gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
METHODS OF SEWER RAT CONTROL (1962)

A detailed description of problems of Norway rat infestation of sanitary sewer systems is provided, as well as a review of control methods and materials. Design and maintenance of urban sewer systems can reduce rat problems, but ongoing effective rat control programs typically must include use of rodenticides. Commonly used active ingredients are discussed, as is the formulation and application of baits appropriate for use in sewer systems. The need for prebaiting when using acute toxicants is noted, as is the desirability of including mold inhibitors into bait formulations when using paraffin baits or anticoagulant baits, which require repeated feeding to be lethal. A method for locating rodents burrows that are connected to main sewer lines or laterals is described, using smoke bombs and portable blowers to force smoke through sewer systems and reveal locations where rats have points of access. Components of an effective strategy to control Norway rat infestations in sewers are discussed, and literature citations are provided.
Serotonin and fluoxetine receptors are expressed in enamel organs and LS8 cells and modulate gene expression in LS8 cells (2010)

The selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine is widely used in the treatment of depression in children and fertile women, but its effect on developing tissues has been sparsely investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate if enamel organs and ameloblast-derived cells express serotonin receptors that are affected by peripherally circulating serotonin or fluoxetine. Using RT-PCR and western blot analysis we found that enamel organs from 3-d-old mice and ameloblast-like cells (LS8 cells) express functional serotonin receptors, the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin synthesis (Thp1), as well as the serotonin transporter (5HTT), indicating that enamel organs and ameloblasts are able to respond to serotonin and regulate serotonin availability. Fluoxetine and serotonin enhanced the alkaline phosphatase activity in the cell culture medium from cultured LS8 cells, whereas the expression of enamelin (Enam), amelogenin (Amel), and matrix metalloproteinase-20 (MMP-20) were all significantly down-regulated. The secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) was also reduced compared with controls. In conclusion, enamel organs and ameloblast-like cells express functional serotonin receptors. Reduced transcription of enamel proteins and secretion of vascular factors may indicate possible adverse effects of fluoxetine on amelogenesis.
Endothelium‐dependent contractions and endothelial dysfunction in human hypertension (2009)

The endothelium is a crucial regulator of vascular physiology, producing in healthy conditions several substances with a potent antiatherosclerotic properties. Accordingly, the presence of endothelial dysfunction is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis and with an increased future risk of cardiovascular events. A large body of evidence supports the fundamental role of nitric oxide (NO) as the main endothelium-derived relaxing factor. However, in the presence of pathological conditions, such as hypertension, endothelial cells, in response to a number of agents and physical stimuli, become also a source of endothelium-derived contracting factors (EDCFs), including endothelins and angiotensin II and particularly cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoids and superoxide anions. These latter were at first identified as responsible for impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with essential hypertension. However, cyclooxygenase-dependent EDCFs production is characteristic of the aging process, and essential hypertension seems to only anticipate the phenomenon. It is worth noting that both in aging and hypertension EDCF production is associated with a parallel decrease in NO availability, suggesting that this substance could be oxygen free radicals themselves. Accordingly, in hypertension both indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and vitamin C, an antioxidant, increase the vasodilation to acetylcholine by restoring NO availability. In conclusion, hypertension is characterized by a decline in endothelial function, associated with a progressive decrease in NO bioavailability and increase in the production of EDCF. The mechanisms that regulate the balance between NO and EDCF, and the processes transforming the endothelium from a protective organ to a source of vasoconstrictor, proaggregatory and promitogenic mediators remain to be determined.
Open Implementation and Flexibility in CSCW Toolkits (1996)

The design of Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) systems involves a variety of disciplinary approaches, drawing as much on sociological and psychological perspectives on group and individual activity as on technical approaches to designing distributed systems. Traditionally, these have been applied independently---the technical approaches focussing on design criteria and implementation strategies, the social approaches focussing on the analysis of working activity with or without technological support. However, the disciplines are more strongly related than this suggests. Technical strategies---such as the mechanisms for data replication, distribution and coordination---have a significant impact on the forms of interaction in which users can engage, and therefore on how their work proceeds. Consequently, the findings of sociological and psychological investigations of collaborative working have direct impact for how we go about designing collaborative systems. I...
Cell-cell interactions in the release of inflammatory mediators : eicosanoids, cytokines, and adhesion (1991)

This volume constitutes. in part. the proceedings of the symposium on Interaction and Release of Inflammatory Mediators organized by Drs. Patrick Y-K Wong and Charles N. Serhan and presented at the FASEB meeting in Washington. D.C. in April. 1990. It contains chapters by the symposium speakers as well as contributions from investigators in this Readers will find exciting advances in this volume. which contains chapters dedicated to state-of-the-art knowledge in the field of Cell-Cell Interaction and the functions of released mediators in inflammatory diseases. This book includes cutting edge investigations on transcellular eicosanoid biosynthesis. cytokines. PAF, and adhesion as well as interactions of inflammatory cells with endothe 1 i um. 1 ung and kidney. A 1 so. the contro 1 and regu 1 at ion of renal function by lipid mediators generated during cell-cell i nteracti ons between rena 1 mesangi a 1 cells and 1 eukocytes has generated insight into the cell biology and regulatory role of these mediators in the kidney. Moreover. the relationship between these areas is discussed in sequelae of both asthmatic and renal diseases. We hope that some of the enthusiasm and excitement present in this research are also evident here and that this volume will serve as a reference for researchers. teachers. and students to survey thi s rapidly growing field.
A complex ligase ribozyme evolved <i>in vitro</i> from a group I ribozyme domain (1999)

Like most proteins, complex RNA molecules often are modular objects made up of distinct structural and functional domains. The component domains of a protein can associate in alternative combinations to form molecules with different functions. These observations raise the possibility that complex RNAs also can be assembled from preexisting structural and functional domains. To test this hypothesis, an in vitro evolution procedure was used to isolate a previously undescribed class of complex ligase ribozymes, starting from a pool of 10(16) different RNA molecules that contained a constant region derived from a large structural domain that occurs within self-splicing group I ribozymes. Attached to this constant region were three hypervariable regions, totaling 85 nucleotides, that gave rise to the catalytic motif within the evolved catalysts. The ligase ribozymes catalyze formation of a 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage between adjacent template-bound oligonucleotides, one bearing a 3' hydroxyl and the other a 5' triphosphate. Ligation occurs in the context of a Watson-Crick duplex, with a catalytic rate of 0.26 min(-1) under optimal conditions. The constant region is essential for catalytic activity and appears to retain the tertiary structure of the group I ribozyme. This work demonstrates that complex RNA molecules, like their protein counterparts, can share common structural domains while exhibiting distinct catalytic functions.
A New Synthesis of (‐)‐Biopterin Employing 5‐Deoxy‐<scp>L</scp>‐ribose as a Key Intermediate (1989)

Abstract (‐)‐Biopterin ( 1 ) was synthesized from 5‐deoxy‐ L ‐ribose ( 6 ) which was derived from commercially available D ‐ribose ( 2 ) employing the highly stereoselective Grignard reaction of 2,3‐ O ‐cyclohexylidene‐ D ‐ribose ( 3 ) with methylmagnesium iodide.
Fire Insurance Plans and British Columbia Urban History: A Union List (1979)

Few cities have not had a major fire in their history, and in nineteenth century North America, with its cities constructed mainly of wood, fires were a very real danger. Among the measures taken to assess and control the risks of fire were fire insurance plans, a unique and invaluable source of information for the fire insurance companies when the maps were new, and for the researcher in urban studies now that the maps are old and out-of-date. object of the maps is to show at a glance the character of any building offered for insurance, without having to make a special examination.1 The map or plan is drawn on a large scale, usually 50, 100 or 200 feet to the inch. With the aid of symbols and colours the cartog­ rapher shows the size, shape and type of construction materials, such as wood, brick or concrete, for each building; the number of floors, doors, windows, chimneys; the fire protection facilities, such as alarms, extin­ guishers, water sprinklers. Where fire risk is involved, he indicates the use of buildings, such as restaurant, store, bakery; for industrial buildings, such as a sawmill, the type of equipment used, the source of power and water, length of operating day, use of night watchmen. The need for and origin of insurance plans are explained in an essay entitled Rise and Progress of Fire Insurance Diagrams which appeared in Insurance and Real Estate Society in 1883, probably written by Charles E. Goad, the father of fire insurance cartography in Canada: Co-existent with the practice of fire insurance covering manufacturing risks especially, and hazardous and non-hazardous risks and occupations located at a distance from the office of the insurer as well, came the necessity for, if riot the immediate use of the survey, a description of the premises to be covered by the policy, with the accompanying diagram or ground plan, showing not only the internal hazard of the risk itself, by its relative position as to neighbouring structures, their classes, occupancy, etc., by which the
Dietary Ligands of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Induce Anti-Inflammatory and Immunoregulatory Effects on Murine Dendritic Cells (2011)

Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in immune cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), can lead to suppressed immune responses. Although AhR activation is most recognized for mediating the effects of its prototypical ligand 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), many compounds existing in dietary sources can also bind the AhR. Because the immunomodulatory effects of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and indirubin-3'-oxime (IO) have yet to be investigated in DCs, we evaluated the potential immunomodulatory effects of these compounds on murine DCs. We hypothesized that I3C and IO suppress immune and inflammatory responses in DCs. We found that both I3C and IO decreased the expression of CD11c, CD40, and CD54 while they increased expression of MHC2 and CD80. Following lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activation, I3C and IO suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and nitric oxide but increased IL-10 levels. These effects of I3C and IO were partially mediated by the AhR. Additionally, immunoregulatory genes, such as ALDH1A, IDO and TGFB, were upregulated following treatment with I3C or IO. Both I3C and IO decreased basal levels of nuclear factor-kappa B p65, but only I3C suppressed the LPS-induced activity of RelB. Finally, when cultured with naïve T cells, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells treated with the dietary AhR ligands increased the frequency of Foxp3+ Tregs in an antigen-specific manner. Taken together, these results indicate that I3C and IO exhibit immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects on DCs. Because I3C and IO are significantly less toxic than TCDD, these natural products may ultimately become useful therapeutics for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
The opening and filling of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWTs) (1998)

Single walled nanotubes (SWTs) can be selectively opened and filled using wet chemistry techniques; treatment of the carbon nanomaterials with concentrated HCl apparently leads to the selective opening of the SWTs at their tips; foreign materials can then be deposited inside the resulting cavities in a similar fashion to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWTs); the filling of SWTs with small spherical crystals and, additionally, preferentially orientated and elongated single crystals of Ru metal is described; the selective opening of SWTs was inferred from these observations.
Talisman: multimedia for the PC (1997)

Talisman introduces a fresh approach to high-performance multimedia at PC prices. PC multimedia solutions have been limited by cost constraints in terms of available memory and bandwidth. This has kept users from rendering the kinds of images they have come to think of as the domain of high-end imaging workstations. Such high-end machines as SGI's Reality Engine often contain tens of megabytes of graphics memory and make use of multiple memory buses that are hundreds of bits wide. Using image caching and compression techniques that drastically reduce memory and bandwidth requirements, the Talisman architecture allows a high-end multimedia system to be built with just 4 Mbytes of memory.
Reduction of fiber four-wave mixing influence using frequency modulation in multichannel IM/DD transmission (1992)

A novel technique is proposed to reduce fiber four-wave mixing (FWM) influence on system performance in multichannel intensity-modulated/direct detection (IM/DD) transmissions. The optical frequency is modulated such that the spectrum of the beat component between the selected signal and FWM lights is spread and the effect on the beat component is reduced by filtering in the baseband stage. A numerical simulation shows that the FWM influence is reduced to less than -6 dB over conventional systems using this technique.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The feature and service interaction problem in telecommunications systems: a survey (1998)

Today's telecommunication systems are enhanced by a large and steadily growing number of supplementary services, each of which consists of a set of service features. A situation where a combination of these services behaves differently than expected from the single services' behaviors, is called service interaction. This interaction problem is considered as a major obstacle to the introduction of new services into telecommunications networks. We present a survey of the work carried out in this field during the last decade (1988-98). After a brief review of classification criteria that exist for feature interactions so far, we use a perspective called the emergence level view. This perspective pays respect to the fact that the sources for interactions can be of many different kinds, e.g., requirement conflicts or resource contentions. It is used to rationalize the impossibility of coping with the problem with one single approach. We also present a framework of four different criteria in order to classify the approaches dealing with the problem. The general kind of approach taken, a refinement of the well known detection, resolution, and prevention categories, serves as the main classification criterion. It is complemented by the method used, the stage during the feature lifecycle where an approach applies, and the system (network) context. The major results of the different approaches are then presented briefly using this classification framework. We finally draw some conclusions on the applicability of this framework and on possible directions of further research in this field.
Linaclotide, a new direction in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and chronic constipation. (2007)

Microbia Inc is developing the oral guanylate cyclase C agonist linaclotide, a 14mer peptide for the potential treatment of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome and chronic idiopathic constipation. Phase II clinical trials are underway for both indications.
Cytotoxic activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry proteins on mammalian cells transfected with cadherin-like Cry receptor gene of Bombyx mori (silkworm) (2003)

Cry1Aa, an insecticidal protein produced by Bacillus thuringiensis, has been shown to bind to cadherin-like protein, BtR175, in Bombyx mori (silkworm) midgut. We previously reported three variant alleles of BtR175 (BtR175a, b and c). When transiently expressed in COS7 cells, all the three BtR175 variants bound to Cry1Aa. We stably expressed BtR175b in HEK293 cells. These BtR175b-expressing cells swelled and died in the presence of activated Cry1Aa in a dose- and time-dependent manner, showing that BtR175b itself can impart Cry1Aa-susceptibility to mammalian cells. These cells were more susceptible to Cry1Aa than to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac. Since dispersed B. mori midgut cells were reported to be highly susceptible to Cry1Ac, this result suggested that other Cry1Ac-specific receptor(s) were simultaneously working with BtR175 in the midgut cells. Advantages are also discussed of applying these transfected mammalian cells to toxicity assays of mutant Cry proteins.
Finite-dimensional approximation of tikhonov regularized solutions of non-linear ill-posed problems (1990)

In this paper we consider non-linear ill-posed problems F(x)=y0 in a Hilbert space setting. We solve these problems with Tikhonov regularization combined with finite-dimensional approximation where the data y0 and the non-linear operator F are assumed to be known only approximately. Conditions are given that guarantee optimal convergence rates with respect to both, the data noise and the finite-dimensional approximation. Finally, we present some numerical results for parameter estimation problems that verify the theoretical results.
Protection of Monkeys Against Experimental Shigellosis with a Living Attenuated Oral Polyvalent Dysentery Vaccine (1966)

Formal, Samuel B. (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.), T. H. Kent, H. C. May, A. Palmer, and E. H. LaBrec. Protection of monkeys against experimental challenge with a living attenuated oral polyvalent dysentery vaccine. J. Bacteriol. 91:17-22. 1966.-Virulent strains of Shigella flexneri 1b, S. flexneri 3, and S. sonnei I were mated with an Hfr strain of Escherichia coli K-12, and hybrids were selected for the xylose marker. One hybrid strain of each of the serotypes was chosen for study of their biological characteristics. Their capacity to cause a fatal enteric infection in starved guinea pigs was reduced, they failed to cause dysentery when fed to monkeys, they caused keratoconjunctivitis in the guinea pig eye, and they penetrated HeLa cells. Two doses of a polyvalent oral vaccine composed of S. flexneri 1b, 2a, and 3, and S. sonnei I hybrid strains were fed to groups of monkeys at an interval of 4 to 7 days, and they, together with controls, were challenged 10 days after the last dose with one or another of the virulent parent dysentery strains. A significant degree of protection was afforded in all vaccinated groups with the exception of one group challenged with S. flexneri 6, a component not included in the vaccine. When animals were challenged with virulent S. flexneri 2a 1 month after oral vaccination, they were also protected. The vaccine produced a rise in serum antibody, but we were not able to detect coproantibody in saline extracts of feces from animals which received the vaccine.
Novelties of the flowering plant pollen tube underlie diversification of a key life history stage (2008)

The origin and rapid diversification of flowering plants has puzzled evolutionary biologists, dating back to Charles Darwin. Since that time a number of key life history and morphological traits have been proposed as developmental correlates of the extraordinary diversity and ecological success of angiosperms. Here, I identify several innovations that were fundamental to the evolutionary lability of angiosperm reproduction, and hence to their diversification. In gymnosperms pollen reception must be near the egg largely because sperm swim or are transported by pollen tubes that grow at very slow rates (< approximately 20 microm/h). In contrast, pollen tube growth rates of taxa in ancient angiosperm lineages (Amborella, Nuphar, and Austrobaileya) range from approximately 80 to 600 microm/h. Comparative analyses point to accelerated pollen tube growth rate as a critical innovation that preceded the origin of the true closed carpel, long styles, multiseeded ovaries, and, in monocots and eudicots, much faster pollen tube growth rates. Ancient angiosperm pollen tubes all have callosic walls and callose plugs (in contrast, no gymnosperms have these features). The early association of the callose-walled growth pattern with accelerated pollen tube growth rate underlies a striking repeated pattern of faster and longer-distance pollen tube growth often within solid pathways in phylogenetically derived angiosperms. Pollen tube innovations are a key component of the spectacular diversification of carpel (flower and fruit) form and reproductive cycles in flowering plants.
Megapixel photon-counting color imaging using quanta image sensor (2019)

Quanta Image Sensor (QIS) is a single-photon detector designed for extremely low light imaging conditions. Majority of the existing QIS prototypes are monochrome based on single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD). Passive color imaging has not been demonstrated with single-photon detectors due to the intrinsic difficulty of shrinking the pixel size and increasing the spatial resolution while maintaining acceptable intra-pixel cross-talk. In this paper, we present image reconstruction of the first color QIS with a resolution of 1024 × 1024 pixels, supporting both single-bit and multi-bit photon counting capability. Our color image reconstruction is enabled by a customized joint demosaicing-denoising algorithm, leveraging truncated Poisson statistics andvariance stabilizing transforms. Experimental results of the new sensor and algorithm demonstrate superior color imaging performance for very low-light conditions with a mean exposure of as low as a few photons per pixel in both real and simulated images.