gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of Jamming Attacks in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Using Error Distribution (2009)

Mobile ad hoc networks are a new wireless networking paradigm for mobile hosts. Unlike traditional mobile wireless networks, ad hoc networks do not rely on any fixed infrastructure. Instead, hosts rely on each other to keep the network connected. The military tactical and other security- sensitive operations are still the main applications of ad hoc networks. One main challenge in design of these networks is their vulnerability to Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks. In this paper, we consider a particular class of DoS attacks called Jamming. The objective of a jammer is to interfere with legitimate wireless communications. A jammer can achieve this goal by either preventing a real traffic source from sending out a packet, or by preventing the reception of legitimate packets. We propose in this study a new method of detection of such attack by the measurement of error distribution.
Spray Pyrolysis Synthesis and Dielectric Properties of Pb(Mg <sub>1/3</sub> Nb <sub>2/3</sub> )O <sub>3</sub> (2008)

Spray pyrolysis was used to synthesize lead magnesium niobate (PMN) by atomizing a mixture of nitrate aqueous solutions into a high‐temperature furnace. This approach allows for instant removal of solvents and decomposition of metal–salts, thereby limiting phase segregation on a nanometer scale, and lowering the transformation temperature for pyrochlore‐to‐perovskite phase transition. As‐synthesized particles were nanocrystalline pyrochlores, with an average crystallite size ∼22 nm. More than 96% perovskite phase was obtained when as‐sprayed powders were subsequently calcined at 750°C for 4 h. Sintered PMN ceramics exhibited the typical frequency‐dependent dielectric properties, with a peak value of dielectric constant of 18 000, and a transition temperature at −9.6°C at 100 Hz. A series of ceramics were prepared with varied grain sizes. Increasing the grain size increased the dielectric constant, probably due to the smaller fraction of the less‐polarizable grain‐boundary phases.
Partial shape recognition: a landmark-based approach (1990)

A method of recognizing partially occluded objects is presented in which each object is represented by a set of landmarks. Given a scene consisting of partially occluded objects, a model object in the scene is hypothesized by matching the landmarks of the model with those in the scene. A measure of similarity between two landmarks is needed to perform this matching. A local shape measure, sphericity, is introduced. It is shown that any invariant function under a similarity transformation is a function of the sphericity. To match landmarks between the model and the scene, a table of compatibility is constructed. A technique, known as hopping dynamic programming, is described to guide the landmark matching through the compatibility table. The location of the model in the scene is estimated with a least-squares fit among the matched landmarks. A heuristic measure is then computed to decide if the model is in the scene.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Myosin-IIA regulates leukemia engraftment and brain infiltration in a mouse model of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (2016)

Leukemia dissemination (the spread of leukemia cells from the bone marrow) and relapse are associated with poor prognosis. Often, relapse occurs in peripheral organs, such as the CNS, which acts as a sanctuary site for leukemia cells to escape anti-cancer treatments. Similar to normal leukocyte migration, leukemia dissemination entails migration of cells from the blood circulation into tissues by extravasation. To extravasate, leukemia cells cross through vascular endothelial walls via a process called transendothelial migration, which requires cytoskeletal remodeling. However, the specific molecular players in leukemia extravasation are not fully known. We examined the role of myosin-IIA a cytoskeletal class II myosin motor protein, in leukemia progression and dissemination into the CNS by use of a mouse model of Bcr-Abl-driven B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Small hairpin RNA-mediated depletion of myosin-IIA did not affect apoptosis or the growth rate of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. However, in an in vivo leukemia transfer model, myosin-IIA depletion slowed leukemia progression and prolonged survival, in part, by reducing the ability of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells to engraft efficiently. Finally, myosin-IIA inhibition, either by small hairpin RNA depletion or chemical inhibition by blebbistatin, drastically reduced CNS infiltration of leukemia cells. The effects on leukemia cell entry into tissues were mostly a result of the requirement for myosin-IIA to enable leukemia cells to complete the transendothelial migration process during extravasation. Overall, our data implicate myosin-IIA as a key mediator of leukemia cell migration, making it a promising target to inhibit leukemia dissemination in vivo and potentially reduce leukemia relapses.
Near-optimal, single-synchronization-error-correcting code (1966)

A synchronization error is said to occur when either a bit which does not belong is detected in a channel between bits which were transmitted, or a bit which was transmitted is never detected at the output. A block code which corrects a single synchronization error per block is presented, and it is shown that this code has, at most, three bits more redundancy than that of an optimal code for this class of errors. The code has the beneficial property that it is possible to separate the information positions from the check positions, and an appropriate method of encoding is shown.
Scalable Fabrication of Strongly Textured Organic Semiconductor Micropatterns by Capillary Force Lithography (2012)

Strongly textured organic semiconductor micropatterns made of the small molecule dioctylbenzothienobenzothiophene (C(8)-BTBT) are fabricated by using a method based on capillary force lithography (CFL). This technique provides the C(8)-BTBT solution with nucleation sites for directional growth, and can be used as a scalable way to produce high quality crystalline arrays in desired regions of a substrate for OFET applications.
The chemistry of polyazaheterocyclic compounds. Part VIII. Coupling reactions of 1,2,4-triazole-5-diazonium nitrate with active methylene compounds. A new general route to [1,2,4]triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine derivatives (1976)

1,2,4-Triazole-5-diazonium nitrate couples with a variety of active methylene compounds (diethyl malonate, ethyl benzoylacetate, acetylacetone, benzoylmacetone, dibenzoylmethane, and benzoylacetonitrile) at room temperature in the presence of sodium acetate of afford 1,2,4-triazol-5-ylhydrazones, which are smoothyl converted in warm aqueous ethanolic sodium acetate or glacial acetic acid, in high yield, into the corresponding [1,2,4]triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine derivatives. In the cases of ethyl acetoacetate and cyanoacetamide the derived hydrazones were unstable and underwent spontaneous cyclisation even at room temperature, affording the corresponding triazolotriazines.
SUMOylation participates in induction of ischemic tolerance (2009)

Ground squirrels in hibernation torpor have been shown to have striking increases in global SUMOylation on tissue immunoblots. Here, we find evidence that global SUMOylation is also involved in ischemic tolerance in primary cortical neuronal cultures (from rats and mice) and SHSY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Cultured cortical neurons preconditioned by sublethal oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) were less vulnerable to severe OGD than non-preconditioned neurons. Preconditioned neurons maintained elevated SUMO-1 conjugation levels (and, to a lesser extent those of SUMO-2/3) on western blots in contrast to non-preconditioned cells. Further, cortical neurons and SHSY5Y cells in which transfected SUMO-1 or SUMO-2 were over-expressed showed increased survival after severe OGD. In contrast, cell cultures subjected to depletion of endogenous SUMO-1 protein by RNAi had reduced survival after exposure to this form of in vitro ischemia and an attenuated protective response to preconditioning. These findings suggest that maintenance of a globally elevated SUMO-1 (and maybe SUMO-2/3) conjugation level as revealed by immunoblot assays is a component of ischemic tolerance.
Heat loss during thoracotomy. (1969)

JOHN WRIGHT This has been evolved with a modified pulse duplicator and the use of a hot film probe for measuring velocity, direction, and turbulence. Many of the commercially available mitral valve prostheses are being investigated for their flow characteristics. In addition, efficiency is being examined and some unusual findings point to the possibility of a hydraulic ram effect in the normal mitral valve that allows opening to commence before the end of ventricular systole.
Virus infection improves drought tolerance (2008)

Viruses are obligate intracellular symbionts. Plant viruses are often discovered and studied as pathogenic parasites that cause diseases in agricultural plants. However, here it is shown that viruses can extend survival of their hosts under conditions of abiotic stress that could benefit hosts if they subsequently recover and reproduce. Various plant species were inoculated with four different RNA viruses, Brome mosaic virus (BMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tobacco mosaic virus and Tobacco rattle virus. The inoculated plants were stressed by withholding water. The onset of drought symptoms in virus-infected plants was compared with that in the plants that were inoculated with buffer (mock-inoculated plants). Metabolite profiling analysis was conducted and compared between mock-inoculated and virus-infected plants before and after being subjected to drought stress. In all cases, virus infection delayed the appearance of drought symptoms. Beet plants infected with CMV also exhibited significantly improved tolerance to freezing. Metabolite profiling analysis showed an increase in several osmoprotectants and antioxidants in BMV-infected rice and CMV-infected beet plants before and after drought stress. These results indicate that virus infection improves plant tolerance to abiotic stress, which correlates with increased osmoprotectant and antioxidant levels in infected plants.
Nanopore Cheminformatics (2004)

A cheminformatics method is described for classification, and biophysical examination, of individual molecules. A novel molecular detector is used—one based on current blockade measurements through a nanometer- scale ion channel (alpha-hemolysin). Classification results are described for blockades caused by DNA molecules in the alpha-hemolysin nanopore detector, with signal analysis and pattern recognition performed using a combination of methods from bioinformatics and machine learning. Due to the size of the alpha-hemolysin protein channel, the blockade events report on one DNA molecule at a time, which enables a variety of reproducible, single-molecule biophysical experiments. To capture the full sensitivity of the nanopore detector's blockade signal, Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) were used with Expectation/Maximization for denoising and for associating a feature vector with the ionic current blockade of each captured DNA molecule. Support Vector Machines (SVMs) that employ novel kernel designs were then used as discriminators. With SVM training performed off-line, and economical HMM processing on-line, blockade classification was possible during capture. HMMs were also used in conjunction with a time-domain finite state automaton (off-line) for feature discovery and kinetics analysis. Analysis of the DNA data indicates a variety of binding (DNA–protein), fraying, and conformational shifts that are consistent with data obtained from thermodynamic analyses (melting curves), X-ray crystallography, and NMR studies. The software tools are designed for analysis of generic blockades in ionic channels, including those in other biological pore-forming toxins, other biological channels in general, and semiconductor-based channels.
Monitoring Sleep with Force Sensor Measurement (2014)

This thesis presents methods for comfortable sleep measurement at home. Existing medical sleep measurement systems are costly, disturb sleep quality, and are only suited for short-term measurement. As sleeping problems are affecting about 30% of the population, new approaches for everyday sleep measurement are needed. We present sleep measurement methods that are based on measuring the body with practically unnoticeable force sensors installed in the bed. The sensors pick up forces caused by heartbeats, respiration, and movements, so those physiological parameters can be measured. Based on the parameters, the quality and quantity of sleep is analyzed and presented to the user. \n\nIn the first part of the thesis, we propose new signal processing algorithms for measuring heart rate and respiration during sleep. The proposed heart rate detection method enables measurement of heart rate variability from a ballistocardiogram signal, which represents the mechanical activity of the heart. A heartbeat model is adaptively inferred from the signal using a clustering algorithm, and the model is utilized in detecting heartbeat intervals in the signal. We also propose a novel method for extracting respiration rate variation from a force sensor signal. The method solves a problem present with some respiration sensors, where erroneous cyclicity arises in the signal and may cause incorrect measurement. The correct respiration cycles are found by filtering the input signal with multiple filters and selecting correct results with heuristics. The accuracy of heart rate measurement has been validated with a clinical study of 60 people and the respiration rate method has been tested with a one-person case study. \n\nIn the second part of the thesis, we describe an e-health system for sleep measurement in the home environment. The system measures sleep automatically, by uploading measured force sensor signals to a web service. The sleep information is presented to the user in a web interface. Such easy-to-use sleep measurement may help individuals to tackle sleeping problems. The user can track important aspects of sleep such as sleep quantity and nocturnal heart rate and learn how different lifestyle choices affect sleep.
16α-Bromoepiandrosterone (HE2000) limits non-productive inflammation and stimulates immunity in lungs (2009)

16alpha-Bromoepiandrosterone (HE2000) is a synthetic steroid that limits non-productive inflammation, enhances protective immunity and improves survival in clinical studies of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malaria and tuberculosis infections. We now show that HE2000 decreased nitric oxide production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Treatment with HE2000 also reduced non-productive inflammation associated with carrageenan-induced pleurisy and LPS-induced lung injury in mice. In the hapten-carrier reporter antigen popliteal lymph node assay, HE2000 increased absolute numbers of lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells, hapten-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibody-forming cells and shifted the interferon (IFN)-gamma/interleukin (IL)-4 balance towards IFN-gamma production. In the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR(-/-)) mouse model of acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, treatment with HE2000 consistently reduced bacterial burden in lungs. All HE2000 effects were dose-dependent. In H1N1 infection in mice, HE2000 was safe but not effective as a monotherapy, as treatment did not effect survival. HE2000 reduced mortality related to excessive inflammation and opportunistic lung infections in animals and patients, and this might extend to those with H1N1 influenza infection.
K-<i>ras</i> is an essential gene in the mouse with partial functional overlap with N-<i>ras</i> (1997)

Mammalian ras genes are thought to be critical in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation and are mutated in approximately 30% of all human tumors. However, N-ras and H-ras are nonessential for mouse development. To characterize the normal role of K-ras in growth and development, we have mutated it by gene targeting in the mouse. On an inbred genetic background, embryos homozygous for this mutation die between 12 and 14 days of gestation, with fetal liver defects and evidence of anemia. Thus, K-ras is the only member of the ras gene family essential for mouse embryogenesis. We have also investigated the effect of multiple mutations within the ras gene family. Most animals lacking N-ras function and heterozygous for the K-ras mutation exhibit abnormal hematopoietic development and die between days 10 and 12 of embryogenesis. Thus, partial functional overlap appears to occur within the ras gene family, but K-ras provides a unique and essential function.
Reduction of organic compounds with rare earth intermetallic compounds containing absorbed hydrogen (1984)

T. Imamoto, T. Mita and M. Yokoyama, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1984, 163 DOI: 10.1039/C39840000163
Noise control on computer and business equipment using speed controlled blowers (2003)

The authors present a method to reduce the noise level of computer and business equipment by the implementation of temperature-controlled variable-speed blowers. The possibility for reducing the noise emission is given by the fact that today's cooling design is mostly based on worst-case environmental conditions (maximum temperature and altitude above sea level) to cover the wide variety of the products' worldwide installations. The potential acoustical benefits of adaptive cooling are significant and would be extremely expensive to attain using conventional path noise-control methods such as mufflers or enclosures. However, it should not be overlooked that the price paid for lower noise levels, in addition to the cost of the controller (which is in most cases balanced by the removal of acoustical treatments), is a possible effect on the reliability of the electronics, since their cooling is no longer overdesigned.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ultrafast-based projection-reconstruction three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2007)

Recent years have witnessed increased efforts toward the accelerated acquisition of multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (nD NMR) spectra. Among the methods proposed to speed up these NMR experiments is "projection reconstruction," a scheme based on the acquisition of a reduced number of two-dimensional (2D) NMR data sets constituting cross sections of the nD time domain being sought. Another proposition involves "ultrafast" spectroscopy, capable of completing nD NMR acquisitions within a single scan. Potential limitations of these approaches include the need for a relatively slow 2D-type serial data collection procedure in the former case, and a need for at least n high-performance, linearly independent gradients and a sufficiently high sensitivity in the latter. The present study introduces a new scheme that comes to address these limitations, by combining the basic features of the projection reconstruction and the ultrafast approaches into a single, unified nD NMR experiment. In the resulting method each member within the series of 2D cross sections required by projection reconstruction to deliver the nD NMR spectrum being sought, is acquired within a single scan with the aid of the 2D ultrafast protocol. Full nD NMR spectra can thus become available by backprojecting a small number of 2D sets, collected using a minimum number of scans. Principles, opportunities, and limitations of the resulting approach, together with demonstrations of its practical advantages, are here discussed and illustrated with a series of three-dimensional homo- and heteronuclear NMR correlation experiments.
Spectrum Access Technologies: The Past, the Present, and the Future (2012)

This paper provides an overview of how our access to the electromagnetic spectrum has evolved and will continue to expand over time. We first focus on the historical origins of technological and regulatory choices, and provide some insight into how these choices have impacted the efficiency with which we currently utilize the spectrum, and how we can better use it in the future. In turn, we summarize the relevant technologies being discussed in today's standardization and research and development efforts. Finally, we provide a vision for the evolution of spectrum access technologies that, intertwined with progressive regulatory and economic policies, will enable flexible and secure sharing of spectrum to deliver seamless mobility with ubiquitous service for users worldwide.
OXIDATIVE STRESS IS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF AIRWAY INFLAMMATION IN MICE EXPOSED TO CIGARETTE SMOKE OR LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (2007)

1. It was proposed previously that oxidative stress is a main component of the inflammatory process in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thus, in the present study, we investigated the inflammatory response in mice deficient for the p47(phox) subunit of NADPH oxidase (p47 KO) exposed to cigarette smoke (CS). 2. Exposure of mice to CS elicited an increase in the number of macrophages and neutrophils and levels of interleukin (IL)-6, keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC/CXCL1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1/CCL2) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), which were lower in p47 KO mice compared with control mice. In contrast, 24 h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure, the number of macrophages and neutrophils, as well as KC/CXCL1 levels, in BALF was significantly greater in p47 KO mice compared with control mice. 3. The present study has shown that airway inflammation is decreased in p47 KO mice after exposure to CS, but not LPS, suggesting that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation associated with COPD.
Requirements for Energy Management (2013)

and their components, as well as monitoring their Power States, Power Inlets, Power Outlets, actual power, Power Attributes, received energy, provided energy, and contained batteries. Control functions include such functions as controlling power supply and Power State of energy-managed devices and their components.
Distribution and antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria from raw camel milk (2019)

Consumer demand for natural pathogen-control agents for substitution of synthetic food preservatives and traditional antibiotics is increasing. This study aimed to reveal the distribution of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in raw camel milk and to characterize their antimicrobial traits. The genetic identification by 16S rRNA sequencing of 58 LAB isolates showed the predominance of <i>Enterococcus</i> (24.2%), <i>Lactococcus</i> (22.4%) and <i>Pediococcus</i> (20.7%) genera in raw camel milk. These genera exhibited inhibitory activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including multidrug-resistant <i>Salmonella</i>. Among these LAB, two isolates-identified as <i>Pediococcus pentosaceus</i> CM16 and <i>Lactobacillus brevis</i> CM22-were selected for their strong bacteriocinogenic anti-listerial activity estimated at 1600 and 800 AU/mL, respectively. The bacteriocins produced were partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and gel filtration and then biochemically characterized. The proteinaceous nature of bacteriocins was confirmed by the susceptibility to enzymes. These bacteriocins showed significant technological characteristics such as heat-resistance, and stability over a wide range of pH (2.0-10.0). In conclusion, these results indicated that <i>Pediococcus pentosaceus</i> CM16 and <i>Lactobacillus brevis</i> CM22 could be useful as potential probiotics. Moreover, their partially purified bacteriocins may play an important role as food preservatives and feed additives. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the distribution of LAB population in raw camel milk and the characterization of their bacteriocins from the Arabian Peninsula of western Asia.