gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The impact of management operations on the virtualized datacenter (2010)

Virtualization has the potential to dramatically reduce the total cost of ownership of datacenters and increase the flexibility of deployments for general-purpose workloads. If present trends continue, the datacenter of the future will be largely virtualized. The base platform in such a datacenter will consist of physical hosts that run hypervisors, and workloads will run within virtual machines on these platforms. From a system management perspective, the virtualized environment enables a number of new workflows in the datacenter. These workflows involve operations on the physical hosts themselves, such as upgrading the hypervisor, as well as operations on the virtual machines, such as reconfiguration or reverting from snapshots. While traditional datacenter design has focused on the cost vs. capability tradeoffs for the end-user applications running in the datacenter, we argue that the management workload from these workflows must be factored into the design of the virtualized datacenter. In this paper, we examine data from real-world virtualized deployments to characterize common management workflows and assess their impact on resource usage in the datacenter. We show that while many end-user applications are fairly light on I/O requirements, the management workload has considerable network and disk I/O requirements. We show that the management workload scales with the increasing compute power in the datacenter. Finally, we discuss the implications of this management workload for the datacenter.
Thermoregulatory responses during competitive marathon running (1977)

To assess thermoregulatory responses occuring under actual marathon racing conditions, rectal (Tre) and five skin temperatures were measured in two runners approximately every 9 min of a competitive marathon run under cool conditions. Race times and total water losses were: runner 1 = 162.7 min, 3.02 kg; runner 2 = 164.6 min, 2.43 kg. Mean skin temperature was similar throughout the race in the two runners, although they exhibited a marked disparity in temperature at individual skin sites. Tre plateaued after 35--45 min (runner 1 = 40.0--40.1, runner 2 = 38.9--39.2 degrees C). While runner 2 maintained a relatively constant level for the remainder of the race, runner 1 exhibited a secondary increase in Tre. Between 113 and 119 min there was a precipitous rise in Tre from 40.9 to 41.9 degrees C. Partitional calorimetric calculations suggested that a decrease in sweating was responsible for this increment. However, runner 1's ability to maintain his high Tre and running pace for the remaining 44 min of the race and exhibit no signs of heat illness indicated thermoregulation was intact.
Site-directed mutagenesis reveals a unique requirement for tyrosine residues in IL-7Rα and TSLPR cytoplasmic domains in TSLP-dependent cell proliferation (2010)

These results suggest that TSLP requires at least one cytoplasmic tyrosine residue to transmit proliferative signals. Unlike other members of IL-2 cytokine family, tyrosine residues in IL-7Ralpha and TSLPR cytoplasmic domains play a redundant role in TSLP-mediated cell growth.
Thermodynamics of Metal Chelate Formation of 8-Hydroxyquinoline-5-Sulfonic Acid (1969)

Acid dissociation constants and chelate stability constants of 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid have been determined for divalent metal ions. Co (Ⅱ), Ni (Ⅱ) and Zn (Ⅱ) by means of the Calvin-Bjerrum technique at the various temperatures. The standard free energy changes for the reactions at , , and were calculated, and the corresponding values of and applying over this temperature range are reported. The results are interpreted on the basis of current theories of metal chelate formation in aqueous solution.
Effects of chloride transport inhibitors on intestinal fluid and ion transport in vivo and in vitro (1993)

The hypothesis that intestinal fluid secretion is driven by Cl- has been tested by investigating the effects of NPPB (5-nitro-2-(3-phenyl-propylamino)-benzoate), a blocker of Cl- channels in nephrons, and the loop diuretic bumetanide, an inhibitor of the Na+, K+, 2Cl(-)-co-transporter. Both NPPB (IC50 (inhibitory concentration) approximately 100 microM) and bumetanide (IC50 approximately 2 microM) inhibited stimulated short-circuit current (Isc) in monolayers of a colonic cell line T84. NPPB also inhibited 36Cl- uptake by these cells, indicating that NPPB acts as a Cl- channel blocker in the T84 cells. NPPB (300 microM) and bumetanide (10 microM) abolished both stimulated Isc and Cl- secretion in isolated rat colonic mucosa. As judged by autoradiography, [3H]NPPB was found both in the crypts and at the surface after exposure of either side to the compound. In line with these results, NPPB and bumetanide reduced stimulated fluid secretion in everted colon sacs from the rat. In the anaesthetized rat model, neither bumetanide nor NPPB affected the net fluid transport. After luminal administration of [3H]NPPB to the rat, radioactivity was found mainly in the villus tips, whereas no labelling was found in the crypts. NPPB was bound to plasma protein (99%), and the inhibitory effects of both NPPB and bumetanide on Isc in T84 cells and fluid secretion in the colonic sacs decreased in the presence of albumin, again indicating that the compounds might not reach the in vivo target, or that the mechanism for fluid secretion in vivo may not be explained solely by the secretion of Cl-.
Granular presence of terminin is the marker to distinguish between the senescent and quiescent states (1991)

We have previously identified statin, a nonproliferating-cell-specific nuclear protein of 57,000 dalton whose presence can be used to distinguish between growing and nongrowing cells. In this report we identify another protein, terminin, whose presence (by immunofluorescence microscopy) can be used to distinguish between temporarily and permanently growth-arrested cells. Thus terminin is a marker to separate the senescent from the quiescent state. By means of an unique monoclonal antibody (mAb1.2), the presence of terminin is recognized as granules in the cytoplasm of in vitro aged fibroblasts; these granules are not found in serum-starved, contact-inhibited, growing or transformed fibroblasts, except for those cells experiencing the initiation of apoptosis due to long-term deprivation of nutrients. Preliminary histochemical studies show that terminin is also found in the superficial epithelial layer of the esophagus, where terminal differentiation is followed by apoptosis and sloughing off into the lumen. Biochemical characterization by Western blot shows the terminin antibody recognizing a protein of 84 kilodalton (kDa) in growing and quiescent cells, whereas in senescent cells a protein of 57 kDa is recognized; this result suggests that a senescence-dependent protease may cleave the 84 kDa protein to 57 kDa. This proteolytic action seems to render the specific antigenic epitope exposed in its native state and accessible to the terminin antibody by immunofluorescence microscopy. It is this product of posttranslational modification in the form of a cytoplasmic 57 kDa protein that is the marker distinguishing between senescence and quiescence.
A preliminary investigation of cryogenic CO2 capture utilizing a reverse Brayton Cycle (2014)

Utilizing CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technologies is a significant way to reduce carbon emissions from coal fired power plants. Cryogenic CO2 capture (CCC) is an innovative and promising CO2 capture technology, which has an apparent energy and environmental advantage compared to alternatives. A process of capturing CO2 from the flue gas of a coal-fired electrical power plant by cryogenically desublimating CO2 has been discussed and demonstrated theoretically. However, pressurizing the inlet flue gas to reduce the energy penalty for the cryogenic process will lead to a more complex system. In this paper, a modified CCC system utilizing a reverse Brayton Cycle is proposed, and the energy penalty of these two systems are compared theoretically.
Retinal Targets for Calmodulin Include Proteins Implicated in Synaptic Transmission (1998)

Ca2+ influxes regulate multiple events in photoreceptor cells including phototransduction and synaptic transmission. An important Ca2+ sensor in Drosophila vision appears to be calmodulin since a reduction in levels of retinal calmodulin causes defects in adaptation and termination of the photoresponse. These functions of calmodulin appear to be mediated, at least in part, by four previously identified calmodulin-binding proteins: the TRP and TRPL ion channels, NINAC and INAD. To identify additional calmodulin-binding proteins that may function in phototransduction and/or synaptic transmission, we conducted a screen for retinal calmodulin-binding proteins. We found eight additional calmodulin-binding proteins that were expressed in the Drosophila retina. These included six targets that were related to proteins implicated in synaptic transmission. Among these six were a homolog of the diacylglycerol-binding protein, UNC13, and a protein, CRAG, related to Rab3 GTPase exchange proteins. Two other calmodulin-binding proteins included Pollux, a protein with similarity to a portion of a yeast Rab GTPase activating protein, and Calossin, an enormous protein of unknown function conserved throughout animal phylogeny. Thus, it appears that calmodulin functions as a Ca2+ sensor for a broad diversity of retinal proteins, some of which are implicated in synaptic transmission.
Biofouling control in industrial water systems: What we know and what we need to know (2003)

Abstract Biofouling contributes substantially to economic losses in industry. Although much progress has been made in understanding biofouling and its implications in industrial water systems, many questions remain unanswered. The cost of biofouling has not been enumerated. A prerequisite for this is research to elucidate the contribution that microbiologically influenced corrosion makes, to the overall corrosion process. Surface characteristics play a major role in the initial stages of microbial attachment. Ways of preventing preferential attachment to certain areas, i.e. grain boundaries and welds need further investigation. Biocides are routinely used to control biofouling. Due to the problem of resistance and potential environmental impact, alternative strategies for biofouling control need to be investigated and put to practice. These should focus on an integrated approach with the minimum impact on the environment. A number of biofouling monitoring devices have been developed. The advantages of biofouling monitoring needs to be demonstrated and monitors should become commercially available.
Inhibition of Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) Signaling can Substitute for Oct4 Protein in Reprogramming and Maintain Pluripotency (2014)

Mouse pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), such as ES cells and induced PSCs (iPSCs), are an excellent system to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in early embryonic development. The signaling pathways orchestrated by leukemia inhibitor factor/STAT3, Wnt/β-catenin, and FGF/MEK/ERK play key roles in the generation of pluripotency. However, the function of TGF-β signaling in this process remains elusive. Here we show that inhibiting TGF-β signaling with its inhibitor SB431542 can substitute for Oct4 during reprogramming. Moreover, inhibiting TGF-β signaling can sustain the pluripotency of iPSCs and ES cells through modulating FGF/MEK/ERK signaling. Therefore, this study reveals a novel function of TGF-β signaling inhibition in the generation and maintenance of PSCs.
Interactive dynamics for visual analysis (2012)

A taxonomy of tools that support the fluent and flexible use of visualizations.
The rheological and colloidal properties of bentonite dispersions in the presence of organic compounds; I, Flow behaviour of sodium-bentonite in water-alcohol (1994)

Addition of methanol, ethanol, and n-propanol to aqueous dispersions of Namontmorillonite (2% w/w) reduces the apparent viscosity and the yield value. In the presence of NaCl the flow parameters increase to a maximum at medium alcohol concentration. Thus, the gel strength of Nabentonite dispersions can greatly change with the alcohol content of the dispersion. This is probably caused by the transition of dispersed clay mineral particles (individual silicate layers or lamellae of a few of these layers) to band-type networks with optical homogeneity and weakly attractive particle-particle interaction. When attraction between the particles becomes too strong at high alcohol concentrations, the bands are condensed to short fragments and, eventually, freely moving particles, reducing the viscosity and the yield value. The interparticle interaction energy is calculated for the constant charge model by van Olphen's (1977) method. Agreement with the experimental results is only obtained when the Stern layer adsorption is governed by a specific adsorption energy μ, which increases with decreasing dielectric constant.
Data Programming: Creating Large Training Sets, Quickly (2016)

Large labeled training sets are the critical building blocks of supervised learning methods and are key enablers of deep learning techniques. For some applications, creating labeled training sets is the most time-consuming and expensive part of applying machine learning. We therefore propose a paradigm for the programmatic creation of training sets called data programming in which users express weak supervision strategies or domain heuristics as labeling functions, which are programs that label subsets of the data, but that are noisy and may conflict. We show that by explicitly representing this training set labeling process as a generative model, we can "denoise" the generated training set, and establish theoretically that we can recover the parameters of these generative models in a handful of settings. We then show how to modify a discriminative loss function to make it noise-aware, and demonstrate our method over a range of discriminative models including logistic regression and LSTMs. Experimentally, on the 2014 TAC-KBP Slot Filling challenge, we show that data programming would have led to a new winning score, and also show that applying data programming to an LSTM model leads to a TAC-KBP score almost 6 F1 points over a state-of-the-art LSTM baseline (and into second place in the competition). Additionally, in initial user studies we observed that data programming may be an easier way for non-experts to create machine learning models when training data is limited or unavailable.
Brain-specific fatty acid-binding protein is elevated in serum of patients with dementia-related diseases (2010)

Background: There is a need for biomarkers in accessible matrices, such as blood, for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to measure the serum levels of brain-type fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) and heart-type FABP in patients with dementia-involving diseases. Methods: Brain- and heart-type FABP were measured in serum samples from patients with either Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (n = 31), Parkinson’s disease (PD, n = 43), or other cognitive disorders (OCD, n = 42) and in 52 healthy controls. The localization of brain- and heart-type FABP was determined in brain sections by immunohistochemistry. Results: Brain-type FABP levels were elevated in serum of 29%, 35%, and 24% of the patients with AD, PD, and OCD, respectively, and in 2% of the healthy donors. Heart-type FABP serum levels were not different amongst the patient groups. Brain-type and heart-type FABP expression was observed in reactive astrocytes in brain sections of patients with AD. Conclusions: In contrast to heart-type FABP, serum levels of brain-type FABP are elevated in a significant proportion of patients with various neurodegenerative diseases and can therefore have importance for defining subgroups of these patients.
Thermodynamic micellizatin model of asphaltene precipitation from petroleum fluids (1996)

Abstract A thermodynamic micellization model is proposed for the description of asphaltene precipitation from petroleum fluids. It describes the solubilization of asphaltene polar species by resin bipolar molecules in the micelles. A simple form of the standard Gibbs free energy of micellization is used. The petroleum fluid is assumed to be a dilute solution with respect to the monomeric asphaltenes, resins, and micelles. The Peng–Robinson equation of state (PR‐EOS) is applied to describe the fugacity of monomeric asphaltene in the bulk of the petroleum fluid. Intermicellar interactions as well as osmotic pressure effects are neglected. The proposed model shows promising results to describe asphaltene deposition from crude mixtures. It predicts the change in precipitation power of different alkane precipitants and the effect of pressure on asphaltene precipitation. The amount and the onset of predicted asphaltene precipitation are sensitive to the amount of resins in the crude. All these results are in line with laboratory observations and oil‐field data.
Antigen-specific single B cell sorting and expression-cloning from immunoglobulin humanized rats: a rapid and versatile method for the generation of high affinity and discriminative human monoclonal antibodies (2017)

Therefore, we describe a versatile and more effective approach as compared to hybridoma generation or phage or yeast display technologies for the generation of highly specific and discriminative fully human mAbs that could be useful both for basic research and immunotherapeutic purposes.
<i>In vivo</i>depletion of CD8<sup>+</sup>T cells restores hair growth in the DEBR model for alopecia areata (1996)

Alopecia areata (AA) is a putative autoimmune disease in which anagen hair follicles are the target of immune cell attack. While both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes are prominent in the infiltrate, their respective roles in the pathogenesis of AA remain unknown. Here we directly investigated the activity of CD8+ cells in the inhibition of hair growth using the Dundee experimental bald rat (DEBR) model for AA. Eight lesional DEBRs were fully depleted of their CD8+ cells by intraperitoneal injection of OX-8 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) specific for these cells over a 15-day therapy course. A control group of eight lesional rats was injected with the irrelevant MoAb OX-21. Sequential blood samples were analysed by flow cytometry to observe changes in the CD8+ cell population and macrophotography used to record changes in hair growth activity. All eight CD8+ depleted rats started to regrow hair within 29 days from the start of treatment, the final response ranging from sparse regrowth to a near normal coat. While two rats maintained their new pelage, the remainder lost hair as the CD8+ population in peripheral blood increased. Two of the control rats also showed hair regrowth over the experimental period of 156 days. These results suggest that CD8+ cells play an active part in the pathogenesis of AA. As hair production did not fully recover in all animals, immune mechanisms other than CD8+ cells may be involved in effecting hair loss. However, analysis of CD8+ cell levels in the skin of CD8+ depleted rats may help resolve their full importance in AA.
An adaptive wavelet-based method for mammographic image enhancement (2003)

This paper presents a method for mammographic image denoising and contrast enhancement based on an overcomplete dyadic wavelet transform. The method is aimed at improving the performance of a previous method as well as minimizing user input. The method is based on local non-linear modification of multiscale gradient magnitudes provided by the wavelet transform. Denoising is accomplished by adaptive soft-thresholding and contrast enhancement by a local non-linear gain operator (clipped local range transformation). The processed mammogram is derived by reconstruction from the modified wavelet coefficients. To demonstrate the operation of the algorithm a simulated mammographic phantom with added noise is used. Results of processing a real mammogram are also presented, indicating the potential value of the presented method.
The Primary Structure of Bdellin B-3 from the Leech<i>Hirudo medicinalis.</i>Bdellin B-3 is a Compact Proteinase Inhibitor of a “Non-classical” Kazal Type. It is present in the Leech in a High Molecular Mass Form (1986)

A proteinase inhibitor was isolated from extracts of the leech Hirudo medicinalis by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. This inhibitor is similar to the bdellins in that it blocks the activity of trypsin, plasmin and sperm acrosin but has a molecular mass, as estimated by SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis, of about 20 kDa, whereas the bdellins have molecular masses in the range 5-6 kDa. It is therefore designated as high-molecular mass bdellin B-3 (HMB). The amino-acid sequence of the inhibitor was elucidated as far as position 56. This revealed that the molecule consists of a bdellin B-3 moiety, corresponding to the N-terminal 46 residues, which is then extended at the C-terminus by a polypeptide chain of the composition Asx15, Glx25, Gly6, Val, His26-27 and Lys4. It has been formerly concluded from a partial amino-acid sequence that bdellin B-3 is a Kazal-type inhibitor. However, the complete sequence of bdellin B-3, represented by the N-terminal 46 residues of HMB, discloses that bdellin B-3 is a non-classical Kazal-type inhibitor when the number of amino-acid residues between half-cystines are considered. Presuming that formation of disulfide bridges principally follows the same pattern as in classical Kazal-type inhibitors the bdellin B-3 molecule was modeled based on the known three-dimensional structure of the third ovomucoid domains. This showed that a compact arrangement of the peptide chain of bdellin B-3 is conceivable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Scattering random-access intensity in LTE Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications (2013)

Supporting a large number of devices in LTE Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications is a big challenge. The large number of devices will try to access radio resource in a short period of time which may result in severe congestion to the Radio Access Network (RAN). Hence, how to scatter the devices, which are always trying to access to a same eNBs (evolved Node B), to other eNBs has become an important issue. In other words, balancing the random access intensity among eNBs will reduce the congestion of an RAN and improve the network utilization. Nevertheless, how to select an eNB to attach to during the initial access in a way that will balance overall access intensity in the network is a key challenge. Unfortunately, from the perspective of eNB, an eNB is unaware of how many devices will access to the eNB. Thus, an eNB cannot release the information about the access intensity in advance. In this paper, therefore, we propose four effective eNB selection algorithms to estimate the access intensity of an eNB. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms perform better than conventional approach.
The P2X7 Nucleotide Receptor Mediates Skeletal Mechanotransduction (2005)

The P2X7 nucleotide receptor (P2X7R) is an ATP-gated ion channel expressed in many cell types including osteoblasts and osteocytes. Mice with a null mutation of P2X7R have osteopenia in load bearing bones, suggesting that the P2X7R may be involved in the skeletal response to mechanical loading. We found the skeletal sensitivity to mechanical loading was reduced by up to 73% in P2X7R null (knock-out (KO)) mice. Release of ATP in the primary calvarial osteoblasts occurred within 1 min of onset of fluid shear stress (FSS). After 30 min of FSS, P2X7R-mediated pore formation was observed in wild type (WT) cells but not in KO cells. FSS increased prostaglandin (PG) E2 release in WT cells but did not alter PGE2 release in KO cells. Studies using MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts and MLO-Y4 osteocytes confirmed that PGE2 release was suppressed by P2X7R blockade, whereas the P2X7R agonist BzATP enhanced PGE2 release. We conclude that ATP signaling through P2X7R is necessary for mechanically induced release of prostaglandins by bone cells and subsequent osteogenesis.