gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Probing radiative recombination in semiconductor nanocrystals with cavity QED (2000)

Summary form only given. The physical nature of photoluminescence (PL) from semiconductor nanocrystals has been a subject of considerable debate. Earlier studies using organically-capped nanocrystals have shown that the PL arises primarily from dark excitonic states with a radiative lifetime of order microseconds. Recent advances in developing inorganically-capped nanocrystals have led to much improved quantum efficiency and thus prompted the need to reexamine radiative processes in these core/shell nanocrystals. Time-resolved PL of typical core/shell nanocrystals, however, is characterized by complex multi-exponential decays. It has been difficult to extract information on radiative processes from these measurements. We report studies of radiative recombination in core/shell nanocrystals using an experimental approach based on cavity QED and the fact that only radiative processes are affected by modifications in vacuum fluctuations. We single out radiative processes from the complex decay dynamics in time resolved PL by embedding nanocrystals in an optical microresonator and by comparing time-resolved PL obtained at energies resonant or off-resonant with relevant resonator modes. An estimated radiative lifetime of order l0 ns is obtained, indicating that a significant part of the PL arises from dipole-allowed radiative recombination in nanocrystals. Core/shell CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals with a diameter near 5 nm are fabricated by using high temperature organometallic synthesis.
Noise of supercontinuum sources in spectral domain optical coherence tomography (2019)

In this paper, we investigate the effect of pulse-to-pulse fluctuations of supercontinuum sources on the noise in spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. The commonly quoted theoretical expression for the OCT noise is derived for a thermal light source, which is not suitable if a supercontinuum light source is used. We therefore propose a new, measurement-based OCT noise model that predicts the noise without any assumptions on the type of light source. We show that the predicted noise values are in excellent agreement with the measured values. The spectral correlation evaluated for the photodetected signal when using a supercontinuum determines the shape of the OCT noise floor, which must be taken into account when characterizing the sensitivity roll-off of a supercontinuum-based OCT system. The spectral correlations using both conventional supercontinuum sources and low-noise all-normal dispersion supercontinuum sources are investigated, and the fundamental physical effects that cause these correlations are discussed.
Magnesium and Exercise (2002)

Magnesium is an essential element that regulates membrane stability and neuromuscular, cardiovascular, immune, and hormonal functions and is a critical cofactor in many metabolic reactions. The Dietary Reference Intake for magnesium for adults is 310 to 420 mg/day. However, the intake of magnesium in humans is often suboptimal. Magnesium deficiency may lead to changes in gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and neuromuscular function. Physical exercise may deplete magnesium, which, together with a marginal dietary magnesium intake, may impair energy metabolism efficiency and the capacity for physical work. Magnesium assessment has been a challenge because of the absence of an accurate and convenient assessment method. Recently, magnesium has been touted as an agent for increasing athletic performance. This article reviews the various studies that have been conducted to investigate the relationship of magnesium and exercise.
Enhanced F rster resonance energy transfer between the CdTe quantum dots in proximity to gold nanoparticles (2007)

F&diaero;rster resonant energy transfer (FRET) between the CdTe quantum dot (QD) acting as donors and acceptors is investigated at nanoscale proximity to gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). Photoluminescence (PL) studies of the acceptor QD emission from a mixed monolayer showed a distance dependent enhancement of the acceptor emission compared with that achieved for a donor-acceptor mixed monolayer in the absence of the Au NP layer. Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements showing a reduction in the donor lifetime, accompanied by an increase in the acceptor PL lifetime, provide further evidence for surface plasmon enhanced FRET.
Glyphosate Resistance in Crops and Weeds (2010)

Preface. Acknowledgments. Contributors. 1 Glyphosate: Discovery, Development, Applications, and Properties (Gerald M. Dill, R. Douglas Sammons, Paull C. C. Feng, Frank Kohn, Keith Kretzmer, Akbar Mehrsheikh, Marion Bleeke, Joy L. Honegger, Donna Farmer, Dan Wright and Eric A. Haupfear). 2 Herbicide Resistance: Definitions and Concepts (Vijay K. Nandula). 3 Glyphosate-Resistant Crops: Developing the Next Generation Products (Paul C. C. Feng, Claire A. CaJacob, Susan J. Martino-Catt, R. Eric Cerny, Greg A. Elmore, Gregory R. Heck, Jintai Huang, Warren M. Kruger, Marianne Malven, John A. Miklos, and Stephen R. Padgette). 4 Transitioning from Single to Multiple Herbicide-Resistant Crops (Jerry M. Green and Linda A. Castle). 5 Testing Methods for Glyphosate Resistance (Dale L. Shaner). 6 Biochemical Mechanisms and Molecular Basis of Evolved Glyphosate Resistance in Weed Species (Alejandro Perez-Jones and Carol Mallory-Smith). 7 Glyphosate Resistance: Genetic Basis in Weeds (Michael J. Christoffers and Aruna V. Varanasi). 8 Genomics of Glyphosate Resistance (C. Neal Stewart, Jr., Yanhui Peng, Laura G. Abercrombie, Matthew D. Halfhill, Murali R. Rao, Priya Ranjan, Jun Hu, R. Douglas Sammons, Gregory R. Heck, Patrick J. Tranel, and Joshua S. Yuan). 9 Glyphosate-Resistant Crop Production Systems: Impact on Weed Species Shifts (Krishna N. Reddy and Jason K. Norsworthy). 10 Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed in the United States (Lawrence E. Steckel, Christopher L. Main, and Thomas C. Mueller). 11 Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth in the United States (A. Stanley Culpepper, Theodore M. Webster, L. Sosnoskie, and Alan C. York). 12 Managing Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds and Population Shifts in Midwestern U.S. Cropping Systems (Stephen C. Weller. Micheal D. K. Owen and William G. Johnson). 13 Glyphosate-Resistant Rigid Ryegrass in Australia (Christopher Preston). 14 Glyphosate Resistance in Latin America (Bernal E. Valverde). 15 Strategies for Managing Glyphosate Resistance An Extension Perspective (Ken Smith). 16 Economic Impact of Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds (Janet E. Carpenter and Leonard P. Gianessi). Index.
Speckle-free image in a laser-diode microscope by using the optical feedback effect (1993)

Besides its desirable power level, the use of a laser as a light source in microscopes opens the possibility of observing high signal-to-noise ratio images of dynamic phenomena that are sensitive to certain polarizations, excitation wavelengths, and phase shifts. However, the image quality is degraded by speckle noise. We propose a new fiber-illuminated laser-diode microscope that generates speckle-free images. The feedback effect in the laser diode is employed to transform a single-mode free-running laser into a multimode laser and to generate an output light whose multimode spectrum changes with time. The output of the laser diode is then passed through a multimode fiber whose exit face illuminates a conventional microscope with a continuously changing speckle pattern. These uncorrelated speckle patterns are averaged by a video detector to reduce speckle noise. The technique eliminates speckle noise without employing any moving mechanical parts and requires no additional electronics or extra optical elemen ts except one mirror and one beam splitter. An experimental result showing excellent reduction of speckle is presented.
Relationship between presenilinase and gamma-secretase (2003)

Genetic and neuropathological studies suggest that processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) to yield amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). One of the current therapeutic efforts for AD is directed towards blocking the gamma-secretase activity that produces Abeta. Compelling evidence for presenilin (PS) possessing gamma-secretase activity includes a lack of Abeta production in PS knockout neurons and in cultured cells carrying a dominant negative mutation at either of two critical aspartate residues in PS, which may constitute the active site of gamma-secretase. In vitro studies have shown a binding of transition-state analog gamma-secretase inhibitors to PS N-terminal fragment (NTF) and C-terminal fragment (CTF), the functional form of PS detected in the high-molecular-weight gamma-secretase complex that also contains nicastrin, Aph-1 and PEN-2. Conversion of full-length PS into functional NTF and CTF is mediated by an unknown protease activity named presenilinase. Endoproteolysis of PS into NTF/CTF by presenilinase also requires two critical aspartate residues, suggesting that full-length PS may undergo autoproteolysis and PS itself is presenilinase. Similar to gamma-secretase, presenilinase seems to be an aspartyl protease, as aspartyl protease inhibitor pepstatin A is the most potent inhibitor toward presenilinase among different classes of protease inhibitors. While several well-characterized gamma-secretase inhibitors can block presenilinase activity in vivo and in vitro, the potency of inhibitors blocking presenilinase and gamma-secretase are not correlated. Lack of presenilinase inhibition by several potent gamma-secretase inhibitors suggests that these two protease activities are pharmacologically distinct.
Palladium catalyzed carbonylation of Br-substituted porphyrins (1998)

The Pd-catalyzed carbonylation of Br-substituted porphyrins is reported. Several new alkoxycarbonylporphyrins are synthesized in good yields. The reaction is found particularly useful for derivatization of the tetrabenzoporphyrin system.
A WSI approach towards defect/fault-tolerant reconfigurable serial systems (1988)

A superchip for realizing ultra-large-scale integrated (ULSI) systems based on a wafer-scale integrated (WSI) circuit concept, which incorporates defect/fault tolerance and system reconfiguration, is introduced. The key features of the central architectural component, a large crossbar switch matrix, are described. A prototype has been fabricated in silicon technology. Hypothetical processor examples demonstrate the power of the superchip approach, and design/performance figures are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Microbiota and Cancer: The Emerging Beneficial Role of Bifidobacteria in Cancer Immunotherapy (2020)

Many intestinal bacteria are believed to be involved in various inflammatory and immune processes that influence tumor etiology because of their metabolic properties and their ability to alter the microbiota homeostasis. Although many functions of the microbiota are still unclear, there is compelling experimental evidence showing that the intestinal microbiota is able to modulate carcinogenesis and the response to anticancer therapies, both in the intestinal tract and other body sites. Among the wide variety of gut-colonizing microorganisms, various species belonging to the <i>Bifidobacterium</i> genus are believed to elicit beneficial effects on human physiology and on the host-immune system. Recent findings, based on preclinical mouse models and on human clinical trials, have demonstrated the impact of gut commensals including bifidobacteria on the efficacy of tumor-targeting immunotherapy. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure, bifidobacteria and other microorganisms have become a promising aid to immunotherapeutic procedures that are currently applied to treat cancer. The present review focuses on strategies to recruit the microbiome in order to enhance anticancer responses and develop therapies aimed at fighting the onset and progression of malignancies.
Measuring the simultaneous effects of hypoxia and deformation on ATP release from erythrocytes (2008)

It is known that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released from red blood cells (RBCs) due to various forms of stimulation such as deformation, pharmacological stimuli, and hypoxia. To date, these various stimuli have been investigated individually. Here, we have combined a microflow system capable of initiating deformation-induced release of ATP from the RBCs at various levels of hypoxia as measured by percent oxygen saturation in the RBC sample. When values of ATP released from deformation and hypoxia are compared to values of ATP release due to hypoxia alone, the relationship between the two stimuli can be deduced. Measurement of RBC-derived ATP with the well-known chemiluminescence assay employing luciferin/luciferase indicates that RBCs deoxygenated for 4 min released 1.84 +/- 0.075 microM ATP. The largest decrease in oxygen saturation was found to be between 0 s (66.3% O(2) saturation) and 15 s (22.3% O(2) saturation). RBCs deoxygenated to a 22.3% O(2) saturation released 0.374 +/- 0.011 microM ATP when pumped through the microflow system. This value is an increase from 0.281 +/- 0.007 microM ATP in the presence of flow alone. The ATP release after exposure to hypoxia at 22.3% O(2) saturation was 0.381 +/- 0.014 microM ATP, a value statistically equivalent to that of hypoxia and flow combined. These data suggest that, at an oxygen saturation point of around 25.0% or above, deformation contributes to ATP release from the RBC; however, beyond this saturation point, the ATP release is largely due to hypoxia.
Umsetzungen substituierter Aldehyde mit Diazoalkanen, IV<sup>1)</sup> Reaktionen von monosubstituierten Benzaldehyden mit Diazomethan (1976)

Abstract Durch stufenweise Umsetzung von 2 Moläquivv. o ‐Cyan‐ bzw. o ‐Chlorbenzaldehyd 1 mit Diazomethan entstehen neben 7b die Ketone 3a, b und die β‐Ketole 4a, b . Während 4a zum Chalkon 5 isomerisiert, dehydratisiert 4b zum Chalkon 6b . Die meta ‐substituierten Benzaldehyde 13 geben mit Diazomethan im Molverhältnis 2:1 die Ketone 14a, b , die Epoxide 15a, b und die β‐Ketole 16a, b ; die letzteren werden mit Acetanhydrid zu den Chalkonen 17a, b dehydratisiert. Die para ‐substituierten Benzaldehyde 21 lieferten mit einem halben Moläquiv. Diazomethan überwiegend die Ketone 24a, b und β‐Ketole 22a, b neben kleinen Mengen von Oxiran 25a , homologem β‐Ketol 27b und p ‐Cyanphenylaceton 26a . Aus äquivalenten Mengen Diazomethan und den äquivalenten Mengen zweier verschiedener Aldehyde (o,m,p‐Cyanbenzaldehyde und Chloral bzw. p‐Nitrobenzaldehyd) erhält man die “gemischten” β‐Ketole 9, 12, 19, 29 sowie die Oxirane 20, 30 neben den “einheitlichen” β‐Ketolen 4a, 11, 16a, 22a und anderen Ketonen.
Tiazofurin metabolism in human lymphoblastoid cells: evidence for phosphorylation by adenosine kinase and 5'-nucleotidase. (1986)

The exact route of metabolism of tiazofurin, a novel nucleoside with antitumor activity, is controversial. Using human cell lines severely deficient in salvage nucleotide enzymes, we were able to identify the route of activation in tiazofurin metabolism. With loss of adenosine kinase activity by mutation in two lymphoblastoid cell lines, CCRF-CEM and WI-L2, the growth sensitivity to tiazofurin decreased by 6- and 3-fold, respectively. In contrast, the mutant lines were about 3000- to 1500- and 16- to 4-fold more resistant to the structurally similar tiazofurin analogues pyrazofurin and ribavirin, respectively. Other mutants with defective deoxycytidine or uridine kinase activity showed normal sensitivity to all three analogues. Both cell lines with defective adenosine kinase activity accumulated about 50% wild-type levels of tiazofurin-5'-monophosphate and thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide analogue of tiazofurin at cytotoxic concentrations of the drug. Extracts of wild-type lymphoblasts catalyzed the phosphorylation of tiazofurin in the presence of adenosine 5'-triphosphate and Mg2+. Loss of adenosine kinase activity in the mutant extract eliminated this phosphorylating activity for tiazofurin consistent with the notion that adenosine kinase catalyzes phosphorylation of tiazofurin. However, an enzyme activity that catalyzed the phosphorylation of tiazofurin in the presence of inosine-5'-monophosphate as donor and Mg2+ was detected in the extracts of both wild-type cells and adenosine kinase-deficient mutants. The monophosphate donor specificity, divalent metal, high salt requirement, and nucleoside acceptor specificity of this enzyme activity paralleled that of a 5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) which catalyzes inosine phosphorylation. In addition, tiazofurin phosphorylation was competitively inhibited by inosine and the apparent Ki value was similar to the apparent Km value for inosine phosphorylation. These results indicate that two enzymes, adenosine kinase and a cytoplasmic 5'-nucleotidase, are functionally important anabolizing enzymes for tiazofurin in human cells.
Anytime algorithms for multi-armed bandit problems (2006)

How should a decision-maker perform repeated choices so as to optimize the average cost or benefit of those choices in the long run? This question motivates the theory of online learning, which encompasses problems such as the well-known best-expert [13, 9] and multi-armed bandit [10, 1] problems. This paper concerns a new approach to dealing with multi-armed bandit problems in which the decision-maker's strategy set is large (exponential or possibly infinite). Recent theoretical progress on the analysis of algorithms for such problems (e.g. [2, 3, 8, 11, 14]) has led to improved online algorithms for problems in areas such as online routing [2], dynamic pricing mechanisms [4, 5, 12], and analysis of reputation systems in e-commerce and peer-to-peer networks [3].
Internet of Things (2019)

This chapter covers an introduction to internet of things (IoT), various architectures proposed by the researchers, IoT protocols, and interoperability as a major challenge. Millions of devices will be connected to internet in a few years. The major problems in accomplishing the vision of IoT is the incompatibility of devices and standard protocols to support heterogeneity. Interoperability in IoT has been a major problem with the constant increase in various kinds of sensors and manufacturers and lack of a common platform or protocol to all such sensors to share data among each other. As we traverse from physical layer to the higher layers in the IoT stack, each layer has interoperability challenges that have to be addressed uniquely such as network layer interoperability, messaging protocol interoperability, data format interoperability, and semantic interoperability.
GFP and β-Galactosidase Transformation Vectors for Promoter/Enhancer Analysis in <i>Drosophila</i> (2000)

the efficiency of transfection. In light of the fact that ECs are difficult to transfect, the success of this method is warranted for a wider range of cells with different origins. In fact, we have obtained similar results in temporally transfecting NIH 3T3 cells using this method (data not shown). In addition, this method of temporal transfection might have utility in reversing cellular abnormalities through genetic intervention of the temporally introduced gene.
NERD -- No Effort Rapid Development: A Framework for Provisioning Mobile Cloud Industrial Control Applications (2014)

Industrial Control Systems (ICS), such as wastewater treatment systems, are frequently composed of hundreds of devices distributed over a large geographic area. While mobile applications have been used with good success in managing ICSs, traditional methods of distributing applications (e.g. app stores) are not well suited to the task of distributing ICS mobile applications, as the highly individualized and often proprietary individual components of ICSs have vastly different interfaces leading to a need to download hundreds of applications. We propose the No Effort Rapid Development (NERD) framework to address the challenges of in-field human-machine interface (HMI) discovery, provisioning, and co-evolution with related ICSs. Mobile cloud services offer the ability to simplify on-demand HMI distribution and operation of ICSs. NERD leverages existing ICS device-markers (e.g. QR-codes or RFID tags) for rapid cyber-physical discovery and provisioning of HMIs in the field. Device-markers have a very limited data capacity, and to achieve on-device storage of HMIs we propose using a compact data-driven domain specific language that emphasizes data sources and sinks between the HMI and ICS cloud based services. Our approach seamlessly links controls in the physical domain with specific resources in the digital domain, such as device-specific interfaces or ICS-wide control interfaces. We provide a quantitative evaluation of NERD and show how NERD can simplify the process of in-field discovery and provisioning of HMIs and related applications.
Effect of Gas Distributor on Hydrodynamics and the Rochow Reaction in a Fluidized Bed Membrane Reactor (2016)

Gas distributor configurations were optimized for the direct synthesis of methychlorosilanes in a fluidized bed membrane reactor. The Syamlal–O’Brien drag model was optimized to allow reasonable prediction of solid volume fraction, and the influences of opening area ratio and the number of holes of gas distributor on hydrodynamics were investigated by computational fluid dynamics simulation. The results indicated that a gas distributor with a 0.53% opening area ratio and 19 holes exhibited a steadier radial solid volume fraction distribution and lower dead zone area ratio. The effects of gas distributor configuration on the Rochow reaction were also tested experimentally, and dimethydichlorosilane selectivity and silicon conversion were both increased. This suggested that the hydrodynamic behavior using a gas distributor with Φ = 0.53% and n = 19 is beneficial for a well-distributed heat-transfer coefficient. Consequently, Φ = 0.53% and n = 19 were proposed as the best gas distributor configuration, and the reaction yield was 7.3% higher.
Taxanes from<i>in vitro</i>Cultures of the Himalayan Yew<i>Taxus wallichiana</i>* (1996)

Culture conditions have been standardized for initiation of callus cultures of Himalayan yew (Taxus wallichiana) using young stem and needle explants from mature trees. Cultures were established on a modified Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with various levels of auxins (2.4-D, NAA) and cytokinin (kinetin). A medium containing 0.25 mg/l kinetin and 5.0 mg/l 2.4-D was optimal for stem callus growth whereas the presence of 0.25 mg/l kinetin along with 3.0 mg/l NAA in the medium supported optimal needle callus growth. Growth of stem callus was faster than needle callus growth. Supplementation of ascorbic acid (30 mg/l) amongst various anti-phenolic agents tested significantly reduced browning of initiated callus. Two taxanes (2-deacetoxytaxinine 1 and 2'-deacetoxyaustrospicatine) known to occur in stem bark, have also been isolated from undifferentiated tissue of T. wallichiana in equal or higher yields, for the first time.