gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel Intestinal-Targeted Ca-Alginate-Based Carrier for pH-Responsive Protection and Release of Lactic Acid Bacteria (2014)

A novel intestinal-targeted carrier for pH-responsive protection of lactic acid bacteria in stomach and rapid release of lactic acid bacteria in small intestine is successfully developed. The proposed carrier is composed of a Ca-alginate/protamine (CAP) composite shell and a Lactobacillus-casei-encapsulated Ca-alginate (CA) core. The carriers are prepared simply by a coextrusion minifluidic and subsequent adsorption method. The CAP composite shell offers not only improved protection for Lactobacillus casei to guarantee the endurance and survival in the stomach but also satisfactory intestinal-targeted characteristics to guarantee the rapid release of Lactobacillus casei in the small intestine. In the stomach, where there is an acidic environment, the diffusion channels delineated by the CA networks in the CAP composite shell of the carriers are choked with protamine molecules; as a result, it is hard for the gastric acid to diffuse across the CAP composite shell and thus the encapsulated Lactobacillus casei inside carriers can be efficiently protected. However, when they come to the small intestine, where there is a neutral environment, the carriers dissolve rapidly because of the cooperation between protamine and trypsin; consequently, the encapsulated Lactobacillus casei can be quickly released. The proposed CAP composite carrier provides a novel mode for developing efficient protection systems, responsive controlled-release systems, and intestinal-targeted drug delivery systems.
The dispersive modulator - A new concept in optical pulse compression (1977)

A description of a new method of optical pulse compression, named the dispersive modulator, is given. In this device, amplitude modulation and temporal compression of light were achieved by passage through a Stark-modulated, near-resonant dispersive medium. The relationship between the dispersive modulator and the chirp compression scheme is discussed. Experimental results on modulation of 10-μ CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> and N <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> O laser light, including a case where 100 percent modulation was observed, are presented.
Patterns of neural degeneration in the human cochlea and auditory nerve: Implications for cochlear implantation (1997)

Although the identity of all the variables that may influence speech recognition after cochlear implantation is unknown, the degree of preservation of spiral ganglion cells is generally considered to be of primary importance. A series of experiments in our laboratories, directed at quantification of surviving spiral ganglion cells in the profoundly deaf, evaluation of the predictive value of a variety of clinical parameters, and the evaluation of the consequences of implantation in the inner ear, is summarized. Histologic study of the inner ears of patients who were deafened during life demonstrated that the cause of deafness accounted for 57% of the variability of spiral ganglion cell counts. Spiral ganglion cell counts were highest in individuals deafened by aminoglycoside toxicity or sudden idiopathic deafness and lowest in those deafened by postnatal viral labyrinthitis, congenital or genetic deafness, or bacterial meningitis. Study of the determinants of degeneration of the spiral ganglion revealed that degeneration is most severe in the basal compared with the apical turn and more severe when both inner and outer hair cells are absent. Unlike the findings in some experimental animal studies, no survival advantage of type II ganglion cells could be identified. There was a strong negative correlation between the degree of bony occlusion of the cochlea and the normality of the spiral ganglion cell count. However, even in specimens in which there was severe bony occlusion, significant numbers of spiral ganglion cells survived. A strong positive correlation between the diameter of the cochlear, vestibular, and eighth cranial nerves with the total spiral ganglion cell count (p < 0.001) was found. This would suggest that modern imaging techniques may be used to predict residual spiral ganglion cell population in cochlear implant candidates. Trauma from implantation of the electrode array was studied in both cadaveric human temporal bone models and temporal bones from individuals who received implants during life. A characteristic pattern of damage to the lateral cochlear wall and basilar membrane was identified in the upper basal turn. New bone formation and perielectrode fibrosis was common after cochlear implantation. Despite this significant trauma and reaction, there is no firm evidence that further degeneration of the spiral ganglion can be predicted as a consequence.
Magnetic Particle-Scanning for Ultrasensitive Immunodetection On-Chip (2014)

We describe the concept of magnetic particle-scanning for on-chip detection of biomolecules: a magnetic particle, carrying a low number of antigens (Ag's) (down to a single molecule), is transported by hydrodynamic forces and is subjected to successive stochastic reorientations in an engineered magnetic energy landscape. The latter consists of a pattern of substrate-bound small magnetic particles that are functionalized with antibodies (Ab's). Subsequationuent counting of the captured Ag-carrying particles provides the detection signal. The magnetic particle-scanning principle is investigated in a custom-built magneto-microfluidic chip and theoretically described by a random walk-based model, in which the trajectory of the contact point between an Ag-carrying particle and the small magnetic particle pattern is described by stochastic moves over the surface of the mobile particle, until this point coincides with the position of an Ag, resulting in the binding of the particle. This model explains the particular behavior of previously reported experimental dose-response curves obtained for two different ligand-receptor systems (biotin/streptavidin and TNF-α) over a wide range of concentrations. Our model shows that magnetic particle-scanning results in a very high probability of immunocomplex formation for very low Ag concentrations, leading to an extremely low limit of detection, down to the single molecule-per-particle level. When compared to other types of magnetic particle-based surface coverage assays, our strategy was found to offer a wider dynamic range (>8 orders of magnitude), as the system does not saturate for concentrations as high as 10(11) Ag molecules in a 5 μL drop. Furthermore, by emphasizing the importance of maximizing the encounter probability between the Ag and the Ab to improve sensitivity, our model also contributes to explaining the behavior of other particle-based heterogeneous immunoassays.
A VLSI sequencer chip for ATM traffic shaper and queue manager (1992)

The authors propose to control user traffic at two places in an asynchronous transfer model (ATM) network: at the user-network interface (UNI) by a traffic enforcer, and at the network-node interface (NNI) by a queue manager. The traffic enforcer adopted in this work contains a buffer to delay and reshape the violating cells that do not comply with some agreed-upon traffic parameters, and thus is also called a traffic shaper. The queue manager manages the queued cells in network nodes in such a way that higher priority cells are always served first, low-priority cells are discarded when the queue is full, and any interference between same-priority cells is prevented. Architectures for the traffic shaper and the queue manager are proposed. A key component, called the sequencer chip, has been implemented and tested to realize both architectures. The sequencer chip uses 1.2- mu m CMOS technology. It contains about 150 K transistors, has a die size of 7.5 mm*8.3 mm, and is packages in a 223-pin ceramic pin-grid-array (PGA) carrier.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis of the hexahydronaphthalene moiety of (.+-.)-compactin (ML-236B) (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleSynthesis of the hexahydronaphthalene moiety of (.+-.)-compactin (ML-236B)Ethan A. Deutsch and Barry B. SniderCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 13, 2682–2684Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00134a039https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00134a039research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views211Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Multi GPU implementation of iterative tomographic reconstruction algorithms (2009)

Although iterative reconstruction techniques (IRTs) have been shown to produce images of superior quality over conventional filtered back projection (FBP) based algorithms, the use of IRT in a clinical setting has been hampered by the significant computational demands of these algorithms. In this paper we present results of our efforts to overcome this hurdle by exploiting the combined computational power of multiple graphical processing units (GPUs). We have implemented forward and backward projection steps of reconstruction on an NVIDIA Tesla S870 hardware using CUDA. We have been able to accelerate forward projection by 71x and backward projection by 137x. We generate these results with no perceptible difference in image quality between the GPU and serial CPU implementations. This work illustrates the power of using commercial off-the-shelf relatively low-cost GPUs, potentially allowing IRT tomographic image reconstruction to be run in near real time, lowering the barrier to entry of IRT, and enabling deployment in the clinic.
Enzymatic Degradation of Cell Wall and Related Plant Polysaccharides (1989)

Polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose and other glucans, pectins, xylans, mannans, and fructans are present as major structural and storage materials in plants. These constituents may be degraded and modified by endogenous enzymes during plant growth and development. In plant pathogenesis by microorganisms, extracellular enzymes secreted by infected strains play a major role in plant tissue degradation and invasion of the host. Many of these polysaccharide-degrading enzymes are also produced by microorganisms widely used in industrial enzyme production. Most commerical enzyme preparations contain an array of secondary activities in addition to the one or two principal components which have standardized activities. In the processing of unpurified carbohydrate materials such as cereals, fruits, and tubers, these secondary enzyme activities offer major potential for improving process efficiency. Use of more defined combinations of industrial polysaccharases should allow final control of existing enzyme processes and should also lead to the development of novel enzymatic applications.
A Comparative Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Resisted Exercises Verses Antidepressant Medication in Young Adult Males Diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (2012)

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of a combination of 12 weeks resisted exercises programme and antidepressant medication with 12 weeks of antidepressant medication alone.100 young adult males between the age range 18-39 years  diagnosed with major depressive disorder using the ICD 10 criteria, were recruited for the study. 50 Subjects each were randomly assigned into either an experimental or a control group after baseline data was obtained, using the 17- item Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS17). The experimental group underwent 12 weeks of resisted exercises along with their regular antidepressant medication and the control group had only antidepressant medication as intervention. Our objective was to investigate whether the mean change in (HDRS17) scores from baseline was greater after 12 weeks of resisted exercise when compared with antidepressant medication alone. This study concluded that combination of resisted exercise along with antidepressant medication is more effective than antidepressant medication alone in the treatment of major depressive disorders in young adult males. Key words - major depressive disorder, resisted exercise, antidepressants, 17- item Hamilton depression rating scale
How Big Is the Universe of Exons? (1990)

If genes have been assembled from exon subunits, the frequency with which exons are reused leads to an estimate of the size of the underlying exon universe. An exon database was constructed from available protein sequences, and homologous exons were identified on the basis of amino acid identity; statistically significant matches were determined by Monte Carlo methods. It is estimated that only 1000 to 7000 exons were needed to construct all proteins.
Highly reproducible swept-source, dispersion-encoded full-range biometry and imaging of the mouse eye (2010)

We report a high-speed, dispersion-encoded, full-range (DEFR) swept-source optical coherence tomography system for in vivo ocular imaging and biometry of small animals. The fast DEFR algorithm removes the depth ambiguity, gives access to objects located at the zero delay position, and doubles the sampling depth to 2x5.0 mm (at -101 to -71 dB sensitivity) in a single scan using 2048 samples/depth scan 0.43 nm line width of a light source operating at 1056 nm with 70 nm tuning range. The acquisition speed (frames of 512 depth scans in 18.3 ms) permits precise on-line monitoring during positioning and provides cross-sectional views of the mouse eye. Preliminary studies demonstrate high-throughput, reproducible assessment of multiple biometric features (e.g., day-to-day reproducibility of axial length measurement +/-5.3 microm) that is insensitive to eye motion sufficient for long-term monitoring.
Peak-to-average power ratio reduction in OFDM with blind selected pilot tone modulation (2006)

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a spectrally efficient multicarrier modulation technique for high speed data transmission over multipath fading channels. However, the price paid for the high spectral efficiency is low power efficiency. OFDM signals suffer from high peak-to-average power ratios (PARs) which lead to power inefficiency in the RF portion of the transmitter. Selected mapping (SLM) is a promising technique to reduce the PAR of an OFDM signal and is distortionless. In this paper, we propose a novel technique which links the index of the phase rotation sequence in SLM to the location of the pilot tones that are used to estimate the channel. Each pilot tone location - phase sequence selection can lead to a different PAR value for the time-domain OFDM signal, and the signal with the lowest PAR value is transmitted. Our proposed method is "blind" in the sense that the optimum pilot tone location - phase sequence index is not transmitted as side information. We describe a novel technique to blindly detect the optimum index at the receiver. PAR reduction performance as well as BER performance of the proposed method in frequency selective fading channels are investigated
A New Approach for a Flexible Powder Production for Additive Manufacturing (2016)

The technology of Additive Manufacturing (AM) is an enabler for more eco-friendly lightweight aircraft parts due to the possibility to use the freedom of design. Since the process of laser beam melting is powder bed based, there is a huge influence of the powder quality on the building process. The most common process for the AM powder production is the inert gas atomization based on molten material. There are different process types which are mainly used for a large scale powder production. In order to analyze new or expensive alloys for the AM process, small and flexible atomization plants to produce smaller amounts of powder are needed. This work summarizes the required powder properties for aluminum alloys as well as the different suitable atomization processes. Current challenges concerning AM powder quality will be described and a new atomization plant concept for high-grade powder in small quantities, based on the process of thermal spraying, will be introduced.
Indirect induction of suppressor of cytokine signalling-1 in macrophages stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide: partial role of autocrine/paracrine interferon-α/β (2000)

It has previously been reported by us that a brief prior exposure of mouse bone marrow culture-derived macrophages to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in a dramatic reduction in their ability to produce NO in response to a subsequent stimulus with either interferon-γ (IFN-γ) or IFN-γ plus LPS. We show here that this brief exposure to LPS results in an impaired response to subsequently added IFN-γ. A 2-4 h pretreatment with LPS leads to a dramatic reduction in the IFN-γ-induced DNA-binding of the transcription factor, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1α (STAT1α). This loss in ability to activate STAT1α temporally correlates with the LPS-induced accumulation of mRNA encoding the suppressor of cytokine signalling-1 (SOCS-1). However, LPS does not directly induce the synthesis of SOCS-1. Rather, LPS induces the synthesis of autocrine/paracrine factors that are the true mediators of SOCS-1 induction. IFN-α/β is one of these mediators, but plays only a partial role in the induction of SOCS-1 because neutralization of LPS-induced IFN-α/β production incompletely inhibits the induction of SOCS-1. We show that mouse IFN-β directly induces the synthesis of SOCS-1, without the need for prior protein synthesis, and does so with faster kinetics than does LPS. Our results are consistent with the non-specific nature of LPS-induced tolerance and provide a mechanistic insight into nonspecificity; LPS indirectly induces the synthesis of a protein mediator, SOCS-1, which inhibits the signalling that is induced by IFN-γ.
Natural trans <i>-</i> splicing in carnitine octanoyltransferase pre-mRNAs in rat liver (1998)

Carnitine octanoyltransferase (COT) transports medium-chain fatty acids through the peroxisome. During isolation of a COT clone from a rat liver library, a cDNA in which exon 2 was repeated, was characterized. Reverse transcription-PCR amplifications of total RNAs from rat liver showed a three-band pattern. Sequencing of the fragments revealed that, in addition to the canonical exon organization, previously reported [Choi, S. J. et al. (1995) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1264, 215-222], there were two other forms in which exon 2 or exons 2 and 3 were repeated. The possibility of this exonic repetition in the COT gene was ruled out by genomic Southern blot. To study the gene expression, we analyzed RNA transcripts by Northern blot after RNase H digestion of total RNA. Three different transcripts were observed. Splicing experiments also were carried out in vitro with different constructs that contain exon 2 plus the 5' or the 3' adjacent intron sequences. Our results indicate that accurate joining of two exons 2 occurs by a trans-splicing mechanism, confirming the potential of these structures for this process in nature. The trans-splicing can be explained by the presence of three exon-enhancer sequences in exon 2. Analysis by Western blot of the COT proteins by using specific antibodies showed that two proteins corresponding to the expected Mr are present in rat peroxisomes. This is the first time that a natural trans-splicing reaction has been demonstrated in mammalian cells.
Visible light-induced polymerization reactions: The seven-role of the electron transfer process in the dye/iron arene complex/amine system (1996)

A new three component photoinitiator system consisting of a dye, an iron arene complex, and a phenylglycine derivative was investigated by fluorescence quenching experiments and laser flash photolysis. The efficiency of a three-component system in photopolymerization reactions is higher by a two-fold factor compared to that of the two-component system. The first step of the photoreaction occurs between the dye and the iron arene complex. The iron arene complex reacts either with the singlet excited dye or with the triplet excited dye according to the nature of the dye. An electron transfer occurs in these systems. The mechanism was discussed in terms of the absence of the formation of a terminating radical in the three-component system. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biomedical Polymers Differ in Their Capacity to Activate Complement (1991)

Conventionally, complement activation by biomedical polymers has been evaluated by determining the C3a concentration in the fluid phase only. According to this criterion, biomaterials such as hemodialysis membranes made from cellulosic or various synthetic polymers were classified as activators or nonactivators of complement. Since certain membranes bind large quantities of C3a from the fluid phase, classification based on fluid-phase C3a concentration has in some instances been inaccurate. As follows from the comparison of complement activation by cuprophane and polyacrylonitrile membranes, the capacity of a biomedical polymer to activate complement is not determined by the number of potential covalent binding sites on its surface. Biomaterial itself may lack hydroxyl and/or amino groups, and yet it may activate C3 in human serum very efficiently. Some of the biomaterials may also bind unactivated/unfragmented C3 whether in the absence or presence of other serum proteins. In addition, binding of factor B (a promotor of C3 activation) and binding of factor H (an inhibitor of C3 activation) to certain biomaterials have been found to be independent of complement activation and unaffected by the presence or absence of C3. Thus, it is becoming apparent that the requirements for the formation and stability of the C3 convertase on artificial surfaces differ from those on biological membranes, and that the relative magnitude of binding of factor B and factor H to the surface per se cannot be used as a reliable indicator of the capacity of the biomaterial to activate complement. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of C3 and C5 activation on the surfaces of biomedical polymers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)