gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of Screen-Printed Texture-Barrier Paste for Single-Side Texturization of Interdigitated Back-Contact Silicon Solar Cell Applications (2013)

Continuous cost reduction of silicon-based solar cells is needed to lower the process time and increase efficiency. To achieve lower costs, screen-printed texture-barrier (SPTB) paste was first developed for single-side texturization (ST) of the interdigitated back-contact (IBC) for silicon-based solar cell applications. The SPTB paste was screen-printed on silicon substrates. The SPTB paste was synthesized from intermixed silicate glass (75 wt %), a resin binder (ethyl cellulose ethoce: 20 wt %), and a dispersing agent (fatty acid: 5 wt %). The silicate glass is a necessity for contact formation during firing. A resin binder and a dispersing agent determine the rheology of the SPTB paste. In this work, by modulating various parameters, including post SPTB firing, alkali texturing, and removal of the SPTB, the ST of IBC silicon solar cells was achieved. Since the advantages of the SPTB paste include low toxicity and prompt formation of the texture-barrier, SPTB is potentially suited for simple fabrication at low-cost for solar cell applications. The cost of the SPTB is around $100/kg which is lower than the SiH₄/NH₃ gas ambient used in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Thus, the expensive Si₃N₄ film deposited by PECVD using SiH₄ and NH₃ gas ambient for silicon solar cells can be replaced by this SPTB.
Crystal Structure of an Affinity-matured Prolactin Complexed to Its Dimerized Receptor Reveals the Topology of Hormone Binding Site 2 (2010)

We report the first crystal structure of a 1:2 hormone.receptor complex that involves prolactin (PRL) as the ligand, at 3.8-A resolution. Stable ternary complexes were obtained by generating affinity-matured PRL variants harboring an N-terminal tail from ovine placental lactogen, a closely related PRL receptor (PRLR) ligand. This structure allows one to draw up an exhaustive inventory of the residues involved at the PRL.PRLR site 2 interface, consistent with all previously reported site-directed mutagenesis data. We propose, with this description, an interaction model involving three structural components of PRL site 2 ("three-pin plug"): the conserved glycine 129 of helix alpha3, the hydrogen bond network involving surrounding residues (glycine cavity), and the N terminus. The model provides a molecular basis for the properties of the different PRL analogs designed to date, including PRLR antagonists. Finally, comparison of our 1:2 PRL.PRLR(2) structure with those of free PRL and its 1:1 complex indicates that the structure of PRL undergoes significant changes when binding the first, but not the second receptor. This suggests that the second PRLR moiety adapts to the 1:1 complex rather than the opposite. In conclusion, this structure will be a useful guiding tool for further investigations of the molecular mechanisms involved in PRLR dimerization and activation, as well as for the optimization of PRLR antagonists, an emerging class of compounds with high therapeutic potential against breast and prostate cancer.
N-doped carbon nanomaterials are durable catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in acidic fuel cells (2015)

The availability of low-cost, efficient, and durable catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a prerequisite for commercialization of the fuel cell technology. Along with intensive research efforts of more than half a century in developing nonprecious metal catalysts (NPMCs) to replace the expensive and scarce platinum-based catalysts, a new class of carbon-based, low-cost, metal-free ORR catalysts was demonstrated to show superior ORR performance to commercial platinum catalysts, particularly in alkaline electrolytes. However, their large-scale practical application in more popular acidic polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells remained elusive because they are often found to be less effective in acidic electrolytes, and no attempt has been made for a single PEM cell test. We demonstrated that rationally designed, metal-free, nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes and their graphene composites exhibited significantly better long-term operational stabilities and comparable gravimetric power densities with respect to the best NPMC in acidic PEM cells. This work represents a major breakthrough in removing the bottlenecks to translate low-cost, metal-free, carbon-based ORR catalysts to commercial reality, and opens avenues for clean energy generation from affordable and durable fuel cells.
3D-fabrication of tunable and high-density arrays of crystalline silicon nanostructures (2018)

In this report, a procedure for the 3D-nanofabrication of ordered, high-density arrays of crystalline silicon nanostructures is described. Two nanolithography methods were utilized for the fabrication of the nanostructure array, viz. displacement Talbot lithography (DTL) and edge lithography (EL). DTL is employed to perform two (orthogonal) resist-patterning steps to pattern a thin Si 3 N 4 layer. The resulting patterned double layer serves as an etch mask for all further etching steps for the fabrication of ordered arrays of silicon nanostructures. The arrays are made by means of anisotropic wet etching of silicon in combination with an isotropic retraction etch step of the etch mask, i.e. EL. The procedure enables fabrication of nanostructures with dimensions below 15 nm and a potential density of 10 10 crystals cm -2 .
Adjuvant Formulations for Experimental Vaccines (2003)

An adjuvant (immunopotentiator), when added to a vaccine, will enhance the immunogenicity of the antigen with the stimulation of an elevated humoral immune response. Some adjuvants may also stimulate a cell-mediated response against the antigen. One advantage of including an adjuvant in the vaccine mixture is that smaller quantities of the antigen are usually required to stimulate a good response. New synthetic experimental vaccines may require the presence of an adjuvant to achieve an immunogenic response. There is no single universal adjuvant, but numerous adjuvants are available alone (e.g., muramyl dipeptide and Quil A derivatives), or conjugated to the antigen (e.g., Immune-stimulating complexes [ISCOMs]), or in mixtures (e.g., Montanides, Guildhay or MF-59 adjuvants). The adjuvant selected will be based on experimental data produced with a variety of antigen preparations, taking into consideration the nature and dose to be administered, the route of vaccine administration, and any contraindications. For human vaccines, it should be remembered that aluminum salt adjuvants have been the only licensed preparations for the past sixty yr.
Measurement of two-dimensional movement of traffic by image processing (1987)

A software system for measurement of two-dimensional traffic flow using moving picture processing has been developed. The proposed system is characterized by the functions classifying passing vehicles into one of three classes: motorcycle, small-and large-sized vehicles and detecting their two-dimensional trajectories on a roadway. Experiments to test the system performance have been performed and all of passing vehicles were detected by the system and were classified correctly except for only one large-sized vehicle.
Palladium Supported on an Acidic Resin: A Unique Bifunctional Catalyst for the Continuous Catalytic Hydrogenation of Organic Compounds in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (2008)

Abstract 1% Palladium‐doped acidic resin (Amberlyst ® 15; styrene‐divinylbenzene matrix with sulfonic acid groups) is shown to be a highly active catalyst for the continuous catalytic hydrogenation of CC bonds in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) without affecting CO bonds. This 1% Pd/Amberlyst‐15 catalyst promotes the industrially important selective formation of 2‐ethylhexanal from crotonaldehyde in a “one‐pot” pathway involving hydrogenation and aldol condensation with a number of merits. The selectivity behavior of 1% Pd/Amberlyst‐15 is strikingly different compared to that of 1% Pd/C and 1% Pd/Al 2 O 3 due to its prominent bifunctional nature based on sulfonic acid groups adjacent to metallic Pd sites. Hybrid “[Pd n –H] + ” sites are suggested to act as both metal and acid sites promoting the bifunctional catalysis.
Advanced Evacuated Thermal Insulations: The State of the Art (1989)

Thermal insulation with thermal resistivities of at least 20 (h ft 2 F/ Btu in.) have been shown to have the potential for significant energy conservation if employed in residential and commercial refrigerator/freezers Many materials and systems have been proposed which may be incorporated into refrigerator/freezers to achieve this potential. The current state of the art for advanced evacuated insulations which may achieve resistivities of 20 was established by reviewing data on many materials available in the open literature on the dependence of the thermal performance on internal pressure. The costs for the powdered, fiber, foam and multilayer materials were then obtained from the manufacturer of the products Possible candidate materials for m- clusion into refrigerator/freezers are described and ranked based upon their thermal properties and costs. Several materials were found that may be used to make super-insulation panels with material costs of less than $1.00 per board foot, if a plastic laminate is used for the container required to maintain the necessary vacuum. Materials falling in this category included. Beverly silica dust, open-cell polyurethane foam, fine perlite, 2.7 lb/ft 3 fiberglass and 3.6 lb/ft 3 fiberglass opacified with vapor-deposited alu minum, precipitated silica, and mixtures of precipitated silica and fly ash. Mate rial costs approaching $3.00 per board foot will result if metallic contamment is required.
Speaker recognition using phoneme-specific GMMs. (2004)

This paper compares three approaches to building phoneme-specific Gaussian mixture model (GMM) speaker recognition systems on the NIST 2003 Extended Data Evaluation to a baseline GMM system covering all of the phonemes. The individual performance of any given phoneme-specific GMM system falls below the performance of the baseline GMM, but fusing the top 40 performing scores of the individual phoneme systems at the 8 conversation train condition resulted in an equal error rate of 1.7%, which is a 2.6 % absolute reduction in equal error rate from the baseline system. Further investigation showed complementary information across the three model building approaches as error rates dropped on a per phoneme basis when these systems were fused. 1.
Discrimination of large maltooligosaccharides from isobaric dextran and pullulan using ion mobility mass spectrometry (2013)

Biological samples of complex isobaric oligosaccharides can be analysed using IMMS in the negative mode providing facile analyses and high sensitivity without the need for either derivatisation or chromatographic separation.
Experimental Analysis of CO2 Injection on Permeability of Vuggy Carbonate Aquifers (2012)

Reactions of CO2 with formation rock may lead to an enhancement in the permeability due to rock dissolution, or damage (reduction in the core permeability) because of the precipitation of reaction products. The reaction is affected by aquifer conditions (pressure, temperature, initial porosity, and permeability), and the injection scheme (injection flow rate, CO2:brine volumetric ratio, and the injection time). The effects of temperature, injection flow rate, and injection scheme on the permeability alteration due to CO2 injection into heterogeneous dolomite rock is addressed experimentally in this paper. Twenty coreflood tests were conducted using Silurian dolomite cores. Thirty pore volumes of CO2 and brine were injected in water alternating gas (WAG) scheme under supercritical conditions at temperatures ranging from 21 to 121 °C, and injection rates of 2.0–5.0 cm3/min. Concentrations of Ca++, Mg++, and Na+ were measured in the core effluent samples. Permeability alteration was evaluated by measuring the permeability of the cores before and after the experiment. Two sources of damage in permeability were noted in this study: (1) due to precipitation of calcium carbonate, and (2) due to migration of clay minerals present in the core. Temperature and injection scheme don't have a clear impact on the core permeability. A good correlation between the initial and final core permeability was noted, and the ratio of final permeability to the initial permeability is lower for low permeability cores.
Parametric Amplification of Space Charge Waves (1958)

The principle of using a variable reactance in a circuit to produce gain can be applied to an electron beam. The beam is strongly modulated by an rf wave at a frequency equal to twice the signal frequency. In such a beam the two normal space charge waves at the signal frequency break into two parts-one grows exponentially with distance and the second is attenuated. Either the "slow" or the "fast" space charge wave can be amplified. When this beam, which has been previously modulated at the double frequency, is coupled to a slow wave circuit, growing waves are found and again the "fast" space charge wave can be amplified. We stress the amplification of the fast wave since the noise theorems which apply to previous microwave amplifiers and establish a lower limit to the noise figure do not apply. Thus, in principle, we should be able to obtain lower values for the noise figure.
Cloning and functional characterization of a Caenorhabditis elegans muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. (1999)

A cDNA clone encoding a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) has been isolated from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The nematode mAChR, consisted of 585 amino acids, displays a high degree of amino acid sequence homology to other invertebrate and vertebrate mAChRs. Excluding a highly variable middle portion of the third intracellular loop, the C. elegans mAChR shares about 51% amino acid sequence identity with a Drosophila mAChR and 42-44% identity with human m1-m5 mAChR subtypes. Comparison of the cDNA sequence with the corresponding genomic sequence reveals that the C. elegans mAChR gene contains ten introns, eight of them in the coding region. Pharmacological profiles of the C. elegans mAChR expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were shown to be similar to those of mammalian counterparts, indicating that ligand binding domains of the receptor have been conserved during evolution. When this cloned receptor was expressed in Xenopus oocytes, acetylcholine evoked a transient Cl- current. Furthermore, activation of the receptor with oxotremorine, acetylcholine or carbachol resulted in the stimulation of phosphatidylinositol metabolism in CHO cells, suggesting that the receptor is coupled to phospholipase C activation.
Extracellular Ca2(+)-dependent inducible alkaline phosphatase from extremely halophilic archaebacterium Haloarcula marismortui (1990)

When starved of inorganic phosphate, the extremely halophilic archaebacterium Haloarcula marismortui produces the enzyme alkaline phosphatase and secretes it to the medium. This inducible extracellular enzyme is a glycoprotein whose subunit molecular mass is 160 kDa, as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. The native form of the enzyme is heterogeneous and composed of multiple oligomeric forms. The enzymatic activity of the halophilic alkaline phosphatase is maximal at pH 8.5, and the enzyme is inhibited by phosphate. Unlike most alkaline phosphatases, the halobacterial enzyme requires Ca2+ and not Zn2+ ions for its activity. Both calcium ions (in the millimolar range) and NaCl (in the molar range) are required for the stability of the enzyme.
The diffusion model based task remapping for distributed real-time systems (2002)

A fault-tolerant architecture for loosely coupled distributed real-time systems is considered and a distributed task management method that aims at network-wide fault tolerance, compatible with flexible resource utilization is proposed. The task management method includes a checkpoint data transfer mechanism and an adaptive task remapping mechanism. A policy of task remapping is based on the thermodynamic diffusion model, in which tasks are diffused among sound nodes and global balance is achieved by several repetitions of local load sharing. Convergence to this steady state is theoretically ensured. The protocol of the proposed task remapping algorithm, the two-phase diffusion algorithm, is completely distributed and weakly synchronized; each node starts the same algorithm periodically, without waiting for any messages, but waits for messages from neighboring nodes during execution of the algorithm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Novel One‐Step Synthesis of Porous‐Supported Catalysts by Activated‐Carbon Templating (2006)

A new, simple, versatile, and easily scaleable one-step preparation method – an impregnated carbon procedure (ICP) – is proposed to produce highly dispersed active phases on supports of tailored porosity (see scheme; AC: activated carbon). This one-step synthesis unites simplicity of preparation with outstanding properties of the final catalysts and offers an interesting pathway towards industrial-catalyst manufacture.
“Solvent Annealing” Effect in Polymer Solar Cells Based on Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and Methanofullerenes (2007)

Abstract The self‐organization of the polymer in solar cells based on regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (RR‐P3HT):[6,6]‐phenyl C 61 ‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) is studied systematically as a function of the spin‐coating time t s (varied from 20–80 s), which controls the solvent annealing time t a , the time taken by the solvent to dry after the spin‐coating process. These blend films are characterized by photoluminescence spectroscopy, UV‐vis absorption spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction (GIXRD) measurements. The results indicate that the π‐conjugated structure of RR‐P3HT in the films is optimally developed when t a is greater than 1 min ( t s ∼ 50 s). For t s < 50 s, both the short‐circuit current ( J SC ) and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the corresponding polymer solar cells show a plateau region, whereas for 50 < t s < 55 s, the J SC and PCE values are significantly decreased, suggesting that there is a major change in the ordering of the polymer in this time window. The PCE decreases from 3.6 % for a film with a highly ordered π‐conjugated structure of RR‐P3HT to 1.2 % for a less‐ordered film. GIXRD results confirm the change in the ordering of the polymer. In particular, the incident photon‐to‐electron conversion efficiency spectrum of the less‐ordered solar cell shows a clear loss in both the overall magnitude and the long‐wavelength response. The solvent annealing effect is also studied for devices with different concentrations of PCBM (PCBM concentrations ranging from 25 to 67 wt %). Under “solvent annealing” conditions, the polymer is seen to be ordered even at 67 wt % PCBM loading. The open‐circuit voltage ( V OC ) is also affected by the ordering of the polymer and the PCBM loading in the active layer.
Animal Models of Alcohol Wi t h d r a w a l (2000)

One diagnostic criterion of alcohol dependence is the appearance of a withdrawal syndrome when alcohol consumption ceases. Researchers have used various animal models, including isolated brain cells, slices of brain tissue, and intact animals, to study the mechanisms and manifestations of withdrawal. Results from these experimental studies have demonstrated that many consequences of withdrawal found in animals resemble those observed in humans. Such signs and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal include enhanced activity of the autonomic nervous system; body posture and motor abnormalities; hyperexcitability of the central nervous system, including sensory hyperreactivity; convulsions; anxiety; and psychological discomfort. Researchers also have used animal models to study the electrophysiological correlates of withdrawal, as well as neurobiological mechanisms underlying alcohol dependence and withdrawal. KEY WORDS: animal model, chronic AOD (alcohol or other drug) withdrawal syndrome; in vitro study; in vivo study; locomotion; AODR (AOD related) seizure; convulsion; drug discrimination; dysphoria; autonomic nervous system; symptoms Exc e s s i ve alcohol consumptionover a prolonged period of timeresults in alcohol dependence, a m a l a d a p t i ve neurophysiological state
Bayesian locality sensitive hashing for fast similarity search (2012)

Given a collection of objects and an associated similarity measure, the all-pairs similarity search problem asks us to find all pairs of objects with similarity greater than a certain user-specified threshold. Locality-sensitive hashing (LSH) based methods have become a very popular approach for this problem. However, most such methods only use LSH for the first phase of similarity search - i.e. efficient indexing for candidate generation. In this paper, we present BayesLSH , a principled Bayesian algorithm for the subsequent phase of similarity search - performing candidate pruning and similarity estimation using LSH. A simpler variant, BayesLSH-Lite, which calculates similarities exactly, is also presented. Our algorithms are able to quickly prune away a large majority of the false positive candidate pairs, leading to significant speedups over baseline approaches. For BayesLSH, we also provide probabilistic guarantees on the quality of the output, both in terms of accuracy and recall. Finally, the quality of BayesLSH's output can be easily tuned and does not require any manual setting of the number of hashes to use for similarity estimation, unlike standard approaches. For two state-of-the-art candidate generation algorithms, AllPairs and LSH, BayesLSH enables significant speedups, typically in the range 2x-20x for a wide variety of datasets.
[Polyunsaturated fatty acid preparations available on the Danish market. Composition and oxidative stability]. (1990)

The emerging interest in essential polyunsaturated fatty acids has resulted in a number of products available in the Danish market. These products contain essential fatty acid oils rich in n-6 and n-3 fatty acids. The quality of these products plays a major role in planning prophylactic and clinical studies. This investigation therefore illustrates the quality and the contents of undesirable oxygenated compounds--peroxides and polymeric/oxidative components. Intake of these undesirable substances can theoretically contribute to the development of cancer. It is therefore of utmost importance to be aware of the quality of the product especially when relatively large doses are employed for a considerable period. Our results show that the oxidation values of the fish oil products are much higher than vegetable oils. Furthermore we observed higher amounts of polymerised/oxidised components in Pikasol although the peroxide value was relatively low. Okholm's fish oil and cod liver oil contain higher amounts of undesirable gadoleic and cetoleic acids. A quality control from the authorities is desirable as the consumer has only the producer's/importer's "assurances" to rely on and these are not always in accordance with the real facts.