gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ontologies and Bayesian Networks in Medical Diagnosis (2011)

The amount of information that must be taken into account in medical diagnosis is huge and subject to evolution. Ontologies are a means for formalizing the concepts of the domain of interest. Open, interoperable ontologies already exist for the biomedical field, enabling scientists to communicate with minimum ambiguity. Unfortunately, reasoners acting upon ontologies operate in a deterministic manner, which is unsuitable for the medical domain, where uncertainty must also be taken into account. Bayesian networks (BNs) offer a coherent and intuitive representation of uncertain domain knowledge. This paper presents an approach to the use of ontologies and BNs in medical diagnosis. The approach is based on the adoption of predefined structures for the BNs. These lead to reduced extensions to the domain ontology, yet allowing probabilistic analysis.
Association of All-Cause Mortality With Overweight and Obesity Using Standard Body Mass Index Categories (2013)

Relative to normal weight, both obesity (all grades) and grades 2 and 3 obesity were associated with significantly higher all-cause mortality. Grade 1 obesity overall was not associated with higher mortality, and overweight was associated with significantly lower all-cause mortality. The use of predefined standard BMI groupings can facilitate between-study comparisons.
Radiotargeted gene therapy. (2005)

The radiotargeted gene therapy approach to localizing radionuclides at tumor sites involves inducing tumor cells to synthesize a membrane-expressed receptor with a high affinity for injected radiolabeled ligands. A second strategy involves transduction of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) and free radionuclide therapy. Using the first strategy, induction of high levels of human somatostatin receptor subtype 2 expression and selective tumor uptake, imaging, or growth inhibition with radiolabeled somatostatin analogs has been achieved in human tumor xenograft models. Therapy studies have been performed on several tumor xenograft models with various radionuclides using the NIS radiotargeted gene therapy approach. The use of gene transfer technology to induce expression of high-affinity membrane receptors or transporters can enhance the specificity and extent of radioligand or radionuclide localization in tumors, and the use of radionuclides with appropriate emissions can deliver radiation-absorbed cytotoxic doses across several cell diameters to compensate for limited transduction efficiency. Clinical studies are needed to determine the most promising of these new therapeutic approaches.
Ammonia-nitrogen removal by breakpoint chlorination (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAmmonia-nitrogen removal by breakpoint chlorinationThomas A. Pressley, Dolloff F. Bishop, and Stephanie G. RoanCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1972, 6, 7, 622–628Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es60066a006https://doi.org/10.1021/es60066a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2330Altmetric-Citations211LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A generalized source method for wave propagation (1998)

A generalized source method is presented for the resolution of the problem of monochromatic wave propagation in non-homogeneous, isotropic structures. When implemented in the form of an iterative technique, it is demonstrated to give the exact analytical solution of the known problem of propagation in a two half-space structure. When implemented in the form of an integral expression, it is shown to give an exact solution under a normalized numerical convergence criterion. It thus represents a new powerful method for electromagnetic wave propagation in arbitrary structures, and also for the assessment of other resolution techniques proposed so far in optical wave propagation, diffraction and scattering.
BASEMENT: an architecture and methodology for distributed automotive real-time systems (1997)

BASEMENT/sup TM/ is a distributed real-time architecture developed for vehicle internal use in the automotive industry. BASEMENT covers application development, as well as the hardware and software that provide execution and communication support. This paper gives an overview of the BASEMENT concept, as well as presenting two system realizations. The first realization is based on the commercial real-time kernel Rubus, while the second is an ultra-dependable architecture (DACAPO) with provisions for fault tolerance at various system levels. BASEMENT is designed for the automotive systems of the future. These systems will be required to simultaneously handle multiple safety critical functions and a large number of less critical functions. All of these features are to be provided at a production cost substantially lower than that of current systems, and, at the same time, with a reliability allowing vehicles to be built without mechanical backup systems, even for safety critical subsystems such as braking and steering.
Associative Odor Learning in <i>Drosophila</i> Abolished by Chemical Ablation of Mushroom Bodies (1994)

The corpora pedunculata, or mushroom bodies (MBs), in the brain of Drosophila melanogaster adults consist of approximately 2500 parallel Kenyon cell fibers derived from four MB neuroblasts. Hydroxyurea fed to newly hatched larvae selectively deletes these cells, resulting in complete, precise MB albation. Adult flies developing without MBs behave normally in most respects, but are unable to perform in a classical conditioning paradigm that tests associative learning of odor cues and electric shock. This deficit cannot be attributed to reductions in olfactory sensitivity, shock reactivity, or locomotor behavior. The results demonstrate that MBs mediate associative odor learning in flies.
Intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels modulate summation of parallel fiber input in cerebellar Purkinje cells (2012)

Encoding sensory input requires the expression of postsynaptic ion channels to transform key features of afferent input to an appropriate pattern of spike output. Although Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels are known to control spike frequency in central neurons, Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels of intermediate conductance (KCa3.1) are believed to be restricted to peripheral neurons. We now report that cerebellar Purkinje cells express KCa3.1 channels, as evidenced through single-cell RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, pharmacology, and single-channel recordings. Furthermore, KCa3.1 channels coimmunoprecipitate and interact with low voltage-activated Cav3.2 Ca(2+) channels at the nanodomain level to support a previously undescribed transient voltage- and Ca(2+)-dependent current. As a result, subthreshold parallel fiber excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) activate Cav3 Ca(2+) influx to trigger a KCa3.1-mediated regulation of the EPSP and subsequent after-hyperpolarization. The Cav3-KCa3.1 complex provides powerful control over temporal summation of EPSPs, effectively suppressing low frequencies of parallel fiber input. KCa3.1 channels thus contribute to a high-pass filter that allows Purkinje cells to respond preferentially to high-frequency parallel fiber bursts characteristic of sensory input.
Localization of a vitamin‐D‐binding protein interaction site in the COOH‐terminal sequence of actin (1992)

The serum vitamin D binding protein is the carrier of vitamin D and its derivatives in the plasma. One of the known roles of this protein is to sequester monomeric actin in the blood, therefore implicating this protein in actin elimination. However, its binding site at the surface of actin is poorly delimited. We report here the results of a study which locates, using several actin fragments together with immunological probes, a vitamin D binding protein site near the COOH-terminal extremity. Thus, the interface is delimited by the sequence 360-372 in subdomain I of actin.
A new method for the analysis of fully protected oligonucleotides by californium-252 plasma desorption mass spectrometry. 3. Positive ions (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA new method for the analysis of fully protected oligonucleotides by californium-252 plasma desorption mass spectrometry. 3. Positive ionsCatherine J. McNeal, Kelvin K. Ogilvie, Nicole Y. Theriault, and Mona J. NemerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 4, 981–984Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00368a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00368a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views41Altmetric-Citations41LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ligand Design to Acquire Specificity to Intended G‐Quadruplex Structures (2018)

A G-quadruplex is a nucleic acid secondary structure that is adopted by guanine-rich sequences, and is considered to be relevant in various pharmacological and biological contexts. G-Quadruplexes have also attracted great attention in the field of DNA nanotechnology because of their extremely high thermal stability and the availability of many defined structures. To date, a large repertory of DNA/RNA G-quadruplex-interactive ligands has been developed by numerous laboratories. Several relevant reviews have also been published that have helped researchers to grasp the full scope of G-quadruplex research from its outset to the present. This review focuses on the G-quadruplex ligands that allow targeting of specific G-quadruplexes. Moreover, unique ligands, successful methodologies, and future perspectives in relation to specific G-quadruplex recognition are also addressed.
<scp>HCV</scp> protein‐induced cytokine predicts treatment outcomes in chronic hepatitis C virus infection (2013)

Abstract Background & Aims Immune‐mediated processes are thought to influence the efficacy of treatment in chronic hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) infection. This study evaluated the association of baseline immune responses with the achievement of a sustained viral response ( SVR ) upon pegylated interferon and ribavirin treatment. Methods Baseline serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cytokine activity was assessed. Metabolic and liver injury parameters were evaluated as underlying factors. Results Baseline demographics and disease parameters did not differ between the SVR − ( n = 14) and SVR + ( n = 25) cohorts except for body mass index ( BMI ) values and liver injury scores. Baseline circulating TNF ‐α levels were three‐fold higher with subsequent treatment failure vs. success ( P = 0.124). Baseline peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMC , n = 25) were cultured with HCV core and non‐structural ( NS )3 proteins. Core ( P = 0.0003) and NS 3 ( P = 0.018) induced greater TNF ‐α production within the SVR −, compared with the SVR +, cohorts. Similar findings were noted for interleukin ( IL )‐1β and IL ‐10 synthesis. Furthermore, HCV core‐induced TNF ‐α synthesis correlated with patient BMI values ( r = 0.489, P = 0.015). Core ( r = 0.432, P = 0.065) and NS 3 ( r = 0.530, P = 0.020)‐induced TNF ‐α displayed a positive relationship with serum adiponectin concentrations. In addition, lipopolysaccharide stimulated cytokine synthesis associated with BMI and adiponectin levels. Although unable to predict treatment outcomes, NS 3‐induced IL ‐6 synthesis and serum leptin concentrations corresponded to liver injury scores. Conclusion An enhanced PBMC susceptibility to core and NS 3‐induced TNF ‐α synthesis at baseline was associated with treatment failure. This phenomenon appeared to involve the interaction of virally generated TNF ‐α activity and metabolic disease. In contrast, IL ‐6 activity and leptin levels may indicate liver damage.
Molecular mechanism of product storage and release in mucin secretion. II. The role of extracellular Ca++ (1987)

Mucin-containing granules, produced by mammalian goblet cells in vitro, undergo massive post-exocytotic swelling (23). Their swelling kinetics are similar to the swelling of condensed artificial polymer gels (22). Earlier, we proposed that mucins are condensed in the secretory granule and expand by swelling during or after exocytosis (21). The swelling of mucus is affected by ionic influences, as it is governed by a Donnan equilibrium process (21). However, the effect of cations on the swelling of newly released mucins had not yet been investigated. Calcium has been found in high concentration inside secretory granules of mucin-secreting cells (18, 9, 25), and is also elevated in the mucus of cystic fibrosis patients (17). The present experiments were designed to study the effect of extracellular Ca++ concentration on the swelling kinetics of the newly released secretory product of respiratory goblet cells in vitro. The data show that extracellular Ca++, in concentrations similar to those found in the mucus of cystic fibrosis patients (2 to 4 mM) can produce a four-fold decrease in the diffusivity of the newly released mucin polymer network, resulting in a slow rate of swelling, and a mucus that remains thick for long periods of time. The present findings are in agreement with the Donnan equilibrium hypothesis for the regulation of mucus swelling and rheology (21), and bear important implications for the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis.
Notes: An Anomalous Tischenko Reaction (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNotes: An Anomalous Tischenko ReactionG FinchCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1960, 25, 12, 2219–2220Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1960Publication History Published online31 March 2003Published inissue 1 December 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01082a603https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01082a603research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views198Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Handbook of industrial chemistry: organic chemicals (2005)

CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE Chapter 1: Introduction: An Overview of the Chemical Process Industry and Primary Raw Materials Chapter 2: Safety Considerations in Process Industries Chapter 3: Industrial Pollution Prevention Chapter 4: Edible Oils, Fats, and Waxes Chapter 5: Soaps and Detergents Chapter 6: Sugar Chapter 7: Paints, Pigments, and Industrial Coatings Chapter 8: Dyes: Chemistry and Applications Chapter 9: Industrial Fermentation Chapter 10: The Pharmaceutical Industry Chapter 11: Agrochemicals Chapter 12: Chemical Explosives and Propellants Chapter 13: Petroleum and Petrochemicals Chapter 15: Synthetic Polymers INDEX
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Multipotent Sub-Population of Sca-1+ Cardiac Progenitor Cells for Myocardial Regeneration (2011)

The cardiac stem/progenitor cells isolated by a combined clonal selection and surface marker approach possessed multiple stem cell features important for cardiac regeneration.
Building component detection by using context information and multiple cues for outdoor robot (2009)

This paper describes an approach to detect the components, specially the windows, of building for understanding and exploring environment of outdoor robot. Firstly, building surface and wall region are extracted then the wall region is binarized. The noises such as the thin connection, small regions are rejected. The context information and multiple cues such as the coordinates, aspect ratio and aligned coexistence are used to detect the windows. The proposed approach has been experimented with 150 surfaces comprising 1607 windows. We obtained 93.34% detection rate. Furthermore, the method also extracts the candidate regions for detecting the doors of building.
Microvesicles in hepatic and peripheral vein can predict nonresponse to corticosteroid therapy in severe alcoholic hepatitis (2018)

Pre-therapy peripheral plasma levels of CD34<sup>+</sup> and ASGPR<sup>+</sup> microvesicles are reliable non-invasive markers of steroid nonresponse and mortality in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis.
Identification of the Initial Steps in <scp>d</scp> -Lysine Catabolism in <i>Pseudomonas putida</i> (2007)

Pseudomonas putida uses l-lysine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source which preferentially requires its metabolism through two parallel pathways. In one of the pathways delta-aminovalerate is the key metabolite, whereas in the other l-lysine is racemized to d-lysine, and l-pipecolate and alpha-aminoadipate are the key metabolites. All the genes and enzymes involved in the d-lysine pathway, except for those involved in the conversion of d-lysine into Delta(1)-piperideine-2-carboxylate, have been identified previously (30). In this study we report that the conversion of d-lysine into Delta(1)-piperideine-2-carboxylate can be mediated by a d-lysine aminotransferase (PP3590) and a d-lysine dehydrogenase (PP3596). From a physiological point of view PP3596 plays a major role in the catabolism of d-lysine since its inactivation leads to a marked reduction in the growth rate with l- or d-lysine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source, whereas inactivation of PP3590 leads only to slowed growth. The gene encoding PP3590, called here amaC, forms an operon with dpkA, the gene encoding the enzyme involved in conversion of Delta(1)-piperideine-2-carboxylate to l-pipecolate in the d-lysine catabolic pathway. The gene encoding PP3596, called here amaD, is the fifth gene in an operon made up of seven open reading frames (ORFs) encoding PP3592 through PP3597. The dpkA amaC operon was transcribed divergently from the operon ORF3592 to ORF3597. Both promoters were mapped by primer extension analysis, which showed that the divergent -35 hexamers of these operon promoters were adjacent to each other. Transcription of both operons was induced in response to l- or d-lysine in the culture medium.
Breast imaging using ultrasound tomography: From clinical requirements to system design (2013)

Ultrasound tomography (UST) is a breast imaging modality that is radiation free, operator independent, and does not involve breast compression. In the UST system under consideration, the breast is surrounded by a transducer ring that moves along the coronal axis from the chest wall to the nipple region. The deployment of UST in a clinical setting is technically challenging from three major standpoints: acquisition speed, storage capability, and computational requirements. Data acquisition must be fast to maximize patient throughput and minimize image registration artifacts. Unlike traditional ultrasound, hundreds of gigabytes of data must be acquired, buffered, and processed to image various characteristics of breast tissues such as sound speed, attenuation, and reflectivity. The tomographic image reconstruction methods are non-linear, iterative algorithms with significant computational complexity. Moreover, the scanner hosting the acquisition and reconstruction components must satisfy stringent cost, power, and size requirements. For decades, the above constraints have hindered the practicality of UST in a clinical scenario. We describe the design of a UST system that addresses the relevant clinical requirements as a means to demonstrate the feasability of UST deployment in a clinical setting.
Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells from a sporozoite-immunized volunteer recognize the <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> CS protein (1991)

The present data provide the first evidence that a protozoan parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, can induce CD4+ cytotoxic T cells in man. The CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were derived from a sporozoite-immunized volunteer who was protected against challenge with P. falciparum sporozoites. These T cells recognize an epitope within the circumsporozoite (CS) protein, an immunodominant sporozoite surface antigen, present also in liver stages of the parasite, which has been investigated as a vaccine candidate. The class II restricted T cell clones specifically lyse autologous B cells pulsed with a synthetic peptide representing a C-terminal sequence of the P. falciparum CS protein. The same peptide, as well as recombinant or native CS protein, also stimulates proliferation and gamma-interferon production by the CD4+ CTL. The CTL epitope, KIQNSLSTEW, is recognized in the context of HLA-DR7 and overlaps both a highly conserved, as well as a polymorphic, region of the P. falciparum CS protein.
Efficient post-processing antialiasing on integrated GPUs (2012)

Most modern games use deferred shading, in which shading is performed only for visible pixels, allowing greater artistic freedom in scene composing and lighting. However, traditional antialiasing techniques, such as super-sampling and multi-sampling, are not well-suited for deferred shading pipeline, since all subsamples have to be explicitly written to output buffer.
A chemical model for sea water at 25 degrees C and one atmosphere total pressure (1962)

Dissociation constants involving Ca (super ++) , Mg (super ++) , Na (super +) , K (super +) , SO <sub>4</sub> (super --) , HCO <sub>3</sub> (super -) , and CO <sub>3</sub> (super --) ions, and individual ion activity coefficients have been used to calculate the distribution of dissolved species in sea water at 25 degrees C. and one atmosphere total pressure. The distribution obtained for sea water of chlorinity 19 <sup>o</sup> /oo and pH 8.1 are given. The activities calculated for free ions are also given.