gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploring Fault-Tolerant Network-on-Chip Architectures (2006)

The advent of deep sub-micron technology has exacerbated reliability issues in on-chip interconnects. In particular, single event upsets, such as soft errors, and hard faults are rapidly becoming a force to be reckoned with. This spiraling trend highlights the importance of detailed analysis of these reliability hazards and the incorporation of comprehensive protection measures into all Network-on-Chip (NoC) designs. In this paper, we examine the impact of transient failures on the reliability of on-chip interconnects and develop comprehensive counter-measures to either prevent or recover from them. In this regard, we propose several novel schemes to remedy various kinds of soft error symptoms, while keeping area and power overhead at a minimum. Our proposed solutions are architected to fully exploit the available infrastructures in an NoC and enable versatile reuse of valuable resources. The effectiveness of the proposed techniques has been validated using a cycle-accurate simulator.
On Contrastive Divergence Learning. (2005)

Maximum-likelihood (ML) learning of Markov random fields is challenging because it requires estimates of averages that have an exponential number of terms. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods typically take a long time to converge on unbiased estimates, but Hinton (2002) showed that if the Markov chain is only run for a few steps, the learning can still work well and it approximately minimizes a di#erent function called &quot;contrastive divergence&quot; (CD). CD learning has been successfully applied to various types of random fields. Here, we study the properties of CD learning and show that it provides biased estimates in general, but that the bias is typically very small. Fast CD learning can therefore be used to get close to an ML solution and slow ML learning can then be used to fine-tune the CD solution.
Characterizing a benzoic acid inducible promoter system from the fungus Aspergillus niger (2003)

Functional studies of proteins in plants can be significantly facilitated by controlling the timing of expression of their genes. In addition, commercial transgenic crops could also benefit from a controlled expression of transferred genes. This control can be accomplished through the use of chemically inducible promoter systems. Currently available systems have many disadvantages, the main one being the high toxicity of the inducer compounds. Therefore, there is a need for chemically inducible promoters that utilize more suitable inducers that are non-toxic and inexpensive, to allow this technology to be transferred to commercial crops. In this context, the bphA gene from the fungus Aspergillus niger has the potential to provide all the necessary components for the engineering of such a system. This gene encodes the enzyme benzoate-para-hydroxylase (BPH), and its expression is tightly regulated by benzoic acid. Expression of bphA is rapidly upregulated when benzoic acid is added to the media. Concentrations as low as 0.8 mM of benzoic acid are able to induce expression of the bphA gene. Other aromatic compounds with structure similar to benzoic acid also act as inducers of this gene. However, the components of the regulatory mechanism that determines bphA expression are not known. The present work presents evidence that a 200 by region in the promoter of the bphA gene is necessary for benzoic acid inducibility of this promoter. Additionally, a 51-bp fragment contained within this region shows consistent and specific binding by factors present in a total protein extract from A. niger cells. This fragment contains a pair of direct hexameric repeats, with the sequence 5′ -TAGTCA-3′, flanking an almost perfect palindrome. Base-pair mutagenesis results show that the second hexameric repeat is involved in this factor binding. Also, to identify the factors that interact with this fragment, a yeast one-hybrid screen yielded seventeen positive clones. Two of these cDNAs encoded polypeptides that bound to the 51-bp fragment, and thus, are candidate factors that may be involved in modulating the activity of the promoter. Finally, I propose the design of a synthetic benzoic acid inducible promoter system to be tested in plants.
Human D-Amino Acid Oxidase: Structure, Function, and Regulation (2018)

D-Amino acid oxidase (DAAO) is an FAD-containing flavoenzyme that catalyzes with absolute stereoselectivity the oxidative deamination of all natural D-amino acids, the only exception being the acidic ones. This flavoenzyme plays different roles during evolution and in different tissues in humans. Its three-dimensional structure is well conserved during evolution: minute changes are responsible for the functional differences between enzymes from microorganism sources and those from humans. In recent years several investigations focused on human DAAO, mainly because of its role in degrading the neuromodulator D-serine in the central nervous system. D-Serine is the main coagonist of N-methyl D-aspartate receptors, i.e., excitatory amino acid receptors critically involved in main brain functions and pathologic conditions. Human DAAO possesses a weak interaction with the FAD cofactor; thus, <i>in vivo</i> it should be largely present in the inactive, apoprotein form. Binding of active-site ligands and the substrate stabilizes flavin binding, thus pushing the acquisition of catalytic competence. Interestingly, the kinetic efficiency of the enzyme on D-serine is very low. Human DAAO interacts with various proteins, in this way modulating its activity, targeting, and cell stability. The known properties of human DAAO suggest that its activity must be finely tuned to fulfill a main physiological function such as the control of D-serine levels in the brain. At present, studies are focusing on the epigenetic modulation of human DAAO expression and the role of post-translational modifications on its main biochemical properties at the cellular level.
Determination of light elements in organic liquid matrices by principal component regression in EDXRS using backscattered radiation (1999)

The determination of C, H and O in organic liquid matrices such as solvents and different base oils by principal component regression in EDXRS is demonstrated. This method is based on a significant contribution of the light elements to the backscattering of x-rays in the sample. As excitation source a Y secondary target in a cartesian geometry is used. The prediction error of the PCR calibration with respect to unknown samples is in the region of 4.0 mg g-1 for H, 30.0 mg g-1 for C and 26.0 mg g-1 for O. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scanning transmission electron microscopy of nanostructures (2017)

This article investigates nanostructures by means of scanning transmission electron microscopy. The electron microscope is uniquely suited to the study of individual nanostructures, allowing differentiation of different structures and properties that is difficult or impossible to do with techniques that provide a spatial average. The present generation of aberration correctors, which correct all aberrations up to third order, makes it possible to obtain sufficient sensitivity to image and spectroscopically analyze single atoms. This article begins with a brief overview of the correction of lens aberration in electron microscopy, followed by several examples of insights into nanomaterials and the atomic origins of their functionality. In particular, it considers semiconductor nanocrystals, semiconductor quantum wires, and nanocatalysts. It also discusses magnetism in gold and silver nanoclusters as well as charge ordering in manganites.
Design and Development of an Optical Fiber pH Sensor using an Artificial Neural Network (2013)

This project presents the development and design of an artificial neural network (ANN) in signal processing of optical fiber pH sensor. The pH sensor has bromophenol blue (BPB) solution as the indicator which is immobilized in a sol-gel thin film as a sensing material. The indicator shows change in color as pH of the solution changes and the spectra of these changes are calibrated to find the pH value. The data for various pH solutions is used to calibrate the pH meter using various network structures and types. Keywords:  Neural networks, optical pH meter, bromophenol blue indicator, spectrophotometer
Hole Transport Triphenylamine−Azomethine Conjugated System: Synthesis and Optical, Photoluminescence, and Electrochemical Properties (2008)

A series of six conjugated aromatic polyazomethines has been obtained by high-temperature solution polycondensation of diformyltriphenylamine with different primary aromatic diamines. The structures of polymers are characterized by means FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis; the results show an agreement with the proposed structure. Polyazomethines emitted blue or blue-green light. Relative PL intensity of the polymers investigated in chloroform solution was found about 0.30%, while for doped ones it was about 20% in relation to 9,10-diphenylanthracene. Additionally, the photoluminescence spectra of the polyazomethines in polymer blend with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) have also been described. The lowest optical band gap value at 2.41 eV was detected. Polymers were investigated also by cyclic voltametry and differential pulse voltammetry in dichloromethane. An influence of different types of dopants, i.e., methanesulfonic acid (MSA), camphorsulfonic acid (CSA), m-cresol (MC), p-chlorophenol (PC), and p-pentadecylphenol (PDP), on absorption and emission wavelengths was investigated.
The Chaperone Activity of Heat Shock Protein 90 Is Critical for Maintaining the Stability of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (2008)

Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor, is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder. Although the majority of PD cases are sporadic, some are inherited, including those caused by leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutations. The substitution of serine for glycine at position 2019 (G2019S) in the kinase domain of LRRK2 represents the most prevalent genetic mutation in both familial and apparently sporadic cases of PD. Because mutations in LRRK2 are likely associated with a toxic gain of function, destabilization of LRRK2 may be a novel way to limit its detrimental effects. Here we show that LRRK2 forms a complex with heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in vivo and that inhibition of Hsp90 disrupts the association of Hsp90 with LRRK2 and leads to proteasomal degradation of LRRK2. Hsp90 inhibitors may therefore limit the mutant LRRK2-elicited toxicity to neurons. As a proof of principle, we show that Hsp90 inhibitors rescue the axon growth retardation caused by overexpression of the LRRK2 G2019S mutation in neurons. Therefore, inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity can be achieved by blocking Hsp90-mediated chaperone activity and Hsp90 inhibitors may serve as potential anti-PD drugs.
Comparative study of centralized mobility management and distributed mobility management on ID/locator separation architectures (2012)

An ID/locator separation architecture is one of the most recognized technologies for Future Internet. In ID/locator separation architectures, an ID/locator mapping system is indispensable to provide location management in mobile environments. This paper conducts a comparative study on two approaches, centralized and distributed, for building ID/locator mapping systems. We develop analytical models on the signaling cost incurred in location update and location query procedures in centralized and distributed ID/locator mapping systems. We conduct extensive numerical analysis over mesh and tree topologies. Numerical results demonstrate that the distributed ID/locator mapping system with distributed hash table (DHT) has comparable signaling cost to the centralized ID/locator mapping system while providing higher scalability and robustness.
Blocking interleukin-6 signaling inhibits cell viability/proliferation, glycolysis, and colony forming activity of human medulloblastoma cells (2017)

Elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL‑6) have tumor-promoting activity and are associated with poor survival outcomes in many cancers. Additionally, the IL‑6/GP130/STAT3 axis has been widely studied due to its pivotal role in tumor development and maintenance in a number of tissue types, including the cerebellum. However, the connection between IL‑6 signaling and medulloblastoma progression is largely unexplored. In the present study, we observed that IL‑6 induced medulloblastoma cell viability, cell proliferation and glycolysis. Furthermore, it also upregulated the expression of phosphorylated STAT3, indicating that the IL‑6/GP130/STAT3 pathway plays a central role in medulloblastoma. The FDA-approved drug bazedoxifene, a blocker of the formation of the hexameric IL‑6/IL‑6R/GP130 complex, was re-purposed in this study to inhibit the IL‑6/GP130/STAT3 signaling pathway. Bazedoxifene not only inhibited IL‑6 mediated cell viability and cell proliferation, and increased phosphorylated STAT3 expression, but it also decreased cell glycolysis, demonstrating a certain level of therapeutic efficacy in vitro. Collectively, our findings offer new insight into the molecular mechanism underlying the biological aggressiveness of medulloblastoma, the roles of IL‑6 in these processes and a possible efficacious adjuvant therapy for medulloblastoma.
Flow cytometric analysis of bioluminescence emitted by recombinant baculovirus‐infected insect cells (1994)

Five recombinant baculoviruses, each containing a different insect luciferase gene encoding a protein with characteristic light emission properties, namely, luc GR (546 nm), luc FF (556 nm), luc YG (560 nm), luc YE (578 nm), and luc OR (593 nm) were constructed. All genes were inserted under the transcriptional control of the polyhedrin gene promoter of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) and expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells during viral infection. The biological activity of the different luciferases was characterized by using intact recombinant baculovirus infected cells. Addition of the substrate, D-luciferin, immediately prior to the analysis allowed monitoring of light emission by flow cytometry. Also, the kinetics of the light emission of lucGR was analyzed with the flow cytometer. The emission peaks of the infected cells were clearly separated by wavelength scanning. Especially, the firefly luciferase (lucFF) had a broad peak and transient luminescence. The highest maximal intensity values in vivo were recorded for luc GR and luc YG. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the major protein expressed had a molecular weight similar to authentic luciferase. Flow cytometry and insect luciferases with clearly separated emission spectra appear to be of value for sensitive in vivo analysis of gene promoter activity.
Conceptual Evaluation of Weblog as a Computer Mediated Communication Application (2005)

Weblog is fast becoming an unprecedented mode of communication and self-expression for both individuals and communities. It offers users an avenue to express their opinions regarding anything that come to their minds, from current news items to documenting their lives and thoughts. Bewildered by its rapid growth and widespread popularization, researchers have sought to understand the “exquisiteness” of weblog as a form of computer-mediated communication (CMC). Despite the increasing effort to understand weblog as an informal channel of communiqué, our understanding of weblog remains modest, mainly because much of the extant research has been directed towards categorizing different forms of weblog based on content analyses and identifying factors that motivate people to blog. However, establishing weblog as a CMC application is crucial for providing the basis for cumulative research tradition. This paper draws from CMC theories – media richness and media synchronicity, to assess weblog and seeks to identify research directions.
Advanced Crash Discrimination using Crash Impact Sound Sensing (CISS) (2006)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Current crash sensing technology is mainly based on the measurement of acceleration, aside from the pressure sensing technology for side impact sensing introduced Siemens VDO in 1997. The airbag control unit mounted in the passenger compartment captures vehicle acceleration and calculates the crash detection algorithms. In most of today's systems, the discrimination algorithms are supported by acceleration or air pressure data measured at the crash zone of the vehicle.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Conventional sensor setups have difficulties detecting specific crash situations (e.g. low speed wall versus high speed deformable barrier or angular situations) in a timely manner and with good robustness.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The measurement of “Crash Impact Sound” in the vehicle structure improves the discrimination of today's sensing systems significantly. “Crash impact sound sensing” leads to higher discrimination robustness. Very fast activation times of passive restraints like belt pretensioners and airbags can be achieved and give occupants maximum protection. In addition, the number of sensors in the safety system can be reduced due to fast signal transmission. As an example, two early crash sensors can be reduced to one. The integration of “Crash Impact Sound” sensing into the central control module allows single point sensing for most frontal impacts.</div>
Synthesis, characterization, and biodegradability of fatty-acid esters of amylose and starch (1999)

A series of starch and amylose esters with different degrees of substitution and side-chain length were prepared and studied. The esters were prepared by acylation of the polysaccharide with the appropriate acid chlorides, such as octanoic, dodecanoic, and octadecanoic. The degrees of substitution were 0.54, 1.8, and 2.7. After preparation, the resulting esters were characterized by elemental analysis, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), contact angle, and water uptake measurements. Their mechanical properties and, in particular, the tensile strength and elongation at break depend on the side-chain length and on the degree of substitution. The extent of their biodegradability, after exposure to activated sludge, was assessed by weight loss measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that these new materials are biodegradable, and the biodegradation rate decreases with increasing degree of esterification. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 1440–1451, 1999
[Association of chromosomal telomere DNA with nuclear matrix in HeLa cells]. (1992)

Nuclear matrix from HeLa cells was gently extracted with a high salt solution and treated with DNase I. DNA that remained associated with the nuclear matrix (N. M. DNA) and DNA fragments released into the supernatant (SN.DNA) were isolated respectively and dot hybridized to human telomere sequence (AGGGTT/TCCCAA)40 probe. As the time of DNase I treatment was extended, the amount of N. M. DNA decreased while the concentration of telomere sequence in N.M. DNA proportionally increased. These preliminary results suggest that the telomere sequence is tightly bound to nuclear matrix in HeLa cells.
A Review: Carbon Nanotube-Based Piezoresistive Strain Sensors (2012)

The use of carbon nanotubes for piezoresistive strain sensors has acquired significant attention due to its unique electromechanical properties. In this comprehensive review paper, we discussed some important aspects of carbon nanotubes for strain sensing at both the nanoscale and macroscale. Carbon nanotubes undergo changes in their band structures when subjected to mechanical deformations. This phenomenon makes them applicable for strain sensing applications. This paper signifies the type of carbon nanotubes best suitable for piezoresistive strain sensors. The electrical resistivities of carbon nanotube thin film increase linearly with strain, making it an ideal material for a piezoresistive strain sensor. Carbon nanotube composite films, which are usually fabricated by mixing small amounts of single-walled or multiwalled carbon nanotubes with selected polymers, have shown promising characteristics of piezoresistive strain sensors. Studies also show that carbon nanotubes display a stable and predictable voltage response as a function of temperature.
Mechanisms for the reduction of radionuclides and other metal contaminants in Geobacter sulfurreducens (2006)

Many dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganisms can reduce the key radioactive contaminants, U and Tc from soluble high oxidation state forms to insoluble, low oxidation states forms (1). Little is known about the enzymatic mechanisms for these bioreductions. An understanding of these mechanisms is needed if these microorganisms are to be exploited in bioremediation technologies effectively and modeled accurately. G. sulfurreducens has been chosen for study because: It is an important component of subsurface biota (2); It's entire genome sequence is available (2); and A genetic system for this organism is available (3). The aims and objectives are: (1) To characterize the mechanisms of U(VI) and Tc(VII) reduction in G. sulfurreducens. (2) To confirm the identity of the genes encoding the relevant reductases in this organism. (3) To determine the range of other radionuclides (Np, Pu) and key metal pollutants (Cr, Hg, Co) reduced by G. sulfurreducens. (4) To identify the roles of the U(VI) and Tc(VII) reductases in the reduction of these other key pollutants.
Hydroxamic acid levels in Chilean and British wheat seedlings (1991)

Summary Fifty‐two cultivars of Chilean wheats were screened, using high pressure liquid chromatography, for hydroxamic acid levels at the seedling stage when maximal levels occur. DIMBOA levels ranged from 1.4 to 10.9 mmol/kg fr. wt and DIBOA levels ranged from 0 to 1.1 mmol/kg fr. wt. The family of wheat cultivars leading through breeding to the British cultivar Maris Freeman was examined. While DIMBOA and DIBOA levels in the ancestors ranged from 1.6 to 3.8 mmol/kg fr. wt and 0.16 to 0.34 mmol/kg fr. wt, respectively, DIMBOA and DIBOA levels in Maris Freeman were 2.39 and 0.24 mmol/kg fr. wt, respectively. The results are discussed in terms of the possibility of breeding for aphid resistance by making use of hydroxamic acids.
Genitourinary Pain And Inflammation (2008)

Any physician who sees men or women for signs or symptoms presenting below the umbilicus would appreciate this comprehensive text in which multiple subspecialists share their perspective with respect
Improving Light Output Power of the GaN-Based Vertical-Injection Light-Emitting Diodes by Mg$^{+}$ Implanted Current Blocking Layer (2009)

A method for forming a current blocking layer (CBL) by ion implantation in GaN-based vertical-injection light-emitting diodes (VI-LEDs) was proposed. It was found that the use of CBL in VI-LEDs can effectively reduce the current crowding effect and enhance the light output power. The uniform emission intensity distribution of VI-LEDs with CBL was demonstrated by electroluminescence measurements. Experimental results show that the wall-plug efficiency was enhanced by 12.3% at an injection current of 20 mA, compared to that of VI-LEDs without CBL, and by 56.2% compared to that of conventional LEDs. The device simulation results reveal that the current path can be blocked by CBL, resulting in high light extraction efficiencies and large current densities within the effective emission region of active layers.