gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
De novo synthesis of a sunscreen compound in vertebrates (2015)

Ultraviolet-protective compounds, such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) and related gadusols produced by some bacteria, fungi, algae, and marine invertebrates, are critical for the survival of reef-building corals and other marine organisms exposed to high-solar irradiance. These compounds have also been found in marine fish, where their accumulation is thought to be of dietary or symbiont origin. In this study, we report the unexpected discovery that fish can synthesize gadusol de novo and that the analogous pathways are also present in amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Furthermore, we demonstrate that engineered yeast containing the fish genes can produce and secrete gadusol. The discovery of the gadusol pathway in vertebrates provides a platform for understanding its role in these animals, and the possibility of engineering yeast to efficiently produce a natural sunscreen and antioxidant presents an avenue for its large-scale production for possible use in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
Novel acyclonucleotides: synthesis and antiviral activity of alkenylphosphonic acid derivatives of purines and a pyrimidine (1993)

A series of phosphonoalkenyl and (phosphonoalkenyl)oxy derivatives of purines and a pyrimidine were synthesized. These compounds are the first reported acyclonucleotides which incorporate the alpha,beta-unsaturated phosphonic acid moiety as the phosphate mimic and include compounds in which the acyclic substituent is attached to N-9 of a purine or N-1 of a pyrimidine by either a nitrogen-carbon or a nitrogen-oxygen bond. The phosphonoalkenyl-substituted compounds 7a-c, 8a-c, 9, 10, and 12 were prepared either by Mitsunobu coupling of alcohols with purine or pyrimidine derivatives or by alternative alkylations of the heterocyclic bases. The (phosphonoalkenyl) oxy derivatives 7d-g, 8d-g, and 11 were synthesized by coupling of alcohols with 9-hydroxypurines or a 1-hydroxypyrimidine under Mitsunobu conditions. The novel acyclonucleotides were tested for activity against herpes simplex types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), visna virus, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Guanine derivatives were moderately to extremely cytotoxic, but the adenines were less toxic to cells. At the concentrations tested, (Z)-isomers in the unbranched series had no activity against herpes viruses or HIV-1. (E)-9-[(4-Phosphonobut-3-enyl) oxy]adenine (7d) displayed selective activity against HIV-1, (E)-2,6-diamino-9-(4-phosphonobut-3-enyl) purine (9) showed selective antiretrovirus activity, and (E)-9-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-phosphonobut-3-enyl]adenine (7c) showed selective antiherpesvirus (VZV and CMV) activity.
Task-Sensitive Concept Drift Detector with Constraint Embedding (2021)

Detecting drifts in data is essential for machine learning applications, as changes in the statistics of processed data typically has a profound influence on the performance of trained models. Most of the available literature on drift detection employs either supervised methods, that requires true labels during inference time, or unsupervised, that aim for any changes in the data distribution. We propose a novel task-sensitive semi-supervised drift detection framework, which uses label information to train a model, but detects drifts during inference time only when they affect the model performance, without the ground truth label information. It utilizes a constrained low-dimensional embedding representation of the input data. This way, the dimensionality of the input data is reduced, and the learned representation is best suited for the classification task. We propose two change detectors, which are customized for our framework, but any method to detect a change in the statistic of a data stream can be chosen freely. Experimental evaluation on nine benchmarks datasets, with different types of artificially induced drift, demonstrates that the proposed framework can reliably detect drifts. Furthermore, in our studies we empirically demonstrated that the investigated drift detectors combined with the proposed framework, consistently outperform the other state-of-the-art unsupervised drift detection approaches.
Treatment of severe chronic heart failure (1991)

info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Design and Efficient Soluble Expression of a Sweet Protein, Brazzein and Minor-Form Mutant (2010)

Figure 1. The DNA sequence of the synthesized brazzein gene encoding 53 amino acids that combined with the pelB leader sequence and amino acid sequence of the resulted recombinant brazzein. The sequence ends with two TAG and TAA termination codons. Gray box ( ) indicates the sequence of the pelB leader sequence.
Automated segmentation of muscle and adipose tissue on CT images for human body composition analysis (2009)

The ability to compute body composition in cancer patients lends itself to determining the specific clinical outcomes associated with fat and lean tissue stores. For example, a wasting syndrome of advanced disease associates with shortened survival. Moreover, certain tissue compartments represent sites for drug distribution and are likely determinants of chemotherapy efficacy and toxicity. CT images are abundant, but these cannot be fully exploited unless there exist practical and fast approaches for tissue quantification. Here we propose a fully automated method for segmenting muscle, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues, taking the approach of shape modeling for the analysis of skeletal muscle. Muscle shape is represented using PCA encoded Free Form Deformations with respect to a mean shape. The shape model is learned from manually segmented images and used in conjunction with a tissue appearance prior. VAT and SAT are segmented based on the final deformed muscle shape. In comparing the automatic and manual methods, coefficients of variation (COV) (1 - 2%), were similar to or smaller than inter- and intra-observer COVs reported for manual segmentation.
Anisotropic Effects in Optical Excitation of Excitons in Molecular Crystals (1957)

The expression for the energy of an exciton state contains certain dipole lattice sums. These sums are strongly dependent on the direction of the propagation vector of the exciton, even when the magnitude of this vector is very small. As a result, the energy of an optically-excited exciton may depend strongly on the direction of propagation of the absorbed radiation, if the excitation takes place coherently over a region whose linear dimensions are comparable with or much larger than a wavelength. The behavior of the lattice sums may also introduce a dependence of the exciton polarization and of the absorption coefficient on the direction of propagation. The magnitudes of these effects were calculated for the cases of the first and second transitions of naphthalene and of anthracene. Experimental observations of the extent to which these effects occur could provide information on the dimensions of the region of excitation of the exciton.
Fibronectin on the Surface of Myeloma Cell-derived Exosomes Mediates Exosome-Cell Interactions (2015)

Exosomes regulate cell behavior by binding to and delivering their cargo to target cells; however, the mechanisms mediating exosome-cell interactions are poorly understood. Heparan sulfates on target cell surfaces can act as receptors for exosome uptake, but the ligand for heparan sulfate on exosomes has not been identified. Using exosomes isolated from myeloma cell lines and from myeloma patients, we identify exosomal fibronectin as a key heparan sulfate-binding ligand and mediator of exosome-cell interactions. We discovered that heparan sulfate plays a dual role in exosome-cell interaction; heparan sulfate on exosomes captures fibronectin, and on target cells it acts as a receptor for fibronectin. Removal of heparan sulfate from the exosome surface releases fibronectin and dramatically inhibits exosome-target cell interaction. Antibody specific for the Hep-II heparin-binding domain of fibronectin blocks exosome interaction with tumor cells or with marrow stromal cells. Regarding exosome function, fibronectin-mediated binding of exosomes to myeloma cells activated p38 and pERK signaling and expression of downstream target genes DKK1 and MMP-9, two molecules that promote myeloma progression. Antibody against fibronectin inhibited the ability of myeloma-derived exosomes to stimulate endothelial cell invasion. Heparin or heparin mimetics including Roneparstat, a modified heparin in phase I trials in myeloma patients, significantly inhibited exosome-cell interactions. These studies provide the first evidence that fibronectin binding to heparan sulfate mediates exosome-cell interactions, revealing a fundamental mechanism important for exosome-mediated cross-talk within tumor microenvironments. Moreover, these results imply that therapeutic disruption of fibronectin-heparan sulfate interactions will negatively impact myeloma tumor growth and progression.
Mechanical, Electrical, and Electrical Contact Properties of Cu–TiO<sub>2</sub>Composites (1986)

Cu–TiO2 particulate composites have been prepared from copper coated titania particles by the powder metallurgy route. The properties of composites containing 5–20 wt-%TiO2 are compared with those of composites of similar composition produced from uncoated particles. Microstructural studies showed that the coated particles have a reduced tendency to agglomerate when present in quantities up to 5 wt-%. The density of composites decreased, while their hardness and electrical resistivity increased, with increasing titania content. In all cases, composites made from coated particles possessed better properties than those produced from uncoated ones. Re-pressing and annealing of the composites resulted in an increase in properties. Cu–5TiO2 particulate composites could be suitable for use as electrical contacts in light duty applications. PM/0282
Oxide Nanomembrane Hybrids with Enhanced Mechano‐ and Thermo‐Sensitivity for Semitransparent Epidermal Electronics (2015)

Oxide nanomembrane hybrids with enhanced mechano- and thermo-sensitivity for semitransparent epidermal electronics are developed. The use of nanomaterials (single wall nanotubes and silver nanoparticles) embedded in the oxide nanomembranes significantly enhances mechanical and thermal sensitivities. These mechanical and thermal sensors are utilized in wheelchair control and hypothermia detection, which are useful for patients with strokes.
Clinical pharmacology of deoxyspergualin in patients with advanced cancer. (1991)

Pharmacokinetic studies were carried out in 25 patients with advanced cancer receiving deoxyspergualin (DSG), a candidate anticancer agent, in a dose-finding Phase I study. The dosage range explored was 80 to 2160 mg/m2/day for 5 days by continuous i.v. infusion. The drug levels in plasma and urine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with postcolumn derivatization and fluorescence detection. One drug metabolite was demonstrated in plasma and urine of treated patients. This metabolite was extracted from urine and purified to homogeneity; thereafter, it was examined by high-performance liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and fragmentation mass spectrometry and was demonstrated to be identical to chemically synthesized desaminopropyl-DSG. The mean steady state plasma concentrations of DSG ranged from 0.28 to 11.1 microM at, respectively, the 80- and 2160-mg/m2 dosage levels. The plasma concentration at steady state and the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve of DSG were proportional to dose (r = 0.97). Following discontinuance of the infusion, DSG was cleared from the plasma in a biexponential fashion. The mean total body clearance was 364 +/- 78 ml/min/m2. Desaminopropyl-DSG was formed extensively at all dosage levels; mean steady state plasma levels of this metabolite reached a plateau 2.65 microM at a dose of 720 mg/m2/day and did not rise with further dose increments. The urinary content of DSG was examined in 20 patients over the dosage range from 160 to 960 mg/m2/day; in this group less than 10% of the administered dose was excreted as DSG. In four patients at the 720- and 960-mg/m2/day dosage levels, the total DSG plus metabolite excretion ranged from 7 to 18% of the administered dose, with comparable quantities occurring as the parent drug and desaminopropyl-DSG.
Proteins from the <scp>D</scp>‐Chiral World (1992)

The chiroptical properties and substrate specificity of the D ‐enantiomer of the naturally occurring HIV protease synthesized by Kent et al. demonstrate that the three‐dimensional structures of D ‐ and L ‐enzymes really are mirror images of one another—that is, identical amino acid sequences actually fold in the same way in the tertiary structure. Interest in D ‐proteins goes beyond basic research, as the enzymatic stability may allow important medical applications; additional areas of application include protein crystallography.
Algorithms for Computing the Sample Variance: Analysis and Recommendations (1983)

Abstract The problem of computing the variance of a sample of N data points {xi } may be difficult for certain data sets, particularly when N is large and the variance is small. We present a survey of possible algorithms and their round-off error bounds, including some new analysis for computations with shifted data. Experimental results confirm these bounds and illustrate the dangers of some algorithms. Specific recommendations are made as to which algorithm should be used in various contexts.
The effect of pH value on the synthesis and photocatalytic performance of MnWO<sub>4</sub>nanostructure by hydrothermal method (2012)

In this study MnWO4 nanocrystals with different morphologies were synthesised by a simple hydrothermal method with MnCl2 · 4H2O and Na2WO4 · 2H2O as source materials. The products were characterised by X-ray powder diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results reveal that pH value plays an important role in the morphology and phase of samples. A simple reaction mechanism for the formation of MnWO4 was presented. The photodegradation of acetone was employed as a probe reaction to test the photoactivities of the as-prepared samples.
Modified Progressive Edge-Growth Algorithm for Fast-Encoding LDPC Codes (2010)

Progressive edge-growth (PEG) algorithm is known to construct low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes at finite code lengths with large girths. A simple variation of the PEG algorithm, linear-encoding PEG (LPEG) algorithm, can be applied to generate linear encodable LDPC codes. This paper presents a modified LPEG algorithm to construct fast encodable LDPC codes with a certain girth constraint. The presented fast encodable LDPC codes facilitate the parallel encoding processes for parity bit generations. Therefore, their encoding time is much shorter than that of LPEG codes.
Sin/cosine encoder interpolation methods: encoder to digital tracking converters for rate and position loop controllers (2008)

Pointing and tracking applications usually require relative gimbal angles to be measured for reporting and controlling the line-of-sight angular position. Depending on the application, angular resolution and/or accuracy might jointly or independently determine the angle transducer requirements. In the past decade, encoders have been increasingly taking the place of inductive devices where the measurement of angles over a wide range is required. This is primarily due to the fact that encoders are now achieving very high resolution in smaller sizes than was previously possible. These advances in resolution are primarily due to improved encoder disk and detector technology along with developments in interpolation techniques. Measurement accuracy, on the other hand, is primarily determined by mounting and bearing eccentricity as it is with all angular measurement devices. For very demanding accuracy requirements, some type of calibration of the assembled system may be the only solution, in which case transducer repeatability is paramount. This paper describes a unique encoder-to-digital tracking converter concept for improving interpolation of optical encoders. The new method relies on Fraunhofer diffraction models to correct the non-ideal sin/cos outputs of the encoder detectors. Diffraction model concepts are used in the interpolation filters to predict the phase of non-ideal sin and cosine encoder outputs. The new method also minimizes many of the open loop pre-processing requirements and assumptions that limit interpolation accuracy and rate loop noise performance in ratiometric tracking converter designs.
Non-specifically activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells are cytotoxic for human keratinocytes in vitro. (1989)

Cultured human keratinocytes were lysed by activated PBMC in a 4-h 51Cr release assay. PBMC were activated by incubation with 50 U/ml of rIL-2 for 4 days. The cytotoxic precursors were found to be NKH1+ and included both CD2+ and CD2- phenotypes. This cytotoxicity was not genetically restricted, as cells killed both allogeneic and autologous keratinocytes without priming. Cytotoxicity was blocked by pre-incubation of effector cells with mAb against LFA-1 alpha-(TS1/22) and beta-chains (TS1/18), but not by antibodies directed against CD4, CD8, or leukocyte common Ag (T200) suggesting that LFA-1 is an important interactive molecule in this cytotoxicity. IFN-gamma is reported to upregulate ICAM-1, the ligand for LFA-1. Pre-treatment of target keratinocytes with IFN-gamma was also found to greatly increase the sensitivity of keratinocytes to lysis. This increased sensitivity to lysis was blocked by anti-LFA-1 and anti-ICAM-1, but not by anti-DR (L243), and thus was not the result of increased DR expression. Such treated targets were lysed at low levels (15 to 18%) by an Ag-specific CD8+ cytotoxic clone as well as a T cell line derived from a skin lesion of allergic contact dermatitis. In contrast, control keratinocytes were only sensitive to IL-2-activated PBMC as described above. The above findings may be relevant to a variety of conditions in which epidermal damage is associated with lymphocytic infiltrate. These conditions include graft-vs-host disease, erythema multiforme, and lupus erythematosus. DR+ keratinocytes, which may be a marker for IFN-gamma are also found in the above conditions. It is suggested that epidermal pathology may be mediated by non-specific cytotoxicity induced in the course of an immune response.
Recurrent Endometriosis (1995)

The recurrence of pelvic endometriosis some time after the initial treatment is a common finding in clinical practice. When symptoms of endometriosis reappear several months after treatment, it is difficult to distinguish between recurrence and persistence of the disease. In this review, the current hypotheses about the biological basis of endometriosis recurrence/persistence are discussed. The results of several clinical trials estimating the recurrence rate of endometriosis after medical, surgical, and combined treatments are presented. In addition, a critical analysis of the tools available for the diagnosis of recurrent endometriosis is made, and some therapeutic options to treat recurrent endometriosis are discussed with recommendations for their use.
Fault diagnosis in combinational digital circuits using a backtrack algorithm to generate fault location hypotheses (1988)

A backtrack algorithm for the generation of fault location hypotheses in combinational digital circuits is presented. The algorithm uses the results of applied tests and works back from incorrect circuit outputs to generate a list of possible single and/or multiple faults. Suggestions are given for refining the list by selecting probing measurements and by computing the intersection of more than one list resulting from multiple tests.
Applications of Olefin Cross Metathesis to Commercial Products (2002)

In this paper, we will demonstrate the value of olefin cross metathesis as an effective synthetic tool for applications in the agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries. First, we will demonstrate the usefulness of cross metathesis reactions in the efficient synthesis of the major component of the Peach Twig Borer pheromone and the of Omnivorous Leafroller pheromone, insect pheromones are environmentally friendly pest-controlling agents. Second, we will demonstrate highly efficient cross metathesis routes into novel α,β-unsaturated carbonyl intermediates. These novel α,β-unsaturated carbonyl intermediates can be further functionalized into pharmaceutical compounds that are difficult to prepare by the traditional synthetic methodologies. This paper highlights key catalyst-substrate reactivity variations with different ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts, highlights cross metathesis reactions and techniques and highlights an efficient ruthenium catalyst removal technique.
Interfacial and Emulsifying Properties of Diacylglycerol (2003)

The interfacial properties and emulsifying properties of diacylglycerol (DAG) were examined for comparison with those of triacylglycerol (TAG). The fatty acid composition and other properties of DAG were adjusted to approximately the same levels as those of TAG. The interfacial tension of DAG was about half that of TAG. When DAG was mixed with TAG, the interfacial tension of the mixture decreased in proportion to the increasing concentration of DAG and showed no breaking point. Mixtures of DAG and water were homogenized with varying oil-water proportions, with and without salt, and with and without an emulsifier. DAG was more easily emulsified than TAG and tended to become a water/oil (w/o) emulsion. The addition of salt markedly increased the stability of the DAG emulsion. DAG mixtures containing 0.25% of an emulsifier having an HLB value of between 4.5 and 13 formed w/o emulsions, while o/w emulsions were formed with TAG under the same conditions.
Growth Hormone Secretion: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms and In Vivo Approaches (2004)

Growth hormone (GH) release is under the direct control of hypothalamic releasing hormones, some being also produced peripherally. The role of these hypothalamic factors has been understood by in vitro studies together with such in vivo approaches as stalk sectioning. Secretion of GH is stimulated by GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and ghrelin (acting via the GH secretagogue [GHS] receptor [GHSR]), and inhibited by somatostatin (SRIF). Other peptides/proteins influence GH secretion, at least in some species. The cellular mechanism by which the releasing hormones affect GH secretion from the somatotrope requires specific signal transduction systems (cAMP and/or calcium influx and/or mobilization of intracellular calcium) and/ or tyrosine kinase(s) and/or nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP. At the subcellular level, GH release (at least in response to GHS) is accomplished by the following. The GH-containing secretory granules are moved close to the cell surface. There is then transient fusion of the secretory granules with the fusion pores in the multiple secretory pits in the somatotrope cell surface.
Label free in vivo laser speckle imaging of blood and lymph vessels (2012)

The peripheral lymphatic vascular system is a part of the immune body system comprising a complex network of lymph vessels and nodes that are flowing lymph toward the heart. Traditionally the imaging of lymphatic vessels is based on the conventional imaging modalities utilizing contrast fluorescence materials. Given the important role of the lymphatic system there is a critical need for the development of noninvasive imaging technologies for functional quantitative diagnosis of the lymph vessels and lymph flow without using foreign chemicals. We report a label free methodology for noninvasive in vivo imaging of blood and lymph vessels, using long-exposure laser speckle imaging approach. This approach entails great promise in the noninvasive studies of tissues blood and lymph vessels distribution in vivo.