gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Minimizing Surfactant Adsorption Using Polyelectrolyte Based Sacrificial Agent: a Way to Optimize Surfactant Performance in Unconventional Formations (2015)

Abstract Surfactant is a critical component in fracturing fluid to help achieve higher productivity from unconventional oil and gas formations. However, adsorption of surfactant onto reservoir rocks and proppant could lead to inefficient use. The large surface area of shale formations (up to 700 m2/g) could yield a significant loss of surfactant attributed to adsorption onto reservoir rock. Field production data from the Barnett shale indicates that most surfactant could be tied up within the reservoir. For example, 3 gpt (3 gal/1,000 gal ~3000 ppm) of surfactant was injected into the reservoir, and only 0.5 gpt (or 500 ppm) was recovered when production began; surfactant concentration further decreased to 50 ppm in one month. Strong adsorption could potentially limit the contact of surfactant with reservoirs, as most surfactants could be adsorbed near-wellbore (NWB) before reaching the interior of the reservoir. Therefore, a need exists to reduce surfactant's adsorption to further optimize its performance during hydraulic fracturing. This paper discusses static and dynamic adsorption tests performed to evaluate the use of polyelectrolytes (PETs) to reduce surfactant adsorption onto the Rainbow shales in Canada. Dynamic surface tension measurements and UV-vis data indicated surfactant adsorption could be significantly reduced using PETs based on the competing mechanisms. Additionally, oil recovery laboratory results reveal that surfactants extract more oil in the presence of PETs. On the other hand, scale inhibition performance testing suggests that these PETs can also serve as scale inhibitors. In this study, the inhibition efficiency of the PETs is compared to commonly used phosphonate and polymeric scale inhibitors. Static bottle testing results indicate the PETs can effectively control calcium carbonate scale formation. The synergistic effect between surfactants and PETs suggests a new route for formulating multifunctional surfactant blends that can be tailored to specific formation rocks.
Accelerating convergence of one-step methods for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations (1968)

A known result is combined with theorems proved in this paper to show that any one-step method for the numerical solution of the initial value problem has asympotic error expansion, and to prove an extrapolation theorem on accelerating the convergence of the numerical method.
Resource sharing in a complex fault-tolerant system (2003)

Sharing of pooled hardware resources is examined as an efficient solution to the problem of ensuring fault tolerance in a complex real-time system. Efficiency is discussed in terms of both the number of hardware units required to implement a system and the amount of fault tolerance provided by the hardware. In the context of a general avionics application, the PRIMA architecture described applies resource sharing to processors, buses, and stores, Processors are pooled in groups preserving the topologies of multiprocessor architectures, while buses are pooled according to the processor groups which they serve. Stores are pooled by updating local memory to reflect all system updates. Local reconfiguration of the system within each processor class enables the system to detect and handle faults rapidly. Global reconfiguration of the system enables the system to maintain critical functionality despite multiple hardware failures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An 11.0 bit ENOB, 9.8 fJ/conv.-step noise-shaping SAR ADC calibrated by least squares estimation (2017)

A noise-shaping SAR ADC implemented in 28 nm UTBB FDSOI is presented. A cascaded FIR-IIR loop filter topology is used, and implemented as an inverter-based switched-capacitor circuit. The loop filter also employs input buffers. To correct CDAC mismatch, an off-line calibration technique that estimates the CDAC calibration coefficients from a digitized test sequence is proposed and used. At 28 MS/s and Nyquist bandwidth of 1.75 MHz, the measured accuracy is 11.0 bit ENOB, and the Walden FOM 9.8 fJ/conv.-step.
Detection of boronic acid derivatives in cells using a fluorescent sensor (2015)

The detection of boron-containing compounds requires very expensive facilities and/or tedious sample pretreatments. In an effort to develop a convenient detection method for boronic acid derivatives, boron chelating-ligands were synthesized for use as fluorescent sensors. In this paper, the synthesis and properties of fluorescent sensors for boronic acid derivatives are reported.
An All-Digital PLL Frequency Synthesizer With an Improved Phase Digitization Approach and an Optimized Frequency Calibration Technique (2012)

This paper presents an all-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL) that features separate use of integer and fractional parts for the phase digitization in the feedback path. This separation simplifies the circuit implementation allowing reduced power consumption and silicon area. The proposed arrangement frees the ADPLL from potential metastability hazard during fine-tuning operation. Furthermore, it eliminates spurious tones associated with frequency reference retiming. In addition, the ADPLL employs an original frequency calibration technique that allows an extremely fine calibration resolution with minimized calibration time. Theoretical analysis is provided for both the architectural modification and frequency calibration technique. The ADPLL has been implemented in a 65-nm CMOS. Its simulation and measurement results are presented.
Gene therapy for Fabry disease (2001)

Fabry disease is an X-linked metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-Gal A). Lack of this lysosomal hydrolase results in the accumulation of galactose-terminal glycosphingolipids in a number of tissues, including vascular endothelial cells. Premature death is predominantly associated with vascular conditions of the heart, kidneys and brain. Historically, treatment has largely been palliative. Alternative treatments for many lysosomal storage diseases have been developed, including allogeneic organ and bone marrow transplantation, enzyme replacement therapy, and gene therapy. Significant clinical risks still exist with allogeneic transplantations. Alpha-Gal A enzyme replacement therapy has been implemented in clinical trials. This approach has been effective but may have limitations for long-term systemic or cost-effective correction. As an alternative, gene therapy approaches, involving a variety of gene delivery systems, have been pursued for the amelioration of Fabry disease. Fabry disease is a compelling disorder for gene therapy, as target cells are readily accessible and relatively low levels of enzyme correction may suffice to reduce storage. Importantly, metabolic cooperativity effects are also manifested in Fabry disease, wherein corrected cells secrete alpha-Gal A that can correct bystander cells. In addition, a broad therapeutic window probably exists, and mouse models of Fabry disease have been generated to assist studies. As an example, in vitro and in vivo studies using alpha-Gal A-transduced haematopoietic cells from Fabry mice have demonstrated enzymatic correction of recipient cells and dissemination of alpha-Gal A upon transplantation, leading to reduced lipid storage in a number of clinically relevant organs. This corrective enzymatic effect has recently been shown to be even further enhanced upon pre-selection of therapeutically transduced cells prior to transplantation. This review will briefly detail current gene delivery methods and summarize results to date in the context of gene therapy for Fabry disease.
Pouching a faecal fistula: The ultimate challenge for the stomal therapy nurse (2013)

Stomal therapy nurses are faced with many clinical challenges. One such challenge is the management of a faecal fistula and the dilemma of how to successfully apply a suitable pouching system to manage this distressing problem.
Transgenic rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) endosperm expressing daffodil (<i>Narcissus pseudonarcissus</i>) phytoene synthase accumulates phytoene, a key intermediate of provitamin A biosynthesis (1997)

Rice (Oryza sativa L.), the major food staple for more than two billion people, contains neither beta-carotene (provitamin A) nor C40 carotenoid precursors thereof in its endosperm. To improve the nutritional value of rice, genetic engineering was chosen as a means to introduce the ability to make beta-carotene into rice endosperm tissue. Investigation of the biochemical properties of immature rice endosperm using [14C]-labelled substrates revealed the presence of geranyl geranyl diphosphate, the C20 general isoprenoid precursor necessary for C40 carotenoid biosynthesis. Phytoene synthase, which condenses two molecules of geranyl geranyl diphosphate, is the first of four specific enzymes necessary for beta-carotene biosynthesis in plants. Therefore, the Japonica rice model variety Taipei 309 was transformed by microprojectile bombardment with a cDNA coding for phytoene synthase from daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) under the control of either a constitutive or an endosperm-specific promoter. In transgenic rice plants, the daffodil enzyme is active, as measured by the in vivo accumulation of phytoene in rice endosperm. Thus, it is demonstrated for the first time that it is in principle possible to engineer a critical step in provitamin A biosynthesis in a non-photosynthetic, carotenoid-lacking plant tissue. These results have important implications for long-term prospects of overcoming worldwide vitamin A deficiency.
Integrin signaling in vascular function (2012)

The role of integrins in angiogenesis has been demonstrated to include, in addition to cell adhesion and mechanotransduction, specific signaling functions. The importance of integrin inside-out pathway in vascular physiology has been unequivocally proven, and endothelial permeability is directly regulated by this process. Inhibition of kindlin-dependent steps in the inside-out pathway as an approach to block platelet aggregation should be paralog-specific, as it may have adverse effects on vascular permeability.
Toward a tunable mode-mixing cavity for computational imaging (2016)

A mode-mixing cavity, consisting of an electrically-large rectangular cavity with one deformed corner, supports distinct modes as a function of driving frequency. Perforating one side of this cavity, the modes formed within can be projected into an imaging domain, multiplexing the scene's spatial content into backscattered signals that is post-processed to obtain high-quality images. While this device has shown great promise as a platform for computational imaging at microwave frequencies, its premise necessitates a large bandwidth, a requirement that complicates circuit design and may not be readily available. In this presentation, we propose and report preliminary experimental results for a cavity containing a tunable artificial impedance surface in one of its walls. By varying the electromagnetic response of the cavity's boundary the field distribution within the cavity can be altered, thus generating distinct radiation patterns without a large bandwidth.
Development of a high‐reliability flip‐chip packaging reinforced by resin (1988)

Abstract A high‐reliability chip‐on‐board (COB) technique using the flip‐chip method to mount a driver LSI on a soda‐glass substrate has been developed. By forming a flip‐chip structure in which both the chip and the gap between the chip and the glass substrate are filled with resin, the thermal fatigue life can be one order of magnitude longer than that of a device with an exposed flip‐chip structure. The extension of the device life is due mainly to the relaxation of stress to the device by matching the thermal expansion coefficients of the resin and the solder. Furthermore, using the resin‐filled flip‐chip structure, the breakage of glass at the pedestal section is minimized. The COB package is highly reliable and durable against humidity.
Performance study of IEEE 802.15.4 using measurements and simulations (2006)

IEEE 802.15.4 was developed to meet the needs for simple, low-power and low-cost wireless communication. In the past couple of years it has become a popular technology for wireless sensor networks. It operates primarily in the 2.4 GHz ISM band, which makes the technology easily applicable and worldwide available. However, IEEE 802.15.4 is potentially vulnerable to interference by other wireless technologies working in this band such as IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth. This paper gives a short overview of the IEEE 802.15.4 and carefully analyzes the properties and performance of IEEE 802.15.4 through measurement of the RSSI, PER and run lengths distribution using real off-the-shelf hardware. Furthermore we present simulation results from the evaluation of the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol. Finally, we address the coexistence between IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15.4 and measure the impact these two wireless technologies have on each other when operating concurrently and in range
Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acids from the Pacific krill show high ligand activities for PPARs (2014)

PPARs regulate the expression of genes for energy metabolism in a ligand-dependent manner. PPARs can influence fatty acid oxidation, the level of circulating triglycerides, glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity. Here, we demonstrate that 5-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (HEPE), 8-HEPE, 9-HEPE, 12-HEPE and 18-HEPE (hydroxylation products of EPA) obtained from methanol extracts of Pacific krill (Euphausia pacifica) can act as PPAR ligands. Two of these products, 8-HEPE and 9-HEPE, enhanced the transcription levels of GAL4-PPARs to a significantly greater extent than 5-HEPE, 12-HEPE, 18-HEPE, EPA, and EPA ethyl-ester. 8-HEPE also activated significantly higher transcription of GAL4-PPARα, GAL4-PPARγ, and GAL4-PPARδ than EPA at concentrations greater than 4, 64, and 64 μM, respectively. We also demonstrated that 8-HEPE increased the expression levels of genes regulated by PPARs in FaO, 3T3-F442A, and C2C12 cells. Furthermore, 8-HEPE enhanced adipogenesis and glucose uptake. By contrast, at the same concentrations, EPA showed weak or little effect, indicating that 8-HEPE was the more potent inducer of physiological effects.
Visible light-promoted metal-free sp<sup>3</sup>-C–H fluorination (2014)

Photoexcited acetophenone can catalyze the fluorination of unactivated C(sp(3))-H groups. While acetophenone, a colorless oil, only has a trace amount of absorption in the visible light region, its photoexcitation can be achieved by irradiation with light generated by a household compact fluorescent lamp (CFL). This operational simple method provides improved substrate scope for the direct incorporation of a fluorine atom into simple organic molecules. CFL-irradiation can also be used to promote certain classic UV-promoted photoreactions of colorless monoarylketones and enones/enals.
The Molecular Assembly of ATP-sensitive Potassium Channels (1999)

ATP-sensitive potassium channels form a link between membrane excitability and cellular metabolism. These channels are important in physiological processes such as insulin release and they are an important site of drug action. They are an octomeric complex comprised of four sulfonylurea receptors, a member of the ATP-binding cassette family of proteins, and four Kir 6.0 subunits from the inward rectifier family of potassium channels. We have investigated the nature of the interaction between SUR1 and Kir 6.2 and the domains on the channel responsible for the biochemical and functional manifestations of coupling. The results point to the proximal C terminus determining biochemical interaction in a region that also largely governs homotypic and heterotypic interaction between different Kir family members. While this domain may be necessary for functional communication between the two proteins, it is not sufficient since relative modifications of either the N or C terminus are able to disrupt many aspects of functional coupling mediated by the sulfonylurea receptor.
Die Bedeutung der Tumeszenz-Lokalanästhesie in der ambulanten Varizenchirurgie (1998)

Zusammenfassung Die Tumeszenzlokalanästhesie (TLA) wurde vor zehn Jahren von dem amerikanischen Dermatologen und Pharmakologen J. Klein zur Erleichterung der kosmetischen Fettabsaugung eingeführt. Nachdem sich diese Form der großen Lokalanästhesie außerordentlich gut bewährt hatte, wurden ihre speziellen Vorteile nach und nach auch für andere Indikationen genutzt, so auch in der Phlebologie. In diesem Beitrag werden Vor- und Nachteil der Methode besprochen, soweit sie für die Phlebologie bedeutsam sind.
American Napoleon: Mcclellan, His Friends And Foes, And Union Army Squabbles (1999)

Civil War historians have discovered once again the power of essay collections. Whether multiple-authored under an editor's guiding hand, or created by a single accomplished writer like Stephen Sears (as in the case of the present volume), they nearly always provide new wine for old vessels. In shor....
OXIDE WEAROUT, BREAKDOWN, AND RELIABILITY (2001)

The subject of oxide wearout, breakdown, and reliability will be reviewed, largely, from an historical perspective. Five topics will be discussed: oxide breakdown, oxide leakage currents, trap generation, statistics, and reliability. An early model of oxide breakdown, developed by Klein and Solomon, will be described and will be shown to be generally applicable to oxide manufactured today, and to other solid insulators, as well. Both hard and soft breakdown were included in this model and will be discussed here. The importance of stress-induced-leakage-currents (SILCs) and direct tunneling currents will be discussed in the context of device applications, thinner oxides, and oxide reliability. The diminishing importance of breakdown in ultra thin oxides in ultra small devices will be contrasted with the increasing importance of oxide leakage currents. Trap generation is important in the triggering of breakdown and in the formation of SILCs. Trap generation will be discussed in some detail. Various statistical formulations of oxide breakdown, and how these distributions are related to trap generation, will be discussed. All of these effects will be related to oxide reliability and oxide integrity. An extensive bibliography has been included to help the reader obtain more detailed information concerning the concepts being discussed.
Reduction of Interference Response at a Hydrogen Peroxide Detecting Electrode Using Electropolymerized Films of Substituted Naphthalenes (1998)

The abilities of electropolymerized films formed from various substituted naphthalenes to prevent the oxidation of the plasma interferences ascorbate, acetaminophen, and urate at a hydrogen peroxide detecting platinum electrode are reported. Films prepared from 2,3-, 1,5-, and 1,8-diaminonaphthalene and 5-amino-1-naphthol were compared with films prepared from o-, m-, and p-phenylenediamine for their permselectivity and stability. The films were quick to prepare (15 min) and insulating. All films exhibited reduced permeability to hydrogen peroxide (except poly(o-phenylenediamine)) and interferences. Lowest permeabilties to hydrogen peroxide, ascorbate and acetaminophen were obtained with poly(2,3-diaminonaphthalene) (39 ± 16, 0.5 ± 0.1, and 0.2 ± 0.1%, respectively) and poly(5-amino-1-naphthol) (20 ± 10, 0.2 ± 0.1, and 0.2 ± 0.1%, respectively), although these films had longer response times to hydrogen peroxide (60 and 120 s, respectively). These films also had the highest permselectivities to hydrogen peroxide against the common interferences ascorbate and acetaminophen (>80 ± 40:1 and 250 ± 160:1 for poly(2,3-diaminonaphthalene) and >80 ± 35:1 and 100 ± 35:1 for poly(5-amino-1-naphthol)). The changes in permeabilities of these films were determined for 21 days, and while all films experienced some deterioration, the poly(substituted naphthalene) films maintained lower permeabilities to all species compared to the poly(phenylenediamine) films.
Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies (2007)

Recombinant antibody technology is a rapidly evolving field that enables the study and improvement of antibody properties by means of genetic engineering. Moreover, the functional expression of antibody fragments in Escherichia coli has formed the basis for antibody library generation and selection, a powerful method to produce human antibodies for therapy. Because in vitro-generated antibodies offer various advantages over traditionally produced monoclonal antibodies, such molecules are now increasingly used for standard immunological assays. This chapter will give a short review on how recombinant antibodies are generally be produced and engineered, and how typical immunoassays are performed.
Psychosocial Challenges of Alcohol Abuse and Its Effect on the Marital Relationship in Ainamoi Division, Kericho County, Kenya (2017)

In Kenya recent community studies indicate (nacada,2012) indicate significant alcohol consumption resulting in many deaths. Despite prevalence of alcohol abuse, few studies have been done on the challenges of alcohol abuse and its effect on the non-drinking spouse. Most past studies on effect on alcohol abuse on spousal relationship have focused on the role of spouse on facilitating or curtailing alcohol abuse of their spouses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the challenges of alcohol abuse and its effect in the marital relationship. The study was carried out in Ainamoi Division, Kericho County. To realize the purpose of the study a descriptive survey design was used and data was collected through questionnaires, interviews and focused group discussion. The target populations were people whose spouses’ abuse alcohol and were selected using stratified and snowballing sampling procedures. The division was stratified into urban and rural so as to ensure comprehensive coverage of the area. Snowballing sampling was used to identify participants who led the researchers to others. A sample population of 144 respondents was used. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze quantitative data with the help of the Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS). The qualitative data was summarized into themes in line with the study objectives and thematic analysis done.  The research found out that alcohol abuse causes many challenges for example it causes failure in communication, financial problems, resentments, domestic violence among others which affect the spousal relationship. The research recommends that there is need to sensitize non-drinking spouses on the psychosocial challenges of alcohol abuse on the spousal relationship. There is also need for establishment of counseling centers in more places in order the address the alcohol problem. This would assist non-alcoholic spouses to cope with alcohol abuse in a more effective way. Keywords : Challenges, psychosocial, alcohol abuse, spousal relationship, Kenya
Marine animal classification using combined CNN and hand-designed image features (2015)

Digital imagery and video have been widely used in many undersea applications. Online automated labeling of marine animals in such video clips comprises of three major steps: detection and tracking, feature extraction and classification. The latter two aspects are the focus of this paper. Feature extracted from convolutional neural network (CNN) is tested on two real-world marine animal datasets (Taiwan sea fish and Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) benthic animal), and yields better classification results than existing approaches. Appropriate combination of CNN and hand-designed features can achieve even higher accuracy than applying CNN alone. The group feature selection scheme, which is a modified version of the minimal-redundancy-maximal-relevance (mRMR) algorithm, serves as the criterion for selecting an optimal set of hand-designed features. Performance of CNN and hand-designed features are further examined for images with lowered quality that emulates bad lighting condition in water.