gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of HIV-1 Infectivity and Epithelial Cell Transfer by Human Monoclonal IgG and IgA Antibodies Carrying the b12 V Region (2007)

Both IgG and secretory IgA Abs in mucosal secretions have been implicated in blocking the earliest events in HIV-1 transit across epithelial barriers, although the mechanisms by which this occurs remain largely unknown. In this study, we report the production and characterization of a human rIgA(2) mAb that carries the V regions of IgG1 b12, a potent and broadly neutralizing anti-gp120 Ab which has been shown to protect macaques against vaginal simian/HIV challenge. Monomeric, dimeric, polymeric, and secretory IgA(2) derivatives of b12 reacted with gp120 and neutralized CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic strains of HIV-1 in vitro. With respect to the protective effects of these Abs at mucosal surfaces, we demonstrated that IgG1 b12 and IgA(2) b12 inhibited the transfer of cell-free HIV-1 from ME-180 cells, a human cervical epithelial cell line, as well as Caco-2 cells, a human colonic epithelial cell line, to human PBMCs. Inhibition of viral transfer was due to the ability of b12 to block both viral attachment to and uptake by epithelial cells. These data demonstrate that IgG and IgA MAbs directed against a highly conserved epitope on gp120 can interfere with the earliest steps in HIV-1 transmission across mucosal surfaces, and reveal a possible mechanism by which b12 protects the vaginal mucosal against viral challenge in vivo.
Segmentation of low-quality typewritten digits (2002)

This work addresses the segmentation of numeric fields in forms presenting blurring, breaks and touching in digits. In an OCR system, the segmentation phase plays a determinant role in the global accuracy of the system. Segmentation is basically addressed from two approaches: (a) as an isolated phase in the OCR process, and (b) as interacting with the recognition of the segmented item. In this work, we have considered the first one in order to develop a robust new cost function combining vertical projection, Tsujimoto metric (1991) and background information. Unlike other techniques reported in the literature, ours obtains a near-optimum number of break points in fields containing broken, blurred and touching characters, leading to high accuracy in the global OCR system. Our experiments with a sample including about 11283 numeric fields in 144 forms (more than 50000 digits of that kind) show that 99.74% of fields have been correctly segmented. The new cost function only made 50 errors.
Drinking water quality assessment of the Middle Governorate in the Gaza Strip, Palestine (2013)

The aim of this study is to investigate drinking water contamination and to identify potential sources of contamination during the water production and delivery process in the middle area of the Gaza Strip. The samples were taken from private desalination plants, water tankers, distribution points located in stores along the streets, household storage units, and from private wells. The presence of biological contamination was detectable in 20.0% of storage tanks of private desalination plants, 26.7% of water tankers, 74.0% of drinking water distribution points and 75.7% of drinking water household storage tanks. With reference to chemical investigations, pH was mostly below the acceptable level, with values ranging from 4.4 to 6.3, with an average value of 5.4. Low pH was also confirmed in the samples taken from household and distribution points. The results of the chemical and bacteriological parameters were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) and Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) guidelines for drinking water.
The Bounds of Reason (2014)

Game theory is central to understanding human behavior and relevant to all of the behavioral sciences—from biology and economics, to anthropology and political science. However, as this book demonstrates, game theory alone cannot fully explain human behavior and should instead complement other key concepts championed by the behavioral disciplines. The book shows that just as game theory without broader social theory is merely technical bravado, so social theory without game theory is a hindered enterprise. The book is a combination of a text book on game theory and a plea to use behavioral game theory as a unifying tool in all behavioral sciences. This edition has been thoroughly revised and updated. Reinvigorating game theory, the book offers innovative thinking for the behavioral sciences.
Reversal of α,α′-Dipyridyl-induced Porphyrin Synthesis in Etiolated and Greening Red Kidney Bean Leaves (1979)

The chemical induction of porphyrin synthesis has been investigated in etiolated and greening leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Red Kidney. When these leaves are incubated in darkness with solutions of transition metal ion chelators such as alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl, 1,10-phenanthroline, pyridine-2-aldoxime, or other related aromatic heterocyclic nitrogenous bases, they synthesize large amounts of protochlorophyllide and Mg protoporphyrins. Greening leaves produce more porphyrin than do etiolated leaves under such conditions. If the leaves are then transferred to 1 millimolar solutions of various transition metal salts such as Fe(2+), Zn(2+), or Co(2+) (but not Mn(2+) or Mg(2+)), Mg protoporphyrin (monomethyl ester) synthesis immediately ceases and the pigment(s) rapidly disappear(s); protochlorophyllide synthesis gradually diminishes during 4 to 8 hours of treatment. The loss in Mg protoporphyrin(s) can be accounted for by a simultaneous increase in protochlorophyllide in partially greened leaves but not in etiolated leaves. In the latter, the decline in Mg protoporphyrin(s) initiated by the application of Zn(2+) is retarded by low temperature and anaerobiosis but not by respiratory inhibitors. Cycloheximide inhibits the loss of Mg protoporphyrin(s) but does not affect their conversion to protochlorophyllide.THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT: (a) greening leaves have a greater capacity to synthesize delta-aminolevulinic acid than do etiolated leaves; (b) alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl induction of porphyrin synthesis in etiolated and greening leaves can be blocked by application of certain transition metal salts; (c) in greening leaves the accumulated Mg protoporphyrin(s) are stoichiometrically converted to protochlorophyllide upon treatment with these salts whereas in etiolated leaves the accumulated Mg protoporphyrin(s) are labile and are not quantitatively converted to protochlorophyllide upon such treatment; (d) in etiolated leaves the accumulated Mg protoporphyrin(s) are destroyed via a light-independent, probably enzymic process which requires cytoplasmic protein synthesis.
Elimination of the Travel Diary: Experiment to Derive Trip Purpose from Global Positioning System Travel Data (2001)

Several recent pilot studies combined Global Positioning System (GPS) technology with travel survey data collection to evaluate opportunities for improving the quantity and accuracy of travel data. These studies used GPS to supplement traditional data elements collected in paper or electronic travel diaries. Although many traditional trip elements can be obtained from the GPS data, trip purpose has remained an important element, requiring the use of a diary to continue. Presented are the results of a proof-of-concept study conducted at the Georgia Institute of Technology that examined the feasibility of using GPS data loggers to completely replace, rather than supplement, traditional travel diaries. In this approach, all GPS data collected must be processed so that all essential trip data elements, including trip purpose, are derived. If this processing is done correctly and quickly, then the computer-assisted telephone interview retrieval call could be shortened significantly, reducing both respondent burden and telephone interview times. The study used GPS data loggers to collect travel data in personal vehicles. The GPS data were then processed within a geographic information system (GIS) to derive most of the traditional travel diary elements. These derived data were compared with data recorded on paper diaries by the survey participants and were found to match or exceed the reporting quality of the participants. Most important, this study demonstrated that it is feasible to derive trip purpose from the GPS data by using a spatially accurate and comprehensive GIS.
Adaptive estimation and identification for discrete systems with Markov jump parameters (1982)

Linear discrete-time stochastic dynamical systems with parameters which may switch among a finite set of values are considered. The switchings are modeled by a finite state ergodic Markov chain whose transition probability matrix is unknown and is assumed to belong to a compact set. A novel scheme, called truncated maximum likelihood estimation, is proposed for consistent estimation of the transition probabilities given noisy observations of the system output variables. Conditions for strong consistency are investigated assuming that the measurements are taken after the system has achieved a statistical steady state. The case when the true transition matrix does not belong to the unknown transition matrix set is also considered. The truncated maximum likelihood procedure is computationally feasible, whereas the standard maximum likelihood procedure is not, given large observation records. Finally, using the truncated ML algorithm, a suboptimal adaptive state estimator is proposed and its asymptotic behavior is analyzed.
Unsymmetrical Cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA) Compounds as Human CD4 Receptor Down-Modulating Agents (2011)

Cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA) inhibits HIV at submicromolar levels by specifically down-modulating cell-surface and intracellular CD4. The specific biomolecular target of CADA compounds is unknown, but previous studies led to an unsymmetrical binding model. To test this model, methods were developed for effective synthesis of diverse, unsymmetrical CADA compounds. A total of 13 new, unsymmetrical target compounds were synthesized, as well as one symmetrical analogue. The new compounds display a wide range of potency for CD4 down-modulation in CHO·CD4-YFP cells. VGD020 (IC(50) = 46 nM) is the most potent CADA compound discovered to date, and VGD029 (IC(50) = 730 nM) is the most potent fluorescent analogue. Structure-activity relationships are analyzed from the standpoint of additive or nonadditive energy effects of different substituents. They appear to be consistent with the zipper-type mechanism in which entropy costs are reduced for additional stabilizing interactions between the small molecule and its protein target.
Proceedings, 15 : COMPSAC 91 : the Fifteenth Annual International Computer Software & Applications Conference, Sept. 11-13, 1991, Kogakuin University, Tokyo, Japan (1991)

Papers of the conference at Kogakuin U., Tokyo, Japan in Sept. 1991. They include software reuse technologies, compiler optimization for parallel systems, user interfaces, formal methods, specification support, logic programming, query language & processing, efficient algorithms software metrics, re
Defense-in-depth and Role Authentication for Microservice Systems (2018)

Microservices are a widely deployed pattern for implementing large-scale distributed systems. However, in order to harden the overall system and when crossing datacenter boundaries, the authenticity and confidentiality of microservice calls have to be secured even for internal calls. Since most microservice systems employ HTTP-based approaches, TLS communication is usually used to secure the communication channels. However, TLS by itself provides only link-level security. Authentication options are limited or alternatively must be implemented in the application code. As a result, microservice systems often lack proper defense in depth. In this paper we present how standard cryptographic primitives can be combined to provide a flexible communication system providing a high level of security even when easy to manage low-entropy authentication secrets are used. Furthermore, the approach provides encryption, forward secrecy and protection against replay attacks even for out-of-order communication.
ASR in portable wireless devices (2005)

This paper discusses the applicability and role of automatic speech recognition in portable wireless devices. Due to the author's background, the viewpoints are somewhat biased to mobile telephones, but many of the aspects are nevertheless common for other portable devices as well. While still dominated by the speaker-dependent technology, there are today signs that also in wireless devices, there are ASR trends towards speaker-independent systems. As these modern communication devices are usually intended for mass markets, the paper reviews the ASR areas that are relevant for speech recognition on low cost embedded systems. In particular, multilingual ASR, low complexity ASR algorithms and their implementation, and acoustic model adaptation techniques play a key role in enabling cost effective realization of ASR systems. Low complexity and advanced noise robust ASR algorithms are sometimes conflicting concepts. The paper also briefly reviews some of the most important noise robust ASR techniques that are well suited for embedded systems.
Defence of <i>Rhizobium etli</i> bacteroids against oxidative stress involves a complexly regulated atypical 2‐Cys peroxiredoxin (2005)

In general, oxidative stress, the consequence of an aerobic lifestyle, induces bacterial antioxidant defence enzymes. Here we report on a peroxiredoxin of Rhizobium etli, prxS, strongly expressed under microaerobic conditions and during the symbiotic interaction with Phaseolus vulgaris. The microaerobic induction of the prxS-rpoN2 operon is mediated by the alternative sigma factor RpoN and the enhancer-binding protein NifA. The RpoN-dependent promoter is also active under low-nitrogen conditions through the enhancer-binding protein NtrC. An additional symbiosis-specific weak promoter is located between prxS and rpoN2. Constitutive expression of prxS confers enhanced survival and growth to R. etli in the presence of H2O2. Single prxS mutants are not affected in their symbiotic abilities or defence response against oxidative stress under free-living conditions. In contrast, a prxS katG double mutant has a significantly reduced (>40%) nitrogen fixation capacity, suggesting a functional redundancy between PrxS and KatG, a bifunctional catalase-peroxidase. In vitro assays demonstrate the reduction of PrxS protein by DTT and thioredoxin. PrxS displays substrate specificity towards H2O2 (Km = 62 microM) over alkyl hydroperoxides (Km > 1 mM). Peroxidase activity is abolished in both the peroxidatic (C56) and resolving (C156) cysteine PrxS mutants, while the conserved C81 residue is required for proper folding of the protein. Resolving of the R. etli PrxS peroxidatic cysteine is probably an intramolecular process and intra- and intersubunit associations were observed. Taken together, our data support, for the first time, a role for an atypical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin against oxidative stress in R. etli bacteroids.
Adaptive control of continuous-time chaotic systems (1998)

A new method of parametric adaptive control is presented for a multiparameter nonlinear system. The Lyapunov method is used to prove parametric control equations are global asymptotically stable. It has been shown that this method in this paper is a very effective one to analyze parametric adaptive control for chaotic systems.
Experimental Realization of a Differential Charge Qubit (2007)

We demonstrate the operation of a differential single Cooper-pair box, a charge qubit consisting of two aluminum islands, isolated from ground, coupled by a pair of small-area Josephson junctions. We have tested four devices, all of which show evidence of quasiparticle poisoning. The devices are characterized with microwave spectroscopy and temperature dependence studies.
Garnet-Type Li<sub>7</sub>La<sub>3</sub>Zr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>12</sub>Solid Electrolyte Thin Films Grown by CO<sub>2</sub>-Laser Assisted CVD for All-Solid-State Batteries (2016)

The detailed characterization of garnet-type Li-ion conducting Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (LLZO) solid electrolyte thin films grown by novel CO₂-laser assisted chemical vapor deposition (LA-CVD) is reported. A deposition process parameter study reveals that an optimal combination of deposition temperature and oxygen partial pressure is essential to obtain high quality tetragonal LLZO thin films. The polycrystalline tetragonal LLZO films grown on platinum have a dense and homogeneous microstructure and are free of cracks. A total lithium ion conductivity of 4.2·10⁻⁶ S·cm⁻¹ at room temperature, with an activation energy of 0.50 eV, is achieved. This is the highest total lithium ion conductivity value reported for tetragonal LLZO thin films so far, being about one order of magnitude higher than previously reported values for tetragonal LLZO thin films prepared by sputtering and pulsed laser deposition. The results of this study suggest that the tetragonal LLZO thin films grown by LA-CVD are applicable for the use in all-solid-state thin film lithium ion batteries.
Simulation of Temperature Characteristics of InGaP/InGaAs/Ge Triple-Junction Solar Cell under Concentrated Light (2011)

Using an equivalent circuit model, the temperature characteristics of an InGaP/InGaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cell under concentrated light conditions were analyzed in detail. The current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of the single-junction solar cells (InGaP, InGaAs, and Ge solar cells) were measured at various temperatures. From the dark I–V characteristics of each single-junction solar cell, the diode parameters and temperature exponents were extracted. The extracted diode parameters and temperature exponents were applied to the equivalent circuit model for the triple-junction solar cell, and the solar-cell performance was calculated. There was good agreement between the measured and calculated I–V characteristics of the triple-junction solar cell at various temperatures under concentrated light conditions.
Phthalazinol, Thrombocytopenia, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (1980)

Side effects of a drug sometimes lead to new uses. Phthalazinol is an inhibitor of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterase (and cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase to a much lesser extent), with no serious side effects.<sup>1-3</sup>We have used phthalazinol, 30 to 75 mg/kg/day, in patients during a period of four years, for as long as 33/4 years in one patient, attempting to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.<sup>1</sup>Phthalazinol raised to normal the low CSF levels of cAMP, but did not raise the low levels of cGMP.<sup>3.4</sup>Phthalazinol did not benefit the disease in 20 patients.<sup>3</sup>One 69-year-old man with only bulbar involvement, which had progressed for 30 months before treatment, has had no further progression during 47 months of phthalazinol therapy, 35 mg/kg/day. Whether arrest was related to the phthalazinol or a spontaneous plateauing of his disease is not yet known.3 Transient side effects in a
1,7‐Dideaza‐2′,3′‐dideoxyadenosine: Syntheses of Pyrrolo[2,3‐<i>b</i>]pyndine 2′,3′‐Dideoxyribofuranosides and Participation of Purine N(1) during HIV‐1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibition (1991)

Abstract The syntheses of 1,7‐dideaza‐2′,3′‐dideoxyadenosine ( 1 ) and related pyrrolo[2,3‐ b ]pyridine 2′,3′‐dideoxyribi and 2′,3′‐didehydro‐2′,3′‐dideoxyribonucleosides (see 2–5 ) are described. As starting materials, 2′‐deoxyribo‐nucleosides 6 or 7 were used. The 3′‐OH group was removed by Barton deoxygenation or via mesylation follow by elimination and catalytic hydrogenation. Compound 1 was also obtained from the direct glycosylation of 4‐nitro‐1 H ‐pyrrolo[2,3‐ b ]pyridine ( 17 ) with the 2,3‐dideoxyribofuranosyl chloride 18. The triphosphate 25 of 1 showed only marginal activity against HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase, indicating that purine N(1) is required for the inhibitory activity of the parent 2′,3′‐dideoxyadenosine.
Modeling, simulation, and experiments of coating growth on nanofibers (2008)

This work is a comparison of modeling and simulation results with experiments for an integrated experimental/modeling investigation of a procedure to coat nanofibers and core-clad nanostructures with thin film materials using plasma enhanced physical vapor deposition. In the experimental effort, electrospun polymer nanofibers are coated with metallic materials under different operating conditions to observe changes in the coating morphology. The modeling effort focuses on linking simple models at the reactor level, nanofiber level and atomic level to form a comprehensive model. The comprehensive model leads to the definition of an evolution equation for the coating free surface around an isolated nanofiber. This evolution equation was previously derived and solved under conditions of a nearly circular coating, with a concentration field that was only radially dependent and that was independent of the location of the coating free surface. These assumptions permitted the development of analytical expressions for the concentration field. The present work does not impose the above-mentioned conditions and considers numerical simulations of the concentration field that couple with level set simulations of the evolution equation for the coating free surface. Further, the cases of coating an isolated fiber as well as a multiple fiber mat are considered. Simulation results are compared with experimental results as the reactor pressure and power, as well as the nanofiber mat porosity, are varied.
Divergent regulation of HIV-1 replication in PBMC of infected individuals by CC chemokines: suppression by RANTES, MIP-1alpha, and MCP-3, and enhancement by MCP-1. (2000)

We investigated the role of different CC chemokines, including regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), macrophage inflammatory protein-lalpha (MIP-1alpha), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and MCP-3 on virus replication in cultures established from CD8+ T cell-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of HIV-infected individuals that were either cocultivated with allogeneic T cell blasts (ATCB) of uninfected individuals or directly stimulated by mitogen plus interleukin-2. RANTES was the only chemokine that showed a clear-cut suppressive effect on HIV replication in both culture systems, although inhibitory effects were frequently also observed with MIP-1alpha, MCP-3, and, occasionally, with MCP-1. In contrast, MCP-1 frequently enhanced HIV production in most patients' cultures or cocultures that were characterized by secreting relatively low levels (<20 ng/mL) of MCP-1. When CD8-depleted PBMC of HIV+ individuals were cocultivated with ATCB of uninfected healthy donors, a positive correlation was observed between MCP-1 concentrations and the enhancement of HIV-1 replication occurring after depletion of CD8+ cells from donors' cells. Depletion of CD14+ cells (monocytes) from ATCB resulted in the down-regulation of virus replication during co-cultivation with CD8-depleted PBMC of infected individuals. Of interest, MCP-1 up-regulated HIV production in these CD14-depleted ATCB cocultures. Altogether these observations suggest that MCP-1 may represent an important factor enhancing HIV spreading, particularly in anatomical sites, such as the brain, where infection of macrophages and microglial cells plays a dominant role.
Preparation of α-(N-trimethylsilyl)imino esters and their use in the synthesis of α-amino esters and 2-alkoxycarbonylimidazol-4(2H)-ones (1989)

The reaction of α-keto esters with lithium 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazanide afforded α-(N-trimethylsilyl)imino esters in good yields, which were reduced to the corresponding α-amino esters by reducing agents such as NaBH3CN. α-(N-Trimethylsilyl)imino esters were treated with methanol to afford 2-alkoxycarbonylimidazole-4(2H)-ones via dimerization of the intermediate α-imino esters.