gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molybdenum Hexacarbonyl as a Catalyst Precursor for Solvent-Free Direct Coal Liquefaction (1996)

The use of molybdenum hexacarbonyl, Mo(CO)6, an effective catalyst precursor for coal liquefaction even in the absence of added liquids or special impregnation procedures, was studied in solvent-free microautoclave experiments. The activity of the catalysts formed from Mo(CO)6, both for liquefaction of a Blind Canyon bituminous coal and for methanation of CO in the absence of coal, was a function of activation conditions and reaction parameters. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction and other methods. Decomposition of Mo(CO)6 in the absence of sulfur led to an active form of molybdenum carbide. The use of H2S, the preferred sulfur source, promoted the decomposition of Mo(CO)6, led to MoS2, and promoted coal liquefaction. Pressure/temperature data recorded throughout the microautoclave experiment were used to determine the onset of catalytic activity for methanation of the CO released from Mo(CO)6 upon decomposition in the absence of coal. Methanation activity was seen at temperatures as low as 280 °C. However, a sharp increase in rate occurred at 340 °C. When the catalyst was formed in the presence of coal, rapid hydrogen uptake began at a slightly higher temperature (370 °C). The conversion of coal to products soluble in tetrahydrofuran correlated strongly with the initial rate of gas uptake. The cyclohexane conversion of coal was also catalyzed.
Encapsulation of Lycopene Extract from Tomato Pulp Waste with Gelatin and Poly(γ-glutamic acid) as Carrier (2007)

Tomato pulp waste, a byproduct obtained during the processing of tomato juice, has been shown to be a rich source of lycopene. The objectives of this study were to use gelatin and poly(gamma-glutamic acid) (gamma-PGA) as coating materials for the encapsulation of lycopene extract from tomato pulp waste. Initially, lycopene was extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide, followed by microencapsulation using an emulsion system consisting of 4.5% gelatin, 10% gamma-PGA, and 4.8% lycopene extract. Analysis of differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the thermal stability of the coating material could be up to 120 degrees C, with a mean particle size of 38.7 microm based on Coulter counter analysis. The total weight of microencapsulated powder was 617 microg with the yield of lycopene being 76.5%, indicating a 23.5% loss during freeze drying. During storage of microencapsulated powder, the concentrations of cis-, trans-, and total lycopene decreased along with increasing time and temperature. A fast release of lycopene in the powder occurred at pH 5.5 and 7.0, while no lycopene was released at pH 2.0 and 3.5.
The minimum degree spanning tree problem on directed acyclic graphs (2006)

The minimum degree spanning tree problem has been studied extensively. In this paper, we present a polynomial time algorithm for the minimum degree spanning tree problem on directed acyclic graphs. The algorithm starts with an arbitrary spanning tree, and iteratively reduces the number of vertices of maximum degree. We can prove the algorithm must reduce a vertex of the maximum degree for each phase, and finally result in an optimal tree. The algorithm terminates in O(mnlogn) time, where m and n are the number of edges and vertices respectively.
Parallel hierarchical evaluation of transitive closure queries (2002)

Presents a new approach to parallel computation of transitive closure queries using a semantic data fragmentation. Tuples of a large base relation denote edges in a graph, which models a transportation network. A fragmentation algorithm is proposed which produces a partitioning of the base relation into several fragments such that any fragment corresponds to a subgraph. One fragment, called high-speed fragment, collects all edges which guarantee maximum speed. Thus, the fragmentation algorithm induces a hierarchical relationship between the high-speed fragment and all other fragments. With this fragmentation, any query about paths connecting two nodes can be answered by using just the fragments in which nodes are located and the high-speed fragment. In general, if each fragment is managed by a distinguished processor, then the query can be answered by three processors working in parallel. This schema can be applied recursively to generate an arbitrary number of hierarchical levels.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Comparative evaluation of a commercially available 1.2 kV SiC MOSFET module and a 1.2 kV Si IGBT module (2016)

In this paper, a comparative performance evaluation of a 1.2 kV SiC MOSFET module and a 1.2 kV Si IGBT module is carried out under a series of different conditions such as similar dv/dt, di/dt, voltage overshoot, current overshoot, and ringings. Both the modules are commercially available in a standard plastic package and have the same stray inductances. Various parameters such as switching speed, energy loss, and overshoots are experimentally measured in order to address the comparative advantages and disadvantages of the selected modules. This paper demonstrates that SiC MOSFET can replace Si IGBT of similar voltage class or even higher voltage class, both in slow and fast switching applications.
Word embedding revisited: a new representation learning and explicit matrix factorization perspective (2015)

Recently significant advances have been witnessed in the area of distributed word representations based on neural networks, which are also known as word embeddings. Among the new word embed-ding models, skip-gram negative sampling (SGNS) in the word2vec toolbox has attracted much atten-tion due to its simplicity and effectiveness. Howev-er, the principles of SGNS remain not well under-stood, except for a recent work that explains SGNS as an implicit matrix factorization of the pointwise mutual information (PMI) matrix. In this paper, we provide a new perspective for further understanding SGNS. We point out that SGNS is essentially a rep-resentation learning method, which learns to repre-sent the co-occurrence vector for a word. Based on the representation learning view, SGNS is in fact an explicit matrix factorization (EMF) of the words’ co-occurrence matrix. Furthermore, extended su-pervised word embedding can be established based on our proposed representation learning view. 1
The Role of ODR in Resolving Electronic Commerce Disputes in China (2016)

The Role of ODR in Resolving Electronic Commerce Disputes in China Online dispute resolution (ODR) has been developed in response to the growth of disputes in electronic commerce transactions. It is based on the legal framework of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) by taking into consideration electronic communications and information technology. This article will introduce the current legal framework and practice of ODR in China, find legal issues that affect the development of ODR and, finally, propose suggestions to overcome these barriers.
Enzyme Immunoassays in Clinical Chemistry: Present Status and Trends (1980)

The most important enzyme immunoassay techniques are described. The enzymes currently used as labels, the methods of coupling them to antigens or haptens and the possible applications of these assays are reviewed. Furthermore, an overview is given of the reliability and practicability of commercially available enzyme immunoassay kits used in clinical chemical laboratories. Special consideration is given to possible interferences, the detection limits and the mechanization of these tests. Various methods for curve-fitting are listed. It is concluded that most of the currently commercially available enzyme immunoassays are suitable for routine application in appropriate centers like clinical chemical laboratories of larger hospitals. The future role of enzyme immunoassays in clinical chemistry is briefly discussed.
Dynamics-based control of a one-legged hopping robot (2003)

This paper proposes a new model of a one-legged hopping robot. The one-legged hopping robot is useful in realizing rapid movement such as that of a running animal. Although it has a simple leg mechanism, the dynamics are not simple and require non-linear complex analysis. This means that it is not easy to derive a controller for stable hopping in a systematic way. Therefore, a dynamics-based approach was introduced where the controller is empirically derived based on characteristic dynamics. A prototype of the one-legged hopping robot was fabricated and a precise simulator of the robot, including actuator dynamics, was constructed to examine the usefulness of the proposed dynamics model. Applying the constructed simulator to the prototype, the robot succeeded in planar one-legged hopping.
Acholeplasma brassicae sp. nov. and Acholeplasma palmae sp. nov., Two Non-Sterol-Requiring Mollicutes from Plant Surfaces (1994)

Two mollicutes (strains 0502T [T = type strain] and J233T), which were isolated from the surfaces of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) plants or the crown tissues of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), were capable of sustained growth in serum-free (or cholesterol-free) mycoplasma broth media. Examination by electron and dark-field microscopic techniques revealed that the cells of each strain were small, nonhelical, nonmotile, pleomorphic, and coccoid and that each cell was surrounded by a single cytoplasmic membrane. No evidence of a cell wall was found. The organisms were filterable and grew rapidly in most conventional mycoplasma culture medium formulations containing horse or fetal bovine sera under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The optimum temperature for growth of both organisms was 30 degrees C, but multiplication occurred over a temperature range from 18 to 37 degrees C. Both strains catabolized glucose, but did not hydrolyze arbutin, arginine, or urea. The genome size of strain 0502T was 1,215 kbp, and the DNA base composition (guanine-plus-cytosine content) was 35.5 mol%. The genome size of strain J233T was 1,610 kbp, and the DNA base composition was 30.0 mol%. The two isolates were not serologically related to each other or to the type strains of 11 previously described Acholeplasma species. Strain 0502 (= ATCC 49388) is the type strain of Acholeplasma brassicae sp. nov., and strain J233 (= ATCC 49389) is the type strain of Acholeplasma palmae sp. nov.
The Pharmaceutical Industry in 2020. An Analysis of FDA Drug Approvals from the Perspective of Molecules (2021)

Although the pharmaceutical industry will remember 2020 as the year of COVID-19, it is important to highlight that this year has been the second-best—together with 1996—in terms of the number of drugs accepted by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Each of these two years witnessed the authorization of 53 drugs—a number surpassed only in 2018 with 59 pharmaceutical agents. The 53 approvals in 2020 are divided between 40 new chemical entities and 13 biologic drugs (biologics). Of note, ten monoclonal antibodies, two antibody–drug conjugates, three peptides, and two oligonucleotides have been approved in 2020. Close inspection of the so-called small molecules reveals the significant presence of fluorine atoms and/or nitrogen aromatic heterocycles. This report analyzes the 53 new drugs of the 2020 harvest from a strictly chemical perspective, as it did for those authorized in the previous four years. On the basis of chemical structure alone, the drugs that received approval in 2020 are classified as the following: biologics (antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and proteins); TIDES (peptide and oligonucleotides); natural products; fluorine-containing molecules; nitrogen aromatic heterocycles; and other small molecules.
Electrically activated artificial muscles made with liquid crystal elastomers (2000)

Composites of monodomain nematic liquid crystal elastomers and a conducting material distributed within their network are shown to exhibit large deformations, i.e. contraction, expansion, bending with strains of over 200% and appreciable force, by Joule heating through electrical activation. The electrical activation of the conducting material induces a rapid Joule heating in the sample leading to a nematic to isotropic phase transition where the elastomer of dimensions 32 mm x 7 mm x 0.4 mm contracted in less than a second. The cooling process, isotropic to nematic transition where the elastomer expands back to its original length, was slow and took 8 seconds. The material studied here is a highly novel liquid crystalline co-elastomer, invented and developed by Heino Finkelmann and co-workers at Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet in Freiburg, Germany. The material is such that in which the mesogenic units are in both the side chains and the main chains of the elastomer. This co-elastomer was then mechanically loaded to induce a uniaxial network anisotropy before the cross-linking reaction was completed. These samples were then made into a composite with a conducting material such as dispersed silver particles or graphite fibers. The final samples was capable of undergoing more than 200% reversible strain in a few seconds.
Basic fibroblast growth factor supports the survival of cerebral cortical neurons in primary culture. (1986)

Bovine basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a potent mitogen isolated from bovine pituitary glands and brain. The addition of homogeneous bFGF to primary cultures of rat cerebral cortical neurons markedly enhances cell survival and elaboration of neurites. These effects are dose-dependent, with optimal stimulation occurring at a concentration of 500 pg/ml. Maintenance of survival and neurite outgrowth require the continuous presence of bFGF. Other growth factors, such as thrombin, platelet-derived growth factor, beta nerve growth factor, and interleukin 2, have no effect on neuronal survival or process formation. Although the cellular site(s) of bFGF synthesis has not yet been established, these results suggest that bFGF may function as a neurotrophic agent in the central nervous system.
Clinical Cryptosporidiosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)‐Induced Immunosuppression: Findings from a Longitudinal Study of HIV‐Positive and HIV‐Negative Former Injection Drug Users (1997)

The natural history of cryptosporidiosis was investigated during a waterborne outbreak among 1731 members of a drug rehabilitation community in Italy; 19.6% of the members were positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Demographic and clinical information and pre-outbreak serum samples were available. Clinical data were analyzed, stratifying the study population by HIV serostatus and CD4 cell count. The attack rate of clinical cryptosporidiosis was 13.6% among HIV-negative individuals and 30.7% among HIV-positive individuals, although in the latter, it varied according to CD4 cell count. Clinical symptoms and their duration were also related to CD4 cell count. Chronic symptoms were observed in only 16 individuals (15.4%), who all had <150 CD4 cells at the onset of the illness. Among a systematic sample of 198 individuals, 14.1% already had anti-Cryptosporidium antibodies before the outbreak, and 51.2% developed specific antibodies during the outbreak. The development and clinical manifestations of cryptosporidiosis were strongly influenced by the level of HIV-induced immunosuppression.
Elimination of acute myelogenous leukemic cells from marrow and tumor suspensions in the rat with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (1980)

Cell suspensions of normal rat marrow mixed with rat acute myelogenous leukemic cells were prepared and incubated in vitro with graded doses of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4HC). The cell suspensions were injected into rats prepared with a lethal dose of total body irradiation. Animals injected with these cells survived fatal irradiation induced aplasia. In a dose related manner 4HC was able to "purge" tumor cells from the cell mixtures. Thus, animals given cell suspensions incubated with the lower doses of 4HC showed prolonged survival before death from leukemia and animals given cell suspensions incubated with higher doses of 4HC survival lethal irradiation without the subsequent appearance of leukemia. These studies clearly establish that tumor cells may be eliminated from normal marrow suspensions without completely destroying the pluripotent stem cells.
Five-coordinate complexes of platinum(II) and palladium(II) (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFive-coordinate complexes of platinum(II) and palladium(II)John P. Fackler Jr., W. C. Seidel, and John A. FetchinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 10, 2707–2709Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01012a052https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01012a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views178Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A nanoporous network polymer derived from hexaazatrinaphthylene with potential as an adsorbent and catalyst support (2003)

The synthesis and properties of a nanoporous network polymer incorporating 5,6,11,12,17,18-hexaazatrinapthylene (Hatn) as the rigid functional unit is described. This material is readily prepared from the efficient dibenzodioxane forming reaction between 2,3,8,9,14,15-hexachloro-5,6,11,12,17,18-hexaazatrinaphthylene and 5,5′,6,6′-tetrahydroxy-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-1,1′-spirobisindane and exhibits a high BET surface area (775 m2 g−1) similar to that obtained from related nanoporous networks based on phthalocyanine and porphyrin macrocycles. The ability of the Hatn unit to bind to metal ions was shown by the sequential binding of three palladium(II) dichloride moieties to a soluble model Hatn compound using a 1H NMR titration experiment. When exposed to an excess of palladium(II) dichloride in chloroform solution, the Hatn nanoporous network is shown to adsorb 3.9 mmol g−1 of the metal complex. The resulting material retains porosity (BET surface area = 347 m2 g−1) and should be useful as a heterogeneous catalyst. The Hatn network polymer is also shown to be effective for the adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution with a maximum adsorption of 5 mmol g−1, which is a significant improvement over the performance of activated carbon reported in similar studies.
Cone Dimensions in Keratoconus Using Zernike Polynomials (1997)

The proposed method for quantifying cone dimensions and locale in keratoconic corneas provides practical and detailed information which may be useful in tracking the progression of the disease, contact lens fitting, and surgical planning.
Taurine‐Induced Regeneration of Goldfish Retina in Culture May Involve a Calcium‐Mediated Mechanism (1993)

A possible mechanism of action of taurine as a trophic substance was studied in goldfish retina by investigating the effect of extracellular and intracellular calcium chelators on in vitro outgrowth, and the effect of taurine on calcium influx into postcrush retinal cells in culture. The amino acid stimulated the outgrowth from goldfish retinal explants, an effect that was blocked by EGTA and 1,2-bis (o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid methyl ester (BAPTA). The influx of calcium into cultured cells from postcrush retina was increased by taurine by day 5 in culture, but not by day 10, supporting previous results indicating a critical period in which taurine stimulates outgrowth. The present results suggest that taurine partially exerts its regenerative effect on postcrush retinal explants by increasing calcium influx.
A novel image enhancement method using local Gamma correction with three-level thresholding (2011)

Uneven illumination always affects image quality seriously in practice. To weaken illumination effect on image quality, this paper proposes an enhancement method using local Gamma correction with three-level thresholding. First, three-level thresholding is used to segment the image based on maximum fuzzy entropy. It can make it possible to segment the image into three gray levels (dark, medium tone, and bright). Then, local Gamma correction is applied to the three levels respectively. Finally, the image by Gamma correction is linear stretched with saturation. The experiment results show that the proposed method gives good performance.
Automated Vision-Based Detection of Cracks on Concrete Surfaces Using a Deep Learning Technique (2018)

At present, a number of computer vision-based crack detection techniques have been developed to efficiently inspect and manage a large number of structures. However, these techniques have not replaced visual inspection, as they have been developed under near-ideal conditions and not in an on-site environment. This article proposes an automated detection technique for crack morphology on concrete surface under an on-site environment based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). A well-known CNN, AlexNet is trained for crack detection with images scraped from the Internet. The training set is divided into five classes involving cracks, intact surfaces, two types of similar patterns of cracks, and plants. A comparative study evaluates the successfulness of the detailed surface categorization. A probability map is developed using a softmax layer value to add robustness to sliding window detection and a parametric study was carried out to determine its threshold. The applicability of the proposed method is evaluated on images taken from the field and real-time video frames taken using an unmanned aerial vehicle. The evaluation results confirm the high adoptability of the proposed method for crack inspection in an on-site environment.
The reflection of electrons from standing light waves (1933)

It is well known that a beam of light falling on a reflecting mirror forms standing waves. This effect has been very beautifully made use of in Lippmann's colour photography process. The standing light waves, in this case, produce a periodic effect in the emulsion of the photographic plate which, when developed, scatters light and produces a similar colour effect. Instead of using a beam of light, it would seem possible to scatter electrons from the emulsion and obtain a reflection of electrons similar to that of a space grating. But it seemed to us that it would be of much greater interest to consider an experiment in which electrons are reflected from the standing waves of light. The direct scattering of free electronic waves by light has strictly never been observed, and it was thought possible that by this method, owing to the interference of the electrons and to the fact that the scattered electrons are focussed to one spot, the magnification of the phenomenon would be sufficient to make it observable. From the theory developed below, it will be seen that the experiment is just on the verge of possibility, and would be very difficult to carry out. The main interest of the experiment would come from the possibility of observing stimulated scattered radiation which up to the present has never been verified experimentally.