gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Economic reform and sector-wise allocation of credit: An extensive study of the major states in India (2012)

We know that the persistent series of crisis of most of the macroeconomic variables during the late eighties and early nineties had compelled the then government of India to take challenge of opening up the entire economy before the world which was of the objective of attaining a significant growth rate output so that all sections of the economy can be included into the single umbrella of growth process. One of the major grounds of attaining a poor rate of growth during the closed and restricted structure of the Indian economy was the poor delivery of credit to the existing sectors because of priority sector lending clause and a giant share of banking funds locked in the government securities even at low rate of interest compared to the returns from the real sectors. The aim of the reform programme in the banking sector was to reduce credit to the priority sectors and reduction of security investment in a phased manner so that the banking business can be more market oriented. The present study tries to explore whether the reform process has led to growth of credit delivery to the real sectors practically and whether it has been able to make an equitable distribution of banking fund to the different sectors of different states. Using the information of the period 1972–2008 we have come out with the results that the agriculture and industrial sectors have gradually lost their importance while the service sector has got rising share of credit so far as credit delivery is concerned within a single state and all sectors have shown rising magnitudes of state concentration but the service sector has produced greater magnitude of state concentration compared to agriculture and industrial sectors during the post-reform phase.
ChemInform Abstract: CATALYSIS BY RUTHENIUM AND RHODIUM TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE COMPLEXES OF THE EXCHANGE OF DEUTERIUM IN THE OXYGEN‐DEUTERIUM GROUP OF OCTADEUTERO‐2‐PROPANOL IN WATER (1976)

Abstract RuClz (PPh3)3 und RhCl(PPh3)3 katalysieren den unter Bldg.
Role of the terminal repeat GAGC trimer, the major Rep78 binding site, in adeno‐associated virus DNA replication (1996)

The adeno-associated virus (AAV) terminal repeats (TR) are cis required, and the AAV encoded Rep78 protein is trans required, for AAV DNA replication. The Rep78 protein recognizes and interacts with at least three regions within the TR DNA. The major binding site, with the highest affinity for Rep78 binding, is within the TR stem (nt 36-16) and includes the 'core' GAGC trimer (GAGC3, nt 33-22; Fig. 2) sequence. In this study mutations were made within the GAGC trimer and these mutants assayed for their ability to allow for AAV double stranded (ds DNA, prepackaging DNA replication), and single stranded DNA (ss DNA, due to virion packaging) replication. Here, it is shown that when the two inside GAGC motifs are mutated, with only motif no. 1 left intact (see Fig. 2), the resulting AAV (mutA) genome was significantly defective for both ds DNA (17% of wild type) and ss DNA (9%). If the TRs contained only the two outside motifs intact (mutB), motifs no. 1 and 2, the AAV genome had a significant but reduced level of both ds (50%) and ss (34%) DNA replication. Finally, if only the middle motif no. 2 was mutated, with motifs no. 1 and 3 left intact (mutC), the resulting DNA replication for both ds and ss forms was essentially wild type (80% that of wild type). These data suggest that the GAGC trimer plays a role in AAV DNA replication, and that GAGC motif no. 3 is the most important of the three motifs for both ds and ss DNA replication.
Analysis of Early Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 DNA Synthesis by Use of a New Sensitive Assay for Quantifying Integrated Provirus (2003)

A novel Alu-long terminal repeat (LTR)-based real-time nested-PCR assay was developed to quantify integrated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA in infected cells with both accuracy and high sensitivity (six proviruses within 50,000 cell equivalents). Parallel assays for total HIV-1 DNA and two-LTR HIV-1 DNA circles allowed the synthesis and fate of the different HIV-1 DNA species to be monitored upon a single round of viral replication.
Novel formulations of therapeutic antibodies with hyaluronic acid (HA) in the treatment of colorectal cancer: a pre-clinical evaluation (2006)

682 INTRODUCTION: Knowledge of the molecular basis for cancer has been used to develop a new generation of therapies designed to target specific molecular processes that are essential for tumor growth and survival. Two such therapies employ the monoclonal antibodies, bevacizumab (Avastin®) and cetuximab (Erbitux®,ERB), which are routinely used for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. A novel generation of anticancer formulations based on the naturally occurring polysaccharide HA, is currently under development which exploit the unique physiochemical and biological properties of HA, enabling it to direct entrained anticancer agent(s) to over-expressed CD44 receptors. To date HA formulations have been used with standard cytotoxic drugs. The objective of this study was to evaluate if HA could provide the basis for improved formulations of Erbitux® (ERB) monotherapies and ERB/chemotherapy combinations. The assessment of the formulation HyERB™ comprising HA and Erbitux® and the combination therapy of HyERB™ with HyCAMP™ (comprising HA and Camptosar®) in colon cancer xenografts is described. METHODOLOGY: LIM1215 colon cancer xenografts were subcutaneously injected into the mammary fat pad of athymic nude Balb/c mice. Treatment groups (n=8) commenced when tumors reached 50-100mm3. The four treatment groups were: 1) HyERB™(150/0.5), 2) ERB(0.5), 3) HA (150), and 4) saline [all dosage amounts shown in brackets are in mg/kg]. Therapies were delivered IV on day 1 and 4 for a total of 5-weeks. Combination therapies included: 1) HyERB™(150/0.5)/HyCAMP™(26.6/50) and 2) ERB(0.5)/CAMP(50). The dosing regimen for HyCAMP™ or CAMP was day 1 of a 7-day cycle for a total of 5-weeks. Mice were observed for 120 days for tumor regrowth. RESULTS: Mice receiving HyERB™ monotherapy displayed a significant reduction in tumor size, which by day 29 was circa -29% of the original measurement compared to mice receiving ERB therapy, where all tumors were ±1% of the original measurement. During the tumor rebound period, tumor progression was more evident in the ERB group where 86% of tumors were assessed as ‘stable disease’ while 50% of HyERB™-treated tumors demonstrated partial response or stable disease. In combination therapies, the tumor size for HyERB™/HyCAMP™ at days 8, 11 and 15 was significantly smaller than in animals treated with ERB/CAMP. No treatment toxicities were observed.CONCLUSIONS: The formulation of HA with cetuximab (HyERB™) produced a significant anti-tumor response, whereas the antibody alone produced a cytostatic response in the LIM1215 (CD44 positive, EGFR positive) colon xenograft model. This increased efficacy was also achieved when using HA formulations in combination ERB/chemotherapy treatment regimens.
Simulation of dose reduction in tomosynthesis (2009)

In conclusion, the present article describes a method for simulating dose reduction suitable for tomosynthesis. However, the method applies equally well to any digital radiographic system, although the benefits of correcting for DQE variations may be smaller.
System for robot-assisted real-time laparoscopic ultrasound elastography (2012)

Surgical robots provide many advantages for surgery, including minimal invasiveness, precise motion, high dexterity, and crisp stereovision. One limitation of current robotic procedures, compared to open surgery, is the loss of haptic information for such purposes as palpation, which can be very important in minimally invasive tumor resection. Numerous studies have reported the use of real-time ultrasound elastography, in conjunction with conventional B-mode ultrasound, to differentiate malignant from benign lesions. Several groups (including our own) have reported integration of ultrasound with the da Vinci robot, and ultrasound elastography is a very promising image guidance method for robotassisted procedures that will further enable the role of robots in interventions where precise knowledge of sub-surface anatomical features is crucial. We present a novel robot-assisted real-time ultrasound elastography system for minimally invasive robot-assisted interventions. Our system combines a da Vinci surgical robot with a non-clinical experimental software interface, a robotically articulated laparoscopic ultrasound probe, and our GPU-based elastography system. Elasticity and B-mode ultrasound images are displayed as picture-in-picture overlays in the da Vinci console. Our system minimizes dependence on human performance factors by incorporating computer-assisted motion control that automatically generates the tissue palpation required for elastography imaging, while leaving high-level control in the hands of the user. In addition to ensuring consistent strain imaging, the elastography assistance mode avoids the cognitive burden of tedious manual palpation. Preliminary tests of the system with an elasticity phantom demonstrate the ability to differentiate simulated lesions of varied stiffness and to clearly delineate lesion boundaries.
Managing distributed systems using OSI systems management (2002)

Management systems are needed in order to guarantee the reliability, availability and performance of distributed software applications. One of the important requirements for a management system is that it should be easy to develop, so that developers do not spend an inordinate amount of time making their applications manageable. Also, management systems should be based on open management standards, providing standard interfaces to enable the development of plug-and-play management applications, which is something of utmost importance in today's multi-vendor environment. In this paper, we present an architecture for an end-to-end management system for managing large distributed software systems, based on OSI systems management standards. We also show how a lot of the complexity of OSI management implementation can be hidden from the developers.
The Influence of Anions on the Distribution Coefficients of Hard Acid-Metals for Anion-exchange Resin in HF–H3BO3 Media (1984)

Abstract The distribution coefficients, Kd, of eighteen hard acid-metal ions for a strongly basic anion-exchange resin were determined in HF–H3BO3 media in the presence of Cl− or NO3−, SO42−, and ClO4−, and the relation between the adsorbabilities of the coexisting anions and the Kd values of the metal ions was discussed. The fluoride-ion concentration is quite low in HF–H3BO3 media because of the complex formation of the fluoride ion with boric acid, and most of the hard acid-metal ions have lower Kd values in HF–H3BO3 media than those in a hydrofluoric acid solution. By varying the kinds of coexisting anions and their concentrations in HF–H3BO3 media containing less than 0.02 M(1M=1 mol dm−3) of fluoroborate ions, the Kd values of metal ions can be controlled to allow the anion-exchange separations. As fluoroborate ions, e.g., BF4− or BF3OH−, are strongly adsorbed on the resin, metal ions which are strongly held on the resin can be eluted by media including fluoroborate ions in higher concentrations. By using HF–H3BO3 media and selecting the coexisting anions, an effective mutual separation of titanium–zirconium, titanium–uranium, tin–niobium, and molybdenum–tungsten can be attined.
A solid water phantom material for radiotherapy x-ray and γ-ray beam calibrations (1982)

The formulation, manufacture and testing of an epoxy resin-based solid substitute for water is presented. This "solid water" has radiation characteristics very close volumetrically to those of water. When it is used as a dosimetry phantom for x- and gamma-ray beams in the radiotherapy range, phantom-to-water corrections and density corrections are eliminated. Relative transmission measurements have shown that the transmission through 10 cm of solid water is within 0.2% of that through an equal thickness of water for x and gamma rays. The use of this material for calibration phantoms can help achieve the goal of radiotherapy beam calibrations within +/- 1.0% of the true dose rate, easier to achieve.
Erabulenols, Inhibitors of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Produced by Penicillium sp. FO-5637. I. Production, Isolation and Biological Properties. (1998)

Penicillium sp. FO-5637, a soil isolate, was found to produce a series of inhibitors of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Novel active compounds, designated erabulenols A and B, were isolated from the fermentation broth of the producing strain by solvent extraction, ODS column chromatography and HPLC. Erabulenols A and B inhibit human CETP activity with IC50 values of 47.7 and 58.2 microM in an in vitro assay system containing 200 microM BSA, respectively.
Human naive epiblast cells possess unrestricted lineage potential (2021)

Classic embryological experiments have established that the early mouse embryo develops via sequential lineage bifurcations. The first segregated lineage is the trophectoderm, essential for blastocyst formation. Mouse naive epiblast and derivative embryonic stem cells are restricted accordingly from producing trophectoderm. Here we show, in contrast, that human naive embryonic stem cells readily make blastocyst trophectoderm and descendant trophoblast cell types. Trophectoderm was induced rapidly and efficiently by inhibition of ERK/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Nodal signaling. Transcriptome comparison with the human embryo substantiated direct formation of trophectoderm with subsequent differentiation into syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, and downstream trophoblast stem cells. During pluripotency progression lineage potential switches from trophectoderm to amnion. Live-cell tracking revealed that epiblast cells in the human blastocyst are also able to produce trophectoderm. Thus, the paradigm of developmental specification coupled to lineage restriction does not apply to humans. Instead, epiblast plasticity and the potential for blastocyst regeneration are retained until implantation.
Molecular features of triple negative breast cancer cells by genome-wide gene expression profiling analysis (2012)

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a poor outcome due to the lack of beneficial therapeutic targets. To clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in the carcinogenesis of TNBC and to identify target molecules for novel anticancer drugs, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of 30 TNBCs as well as 13 normal epithelial ductal cells that were purified by laser-microbeam microdissection. We identified 301 and 321 transcripts that were significantly upregulated and downregulated in TNBC, respectively. In particular, gene expression profile analyses of normal human vital organs allowed us to identify 104 cancer-specific genes, including those involved in breast carcinogenesis such as NEK2, PBK and MELK. Moreover, gene annotation enrichment analysis revealed prominent gene subsets involved in the cell cycle, especially mitosis. Therefore, we focused on cell cycle regulators, asp (abnormal spindle) homolog, microcephaly-associated (Drosophila) (ASPM) and centromere protein K (CENPK) as novel therapeutic targets for TNBC. Small-interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of their expression significantly attenuated TNBC cell viability due to G1 and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Our data will provide a better understanding of the carcinogenesis of TNBC and could contribute to the development of molecular targets as a treatment for TNBC patients.
PHF6 Interacts with the Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylation (NuRD) Complex (2012)

Mutations in PHF6 are the cause of Börjeson-Forssman-Lehman syndrome (BFLS), an X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) disorder, and both T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The PHF6 gene encodes a protein with two plant homeodomain (PHD)-like zinc finger domains. As many PHD-like domains function to target chromatin remodelers to post-translationally modified histones, this suggests a role for PHF6 in chromatin regulation. However, PHD domains are usually found in association with a catalytic domain, a feature that is lacking in PHF6. This distinct domain structure and the minimal information on its cellular function prompted us to perform a proteomic screen to identify PHF6 binding partners. We expressed recombinant Flag-tagged PHF6 in HEK 293T cells for coimmunoprecipitation, and analyzed the purified products by mass spectrometry. We identified proteins involved in ribosome biogenesis, RNA splicing, and chromatin regulation, consistent with PHF6 localization to both the nucleoplasm and nucleolus. Notably, PHF6 copurified with multiple constituents of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylation (NuRD) complex, including CHD4, HDAC1, and RBBP4. We demonstrate that this PHF6-NuRD complex is not present in the nucleolus but is restricted to the nucleoplasm. The association with NuRD represents the first known interaction for PHF6 and implicates it in chromatin regulation.
Information Valets for Intelligent Information Access (2000)

This paper introduces Information Valets (&quot;iValets&quot;), a general framework for intelligent access to information. Our goal is to support access to a range of information sources from a range of client devices with some degree of uniformity. Further, the information server is aware of its user and user devices, learning from the user&apos;s past interactions where and how to send new incoming information from whatever information is available for the given task. Our metaphor is that of a valet that sits between a user&apos;s client devices and the information services that the user made want to access. The paper presents the general structure of an iValet, cataloging the main design decisions that must go into the design of any such system. To demonstrate this, the paper instantiates the abstract iValet model with a fielded prototype system, the EmailValet, which learns users&apos; email-reading preferences on wireless platforms.
Fully integrated analog filters using bipolar-JFET technology [active fifth order Chebyshev low-pass realisation] (1978)

A new approach for realizing high-order analog filters which can be fully integrated using a compatible bipolar and ion-implanted JFET process is described. This approach is based on the recognition that what is really needed is a long time constant monolithic integrator which can be effectively realized in a small silicon area. These integrators have been designed, fabricated, and used in a `leapfrog' or active ladder configuration to realize a fifth-order 8 kHz Chebyshev low-pass filter with 0.1 dB passband ripple. No external trimming operations and no anti-aliasing prefilter are required.
Effects of Rho kinase inhibition on cerebral artery myogenic tone and reactivity (2005)

Several recent studies have implicated the RhoA-Rho kinase pathway in arterial myogenic behavior. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of Rho kinase inhibition (Y-27632) on cerebral artery calcium and diameter responses as a function of transmural pressure. Excised segments of rat posterior cerebral arteries (100-200 microm) were cannulated and pressurized in an arteriograph at 37 degrees C. Increasing pressure from 10 to 60 mmHg triggered an elevation of cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) from 113 +/- 9 to 199 +/- 12 nM and development of myogenic tone. Further elevation of pressure to 120 mmHg induced only a minor additional increase in [Ca(2+)](i) and constriction. Y-27632 (0.3-10 microM) inhibited myogenic tone in a concentration-dependent manner at 60 and 120 mmHg with comparable efficacy; conversely, sensitivity was decreased at 120 vs. 60 mmHg (50% inhibitory concentration: 2.5 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.4 +/- 0.1 microM; P < 0.05). Dilation was accompanied by further increases in [Ca(2+)](i) and an enhancement of Ca(2+) oscillatory activity. Y-27632 also effectively dilated the vessels permeabilized with alpha-toxin in a concentration-dependent manner. However, dilator effects of Y-27632 at low concentrations were larger at 60 vs. 100 mmHg. In summary, the results support a significant role for RhoA-Rho kinase pathway in cerebral artery mechanotransduction of pressure into sustained vasoconstriction (myogenic tone and reactivity) via mechanisms that augment smooth muscle calcium sensitivity. Potential downstream events may involve inhibition of myosin phosphatase and/or stimulation of actin polymerization, both of which are associated with increased smooth muscle force production.
Acute effects of hypoxaemia, hyperoxaemia and hypercapnia on renal blood flow in normal and renal transplant subjects (1998)

The aim of this investigation was to study noninvasively the effects of hypoxaemia, hyperoxaemia and hypercapnia on renal blood flow in normal subjects and renal allograft recipients, i.e. with denervated kidneys. By comparing these two groups, the influence of renal innervation on any resulting changes in renal blood flow could be ascertained. Nine normal and eight renal allograft recipients were studied. Each subject inhaled the following gas mixtures in order: room air, 10% O2 (hypoxaemia), 10% O2 + baseline CO2 (isocapnic hypoxaemia), 10% O2 + high CO2 (hypercapnic hypoxaemia), 100% O2 (hyperoxaemia), 100% O2 + baseline CO2 (isocapnic hyperoxaemia) and 100% O2 + high CO2 (hypercapnia hyperoxaemia). Using Doppler ultrasonography, the pulsatility index (PI), an index of renovascular resistance, was measured at the various gas inhalation levels. In normal subjects, the renovascular resistance increased in response to hypoxaemia, with a greater increase in response to hypercapnic hypoxaemia. Hyperoxaemia caused a decrease in renovascular resistance but this was abolished with the addition of CO2. There was a similar pattern in the PI response to the different gas inhalations in the renal transplant subjects, but these responses were attenuated in comparison with those of the normals. In conclusion, renal denervation does not completely abolish the renovascular responses to inhaled oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Auto-scaling emergency call centres using cloud resources to handle disasters (2011)

The fixed-line and mobile telephony network is one of the crucial elements of an emergency response to a disaster event. However, frequently the phone network is overwhelmed in such situations and is disrupted. It is not cost-effective to maintain an over-provisioned IT infrastructure for such rare events. Cloud computing allows users to create resources on-demand and can enable an IT infrastructure that scales in response to the demands of disaster management. In this paper, we introduce a system that uses the Amazon EC2 service to automatically scale up a software telephony network in response to a large volume of calls and scale down in normal times. We demonstrate the efficacy of this system through experiments based on real-world data.