gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Civil protection in the EU and its effect on the safety of the Baltic region (2013)

This article describes civil protection activities of the EU in the framework of the Community Civil Protection Mechanism -a system for coordinating civil protection resources and in-kind assistance to countries stricken by natural and manmade disasters. By analyzing the legislation and actual activation of the Mechanism, the authors present the functioning of this system as well as the ongoing changes towards a more planned approach to providing civil protection. The authors address the issue of extending the current civil protection system by introducing preventive measures. The project, co-financed by the by the Civil Protection Financial Instrument, is used as an example of the introduction of preventive measures in the Baltic Sea region.
Neutrophil-derived APRIL concentrated in tumor lesions by proteoglycans correlates with human B-cell lymphoma aggressiveness (2006)

A PRoliferation-Inducing TNF Ligand (APRIL) costimulates B-cell activation. When overexpressed in mice, APRIL induces B-cell neoplasia, reminiscent of human B-cell chronic lymphoid leukemia (B-CLL). We analyzed APRIL expression in situ in human non-Hodgkin lymphomas. APRIL up-regulation was only observed in high-grade B-cell lymphomas, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and Burkitt lymphoma (BL). Up-regulation was seen in 46% and 20% of DLBCL and BL, respectively. In DLBCL, neutrophils, constitutively producing APRIL and infiltrating the tumor tissue, were the main cellular source of APRIL. Rare DLBCL cases showed a predominance of histiocytes or mesenchymal cells as APRIL source. APRIL secreted by neutrophils accumulated on tumor cells via proteoglycan binding. In addition to proteoglycans, DLBCL tumor cells expressed the APRIL signaling receptor, TACI and/or BCMA, indicating that these tumor cells are fully equipped to respond to APRIL. A retrospective clinical analysis revealed a significant correlation between high expression of APRIL in tumor lesions and decreased overall patient survival rate. Hence, APRIL produced by inflammatory cells infiltrating lymphoma lesions may increase tumor aggressiveness and affect disease outcome.
Amino Acid Pattern in Human Aqueous Humor of Patients with Senile Cataract and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (1985)

21 amino acids have been determined in aqueous humor obtained during microsurgical intraocular procedures in 30 patients with senile cataract and 27 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. All individual amino acids showed higher levels in the glaucomas than in the cataracts: this is valid at 2p less than 0.05 for threonine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, methionine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, tryptophan, and arginine.
Prediction of RDS from amniotic fluid analysis: a comparison of the prognostic value of TLC and infra-red spectroscopy (1998)

Infra-red (IR) spectroscopy was recently shown to be a sensitive method for the determination of fetal lung maturity (Liu et al., 1998). The present study was undertaken to validate the newly developed method for prediction of RDS (Respiratory Distress Syndrome). Samples of amniotic fluid were obtained by amniocentesis from 86 patients between the 28th and 41st week of pregnancy. A small volume, 35 microliters, of amniotic fluid was used to acquire infra-red spectra with a commercial spectrometer. The lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio was determined separately by TLC (thin layer chromatography). A calibration model was established using a partial least squares regression analysis which quantitatively correlated 145 IR spectra with the TLC-based L/S ratios; the correlation coefficient was 0.95. The model was then validated using a total of 111 spectra which also showed a high correlation coefficient (r = 0.91). Based upon the clinical data associated with these samples, the prediction accuracy for the presence of RDS was 67 per cent for TLC and 83.3 per cent for IR. The accuracy for predicting the absence of RDS was 93.4 per cent for TLC and 96.8 per cent for IR. We conclude that IR spectroscopy has the potential to become the clinical method of choice for predicting RDS from amniotic fluid analysis.
Biomedical Natural Language Processing (2014)

Biomedical Natural Language Processing is a comprehensive tour through the classic and current work in the field. It discusses all subjects from both a rule-based and a machine learning approach, and also describes each subject from the perspective of both biological science and clinical medicine. The intended audience is readers who already have a background in natural language processing, but a clear introduction makes it accessible to readers from the fields of bioinformatics and computational biology, as well. The book is suitable as a reference, as well as a text for advanced courses in biomedical natural language processing and text mining.
Cigarette smoke extract enhances neutrophil elastase-induced IL-8 production via proteinase-activated receptor-2 upregulation in human bronchial epithelial cells (2018)

Although inflammation, oxidative stress, and protease-antiprotease imbalance have been referred to as a pathogenic triad in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), little is known about how they interact. The objectives of this study were to elucidate the effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on the neutrophil elastase (NE)-induced inflammatory response and its molecular mechanism in bronchial epithelial cells. We observed that NE activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and induced IL-8 production. Blocking ERK activation using a MEK inhibitor (U0126) suppressed NE-induced IL-8 secretion and knockdown of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) using siRNAs inhibited both NE-induced ERK activation and subsequent IL-8 release, suggesting that NE-induced IL-8 production is dependent on PAR2-mediated ERK activation. Interestingly, pre-exposure to CSE markedly enhanced NE-induced IL-8 production. As PAR2 acts as a receptor for NE, we next investigated the effect of CSE on PAR2 expression as a molecular mechanism for the increased IL-8 production induced by NE in CSE exposed cells. CSE, but not NE, increased the expression of PAR2 mRNA and surface membrane protein. Inhibition of p38 MAPK reduced PAR2 expression induced by CSE while inhibition of the ERK and Akt pathway had no effect. Consequently, p38 inhibition significantly abrogated CSE-induced enhancement of IL-8 production in NE-treated cells. Of note, we observed increased PAR2 levels in lung homogenates and lung epithelial cells from CSE-treated mice and from both smokers and patients with COPD. Taken together, these results suggest that CSE upregulates PAR2 in normal human bronchial epithelial cells, thereby enhancing the inflammatory response to NE.
Effects of Simvastatin Gels on Murine Calvarial Bone (2002)

A single, high dose of simvastatin gel can stimulate murine cranial bone apposition, particularly when delivered under an occlusive membrane. Both approaches should be investigated further for possible development for periodontal therapy.
Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in the Highlands of Papua, New Guinea, in 1979, as revealed by electrophoresis of genome RNA (1983)

Results of gel electrophoresis of rotavirus genome RNA from feces of children in two provinces in Papua, New Guinea, suggest that the epidemiology of rotavirus infection in small communities with a total population of 3,000 may differ from that in urban or closely settled rural areas.
From Regulatory Policies to Event Monitoring Rules: Towards Model-Driven Compliance Automation (2006)

The complexity and costs of conforming to regulatory objectives in large enterprises has drastically heightened the need for consistent and automated approaches to managing compliance. To uniformly describe and manage compliance policies in distributed and heterogeneous IT environments, we have proposed a compliance metamodel for formally capturing regulatory requirements and managing them in a systematic lifecycle. A key aspect in automating compliance involves the monitoring of application events to determine whether business processes and applications operate within the parameters set forth in formal compliance policies. We show how subsets of the regulations, industry guidances or best practices that are expressed in terms of the metamodel can be (semi-)automatically transformed into event monitoring rules with the help of temporal rule patterns. Using examples of regulatory requirements, we demonstrate their formalization in compliance policies and their automated transformation into event correlation rules.
Optimization of Off-Axis ICOS and Applications to Flow Tube Kinetics (2003)

Abstract : In this AFOSR granting period, Los Gatos Research explored the capabilities of Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy (Off-Axis ICOS) with an especial emphasis towards flow-tube kinetics studies. Specifically, search was performed to ascertain the application of Off-Axis ICOS to spatial imaging, time-dependant phenomenon, and through-plasma spectroscopy. Achievements included developing a theoretical framework to simulate spot pattern images in the presence of spatially-inhomogeneous cavity loss, simulating the time-dependent cavity transmission for both impulse function and rapidly-modulating absorption losses, and measuring a variety of energetic species within a radio frequency inductively coupled plasma (RF-ICP).
4-Heterocyclyloxy-2H-1-benzopyran potassium channel activators (1990)

The reaction of 2,4-dihydroxypyridine (2) with 3,4-epoxy-3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carbonitrile (1) yielded the 4-[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyridyl)oxy] compound 3a, accompanied by small amounts of the isomeric 4-(1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1-pyridyl) compound 4. This could also be prepared by hydrogenation of the benzyloxy derivative 5. Reaction of 3,6-pyridazinediol (10) with 1 (R = CN) gave the 4-[(1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-3-pyridazinyl)oxy] compound 11a, which in turn rearranged on heating with NaH in DMSO into the 4-(1,6-dihydro-3-hydroxy-6-oxo-1-pyridazinyl) compound 12. A series of 6-substituted analogues (R = CO2Me, CSNH2, NO2, Br) of 3a and 11a were synthesized. N-Alkylation led to compounds 14a-c (R = Me, Et, CHMe2). The 4-heterocyclyloxychromenes 9 and 16a were obtained by alkaline hydrolysis of their 3-camphorsulfonates. The racemic pyridazinyloxy compounds 11a and 14a could be resolved via their diastereomeric camphorsulfonates or camphanates. The differences between the 4-heterocyclyloxychromanols and the isomeric N-substituted compounds 4 and 12 were elucidated in the course of extensive NMR investigations. While in DMSO the former appeared to be conformationally flexible molecules the latter were rigid. All compounds were tested for oral antihypertensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats, using doses of 1 mg/kg. High and long lasting activities were found for the pyridyloxy compounds 3a and 3d, the pyridazinyloxy compound 11a, and its N-alkylation products, as well as for the 3S,4R-enantiomers 20a and 22a. (-)-(3S,4R)-3,4-Dihydro-4-[(1,6-dihydro-1-methyl-6-oxo-3- pyridazinyl)oxy]-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carbonitrile (22a) was selected for further development.
Multicarrier transmission technique in cellular mobile communications systems (2002)

The well known orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) multicarrier transmission technique is tailored for a broadband cellular mobile communications system. A performance analysis in multipath fading radio channels is presented and the average bit error rate (BER) is calculated in dependence of the signal-to-noise ratio for bad urban and hilly terrain channel models, following the COST-207 report. Pros and cons for OFDM and code division multiple access (CDMA) techniques are discussed on the basis system robustness, receiver complexity and bandwidth efficiency.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Comb-burst dendrimer topology: new macromolecular architecture derived from dendritic grafting (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTComb-burst dendrimer topology: new macromolecular architecture derived from dendritic graftingDonald A. Tomalia, David M. Hedstrand, and Michael S. FerrittoCite this: Macromolecules 1991, 24, 6, 1435–1438Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1991https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00006a039RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views603Altmetric-Citations168LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (442 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Electron-transfer communication between a redox polymer matrix and an immobilized enzyme: activity of nitrate reductase in a viologen-acrylamide copolymer (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectron-transfer communication between a redox polymer matrix and an immobilized enzyme: activity of nitrate reductase in a viologen-acrylamide copolymerItamar Willner, Azalia Riklin, and Noa LapidotCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 17, 6438–6439Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1990https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00173a065RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views380Altmetric-Citations82LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (298 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Molecular Epidemiological Analysis of Escherichia coli Sequence Type ST131 (O25:H4) and <i>bla</i> <sub>CTX-M-15</sub> among Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing E. coli from the United States, 2000 to 2009 (2012)

Escherichia coli sequence type ST131 (from phylogenetic group B2), often carrying the extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) gene bla(CTX-M-15), is an emerging globally disseminated pathogen that has received comparatively little attention in the United States. Accordingly, a convenience sample of 351 ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from 15 U.S. centers (collected in 2000 to 2009) underwent PCR-based phylotyping and detection of ST131 and bla(CTX-M-15). A total of 200 isolates, comprising 4 groups of 50 isolates each that were (i) bla(CTX-M-15) negative non-ST131, (ii) bla(CTX-M-15) positive non-ST131, (iii) bla(CTX-M-15) negative ST131, or (iv) bla(CTX-M-15) positive ST131, also underwent virulence genotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Overall, 201 (57%) isolates exhibited bla(CTX-M-15), whereas 165 (47%) were ST131. ST131 accounted for 56% of bla(CTX-M-15)-positive- versus 35% of bla(CTX-M-15)-negative isolates (P < 0.001). Whereas ST131 accounted for 94% of the 175 total group B2 isolates, non-ST131 isolates were phylogenetically distributed by bla(CTX-M-15) status, with groups A (bla(CTX-M-15)-positive isolates) and D (bla(CTX-M-15)-negative isolates) predominating. Both bla(CTX-M-15) and ST131 occurred at all participating centers, were recovered from children and adults, increased significantly in prevalence post-2003, and were associated with molecularly inferred virulence. Compared with non-ST131 isolates, ST131 isolates had higher virulence scores, distinctive virulence profiles, and more-homogeneous PFGE profiles. bla(CTX-M-15) was associated with extensive antimicrobial resistance and ST131 with fluoroquinolone resistance. Thus, E. coli ST131 and bla(CTX-M-15) are emergent, widely distributed, and predominant among ESBL-positive E. coli strains in the United States, among children and adults alike. Enhanced virulence and antimicrobial resistance have likely promoted the epidemiological success of these emerging public health threats.
Polyalkylene sulphides (1971)

Abstract The polymerisation of alkylene sulphides, particularly ethylene sulphide and propylene sulphide, initiated by salts of cadmium and zinc, or ammonia and tertiary amine catalysts, is discussed. Kinetic features of the reactions are considered and practical recipes for high and low molecular weight polymers are given. Side reactions leading to rearranged polymers or to desulphuration are discussed. Polyethylene sulphide is a high melting point, plastics material whilst polypropylene sulphide is a soft rubber or, in the isotactic form, a low melting point plastics material. Homopolymers of propylene sulphide or its unsaturated copolymers give useful oil‐resistant rubbers. The molecular weight of polypropylene sulphide is readily controlled by the addition of thiol chaintransfer agents, and low molecular weight polymers of variable functionality with thiol, amine or other reactive end‐groups are readily made. These polymers are co‐reactive with phenolic, amino or epoxy resins in laminates, adhesives and coatings.
Autonomous Decentralized Control for Formation of Multiple Mobile Robots Considering Ability of Robot (2004)

The purpose of this study is to control multiple mobile robots in formation considering the ability of a robot using the "Leader-Following" strategy. There are three features of this study. First, a performance index that shows mobile robot ability is quantified. Specifically, maximum acceleration and maximum velocity of a robot are defined by maximum admissible rotation and maximum continuous torque of a motor. The performance index is quantified from arrival time on the destination using these parameters. Second, a new controller is proposed based on the performance index, so that robots can be controlled according to robot ability. Third, a compliance controller using a virtual repulsion is suggested in this paper, so that each robot can avoid collision. Finally, simulation and experiments are done in a real-time system using RT-Messenger. RT-Messenger allows robots to transmit information regarding their positions to each other in real time. These results shows the validity of the proposed method.
Molecular mechanism of rat NHE3 gene promoter regulation by sodium butyrate (2007)

Sodium butyrate (NaB) stimulates sodium and water absorption by inducing colonic Na(+)/H(+) exchange. NaB induces Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE)3 activity and protein and mRNA expression both in vivo and in vitro. Our previously published observations indicated that this induction is Ser/Thr kinase dependent and that NaB-responsive elements were localized within -320/-34 bp of the rat NHE3 promoter. Here we further delineate the mechanism of NaB-mediated NHE3 gene transcription. Transient and stable transfection of Caco-2 cells with NHE3 gene reporter constructs identified Sp binding site SpB at position -58/-55 nt as critical for NaB-mediated induction. Gel mobility shift (GMSA) and DNA affinity precipitation assays indicated NaB-induced binding of Sp3 and decreased binding of Sp1 to SpB element. While no changes in expression of Sp1 or Sp3 were noted, NaB induced phosphorylation of Sp1 and acetylation of Sp3. Sp3 was a more potent inducer of NHE3 gene transcription, which suggested that change in balance, favoring binding of Sp3 to the SpB site, would result in significant increase in NHE3 promoter activity. Small interfering RNA studies in Caco-2 cells and data from NaB-treated SL2 cells used as a reconstitution model confirmed this hypothesis. In addition to the SpB site, which played a permissive role, an upstream novel butyrate response element located at -196/-175 nt was necessary for maximal induction. GMSA identified a protein-DNA complex with a -196/-175 nt probe; this interaction was not affected by NaB treatment, thus suggesting that in response to NaB Sp3 binding to site SpB precedes and results in recruitment of the putative factor to this upstream site.
The Trench Power MOSFET: Part I—History, Technology, and Prospects (2017)

The historical and technological development of the ubiquitous trench power MOSFET (or vertical trench VDMOS) is described. Overcoming the deficiencies of VMOS and planar VDMOS, trench VDMOS innovations include pioneering efforts in reactive ion etching and oxidation of the silicon trench gate, polysilicon fill and recessed etchback, unit cell and distributed voltage clamping to protect the trench gate, and scaling active cells to high densities using deep submicron fabrication. Thereafter, gate-drain engineered trench VDMOS improved high-frequency switching capability with lower gate charge utilizing nonuniform gate oxides, field shaping, and charge balancing (superjunction, RSO) methods. The recent adaptation of trench gates in wide bandgap unipolar devices is also described.
Treatment of Melasma Using Kojic Acid in a Gel Containing Hydroquinone and Glycolic Acid (1999)

The addition of kojic acid to a gel containing 10% glycolic acid and 2% hydroquinone further improves melasma.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE OBSERVATION OF SHEAR WAVES* (1980)

A bstract The observation of shear waves is finding more interest in seismic exploration, especially for the determination of additional lithologic parameters, e.g. V p /V s . We demonstrate the observation of converted waves in routine seismic work by means of horizontal geophones. Field technique and data processing permit acquisition and interpretation of converted waves in connection with routine seismic measurements. A special interpretation of the recorded converted waves results in the shear wave velocity and the V p /V s relation.