gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>Fgf-4</i>expression during gastrulation, myogenesis, limb and tooth development in the mouse (1992)

Fgf-4, initially isolated as a transforming gene from human tumors, is a member of the Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family. It has previously been shown by northern blot hybridization analysis to be expressed in teratocarcinoma and embryonic stem cells, suggesting that it plays a role in embryonic development. We have carried out an RNA in situ hybridization analysis of Fgf-4 expression in the developing mouse embryo, from fertilization through the 14th day of gestation (E14.5). Our results show that Fgf-4 RNA is first detected at the late blastocyst stage in cells that give rise to all of the embryonic lineages (inner cell mass cells). During the early stages of gastrulation, expression becomes restricted to the primitive streak where mesoderm and definitive endoderm are formed. Expression continues in the distal (rostral) two-thirds of the streak through approx. E10, and then is detected in the tail bud, which replaces the streak as the primary source of mesoderm. Additional sites of expression are found after the three primary germ layers are established and organogenesis begins. Fgf-4 RNA is detected transiently in the branchial arch units, the somitic myotome, the apical ectodermal ridge of the developing limb bud and the tooth bud, suggesting that the gene has multiple roles during embryogenesis. These results are compared with the expression patterns of other FGF genes. Taken together, the data suggest that individual members of the gene family are expressed sequentially in developmental pathways such as mesoderm formation and myogenesis, and play a role in specific epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
ENDOGENOUS CYTOKININS IN THREE GENERA OF MICROALGAE FROM THE CHLOROPHYTA <sup>1</sup> (2004)

Nine axenic microalgal (Chlorophyta) strains from three genera ( Protococcus , Chlorella , and Scenedesmus ) were analyzed for endogenous cytokinins. Cytokinin‐like activity was detected using the excised cucumber cotyledon bioassay. Five strains showed no cytokinin‐like activity and four strains, low cytokinin‐like activity. Ethanolic extracts of the microalgae containing a mixture of deuterium‐labeled standards were purified using a combined DEAE‐Sephadex octadecysilica column and immunoaffinity column based on wide‐range specific mon‐oclonal antibodies and analyzed by HPLC linked to a micromass single quadrupole mass spectrometer with an electrospray interface and a photodiode array detector. There were similar trends in cytokinin profiles for the nine microalgal strains investigated, although concentrations did vary. Both isopentenyladenine and isopentenyladenosine were detected in all nine strains. cis‐ Zeatin and cis‐ zeatin riboside occurred at higher concentrations than the trans isomers, whereas trans‐ zeatin‐O‐glucoside and trans‐ zeatin riboside‐O‐glucoside were dominant over the cis isomers. Dihydrozeatin and its conjugates were not detected in any significant amounts. The aromatic benzyladenine always occurred at higher concentrations than benzyladenosine. The topolins were well represented with all three isomers ( ortho , meta , and para ) being detected, with ortho‐ topolin and ortho‐ topolin riboside occurring at higher concentrations than the other isomers. However, for the O‐glucosides, the meta isomers ( meta‐ topolin‐O‐glucoside and meta‐ topolin riboside‐O‐glucoside) occurred at higher concentrations than the other isomers. No N‐glucosides were detected (isopentenyladenine‐9‐glucoside, zeatin‐9‐glucoside, dihydrozeatin‐9‐glucoside, benzyladenine‐9‐glucoside, ortho ‐topolin‐9‐glucoside, and meta ‐topolin‐9‐glucoside). Generally, zeatin and topolin conjugates were the dominant forms of isoprenoid and aromatic cytokinins, respectively. There was no distinct trend in the proportions of isoprenoid to aromatic cytokinins.
Adding tocilizumab or switching to tocilizumab monotherapy in methotrexate inadequate responders: 24-week symptomatic and structural results of a 2-year randomised controlled strategy trial in rheumatoid arthritis (ACT-RAY) (2012)

No clinically relevant superiority of the TCZ+MTX add-on strategy over the switch to tocilizumab monotherapy strategy was observed. The combination was more commonly associated with transaminase increases. Meaningful clinical and radiographic responses were achieved with both strategies, suggesting that tocilizumab monotherapy might be a valuable treatment strategy in suitable RA patients.
Compact Measurement Schemes for Bit-Line Swing, Sense Amplifier Offset Voltage, and Word-Line Pulse Width to Characterize Sensing Tolerance Margin in a 40 nm Fully Functional Embedded SRAM (2012)

This paper proposes schemes for the direct measurement of bit-line (BL) voltage swing, sense amplifier (SA) offset voltage, and word-line (WL) pulse width, demonstrated in a 40 nm CMOS 32 kb fully functional SRAM macro with <;2% area penalty. This is the first such scheme to enable the optimal tuning of WL-pulse (WLP) width according to on-site measurement results for BL voltage swing, dynamic read stability, and write margin, all of which depend on WLP width. It also eliminates the need for additional margins related to BL voltage swing, which has conventionally been required to ensure adequate tolerances against simulation errors and inaccurate estimation of SA offset voltage. This opens up possibilities for a more aggressive approach to deal with WLP width instead of only ensuring the target BL voltage swing.
LIQUID-ROTOR ELECTRET MICROPOWER GENERATOR (2004)

We present the world's first liquid-rotor electret power generator (LEPG), designed to harvest electricity from lowfrequency mechanical vibrations. The device (figure As the liquid moves into and out of the gap, a net voltage is generated across the capacitor as image charges (induced by the electret) on the two electrodes redistribute according to the position of the droplet. Experimentally, we have proven the feasibility of such a device and our first prototype can generate greater than 30Vpp opencircuit voltage and deliver a power as high as 0.43W to a resistive load (at 28Hz and R load =21M ). The LEPG may be an economical method to harvest power from vibrational environments to power remote sensing devices.
Protein-Assisted Solubilization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2006)

We report a simple method that uses proteins to solubilize single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in water. Characterization by a variety of complementary techniques including UV-Vis spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy confirmed the dispersion at the individual nanotube level. A variety of proteins differing in size and structure were used to generate individual nanotube solutions by this noncovalent functionalization procedure. Protein-mediated solubilization of nanotubes in water may be important for biomedical applications. This method of solubilization may also find use in approaches for controlling the assembly of nanostructures, and the wide variety of functional groups present on the adsorbed proteins may be used as orthogonal reactive handles for the functionalization of carbon nanotubes.
Scaling Multi-Core Network Processors without the Reordering Bottleneck (2015)

Today, designers of network processors strive to keep the packet reception and transmission orders identical, and therefore avoid any possible out-of-order transmission. However, the development of new features in advanced network processors has resulted in increasingly parallel architectures and increasingly heterogeneous packet processing times, leading to large reordering delays. In this paper, we introduce novel scalable scheduling algorithms for preserving flow order in parallel multi-core network processors. We show how these algorithms can reduce reordering delay while adapting to any load-balancing algorithm and keeping a low implementation complexity overhead. To do so, we use the observation that all packets in a given flow have similar processing requirements and can be described with a constant number of logical processing phases. We further define three possible knowledge frameworks of the time when a network processor learns about these logical phases, and deduce appropriate algorithms for each of these frameworks. Finally, we model our proposed algorithms and simulate them under both synthetic traffic and real-life traces, and show that they significantly outperform past approaches.
Fast <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\ell ^{0}$</tex></formula>-Regularized Kernel Estimation for Robust Motion Deblurring (2013)

Blind image deblurring is a challenging problem in computer vision and image processing. In this paper, we propose a new <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">l</i> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sup> -regularized approach to estimate a blur kernel from a single blurred image by regularizing the sparsity property of natural images. Furthermore, by introducing an adaptive structure map in the deblurring process, our method is able to restore useful salient edges for kernel estimation. Finally, we propose an efficient algorithm which can solve the proposed model efficiently. Extensive experiments compared with state-of-the-art blind deblurring methods demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Unbound Form of Tomato Inhibitor-II Reveals Interdomain Flexibility and Conformational Variability in the Reactive Site Loops (2003)

The Potato II (Pot II) family of proteinase inhibitors plays important roles in the constitutive and inducible defense of plants against predation by a wide range of pests. The structural basis of inhibition by a multidomain Pot II family inhibitor was revealed recently by the structure of the ternary complex between the two-headed tomato inhibitor-II (TI-II) and two molecules of subtilisin Carlsberg. Here we report the 2.15-A resolution crystal structure of the unbound form of TI-II that reveals significant conformational flexibility in the absence of bound proteinase molecules. The four independent copies of unbound TI-II in the asymmetric unit of the unit cell display a range of different conformations when compared with the bound form of the inhibitor, most strikingly in the orientations of the inhibitory domains and in the conformations of the reactive site loops. One of the two linker segments (residues 74 to 79) between the two domains as well as the adjacent beta-strand in Domain I (residues 80-85) is well ordered in all four copies of the unbound inhibitor, even though this region appeared to be disordered in the structure of the ternary complex. Conformational flexibility seen in the reactive site loops of unbound TI-II suggests a mechanism by which the inhibitor can balance the need for tight binding with the need for broad inhibitory function.
Algorithm for fixed-range optimal trajectories (1980)

An algorithm for synthesizing optimal aircraft trajectories for specified range was developed and implemented in a computer program written in FORTRAN IV. The algorithm, its computer implementation, and a set of example optimum trajectories for the Boeing 727-100 aircraft are described. The algorithm optimizes trajectories with respect to a cost function that is the weighted sum of fuel cost and time cost. The optimum trajectory consists at most of a three segments: climb, cruise, and descent. The climb and descent profiles are generated by integrating a simplified set of kinematic and dynamic equations wherein the total energy of the aircraft is the independent or time like variable. At each energy level the optimum airspeeds and thrust settings are obtained as the values that minimize the variational Hamiltonian. Although the emphasis is on an off-line, open-loop computation, eventually the most important application will be in an on-board flight management system.
Managing mobility and adaptation in upcoming 802.21 enabled devices (2006)

One emerging characteristic of electronic devices is the increasing number of connectivity interfaces (aka NICs1) towards the outside world. That obviously translates in a set of technical issues related to their management in order to provide seamless connectivity when the connections move from one interface to another. The IEEE 802.21 is a recent effort of IEEE that aims at providing a general interface for the management of NICs. In this paper we discuss how the upcoming standard may be effectively exploited in a mobile context in order to hide network heterogeneity to end users. To accomplish this task, we propose a centralized element called Mobility Manager interfacing with the 802.21 sublayer and responsible for the application of connectivity policies. Based on a real testbed, we showed that the new standard and the MM can be used to improve network performance experienced by the end user. Moreover we showed how the MM can interact with adaptive applications in order to improve further the range of usability of real-time applications.
Expression of epidermal growth factor and its mRNA in pig kidney, pancreas and other tissues (1991)

The levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) mRNA in a wide range of pig tissues were measured by a RNAase-protection assay. The highest levels were found in kidney and pancreas, with lower levels in submaxillary gland, prostate gland and seminal vesicles. Immunocytochemical staining using an antiserum raised against recombinant pig EGF localized expression of the factor to the distal convoluted tubules of the kidney and to the epithelial cells lining the pancreatic and salivary ducts. The observed expression of EGF mRNA and EGF in pig tissues is consistent with a possible role for EGF in the maintenance and repair of the epithelial lining of various ductal systems.
General representation of CMOS structure transition time for timing library representation (2002)

Nonzero signal rise and fall times significantly contribute to gate propagation delay. Designers must accurately consider them when defining timing library format. Based on a design oriented macro-model of the timing performance of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) structures, a general representation of transition times allowing fast and accurate cell performance evaluation is presented. This representation is validated comparing calculated gate input-output transition time values with respect to standard lookup representation obtained from HSPICE simulations (BSIM3, v.3, level 69, 0.25 µm process).
G-protein-coupled Receptor Stimulation of the p42/p44 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway Is Attenuated by Lipid Phosphate Phosphatases 1, 1a, and 2 in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Cells (2001)

Sphingosine 1-phosphate, lysophosphatidic acid, and phosphatidic acid bind to G-protein-coupled receptors to stimulate intracellular signaling in mammalian cells. Lipid phosphate phosphatases (1, 1a, 2, and 3) are a group of enzymes that catalyze de-phosphorylation of these lipid agonists. It has been proposed that the lipid phosphate phosphatases exhibit ecto activity that may function to limit bioavailability of these lipid agonists at their receptors. In this study, we show that the stimulation of the p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by sphingosine 1-phosphate, lysophosphatidic acid, and phosphatidic acid, all of which bind to G(i/o)-coupled receptors, is substantially reduced in human embyronic kidney 293 cells transfected with lipid phosphate phosphatases 1, 1a, and 2 but not 3. This was correlated with reduced basal intracellular phosphatidic acid and not ecto lipid phosphate phosphatase activity. These findings were supported by results showing that lipid phosphate phosphatases 1, 1a, and 2 also abrogate the stimulation of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase by thrombin, a peptide G(i/o)-coupled receptor agonist whose bioavailability at its receptor is not subject to regulation by the phosphatases. Furthermore, the lipid phosphate phosphatases have no effect on the stimulation of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase by other agents that do not use G-proteins to signal, such as serum factors and phorbol ester. Therefore, these findings show that the lipid phosphate phosphatases 1, 1a, and 2 may function to perturb G-protein-coupled receptor signaling per se rather than limiting bioavailability of lipid agonists at their respective receptors.
Risk of noncompliance due to patient discomfort during screening mammogram (2009)

1522 Background: There is enough evidence supporting the benefits of screening mammograms than any other screening procedure for the early detection of malignancy. Compliance to the screening method is very important to achieve this purpose. There is some concern about future trends in breast cancer mortality as a decline in rates of mammogram screening has been noticed. Pain during mammography has been recognized as a significant deterrent to breast screening. Hence this study was done to evaluate compliance in screening mammogram and to analyze major reasons for noncompliance. Methods: Randomly selected patients visiting the doctor's office for various reasons were asked about mammogram and their experience. Their responses were tabulated and analyzed statistically. Results: Out of 160 people questioned, 155 patients had mammogram regularly at 1–2 year interval and five patients did not. 50% of respondents were 51–70 years of age, 15% were 50 years or under, and 31% were over 70 years. Ninety patients (58%) reported their mammogram experience was unpleasant, causing pain and bruising. In spite of the discomforts reported, 132 (82.5%) patients said they would continue the screening as recommended. However, 28 patients (17.5%) indicated their intention not to get further mammograms based on their painful experience, unless the screening technology was improved. Conclusions: Breast cancer incidence after peaking in 1998 has decreased 9.8% since then with a 12% decline in women aged 50–60. The sharpest decline was noted from 2003 that could be due to the decrease in the hormone replacement therapy after the Women's Health Initiative report. However, it may also reflect some reduction in screening mammograms from 70% (in 2000) to 66% (in 2005) as estimated by National Health Interview Survey. Various causes were attributed for the decline in screening mammogram rate including the discomfort and pain caused by compression during film mammography. More than 1 in 6 patients refusing to undergo further screening is definitely a sign of concern. Better screening methods like patient controlled compression mammogram reported by Duke University Medical Center or other methods are worth investigating, to improve the compliance of the one of the effective preventive measures. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
On self-sustained oscillations in two-dimensional compressible flow over rectangular cavities (2002)

Numerical simulations are used to investigate the resonant instabilities in two-dimensional flow past an open cavity. The compressible Navier–Stokes equations are solved directly (no turbulence model) for cavities with laminar boundary layers upstream. The computational domain is large enough to directly resolve a portion of the radiated acoustic field, which is shown to be in good visual agreement with schlieren photographs from experiments at several different Mach numbers. The results show a transition from a shear-layer mode, primarily for shorter cavities and lower Mach numbers, to a wake mode for longer cavities and higher Mach numbers. The shear-layer mode is characterized well by the acoustic feedback process described by Rossiter (1964), and disturbances in the shear layer compare well with predictions based on linear stability analysis of the Kelvin–Helmholtz mode. The wake mode is characterized instead by a large-scale vortex shedding with Strouhal number independent of Mach number. The wake mode oscillation is similar in many ways to that reported by Gharib & Roshko (1987) for incompressible flow with a laminar upstream boundary layer. Transition to wake mode occurs as the length and/or depth of the cavity becomes large compared to the upstream boundary-layer thickness, or as the Mach and/or Reynolds numbers are raised. Under these conditions, it is shown that the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability grows to sufficient strength that a strong recirculating flow is induced in the cavity. The resulting mean flow is similar to wake profiles that are absolutely unstable, and absolute instability may provide an explanation of the hydrodynamic feedback mechanism that leads to wake mode. Predictive criteria for the onset of shear-layer oscillations (from steady flow) and for the transition to wake mode are developed based on linear theory for amplification rates in the shear layer, and a simple model for the acoustic efficiency of edge scattering.
In-vivo imaging of skin under stress: potential of high-frequency (20 MHz) static 2-D elastography (2006)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of high-frequency static two-dimensional (2-D) elastography for in vivo exploration of the mechanical behavior of skin. Our device was based on the combination of a 20 MHz sonographer and a patented extensiometer device able to apply calibrated uniaxial stretching of the skin. We used a new algorithm to compute elastograms that improve elastographic signal-to-noise ratio (SNRe) without sacrificing resolution. Mechanical behavior was described according to the axial strain and lateral displacements induced in the tissue. The efficacy of the strain anpolyvinyl alcohol first evaluated in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-cryogel phantoms. Several in vivo experiments then were conducted, mainly with the multistretching averaging method, and demonstrated the potential of this technique in the evaluation of mechanical behavior of the dermis and the hypodermis under stress.
Accumulation (2020)

This written Thesis is the supporting documentation for Accumulation, a Master of Fine Arts Thesis Exhibition at West Virginia University. This exhibition creates an environment in which a viewer can enter. This installation environment is created based on formal elements combined with fantastical elements from the imagination of the artist. The formal choices in the work provoke a positive otherworldly and whimsical response in the viewer. The environment is designed to provide relief from problems in the everyday world through patterns, forms, colors and surfaces. These elements are harvested from the natural world and recombined in a fantastical way. This installation contains ceramic and mixed media sculptures in the gallery space. The goal of the work is to provide experiential relief for the artist and the viewer from the mundane qualities of everyday life.
Sleep stages preceding spontaneous awakenings in the elderly. (1999)

Spontaneous awakenings from sleep were studied in a group of 21 elderly subjects (mean age 69.29+/-3.02 years) free of neurological and somatic diseases. The prevalence of awakenings and the duration of waking bouts were analyzed with regard to the prior sleep state. The results showed an increased frequency of awakenings during Stage 2 NREM in the elderly, who wake out of Stage 2 NREM no less frequently than out of REM sleep. This trend is different from that observed in younger subjects (babies and young adults), where a clear prevalence of REM sleep awakenings has been reported. The duration of Stage 2 interrupted by awakening was shorter than Stage 2 followed by sleep. The duration of waking bouts did not differ according to the preceding sleep stage. It is suggested that the relative inability to sustain Stage 2 may be a mechanism which contributes to the difficulty of sleep maintenance in the elderly.
Manual versus powered toothbrushing for oral health (2003)

Powered toothbrushes with a rotation oscillation action achieve a modest reduction in plaque and gingivitis compared to manual toothbrushing. Observation of methodological guidelines and greater standardisation of design would benefit both future trials and meta-analyses.