gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Inflammatory Lung Diseases (2012)

Recent discoveries in stem cell biology have generated enthusiasm about the possibility of harnessing stem cells for organ repair and regeneration. The ability of pluri- and multipotent stem cells to differentiate along various cellular lineages has placed them at the core of research that seeks to protect endogenous stem cell populations or to deliver exogenous stem cells to sites of organ injury. Lung diseases are a major health care concern and the prevalence of chronic lung diseases such as asthma, pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is expected to continue to rise over the next decades. Meanwhile, improved perinatal care has allowed the survival of extremely premature infants that constitute a particularly vulnerable subpopulation because of their risk of developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) with potential life-long complications. Research that aims to evaluate the therapeutic potential of exogenous stem cells in lung diseases placed an initial emphasis on the engraftment and differentiation of these cells in the lung. More recent studies demonstrate that multipotent stem cell populations, such as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), exert paracrine activity that can modulate local inflammatory and immune responses in experimental lung disease models including asthma, acute lung injury (ALI) and pulmonary fibrosis. The studies presented hereby demonstrate that factors secreted by adult bone marrow-derived MSCs can prevent the development of inflammatory lung diseases in mouse models of asthma and ALI and provide mechanistic insight into the anti-inflammatory properties of MSCs. The perspective of using pluripotent stem cells as therapeutic agents has been revived by the landmark discovery of induced pluripotency, where “embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like” cells can be generated by reprogramming terminally differentiated somatic cells. While the field of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) biology is still in its effervescent infancy, this finding may relieve many ESCs-related ethical concerns and may open the way to large-scale production and evaluation of pluripotent stem cells for organ regeneration and repair. The additional study presented provides proof-of-concept for the utility of iPSC. Together, the studies presented hereby advocate the potential of stem cells as a novel clinical option for the treatment of severe lung diseases.
Template constrained posterior for verifying phone transcriptions (2008)

A new statistical confidence measure, template constrained posterior (TCP), is proposed for verifying phone transcriptions of speech databases. Different from generalized posterior probability (GPP), TCP is computed by considering string hypotheses that bear a focused unit, e.g., phone with partially matched left and right contexts. Parameters used for TCP include context window length, partial matching ratio, KLD threshold for selecting confusable phones, and verification threshold. They are determined by minimizing verification errors in a development set. Evaluated on a test set which contains 52.1% sentence errors and 0.62% phone errors, TCP achieves 92% and 88% error hit rate in rejected sentences, when the corresponding acceptance ratios are set at 90% and 80%, respectively.
CD16-mediated p21ras activation is associated with Shc and p36 tyrosine phosphorylation and their binding with Grb2 in human natural killer cells. (1996)

The Src homology (SH) 2/SH3 domain-containing protein Grb2 and the oncoprotein Shc have been implicated in a highly conserved mechanism that regulates p21ras activation. We investigated the involvement of these adaptor proteins in the signaling pathway induced by CD16 or interleukin (IL) 2R triggering in human natural killer (NK) cells. Both p46 and p52 forms of Shc were rapidly and transiently tyrosine phosphorylated upon CD16 or IL-2 stimulation with different kinetics. Shc immunoprecipitates from lysates of CD16- or IL-2-stimulated NK cells contained Grb2 and an unidentified 145-kD tyrosine phosphoprotein. Grb2 immunoprecipitates from anti-CD16-stimulated NK cells contained not only Shc, but also a 36-kD tyrosine phosphoprotein (p36). The interaction between Grb2 and Shc or p36 occurred via the Grb2SH2 domain as indicated by in vitro binding assays using a bacteriologically synthesized glutathione S-transferase-Grb2SH2 fusion protein. We also present evidence that p21ras is activated by CD16 and IL-2R cross-linking. Accumulation of guanosine triphosphate-bound Ras was detected within 1 minute and occurred with kinetics similar to inductive protein tyrosine phosphorylation and Grb2 association of Shc and p36 adaptor proteins.
Object perception for intelligent vehicle applications: A multi-sensor fusion approach (2014)

The paper addresses the problem of object perception for intelligent vehicle applications with main tasks of detection, tracking and classification of obstacles where multiple sensors (i.e.: lidar, camera and radar) are used. New algorithms for raw sensor data processing and sensor data fusion are introduced making the most information from all sensors in order to provide a more reliable and accurate information about objects in the vehicle environment. The proposed object perception module is implemented and tested on a demonstrator car in real-life traffics and evaluation results are presented.
Optical fibre-the expanding medium (1989)

The basic principles and properties of optical fibers and their fabrication are examined. The discussion covers materials, light guidance principles, fiber types, dispersion, optical transmission loss, mechanical properties, and fabrication methods. Their use in the undersea environment is then considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High-speed VLSI architectures for the AES algorithm (2004)

This paper presents novel high-speed architectures for the hardware implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. Unlike previous works which rely on look-up tables to implement the SubBytes and InvSubBytes transformations of the AES algorithm, the proposed design employs combinational logic only. As a direct consequence, the unbreakable delay incurred by look-up tables in the conventional approaches is eliminated, and the advantage of subpipelining can be further explored. Furthermore, composite field arithmetic is employed to reduce the area requirements, and different implementations for the inversion in subfield GF(2/sup 4/) are compared. In addition, an efficient key expansion architecture suitable for the subpipelined round units is also presented. Using the proposed architecture, a fully subpipelined encryptor with 7 substages in each round unit can achieve a throughput of 21.56 Gbps on a Xilinx XCV1000 e-8 bg560 device in non-feedback modes, which is faster and is 79% more efficient in terms of equivalent throughput/slice than the fastest previous FPGA implementation known to date.
Waveguide second-harmonic generation device with broadened flat quasi-phase-matching response by use of a grating structure with located phase shifts (1998)

We report on a theoretical analysis and experiments for bandwidth broadening in quasi-phase-matched (QPM) second-harmonic generation (SHG).We used phase-shifted segments of a periodic grating to obtain a spectrally broadened, nearly flat response simultaneously with high conversion efficiency. We used an x-cut MgO:LiNbO(3) QPM waveguide in our analysis and experiments. The spectral range of the 850-nm fundamental for which SHG conversion exceeded 0.95 of the maximum value broadened from 0.02 to 0.12 nm when a 1-cm-long grating was divided into three segments with optimum phase shift. SHG conversion efficiency was 300%/W for this waveguide. The SHG efficiency and phase-matching characteristics showed good agreement with theoretical results.
Hyperosmotic sodium salts reverse severe hemorrhagic shock: other solutes do not (1987)

Severe hemorrhage in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs (25 mg/kg) is reversed by intravenous NaCl (4 ml/kg, 2,400 mosmol/l, 98% long-term survival). This paper compares survival rates and hemodynamic and metabolic effects of hypertonic NaCl with sodium salts (acetate, bicarbonate, and nitrate), chlorides [lithium and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris)], and nonelectrolytes (glucose, mannitol, and urea) after severe hemorrhage (44.5 +/- 2.3 ml/kg blood loss). Sodium salts had higher survival rates (chloride, 100%; acetate, 72%; bicarbonate, 61%; nitrate, 55%) with normal stable arterial pressure after chloride and nitrate; near normal cardiac output after sodium chloride; normal acid-base equilibrium after all sodium salts; and normal mean circulatory filling pressure after chloride, acetate, and bicarbonate. Chlorides and nonelectrolytes produced low survival rates (glucose and lithium, 5%; mannitol, 11%; Tris, 22%; urea, 33%) with low cardiac output, low mean circulatory filling pressure, and severe metabolic acidosis. Plasma sodium, plasma bicarbonate, mean circulatory filling pressure, cardiac output, and arterial pressure correlated significantly with survival; other parameters, including plasma volume expansion or plasma osmolarity, did not. It is proposed that high plasma sodium is essential for survival.
Development of a vaccine marker technology: Display of B cell epitopes on the surface of recombinant polyomavirus‐like pentamers and capsoids induces peptide‐specific antibodies in piglets after vaccination (2006)

Highly immunogenic capsomers (pentamers) and virus-like particles (VLPs) were generated through insertion of foreign B cell epitopes into the surface-exposed loops of the VP1 protein of murine polyomavirus and via heterologous expression of the recombinant fusion proteins in E. coli. Usually, complex proteins like the keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) act as standard carrier devices for the display of such immunogenic peptides after chemical linkage. Here, a comparative analysis revealed that antibody responses raised against the carrier entities, KLH or VP1 pentamers, did not significantly differ up to 18 weeks, demonstrating the highly immunogenic nature of VP1-based particulate structures. The carrier-specific antibody response was reproducibly detected in the meat juice after processing. More importantly, chimeric VP1 pentamers and VLPs carrying peptides of 12 and 14 amino acids in length, inserted into the BC2 loop, induced a strong and long-lasting humoral immune response against VP1 and the inserted foreign epitope. Remarkably, the epitope-specific antibody response was only moderately decreased when VP1 pentamers were used instead of VLPs. In conclusion, we identified polyomavirus VP1-based structures displaying surface-exposed immunodominant B cell epitopes as being an efficient carrier system for the induction of potent peptide-specific antibodies. The application of this approach in vaccine marker technology in livestock holding and the meat production chain is discussed.
Digital teleprotection units. A technology overview (1992)

The authors describe a generic digital teleprotection unit (DTU) and discuss the technical characteristics of current commercial systems. A generic DTU contains a transmitter section, a receiver section and a status section. Some DTUs have a unidirectional option eliminating either the receiver section or the transmitter section. The transmitter section contains an input block, a transmitter logic block and a transmitter block. The receiver consists of a receiver block, a receiver logic block and an output block. The status section contains a selftest block and an alarm block. These subsystems are discussed. a comparison is made between DTUs and their analogue counterparts in the area of transfer trip delay. A direct transfer trip system utilizing redundant DTUs is proposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cross-Coupling of Non-activated Chloroalkanes with Aryl Grignard Reagents in the Presence of Iron/<i>N</i>-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysts (2012)

An efficient and high-yielding cross-coupling reaction of various primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl chlorides with aryl Grignard reagents was achieved by using catalytic amounts of N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and iron salts. This reaction is a simple and efficient arylation method having applicability to a wide range of industrially abundant chloroalkanes, including polychloroalkanes, which are challenging substrates under conventional cross-coupling conditions.
Region-of-interest-based algorithm for automatic target detection in infrared images (2005)

We present a region-of-interest-based segmentation (ROI-S) algorithm and apply it for automatic target detection. The proposed algorithm requires no templates or a priori knowledge of the targets. An automatic ROI extraction approach based on localized texture and statistical features is used to locate targets in an IR scene without any prior knowledge of their type, exact size, and orientation. Two locally adaptive histogram-based segmentation techniques are applied to extract the target signature. The Bayes decision rule is applied for a bimodal histogram while entropic correlation is used for all other cases. Geometric and statistical features are automatically extracted for each suspected ROI. We suggest a unique variance-based metric for discriminating targets from clutter and for evaluating the probability of correct detection. The proposed system is successfully tested on several hundred single-frame IR images that contain multiple examples of military vehicles, with various sizes and brightness levels and in various background scenes and orientations. A high probability of correct detection (greater than 90%) with a low false alarm rate is achieved.
MR Image Reconstruction From Highly Undersampled k-Space Data by Dictionary Learning (2010)

Compressed sensing (CS) utilizes the sparsity of magnetic resonance (MR) images to enable accurate reconstruction from undersampled k-space data. Recent CS methods have employed analytical sparsifying transforms such as wavelets, curvelets, and finite differences. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for adaptively learning the sparsifying transform (dictionary), and reconstructing the image simultaneously from highly undersampled k-space data. The sparsity in this framework is enforced on overlapping image patches emphasizing local structure. Moreover, the dictionary is adapted to the particular image instance thereby favoring better sparsities and consequently much higher undersampling rates. The proposed alternating reconstruction algorithm learns the sparsifying dictionary, and uses it to remove aliasing and noise in one step, and subsequently restores and fills-in the k-space data in the other step. Numerical experiments are conducted on MR images and on real MR data of several anatomies with a variety of sampling schemes. The results demonstrate dramatic improvements on the order of 4-18 dB in reconstruction error and doubling of the acceptable undersampling factor using the proposed adaptive dictionary as compared to previous CS methods. These improvements persist over a wide range of practical data signal-to-noise ratios, without any parameter tuning.
FORMATION OF HIGHER ALCOHOLS FROM<sup>14</sup>C-LABELLED VALINE AND LEUCINE (1967)

The formation of isobutanol and 3-methylbutanol during alcoholic fermentation by brewer's yeast has been studied by adding uniformly 14C-labelled valine and leucine to the complex amino acid mixture which is used as nitrogen source. In the presence of 14C-leucine, only 3-methylbutanol becomes radioactive whereas, in the presence of 14C-valine, both isobutanol and 3-methylbutanol acquire label. The specific radioactivity of these compounds is, in all cases, inferior to that of the parent amino acids showing that a part of these higher alcohols is always formed by the synthetic functions of the yeast. The results suggest that the regulating effect of the valine and leucine level of the medium on the synthesis of these amino acids in yeast cells is rather limited. They furthermore indicate that intact assimilation of amino acids is not the only mode of their utilization, even in media with excessive levels of amino acids. An attempt is made to explain the dependence of the anabolic and catabolic modes of higher alcohol formation upon the nitrogenous nutrient level of the medium. The presence of radioactive isoleucine as impurity in the 14C-leucine used has allowed an approximative calculation of the formation of 2-methylbutanol from isoleucine which is very similar to the formation of isobutanol from valine.
Materials Fabricated by Micro‐ and Nanoparticle Assembly – The Challenging Path from Science to Engineering (2009)

Abstract We classify the strategies for colloidal assembly and review the diverse potential applications of micro‐ and nanoparticle structures in materials and device prototypes. The useful properties of the particle assemblies, such as high surface‐to‐volume ratio, periodicity at mesoscale, large packing density, and long‐range ordering, can be harnessed in optical, electronic, and biosensing devices. We discuss the present and future trends in the colloidal‐ assembly field, focusing on the challenges of developing fabrication procedures that are rapid and efficiently controlled. We speculate on how the issues of scalability, control, and precision could be addressed, and how the functionality of the assemblies can be increased to better match the needs of technology.
Advanced IR detector design at SCD: from D<sup>3</sup>C to ABCS (2004)

Over the past 27 years, SCD has developed and manufactured more than 30 types of Infrared Detector, both with support from the Israeli MOD and in cooperation with institutions and companies such as the Technion, Soreq NRC, RICOR and RAFAEL. SCD's current production line includes Hg<sub>1-x</sub>Cd<sub>x</sub>Te (MCT) devices with up to 480x6 elements operating in Time Delay and Integration (TDI) mode and InSb Focal Plane Arrays (FPAs) with up to 640x512 elements, all available in various configurations including fully integrated Detector-Dewar-Cooler (DDC) packages. Such DDCs have been designed to range from the very small to the very large. At one end the Piccolo DDC is a small, low weight and power detector, ideal for compact low cost imagers such as handheld IR cameras. At the other end, we manufacture a very long (2048x16) bi-directional TDI InSb detector designed for "whiskbroom scanning" systems. This device consists of four modules precisely butted on a single substrate, with each 512x16 module connected to a single signal processor. In 2003, SCD announced its new breakthrough Digital Read Out Integrated Circuit (ROIC) technology: Digital DDC or D<sup>3</sup>C. This readout system, with excellent performance and increased flexibility is the first in a series of new imaging solutions that SCD is developing to meet future demands of noise and power reduction, combined with greater wavelength selectivity. To continue along this path we have also been developing our new ABCS (Antimonide Based Compound Semiconductor) technology, which we first reported in 2002. The ABCS program, combining SCD's existing strengths in InSb FPA systems with new concepts in bandgap engineering and smart structure design, is aimed at multispectral IR detectors operating at higher temperatures. This review discusses some of the key trends at SCD as described above. After surveying the performance of SCD's current InSb technology, SCD's evolution towards the next generations will be described, including the achievements and potential of the D<sup>3</sup>C and ABCS systems.
Polymerization-sensitive switch-on monomer for terminal transferase activity assay (2019)

We herein describe a simple but efficient method for the determination of terminal transferase (TdT) activity, which relies on our finding that Fe(III)-quenched boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-ATP is utilized as a switch-on monomer for polymerization and enables the facile synthesis of fluorescence oligonucleotides without additional, post-processing steps. As TdT carries out the synthesis of DNA by adding the monomers into growing chains, Fe(III) is displaced from BODIPY with the release of pyrophosphate group, which consequently leads to the generation of highly fluorescent long oligonucleotides. With this strategy, we selectively detected the TdT activity with high sensitivity. In addition, its practical applicability was successfully demonstrated by determining TdT activities in human serum.
<title>High-power x-ray point source for next-generation lithography</title> (1999)

An x-ray power of 2.8 Watts at the 1 nm x-ray lithography wavelength was generated by a copper plasma formed by a single laser beam focused to an intensity of greater than 10<SUP>14</SUP> W/cm<SUP>2</SUP> on a copper tape target. The all solid state Britelight<SUP>TM</SUP> YAG laser has 700 ps pulse duration, 300 Hz pulse repetition rate, average power of 75 Watts, and less than 2 times diffraction limited beam quality at the fundamental 1.064 micrometer wavelength. The single beam laser system has a master oscillator, a preamplifier and one power amplifier, all diode pumped. Measurements confirmed negligible copper vapor debris at 8 cm from the laser-plasma source with atmospheric pressure He gas and modest gas flow. The point source x-ray radiation was collimated with either a polycapillary or grazing mirror collimator. The near-parallel beam of x-rays has good divergence both globally (0.5 mrad) and locally (less than 3 mrad), good uniformity (2% achievable goal) and large uniform field size (20 mm X 20 mm full field and 25 mm X 36 mm scanning system). High-resolution lithography was performed for the first time with collimated 1 nm point source x-rays. A power scaling system is being built with eight amplified beams in parallel on the x-ray target, and is expected to achieve 24 - 30 Watts of x-rays. A 16 beam laser plasma x-ray lithography system could achieve a throughput of 24 wafer levels per hour using 300 mm diameter wafers.
Slopes of a Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve and Likelihood Ratios for a Diagnostic Test (1998)

This paper clarifies two important concepts in clinical epidemiology: the slope of a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the likelihood ratio. It points out that there are three types of slopes in an ROC curve--the tangent at a point on the curve, the slope between the origin and a point on the curve, and the slope between two points on the curve. It also points out that there are three types of likelihood ratios that can be defined for a diagnostic test that produces results on a continuous scale--the likelihood ratio for a particular single test value, the likelihood ratio for a positive test result, and the likelihood ratio for a test result in a particular level or category. It further illustrates mathematically and empirically the following three relations between these various definitions of slopes and likelihood ratios: 1) the tangent at a point on the ROC curve corresponds to the likelihood ratio for a single test value represented by that point; 2) the slope between the origin and a point on the curve corresponds to the positive likelihood ratio using the point as a criterion for positivity; and 3) the slope between two points on the curve corresponds to the likelihood ratio for a test result in a defined level bounded by the two points. The likelihood ratio for a single test value is considered an important parameter for evaluating diagnostic tests, but it is not easily estimable directly from laboratory data because of limited sample size. However, by using ROC analysis, the likelihood ratio for a single test value can be easily measured from the tangent. It is suggested that existing ROC analysis software be revised to provide estimates for tangents at various points on the ROC curve.