gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultra-thin alumina barrier magnetic tunnel junctions (2003)

Magnetic tunnel junctions have been fabricated by magnetron sputtering and patterned by deep ultraviolet photolithography. The tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) was 15%-22% and resistance times area product (RxA) 7-22 Qjjrn2 for junctions having 4.75-5.5 Â thick A1 layer oxidized naturally. Two types of breakdown were observed: abrupt dielectric breakdown at effective field 10 MV/cm determined by the thickness of tunnel barrier, and a gradual breakdown related to defects in the tunnel barrier. After the breakdown a metallic pinhole is created, the size of which depends on the maximum current applied to the junction. The current flowing through the pinhole creates a strong circular magnetic field that curls local magnetization in the free layer around the pinhole. The subsequent free layer reversal is very sensitive to the pinhole location. The electric properties after breakdown can be well described by an Ohmic resistor and a tunnel magneto­ resistor connected in parallel.
AN IMPLICIT TIME-STEPPING SCHEME FOR RIGID BODY DYNAMICS WITH INELASTIC COLLISIONS AND COULOMB FRICTION (1996)

In this paper a new time-stepping method for simulating systems of rigid bodies is given which incorporates Coulomb friction and inelastic impacts and shocks. Unlike other methods which take an instantaneous point of view, this method does not need to identify explicitly impulsive forces. Instead, the treatment is similar to that of J. J. Moreau and Monteiro-Marques, except that the numerical formulation used here ensures that there is no inter-penetration of rigid bodies, unlike their velocity-based formulation. Numerical results are given for the method presented here for a spinning rod impacting a table in two dimensions, and a system of four balls colliding on a table in a fully three-dimensional way. These numerical results also show the practicality of the method, and convergence of the method as the step size becomes small.
The Design of Radar Signals Having Both High Range Resolution and High Velocity Resolution (1960)

Radar systems that yield simultaneous information regarding the range and velocity of a target would be useful in certain applications. A discussion is presented of some fundamental limitations on simultaneous range-velocity determination in terms of ambiguity diagrams, with the aid of a quantum mechanical analog to the Wigner distribution function. A sequence of signals is found in which the signals yield both range and velocity information with increasing accuracy. However, this desired property is not accompanied by a waveform suitable for maximum operating efficiency.
Potential for North American Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to Transmit Rift Valley Fever Virus (2010)

To determine which arthropods should be targeted for control should Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) be detected in North America, we evaluated Culex erraticus (Dyar and Knab), Culex erythrothorax Dyar, Culex nigripalpus Theobald, Culex pipiens L., Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Culex tarsalis Coquillett, Aedes dorsalis (Wiedemann), Aedes vexans (Meigen), Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, and Culicoides sonorensis Wirth and Jones from the western, midwestern, and southern United States for their ability to transmit RVFV. Female mosquitoes were allowed to feed on adult hamsters inoculated with RVFV, after which engorged mosquitoes were incubated for 721 d at 26C, then allowed to refeed on susceptible hamsters, and tested to determine infection, dissemination, and transmission rates. Other specimens were inoculated intrathoracically, held for 7 d, and then allowed to feed on a susceptible hamster to check for a salivary gland barrier. When exposed to hamsters with viremias 10 8.8 plaque-forming units/ml blood, Cx. tarsalis transmitted RVFV efciently (infection rate 93%, dissemination rate 56%, and estimated transmission rate 52%). In contrast, when exposed to the same virus dose, none of the other species tested transmitted RVFV efciently. Estimated transmission rates for Cx. erythrothorax, Cx. pipiens, Cx. erraticus, and Ae. dorsalis were 10, 8, 4, and 2%, respectively, and for the remaining species were 1%. With the exception of Cx. tarsalis and Cx. pipiens, all species tested had moderate to major salivary gland barriers. None of the C. sonorensis became infected and none of the An. quadrimaculatus tested transmitted RVFV by bite, even after intrathoracic inoculation, indicating that these species would not be competent vectors of RVFV. Although Ae. vexans from Florida and Louisiana were relatively efcient vectors of RVFV, specimens of this species captured in Colorado or California were virtually incompetent, illustrating the need to evaluate local population for their ability to transmit a pathogen. In addition to laboratory vector competence, factors such as seasonal density, host feeding preference, longevity, and foraging behavior should be considered when determining the potential role that these species could play in RVFV transmission.
Changing the Regioselectivity of the Tryptophan 7‐Halogenase PrnA by Site‐Directed Mutagenesis (2011)

Creating more space in the active site of the tryptophan 7-halogenase PrnA by exchanging the large amino acid phenylalanine for the smaller alanine makes it possible for the substrate to bind in different orientations (see picture; yellow PrnA, blue PrnAF103A variant). This results in halogenation of the differently bound substrate in the 5-position of the indole ring. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Elastic and piezoelectric properties of AlN and LiAlO<sub>2</sub> single crystals (2010)

We have successfully grown high-quality AlN piezoelectric single crystal using the sublimation technique. Transparent crack-free boules of approximately 15 mm in diameter and 25 mm in length along the [0001] direction were obtained, with coloring from amber to dark brown depending on growth temperature. Full sets of material parameters of grown AlN and commercially available LiAlO(2) bulk crystals were measured at room temperature. Temperature coefficients of the material parameters of LiAlO(2) were also obtained in a temperature range from -70 to +50 degrees C.
Improving server applications with system transactions (2012)

Server applications must process requests as quickly as possible. Because some requests depend on earlier requests, there is often a tension between increasing throughput and maintaining the proper semantics for dependent requests. Operating system transactions make it easier to write reliable, high-throughput server applications because they allow the application to execute non-interfering requests in parallel, even if the requests operate on OS state, such as file data.
Increased reactivity of responding cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction by a thymic humoral factor (1975)

A thymic humoral factor (THF) induces competence in a certain sector of the lymphoid cell population. The target cell for THF activity was studied using the one-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Cells from various lymphoid tissues (responding cells) were preincubated in THF for 1 hour and then mixed with mitomycin-C-treated cells (stimulating cells). The results obtained indicate that THF increases MLC competence of lymphocytes from spleen and thymus origin of intact mice and that of spleen of thymus-deprived mice. In contrast, no enhancing effect in the MLC response by THF could be observed when bone marrow-derived spleen cells, cortisone-resistant thymocytes or lymph node cells were used as responding cells. These results confirm our hypothesis that THF leads to differentiation of young thymus-derived (T) cells, promoting them to maturation and thus to the acquisition of full immune competence.
Authorization-Based Access Control for the Services Oriented Architecture (2006)

Several attempts at using the services oriented architecture have failed to achieve their goals of scalability, security, and manageability. These systems, which base access decisions on the identity of the requester, have been found to be inflexible, don't scale well, and are difficult to use and to upgrade. This paper shows that identity-based access control is a key contributor to these failures and proposes another way to approach the problem. Basing access control decisions on authorizations presented explicitly by the requester leads to a more securable and more robust architecture
Quantitative Analysis of QRS Detection Algorithms Based on the First Derivative of the ECG (2006)

Accurate processing of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals requires a sensitive and robust QRS detection method. In this study, three methods are quantitatively compared using a similar algorithm structure but applying different transforms to the differentiated ECG. The three transforms used are the Hilbert transformer, the squaring function, and a second discrete derivative stage. The first two have been widely used in ECG and heart rate variability analysis while the second derivative method aims to explain the success of the Hilbert transform. The algorithms were compared in terms of the number of false positive and false negative detections produced for records of the MIT/BIH Arrhythmia Database. The Hilbert transformer and the squaring function both produced a sensitivity and positive predictivity of over 99%, though the squaring function had a lower overall detection error rate. The second derivative resulted in the highest overall detection error rate. Different algorithms performed better for diverse ECG characteristics; suggesting that an algorithm can be specified for different recordings, the algorithms can be combined based on each one's characteristics to determine a new more accurate method, or an additional detection stage can be added to reduce the number of false negatives.
Transformation from test language ATLAS to C++ (2005)

ATLAS is designed to describe tests in terms that are independent of any specific test system, and has been constrained to ensure that it can be implemented on ATE (automatic test equipment). An ATLAS transformation system was designed and implemented. In this paper, we first discuss a transformation technique from standard test language ATLAS to C++ and then present the key methods of this technique. In this system, class is introduced to construct an abstract syntax tree as the intermediate representation of ATLAS. Basing on the test characteristics of ATLAS, we give a search algorithm for device allocation, make use of DFA to describe the state transition rules of the device, and implement the parallelism and timing of the ATLAS bus statement employing the thread and event mechanism provided in Windows API. Furthermore, three languages, device description language, switch description language and ITA description language, are well designed for the device, switch and ITA respectively in the ATE system.
Triazine Elastomers (1966)

Abstract Three technically feasible routes have now been established for preparation of linear perfluoroalkylene triazine polymers. The most advanced route is based on addition polymerization of long chain fluorocarbon dinitriles and diamidines, followed by acylation and cyclodehydration to triazine polymer. Large research samples have been made, but crosslinking to thermally stable vulcanizates is still a problem. An alternate method, active halogen elimination from a difunctional fluorotriazine monomer, has been, demonstrated. High molecular weight polymer has been formed, but it is not elastomeric at room temperature. The low temperature flexibility is a function of structure and not of the method of polymerization, therefore other monomers with longer fluoroalkyl groups hold promise of elastomeric products. The route has attractive economics, but elastomeric products with crosslinking capability must be demonstrated. Coupling of diiodofluoroalkyl triazine monomers employing ultraviolet radiation has been demonstrated. This route is not being pursued because of research required and the predicted high cost of monomer preparation, when compared to the previous two routes. Evaluations of compounded vulcanized triazine elastomer show excellent resistance to hydrocarbon fuels and hydraulic fluids at 370° C and to long term air aging at 300° C. Tensile strength is in the 500 psi range, but is expected to improve with closer control of molecular weight and branching of the polymer. Excellent prospects are in view for fuel tank sealants, wire insulation and elastomer components for hydraulic systems useful in the 300° to 400° C range.
Proteomic Analysis of Human Neutrophil Granules (2005)

Stimulated exocytosis of intracellular granules plays a critical role in conversion of inactive, circulating neutrophils to fully activated cells capable of chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and bacterial killing. The functional changes induced by exocytosis of each of the granule subsets, gelatinase (tertiary) granules, specific (secondary) granules, and azurophil (primary) granules, are poorly defined. To improve the understanding of the role of exocytosis of these granule subsets, a proteomic analysis of the azurophil, specific, and gelatinase granules from human neutrophils was performed. Two different methods for granule protein identification were applied. First, two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis followed by MALDI-TOF MS analysis of peptides obtained by in-gel trypsin digestion of proteins was performed. Second, peptides from tryptic digests of granule membrane proteins were separated by two-dimensional microcapillary chromatography using strong cation exchange and reverse phase microcapillary high pressure liquid chromatography and analyzed with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (2D HLPC ESI-MS/MS). Our analysis identified 286 proteins on the three granule subsets, 87 of which were identified by MALDI MS and 247 were identified by 2D HPLC ESI-MS/MS. The increased sensitivity of 2D HPLC ESI-MS/MS, however, resulted in identification of over 500 proteins from subcellular organelles contaminating isolated granules. Defining the proteome of neutrophil granule subsets provides a basis for understanding the role of exocytosis in neutrophil biology. Additionally, the described methods may be applied to mobilizable compartments of other secretory cells.
Recent progress on GaN-based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (2007)

We report the recent progress of GaN-based VCSELs with two different laser structures. One is a hybrid cavity structure comprised an epitaxial AlN/GaN DBR, an InGaN/GaN MQW active region and a top dielectric DBR. Another is a dielectric cavity structure comprised an InGaN/GaN MQW layer sandwiched by two dielectric DBRs. Both lasers achieved laser action under optical pumping at the room temperature with narrow linewidth. The detailed characteristics of VCSELs will be reported. The status of the electrically pumped VCSEL will also be presented.
A resorbable porous ceramic composite bone graft substitute in a rabbit metaphyseal defect model (2003)

The success of converted corals as a bone graft substitute relies on a complex sequence of events of vascular ingrowth, differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells, bone remodeling and graft resorption occurring together with host bone ingrowth into and onto the porous coralline microstructure or voids left behind during resorption. This study examined the resorption rates and bone infiltration into a family of resorbable porous ceramic placed bilaterally in critical sized defects in the tibial metaphyseal-diaphyseal of rabbits. The ceramics are made resorbable by partially converting the calcium carbonate of corals to form a hydroxyapatite (HA) layer on all surfaces. Attempts have been made to control the resorption rate of the implant by varying the HA thickness. New bone was observed at the periosteal and endosteal cortices, which flowed into the centre of the defect supporting the osteoconductive nature of partially converted corals. The combination of an HA layer and calcium carbonate core provides a composite bone graft substitute for new tissue integration. The HA-calcium carbonate composite demonstrated an initial resorption of the inner calcium carbonate phase but the overall implant resorption and bone ingrowth behaviour did not differ with HA thickness.
"How Shall This Be?" Reflections on Filippo Lippi's "Annunciation" in London, Part I (1987)

Not only Christian philosophers but also artists concerned themselves with the quomodo of the Incarnation. Painters often represented the Spiritus Sanctus in the form of a dove from whose beak divine rays sometimes emanated. The critical questions of the dove's position in relation to the Virgin and at what point on the Virgin's body it should aim its divine rays were rethought with astonishing independence of mind by Lippi in his London Annunciation. The dove has relinquished its normal high-flying station and is level with the Virgin's womb. The rare golden motes emitted from its beak are directed at the Virgin's belly. The Virgin's dress parts over the abdomen, and the opening releases a burst of similar gold-dotted rays. This How of Mary's impregnation is in symbolic analogy to the process of vision as understood in 15th-century Florence: visual rays exiting from the eye mingle with oncoming rays to constitute sight. Lippi suggests light as the sole and sufficient symbol of fecundation. As light is the world's noblest substance and its cognate, vision, the noblest sense, so their mutual coupling is fittest to serve as a symbol of sacred union.
Results of the South African Cloud-Seeding Experiments Using Hygroscopic Flares (1997)

A new method of seeding convective clouds for the purpose of augmenting rainfall is being developed in South Africa. Flares that produce small salt particles (0.5-μm mean diameter) are attached to the trailing edge of the wings of seeding aircraft and ignited in updrafts below the cloud base of convective storms. This method of delivery overcomes most of the difficulties encountered in the handling and the use of hygroscopic materials, difficulties that made seeding with ice nuclei (AgI) a more attractive option. The research that has led to the development of this new technique was prompted by an encounter with a storm with dramatically altered microphysics that was growing over a Kraft paper mill in the research area. Hygroscopic seeding flares were subsequently developed, and seeding trials began in October 1990. Successful seeding trials quickly led to the design and execution of a randomized convective cloud-seeding experiment, the results of which show convincing evidence of increases in the radar-measured rain mass from seeded storms when compared to the control or unseeded storms. Heightened reflectivities aloft seen by the real-time storm-tracking software and observed in the exploratory analysis raises the possibility of developing a radar-measured seeding algorithm that can recognize in almost real time a successful convective seeding event. The implications of such a development would have far-reaching effects on the conduct of future convective cloud-seeding experiments and operations. The authors' seeding hypothesis postulates that the hygroscopic seeding at cloud base accelerates the growth of large hydrometeors in the treated clouds, which harvest more of the available supercooled water before it is expelled into the anvils by the strong updrafts that are a characteristic of the local storms, thereby increasing the efficiency of the rainfall process. The validity of this hypothesis is supported by microphysical measurements made from an instrumented Learjet and the results of the randomized experiment, both of which are supported by numerical condensation–coalescence calculations. There are also indications that the hygroscopic seeding may have an impact upon the dynamics of the treated storms, lengthening their lifetimes by strengthening the coupling of the updraft–downdraft storm propagation mechanism. The apparent sensitivity of rainfall in convective clouds to the aerosol concentration, size, and chemical content may have climatic implications. Higher concentrations of small aerosols produced by pollution, biomass burning, etc., could adversely affect the efficiency of the rainfall process. The negative consequences of this effect would be magnified in regions that depend upon convective storms to provide the bulk of their annual rainfall.
A New Method of Using Sensor Arrays for Gas Leakage Location Based on Correlation of the Time-Space Domain of Continuous Ultrasound (2015)

This paper proposes a time-space domain correlation-based method for gas leakage detection and location. It acquires the propagated signal on the skin of the plate by using a piezoelectric acoustic emission (AE) sensor array. The signal generated from the gas leakage hole (which diameter is less than 2 mm) is time continuous. By collecting and analyzing signals from different sensors' positions in the array, the correlation among those signals in the time-space domain can be achieved. Then, the directional relationship between the sensor array and the leakage source can be calculated. The method successfully solves the real-time orientation problem of continuous ultrasonic signals generated from leakage sources (the orientation time is about 15 s once), and acquires high accuracy location information of leakage sources by the combination of multiple sets of orientation results. According to the experimental results, the mean value of the location absolute error is 5.83 mm on a one square meter plate, and the maximum location error is generally within a ±10 mm interval. Meanwhile, the error variance is less than 20.17.
Condensation of Diethyl Tartrate with Cyclic Ketones and the Molecular Rotation of the Resulting Compounds (1937)

Abstract (1) It has been shown that the condensation of diethyl tartrate with cyclic ketones can be effected with great ease by the use of phosphorus pentoxide as condensation reagent. (2) New products obtained by condensing diethyl tartrate with cyclic ketones, namely cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, and three isomeric methylcyclohexanones, have been described, and their physical constants have been compared in a table. (3) The molecular rotation of these homologous compounds decreases as the parachor of the ketone-residue in the condensation product increases, but the influence by the position of the substituent is noticed: the substitution of a methyl group at ortho-position is the most effective, and that of meta-position is nearly ineffective.
Three-terminal operation of the double-heterostructure optoelectronic switching laser (1991)

The double-heterostructure optoelectronic switch is demonstrated as a three-terminal laser. The basic laser structure employs a graded index single quantum well (GRIN SQW) and implements the third-terminal injector as a self-aligned implant to the inversion channel. The implant simultaneously serves as the optical confining layer. Threshold currents of 500 A/cm2 are obtained and complete control of the switching characteristic is obtained with an input current density of 0.8 A/cm2.