gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Swelling‐controlled, constant rate delivery systems (1978)

Abstract Materials and conditions required for constant rate absorption of a liquid into a glassy polymer (Case II transport) have been exploited to produce prototype devices for constant rate delivery of a solute, molecularly dispersed within the polymer, to the surrounding liquid environment. Absorption of n‐hexane in polystyrene films, containing between one and two percent of Sudan Red IV dye, resulted in constant rate liberation of the colored solute to the surrounding fluid. The rate of dye release was controlled by the constant rate absorption of n‐hexane in these dye‐containing films. Companion experiments involving microtome sectioning and photomicrographic recording of dye‐loaded films, consequent to immersion in n‐hexane for various time intervals, revealed that the unpenetrated central core retained the dye originally dispersed within the film sample and, conversely, the swollen outer regions were completely denuded of dye consequent to n‐hexane penetration. The constant rate advance of the microscopically observable sharp boundary, between dye‐containing and dye‐denuded polymer, was quantitatively consistent with the independently determined kinetics of dye accumulation in the supernatant n‐hexane. These results indicate that diffusion of invading n‐hexane to the relaxing boundary and back diffusion of dye in the previously swollen outer shell are both rapid compared with the rate‐determining Case II transport of n‐hexane in these dye‐containing films. The delivery of Sudan Red IV to the n‐hexane was not confounded by an initial burst of solute, typically common to so‐called membrane‐reservoir controlled delivery devices. Swelling‐induced delivery from glassy matrices appears useful, therefore, for the design of monolithic devices for constant rate delivery over the entire course of the delivery cycle. The concept is not limited to monolithic devices; membrane‐reservoir devices could be constructed involving a glassy, solute‐containing reservoir which could be activated by penetration of invading liquid consequent to placement in a suitable fluid environment. Development of devices, suitable for swelling‐controlled release of drugs to target organs, will be based upon glassy, hydrophilic polymeric hosts.
The use of heterologous antilymphoid agents in canine renal and liver homotransplantation and in human renal homotransplantation. (1967)

Iagent has been known for a number of years. scribed elsewhere (4). The test organs in the I However, the first reference to testing of canine experiments were the kidney and I antiserums for homograft protection was by liver. The clinical patients had renal hoI Woodruff, who later published with Ander- motransplantation. son (20, 21) detailed observations of the I effect of these agents used alone or in cornI bination with thoracic duct drainage. Sub- Canine experiments. One hundred and sequent valuable studies have been con- &my-four mongrel dogs weighing 10 to 25 tributed by Waksman, Gray (2), Monaco kilograms were immunized against hepatitis (9, 10) and their respective associates and by and distemper and used as homograft reJeejeebhoy, Nagaya and Sieker, and Levey cipients. Operations were performed under and Medawar (6, 7). The experimental sodium pentobarbital anesthesia combined model for the foregoing experiments con- with the tranquilizer phencyclidine hydrosisted of skin grafting in mice, rats, or guinea chloride. Renal transplants were accompigs which were treated with antiserums plished by transferring the donor kidney to raised in rabbits. Except for our own brief the contralateral recipient iliac fossa, with report (14) and those of Abaza, and Mitchell anastomoses of the renal artery to the proxiand their colleagues there are no published mal end of the cut common iliac artery, the accounts on the use of antilymphoid serum renal vein to the side of the common iliac I
The role of novel oncogenes squamous cell carcinoma-related oncogene and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p110alpha in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue. (2003)

Although both SCCRO and PIK3CA may play a role in the pathogenesis of oral tongue SCC through amplification at 3q26, SCCRO appears to be a significant predictor of regional metastasis and may be a marker for tumor aggressiveness and clinical outcome.
SIMPLE CARDIAC PACEMAKER AND DEFIBRILLATOR (1954)

The problem of cardiac arrest is a constant one. Numerous techniques of resuscitation, in instances in which arrest is reversible, have been devised. Since the initial work of Wiggers<sup>1</sup>on the application of counter-shock in ventricular fibrillation, there have evolved many successful electrical devices for treatment of this condition. Leeds<sup>2</sup>has published a full description of modern high-voltage defibrillators and their applications. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the possibility of resuscitation in instances of cardiac asystole by means of repetitive electrical stimuli. Callaghan and Bigelow<sup>3</sup>successfully stimulated dog hearts with monophasic and diphasic thyratron pulses. Electrodes were applied directly to the heart through surgical incision in the thoracic wall or internally by means of an external jugular vein lead. Herrod and others<sup>4</sup>also reported on rhythmic thyratron stimulation of the dog heart with the open chest technique. Recently, Zoll<sup>5</sup>published reports
Machine Tongues XVI: Genetic Algorithms and Their Application to FM Matching Synthesis (1993)

Historically, frequency modulation (FM) synthesis has required trial and error to create emulations of natural sounds. This article presents a genetic-algorithm-based technique which determines optimized parameters for reconstruction through FM synthesis of a sound having harmonic partials. We obtain the best results by using invariant modulation indices and a multiple carrier formant FM synthesis model. We present our results along with extensions and generalizations of the technique.
Effect of surround on perceived saturation (1974)

This investigation examines the effects of having a light or dark surround around a color; in particular, the effect these surrounds have on the perceived saturation of the color. The results of the experiments show that a dark surround not only increases the apparent brightness of a color but also reduces its apparent saturation. That is, for equivalence with a light-surrounded color, a color with a dark surround must have a higher purity.
COMPARISON OF CLOTRIMAZOLE, FLUCONAZOLE AND ITRACONAZOLE IN VAGINAL CANDIDIASIS (1995)

Women attending a genitourinary medicine clinic (n = 229) with mycologically confirmed acute vulvovaginal candidiasis were randomised to receive either clotrimazole (500 mg pessary and 1% cream), fluconazole (150 mg single oral dose) or itraconazole (200 mg bd oral dose for 1 day). Mycological cure rates were 96% in the itraconazole group, 95% in the clotrimazole group, and 83% in the fluconazole group (P = 0.008). The proportion of patients who were clinically cured showed a similar pattern (itraconazole 80%, clotrimazole 80%, fluconazole 62%). This suggests that itraconazole or clotrimazole are more effective than fluconazole in the treatment of acute vaginal candidiasis.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Characteristics Vary Depending on Their Origin (2013)

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are rare progenitor cells that can be isolated from various tissues. They exhibit multilineage differentiation potential, support regenerative processes, and interact with various immune cells. Therefore, MSCs represent a promising tool for regenerative medicine. However, source-dependent and donor-dependent differences of MSC properties, including implications on their clinical application are still largely unknown. We evaluated MSCs derived from perinatal tissues umbilical cord (UC) and amniotic membrane (AM) in comparison to adult MSCs from bone marrow (BM), which were used as gold standard. We found genetic background-independent differences between MSCs from UC and AM. While AM- and UC-MSCs were closer to each other than to BM-MSCs, they also exhibited differences between each other. AM-MSCs from different donors but not UC-MSCs displayed high interdonor variability. In addition, we show that although all MSCs expressed similar surface markers, MSC populations from UC and AM showed differential profiles of gene expression and paracrine factor secretion to BM-derived MSCs. Notably, pathway analysis of gene expression data revealed intriguing differences between MSCs suggesting that MSCs from UC and AM possess in general a higher potential of immunomodulatory capacity, whereas BM-MSCs showed a higher potential of supporting regenerative processes as exemplified by neuronal differentiation and development. These differences between perinatal and BM-derived MSCs may be relevant for clinical applications.
Mechanisms of host cell exit by the intracellular bacterium<i>Chlamydia</i> (2007)

The mechanisms that mediate the release of intracellular bacteria from cells are poorly understood, particularly for those that live within a cellular vacuole. The release pathway of the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia from cells is unknown. Using a GFP-based approach to visualize chlamydial inclusions within cells by live fluorescence videomicroscopy, we identified that Chlamydia release occurred by two mutually exclusive pathways. The first, lysis, consisted of an ordered sequence of membrane permeabilizations: inclusion, nucleus and plasma membrane rupture. Treatment with protease inhibitors abolished inclusion lysis. Intracellular calcium signaling was shown to be important for plasma membrane breakdown. The second release pathway was a packaged release mechanism, called extrusion. This slow process resulted in a pinching of the inclusion, protrusion out of the cell within a cell membrane compartment, and ultimately detachment from the cell. Treatment of Chlamydia-infected cells with specific pharmacological inhibitors of cellular factors demonstrated that extrusion required actin polymerization, neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, myosin II and Rho GTPase. The participation of Rho was unique in that it functioned late in extrusion. The dual nature of release characterized for Chlamydia has not been observed as a strategy for intracellular bacteria.
Towards a national collaboratory: an Internet file system (2003)

Jade is a distributed file system that provides a uniform way to name and access files in an Internet environment. It makes three important contributions. First, Jade integrates a heterogeneous collection of existing file systems, where heterogeneous means that the underlying physical file systems support different file access protocols. It is designed under the restriction that the underlying file systems may not be modified. Secondly, the system is partitioned into a collection of per-user, autonomous, well-balanced, logical file systems, each of which consists of a set of physical file systems and a dedicated private, logical name space. Finally, the author presents a global, Internet-wide name space that is built on top of Jade without any modification of the file system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Impact of Electronic Health Records on Ambulatory Costs Among Medicaid Beneficiaries (2013)

As a stand-alone approach, adoption of commercially-available EHRs in community practices did not consistently impact Medicaid costs in the short-run. This suggests that future meaningful use criteria may need to specifically target cost savings and coordinate with payment reform efforts.
Cell‐to‐cell signalling in <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Salmonella enterica</i> (2004)

Cell-to-cell signalling in prokaryotes that leads to co-ordinated behaviour has been termed quorum sensing. This type of signalling can have profound impacts on microbial community structure and host-microbe interactions. The Gram-negative quorum-sensing systems were first discovered and extensively characterized in the marine Vibrios. Some components of the Vibrio systems are present in the classical genetic model organisms Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. Both organisms encode a signal receptor of the LuxR family, SdiA, but not a corresponding signal-generating enzyme. Instead, SdiA of Salmonella detects and responds to signals generated only by other microbial species. Conversely, E. coli and Salmonella encode the signal-generating component of a second system (a LuxS homologue that generates AI-2), but the sensory apparatus for AI-2 differs substantially from the Vibrio system. The only genes currently known to be regulated by AI-2 in Salmonella encode an active uptake and modification system for AI-2. Therefore, it is not yet clear whether Salmonella uses AI-2 as a signal molecule or whether AI-2 has some other function. In E. coli, the functions of both SdiA and AI-2 are unclear due to pleiotropy. Genetic strategies to identify novel signalling systems have been performed with E. coli and Providencia stuartii. Several putative signalling systems have been identified, one that uses indole as a signal and another that releases what appears to be a peptide. The latter system has homologues in E. coli and Salmonella, as well as other bacteria, plants and animals. In fact, the protease components from Providencia and Drosophila are functionally interchangeable.
A New Hypothesis Regarding the Surface Acidity of Binary Metal Oxides (1974)

Abstract We have proposed a new hypothesis that the acid sites on binary metal oxides are formed by an excess of a negative or positive charge in the mixed oxides and that whether the charge is excess or not, and whether it is positive or negative, are determined by the coordination numbers and valences of the positive and negative elements in the model structures pictured according to two postulates. The validity of the hypothesis is, in fact, 90% for the 31 kinds of binary oxides tested, much higher than the validity (48%) of Thomas’ hypothesis. The hypothesis explains well the mechanism of the acidity generation of binary oxides and predicts whether the acid sites will be of the Brönsted or the Lewis type.
Comparison of the Effects of Bupivacaine, Lidocaine, and Tramadol Infiltration on Wound Healing in Rats (2012)

In our study, we found bupivacaine and lidocaine reduced the collagen production, wound breaking strength, and caused significantly high scores for edema, vascularity, and inflammation when compared to the control group. There was no significant difference between the control and the tramadol group. Results of this experimental preliminary study on rats support the idea that tramadol can be used for wound infiltration anesthesia without adverse effect on the surgical healing process. These results need to be verified in humans.
Control of lipopolysaccharide-high density lipoprotein binding by acute phase protein(s). (1983)

When Salmonella minnesota R595 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is mixed with serum, the LPS eventually forms a complex with high density lipoprotein (HDL). Complex formation is conveniently followed by CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. When mixing 10 micrograms LPS with normal rabbit serum (NRS) at 37 degrees C in the presence of 20 mM EDTA, the half-life for LPS binding to HDL is typically 2 to 3 min. When the same experiment is performed with the use of acute phase rabbit serum (APRS; collected 24 hr post-induction with silver nitrate), the half-life for LPS binding to HDL is typically 40 to 100 min. Thus LPS binding to HDL occurs some 20- to 40-fold slower in APRS than in NRS. Two other phenomena have been found, the time dependencies of which correlate well with the time dependency of LPS binding to HDL in APRS. If LPS-APRS reaction mixtures are cooled to 4 degrees C shortly after mixing and are dialyzed against 2.5 mM HEPES, 15 mM NaCl, pH 7.4 buffer, LPS is recovered in the washed precipitates ("euglobulin precipitate") if, and only if, the LPS-HDL binding reaction is not complete. The amount of LPS in the precipitate correlates well with the amount of LPS that has not bound to HDL. The second phenomenon we observe is that the LPS-containing euglobulin precipitate prepared from LPS-acute phase serum reaction mixtures shortly after mixing also contains a protein, gp60, the concentration of which in the euglobulin precipitate correlates well with the amount of LPS in the precipitate. Thus three phenomena are kinetically well correlated in APRS: the degree of binding of LPS to HDL, the degree of appearance of LPS in a euglobulin fraction, and the concentration of protein gp60 in the euglobulin fraction. We were unable to precipitate gp60 from APRS in the absence of LPS, from APRS after the LPS has fully bound to HDL, or from normal serum in the presence or absence of LPS. The known properties of gp60 are not reminiscent of any other known acute phase reactant. These data demonstrate that APRS contains acute phase reactants that interact with LPS to modify its buoyant density, its solubility, and the rate of its binding to HDL.
Effects of changes of pH on the contractile function of cardiac muscle (1990)

It has been known for over 100 years that acidosis decreases the contractility of cardiac muscle. However, the mechanisms underlying this decrease are complicated because acidosis affects every step in the excitation-contraction coupling pathway, including both the delivery of Ca2+ to the myofilaments and the response of the myofilaments to Ca2+. Acidosis has diverse effects on Ca2+ delivery. Actions that may diminish Ca2+ delivery include 1) inhibition of the Ca2+ current, 2) reduction of Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and 3) shortening of the action potential, when such shortening occurs. Conversely, Ca2+ delivery may be increased by the prolongation of the action potential that is sometimes observed and by the rise of diastolic Ca2+ that occurs during acidosis. This rise, which will increase the uptake and subsequent release of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, may be due to 1) stimulation of Na+ entry via Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange; 2) direct inhibition of Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange; 3) mitochondrial release of Ca2+; and 4) displacement of Ca2+ from cytoplasmic buffer sites by H+. Acidosis inhibits myofibrillar responsiveness to Ca2+ by decreasing the sensitivity of the contractile proteins to Ca2+, probably by decreasing the binding of Ca2+ to troponin C, and by decreasing maximum force, possibly by a direct action on the cross bridges. Thus the final amount of force developed by heart muscle during acidosis is the complex sum of these changes.
Shoichi Sakata: His Life, the Sakata Model and His Achievements (2007)

The Sakata model was but one aspect of Shoichi Sakata's life and achievements. To better understand the context in which the model was developed, this paper outlines various aspects of his career, from family background and education, scientific work, friendship with Mituo Taketani, involvement in policymaking, and role of the Elementary Particle Theory Group. It is only then that we can truly appreciate the Sakata model and Sakata's importance to Japan.
Use of the Schiller decapitation process for the manufacture of high quality tungsten scanning tunneling microscopy tips (1999)

When tungsten scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) tips are sharpened by self-sputtering with Ne+ ions, the Schiller-decapitation process can occur. We show that this process is accompanied by a very specific pattern in the sputter voltage as a function of time. This makes it possible to use the decapitation process for the manufacture of high quality STM tips. Our tips routinely produce atomic resolution in the [−110] and [001] directions on the {110} surfaces of GaAs and InP. The occurrence of the decapitation process is recognized by the observed pattern in the sputter voltage alone, without the presence of a phosphor screen. Secondly, we present a model which enables us to calculate the radius of curvature of the tip apex based on Fowler–Nordheim plots. Verification with scanning electron microscopy shows that our model is correct within 5 nm. A slight deviation of the experimental data from the theory suggests that our polycrystalline tungsten wire possesses a preferential crystal orientation.
Polymers at Interfaces <i>J</i>. <i>Am</i>. <i>Chem</i>. <i>Soc</i>. <b>1996</b>, <i>118</i>, 297 (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionNEXTPolymers at Interfaces J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 297G. J. Fleer and Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 43, 10678Publication Date (Web):October 30, 1996Publication History Published online30 October 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja965442ihttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja965442icorrectionACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views303Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (20 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Randomised crossover trial of four nasal respiratory support systems for apnoea of prematurity in very low birthweight infants (2009)

Background: Apnoea of prematurity (AOP) is a common problem in preterm infants which can be treated with various modes of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) or nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV). It is not known which mode of NCPAP or NIPPV is most effective for AOP. Objective: To assess the effect of four NCPAP/NIPPV systems on the rate of bradycardias and desaturation events in very low birthweight infants. Methods: Sixteen infants (mean gestational age at time of study 31 weeks, 10 males) with AOP were enrolled in a randomised controlled trial with a crossover design. The infants were allocated to receive nasal pressure support using four different modes for 6 h each: NIPPV via a conventional ventilator, NIPPV and NCPAP via a variable flow device, and NCPAP delivered via a constant flow underwater bubble system. The primary outcome was the cumulative event rate of bradycardias (⩽80 beats per minute) and desaturation events (⩽80% arterial oxygen saturation), which was obtained from cardio-respiratory recordings. Results: The median event rate was 6.7 per hour with the conventional ventilator in NIPPV mode, and 2.8 and 4.4 per hour with the variable flow device in NCPAP and NIPPV mode, respectively (p value<0.03 for both compared to NIPPV/conventional ventilator). There was no significant difference between the NIPPV/conventional ventilator and the underwater bubble system. Conclusion: A variable flow NCPAP device may be more effective in treating AOP in preterm infants than a conventional ventilator in NIPPV mode. It remains unclear whether synchronised NIPPV would be even more effective.