gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reflective electron-beam lithography performance for the 10nm logic node (2012)

Maskless electron beam lithography has the potential to extend semiconductor manufacturing to the sub-10 nm technology node. KLA-Tencor is currently developing Reflective Electron Beam Lithography (REBL) for high-volume 10 nm logic (16 nm HP). This paper reviews progress in the development of the REBL system towards its goal of 100 wph throughput for High Volume Lithography (HVL) at the 2X and 1X nm nodes. In this paper we introduce the Digital Pattern Generator (DPG) with integrated CMOS and MEMs lenslets that was manufactured at TSMC and IMEC. For REBL, the DPG is integrated to KLA-Tencor pattern generating software that can be programmed to produce complex, gray-scaled lithography patterns. Additionally, we show printing results for a range of interesting lithography patterns using Time Domain Imaging (TDI). Previously, KLA-Tencor reported on the development of a Reflective Electron Beam Lithography (REBL) tool for maskless lithography at and below the 22 nm technology node<sup>1</sup>. Since that time, the REBL team and its partners (TSMC, IMEC) have made good progress towards developing the REBL system and Digital Pattern Generator (DPG) for direct write lithography. Traditionally, e-beam direct write lithography has been too slow for most lithography applications. Ebeam direct write lithography has been used for mask writing rather than wafer processing since the maximum blur requirements limit column beam current - which drives e-beam throughput. To print small features and a fine pitch with an e-beam tool requires a sacrifice in processing time unless one significantly increases the total number of beams on a single writing tool. Because of the continued uncertainty with regards to the optical lithography roadmap beyond the 22 nm technology node, the semiconductor equipment industry is in the process of designing and testing e-beam lithography tools with the potential for HVL.
THE PREPARATION OF SOME PRIMARY AMINES BY THE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NITRILES (1925)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE PREPARATION OF SOME PRIMARY AMINES BY THE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NITRILESWallace H. Carothers and G. A. JonesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1925, 47, 12, 3051–3057Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1925Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1925https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01689a034https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01689a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views648Altmetric-Citations42LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
What's Next for Shopbots? (2010)

BargainFinder, one of the earliest shopbot projects to receive media and public attention, debuted on 30 June 1995. Now, on the project's 15th anniversary, the authors review its progress and the many applications it's influenced.
RDF-REST: A Unifying Framework for Web APIs and Linked Data (2014)

Abstract. There has been a lot of efforts to bridge the gap between web APIs and linked data. The RDF-REST framework, that we developed in the process of building a RESTful service using linked data, is part of them. This paper presents the approach adopted in the RDF-REST framework, and show its benefits in the design and use of web APIs. One of these benefits is an easy integration of existing APIs with each other and with linked data. 1
Emulsion Based Gel Technique: Novel Approach for Enhancing Topical Drug Delivery of Hydrophobic Drugs (2014)

These modern days there is an upsurge in topical formulations such that it can be prepared by varying physico-chemical properties and providing better localized action. The patient adherence to topical formulations is significant in relation to chronic skin diseases, like fungal infections, acne, psoriasis. Emulgel is one of the recent technology in NDDS used topically having characteristics of dual control release i.e. emulsion as well as gel. Despite of many advantages of gels there is a major limitation of delivering the hydrophobic drug. Henceforth emulgel has been emerged as an auspicious topical drug delivery system for hydrophobic drugs and proves a boon for dermal care and cosmetology. It is prepared by different polymers which work as an emulsifier and thickener because the gelling capacity of these compounds give rise to stable emulsions and creams by decreasing surface and interfacial tension while at the same time increasing the viscosity of the aqueous phase. Emulgel are having major advantages on novel vesicular systems as well as on conventional systems considering various aspects. Numerous permeation enhancers can potentiate the effect of decreasing skin barrier resistance on the other hand promoting solubility of the drug in vehicle is also feasible. The use of emulgels can be considered well in analgesics and antifungal drugs.
Rx/Tx integration concepts for ground segment SatCom antenna arrays (2016)

This paper discusses antenna array integration concepts for combined receiver (Rx) and transmitter (Tx) terminals that can be used for ground based Ka-band satellite communications (SatCom). The combination of Rx and Tx enables very compact array architectures, which eases integration on mobile platforms. The associated challenges are discussed in the SatCom context and a comprehensive analysis of the array grids is carried out. Advanced dual-band antenna designs are presented for both tile and brick architecture. A dielectric-lens based wideband antenna is introduced as an element of a dual-band array in brick architecture. The approach eases the integration of the required passive and active circuitry.
Factors Influencing Quantitative CT Measurements of Solitary Pulmonary Nodules (1982)

Quantitative computed tomographic (CT) measurement of pulmonary nodules has not been widely applied despite favorable reports. Its usefulness has been questioned by some investigators. A series of experiments on six different scanners was undertaken to study the factors that affect the applicability of this technique. The type of reconstruction algorithm, the design of the CT system, the true slice thickness, and the beam kilovoltage were the most important factors identified. These factors can produce large variations in the CT numbers of pulmonary nodules, preventing direct comparison of results from scanner to scanner. Before undertaking studies of pulmonary nodules, the effect of these variables in each individual scanner should be evaluated. Despite the current lack of standardization, reliable CT number measurements using a specific kilovoltage and slice thickness should be possible on every modern scanner provided it is positionally uniform and gives a linear response to varying densities. We propose that the CT number above which a pulmonary nodule can be considered benign should be the representative CT number of a 1 cm diameter syringe filled with a hydrous calcium chloride solution of 40 mg/ml of water and scanned in air. A better understanding of the physics of lung nodule densitometry is necessary for the proper application of this technique in the management of patients with solitary pulmonary nodules.
An emergent science on the brink of irrelevance: a review of the past 8 years of DNA barcoding (2012)

DNA barcoding has become a well-funded, global enterprise since its proposition as a technique for species identification, delimitation and discovery in 2003. However, the rapid development of next generation sequencing (NGS) has the potential to render DNA barcoding irrelevant because of the speed with which it generates large volumes of genomic data. To avoid obsolescence, the DNA barcoding movement must adapt to use this new technology. This review examines the DNA barcoding enterprise, its continued resistance to improvement and the implications of this on the future of the discipline. We present the consistent failure of DNA barcoding to recognize its limitations and evolve its methodologies, reducing the usefulness of the data produced by the movement and throwing into doubt its ability to embrace NGS.
Cholera toxin B-subunit gene fusion: structural and functional analysis of the chimeric protein (1990)

A synthetic peptide, encoding amino acid residues 345 to 359 of the glucosyltransferase B enzyme of Streptococcus mutans GS-5, was genetically fused to the N-terminal end of the B-subunit gene of cholera toxin. The protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and retained the antigenicity associated with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) as well as that associated with glucosyltransferase B. The addition of 15 amino acids to the N-terminal end of CTB did not appear to affect the gross structure of the protein significantly. The chimeric protein monomers assembled into a functional oligomer which exhibited only minor conformational differences from native CTB as measured by circular dichroism. The chimera bound to GM1 ganglioside and thus retained the biological activity of CTB. These results demonstrate that genetic fusion of small peptides to the N terminus of CTB has only a minimal effect on the structure and function of the protein. Furthermore, the chimera was shown to be immunogenic when fed to mice. This work has important implications in the construction of CTB chimeras for use as oral vaccines.
Global economics and international economic law (1998)

Global economics and international economic law Get access JH Jackson JH Jackson Faculty of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, USA University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of International Economic Law, Volume 1, Issue 1, March 1998, Pages 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/1.1.1 Published: 01 March 1998
PST‐1: A Synthetic Small‐Pore Zeolite that Selectively Adsorbs H<sub>2</sub> (2009)

No gas too small: A synthetic potassium gallosilicate natrolite with Si/Ga=1.28 (denoted PST-1; see picture, Ga/Si gray, O red, K pink) was found to selectively adsorb small gases, especially H2, and hence to discriminate them from slightly larger molecules such as Ar or CO2. The remarkable ease of its dehydration and great (hydro)thermal stability make PST-1 a potential candidate for fast, selective H2 or He separation processes.
SPIRE (2013)

Dynamic binary translation system must perform an address translation for every execution of indirect branch instructions. The procedure to convert Source binary Program Counter (SPC) address to Translated Program Counter (TPC) address always takes more than 10 instructions, becoming a major source of performance overhead. This paper proposes a novel mechanism called SPc-Indexed REdirecting (SPIRE), which can significantly reduce the indirect branch handling overhead. SPIRE doesn't rely on hash lookup and address mapping table to perform address translation. It reuses the source binary code space to build a SPC-indexed redirecting table. This table can be indexed directly by SPC address without hashing. With SPIRE, the indirect branch can jump to the originally SPC address without address translation. The trampoline residing in the SPC address will redirect the control flow to related code cache. Only 2-6 instructions are needed to handle an indirect branch execution. As part of the source binary would be overwritten, a shadow page mechanism is explored to keep transparency of the corrupt source binary code page. Online profiling is adopted to reduce the memory overhead. We have implemented SPIRE on an x86 to x86 DBT system, and discussed the implementation issues on different guest and host architectures. The experiments show that, compared with hash lookup mechanism, SPIRE can reduce the performance overhead by 36.2% on average, up to 51.4%, while only 5.6% extra memory is needed. SPIRE can cooperate with other indirect branch handling mechanisms easily, and we believe the idea of SPIRE can also be applied on other occasions that need address translation.
Biofilm Ecology of Bioluminescent Bacteria (1992)

Test systems have been developed which enable the evaluation of bacterial biofilm formation and metabolic activity under conditions simulating those of the in situ environment. A series of laminar-flow adhesion cells were constructed with provisions for on-line, non-destructive measurements of bioluminescence, fluorescence, open circuit potential, and po2 for monitoring colonization and succession as influenced by a systematic change in bulk-phase and substratum conditions. Bioluminescence and fluorescence by biofilms of the bioluminescent, marine bacterium, Vibrio harveyi were utilized as endpoints for adhesion in evaluations of antifouling (AF) ship hull coatings. Resistance to colonization of V. harveyi was noted in the order of F-121 (Navy)> BRA 640 (IP)> 15% DNP. Future work will evaluate changes in cellular lipid biomarkers associated with biofilms and planktonic cultures exposed to copper contained in AF coatings and in bulk-phase chemostats, respectively. The test systems and procedures developed under ONR funding will enable studies of materials compatibility, antifouling efficacy, and biocide toxicity in diverse ecosystems. Bioluminescent bacteria, lux, alg, biofilm, antifouling agents, biocide efficacy, biofilm ecology, flow cells, fluorometry, ship hull coatings, Vibrio harveyi.
Biodegradation of Petroleum (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Biodegradation of Specific Constituents Petroleum Biodegradation Application to Spills
Contributions of stomatal infiltration and cuticular penetration to enhancements of foliar uptake by surfactants (1991)

Abstract Radiolabelled deoxyglucose (DOG) and glyphosate were used to investigate the effects of certain non‐ionic surfactants on the kinetics of foliar uptake in three species. ‘Silwet L‐77’ (5 g litre −1 ), an organosilicone surfactant, enabled spray solutions to infiltrate stomata, providing uptake of DOG into Vicia bean (50%), oat (35%) and wheat (20%) within 10 min of application. ‘Silwet Y‐12301’, another organosilicone, also induced stomatal infiltration but to a lesser extent; unlike L‐77, this was attenuated by partial stomatal closure. A third organosilicone, ‘Silwet L‐7607’, and two conventional surfactants, ‘Triton X‐45’ (OP5) and ‘Agral 90’ (NP9), did not induce stomatal infiltration. The effective minimum concentration of L‐77 required to enable infiltration of stomata was 2 g litre −1 . The uptake of glyphosate into bean did not differ from that of DOG but the ‘Roundup’ formulation of glyphosate partially antagonised the infiltration provided by L‐77. Addition of surfactants did not increase the rate of cuticular penetration of DOG into bean but total uptake was increased, except by NP9, either via infiltration (L‐77 and Y‐12301) or by extending the period during which penetration occurred (L‐7607 and OP5). The surfactants had a variable effect on rates of penetration of DOG into wheat and oat. In general, foliar uptake followed an exponential timecourse which was largely complete within 6 h and only rarely approached 100% of the applied chemical. The stomatal infiltration provided by L‐77 caused an increase in translocation of DOG in bean.
Pharmacokinetics of the oral iron chelator deferiprone (L<sub>1</sub>) in patients with iron overload (1995)

Single oral dose pharmacokinetics of the iron chelator deferiprone (L1) were studied in 24 patients with chronic iron overload and correlated with 24 h urinary iron excretion (UIE) and creatinine clearance. Absorption of L1 was rapid with a t1/2 of 22.2 +/- 17.7 (mean +/- SD) min. The elimination half-life (elt1/2) of the drug was 91.1 +/- 33.1 min and of its metabolite, L1-glucuronide (L1G) 147.7 +/- 52.0 min. Creatinine clearance of the patients correlated significantly with the elimination t1/2 of L1G (r = -0.79, P = 0.002). There was also a significant correlation between 24 h UIE in the 14 patients studied and L1 versus time area under the curve (AUC) (P = 0.007). The total amount of L1 recovered in urine in 24 h comprised 77.9 +/- 13.3% of the L1 dose. L1 efficiency (the 24 h UIE divided by the amount of iron the oral dose of L1 is capable of binding) in the 14 patients was 3.8 +/- 1.9%. These data show for the first time that the urinary elimination of L1G is influenced by the renal function of the patient. Although no significant accumulation of L1 and L1G will occur in most of the patients if L1 is given more than once daily, in some patients with impaired renal function, L1G may accumulate.
Studies on the Gelatinization Temperature of Some Cereal Starches (2012)

Gelatinization temperature of starches from different varieties of cereals, deep-red sorghum, red sorghum, white sorghum, mixed sorghum, white fonio (Digitaria exilis), black fonio (Digitaria iburua), Eleusine coracana (tamba), proso millet (p. miliacium), brown top millet (p. ramosum) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana) were determined by electrical conductivity (EC) method. Among the untreated starches, the results showed that tamba recorded the least onset and peak gelatinization temperatures of 53.0oC and 63.0oC respectively while the highest onset gelatinization temperature, 76oC was recorded with proso millet. Proso millet and finger millet had the highest peak gelatinization temperature. deep-red sorghum and red sorghum had the least end gelatinization temperature while proso millet recorded the highest value. The 0.1MKCl treatment of cereals starches produced elevated onset gelatinization temperatures (62.0-78.0oC). Mixed sorghum had the least onset gelatinization temperature while proso millet and finger millet recorded the highest gelatinization temperature. Following the 0.1MKCl treatment, starches from tamba and proso millet recorded the least and highest peak gelatinization temperatures respectively. Deep-red and red sorghum recorded the least end gelatinization temperatures while proso millet, brown top millet and finger millet recorded the highest end gelatinization temperatures. The treatment of the cereals starches with 0.10MKCl significantly (p < 0.05) delayed the onset gelatinization temperature of the starches and narrowed the gelatinization temperature range. The results of the conductivity of both the 0.1MKCl treated and untreated starch showed nonlinearity within the gelatinization range. This finding has important implication on the energy and time requirement to gelatinize the starch for specific industrial use.
Microfluidics: Microfluidic Single‐Cell Analysis with Affinity Beads (Small 22/2015) (2015)

To investigate functional heterogeneity between individuals in a cell population, affinity beads are transferred into living mammalian cells by H. Vogel and co-workers. On page 2607, beads coated with specific capture agents efficiently bind and up-concentrate cytosolic target proteins on their surface. For single-cell analysis, an optically trapped bead with bound target proteins is extracted from its host cell in a microfluidic device. Compared to classical chemical cytometry, this method has the potential to reach high analytical sensitivity and throughput for single-cell analysis in many biomedical fields.
Real-Time Volumetric Intersections of Deforming Objects (2003)

We here report a rare case of HCCA patient with recurrent peritoneal dissemination 3 years after R0 surgery which was sensitive to chemotherapy. The patient successfully received resection of peritoneal dissemination 50 months after the induction of chemotherapy and survived for 10 years.
Bidirectional action of the <i>Igf2r</i> imprint control element on upstream and downstream imprinted genes (2001)

Imprinting of the maternally-expressed Igf2r gene is controlled by an intronic imprint control element (ICE) known as Region2 that contains the promoter of the noncoding Air RNA, whose transcript overlaps the silenced paternal Igf2r promoter in an antisense orientation. Two novel imprinted genes, Slc22a2 and Slc22a3 are described here that lie 110 and 155 kb 3′ to Igf2r and that are not overlapped by the Air transcript but are regulated by the Igf2r -ICE, as previously shown for Igf2r . These results identify a new cluster of imprinted genes whose repression by the bidirectional action of the Region2-ICE is independent of transcript overlap by the Air RNA.
Organic Light Emitting Diodes with Metallocene Compounds as Cathode Interfacial Layers (2011)

We reported characteristics of OLEDs with the metallocene compounds as cathode interfacial layer between the organic layer and the cathode electrode. The brightness and efficiency of OLEDs with the metallocene compound cathode interfacial layer exhibited higher performance than those of OLEDs without it. The enhancements are attributed to an improved balance of hole and electron due to increased electron injection at the organic layer and the cathode.
A zero-ESR stable adaptively biased low-dropout regulator in standard CMOS technology (2009)

An adaptively biased low-dropout regulator (LDO) in standard CMOS process technology is presented. By designing the poles and zeros carefully and utilizing the adaptive biasing technique, this LDO provides high stability, good line regulation as well as fast transient response, even with zero ESR off-chip compensation capacitor.
Whole Methylome Analysis by Ultra-Deep Sequencing Using Two-Base Encoding (2010)

Methylation, the addition of methyl groups to cytosine (C), plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression in both normal and dysfunctional cells. During bisulfite conversion and subsequent PCR amplification, unmethylated Cs are converted into thymine (T), while methylated Cs will not be converted. Sequencing of this bisulfite-treated DNA permits the detection of methylation at specific sites. Through the introduction of next-generation sequencing technologies (NGS) simultaneous analysis of methylation motifs in multiple regions provides the opportunity for hypothesis-free study of the entire methylome. Here we present a whole methylome sequencing study that compares two different bisulfite conversion methods (in solution versus in gel), utilizing the high throughput of the SOLiD System. Advantages and disadvantages of the two different bisulfite conversion methods for constructing sequencing libraries are discussed. Furthermore, the application of the SOLiD bisulfite sequencing to larger and more complex genomes is shown with preliminary in silico created bisulfite converted reads.
Single-site heterogeneous Cr-based catalyst for the selective trimerisation of ethylene (2005)

TAC-Cr3+/SiO2 complexes are highly active and selective ethylene trimerisation catalysts and possess single-site catalytic behaviour, an unusual property for heterogeneous catalysts.