gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rubber-Bound Antioxidants. I. Amine Antioxidants Bound to Polychloroprene Rubber (1989)

Abstract Amine antioxidants are found to react with chloroprene (CR) type-W rubber with its reactive chlorine atoms. These reactions take place during high-shear mixing in a torque rheometer, or in a Winkworth mixer at higher temperature, or during the vulcanization of the elastomers at 160°C. Mixed alkyl, aryl secondary amines are shown to react only at the alkyl-substituted amino group. The concentrations of the bound antioxidants are estimated by IR spectroscopy after complete extraction. Monsanto Rheometer studies show that, in many cases, the crosslinking reaction of CR rubber, which takes place through the chlorine atom, is reduced by the presence of the antioxidants. The effectiveness of the rubber-bound antioxidant is assessed by accelerated oven aging and stress techniques. It is shown that immobilization of amine antioxidants by combining them with the network does not impair their antioxidant activity.
High-level delay estimation for technology-independent logic equations (2002)

A simple model is presented for estimating the delay of a multi-level combinational logic description prior to a technology-dependent mapping phase. The model proposes that delay through a node varies logarithmically with both the complexity and the fanout of the node's logic equation. This is a consequence of the observation that in high performance circuits, both the fan-in and fan-out of cells are bounded by small numbers. Model parameters are derived for three different CMOS ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) libraries, and the authors show how the predicted delays compare with the actual delays for three different industrial designs in each library. This model can serve as a proxy for delay during technology-independent logic optimization, much as literal counts serve as proxies for area.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Developing and assuring trustworthy web services (2005)

Web services are emerging technologies that are changing the way we develop and use computer systems and software. Current Web services testing techniques are unable to assure the desired level of trustworthiness, which presents a barrier to WS applications in mission and business critical environments. This paper presents a framework that assures the trustworthiness of Web services. New assurance techniques are developed within the framework, including specification verification via completeness and consistency checking, specification refinement, distributed Web services development, test case generation, and automated Web services testing. Traditional test case generation methods only generate positive test cases that verify the functionality of software. The Swiss cheese test case generation method proposed in this paper is designed to perform both positive and negative testing that also reveal the vulnerability of Web services. This integrated development process is implemented in a case study. The experimental evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of this approach. It also reveals that the Swiss cheese negative testing detects even more faults than positive testing and thus significantly reduces the vulnerability of Web services.
5C-6 Muscle Tissue Characterization Using Quantitative Sonoelastography: Preliminary Results (2007)

A quantitative sonoelastographic technique for skeletal muscle tissue characterization is introduced. Experimental data was collected in both ex vivo bovine and in vivo human skeletal muscle tissue. Crawling wave sonoelastographic data was processed using a quantitative technique for estimating local shear wave speed distributions. Results on ex vivo skeletal muscle samples demonstrate shear wave anisotropy and existence of fast and slow shear waves corresponding to propagation parallel and perpendicular to muscle fibers. Comparison of relative frequency-dependent changes between shear wave speed estimates for both shear wave propagation parallel and perpendicular to muscle fibers suggests increased viscoelastic effects for the former. Preliminary sonoelastographic data from two healthy human subjects was acquired in the relaxed rectus femoris muscles. Results demonstrate that quantitative elasticity data can be reproducibly acquired in vivo. Overall, preliminary results are encouraging and quantitative sonoelastography may prove clinically feasible for the in vivo characterization of skeletal muscle in health and disease.
Crystal structures reveal a thiol protease-like catalytic triad in the C-terminal region of<i>Pasteurella multocida</i>toxin (2007)

Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT), one of the virulence factors produced by the bacteria, exerts its toxicity by up-regulating various signaling cascades downstream of the heterotrimeric GTPases Gq and G12/13 in an unknown fashion. Here, we present the crystal structure of the C-terminal region (residues 575-1,285) of PMT, which carries an intracellularly active moiety. The overall structure of C-terminal region of PMT displays a Trojan horse-like shape, composed of three domains with a "feet"-,"body"-, and "head"-type arrangement, which were designated C1, C2, and C3 from the N to the C terminus, respectively. The C1 domain, showing marked similarity in steric structure to the N-terminal domain of Clostridium difficile toxin B, was found to lead the toxin molecule to the plasma membrane. The C3 domain possesses the Cys-His-Asp catalytic triad that is organized only when the Cys is released from a disulfide bond. The steric alignment of the triad corresponded well to that of papain or other enzymes carrying Cys-His-Asp. PMT toxicities on target cells were completely abrogated when one of the amino acids constituting the triad was mutated. Our results indicate that PMT is an enzyme toxin carrying the cysteine protease-like catalytic triad dependent on the redox state and functions on the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane of target cells.
Repair of O6-Benzylguanine by the Escherichia coli Ada and Ogt and the Human O6-Alkylguanine-DNA Alkyltransferases (1997)

O6-Methylguanine is removed from DNA via the transfer of the methyl group to a cysteine acceptor site present in the DNA repair protein O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. The human alkyltransferase is inactivated by the free base O6-benzylguanine, raising the possibility that substantially larger alkyl groups could also be accepted as substrates. However, the Escherichia coli alkyltransferase, Ada-C, is not inactivated by O6-benzylguanine. The Ada-C protein was rendered capable of reaction by the incorporation of two site-directed mutations converting Ala316 to a proline (A316P) and Trp336 to alanine (W336A) or glycine (W336G). These changes increase the space at the active site of the protein where Cys321 is buried and thus permit access of the O6-benzylguanine inhibitor. Reaction of the mutant A316P/W336A-Ada-C with O6-benzylguanine was greatly stimulated by the presence of DNA, providing strong support for the concept that binding of DNA to the Ada-C protein activates the protein. The Ada-C protein was able to repair O6-benzylguanine in a 16-mer oligodeoxyribonucleotide. However, the rate of repair was very slow, whereas the E. coli Ogt, the human alkyltransferase, and the mutant A316P/W336A-Ada-C alkyltransferases reacted very rapidly with this 16-mer substrate and preferentially repaired it when incubated with a mixture of the methylated and benzylated 16-mers. These results show that benzyl groups are better substrates than methyl groups for alkyltransferases provided that steric factors do not prevent binding of the substrate in the correct orientation for alkyl group transfer.
[Correlation of liver stiffness measured by FibroTouch and FibroScan with Ishak fibrosis score in patients with chronic hepatitis B]. (2017)

<b>Objective:</b> To investigate the correlation of liver stiffness measured by FibroTouch (FT) and FibroScan (FS) with Ishak fibrosis score in patients with chronic hepatitis B. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 313 patients with chronic hepatitis B who visited Department of Liver Cirrhosis in Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from November 2014 to May 2016 were enrolled. All the patients underwent liver biopsy, and FT and FS were used to determine liver stiffness measurement (LSM). Serum biochemical parameters were measured, and the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) in a multi-parameter model of liver fibrosis and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index were calculated. The consistency between the results of four noninvasive examinations and Ishak fibrosis score was compared. The t-test was used for comparison of LSM determined by FT and FS. Pearson correlation analysis was used investigate the correlation between LSM determined by FT and FS; Spearman correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and Knodell score with LSM determined by FT and FS; the correlation between LSM determined by FT and FS and fibrosis stage was analyzed by partial correlation analysis adjusted by Knodell score for liver inflammatory activity; Spearman correlation analysis was used for APRI, FIB-4, and fibrosis stage. Based on the Ishak fibrosis score, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the values of four noninvasive methods in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis. <b>Results:</b> There was no significant difference in LSM measured by FT and FS in all patients (15.75±9.42 kPa vs 15.42±10.52 kPa, <i>P</i> > 0.05) and Pearson correlation analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between them (<i>r</i> = 0.858, <i>P</i> < 0.01); serum ALT and AST levels and liver inflammatory activity were correlated with LSM determined by FT and FS. There was a significant positive correlation between LSM determined by FT and FS and fibrosis stage (<i>r</i> = 0.501 and 0.526, both <i>P</i> < 0.001), and APRI and FIB-4 were also positively correlated with fibrosis stage (<i>r</i> = 0.236 and 0.218, both <i>P</i> < 0.001). Based on the Ishak fibrosis score, in the diagnosis of fibrosis stages F3, F4, F5, and F6, the areas under the ROC curve were 0.915/0.856/0.839/0.816 for FT, 0.933/0.883/0.849/0.856 for FS, 0.618/0.630/0.608/0.638 for APRI, and 0.614/0.624/0.595/0.649 for FIB-4, and FT and FS had a significantly larger areas under the ROC curve than APRI and FIB-4. <b>Conclusion:</b> LSM determined by FT or FS has a good correlation with the Ishak fibrosis score, so FT and FS have a significantly better diagnostic performance for liver fibrosis than APRI and FIB-4.
Lifetime characterization of capacitive RF MEMS switches (2002)

The first experimental characterization of dielectric charging within capacitive RF MEMS switches has been demonstrated. Standard devices have been inserted into a time domain setup and their lifetimes have been characterized as a function of actuation voltage. Switch lifetimes were measured using a dual-pulse waveform with 30 to 65 V of actuation voltage. Resulting lifetimes were between 10/sup 4/ and 10/sup 8/ switch actuations, demonstrating an exponential relationship between lifetime and actuation voltage.
Human Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for the Rabies Virus Glycoprotein and N Protein (1990)

Human monoclonal antibodies to rabies virus were established by Epstein-Barr virus infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes collected from a rabies-vaccinated donor, and fusion with a heteromyeloma line. Two human monoclonal antibodies, HUM1 and HUM2, both IgG2, reacted with the envelope glycoprotein of the rabies virus. The antibody HUM1 neutralized rabies virus (lyssavirus serotype 1) and Mokola virus (lyssavirus serotype 3), but did not neutralize European bat lyssavirus, suggesting that some common antigenicity exists between the glycoproteins of serotypes 1 and 3. In addition, this antibody neutralized a series of viruses resistant to neutralization by antibodies recognizing, in a murine system, antigenic sites I, II and III; however, it failed to neutralize viruses altered at site VI, indicating that human monoclonal antibody HUM1 is directed against antigenic site VI. The other human anti-glycoprotein antibody, HUM2, neutralized the European bat lyssavirus in addition to serotypes 1 and 3, but none of the resistant variant viruses altered at the sites mentioned above. A third human monoclonal antibody, HUM3 (IgM), was reactive with the internal nucleoprotein of the rabies virus. This antibody contained a murine light chain corresponding to the cytoplasmic murine chain not secreted in the heteromyeloma line. The potential use of monoclonal antibodies in post-exposure treatment of rabies is discussed.
Beyond 100-Gb/s single-sideband direct detection using multi-core fiber and SSBI elimination (2017)

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a novel single-sideband direct detection transmission system based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) format in a multi-core fiber (MCF). The experimental results show that the signal-signal beat interference (SSBI) can be successfully estimated using balanced photodiode (BPD) in 100-Gb/s direct detection optical OFDM transmission system after 10km 7-core fiber transmission. Compared with the conventional pilot-supported direct detection optical scheme, no guard band is required that the efficiency of the receiver electrical bandwidth is much enhanced.
Synthesis of an Amphiphilic Poly(γ-Glutamic Acid)-Cholesterol Conjugate and Its Application as an Artificial Chaperone (2010)

A poly(gamma-glutamic acid) (gammaPGA)-cholesterol conjugate was synthesized and the properties of an aqueous solution were evaluated. The conjugate showed amphiphilic nature derived from the hydrophilic gammaPGA backbone and the hydrophobic cholesterol side chain. The conjugate spontaneously formed nanoparticles in the aqueous solution of the low concentration, and the high concentration resulted in the formation of the physical gel. By utilizing the self-aggregating properties of the conjugate in water, an artificial chaperone was developed. The complex of protein with the nanoparticles of the conjugate was formed and the protein was released upon the dissociation of the nanoparticles by the addition of beta-cyclodextrin. For denatured carbonic anhydrase, the activity was recovered in the artificial chaperone of the nanoparticle conjugate.
Optical properties and environmental stability of oxide coatings deposited by reactive sputtering (1993)

Refractory metal-oxide coatings are deposited by reactive dc magnetron sputtering in an oxygen environment. The optical constants and the environmental stability of silicon oxide, aluminium oxide, hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide, titanium oxide, and a blend of hafnium oxide with silicon oxide are investigated. Properties of both single-layer and multilayer interference filters are examined.
<i>N</i>‐acetylchitosan gel: A polyhydrate of chitin (1976)

Abstract N ‐Acetylchitosan gel, a polyhydrate of chitin, and partially O ‐acetylated N ‐acetylchitosan gel were produced by a facile acetylation of chitosan with acetic anhydride in 10% acetic acid and in aqueous acetic acid/methanol at room temperature. Under the same conditions, a series of N ‐acylchitosan gels was produced in reaction with the other carboxylic anhydrides. The gels thus produced were colorless, transparent and rigid, and stable on heating. The gels were insoluble in cold and boiling water, formic acid, aqueous acids, and the other solvents examined. Significant changes in specific rotation occurred in the acylation of chitosan and its aggregation.
Determination of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 Peptides Presented by the Type I Diabetes-Associated HLA-DQ8 Class II Molecule Identifies an Immunogenic Peptide Motif (1999)

Particular HLA class II allelic sequences are associated with susceptibility to type I diabetes. To understand the mechanism, knowledge of the molecular nature of the specific TCR/peptide/class II interactions involved in the disease process is required. To this end, we have introduced the diabetes-associated human class II HLA-DQ8 allele (DQA1*0301/DQB1*0302) as a transgene into mice and analyzed T cell responses restricted by this molecule to an important Ag in human diabetes, human glutamic acid decarboxylase 65. Hybridomas were used to determine the particular peptides from this Ag presented by HLA-DQ8 to T cells and to map the core minimal epitopes required for T cell stimulation. Analysis of these core epitopes reveals a motif and relevant features for peptides that are immunogenic to T cells when presented by HLA-DQ8. The major immunogenic epitopes of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 do not contain a negatively charged residue that binds in the P9 pocket of the HLA-DQ8 molecule. PBMC from HLA-DQ8+ diabetic and nondiabetic individuals respond to these peptides, confirming that the mouse model is a useful tool to define epitopes of autoantigens that are processed by human APC and recognized by human T cells.
The Conserved RING-H2 Finger of ROC1 Is Required for Ubiquitin Ligation (2000)

ROC1 is a common component of a large family of ubiquitin E3 ligases that regulate cell cycle progression and signal transduction pathways. Here we present evidence suggesting that a conserved RING-H2 structure within ROC1 is critical for its ubiquitin ligation function. Mercury-containing sulfhydryl modification agents (rho-hydroxymercuribenzoate and mercuric chloride) irreversibly inhibit the ROC1-CUL1 ubiquitin ligase activity without disrupting the complex. Consistent with this, these reagents also eliminate the ability of the Skp1-CUL1-HOS-ROC1 E3 ligase complex to support the ubiquitination of IkappaBalpha. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis identifies RING-H2 finger residues Cys(42), Cys(45), Cys(75), His(77), His(80), Cys(83), Cys(94), and Asp(97) as being essential for the ROC1-dependent ubiquitin ligase activity. Furthermore, C42S/C45S and H80A mutations reduce the ability of ROC1 to interact with CUL1 in transfected cells and diminish the capacity of ROC1-CUL1 to form a stable complex with Cdc34 in vitro. However, C75S, H77A, C94S, and D97A substitutions have no detectable effect on ROC1 binding activities. Thus, the ROC1 RING-H2 finger may possess multiple biochemical properties that include stabilizing an interaction with CUL1 and recruiting Cdc34. A possible role of the RING finger in facilitating the Ub transfer reaction is discussed.
Color Shift Model-Based Segmentation and Fusion for Digital Autofocusing (2007)

This paper proposes a novel color shift model-based segmentation and fusion algorithm for digital autofocusing of color images. The source images are obtained using new multiple filter-aperture configurations. We shift color channels to change the focal point of the given image at different locations. For each respective location we then select the optimal focus information and, finally, use soft decision fusion and blending (SDFB) to obtain fully-focused images. The proposed autofocusing algorithm consists of: (i) color channel shifting and alignment for varying focal positions; (ii) optimal focus region selection and segmentation using sum modified Laplacian (SML); and (iii) SDFB, which enables smooth transition across region boundaries. By utilizing segmented images for different focal point locations, the SDFB algorithm can combine images with multiple, out-of-focus objects. Experimental results show performance and feasibility of the proposed algorithm for autofocusing images with one or more differently out-of-focus objects.
Dielectric waveguide modeling at 30 cm of the antenna sensilla of the lovebug, Plecia neartica Hardy (1985)

Wax models were made of three basic types of lovebug, Plecia neartica Hardy, antenna sensillum. Polar plots of amplified guided radiation at 3.1 cm are given. Highly directional beamwidths of 20 and 30° and 4× amplification are demonstrated by two of the configurations and a circular pattern 3× amplification by the third steeply curved model. All three radiation patterns correlate very well with the known behavior of the lovebug. This exact model is evidence for an IR-dielectric antenna (scent) system of sensillum insect communication.
A propose technical security metrics model for SCADA systems (2012)

Information security metrics are very important to guide the direction for measuring the effectiveness of security controls in compliance with the information security standards. However, lack of method to guide organization in choosing the technical security metrics may cause technical security control objectives and capabilities failed. This research proposes a model of technical security metrics to measure the effectiveness of network security management, such as network security controls and services such as firewall and Intrusion Detection Prevention System (IDPS) in the protection of Supervisory and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. The methodology used is Plan-Do-Check-Act process model. The proposed technical security metric provides guidance for SCADA owners in complying with requirements of ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System (ISMS) standard. The proposed model should be able to provide a comprehensive measurement and prove the effectiveness of ISO/IEC 27004 ISMS Measurement standard.
Mimicry of viral epitopes with retro-inverso peptides of increased stability. (1996)

Two major limitations to the use of peptides as synthetic vaccines are their poor immunogenicity and low antigenic cross-reactivity with the epitopes of virus particles. Recently it has been shown that retro-inverso peptides corresponding to an immunodominant epitope of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) are able to mimic the structure and antigenic activity of natural L-peptides [1]. A series of L- and retro-inverso peptides of the loop 141-159 of the VP1 protein of FMDV has been synthesized. Antibodies to these peptides were produced by injecting rabbits with peptides covalently coupled to small unilamellar liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A as adjuvant. The retro-inverso peptides led to higher serum antibody titres which appeared earlier after the start of immunization and lasted longer than those found with L-peptides. Antibodies to retro-inverso peptides cross-reacted strongly with L-peptides and with virus particles, while guinea pig antisera to VP1 protein and virions cross-reacted strongly with the retro-inverso peptides. In view of their increased stability compared to natural L-peptides, retro-inverso peptidomimetics have considerable potential as synthetic viral vaccines.