gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>Dialysis Research</i>: Surface‐Area‐Normalized <i>Kt</i>/<i>V</i>: A Method of Rescaling Dialysis Dose to Body Surface Area—Implications for Different‐Size Patients by Gender (2008)

Dialysis is measured as Kt/V, which scales the dose (Kt) to body water content (V). Scaling dialysis dose to body surface area (S(dub)) has been advocated, but the implications of such rescaling have not been examined. We developed a method of rescaling measured Kt/V to S(dub) and studied the effect of such alternative scaling on the minimum adequacy values that might then be applied in male and female patients of varying body size. We examined anthropometric estimates of V and S (Watson vs. Dubois estimates) in 1765 patients enrolled in the HEMO study after excluding patients with amputations. An S-normalized target stdKt/V was defined, and an adequacy ratio (R) was computed for each patient as R = D/N where D = delivered stdKt/V (calculated using the Gotch-Leypoldt equation for stdKt/V) and N = the S-normalized minimum target value. In the HEMO data set, we determined the extent to which baseline (prerandomization) stdKt/V values would have exceeded such an S-based minimum target stdKt/V. The median V(wat):S(dub) ratios were significantly higher in men (21.34) than in women (18.50). The average of these (20) was used to normalize the current suggested minimally adequate value (stdKt/V > or = 2.0/week) to the S-normalized target value (stdKt/S > or = 40 L/M(2)), assuming that average modeled V = average anthropometric V. To achieve this S-normalized target, the required single-pool (sp) Kt/V was always higher in women than in men at any level of body size. For small patients (V(wat) = 25L), required stdKt/V values were 2.05 and 2.21/week for men and women, respectively, corresponding to spKt/V values of 1.31 and 1.52/session. On the other hand, large (V(wat) = 50L) male patients would need spKt/V values of only 1.0/session. Prerandomization baseline dialysis sessions in the HEMO study were found to meet such a new S-based standard in almost all (766/773) men and in 885/992 women. An analysis of scaling dose to anthropometrically estimated liver size (L) showed similar gender ratios for V(wat):L and V(wat):S(dub), providing a potential physiologic explanation underpinning S-based scaling. S-based scaling of the dialysis dose would require considerably higher doses in small patients and in women, and would allow somewhat lower doses in larger male patients. Current dialysis practice would largely meet such an S-based adequacy standard if the dose were normalized to a V(wat):S(dub) ratio of 20.
Integrated screen printed capacitors in a GaN DC-DC converter allowing double side cooling (2014)

Modern power electronics is focused on highly efficient, compact and cost-effective converters. In this paper, gallium nitride (GaN) transistors, multicell topology and integrated capacitors are combined to achieve these objectives. The first results of a 48V-to-5V DC/DC 3-level converter using integrated screen printed capacitors are presented. The power board is designed by assembling a ceramic substrate, with integrated capacitors using a Kapton® film as an insulation layer, and a multilayer PCB substrate for the active components. The integrated screen-printed capacitors technique and the proposed power board assembly allow double side cooling of the power semiconductors.
Characterization of a new chimeric marker vaccine candidate with a mutated antigenic E2-epitope (2009)

A new chimeric pestivirus "CP7_E1E2alf_TLA", based on the infectious cDNA of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strain CP7, was constructed. The substitution of BVDV E1 and E2 with the respective proteins of classical swine fever (CSF) strain Alfort 187 allows an optimal heterodimerization of E1 and E2 in the chimeric virus, which is beneficial for efficient and authentic virus assembly and growth. In addition, for implementation of E2-based marker diagnostics, the previously described antigenic CSFV-specific TAVSPTTLR epitope was exchanged with the corresponding E2-epitope of BVDV strain CP7. Recombinant virus CP7_E1E2alf_TLA displayed a growth defect, and was not reacting with monoclonal antibodies used in commercial E2 antibody blocking ELISAs. Therefore, efficacy as well as marker properties of CP7_E1E2alf_TLA were investigated in an animal experiment with both a high dose and a low dose vaccine preparation. All CP7_E1E2alf_TLA-vaccinated animals seroconverted until day 28 post-vaccination with neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, at the day of challenge infection CP7_E1E2alf_TLA-immunized animals showed distinct lower ELISA values in a commercial CSFV E2 antibody test in comparison to the C-strain vaccinated controls. However, E2-ELISA reactivity as well as neutralizing titers were directly connected to the dosage used for vaccination, and only the low dose group had E2-ELISA values below threshold until challenge infection. Following challenge infection with highly virulent CSFV strain Koslov, all vaccinees were protected, however, short-term fever episodes and very limited CSFV genome detection with very low copy numbers could be observed. In conclusion, manipulation of the TAVSPTTLR-epitope within the tested chimeric virus resulted in an slightly reduced efficacy, but the E2 marker properties unexpectedly did not allow a clear differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals in some cases.
Low-Temperature Fabrication of TiO<sub>2</sub> Necking Electrode by Sol–Gel Method and its Application to Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (2006)

The low-temperature fabrication of TiO 2 electrodes for use in a dye-sensitized solar cell was studied. The use of the sol–gel necking method with a Ti–precursor solution added to a paste including TiO 2 nano particles resulted in a high-performance TiO 2 electrode. A solar cell using the electrode showed a high efficiency of almost 2%, even when sintered at 200 °C. The improvement in the efficiency was due to the increase in photocurrent of the cell. Increasing the specific surface area of the TiO 2 electrode sintered at around 200 °C was corresponded to an increase in the number of micropores. However, it did not contribute to the increase in the amount of adsorbed dye nor did it improve photocurrent. Rather, the crystallization of the added Ti–precursor solution and subsequent increase in conductivity of the TiO 2 electrode improved photocurrent. The phase transition temperature of the Ti–precursor solution from amorphous to anatase was detected at 331 °C by differential thermal analysis (DTA) measurement. To fabricate the TiO 2 electrode for use in a high-performance solar cell at lower temperatures, the control of crystallization is required.
DNA polymerase II is encoded by the DNA damage-inducible dinA gene of Escherichia coli. (1990)

The structural gene for DNA polymerase II was cloned by using a synthetic inosine-containing oligonucleotide probe corresponding to 11 amino acids, which were determined by sequencing the amino terminus of the purified protein. The labeled oligonucleotide hybridized specifically to the lambda clone 7H9 from the Kohara collection as well as to plasmid pGW511 containing the SOS-regulated dinA gene. Approximately 1400 base pairs of dinA sequence were determined. The predicted amino-terminal sequence of dinA demonstrated that this gene encoded DNA polymerase II. Sequence analysis of the upstream region localized a LexA binding site overlapping the -35 region of the dinA promoter, and this promoter element was found to be only two nucleotides downstream from the 3' end of the araD gene. These results demonstrate that the gene order is thr-dinA (pol II)-ara-leu on the Escherichia coli chromosome and that the DNA polymerase II structural gene is transcribed in the same direction as the araBAD operon. Based on the analysis of the predicted protein, we have identified a sequence motif Asp-Xaa-Xaa-Ser-Leu-Tyr-Pro-Ser in DNA polymerase II that is highly conserved among a diverse group of DNA polymerases, which include those from humans, yeast, Herpes and vaccinia viruses, and phages T4 and PRD1. The demonstration that DNA polymerase II is a component of the SOS response in E. coli suggests that it plays an important role in DNA repair and/or mutagenesis.
A 530-600 GHz silicon micro-machined integrated receiver using GaAs MMIC membrane planar Schottky diodes (2010)

We present here a novel integrated receiver architecture called Radiometer-On-a-Chip (ROC) that uses a combination of MMIC amplifier, GaAs Schottky multiplier and mixer devices and silicon micro-machining techniques. The novel stacking of micro-machined silicon wafers allows for the 3-dimensional integration of the W-band power amplifier, a 280 GHz tripler and a 560 GHz sub-harmonic mixer in an extremely compact package. Preliminary results give a DSB mixer noise temperature of 4860 K and DSB mixer conversion losses of 12.15 dB at 542 GHz. Instantaneous 3 dB RF bandwidth extends from 525 to 585 GHz. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an all integrated silicon micro-machined receiver front-end at these frequencies.
Immunohistochemical study of metastatic brain tumors with astroprotein (GFAP), a glia-specific protein (1985)

Tissues from 12 metastatic tumors of the brain were studied immunohistochemically with an antiserum to a glia-specific protein, astroprotein (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP). Emphasis was laid on demonstrating the tissue architecture of metastatic lesions incorporating brain-derived components (astrocytes and glial fibers). Of 12 samples, 11 manifested a number of irregular indentations at the tumor surface. These indentations, which contained astrocytic elements, extended into the tumor tissue in a tapering fashion. In seven cases, the deeper stromal portions of the tumor also contained astroprotein (GFAP)-positive elements. The presence of this glia-specific protein suggests that the stroma of the tumor tissue may in part be derived from preexisting brain tissue. This peculiar tissue architecture of the tumor supports the hypothesis that some of the blood vessels that are located in the stroma of the tumor tissue are also derived from the brain. These observations may be important in understanding the partial preservation of the blood-brain barrier in metastatic brain tumors and the mode of growth of the metastatic lesion, and in selecting the type of chemotherapy that will be most effective in controlling this central nervous system complication of systemic malignancies.
Generation of Partially Crosslinked Expanded PP-films and -sheets (1998)

Abstract A modified concept for the generation of partially crosslinked expanded PP-films and -sheets, useable in automotive industry, is presented. The paper describes in detail an optimized formulation window for the organosilane crosslinking of the selected PP-copolymers, an adequate plant design for the realization of this innovative processing concept as well as approved process parameters. As derived from experimental studies, gel content and the amount of blowing agent seem to be the most essential parameters with regard to foam structure, foam density and cell size homogeneity.
From Either/Or to Both/And: Between The Traditional and The Modern (2020)

For native populations colonized and forcibly assimilated into the mainstream, the transformation is never complete because they remain trapped in perpetual liminality between the traditional and the modern. The resulting toll in human suffering and degradation has become commonplace, as attested by the high rates of alcoholism and violence on American Indian reservations. Yet Indians have still managed to survive, often by using their brand of humor as a weapon. Increasingly, younger generations of Native Americans are finding that it is possible to balance acculturation with cultural preservation. Navajos, in particular, have been credited with a unique ability to selectively blend the best of both worlds. In this article, I argue that adaptation has been less a matter of choice than a necessity born out of a lack of choices.
Differential expression of copper-associated and oxidative stress related proteins in a new variant of copper toxicosis in Doberman pinschers (2005)

BACKGROUND: The role of copper accumulation in the onset of hepatitis is still unclear. Therefore, we investigated a spontaneous disease model of primary copper-toxicosis in Doberman pinschers so to gain insights into the pathophysiology of copper toxicosis, namely on genes involved in copper metabolism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) defences. RESULTS: We used quantitative real-time PCR to determine differentially expressed genes within a target panel, investigating different groups ranging from copper-associated subclinical hepatitis (CASH) to a clinical chronic hepatitis with high hepatic copper concentrations (Doberman hepatitis, DH). Furthermore, a non-copper associated subclinical hepatitis group (N-CASH) with normal hepatic copper concentrations was added as a control. Most mRNA levels of proteins involved in copper binding, transport, and excretion were around control values in the N-CASH and CASH group. In contrast, many of these (including ATP7A, ATP7B, ceruloplasmin, and metallothionein) were significantly reduced in the DH group. Measurements on defences against oxidative stress showed a decrease in gene-expression of superoxide dismutase 1 and catalase in both groups with high copper. Moreover, the anti-oxidative glutathione molecule was clearly reduced in the DH group. CONCLUSION: In the DH group the expression of gene products involved in copper efflux was significantly reduced, which might explain the high hepatic copper levels in this disease. ROS defences were most likely impaired in the CASH and DH group. Overall, this study describes a new variant of primary copper toxicosis and could provide a molecular basis for equating future treatments in dog and in man.
Sterically Stabilized Liposomes: Physical and Biological Properties (1994)

Advanced liposomal therapeutics has been attained by liposome surface modification, initially with specific glycolipids and subsequently with surface-grafted PEG, reducing in vivo rapid recognition and uptake, giving prolonged blood circulation, and providing selective localization in tumors and other pathological sites, as described in recent reviews. The result is improved efficacy of encapsulated agents. The surface PEG may produce a steric barrier, as described for colloids. Reduced in vivo uptake may result from inhibition of plasma-protein adsorption, or opsonization, by the steric coating. Several physical studies support this mechanism, including electrophoretic mobility (zeta potential). Our previous results for 2000-dalton PEG indicated a coating thickness about 5 nm, in agreement with independent measurements. We report here results for 750 to 5000-dalton PEGs. The calculated coating thickness increases with molecular weight in a nonlinear fashion. The dependence of blood circulation and tissue distribution on PEG molecular weight correlates with zeta-potential estimates of PEG-coating thickness. Effects on tissue distribution are reported for liver and spleen, the major phagocytic organs. The biological properties of these liposomes depend on the surface polymer rather than the lipid bilayer, yielding important advantages for lipid-mediated control of drug interaction and release without affecting the biodistribution.
Numerical simulations of clinical focused ultrasound functional neurosurgery (2014)

A computational model utilizing grid and finite difference methods were developed to simulate focused ultrasound functional neurosurgery interventions. The model couples the propagation of ultrasound in fluids (soft tissues) and solids (skull) with acoustic and visco-elastic wave equations. The computational model was applied to simulate clinical focused ultrasound functional neurosurgery treatments performed in patients suffering from therapy resistant chronic neuropathic pain. Datasets of five patients were used to derive the treatment geometry. Eight sonications performed in the treatments were then simulated with the developed model. Computations were performed by driving the simulated phased array ultrasound transducer with the acoustic parameters used in the treatments. Resulting focal temperatures and size of the thermal foci were compared quantitatively, in addition to qualitative inspection of the simulated pressure and temperature fields. This study found that the computational model and the simulation parameters predicted an average of 24 ± 13% lower focal temperature elevations than observed in the treatments. The size of the simulated thermal focus was found to be 40 ± 13% smaller in the anterior-posterior direction and 22 ± 14% smaller in the inferior-superior direction than in the treatments. The location of the simulated thermal focus was off from the prescribed target by 0.3 ± 0.1 mm, while the peak focal temperature elevation observed in the measurements was off by 1.6 ± 0.6 mm. Although the results of the simulations suggest that there could be some inaccuracies in either the tissue parameters used, or in the simulation methods, the simulations were able to predict the focal spot locations and temperature elevations adequately for initial treatment planning performed to assess, for example, the feasibility of sonication. The accuracy of the simulations could be improved if more precise ultrasound tissue properties (especially of the skull bone) could be obtained.
Block lower multi-diagonalization for multiuser MIMO downlink (2016)

For multiuser-MIMO (MU-MIMO) downlink, the authors propose a novel precoding concept of block lower multi-diagonalization. Extending the conventional block diagonalization method, the proposed precoder for the desired user is computed to incorporate a predetermined number of interfering users. Consequently, the concept enables us to ensure extra degrees of freedom at the transmit array even after null steering in a linear MU-MIMO strategy, and also to reduce computational load at transmit precanceling in a nonlinear MU-MIMO strategy. From an implementational viewpoint, we here examine two approaches: block bi-diagonalization, allowing one interfering user, and block lower tri-diagonalization, allowing up to two interfering users. In the paper, prior to a study on practical management schemes for residual interference, we reveal the significant potential of the proposed concept through the discussion and numerical evaluation using sum-rate capacity.
Advances in dengue vaccine development (2009)

Dengue viruses are the most important arboviruses causing human disease. Expansion of the disease in recent decades to include more geographical areas of the world, an appreciation of the disease burden and market potentials have spurred a flurry of activity in the development of vaccines to combat dengue viruses. Recent progress in this area and some of the obstacles associated with this development are discussed.
번역에 있어서 효율적인 툴(tool) 사용법 - 한일사전과 인터넷 검색 - (2004)

With the advent of the IT era, it has become more frequent nowadays to use electronic dictionaries or search engines on the Internet rather than using paper dictionaries when doing translation. This is also the case of students at the Graduate School of Interpretation and Translation. Nevertheless, virtually nothing has changed in translation education from the past when ordinary dictionaries were used despite the shift in translation tools from dictionaries to search engines on the Internet. It is impossible to overlook such vast change considering the significant role dictionaries have in translation education and doing translation work. In this line, it is urgently needed to conduct research on translation tools that are fit for the current times and ways of efficiently using them.
In this research, the efficient use of tools have been studied by surveying students attending the GSIT (Eight first-year and 13 second-year students majoring in Korean-Japanese Interpretation and Translation) on what kind of tools they use and how they use them when translating three fields-IT, speech and classical literature-and analyzing the data gathered. Consequently, it has been found that using search engines on the Internet was effective and also in some areas, using electronic or paper dictionaries was enough.
Mercure: Towards an Automatic E-mail Follow-up System (2003)

This paper discusses the design and the approach we have developed in order to deal effectively with customer e-mails sent to a corporation. We first present the current state of the art and then make the point that natural language tools are needed in order to deal effectively with the rather informal style encountered in the e-mails. In our project, called Mercure, we have explored three complementary approaches: classification, case-based reasoning and question-answering.
Amino-polysiloxane hybrid materials as carbon composite electrodes for potentiometric detection of anions (2005)

Hybrid organic–inorganic polysiloxane materials functionalised with amino groups have been prepared and studied as active phases of potentiometric sensors for anion detection. The aminopolysiloxane matrix is obtained via sol–gel using 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (MAPTS) and N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AETAPTS) as alkoxysilane precursors and allowing the amino groups to act as basic catalysts for the hydrolysis and polycondensation processes at room temperature. Graphite powder was added during the synthesis process in order to obtain electronically conductive composites for the preparation of the electrochemical sensors. Acid–base properties of the amino groups in the electrode surface allow the sensors to be applied in the electrochemical detection of several anions in aqueous solution. These sensors exhibit a long-time stability, robustness and a suitable electroanalytical performance in the potentiometric detection of anions in solution.
Comparative assessment of the performance of airborne and spaceborne spectral data for monitoring surface CO2 leakages (2011)

Recent research has demonstrated the potential of high resolution airborne optical remote sensing technology for monitoring CO2 storage sites. This research shows that lower resolution spaceborne datasets can also be used. Unlike airborne data, which are normally acquired on-demand, satellite data are acquired periodically with relatively good spatial and temporal resolutions, and a much wider coverage. The detection performance for CO2 leakage related anomalies is shown to vary with the spatial and spectral resolutions of the data. This was established using an airborne hyperspectral dataset acquired over Latera, Italy, which is a natural analogue site for CO2 leakage. The data cube was systematically degraded using a Gaussian Point Spread Function (PSF), processed using an unsupervised geostatistical and probabilistic methodology and the detection performances were compared using the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUROC). The implications are positive in terms of the use of satellite imagery to monitor leakages. The use of spectral data from spaceborne imaging instruments such as the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), flying on Terra satellite as part of NASA’s Earth Observing System (EOS), was also investigated for the Latera site. The results obtained using ASTER data and those replicating the resolutions of spaceborne images (synthetic data) from degradation experiments were found to be promising.
Rubisco Activase Activity Assays (2010)

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activase functions as a mechano-chemical motor protein using the energy from ATP hydrolysis to contort the structure of its target protein, Rubisco. This action modulates the activation state of Rubisco by removing tightly-bound inhibitory sugar-phosphates from Rubisco's catalytic sites, thereby restoring the sites to catalytic competence. This chapter reports methods developed for assaying the two activities of Rubisco activase: ATP hydrolysis and Rubisco activation.