gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Proper Use and Maintenance about the Hydraulic System for Assistant Operation in Armored Vehicles (2008)

The improper use and poor maintenance about the hydraulic system will raise the failure rate; therefore, it will reduce the reliability of the operation and cut the service life. At last it unavoidable to result in the reducing of combat effectiveness. In this thesis, some ways are put forward to discussing the use and maintenance of the vehicle in following aspects; the use of oil, clearing of the system, preventing leaking and preventing the oil temperature going beyond the limited one.
Bayesian Inference for Multivariate Copulas Using Pair-Copula Constructions (2010)

We provide a Bayesian analysis of pair-copula constructions (PCCs) (Aas et al., 2009), which outperform many other multivariate copula constructions in modeling dependencies in financial data. We use bivariate t-copulas as building blocks in a PCC to allow extreme events in bivariate margins individually. While parameters may be estimated by maximum likelihood, confidence intervals are difficult to obtain. Consequently, we develop a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm and compute credible intervals. Standard errors obtained from MCMC output are compared to those obtained from a numerical Hessian matrix and bootstrapping. As applications, we consider Norwegian financial returns and Euro swap rates. Finally, we apply the Bayesian model selection approach of Congdon (2006) to identify conditional independence, thus constructing more parsimonious PCCs.
Murein Lipoprotein Is a Critical Outer Membrane Component Involved in<i>Salmonella enterica</i>Serovar Typhimurium Systemic Infection (2005)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Braun (murein) lipoprotein (Lpp) are major components of the outer membrane of gram-negative enteric bacteria that function as potent stimulators of inflammatory and immune responses. In a previous paper, we provided evidence that two functional copies of the lipoprotein gene (lppA and lppB) located on the chromosome of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium contributed to bacterial virulence. In this study, we characterized lppA and lppB single-knockout (SKO) mutants and compared them with an lpp double-knockout (DKO) mutant using in vitro and in vivo models. Compared to the lpp DKO mutant, which was nonmotile, the motility of the lpp SKO mutants was significantly increased (73 to 77%), although the level of motility did not reach the level of wild-type (WT) S. enterica serovar Typhimurium. Likewise, the cytotoxicity was also significantly increased when T84 human intestinal epithelial cells and RAW264.7 murine macrophages were infected with the lpp SKO mutants compared to the cytotoxicity when cells were infected with the lpp DKO mutant. The level of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in polarized T84 cells infected with the lppB SKO mutant was significantly higher (two- to threefold higher), reaching the level in cells infected with WT S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, than the level in host cells infected with the lppA SKO mutant. The lpp DKO mutant induced minimal levels of IL-8. Similarly, sera from mice infected with the lppB SKO mutant contained 4.5- to 10-fold-higher levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-6; the levels of these cytokines were 1.7- to 3.0-fold greater in the lppA SKO mutant-infected mice than in animals challenged with the lpp DKO mutant. The increased cytokine levels observed with the lppB SKO mutant in mice correlated with greater tissue damage in the livers and spleens of these mice than in the organs of animals infected with the lppA SKO and lpp DKO mutants. Moreover, the lppB SKO mutant-infected mice had increased susceptibility to death. Since the lpp DKO mutant retained intact LPS, we constructed an S. enterica serovar Typhimurium triple-knockout (TKO) mutant in which the lppA and lppB genes were deleted from an existing msbB mutant (msbB encodes an enzyme required for the acylation of lipid A). Compared to the lpp DKO and msbB SKO mutants, the lpp-msbB TKO mutant was unable to induce cytotoxicity and to produce cytokines and chemokines in vitro and in vivo. These studies provided the first evidence of the relative contributions of Lpp and lipid A acylation to Salmonella pathogenesis.
Multicentre comparison of a diagnostic assay: aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica (2016)

The cell-based assays were most sensitive and specific overall, but immunohistochemistry or flow cytometry could be equally accurate in specialist centres. Since patients with AQP4-Ab negative NMO/SD require different management, the use of both appropriate control samples and defined seronegative NMOSD samples is essential to evaluate these assays in a clinically meaningful way. The process described here can be applied to the evaluation of other antibody assays in the newly evolving field of autoimmune neurology.
Static and dynamic properties of ferromagnetic thin films with stripe domain structure (1998)

We investigate the properties of ferromagnetic films deposited by magnetron sputtering, with a stripe domain structure. The domain structure is visualized by Kerr microscopy. We propose a model based on the minimization of a free energy of the stripe system, which allows us to fit the complete hysteresis curve. We can deduce the domain period and the magnetic parameters from the experimental hysteresis curve. We obtain a reasonable agreement on the stripe width with our observations, and with previous works. The dynamic response in the 10 MHz to 3 GHz range is also studied. The resonance frequencies are computed by the Smit and Beljers method. The calculated resonance frequencies are in good agreement with our observations.
Joint Multi-view Face Alignment in the Wild (2017)

The de facto algorithm for facial landmark estimation involves running a face detector with a subsequent deformable model fitting on the bounding box. This encompasses two basic problems: i) the detection and deformable fitting steps are performed independently, while the detector might not provide best-suited initialisation for the fitting step, ii) the face appearance varies hugely across different poses, which makes the deformable face fitting very challenging and thus distinct models have to be used (\eg, one for profile and one for frontal faces). In this work, we propose the first, to the best of our knowledge, joint multi-view convolutional network to handle large pose variations across faces in-the-wild, and elegantly bridge face detection and facial landmark localisation tasks. Existing joint face detection and landmark localisation methods focus only on a very small set of landmarks. By contrast, our method can detect and align a large number of landmarks for semi-frontal (68 landmarks) and profile (39 landmarks) faces. We evaluate our model on a plethora of datasets including standard static image datasets such as IBUG, 300W, COFW, and the latest Menpo Benchmark for both semi-frontal and profile faces. Significant improvement over state-of-the-art methods on deformable face tracking is witnessed on 300VW benchmark. We also demonstrate state-of-the-art results for face detection on FDDB and MALF datasets.
Fabrication of High Glass Transition Temperature Graded-Index Plastic Optical Fiber: Part 2—Fiber Fabrication and Characterizations (2012)

Graded-index plastic optical fiber (GI POF) whose core material consisted of copolymer of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl methacrylate and <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> -cyclohexyl maleimide, and diphenyl sulfide (DPS) as dopant was fabricated by the dopant diffusion coextrusion process, where poly(methyl methacrylate) and polycarbonate were employed as cladding and overcladding material, respectively. The glass transition temperature <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Tg</i> of the core material was set to 115 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C by modifying copolymer composition ratio and DPS content. The attenuation of the copolymer-based GI POF was 132 and 330 dB/km at the wavelengths of 660 and 780 nm, respectively. The bandwidths were 1.7 GHz and over 2 GHz for 774 and 654 nm wavelength, respectively. Due to the high numerical aperture of 0.3, the bending loss of the sample fiber consisting of 250 μm core diameter was ca. 0.03 dB under conditions of 180 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> , 10 mm radius, one time bending. As a result of heat resistance performance evaluation, the attenuation was preserved for more than 2000 h at 100 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C. In mechanical property evaluation, the elongation at yield point was ca. 6.7% and tensile load at yield point was 26.2 N (61.0 N/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ), and sufficient flexibility was confirmed by the kink stress test. From these results, the GI POF can be used as high-speed data transmissible lines in automobiles and aircraft, and interconnections inside electric appliances.
Airborne and ground‐based observations of a weekend effect in ozone, precursors, and oxidation products in the California South Coast Air Basin (2011)

Airborne and ground‐based measurements during the CalNex (California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change) field study in May/June 2010 show a weekend effect in ozone in the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) consistent with previous observations. The well‐known and much‐studied weekend ozone effect has been attributed to weekend reductions in nitrogen oxide (NO x = NO + NO 2 ) emissions, which affect ozone levels via two processes: (1) reduced ozone loss by titration and (2) enhanced photochemical production of ozone due to an increased ratio of non‐methane volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to NO x . In accord with previous assessments, the 2010 airborne and ground‐based data show an average decrease in NO x of 46 ± 11% and 34 ± 4%, respectively, and an average increase in VOC/NO x ratio of 48 ± 8% and 43 ± 22%, respectively, on weekends. This work extends current understanding of the weekend ozone effect in the SoCAB by identifying its major causes and quantifying their relative importance from the available CalNex data. Increased weekend production of a VOC‐NO x oxidation product, peroxyacetyl nitrate, compared to a radical termination product, nitric acid, indicates a significant contribution from increased photochemical production on weekends. Weekday‐to‐weekend differences in the products of NO x oxidation show 45 ± 13% and 42 ± 12% more extensive photochemical processing and, when compared with odd oxygen (O x = O 3 + NO 2 ), 51 ± 14% and 22 ± 17% greater ozone production efficiency on weekends in the airborne and ground‐based data, respectively, indicating that both contribute to higher weekend ozone levels in the SoCAB.
TRPC Channel Upregulation in Chronically Hypoxic Pulmonary Arteries (2006)

hronic alveolar hypoxia causes structural and functional changes in pulmonary arteries (PAs) leading to increased pulmonary vascular resistance, secondary pulmonary hypertension (SPH), and, as a possible consequence, right heart failure. These changes are likely to result, at least in part, from the altered expression of ion channels in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and recent reports indicate that an increase in the expression of TRPC (canonical transient receptor potential) channels in these cells may play an important role. What has not been evident, however, is the mechanism by which chronic hypoxia (CH) enhances TRPC channel expression in these cells. In this issue of Circulation Research, Wang and colleagues 1 now elegantly demonstrate that an increased expression of TRPC1 and TRPC6 in PASMCs during CH in mice and rats is mediated by the ubiquitous oxygen-sensitive transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1).
Generation of Human Dendritic Cells That Simultaneously Secrete IL-12 and Have Migratory Capacity by Adenoviral Gene Transfer of hCD40L in Combination With IFN-γ (2009)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells and have key functions in the initiation of immune responses. Hence, antigen-loaded DCs have become important tools for active-specific immunotherapy. In addition to defining strategies for antigen loading, effective T-cell activation by DCs will depend on vaccination protocols that facilitate DC migration to secondary lymphoid tissues and expression of costimulatory molecules and cytokines. Adenoviral gene transfer has been successfully implemented for genetic antigen loading of DCs. In this study, we exploit an adenoviral vector encoding human CD40 ligand (CD40L), Ad5hCD40L, to establish DCs that feature both migration potential and prolonged secretion of the key T-helper 1 cytokine interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70). Transduction of human monocyte-derived DCs with Ad5hCD40L resulted in efficient CD40L expression, which was detected only intracellularly, and in secretion of IL-12p70. Addition of recombinant interferon (IFN)-gamma shortly after DC transduction substantially increased IL-12p70 secretion. Maturation of DCs was achieved with a standard cytokine maturation cocktail (MC) containing prostaglandin E2 which, however, abolished IL-12p70 secretion by Ad5hCD40L-transduced cells in the absence of IFN-gamma. Only DCs treated with Ad5hCD40L, MC, and IFN-gamma migrated efficiently towards CCL19 and continued to secrete IL-12p70. Finally, DCs transduced with both Ad5hCD40L and an adenoviral vector encoding the melanoma antigen MelanA/MART-1 and treated with MC and IFN-gamma efficiently primed naive autologous CD8+ T cells into antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte. This strategy to generate DCs that exert both migration capacity and prolonged IL-12p70 secretion after intracellular CD40L expression and IFN-gamma treatment has the potential to further improve current DC vaccination protocols.
Monte Carlo Methods for Volumetric Light Transport Simulation (2018)

Abstract The wide adoption of path‐tracing algorithms in high‐end realistic rendering has stimulated many diverse research initiatives. In this paper we present a coherent survey of methods that utilize Monte Carlo integration for estimating light transport in scenes containing participating media. Our work complements the volume‐rendering state‐of‐the‐art report by Cerezo et al. [ CPP*05 ]; we review publications accumulated since its publication over a decade ago, and include earlier methods that are key for building light transport paths in a stochastic manner. We begin by describing analog and non‐analog procedures for free‐path sampling and discuss various expected‐value, collision, and track‐length estimators for computing transmittance. We then review the various rendering algorithms that employ these as building blocks for path sampling. Special attention is devoted to null‐collision methods that utilize fictitious matter to handle spatially varying densities; we import two “next‐flight” estimators originally developed in nuclear sciences. Whenever possible, we draw connections between image‐synthesis techniques and methods from particle physics and neutron transport to provide the reader with a broader context.
Acoustic characterization of orifices and perforated liners with flow and high-level acoustic excitation (2015)

This thesis is motivated by the need for noise control in aircraft engine with orifices and perforated liner. The presence of high-level acoustic excitation, different flow situations either bias flow, grazing flow or any combination in the aircraft engine, makes the acoustic behavior complex due to the interaction between sound and flow over the lined wall. Both systematic acoustic prediction of aircraft engines and liner optimization necessitate progress in impedance measurement methods by including the effect of the complex flow situations. The aim of the present thesis is to experimentally study the change in acoustic properties of orifices and perforated liners under bias or grazing flow. In order to study the effect of different combinations of bias flow and high-level acoustic excitation, an in-duct orifice has been investigated with finely controlled acoustic excitation levels and bias flow speeds. This provides a detailed study of the transition from cases when high-level acoustic excitation causes flow reversal in the orifice to cases when the bias flow maintains the flow direction. Nonlinear impedance is measured and compared, and a scattering matrix and its eigenvalues are investigated to study the potentiality of acoustic energy dissipation or production. A harmonic method is proposed for modelling the impedance, especially the resistance, which captures the change in impedance results at low frequencies compared with experimental results. The presence of grazing flow can increase the resistance of acoustic liners and shift their resonator frequency. So-called impedance eduction technology has been widely studied during the past decades, but with a limited confidence due to the interaction of grazing flow and acoustic waves. A comparison has been performed with different test rigs and methods from the German Aerospace Center (DLR). Numerical work has been performed to investigate the effect of shear flow and viscosity. Our study indicates that the impedance eduction process should be consistent with that of the code of wave propagation computation, for example with the same assumption regarding shear flow and viscosity. A systematic analysis for measurement uncertainties is proposed in order to understand the essentials for data quality assessment and model validation. The idea of using different Mach numbers for wave dispersion and in the Ingard-Myers boundary condition has been tested regarding their effect on impedance eduction. In conclusion, a local Mach number based on friction velocity is introduced and validated using both our own experimental results and those of previous studies.
Energy Transfer and Electron Transfer of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Linked Fluorinated Porphyrin Derivatives in Lipid Bilayers (1996)

Poly(ethylene glycol) [PEG]-linked porphyrin derivatives separated by spacer methylene groups (Cn), PEG−Cn−MPFPP (M = H2, Mn; n = 0, 5, 11), PEG−C11−MTTP (M = H2, Mn), and PEG−C0−MPFPPBr8 (M = H2, Mn) (Scheme 1) were synthesized. The porphyrin portion of the poly(ethylene glycol) [PEG]-linked fluorinated porphyrin derivative has been anchored onto a lipid bilayer. PEG-linked fluorinated porphyrins easily associated with phospholipid bilayers and are chemically stable against oxidants such as H2O2. An efficient energy transfer from phospholipid-linked zinc porphyrin, PE−C0−ZnPFPP (Scheme 1), to externally added PEG−Cn−H2PFPP (n = 0, 5, 11) in the lipid bilayer was observed, depending on the length of Cn and the porphyrin structure. Ground state transmembrane electron transfer catalyzed by PEG−Cn−MnPFPP (n = 0, 5, 11) and PEG−C11−MnTTP revealed that the porphyrin causes a significant accelerated electron transfer especially when n = 11. Comparison of PEG−C11−MnPFPP- and PEG−C11−MnTTP-catalyzed electron transfer is made. The electron transfer rate was controlled not only by the separated spacer methylene groups between the porphyrin and PEG moieties but also by the structures of porphyrins.
The Effects of Desiccation and Climatic Change on the Hydrology of the Aral Sea (2001)

Anthropogenic desiccation of the Aral Sea between 1960 and the mid-1990s resulted in a substantial modification of the land surface that changed air temperature in the surrounding region. During the desiccation interval, the net annual rate of precipitation minus evaporation (P − E) over the Aral Sea’s surface became more negative by ∼15%, with the greatest changes occurring during the summer months. In addition, Aral Sea surface temperatures (SST) increased by up to 5°C in the spring and summer and decreased by up to 4°C in the fall and winter. A series of coupled regional climate–lake model experiments were completed to evaluate if the observed hydrologic changes are caused by desiccation or instead reflect larger-scale climatic variability or change, or some combination of both. If the P − E changes are the result of desiccation, then a positive feedback exists that has amplified the anthropogenic perturbation to the hydrologic system. The effects of desiccation are examined by varying the simulated area, depth, and salinity of the Aral Sea in different model experiments. The simulated changes in SST resulting from desiccation are similar to the observed changes—both simulated and observed SSTs have increased during the spring and summer and have decreased during the fall and winter. The simulated changes in the annual cycle of P − E resulting from desiccation are also similar to observed changes, but the simulated net annual decrease in P − E is only ∼30% of the observed decrease. Warming has been observed across central Asia during the desiccation interval. The hydrologic response to this large-scale climatic variability or change was assessed by perturbing the meteorological boundary conditions (1.5°C cooling with constant relative humidity) but leaving the Aral Sea characteristics unchanged. The simulated effects of warming do not closely match the observed changes on the monthly timescale—SST changes are positive and the P − E changes are negative in all months. However, the annual change in P − E is similar to the observed value. The simulated hydrologic response to the combined effects of desiccation and warming matches the observed SST and P − E changes more closely than the response to each forcing alone. This result indicates that a combination of both desiccation and climatic change or variability has produced the observed hydrological changes—the primary effect of desiccation is to alter the annual cycle of SST and P − E whereas warming has modified the hydrologic budget on the annual timescale.
Carpal tunnel syndrome and selected personal attributes. (1979)

Carpal tunnel syndrome has been reported to occur between two and ten times as frequently in women as in men. It also has been reported that this syndrome is often associated with the performance of certain manual tasks. Such cases can be considered an occupational disease. This study was addressed to the question: Why do some people develop carpal tunnel syndrome while others do not? Two matching female populations, one with a known history of carpal tunnel syndrome and one without a known history of carpal tunnel syndrome, were selected and differences in hand size and work methods were studied. Both populations were employed in the same production sewing jobs. While differences in hand size were not found, use of forceful exertions and of deviated wrists and pinch hand position - particularly during forceful exertions - were found to be associated with carpal tunnel syndrome.
Packaging of fibre-optic communication lasers for the Gb/s range (2002)

A package for a DFB (distributed feedback) laser with integrated optical isolator is described. The design is based on a modular set-up: a laser module provided with a short ferruled pigtail is combined with an optical isolator module with the device fiber pigtail. Laser feedback due to reflections in the isolator module is avoided by slanting the collimated beam through the isolator. An advantage of the design is that both modules can be tested separately. Tests in a 2.5-Gb/s system show that proper data transmission is maintained over a 100-km fiber link despite a deliberately imposed back-reflection at a level of 10%. A bit error rate of 10/sup -10/ at 10% laser feedback is obtained for -31 dBm detector power.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>