gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cystic Fibrosis Sputum Supports Growth and Cues Key Aspects of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Physiology (2005)

The opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes persistent airway infections in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). To establish these chronic infections, P. aeruginosa must grow and proliferate within the highly viscous sputum in the lungs of CF patients. In this study, we used Affymetrix GeneChip microarrays to investigate the physiology of P. aeruginosa grown using CF sputum as the sole source of carbon and energy. Our results indicate that CF sputum readily supports high-density P. aeruginosa growth. Furthermore, multiple signals, which reduce swimming motility and prematurely activate the Pseudomonas quinolone signal cell-to-cell signaling cascade in P. aeruginosa, are present in CF sputum. P. aeruginosa factors critical for lysis of the common CF lung inhabitant Staphylococcus aureus were also induced in CF sputum and increased the competitiveness of P. aeruginosa during polymicrobial growth in CF sputum.
Retroviral Vectors Efficiently Transduce Basal and Secretory Airway Epithelial Cells <i>In Vitro</i> Resulting in Persistent Gene Expression in Organotypic Culture (1996)

Gene therapy of the lung requires the introduction and expression of a therapeutic gene in airway cells. Although retroviral vectors may be useful in this context, the ability of retroviruses to infect specific cell types in the airway is not known. In this study, we examined the ability of amphotropic recombinant retroviral vectors to transduce primary cultures of rabbit airway epithelial cell populations purified for basal or secretory cells. Transduction efficiencies in basal and secretory cell populations were found to be similar; about 27% after a single exposure to vector, and up to 77% after multiple exposures. The fate of genetically modified cells from the different populations was followed through terminal differentiation using organotypic cultures. The epithelium of the organotypic cultures generated from each population exhibited both pseudostratified and stratified morphology, produced mucin, and stained positively with antibodies specific for basal and ciliated cells. The mucociliary epithelium also showed co-localization of these phenotypic markers with the expression of the vector-encoded beta-galactosidase gene. We conclude that retroviruses can efficiently transduce primary cultures of basal and secretory cells, and that both of these cell types can be progenitor cells of the airway epithelium. In vivo delivery of a retroviral vector containing a human placental alkaline phosphatase gene resulted in expression of the heterologous gene in rabbit tracheal epithelial cells. However, transduction efficiency was low and occurred only in the wounded trachea.
<title>Neural networks for sensor fusion of meteorological measurements</title> (2001)

The collection and management of vast quantities of meteorological data, including satellite-based as well as ground- based measurements, is presenting great challenges in the optimal usage of this information. To address these issues, the Army Laboratory has developed neural networks for combining for combining multi-sensor meteorological data for Army battlefield weather forecasting models. As a demonstration of this data fusion methodology, multi-sensor data was taken from the Meteorological Measurement Set Profiler (MMSP-POC) system and from satellites with orbits coinciding with the geographical locations of interest. The MMS Profiler-POC comprises a suite of remote sensing instrumentation and surface measuring devices. Neural network techniques were used to retrieve temperature and wind information from a combination of polar orbiter and/ or geostationary satellite observations and ground-based measurements. Back-propagation neural networks were constructed which use satellite radiances, simulated microwave radiometer measurements, and other ground-based measurements as inputs and produced temperature and wind profiles as outputs. The network was trained with Rawinsonde measurements used as truth-values. The final outcome will be an integrated, merged temperature/wind profile from the surface up to the upper troposphere.
Characterization of the Opine-Utilizing Microflora Associated with Samples of Soil and Plants (1990)

Microorganisms utilizing an opine as the sole carbon source were recovered from crown gall tumors, soil, and surface-disinfected potato tubers. The effect of the opines octopine, nopaline, succinamopine, and mannopine as selective substrates was compared with that of the auxin indoleacetic acid. Selection on octopine and indoleacetic acid favored the fluorescent pseudomonads, whereas mannopine allowed the frequent recovery of agrobacteria. Coryneforms which utilized succinamopine or mannopine were detected in soil, but not in tumors. Fungi growing on succinamopine or mannopine and a mannopine-utilizing Pseudomonas putida were isolated from tumor and soil, respectively.
A Review and Comparative Analysis of Various Encryption Algorithms (2015)

Now days, Data security is very challenging issue that touches many areas including computers and communication. Recently, we came across many attacks on cyber security that have played with the confidentiality of the users. These attacks just broke all the security algorithms and affected the confidentiality, authentication, integrity, availability and identification of user data. Cryptography is one such way to make sure that confidentiality, authentication, integrity, availability and identification of user data can be maintained as well as security and privacy of data can be provided to the user. Encryption is the process of converting normal data or plaintext to something incomprehensible or cipher-text by applying mathematical transformations or formulae. These mathematical transformations or formulae used for encryption processes are called algorithms. We have analysed ten data encryption algorithms DES, Triple DES, RSA, AES, ECC, BLOWFISH, TWOFISH, THREEFISH, RC5 and IDEA etc. Among them DES, Triple DES, AES, RC5, BLOWFISH, TWOFISH, THREEFISH and IDEA are symmetric key cryptographic algorithms. RSA and ECC are asymmetric key cryptographic algorithms. In this paper, we have analysed various encryption algorithms on the basis of different parameters and compared them to choose the best data encryption algorithm so that we can use it in our future work.
High speed machining tool path generation for pockets using level sets (2009)

With the increasing application of high speed machining for pockets, the conventional methods of tool path generation show their limitations, such as the existence of a high curvature region along the tool path. This paper presents a level set approach of tool path generation for high speed machining of pockets. Pocket boundary is first embedded into a higher dimensional function, namely, the level set function. Then the tool paths are realised by the propagation of the pocket boundary. The topological changes of tool path can be naturally handled during the evolution of moving fronts. In order to avoid the appearance of high curvature corners along tool paths, a curvature-dependent term is adopted to regulate the velocity function of the level set equation. At the same time, the curvature flow motion is used to identify the machinable region of pockets. The vector level-set functions are utilised to handle complex pockets with multiple islands. The simulation of material removal rate based on the implicit description is also discussed. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the robustness of the proposed approach on different kinds of pockets with islands.
Hidrometalurjide Yeni Gelişmeler (1979)

Geçen 5 sene içerisinde hidrometalurjideki gelişme ve araştırmaların bir görünümü verilmektedir. Çinko, uranyum, kalay, nikel, cıva, altın ve bakır mineralleri için yeni hidrometalurjik proseslere yer verilmiş olup ayrıca boksit dışı kaynaklardan alumina üretimi, İlmenitten yapay rutil üretimi, deniz diplerindeki manganez yumrularının değerlendirilmesi, kömürden kükürt bileşiklerinin arındırılması ve yüzey sularından minerallerin elde edilmesi de tartışılmıştır.
Single‐Photon Emitters: Nanoscale Positioning of Single‐Photon Emitters in Atomically Thin WSe<sub>2</sub> (Adv. Mater. 33/2016) (2016)

Reliable on-chip quantum optics requires a controlled positioning of single-photon sources. On page 7101, R. Bratschitsch and co-workers intentionally create single-photon emitters in monolayer WSe2 on the nanoscale. The specific strain landscape induced in the monolayer by two single-crystalline gold nanorods leads to the formation of a localized potential well inside the gap. The image shows an artistic impression of an atomically thin semiconductor folding around gapped gold nanorods with a single-photon emitter in the gap.
A high-frequency 1.5 MVA H-bridge building block for cascaded multilevel converters using emitter turn-off thyrister (2003)

This paper proposes a 1.5 MVA H-bridge building block (HBBB) using the newly developed emitter turn-off (ETO) thyristor to demonstrate the superior performance of the ETO. The modular HBBB is intended to be used in high-power cascaded multilevel voltage source converters for reactive power compensation applications. Because of theirs identical layouts, the HBBB are easily manufactured for both the building block itself and for the whole system. Whenever the power requirement of the system needs to be changed, the HBBBs are simply added into or taken away from the system without redesigning the HBBB component ratings. The hardware configuration as well as component selection and design of the HBBB are presented. This paper also proposes the new air-core snubber inductor design, which lowers losses and is lighter in weight than the conventional iron-core inductor. An ETO-based 1.5 MVA HBBB prototype has been implemented and tested in inverter mode. Experimental results indicate that the proposed ETO-based HBBB with the snubber components operates effectively at high frequency and high power.
On the completeness of open city data for measuring city indicators (2015)

In an era of urbanization there is an increasing need to benchmark the performance of cities and do this against a robust set of measures that can be repeated and replicated over time. Open city data initiatives are on the increase and with the release of IS037120 city indicators it is timely to critically appraise the synergies between open data and city indicators. Hence, in this paper we present a novel measure for assessing the completeness of open city data in the context of measuring city indicators. We apply this measure known as the “City Indicator Data Openness Measure” (CIDOM) in the context of two global cities, Toronto and Melbourne. Specifically we do this in the context of the ISO 37120 educational indicator 6.4: “Primary Education Student/Teacher Ratio. This exercise has identified that there exists fundamental barriers in realizing the vision of open data if it is to support the reporting and analysis of city indicators. It raises further issues about sourcing data and also provides another argument towards developing a semantic approach for city indicators.
Cloning and partial characterization of a 28 kDa antigenic protein of Trypanosoma cruzi. (1993)

Eleven antigenic clones were isolated from a Trypanosoma cruzi cDNA expression library using a pool of Chagasic sera from Venezuelan patients. These clones were tested with 26 Chagasic sera and 11 sera from patients with other diseases. One clone (Clone 2) reacted with the majority of the Chagasic sera and did not react with the non-Chagasic sera. Restriction enzyme digestion of Clone 2 DNA showed that it contained an insert of 5.2 kb. In a Southern blot of a pulse field gel electrophoresis, Clone 2 hybridized to three T. cruzi chromosomal fragments. By Northern blot analyses, it was observed that the clone hybridizes to a major T. cruzi RNA band of 0.97 kb and to two minor bands of 4.8 and 6.3 kb. The expression of these three RNAs was higher in trypomastigotes than in epimastigotes or spheromastigotes. Specific antibodies isolated against the beta-galactosidase-Clone 2 fusion protein expressed in E. coli reacted with a 28 kilodalton protein in T. cruzi.
A 0/20-dB Step Linearized Attenuator with GaAs-HBT Compatible, AC-Coupled, Stack Type Base-Collector Diode Switches (2006)

This paper describes a GaAs-HBT compatible, base-collector diode step attenuator for 3.5-GHz band wireless applications. The attenuator uses an AC-coupled, stacked type diode switch topology featuring high power handling capability with low bias current operation. Compared to a conventional diode switch topology, the topology can improve the capability of more than 6 dB with the same bias current. In addition, successful incorporation of a shunt diode linearizer into the attenuator gives the IM3 distortion improvement of more than 7 dB in the high power ranging from 16 dBm to 18 dBm in the 20-dB attenuation mode. Measurement results are as follows: 1.4/20-dB insertion loss, and 20-dBm power handling capability (P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.2dB</sub> ) and low bias current of 3.8/6.8 mA in thru/attenuation modes at 5 V
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme gene and diabetes mellitus (1999)

The ACE polymorphism appears to have a significant impact on the progression of diabetic nephropathy and may have therapeutic implications for identifying those individuals resistant to the effects of ACE inhibitors. It also appears to be indicative of an increased vascular risk in diabetic patients; however, larger prospective studies are required to clarify this situation.
Catalytic Synthesis of Chemicals from Coal (1976)

Abstract While the oil and gas needed for the production of chemicals in the United States is only a small percentage of the total oil and gas consumed, the manufacture and use of chemicals from these hydrocarbons has a tremendous impact on the economy of the country. A study by A. D. Little, Inc. [1] in 1973 showed that the impact of a 15% decline in production of organic chemicals could result via a “multiplier” effect in a loss of over 1,700,000 jobs and a $65 to 70 billion loss in the production value of goods. One need only look around to see how pervasive and ubiquitous chemicals from petroleum products are in everyday life; our clothes, our food (fertilizers), all sorts of polymers, plastics, drugs and medicinal, tires, tubing, building materials, automobile interiors-the list is long and verge important to the economic health and growth of the country.
Mapping the Miasma: Air, Health, and Place in Early Medical Mapping (2005)

Medical mapping is broadly assumed to have been a nineteenth century reaction both to the appearance of cholera and the social consciousness of principally British reformers. It is however older, more embedded in the scientific enterprise than the social critique, and in the end, more central to both than researchers typically recognize. This paper argues that medical mapping was from its start in the late 1600s principally a tool for the self-conscious testing of spatial propositions, arguing a relationship between health and place, and between the locus of specific disease incidence and suspected sites of local infectious generation. Through the nineteenth century the resulting work--social and medical— typically advanced a miasmatic theory that argued that infectious diseases were generated spontaneously and diffused naturally through the air. This paper reviews the history of medical cartography as a scientific enterprise in the age of miasma, and the importance of this work to social reformers as an outcome rather than a principal impetus to mapping as a critical tool.
Towards A Portable XML-based Source Code Representation (2001)

Program representation is a critical issue in the area of software analysis and software re-engineering. It heavily relates to the portability and effectiveness of the software analysis tools that can be developed.
Real-time assessment of postprandial fat storage in liver and skeletal muscle in health and type 2 diabetes (2004)

Liver and skeletal muscle triglyceride stores are elevated in type 2 diabetes and correlate with insulin resistance. As postprandial handling of dietary fat may be a critical determinant of tissue triglyceride levels, we quantified postprandial fat storage in normal and type 2 diabetes subjects. Healthy volunteers (n = 8) and diet-controlled type 2 diabetes subjects (n = 12) were studied using a novel 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy protocol to measure the postprandial increment in liver and skeletal muscle triglyceride following ingestion of 13C-labeled fatty acids given with a standard mixed meal. The postprandial increment in hepatic triglyceride was rapid in both groups (peak increment controls: +7.3 +/- 1.5 mmol/l at 6 h, P = 0.002; peak increment diabetics: +10.8 +/- 3.4 mmol/l at 4 h, P = 0.009). The mean postprandial incremental AUC of hepatic 13C enrichment between the first and second meals (0 and 4 h) was significantly higher in the diabetes group (6.1 +/- 1.4 vs. 1.7 +/- 0.6 mmol x l(-1) x h(-1), P = 0.019). Postprandial increment in skeletal muscle triglyceride in the control group was small compared with the diabetic group, the mean 24-h postprandial incremental AUC being 0.2 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.7 +/- 0.4 mmol x l(-1) x h(-1) (P = 0.009). We conclude that the postprandial uptake of fatty acids by liver and skeletal muscle is increased in type 2 diabetes and may underlie the elevated tissue triglyceride stores and consequent insulin resistance.
Plant Polyphenolics as Anti-Invasive Cancer Agents (2008)

Because invasion is, either directly or via metastasis formation, the main cause of death in cancer patients, development of efficient anti-invasive agents is an important research challenge. We have established a screening program for potentially anti-invasive compounds. The assay is based on organotypic confronting cultures between human invasive cancer cells and a fragment of normal tissue in three dimensions. Anti-invasive agents appeared to be heterogeneous with regard to their chemical nature, but plant alkaloids, polyphenolics and some of their synthetic congeners were well represented. Even within this group, active compounds were quite diverse: (+)-catechin, tangeretin, xanthohumol and other prenylated chalcones, 3,7-dimethoxyflavone, a pyrazole derivative, an isoxazolylcoumarin and a prenylated desoxybenzoin. The data gathered in this system are now applied in two projects. Firstly, structure-activity relationships are explored with computer models using an artificial neural network approach, based on quantitative structural descriptors. The aim of this study is the prediction and design of optimally efficient anti-invasive compounds. Secondly, the metabolism of orally ingested plant polyphenolics by colonic bacteria is studied in a simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME) and in human intervention trials. This method should provide information on the final bioavailability of the active compounds in the human body, with regard to microbial metabolism, and the feasibility of designing pre- or probiotics that increase the generation of active principles for absorption in the gastro-intestinal tract. The final and global aim of all these studies is to predict, synthesize and apply in vivo molecules with an optimal anti-invasive, and hence an anti-metastatic activity against cancer.
Justifications for Freedom (1990)

Turning to the question of why freedom is valuable — i.e. why should we want to secure and protect freedom? — we are faced with the problem of deciding whether, given that there are, as I have suggested, seven different conceptions of the concept of freedom, we must examine arguments which seek to justify each of the seven conceptions in turn. On the face of it, it would seem an odd sort of justification that remained entirely agnostic between the seven conceptions, and could accommodate them all. Can we realistically expect, for example, that a justification for freedom defined as the absence of impediments would apply equally to freedom defined as self-mastery?
Band gaps and internal electric fields in semipolar short period InN/GaN superlattices (2014)

The electronic structures and internal electric fields of semipolar short-period mInN/nGaN superlattices (SLs) have been calculated for several compositions (m, n). Two types of SL are considered, (112¯2) and (202¯1), corresponding to growth along the wurtzite s2 and s6 directions, respectively. The results are compared to similar calculations for polar SLs (grown in the c-direction) and nonpolar SLs (grown in the a- and m-directions). The calculated band gaps for the semipolar SLs lie between those calculated for the nonpolar and polar SLs: For s2-SLs they fall slightly below the band gaps of a-plane SLs, whereas for s6-SLs they are considerably smaller.
An Electromagnetic Catheter-Flowmeter (1967)

An electromagnetic flowmeter incorporated into a catheter is described. The catheter is introduced into the aorta via the femoral artery. The flow sensor is located some distance below the catheter tip and is sensitive to flow at right angles to the catheter. A crater-like elevation at one end of the transducer lumen permits funnel-like connection of the transducer to the ostium of an aortic branch. The transducer thus measures the blood flow through a selected branch of the aorta. It is pressed against the branch artery by arching the catheter by means of a pull-wire. A reliable and readily reproducible zero-flow baseline is obtained by slightly withdrawing the lumen of the transducer from the branch ostium, thus closing the lumen by the aortic wall. Records of phasic blood flow in the left renal and superior mesenteric arteries of a dog are presented. The calibration was accomplished by comparison with a calibrated noncannulating electromagnetic flow transducer. Reliable calibration can also be performed in vitro.
Interface sharpening in CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions (2006)

We report grazing incidence x-ray scattering evidence for sharpening of the interface between amorphous Co60Fe20B20 and AlOx during in situ annealing below the Co60Fe20B20 crystallization temperature. Enhancement of the interference fringe amplitude in the specular scatter and the absence of changes in the diffuse scatter indicate that the sharpening is not a reduction in topological roughness but a reduction in the width of the chemical composition profile across the interface. The temperature at which the sharpening occurs corresponds to that at which a maximum is found in the tunneling magnetoresistance of magnetic tunnel junctions.
Ar (3<i>P</i>2) induced chemical vapor deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (1985)

Energy transfer from metastable argon [Ar (3P2)] to SiH4 was applied to prepare hydrogenated amorphous silicon films. The emission due to the transition of SiH (A2Δ–X2Π) was observed when SiH4 reacted with Ar (3P2). The electric and optical properties of the films were investigated as functions of substrate temperature. The conductivity of the film prepared at 100 °C is 10−10 Ω−1 cm−1 in the dark and 10−5 Ω−1 cm−1 under illumination with a photon flux of 1015 cm−2 s−1. Hydrogen is found to be incorporated into the films mainly in the monohydride configuration even at a substrate temperature as low as 40 °C.
Immunosuppressive Effect of Tryptophan Metabolites in Composite Tissue Allotransplantation (2007)

For the first time, tryptophan metabolites have been applied in vascularized composite tissue allotransplantation and showed a significant immunosuppressive effect. These promising first results need further dose-effect and toxicological studies to increase the still limited immunosuppressive effect and define the clinical role these metabolites may play in the future.