gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Magnitude dependence of radiated energy spectra: Far‐field expressions of slip pulses in earthquake models (2003)

We examine the radiated waves emitted by events on a model fault. The model deterministically produces a complex sequence of events, with a wide range of sizes, from a uniform frictional instability. The spontaneous rupture events emit a rich spectrum of radiated waves as they nucleate, propagate, and decelerate within the complex stress field left by previous events. Two model innovations, a new driving boundary condition on the fault and a new radiatingboundary condition which allows a spatially varying prestress away from the fault, allow us to directly measure the radiation without problems from boundary reflections in our two‐dimensional model. We quantify the radiation by first measuring the energy spectral density and then averaging over events of a similar size to examine the magnitude dependence. Assuming only a physics of the tractions on the fault, we obtain a full spectra of radiated waves for a complex population of events with a wide range of sizes. To quantify the resulting spectra, we consider two different spectral measures. One, the peak amplitude of the spectral energy density, occurs at a period which scales with the rupture length and corresponds with the classical corner frequency measurement. The other, the peak amplitude of the spectral average acceleration or the low‐frequency corner in the case of a flat acceleration spectrum, occurs at a period that scales with the duration of slip of points on the fault. The period of the peak spectral acceleration saturates for large events. Looking at the rupture motions on the fault, we find that this spectral behavior corresponds with the behavior of slip pulses in the model. Intense narrow pulses of slip develop for very long rupture events. We quantify this by measuring the mean slip duration as a function of rupture length and show that it is has the same behavior as the peak period of spectral acceleration. Thus the duration of the slip pulses in these ruptures is directly expressed in their radiated spectra. Moreover, we find that these corner periods exhibit a nontrivial dependence on event magnitude for the different frictional instabilities that we have examined, suggesting that any observed dependence of these corner periods on earthquake magnitude might provide insight into the frictional instability of earthquakes.
Processing real-time, non-aggregate queries with time-constraints in CASE-DB (2003)

The problem of time-constrained query evaluation in a single-user database management system (DBMS) is considered. CASE-DB is a real-time, single user, relational prototype DBMS that uses the relational algebra as its query language. Given a nonaggregate query and a fragment chain for each input relation of the query. CASE-DB uses iterative query evaluation techniques to obtain a response first to a modified version of the query, and then to successively improved versions of the query. CASE-DB controls the risk of overspending the time quota at each step using a risk control technique. For periodically occurring queries, CASE-DB uses incremental query evaluation techniques that make sure that each operator in the query has at least one operand relation which contains the changes in the last period, and is expected to be very small compared to the actual database relation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Changes in cerebral perfusion precede plaque formation in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal perfusion MRI study (2003)

New MRI techniques such as the analysis of magnetization transfer or diffusion have provided evidence for subtle progressive alterations in tissue integrity prior to focal leakage of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) as part of plaque formation in multiple sclerosis. Since inflammation is capable of modulating the microcirculation, we investigated the hypothesis that changes in the local perfusion might be one of the earliest signs of lesion development. 20 patients with definite relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis were analysed with regard to cerebral blood volume, cerebral blood flow, mean transit time and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), as well as conventional MRI parameters, on monthly follow-up scans. Among 89 gadolinium-enhancing lesions, we selected 18 that developed during the study and met strict inclusion criteria. In these, changes of perfusion parameters were detectable not only prior to the BBB breakdown, but also prior to increases in the ADC. Our data indicate that inflammation is accompanied by altered local perfusion, which can be detected prior to permeability of the BBB.
Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of inverted duplicated chromosomes 15 from 11 patients. (1994)

We have studied the inverted duplicated chromosomes 15 (inv dup(15)) from 11 individuals--7 with severe mental retardation and seizures, 3 with a normal phenotype, and 1 with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Through a combination of FISH and quantitative DNA analyses, three different molecular sizes of inv dup(15) were identified. The smallest inv dup(15) was positive only for the centromeric locus D15Z1 (type 1); the next size was positive for D15Z1 and D15S18 (type 2); and the largest inv dup(15) was positive for two additional copies of loci extending from D15Z1 and D15S18 through D15S12 (type 3). Type 1 or type 2 was observed in the three normal individuals and the PWS patient. Type 3 was observed in all seven individuals with mental retardation and seizures but without PWS or Angelman Syndrome (AS). The PWS patient, in addition to being mosaic for a small inv dup(15), demonstrated at D15S63 a methylation pattern consistent with maternal uniparental inheritance of the normal chromosomes 15. The results from this study show (a) two additional copies of proximal 15q loci, D15S9 through D15S12, in mentally retarded patients with an inv dup(15) but without AS or PWS and (b) no additional copies of these loci in patients with a normal phenotype or with PWS.
Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities and SAR of Some Azo Compounds Containing Thiophene Backbone (2016)

Objective: The emergence of resistance to the major classes of antibacterial drugs is recognized as a serious health concern.
Vascular endothelial growth factor expression is reduced in liver metastasis from colorectal cancer and correlates with urokinase-type plasminogen activator. (1998)

We undertook a retrospective study to investigate the correlation between the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) proteins with progression of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Immunohistochemical analyses using antibodies against VEGF and u-PA were carried out on archival specimens of 58 human colon carcinomas, 30 liver secondaries and 20 adenomas. Expression of VEGF was significantly reduced in the metastatic liver tumours compared with primary ones (Wilcoxon test, P = 0.002), suggesting VEGF activity to be secondarily down-regulated once the tumour cells reach the hepatic parenchyma. There was no strong evidence from our data that the level of VEGF or u-PA in the primary tumour could predict risk of liver metastasis or survival duration. VEGF and u-PA expression were positively correlated in primary CRC suggesting that both proteins may interact in vivo (chi-square test, P = 0.019) in tumour progression.
Performance assessment of multiobjective optimizers: an analysis and review (2002)

An important issue in multiobjective optimization is the quantitative comparison of the performance of different algorithms. In the case of multiobjective evolutionary algorithms, the outcome is us...
A new principle is employed for 60-cycle A-C network analyzers (1952)

Through the use of a new principle, the impedance-phase-shift, the weight of the reactor elements of a 60-cycle a-c network analyzer has been reduced to a value lower than that obtainable in designs employing medium-frequency 500-cycle zone, and approximately equal to those employing high-frequency 10,000-cycle zone. The reactors have an X-R ratio of infinity in terms of system measurements. Among other advantages gained by the use of standard, power frequency is the elimination of the special-type motor-generator unit to supply power to the analyzer. Power is supplied through constant-voltage magnetic-stabilizing type transformers.
Influence of Engine Oil Properties on Soot Containing Deposit Formation in Turbocharger Compressor (2013)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Due to increasing demands for further CO<sub>2</sub> reduction and tighter exhaust emissions regulations, automakers are increasingly downsizing turbo-charged diesel engines by raising specific power, or adopting low-pressure loop exhaust gas recirculation (LPL-EGR) systems to improve the EGR rate.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">However, adopting a higher boost pressure to increase the specific power, or introducing hot exhaust gas before the turbocharger compressor with the LPL-EGR system creates higher gas temperatures in the compressor, which results in soot-containing deposits derived from the engine oil in the compressor. This phenomenon causes significant deterioration of turbocharger efficiency. Therefore, countermeasures such as restricting boost pressure or limiting EGR usage in the operational map are necessary to prevent engine performance deterioration. Increasing the gas temperature in the compressor while preventing deposit formation should enable further improvements in fuel consumption and engine power.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper investigates the root causes of compressor deposit formation to achieve better engine performance. Fired diesel engine tests were run at various operational conditions to investigate the influence of engine oil degradation and oil properties. Deposits from the compressor were recovered and analyzed in detail. As a result, it was confirmed that the evaporation characteristics of engine oil have a significant influence on deposit formation, and that engine oil can be formulated to provide better deposit control at greatly higher gas temperatures in the compressor while maintaining other engine oil properties suitable for production.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">These results should contribute to further improvements in fuel consumption and power for future diesel engines.</div></div>
Contribution of CSF and vascular factors to elevation of ICP in severely head-injured patients (1987)

The authors studied the relative contribution of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and vascular parameters to the level of intracranial pressure (ICP) in 34 severely head-injured patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of less than 8. This was accomplished by first characterizing the temporal course of CSF formation and outflow resistance during the 5-day period postinjury. The CSF formation and outflow resistance were obtained from pressure responses to bolus addition and removal of fluid from an indwelling ventricular catheter. The vascular contribution to the level of ICP was assessed by withdrawing fluid at its rate of formation and observing the resultant change in equilibrium ICP level. It was found that, with the exception of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, CSF parameters accounted for approximately one-third of the ICP rise after severe head injury, and that a vascular mechanism may be the predominant factor in elevation of ICP.
Comparative study of cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine, azathiopurine and methotrexate. Relative effects on the humoral and the cellular immune response in the mouse. (1976)

The effects of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine on the concomitant development of the humoral and the cellular immune responses of mice to a single antigen, the El4 tumour cell, were investigated. The measurements of cellular and humoral immunity were carried out in the same animal using lymphocyte and antibody mediated lysis of the El4 cell, a measurement system independent of underlying anti-inflammatory effects. A regimen of daily cyclophosphamide had a more pronounced suppressive effect on the humoral response than on the cellular response, in agreement with other investigators. A single low dose of cyclophosphamide stimulated the cellular response and suppressed the humoral response. Single or multiple high doses of cyclophosphamide maximally suppressed both the cellular and humoral response. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine, in contrast to the results of other investigations, caused equivalent inhibition of both the humoral and cellular responses and thus lacked selectivity. Methotrexate also provided equivalent inhibition of both the humoral and cellular responses at all dose levels investigated.
An updated table of minimum-distance bounds for binary linear codes (1993)

Tables with lower and upper bounds for d/sub max/ (n,k), the maximum possible minimum distance of a binary linear code with word length n and dimension k, are shown.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Lyophilization of Vaccines: Current Trends (2003)

Regardless of how effective a vaccine may be in the laboratory, unless the suspension can be stabilized for storage and distribution, its commercial potential will be limited. Lyophilization (freeze-drying) is a well-established technique used in the pharmaceutical industry for stabilizing high-cost, labile bioproducts, such as vaccines. Alternative techniques that require the establishment of a cold chain can present problems, including the potential loss of vaccine stocks resulting from freezer failure and difficulties and costs when distributing frozen materials.
Modelling (2011)

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Electron affinity of higher fluorides of ruthenium and platinum (1988)

A method was developed for achieving ion-molecule equilibria with the higher fluorides of ruthenium and platinum in an effusion cell for purposes of acquiring equilibria data to calculate the electron affinity of these fluorides. The method overcomes the drawbacks of the high volatility and low thermal stability of these compounds. An ion source was constructed that permitted the partial pressures of both neutral and charged members of the equilibria to be measured during a single experiment. Terbium tetrafluoride was used as the fluorinating agent. The molecular and ion beam sources were nickel and platinum effusion cells. The enthalpies of the ion-molecule reactions along with mass spectra were evaluated.
Practical Middleware for Massively Multiplayer Online Games (2005)

A massively multiplayer online game (MMOG) lets thousands of players interact simultaneously within a virtual world via the Internet. Middleware plays an important role in the development of next-generation MMOGs, which must be built on platforms that address not only the service aspect, but also code maintainability and development for programmers. The authors' compact, high-performance message-oriented middleware has a code-generation programming model that is designed to address many of these problems.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies on the human Plk1 Polo-box domain in complex with an unphosphorylated and a phosphorylated target peptide from Cdc25C (2006)

Polo-like kinase (Plk1) is crucial for cell-cycle progression via mitosis. Members of the Polo-like kinase family are characterized by the presence of a C-terminal domain termed the Polo-box domain (PBD) in addition to the N-terminal kinase domain. The PBD of Plk1 was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Crystallization experiments of the protein in complex with an unphosphorylated and a phosphorylated target peptide from Cdc25C yield crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystals of the PBD in complex with the phosphorylated peptide belong to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 38.23, b = 67.35, c = 88.25 angstroms, alpha = gamma = beta = 90 degrees, and contain one molecule per asymmetric unit. Crystals of the PBD in complex with the unphosphorylated peptide belong to the monoclinic space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 40.18, b = 49.17, c = 56.23 angstroms, alpha = gamma = 90, beta = 109.48 degrees, and contain one molecule per asymmetric unit. The crystals diffracted to resolution limits of 2.1 and 2.85 angstroms using synchrotron radiation at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) and the Swiss Light Source (SLS), respectively.
Mirror illusion reduces motor cortical inhibition in the ipsilateral primary motor cortex during forceful unilateral muscle contractions (2015)

Forceful, unilateral contractions modulate corticomotor paths targeting the resting, contralateral hand. However, it is unknown whether mirror-viewing of a slowly moving but forcefully contracting hand would additionally affect these paths. Here we examined corticospinal excitability and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) of the right-ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1) in healthy young adults under no-mirror and mirror conditions at rest and during right wrist flexion at 60% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). During the no-mirror conditions neither hand was visible, whereas in the mirror conditions participants looked at the right hand's reflection in the mirror. Corticospinal excitability increased during contractions in the left flexor carpi radialis (FCR) (contraction 0.41 mV vs. rest 0.21 mV) and extensor carpi radialis (ECR) (contraction 0.56 mV vs. rest 0.39 mV), but there was no mirror effect (FCR: P = 0.743, η p 2 = 0.005; ECR: P = 0.712, η p 2 = 0.005). However, mirror-viewing of the contracting and moving wrist attenuated SICI relative to test pulse in the left FCR by ∼9% compared with the other conditions ( P < 0.05, d ≥ 0.62). Electromyographic activity in the resting left hand prior to stimulation was not affected by the mirror (FCR: P = 0.255, η p 2 = 0.049; ECR: P = 0.343, η p 2 = 0.035) but increased twofold during contractions. Thus viewing the moving hand in the mirror and not just the mirror image of the nonmoving hand seems to affect motor cortical inhibitory networks in the M1 associated with the mirror image. Future studies should determine whether the use of a mirror could increase interlimb transfer produced by cross-education, especially in patient groups with unilateral orthopedic and neurological conditions.
Empirically Minimax Affine Mineralogy Estimates from Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry Using a Decimated Wavelet Basis (1993)

The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum of a rock contains information about its constituent minerals. Using the wavelet transform, we roughly separate the mineralogical information in the FT-IR spectrum from the noise, using an extensive set of training data for which the true mineralogy is known. We ignore wavelet coefficients that vary too much among repeated measurements on rocks with the same mineralogy, since these are likely to reflect analytical noise. We also ignore those that vary too little across the entire training set, since they do not help to discriminate among minerals. We use the remaining wavelet coefficients as the data for the problem of estimating mineralogy from FT-IR data. For each mineral of interest, we construct an affine estimator ◯ of the mass fraction x of the mineral of the form [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is a vector, [Formula: see text] is the vector of retained wavelet coefficients, and b is a scalar. We find [Formula: see text] and b by minimizing the maximum error of the estimator over the training set. When applying the estimator, we “truncate” to keep the estimated mineralogy between 0 and 1. The estimators typically perform better than weighted nonnegative least-squares.
Monitoring Automotive Particulate Matter Emissions with LiDAR: A Review (2010)

Automotive particulate matter (PM) causes deleterious effects on health and visibility. Physical and chemical properties of PM also influence climate change. Roadside remote sensing of automotive emissions is a valuable option for assessing the contribution of individual vehicles to the total PM burden. LiDAR represents a unique approach that allows measuring PM emissions from in-use vehicles with high sensitivity. This publication reviews vehicle emission remote sensing measurements using ultraviolet LiDAR and transmissometer systems. The paper discusses the measurement theory and documents examples of how these techniques provide a unique perspective for exhaust emissions of individual and groups of vehicles.
Oxygen-Sensing Mechanism of HemAT from <i>Bacillus</i> <i>s</i> <i>ubtilis</i> :  A Resonance Raman Spectroscopic Study (2004)

Resonance Raman (RR) evidence for structural linkage between the distal side of heme pocket and the signaling domain of an oxygen sensing hemoprotein, HemAT-Bs, is reported. The band-fitting analyses of the RR spectra in the Fe-O2 stretching (nuFe-O2) region revealed the presence of three conformers with nuFe-O2 at 554, 566, and 572 cm-1, which reflect different H-bond strengths on the bound O2 molecule. While recent X-ray analysis for CN--bound HemAT-Bs suggested the importance of Thr95 and Tyr70, the species with the strongest H-bond (554 cm-1) was deleted in the T95A mutant and also by removal of the linker and signal domains; however, the Y70F mutant maintained the same three conformers. A scheme for specific O2 sensing and signaling mechanism is discussed.
Microstructure and properties of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Al(Si) and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Al(Si)-Si composites formed by in situ reaction of Al with aluminosilicate ceramics (1996)

Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Al(Si) and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Al(Si)-Si composites have been formed by in situ reaction of molten Al with aluminosilicate ceramics. This reactive metal penetration (RMP) process is driven by a strongly negative Gibbs energy for reaction. In the Al/mullite system, Al reduces mullite to produce {alpha}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and elemental Si. With excess Al (i.e., x > 0), a composite of {alpha}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, Al(Si) alloy, and Si can be formed. Ceramic-metal composites containing up to 30 vol pct Al(Si) were prepared by reacting molten Al with dense, aluminosilicate ceramic preforms or by reactively hot pressing Al and mullite powder mixtures. Both reactive metal-forming techniques produce ceramic composite bodies consisting of a fine-grained alumina skeleton with an interpenetrating Al(Si) metal phase. The rigid alumina ceramic skeletal structure dominates composite physical properties such as the Young`s modulus, hardness, and the coefficient of thermal expansion, while the interpenetrating ductile Al(Si) metal phase contributes to composite fracture toughness. Microstructural analysis of composite fracture surfaces shows evidence of ductile metal failure of Al(Si) ligaments. Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Al(Si) and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Al(Si)-Si composites produced by in situ reaction of aluminum with mullite have improved mechanical properties and increased stiffness relative to dense mullite, andmore » composite fracture toughness increases with increasing Al(Si) content.« less