gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel polymer–polyphenol beads for encapsulation and microreactor applications (2011)

Novel structures with controllable morphology made from natural materials hold promise for several applications in pharmaceuticals, foods and biotechnology field. In this paper, we utilized the strong interactions between epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol obtained from green tea, and water soluble cellulose ethers like methyl cellulose (MCE) and hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose (HPMC) to fabricate novel beads with controllable core–shell morphology. The novel polymer–polyphenol beads were prepared by simply adding polymer solution dropwise into an aqueous solution of polyphenol. Effect of process variables like concentration and viscosity grades of polymer, reaction time and concentration of EGCG on bead formation was evaluated. Spherical milky white beads with average diameters ranging from 600–2500 µm were obtained that retained shape after freeze drying. Internal structure of beads was studied using automated light microscopy and cold stage scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM). Percent loading of EGCG in the beads was above 25% w/w in all the cases. The release study in simulated intestinal fluid revealed burst release of EGCG (20% in first 5 minutes) followed by sustained release with more than 90% release at the end of 300 minutes. The antioxidant power of EGCG in the beads was effectively maintained in the alkaline conditions with 5–6 fold activity as compared to free EGCG. Further, the temperature triggered release characteristic of beads was explored by encapsulating eucalyptus oil and studying the release of oil using hot stage microscopy. Enzyme immobilisation application of beads was demonstrated by immobilising α-amylase onto the beads and studying its enzyme activity after several washings.
Duodenal-Mucosal Bacteria Associated with Celiac Disease in Children (2013)

Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of cereal gluten proteins. This disorder is associated with imbalances in the gut microbiota composition that could be involved in the pathogenesis of CD. The aim of this study was to characterize the composition and diversity of the cultivable duodenal mucosa-associated bacteria of CD patients and control children. Duodenal biopsy specimens from patients with active disease on a gluten-containing diet (n = 32), patients with nonactive disease after adherence to a gluten-free diet (n = 17), and controls (n = 8) were homogenized and plated on plate count agar, Wilkins-Chalgren agar, brain heart agar, or yeast, Casitone, and fatty acid agar. The isolates were identified by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Renyi diversity profiles showed the highest diversity values for active CD patients, followed by nonactive CD patients and control individuals. Members of the phylum Proteobacteria were more abundant in patients with active CD than in the other child groups, while those of the phylum Firmicutes were less abundant. Members of the families Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcaceae, particularly the species Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus pasteuri, were more abundant in patients with active disease than in controls. In contrast, members of the family Streptococcaceae were less abundant in patients with active CD than in controls. Furthermore, isolates of the Streptococcus anginosus and Streptococcus mutans groups were more abundant in controls than in both CD patient groups, regardless of inflammatory status. The findings indicated that the disease is associated with the overgrowth of possible pathobionts that exclude symbionts or commensals that are characteristic of the healthy small intestinal microbiota.
Endogenous Expression of an Anti-TAR Aptamer Reduces HIV-1 Replication (2006)

An anti-TAR RNA aptamer called R06, which binds tightly and specifically to the trans-activation responsive (TAR) element of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) through loop-loop interactions has been previously selected.(1) We used HIV-based retroviral vectors to express the R06 aptamer. Its synthesis was driven by the U16 snoRNA. We investigated the ability of this cassette to interfere with TAR-mediated transcription using HeLa P4 cells stably expressing the beta-galactosidase gene under the control of the HIV-1 5'LTR. We demonstrated that, upon HIV-1 infection, the beta-galactosidase activity was reduced in cells expressing the nucleolar U16-R06 transcript. The replication of HIV-1 in these cells was also reduced as shown by quantification of the HIV-1 protease gene 24 h post-infection. This effect was specific and related to the formation of R06 TAR complex as an aptamer with a mutated loop, which was no longer able to bind to TAR, did not show any effect. The nucleolus is likely a compartment of interest for targeting the TAR-protein complex responsible for the trans-activation of transcription of the HIV-1 genome.
Connexin 43 (cx43) enhances chemotherapy‐induced apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells (2001)

Stable re-expression of connexin 43 (cx43) in human glioblastoma suppresses transformation and tumorigenicity. The present study was designed to examine the role of cx43 in chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Expression of cx43 in human glioblastoma cells significantly increased sensitivity to several common chemotherapeutic agents, including etoposide, paclitaxel (Taxol) and doxorubicin, compared with control-transfected cells. The increased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents resulted from apoptosis as evidenced by Hoechst dye staining, TUNEL assay and annexin V assay. These cx43-mediated effects were coupled with decreased expression of the specific apoptosis inhibitor bcl-2. Over-expression of bcl-2 in cx43-transfected cells partially confers the resistance to apoptosis induced by etoposide, suggesting that the cx43-mediated apoptosis to chemotherapeutic agents is regulated in part through the down-regulation of bcl-2 expression. Furthermore, the cx43-mediated apoptosis in response to chemotherapeutic drugs may not be linked to increased gap junctional communication in cx43-transfected cells. Our results demonstrate a new role of cx43 in the mediation of apoptosis during chemotherapy. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
You Don't Like Moles? (1944)

Because of its food habits, the common mole is actually an extremely beneficial animal, but the average gardener is hard to convince of this after his lawn has been wrecked, his flower beds disrupted and his potatoes disturbed by one of these burrowing animals.
Three degree-of-freedom piezoelectric ultrasonic micro-motor with a major diameter of 350 µm (2010)

A three degree-of-freedom (DOF) micro-motor comprising a hollow cylindrical transducer with slots novelly inserted, mounted to a lead zirconium titanate (PZT) piezoelectric element, was developed. Reversible rotation about three orthogonal axes was obtained at frequencies above 190 kHz. The peak torque about the transverse (x and y) and longitudinal (z) axes was 1.33, 1.23 and 2.38 nNm, respectively, at 21.2 VRMS. An electrical control scheme was employed to demonstrate the ability to operate these micro-motors at the low speeds necessary for many applications, including minimally invasive surgery (MIS). This micro-motor represents a significant step towards the development of true microscopic multi-DOF actuators, which can be integrated with MIS equipment, for example, in order to provide surgeons with better operability, dexterity and control deep within a patient's body.
New isocysteine building blocks and chemoselective peptide ligation (2003)

Boc-, Fmoc- and Cbz-protected isocysteine building blocks were prepared by a concise three-step procedure starting from thiomalic acid. The use of Boc/Trt-protected isocysteine provided convenient access to isocysteinyl peptides that allow the chemoselective ligation of unprotected peptide fragments in water. The pH-dependency of the isocysteine-mediated ligation was compared with that of cysteine-mediated native chemical ligation.
Predictive Control for Low-Voltage Ride-Through Enhancement of Three-Level-Boost and NPC-Converter-Based PMSG Wind Turbine (2014)

In this paper, a predictive control scheme is proposed for the low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) enhancement of direct-driven permanent-magnet-synchronous-generator-based megawatt-level wind turbines. The proposed method uses the turbine-generator rotor inertia to store the surplus energy during the grid voltage dips. The power conversion system is realized using a three-phase diode-bridge rectifier, a three-level-boost converter, and a neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter. The wind turbine requirements, such as maximum power point tracking, net dc-bus voltage control, balancing of the dc capacitor voltages, and reactive power generation, are modeled as the reference control variables. The generator- and grid-side cost functions are defined to deal with these control objectives. During each sampling interval, the control goals are achieved based on the minimization of cost functions. The coordination of boost and NPC converters and the exchange of reference control variables during normal and LVRT operation are formulated such that the power converters operate in a safe mode while meeting the grid code requirements. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed strategy.
Precision Medicine in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps (2018)

This is a narrative review on the current state of endotypes, biomarkers, and targeted treatments in chronic inflammatory conditions of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Different phenotypes of rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have been described based on symptom severity and duration, atopy status, level of control, comorbidities, and presence or absence of nasal polyps in CRS. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are diverse, with different endotypes being recognized. Novel emerging therapies are targeting specific pathophysiological pathways or endotypes. This endotype-driven treatment approach requires careful selection of the patient population who might benefit from a specific treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of endotypes, biomarkers and targeted treatments in chronic inflammatory conditions of the nose and paranasal sinuses.
Chemical Synthesis of GPIs and GPI‐Anchored Glycopeptides (2004)

Abstract This microreview summarizes some recent progress in the study of glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPI), focusing on the strategies established for the synthesis of optically pure myo ‐inositol derivatives and complex GPIs and GPI conjugates. Although in the past decade many GPIs have been achieved by linear, convergent and solid‐phase synthesis, the GPIs with 2‐ O ‐acylated inositol residues and the GPI conjugates of peptides and glycopeptides have not been accomplished until recently. The successful coupling of peptides and glycopeptides to GPIs brings new promises to this area, but the scope of the relevant designs, in particular their application to more complex structures such as GPI‐anchored glycoproteins, remains untested. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Polyclonal activation of the murine immune system by an antibody to IgD. XI. Contribution of membrane IgD cross-linking to the generation of an in vivo polyclonal antibody response (1991)

The injection of mice with a foreign, polyclonal antibody to IgD sequentially induces: 1) activation of B cells by cross-linking of their cell membrane (m) IgD; 2) B cell processing and presentation of the bound anti-IgD antibody to T cells; 3) activation of these T cells; and 4) T-dependent stimulation of B cell differentiation into IgG1 secreting cells. To determine whether the cross-linking of B cell membrane IgD and/or the resulting B cell activation that follows contribute to the generation of the polyclonal IgG1 response, we examined the abilities of three sets of anti-delta mAb or mAb fragments to stimulate polyclonal IgG1 production. Within each set mAb were matched for species and Ig isotypic determinants, but differed in avidity for IgD or in ability to cross-link IgD. In addition, experiments were performed to determine whether the anti-delta mAb had to be foreign to the immunized mouse to stimulate an IgG1 response. Results of these experiments indicate that: 1) recognition of the injected anti-delta antibody as foreign is required for the induction of a polyclonal IgG1 response; 2) the cross-linking of B cell membrane Ig, which directly activates B cells, can contribute considerably to the generation of in vivo IgG1 production; and 3) that even relatively weak cross-linking of membrane Ig by ligands that bind it with low avidity can make this contribution.
Glycerol Monolaurate and Dodecylglycerol Effects on Staphylococcus aureus and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 In Vitro and In Vivo (2009)

These data suggest that DDG was stable to S. aureus lipase and inhibited S. aureus growth at lower concentrations than GML in vitro. However, in vivo GML was more effective than DDG by reducing mortality, and suppressing TNF-alpha, S. aureus growth and exotoxin production, which may reduce toxic shock syndrome. GML is proposed as a more effective anti-staphylococcal topical anti-infective candidate than DDG, despite its potential degradation by S. aureus lipase.
Training error, generalization error and learning curves in neural learning (2002)

A neural network is trained by using a set of available examples to minimize the training error such that the network parameters fit the examples well. However, it is desired to minimize the generalization error to which no direct access is possible. There are discrepancies between the training error and the generalization error due to the statistical fluctuation of examples. The article focuses on this problem from the statistical point of view. When the number of training examples is large, we have a universal asymptotic evaluation on the discrepancies of the two errors. This can be used for model selection based on the information criterion. When the number of training examples is small, their discrepancies are big, causing a serious overfitting or overtraining problem. We analyze this phenomenon by using a simple model. It is surprising that the generalization error even increases as the number of examples increases in a certain range. This shows the adequacy of the minimum training error learning method. We evaluate various means of overcoming the overtraining such as cross validated early stopping of training, introduction of the regularization terms, model selection and others.
Synthesis and structure‐property relations of polymers for light emitting diodes based on isolated chromophore units (1994)

Abstract New fluorescent polymers for electroluminescent devices were synthesized and characterized. In order to obtain polymers for blue light emitting diodes (LEDs), two different structural concepts based on isolation of the active chromophore units within the polymer main chain were investigated. In the first approach non‐coplanar units were used to reduce the conjugation length in poly(arylenevinylene)s. In a second approach copolymers having isolated chromophore units in the polymers main chain were investigated. For this purpose, copolyesters containing isolated 1,2‐dinaphthylethene chromophore units were synthesized and characterized. The influence of the chemical structure on the photo‐ and electroluminescence is discussed. On the example of copolyester 2b , which shows bluegreen electroluminescence (λ max = 497 nm) in a LED configuration, it was demonstrated that these polyesters can be used as light emitting layer in electrooptical devices.
Association of the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase with an essential erythropoietin receptor subdomain (1993)

Using an active, HAI epitope-tagged form of the murine erythropoietin (EPO) receptor and via direct coimmunoprecipitation, the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase (p85/PI3-K) is shown to associate with the EPO receptor in transfected FDC-P1 cell lines. Coimmunoprecipitation of p85 with epitope-tagged EPO receptors was observed initially in FDC-HER cells labeled metabolically with [32P]orthophosphate, and association of these factors was confirmed by Western analyses of receptor immunoprecipitates using p85 antiserum. Interestingly, this association occurred in the absence of ligand, and exposure of FDC-HER cells to EPO did not detectably affect levels of receptor-associated p85 or overall levels of p85 phosphorylation. However, EPO was observed to stimulated the rapid formation of phosphatidylinositol 32P-phosphate in FDC-HER and FDC-ER cells. Through baculovirus-mediated expression of epitope-tagged EPO receptor forms in SF9 cells, domains for p85 association were mapped. Analyses of receptor forms with cytosolic truncations and deletions delineated a candidate subdomain for p85 binding to an essential extended box-2 region (P329-E374; including a putative motif for SH2 binding, Y343LVL). These findings extend a mechanistic alignment between the EPO receptor and protein tyrosine kinase-encoding receptors that likewise activate PI3-K, and expand the importance of further defining pathways to PI3-K activation.
Factors Affecting the Performance of New Oxygen Scavenging Polymer for Packaging Applications (2001)

Chevron Phillips Chemical Company has developed an oxygen scavenging system based on a blend of ethylene methylacrylate cyclohexenylmethyl acrylate (EMCM) for use in both flexible and rigid packaging applications. This polymer distinguishes itself from other oxygen scavenging polymers in that scavenging is conducted without the generation of degradation products that may easily migrate out of the polymer matrix, which in turn could cause negative organoleptic effects in certain classes of foods. Also, through the use of a proprietary photoinitiator, the oxidation mechanism may be initiated by treating the polymer with commercially available ultraviolet light systems, without reducing typical packaging rates. This system allows the packager to incorporate the scavenger into the package structure, store the packaging raw material (e.g. film, cartons, or bottles) for an extended period of time, and then initiate scavenging at the most opportune time - just prior to filling. Once the filled package is sealed, the polymer will scavenge any residual headspace oxygen in the package as well as any fugitive oxygen that may permeate through the passive barrier in the structure. This paper discusses the scavenging system and examines some of the factors that affect the performance of the system which must be considered during application specific development work.
Thiolate-Protected Nanoparticles <i>via</i> Organic Xanthates: Mechanism and Implications (2012)

The gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) stabilized with amine ligands are converted into robust thiolate-protected AuNPs in the presence of xanthates. This enables decoration of the AuNPs with a diversity of important functional groups, in particular, to introduce the thiol-sensitive unsaturated C-C bonds. The (1)H NMR study on the reaction mechanism provides a new insight into the great mystery of nanoscience-the fate of hydrogen upon the formation of the Au-S bond.
Detection of Zeptojoule Microwave Pulses Using Electrothermal Feedback in Proximity-Induced Josephson Junctions (2016)

We experimentally investigate and utilize electrothermal feedback in a microwave nanobolometer based on a normal-metal (Au_{x}Pd_{1-x}) nanowire with proximity-induced superconductivity. The feedback couples the temperature and the electrical degrees of freedom in the nanowire, which both absorbs the incoming microwave radiation, and transduces the temperature change into a radio-frequency electrical signal. We tune the feedback in situ and access both positive and negative feedback regimes with rich nonlinear dynamics. In particular, strong positive feedback leads to the emergence of two metastable electron temperature states in the millikelvin range. We use these states for efficient threshold detection of coherent 8.4 GHz microwave pulses containing approximately 200 photons on average, corresponding to 1.1×10^{-21} J≈7.0 meV of energy.
1,2,3,5‐Tetrahydro‐4<i>H</i>‐1,5‐benzodiazepin‐4‐ones and 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐5<i>H</i>‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐5‐ones from the reaction of hydrazoic acid on 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolin‐4‐ones (1971)

Abstract The Schmidt reaction on 1,2,3,4‐telrahydroquinolin‐4‐ones (1) gave 1,2,3,5‐telrahydro‐l,5‐benzodiazepin‐4‐ones (II) and 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐5)‐ones(III). The ratio of II and III is dependent upon substituents present on the nitrogen ring atom of the quinolinones.
A Multiple Coagulometer (1945)

A multiple coagulometer and a technique for its use are described which will enable the clotting time of several samples from a single specimen of blood to be determined simultaneously. By this method a single specimen of fresh blood may be subjected to various tests having a common control and without having to render it incoagulable.
Reusing the IPv4 Identification Field in Atomic Packets (2014)

This specification takes a new approach to extensibility that is both
principled and a hack. It builds on recent moves to formalise the
increasingly common practice where fragmentation in IPv4 more closely
matches that of IPv6. The large majority of IPv4 packets are now
'atomic', meaning indivisible. In such packets, the 16 bits of
the IPv4 Identification (IPv4 ID) field are redundant and could be
freed up for the Internet community to put to other uses, at least
within the constraints imposed by their original use for reassembly.
This specification defines the process for redefining the semantics of
these bits. It uses the previously reserved control flag in the IPv4
header to indicate that these 16 bits have new semantics. Great care
is taken throughout to ease incremental deployment, even in the
presence of middleboxes that incorrectly discard or normalise packets
that have the reserved control flag set.
6-Diazo-5-Oxo- <scp>l</scp> -Norleucine Inhibition of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1965)

Coggin, J. H., Jr. (The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.), and W. R. Martin. 6-Diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine inhibition of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 89:1348-1353. 1965.-The glutamine analogue 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) induced filaments and spheroplasts in Escherichia coli during the transition of sensitive populations to a state of resistance. Resistance developed at a frequency suggesting mutant selection. The morphology of cells resistant to 100 mug of DON per ml was indistinguishable from that of sensitive cells. DON-resistant cells exhibited an extended growth lag when cultured in the absence of the drug. This extended lag could be reduced to the lag time of parent sensitive cells by a combination of d-glucosamine and inosine or by DON. Viable counts during the lag period of resistant cells indicate that this lag results from a decrease in the number of cells during the first 2 hr of incubation. A combination of d-glucosamine and inosine was required for complete prevention of the DON inhibition of sensitive cells. The results indicate that DON not only inhibits de novo purine biosynthesis but that it also prevents hexosamine synthesis and, ultimately, cell-wall synthesis in E. coli.