gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of Ternary Complex Formation with Fusion Proteins Composed of the A1-Adenosine Receptor and G Protein α-Subunits (1999)

High affinity agonist binding to G protein-coupled receptors depends on the formation of a ternary complex between agonist, receptor, and G protein. This process is too slow to be accounted for by a simple diffusion-controlled mechanism. We have tested if the interaction between activated receptor and G protein is rate-limiting by fusing the coding sequence of the human A(1)-adenosine receptor to that of Galpha(i-1) (A(1)/Galpha(i-1)) and of Galpha(o) (A(1)/Galpha(o)). Fusion proteins of the expected molecular mass were detected following transfection of HEK293 cells. Ternary complex formation was monitored by determining the kinetics for binding of the high affinity agonist (-)-N(6)-3[(125)I](iodo-4-hydroxyphenylisopropyl)adenosine; these were similar in the wild-type receptor and the fusion proteins over the temperature range of 10 to 30 degrees C. Agonist dissociation may be limited by the stability of the ternary complex. This assumption was tested by creating fusion proteins in which the Cys(351) of Galpha(i-1) was replaced with glycine (A(1)/Galpha(i-1)C351G) or isoleucine (A(1)/Galpha(i-1)C351I) to lower the affinity of the receptor for the G protein. In these mutated fusion proteins, the dissociation rate of the ternary complex was accelerated; in contrast, the rate of the forward reaction was not affected. We therefore conclude that (i) receptor activation per se rather than its interaction with the G protein is rate-limiting in ternary complex formation; (ii) the stability of the ternary complex is determined by the dissociation rate of the G protein. These features provide for a kinetic proofreading mechanism that sustains the fidelity of receptor-G protein coupling.
Cancer Cell Surface Negative Charges: A Bio-Physical Manifestation of the Warburg Effect (2017)

The early detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood as part of medical diagnosis will give the doctors a head start in the provision and treatment of cancer, and therefore, with the advance in Nano technology, there is an increasing expectation of some form of early detection of circulating tumor cells at a highly sensitive level, without any biomarkers, for both early cancer diagnosis and monitoring disease progression after medical intervention. This technical note reports on the recent development in detection of highly sensitive detection of cancer cells without biomarkers. This novel concept is developed based on a hallmark cancer metabolic pattern: high glycolysis rate. Secretion of high level of lactate acid by cancer cells ultimately results in negative electrical charges on their surfaces, enabling strong binding and capturing by the positively-charged nanoprobes, and subsequent magnetic separation. When nanoprobes are incubated with cancer cells in suspension, binding takes place due to charge differences, and cancer cells are then magnetically separated. The separated cells are enumerated using a flow cytometry and identified by pathological and genome sequencing methods. Preliminary results using the approach have shown exceptionally high cancer cell capture rates, therefore potentially applicable in cancer cell detection in clinical settings.
Hemangioma capilar intramedular (2012)

Los hemangiomas capilares son lesiones vasculares benignas del endotelio, se presentan en la piel, son frecuentes en la infancia, se observan a nivel espinal en el cuerpo vertebral; su localizacion extradural es rara, la intradural lo es aun mas y su presentacion intramedular es extraordinaria. La resonancia magnetica ha permitido diagnosticos de mayor certeza; no obstante, menos de 30 casos de hemangiomas capilares intradurales extramedulares han sido documentados y solo 11 casos de localizacion intramedular. Caso clinico: Paciente masculino de 52 anos, miembro de una familia con angiomas capilares multiples, con sindrome de Brown-Sequard incompleto de 10 meses de evolucion. Acudio a rehabilitacion, se efectuo RMN que oriento el diagnostico, el paciente rehuso angiorresonancia. Fue sometido a rehabilitacion por cuatro meses, su fuerza muscular se recupero, pero no manifesto cambios en la sensibilidad. Conclusion: Se reporto un nuevo caso de hemangioma capilar intramedular a nivel dorsal; es importante tener conocimiento de este tipo de lesiones, ya que generalmente son subdiagnosticadas. A pesar de ser infrecuentes, constituyen una patologia benigna de buen pronostico tras su exeresis quirurgica completa. Por ello, y con el fin de evitar tratamientos adyuvantes innecesarios, es necesario distinguirlas de otros tumores con potencial maligno
A single-control tuning circuit for electrically small antennas (1955)

It is often desirable to tune electrically small antennas at their feed terminals. An "L" matching circuit for this purpose is considered. It is shown that one fixed element and one variable tuning element are adequate for certain small antennas. The manner in which losses affect the circuit effiiciency and the single-control tuning feature is discussed. Application of the technique to a tunable cavity antenna is noted.
Heterogeneous expression of cell adhesion molecules by endothelial cells in ARDS (2002)

ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) can be associated with septic shock and multiple organ failure caused by an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response to Gram-negative bacterial infection. While in animal models the key role of the endothelial adhesion molecules ICAM-1, E-selectin, and VCAM in ARDS has been extensively studied, there are scarcely any corresponding pathomorphological studies of human lung tissue. Hence, little is known about whether there is a comparable, or even heterogeneous, expression pattern of these molecules in the human pulmonary vasculature. This study was therefore undertaken to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of the constitutively expressed PECAM (CD31) and the inducible molecules ICAM-1, E-selectin, and VCAM in ARDS lungs from patients who had died in septic shock induced by Gram-negative bacteria. While in all specimens (ARDS and normal lungs) there was homogeneous strong expression of PECAM in all vessels, ICAM-1 was clearly up-regulated in ARDS lungs. E-selectin and VCAM were not expressed by endothelial cells (ECs) in normal lungs, but in ARDS lungs there was strong expression of both molecules in larger vessels, while in the capillaries there was only mosaic-like weak expression of a few ECs. This immunohistochemical investigation demonstrates the induction and up-regulation of adhesion molecules in human ARDS lungs, comparable to that described in animal models. There is also markedly heterogeneous expression of E-selectin and VCAM, indicating toporegional differences in the function of pulmonary ECs.
The behavior of silicone fluids and other insulating oils under a sustained arc (1973)

Polydimethylsiloxanes fluids, by virtue of their inorganic, siloxane backbone rapidly form solid bridges on breakdown which effectively extinguish any arcs. If this solid material is continuously removed from the electrode gap, an arc can be sustained, in which case, the “arc power” and volume of gas evolved per unit time are dependent upon molecular structure, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution of the fluid. Judicious blending of these controllable variables should lead to a silicone insulating fluid having optimum characteristics.
Use of wheat bran as a nutritive supplement for the production of ethanol by <i>Zymomonas mobilis</i> (1988)

A strain of Zymomonas mobilis (ZYM‐TS 1) was isolated from fermenting palm wine (toddy). In addition to glucose, sucrose, and fructose, the organism utilized hydrolysates of corn ( Zea mays ) flour, corn starch and ragi ( Eleusine coracana ) flour. Amounts of ethanol produced in media (adjusted to 10% (w/v) total carbohydrates) fortified with wheat bran extract only, were comparable with those obtained from the defined media containing yeast extract, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , KH 2 PO 4 , and MgSO 4 .7H 2 O. The results indicate that wheat bran extract can supply all the necessary nutrients required for ethanol production by Zymomonas mobilis .
Altering the Expression Kinetics of VP5 Results in Altered Virulence and Pathogenesis of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Mice (2002)

While many herpes simplex virus (HSV) structural proteins are expressed with strict-late kinetics, the HSV virion protein 5 (VP5) is expressed as a "leaky-late" protein, such that appreciable amounts of VP5 are made prior to DNA replication. Our goal has been to determine if leaky-late expression of VP5 is a requirement for a normal HSV infection. It had been shown previously that recombinant viruses in which the VP5 promoter was replaced with promoters of other kinetic classes (including a strict late promoter) exhibited no alterations in replication kinetics or virus yields in vitro. In contrast, here we report that alterations in pathogenesis were observed when these recombinants were analyzed by experimental infection of mice. Following intracranial inoculation, a recombinant expressing VP5 from a strict-late promoter (U(L)38) exhibited an increased 50% lethal dose and a 10-fold decrease in virus yields in the central nervous system, while a recombinant expressing VP5 from an early (dUTPase) or another leaky-late (VP16) promoter exhibited wild-type neurovirulence. Moreover, following infection of the footpad, changing the expression kinetics of VP5 from leaky-late to strict-late resulted in 100-fold-less virus in the spinal ganglia during the acute infection than produced by either the parent virus or the rescued virus. These data indicate that the precise timing of appearance of the major capsid protein plays a role in the pathogenesis of HSV infections and that changing the expression kinetics has different effects in different cell types and tissues.
Collagen type VI in the human bone marrow microenvironment: a strong cytoadhesive component (1995)

Collagen type VI, which forms characteristic microfibrillar structures, is assembled from three individual alpha(VI) chains that form a short triple helix and two adjacent globular domains. Expression of all three alpha (VI) collagen chains in the human bone marrow (BM) microenvironment could be detected by chain-specific antibodies in tissue sections and in the adherent stromal layer of long-term BM cultures. In functional studies, collagen type VI was shown to be a strong adhesive substrate for various hematopoietic cell lines and light-density BM mononuclear cells. The adhesive site within the molecule seems to be restricted to the triple helical domain of all three alpha (VI) chains, because individual alpha (VI) chains were not active in the attachment assays. Adhesion of the hematopoietic cell lines to collagen VI was dose-dependent and could be inhibited by heparin. Although the triple helix contains several RGD sequences, adhesion of the hematopoietic cell types to collagen VI could be blocked neither by RGD-containing peptides nor by a neutralizing antibody to the beta 1 integrin subunit. In combination with an antiadhesive substrate, the binding properties of collagen VI could be downregulated. These data suggest that this collagen type may play an important role in the adhesion of hematopoietic cells within the BM microenvironment.
PRINCIPLES AND POSSIBLE APPLICATION TO SPECTRUM UTILIZATION AND ALLOCATION (1978)

Because of the continuing demand for more telecommunication capacity, to serve the world’s need for commerce and public safety, there is a continuing need for more efficient ways of sharing the radio spectrum. The conventional way of allocating the spectrum is by frequency division; however, for many kinds of services this is inefficient. Hence, it seems desirable to reexamine whether alternative procedures might not be necessary if the benefits of telecommunications are to be assured in the face of increased emand. Spreadspectrum techniques, which are based on principles antithetic to those currently,used in spectrum allocation for reducing necessary bandwidth, seem to offerbenefits for spectrum sharing, for some applications, superior to those of frequency division. This paper provides a tutorial summary of some of the principles upon which spread-spectrum systems have developed. It is hoped the reader might consider what role such techniques may play in future spectrum sharing and allocation opportunities.
Purification of specific adenovirus 2 RNAs by preparative hybridization and selective thermal elution (1979)

A method is described for the preparation isolation of highly purified adenovirus RNA species. Cytoplasmic RNAs from cells infected with adenovirus 2 were selected by hybridization to viral DNA fragments bound to nitrocellulose membranes. A series of washes at elevated temperatures (50-70 degrees) determined conditions at which the true hybrids were stable but non-specific RNA was removed. This temperature has been found to correlate with the base composition of the DNA fragment. After washing at this predetermined temperature, the specific RNA was eluted at 85 degrees. The purity of the eluted RNA was greater than 95% as determined by size, sequence specificity, and template activity in an in vitro protein synthesizing system. The method described should be generally useful for purification of specific RNAs.
The entropy of high polymer solutions. Generalization of formulae (1950)

Abstract The theory of Huggins is extended so as to include application to molecules containing rings and crosslinks. At the same time the definition of Guggenheim's parameter q is slightly revised in such a way that also back bending of flexible and particularly of branched molecules is accounted for as ring formation. It is shown that Huggins' and Guggenheim's equations are not applicable to molecules containing rings, as they lead to inconsistencies when q differs from its maximum value for a ring‐free molecule. The inconsistency is removed by an improved calculation of the number of configurations of the molecules on the lattice. The number of factors accounting for the fact that a newly placed submolecule is known to be a neighbour of an already placed submolecule is increased. Instead of taking this number equal to the number of submolecules to be placed, viz. r‐1, it must be taken equal to the number of neighbours already placed, viz. 1/2 z(r ‐ q ). In this way an equation is obtained which is applicable to molecules of any degree of ring formation or back bending, and which can be easily generalized to mixtures of any kind of molecules. The formula for the entropy of the solvent derived from this theory contains two parameters even in the athermal case. From a qualitative consideration of these parameters it is seen that flexibility and particularly branching will reduce the deviations from Raoult's law markedly, and thus the ununderstandable insensitivity of the older formulae with respect to these structural factors is removed.
Characterization of the binding of Actinomyces naeslundii (ATCC 12104) and Actinomyces viscosus (ATCC 19246) to glycosphingolipids, using a solid-phase overlay approach. (1990)

Actinomyces naeslundii (ATCC 12104) and Actinomyces viscosus (ATCC 19246) were radiolabeled externally (125I) or metabolically (35S) and analyzed for their ability to bind glycosphingolipids separated on thin layer chromatograms or coated in microtiter wells. Two binding properties were found and characterized in detail. (i) Both bacteria showed binding to lactosylceramide (LacCer) in a fashion similar to bacteria characterized earlier. The activity of free LacCer was dependent on the ceramide structure; species with 2-hydroxy fatty acid and/or a trihydroxy base were positive, while species with nonhydroxy fatty acid and a dihydroxy base were negative binders. Several glycolipids with internal lactose were active but only gangliotriaosylceramide and gangliotetraosylceramide were as active as free LacCer. The binding to these three species was half-maximal at about 200 ng of glycolipid and was not blocked by preincubation of bacteria with free lactose or lactose-bovine serum albumin. (ii) A. naeslundii, unlike A. viscosus, showed a superimposed binding concluded to be to terminal or internal GalNAc beta and equivalent to a lactose-inhibitable specificity previously analyzed by other workers. Terminal Gal beta was not recognized in several glycolipids, although free Gal and lactose were active as soluble inhibitors. The binding was half-maximal at about 10 ng of glycolipid. A glycolipid mixture prepared from a scraping of human buccal epithelium contained an active glycolipid with sites for both binding specificities.
Nickel: An Essential Micronutrient for Legumes and Possibly All Higher Plants (1983)

Soybean plants deprived of nickel accumulated toxic concentrations of urea (2.5 percent) in necrotic lesions on their leaflet tips. This occurred regardless of whether the plants were supplied with inorganic nitrogen or were dependent on nitrogen fixation. Nickel deprivation resulted in delayed nodulation and in a reduction of early growth. Addition of nickel (1 microgram per liter) to the nutrient media prevented urea accumulation, necrosis, and growth reductions. This evidence suggests that nickel is essential for soybeans and possibly for higher plants in general.
Idiopathic pain disorders – Pathways of vulnerability (2006)

Diatchenko, Ludaa; Nackley, Andrea G.a; Slade, Gary D.b; Fillingim, Roger B.c; Maixner, Williama,* Author Information
Effects of Tamoxifen on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Postmenopausal Women After 5 Years of Treatment (1994)

The types and magnitude of changes in cardiovascular risk factors seen here with tamoxifen are similar to a certain extent with those seen with estrogen supplements. Further risk-factor and ethnic-group data are needed to estimate the magnitude of expected benefits of tamoxifen treatment on incidence of heart disease.
BEHAVIOR DIFFICULTIES IN CHILDREN ASSOCIATED WITH THE RESULTS OF BIRTH TRAUMA (1929)

The great variety and number of problems in children coming to the behavior clinic gives much stimulus to the search for underlying causes. A great deal of work has been done on the effect of pathologic pregnancy and labor on the new-born child. However, these investigations have been chiefly concerned with the physical condition of the child. Brief reference to intelligence occurred early in the literature. The classic work of Little will stand forever as a monument to his memory. In like manner the contributions of Freud, Osler, McNutt, Sir William Gowers, Brissaud and many others will be remembered. More recently the work of Ford, Crothers and Collier is of especial value in clarifying divergent ideas regarding the influence of obstetric injuries and the pathologic processes involved. Ford<sup>1</sup>states in his recent publication that "the great mass of infantile palsies can no longer be lightly attributed to faulty obstetrical
Autophagy Dysregulation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (2011)

Autophagy is an intracellular lysosomal degradation process, which plays an important role in cell growth and development, and keeping cellular homeostasis in all eukaryotes. Autophagy has multiple physiological functions, including protein degradation, organelle turnover and response to stress. Emerging evidences support the notion that dysregulation of autophagy might be critical for pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The autophagy dysregulation in motor neurons of ALS may occur in different steps of the autophagic process. Recent studies have shown that two ALS associated proteins, TDP-43 and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), are involved in the abnormal autophagy regulation. Furthermore, it is reported that several genetic mutations in ALS disturb the autophagic process in the motor neurons. This review will provide new evidence of autophagy dysregulation as a critical pathogenic process leading to ALS, and will discuss the prospect of future therapeutic targets using autophagic regulation to treat this disease.
A method to create an optimum current distribution and homogeneous B<sub>1</sub> field for elliptical birdcage coils (1997)

For a birdcage coil with elliptical cross-section, a sinusoidal current pattern does not provide a homogeneous B1 field. A simple theory was developed to create an optimized current distribution for elliptical birdcage coils. This optimized current pattern can create a perfectly homogeneous B1 field inside any elliptical shape. To verify the theory, a 16-element high-pass elliptical birdcage coil was built inside a circular RF shield. The current was optimized by using the inductance characteristics of the coil components to calculate the end-ring capacitances. The B1 field was theoretically calculated and experimentally mapped for the optimized elliptical bird-cage coil and a nonoptimized coil. The results demonstrate that by optimizing the current distribution, a very homogeneous B1 field is produced. This method can be directly applied in design and construction of elliptical birdcage coils for imaging of the naturally occurring elliptical cross-sectional geometries in the human body.
A composite bacteriophage alters colonization by an intestinal commensal bacterium (2012)

The mammalian intestine is home to a dense community of bacteria and its associated bacteriophage (phage). Virtually nothing is known about how phages impact the establishment and maintenance of resident bacterial communities in the intestine. Here, we examine the phages harbored by Enterococcus faecalis, a commensal of the human intestine. We show that E. faecalis strain V583 produces a composite phage (ΦV1/7) derived from two distinct chromosomally encoded prophage elements. One prophage, prophage 1 (ΦV1), encodes the structural genes necessary for phage particle production. Another prophage, prophage 7 (ΦV7), is required for phage infection of susceptible host bacteria. Production of ΦV1/7 is controlled, in part, by nutrient availability, because ΦV1/7 particle numbers are elevated by free amino acids in culture and during growth in the mouse intestine. ΦV1/7 confers an advantage to E. faecalis V583 during competition with other E. faecalis strains in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we propose that E. faecalis V583 uses phage particles to establish and maintain dominance of its intestinal niche in the presence of closely related competing strains. Our findings indicate that bacteriophages can impact the dynamics of bacterial colonization in the mammalian intestinal ecosystem.
Solution and Analysis of Chatter Stability for End Milling in the Time-domain (2008)

In this paper, the instantaneous undeformed chip thickness is modeled to include the dynamic modulation caused by the tool vibration while the dynamic regenerative effects are taken into account. The numerical method is used to solve the differential equations governing the dynamics of the milling system. Several chatter detection criteria are applied synthetically to the simulated signals and the stability diagram is obtained in time-domain. The simulation results in time-domain show a good agreement with the analytical prediction, which is validated by the cutting experiments. By simulating the chatter stability lobes in the time-domain and analyzing the influences of different spindle speeds on the vibration amplitudes of the tool under a fixed chip-load condition, conclusions could be drawn as follows: In rough milling, higher machining efficiency can be achieved by selecting a spindle speed corresponding to the axial depth of cut in accordance with the simulated chatter stability lobes, and in finish milling, lower surface roughness can be achieved by selecting a spindle speed well beyond the resonant frequency of machining system.