gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel poling and electro-optic measurement methods of cladded nonlinear-optical polymer films (1997)

We use high temperature liquid-contact poling as a method to pole efficiently cladded nonlinear optical polymer films. Poling voltage as high as 400 volts is applied to planar waveguides which have a nonlinear optical film of 1.2 im thick. The lack of a quick method to characterize the poled cladded nonlinear optical films inspires us to devise a new electrooptic measurement method. This method can determine r33 and r13 separately because it uses light of single polarization state to probe the nonlinear optical film. The interference between the modulated light and the unmodulated light in the reflected beam is used to extract electro-optic coefficients. Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the reflected light intensity and the electro-optically modulated signal is consistent with the experimental results. Formulae to calculate electro-optic coefficients are deduced. This method uses an even simpler experimental setup than that of the widely used ellipsometric method.
Abscisic Acid Metabolism in Relation to Water Stress and Leaf Age in <i>Xanthium strumarium</i> (1984)

Intact plants of Xanthium strumarium L. were subjected to a water stress-recovery cycle. As the stress took effect, leaf growth ceased and stomatal resistance increased. The mature leaves then wilted, followed by the half expanded ones. Water, solute, and pressure potentials fell steadily in all leaves during the rest of the stress period. After 3 days, the young leaves lost turgor and the plants were rewatered. All the leaves rapidly regained turgor and the younger ones recommenced elongation. Stomatal resistance declined, but several days elapsed before pre-stress values were attained.Abscisic acid (ABA) and phaseic acid (PA) levels rose in all the leaves after the mature ones wilted. ABA-glucose ester (ABA-GE) levels increased to a lesser extent, and the young leaves contained little of this conjugate. PA leveled off in the older leaves during the last 24 hours of stress, and ABA levels declined slightly. The young leaves accumulated ABA and PA throughout the stress period and during the 14-hour period immediately following rewatering. The ABA and PA contents, expressed per unit dry weight, were highest in the young leaves. Upon rewatering, large quantities of PA appeared in the mature leaves as ABA levels fell to the pre-stress level within 14 hours. In the half expanded and young leaves, it took several days to reach pre-stress ABA values. ABA-GE synthesis ceased in the mature leaves, once the stress was relieved, but continued in the half expanded and young leaves for 2 days.Mature leaves, when detached and stressed, accumulated an amount of ABA similar to that in leaves on the intact plant. In contrast, detached and stressed young leaves produced little ABA. Detached mature leaves, and to a lesser extent the half expanded ones, rapidly catabolized ABA to PA and ABA-GE, but the young leaves did not. Studies with radioactive (+/-)-ABA indicated that in young leaves the conversion of ABA to PA took place at a much lower rate than in mature ones. Leaves of all ages rapidly conjugated PA to PA-glucose ester. Furthermore, when half expanded leaves were stressed on the intact plant, their rate of ABA catabolism was enhanced, an effect not observed in the young leaves.In conclusion, young leaves on intact Xanthium plants produce little stress-induced ABA themselves, but due to import and a low rate of catabolism accumulate more ABA and PA than mature leaves.
<title>Laws for the design of the universal cockpit displays</title> (1998)

Major technological advances have occurred in the form of AMLCDs and electronics facilitating the design of the ultimate set of primary cockpit displays. Increased display design flexibility has led to a divergence, as evidenced in several new primary flight display designs. A set of twelve laws are proposed. The application of these laws will result in more cost-effective, reliable, and universal cockpit displays.
Global Justice and Regional Metaphysics: On the Critical History of the Law of Nature and Nations (2010)

A good deal of the recent historiography of the early modern law of nature and nations—jus naturae et gentium—has been critical.1 This applies in particular to the literature that ties its history to the emergence of European colonialism and imperialism. By “critical” I do not mean pejorative or condemnatory—although much of the scholarship has been this too—but critical in the philosophico-historical sense of positing norms that project a history of what jus naturae et gentium should have been or could have become, as opposed to a history of what it contingently happened to be. Antony Anghie thus criticizes the imperialist complicity of early modern jus gentium by projecting a global international justice whose “promise” it might have realized but did not.2 Yet defenders of jus gentium in relation to colonialism rely on the same kind of critical or philosophical historiography as its critics. Their central claim is that at least some versions of jus gentium did indeed embody norms of global justice, which made it possible to condemn European colonialism as unjust.3 The many postcolonial critics of early modern jus gentium and its occasional philosophical defenders thus share a fundamental philosophico-historical platform: namely, that there is a global principle of justice capable of including European and non-European peoples within the “universal history” of its unfolding.
Construction of combined lining structure in Dabenliu tunnel (2009)

隧道建成投入运营后,为确保行车速度、行车安全及洞内设备的正常使用,必须保证隧道内各部位不渗水.因此,隧道结构施工防排水措施的到位尤其重要,结合四川锦屏一级水电站场内辅助道路工程大奔流隧道施工实践,介绍隧道结构防排水施工.
Pertussis hospitalizations and mortality in the United States, 1985-1988. Evaluation of the completeness of national reporting (1992)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To determine the magnitude of hospitalizations for pertussis and pertussis mortality and to estimate the total burden of clinically significant pertussis in the United States. <h3>Design.</h3> —Capture-recapture methods for estimating population size from independent surveillance systems were used to analyze morbidity and mortality data from case report forms received at the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) from the states, and compared these data with pertussis hospitalizations compiled from a database of US hospitals participating in the Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities-Professional Activities Survey (CPHA-PAS) and death certificate reports compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). <h3>Population Studied.</h3> —All pertussis hospitalizations and pertussis-related deaths in the United States, 1985 through 1988. <h3>Results.</h3> —We estimated that 13557 pertussis hospitalizations (95% confidence interval [CI], 12953 to 14162) and 98 pertussis deaths had occurred during the 4-year study period (an average of more than 3300 hospitalizations and 25 deaths per year). The completeness of reporting hospitalizations to the CDC was 32% and to the CPHA-PAS, 23%, while the completeness of reporting pertussis deaths to the CDC was 33% and to NCHS, 23%. Patients who were hospitalized with pertussis and reported to CDC were at a higher risk for developing pneumonia (31.0% vs 20.0%, relative risk [RR], 1.6; 95% CI, 1.4 to 1.7), seizures (3.7% vs 2.1%; RR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4 to 2.5) and encephalitis (1.2% vs 0.2%; RR, 5.3; 95% CI, 2.4 to 11.6) compared with patients recorded in the CPHA-PAS system. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Our study suggests that there is substantial underreporting of pertussis, that severe complications of pertussis (including hospitalizations) are reported preferentially to the CDC, and that the national health impact of pertussis based on these indicators is considerably higher than previously published reports have suggested. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1992;267:386-391)
Class of binary sequences for mobile channel estimation (1995)

A large class of so-called ‘semiperfect’ binary sequences of any length N = 2K, having the periodic autocorrelation function equal to zero at ±N/4 bit intervals around the origin, is constructed. Any one of such sequences, plus N/4 cyclically repeated bits at each end, is ideal for use as a midamble sequence for channel impulse response estimation in mobile communication systems with BPSK, MSK-type, QPSK and offset-QPSK modulation.
Novel CD7-specific nanobody-based immunotoxins potently enhanced apoptosis of CD7-positive malignant cells (2016)

Various CD7-targeting immunotoxins have been tested for its potential in treating CD7+ malignant patients but none of those immunotoxins was approved clinically because of lacking enough efficacy and safety. Here we successfully constructed the monovalent and bivalent CD7 nanobody-based immunotoxins PG001 and PG002, both conjugated with a truncated derivative of Pseudomonas exotoxin A respectively. The prokaryotic system expressed immunotoxins not only maintained their binding specificity for CD7-positive cells with a Kd of 16.74 nM and 3.6 nM for PG001 and PG002 respectively, but also efficiently promoted antigen-restricted apoptosis of the CD7-positive leukemia cell lines Jurkat and CEM, and primary T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells with an in vitro cytotoxic activity (EC50) in the range of 23-30 pM for PG002. In NOD/SCID mice transplanted with CEM cells, PG001 and PG002 prevented engraftment of the cells and markedly prolonged mouse survival. Owing to the efficient antigen-restricted anti-leukemic activity of PG002, this CD7 nanobody-based immunotoxin exhibited a superior anti-CD7 positive malignancies activity than previously reported immunotoxins, and may represent a promising therapeutic strategy in treating CD7-positive leukemia and lymphoma, which still remain a significant clinical challenge.
Free Electron Laser (1978)

An introductory guide to the basic mechanisms of the free electron laser is presented. The laser gain originates from the stimulated Raman or Compton backscattering of a pump electromagnetic field by a relativistic electron beam. The condition of optimization of the gain, the maximum operation frequency, and the optimum output power are obtained in terms of the beam parameters and the magnitude of the pump magnetic field.
Long-term Aerobic Exercise Is Associated With Greater Muscle Strength Throughout the Life Span (2012)

Aging is associated with a progressive decline in muscle strength, muscle mass, and aerobic capacity, which reduces mobility and impairs quality of life in elderly adults. Exercise is commonly employed to improve muscle function in individuals of all ages; however, chronic aerobic exercise is believed to largely impact cardiovascular function and oxidative metabolism, with minimal effects on muscle mass and strength. To study the effects of long-term aerobic exercise on muscle strength, we recruited 74 sedentary (SED) or highly aerobically active (ACT) men and women from within three distinct age groups (young: 20-39 years, middle: 40-64 years, and older: 65-86 years) and tested their aerobic capacity, isometric grip and knee extensor strength, and dynamic 1 repetition maximum knee extension. As expected, ACT subjects had greater maximal oxygen uptake and peak aerobic power output compared with SED subjects (p < .05). Grip strength relative to body weight declined with age (p < .05) and was greater in ACT compared with SED subjects in both hands (p < .05). Similarly, relative maximal isometric knee extension torque declined with age (p < .05) and was higher in ACT versus SED individuals in both legs (p < .05). Absolute and relative 1 repetition maximum knee extension declined with age (p < .05) and were greater in ACT versus SED groups (p < .05). Knee extensor strength was associated with a greater amount of leg lean mass in the ACT subjects (p < .05). In summary, long-term aerobic exercise appears to attenuate age-related reductions in muscle strength in addition to its cardiorespiratory and metabolic benefits.
Isolation of genomic DNA encoding transcription factor TFIID from<i>Acanthamoeba castellanii:</i>characterization of the promoter (1992)

We have isolated a genomic clone encoding Acanthamoeba castellanii TFIID. The clone contains the entire TFIID gene, 300 bp of 5' promoter sequences and several hundred base pairs of 3' non-coding sequence. The coding region is interrupted by two short introns, but is otherwise identical to Acanthamoeba TFIID cDNA. Comparisons between forty four Acanthamoeba intron 5' and 3' boundaries suggest a 5' splice site consensus of GTACG(T/C) and a 3' consensus of CAG. We determined the position of the transcription initiation site used in vivo, and show that the same site is used in vitro by homologous nuclear extracts. Deletion analysis of the promoter region shows that the minimal promoter required for efficient expression in vitro is located between -97 and +4 relative to the transcription start site. Three regions within the promoter are important for transcription in vitro; sequences between -97 and -35, the TATAAA box and the initiation region. The initiation region is dispensable but appears to position the transcription start site relative to the TATAAA box. The TATAAA box is absolutely required for transcription initiation whereas the upstream region stimulates transcription approximately five-fold.
Glial cytoplasmic inclusions in white matter oligodendrocytes of multiple system atrophy brains contain insoluble α‐synuclein (1998)

Recently, alpha-synuclein was shown to be a structural component of the filaments in Lewy bodies (LBs) of Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with LBs (DLB) as well as the LB variant of Alzheimer's disease, and this suggests that alpha-synuclein could play a mechanistic role in the pathogenesis of these disorders. To determine whether alpha-synuclein is a building block of inclusions in other neurodegenerative movement disorders, we examined brains from patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) and detected alpha-synuclein, but not beta- or gamma-synuclein, in glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) throughout the MSA brain. In MSA white matter, alpha-synuclein-positive GCIs were restricted to oligodendrocytes, and alpha-synuclein was localized to the filaments in GCIs by immunoelectron microscopy. Finally, we demonstrated that insoluble alpha-synuclein accumulated selectively in MSA white matter with alpha-synuclein-positive GCIs. Taken together with evidence that LBs contain insoluble alpha-synuclein, our data suggest that a reduction in the solubility of alpha-synuclein may induce this protein to form filaments that aggregate into cytoplasmic inclusions, which contribute to the dysfunction or death of glial cells as well as neurons in neurodegenerative disorders with different phenotypes.
Electrons as Anions (2003)

A room-temperature-stable electride and its reactivity: Reductive benzene/pyridine couplings and solvent-free Birch reductions,
On Securing MAC Layer Broadcast Signals Against Covert Channel Exploitation in 5G, 6G & Beyond (2021)

<p>In this work, we propose a novel framework to identify and mitigate a recently disclosed covert channel scheme exploiting unprotected broadcast messages in cellular MAC layer protocols.</p> <p>Examples of covert channel are used in data exfiltration, remote command-and-control (CnC) and espionage.</p> <p>Responsibly disclosed to GSMA (CVD-2021-0045), the SPARROW covert channel scheme exploits the downlink power of LTE/5G base-stations that broadcast contention resolution identity (CRI) from any anonymous device according to the 3GPP standards. </p> <p>Thus, the SPARROW devices can covertly relay short messages across long-distance which can be potentially harmful to critical infrastructure. </p> <p>The SPARROW schemes can also complement the solutions for long-range M2M applications.</p> <p>This work investigates the security vs. performance trade-off in CRI-based contention resolution mechanisms. </p> <p>Then it offers a rigorously designed method to randomly obfuscate CRI broadcast in future 5G/6G standards.</p> <p>Compared to CRI length reduction, the proposed method achieves considerable protection against SPARROW exploitation with less impact on the random-access performance as shown in the numerical results.</p>
Immune response to DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus. (2001)

Antibodies to DNA occur prominently in systemic lupus erythematosus and have been extensively studied as probes for underlying immune disturbances. These antibodies have features of DNA antigen drive. While previous models for this response posited DNA as simple and inert, recent studies have indicated that DNA is immunologically diverse and, depending upon sequence and backbone structure, can stimulate or suppress immune responses. In particular, bacterial DNA is immunologically potent and can function as both an adjuvant and immunogen, eliciting in normal individuals antibodies to sites exclusive to bacterial DNA. In mice genetically predisposed to autoimmunity, however, bacterial DNA can elicit anti-DNA autoantibodies under conditions in which mammalian DNA is inactive. These findings suggest that foreign DNA can serve as a trigger for anti-DNA responses, with SLE reflecting a disturbance in antibody specificity and a shift from binding of sequential to backbone determinants. In contrast to bacterial DNA, mammalian DNA can suppress certain immune responses and prevent macrophage cytokine production. To the extent that self-DNA drives responses in SLE, anti-DNA production in this disease may reflect a failure of this suppression. The recognition of DNA's immune activities thus suggests novel possibilities for disease pathogenesis.
Automated quantification of diastolic filling parameters from cardiac Doppler ultrasound (2003)

In order to extract quantitative physiological information from cardiac Doppler velocity data, precise contour determination is required. It has previously been shown that computation of parametrized diastolic filling (PDF) parameters from the clinical diastolic Doppler velocity profile (DVP) can be accomplished by manual comparison of a PDF model predicted to clinically recorded DVP. However, visual DVP contour estimation as well as comparison of PDF model prediction to the DVP requires hand tracing and is prone to interobserver variations. Using the cardiac Doppler ultrasound acoustic signal, a computer based method of DVP computation is developed. When applied to the E-wave of the human diastolic transmitral DVP, the method allows automated computation of PDF parameters, equivalent to automated solution of the inverse problem of diastole.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
C-C Chemokine Receptor 2 and Sarcoidosis (2003)

Abstract Sarcoidosis is thought to result from the interaction between an unknown environmental antigenic trigger and the host's genetic susceptibility. We hypothesized that sarcoidosis, or one of the disease subsets, could be associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms of C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) gene. Eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms in CCR2 were studied in a total of 304 Dutch individuals (90 non-Löfgren sarcoidosis, 47 Löfgren's syndrome, 167 control subjects). From the investigated CCR2 polymorphisms, nine haplotypes were deduced (haplotypes 1–9). In patients with Löfgren's syndrome, a strongly significant increase in the frequency of CCR2-haplotype 2, which includes four unique alleles (A at nucleotide position –6752, A at 3,000, T at 3,547, and T at 4,385), was observed compared with control subjects (74% vs. 38% respectively, p &lt; 0.0001), whereas no difference was found between non-Löfgren sarcoidosis and control subjects (both 38%). The association between CCR2-haplotype 2 carriage frequency and Löfgren's syndrome (odds ratio, 4.4; p &lt; 0.0001) remained significant after adjustment for human leukocyte antigen haplotype DRB1*0301-DQB1*0201 (odds ratio, 11.5; p &lt; 0.0001) and female sex (odds ratio, 3.2; p = 0.003), two known risk factors for Löfgren's syndrome. In conclusion, this report describes a strong association between CCR2-haplotype 2 and Löfgren's syndrome. Further studies are needed to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this association.
Food and feeding habits of wildfowl (1958)

At the present time detailed information on the food of the British wildfowl is extremely meagre. It is fair to say that much of the existing information is not only valueless but is often misleading, either because it records an unusual food or feeding habit or, and this is the most common error, it is too vague. It is not enough to know that for a particular species pond weeds or grain and grass are part of the normal diet. Identification must be more precise.
Unsupervised fast anomaly detection in crowds (2011)

In this paper, we proposed a fast and robust unsupervised framework for anomaly detection and localization in crowed scenes. Our method avoids modeling the normal state of the crowds which is a very complex task due to the large within class variance of the normal target appearance and motion patterns. For each video frame, we extract the spatial temporal features of 3D blocks and generate the saliency map using a block-based center-surround difference operator. Then, motion vector matrix is obtained by adaptive rood pattern search block-matching algorithm and distance normalization. Attractive motion disorder descriptor is proposed to measure the global intensity of anomalies in the scene. Finally, we classify the frames into normal and anomalous ones by a binary classifier. In the experiments, we compared our method against several state-of-the-art approaches on UCSD dataset which is a widely used anomaly detection and localization benchmark. As the only unsupervised approach, our method outputs competitive results with near real-time processing speed
On the Reduction of Lithium Insertion Capacity in Hard‐Carbon Anode Materials with Increasing Heat‐Treatment Temperature (1998)

"Non‐graphitizable" or "hard" carbon anode materials have almost twice the capacity (per unit mass) of graphitic materials that currently represent the industrial standard for Li‐ion batteries. One problem with hard carbon is the small hysteresis in the voltage profile between charge and discharge. This small hysteresis has been correlated to residual hydrogen content after pyrolysis (<0.5% by mass) and can almost be eliminated by increasing the heat‐treatment temperature (HTT) above 1100°C. However at this temperature hard carbon begins to show a reduction in reversible capacity. This capacity reduction is correlated to a shift in chemical potential of lithium inserted into the hard‐carbon structure and to the closure of micropores in the sample. Hard carbons were prepared by pyrolysis of sucrose between HTTs of 900 and 1400°C. The structure of these materials was determined by wide angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). WAXS results show that the number of stacked layers increases with HTT, and SAXS measurements show that the micropore size also increases with HTT. Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) surface area and gas adsorption measurements show a dramatic decrease in surface area and open micropore volume for HTTs greater than 1100°C. These results indicate that the micropores in the samples begin to close and produce what we call "embedded fullerenes." Based on recent results of intercalation in , we believe that embedded fullerenes are impenetrable by lithium, and as a result the number of available sites for lithium insertion decreases. This, we propose, is the mechanism for the observed capacity loss in hard carbon at HTTs greater than 1100°C.