gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Digital Active Noise Reduction Ear Plugs (1994)

Abstract : A digitally-controlled Active Noise Reduction (ANR) ear plug prototype system was developed. In contrast to available ANR headsets that implement fixed analog filters, the prototype defines a digital filter that is optimally defined for the user's current acoustical environment. An above-the-ear (ATE) and an in-the-ear (ITE) prototype ear plug system were developed and demonstrated. A passive headset is worn over the ANR ear plug to increase passive attenuation. A reverberant room was built and a KEMAR mannequin was used to test the ANR ear plugs in band-limited random noise with a spectrum similar to jet noise. Under these conditions, the ATE and ITE respectively gave 30 dB and 40 dB of overall passive attenuation and both gave an additional 10 dB of overall active attenuation. The ATE cancelled noise from 20 to 400 Hz and the ITE cancelled noise from 20 to 3 kHz. Currently only the ATE prototype is fully human compatible and capable of performing in 140 dB external sound levels. Previously-available ANR headsets fail when external sound pressure levels exceed 130 dB. Successful ANR is limited to low sound levels because the ANR system's controlled secondary sound source is normally required to operate in a linear regime while matching the amplitude of the primary noise.
The Transcription Factor WIN1/SHN1 Regulates Cutin Biosynthesis in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (2007)

The composition and permeability of the cuticle has a large influence on its ability to protect the plant against various forms of biotic and abiotic stress. WAX INDUCER1 (WIN1) and related transcription factors have recently been shown to trigger wax production, enhance drought tolerance, and modulate cuticular permeability when overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that WIN1 influences the composition of cutin, a polyester that forms the backbone of the cuticle. WIN1 overexpression induces compositional changes and an overall increase in cutin production in vegetative and reproductive organs, while its downregulation has the opposite effect. Changes in cutin composition are preceded by the rapid and coordinated induction of several genes known or likely to be involved in cutin biosynthesis. This transcriptional response is followed after a delay by the induction of genes associated with wax biosynthesis, suggesting that the regulation of cutin and wax production by WIN1 is a two-step process. We demonstrate that at least one of the cutin pathway genes, which encodes long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase LACS2, is likely to be directly targeted by WIN1. Overall, our results suggest that WIN1 modulates cuticle permeability in Arabidopsis by regulating genes encoding cutin pathway enzymes.
Endogenous sex hormones and ischemic heart disease in men. The Caerphilly prospective study. (1993)

Numerous case-control studies have suggested that elevated levels of endogenous estrogen and low levels of testosterone are associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD) in men. These findings were tested in the Caerphilly study of 2,512 men from the general population who were aged 45-59 years at baseline and were followed for 5 years. Some 153 men experienced a new episode of IHD (fatal and nonfatal) during the period of follow-up. Baseline values of estradiol were marginally higher in subjects who developed IHD than in those who did not, but the difference was not statistically significant. Plasma values of testosterone were similar in the two groups. Among quintiles of the distribution of the hormone values, the incidence of IHD was similar in the case of estradiol; there was also no clear trend in the case of testosterone. These findings provide no support for the suggestion that plasma estradiol or testosterone are primary risk factors for IHD, although the associations between plasma testosterone and other probable risk markers (triglycerides, insulin, body mass index, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol) indicate the possibility that testosterone may play an indirect role in the pathogenesis of IHD.
Preparation and properties of melt‐blended polylactic acid/polyethylene glycol‐modified silica nanocomposites (2013)

Abstract One commercial type of fumed silica modified with methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) plasticizer was incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA) biobased polymer to improve its performance. The modification on silica was confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance, and TGA assessments. The grafting percentage of mPEG onto silica was about 19.8 wt %. Transmission electron microscope revealed a similar degree of dispersion for control silica and modified silica‐filled PLA nanocomposites. Not much difference in the glass transition temperatures at various silica contents was found for PLA/control silica systems from the differential scanning calorimetry measurement, but the glass transition temperature of PLA/modified silica nanocomposite at 10 phr of modified silica showed up to 11°C decrement. It was suggested that the mPEG plasticizer efficiently plasticized the PLA matrix through the enhanced segmental mobility of PLA chains. Young's modulus of PLA was about 2133 ± 53 MPa, and the value for the nanocomposite increased to 2547 ± 54 MPa at 10 of phr control silica mainly due to the reinforcing effect from nanoparticles. For modified silica, Young's modulus decreased at various silica contents. The elongation at break for modified silica‐filled cases was higher than that of control silica‐filled cases. These results were attributed to the plasticizing effect of surface modifier. Optical transmittance for pristine PLA was generally in a similar order as PLA/control silica and modified silica cases at various silica contents. The results agreed with the morphology observation as well. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Fruiting Body of Niuchangchih (<i>Antrodia camphorata</i>) Protects Livers against Chronic Alcohol Consumption Damage (2010)

An alcoholic fatty liver disease was induced by drinking water containing 20% (w/w) alcohol. Therapeutic groups were orally administrated dosages of 0.25 g silymarin/kg body weight (BW) and a low dosage of Niuchangchih (Antrodia camphorata) (0.025 g/kg BW) and a high dosage of Niuchangchih (0.1 g/kg BW) per day. Niuchangchih, especially at the high dosage, not only showed a hypercholesterolemic effect (p < 0.05) but also reduced (p < 0.05) hepatic lipids in alcohol-fed rats. Those beneficial effects could be partially attributed to higher (p < 0.05) fecal cholesterol and bile acid outputs, as well as downregulations (p < 0.05) of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and malic enzyme gene expressions; meanwhile, there was an upregulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated alpha gene expression. Besides, Niuchangchih also enhanced (p < 0.05) the liver glutathione, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase and decreased the liver malondialdehyde content, which also partially contributed to the lowered (p < 0.05) serum aspartate aminotransferase levels and no observed lesion in the histological examination of alcohol-fed rats.
A novel neuronal P2x ATP receptor ion channel with widespread distribution in the brain. (1996)

There is strong evidence that ATP acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the periphery, yet little is known about fast central ATP-mediated transmission. We report here the molecular cloning of a novel neuronal ionotropic ATP receptor of the P2x subtype (P2x3) isolated from rat brain. This central P2x channel subunit has significant amino acid homology with two recently cloned ATP-gated channels from rat smooth muscle (47%) and pheochromocytoma PC12 cells (37%). P2x3 receptor contains the characteristic 10 conserved cysteines of ATP-gated channels, a putative extracellular region homologous to the Walker type A motif found in various nucleotide-binding proteins, and two potential sites for phosphorylation by protein kinase C. Homomeric receptor P2x3 channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes produce rapid cation-selective purinergic currents that are potentiated by zinc ions and reversibly blocked by the P2x antagonists suramin, Reactive Blue 2, and pyridoxalphosphate-6-axophenyl-2U,4U-disulfonic acid. P2x3-receptor subunit mRNA is found in the Purkinje cells and the granule cells of the cerebellum as well as in CA3 pyramidal cells of the hippocampus that are innervated by zinc-rich axon terminals of mossy fibers. Our results suggest that fast excitatory synaptic transmission mediated by zinc-sensitive ATP-gated channels is widespread in mammalian brain.
Learning algorithms and fixed dynamics (2002)

The authors discuss the equivalence of learning algorithms and nonlinear dynamic systems whose differential equations have fixed coefficients. They show how backpropagation transforms into a fixed-weight recursive neural network suitable for VLSI or optical implementations. The transformation is quite general and implies that understanding physiological networks may require one to determine the values of fixed parameters distributed throughout a network. Equivalently, a particular synaptic weight update mechanism such as Hebbian learning could likely be used to implement many known learning algorithms. The authors use the transformation process to illustrate why a network whose only variable weights are hidden-layer thresholds is capable of universal approximation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
[Analysis of chemokine (S) produced by mouse thymic stromal cell lines]. (1996)

By using Boyden Chamber and PACS methods, we analysed the chemotactic activity of five mouse thymic stromal cell (MTSC) lines' culture supernatant for neutrophil, monocyte/macrophage and lymphocyte, and the phenotype of the attracted lymphocyes, MTEC 1, MTEC 2, MTEC 3, MTEC 5 are mouse thymus epithelial cell lines. MTDC 4 is a mouse thymus dendritic cell line. The results indicate that all of the five MTSC supernatants have chemotactic activity for the target cells mentioned above but in different degree. Chemokines produced by the MTSC cells can be classified into three categories: (1) Chemokines produced by MTEC 1 and MTEC 2 are more potent for the attraction of neutrophils and lymphocytes. (2) MTDC 4 derived chemokines are highly potent for the attraction of monocytes/macrophages. (3) Chemokines produced by MTEC 3 and MTEC 5 are equally attractive to neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Most of the MTSC-SN are more potent for the migration of B lymphocyte than for T lymphocyte. The MTSC-SN exhibits higher chemotactic activity to CD4-CD8+ T cell subset than to CD4+CD8-T cell subset. The characterization of chemokines in MTSC-SN will benefit the finding of new chemokines and the analysis of the mechanism of thymus homing.
The effective diffusion coefficient and the distribution constant for small molecules in calcium‐alginate gel beads (1995)

The effective diffusion coefficient, D(e), and the distribution constant, K(i), for selected mono- and disaccharides and organic acids were determined in homogeneous calcium-alginate gel with and without entrapped bacteria. Results were obtained from transient concentration changes in well-stirred solutions of limited volume, in which the gel beads were suspended. The effective diffusioncoefficients and the distribution constants were estimated by fitting mathematical model predictions to the experimental data using a nonlinear model fitting program (MODFIT). Both single solute diffusion and multiple solute diffusion were performed. A small positive effect was obtained onthe values of D(e) for the system of multiple solute diffusion; however, the values of K(i) were not significantly influenced. For the nine solutes tested, D(e) for 2% Ca-alginate gel beads was found to be approximately 85% of the diffusivity measured in water. The effects on D(e) and K(i), for lactose and lactic acid were determined for variations of alginate concentration, pH, temperature, and biomass content in the beads. D(e) decreased linearly for both lactose and lactic acid with increasing cell concentration in the Ca-alginate gel. K(i), was constant for both lactose and lactic acid with increasing cell concentration. D(e) was significantly lower at pH 4.5 than at pH 5.5 and 6.5 for both lactose and lactic acid. Furthermore, D(e) seemed to decrease with increased alginate concentration in the range of 1% to 4%. The diffusion rate increased with increasing temperature, and the activation energy for the diffusion process for both lactose and lactic acid was constant in the temperature range tested. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Concept design of a new generation military vehicle (2006)

This paper presents the development of an advanced concept for a next generation military vehicle based on state of the art technologies. The vehicle's platform will be directly suitable for high mobility applications for instance: Special Forces missions, Marine reconnaissance missions, and commercial racing in events such as Bajas and the Paris - Dakar. The platform will be a 10000 -14000 lbs high-speed multi-purpose vehicle, designed for extreme off-road operation. A completely new suspension concept is expected to be developed and the new vehicle topology will accommodate a new generation hybrid-electric power train. The dynamic performance targets are 125 mph off-road and 0-60 in 7 seconds. The concept design will focus also on survivability mainly through the use of a new vehicle topology (herein referred to as "island") specifically designed to enhance crew protection. The "island" topology consists in locating the powertrain and other vehicle equipment and subsystems around the crew compartment. Thus, even in the event of an external shield penetration the crew compartment remains protected by the surrounding equipment which serves in an additional role as a secondary shield. The paper presents vehicle specifications, performance capabilities, simulation models and virtual models of the vehicle.
Introduction (2019)

Searching of online databases has for many years been done chiefly by information professionals, such as librarians, information specialists and others with formal training in computerized retrieval. While there have long been a few organizations where a serious effort was made to encourage and train end-users to do their own searching, it has been only relatively recently that greater effort has been made to train end-users in the fine art (or science) of online searching. While law schools have for several years been turning out graduates who will expect to do online searching at their first jobs, this has not been nearly as common practice in science and engineering. In sci-tech disciplines efforts to increase collegiate end-user training and on-the-job training in searching are just beginning to be prevalent in a number of colleges and business/governmental organizations.
Assessment of the in vivo and in vitro opioid activity of bridged hexahydroaporphine and isoquinoline molecules (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAssessment of the in vivo and in vitro opioid activity of bridged hexahydroaporphine and isoquinoline moleculesVictoria F. Roche, Edward B. Roche, Paul K. Lemcke, William S. Wire, and Thomas F. BurksCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1990, 33, 1, 245–248Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1990https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00163a040Request reuse permissionsArticle Views74Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (519 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
HARTIK 3.0: a portable system for developing real-time applications (2002)

This paper describes the features of the HARTIK system, a hard real-time kernel designed to help the development of real-time applications, ranging from classical hard control systems to soft multimedia, distributed systems. The portability, the predictability and the flexibility in expressing timing constraints allow the application designer to explore a broad set of solutions both from a hardware and software perspective. A toolkit has also been developed to support the design phase. The kernel supports 16-bit and 32-bit Intel 80/spl times/86 processors, DEC Alpha AXP-PCI-33, and can be easily ported to other different hardware architectures, such as microcontrollers and embedded systems. The relevant features offered by the kernel include direct specification of timing constraints, such us period and deadlines, coexistence of tasks with different criticalness, dynamic scheduling of periodic and aperiodic tasks, bounded blocking time on shared resources, prevention of deadlock and chained blocking; asynchronous, time bounded communication paradigm for exchanging data among tasks having different execution rates.
Photometer for quasielastic and classical light scattering (1983)

An accurate light scattering photometer capable of measuring both the angular distribution of intensity and the intensity fluctuation spectrum of laser light scattered from a wide variety of samples including solutions of polymers and other macromolecules is described. The photometer employs 18 fixed scattering angles ranging from 2.6° to 163° and is sufficiently accurate to measure a molecular radius of gyration as small as 60 Å reliably. Stray elastically scattered light normally comprises less than 1% of the light scattered from pure toluene at the smallest scattering angle and is unmeasurable at other angles. The apparatus employs optical fibers to transmit the scattered light to a single photomultiplier tube and functions automatically under microprocessor control, with sample temperature controlled to ±0.1 mK.
An implantable bi-directional wireless transmission system for transcutaneous biological signal recording (2005)

This study presents an implantable microcontroller-based bi-directional transmission system with an inductive link designed for biological signal sensing. The system comprises an external module and an implantable module. The external module incorporates a high-efficiency class-E transceiver with amplitude modulation scheme and a data recovery reader. The transceiver sends both power and commands to the implanted module, while the reader recovers the recorded biological signal data and transmits the data to a personal computer (PC) for further data processing. To reduce the effects of interference induced by the 2 MHz carrier signal, the implanted module uses two separate coils to perform the necessary two-way data transmission. The outward backward telemetry circuitry of the implanted module was based on the loadshift keying (LSK) technique. The transmitted sensed signal had a 10-bit resolution and a read-out rate of 115 kbps. The implanted module, measuring 4.5 x 3 x 1.2 cm3, was successfully verified in animal experiment in which the electroneurogram (ENG) signal was recorded from the sciatic nerve of New Zealand rabbits in response to nociceptive stimulation of foot. The reliable operating distance of the system was within about 3.5 cm with an efficiency of around 25%. Our present study confirms that the proposed biological signal sensing device is suitable for various implanted applications following an appropriate biocompatible packaging procedure.
Variation in the <i>N</i>-acetyl neuraminic acid content of bovine κ-casein (1991)

Summary A total of 555 milk samples was collected from 53 Holstein cows for 1 year. Samples were analysed for N -acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA) content, κ-casein content and somatic cell count. The extent of glycosylation of κ-casein was estimated through the NANA content of κ-casein in each milk sample. The overall mean value for the NANA content was 63·6 ± 20 μg/mg of κ-casein with a range of 23–166 μg/mg. Least squares analysis showed significant ( P < 0·01) effects of parity, test day, stage of lactation, phenotype for κ-casein, somatic cell count, and cow within phenotype. The NANA content of κ-casein decreased with increasing parity number and increased significantly when somatic cell count was above 200000 cells/ml. After reaching a minimum value between 2 and 3 months after calving, the NANA content of κ-casein increased during the later part of the lactation. NANA content was higher in the milk of cows phenotyped AB for κ-casein than for cows phenotyped for κ-casein AA, thus suggesting that B variant is more efficiently glycosylated than A variant.
Preference of 4-<i>exo</i> Ring Closure in Copper-Catalyzed Intramolecular Coupling of Vinyl Bromides with Alcohols (2007)

The copper-catalyzed intramolecular O-vinylation of γ-bromohomoallylic alcohols was investigated. With 10 mol % of CuI as the catalyst and 20 mol % of 1,10-phenanthroline as the ligand, the reactions of 3-bromo-3-buten-1-ols in refluxing CH3CN led to the convenient formation of the corresponding 2-methyleneoxetanes in good to excellent yields via a 4-exo ring closure. The configuration of the CC bond was nicely retained. This methodology was then successfully extended to the cyclization in 5-exo, 6-exo, and even 6-endo modes. Moreover, the competition experiments revealed that 4-exo cyclization is fundamentally preferred over other modes of cyclization. On the other hand, the corresponding Pd(0)-catalyzed O-vinylation showed the predominance of 5-exo over 4-exo cyclization.
Analysis and extension of spectral methods for nonlinear dimensionality reduction (2005)

Many unsupervised algorithms for nonlinear dimensionality reduction, such as locally linear embedding (LLE) and Laplacian eigenmaps, are derived from the spectral decompositions of sparse matrices. While these algorithms aim to preserve certain proximity relations on average, their embeddings are not explicitly designed to preserve local features such as distances or angles. In this paper, we show how to construct a low dimensional embedding that maximally preserves angles between nearby data points. The embedding is derived from the bottom eigenvectors of LLE and/or Laplacian eigenmaps by solving an additional (but small) problem in semidefinite programming, whose size is independent of the number of data points. The solution obtained by semidefinite programming also yields an estimate of the data's intrinsic dimensionality. Experimental results on several data sets demonstrate the merits of our approach.