gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Construction of adenoviral and retroviral vectors coexpressing the genes encoding the hepatitis B surface antigen and B7-1 protein (1996)

Recombinant retroviral (re-Rv) and adenoviral (re-Ad) vectors for delivery of two foreign genes were constructed, using the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) which mediates initiation of cap-independent translation. The first gene encoded the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and the second encoded human or murine B7-1 molecule, a cell surface protein which is a costimulator for T cell activation. The EMCV IRES sequence was placed between the first and second coding sequences to form a dicistronic DNA fragment. In Rv vectors, the dicistronic fragment was inserted between the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) and an internal promoter for the neomycin (neo) gene, so that the transcription initiated from the 5' LTR would generate a dicistronic mRNA for the HBsAg and B7-1 molecules. For Ad vectors, the dicistronic fragment was inserted between a cytomegalovirus promoter and a polyA signal to form a transcription cassette. This transcription cassette was inserted into the early region 1 of Ad5 genome to form a replication-defective re-Ad vector, or into early region 3 to form replication-competent vectors. Human cell line A549 infected with the re-Rv vectors or with the re-Ad vectors synthesized and secreted HBsAg at comparable levels, while the B7-1 molecules were detected at the surface of the infected cells, indicating both foreign genes carried by the Rv and Ad vectors were expressed efficiently.
Notes on the synthesis of <i>meso</i>‐substituted porphyrins from pyrryl carbinols and the mechanism of the rothemund reaction (1981)

Abstract Aryl pyrryl carbinols have been found to readily cyclize to meso ‐substituted tetraarylporphyrins in yields which are consistent with the intermediacy of the pyrryl carbinols in the Rothemund reaction. Acidic solutions of the pyrryl carbinols show absorption bands characteristic of pyrrolylmethenes. It is suggested that pyrrolylmethenes are likely intermediates in the Rothemund reaction.
Activated metals. IX. New reformatsky reagent involving activated indium for the preparation of .beta.-hydroxy esters (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTActivated metals. IX. New reformatsky reagent involving activated indium for the preparation of .beta.-hydroxy estersLi-Chung Chao and Reuben D. RiekeCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 15, 2253–2255Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00903a031https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00903a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views524Altmetric-Citations99LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Preparation of Acrylyl Chloride (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation of Acrylyl ChlorideGuido H. Stempel Jr., Robert P. Cross, and Raymond P. MariellaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 5, 2299–2300Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01161a527https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01161a527research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2169Altmetric-Citations242LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Diffraction Loss and Selection of Modes in Maser Resonators with Circular Mirrors (1965)

The losses, phase shifts and field distribution functions for the two lowest-order modes of interferometer-type maser resonators consisting of spherically curved mirrors with circular apertures are computed by solving a pair of integral equations numerically on a digital computer. Solutions are obtained for the symmetric geometry of identically curved mirrors and for the half-symmetric geometry consisting of one plane and one curved mirror, with the radius of curvature of the mirrors as a variable parameter. The confocal or near-confocal configuration is shown to have good mode-selective properties in that the ratio of the loss of the second lowest-order (TEM <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</inf> ) mode to that of the lowest-order (TEM <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">00</inf> ) mode is the largest of the configurations considered. The numerical results should be of interest to those concerned with the problem of mode selection in optical masers and with the design of single-mode masers with relatively low gain.
Binding Specificities and Potential Roles of Isoforms of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E in <i>Leishmania</i> (2006)

The 5' cap structure of trypanosomatid mRNAs, denoted cap 4, is a complex structure that contains unusual modifications on the first four nucleotides. We examined the four eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) homologues found in the Leishmania genome database. These proteins, denoted LeishIF4E-1 to LeishIF4E-4, are located in the cytoplasm. They show only a limited degree of sequence homology with known eIF4E isoforms and among themselves. However, computerized structure prediction suggests that the cap-binding pocket is conserved in each of the homologues, as confirmed by binding assays to m(7)GTP, cap 4, and its intermediates. LeishIF4E-1 and LeishIF4E-4 each bind m(7)GTP and cap 4 comparably well, and only these two proteins could interact with the mammalian eIF4E binding protein 4EBP1, though with different efficiencies. 4EBP1 is a translation repressor that competes with eIF4G for the same residues on eIF4E; thus, LeishIF4E-1 and LeishIF4E-4 are reasonable candidates for serving as translation factors. LeishIF4E-1 is more abundant in amastigotes and also contains a typical 3' untranslated region element that is found in amastigote-specific genes. LeishIF4E-2 bound mainly to cap 4 and comigrated with polysomal fractions on sucrose gradients. Since the consensus eIF4E is usually found in 48S complexes, LeishIF4E-2 could possibly be associated with the stabilization of trypanosomatid polysomes. LeishIF4E-3 bound mainly m(7)GTP, excluding its involvement in the translation of cap 4-protected mRNAs. It comigrates with 80S complexes which are resistant to micrococcal nuclease, but its function is yet unknown. None of the isoforms can functionally complement the Saccharomyces cerevisiae eIF4E, indicating that despite their structural conservation, they are considerably diverged.
Physical design and fabrication of a multiple element slab waveguide spectrograph for multimode fiber-optic WDM systems (1993)

The materials and processes for fabricating a compact multiple-element slab waveguide spectrograph suitable for multimode fiber-optic wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) applications are described. A fabrication scheme based on thick-film solder glass glazing, hot-press lamination and optical finishing was chosen to produce a precisely dimensioned glass-ceramic spectrograph blank structure that is compatible with grating replication manufacturing technology and suitable for hermetic packaging. The laminated blank consists of alternating layers of glass-ceramic spacer plates and optical glass wafers bonded together with a screen-printed solder glass adhesive. The exact interlayer optomechanical registration, achieved in the laminated spectrograph blank was essential for obtaining spectral referencing functionality and a passive alignment packaging scheme. A spectrograph optical subassembly package was developed and implemented as part of a multichannel spectrum analyzer receiver in a prototype optical WDM sensor interface system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Optimal Completion Distillation for Sequence Learning (2018)

We present Optimal Completion Distillation (OCD), a training procedure for optimizing sequence to sequence models based on edit distance. OCD is efficient, has no hyper-parameters of its own, and does not require pretraining or joint optimization with conditional log-likelihood. Given a partial sequence generated by the model, we first identify the set of optimal suffixes that minimize the total edit distance, using an efficient dynamic programming algorithm. Then, for each position of the generated sequence, we use a target distribution that puts equal probability on the first token of all the optimal suffixes. OCD achieves the state-of-the-art performance on end-to-end speech recognition, on both Wall Street Journal and Librispeech datasets, achieving $9.3\%$ WER and $4.5\%$ WER respectively.
New tricks for old dogs: countering antibiotic resistance in tuberculosis with host‐directed therapeutics (2015)

Despite the availability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) drugs for over 50 years, tuberculosis (TB) remains at pandemic levels. New drugs are urgently needed for resistant strains, shortening duration of treatment, and targeting different stages of the disease, especially for treatment during human immunodeficiency virus co-infection. One solution to the conundrum that antibiotics kill the bacillus yet select for resistance is to target the host rather than the pathogen. Here, we discuss recent progress in so-called 'host-directed therapeutics' (HDTs), focusing on two general mechanistic strategies: (i) HDTs that disrupt Mtb pathogenesis in macrophages and (ii) immunomodulatory HDTs that facilitate protective immune responses that kill Mtb or reduce deleterious responses that exacerbate disease. HDTs hold significant promise as adjunctive therapies in that they are less likely to engender resistance, will likely have efficacy against antibiotic-resistant strains, and may have activity against non-replicating Mtb. However, TB is a complex and variegated disease, and human populations exhibit significant diversity in their immune responses to it, which presents a complicated landscape for HDTs to navigate. Nevertheless, we suggest that a detailed mechanistic understanding of drug action, together with careful selection of disease stage targets and dosing strategies may overcome such limitations and allow the development of HDTs as effective adjunctive treatment options for TB.
Distributing trust on the Internet (2002)

This paper describes an architecture for secure and fault-tolerant service replication in an asynchronous network such as the Internet, where a malicious adversary may corrupt some servers and control the network. It relies on recent protocols for randomized Byzantine agreement and for atomic broadcast, which exploit concepts from threshold cryptography. The model and its assumptions are discussed in detail and compared to related work from the last decade in the first part of this work, and an overview of the broadcast protocols in the architecture is provided. The standard approach in fault-tolerant distributed systems is to assume that at most a certain fraction of servers fails. In the second part, novel general failure patterns and corresponding protocols are introduced. The allow for realistic modeling of real-world trust assumptions, beyond (weighted) threshold models. Finally, the application of our architecture to trusted services is discussed.
A PC-Compatible, Multiprocessor Workstation For Video, Data, And Voice Communication (1989)

We present an architecture that combines video, voice, and data capabilities in a PC-compatible workstation. This architecture has been realized as an actual workstation product which provides the user with many communications abilities, including full motion video/audio communication over digital networks. The current version executes a transform based video compression algorithm, using a 16 by 16 pixel discrete cosine transform. During video phone calls, users may transfer computer files, execute programs, send snapshots of computer screens, send FAX messages, and transfer data from other devices through serial data ports built into the workstation. The design also supports storing and retrieving video sequences (with sound) and still pictures on magnetic or optical discs.
Mild preseptic hypothermia is detrimental in rats* (2004)

In this rat model of intra-abdominal sepsis, mild preseptic hypothermia (32 degrees C) reduced survival, impaired granulocyte recruitment, and changed cytokine balance, suggesting immunosuppression.
New Sulfonated Polystyrene and Styrene–Ethylene/Butylene–Styrene Block Copolymers for Applications in Electrodialysis (2012)

In this study we prepared blends of polystyrene (PS) and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) with poly(styrene-ethylene-butylene) (SEBS) triblock copolymer. After sulfonation, blends were used to fabricate ion-exchange membranes by solvent-casting and subsequent thermal treatment to obtain homogeneous packing densities. The morphology and structure of the blends were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the thermal transitions and stability of all the blends were characterized using calorimetric techniques and compared with those of the individual polymers. Analyses of the physical properties (i.e., ionic conductivity, ion-exchange capacity, water uptake, dimensional stability, mechanical properties, etc.) showed that the performance of the PS-containing membranes is, in general, higher than that of the HIPS containing one. Furthermore, the highest sulfonation degree was also found for the PS/SEBS membranes. The capabilities of the membranes were tested by investigating the extraction of Na(+) by electrodyalisis. Comparison of the percentage of extracted ions indicates that the incorporation of SEBS results in a significant improvement with respect to membranes made of individual polymers.
SELF-REPORT AND CLINICIAN-RATED MEASURES OF DEPRESSION SEVERITY: CAN ONE REPLACE THE OTHER? (2012)

Complete assessment of depression should include both clinician-rated scales and self-reported measures.
Effect of Age on Slaughter Performance of Large White Yorkshire Pigs (2011)

To see the effect of age on slaughter performance, a study was conducted on 36 Large White Yorkshire pigs by dividing the animals in six groups (viz. 180–230 days, 230–280 days, 280–330 days, 330–380 days, 380–430 days and 430–480 days) having 8, 6, 6, 4, 6 and 6 animals respectively in the groups. Hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, chilled carcass weight, carcass length, loin eye area, back fat thickness, ham weight, shoulder weight and loin weight increased significantly (P<0.01) while shoulder percentage (P<0.01), ham percentage (P<0.01), loin percentage (P<0.05) and head percentage (P<0.01) decreased with the increase in slaughter age in LWY pigs.
Phase I clinical trial of intravenous L-buthionine sulfoximine and melphalan: an attempt at modulation of glutathione. (1994)

This study shows that BSO alone and in combination with L-PAM can be safely given to patients, but that a schedule of short infusions every 12 hours does not result in GSH depletion less than 30% of baseline values.
Sensitive measurements of two-dimensional birefringence distributions using near-circularly polarized beam (2002)

Image processing algorithms for measuring two-dimensional distributions of linear birefringence using a pair of variable retarders are proposed. Several algorithms using from 2 to 5 recorded frames allow to make fast or real time measurements, increase sensitivity and suppress measurement errors. Moreover, the described algorithms can be applied for proposed birefringence imaging systems with fixed retarders and/or Faraday rotators, including systems with images acquired in time sequences or as sets of parallel images.
Long-Term Expression, Systemic Delivery, and Macrophage Uptake of Recombinant Human Glucocerebrosidase in Mice Transplanted with Genetically Modified Primary Myoblasts (1998)

A critical requirement for treatment of Gaucher disease via systemic delivery of recombinant GC is that secreted enzyme be in a form available for specific takeup by macrophages in vivo. In this article we investigated if transplanted primary myoblasts can sustain expression of human GC in vivo and if the secreted transgene product is taken up by macrophages. Transduced primary murine myoblasts were implanted into syngeneic C3H/HeJ mice. The results demonstrated that transplanted mice sustained long-term expression of transferred human GC gene in vivo. Furthermore, human GC is secreted into the circulation of mice transplanted with syngeneic primary myoblasts retrovirally transduced with human GC cDNA. The transplanted primary myoblasts differentiate and fuse with adjacent mature myofibers, and express the transgene product for up to 300 days. Human GC in the circulation reaches levels of 20-280 units/ml of plasma. Immunohistochemical studies of the target organs revealed that the secreted human GC is taken up by macrophages in liver and bone marrow. Immunochemical identification of reisolated myoblasts from transplanted mice showed that MFG-GC-transduced cells also survived as muscle stem cells in the implanted muscle. These results present in encouraging prospect for the treatment of Gaucher disease.
Explicit Mechanisms Do Not Account for Implicit Localization and Identification of Change (2002)

Toronto-Localization and priming studies have revealed that changes that do not reach awareness can nevertheless influence behavior. Mitroff, Franconeri, and Simons (in press) have recently challenged this claim, arguing instead that explicit observer strategies may account for previous findings. Here, we present new evidence showing that this is not the case. We also discuss new behavioral, neuroimaging, and eye movement studies that further support the notion of implicit change detection.
Recovery interactions between the froth zone, pulp zone and downcomer within a Jameson cell (2004)

Several reports have yielded conflicting results on the role of IgG4 antibody on the surfaces of target cells in immediate type allergy. This study was performed to elucidate whether IgG4 antibody inhibits IgE-mediated histamine release from target cells after antigenic stimulation, and whether it has reaginic activity. Serum was obtained from patients with nasal allergy receiving specific immunotherapy for housedust and mites. IgE and IgG4 were enriched affinity chromatographically using monoclonal antibodies to IgE and IgG4, respectively, from the pooled sera. Both fraction revealed high antibody activity to Dermatophagoides Farinae antigen. Peripheral blood leukocytes from three non-allergic donors were passively sensitized with 100 or 300 micrograms of IgG4 according to the method of Levy and Osler with a slight modification. Minimal or no histamine release was observed from leukocytes after challenge with both mite antigen and anti-IgG4 monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, to investigate the reaginic activity of IgG4, leukocytes from patients with nasal allergy were stimulated with anti-IgG4 antibodies. The leukocytes of only three out of twenty patients released up to 10% histamine regardless of the IgG4 concentration, while the other patients' leukocytes released minimal amounts of histamine. Two of the three above-mentioned non-allergic donors were passively sensitized with 100 or 300 micrograms of IgG4 either one hour after sensitization with 100 ngs of IgE or simultaneously with the same amount of IgE. After sensitization with 100 ngs of IgE, one showed high-grade histamine release after challenge with 0.5 micrograms/ml mite antigen and the other showed middle-grade release with 0.1 micrograms/ml mite. With the presence of 300 micrograms of IgG4, histamine release was significantly inhibited in both donors regardless of the manner of sensitization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
RECENT MODIFICATIONS IN THE IMPIANTARLE LEFT VENTRICULAR BYPASS (1965)

Liotta, Domingo; Maness, John; Bourland, Hardy; Rodwell, David; Hall, C. William; DeBakey, Michael E. Author Information
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING FOR PESTICIDE APPLICATORS: A MULTIMETHOD NEEDS ASSESSMENT (2009)

Protective coveralls are used by agricultural workers when they must use toxic chemicals as part of their job. This study uses a multimethod approach to determine fit and functional design issues that may be experienced by the workers. A questionnaire was developed and given to agricultural workers to determine their personal experience with the coveralls and any problems or concerns they might have. Interviews were also conducted to follow up on the results of the survey and to be able to probe more in-depth into the areas of concern. Finally, photographs were taken of the participants in their coveralls and other protective clothing in various working positions. A content analysis was conducted to determine specific areas with fit issues. The multimethod approach allowed areas of concern to be identified, showed the range of configurations in which the coveralls are worn and helped identify issues of which designers of coveralls need to be aware. Suggestions on areas to improve coverall design are discussed.