gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Signaling Through the Interaction of Membrane-Restricted Stem Cell Factor and c-kit Receptor Tyrosine Kinase: Genetic Evidence for a Differential Role in Erythropoiesis (1998)

Mutations of the receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit or its ligand stem cell factor (SCF), which is encoded as a soluble and membrane-associated protein by the Steel gene in mice, lead to deficiencies of germ cells, melanocytes, and hematopoiesis, including the erythroid lineage. In the present study, we have used genetic methods to study the role of membrane or soluble presentation of SCF in hematopoiesis. Bone marrow-derived stromal cells expressing only a membrane-restricted (MR) isoform of SCF induced an elevated and sustained tyrosine phosphorylation of both c-kit and erythropoietin receptor (EPO-R) and significantly greater proliferation of an erythrocytic progenitor cell line compared with stromal cells expressing soluble SCF. Transgene expression of MR-SCF in Steel-dickie (Sld) mutants resulted in a significant improvement in the production of red blood cells, bone marrow hypoplasia, and runting. In contrast, overexpression of the full-length soluble form of SCF transgene had no effect on either red blood cell production or runting but corrected the myeloid progenitor cell deficiency seen in these mutants. These data provide the first evidence of differential functions of SCF isoforms in vivo and suggest an abnormal signaling mechanism as the cause of the severe anemia seen in mutants of the Sl gene.
Properties and Potential Applications of Nonwoven Crepe Fabrics (1975)

Nonwoven fabrice to which a convoluted, crepe-like structure has been imparted possess certain properties that suggest interesting potential areas of application. Such fabric structures may find acceptance as replacements for more expensive woven fabrics because of the capability of controlling drape and stretch characteristics to desirable levels. Possible end-use areas discussed are apparel fabrics, elastic inserts in disposable garments, and bags for air-particulate filtra tion. Physical principles governing drape and stretch properties are theoretically considered, and predicted values are found to agree well with experimental measurements on laboratory-made samples. These samples showed ex cellent permanency of structure and good wrinkle recovery. Air-particulate filtration performance of nonwoven crepe fabrics was evaluated. Improvements over flat fabrics in efficiency at equal material thickness, reduction in drag at equal material weight, high dust-holding capacity, and ease of cleaning were observed.
Metamorphic Virus Variants Classification Using Opcode Frequency Histogram (2011)

In order to prevent detection and evade signature-based scanning methods, which are normally exploited by antivirus software, metamorphic viruses use several various obfuscation approaches. They transform their code in new instances as look entirely or partly different and contain dissimilar sequences of string, but their behavior and function remain unchanged. This obfuscation process allows them to stay away from the string based signature detection. In this research, we use a statistical technique to compare the similarity between two files infected by two morphed versions of a given metamorphic virus. Our proposed solution based on static analysis and it uses the histogram of machine instructions frequency in various offspring of obfuscated viruses. We use Euclidean histogram distance metric to compare a pair of portable executable (PE) files. The aim of this study is to show that for some particular obfuscation methods, the presented solution can be exploited to detect morphed varieties of a file. Hence, it can be utilized by non-string based signature scanning to identify whether a file is a version of a metamorphic virus or not.
Association between polymorphism in the melanocortin 1 receptor gene and E locus plumage color phenotype (2014)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene on plumage color in chickens. The gene was sequenced in 77 males and 77 females from 13 Spanish breeds, carrying 6 different alleles in the E locus (E*E, E*R, E*WH, E*N, E*B, E*BC), a recessive wheaten (yellowish-white) tester line (E*Y), and a White Leghorn population (heterozygous E*E). A total of 11 significant SNP were detected. Nine of them were nonsynonymous (T212C, G274A, G376A, T398AC, G409A, A427G, C637T, A644C, and G646A, corresponding to amino acid changes Met72Thr, Glu92Lys, Val126Ile, Leu133GlnPro, Ala137Thr, Thr143Ala, Arg213Cys, His215Pro, and Val216Ile), and 2 were synonymous (C69T and C834T). With respect to the significant SNP, 7 had an allelic frequency of 0.5 or greater for some of the alleles at the E locus. These results indicated a significant correlation between MC1R polymorphism and the presence of different alleles at the E locus. All the populations carrying the E*E or E*R alleles, except the Birchen Leonesa, had the G274A polymorphism. Eleven haplotypes were made with 7 of the significant SNP. The distribution of these haplotypes in the different alleles of the E locus showed that each haplotype was predominantly associated to one allele. The number of haplotypes was greatest for the Black Menorca, Birchen Leonesa, and Blue Andaluza breeds, whereas the Quail Castellana and Red-barred Vasca breeds were monomorphic. Our results suggested that the Glu92Lys mutation may be responsible of the activation of the receptor for eumelanin production, being necessary but not sufficient to express the extended black phenotype. They also suggested that the Arg213Cys mutation may be the cause of the loss or the decrease of function of the receptor to produce eumelanin, and the Ala137Thr mutation may be a candidate to attenuate the Glu92Lys effect. The observed co-segregation of the E locus alleles and polymorphisms in MC1R confirms that the E locus is equivalent to MC1R.
On the Properties of the Softmax Function with Application in Game Theory and Reinforcement Learning (2017)

In this paper, we utilize results from convex analysis and monotone operator theory to derive additional properties of the softmax function that have not yet been covered in the existing literature. In particular, we show that the softmax function is the monotone gradient map of the log-sum-exp function. By exploiting this connection, we show that the inverse temperature parameter determines the Lipschitz and co-coercivity properties of the softmax function. We then demonstrate the usefulness of these properties through an application in game-theoretic reinforcement learning.
Optimization of Cogging Torque in A Hybrid Axial and Radial Flux Permanent Magnet Machine (2019)

A novel hybrid axial and radial flux permanent magnet machine is proposed in this paper. T-type SMC core, reluctance rotor and PM rotor are applied in the machine. Structure of reluctance rotor, magnet pole-arc ratio, magnet skewing mode, magnet skewing angle and position angle are analyzed to optimize the cogging torque using finite-element method (FEM). Then, response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA) are applied to optimize the cogging torque. Finally, a 3-D FEM model is built and comparative work is carried out between the original and optimized design. The validity of RSM and GA is verified through the FEM results.
Reflection properties of nanostructure-arrayed silicon surfaces (2000)

The reflection properties of 300 nm periodically structured silicon surfaces with depth varying between 35 and 190 nm, prepared by interference lithography, were examined in the range 200 nm<λ<3000 nm. A decrease in the reflectivity that becomes stronger with increasing structure depth is observed below 1000 nm. This broad-band reduction is caused by diffraction effects at short wavelengths and by the `moth-eye effect' at long wavelengths. The results show a universal behaviour in the optical-path to wavelength ratio dependence of the reflectivity and are in good agreement with the results obtained for the `moth-eye effect' from the effective medium theory.
Fracking - Prevention of Leakage of Oil and Gas from Abandoned Holes in Consolidated Rock (2016)

Fracking of deep shales is used in the US for making otherwise unavailable gas and oil in dense rock exploitable but can cause problems by leakage to the ground surface or shallow aquifers of such matter and of water contaminated by chemicals used for release of the precious substances. The issue is primarily boring disturbance causing a high-permeable annulus around boreholes that interacts hydrologically with natural fracture zones, and secondarily, malfunctioning concrete liners. A novel approach for new holes is to eliminate leakage by constructing long-lasting linings, and chemically stable concrete plugs where permeable fracture zones are intersected. The vertical parts of abandoned holes can be sealed by construction of concrete plugs where such zones are intersected and by installing clay seals in between. For holes to be abandoned, long-term sealing is provided by installing very dense smectitic clay plugs that are chemically compatible with the concrete.
An integrated microfluidic system for rapid screening of alpha-fetoprotein-specific aptamers (2012)

The systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) is a screening technique that involves the progressive selection of highly specific ligands via repeated rounds of partition and amplification from a large random pool of nucleic acid sequences. The products of this selection process are called aptamers and are either short single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules with a high binding affinity to a large variety of target analytes. However, SELEX is a lengthy, labor-intensive, iterative process requiring multiple rounds of extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. In order to address these problems, this study presents a new integrated microfluidic system consisting of a magnetic bead-based microfluidic SELEX chip and a competitive assay chip to automate the aptamer screening process. More importantly, the selected ssDNA sequences were confirmed to have a high affinity and specificity to the target molecules, using the developed competitive assay chip. With this approach, an aptamer specific to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), which is a biomarker for liver cancers, has been successfully selected. The screened aptamer was used as a recognition molecule for AFP and has a linear detection range from 12.5 to 800 ng/mL, which was suitable for rapid clinical applications.
The Atomphysical Interpretation of Lichtenberg Figures and Their Application to the Study of Gas Discharge Phenomena (1939)

The extremely finely detailed drawing in Lichtenberg figures offers an unusually clear record of the early stages of discharge phenomena. The interpretation of these records in terms of electronic ionization, space charge, plasma formation, and neutralization of charges is presented in this paper. After giving a short summary of our present knowledge about gas breakdown, the ``normal'' history of a Lichtenberg discharge is established by a study in nitrogen between five millimeters of mercury and thirty atmospheres of pressure. It progresses in three stages—the primary figure, spark development, and the discharge of negative surface charges. (The ``back figure.'') Admixture of carbon tetrachloride and experiments in ``Freon'' up to six atmospheres show the decisive influence of electro-negative components on the development of the phenomena, and reveal the reasons why these new gases are so effective in suppressing corona discharges. Deviations from Paschen's law, recently observed by several workers, can be interpreted in terms of the photographic evidence gained.
Analysis of 65 tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) patients by<i>TSC2</i>DGGE,<i>TSC1</i>/<i>TSC2</i>MLPA, and<i>TSC1</i>long-range PCR sequencing, and report of 28 novel mutations (2005)

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a severe autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by the development of benign tumors (hamartomas) in many organs. It can lead to intellectual handicap, epilepsy, autism, and renal or heart failure. An inactivating mutation in either of two tumor-suppressor genes-TSC1 and TSC2-is the cause of this syndrome, with TSC2 mutations accounting for 80-90% of all mutations. Molecular diagnosis of TSC is challenging, since TSC1 and TSC2 consist of 21 and 41 coding exons, respectively, and the mutation spectrum is very heterogeneous. Here we report a new approach for detecting mutations in TSC: a denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis for small TSC2 mutations, a multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis for large deletions and duplications in TSC1 or TSC2, and a long-range PCR/sequencing-based analysis for small TSC1 mutations. When applied in this order, the three methods provide a new sensitive and time- and cost-efficient strategy for the molecular diagnosis of TSC. We analyzed 65 Danish patients who had been clinically diagnosed with TSC, and identified pathogenic mutations in 51 patients (78%). These included 36 small TSC2 mutations, four large deletions involving TSC2, and 11 small TSC1 mutations. Twenty-eight of the small mutations are novel. For the missense mutations, we established a functional assay to demonstrate that the mutations impair TSC2 protein function. In conclusion, the strategy presented may greatly help small- and medium-sized laboratories in the pre- and postnatal molecular diagnosis of TSC.
Development of circumstance-based variable information structure for head up display in a car (2011)

The development of automobiles has concentrated on the performance of vehicles and the safety and convenience of driving. The head-up display (HUD), in particular, was first installed on GM vehicles in 1988. It serves as the interior information display on the front windshield and it offers the required vehicle information without changing the driver's view and focus. This therefore reduces the unexpected accidents and other risksthat tend to distract the driver. However, the HUD that has been implemented in recent vehicles is being developed without any unified standard in terms of its location, size, and the information offered by manufacturers. Despite the numerous studies made on HUD, there remains to be a significant lack in terms of the technical information that the driver needs while driving and the shape of the HUD appropriate to such needs. Therefore, this paper studied the visual display shape and the method of offering information that the driver needs while driving. The considerations include the driver's safety and convenience, as proposed, using the application technology of the vehicle front windshield. The circumstance-based variable information structure, which offers the necessary information according to various driving conditions, based on the viewpoint of the actual driver is also considered.
THE HYDROLYSIS OF TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE AND ITS EFFECT ON THE PUREX PROCESS (1951)

without either dilution or addition of supporting eleclrolyte. Removal of dissolved oxygen and control of temperature were urnecessary. The precision of the method was better than plus or minus 5%, and the accuracy, which is dependent on calibration with a standard solution, was well within the precision value. The calibration curve is linear, for practical purposes, up to approximately 8 g/l UNH or 0.032 lb/gal uranium. (auth)
Improvement of Adhesion Properties of Fluorinated Silica Glass Films by Nitrous Oxide Plasma Treatment (1997)

The effects of nitrous oxide plasma surface treatment of fluorinated silica glass (FSG) films were investigated to improve film stability and adhesion properties. FSG films with varying fluorine concentrations were deposited using plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), then exposed to a nitrous oxide plasma to modify the surface. Treated films were boiled to study the moisture absorption, and subsequent depositions of foreign passivation films such as silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, etc., were used to study the changes in adhesion characteristics. It was found that plasma treatments under certain conditions could enhance the adhesion characteristics of films with higher fluorine dopant levels but did not measurably change the moisture resistance of the films. The effects of the plasma treatment were confined to the surface and did not measurably effect the bulk properties of the film. The effects of the nitrous oxide plasma treatment of PECVD FSG films are presented along with proposed mechanisms to explain the effects.
Targeted Killing of Migrating Glioma Cells by Injection of HTK-Modified Glioma Cells (1997)

The "bystander effect" describes the killing of nearby unmodified cells and herpes simplex thymidine kinase (HTK)-transduced cells by ganciclovir (GCV) treatment. This effect is thought to be produced by contact between these cells. In this study, we showed that injected glioma cells migrated rapidly to a place distant from the injection point whereas injected virus-producing fibroblast cells did not migrate in a murine brain model. Moreover, the initially injected glioma cells and glioma cells injected at a later time mix very well, even at a place distant from the injection point. This suggested that glioma cells migrating after injection could be targeted by HTK-modified glioma cells introduced in a second injection and be killed together by GCV treatment. Therefore, we injected HTK-modified glioma cells 3 days after injection of wild glioma cells to investigate whether wild-type glioma cells that migrated to a place distant from the injection point could also be killed by GCV treatment. Tumor growth was suppressed after the GCV treatment. Suppression of tumor growth of wild glioma cells is not solely mediated by the immune response, which may be triggered by the killing of HTK-modified glioma cells with GCV, because inoculation of HTK-modified glioma to the contralateral side followed by GCV treatment did not cure the initial wild glioma. Moreover, the migration of the second inoculum of glioma cells is necessary for effective killing, because early administration of GCV resulted in insufficient killing.
Menopause and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women (1987)

To determine the relation of menopause to the risk of coronary heart disease, we analyzed data on a prospective cohort of 121,700 U.S. women 30 to 55 years old who were followed from 1976 to 1982. Information on menopausal status, the type of menopause, and other risk factors was obtained in 1976 and updated every two years by mailing questionnaires. Through 1982, the follow-up rate was 98.3 percent for mortality and 95.4 percent for nonfatal events. After we controlled for age and cigarette smoking, women who had had a natural menopause and who had never taken replacement estrogen had no appreciable increase in the risk of coronary heart disease, as compared with premenopausal women (adjusted rate ratio, 1.2; 95 percent confidence limits, 0.8 and 1.8). Again compared with premenopausal women, the occurrence of a natural menopause together with the use of estrogens did not affect the risk (rate ratio, 0.8, 95 percent confidence limits, 0.4 and 1.3). Women who had undergone bilateral oophorectomy and who had never taken estrogens after menopause had an increased risk (rate ratio, 2.2; 95 percent confidence limits, 1.2 and 4.2). However, the use of estrogens in the postmenopausal period appeared to eliminate this increased risk among these women as compared with premenopausal women (rate ratio, 0.9; 95 percent confidence limits, 0.6 and 1.6). These data suggest that, in contrast to a natural menopause, bilateral oophorectomy increases the risk of coronary heart disease. This increase appears to be prevented by estrogen-replacement therapy.
Osteoporosis and atherosclerosis: biological linkages and the emergence of dual-purpose therapies (2005)

Osteoporosis and atherosclerosis are both widely prevalent in an ageing population, and induce serious morbidities and death. There is growing evidence that in addition to their relationship to ageing, osteoporosis and atherosclerosis are also linked by biological associations. This article reviews their clinical interrelations, discusses the basic biology of bone and the arterial wall, and presents five examples that illustrate their biological linkages. Current therapeutic approaches emerging from these linkages, including statins, bisphosphonates, and the thiazolidinediones, have dual effects on bone and the vasculature. Additional therapies derived from experimental studies that enhance bone density and reduce atherogenesis hold further promise to diminish the morbidity and mortality of osteoporosis and atherosclerosis, with attendant benefits to society.
Accurate quantitation of allele-specific expression patterns by analysis of DNA melting (2007)

Epigenetic and genetic mechanisms can result in large differences in expression levels of the two alleles in a diploid organism. Furthermore, these differences may be critical to phenotypic variations among individuals. In this study, we present a novel procedure and algorithm to precisely and accurately quantitate the relative expression of each allele. This method uses the differential melting properties of DNAs differing at even a single base pair. By referring to the melting characteristics of the two pure alleles, the fractional contribution of the two alleles to any unknown mixture can be mathematically resolved. These methods are highly accurate and precise because each single melting reaction yields multiple data points for analysis. Finally, we discuss how this approach can be used more generally to accurately quantitate gene expression relative to known standards.
Hydrogen-Oxidizing Capabilities of<i>Helicobacter hepaticus</i>and In Vivo Availability of the Substrate (2003)

Hydrogen-oxidizing hydrogenase activity was detected in Helicobacter hepaticus and compared to the activity in Helicobacter pylori for characteristics associated with hydrogen uptake respiratory hydrogenases. Intact whole cells could couple H(2) oxidation to oxygen uptake, and no H(2) uptake was observed without oxygen available to complete the respiratory pathway. The H. hepaticus enzyme coupled H(2) oxidation to reduction of many positive potential acceptors, and it underwent anaerobic or reductive activation. H. hepaticus had a strong affinity for molecular H(2) (apparent K(m) of 2.5 micro M), and microelectrode measurements on the livers of live mice demonstrated that H(2) is available in the host tissue at levels 20-fold greater than the apparent whole-cell K(m) value.
Improving access patency: pre-end-stage renal disease strategies. (1998)

Hemodialysis vascular access has emerged as a major cause of patient morbidity and cost in the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) program. It is currently estimated that the maintenance and placement of ESRD vascular access may account for up to 25% of the ESRD budget and the responsible for up to 25% of all hospital stays. The National Kidney Foundation Dialysis Outcome Quality Initiative showed that arteriovenous (AV) fistulas have a patency and cost that are significantly better than native AV grafts. Conversely, new evidence suggests that a rigorous program of prospective screening for fibromuscular dysplasia combined with intervention significantly improves AV graft longevity to levels approaching AV fistulas but at significant cost. Nonetheless, native AV fistulas remain superior, despite these advances both in terms of patency and cost. Efforts to increase the number of AV fistulas in the prevalent U.S. population are needed. New and innovative pre-ESRD strategies that lead to increased percentage of AV fistula formation are the goal for rapid improvement in access patency and decrease in access morbidity. A primary barrier to native AV fistula formation is lack of timely referral. Strategies to increase AV fistula formation require early referral to nephrology and early placement of AV fistulas.