gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional Regulation of the Two Sterol Esterification Genes in the Yeast <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2001)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcribes two genes, ARE1 and ARE2, that contribute disproportionately to the esterification of sterols. Are2p is the major enzyme isoform in a wild-type cell growing aerobically. This likely results from a combination of differential transcription initiation and transcript stability. By using ARE1 and ARE2 promoter fusions to lacZ reporters, we demonstrated that transcriptional initiation from the ARE1 promoter is significantly reduced compared to that from the ARE2 promoter. Furthermore, the half-life of the ARE2 mRNA is approximately 12 times as long as that of the ARE1 transcript. We present evidence that the primary role of the minor sterol esterification isoform encoded by ARE1 is to esterify sterol intermediates, whereas the role of the ARE2 enzyme is to esterify ergosterol, the end product of the pathway. Accordingly, the ARE1 promoter is upregulated in strains that accumulate ergosterol precursors. Furthermore, ARE1 and ARE2 are oppositely regulated by heme. Under heme-deficient growth conditions, ARE1 was upregulated fivefold while ARE2 was down-regulated. ARE2 requires the HAP1 transcription factor for optimal expression, and both ARE genes are derepressed in a rox1 (repressor of oxygen) mutant genetic background. We further report that the ARE genes are not subject to end product inhibition; neither ARE1 nor ARE2 transcription is altered in an are mutant background, nor does overexpression of either ARE gene alter the response of the ARE-lacZ reporter constructs. Our observations are consistent with an important physiological role for Are1p during anaerobic growth when heme is limiting and sterol precursors may accumulate. Conversely, Are2p is optimally required during aerobiosis when ergosterol is plentiful.
Degradative transport of cationic amphiphilic drugs across phospholipid bilayers (2006)

Drug molecules must cross multiple cell membrane barriers to reach their site of action. We present evidence that one of the largest classes of pharmaceutical drug molecules, the cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs), does so via a catalytic reaction that degrades the phospholipid fabric of the membrane. We find that CADs partition rapidly to the polar-apolar region of the membrane. At physiological pH, the protonated groups on the CAD catalyse the acid hydrolysis of the ester linkage present in the phospholipid chains, producing a fatty acid and a single-chain lipid. The single-chain lipids rapidly destabilize the membrane, causing membranous fragments to separate and diffuse away from the host. These membrane fragments carry the drug molecules with them. The entire process, from drug adsorption to drug release within micelles, occurs on a time-scale of seconds, compatible with in vivo drug diffusion rates. Given the rate at which the reaction occurs, it is probable that this process is a significant mechanism for drug transport.
Looking at Intersections: A Survey of Intersection Monitoring, Behavior and Safety Analysis of Recent Studies (2016)

Intersections are known for their integral and complex nature due to a variety of the participants' behaviors and interactions. This paper presents a review of recent studies on the behavior at intersections and the safety analysis for three types of participants at intersections: vehicles, drivers, and pedestrians. This paper emphasizes on techniques which are strong candidates for automation with visual sensing technology. A new behavior and safety classification is presented based on key features used for intersection design, planning, and safety. In addition, performance metrics are introduced to evaluate different studies, and insights are provided regarding the state of the art, inputs, algorithms, challenges, and shortcomings.
Randomized Clinical Trial of Daily Aspirin Therapy in Multi‐Infarct Dementia (1989)

Seventy multi-infarct dementia patients were randomized into an aspirin-treated group and an untreated control group for an exploratory investigation to determine any effects of 325 mg aspirin daily on cognitive performance. The control group did not receive placebo but evaluations were carried out in a blinded manner. The index group (N = 37, mean age 67.1 years) received 325 mg of aspirin by mouth once daily while the control group (N = 33, mean age 67.6 years) was followed and treated in a similar manner except that they received no aspirin. Both groups had comparable risk factors for stroke, which were treated similarly, as well as comparable initial cerebral blood flow values, as measured by the 133xenon inhalation method, and initial scores on Cognitive Capacity Screening Examination testing. Patients were evaluated at intervals of one year. Significant improvements were demonstrated for cerebral perfusion values (P less than .0001) and cognitive performance scores (P less than .0001) among aspirin-treated patients compared to untreated controls at each of three annual follow-up evaluations. Both men and women benefited from aspirin therapy and their quality of life and independence appeared to be improved, which was not apparent in the control group. Daily aspirin appears to improve or stabilize declines in cerebral perfusion and cognition among patients with multi-infarct dementia.
A Robust Boosting Regression Tree with Applications in Quantitative Structure−Activity Relationship Studies of Organic Compounds (2011)

A regression tree (RT) was extensively utilized in quantitative structure-activity relationship studies (QSAR), due to its inherently promising attributes. The issues of instability and inclination to overfitting and suboptima, however, often occur in RT. In the present study, a robust version of boosting was invoked to simultaneously improve the stability and generalization ability of RT, forming a new method called robust boosting regression tree (RBRT). RBRT works by sequentially employing the RT method to model the robustly reweighted versions of the original training set and then aggregating these resultant predictors via weighted median. The designed RBRT was applied to predict the bioactivities of flavoniod derivatives and the anti-HIV activities of HIV-1 inhibitors, compared with boosting RT (BRT) and RT. The results of these two data sets demonstrated that the introduction of robust boosting drastically enhances the stability and generalization ability of RT, and RBRT is superior to BRT in QSAR studies.
Inhibition of serotonin reuptake. (1977)

An uptake system on the serotonin neuronal membrane apparently functions to inactivate serotonin that has been released into the synaptic cleft. Various inhibitors of this active transport system on serotonin neurons are known, and some are specific in the sense that they do not inhibit the active uptake system on norepinephrine neurons. The most widely studied specific inhibitor of the serotonin neuron pump is fluoxetine, 3-(p-trifluoromethylphenoxy-N-methyl-3-phenyl propylamine (Lilly 110140). When fluoxetine or other effective but less specific serotonin uptake inhibitors are given, a rapid decrease in serotonin turnover occurs and the rate of firing of single neural units in the serotonin rich raphe area of brain is reduced. This decrease in serotonin turnover and release may be a compensatroy mechanism in response to an enhanced action of serotonin on synaptic receptors. Through the use of fluoxetine and other serotonin uptake inhibitors, the role of serotonin neurons in various brain functions--behavior, sleep, regulation of pituitary hormone release, thermoregulation, pain responsiveness, and so on--can be studied.
An annular parabolic trough reflector array for orbital angular momentum beam focusing (2016)

In this paper, we proposed a reflector antenna array with annular parabolic trough reflecting surface for generating the orbital angular momentum modes. In this array, eight antenna elements are evenly distributed on the circular focal line of the revolutionary parabolic trough surface structure. Comparing to the array without reflecting surface and the array with conventional parabolic reflecting surface, this reflector array shows good performance in focusing the electromagnetic waves, and thus obtains higher gains at the first beams of all the transmitted orbital angular momentum modes.
Effect of electrodeless glow discharge on polymers (1973)

The effects of gas plasma generated by electrodeless (inductive coupling) glow discharge on polymers were investigated as functions of gas pressure, discharge power, exposure time, and type of plasma gas. A remarkable similarity between the plasma susceptibilities of low molecular weight organic compounds and polymers was observed; i.e., polymers which have ether, carbonyl, ester, or carboxylic acid attached to a nonaromatic structure are very susceptible to plasma. The weight loss was proportional to the exposure time and exposed area. The discharge power and type of gas were found to have a great influence on both the rate of weight loss and the morphology of the exposed surface. The predominant effect of plasma on polymers was found to be degradation (manifested by weight loss). The crosslinking effect was found to be marginal with many polymers; however, significant crosslinking was observed with double bond-containing polymers. The crosslinking was examined by swelling the treated films. With copolymers of styrene–butadiene, 4-vinylpyridine–butadiene, methacrylic acid-butadiene, and acrylic acid–butadiene, the crosslinking was greatly dependent on the discharge power, the butadiene content of the copolymers, and the exposure time. Both degradation and crosslinking by gas plasma were generally limited to the exposed surface; however, the propagation of crosslinking in the direction of thickness was observed with copolymers of styrene–butadiene. The plasma of organic vapor also cause degradation of plasma-susceptible polymers, particularly at high wattage, although the deposition of polymer occurs simultaneously.
INDUCTION OF B CELL TOLERANCE IN VITRO TO 2,4-DINITROPHENYL COUPLED TO A COPOLYMER OF <scp>D</scp>-GLUTAMIC ACID AND <scp>D</scp>-LYSINE (DNP-<scp>D</scp>-GL) (1973)

Spleen cells from CBA or congenitally athymic ("nude") mice were pretreated with various concentrations of DNP coupled to a copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (DNP(37)-D-GL), under various conditions of time and temperature. After washing, they were then cultured for 3 days with the direct B cell immunogen, DNP coupled to Salmonella adelaide flagella (DNP-FLA). Under all circumstances tried, exposure of cells to 1 microg/ml DNP-D-GL caused a 70-100% depression in the subsequent DNP-specific PFC response, and 100 ng/ml caused a lesser but still substantial effect. At the concentrations used, DNP-D-GL did not affect irrelevant antibody responses. Though cells from nude mice responded somewhat less well to DNP-FLA than those from CBA mice, no significant difference in the reaction of the two populations to the tolerogen was noted. This demonstrates that DNP-D-GL can, as previously suspected, directly cause unresponsiveness in B lymphocytes.
Fundamental Molecular Mechanism for the Cellular Uptake of Guanidinium-Rich Molecules (2014)

Guanidinium-rich molecules, such as cell-penetrating peptides, efficiently enter living cells in a non-endocytic energy-independent manner and transport a wide range of cargos, including drugs and biomarkers. The mechanism by which these highly cationic molecules efficiently cross the hydrophobic barrier imposed by the plasma membrane remains a fundamental open question. Here, a combination of computational results and in vitro and live-cell experimental evidence reveals an efficient energy-independent translocation mechanism for arginine-rich molecules. This mechanism unveils the essential role of guanidinium groups and two universal cell components: fatty acids and the cell membrane pH gradient. Deprotonated fatty acids in contact with the cell exterior interact with guanidinium groups, leading to a transient membrane channel that facilitates the transport of arginine-rich peptides toward the cell interior. On the cytosolic side, the fatty acids become protonated, releasing the peptides and resealing the channel. This fundamental mechanism appears to be universal across cells from different species and kingdoms.
Substituted 2-Sulfonamido-5-aminopyridines (1942)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSubstituted 2-Sulfonamido-5-aminopyridinesWilliam T. Caldwell and Edmund C. KornfeldCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1942, 64, 7, 1695–1698Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1942Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1942https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01259a063RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views333Altmetric-Citations51LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (433 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Dititanium Complexes of Preorganized Binucleating Bis(amidinates) (2004)

Four different dianionic bis(amidinate) ligands ((iPr)L(DBF)(2)(-), (tBu,Et)L(DBF)(2)(-), (iPr)L(Xan)(2)(-), (tBu,Et)L(Xan)(2)(-)) featuring rigid dibenzofuran (DBF) and 9,9-dimethylxanthene (Xan) backbones have been used to prepare several new dititanium complexes. Reaction of the free-base bis(amidines) (LH(2)) with 2 equiv of Ti(NMe(2))(4) forms the hexaamido derivatives (iPr)L(DBF)Ti(2)(NMe(2))(6) (1), (tBu,Et)L(DBF)Ti(2)(NMe(2))(6) (2), (iPr)L(Xan)Ti(2)(NMe(2))(6) (3), and (tBu,Et)L(Xan)Ti(2)(NMe(2))(6) (4) in good yields. Compound 4, which features an unsymmetrically substituted bis(amidinate) ligand, was isolated as an 8:1 mixture of rotational diastereomers with C(2) and C(s)() symmetry, respectively. The two diastereomers interconvert upon heating, and at equilibrium the C(2) isomer is preferred thermodynamically by 0.2 kcal/mol. Compound 3 reacts with excess Me(3)SiCl in toluene to form the mixed amido-chloride derivative (iPr)L(Xan)Ti(2)(NMe(2))(2)Cl(4) (5) in low-moderate yield. Alternatively, 5 is also prepared by reaction of (iPr)L(Xan)H(2) with 2 equiv of Ti(NMe(2))(2)Cl(2) in good yield. Compound 3 reacts with CO(2) to form the red carbamate derivative (iPr)L(Xan)Ti(2)(NMe(2))(4)(O(2)CNMe(2))(2) (6) in moderate yield. Infrared data for 6 indicates bidentate coordination of the carbamate ligands. Metathesis reaction of (iPr)L(Xan)Li(2) with 2 equiv of CpTiCl(3) affords (iPr)L(Xan)Ti(2)Cp(2)Cl(4) (7) in moderate yield. Reduction of 7 with 1% Na amalgam in toluene solution affords the paramagnetic dititanium(III) complex (iPr)L(Xan)Ti(2)Cp(2)Cl(2) (8) in good yield. Structural studies reveal that 8 features two bridging chloride ligands. Reaction of the free-base bis(amidines) with 2 equiv of CpTiMe(3) forms the red sigma-alkyl derivatives (iPr)L(DBF)Ti(2)Cp(2)Me(4) (9), (tBu,Et)L(DBF)Ti(2)Cp(2)Me(4) (10), and (iPr)L(Xan)Ti(2)Cp(2)Me(4) (11) in good yields. Structural data are presented for compounds 4, 5, 8, and 9.
The clinical significance of EBV DNA in the plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with or without EBV diseases (2016)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous virus that establishes a latent infection within the host and in some cases can lead to the development of EBV-associated lymphomas, lymphoproliferative disorders, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, solid tumors, and other diseases. We studied the clinical significance of detecting EBV DNA in the plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 2146 patients who had blood specimens sent to the Johns Hopkins Hospital clinical laboratory for viral quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay over a 5-year period. Within this largely immunocompromised and hospitalized cohort, 535 patients (25%) had EBV detected in plasma or PBMCs. When EBV was detected in the absence of an EBV(+)disease (n = 402), it was present only in PBMCs in 69% of cases. Immunocompromised patients were less likely to have EBV in plasma than in PBMCs in the absence of EBV(+)disease. In patients with active, systemic EBV(+)diseases (n = 105), EBV was detected in plasma in 99% of cases but detected in PBMCs in only 54%. Across a range of copy number cutoffs, EBV in plasma had higher specificity and sensitivity for EBV(+)disease as compared with EBV in PBMCs. EBV copy number in plasma distinguished untreated, EBV(+)lymphoma from EBV(+)lymphoma in remission and EBV(-)lymphoma, and also distinguished untreated, EBV(+)posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) from EBV(+)PTLD in remission and EBV(-)PTLD. EBV copy number quantification is a useful diagnostic marker across the spectrum of EBV(+)diseases, even among immunocompromised patients, with plasma specimens more indicative of EBV(+)disease than PBMCs.
Azelaic Acid in the Treatment of Papulopustular Rosacea (2006)

Azelaic acid in 20% cream and 15% gel formulations appears to be effective in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea, particularly in regard to decreases in mean inflammatory lesion count and erythema severity. Compared with metronidazole, azelaic acid appears to be an equally effective, if not better, treatment option.
Combined optical coherence tomograph and scanninglaser ophthalmoscope (1998)

A system for simultaneous display or superimposing of an en-face image produced by optical coherence tomography and of a confocal image similar to that produced by a scanning laser ophthalmoscope is demonstrated for the first time, to our knowledge, for the retina in the living eye.
Galvanism and Denervated Muscle Atrophy (1945)

For many years the role of electrical stimulation in the treat- ment of lower motor neuron lesions has been the subject of lively controversy; and since the beginning of the war interest in this form of treatment has been quickened by the occurrence of thousands of cases of peripheral nerve injury. The results of animal experiments and of observations in man, though at times conflicting, are now consistent enough to warrant. the formulation of certain conclusions.
Slepian-Wolf Code Design via Source-Channel Correspondence (2006)

We consider Slepian-Wolf code design based on LDPC (low-density parity-check) coset codes for memoryless source-side information pairs. A density evolution formula, equipped with a concentration theorem, is derived for Slepian-Wolf coding based on LDPC coset codes. As a consequence, an intimate connection between Slepian-Wolf coding and channel coding is established. Specifically we show that, under density evolution, design of binary LDPC coset codes for Slepian-Wolf coding of an arbitrary memoryless source-side information pair reduces to design of binary LDPC codes for binary-input output-symmetric channels without loss of optimality. With this connection, many classic results in channel coding can be easily translated into the Slepian-Wolf setting
The spline-Laplacian in clinical neurophysiology: a method to improve EEG spatial resolution. (1991)

An important goal of EEG research is to obtain practical methods to improve the spatial resolution of scalp-recorded potentials, i.e., to make surface data more accurately represent local underlying brain sources. This goal may be somewhat different from that of "localizing brain activity with EEG," since the latter approach often involves prior assumptions about the nature of sources. In this paper, we demonstrate that spline-Laplacian, a relatively new approach that can yield dramatic improvement in spatial resolution when average electrode spacing is less than about 3 cm. This approach is mostly independent of assumptions about sources and models of the head. The demonstration involves computer simulations, evoked potentials, normal spontaneous EEG, and epileptic spikes.
Getting More Information into File Names (1996)

Abstract: Hierarchical naming, while deeply embedded in our conception of file systems, is a rather weak tool for storing information about files and their relationships. A consequence is that users of today’s file systems frequently have trouble locating files. We describe a system in which a standard directory tree is extended by allowing names to contain auxiliary components representing descriptive attributes rather than directory names. This system allows files to be characterized more extensively, and lets users choose among multiple organizational structures for their stored information. A prototype has been implemented by means of a new vnode layer under SunOS 4.1.3. 1.
Multiple-Access Slightly Frequency-Shifted Reference Ultra-Wideband Communications for Dense Multipath Channels (2007)

The design of ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems has proven to be challenging. Coherent systems require a rake receiver with many taps that is difficult to train, and transmitted-reference (TR) schemes require a wideband analog delay line whose implementation has proven extremely difficult. In response to this challenge, we have recently proposed the frequency-shifted reference (FSR-UWB) system, which leads to the replacement of the delay line in the receiver of the standard TR-UWB system with a mixer, and the resulting system is easily implemented. In this paper, the FSR-UWB idea is extended to provide multiple-access, and a performance analysis is presented. This analysis and the corresponding numerical results reveal that, due to the large bandwidth expansion of the UWB system, the FSR-UWB single-user receiver can still be successfully employed in lightly loaded systems; in other words, successful multiple- access can be achieved without the need for the wideband analog delay line of TR-UWB or the despreading circuitry generally associated with conventional multiple-access spread-spectrum systems. The result is an extremely simple architecture for wideband multiple-access communications in the wireless environment.
Hexagonally Arranged Monodisperse Silver Nanowires with Adjustable Diameter and High Aspect Ratio (2003)

Monodisperse silver nanowires with high aspect ratio are prepared via electrochemical plating into monodomain porous alumina templates. The nanowires have a length of 30 μm or more, adjustable uniform diameters ranging between 180 and 400 nm, and a monodispersity of about 2%. The templates were fabricated by anodization of imprinted aluminum with an interpore distance of 500 nm. Nearly 100% pore filling was obtained due to a thinning process which guaranteed a barrier layer of homogeneous thickness of a few nanometers. Moreover, hierarchically ordered porous alumina with about 25-nm−40-nm pore diameter on one side and 180-nm pore diameter on the other side was successfully infiltrated by the same method, yielding branched silver nanowires.