gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advances in the Treatment and Prophylaxis of <i>Pneumocystis carinii</i> Pneumonia (1997)

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is the most common illness associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the United States and also occurs in immunocompromised persons not infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.. Several advances have taken place in the treatment and prophylaxis of PCP, with most clinical trials conducted in patients with AIDS. Treatment of choice is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Desensitization regimens are available for those who have a fever or rash associated with the agent. Patients with severe PCP who cannot tolerate TMP-SMX may be treated successfully with pentamidine or trimetrexate. Those with mild to moderate disease may receive dapsone-trimethoprim, clindamycin-primaquine, or atovaquone if they cannot take TMP-SMX. Adjunctive therapy with corticosteroids improves the outcome in patients with AIDS and severe PCP.
A XML-based description language and execution environment for orchestrating grid jobs (2005)

Grids are often used through simplified job submission interfaces that abstract the underlying grid infrastructure as a black box. These interfaces suit well to developers of simple grid applications requiring the coordination of grid jobs, for which monitoring and error handling are done more or less manually. However, developers of advanced grid applications such as grid portals need more flexible tools to develop efficient and robust applications with advanced capabilities such as monitoring, error handling, failure recovery, resource release, etc. In this paper, we present through a typical application example a XML-based language designed to describe applications orchestrating grid jobs. We also present the execution environment supporting the proposed language and we show how even simple grid applications can be expressed in this language and benefit of the advanced capabilities of the execution environment.
CAnDL: a domain specific language for compiler analysis (2018)

Optimizing compilers require sophisticated program analysis and transformations to exploit modern hardware. Implementing the appropriate analysis for a compiler optimization is a time consuming activity. For example, in LLVM, tens of thousands of lines of code are required to detect appropriate places to apply peephole optimizations. It is a barrier to the rapid prototyping and evaluation of new optimizations.
Structural studies of organoboron compounds. XIII. Preparation and crystal and molecular structure of bis[(salicylaldoximato(2−))phenylboron] (1983)

The reaction of (C 6 H 5 ) 2 BOH with salicylaldoxime yielded [(C 7 H 5 NO 2 )BC 6 H 5 ] 2 via a boron–carbon bond cleavage reaction. Crystals of bis[(salicylaldoximato(2−))phenylboron] are triclinic, a = 9.219(1), b = 11.240(1), c = 12.086(1) Å, α = 100.682(7), β = 112.224(6), γ = 92.189(7)°, Z = 2, space group [Formula: see text]. The structure was solved by direct methods and was refined by full-matrix least-squares procedures to R = 0.036 and R w = 0.049 for 3433 reflections with I ≥ 3σ(I). The molecule, which has approximate C 2 symmetry, contains a system of five fused six-membered rings including the first crystallographically characterized B 2 N 2 O 2 ring. The compound is stabilized both by intramolecular N → B coordination and by resonance delocalization and contains boron atoms in a distorted tetrahedral environment. Bond lengths (corrected for libration) are: O—B, 1.469(2)–1.488(2), N—B, 1.602(2) and 1.575(2), C—B, 1.598(2) and 1.599(2) Å.
Grain-Boundary-Enhanced Carrier Collection in CdTe Solar Cells (2014)

When CdTe solar cells are doped with Cl, the grain boundaries no longer act as recombination centers but actively contribute to carrier collection efficiency. The physical origin of this remarkable effect has been determined through a combination of aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and first-principles theory. Cl substitutes for a large proportion of the Te atoms within a few unit cells of the grain boundaries. Density functional calculations reveal the mechanism, and further indicate the grain boundaries are inverted to n type, establishing local p-n junctions which assist electron-hole pair separation. The mechanism is electrostatic, and hence independent of the geometry of the boundary, thereby explaining the universally high collection efficiency of Cl-doped CdTe solar cells.
Length Standard: Effects of Air Refractivity and Vacuum for a Laser Interferometer (2009)

The current definition of the meter has been based on ‘the speed of light’ since 1983. Length standard measurements are performed using laser interferometers and are generally conducted in air. Specifically, a long length (referred to as “distance”) is measured in air. The accuracy of distance measurements in air is limited by the refractivity of air, which can be determined with an accuracy of only approximately 10-8. For smaller uncertainties, we must measure distances in vacuum. For example, both laser strain meters, which are used for tectonic measurements, and laser interferometer gravitational wave detectors employ long-baseline interferometers in vacuum. Since the sensitivity of gravitational wave detectors become worse by residual gases in vacuum, a pressure of less than 10-5 Pa is required for laser beam paths in the interferometer.
After the dance (2012)

A man I cannot name shows me the very spot where it happened on a Monday morning 60 years ago. He remembers it well - he was only a boy and lived just down the street.
Polymer Mechanochemistry: From Destructive to Productive (2015)

When one brings "polymeric materials" and "mechanical action" into the same conversation, the topic of this discussion might naturally focus on everyday circumstances such as failure of fibers, fatigue of composites, abrasion of coatings, etc. This intuitive viewpoint reflects the historic consensus in both academia and industry that mechanically induced chemical changes are destructive, leading to polymer degradation that limits materials lifetime on both macroscopic and molecular levels. In the 1930s, Staudinger observed mechanical degradation of polymers, and Melville later discovered that polymer chain scission caused the degradation. Inspired by these historical observations, we sought to redirect the destructive mechanical energy to a productive form that enables mechanoresponsive functions. In this Account, we provide a personal perspective on the origin, barriers, developments, and key advancements of polymer mechanochemistry. We revisit the seminal events that offered molecular-level insights into the mechanochemical behavior of polymers and influenced our thinking. We also highlight the milestones achieved by our group along with the contributions from key comrades at the frontier of this field. We present a workflow for the design, evaluation, and development of new "mechanophores", a term that has come to mean a molecular unit that chemically responds in a selective manner to a mechanical perturbation. We discuss the significance of computation in identifying pairs of points on the mechanophore that promote stretch-induced activation. Attaching polymer chains to the mechanophore at the most sensitive pair and locating the mechanophore near the center of a linear polymer are thought to maximize the efficiency of mechanical-to-chemical energy transduction. We also emphasize the importance of control experiments to validate mechanochemical transformations, both in solution and in the solid state, to differentiate "mechanical" from "thermal" activation. This Account offers our first-hand perspective of the change-in-thinking in polymer mechanochemistry from "destructive" to "productive" and looks at future advances that will stimulate this growing field.
Multiple-thickness gate oxide and dual-gate technologies for high-performance logic-embedded DRAMs (2002)

We demonstrate new fabrication technologies for dual-gate CMOSFETs with multiple-thickness gate oxide. The process consists of two major parts: forming a multiple-thickness gate oxide by using Ar/sup +/ and N/sup +/ implantation, and impurity doping into dual-gate poly-Si by using self-aligned thermal oxidation. During the doping process, nitrogen distribution recoiling from a Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ on a PMOSFET gate suppresses boron penetration.
The Doherty power amplifier (2006)

In this article, we show that the Doherty amplifier is capable of delivering the stringent requirements of the base station power amplifiers. We explain the operation principles, including both linearity and efficiency improvements, and the basic circuit configuration of the amplifier. Advanced design methods to operate across wide bandwidth and improve the linearity are also described. For verification, the Doherty amplifier is implemented using laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) transistors and measured using a WCDMA 4FA signal. These results show that the Doherty amplifier is a promising candidate for base station power amplifiers with wide bandwidth, high efficiency, and linearity
Large electrostrictive effects in relaxor ferroelectrics (1980)

Lead magnesium niobate and other relaxor ferroelectrics are promising transducer materials for use as active elements in adaptive optic systems and similar applications. These ceramics are dominantly in the paraelectric phase, and dimension control is obtained through the high intrinsic quadratic electrostrictive effect. Since stable ferroelectric domain structures do not occur, the problems of dimensional creep and non-reproducibility (aging and de-aging effects) of the conventional poled piezoelectric ceramic are largely eliminated. Suitably chosen compositions in the Pb3MgNb2O9-PbTiO3 family give electrostriction strains ten times larger than those of conventional BaTiO3-based ceramics. Low expansion coefficients are an added advantage for thermal stability.
<i>Dunaliella</i>biotechnology: methods and applications (2009)

The microalga Dunaliella salina is the best commercial source of natural beta-carotene. Additionally, different species of Dunaliella can accumulate significant amounts of valuable fine chemicals such as carotenoids, glycerol, lipids, vitamins, minerals and proteins. They also have a large potential for biotechnological processes such as expressing of foreign proteins and treatment of wastewater. In this review, we discussed several biotechnological aspects of the mass cultivation of D. salina like strain selection, carotenoid induction, culture conditions, culture systems and downstream processes. We also discuss several traditional and new applications of the genus.
Controlling the oxygen species density distributions in the flowing afterglow of O<sub>2</sub>/Ar–O<sub>2</sub>surface-wave microwave discharges (2013)

The evolution of species densities along a reactor radially positioned on an O2 surface-wave microwave discharge is investigated by means of modelling with the aim to define the density tuning possibilities. The validity of the models is shown by the comparison of the calculated and measured axial distribution of O-atoms. The calculations revealed that due to the perpendicular injection of the plasma into the reactor, the gas temperature is close to the room temperature in most of it, except for a 5 cm region around the inlet. It is shown that the pressure drop along the discharge tube, which results in the change of pressure in the discharge region with the gas flow rate, induces the variation of the relative density of active species entering the reactor, where the pressure is kept constant. The surface recombination probability of atoms varies along the afterglow tube due to the surface temperature gradient, as well as due to the conditioning of the surface resulting from the continuous operation of the system. The system is shown to be very practical in applications where surfaces/porous materials are to be treated homogeneously by pumping active species through them, since by tuning the gas flow rate equidensity surfaces can be obtained in the case of the two most abundant species, the O-atoms and O2(a) molecules. In the case of O-atoms the densities obtained at the two pressures investigated, i.e. 100 and 50 Pa, are very similar, as well as their evolution along the reactor, while the density of O2(a) molecules decreases considerably with pressure.
TLR2 Is One of the Endothelial Receptors for β2-Glycoprotein I (2010)

During the antiphospholipid syndrome, beta2-gpI interacts with phospholipids on endothelial cell (EC) surface to allow the binding of autoantibodies. However, induced-pathogenic intracellular signals suggest that beta2-gpI associates also with a receptor that is still not clearly identified. TLR2 and TLR4 have long been suspected, yet interactions between TLRs and beta2-gpI have never been unequivocally proven. The aim of the study was to identify the TLR directly involved in the binding of beta2-gpI on EC surface. beta2-gpI was not synthesized and secreted by ECs in vitro, but rather taken up from FCS. This uptake occurred through association with TLR2 and TLR4 which partitioned together in the lipid rafts of ECs. After coimmunoprecipitation, mass-spectrometry identification of peptides demonstrated that TLR2, but not TLR4, was implicated in the beta2-gpI retention. These results were further confirmed by plasmon resonance-based studies. Finally, siRNA were used to obtain TLR2-deficient ECs that lost their ability to bind biotinylated beta2-gpI and to trigger downstream phosphorylation of kinases and activation of NFkappaB. TLR4 may upregulate TLR2 expression, thereby contributing to beta2-gpI uptake. However, our data demonstrate that direct binding of beta2-gpI on EC surface occurs through direct interaction with TLR2. Furthermore, signaling for anti-beta2-gpI may be envisioned as a multiprotein complex concentrated in lipid rafts on the EC membrane.
<title>DMD-based bloom control for intensified imaging systems</title> (1999)

In most advanced imaging systems designed for low light level applications, the heart of the detection process is an image intensifier. While such imaging systems are ideal in low light, they are sensitive to sudden increases in brightness levels within the field of view. These sudden bright spots are caused by a variety of sources (both intentional and not) and can result in a loss of contrast, blinding of the imaging system and damage to the components. As a safety measure against this situation, most systems incorporate global methods for automatic protection against bright sources. Unfortunately, this results in loss of gain and image contrast over the entire field of view, even if the bright source occupies only a small portion of the image. Exposure control over individual segments of the image is required. We present initial results from a unique implementation of the Digital Micromirror Device (DMD<SUP>TM</SUP>) technology. Through proper placement of the DMD in the optical path and by providing an automatic feedback control loop from the intensified digital imager, sections of the image plane can be automatically diverted from the optical path by controlling the mirror pixels in those affected areas. An innovative approach, the DMD-based Anti-Blooming System (DABS), has been developed. Using rapid digital processing, this control can be ultimately implemented between frames of the imager to both preserve the hardware and allow for seamless return to a high contrast image. Repeated polling of the image plane through the feedback loop will allow for active control of the intensified image. A system description of the DABS and successful results from initial closed loop operation are presented.
Cricothyroidotomy (2008)

Cricothyroidotomy is an emergent procedure performed on patients experiencing severe respiratory distress in whom orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation has failed. The procedure involves making an incision in the cricothyroid membrane, which lies between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, followed by inserting a tracheostomy tube, which allows ventilation. This video describes how to perform a cricothyroidotomy in an adult. The major indication for cricothyroidotomy is the inability to establish an airway by orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation. Failure to secure an orotracheal or nasotracheal airway may be due to factors such as difficult patient anatomy; excessive blood in the mouth or . . . .
Interactive performance measurement with VNCplay (2005)

Today many system benchmarks use throughput as a measure of performance. While throughput is appropriate for benchmarking server environments, response time is a better metric for evaluating desktop performance. Currently, there is a lack of good tools to measure interactive performance; although several commercial GUI testing tools exist, they are not designed for performance measurement. This paper presents VNCplay, a cross-platform tool for measuring interactive performance of GUI-based systems. VNCplay records a user’s interactive session with a system and replays it multiple times under different system configurations; interactive response time is evaluated by comparing the times at which similar screen updates occur in each of the replayed sessions. Using VNCplay we studied the effect of processor speed and disk load on interactive performance of Microsoft Windows and Linux. These experiments show that the same user session can have widely varying interactive response times in different environments while maintaining the same total running time, illustrating that response time is a better measure of interactive performance than throughput. The experimental results make a case for a response time measurement tool like VNCplay. 1
Representation of the Temporal Order of Visual Objects in the Primate Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (2003)

Recollecting a past episode involves remembering the temporal order of events. We studied cellular activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) of two monkeys that were required to remember the temporal order in which visual objects appeared and to reach for each object in the same order after a delay. Here, we report the cellular activity in the lateral PFC, focusing on the delay period. We found that 43% of the delay-period activity was selective for the sequence in which the visual objects were presented during the cue period. While the majority of cellular activity was selective for multiple sequences, some cells (31%) were selective for only one of six sequences. Our findings show that PFC cells are involved in holding temporal order information when that information is necessary for planning forthcoming motor behavior.
MicroRNAs in β-Cell Biology, Insulin Resistance, Diabetes and Its Complications (2011)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small 19–23 nucleotide RNA molecules that act as regulators of protein expression in eukaryotic cells by inducing the translational arrest and degradation of messenger RNAs (1). They are potent drivers of differentiation and development (1), and their dysregulation has been linked to many diseases. Here, we present an overview of the known and proposed roles and effects of miRNAs in type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D and T2D), focusing on β-cell biology, insulin resistance, and diabetes complications. Specifically, we discuss miRNAs in β-cell biology, altered expression of miRNAs in adipose tissue in response to obesity, and miRNA dysfunction in organs and tissues that may be affected in later stages of the disease. Additionally, we propose a set of research directions that may yield novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this chronic illness.

T2D is characterized by hyperglycemia resultant from impaired insulin secretion and/or impaired insulin action in peripheral tissues (2). T2D constitutes one of the greatest pandemics of our time, with 220 million people currently diagnosed (3), and 366 million people expected to be affected by 2030 (4). A number of lines of evidence support a key role for pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in T2D (in addition to T1D), in which it is the major pathology. For example, recent genome-wide association studies have strongly implicated genes involved in insulin secretion as etiological factors in the development of T2D (5).

A role for miRNAs in T2D was first established in 2004 by Poy et al. (6) who showed that miR-375 is directly involved in the regulation of insulin secretion. This study was one of the first to demonstrate that a miRNA could be tightly linked to a disease phenotype. In recent years, dozens of additional miRNAs have been identified as components of pathways triggered by, or contributing …
Thermal expansion of AlN, sapphire, and silicon (1974)

Thermal expansion coefficients of high-purity AlN, sapphire, and silicon were calculated from the data obtained with precision high-temperature x-ray lattice parameter measurements. The mean thermal expansion coefficients obtained in the range 20–800°C are α⊥ = 5.3 × 10−6/°C and α∥ = 4.2 × 10−6/°C for AlN, α⊥ = 7.3 × 10−6/°C and α∥ = 8.1 × 10−6/°C for α-Al2O3, and α = 3.6 × 10−6/°C for Si.
Joint source-channel list sequence decoding (2003)

We evaluate the performance of list sequence (LS) maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) decoding on the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and the fully interleaved flat Rayleigh fading channel. In particular, we focus on the frame error rate (FER) of LS-MAP decoding with genie-assisted error detection. It is demonstrated that LS-MAP decoding yields significant performance improvements relative to single sequence MAP decoding on the AWGN channel as well as the fully interleaved flat Rayleigh fading channel. Furthermore, feedback convolutional codes have been observed to have the potential to yield improved FER performance with both single sequence MAP and IS-MAP decoding, compared to feedforward convolutional codes. Based on these performance improvements, we propose a joint source-channel IS decoding scheme. The scheme is based on the max-log list algorithm for simultaneous soft symbol and IS decoding of convolutional codes. In existing systems where a cyclic redundancy check for error mitigation is concatenated with a convolutional code for error correction, this scheme can be implemented in a fully backward compatible receiver.
PML-IRIS in patients with HIV infection (2009)

Immune reconstitution following initiation of combined antiretroviral therapy may lead to activation of an inflammatory response to detectable or latent JC virus infection. Early and prolonged treatment with steroids may be useful in these patients but requires further investigation.