gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of fungal growth by plant growth retardants (1979)

Ancymidol, Amitrole, and Phosphon-D, three plant growth retardants known to interfere with isoprenoid synthesis in plants, were found to be fungitoxic. Of nine fungi tested, five were highly sensitive to ancymidol (concentration required to cause 50% inhibition of mycelial growth (ED 50 ) less than 50 mg/L) and a different set of five was highly sensitive to Amitrole. Ancymidol was more toxic than Captan to Fiisarium graminearum and at a concentration of 100 mg/L prevented growth of Bipolaris sorokiniana from infected barley seed. Phosphon-D inhibited growth of seven fungi by 50% at concentrations less than 300 mg/L. Since the isoprenoid pathway occurs in a wide range of organisms and generates many metabolically important compounds it is suggested that commercially available chemicals which inhibit this pathway, whether they be used as herbicides, plant growth regulators, insecticides, fungicides, etc., may be broad-spectrum biocides.
Genotype and viral load as prognostic indicators in the treatment of hepatitis C (2000)

Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), either alone or in combination with ribavirin, is the standard treatment for patients with hepatitis C. However, most patients do not achieve a sustained remission with this treatment regimen. A number of studies have demonstrated that genotype, baseline viral load and/or a decrease in viral load early after treatment induction are the major predictive factors for response to treatment with IFN. Patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 are more resistant to treatment with IFN, whereas low viral load at baseline and a marked decline in the HCV RNA level during the first 2-12 weeks of IFN therapy are associated with enhanced treatment efficacy. These variables could potentially be used to develop treatment algorithms that tailor therapies for specific clinical situations. Continued development and refinement of such algorithms would facilitate both the selection of patients who are most likely to benefit from therapy and the development of optimal treatment regimens for different patient groups. Predictive factors will also enable clinicians to identify subsets of patients who are not expected to respond well to current treatment. The development of new delivery methods for IFN that produce sustained antiviral pressure may provide a means of treating these previously difficult-to-treat patient groups.
Base Deficit-Based Predictive Modeling of Outcome in Trauma Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Units in Dutch Trauma Centers (2007)

The performance of our proposed BISS model was superior to that of the TRISS model in the populations under investigation. Nevertheless, given the ease of assessment and the objective value of the base deficit, it may be considered as a good method to predict outcome and evaluate care of trauma patients. Whether this can be translated to trauma patients in general needs further investigation.
Quantitative Detection of Porcine <i>Torque Teno Virus</i> in <i>Porcine Circovirus-2</i>–Negative and <i>Porcine Circovirus</i>–Associated Disease-Affected Pigs (2010)

Torque teno virus (TTV) is a recently identified virus that has a wide range of host tropisms from humans to shrews. Human TTV and Torque teno mini virus are distributed worldwide, and their high prevalence in human populations has been reported. Pigs have their own species-specific TTV, and like human TTV, a high prevalence of porcine TTV also has been reported. Despite its high prevalence, the role of TTV-related disease or syndrome in humans and pigs has not been determined. In the swine industry, TTV is thought to be one of the agents that aggravate clinical manifestation of Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), a newly emerging, economically devastating disease. The purpose of the current study was to quantify TTV viral load in serum obtained from Porcine circovirus-2-negative pigs and PCVAD-affected pigs with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays and to compare TTV viral load between these groups. Results of this study indicate that there are no statically remarkable differences in TTV viral load between the 2 groups, which indicates that TTV might not be an agent of aggravation in PCVAD.
Studies towards the total synthesis of lycoposerramine A. Synthesis of a model for the tetracyclic core (2009)

Lycoposerramine A (1) is a pentacyclic alkaloid isolated in 2001 by Takayama and co-workers. A concise synthesis of a model compound 8 for the tetracyclic core of this natural product is described. Key steps include the desymmetrising free-radical cyclisation of compound 7 to give compound 18 and spirocyclisation of compound 26 to give compound 8. Earlier approaches using a novel high-yielding stereoselective anionic cyclisation of a cyclohexa-1,4-diene are also reported.
Characteristics of the emitter-switched thyristor (1991)

The first experimental demonstration of 600-V emitter-switched thyristors fabricated using an IGBT (insulated-gate bipolar transistor) process sequence is reported. The forward drop is less than that for the IGBT, but larger than that for a thyristor by about 0.5 V due to the thyristor current flowing via the MOSFET channel. A unique characteristic observed for these devices, not exhibited by any previous MOS-gated thyristor structures, is gate-controlled current saturation even after thyristor latch-up. Switching tests were performed up to a current density of 1000 A/cm/sup 2/ on single-unit cells and the measured turn-off times were about 7 mu s.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Databases in Genomic Research (1998)

Genome-related databases have already become an invaluable part of the scientific landscape. The role played by these databases will only increase as the volume and complexity of relevant biology data rapidly expand. We are far enough into the genome project and into the development of these databases to assess their attributes and to reexamine some of the conceptual organizations and approaches they are taking. It is clear that there are needs for both highly detailed and simplified database views, the latter being especially needed to make expert domain data more accessible to nonspecialists.
Compact size highly directive antennas based on the SRR metamaterial medium (2005)

In this work, we studied the far-field properties of the microwave radiation from sources embedded inside the split-ring resonator (SRR) metamaterial medium. Our results showed that the emitted power near the resonance frequency of the SRR structure was confined to a narrow angular region in the far field. The measured radiation patterns showed half-power beamwidths around 14°. The highly directive radiation is obtained with a smaller radiation surface area when compared to the previous results obtained by using photonic crystals. The reduction in the surface area is ten-fold in the case of the SRR metamaterial medium when compared to the photonic crystals. Our results provide means to create compact size highly directive antennas.
Covariance trace for polarimetric anomaly detection (2012)

We propose a new method for autonomous manmade object detection, which is solely based on the use of second order statistics from two polarization components (0 and 90 deg) of polarimetric imagery. Using the approach, manmade objects can be detected as anomalies in scenes spatially dominated by natural objects. The approach exploits a key discovery: manmade objects are separable from natural objects in the (0 and 90 deg) variance-covariance space, holding invariant to diurnal cycle variation and geometry of illumination. Testing real imagery acquired outdoor (0.55 km sensor-to-target range) showed that the approach significantly outperforms the classical use of Stokes vector and DOLP (degree of linear polarization) during a full diurnal cycle.
Cell Penetrating Peptides for In Vivo Molecular Imaging Applications (2008)

Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a relatively new class of peptides that have the promising capability to cross cell membranes. While details remain to be resolved, various non-receptor-mediated endocytic pathways likely contribute most to the cell penetrating properties of these peptides. CPPs have been used to deliver many different cargos - ranging from radionuclides and other peptides to antibodies and nanoparticles - into cells. Besides many different drug delivery applications, CPPs have also seen a limited use in molecular imaging. Molecular imaging of intracellular and intranuclear targets, by techniques such as SPECT, PET, optical imaging, and MRI, relies heavily on the delivery of contrast agents to the cytoplasm and/or nuclei of the target tissue. Therefore, the number of applications in molecular imaging of intracellular targets has remained relatively low, because of the effective barrier presented by the cell membrane. One of the key strategies to overcome this challenge is the introduction of membrane-transducing peptides in the design of new contrast agents. This review presents an overview of the literature on CPPs, focusing on their use for molecular imaging. Applications using proteins and peptides, DNA/RNA, and CPP-loaded cells as the imaging agents will be looked at. Moreover, the difficulties and pitfalls regarding the use of CPPs in molecular imaging will be discussed.
Procedural Generation of Roads (2010)

Abstract In this paper, we propose an automatic method for generating roads based on a weighted anisotropic shortest path algorithm. Given an input scene, we automatically create a path connecting an initial and a final point. The trajectory of the road minimizes a cost function that takes into account the different parameters of the scene including the slope of the terrain, natural obstacles such as rivers, lakes, mountains and forests. The road is generated by excavating the terrain along the path and instantiating generic parameterized models.
Creativity in idea generation: an application to GDSS (2002)

Several models of the individual's creative process are examined and merged to develop a low-level description of the creative process of idea generation that provides an explanation for the phenomenon associated with creativity, i.e., the incubation and illumination stages of G. Wallas' (1926) model of the creative process. This description is then applied to creativity in a group setting. In particular, the authors examine the implications of this integrated perspective on the value of group decision support systems (GDSS) as a means of enhancing group creativity output.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An object oriented approach to automating patient medical records (2002)

It is pointed out that, in automating patient records, one must consider the conversion of existing paper records, the records generated by various heterogeneous departmental medical information systems, and the different media (graphics, image, and voice) output created by some modern automated medical instrumentations. In an attempt to solve this complex problem, an object-oriented medical record model is adopted. A catalyst solution called the personal medical disk is proposed which allows and induces medical institutions to develop an all-digital medical record system at their own pace. A conceptual model has been implemented on an intelligent workstation as a stand-alone system. It is believed that using an object-oriented approach will allow rapid development, easier modification, and simpler maintenance of software to be achieved.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Dimensions of Oxygen Isotopic Equilibrium Attainment during Prograde Metamorphism (1967)

The $$O^{18}/O^{16}$$ ratio of quartz in metasedimentary detrital rocks and iron formations is related to the modal abundance of quartz or iron oxides in the rocks. The relationship is explained according to a hypothesis of local, closed-system recrystallization of metastable detrital material derived from a high-temperature source mixed with varying proportions of isotopically heavy material (clays, carbonates, and siliceous and ferruginous ooze) in low-temperature isotopic equilibrium with seawater. Oxygen isotopic equilibrium attainment during prograde metamorphism is commonly limited to dimensions less than meters and may generally be limited to dimensions less than centimeters. Small-scale disequilibrium, if undetected, can lead to errors in deduced "isotopic temperatures" of the order of 100°C. Such errors can generally be avoided by selecting small, fine-grained, homogeneous samples.
Energy Types of Snoring Sounds in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Preliminary Observation (2012)

Snore map typing of a full-night energy spectrum is feasible and reliable. The presence of a higher snore map type is a warning sign of severe OSAS and indicated priority OSAS management. Future studies are warranted to evaluate whether snore map type can be used to discriminate OSAS from primary snoring and whether it is affected by OSAS management.
THE RANGE AND IMPACT OF LEA BEHAVIOUR SUPPORT PLANS (2000)

The requirement that all Local Educational Authorities in England and Wales produce plans for their provision for ‘pupils with problems’ has resulted in a wide range of responses. The data in this paper are drawn from a sample of Behaviour Support Plans and the responses of a group of individuals (teachers) closely affected by them. The plans are firstly analysed using an evaluation framework developed from Circular 1198, which announced the Behaviour Support initiative. The paper then draws on the evaluatory critiques of teachers who work in both mainstream and special (EBD) schools; these were obtained by interview. Data suggest that, BSPs generally follow the pattern of guidance provided in the Circular, although there are several notable omissions in some plans. There are wide variations in the way in which BSPs have been perceived by teachers working with children with behaviour problems; importantly, these views regard some BSPs as, in part, little more than reiterations of previously attempted initiatives.
Measurement errors in estimating aortic blood velocity by pressure gradient (1962)

The computed pressure-gradient technique is important in measuring instantaneous blood flow and velocity in man. Estimation of the instantaneous pressure gradient for this purpose presents many special problems. This study was designed to explore these special measurement problems and to establish certain minimum pressure-recording standards for application of the computed pressure-gradient technique to man. The nature of the functions to be measured was first explored by determining average values and harmonic content of typical pressure, flow, and pressure-gradient curves. In contrast to pressure and flow curves, the harmonic content of pressure-gradient curves was found to exceed the recording capabilities of currently available systems for measuring differential pressure. However, when velocity was computed from pressure gradient, the importance of errors related to higher frequencies is greatly diminished. To meet minimum requirements differential-pressure catheter-manometer systems should have a dynamic imbalance of less than 5% through frequencies of 15 cycles/sec, a single-ended dynamic response uniform (±5%) through 15 cycles/sec, and a static imbalance not greater than ±0.1% over the range 0–300 cm H 2 O. Although an optimum pressure tap separation could not be precisely defined, visual examination suggested that a tap separation of 8 cm should not be exceeded. Submitted on April 30, 1962
Mechanisms of Immunity to<i>Ehrlichia muris</i>: a Model of Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis (2004)

Ehrlichia species can cause life-threatening infections or chronic persistent infections. Mechanisms of protective immunity were examined in an Ehrlichia muris mouse model of monocytotropic ehrlichiosis. C57BL/6 mice possessed strong genetic resistance to E. muris of an undetermined mechanism. CD8 T lymphocytes were particularly important, as revealed by 81% fatalities for E. muris-infected, major histocompatibility complex class I gene knockout mice compared with no deaths for wild-type C3H mice. Moreover, 80% of C3H mice depleted of CD8 and CD4 cells died of E. muris infection compared with only 44% of CD4 cell-depleted mice. CD8 T lymphocytes were demonstrated for the first time in an Ehrlichia infection to exhibit cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity against Ehrlichia-infected target cells. Both gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor were shown to play synergistic roles in protective immunity in vivo for the first time, as demonstrated by 75% fatalities when both cytokines were neutralized compared with minimal mortality when they were depleted separately. Passive transfer of antibodies, but not Fab fragments, to E. muris protected C3H/SCID mice against lethal infection. The mechanism of increased susceptibility (22% lethality) of C57BL/6 major histocompatibility complex class II gene knockout mice and CD4 cell-depleted C3H mice (i.e., through a gamma interferon or antibody mechanism), as well as the more important role of CD8 T lymphocytes (in the form of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity and/or gamma interferon production), remains to be elucidated. Protective immunity against monocytotropic E. muris is mediated by a combination of CD8 and CD4 T lymphocytes, gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and antibodies.
Drug resistance plasmids in Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus reuteri (1982)

Sixteen strains of Lactobacillus reuteri and 20 strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus were tested for resistance to 22 antibiotics by using commercially available sensitivity disks. Evidence suggesting linkage of these resistances to plasmids was obtained by "curing" experiments with acridine dyes and high growth temperatures. Examination of plasmid patterns of agarose gel electrophoresis provided further evidence of loss in plasmid DNA under curing conditions in some of the strains examined.
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: Terminology, classification, and origins (2011)

The primary aim of this article is to provide an overview of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans, and recommend clear, specific, and descriptive terminology, names, and acronyms for PFASs. The overarching objective is to unify and harmonize communication on PFASs by offering terminology for use by the global scientific, regulatory, and industrial communities. A particular emphasis is placed on long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, substances related to the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, and substances intended as alternatives to the use of the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids or their precursors. First, we define PFASs, classify them into various families, and recommend a pragmatic set of common names and acronyms for both the families and their individual members. Terminology related to fluorinated polymers is an important aspect of our classification. Second, we provide a brief description of the 2 main production processes, electrochemical fluorination and telomerization, used for introducing perfluoroalkyl moieties into organic compounds, and we specify the types of byproducts (isomers and homologues) likely to arise in these processes. Third, we show how the principal families of PFASs are interrelated as industrial, environmental, or metabolic precursors or transformation products of one another. We pay particular attention to those PFASs that have the potential to be converted, by abiotic or biotic environmental processes or by human metabolism, into long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic or sulfonic acids, which are currently the focus of regulatory action. The Supplemental Data lists 42 families and subfamilies of PFASs and 268 selected individual compounds, providing recommended names and acronyms, and structural formulas, as well as Chemical Abstracts Service registry numbers.
MyAdChoices: Bringing Transparency and Control to Online Advertising (2016)

The intrusiveness and the increasing invasiveness of online advertising have, in the last few years, raised serious concerns regarding user privacy and Web usability. As a reaction to these concerns, we have witnessed the emergence of a myriad of ad-blocking and anti-tracking tools, whose aim is to return control to users over advertising. The problem with these technologies, however, is that they are extremely limited and radical in their approach: users can only choose either to block or allow all ads. With around 200 million people regularly using these tools, the economic model of the Web ---in which users get content free in return for allowing advertisers to show them ads--- is at serious peril. In this paper, we propose a smart Web technology that aims at bringing transparency to online advertising, so that users can make an informed and equitable decision regarding ad blocking. The proposed technology is implemented as a Web-browser extension and enables users to exert fine-grained control over advertising, thus providing them with certain guarantees in terms of privacy and browsing experience, while preserving the Internet economic model. Experimental results in a real environment demonstrate the suitability and feasibility of our approach, and provide preliminary findings on behavioral targeting from real user browsing profiles.
Vertically tapered epilayers for low-loss waveguide-fiber coupling achieved in a single epitaxial growth run (2003)

Next-generation optical-communications systems require on-wafer integration of active and passive opto-electronic components to increase operating speed and reduce packaging costs. Increased coupling efficiencies between semiconductor waveguides and optical fibers are of particular interest. A simple and cost-effective method of fabricating a mode-size converter monolithically integrated with a semiconductor waveguide is presented. An on-wafer mode-size converter reduces the number of interfaces in an opto-electronic circuit and improves the coupling efficiency between semiconductor waveguide and optical fiber. Vertically tapered epilayers are deposited in a single epitaxial growth run using shadow-masked growth by chemical-beam epitaxy, avoiding complex and expensive processing and regrowth stages. Waveguides that taper vertically and horizontally over ∼1 mm for gradual expansion of the mode size are demonstrated. Waveguide loss measurements showed that there was negligible loss across the tapered regions. A loss of <2 dB/interface was achieved compared with ∼8 dB/interface for a butt-coupled discrete device.