gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Temporal-based procedure reordering for improved instruction cache performance (2002)

As the gap between memory and processor performance continues to grow, it becomes increasingly important to exploit cache memory effectively. Both hardware and software techniques can be used to better utilize the cache. Hardware solutions focus on organization, while most software solutions investigate how to best layout a program on the available memory space. We present a new link-time code reordering algorithm targeted at reducing the frequency of misses in the cache. In past work we focused on eliminating first generation cache conflicts (i.e., conflicts between a procedure, and any of its immediate callers or callees) based on calling frequencies. In this work we exploit procedure-level temporal interaction, using a structure called a conflict miss graph (CMG). In the CMG every edge weight is an approximation of the worst-case number of misses two competing procedures can inflict upon one another. We use the ordering implied by the edge weights to apply color-based mapping and eliminate conflict misses between procedures lying either in the same or in different call chains. Using programs taken from SPEC 95, Gnu applications, and C++ applications, we have been able to improve upon previous algorithms, reducing the number of instruction cache conflicts by 20% on average compared to the best procedure reordering algorithm.
Light and Electron Microscopic Immunohistochemical Localization of Protein Gene Product 9.5 and Ubiquitin Immunoreactivities in the Human Epididymis and Vas Deferens1 (1996)

The distribution of protein gene product 9.5 (PGP) and ubiquitin immunoreactivities in the ductuli efferentes, ductus epididymidis, and ductus deferens of humans was studied by Western blot analyses and light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. PGP immunoreactivity was intense in the ductuli efferentes and weak in the ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens, while ubiquitin immunoreactivity was intense in the ductuli efferentes and ductus epididymidis and very weak in the ductus deferens. In the ductuli efferentes epithelium, PGP immunolabeling was observed in the cytoplasm of principal cells, whereas ubiquitin immunoreactivity was found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of principal cells and ciliated cells. In the ductus epididymidis epithelium, only scattered cells (mitochondria-rich cells) showed PGP immunoreaction in their cytoplasm, whereas ubiquitin immunostaining was detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm of most epithelial cells, except for the cauda, where ubiquitin immunolabeling was observed only in the nuclei. The ductus deferens showed no immunostaining for PGP, and only nuclear immunoreactivity to ubiquitin. The ultrastructural localization of PGP immunoreactivity was in the apical cytosol and microvilli. In addition to these locations, ubiquitin immunoreactivity was also found in the nucleus of all cell types and cilia of ciliated cells. Although the distribution of PGP and ubiquitin immunoreactivities in humans differs from that reported in rats, it seems that PGP and ubiquitinated proteins are secreted into the epididymal lumen in both species.
Simple Approaches to Shift, Days-Off and Tour Scheduling Problems (1983)

Shift and days-off scheduling problems have received much attention in the literature of integer programming approaches to workforce scheduling. A typical managerial use would be to schedule full-time employees to minimize the number of labor hours while satisfying variable workforce requirements of a service delivery system. We present computational experience to show that an easily implemented application of linear programming frequently produces optimal solutions to these problems. When the context progresses toward a continuous operating environment (service delivery over 24 hours a day, 7 days a week) we stress the need to shed the myopic views of the shift and days-off scheduling formulations in favor of an integrative tour scheduling formulation. For this problem we observe that a simple heuristic initiated by rounding down the associated LP solution consistently produces near optimal solutions. This observation is based on experiments over varying workforce requirement patterns.
MOSFET statistical parameter extraction using multivariate statistics (2002)

A methodology for the generation of MOSFET device model parameter sets which reflect measured device performance variations is described and assessed for its accuracy and suitability in predicting actual circuit variations. The proposed scheme is based on the principal component method of multivariate statistical techniques and utilizes Monte Carlo simulations. Comparisons between the predictions of device and circuit characteristics and measured characteristics over a wafer lot are shown and discussed. It is suggested that the techniques used are most suitable for the prediction of the measured distributions of precision analog circuits rather than large digital circuits where 25 or more circuit simulations may be totally unacceptable because of the amount of CPU time required.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cadcam: From Principles to Practice (1993)

From the Publisher:
The application of computers to the product design and manufacturing process (known as CADCAM) has had spectacular success in engineering. This book gives an in depth presentation of the central techniques of CADCAM, concentrating on both principles and applications The book carefully guides the reader through the processes of defining a product design with the aid of computers, of developing manufacturing plans and instructions for the product, and of managing the manufacturing system itself.
An Original Approach for Quantification of Blood Vessels on the Whole Tumour Section (2002)

Relative abundance of tumour angiogenesis has been shown to be of clinical relevance in cancers of various locations such as the ovary. Nevertheless, several problems are encountered when quantifying tumour microvessels: (i) as many other tumour markers, vascularity pattern is often heterogeneous within the tumour mass and even within the same histological section. As a consequence, an adequate acquisition method must be developed for accurate field sampling. (ii) Manual microvessel counting is long, tedious and subject to poor reproducibility. Introduction in routine practice requires a fast, reproducible and reliable automatic image processing. In this study we present an original procedure combining a slide scanner image acquisition and a fully automatic image analysis sequence. The slide scanner offers the advantage of recording an image of the whole histological section for subsequent automatic blood vessel detection and hot spot area location. Microvessel density and surface fraction were measured for the whole section as well as within hot spots. Different immunostaining methods were tested in order to optimise the procedure. Moreover, the method proposed was submitted to a quality control procedure, with reference to interactive identification of microvessels at scanner level. This experiment showed that 93 to 97% of blood vessels were detected, according to the staining protocol used. Colour figures can be viewed on http://www.esacp.org/acp/2003/25-2/kim.htm.
Electrical characterization of textured interpoly capacitors for advanced stacked DRAMs (2002)

The authors present and discuss the C-V, I-V and TDDB (time-dependent dielectric breakdown) characteristics of textured interpoly capacitors fabricated with different process conditions. It is concluded that the combination of a rough storage electrode with a dielectric that has a bulk-limited conduction offers a considerable increase in capacitance while improving device reliability. Textured stacked capacitors (TSTCs) are proposed for the manufacture of 64-Mb DRAMs. Compared to other advanced stacked capacitor concepts, the approach drastically reduces process complexity and topography.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Theoretical Study on the Electronic Structure of ZnSe/ZnS and ZnS/ZnSe Core/Shell Nanoparticles (2008)

By making use of a density-functional tight-binding (DFTB) method we studied the electronic and optical properties of ZnSe/ZnS and ZnS/ZnSe core/shell nanoparticles. Our emphasis will be on the atomic charge distribution, electronic energy levels, band gap, excitation spectra, and their variation with the thickness of the shell for both ZnSe/ZnS and ZnS/ZnSe core/shell systems. We have made a qualitative comparison of our theoretical results with those of experimental observation on these core/shell systems. Finally, we studied the energetics of diffusion of one Se(S) and S(Se) atoms between the core and the shell in these nanostructures to understand the stabilities of these systems against chemical degradation.
Antimalarial Drugs – What is in Use and What is in the Pipeline (2008)

Malaria continues to be a potentially fatal threat to almost half of the world's population. In light of this threat, the armory to fight this disease is rather limited. Resistance against the most common and affordable antimalarials is widespread. Only few new drugs are in clinical development, most of them belong to long used classes of antimalarial drugs. This review will concisely cover the drugs which are currently in use, and describe the drug candidates which are in clinical evaluation.
Itch-Associated Response and Antinociception Induced by Intracisternal Endomorphins in Mice (1998)

Endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 are newly identified endogenous peptides and have high affinity and selectivity for mu-opioid receptors. The present experiments were conducted to determine whether intracisternal injection of these peptides would produce an itch-associated response and antinociception and to compare their effects to that of morphine. Endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 (0.3-3 nmol/mouse) elicited facial scratching characterized by bell-shaped dose-response curves with a peak effect at endomorphin-1 at 0.3 nmol/mouse and endomorphin-2 at 1 nmol/mouse. Their peak effects were inhibited by subcutaneous pretreatment with naloxone (1 mg/kg). Morphine (0.3-30 nmol/mouse) produced facial scratching, and its dose-response curve was also bell-shaped. Scratching of the body trunk, head and ears were not elicited by these doses of endomorphins and morphine. Endomorphin-1 and -2 at doses of 0.3-3 nmol/mouse produced dose-dependent antinociception, as measured with the tail-pressure test. The potency and duration of actions of these peptides were comparable to those of morphine. The results suggest that endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 are involved in itch-signaling and pain-inhibiting functions of the brain.
A common mechanism for mitotic inactivation of C2H2 zinc finger DNA-binding domains (2002)

Many nuclear proteins are inactivated during mitotic entry, presumably as a prerequisite to chromatin condensation and cell division. C2H2 zinc fingers define the largest transcription factor family in the human proteome. The linker separating finger motifs is highly conserved and resembles TGEKP in more than 5000 occurrences. However, the reason for this conservation is not fully understood. We demonstrate that all three linkers in the DNA-binding domain of Ikaros are phosphorylated during mitosis. Phosphomimetic substitutions abolished DNA-binding and pericentromeric localization. A linker within Sp1 was also phosphorylated, suggesting that linker phosphorylation provides a global mechanism for inactivation of the C2H2 family.
Case 8.24 (2014)

65-year-old woman with a congenitally absent left kidney and hematuria Axial fat-suppressed FSE T2-weighted images (Figure 8.24.1) show a soft tissue mass involving much of the renal pelvis and causing hydronephrosis, most marked in the upper pole. Axial postgadolinium 3D SPGR images (...
The involvement of iron in lipid peroxidation. Importance of ferric to ferrous ratios in initiation. (1986)

Intense lipid peroxidation of brain synaptosomes initiated with Fenton's reagent (H2O2 + Fe2+) began instantly upon addition of Fe2+ and preceded detectable OH. formation. Although mannitol or Tris partially blocked peroxidation, concentrations required were 10(3)-fold in excess of OH. actually formed, and inhibition by Tris was pH dependent. Lipid peroxidation also was initiated by either Fe2+ or Fe3+ alone, although significant lag phases (minutes) and slowed reaction rates were observed. Lag phases were dramatically reduced or nearly eliminated, and reaction rates were increased by a combination of Fe3+ and Fe2+. In this instance, lipid peroxidation initiated by optimal concentrations of H2O2 and Fe2+ could be mimicked or even surpassed by providing optimal ratios of Fe3+ to Fe2+. Peroxidation observed with Fe3+ alone was dependent upon trace amounts of contaminating Fe2+ in Fe3+ preparations. Optimal ratios of Fe3+:Fe2+ for the rapid initiation of lipid peroxidation were on order of 1:1 to 7:1. No OH. formation could be detected with this system. Although low concentrations of H2O2 or ascorbate increased lipid peroxidation by Fe2+ or Fe3+, respectively, high concentrations of H2O2 or ascorbate (in excess of iron) inhibited lipid peroxidation due to oxidative or reductive maintenance of iron exclusively in Fe2+ or Fe3+ form. Stimulation of lipid peroxidation by low concentrations of H2O2 or ascorbate was due to the oxidative or reductive creation of Fe3+:Fe2+ ratios. The data suggest that the absolute ratio of Fe3+ to Fe2+ was the primary determining factor for the initiation of lipid peroxidation reactions.
Burst-mode optical label processor with ultralow power consumption (2016)

A novel label processor subsystem for 100-Gbps (25-Gbps × 4λs) burst-mode optical packets is developed, in which a highly energy-efficient method is pursued for extracting and interfacing the ultrafast packet-label to a CMOS-based processor where label recognition takes place. The method involves performing serial-to-parallel conversion for the label bits on a bit-by-bit basis by using an optoelectronic converter that is operated with a set of optical triggers generated in a burst-mode manner upon packet arrival. Here we present three key achievements that enabled a significant reduction in the total power consumption and latency of the whole subsystem; 1) based on a novel operation mechanism for providing amplification with bit-level selectivity, an optical trigger pulse generator, that consumes power for a very short duration upon packet arrival, is proposed and experimentally demonstrated, 2) the energy of optical triggers needed by the optoelectronic serial-to-parallel converter is reduced by utilizing a negative-polarity signal while employing an enhanced conversion scheme entitled the discharge-or-hold scheme, 3) the necessary optical trigger energy is further cut down by half by coupling the triggers through the chip's backside, whereas a novel lens-free packaging method is developed to enable a low-cost alignment process that works with simple visual observation.
MODES OF SARS-COV-2 TRANSMISSION (2021)

Background: On 12th December 2019, pneumonia of unknown etiology was reported in number of human cases from Wuhan, central China. On 11th February 2020, the WHO named the disease COVID-19, short for “COronaVIrus Disease 2019”. This COVID-19 out-break has grown substantially to that of pandemic nature currently. Close personal contact and respiratory droplets from sneezes and coughs of patient can disseminate SARS-CoV-2. The WHO continues to stress the usefulness of environmental cleaning and disinfection, frequent hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette. The WHO also suggests avoidance of close, unprotected contact and maintenance of physical distance with people having fever or respiratory symptoms. Purpose: To develop strategies for lowering transmission of COVID-19, development of ways for distinguishing the various modes of transmission such as urine and fecal samples is need of the hour. Review: In a clinical scenario where possibility of vertical transmission of Covid-19 is increasingly being reported and transplacental transmission of the SARS-COV-2 cannot be ruled out, medical fraternity requires more evidence on vertical transmission for better mother and newborn care. Conclusion: In order to study the vertical dissemination of SARS-CoV-2, the heath authorities should include additional examinations of maternal and newborn samples in standard treatment guideline for pregnant women.
Development of a Scalable Synthesis of a GPR40 Receptor Agonist (2011)

Early process development and salt selection for AMG 837, a novel GPR40 receptor agonist, is described. The synthetic route to AMG 837 involved the convergent synthesis and coupling of two key fragments, (S)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)hex-4-ynoic acid (1) and 3-(bromomethyl)-4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl (2). The chiral β-alkynyl acid 1 was prepared in 35% overall yield via classical resolution of the corresponding racemic acid (±)-1. An efficient and scalable synthesis of (±)-1 was achieved via a telescoped sequence of reactions including the conjugate alkynylation of an in situ protected Meldrum’s acid derived acceptor prepared from 3. The biaryl bromide 2 was prepared in 86% yield via a 2-step Suzuki−Miyaura coupling−bromination sequence. Chemoselective phenol alkylation mediated by tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide allowed direct coupling of 1 and 2 to afford AMG 837. Due to the poor physiochemical stability of the free acid form of the drug substance, a sodium salt form was selected for early development, and a more stable, crystalline hemicalcium salt dihydrate form was subsequently developed. Overall, the original 12-step synthesis of AMG 837 was replaced by a robust 9-step route affording the target in 25% yield.
Neutrophils and emerging targets for treatment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2013)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by a decreased airflow due to airway narrowing that, once it occurs, is not fully reversible. The disease usually is progressive and associated with an enhanced inflammatory response in the lungs after exposure to noxious particles or gases. After removal of the noxious particles, the inflammation can continue in a self-sustaining manner. It has been established that improper activation of neutrophils lies at the core of the pathology. This paper provides an overview of the mechanisms by which neutrophils can induce the pulmonary damage of COPD. As the pathogenesis of COPD is slowly being unraveled, new points of intervention are discovered, some of which with promising results.
High Performance and Scalable Byzantine Fault Tolerance (2019)

With the great success of cryptocurrencies, people have paid great attention to blockchain technology and Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT) for consensus. Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance protocol (PBFT) proposed by Castro and Liskov in 1999 is recognized as the most classic protocol for solving the Byzantine generals problem, but it still has many fatal disadvantages. Firstly, its communication complexity in the consensus process has reached O(n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ), so that it can only be applied in a small-scale system. Secondly, it works in a completely enclosed environment, nodes are not allowed to participate or exit the network without restarting the system, making it difficult to get applied in the actual system. In order to solve these problem, this paper proposes the High Performance and Scalable Byzantine Fault Tolerance, an improved BFT protocol, called HSBFT. In normal case operation, the HSBFT's communication complexity is reduced to O(n), and it also has the ability to be scalable, making it adaptable to more diverse practical scenarios.
Inhibition of cartilage degradation: A combined tissue engineering and gene therapy approach (2003)

Pantropic retroviral transduction permits long-term expression of potentially therapeutic transgenes in adult tissue-engineered cartilage. While TIMP-1 transduction could be used to prevent collagen breakdown, alternative transgenes may be necessary to protect cartilage proteoglycans.
Hydrophobic Silsesquioxane Nanoparticles and Nanocomposite Surfaces (2007)

Fluorinated Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes are hydrophobic nanoparticles. One compound, FD8T8, is ultrahydrophobic, possessing a water contact angle of 154°. This is believed to be the most hydrophobic and lowest surface tension crystalline substance known. Analysis of the x-ray crystal structure indicates a large number of Si...F contacts may lead to ultrahydrophobicity. Hydrophobicity of poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) nanocomposites also increases with the incorporation of FluoroPOSS and will be discussed.
GazeForm (2018)

An increasing number of domains, including aeronautics, are adopting touchscreens. However, several drawbacks limit their operational use, in particular, eyes-free interaction is almost impossible making it difficult to perform other tasks simultaneously. We introduce GazeForm, an adaptive touch interface with shape-changing capacity that offers an adapted interaction modality according to gaze direction. When the user's eyes are focused on interaction, the surface is flat and the system acts as a touchscreen. When eyes are directed towards another area, physical knobs emerge from the surface. Compared to a touch only mode, experimental results showed that GazeForm generated a lower subjective mental workload and a higher efficiency of execution (20% faster). Furthermore, GazeForm required less visual attention and participants were able to concentrate more on a secondary monitoring task. Complementary interviews with pilots led us to explore timings and levels of control for using gaze to adapt modality.
Elemental Analysis of <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> -, <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> -, and <i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i> -Containing Phagosomes Indicates Pathogen-Induced Microenvironments within the Host Cell’s Endosomal System (2005)

Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are human pathogens that infect and replicate within macrophages. Both organisms live in phagosomes that fail to fuse with lysosomes and have adapted their lifestyle to accommodate the changing environment within the endosomal system. Among the many environmental factors that could influence expression of bacterial genes are the concentrations of single elements within the phagosomes. We used a novel hard x-ray microprobe with suboptical spatial resolution to analyze characteristic x-ray fluorescence of 10 single elements inside phagosomes of macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis and M. avium or with avirulent M. smegmatis. The iron concentration decreased over time in phagosomes of macrophages infected with Mycobacterium smegmatis but increased in those infected with pathogenic mycobacteria. Autoradiography of infected macrophages incubated with (59)Fe-loaded transferrin demonstrated that the bacteria could acquire iron delivered via the endocytic route, confirming the results obtained in the x-ray microscopy. In addition, the concentrations of chlorine, calcium, potassium, manganese, copper, and zinc were shown to differ between the vacuole of pathogenic mycobacteria and M. smegmatis. Differences in the concentration of several elements between M. avium and M. tuberculosis vacuoles were also observed. Activation of macrophages with recombinant IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha before infection altered the concentrations of elements in the phagosome, which was not observed in cells activated following infection. Siderophore knockout M. tuberculosis vacuoles exhibited retarded acquisition of iron compared with phagosomes with wild-type M. tuberculosis. This is a unique approach to define the environmental conditions within the pathogen-containing compartment.