gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Social Media and Storytelling in Medicine: Probing Deeper (2016)

To the Editor: We read with interest the article “Sounding Off on Social Media: The Ethics of Patient Storytelling in the Modern Era.”1 The authors address a timely issue—health professionals’ increasing use of social media—and present three scenarios involving the sharing of patient stories on social media to examine the considerable ethical issues that arise from this modern form of digital storytelling. Like the authors, we too have been concerned about this issue, particularly since > 90% of medical students appear to use social media.2 We recently developed a national survey with the Association of American Medical Colleges to explore how students were engaging with social media, including their beliefs about handling ethically challenging situations that can arise with Facebook use.3 In contrast to our initial concerns, we found that students expressed pragmatism about Facebook use and were mindful of the ethical perils and professional responsibilities on social media. Our data showed that students were sensitive to sharing personal health information, and they expressed intent to proactively address situations where their peers might share such compromising information online. While adding patients to their online networks was largely perceived as problematic, students suggested strategies to safely integrate social media tools like Facebook into future practice. Overall, students seemed acutely aware of the potential pitfalls of using social media in their work. We agree with the authors that curricula for training health professionals must evolve to keep pace with changing technologies. However, we would add that it is important not just to focus on the misuse of social media (e.g., sharing patient stories online) but also to guide students in exploring how such technology might be used to augment their work as health professionals. Even while we inoculate students against lapses of professionalism, we must help unleash their creative minds in exploring how these powerful “social” tools can serve individual and public health. Daniel R. George, PhD, MScAssistant professor, Department of Humanities, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; [email protected] Michael J. Green, MD, MSProfessor, Departments of Humanities and Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
Use of a plant‐derived enzyme template for the production of the green‐note volatile hexanal (2003)

Hexanal is a key organoleptic element of green-note that is found in both fragrances and flavors. We report a novel process for the production of hexanal using immobilized enzyme templates extracted from different plant sources in combination with hollow-fiber ultrafiltration for in situ separation. Enzyme templates, known to be responsible for the synthesis of hexanal from linoleic acid (18:2), were isolated from naturally enriched tissues including carnation petals, strawberry and tomato leaves. These templates were immobilized in an alginate matrix and used as a biocatalyst in a packed-bed bioreactor. Continuous product recovery was achieved using a hollow-fiber ultrafiltration unit. The effects of pH, reaction temperature, and substrate and enzyme concentrations were studied and their effects on hexanal generation identified and optimized. Utilizing optimized conditions, hexanal production 112-fold higher than endogenous steady-state levels in a corresponding amount of plant tissue could be achieved over a 30-minute period. Based on the reactor studies, product inhibition also appears to be an important factor for bioreactor-based hexanal production.
Fluorogenic DNAzyme Probes as Bacterial Indicators (2011)

Lighting up bacteria: An RNA-cleaving fluorescent DNAzyme (RFD) can produce a fluorescent signal in the crude extracellular mixture generated by live bacterial cells (see picture). These DNAzymes cleave a lone RNA linkage (R) embedded in a DNA chain and flanked by nucleotides labeled with a fluorophore (F) and a quencher (Q). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Resetting Central and Peripheral Circadian Oscillators in Transgenic Rats (2000)

In multicellular organisms, circadian oscillators are organized into multitissue systems which function as biological clocks that regulate the activities of the organism in relation to environmental cycles and provide an internal temporal framework. To investigate the organization of a mammalian circadian system, we constructed a transgenic rat line in which luciferase is rhythmically expressed under the control of the mouse Per1 promoter. Light emission from cultured suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of these rats was invariably and robustly rhythmic and persisted for up to 32 days in vitro. Liver, lung, and skeletal muscle also expressed circadian rhythms, which damped after two to seven cycles in vitro. In response to advances and delays of the environmental light cycle, the circadian rhythm of light emission from the SCN shifted more rapidly than did the rhythm of locomotor behavior or the rhythms in peripheral tissues. We hypothesize that a self-sustained circadian pacemaker in the SCN entrains circadian oscillators in the periphery to maintain adaptive phase control, which is temporarily lost following large, abrupt shifts in the environmental light cycle.
Adventitious Shoot Production From Leaves of Blueberry Cultured in Vitro (1988)

Abstract Blueberry is clonally propagated by hardwood and softwood cuttings, and by micropropagation. Zimmerman and Broome (7) reported 22.8 µ m 1 H -indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) plus 73.8 µ m N -(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1 H -purin-6-amine (2ip) to be optimal for axillary shoot proliferation. Lyrene (4) found that 28.5 µ m IAA added to medium containing 73.8 µ m 2ip had no effect on shoot multiplication. Although lowbush blueberries produced increasingly more shoots as 2ip concentrations increased from 0 to 147.6 µ m (2), three highbush clones produced fewer shoots at the 147.6 µ m than at lower concentrations (1).
Echoes of the Mission Civilisatrice: Peacekeeping in the Post-Cold War Era (2001)

The existing literature on peace operations is preoccupied with the practical problem of improving techniques to contain or resolve local conflicts, and devotes little attention to the ideological assumptions that underlie these operations.1 This chapter argues that post-cold war peacekeeping operations are not merely a method of conflict management, but an instance of a much larger phenomenon: the globalization of a particular model of domestic governance — liberal market democracy — from the ‘core’ to the ’periphery’ of the international system. Most international organizations engaged in peacekeeping have internalized the broadly liberal political and economic values of the wealthy and powerful industrialized democracies (which comprise the core of the international system), while nearly all of the countries that have hosted peacekeeping missions are located in the poor and politically weak periphery. Without exception, peacekeeping missions in the post-cold war period have promoted the values and institutions of the liberal democratic core within the domestic affairs of peripheral host states.
Photoemission of Electrons from Silicon into Silicon Dioxide (1965)

Electron transport in thermally grown layers of Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ has been studied. Electrons are introduce into the oxide by photoemission from the adjoining silicon crystal. Specimens consist of a silicon crystal covered with an Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ layer about 2 microns thick and, over this, a semitransparent gold electrode. On illuminating, light passes through the gold electrode and the oxide and is absorbed by the silicon. With appropriate voltage applied between gold and silicon, there is a steady photocurrent for light of wavelengths shorter than 2900 \AA{}. Various possible origins of the photocurrent were investigated, and it is concluded that the current is due to photoemission of electrons from the silicon into the Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ conduction band. By analysis of the spectral response of the photocurrent a photoemission threshold of 4.25 eV is obtained, independent of whether the silicon is $n$-type or $p$-type. This is roughly 0.9 eV smaller than the threshold for photoemission from silicon into vacuum. Using the vacuum photoemission threshold and the known optical absorption edge for Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, a diagram of the energy relations at the Si-Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ interface is constructed. It is found that deep electron traps are present in concentrations around 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{14}$/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. Trapped electrons are stable against thermal ionization for hours at room temperature in the dark but may be ionized by visible light. From the spectral response for ionization of traps it is found that the trap levels lie 2 eV below the conduction-band edge. Measurements of the kinetics of trapping give a capture cross section or 1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, indicating that the trap is a Coulomb attractive center with a positive charge. Comparison of the magnitude of the capture cross section with a current model for capture by a Coulomb attractive center gives an estimate for the microscopic mobility $\ensuremath{\mu}$ of electron in the Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ conduction band. The estimated value of $\ensuremath{\mu}$ is either 34 or 17 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/Vsec depending on whether the trapping center is singly or doubly charged.
Hypoxia Increases the Dependence of Glioma Cells on Glutathione (2010)

Glutathione (GSH) is an essential antioxidant responsible for the maintenance of intracellular redox homeostasis. As tumors outgrow their blood supply and become hypoxic, their redox homeostasis is challenged by the production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In gliomas, the sustained import of L-cystine via the L-cystine/L-glutamate exchanger, system x(c)(-), is rate-limiting for the synthesis of GSH. We show that hypoxia causes a significant increase in NO and ROS but without affecting glioma cell growth. This is explained by a concomitant increase in the utilization of GSH, which is accompanied by an increase in the cell-surface expression of xCT, the catalytic subunit of system x(c)(-), and L-cystine uptake. Growth was inhibited when GSH synthesis was blocked by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of the enzyme required for GSH synthesis, or when cells were deprived of L-cystine. These findings suggest that glioma cells show an increased requirement for GSH to maintain growth under hypoxic conditions. Therefore, approaches that limit GSH synthesis such as blocking system x(c)(-) may be considered as an adjuvant to radiation or chemotherapy.
<i>Graphs of the Compton Energy-Angle Relationship and the Klein-Nishina Formula from 10 KeV to 500 MeV</i> (1954)

Abstract : The Compton energy versus angle relationship and the differential and integral Klein-Nishina cross sections are presented graphically as functions of the energy and direction of the scattered photon and of the recoil electron. These graphs are intended to serve the purpose of tables. Unpolarized primary gamma rays in an energy range from 10 Kev to 500 Mev are considered. The accuracy of all curves is estimated at 1 percent. The advantage of this form of presentation is the convenience and accuracy of two-way interpolation. In general, interpolated values may be obtained with an accuracy of 2 percent.
Condenser tube coatings as a means of life extension and performance enhancement (1996)

The performance of condensers and other cooling water heat exchangers depends on the number of tubes in service and their cleanliness. Corrosion and fouling are the two main threats to this performance. When tube count drops to an unacceptable level because of corrosion, the tubes are generally replaced at major capital expense. If performance drops unacceptably due to fouling, the tubes are cleaned. Frequent cleaning can also be a large expense. An alternative method is to line the inner surface of tubes with coating materials which can protect the tube from deterioration and extend its life. Furthermore, performance can be enhanced if the coating resists fouling and improves overall cleanliness. This technology and its benefits are discussed. A survey of US experience is provided. Results from an EPRI and Florida Power Corporation Tailored Collaboration are presented. 4 refs., 1 fig.
Effect of hydrophobically modified comb-like polymer on interfacial properties of coal (1992)

Hydrophobically modified polymers arc known to exhibit interesting interfacial properties and here surface modification of coal by a comb-type hydrophobic-hydrophilic copolymer (DAPRAL) was studied. Floatability tests revealed the coal to become more hydrophobic with increasing DAPRAL concentration regardless of its original floatability, suggesting that free segments of adsorbed polymer molecules can reorient with the hydrocarbon chains protruding into the gas phase. Zeta potential measurements it pH 3.5 and 7 showed the minimum DAPRAL concentrations needed to mask completely the surface charge of coal to correspond to those required to increase the coal floatability to the maximum. Hydrophobicity measured using a new reliable film-levitation technique also showed the coal to become more hydro-phobic with increasing polymer concentration but only until a plateau is reached. Further increase in DAPRAL concentration caused a decrease in the hydrophobicity which is suggested to be due to the consumption of the hydrocarbon chains on unadsorbed polymer segments by the formation of micellar aggregates.
Advanced gate stacks with fully silicided (FUSI) gates and high-k dielectrics. enhanced performance at reduced gate leakage (2005)

The key result in this work is that FUSI/HfSi/sub x/O/sub y/ gate stacks offer both significant gate leakage reduction (due to high-/spl kappa/) and drive current improvement at T/sub inv/ /spl sim/ 2 nm (due to: (i) elimination of poly depletion effect, /spl sim/ 0.5 nm, and (ii) the high mobility of HfSi/sub x/O/sub y/). We also demonstrate that threshold voltage for both PFETs and NFETs can be adjusted from midgap to the values of Vt(PFET)/spl sim/ -0.4 V and Vt(NFET) /spl sim/ + 0.3 V by poly-Si predoping by implantation (Al or As) and FUSI alloying. Significantly improved charge trapping (V/sub t/ stability) was found in the case of NiSi/ HfSi/sub x/O/sub y/ compared to the same gate electrode with HfO/sub 2/ dielectric.
Splicing-Correcting Therapeutic Approaches for Retinal Dystrophies: Where Endogenous Gene Regulation and Specificity Matter (2014)

Splicing is an important and highly regulated step in gene expression. The ability to modulate it can offer a therapeutic option for many genetic disorders. Antisense-mediated splicing-correction approaches have recently been successfully exploited for some genetic diseases, and are currently demonstrating safety and efficacy in different clinical trials. Their application for the treatment of retinal dystrophies could potentially solve a vast panel of cases, as illustrated by the abundance of mutations that could be targeted and the versatility of the technique. In this review, we will give an insight of the different therapeutic strategies, focusing on the current status of their application for retinal dystrophies.
Transforming growth factors from a human tumor cell: characterization of transforming growth factor .beta. and identification of high molecular weight transforming growth factor .alpha. (1985)

Intracellular transforming growth factors (TGFs) were extracted from a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line and purified to apparent homogeneity by using gel filtration, cation-exchange, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Two types of transforming growth factor activities, TGF-alpha and TGF-beta, were detected. The intracellular polypeptides which belonged to the TGF-alpha family required TGF-beta for full activity in inducing nonneoplastic normal rat kidney fibroblasts to grow in soft agar. These peptides also bound to the membrane receptor for epidermal growth factor. As determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, the apparent molecular weight of these intracellular TGF-alpha's was 18 000. Intracellular TGF-beta required either epidermal growth factor or TGF-alpha for stimulation of soft agar growth. The intracellular TGF-beta was purified to homogeneity as judged by a single peak after reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and a single band on a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel. The intracellular TGF-beta from the human tumor cell line was similar in all respects tested (migration on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, stimulation of soft agar growth, binding to the membrane receptor for TGF-beta, and amino acid composition) to intracellular TGF-beta from normal human placenta.
Synthesis of isoprene from 1,3-dioxolane and isobutylene (2010)

Possibility of synthesizing isoprene from 1,3-dioxolane and isobutylene in a single stage under conditions of a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis was examined.
Irrational proofs for three theorems of Stanley (2005)

We give new proofs of three theorems of Stanley on generating functions for the integer points in rational cones. The first, Stanley's reciprocity theorem, relates the rational generating functions for the integer points in a cone K and for those in its interior. The second, Stanley's Positivity theorem asserts that the generating function of the Ehrhart quasipolynomial of a rational polytope P can be written as a rational function with nonnegative numerator. The third, Stanley's Monotonicity Theorem, asserts that if a polytope Q contains P, then each coefficient in the numerator for Q is at least as large as the corresponding coefficient in the numerator for P. Our proofs are based on elementary (primary school) counting afforded by irrational decompositions of rational polyhedra.
Amino Acid- and Purine Ribonucleoside-Induced Germination of <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> ΔSterne Endospores: <i>gerS</i> Mediates Responses to Aromatic Ring Structures (2002)

Specific combinations of amino acids or purine ribonucleosides and amino acids are required for efficient germination of endospores of Bacillus anthracis DeltaSterne, a plasmidless strain, at ligand concentrations in the low-micromolar range. The amino acid L-alanine was the only independent germinant in B. anthracis and then only at concentrations of >10 mM. Inosine and L-alanine both play major roles as cogerminants with several other amino acids acting as efficient cogerminants (His, Pro, Trp, and Tyr combining with L-alanine and Ala, Cys, His, Met, Phe, Pro, Ser, Trp, Tyr, and Val combining with inosine). An ortholog to the B. subtilis tricistronic germination receptor operon gerA was located on the B. anthracis chromosome and named gerS. Disruption of gerS completely eliminated the ability of B. anthracis endospores to respond to amino-acid and inosine-dependent germination responses. The gerS mutation also produced a significant microlag in the aromatic-amino-acid-enhanced-alanine germination pathways. The gerS disruption appeared to specifically affect use of aromatic chemicals as cogerminants with alanine and inosine. We conclude that efficient germination of B. anthracis endospores requires multipartite signals and that gerS-encoded proteins act as an aromatic-responsive germination receptor.
New Models and Mechanisms for the Planning and Allocation of Online Advertising (2016)

Motivated by recent trends in online advertising, most of this dissertation is devoted to the introduction, modeling, and the design of efficient allocation techniques for a new form of online advertising contract, which we refer to as Reach and Frequency (R&F) contract. In the first chapter, we consider a type of R&F contract which allows online advertisers to specify the number of unique individuals that should see their ad (reach), and the minimum number of times each individual should be exposed (frequency) for him/her to be counted as reached. We develop an optimization framework that provides minimal under-delivery and proper spread of each campaign over its targeted demographics. As well, we introduce a pattern-based delivery mechanism which allows us to integrate a variety of new features into a website's ad allocation optimization problem, e.g., allowing publishers to implement any desired pacing of ads over time at the user level or control the number of competing brands seen by each individual. Numerical tests, conducted on real industry data obtained from Yahoo, show that our solution algorithm produces high-quality solutions and has promising run-time and scalability. Several extensions of the model are presented, e.g., to account for multiple ad positions on the webpage, or randomness in the website visitors' arrival process. In the second chapter, we consider different variants of R&F contracts in which the advertiser specifies frequency using a probability distribution that details what fraction of users should see the ad how many times. We propose two Markov chain models for serving ads, namely when frequencies are counted over a fixed timespan or on a rolling basis. We then investigate how each Markov chain performs in maintaining the desired frequency distribution of an online ad campaign. In each case, we characterize the feasibility criteria, and show that the publisher's impression assignment rule can be obtained very efficiently in linear time in the length of the frequency distribution specified by the advertiser.In the final chapter, we present a new online competitive algorithm for delivering online guaranteed targeted display advertising which, under certain conditions, outperforms the best known algorithm of its type.