gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phase‐encode order and its effect on contrast and artifact in single‐shot RARE sequences (1991)

Substantial manipulation of tissue contrast can be achieved by varying the order in which phase-encode values are applied to individual echoes within a 128-echo single-shot rapid acquisition relaxation enhanced (RARE) sequence. Appropriate ordering can then permit imaging of short T2 species like muscle and white matter with single-shot RARE. For sequential phase encoding with an arbitrary initial phase-encode value, the timing of the zero phase (ZP) encoded echo is found to be analogous to the echo time (TE) of standard spin-echo sequences. This is demonstrated qualitatively with human brain images and is verified quantitatively with NiCl2 phantoms by correlating the time constant for signal decay with ZP echo time, with transverse relaxation times T2, as obtained with a 128-echo Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) imaging sequence. Banding artifacts accompanying the discontinuous traverse through K space are experimentally demonstrated in a rectangular phantom and expressions are developed for determining the dependence of this artifact on the phase-encode gradient increments and durations, the ZP echo number, echo spacing, and T2. Simulations based on the expressions are shown to be useful for characterizing the observed "banding" artifacts perpendicular to the phase-encode direction and for predicting the extent of tissue-tissue overlap to be expected with the use of this ultrafast rf echo planar imaging method.
Inorganic Polymer Chemistry (1967)

Abstract Inorganic chemistry is to a great extent the chemistry of high polymers. This is not apparent from reading much of the inorganic literature of the last quarter-century, since the research problems described therein have often been carefully selected to avoid complications due to high-polymer formation. Nevertheless, the physical properties of many of the reaction products described in the early inorganic-chemistry literature prior to 1900 clearly show these materials to be macromolecular. In the recent inorganic literature there is a growing trend toward considering the chemistry of the larger molecular structures instead of merely ringing the changes of substituents on a single atom. Thus, we see that inorganic polymers are at once very old and very new.
Gastrointestinal Transit and Drug Absorption (2002)

The gastrointestinal (GI) absorption of orally administered drugs is determined by not only the permeability of GI mucosa but also the transit rate in the GI tract. It is well known that the gastric emptying rate is an important factor affecting the plasma concentration profile of orally administered drugs, and the intestinal transit rate also has a significant influence on the drug absorption, since it determines the residence time of the drug in the absorption site. The reason why the residence time is also a critical factor for drug absorption is that there is the site difference in absorbability for some drugs. We have developed the GI-Transit-Absorption Model (GITA Model) to analyze and predict the drug absorption kinetics by taking into account both the two factors, ie. GI transit and drug absorbability including its site difference. GITA Model has been already evidenced to be very useful for estimating the absorption kinetics of drugs with various characteristics and applied to assess the human data in combination with the gamma scintigraphy. In this review, the importance of GI transit rate in determining the absorption kinetics and the bioavailability of orally administered drugs is discussed mainly employing GITA Model and the results obtained by the model.
Über das Verhalten von schwerlöslichen Metalloxyden in den Lösungen ihrer Salze. Zur Kenntnis der Magnesiumoxyd‐Zemente II (1927)

Abstract 1. Das Verhalten der beim Mischen von Magnesiumoxyd und Magnesiumchloridlösung entstehenden festen Massen wurde untersucht.
Coherent synthesis of optical multilevel signals by electrooptic digital-to-analog conversion using multiparallel modulator (2010)

This paper presents an electrooptic vector digital-to-analog converter (EO-DAC) for coherent synthesis of optical multilevel signals, such as quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM) signals. For generation of an optical multilevel/QAM signal, the inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of a carrier lightwave should be orthogonally modulated in multi-levels. Conventionally, inphase-quadrature (IQ) orthogonal modulators have been utilized for this purpose. In the scheme, however, the symbol rate available for multilevel/QAM signals is limited, and it is difficult to obtain a clear constellation because of the difficulty involved in handling with electrical multilevel signals. The EO-DAC employing multiparallel modulator, described in this paper, can be used to synthesize multilevel signals through the combination of binary data streams. Using this proposed technology, multilevel signals can be coherently synthesized at a high bit rate, and clearer constellations can be obtained. Further, because of its flexibility, and versatility, the EO-DAC can be used for the several types of multilevel modulation formats. In this paper, we describe the EO synthesis of optical multilevel signals especially focusing on the method based on the EO-DAC, along with comparisons with other conventional methods.
Data compression techniques for urban traffic data (2013)

With the development of inexpensive sensors such as GPS probes, Data Driven Intelligent Transport Systems (D <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ITS) can acquire traffic data with high spatial and temporal resolution. The large amount of collected information can help improve the performance of ITS applications like traffic management and prediction. The huge volume of data, however, puts serious strain on the resources of these systems. Traffic networks exhibit strong spatial and temporal relationships. We propose to exploit these relationships to find low-dimensional representations of large urban networks for data compression. In this paper, we study different techniques for compressing traffic data, obtained from large urban road networks. We use Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for 2-way network representation and Tensor Decomposition for 3-way network representation. We apply these techniques to find low-dimensional structures of large networks, and use these low-dimensional structures for data compression.
Metallic glass thin films for potential biomedical applications (2014)

We introduce metallic glass thin films (TiCuNi) as biocompatible materials for biomedical applications. TiCuNi metallic glass thin films were deposited on the Si substrate and their structural, surface, and mechanical properties were investigated. The fabricated films showed good biocompatibility upon exposure to muscle cells. Also, they exhibited an average roughness of <0.2 nm, high wear resistance, and high mechanical properties (hardness ∼6.9 GPa and reduced modulus ∼130 GPa). Top surface of the TiCuNi films was shown to be free from Ni and mainly composed of a thin titanium oxide layer, which resulted in the high surface biocompatibility. In particular, there was no cytotoxicity effect of metallic glass films on the C2C12 myoblasts and the cells were able to proliferate well on these substrates. Low cost, viscoelastic behavior, patternability, high electrical conductivity, and the capability to coat various materials (e.g., nonbiocompatible materials) make TiCuNi as an attractive material for biomedical applications.
DNA methylation. The effect of minor bases on DNA-protein interactions (1990)

DNA methylation is found almost ubiquitously in nature and the methyltransferases show evidence of a common evolutionary origin. It will be a fascinating study in protein evolution to follow the ways in which the structures of the various enzymes have developed. Although methylation may have a direct effect on DNA structure the evidence for the importance of this in vivo is accumulating only slowly. In contrast, there is now abundant evidence that methylation of DNA affects DNA-protein interactions and so may have a function in all processes in which such interactions occur. The binding of nucleases is affected in the processes of mismatch repair, DNA restriction and possibly demethylation during differentiation in vertebrates. The binding of transcription factors is affected by DNA methylation and the association of DNA with packaging and segregation proteins may play a part in the control of transcription and replication. The interplay of these effects makes DNA methylation a complex but rewarding area for study. Perhaps we should no longer refer to methylcytosine and methyladenine as minor bases, but rather as key bases which help regulate the functions of DNA.
Assessing repeatability and validity of a visual analogue scale questionnaire for use in assessing pain and lameness in dogs (2004)

The VAS questionnaire was repeatable and valid for use in assessing the degree of mild to moderate lameness in dogs.
Analysis of <i>IDH1</i> and <i>IDH2</i> mutations in Japanese glioma patients (2009)

A recent study reported on mutations in the active site of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene in several types of gliomas. All mutations detected resulted in an amino acid exchange at position 132. We analyzed the genomic region spanning wild-type R132 of IDH1 by direct sequencing in 125 glial tumors. A total of 39 IDH1 mutations were observed. Mutations of the IDH2 gene, homologous to IDH1, were often detected in gliomas without IDH1 mutations. In the present study, R172 mutation of the IDH2 gene was detected in one anaplastic astrocytoma. IDH1 or IDH2 mutations were frequently in oligodendrogliomas (67%), anaplastic astrocytomas (62%), anaplastic oligoastrocytomas (75%), anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (50%), secondary glioblastomas (67%), gangliogliomas (38%), and anaplastic gangliogliomas (60%). Primary glioblastomas were characterized by a low frequency of mutations (5%) at amino acid position 132 of IDH1. Mutations of the IDH1 or IDH2 genes were significantly associated with improved outcome in patients with anaplastic astrocytomas. Our data suggest that IDH1 or IDH2 mutation plays a role in early tumor progression of several types of glioma and might arise from a common glial precursor. The infrequency of IDH1 mutation in primary glioblastomas revealed that these subtypes are genetically distinct entities from other glial tumors.
Design and implementation of an RSVP-based quality of service architecture for an integrated services Internet (1998)

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is currently in the process of overhauling the architecture of the Internet to meet new challenges and support new applications. One of the most important components of that venture is the enhancement of the Internet service model from a classless best effort service architecture to an integrated services architecture supporting a multitude of classes and types of services. This paper presents the design, implementation, and experiences with a protocol architecture for the integrated services Internet. It is based on the emerging standards for resource reservation in the Internet, namely, the RSVP protocol and the associated service specifications defined by the IETF. Our architecture represents a major functional enhancement to the traditional TCP/IP protocol stack. It is scalable in terms of performance and number of network sessions, and supports a wide variety of network interfaces ranging from legacy LAN interfaces, such as Token Ring and Ethernet, to high-speed ATM interfaces. The paper also describes the implementation of this architecture on the IBM AIX platform and our experiences with the system. We then present a performance analysis of the system which quantifies the overheads imposed by all components of the QoS support, such as traffic policing, traffic shaping, and buffer management.
Study of a Betavoltaic Battery Using Electroplated Nickel-63 on Nickel Foil as a Power Source (2016)

A betavoltaic battery was prepared using radioactive 63Ni attached to a three-dimensional single trenched P–N absorber. The optimum thickness of a 63Ni layer was determined to be approximately 2 μm, considering the minimum self-shielding effect of beta particles. Electroplating of radioactive 63Ni on a nickel (Ni) foil was carried out at a current density of 20 mA/cm2. The difference of the short-circuit currents (Isc) between the pre- and postdeposition of 63Ni (16.65 MBq) on the P–N junction was 5.03 nA, as obtained from the I–V characteristics. An improved design with a sandwich structure was provided for enhancing performance.
Design of grazing-incidence multilayer supermirrors for hard-x-ray reflectors (1995)

Extremely broadband grazing-incidence multilayers for hard-x-ray reflection can be obtained by a gradual change of the layer thicknesses down through the structure. Existing approaches for designing similar neutron optics, called supermirrors, are shown to provide respectable performance when applied to x-ray multilayers. However, none of these approaches consider the effects of imperfect layer interfaces and absorption in the overlying layers. Adaptations of neutron designs that take these effects into account are presented, and a thorough analysis of two specific applications (a single hard-x-ray reflector and a hard-x-ray telescope) shows that an improved performance can be obtained. A multilayer whose bilayer thicknesses are given by a power law expression is found to provide the best solution; however, it is only slightly better than some of the adapted neutron designs.
An implantable, miniaturized SU-8 optical probe for optogenetics-based deep brain stimulation (2014)

This paper reports a method of making optical probes for optogenetics-based deep brain optical stimulation using SU-8, which effectively increases light coupling efficiency, has excellent mechanical stiffness, and reduces fabrication complexity. By mounting microscale LEDs (μLEDs) at the tip of a SU-8 probe and directly inserting the light source into deep brain regions, attenuation caused by light transmission in wave-guided structures such as optical fibers or optrodes can be minimized. Compared to silicon neural probes, SU-8 is more biocompatible and flexible, which can reduce brain damage. Parylene-C encapsulation can potentially improve the long-term biocompatibility and reliability of the device for chronic implantation. The functionality has been proven by clearly light-induced neural activity.
A Micromachined Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Transducer Operating in ${\rm d}_{33}$ Mode Using Square Interdigital Electrodes (2007)

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (pMUT) operating in d <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">33</sub> mode. A piezoelectric PZT thin film is polarized along the in-plane direction using top square interdigital electrodes (IDEs), and the in-plane polarization and IDEs enable the pMUT to operate in d <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">33</sub> mode, which allows the PZT to convert the ultrasonic pressure-induced in-plane stresses into in-plane direction charges. The square IDEs fully exploit the stresses of the diaphragm to improve sensitivity and increase device capacitance, and the pMUT is optimized by varying the IDE dimensions rather than the thickness of the PZT film. Theoretical and finite-element analyses are performed to optimize the diaphragm and the IDE dimensions in terms of resonance frequency and sensitivity, respectively. The ultrasonic directivity of the pMUTs with different packaging configurations is characterized, showing large ultrasound inlet areas beneficial to ultrasonic applications requiring high directivity.
Invited Review: A Review of Mechanisms of Wasting in HIV Disease (1995)

According to estimates, between 50% to 90% of patients infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) will experience some form of malnutrition. The degree and types of malnutrition are attributed to alterations in nutrient intake, absorption, and metabolism. Causes for each of these changes are complex and multifactorial. Research on treatment modalities generally concentrates on a single mechanism and reports varying degrees of short-term benefit. Appetite stimulation along with special diets, oral supplements, and nonvolitional enteral or parenteral nutrient provision may improve nutrient intake and body weight. Therapies aimed at the rehabilitation and improvement of the pool of functioning protein stores, such as alteration of inflammatory response, restoration of hormonal balance, and exercise are under investigation. Longer term studies will allow researchers to observe effects of therapies on overall body functions. With the development of clinical standards of care, the maintenance and restoration of nutritional status is emerging as the foundation for HIV disease management.
XO: XMPP overlay service for distributed chat (2010)

This work discusses the adaptation of group-oriented messaging and chat technology for operation in server-less, multicast-capable mobile wireless architectures. The main goals are to allow group messaging and chat sessions to fragment/coalesce, operate through disrupted TCP conditions, and improve bandwidth utilization when multicast is available. In addition, the solution demonstrates proxying and gateway methods to interoperate with existing client and server standards and software. The approach presents several innovations that extend and adapt eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) standards for incorporating group serverless chat and messaging within more challenging operational environments. While there is large body of work on messaging middleware solutions, this paper concentrates on the adaptation of specific XMPP standards for serverless, multicast operation. We discuss our working implementation prototype and present initial experimentation comparing client/server multi-user chat (MUC) operation to serverless multicast MUC within several mobile network scenarios. In addition, we demonstrate a gatewaying solution for serverless MUC systems to interoperate with conventional MUC server-based systems. The specific test scenarios are instrumented to operate within a wireless mobile emulation environment using mobile ad hoc network (MANET) unicast and multicast routing technology. This approach remains independent of any particular routing algorithm and the proxied XMPP protocol module allows for the deployment of existing real-world client software across all nodes of the network. The initial findings show the significant performance potential for serverless MUC extensions. In addition to these results, we discuss some ongoing design challenges and future planned work.
Expression analysis of extracellular proteins from Phanerochaete chrysosporium grown on different liquid and solid substrates (2007)

White-rot fungi secret a large number of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes for degradation of lignocellulosic material. The sequencing of the genome of the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium has facilitated the characterization of its complete extracellular proteome. P. chrysosporium was grown on liquid medium, containing glucose, cellulose or wood chips as the carbon source, and also in solid substrate fermentation bags. For liquid-grown cultures, the extracellular protein fraction was separated by 2D gel electrophoresis. Protein spots were analysed by in-gel digestion and liquid chromatography (LC)/MS/MS. A total of 18 additional protein spots from the 2D gels yielded hits from blast searches. From solid substrate cultures in which the fungus was grown in bags, the proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE, subjected to in-gel digestion and then identified by LC/MS/MS. An additional 16 proteins yielded hits on blast searches. Enzymes involved in cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and protein degradation were identified. Expression patterns were very similar between cellulose-grown cultures and wood-grown cultures. In addition to enzymes which act on lignocellulosic material, proteases were also found, indicating the need of fungi to scavenge for nitrogen in wood.
Continuous-wave laser oscillation with an ultralong optical-fiber resonator (1982)

Continuous-wave laser oscillation with a long optical-fiber resonator has been observed. The fiber resonators that were examined were 1.65, 11.3, and 101 m long, and longitudinal self-beat spectra of laser oscillations were confirmed with a 1.15-μm He–Ne laser; the observed frequencies were in good agreement with the calculated ones. By using a spectrum analyzer, the spectral amplitude was found to be modulated, which is attributable to the fact that a complex Fabry–Perot resonator was formed by reflections on a lens and an input portion of the optical fiber.
Circular of the Department of State of the United States with Reference to Liability for Military Service in Foreign Countries of Persons Residing in the United States (1915)

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Preliminary Assessment of the Comparative Efficiencies of an SDI System Using Controlled or Natural Language for Retrieval (1971)

AWRE Aldermaston are participating with AERE Harwell in an OSTI sponsored project to evaluate the comparative efficiencies of natural language and keyword searching of Nuclear Science Abstracts (NSA) magnetic tapes. Nuclear Science Abstracts covers some 40, 000 journal articles, 10, 000 reports and 4, 300 books, theses and patents per annum. It is issued in 24 parts per volume at approximately fortnightly intervals.
Artificial Receptors Designed for Intracellular Delivery of Anionic Phosphate Derivatives (2008)

A new intracellular delivery method for anionic phosphate derivatives using the Dpa–ZnII-based metalloreceptor as a carrier vector was developed. This method enables rapid intracellular delivery of phosphorylated peptides and phosphorylated small organic molecules without the need for laborious modification associated with prodrugs. This is of critical importance in a variety of research areas such as cell biology and medicinal chemistry. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2268/2008/z700627_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
EVALUATION OF IN VITRO EFFECTS OF BEVACIZUMAB (AVASTIN) ON RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIAL, NEUROSENSORY RETINAL, AND MICROVASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (2006)

This study suggests that bevacizumab, at concentrations at or above the dose normally used in clinical practice, is not toxic to human retinal pigment epithelial, rat neurosensory retinal, or human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. This report is consistent with the recent report of lack of toxicity of intravitreal bevacizumab in rabbits as well as the lack of apparent toxicity in clinical use.
Microbial Genes in the Human Genome: Lateral Transfer or Gene Loss? (2001)

The human genome was analyzed for evidence that genes had been laterally transferred into the genome from prokaryotic organisms. Protein sequence comparisons of the proteomes of human, fruit fly, nematode worm, yeast, mustard weed, eukaryotic parasites, and all completed prokaryote genomes were performed, and all genes shared between human and each of the other groups of organisms were collected. About 40 genes were found to be exclusively shared by humans and bacteria and are candidate examples of horizontal transfer from bacteria to vertebrates. Gene loss combined with sample size effects and evolutionary rate variation provide an alternative, more biologically plausible explanation.