gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Supernatant protein and cellulase activities of the anaerobic ruminal fungus Neocallimastix frontalis EB188 (1990)

Protein and cellulose activities were measured in culture supernatants of the anaerobic ruminal fungus Neocallimastix frontalis EB188 established in glucose medium and switched to either glucose, cellobiose, or cellulose media. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to show differences caused by changing medium carbon source. Culture supernatants contained proteins with molecular weights ranging from greater than 116,000 to about 19,000. Low levels of cellulose activity were evident in glucose-grown cultures. Increased amounts of slowly migrating cellulase activities appeared in the supernatants of glucose-grown cultures switched to cellulose. Cellulase activities which reacted differentially during colorimetric and in situ assays were produced. Isoelectric points of cellulase activities varied from 3.7 to 8.3, and activities possessed optimal pHs of between 5.9 and 6.5.
A real-time multiple-cell tracking platform for dielectrophoresis (DEP)-based cellular analysis (2005)

There is an increasing demand from biosciences to develop new and efficient techniques to assist in the preparation and analysis of biological samples such as cells in suspension. A dielectrophoresis (DEP)-based characterization and measurement technique on biological cells opens up a broader perspective for early diagnosis of diseases. An efficient real-time multiple-cell tracking platform coupled with DEP to capture and quantify the dynamics of cell motion and obtain cell viability information is presented. The procedure for tracking a single DEP-levitated Canola plant protoplast, using the motion-based segmentation algorithm hierarchical adaptive merge split mesh-based technique (HAMSM) for cell identification, has been enhanced for identifying and tracking multiple cells. The tracking technique relies on the deformation of mesh topology that is generated according to the movement of biological cells in a sequence of images that allows the simultaneous extraction of the biological cell from the image and the associated motion characteristics. Preliminary tests were conducted with yeast cells and then applied to a cancerous cell line subjected to DEP fields. Characteristics, such as cell count, velocity and size, were individually extracted from the tracked results of the cell sample. Tests were limited to eight yeast cells and two cancer cells. A performance analysis to assess tracking accuracy, computational effort and processing time was also conducted. The tracking technique employed on model intact cells in DEP fields proved to be accurate, reliable and robust.
Oxidative folding of murine prion mPrP(23–231) (2001)

A systematic study of the oxidative folding of murine prion protein mPrP(23-231) is reported here. Folding of mPrP(23-231) involves formation of a single disulfide bond, Cys179-Cys214. Despite this simplicity, reduced mPrP(23-231) exhibits numerous unusual folding properties. In the absence of denaturant, folding of mPrP(23-231) is extremely sluggish, regardless of pH. The optimal pH for mPrP(23-231) folding was found to be 4-5. At pH 8.0, a condition that typically favors disulfide formation, folding of mPrP(23-231) hardly occurs, and it not facilitated by inclusion of redox agent. In the presence of denaturant (4 M urea or 2 M guanidine hydrochloride) and basic pH (8.0), reduced mPrP(23-231) refolds to the native structure quantitatively. The efficiency of folding can be further promoted by the presence of oxidized glutathione. At pH 4.0 and in the presence of 4 M urea, reduced mPrP(23-231) converts to three distinctive conformational isomers, unable to form the native structure. These unusual properties lead us to the following conclusions. The reduced mPrP(23-231) adopts a highly rigid structure with the two cysteines buried or situated apart. The presence of denaturant or low pH disrupts this rigid structure and lowers the energy barrier, which permits oxidation and refolding of the reduced mPrP(23-231). Under selected conditions, reduced mPrP(23-231) is capable of taking on multiple forms of stable conformational isomer that are segregated by energy barriers.
Josephson Light-Emitting Diode (2010)

We consider an optical quantum dot where an electron level and a hole level are coupled to respective superconducting leads. We find that electrons and holes recombine producing photons at discrete energies as well as a continuous tail. Further, the spectral lines directly probe the induced superconducting correlations on the dot. At energies close to the applied bias voltage eV(sd), a parameter range exists, where radiation proceeds in pairwise emission of polarization correlated photons. At energies close to 2eV(sd), emitted photons are associated with Cooper pair transfer and are reminiscent of Josephson radiation. We discuss how to probe the coherence of these photons in a SQUID geometry via single-photon interference.
Copy number gain at Xp22.31 includes complex duplication rearrangements and recurrent triplications (2011)

Genomic instability is a feature of the human Xp22.31 region wherein deletions are associated with X-linked ichthyosis, mental retardation and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A putative homologous recombination hotspot motif is enriched in low copy repeats that mediate recurrent deletion at this locus. To date, few efforts have focused on copy number gain at Xp22.31. However, clinical testing revealed a high incidence of duplication of Xp22.31 in subjects ascertained and referred with neurobehavioral phenotypes. We systematically studied 61 unrelated subjects with rearrangements revealing gain in copy number, using multiple molecular assays. We detected not only the anticipated recurrent and simple nonrecurrent duplications, but also unexpectedly identified recurrent triplications and other complex rearrangements. Breakpoint analyses enabled us to surmise the mechanisms for many of these rearrangements. The clinical significance of the recurrent duplications and triplications were assessed using different approaches. We cannot find any evidence to support pathogenicity of the Xp22.31 duplication. However, our data suggest that the Xp22.31 duplication may serve as a risk factor for abnormal phenotypes. Our findings highlight the need for more robust Xp22.31 triplication detection in that such further gain may be more penetrant than the duplications. Our findings reveal the distribution of different mechanisms for genomic duplication rearrangements at a given locus, and provide insights into aspects of strand exchange events between paralogous sequences in the human genome.
High External Quantum Efficiency from Organic Bulk Heterojunction Photodetectors (2007)

Abstract: From an organic bulk heterojunction photodetector fabricated from a blend of P3HT/PCBM-C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">60</sub> , we report an external quantum efficiency of 87 plusmn 2 % under an applied bias voltage of -10V, leading to an internal quantum efficiency of 97 %.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN HYDANTOIN CHEMISTRY. A REVIEW (2004)

(2004). RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN HYDANTOIN CHEMISTRY. A REVIEW. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 391-443.
Sustained release properties of alginate microspheres and tabletted microspheres of diclofenac sodium (2000)

This study focused on the properties of diclofenac sodium (DNa) alginate (alg) microspheres and tabletted DNa alg microspheres using different polymers as additives. DNa alginate microspheres were prepared by the emulsification method and different polymers such as Eudragit (Eud) NE 30 D, Eudragit (Eud) RS 30 D and Aquacoat, which were incorporated into alg gel to control the release rate of drug. The release properties of DNa alg microspheres (1:1) were affected by the size, drug load of microspheres and also by the incorporated polymers, pH and ionic strength of dissolution medium. Tabletting of alg microspheres using carrageenan (carr), alg, pectin, NaCMC, tragacanth (trgh) and HPMC as additives in a (50:50) ratio produced tablets with good physical properties and also better controlled release of DNa. Dissolution studies were carried out in pH 7.2 phosphate buffer and phosphate buffers whose pH values were gradually changed from pH 3 to 7.4. The rank order of DNa release from tablets was carr < alg < pectin < NaCMC < trgh < HPMC which relates to the viscosity and swelling properties of polymers. The drug release was very slow from trgh and HPMC based tablets, but addition of carr or alg in different ratios could adjust the release rate of drug.
Studies on Less Expansive Environmentally Safe Polymers for Development of Water-Based Drilling Fluids (2006)

Abstract Recently there has been lot of interest and research activity started in the development of new products and combinations for the development of ecofriendly drilling fluids using chemicals, which are less toxic and biodegradable materials. In this work, an attempt has been made to develop water based drilling fluids using Indian bentonite clays and new ecofriendly polymers, which has been found to be cheaper than the conventional polymers used in oil well industry. The tamarind gum and tragacanth gum, which are not used in water based drilling fluids, had been found suitable. This has been confirmed by doing experiments using standard procedure adopted by oil industry. The temperature stability of drilling fluid additives was studied using Hot Air Rolling Oven and Aging Cells. The formation damage was carried out using oil field core samples on Ruska liquid permeameter. The laboratory investigation furnishes that combinations of these polymers and bentonite have favorable rheogical properties with less formation damage.
A transport layer approach for achieving aggregate bandwidths on multi-homed mobile hosts (2002)

Due to the availability of a wide variety of wireless access technologies, a mobile host can potentially have subscriptions and access to more than one wireless network at a given time. In this paper, we consider such a multi-homed mobile host, and address the problem of achieving bandwidth aggregation by striping data across the multiple interfaces of the mobile host. We show that both link layer striping approaches and application layer techniques that stripe data across multiple TCP sockets do not achieve the optimal bandwidth aggregation due to a variety of factors specific to wireless networks. We propose an end-to-end transport layer approach called pTCP that effectively performs bandwidth aggregation on multi homed mobile hosts. We show through simulations that pTCP achieves the desired goals under a variety of network conditions.
Using Haptic Feedback to Improve Grasp Force Control in Multiple Sclerosis Patients (2009)

We describe a simple and low-cost system that can help multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with asymmetric impairment to exert better grasp force control in manipulation tasks. The approach consists of measuring force vectors at the fingertips of the impaired hand, computing the force imbalance among the fingers, and providing corresponding haptic signals to the fingers of the opposite hand. Tests conducted on 24 MS patients indicated that for those with mild impairment, slightly better results were obtained with an ldquoevent-cuerdquo feedback (ECF) that alerted them when the grasp forces were straying outside of a desirable range. For patients with more severe impairment, better results were obtained by providing a proportional signal, in which the frequency and duty cycle of vibration pulses were correlated directly with the magnitudes of the fingertip forces. Post-test surveys of the patients also indicated that mildly impaired subjects preferred an event-cue feedback, and more severely impaired subjects preferred the proportional feedback.
ChemInform Abstract: Chain‐End Defects in Extended‐Chain Polymer Solids (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Synthesis and Characterization of HZSM-5 Catalyst for Methanol to Propylene (MTP) Reaction (2015)

AbstractThe effects of different templates on HZSM-5 catalyst morphology and activity in the conversion of methanol to propylene (MTP) were investigated. High silica HZSM-5 catalysts (Si/Al = 200) were synthesized successfully using Ludox as silica source and different structure directing agents (SDAs). XRD, SEM, FT-IR, NH3-TPD, and N2 adsorption–desorption analytical techniques characterized the catalysts. Morpholine shaped nano plate–like morphology. TPAOH as template resulted in the high BET surface area (369.4 m2/g) and crystallinity. The HZSM-5 catalysts showed significant catalytic activity. The catalyst with TPABr as template represented the highest propylene selectivity (45%), methanol conversion (99.8%), and long lifetime (72 h).Keywords: structure directing agentscatalystZSM-5methanol-to-propylene
6-Arylpyrazine-2-carboxamides: A New Core for <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i> Inhibitors (2015)

From a whole-organism high throughput screen of approximately 87000 compounds against Trypanosoma brucei brucei, we recently identified eight new unique compounds for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. In an effort to understand the structure-activity relationships around these compounds, we report for the first time our results on a new class of trypanocides, the pyrazine carboxamides. Attracted by the low molecular weight (270 g·mol(-1)) of our starting hit (9) and its potency (0.49 μM), the SAR around the core was explored, leading to compounds having an EC50 as low as 25 nM against T. b. brucei and being more than 1500 times less toxic against mammalian L6 and HEK293 cell lines. The most potent compounds in the series were exquisitely selective for T. brucei over a panel of other protozoan parasites, showing an excellent correlation with the human infective parasite Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, the most potent compound (65) having an EC50 of 24 nM. The compounds are highly drug-like and are able to penetrate the CNS, their only limitation currently being their rate of microsomal metabolism. To that effect, efforts to identify potential metabolites of selected compounds are also reported.
Submillimeter quantum electronics (1989)

Abstract : The phenomena of resonant tunneling has been explored in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures that were grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. The physics and fundamental speed limitations were studied, and devices such as oscillators, multipliers, and mixers have been demonstrated. Useful output has been obtained at room temperature for frequencies up to 425 GHz. The feasibility of resonant- tunneling transistors has been examined, suggesting cutoff frequencies above 100 GHz. Planar antenna arrays have been developed and tested up to 1.7 THz. In the area of compact solid-state instrumentation, a 555 GHz receiver was developed that had a noise temperature of 45000 K and weighed 3 kg.
Sentence Dependency Tagging in Online Question Answering Forums (2012)

Online forums are becoming a popular resource in the state of the art question answering (QA) systems. Because of its nature as an online community, it contains more updated knowledge than other places. However, going through tedious and redundant posts to look for answers could be very time consuming. Most prior work focused on extracting only question answering sentences from user conversations. In this paper, we introduce the task of sentence dependency tagging. Finding dependency structure can not only help find answer quickly but also allow users to trace back how the answer is concluded through user conversations. We use linear-chain conditional random fields (CRF) for sentence type tagging, and a 2D CRF to label the dependency relation between sentences. Our experimental results show that our proposed approach performs well for sentence dependency tagging. This dependency information can benefit other tasks such as thread ranking and answer summarization in online forums. 1
The Holographic Principle and Emergence Phenomenon (2011)

The present work was inspired by a serendipitous discovery of non-local effects in living organisms, which could not be explained by the known biological mechanisms. We have demonstrated on a large number of subjects (up to 13 000) that any small part of a human body, when exposed to pulsed electromagnetic fields, produces the interference patterns that carry diagnostically significant information; more precisely, we found that the shapes and textures of the most disorderly anatomic structures can be analyzed using minor superficial areas of the body as a source of information. This finding required a rational scientific explanation. The studies conducted in the conditions of minimal perturbation made it possible to unveil some physical mechanisms underlying the non-local phenomena in complex systems of natural origin [Shaduri et al., 2002; 2008a]. The holographic principle offered by physicists as a solution to information-associated processes in certain (non-living) natural objects turned out to have more general scope of applicability. The real-time encoding and decoding of information have been detected in both humans and animals [Shaduri, 2005]. Our experience makes us believe that without penetrating waves such as X-rays or ultrasound focused upon the areas of interest, it is not possible to observe internal structures of intact living body. It came as a big surprise that diverse parts of living systems may communicate not only through exchange of molecular and nervous signals, but also „wirelessly“. The wireless communication had been unimaginable before Heinrich Hertz proved it experimentally in 1888. Our clinical and experimental data that suggested the existence of some previously unknown mechanisms of information transfer in biological systems were met with ferocious resistance and misunderstanding as well: the physicists, who we addressed for help, could not believe that high-resolution images of internal organs and tissues could reach the outer surface of the human body. So, a small team of biologists, medical doctors and engineers was left to investigate the phenomenon further. We have started from the very beginning by seeking rational answers to the naive questions about the most general principles of the genesis, organization and functioning of simple systems. Based upon the existing knowledge the answers had to be inferred to such critical questions, as: what kind of interactions might result in interconnectedness of all constituents in the space occupied by the system? What are the simplest self-organizing systems like?
An object-oriented approach to the solid modeling of empirical data (1989)

An object-oriented approach to the construction, manipulation, and display of complex geometric models of oil reservoirs is described. The authors have extended the traditional constructive solid geometry modeling techniques to accommodate the requirements for reservoir models. Both the user interface and the model building are implemented in Strobe, an object-oriented extension to Interlisp. The geometric model is specified through a CSG-graph editor built using an object-oriented toolkit for graphical interfaces. This editor proves to be an invaluable tool with which to build, maintain and manipulate large, complicated geometric models.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Electrodialysis of Lipopolysaccharides and Their Conversion to Uniform Salt Forms (1975)

Ions of low molecular weight like metal cations and basic amines are present in lipopolysaccharides regardless of the isolation procedure employed. They are present in salt form with the acidic groups of the molecule and, partly, bound by chelation. Electrodialysis which removed a large proportion of these basic materials led to acidic lipopolysaccharides often with reduced solubility. Electrodialyzed lopopolysaccharides could be rendered soluble by neutralizing with alkali or with a basic amine. Depending on the base employed for neutralization preparations were obtained which showed in water distinct differences in solubility, viscosity and opalescence. These differences were related to differences in the sedimentation coefficients of the various salt forms. Neutralization with triethylamine led in all cases to highly soluble preparations with low sedimentation coefficients, while, on the other hand, neutralization with Mg(OH)2 led in most cases to insoluble preparations. The acidic lipopolysaccharides obtained by electrodialysis deteriorate on storing in a freeze-dried form. On heating in distilled water autohydrolysis occurs and free lipid A is liberated. The lipid A which is so far known as a water-insoluble material showed increased solubility when prepared from electrodialyzed lipopolysaccharides.
Use of recycled glass and fly ash for precast concrete. Final report (1998)

An 18-month research project was conducted to study the technical and economic feasibility of using crushed waste glass and chemically self-activated fly ash, a byproduct of coal-burning power plants, to produce precast concrete products. The crushed glass is used as substitute for the aggregate, and the fly ash is substituted for Portland cement as binder. Technically, the important problem of alkali-silica reaction (ASR) had to be addressed and was partially solved in a separate research program funded by NYSERDA. In the present project, additional knowledge was obtained about this important phenomenon, especially in cases where the glass is sorted by color, larger aggregate sizes are desirable, and glass constitutes up to 100% of the aggregate. The primary goal of this research was to develop a material with a particularly attractive appearance that would be suitable for architectural and decorative applications. The use of this material, tentatively called `glascrete`, has been shown to be technically and economically feasible to the point that it is ready for commercial exploitation, provided regular portland cement is used as the binder. Extensive efforts have been made, in conjunction with a project supported by the New York State Department of Economic Development, to spur private partiesmore » to product glascrete products commercially. The use of chemically self-activated fly ash as cement replacement is technically feasible by not yet commercially viable. Efforts to search for less costly chemical activators are continuing. If these efforts are successful, the end result could be a material that consists almost entirely of recycled components namely crush waste glass and fly ash.« less
Quantum Dot Materials and Devices for Light Emission in Silicon (2002)

We report on the fabrication and performances of the most efficient Si-based light sources. The devices consist of MOS structures with erbium (Er) implanted in the thin gate oxide. The devices exhibit strong 1.54 µm electroluminescence at 300K with a 10% external quantum efficiency, comparable to that of standard light emitting diodes using III-V semiconductors. Er excitation is caused by hot electrons impact and oxide wearout limits the reliability of the devices. Much more stable light emitting MOS devices have been fabricated using Er-doped SRO (Silicon Rich Oxide) films as gate dielectric. These devices show a high stability, with an external quantum efficiency reduced to 1%. In these devices Er pumping occurs by energy transfer from the Si nanostructures to the rare earth ions.