gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-performance α-Fe/Pr2Fe14B-type nanocomposite magnets produced by hot compaction under high pressure (2000)

The α-Fe/R2Fe14B-type nanocomposite magnets have been prepared by hot pressing melt spun Pr8Dy1Fe74.5Co10Nb0.5B6 flakes under a conventional pressure P of 125 MPa and high pressures ranging from 1 to 7 GPa. It was found that increasing compaction pressure from 125 MPa to 5 GPa led to marked grain refinement in the magnet and consequently resulted in significant improvement of magnetic properties. When hot pressing under even higher pressure (P&gt;5 GPa), however, the crystallization was constrained and the hot pressed magnets retained a certain amount of amorphous phase besides the Pr2Fe14B-type phase and α-(FeCo) phase, which resulted in the deterioration of the magnetic properties. A remanence of 11.1 kG, coercivity of 10.2 kOe, and maximum energy product of 23.6 MGOe have been achieved in the magnet hot pressed under a pressure of 5 GPa.
A novel antioxidant ergothioneine PET radioligand for in vivo imaging applications (2021)

Ergothioneine (ERGO) is a rare amino acid mostly found in fungi, including mushrooms, with recognized antioxidant activity to protect tissues from damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS) components. Prior to this publication, the biodistribution of ERGO has been performed solely in vitro using extracted tissues. The aim of this study was to develop a feasible chemistry for the synthesis of an ERGO PET radioligand, [<sup>11</sup>C]ERGO, to facilitate in vivo study. The radioligand probe was synthesized with identical structure to ERGO by employing an orthogonal protection/deprotection approach. [<sup>11</sup>C]methylation of the precursor was performed via [<sup>11</sup>C]CH<sub>3</sub>OTf to provide [<sup>11</sup>C]ERGO radioligand. The [<sup>11</sup>C]ERGO was isolated by RP-HPLC with a molar activity of 690 TBq/mmol. To demonstrate the biodistribution of the radioligand, we administered approximately 37 MBq/0.1 mL in 5XFAD mice, a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease via the tail vein. The distribution of ERGO in the brain was monitored using 90-min dynamic PET scans. The delivery and specific retention of [<sup>11</sup>C]ERGO in an LPS-mediated neuroinflammation mouse model was also demonstrated. For the pharmacokinetic study, the concentration of the compound in the serum started to decrease 10 min after injection while starting to distribute in other peripheral tissues. In particular, a significant amount of the compound was found in the eyes and small intestine. The radioligand was also distributed in several regions of the brain of 5XFAD mice, and the signal remained strong 30 min post-injection. This is the first time the biodistribution of this antioxidant and rare amino acid has been demonstrated in a preclinical mouse model in a highly sensitive and non-invasive manner.
Chemistry and stereochemistry of internucleotide bond formation by the H-phosphonate method (2010)

The appropriately protected ribonucleoside 3′-H-phosphonates react with nucleosides and alcohols in the presence of condensing agents under mild conditions, with notable stereoselectivity. The chemistry and stereochemistry of this reaction were investigated using 31P NMR spectroscopy. A plausible mechanism for the asymmetric induction observed was identified as Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Transformation (DYKAT), operating due to different esterification rates of rapidly equilibrating P-epimers of the reactive intermediates. This diverse reactivity was tentatively attributed to steric demands of the H-phosphonic moiety located in the vicinity of the bulky protecting group in the 2′-position. The role of nucleophilic and base catalysis was analysed and the absolute configuration of the intermediates involved in the reaction pathways was tentatively assigned using 31P NMR stereochemical correlation analysis. Under optimal reaction conditions, the diastereomers of dinucleoside H-phosphonate diesters could be obtained usually in >90 : 10 ratio.
Axisymmetric bluff-body drag reduction through geometrical modification (1985)

The effect of shoulder radiusing and grooving (longitudinally and circumferentially) the afterbodies of bluff bodies to reduce the base drag at low speeds is investigated experimentally. Shoulder radii as large as 2.75 body diameters are examined. Reynolds number (ReD) based on body diameter varied from 20,000 to 200,000. Results indicate that increasing the shoulder radius to 2.00 body diameters can reduce the drag levels to those of a streamline body having 67 percent greater fineness ratio. For the relatively sharp shoulder case, body drag reductions as large as 50 and 33 percent are obtained using circumferential or longitudinal grooves, respectively.
Barbarians in the Gate: An Experimental Validation of NIC-based Distributed Firewall Performance and Flood Tolerance (2006)

This paper presents our experience validating the flood tol- erance of two network interface card (NIC)-based embedded firewall solutions, the Embedded Firewall (EFW) and the Au- tonomic Distributed Firewall (ADF). Experiments were per- formed for both embedded firewall devices to determine their flood tolerance and performance characteristics. The results show that both are vulnerable to packet flood attacks on a 100 Mbps network. In certain configurations, we found that both embedded firewall devices can have a significant, negative impact on bandwidth and application performance. These re- sults imply first that, firewall rule-sets should be optimized for performance-sensitive applications, and second, that proper consideration must be given to attack risks and mitigations before either the EFW or ADF is deployed. Finally, we be- lieve that future embedded firewall implementations should be vetted in a manner similar to that presented in this paper. Our experience shows that when their limitations are properly considered, both the EFW and ADF can be safely deployed to enhance network security without undue risk.
Editorial: The Whipple Bacillus Lives (Ex Vivo)! (1997)

Cultivation of the bacillus associated with Whipple's disease, Tropheryma whippelii, has been an elusive goal for many generations of clinicians and microbiologists familiar with this disease. The desire to identify this enigmatic organism has motivated many of these efforts. Many purported successes have later proven erroneous, and many more unsuccessful attempts have never been reported [1]. Cell-free media, animal cells, and animals themselves have all been used, resulting in recovery of a wide range of bacterial species, including members of the Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Propionibacterium, and Haemophilus genera. The rough resemblance of Rhodococcus equi- , Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-, and Mycobacterium avium complex-associated diseases in foals, cows, and humans, respectively, to Whipple's disease has been noted; however, pathology closely mimicking that of the latter has never been knowingly and intentionally transferred to another human nor reproduced in a nonhuman host. Despite the unusual cell wall features of this bacillus and its reactivity to the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent [2], the absence of a specific microbial signature has greatly hindered efforts to evaluate these previous cultivation efforts.
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization with Photoexcited Triplet Electrons in a Glassy Matrix (2013)

Utilizing photoexcited triplet electrons, dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has achieved, in a glassy matrix at 0.40 T and 120 K, a 1H spin polarization of 1.45 %, which is 4250 times larger than the thermal 1H spin polarization. In a glassy matrix, various molecules of interest, including 2,3,4-trifluorobenzoic acid and 5-fluorouracil can be co-doped with polarizing agents; polarizing these co-dopants with DNP was also successful.
Identification and characterization of a tetracycline semiquinone formed during the oxidation of minocycline (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIdentification and characterization of a tetracycline semiquinone formed during the oxidation of minocyclineMark J. Nilges, W. Scott Enochs, and Harold M. SwartzCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 19, 5623–5630Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00019a031https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00019a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views385Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Studies on the mode of action of cholesterol oxidase on insect midgut membranes (1997)

Cholesterol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.6.) is an insecticidal protein known to have potent activity against the boll weevil, milder activity against a number of lepidopteran species, and virtually no activity against other insects. Several factors that could explain its species-dependent differential activity were examined. We compared cholesterol concentrations and rates of cholesterol oxidation in the midgut membranes from larvae of boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman), southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber), tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens Fabricius), and yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus). Results showed that cholesterol concentration alone could not account for the differences in insecticidal activity and that midgut brush-border membranes of all species tested were generally susceptible to oxidation by cholesterol oxidase in vitro. We also demonstrated that cholesterol oxidase stability in the midgut environment was similar for the species tested and thus could not account for the differential activity. However, comparison of the pH of the insect midgut fluids with the pH optimum of cholesterol oxidase indicated that the lower sensitivity of lepidopteran larvae to the enzyme may be partially due to the alkaline nature of their midgut environments. In some species, oxidation caused significant changes in the activities of brush-border membrane alkaline phosphatase, and these changes did correlate with the susceptibility of the insect to cholesterol oxidase. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 34:429–442, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Torreyanic Acid:  A Selectively Cytotoxic Quinone Dimer from the Endophytic Fungus <i>Pestalotiopsis </i><i>microspora</i> (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTTorreyanic Acid: A Selectively Cytotoxic Quinone Dimer from the Endophytic Fungus Pestalotiopsis microsporaJulie C. Lee, Gary A. Strobel, Emil Lobkovsky, and Jon ClardyView Author Information Department of ChemistryBaker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, and Department of Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717 Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 10, 3232–3233Publication Date (Web):May 17, 1996Publication History Received8 March 1996Published online17 May 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo960471xhttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo960471xrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1325Altmetric-Citations157LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Cells,Fungi,Metabolism,Quinones,Toxicity Get e-Alerts
Distribution of cAMP-Activated Chloride Current and CFTR mRNA in the Guinea Pig Heart (1996)

Guinea pig ventricular myocytes exhibit a Cl(-)-selective current regulated by the cAMP-dependent pathway. We have investigated the distribution of cAMP-activated Cl- channel current density and cystic fibrosis transmembrane-conductance regulator (CFTR) mRNA in three regions of the guinea pig heart: the atrium, and the epicardium and endocardium of the free wall of the left ventricle. The regional differences in the Cl- current density were investigated in enzymatically isolated myocytes using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Forskolin (1 mumol/L) activated Cl(-)-selective currents in all ventricular myocytes and 21% of atrial myocytes examined. The conductance density, estimated as the outward chord conductance normalized to cell capacitance, was greatest in epicardial myocytes (79.8 +/- 8.4 pS/pF, n = 21) and significantly lower in endocardial (59.8 +/- 9.5 pS/pF, n = 22) and atrial (10.9 +/- 5.0 pS/pF, n = 38) myocytes. The regional differences in CFTR mRNA expression levels were investigated by competitive reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction. The regional distribution of the mRNA levels was similar to that of the Cl- conductance density, ie, highest in the epicardium (23230 +/- 1840 molecules/microgram total RNA, n = 3), significantly lower in endocardium (10610 +/- 780 molecules/microgram total RNA, n = 3), and lowest in atrium (1450 +/- 290 molecules/microgram total RNA, n = 3). The data indicate that regional differences in CFTR mRNA expression in the guinea pig heart are responsible, at least in part, for the regional differences in cAMP-activated Cl- current density.
Modulation of hippocampal long-term potentiation and long-term depression by corticosteroid receptor activation (1994)

Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are lasting changes in synaptic efficacy which may underlie memory and learning processes. Hippocampal LTP has been shown to vary inversely with the degree of stress or adrenal activity, and adrenal corticosteroids (CORT) have been strongly implicated in this process. The present in vitro study was undertaken to further examine the role of glucocorticoids in LTP, and to extend this analysis to heterosynaptic LTD. Animals were injected twice daily (s.c.) for 2 days prior to sacrifice with either the corticosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor metyrapone (200 mg/kg/day) or CORT (20 mg/kg/day). Noninjected and saline-injected controls were also examined. CA1 population spike amplitudes and field EPSP slopes were assessed in response to activation of two separate stratum radiatum inputs. One input received tetanic stimulation and both inputs were monitored for 30 min following tetanization to determine long-term changes in synaptic efficacy (homosynaptic LTP of tetanized synapses; heterosynaptic LTD of nontetanized synapses). Animals exhibiting low and high serum CORT titers exhibited significantly less LTP and LTD than did animals exhibiting moderate levels of CORT. In addition, in vitro perfusion of RU-28362, a Type II glucocorticoid receptor agonist, markedly reduced both LTP and LTD. There was no correlation between serum CORT and serum glucose titers, nor was there any correlation between serum glucose and either LTP or LTD. These results are consistent with recent reports of an inverted-U function for CORT levels versus primed-burst LTP (Bennett, Diamond, Fleshner, & Rose, 1991; Diamond, Bennett, Fleshner, & Rose, 1992) and further demonstrate that manipulation of corticosterone in adrenal-intact animals affects LTP and LTD in a similar fashion.
Technical and cost benefits of lightweight, stretched-membrane heliostats (1983)

This report contains a description of (1) a novel, lightweight, heliostat reflective module and support structure called the stretched-membrane concept; (2) anticipated engineering and system benefits of the stretched-membrane concept; and (3) analytical and testing rationale supporting these anticipated benefits. Summaries of prior work and of SERI's effort to data on the concept are also given. Finally, recommendations for further development that will be necessary to realize the full cost/performance potential of the concept are presented. Results indicate that a 75% reduction in the weight of the reflective module and support structure relative to that of second-generation glass/metal heliostats can potentially be achieved. Also, preliminary costing indicates that the stretched-membrane approach could potentially result in per-unit-area costs of ca. $20/m/sup 2/ for the reflective module and support structure, compared with about $55/m/sup 2/ for the corresponding elements of the second-generation concept. The performance of the stretched-membrane reflective module, assuming it employs a high-quality reflector surface, is anticipated to be close to that obtainable with the second-generation glass/metal heliostat concept.
Site-specific regulation of gene expression by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in rat white adipose tissues (1997)

Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) limit abdominal fat depot hypertrophy. This could be due to regulation of the expression of proteins involved in adipose tissue metabolism. We investigated in vivo whether fatty acid synthase (FAS), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBP alpha), and leptin mRNA levels are affected in retroperitoneal (RP) and subcutaneous adipose tissues (SC) of rats fed n-3 PUFAs. For 4 weeks rats were fed high fat diets (20% fat) containing n-3 PUFAs given as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA group), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA group), a mixture of these two fatty acids (MIX group), or native fish oil (FO group). A control group was fed with lard plus olive oil (LOO group). Final mean fat cell weight in RP ranged according to: LOO > or = EPA > or = DHA = FO = MIX. There was no difference in fat cell size of SC when comparing the LOO and MIX groups. The fatty acid compositions of RP and SC were similar and resemble that of dietary fat within each experimental group. In RP and compared to the LOO group, FAS, HSL, PEPCK, LPL, C/EBP alpha, and leptin mRNA levels decreased although not significantly in the EPA group, and were 40-75% lower in the DHA and MIX groups. mRNA levels were positively correlated to fat cell size in RP. In contrast, n-3 PUFAs had no effect on gene expression in SC. We conclude that n-3 PUFAs and mainly 22:6n-3 affect gene expression in a site-dependent manner in white adipose tissues via possible antiadipogenic effects.
Baselines and Bigrams: Simple, Good Sentiment and Topic Classification (2012)

Variants of Naive Bayes (NB) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) are often used as baseline methods for text classification, but their performance varies greatly depending on the model variant, features used and task/ dataset. We show that: (i) the inclusion of word bigram features gives consistent gains on sentiment analysis tasks; (ii) for short snippet sentiment tasks, NB actually does better than SVMs (while for longer documents the opposite result holds); (iii) a simple but novel SVM variant using NB log-count ratios as feature values consistently performs well across tasks and datasets. Based on these observations, we identify simple NB and SVM variants which outperform most published results on sentiment analysis datasets, sometimes providing a new state-of-the-art performance level.
B cells in multiple sclerosis (2017)

B lymphocytes have essential roles in the autoimmune pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). They regulate the autoimmune response and participate in the development of the CNS lesions. This review discusses nature and functions of B cells in MS, and retraces the recruitment of brain-autoimmune B cells from the B cell repertoire. Multiple sclerosis is commonly considered as an autoimmune demyelinating disease, where myelin-reactive T cells enter the CNS from outside, and drive the inflammatory changes that ultimately create the degenerative MS plaque. Most therapeutic strategies focus on eliminating or mitigating these pathogenic T cells. Less consideration has been devoted to the role of autoimmune B cells in the autoimmune pathogenesis. Indeed, this role is now supported by a number of convergent lines of evidence, which are briefly outlined in a first part of this overview. A second part describes experimental studies in transgenic mouse models of brain autoimmunity, EAE, which relate to possible functions of autoimmune B cells and to their recruitment from the regular B cell repertoire.
Synthesis of embryonic tendon-like tissue by human marrow stromal/mesenchymal stem cells requires a three-dimensional environment and transforming growth factor β3 (2010)

Tendon-like tissue generated from stem cells in vitro has the potential to replace tendons and ligaments lost through injury and disease. However, thus far, no information has been available on the mechanism of tendon formation in vitro and how to accelerate the process. We show here that human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) can generate tendon-like tissue in 7days mediated by transforming growth factor (TGF) β3. MSCs cultured in fixed-length fibrin gels spontaneously synthesized narrow-diameter collagen fibrils and exhibited fibripositors (actin-rich, collagen fibril-containing plasma membrane protrusions) identical to those that occur in embryonic tendon. In contrast, BM-MNCs did not synthesize tendon-like tissue under these conditions. We performed real-time PCR analysis of MSCs and BM-MNCs. MSCs upregulated genes encoding type I collagen, TGFβ3, and Smad2 at the time of maximum contraction of the tendon-like tissue (7days). Western blot analysis showed phosphorylation of Smad2 at maximum contraction. The TGFβ inhibitor SB-431542, blocked the phosphorylation of Smad2 and stopped the formation of tendon-like tissue. Quantitative PCR showed that BM-MNCs expressed very low levels of TGFβ3 compared to MSCs. Therefore we added exogenous TGFβ3 protein to BM-MNCs in fibrin gels, which resulted in phosphorylation of Smad2, synthesis of collagen fibrils, the appearance of fibripositors at the plasma membrane, and the formation of tendon-like tissue. In conclusion, MSCs that self-generate TGFβ signaling or the addition of TGFβ3 protein to BM-MNCs in fixed-length fibrin gels spontaneously make embryonic tendon-like tissue in vitro within 7days.