gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solvothermal synthesis, multi-temperature crystal structures and physical properties of isostructural coordination polymers, 2C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sup>+</sup>[<i>M</i> <sub>3</sub>(C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>·3C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>11</sub>NO, <i>M</i> = Co, Zn (2006)

Two isostructural metal organic framework (MOF) structures have been synthesized by solvothermal methods and examined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A microcrystal of 2C4H12N+[Co3(C8H4O4)4]2-.3C5H11NO (1) was investigated at T = 120 K using synchrotron radiation. 2C4H12N+[Zn3(C8H4O4)4]2-.3C5H11NO (2) was investigated at multiple temperatures (T = 30, 100, 200 and 300 K) on a conventional diffractometer. The thermal expansion of the structure of (2) is anisotropic and along the a axis, which corresponds to the metal chain direction. The structures contain anionic frameworks with cations and solvent molecules trapped in the voids. The magnetic susceptibility (chi) and heat capacity (C(p)) have been measured from 1.8 to 350 K. Compound (1) orders ferromagnetically with a broad phase transition observed in C(p) at approximately 6 K. The magnetic moment reaches a value of 3 micro(B) per Co at 2 K in a magnetic field of 9 T, and a Curie-Weiss fit to chi(T) gives an effective moment (mu(eff)) of 4.2 mu(B) and a Weiss temperature (theta) of 23 K. The exchange mechanism for the magnetic coupling is suggested to involve the Co-O-Co bridges in the individual three-metal-atom subchains. The three-dimensional magnetism presumably is due to super-exchange through two out of the three unique C8H4O4 linker molecules, which have the carboxylate and benzene pi systems well aligned.
Alzheimer's Amyloid Precursor Protein α-Secretase Is Inhibited by Hydroxamic Acid-Based Zinc Metalloprotease Inhibitors:  Similarities to the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Secretase (1998)

The 4 kDa beta-amyloid peptide that forms the amyloid fibrils in the brain parenchyma of Alzheimer's disease patients is derived from the larger integral membrane protein, the amyloid precursor protein. In the nonamyloidogenic pathway, alpha-secretase cleaves the amyloid precursor protein within the beta-amyloid domain, releasing an extracellular portion and thereby preventing deposition of the intact amyloidogenic peptide. The release of the amyloid precursor protein from both SH-SY5Y and IMR-32 neuronal cells by alpha-secretase was blocked by batimastat and other related synthetic hydroxamic acid-based zinc metalloprotease inhibitors, but not by the structurally unrelated zinc metalloprotease inhibitors enalaprilat and phosphoramidon. Batimastat inhibited the release of the amyloid precursor protein from both cell lines with an I50 value of 3 microM. Removal of the thienothiomethyl substituent adjacent to the hydroxamic acid moiety or the substitution of the P2' substituent decreased the inhibitory potency of batimastat toward alpha-secretase. In the SH-SY5Y cells, both the basal and the carbachol-stimulated release of the amyloid precursor protein were blocked by batimastat. In contrast, neither the level of full-length amyloid precursor protein nor its cleavage by beta-secretase were inhibited by any of the zinc metalloprotease inhibitors examined. In transfected IMR-32 cells, the release of both the amyloid precursor protein and angiotensin converting enzyme was inhibited by batimastat, marimastat, and BB2116 with I50 values in the low micromolar range, while batimastat and BB2116 inhibited the release of both proteins from HUVECs. The profile of inhibition of alpha-secretase by batimastat and structurally related compounds is identical with that observed with the angiotensin converting enzyme secretase suggesting that the two are closely related zinc metalloproteases.
Microbioreactors for Raman Microscopy of Stromal Cell Differentiation (2010)

We present the development of microbioreactors with a sensitive and accurate optical coupling to a confocal Raman microspectrometer. We show that such devices enable in situ and in vitro investigation of cell cultures for tissue engineering by chemically sensitive Raman spectroscopic imaging techniques. The optical resolution of the Raman microspectrometer allows recognition and chemical analysis of subcellular features. Human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) have been followed after seeding through a phase of early proliferation until typically 21 days later, well after the cells have differentiated to osteoblasts. Long-term perfusion of cells in the dynamic culture conditions was shown to be compatible with experimental optical demands and off-line optical analysis. We show that Raman optical analysis of cells and cellular differentiation in microbioreactors is feasible down to the level of subcellular organelles during development. We conclude that microbioreactors combined with Raman microspectroscopy are a valuable tool to study hBMSC proliferation, differentiation, and development into tissues under in situ and in vitro conditions.
The length of the uterine cervix and its significance (1981)

Sonographic measurement of 150 pregnant and nonpregnant uteri indicate that the uterine cervix is about 2.5 cm in length in the nongravid and is seldom or never more than 6 cm in length during pregnancy. This information is used to better identify the level of the internal cervical os, especially in evaluating early placenta previa. If careful sonography is used to identify the lowest attachment of the placenta and the cervical tip, placenta previa could be excluded when the placenta is more than 6 cm from the cervical tip. This seems reliable in clinical practice and reduces the unreasonably high level of early placenta previa predictions and the attendant anxiety of mother and obstetrician.
Bioelectrochemical systems for efficient recalcitrant wastes treatment (2010)

Abstract Recalcitrant wastes including dyes, pesticides, explosives, heavy metals, polyalcohols, furan derivatives and phenolic substances, are of special concern owing to their recalcitrance and persistence in the environment. Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) including microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and microbial electrolysis cells (MECs), integrate three important wastewater treatment options, namely, biological treatment, electrolytic dissociation and electrochemical oxidation/reduction, and are regarded as a new sustainable and effective strategy for treatment of these wastes. The simultaneous and cooperative roles of these multiple units running in parallel in BESs contribute to the efficiency of recalcitrant waste treatment, while substrate metabolism is considered to be a key step triggering different unit operations. An up‐to‐date review is provided on recent research and development in BESs‐based recalcitrant wastes treatment. MFCs and MECs, as two types of BESs, are summarized in terms of treatment efficiency, recalcitrant substance metabolic pathway and microorganism diversity after a brief introduction to the electrochemical process for recalcitrant waste treatment. The scientific and technical challenges that have yet to be faced in the future are also discussed. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Alkylation of 4(5)-Substituted Imidazoles (1994)

4(5)-Substituted imidazoles were alkylated under «neutral» and alkaline conditions to give mixtures of isomers in ratios which depended on the reaction conditions, and the nature of the substituent and alkylating agents
Continuous Thermoregulatory Responses to Mass-Participation Distance Running in Heat (2006)

Ingestible telemetric temperature sensors demonstrated utility for continuous measurement of T(c) during mass-participation running. Successful application of this technology has highlighted the magnitude and duration of T(c) elevation that runners will voluntarily achieve during mass-participation distance races in heat and high humidity without medical consequence.
The Threshold Approach to Clinical Decision Making (1980)

The physician's estimate of the probability that a patient has a particular disease is a principal factor in the determination of whether to withhold treatment, obtain more data by testing, or treat without subjecting the patient to the risks of further diagnostic tests. Using the concepts of decision analysis, we have derived expressions for two threshold probabilities involved in this choice: a "testing" threshold and a "test-treatment" threshold. Values can be assigned to these thresholds from data on the reliability and potential risks of the diagnostic test and the benefits and risks of a specific treatment. Treatment should be withheld if the probability of disease is smaller than the testing threshold, and treatment should be given without further testing if the probability of disease is greater than the test-treatment threshold. The test should be performed (with treatment depending on the test outcome) only if the probability of disease is between the two thresholds. The method exposes important principles of decision making and helps the clinician develop a rational, quantitative approach to the use of diagnostic tests.
Multi-level programming of memristor in nanocrossbar (2013)

Utilizing memristor to obtain multi-level memory in nano-crossbar is a promising approach to enhance the memory density. In this paper, we proposed a solution for multi-level programming of memristor in nanocrossbar, which can be implemented on nanocrossbar without the need for extra selective devices. Meanwhile, using a general device model, this solution is demonstrated to be adaptive to a wide range of memristors that have been experimentally fabricated through HSPICE simulation.
Clinical Effect of Buckwheat Herb,RuscusExtract and Troxerutin on Retinopathy and Lipids in Diabetic Patients (1996)

In this study the effect of a buckwheat herb and a Ruscus extract preparation, compared with troxerutin, are described with respect to ophthalmological and biochemical parameters in patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. During the study period of 3 months, 60 diabetic patients were divided into three equal groups: in group I troxerutin was given, in group II Ruscus extract and in group III buckwheat herb was administered. At the beginning and on the last day of the study, each patient was subjected to ophthalmological and clinical biochemistry. The amplitude of oscillating potentials was decreased in patients receiving troxerutin, but increased in group II and group III. Regression of changes located in the fundus of the eye was demonstrated in 23.1%–27.8% of all treated patients, however deterioration in 5.6% of patients given troxerutin and in 3.3% of subjects treated with buckwheat herb was observed at the same time. No cases with progression of abnormalities in the fundus of the eye were found in group II. Moreover, troxerutin seemed to be less effective, especially when oscillating potentials were concerned. The use of buckwheat herb for the prophylaxis and treatment of diabetic patients, suffering from retinopathy is recommended.
Hypoxic exposure of cultured human renal cells induces mediators of cell migration and attachment and facilitates the repair of tubular cell monolayers in vitro (2011)

Oxygen tension is a known modulator of mammalian cell biology; gene expression, protein trafficking, cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis can each be influenced by oxygen levels. The role of oxygen tension in the isolation and function of a selected population of renal epithelial cells (B2) with demonstrated therapeutic function in models of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was investigated. Hypoxic exposure (<3%) increased recovery of cultured human CKD-derived renal cells from iodixanol-based density gradients relative to atmospheric oxygen tension (21%) (96% vs. 74%) and increased the relative distribution of selected cells (B2) into high-density (>9% iodixanol) fractions (21.6% vs. 11.2%). Hypoxia also induced mRNA expression of CXCR4, MMP9, ICAM1, and dystroglycan; genes that mediate cell migration and attachment. Focal accumulation of MMP9 and an increase in Connexin 43 aggregates on the cells' plasma membrane was confirmed by immunocytochemistry. Competitive in vitro assays demonstrated that B2 cells pre-exposed for 24 hours to hypoxic conditions were more proficient in repairing damaged renal proximal tubular monolayer cultures than B2 cells cultured at 21% oxygen tension, accounting for 58.6% ± 3% of the repair within two hours of injury. Taken together, these results suggest that hypoxic exposure facilitates the isolation of a specific renal cell subpopulation with enhanced bioactivity for repair of tubular injury in vitro, and thus may potentially affect the ability of these cells to migrate and engraft into diseased tissue after in vivo delivery.
The freshman handbook (2011)

There has been a recent unprecedented increase in the use of Online Social Networks (OSNs) to expand our social life, exchange information and share common interests. Many popular OSNs today attract hundreds of millions of users who share tremendous amount of data on it such as Facebook, Twitter, and Buzz. Given the huge business opportunities OSNs may bring, more and more new social applications has emerged on the Internet. For these newcomers in the social network business, one of the first key decisions to make is to where to deploy the computational resources to best accommodate future client requests. In this work, we aim at providing useful suggests to the new born social network providers (freshman) on the intelligent server placement, by exploring available public information from existing social network communities. In this work, we first propose three scalable server placement strategies for OSNs. Our solution can scalably select server locations among all the possible locations, at the same time reducing the cost for inter-user data sharing.
Competitive Forces Shaping the Payments Environment: What's Next?-A Conference Summary (2007)

Technological innovations have enabled numerous payment methods to proliferate in the market. As a result, payment providers have to address concerns about pricing, infrastructure, and regulatory standards. To discuss these and related issues, the Chicago Fed hosted its seventh payments conference on May 10?11, 2007.
Diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin improves oxygen extraction capabilities in endotoxic shock (2000)

We studied the effects of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb), a cell-free hemoglobin derived from human erythrocytes, on blood flow distribution and tissue oxygen extraction capabilities in endotoxic shock. Eighteen pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized, mechanically ventilated dogs received 2 mg/kg of E. coli endotoxin, followed by saline resuscitation to restore cardiac filling pressures to baseline levels. The animals were randomly divided into three groups: six served as control, six received DCLHb at a dose of 500 mg/kg ( group 1) and six DCLHb at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg ( group 2). Cardiac tamponade was then induced by saline injection in the pericardial sac to progressively reduce cardiac index and thereby allow study of tissue oxygen extraction capabilities. DCLHb had a dose-dependent vasopressor effect but did not significantly alter cardiac index or regional blood flow. During cardiac tamponade, critical oxygen delivery was 12.8 ± 0.7 ml · kg −1 · min −1 in the control group, but 8.6 ± 0.9 and 8.2 ± 0.7 ml · kg −1 · min −1 in groups 1 and 2, respectively (both P < 0.05 vs. control group). The critical oxygen extraction ratio was 39.1 ± 3.1% in the control group but 58.7 ± 12.8% and 60.2 ± 9.0% in groups 1and 2, respectively. We conclude that DCLHb can improve whole body oxygen extraction capabilities during endotoxic shock in dogs.
Chronic Kidney Disease Causes Disruption of Gastric and Small Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junction (2013)

The present study extends the earlier finding of uremia-induced disruption of colonic epithelial TJ by documenting the involvement of the stomach, jejunum, and ileum as well.
Clinical significance of anti-filaggrin antibody recognizing uncitrullinated filaggrin in rheumatoid arthritis (2005)

Filaggrin is expressed in the cornified layer of epidermis and known to be one of the antigenic targets in rheumatoid arthritis. Although the citrulline residue in filaggrin is thought to be an antigenic determinant recognized by autoantibodies, the diagnostic sensitivity of synthetic citrullinated peptide is variable. To investigate the implication of anti-filaggrin antibodies recognizing uncitrullinated filaggrin in rheumatoid arthritis, we assayed antibody titers using unmodified recombinant filaggrin in the sera from 73 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 150 patients with other connective tissue diseases and 70 normal controls. We also performed the correlation analysis between antibody titers and the clinical variables in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Titers of IgG anti-filaggrin antibodies were significantly higher in rheumatoid arthritis patients compared to normal controls (P=0.02), but not in patients with osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis or systemic lupus erythematosus. IgG anti-filaggrin antibodies were more frequently found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared to normal controls (12.3% vs 1.4% respectively, P=0.04). An anti-filaggrin antibody titer was correlated with visual analogue scale of pain, tender joint count, Ritchie articular index or C-reactive protein, but not with anti-nuclear antibody or rheumatoid factor. These results suggest that anti-filaggrin antibody recognizes the uncitrullinated filaggrin as an antigen and its titer correlates with clinical parameters, explaining the variable sensitivity of anti-filaggrin antibody test.
pH‐dependent colum fractionation for characterization of endogenous digoxin‐like immunoractive factors in pregnant urine (1991)

Samples of pregnant urine were treated with three diatomaceous earth columns to fractionate organic solvent-soluble components. The first column was pre-injected with the urine sample. The second and the third columns were pre-injected with sodium bicarbonate and sodium hydroxide solutions, respectively; these played an important role in capturing acidic components in the urine extract from the first column. Neutral components could be eluted out from the columns with the organic solvent, while the basic components were retained in the first column. Once strongly and weakly acidic components were captured on the alkaline columns, they were separately treated with an acidic mobile phase and recovered. The digoxin-like activities of each fraction were examined for cross-reactivity to antidigoxin antibody and inhibitory effects on dog kidney Na+, K(+)-ATPase. Both types of reactivity were found in all three fractions and decreased in the following order: strongly acidic, neutral and weakly acidic. The neutral fraction of pregnant urine showed significantly greater cross-reactivity than that of the non-pregnant urine. Following hydrolysis of the pregnant urine with beta-D-glucuronidase, the cross-reactivity of the neutral fraction increased significantly. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis showed that several components in the neutral fraction had apparently increased after the hydrolysis, showing the possible presence of unknown digoxin-like components in the pregnant urine.
Changing the Shape of Fracturing: New Proppant Improves Fracture Conductivity (2010)

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing is used extensively to increase hydrocarbon production from oil and gas formations. Hydraulic fracture conductivity is a key parameter in optimizing the productivity of a well after the fracture treatment. The American Petroleum Institute (API) proppant permeability / fracture conductivity testing results are frequently used in industry fracturing models when selecting the proppant that provides the optimum fracture conductivity for a well's particular reservoir properties. This design methodology invariably results in a lower than expected fracture conductivity and in many cases, lower than optimum well performance. The industry has recognized that actual fracture conductivity is often a small fraction of what would be expected by using API test results. Non-Darcy flow, multiphase flow, gel damage, stress cycling, fines migration, proppant embedment, proppant flowback, and fracture cleanup are some of the parameters that result in fracture conductivities significantly lower than those measured in an API conductivity test. A new proppant was developed to improve the final fracture conductivity achievable with high-strength spherical proppants currently available in the market place. This new product is an elongated rod-shaped, high-strength particle with integrated proppant flow back control. Initial field testing of the product was conducted in moderate permeability formations where production from prior fracture treatments indicated lower than optimum fracture conductivity. Production results from these field tests confirmed that substantial increases in fracture conductivity can be achieved. The large improvement seen in fracture conductivity can be attributed to increased porosity of the proppant pack and reduced fracture conductivity losses due to non-Darcy and multiphase flow effects. Completely changing the typical geometry of proppants used in hydraulic fracturing is a viable option for improving the conductivity of hydraulic fractures to a point not currently obtainable with spherical proppants.
Validation of Met as a Therapeutic Target in Alveolar and Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (2006)

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a highly malignant soft-tissue tumor of childhood deriving from skeletal muscle cells. RMS can be classified in two major histologic subtypes: embryonal (ERMS) and alveolar (ARMS), the latter being characterized by the PAX3/7-FKHR translocation. Here we first investigated whether the Met receptor, a transcriptional target of PAX3 and PAX7, has a role in PAX3-FKHR-mediated transformation. Following PAX3-FKHR transduction, Met was up-regulated in mouse embryonal fibroblasts (MEF), NIH 3T3 and C2C12 cells, and they all acquired anchorage independence. This property was lost in low serum but addition of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) rescued soft-agar growth. Genetic proof that Met is necessary for this PAX3-FKHR-mediated effect was obtained by transducing with PAX3-FKHR MEFs derived from Met mutant (Met(D/D)) and wild-type (Met(+/+)) embryos. Only Met(+/+) MEFs acquired anchorage-independent growth whereas PAX3-FKHR-transduced Met(D/D) cells were unable to form colonies in soft agar. To verify if Met had a role in RMS maintenance, we silenced the receptor by transducing ERMS and ARMS cell lines with an inducible lentivirus expressing an anti-Met short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Met down-regulation significantly affected RMS cells proliferation, survival, invasiveness, and anchorage-independent growth. Finally, induction of the Met-directed shRNA promoted a dramatic reduction of tumor mass in a xenograft model of RMS. Our data show that both ARMS- and ERMS-derived cell lines, in spite of the genetic drift which may have occurred in years of culture, seem to have retained an "addiction" to the Met oncogene and suggest that Met may represent a target of choice to develop novel therapeutic strategies for ARMS.