gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Weakly- and Semi-Supervised Object Detection with Expectation-Maximization Algorithm (2017)

Object detection when provided image-level labels instead of instance-level labels (i.e., bounding boxes) during training is an important problem in computer vision, since large scale image datasets with instance-level labels are extremely costly to obtain. In this paper, we address this challenging problem by developing an Expectation-Maximization (EM) based object detection method using deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Our method is applicable to both the weakly-supervised and semi-supervised settings. Extensive experiments on PASCAL VOC 2007 benchmark show that (1) in the weakly supervised setting, our method provides significant detection performance improvement over current state-of-the-art methods, (2) having access to a small number of strongly (instance-level) annotated images, our method can almost match the performace of the fully supervised Fast RCNN. We share our source code at https://github.com/ZiangYan/EM-WSD.
Effect of Pre-force Storage Conditions on Early Flowering of Rhododendron (1988)

Abstract The effects of two cold storage treatments (natural temperatures vs. 5°C) and durations (6 vs. 8 weeks) on subsequent forced flowering were investigated in four Rhododendron cultivars. Natural temperatures were: day (0600–1800 hr ), mean 6.8°, range –1.0° to 15°; night (1800–0600 hr ), mean 4.8°, range –1.0 to 13°. There were marked differences among cultivars in the chilling requirements to break flower bud dormancy. An early flowering cultivar (R. ‘Christmas Cheer’; R. caucasicum × ), required less pre-force chilling than the late-flowering R. ‘Vulcan’ (‘Mars’ × R. griersonianum ). Mid-season flowering ‘Unique’ ( R. campylocarpum × ) and ‘Pink Bountiful’ ( R. williamsianum × ‘Linswegeanum’) had intermediate cold requirements. ‘Christmas Cheer’ was forced into flower for the Christmas period in 3 weeks without artificial pre-force cold storage.
Mitochondrial Glutathione, a Key Survival Antioxidant (2009)

Mitochondria are the primary intracellular site of oxygen consumption and the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), most of them originating from the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Among the arsenal of antioxidants and detoxifying enzymes existing in mitochondria, mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) emerges as the main line of defense for the maintenance of the appropriate mitochondrial redox environment to avoid or repair oxidative modifications leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. mGSH importance is based not only on its abundance, but also on its versatility to counteract hydrogen peroxide, lipid hydroperoxides, or xenobiotics, mainly as a cofactor of enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase or glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Many death-inducing stimuli interact with mitochondria, causing oxidative stress; in addition, numerous pathologies are characterized by a consistent decrease in mGSH levels, which may sensitize to additional insults. From the evaluation of mGSH influence on different pathologic settings such as hypoxia, ischemia/reperfusion injury, aging, liver diseases, and neurologic disorders, it is becoming evident that it has an important role in the pathophysiology and biomedical strategies aimed to boost mGSH levels.
Dynamic metasurface lens based on MEMS technology (2018)

In the recent years, metasurfaces, being flat and lightweight, have been designed to replace bulky optical components with various functions. We demonstrate a monolithic Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) integrated with a metasurface-based flat lens that focuses light in the mid-infrared spectrum. A two-dimensional scanning MEMS platform controls the angle of the lens along two orthogonal axes by ±9°, thus enabling dynamic beam steering. The device could be used to compensate for off-axis incident light and thus correct for aberrations such as coma. We show that for low angular displacements, the integrated lens-on-MEMS system does not affect the mechanical performance of the MEMS actuators and preserves the focused beam profile as well as the measured full width at half maximum. We envision a new class of flat optical devices with active control provided by the combination of metasurfaces and MEMS for a wide range of applications, such as miniaturized MEMS-based microscope systems, LIDAR scanners, and projection systems.
N−H and α(C−H) Bond Dissociation Enthalpies of Aliphatic Amines (2002)

Bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) of a large series of aliphatic amines (21) were measured by means of photoacoustic calorimetry. Despite the different structures studied in the primary, secondary, and tertiary amine series, the alpha(C-H) BDEs were found to be very similar for unconstrained amines with values very close to 91 kcal/mol. alphaC- and N-alkylation or introduction of an hydroxy group only slightly affect the BDEs, a fact in perfect agreement with calculations performed at different CBS levels. This demonstrates the predominance of the two-orbital-three-electron interaction involving the N and alphaC(*) orbitals. On the other hand, the N-H BDE decreases when going from primary to secondary amines. This result is interpreted in term of a hyperconjugation in sigmaC-C bonds, which leads to a stabilization of the aminyl radical. For cyclized amines, the BDEs depend on the relative geometry of the singly occupied alphaC(*) orbital with respect to that of the N atom, disfavoring the two-orbital-three-electron interaction. However, such structures can exhibit through-bond interaction. For a crowded structure such as triisopropylamine, for which the alphaC(*) orbital is not coplanar with the nitrogen one, the relaxation of a strain energy allows the BDE to be comparable to flexible structures.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPOSITION AND STABILITY OF SAUSAGE‐TYPE EMULSIONS (1971)

SUMMARY— A laboratory technique for the preparation of small batches of sausage emulsion was developed for a comparative study of the effectiveness of fresh and frozen beef in achieving emulsion stability. The technique consisted of three basic steps: (1) low speed chopping and blending of ingredients at −2° to +2°C; (2) low speed blending with the gradual addition of soybean oil at 2°−8°C; and (3) high speed chopping to a temperature of 15°‐16°C. The preparation and evaluation of emulsions with widely varying compositions revealed that the lean and fat percentages could be varied over wide ranges without significantly affecting emulsion stability, but the range for percentage of water was narrow and critical to stability. The relative stability for fresh and frozen lean was influenced by the amount of added water. For example, at 30% fat level, there was a sharp drop in stability as the added water was reduced below 16% for fresh beef; whereas, an equivalent drop in stability was found as the added water was reduced below 21 % for frozen beef. The theory is proposed that emulsion instability is highly dependent upon the level of added water based on results of this investigation.
<title>EO-1/Hyperion hyperspectral imager design, development, characterization, and calibration</title> (2001)

The Hyperion Imaging Spectrometer is one of three principal instruments aboard the EO-1 spacecraft. Its mission as a technology demonstrator is to evaluate on-orbit issues for imaging spectroscopy and to assess the capabilities of a space-based imaging spectrometer for earth science and earth observation missions. The instrument provides earth imagery at 30 meter spatial resolution. 7.5 km swath width in 220 contiguous spectral bands at 10 nm spectral resolution. Spectral range is from 0.4 micrometers to 2.5 micrometers . The instrument includes internal and solar calibration sub- systems. This paper will review the design, construction and calibration of the Hyperion instrument. The on-orbit plans and operations will be presented along with updated calibration and characterization measurements.
Oligomeric Size of the M2 Muscarinic Receptor in Live Cells as Determined by Quantitative Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (2010)

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), measured by fluorescence intensity-based microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging, has been used to estimate the size of oligomers formed by the M(2) muscarinic cholinergic receptor. The approach is based on the relationship between the apparent FRET efficiency within an oligomer of specified size (n) and the pairwise FRET efficiency between a single donor and a single acceptor (E). The M(2) receptor was fused at the N terminus to enhanced green or yellow fluorescent protein and expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Emission spectra were analyzed by spectral deconvolution, and apparent efficiencies were estimated by donor-dequenching and acceptor-sensitized emission at different ratios of enhanced yellow fluorescent protein-M(2) receptor to enhanced green fluorescent protein-M(2) receptor. The data were interpreted in terms of a model that considers all combinations of donor and acceptor within a specified oligomer to obtain fitted values of E as follows: n = 2, 0.495 +/- 0.019; n = 4, 0.202 +/- 0.010; n = 6, 0.128 +/- 0.006; n = 8, 0.093 +/- 0.005. The pairwise FRET efficiency determined independently by fluorescence lifetime imaging was 0.20-0.24, identifying the M(2) receptor as a tetramer. The strategy described here yields an explicit estimate of oligomeric size on the basis of fluorescence properties alone. Its broader application could resolve the general question of whether G protein-coupled receptors exist as dimers or larger oligomers. The size of an oligomer has functional implications, and such information can be expected to contribute to an understanding of the signaling process.
Comparison of masking materials for high microwave power CH4/H2/Ar etching of III–V semiconductors (1996)

Patterned photoresist, SiO2, SiNX, and W were compared as masking materials for GaAs and other III–V semiconductors during CH4/H2/Ar plasma etching. The use of electron cyclotron resonance conditions is a much more severe test of the mask integrity in comparison to reactive ion etching. Ar flow rate, microwave power and rf power have significant effects on mask erosion (or polymer deposition on the mask), while process pressure is found to have little effect over the range 1.5–10 mTorr. SiNX retains high geometrical integrity and displays little erosion under electron cyclotron resonance conditions, while SiO2 is quickly coated with a polymer that can degrade critical dimensions. Morphological changes in both W and photoresist films during exposure to electron cyclotron resonance CH4/H2/Ar discharges indicate that these are less desirable choices than SiNX.
Investigation of the Crystallinity of Freeze/Thaw Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogels by Different Techniques (2004)

The crystallinity of freeze/thaw poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels, either fresh or aged or obtained by dipping dried freeze/thaw gel samples in water immediately after their preparation, was investigated by using different techniques. Free induction decays obtained from 1H NMR experiments provide the most accurate measurement of the degree of crystallinity of these systems. Values thus obtained are in a good agreement with data obtained by X-ray diffraction for all the samples under study. The degrees of crystallinity, determined by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), instead, are lower than those obtained by the other two methods, for all the gel samples, but the aged gels. This result is due to the occurrence of the gel−sol transition during the heating scan which is characterized by the endothermic melting of the crystallites and the exothermic solubilization and solvation of PVA chains in water. In as-prepared and rehydrated gels, the endothermic and exothermic effects overlap, which leads to an underestimated value of the degree of crystallinity. For aged samples, the crystallites are larger and more perfect; the corresponding melting endotherms are narrower and shifted toward higher temperatures, which permits the separation of the endothermic and exothermic effects and leads to a more accurate measurement of the degree of crystallinity. Thus, the comparative analysis of the degree of crystallinity in PVA hydrogels measured by different techniques provides indirect information concerning their complex structure.
Additional protein intake limits weight regain after weight loss in humans (2005)

Since long-term weight maintenance (WM) is a major problem, interventions to improve WM are needed. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the addition of protein to the diet might limit weight regain after a weight loss of 5-10 % in overweight subjects. In a randomised parallel study design, 113 overweight subjects (BMI 29.3 (SD 2.5) kg/m2); age 45.1 (SD 10.4) years) followed a very-low-energy diet for 4 weeks, after which there was a 6-month period of WM. During WM, subjects were randomised into either a protein group or a control group. The protein group received 30 g/d protein in addition to their own usual diet. During the very-low-energy diet, no differences were observed between the groups. During WM, the protein group showed a higher protein intake (18 % v. 15 %; P<0.05), a lower weight regain (0.8 v. 3.0 kg; P<0.05), a decreased waist circumference (-1.2 (SD 0.7) v. 0.5 (SD 0.5 ) cm; P<0.05) and a smaller increase in respiratory quotient (0.03 (SD 0.01) v. 0.07 0.01; (SD/)P <0.05) compared with the control group. Weight regain in the protein group consisted of only fat-free mass, whereas the control group gained fat mass as well. Satiety in the fasted state before breakfast increased significantly more in the protein group than in the control group. After 6 months follow-up, body weight showed a significant group x time interaction. A protein intake of 18 % compared with 15 % resulted in improved WM in overweight subjects after a weight loss of 7.5 %. This improved WM implied several factors, i.e. improved body composition, fat distribution, substrate oxidation and satiety.
Human Vaginal Secretions: Volatile Fatty Acid Content (1974)

Vaginal samples (682) were collected by a tampon method from 50 healthy young women. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. The volatile aliphatic acids increased during the late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and declined progressively during the luteal phase. Women on oral contraceptives had lower amounts of volatile acids and did not show any rhythmic changes in acid content during the menstrual cycle. These same substances possess sex-attractant properties in other primate species.
A denotational semantics for stateflow (2005)

We present a denotational semantics for Stateflow, the graphical Statecharts-like language of the Matlab/Simulink toolsuite. This semantics makes use of continuations to capture even the most complex constructions of the language, such as inter-level transitions, junctions, or backtracking. An immediate application of this semantics is a formal compilation scheme for the language.
Structure of Polycrystalline Silicon Thin Film Fabricated from Fluorinated Precursors by Layer-by-Layer Technique (1994)

We observed the structure of polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) fabricated from fluorinated precursors, SiF n H m ( n + m ≤3), by repeated deposition of very thin layers, 10 nm thick, and atomic hydrogen treatment (H-treatment). The surface views and the cross-sectional views of poly-Si were observed using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and transmittance electron microscope (TEM), respectively. Poly-Si was made up of columnar crystalline grains of which diameters were 200 nm or more. These columnar crystalline grains grew perpendicularly on the amorphous layer grown directly on the glass substrate. Crystalline nuclei were formed within the amorphous layer and grew into crystalline grains with the aid of H-treatment. The thickness of this incubation layer was dramatically reduced by extending the period of H-treatment.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Direct Arylation of Benzofurazans at the C‐4 Position (2017)

Abstract The palladium‐catalyzed direct arylation of benzofurazans with aryl bromides to access 4‐arylbenzofurazans proceeds in moderate‐to‐high yields using phosphine‐free palladium acetate as the catalyst and potassium acetate as an inexpensive base. A wide variety of (hetero)aryl bromides, including bromopyridine and bromothiophene derivatives has been successfully employed. Palladium‐catalyzed one‐pot C‐4,C‐7‐diarylation of benzofurazan was also achieved using a larger amount of aryl bromide. Moreover, the derivatization of 4‐arylbenzofurazans into 4‐arylquinaxolines is also reported. magnified image
Live thesaurus construction for interactive voice-based web search (2000)

Since Web users’ queries are often too short, an accurate and interactive speech interface is believed very helpful, especially for WAP-based Web search engines. To provide high accurate speech recognition and effective interactive search, a rigid and live web thesaurus that contains users' search terms plus a set of relations between their associated terms is highly in demand. The purpose of this paper is intended to present a log-based approach for live thesaurus construction. Based on the live thesaurus, certain kinds of users' information behaviors could be characterized and a more effective voice-based search engine could be developed.
Expression of c-myc and other cell cycle-dependent genes in human colon neoplasia. (1985)

We have investigated the expression of certain cell cycle-dependent genes in total RNA isolated from normal and neoplastic cells of human epithelial colon tissue. The genes studied had been previously identified as cell cycle dependent in rodent and human fibroblasts. Levels of expression of G1 genes were compared to the level of expression of the S-phase-specific gene H3 in normal and adjacent neoplastic epithelial cells of six different individuals. We have found that the increase in the expression of c-myc gene detected in colon tumor cells is accompanied by a parallel increase in the expression of two G1-specific genes (p2A9 and ornithine decarboxylase) and the S-phase-specific gene histone H3. An important conclusion that can be drawn from these findings is that the increased level of a cell cycle-specific RNA in a tumor may not indicate overexpression of that gene but simply reflect the increased fraction of cycling cells, unless the ratio of expression between G1 genes and G1-S-phase genes is altered.
In Situ Polymerization Initiated by Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Salts (2006)

Nanotube salts serve as initiators for the in situ polymerization of methyl methacrylate onto the surface of the nanotubes. The poly(methyl methacrylate)-grafted single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are soluble in chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and acetone. Atomic force microscopy images and Raman spectroscopy show that the SWNT bundles were exfoliated during the reduction, leading mostly to individual tubes.
Risky business: Are you ready for the new sanctions landscape (2012)

In March 2012, the Australian Government completed the transition to the new autonomous sanctions regime, which brings into effect a more onerous set of compliance obligations in relation to doing business with sanctioned entities. While the new sanctions laws will essentially be an extension of the existing regime, the penalties for breaches have increased significantly.
Gene targeting using the human Nalm-6 pre-B cell line. (2008)

Gene targeting by homologous recombination is a powerful tool to precisely manipulate the genome in order to study the function of a gene of interest (GOI). Indeed, it has become a routine methodology in yeasts, murine embryonic stem cells, and a chicken DT40 cell line. However, gene targeting has not been used often in human somatic cells to date since the relative efficiency of gene targeting (the ratio of homologous integrations to random integrations) is remarkably low. In this review, we introduce a fundamental strategy and a protocol to generate a null allele and/or 'tetracycline-inducible conditional gene knochout' for the GOI by gene targeting in the human Nalm-6 pre-B cell line. The Nalm-6 is a rare cell line in which gene targeting by homologous recombination takes place efficiently, and it carries a stable near-diploid karyotype with a doubling time of around 20 h. In addition, the tetracycline-regulated gene depletion (Tet-Off) system is steadily applicable to this cell line. Therefore, gene targeting systems using the Nalm-6 cell are used increasingly and offer promise in the study of human gene functions. This review should prove useful to researchers in a wide rage of fields.
Amyloid‐β neurotoxicity in organotypic culture is attenuated by melatonin: involvement of GSK‐3β, <i>tau</i> and neuroinflammation (2010)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by accumulation of extracellular deposits of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide in brain regions that are important for memory and cognition. The buildup of Abeta aggregates in the AD is followed by the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and activation of neuroinflammatory reactions. The present study investigated whether melatonin possesses a neuroprotective effect against Abeta-induced toxicity. For this purpose, organotypic hippocampal slices were cultured and exposed to 25 microm of Abeta(25-35) in the absence or in the presence of melatonin (25, 50, or 100 microm). In addition, the authors have investigated the involvement of GSK-3beta, tau protein, astroglial, and microglial activation, and cytokine levels in the melatonin protection against Abeta-induced neurotoxicity. Melatonin prevented the cell damage in hippocampus induced by the exposure to Abeta(25-35). In addition, melatonin significantly reduced the activation of GSK-3beta, the phosphorylation of tau protein, the glial activation and the Abeta-induced increase of TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels. On the basis of these findings, we speculate that melatonin may provide an effective therapeutic strategy for AD, by attenuating Abeta-induced phosphorylation of tau protein, and preventing GSK-3beta activation and neuroinflammation.
Psychological vulnerability differences in students—Carriers or not of the serotonin transporter promoter allele S: Effect of adverse experiences (2008)

The S and L alleles seem to interact differently with serious past life adversities in influencing psychological vulnerability. Adversities seem to have a stronger effect on S carriers. LL genotype might be related to the expression of certain more endogenous psychopathological tendencies.
RSVM: Reduced Support Vector Machines (2001)

An algorithm is proposed which generates a nonlinear kernel-based separating surface that requires as little as 1% of a large dataset for its explicit evaluation. To generate this nonlinear surface, the entire dataset is used as a constraint in an optimization problem with very few variables corresponding to the 1% of the data kept. The remainder of the data can be thrown away after solving the optimization problem. This is achieved by making use of a rectangular m × kernel K(A, Ā′) that greatly reduces the size of the quadratic program to be solved and simplifies the characterization of the nonlinear separating surface. Here, the m rows of A represent the original m data points while the rows of Ā represent a greatly reduced data points. Computational results indicate that test set correctness for the reduced support vector machine (RSVM), with a nonlinear separating surface that depends on a small randomly selected portion of the dataset, is better than that of a conventional support vector machine (SVM) with a nonlinear surface that explicitly depends on the entire dataset, and much better than a conventional SVM using a small random sample of the data. Computational times, as well as memory usage, are much smaller for RSVM than that of a conventional SVM using the entire dataset.