gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Developmental control of the β‐phaseolin gene requires positive, negative, and temporal seed‐specific transcriptional regulatory elements and a negative element for stem and root expression (1992)

Summary To identify cis ‐acting regulatory elements responsible for developmental control of the common bean seed storage protein β‐phaseolin, a series of 5′‐deletion mutants of the 782 bp upstream sequence together with the coding and 3′‐regions of the β‐phaseolin gene were used to transform tobacco. One major positive regulatory element (−295/−228) and a putative minimal promoter (−64/−14) were indicated by large reductions in phaseolin mRNA and protein concentrations in seeds of plants deficient for these regions. In addition, minor negative (−422/−296) and positive (−782/−423) elements also influenced the level of phaseolin mRNA expression in seeds. One temporal element (−295/−107) governed late expression of phaseolin mRNA in seeds, and possibly a second (−64/−14) regulated early expression. The −64/−14 promoter containing two TATA boxes conferred spatially regulated gene expression, and was sufficient for a low level of expression in root and stem. Significant levels of phaseolin mRNA and protein were detected in stem cortices and secondary roots of plants lacking the −295/−107 negative element. No significant expression in leaf tissue was detected. Results demonstrate that developmental control of β‐phaseolin requires a minimal promoter, one element for the suppression of expression in root and stem tissue, three elements governing quantitative expression in seeds, and at least one temporal element controlling expression in seeds.
Formation of Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles in an Ultrasonic Field:  Control of Rate of Gold(III) Reduction and Size of Formed Gold Particles (2001)

Gold(III) (tetrachloroaurate(III)) was reduced in an aqueous solution containing only a small amount of 2-propanol to form colloidal gold nanoparticles in a standing wave system generated by a 200 kHz ultrasonic generator. The rates of gold(III) reduction and the sizes of the formed gold particles could be sonochemically controlled by controlling the irradiation parameters such as the temperature of the solution, the intensity of the ultrasound, and the positioning of the reactor. The size of gold particles strongly depended on the rate of gold(III) reduction, suggesting that the rate of gold(III) reduction affects the initial nucleation of the gold particles.
Comment on ‘‘A cochlear model for acoustic emissions’’ [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. <b>8</b> <b>4</b>, 222–229 (1988)] (1989)

The model proposed by Furst and Lapid in the article ‘‘A cochlear model for acoustic emissions’’ [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84, 222–229 (1988)] predicts properties for spontaneous otoacoustic emissions that are not in accordance with experimentally obtained results.
Cardiac safety in cluster headache patients using the very high dose of verapamil (≥720 mg/day) (2011)

Use of high doses of verapamil in preventive treatment of cluster headache (CH) is limited by cardiac toxicity. We systematically assess the cardiac safety of the very high dose of verapamil (verapamil VHD) in CH patients. Our work was a study performed in two French headache centers (Marseilles-Nice) from 12/2005 to 12/2008. CH patients treated with verapamil VHD (≥720 mg) were considered with a systematic electrocardiogram (EKG) monitoring. Among 200 CH patients, 29 (14.8%) used verapamil VHD (877±227 mg/day). Incidence of EKG changes was 38% (11/29). Seven (24%) patients presented bradycardia considered as nonserious adverse event (NSAE) and four (14%) patients presented arrhythmia (heart block) considered as serious adverse event (SAE). Patients with EKG changes (1,003±295 mg/day) were taking higher doses than those without EKG changes (800±143 mg/day), but doses were similar in patients with SAE (990±316 mg/day) and those with NSAE (1,011±309 mg/day). Around three-quarters (8/11) of patients presented a delayed-onset cardiac adverse event (delay ≥2 years). Our work confirms the need for systematic EKG monitoring in CH patients treated with verapamil. Such cardiac safety assessment must be continued even for patients using VHD without any adverse event for a long time.
A model for melanosome biogenesis based on the purification and analysis of early melanosomes (2001)

Melanosome biogenesis and function were studied after purification of early stage melanosomes and characterization of specific proteins sorted to that organelle. Melanosomes were isolated from highly pigmented human MNT1 melanoma cells after disruption and initial separation by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Low-density sucrose fractions were found by electron microscopy to be enriched in stage I and stage II melanosomes, and these fractions were further separated and purified by free flow electrophoresis. Tyrosinase and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) activities were found exclusively in stage II melanosomes, even though DCT (and to some extent tyrosinase) proteins were sorted to stage I melanosomes. Western immunoblotting revealed that these catalytic proteins, as well as TYRP1, MART1, and GP100, were cleaved and inactivated in stage I melanosomes. Proteolytic cleavage was critical for the refolding of GP100 within the melanosomal milieu, and subsequent reorganization of amorphous stage I melanosomes into fibrillar, ovoid, and highly organized stage II melanosomes appears to stabilize the catalytic functions of melanosomal enzymes and allows melanin biosynthesis to begin. These results provide a better understanding of the structural features seen during melanosome biogenesis, and they yield further clues as to the physiological regulation of pigmentation.
Syntheses of 3-Aminopropylguanidine Derivatives (1967)

The fourteen compounds of 3-(substituted amino)propylguanidine were synthesized by reacting S-methylisothiourea sulfate with 3-(substituted amino)propylamine : 3-(substituted amino) propylamine having an aliphatic substituent group at 3-position were synthesized by reacting the aliphatic amine with acrylonitrile and by reducting with lithium aluminum hydride, while 3-(substituted amino)propylamine having an aromatic substituent group at 3-position, synthesized by the Ing-Manske modification of the Gabriel synthesis of primary amines.
The Effect of Hydrogen-Ion Concentration on the Decomposition of Hypohalites (1934)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Effect of Hydrogen-Ion Concentration on the Decomposition of HypohalitesRobert M. ChapinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1934, 56, 11, 2211–2215Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1934Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1934https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01326a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01326a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views269Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Direct Determination of Effective Ingredients in Aerosol Hair Growers (1999)

Three effective ingredients, dl-α-tocopheryl acetate (TA), dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (PG) and β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) in aerosol hair growers were determined using a complete closed sampling system connected to a liquid chromatograph. The aerosol solution in the sample aerosol was induced into a six-way valve and then into a drain valve by a Teflon tube. The sample aerosol and the six-way valve were immersed in a water bath at 3±0.3°C. After regulating the drain valve to prevent emerging bubbles from the Teflon tube, the six-way valve was switched, and the aerosol solution in the 7.30μl of loop on the six-way valve was led to the liquid chromatograph. The standard solution containing effective ingredients instead of the sample aerosol solution was injected with a 5ml syringe. A photo-diode array detector was used for qualitative and quantitative liquid chromatographic analysis. By this method, errors originated from the determination could be completely eliminated. These errors arose from the air-borne loss of nebulized sample and the lower weight estimation of the sample solution caused by dissolving propellant, and they were often detected in the sampling procedure of aerosol solution in the conventional way. This method enabled us a constant quantitative sampling by inducing the aerosol solution into the quantitative loop as a liquid . And also by this method the unit of analytical results could be obtained as weight per volume percentage, not as weight per weight percentage of that values which might vary due to the specific gravity of the liquefied propellant or volatile solvents vaporized after the use of aerosol. The recoveries of TA, PG, GA added to commercial aerosol hair growers were 93.3-101.0%. The analytical results of seven commercial aerosol hair growers were 0.02-0.06% (w/v) for TA, 0.04-0.08% (w/v) for PG and 0.02-0.08% (w/v)for GA.
Reactions of Polyfluoro Olefins. IV.<sup>1</sup> Reaction with Triethylamine<sup>2</sup> (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions of Polyfluoro Olefins. IV.1 Reaction with Triethylamine2Karl E. RappCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 12, 5901–5902Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01156a545https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01156a545research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views34Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Graft polymers with macromonomers. II. Copolymerization kinetics of methacrylate‐terminated polystyrene and predicted graft copolymer structures (1984)

Abstract Copolymerization studies of methacrylate‐terminated polystyrene macromonomers (M 1 ) with several comonomers (M 2 ) verified the modified kinetic scheme and permitted prediction of graft polymer compositions and structures. Instantaneous and cumulative copolymer compositions, average graft distributions, and grafts per molecule are predicted from FORTRAN IV or BASIC programs. The r 2 relative reactivity ratios determined from styrene copolymerization (0.61) or from low conversion acrylic monomer in aqueous suspension (∼0.4) had good agreement with literature values (about 0.6 and 0.4, respectively). Decreased macromonomer reactivity determined at high acrylic monomer conversions was attributed to phase separation phenomena. The Macromers also exhibited lower reactivity than predicted when copolymerized with acrylic monomers in DMSO/benzene solutions ( r 2 ∼ 0.8).
Synthesis of aromatic poly(ether ketones) (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of aromatic poly(ether ketones)Mitsuru Ueda and Masaki SatoCite this: Macromolecules 1987, 20, 11, 2675–2678Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00177a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00177a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views821Altmetric-Citations75LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
PROTEASES OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS (2000)

J. Erickson and M. Eissenstat, HIV Protease as a Target for the Design of Antiviral Agents for AIDS. C. Steinkuhler, A. Urbani, and R. De Francesco, Proteases of the Hepatitis C Virus. S. Abdel-Meguid and X. Qiu, Human Herpesvirus Proteases. C. Abad-Zapatero, R. Goldman, and K. Stewart, The Secreted Proteinases from Candida: Challenges for Structure-Aided Drug Design. M.N.G. James and E. Bergman, Proteolytic Enzymes of the Viruses of the Family Picornaviridae. C. Berry, Proteases as Drug Targets in the Treatment of Malaria. J. Cazzulo, Chagas Disease. H. Kido, Y. Chen, M. Murakami, Y. Beppu, and T. Towatari, Cellular Proteinases and Viral Infection: Influenza Virus, Sendai Virus, and HIV-1. M. Lively, Bacterial Type 1 Signal Peptidases. J.A. Garcia, M.R. Fernandez-Fernandez, and J.J. Lopez-Moya, Proteinases Involved in Plant Virus Genome Expression. Subject Index.
A theory of active object localization (2009)

We present some theoretical results related to the problem of actively searching for a target in a 3D environment, under the constraint of a maximum search time. We define the object localization problem as the maximization over the search region of the Lebesgue integral of the scene structure probabilities. We study variants of the problem as they relate to actively selecting a finite set of optimal viewpoints of the scene for detecting and localizing an object. We do a complexity-level analysis and show that the problem variants are NP-Complete or NP-Hard. We study the tradeoffs of localizing vs. detecting a target object, using single-view and multiple-view recognition, under imperfect dead-reckoning and an imperfect recognition algorithm. These results motivate a set of properties that efficient and reliable active object localization algorithms should satisfy.
Telomere length control and transcriptional regulation of subtelomeric adhesins in <i>Candida glabrata</i> (2005)

The pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata is able to bind in vitro to human epithelial cells. This interaction depends on expression of the adhesin Epa1p. The genome contains a number of EPA1 paralogues which localize to the subtelomeric regions of the C. glabrata. We have identified three hyperadherent mutants of C. glabrata. The first has an insertion adjacent to EPA7, an EPA1-related adhesin. The others disrupt the SIR3 and RIF1 genes of C. glabrata. We show that SIR3 and RIF1 are required for subtelomeric silencing in C. glabrata and that RIF1 regulates telomere length in C. glabrata. We show that the hyperadherent phenotype of the sir3Delta and rif1Delta deletion strains depends primarily on derepression of two novel members of the EPA gene family -EPA6 and EPA7. The sir3Delta and rif1Delta mutants show increased colonization of the kidney in a murine model of disseminated infection and this hypercolonization depends, at least in part, on derepression of EPA6 and EPA7. The analysis here is the first evidence that multiple EPA genes encode adhesins and demonstrates that transcription of at least two of these adhesins is regulated by subtelomeric silencing.
Induction of IL-6 gene expression in Kaposi's sarcoma cells. (1994)

IL-6 is a multifunctional cytokine that functions as an autocrine growth factor for AIDS-derived Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) cells. We report that IL-6 is highly inducible at both the mRNA and protein levels in cultured KS cells by multiple agents, yet the effect of the IL-6 on the proliferation of KS cells is dependent on the agent responsible for its induction. Both IL-1 beta and the synthetic dsRNA, poly (I:C), induced high levels of IL-6 mRNA and protein expression, whereas LPS and TNF-alpha led to only modest increases in IL-6 protein and mRNA. When KS cells were incubated with poly (I:C) in combination with either IL-1 beta or TNF-alpha, there was a synergistic increase in the level of IL-6 production, whereas LPS and TNF-alpha in combination led to only an additive increase in the level of IL-6 production. Exogenous IL-6 was shown to induce proliferation in KS cells, yet there was a dramatic inhibition of proliferation in response to poly (I:C), despite the high levels of IL-6 produced. This inhibition of proliferation by poly (I:C) was unlikely as a result of expression of class I IFN in response to the poly (I:C) because high concentrations of exogenous IFN-alpha had no demonstrable effect on [3H]TdR incorporation under conditions in which poly (I:C) caused a 90% decrease in [3H]TdR incorporation. Pretreatment of KS cells with poly (I:C) for 24 h followed by removal of the poly (I:C) led to high levels of IL-6 secreted into medium that induced proliferation in KS cells. These data suggest that in vivo, multiple agents that occur in response to infection and systemic disease could induce IL-6 production by KS cells, yet the ability of the IL-6 to influence proliferation of KS cells is dependent on the context in which the IL-6 is induced.
Systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based study (2010)

Our results provide population-based evidence that COPD is independently associated with low-grade systemic inflammation, with a different inflammatory pattern than that observed in healthy subjects.
Design of Power Control Protocols for Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks: A Game-Theoretic Perspective (2010)

A key issue of dynamic spectrum access in cognitive radio networks is to ensure that the interference incurred on primary users is under control. While interference models and optimization algorithms exist for spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks, the study on network protocol design is still preliminary. In this paper, we aim to propose a distributed power control protocol for enabling effective spectrum sharing between primary and secondary users. The goal of power control is to maximize the aggregate capacity of the secondary network while ensuring that the cumulative interference incurred on primary users is within their interference temperature limit. We start by formulating the problem using network optimization, and then propose a distributed algorithm for solving the optimization problem using game theory. Based on the proposed distributed algorithm, we then design a network protocol for achieving distributed power control in cognitive radio networks. We find that while the network protocol can indeed achieve the desired performance of the power control game, it incurs significant protocol overheads during the convergence of the game. We therefore propose a hybrid protocol for better trade-offs between network optimality and protocol complexity. Evaluation results show the benefits of the proposed protocol for power control in cognitive radio networks.
Glavlit: Preventing Exfiltration at Wire Speed. (2006)

Protecting sensitive data is no longer a problem restricted to governments whose national security is at stake. With ubiquitous Internet connectivity, it is challenging to secure a network – not only to prevent attack, but also to ensure that sensitive data are not released. In this paper, we consider the problem of ensuring that only pre-authorized data leave a network boundary using either overt or covert channels, i.e., preventing exfiltration. We identify the goals of transparency, performance, and simplicity. A system designed to prevent exfiltration should not adversely affect the transfer of authorized data and should work with existing protocols. Key to our approach is: i) separating the process of vetting authorized objects from line-speed data verification; and ii) employing a restricted, but compliant, HTTP subset to limit covert channels. In our evaluation, we show that Glavlit adds little overhead to the operation of a software network bridge. 1
A computational fluid dynamics study on the effect of sterilization temperatures on bacteria deactivation and vitamin destruction (2001)

The optimization of thermal processes such as sterilization relies on the accuracy of relevant kinetic data for bacterial inactivation and quality evolution. It is also dependent on the geometry and heating mechanism involved in the process. In these processes or systems, profiles of temperature distribution, bacteria concentration and concentrations of vitamins C (ascorbic acid), B 1 (thiamin) and B 2 (riboflavin) in a can filled with cherry juice during thermal sterilization have been obtained through numerical simulations. Different heating medium temperatures of 121, 130 and 140°C were tested. In order to generate these profiles, the continuity, momentum and energy equations are solved numerically, together with those of bacteria and vitamins concentrations, using the computational fluid dynamics code PHOENICS, combined with reaction kinetics models. Natural convection that occurs during thermal sterilization of viscous liquid (concentrated cherry juice, 74 °Brix) in a cylindrical can heated from all sides has been studied in this work. The simulations show clearly the dependences of the concentration of live bacteria and different vitamins on both the temperature distribution and the flow pattern as sterilization proceeds. The results also show that the best sterilization temperature may not always be 121 °C, depending on the quality requirements imposed on individual food material of concern.
Neuroimmune interactions and pain: focus on glial-modulating targets. (2008)

Chronic pain is the most difficult type of pain to treat. Previously, the development of analgesics has focused on neuronal targets; however, current analgesics are only modestly effective, have significant side effects and do not provide universal efficacy. New strategies are needed for the development of more effective analgesics. Glial cells have integral roles in CNS homeostasis, and chronic pain etiology and progression. In this review, the role of glia in neuropathic pain and opioid administration is described, as well as the potential superior efficacy and wider therapeutic indices provided by drugs that modulate specific glial function via novel targets.