gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Attack countermeasure trees (ACT): towards unifying the constructs of attack and defense trees (2011)

ABSTRACT Attack tree (AT) is one of the widely used non‐state‐space models for security analysis. The basic formalism of AT does not take into account defense mechanisms. Defense trees (DTs) have been developed to investigate the effect of defense mechanisms using measures such as attack cost, security investment cost, return on attack (ROA), and return on investment (ROI). DT, however, places defense mechanisms only at the leaf nodes and the corresponding ROI/ROA analysis does not incorporate the probabilities of attack. In attack response tree (ART), attack and response are both captured but ART suffers from the problem of state‐space explosion, since solution of ART is obtained by means of a state‐space model. In this paper, we present a novel attack tree paradigm called attack countermeasure tree (ACT) which avoids the generation and solution of a state‐space model and takes into account attacks as well as countermeasures (in the form of detection and mitigation events). In ACT, detection and mitigation are allowed not just at the leaf node but also at the intermediate nodes while at the same time the state‐space explosion problem is avoided in its analysis. We study the consequences of incorporating countermeasures in the ACT using three case studies (ACT for BGP attack, ACT for a SCADA attack and ACT for malicious insider attacks). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimized Quantification of Fragmented, Free Circulating DNA in Human Blood Plasma Using a Calibrated Duplex Real-Time PCR (2009)

PCR targets of the same small size are preferred over longer targets when comparing fractional circulatory DNA concentrations by real-time PCR. As an example, a DYS14/18S duplex real-time PCR research assay is presented that correctly measures the fractional concentration of male DNA in a male/female mixture of circulatory, fragmented DNA.
GPS/GIS and Space Time Data (1994)

Abstract - The Global Positioning System (GPS) has been with us now for over a decade, providing positioning information across a broad range o f . applications. In the geographical information systems area the potential of GPS technology is really only just starting to be realized The major areas of use have been for mapping the locations of features particularly for asset management This papa describes the technology integration projects bein g undertaken Geomatic Engineering. that explores the potential of integrated technologies for space-time monitoring of any phenomena. A prototype DGPSIGIS system was developed using light-weight inexpensive, off-the shelf parts. The development of this type of technology promises to revolutionise the way we can acquire spacetime data, providing us with an expanded vision of how to monitor the environment and manage all types of assets This paper also describes a few of the issues that arise when using the Global Positioning System to acquire data for Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
A Cloud-Edge Computing Framework for Cyber-Physical-Social Services (2017)

Cyber-physical-social systems (CPSSs) represent an emerging paradigm encompassing the cyber world, physical world and social world. One of the main purposes of CPSSs is to provide high-quality, proactive, and personalized services for humans. For CPSSs to realize this purpose, a novel services framework is needed. In this article, we present a tensor-based cloud-edge computing framework that mainly includes the cloud and edge planes. The cloud plane is used to process large-scale, long-term, global data, which can be used to obtain decision making information such as the feature, law, or rule sets. The edge plane is used to process small-scale, short-term, local data, which is used to present the real-time situation. Also, personalized services will be directly provided for humans by the edge plane according to the obtained feature, law, or rule sets and the local high-quality data obtained in the edge plane. Then a tensor-based services model is proposed to match the requirement of users in the local CPSS. Finally, a case study about CPSS services is proposed to demonstrate the application features of the proposed framework.
The rediscovery of ancient Chinese herbal formulas (2004)

This review presents some recent discoveries of ancient Chinese herbal formulas evolved through thousands of years of clinical practice. It appears that many of the ancient combination formulas have sound scientific basis through modern pharmacological evaluation. Significant chemical changes occurred during the preparation (decoction) process of a prescribed herbal formula. For example, some toxic ingredients were significantly reduced and new active compounds generated due to the chemical interactions among the ingredients. Many combination formulas showed significantly better pharmacological results than individual herbal medicines participated in the formula. These findings suggest that the current drug screening and regulatory methodology will not be appropriate for the development of a botanical drug containing a group of phytochemicals, in which a synergistic interaction from chemical ingredients plays a fundamental role in the treatment of disease. If we view a diseased state in a holistic and dynamic way, i.e. it involves interactions among many biological systems in human body and these interactions change as the disease improves or worsens, the treatment of such disease with a single chemical entity may not be logical or technically feasible. Combination formulas may hold the potential to become the therapeutics of choice in the future due to the synergistic effect and dynamic adjustment achieved by the multiple ingredients that will restore the balance of an imbalanced or diseased human body.
Inference under Progressive Interval Censoring for Geometric Distribution (2010)

In this paper likelihood point and interval estimation are discussed using progressively Type-I interval censored sample under different removal schemes for a geometric life time model. Classical as well as Bayesian inference is carried out using simulation of such a censored sample . Non parametric estimation of survival function along with its confidence interval is also considered. An expression for expected duration of life test is obtained. A numerical example is given to illustrate the theoretical results.
Narrow sintering temperature window for (K, Na)NbO<sub>3</sub>‐based lead‐free piezoceramics caused by compositional segregation (2011)

Abstract In this paper, a typical Li‐ and Ta/Sb‐modified alkaline niobate‐based ceramics prepared by conventional sintering were investigated in terms of different sintering temperatures and dwelling times. Compositional segregation phenomenon is found to exist in the alkaline niobate‐based ceramics sintered at the temperatures above their melting points. As a result, microstructures of the ceramics become nonuniform, and electrical properties of them are degraded. Results indicate that compositional segregation is also a factor in the narrow sintering temperature window for alkaline niobate‐based ceramics.
Metal additive manufacturing using lasers (2018)

Additive Manufacturing (AM) has made its way into mainstream science and technology by empowering the designers, manufacturing engineers and users to deliver the product with unlimited complexity and customization. The segment of new-generation AM processes that are capable of delivering metallic components using standard additive manufacturing topology are called ‘Metal Additive Manufacturing’ (MAM), more commonly known as Metal 3-D Printing. It is not just shapes and designs (could not previously even be conceived of) that are now entirely viable, but MAM also could keep the advantages in terms of the structural properties. MAM can build a complete shape in its entirety, by carefully layering and bonding materials together to create the desired outcome in a single step. Lasers, being one of the most remarkable inventions of the last century, were the first to extend AM to MAM, placing it into a group known as ‘disruptive technologies’. MAM involving lasers is known as Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM). The system used for LAM requires a high-power laser (100 W–2 kW), a material feeding system (powder spreading, powder or wire feeding) and beam/job handling (3- or 5-axis) station. The list of materials being used in LAM is appending rapidly. Realizing the importance of LAM and allied technologies, a comprehensive research and development programme was initiated in the year 2003 at the Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT). A number of components for engineering and prosthetic applications have been manufactured using LAM. This chapter will provide an overview of the LAM technologies from their history to recent developments including future prospects and recent research trends. At the end of the chapter, the numerical and theoretical problems are included for the quick review of LAM technologies. This chapter is a quick-start for novices to understand this novel technology and a reference document for researchers in the field.
Prospect theoretic analysis of anti-jamming communications in cognitive radio networks (2014)

An anti-jamming communication game between a cognitive radio enabled secondary user (SU) and a cognitive radio enabled jammer is considered, in which end-user decision making is modeled using prospect theory (PT). More specifically, the interactions between a user and a smart jammer (i.e., their respective choices of transmission probability) are formulated as a game under the assumption that end-user decision making under uncertainty does not follow the traditional objective assumptions stipulated by expected utility theory (EUT), but rather follows the subjective deviations specified by PT. Under the assumption that the capacity of the system is governed by the primary user activity, the Nash equilibria of the game are characterized under various conditions and the impact of the players' subjectivity (deviation from EUT behavior) on the SU's throughput is measured. Simulation results show that the subjective view of an SU tends to exaggerate the jamming probabilities and decreases its transmission probability, thus reducing the average throughput. On the other hand, the subjectivity of a jammer tends to reduce its jamming probability and thus increases the SU throughput.
The future and promise of flat optics: a personal perspective (2018)

Abstract Metasurfaces enable the redesign of optical components into thin, planar and multifunctional elements, promising a major reduction in footprint and system complexity as well as the introduction of new optical functions. The planarity of flat optics will lead to the unification of semiconductor manufacturing and lens‐making, where the planar technology to manufacture computer chips will be adapted to make CMOS‐compatible metasurface‐based optical components, ranging from metalenses to novel polarization optics, areas where I foresee the greatest technological and scientific impact.
Biodegradation of diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) by <i>Bacillus</i> sp. SB‐007 (2009)

In this study, diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) was efficiently degraded by Bacillus sp. SB-007. The optimal conditions for DIDP (100 mg l(-1)) degradation by Bacillus sp. SB-007 in a mineral salts medium were found to be pH 7.0 at 30 degrees C, stirring at 200 rpm. The specific rate of DIDP degradation was found to be concentration dependent with a maximum of 4.87 mg DIDP l(-1) h(-1). DIDP was transformed rapidly by Bacillus sp. SB-007 with the formation of monoisodecyl phthalate and phthalic acid, which subsequently degraded further. These results highlight the potential of this bacterium for removing DIDP contaminated waste in the environment.
Replication Protein A (RPA) Binding to Duplex Cisplatin-damaged DNA Is Mediated through the Generation of Single-stranded DNA (1999)

Replication protein A (RPA) is a heterotrimeric protein composed of 70-, 34-, and 14-kDa subunits that has been shown to be required for DNA replication, repair, and homologous recombination. We have previously shown preferential binding of recombinant human RPA (rhRPA) to duplex cisplatin-damaged DNA compared with the control undamaged DNA (Patrick, S. M., and Turchi, J. J. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 8808-8815). Here we assess the binding of rhRPA to DNA containing site-specific cisplatin-DNA adducts. rhRPA is shown to bind 1.5-2-fold better to a duplex 30-base pair substrate containing a single 1,3d(GpXpG) compared with a 1,2d(GpG) cisplatin-DNA intrastrand adduct, consistent with the difference in thermal stability of DNA containing each adduct. Consistent with these data, a 21-base pair DNA substrate containing a centrally located single interstrand cisplatin cross-link resulted in less binding than to the undamaged control DNA. A series of experiments measuring rhRPA binding and concurrent DNA denaturation revealed that rhRPA binds duplex cisplatin-damaged DNA via the generation of single-stranded DNA. Single-strand DNA binding experiments show that rhRPA binds 3-4-fold better to an undamaged 24-base DNA compared with the same substrate containing a single 1,2d(GpG) cisplatin-DNA adduct. These data are consistent with a low affinity interaction of rhRPA with duplex-damaged DNA followed by the generation of single-stranded DNA and then high affinity binding to the undamaged DNA strand.
Molecular Regulation of the IGF-Binding Protein-4 Protease System in Human Fibroblasts: Identification of a Novel Inducible Inhibitor (2002)

The IGF-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) protease system is an important regulator of local IGF bioavailability and cell growth. Recently, the IGF-dependent IGFBP-4 protease secreted by cultured human fibroblasts was identified as pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A). In pregnancy serum, PAPP-A circulates as a disulfide-bound complex with the precursor form of major basic protein (pro-MBP), and in this complex PAPP-A's proteolytic activity is not evident. In this study we analyzed the IGFBP-4 protease system in normal human fibroblasts to determine regulation outside of pregnancy. Treatment with the phorbol ester tumor promoter, beta-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (beta-PDD), resulted in time-dependent inhibition of the IGF-dependent IGFBP-4 protease activity in cell-conditioned medium, which was evident at 6 h and complete by 24 h. PAPP-A mRNA was constitutively expressed in control cells, and levels were decreased only after 24 h of beta-PDD treatment. Secretion of PAPP-A protein into conditioned medium did not change with beta-PDD treatment. On the other hand, pro-MBP mRNA was undetectable in control human fibroblasts, and treatment with beta-PDD induced pro-MBP mRNA and protein expression within 6 h. beta-PDD-induced pro-MBP mRNA expression and protease inhibition were blocked with an inhibitor of RNA synthesis, actinomycin D. Actinomycin D had no effect on PAPP-A mRNA levels in the absence or presence of beta-PDD. Similarly, transformation of human fibroblasts with simian virus 40 large T antigen resulted in the synthesis of pro-MBP mRNA and protein and inhibition of IGFBP-4 protease activity. Coculture of fibroblasts with cells transfected with pro-MBP cDNA resulted in inhibition of IGFBP-4 proteolytic activity without having any effect on PAPP-A synthesis. In summary, phorbol ester tumor promoters and simian virus 40 transformation regulate IGFBP-4 proteolysis in human fibroblasts through induction of a novel inhibitor of PAPP-A, pro-MBP. These findings expand our understanding of the IGFBP-4 protease system and suggest an additional level of local cell growth control.
On the impedance of galvanic cells: II. Experimental verification (1960)

Abstract It is shown by experiment that both types of frequency dependency of the cell impedance, treated in Part I, occur. From the results the diffusion constant of the Hg ++ 2 ion in 1 M HClO 4 and the reaction rate constant of the zinc amalgam electrode in 1 M NaClO 4 + 10 −3 M HClO 4 base electrolyte are calculated. In addition the value of the double layer capacity of the zinc amalgam electrode is reported.
The role of insulin and glucose in goose primary hepatocyte triglyceride accumulation (2009)

In order to obtain some information on how fatty liver arises in geese, we investigated the role of insulin and glucose in triglyceride (TG) accumulation in goose primary hepatocytes. Goose primary hepatocytes were isolated and treated with insulin and glucose. Compared with the control group, 100 and 150 nmol l(-1) insulin increased TG accumulation, acetyl-CoA carboxylase-alpha (ACCalpha) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity, and the mRNA levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), FAS and ACCalpha genes. Insulin at 200 nmol l(-1) had an inhibiting effect on TG accumulation and the activity of ACC and FAS, but increased the gene expression of SREBP-1, FAS and ACCalpha. We also found that high glucose (30 mmol l(-1)) increased the TG level, ACC and FAS activity, and the mRNA levels of SREBP-1 and FAS. However, there was no effect of high glucose on ACCalpha mRNA level. In addition, the interaction between insulin and glucose was observed to induce TG accumulation, ACC and FAS activity, and gene expression of SREBP-1, FAS and ACCalpha, and increase SREBP-1 nuclear protein level and binding of nuclear SREBP-1 and the SRE response element of the ACC gene. The result also indicated that the glucose-induced TG accumulation decreased after 96 h when the hepatocytes were cultured with 30 mmol l(-1) glucose. In conclusion, insulin and glucose may affect hepatic lipogenesis by regulating lipogenic gene expression and lipogenic enzyme activity in goose hepatocytes, and SREBP-1 might play an important role in the synergetic activation of lipogenic genes. We propose that the utilization of accumulated TG in hepatocytes is the reason for the reversible phenomenon in goose hepatocellular steatosis.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUTROPHILIC POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES IN HUMAN BONE MARROW (1971)

Neutrophilic leukocytes (PMN) and their precursors from normal human marrow and blood were examined by histochemical staining and by electron microscopy and cytochemistry in order to determine the origin and nature of their cytoplasmic granules. Human neutrophils contain two basic types of granules, azurophils and specifics, which differ in morphology, contents, and time of origin. Azurophils are large and may be spherical or ellipsoid, the latter with a crystalline inclusion. They are produced in the first secretory stage (promyelocyte), contain peroxidase and various lysosomal enzymes, and thus correspond to modified primary lysosomes. Specifics are smaller, may be spherical or elongated, and are formed during a later secretory stage (myelocyte). They lack lysosomal enzymes and contain alkaline phosphatase and basic protein; their contents remain largely undetermined. Specifics outnumber azurophils in the mature PMN because of reduction in numbers of azurophils per cell by cell division in the myelocyte stage. The findings indicate that the situation is basically the same as described previously in the rabbit, insofar as the origin, enzymic activity, and persistence in the mature cell of the two types (azurophil and specific) of granules are concerned. The main difference between PMN of the two species is in the morphology (size, shape, and density) of the granules, especially the azurophils.
Understanding the fluid dynamics of gastric digestion using computational modeling (2011)

In this work a 3-D computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model of the stomach geometry and motility during digestion was developed, and to use it to analyze the flow behavior of gastric fluids with different rheological properties, and their effect on the motion of discrete food particles. The results were in good agreement with experimental data previously reported, and illustrated the significant effect of the fluid rheology on the flow field, pressure gradients, and particle motions within the stomach. From a boarder perspective, this work illustrates the unique capability of CFD to provide a fundamental understanding of the dynamics of gastric digestion.
The Growth Hormone Dependent Serine Protease Inhibitor, Spi 2.1 Inhibits the Des (1-3) Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Generating Protease (1997)

The conversion of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) to the biologically more active des (1-3) IGF-I variant is catalyzed by a ubiquitous protease. This proteolytic activity is inhibited by human alpha1-antitrypsin and soy-bean trypsin inhibitor and is up-regulated in serum and tissue extracts of hypophysectomized rats. These observations lead us to investigate whether the growth hormone regulated, serine protease inhibitor, Spi 2.1 was able to inhibit the des (1-3) IGF-I generating protease. Dihydrofolate reductase deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO(dhfr-ve)) cells were transfected with a rat Spi 2.1 expression vector containing the dhfr and neomycin resistance gene. Stable transfectants were selected using G418 and amplified using methotrexate. Conditioned medium from Spi 2.1 transfected CHO cells potently inhibited proteolytic activity directed against a synthetic hexa-peptide with a sequence identical to the N-terminal of IGF-I. In contrast conditioned medium from wild-type CHO cells had little effect. Based upon these observations we suggest that our previous finding of enhanced des (1-3) IGF-I generating protease activity in growth hormone deficient rats may be, at least partly explained by reduced levels of Spi 2.1. Furthermore, we propose that the regulation of the generation of des (1-3) IGF-I may be an additional potential site of growth hormone regulation of IGF-I action.
Inactivation and Degradation of Glucagon by Dipeptidyl Aminopeptidase I (Cathepsin C) of Rat Liver (1969)

Chloride and sulfhydryl activators in glucagol degradation and secretion by purified rat liver dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I /Cathepsin C/
Improvement of radiation efficiencies by applying folded configurations to very small meander line antennas (2004)

Meander line antennas are commonly used as small antennas in commercial Handy Phones. This paper shows experimental results of radiation resistances and radiation characteristics of folded and conventional meander line antennas.
Two binding sites for Ki67 related to quiescent and cycling cells in human epidermis. (1989)

The monoclonal antibody Ki67 (Ki67) binds to a nuclear antigen expressed by cycling cells of several human tissues and to the cytoplasm of the basal layer cells of squamous epithelia. We have used an immunohistochemical method to visualize the binding sites of Ki67 in normal and hyperproliferative epidermis. Cytoplasmic staining was present in the basal layer cells of normal epidermis, but was decreased in psoriatic and post-tapestripping epidermis. In sections of normal epidermis only a small minority of nuclei were positive, but sections of psoriatic epidermis and epidermis 40 and 48 h after tapestripping showed large numbers of positive nuclei in the basal and suprabasal layers. Since recent reports strongly suggest that the cell production rate is regulated by changes in the number of cycling cells, the hypothesis that Ki67 binds also in human epidermis to the nuclei of cycling cells is supported by the present findings.
Dynamic MRI Using SmooThness Regularization on Manifolds (SToRM) (2015)

We introduce a novel algorithm to recover real time dynamic MR images from highly under-sampled k- t space measurements. The proposed scheme models the images in the dynamic dataset as points on a smooth, low dimensional manifold in high dimensional space. We propose to exploit the non-linear and non-local redundancies in the dataset by posing its recovery as a manifold smoothness regularized optimization problem. A navigator acquisition scheme is used to determine the structure of the manifold, or equivalently the associated graph Laplacian matrix. The estimated Laplacian matrix is used to recover the dataset from undersampled measurements. The utility of the proposed scheme is demonstrated by comparisons with state of the art methods in multi-slice real-time cardiac and speech imaging applications.