gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enantioselective synthesis of .beta.-amino acids. 4. 1,2 Asymmetric induction in the alkylation of 1-benzoyl-3,6(S)-dimethylperhydropyrimidin-4-one. Preparation of the like and unlike stereoisomers of 2-methyl- and 2-benzyl-3(S)-aminobutanoic acid (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEnantioselective synthesis of .beta.-amino acids. 4. 1,2 Asymmetric induction in the alkylation of 1-benzoyl-3,6(S)-dimethylperhydropyrimidin-4-one. Preparation of the like and unlike stereoisomers of 2-methyl- and 2-benzyl-3(S)-aminobutanoic acidEusebio Juaristi and Jaime EscalanteCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 8, 2282–2285Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00060a051https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00060a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views371Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Model of MAS: supporting dynamic enterprise model (2002)

The advent of new enterprise paradigms of extended, virtual and agile enterprises presents new requirements on organizational concepts and supporting technologies. Inter- and intra-organizational relations need enterprise information systems (EIS) to support their establishment, deployment and discontinuation. This paper describes the model of multi-agent system (MAS) for supporting the dynamic enterprise model (DEM). It separates the business process from the organizational structure (organizational structure tier and business process tier), models each of them as MAS, and coordinates agents by "yellow page" mechanism. This model not only can regulate itself in terms of DEM, but also centers on the coordination strategies between the agents. It is believed that the model of MAS is a practical way to build flexible EIS.
Statistical cue integration in DAG deformable models (2003)

Deformable models are a useful modeling paradigm in computer vision. A deformable model is a curve, a surface, or a volume, whose shape, position, and orientation are controlled through a set of parameters. They can represent manufactured objects, human faces and skeletons, and even bodies of fluid. With low-level computer vision and image processing techniques, such as optical flow, we extract relevant information from images. Then, we use this information to change the parameters of the model iteratively until we find a good approximation of the object in the images. When we have multiple computer vision algorithms providing distinct sources of information (cues), we have to deal with the difficult problem of combining these, sometimes conflicting contributions in a sensible way. In this paper, we introduce the use of a directed acyclic graph (DAG) to describe the position and Jacobian of each point of deformable models. This representation is dynamic, flexible, and allows computational optimizations that would be difficult to do otherwise. We then describe a new method for statistical cue integration method for tracking deformable models that scales well with the dimension of the parameter space. We use affine forms and affine arithmetic to represent and propagate the cues and their regions of confidence. We show that we can apply the Lindeberg theorem to approximate each cue with a Gaussian distribution, and can use a maximum-likelihood estimator to integrate them. Finally, we demonstrate the technique at work in a 3D deformable face tracking system on monocular image sequences with thousands of frames.
Asymmetric Diels–Alder Reactions of an Acrylic Acid Derivative Using a Chiral Titanium Catalyst (1991)

Abstract Asymmetric Diels–Alder reactions of an acrylic acid derivative using a catalytic amount of a chiral titanium reagent were performed with several dienes. The titanium catalyst was prepared by the alkoxy exchange between dichlorodiisopropoxytitanium(IV) and a chiral 1,4-diol derived from (2R,3R)-tartrate. By the use of the titanium catalyst, the reaction between 3-acryloyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one and dienes proceeded in a toluene–petroleum ether mixture in the presence of Molecular Sieves 4A to afford the Diels–Alder adducts in 72–100% yields and 88–&gt;96% enantioselectivity. This reaction can be applied to a diene containing a hetero atom such as 2-ethylthio-1,3-butadiene, which affords the Diels–Alder adduct in a high optical purity. In this paper are also described the methods for determining the optical purities of the obtained 4-substituted 3-cyclohexenecarboxylic acid derivatives.
Learning a Metric for Code Readability (2009)

In this paper, we explore the concept of code readability and investigate its relation to software quality. With data collected from 120 human annotators, we derive associations between a simple set of local code features and human notions of readability. Using those features, we construct an automated readability measure and show that it can be 80 percent effective and better than a human, on average, at predicting readability judgments. Furthermore, we show that this metric correlates strongly with three measures of software quality: code changes, automated defect reports, and defect log messages. We measure these correlations on over 2.2 million lines of code, as well as longitudinally, over many releases of selected projects. Finally, we discuss the implications of this study on programming language design and engineering practice. For example, our data suggest that comments, in and of themselves, are less important than simple blank lines to local judgments of readability.
Application of Gemini Surfactants as Diesel Fuel Wax Dispersants (2010)

Gemini surfactants were synthesized and evaluated as wax dispersants (WDs) or wax antisettling additives (WASAs) in crude oil derived diesel. In combination with styrene−C18 methacrylate statistical copolymers as coadditives, aliphatic flexible (class A) and rigid aromatic spacer (class B) geminis with two or three ionic head groups having C18 chain length were investigated. The copolymers were prepared via a controlled radical polymerization technique, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Crystallization studies in crude diesel revealed a structure−activity relationship between the gemini surfactants in conjunction with the polymeric additives. The lower molecular weight polymeric additive together with the flexible spacer geminis decreased the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) by about 11 °C with efficiency decreasing with aromatic geminis. The higher molecular weight polymeric additive in combination with the rigid bifunctional aromatic gemini gave a ΔCFPP of 12 °C.
Standardization of a Sample Preparation and Analytical Workflow for Proteomics of Archival Endometrial Cancer Tissue (2011)

The goal of the present study was to establish a standard operating procedure for mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic analysis of laser microdissected (LMD) formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) uterine tissue. High resolution bioimage analysis of a large endometrial cancer tissue microarray immunostained for the breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein enabled precise counting of cells to establish that there is an average of 600 cells/nL of endometrial cancer tissue. We sought to characterize the peptide recovery from various volumes of tissue gathered by LMD and processed/digested using the present methodology. We observed a nearly linear increase in peptide recovery amount with increasing tissue volume dissected. There was little discernible difference in the peptide recovery from stromal versus malignant epithelium, and there was no apparent difference in the day-to-day recovery. This methodology reproducibly results in 100 ng of digested peptides per nL of endometrial tissue, or ∼25 pg peptides/endometrial cancer cell. Results from liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS experiments to assess the impact of total peptide load on column on the total number of peptides and proteins identified from FFPE tissue digests prepared with the present methodology indicate a demonstrable increase in the total number of peptides identified up to 1000 ng, beyond which diminishing returns were observed. Furthermore, we observed no impact on the peptide identification rates from analyses of equivalent peptide amounts derived from lower volume LMD samples. These results show that this single-tube collection-to-injection proteomics (CTIP) workflow represents a straightforward, scalable, and highly reliable methodology for sample preparation to enable high throughput LMD-MS analysis of tissues derived from biopsy or surgery.
SureMail: Notification Overlay for Email Reliability (2005)

Transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins are non-selective cation channels that mediate sensory transduction. The neuroanatomical localization and the physiological roles of isoform TRPV2 in the rodent brain are largely unknown. We report here the neuroanatomical distribution of TRPV2 in the adult male rat brain focusing on the hypothalamus and hindbrain regions involved in osmoregulation, autonomic function and energy metabolism. For this we utilized immunohistochemistry combined with brightfield microscopy. In the forebrain, the densest immunostaining was seen in both the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and the magnocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. TRPV2 immunoreactivity was also seen in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, the median preoptic nucleus and the subfornical organ, in addition to the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH), the medial forebrain bundle, the cingulate cortex and the globus pallidus to name a few. In the hindbrain, intense staining was seen in the nucleus of the solitary tract, hypoglossal nucleus, nucleus ambiguous, and the rostral division of the ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) and some mild staining in the area prostrema. To ascertain the specificity of the TRPV2 antibody used in this paper, we compared the TRPV2 immunoreactivity of wildtype (WT) and knockout (KO) mouse brain tissue. Double immunostaining with arginine vasopressin (AVP) using confocal microscopy showed a high degree of colocalization of TRPV2 in the magnocellular SON and PVN. Using laser capture microdissection (LCM) we also show that AVP neurons in the SON contain TRPV2 mRNA. TRPV2 was also co-localized with dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) in the NTS and the RVLM of the hindbrain. Based on our results, TRPV2 may play an important role in several CNS networks that regulate body fluid homeostasis, autonomic function, and metabolism.
Polymer sheets with a thin nanocomposite layer acting as a UV filter (1997)

A surface layer (thickness 1–10 μm) containing colloidal TiO2 or ZnO particles was prepared in EVA (a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate). The inorganic particles were formed in situ by hydrolysis of incorporated titanium tetrachloride or diethyl zinc. The resulting materials were analyzed with UV spectroscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and atomic emission spectroscopy. The average diameter of the embedded TiO2 particles was 70 nm; these particles absorb UV radiation but also induce opacity in the polymer sheets in the visible wavelengths range. The ZnO particles were smaller (average diameter 15 nm); with a surface layer of embedded ZnO, transparent polymer sheets can be obtained that absorb UV radiation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vanadium Compounds as Driers for Linseed Oil (1922)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVanadium Compounds as Driers for Linseed OilF. H. RHODES and K. S. CHENCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1922, 14, 3, 222–223Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1922Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1922https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50147a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50147a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views40Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Development of a space activity suit (1971)

The development of a series of prototype space activity suit (SAS) assemblies is discussed. The SAS is a new type of pressure suit designed especially for extravehicular activity. It consists of a set of carefully tailored elastic fabric garments which have been engineered to supply sufficient counterpressure to the body to permit subjects to breath O2 at pressures up to 200 mm Hg without circulatory difficulty. A closed, positive pressure breathing system (PPBS) and a full bubble helmet were also developed to complete the system. The ultimate goal of the SAS is to improve the range of activity and decrease the energy cost of work associated with wearing conventional gas filled pressure suits. Results are presented from both laboratory (1 atmosphere) and altitude chamber tests with subjects wearing various SAS assemblies. In laboratory tests lasting up to three hours, the SAS was worn while subjects breathed O2 at pressures up to 170 mm Hg without developing physiological problems. The only physiological symptoms apparent were a moderate tachycardia related to breathing pressures above 130 mm Hg, and a small collection of edema fluid in the hands. Both problems were considered to be related to areas of under-pressurization by the garments. These problems, it is suggested, can ultimately be corrected by the development of new elastic fabrics and tailoring techniques. Energy cost of activity, and mobility and dexterity of subjects in the SAS, were found to be superior to those in comparable tests on subjects in full pressure suits.
Magnetoelectric sensor excitations in hexaferrite slabs (2015)

We developed techniques for H- and E-field sensors utilizing single phase magnetoelectric (ME) hexaferrite slabs in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 10 MHz. Novel circuit designs incorporating both spiral and solenoid coils and single and multi-capacitor banks were developed to probe the physics and properties of ME hexaferrites and explore ME effects for sensor detections. Fundamental measurements of the anisotropic tensor elements of the magneto-electric coupling parameter were performed using these novel techniques. In addition, for H-field sensing experiments we measured sensitivity of about 3000 Vm−1/G using solenoid coils and 8000 Vm−1/G using spiral coils. For E-field, sensing the sensitivity was 10−4 G/Vm−1 and using single capacitor detector. Sensitivity for multi-capacitor detectors was measured to be in the order of 10−3 G/Vm−1 and frequency dependent exhibiting a maximum value at ∼1 MHz. Tunability of 0.1%–90% was achieved for tunable inductor applications using both single and multi-capacitors excitation. We believe that significant (∼106) improvements in sensitivity and tunability are feasible with simple modifications of the fabrication process.
Electrooptic characterization of organic media (1992)

The authors have developed an electrooptic characterization apparatus based on an AC-modulated Senarmont compensator. The apparatus is particularly suitable for studying the electrooptic response of thin polymer films. The system is capable of measuring the Pockel's effect at a variety of wavelengths with a minimum phase shift sensitivity of 1 mu rad. Sample-to-sample variations in the coefficient measurements are less than 15%. The authors have made a systematic evaluation of thin, poled electrooptic polymer films on coplanar electrodes to demonstrate the usefulness of the apparatus. Corrections for the fringing effects of the applied electric field are described. The reproducibility of the electrooptic data through an examination of the polymer thickness dependence has been verified. The authors have also measured the poling field dependence of the electrooptic coefficient and obtained a best-fit molecular dipole value in excellent agreement with the reported value obtained from EFISH and solvatochromism measurements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Conduction regime in innovative carbon nanotube via interconnect architectures (2007)

We report on the electrical properties of multiwall carbon nanotube based via interconnects over a broad range of temperature and bias voltage. By using innovating processing techniques, high density nanotube vias have been fabricated from single damascene and double damascene via architectures with diameters down to 140nm. For single damascene structures, resistances as low as 20Ω have been achieved for 300nm via size. Further measurements show that the conductance increases with temperature following an exponential law, which can be interpreted in terms of a disordered quasi-one dimensional conduction regime.
Inhibition of DNA methyltransferase and induction of Friend erythroleukemia cell differentiation by 5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. (1982)

Treatment of Friend erythroleukemia cells with the antileukemic drugs 5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine leads to rapid, time-dependent, and dose-dependent decrease of DNA methyltransferase activity and synthesis of markedly undermethylated DNA. Since this DNA is at least partially methylated in vivo and serves as an excellent substrate for methylation in vitro, hypomethylation of DNA in analog-treated cells appears to result from the loss of DNA methyltransferase, rather than from an inherent inability of 5-azacytosine- substituted DNA to serve as a methyl acceptor. Inhibition of DNA synthesis blocks the loss of DNA methyltransferase activity while inhibitors of RNA synthesis do not, suggesting that the analogs must be incorporated into DNA to mediate their effect on the enzyme, and that minor substitution of 5-azacytosine for cytosine in DNA (approximately 0.3%) suffices to inactivate more than 95% of the enzyme in the cell. Several lines of evidence link changes in the pattern of DNA modification with differentiation. In this regard, it is significant that 5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine act as weak inducers of erythroid differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells in the same concentration range where they affect DNA methyltransferase activity. For differentiation to proceed, the cells must be washed free of the drugs. Less than 24 h later, normal levels of DNA methyltransferase activity are restored and within 48 h, DNA isolated from the cells is not detectably undermethylated. This may in part explain why 5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine induce differentiation in less than 15% of the population despite their initial profound effect on DNA methylation.
Low-power small-area digital I/O cell (2005)

A novel low-power and small-area digital I/O cell is proposed in this work. The new input/output (I/O) cell drastically reduces the I/O power consumption, which has been considered as the major power dissipation of the whole chip. The maximum operating clock is 500 MHz given a 10-pF offchip load. On top of the power saving feature, the proposed cell occupies merely 10535.2=4167.45 (transmitter)+6367.8 (receiver) /spl mu/m/sup 2/ which is far less than any prior commercially available I/O and low-voltage differential signaling I/O cells. Physical measurements of the proposed I/O cells show that the delays of the transmitter and the receiver are 1.1 and 1.8 ns, respectively. The largest power/bandwidth of the proposed design is 38.9 /spl mu/W/MHz when transmitting.
Laser-Based Gene Transfection and Gene Therapy (2008)

The plasma membrane of mammalian cells can be transiently permeablized by optical means and exogenous materials or genes can be introduced into the cytoplasm of living cells. Until now, few mechanisms were exploited for the manipulation: laser is directly and tightly focused on the cells for optoinjection, laser-induced stress waves, photochemical internalization, and irradiation of selective cell targeting with light-absorbing particles. During the past few years, extensive progress and numerous breakthroughs have been made in this area of research. This review covers four different laser-assisted transfection techniques and their advantages and disadvantages. Universality towards various cell lines is possibly the main advantage of laser-assisted optoporation in comparison with presently existing methods of cell transfection.
Low-Pressure Silicon Epitaxy (1982)

The deposition process of epitaxial layers on Si substrates under low-pressure conditions has been studied with respect to bipolar devices for VLSI. Epitaxial deposition was carried out in the temperature range from 850 to 1060/spl deg/C and in the pressure range from 30 to 760 torr with SiH/sub 4/ and SiH/sub 2/Cl/sub 2/ as Si sources. By reducing the reaction pressure from 760 to 40 torr, the reaction temperature can be lowered about 100 to 150/spl deg/C, image transfer and quality of buried structures to the surface of the epi-layer will be improved, and autodoping can be reduced drastically.
An Enthalpic Component in Cooperativity:  The Relationship between Enthalpy, Entropy, and Noncovalent Structure in Weak Associations (2001)

Attempts to quantify binding interactions of noncovalent complexes in aqueous solution have been stymied by complications arising from enthalpy-entropy compensation and cooperativity. We have extended work detailing the relationship between noncovalent structure and free energy of binding to include the roles of enthalpy and entropy of association. On the basis of van't Hoff measurements of the dimerization of vancomycin type antibiotics, we demonstrate that positive cooperativity manifests itself in a more favorable enthalpy of association and a partially compensating less favorable entropy of association. Finally, we extend these results to rationalize thermodynamic observations in unrelated systems.