gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isolation of Neural Stem Cells from the Subventricular Zone and the Olfactory Bulb of Neonatal Mice (2004)

Background: Neural stem cells are present in adult brain as well as fetal brain and have capacity for self-renewal and pluripotenciality in vitro culture. Therefore, they can be used to treat neurological damages in various degenerative disorders. Objectives: This study was designated to isolate neural stem cells from the central nervous system of neonatal mice, and to examine the effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on glial and neuronal differentiation in mouse neural stem cells. Materials and Methods: Cells isolated from the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the olfactory bulb of the 2—3 day old mice brain were grown as neurospheres in the presence of leukemia inhibitoy factor and fibroblast growth factor-2. RT-PCR analysis showed that Oct-4 was expressed in neural stem cells, of which expression was markedly decreased by induction of differentiation, and that neural differentiation of neural stem cells induced expression of various neural markers. Results: Neural stem cells were differentiated into neuronal and glial cells. BDNF increased neurite outgrowth during differentiation of neural stem cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated that BDNF induced expression of synaptophysin, a neuronal marker, and inhibited expression of glial fibrillry acidic protein, a glial marker. Conclusions: These results indicated that neural stem cells can be isolated from the subventricular zone and the olfactory bulb of neonatal mice, and that BDNF induces neural differentiation and inhibits glial differentiation in neural stem cells. (J Clinical Otolaryngol 2004;15:227–233)
The pursuit of rechargeable solid-state Li–air batteries (2013)

Li–air batteries have received much attention in the past several years because of their large theoretical specific energy density, but the challenges with the electrolytes are the main hindrance for the development of Li–air batteries. Particularly, the electrolyte decomposition and reactivity with the discharge product Li2O2 in non-aqueous Li–air batteries (including organic solvents and ionic liquids) are severe. The solid-state electrolytes (including inorganic and polymer electrolytes), which are considered to be stable and compatible with Li2O2, will be promising alternatives to the vulnerable organic electrolytes. With the solid-state electrolytes, rechargeable solid-state Li–air batteries can be constructed and have been well studied. There is no specific review regarding the relatively new solid-state Li–air batteries. This review will include the current status, challenges, and perspectives of solid-state Li–air batteries.
Large-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math>Continuum Reduction and the Thermodynamics of QCD (2004)

It is noted that if large-N(c) continuum reduction applies to an observable, then that observable is independent of temperature for all temperatures below some critical value. This fact, plus the fact that mesons and glueballs are weakly interacting at large N(c), is used as the basis for a derivation of large-N(c) continuum reduction for the chiral condensate. The structure of this derivation is quite general and can be extended to a wide class of observables.
Kinetics of ASAM and Kraft Pulping of Eucalypt Wood (Eucalyptus globulus) (2002)

Summary The kinetics of ASAM and kraft pulping of eucalypt wood ( Eucalyptus globulus ) were studied in relation to delignification and polysaccharide removal. In comparison to kraft, ASAM pulping had lower mass losses and delignification for the same temperature and reaction times (59.2% at Kappa 25 vs 50.0% at Kappa 17, at 180°C). The ASAM pulps have a higher brightness. ASAM pulping had a short initial period with no mass loss and lignin removal, followed by two reaction phases: a main phase where 61% of lignin was removed (at 180°C) and a subsequent final phase. In comparison to kraft, the main delignification rates of ASAM pulping were approximately 2.5 slower (at 180°C, −1.8 × 10 −2 min −1 for ASAM and −4.2 × 10 −2 for kraft pulping), and the calculated Arrhenius activation energies were higher (132.4 kJ mol −1 and 83.5 kJ mol −1 , respectively). The loss of cellulose was relatively small (12.5 %) and lower than in kraft pulps.
Preparation and characterization of nanofunctionalized alginate/methacrylated gelatin hybrid hydrogels (2016)

We developed the preparation of alginate/methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) hybrid hydrogels functionalized with nanoliposomes encapsulating curcumin.
Modulated Dye Retention for the Signal-On Fluorometric Determination of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor (2013)

A novel fluorometric assay method based on target-induced signal on was developed for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor with obviously improved detection sensitivity. In this method, the AChE molecules catalyzed the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine (ATCl) to form thiocholine, which in turn can specifically react with fluorescent squaraine derivative, a specific chemodosimeter for thiol-containing compounds, resulting in fluorescence quenching and offering a low fluorometric background for the further detection of AChE inhibitor. In the presence of AChE inhibitor, the catalytic hydrolysis of ATCl is blocked, and then the squaraine derivative remains intact and shows signal-on fluorescence. The amount of the remaining fluorescent squaraine derivative is positively correlated with that of the AChE inhibitor in solution. This new designed sensing system shows an obviously improved sensitivity toward target with a detection limit of 5 pg mL(-1) (0.018 nM) for the AChE inhibitor, comparing favorably with previously reported fluorometric methods. To our best knowledge, this new method is the first example of fluorometric enzymatic assay for AChE inhibitors based on such a signal-on principle and using a specific reaction, which has potential to offer an effective strategy for the detection of AChE inhibitors.
Growth and Characterization of Highly Branched Nanostructures of Magnetic Nanoparticles (2006)

Magnetite nanoparticles of Fe(3)O(4) have been found to grow into large highly branched nanostructures including nanochains and highly branched nanotrees in the solid state through a postannealing process. By varying the preparation conditions such as annealing time and temperature, the nanostructures could be easily manipulated. Changing the starting concentration of the magnetic nanoparticle solution also caused significant changes of the nanoarchitectures. When the magnetic nanoparticle concentration is low, the nanoparticles formed straight rods mainly with an average diameter of 80 nm and a length of several microns. With increasing concentration of the nanoparticles, treelike structures began to form. With further increase of the concentration, well-ordered nanostructures with the appearance of snowflakes were generated. The driving force for the formation of the highly ordered nanostructures includes interaction between the nanoparticles and interaction through surface-capping molecules. This experiment demonstrates that novel nanostructures can be generated by self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles under the solid state.
Clonal Expansion of CD8+ Effector T Cells in Childhood Tuberculosis (2007)

The role of CD8(+) T cells in human tuberculosis (TB) remains elusive. We analyzed the T cell repertoire and phenotype in 1) children with active TB (< or =4 years), 2) healthy latently Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected children, and 3) noninfected age-matched (tuberculin skin test-negative) controls. Ex vivo phenotyping of T cell subpopulations by flow cytometry revealed a significant increase in the proportion of CD8(+)CD45RO(-)CD62L(-)CD28(-)CD27(-) effector T cells (T(EF)) in the peripheral blood of children with active TB (22.1 vs 9.5% in latently M. tuberculosis-infected children, vs 8.5% in tuberculin skin test-negative controls). Analyses of TCR variable beta-chains revealed markedly skewed repertoires in CD8(+) T(EF) and effector memory T cells. Expansions were restricted to single TCR variable beta-chains in individual donors indicating clonal growth. CDR3 spectratyping and DNA sequencing verified clonal expansion as the cause for CD8(+) effector T cell enrichment in individual TB patients. The most prominent enrichment of highly similar T(EF) clones (>70% of CD8(+) T(EF)) was found in two children with active severe TB. Therefore, clonal expansion of CD8(+) T(EF) occurs in childhood TB with potential impact on course and severity of disease.
Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrochemical‐Thermal Model Using Various Materials as Cathode Material: A Simulation Study (2018)

Abstract In this paper, the electrochemical‐thermal characteristics are studied by using 2D (two‐dimensional) axisymmetric multi‐physics model coupled with a 1D (one‐dimension) model to study thermal safety of the 18650 lithium‐ion battery with various cathode materials. LiCoO 2 (LCO), LiFePO 4 (LFP), LiMn 2 O 4 (LMO), LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 (NCA) and LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 (NMC) materials have been modeled about their temperature change in different charge/discharge rates. Also, battery with identical cathode material under various charging and discharging ratio is studied about the temperature safety. The simulation results showed that the temperature roughly increases by 5 degrees with the ratio of each increment of 2C for an identical material. Under the 10C ratio, the highest temperature of LiFePO 4 and LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 is 63.6 o C and 63.8 o C respectively, which means they have the best thermal stability and thermal safety. Among the five positive electrode materials, the thermal stability of LiFePO 4 , LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 and LiCoO 2 decreased successively. The influence of different materials and charge/discharge ratio on the thermal behavior of the battery was analyzed and discussed. The simulation results are similar to the prediction results, but it can get the visualized results in principle with the advantage of shorter time, which is instructive to vast researchers.
Off-the-Line Primary Side Regulation LED Lamp Driver With Single-Stage PFC and TRIAC Dimming Using LED Forward Voltage and Duty Variation Tracking Control (2012)

The off-the-line primary side regulation flyback LED lamp driver is proposed based on LED forward voltage tracking (VFT) and duty variation tracking (DVT) methods, which satisfy good line/load regulation, high power factor and TRIAC dimming possibility. This paper introduces that four derivative types (TYPE-I to IV) are possible to implement using supply voltage, MOSFET drain voltage and duty cycle signal with the four types of sensing circuits on the basis of VFT and DVT concepts. The load regulations of TYPE-I to IV show 0.89%, 0.51%, 0.43% and 0.56% [A/V], respectively. TYPEI to IV show <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\pm}8\hbox{\%},$</tex> </formula> <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\pm}2\hbox{\%},$</tex> </formula> <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\pm}2\hbox{\%}$</tex> </formula> and <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\pm}4\hbox{\%}$</tex> </formula> of line regulation over 180 to 260 V <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$_{\rm AC}$</tex></formula> variation, respectively. Each type satisfies above 81% of efficiency when it delivers 6 to 12 W to the LED load at 220 V <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$_{\rm AC}$</tex> </formula> . The power factors of all types are above 0.9. The chip is implemented using 0.35 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex></formula> m BCD process and occupies 0.76 mm <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{2}$</tex> </formula> .
A 150 K-circuit ASIC family using a DRAM technology (2002)

The features of a gate-array ASIC family using a CMOS DRAM technology are described. The availability of DRAM, the mix of gate-array and standard-cell circuits, and the choice of using either DLM (double-level metal) or TLM (triple-level metal) provide a designer with options not available in other ASIC families. The associated design system enables design entry, physical design, design verification, and release to manufacturing with as little manual intervention as possible. By using this ASIC family and design system, high-performance chips with up to 253 K-circuits can be designed. This family has been demonstrated with a 128 K-circuit chip.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Continuous stack monitoring (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTContinuous stack monitoringRobert L. ChapmanCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1974, 8, 6, 520–525Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es60091a011https://doi.org/10.1021/es60091a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views40Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
IMPALA: Scalable Distributed Deep-RL with Importance Weighted Actor-Learner Architectures (2018)

In this work we aim to solve a large collection of tasks using a single reinforcement learning agent with a single set of parameters. A key challenge is to handle the increased amount of data and extended training time. We have developed a new distributed agent IMPALA (Importance Weighted Actor-Learner Architecture) that not only uses resources more efficiently in single-machine training but also scales to thousands of machines without sacrificing data efficiency or resource utilisation. We achieve stable learning at high throughput by combining decoupled acting and learning with a novel off-policy correction method called V-trace. We demonstrate the effectiveness of IMPALA for multi-task reinforcement learning on DMLab-30 (a set of 30 tasks from the DeepMind Lab environment (Beattie et al., 2016)) and Atari-57 (all available Atari games in Arcade Learning Environment (Bellemare et al., 2013a)). Our results show that IMPALA is able to achieve better performance than previous agents with less data, and crucially exhibits positive transfer between tasks as a result of its multi-task approach.
Respiratory Hydrogen Use by <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Typhimurium Is Essential for Virulence (2004)

Based on available annotated gene sequence information, the enteric pathogen salmonella, like other enteric bacteria, contains three putative membrane-associated H2-using hydrogenase enzymes. These enzymes split molecular H2, releasing low-potential electrons that are used to reduce quinone or heme-containing components of the respiratory chain. Here we show that each of the three distinct membrane-associated hydrogenases of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is coupled to a respiratory pathway that uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Cells grown in a blood-based medium expressed four times the amount of hydrogenase (H2 oxidation) activity that cells grown on Luria Bertani medium did. Cells suspended in phosphate-buffered saline consumed 2 mol of H2 per mol of O2 used in the H2-O2 respiratory pathway, and the activity was inhibited by the respiration inhibitor cyanide. Molecular hydrogen levels averaging over 40 microM were measured in organs (i.e., livers and spleens) of live mice, and levels within the intestinal tract (the presumed origin of the gas) were four times greater than this. The half-saturation affinity of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium for H2 is only 2.1 microM, so it is expected that H2-utilizing hydrogenase enzymes are saturated with the reducing substrate in vivo. All three hydrogenase enzymes contribute to the virulence of the bacterium in a typhoid fever-mouse model, based on results from strains with mutations in each of the three hydrogenase genes. The introduced mutations are nonpolar, and growth of the mutant strains was like that of the parent strain. The combined removal of all three hydrogenases resulted in a strain that is avirulent and (in contrast to the parent strain) one that is unable to invade liver or spleen tissue. The introduction of one of the hydrogenase genes into the triple mutant strain on a low-copy-number plasmid resulted in a strain that was able to both oxidize H2 and cause morbidity in mice within 11 days of inoculation; therefore, the avirulent phenotype of the triple mutant is not due to an unknown spurious mutation. We conclude that H2 utilization in a respiratory fashion is required for energy production to permit salmonella growth and subsequent virulence during infection.
Trends and Challenges in Mono and Multi Biometrics (2008)

Several systems require authenticating a person's identity before giving access to resources. Biometrics has long been known as a robust approach for person authentication. However, most monomodal biometrics are proven to exhibit one or more weaknesses. In this respect, evidence reconciliation from different biometric systems (referred to as multibiometrics) has attracted much attention lately. Multibiometric systems combine the information presented by multiple biometric sensors, algorithms, samples, units, or traits. In addition to improving recognition accuracy, these systems are expected to improve population coverage, reduce spoofing and be resilient to fault tolerance of different monomodal biometric systems. Here, we present an overview of the different biometric systems, enumerate the advantages and weaknesses of such systems, and some of the newly introduced biometrics. We then discuss the various sources of biometric information that can be combined as well as the different levels of fusion in a multibiometric system. It is becoming increasingly evident that multibiometric systems will be the technology for person identification in the 21st century.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of γ‐Keto‐Substituted Phosphinic Acids from Bis(trimethylsilyl) Phosphonite and α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
p53 derived from human tumour cell lines and containing distinct point mutations can be activated to bind its consensus target sequence. (1995)

Mutation of the p53 gene is one of the most common genetic lesions observed in human cancer. The p53 protein functions as a transcription factor, however it is still unresolved to what extend this property is related to its tumour suppressor activity. Since there is evidence that protein modifications as well as protein-protein interactions may regulate p53 function, we have studied p53 protein-DNA complex formation in nuclear extracts prepared from human tumour cell lines. In 13 different cell lines PAb421-induced DNA binding activity was compared to the level and conformation of the endogenous p53 protein. Surprisingly, sequence-specific p53 DNA binding activity was detected not only in cell lines that express wild-type p53, but also in seven cell lines which contain only mutant protein. Oligonucleotide competition analyses with various p53 target sequences and methylation interference experiments establish that wild-type and mutant p53 differ significantly in their sequence-specific interactions. Our analysis also provides evidence that the PAb1620 conformation is neither sufficient nor essential for DNA binding of endogenous p53 and that the cellular environment in addition to the specific point mutation may influence p53 DNA binding activity.
Three different Cl‐ channels in the bovine ciliary epithelium activated by hypotonic stress. (1997)

1. Hypotonic solution induced transient Cl‐ channel activity in both pigmented and non‐pigmented ciliary epithelial cells in cell‐attached patches. 2. The activation time constants for these currents were 63 and 97 s for non‐pigmented and pigmented ciliary epithelial (NPCE and PCE) cells, respectively. The currents inactivated during the exposure to hypotonic solution with time constants of 59 and 304 s for NPCE and PCE cells, respectively. 3. Single channel analysis revealed the presence of a low‐conductance Cl‐ channel in both the NPCE (7.3 +/‐ 0.4 pS) and PCE (8.6 +/‐ 0.9 pS) cells. In addition, an intermediate‐conductance (18.8 pS) channel was found alone in the NPCE cells and a maxi Cl‐ channel (105 pS) was found in the PCE cells. The similarities between the 18.8 pS Cl‐ channel and the volume‐activated organic osmolyte‐anion channel (VSOAC) are discussed. 4. The hypotonic activation of all three Cl‐ channels was prevented by the inclusion of 100 microM 5‐nitro‐2‐(3‐phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB) in the patch pipette. 5. Inclusion of tamoxifen in the patch pipette inhibited only the intermediate‐conductance channel in the NPCE cells. This is consistent with the identification of the intermediate 18 pS Cl‐ channel, found only in NPCE cells, as VSOAC. 6. Negative pressure also evoked single Cl‐ channel activity but the activation kinetics were quite different, suggesting that, even if the channels are the same, the second messenger pathways involved are different. 7. The activation/inactivation kinetics of these Cl‐ channels correlate well with the time course of regulatory volume decrease (RVD) in these cells, suggesting that these channels may well participate in the process of RVD. 8. The asymmetrical distribution of Cl‐ channels in the ciliary epithelium may be significant for aqueous humour secretion. For instance, the presence of the VSOAC‐like channel in the NPCE cells may allow one‐way traffic of anions and organic osmolytes into the eye and, if these solutes were loaded by the PCE cells, then a vectorial flow from the blood into the eye would occur.