gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of MHC class II antigens in myelomonocytic leukemia cell lines (1989)

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens are discordantly expressed on hematopoietic progenitor cells. Their expression is linked to differential responsiveness of the cells to growth factors and inhibitors. We examined the expression of different MHC class II antigens in a panel of human myelomonocytic cell lines representing different stages of differentiation, by cytofluorographic analysis with monoclonal antibody (MoAb) and Northern blot analysis with specific cDNA probes. These analyses revealed discordant expression of different MHC class II antigens both in basal state and after gamma-IFN induction. Thus KG-1 myeloblast cells express all class II antigens (DR greater than DP greater than DQ) constitutively and their expression increased after gamma-IFN treatment. KG-1a, an immature blast variant of KG-1, does not express class II antigens, even after gamma-IFN treatment. THP-1, a monocytic cell line expresses DR but not DP or DQ under basal conditions. DP and DQ are, however, gamma-IFN inducible. The class II negative HL-60 promyelocytic cell line, expresses DR and DP but not DQ after gamma-IFN induction. In all the above cell lines, surface expression of class II antigens correlated with the levels of mRNA expression as determined with specific cDNA probes. In U-937, a monocytic cell line, no surface expression of class II MHC antigens was observed either with or without gamma-IFN, however, specific mRNA message was observed under basal conditions and was further increased with gamma-IFN, indicating a possible defect in assembly or transport of class II antigens. The patterns of class II MHC antigens in these leukemic cell lines may be a useful model to delineate molecular basis of discordant MHC class II expression during myelomonocytic differentiation.
Facing the Challenge of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Water: Is Electrochemical Oxidation the Answer? (2020)

Electrochemical treatment systems have the unique ability to completely mineralize poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) through potential-driven electron transfer reactions. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art on electrooxidation of PFASs in water, aiming at elucidating the impact of different operational and design parameters, as well as reported mechanisms of PFAS degradation at the anode surface. We have identified several shortcomings of the existing studies that are largely limited to small-scale laboratory batch systems and unrealistic synthetic solutions, which makes extrapolation of the obtained data to real-world applications difficult. PFASs are surfactant molecules, which display significant concentration-dependence on adsorption, electrosorption, and dissociation. Electrooxidation experiments conducted with high initial PFAS concentration and/or in high conductivity supporting electrolytes likely overestimate process performance. In addition, the formation of organohalogen byproducts, chlorate and perchlorate, was seldom considered. Nevertheless, the first step toward advancing from laboratory-scale to industrial-scale applications is recognizing both the strengths and limitations of electrochemical water treatment systems. More comprehensive and rigorous evaluation of novel electrode materials, application of scalable proof-of-concept studies, and acknowledgment of all treatment outputs (not just the positive ones) are imperative. The presence of PFASs in drinking water and in the environment is an urgent global public health issue. Developments made in material science and application of novel three-dimensional, porous electrode materials and nanostructured coatings are forging a path toward more sustainable water treatment technologies and potential chemical-free treatment of PFAS-contaminated water.
Tissue Disaggregation (2009)

A conventional flow cytometry procedure for creating single cell suspensions is provided. Methods of tissue disaggregation to create single-cell suspensions from formalin fixed tissue are also given. Chemical, mechanical, and enzymatic multistep methods for separating single cells from tissue are discussed. These procedures are very tissue dependent.
Modulus and damping of polymers in relation to their structure (1969)

Abstract For most applications of polymer products, the modulus or stiffness, i.e. resistance to deformation under load, is of prime importance. The mechanical losses or damping reveal molecular movements of small groups of atoms, which movements can be significant for the impact strength. This review illustrates the effect of crosslinking, polarity, and steric features of both side‐groups and main molecular chain on both shear modulus and damping as functions of temperature. The examples are mainly taken from commercial or recently developed polymers. It is concluded that the most promising way of increasing the softening temperature of thermoplastics is to introduce rings into the main molecular chain.
Accurate max-margin training for structured output spaces (2008)

Tsochantaridis et al. (2005) proposed two formulations for maximum margin training of structured spaces: margin scaling and slack scaling. While margin scaling has been extensively used since it requires the same kind of MAP inference as normal structured prediction, slack scaling is believed to be more accurate and better-behaved. We present an efficient variational approximation to the slack scaling method that solves its inference bottleneck while retaining its accuracy advantage over margin scaling.We further argue that existing scaling approaches do not separate the true labeling comprehensively while generating violating constraints. We propose a new max-margin trainer PosLearn that generates violators to ensure separation at each position of a decomposable loss function. Empirical results on real datasets illustrate that PosLearn can reduce test error by up to 25% over margin scaling and 10% over slack scaling. Further, PosLearn violators can be generated more efficiently than slack violators; for many structured tasks the time required is just twice that of MAP inference.
Photonic time-division switching systems (1989)

The two time-division multiplexing methods, namely, bit multiplexing and block multiplexing, are reviewed. This is followed by a description of code-division multiple access (CDMA). Several photonic switching systems that could be based on time-division multiple access (TDMA) are discussed. Multidimensional switching systems that combine both TDMA and space switching are briefly considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Solvent Finishing of Cotton and Cotton-Polyester Blends (1975)

Azeotropes of low watercontent that boil at less than 100°C were selected as solvents fordimethytotdihydroxyethytene urea and zinc nitrate catalyst in the chemical modification of cotton and cotton-polyester blends. Fabrics were treated by the usual pad-dry-cure techniques, and final properties were compared with those obtained by conventional all- aqueous systems.
Full Dimension MIMO (FD-MIMO) - Reduced Complexity System Design and Real-Time Implementation (2016)

Full-Dimension MIMO (FD-MIMO) technology has been shown to increase spectral efficiency 2-4X compared to current LTE systems by exploiting a large number of antennas to support high order multiuser MIMO. High order multiuser MIMO with large number of antennas increase design and implementation complexity significantly. Furthermore, practical challenges such as antenna calibration for RF mismatches and failure need to be considered. In this paper, reduced-complexity precoding algorithm is introduced and optimized for real-time FPGA based implementation. Novel antenna calibration architecture is designed for FD-MIMO large 2-dimension array with the consideration of RF failure in practice. Field experimental results are also presented based on a proof of concept (PoC) FD-MIMO base-station (BS) with 32 antennas that supports up to 12 users and achieves spectral efficiency of ~21 bits/sec/Hz.
Development of immunity in broilers continuously exposed to Eimeria sp. (1993)

A series of experiments was conducted to determine the time required to induce absolute immunity to three species of Eimeria in young broiler chickens continuously exposed to the parasite. Acquisition of immunity was measured by cessation of oocyst production in each bird. Initial experiments were performed in broilers beginning at age 7 days with continuous oocyst administration for 28 days with E. tenella, E. maxima, or E. acervulina. Evaluation of oocyst production demonstrated a major decline in oocyst output of E. maxima and E. tenella by 2 weeks, with cessation by 25 days. Exposure to E. acervulina caused cessation of oocyst production by day 16. To study whether chickens of different ages varied in their capacity to immunize within this time frame, 1-day-old birds also were studied. For E. tenella, exposures also were initiated in 14- and 21-day-old birds. This study demonstrated that regardless of the age of the broiler, all were capable of establishing complete protective immunity to E. tenella, E. maxima, and E. acervulina under continuous exposure within 25, 24, and 16 days, respectively.
A direct relationship between immune competence and the subcutaneous growth rate of a malignant murine lung tumor. (1974)

Summary We have studied the transplantability and growth in syngeneic hosts of a malignant alveolar cell carcinoma of the BALB/c mouse lung. In untreated mice, the cancer can be established with fewer than 100 cells and grows with a volume doubling time of 3.1 days. Total-body irradiation of the host with 500 R 2 hr prior to s.c. inoculation with tumor cells does not affect the transplantability of the tumor but significantly suppresses its growth rate. This suppression of the growth rate is not associated with a generalized body weight loss and cannot be induced by localized irradiation. Injection of hydrocortisone acetate prior to tumor inoculation or use of immunologically crippled senescent hosts yields a similar suppression. Further, suppression of the growth rate of the cancer by total-body irradiation can be reversed by transplantation of syngeneic lymph node or spleen cells immediately after irradiation. It is unlikely that this reduced growth rate of s.c. tumors in immunosuppressed hosts results from inhibition of immunological reactions which stimulate growth or from a preferential loss of “blocking” factors, since metastasis proceeds more rapidly in immunosuppressed hosts and splenectomy does not slow the growth of the s.c. tumor.
Chemometrics for on-line spectroscopy applications?theory and practice (2000)

In today's chemical industry there is a great need to both improve the effectiveness of existing assets and generate new prospects for business renewal. In addition, the fast pace of the current ‘information age’ makes it necessary to bring about both of these in a rapid and responsive manner in order to be competitive. On-line spectroscopic techniques, which provide rapid and representative information on a chemical process, are inherently capable of facilitating both asset productivity and business renewal. Chemometric ‘tools’, in principle, are particularly well suited for improving the effectiveness of on-line spectroscopic techniques through two main functions: (1) extracting the wealth of useful, yet convoluted information that is available from such techniques; and (2) facilitating the automation of on-line analytical techniques, at a time when manufacturing plant support resources are being ‘cut back’. Multivariate calibration tools can be used to improve the performance of existing methods, as well as to prepare more stable methods for new applications. More ‘soft’ modeling tools, such as multivariate curve resolution, are particularly well suited for providing timely information during the early stages of new process development, where very little is known about the process chemistry and dynamics. In practice, however, there is a wide range of issues, both technical and non-technical, that limit and even prevent the successful application of chemometric techniques for on-line spectroscopy. This paper will illustrate both the means by which chemometric tools can make a difference in the chemical industry, and the issues that are preventing its successful implementation, using examples from actual process development projects and on-line measurements. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PLATELET-FIBRIN CLOTS FORMED BY THROMBIN SELECTIVELY RETAIN PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 4,5-BISPHOSPHATE (PIF2) (1987)

It is established that stimulation of human platelets with thrombin for 60 s in the absence of fibrinogen increases the amount of PIPp compared with unstimulated controls (4.7 ± 0.24 nmol/109 plat, vs 3.83 ± 0.14 nmol/109 plat., p<0.01, n=8). However, stimulation with thrombin for 60 s in the presence of fibrinogen causes a large decrease in the amount of PIP2 that can be extracted with acidified chloroform/methanol compared with unstimulated controls (1.62 ± 0.39 nmol/109 plat, vs 3.84 ± 0.44 nmol/109 plat., p<0.001, n=6). Stimulation of rabbit platelets with thrombin in the presence of fibrinogen also decreases the amount of extractable PIP2 (60% at 60 s, p<0.001, n=8). Similar decreases in amount can not be demonstrated for phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid or phosphatidylcholine under the same conditions, indicating that the decrease is specific for PIP2. With rabbit platelets, polymerized fibrin formed by reptilase, which does not stimulate platelets or induce clot retraction, does not cause the decrease in extractable PIP, (3.06 ± 0.05 nmol/109 plat, were extracted compared with 3.182 ± 0.07 nmol/109 plat, without reptilase). However, stimulation of rabbit platelets with ADP in the presence of polymerizing fibrin formed by reptilase causes | larger decrease in extractable PIP2 (to 2.54 ± 0.19 nmol/109 plat., p<0.05, n=4) than is caused Dy ADP and fibrinogen alone (to 2.87 ± 0.06 nmol/10 plat., p<0.05, n=4). Inhibition by glycyl-L-prolyl-L-arginyl-L-proline of polymerization of fibrin formed by the action of thrombin prevents the large.decrease in the amount of extractable PIP2 (4.37 ± 0.30 nmol/10 plat, were extracted) from human platelets. These results indicate that the interaction of polymerizing fibrin with stimulated platelets is required for the decrease in PIP2. The decrease in extractable PIP2 seen with polymerizing fibrin can not be explained by increased degradation of PIP2 to IP3 or PIP. Thus, when human or rabbit platelets are stimulated with thrombin in the presence of fibrinogen, an association of polymerizing fibrin with the stimulated platelets occurs that leads to decreased extractability of PIP2. This may mean that PIP2 forms a specific association with pratelet proteins that are involved in clot retraction.
Targeted in vivo expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 halts hepatocyte cell-cycle progression, postnatal liver development and regeneration. (1996)

The CDK inhibitor p21 (WAF-1/CIP-1/SDI-1) has been implicated in DNA damage-induced p53-mediated G1 arrest, as well as in physiological processes, such as cell differentiation and senescence, that do not involve p53 function. To determine the impact of p21 on normal development and cell-cycle regulation in vivo, we have generated transgenic mice that abundantly express p21 specifically in hepatocytes. During postnatal liver development, when transgenic p-21 protein becomes detectable, hepatocyte proliferation is inhibited dramatically. This disturbance causes a reduction in the overall number of adult hepatocytes, resulting in aberrant tissue organization, runted liver and body growth, and increased mortality. The transgenic p21 protein is associated with most, if not all, of the cyclin D1-CDK4 in liver but not significantly with other cyclin/CDK proteins, indicating the importance of cyclin D1-CDK4 function in normal liver development. The appearance of large polyploid nuclei in some hepatocytes indicates that p21 may also cause arrest during the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Significantly, partial hepatectomy failed to stimulate hepatocytes to proliferate in p21 transgenic animals. These results provide the first in vivo evidence that appropriate p21 levels are critical in normal development and further implicate p21 in the control of multiple cell-cycle phases.
Inhibitory Effect of Ultraviolet-inactivated Vesicular Stomatitis Virus on Initiation of DNA Synthesis in Cultured Chick Embryo Cells (1970)

SUMMARY The initiation of partially synchronized DNA synthesis was induced by medium replacement on stationary monolayer cultures of chick embryo cells. The synthesis of DNA started at 4 hr and continued for 8 hr, and cells divided within 15 to 18 hr. The onset of DNA synthesis and subsequent cell division were inhibited by u.v.-inactivated vesicular stomatitis virus if the cells were infected before the onset of DNA synthesis. In contrast, if the cells were infected during the S phase, the continuing DNA replication and subsequent cell division were not inhibited. Thus the selective inhibition of the flow of G1 cells to the S phase was demonstrated in the cells infected with u.v.-inactivated vesicular stomatitis virus.
Noncoordinate regulation of a vaccinia virus late gene cluster (1987)

Identification of a tightly spaced and tandemly oriented late gene cluster within the central conserved region of the vaccinia virus genome suggested the possibility of coordinate regulation of the genes within this domain (S.L. Weinrich and D.E. Hruby, Nucleic Acids Res. 14:3003-3016, 1986). To test this hypothesis, the steady-state levels of transcripts derived from the individual late genes were examined. Cytoplasmic RNA was isolated from infected cells at hourly intervals throughout infection and was used in concert with 5' S1 nuclease mapping procedures to detect transcripts from specific late genes. Among the set of six closely linked late genes, marked differences were observed in both the levels of transcription and the kinetic patterns of expression, providing direct evidence for the existence of differentially regulated gene subsets within the late gene class. Furthermore, these experiments identified one of the genes (encoding a 33,000-molecular-weight polypeptide) as being expressed both early and late postinfection. Interestingly, although transcripts from the constitutively expressed gene were initiated at the same start sites throughout infection, a discrete terminus for these transcripts was detected only at early times. These data suggest that the lack of cis-acting termination signals is not the reason for the late gene transcript heterogeneity observed in vaccinia virus-infected cells.
Phytic Acid Levels in Seeds of <i>Glycine max</i> and G. <i>soja</i> as Influenced by Phosphorus Status (1993)

Improvement in soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] nutritional quality may be achieved via a reduction in seed phytic acid P. To advance our knowledge of factors that determine seed phytic acid P levels, the relations between external P availability, leaf or shoot P, and seed P fractions (phytic acid and non‐phytic acid P) were studied in soybean and G. soja (Sieb. & Zucc.) germplasm. Mean phytic acid P varied from 4.3 to 6.2 g P kg −1 in mature seeds of 12 soybean cultivars grown under three field environments. Cultivars ranked similarly in each environment and 98% of the variation in phytic acid P was attributable to a positive, linear effect of available soil P. No significant variation was observed in seed non‐phytic acid P. Similar results were obtained when selected soybean and G. soja lines were grown in sand watered with nutrient solutions containing P concentrations ranging from 2 to 50 mg L −1 . Leaf or shoot P concentrations and seed phytic acid P concentrations were positively correlated and in G. soja were nearly double those observed with indeterminate soybean cultivars. The higher leaf P and seed phytic acid P concentrations in G. soja as compared with indeterminate soybean lines were attributed to reduced P utilization efficiency defined as reduced biomass production per unit of total shoot P. These results indicate that essentially all variation in seed P is found as variation in phytic acid P, and that this variation is related to leaf P concentration in a complex manner determined by genotype and soil P availability.
Points-to analysis for JavaScript (2009)

JavaScript is widely used by web developers and the complexity of JavaScript programs has increased over the last year. Therefore, the need for program analysis for JavaScript is evident. Points-to analysis for JavaScript is to determine the set of objects to which a reference variable or an object property may point. Points-to analysis for JavaScript is a basis for further program analyses for JavaScript. It has a wide range of applications in code optimization and software engineering tools. However, points-to analysis for JavaScript has not yet been developed.
DeepBrainSeg: Automated Brain Region Segmentation for Micro-Optical Images With a Convolutional Neural Network (2020)

The segmentation of brain region contours in three dimensions is critical for the analysis of different brain structures, and advanced approaches are emerging continuously within the field of neurosciences. With the development of high-resolution micro-optical imaging, whole-brain images can be acquired at the cellular level. However, brain regions in microscopic images are aggregated by discrete neurons with blurry boundaries, the complex and variable features of brain regions make it challenging to accurately segment brain regions. Manual segmentation is a reliable method, but is unrealistic to apply on a large scale. Here, we propose an automated brain region segmentation framework, DeepBrainSeg, which is inspired by the principle of manual segmentation. DeepBrainSeg incorporates three feature levels to learn local and contextual features in different receptive fields through a dual-pathway convolutional neural network (CNN), and to provide global features of localization by image registration and domain-condition constraints. Validated on biological datasets, DeepBrainSeg can not only effectively segment brain-wide regions with high accuracy (Dice ratio > 0.9), but can also be applied to various types of datasets and to datasets with noises. It has the potential to automatically locate information in the brain space on the large scale.