gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Size, efficiency, and profitability: Empirical evidence from Mexican Assembly Plants (1988)

This study is an empirical investigation of the relationship between the size of a plant and its efficiency and profitability. The question of optimum size of plant has important implications for both governmental development planning policy and managerial planning. In many developing countries policies toward business with respect to credit, subsidies and tax treatment often are differentiated by size of firm based on the conventional wisdom that larger firms are more efficient and more profitable. If the advantage of large firms is due to economies of scale, then the relationship between the size of plant and efficiency should be positive. There is, however, mounting empirical evidence that for many industries the importance of economies of scale has been overestimated.
An immediate early human gene encodes an Id-like helix-loop-helix protein and is regulated by protein kinase C activation in diverse cell types. (1993)

Transcription factors characterized by the presence of a helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain play a central role in the regulation of cell growth/differentiation and tumorigenesis. We report here the cDNA sequence of a human early-response gene, designated HLH 1R21, encoding a 15-kDa HLH protein that lacks a basic, DNA-binding domain and which by a number of criteria appears to be the human homologue of mouse HLH 462. Like its murine counterpart, HLH 1R21 protein functions as an Id (inhibitor of DNA binding) transcription factor by inhibiting the binding of E2A-containing protein complexes to muscle creatine kinase E-box enhancer oligonucleotide in vitro. However HLH 1R21 does not inhibit the binding of HLH Max protein to a Max-binding oligonucleotide in vitro, indicating that it has limited promiscuity in its ability to antagonize the function of other HLH transcription factors. In addition, HLH 1R21 mRNA transcripts are regulated by phorbol ester treatment of a diverse range of human cell lines and, when overexpressed in mouse NIH3T3 cells, HLH 1R21 induces a morphologically transformed phenotype.
Effects of furosemide on renal calcium handling (2007)

Furosemide is a loop diuretic agent that has been used to treat hypercalcemia because it increases renal calcium excretion. The effect of furosemide on calcium transport molecules in distal tubules has yet to be investigated. We conducted studies to examine the effects of furosemide on renal calcium excretion and expression of calcium transport molecules in mice. Mice were administered with a single dose of furosemide (15 mg/kg) and examined 4 h later or were given twice-daily furosemide injections for 3 days. To evaluate the effects of volume depletion, drinking water was supplemented with salt. Our results showed that, in acute experiments, furosemide enhanced urinary calcium excretion, which was associated with a significant increase in mRNA levels of TRPV5, TRPV6, and calbindin-D28k but not calbindin-D9k as measured by real-time PCR (TRPV5 and TRPV6 are transient receptor potential vanilloid 5 and 6). Chronic furosemide administration induced three- to fourfold increases in urinary calcium excretion and elevated mRNA levels of TRPV5, TRPV6, calbindin-D28k, and calbindin-D9k without or with salt supplement. Similar upregulation of calcium transport molecules was observed in mice with gentamicin-induced hypercalciuria. Coadministration of chlorothiazide decreased furosemide-induced calciuria, either acutely or chronically, although still accompanied by upregulation of these transport molecules. Immunofluorescent staining studies revealed comparably increased protein abundance in TRPV5 and calbindin-D28k. We conclude that furosemide treatment enhances urinary calcium excretion. Increased abundance of calcium transport molecules in the distal convoluted tubule represents a solute load-dependent effect in response to increased calcium delivery and serves as a compensatory adaptation in the downstream segment.
Characterizing the Involvement of the Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NFκB) Transcription Factor in Uveal Melanoma (2010)

Purpose. To examine the involvement of nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkappaB) pathways in uveal melanoma (UM) and to assess their potential as a therapeutic target for metastatic UM. Methods. Samples from primary (n = 7) and metastatic (n = 7) UM were evaluated for NFkappaB transcription factor family expression by quantitative PCR (QPCR), immunofluorescent staining, and Western blot analysis. The effect of two NFkappaB inhibitors, DHMEQ and BMS-345541, on two cell lines derived from UM liver metastases was assessed. Cell proliferation was examined by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay, methylene blue assay, and immunostaining for Ki-67. Apoptosis was assessed by immunostaining for activated caspase 3. Results. NFkappaB1, NFkappaB2, RelA, RelB, and NIK were expressed in primary UM and in its liver metastases. NFkappaB2, RelB, and NIK showed significantly higher mRNA levels in metastases from UM compared with primary tumors (3.4-fold, P = 0.03; 3.6-fold, P = 0.05; 3.5-fold, P = 0.03; respectively). NFkappaB2 protein activation was 3.9-fold higher in metastases (P = 0.03). NFkappaB inhibition reduced metastatic cell proliferation by 9.2-fold and 1.9-fold according to Ki67 staining (P = 0.04) and methylene blue assay (P = 6 x 10(-7)), respectively. Both NFkappaB inhibitors achieved dose-dependent reductions of UM cell proliferation in both cell lines (P < 0.001). NFkappaB inhibition resulted in a 6.3-fold increase of apoptosis (P = 7 x 10(-7)). Conclusions. These data indicate that the NFkappaB1 and NFkappaB2 pathways are active in both primary and metastatic UM and that these pathways regulate metastatic cell proliferation and apoptosis. The role of NFkappaB as a therapeutic target for UM should be further evaluated.
Synthesis, antiproliferative, and antiviral activity of 4-amino-1-(.beta.-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridazin-7(6H)-one and related derivatives (1993)

The synthesis of 4-amino-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridazin-7 (6H)-one (3) from the reaction of ethyl 3-cyano-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrrole-2-carboxylate (10) and hydrazine is described. The 5:6 pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridazin-7(6H)-one structure of 3 was established via a three-step conversion of 3 into 1-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridazin-4,7(5H,6H)- dio ne (14). 4-Amino-3-chloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridazin+ ++-7(6H)-one (16) 4-amino-3-bromo-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridazin++ +-7(6H)-one (18) were prepared via N-chlorosuccinimide or N-bromosuccinimide treatment of 4-amino-1-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-beta- D-ribofuranosyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridazin-7(6H)-one (7) followed by a removal of the benzyl groups with boron trichloride. Direct treatment of 3 with N-iodosuccinimide furnished 4-amino-3-iodo-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridazin -7(6H)-one (19). The antiproliferative activity of the compounds was determined in L1210, H. Ep. 2 and several additional human tumor cell lines. In L1210 cells, the 3-halo-substituted compounds 16, 18, and 19 exhibited significant cytotoxicity (IC50 = 0.2, 0.1, 0.08 microM, respectively), in contrast to the 3-unsubstituted compound 3, which had only slight activity. The greater antiproliferative activity of 18 and 19 in contrast to 3 was confirmed in H. Ep. 2 cells and KB cells. The antiviral evaluation of these compounds revealed that compounds 16, 18, and 19 were active against human cytomegalovirus in both plaque- and yield-reduction assays. However, this activity was only partially separated from cytotoxicity in human cell lines.
Recent advances in the pharmacological management of acute and chronic pain. (2014)

This review focuses on newer medications for the treatment of pain as well as on new guidelines and indications for the use of established medications. With regard to classical analgesics, the use of non-opioids and opioids is reviewed. Here are relevant new data on the use of the old substance acetaminophen as well as on non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and the newer COX-2 selective agents, which continue to be misunderstood. Amongst the opioids the new compound tapentadol with a new mechanism of action is presented as well as a number of new opioid preparations aiming to increase speed of onset of effect and to reduce abuse and diversion. Many medications, which were not originally developed to treat pain, are now used as components of multimodal analgesia or in specific indications. Here are of relevance anticonvulsants such as pregabalin and gabapentin, which were initially used for neuropathic pain, but are now used successfully in a wide range of indications from postoperative pain to fibromyalgia. The reason for this increased range of indications is the realization of the relevance of central sensitization processes for all pain states. Similarly, the use of antidepressants and the old dissociative anesthetic ketamine is increasing for the same reasons. Calcitonin has also found some new indications in difficult to treat pain conditions, while the discussion on the role of cannabinoids in pain management continues, partially driven by political issues. For localized neuropathic pain, there is increasing interest in topical preparations such as lidocaine and capsaicin patches, in particular in view of their minimal systemic adverse effects. Overall, recent advances in the pharmacological management of pain are not so much the result of new 'miracle' drugs, but new preparations and new ways to use old drugs in a variety of settings, often as components of a multimodal approach to pain relief.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Dye‐Sensitized SnO<sub>2</sub> Nanowire Field‐Effect Transistors (2010)

Abstract Electron transfer from excited dye molecules (chlorophyll or fluorescein) to a semiconductor is demonstrated by photoaction and photoluminescence spectra on field‐effect transistors consisting of dye‐sensitized individual SnO 2 nanowires. The photoaction spectrum shows a much better resolution for nanowires non‐covalently functionalized with dye molecules than for dyes deposited on SnO 2 nanoparticle‐films. Possible reasons for the deviation between the photoaction spectra and ordinary optical absorption spectra as well as for the current‐tail appearing along the falling edge are addressed. In dye‐sensitized nanowires, electron transfer from photo‐excited dyes to nanowires is analyzed by comparing gate‐voltage dependences in photoaction and photoluminescence spectra. The importance of this study is in the understanding of electron injection and recombination provided, as well as the performance optimization of nanowire‐based dye‐sensitized solar cells.
Targeting triple-negative breast cancer cells with the histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat (2012)

This study revealed that panobinostat is overtly toxic to TNBC cells in vitro and decreases tumorigenesis in vivo. Additionally, treatment up-regulated anti-proliferative, tumor suppressor, and epithelial marker genes in MDA-MB-231 cells and initiated a partial reversal of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Our results demonstrate a potential therapeutic role of panobinostat in targeting aggressive triple-negative breast cancer cell types.
Theoretical investigation of silicon nanowire pH sensor (2008)

In this paper, Si nanowire (NW) sensor in pH detection is presented. The conductance of device is analytically obtained and demonstrated the conductance increases with reducing the oxide thickness. To calculate the electrical conductance of sensor, the diffusion-drift model and nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation are used. To improve the conductance a Si NW sensor with nanoscale side gate voltage is presented and its conductance is theoretically achieved. It is shown the conductance and consequently sensor sensitivity can be enhanced by adding suitable side gate voltage. Finally this effect is compared to the almost similar fabricated structure in literature which has a wire with rectangular cross section.
Structural dynamics of DNA sensed by fluorescence from chemically modified bases (1990)

The dynamics of self-complementary DNA decamers containing chemically-modified recognition sequences of the Eco RI endonuclease have been investigated by temperature-dependent picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The unmodified decamer, d[CTGAATTCAG], as well as the decamer with 2-aminopurine (2AP) replacing adenine in position 5, have been shown to be B-type duplexes by 2D NMR and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Fluorescence anisotropy decay and MD of the 2AP-containing decamer show rapid motion of the base on timescales of 10-11 to 10-10 s. The multi-exponential fluorescence decay of the fluorescence and its temperature dependence, together with the 10-ns singleexponential decay of the isolated 2AP base, suggest that the 2AP base exists in 4 or more conformational states. All of these states appear to interconvert, but only two on the timescale of the fluorescence decay. The decamer with 1-((beta)-D-2'-deoxyribosyl)-2-pyrimidinone (dK) replacing dC in position 8 is a duplex which melts at about 21° C and shows multi-exponential fluorescence decay. Fluorescence is dominated, however, by a temperature-dependent 150-200 ps decay component accounting for >90% of the decay process. The unnormalized amplitude of this component decreases with decreasing temperature, reflecting hypochromism of dK as it stacks with its neighbors. In contrast with the other two modified bases, the isolated dK base has an extremely short fluorescence lifetime in aqueous solution, about 250 ps. The decamer with the 5-methyl derivative of dK (dS) placed in position 7 appears to be single-stranded above 10° C. Fluorescence from this decamer is thermodynamically and kinetically simpler than that from the duplexes. The decay time of the isolated d5 base is about 4.0 ns, while the decamer shows a temperature-independent 4.0 +/- 0.1 ns and shorter-lived, temperature-dependent decay components. Analysis of the data shows that completely unstacked (solvent-exposed) and partially stacked states exist. The completely unstacked state is a small component at all observed temperatures.
Oligomers and Pleionomers of Synthetic Fiber‐Forming Polymers (1963)

Abstract The term “oligomer” is defined, and a survey of methods for the isolation and synthesis of cyclic and linear oligoesters, oligourethanes, oligo(acrylonitriles), and oligoamides is presented. The oligomers serve a valuable function as model substances for the investigation of many properties of the corresponding high polymers. This is shown using several examples (infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray spectroscopy, viscosity).
Analysis of concentrated winding induction machines for adjustable speed drive applications-experimental results (1994)

An approach to an analysis of multiphase concentrated winding induction machines specifically designed for operation with static power converters has been presented and simulated by means of a digital computer simulation in previous papers. In order to substantiate the theoretical conclusions regarding the performance of multiphase induction motors, an experimental five phase induction motor and its corresponding power converter and control are designed and fabricated. In this paper some of the design criteria and the experimental results obtained from the tests are presented and discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Studies on the host-mediated antitumor polysaccharides. Part XIII. Antitumor activity and some properties of water-soluble polysaccharides from "Himematsutake," the fruiting body of Agaricus blazei Murill. (1990)

Polysaccharides extracted from Himematsutake, the fruiting body of Agaricus blazei Murill with hot water were fractionated and purified by ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, gel-filtration, affinity chromatography, etc. A total of 17 polysaccharide samples thus obtained were given an antitumor activity test (Sarcoma 180/mice i.p. p.o. method) and traces of their activities through the fractionation and purification processes were found. FI0-a-β, FA-1-a-α, FA-1-a-β, and FA-2-b-β, were obtained as water soluble polysaccharides fractions having great antitumor activities. Analyses of physico-chemical properties and IR- and NMR-spectra of these active fractions showed that their main components were: FI0-a-β, (1→6)-; (1→3)-β-D-glucan; FA-1-a-α, acidic (1→6)-; (1→4)-α-D-glucan; FA-1-a-β, acidic (1→6)-; (1→3)-α-D-glucan; and FA-2-b-β, acidic RNA-protein complex.
GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT UNDER THE CARBON EMISSION TRADING PROGRAM USING MIXED INTEGER PROGRAMMING AND GENETIC ALGORITHM (2011)

In this paper, the transportation problem under the carbon emission trading program is modelled by mathematical programming and genetic algorithm. Since green supply chain issues become important and new legislations are taken into account, carbon emissions costs are included in the total costs of the supply chain. The optimisation model has the ability to minimise the total costs and provides the best solutions, which are both cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Moreover, a mathematical model and genetic algorithm are used to simulate the developments when carbon emission costs are changed and when companies are committed penalty charge. Finally, the result is shown the genetic algorithm technique is feasible in transportation network planning.
Direct Pattern Control Halftoning of Neugebauer Primaries (2017)

Halftoning is a key stage of any printing image processing pipeline. With colorant-channel approaches, a key challenge for matrix-based halftoning is the co-optimization of the matrices used for individual colorants, which becomes increasingly complex and over-constrained as the number of colorants increases. Both choices of screen angles (in clustered-dot cases) or structures, and control over how individual matrices relate to each other and result in over-versus side-by-side printing of the colorants, impose challenging restrictions. The solution presented in this paper relies on the benefits of a halftone area Neugebauer separation pipeline, where local Neugebauer Primary use is specified at each pixel and where halftoning can be performed using a single matrix, regardless of the number of colorants. The provably complete plane dependence of the resulting halftones will be presented among the solution's benefits.
Benchmarking and hardware implementation of JPEG-LS (2003)

The JPEG-LS algorithm is one of the recently designated standards for lossless compression of grayscale and color images. Simulation results for lossless and near lossless compression of various image types are presented in order to explore the algorithm's effectiveness for a number of applications. A hardware implementation using VHDL is proposed and the schematic of a JPEG-LS codec, that is capable of standard-compliant lossless and near lossless encoding and decoding, has been generated using the Synopsys synthesis tool. Hardware implementation of the proposed solution on an FPGA allows for real-time processing of large image volumes.
Synthesis of α-Ketoamides from a Carbamoylsilane and Acid Chlorides (2004)

Treatment of acid chlorides with a carbamoylsilane affords alpha-ketoamides. In some instances, in situ reaction of additional carbamoylsilane with these products yielded alpha-organyl-alpha-siloxymalonamides.
Identification and validation of new autoantibodies for the diagnosis of DCIS and node negative early‐stage breast cancers (2012)

Evidence of circulating autoantibodies in cancer patient sera has created opportunities for exploiting them as biomarkers. We report the identification and the clinical validation of an autoantibody panel in newly diagnosed patients with early-stage breast cancer. Proteomic approach and serological screening of a discovery set of sera (n = 80) were performed to identify tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Autoantibody levels were then measured in an independent validation set (n = 182) against a panel of five TAAs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sixty-seven antigens that elicited a specific humoral response in breast cancer were identified and five antigens (GAL3, PAK2, PHB2, RACK1 and RUVBL1) were selected for validation. GAL3 and RACK1 showed significantly increased reactivity in early-stage breast cancer. When combined, the five markers significantly discriminated early-stage cancer from healthy individuals (AUC = 0.81; 95% CI [0.74-0.86]). Interestingly, this value was high in both node-negative early-stage primary breast cancer (AUC = 0.81; 95% CI [0.72-0.88]) and ductal carcinoma in situ (AUC = 0.85; 95% CI [0.76-0.95]) populations. This autoantibody panel could be useful as a diagnostic tool in a screening strategy of early-stage invasive breast cancer and preinvasive breast cancer. It could be particularly appropriate in complement to mammography for women with high breast density.
Efficient high-power generation of visible and mid-infrared light by degenerate four-wave-mixing in a large-mode-area photonic-crystal fiber (2009)

An efficient and simple approach for converting pulsed near-IR laser radiation into visible and mid-IR light by exploiting degenerate four-wave-mixing in an endlessly single-mode, large-mode-area photonic-crystal fiber is presented. Coupling a 1 MHz, 200 ps, 8 W average power pulsed source emitting at 1064 nm into this fiber results in average powers of 3 W at 673 nm signal wavelength and of 450 mW at 2539 nm idler wavelength, respectively. The excellent pulse energy conversion efficiencies of 35% for the signal and 6% for the idler wavelength are due to the unique combination of characteristics of this type of fiber.
Contact killing and antimicrobial properties of copper (2017)

With the emergence of antibiotic resistance, the interest for antimicrobial agents has recently increased again in public health. Copper was recognized in 2008 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as the first metallic antimicrobial agent. This led to many investigations of the various properties of copper as an antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral agent. This review summarizes the latest findings about 'contact killing', the mechanism of action of copper nanoparticles and the different ways micro-organisms develop resistance to copper.
Parallel multi-dimensional ROLAP indexing (2003)

This paper addresses the query performance issue for Relational OLAP (ROLAP) datacubes. We present a distributed multi-dimensional ROLAP indexing scheme which is practical to implement, requires only a small communication volume, and is fully adapted to distributed disks. Our solution is efficient for spatial searches in high dimensions and scalable in terms of data sizes, dimensions, and number of processors. Our method is also incrementally maintainable. Using "surrogate" group-bys, it allows for the efficient processing of arbitrary OLAP queries on partial cubes, where not all of the group-bys have been materialized. Our experiments show that the ROLAP advantage of better scalability, in comparison to MOLAP can be maintained while providing, at the same time, a fast and flexible index for OLAP queries.