gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures: The case of the privately‐held firm and conglomerate business unit (1984)

Abstract Strategic management researchers often encounter problems obtaining objective measures of selected aspects of organizational performance that are reliable and valid. With privately‐held firms, such data are frequently unavailable. With conglomerate business units, all or parts of such data are inextricably interwoven with corporate‐wide data. This paper examines the usefulness of subjective performance measures, obtained from top management teams, when problems are encountered in obtaining accurate performance data.
Nonstructural proteins of herpes simplex virus. II. Major virus-specific DNa-binding protein (1981)

The major herpes simplex virus type 2 DNA-binding infected cell-specific polypeptides 11 and 12 have been purified to homogeneity from extracts of virus-infected cells. Monospecific antiserum to the purified protein has been made and used to examine virus temperature-sensitive mutants for defects in the synthesis of the protein and to probe virus DNA synthesis in isolated chromatin. The purified protein acted directly on a polydeoxyadenylic acid-polydeoxythymidylic acid helix, reducing its melting temperature. The results indicated that the protein functions in virus DNA synthesis.
Analysis of Voting procedures in One-Seat Elections: Condorcet Efficiency and Borda Efficiency (1999)

In this paper 16 different voting procedures for one-seat elections are analysed: the rules of Borda, Condorcet, Black, Copeland, Simpson, Hare, Coombs, Baldwin, Nanson and the plurality, anti-plurality, majority, approval and runoff rules. The 2 criteria we use as a measure for the validity of the voting procedures are Condorcet efficiency (the number of times a voting procedure selects the Condorcet winner) and Borda efficiency (the number of times a voting procedure selects the Borda winner). Computer simulations calculate efficiencies for the 16 voting procedures. We find that the Borda rule is about 85% Condorcet efficient while some voting procedures are always 100 % Condorcet efficient (Black, Copeland, Simpson, Baldwin, Nanson). Another rule is only 100 % Condorcet efficient with single peaked profiles (Coombs). This can be proven theoretically. Another feature from single peaked profiles seems to be that some voting procedures select the same winner (Simpson, Baldwin, and Nanson). This result may be interesting for future research. Considering Borda efficiencies we see that the Black rule scores well, followed by the rules of Copeland, Nanson and Baldwin. Taking both Condorcet and Borda efficiencies into account, we can state that the Black rule is superior. Then come the rules of Copeland, Simpson, Nanson and Baldwin.
Semiconductor Optoelectronics: Physics and Technology (1995)

Semiconductors - crystal structure properties of semiconductors - electronic doping and carrier transport optical propetries of semiconductors excitonic effects and modulation semiconductor junction theory optoelectronic detectors noise and the photoreceiver the light emitting diode laser diode - static properties semiconductor lasers - dynamic properties modulation and switching devices optical communication systems list of symbols important properties of semiconductors important quantum mechanics concepts bipolar transistor action optical waves in waveguides and crystals.
Preclinical Models of Restenosis and Their Application in the Evaluation of Drug-Eluting Stent Systems (2010)

Coronary arterial disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in the United States, the European Union, and Canada. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has revolutionized the treatment of CAD, and it is the advent of drug-eluting stent (DES) systems that has effectively allayed much of the challenge of restenosis that has plagued the success of PCI through its 30-year history. However, DES systems have not been a panacea: There yet remain the challenges associated with interventions involving bare metallic stents as well as newly arisen concerns related to the application of DES systems. To effectively address these novel and ongoing issues, animal models are relied on both to project the safety and efficacy of endovascular devices and to provide insight into the pathophysiology underlying the vascular response to injury and mechanisms of restenosis. In this review, preclinical models of restenosis are presented, and their application and limitation in the evaluation of device-based interventional technologies for the treatment of CAD are discussed.
Discovery of Chromane Containing Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) NS5A Inhibitors with Improved Potency against Resistance-Associated Variants (2016)

The discovery of potent and pan-genotypic HCV NS5A inhibitors faces many challenges including the significant diversity among genotypes, substantial potency shift conferred on some key resistance-associated variants, inconsistent SARs between different genotypes and mutants, and the lacking of models of inhibitor/protein complexes for rational inhibitor design. As part of ongoing efforts on HCV NS5A inhibition at Merck, we now describe the discovery of a novel series of chromane containing NS5A inhibitors. SAR studies around the "Z" group of the tetracyclic indole scaffold explored fused bicyclic rings as alternates to the phenyl group of elbasvir (1, MK-8742) and identified novel chromane and 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran derivatives as "Z" group replacements offered good potency across all genotypes. This effort, incorporating the C-1 fluoro substitution at the tetracyclic indole core, led to the discovery of a new series of NS5A inhibitors, such as compounds 14 and 25-28, with significantly improved potency against resistance-associated variants, such as GT2b, GT1a Y93H, and GT1a L31V. Compound 14 also showed reasonable PK exposures in preclinical species (rat and dog).
Comparison of reconstruction algorithms for sparse-array detection photoacoustic tomography (2010)

A photoacoustic tomography (PAT) imaging system based on a sparse 2D array of detector elements and an iterative image reconstruction algorithm has been proposed, which opens the possibility for high frame-rate 3D PAT. The efficacy of this PAT implementation is highly influenced by the choice of the reconstruction algorithm. In recent years, a variety of new reconstruction algorithms have been proposed for medical image reconstruction that have been motivated by the emerging theory of compressed sensing. These algorithms have the potential to accurately reconstruct sparse objects from highly incomplete measurement data, and therefore may be highly suited for sparse array PAT. In this context, a sparse object is one that is described by a relatively small number of voxel elements, such as typically arises in blood vessel imaging. In this work, we investigate the use of a gradient projection-based iterative reconstruction algorithm for image reconstruction in sparse-array PAT. The algorithm seeks to minimize an 1-norm penalized least-squares cost function. By use of computer-simulation studies, we demonstrate that the gradient projection algorithm may further improve the efficacy of sparse-array PAT.
Structure–Affinity Relationships (SARs) and Structure–Kinetics Relationships (SKRs) of K<sub>v</sub>11.1 Blockers (2015)

Kv11.1 (hERG) blockers with comparable potencies but different binding kinetics might display divergent pro-arrhythmic risks. In the present study, we explored structure-kinetics relationships in four series of Kv11.1 blockers next to their structure-affinity relationships. We learned that despite dramatic differences in affinities and association rates, there were hardly any variations in the dissociation rate constants of these molecules with residence times (RTs) of a few minutes only. Hence, we synthesized 16 novel molecules, in particular in the pyridinium class of compounds, to further address this peculiar phenomenon. We found molecules with very short RTs (e.g., 0.34 min for 37) and much longer RTs (e.g., 105 min for 38). This enabled us to construct a k on-k off-KD kinetic map for all compounds and subsequently divide the map into four provisional quadrants, providing a possible framework for a further and more precise categorization of Kv11.1 blockers. Additionally, two representative compounds (21 and 38) were tested in patch clamp assays, and their RTs were linked to their functional IC50 values. Our findings strongly suggest the importance of the simultaneous study of ligand affinities and kinetic parameters, which may help to explain and predict Kv11.1-mediated cardiotoxicity.
Deliberately Designed Asynchronous Transmission Scheme for MIMO Systems (2007)

Oversampling at each receive antenna is equivalent to having multiple polyphase components with correlated channel gains and colored noise, provided that the signal bandwidth is higher than Nyquist bandwidth. To exploit the potential of these polyphase components in the MIMO systems, this letter advocates the approach of using deliberately designed asynchronous transmission instead of the synchronous transmission usually employed. Simulations show that the asynchronous transmission can easily outperform its synchronous counterparts. Moreover, it opens up the possibility of using fewer antennas at the receiver, particularly in a subscriber unit where there are severe constraints on size, weight, and power consumption.
Immobilization of enzymes by multilayer microcapsules (1994)

Abstract A method is described to obtain a new type of microcapsules for immobilization of enzymes or living cells. The wall of these capsules consists of several layers of poly(ethyleneimine) and poly(acrylic acid). The idea is that diverging properties of the whole assembly can be better controlled when the membrane is built up by several consecutive steps, each being optimized with respect to a special property, for example, permeability or mechanical strength. The encapsulation of acidic phosphatase and the cleavage of p ‐nitrophenyl phosphate was used as a model system. The charged capsules were characterized by their enzymatic activity, as a function of membrane composition (number and sequence of layers) and storing time. The permeability for the substrate and the retaining ability for the enzyme were also measured.
Vulnerability assessment of AODV and SAODV routing protocols against network routing attacks and performance comparisons (2011)

Secure routing is an important issue in MANETs. Routing protocols can have vulnerabilities that may be exploited by malicious nodes to disrupt the normal routing behavior. In fact, vulnerabilities may even exist in secure versions of the routing protocols, which makes secure routing a real challenge to achieve. In this paper, we present vulnerability analysis of AODV and Secure AODV (SAODV) routing protocols against routing attacks. SAODV is a secure version of the basic AODV protocol that uses asymmetric key cryptography. We simulate a number of routing attacks to show that SAODV can counter most attacks that are successful against AODV. However, SAODV has vulnerabilities of its own that allow replay attacks to succeed. We, therefore, propose a new security scheme, Robust SAODV (R-SAODV), which incorporates temporal time stamping of SAODV extensions. Temporal time stamping addresses the issue of replay attacks by ensuring the freshness of the exchanged control messages. Our simulation results in ns-2 indicate that our proposed security scheme, R-SAODV, is able to achieve similar performance as SAODV. This implies that we have achieved added security with less additional cost to the system.
Emergence of crenolanib for FLT3-mutant AML (2013)

In this issue of Blood, Zimmerman and colleagues demonstrate that the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) crenolanib effectively suppresses growth of leukemic cells harboring both FLT3-ITD and FLT3-TKD mutations, the latter of which are increasingly seen to emerge as resistant mutations after FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitor therapy.
ZOL: A New Type of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Zeolites Containing Organic Framework (2007)

A novel type of organic–inorganic hybrid zeolite material ZOL (zeolite with organic group as lattice) is reviewed. ZOL materials are synthesized from an organosilane in which a methylene group bridges two silicon atoms to supersede an oxygen atom in the zeolite framework. ZOLs of various structures with the LTA, MFI, and *BEA topologies can be synthesized under synthesis conditions similar to those for conventional zeolites. The presence of framework methylene is demonstrated through the 13C MAS NMR analyses, although the presence of Si−CH3 formed through the hydrolysis of Si−CH2−Si linkage is also observed. Although ZOL has physical properties similar to those of its inorganic counterpart, it shows higher hydrophobicity because of the presence of the framework organic group. The organic moieties in ZOL materials are thermally stable enough to be retained after the combustion of occluded organic structure directing agents.
Efficiently maintaining stock portfolios up-to-date on the Web (2003)

Consider a continuous query where a user wants to be informed when the net worth of his/her stock portfolio changes by more than a specified threshold. We develop a data dissemination technique for the Web where (a) such queries access data from multiple sources and (b) the HTTP protocol, which is inherently pull based, is used for accessing the sources. Key challenges in supporting such queries, which also arise in a diverse set of contexts including monitoring of patients, network traffic, and experiments, lie in meeting users' consistency requirements while minimizing network and server overheads, without the loss of fidelity in the responses provided to users. We also show the superior performance of our technique when compared to alternatives based on periodic independent polling of the sources.
Evidence for a Ferredoxin-Dependent Choline Monooxygenase from Spinach Chloroplast Stroma (1989)

Chenopods synthesize betaine in the chloroplast via a two-step oxidation of choline: choline --> betaine aldehyde --> betaine. Our previous experiments with intact chloroplasts, and in vivo(18)O(2) labeling studies, led us to propose that the first step is mediated by a monooxygenase which uses photosynthetically generated reducing power (C Lerma, AD Hanson, D Rhodes [1988] Plant Physiol 88: 695-702). Here, we report the detection of such an activity in vitro. In the presence of O(2) and reduced ferredoxin, the stromal fraction from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts converted choline to betaine aldehyde at rates similar to those in intact chloroplasts (20-50 nanomoles per hour per milligram protein). Incorporation of (18)O from (18)O(2) by the in vitro reaction was demonstrated by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Ferredoxin could be reduced either with thylakoids in the light, or with NADPH plus ferredoxin-NADP reductase in darkness; NADPH alone could not substitute for ferredoxin. No choline-oxidizing activity was detected in the stromal fraction of pea (Pisum sativum L.), a species that does not accumulate betaine. The spinach choline-oxidizing enzyme was stimulated by 10 millimolar Mg(2+), had a pH optimum close to 8, and was insensitive to carbon monoxide. The specific activity was increased threefold in plants growing in 200 millimolar NaCl. Gel filtration experiments gave a molecular weight of 98 kilodaltons for the choline-oxidizing enzyme, and provided no evidence for other electron carriers which might mediate the reduction of the 98-kilodalton enzyme by ferredoxin.
Effect of Oral Melatonin Administration on Melatonin, 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid, Indoleacetic Acid, and Cyclic Nucleotides in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (1984)

Melatonin was given orally to patients undergoing diagnostic pneumoencephalography and various compounds were measured in the lumbar and cisternal CSF. Melatonin markedly increased plasma and CSF melatonin concentrations. The plasma: CSF melatonin ratios were similar in patients who received, and in those who did not receive, melatonin. This supports the idea that melatonin is released from pineal to blood and gets into the CSF via the blood. Melatonin did not affect CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, which indicates that it has no effect on 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism. Melatonin increased CSF indoleacetic acid significantly, indicating increased metabolism of tryptamine. Melatonin did not affect CSF cAMP levels, but increased cGMP levels. The effect on indoleacetic acid and cGMP was seen in both lumbar and cisternal CSF, suggesting that melatonin can have generalized actions throughout the CNS.
A novel back-biasing low-leakage technique for FinFET forced stacks (2011)

In this paper, a novel technique to reduce the leakage current under an assigned delay constraint is presented for FinFET forced stacks. This technique is based on the adoption of different back bias voltages in stacked four terminal (4T) FinFETs (as is well known, this would not be possible in bulk CMOS circuits). In particular, a Reverse Back Bias (RBB) voltage is applied to one of the two stacked transistors to reduce its leakage at the cost of a delay penalty, whereas a Forward Back Bias (FBB) voltage is applied to the other one to compensate this delay degradation. Mixed device circuit simulations for 40-nm FinFETs show that the proposed "mixed FBB/RBB" technique permits a leakage reduction by one order of magnitude or more as compared with traditional transistor stacks at same delay.
Immobilized microfluidic enzymatic reactors (2004)

The use of enzymes for cleavage, synthesis or chemical modification represents one of the most common processes used in biochemical and molecular biology laboratories. The continuing progress in medical research, genomics, proteomics, and related emerging biotechnology fields leads to exponential growth of the applications of enzymes and the development of modified or new enzymes with specific activities. Concurrently, new technologies are being developed to improve reaction rates and specificity or perform the reaction in a specific environment. Besides large-scale industrial applications, where typically a large processing capacity is required, there are other, much lower-scale applications, benefiting form the new developments in enzymology. One such technology is microfluidics with the potential to revolutionize analytical instrumentation for the analyses of very small sample amounts, single cells or even subcellular assemblies. This article aims at reviewing the current status of the development of the immobilized microfluidic enzymatic reactors (IMERs) technology.
HLA CLASS I NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES, 1991 (1991)

The HLA Class I sequences included in this compilation are taken from publications listed in the papers: Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1990 (1) and Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1989 (2). Where discrepancies have arisen between reported sequences, the original authors have been contacted where possible, and necessary amendments to published sequences have been incorporated into this alignment. Future sequencing may identify errors in this list and we would welcome any evidence that helps to maintain the accuracy of this compilation. In the sequence alignments, identity between residues is indicated by a hyphen (-). An unavailable sequence is indicated by a period (.). Gaps in the sequence are inserted to maintain the alignment between different alleles showing variation in amino acid number.
Improved brightness, efficiency, and stability of sputter deposited alternating current thin film electroluminescent ZnS:Mn by codoping with potassium chloride (2000)

Electroluminescent ZnS:Mn thin films have been codoped with KCl via an ex situ deposition and diffusion process. The brightness, efficiency, and stability of sputter deposited ZnS:Mn alternating current thin film electroluminescent devices have been greatly improved over untreated devices. Potassium chloride doping is shown to have a modest fluxing effect on the grain size of ZnS:Mn films, particularly in the region of the film where nucleation occurs. However, improved electroluminescence is postulated to be strongly influenced by doping control of electric fields and injected charge.
Methodological Note: Neurofeedback: A Comprehensive Review on System Design, Methodology and Clinical Applications (2016)

Neurofeedback is a kind of biofeedback, which teaches self-control of brain functions to subjects by measuring brain waves and providing a feedback signal. Neurofeedback usually provides the audio and or video feedback. Positive or negative feedback is produced for desirable or undesirable brain activities, respectively. In this review, we provided clinical and technical information about the following issues: (1) Various neurofeedback treatment protocols i.e. alpha, beta, alpha/theta, delta, gamma, and theta; (2) Different EEG electrode placements i.e. standard recording channels in the frontal, temporal, central, and occipital lobes; (3) Electrode montages (unipolar, bipolar); (4) Types of neurofeedback i.e. frequency, power, slow cortical potential, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and so on; (5) Clinical applications of neurofeedback i.e. treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, depression, epilepsy, insomnia, drug addiction, schizophrenia, learning disabilities, dyslexia and dyscalculia, autistic spectrum disorders and so on as well as other applications such as pain management, and the improvement of musical and athletic performance; and (6) Neurofeedback softwares. To date, many studies have been conducted on the neurofeedback therapy and its effectiveness on the treatment of many diseases. Neurofeedback, like other treatments, has its own pros and cons. Although it is a non-invasive procedure, its validity has been questioned in terms of conclusive scientific evidence. For example, it is expensive, time-consuming and its benefits are not long-lasting. Also, it might take months to show the desired improvements. Nevertheless, neurofeedback is known as a complementary and alternative treatment of many brain dysfunctions. However, current research does not support conclusive results about its efficacy.
Early cellular events in a systemic graft-vs.-host reaction. II. Autoradiographic estimates of the frequency of donor lymphocytes which respond to each Ag-B-determined antigenic complex. (1975)

A graft-vs.-host (GVH) reaction was initiated by the intravenous injection of parental strain (AO) lymphocytes into irradiated (AO times HO)F1 or (AO times DA)F1 hybrids. The proportion of donor T cells which had responded to the F1 hybrid antigens within 24 h was estimated by two methods. (a) Donor lymphocytes were labeled with [3H]uridine in vitro before injection. The proportion of labeled cells which had morphologically transformed in the recipient's spleen was 17-19%. In both series of experiments syngeneic transfers were performed in which case the proportion of transformed cells was 1-2.4%. A similar low proportion was found after parental to F1 transfer in a non-Ag-B strain combination. These figures were used to calculate the frequency of responding cells in the injected population given three additional pieces of information: (a) the extent of selection in the spleen which transformed the estimate to 4.5%-6.0% responders; (b) division of donor cells was shown to be negligible under the conditions of the experiment; and (c) the nonspecific recruitment of lymphocytes was shown to be negligible. A speculative model of antigen recognition by T cells which accounts for the high proportion of responders is outlined.