gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A molecular logic gate (2001)

We propose a scheme for molecule-based information processing by combining well-studied spectroscopic techniques and recent results from chemical dynamics. Specifically it is discussed how optical transitions in single molecules can be used to rapidly perform classical (Boolean) logical operations. In the proposed way, a restricted number of states in a single molecule can act as a logical gate equivalent to at least two switches. It is argued that the four-level scheme can also be used to produce gain, because it allows an inversion, and not only a switching ability. The proposed scheme is quantum mechanical in that it takes advantage of the discrete nature of the energy levels but, we here discuss the temporal evolution, with the use of the populations only. On a longer time range we suggest that the same scheme could be extended to perform quantum logic, and a tentative suggestion, based on an available experiment, is discussed. We believe that the pumping can provide a partial proof of principle, although this and similar experiments were not interpreted thus far in our terms.
Epinephrine enhances lysosomal enzyme delivery across the blood–brain barrier by up-regulation of the mannose 6-phosphate receptor (2007)

Delivering therapeutic levels of lysosomal enzymes across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been a pivotal issue in treating CNS storage diseases, including the mucopolysaccharidoses. An inherited deficiency of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) causes mucopolysaccharidosis type VII that is characterized by increased systemic and CNS storage of glycosaminoglycans. We previously showed that the neonate uses the mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) receptor to transport phosphorylated GUS (P-GUS) across the BBB and that this transporter is lost with maturation. Induction of expression of this BBB transporter would make enzyme replacement therapy in the adult possible. Here, we tested pharmacological manipulation with epinephrine to restore functional transport of P-GUS across the adult BBB. Epinephrine (40 nmol) coinjected i.v. with (131)I-P-GUS induced the transport across the BBB in 8-week-old mice. The brain influx rate of (131)I-P-GUS (0.29 mul/g per min) returned to the level seen in neonates. Capillary depletion showed that 49% of the (131)I-P-GUS in brain was in brain parenchyma. No increases of influx rate or the vascular space for (125)I-albumin, a vascular marker, was observed with epinephrine (40 nmol), showing that enhanced passage was not caused by disruption of the BBB. Brain uptake of (131)I-P-GUS was significantly inhibited by M6P in a dose-dependent manner, whereas epinephrine failed to increase brain uptake of nonphosphorylated GUS. Thus, the effect of epinephrine on the transport of (131)I-P-GUS was ligand specific. These results indicate that epinephrine restores the M6P receptor-mediated functional transport of (131)I-P-GUS across the BBB in adults to levels seen in the neonate.
Relative efficiencies of the maximum-likelihood, neighbor-joining, and maximum-parsimony methods when substitution rate varies with site. (1994)

The relative efficiencies of the maximum-likelihood (ML), neighbor-joining (NJ), and maximum-parsimony (MP) methods in obtaining the correct topology and in estimating the branch lengths for the case of four DNA sequences were studied by computer simulation, under the assumption either that there is variation in substitution rate among different nucleotide sites or that there is no variation. For the NJ method, several different distance measures (Jukes-Cantor, Kimura two-parameter, and gamma distances) were used, whereas for the ML method three different transition/transversion ratios (R) were used. For the MP method, both the standard unweighted parsimony and the dynamically weighted parsimony methods were used. The results obtained are as follows: (1) When the R value is high, dynamically weighted parsimony is more efficient than unweighted parsimony in obtaining the correct topology. (2) However, both weighted and unweighted parsimony methods are generally less efficient than the NJ and ML methods even in the case where the MP method gives a consistent tree. (3) When all the assumptions of the ML method are satisfied, this method is slightly more efficient than the NJ method. However, when the assumptions are not satisfied, the NJ method with gamma distances is slightly better in obtaining the correct topology than is the ML method. In general, the two methods show more or less the same performance. The NJ method may give a correct topology even when the distance measures used are not unbiased estimators of nucleotide substitutions. (4) Branch length estimates of a tree with the correct topology are affected more easily than topology by violation of the assumptions of the mathematical model used, for both the ML and the NJ methods. Under certain conditions, branch lengths are seriously overestimated or underestimated. The MP method often gives serious underestimates for certain branches. (5) Distance measures that generate the correct topology, with high probability, do not necessarily give good estimates of branch lengths. (6) The likelihood-ratio test and the confidence-limit test, in Felsenstein's DNAML, for examining the statistical of branch length estimates are quite sensitive to violation of the assumptions and are generally too liberal to be used for actual data. Rzhetsky and Nei's branch length test is less sensitive to violation of the assumptions than is Felsenstein's test. (7) When the extent of sequence divergence is < or = 5% and when > or = 1,000 nucleotides are used, all three methods show essentially the same efficiency in obtaining the correct topology and in estimating branch lengths.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
An investigation of orthogonal signal correction algorithms and their characteristics (2002)

Abstract Six different algorithms for orthogonal signal correction (OSC) are studied and compared both from an algorithmic point of view and from a prediction and analysis point of view. The algorithms have appeared under the names OSC (three alternative algorithms), direct orthogonalization (DO) and orthogonal projection to latent structures (OPLS). These algorithms can be divided into two groups. The first group has the ability to reduce the number of PLS components in the calibration models significantly by removing only one orthogonal component. The second group reduces the complexity of the calibration model by one PLS component for each orthogonal component removed. The methods are evaluated and compared using both simulated and real calibration data sets. In some cases the OSC algorithms can have quite different behaviors, such as when non‐linearities are present. However, in all cases we have studied, none of the OSC algorithms provided a significant improvement in the calibration models over using PLS on the raw data. The main advantage with OSC may lie in the possibly easier interpretation and understanding from the analysis of corrected data. Analysis of the orthogonal information removed with OSC might also be beneficial. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression and functional role of mGluR3 and mGluR5 in human astrocytes and glioma cells: opposite regulation of glutamate transporter proteins (2003)

We examined the regulation of glutamate transporter protein expression after stimulation with selective metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonists in cultured human glial cells. mGluR3 and mGluR5 are expressed in human astrocytes and in human glioma cells in vivo as well as in vitro, as shown by either RT-PCR or western blot analysis. The selective group I agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine produced a significant down-regulation of both GLAST and GLT-1 protein expression in astrocytes cultured in the presence of growth factors. This condition mimics the morphology of reactive glial cells in vivo including an increased expression of mGluR5 protein (observed in pathological conditions). In contrast, (2S,2'R,3'R)-2-(2',3'-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine, a selective agonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors, positively modulates the expression of GLAST and GLT-1 proteins. A similar opposite effect of (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine and (2S,2'R,3'R)-2-(2',3'-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine was observed for the expression of EAAT3 protein in U373 glioblastoma cell line. Selective group I and II antagonists prevented these effects. Pharmacological inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3-K pathways reduces the induction of GLT-1 observed in response to the group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist (2S,2'R,3'R)-2-(2',3'-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine. Thus, mGluR3 and mGluR5 can critically and differentially modulate the expression of glutamate transporters and may represent interesting pharmacological targets to regulate the extracellular levels of glutamate in pathological conditions.
Solubility and particle precipitation of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer. (1988)

エチレン-ビニルアルコール共重合体 (EVA) の, 水-有機溶媒混合系における溶解性と静置による沈殿粒子の生成機構を, Hansenの溶解性パラメーター (SP), δp～δhから検討した, 1) EVA (70.3ビニルアルコール, モル%) の溶解性はδp, δh図上で溶解楕円として得られ, δp=8.6, δh=11.9で最も良溶媒となった. 2) 沈殿粒子の大きさは2μmから0.3μmの範囲であり, 良溶剤系ほど粒子径は小さくなった. 3) 静置温度が高く. 長時間になるにつれて粒径が大きくなるが, 30℃, 500時間で粒子径1.0μmとなった. 4) 微小粒子存在系の粘度をコーン型回転粘度計によって測定し, ずり速度依存性をCasson式によって考察した.
A Colorimetric Sensor Array for Detection of Triacetone Triperoxide Vapor (2010)

Triacetone triperoxide (TATP), one of the most dangerous primary explosives, has emerged as an explosive of choice for terrorists in recent years. Owing to the lack of UV absorbance, fluorescence, or facile ionization, TATP is extremely difficult to detect directly. Techniques that are able to detect generally require expensive instrumentation, need extensive sample preparation, or cannot detect TATP in the gas phase. Here we report a simple and highly sensitive colorimetric sensor for the detection of TATP vapor with semiquantitative analysis from 50 ppb to 10 ppm. By using a solid acid catalyst to pretreat a gas stream, we have discovered that a colorimetric sensor array of redox sensitive dyes can detect even very low levels of TATP vapor from its acid decomposition products (e.g., H(2)O(2)) with limits of detection (LOD) below 2 ppb (i.e., <0.02% of its saturation vapor pressure). Common potential interferences (e.g., humidity, personal hygiene products, perfume, laundry supplies, volatile organic compounds, etc.) do not generate an array response, and the array can also differentiate TATP from other chemical oxidants (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, bleach, tert-butylhydroperoxide, peracetic acid).
A branch clinic planted firmly in the community. (1983)

LP Medical Specialists decided to open a branch clinic in response to pronounced community need. While building a branch clinic facility was initially intended for future implementation, the community's immediate need prompted the group to establish the branch in a temporary facility. By leasing a vacated school building which was transformed into a medical clinic through the addition of demountable partitions, the group was able to expand its services and establish its image as a caring provider in the community--all while justifying expenditures that would not detract from the group's plans to build a future permanent facility.
Polysaccharide conjugate vaccine protein carriers as a “neglected valency” – Potential and limitations (2017)

The development of vaccines against polysaccharide-encapsulated pathogens (e.g. Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococci, meningococci) is challenging because polysaccharides do not elicit a strong and long-lasting immune response (i.e. T-cell independent). This can be overcome by conjugating the polysaccharide to a protein carrier (e.g. tetanus toxoid, cross-reacting material 197 [CRM]), which vastly improves the immune response and induces memory to the polysaccharide (T-cell dependent). Although it is well documented that protein carriers additionally induce an immune response against themselves, this potential "additional valency" has so far not been recognized. The only exception is for the protein D carrier (derived from non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae [NTHi]) used in a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, which may have a beneficial impact on NTHi acute otitis media. In this review, we describe the immunogenicity of various protein carriers and discuss their potential dual function: as providers of T-cell helper epitopes and as protective antigens. If this "additional valency" could be proven to be protective, it may be possible to consider its potential effect on the number of required immunizations. We also describe the potential for positive or negative interference between conjugate vaccines using the same protein carriers, the resulting desire for novel carriers, and information on potential new carriers. The range of conjugate vaccines is ever expanding, with different carriers and methods of conjugation. We propose that new conjugate vaccine trials should assess immunogenicity to both the polysaccharide and carrier. Ultimately, this so-far "neglected valency" could be an exploitable characteristic of polysaccharide conjugate vaccines.
<title>Color night vision: fusion of intensified visible and thermal IR imagery</title> (1995)

We introduce an apparatus and methodology to support realtime color imaging for night operations. Registered imagery obtained in the visible through near IR band is combined with thermal IR imagery using principles of biological color vision. The visible imagery is obtained using a Gen III image intensifier tube optically coupled to a conventional CCD, while the thermal IR imagery is obtained using an uncooled thermal imaging array, the two fields of view being matched and imaged through a dichroic beam splitter. Remarkably realistic color renderings of night scenes are obtained, and examples are given in the paper. We also describe a compact integrated version of our system in the form of a color night vision device, in which the intensifier tube is replaced by a high resolution low-light sensitive CCD. Example CCD imagery obtained under starlight conditions is also shown. The system described here has the potential to support safe and efficient night flight, ground, sea and search & rescue operations, as well as night surveillance.
Surface and Interface Engineering of Silicon‐Based Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries (2017)

Abstract Silicon is one of the most promising anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries because of the highest known theoretical capacity and abundance in the earth' crust. Unfortunately, significant “breathing effect” during insertion/deinsertion of lithium in the continuous charge‐discharge processes causes the seriously structural degradation, thus losing specific capacity and increasing battery impedance. To overcome the resultant rapid capacity decay, significant achievements has been made in developing various nanostructures and surface coating approaches in terms of the improvement of structural stability and realizing the long cycle times. Here, the recent progress in surface and interface engineering of silicon‐based anode materials such as core‐shell, yolk‐shell, sandwiched structures and their applications in lithium‐ion batteries are reviewed. Some feasible strategies for the structural design and boosting the electrochemical performance are highlighted. Future research directions in the field of silicon‐based anode materials for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries are summarized.
Effect of pro‐oxidants on the occurrence of 2‐pentyl pyridine in soy protein isolate (1998)

Abstract Levels of 2‐pentyl pyridine in hexane‐defatted soybean flours prepared from Burlison, Stressland, and Probst varieties and a variety null for lipoxygenase 1, 2, and 3 were determined using an internal standard of deuterium‐labeled 2‐pentyl pyridine. These defatted flours contained from 0.06 to 0.51 ppm 2‐pentyl pyridine. The flours from lipoxygenase‐null and Stressland varieties of soybeans contained the lowest levels. Control freeze‐dried soy protein isolates (SPI) prepared from defatted‐flours all contained from 0.16 to 0.18 ppm 2‐pentyl pyridine. Adding pro‐oxidants (FeCl 3 , CuCl 2 ) or exposing the protein slurries to ultraviolet light during SPI processing increased the level of 2‐pentyl pyridine in the protein isolates by up to 1256 percent above the control Burlison, Stressland, and Probst SPI. The CuCl 2 and/or UV treatment contributed the largest increase in each case. The same pro‐oxidant and UV treatments contributed no significant increases in the level of 2‐pentyl pyridine in the protein isolates from the lipoxygenase null SPI.
Data Intensive Cloud Computing (2015)

Processing Big Data is a huge challenge for today's technology. There is a need to find, apply and analyze new ways of computing to make use of the Big Data so as to derive business and scientific value from it. Cloud computing with its promise of seemingly infinite computing resources is seen as the solution to this problem. Data Intensive computing on cloud builds upon the already mature parallel and distributed computing technologies such HPC, grid and cluster computing. However, handling Big Data in the cloud presents its own challenges. In this chapter, we analyze issues specific to data intensive cloud computing and provides a study on available solutions in programming models, data distribution and replication, resource provisioning and scheduling with reference to data intensive applications in cloud. Future directions for further research enabling data intensive cloud applications in cloud environment are identified.
Carob bean germ seed (<i>Ceratonia siliqua</i>): Study of the oil and proteins (1989)

Abstract The oil and flour of the seed germ of carob bean ( Ceratonia siliqua L) were studied. The fatty acid composition included, as main components, palmitic (14·2%), stearic (3·0%), oleic (38·5%) and linoleic (43·6%) acids. Lipolysis with pancreatic lipase shows the following glyceride composition: S 3 (0·0%), US 2 (2·7%), SU 2 (27·9%) and U 3 (63·7%). The protein flour was separated into protein classes according to their solubility and molecular weight, and the preparation of an isolate (with more than 90% protein) is described.
Quantum theory of a laser with injected atomic coherence: Quantum noise quenching via nonlinear processes (1989)

A quantum theory of a two-level single-mode laser with injected atomic coherence is developed by generalizing the Scully-Lamb laser theory to a form appropriate for the analysis of a coherently pumped laser. We assume that the active atoms are prepared initially in a coherent superposition of the upper and lower levels, and we derive the master equation for the field density operator by treating the interaction of the laser field with many active atoms simultaneously. It is shown that the photon-number distribution can be exactly Poissonian. The laser operation is analyzed in terms of the Fokker-Planck equation for the laser field. Both the intensity and phase diffusion coefficients are phase sensitive and, for stable laser operation, become much smaller than those of an ordinary laser. Consequently, the injected atomic coherence reduces both the photon-number noise and phase noise simultaneously. The intensity diffusion coefficient can vanish exactly, and at the same time the phase diffusion coefficient can become very small. This leads to spontaneous-emission noise quenching in the photon-number distribution, and the laser field can become very close to a coherent state. A scheme to generate the proper form of the initial atomic coherence necessary for the quantum noise quenching is proposed and analyzed.
Polyethylenimine-<i>graft</i>-Poly(ethylene glycol) Copolymers:  Influence of Copolymer Block Structure on DNA Complexation and Biological Activities as Gene Delivery System (2002)

For two series of polyethylenimine-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEI-g-PEG) block copolymers, the influence of copolymer structure on DNA complexation was investigated and physicochemical properties of these complexes were compared with the results of blood compatibility, cytotoxicity, and transfection activity assays. In the first series, PEI (25 kDa) was grafted to different degrees of substitution with PEG (5 kDa) and in the second series the molecular weight (MW) of PEG was varied (550 Da to 20 kDa). Using atomic force microscopy, we found that the copolymer block structure strongly influenced the DNA complex size and morphology: PEG 5 kDa significantly reduced the diameter of the spherical complexes from 142 +/- 59 to 61 +/- 28 nm. With increasing degree of PEG grafting, complexation of DNA was impeded and complexes lost their spherical shape. Copolymers with PEG 20 kDa yielded small, compact complexes with DNA (51 +/- 23 nm) whereas copolymers with PEG 550 Da resulted in large and diffuse structures (130 +/- 60 nm). The zeta-potential of complexes was reduced with increasing degree of PEG grafting if MW >or= 5 kDa. PEG 550 Da did not shield positive charges of PEI sufficiently leading to hemolysis and erythrocyte aggregation. Cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase assay) was independent of MW of PEG but affected by the degree of PEG substitution: all copolymers with more than six PEG blocks formed DNA complexes of low toxicity. Finally, transfection efficiency of the complexes was studied. The combination of large particles, low toxicity, and high positive surface charge as in the case of copolymers with many PEG 550 Da blocks proved to be most efficient for in vitro gene transfer. To conclude, the degree of PEGylation and the MW of PEG were found to strongly influence DNA condensation of PEI and therefore also affect the biological activity of the PEI-g-PEG/DNA complexes. These results provide a basis for the rational design of block copolymer gene delivery systems.
Human Interaction With Robot Swarms: A Survey (2015)

Recent advances in technology are delivering robots of reduced size and cost. A natural outgrowth of these advances are systems comprised of large numbers of robots that collaborate autonomously in diverse applications. Research on effective autonomous control of such systems, commonly called swarms, has increased dramatically in recent years and received attention from many domains, such as bioinspired robotics and control theory. These kinds of distributed systems present novel challenges for the effective integration of human supervisors, operators, and teammates that are only beginning to be addressed. This paper is the first survey of human-swarm interaction (HSI) and identifies the core concepts needed to design a human-swarm system. We first present the basics of swarm robotics. Then, we introduce HSI from the perspective of a human operator by discussing the cognitive complexity of solving tasks with swarm systems. Next, we introduce the interface between swarm and operator and identify challenges and solutions relating to human-swarm communication, state estimation and visualization, and human control of swarms. For the latter, we develop a taxonomy of control methods that enable operators to control swarms effectively. Finally, we synthesize the results to highlight remaining challenges, unanswered questions, and open problems for HSI, as well as how to address them in future works.