gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protein–protein coupling and its application to functional red cell substitutes (2010)

The need for an alternative to red cells for oxygen transport in transfusions has led to the creation of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers, materials produced by chemical modification or genetic engineering of human or bovine hemoglobin. Modifications of the native proteins are necessitated by the spontaneous dissociation of the functional hemoglobin tetramers (alpha(2)beta(2)) into non-functional alphabeta dimers. Based on clinical observations of hypertension resulting from some of these materials, it was proposed that the stabilized tetramers are sufficiently small to extravasate through blood vessels and scavenge nitric oxide, depleting the endothelium of the signal for smooth muscle relaxation. In order to increase size and minimize extravasation while maintaining structure and function, methods for producing larger entities through protein-protein conjugation were developed. Approaches have included the use of nonspecific reagents that polymerize proteins (e.g., polyglutaraldehyde), conjugation to polyethylene glycol, expression of naturally occurring multimers and the use of selective reagents, which is the focus of this article.
Nanodrug Delivery: Is the Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect Sufficient for Curing Cancer? (2016)

Nanotechnology offers several attractive design features that have prompted its exploration for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nanosized drugs have a large loading capacity, the ability to protect the payload from degradation, a large surface on which to conjugate targeting ligands, and controlled or sustained release. Nanosized drugs also leak preferentially into tumor tissue through permeable tumor vessels and are then retained in the tumor bed due to reduced lymphatic drainage. This process is known as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. However, while the EPR effect is widely held to improve delivery of nanodrugs to tumors, it in fact offers less than a 2-fold increase in nanodrug delivery compared with critical normal organs, resulting in drug concentrations that are not sufficient for curing most cancers. In this Review, we first overview various barriers for nanosized drug delivery with an emphasis on the capillary wall's resistance, the main obstacle to delivering drugs. Then, we discuss current regulatory issues facing nanomedicine. Finally, we discuss how to make the delivery of nanosized drugs to tumors more effective by building on the EPR effect.
Direct Determination of Particle-Particle Interactions in a 2D Plasma Dust Crystal (2001)

Particle interactions were directly determined from the lateral compression of two-dimensional plasma dust crystals confined in a parabolic potential well. Measured particle separations combined with an equation of state for the crystal were used to derive values for the particle screening length and the charge on the particles. The shape of the parabolic potential well was confirmed by observing trajectories of single particles falling within the well. No evidence of a lateral particle-particle binding was observed.
On the Reactivity of Li<sub>8</sub><sub>-</sub><i><sub>y</sub></i>Mn<i><sub>y</sub></i>P<sub>4</sub> toward Lithium (2005)

The Li5.5Mn2.5P4 and Li7MnP4 phases having a tetragonal structure (P4/nmm, a = b = 4.176(1) Å and c = 5.978(1) Å) and a cubic structure (Fm3̄m a = 5.968(3) Å) were synthesized by a two-step process consisting in ball milling Li, Mn, and P powders followed by annealing at 800 °C under argon in a sealed stainless steel tube. The resulting materials were tested on Li cells between 0.01 and 2 V. Both of them can reversibly react with Li, leading to reversible capacities as high as 1000 mAh/g, but only the Li5.5Mn2.5P4 electrode can nicely maintain its initial capacity upon cycling. The origin of such a difference was found in the partial decomposition of Li7MnP4 in Li3P and Mn nanoparticles at low potential, as deduced by in situ X-ray diffraction measurements. In contrast, no decomposition was shown to occur for the Li5.5Mn2.5P4 electrode that shows the best capacity retention among of ternary LixMyP4 (M = Ti, V) so far studied.
A surface-emitting distributed-feedback dye laser fabricated by spin-coating organic polymers (2005)

A distributed-feedback dye laser was fabricated by use of alternate spin-coating of a high and a low refractive-index polymer. The laser was emitted from the surface of the dye-doped polymeric multilayer at the designed wavelength.
Opportunistic multicasting (2005)

In this paper, we develop an information theoretic framework for analyzing the fundamental tradeoffs of the downlink multicasting channel in a single cell system. We consider three classes of scheduling algorithms with varying complexities. The first class strives for minimum complexity by resorting to a static scheduling strategy along with memoryless decoding. Our analysis for the static scheduling algorithms reveals a fundamental throughput-delay tradeoff. In particular, we establish the existence of a static scheduling policy that achieves the optimal scaling law of the throughput at the expense of a delay that increases exponentially with the number of users. The second scheduling policy resorts to a higher complexity incremental redundancy encoding/decoding strategy to achieve a superior throughput-delay tradeoff. The third, and most complex, scheduling strategy benefits from the cooperation between the different users to minimize the delay while achieving the optimal scaling law of the throughput In particular, the proposed cooperative multicasting strategy is shown to achieve the optimal scaling laws of both throughput and delay. Finally, we present simulation results in certain representative scenarios that validate our theoretical claims.
Phase Separation Kinetics in Amorphous Solid Dispersions Upon Exposure to Water (2015)

The purpose of this study was to develop a novel fluorescence technique employing environment-sensitive fluorescent probes to study phase separation kinetics in hydrated matrices of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) following storage at high humidity and during dissolution. The initial miscibility of the ASDs was confirmed using infrared (IR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Fluorescence spectroscopy, as an independent primary technique, was used together with conventional confirmatory techniques including DSC, X-ray diffraction (XRD), fluorescence microscopy, and IR spectroscopy to study phase separation phenomena. By monitoring the emission characteristics of the environment-sensitive fluorescent probes, it was possible to successfully monitor amorphous-amorphous phase separation (AAPS) as a function of time in probucol-poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and ritonavir-PVP ASDs after exposure to water. In contrast, a ritonavir-hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) ASD, did not show AAPS and was used as a control to demonstrate the capability of the newly developed fluorescence method to differentiate systems that showed no phase separation following exposure to water versus those that did. The results from the fluorescence studies were in good agreement with results obtained using various other complementary techniques. Thus, fluorescence spectroscopy can be utilized as a fast and efficient tool to detect and monitor the kinetics of phase transformations in amorphous solid dispersions during hydration and will help provide mechanistic insight into the stability and dissolution behavior of amorphous solid dispersions.
Improvements in AlGaAs laser diodes grown by molecular beam epitaxy using a compositionally graded buffer layer (1986)

The effect of a compositionally graded buffer layer (CGBL) in AlGaAs laser diodes grown by molecular beam epitaxy is presented. The threshold current and the differential quantum efficiency are improved by a factor of ∼2. The lifetime is markedly improved by using a CGBL and it is comparable to that of lasers grown by liquid phase epitaxy.
Camera auto-exposing and auto-focusing for edge-related applications using a particle filter (2010)

The use of edge-related applications is important in the field of computer vision. These applications help robots with understanding their surrounding environments; the lane or wall detection system is one of the most popular applications. Numerous studies have recently been conducted for enhancing the capabilities of robotic vision, but they typically lacked the applications that were related to coping with the environmental changes of the scenes. In this paper, we propose a method that integrates a particle filter into the process of tracking the camera's parameters (the exposure and the focus) to find the captured frame with the high edge quality. The relationship between the current sequence of frames and the previous sequence was given no consideration when all the possible parameters were scanned. Our work attempts to find that relationship and to increase the speed of the camera system. The edge results are evaluated with using a line detection algorithm - that is known as the Standard Hough Transform. A test method is applied to analyze the correctness of the line detection results. Furthermore, we propose the entropy of the Sobel gradient method for measuring the image sharpness and its contrast when the exposure and focus of a digital camera are changed. Our experimental results show that our method can be applied in real-time systems because of its low computational requirements.
Superconducting Properties of Grain-Oriented Samples of Y<sub>1</sub>Ba<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>y</sub> (1989)

Highly oriented Y 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O y (YBCO) bulk samples more than 2 cm 3 in volume have been prepared by a field-induced orientation method. The ratio of the resistivity along the c axis to that in the a b plane at a room temperature was about six. The critical current density J c was larger in the a b plane than along the c axis. In the case of current I // a b plane, it was larger for field H // a b plane than for H // c axis. From the J c - H property and the growth morphology of the samples, the possibility of grain boundary pinning in the YBCO superconductors has been discussed.
Apresentação (2018)

responsabilidade da Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-
Development of a sheet-based material handling system for layered manufacturing (2002)

Computer-aided manufacturing of laminated engineering materials (CAM-LEM), developed at Case Western Reserve University, is a layered-manufacturing approach utilizing automated stacking of parts laser-cut from sheet materials. This paper presents the design of a material-handling system and its integration with a modular laser-cutting system, completing the most recent version of CAM-LEM. Our material-handling system is required to: transfer individual sheets from at least three material stacks to the cutting table of the laser-cutting system; extract single-layer, laser-cut parts from the cutting table; and stack the parts onto a vertical-stack assembly, resulting in fabrication of a 3D object. Design philosophy, details, and stacking performance measurements of the constructed system are presented. It is shown that the resulting system is capable of assembling objects within a 150 mm cube with an assembly precision of approximately 0.050 mm. Further, the assembly operations are relatively fast, so that part build rates are limited primarily by the laser cutter.
Dominant negative and loss of function mutations of the c-kit (mast/stem cell growth factor receptor) proto-oncogene in human piebaldism. (1992)

Piebaldism is an autosomal dominant disorder of melanocyte development and is characterized by congenital white patches of skin and hair from which melanocytes are completely absent. A similar disorder of the mouse, "dominant white spotting" (W), results from mutations of the c-kit proto-oncogene, which encodes the cellular tyrosine kinase receptor for the mast/stem cell growth factor. We have identified c-kit gene mutations in three patients with piebaldism. A missense substitution (Phe----Leu) at codon 584, within the tyrosine kinase domain, is associated with a severe piebald phenotype, whereas two different frameshifts, within codons 561 and 642, are both associated with a variable and relatively mild piebald phenotype. This is consistent with a possible "dominant negative" effect of missense c-kit polypeptides on the function of the dimeric receptor.
THE RE-USE OF STILLAGE WATER IN THE MASHING OF GRAIN AS A MEANS OF ENERGY CONSERVATION (1978)

The rise in the cost of energy is a major factor in increasing the costs of such distillery processes as the pre-concentration and drying of stillage. Most of the stillage water (70–80%) that would have to be evaporated can instead be separated and used again for mashing, with only the remaining 30–20% being made up with fresh water. Experiments were performed on both laboratory and production scales. The energy saving resulting from this reduced evaporation of water has been calculated to be 3000 t/a heavy fuel oil in the production of 5000 t/a 100% ethanol in a grain distillery.
A quadtree medial axis transform (1983)

As printed Quadtree skeletons are exact representations of the image and are used because they are observed to yield space efficiently and a decreased sensitivity to shifts in contrast with the quadtree. The QMAT can be used as the underlying representation when solving most problems that can be solved by using a quadtree. An algorithm is presented for the computation of the QMAT of a given quadtree by only examining each BLACK node's adjacent and abutting neighbors. Corrected Abstract (published as corrigendum in CACM 27, 2 (February 1984) p. 151) The skeletal and medial axis transform concepts used in traditional image processing representations are adapted to the quadtree representation. The result is the definition of of a new data structure termed the Quadtree Medial Axis Transform (QMAT). A QMAT results in a partition of the image into a set of nondisjoint squares having sides whose lengths are sums of powers of 2 rather than, as is the case with quadtrees, a set of disjoint squares having sides of lengths which are powers of 2. The motivation is not to study skeletons for the usual purpose of obtainings approximations of the image. Instead, quadtree skeletons are exact representations of the image and are used because they are observed to yield space efficiency and a decreased sensitvity to shifts in contrast with the quadtree. The QMAT can be used as the underlying representation when solving most problems that can be solved by using a quadtree. An algorithm is presented for the computation of the QMAT of a given quadtree by only examining each BLACK node's adjacent and abutting neighbors. Analysis of the algorithm reveals an average execution time proportional to the complexity of the image, i.e., the number of BLACK blocks.
ModLock: A manual connector for reconfigurable modular robots (2012)

Connection mechanisms are critical to many modular reconfigurable systems. This paper introduces the ModLock manual connection system which is both easy and fast to attach/detach (requires seconds) as well as strong (failure at 2.2kN tensile load). This low cost, low profile connection system has been demonstrated on a variety of robot configurations including legged walkers, flying quadrotors and wheeled robots.
Glutamine Synthetase GlnA1 Is Essential for Growth of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> in Human THP-1 Macrophages and Guinea Pigs (2003)

To assess the role of glutamine synthetase (GS), an enzyme of central importance in nitrogen metabolism, in the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we constructed a glnA1 mutant via allelic exchange. The mutant had no detectable GS protein or GS activity and was auxotrophic for L-glutamine. In addition, the mutant was attenuated for intracellular growth in human THP-1 macrophages and avirulent in the highly susceptible guinea pig model of pulmonary tuberculosis. Based on growth rates of the mutant in the presence of various concentrations of L-glutamine, the effective concentration of L-glutamine in the M. tuberculosis phagosome of THP-1 cells was approximately 10% of the level assayed in the cytoplasm of these cells (4.5 mM), indicating that the M. tuberculosis phagosome is impermeable to even very small molecules in the macrophage cytoplasm. When complemented by the M. tuberculosis glnA1 gene, the mutant exhibited a wild-type phenotype in broth culture and in human macrophages, and it was virulent in guinea pigs. When complemented by the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium glnA gene, the mutant had only 1% of the GS activity of the M. tuberculosis wild-type strain because of poor expression of the S. enterica serovar Typhimurium GS in the heterologous M. tuberculosis host. Nevertheless, the strain complemented with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium GS grew as well as the wild-type strain in broth culture and in human macrophages. This strain was virulent in guinea pigs, although somewhat less so than the wild-type. These studies demonstrate that glnA1 is essential for M. tuberculosis virulence.
An Automated Template Approach for Generating Web‐Based Conservation Planning Worksheets (2006)

An automated web‐form generator system was created to rapidly produce dynamic web‐based inventory and assessment worksheets that are used by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) to describe the condition of natural resources on farms and ranches. These worksheets are used by NRCS as part of the criteria for creating a conservation plan to qualify landowners for payments under the USDA Farm Bill Conservation Title. Presently, most worksheets are filled out by hand or in personal computer spreadsheets. If worksheets such as these were available over the web, landowners could also self‐assess the conditions on their farms or ranches before requiring assistance of NRCS conservation planners or technical service providers. Because many conservation worksheets have a similar style and behavior, we created an automated web‐script generator that produces a dynamic web‐page worksheet from a common template file and a configuration file. A worksheet‐specific configuration file provides the details for the worksheet. The template, configuration files, and web scripts are all in PHP (PHP hypertext processor). Each configuration file required approximately 5 h to program, a savings of more than 4 d compared with a web‐based worksheet programmed individually with a scripting language. In this way, various conservation worksheets can be quickly created for the web, as well as be easily maintained. As an example, we produced a suite of assessment worksheets used by Oregon NRCS with our automated web‐form conservation worksheet system. Those worksheets are accessible at: http://yukon.een.orst.edu/ms_apps/wq_indexes/forms/index_menu.html (verified 5 May 2006).
Human Topoisomerase I is Phosphorylafed<i>in vitro</i>on its Amino Terminal Domain by Protein Kinase NII (1994)

Topoisomerase I purified from HeLa cells was phosphorylated in vitro with protein kinase NII (pkNII) purified from calf thymus: this phosphorylation was inhibited by heparin. A peptide containing a sequence corresponding to a putative pkNII phosphorylation site in topoisomerase I was synthesized and phosphorylated with pkNII. HPLC and two-dimensional analysis show identity between the synthetic phosphorylated peptide and one topoisomerase I phosphopeptide indicating Ser10 as one of the in vitro pkNII phosphorylation sites in topoisomerase I.
Regulation of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system by the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene. (1999)

The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system plays an important role in tumor cell invasion, metastases, and angiogenesis. uPA, uPA receptor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) are prognostic factors in different solid tumors, e.g., renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an inherited cancer syndrome that is characterized by extensively vascularized tumors, including hemangioblastomas and RCCs. In 75% of sporadic RCCs, the VHL gene is also inactivated. It has been recognized in sporadic RCC that PAI-1 mRNA levels are up-regulated and uPA mRNA levels are down-regulated. We determined the role of the VHL tumor suppressor gene in the regulation of the uPA system in RCC. In 786-O RCC cells expressing the wild-type (wt) VHL gene, we measured a 3-fold higher overall urokinase activity than in 786-O cells expressing a mutant VHL gene or lacking VHL. uPA mRNA and protein levels were higher in cells with wt VHL compared with cells with mutant VHL or lacking VHL. In addition, PAI-1 mRNA and protein levels were dramatically increased in 786-O cells with mutant VHL or lacking VHL, compared with cells expressing wt VHL. Our results provide further evidence that the VHL gene plays an important role in the process of angiogenesis by regulation of plasmin-mediated proteolysis of the extracellular matrix and may explain why VHL-induced RCCs grow slowly and metastasize relatively late.
A Simple, General and Efficient Method for O and N-Retinoylation. Application to The Synthesis of 2-Retinoyl-Lecithin (1998)

Abstract The synthesis of the new l-stearoyl-2-retinoyl-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine by coupling of retinoic acid and lysolecithin with DCC-DMAP (1.2 eq.) is reported. This method is applied to O and N-retinoylation of uncharged organic substrates such as aliphatic alcohols, free hydroxyl anomeric sugars, aromatic amines and C-protected α-aminoacids.
Subjective Quality of Life in Female in-Patients With Depression: a Longitudinal Study (1999)

This study investigated Subjective Quality of Life (SQOL) in 42 women with depression, 70 women with alcoholism, and 73 women with schizophrenia within 3 weeks after hospital admission. Twenty-eight of the depressive patients were re-examined after 6 months. SQOL was assessed using the German version of the Lancashire Quality of Life Profile. On average, depressive women expressed dissatisfaction with life as a whole and with 4 out of 8 life domains, and had a lower SQOL than the other two diagnostic groups. Differences remain statistically significant when the influence of age and anxiety/depression is controlled for. SQOL in depressive women improved significantly within the follow up period. Positive SQOL change was moderately correlated with an improvement of depressive symptoms. The results indicate that depressive women after hospital admission express an unusually low SQOL, which seems to have some diagnostic specificity and improves over time. Changes in depressive symptoms do not fully explain SQOL changes.
Intelligent control for near-autonomous aircraft missions (2001)

The focus of this paper is the design and implementation of a full envelope, nonlinear aircraft controller that includes stability augmentation, tracking control, and flight-path generation. The control system is demonstrated using a 6 degree-of-freedom (DOF) high performance aircraft model with nonlinear kinematics, full-envelope nonlinear aerodynamics, first-order thrust model, and first-order actuator dynamics. Ideas from the field of intelligent control were used in the definition of the controller architecture. More specifically, "levels of intelligent control" were used to provide a systematic structure for the architecture. Several ideas from the field of computational intelligence were also used including neural networks, genetic algorithms, and adaptive critics.