gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CMOS/SOS memory circuits for radiation environments (1978)

Memory circuit techniques which combine radiation hardness with high density, high speed, and low power dissipation have been developed. CMOS/SOS circuits featuring self-compensation, self-biasing, and parameter tracking accommodate a wide range of nonuniform on-chip parameter variations. These variations may occur as the result of exposure to a nuclear radiation event or from MOS device processing, temperature, or power-supply effects. The circuits discussed in this paper are key elements for radiation-hardened memory designs [up to 10/SUP 6/ rad (Si)] with state-of-the-art LSI density and performance. The CMOS/SOS memory cell sizes (3.1 mil/SUP 2/ for a six-device static cell and 2.5 mil/SUP 2/ for a four-device static cell) are nearly five times smaller than previous radiation-hardened cells.
NMR Metabolic Profiling of <i>Aspergillus </i><i>n</i><i>idulans</i> to Monitor Drug and Protein Activity (2006)

We describe a general protocol for using comparative NMR metabolomics data to infer in vivo efficacy, specificity and toxicity of chemical leads within a drug discovery program. The methodology is demonstrated using Aspergillus nidulans to monitor the activity of urate oxidase and orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase and the impact of 8-azaxanthine, an inhibitor of urate oxidase. 8-azaxanthine is shown to inhibit A. nidulans hyphal growth by in vivo inactivation of urate oxidase.
Digital video broadcasting over satellite (DVB-S): a system for broadcasting and contribution applications (2000)

The general system concepts for digital television transmission and broadcasting by satellite, developed within the European digital video broadcasting (DVB) Project and standardized by ETSI are described. The system (EN 300 421) is designed to provide direct-to-home (DTH) multi-programme TV services in the BSS and FSS bands and is addressed to consumer integrated receiver decoders (IRDs), as well as collective antenna systems (SMATV) and cable television head-end stations, with a likelihood of remodulation. The system operational modes have been extended in 1998 (EN 301 210) to cover also ‘contribution’ applications by satellite, such as conveying vision and sound material between TV studios, or from remote locations directly to the broadcaster's premises through light and portable up-link terminal digital satellite news gathering (DSNG). The exploitation of the multiplex flexibility allows the use of the transmission capacity for a variety of TV service configurations. The use of flexible and advanced error protection techniques, based on the concatenation of Reed-Solomon and convolutional codes (with Viterbi decoding), allows optimum adaptation to different satellite transponder characteristics, i.e. bandwidth and power, providing high service quality and availability with small receiving antennas (DTH applications) or transmitting terminals (DSNG applications). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SPEED RESTRICTIONS. (1962)

Keywords ROAD RESEARCH LABORATORY, RRL SPEED, RESTRICTIONS, TRAFFIC, LIMITS, ROADS, VEHICLES, ACCIDENTS, DATA, DRIVING, MOTORISTS, DRIVERS, SAFETY... Show All
An analysis of compare-by-hash (2003)

Recent research has produced a new and perhaps dangerous technique for uniquely identifying blocks that I will call compare-by-hash. Using this technique, we decide whether two blocks are identical to each other by comparing their hash values, using a collision-resistant hash such as SHA-1[5]. If the hash values match, we assume the blocks are identical without further ado. Users of compare-by-hash argue that this assumption is warranted because the chance of a hash collision between any two randomly generated blocks is estimated to be many orders of magnitude smaller than the chance of many kinds of hardware errors. Further analysis shows that this approach is not as risk-free as it seems at first glance.
Radiovirotherapy: Principles and Prospects in Oncology (2012)

Radiovirotherapy is defined as the use of viruses to deliver radioisotopic treatment into infected cells. Oncolytic viruses are able to selectively target and kill cancer cells. The combination of oncolytic viruses and radiation therapies can have synergistic antitumour properties. Viruses may act as radiosensitizers, and radiations can increase viral oncolytic properties. The combination of oncolytic viruses with a virally-directed radioisotope therapy is an innovative method to combine viruses and radiation therapy, selectively within the tumour cells. The sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) is the main transgene that has been studied for this approach. NIS can mediate the uptake of isotopes of iodine and technetium 99m for in vivo gene expression imaging and therapy. This review highlights the principles of radiovirotherapy, and its recent progress. Better understanding of the regulation of NIS opens up pathways by which to potentiate the functional expression of NIS. In terms of the therapeutic isotope, Iodine-131 has been most frequently studied but other isotopes (astatine- 211, rhenium-188) are of growing interest. Oncolytic viruses are able to infect selectively and replicate in cancer cells and promising early phase clinical trials have been recently published. Their development allows a better selectivity of viral infection and adds a virus-specific cytotoxicity to the therapeutic approach. Active research into strategies such as immunosuppressive treatment and cell-based carrier systems is seeking to circumvent the host antiviral immune response and, thus, increase the potential for systemic delivery. Finally, other anticancer therapies such as chemotherapy and external beam radiotherapy may have a synergistic effect with radiovirotherapy and such combinatorial approaches offering the prospect of accelerated translation into clinical studies.
Two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride as lateral heat spreader in electrically insulating packaging (2016)

The need for electrically insulating materials with a high in-plane thermal conductivity for lateral heat spreading applications in electronic devices has intensified studies of layered hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) films. Due to its physicochemical properties, h-BN can be utilised in power dissipating devices such as an electrically insulating heat spreader material for laterally redistributing the heat from hotspots caused by locally excessive heat flux densities. In this study, two types of boron nitride based heat spreader test structures have been assembled and evaluated for heat dissipation. The test structures separately utilised a few-layer h-BN film with and without graphene enhancement drop coated onto the hotspot test structure. The influence of the h-BN heat spreader films on the temperature distribution across the surface of the hotspot test structure was studied at a range of heat flux densities through the hotspot. It was found that the graphene-enhanced h-BN film reduced the hotspot temperature by about 8–10°C at a 1000 W/cm2 heat flux density, a temperature decrease significantly larger than for h-BN film without graphene enhancement. Finite element simulations of the h-BN film predict that further improvements in heat spreading ability are possible if the thermal contact resistance between the film and test chip are minimised.
Tuning the Photochromic Properties of a Flavylium Compound by pH (2004)

Abstract We studied the intricate pH‐ and light‐dependent network of the thermal and photochemical reactions of the 4′‐(dimethylamino)‐7‐hydroxyflavylium ion by continuous irradiation, flash photolysis, 1 H NMR spectroscopy, and stopped flow analysis. The distribution of the various forms at the pH‐dependent thermodynamic equilibrium and the rates of several interconversion processes were measured. The most interesting feature of this multistate/multifunctional system is related to the possibility of pH‐tuning the colour change caused by photoirradiation, because the cis ‐chalcone isomer, obtained from the photoisomerization of the trans ‐chalcone form, is spontaneously transformed into coloured species (flavylium cation and quinoidal base) at low values of pH, but reverts back to the uncoloured trans ‐chalcone at high values of pH because of the low energy barrier between the cis and trans chalcone isomers. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Characterization of Oleosins in the Pollen Coat of Brassica oleracea (1997)

, Gerben J. Van Eldik, Rinus M. A. Van Herpen, Jan A. M. Schrauwen, George J. Wullems, Characterization of Oleosins in the Pollen Coat of Brassica oleracea, The Plant Cell, Vol. 9, No. 9 (Sep., 1997), pp. 1621-1631
Amino Acids: Chemical Properties (2008)

Abstract A complete understanding of protein folding, protein recognition, enzyme catalysis, and allosteric regulation will require intimate knowledge about the fundamental physico‐chemical properties of amino acids. This article will summarize the chemistry of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids with special emphasis on the relationship to protein folding and biologic activity. The major features of the amino acids are classified into three categories, which are as follows: 1) physico‐chemical properties, 2) biologic properties, and 3) electronic properties. Cross‐correlations among more than 34 different parameters revealed that these measures segregate into four main properties that are largely independent, as follows: 1) steric effects (polarizability), 2) hydrophilicity (H p index), 3) inductive effects, and 4) field effects. Advances in quantum chemistry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, and theoretic physics encourage efforts to derive all‐electronic expressions for the fundamental properties of amino acids that will provide mechanistic insights into protein structure and function.
A type system for an object-oriented database system (2002)

A type system is presented with strong typing and static type checking that is not yet well supported in most existing object-oriented database systems. A subtyping rule is defined for correctly structuring the inheritance hierarchy of the types. Based on the subtyping, a number of type inference rules are defined. They can be used by the type system to statically determine the types of the query results and whether a given application program is type correct.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Drying of solvent‐coated polymer films (1994)

Abstract A set of equations is developed for the description of heat and mass transfer and film shrinkage in the drying of polymer films. The utilization of jump balances in the formulation of boundary conditions at phase interfaces is illustrated, and a solution scheme is developed for solving the coupled, nonlinear equations. The proposed model will produce the size of drying over needed to reduce the solvent concentration to the desired level. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
看護学生の適性に関する尺度開発の試み ―信頼性･妥当性の検証― (1999)

看護教育では,看護者として必要な知識,技術のみならず看護するのにふさわしい態度や姿勢等を育成することを重視している｡このような看護者にふさわしい態度形成を援助する教育の成果を評価するために看護学生の適性に関する尺度開発を試みた｡尺度に用いる項目は,看護者にふさわしい態度や性格特性及び適性等に関する過去の文献調査と筆者等の臨床看護及び看護教育の経験とで検討し決定した｡最終的に絞り込んだ項目は,22項目であった｡この項目の信頼性･妥当性を検証するために,医療技術短大の看護学生206人を対象に質問紙調査を実施した｡信頼性については,76人を対象に再検査を実施し安定性を検討した｡その結果,相関係数の一番低い項目は｢研究心｣｢自制心｣で,0.36であった｡残りの項目は,相関係数0.40以上で,一番高い項目は｢冷静｣の0.71であった｡内的整合性を示すCronbach's α信頼性係数は,全項目では0.83であった｡因子分析の結果得られた5因子に基づく下位尺度のCronbach's α信頼性係数は,最も高いものは<リーダーシップ>0.80であり,最も低いものは<精神的成熟>0.56であった｡構成概念の妥当性を検討するために因子分析をおこなった結果,5因子が抽出された｡それぞれを<リ ーダーシップ><社会性><探求心><精神的成熟><忍耐>と命名し,下位尺度とした｡
Formation and Finite Element Analysis of Tethered Bilayer Lipid Structures (2010)

Rapid solvent exchange of an ethanolic solution of diphytanoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPhyPC) in the presence of a mixed self-assembled monolayer (SAM) [thiolipid/β-mercaptoethanol (βME) (3/7 mol/mol) on Au] shows a transition from densely packed tethered bilayer lipid membranes [(dp)tBLMs], to loosely packed tethered bilayer lipid membranes [(lp)tBLMs], and tethered bilayer liposome nanoparticles (tBLNs) with decreasing DPhyPC concentration. The tethered lipidic constructs in the aqueous medium were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Finite element analysis (FEA) was applied to interpret spectral EIS features without referring to equivalent circuit modeling. Using structural data obtained earlier from neutron reflectometry and dielectric constants of lipid bilayers, we reproduced experimentally observed features of the electrochemical impedance (EI) spectra of complex surface constructs involving small pinhole defects, large membrane-free patches, and bound liposomes. We demonstrated by FEA that highly insulating (dp)tBLMs with low-defect density exhibit EI spectra in the shape of a perfect semicircle with or without low-frequency upward "tails" in the Cole-Cole representation. Such EI spectra were observed at DPhyPC concentrations of >5 × 10(-3) mol L(-1). While AFM was not able to visualize very small lateral defects in such films, EI spectra unambiguously signaled their presence by increased low frequency "tails". Using FEA we demonstrate that films with large diameter visible defects (>25 nm by AFM) produce EI spectral features consisting of two semicircles of comparable size. Such films were typically obtained at DPhyPC concentrations of <5 × 10(-3) mol L(-1). At DPhyPC concentrations of <1.0 × 10(-3) mol L(-1) the planar bilayer structures were replaced by ellipsoidal liposomes with diameters ranging from 50 to 500 nm as observed in AFM images. Despite the distinct surface morphology change, the EI curves exhibited two semicircle spectral features typical for the large size defects in planar tBLMs. FEA revealed that, to account for these EI features for bound liposome systems (50-500 nm diameter), one needs to assume much lower tBLM conductivities of the submembrane space, which separates the electrode surface and the phospholipid bilayer. Alternatively, FEA indicates that such features may also be observed on composite surfaces containing both bound liposomes and patches of planar bilayers. Triple semicircular features, observed in some of the experimental EI curves, were attributed to an increased complexity of the real tBLMs. The modeling demonstrated that such features are typical for heterogeneous tBLM surfaces containing large patches of different defectiveness levels. By integrating AFM, EIS, and FEA data, our work provides diagnostic criteria allowing the precise characterization of the properties and the morphology of surface supported bilayer systems.
Sleep and Wakeup Strategies in Solar-Powered Wireless Sensor/Mesh Networks: Performance Analysis and Optimization (2007)

A queuing analytical model is presented to investigate the performances of different sleep and wakeup strategies in a solar-powered wireless sensor/mesh network where a solar cell is used to charge the battery in a sensor/mesh node. While the solar radiation process (and, hence, the energy generation process in a solar cell) is modeled by a stochastic process (i.e., a Markov chain), a linear battery model with relaxation effect is used to model the battery capacity recovery process. Developed based on a multidimensional discrete-time Markov chain, the presented model is used to analyze the performances of different sleep and wakeup strategies in a sensor/mesh node. The packet dropping and packet blocking probabilities at a node are the major performance metrics. The numerical results obtained from the analytical model are validated by extensive simulations. In addition, using the queuing model, based on a game-theoretic formulation, we demonstrate how to obtain the optimal parameters for a particular sleep and wakeup strategy. In this case, we formulate a bargaining game by exploiting the trade-off between packet blocking and packet dropping probabilities due to the sleep and wakeup dynamics in a sensor/mesh node. The Nash solution is obtained for the equilibrium point of sleep and wakeup probabilities. The presented queuing model, along with the game-theoretic formulation, would be useful for the design and optimization of energy-efficient protocols for solar-powered wireless sensor/mesh networks under quality-of-service (QoS) constraints
Tripyrrylmethane als Bausteine zur Synthese funktioneller Porphyrine (1993)

Tripyrrylmethanes as Building Bocks for the Preparation of Functionalized Porphyrins Tripyrrylmethanetricarbaldehyde 4 is prepared in three steps from the tripyrrylmethanetricarboxylate 2 . The mono‐ meso ‐pyrrylporphyrines 6a and b are obtained in moderate yields by MacDonald condensation of 4 with the di‐2‐pyrrylmethyanes 5a and b .
Mining User Check-In Behavior with a Random Walk for Urban Point-of-Interest Recommendations (2014)

In recent years, research into the mining of user check-in behavior for point-of-interest (POI) recommendations has attracted a lot of attention. Existing studies on this topic mainly treat such recommendations in a traditional manner—that is, they treat POIs as items and check-ins as ratings. However, users usually visit a place for reasons other than to simply say that they have visited. In this article, we propose an approach referred to as Urban POI-Walk (UPOI-Walk), which takes into account a user's social-triggered intentions (SI), preference-triggered intentions (PreI), and popularity-triggered intentions (PopI), to estimate the probability of a user checking-in to a POI. The core idea of UPOI-Walk involves building a HITS-based random walk on the normalized check-in network, thus supporting the prediction of POI properties related to each user's preferences. To achieve this goal, we define several user--POI graphs to capture the key properties of the check-in behavior motivated by user intentions. In our UPOI-Walk approach, we propose a new kind of random walk model—Dynamic HITS-based Random Walk—which comprehensively considers the relevance between POIs and users from different aspects. On the basis of similitude, we make an online recommendation as to the POI the user intends to visit. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on urban POI recommendations that considers user check-in behavior motivated by SI, PreI, and PopI in location-based social network data. Through comprehensive experimental evaluations on two real datasets, the proposed UPOI-Walk is shown to deliver excellent performance.
Calculation of Lightning Outage Rate of High Voltage Transmission Line (2012)

The outage rate of high voltage power transmission lines caused by direct lighting has been analyzed and calculated, including straight lightning stroke on tower top (backstroke) and round stroke to conductor (shielding failure). Using the electrical geometry model and exposure distance, the outage rate caused by shielding failure is calculated. Based on the principles of IEEE flash program, the voltage across the insulator string and the outage rate caused by backstroke are calculated. Applying this method, the lightning outage rates of a 220kV double circuit transmission lines in Baoding, Hebei, China have been calculated. According to the calculated results the measures has been proposed which should be taken to improve the line insulation level.
Culture dependent and independent analysis of bacterial communities associated with commercial salad leaf vegetables (2013)

The use of pyrosequencing allowed for the identification of low abundance bacteria in leaf salad vegetables not detected by culture-dependent methods. The presence of a range of bacterial populations as endophytes presents an interesting phenomenon as these microorganisms cannot be removed by washing and are thus ingested during salad consumption.
Indocyanine Green-Loaded Liposomes for Light-Triggered Drug Release (2016)

Light-triggered drug delivery systems enable site-specific and time-controlled drug release. In previous work, we have achieved this with liposomes containing gold nanoparticles in the aqueous core. Gold nanoparticles absorb near-infrared light and release the energy as heat that increases the permeability of the liposomal bilayer, thus releasing the contents of the liposome. In this work, we replaced the gold nanoparticles with the clinically approved imaging agent indocyanine green (ICG). The ICG liposomes were stable at storage conditions (4-22 °C) and at body temperature, and fast near-infrared (IR) light-triggered drug release was achieved with optimized phospholipid composition and a 1:50 ICG-to-lipid molar ratio. Encapsulated small molecular calcein and FITC-dextran (up to 20 kDa) were completely released from the liposomes after light exposure for 15 s. Location of ICG in the PEG layer of the liposomes was simulated with molecular dynamics. ICG has important benefits as a light-triggering agent in liposomes: fast content release, improved stability, improved possibility of liposomal size control, regulatory approval to use in humans, and the possibility of imaging the in vivo location of the liposomes based on the fluorescence of ICG. Near-infrared light used as a triggering mechanism has good tissue penetration and safety. Thus, ICG liposomes are an attractive option for light-controlled and efficient delivery of small and large drug molecules.
Three-terminal P-N-P-N transistor switches (1958)

An investigation of the electrical properties of four-region silicon structures, with electrical contact made to both outer regions and to one of the inner base regions is described briefly. A satisfactory analytical understanding of the device has been achieved, but for simplicity the experimental results presented are discussed in nonmathematical and purely physical terms. The fuller theoretical discussion is being prepared for submission to the PROCEEDINGS OF THE IRE. In many respects, the behavior of this three-terminal device is found to be similar to the conventional thyratron.
Stabilization of microtubule protein in glycerol solutions (1981)

The consequences of short-term storage of microtubule protein at 0 degrees C have been examined and the ability of glycerol to prevent loss of activity has been evaluated. Three forms of activity monitored include colchicine-binding activity, critical concentration, and relative polymerizing activity. Colchicine-binding activity decayed continuously and glycerol increased the half-life roughly in proportion to its concentration (t 1/2 = 57 days in 4 M glycerol). Critical concentration remained relatively constant for 2-3 days and then increased rapidly in the absence of glycerol. This rapid increase was delayed in glycerol concentrations above 1 M. Relative polymerizing activity was based in this work on the slope of the critical concentration plot. In most cases, loss of activity was apparent after as little as 24 h. This was the first observed alteration in polymerization properties of the microtubule protein and glycerol concentrations below 3 M had little effect in slowing the decay. Degradation of microtubule-associated proteins may account for these changes in polymerization properties that occurred more rapidly than tubulin denaturation. Evidence for degradation was demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Higher glycerol concentrations slowed this degradation.