gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Room Temperature Interaction in Bimetallic Thin Film Couples (1974)

Solid State interactions have been found to take place at room temperature in a large number of bimetallic thin film couples. These couples consisted of a layer (∼3000 Å) of Pb or Sn and a layer (∼5000 Å) of a noble or transition metal, and were prepared by consecutive evaporations onto fused quartz substrates maintained at room temperature. Intermetallic compounds that formed as a consequence of annealing these couples at room temperature have been identified by X-ray diffraction and follow a rule that only one compound formed predominantly over others and the compound is the one whose composition is richest in Pb or in Sn. The formation rates are so fast that we cannot explain them without assuming an extremely fast diffusion, most likely by an interstitial mechanism, of noble and transition metals in Pb and Sn.
Biofuels: securing the planet's future energy needs (2009)

Abstract The biofuels include bioethanol, biobutanol, biodiesel, vegetable oils, biomethanol, pyrolysis oils, biogas, and biohydrogen. There are two global biomass based liquid transportation fuels that might replace gasoline and diesel fuel. These are bioethanol and biodiesel. World production of biofuel was about 68 billion L in 2007. The primary feedstocks of bioethanol are sugarcane and corn. Bioethanol is a gasoline additive/substitute. Bioethanol is by far the most widely used biofuel for transportation worldwide. About 60% of global bioethanol production comes from sugarcane and 40% from other crops. Biodiesel refers to a diesel-equivalent mono alkyl ester based oxygenated fuel. Biodiesel production using inedible vegetable oil, waste oil and grease has become more attractive recently. The economic performance of a biodiesel plant can be determined once certain factors are identified, such as plant capacity, process technology, raw material cost and chemical costs. The central policy of biofuel concerns job creation, greater efficiency in the general business environment, and protection of the environment.
Chromosome transfer and R-prime plasmid formation mediated by plasmid pULB113 (RP4::mini-Mu) in Alcaligenes eutrophus CH34 and Pseudomonas fluorescens 6.2 (1983)

Plasmid pULB113 (RP4::mini-Mu), which contains the mini-Mu transposon, promoted both homologous and heterologous gene transfer from Pseudomonas fluorescens 6.2 and Alcaligenes eutrophus CH34. Homologous gene transfer in P. fluorescens 6.2 and A. eutrophus CH34 occurred at a frequency of 10(-4) to 10(-5), and recombinants inherited unselected recessive markers, suggesting a process of chromosome mobilization. Loci involved in autotrophic growth were among those transferred in A. eutrophus. In heterospecific matings, markers were transferred from P. fluorescens to A. eutrophus, Salmonella typhimurium LT2, and Escherichia coli, from A. eutrophus to P. fluorescens, and from Erwinia carotovora subsp. chrysanthemi to A. eutrophus. Heterospecific matings resulted in the formation of R-prime plasmids at frequencies of 10(-7) to 10(-4) per transferred plasmid. When S. typhimurium was the recipient, we observed R-prime plasmids with both restriction-proficient and restriction-deficient strains, although restriction markedly affected the frequency of transfer of pULB113. R-prime plasmids were quite stable, but lost the transposed marker more easily in a rec+ background than in a recA background, suggesting excision of transposed material by reciprocal recombination between flanking copies of mini-Mu. R-prime plasmids could be transferred easily into different recipients and were used in complementation studies. PstI restriction digests of four R-prime plasmids carrying P. fluorescens 6.2 DNA showed a number of additional bands, suggesting that several genes were transposed together with the selected marker on the plasmid.
Introduction: Migrants Against Slavery (2001)

From the introduction, "The stories in this book show that complete avoidance of slavery was impossible because of the power of Virginian slaveholders and because of the residues of slavery in the Midwest and elsewhere in the North. Because of these factors, people who left Virginia to avoid slavery developed diverse tactics and followed markedly different routes." Introduction includes historical data tables: Virginia-born African-Americans in northern cities, 1850 and 1860; Free Virginia-born people living in states outside Virginia, 1850 and 1860; Ratio of free expatriates to their native eastern states' free population, 1850 and 1860; Distribution of expatriates from South Atlantic and border states, 1850 and 1860
Adaptive Neural Network Control of Serial Variable Stiffness Actuators (2017)

This paper focuses on modeling and control of a class of serial variable stiffness actuators (SVSAs) based on level mechanisms for robotic applications. A multi-input multi-output complex nonlinear dynamic model is derived to fully describe SVSAs and the relative degree of the model is determined accordingly. Due to nonlinearity, high coupling, and parametric uncertainty of SVSAs, a neural network-based adaptive control strategy based on feedback linearization is proposed to handle system uncertainties. The feasibility of the proposed approach for position and stiffness tracking of SVSAs is verified by simulation results.
Ionic Resistance and Permselectivity Tradeoffs in Anion Exchange Membranes (2013)

Salinity gradient energy technologies, such as reverse electrodialysis (RED) and capacitive mixing based on Donnan potential (Capmix CDP), could help address the global need for noncarbon-based energy. Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are a key component in these systems, and improved AEMs are needed in order to optimize and extend salinity gradient energy technologies. We measured ionic resistance and permselectivity properties of quaternary ammonium-functionalized AEMs based on poly(sulfone) and poly(phenylene oxide) polymer backbones and developed structure-property relationships between the transport properties and the water content and fixed charge concentration of the membranes. Ion transport and ion exclusion properties depend on the volume fraction of water in the polymer membrane, and the chemical nature of the polymer itself can influence fine-tuning of the transport properties to obtain membranes with other useful properties, such as chemical and dimensional stability. The ionic resistance of the AEMs considered in this study decreased by more than 3 orders of magnitude (i.e., from 3900 to 1.6 Ω m) and the permselectivity decreased by 6% (i.e., from 0.91 to 0.85) as the volume fraction of water in the polymer was varied by a factor of 3.8 (i.e., from 0.1 to 0.38). Water content was used to rationalize a tradeoff relationship between the permselectivity and ionic resistance of these AEMs whereby polymers with higher water content tend to have lower ionic resistance and lower permselectivity. The correlation of ion transport properties with water volume fraction and fixed charge concentration is discussed with emphasis on the importance of considering water volume fraction when interpreting ion transport data.
Russia and the United States. Second edition. By Professor P. A. Sorokin. (Published under the auspices of the London Institute of World Affairs.) [London: Stevens & Sons, Ltd.1950. xi and 209 and (index) 5 pp. 12s. 6d. net.] (1952)

Russia and the United States. Second edition. By Professor P. A. Sorokin. (Published under the auspices of the London Institute of World Affairs.) [London: Stevens & Sons, Ltd.1950. xi and 209 and (index) 5 pp. 12s. 6d. net.] - Volume 11 Issue 2
Synthetic near-field holograms with localized information (1995)

Synthetic near-field holograms with large apertures are suitable for three-dimensional display applications. For the computation of near-field hologram structures, algorithms that involve large Fourier transforms are time consuming. A simple method is presented that shortens the generation process.
Tapered OD Coiled Tubing System (2004)

Abstract A Tapered OD Coiled Tubing System (TODCTS) enabling the deployment of multiple outer diameter (OD) coiled tubing sections in a single string is being developed.1 By employing larger OD tubing sections near the top of the string and smaller OD sections near the bottom of the string, the tension along the string length is reduced while maintaining sufficient flow capacity for well intervention operations. The TODCTS can enable intervention service in deeper wells or installation of multiple OD velocity strings with the diameters optimized based on well production requirements. This paper describes the development plan, system and component design, and the results of analyses and tests conducted to verify that the the tapered connector and surface equipment meets the requirements necessary to deploy the connector and adjoining strings of different ODs.
Accounting for Control Mislabeling in Case–Control Biomarker Studies (2011)

In biomarker discovery studies, uncertainty associated with case and control labels is often overlooked. By omitting to take into account label uncertainty, model parameters and the predictive risk can become biased, sometimes severely. The most common situation is when the control set contains an unknown number of undiagnosed, or future, cases. This has a marked impact in situations where the model needs to be well-calibrated, e.g., when the prediction performance of a biomarker panel is evaluated. Failing to account for class label uncertainty may lead to underestimation of classification performance and bias in parameter estimates. This can further impact on meta-analysis for combining evidence from multiple studies. Using a simulation study, we outline how conventional statistical models can be modified to address class label uncertainty leading to well-calibrated prediction performance estimates and reduced bias in meta-analysis. We focus on the problem of mislabeled control subjects in case-control studies, i.e., when some of the control subjects are undiagnosed cases, although the procedures we report are generic. The uncertainty in control status is a particular situation common in biomarker discovery studies in the context of genomic and molecular epidemiology, where control subjects are commonly sampled from the general population with an established expected disease incidence rate.
The design and implementation of a table driven, interactive diagnostic programming system (1976)

CAPS is a highly interactive diagnostic compiler/interpreter that allows beginning programmers to prepare, debug, and execute fairly simple programs at a graphics display terminal. Complete syntax checking and most semantic analysis is performed as the program is entered and as it is subsequently edited. Analysis is performed character by character. The most remarkable feature of CAPS is its ability to automatically diagnose errors both at compile time and at run time. Errors are not automatically corrected. Instead, CAPS interacts with the student to help him find the cause of his error. Most components of CAPS are table driven, both to reduce the space needed for implementation and to increase the flexibility of the multilingual system. Over 500 students have used CAPS to learn Fortran, PL/I, or Cobol in conjunction with a computer assisted course on introductory computer science.
Implementation of transformerless step - up converter and H6 inverter for single phase AC applications (2016)

To effectively utilize the abundant renewable sources for single phase AC applications, a new transformerless converter topology is proposed. A Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier based step up converter and an H6 inverter is integrated. This single phase converter topology having applications ranging from small power supplies to power grids guarantees high efficiency,low cost, smaller size and weight. The simulation analysis is carried out for the aforementioned converter topology which validates the effectiveness of the converter.
Crystal properties as indicators of conformational changes during ligand binding or interconversion of Mcg light chain isomers (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCrystal properties as indicators of conformational changes during ligand binding or interconversion of Mcg light chain isomersK. R. Ely, J. R. Firca, K. J. Williams, E. E. Abola, J. M. Fenton, M. Schiffer, N. C. Panagiotopoulos, and A. B. EdmundsonCite this: Biochemistry 1978, 17, 1, 158–167Publication Date (Print):January 10, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 10 January 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00594a023https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00594a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views32Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Estimate of standard deviation for a log‐transformed variable using arithmetic means and standard deviations (2003)

Analyses of study variables are frequently based on log transformations. To calculate the power for detecting the between-treatment difference in the log scale, we need an estimate of the standard deviation of the log-transformed variable. However, in many situations a literature search only provides the arithmetic means and the corresponding standard deviations. Without individual log-transformed data to directly calculate the sample standard deviation, we need alternative methods to estimate it. This paper presents methods for estimating and constructing confidence intervals for the standard deviation of a log-transformed variable given the mean and standard deviation of the untransformed variable. It also presents methods for estimating the standard deviation of change from baseline in the log scale given the means and standard deviations of the untransformed baseline value, on-treatment value and change from baseline. Simulations and examples are provided to assess the performance of these estimates.
End Plugs for External Pressure Tests of Composite Cylinders (1969)

A method of reducing moment and shear loads which occur at end plugs during compression tests of composite ortho-tropic cylinders by external radial pressure is presented. The primary goal is to reduce the interlaminar shear stress to a permissible level and reduce the bending stresses of the cylinder to a negligible amount. The need to reduce the interlaminar shear stress is a result of the generally low shear strength of resin used in composite laminates.
Molecular effect of FadD on the regulation and metabolism of fatty acid in<i>Escherichia coli</i> (2006)

Wild-type Escherichia coli can utilize exogenous long-chain fatty acids (C>12) as a sole carbon source for growth, but it cannot grow on medium-chain fatty acids. However, when the fadD gene from E. coli MG1655 was expressed in E. coli DH5alpha, the latter strain was found to utilize medium-chain fatty acids as its sole carbon source. Various E. coli strains thought to carry subtly different FadR phenotypes were all confirmed as using medium-chain fatty acids as their sole carbon source when the additional fadD was expressed. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis showed that the additional expression of fadD in E. coli strongly induced the expression of both fadE and fadBA. Excessive amounts of medium-chain acyl-CoA would probably bind to FadR and remove the inhibition of fatty acid beta-oxidation.
A wafer design problem in semiconductor manufacturing for reliable customer service (1990)

The authors present models that explicitly take account of yield losses and show how available chip sites should be allocated among various types of chips to meet the demand of a set with the maximum probability. A key result is that the proportion of sites allocated to each chip type varies with the total number of available sites. The allocation model also provides a tradeoff curve between the total number of chip sites assigned for the production of a set and the highest attainable level of confidence in meeting the demand; this is valuable when more than one set is competing for the same resources. The influence of wafer loss and rework on the determination of job size is considered. The models presented here are particularly useful when reliable delivery of a set of chips by an impending due date is of prime concern and the fabrication line is congested.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Homogeneous Shear, Wall Slip, and Shear Banding of Entangled Polymeric Liquids in Simple-Shear Rheometry: A Roadmap of Nonlinear Rheology (2011)

The recent particle-tracking velocimetric (PTV) observations revealed that well-entangled polymer solutions and melts tend to either exhibit wall slip or assume an inhomogeneous state of deformation and flow during nonlinear rheological measurements in simple-shear rheometric setups. Many material parameters and external conditions have been explored since 2006, and a new phenomenological picture has emerged. In this Perspective, we not only point out the challenges to perform reliable rheometric measurements but also discuss the relation between wall slip and internal (bulk) cohesive breakdown and summarize all available findings in terms of a phase diagram. This map specifies the conditions under which shear homogeneity, interfacial slip, and bulk shear inhomogeneity would prevail. The paper is closed by enumerating a number of unresolved questions for future studies.
Identification of Der p 23, a Peritrophin-like Protein, as a New Major <i>Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus</i> Allergen Associated with the Peritrophic Matrix of Mite Fecal Pellets (2013)

The house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is one of most important allergen sources and a major elicitor of allergic asthma. We screened a D. pteronyssinus expression cDNA library with IgE Abs from HDM allergic patients. A cDNA coding for a new major allergen was isolated, which showed sequence homology to peritrophins, which contain chitin-binding domains and are part of the peritrophic matrix lining the gut of arthropods. The mature Der p 23 allergen was expressed in Escherichia coli as an 8-kDa protein without its hydrophobic leader sequence and purified to homogeneity. It reacted with IgE Abs from 74% of D. pteronyssinus allergic patients (n = 347) at levels comparable to the two major HDM allergens, Der p 1 and Der p 2. Thus, Der p 23 represents a new major D. pteronyssinus allergen. Furthermore, rDer p 23 exhibited high allergenic activity as demonstrated by upregulation of CD203c expression on basophils from D. pteronyssinus allergic patients. Immunogold electron microscopy localized the allergen in the peritrophic matrix lining the midgut of D. pteronyssinus as well as on the surface of the fecal pellets. Thus, we identified a new major D. pteronyssinus allergen as peritrophin-like protein. The high allergenic activity of Der p 23 and its frequent recognition as respiratory allergen may be explained by the fact that it becomes airborne and respirable through its association with mite feces. Der p 23 may be an essential component for diagnosis and specific immunotherapy of HDM allergy.
Neutron star transition to a strong-scalar-field state in tensor-scalar gravity (1998)

Spherical neutron star models are studied within tensor-scalar theories of gravity. Particularly, it is shown that, under some conditions on the second derivative of the coupling function and on the star's mass, for a given star there exist two strong-scalar-field solutions as well as the usual weak-field one. This last solution happens to be unstable and a star, becoming massive enough to allow for all three solutions, evolves to reach one of the strong field configurations. This transition is dynamically computed and it appears that the star radiates away the difference in energy between both states (a few ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}{c}^{2})$ as gravitational radiation. Since part of the energy $(\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}{c}^{2})$ is injected into the star as kinetic energy, the velocity of the star's surface can reach up to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}c.$ The waveform of this monopolar radiation is shown as well as the oscillations undergone by the star. These oscillations are also studied within the slowly rotating approximation, in order to estimate an order of magnitude of the resulting quadrupolar radiation.
Angiotensin II is generated from angiotensin I by bone cells and stimulates osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro (1997)

During bone resorption, osteoclasts are closely associated with endothelial cells. The latter are able to produce several agents that regulate bone resorption. In view of the increasing evidence that angiotensin II, which can be generated by endothelial cells, has actions outside the traditional renin-angiotensin system, we tested the effect of angiotensin II on bone resorption Angiotensin II showed no effect either on osteoclast formation or on bone resorption by isolated osteoclasts. However, in co-cultures of osteoclasts with calvarial or MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells, and in osteoclastic cultures co-cultured with other bone cells obtained by prolonged sedimentation, angiotensin II stimulated bone resorption to a similar degree to that observed with 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3. Stimulation of resorption was noted at concentrations of 10(-7) M and above. We found that angiotensin I also stimulated bone resorption in co-cultures of osteoclasts with osteoblastic cells, and that this action was inhibited by inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme. These results identify angiotensin I and II as potent stimulators of osteoclastic bone resorption, and raise the possibility that bone might contain a tissue-renin-angiotensin system that might play a role in the regulation of bone resorption.
Automatic rule generation for time expression normalization (2021)

The understanding of time expressions includes two sub-tasks: recognition and normalization. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the recognition of time expressions while research on normalization has lagged behind. Existing SOTA normalization methods highly rely on rules or grammars designed by experts, which limits their performance on emerging corpora, such as social media texts. In this paper, we model time expression normalization as a sequence of operations to construct the normalized temporal value, and we present a novel method called ARTime, which can automatically generate normalization rules from training data without expert interventions. Specifically, AR-Time automatically captures possible operation sequences from annotated data and generates normalization rules on time expressions with common surface forms. The experimental results show that ARTime can significantly surpass SOTA methods on the Tweets benchmark, and achieves competitive results with existing expert-engineered rule methods on the TempEval-3 benchmark.