gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Estimating Cardinality for Arbitrarily Large Data Stream With Improved Memory Efficiency (2020)

Cardinality estimation is the task of determining the number of distinct elements (or the cardinality) in a data stream, under a stringent constraint that the input data stream can be scanned by just one single pass. This is a fundamental problem with many practical applications, such as traffic monitoring of high-speed networks and query optimization of Internet-scale database. To solve the problem, we propose an algorithm named HLL-TailCut, which implements the estimation standard error 1.0/√m using the memory units of four or three bits each, whose cost is much smaller than the five-bit memory units used by HyperLogLog, the best previously known cardinality estimator. This makes it possible to reduce the memory cost of HyperLogLog by 20%~45%. For example, when the target estimation error is 1.1%, state-of-the-art HyperLogLog needs 5.6 kilobytes memory. By contrast, our new algorithm only needs 3 kilobytes memory consumption for attaining the same accuracy. Additionally, our algorithm is able to support the estimation of very large stream cardinalities, even on the Tera and Peta scale.
Histone Deacetylase 3 Is Necessary for Proper Brain Development (2014)

The functional role of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) in the developing brain has yet to be elucidated. We show that mice lacking HDAC3 in neurons and glia of the central nervous system, Nes-Cre/HDAC3 conditional KO mice, show major abnormalities in the cytoarchitecture of the neocortex and cerebellum and die within 24 h of birth. Later-born neurons do not localize properly in the cortex. A similar mislocalization is observed with cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Although the proportion of astrocytes is higher than normal, the numbers of oligodendrocytes are reduced. In contrast, conditional knockout of HDAC3 in neurons of the forebrain and certain other brain regions, using Thy1-Cre and calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II α-Cre for ablation, produces no overt abnormalities in the organization of cells within the cortex or of cerebellar Purkinje neurons at birth. However, both lines of conditional knockout mice suffer from progressive hind limb paralysis and ataxia and die around 6 weeks after birth. The mice display an increase in overall numbers of cells, higher numbers of astrocytes, and Purkinje neuron degeneration. Taken together, our results demonstrate that HDAC3 plays an essential role in regulating brain development, with effects on both neurons and glia in different brain regions.
Ionic Conductivity and Phase Transition of the Spinel System Li2 − 2x  M 1 + x Cl4 (  M  = Mg , Mn , Cd ) (1984)

The spinel systems with has been studied by means of impedance measurement, differential thermal analysis, and x‐ray diffraction analysis. The ionic conductivity increases and the activation energy for conduction decreases with increasing within the solid solution range, in , in, and in . The highest conductivity is found to be in at room temperature and 0.35 Scm−1 in at 400°C. The three chloride spinels exhibit a first‐order phase transition and a diffuse transition. The diffuse transition temperatures decrease with increasing .
Project Execution Plan, Waste Management Division, Nevada Operations Office, U.S. Department of Energy, April 2000 (2000)

This plan addresses project activities encompassed by the U.S. Department of Energy/Nevada Operations Office Waste Management Division and conforms to the requirements contained in the ''Life Cycle Asset Management,'' U.S. Department of Energy Order O430.1A; the Joint Program Office Policy on Project Management in Support of DOE Order O430.1, and the Project Execution and Engineering Management Planning Guide. The plan also reflects the milestone philosophies of the Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order, as agreed to by the state of Nevada; and traditional project management philosophies such as the development of life cycle costs, schedules, and work scope; identification of roles and responsibilities; and baseline management and controls.
Compatibility of silicon planar heads with conventional thin film heads in hard disk drives (1992)

The behaviour of silicon planar heads in a drive is described. A Conner driver has been chosen to demonstrate the complete compatibility of planar heads with regard to thin-film heads. After a description of the planar silicon head, the authors describe the head and recording performance. Silicon planar heads and conventional thin-film heads are compared in the same recording conditions. Full compatibility has been obtained without changing anything in the drive. Drive performance has been improved using silicon planar heads, probably due to the output without undershoot provided by such heads. A hard disk drive with planar silicon heads has been working perfectly for months with a timing margin of 6 ns compared to 4 ns for thin-film heads.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Influence of nuclear spin on chemical reactions: Magnetic isotope and magnetic field effects (A Review) (1983)

The course of chemical reactions involving radical pairs may depend on occurrence and orientation of nuclear spins in the pairs. The influence of nuclear spins is maximized when the radical pairs are confined to a space that serves as a cage that allows a certain degree of independent diffusional and rotational motion of the partners of the pair but that also encourages reencounters of the partners within a period which allows the nuclear spins to operate on the odd electron spins of the pair. Under the proper conditions, the nuclear spins can induce intersystem crossing between triplet and singlet states of radical pairs. It is shown that this dependence of intersystem crossing on nuclear spin leads to a magnetic isotope effect on the chemistry of radical pairs which provides a means of separating isotopes on the basis of nuclear spins rather than nuclear masses and also leads to a magnetic field effect on the chemistry of radical pairs which provides a means of influencing the course of polymerization by the application of weak magnetic fields.
The Laplacian inverse problem of electrocardiography: an eccentric spheres study (1997)

The eccentric spheres model of the heart-torso system is used to study the inverse problem of electrocardiography using measurements of the Laplacian of the body surface potential distribution. Electrical activity is simulated on the six main regions of the inner surface by considering a limited number of current dipoles placed within the inner sphere. The resulting outer surface potential and Laplacian distributions are then calculated in a forward sense. Varying amounts of random noise are added to these distributions before a zero-order Tikhonov regularization scheme is used to recover the inner surface potential distribution. Comparing the calculated and original inner surface distributions indicates that measurements of the outer surface Laplacian can more accurately reconstruct epicardial potentials than measurements of the outer surface potentials. These distributions are more accurate in that the extrema are placed very close to their original positions and are of nearly the same magnitude. Also, multiple extrema and high potential gradients are recovered.
HIV protease inhibitors promote atherosclerotic lesion formation independent of dyslipidemia by increasing CD36-dependent cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophages (2003)

Protease inhibitors decrease the viral load in HIV patients, however the patients develop hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and atherosclerosis. It has been assumed that protease inhibitor-dependent increases in atherosclerosis are secondary to the dyslipidemia. Incubation of THP-1 cells or human PBMCs with protease inhibitors caused upregulation of CD36 and the accumulation of cholesteryl esters. The use of CD36-blocking antibodies, a CD36 morpholino, and monocytes isolated from CD36 null mice demonstrated that protease inhibitor-induced increases in cholesteryl esters were dependent on CD36 upregulation. These data led to the hypothesis that protease inhibitors induce foam cell formation and consequently atherosclerosis by upregulating CD36 and cholesteryl ester accumulation independent of dyslipidemia. Studies with LDL receptor null mice demonstrated that low doses of protease inhibitors induce an increase in the level of CD36 and cholesteryl ester in peritoneal macrophages and the development of atherosclerosis without altering plasma lipids. Furthermore, the lack of CD36 protected the animals from protease inhibitor-induced atherosclerosis. Finally, ritonavir increased PPAR-gamma and CD36 mRNA levels in a PKC- and PPAR-gamma-dependent manner. We conclude that protease inhibitors contribute to the formation of atherosclerosis by promoting the upregulation of CD36 and the subsequent accumulation of sterol in macrophages.
Effects on Ground‐Water Quality and Induced Infiltration of Wastes Disposed into the Hocking River at Lancaster, Ohio <sup>a</sup> (1967)

Abstract Watercourse aquifer systems in many areas are adversely affected by wastes disposed into surface‐water sources, resulting in either reduced streambed permeability, infiltration of wastes into the aquifer, or both. These conditions are illustrated at Lancaster, Ohio, where low streambed permeability in the vicinity of the municipal well field, resulting from the discharge of wastes to the Hocking River, seriously retards the infiltration of surface water and lessens the available yield of the wells. The wastes consist of brine and iron‐laden effluent from the municipal treatment plant, discharged within the area of influence of the pumped wells to a stream already carrying much organic waste and other debris. Upstream from the discharge sewer, muck and organic debris have accumulated thickly on the streambed, while downstream from the sewer the streambed sediments have become tightly cemented by iron and other constituents in the waste water. There is evidence that, despite reduced streambed permeability, wastes have entered the aquifer and have materially contributed to declines in well efficiency and to recurring problems of well maintenance. Conditions such as those illustrated at Lancaster occur also at Dayton and are not uncommon elsewhere in Ohio. Indirect contamination of aquifers and adverse physical and chemical alteration of streambed sediments, resulting from surface‐water waste disposal, may in many places pose a threat to the ground‐water supply. This fact should not be overlooked in determining water‐quality standards to be established under the Water Quality Act of 1965.
Ionic Liquids of Chelated Orthoborates as Model Ionic Glassformers (2003)

Ionic liquids based on various chelated orthoborate anions of different N-containing onium cations have been synthesized using an economic synthesis strategy. Most orthoborates do not crystallize. They are found to have much higher glass transition temperatures and room-temperature viscosities than those with perfluorinated anions such as TFSI-, BF4-, and CF3SO3- (Tf-), as predicted from anion polarizability arguments. The ambient conductivities of the new ionic liquids are low relative to those with perfluorinated anions. The transport properties all show that cohesion in these liquids increases, and ionic mobilities decrease, as anion size increases, implying that van der Waals interactions, not Coulomb interactions, have become the controlling influence. In view of their resistance to crystallization, the large range of temperature over which these liquids can be studied, their hydrophobic properties, and their high fragilities, these liquids may provide good model systems for fundamental liquid state investigations and interesting solvents for large-molecule dissolution.
UNIX Time-Sharing System: The MERT Operating System (1978)

The MERT operating system supports multiple operating system environments. Messages provide the major means of inter-process communication. Shared memory is used where tighter coupling between processes is desired. The file system was designed with real-time response being a major concern. The system has been implemented on the DEC PDP-11/45 and PDP-11/70 computers and supports the UNIX∗ time-sharing system, as well as some real-time processes. The system is structured in four layers. The lowest layer, the kernel, provides basic services such as inter-process communication, process dispatching, and trap and interrupt handling. The second layer comprises privileged processes, such as I/O device handlers, the file manager, memory manager, and system scheduler. At the third layer are the supervisor processes which provide the programming environments for application programs of the fourth layer. To provide an environment favorable to applications with real-time response requirements, the MERT system permits processes to control scheduling parameters. These include scheduling priority and memory residency. A rich set of inter-process communication mechanisms including messages, events (software interrupts), shared memory, inter-process traps, process ports, and files, allow applications to be implemented as several independent, cooperating processes. Some uses of the MERT operating system are discussed.
Impact of an Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome Practice Guideline on Surgical Patient Outcomes (2003)

Study Objective. To standardize treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) in surgical patients using an AWS practice guideline with a symptom‐triggered approach. Design. Prospective interventional (pilot group) and retrospective (comparison group). Setting. University teaching hospital. Patients. Thirty‐eight trauma, orthopedic, and general surgery patients identified at risk for AWS in the pilot group, and 34 patients who were managed using nonstandardized approaches. Interventions. At‐risk patients in the pilot group were assessed using the AWS Type Indicator. They received lorazepam, clonidine, or haloperidol, based on AWS Type Indicator assessment and AWS practice guideline criteria. Measurements and Main Results. A standardized symptom‐triggered approach to managing AWS was expected to decrease the use of benzodiazepines, avoid undertreatment of adrenergic hyperactivity and delirium, decrease the need for sitters and physical restraints, and reduce hospital length of stay. Pilot patients received a mean of 23 mg less benzodiazepine (p=0.01), 0.1 mg more clonidine (p=0.01), and 20 mg less haloperidol (p=0.06) than comparison patients. Pilot patients also required significantly fewer sitter hours (p=0.04) and hours of restraint use (p=0.09) than comparison patients. No significant differences were found between groups for length of stay (p=0.77). Conclusions. This pilot project suggests that trauma, orthopedic, and general surgery patients at risk for AWS can be safely and effectively managed with a standardized, symptom‐triggered approach. Moreover, this approach decreased the amounts of benzodiazepines and haloperidol administered to patients at risk for AWS.
A Hybrid Scheme for Fine-Grained Search and Access Authorization in Fog Computing Environment (2017)

In the fog computing environment, the encrypted sensitive data may be transferred to multiple fog nodes on the edge of a network for low latency; thus, fog nodes need to implement a search over encrypted data as a cloud server. Since the fog nodes tend to provide service for IoT applications often running on resource-constrained end devices, it is necessary to design lightweight solutions. At present, there is little research on this issue. In this paper, we propose a fine-grained owner-forced data search and access authorization scheme spanning user-fog-cloud for resource constrained end users. Compared to existing schemes only supporting either index encryption with search ability or data encryption with fine-grained access control ability, the proposed hybrid scheme supports both abilities simultaneously, and index ciphertext and data ciphertext are constructed based on a single ciphertext-policy attribute based encryption (CP-ABE) primitive and share the same key pair, thus the data access efficiency is significantly improved and the cost of key management is greatly reduced. Moreover, in the proposed scheme, the resource constrained end devices are allowed to rapidly assemble ciphertexts online and securely outsource most of decryption task to fog nodes, and mediated encryption mechanism is also adopted to achieve instantaneous user revocation instead of re-encrypting ciphertexts with many copies in many fog nodes. The security and the performance analysis show that our scheme is suitable for a fog computing environment.
Effects of Block Length and Structure of Surfactant on Self-Assembly and Solution Behavior of Block Ionomer Complexes (1999)

Several new families of materials have been synthesized on the base of complexes of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(sodium methacrylate) (PEO-b-PMA) with single-, double-, and triple-tail surfactants. Cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB), didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDDAB), dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DODAB), and trioctylmethylammonium bromide (TMAB) were used as the surfactant components. In contrast to complexes of homopolymer PMA with these surfactants, which precipitated from aqueous solutions, PEO-b-PMA complexes formed stable dispersions with particle size in the range 100−200 nm. The properties of these systems strongly depended on the lengths of the polyion and nonionic blocks of PEO-b-PMA and the structure of the surfactant. In particular, factors governing stability of these complexes in aqueous dispersion include lyophilizing effect of PEO block (increases with increase in PEO chain length), repulsion of PEO chains (increases with decrease in PMA chain length), and packing parameter of the surfactant. Potential applications of these systems include drug delivery.
An Efficient Memory Management Algorithm for Client-Server Database Management Systems (1996)

Due to the recent improvements in the price/performance characteristics of workstations and the networking capabilities, the client-server system architecture has become a target for database systems. A client-server database management system (DBMS) provides the management of a database that resides on a client-server system. Data-access requests of the clients are handled by the database servers. The whole database is stored on the disks that can be accessed by only the servers, and in order to reduce disk accesses, copies of database items can be cached in the global memory which comprises the memories of all the computers connected to the system. Designing efficient global memory management algorithms helps the transactions experience less disk input/output (I/O) during their execution. In this paper, we propose a global memory management algorithm for client-server DBMSs which aims to reduce disk I/O by increasing the portion of the database available in global memory. Performance of the algorithm is examined by a comparison with some previously proposed algorithms, using a simulation model designed for studying various performance issues in client-server DBMSs. Conditions for which the new algorithm provides significant improvements in the overall throughput of the system are identified.
Irritable bowel syndrome in the general population. (1992)

Symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome are present in almost one quarter of the general population and tend to be associated with a number of other complaints and conditions, some of which may reflect smooth muscle dysfunction.
Oxide materials as positive electrodes of lithium-ion batteries (2004)

The published data on oxide materials as positive electrodes for lithium-ion batteries are described systematically. The mechanisms of structural changes in cathode materials occurring during the operation of lithium-ion batteries and the problems concerned with their selection are discussed. Modern trends in optimising cathode materials and lithium-ion batteries on the whole are considered. The bibliography includes 167 references.
<i>PDL1</i> expression in inflammatory breast cancer is frequent and predicts for the pathological response to chemotherapy (2015)

We retrospectively analyzed PDL1 mRNA expression in 306 breast cancer samples, including 112 samples of an aggressive form, inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). PDL1 expression was heterogeneous, but was higher in IBC than in non-IBC. Compared to normal breast samples, PDL1 was overexpressed in 38% of IBC. In IBC, PDL1 overexpression was associated with estrogen receptor-negative status, basal and ERBB2-enriched aggressive subtypes, and clinico-biological signs of anti-tumor T-cell cytotoxic response. PDL1 overexpression was associated with better pathological response to chemotherapy, independently of histo-clinical variables and predictive gene expression signatures. No correlation was found with metastasis-free and overall specific survivals. In conclusion, PDL1 overexpression in IBC correlated with better response to chemotherapy. This seemingly counterintuitive correlation between expression of an immunosuppressive molecule and improved therapeutic response may be resolved if PDL1 expression is viewed as a surrogate marker of a strong antitumor immune response among patients treated with immunogenic chemotherapy. In such patients, PDL1 inhibition could protect activated T-cells or reactivate inhibited T-cells and improve the therapeutic response, notably when associated with immunogenic chemotherapy.
Synthesis and reactions of new N-bridged heterocycles derived from 3-substituted-4,5-diamino-1 ,2,4-triazoles (2003)

3-Aryloxymethyl-4,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazoles 1 arc synthesized and condensed with bcnzil, phenyl pyruvic ;.tcid, ethyl acetoacetate and carbon disulphide to yield 6,7-diphenyl-3-aryloxymethyl-1,2.4-triazolof4,3-h/-1.2.4-triazines 3, 6-benzyl3-aryloxymcthyl-1,2,4-triazolof4,3-b ]-1.2,4-triazin-7 -ones 4. 3-aryloxymethyl-6-methyl-7 ,8-dihydro-1.2.4 ·triazolof 4,3-h l­ triazcpin-8(9H)-onc 5 and mercaptotriazolotriazolcs 8. The rearrangement of triazolotriazapinoncs 5 to pyrazolo[3,2-cl1,2,4--triazolcs 6,7 has been carried out. The structures of newly synthesized compounds arc characterized hy elemental ;.tnalyses, JR. 1 H NMR, and mass spectral studies.
Preventing Coma Aberration by Annular Apodizer for Optical Disk Tilting (1999)

This research was carried out to determine the optimum parameters for an optical apodizer, applicable to a pick-up head for higher recording density optical disks. The coma aberration generated by tilting a disk increases the side-lobe intensity of the beam waist spot, and the increased side-lobe portion of the beam waist spot mainly deteriorates crosstalk from an adjacent track. Calculations were made to estimate coma aberration, in which the author adopted the annular radius of the apodizer and the side-lobe intensity of the beam waist spot as parameters. The result, which was confirmed experimentally, is that an annular apodizer whose radius is half the pupil radius effectively prevents coma aberration.