gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epizootiology of Avian Influenza: Simultaneous Monitoring of Sentinel Ducks and Turkeys in Minnesota (1983)

Isolation-reared mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were placed on ponds in turkey-rearing areas in Minnesota, and their cloacae were periodically swabbed to attempt isolating virus from embryonated chicken eggs. Nearby turkeys were sampled by taking cloacal and tracheal swabs as well as blood samples. Hemagglutinating viruses were identified at the National Veterinary Services Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa. During this two-year study, the weekly influenza virus-isolation rate from ducks varied from 0 to 24.4%. A total of 213 influenza viruses were isolated from the ducks. Twenty-six influenza virus subtypes were detected. Ninety-seven flocks of turkeys were diagnosed as having influenza by virus isolation and/or serology. Eight influenza virus subtypes were involved in the turkey outbreaks, and seven of these were also detected in the ducks and/or other avian species. The weekly infection rate of the sentinel ducks correlated directly with observations of wild ducks at the monitoring sites. Influenza virus was isolated from water samples collected near the sentinel duck sites during the study.
Epidermis of Human Skin: Pyroelectric and Piezoelectric Sensor Layer (1982)

The epidermis of live human skin has a permanent electric dipole moment perpendicular to its surface. Voltage responses to a rapid change of temperature are pyroeletric, while voltage responses to pressure pulses are piezoelectric in nature. The time course of the responses depends on dX/dt (X, temperature or pressure). The epidermal surface can react to all physical environmental influences to which nonbiological pyroelectric materials are known to respond. Epidermal voltage signals can be perceived through the intraepidermal and the superficial dermal nervous network. The pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties are also measurable on dead, dry skin samples.
The importance of acid-base management for cardiac and cerebral preservation during open heart operations. (1984)

The basic physiologic characteristics of acid-base equilibria during hypothermia were briefly reviewed. By graphic analysis, four possible clinical strategies for managing the acid-base status of the patient undergoing H-CPB were documented. The effect of hemodilution on buffer capacity was charted in a manner applicable to common current operative procedures. During hypothermia for cardiac operations as presently conducted, the perfusionist is in control of the temperature of the body and the perfusion preservation of the body and brain; the surgeon must assume responsibility for preservation of the heart. The literature pertinent to the relationship of the acid-base state to the functions and structural preservation of the heart and brain during the conditions of cooling to and rewarming from deep hypothermia associated with cardiopulmonary bypass, aortic cross clamping, cardioplegia and total circulatory arrest have been reviewed. The evidence is overwhelming that myocardial anoxia caused by aortic occlusion or total circulatory arrest at any temperature to 15 degrees C. result in progressive acidosis which, of itself, is myotoxic. In contrast, alkalinity is ionotropic. Myocardial ischemia, in both adults and infants, should be prevented and treated by alkaline perfusion cooling and by frequent coronary perfusion of a cardiopreservative solution which is extremely cold (4 to 8 degrees C.), oxygenated, has a pH of 7.8, slightly hyperosmolar and which has a hematocrit of 20 per cent (imidazole, erythrocytes and plasma protein colloid), a cardioplegic ionic pattern and energy substrates. Reperfusion of the heart should begin at a 37 pH of 7.8. Evidence is strong that the use of CO2 added to any gas mixture is harmful. It increases myocardial acidosis; it does not increase cerebral blood flow during hypothermia. Protection of the unperfused brain of an infant should emphasize prevention of circulatory arrest prolonged to more than 40 minutes. Temporary reperfusion at that time limit should be used. Probably the best general management of the body for H-CPB is alpha-stat, which preserves biologic neutrality. The uncorrected analyzer reads pH 7.4 and Pco2 at any temperature. However, the need for preservation of the hypoxic heart is overwhelming and, thus, the best acid-base management for cardiac hypothermic operations is significant respiratory alkalosis. The most appropriate sites for the collection of blood samples for gas analysis and measuring temperatures were discussed; "body temperature" is the most unreliable parameter measured. The major characteristics of an "ideal" cardiopreservative solution were described.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Seeing and making the future (2007)

Imagine, for instance, if a visionary futurist had made herself available for interview in August 1988 to respond to comments by an opposition leader who had declared: 'I am not in favour of going back to a White Australia Policy. I do believe that if it [Asian migration] is, in the eyes of some in the community, too great, it would be in our immediate-term interest and supportive of social cohesion if it were slowed down a little, so that the capacity of the community to absorb were greater.'
Insulin Resistance, Carbohydrate Metabolism, and Hypertension (1991)

Hypertension and diabetes are common diseases in Westernized civilizations, and in the United States, the frequency of both diseases is increasing as the society ages. Factors contributing to the high prevalence and increasing frequency of these diseases include obesity, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, genetic factors, and abnormal cellular handling of calcium and other cations. Obesity is a strong early predictor for the development of hypertension as a person progresses from childhood into adult life. Important factors contributing to obesity-related hypertension likely include enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity and insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Recent evidence has also shown that many nonobese adults with untreated hypertension have insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. This observation strongly suggests that the disease called "hypertension" is characterized by fundamental metabolic abnormalities as well as by hemodynamic abnormalities. Recent observations have shown that impaired cellular responses to insulin are associated with increased vascular smooth muscle contraction. Insulin appears to attenuate the vascular response to both receptor-mediated and voltage-mediated calcium-induced contractions. Thus, insulin resistance, and the resultant reduction in the normal attenuating effect of insulin on vascular smooth muscle responses, appear to be associated with abnormal vascular smooth muscle handling of calcium and with exaggerated vascular contraction.
New Mechanism of Action for Cilostazol: Interplay Between Adenosine and Cilostazol in Inhibiting Platelet Activation (2002)

Cilostazol, a potent phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor and anti-thrombotic agent, was recently shown to inhibit adenosine uptake into cardiac myocytes and vascular cells. In the present studies, cilostazol inhibited [ H]-adenosine uptake in both platelets and erythrocytes with a median inhibitory concentration (IC ) of 7 micro M. Next collagen-induced platelet aggregation was studied and it was found that adenosine (1 micro M ), having no effect by itself, shifted the IC of cilostazol from 2.66 micro M to 0.38 micro M (p < 0.01). This shifting was due to an enhanced accumulation of cAMP in platelets and was significantly larger than that by the combination of adenosine and milrinone, which has no effect on adenosine uptake. Similarly, cilostazol, by blocking adenosine uptake, enhanced the adenosine-mediated cAMP increase in Chinese hamster ovary cells that overexpress human A receptor. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of cilostazol on platelet aggregation in whole blood was significantly reversed by ZM241385 (100 n ), an A adenosine receptor antagonist, and by adenosine deaminase (2 U/ml). These data suggest that the inhibitory effects of cilostazol on adenosine uptake and phosphodiesterase 3 together elevate intracellular cAMP, resulting in greater inhibition of agonist-induced platelet activation.
Hygienic Chemical Studies on Public Nuisance by Injurious Gases. X : Improvement of Absorption Mixture and Examination of the Methyleneblue Method for Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide. (1967)

Hydrogen sulfide absorbed in the usual absorption mixture, such as a suspension of cadmium hydroxide or zinc hydroxide was not stable, and was oxidized by air only allowed to stand at room temperature. It was found that hydrogen sulfide absorbed in an absorption mixture containing zinc ammine complex was reasonably stable, and that sulfide ion in the mixture did not decrease even by aeration. In this case, hydrogen sulfide was considered to be fixed as zinc ammine sulfide complex. Influence of acid concentration, ferric chloride concentration, solution temperature and co-existing gases concentration on the determination of hydrogen sulfide by methyleneblue mothod was also studied.
Increased Myosin Light Chain Kinase Expression in Hypertension: Regulation by Serum Response Factor via an Insertion Mutation in the Promoter (2006)

Regulation of gene transcription in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) by serum response factor (SRF) plays a crucial role in vascular development and in the pathophysiology of vascular diseases. Nevertheless, the regulation of specific genes by SRF in vascular diseases is poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the regulation of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (smMLCK) by using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as an experimental model. We found that smMLCK expression in blood vessels increases during the development of hypertension and is always greater in blood vessels from SHR compared with normotensive rats. Analysis of the DNA sequences of the promoters isolated from SHR and normotensive rats revealed that SHR contain a 12-base pair insertion adjacent to the CArG box. This insertion increases SRF binding to the CArG box and positively regulates SRF-dependent promoter activity. The increase in smMLCK expression was blocked by dominant-negative SRF, dominant-negative Ras, or antisense oligonucleotides to ERK. In vivo, inhibiting MEK decreased smMLCK expression and blood pressure in SHR partly by decreasing SRF binding to the smMLCK promoter. These data provide novel insight into the regulation of smMLCK expression at the molecular level and demonstrate the importance of SRF in regulating smMLCK promoter activity in SHR.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANTI‐ACETYLCHOLINE AND ANTI‐TREMORINE ACTIVITY IN ANTI‐PARKINSONIAN AND RELATED DRUGS (1962)

The anti-acetylcholine potency of a number of anti-Parkinsonism drugs and related phenothiazine compounds was determined using the isolated guinea-pig ileum. The antagonism was assessed by the difference between the pA(2) and pA(10) values and by log concentration-response curves for acetylcholine in presence and absence of the antagonists. All compounds except chlorpromazine showed some evidence of competitive antagonism to acetylcholine. The anti-tremor potency of the compounds was assessed from suppression of Tremorine-induced tremors in mice. There was a relation between anti-acetylcholine and anti-Tremorine potency among the anti-Parkinsonism drugs, but not among the phenothiazine compounds. Some implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the mode of action of anti-Parkinsonism drugs.
Recognition of the oligosaccharide and protein moieties of glycoproteins by the UDP-Glc:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase (1992)

It was found, in cell-free assays, that the Man8GlcNAc2 and Man7GlcNAc2 isomers having the mannose unit to which the glucose is added were glucosylated by the rat liver glucosyltransferase at 50 and 15%, respectively, of the rate of Man9GlcNAc2 glucosylation. This indicates that processing by endoplasmic reticulum mannosidases decreases the extent of glycoprotein glucosylation. All five different glycoproteins tested (bovine and porcine thyroglobulins, phytohemagglutinin, soybean agglutinin, and bovine pancreas ribonuclease B) were found to be poorly glucosylated or not glucosylated unless they were subjected to treatments that modified their native conformations. The effect of denaturation was not to expose the oligosaccharides but to make protein determinants, required for enzymatic activity, accessible to the glucosyltransferase because (a) cleavage of denatured glycoproteins by unspecific (Pronase) or specific (trypsin) proteases abolished their glucose acceptor capacities almost completely except when the tryptic peptides were held together by disulfide bonds and (b) high mannose oligosaccharides in native glycoproteins, although poorly glucosylated or not glucosylated, were accessible to macromolecular probes as concanavalin A-Sepharose, endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H, and jack bean alpha-mannosidase. In addition, denatured, endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H deglycosylated glycoproteins were found to be potent inhibitors of the glucosylation of denatured glycoproteins. It is suggested that in vivo only unfolded, partially folded, and malfolded glycoproteins are glucosylated and that glucosylation stops upon adoption of the correct conformation, a process that hides the protein determinants (possibly hydrophobic amino acids) from the glucosyltransferase.
A NEW AND EFFECTIVE AMINOMETHYLATION BY THE USE OF <i>N</i>-(<i>p</i>-TOLUENESULFONYLMETHYL)-<i>p</i>-TOLUENESULFONAMIDE AS AN EQUIVALENT OF METHANIMINE. A CONVENIENT PREPARATION OF PYRROLE COMPOUNDS (1986)

Abstract Readily available N-(p-toluenesulfonylmethyl)-p-toluenesulfonamide was treated with base to generate N-methylene-p-toluenesulfonamide which reacted with a variety of nucleophiles forming the corresponding N-tosyl-aminomethylated compounds in good yields. Furthermore, the N-tosyl-aminomethylated acetals thus obtained were converted into the corresponding N-tosylpyrroles with the aid of acid catalyst in excellent yields.
Electron microscopic immunoperoxidase staining of insulin using 4-chloro-1-naphthol after osmium fixation. (1982)

Ultrastructural localization of insulin in B cells of guinea pig pancreas was accomplished after osmium fixation with an immunoperoxidase procedure that utilized 4-chloro-1-naphthol (CN) in the substrate solution. The principal features of this protocol were: a) osmium tetroxide postfixation; b) omission of hydrogen peroxide "etching"; c) use of CN instead of diaminobenzidine in the substrate solution; d) elimination of osmium tetroxide after the substrate reaction; e) uranyl acetate and lead citrate counterstaining. This procedure produces intense specific staining with low background using highly dilute antiserum, and appears to be useful for postembedding immunoperoxidase staining of a variety of peptide antigens in osmium-fixed tissue.
Effect of glass frit in Ag paste on the electrical properties of front-side Ag contacts for crystalline-silicon solar cells (2015)

The effect of glass frit, used in front-side silver pastes, on the electrical properties of front-side silver contacts in silicon solar cells was studied.
Spinal Injuries Caused By The Acceleration Of Ejection (2002)

The speed and altitude at which modern military aircraft operate are such that escape can only be achieved by some means of forcibly propelling the aircrew clear of the aircraft. The most common method of doing this is by use of an ejection seat. The use of such seats, whilst generally life saving, exposes aircrew to forces that may be at the limits of human tolerance. Each phase of the ejection sequence is associated with characteristic injury patterns and of particular concern is the occurrence of spinal compression fractures, which are caused by the upward acceleration of the ejection seat. Thorough investigation of aircrew who eject is necessary and magnetic resonance imaging of the spines of these aircrew is now becoming mandatory. Aircrew who sustain stable anterior wedge compression fractures usually require no invasive treatment, but are prevented from flying aircraft fitted with ejection seats for 3-4 months.
Requirement for two or more Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora pectolytic gene products for maceration of potato tuber tissue by Escherichia coli (1986)

Several genes encoding enzymes capable of degrading plant cell wall components have been cloned from Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora EC14. Plasmids containing cloned EC14 DNA mediate the production of endo-pectate lyases, exo-pectate lyase, endo-polygalacturonase, and cellulase(s). Escherichia coli strains containing one of these plasmids or combinations of two plasmids were tested for their ability to macerate potato tuber slices. Only one E. coli strain, containing two plasmids that encode endo-pectate lyases, exo-pectate lyase, and endo-polygalacturonase, caused limited maceration. The pectolytic proteins associated with one of these plasmids, pDR1, have been described previously (D. P. Roberts, P. M. Berman, C. Allen, V. K. Stromberg, G. H. Lacy, and M. S. Mount, Can. J. Plant Pathol. 8:17-27, 1986) and include two secreted endo-pectate lyases. The second plasmid, pDR30, contains a 2.1-kilobase EC14 DNA insert that mediates the production of an exo-pectate lyase and an endo-polygalacturonase. These enzymes are similar in physicochemical properties to those produced by EC14. Our results suggest that the concerted activities of endo-pectate lyases with endo-polygalacturonase or exo-pectate lyase or both cause maceration.
Studies on the inhibition of erythrocyte and hepatic delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activities and its restoration in mice exposed to lead. (1984)

The comparative study on lead-induced inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity in both blood and liver and that on its restoration were performed using the mice which were given ad libitum a lead containing water (500 ppm as lead) for 30 days. The ALA-D inhibition in the liver was very mild compared with that in the blood, in spite of high accumulation of lead into the liver. The depressed ALA-D activity in both blood and liver was rapidly restored by means of the cessation of lead exposure.The gel filtration chromatography showed that the chromatographic ellution pattern of zinc from the supernatant of the liver homogenate corresponds well to that of protein-like substances of the supernatant. However, the lead-binding protein in the liver was not detected in mice exposed to lead for 30 days.
UniCarb-DB: a database resource for glycomic discovery (2011)

http://www.unicarb-db.org
Silver thick-film contacts on highly doped <i>n</i>-type silicon emitters: Structural and electronic properties of the interface (2003)

The properties of Ag thick-film contacts screen-printed on P-diffused [100] Si wafers have been investigated. In cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, the interface is found to be composed of 200–500-nm-diameter Ag crystallites penetrating the silicon on average by up to 130 nm. The smaller crystallites are in epitaxial relation with the Si substrate, indicating their growth from the glass frit melt. A quasicontinuous glassy layer is present between the interface Ag crystallites and the larger Ag grains, which form the bulk of the contact. Conductive atomic force microscopy of cross sections shows that the interface crystallites form a low contact resistivity with the Si emitter in the range of 10−7 Ω cm2. We discuss the mechanisms of contact formation and propose a model in which the current flow from the emitter into the contact is not uniform, but occurs via a few isolated Ag crystallites that are directly connected or in close distance to the Ag grains forming the contact bulk.
<i>Coxiella</i>   <i>burnetii</i> Survival in THP-1 Monocytes Involves the Impairment of Phagosome Maturation: IFN-γ Mediates its Restoration and Bacterial Killing (2002)

The subversion of microbicidal functions of macrophages by intracellular pathogens is critical for their survival and pathogenicity. The replication of Coxiella burnetii, the agent of Q fever, in acidic phagolysosomes of nonphagocytic cells has been considered as a paradigm of intracellular life of bacteria. We show in this study that C. burnetii survival in THP-1 monocytes was not related to phagosomal pH because bacterial vacuoles were acidic independently of C. burnetii virulence. In contrast, virulent C. burnetii escapes killing in resting THP-1 cells by preventing phagosome maturation. Indeed, C. burnetii vacuoles did not fuse with lysosomes because they were devoid of cathepsin D, and did not accumulate lysosomal trackers; the acquisition of markers of late endosomes and late endosomes-early lysosomes was conserved. In contrast, avirulent variants of C. burnetii were eliminated by monocytes and their vacuoles accumulated late endosomal and lysosomal markers. The fate of virulent C. burnetii in THP-1 monocytes depends on cell activation. Monocyte activation by IFN-gamma restored C. burnetii killing and phagosome maturation as assessed by colocalization of C. burnetii with active cathepsin D. In addition, when IFN-gamma was added before cell infection, it was able to stimulate C. burnetii killing but it also induced vacuolar alkalinization. These findings suggest that IFN-gamma mediates C. burnetii killing via two distinct mechanisms, phagosome maturation, and phagosome alkalinization. Thus, the tuning of vacuole biogenesis is likely a key part of C. burnetii survival and the pathophysiology of Q fever.
Continued Development of High Energy Density, Higher Current Rated Homopolar Generators at CEM-UT (2016)

Abstract : The Center for Electromechanics at The University of Texas at Austin is continuing development of compact, high energy density homopolar generators for field-portable applications begun in 1979. In May 1982, the compact homopolar generator (HPG), which has a volumetric energy density of 17 MJ/m3), was assembled and successfully tested. Feasibility of the design depended on three novel features: inner brush mechanisms having small radial height; a means of removing one rotor half from the shaft and replacing it to permit assembly of the machine; and a magnetic shield for the rolling-element bearings. To facilitate the development of still more compact HPGs, design work was begun in June 1982 on the Compact HPG Systems Tester. Built to test the systems and components necessary for machines storing up to 60 MJ/m3, the Systems Tester is one-half of a full-size counterrotating HPG storing 2.5 MJ at 6900 rpm and generating 20 V. The Systems Tester, scheduled to be operational in June 1983, will incorporate face brushes and a stationary-shaft hydrostatic bearing. These experimental concepts allow changes in machine configuration in order to rotate a higher proportion of the magnetic circuit and to eliminate much of the stationary support structure. The Systems Tester will also provide an excellent test facility for future experiments on higher current density brushgear necessary for drawing higher currents from the reduced slip ring areas of smaller machines.
3,5-Diphenyl-1H-pyrazole derivatives. IX. 2-substituted 4-phenyl-5-(3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) pyrimidines with platelet antiaggregating and other activities. (1992)

The synthesis of 2-substituted 4-phenyl-5-(3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyrimidines 4 a-e by reaction of 1-(1-dimethylaminomethylene-2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol e with acetamidine, benzamidine, guanidine, guanidinaecetic acid and creatine, respectively, is described. The alpha-aminoacid derivatives 4 d and 4 e gave a series of amides 7 by coupling with primary or secondary amines in dimethylformamide (DMF) solution in the presence of diphenyl-phosphorylazide (DPPA) and triethylamine. Some compounds 4 and 7 showed a platelet antiaggregating activity in vitro superior or comparable to that of acetyl-salicylic acid, as well as moderate antihypertensive, local anesthetic, analgesic and antiinflammatory activities in rats and mice.