gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal fiducial points for pulse rate variability analysis from forehead and finger photoplethysmographic signals (2019)

The accuracy of the pulse wave detection depends on the morphology of the PPG. There is therefore a need to widely define the most accurate fiducial point for performing a PRV analysis under non-stationary conditions based on different PPG sensor locations and signal acquisition techniques.
The Study of Strength of Materials (1952)

THE study and teaching of the subject of ‘Strength of Materials’, in so far as the engineering student is concerned, is in a state of metamorphose much more far‐reaching than most of the other subjects in his curriculum. The problem of the behaviour of materials under the influence of loading has generally been treated as a more or less static one by the engineering designer. Having computed the load occurring upon a member in a structure, he provides the necessary reaction to this by assuming a strength of the material that he proposes to use, and giving the member the needful cross‐section. This assumed strength was found by testing samples under conditions that could quite fairly be described as ideal, and took no account of many effects that inevitably occur in everyday use. The fact that he was able to use large ‘factors of safety’ has undoubtedly covered many cases in which his assumptions of strength of the constructural material were, to say the least of it, optimistic.
Complete nucleotide sequence of the geminivirus tomato yellow leaf curl virus, Thailand isolate (1994)

The complete genome of a Thailand isolate of the geminivirus tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV-Th) has been cloned and the nucleotide sequence determined. The genome consists of two DNAs each slightly greater than 2700 nucleotides in length and designated A-DNA and B-DNA. The A-DNA contains six open reading frames (ORFs) capable of encoding proteins with M(r)s greater than 10K; two ORFs were located on the B-DNA. The predicted ORFs were found at positions on the genome similar to those identified in other geminiviruses. Based upon computer-assisted sequence comparisons with other geminiviruses, TYLCV-Th maintained the greatest degree of similarity with a tomato pathogen isolated in Australia, tomato leaf curl virus. Furthermore, sequence comparisons with a large number of geminiviruses confirm further divisions of the geminiviruses based upon geographical proximity of the viruses. Agroinoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana with a TYLCV-Th A-DNA clone containing a mutation in the capsid protein ORF demonstrated that the coat protein is not essential for TYLCV-Th infection but enhances the progression of the disease.
Phenotypic Mechanism of HIV-1 Resistance to 3‘-Azido-3‘-deoxythymidine (AZT):  Increased Polymerization Processivity and Enhanced Sensitivity to Pyrophosphate of the Mutant Viral Reverse Transcriptase (1998)

The multiple mutations associated with high-level AZT resistance (D67N, K70R, T215F, K219Q) arise in two separate subdomains of the viral reverse transcriptase (RT), suggesting that these mutations may contribute differently to overall resistance. We compared wild-type RT with the D67N/K70R/T215F/K219Q, D67N/K70R, and T215F/K219Q mutant enzymes. The D67N/K70R/T215F/K219Q mutant showed increased DNA polymerase processivity; this resulted from decreased template/primer dissociation from RT, and was due to the T215F/K219Q mutations. The D67N/K70R/T215F/K219Q mutant was less sensitive to AZTTP (IC50 approximately 300 nM) than wt RT (IC50 approximately 100 nM) in the presence of 0.5 mM pyrophosphate. This change in pyrophosphate-mediated sensitivity of the mutant enzyme was selective for AZTTP, since similar Km values for TTP and inhibition by ddCTP and ddGTP were noted with wt and mutant RT in the absence or in the presence of pyrophosphate. The D67N/K70R/T215F/K219Q mutant showed an increased rate of pyrophosphorolysis (the reverse reaction of DNA synthesis) of chain-terminated DNA; this enhanced pyrophosphorolysis was due to the D67N/K70R mutations. However, the processivity of pyrophosphorolysis was similar for the wild-type and mutant enzymes. We propose that HIV-1 resistance to AZT results from the selectively decreased binding of AZTTP and the increased pyrophosphorolytic cleavage of chain-terminated viral DNA by the mutant RT at physiological pyrophosphate levels, resulting in a net decrease in chain termination. The increased processivity of viral DNA synthesis may be important to enable facile HIV replication in the presence of AZT, by compensating for the increased reverse reaction rate.
Phononic engineering with nanostructures for hot carrier solar cells (2006)

Hot Carrier solar cells have long been recognized as an attractive contender in the search for high efficiency photovoltaic devices but their fabrication requires solution of two important material challenges: finding materials with drastically reduced carrier cooling rates and realization of selective energy contacts to extract the photogenerated carriers. This paper is concerned with the problem of absorber phononic engineering to reduce carrier cooling rates. The physics of carrier cooling is explored and experimental data of other authors are discussed with a view to assessing the potential of state-of-the art nanostructured materials for PV conversion. A tentative initial calculation based on the thermalisation in these nanostructures and assuming all other aspects as ideal, gives 54% efficiency at 2500suns as compared to 54% for no thermalisation at all. Phononic band gap engineering to further reduce carrier cooling or bring down the threshold concentration is discussed.
Electronic mail order for distance learning (1997)

Distance learning is established as a way of self-improvement for those who cannot devote their full-time attention to study. Each student has to organise and schedule their activities in order to make study time, whether they are in full-time employment or bound to the home with family responsibilities. When a course of study uses a computer as part of its requirement, it introduces more complexity for the student, who now has to consider the installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance of the course software. How can the connection to a computer network help, when there are cost and access issues that affect students? Direct access for a student may be acceptable on a campus, yet a part-time student must consider, for example, the cost of such connections and their availability. Students require a simple interface that: is easy to install and operate, allows them to schedule their own responses, is accessible from different places, yet has a minimal technical requirement and demand on their finances. They require a consistent service, even though they may be far away from the provider of such services. The concept of active electronic mail, combined with a workflow process based upon object technology, enables the dispatch of study and assessment material, which has been purpose-wrapped for distance learning. This makes use the familiar metaphor of mail order to provide goods and services on a transaction basis that has clear implications for costing.
Nonapnea Sleep Disorders and Incident Chronic Kidney Disease (2015)

Nonapnea sleep disorders (NASDs) are associated with an increased risk of stroke, diabetes, and hypertension. No longitudinal study has yet examined the association between NASD and chronic kidney disease (CKD) by using epidemiologic study methods. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of NASD on the incidence of CKD in a large population-based retrospective cohort study. Based on a retrospective cohort study of a general population sample of 128 to 436 patients in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2001, 42 to 812 NASD patients were followed up for 10.2 ± 3.12 years, and additional 85 to 624 individuals had no NASD at baseline. The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification was used to identify the diagnosis of disease. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to assess the association between NASD and subsequent CKD risk. The incidence rate of CKD was significantly higher in the NASD cohort than in the comparison cohort (2.68 vs 1.88 per 1000 person-years, respectively). After we adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidities, the risk of developing CKD was significant for patients with NASD (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05-1.22; P < 0.01). Among different types of NASDs, patients with sleep disturbance associated disorders had a 14% increased risk of developing CKD (95% CI = 1.03-1.26; P < 0.01), whereas patients with insomnia had a 13% increased risk of subsequent CKD (95% CI = 1.02-1.25; P < 0.05) compared with the non-NASD cohort. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that the CKD-free rate was 1% lower in the NASD cohort than in the comparison cohort (log-rank test, P < 0.0001). Our study provides evidence that patients with NASD have an increased risk of developing subsequent CKD compared with patients without NASD; men, elderly people, and patients with concomitant comorbidities are at the greatest risk.
Stoichiometry control of SiOC ceramics by siloxane polymer functionality (1998)

The guidelines, or empirical rules, previously described in the literature to estimate ceramic compositions from preceramic polymer compositions have been refined and quantified. Thermogravimetric and residual gas analyses of the pyrolysis of organosilsesquioxane polymers have identified the organic degradation products at various temperatures and indicated that essentially all of the silicon and oxygen atoms of these highly branched polymers are retained in the 1200 °C ceramic residue. Series of organosilsesquioxanes with systematically varied amounts of organosilsesquioxane and endcapping components were synthesized, cured, and pyrolyzed to 1200 °C under an inert atmosphere. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to quantify the relationships between the amount of carbon retained in the ceramic residues and the mole fractions of the various organic components of the preceramic polymer, allowing for retention of the silicon and oxygen of the silsesquioxane. Specifically, a phenylsilsesquioxane fragment contributes an average of 3.94 carbons to the resulting ceramic material, vinylsilsesquioxane, 1.52 carbons, methylsilsesquioxane, 0.59 carbons and a vinyldimethylsilyl endcapping group, 2.75 carbons. The utility of the model was shown by employing this information to predict a select set of candidate precursors to an SiOC with a carbon content near a desired 18 wt.% level. One of the candidate precursors (MeSiO1.5)0.84(Me2ViSiO0.5)0.16 (predicted to afford an SiOC at 18.1 wt.% carbon) was then prepared, cured, pyrolyzed and analyzed to test the accuracy of the model. The 1200 °C ceramic was found to have 18.4 wt.% carbon, indicating good agreement between the actual and predicted values.
Tumor‐targeted Delivery of Anti‐microRNA for Cancer Therapy: pHLIP is Key (2015)

pHLIP opens the door to the cell: An improved cytosolic transfer of anti-microRNAs (anti-miRs) against onco-miRs paves the way for future cancer therapies. The employed anti-miR-peptide conjugates are based on peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), which are connected with the membrane translocation peptide pHLIP through a disulfide bond. The PNAs are thus transferred into the cell and released by the cleavage of the S-S bond.
Polycondensation of Bis[p-(-Aminopropyl) Phenoxy]-Alkanes and -Dialkyl Ethers with Diphenyl Carbonate. (1966)

A series of aliphatic-aromatic polyureas were prepared from α, ω-bis [p-(-aminopropyl) phenoxy] alkanes and bis [p-(-aminopropyl) phenoxy] ω, ω'-dialkyl ethers upon treatment with diphenyl carbonate. The diamines such as bis [p-(-aminopropyl) phenoxy]-1, 2-ethane, -1, 3-propane, -1, 4-butane, -1, 5-pentane, and -1, 6-hexane were obtained by the reduction of the corresponding dinitriles. The desired dinitriles were synthesized from β-(p-hydroxyphenyl) propionitrile and α, ω-dihalogenoalkanes. Bis p-(-aminopropyl) phenoxyj-a, a'-dimethyl ether and -β, β'-diethyl ether were similarly synthesized from, β-(p-hydroxyphenyl) pro-pionitrile and ω, ω'-dihalogenoalkyl ethers. The polyureas obtained under the equimolar conditions were fusible and soluble polymers. They are crystalline in all cases and have crystalline melt temperatures in the range of 179 to 269°C. When some excess of diphenyl carbonate was added -to the reaction mixture, the polymers obtained became infusible and insoluble. The reaction mechanism of diamine with diphenyl carbonate has been discussed.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Translating cellular cross talk into therapeutics (2012)

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common inherited heart disease with serious adverse outcomes, including heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. The discovery that mutations in sarcomere protein genes cause HCM has enabled the development of mouse models that recapitulate clinical manifestations of disease. Studies in these models have provided unexpected insights into the biophysical and biochemical properties of mutated contractile proteins and may help to improve clinical diagnosis and management of patients with HCM.
Stress analysis of a partially slotted intramedullary nail (1984)

A finite element analysis of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Association for the Study of Internal Fixation (AO/ASIF) intramedullary femoral nail was performed to study the failure of the nail from circumferential cracking near the slot tip. These failures are evidently the result of a stress-concentrating effect owing to the partially slotted nail design. Several finite element models were created of the proximal one-fourth of the nail. One model of the nail incorporated the cloverleaf profile as it is presently manufactured, and one had a circular cross section. An additional three models were created with alternative slot-tip geometries: a narrowed slot, a tapered slot, and a widened slot. Antero-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) bending loads and torsion loads were applied in two fundamentally different loading modes: (1) loads that were applied on both sides of the slot tip (spanned); and (2) loads that were self-equilibrating distal to the slot tip (non-spanned). For the load cases studied, for all models, the stresses predicted from the finite element models were locally highest at the junction between the open and closed cross sections. Alternative slot-tip shapes had a marked effect on the predicted stresses, in one case reducing maximum stress by 40%. However, no alternative slot tip shape was uniformly superior for all load cases. Therefore, until the in vivo loading modes are known more precisely, an alternative slot-tip shape cannot be proposed.
Prospects of active cooling with integrated super-lattice based thin-film thermoelectric devices for mitigating hotspot challenges in microprocessors (2012)

Super-lattice thin-film thermoelectric coolers (TEC) are emerging as a promising technology for hot spot mitigation in microprocessors. This paper studies the prospect of on-demand cooling with advanced TECs integrated at the back of the heat spreader inside a package (integrated TEC). The thermal compact models of the chip and package with integrated TECs are developed and used for steady-state and transient temperature analysis. The control principles for TEC assisted transient cooling are presented and their impact on reducing thermal violations in microprocessors and TEC energy dissipations are discussed.
Cu wire bonding process induced fail mechanism &#x2014; Inter Layer Dielectric Crack (2015)

Converting gold wire to copper wire for IC packaging is a common strategy to achieve challenging cost reduction goal in semiconductor industry. This trend has both advantage and disadvantage. This cost effective solution also creates all kinds of quality, reliability issue. Inter Layer Dielectric crack, known as ILD crack, is one of the most common fail mode inducing at wire bonding stage. In this paper, several experiments are shown to proof that ultrasonic (USG) is the most critical factor to induce IC inter layer dielectric (ILD) crack out of wire bonding parameters by physical analysis. Furthermore, a novel concept about the ILD crack root cause investigation is delivered and supported by several real cases. In short, wire bonding process is not always the only cause of an ILD crack event. Metal line layout design and wafer fabrication process variation should also be checked to identify the real root cause.
Integrating Cross-case Analyses and Process Tracing in Set-Theoretic Research (2015)

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the combination of two methods on the basis of set theory. In our introduction and this special issue, we focus on two variants of cross-case set-theoretic methods— qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and typological theory (TT)—and their combination with process tracing (PT). Our goal is to broaden and deepen set-theoretic empirical research and equip scholars with guidance on how to implement it in multimethod research (MMR). At first glance, set-theoretic cross-case methods and PT seem to be highly compatible when causal relationships are conceptualized in terms of set theory. However, multiple issues have not so far been thoroughly addressed. Our article builds on the emerging MMR literature and seeks to enhance it in four ways. First, we offer a comprehensive and coherent elaboration of the two sequences in which case studies can be combined with a cross-case method. Second, we expand the perspective and discuss QCA and TT as two alternative methods for the cross-case analysis. Third, based on the idea of analytical priority, we introduce the distinction between a condition-centered and a mechanism-centered variant of set-theoretic MMR. Fourth, we point attention to the challenges of theorizing and analyzing arrangements of conditions and mechanisms associated with sufficient conjunctions.
Heat exchanger fouling detection in a simulated aircraft engine bleed air temperature control system (2010)

Heat exchanger is a key component in aircraft engine bleed air temperature regulation systems. A potential fault associated with heat exchanger is fouling, which reduces the heat transfer efficiency and introduces additional resistance to flow, causing extra drag and fuel consumption. This paper proposes a heat exchanger fouling detection method based on the valve control command of normal engine bleed air temperature regulation system in operation. Using the proposed method, heat exchanger fouling can be monitored by estimating deviation of valve control command. Computer simulations and experiments have been conducted, and the results have confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Maytansine: a phase I study of an ansa macrolide with antitumor activity. (1978)

Maytansine has significant antitumor activity in animal model systems. The initial clinical trial of maytansine was carried out in 38 adult solid tumor patients. Five daily bolus injections were repeated at 21-day intervals. A total of 78 courses were administered over a dose range of 0.1--0.8 mg/m2/day X 5 days. Gastrointestinal toxicity was dose-related and dose-limiting at doses of greater than or equal to 0.5 mg/m2. Dose-related neurotoxicity was also observed. No drug-related myelosuppression or change in serum creatinine level was seen. Hepatic toxicity was subclinical and reversible. Of 16 patients evaluable for response, two with breast cancer had therapeutic benefit. Phase II studies of maytansine are recommended at a starting dose of 2.0--2.5 mg/m2/course repeated at 21-day intervals.
A brief review of the past, present and future of wood preservation (2007)

Wood products used in exterior applications must be protected against biodeterioration by decay fungi, insects such as termites, and other organisms. Traditionally, wood products for residential or industrial applications have been protected by treatment with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) or older inexpensive organic biocides, but environmental and disposal concerns and governmental regulations have resulted in a rapid and dramatic worldwide shift to copper-based systems. The current development trend is towards employing totally organic biocides based on relatively benign and expensive agrochemicals, with continuing research directed towards developing non-biocidal methods to protect wood.
Model checking of workflow schemas (2002)

Practical experience indicates that the definition of real-world workflow applications is a complex and error-prone process. Existing workflow management systems provide the means, in the best case, for very primitive syntactic verification, which is not enough to guarantee the overall correctness and robustness of workflow applications. The paper presents an approach for formal verification of workflow schemas (definitions). Workflow behaviour is modelled by means of an automata-based method, which facilitates exhaustive compositional reachability analysis. The workflow behaviour can then be analysed and checked for safety and liveness properties. The model generation and the analysis procedure are governed by well-defined rules that can be fully automated. Therefore, the approach is accessible by designers who are not experts in formal methods.
Analytical Error of Home Glucose Monitors: A Comparison of 18 Systems (1999)

In a quality review of 18 home blood glucose monitors, we measured the imprecision and incidence of significant error of 12 colorimetric and six amperometric systems by using capillary blood specimens from patients attending diabetes clinics. Imprecision at the mean glucose concentration found in the respective blood specimens (about 9 mmol/L) gave coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 5·2 to 22·8%. Eight monitors including five of amperometric design had a CV of less than 10%. The incidence of significant error (defined as the proportion of specimens differing in value by more than 15% from a reference hexokinase assay of glucose in capillary blood) varied from 6 to 76%. Among the eight monitors identified as being most precise, the majority produced results that differed markedly from the reference assay, underlining the need for a common approach to calibration of home glucose monitors.
Towards designing telepresence robot navigation for people with disabilities (2014)

Purpose – The authors believe that people with cognitive and motor impairments may benefit from using of telepresence robots to engage in social activities. To date, these systems have not been designed for use by people with disabilities as the robot operators. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted two formative evaluations using a participatory action design process. First, the authors conducted a focus group ( n =5) to investigate how members of the target audience would want to direct a telepresence robot in a remote environment using speech. The authors then conducted a follow-on experiment in which participants ( n =12) used a telepresence robot or directed a human in a scavenger hunt task. Findings – The authors collected a corpus of 312 utterances (first hand as opposed to speculative) relating to spatial navigation. Overall, the analysis of the corpus supported several speculations put forth during the focus group. Further, it showed few statistically significant differences between speech used in the human and robot agent conditions; thus, the authors believe that, for the task of directing a telepresence robot's movements in a remote environment, people will speak to the robot in a manner similar to speaking to another person. Practical implications – Based upon the two formative evaluations, the authors present four guidelines for designing speech-based interfaces for telepresence robots. Originality/value – Robot systems designed for general use do not typically consider people with disabilities. The work is a first step towards having our target population take the active role of the telepresence robot operator.