gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modelling and identification of a nonlinear power-amplifier with memory for nonlinear digital adaptive pre-distortion (2003)

In this paper a comparison between a memoryless nonlinear power amplifier model and a special nonlinear model with memory (Wiener-model) based on measurements on a power amplifier is presented. With moderate signal bandwidths of only 2 MHz the nonlinear model with memory outperforms the memoryless model. The amplifier model is intended to be used for pre-distortion purposes. Furthermore, an adaptive algorithm for finding the model parameters is presented.
B-Raf Associates with and Activates the NHE1 Isoform of the Na+/H+ Exchanger (2011)

The serine/threonine kinase B-Raf is the second most frequently occurring human oncogene after Ras. Mutations of B-Raf occur with the highest incidences in melanoma, and the most common mutant, V600E, renders B-Raf constitutively active. The sodium proton exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) is a ubiquitously expressed plasma membrane protein responsible for regulating intracellular pH, cell volume, cell migration, and proliferation. A screen of protein kinases that bind to NHE1 revealed that B-Raf bound to the cytosolic regulatory tail of NHE1. Immunoprecipitation of NHE1 from HeLa and HEK cells confirmed the association of B-Raf with NHE1 in vivo. The expressed and purified C-terminal 182 amino acids of the NHE1 protein were also shown to associate with B-Raf protein in vitro. Because treatment with the kinase inhibitor sorafenib decreased NHE1 activity in HeLa and HEK cells, we examined the role of B-Raf in regulating NHE1 in malignant melanoma cells. Melanoma cells with the B-Raf(V600E) mutation demonstrated increased resting intracellular pH that was dependent on elevated NHE1 activity. NHE1 activity after an acute acid load was also elevated in these cell lines. Moreover, inhibition of B-Raf activity by either sorafenib, PLX4720, or siRNA reduction of B-Raf levels abolished ERK phosphorylation and decreased NHE1 activity. These results demonstrate that B-Raf associates with and stimulates NHE1 activity and that B-Raf(V600E) also increases NHE1 activity that raises intracellular pH.
Spatial Segregation of Different Modes of Movement Control in the Whisker Representation of Rat Primary Motor Cortex (2005)

What is mapped on the surface of the primary motor cortex (M1)? The classic somatotopic map holds true on the level of limb representations. However, on the small scale (at within-limb representations), neither somatotopy nor movement dynamics/kinematics seem to be organizational principles. We investigated the hypothesis that integrated into the body representation of M1 there may be separate representation of different modes of motor control, using different subcortical computations but sharing the same motor periphery. Using awake rats and long intracortical stimulation trains in M1 whisker representation (wM1) revealed that natural-like, rhythmic whisking (normally used for tactile exploration) can be evoked from a posteromedial subregion of wM1. Nonrhythmic whisker retraction, on the other hand, was evoked in an adjacent but more anterolaterally located region within wM1. Evoked whisker retraction was always accompanied by complex movements of the face, suggesting that the respective subregion is able to interact with other representations in specific behavioral contexts. Such associations were absent for evoked rhythmic whisking. The respective subregion rather seemed to activate a downstream central pattern generator, the oscillation frequency of which was dependent on the average evoked cortical activity. Nevertheless, joint stimulation of the two neighboring subregions demonstrated their potency to interact in a functionally useful way. Therefore, we suggest that the cause of cortical separation is the specific drive of subcortical structures needed to generate different types of movements rather than different behavioral contexts in which the movements are performed.
Fortnightly Review: How can impact factors be improved? (1996)

Impact factors are widely used to rank and evaluate journals. They are also often used inappropriately as surrogates in evaluation exercises. The inventor of the Science Citation Index warns against the indiscriminate use of these data. Fourteen year cumulative impact data for 10 leading medical journals provide a quantitative indicator of their long term influence. In the final analysis, impact simply reflects the ability of journals and editors to attract the best papers available.
Ultrasensitive Magnetometry and Imaging with NV Diamond (2011)

NV centers in a diamond are proving themselves to be good building blocks for\nquantum information, electron spin resonance (ESR) imaging, and sensor applications.\nThe key feature of the NV is that it has an electron spin that can be polarized and read\nout at room temperature. The readout is optical, thus the magnetic field imaging can also\nbe done easily. Magnetic field variation with feature sizes below 0.3 microns cannot be\ndirectly resolved, and so in this region magnetic resonance imaging must be employed.\nTo realize the full sensitivity of NV diamond, the spin transition linewidth must be as\nnarrow as possible. Additionally, in the case of NV ensembles for micron-sized\nmagnetometers, there must be a high concentration of NV. To this end three techniques\nare explored: (1) Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging with microwave field\ngradients, (2) Magic angle rotation of magnetic field, and (3) TEM irradiation to\noptimize the yield of NV in a diamond.\nFor the EPR imaging demonstration a resonant microwave field gradient is used\nin place of the usual DC magnetic gradient to obtain enough spatial resolution to resolve two very close "double NV" centers in a type Ib bulk diamond. Microfabrication\ntechnology enabled the micron-size wire structure to sit directly on the surface of\nmillimeter-scale diamond plate. In contrast to conventional magnetic resonance imaging\npulsed ESR was used to measure the Rabi oscillations. From the beating of Rabi\noscillations from a "double NV," the pair was resolved using the one-dimension EPR\nimaging (EPRI) and the spatial distance was obtained.\nTo achieve high sensitivity in nitrogen-doped diamond, the dipole-dipole\ncoupling between the electron spin of the NV center and the substitutional nitrogen (14N)\nelectron must be suppressed because it causes linewidth broadening. Magic angle\nspinning is an accepted technique to push T2 and T2\n* down toward the T1 limit. An\nexperiment was performed using the HPHT diamond with a high concentration of\nnitrogen, and a rotating field was applied with a microfabricated wire structure to reduce\nline broadening. In this experiment, ~50% suppression of the linewidth was observed\nand the effective time constant T2* improved from 114 ns to 227 ns.\nTo achieve the highest possible sensitivity for micro-scale magnetic sensors the\nconcentration of NV should be large. Since the unconverted N are magnetic impurities\nthey shorten T2 and T2*, giving a tradeoff between NV (and therefore N) concentration\nand sensitivity. To construct a damage monitor, a type Ib HPHT sample was irradiated\nwith electrons from a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the effects on the\nESR transition were seen well before physical damage appeared on the diamond and\nthus this proved to be a sensitive metric for irradiation damage.
Human Dendritic Cells Stimulated via TLR7 and/or TLR8 Induce the Sequential Production of Il-10, IFN-γ, and IL-17A by Naive CD4+ T Cells (2009)

Depending upon which TLRs are triggered, dendritic cells (DCs) may orient the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells toward either Th1, Th2, regulatory T cells, or the recently defined Th17 lineage. In this study, we report that a dual stimulation of TLR4 and TLR7/8 with LPS plus R848 leads human monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) to produce multiple pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23. Surprisingly, a significant variability in the up-regulation of these cytokines is observed in DCs obtained from various healthy donors, with approximately one of three being "high responders." High responding MoDCs stimulated via TLR4 and TLR7/8 induce naive allogeneic CD4(+) T cell to secrete sequentially IL-10 and IFN-gamma, and eventually IL-17A, whereas low responding MoDCs only stimulate IFN-gamma production. Both TLR7 and TLR8 play a central role in this phenomenon: TLR4 triggering with LPS up-regulates TLR7 expression on human MoDCs from high responders, silencing of either TLR7 or TLR8 mRNAs inhibits cytokine production in LPS plus R848-treated MoDCs, and plasmacytoid DCs constitutively expressing high levels of TLR7 induce the production of IL-10, IFN-gamma, and IL-17A by naive T cells when stimulated with R848 alone. Collectively, our results illustrate the synergy between TLR4 and TLR7/8 in controlling the sequential production of regulatory and proinflammatory cytokines by naive CD4(+) T cells. The observed polymorphism in DC responses to such TLR-mediated stimuli could explain differences in the susceptibility to infectious pathogens or autoimmune diseases within the human population.
Delta-V as a Measure of Traffic Conflict Severity (2011)

Delta-V (Δv) is a measure of the severity of a traffic collision, defined as the change in velocity between pre-collision and post-collision trajectories of a vehicle. Delta-V emerged in the 1970s in the context of crash reconstruction analysis, and is considered by some researchers to be the best single predictor of crash severity. However, this indicator has not been applied to the analysis of traffic conflicts, until recently when it was incorporated into the automated conflict analysis algorithms of the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM). This paper introduces Delta-V and demonstrates how it overcomes shortcomings present in several traditional measures of traffic conflict severity. We discuss the ambiguity present in the literature on the topic of traffic conflict severity, and suggest the adoption of alternative terminology and definitions. We demonstrate a new approach, incorporating Delta-V, to estimate the collision propensity and potential collision severity of a traffic conflict.
Lamotrigine (Lamictal) in refractory trigeminal neuralgia: results from a double-blind placebo controlled crossover trial (1997)

Lamotrigine is a chemically novel antiepileptic drug which has not been adequately assessed for its antineuralgic properties. It was used in a double-blind placebo controlled crossover trial in 14 patients with refractory trigeminal neuralgia. Patients continued to take a steady dose of carbamazepine or phenytoin throughout the trial over a 31-day period. Each arm of the trial lasted 2 weeks with an intervening 3-day washout period. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine was 400 mg. Lamotrigine was superior to placebo (P = 0.011) based on analysis of a composite efficacy index which compared the numbers of patients assigned greater efficacy on lamotrigine with those assigned greater efficacy on placebo. Efficacy for one treatment over another was determined according to a hierarchy of: (i) use of escape medication; (ii) total pain scores; or (iii) global evaluations. Eleven of the 13 patients eligible for inclusion in the composite efficacy index showed better efficacy on lamotrigine compared with placebo. Global evaluations further suggested that patients did better on lamotrigine than placebo (P = 0.025). The adverse reactions with both lamotrigine and placebo were predominantly dose-dependent effects on the central nervous system. A 14th patient withdrew from the study due to severe pain during the placebo arm of the trial. It would appear that lamotrigine has antineuralgic properties.
Thermal compensation of x-ray mask distortions (1999)

Image placement accuracy is widely regarded as one of the factors limiting the application of x-ray lithography to very large scale integration. Image placement errors may arise during mask fabrication, during exposure, or with time and use. Consequently, substantial effort has gone into reducing patterning errors, controlling stress, and selecting optimal mask materials. Alternatively, heat loads may be intentionally applied to compensate known horizontal and vertical distortions in the x-ray mask. In this procedure, a send-ahead wafer is used to determine overlay throughout the exposure field, and the heat loading is tailored during subsequent exposures to correct any errors. The process is simplified for storage ring exposures because proper overlay needs to be maintained, at any given moment of time, only along the line being exposed by the x-ray beam. A wide range of corrections may be made, either to reduce mask distortions or to match distortions already present on the wafer. Experiments were performed projecting 0.31 W of heat in the form of light onto x-ray masks. Displacements of ±5 nm/W/μm of air gap were observed on an old AT&T boron nitride membrane mask, ±7 nm/W/μm of air gap on an IBM silicon membrane mask, and ±11 nm/W/μm of air gap on an IBM silicon carbide mask. This sensitivity should prove useful for correcting distortion with the 10 μm gaps expected in the near future.
Automated detection of diabetic retinopathy in digital retinal images: a tool for diabetic retinopathy screening (2003)

This system could be used when screening for diabetic retinopathy. At 94.8% sensitivity setting the number of normal images requiring examination by a human grader could be halved.
Expression of interleukin‐5 by human bone marrow microvascular endothelial cells: implications for the regulation of eosinophilopoiesis <i>in vivo</i> (1997)

We have shown that bone marrow microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) support growth and differentiation of haemopoietic progenitors in vitro by elaboration of haemopoietic cytokines. Since generation of eosinophils can be observed in these coculture experiments, and BMEC do not produce interleukin (IL)-3, we evaluated BMEC for expression of IL-5, a specific growth factor for the eosinophilic lineage. Using RT-PCR, IL-5 mRNA was expressed by BMEC after stimulation (12 h) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), IL-1, IL-2 and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), but not by resting BMEC, after stimulation with TNF-alpha or interferon (IFN)-gamma. Moreover, IFN-gamma suppressed expression of IL-5 in response to LPS and IL-2. The identity of the PCR products was confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion, which resulted in fragments of the predicted size. T lymphocytes were not present in the endothelial cultures as demonstrated by absence of CD2 mRNA. Using a sensitive (1 pg/ml) ELISA assay. IL-5 was detected after 48 h incubation of BMEC with IL-2 (4.1 pg/10(6) cells) or with a combination of LPS and IL-2 (4.8 pg). However, the number of eosinophils generated after 4 weeks coculture of CD34+ haemopoietic cells with BMEC was not increased by addition of IL-2. RT-PCR revealed that BMEC in coculture with haemopoietic cells expressed IL-5 even without addition of exogenous cytokines or stimulating agents. In conclusion, expression of IL-5 by BMEC can be stimulated by cytokines (IL-1, IL-2), LPS, PMA, and coculture with proliferating haemopoietic cells. Thus, BMEC may support proliferation and differentiation of eosinophils in the bone marrow. IFN-gamma represents a cytokine with an inhibitory effect on IL-5 expression by BMEC. In addition, eosinophilia in response to circulating IL-2 or bacterial products (LPS) in vivo may be partially mediated by BMEC or vascular endothelium.
Current trends and perspectives in nutrition and cancer prevention. (2006)

There is an increasing evidence that dietary phytochemicals may play important roles as chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agents in prevention of many diseases, including tumors. The purpose of this study was to examine antimutagenic effects and effect on the immune response of representative series of substances which commonly occur in human diet. Using the Ames bacterial mutagenicity test and in vivo chemiluminescence test, we investigated antigenotoxic and immunomodulatory effects of juices and vegetable homogenates (carrot + cauliflower, cauliflower, red cabbage, broccoli, onion, garlic) on the genotoxicity of AFB1 and pyrolysates of aminoacids. Using the Ames test and in vivo micronucleus, the chemiluminescence test, the blastic transformation test and the comet assay we examined antimutagenic effects of chemically identified chemoprotective substances in the pure form (resveratrol, diallylsulphide, phenethyl isothiocyanate, ellagic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein and curcumin) on mutagenicity induced by three reference mutagens: aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), 2-amino-3-metylimidazo[4,5,-f] chinolin (IQ) and N-nitroso- N-metylurea (MNU) and effect of phytochemicals on the immunosuppression caused by these mutagens. All complete vegetable homogenates and substances of plant origin tested, showed a clear antimutagenic and immunomodulatory activities on mutagenicity and immunosuppression induced by reference mutagens. Only in the Ames test the effect of some phytochemicals against direct mutagen MNU was lower compared to indirect mutagens AFB1 and IQ. Similarly, resveratrol and epigallocatechin gallate had no inhibitory effect on mutagenicity MNU in the Ames test.
Rebound Insomnia in Neuroleptic Drug Withdrawal Neurophysiologic Characteristics (1987)

Rebound insomnia is one of the medical effects of reduction in dosage or discontinuation of neuroleptic drugs. The electrophysiologic features of sleep dysfunction are reported and discussed in 3 patients manifesting withdrawal-related DIMS. Electrographic anachronism and cyclic alternating pattern are signs of N-Rem sleep dysfunction. Clinical and neurophysiologic data suggest that rebound insomnia in neuroleptic withdrawal is due to an enhancement of physiologic mechanisms and rebound supersensitivity of cholinergic transmission in the ARAS.
In-Vehicle Network Attacks and Countermeasures: Challenges and Future Directions (2017)

The emergence of in-vehicle networks, which are composed of controller area network (CAN) buses and a great number of ECUs, significantly reduces the difficulty of vehicle designing, repairing and refitting. While owing to the intrinsic vulnerabilities of in-vehicle networks and the increasingly rich interfaces to connect in-vehicle networks to the outside, adversarial attacks can be easily implemented on in-vehicle networks. Such attacks cause serious threats to automobile security and drivers' privacy. In light of this, we provide in this article a detailed guidance, explain the basic concepts, introduce the vulnerabilities of in-vehicle networks, and summarize the attacking methodologies. We also provide countermeasures for in-vehicle networks and point out challenges and future directions.
The Characteristics of Changes in Sunshine Hours of Jimusi Region in Sanjiang Plain (2012)

Based on the data of sunshine hours from the four stations in Jiamusi region in Sanjiang Plain from 1961 to 2011, we analysed the changing tend and the abnormal year of sunshine hours in this region. The results showed that annual sunshine hours reduced extremely significantly in three stations of Jiamusi region in Sanjiang Plain in recent 50 years, especially in spring and winter, and the decrease of annual sunshine hours was the largest in the middle of Jiamusi region, followed by the west, while it was the smallest in the east. On the contrary, annual sunshine hours increased extremely significantly in Fuyuan in the northeast. Monthly sunshine hours of this area changed from 134.1 to 246.0 h, and the maximum data appeared in March, and the next was June, while the minimum one appeared in December. Total monthly sunshine hours reached the maximum in Tangyuan in the west, followed by middle Jiamusi and Fujin in the east, while the minimum appeared in Fuyuan in the northeast. Sunshine hours showed an increasing tendency only in July and August. From 2001 to 2011, annual sunshine hours showed a decreasing tendency in Jiamusi, while there was an obvious increase in Tangyuan, Fujin and Fuyuan; in the 20th century, annual average sunshine hours from the 1980s to 1990s decreased by 267.7 h compared with that from 1960s to 1970s. Among them, sunshine hours were the fewest in the 1990s. In recent 50 years, there was an abnormal increase in annual sunshine hours in Jiamusi in 1975 and 1982; while there were abnormal decreases in Tangyuan and Fujin in 1993, Fujin in 1995, and Fuyuan in 1982 and 1987.
Uloga spavanja u regulaciji emocionalne reaktivnosti (2014)

Pozitivni utjecaj spavanja na konsolidaciju emocionalnih sadržaja dobro je utvrđen. Međutim, za sada je nepoznato kakvu ulogu spavanje ima u regulaciji afektivnog tona konsolidiranog sjecanja. Po hipotezi Spavanje za sjecanje, spavanje za zaborav Walkera i sur. REM spavanje, usporedno s procesom konsolidacije, od emocionalnog sjecanja odvaja afektivni ton cineci ga manje emocionalno pobuđujucim. U ovom istraživanju je ova hipoteza provjerena upotrebom paradigme kratkog dnevnog spavanja. Trideset i sest sudionika procjenjivalo je intenzitet subjektivne emocionalne reakcije na emocionalno pobuđujuce IAPS fotografije (eng. International Affective Picture System) pozitivnih i negativnih valencija prije i nakon 90-minutnog perioda spavanja ili budnosti. Kako bi se provjerilo vrijedi li efekt samo za sjecanja, u zavrsnom mjerenju procjenjivane su i emocionalne reakcije na nove fotografije. Visesmjerna ANOVA koristena je za utvrđivanje efekta grupe, mjerenja i valencije na emocionalnu reaktivnost. Rezultati su pokazali habituaciju na IAPS fotografije u drugom mjerenju, ali ovo smanjenje emocionalne reaktivnosti bilo je jednako u obje grupe, odnosno, suprotno ocekivanjima, nije bilo vece u grupi koja je spavala. Grupe se nisu razlikovale ni u emocionalnoj reaktivnosti na nove fotografije. Ovakvi rezultati u skladu su s drugim istraživanjima koja zajedno pokazuju da jedan period (kratkog dnevnog) spavanja nije dovoljan da bi ublažio subjektivnu emocionalnu reakciju na upamceni emocionalni sadržaj.
Hepatocyte growth factor favors monocyte differentiation into regulatory interleukin (IL)-10++IL-12low/neg accessory cells with dendritic-cell features (2006)

Several hematopoietic growth factors, including interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), promote the differentiation of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs). Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic cytokine whose effects on human DC differentiation and function have not been investigated. Monocytes cultured with HGF (HGFMo) differentiated into accessory cells with DC-like morphology, released low amounts of IL-12p70 and up-regulated IL-10 both at the mRNA and at the protein level. Upon activation with HGFMo, allogeneic CD4+CD25- T cells expressed the T regulatory (Treg)-associated transcription factor FoxP3, proliferated poorly, and released high levels of IL-10. Interestingly, blockade of surface immunoglobulin-like transcript 3 (ILT3) on HGFMo or neutralization of secreted IL-10 translated into partial restoration of T-cell proliferation. Secondary stimulation of HGFMo-primed CD4+ T cells with immunogenic DCs differentiated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-4 from monocytes of the same donor resulted in measurable T-cell proliferation. HGFMo-primed CD4+ T cells significantly inhibited the proliferation of naive CD4+CD25- T cells in a cell-contact-dependent manner. Finally, DNA microarray analysis revealed a unique gene-expression profile of HGF-activated monocytes. Collectively, our findings point to a novel role for HGF in the regulation of monocyte/DC functions that might be exploited therapeutically.