gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative screening of bacteria for biological control of potato late blight (strain US-8), using invitro, detached-leaves, and whole-plant testing systems (2003)

Forty-three bacteria were isolated from the phylloplane and (or) rhizosphere of potato and canola plants and tested for their ability to control the pathogen Phytophthora infestans (strain US-8) causing late blight on potato. This study revealed the benefit of using more than one system when searching for biocontrol activity. In this regard, the complementarity of the three systems chosen (in-vitro culture media, detached leaves, and whole plants) in selecting and identifying potential modes of action, provided a useful insight into the different types of biocontrol activity present. Bacteria with biocontrol activity were from the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rahnella, and Serratia. Mechanisms of inhibition characterized included those occurring directly, through antibiosis, and (or) indirectly, through the induction of plant defense systems.
Reaction of 2,5‐dimethylpyrroles with quinones. Synthesis of new pyrrolylquinones (2002)

Abstract The reaction of 1,4‐naphthoquinone ( 1 ) with 2,5‐dimethylpyrroles ( 7a‐7d ) gives only 3‐(1,4‐naphtho‐quinonyl)‐2,5‐dimethylpyrroles. Extending the reaction to other quinones: 5‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone ( 2 ), 1,2‐naphthoquinone ( 3 ), quinoline‐5,8‐dione ( 4 ) and quinoxaline‐5,8‐dione ( 5 ), of which nothing was known, allows the synthesis of new pyrrolylquinones.
The Miami Electron Beam Research Facility: a large scale wastewater treatment application (1995)

The Electron Beam Research Facility (EBRF) located in Miami, Florida houses a 1.5 MV, 50 mA electron accelerator. Extensive large scale (460 1 min−1) research on the use of electron beams for the treatment of water and wastewater has been conducted at this facility over the last several years. Initial research focused on determining the disinfection kinetics of bacteria in different wastewater streams at large scale. Our most recent experiments have focused on evaluating the effectiveness of electron beam irradiation in treating industrial wastes and contaminated groundwaters. The latter has been accomplished by dissolving toxic organic compounds of interest in large quantities of potable water (groundwater). The contaminated groundwater simulant is then treated with the electron beam. This paper provides a detailed description of the EBRF, including equipment and layout, experimental protocols used for the research, reliability and maintenance performance estimates based on our operational experience, and treatment cost estimates.
Analysis of Volatile Organic Solvents by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry (1987)

A recent survey of inductively coupled plasma (ICP) tolerance to organic solvents demonstrated analytical feasibility for many organic solvents that had previously been considered incompatible with the ICP. However, the most volatile organic solvents studied (hexane, benzene, acetone, and tetrahydrofuran) were found to be ICP-compatible only at extremely low sample uptake rates (as low as 0.1 mL/min); and at such low rates, the pulsating nature of the peristaltic sample delivery pump causes extreme oscillation in the plasma discharge. As a consequence, the plasma discharge becomes analytically useless. The same qualitative results were obtained for several additional highly volatile organic solvents (dichloromethane, methyl ethyl ketone, and trichlorotri-fluoroethane) during a survey of solvents used by the electronics industry.
Skeletal muscle damage and impaired regeneration due to LPL-mediated lipotoxicity (2012)

According to the concept of lipotoxicity, ectopic accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissue induces pathological changes. The most prominent effects are seen in fatty liver disease, lipid cardiomyopathy, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and skeletal muscle myopathy. We used the MCK(m)-hLPL mouse distinguished by skeletal and cardiac muscle-specific human lipoprotein lipase (hLPL) overexpression to investigate effects of lipid overload in skeletal muscle. We were intrigued to find that ectopic lipid accumulation induced proteasomal activity, apoptosis and skeletal muscle damage. In line with these findings we observed reduced Musculus gastrocnemius and Musculus quadriceps mass in transgenic animals, accompanied by severely impaired physical endurance. We suggest that muscle loss was aggravated by impaired muscle regeneration as evidenced by reduced cross-sectional area of regenerating myofibers after cardiotoxin-induced injury in MCK(m)-hLPL mice. Similarly, an almost complete loss of myogenic potential was observed in C2C12 murine myoblasts upon overexpression of LPL. Our findings directly link lipid overload to muscle damage, impaired regeneration and loss of performance. These findings support the concept of lipotoxicity and are a further step to explain pathological effects seen in muscle of obese patients, patients with the metabolic syndrome and patients with cancer-associated cachexia.
Reinforcement Learning on Web Interfaces Using Workflow-Guided Exploration (2018)

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents improve through trial-and-error, but when reward is sparse and the agent cannot discover successful action sequences, learning stagnates. This has been a notable problem in training deep RL agents to perform web-based tasks, such as booking flights or replying to emails, where a single mistake can ruin the entire sequence of actions. A common remedy is to "warm-start" the agent by pre-training it to mimic expert demonstrations, but this is prone to overfitting. Instead, we propose to constrain exploration using demonstrations. From each demonstration, we induce high-level "workflows" which constrain the allowable actions at each time step to be similar to those in the demonstration (e.g., "Step 1: click on a textbox; Step 2: enter some text"). Our exploration policy then learns to identify successful workflows and samples actions that satisfy these workflows. Workflows prune out bad exploration directions and accelerate the agent's ability to discover rewards. We use our approach to train a novel neural policy designed to handle the semi-structured nature of websites, and evaluate on a suite of web tasks, including the recent World of Bits benchmark. We achieve new state-of-the-art results, and show that workflow-guided exploration improves sample efficiency over behavioral cloning by more than 100x.
Switch-off behavior of floating-body PD SOI MOSFET's (1998)

In this work, we report a detailed study of the switch-off transients of the drain current in floating-body partially depleted (PD) SOI MOSFETs. When operated in the kink region and at frequency in the MHz range, floating body effects improve the current capability of these devices. However, we point out a serious drawback, that has been previously overlooked: the same effects lead to orders of magnitude increase of the off-state leakage current calling for a trade-off between speed and power dissipation.
Synthesis and reactions of N-sulfonylamines (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and reactions of N-sulfonylaminesGeorge M. Atkins Jr. and Edward M. BurgessCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 17, 6135–6141Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00772a035https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00772a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views782Altmetric-Citations85LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Modeling the resolution and sensitivity of FAIMS analyses (2004)

Field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) is rapidly gaining acceptance as a robust, versatile tool for post-ionization separations prior to mass-spectrometric analyses. The separation is based on differences between ion mobilities at high and low electric fields, and proceeds at atmospheric pressure. Two major advantages of FAIMS over condensed-phase separations are its high speed and an ion focusing effect that often improves sensitivity. While selected aspects of FAIMS performance are understood empirically, no physical model rationalizing the resolving power and sensitivity of the method and revealing their dependence on instrumental variables has existed. Here we present a first-principles computational treatment capable of simulating the FAIMS analyzer for virtually any geometry (including the known cylindrical and planar designs) and arbitrary operational parameters. The approach involves propagating an ensemble of ion trajectories through the device in real time under the influence of applied asymmetric potential, diffusional motion incorporating the high-field and anisotropic phenomena, and mutual Coulomb repulsion of ionic charges. Calculations for both resolution and sensitivity are validated by excellent agreement with measurements in different FAIMS modes for ions representing diverse types and analyte classes.
Recombinant Wild-Type and Edmonston Strain Measles Viruses Bearing Heterologous H Proteins: Role of H Protein in Cell Fusion and Host Cell Specificity (2002)

Wild-type measles virus (MV) isolated from B95a cells has a restricted host cell specificity and hardly replicates in Vero cells, whereas the laboratory strain Edmonston (Ed) replicates in a variety of cell types including Vero cells. To investigate the role of H protein in the differential MV host cell specificity and cell fusion activity, H proteins of wild-type MV (IC-B) and Ed were coexpressed with the F protein in Vero cells. Cell-cell fusion occurred in Vero cells when Ed H protein, but not IC-B H protein, was expressed. To analyze the role of H protein in the context of viral infection, a recombinant IC-B virus bearing Ed H protein (IC/Ed-H) and a recombinant Ed virus bearing IC-B H protein (Ed/IC-H) were generated from cloned cDNAs. IC/Ed-H replicated efficiently in Vero cells and induced small syncytia in Vero cells, indicating that Ed H protein conferred replication ability in Vero cells on IC/Ed-H. On the other hand, Ed/IC-H also replicated well in Vero cells and induced small syncytia, although parental Ed induced large syncytia in Vero cells. These results indicated that an MV protein(s) other than H protein was likely involved in determining cell fusion and host cell specificity of MV in the case of our recombinants. SLAM (CDw150), a recently identified cellular receptor for wild-type MV, was not expressed in Vero cells, and a monoclonal antibody against CD46, a cellular receptor for Ed, did not block replication or syncytium formation of Ed/IC-H in Vero cells. It is therefore suggested that Ed/IC-H entered Vero cells through another cellular receptor.
Comparison of Marbling Feature among Beef Breeds using Mirror Type Photography Equipment (2006)

切開面が狭い牛枝肉において広範囲かつ鮮明な横断面画像を得ることが可能なミラー型撮影装置を用い，新たな脂肪交雑粒子のあらさの指標を提案し，一般市場に出荷される肉用品種の肉質の特性を比較した．用いたミラー型撮影装置は，デジタルカメラ，フィルムタイプミラー，白色LEDライン型照明2燈を組み合わせ，切開幅が約25cmの枝肉に挿入可能であるくさび形の撮影装置である．黒毛和種（JB）58頭，黒毛和種と褐毛和種の交雑種（BBR）43頭，褐毛和種（JBR）42頭，黒毛和種とホルスタイン種の交雑種（JBH）60頭およびホルスタイン種（HOL）48頭の5品種251頭について第6-7肋骨間のロース芯画像を解析した．得られた画像からロース芯面積，脂肪面積割合，全体のあらさなどの12形質を算出した．新たな脂肪交雑のあらさの指標として個々の脂肪交雑を面積の大きい順番に並べ替え，もっとも大きい脂肪交雑粒子から5個までを加算し，脂肪交雑総面積で除した指数（上位1～5のあらさ）が有効であった．脂肪面積割合の平均はJB 43.02％, BBR 36.62％, JBR 29.72％, JBH 31.76％, HOL 19.34％となり，JBRとJBHを除いたすべての品種間について有意差が認められた（P＜0.05）．上位1～5のあらさはJBH（19.88）およびHOL（20.14）において有意に高い値となった（P＜0.05）．
A Bioassay of Treatment of Hemorrhagic Shock (1966)

Evidently something happens in the extracellular material lying between the exchange vessels and the cells causing more water molecules and sodium ions to be sorbed upon the macromolecules constituting and lying within the ground substance. In man, the surface of extracellular collagen fibrils alone amounts to more than a million square meters (more than 160 acres or 0.25 sq mile). Collagen's sorption of water and sodium ions is altered remarkably by changes of pH, temperature, physical deformation, and the like.<sup>30</sup>Consequently, with the increased concentration of lactic and pyruvic acids and lowered pH in the ground substance that occurs during hemorrhagic hypotension, the collagen could well adsorb more water molecules and salt ions and thereby reduce the amount of rapidly exchangeable sodium and water in the extravascular-extracellular tissue. The number of rapidly exchangeable sodium ions in the body is an important determinant of cell function.<sup>25</sup> The proof that
Common genetic factors for depression and cardiovascular disease (2007)

There is increasing knowledge regarding the considerable comorbidity between depression and cardiovascular disease, which are two of the most common disorders in developed countries. The associated vulnerability is not unidirectional, as the presence of cardiovascular disease can also influence mood states. Although this may be the result of psychological factors, common biological mechanisms, including genetic ones, are thought to be responsible for this interaction; we can thus question whether variations in genes could be predisposing factors. Regarding the multiple interactions in the mechanisms between depression and cardiovascular system disorders, e.g., dysfunctions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical and sympathoadrenal axis and the response to stress, the importance of the serotonergic and immune systems, or the impact on the renin-angiotensin system, several candidate genes are being investigated. However, despite the interest in unraveling the potential susceptibility genes for both disorders, most available studies have so far dealt with the impact of polymorphisms in relation to either depression or cardiovascular disease. A few recent studies have now examined the effects of gene-gene or gene-environment interactions, and are investigating the impact of "depression-related" variants on cardiac response to stress. The first promising results were obtained with the serotonin transporter, and it may be hypothesized that this polymorphism interacts via the impact of the S allele on depression and via the effect of the L allele on platelet activation. However, the role played by various other candidate genes remains to be determined, especially regarding the question as to whether they are indicative of common pathophysiological mechanisms, or for identifying a subgroup of patients with somatic disorders that are more closely related to psychiatric symptoms.
Antagonistic effects of interferons on the cytotoxicity mediated by natural killer cells. (1981)

Human interferons (IFs) can induce a several-fold increase in the natural cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes on target cell lines. IFs increase the efficiency of cytotoxicity and the number of natural killer (NK) cells. In mixed cultures of lymphocytes and other tumor-derived or virus-infected cells, endogenous IF is produced, which mediates 70-90% of the observed cytotoxicity. The effect of IF on target cells is antagonistic to its effect on lymphocytes: the susceptibility to lysis of cells treated with IF decreases. Whereas normal fibroblasts are protected by IF, virus-infected cells and most tumor-derived cells are not. The protective effect is specific for NK cells cytotoxicity: IF-treated target cells are lysed to the same extent as the untreated controls by antibody-dependent killer cells, by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes, by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and by antibodies and complement. NK cells bind to IF-treated fibroblasts, but are unable to lyse them. The cytotoxic ability of NK cells is inactivated after interaction with normal fibroblasts, but not with IF-treated fibroblasts. Unlabeled, normal fibroblasts but not IF-treated fibroblasts compete for the cytotoxicity mediated by NK cells in 51Cr-labeled target fibroblasts. IF, by stimulating very efficient, nonspecific cytotoxic cells, and by protecting normal cells from lysis, might render the NK cell system an inducible defense mechanism against virus-infected and tumor cells.
O HERÓI DE DUAS FACES A dupla identidade dos super-heróis (2016)

O presente texto discute a mediacao narrativa da dupla identidade dos super-herois. Amparado nos estudos de Umberto Eco e Grant Morrison, destaca-se tres fatores irredutiveis nesse estudo: a transferencia nao-analitica de emocoes (estudadas pela psicanalise); a formacao ideologica resultante do contexto de enunciacao e dos pactos de leitura; e o conteudo mitico e arquetipico dos herois. Conclui-se que a mediacao narrativa da dupla identidade esta se tornando uma nova forma de identidade nos ambientes virtuais.
Nuclear signaling in human neutrophils. Stimulation of RNA synthesis is a response to a limited number of proinflammatory agonists. (1992)

At inflammatory sites, neutrophils are stimulated by a range of proinflammatory molecules which elicit a number of cellular responses. Considerable information on the cytoplasmic events that occur following activation of neutrophils at the cell membrane level already exists. In this study, we have focused on the ability of neutrophil agonists to initiate nuclear signaling events by investigating the induction of de novo RNA synthesis. Of a total of 14 different known potent leukocyte agonists, only three had a significant effect on the induction of RNA synthesis in neutrophils; the formylated oligopeptide formyl-methionyl-leucylphenylalanine (fMet-Leu-Phe), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. All three agonists induced de novo RNA synthesis in neutrophils at concentrations known to be optimal for the activation of a number of other cellular responses occurring in inflammation. Of significance was the observation that activation of RNA synthesis in neutrophils is a G-protein-mediated event, is also dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation, but is not influenced by cAMP. Finally, we have demonstrated that all three agonists also induce de novo synthesis of a limited number of proteins, with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and fMet-Leu-Phe having the most potent effect. These studies define the effects of neutrophil agonists on de novo RNA and protein synthesis in a proinflammatory context and suggest that these events in neutrophils occur in a restricted fashion, highly dependent on the stimuli present at sites of inflammation.
Confirmation of the existence of a third family among peptidyl‐prolyl <i>cis/trans</i> isomerases Amino acid sequence and recombinant production of parvulin (1994)

In addition to the major cyclophilin-like peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) of Escherichia coli an enzyme of very low relative molecular mass (10.1 kDa) was discovered in this organism which gave first indication of the existence of a novel family in this enzyme class [1994, FEBS Lett. 343, 65-69]. In the present report we describe the chemically determined amino acid sequence of four peptides derived from the 10.1 kDa protein by the treatment with either cyanogen bromide or endoproteinase Lys-C. Together with a continuous run of 75 amino acids starting N-terminally, the sequence of the mature enzyme, 92 residues in length, was elucidated. Cloning and determination of the primary structure of a DNA fragment encoding this enzyme were also performed. Overexpression of the enzyme by using multicopies of plasmid pSEP38 in E. coli and detecting an enhanced PPIase activity attributed to the 10.1 kDa enzyme provided additional proof that the 92 amino acid protein was a PPIase. The enzyme was called parvulin (lat.: parvulus, very small). Homology analyses indicated that several parvulin-like proteins could be found in the database screened. To further elucidate the functional role of PPIases it might be of some importance that homologous proteins like the PrtM protein of Lactococcus lactis and the PrsA lipoprotein of Bacillus subtilis are known to be involved in the protein export and maturation machinery of the bacteria.
Cardiac Imaging: Present Status and Future Trends (1997)

Cardiac imaging has developed rapidly in a number of different areas, to the extent that the clinical practice of cardiology is highly image dependent. Advances in cross-sectional and three-dimensional imaging using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have now found a significant role in demonstrating cardiac anatomy and function alongside the more traditional role of ultrasound which with its intravascular use is becoming a part of intravascular cardiac therapy. The imaging of myocardial perfusion by nuclear medicine techniques including single photon emission tomography and positron emission tomography has grown to add substantial clinical and academic information on cardiac blood flow and metabolism.
An Efficient Method of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Tests for Aggregation Bias (1962)

Abstract In this paper a method of estimating the parameters of a set of regression equations is reported which involves application of Aitken's generalized least-squares [1] to the whole system of equations. Under conditions generally encountered in practice, it is found that the regression coefficient estimators so obtained are at least asymptotically more efficient than those obtained by an equation-by-equation application of least squares. This gain in efficiency can be quite large if “independent” variables in different equations are not highly correlated and if disturbance terms in different equations are highly correlated. Further, tests of the hypothesis that all regression equation coefficient vectors are equal, based on “micro” and “macro” data, are described. If this hypothesis is accepted, there will be no aggregation bias. Finally, the estimation procedure and the “micro-test” for aggregation bias are applied in the analysis of annual investment data, 1935–1954, for two firms.
Engineering the Autotroph <i>Methanococcus maripaludis</i> for Geraniol Production (2016)

The rapid autotrophic growth of the methanogenic archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis on H2 and CO2 makes it an attractive microbial chassis to inexpensively produce biochemicals. To explore this potential, a synthetic gene encoding geraniol synthase (GES) derived from Ocimum basilicum was cloned into a M. maripaludis expression vector under selection for puromycin resistance. Recombinant expression of GES in M. maripaludis during autotrophic growth on H2/CO2 or formate yielded geraniol at 2.8 and 4.0 mg g(-1) of dry weight, respectively. The yield of geraniol decreased 2-3-fold when organic carbon sources were added to stimulate heterotrophic growth. In the absence of puromycin, geraniol production during autotrophic growth on formate increased to 4.6 mg g(-1) of dry weight. A conceptual model centered on the autotrophic acetyl coenzyme A biosynthetic pathway identified strategies to divert more autotrophic carbon flux to geraniol production.