gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AZD7624, an inhaled p38 inhibitor for COPD, attenuates lung and systemic inflammation after LPS Challenge in humans (2015)

Inhaled LPS Challenge has been used to test compounds for COPD. Systemic markers of inflammation, (e.g. neutrophil count, IL-6 levels, and CRP), are associated with risk of acute exacerbation of COPD. Whether an inhaled anti-inflammatory might affect these systemic markers, and the relationship between these markers in lung and serum is unclear. Here we present data on the effect AZD7624, an inhaled p38 inhibitor for COPD, on lung and systemic markers of inflammation after LPS challenge. 30 subjects were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study Subjects received a single inhaled dose of AZD7624 (1200 mcg) or placebo 30 minutes prior to LPS challenge, followed by sputum induction 6 hours post challenge (6.5h post dose) and blood sampling at 0.25, 6.5, 12 and 24h post dose for measurement of cell counts and inflammatory biomarkers. AZD7624 attenuated sputum neutrophil differential increase after LPS challenge by 56.8% (P<0.001) compared to placebo. AZD7624 attenuated sputum IL-6 increase by 76.5% and sputum MIP-1β by 69.5%. AZD7624 attenuated blood neutrophil differential increase by 43.5% (12hr), blood IL-6 increase (12hr) by 70%, and completely inhibited blood MIP-1β (6.5hr). AZD7624 attenuated blood CRP increase after LPS challenge by 93%. Significantly change in sputum neutrophilia and IL-6, correlated with change in blood neutrophilia (r=0.531 p=<0.0001) and IL-6 (r=0.492 p=0.0003). In conclusion, inhaled AZD7624 significantly inhibits LPS-induced lung and systemic inflammation, and lung inflammation markers correlate with systemic markers indicating a potential for AZD7624 as an inhaled treatment for COPD.
Maternal age and chromosomally abnormal pregnancies: what we know and what we wish we knew (2009)

It seems likely that there are multiple causes of human age-related nondisjunction, complicating our efforts to understand - and, ultimately, to provide preventive measures for - errors associated with increasing maternal age.
Metamaterials beyond electromagnetism (2013)

Metamaterials are rationally designed man-made structures composed of functional building blocks that are densely packed into an effective (crystalline) material. While metamaterials are mostly associated with negative refractive indices and invisibility cloaking in electromagnetism or optics, the deceptively simple metamaterial concept also applies to rather different areas such as thermodynamics, classical mechanics (including elastostatics, acoustics, fluid dynamics and elastodynamics), and, in principle, also to quantum mechanics. We review the basic concepts, analogies and differences to electromagnetism, and give an overview on the current state of the art regarding theory and experiment-all from the viewpoint of an experimentalist. This review includes homogeneous metamaterials as well as intentionally inhomogeneous metamaterial architectures designed by coordinate-transformation-based approaches analogous to transformation optics. Examples are laminates, transient thermal cloaks, thermal concentrators and inverters, 'space-coiling' metamaterials, anisotropic acoustic metamaterials, acoustic free-space and carpet cloaks, cloaks for gravitational surface waves, auxetic mechanical metamaterials, pentamode metamaterials ('meta-liquids'), mechanical metamaterials with negative dynamic mass density, negative dynamic bulk modulus, or negative phase velocity, seismic metamaterials, cloaks for flexural waves in thin plates and three-dimensional elastostatic cloaks.
Altered serine/arginine-rich protein phosphorylation and exonic enhancer-dependent splicing in Mammalian cells lacking topoisomerase I. (2003)

DNA topoisomerase I (Topo I) specifically phosphorylates arginine-serine-rich (SR proteins) splicing factors and is potentially involved in pre-mRNA-splicing regulation. Using a Topo I-deficient murine B lymphoma-derived subclone (P388-45/C) selected for its resistance to high dosage of the antitumor drug camptothecin, we show that Topo I depletion results in the hypophosphorylation of SR proteins and impairs exonic splicing enhancer (ESE)-dependent but not constitutive splicing. The Affymetrix GeneChip system analysis revealed that several alternatively spliced genes, characterized by small exons and large introns, are down-regulated in Topo I-deficient cells. Given that ectopic expression of green fluorescent protein-Topo I fusion in Topo I-deficient cells restores both wild-type phosphorylation of SR proteins and ESE-dependent splicing, we conclude that Topo I-mediated phosphorylation plays a specific role in ESE-regulated splicing.
Two-Color Laser-Ionization Injection (2014)

A method is proposed to generate femtosecond, ultralow emittance (∼10-8 m rad), electron beams in a laser-plasma accelerator using two lasers of different colors. A long-wavelength pump pulse, with a large ponderomotive force and small peak electric field, excites a wake without fully ionizing a high-Z gas. A short-wavelength injection pulse, with a small ponderomotive force and large peak electric field, copropagating and delayed with respect to the pump laser, ionizes a fraction of the remaining bound electrons at a trapping wake phase, generating an electron beam that is accelerated in the wake.
Purification and characterization of the human adenosine A<sub>2a</sub> receptor functionally expressed in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2002)

The adenosine A(2a) receptor belongs to the seven transmembrane helix G-protein-coupled receptor family, is abundant in striatum, vasculature and platelets and is involved in several physiological processes such as blood pressure regulation and protection of cells during anoxia. For structural and biophysical studies we have expressed the human adenosine A(2a) receptor (hA2aR) at high levels inserted into the Escherichia coli inner membrane, and established a purification scheme. Expression was in fusion with the periplasmic maltose-binding protein to levels of 10-20 nmol of receptor per L of culture, as detected with the specific antagonist ligand [(3)H]ZM241385. As the receptor C-terminus was proteolyzed upon solubilization, a protease-resistant but still functional receptor was created by truncation to Ala316. Addition of the sterol, cholesteryl hemisuccinate, allowed a stable preparation of functional hA2aR solubilized in dodecylmaltoside to be obtained, and, increased the stability of the receptor solubilized in other alkylmaltosides. Purification to homogeneity was achieved in three steps, including ligand affinity chromatography based on the antagonist xanthine amine congener. The purified hA2aR fusion protein bound [(3)H]ZM241385 with a K(d) of 0.19 nm and an average B(max) of 13.7 nmol x mg(-1) that suggests 100% functionality. Agonist affinities for the purified solubilized receptor were higher than those for the membrane-bound form. Sufficient pure, functional hA2aR can now be prepared regularly for structural studies.
Cigarette Smoking Saturates Brain α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (2006)

Cigarette smoking in amounts used by typical daily smokers leads to nearly complete occupancy of alpha 4 beta 2* nAChRs, indicating that tobacco-dependent smokers maintain alpha 4 beta 2* nAChR saturation throughout the day. Because prolonged binding of nicotine to alpha 4 beta 2* nAChRs is associated with desensitization of these receptors, the extent of receptor occupancy found herein suggests that smoking may lead to withdrawal alleviation by maintaining nAChRs in the desensitized state.
Effects of glutathione-oxidizing agents on microtubule assembly and microtubule-dependent surface properties of human neutrophils. (1976)

In human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes, GSH-oxidizing agents promote the movement of surface-bound concanavalin A (Con A) into caps and inhibit the assembly of microtubules (MT) that is normally induced by Con A binding. Con A capping and inhibition of MT assembly occur when GSH levels in cell suspensions are decreased by 30-70%, and return to GSH to control levels is accompanied by the appearance of cytoplasmic MT and by inhibition of the capping response with Con A. Oxidation of GSH markedly stimulates the hexose monophosphate shunt, and regeneration of GSH occurs rapidly. The data indicate that MT cannot be assembled or maintained in the face of decreased GSH levels. Thus, GSH homeostasis becomes critical during physiological events such as phagocytosis which simultaneously induce the assembly of MT and the production of agents like H2O2 that can oxidize GSH.
Functional modular contact lens (2009)

Tear fluid offers a potential route for non-invasive sensing of physiological parameters. Utilization of this potential depends on the ability to manufacture sensors that can be placed on the surface of the eye. A contact lens makes a natural platform for such sensors, but contact lens polymers present a challenge for sensor fabrication. This paper describes a microfabrication process for constructing sensors that can be integrated into the structure of a functional contact lens in the future. To demonstrate the capabilities of the process, an amperometric glucose sensor was fabricated on a polymer substrate. The sensor consists of platinum working and counter electrodes, as well as a region of indium-tin oxide (ITO) for glucose oxidase immobilization. An external silver-silver chloride electrode was used as the reference electrode during the characterization experiments. Sensor operation was validated by hydrogen peroxide measurements in the 10- 20 μM range and glucose measurements in the 0.125-20 mM range.
AC Impedance Analysis for Li +  Insertion of a Pt / λ ‐ MnO2 Electrode in an Aqueous Phase (1996)

The kinetics of lithium electroinsertion into a thin‐film electrode in a LiCl solution was studied by ac impedance spectroscopy between and 102 Hz at 25°C. The interfacial charge‐transfer process was found to be independent of the composition x in , and the exchange current density was irrespective of x, whereas the chemical diffusion coefficient, , and the partial conductivity, , of lithium depended greatly on x because of the effect of the thermodynamic enhancement factor, W. The value varied between and , reaching a minimum when x = 0.2 approximately. The , value was in the range from to . This low , value indicates the predominant contribution of electronic conductivity to the total conductivity of , which is in the order of . The results show that solid‐state diffusion of ions is a rate‐determining process in the system.
The performance of patients with schizophrenia on the wechsler memory scale-revised (1992)

Abstract The performance of 45 patients with schizophrenia was examined on the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R). The patients demonstrated a relatively flat performance profile across the five major WMS-R index scores suggesting similar levels of impairment in memory and attentional processes, in memory for visual and verbal materials, and in immediate and delayed recall. The General Memory Index (GMI) was lower than Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) scores in the majority of cases, and a large portion of the sample demonstrated fairly severe differential impairments of memory with FSIQ exceeding the GMI by 15 or more points. These results are consistent with prior findings of memory impairment in schizophrenia and support the validity of the WMS-R as a measure of memory deficits in schizophrenia.
Stokes and anti-Stokes differential pulse pair based distributed Brillouin fiber sensor with double-sideband probe wave (2014)

We propose and demonstrate a distributed Brillouin fiber sensor using Stokes and anti-Stokes differential pulse pair based on double- sideband probe wave, in which the two sidebands of probe wave are used to balance the power of two pump pulses. The spatial resolution is determined by the slightly width difference of the two balanced pulses, without Brillouin gain spectrum broadening. The pulses perform gain-loss process in optical field before the probe signal being detected, without any post-processing or extra measurement time. The proposed technique can achieve high spatial resolution, natural Brillouin gain spectrum linewidth, normal measurement time and long sensing range simultaneously.
Transmission characteristics of LSE/sub 01/ mode in high permittivity NRD guide (2002)

Transmission characteristics of high permittivity NRD guide have been investigated theoretically and experimentally. An operating mode which is suitable for such NRD guide has been newly pointed out and the wide bandwidth and low loss nature at microwave and millimeter-wave regions has been demonstrated.
Cancer cells induce interleukin-22 production from memory CD4<sup>+</sup>T cells via interleukin-1 to promote tumor growth (2017)

IL-22 has been identified as a cancer-promoting cytokine that is secreted by infiltrating immune cells in several cancer models. We hypothesized that IL-22 regulation would occur at the interface between cancer cells and immune cells. Breast and lung cancer cells of murine and human origin induced IL-22 production from memory CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells. In the present study, we found that IL-22 production in humans is dependent on activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome with the subsequent release of IL-1β from both myeloid and T cells. IL-1 receptor signaling via the transcription factors AhR and RORγt in T cells was necessary and sufficient for IL-22 production. In these settings, IL-1 induced IL-22 production from a mixed T helper cell population comprised of Th1, Th17, and Th22 cells, which was abrogated by the addition of anakinra. We confirmed these findings in vitro and in vivo in two murine tumor models, in primary human breast and lung cancer cells, and in deposited expression data. Relevant to ongoing clinical trials in breast cancer, we demonstrate here that the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra abrogates IL-22 production and reduces tumor growth in a murine breast cancer model. Thus, we describe here a previously unrecognized mechanism by which cancer cells induce IL-22 production from memory CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells via activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the release of IL-1β to promote tumor growth. These findings may provide the basis for therapeutic interventions that affect IL-22 production by targeting IL-1 activity.
« La nuit » dans L’Espurgatoire seint Patriz de Marie de France (2004)

L’Espurgatoire seint Patriz de Marie de France propose principalement le récit du voyage dans l’autre monde d’un chevalier, nommé Owein. Ce dernier cherche par ce moyen à faire pénitence des nombreux péchés qui lui font redouter le jugement de Dieu. Il entre dans une fosse révélée à saint Patrick, en Irlande, et il découvre successivement le purgatoire et le paradis terrestre. Au purgatoire, une obscurité inquiétante règne mais ce n’est pas celle de la nuit. Il s’agit davantage des ténèbres d...
Heteroloaous expression of yeast prepro‐a‐factor in rat GH<sub>3</sub>cells (2000)

Yeast pheromone a‐factor is a 13‐amino acid peptide hormone that is synthesized as a part of a larger precursor, prepro‐a‐factor, consisting of a signal peptide and a proregion of 64 amino acids. The carboxy‐terminal half of the precursor contains four tandem copies of mature a‐factor. To investigate the molecular basis of intracellular sorting, proteolytic processing, and storage of the peptide hormone, yeast prepro‐a‐factor precursors were heterologously expressed in rat pituitary GH3 cells. When cells harboring the precursor were metabolically labeled, a species of approximately 27 kD appeared inside the cells. Digestion with peptide: N‐glycosidase F (PNG‐F) shifted the molecular mass to a 19 kD, suggesting that the 27 kD protein was the glycosylated form as in yeast cells. The nascent polypeptide is efficiently targeted to the ER in the GH3 cells, where it undergoes cleavage of its signal peptide and core glycosylation to generate glycosylated pro‐a‐factor. To look at the post ER intracellular processing, the pulse‐labelled cells were chased up to 2 hrs. The nascent propeptides disappeared from the cells at a half life of 30min and only 10–25% of the newly synthesized, unprocessed precursors were stored intracellularly after the 2 h chase. However, about 20% of the pulse‐labeled pro‐a‐factor precursors were secreted into the medium in the pro‐hormone form. With increasing chase time, the intracellular level of propeptide decreased, but the amount of secreted propeptide could not account for the disappearance of intracellular propeptide completely. This disappearance was insensitive to lysosomotropic agents, but was inhibited at 16°C or 20°C, suggesting that the turnover of the precursors was not occurring in the secretory pathway to trans Golgi network (TGN) or dependent on acidic compartments. From these results, it is concluded that a part of these heterologous precursors may be processed at its paired dibasic sites by prohormone processing enzymes located in TGN/secretory vesicles producing small peptides, and that the residual unprocessed precursors may be secreted into the medium rather than degraded intracellularly.
Preparation of 7-(1,3,4-oxadiazolyl)-6,14-endo-etheno-6,7,8,14-tetrahydrothebaines and related compounds as potential analgesics (1984)

General procedures for the preparation of 7 alpha-(2-substituted-1,3, 4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-6,14-endo-etheno-6,7,8,14-tetrahydrothebaines are described. Substituents include alkyl, aryl, amino, cycloamino, and alkylthio functions. Many of these and related compounds show analgesic activity intermediate between codeine and morphine in the Hendershot and Forsaith writhing test. An unsuccessful attempt was made to synthesize 7 beta-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-6,14-endo-etheno-6,7,8,14- tetrahydrothebaine.
<i>Lactobacillus johnsonii</i> inhibits indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase and alters tryptophan metabolite levels in BioBreeding rats (2013)

In our previous work, we found that feeding Lactobacillus johnsonii to BioBreeding diabetes-prone (BBDP) rats decreased the incidence of diabetes development. The aim of this study was to investigate host pathways affected by L. johnsonii, with specific focus on the rate-limiting enzyme of tryptophan catabolism, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Suspensions of L. johnsonii or an equal volume of vehicle were orally administered to BBDP rats. Tissue IDO was investigated using quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot, whereas tryptophan, kynurenine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentrations were quantified by HPLC and ELISA. IDO activity was also investigated using L. johnsonii culture cell-free supernatant (CFS) with affinity-purified IDO and HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells. L. johnsonii feeding resulted in a 17% reduction in serum kynurenine compared with that in vehicle-fed controls, correlating with a 1.4-fold elevation in 5-HT levels. H₂O₂ produced by L. johnsonii abolished IDO activity in vitro, and L. johnsonii feeding resulted in a 3.9-fold increase in ileum lumen H₂O₂. L. johnsonii CFS significantly reduced IDO activity in HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells (47% reduction) compared with that in vehicle-treated controls, an effect abolished by catalase treatment. These data support the role of H₂O₂ in commensal bacteria-host interactions and highlight the influence of commensal bacteria-derived H₂O₂ on host physiology.
Developmental Schedule of the Postnatal Rat Testis Determined by Flow Cytometry1 (1998)

Analysis of the biochemical events and the genes expressed at various postnatal developmental stages in the testis of mammals is of great importance for understanding spermatogenesis in general and meiosis in particular. A prerequisite for such an analysis is the characterization of a detailed developmental schedule of the postnatal testis. In this study we used four-parameter flow cytometry analysis to determine a detailed testicular developmental schedule in rats as compared to mice. A dot plot of forward-scatter/side-scatter of testicular cell suspensions from mature animals revealed 7 distinct subpopulations within the testis. These, when analyzed by fluorescence parameters, were divided into 4 levels of fluorescence: cells containing 4d DNA, 2d DNA, and 2 levels of haploid cells. Observing the acquisition pattern of these subpopulations during postnatal development, we were able to suggest the following developmental schedule for the rat. At postnatal Days 6-7, the testis contains somatic cells and spermatogonia cells only. By Days 13-14, leptotene spermatocytes appear; by Days 17-18, zygotene spermatocytes are present; by Days 19-20 and Days 22-23, early and late pachytene spermatocytes, respectively, are seen. Haploid round spermatids first appear at Days 24-25 and elongating spermatids by Days 30-31; by Day 36, elongated spermatozoa can be found.
A nonoverlapping domain decomposition method for nonconforming finite element problems (2003)

A nonoverlapping domain decomposition method for nonconforming finite element problems of second order partialdifferential equations is developed and analyzed. In particular, its convergence is demonstrated and convergence rate is estimated. The method is based on a Robin boundary condition as its transmission condition together with a derivative-free transmission data updating technique on the interfaces.The method is directly presented tofinite element problems without introducing any Lagrange multipliers.The method can be naturally applied to general multi-subdomain decompositions and implemented on parallel machineswith local communications.The method also allows choosing subdomains very flexibly, which can be even as small as an individual element. Therefore, the method can be regarded as a bridge connecting between direct methods and iterative methods for linear systems.Finally, some numerical experiments are also presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Blockchain abbreviation: Implemented by message passing and shared memory (Extended abstract) (2017)

Blockchain's ever increasing size has become a major problem. Bitcoin [7], for example, has grown to 115120 MB as of May 2017, which is roughly 115 GB. This uncontrollable growth of the Blockchain is bound to become an issue in the future, as hard disks may become too small to store the entire Blockchain history and traversing the transactions databases may become increasingly slow. Already, there are lightweight clients in various Blockchain platforms (Bitcoin included), who do not store the entire chain locally but rely on a third party to send them the blocks they need. There are many issues with these clients, mainly security problems, since they go back to trusting a central authority rather than gaining trust from several distributed peers. These clients' knowledge of the Blockchain is solely based on some third party that should be trusted, while the conceptual base for Blockchain is trust distributing. In this paper we present two Blockchain abbreviation schemes. The first one is based on the Ethereum [8] project and proposes replacing the full Blockchain with a new Genesis block, which summarizes everyone's account balances at a certain point in time. One possible benefit is to use less communication while still storing the prefix of the old Blockchain (or signature of the Blockchain that can validate a version archived by other participants) in a local archive. Here we trade loss of transaction history for efficiency. Our second contribution is a UNIX based architecture using the file system, for implementing Blockchain. We demonstrate a Blockchain abbreviation technique for this architecture too.