gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of Betaine as Foam Booster in the Presence of Silicone Oil Drops (1999)

Betaines (a particular class of amphoteric surfactants) are commonly used as foam boosters in various products to improve their foamability and foam stability. Foaming media often contain dispersed drops of silicone or hydrocarbon oil, which act as foam destruction agents (antifoams). A complementary set of experiments on foams and foam films stabilized by an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl-polyoxyethylene-3-sulfate (SDP3S), or by mixtures of SDP3S and Betaine, is performed in the present study to clarify the mechanisms of: (1) foam destruction by silicone oil drops, and (2) foam boosting effect of betaine in the presence of oil. The experiments show that foams stabilized by SDP3S are very stable in the absence of oil, while they are unstable and decay with time in the presence of oil (antifoam effect of the oil). The introduction of 40 molar % betaine in the mixture leads to complete foam stabilization in both caseswith and without oil (foam boosting effect). Notably, the size of the oil droplets has a significant effect on the foam stabilitya substantial amount of silicone oil can be introduced without deteriorating the foam stability, if the drop diameter is below ca. 5 μm. Optical observations of the process of foam film thinning show that the oil drops leave the films without destroying them in all of the studied systems (stable and unstable) relatively soon after foam formationtypically, within less than a minute. The foam destruction occurs at a later stage of the foam evolution, when the oil drops are compressed by the walls of the narrowing Plateau channels as a result of liquid drainage from the foam. Surface and interfacial tension measurements show that variations in the values of entry, E, spreading, S, and bridging, B, coefficients cannot be used to explain the observed foam boosting effect of betaine. On the other hand, direct measurements of the critical capillary pressure leading to drop entry demonstrate that the barrier to drop entry is much higher in the presence of betaine. The data unambiguously show that the main role of betaine as a foam booster in the studied systems is to increase the barrier to drop entry, which leads to suppressed activity of the silicone oil as an antifoam. The obtained results provide deeper insight into the foam boosting effect and suggest some clues about the properties which an efficient booster should possess.
Hydrogen production by water decomposition using a combined electrolytic-thermochemical cycle (1976)

A proposed dual-purpose power plant generating nuclear power to provide energy for driving a water decomposition system is described. The entire system, dubbed Sulfur Cycle Water Decomposition System, works on sulfur compounds (sulfuric acid feedstock, sulfur oxides) in a hybrid electrolytic-thermochemical cycle; performance superior to either all-electrolysis systems or presently known all-thermochemical systems is claimed. The 3345 MW(th) graphite-moderated helium-cooled reactor (VHTR - Very High Temperature Reactor) generates both high-temperature heat and electric power for the process; the gas stream at core exit is heated to 1850 F. Reactor operation is described and reactor innards are illustrated. A cost assessment for on-stream performance in the 1990's is optimistic.
Neural Differentiation of Human ES Cells (2007)

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) may be converted into highly enriched cultures of neural precursors under defined culture conditions. The neural precursors can proliferate in culture for prolonged periods of time, and can differentiate in vitro into mature neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The neurons are functional and have normal electrophysiological properties. After transplantation to the developing rodent brain, the neural precursors migrate extensively into the host brain parenchyma, respond to host brain signals, and differentiate in a region-specific manner to progeny of the three neural lineages. The establishment of neuroectodermal precursors from hESCs allows the study of human neurogenesis in vitro and is an aid in drug discovery. In addition, the neural precursors may potentially serve as a platform for the development of specific functional neural cells for transplantation and gene therapy of neurological disorders. In this unit, we introduce methods for the derivation, propagation and characterization of hESC-derived neural precursors.
Multimodal image fusion with SIMS: Preprocessing with image registration (2016)

In order to utilize complementary imaging techniques to supply higher resolution data for fusion with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) chemical images, there are a number of aspects that, if not given proper consideration, could produce results which are easy to misinterpret. One of the most critical aspects is that the two input images must be of the same exact analysis area. With the desire to explore new higher resolution data sources that exists outside of the mass spectrometer, this requirement becomes even more important. To ensure that two input images are of the same region, an implementation of the insight segmentation and registration toolkit (ITK) was developed to act as a preprocessing step before performing image fusion. This implementation of ITK allows for several degrees of movement between two input images to be accounted for, including translation, rotation, and scale transforms. First, the implementation was confirmed to accurately register two multimodal images by supplying a known transform. Once validated, two model systems, a copper mesh grid and a group of RAW 264.7 cells, were used to demonstrate the use of the ITK implementation to register a SIMS image with a microscopy image for the purpose of performing image fusion.
An overview and analysis of 3D WSI (2002)

The author reviews the early trends in 3-D WSI (wafer scale integration) and examines recent breakthroughs in technology to assess the viability of 3-D. It is concluded that this option is rich with possibility for the designer. However, not every architecture can benefit equally from this packaging approach. An attempt is made to quantify this impact by computing an average wire-shortening effect from 3-D partitioning, but even this average improvement is pessimistic if the given architecture is such that the most critical paths can all be placed on the vertical wiring runs in the stack, depending on the vertical spacing of the wafers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis of 17-Hydroxyimino Steroids and their O-Alkyl Derivatives (1966)

A variety of the steroidal 17-oximes and their O-alkyl, especially O-(2-dimethyl-aminoethyl) derivatives are prepared from the corresponding 17-ketones. A marked anesthetic, hypocholesterolemic and/or antifungal activities of some of these compounds are described.
The MED-EL SONATATI<sup>100</sup>cochlear implant: An evaluation of its safety in adults and children (2011)

The device was proven to be effective in that it was stable in the implant bed and that minimally invasive surgery could be carried out. The device was proven to be safe after medium-term use and no unexpected adverse events were reported.
Piezoelectric micromotors for microrobots (2002)

Small (a few millimeters in diameter) piezoelectric motors using ferroelectric thin films were fabricated. The films are designed to create a traveling wave in a stator structure. A small glass lens placed upon it becomes the spinning rotor. Piezoelectric ultrasonic motors overcome such problems associated with electrostatic micromotors as low torque, friction, and the need for high-voltage excitation. More importantly, they used offer a much simpler mechanism for coupling mechanical power out. Using thin films of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) on silicon nitride membranes, various types of actuator structures can be fabricated. Motors can be manufactured in a batch printing process instead of being individually machined. Combining new robot control systems with piezoelectric motors and micromechanics should make it possible to create micromechanical systems that are small, inexpensive, and completely autonomous.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dependence of the dissolution characteristics of As2S3 as a photoresist on the condensation rate and evaporation temperature (1989)

The conditions of evaporation and condensation of thin layers of arsenous sulfide (As2S3) are described. The difference in the selective dissolution of the illuminated and nonilluminated areas found reveals a possibility for the successful application of As2S3 as an evaporated photoresist for microphotolithographic purposes. In this connection the influence of the condensation rate (Vc) and evaporation temperature (tevp) on the selective dissolution is studied. It is shown that the selective dissolution is negligibly influenced by the condensation rate but strongly affected by the temperature of As2S3 evaporation.
Size Manipulated Photoluminescence and Phosphorescence in CaTiO<sub>3</sub>:Pr<sup>3+</sup> Nanoparticles (2007)

Red emitting nanophosphors of CaTiO3:Pr3+ with various particle sizes were prepared by sol−gel methods and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The fluorescent and phosphorescent properties of CaTiO3:Pr3+ nanoparticles as a function of particle sizes were investigated by using photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation spectra as well as time decay patterns of fluorescence and phosphorescence. On the analysis of the longer lifetimes at 300 K as compared to that at 77 K and the appearance of maximal photoluminescence, the dependence of photoluminescence on phosphorescence is demonstrated. A very highly efficient phosphorescence recombination channel in the nanophosphor is proposed and discussed. This work provides a promising method to develop novel phosphors by manipulating the number of traps on the surface of nanophosphors through adjusting the particle size.
Engineering CD19-Redirected T Lymphocytes to Enhance Their Safety and Efficacy (2009)

Recurrence of disease remains the largest cause of mortality for high-risk leukemia and lymphoma patients receiving stem cell transplant. Generation of T lymphocytes expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting CD19 represents an attractive strategy to maintain remission after conventional treatment. However, the clinical benefit of this strategy is limited by poor expansion of T cells within the tumor microenvironment. To improve the expansion/survival of CAR-modified T lymphocytes, we generated a new vector encoding 3 molecules: CAR.19 incorporating the co-stimulatory CD28 endodomain, IL15 and an inducible suicide gene (iCaspase9) to ensure the safety of modified T cells. We compared the proliferative capacity, cytotoxic activity and in vivo anti-tumor effects of T lymphocytes expressing either CAR.19-28z alone or CAR.19-28z, IL15 and the suicide gene. T lymphocytes were activated with OKT3/CD28 antibodies and then transduced with retroviral supernatants. Phenotypic analysis showed 70±10% and 75±5% transduction efficiency for iCasp9/CAR19-28z/IL15 and CAR19-28z T cells, respectively. Only the iCasp9/CAR19-28z /IL15 T cells produced IL15 (>100pg/mL) after stimulation with CD19+ tumor cells. In co-culture experiments, T cells expressing CAR.19-28z alone or iCasp9/CAR19-28z/IL15 both completely eliminated CD19+ tumor cells within 72 hours. However, labeling with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) showed that the proliferation of the iCasp9/CAR19-28z/IL15+ T cells in response to CD19+ tumor cells was greater than that of CAR.19-28z control+ T cells. Finally, the activation of the suicide gene iCasp9 with a small-molecule dimerizer (CID 50ng/mL) rapidly induced >90% apoptosis of T cells expressing iCasp9/CAR19-28z/IL15. Hence all three transgenes were functional. To assess the antitumor effects of the modified cells in vivo, we used a xenograft SCID mouse model and an in vivo bioluminescence system. CD19+ Daudi cells (1 × 106) expressing firefly Luciferase (FL) were injected i.p., and on day 4, mice received i.p iCasp9/CAR19-28z/IL15+ or CAR19-28z+ or control T cells (10 × 106). By day 30 the tumor signal was significantly reduced in mice receiving iCasp9/CAR19-28z/IL15+ T cells (ROI < 7 × 107) compared to mice receiving CAR19-28z or control T cells (ROI > 2.0 × 109). In conclusion, our data indicate that T cells coexpressing CAR19-28z/IL15/iCasp9 can safely improve anti-leukemia/lymphoma effects.
Segmenting and Recognizing Human Action using Low-level Video Features (2011)

Dividing observed human behavior into individual, meaningful actions is a critical task for both human learners and computer vision systems.An important question is how much action structure and segmentation information is available in the observed surface level motion and image changes, without any knowledge of human pose or behavior.Here we present a novel approach to jointly segmenting and recognizing videos of human action sequences, using a hierarchical topic model.Video sequences are represented as bags of video words, automatically discovered from local space-time interest points.Our model jointly infers both action identification and action segmentation.Our results are a good fit with human segmentation judgments as well as providing relatively accurate action recognition and localization within the videos.
Effects of Emulsifier Charge and Concentration on Pancreatic Lipolysis: 2. Interplay of Emulsifiers and Biles (2012)

As a direct continuation of the first part of our in vitro study (Vinarov et al., Langmuir 2012, 28, 8127), here we investigate the effects of emulsifier type and concentration on the degree of triglyceride lipolysis, in the presence of bile salts. Three types of surfactants are tested as emulsifiers: anionic, nonionic, and cationic. For all systems, we observe three regions in the dependence degree of fat lipolysis, α, versus emulsifier-to-bile ratio, f(s): α is around 0.5 in Region 1 (f(s) < 0.02); α passes through a maximum close to 1 in Region 2 (0.02 < f(s) < f(TR)); α is around zero in Region 3 (f(s) > f(TR)). The threshold ratio for complete inhibition of lipolysis, f(TR), is around 0.4 for the nonionic, 1.5 for the cationic, and 7.5 for the anionic surfactants. Measurements of interfacial tensions and optical observations revealed the following: In Region 1, the emulsifier molecules are solubilized in the bile micelles, and the adsorption layer is dominated by bile molecules. In Region 2, mixed surfactant-bile micelles are formed, with high solubilization capacity for the products of triglyceride lipolysis; rapid solubilization of these products leads to complete lipolysis. In Region 3, the emulsifier molecules prevail in the adsorption layer and completely block the lipolysis.
Operating LDPC codes with zero shaping gap (2011)

Unequal transition probabilities between input and output symbols, input power constraints, or input symbols of unequal durations can lead to non-uniform capacity achieving input distributions for communication channels. Using uniform input distributions reduces the achievable rate, which is called the shaping gap. Gallager's idea for reliable communication with zero shaping gap is to do encoding, matching, and jointly decoding and dematching. In this work, a scheme is proposed that consists in matching, encoding, decoding, and dematching. Only matching is channel specific whereas coding is not. Thus off-the-shelf LDPC codes can be applied. Analytical formulas for shaping and coding gap of the proposed scheme are derived and it is shown that the shaping gap can be made zero. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme allows to operate off-the-shelf LDPC codes with zero shaping gap and a coding gap that is unchanged compared to uniform transmission.
Software-based on-line energy estimation for sensor nodes (2007)

Energy is of primary importance in wireless sensor networks. By being able to estimate the energy consumption of the sensor nodes, applications and routing protocols are able to make informed decisions that increase the lifetime of the sensor network. However, it is in general not possible to measure the energy consumption on popular sensor node platforms. In this paper, we present and evaluate a software-based on-line energy estimation mechanism that estimates the energy consumption of a sensor node. We evaluate the mechanism by comparing the estimated energy consumption with the lifetime of capacitor-powered sensor nodes. By implementing and evaluating the X-MAC protocol, we show how software-based on-line energy estimation can be used to empirically evaluate the energy efficiency of sensor network protocols.
Research of IOT Intrusion Detection System Based on Hidden Markov Model (2012)

Along with the development of Internet of Things (IOT), there are a lot of increasingly serious security problems. The traditional intrusion detection method cannot adapt to the requirement of IOT. In this paper we advance a new intrusion detection method which can adapt to IOT. It is based on Hidden Markov Model (HMM), which is named as Hidden Markov state time delay sequence embedding (HMMSTdse) method.
Effects of copper, iron and fluoride co-crystallized with sugar on caries development and acid formation in desalivated rats (1996)

The purpose was to explore the effects of combinations of copper, iron and fluoride (Cu, Fe and F) incorporated in sucrose by co-crystallization on caries development in the deslivated rat model and to examine acid formation by bacteria in the rat mouth. Ninety-six Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with Streptococcus sobrinus 6715 and desalivated when aged 26 days. Eight groups were placed in a König-Höfer programmed feeder and received 17 meals daily at hourly intervals, and essential nutrition (NCP No. 2) by gavage twice daily for 21 days. The groups received (1) plain sucrose, (2) F (8 parts/10(6)) co-crystallized with sucrose, (3) Fe (88 parts/10(6)) sucrose, (4) Cu (75 parts/10(6)) sucrose, (5) Cu + F sucrose, (6) Cu + L Fe sucrose, (7) F + Fe sucrose, and (8) Cu + Fe + F sucrose. At death the jaws were removed and sonicated in 0.9% saline solution for microbial assessment. In addition, organic acid assays were performed for each animal. Keyes smooth-surface and sulcal caries scores were lowest in the Cu + Fe + F sucrose group, but not statistically significantly different from those of the other Cu groups. The numbers of Strep. sobrinus found in the groups that received Cu, Cu + Fe, Cu + F, F + Fe and Cu + Fe + F sugar were lower than in the control group. Lactic acid was found in lower concentrations in Fe, Cu, Cu + F, Cu + Fe and F + Fe groups than in the other groups. It appears that combinations of Cu; Fe and F co-crystallized with sugar may have an additive effect in reducing the cariogenic potential of sugar by affecting lactic acid formation and reducing bacterial colonization.
An In-Situ ATR-FTIR Study: The Surface Coordination of Salicylic Acid on Aluminum and Iron(III) Oxides (1994)

Information on the bonding of organic ligands to hydrous metal oxide surfaces, necessary to gain insight into the mechanisms of surface reactivity, was extracted using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Various ligands were investigated <I>in-situ</I> on the surface of δ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in water. Keeping the study of structure with respect to surface reactivity in the foreground, we report here specifically on the model ligand salicylate, which we also examined on the surfaces of other oxides, including corundum, hematite, lepidocrocite, and goethite. Because the direct ligand-metal bond vibrations absorb in the same region as the metal-oxygen vibrations in the bulk oxide, evidence of bonding was obtained by observing changes in the spectrum of the ligand itself. Results show that salicylate does not bond identically on all metal oxide surfaces. In the cases examined, the chemical composition of the metal oxide, as opposed to the morphology, determined the structure of the ligand surface complex.
Serum Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Is an Early Marker of Pancreatic Necrosis in Acute Pancreatitis (2007)

The prognostic utility of 24-hour plasma MIF concentration in predicting PN has major clinical and healthcare resource implications. Its mechanistic pathway may afford novel therapeutic interventions in clinical disease by using blocking agents to ameliorate the systemic manifestations of AP.
Portable semiconductor disk laser for in vivo tissue monitoring: a platform for the development of clinical applications (2011)

Long term in vivo observations at large penetration depths and minimum sample disturbance are some of the key factors that have enabled the study of different cellular and tissue mechanisms. The continuous optimization of these aspects is the main driving force for the development of advanced microscopy techniques such as those based on nonlinear effects. Its wide implementation for general biomedical applications is however, limited as the currently used nonlinear microscopes are based on bulky, maintenance-intensive and expensive excitation sources such as Ti:sapphire ultrafast lasers. We present the suitability of a portable (140x240x70 mm) ultrafast semiconductor disk laser (SDL) source, to be used in nonlinear microscopy. The SDL is modelocked by a quantum-dot semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM). This enables the source to deliver an average output power of 287 mW with 1.5 ps pulses at 500 MHz, corresponding to a peak power of 0.4 kW. The laser center wavelength (965 nm) virtually matches the two-photon absorption cross-section of the widely used Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). This property greatly relaxes the required peak powers, thus maximizing sample viability. This is demonstrated by presenting two-photon excited fluorescence images of GFP labeled neurons and second-harmonic generation images of pharyngeal muscles in living C. elegans nematodes. Our results also demonstrate that this compact laser is well suited for efficiently exciting different biological dyes. Importantly this non expensive, turn-key, compact laser system could be used as a platform to develop portable nonlinear bio-imaging devices, facilitating its widespread adoption in biomedical applications.
Toward 1024-channel parallel neural recording: Modular &#x0394;-&#x0394;&#x03A3; analog front-end architecture with 4.84fJ/C-s&#x00B7;mm<sup>2</sup> energy-area product (2015)

We report an energy- and area-efficient modular analog front-end (AFE) architecture incorporating Δ-modulated ΔΣ (Δ-ΔΣ) signal acquisition for 1,024-channel brain activity monitoring platforms. The AFE employs spectrum-equalizing and continuous-time (CT)-ΔΣ quantization to make use of the inherent spectral characteristics of brain signals. The dynamic range (DR) of the neural signals has been compressed by 27dB (spectrum equalization). The energy-area product is the most critical figure of merit for massively-parallel recordings and the AFE achieves 4.84fJ/C-s·mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , the smallest ever reported. The fabricated circuits consume 0.05mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 3.05μW/channel, exhibiting 63.8dB SNDR, 3.02 NEF, and 4.56NEF <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</sub> .