuracy of the model is verified by comparison with an equivalent model built in simMechanics. Simulations with typical desired trajectory inputs are presented and a good performance of the controller is achieved with two outstanding properties, an asymptotic convergence of error to zero and a high bandwidth. The bandwidth can further be increased by increasing the break frequency of the derivative filter. In addition, the controlled system presents an overall linear closed loop system that keeps its control specifications in entire the workspace.