gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessing brain plasticity across the lifespan with transcranial magnetic stimulation: why, how, and what is the ultimate goal? (2013)

Sustaining brain and cognitive function across the lifespan must be one of the main biomedical goals of the twenty-first century. We need to aim to prevent neuropsychiatric diseases and, thus, to identify and remediate brain and cognitive dysfunction before clinical symptoms manifest and disability develops. The brain undergoes a complex array of changes from developmental years into old age, putatively the underpinnings of changes in cognition and behavior throughout life. A functionally "normal" brain is a changing brain, a brain whose capacity and mechanisms of change are shifting appropriately from one time-point to another in a given individual's life. Therefore, assessing the mechanisms of brain plasticity across the lifespan is critical to gain insight into an individual's brain health. Indexing brain plasticity in humans is possible with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which, in combination with neuroimaging, provides a powerful tool for exploring local cortical and brain network plasticity. Here, we review investigations to date, summarize findings, and discuss some of the challenges that need to be solved to enhance the use of TMS measures of brain plasticity across all ages. Ultimately, TMS measures of plasticity can become the foundation for a brain health index (BHI) to enable objective correlates of an individual's brain health over time, assessment across diseases and disorders, and reliable evaluation of indicators of efficacy of future preventive and therapeutic interventions.
Activation-dependent clustering of the erbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase detected by scanning near-field optical microscopy (1999)

ErbB2 (HER2, Neu), a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor tyrosine kinase family, is often overexpressed in breast cancer and other malignancies. ErbB2 homodimerizes but also presents as a common auxiliary subunit of the EGF and heregulin receptors (erbB1 or EGFR; and erbB3-4, respectively), with which it heteroassociates. ErbB2 is generally regarded as an orphan (ligand-less) receptor with a very potent kinase domain activated either via its associated partners or constitutively as a consequence of discrete mutations. It follows that the extent and regulation of its cell surface interactions are of central importance. We have studied the large-scale association pattern of erbB2 in quiescent and activated cells labeled with fluorescent anti-erbB2 monoclonal antibodies using scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM). ErbB2 was found to be concentrated in irregular membrane patches with a mean diameter of approx. 0.5 microm in nonactivated SKBR3 and MDA453 human breast tumor cells. The average number of erbB2 proteins in a single cluster on nonactivated SKBR3 cells was about 10(3). Activation of SKBR3 cells with EGF, heregulin as well as a partially agonistic anti-erbB2 monoclonal antibody led to an increase in the mean cluster diameter to 0.6-0.9 microm, irrespective of the ligand. The EGF-induced increase in the erbB2 cluster size was inhibited by the EGFR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor PD153035. The average size of erbB2 clusters on the erbB2-transfected line of CHO cells (CB2) was similar to that of activated SKBR3 cells, a finding correlated with the increased base-line tyrosine phosphorylation of erbB2 in cells expressing only erbB2. We conclude that an increase in cluster size may constitute a general phenomenon in the activation of erbB2.
Hormone-induced conformational changes in the hepatic insulin receptor. (1983)

The insulin receptor can exist in either a lower or a higher affinity state. Hormone binding alters the equilibrium between the two states of the insulin receptor, favoring the formation of that of higher affinity (Corin, R.E., and Donner, D.B. (1982), J. Biol. Chem. 257, 104-110). After brief or extended incubations with hormone, during which the fraction of higher affinity receptors increased, 125I-insulin was covalently coupled to the alpha subunits of its receptor using disuccinimidyl suberate. Some 125I-insulin remained bound to higher affinity receptors after dissociation of hormone from lower affinity sites. This hormone could also be covalently coupled to the alpha subunit of the receptor. During extended incubations between 125I-insulin and liver plasma membranes, components of the receptor were cleaved to yield degradation products of 120,000 and 23,000 Da. The significance of this process remains undetermined. Unoccupied insulin receptors were cleaved by trypsin to produce fragments of 94,000 and 37,000 Da which remained membrane-bound and could be covalently coupled to 125I-insulin. Trypsin treatment after binding yielded an additional receptor fragment of 64,000 Da. As the incubation time between 125I-insulin and membranes was lengthened, components of the receptor became progressively less sensitive to trypsin. Higher affinity binding sites isolated after release of rapid dissociating insulin were less sensitive to trypsin than were mixtures of higher and lower affinity receptors. These observations suggest that hormone binding produces two conformational changes (alterations of tryptic lability) in the hepatic insulin receptor. The first change is rapid and exposes parts of the receptor to tryptic degradation. The second, slower conformational change renders the receptor less sensitive to trypsin and occurs with the same time course as the increase of receptor affinity mediated by site occupancy.
Synthesis of the Macrocyclic Core of (−)-Pladienolide B (2008)

An efficient synthesis of the macrocyclic core of (-)-pladienolide B is disclosed. The concise route relies on a chiral auxiliary-mediated asymmetric aldol addition and an osmium-catalyzed asymmetric dihydroxylation to install the three oxygenated stereocenters of the macrocycle. This purely reagent-controlled and flexible strategy sets the stage for future analogue syntheses and structure-activity relationship plotting of the appealing anticancer lead structure pladienolide B.
Three-Dimensional Retinal Organoids Facilitate the Investigation of Retinal Ganglion Cell Development, Organization and Neurite Outgrowth from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (2018)

Retinal organoids are three-dimensional structures derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) which recapitulate the spatial and temporal differentiation of the retina, serving as effective in vitro models of retinal development. However, a lack of emphasis has been placed upon the development and organization of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) within retinal organoids. Thus, initial efforts were made to characterize RGC differentiation throughout early stages of organoid development, with a clearly defined RGC layer developing in a temporally-appropriate manner expressing a complement of RGC-associated markers. Beyond studies of RGC development, retinal organoids may also prove useful for cellular replacement in which extensive axonal outgrowth is necessary to reach post-synaptic targets. Organoid-derived RGCs could help to elucidate factors promoting axonal outgrowth, thereby identifying approaches to circumvent a formidable obstacle to RGC replacement. As such, additional efforts demonstrated significant enhancement of neurite outgrowth through modulation of both substrate composition and growth factor signaling. Additionally, organoid-derived RGCs exhibited diverse phenotypes, extending elaborate growth cones and expressing numerous guidance receptors. Collectively, these results establish retinal organoids as a valuable tool for studies of RGC development, and demonstrate the utility of organoid-derived RGCs as an effective platform to study factors influencing neurite outgrowth from organoid-derived RGCs.
Human mucosal in vivo transcriptome responses to three lactobacilli indicate how probiotics may modulate human cellular pathways (2010)

Probiotic bacteria, specific representatives of bacterial species that are a common part of the human microbiota, are proposed to deliver health benefits to the consumer by modulation of intestinal function through largely unknown molecular mechanisms. To explore in vivo mucosal responses of healthy adults to probiotics, we obtained transcriptomes in an intervention study after a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over design. In the mucosa of the proximal small intestine of healthy volunteers, probiotic strains from the species Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, and L. rhamnosus each induced differential gene-regulatory networks and pathways in the human mucosa. Comprehensive analyses revealed that these transcriptional networks regulate major basal mucosal processes and uncovered remarkable similarity to response profiles obtained for specific bioactive molecules and drugs. This study elucidates how intestinal mucosa of healthy humans perceives different probiotics and provides avenues for rationally designed tests of clinical applications.
Interference suppression by adaptive beamforming of satellite‐borne phased‐array antennas (1998)

This paper describes adaptive beam formation of a satellite-borne antenna for suppressing the uplink interference in satellite communication. The S-band phased-array antenna installed on the Engineering Test Satellite-VI (ETS-VI) was used in this experiment. The beamforming network in the satellite was controlled from the earth through a TT&C link. It was found that the installed antenna could form a designed beam pattern. It was also found that the actual interference on the S-band intersatellite link could be effectively suppressed. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 81(11): 58–66, 1998
Bioequivalence of Efavirenz/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Single-Tablet Regimen (2007)

The coformulation of EFV/FTC/TDF is bioequivalent to administration of its individual components.
On-line measurement of surface roughness by laser light scattering (2006)

On-line roughness measurement of a surface with one-dimensional manufacturing marks is difficult to implement. For example, a contact stylus-type inspection method often does not perform very well or fails without any prior knowledge of the mark distribution on the surface. In this paper, we propose an on-line surface roughness measurement method based on laser light scattering, which is very effective for roughness measurement of one-dimensional manufacturing surfaces. The surface roughness is obtained from the spatial distribution of the scattered light intensity. The measurement setup has a very simple configuration, which consists of a CCD sensor, a collimated diode laser and an expander. The orientation of the spatial distribution of the scattered light intensity from the surface, which depends on the surface orientation, is detected by the CCD sensor, and then the mark direction can be readily determined from image processing. After that the root-mean-square (RMS) height of the surface roughness is extracted by means of image processing of the scattered light distribution in the direction parallel to the manufacturing mark, rather than in the direction perpendicular to the mark which is often followed by other measurement probes. The experimental tests show that the non-contact method has great potential for on-line surface roughness measurement.
Customer control of intelligent network services (2003)

The authors describe the evolution of network services customer control, concentrating on the impact that the intelligent network (IN) is exerting on the customer control telecommunications phenomenon. They trace the evolution of the methods of control over network services from the original telephone company operators through modern sophisticated terminal interactions with the IN. They also examine the nature of the control structures, detailing the advances that are occurring as customers control not only the parameters associated with a service, but also the very operation of the service itself. They also contrast the changing nature of local control structures and distributed control architectures. They indicate at the next layer of customer control that could develop in the 1990s and beyond.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Down-regulation of TSC-22 (transforming growth factor beta-stimulated clone 22) markedly enhances the growth of a human salivary gland cancer cell line in vitro and in vivo. (1998)

We have recently isolated TSC-22 (transforming growth factor beta-stimulated clone 22) cDNA as a new anticancer drug (Vesnarinone)-inducible gene in a human salivary gland cancer cell line, TYS. We conducted the present study to examine whether up-regulation or down-regulation of TSC-22 can affect the growth of TYS cells in vitro and in vivo. We constructed an expression vector containing sense- or antisense-oriented human TSC-22 cDNA under the transcriptional control of the SR alpha promoter. We cotransfected TYS cells with the sense or antisense expression vector and pSV2neo and obtained more than 200 G418-resistant colonies in each sense or antisense transfectant. Approximately 80% of representative G418-resistant clones expressed the transcripts from transfected sense or antisense TSC-22 cDNA. To avoid the clonal heterogeneity of the cells, we mixed all of the G418-resistant colonies together in each sense or antisense transfectant and examined the expression of TSC-22 protein, in vitro growth, and the tumorigenicity in nude mice. The expression of TSC-22 protein was examined by solid-phase ELISA using a specific antibody against recombinant TSC-22 protein. The expression of TSC-22 protein was up-regulated in the sense transfectants and down-regulated in the antisense transfectants. Contrary to our expectation, up-regulation of TSC-22 protein did not affect both in vitro and in vivo growth of TYS cells. However, down-regulation of TSC-22 markedly enhanced the growth of TYS cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we examined the expression of TSC-22 mRNA in several human salivary gland tumors. The mRNA expression of TSC-22 in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors was significantly decreased when compared to that in tumor-free salivary glands (P < 0.05; one-way ANOVA), and in some salivary gland tumors, the expression of TSC-22 mRNA was not detectable by reverse transcription-PCR. These results suggest that down-regulation of TSC-22 may play a major role on salivary gland tumorigenesis.
HAX-1, a novel intracellular protein, localized on mitochondria, directly associates with HS1, a substrate of Src family tyrosine kinases (1997)

Cross-linking of the Ag receptors on lymphocytes initiates activation of the receptor-coupled tyrosine kinases. HS1 is one of the substrates of these kinases and has been shown to transduce the signals for both clonal expansion and deletion in lymphoid cells. To gain further insight into the mechanism of action of HS1, we have tried to identify a protein that interacts with HS1 by yeast two-hybrid screening. The isolated cDNA, designated HAX-1, encodes a novel 35-kDa protein. The HAX-1 gene is expressed ubiquitously among tissues, and its protein is localized mainly in mitochondria, but also in endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope in the cell. HS1/HAX-1 association is confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation of these proteins in the lysates of B lymphoma cells and COS-7 cells transfected with the corresponding cDNA expression vectors. Colocalization of these proteins in the cell is evident under confocal laser scanning microscope. Deletion mutant analysis of these proteins reveals that the association is mediated by the amino terminal region of HS1 and the carboxyl-terminal half of HAX-1. The potential role of the HAX-1/HS1 complex is discussed.
Cardioprotection by adaptation to ischaemia augments autophagy in association with BAG‐1 protein (2008)

Autophagy is an intracellular process in which a cell digests its own constituents via lysosomal degradative pathway. Though autophagy has been shown in several cardiac diseases like heart failure, hypertrophy and ischaemic cardiomyopathy, the role and the regulation of autophagy is still largely unknown. Bcl-2-associated athanogene (BAG-1) is a multifunctional pro-survival molecule that binds with Hsp70/Hsc70. In this study, myocardial adaptation to ischaemia by repeated brief episodes of ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) prior to lethal I/R enhanced the expression of autophagosomal membrane specific protein light chain 3 (LC3)-II, and Beclin-1, a molecule involved in autophagy and BAG-1. Autophagosomes structures were found in the adapted myocardium through electron microscopy. Co-immunoprecipitation and co-immunofluorescence analyses revealed that LC3-II was bound with BAG-1. Inhibition of autophagy by treating rats with Wortmannin (15 microg/kg; intraperitoneally) abolished the ischaemic adaptation-induced induction of LC3-II, Beclin-1, BAG-1 and cardioprotection. Intramyocardial injection of BAG-1 siRNA attenuated the induction of LC3-II, and abolished the cardioprotection achieved by adaptation. Furthermore, hypoxic adaptation in cardiac myoblast cells induced LC3-II and BAG-1. BAG-1 siRNA treatment attenuated hypoxic adaptation-induced LC3-II and BAG-1, and abolished improvement in cardiac cell survival and reduction of cell death. These results clearly indicate that myocardial protection elicited by adaptation is mediated at least in part via up-regulation of autophagy in association with BAG-1 protein.
The Internet Collegiate Reference Collection (2002)

SUMMARY The parameters of the Internet Collegiate Reference Collection http://icrc.library.bloomu.edu closely resemble that of a print collection. It has guidelines for addition and withdrawal of resources and an OPAC, which provides keyword searching through a relational database using open source software. Each entry is assigned a classification code, subject headings, and descriptive notes.
母亲行为、女权主义和再现——情节剧和妇女影片(1910—1940)中的母性 (1988)

这篇文章作为研究项目,它的目的是探索关于母亲的确定的、历史性的话语与影片形式中主要被称为母亲的那种变化着的再现之间的相互关系,然而,对于妇女来说,这并不是全部。我将要论证,在影片中形成再现母亲的传统来源于十九世纪的舞台情节剧、伤感小说和家庭女权主义文学。我首先简要地综述一下从法国到美国(尤其通过卢梭)对母亲的表达,然后,我要展示主流文学的话语(mainstream literary discourse)是如何将母亲置入进与卢梭观念一致的方式中。接下来我要考虑二十世纪占统治地位的母亲的话语——被包含在新弗洛伊德主义的精神分析理论之中——是要使十九世纪的状况永存,尽管它们强调的重点是不
Hybrid Organic−Inorganic Polymer:  A New Approach for the Development of Decoupled Polymer Electrolytes (2005)

The chemical synthesis of a hybrid organic−inorganic polymer electrolyte with a helical free-chain configuration, segmental motion-decoupled behavior, and good Li ion conductivity at room temperature (∼10−5 Ω·cm) is presented.
UPLC<sup>™</sup>: An Introduction and Review (2005)

Abstract Ultra performance liquid chromatography™ (UPLC) takes advantage of technological strides made in particle chemistry performance, system optimization, detector design, and data processing and control. Using sub‐2 µm particles and mobile phases at high linear velocities, and instrumentation that operates at higher pressures than those used in HPLC, dramatic increases in resolution, sensitivity, and speed of analysis can be obtained. This new category of analytical separation science retains the practicality and principles of HPLC while creating a step‐function improvement in chromatographic performance. This review introduces the theory of UPLC, and summarizes some of the most recent work in the field.
Analysis of Surgical Margins With the Molecular Marker eIF4E: A Prognostic Factor in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer (1999)

In histologically tumor-free surgical margins, elevated levels of eIF4E predict a significantly increased risk of recurrence. Elevated levels of eIF4E in tumor margins may identify patients who could benefit from additional therapy.
Preparation of the iodine‐124 derivative of the Bolton–Hunter reagent ([<sup>124</sup>I]I‐SHPP) and its use for labelling a VEGF antibody as a PET tracer (2002)

Abstract This study describes the radioiodination of an antibody specific to the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VG76e, with [ 124 I]iodine to obtain a novel PET tracer for measurement of angiogenesis. In vitro binding assays showed a significantly higher immunoreactive fraction with the protein labelling reagent N ‐succinimidyl 3‐(4‐hydroxy‐5‐[ 125 I]iodophenyl) propionate ([ 125 I]Bolton–Hunter reagent, [ 125 I]I‐SHPP) (34.0±4.0%) as compared with N‐ succinimidyl 3‐[ 125 I]iodobenzoate (10.9±6.4%) or direct radioiodination using [ 125 I]iodide and IodoGen (3.1±3.0%). Consequently, the cyclotron–produced positron–emitting [ 124 I]iodine ( T 1/2 =4.2 days) was employed to prepare [ 124 I]I‐SHPP. Using an improved radioiodination methodology, [ 124 I]I‐SHPP was prepared from sodium [ 124 I]iodide with IodoGen at pH 6.5. The [ 124 I]Bolton–Hunter reagent was isolated with 25–58% ( n =3) radiochemical yield and 88–95% ( n =3) radiochemical purity by the conventional extraction procedure. The conjugate of VG76e with [ 124 I]I‐SHPP was prepared with 17–18% ( n= 3) labelling efficiency and 98% radiochemical purity. The immunoreactive fraction was determined to be 33.5% ( n =2). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The design of a wheelchair mounted robot (1997)

The purpose of a rehabilitation robot is to enable severely disabled people to reach, pick up and manipulate objects without the assistance of another person. Rehabilitation robots may be categorised in terms of the tasks that they are designed to perform. Some robots are designed to perform a specific task, e.g. to assist a person to feed themselves, or to perform a number of tasks quickly and repetitively, e.g. in the case of a vocational robot. Other robots are designed to perform general manipulation tasks. This paper begins with a brief international overview of commercially-marketed rehabilitation robots followed by a description of a robot workstation (the Wolfson robot) and a trolley-mounted robot (the Wessex robot), both of which were designed and built at the Bath Institute of Medical Engineering. The paper describes how, following the evaluation of the Wessex robot with tetraplegics, a project to design a wheelchair-mounted robot was conceived. The objective of this three-year project is to mount a manipulator similar to that designed for the Wessex robot on to a powered wheelchair. The project addresses the challenges associated with aesthetics, the user control interface, safety, wheelchair use and control, power requirements and the tasks that the user wishes to perform with the robot. Potential users have participated in the design process by completing questionnaires, giving personal interviews and evaluating a mock-up of a proposed design. The paper discusses the engineering solutions used in the design of the prototype and describes some of the compromises reached. (6 pages)
A Portable Surveillance Camera Architecture using One-bit Motion Detection (2007)

We present a surveillance camera architecture using a one-bit motion detection algorithm for portable applications. The conventional surveillance system requires too many components and is too complicated for portable applications. In this paper, we propose a simple surveillance camera architecture with a motion detector that can detect changes of an object within its surroundings for low-power and low-cost applications. The proposed motion-detection algorithm uses one-bit images which are selected using a binary search algorithm that is decided by varying the reference voltage. We verify all the functions of the motion detector through the use of a user interface program on an FPGA board. Experimental results are also presented <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> .
Sloshing of liquids in axisymmetric ellipsoidal tanks (1965)

Natural frequencies and modes of oscillation of liquids in partially filled axisymmetric ellipsoidal tanks calculated, using variational principle