gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The fundamentals of the pseudospark and its applications (1989)

The pseudospark, an axially symmetric gas discharge at low pressures of typically 10 to 100 Pa and high voltages (of some hundred volts up to several hundreds of kilovolts), has become of interest in fast high-power switching, in producing well-pinched high intensity electron or ion beams, and as an X-ray source. The essential features of this type of discharge are described. The results of fast time-resolved spectroscopic investigations and breakdown delay statistics of the pseudospark are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Constructing a molecular model of the interaction between antithrombin III and a potent heparin analog (1991)

Abstract: Information about the antithrombin 111-heparin interaction is deduced from the following: (i) structure-activity studies of various synthetic analogues of the antithrombin I11 binding pentasaccharide domain of heparin, which revealed that essential sulfate and carboxylate substituents are located at opposite sides of the pentasaccharide molecule; (ii) studies that designated the heparin-binding amino acid residues of antithrombin 111; (iii) a molecular model of antithrombin 111, constructed on the basis of the crystal structure of a1-antitrypsin. From these studies it could be deduced that both the protein and the carbohydrate display an asymmetric assembly of essential interaction points. Docking trials indicated a single complex in which the interaction points are complementary. The latter complex was optimized by molecular dynamics simulations. The final model reveals, for the first time, how a well-defined region of a sulfated polysaccharide can interact specifically with a complementary binding site on a functional protein.
Genetic differences between the standard Ames tester strains TA100 and TA98 (1993)

The standard Ames tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium are separated by many steps in their pedigree, some involving mutagen treatments, and contain independently isolated uvrB-bio-gal deletions and rfa mutations. In this work the araD531 mutation was introduced into the Ames tester strains TA100 and TA98. The responsiveness of the resulting strains (BA15 and BA14) to a number of chemical mutagens was then assessed by monitoring the induction of forward mutations to L-arabinose resistance (Ara test). Here we have shown that these two strains of the Ames test differ greatly in their responses to mutagens, in ways that are not associated with the mutagenic specificities of the original his mutations. In general, the genetic background of strain TA100 appears to be more sensitive to the killing effects of chemicals than that of TA98. The greatest differences were found with nifurtimox (NFX) and its analogue, compound 1K. The Ara test responded to the mutagenic effects of these two nitrofurans when carried out in the genetic background of strain TA98 but not in that of TA100. A higher sensitivity to the lethal effects of NFX and 1K together with the greater nitro-reduction capability of strain TA100 as compared with TA98 might explain the differences. In conclusion, our results indicate that the standard Ames S. typhimurium tester strains are not isogenic and that genetic differences at loci other than his might be significant for mutagenicity testing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Association Analysis of Allelic Variants of USF1 in Coronary Atherosclerosis (2008)

Our findings in this unique study sample suggest that USF1 contributes to atherosclerosis, the pathological arterial wall phenotype resulting in coronary heart disease and in its most dramatic consequence-sudden cardiac death.
Features of Chronic Bronchitis in Different Age Groups (2014)

Background: Lung diseases are assuming greater relevance and importance today. Chronic bronchitis is a self-nosology, which may precede the development of COPD, the importance of which can hardly be overestimated. The main problem in this disease is caused by late diagnosis and treatment due to the delay by patients in seeking medical help. The aim of the work was to study the distribution and exposure to tobacco smoke, especially chronic bronchitis, depending on various factors, including age. Methods: We examined 1779 persons, including 855 men and 924 women. The mean age of the population was 35.83±8.3 years. We conducted surveys and spirometry. The outcome was assessed after a bronchodilation test was performed with salbutamol 400 mcg. We performed all statistical analysis using software package Statistica 10. Results: We identified chronic bronchitis in 9.2% of the cases in the group of younger individuals and in 14.9% of the cases in the group of older individuals, during the active detection of chronic bronchitis using questionnaires. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was slightly higher among the younger (39.5%) than the older persons (33.6%); the frequency of smoking in a group of chronic bronchitis was reliably higher. Also, in this group, the performance spirometry reliably decreased. Conclusions: Outpatient survey is an effective method of identifying chronic bronchitis. Smoking is a major risk factor in the group of young respondents and the prevalence of smoking is inversely related to the education level of the respondents, regardless of age. As the decline in the Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1 and FEV1/FVC) is the main criterion diagnosis of COPD, it revealed significant declines in the FEV1 of the younger smoking individuals, which may help to predict the development of COPD in the older age group.
Recursive realizations of n‐th order fir filters with linear phase designed by (n‐1) point frequency sampling technique (1980)

Abstract In determining approximately impulse responses of linear‐phase Nth‐order FIR filters by the N‐point frequency sampling method, the approximated impulse response is expressed as a sum of cosine or sine function series with phase shift corresponding to half series time width having sampled values as coefficients. On the other hand, the (N‐1) point frequency sampling method enables one to obtain the approximated impulse response in a form of a sum of cosine or sine function series without phase shift having sampled values as coefficients. In the recursive realization of triangular function series, the triangular function series without phase shift can be realized using a smaller number of multipliers than the triangular function series with phase shift. The (N‐1) point frequency sampling provides more effective recursive realization than the N‐point frequency sampling. If the normal form is used, the number of multipliers can be reduced by 33% and the processing speed and round‐off noise can be improved considerably.
Power Consumption and BER of Flip-Flop Inserted Global Interconnect (2007)

In nanometer scale integrated circuits, concurrent insertion of repeaters and sequential elements into the global interconnect lines has been proposed to support multicycle communication—a concept known as interconnect pipelining. The design targets of an interconnect-pipelining scheme are to ensure high reliability, low-power consumption, and less delay cycles. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the reliability in terms of bit error rate (BER) and the power consumption of wire-pipelining scheme. In this analysis, the dependencies of power consumption and BER on the number of inserted flip-flops, and the size of repeaters are illustrated. To trade off the design targets (wire delay, BER, and power consumption), a methodology is developed to optimize the repeater size and the number of flip-flops inserted which maximize a user-specified figure of merit. The methodology is demonstrated by calculating optimal solutions for interconnect pipelining for some International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductor technology nodes.
Distributed Variational Representation Learning (2019)

The problem of distributed representation learning is one in which multiple sources of information X<sub>1</sub>,…, X<sub>K</sub> are processed separately so as to learn as much information as possible about some ground truth Y. We investigate this problem from information-theoretic grounds, through a generalization of Tishby's centralized Information Bottleneck (IB) method to the distributed setting. Specifically, K encoders, K ≥ 2, compress their observations X<sub>1</sub>,…, X<sub>K</sub> separately in a manner such that, collectively, the produced representations preserve as much information as possible about Y. We study both discrete memoryless (DM) and memoryless vector Gaussian data models. For the discrete model, we establish a single-letter characterization of the optimal tradeoff between complexity (or rate) and relevance (or information) for a class of memoryless sources (the observations X<sub>1</sub>,…, X<sub>K</sub> being conditionally independent given Y). For the vector Gaussian model, we provide an explicit characterization of the optimal complexity-relevance tradeoff. Furthermore, we develop a variational bound on the complexity-relevance tradeoff which generalizes the evidence lower bound (ELBO) to the distributed setting. We also provide two algorithms that allow to compute this bound: i) a Blahut-Arimoto type iterative algorithm which enables to compute optimal complexity-relevance encoding mappings by iterating over a set of self-consistent equations, and ii) a variational inference type algorithm in which the encoding mappings are parametrized by neural networks and the bound approximated by Markov sampling and optimized with stochastic gradient descent. Numerical results on synthetic and real datasets are provided to support the efficiency of the approaches and algorithms developed in this paper.
Nonlinear diffraction tomography: The use of inverse scattering for imaging (1996)

Our recent inverse scattering work has been to derive inverse scattering theory and algorithms that can be used to process practical experimental data. The theory makes use of computation of the forward scattering solution. Therefore, an efficient forward solver is instrumental to the rapid solution of the inverse scattering problem. The advantage of the more sophisticated theory over a linear theory is that it accounts for multiple scattering effects within the scatterers which often give rise to distortions in an image. A new method to invert strong scatterers, such as metallic scatterers, is presented. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Etude en serie <i>as</i>‐triazine. X. Réactions nucleophiles sur les triazines‐1,2,4 ones‐5 (1973)

Abstract L'action des réactifs de Grignard sur la méthyl‐6 triazinone‐5 et sur ses dérivés méthylés, permet de mettre en évidence plusieurs types d'addition; l'orientation vers l'une ou l'autre des réactions dépend de la structure de la triazinone‐5 et de l'eneombrement du réactif. Dans chaque cas un schéma reudant compte du déroulement de la réaction est proposé. L'action de l'hydrure d'aluminium et de lithium est étudiée à titre de comparaison.
Bipartite substrate discrimination by human nucleotide excision repair (1997)

Mammalian nucleotide excision repair (NER) eliminates carcinogen-DNA adducts by double endonucleolytic cleavage and subsequent release of 24-32 nucleotide-long single-stranded fragments. Here we manipulated the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone of DNA to analyze the mechanism by which damaged strands are discriminated as substrates for dual incision. We found that human NER is completely inactive on DNA duplexes containing single C4'-modified backbone residues. However, the same C4' backbone variants, which by themselves do not perturb complementary hydrogen bonds, induced strong NER reactions when incorporated into short segments of mispaired bases. No oligonucleotide excision was detected when DNA contained abnormal base pairs without concomitant changes in deoxyribose-phosphate composition. Thus, neither C4' backbone lesions nor improper base pairing stimulated human NER, but the combination of these two substrate alterations constituted an extremely potent signal for double DNA incision. In summary, we used C4'-modified backbone residues as molecular tools to dissect DNA damage recognition by human NER into separate components and identified a bipartite discrimination mechanism that requires changes in DNA chemistry with concurrent disruption of Watson-Crick base pairing.
Patterns, Oscillations, and Microtornadoes: Extreme Events in Vapor-to-particle Reaction Zones (2013)

We report on a new set of topochemically organized, nanoparticulate experimental systems in which vapor diffuses and convects to form spatially defined reaction zones. In these zones, a complex sequence of catalyzed proton-transfer, nucleation, growth, aggregation, hydration, charging processes, and turbulence produce rings, tubes, spirals, pulsing crystals, oscillating fronts and patterns such as Liesegang rings. We call these beautiful 3-dimensional structures “microtornadoes”, “microstalagtites”, and “microhurricanes”, We synthesize a proposed mechanism for the chemical reactions and propose ways in which mathematical modeling of the patterns can inform studies of the nature of these extreme events.
Reciprocal Signaling by Integrin and Nonintegrin Receptors during Collagen Activation of Platelets (2003)

Activation of platelets by exposed collagen after vessel wall injury is a primary event in the pathogenesis of stroke and myocardial infarction. Two collagen receptors, integrin alpha2beta1 and glycoprotein VI (GPVI), are expressed at similar levels on human and mouse platelets, but their individual roles during collagen activation remain poorly defined. Recent genetic and pharmacologic experiments have revealed an essential role for GPVI but have failed to define the role of alpha2beta1 or explain how two structurally distinct collagen receptors might function together to mediate platelet collagen responses. Discriminating the roles of these two collagen receptors is complicated by evidence suggesting that GPVI and platelet integrins may activate a common intracellular signaling pathway. To determine how alpha2beta1 and GPVI activate platelets in response to collagen, we have (i) examined collagen signaling conferred by expression of these receptors in hematopoietic cell lines; (ii) determined the effect of blocking each receptor on the activation of human platelets by collagen; (iii) generated low-GPVI mice in which the alpha2beta1/GPVI receptor ratio has been altered from 1:1 to 50:1 to expose alpha2beta1 function; (iv) studied the collagen responses of mouse platelets lacking LAT, an adaptor protein critical for GPVI but not integrin signaling; and (v) addressed the mechanism by which soluble collagens activate wild-type platelets. These studies demonstrate that alpha2beta1 requires inside-out signals to participate in collagen signaling and that alpha2beta1 is required for collagen activation of platelets when GPVI signals are reduced by blocking anti-GPVI antibody, low receptor number, specific disruption of the GPVI signaling pathway, or forms of collagen that bind weakly to GPVI relative to alpha2beta1. We propose a reciprocal two-receptor model of collagen signaling in platelets in which the nonintegrin receptor GPVI provides the primary collagen signal that activates and recruits the integrin receptor alpha2beta1 to further amplify collagen signals and fully activate platelets through a common intracellular signaling pathway. This model explains many of the genetic and pharmacologic observations regarding collagen signaling in platelets and demonstrates a novel mechanism by which hematopoietic cells integrate signaling by structurally distinct receptors that share a common ligand.
Lern- und Lehrmotivation (1996)

Didaktische Theorien verkörpern einen ungewöhnlich hohen Reflexionsstand in Bezug auf die Tätigkeit von Lehrenden an Schulen und anderen Bildungseinrichtungen. Die Konvergenz neuerer theoretischer Modelle markiert aber wohl nicht das Ende erziehungswissenschaftlicher Forschung. Die Bildungsbemühungen der Lernsubjekte scheinen sogar ein eher unerforschtes Terrain zu sein, auf das sich auch die darauf inzwischen gut vorbereitete Psychologie wieder häufiger wagen sollte. In einem von Pädagogen und Psychologen in Essen durchgeführten Modellversuch wurde ein Modell zur Förderung von Interessen der Schülerinnen und Schüler in der Schule entwickelt. Dabei trat die Bedeutung von Lern- und Lehrinteressen der Lehrenden immer stärker in den Vordergrund.
A deep-sea seismic reflection profile (1955)

Abstract This paper presents a detailed seismic reflection profile taken over the deep ocean. Clear sub-bottom reflections and refractions are obtained which are interpretable to show the variation of velocity with depth. From the travel-time difference between the bottom reflection and a prominent sub-bottom reflection as a function of range and frequency and from the variation of the amplitudes of the bottom and sub-bottom reflections with frequency and angle of incidence, the conclusion is reached that the sediment is dispersive, i.e, that the velocity of sound propagation through it is a function of frequency. Further it is concluded that at lower frequencies the velocity in the sediment near the bottom is less than that in the adjacent ocean. This rather unexpected geophysical phenomenon is explained theoretically in terms of propagation in a porous media.The low velocity sediment forms a wave guide between the higher velocity ocean above and the higher velocity sediment beneath. This resultant wave guide explains previously observed single-frequency arrivals.
Eisner’s reciprocity paradox and its resolution (1987)

The principle of reciprocity says that when a vertical source (a vibrator) and a vertical receiver (a geophone) are interchanged, the same seismogram will be recorded in each case. In a field study conducted by D. Fenati and F. Rocca in 1984, it was found that the reciprocal principle also applies surprisingly well even when the required conditions are technically violated, such as when an isotropic source (dynamite) is used with a vertical receiver (again a geophone).
Spectroscopic Mueller Matrix Polarimetry (2014)

Polarization tool as ellipsometry is a classic but still new technology. It is used in various fields : from materials science, such as the newest nanotechnology and optical function material, to biotechnology in recent years. It has been developing into the new areas, called polarization science and polarization technology. This paper reviews a measurement method for spectroscopic Mueller matrix such as a dual rotating retarder type polarimeter, a liquid crystal phase modulation type polarimeter, and a channeled spectrum polarimeter. In addition, the important analysis is introduced for equipment calibration and a decomposition method from obtained Mueller matrix.
Alkaline‐Earth Metal‐Based Chiral Lewis Acids (2017)

Asymmetric catalysis based on chiral Lewis acids is broadly recognized as a significant tool for the preparation of optically active compounds. However, from the perspective of green sustainable chemistry, it is highly preferred to find environmentally friendly processes and catalysts. In alkaline-earth metal-catalyzed reactions, the amphoteric acid/base character of the complexes is of extreme importance. The strong Bronsted basicity allows for the abstraction of acidic protons, such as the α-protons of carbonyl compounds. On the other hand, the significant Lewis acidity is used for stereocontrol of the reaction. These unique properties of alkaline earth metal complexes are due to the chemical properties of Group II metals. The unique chemical properties of Group II metals, such as amphoteric acid/base character, divalent stable oxidation state, and the high coordination numbers to the metal center allow to obtain the types of chiral alkaline earth metal complexes, which collectively find applications in a number of organic reactions.
Reverse short channel effect and channel length dependence of boron penetration in PMOSFETs (2002)

The anomalous increase in reverse-short-channel effect of PMOSFETs, in the presence of boron penetration from the gate, is examined here. Based on an extensive simulation and experimental study, we demonstrate that the degree of boron penetration is a function of the channel length and that long channel transistors are more susceptible to boron penetration compared to short channel devices. This leads to the observed decrease in threshold voltage with increasing channel length and hence, an enhanced reverse-short-channel-like behavior in PMOSFETs. Using length scale arguments, we propose that silicon interstitial absorption into the gate oxide is responsible for blocking boron penetration at the edges of the channel as compared to the middle, thus making the short channel length transistors more immune to boron penetration as compared to long channel length ones.
Directional hearing aid based on array technology. (1993)

The hearing impaired often have great difficulty understanding speech in surroundings with background noise or reverberation. A directional hearing aid might be beneficial in reducing background noise in relation to the desired speech signal. To this end microphone systems were developed with strongly directional characteristics, using array techniques. Considerable attention was paid to optimization and stability. Free-field simulations of several robust models showed that a directivity index of 9 dB can be obtained. Simulations were verified with a laboratory model. Based on simulations and measurements, two portable prototypes were developed and tested using a KEMAR-manikin. The KEMAR-measurements showed that the two prototypes gave an improvement of the signal to noise ratio of 7 dB in a fully diffuse sound field. The benefit of these microphone arrays for the hearing impaired was tested in a sound insulated room. One loudspeaker was placed in front of the listener simulating the partner in a discussion, and a diffuse background noise was produced by eight loudspeakers placed on the corners of a cube. The hearing impaired subject was seated in the centre of the cube. The speech-reception threshold in noise for simple Dutch sentences was determined with a normal single omni-directional microphone and with one of the prototypes. The results of the listening tests with 45 hearing impaired subjects showed an average improvement of the S/N-ratio of 7.0 dB for monaural fitting.
Activating Paralyzed Muscles using Adaptive Control and a Neuroprosthetic Technique (2006)

Natural biological control involves the normal functioning of the living organism (i.e. human body) to regulate its parameters such that the vital functions are kept within the normal operating range. When this natural control fails, the biological feedback is unstable, operating under non-optimal conditions of the subject's vital capacity. In this context, ensuring the subject's nominal surviving capacity requires artificial control of the vital functions. Nowadays technology enables the development of artificial closed-loop devices to correct and provide the normal functions of the organism, thus replacing the damaged parts or helping to recover their natural properties. These procedures are called rehabilitation techniques. An application of closed-loop control will exemplify the importance of the challenges posed by a neuroprosthetic technique. Rehabilitation of drop-foot or hand-grasp movements with paretic or paralyzed skeletal muscles is achieved with the proposed self-adaptive auto-tuning control strategy