gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biocatalytic asymmetric amination of carbonyl functional groups – a synthetic biology approach to organic chemistry (2009)

Transaminases catalyze amino transfer reactions from amino donors such as amino acids or amines to keto acids or ketones to give chiral amino acid or amines in optically pure form. alpha-Amino acid dehydrogenases catalyze the asymmetric reductive amination of alpha-keto acids using ammonia as amino donor to furnish L-amino acids. The distinct features and synthetic application of these two enzymes are reviewed in an effort to illustrate their promising and challenging aspects in serving as approaches to the direct asymmetric synthesis of optically pure amines from the corresponding keto compounds, a formidable problem in organic chemistry.
Two-phase Cleaning Flow Dynamics in Air Injected Milklines (1994)

The results of a study of slug flow dynamics in air injected milkline Clean-In-Place (CIP) systems are presented. Experimental measurements of slug velocity, slug length, and air admission rate made on 48, 73, and 98 mm ID milklines are presented. The air injector must be left open long enough for the slug to travel the entire milkline in order to ensure contact between the slug and all pipe surfaces. Optimal mechanical cleaning action is produced by slug velocities of 7 to 10 m/s. The rate of air admission through the air injector should be controlled to produce superficial air velocity of 8 to 12 m/s to achieve these slug velocities.
Direct borohydride fuel cell performance using hydroxide‐conducting polymeric nanocomposite electrolytes (2013)

Solid electrolyte membranes based on alkali‐doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and PVA/carbon nanotubes (PVA/CNTs) are used in direct borohydride fuel cells (DBFCs). As 0.05 wt % of CNT is incorporated into the PVA matrix, the polymer crystallinity is decreased from 42.4% to 38.0% and the fractional free volume increases from 2.48% to 3.53%. The KOH‐doped PVA/CNT exhibits the highest ionic conductivity of 0.0805 S cm −1 , because of the increased polymer free volume (which promotes vehicular OH − transport) and the presence of CNT (which serves as the conducting microchannels). Sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ) in NaOH solution and potassium borohydride (KBH 4 ) in KOH mixture are fed into the cells. The power density of the KBH 4 ‐based DBFC is almost twice that of the NaBH 4 ‐based DBFC (184 vs. 92 mW cm −2 ) due to less KBH 4 permeability through the films, higher conductivity of the KOH‐doped PVA composites than those in the sodium counterpart, and probably higher electro‐catalytic kinetics. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1779–1789, 2013
An amputee critical path. (1992)

Approximately 115,000 lower extremity amputations (50 per 100,000 in the general population) were performed in 1985. Successful rehabilitation of these patients is contingent upon comprehensive coordination of in-patient care and education of patients and families, coupled with effective discharge planning and follow-up. In an environment that places emphasis on shortened length of stay, an efficient method to a unified multi-disciplinary approach is more difficult than ever to accomplish. "Critical Pathways" are an effective tool to expedite the communication and planning required to achieve a timely discharge as well as successful rehabilitation.
Construction and characterization of pyocin-colicin chimeric proteins (1996)

Chimeric proteins were constructed from pyocin S1 or S2 and colicin E3 or E2, and their characteristics were investigated with special reference to the domain structure. The nuclease domains were interchangeable between two bacteriocins so that a new kind of pyocin, with RNase activity, was created. A bacteriocin which can kill both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli was also constructed. Investigations with various chimeric proteins indicate that the translocation domain as well as the receptor-binding domain is species specific. Inhibition of lipid synthesis, which is characteristic of pyocins, was also observed with chimeric pyocins carrying the DNase domain of colicin E2 but not with those carrying the RNase domain of E3. Thus, the DNase domain is responsible for the inhibition of lipid synthesis.
Definition of Myasthenogenic Sites of the Human Acetylcholine Receptor Using Synthetic Peptides<sup>a</sup> (1987)

Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) and antibodies that modulate AChRs from cultured human muscle are induced by a disulfide-looped peptide comprising the human acetylcholine receptor (AChR) alpha-subunit residues 125-147 (H alpha 125-147). To delineate the essential antigenic requirements for induction of EAMG by this peptide, a series of peptides was synthesized: (a) a nonlooped analog (Cys 128 replaced by Ser) stimulated modulating autoantibodies, induced EAMG, and bound antibodies induced by native AChR; (b) H alpha 131-147, a heptadecylpeptide shorter by 6 N-terminal residues, induced modulating antibodies, EAMG, and T cells that responded to H alpha 125-147, but not to H alpha 137-147; (c) H alpha 137-147, an undecapeptide shorter than H alpha 125-147 by 12 N-terminal residues, did not stimulate T cells or induce antibody production, but it bound antibodies generated by the longer peptides. Thus, when coupled to an epitope that could stimulate helper T cells, the region 137-147 was able to stimulate B cells. This study has defined a myasthenogenic region of the human AChR's alpha-subunit, 17 amino acids long, that contains several distinct epitopes, including at least one N-terminal site inducing T-cell responses (region 131-136) and two possibly overlapping sites that induce antibodies (regions 131-136 and 137-147). Further definition of antigenic sites inducing helper and suppressor T-cell responses and stimulating production of autoantibodies to AChR is essential to the goal of antigen-specific immunotherapy for myasthenia gravis.
Radiosonde measurement of vertical electrical field and polar conductivity (1959)

A field mill and a Gerdian type of conductivity apparatus are described which can replace two standard units on a slightly modified Kew Mk. II radiosonde. They are particularly suitable for an investigation of the electrical properties of the lower atmosphere, including clouds, in non-stormy conditions. Part of each device consists of a current-controlled inductor which varies the frequency of the sonde signal. The limitations and temperature effects are briefly discussed, and the results of a typical sounding given.
Pathophysiology of Platelet Thrombin Receptors (1997)

The evidence is reviewed and a model presented for two distinct receptors being involved in platelet activation induced by alpha-thrombin: a high affinity thrombin receptor constituting approximately 50 copies of a supercomplexed form of GPIb coupled to phospholipase A2 and a moderate affinity receptor constituting approximately 2000 copies of the proteolytically activated, G protein-coupled seven transmembrane domain receptor coupled to phospholipase C. Reasons for the failure of certain studies to detect this role for GPIb are discussed.
An Outbreak of Shigellosis aboard a Cruise Ship caused by a Multiple-antibiotic-resistant Strain of Shigella flexneri (1991)

From October 23 to October 27, 1989, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred aboard a cruise ship in the Caribbean. The 818 passengers and 518 crew members were surveyed for gastrointestinal symptoms; 72 (14%) of 512 passengers and 12 (3%) of 388 crew members who answered the survey reported having a diarrheal illness. Multiple-antibiotic-resistant Shigella flexneri 4a was isolated from 19 ill passengers and two ill crew members. Thirteen people were hospitalized, and prolonged duration of illness was associated with taking an antibiotic to which the isolated strain of Shigella was resistant. A case-control study of food items implicated German potato salad as the vehicle of transmission. It was prepared and probably infected by a food handler from a country where multiple-antibiotic-resistant Shigella is common. Spread may have been facilitated by the limited availability of toilet facilities for the galley crew. This outbreak demonstrates how antibiotic-resistant strains can be introduced into the United States, where they can pose treatment problems. The continuing problem of foodborne gastrointestinal disease in settings such as cruise ships underscores the need for basic hygienic control for food handlers and food preparation areas. In addition, the availability of adequate working conditions for crew members, including appropriately furnished toilet facilities, may be important issues that must be addressed in order to decrease the frequency of diarrhea outbreaks aboard cruise ships.
Oxidative stress response: a proteomic view (2005)

The oxidative stress response is characterized by various effects on a range of biologic molecules. When examined at the protein level, both expression levels and protein modifications are altered by oxidative stress. While these effects have been studied in the past by classic biochemical methods, the recent onset of proteomics methods has allowed the oxidative stress response to be studied on a much wider scale. The input of proteomics in the study of oxidative stress response and in the evidence of an oxidative stress component in biologic phenomena is reviewed in this paper.
Investigation of the optimal b-value to detect breast tumors with diffusion weighted imaging by 1.5-T MRI (2014)

Based on these results, DWI with a b-value of approximately 1400-1500 s/mm2 is recommended for optimizing breast tumor detectability.
Glycoprotein Targeting and Other Applications of Lectins in Biotechnology (2007)

Glycoconjugates comprise a variety of structures, include glycoproteins and glycolipids and are found on the surfaces of animal and plant cells, as well as on the surface of microorganisms. Determination of the structure and the distribution of glycoconjugates on cell surfaces are important for the understanding their biological function. Lectins are useful to investigate protein-carbohydrate interactions, because they have specificity for defined carbohydrate structure. They have been implicated in cell-to-cell recognition and signaling, blood group typing, in immune recognition process, and various other biological processes, such as viral, bacterial, mycoplasmal and parasitic infections, fertilization, cancer metastasis, growth and differentiation. Once thought to be confined to plant seeds, lectins are now recognized as ubiquitous in virtually all living systems, ranging from viruses and bacteria to animals. Plant lectins provide a rich source of carbohydrate-recognizing protein reagents for glycobiologists and biotechnologists. Biotechnology offers the therapeutic use of lectin against certain life threatening diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus and cancer. This review presents a comprehensive summary of research efforts that focus on the actual and potential uses and advantages of using lectins to target glycoproteins and also glycoproteins to target lectins.
Feedback controlled variable optical attenuatorfor channel power regulation in WDM systems (1999)

A variable optical attenuator is described which uses an asymmetric polymeric Y-branch waveguide. It incorporates an optical monitoring tap to regulate the optical output regardless of variations in input light power and polarisation. The dynamic attenuation range was > 18 dB at 1.55 µm. The attenuator was successfully used to regulate channel powers within 0.5 dB in a WDM system.
Morphology, Anatomic Distribution and Cancer Potential of Colonic Polyps (1979)

The concept of a polyp-cancer sequence is assuming increasing credibility as a factor in the development of colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy permits most colonic polyps to be endoscopically removed and studied pathologically. Of various polyp types encountered in the colon only neoplastic polyps are regarded as having malignant potential. Neoplastic polyps include tubular adenomas (formerly, adenomatous polyps), villous adenomas and villotubular adenomas (formerly, mixed or tuboglandular polyps). Cancerous changes must penetrate the muscularis mucosae for a polyp to be regarded as clinically malignant. The present report analyzes a series of 5,786 adenomas from over 7,000 polyp endoscopically removed. The largest number of each type of adenoma presented in the sigmoid colon, followed by the descending colon in terms of frequency. In all zones tubular adenomas were most common, villous least. Abnormal cellular change, from dysplasia to carcinoma in situ to invasive cancer was most frequently found in the sigmoid colon and, in all colon sectors, increased as the villous componency of the polyp increased. However, all categories of neoplastic polyps showed malignant changes. Polyp size, long recognized as a factor, was shown to be importantly related to malignant change, but invasive cancer was found even in polyps less than 1 cm in diameter. In addition, the incidence of malignancy rose parallel to the frequency of synchronous and metachronous polyps. A vigorous program for detection and endoscopic removal of colorectal polyps is recommended as a means of reducing the incidence of colorectal cancer.
A POMDP Maneuver Planner For Occlusions in Urban Scenarios (2019)

Behavior planning in urban environments must consider the various existing uncertainties in an explicit way. This work proposes a behavior planner, based on a POMDP formulation, that explicitly considers possibly occluded vehicles. The future field of view of the autonomous car is predicted over the whole planning horizon. Both, occlusions which are generated by static as well as generated by dynamic objects are hereby considered. We use Monte Carlo sampling to generate possible future episodes that are used to derive an optimized policy. The sampled episodes consider the uncertain behavior of the known traffic participants as well as the existence probability of so-called phantom vehicles in occluded areas. By representing all possible, occluded vehicle configurations by its reachable set instead of single particles, a very efficient representation is found. Therefore, we ensure to consider all possible configurations which may drive out of the occluded area in our optimized policy. We propose a generic formulation of the POMDP problem that can be applied to various scenarios for urban driving. Its performance is demonstrated by using simulation scenarios at intersections including multiple vehicles and occlusions caused by static and dynamic objects. It is shown, that the autonomous vehicle approaches occluded areas by far less conservative than a baseline strategy which considers only the current field of view (fov). This is because various, future scenarios are already considered in the policy. In fact, we show that our planner is able to drive nearly the same trajectories as an omniscient planner would.
Towards intelligent string matching in query-by-humming systems (2003)

In the past 5-10 years, there have been several attempts at the creation of a musical database that can be queried acoustically. The main problem hindering such efforts so far has been scalability, with limits of the frequently used three-character representation for melodic contour becoming apparent even at relatively small database sizes. Extending the contour representation to 24 semi-tone resolutions would go a long way towards solving such problems, but applying current string matching methods to a 24 character alphabet would prove difficult at best, and human errors would be far more prevalent. Here we show that the vast majority of errors at this resolution, although more numerous, are quite predictable using current methods of probabilistic modeling. This is evidence which we hope opens the door to more intelligent forms of note matching.
The Need for Drugged Driving<i>Per Se</i>Laws: A Commentary (2012)

Based on the analysis presented, this article recommends a number of steps that can be taken to evaluate current drugged driving enforcement procedures and to move toward the enactment of drug per se laws.
Selective binding of sucralfate to ulcer lesion. III. Experiments in rats with duodenal ulcer receiving 14C-sucralfate. (1980)

To determine whether the previously reported mechanisms of action of sucralfate for gastric ulcer are also operative in duodenal ulcer, a single dose of 14C-labelled sucralfate was administered orally to rats with acetic acid-induced duodenal ulcer. Adhesive coating with sucralfate was visible over the duodenal lesion for 6 h in the majority of animals and found localized increasingly selective to the ulcerous area following administration. Visual observations were supported quantitatively by greater than unity mean within-animal ulcer/non-ulcer ratios of binding by 14C-sucrose fulfate moiety and aluminum, with statistical significance at 3 and 6 h post-administration (P less than 0.01 or 0.05). While the aluminum component was found persistent relative to the sucrose sulfate moiety in the adhesive coating, an additional in vitro study revealed that this was due to the pH of duodenal contents and did not lead to a loss of adhesiveness. In addition to these results, the buffering potential of sucralfate coating to control the local pH condition sufficient for binding to ulcer surface proteins to occur support the conclusion that the same mechanisms of action of sucralfate commonly apply to gastric and duodenal ulcers.
IEEE 802.15.3a Wireless Personal Area Networks - The MBOA Approach (2005)

A new generation of Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) aims at high data rates of several hundred Mb/s. Based on Ultrawideband (UWB) technology theses WPANs make use of a decision of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) which decided to allow low power emissions in the spectrum from 3 to 10GHz. Among direct sequence spread spectrum proposals the IEEE 802.15.3a Task Group (TG) received an OFDM based proposal from the Multi Band OFDM Alliance (MBOA). Unlike competing technologies, the MBOA approach provides both, a new Physical Layer (PHY) proposal and a new, decentralized Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol, which differs from the legacy IEEE 802.15.3 MAC. In this paper we give technical description of the new MBOA MAC and PHY layer and provide insight to their performance by means of simulation.
Monthly Determination of Alginate, M/G Ratio, Mannitol, and Minerals in Cultivated Laminaria japonica. (1993)

In Laminaria japonica cultivated at Date Bay, Hokkaido, we investigated the monthly varlation in alginate content and its M/G ratio together with the variatlon in mannitol and some minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and phosphorous. The following result was obtained. The relative content of the MG block of alginate varied only slightly from March to October in an almost similar pattern to the total alginate content. In contrast, the content of the M block increased wlth the growth of kelp toward summer, while that of the G block showed an inverse pattern. The global pattern of variation in the content of mannitol resembled that of the M block; it increased conspicuously in summer, but decreased gradually toward the end of autumn.The contents of inorganic elements varied with characteristic patterns. except for calcium which seemed to increase in concert with the increase of the M block toward autumn.
A High Resolution Thermal-Neutron Radiography Facility (1973)

A high resolution thermal-neutron radiography facility has been designed and constructed at the 5-MW University of Missouri Research Reactor Facility. Neutrons leaving the core pass through 3 in. of beryllium, 13 in. of graphite, 4 in. of lead, and 8 in. of bismuth before entering the variable aperture of the conical collimator. This filtering produces a beam with a neutron-to-gamma-ray ratio >107 n/(cm2 mR). The variable aperture permits beam resolutions from 28:1 to 400:1 with neutron fluxes in the 13- × 13-in. exposure chamber from 8 × 107 to 4.7 × 105 n/(cm2 sec), respectively.
Brachytherapy for prostate cancer (1995)

Brachytherapy is one of the oldest techniques of radiation therapy for prostate cancer. However, its use has been controversial due to mixed results with older implant techniques and the availability of different treatment methods. New methods of brachytherapy based on improved technology and increased understanding of radiobiology hold promise for consistently improved results. This article describe the various methods of prostate brachytherapy and reviews the clinical results for these methods.
Cell fusion by Semliki Forest, influenza, and vesicular stomatitis viruses. (1981)

Representatives of three families of enveloped viruses were shown to fuse tissue culture cells together. These were: Semliki Forest virus (SFV, a togavirus), vesicular stomatitis virus (a rhabdovirus), and two myxoviruses, fowl plaque virus and Japan influenza virus (Japan)/A/305/57). Unlike paramyxoviruses, whose fusion activity is known to occur over a broad pH range, fusion by these viruses was restricted to mildly acidic pH. The pH thresholds for the four viruses were 6.0, 6.1, 5.5, and 5.1, respectively. The precursor form of Japan influenza, which is not infectious and which contains the uncleaved hemagglutinin, had no fusion activity. This result suggested a role for the influenza hemagglutinin in the low-pH-dependent membrane fusion activity. Taken together, our results show that low-pH-induced fusion is a widespread property of enveloped animal viruses and that it may play a role in the infective process. The fusion reactions with all four viruses were fast, efficient, and easy to induce. With UV-inactivated SFV, the fusion was shown to be nonlytic and the polykaryons were viable for at least 12 h. 30 ng of SFV/1 x 10(6) BHK-21 cells were required for 50% fusion, and 250 ng sufficed to fuse the entire culture into a single polykaryon.
Measuring local thermal conductivity in polycrystalline diamond with a high resolution photothermal microscope (1997)

A photothermal microscope that provides micrometer lateral and submicrometer depth resolution was designed. Thermal conductivity measurements with modulation frequencies up to 12 MHz on single grains in polycrystalline diamond demonstrate its lateral resolution power even for a highly conducting material. Measured conductivities strongly depend on the averaged volume and values up to 2200 W/mK are found in the high frequency limit where the properties inside a grain are sampled. The capability of the instrument to measure thermal parameters on thin films is demonstrated for gold films evaporated on quartz with a thickness ranging from 20 to 1500 nm. Measurements reveal a strong thickness dependence for both thin film conductivity and the contact resistance between film and substrate. Thermal conductivity decreases monotonically from 230 to 30 W/mK whereas the contact resistance rises from 2×10−7 to 8×10−6 m2K/W with decreasing film thickness.