gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How to account for mispellings: Quantifying the benefit of character representations in neural content scoring models (2019)

Character-based representations in neural models have been claimed to be a tool to overcome spelling variation in word token-based input. We examine this claim in neural models for content scoring. We formulate precise hypotheses about the possible effects of adding character representations to word-based models and test these hypotheses on large-scale real-world content scoring datasets. We find that, while character representations may provide small performance gains in general, their effectiveness in accounting for spelling variation may be limited. We show that spelling correction can provide larger gains than character representations, and that spelling correction improves the performance of models with character representations. With these insights, we report a new state of the art on the ASAP-SAS short content scoring dataset.
Evaluation of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in colorectal cancer (1998)

Background and Objectives: Information on cellular proliferation is gaining importance for predicting prognosis in several cancers. To clarify the clinicopathological significance of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and DNA ploidy pattern, we studied their correlations with clinicopathological factors in colorectal cancer. Methods Fifty-two patients with colorectal cancer were examined by AgNOR staining, immunohistochemical study of PCNA expression, and DNA flow cytometry. Results The AgNOR score and the PCNA labeling rate (PCNA LR) were significantly higher in patients with deep invasion (P = 0.0072, P = 0.0355), liver metastasis (P = 0.0022, P = 0.0001), and Dukes D classification (P = 0.0002, P = 0.0001) than in patients without these factors. In patients with high AgNOR score (>3.83) or with high PCNA LR (>48.8), prognosis was significantly worse (P = 0.0002, P = 0.0123) than in those with low AgNOR score (<3.83) or in those with low PCNA LR (<48.8), respectively. No significant association was observed between AgNOR score and PCNA LR. Combined analysis revealed that the survival curve for patients with high AgNOR score and high PCNA LR was significantly lower (P = 0.0156) than that for patients with high AgNOR score and low PCNA LR. There was no significant correlation between DNA ploidy pattern and clinicopathological findings. Conclusions PCNA LR and AgNOR score were correlated not only with local progression but also with metastasis. Their determination provided useful prognostic information, and these parameters are probably independent. Their simultaneous determination was useful for accurate evaluation of prognosis. The value of DNA ploidy pattern was uncertain. J. Surg. Oncol. 1998;69:28–35. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translation via Pre-trained StyleGAN2 Network (2020)

Image-to-Image (I2I) translation is a heated topic in academia, and it also has been applied in real-world industry for tasks like image synthesis, super-resolution, and colorization. However, traditional I2I translation methods train data in two or more domains together. This requires lots of computation resources. Moreover, the results are of lower quality, and they contain many more artifacts. The training process could be unstable when the data in different domains are not balanced, and modal collapse is more likely to happen. We proposed a new I2I translation method that generates a new model in the target domain via a series of model transformations on a pre-trained StyleGAN2 model in the source domain. After that, we proposed an inversion method to achieve the conversion between an image and its latent vector. By feeding the latent vector into the generated model, we can perform I2I translation between the source domain and target domain. Both qualitative and quantitative evaluations were conducted to prove that the proposed method can achieve outstanding performance in terms of image quality, diversity and semantic similarity to the input and reference images compared to state-of-the-art works.
The Automated Bone Scan Index as a Predictor of Response to Prostate Radiotherapy in Men with Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Prostate Cancer: An Exploratory Analysis of STAMPEDE’s “M1|RT Comparison” (2020)

The widely used bone scan can be evaluated using an automated technique to potentially select men with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer who might benefit from prostate radiotherapy.
Extended Alamouti codes in correlated channels using partial feedback (2004)

In this paper we present a family of quasi-orthogonal space-time codes for correlated MIMO (multi-input/multi-output) channels using four and eight transmit antennas when only partial channel state information is sent back to the transmitter. Transmit diversity is improved up to nearly the optimum diversity value. This high diversity can be exploited with zero forcing receivers as well as with maximum-likelihood receivers.
New Phthalocyanine Complexes Based on 4,5‐Isopropylidenedioxyphthalonitrile. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Micro-injection-mediated hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy. (2000)

Over the past decade, significant attention has been devoted to the development of viral vectors (i.e., retrovirus, lentivirus, adeno-associated virus) and conditions capable of transducing hematopoietic stem cells. After several years of disappointing results, recent reports in humans and other primates, most particularly the French report of successful treatment of X-linked severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) [1.], indicate that viral approaches will be successful in treating specific hematopoietic diseases. However, it is clear that alternate non-viral methods of gene delivery and genetic modification offer significant advantages, and may in fact be the only effective approach for treating certain blood diseases. In this review, we focus on glass needle-mediated micro-injection as a method for the delivery of genetic material into blood stem cells, with an emphasis on molecules capable of either compensating gene deletions/mutations or directly repairing gene mutations.
Breakdown-speed considerations in InP/InGaAs single- and double-heterostructure bipolar transistors (1993)

The breakdown and speed characteristics of InP/InGaAs single and double HBTs are presented. Temperature-dependent two- and three-terminal measurements suggest that avalanche impact ionization is the dominant breakdown mechanism in InGaAs collector HBTs. Monte Carlo techniques and 1D drift-diffusion modeling are used for speed and breakdown simulation, respectively. Special doping profiles are evaluated for improving the breakdown-speed characteristics of single HBTs (SHBTs) with conventional uniformly doped InGaAs collectors. Double HBTs (DHBTs) outperform all SHBTs in terms of speed-breakdown tradeoffs as long as they use graded base-collector junctions or they operate under sufficiently high collector-emitter voltage conditions. A cutoff frequency of 200 GHz was found to be feasible with graded DHBTs, and breakdown voltages up to 4.6 V were evaluated with a 3000-AA-thick collector. Nongraded DHBTs can be optimized to perform better in terms of speed-breakdown tradeoffs provided that a high collector doping is used.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Brave New Biosphere (2008)

Christmas day 1642, at dawn. 1 A grey limestone manor house inWoolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, where a woman is in labour. Within hours, she delivers a boy.He was so little that they could put him into a quart pot, and he was so weak that they wrapped a bolster around his neck to keep his head on his shoulders. The midwives lost all hope: for a week the baby’s life hung in the balance. But he made it. On January 1, 1643, the child was baptized. They called him Isaac, after his late father.
Dynamic imine chemistry (2012)

Formation of an imine--from an amine and an aldehyde--is a reversible reaction which operates under thermodynamic control such that the formation of kinetically competitive intermediates are, in the fullness of time, replaced by the thermodynamically most stable product(s). For this fundamental reason, the imine bond has emerged as an extraordinarily diverse and useful one in the hands of synthetic chemists. Imine bond formation is one of a handful of reactions which define a discipline known as dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC), which is now employed widely in the construction of exotic molecules and extended structures on account of the inherent 'proof-reading' and 'error-checking' associated with these reversible reactions. While both supramolecular chemistry and DCC operate under the regime of reversibility, DCC has the added advantage of constructing robust molecules on account of the formation of covalent bonds rather than fragile supermolecules resulting from noncovalent bonding interactions. On the other hand, these products tend to require more time to form--sometimes days or even months--but their formation can often be catalysed. In this manner, highly symmetrical molecules and extended structures can be prepared from relatively simple precursors. When DCC is utilised in conjunction with template-directed protocols--which rely on the use of noncovalent bonding interactions between molecular building blocks in order to preorganise them into certain relative geometries as a prelude to the formation of covalent bonds under equilibrium control--an additional level of control of structure and topology arises which offers a disarmingly simple way of constructing mechanically-interlocked molecules, such as rotaxanes, catenanes, Borromean rings, and Solomon knots. This tutorial review focuses on the use of dynamic imine bonds in the construction of compounds and products formed with and without the aid of additional templates. While synthesis under thermodynamic control is giving the field of chemical topology a new lease of life, it is also providing access to an endless array of new materials that are, in many circumstances, simply not accessible using more traditional synthetic methodologies where kinetic control rules the roost. One of the most endearing qualities of chemistry is its ability to reinvent itself in order to create its own object, as Berthelot first pointed out a century and a half ago.
Dynamic power management of electronic systems (1998)

4flamiCP0wer ~~asemeflr ~a desisnmethodology airnins at con!rollins pe@or- rnance and power lmek of disital circreiLcand ~stems, with the soul of eztendins Ihe metonomowoperation time of batte~-powered~stems, providing srac~lpefornmnce degradation when supply ener~is limited, and adaptins power dtiipation to sat~em,ironmental constraints.We survg ~stem-level dynarnicpower rnanasement techniques.We$nt analyze idlene~de:ectimr and shutdown mechanti for idle hardware resources and we review industtilsrandarh for operatins~~em-baedpower mnasement.We describe w~tem-l~elstOchastic madekfor thepowerlpefonnance behaviorof~stems. Uk an-al}ze different rrrodelins assumptforrsarrdwe ducu theirvalidi~andseneraliy.tit, we descn,be methohfor detenninins optirnumpmver manasementstratesies andafso describe Vuriou validation metho~that can be empbyed to assess the effecttieness of power-~flaseable architectures andtheuociatedpawer-manasementschews.
A Facile Hydration of Nitriles by Dimethyldioxirane (1997)

Abstract A new and practical method for the conversion of nitriles to amides by employing the dimethyldioxirane, which is prepared in situ from acetone and oxone®, is described. IICT Communication No. 3698.
Network Threat Assessment Based on Alert Verification (2011)

In face of overwhelming alerts produced by firewalls or intrusion detection devices, it is difficult to assess network threats that we face. In this paper, we propose a threat assessment approach to estimate the impact of attacks on network. The approach employs the Common Vulnerability Scoring System to quantitatively assess network threats and further correlates alerts with contextual information to improve the accuracy of assessment. In the case studies, we demonstrate how the approach is applied in real networks. The experimental results show that the approach can make an accurate assessment of network threats.
Synthesis and antisecretory and antiulcer activities of derivatives and analogs of 2-(2-pyridyl)tetrahydrothiophene-2-carbothioamide (1987)

New thioamide derivatives of 2-(2-pyridyl)tetrahydrothiophene-2-carbothioamide (29) and related compounds (in which the tetrahydrothiophene ring was replaced by tetrahydrothiopyran, tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dithiane, or 1,3-oxathiane and where the pyridine ring was replaced by other nitrogen heterocycles) were synthesized and tested for their antisecretory and antiulcer activities. These thioamides were prepared according to one of the following methods: reaction of an isothiocyanate with the carbanion of the corresponding cyclic precursor (for secondary thioamides); reaction of ammonia or an amine with the dithio ester prepared from the same precursor (for primary, secondary, and tertiary thioamides). These thioamides were evaluated by the Shay method to measure their antisecretory activity and by the stress-induced-ulcer method to test their antiulcer activity. Structure-activity relationships are discussed. N-Methyl-2-(2-pyridyl)tetrahydrothiophene-2-carbothioamide (R.P. 40749, 30) exhibited activities that were at least 10 times higher than those reported for cimetidine.
Lipids of defatted soybean flakes: extraction and characterization (1969)

SUMMARY Dehulled soybean flakes, defatted with pentane-hexane, were further extracted with various nonpolar and polar solvents to remove free and bound lipids with the object of deter­ mining sources of flavor in these flakes and their products. The flakes con­ tain 0.10% residual oil as determined by official test methods. They contain about 3% crude lipids extractable with an azeotropic mixture of hexane: ethanol. Phospholipids, including phos­ phatidic acid, account for about 60% of the crude lipids. Sterols, triglycer­ ides, sugars and amino acids, together with lesser amounts of the isoflavones, daidzein and genistein and their glu­ coside derivatives, are also present. Palmitic acid content of the phospho­ lipids is nearly three times higher than that in typical soybean oil. The higher content of palmitic acid is bal­ anced bv decreases in oleic and lino­ leic acids. The hexane-ethanol azeotrope and hot 95% ethyl alcohol are effective solvents in removing the more intense flavors of defatted soybean flakes and the extracted flakes are much reduced in flavor. Fractionation of the crude lipids by silicic acid column chroma­ tography is an effective method for concentrating the soybean flavors.
Big data and predictive analytics in ERP systems for automating decision making process (2014)

ERP systems, at present, are found to be inflexible to adapt to changing organizational processes. They are required to quickly adjust to changing processes and value-added chains and streamline their internal organizational structure. Data in ERP systems is becoming increasingly voluminous in their transactional programs. In this scenario, ERP systems are increasingly exposed to big data wherein the combined analysis of larger amounts of structured and unstructured data from disparate systems takes place in a short amount of time. Big data analytics requires greater use of predictive analytics to uncover hidden patterns and their relationships to visualize and explore data. The evolution of big data and predictive analytics have given a new way for exploring new frontiers in analytics-driven automation and decision management in highvolume, front-line operational decisions. In this paper the authors have focused on predictive capabilities of ERP systems, to analyze current data and historical facts in order to identify potential risks and opportunities for any organization. Analytical Decision Management & Business Rules are used to deploy decision as a service.
Substation operation support system which allows event-drive processing (2003)

The authors introduce an expert system for supporting the operation of a primary substation which plays an important role in an electric power system. The system provides the substation operators with the results of diagnosis and necessary guidance. The system is provided with an event-driven reasoning system which flexibly changes the flow of reasoning in response to the events or changes in the state of the electric power system. To realize this event-driven reasoning, the system is composed of multiple inference modules centered around a blackboard. To verify the operation of the expert system on a real-time basis, a prototype of the expert system was connected with a simulator which simulates a power system and its faults.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Influence of Barium Sulfate on the Mechanical Properties of Glass/Epoxy Resin Composite (2008)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of barium sulfate on the mechanical properties of glass/epoxy resin composite. Eight groups of glass fibre-reinforced resin bar and barium sulfate/epoxy resin bar specimens containing 0%, 9.7%, 13.9%, 17.7%, 21.2%, 24.4%, 27.3%, and 30.1 w.t% barium sulfate were fabricated. The three-point bending test and Charpy impact test were employed to measure the flexural strength, modulus, and impact strength of the composite. It was found that the flexural strength value increased about 30% from 0% (635.75 MPa) to 30.1% (822.82 MPa) as the amount of barium sulfate increased. The elastic modulus values of all group specimens varied from 23–27 GPa but there was no statistical significance among the groups (P = 0.524). The impact strength decreased noticeably with the addition of barium sulfate to the epoxy resin, while there was no significant difference among the filler-containing groups. In conclusion, barium sulfate reduced the impact strength of the resin; but on combining with glass fibre reinforcement, the barium sulfate improved the flexural strength of the composite.
Genetically Manipulated Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Dendritic Cells with Immune Regulatory Function (2007)

Genetically manipulated dendritic cells (DC) are considered to be a promising means for antigen-specific immune therapy. This study reports the generation, characterization, and genetic modification of DC derived from human embryonic stem (ES) cells. The human ES cell-derived DC (ES-DC) expressed surface molecules typically expressed by DC and had the capacities to stimulate allogeneic T lymphocytes and to process and present protein antigen in the context of histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecule. Genetic modification of human ES-DC can be accomplished without the use of viral vectors, by the introduction of expression vector plasmids into undifferentiated ES cells by electroporation and subsequent induction of differentiation of the transfectant ES cell clones to ES-DC. ES-DC introduced with invariant chain-based antigen-presenting vectors by this procedure stimulated HLA-DR-restricted antigen-specific T cells in the absence of exogenous antigen. Forced expression of programmed death-1-ligand-1 in ES-DC resulted in the reduction of the proliferative response of allogeneic T cells cocultured with the ES-DC. Generation and genetic modification of ES-DC from nonhuman primate (cynomolgus monkey) ES cells was also achieved by the currently established method. ES-DC technology is therefore considered to be a novel means for immune therapy.
Analysis of the first two genes of the CS1 fimbrial operon in human enterotoxigenic<i>Escherichia coli</i>of serotype 0139: H28 (1991)

An oligonucleotide, derived from the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the CS1 fimbrial sub-unit protein was used to identify the subunit gene on recombinant plasmid pDEP23 containing the structural genes of the CS1 fimbrial operon. The nucleotide sequence of the subunit gene (csoA), encoding a protein of 171 amino acids, was determined. Flanking it upstream, a gene (csoB) encoding a protein of 238 amino acids was found. The CsoB and CsoA protein are homologous to the CfaA and CfaB proteins in the CFA/I fimbrial operon. For all the CS1 producing strains investigated the structural genes are located on plasmids. Like CFA/I fimbriae, CS1 fimbriae are only expressed in the presence of a positive regulator, CfaD for CFA/I and Rns for CS1, respectively. The promoter region upstream of the csoB gene was cloned in front of the promoterless alkaline phosphatase (phoA) gene of the promoter-probe vector pCB267. PhoA activity was enhanced approximately two-fold by the introduction of compatible plasmids containing either rns or cfaD.
Acute Host-Mediated Endothelial Injury After Adenoviral Gene Transfer in Normal Rabbit Arteries (1998)

Acute injury after adenoviral vascular gene transfer remains incompletely characterized. Here, we describe the early response (< or =days) in 52 New Zealand White rabbits undergoing gene transfer (beta-galactosidase or empty vector) or sham procedures to both carotid arteries. After gene transfer, arteries were either left in vivo for 1 hour to 3 days (in vivo arteries) or were excised immediately after gene transfer and cultured (ex vivo arteries). Within 1 hour, in vivo arteries receiving infectious titers of > or = 4X10(9) plaque-forming units (pfu)/mL showed endothelial activation, with an acute inflammatory infiltrate developing by 6 hours. Ex vivo arteries showed endothelial activation but no inflammatory infiltrate. There were also significant differences in transgene expression between in vivo and ex vivo arteries. Ex vivo arteries showed titer-dependent increases in beta-galactosidase expression through 2X10(10) pfu/mL, whereas in in vivo arteries, titers above 4X10(9) pfu/mL merely increased acute inflammatory response, without increasing transgene expression. In vivo arteries showed significant time- and titer-dependent impairment in endothelium-dependent relaxation, with no effect on contraction or nitroprusside-induced relaxation. Interestingly, however, if rabbits were made neutropenic with vinblastine, their arteries maintained full endothelium-dependent relaxation, even after very high titer vascular infection (up to 1X10(11) pfu/mL). These findings show that recombinant adenovirus triggers an early inflammatory response, and it is the inflammatory response that in turn causes functional endothelial injury. This occurs at much lower titers than previously appreciated (though the precise threshold will undoubtedly vary between laboratories). However, titers below the inflammatory threshold produce excellent transgene expression without inflammation or vascular injury.