gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Penetration of Living Cell Membranes with Fortified Carbon Nanotube Tips (2007)

We have fabricated robust nanosurgical needles suitable for single cell operations by modifying multiwalled carbon nanotube (MCNT)-terminated atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips. Extra-long MCNT AFM tips were prepared and fortified with molecular layers of carbon to overcome mechanical instabilities and then coated with an outer shell of gold to promote chemical versatility. The terminal diameters of the final fabricated tips were approximately 30-40 nm, and the MCNT probes were several micrometers in length. We illustrate the capability of these modified MCNT tips to carry nanoparticulate payloads and to penetrate the plasma membrane of living pleural mesothelial cells at the smallest indentation depths (100-200 nm) and lowest penetration forces (100-200 pN) currently reported for these procedures.
Multi-View Imaging and 3DTV (Special Issue Overview and Introduction) (2007)

Multi-view imaging (MVI) has attracted increasing attention recently, thanks to the rapidly dropping cost of digital cameras. This opens a wide variety of interesting new research topics and applica-
Theory of SEI Formation in Rechargeable Batteries: Capacity Fade,\n Accelerated Aging and Lifetime Prediction (2012)

Cycle life is critically important in applications of rechargeable batteries,\nbut lifetime prediction is mostly based on empirical trends, rather than\nmathematical models. In practical lithium-ion batteries, capacity fade occurs\nover thousands of cycles, limited by slow electrochemical processes, such as\nthe formation of a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) in the negative\nelectrode, which compete with reversible lithium intercalation. Focusing on SEI\ngrowth as the canonical degradation mechanism, we show that a simple\nsingle-particle model can accurately explain experimentally observed capacity\nfade in commercial cells with graphite anodes, and predict future fade based on\nlimited accelerated aging data for short times and elevated temperatures. The\ntheory is extended to porous electrodes, predicting that SEI growth is\nessentially homogeneous throughout the electrode, even at high rates. The\nlifetime distribution for a sample of batteries is found to be consistent with\nGaussian statistics, as predicted by the single-particle model. We also extend\nthe theory to rapidly degrading anodes, such as nanostructured silicon, which\nexhibit large expansion on ion intercalation. In such cases, large area changes\nduring cycling promote SEI loss and faster SEI growth. Our simple models are\nable to accurately fit a variety of published experimental data for graphite\nand silicon anodes.\n
Nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding the group II allergen of cocksfoot/orchard grass (<i>Dactylis glomerata), Dac g</i> II (1993)

Cocksfoot/orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) anther cDNA clones encoding the group II allergen Dac g II were previously isolated on the basis of immunoreactivity of human, rabbit, and murine antibodies with a 24-kDa protein expressed as a fusion protein with beta-galactosidase. Nucleotide sequencing reveals an open reading frame predicting expression of a 98-amino-acid (11-kDa) polypeptide exhibiting > 90% homology with the group II allergen of Lolium perenne, Lol p II. In vitro translation of different sized clone fragments generated by polymerase chain amplification confirms eukaryotic expression of a 10-12-kDa polypeptide by SDS-PAGE and the position of a translational stop apparently unrecognized during expression of lambda gt11 in E. coli. The unusual characteristics of the prokaryote-expressed fusion proteins may be exerting conformational alterations in Dac g II, as reflected by previous demonstrations of differences in human IgE immunoreactivity. Northern blot analysis using PCR-generated partial and full-length probes suggests that group II allergens may be encoded by a different family or families of temporally expressed genes from those encoding group I major allergens, although a group I gene may have been the progenitor.
Light and thermal energy cell based on carbon nanotube films (2010)

An energy cell for scavenging light and thermal energies is reported. This energy cell, consisting of a carbon nanotube film (CNF) integrated with a lead zirconate titanate cantilever, is capable of converting light and thermal energies into electricity. This device is based on actuation of CNF upon illumination by light and thermal radiation and generates an electric potential of 10 V. Experiments show that 2.1 μW power can be generated at a light intensity of 0.13 W/cm2, sufficient to operate some low-power microsensors and integrated circuits.
A novel subpopulation of B‐1 cells is enriched with autoreactivity in normal and lupus‐prone mice (2009)

Our findings identify a novel subpopulation of B-1 cells that is enriched for autoreactive specificities, undergoes isotype switch, manifests enhanced antigen presentation, promotes Th17 cell differentiation, and is preferentially associated with the development of lupus in a murine model. Together, these findings suggest that L2pB1 cells have the potential to initiate autoimmunity through serologic and T cell-mediated mechanisms.
Three-Way Modelling of a Batch Organic Synthesis Process Monitored by near Infrared Spectroscopy (2001)

Multivariate monitoring by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy of an organic synthesis as a batch process gives three-way data of the type batch number × NIR wavelength × time. The data can be analysed by three-way decomposition methods such as parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). The batch process is the synthesis of an ester carried out by students in the laboratory. The synthesis is monitored by fibre-optic probe NIR measurement every ten minutes. The NIR spectra obtained have no distinct peaks and simply doing curve resolution on them is very difficult, but it is shown that pretreatment of the NIR spectra can lead to a good PARAFAC model and a chemical interpretation of the unique loadings obtained. The interpretation of the spectral loadings is carried out by comparison with pure chemical spectra. The data set is available from the authors.
Über die Bedeutung schwerer Atome für die Verlangsamung von Neutronen (1947)

Abstract Bei orientierenden Messungen über Dichteverteilung relativ langsamer (noch nicht thermischer) Neutronen von etwa 1 eV wurde die Beobachtung gemacht, daß auch schwerere Atome - im wesentlichen handelte es sich um Kohlenstoff und Sauerstoff - in der Bremswirkung Wasserstoff ersetzen können, und zwar in einem höheren Maße als man von vornherein zu erwarten geneigt war
Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and characterization of high-permittivity hafnium and zirconium silicate films (2002)

Deposition of hafnium silicate films with various hafnium contents was tried by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition using tetraethoxysilane and a hafnium alkoxide. From x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the deposited films are confirmed to be silicate with Hf–O–Si bonds but without any Hf–Si bonds. The permittivity calculated from the capacitance of the accumulation layer increases monotonically with an increase in the hafnium content, whereas the optical band gap energy estimated from vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectra decreases. Similar results were obtained from zirconium silicate films deposited using tetraethoxysilane and a zirconium alkoxide. If we compare the films with the same hafnium or zirconium content, the hafnium silicate exhibits a higher permittivity and a larger band gap energy than the zirconium silicate.
Wikipedia in Court: When and How Citing Wikipedia and Other Consensus Websites is Appropriate (2009)

Practitioners and courts are relying more and more on Wikipedia, a free online encyclopedia that anyone can edit. Hundreds of court opinions, including at least one from every federal circuit court, and thousands of law review articles cite Wikipedia. Some opinions have relied on Wikipedia for technical information, although others only turned to the consensus website for background information on minor points. This practice has generated controversy, with newspapers, professors, practitioners, and judges weighing in. Wikipedia in Court examines the controversy and the history of Wikipedia in court opinions before proposing a framework to determine when it is appropriate and inappropriate to rely on Wikipedia for authority in legal writing. Given the inconsistency in the legal community's use of Wikipedia, courts and practitioners will benefit from this framework.
Effect of Casting Solvent on the Mechanical Properties of a Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Block Copolymer (1972)

Abstract The tensile mechanical properties of a number of well characterized solution-cast styrene—butadiene-styrene block copolymer systems are reported within the strain range of 0<ε≤5.0 . It was found from the results of repeated stretching experiments (up to 100%) at room temperature that polymers cast from solvents for polystyrene or from solvents for both polystyrene and polybutadiene showed lower stresses on each cycle whereas the stress levels for the polybutadiene solvent-cast sample remained essentially constant. The polystyrene solvent-cast and polystyrene/polybutadiene solvent-cast samples exhibited a yield at ε≈0.3 . No “yield” was apparent with the polybutadiene solvent-cast sample. The explanation for these behaviors lies in the material of the continuous phase. When the continuous phase is polystyrene there will be long-time recovery after the yield and consequently the system will be left under residual stress so that lower strains are observed on subsequent straining. When polybutadiene is the continuous phase (a phase inversion) no such yielding is apparent, the form of the stress-strain curve is that of an elastomeric material, and hence the repeated stress-strain curves are practically superposable. It was concluded that the low strain region is governed by the material of the continuous phase. From the viscoelastic measurements it was found that at 1.0≤ε≤6.0 the values of the modulus-temperature dependencies were comparable to that given by polystyrene and that the linearity and the slopes of plots of the loga T as a function of temperature were indicative of a glassy and, moreover, a polystyrene response. It was concluded that the strain region 2.0≤ε≤5.0 is governed by the polystyrene content, whether it be in the continuous phase or not. These results, together with certain proposed model structure, are discussed with the available literature.
THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF COLUMBIUM AND COLUMBIUM ALLOYS (1963)

The results of a state-of-the-art survey covering niobium and 18 of its most promising alloys are presented. All data are given in tabular and graphical form covering some of the more important physical, mechanical, and metallurgical properties for each material. References are given at the conclusion of each material section.
Identification of the structure and origin of a thioacidolysis marker compound for ferulic acid incorporation into angiosperm lignins (and an indicator for cinnamoyl CoA reductase deficiency) (2007)

A molecular marker compound, derived from lignin by the thioacidolysis degradative method, for structures produced when ferulic acid is incorporated into lignin in angiosperms (poplar, Arabidopsis, tobacco), has been structurally identified as 1,2,2-trithioethyl ethylguaiacol [1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,2-tris(ethylthio)ethane]. Its truncated side chain and distinctive oxidation state suggest that it derives from ferulic acid that has undergone bis-8-O-4 (cross) coupling during lignification, as validated by model studies. A diagnostic contour for such structures is found in two-dimensional (13)C-(1)H correlated (HSQC) NMR spectra of lignins isolated from cinnamoyl CoA reductase (CCR)-deficient poplar. As low levels of the marker are also released from normal (i.e. non-transgenic) plants in which ferulic acid may be present during lignification, notably in grasses, the marker is only an indicator for CCR deficiency in general, but is a reliable marker in woody angiosperms such as poplar. Its derivation, together with evidence for 4-O-etherified ferulic acid, strongly implies that ferulic acid is incorporated into angiosperm lignins. Its endwise radical coupling reactions suggest that ferulic acid should be considered an authentic lignin precursor. Moreover, ferulic acid incorporation provides a new mechanism for producing branch points in the polymer. The findings sharply contradict those reported in a recent study on CCR-deficient Arabidopsis.
MAP kinase kinase: A node connecting multiple pathways (1993)

Numerous studies have been published these last few years on the involvement of MAP kinases in signal transduction reflecting their importance in cell cycle and cell growth controls. The identification and the characterization of their direct upstream activator has considerably enlarged our understanding of the phosphorylation network. The MAP kinase kinases (MAPKKs) are dual-specificity protein kinases which phosphorylate and activate MAP kinases. To date, MAPKK homologues have been found in yeast, invertebrates, amphibians, and mammals. Moreover, the MAPKK/MAPK phosphorylation switch constitutes a basic module activated in distinct pathways in yeast and in vertebrates. MAPKK regulation studies have led to the discovery of at least four MAPKK convergent pathways in higher organisms. One of these is similar to the yeast pheromone response pathway which includes the ste11 protein kinase. Two other pathways require the activation of either one or both of the serine/threonine kinase-encoded oncogenes c-Raf-1 and c-Mos. Additionally, recent studies suggest a possible effect of the cell cycle control regulator cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (cdc2) on MAPKK activity. Finally, MAPKKs seem to be essential transducers through which signals must pass before reaching the nucleus.
Decoding robustness performance comparison for QR and data matrix code (2012)

In current market there is a need to facilitate the development of numerous applications where users can get and communicate information through coded symbologies in many domains. Cameras on mobile phones have become an integral part of the devices. Powered by increasing computational capability, these cameras designed primarily for taking pictures, are being used as ubiquitous input devices which acquire information from the physical world example to translate documents, signs or to perform image based search. So far one of the most successful applications of camera phones is to scan 2D barcodes printed on products, papers, advertisements and business cards. This capability allows users to use one click to transfer meta-data (i.e. product code, URLs, etc.) to mobile devices instead of typing. It provides an alternative data channel for data transfer using visual communication. It does not require special hardware or data plans. In this paper we have compared the decoding robustness of QR Code and data matrix barcode subjected with varying degree of noise. From the experiment it is inferred that data matrix code is more robust to noise and decodable than the QR code with the same level of noise.
Incident-angle-insensitive and polarization independent polarization rotator (2010)

This paper proposes a method to design an incident-angle-insensitive polarization-independent polarization rotator. This polarization rotator is composed of layers of impedance-matched anisotropic metamaterial (IMAM) with each layer's optical axes gradually rotating an angle. Numerical simulation based on the generalized 4x4 transfer matrix method is applied, and the results reveal that the IMAM rotator is not only polarization-independent but also insensitive to the angle of incidence. A 90 degrees polarization rotation with tiny ellipticity variation is still available at a wide range of incident angles from 0 to 40 degrees, which is further confirmed with a microwave bi-split-ring resonator (bi-SRR) rotator. This may be valuable for the design of optoelectronic and microwave devices.
Microsurgical Selective Peripheral Neurotomy in the Treatment of Spasticity in Cerebral-Palsy Children (1997)

Spasticity represents the most handicapping sequelae of cerebral palsy in children. In this study, 28 children with spastic cerebral palsy were treated over the last 4 years by microsurgical selective peripheral neurotomy: 28 times the posterior tibial nerve for spastic foot deformity, 3 times the ulnar and median nerves for spastic flexion of wrist and fingers, 2 times the sciatic nerve for spastic knee flexion associated with spastic foot deformity and 3 times obturator nerves for spastic adductors. Results on spasticity with follow-up ranging from 3 to 48 months were as follows: spastic foot deformity was corrected in all patients with pure spasticity, 2 out of the 3 children with ulnar and median neurotomy improved, knee flexion and hip adduction were improved in the other 5 patients. Selective peripheral neurotomy is an effective procedure in the treatment of segmental harmful spasticity after failure of a well-conducted conservative treatment associating physiotherapy and antispasmodic medications. It must be performed before the fixed deformities and other orthopedic complications arise.
Distinct antibody specificities to a 64-kD islet cell antigen in type 1 diabetes as revealed by trypsin treatment. (1990)

Type 1 diabetes is associated with antibodies that immunoprecipitate a 64-kD islet cell membrane protein from detergent extracts of pancreatic islets. In this study we have determined whether mild trypsin treatment of islet membranes can release fragments of the antigen that bind antibodies in the serum of Type 1 diabetic patients. Partial tryptic proteolysis of [35S]methionine-labeled 64-kD antigen immunoprecipitated from detergent extracts of rat islets resulted in the formation of 50-, 40-, and 37-kD fragments. Similar sized fragments were recovered when sera from diabetic patients were employed to immunoprecipitate polypeptides solubilized by mild trypsin treatment of a particulate fraction of radiolabeled rat islets. Of 27 diabetic patients, 22 possessed antibodies to the 50-kD polypeptide and 21 to the 40- and 37-kD polypeptides. A positive association was found between 64k antibodies and antibodies to the 50-kD fragment but not between 64k antibodies and antibodies to the 40- or 37-kD fragments. Some 64k antibody negative patients possessed antibodies that efficiently immunoprecipitated the latter fragments. Serum from 25 of 27 (93%) diabetic patients immunoprecipitated at least one of the three tryptic polypeptides. One of 20 nondiabetic controls immunoprecipitated a 50-kD polypeptide and all controls were negative for antibodies to 40- and 37-kD fragments. Thus, Type 1 diabetes is associated with the presence of at least two antibody reactivities to distinct determinants of the 64-kD antigen, and some patients may possess antibodies to a cryptic epitope on the detergent-solubilized molecule. These data suggest that the detection of antibodies (present in 93% of patients) to epitopes on tryptic polypeptides of the 64-kD antigen may be of even greater diagnostic value for the onset of Type 1 diabetes than analyses of antibodies reactive with the intact 64-kD antigen.
Low physiologic oxygen tensions reduce proliferation and differentiation of human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (2010)

Physiologic oxygen tension during in vitro culture of human MSC slows down cell cycle progression and differentiation. Under physiological conditions this may keep a proportion of MSC in a resting state. Further studies are needed to analyze these aspects of MSC in tissue regeneration.
Query biased snippet generation in XML search (2008)

Snippets are used by almost every text search engine to complement ranking scheme in order to effectively handle user searches, which are inherently ambiguous and whose relevance semantics are difficult to assess. Despite the fact that XML is a standard representation format of web data, research on generating result snippets for XML search remains untouched.
EFFECTS OF EUGENOL, CAPSAICIN AND DEMETHOXY-NE ON THE PAIN RESPONSE OF DENTAL PULP (1992)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the analgesic effect of eugenol, capsaicin and demethoxy-NE. Young adult cats, weighing 2.0 to 3.0kg, were used. Each animal was anesthetized (-chloralose 60mg per kg body weight) and divided into four groups; control, eugenol, capsaicin and demethoxy-NE group. The anterior digastric muscles were exposed and a pair of electrodes was inserted to record the electromyograms. To expose the pulp, each canine teeth was prepared with a low speed bur under cooling and used for recording anterior digastric muscular EMGs evoked by noxious stimulation of dental pulp. To observe effects on jaw opening reflex, inferior alveolar nerve of both sides were exposed for drug application and wire electrodes were inserted in anterior digstric muscle for recording the EMGs. To observe effects on action potential, saphenous nerves of both sides were exposed and three tissue pools were made from surrounding tissue. The most distal pool was used for applying stimulation, the most proximal one for recording of action potential, and the other one for drug application. One side of inferior alveolar nerve and saphenous nerve were used for eugenol, capsaicin, or demethoxy-NE application, the other side of nerve for control experiments(only vehicle application). Anterior digastric muscular EMGs evoked by noxious stimulation of dental pulp were recorded before drug application, immediate after drug application, at 60 and 120 minutes, and 5 days after drug application. Action potentials were recorded before drug application, immediate after 30 minutes drug application, at 30, 60 and 120 minutes after drug had been washed out. The results were as follows; 1. Eugenol had a continuous blocking effect on the anterior digastric muscular EMGs evoked by noxious pulp stimulation and after 5 days, showed completely blocking effect. 2. After 5 days, demethoxy-NE applied to dental pulp had a considerable blocking effect on the jaw opening retlex evoked by noxious stimulation but capsaicin had no significant effect. 3. After 5 days, eugenol group showed the strongest blocking effect among the all experimental groups on the jaw opening reflex evoked by noxious stimulation of dental pulp and capsaicin group showed the weakest blocking effect. 4. Eugenol had a completely blocking effect on the action potential conductivity of peripheral nerve. Capsaicin and demethoxy-NE had the blocking effect on the action potential conductivity of -and C-nerve fibers. 5. Capsaicin, demethoxy-NE and eugenol applied to inferior alveolar nerve surppressed the jaw opening reflex evoked by noxious stimulation of dental pulp.