gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies of human T cell costimulation : potential for the immunotherapy of cancer. (2010)

Costimulation is required for the generation of an effective T cell based immune response. The presentation of tumour associated antigens may occur in the absence of effective costimulation, inducing tolerance. Conversely effective costimulation can overcome immunosuppressive mechanisms present within the tumour. Costimulation may therefore hold significant potential for cancer immunotherapy. Using recombinant adenoviral vectors encoding the costimulatory molecules CD80 and 4-1BBL (CD137L) and the cytokine IL-12 tumour cell lines were transduced to express these molecules individually or in combination in vitro. Using PBMC from healthy donors the effect of costimulation in response to pan-T cell stimulation with the anti-CD3 antibody OKT-3 were initially studied. The combination of CD80+4-1BBL supported the proliferation of CD8+ T cells and was superior to either molecule alone. Proliferation was further enhanced by the addition of IL-12 to the combination of CD80+4-1BBL. Unexpectedly in the absence of OKT-3 costimulation with 4-1BBL or IL-12 was observed to predominantly induced the proliferation of natural killer (NK) cells. The effects of 4-1BBL on human NK cells are not clearly defined in the literature. Further experiments were therefore conducted to investigate the ability of 4-1BBL and IL-12 to stimulate NK cells. The combination of 4-1BBL+IL-12 was superior to either stimulation alone for the activation, proliferation and function of NK cells from healthy lab donors. 4-1BBL was also shown to promote the long term expansion of NK cells. Importantly renal cell carcinoma patient NK cells were shown to require a combination of 4-1BBL+IL-12 for short and long term expansion; stimulated NK cells were also shown to be functional. These data highlight the need for understanding of the pleiotropic effects of costimulatory molecules and the necessity to choose optimal combinations for the activation of not only the adaptive III but also the innate immune response. The combined intratumoural delivery of 4-1BBL and IL-12 via adenoviral vectors could potentially stimulate beneficial T cell and NK cell responses, and therefore warrant further investigation as a potential immunotherapy.
Organic Electroluminescent Devices Based on Polyurethane Derivatives Having Substituted Stilbene Pendants (2002)

Korea Basic Science Institute, Pusan Branch, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, KoreaReceived October 16, 2001Keywords : Electroluminescence, Pendant, Polyurethane, Organic electroluminescence device.There have been extensive research efforts on organicelectroluminescent devices (OELDs) with the aim of appli-cation for the flat panel display (FPD). OELDs have alsoattracted much interest because of their particular lowdriving voltage, convenient design of the device structures,possible control of emission band, and low fabrication costcompared with any other devices.
Efficient Two-Step Synthesis of 9-Aryl-6-hydroxy-3<i>H</i>-xanthen-3-one Fluorophores (2005)

[reaction: see text] A two-step method for the synthesis of 9-aryl-6-hydroxy-3H-xanthen-3-one fluorophores involving condensation of aryl aldehydes and fluororesorcinol is shown to proceed through a triarylmethane intermediate. The condensation is complicated by retro-Friedel-Crafts reactions which can be minimized by controlling the amount of acid. The xanthenone ring system is prepared by a final oxidative cyclization with DDQ.
[Metabonomic profiling of plasma metabolites in Wistar rats to study the effect of aging by means of GC/TOFMS-based techniques]. (2009)

The global metabolite profiles of endogenous compounds of Wistar rats from 12 to 20 weeks old were investigated to take deep insight into and get better understanding of the pathogenesis of development and aging. Plasma from Wistar rats at 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 weeks old were analyzed using GC/TOFMS. Multivariate data analysis was then used to process the metabonomic data which indicated excellent separation between different weeks and showed that the metabolic profiles of the samples changed with age, enabling age-related metabolic trajectories to be visualized. Decreased concentrations of citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, 9-(z)-hexadecenoic acid along with increased levels of hexanedioic acid, alpha-tocopherol, 3-indole propionic acid, etc contributed to the separation. Several major metabolic pathways were identified to be involved in metabolic regulation. This suggests that GC/TOFMS-based metabonomics is a powerful alternative approach to identifying potential biomarkers and investigating the physiological developments of aging and it is important to employ suitable age-match control group in metabonomic study of physiological monitoring, drug safety assessment, and disease diagnosis, etc.
Metabolic Engineering of a Homoserine-Derived Non-Natural Pathway for the <i>De Novo</i> Production of 1,3-Propanediol from Glucose (2019)

Engineering a homoserine-derived non-natural pathway allows heterologous production of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) from glucose without adding expensive vitamin B<sub>12</sub>. Due to the lack of efficient enzymes to catalyze the deamination of homoserine and the decarboxylation of 4-hydroxy-2-ketobutyrate, the previously engineered strain can only produce 51.5 mg/L 1,3-PDO using homoserine and glucose as cosubstrates. In this study, we systematically screened the enzymes from different protein families to catalyze the two corresponding reactions and further optimized the selected enzymes by protein engineering. Together with the improvement of homoserine supply by systematic metabolic engineering, an engineered Escherichia coli strain with an optimal combination of aspartate transaminase ( aspC) from E. coli, pyruvate decarboxylase ( pdc) from Zymomonas mobiliz, and alcohol dehydrogenase yqhD from E. coli can produce 0.32 g/L 1,3-PDO from glucose in shake flask cultivation. The titer of 1,3-PDO was further increased to 0.49 g/L or 0.63 g/L by introducing a point mutation of I472A into pdc gene or constructing a fusion protein between aspC and pdc. This study lays the basis for developing a potential process for 1,3-PDO production from sugars without using expensive coenzyme B<sub>12</sub>.
Vertical design of cubic GaN-based high electron mobility transistors (2011)

Cubic (zinc blende) AlGaN/GaN heterostructures for application in GaN-based high electron mobility transistors are investigated theoretically. The formation of 2DEGs (two-dimensional electron gas) in cubic AlGaN/GaN structures is studied, carrier distributions and threshold voltages are calculated, and design issues are investigated. For the calculations, a Schrödinger-Poisson solver and a simple analytical model developed in the present work are used. It is shown that due to the barrier doping needed for the formation of a pronounced 2DEG in cubic structures, undesirable saturation effects of the 2DEG density may occur. Options to avoid 2DEG saturation and to realize cubic normally-off HEMTs are elaborated. The behavior of cubic AlGaN/GaN structures is compared to that of their hexagonal counterparts.
The Influence of the Anion on Copper Electrocrystallization (1981)

Structural studies of copper electrodepositions from pyrophosphate, chloride, cyanide, and citrate solutions were carried out on highly polished (001) copper surfaces at a wide range of current densities under galvanostatic conditions. The study was performed by means of x‐ray diffraction. The deposition morphology was observed with a scanning electron microscope. Correlation among internal structure, surface morphology, solution composition, and plating conditions were examined. The results were compared with previous studies from sulfate solutions. Epitaxial growth was observed in the early stage of deposition. The effect of the anion on the change from single crystalline to polycrystalline growth at further stage was analyzed. A specific adsorption of the different anions in relation to their ionic size was considered as a critical feature. As a comparative study the action of an addition agent was also considered.
Effect of Nicotine Nasal Spray on Smoking Cessation (1994)

Nicotine nasal spray in combination with group treatment is an effective aid to smoking cessation.
Improvement of Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance by Deformation Induced Precipitation in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy (2017)

A final thermomechanical treatment (FTMT) including peak aging and subsequent dynamic aging was proposed to prepare 7055 Al alloy sheets. The optimization was based on nine well-planned orthogonal experiments. Three main processing conditions in the thermomechanical treatment for obtaining the optimum synthetic properties of 7055 ( i.e. preheating temperature, final rolling temperature and deformation degree) were investigated. It was shown that the final rolling temperature is the most important factor among the three parameters, and the optimum properties (yield strength: 651 MPa, ultimate tensile strength: 660 MPa) of 7055 Al alloy sheet can be gained with preheating at 140oC and 40% deformation at 170oC. With dynamic aging, grain boundary precipitates became discontinuous without much coarsening of matrix precipitates, while they were continuously distributed after T6 aging. The present optimal FTMT process can improve the intergranular / exfoliation corrosion resistance without sacrificing the strength compared to T6 tempering. The present FTMT process as a good alternative can produce high-strength Al alloy sheets with high strength and good corrosion resistance efficiently and economically.
Amorphous silicon as a passivant for crystalline silicon (1979)

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon deposited on a p-n junction in crystalline silicon causes a two-order-of-magnitude reduction in leakage current compared to the performance of a state-of-the-art thermal oxide passivant.
Electrical tuning of single-photon emission in diamond devices (2012)

For quantum information applications, nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond combine many of the advantages of atomic systems (optical access, millisecond spin-coherence times) with the engineering flexibility of solid-state devices. Recent demonstrations of coherent coupling between photons and individual NV-center spins [1,2] provide a route to integrating NV-center qubits within photonic networks and for on-demand generation of entangled single-spin/single-photon pairs. Such applications require the ability to tune the NV-center zero-phonon optical transitions, to compensate for natural sample inhomogeneities which perturb the electronic orbital states. Here we demonstrate the ability to electrically control the orbitals of individual NV centers by applying voltages to micron-scale surface gates [3]. Surprisingly, the local electric field experienced by an NV center is significantly enhanced by a photoinduced space charge resulting from photoionization of deep donor impurities within the diamond, even in high-purity single-crystal material (< 5 ppb nitrogen content). Since the photoinduced electric fields are reproducible as a function of gate voltage and are predominantly directed perpendicular to the diamond surface, we can harness them to obtain three-dimensional control of the local electric field vector with surface gates alone. To demonstrate this technique, we tune the excited-state orbital doublet of a strained NV center to degeneracy, as required for some spin-photon entanglement protocols [2], and then adjust the optical transition frequency, showing that we can tune multiple NV centers to have the same degenerate transition energy. This method should enable the coherent coupling of multiple NV center spins to indistinguishable photons within a scalable photonic network.
A STUDY OF FRONT-MOUNTED BICYCLE RACKS ON BUSES (2004)

This study, commissioned by the Department for Transport, assesses the potential for increased risk and severity of injuries to pedestrians involved in collisions with buses fitted with front-mounted bicycle racks. An extensive literature search was conducted to identify any research investigating the impact of bicycle racks, mounted on buses, on pedestrian injuries. A lack of previously published information was found that directly related to the safety implications of folding front mounted bicycle racks on buses. After analysis of the TRL database of police files of fatal accidents involving buses and coaches, and a mathematical modelling exercise, speed and impact points were recommended for impact testing. A bus, a coach and a front-mounted bike rack were selected for testing, and an informal opinion concerning these vehicles fitted with a bike rack was offered by the Vehicle Inspectorate. Adult and child headform and legform impact tests were carried out on the vehicles, with and without the rack, and with and without bikes and the results of testing the various combinations were analysed and compared. The limitations of the impact testing methodology used in revealing the severity of impalement are discussed. (A)
Bradykinin-regulated Interactions of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway with the Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase (2000)

Activation of the bradykinin B2 receptor in endothelial cells initiates a complex array of cellular responses mediated by diverse signaling pathways, including stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade and activation of the endothelial isoform of nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS). Several protein kinases have been implicated in eNOS regulation, but the role of MAP kinases remains less well understood. We explored the interactions between eNOS and components of the MAP kinase pathway in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). Using co-immunoprecipitation experiments, we isolated eNOS in a complex with the MAP kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) as well as the protein kinases Raf-1 and Akt. Within minutes of adding bradykinin to BAEC, the eNOS-Raf-1-ERK-Akt heteromeric complex dissociated, and it subsequently reassociated following more prolonged agonist stimulation. Bradykinin treatment of BAEC led to the activation of ERK, associated with an increase in phosphorylation of eNOS; phosphorylation of eNOS by ERK in vitro significantly reduced eNOS enzyme activity. Evidence for the direct phosphorylation of eNOS by MAP kinase in BAEC came from "back-phosphorylation" experiments using [gamma-(32)P]ATP and ERK in vitro to phosphorylate eNOS isolated from cells previously treated with bradykinin or the MAP kinase inhibitor PD98059. The ERK-catalyzed in vitro (32)P phosphorylation of eNOS isolated from BAEC treated with bradykinin was significantly attenuated compared with untreated cells, indicating that bradykinin treatment led to the phosphorylation of ERK-sensitive sites in cells. Conversely, eNOS isolated from endothelial cells pretreated with the MAP kinase inhibitor PD98059 showed increased ERK-promoted phosphorylation in vitro. Taken together, our results suggest that bradykinin-induced activation of ERK leads to eNOS phosphorylation and enzyme inhibition, a process influenced by the reversible associations of members of the MAP kinase pathway with eNOS.
Interaction of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Arginine Vasopressin on Adrenocorticotropin Secretion<i>in Vivo</i>* (1983)

A possible interaction between synthetic ovine corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) was tested in anesthetized and in freely moving rats. In animals whose endogenous CRF release was blocked by chlorpromazine-morphine-nembutal, AVP elicited a significantly lower maximum ACTH response than did CRF, whereas the concomitant injection of both peptides resulted in a marked potentiation of CRF-induced ACTH secretion. In freely moving rats, AVP was more potent than CRF (on an equimolar basis) in elevating plasma ACTH levels. Since immunoneutralization of endogenous CRF by the administration of anti-CRF serum significantly reduced ACTH release due to injected AVP in these animals, we suggest that at least part of the AVP-induced ACTH secretion observed in nonanesthetized rats may be due to a potentiation of endogenous CRF by exogenously administered AVP. These data support previous reports of an in vitro synergism between CRF and vasopressin, and emphasize the complex role played by the interaction of these two peptides on ACTH release in vivo.
An analysis and evaluation of structured decision systems. (1978)

This was produced from a copy o f a docum ent sent to us for microfilming.While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this docum ent have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted.The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction.1.The sign or " target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)" .If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages.This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you o f com plete continuity.2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy.Unless we m eant to delete copyrighted materials that should n o t have been Aimed, you will And a good image of the page in the adjacent frame.
[Problem of classifying malignant lymphomas]. (1976)

The classification of malignant lymphomas (ML) after Rappaport is characterized by precise criteria and contributes to a mutual understanding of morphologists and clinicians. The detection of a nonspecific esterase activity facilitates the identification of ML cell elements, since the enzyme activity is insignificant in lymphocytes and intensive in histiocytes. Moreover, the method facilitates to diagnose nodular forms of ML since it aids in revealing the compression of lymph node stroma with tumor foci.
Production of Lactones and Peroxisomal Beta-Oxidation in Yeasts (1996)

Among aroma compounds interesting for the food industry, lactones may be produced by biotechnological means using yeasts. These microorganisms are able to synthesize lactones de novo or by biotransformation of fatty acids with higher yields. Obtained lactone concentrations are compatible with industrial production, although detailed metabolic pathways have not been completely elucidated. The biotransformation of ricinoleic acid into gamma-decalactone is taken here as an example to better understand the uptake of hydroxy fatty acids by yeasts and the different pathways of fatty acid degradation. The localization of ricinoleic acid beta-oxidation in peroxisomes is demonstrated. Then the regulation of the biotransformation is described, particularly the induction of peroxisome proliferation and peroxisomal beta-oxidation and its regulation at the genome level. The nature of the biotransformation product is then discussed (4-hydroxydecanoic acid or gamma-decalactone), because the localization and the mechanisms of the lactonization are still not properly known. Lactone production may also be limited by the degradation of this aroma compound by the yeasts which produced it. Thus, different possible ways of modification and degradation of gamma-decalactone are described.
Managing manure for sustainable livestock production in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed (2012)

Manure presents one of the greatest challenges to livestock (dairy and beef cattle, swine, poultry, equine, sheep, llamas, etc.) operations in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, serving both as resource and liability. The Chesapeake Bay is threatened by excessive nutrient loadings, and, according to the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), manure is the source of 18% of the nitrogen and 27% of the phosphorus entering the Chesapeake Bay annually (figure 1) (Chesapeake Bay Program 2010). Developing economical, practical, and effective manure management options for livestock producers will not only contribute to the restoration of the Chesapeake Bay, but will also provide a model for other areas where water quality and livestock production objectives must be balanced.
Detection of borreliacidal antibodies by flow cytometry. An accurate, highly specific serodiagnostic test for Lyme disease (1994)

<h3>Background:</h3> Borreliacidal antibodies can be detected in serum samples from patients with early or late Lyme disease symptoms. When these serum samples are incubated with<i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>and complement, spirochetes are rapidly killed. Detection of these antibodies can be used as a serodiagnostic test. <h3>Methods:</h3> Individual serum samples containing IgM or IgG borreliacidal antibodies were used to develop a method for detection using flow cytomety. An additional 10 case-defined Lyme disease serum samples and 10 normal serum samples were used to confirm appropriate flow cytometric parameters. To determine specificity, 157 normal serum samples and 104 potential cross-reactive serum samples were tested for borreliacidal activity and antibodies to<i>B burgdorferi</i>using indirect fluorescent antibody or enzyme immunoassay. <h3>Results:</h3> Flow cytometry can be used to detect borreliacidal activity within 16 to 24 hours after incubation of<i>B burgdorferi</i>organisms, Lyme disease serum, and complement. Significant borreliacidal activity was detected in all Lyme disease serum samples. The percentages of positive normal serum samples were comparable (6% to 10%) using all three assays. In addition, the indirect fluorescent antibody and enzyme immunoassay identified 41 (39%) and 47 (45%) potential cross-reactive serum samples as positive, respectively. In contrast, significant borreliacidal activity was not detected in any potential cross-reactive serum samples. <h3>Conclusion:</h3> Detection of borreliacidal antibody, unlike indirect fluorescent antibody and enzyme immunoassay, is an accurate, highly specific serodiagnostic test for detection of Lyme disease. (Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1625-1632)
Wideband high dynamic range CMOS variable gain amplifier for low voltage and low power wireless applications (2003)

A high frequency CMOS variable gain amplifier (VGA) employing a new gain stage cell is proposed. A design technique based on the proposed VGA enables enhancement of its operating frequency up to about 350 MHz with a gain control range of 84 dB. The power consumption of the VGA implemented using 0.18 µm CMOS standard process is about 3 mA at 1.8 V supply voltage.
An Overview on Zeolite Shaping Technology and Solutions to Overcome Diffusion Limitations (2018)

Synthetic zeolites are widely used as catalysts/carriers for many petrochemical reactions and in refining processes. These materials are usually synthesized in a powder form and must be shaped prior to use in industrial reactors. This review presents the state-of-the-art of the zeolite shaping technology describing the main modifications induced by the interactions between the zeolite and the binder. Additionally, a strategy is presented to overcome the diffusion limitations associated to the microporous structure of zeolites, consisting in the introduction of hierarchical porosity in the binder. Several developments in the field of hierarchical aluminas are summarized in this article, highlighting the possibility to design different ordered/disordered mesoporous and macroporous structures.