gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural and Chemical Characterization of Layered Li<sub>1</sub><sub>-</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>Ni<sub>1-</sub><i><sub>y</sub></i>Mn<i><sub>y</sub></i>O<sub>2</sub><sub>-</sub><sub>δ</sub> (<i>y</i> = 0.25 and 0.5, and 0 ≤ (1 − <i>x</i>) ≤ 1) Oxides (2003)

Lithium has been chemically extracted from the O3-type layered LiNi1-yMnyO2 (y = 0.25 and 0.5) oxides with the oxidizer NO2BF4 in acetonitrile medium, and the products Li1-xNi1-yMnyO2 (0 ≤ (1 − x) ≤ 1) have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, redox titrations, and infrared spectroscopy. Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction data indicates that the Li1-xNi0.5Mn0.5O2-δ system maintains the parent O3-type structure without the formation of any new phases for the entire lithium content 0 ≤ (1 − x) ≤ 1. In contrast, the Li1-xNi0.75Mn0.25O2-δ system begins to form a new O3‘ phase with a smaller c parameter for (1 − x) < 0.29, a two-phase region consisting of O3 and O3‘ phases for 0 < (1 − x) < 0.29, and a single phase O3‘ phase for x = 0. Wet-chemical redox titration analysis indicates that the y = 0.5 system has a greater tendency to lose oxygen from the lattice than the x = 0.25 sample due to a greater overlap of the metal:3d band with top of the O2-:2p band, which is consistent with the observed voltage profiles. Nevertheless, both the systems remain as semiconductors for the entire 0 ≤ (1 − x) ≤ 1. The results are compared with those found before for the Li1-xCoO2-δ and Li1-xNi0.85Co0.15O2-δ systems.
Evaluation of Fibrinolytic Capacity in Plasma during Thrombolytic Therapy with Single (scu-PA) or Two-chain Urokinase Type Plasminogen Activator (tcu-PA) by a Combined Assay System for Urokinase Type Plasminogen Activator Antigen and Function (1989)

A combined assay for urokinase type plasminogen activator (u-PA) activity and antigen determination in plasma samples is described. This assay is based on binding of u-PA to an antibody immobilized on a microtiter plate followed by determination of the enzymatic activity of the bound u-PA. Thereafter bound u-PA antigen can be quantified by means of a specific peroxidase labelled monoclonal antibody against u-PA. By use of this assay system u-PA activity and antigen can be determined with lower detection limits of 0.08 IU/ml and 1.0 ng/ml, respectively, and intraassay as well as interassay coefficients of variation of 10% and 12% for activity and 5% and 7% for antigen determinations, respectively. Normal plasma levels of u-PA antigen could be determined to be 1.88 ng/ml +/- 0.61. Furthermore, this assay system allows specific quantification of u-PA antigen and activity during thrombolytic therapy.
Nano Processing Strategies for MR Sensor Read Width and Stripe Height Formation (2006)

As the areal density of magnetic recording increases well beyond 100 Gb/in <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$^2$</tex> , the critical dimensions of recording heads continue to shrink at a rate of 15%–30% per year. Read sensors with 100 nm physical read widths are being routinely fabricated using undercut resist images and solvent-based liftoff processes. However, because standard liftoff processes using undercut photoresist images have reached their limits and cannot be performed reliably below 100 nm, sensor stabilization with a hard magnet contiguous junction is compromised because of induced variations in junction profile and hard magnet geometry. Furthermore, poor liftoff can induce fencing and excessive read gap topography leading to side reading and poor sensor performance. An alternative sensor patterning approach is proposed based on chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) and no-undercut resist images to define the read sensors critical dimensions. Ultra-narrow giant magnetoresistive (GMR) read heads have been successfully fabricated with physical read widths in the 20–80 nm range and using various sensor designs: Current in-plane (CIP) GMR, current perpendicular to the plane (CPP) GMR, and CPP tunnel magnetoresistive (CPP-TMR) sensors.
Addressing Confounding Factors in the Study of Working Memory in Aphasia: Empirical Evaluation of Modified Tasks and Measures (2009)

We demonstrated, using a transient transfection assay, that the albumin enhancer increased the expression of the albumin promoter in a highly differentiated, simian virus 40 (SV40)-immortalized hepatocyte cell line, CWSV1, but was not functional in two ras-transformed cell lines (NR3 and NR4) derived from CWSV1 by stable transfection with the T24ras oncogene. A transient cotransfection assay showed that T24ras and normal c-Ha-ras were each able to inhibit the activity of the albumin enhancer in an immortal hepatocyte cell line. DNase I footprinting and gel mobility shift assays demonstrated that the DNA binding activities specific to the albumin enhancer were not decreased in the ras-transformed cells. ras also did not diminish the expression of HNF1 alpha, C/EBP alpha, HNF3 alpha, HNF3 beta, or HNF3 gamma but did significantly increase AP-1 binding activity. Three AP-1 binding sites were identified within the albumin enhancer, and DNA binding activities specific to these AP-1 sites were induced in the ras-transformed hepatocytes. Subsequent functional assays showed that overexpression of c-jun and c-fos inhibited the activity of the albumin enhancer. Site-directed mutagenesis of the AP-1 binding sites in the albumin enhancer partially abrogated the suppressing effect of ras and c-jun/c-fos on the enhancer. These functional studies therefore supported the results of the structural studies with AP-1. We conclude that the activity of the albumin enhancer is subject to regulation by ras signaling pathways and that the effect of ras on the albumin enhancer activity may be mediated by AP-1.
Primary Synchronization Signal in E-UTRA (2008)

We describe the signal design for primary synchronization channel adopted for E-UTRA cellular system. By designing the signal to be centrally symmetric in the time-domain, the symmetric samples can be added prior to multiplication with the replica sample, thereby saving one multiplication per two received samples. Furthermore, a pair of centrally symmetric P-SCH signals can be generated such that one signal is a complex conjugated version of the other signal. The multiplication complexity of detecting both these signals can be reduced to that of just one of the signals.
Controlled shaping of photonic nanojets using core shell microspheres (2015)

Photonic nanojet (PNJ), the sub wavelength confinement of light by dielectric microspheres is finding applications in nanoscale imaging, spectroscopy and nano lithography. These applications require control over the length and lateral dimension of the nanojets. In the paper we present the results of numerical simulation to show that a core shell microspheres can be used to generate photonic nanojet with controllable length and confinement by varying the relative refractive index of the microspheres and the separation between the core and shell centers. We show that a length of up to 27λ can be achieved when the core microsphere has lower refractive index than the shell and lateral dimensions down to λ/3 with core microsphere having higher refractive index.
Clean Choices: Acting Exercises to Do with Your Students. (1995)

Aged donkeys have a high prevalence of dental disorders especially of CT diastemata. Dental disorders and, in particular, the presence of CT diastemata were significantly associated with colic. Routine, prophylactic dental treatments should be performed, especially in aged donkeys.
An Examination Of The Application Of Expert Systems In Unmanned Untethered submersibles (1983)

An investigation is underway into the role of expert systems for the adaptive guidance and control of unmanned untetheted submersible vehicles. The emphasis is on understanding the potentials and problems of using expert systems that are time constrained. The expert system has evolved as a competent method of solving relatively complex problems. The bulk of successful approaches, however, seek to determine cause, or conversely consequence, through the manipulation of a mass of knowledge. The "expert" consists of a set of decision rules that represent the sum judgment of a human Unfortunately, the underwater automation encountering a hazard miles from home can not seek a time consuming diagnosis. It must establish an optimal response when presented with an unexpected event that is often ill defined. Little emphasis has been placed on expert systems that deal with time explicitly. The untethered vehicle, however, must constantly react to external and internal events, must perform high speed data acquisition, and must provide control under very severe time constraints. A solution to this problem will permit intelligent systems to achieve much in the ocean. This paper describes some of the problems and approaches associated with applying time constrained expert system technology to guide an autonomous vehicle relaibly through its mission goals.
Study of PVC degradation using a fast computer scanning procedure (2001)

Abstract A computer scanning procedure for the determination of total double‐bond concentration resulting from PVC degradation is described. It is fast, fully automated, and has a very high sensitivity (5 ppm of degraded monomer units). This high sensitivity makes possible the monitoring of discoloration on a very small surface and generates very large amounts of experimental data allowing corrections for inhomogeneities and surface irregularities. The measured extinctions (E rgb ) correlate with the concentrations of double bonds and allow the estimation of degradation rates. The measuring of stabilization times and the reaction rates of stabilizers with allylic chlorides and HCI offers the capability to optimize the PVC stabilization.
Phase-Correlated Nondirectional Laser Emission from the End Facets of a ZnO Nanowire (2006)

We investigated the laser emission from individual ZnO nanowires and observed an interference pattern due to coherent laser emission from the wire end facets. Comparison with numerical simulations shows that the laser light is emitted nearly spherically from the wire ends. The energy spacing between sharp lasing modes scales with the inverse length of the nanowire; thus, laser emission peaks correspond to Fabry-Pérot modes of the nanowire cavity.
Experimental and theoretical studies of a DR loaded helical antenna (2002)

A DR loaded helical antenna was studied both experimentally and theoretically. The DR was made as a cylindrical core and placed inside the helix. Particular interest was paid to the effect of the positioning of the DR core along the helix. In other words, we moved, instead of fixed, the DR core inside of the helix. We found that when the DR core was moving further and further away from the ground plane, the gain of the resulting antenna was increasing while the bandwidth and the input impedance were less affected. We used a multiple equivalent current sources technique to simulate the presence of the DR core. This removes the error in using an infinite structure approximation. The current distribution along the helix and the radiation patterns were then calculated.
Differential irritant skin responses to tandem application of topical retinoic acid and sodium lauryl sulphate: II. Effect of time between first and second exposure (1997)

In clinical practice, the cutaneous exposure to chemical irritants such as surfactants and topical drugs is frequent. Topical all-trans retinoic acid (RA) is often associated with irritation and induces epidermal changes similar to those produced by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). Using bioengineering techniques, e.g. assessing transepidermal water loss (TEWL), capacitance and chromametry, we investigated the variations of the skin response to SLS and RA and to both chemicals applied sequentially, allowing different time periods (from 1 h to 2 weeks) between applications of SLS and RA. Both chemicals caused irritation as assessed by visual scoring, but the values from the objective variables differed at different time periods. TEWL increased dramatically shortly after applying SLS but the increase was delayed after RA. After applying SLS, the capacitance generally decreased then returned to basal values; treatment with RA produced an overall increase. Only the results from chromametry were similar. After tandem application, the drugs were synergistic for all variables except capacitance, showing an antagonistic interaction for skin hydration. These results suggest that non-specific skin irritation profoundly reflects different mechanisms of action at tissue level. With sequential application, SLS injury modified the response to RA for at least 1 week after applying SLS. These late effects of detergents should be considered when studying irritant chemical interactions and in developing strategies for the management of occupational and other irritant dermatitis.
An estimate of referent of noun phrases in Japanese sentences (1998)

In machine translation and man-machine dialogue, it is important to clarify referents of noun phrases. We present a method for determining the referents of noun phrases in Japanese sentences by using the referential properties, modifiers, and possessors 1 of noun phrases. Since the Japanese language has no articles, it is difficult to decide whether a noun phrase has an antecedent or not. We had previously estimated the referential properties of noun phrases that correspond to articles by using clue words in the sentences (Murata and Nagao 1993). By using these referential properties, our system determined the referents of noun phrases in Japanese sentences. Furthermore we used the modifiers and possessors of noun phrases in determining the referents of noun phrases. As a result, on training sentences we obtained a precision rate of 82% and a recall rate of 85% in the determination of the referents of noun phrases that have antecedents. On test sentences, we obtained a precision rate of 79% and a recall rate of 77%. 1
The Use of Bioluminescence to Evaluate the Influence of Chemotherapeutic Drugs on ATP-Levels of Malignant Cell Lines (1986)

Influence of various cytostatic agents on intracellular ATP concentrations of malignant cell lines was studied. The HL-60 promyelocytic cell line, the SW-480 cell line, derived from an adenocarcinoma of the colon and the SW-620 cell line, derived from a lymphonodal metastasis of the colon carcinoma, were investigated. Cell lines were incubated with cytostatic agents and changes in intracellular ATP concentrations were measured after various incubation times by means of bioluminescence. A marked fall in intracellular ATP concentrations was observed, when HL-60 cells were incubated with drugs used in clinical protocols for treatment of acute leukaemia (daunorubicin, vinblastine, vincristine), whereas only a slight decrease of ATP concentrations was measured after incubation with bleomycin, dacarbazin and prednisolone. The decrease in intracellular ATP concentrations of SW-480 and SW-620 cells was much less pronounced after incubation with cytostatic agents compared to the HL-60 cells. This is in accordance with the clinical experience of the known resistance of colon carcinoma against cytostatic agents. Dose-response curves were obtained for the single cytostatic agents. Comparison of intracellular ATP concentrations and cell viability as determined by the trypan blue and eosin dye exclusion test showed that the trypan blue dye exclusion test underestimated cell kill compared to the eosin dye exclusion test and the bioluminescence assay.
Templating Mesoporous Zeolites (2007)

The application of templating methods to produce zeolite materials with hierarchical bi- or trimodal pore size distributions is reviewed with emphasis on mesoporous materials. Hierarchical zeolite materials are categorized into three distinctly different types of materials: hierarchical zeolite crystals, nanosized zeolite crystals, and supported zeolite crystals. For the pure zeolite materials in the first two categories, the additional meso- or macroporosity can be classified as being either intracrystalline or intercrystalline, whereas for supported zeolite materials, the additional porosity originates almost exclusively from the support material. The methods for introducing mesopores into zeolite materials are discussed and categorized. In general, mesopores can be templated in zeolite materials by use of solid templating, supramolecular templating, or indirect templating. In this categorization of templating methods, the nature of the interface between the zeolite crystal and the mesopore exactly when the mesopore starts to form is emphasized. In solid templating, the zeolite crystal is in intimate contact with a solid material that is being removed to produce the mesoporosity. Similarly, in supramolecular templating, the zeolite crystal is in direct contact with a supramolecular assembly of organized surfactants, which is removed to generate the mesopores. On the other hand, in the indirect templating method, the interface is between the zeolite crystal and solvent molecules, or possibly a gas phase. It is shown that the available templating approaches are quite versatile, and accordingly, it is possible to produce a very wide range of hierarchical zeolite materials. The resulting zeolite materials, featuring noncrystallographic mesopores in addition to the crystallographic micropores, exhibit significantly enhanced diffusional properties in comparison with purely microporous zeolite materials. These enhanced mass transport properties have been shown in several cases to result in significantly improved catalytic properties in a range of important reactions.
Soccer in Brazil: an introduction (2013)

One of the first ideas that come to the mind of most non-Brazilians when talking about Brazil is soccer. The country is home to some of the best-known players in the sport, such as Pele, Garrincha ...
Molecular cloning of the Streptococcus mutans gene specifying antigen A (1989)

A gene encoding a Streptococcus mutans surface protein antigen has been isolated from a strain GS-5 gene bank constructed via the Streptococcus-Escherichia coli shuttle vector pSA3. This E. coli recombinant clone, designated 4B2, expressed S. mutans proteins, as shown by Western immunoblot analysis with a specific rabbit antibody to S. mutans surface antigens. Three bands were observed, including a 52-kilodalton (kDa) protein (pI 5.7), a 29-kDa protein (pI 4.2), and a 20-kDa protein usually present in lower amounts. The 52- and 29-kDa proteins both reacted with a monoclonal antibody to S. mutans antigen A, a 29-kDa protein which has been characterized and used as a vaccine for the prevention of induced caries in rodents and monkeys. The 52-kDa protein, but not the 29-kDa protein, showed a capacity to bind to a broad number of carbohydrate polymers. The results from this study suggest that the recombinant 4B2 clone specifies a 52-kDa protein which is a precursor to the 29-kDa antigen A.
New dimensions in endodontic imaging: Part 2. Cone beam computed tomography (2009)

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been specifically designed to produce undistorted three-dimensional information of the maxillofacial skeleton, including the teeth and their surrounding tissues with a significantly lower effective radiation dose compared with conventional computed tomography (CT). Periapical disease may be detected sooner using CBCT compared with periapical views and the true size, extent, nature and position of periapical and resorptive lesions can be assessed. Root fractures, root canal anatomy and the nature of the alveolar bone topography around teeth may be assessed. The aim of this paper is to review current literature on the applications and limitations of CBCT in the management of endodontic problems.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy: High-resolution melting curve analysis as an affordable diagnostic mutation scanning tool in a South African cohort (2014)

These findings identify hrMCA as an affordable and effective mutation scanning tool for incorporation into the local diagnostic setting, allowing for better genetic counselling of more DMD families and selection of potential candidates for future therapies.
The effect of glucose on the potency of two distinct glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors (2002)

Two distinct glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors, 5-chloro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-piperidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl]amide (CP-320,626) and 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-D-arabinitol (DAB), were characterized in vitro with respect to the influence of glucose on their potencies. CP-320,626 has previously been shown to bind to a newly characterized indole site, whereas DAB seems to act as a glucose analogue, but with slightly different properties from those of glucose. When analysed in pig liver glycogen phosphorylase a (GPa) activity assays, the two inhibitors showed very different properties. When GPa activity was measured in the physiological direction (glycogenolysis), DAB was the most potent inhibitor with an IC(50) value of 740+/-9 nM compared with the IC(50) value for CP-320-626 of 2.39+/-0.37 microM. There was no effect of glucose on the inhibitory properties of DAB, whereas a glucose analogue N-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine (1-GlcNAc) antagonized the effect of DAB. Likewise, there was no synergistic effect of CP-320,626 and glucose, whereas CP-320,626 and 1-GlcNAc inhibited GPa in synergy. Moreover, the synergistic effect of glucose and CP-320,626 was GPa-isoform-specific, since CP-320,626 and glucose inhibited rabbit muscle GPa in synergy when the GPa activity was measured towards glycogenolysis. When GPa activity was measured towards glycogen synthesis, CP-320,626 showed a synergistic effect with glucose, whereas the effect of DAB was slightly antagonized by glucose in this assay direction. Caffeine was included in the investigation as a control GP inhibitor, and both glucose and 1-GlcNAc potentiated the effect of caffeine independent of the assay direction. In primary cultured rat hepatocytes 1-GlcNAc and CP-320,626 inhibited basal and glucagon-induced glycogenolysis in synergy, whereas the ability of DAB to inhibit basal or glucagon-induced glycogenolysis was unaltered by 1-GlcNAc. Glucose had no effect on either CP-320,626 or DAB inhibition of glycogenolysis in cultured rat hepatocytes. In conclusion, the present study shows that the two GP inhibitors are kinetically very distinct and neither of the inhibitors demonstrates a physiologically relevant glucose dependence in vitro.