gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of amyloid fibrillation of lysozyme by indole derivatives − possible mechanism of action (2007)

Amyloid aggregation of polypeptides is related to a growing number of pathologic states known as amyloid disorders. There is a great deal of interest in developing small molecule inhibitors of the amyloidogenic processes. In the present article, the inhibitory effects of some indole derivatives on amyloid fibrillation of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) are reported. Acidic pH and high temperatures were used to drive HEWL towards amyloid formation. A variety of techniques, ranging from thioflavin T fluorescence and Congo red absorbance assays to far-UV CD and transmission electron microscopy, were employed to characterize the HEWL fibrillation process. Among the indole derivatives tested, indole 3-acetic acid, indole 3-carbinol and tryptophol had the most inhibitory effects on amyloid formation, indole and indole 3-propionic acid gave some inhibition, and indole aldehyde and tryptophan showed no significant inhibition. Although indoles did not protect the HEWL native state from conformational changes, they were effective in diminishing HEWL amyloid fibril formation, delaying both the nucleation and elongation phases. Disaggregation of previously formed HEWL amyloid fibrils was also enhanced by indole 3-acetic acid. Various medium conditions, such as the presence of different anions and alcoholic cosolvents, were explored to gain an insight into possible mechanisms. These observations, taken together, suggest that the indole ring is likely to play the main role in inhibition and that the side chain hydroxyl group may contribute positively, in contrast to the side chain carbonyl and intervening methylene groups.
Implementing triple adjacent Error Correction in double error correction Orthogonal Latin Squares Codes (2013)

Soft errors have been a concern in memories for many years. In older technologies, soft errors typically affected a single memory cell but as technology scaled, Multiple Cell Upsets (MCUs) that affect a group of nearby cells have become more common. This trend is expected to continue making MCUs more frequent and also increasing the number of cells affected. To avoid data corruption in memories, Error Correction Codes (ECCs) are used. Single Error Correction (SEC) codes that can correct one bit error per word are effective only against single errors. To protect against MCUs, one option is to use more sophisticated error correction codes like for example, Orthogonal Latin Squares Codes (OLSC). In this paper, a modification of the OLSC decoding algorithm is proposed for codes that can correct two random errors. This modification has little impact on circuit complexity and enables triple adjacent error correction which is interesting when MCUs are present.
A 5V self adaptive microcomputer with 16Kb of E<sup>2</sup>program storage and security (1983)

A SELF-MODIFIABLE NONVOLATILE 5V Electrically Eraseable ROM for microcomputers will be described.
Susceptibility to carcinogenesis (1986)

This report examines qualitative and quantitative evidence that the spontaneous incidence of a specific type of tumor is one of the many factors which determine the incidence of carcinogen-induced tumors of the same type. To avoid selection bias in the choice of data for analysis, all suitable data used in a previous review on a closely related subject are analyzed. One method of attack consists of the mathematical elimination of factors other than spontaneous incidence which influence carcinogenesis. When unselected carcinogenesis data are examined without such elimination, then the spontaneous incidence often has no apparent effect on induced incidence. The explanation appears to be that the spontaneous incidence is a weak factor which has incomplete penetrance, and frequently is outweighed by other factors. Although the evidence examined is consistent with this conclusion, this does not constitute proof. Regarding mechanism, a carcinogen is seen to enhance the potential for the conversion of normal progenitor cells into cancer cells, which underlies the spontaneous incidence of tumors. It follows that carcinogen assays should be most sensitive, when the type of tumor induced by the carcinogen has a spontaneous incidence which is overt but low, or is just barely subthreshold.
[Involvement of GABAergic and NMDA systems in drug-induced convulsions in mice]. (1995)

Intravenous (iv) pretreatment of muscimol, a GABAA receptor agonist, inhibited the convulsive effect of bicuculline but not that of picrotoxin, whereas phenobarbital, a Cl ion channel blocker, exhibited both effects. These results suggest that the bicuculline-induced convulsion may be due to Cl ion channel blockade secondary to the direct inhibition of GABAA receptors. CPP and MK-801, competitive and noncompetitive NMDA antagonists, respectively, inhibited both the bicuculline- and picrotoxin-induced convulsion, suggesting that these convulsive effects may also involve activation of the NMDA-Ca ion channel complex, which might link to the GABA-Cl ion channel system. Anticonvulsants phenytoin, carbamazepine and diazepam as well as phenobarbital inhibited the convulsive responses of bicuculline and picrotoxin. Therefore, the anticonvulsive effects of these drugs may involve an activation of the GABA-Cl ion channel function. On the other hand, neither the GABA agonist nor anticonvulsants affected NMDA-induced convulsion. These results also provide evidence that the convulsive effects of bicuculline and picrotoxin may be mediated by indirect activation of NMDA systems through their Cl ion channel-blocking action, whereas the convulsive effects of NMDA may involve the activation of NMDA-Ca ion channel function without the GABA-Cl ion channel activities.
Proteinases in normal bovine milk and their action on caseins (1983)

Native proteolytic enzymes in good quality normal bovine milk readily hydrolysed the caseins during incubation or storage, producing the gamma-caseins, proteose-peptone components 5 (PP5) and 8-fast (PP8F) and a considerable number of other unidentified fragments, many of which were also subsequently found in the proteose-peptone fraction. The rate of casein hydrolysis was greater in pasteurized than in raw milk, with beta-casein being slightly more susceptible to attack than alpha S1-casein. Measurements of gamma-casein and proteose-peptone formation have been made and it was found that PP5 was an intermediate product that was subject to further proteolysis while PP8F was a stable end-product. With the exception of component 3 (PP3), virtually all constituents of the proteose-peptone fraction increased during storage and appeared to be products of the action of proteolytic enzymes. Further evidence was obtained from the effects of various inhibitors that the principal proteinase of normal milk is plasmin, but slight differences were apparent between the protein breakdown patterns induced by storage and by added plasmin, which was consistent with the presence of more than one proteinase. Incubations in the presence of soya bean trypsin inhibitor to prevent plasmin action clearly revealed that another enzyme(s) was also involved.
Polymerization Reactor Control (1985)

The principal difficulties in achieving good control of polymerization reactors are related to inadequate on-line measurement, a lack of understanding of the dynamics of the process, the highly sensitive and nonlinear behavior of these reactors, and the lack of well-developed techniques for the control of nonlinear processes. Some illustrations of these problems and a discussion of potential techniques for overcoming some of these difficulties is provided.
Clinical improvement and serum amino acid levels after mud-bath therapy. (2004)

Spa therapy is an ancient approach to degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis, but until today this tradition has been predominantly empiric and intuitive and few studies have focused on the biological changes derived from this treatment. We assessed the clinical efficacy and variations in amino acid concentrations in serum samples from patients with knee osteoarthritis who underwent spa therapy and put forward an explanation of their role in clinical improvement. Thirty-one patients with knee osteoarthritis who underwent spa therapy underwent a clinical evaluation, and serum amino acid levels were assayed before and after a cycle of balneotherapy and mud-pack therapy. The thermal treatments were carried out in Sciacca. Analysis of the data showed a significant reduction in pain and improvement in joint motility. Serum concentrations of tryptophan, cysteine and citrulline were significantly higher than at baseline. No significant differences were observed in serum levels of the remaining free amino acids. The results of this study confirm the efficacy of spa therapy in the treatment of osteoarthritis. A possible role for changes in serum amino acid concentration is discussed.
Nanostructured Polymers Obtained from Polyethylene-<i>block</i>-poly(ethylene oxide) Block Copolymer in Unsaturated Polyester (2007)

We report the phase behavior, the molecular assembly, and the crystallization in blends of unsaturated polyester resin (UP, thermoset polymer) and low molecular mass polyethylene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (EEO, 1400 g mol-1). Liquid blends containing 2.5−25% of EEO block copolymer were prepared. At a macroscopic level, all the prepared blends are homogeneous at room temperature, exhibiting LCST-type behavior upon heating, with macrophase separation occurring at 75 °C in the studied range of compositions. Curing at a temperature lower than 75 °C prevents macrophase separation and allows the fixing of the structure obtained in the initial liquid state. In these conditions, EEO platelets exhibiting a high aspect ratio (6 nm thick, 500 nm to 1 μm long) constituted of a crystalline PE core, bordered by PEO domains, are observed in the cured state by TEM. For low EEO content, isolated lamellae are obtained. For higher content, aggregation of the lamellae is observed without real isotrope/nematic transformation. These observations are in close correspondence with the real-time SAXS−WAXS experiments that permit us to follow the molecular assembly of the block copolymer upon heating. DSC study of the blends indicates that PEO crystallization is suppressed, which confirms the miscibility of the PEO segments with the UP. Concerning PE blocks, a strong depression of the crystallization temperature is observed in the cured samples, suggesting a confinement effect.
The Long Term Kinetic of Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins in Tyloxapol Injected Rats (2016)

A single intravenous injection of tyloxapol shows three distinctive phases. In the early phase, triglyceride accumulates linearly and the rate of its increment in plasma is a good estimate of the rate of VLDL secretion from the liver.
Combining Multi-Date Airborne Laser Scanning and Digital Aerial Photogrammetric Data for Forest Growth and Yield Modelling (2019)

The increasing availability of highly detailed three-dimensional remotely-sensed data depicting forests, including airborne laser scanning (ALS) and digital aerial photogrammetric (DAP) approaches, provides a means for improving stand dynamics information. The availability of data from ALS and DAP has stimulated attempts to link these datasets with conventional forestry growth and yield models. In this study, we demonstrated an approach whereby two three-dimensional point cloud datasets (one from ALS and one from DAP), acquired over the same forest stands, at two points in time (circa 2008 and 2015), were used to derive forest inventory information. The area-based approach (ABA) was used to predict top height (H), basal area (BA), total volume (V), and stem density (N) for Time 1 and Time 2 (T1, T2). We assigned individual yield curves to 20 × 20 m grid cells for two scenarios. The first scenario used T1 estimates only (approach 1, single date), while the second scenario combined T1 and T2 estimates (approach 2, multi-date). Yield curves were matched by comparing the predicted cell-level attributes with a yield curve template database generated using an existing growth simulator. Results indicated that the yield curves using the multi-date data of approach 2 were matched with slightly higher accuracy; however, projections derived using approach 1 and 2 were not significantly different. The accuracy of curve matching was dependent on the ABA prediction error. The relative root mean squared error of curve matching in approach 2 for H, BA, V, and N, was 18.4, 11.5, 25.6, and 27.53% for observed (plot) data, and 13.2, 44.6, 50.4 and 112.3% for predicted data, respectively. The approach presented in this study provides additional detail on sub-stand level growth projections that enhances the information available to inform long-term, sustainable forest planning and management.
Age-related and tissue-specific levels of five forms of insulin-like growth factor mRNA in a teleost. (1993)

A reverse transcriptase/PCR assay was employed to amplify an internal portion of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) and IGF II cDNA from the RNA of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in an effort to detect analogues to the multiple size forms of IGF mRNA known to exist in mammals. After cloning and sequencing the PCR products, 4 variant size forms of trout IGF I mRNA and 1 form of IGF II mRNA were evident. The full cDNA nucleotide sequence of 1 form of IGF I mRNA and IGF II mRNA have been previously reported; the full cDNA nucleotide sequence of a second form of IGF I mRNA and PCR-derived nucleotide sequences of the 2 additional IGF I mRNA forms are reported herein. We define the 4 forms of IGF I mRNA (IGF IEa-1, Ea-2, Ea-3, and Ea-4) as having E-domain peptide lengths of 35, 47, 62, and 74 predicted amino acid residues, respectively. RNAse protection assays were used to quantify the mRNA levels of each of the 5 IGFs in 8 tissues of both juvenile and adult trout, as well as in testes and ovaries of adult trout. The IGF mRNA levels, normalized with 18S rRNA levels, suggest (1) at least 1 form of IGF I and IGF II mRNA are present at both developmental stages in all tissues examined; (2) all 5 IGF mRNA forms are present at their highest levels in the liver (p < 0.05); and (3) adults have significantly higher IGF mRNA levels than juveniles in the liver (p = 0.0047).
Universal HSPICE macromodel for giant magnetoresistance memory bits (2000)

Nonvolatile semiconductor storage using giant magnetoresistance (GMR) memory bits has the potential for revolutionizing both high-density and high-speed memory applications with devices exhibiting unlimited write endurance and very low write energy. This paper presents the first universal circuit macromodel for GMR memory bits. The macromodel is realized as a four-terminal subcircuit that emulates GMR bit behavior over a wide range of sense and word-line currents. It realistically models the nonlinear and hysteretic behavior of GMR memory bits, their transient thermal behavior, and the sense-current dependency of their write thresholds. The model is flexible and relatively simple: Ranges of the write/read currents and bit resistance values are incorporated as parameterized variables, and no semiconductor devices are used within the model.
Fast data stream algorithms using associative memories (2007)

The primary goal of data stream research is to develop space and time efficient solutions for answering continuous on-line summarization queries. Research efforts over the last decade have resulted in a number of efficient algorithms with varying degrees of space and time complexities. While these techniques are developed in a standard CPU setting, many of their applications such as click-fraud detection and network-traffic summarization typically execute on special networking architectures called Network Processing Units (NPUs). These NPUs interface with special associative memories known as Ternary Content Addressable Memories (TCAMs) to provide gigabit rate forwarding at network routers. In this paper, we describe how the integrated architecture of NPU and TCAMs can be exploited towards achieving the goal of developing high-speed stream summarization solutions. We propose two TCAM-conscious solutions for the frequent elements problem in data streams and present a comprehensive evaluation of these techniques on a state-of-the-art networking platform.
Throughput of the Magnetic Induction Based Wireless Underground Sensor Networks: Key Optimization Techniques (2014)

Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) present a variety of new research challenges. Recently, a magnetoinductive (MI) waveguide technique has been proposed to cope with the very harsh propagation conditions in WUSNs. This relay-based approach allows for an extension of the transmission range, which can be quite limited if relays are not deployed. In this paper, tree-based WUSNs are considered. The objective of our work is to determine the optimal system parameters, topology, and deployment strategy in order to avoid bottlenecks in the system and achieve optimal network throughput. We compare two different deployment schemes: MI waveguides and direct MI transmission (no relays deployed) based connections between sensors. The two schemes are different in nature and propagation characteristics. Therefore, different optimization techniques are utilized. The optimal set of system parameters is chosen to maximize the channel capacity of the worst link and therefore optimize the available data rate. The bottleneck throughput of the direct MI transmission based network can be then compared with the respective results of the MI waveguides based network. In several cases, we observe a better performance of the direct MI transmission based networks.
Synthesis of <sup>3</sup>H‐ and <sup>14</sup>C‐labelled astemizole (R 43 512) (1983)

Abstract Astemizole, a new antihistamine drug, was specifically labelled with tritium and 14 C at three distinct positions. Tritium was introduced either in the 4‐methoxyphenyl (II) or in the 4‐fluorophenylmethyl (IV) moiety by catalytic dehalogenation of the corresponding halogenated analogues with tritium gas, yielding 3 H‐astemizole with specific activities of 28.7 and 5.0 Ci/mmol respectively. Starting from [ 14 C]urea, [ 14 C]astemizole was synthesized with the label being placed in the 2‐position of the benzimidazole moiety. The radioactive yield of the three‐step synthesis was 22.4 %, spread over three fractions with specific activities of 4.5 mCi/mmol, 1.7 mCi/mmol and 0.4 mCi/mmol. The labelled compounds were radiochemically pure according to thin‐layer (TLC) and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Human Ingenuity: A Novel Standard for Patenting Algorithms (1992)

This Comment advocates that the Court afford patent protection to algorithms by adopting the standard of patentability applied in biotechnology patent law: human ingenuity. Part II describes some fundamental aspects of computer technology. Part III discusses the current state of patent law concerning patenting algorithms. Part IV demonstrates that the Court's restrictive standard of patentability is not consistent with case precedent. Part V describes how the Court's policy of precluding algorithms from patent protection subverts the patent system. Part VI explicates a standard of patentability, human ingenuity, and describes how this standard would return predictability to the patent system.
Synthesis and Activities of Rutile IrO<sub>2</sub> and RuO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles for Oxygen Evolution in Acid and Alkaline Solutions (2012)

The activities of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on iridium-oxide- and ruthenium-oxide-based catalysts are among the highest known to date. However, the OER activities of thermodynamically stable rutile iridium oxide (r-IrO2) and rutile iridium oxide (r-RuO2), normalized to catalyst mass or true surface area are not well-defined. Here we report a synthesis of r-IrO2 and r-RuO2 nanoparticles (NPs) of ∼6 nm, and examine their OER activities in acid and alkaline solutions. Both r-IrO2 and r-RuO2 NPs were highly active for OER, with r-RuO2 exhibiting up to 10 A/goxide at 1.48 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. When comparing the two, r-RuO2 NPs were found to have slightly higher intrinsic and mass OER activities than r-IrO2 in both acid and basic solutions. Interestingly, these oxide NPs showed higher stability under OER conditions than commercial Ru/C and Ir/C catalysts. Our study shows that these r-RuO2 and r-IrO2 NPs can serve as a benchmark in the development of active OER catalysts for electrolyzers, metal-air batteries, and photoelectrochemical water splitting applications.
Laser Cutting of Fibrous Quartz Insulation Materials (1994)

An experimental investigation was conducted using a CO2 laser to cut fibrous insulation blankets for the Space Shuttle and high speed aircraft. This investigation was unique in identifying important factors for controlling the cut depth, thus, allowing the laser to be used for making partial cuts in a composite quilt. The investigation determined an algorithm for essential physical parameters used in automating the laser machining of these materials.
Rating the resolving hypertrophic scar: Comparison of the Vancouver Scar Scale and scar volume (2000)

The increased focus of research interests and clinical documentation on outcomes demands that evaluation tools provide reliable and valid data. The Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) was developed to provide a more objective measurement of burn scars; however, the validity (a test's ability to measure the phenomenon for which it was designed) of the VSS has not been tested. To examine the construct validity of the VSS, we compared it with scar volume, which has established face validity. Burn scars were evaluated monthly for a minimum of 7 months. Three scar volume measurements were performed on each scar. In addition, 3 independent examiners completed the VSS for the same scar. The data generated by these 2 measurements were used to establish the following: (1) the interrater agreement estimated by interclass correlation coefficient, (2) convergence validity, (3) the sensitivity of the assessments to discriminate changes in the scar over time, and (4) the prevalence of related parameters that are not currently being captured by the VSS. In an attempt to address some of the deficiencies of the VSS, we propose several modifications. We anticipate that these changes will increase the reliability and validity of the VSS through an increase in the awareness that training in the use of this scale is required, through improvement in the quality of the subscales, and through the documentation of additional pertinent information.
Gabapentin Activates Spinal Noradrenergic Activity in Rats and Humans and Reduces Hypersensitivity after Surgery (2007)

These data suggest that gabapentin activates the descending noradrenergic system and induces spinal norepinephrine release, which produces analgesia via spinal alpha2-adrenoceptor stimulation, followed by activation of G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels. The authors' clinical data suggest that gabapentin activates the descending noradrenergic system after preoperative oral administration at the time of surgery. These data support a central mechanism of oral gabapentin to reduce postoperative pain and suggest that this effect could be magnified by treatments that augment the effect of norepinephrine release.