gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The clinically available NMDA receptor antagonist memantine is antinociceptive on rat spinal neurones (1993)

In anaesthetized rats antinociceptive effects of the clinically available drug memantine, an NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) antagonist in vitro, were evaluated using extracellular recordings from spinal neurones with knee joint input. Memantine (1-12 mg kg-1) was applied intravenously before (control animals) or after induction of an acute knee joint inflammation which rendered spinal neurones hyperexcitable. Memantine (2 mg kg-1, i.v.) selectively reduced the responses to ionophoretic application of NMDA close to the neurone but not those to AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid). In control animals memantine reduced the neurones' responses to noxious but not to innocuous pressure on to the knee. In rats with acute arthritis memantine reduced the responses to noxious and innocuous pressure. Thus memantine may be useful for the treatment of pain states.
Magnetic Orientation of Isotactic Polystyrene (1997)

Magnetic orientation of isotactic polystyrene during the isothermal crystallization at 210 °C in the magnetic field of 6 T is studied by using the magnetic birefringence, X-ray diffraction, and infrared measurements. The orientation starts in the vicinity of the end of the induction period, that is, before the crystal growth is observed by the wide angle X-ray diffraction This suggests that some anisotropic structures formed in the induction period are responsible for the magnetic orientation. Crystals formed are aligned with the c-axis, perpendicular to the magnetic field. Crystallization process is accelerted under the magnetic field.
Scientific data integration: wrapping textual documents with a database view mechanism and an XML engine (2002)

Building a digital library for scientific data requires accessing and manipulating data extracted from flat files or from documents retrieved from the World Wide Web. We present an approach to querying flat files as well as Web data sources through an object database view based on a database system and a wrapper. Generally, a wrapper has two tasks: it first sends a query to the source to retrieve data and, secondly builds the expected output with respect to the virtual structure. Scientific data servers, and in particular the ones publicly available on the Web, usually provide information retrieval techniques to access data. Our wrappers are composed of a retrieval component, based on an intermediate object view mechanism called 'search views' mapping the source capabilities to attributes, and a XML engine to perform these two tasks. If the retrieval component is specific to each data source, this approach shows that the extraction component (the XML engine) can be common. We describe our system and focus on the retrieval component of the Object-Web Wrapper (OWW) for Web sources. The originality of our approach consists of (1) a common wrapper architecture for flat files and Web data sources sharing a XML engine for data extraction, (2) a generic view mechanism to access data sources with limited capabilities, and (3) the representation of hyperlinks as abstract attributes in the object view as well as their use in the search view. Our approach has been developed and demonstrated as part of a multidatabase system supporting queries via uniform Object Protocol Model (OPM) interfaces.
The Practicality of Drilling Very Long Pipelines Under Hazardous Terrain - 5km, 10km? (2005)

This chapter on the practicality of drilling very long pipelines under hazardous terrain is from the proceedings of an international conference on the terrain and geohazard challenges facing onshore oil and gas pipelines (June 2004, London, United Kingdom). The authors describe the rapidly expanding length/diameter parameters of horizontal directionally drilled (HDD) solutions for avoiding or mitigating the impact of terrain and geohazards on new pipelines while also safeguarding the environment. Topics include the reductions in pipeline routing options, examples of HDD solutions to terrain and geohazards, the availability of technology (equipment and tooling), issues in drilling and reaming long pilot holes, drill pipe buckling, torque and drag on the drill pipe, drag co-efficient, torsion capacity, hole opening (reaming), product pipe pullback, very deep HDD crossings, cobbles and gravels, and soft ground and hard ground issues. The authors conclude that, by using techniques well-proven in oil and gas well drilling, the ceiling for the practical length of HDD crossings can be significantly extended. Holes that are 5 km and even 10 km long are possible with appropriate, thorough engineering and suitable ground conditions.
Antisolvent Crystallization as an Alternative to Evaporative Crystallization for the Production of Sodium Chloride (2000)

A comparison has been made between the antisolvent crystallization of NaCl with diisopropylamine and the traditional four-effect evaporative crystallization of NaCl. Calculations demonstrated that for a 1 Mton/year salt production plant with an on-site integrated steam power plant the reduction in energy costs can be 29% if antisolvent crystallization is applied. The estimated fixed capital costs, however, are 8−55% higher for the antisolvent crystallization of NaCl, depending on the process configuration used. As a result of the higher fixed capital costs, the costs in the production of NaCl are lower for the four-effect evaporative crystallization route in all cases.
Combination therapy with thymosin α1 and interferon for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection: A randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trial† (1998)

Hepatitis C is a major cause of liver disease leading to cirrhosis. Although interferon (IFN) is the only approved therapy, treatment is characterized by low response rates and dose-limiting side effects. We evaluated the addition of thymosin alpha1 (TA1), an immunomodulatory peptide, to the standard treatment regimen for hepatitis C to determine if combination therapy shows biological activity using outcome measures including normalization of alanine aminotransferase levels, histological activity, and viral load during treatment. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to compare the biological activity of a combination TA1 and IFN with that seen for IFN alone in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. One hundred nine patients were randomized for intention to treat and received 1.6 mg of TA1 subcutaneously twice weekly and 3 MU of IFN three times weekly; 3 MU of IFN three times weekly and placebo TA1; or placebo for both agents. All patients had chronic HCV infection with confirmation of chronic hepatitis on liver biopsy. Biochemical responders were followed up until alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels became abnormal or for 26 weeks, and relapsers were retreated for 26 weeks in the same treatment arm. One hundred three patients completed treatment for 26 weeks, and six patients dropped out. The groups were similar with regard to sex, gender distribution, baseline histological activity index (HAI) score, risk factors, and viral titers. End-of-treatment biochemical response was seen in 37.1% of patients treated with combination therapy, 16.2% of patients treated with IFN alone, and 2.7% of untreated controls by intent-to-treat analysis (IFN/TA1 vs. IFN, chi2 = 4.05, P = .04). HCV RNA clearance was seen in 37.1% of IFN/TA1-treated patients and 18.9% of IFN-treated subjects. Mean HCV RNA titers were significantly lower than baseline at weeks 8, 16, and 24 after drug initiation among patients treated with IFN/TA1 but not in the other treatment arms. Histological improvement, as evidenced by a decrease in HAI of more than two points, occurred in the combination therapy arm more frequently than in comparison groups. Cumulative sustained biochemical responses were 14.2% and 8.1% in the IFN/TA1 and IFN arms, respectively, based on an intention-to-treat model. The combination of TA1 and standard IFN treatment for chronic hepatitis C showed evidence of biological activity at the completion of treatment by biochemical, histological, and virological outcome measures. Further research involving longer duration and varied dosing is needed.
Compact Millimeter-wave filters using distributed capacitively loaded CPW resonators (2006)

In this paper, a method for reducing the size of coplanar-waveguide (CPW) resonators, used in the design of compact bandpass filters, is presented. This is accomplished by incorporating a distributed array of capacitive loads along a resonant CPW line. Design of a miniaturized bandpass filter using capacitively loaded CPW resonators, which are inductively coupled, is presented. Inductively coupled bandpass filters with the proposed capacitively loaded CPW line resonators are designed and a size reduction of 25%, compared with filters using a standard CPW line resonator, is demonstrated. It is shown that, through this size reduction, the insertion loss is minimally increased (<0.4 dB). A hybrid algorithm, combining the method of moments (MOM) and circuit simulation is used to facilitate design process. Few filters using this technique are designed, fabricated, and measured at W-band. An excellent agreement between the simulation and measurement responses of these filters is presented.
A simple p53 functional assay for screening cell lines, blood, and tumors. (1995)

Mutations in the p53 gene are implicated in the pathogenesis of half of all human tumors. We have developed a simple functional assay for p53 mutation in which human p53 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae activates transcription of the ADE2 gene. Consequently, yeast colonies containing wild-type p53 are white and colonies containing mutant p53 are red. Since this assay tests the critical biological function of p53, it can distinguish inactivating mutations from functionally silent mutations. By combining this approach with gap repair techniques in which unpurified p53 reverse transcription-PCR products are cloned by homologous recombination in vivo it is possible to screen large numbers of samples and multiple clones per sample for biologically important mutations. This means that mutations can be detected in tumor specimens contaminated with large amounts of normal tissue. In addition, the assay detects temperature-sensitive mutants, which give pink colonies. We show here that this form of p53 functional assay can be used rapidly to detect germline mutations in blood samples, somatic mutations in tumors, and mutations in cell lines.
Visual experience can substantially alter critical flicker fusion thresholds (2004)

Studies of psychopharmacology often use the test of the critical flicker fusion (CFF) threshold as a measure of total information processing. It is true that studies of practice effects have shown that CFF thresholds are remarkably stable within and across multiple days of testing. This study confirms that subjects who undergo CFF testing on sequential days have stable thresholds, but also demonstrates that in subjects who conducted 1 h of motion training per day for 9 days the CFF thresholds increased by an average of 30%. The results show that the perceptual experience of subjects can dramatically alter the CFF thresholds and should be an important consideration in the control of studies employing the CFF as a measure.
From Acts to Awareness in Early Literacy (1998)

A study exploring young children's demonstration of their awareness of literacy learning through behaviours which relate to both reading and writing activities is illustrated. Children's awareness of literacy events provides common ground for people of different perspectives to discuss and share ideas because they demonstrate awareness as they attend to new aspects of their world.
Windows NT FAQ : NT-FAQ-J : すべてのNTユーザーのためのQ&A集 (1997)

１章 Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ ＮＴ概要編 ２章 インストール編 ３章 ハードウェア編 ４章 ソフトウェア編 ５章 ネットワーク編 ６章 システム管理編 ７章 ＢａｃｋＯｆｆｉｃｅ・サーバ関連ソフト編 ８章 プログラミング編 ９章 ＮＴ関連情報編
Evaluation of intravenous flavopiridol formulations. (2000)

Flavopiridol is currently under consideration as a parenteral treatment of breast tumors. The solubility of this poorly water-soluble compound can be increased by a number of methods. However, because of its low water solubility, precipitation of the solubilized drug upon injection can be a problem. The potential of several flavopiridol formulations to precipitate is evaluated using a static serial dilution technique. It is shown that formulations containing up to 10 mg/mL of flavopiridol which produce negligible precipitation on dilution can be developed.
Stamen Structure and Function (2004)

Stamens are the male reproductive organs of flowering plants. They consist of an anther, the site of pollen development, and in most species a stalk-like filament, which transmits water and nutrients to the anther and positions it to aid pollen dispersal. Within the anther, male sporogenous cells
A novel chitosan–collagen-based hydrogel for use as a dermal filler: initial in vitro and in vivo investigations (2014)

Novel hydrogels (termed HCD hydrogels) were synthesized based on human-like collagen (HLC) and chitosan (CS) cross-linked with dialdehyde starch (DAS). The biological stability and biocompatibility of HCD hydrogels were determined through in vitro and in vivo tests. The mechanism of hydrogel formation was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which showed that covalent bonds formed via acetalization and Schiff base reactions. Biological stability was evaluated in vitro by degrading HCD hydrogels with class I collagenase, class II collagenase, and both class I and class II collagenases and in vivo after subcutaneously injecting HCD into an animal model. The biological characteristics of HCD hydrogels was studied by two methods: (i) MTT and cytomorphology cytotoxicity and cytocompatibility and (ii) in vivo, whereby histomorphometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and immunohistochemistry were used to compare different types of surgically introduced hydrogels, our HCD hydrogels, SunMax Collagen Implant hydrogels (SUM hydrogels), and OUTLINE&EVOLUTION Injectable Synthetic Gel hydrogels (EVL hydrogels). The in vivo analyses were performed at 1, 9, 12, and 28 weeks after surgery. The hydrogel biodegradation results showed that the normalized residual weight (W<sub>R</sub>) of HCD hydrogels varied with DAS content. In vitro, we found that the minimum W<sub>R</sub> of HCD hydrogels was 42.19% after 28 weeks when degraded by both types of class I and class II collagenase. The MTT assay indicated that the minimum relative growth rate (RGR) of cells was 93% after they were incubated with HCD hydrogels for 7 days, suggesting good cytocompatibility. In vivo histomorphometry results indicated that HCD hydrogels effectively filled tissue voids and did not cause redness, edema, festering, or color changes. In addition, a few vessels grew into the hydrogel and a thin fibrous capsule was eventually produced. TEM and immunohistochemistry studies suggested that HCD hydrogels produced less intense inflammatory responses than those produced by SUM hydrogels and EVL hydrogels. Overall, HCD hydrogels afford both enhanced biological stability and excellent biocompatibility, making them potentially promising for skin patch scaffolds, wrinkle treatments, and tissue cavity fillers.
Nano‐Objects on a Round Trip from Water to Organics in a Polymeric Ionic Liquid Vehicle (2006)

Carbon nanotubes, gold nanorods, and silver nanoparticles can be transferred from water to organic solvents and back to water again by using polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) as vehicles (see scheme). The PILs are able to trap several nano-objects during their anion-exchange-induced precipitation in water. This reversible process provides a PIL/nano-object composite that is fully redispersible in organic solvents.
Magnetooptical properties of ferrimagnetic CoCr&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;S&lt;inf&gt;4&lt;/inf&gt;in the near infrared (1974)

CoCr <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> S <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf> , which is a ferrimagnetic insulator, has been prepared by hot-pressing microcrystalline powder. The infrared magneto-reflectance effects have been measured at several temperatures below the transition temperature of 221K. Very large Kerr effects, which are centered at 1.0 and 1.7 μm, have been associated with the principal crystal field transitions of divalent cobalt. These samples exhibit a normal remanence of at least 95 percent, which is attributed to strain-induced anisotropy in the sample. The transmission and Faraday rotation of the material are deduced from Kramers-Kronig and other analysis of the reflectance data. The use of this material in a digital-storage application is discussed
The apical ectodermal ridge regulates Hox-7 and Hox-8 gene expression in developing chick limb buds. (1991)

We show that expression of the two related chicken homeo box genes, Hox-7 and Hox-8, which is widespread in the lateral mesoderm at early stages, becomes restricted to the mesoderm underlying the apical ectodermal ridge as limbs develop. Expression in the limb bud mesoderm is not maintained in the limbless mutant, which does not form an apical ridge. The mutant can be rescued by grafting normal ectoderm to the limb field. This leads to expression of the two homeo box genes in the mesoderm under the induced ridge. Phenocopies of eudiplopodia, which form an ectopic ridge on the limb bud, express the two genes under both ridges. When a quail ridge is grafted over nonexpressing mesoderm, a new site of expression is induced. Therefore, Hox-7 and Hox-8 depend on a functional ridge for their continued expression in the limb bud and can be induced by it.
Characterization and reliability of conductive ink/polymer filled microvias (2002)

The robustness and reliability of conductive polymer materials for multilayer laminate substrate interconnection has evolved from electronic packaging applications in rather benign environments to applications that endure the harshest automotive environments, i.e. underhood and on-engine. This extended abstract serves as an introductory survey of conductive ink/polymer filled microvia materials, process, and reliability development. It characterizes in microstructural detail several conductive ink systems used to fill microvias, describes multilayer laminate substrate fabrication and interconnection approaches along with some related process issues. It highlights the design advantages of these constructions and summarizes results of bare board reliability testing and the requirements for demanding automotive environments. The bulk resistivity of these conductive ink materials range from 35 to 300 (/spl mu//spl Omega/ cm) depending on the degree of contiguity of the metal phases. The adhesion and/or metallurgical bonding to opposing layer-to-layer circuit pads is critical in obtaining suitable reliability and low contact resistance of the interconnection. The utilization of these interconnection methods for mixed density substrate applications as well as multilayer laminate substrate approaches will be briefly discussed.
Involvement of a Flavosemiquinone in the Enzymatic Oxidation of Nitroalkanes Catalyzed by 2-Nitropropane Dioxygenase (2004)

2-Nitropropane dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.32) catalyzes the oxidation of nitroalkanes into their corresponding carbonyl compounds and nitrite. In this study, the ncd-2 gene encoding for the enzyme in Neurospora crassa was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli, and the resulting enzyme was purified. Size exclusion chromatography, heat denaturation, and mass spectroscopic analyses showed that 2-nitropropane dioxygenase is a homodimer of 80 kDa, containing a mole of non-covalently bound FMN per mole of subunit, and is devoid of iron. With neutral nitroalkanes and anionic nitronates other than propyl-1- and propyl-2-nitronate, for which a non-enzymatic free radical reaction involving superoxide was established using superoxide dismutase, substrate oxidation occurs within the enzyme active site. The enzyme was more specific for nitronates than nitroalkanes, as suggested by the second order rate constant k(cat)/K(m) determined with 2-nitropropane and primary nitroalkanes with alkyl chain lengths between 2 and 6 carbons. The steady state kinetic mechanism with 2-nitropropane, nitroethane, nitrobutane, and nitrohexane, in either the neutral or anionic form, was determined to be sequential, consistent with oxygen reacting with a reduced form of enzyme before release of the carbonyl product. Enzyme-monitored turnover with ethyl nitronate as substrate indicated that the catalytically relevant reduced form of enzyme is an anionic flavin semiquinone, whose formation requires the substrate, but not molecular oxygen, as suggested by anaerobic substrate reduction with nitroethane or ethyl nitronate. Substrate deuterium kinetic isotope effects with 1,2-[(2)H(4)]nitroethane and 1,1,2-[(2)H(3) ethyl nitronate at pH 8 yielded normal and inverse effects on the k(cat)/K(m) value, respectively, and were negligible on the k(cat) value. The k(cat)/K(m) and k(cat) pH profiles with anionic nitronates showed the requirement of an acid, whereas those for neutral nitroalkanes were consistent with the involvement of both an acid and a base in catalysis. The kinetic data reported herein are consistent with an oxidasestyle catalytic mechanism for 2-nitropropane dioxygenase, in which the flavin-mediated oxidation of the anionic nitronates or neutral nitroalkanes and the subsequent oxidation of the enzyme-bound flavin occur in two independent steps.
WIDESPREAD OCCURRENCE OF THE OCEANIC ULTRAPLANKTER, <i>PRASINOCOCCUS CAPSULATUS</i> (PRASINOPHYCEAE), THE DIAGNOSTIC “GOLGI‐DECAPORE COMPLEX” AND THE NEWLY DESCRIBED POLYSACCHARIDE “CAPSULAN” (1999)

A nonmotile green nanoalga was isolated from the waters over the Cayman Trench in March 1979 and has been maintained in culture as clone URI 266G (CCMP 1202). It was observed to form a copious polysaccharide capsule that presumably originated in the Golgi body and was secreted through a crown of 10 pores in the cell wall, the “decapore.” This multilaminate apical area, lying adjacent to the Golgi, underwent structural changes during morphogenesis. The polysaccharide precursors that coalesced to form the capsule apparently became stainable and visible as they exited the decapore when they cross‐linked with divalent ions in seawater. Cell wall precursors, or a cell wall lamina, surrounded the daughter cells both during synchronous binary fission and after cell separation, with the maternal capsule perhaps acting as a template. Similar prasinophyte isolates have been obtained from widespread areas of the North Atlantic and were divided into two subgroups on the basis of their pigment complement (Hooks et al. 1988). One subgroup, typified by clone Ω 48‐23 (CCMP 1203), was described by Guillard et al. (1991) as Pycnococcus provasolii Guillard within a new family, the Pycnococcaceae. The other subgroup, typified by clone URI 266G (CCMP 1202), contained two unique carotenoids, one of which was uriolide (Foss et al. 1986). Subsequently, Miyashita et al. (1993) described an alga from the western Pacific Ocean that is indistinguishable from URI 266G in both pigment composition and ultrastructure that they named Prasinococcus capsulatus Miyashita et Chihara and placed tentatively in the Pycnococcaceae. They described a curious asexual budding fission. Here we suggest an alternative form of cell division analogous to that observed in the other described Pycnococcaceae. We used theultrastructure of cells in exponential and stationary phases of growth to illustrate synchronous asexual binary fission, the “Golgi‐decapore complex,” and its apparent role in capsule formation. A unique sulfated and carboxylated polyanionic polysaccharide named capsulan is released from this complex.