gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nanopositionierungen - die Basis der Nanometrologie (Nano Positioning Devices – The Basis of Nano-Metrology) (2000)

Abstract Nanopositionierungen sind wesentliche Hilfsmittel für die Nanotechnologie, insbesondere auch für die Nanometrologie. Einsatzgebiete für die Positionierungen sind nicht nur auf Verschiebewege im μm-Bereich beschränkt, sondern umfassen auch den Bereich bis über 100 mm hinaus. Es sind eine Reihe verschiedener Verschiebemethoden für die 2D-Positionierung in der Literatur beschrieben worden und z.T. auch kommerziell erhältlich. Ebenso sind adäquate Messmethoden realisiert worden. In der vorliegenden Übersicht sind verschiedene relevante Verschiebe- und Messmethoden tabellarisch zusammengefasst worden. Drei Beispiele von Positionierungen werden detaillierter erläutert, bei denen sehr unterschiedliche Konzepte realisiert wurden.
Identification of a Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Pectate Binding Site on an Apoplastic Peroxidase (2001)

An apoplastic isoperoxidase from zucchini (APRX) was shown to bind strongly to polygalacturonic acid in their Ca(2)+-induced conformation. By homology modeling, we were able to identify a motif of four clustered arginines (positions 117, 262, 268, and 271) that could be responsible for this binding. To verify the role of these arginine residues in the binding process, we prepared three mutants of APRX (M1, R117S; M2, R262Q/R268S; and M3, R262Q/R268S/R271Q). APRX and the three mutants were expressed as recombinant glycoproteins by the baculovirus-insect cell system. This procedure yielded four active enzymes with similar molecular masses that were tested for their ability to bind Ca(2)+-pectate. Recombinant wild-type APRX exhibited an affinity for the pectic structure comparable to that of the native plant isoperoxidase. The mutations impaired binding depending on the number of arginine residues that were replaced. M1 and M2 showed intermediate affinities, whereas M3 did not bind at all. This was demonstrated using an in vitro binding test and on cell walls of hypocotyl cross-sections. It can be concluded that APRX bears a Ca(2)+-pectate binding site formed by four clustered arginines. This site could ensure that APRX is properly positioned in cell walls, using unesterified domains of pectins as a scaffold.
Theory and Use of the Molecular Gauge (1915)

S OME time ago Dr. I. Langmuir described the construction of a "molecular" gauge for the measurement of very small gas pres- sures.' At the suggestion of Dr. Langmuir the writer undertook a more detailed study of the theory and use of the instrument, and the following paper contains the results of a number of measurements that were carried out with the aid of this gauge.THEORETICAL.If a plane is moving in a given direction with velocity u relatively to another plane situated parallel to it at a distance d, there is exerted on the latter a dragging action whose magnitude may be calculated from considerations based on the kinetic theory of gases.At comparatively higher pressures where the mean free path of the gas molecules is considerably smaller than the distance between the plates, the rate of transference of momentum across unit area is given by the equation gQ 8 --) where q denotes the coefficient of viscosity.According to the kinetic theory of gases this coe%cient ought to be independent of the pressure.The confirmation of this deduction over a very large range of pressures has been looked upon as one of the most striking arguments for the validity of the assumptions on which the kinetic theory of gases is based.It was found, however, by Kundt and Warburg, 2 that at very low pressures, where the mean free path of the molecules becomes of the same order of magnitude as the distance between a moving and stationary surface placed in the gas, there is distinct evidence of a slipping of gas molecules over the planes.The amount of this slip was found to be inversely proportional to the pressure.
[The genetic basis of muscle disease]. (2003)

The challenge is now to translate the advances in our understanding of genetic mechanism into potential forms of treatment. Unfortunately, while much research is focused on techniques such as gene therapy, myoblast transplantation and the use of stem cells, these have not yet born fruit.
Low barrier height ion implanted X-band silicon Schottky barrier mixer diodes (1977)

Platinum - n type silicon Schottky barrier diodes have demonstrated low noise figure and high burnout performance to both nanosecond and microsecond wide RF pulses at X and Ku-band frequency. Because of high barrier height, they require high local oscillator power to operate as mixers and, therfore, have a limited use. Various high power radar systems have limited local oscillator power but also require high burnout mixer diodes to withstand leakage from protecting limiters. This paper describes the ion implantation technique to reduce the barrier height of platinum-silicon and nickel-silicon Schottky barrier X-band mixer diodes. Low barrier height Schottky barrier diodes have been developed by implanting Antimony in n-type epitaxial silicon at 6 keV-30 keV with fluences between 5× 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> - 6 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">13</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> . The metallization systems utilized were Pt-Ti-Mo-Au and Ni-Au where Pt or Ni was the Schottky barrier. Ion implanted silicon, Ni-Au Schottky diodes exhibited a barrier height reduction of .1 eV, a noise figure of 7.5 db at .75 mW power level.
A flexible security architecture to support third-party applications on mobile devices (2007)

The problem of supporting the secure execution of potentially malicious third-party applications has received a considerable amount of attention in the past decade. In this paper we describe a security architecture for mobile devices that supports the flexible integration of a variety of advanced technologies for such secure execution of applications, including run-time monitoring, static verification and proof-carrying code. The architecture also supports the execution of legacy applications that have not been developed to take advantage of our architecture, though it can provide better performance and additional services for applications that are architecture-aware.The proposed architecture has been implemented on a Windows Mobile device with the .NET Compact Framework. It offers a substantial security benefit compared to the standard (state-of-practice) security architecture of such devices, even for legacy applications.
Evolution of the Cellular Response in P<sub>2</sub>-Induced Experimental Allergic Neuritis (1992)

We examined the development of the inflammatory cellular response and demyelination in P2 protein-induced experimental allergic neuritis (EAN). Collections of inflammatory cells were first identified in nerve roots 14 days after immunization. Ia+ cells predominated in the evolving lesions and T-helper cells were the dominant T-cell type with T-suppressor/cytotoxic cells appearing later in the course of the disease. Vesiculation, the earliest change seen in the myelin sheath, appeared before the wave of cellular infiltration. These results indicate that myelin injury precedes inflammation in P2 protein-induced EAN, and provide further evidence that this disorder is indistinguishable from EAN induced with whole peripheral nerve myelin.
Mechanisms of action of second generation antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: insights from brain imaging studies (2004)

Multiple lines of evidence including recent imaging studies suggest that schizophrenia is associated with an imbalance of the dopaminergic system, entailing hyperstimulation of striatal dopamine (DA) D2 receptors and understimulation of cortical DA D1 receptors. This DA endophenotype presumably emerges from the background of a more general synaptic dysconnectivity, involving alterations in N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and glutamatergic (GLU) functions. Equally important is the fact that this DA dysregulation might further impair NMDA transmission. The first generation antipsychotic (FGA) drugs are characterized by high affinity to and generally high occupancy of D2 receptors. The efficacy of FGAs is limited by a high incidence of extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS). Second generation antipsychotic (SGA) drugs display reduced EPS liability and modest but clinically significant enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Compared to FGAs, the improved therapeutic action of SGAs probably derives from a more moderate D2 receptor blockade. We will review the effects of SGAs on other neurotransmitter systems and conclude by highlighting the importance of therapeutic strategies aimed at directly increasing prefrontal DA, D1 receptor transmission or NMDA transmission to enhance the therapeutic effect of moderate D2 receptor antagonism.
Hoxd13 and Hoxa13 Directly Control the Expression of the EphA7 Ephrin Tyrosine Kinase Receptor in Developing Limbs (2005)

Hoxa and Hoxd genes, related to the Drosophila Abd-B gene, display regionally restricted expression patterns and are necessary for the formation of the limb skeletal elements. Hox genes encode transcription factors, which are supposed to control the expression of a series of downstream target genes, whose nature has remained largely elusive. Several genes were identified that are differentially expressed in relation to Hox gene activity; few studies, however, explored their direct regulation by Hox proteins. Ephrin tyrosine kinase receptors and ephrins have been proposed as Hox targets, and recently, evidence was gained for their role in limb development. The expression of the EphA7 gene in developing limbs was shown to correlate with the expression of Hoxa13 and Hoxd13; however, its direct regulation by these genes has never been assessed. We have characterized the EphA7 promoter region and show that it contains multiple binding sites for paralog group 13 Hox proteins. We found that one of these sites is bound in vivo by HOXA13 and HOXD13 and by endogenous Hoxd13 in developing mouse limbs. Moreover, we show that HOXD13 and HOXA13 activate transcription from the EphA7 promoter and that a mutation of the HOXA13/HOXD13 binding site was sufficient to abolish activation. Conversely, the HOXD13(147L) mutation, identified in patients displaying a novel brachydactyly-polydactyly syndrome, does not bind to in vivo, and fails to transactivate the EphA7 promoter. These results establish that EphA7 is a direct downstream target of Hoxd13 and Hoxa13 during limb development, thus providing further insight into the regulatory networks that control limb patterning.
Thermal Aggregation of Whey Proteins in Model Solutions as Affected by Casein/Whey Protein Ratios (1999)

ABSTRACT: Model solutions (32.5 g protein/L) prepared from milk, ultrafiltration permeate, and whey protein isolate were adjusted at pH 6.7 to casein:whey protein (C:W) ratios of 80:20, 60:40, 40:60,20:80, and 0:100. Heating was performed in test tubes at 95 °C for 5 min. Observations of the heated suspensions revealed the occurrence of heterogeneous particulates from the existing casein micelles complexed with denatured whey proteins and from aggregates essentially consisting of denatured whey proteins. The proportion of whey protein aggregates increased as C:W was changed from 80:20 to 20:80. The results from this study confirmed that heat‐induced aggregates were formed not only from casein micelles but also from heat‐denatured whey proteins.
Sudden Lost Meaning: A Catastrophe? (1994)

Employees communicate more easily and are more committed to the organization when beliefs and values are shared. Explores the phenomenon of sudden “lost meaning” – a situation in which individuals who strongly share the organization′s culture appear suddenly to cease to identify with the meanings and values to which they once strongly ascribed. Discovers two variables through examination of motivation theory. Proposes that these variables provide insight into sudden lost meaning and, consequently, suggest a framework for managerial behaviour.
The role of Kupffer cells and regulation of neutrophil migration into the liver by macrophage inflammatory protein‐2 in primary listeriosis in mice (1999)

Depletion of mouse Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages following intravenous administration of liposome-entrapped clodronate severely reduced host resistance to primary infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Infection of clodronate-treated mice with a sublethal dose of L. monocytogenes resulted in death of the mice within 3 days. The macrophage depletion resulted in marked increases in bacterial growth in the liver and spleen, but not in other tissues. The proliferation of L. monocytogenes was observed in a large number of hepatocytes that underwent apoptosis. Infiltration of neutrophils in the liver and rapid formation of microabscesses were observed in the control mice after L. monocytogenes infection. However, there was less accumulation of neutrophils in the liver of Kupffer cell-depleted mice than in the control mice. Expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) was enhanced in the livers of both the control and Kupffer cell-depleted mice after L. monocytogenes infection. MIP-2 was also induced in a murine hepatocyte cell line following L. monocytogenes infection. The administration of neutralizing anti-interleukin-8 receptor homolog antibody severely abrogated neutrophil infiltration into the Listeria-infected mouse liver. Anti-MIP-2 antibody moderately reduced neutrophil infiltration and microabscess formation in the liver. These findings indicate that Kupffer cells protect hepatocytes from L. monocytogenes infection and the resultant apoptosis. Moreover, MIP-2 and its related molecules produced by the infected hepatocytes regulate neutrophil infiltration and microabscess formation in primary listeriosis.
Genetic Diversity and Host Specificity of Fungal Endophyte Taxa in Fescue Pasture Grasses (2012)

ABSTRACT A number of pasture and turf grass species form mutually beneficial symbiotic associations with endophytic fungal species. Within the fescue grasses, diploid meadow fescue ( Festuca pratensis Huds.) interacts with Neotyphodium uncinatum while allohexaploid tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) has been reported to associate with Neotyphodium coenophialum and two other morphologically distinct taxa ( Festuca arundinacea taxonomic groups 2 and 3 [ Fa TG‐2 and Fa TG‐3]). The evolutionary history of hexaploid tall fescue is complex, as part of a species group with varying ploidy levels and exhibiting distinct ecogeographical morphotypes. To evaluate both naturally occurring variation and host grass taxon specificity, diversity was determined in collections representing multiple meadow fescue and tall fescue accessions. Initial screening with a minimal set of endophyte‐specific simple sequence repeat (SSR) genetic markers detected endophyte incidence in 33% of 701 tested accessions. Subsequent analysis identified N. coenophialum genotypes within Continental and rhizomatous hexaploid and octoploid tall fescue [ F. arundinacea subsp. atlantigena (St.‐Yves) Auquier] accessions. Festuca arundinacea taxonomic group 2 and Fa TG‐3 endophytes appeared to be restricted to Mediterranean hexaploid and decaploid tall fescue [ F. arundinacea cirtensis (St.‐Yves) Gamisans] hosts. Endophytes of meadow fescue were confirmed as belonging to N. uncinatum . This study has elucidated host specificity of fescue endophyte taxa and supported models for host–symbiont coevolution. A substantial number of candidate novel endophytes have been identified that are suitable for metabolic characterization and deployment by inoculation in fescue breeding programs.
Farnesyl analogues inhibit vasoconstriction in animal and human arteries. (1996)

Recent studies have suggested that nonsterol, mevalonate-derived metabolites are implicated in the control of vascular tone and blood pressure. Because of the metabolic importance of farnesyl pyrophosphate, a 15-carbon (C15) intermediate of the cholesterol pathway, the vasoactive properties of the farnesyl motif were investigated. Two farnesyl analogues were used: farnesol, the natural dephosphorylated form of farnesyl pyrophosphate, and N-acetyl-S-trans,trans-farnesyl-L-cysteine (AFC), a synthetic mimic of the carboxyl terminus of farnesylated proteins. Both compounds inhibited NE-induced vasoconstriction in rat aortic rings at micromolar concentration. Their action was rapid, dose dependent, and reversible. Shorter (C10) and longer (C20) isoprenols as well as N-acetyl-S-geranyl-L-cysteine (C10) did not inhibit the response to NE. In contrast, N-acetyl-S-geranylgeranyl-L-cysteine (C20), exhibited vasoactive properties similar to AFC. It was further demonstrated that AFC and farnesol inhibited KCl and NaF-induced contractions, suggesting a complex action on Ca2+ channels and G protein-dependent pathways. Finally, the effect of farnesol and AFC on the NE response was reproduced in human resistance arteries. In conclusion, mevalonate-derived farnesyl analogues are potent inhibitors of vasoconstriction. The study suggests that farnesyl cellular availability is an important determinant of vascular tone in animals and humans, and provides a basis for exploring farnesyl metabolism in humans with compromised vascular function as well as for using farnesyl analogues as regulators of arterial tone in vivo.
Rare-event Simulation with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (2013)

In this thesis, we consider random sums with heavy-tailed increments. By the term random sum, we mean a sum of random variables where the number of summands is also random. Our interest is to analyse the tail behaviour of random sums and to construct an efficient method to calculate quantiles. For the sake of efficiency, we simulate rare-events (tail-events) using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. The asymptotic behaviour of sum and the maximum of heavy-tailed random sums is identical. Therefore we compare random sum and maximum value for various distributions, to investigate from which point one can use the asymptotic approximation. Furthermore, we propose a new method to estimate quantiles and the estimator is shown to be efficient.
[Hypoglycemic effect and enhanced gastrointestinal absorption of insulin using new cinnamoyl-phenylalanine derivatives]. (1996)

To find a new adjuvant for oral administration of Insulin (IN), we examined the gastrointestinal absorption and hypoglycemic effect of new IN-Cinnamoyl (Cin)-Phenylalanine (Phe) derivative preparations administered orally or intraduodenally to fasted normal and Streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic animals. Selected IN.N-alpha-Chlorocinnamoyl-D-Phenylalanine (A-3989) and IN.N-alpha-Chloro-4-methyl-cinnamoyl-D-phenylalanine (A-4266) preparations among 80 of IN.Cin-Phe derivative preparations administered orally or intraduodenally promoted absorption of IN from the gastrointestinal tract resulting in significantly elevated serum IN levels and reduced serum glucose levels in fasted normal and Streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic animals. Especially, IN.A-3989(25U.150mg/kg) and IN.A-4266(12.5U.150mg/kg) preparation administered intraduodenally represented marked enhanced IN absorption in normal mice and area under the serum IN concentration vs. time curve (AUC) showed 97.5 and 49.3 (mU.min/ml), respectively. Furthermore, A-3989 and A-4266 were found to exert inhibitory effect on IN degradation by partially purified mouse intestinal enzyme. IN.A-4266 (25U.200mg/kg) preparation administered orally before D-glucose (2g/kg) loading the significant elevation of serum IN levels and improvement of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in STZ-diabetic mice. Thus, these findings suggest that effective oral administration of new In.Cin-Phe derivative preparations with dosage form design, such as enteric coating form, may become feasible in diabetic patients.
Flexible software profiling of GPU architectures (2015)

To aid application characterization and architecture design space exploration, researchers and engineers have developed a wide range of tools for CPUs, including simulators, profilers, and binary instrumentation tools. With the advent of GPU computing, GPU manufacturers have developed similar tools leveraging hardware profiling and debugging hooks. To date, these tools are largely limited by the fixed menu of options provided by the tool developer and do not offer the user the flexibility to observe or act on events not in the menu. This paper presents SASSI (NVIDIA assembly code "SASS" Instrumentor), a low-level assembly-language instrumentation tool for GPUs. Like CPU binary instrumentation tools, SASSI allows a user to specify instructions at which to inject user-provided instrumentation code. These facilities allow strategic placement of counters and code into GPU assembly code to collect user-directed, fine-grained statistics at hardware speeds. SASSI instrumentation is inherently parallel, leveraging the concurrency of the underlying hardware. In addition to the details of SASSI, this paper provides four case studies that show how SASSI can be used to characterize applications and explore the architecture design space along the dimensions of instruction control flow, memory systems, value similarity, and resilience.
Massed and Spaced Learning in Honeybees: The Role of CS, US, the Intertrial Interval, and the Test Interval (2001)

Conditioning the proboscis extension reflex of harnessed honeybees (Apis mellifera) is used to study the effect temporal spacing between successive conditioning trials has on memory. Retention is monitored at two long-term intervals corresponding to early (1 and 2 d after conditioning) and late long-term memory (3 and 4 d). The acquisition level is varied by using different conditioned stimuli (odors, mechanical stimulation, and temperature increase at the antenna), varying strengths of the unconditioned stimulus (sucrose), and various numbers of conditioning trials. How learning trials are spaced is the dominant factor both for acquisition and retention, and although longer intertrial intervals lead to better acquisition and higher retention, the level of acquisition per se does not determine the spacing effect on retention. Rather, spaced conditioning leads to higher memory consolidation both during acquisition and later, between the early and long-term memory phases. These consolidation processes can be selectively inhibited by blocking protein synthesis during acquisition.
Temporal and spatial fluctuations in single-path underwater acoustic wave fronts, I: Transmission from the first convergence zone at 43-nmi range (1982)

Pulses of 400-Hz acoustic signal 10 ms long were transmitted every 15 s for a period of 26 h from a ship-suspended source 1200 ft deep to an experimental installation of receivers 43 nmi away bottomed at about 5000 ft depth on a slope in the deep Atlantic near Bermuda. The set of receivers spanned distances of about 2300 ft in both the downslope and cross-slope directions. Delays (differences in arrival times) of every 24th pulse arriving downcoming along a single path were measured at each receiver. From these, characteristics of delay fluctuations (wave-front shape variations) were determined, including: relative fluctuations between pairs of receivers versus receiver spacing and time; densities of delay fluctuations; and variance of delay versus receiver separation. Plots of cosines of relative phase delays between two receivers versus receiver spacing show an exponential decline, with decay lengths of about 4000 ft for cross-slope separations and 2600 ft for downslope separations.