gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antisense oligonucleotides: inhibition of liver cell proliferation and in vivo disposition. (1992)

As oligomers inhibited hepatoma growth in vitro. These cells have oligomer-specific binding sites. The oligomers were taken up by liver and have potential for hepatic growth modulation in intact animals.
Cell-mediated immune response in anaplasmosis as measured by a micro cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay and leukocyte migration-inhibition test. (1976)

Two in vitro assay systems to measure cell-mediated immunity in experimentally induced anaplasmosis in splenectomized and intact calves were compared. In intact calves, the cell-mediated cytotoxic assay detected a cell-mediated immunity response early, which subsequently decreased during the recovery phase of the disease, whereas the leukocyte migration-inhibition test was negative initially and became positive during the recovery phase of the disease. In splenectomized calves, the 2 test results were not as conclusive. Positive values with the cell-mediated cytotoxic assay were noticed later in the experimental period, but higher and persistent values were observed. The leukocyte migration-inhibition test was positive at various times during the experimental period. The 2 assay systems did not correlate.
Altered expression of secreted frizzled-related protein-2 in retinitis pigmentosa retinas. (2000)

SFRPs can regulate apoptosis in vitro and appear to interact with the Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway, which includes routes to apoptotic activation. Increased SFRP2 expression in RP retinas suggests that an altered pattern of Wnt signal transduction may be a step in the degenerative process linking causal mutations with eventual photoreceptor demise.
Modeling an design of robotic systems having spring-damper actuators (2000)

The role of inherent dynamics for the improvement of control strategies of robotic systems is studied. A mathematical formulation of the optimal control problem that is suitable for this investigation is proposed. In solving this problem closed-form expressions have been obtained for the optimal control strategies for n degrees-of-freedom robotic systems with passive (unpowered) drives and no restrictions upon their controlling stimuli, and with non-linear viscoelastic spring-damper actuators. The obtained results can be used in designing optimal spring-damper-like passive drives for robotic systems.
DR2-Positive Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Narcolepsy (1990)

Narcolepsy runs in families, and recent research has revealed the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR2 to be a genetic marker closely associated with the disease. But, as indicated by family studies, other factors contribute to the pathogenesis of narcolepsy. The investigation of monozygotic twins is the most specific research tool for distinguishing between a multigenetic and a multifactorial pathogenetic model. We present clinical and sleep polygraphic data from two pairs of monozygotic twins, and in addition, from some of their first-degree relatives. In both pairs only one twin suffered from the clinical symptoms of narcolepsy/cataplexy. Only in these subjects did night sleep recordings and a multiple sleep latency test reveal both multiple sleep onset rapid-eye-movement periods (SOREMPs) and short mean sleep onset latencies. However, in two of the asymptomatic, HLA DR2+ relatives, short mean sleep onset latencies during the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) were observed, and one, HLA DR2- relative showed REM sleep two times during the MSLT. Our results strongly favor a multifactorial pathogenetic model for narcolepsy.
Single mode broad area distributed Bragg reflector ring oscillators (1992)

A large aperture, spatially coherent, single frequency semiconductor ring laser is demonstrated for the first time. Two diffraction gratings oriented orthogonally to each other are used to uniquely select a single broad area mode which oscillates at a single wavelength. Spatial coherence across a 411 μm output aperture is observed, giving a diffraction limited output beam measuring 0.2°×0.135°. The surface emitting ring oscillators contain strained InGaAs/GaAs quantum well active regions and operate at 1012 nm to pulsed output powers exceeding 500 mW with threshold current densities under 300 A/cm2.
Nervous Shock, Rescuers and Employees: Primary or Secondary Victims? (1998)

The Court of Appeal's decision in Frost is important in that it is the first decision of the lower courts concerning claims by rescuers and employees for psychiatric injuries after the two House of Lords' judgements of Alcock and Page. It is evident that the judges in Frost were presented with an uphill task of interpreting and applying the principles laid down by the Law Lords in Alcock and Page, in particular the definition of primary and secondary victims. This article examines the difficulties faced by the courts in categorising rescuers and employees as primary or secondary victims for the purposes of imposing liability for nervous shock.
DFDL: Discriminative feature-oriented dictionary learning for histopathological image classification (2015)

In histopathological image analysis, feature extraction for classification is a challenging task due to the diversity of histology features suitable for each problem as well as presence of rich geometrical structure. In this paper, we propose an automatic feature discovery framework for extracting discriminative class-specific features and present a low-complexity method for classification and disease grading in histopathology. Essentially, our Discriminative Feature-oriented Dictionary Learning (DFDL) method learns class-specific features which are suitable for representing samples from the same class while are poorly capable of representing samples from other classes. Experiments on three challenging real-world image databases: 1) histopathological images of intraductal breast lesions, 2) mammalian lung images provided by the Animal Diagnostics Lab (ADL) at Pennsylvania State University, and 3) brain tumor images from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, show the significance of DFDL model in a variety problems over state-of-the-art methods.
Superconducting device with transistor-like properties including large current amplification (2000)

We have fabricated and studied a stacked superconducting double tunnel junction device with transistor-like properties. The intermediate electrode is a bilayer consisting of a Nb film together with an Al film that acts as a quasiparticle trap. Large current gains of more than 50 are observed at 4.2 K when the Al layer is normal. The operation is highly directional. Results are explained on the basis of trapping of quasiparticles from a superconductor into a normal metal, together with a conversion of relaxation energy into electronic excitations. Similar devices should have wide applications in low-temperature measurement and detection systems.
Elevated Levels of Inflammatory and Vasoactive Factors in the Culprit Coronary Artery of Acute Myocardial Infarction (2006)

Distal embolization of the thrombus and plaque debris, as well as the release of inflammatory and vasoactive factors are suggested as important factors that may jeopardize successful myocardial reperfusion during primary coronary intervention. However, there are currently few clinical data on the presence and the role of such factors. We performed in 18 acute myocardial infaction patients primary percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) with the distal protection device of distal occlusive balloon type, PercuSurge GuideWire system. We collected blood samples from the femoral artery before PCI and from culprit coronary artery using Export aspiration catheter after predilation while inflating the distal protection balloon and after completing PCI with deflation of the distal protection balloon. We determined concentrations of C-reactive protein, soluble CD40 ligand, IL-6, serotonin, tissue factor, and factor VIIa inblood samples. The concentrations of soluble CD40 ligand(2.84±3.74 vs 0.98±0.63 ng/mL, p= 0.004), IL-6(33.67±32.63 vs 17.08±21.41 pg/mL, p<0.001), serotonin(2.05±0.76 vs 0.92±0.60 ng/mL, p<0.001), tissue factor (257.17±84.34 vs 154.60±87.99 pg/mL, p<0.001) and factor VIIa(34.30±27.30 vs 24.19±28.00 ng/mL, p=0.016) were significantly higher in the culprit coronary artery after the first predilation than those in the peripheral blood before PCI. However, the CRP concentrations in the samples from the culprit coronary artery and the femoral artery did not differ significantly(4.15±3.19 vs 4.60±3.68 mg/L, p=0.056). The blood samples from coronary artery after multiple aspirations showed reduced concentrations of soluble CD40 ligand(2.84±3.74 to 1.64±1.96 ng/mL, p=0.030), IL-6(33.67±32.63 to 22.44±21.87 ng/mL, p=0.010), serotonin(2.05±0.76 to 1.29±0.82 ng/mL, p<0.001), tissue factor(257.17±84.34 to 198.45±95.14 ng/mL, p=0.001) and factor VIIa(34.30±27.30 to 27.65±27.24 ng/mL, p=0.001) compared to those in the coronary aspirates obtained after first balloon dilation of the culprit lesions. We found increased levels of soluble inflammatory and vasoactive factors such as soluble CD40 ligand, IL-6, serotonin, tissue factor and factor VII in the aspirate from the culprit coronary artery compared to those in peripheral blood. The aspiration of blood from culprit lesion during PCI resulted in significantly reduced concentrations of inflammatory and vasoactive markers.
A high density, low on-resistance, trench lateral power MOSFET with a trench bottom source contact (2002)

A trench lateral power MOSFET with a trench bottom source contact (TLPM/S) is proposed, fabricated, and characterized. The TLPM/S is formed along the sidewalls of the trenches so as to reduce the device pitch and realize very small on-resistance per unit area. The fabricated TLPM/S, whose device pitch is 3.6 /spl mu/m, shows a specific on-resistance of 72 m/spl Omega/-mm/sup 2/ for a breakdown voltage of 73 V, which is close to the estimated silicon limit for this voltage class of devices.
An AND-Type Match-Line Scheme for High-Performance Energy-Efficient Content Addressable Memories (2006)

High search speed and low energy per search are two major design goals of content-addressable memories (CAMs). In this paper, an AND-type match-line scheme is proposed to realize a high-performance energy-efficient CAM. The realized 256 /spl times/ 128-b CAM macro, based on a 0.18-/spl mu/m 1.8-V CMOS process, achieves a 2.1-ns search time. When both the stored and search data are generated from an on-chip 4 /spl times/ 32-b LFSR with the same seed, the measured energy is 2.33-fJ/bit/search.
Multipacting study of the RF window at the Advanced Photon Source (2003)

Multipacting current can cause breakdowns in high power RF components such as input couplers, waveguide windows, and higher-order mode (HOM) dampers. To understand and prevent the loss of a ceramic window or an input coupler in the Advanced Photon Source (APS) storage ring RF cavity, the multipacting phenomenon is being investigated experimentally. This paper begins with a description of simple model, presents a hardware design, and concludes with measurement of multipacting. Multipacting is explored in conjunction with conditioning the cavities and interaction with the stored beam.
The role of acetaldehyde and glycerol in the adaptation to ethanol stress of<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>and other yeasts (2009)

Ethanol inhibition is a commonly encountered stress condition during typical yeast fermentations and often results in reduced fermentation rates and production yields. While past studies have shown that acetaldehyde addition has a significant ameliorating effect on the growth of ethanol-stressed Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this study investigated the potential ameliorating effect of acetaldehyde on a wide range of ethanol-stressed yeasts. Acetaldehyde does not appear to be a universal ameliorating agent for yeasts exposed to ethanol stress. It is also shown that as a result of an ethanol stress, most yeasts rapidly produce glycerol as an alternative means of NAD(+) regeneration rather than having a specific requirement for glycerol. The results strongly suggest that both ethanol and acetaldehyde exposure have a direct effect on the cellular NAD(+)/NADH ratio, which can manifest itself as modulations in glycerol production.
Cobalt-Catalyzed Cyclotrimerization of Alkynes:  The Answer to the Puzzle of Parallel Reaction Pathways (2007)

To understand some experimental data at odds with the computed mechanism of the CpCo(L2)-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cyclotrimerization of ethyne, DFT computations were carried out following the fate of methyl- and hydroxycarbonyl-substituted alkynes to give the corresponding arenes. The key intermediate in all cases is a triplet cobaltacyclopentadiene obtained by oxidative coupling of the corresponding CpCo(bisalkyne) complex and subsequent spin change via a minimum energy crossing point (MECP). From that species, two different catalytic cycles lead to an arene product, depending on the nature of the alkyne and other ligands present: either alkyne ligation to furnish a cobaltacyclopentadiene(alkyne) intermediate or trapping by a sigma-donor ligand to generate a coordinatively saturated cobaltacyclopentadiene(PR3) complex. The former leads to the CpCo-complexed arene product via intramolecular cobalt-assisted [4 + 2] cycloaddition, whereas the latter may, in the case of a reactive dienophile (butynedioic acid), undergo direct intermolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition to generate a cobaltanorbornene. The bridgehead cobalt atom is then reductively eliminated after another change in spin state from singlet to triplet. The necessary conditions for one or the other mechanistic pathway are elaborated.
Magnetic properties of (rare earth)Al<sub>2</sub>intermetallic compounds (1990)

Abstract In this paper the most important magnetic properties of non-S-state ferromagnetic single crystalline REAl2 (RE ≡ rare earch) intermetallic compounds with well localized 4f electrons are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the static magnetization and on the magnetic excitations. The review demonstrates that for a single REAl2 compound a cubic crystalline field (CF) provides an excellent basis for a quantitative description of the magnetization, including the magnetocrystalline anisotropy by using molecular-field theory. This approach is also appropriate in many cases for the magnetic part of the molar specific heat in a temperature range where contributions from spin waves can be neglected. Taking into account the magnetic interactions of different ions within the random-phase approximation, it is also possible in most cases to describe the low-temperature behaviour of the magnetic excitations. In general a consistent description of various other important magnetic properties can also be given. However, it is obvious from the results discussed here that in order to remove the remaining discrepancies between experiment and theory, it is not enough to include, for example, magnetostriction, anisotropic exchange and higher multiplets by retaining at the same time the basic theory. Instead, it is believed that new, and so far undetermined, concepts are needed. By comparing different REAl2 compounds, it is possible to define reduced crystal-field parameters that all have the same sign and order of magnitude. To a lesser degree, such systematic behaviour is also observed for the exchange parameters. But this comparison also clearly shows that more sophisticated treatments than those mentioned above are necessary to obtain a substantial improvement of the systematic description within the isostructural series of REAl2 compounds.
Harnessing Genetic Diversity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Fermentation of Xylose in Hydrolysates of Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide-Pretreated Biomass (2013)

The fermentation of lignocellulose-derived sugars, particularly xylose, into ethanol by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is known to be inhibited by compounds produced during feedstock pretreatment. We devised a strategy that combined chemical profiling of pretreated feedstocks, high-throughput phenotyping of genetically diverse S. cerevisiae strains isolated from a range of ecological niches, and directed engineering and evolution against identified inhibitors to produce strains with improved fermentation properties. We identified and quantified for the first time the major inhibitory compounds in alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP)-pretreated lignocellulosic hydrolysates, including Na(+), acetate, and p-coumaric (pCA) and ferulic (FA) acids. By phenotyping these yeast strains for their abilities to grow in the presence of these AHP inhibitors, one heterozygous diploid strain tolerant to all four inhibitors was selected, engineered for xylose metabolism, and then allowed to evolve on xylose with increasing amounts of pCA and FA. After only 149 generations, one evolved isolate, GLBRCY87, exhibited faster xylose uptake rates in both laboratory media and AHP switchgrass hydrolysate than its ancestral GLBRCY73 strain and completely converted 115 g/liter of total sugars in undetoxified AHP hydrolysate into more than 40 g/liter ethanol. Strikingly, genome sequencing revealed that during the evolution from GLBRCY73, the GLBRCY87 strain acquired the conversion of heterozygous to homozygous alleles in chromosome VII and amplification of chromosome XIV. Our approach highlights that simultaneous selection on xylose and pCA or FA with a wild S. cerevisiae strain containing inherent tolerance to AHP pretreatment inhibitors has potential for rapid evolution of robust properties in lignocellulosic biofuel production.
Discovery of a Novel HDAC2 Inhibitor by a Scaffold-Merging Hybrid Query (2015)

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are part of a vast family of enzymes with crucial roles in numerous biological processes, largely through their repressive influence on transcription, with serious implications in a variety of human diseases. Among different isoforms, human HDAC2 in particular draws attention as a promising target for the treatment of cancer and memory deficits associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Now the challenge is to obtain a compound that is structurally novel and truly selective to HDAC2 because most current HDAC2 inhibitors do not show isoforms selectivity and suffer from metabolic instability. In order to identify novel, and isoform-selective inhibitors for human HDAC2, we designed a shape-based hybrid query from multiple scaffolds of known chemical classes and validated it to be a more effective approach to discover diverse scaffolds than single-molecule query. The hybrid query-based screening rendered a hit compound with the N-benzylaniline scaffold which showed moderate inhibitory activity against HDAC2, and its chemical structure is diverse compared to known HDAC2 inhibitors. Notably, this compound shows the selectivity against the HDAC6, a Class II enzyme, thus has the potential to further develop into the class- and isoform-selective inhibitors. Our present study supplies an useful approach to identifying novel HDAC2 inhibitors, and can be extended to the inquires of other important biomedical targets as well.
Clindamycin-Associated Colitis Due to a Toxin-Producing Species of Clostridium in Hamsters (1977)

Clindamycin-associated enterocolitis in hamsters was studied to detect and characterize a transmissible agent. It was found that the disease could be transferred by cecal contents and filtrates of cecal contents (pore size of filter, 0.02 μm) obtained from animals after administration of clindamycin. Subsequent work showed that enterocolitis could be produced with broth cultures of a species of Clostridium recovered from cecal contents of animals with clindamycin-induced disease. The cell-free supernatant of this strain also caused enterocolitis. Cecal contents from animals with clindamycin-induced disease incubated with gas gangrene antitoxin failed to cause intestinal lesions. These experiments indicate that clindamycin-associated colitis in hamsters is due to a clindamycin-resistant, toxin-producing strain of Clostridium.
<i>Histoplasma capsulatum</i> α-(1,3)-glucan blocks innate immune recognition by the β-glucan receptor (2007)

Successful infection by fungal pathogens depends on subversion of host immune mechanisms that detect conserved cell wall components such as beta-glucans. A less common polysaccharide, alpha-(1,3)-glucan, is a cell wall constituent of most fungal respiratory pathogens and has been correlated with pathogenicity or linked directly to virulence. However, the precise mechanism by which alpha-(1,3)-glucan promotes fungal virulence is unknown. Here, we show that alpha-(1,3)-glucan is present in the outermost layer of the Histoplasma capsulatum yeast cell wall and contributes to pathogenesis by concealing immunostimulatory beta-glucans from detection by host phagocytic cells. Production of proinflammatory TNFalpha by phagocytes was suppressed either by the presence of the alpha-(1,3)-glucan layer on yeast cells or by RNA interference based depletion of the host beta-glucan receptor dectin-1. Thus, we have functionally defined key molecular components influencing the initial host-pathogen interaction in histoplasmosis and have revealed an important mechanism by which H. capsulatum thwarts the host immune system. Furthermore, we propose that the degree of this evasion contributes to the difference in pathogenic potential between dimorphic fungal pathogens and opportunistic fungi.
Acetaldehyde Inhibits Chymotrypsin and Serum Anti-Chymotrypsin Activity (1998)

These data show that AcH clearly decreases the antichymotryptic activity of serum (consisting of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, and alpha 2-macroglobulin). The incomplete inactivation of chymotrypsin by serum and partial inactivation of CT inhibitor(s) by AcH suggest the possibility that CT leaked into the circulation, (in alcoholic pancreatitis) may be available in blood to lower the clotting potential induced by thrombin-activated platelets, and that a greater amount of CT might be available in the blood of alcoholics, thereby contributing, in part, to the prolongation of clotting times.
Mental Health on the Go (2014)

Interest in the use of mobile technology to deliver mental health services has grown in light of the economic and practical barriers to treatment. Yet, research on alternative delivery strategies that are more affordable, accessible, and engaging is in its infancy. Attention bias modification training (ABMT), has potential to reduce treatment barriers as a mobile intervention for stress and anxiety, but the degree to which ABMT can be embedded in a mobile gaming format and its potential for transfer of benefits is unknown. The present study examined effects of a gamified ABMT mobile application in highly trait anxious participants (<i>N</i> = 78). A single session of the active compared to placebo training reduced subjective anxiety and observed stress reactivity. Critically, the long (45 minutes) but not short (25 minutes) active training condition reduced the core cognitive process implicated in ABMT (threat bias) as measured by an untrained, gold-standard protocol.
<sup>18</sup>F Stilbenes and Styrylpyridines for PET Imaging of Aβ Plaques in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Miniperspective (2009)

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease of the brain, characterized by a slowly progressive dementia. This insidious disease is growing in importance because it affects millions of older patients. Clinical symptoms of AD include cognitive decline, irreversible memory loss, disorientation and language impairment. Major neuropathology observations of