gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hysteresis mechanisms of pentacene thin-film transistors with polymer/oxide bilayer gate dielectrics (2008)

We have studied the electrical stability of organic poly-4-vinyl phenol (PVP)/inorganic oxide bilayer gate dielectrics for low-voltage pentacene thin-film transistors (TFTs). Curing conditions of spin-cast PVP influence on the drain current-gate bias hysteresis behavior; long term curing reduces the magnitude of the hysteresis, which can also be reduced by decreasing the PVP thickness. The electron charge injection from gate electrode plays as another cause of the electrical hysteresis. These instabilities are categorized into the following three: channel/dielectric interface-induced, slow polarization-induced, and gate charge injection-induced hystereses. By examining the hysteresis behavior of pentacene TFTs with five different combinations of bilayer dielectric, we clarified the instability mechanisms responsible for the electrical hysteresis.
Chikungunya: First Steps toward Specific Treatment and Prophylaxis (2009)

in 1952 [1], Since 1952, the Chigungunya virus (CHIKV) has caused outbreaks of infection in Africa (Zimbabwe, South Africa, Senegal, Nigeria, the Congo, and Central Africa Republic; during 19992000) and Asia (Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Indonesia, and Java; during 2001-2003). In 2004, outbreaks of CHIKV infection were recorded in coastal Kenya (Mombassa and Lamu Island) and, during 2005, an outbreak occurred in the Comoros [2]. Since 2005, outbreaks of greater magnitude have occurred in the Indian Ocean
Implementation of Efficient Distributed Crawler through Stepwise Crawling Node Allocation (2020)

Various websites have been created due to the increased use of the Internet, and the number of documents distributed through these websites has increased proportionally. However, it is not easy to collect newly updated documents rapidly. Web crawling methods have been used to continuously collect and manage new documents, whereas existing crawling systems applying a single node demonstrate limited performances. Furthermore, crawlers applying distribution methods exhibit a problem related to effective node management for crawling.<BR> This study proposes an efficient distributed crawler through stepwise crawling node allocation, which identifies websites
NXE pellicle: offering a EUV pellicle solution to the industry (2016)

Towards the end of 2014, ASML committed to provide a EUV pellicle solution to the industry. Last year, during SPIE Microlithography 2015, we introduced the NXE pellicle concept, a removable pellicle solution that is compatible with current and future patterned mask inspection methods. This paper shows results of how we took this concept to a complete EUV pellicle solution for the industry. We will highlight some technical design challenges we faced developing the NXE pellicle and how we solved them. We will also present imaging results of pellicle exposures on a 0.33 NA NXE scanner system. In conjunction with the NXE pellicle, we will also present the supporting tooling we have developed to enable pellicle use.
Plasma Surface Modification of Organic Materials:  Comparison between Polyethylene Films and Octadecyltrichlorosilane Self-Assembled Monolayers (2004)

Low-pressure low-frequency NH3 plasmas have been used for the surface modification of bulk polyethylene films and of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) self-assembled monolayers deposited on oxidized silicon wafers. The incorporation of nitrogen-containing groups by the plasma treatment has been followed by contact angle measurements and by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The surface degradation of the OTS monolayers due to plasma etching has been measured separately by optical ellipsometry with subnanometric accuracy. Our data show clear evidence for the existence of an optimum treatment time, yielding a high density of NH2 functional groups without significant variation of the structural features of the organic material. Self-assembled monolayers appear as excellent model systems to characterize the effects of plasma discharges on polyolefins. In particular, they allow testing the influence of molecular orientation, packing density, and crystallinity on the final results.
A Differential Scanning Calorimeter for Quantitative Differential Thermal Analysis. (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Differential Scanning Calorimeter for Quantitative Differential Thermal Analysis.E. S. Watson, M. J. O'Neill, Joshua. Justin, and Nathaniel. BrennerCite this: Anal. Chem. 1964, 36, 7, 1233–1238Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60213a019https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60213a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3290Altmetric-Citations333LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Identification, characterization and co-localization of label-retaining cell population in mouse endometrium with typical undifferentiated markers (2006)

We demonstrated that the murine endometrium possesses LRCs with the features of a putative PSC population localized at the lower region of the stroma.
Quantitative spectrophotometric assay for staphylococcal lipase (1992)

We report the development of a specific spectrophotometric assay for the quantitative determination of lipase activity in Staphylococcus aureus. The assay is based on the rate of clearance of a tributyrin emulsion, and it can detect as little as 1.0 micrograms of purified Pseudomonas lipase per ml. By comparison with the reaction rates obtained with Pseudomonas lipase, we calculated that S. aureus PS54C and S6C produce approximately 15 and 60 micrograms of extracellular lipase per ml, respectively. Neither PS54, which is lysogenized with the converting bacteriophage L54a and is consequently lipase negative (Lip-), nor KS1905, a Lip- transpositional mutant of strain S6C, was positive in our spectrophotometric assay. The specificity of the spectrophotometric tributyrin assay was confirmed with a triolein plate assay; supernatants from S6C and PS54C hydrolyzed triolein, while supernatants from PS54 and KSI905 did not. In contrast to the results of the spectrophotometric tributyrin assay, all enzyme preparations tested (including commercially purified esterase) were positive when examined by a tributyrin plate assay. The lack of specificity in the tributyrin plate assay emphasizes the need to interpret the results of tributyrin lipolysis kinetically for assessing lipase activity in S. aureus.
Model-based validation for dealing with operator mistakes (2005)

Online services are rapidly becoming the supporting infrastructure for numerous users' work and leisure, placing higher demands on their availability and correct functioning. Increasingly, these services are comprised of complex conglomerates of distributed hardware and software components. Added to this complexity, these services evolve quite frequently accumulating considerable heterogeneity within them, while allowing little time for their in-depth understanding by service personnel. Thus, it is not surprising that mistakes by service operators are common, and have been deemed to be the primary cause of service downtime.
A Unified Theory of Horizontal Holographic Sound Systems (2000)

A theoretical foundation is developed for horizontal holographic surround sound systems based on the two-dimensional Fourier transform. It is shown how the theory leads to the recording and reproduction of sound fields using circular arrays of microphones and loudspeakers. DFT processing of circular microphone arrays produces the spherical harmonics of the sound field, and is a generalization of certain higher order multipole microphones. The performance of the array is shown to be improved by using directional microphone elements. The angular sinc panning functions arise naturally from the reproduction theory, and a mode-matching approach further verifies that they are optimum at low frequencies. General windowing is reviewed for the control of artifacts at high frequencies and the radial error is proposed as a useful parameter for designing windows. Sound intensity theory is examined for visualizing surround sound fields, and a complex instantaneous velocity is introduced, which is easy to generate and equivalent to previous definitions for the case of monochromatic sound fields. The reproduction performance of a five-loudspeaker surround system is examined, and its performance over wider reproduction areas is also considered.
Classification of cirrhotic liver in Gadolinium-enhanced MR images (2007)

Cirrhosis of the liver is characterized by the presence of widespread nodules and fibrosis in the liver. The fibrosis and nodules formation causes distortion of the normal liver architecture, resulting in characteristic texture patterns. Texture patterns are commonly analyzed with the use of co-occurrence matrix based features measured on regions-of-interest (ROIs). A classifier is subsequently used for the classification of cirrhotic or non-cirrhotic livers. Problem arises if the classifier employed falls into the category of supervised classifier which is a popular choice. This is because the 'true disease states' of the ROIs are required for the training of the classifier but is, generally, not available. A common approach is to adopt the 'true disease state' of the liver as the 'true disease state' of all ROIs in that liver. This paper investigates the use of a nonsupervised classifier, the k-means clustering method in classifying livers as cirrhotic or non-cirrhotic using unlabelled ROI data. A preliminary result with a sensitivity and specificity of 72% and 60%, respectively, demonstrates the feasibility of using the k-means non-supervised clustering method in generating a characteristic cluster structure that could facilitate the classification of cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic livers.
Water Oxidation by Electrodeposited Cobalt Oxides—Role of Anions and Redox‐Inert Cations in Structure and Function of the Amorphous Catalyst (2012)

For the production of nonfossil fuels, water oxidation by inexpensive cobalt-based catalysts is of high interest. Films for the electrocatalysis of water oxidation were obtained by oxidative self-assembly (electrodeposition) from aqueous solutions containing, apart from Co, either K, Li or Ca with either a phosphate, acetate or chloride anion. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the Co K-edge revealed clusters of edge-sharing CoO(6) octahedra in all films, but the size or structural disorder of the Co-oxido clusters differed. Whereas potassium binding is largely unspecific, CaCo(3) O(4) cubanes, which resemble the CaMn(3) O(4) cubane of the biological catalyst in oxygenic photosynthesis, may form, as suggested by XAS at the Ca K-edge. Cyclic voltammograms in a potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7 revealed that no specific combination of anions and redox-inactive cations is required for catalytic water oxidation. However, the anion type modulates not only the size (or order) of the Co-oxido clusters, but also electrodeposition rates, redox potentials, the capacity for oxidative charging, and catalytic currents. On these grounds, structure-activity relations are discussed.
Evaluation of transfer of particles from dual-pod base plate to EUV mask (2010)

Since 2005, Canon, Nikon, and Entegris have been jointly developing an EUV mask carrier based on the "Dual Pod" concept in place of a pellicle. By using our MIRAI-Selete Mask Protection Engineering (MPE) tool, a few prototypes were tested for performance of particle protection in the case of both mask shipping and its handling in vacuum. As a result, the fundamental mechanical specifications of the Dual pod were registered as those of SEMI "E152" of an EUV Pod used in EUV mask. It is found that the latest pod named "cnPod", which is based on the SEMI E152, performs almost satisfactorily. Although superior protection performance with respect to external particles has been confirmed, the performance with respect to internal particles laid on the base plate of an inner pod is still under investigation. Therefore, we evaluate the influence of the internal particles laid on the base-plate surface for the first time. In order to confirm whether the particles on the base plate are transferred to the mask-patterned surface, well-characterized particles are dispersed on the base-plate surface. By using this contaminated base plate and the MPE tool, mask handling experiments are conducted. Under our experimental conditions, it is found that the number of test particles transferred to the mask surface is very low compared to the total number of particles on the base-plate surface.
Quantum Mechanics (1998)

Although there are many textbooks that deal with the formal apparatus of quantum mechanics (QM) and its application to standard problems, none take into account the developments in the foundations of the subject which have taken place in the last few decades. There are specialized treatises on various aspects of the foundations of QM, but none that integrate those topics with the standard material. This book aims to remove that unfortunate dichotomy, which has divorced the practical aspects of the subject from the interpretation and broader implications of the theory.The book is intended primarily as a graduate level textbook, but it will also be of interest to physicists and philosophers who study the foundations of QM. Parts of it could be used by senior undergraduates too.
Resistance plasmids of Pasteurella multocida isolated from turkeys. (1985)

From 1940 through 1978, fifty-eight strains of Pasteurella multocida (serotype 3) were isolated from turkeys throughout the United States and were examined for R-plasmids. Forty-one of the isolates contained plasmid DNA, of which 7 isolates were found to encode resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamides, or to streptomycin and sulfonamides. The R-plasmids were 2 to 10 megadaltons, nonconjugal, and contained a moles percent guanine plus cytosine ratio in the range of 57 to 61. The R-plasmids did not belong to any of the 19 incompatibility groups evaluated, including Inc Q. Digestion with restriction endonuclease indicated that 2 of the plasmids from P multocida isolated in 1960 and 1962 were identical, whereas 4 of the 5 plasmids obtained from P multocida isolated after 1966 were identical, with the 5th plasmid closely related to the other 4. The results indicated that R-plasmids were not widely dispersed among P multocida (serotype 3) isolated from turkeys in the United States. The nontransmissible nature of these plasmids was probably the major reason for their lack of dissemination.
Discriminating Two Types of Noise Sources using Cortical Representation and Dimension Reduction Technique (2007)

Content-based audio classification techniques have focused on classifying events that are both semantically and perceptually distinct (such as speech, music, environmental sounds etc.). However, it is both useful and challenging to develop systems that can also discern sources that are semantically and perceptually close. In this paper we present results of our experiments on discriminating two types of noise sources. Particularly, we focus on machine-generated versus natural noise sources. A bio-inspired tensor representation of audio that models the processing at the primary auditory cortex is used for feature extraction. To handle large tensor feature sets, we use a generalized discriminant analysis method to reduce the dimension. We also present a novel technique of partitioning data into smaller subsets and combining the results of individual analysis before training pattern classifiers. The results of the classification experiments indicate that cortical representation performs 25% better than the common perceptual feature set used in audio classification systems (MFCCs).
SIMCURRENT-an efficient program for the estimation of the current flow of complex CMOS circuits (2002)

A novel method for an efficient estimation of the current waveforms of complex CMOS macro cells or modules at the gate level is presented. A prototype computer program-SIMCURRENT-based on this method runs about 5000 times faster than state of the art analog circuit simulators. The accuracy of the current estimation is in the range of about 5%-mean and rms current values-based on simulation results. The investigations are based on actual double layer Al CMOS processes used in industry. The SIMCURRENT program enables the proper layout of power rails which fulfil mean and peak current limits for electromigration. These limits are derived from reliability calculations for the given process. Simulation results for various circuits are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Furfural: A Promising Platform Compound for Sustainable Production of C<sub>4</sub> and C<sub>5</sub> Chemicals (2016)

Furfural is a promising renewable platform compound derived from lignocellulosic biomass that can be further converted to biofuels and biochemicals. The highly functionalized molecular structure of furfural makes it a desired raw material for the sustainable production of value-added chemicals containing oxygen atoms. The conversion of furfural to C4 and C5 chemicals by various catalytic processes is reviewed. The C5 chemicals are mainly produced through sequential steps of selective hydrogenation and/or hydrogenolysis, while most of the C4 chemicals are synthesized with selective oxidation as the first step. This review divides the chemical products from furfural into several groups according to their carbon numbers and synthesis routes, with emphasis on the catalysts and reaction mechanisms. The applications of these chemicals and their traditional production from fossil feedstocks have also been added as background information. Additionally, recent advances in the development of heterogeneous catalysts for furfural production are briefly reviewed.
Separation of Serum Proteins by Automated Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (2003)

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) of serum proteins is increasingly gaining impact in clinical laboratories. Two automated multichannel instruments dedicated to the separation of serum proteins have become available over the last 6 years, the Paragon CZE 2000 (Beckman Coulter, CA, USA) and, more recently, the Capillarys (Sebia, France). This review focuses on the performance of these commercial instruments to separate serum proteins in a clinical laboratory setting. The utility of CZE to recognize various dysproteinemias and to detect and identify monoclonal proteins will be described and systematically reviewed. The reader will be provided with a summation and an understanding of CZE-specific interference.
IMPROVEMENTS TO NUCLEAR REACTORS (1959)

The temperature of the sheath material enclosing the nuclear fuel requires careful observation during reactor opertion. In order to measure the temperature of the sheath accurately, thereby facilitating running at as high a temperature as possible with safety. a small thermocouple is placed in a suitable position on the surface of the sheath of the fuel element. The present invention is essentially concerned with a cable arrangement connecting the thermocouple on the element with a recording apparatus and is designed to form an integral part of a suitably constructed lifting arrangement for the individual fuel element.
Accuracy in the Quantitative Phase Analysis of Eight- to Ten-Component Ceramic Materials Using the Whole-Powder-Pattern Fitting Methods. (1999)

A procedure for the quantitative phase analysis (QPA) using the whole-powder-pattern fitting methods was applied to eight- to ten-component mixtures of ceramic materials. Accuracy in the QPA using the whole-powder-pattern decomposition (WPPD) method and the Rietveld method was examined. Average deviations of the calculated weight fractions of respective phases using the WPPD method from those prepared by mixing were within 0.5 mass%, and they were smaller than those obtained by using the Rietveld refinement. Minor phases (-1 mass%) in ten-component samples were analyzed, and their weight fractions could be measured within the error of less than 0.1 mass% by using the WPPD method. Rapid QPA using the WPPD method was also tested.
Geodesy and Gravity Experiment in Earth Orbit Using a Superconducting Gravity Gradiometer (1985)

A superconducting gravity gradiometer is under development with NASA support for space application. It is planned that a sensitive three-axis gravity gradiometer will be flown in a low-altitude (~ 160-km) polar orbit in the 1990's for the purpose of obtaining a highresolution gravity map of the Earth. The large twice-an-orbit term in the harmonic expansion of gravity coming from the oblateness of the Earth can be analyzed to obtain a precision test of the inverse square law at a 100 ~ 1000-km distance. In this paper, we describe the design, operating principle, and performance of the superconducting gravity gradiometer. We discuss the concept of a gravity-gradiometer mission (GGM), which is in an initial stage of development. In particular, requirements that such a mission imposes on the design of the cryogenic spacecraft will be addressed.