gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent Developments in the Research on Pulse Detonation Engines (2003)

Introduction I Nprinciple,detonationsare an extremelyef cientmeans of combustinga fuel-oxidizermixture and releasing its chemical energy content. During the past 60 years or so, there have been numerous researcheffortsat harnessingthepotentialof detonationsfor propulsion applications.1 There is a renewed interest lately on intermittent or pulsed detonations engines. Eidelman et al. and Eidelman and Grossmann3 have reviewed some of the initial research as well as work done in the late 1980s on pulse detonation engines (PDEs). The basic theory, design concepts, and the work in the early 1990s related to pulse detonationengines have been discussedby Bussing and Pappas.4 The focus of a more recent review5 is on performance estimates fromvarious experimental, theoreticaland computational studies. More recently, work related to nozzles for PDEs has been discussed. Other reviews7i9 discussing the objectives and accomplishments of various programs are also available.The objective of this paper is to update the previousreviews, focusingon themore recent developmentsin the researchon PDEs. The review is restricted toworkopenlyavailablein the literaturebut includesongoingefforts around the world. Currently, there are several programs sponsored by Of ce of Naval Research (ONR), U.S. Air Force, NASA, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and other agencies in the United States as well as several parallel efforts in Belarus, Canada, France, Japan, Russia, Sweden, and other countries.The results from some of these programs are just beginning to be published.A summary of recent progress and the various organizationsand people involved in PDE research in Japan has been presented.9 Reports of the basic PDE research sponsoredby ONR are available in the proceedingsof a recurringannualmeeting(forexample, seeRef. 10).Recentwork conducted outside the United States has been reported at international meetings on detonations such as those held in Seattle11 (for more information, see http://www.engr.washington.edu/epp/icders/) and Moscow.12 Although an attempt is made to cover a broad range of the reported research, the shear volume of papers presented with PDEs in the title make it impractical to be exhaustive. Rather than providing a chronologicalreport, an attempt is made here to discuss the recent progress in terms of broad topic areas. The key issues that need to be resolved have been addressed in a number of papers (e.g., Refs. 13 and 14). The speci c order in which to discuss the various topics was determined by considering the schematic of an idealized, laboratory pulse detonation engine shown in Fig. 1. This idealizedengine is representativeof the device
Optimal Waveform for Fast Entrainment of Weakly Forced Nonlinear Oscillators (2013)

For many biological and engineered systems, a central function or design goal is to abbreviate the time required to synchronize a rhythmic process to an external forcing signal. We present a theory for deriving the input that effectively minimizes the average transient time required to entrain a phase model, which enables a practical technique for constructing fast entrainment waveforms for general nonlinear oscillators. This result is verified in numerical simulations using the Hodgkin-Huxley neuron model, and in experiments on an oscillatory electrochemical system.
A novel volumetric feature extraction technique with applications to MR images (1997)

A semiautomated feature extraction algorithm is presented for the extraction and measurement of the hippocampus from volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) head scans. This algorithm makes use of elements of both deformable model and region growing techniques and allows incorporation of a priori operator knowledge of hippocampal location and shape. Experimental results indicate that the algorithm is able to estimate hippocampal volume and asymmetry with an accuracy which approaches that of laborious manual outlining techniques.
The Shell Claus Offgas Treating (SCOT) Process (1975)

The Shell Claus Offgas Treating (SCOT) Process won instant acceptance by the oil refining industry when it was announced in September 1972, and today it is the preferred method of meeting the most stringent emission regulations. Its functions are familiar to refinery operators, economical carbon steel is used throughout, and there are no waste discharges except the vent gas containing less than 500 ppm hydrogen sulfide (250 ppm sulfur dioxide after incineration) and a clean water condensate. This paper describes the SCOT Process and discusses the operating experience of the first commercial plants placed on stream. Two small skid-mounted units were designed and placed in operation in California within 81/2 mos of contract award.
Development of koala robot capable of expressing various kinds of feelings (2012)

This paper describes the mechanism and the control system of a koala robot. It is extremely important for this kind of pet robot to be familiar with a human being. The robot can express various types of feelings by using body motions, eye motions, and sounds. It consists of 14 DOFs such as 2-DOF in the neck, and a 3-DOF in each leg. Its height is 233[mm], and its weight is 2.24[kg]. Several types of sensors and devices such as LED modules are attached to the head, the face, and the body to express many different types of emotions. Various emotional expression experiments were conducted and evaluated on the basis of questionnaires made by nineteen subjects. As a result, the effectiveness of the mechanism and the control of the robot were verified.
Changing OBC Acquisition Geometry Using FWI Modelling (2012)

The ACG field is located 100 km east of Baku in the Caspian Sea. Imaging challenges include shallow gas and collapsed mud volcanoes. To date, standard reflection tomography on conventional towed streamer data has failed to build a detailed velocity model. OBC surveys were acquired in 2007 and 2008. Using Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) to update the velocity model has provided a significant uplift in the seismic image with improvements in continuity and resolution especially over the crestal areas, though the flank areas were degraded. Previous work has shown that refracted waves play a big part in the inversion and large offsets are needed for imaging steep dips and at depth. The suggestion here was that the refracted energy has adequately sampled the subsurface over the crest only and that the flanks were poorly sampled. In 2010 another OBC survey was planned over one of the fields and a data study was embarked upon to understand if acquiring a larger acquisition footprint would improve the effectiveness of the FWI application. This paper presents the results of the modelling study, describes the recommended acquisition programme and gives the results of FWI on the 2010 OBC survey.
Increased CSF F <sub>2</sub> -isoprostane concentration in probable AD (1999)

Increased CSF F2-isoprostanes are not an inevitable consequence of neurodegeneration and suggest that increased brain oxidative damage may occur early in the course of AD.
Watching molecules reorient in liquid crystal droplets with multiphoton-excited fluorescence microscopy (2003)

A new form of time-resolved multiphoton-excited fluorescence imaging is described and used to study electric-field-induced reorientation dynamics in polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (LC) films. This method provides information on the static and dynamic LC orientation via polarization-dependent three-photon excitation of the nematic ultraviolet chromophores in these materials. Static fluorescence images are obtained with ≈235 nm resolution in all three dimensions. In dynamics studies, the three-photon-excited fluorescence is recorded as a function of time and position over individual LC droplets, as an applied electric field is switched on and off. Time-resolved images with ≈235 nm spatial resolution and 200 μs time resolution are obtained. Movies depicting the local reorientation dynamics are prepared from these data and are presented for common ellipsoidal LC droplets and for novel toroidal droplets. The field-induced reorientation dynamics within the ellipsoidal droplets are shown to be more complex (i.e., spatially variable) than in the toroidal droplets. Dynamical complexity is concluded to arise from LC organizational complexity in the droplets. The bipolar configuration found in ellipsoidal droplets incorporates bend and splay deformations of the nematic phase and two disclination points. In contrast, toroidal droplets incorporate a simpler toroidal configuration in which only bend deformations occur.
Antioxidant Activity of Caffeic Acid against Iron-Induced Free Radical Generation—A Chemical Approach (2015)

Caffeic acid (CA) is a phenolic compound widely found in coffee beans with known beneficial effects in vivo. Many studies showed that CA has anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, antibacterial and anti-carcinogenic properties, which could be linked to its antioxidant activity. Taking in consideration the reported in vitro antioxidant mechanism of other polyphenols, our working hypothesis was that the CA antioxidant activity could be related to its metal-chelating property. With that in mind, we sought to investigate the chemical antioxidant mechanism of CA against in vitro iron-induced oxidative damage under different assay conditions. CA was able to prevent hydroxyl radical formation promoted by the classical Fenton reaction, as determined by 2-deoxyribose (2-DR) oxidative degradation and DMPO hydroxylation. In addition to its ability to prevent hydroxyl radical formation, CA had a great inhibition of membrane lipid peroxidation. In the lipid peroxidation assays CA acted as both metal-chelator and as hydrogen donor, preventing the deleterious action promoted by lipid-derived peroxyl and alkoxyl radicals. Our results indicate that the observed antioxidant effects were mostly due to the formation of iron-CA complexes, which are able to prevent 2-DR oxidation and DMPO hydroxylation. Noteworthy, the formation of iron-CA complexes and prevention of oxidative damage was directly related to the pH of the medium, showing better antioxidant activity at higher pH values. Moreover, in the presence of lipid membranes the antioxidant potency of CA was much higher, indicating its enhanced effectiveness in a hydrophobic environment. Overall, our results show that CA acts as an antioxidant through an iron chelating mechanism, preventing the formation of free hydroxyl radicals and, therefore, inhibiting Fenton-induced oxidative damage. The chemical properties of CA described here--in association with its reported signaling effects--could be an explanation to its beneficial effects observed in vivo.
Animation and rendering of complex water surfaces (2002)

We present a new method for the animation and rendering of photo-realistic water effects. Our method is designed to produce visually plausible three dimensional effects, for example the pouring of water into a glass (see figure 1) and the breaking of an ocean wave, in a manner which can be used in a computer animation environment. In order to better obtain photorealism in the behavior of the simulated water surface, we introduce a new "thickened" front tracking technique to accurately represent the water surface and a new velocity extrapolation method to move the surface in a smooth, water-like manner. The velocity extrapolation method allows us to provide a degree of control to the surface motion, e.g. to generate a windblown look or to force the water to settle quickly. To ensure that the photorealism of the simulation carries over to the final images, we have integrated our method with an advanced physically based rendering system.
Losses in Coplanar Waveguides (1982)

Conductor losses in coplanar waveguides have been calculated using a quasi-static Green's function approach. These calculations and others on dielectric and radiation losses are used to compute the quality factor of half-wavelength resonators, and comparison with measurements show good agreement.
THE CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN AN ACID CHLORINE-CHLORIDE SOLUTION (1925)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEArticleNEXTTHE CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN AN ACID CHLORINE-CHLORIDE SOLUTIONRobert S. Livingston and William C. BrayCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1925, 47, 8, 2069–2082Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1925Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1925https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01685a001Request reuse permissionsArticle Views356Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (863 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Intracellular accumulation and resistance to degradation of the Alzheimer amyloid A4/beta protein. (1992)

The A4 or beta protein is a peptide that constitutes the major protein component of senile plaques in Alzheimer disease. The A4/beta protein is derived from a larger, transmembrane amyloid precursor protein (APP). The putative abnormal processing events leading to amyloid accumulation are largely unknown. Here we report that a 42-residue synthetic peptide, beta 1-42, corresponding to one of the longer forms of the A4/beta protein, accumulates in cultured human skin fibroblasts and is stable for at least 3 days. The peptide appears to accumulate intracellularly, since it does not accumulate under conditions that prevent endocytosis and accumulation is correlated with the acquisition of resistance to removal by trypsin digestion. This intracellular accumulation is also correlated with the ability of the peptide to aggregate as determined by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. At low concentrations of the beta 1-42 peptide, which favor the nonaggregated state, no accumulation is observed. Shorter peptide analogs (28 or 39 residues) that are truncated at the C terminus, which lack the ability to aggregate in SDS gels, fail to accumulate. The accumulated intracellular beta 1-42 peptide is in an aggregated state and is contained in a dense organellar compartment that overlaps the distribution of late endosomes or secondary lysosomes. Immunofluorescence of the internalized peptide in permeabilized cells reveals that it is contained in granular deposits, consistent with localization in late endosomes or secondary lysosomes. Sequence analysis indicates that some of the internalized peptide is subject to N-terminal trimming. These results suggest that the aggregated A4/beta protein may be resistant to degradation and suggest that the A4/beta protein may arise, at least in part, by endosomal or lysosomal processing of APP. Our results also suggest that relatively nonspecific proteolysis may be sufficient to generate the A4/beta protein if this part of APP is selectively resistant to proteolysis.
Modulation detection thresholds for cochlear implants: Dependence on stimulation site and stimulus level (2006)

Amplitude modulation of pulse trains is the strategy of choice for transmission of temporal-envelope information in most modern auditory prostheses. Previous studies by Fu, Colletti, and Shannon have shown high negative correlations between modulation detection thresholds (MDTs) (measured at only one site in the electrode array) and speech recognition with cochlear or brainstem auditory prostheses. The objective of this study was to characterize MDTs across the parameter space used in cochlear prosthesis speech processors: all usable stimulation sites at multiple stimulus levels. Across-site patterns of MDTs varied considerably from subject to subject. In general, sites with the poorest MDTs were located in the basal third of the scala-tympani electrode array, but this pattern did not hold for all subjects or all stimulus conditions. The mean MDT for two levels (30% and 70% of dynamic range) was highly correlated with the mean for five levels. Mean MDTs at these two levels averaged over four adjacent electrodes in any of five segments of the electrode array were negatively correlated with speech recognition scores. This study suggests that in order to adequately characterize a subject’s modulation detection acuity, it is necessary to sample MDTs at multiple sites and levels. [Work supported by NIH/NIDCD.]
Artificial optical activity in chiral resonant nanogratings (2009)

Nanogratings with chiral geometry are found to produce artificial optical activity (i.e., the ability of rotating the light polarization), though the composing materials are not optical active. This paper presents a thorough review of our recent study, from theory to experiment, on the optical activity in two types of chiral nanogratings: the dielectric gratings exhibiting the largest polarization rotation (up to 26.5°) observed to date, and the metallic ones producing simultaneous enhance transmission and enhanced optical activity. The polarization properties of the chiral gratings are demonstrated and the enhancement mechanism of optical activity due to various resonance processes are also revealed and interpreted.
Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: common drugs for treatment and control (2004)

Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by parasitic trematode worms (schistosomes) that currently affects 200 million people living in tropical and subtropical environments. It is a chronic disease and the latest estimates for sub-Saharan Africa are that it kills > 200000 people every year. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) is caused by intestinal nematodes. More than 2 billion people are infected worldwide and the disease burden might approach that of malaria. Recognising the enormous public health significance of schistosomiasis and STH, particularly among the poor, and in view of readily available drugs that are safe, efficacious and inexpensive, the World Health Assembly recently set forth a resolution for a combined approach for morbidity control of both diseases. This review briefly summarises the geographical distribution, life cycle and global burden of schistosomiasis and STH. The current arsenal of drugs available for morbidity control, including discovery, chemistry, pharmacological properties and aspects of therapeutic efficacy and adverse events in clinical human use is then discussed. The emphasis is on praziquantel, oxamniquine and artemisinin derivatives (against schistosomes) and albendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, pyrantel pamoate and other compounds (against intestinal nematodes). The experience gained with combination chemotherapy in schistosomiasis and STH is briefly discussed. Finally, current research needs and the critical importance for development of novel anthelmintic drugs, so that chemotherapy can continue to serve as the backbone of integrated and sustainable control of schistosomiasis and STH, is highlighted.
Protein–Protein Interactions during High-Moisture Extrusion for Fibrous Meat Analogues and Comparison of Protein Solubility Methods Using Different Solvent Systems (2008)

Soy protein, mixed with gluten and starch, was extruded into fibrous meat analogues under high-moisture and high-temperature conditions. The protein solubility of samples collected at different extruder zones and extrudates made with different moistures was determined by 11 extraction solutions consisting of 6 selective reagents and their combinations: phosphate salts, urea, DTT, thiourea, Triton X-100, and CHAPS. Protein solubility by most extractants showed decreasing patterns as the material passed through the extruder, but the solution containing all 6 reagents, known as isoelectric focus (IEF) buffer, solubilized the highest levels and equal amounts of proteins in all samples, indicating that there are no other covalent bonds involved besides disulfide bonds. With regard to relative importance between disulfide bonds and non-covalent interactions, different conclusions could be made from protein solubility patterns, depending on the type of extracting systems and a baseline used for comparison. The observation points out pitfalls and limitation of current protein solubility methodology and explains why controversy exists in the literature. Using the IEF buffer system with omission of one or more selective reagents is considered to be the right methodology to conduct protein solubility study and thus recommended. Results obtained with this system indicate that disulfide bonding plays a more important role than non-covalent bonds in not only holding the rigid structure of extrudates but also forming fibrous texture. The sharpest decrease in protein solubility occurred when the mix passed through the intermediate section of the extruder barrel, indicating formation of new disulfide bonds during the stage of dramatic increase in both temperature and moisture. After this stage, although the physical form of the product might undergo change and fiber formation might occur as it passed through the cooling die, the chemical nature of the product did not change significantly.