gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effects of example-based explanations in a machine learning interface (2019)

The black-box nature of machine learning algorithms can make their predictions difficult to understand and explain to end-users. In this paper, we propose and evaluate two kinds of example-based explanations in the visual domain, normative explanations and comparative explanations (Figure 1), which automatically surface examples from the training set of a deep neural net sketch-recognition algorithm. To investigate their effects, we deployed these explanations to 1150 users on QuickDraw, an online platform where users draw images and see whether a recognizer has correctly guessed the intended drawing. When the algorithm failed to recognize the drawing, those who received normative explanations felt they had a better understanding of the system, and perceived the system to have higher capability. However, comparative explanations did not always improve perceptions of the algorithm, possibly because they sometimes exposed limitations of the algorithm and may have led to surprise. These findings suggest that examples can serve as a vehicle for explaining algorithmic behavior, but point to relative advantages and disadvantages of using different kinds of examples, depending on the goal.
Three new mathematical developments on the geophysical exploration horizon (1992)

It is well known that it is a risky business to forecast the technical evolution of any field, and that anyone so foolish and daring is asking to be proven wrong. However, I choose to attempt it in the hope that this rapid exposure will draw the attention of the geophysical community to recent mathematical developments which, in my opinion, are going to provide important new tools for exploration.
Capnography for Detection of Accidental Oesophageal Intubation (1983)

The clinical diagnostic signs for detecting inadvertent oesophageal intubation may all be misleading. We therefore tested the practice of recording exhaled carbon dioxide during the intubation procedure as an additional measure for detection of accidental oesophageal intubation. Twenty patients were intubated simultaneously into the trachea and oesophagus and the carbon dioxide concentration was continuously recorded from both sources. Manual ventilation of the lungs always resulted in a typical CO2 curve pattern. Ventilation by mask prior to the intubation obviously resulted in some filling the stomach by exhaled gas in 9 of the 20 patients. In these cases some CO2 could be detected during oesophageal ventilation. As the oesophageal CO2 concentrations were very low initially, compared to the tracheal recordings, and carbon dioxide completely disappeared after a few ventilations into the oesophagus, distinguishing between the tracheal and oesophageal capnography tracings was easy.
Methods for scalable self-assembly of ad hoc wireless sensor networks (2004)

In distributed wireless sensing applications such as unattended ground sensor systems, remote planetary exploration, and condition-based maintenance, where the deployment site is remote and/or the scale of the network is large, individual emplacement and configuration of the sensor nodes is difficult. Hence, network self-assembly and continuous network self-organization during the lifetime of the network in a reliable, efficient, and scalable manner are crucial for successful deployment and operation of such networks. This paper provides an overview of the concept of network self-assembly for ad hoc wireless sensor networks at the link layer, with descriptions of results from implementation of a novel network formation mechanism for wireless unattended ground sensor applications using a multicluster hierarchical topology and a novel dual-radio architecture.
How antibodies use complement to regulate antibody responses (2014)

Antibodies, forming immune complexes with their specific antigen, can cause complete suppression or several 100-fold enhancement of the antibody response. Immune complexes containing IgG and IgM may activate complement and in such situations also complement components will be part of the immune complex. Here, we review experimental data on how antibodies via the complement system upregulate specific antibody responses. Current data suggest that murine IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b upregulate antibody responses primarily via Fc-receptors and not via complement. In contrast, IgM and IgG3 act via complement and require the presence of complement receptors 1 and 2 (CR1/2) expressed on both B cells and follicular dendritic cells. Complement plays a crucial role for antibody responses not only to antigen complexed to antibodies, but also to antigen administered alone. Lack of C1q, but not of Factor B or MBL, severely impairs antibody responses suggesting involvement of the classical pathway. In spite of this, normal antibody responses are found in mice lacking several activators of the classical pathway (complement activating natural IgM, serum amyloid P component (SAP), specific intracellular adhesion molecule-grabbing non-integrin R1 (SIGN-R1) or C-reactive protein. Possible explanations to these observations will be discussed.
Statistical process monitoring: basics and beyond (2003)

Abstract This paper provides an overview and analysis of statistical process monitoring methods for fault detection, identification and reconstruction. Several fault detection indices in the literature are analyzed and unified. Fault reconstruction for both sensor and process faults is presented which extends the traditional missing value replacement method. Fault diagnosis methods that have appeared recently are reviewed. The reconstruction‐based approach and the contribution‐based approach are analyzed and compared with simulation and industrial examples. The complementary nature of the reconstruction‐ and contribution‐based approaches is highlighted. An industrial example of polyester film process monitoring is given to demonstrate the power of the contribution‐ and reconstruction‐based approaches in a hierarchical monitoring framework. Finally we demonstrate that the reconstruction‐based framework provides a convenient way for fault analysis, including fault detectability, reconstructability and identifiability conditions, resolving many theoretical issues in process monitoring. Additional topics are summarized at the end of the paper for future investigation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High-Aspect-Ratio Rotating Cell-Culture Vessel (1992)

Cylindrical rotating cell-culture vessel with thin culture-medium layer of large surface area provides exchange of nutrients and products of metabolism with minimal agitation. Rotation causes averaging of buoyant forces otherwise separating components of different densities. Vessel enables growth of cells in homogeneous distribution with little agitation and little shear stress.
To survive, we must adapt (2020)

This is a guest editorial by Lisa Anne Hamilton, the adaptation program director for the Georgetown Climate Center and lead author of the “Plastic and Climate” report published during her tenure as the director of the Climate and Energy Program for the Center for International Environmental Law. The petrochemical industry sits at the center of the present-day climate crisis in more ways than one. Not only are the building blocks of hundreds of petrochemical products, and the manufacturing processes to create them, among the fastest-growing and most-overlooked sources of greenhouse gas emissions, but demand for these products is growing. At the same time, the companies that make them are vulnerable to industrial accidents caused by extreme weather tied to climate change. Analysts project that petrochemicals will account for a third of oil and gas consumption by 2030 and half by 2050. The industry is feeding growing global demand for single-use
Cycloruthenated Complexes from Iminophosphoranes: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity with Internal Alkynes (2011)

Cycloruthenated complexes [(η6-arene)Ru(C6H4-2-PPh2═NR)Cl] (arene = benzene, p-cymene; R = Ph, H) containing orthometalated iminophosphoranes have been obtained by transmetalation reactions from Hg(C6H4-2-PPh2═NR)2 derivatives to [(η6-arene)Ru(μ-Cl)Cl]2. These complexes react cleanly with internal alkynes R1C≡CR2 (R1, R2 = Ph, Et, CO2Me), KPF6, and CuBr2, yielding the 1,1,2-triphenyl-3,4-di(alkyl/aryl)-2,1λ5-benzazaphosphinin-2-ium heterocycles [C6H4-PPh2-NPh-C(R1)═C(R2)-3,4]+ as PF6 salts. In all studied cases only the monoinsertion products have been observed. In the case of the asymmetric alkyne MeC≡CPh the insertion is regioselective, and the [C6H4-PPh2-NPh-C(Me)═C(Ph)-3,4]PF6 salt is obtained.
Computer graphic modeling of american sign language (1983)

The essential grammatical information of American Sign Language (ASL) is conveyed through changes in the movement and spatial contouring of the hands and arms. An interactive computer graphic system is described for the analysis and modeling of sign language movement. This system consists of four components. The first component reconstructs actual movements in three dimensions and allows the user to interactively segment and transform the data for later analysis. The second component allows a user to interactively create synthetic signs by specifying angle functions in a jointed model. The third component provides a novel technique for manipulating movement quality independently of spatial path. The fourth component allows the building of complex stimuli and real-time stimulus sequencing for psycholinguistic experiments. The emphasis is on interactive techniques and data structures that allow analysis and modeling of the complex hand and arm movements of American Sign Language.
Enhanced drug delivery capabilities from stents coated with absorbable polymer and crystalline drug (2012)

Current drug eluting stent (DES) technology is not optimized with regard to the pharmacokinetics of drug delivery. A novel, absorbable-coating sirolimus-eluting stent (AC-SES) was evaluated for its capacity to deliver drug more evenly within the intimal area rather than concentrating drug around the stent struts and for its ability to match coating erosion with drug release. The coating consisted of absorbable poly-lactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and crystalline sirolimus deposited by a dry-powder electrostatic process. The AC-SES demonstrated enhanced drug stability under simulated use conditions and consistent drug delivery balanced with coating erosion in a porcine coronary implant model. The initial drug burst was eliminated and drug release was sustained after implantation. The coating was absorbed within 90 days. Following implantation into porcine coronary arteries the AC-SES coating is distributed in the surrounding intimal tissue over the course of several weeks. Computational modeling of drug delivery characteristics demonstrates how distributed coating optimizes the load of drug immediately around each stent strut and extends drug delivery between stent struts. The result was a highly efficient arterial uptake of drug with superior performance to a clinical bare metal stent (BMS). Neointimal thickness (0.17±0.07 mm vs. 0.28±0.11 mm) and area percent stenosis (22±9% vs. 35±12%) were significantly reduced (p<0.05) by the AC-SES compared to the BMS 30 days after stent implantation in an overlap configuration in porcine coronary arteries. Inflammation was significantly reduced in the AC-SES compared to the BMS at both 30 and 90 days after implantation. Biocompatible, rapidly absorbable stent coatings enable the matching of drug release with coating erosion and provide for the controlled migration of coating material into tissue to reduce vicissitudes in drug tissue levels, optimizing efficacy and reducing potential toxicity.
Sag Resistance OF Si-Mo and Si-Cr Spring Steels (1979)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Sag resistance was determined for a series of standard and experimental spring steels containing varying amounts of silicon, chromium and molybdenum. Of particular interest was the comparison in sag resistance among the SAE 5160, SAE 9260, Mn-Cr-Mo, 1Si-1/2Cr and 1Si-0.1Mo steels quenched and tempered to a common hardness of 50 HRC. The sag resistance was determined by room-temperature relaxation tests in which the specimens were stressed in tension for 150 hours under a given plastic strain. The results showed that in general the sag resistance increased as the silicon content increased. It was also observed that the higher the plastic strain applied in the relaxation tests the more beneficial effect molybdenum additions had on sag resistance.</div>
Synthesis of New α-Hydroxy-, α-Halogeno- and Vinylphosphonates Derived from 5,5-Dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-one (1997)

Several α-hydroxyphosphonates have been prepared by the Pudovik reaction of the cyclic phosphite 5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-one with aldehydes and β-oxo aldehydes. These can be readily converted to α-chloro- or α-bromophosphonates in excellent yield by simply treating them with thionyl chloride or bromide. Reaction with phosphorus triiodide gave α-iodophosphonates and α-hydridophosphonates. The Pudovik products are obtained from β-oxo aldehydes can be readily dehydrated to give vinylphosphonates.
Relationship Between Regional Myocardial Oxygenation and Perfusion in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease (2009)

Regional myocardial perfusion and oxygenation may be dissociated, indicating that in patients with CAD, reduced perfusion does not always lead to deoxygenation.
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the globular domain of collagen IV (1991)

Monoclonal antibodies were produced against NC1, the globular noncollagenous domain of collagen IV, isolated from bovine glomerular basement membrane. Cells from eight positive wells were cloned and the resulting monoclonal antibodies were studied in detail by immunofluorescence on human kidney sections, by Western blot and by ELISA against denatured subunits from NC1 hexamers and against native NC1 hexamers from different tissues. The monoclonal antibodies could be divided into two groups. Firstly, those monoclonal antibodies that, in ELISA and Western blot, reacted with peptides related to the alpha 1 chain of collagen IV and stained all basement membranes in the kidney. Secondly, a monoclonal antibody that, in ELISA and Western blot, reacted with peptides related to the Goodpasture antigen, the alpha 3 chain of collagen IV. When this antibody was applied to human kidney sections it stained the glomerular basement membrane very intensively. Bowman's capsule and some tubular basement membrane were also stained, although to a lesser extent. This staining pattern is the same as that observed with sera from patients with Goodpasture's syndrome. An attempt was made to separate different subtypes of the NC1 hexamer. A monoclonal antibody from the first group was used to make an affinity chromatography column. Glomerular basement membrane digested with collagenase was separated on this column and the collected fractions were analyzed by ELISA and SDS-PAGE. The result from this study support the idea that glomerular basement membrane is composed of at least two different subtypes of type IV collagen.
Thin film polymeric materials in microelectronic packaging and interconnect (2002)

Polymeric materials in the form of thin film insulating layers are finding increased application in a variety of microelectronic applications. The SIA IC roadmap shows the industry moving towards thin film polymers vs conventional SiO/sub 2/ dielectric for on chip interconnect. Photo polymers are being used as stress buffer/passivation layers on top of Si and GaAs chips and to redistribute peripheral pads on chips to area array bumps. Thin film materials are also being used to route interconnect on laminate, ceramic and silicon substrates; interconnect passive components; form optical waveguides for short haul optical interconnect and serve as planarization and alignment layers in flat panel displays.
Biased <i>and</i> Accurate (2013)

Are depressive symptoms associated with more biased or more accurate interpersonal perceptions? Both members of committed heterosexual couples (N = 78) reported on their perceptions of their partner's commitment and behavior daily across a 3-week period. Using the partner's reports as the benchmark, participants who reported more depressive symptoms not only underestimated their partner's commitment and overestimated their partner's negative behavior (greater directional bias) but were also more accurate in tracking changes in their partner's commitment and behavior across days (greater tracking accuracy). More negative perceptions of the partner's commitment and behavior was also associated with increases in relationship insecurity and depressed mood, particularly when the partner also reported lower commitment and more negative behavior. These results indicate that depressive symptoms are associated with both more accurate and more biased interpersonal perceptions and suggest that more accurate detection and more biased magnification of interpersonal threat has important implications for the maintenance of depressed mood.
Simple Bar‐Coating Process for Large‐Area, High‐Performance Organic Field‐Effect Transistors and Ambipolar Complementary Integrated Circuits (2013)

Large-area polymer FET arrays and integrated circuits (ICs) are successfully demonstrated via a simple wire-bar-coating process. Both a highly crystalline conjugated polymer layer and very smooth insulating polymer layer are formed by a consecutive wire-bar-coating process on a 4-inch plastic substrate with a short processing time for application as the active and dielectric layers of OFET arrays and ICs.
Supercontinuum-based 10-GHz flat-topped optical frequency comb generation (2013)

The generation of high-repetition-rate optical frequency combs with an ultra-broad, coherent and smooth spectrum is important for many applications in optical communications, radio-frequency photonics and optical arbitrary waveform generation. Usually, nonlinear broadening techniques of comb-based sources do not provide the required flatness over the whole available bandwidth. Here we present a 10-GHz ultra-broadband flat-topped optical frequency comb (> 3.64-THz or 28 nm bandwidth with ~365 spectral lines within 3.5-dB power variation) covering the entire C-band. The key enabling point is the development of a pre-shaping-free directly generated Gaussian comb-based 10-GHz pulse train to seed a highly nonlinear fiber with normal dispersion profile. The combination of the temporal characteristics of the seed pulses with the nonlinear device allows the pulses to enter into the optical wave-breaking regime, thus achieving a smooth flat-topped comb spectral envelope. To further illustrate the high spectral coherence of the comb, we demonstrate high-quality pedestal-free short pulse compression to the transform-limited duration.
Packet data service over GSM networks: proposal and performance evaluation attempt (2005)

There is a rapidly growing demand for low-cost packet data services in GSM networks. Therefore, the ETSI is considering the possible introduction of a general packet radio service (GPRS) in GSM. We propose an enhancement of a GPRS proposal which improves the utilization of the radio resource. In particular, we consider a random access technique, that is very close to the PRMA, and allows mobile stations to share all data traffic channels available in the cell. In this context, the performance of typical data applications, which require short messages, are evaluated by simulations. The results obtained confirm the validity of this proposal even if more accurate investigations are needed for its complete definition.
A method for the early evaluation of the Ponseti (Iowa) technique for the treatment of idiopathic clubfoot. (2003)

The Ponseti casting technique is reported to have a high success rate in the treatment of idiopathic clubfoot. Non-operative treatment of clubfoot provides a lower complication rate, less pain, and higher function as the patient ages than operative treatment. To demonstrate serial post-treatment change in clubfeet over time, three clubfoot rating systems were utilized in the current study. Patients compliant with the Ponseti technique and treated before the age of 7 months, had a 92% success rate at an early follow-up after casting was completed. It is not the purpose of this article to analyze the long-term clubfoot treatment result but to establish tools which can be used to judge initial success with the Ponseti technique. Complications are few and minor, limited to equipment used and cast technique.
New scanning probe microscopy techniques for analyzing organic photovoltaic materials and devices. (2010)

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials are an emerging alternative technology for converting sunlight into electricity. OPVs are potentially inexpensive to process, highly scalable in terms of manufacturing, and compatible with mechanically flexible substrates. In an OPV device, semiconducting polymers or small organic molecules are used to accomplish the functions of collecting solar photons, converting the photons to electrical charges, and transporting the charges to an external circuit as a useable current.\n
Technology Planning for Electric Power Supply in Critical Events Considering a Bulk Grid, Backup Power Plants, and Micro-Grids (2010)

This paper discusses a risk assessment approach to infrastructure technology planning aimed at improving power supply resiliency to natural disasters or other critical events. Cost as well as power supply availability are both fundamental decision factors considered in the study. The proposed planning process spans three phases during which the critical loads under study are subject to the effects of the extreme event: during the event, the immediate aftermath until potential infrastructure damage is repaired, and the long term aftermath until the load has recovered the same level existing before the critical event. The combined risk of these three phases is calculated considering likelihood of the critical event to occur, expected impact, and system vulnerability. This risk is then added to the system capital and normal operational costs to yield a lifetime cost that is used to compare technological options. Micro-grids are identified as a relevant technology with potential to achieve enhanced power supply during critical events. The analysis provides indications on how to better configure micro-grids in order to achieve high availability through diverse local distributed generation sources.
Effect of pressure on melting temperature of silicon (2003)

The melting temperature–pressure (Tm–P) phase diagram for both bulk and nanocrystalline silicon is predicted by using the Clapeyron equation, where the pressure-dependent volume difference is modelled by introducing the effect of surface stress induced pressure. The predictions are found to be consistent with other theoretical results.
Interest Rate Risk at Commercial Banks: An Empirical Investigation (1989)

Abstract This paper develops and estimates models to measure banks' exposure to interest rate risk. The models are estimated for the 1976–1983 period to determine whether banks' exposure to interest rate risk increased as a result of increased interest rate volatility and financial deregulation. The major findings are that banks changed their risk management strategies after 1979 and that total exposure to interest rate risk remained quite small.