gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuroprotective autoimmunity: Naturally occurring CD4 <sup>+</sup> CD25 <sup>+</sup> regulatory T cells suppress the ability to withstand injury to the central nervous system (2002)

The ability of rats or mice to withstand the consequences of injury to myelinated axons in the CNS was previously shown to depend on the ability to manifest a T cell-mediated protective immune response, which is amenable to boosting by myelin-specific T cells. Here we show that this ability, assessed by retinal ganglion cell survival after optic nerve injury or locomotor activity after spinal cord contusion, is decreased if the animals were immunized as neonates with myelin proteins (resulting in their nonresponsiveness as adults to myelin proteins) or injected with naturally occurring regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells immediately after the injury, and is improved by elimination of these regulatory T cells. In nude BALBc mice replenished with a splenocyte population lacking CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells, significantly more neurons survived after optic nerve injury than in nude mice replenished with a complete splenocyte population or in matched wild-type controls. In contrast, neuronal survival in wild-type BALBc mice injected with CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells immediately after injury was significantly worse than in noninjected controls. These findings suggest that the ability to cope with the sequelae of a CNS insult is affected unfavorably by nonresponsiveness to myelin self-antigens and favorably by conditions allowing rapid expression of an autoimmune response. The regulatory T cells might represent an evolutionary compromise between the need to avoid autoimmune diseases and the need for autoimmunity on alert for the purpose of tissue maintenance.
Introduction to financial management (1985)

Part I: The Financial Environment and the Firm. Defining Financial Management. Taxes and the Financial Environment. Financial Institutions. Interest Rates. Part II: Financial Statements and Financial Planning. Examining a Firm's Financial Data. Interpreting Financial Statements. Determining Future Financial Needs. Part III: Working Capital Management. Working Capital Policy and Management. Managing Cash and Marketable Securities. Accounts Receivable and Inventories. Short Term Financing. Part IV. Capital Budgeting: Investment in Fixed Assets. Risk and Return. Time, Value and Money. The Process of Capital Budgeting. Decisions in Capital Budgeting. Part V: Long-Term Financing. Bonds and Preferred Stock. Common Stock. Hybrid Financing: Leasing, Options and Convertible Securities. Part VI: Factors that Influence How the Firm Is Financed. The Cost of Capital. Leverage and the Target Capital Structure. Determining the Dividend Policy. Part VII: Other Topics in Financial Management. Mergers and Acquisition. International Financial Management.
In vitro DNA binding of the archaeal protein Sso7d induces negative supercoiling at temperatures typical for thermophilic growth (1998)

The topological state of DNA in hyperthermophilic archaea appears to correspond to a linking excess in comparison with DNA in mesophilic organisms. Since DNA binding proteins often contribute to the control of DNA topology by affecting DNA geometry in the presence of DNA topoisomerases, we tested whether the histone-like protein Sso7d from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus alters DNA conformation. In ligase-mediated supercoiling assays carried out at 37, 60, 70, 80 and 90 degrees C we found that DNA binding of increasing amounts of Sso7d led to a progressive decrease in plasmid linking number (Lk), producing negative supercoiling. Identical unwinding effects were observed when recombinant non-methylated Sso7d was used. For a given Sso7d concentration the DNA unwinding induced was augmented with increasing temperature. However, after correction for the overwinding effect of high temperature on DNA, plasmids ligated at 60-90 degrees C exhibited similar sigma values at the highest Sso7d concentrations assayed. These results suggest that Sso7d may play a compensatory role in vivo by counteracting the overwinding effect of high temperature on DNA. Additionally, Sso7d unwinding could be involved in the topological changes observed during thermal stress (heat and cold shock), playing an analogous role in crenarchaeal cells to that proposed for HU in bacteria.
Synthetic Routes towards Fluorine‐Containing Amino Sugars: Synthesis of Fluorinated Analogues of Tomosamine and 4‐Amino‐4‐deoxyarabinose (2014)

Abstract Fluorinated analogues of bioactive amino sugars are of high interest in medicinal chemistry. We developed a straightforward synthetic route towards this class of carbohydrates by applying a titanium‐mediated aldol addition. Thus, two‐carbon chain elongations of serine‐ and threonine‐derived aldehydes with a chiral fluoroacetyl‐oxazolidinone could be achieved in good yields and excellent diastereoselectivities to generate a fluorohydrin‐containing carbon skeleton. A short deprotection sequence subsequently furnished the pyranoid forms of various 4‐amino‐2‐fluoropentoses and ‐hexoses, respectively. The versatility of this strategy was demonstrated by the stereoselective synthesis of naturally abundant 4‐amino‐4‐deoxyarabinose and 4‐amino‐4,6‐dideoxygalactose (tomosamine).
Differential Mechanisms of Constitutive Akt/PKB Activation and Its Influence on Gene Expression in Pancreatic Cancer Cells (2002)

Activated Akt/protein kinase B transmits oncogenic signals leading to inhibition of apoptosis, cellular proliferation, and tolerance to hypoxia. Presently, mutational inactivation of PTEN and activation of Ras are considered to be the major causes of Akt activation. Here we report differential mechanisms of constitutive Akt activation in 4 human pancreatic cancer cell lines (KMP-3, KMP-4, PCI-66, and PCI-68). These 4 cell lines displayed phosphorylation and functional activation of Akt both in the presence and absence of serum, while three control cell lines (PCI-79, KMP-8, and PSN-1) did so only in the presence of serum in culture. All the 7 cell lines harbored K-Ras activated by mutations at codon 12 resulting in MAP kinase kinase (MEK1/2) phosphorylation, and all except one (KMP-8) had p53 mutations, indicating that these mutations are not sufficient for constitutive Akt activation. KMP-3 and KMP-4 had lost PTEN function owing to loss of expression or a mutation, but PCI-66 and PCI-68 retained wild-type PTEN. Phosphorylation of Akt was inhibited by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein in KMP-3 and KMP-4 cells, indicating that upstream signals are required for Akt activation in these two cell lines. In contrast, neither LY294002 nor genistein inhibited Akt activation in PCI-66 and PCI-68 cells, indicating the involvement of another unknown mechanism of Akt activation independent of PI3K-mediated signaling to Akt. Irrespective of the differential mechanisms, the 4 cell lines showed similar mRNA expression patterns of 49 genes assessed by cDNA array as compared to the 3 cell lines without Akt activation, suggesting that the mechanisms have the same consequences on the downstream signaling of the constitutive Akt activation.
Performance Analysis of Weighted Round Robin Cell Scheduling and its Improvement in ATM Networks (1998)

Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is inactivated in a significant minority of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and may be predictor of treatment response. We determined if ATM deficiency renders pancreatic cancer cells more sensitive to fractionated radiation or commonly used chemotherapeutics. ATM expression was knocked down in three pancreatic cancer cell lines using ATM-targeting shRNA. Isogenic cell lines were tested for sensitivity to several chemotherapeutic agents and radiation. DNA repair kinetics were analyzed in irradiated cells using the comet assay. We find that while rendering pancreatic cancer cells ATM-deficient did not significantly change their sensitivity to several chemotherapeutics, it did render them exquisitely sensitized to radiation. Pancreatic cancer ATM status may help predict response to radiotherapy.
A new and recurrent activating length mutation in exon 20 of the FLT3 gene in acute myeloid leukemia (2002)

Activating length mutations in the juxtamembrane (JM) domain of the FLT3 gene (FLT3-LM) and mutations in the catalytic domain (FLT3D835/836) of this receptor tyrosine kinase represent the most frequent genetic alterations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we describe a 6-bp insertion in the activation loop of FLT3 between codons 840 and 841 of FLT3 (FLT3-840GS) in 2 unrelated patients with AML. Screening for other activating mutations of FLT3, KIT, and NRAS showed no further genetic alterations in patients carrying the FLT3-840GS. In functional analyses we could show that this mutant is hyperphosphorylated on tyrosine and confers interleukin 3-independent growth to Ba/F3 cells, which can be inhibited by a specific FLT3 protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor. Our results show for the first time that in addition to known mutations in the JM and the catalytic domain, further activating length mutations exist in the FLT3 gene.
A method of constructing a telexistence visual system using fixed screens (2002)

Projection-based visual display systems are expected to be effective platforms for virtual reality (VR) applications in which the displayed images are generated by computer graphics using 3D models of virtual worlds. However, these kinds of visual displays, as well as other kinds of fixed screen-based displays, such as various head-tracked displays (HTDs) and conventional CRT displays, have not been utilized to achieve precise telexistence in a real environment, which requires appropriate stereoscopic video images corresponding to the operator's head motion. We found that the time-varying off-axis projection required in these systems has prevented fixed screen-based displays from being used for telexistence, as ordinary cameras only have fixed and symmetric fields of view about the optical axis. After evaluating the problem, a method to realize a live video-based telexistence system with a fixed screen is proposed, aiming to provide the operator with a natural 3D sensation of presence. The key component of our method is a feature that keeps the orientation of the cameras fixed, regardless of the operator's head motion. Such a feature was implemented by designing a constant-orientation link mechanism.
Functional photoreceptor loss revealed with adaptive optics: An alternate cause of color blindness (2004)

There is enormous variation in the X-linked L/M (long/middle wavelength sensitive) gene array underlying "normal" color vision in humans. This variability has been shown to underlie individual variation in color matching behavior. Recently, red-green color blindness has also been shown to be associated with distinctly different genotypes. This has opened the possibility that there may be important phenotypic differences within classically defined groups of color blind individuals. Here, adaptive optics retinal imaging has revealed a mechanism for producing dichromatic color vision in which the expression of a mutant cone photopigment gene leads to the loss of the entire corresponding class of cone photoreceptor cells. Previously, the theory that common forms of inherited color blindness could be caused by the loss of photoreceptor cells had been discounted. We confirm that remarkably, this loss of one-third of the cones does not impair any aspect of vision other than color.
A Serological Survey of<i>Ehrlichia Canis, Ehrlichia Equi, Rickettsia Rickettsii</i>, and<i>Borrelia Burgdorferi</i>in Dogs in Oklahoma (1989)

Serum samples from 259 dogs were tested for antibodies to Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia equi, Rickettsia rickettsii, and Borrelia burgdorferi using the indirect fluorescent antibody test. The sera were obtained from submissions to the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory during a 14-month period from June 1986 through July 1987. The rate for positive antibody titers to E. canis was 53%, to E. equi was 33%, to R. rickettsii was 38%, and to B. burgdorferi was 18%. Higher percentages of sera serologically positive to E. canis were found in the spring through the fall months, but there were no seasonal variations for E. equi, R. rickettsii, and B. burgdorferi. There was no consistent pattern of titers to the 4 antigens when age-groups of the dogs were compared. Forty-four different breeds were tested.
Rhythmical Photic Stimulation at Alpha Frequencies Produces Antidepressant-Like Effects in a Mouse Model of Depression (2016)

Current therapies for depression consist primarily of pharmacological agents, including antidepressants, and/or psychiatric counseling, such as psychotherapy. However, light therapy has recently begun to be considered as an effective tool for the treatment of the neuropsychiatric behaviors and symptoms of a variety of brain disorders or diseases, including depression. One methodology employed in light therapy involves flickering photic stimulation within a specific frequency range. The present study investigated whether flickering and flashing photic stimulation with light emitting diodes (LEDs) could improve depression-like behaviors in a corticosterone (CORT)-induced mouse model of depression. Additionally, the effects of the flickering and flashing lights on depressive behavior were compared with those of fluoxetine. Rhythmical flickering photic stimulation at alpha frequencies from 9-11 Hz clearly improved performance on behavioral tasks assessing anxiety, locomotor activity, social interaction, and despair. In contrast, fluoxetine treatment did not strongly improve behavioral performance during the same period compared with flickering photic stimulation. The present findings demonstrated that LED-derived flickering photic stimulation more rapidly improved behavioral outcomes in a CORT-induced mouse model of depression compared with fluoxetine. Thus, the present study suggests that rhythmical photic stimulation at alpha frequencies may aid in the improvement of the quality of life of patients with depression.
The prescription cost of managing people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes following initiation of treatment with either insulin glargine or insulin detemir in routine general practice in the UK: a retrospective database analysis (2007)

Background: Two alternative basal analogue insulin treatments are available: insulin glargine (glargine) and insulin detemir (detemir). There are differences between these alternatives that could correspondingly result in differing financial costs of treatment. The purpose of this study was to compare the costs of diabetes-related treatments, administration and monitoring following initiation of treatment with glargine or detemir regimens in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus in the UK.\n\nMethods: The source data were a proprietary database of people treated in general practice in the UK (The Health Improvement Network (THIN)). Unit prices were from published sources. Data were extracted for people initiated on one of these two insulin regimens following the UK launch of detemir in June 2004. Where necessary, data were standardised.\n\nResults: The two patient cohorts were well matched. The median annual cost of treatment with glargine and detemir for people with type 1 diabetes was £1198 versus £1330 (Δ = 10%; p <0.001), respectively. For type 2 diabetes, the comparative values were £1014 and £1410 (Δ = 28%; p < 0.001), respectively. In type 1 diabetes, a glargine-based regimen resulted consistently in reduced costs of treatment: insulin (9%; p = 0.001), reagents (13%; p = 0.035), hypoglycaemia rescue medication (25%; p = 0.052), pen delivery devices (40%; p = 0.001) and sharps (25%; p = 0.053). In type 2 diabetes, a glargine-based regimen also resulted consistently in reduced costs of treatment: insulin (32%; p < 0.001), reagents (16%; p = 0.002), hypoglycaemia rescue medication (34%; p = 0.260), pen delivery devices (40%; p < 0.001) and sharps (17%; p = 0.006). Furthermore, there was no statistically significant increase in cost of treatment with oral hypoglycaemic agents using a glargine-based regimen.\n\nConclusion: Diabetes management with glargine results in markedly reduced costs of diabetes-related treatment compared with detemir in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
Thermal and Electrical Characterization of Materials for Phase-Change Memory Cells (2009)

The thermal properties of the phase-change chalcogenide alloy Ge2Sb2Te5 in its three phases (amorphous, cubic, and hexagonal) and of Si3N4 and SiO2 have been studied to obtain reliable values for device modeling. Thermal conductivity was determined, along with a quantitative estimation of the thermal resistances of the layers’ interfaces, not negligible for highly scaled devices. Electrical resistivity of the chalcogenide material has also been investigated during the phase transition by in situ measurement at constant heating rate.
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ION-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY (1997)

SUMMARY Ion-exclusion chromatography (IEC) finds application in the separation of a wide range of small, neutral or partially ionized molecules. In IEC strong and weak electrolytes are eluted unseparated, the former at the beginning of elution and the latter at the end. The retention volumes of the remaining electrolytes were found to be proportional to their dissociation constants. The mechanism of retention of the compounds analysed in ionexclusion chromatography has been described by use of analytical equations and results obtained from computer simulation of column performance (using global thermodynamic and chromatographic equations or the Craig method). The purpose of this paper is to survey the field. It focuses on description of the retention mechanism and on the most important applications.
Ultra-low turn-on voltage and on-resistance vertical GaN-on-GaN Schottky power diodes with high mobility double drift layers (2017)

This letter reports the implementation of double-drift-layer (DDL) design into GaN vertical Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) grown on free-standing GaN substrates. This design balances the trade-off between desirable forward turn-on characteristics and high reverse breakdown capability, providing optimal overall device performances for power switching applications. With a well-controlled metalorganic chemical vapor deposition process, the doping concentration of the top drift layer was reduced, which served to suppress the peak electric field at the metal/GaN interface and increase the breakdown voltages of the SBDs. The bottom drift layer was moderately doped to achieve low on-resistance to reduce power losses. At forward bias, the devices exhibited a record low turn-on voltage of 0.59 V, an ultra-low on-resistance of 1.65 mΩ cm2, a near unity ideality factor of 1.04, a high on/off ratio of ∼1010, and a high electron mobility of 1045.2 cm2/(V s). Detailed comparisons with conventional single-drift-layer (SDL) GaN vertical SBDs indicated that DDL design did not degrade the forward characteristics of the SBDs. At reverse bias, breakdown voltages of the DDL GaN SBDs were considerably enhanced compared to those of the conventional SDL devices. These results showed that GaN vertical SBDs with DDL designs are promising candidates for high efficiency, high voltage, high frequency power switching applications.
A 2 ms delay CELP coder (2003)

The objective of the described work is to constrain the algorithmic delay of an analysis-by-synthesis coder to be 2.5 ms while maintaining the bit rate at approximately 13 kb/s, which has been shown to be adequate for the Pan European Digital Mobile Radio System. For applications which do not incorporate some redundancy for error-protection purposes, the bit rate of the speech coder increased to 16 kb/s, while the delay was reduced to as little as 2 ms.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Eicosanoids in primary dysmenorrhea, endometriosis and menstrual migraine (1989)

This paper summarizes what has been learned over the years about the role of eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of primary dysmenorrhea, endometriosis and menstrual migraine. The role of prostaglandins (PGs) in the pathogenesis of primary dysmenorrhea is inferred from four main observations: firstly, the clinical symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea are similar to those induced by the administration of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 for the induction of labour; secondly, the increased production of PGs by the endometrium during the luteal and menstrual phases of ovulatory cycles is consistent with the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea mainly in ovulatory cycles; thirdly, the concentrations of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 in the endometrium and menstrual fluid of dysmenorrheic women are significantly higher than in controls; fourthly, certain PG inhibitors have been proved to be effective in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. The change in PG production can explain the major symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea, including the increased uterine contractility, uterine ischemia and the lowering of the pain threshold to chemical and physical stimuli in the pelvic nerve terminals. Moreover, recent experimental data suggest that leukotrienes (LTs) might be among the alternative pathogenetic causes of primary dysmenorrhea. The data which support a relationship between eicosanoids and endometriosis are as follows: endometriotic tissue produces PGs; the peritoneal fluid concentration of PGF2 alpha increases significantly after the induction of endometriosis in laboratory animals; the concentration of PGs in peritoneal fluid of some patients with endometriosis is greater than in controls and, finally, the number and activation of pelvic macrophages which are able to synthesize eicosanoids increase in patients with endometriosis. Possible roles for eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of infertility and secondary dysmenorrhea induced by endometriosis have been suggested. Eicosanoids are probably also involved in the pathogenesis of menstrual migraine. Different types of PGs might play a role both in the initial vasoconstriction during the prodromal phase of migraine and in the vasodilation and sensitization to pain typical of the pain phase.
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer study of the associative state of membrane-bound complexes of complement proteins C5b-8. (1985)

Human complement protein C8 was labeled with the fluorescent chromophores fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC), 3-(4-isothiocyanatophenyl)-7-diethylamine-4-methyl coumarin (IPM), eosin-5-isothiocyanate (EOS), or Texas Red (sulforhodamine-101-sulfonyl chloride; TR) with only minor reduction in the specific hemolytic activity of the protein. The distribution of C5b-8 complexes bound to sheep erythrocyte membranes was investigated by monitoring fluorescence resonance energy transfer (RET) between the following RET donor/acceptor pairs of labeled C8: FITC-C8/EOS-C8, IPM-C8/EOS-C8, and FITC-C8/TR-C8. On binding to membranes containing pre-formed C5b67 complexes, specific RET was detected for each of the donor/acceptor pairs of labeled C8 investigated. In contrast, no energy transfer was observed for these RET donor/acceptor pairs of labeled C8 incubated in the presence of control membranes or in membrane-free solution. On the basis of a consideration of the transfer efficiency that would be expected for donor/acceptor pairs of labeled C8 that were uniformly dispersed on the membrane surface, these results suggest that C5b-8 complexes are aggregated into polymeric clusters when membrane-bound. The efficiency of donor-C8 to acceptor-C8 RET--and the hemolytic activity of membrane-bound C5b-8 (in the absence of C9)--are both related to the surface density of membrane-bound C5b67, suggesting that the physical clustering of the membrane-inserted C5b-8 complex may be related to the expression of its cytolytic activity.