gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rabies Viral Mechanisms to Escape the IFN System: The Viral Protein P Interferes with IRF-3, Stat1, and PML Nuclear Bodies (2006)

Interferons (IFNs) are a family of secreted proteins with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activities. The different biologic actions of IFN are believed to be mediated by the products of specifically IFN-stimulated genes (ISG) in the target cells. The IFN response is the first line of defense against viral infections. Viruses, which require the cellular machinery for their replication, have evolved different ways to counteract the action of IFN by inhibiting IFN production or Jak-Stat signaling or by altering ISG products. This review focuses on the role of viral proteins from the RNA virus family, particularly rabies P protein. P protein mediates inhibition of the IFN system by different pathways: it inhibits IFN production by impairing IFN regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) phosphorylation and IFN signaling by blocking nuclear transport of Stat1 and alters promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies by retaining PML in the cytoplasm.
A 71 Msample/sec fifth order sigma-delta digital modulator (2003)

A 71 Msample/sec fifth order digital modulator with an oversampling ratio of 32 has been designed in a 0.6 /spl mu/m 3.3 V CMOS technology. To achieve such a high sampling rate, the structure of the modulator is carefully selected in order to reduce the latency in feedback loops. Carry-save adders are also utilized to facilitate high speed operation. Based on the analysis and simulation results, simple feedback coefficients for adjusting the NTF zero positions are employed and the internal word-length is scaled down without significant degradation of the performance.
Effect of human vitreous and hyalocyte‐derived factors on vascular endothelial cell growth (1997)

The observations suggest that human hyalocytes and vitreous contain anti-angiogenic factors that influence vascular endothelial cell-growth. These results, combined with those of previous studies, may yield important information about the functional role of vitreous and hyalocytes in intraocular vascular regression.
Size-dependent oriented attachment in the growth of pure and defect-free hexagonal boron nitride nanocrystals (2011)

Pure and defect-free hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanocrystals with deep-ultraviolet light emissions at around 215 nm were prepared via a solid state reaction. This involved preparing a precursor from potassium borohydride and ammonium chloride powders, and then heating the precursor and additional ammonium chloride to 1000 °C within a nitrogen atmosphere. The hBN nanocrystals were studied using a variety of characterization techniques (e.g., TEM, AFM, N(2) absorption/desorption). A growth mechanism based on size-dependent oriented attachment was proposed for the nanocrystals.
Cadmium Free Buffer Layers and the Influence of their Material Properties on the Performance of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells (2010)

CdS is conventionally used as a buffer layer in Cu(In,Ga)Se2, CIGS, solar cells. The aim of this thesis is to substitute CdS with cadmium-free, more transparent and environmentally benign alternative buffer layers and to analyze how the material properties of alternative layers affect the solar cell performance. The alternative buffer layers have been deposited using Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD. A theoretical explanation for the success of CdS is that its conduction band, Ec, forms a small positive offset with that of CIGS. In one of the studies in this thesis the theory is tested experimentally by changing both the Ec position of the CIGS and of Zn(O,S) buffer layers through changing their gallium and sulfur contents respectively. Surprisingly, the top performing solar cells for all gallium contents have Zn(O,S) buffer layers with the same sulfur content and properties in spite of predicted unfavorable Ec offsets. An explanation is proposed based on observed non-homogenous composition in the buffer layer. This thesis also shows that the solar cell performance is strongly related to the resistivity of alternative buffer layers made of (Zn,Mg)O. A tentative explanation is that a high resistivity reduces the influence of shunt paths at the buffer layer/absorber interface. For devices in operation however, it seems beneficial to induce persistent photoconductivity, by light soaking, which can reduce the effective Ec barrier at the interface and thereby improve the fill factor of the solar cells. Zn-Sn-O is introduced as a new buffer layer in this thesis. The initial studies show that solar cells with Zn-Sn-O buffer layers have comparable performance to the CdS reference devices. While an intrinsic ZnO layer is required for a high reproducibility and performance of solar cells with CdS buffer layers it is shown in this thesis that it can be thinned if Zn(O,S) or omitted if (Zn,Mg)O buffer layers are used instead. As a result, a top conversion efficiency of 18.1 % was achieved with an (Zn,Mg)O buffer layer, a record for a cadmium and sulfur free CIGS solar cell.
Intranasal Immunization with Recombinant<i>Ascaris suum</i>14-Kilodalton Antigen Coupled with Cholera Toxin B Subunit Induces Protective Immunity to<i>A. suum</i>Infection in Mice (2001)

Animals can be rendered immune to Ascaris parasites by immunization with infectious-stage larvae. The specific parasite gene products that mediate protective responses in ascariasis are unknown. We have identified a cDNA encoding Ascaris suum 14-kDa antigen (As14) and evaluated the vaccinal effect of the Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant protein (rAs14). GenBank analysis showed that As14 has low similarity at the amino acid level to a Caenorhabditis elegans gene product and to antigens of the filarial nematodes but not to other known proteins. In addition, As14 homologues were found to be expressed in human and dog roundworms. In mice that received intranasal administration of rAs14 coupled with cholera toxin B subunit (rAs14-CTB), there was a 64% reduction of recovery of larvae compared with that in the nontreated group. The vaccinated mice showed a significant increase in the total serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels and the mucosal IgA responses. Elevation of the rAs14-specific IgE response was also seen. Measurement of the IgG subclasses showed a higher level of IgG1 and a lower level of IgG2a antibody response in the sera of the immunized mice, suggesting that protection was associated with a type II immune response. As14 is the first protective antigen against A. suum infection to be identified. Our immunization trial results in laboratory animals suggest the possibility of developing a mucosal vaccine for parasitic diseases caused by ascarid nematodes.
Opioids and neuropeptides: mechanisms in circulatory shock. (1985)

Endogenous opioid systems are activated in stressful situations such as circulatory shock. The opiate antagonist naloxone improves cardiovascular function in several models of shock caused by endotoxemia, hypovolemia, anaphylaxis, and spinal trauma. The ergotropic neuropeptide, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, in supraphysiological doses, also improves cardiovascular function in these shock models, but this effect does not result from action at the opiate receptor. For both these agents a central nervous system (CNS) site of action has been partially characterized. A variety of neuropeptides, including the opioids, seem capable of modulating autonomic function through their CNS actions. In addition, they may play a role in peripheral integration and transmission of autonomic nervous activity by actions at the ganglia and/or at nerve endings. Some neuropeptides also have direct autacoid effects on cells, including those of the microvasculature. This raises new questions concerning possible peripheral functions of neuropeptides during circulatory shock, and the nature of their interactions with other potential shock mediators such as monokines and arachidonic acid derivatives.
Low-Temperature Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition of GaAs on Si by Alternate Gas Flow of the Source Materials (1992)

GaAs layers were grown on Si substrates at 450°C by alternating the gas flow of trimethyl gallium and arsine. Raman spectra showed that the intensity of the longitudinal optical phonon peak taken from GaAs was increased by this approach. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy showed the reduction of the lattice turbulence and many threading dislocations, which were observed in GaAs layers grown on Si without this approach.
Measurements in transient regimes after steep humidity changes: a method for investigating the reaction sites in SnO/sub 2/ gas sensors (2003)

Most information about the gas-sensing properties of polycrystalline tin dioxide in the usual commercial gas-sensors is furnished only by steady-state conductance measurements. However many aspects of the surface-gas interaction, and thus of the operation of gas sensors are still unclear. Broadening the field of experimental methods for investigating surface phenomena is therefore very necessary.
Liquid chromatography column theory (1986)

Introduction to the liquid chromatography column the plate theory the column dead volume extensions of the plate theory applications of the plate theory introduction to the rate theory the Van Deemter equation alternative equations for peak dispersion validation of the Van Deemter equation extra column dispersion LC column design - the design protocol LC column design - the design process for packed columns LC column design - the design process for open tubular columns preparative liquid chromatography columnn. Appendices: the diffusion coefficients of some low molecular weight substances the diffusion coefficients of some selected peptides the physical properties of some LC solvents.
Tunneling Spectroscopy of Y-Ba-Cu-O Compound (1987)

Single particle tunneling between a sintered Y-Ba-Cu-O compound and a Pb film is presented. The differential tunnel characteristic as a function of junction voltage exhibits a series of gap structure at Δ, 2Δ and 3Δ. The observed value of 2Δ/ k B T c is 10.5, much greater than the BCS value of 3.52. Temperature dependence of the gap is in good agreement with the BCS theory.
EVIDENCE FOR ENGRAFTMENT OF HUMAN BONE MARROW CELLS IN NON-LETHALLY IRRADIATED BABOONS1 (1997)

Bone marrow transplantation from human to baboon leads to establishment of chimerism and modulation of donor-specific immune reactivity, which suggests that this strategy could be reproducibly employed to create "surrogate" tolerogenesis in prospective donors for subsequent organ transplantation across xenogeneic barriers.
Convergence and Rate Analysis of Neural Networks for Sparse Approximation (2012)

We present an analysis of the Locally Competitive Algorithm (LCA), which is a Hopfield-style neural network that efficiently solves sparse approximation problems (e.g., approximating a vector from a dictionary using just a few nonzero coefficients). This class of problems plays a significant role in both theories of neural coding and applications in signal processing. However, the LCA lacks analysis of its convergence properties, and previous results on neural networks for nonsmooth optimization do not apply to the specifics of the LCA architecture. We show that the LCA has desirable convergence properties, such as stability and global convergence to the optimum of the objective function when it is unique. Under some mild conditions, the support of the solution is also proven to be reached in finite time. Furthermore, some restrictions on the problem specifics allow us to characterize the convergence rate of the system by showing that the LCA converges exponentially fast with an analytically bounded convergence rate. We support our analysis with several illustrative simulations.
A replicated Unix file system (1990)

The Programming Methodology group at the Laboratory for Computer Science at M.I.T. is working on an implementation of a replicated Unix file system for use via the NFS protocol Our replication method is intended to support the following goals:
Synthesis of an exact graft copolymer of isoprene and styrene with two branches (2000)

An exact graft copolymer of isoprene and styrene with two branches was successfully synthesized, as proven by the combined characterized results via anionic polymerization and 1,4-bis(phenylethenyl)benzene as a linking agent.
Bcl2 inhibits apoptosis associated with terminal differentiation of HL- 60 myeloid leukemia cells (1994)

Abstract The Bcl2 protein inhibits apoptosis (programmed cell death) induced by a variety of noxious stimuli. However, relatively little is known about its effect on apoptosis that occurs after terminal differentiation. Bcl2 protein levels decrease during differentiation of myeloid cells into granulocytes that subsequently undergo apoptosis, but the potential role of Bcl2 in coupling survival and differentiation remains undefined. To ascertain the relationship between decreasing Bcl2 levels and the onset of apoptosis in differentiating myeloid cells, Bcl2 was hyperexpressed in the HL-60 cell line after retroviral gene transfer. After treatment of HL-60/BCL2 cells with all-trans retinoic acid or phorbol myristic acid, Bcl2 levels did not decrease as in normal HL-60 cells but, rather, increased because of activation of the viral promoter. Differentiation of the Bcl2-overexpressing cells was similar to that of normal HL-60 cells, but they showed little evidence for apoptosis and had a prolonged survival. These studies show that the survival-enhancing properties of Bcl2 counteract programmed cell death that accompanies terminal differentiation; however, Bcl2 has no significant effect on differentiation itself, suggesting that apoptosis and differentiation are regulated independently in myeloid cells.
Advanced Charge Control for Single Wafer Implanters (2006)

Supplying low energy electrons to insure neutralization of implanted wafers requires an advanced charge control system. Some devices are extremely sensitive to low levels of metal contamination. We have designed a radio frequency (rf) plasma flood gun that eliminates the use of a hot filament. This makes this PFG more reliable and not susceptible to filament failures. We will present data showing that this advanced PFG has excellent charge control with an electron energy distribution that floods the wafer with an abundant supply of low energy electrons.
A STUDY ON THE METABOLISM OF LIPOIC ACID AND LIPOAMIDE (1961)

1. Lipoic acid or lipoamide administered orally to animals seemed to be easily absorbed from the digestive tract and to be eliminated in the urine largely as the oxidation products of these substances.2. Lipoamide was easily converted to lipoic acid both in the in vitro and in vivo experiments.3. Urinary excretion of S35-compounds, after administering S35-lipoic acid or S35-lipoamide, was found to be increased in the rats poisoned with CCl4 or those with alloxan diabetes as compared with normal rats.
Efficient bulk deletes for multi dimensional clustered tables in DB2 (2007)

In data warehousing applications, the ability to efficiently delete large chunks of data from a table is very important. This feature is also known as Rollout or Bulk Deletes. Rollout is generally carried out periodically and is often done on more than one dimension or attribute. The ability to efficiently handle the updates of RID indexes while doing Rollouts is a well known problem for database engines and its solution is very important for data warehousing applications. DB2 UDB V8.1 introduced a new physical clustering scheme called Multi Dimensional Clustering (MDC) which allows users to cluster data in a table on multiple attributes or dimensions. This is very useful for query processing and maintenance activities including deletes. Subsequently, an enhancement was incorporated in DB2 UDB Viper 2 which allows for very efficient online rollout of data on dimensional boundaries even when there are a lot of secondary RID indexes defined on the table. This is done by the asynchronous updates of these RID indexes in the background while allowing the delete to commit and the table to be accessed. This paper details the design of MDC Rollout and the challenges that were encountered. It discusses some performance results which show order of magnitude improvements using it and the lessons learnt. 1.
IMD: A Software Package for Molecular Dynamics Studies on Parallel Computers (1997)

We report on implementation and performance of the program IMD, designed for short range molecular dynamics simulations on massively parallel computers. After a short explanation of the cell-based algorithm, its extension to parallel computers as well as two variants of the communication scheme are discussed. We provide performance numbers for simulations of different sizes and compare them with values found in the literature. Finally we describe two applications, namely a very large scale simulation with more than 1.23×10 9 atoms, to our knowledge the largest published MD simulation up to this day and a simulation of a crack propagating in a two-dimensional quasicrystal.
Effect of microaggregate blood filtration on platelet concentrates <i>in vitro</i> (1981)

In order to determine if platelet concentrate could be transfused through microaggregate filters, platelets collected in CPD and CPDA‐1 preservatives were passed through the currently available microaggregate blood filters. Both clean filters and filters preloaded with two units of outdated whole blood were studied. Prefiltration and postfiltration testing included determination of platelet count, per cent maximal ADP aggregation, release of B‐thromboglobulin, and morphologic examination using electron microscopy. Compared to the prefiltration values, those for postfiltration showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) for any of the microaggregate filters tested. Filtration itself did not appear to affect platelet morphology. Unlike the platelets in stored concentrates, however, a significant (p < 0.05) number of the platelets contained in fresh whole blood (27 to 45%) were removed by depth‐type microaggregate filters. Platelets remaining in the filter residual volume could be readily eluted by rinsing with crystalloid or colloid solutions. Due to development of an in vitro storage lesion, platelet concentrates can be transfused through new or used microaggregate filters without loss of platelet number or changes in platelet function as measured in vitro .
Aztreonam (for inhalation solution) for the treatment of chronic lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis: an evidence-based review (2011)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease caused by abnormal chloride transport across cellular membranes. In the respiratory tract, this molecular defect causes obstruction of the airways by mucus and chronic endobronchial infection. The majority of patients suffer early death from chronic respiratory disease. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the predominant chronic airway pathogen in older children and adults with CF and is associated with worse outcomes. However, overall survival in CF has been greatly improved in recent decades due in large part to the aggressive treatment of chronic infections such as P. aeruginosa. While intravenous and oral antibiotics are commonly used in the management of CF respiratory infections, inhaled anti-infective therapies offer the benefit of delivering the drug directly to the site of infection and avoiding potential toxicities associated with systemic absorption. Aztreonam lysine (AZLI) has recently been developed as an inhaled antibiotic for chronic use in CF patients with endobronchial P. aeruginosa infection. This paper reviews background data and the clinical studies which contributed to AZLI's formal FDA approval and growing role in the management of CF pulmonary disease.
Escherichia coli 6S RNA gene is part of a dual-function transcription unit (1985)

The gene coding for the metabolically stable 6S RNA of Escherichia coli has been cloned, sequenced, and partially characterized in expression analyses. The DNA sequence results confirm the accuracy of the previously established RNA sequence and, with genomic hybridization data, reveal that there is only one copy of the 6S DNA in the chromosome. Consistent with its relaxed mode of expression, the promoter region of the 6S RNA gene was found to lack the hypothetical GC-rich discriminator domain common to other stable RNA genes under stringent control. The sequence results also revealed the occurrence of a 540-base-pair open reading frame immediately downstream from the 6S RNA coding region. Results from the expression analyses show that the protein and RNA coding regions are cotranscribed in vitro and that the open reading frame is translated in vivo.
Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase increase antibody class switching. (1993)

Previous studies suggest that heavy chain isotype switch (S) recombination is directed by cytokine-induced transcription of the unrearranged CH gene before recombination. In studies aimed at identifying other signaling pathways that promote switching, we discovered that inhibitors of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) increase LPS-induced switching to IgA in the B cell lymphoma 1.29 mu and to IgG1 in LPS + IL-4-treated splenic B cells. PARP, which binds to and is activated by DNA strand breaks, catalyzes the removal of ADP-ribose from NAD+ and poly(ADP-ribosylation) of chromatin-associated acceptor proteins. This enzyme is believed to function in cellular processes involving DNA strand breaks as well as in modulating chromatin structure. In 1.29 mu cells, PARP inhibitors increase IgA switching by day 2 and cause a fivefold increase in switching on day 3 as assayed by immunofluorescence microscopy. In spleen B cells, the PARP inhibitor nicotinamide increases IgG1 switching by about twofold. Nicotinamide also causes a reduced intensity of hybridization of C mu- and C alpha-specific probes to genomic DNA fragments containing the expressed VDJ-C mu and the unrearranged S alpha-C alpha segments, respectively, in 1.29 mu cells, indicating that PARP inhibition increases rearrangement of these fragments. Induction of switching by PARP inhibitors is not mimicked by treatment with cAMP analogues or reduced by inhibitors of protein kinase A. Induction of switching by PARP inhibitors does not appear to involve increased levels of transcription of the unrearranged C alpha gene.
Reliability of death certificate data on vascular lesions affecting the central nervous system. (1967)

Although it is generally stated that national mortality statistics are to some extent unreliable, it is difficult to ascertain their degree of unreliability. In studies carried out in limited areas of Czechoslovakia, Japan and Sweden it has been possible to determine the cause of death at autopsy in a large series of cases, and the findings relevant to "vascular lesions affecting the central nervous system" (CNS) have been compared with the national mortality statistics for the same causes and with the clinical findings.It was found that death rates for vascular lesions affecting the CNS, taken as a whole, obtained from the autopsy studies were close to the national figures but that the ratio of cerebral haemorrhage to cerebral infarction was lower in the autopsy data, indicating that classification into cerebral haemorrhage and cerebral thrombosis is incorrect in the national figures and that the former is over-diagnosed at the expense of cerebral thrombosis.Comparison of the autopsy data with clinical diagnoses in Prague and Malmö showed that only 70% of the cases of fresh cerebral vascular accidents regarded as the principal cause of death by the pathologist were diagnosed before autopsy, and that many cases found by the pathologist but not considered to be the principal cause of death were not suspected clinically. Less than 1% of cases of cerebrovascular accident regarded as the principal cause of death by the clinician were not found by the pathologist.