gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Compositional Attention Networks for Machine Reasoning (2018)

We present the MAC network, a novel fully differentiable neural network architecture, designed to facilitate explicit and expressive reasoning. MAC moves away from monolithic black-box neural architectures towards a design that encourages both transparency and versatility. The model approaches problems by decomposing them into a series of attention-based reasoning steps, each performed by a novel recurrent Memory, Attention, and Composition (MAC) cell that maintains a separation between control and memory. By stringing the cells together and imposing structural constraints that regulate their interaction, MAC effectively learns to perform iterative reasoning processes that are directly inferred from the data in an end-to-end approach. We demonstrate the model's strength, robustness and interpretability on the challenging CLEVR dataset for visual reasoning, achieving a new state-of-the-art 98.9% accuracy, halving the error rate of the previous best model. More importantly, we show that the model is computationally-efficient and data-efficient, in particular requiring 5x less data than existing models to achieve strong results.
Massive Subchorionic Thrombohematoma (Breus’ Mole) Associated with Fetal Growth Restriction, Oligohydramnios, and Intrauterine Fetal Death (2019)

Massive subchorionic thrombohematoma (MST), termed Breus' mole, is a rare condition in which a large maternal blood clot separates the chorionic plate from the villous chorion. Common complications of MST include fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, and intrauterine fetal death. Here, we present a case of a 17-year-old Japanese woman referred to our institution at 21 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound examination revealed a large placental mass with mixed high and low echogenicity measuring approximately 7.6 cm in thickness. Doppler examination showed absence of end-diastolic velocity of the umbilical artery. At 22 weeks of gestation, the patient had a stillbirth weighing 138g. The placenta weighed 502 g and was 8 cm thick, and the total blood loss was 270 g. Macroscopic examination revealed that a subchorionic blood clot measuring 12 cm × 5 cm covered a large portion of the placenta with well-defined margins on the fetal surface. Microscopic examination revealed an intervillous hematoma and fibrinous deposits directly beneath the chorionic plate with adjacent compressive effects. Based on these findings, MST was diagnosed. Because MST is rare, it must be considered in the differential diagnosis of parental conditions. Magnetic resonance imaging can be optimal for diagnosing MST when ultrasound diagnosis is difficult.
The Quick Machine – A Mathematical Model for the Extrinsic Activation of Coagulation (1994)

The present paper describes a mathematical model of the kinetics of the extrinsic coagulation cascade in vitro. The coagulation factors FI, FII, FV, FVII, FX, heparin and antithrombin III (ATIII) as well as soluble fibrin polymers are considered. The effect of single-factor deficiencies of the factors II, V, VII and X, diseases like hypo- and dysfibrinogenaemia, hepatic insufficiency, inhibited polymerisation by degradation products, heparin therapy with and without ATIII deficiency and coumarin therapy on prothrombin time can be portrayed. Physiology of coagulation is represented in a dynamic mathematical model as a differential equation system. The model is based on three reaction types: enzymatic cleavage, complex formation and polymerisation. The model was implemented in a continuous simulation program on a personal computer using the Pascal programming language. Unknown rate constants were estimated by chi 2 fit. Prothrombin time calculated by the model was compared to the training set of 20 plasma samples. In most but not all cases the model harmonized quite well with the coagulometric data.
Salmon calcitonin: conformational changes and stabilizer effects (2015)

The therapeutic activity of peptides or protein drugs is highly dependent on their conformational structure. The protein structure is flexible and responds to external conditions, which may compromise the protein's native conformation and influence its physical and chemical stability. The physical and chemical stability of peptides or protein drugs are important characteristics of biopharmaceutical products. Calcitonin (CT) is a polypeptide hormone that participates in diverse physiological functions in humans; therefore, it is a potentially useful protein for investigations of different aspects of pharmacology and drug delivery systems. Of the different types of CT available for clinical use, salmon CT (sCT) is one of the most potent. In this review article, the commercially available sCT was selected as a suitable peptide candidate for the discussion of its stability and conformational changes in the aqueous and solid states using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis under different external conditions, including pH, temperature, drying method, and added excipients. Particularly, excipients that have been optimized as stabilizers of sCT in aqueous solution and as lyophilized and spray-dried drug formulations are also discussed.
Influence of hydrogen on the characteristics of an excimer XeCl* laser (1988)

The characteristics of an electric-discharge XeCl* laser were improved by the addition of hydrogen to an He–Xe–HCl mixture. The energy of the output radiation pulses increased by 15% and the operation of the laser became stabilized. A study was made of the dependence of the output energy on the hydrogen concentration.
Submicrosecond Pulsed Power Capacitors Based on Novel Ceramic Technologies (2010)

Capacitor energy density for submicrosecond discharge applications was investigated for capacitors based on the following: 1) polymer–ceramic nanocomposite (PCNC); 2) antiferroelectric (AFE); and 3) paraelectric (PE) ceramic dielectrics. The developmental PCNC dielectric enabled design, fabrication, and testing iterations to be completed relatively rapidly. The PCNC capacitors were nominally 4 nF and were tested to dc potentials of at least 75 kV. The capacitors were then charged from 20 to 48 kV with a dc high-voltage power supply and discharged into a nearly critically damped test circuit of up to 5 pulses/s (pps) repetition rate for lifetime testing. The discharge time was 65 ns. Shot life as a function of the charge voltage was compared for three design iterations. Changes in the manufacturing of the PCNC capacitors have yielded up to 100x improvements in pulse discharge life. The 1–2-kV prototype, nonlinear (antiferroelectric and paraelectric) multilayer ceramic capacitors had zero-voltage capacitance ratings of between 60 and 300 nF. They were charged to their operating voltage and discharged into a nearly critically damped load in 2–6 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu\hbox{s}$</tex> </formula> , depending on their capacitance, at repetition rates of up to 75 pps. Their operating voltage for fast, repetitive discharge was determined for lifetimes consistently over <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$10^{5}$</tex> </formula> shots. Discharge energy densities of 0.27–1.80 J/cc and energy losses of 7.9–36.8% were obtained for the packaged multilayer capacitors with different formulations of nonlinear dielectrics. Increased field-induced strain was correlated with increased permittivity and contributed to the limitations on the operating voltage. Multilayer ceramic capacitors fabricated from AFE and PE ceramic dielectrics have the potential to achieve high energy density owing to their high relative permittivities that vary with applied electric field, assuming they can be scaled up to sufficiently high voltages.
Cycling Injuries of the Lower Extremity (2007)

Cycling is an increasingly popular recreational and competitive activity, and cycling-related injuries are becoming more common. Many common cycling injuries of the lower extremity are preventable. These include knee pain, patellar quadriceps tendinitis, iliotibial band syndrome, hip pain, medial tibial stress syndrome, stress fracture, compartment syndrome, numbness of the foot, and metatarsalgia. Injury is caused by a combination of inadequate preparation, inappropriate equipment, poor technique, and overuse. Nonsurgical management may include rest, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroid injection, ice, a reduction in training intensity, orthotics, night splints, and physical therapy. Injury prevention should be the focus, with particular attention to bicycle fit and alignment, appropriate equipment, proper rider position and pedaling mechanics, and appropriate training.
Can melatonin alleviate jet lag? (1983)

casualty officers, and even paediatricians are unlikely to see more than a handful of cases, it is important that individual results, with as much clinical and pathological detail as possible, are forwarded to one centre for collation. The Foundation for the Study of Infant Deaths (5th Floor, 4 Grosvenor Place, London SWlX 7HD) is prepared to act in this way, or results may be sent directly to me.
Trailing-Edge Blowing for Reduction of Turbomachinery Fan Noise (2000)

A new technique for reducing rotor wake-stator interaction noise was investigated. The approach involves injecting air from near the trailing edge of the rotating fan blades to fill in the mass/momentum deficit of the rotor wakes. Results are presented from experiments on a l/6th-scale high-bypass ratio fan stage with blades incorporating internal passages for trailing edge blowing. Two different spanwise blowing distributions are discussed; for each, the mass flow injected from the trailing edge was less than 2% of the fan throughflow. Time-mean and turbulent profiles of the rotor-relative Mach number are presented, along with stator unsteady loading measurements. Significant filling of the time-mean wake profile was achieved with reductions in the first three BPF harmonic amplitudes of up to 85% at 1.5 chords downstream of the rotor. In addition, stator measurements showed reductions in the stator unsteady loading of up to 10 dB. The results demonstrate that trailing edge blowing is effective for reducing the rotor wakes and their mean harmonic amplitudes. Therefore, with appropriate blade design, significant noise reductions are possible while maintaining rotor-stator spacing; alternately, the rotor-stator spacing may be significantly reduced while maintaining similar radiated noise levels.
DLAD, a novel mammalian divalent cation-independent endonuclease with homology to DNase II (1999)

In this report, we describe the molecular cloning and characterization of DLAD, a novel mammalian deoxy-ribonuclease homologous to DNase II. The full length cDNA for mouse DLAD has been cloned by polymerase chain reaction. The cDNA contains a 1065 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 354 amino acid protein with a calculated molecular mass of 40 767. The predicted protein for DLAD shares 34.4% identity with DNase II. DLAD is also homologous to three predicted proteins, C07B5.5, F09G8.2 and K04H4.6, from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Furthermore, the third ORF of the fowlpox virus genome is found to encode a DLAD homologue showing 37. 1% identity at the amino acid level. Northern blot analysis reveals that expression of the DLAD mRNA is highly restricted to the liver. DLAD mainly exists as a cytoplasmic protein with divalent cation-independent endonuclease activity and cleaves DNA to produce 3'-phosphoryl/5'-hydroxyl ends. It is active under a wide range of pH with maximum activity at pH 5.2. Among known DNase inhibitors tested, aurintricarboxylic acid and Zn(2+)are found to be effective inhibitors of the DLAD activity.
Insulin and Glucagon: Plasma Levels and Pancreatic Release in the Genetically Obese Zucker Rat (1977)

Circulating levels of insulin and glucagon, as well as their release from isolated pancreatic islets, have been measured in Zucker rats to examine the effect of genotype, sex and diet. The obese animals had higher plasma insulin levels and enhanced release from islets when compared to lean controls. Conversely, obese animals, despite no significant differences in fed plasma levels of glucagon, showed substantially reduced release from islets. Diet had no main effect on any of these parameters.
Oncolytic viruses for cancer treatment (2009)

Tremendous advances have been made in developing oncolytic viruses in the last few years.Viral infection and amplification eventually induce cancer cells into cell death pathways and elicit host antitumor immune responses.Specifically targeted molecules or signaling pathways in cancer cells or in the tumor microenvironment have been studied and a variety of oncolytic viruses such as adenovirus,herpes simplex virus,poxvirus,measles virus,Newcastle disease virus and influenza virus have been identified.In this review,the characteristics of oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy are discussed.
The Efficacy of Prostaglandin E1 Derivative in Patients With Lumbar Spinal Stenosis (2009)

In this study, limaprost was found to be efficacious on most outcome measures, such as HRQOL, symptoms and subjective satisfaction, in LSS patents with cauda equina symptoms.
Hepatic expression of scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is a positive regulator of macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in vivo (2005)

Hepatic expression of the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) promotes selective uptake of HDL cholesterol by the liver and is believed to play a role in the process of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). We hypothesized that hepatic SR-BI expression is a regulator of the rate of integrated macrophage-to-feces RCT and used an in vivo model to test this hypothesis. Cholesterol-loaded and [3H]cholesterol-labeled J774 macrophages were injected intraperitoneally into mice, after which the appearance of the [3H]cholesterol in the plasma, liver, and feces over 48 hours was quantitated. Mice overexpressing SR-BI in the liver had significantly reduced [3H]cholesterol in the plasma but markedly increased [3H] tracer excretion in the feces over 48 hours. Conversely, mice deficient in SR-BI had significantly increased [3H]cholesterol in the plasma but markedly reduced [3H] tracer excretion in the feces over 48 hours. These studies demonstrate that hepatic SR-BI expression, despite its inverse effects on steady-state plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations, is an important positive regulator of the rate of macrophage RCT.
PT PACER: An Integrated Road Speed Governor (1990)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A primary fuel economy improvement derived from current electronic engine controls for heavy duty line haul trucks is their road speed limiting feature. PT PACER cost-effectively integrates this primary benefit with the well-established Cummins hydromechanical PT fuel system. The product, developed by Cummins Engine Company, Inc., and its subsidiary Cummins Electronics Company, Inc., was introduced recently to the market after a one-year development and launch period. This product is tightly integrated with the fuel system and engine, resulting in stable and smooth control, tamper resistance and reliability. Onboard diagnostics, which were designed to detect system failures, enhance troubleshooting capability and tamper resistance. Extensive component design validation testing and environmental testing along with laboratory and vehicle system testing were conducted prior to field test. Field test experience has provided confidence that this new system is an effective, reliable product delivering the intended benefits to the customer.</div>
Event manipulation for discrete simulations requiring large numbers of events (1978)

The event-manipulation system presented here consists of two major parts. The first part addresses the familiar problem of event scheduling efficiency when the number of scheduled events grows large. The second part deals with the less apparent problem of providing efficiency and flexibility as scheduled events are accessed to be executed. Additional features and problems dealt with include the proper handling of simultaneous events; that certain events must be created, scheduled, and executed at the same points in simulated time; that infinite loops caused by the concatenation of such “zero-time” events are possible and must be diagnosed; that maintaining various event counts is practical and economical; and that a capability for handling “time-displaceable” events is desirable and possible.
Identification of a Preferred Set of Molecular Descriptors for Compound Classification Based on Principal Component Analysis (1999)

An algorithm based on principal component analysis was investigated to classify molecules in a database consisting of 455 compounds with activities against seven different biological targets. Diversity profiles of these compound sets were calculated and compared. To effectively classify compounds with similar biological activity, all possible combinations of 17 molecular descriptors were tested by complete factorial analysis, and preferred descriptor combinations were identified. High efficiency was achieved for a combination of a limited set of structural keys and two or three additional 2D descriptors. The performance of the approach was compared to Jarvis−Patrick clustering.
Impacts of mobility on telecommunication and data communication networks (1995)

The article gives an overview of architectures and service aspects of existing networks and of those under development, with a special focus on mobility support. The authors discuss relations and differences of concepts being rooted in data communications and telecommunications, respectively, while paying special attention to the future role of the ISO/OSI reference model. They have subdivided the discussion based on different network classes with different degrees of mobility support; starting with fixed networks and finishing with networks enabling unlimited mobility of users and terminals. Finally, they describe the impact of unlimited terminal mobility on next generation communication networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Protective effects of polysaccharide from Euphorbia kansui (Euphorbiaceae) on the swimming exercise-induced oxidative stress in mice (2006)

The present study examined the effects of derivatives of galactosides and glucosides in a polysaccharide extract from Euphorbia kansui (Euphorbiaceae) on exercise-induced oxidative stress in mice. Exhaustive swimming exercise significantly increases the degree of lipid peroxidation in terms of malondialdehyde content and reduces the antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Our findings revealed that chronic oral treatment with the extract elevates enzymatic activities of SOD and GPx accompanied by a corresponding decrease in malondialdehyde. The antioxidative activities of these compounds against exercise-induced oxidative stress are correlated with various activities such as reducing the production of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, enhancing antioxidative defenses, and increasing the production of SOD and GPx activity and expression in different tissues. These compounds may be involved in glycogen metabolism to meet the requirement of working skeletal muscles and act as antioxidants by terminating the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation to maintain the morphological stability of mitochondria in spinal motor neurons. These observations suggest that E. kansui has antioxidative and antifatigue properties and can be given as prophylactic and (or) therapeutic supplements for increasing antioxidant enzyme activities and preventing lipid peroxidation during strenuous exercise.
Modeling of ABS latex coagulation processes (1998)

Abstract The mathematical models of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) latex coagulation processes that show the effect of major operation variables on the particle‐size distribution of recovered resins were derived to provide a guideline for process improvement to reduce the content of fine particles in the product. Kinetic equations for the coagulation and breakup of particles taking place in a turbulent flow field were incorporated into the population balance models for batch and continuous processes. A dimensional analysis for the process models leads to two dimensionless groups, η c and η b , that represent the relative intensity of the coagulation and breakup phenomena. The η c /η b ratio is designated as a design variable for controlling the particle‐size distribution in the steady‐state operation of the coagulation processes. This role is demonstrated by numerical simulation where increasing the ratio shifted the particle‐size distribution toward large particles. The estimates of η c /η b obtained for a set of batch experiments also confirm that fine particles can be reduced by setting the operation variables to increase the ratio.
The perfect and imperfect clocks approach to performance analysis of basic timestamp ordering in distributed databases (2002)

Locking and timestamping are two popular approaches to concurrency control in database systems. Although more than a dozen analytic performance studies of locking techniques have recently appeared in the literature, analytic performance study of timestamp-based concurrency algorithms largely remains an unexplored area. This paper presents a model of a distributed database system which provides a framework to study the performance of timestamp ordering concurrency control. We exhibit an analytical solution, which has been tested with extensive simulation. The accuracy seems to be very high. We assume perfect and also imperfect clocks for synchronization and quantify the way in which local clock inaccuracies affect the phenomenon of transaction conflicts. In particular, we derive a lot of interesting performance measures such as probability of abort, throughput and others.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Balance-arm tablet computer stand for robotic camera control (2013)

Traditional methods of camera orientation control for teleoperated robots involve gamepads or joysticks with the motion of analog sticks used to control the camera direction. However, this control scheme often leads to unintuitive mappings between user input and camera actuator output. This paper describes a master-slave style camera position and orientation controller with a tablet computer showing a video feed from the robot mounted on a balance-arm (acting as the control master), affording the user a one-to-one mapping to control the viewpoint of a camera mounted on a robot arm (the slave). In this way, the tablet computer acts as a virtual window to the robot's workspace.