gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New Bacterial Polysaccharide from <i>Arthrobacter</i> (1963)

A bacterial strain (NRRL B-1973) isolated from soil at Guatemala City and tentatively identified as an Arthrobacter species produced a polysaccharide with unusual properties. Conditions were studied for the production of this microbial gum in shaken flasks and 20-liter fermentors. Suitable nutrients for optimal polysaccharide production included 3% glucose, 0.3% enzyme-hydrolyzed casein, magnesium sulfate, manganese sulfate, and potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). Polysaccharide yields ranged from 40 to 45%, based on initial dextrose in the medium in 3- or 4-day fermentations. The gum was readily recovered from culture fluid by alcohol precipitation in the presence of an electrolyte. The Arthrobacter gum exhibited characteristics unique for a polyelectrolyte. Viscosity of solutions was not decreased by heating in the presence of salt, and the gum withstood a temperature of 121 C for 30 min. At polysaccharide levels above 0.75%, gels were formed when solutions were autoclaved with KCl. There was no significant change in viscosity over a pH range of 5.0 to 10.0.
Iris Recognition using Cumulative SUM based Change Analysis (2006)

Iris recognition has received increasing attention recently. Compared with other biometric features such as fingerprint and face, iris patterns are more reliable and stable. Iris recognition includes iris imaging, iris segmentation and iris recognition and so on. This paper focus on the iris feature extraction in iris recognition system. And this paper proposes novel and efficient iris recognition method that employs cumulative SUM based grey change analysis. Experimental results show that proposed method can be used for human identification in efficient manner
Tertiary Structure of the Major House Dust Mite Allergen Der p 2:  Sequential and Structural Homologies<sup>,</sup> (1998)

Sensitization to indoor allergens, especially those of the house dust mite, is strongly correlated with the development of asthma. We report the tertiary structure of the major house dust mite allergen, Der p 2, determined by NMR methods. The structure of Der p 2 is a beta-barrel and is composed of two three-stranded antiparallel beta-pleated sheets. This arrangement of beta-strands is similar to the immunoglobulin fold with respect to the orientation of the two sheets and the interactions of the strands. However, the three-dimensional structure of Der p 2 aligns equivalently with a number of proteins from different families within the immunoglobulin superfamily. The structural homology with the highest significance score from analysis by DALI is to Der f 2. Although Der p 2 and Der f 2 are 87% identical in amino acid sequence, they align in three dimensions rather poorly (4.85 A RMSD; Z-score, 8.58). This unexpected finding is likely due to the different solution conditions used during structure determination by NMR for both proteins. While the structural comparisons did not elucidate a clear homologue for the function of Der p 2 in mites, we report that Der p 2 is sequentially homologous to esr16. This is a protein from moths that is expressed coincident with molting. Thus, this homology has important ramifications for the study of mite allergy. The structure of Der p 2 provides a useful tool in the design of recombinant immunotherapeutics for the group 2 allergens.
Anisotropy in plastic deformation of extruded magnesium alloy sheet during tensile straining at high temperature (2013)

Abstract Experimental measurements are used to characterize the anisotropy of flow stress in extruded magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet during uniaxial tension tests at temperatures between 350°C and 450°C, and strain rates ranging from 10 -5 to 10 -2 s -1 . The sheet exhibits lower flow stress and higher tensile ductility when loaded with the tensile axis perpendicular to the extrusion direction compared to when it is loaded parallel to the extrusion direction. This anisotropy is found to be grain size, strain rate, and temperature dependent, but is only weakly dependent on texture. A microstructure based model (D. E. Cipoletti, A. F. Bower, P. E. Krajewski, Scr. Mater., 64 (2011) 931–934) is used to explain the origin of the anisotropic behavior. In contrast to room temperature behavior, where anisotropy is principally a consequence of the low resistance to slip on the basal slip system, elevated temperature anisotropy is found to be caused by the grain structure of extruded sheet. The grains are elongated parallel to the extrusion direction, leading to a lower effective grain size perpendicular to the extrusion direction. As a result, grain boundary sliding occurs more readily if the material is loaded perpendicular to the extrusion direction.
Formant Frequencies under Cognitive Load: Effects and Classification (2010)

Cognitive load measurement systems measure the mental demand experienced by human while performing a cognitive task, which is useful in monitoring and enhancing task performance. Various speech-based systems have been proposed for cognitive load classification, but the effect of cognitive load on the speech production system is still not well understood. In this work, we study formant frequencies under different load conditions and utilize formant frequency-based features for automatic cognitive load classification. We find that the slope, dispersion, and duration of vowel formant trajectories exhibit changes under different load conditions; slope and duration are found to be useful features in vowel-based classification. Additionally, 2-class and 3-class utterance-based classification results, evaluated on two different databases, show that the performance of frame-based formant features was comparable, if not better than, baseline MFCC features.
Transport of Milk Constituents by the Mammary Gland (2000)

This review deals with the cellular mechanisms that transport milk constituents or the precursors of milk constituents into, out of, and across the mammary secretory cell. The various milk constituents are secreted by different intracellular routes, and these are outlined, including the paracellular pathway between interstitial fluid and milk that is present in some physiological states and in some species throughout lactation. Also considered are the in vivo and in vitro methods used to study mammary transport and secretory mechanisms. The main part of the review addresses the mechanisms responsible for uptake across the basolateral cell membrane and, in some cases, for transport into the Golgi apparatus and for movement across the apical membrane of sodium, potassium, chloride, water, phosphate, calcium, citrate, iodide, choline, carnitine, glucose, amino acids and peptides, and fatty acids. Recent work on the control of these processes, by volume-sensitive mechanisms for example, is emphasized. The review points out where future work is needed to gain an overall view of milk secretion, for example, in marsupials where milk composition changes markedly during development of the young, and particularly on the intracellular coordination of the transport processes that result in the production of milk of relatively constant composition at a particular stage of lactation in both placental and marsupial mammals.
현행 교육과정의 적절성 평가 연구 - 유치원 , 초등학교 , 중학교의 제6차 교육과정 문서를 중심으로 - (1996)

본 평가 연구의 목적은 현행 6차 교육과정을 평가하여 7차 교육과정 개정에 기초자료를 제공하기 위한 것이다. CIPP평가 모형에 기초하여 평가질문을 구성하였고, 교육과정 문서 내용과 형식의 적절성을 평가 초점으로 하였다. 6차 교육과정의 목표는 교육이념부터 유치원, 초등학교, 중학교의 학교급별 교육목적, 학년별 교과목표에 이르기까지 종적으로, 그리고 교과간에 횡적으로 일관성이 결여되어 있어 적절하지 못한 것으로 평가되었다. 교육과정 구성요소간의 관계에서도 내적 일관성이 부족한 것으로 나타나 적절성이 결여된 것으로 평가되었다. 이에 따라 교육과정의 적절성 유지를 위한 교육과정 참여자들의 역할, 총론과 각론에서 일관되고 명백하게 교육과정 관점을 제시하고 교육과정 구성요소에 반영하기 위한 방안으로써 총론의 형식과 내용, 각론의 형식과 내용이 제언으로 제시되었다.
Concentration of Enteroviruses on Membrane Filters (1967)

Enteroviruses can be made to adsorb or to pass through membrane filters by manipulation of the suspending medium. Salts facilitate virus adsorption, but membrane-coating components (MCC) interfere. Because cells release MCC into the culture medium during viral growth, MCC must be removed before virus can be adsorbed to membranes. Adsorbed virus can be eluted with diluents containing MCC (cell extracts or serum) or agents that reduce surface tension (sodium lauryl sulfate). By membrane adsorption and elution, enteroviruses can be readily concentrated and quantitatively recovered from crude virus harvests.
Allelopathic Potential of Common Thistle (Cirsium japonicum) Leaf Extracts and Residues (2004)

Common thistle(Cirsium japonicum) is known to contain water-soluble substances that are biologically active. Aqueous extracts, methanol extracts and residues from leaves of common thistle were assayed to determine their allelopathic effects, and allelochemicals from various fractions were quantified and assayed. The aqueous extracts significantly inhibited seed germination and root growth of alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.). Root growth of alfalfa was completely inhibited by leaf extracts of 40g , while root growths of barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) and soybean(Glycine max L.) were less sensitive to the extracts. The effect of residue incorporation into soil was examined in a greenhouse, and the leaf residues at 100g inhibited shoot and root fresh weights of barnyardgrass by 88 and 84%, respectively. By means of HPLC analysis, the major phenol compounds identified and quantified were coumarin, trans-cinnamic acid, and chlorogenic acid. Of them, trans-cinnamic acid was found as the greatest amount(20.9mg dry weight) at ethylacetate fraction. Methanol extracts from hexane and ethylacetate fractions of common thistle reduced alfalfa root growth more than did those from butanol and water fractions. These results show that extracts from common thistle leaves have herbicidal potential, and that its activity exhibited differently depending on type and amount of causative compounds by fraction
Pal Lipoprotein of<i>Escherichia coli</i>Plays a Major Role in Outer Membrane Integrity (2002)

The Tol-Pal system of gram-negative bacteria is composed of five proteins. TolA, TolQ, and TolR are inner membrane proteins, TolB is a periplasmic protein, and Pal, the peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein, is anchored to the outer membrane. In this study, the roles of Pal and major lipoprotein Lpp were compared in Escherichia coli. lpp and tol-pal mutations have previously been found to perturb the outer membrane permeability barrier and to cause the release of periplasmic proteins and the formation of outer membrane vesicles. In this study, we showed that the overproduction of Pal is able to restore the outer membrane integrity of an lpp strain but that overproduced Lpp has no effect in a pal strain. Together with the previously reported observation that overproduced TolA complements an lpp but not a pal strain, these results indicate that the cell envelope integrity is efficiently stabilized by an epistatic Tol-Pal system linking inner and outer membranes. The density of Pal was measured and found to be lower than that of Lpp. However, Pal was present in larger amounts compared to TolA and TolR proteins. The oligomeric state of Pal was determined and a new interaction between Pal and Lpp was demonstrated.
Highly efficient phosphor-converted white organic light-emitting diodes with moderate microcavity and light-recycling filters (2010)

We demonstrate the combined effects of a microcavity structure and light-recycling filters (LRFs) on the forward electrical efficiency of phosphor-converted white organic light-emitting diodes (pc-WOLEDs). The introduction of a single pair of low- and high-index layers (SiO(2)/TiO(2)) improves the blue emission from blue OLED and the insertion of blue-passing and yellow-reflecting LRFs enhances the forward yellow emission from the YAG:Ce(3+) phosphors layers. The enhancement of the luminous efficacy of the forward white emission is 1.92 times that of a conventional pc-WOLED with color coordinates of (0.34, 0.34) and a correlated color temperature of about 4800 K.
Characterization of Ca<sup>2+</sup> Channels in Rat Subthalamic Nucleus Neurons (2000)

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) plays a key role in motor control. Although previous studies have suggested that Ca(2+) conductances may be involved in regulating the activity of STN neurons, Ca(2+) channels in this region have not yet been characterized. We have therefore investigated the subtypes and functional characteristics of Ca(2+) conductances in STN neurons, in both acutely isolated and slice preparations. Acutely isolated STN cells were identified by retrograde filling with the fluorescent dye, Fluoro-Gold. In acutely isolated STN neurons, Cd(2+)-sensitive, depolarization-activated Ba(2+) currents were observed in all cells studied. The current-voltage relationship and current kinetics were characteristic of high-voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels. The steady-state voltage-dependent activation curves and inactivation curves could both be fitted with a single Boltzmann function. Currents evoked with a prolonged pulse, however, inactivated with multiple time constants, suggesting either the presence of more than one Ca(2+) channel subtype or multiple inactivation processes with a single channel type in STN neurons. Experiments using organic Ca(2+) channel blockers revealed that on average, 21% of the current was nifedipine sensitive, 52% was sensitive to omega-conotoxin GVIA, 16% was blocked by a high concentration of omega-agatoxin IVA (200 nM), and the remainder of the current (9%) was resistant to the co-application of all blockers. These currents had similar voltage dependencies, but the nifedipine-sensitive current and the resistant current activated at slightly lower voltages. omega-Agatoxin IVA at 20 nM was ineffective in blocking the current. Together, the above results suggest that acutely isolated STN neurons have all subtypes of high-voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels except for P-type, but have no low-voltage-activated channels. Although acutely isolated neurons provide a good preparation for whole cell voltage-clamp study, dendritic processes are lost during dissociation. To gain information on Ca(2+) channels in dendrites, we thus studied Ca(2+) channels of STN neurons in a slice preparation, focusing on low-voltage-activated channels. In current-clamp recordings, a slow spike was always observed following termination of an injected hyperpolarizing current. The slow spike occurred at resting membrane potentials and was sensitive to micromolar concentrations of Ni(2+), suggesting that it is a low-threshold Ca(2+) spike. Together, our results suggest that STN neurons express low-voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels and several high-voltage-activated subtypes. Our results also suggest the possibility that the low-voltage-activated channels have a preferential distribution to the dendritic processes.
ADASYN: Adaptive synthetic sampling approach for imbalanced learning (2008)

This paper presents a novel adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) sampling approach for learning from imbalanced data sets. The essential idea of ADASYN is to use a weighted distribution for different minority class examples according to their level of difficulty in learning, where more synthetic data is generated for minority class examples that are harder to learn compared to those minority examples that are easier to learn. As a result, the ADASYN approach improves learning with respect to the data distributions in two ways: (1) reducing the bias introduced by the class imbalance, and (2) adaptively shifting the classification decision boundary toward the difficult examples. Simulation analyses on several machine learning data sets show the effectiveness of this method across five evaluation metrics.
Survivin as a Potential Target for Cancer Therapy (2015)

In 1997 for the first time, survivin was described by Amborsini et al. as an anti-apoptotic protein. Subsequent studies revealed that survivin is a multifunctional protein that plays critical roles in several crucial cell processes such as apoptosis, cell cycle, chromosome movement, mitosis and cellular stress responses. Moreover, it's over- expression in cancer cells versus normal cells is associated with chemotherapy resistance, increased tumor recurrence, and shorter patient survival. All of these features make survivin a promising target for cancer therapy. Here, we review the potential characteristics of survivin as a tumor marker.
High Speed Datagram Delivery over Internet Using ATM Technology (1995)

This paper discusses how to carry TCP/IP over ATM, or, in general, how to carry connectionless and/or connection oriented network layer protocol over connection oriented QoS-ed datalink layer. Low latency property of ATM is fully extracted both for connectionless and connection oriented communication over TCP/IP without changing the current architecture of TCP/IP network. Regarding connection oriented IP packet forwarding, source host, having the mapping functionality between flow-ID (e.g. in the SIPP16 header) and VCI/VPI value, forwards connection oriented IP packets cell-by-cell. Connectionless IP packets can be also transferred cell-by-cell through the re-directed (concatenated) VCCs which bypass IP processing in the intermediate routers, when the cache for re-directed VCCs is hit. Otherwise, they will be forwarded to the adjacent router (hop-by-hop IP forwarding). Also, the active connectionless IP packet flow can use a dedicated VCC as a IP forwarding cache. Connectionless IP
[Guillain-Barré syndrome in childhood. Characteristic course and therapeutic possibilities]. (1992)

The incidence of the GBS in childhood is significantly lower than in adults. The clinical course may be equally severe, 10-25% of the affected children requiring artificial ventilation. Besides respiratory insufficiency, cardial arrhythmias are a major threat to the patients' lives. However, eventually more than 90% of the children recover completely. Controlled studies on the efficacy of therapeutic measures have been performed only in adults. To children their results should be transferred with caution. Steroids are of no value in the acute disease. However, they should be tried when progression for more than 4 weeks suggests the diagnosis of CIDP. Plasmapheresis is beneficial in CIDP and severe GBS; in GBS the time for weaning from the respirator and for achieving independent ambulation is significantly reduced. Recent studies have demonstrated that intravenous immunoglobulins can be equally effective. However, the administration of immunoglobulins in less severe cases should at present be reserved to a controlled study.
Malware Expert: Execution Tracking (2012)

In most cases, one of the major goals of behavioral malware analysis is to extract from malware samples the intelligence critical to identify the nature of malware. Given the increasing complexity of operating system and its services that creates a significant volume of noise in the background, malware intelligence gathering process is required to minimise non malware related information while not missing malware related events. Another highly demanded attribute in behavioral analysis is the analysis scalability that enables automated analysis on sizable sample volumes. It is also desirable to perform the analysis in unobstructed manner providing resiliency to rootkits and analysis-specific evasion techniques. This paper introduces an efficient behavioral malware analysis method, Execution Tracking, that creates critical malware intelligence with minimum volume of unnecessary information and maximum accuracy, which helps acquiring baseline information for further deep analysis, automating analysis process for a high malware volume lab, and producing strategies to mitigate the threats. This method is demonstrated by a reference implementation, Malware Expert.
Flexible Sketches and Inflexible Data Bases: Visual Communication, Conscription Devices, and Boundary Objects in Design Engineering (1991)

Engineering sketches and drawings are the building blocks of technological design and production. These visual representations act as the means for organizing the design to production process, hence serving as a "social glue" both between individuals and between groups. The author discusses two main capacities such visual representations serve in facilitating distributed cognition in team design work As conscription devices, they enlist and organize group participation. As boundary objects, they facilitate the reading of alternative meanings by various groups involved in the design process. The introduction of computer-aided design into this visual culture of engineering restructures relationships between workers in ways that can hamper the flexibility necessary for these crucial capacities to take place. The data are drawn from a study of the daily practices of engineers engaged in redesigning a turbine engine package. The method is participant observation.
Improved NCV Gate Realization of Arbitrary Size Toffoli Gates (2017)

The problem of synthesis and optimization of reversible and quantum circuits have drawn the attention of researchers in recent years. The typical design flow for such circuits first carries out the step of synthesis in terms of reversible gates, and then maps (decomposes) each reversible gate into equivalent set of quantum gates (e.g. from the NCV library). Since its initial proposal in realizing a Toffoli gate using quantum gates, several structural modifications have been proposed in the literature in order to reduce the cost of the generated netlist. The most recently introduced approach produces improved NCV cascade successively by partitioning the control lines of the given Toffoli gate in all possible ways, and replacing intermediate Toffoli gates with optimized equivalent NCV cascades form a catalog. In this approach the complexity of decomposing large Toffoli gates is high. In the present paper an efficient heuristic for partitioning the control lines of a given Toffoli gate is proposed. This heuristic is used for decomposition of the Toffoli gate without using any NCV catalog, after applying a template based optimization step. The cost of resultant circuit is similar to or sometimes better than the one reported by previous approaches.
Closed-form solution for the Wigner phase-space distribution function for diffuse reflection and small-angle scattering in a random medium (2000)

Within the paraxial approximation, a closed-form solution for the Wigner phase-space distribution function is derived for diffuse reflection and small-angle scattering in a random medium. This solution is based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle for the optical field, which is widely used in studies of wave propagation through random media. The results are general in that they apply to both an arbitrary small-angle volume scattering function, and arbitrary (real) ABCD optical systems. Furthermore, they are valid in both the single- and multiple-scattering regimes. Some general features of the Wigner phase-space distribution function are discussed, and analytic results are obtained for various types of scattering functions in the asymptotic limit s >> 1, where s is the optical depth. In particular, explicit results are presented for optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems. On this basis, a novel way of creating OCT images based on measurements of the momentum width of the Wigner phase-space distribution is suggested, and the advantage over conventional OCT images is discussed. Because all previous published studies regarding the Wigner function are carried out in the transmission geometry, it is important to note that the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle and the ABCD matrix formalism may be used successfully to describe this geometry (within the paraxial approximation). Therefore for completeness we present in an appendix the general closed-form solution for the Wigner phase-space distribution function in ABCD paraxial optical systems for direct propagation through random media, and in a second appendix absorption effects are included.