gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laxative and Anti-diarrheal Activity of Polycarbophil in Mice and Rats (2002)

We investigated the laxative and anti-diarrheal activity of polycarbophil, an insoluble hydrophilic polymer, in comparison with other agents used for treating functional bowel disorder (FBD). In naive rats, polycarbophil (500 mg/kg) increased fecal weight and water contents without producing diarrhea. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) did not produce evident changes in bowel movement. Picosulfate markedly produced diarrhea. Loperamide, trimebutine and granisetron decreased stool output dose-dependently. Constipation, indicated by decrease in fecal weight, was produced by loperamide and clonidine in rats. Polycarbophil (500 mg/kg) and CMC increased fecal weight without diarrhea. Conversely trimebutine further decreased fecal weight in constipated rats. Polycarbophil (500 mg/kg) suppressed diarrhea induced by castor oil, and at 250-500 mg/kg, it produced shaped stools in animals with stools loosened by prostaglandin E2, serotonin or carbachol in mice. Polycarbophil (500 mg/kg) also reduced stools in rats with stool output increased by wrap restraint stress (WRS). CMC had no effect in the diarrhea models, except for carbachol-induced diarrhea, and WRS-induced evacuation. Loperamide, trimebutine and granisetron inhibited diarrhea production and WRS-induced evacuation, except for carbachol-induced diarrhea. The results show that polycarbophil prevents constipation and diarrhea without inducing diarrhea or constipation, which is different from the other agents. Hydrophilic polymers such as polycarbophil will be promising agents for the treatment of FBD.
Cerium(IV) oxidation of 4-methyloestra-1,3,5(10)-trienes (1971)

D. M. Piatak and L. S. Eichmeier, J. Chem. Soc. D, 1971, 772 DOI: 10.1039/C29710000772
Segmented Polythiourethane Elastomers through Sequential Thiol−Ene and Thiol−Isocyanate Reactions (2009)

Highly elastic polythiourethanes were synthesized through sequential thiol reactions involving 1,6-hexanedithiol (HDT), 1,4-butanediol diacrylate (BDDA), and several diisocyanates (ISO). Thiol-terminated prepolymers prepared by the phosphine-catalyzed thiol Michael addition of HDT and BDDA form flexible thioether oligomers which were then incorporated as soft segments into polythiourethane main chains through a triethylamine-catalyzed thiol−isocyanate reaction with HDT and ISO to give polymers with both hard and soft segments. Real-time FTIR, used to investigate the kinetic conversion profiles of both reactions, and NMR showed that both the thiol Michael addition and the thiol−isocyanate reactions are very fast and efficient, having the chemical attributes generally associated with thiol−ene radical click reactions. The effects of the soft and hard segment length, soft/hard segment weight ratio, and chemical structure of the ISO on thermal and dynamic thermal mechanical properties was characterized in terms of microphase separation determined by DSC and DMA. Tensile properties of the polythiourethanes were measured and correlated with the degree of microphase mixing between the soft and hard segments.
Microstructure of lateral epitaxial overgrown InAs on (100) GaAs substrates (2003)

Substantial defect reduction was achieved in InAs/GaAs by lateral epitaxial overgrowth in which InAs was grown on mask-patterned (100) GaAs with stripe-shaped windows of various widths by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The InAs growth morphology, crystal quality, and microstructure were evaluated using double-crystal x-ray rocking curves and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The microstructure of the InAs grown on mask-free control samples was comprised of micron-scale misoriented grains and dislocations at a density of 1011 cm−2. As the width of the mask openings decreased to 0.8 μm, the rocking curves narrowed, grain boundaries disappeared and the dislocation density decreased to &lt;107 cm−2. The distribution of the remaining defects suggests substantial changes in microstructural development when the window width is ≲1 μm.
Autologous Fat Grafting for Whole Breast Reconstruction (2014)

This is the first reported case of a patient who had a single-stage large-volume breast reconstruction with autologous fat grafting, following rotation flap approach (RoFA) mastectomy. The purpose of this case study was to evaluate the viability of reconstruction of the breast by autologous fat grafting alone, in the context of RoFA mastectomy. The hypothesis was that there would be minimal interval loss of autologous fat on the whole breast reconstruction side. Right RoFA mastectomy was used for resection of an invasive primary breast cancer and resulted in the right breast skin envelope. Eleven months later, the patient underwent grafting of 400 ml of autologous fat into the skin envelope and underlying pectoralis major muscle. Outcome was assessed by using a validated 3D laser scan technique for quantitative breast volume measurement. Other outcome measures included the BREAST-Q questionnaire and 2D clinical photography. At 12-month follow-up, the patient was observed to have maintenance of volume of the reconstructed breast. Her BREAST-Q scores were markedly improved compared with before fat grafting, and there was observable improvement in shape, contour, and symmetry on 2D clinical photography. The 2 new techniques, RoFA mastectomy and large-volume single-stage autologous fat grafting, were used in combination to achieve a satisfactory postmastectomy breast reconstruction. Novel tools for measurement of outcome were the 3D whole-body laser scanner and BREAST-Q questionnaire. This case demonstrates the potential for the use of fat grafting for reconstruction. Outcomes in a larger patient populations are needed to confirm these findings.
UMTS-AKA and EAP-AKA Inter-working for Fast Handovers in All-IP Networks (2007)

3GPP service architecture evolution (SAE) / long term evolution (LTE) activity sets the requirement of provisioning secure and seamless handover. In handover, however, key management (i.e., key derivation and key transfer) and mutual authentication form a significant source of latency. Together with the seamlessness requirement 3GPP also requires the reuse of universal subscriber identity module (USIM) and the existing authentication and key management procedure or Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA). In this paper we consider UMTS-AKA and extensible authentication protocol-AKA (EAP-AKA) as the two USIM- based authentication and key management protocols. We propose an architecture that can be used in SAE/LTE for efficient inter-working between UMTS-AKA and EAP-AKA during handover. Efficient inter-working here translates to avoiding signaling with the home domain during handover. Our focus is on the top-level key management aspect and we do not address derivation of child keys. Our solution speeds up handover signaling by one round trip time (RTT) to the home domain. We investigate also the relevance of key hierarchy solutions proposed in IETF for speeding up re-authentications.
Assembly, organization, and function of the COPII coat (2007)

A full mechanistic understanding of how secretory cargo proteins are exported from the endoplasmic reticulum for passage through the early secretory pathway is essential for us to comprehend how cells are organized, maintain compartment identity, as well as how they selectively secrete proteins and other macromolecules to the extracellular space. This process depends on the function of a multi-subunit complex, the COPII coat. Here we describe progress towards a full mechanistic understanding of COPII coat function, including the latest findings in this area. Much of our understanding of how COPII functions and is regulated comes from studies of yeast genetics, biochemical reconstitution and single cell microscopy. New developments arising from clinical cases and model organism biology and genetics enable us to gain far greater insight in to the role of membrane traffic in the context of a whole organism as well as during embryogenesis and development. A significant outcome of such a full understanding is to reveal how the machinery and processes of membrane trafficking through the early secretory pathway fail in disease states.
CAMP: A technique to estimate per-structure power at run-time using a few simple parameters (2009)

Microprocessor power has become a first-order constraint at run-time. Designers must employ aggressive power-management techniques at run-time to keep a processor's ballooning power requirements under control. Effective power management benefits from knowledge of run-time microprocessor power consumption in both the core and individual microarchitectural structures, such as caches, queues, and execution units. Increasingly feasible per-structure power-control techniques, such as fine-grain clock gating, power gating, and dynamic voltage/frequency scaling (DVFS), become more effective from run-time estimates of per-structure power. However, run-time computation of per-structure power estimates based on utilization requires daunting numbers of input statistics, which makes per-structure monitoring of run-time power a challenging problem. To address the challenges of estimating per-structure power in hardware, we propose a new technique, called Common Activity-based Model for Power (CAMP), to estimate activity factors and power for microarchitectural structures. Despite using a relatively few input parameters-specifically nine-based on general microprocessor utilization statistics (e.g., IPC and load rate), our linear-regression-based model estimates activity and dynamic power for over 100 structures in an out-of-order x86 pipeline and core power with an average error of 8%. Because the computations utilize few inputs, CAMP is simple enough to implement in hardware, providing run-time structure and core power estimates for dynamic power management. Because the input statistics are generic in nature and the model remains accurate across incremental microarchitectural refinements, CAMP provides simple intuitive equations relating global microarchitectural statistics to structure activity and power. These equations provide a simple technique that can equate changes in one structure's activity to power variations in other structures across the pipeline.
A New Indentor Hysteresimeter (1961)

Abstract Although the apparatus described here is not without limitations, it has some obvious advantages over the previously described dynamic tests. Owing to the simplicity and rapidity of the test as well as to its apparent standardization possibilities, it seems probable that it could prove of practical use in technological and industrial fields.
The modified allan variance as time-domain analysis tool for estimating the hurst parameter of long-range dependent traffic (2005)

Experimental measurements show that Internet traffic exhibits self-similarity and long-range dependence (LRD). A delicate issue is the estimation of traffic statistical quantities that characterize self-similarity and LRD, such as the Hurst parameter H. In this paper, we propose to use the modified Allan variance (MAVAR), a well-known time-domain tool originally studied for frequency stability characterization, for estimating the power-law spectrum and thus the H parameter of LRD traffic time series. This novel method is validated by comparison with one of the most widely adopted algorithms for analyzing LRD traffic: the log-scale diagram technique, based on wavelet analysis. Both methods are applied to a pseudo-random data series, generated with known values of H. MAVAR exhibits outstanding accuracy in estimating H, better than the classical log-scale method. Finally, both techniques are applied to a real IP traffic trace, providing a further example of the capabilities of MAVAR.
Stereospecific polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether catalyzed by calcined iron sulfate (1980)

Abstract The polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether was studied in a heterogeneous system using iron (II) sulfate calcined in air at various temperatures as a catalyst. The maximum activity was shown by the catalyst calcined at 700°C, which effected the polymerization at room temperature in a few seconds, while the sulfate treated at 750°C was totally inactive. Poly(vinyl ethyl ether) was also obtained by the FeSO 4 (700°C) catalyst at room temperature. This catalyst formed the crystalline polymer (melting temperature 135–138°C) when the reaction was performed in toluene as solvent at room temperature. Poisoning experiments with Hammett indicators were carried out with the FeSO 4 (700°C) catalyst. The treatment with n ‐butylamine rendered it inactive in the reaction of isobutyl vinyl ether, while its catalytic activity was little affected by dicinnamalacetone. On the basis of the observed results, the nature of active sites of catalyst is discussed.
Developing novel 3D antennas using advanced additive manufacturing technology (2015)

In today’s world of wireless communication systems, antenna engineering is rapidly advancing as the wireless services continue to expand in support of emerging commercial applications. Antennas play a key role in the performance of advanced transceiver systems where they serve to convert electric power to electromagnetic waves and vice versa. Researchers have held significant interest in developing this crucial component for wireless communication systems by employing a variety of design techniques. In the past few years, demands for electrically small antennas continues to increase, particularly among portable and mobile wireless devices, medical electronics and aerospace systems. This trend toward smaller electronic devices makes the three dimensional (3D) antennas very appealing, since they can be designed in a way to use every available space inside the devise. Additive Manufacturing (AM) method could help to find great solutions for the antennas design for next generation of wireless communication systems. In this thesis, the design and fabrication of 3D printed antennas using AM technology is studied. To demonstrate this application of AM, different types of antennas structures have been designed and fabricated using various manufacturing processes. This thesis studies, for the first time, embedded conductive 3D printed antennas using PolyLactic Acid (PLA) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) for substrate parts and high temperature carbon paste for conductive parts which can be a good candidate to overcome the limitations of direct printing on 3D surfaces that is the most popular method to fabricate conductive parts of the antennas. This thesis also studies, for the first time, the fabrication of antennas with 3D printed conductive parts which can contribute to the new generation of 3D printed antennas.
Constructing universal version history (2006)

Developers often copy code for parts or entire products to start a new product or a new release. In order to understand the software change history and to determine the code authorship, we propose to construct a universal version history from multiple version control repositories. To that end we create two practical code copy detection methods at the level of the source code file: prefix-postfix algorithm and prefix algorithm. The full pathname of a file and its version history are used to construct the universal version history of a file by linking together change histories of files that had the same code at any point in the past. The assumption of both algorithms is that developers often duplicate files by copying entire directories. Once the copying is identified we propose an algorithm to link version histories from multiple repositories in order to construct universal version history. The results show that about 41.32% of source files (in the repository involving more than 6M versions of around 2M files) were duplicated among the Avaya's source code repositories for more than ten different projects. The prefix-postfix algorithm is more suitable than prefix algorithm due to the reasonable error rates after validation of the known copying behaviors.
Optical-signal-controlled logic elements for computers (1991)

An analysis is made of the operation of an all-optical light switch made from nonlinear waveguides with a distributed coupling. Such a switch is a hybrid of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer and a nonlinear directional coupler. It is shown that the switch can operate at signal powers approximately one-sixth of those needed for a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. An analysis is made of the possibility of using such switches in constructing optical gates controlled by optical signals. The circuit characteristics of such gates are given.
Region of Interest oriented fast mode decision for depth map coding in DIBR (2011)

During the depth image based rendering (DIBR), depth map is a new type of video sequence to be compressed. The synthesized result of DIBR is highly related to the quality of the depth map. Depth map also has some new features than color maps. It occurs to us that some improvement is required. Higher efficiency and keeping the edge quality is two critical issues for depth compression. In this paper, region of interest (ROI) detection is introduced to meet these requirements. We adopt an ROI detection method which can distinguish the moving and relatively complexity part (foreground) from each frame. By using different mode decision strategy in ROI and non-ROI, computing burden is reduced and performance is kept. Experimental results show that the proposed strategy saves 40% computation of ME on average with an acceptable performance lost.
The Application of a Low Temperature GaN Buffer Layer to Thick GaN Film Growth on ZnO/Si Substrate (1999)

The effect of a low temperature GaN (LT-GaN) buffer layer on the properties of thick GaN grown on Si substrate by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) was investigated to obtain thick GaN films of high quality. ZnO was deposited by sputtering as the first buffer layer. LT-GaN buffer layers were grown for 2 to 7 min at 600 °C. The optimization of the LT-GaN buffer layer was done using low temperature PL, AFM and XRD analysis. A Zn-related impurity peak was observed in PL spectra of LT-GaN/ZnO/Si. A strong orientation along (0002) was observed in thick GaN/LT-GaN/ZnO/Si. A red shift in PL spectra of thick GaN due to the strain was found. The LT-GaN buffer improved the crystalline and optical properties of thick GaN grown on Si substrate.
Electrochemical Investigations during the Abrasion of Aluminum/Titanium Thin-Film Stacks in Iodate-Based Slurry (2004)

The objective of this paper was to characterize the fundamental electrochemical behavior of thin aluminum-0.5% copper/titanium stack films before, during, and after abrasion in a commercially available alumina-based slurry containing iodate as an oxidant. A research apparatus in which electrochemical tests can be carried out during polishing was fabricated and used for this research. During the abrasion of the Al/Ti film stack, a sharp rise in corrosion potential on the order of 1000 mV, was measured. The transition was much sharper with the low-temperature (25°C) Al film than the high-temperature (475°C) Al thin film. The slower transition in open-circuit potential in high-temperature films is most likely due to a Ti-Al intermetallic compound formed at the Al/Ti interface. Additionally, the galvanic corrosion between Al and Ti during abrasion was investigated. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Unified picture for spin-lattice relaxation of lipid bilayers and biomembranes (1984)

The present study compares and interprets the 1H, 2H, and 13C spin-lattice (T1) relaxation times of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), in the liquid crystalline phase, in terms of models for the molecular dynamics of lipid bilayers. The 1H T1 times of the DPPC bilayer hydrocarbon region at two frequencies and 13C T1 data at seven frequencies, for which the relaxation is dipolar in origin, as well as the 2H T1 data at three frequencies, due to the quadrupolar interaction, can be unified and interpreted in terms of a collective model for order fluctuations. In normalizing the 13C T1 data to the 1H and 2H T1 values, a vibrationally corrected 13C–1H distance parameter of r0CH=1.14 Å has been assumed, rather than the equilibrium bond length of 1.09 Å. The analysis suggests that the behavior of the individual acyl chain segments of lipid bilayers, in the liquid crystalline phase, is similar to that of molecules in nematic fluids.
Novelties of eclectically engineered sulfated zirconia and carbon molecular sieve catalysts in cyclisation of citronellal to isopulegol (1998)

Sulfated zirconia (S-ZrO2) is a well-known solid superacid catalyst used in various reactions of commercial importance such as isomerisation, alkylation and acylation, nitration, etc. The selectivity towards the formation of isopulegol, a potential intermediate in the synthesis of menthol, can be drastically increased by using carbon molecular sieve (CMS) with S-ZrO2.
Continuous concentration of single component using an annular chromatograph. (1991)

A continuous rotating annular chromatograph with rotating inlet and outlet can be used to concentrate a single component by the technique of cycling zone adsorption.To evaluate the performance of this system, an amino acid (valine) was chosen as the solute and a cation exchange resin as the adsorbent. The adsorption force of valine on the cation exchange resin in the eluent (pH = 4.4 or 7.6) became much weaker than that in the feed (pH = 3.4).Experimental elution curves were in good agreement with numerical solutions. The two concentration profiles at steady state agreed very well with each other for 8 and 48 hours after starting the operation of the device. When products were collected over a long period, concentrated products with six times the feed concentration could steadily be obtained.
Technology in brief (1970)

The deposition of an epitaxial layer of gallium arsenide from vapour is a fairly normal procedure, but for a Gunn effect device the resistivity must be low. Commonly there is a leakage of oxygen into the vapour and 1 ppm of O in the epitaxial layer is enough to create deep traps and increase resistivity considerably.
A Novel Thyroid Hormone Receptor Encoded by a cDNA Clone from a Human Testis Library (1987)

The c-erbA gene belongs to a multigene family that encodes transcriptional regulatory proteins including the v-erbA oncogene product, steroid hormone receptors, and the vitamin D3 receptor. A v-erbA DNA probe encoding the DNA-binding region of the v-erbA protein was used to screen a human complementary DNA testis library. One of the clones isolated, erbA-T-1, was found to encode a 490-amino acid protein (erbA-T). The erbA-T polypeptide shows high homology with the proteins encoded by both the chicken c-erbA and the human c-erbA-beta genes but is most closely related to the chicken gene. The chicken c-erbA and the human c-erbA-beta genes encode high-affinity receptors for thyroid hormone, and here it is shown that the erbA-T protein binds specifically to 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine with a dissociation constant of 3.8 +/- 0.2 x 10(-10) M. These data imply that more than one thyroid hormone receptor exists in humans and that these receptors might have different tissue- and gene-activating specificities.