gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study of the Chemical State and Local Structure of Zirconium in Polycrystalline α-Alumina by X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy and STEM Analysis of Thin Foils (1997)

Abstract:The chemical state and local structure around zirconium in doped a-polycrystalline alumina (300 wt. ppm %. ZrOZ) was studied by Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) measurements at zirconium K-edge energy and by STEM analysis on thin foils. It appared that most of the because of the important contribution of the surface free enerev. 1. Material and Experiment The experimental XAS measurements were performed on two zirconium-doped C+polycrystalline alumina; the samples were obtained by hot pressing at at 1400°C for Zrl-sample whose grain size 5 = 1 pm, (Fig. la), and at 1550°C for Zr2-sample with a mean grain size = 3.5 pm was obtained by hot pressing at 1550°C (Fig. lb). A tetragonal single crystal of yttrium-doped zirconia was used as standard. The experimental measurements were performed at room temperature at LURE-DCI (Orsay), using the EXAFS I1 spectrometer. In the fluorescence mode the EXAFS signal was obtained by measuring Io(E) and I@) with an ionization chamber and a 7-elements germanium crystals. This XAS study was completed by EDXS analysis on thin foil (STEM). 2. Microstructure results and chemical analysis on thin foils The EDXS analysis of zirconium-doped or-alumina shows that the zirconium is detected only in grain boundaries and triple junctions of the Zr2-sample. The true concentrations of zirconia located in grains boundaries (as C E b ~ ) and in the bulk C ~ R
Enhanced perovskite electronic properties via a modified lead(<scp>ii</scp>) chloride Lewis acid–base adduct and their effect in high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (2017)

19% perovskite solar cells with enhanced electronic properties of MAPbI<sub>3</sub>film through employing 2.5% PbCl<sub>2</sub>additive in the precursor.
Mononuclear Nitrogen/Sulfur-Ligated Zinc Methoxide and Hydroxide Complexes:  Investigating Ligand Effects on the Hydrolytic Stability of Zinc Alkoxide Species (2002)

The synthesis and properties of mononuclear zinc methoxide ([(ebnpa)Zn-OCH3]ClO4) (1) and hydroxide ([(ebnpa)Zn-OH]ClO4) (2) complexes of a new mixed nitrogen/sulfur ligand (ebnpa = N-2-(ethylthio)ethyl-N,N-bis(6-neopentylamino-2-pyridylmethyl)amine) are reported. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by X-ray diffraction. Each possesses a single zinc-coordinated anion (methoxide or hydroxide) and exhibits an overall trigonal bipyramidal geometry. Structural and spectroscopic studies indicate the presence of two hydrogen-bonding interactions involving the oxygen atom of the zinc-bound anion in each complex. Treatment of [(ebnpa)Zn-OH]ClO4 with CH3OH results in the formation of an equilibrium mixture of 1 and 2. 1H NMR spectroscopic methods were used to examine the equilibrium as a function of temperature, yielding KMe (304 K) = 0.30(8), DeltaHMe = -0.9(1) kcal/mol, and DeltaSMe = -5(1) eu. The negative enthalpy indicates that spontaneous zinc alkoxide formation from a hydroxide precursor occurs in this system at low temperature. Using the experimentally determined DeltaHMe value, we found the homolytic Zn-O bond dissociation energy (BDE) in the Zn-OCH3 unit to be approximately -14 kcal/mol relative to the Zn-O BDE in the Zn-OH unit.
Biologic Characterization of ICI 200,880 and ICI 200,355, Novel Inhibitors of Human Neutrophil Elastase (1991)

ICI 200,880 and its close structural analog, ICI 200,355, are representatives of a new chemical class of inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase (HNE). Both compounds are substituted tripeptide ketones, which demonstrated competitive kinetics versus HNE, with identical Ki values of 5.0 x 10(-10) M. The selectivity of ICI 200,880 for HNE versus a variety of enzymes ranged from 150-fold [relative to porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE)] to greater than 360,000-fold in favor of HNE. The compound effectively inhibited HNE-hydrolysis of bovine ligamentum nuchae elastin. In pharmacokinetic studies, ICI 200,880 and ICI 200,355 displayed long retention times when administered directly to the lung and were rapidly eliminated after intravenous administration. Pretreatment of hamsters with either inhibitor before intratracheal administration of HNE produced dose- and time-dependent inhibition of enzyme-induced increases in lung weight, total lavageable red cells, and total lavageable white cells. Aerosol administration of ICI 200,880 produced similar results. Subcutaneous administration of either 50 or 100 mumol/kg (twice/day) of ICI 200,880 for 14 or 28 days prevented the time-dependent increase in alveolar diameter produced by a single intratracheal dose of PPE when compound dosing was initiated 24 h after the enzyme. Treatment of hamsters with the same protocol and doses of ICI 200,880 for 8 wk prevented the destructive lesion induced by a single intratracheal dose of HNE. It is concluded that ICI 200,880 and ICI 200,355 have biochemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacologic profiles that make them useful therapeutic agents for understanding the role of HNE in various diseases. ICI 200,880 is presently being evaluated in humans.
The role of IFN-gamma in delayed-type hypersensitivity mediated by Th1 clones. (1989)

One type of Th cell clone, Th1, causes delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) when injected with the appropriate Ag into the footpads of naive mice. Because IFN-gamma, one of the Th1-specific cytokines, has been reported to produce some of the manifestations of DTH, we have investigated the role of IFN-gamma in the DTH reaction induced by Th1 cells by using a mAb which neutralizes the biologic activity of IFN-gamma. Anti IFN-gamma inhibited up to 55% of the swelling response induced by seven Th1 clones in BALB/c and CBA/J mice suggesting that IFN-gamma is an important mediator of Th1-induced DTH. This inhibition was consistently observed during the peak phase of the DTH response and could be partly but not entirely explained by decreases in vascular leakage. The DTH responses induced by two Th1 clones in C57BL/6 mice were not inhibited by anti IFN-gamma. Taken together, these data suggest that other inflammatory mediators also play a role in Th1-induced DTH responses. Based on the gross description and kinetics of the response and the numbers of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes in the cellular infiltrate, Th1-induced DTH appears to be similar to the Jones-Mote type of hypersensitivity.
Carbonate solutions for carbon capture: a summary (2011)

Potassium and sodium carbonate solutions have been studied and used for carbon capture applications since the early 20th century. They were first used to capture carbon dioxide for dry ice manufacturing, but were later supplanted by amine solutions (such as monoethanolamine, MEA) because of the faster reaction rate of amine solutions (Knuutila et al., 2009a). The use of carbonate solutions for other applications, however, has persisted to present day. In particular, the Benfield process (a.k.a the hot potassium carbonate process, or “hot pot”) is widely used for the purification of natural gas, synthesis gas (from coal gasification), town gas, and other gases (Kohl and Nielsen, 1997).
Quantifying physical activity in community dwelling older adults using accelerometry (2008)

Background: A physically inactive lifestyle is associated with an increased risk for a variety of chronic diseases and health conditions. One population at greatest risk of physical inactivity is older adults. Studies: The specific aims for my dissertation research focused on further development of the Actigraph accelerometer to measure physical activity in community dwelling older adults. I proposed to first further define what an "activity count" from the Actigraph accelerometer represents. By comparing Actigraph counts to raw accelerometry, oxygen consumption and pedometer step count data at usual and slow walking speeds we found that counts per second were correlated with raw accelerometry and energy cost. Actigraph counts, raw acceleration, pedometer step counts and oxygen consumption were higher for usual versus slow walking conditions as expected. We were able to formulate a regression equation to estimate energy cost from Actigraph counts in community dwelling older adults. For the next project, I investigated the reliability and validity of the various ways to present data from the Actigraph accelerometer. All Actigraph measurement units of interest were highly correlated with each other as well as with performance based measures of mobility, function, age and self reported physical activity. Actigraph counts per minute and standard deviations of counts were able to distinguish between low and high mobility and functioning groups. Using ROC curves, we established a cut off value of 150 counts per minute to detect mobility and function problems. Finally, I determined meaningful change values of physical activity measured by the Actigraph over a 12 week exercise intervention in community dwelling older adults with walking difficulty. We found a value of 30 counts per minute to indicate substantial change beyond spurious error. Actigraph counts per minute did not change over the course of exercise intervention. However, people who were more active at baseline exhibited improvements in mobility and functional measures compared to those who were less active at baseline.Conclusion: From the projects described above, Actigraph counts have been validated in older adults against raw accelerometry, oxygen consumption, mobility, function, and self-reported physical activity measures. Inter-rater reliability was excellent for the multiple outputs of the Actigraph accelerometer. Actigraph counts per minute data output is our recommendation since it is the default output, has the least amount of processing, produces high inter-rater reliability and validity against mobility and function.
First monolithic InP-based 90&#x00B0;-hybrid OEIC comprising balanced detectors for 100GE coherent frontends (2009)

A monolithically integrated InP 90deg hybrid incorporating waveguide balanced photodiodes is presented. Stable performance is achieved over a wavelength range from 1530 nm to 1565 nm.
Effect of Small-volume Resuscitation on Intracranial Pressure and Related Cerebral Variables (1997)

Small-volume resuscitation with hypertonic saline and dextran and diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin significantly improved mean arterial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure compared with Ringer's lactate. These data suggest that small-volume resuscitation with hypertonic saline and dextran or diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin may effectively limit or prevent secondary ischemic brain injury after head injury and shock.
[Effects of GLP-1 treatment on protection of B cells in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats]. (2006)

Our findings have provided evidence that the beneficial effects of GLP-1 in OLETF rats are mediated by an increase in islet cell proliferation and a decrease of cellular apoptosis.
Atomically thin noble metal dichalcogenide: a broadband mid-infrared semiconductor (2018)

The interest in mid-infrared technologies surrounds plenty of important optoelectronic applications ranging from optical communications, biomedical imaging to night vision cameras, and so on. Although narrow bandgap semiconductors, such as Mercury Cadmium Telluride and Indium Antimonide, and quantum superlattices based on inter-subband transitions in wide bandgap semiconductors, have been employed for mid-infrared applications, it remains a daunting challenge to search for other materials that possess suitable bandgaps in this wavelength range. Here, we demonstrate experimentally for the first time that two-dimensional (2D) atomically thin PtSe<sub>2</sub> has a variable bandgap in the mid-infrared via layer and defect engineering. Here, we show that bilayer PtSe<sub>2</sub> combined with defects modulation possesses strong light absorption in the mid-infrared region, and we realize a mid-infrared photoconductive detector operating in a broadband mid-infrared range. Our results pave the way for atomically thin 2D noble metal dichalcogenides to be employed in high-performance mid-infrared optoelectronic devices.
Biosynthesis and characterization of poly (γ-glutamic acid) (1994)

Poly (γ-glutamic acid) (PGA) production in Bacillus subtilis IF03335 was studied. When citric acid as a carbon source was added in a glutamic acid medium containing L-glutamic acid and ammonium sulfate, a large amount of PGA without a by-product such as a polysaccharide was produced. The time courses of cell growth, PGA, glutamic acid, and citric acid concentrations during cultivation were investigated. It was found that glutamic acid added in the medium was apparently not assimilated. It can be presumed that the glutamic acid unit in PGA is mainly produced from citric acid and ammonium sulfate. The yield of PGA determined by gel permeation chromatography reached approximately 20 g per liter. This yield was the highest value for the PGA production by B. subtilis IF03335, suggesting that B. subtilis IF03335 was a bacterium which could produce PGA effectively. PGA hydrogels have been prepared by means of γ-irradiation from PGA solutions. When a dosage of γ-irradiation was 2 Mrad or more and a concentration of PGA in water was 2 wt% or more, transparent hydrogels could be produced. In the case of 2 Mrad of γ-irradiation and 5 wt% of PGA concentration, specific water content (wt. of water/wt. of polymer) of this PGA hydrogel was approximately 3500. Swelling equilibria of PGA hydrogels were measured in water and in aqueous solutions with various pHs and concentrations of NaCl and CaCl2. In the case of acid conditions or addition of electrolyte, degrees of swelling of PGA hydrogels were smaller than that in distilled water.
Avian rotavirus enteritis – an updated review (2015)

Rotaviruses (RVs) are among the leading causes of enteritis and diarrhea in a number of mammalian and avian species, and impose colossal loss to livestock and poultry industry globally. Subsequent to detection of rotavirus in mammalian hosts in 1973, avian rotavirus (AvRV) was first reported in turkey poults in USA during 1977 and since then RVs of group A (RVA), D (RVD), F (RVF) and G (RVG) have been identified around the globe. Besides RVA, other AvRV groups (RVD, RVF and RVG) may also contribute to disease. However, their significance has yet to be unraveled. Under field conditions, co-infection of AvRVs occurs with other infectious agents such as astroviruses, enteroviruses, reoviruses, paramyxovirus, adenovirus, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, cryptosporidium and Eimeria species prospering severity of disease outcome. Birds surviving to RV disease predominantly succumb to secondary bacterial infections, mostly E. coli and Salmonella spp. Recent developments in molecular tools including state-of-the-art diagnostics and vaccine development have led to advances in our understanding towards AvRVs. Development of new generation vaccines using immunogenic antigens of AvRV has to be explored and given due importance. Till now, no effective vaccines are available. Although specific as well as sensitive approaches are available to identify and characterize AvRVs, there is still need to have point-of-care detection assays to review disease burden, contemplate new directions for adopting vaccination and follow improvements in public health measures. This review discusses AvRVs, their epidemiology, pathology and pathogenesis, immunity, recent trends in diagnostics, vaccines, therapeutics as well as appropriate prevention and control strategies.
Histogram Analysis of MR Imaging–Derived Cerebral Blood Volume Maps: Combined Glioma Grading and Identification of Low-Grade Oligodendroglial Subtypes (2008)

With histology as a reference, our results suggest that histogram analysis of MR imaging-derived rCBV maps can differentiate HGGs from LGGs as well as low-grade oligodendroglial subtypes with high interobserver agreement. Also, the method was able to identify low-grade oligodendroglial tumors without LOH on 1p/19q in a population of patients with astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors.
New 2,2′‐Substituted 4,4′‐Dimethoxy‐6,6′‐dimethyl[1,1′‐biphenyls], Inducing a Strong Helical Twisting Power in Liquid Crystals (2004)

Based on the stabilisation of the molecular motion by the chiral residue, novel optically active biphenylic chiral dopants for nematic liquid crystals were developed. This molecular congestion was obtained by introducing mesogenic residues on the 2,2'-positions of the chiral biphenyl; this led to a novel molecular architecture that was found to be efficient. The synthesised optically active biphenyls were characterised with very short cholesteric pitches when used as chiral dopants in nematic liquid crystals. The synthesis of the enatiomerically pure biphenyl dopants and their preliminary physicochemical characterisations are described.
EXPRESSION OF FLOTILLIN-1 ON EIMERIA TENELLA SPOROZOITES AND ITS ROLE IN HOST CELL INVASION (2007)

Lipid rafts are detergent-resistant, liquid-ordered microdomains in plasma membranes that are enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids and involved in intracellular signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and molecular sorting. In this study, we investigated the possibility that lipid rafts on Eimeria tenella sporozoites may act as platforms for host cell invasion. Flotillin-1, a resident protein of lipid rafts, was identified on E. tenella sporozoites and was prominently expressed at the apex of the cells, a region mediating host cell invasion. Pretreatment of sporozoites with antibody against flotillin-1 blocked parasite invasion. Furthermore, the anticoccidial drug, monensin, disrupted the localization of flotillin-1 within raft structures resulting in loss of invasion. We conclude that Eimeria sporozoites utilize lipid rafts containing flotillin-1 for internalization into host cells.
A Mathematical Model of Hemorrhagic Shock: The Future of Trauma Triage (2002)

Trauma scores have attempted for decades to identify individuals likely to survive a traumatic insult. However, current systems are limited because they do not account for the complex physiologic mechanisms that unfold after a traumatic event. This article describes a new technique in trauma scoring that models these interdependent mechanisms and thereby seeks to predict the patient's ultimate short-term outcome and survival time based on the severity of the traumatic insult. This model uses three parameters in a system of ordinary differential equations to make this prediction: mean arterial pressure, neurologic function, and systemic acidosis/base deficit. This study demonstrates the accuracy of this model compared with known survival time data from previous animal studies. This model represents a new prognostic tool that can easily be integrated into a computer software package designed to facilitate quick and accurate triage decisions.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and α‐Melanocyte‐Stimulating Hormone Induce Secretion and Protein Phosphorylation in the Rat Lacrimal Gland by Activation of a cAMP‐Dependent Pathway (1982)

In the present study a cAMP‐dependent pathway leading to exocytosis in the rat lacrimal gland was investigated in detail. Using a lobule system in vitro , adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin) and α‐melano‐cyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐melanotropin) stimulated protein discharge almost equally effective as dibutyryl‐adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate (Bt 2 cAMP) and 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine but less potent than carbamoyl‐choline. Maximal stimulation was obtained at a hormone concentration of 20 nM for both peptides indicating that the active sequence is part of the first 13 amino acids of the corticotropin molecule. 3‐Isobutyl‐1‐methyl‐xanthine (40 μM) potentiated the effect of corticotropin on secretion. In contrast to the action of carbamoyl‐choline, corticotropin‐induced protein discharge was not inhibited by omission of Ca 2+ ions from the incubation medium. The tissue content of cAMP was not significantly affected, by corticotropin or 40 μM 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methyl‐xanthine. However, a combination of both agonists led to a rapid 2.5–5‐fold increase of the tissue cAMP level in vitro. Adenylate cyclase activity of a lacrimal membrane fraction was effectively stimulated by corticotropin as well as by α‐melanotropin. The following hormones and neurotransmitters were ineffective with respect to induction of secretion or activation of adenylate cyclase: isoproterenol (20 μM), dopamine (10 μM), secretin (0.1 μM) glucagon (10 nM), vasoactive intestinal peptide (0.1 μM), substance P (0.1 μM), pancreozymin (0.1 μM) and methioninenkephalin (0.1 μM). Corticotropin, α‐melanotropin, Bt 2 cAMP and 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxan thine induced the phosphorylation of three membrane‐bound proteins ( M r 35000, 26000 and 20000) which corresponded almost exactly to the EC‐protein and the proteins II and III respectively described previously for the parotid gland [Jahn, R., Unger, C. and Söling, H.D. (1980) Eur. J. Biochem. 112 , 345–352]. In accordance with an earlier report [Jahn, R. and Soling, H.D. (1981) FEBS Lett. 131 , 28–30] proteins II and III were not phosphorylated during cholinergic stimulation. The combination of submaximal concentrations of agonists acting via the same or via different mechanisms resulted in an additive enhancement of secretion as well as of phosphorylation of the EC‐protein.
Differential effects of inhaled nitric oxide and hyperoxia on pulmonary dysfunction in newborn guinea pigs (2000)

This study tested the hypothesis that inhaled nitric oxide (NO) and combined NO and hyperoxia will result in less pulmonary dysfunction and delay onset of respiratory signs compared with hyperoxia-exposed newborn guinea pigs (GPs). GPs were exposed to room air (n = 14), 95% O(2) (n = 36), 20 parts per million (ppm) NO (n = 14), or combined 20 ppm NO and 95% O(2) (NO/O(2), n = 13) for up to 5 days. Data evaluated included latency interval for onset of respiratory distress, pressure volume curves, lung histology, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), proteolytic activity, and total protein. NO-exposed GPs did not develop respiratory distress and had no evidence of pulmonary dysfunction. O(2)-exposed GPs developed respiratory distress after 1-5 days (median 4.0) vs. 3-5 days (median 5.0) for NO/O(2) exposure (P < 0.05). BAL from O(2)-exposed GPs showed increased PMNs compared with NO/O(2)-exposed GPs. O(2)- and NO/O(2)-exposed GPs had comparable reduced lung volumes, lung histology, and increased BAL proteinase activity and total protein. In summary 1) O(2) exposure resulted in multiple measures of pulmonary dysfunction in newborn GPs, 2) 5-day exposure to NO produced no noticeable respiratory effects and pulmonary dysfunction, and 3) short-term exposure (</=5 days) to NO/O(2) delayed onset of respiratory distress and neither exacerbated nor attenuated pulmonary dysfunction compared with O(2) exposure alone.
Using an Analytical Model of Shared Caches for Selecting the Optimal Parallelization Scheme (2012)

Multicores are now the norm. Their cache hierarchy has often a last level shared cache. The performance of this shared cache during the execution of multithreaded applications depends on the parallelization scheme followed. For example, critical parameters for the performance of parallelized loops are the number of threads and the block size. The selection of the optimal scheme in a compiler can be guided using heuristics or the execution time. Heuristics can be imprecise, while an execution time guided search is very time-consuming. This paper shows the usage of an analytical model to predict the cache behavior of shared caches during the execution of multithreaded applications that have been parallelized at loop level. The model predicts the number of misses generated by a given code when different number of threads or block sizes are used. The execution time of the codes analyzed is highly correlated to the number of misses generated in the shared cache, thus, the prediction of the model is a powerful tool to select the best parallelization scheme for them.