gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Opioid Antagonist Naltrexone Improves Murine Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2008)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a condition of the intestine with significant morbidity. Although hereditary, environmental, immunologic, and bacterial factors have been implicated, the etiology of IBD remains unknown. Since opioid peptides modulate inflammatory cytokine production and opioid antagonists promote tissue growth and repair, we hypothesized the opioid antagonist naltrexone could reduce inflammation of the bowel. Using a chemically-induced mouse model of IBD, C57BL/6J mice received either untreated drinking water or water containing 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in two parallel regimens modeling moderate and severe colitis. After colitis was established, animals in the moderate colitis study were administered either saline (control) or naltrexone (NTX; 8 or 400 microg/kg) daily, while those in the severe colitis study received 0.1 or 10 mg/kg NTX. DSS-treated animals had significant weight loss (p = 0.006) and higher disease activity index (DAI) scores (p < 0.001) compared to water controls. However, NTX treatment of mice with moderate colitis resulted in less weight loss, lower DAI scores, and less histologic evidence of inflammation compared to controls. Significantly, elevated levels of colonic RNA for pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12 were also decreased toward normal with NTX. Similar to patients with severe and unresponsive disease, animals in the severe colitis study did not significantly respond to treatment. Thus, NTX therapy reverses physical symptoms, histologic evidence, and molecular markers of inflammation in moderate colitis. The mechanism by which NTX acts to reverse colitis is related in part to the decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Metal-Containing Initiator Systems. XXXIII. Polymerization of Vinyl Monomers Initiated by Binary System of Bis(ethyl Acetoacetato)copper(ll) and Sodium Tetraphenylborate (1984)

Abstract The polymerization of vinyl monomer with the bis (ethyl acetoacetato)copper(n) (Cu(eacac2) and the sodium tetraphenylborate (TPB) system was investigated. This binary system was found to initiate effectively the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and methyl acrylate (MA). The polymerization of MMA with the Cu(eacac2)/TPB system was studied kinetically in acetone. The overall activation energy of the polymerization was calculated to be 15.8 kcal/mol. This value is a little lower than that (17.6 kcal/mol) for the polymerization of MMA with Cu(eacac)2 alone. The polymerization rate (Rp) is represented by The high order for the monomer concentration suggests participation of the monomer in the initiation process in this polymerization. This is supported by examination of the visible and ESR spectra of the Cu(eacac)2/TPB/MMA/acetone system. Reduction of Cu (II) to Cu(I) was observed from the ESR spectrum. To elucidate the initiation mechanism, the spin trapping technique was applied to the Cu(eacac)2)/TPB/MMA system. Based on these results, an initiation mechanism for the binary system of Cu (eacac)2 and TPB is proposed and discussed.
Improving traffic in urban environments applying the Wardrop equilibrium (2013)

Over the last few years vehicular traffic density has continuously increased and it is likely that the traffic demand will further increase in the future. In many metropolitan areas the road infrastructure is no longer able to handle the peak traffic demand and the existing road network cannot be easily extended. The best way to improve the traffic situation is to optimise the resources available in the transportation network and to coordinate the traffic demand. The approach that we propose in this paper makes use of a collaborative traffic coordination protocol which collects real-time Floating Car Data (FCD) directly from participating vehicles and suggests dynamic routes in order to minimize travel delay. Information such as speed, position and direction is sent to one or more Traffic Coordination Points (TCPs) where it is aggregated to obtain a global picture of the traffic conditions in real-time. Based on this data, we continuously compute the route that minimizes the travel time to a given destination by applying Wardrop's first principle of equilibrium. Our results show that, by coordinating the vehicles, we are able to better distribute the overall traffic demand throughout the transportation network, reducing the average travel times and accommodating more vehicles.
Use of Solution Error Models in History Matching (2008)

Uncertainty in reservoir models can be quantified by generating large numbers of history-matched models, and using those models to forecast ranges of hydrocarbons produced. The need to run large numbers of simulations inevitably drives the engineer to compromises in either the physics represented in the reservoir model, or in the resolution of the simulations run. These compromises will often introduce biases in the simulations, and the unknown reservoir parameters are estimated using the biased simulations, which can lead to biases in the parameter estimates. Solution error models can be used to correct for the effects of the biases. Solution error models work by building a statistical model for the differences between fine and coarse simulations (or between full physics and reduced physics simulations) using data from simulations at a limited number of locations in parameter space. The statistical model then produces estimates of the error elsewhere in parameter space; these estimates are used to correct the effects of the coarse model biases. In this work, we apply a solution error model to material balance calculations. Material balance is frequently used in reservoir engineering to estimate the initial oil in place. However such models are very simple, treating the reservoir as a tank and allowing instantaneous equilibration of fluids within the tank. The results of material balance simulations will therefore not be consistent with multi-cell reservoir simulations. We use a model based on Teal South Reservoir in the Gulf of Mexico to demonstrate how an error model can correct a material balance model to the accuracy of a reservoir simulation.
Decreased expression of genes involved in sulfur amino acid metabolism in frataxin-deficient cells (2003)

Inherited deficiency of the mitochondrial protein frataxin causes neural and cardiac cell degeneration, and Friedreich's ataxia. Five hypotheses for frataxin's mitochondrial function have been generated, largely from work in non-human cells: iron transporter, iron-sulfur cluster assembler, iron-storage protein, antioxidant and stimulator of oxidative phosphorylation. We analyzed gene expression in three human cell types using microarrays, and identified just 48 transcripts whose expression was significantly frataxin-dependent in at least two cell types. Significant decreases in seven transcripts occurred in the sulfur amino acid (SAA) biosynthetic pathway and the iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) biosynthetic pathway to which it is connected. By contrast, we did not observe a single frataxin-dependent transcript that fits with the other four current hypotheses. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR analysis of ISC-S and rhodanese transcripts confirmed that the expression of these genes involved in ISC metabolism was lower in mutants. Amino acid analysis confirmed the defect in SAA metabolism: homocystine, cysteine, cystathionine and serine were significantly decreased in frataxin-deficient cell extracts and mitochondria. An ISC defect was further confirmed by observing decreases in succinate dehydrogenase and aconitase activities, whose activities require ISCs. The ISC-U scaffold protein was specifically decreased in frataxin-deficient cells, suggesting a role for frataxin in its expression or maintenance, and sodium sulfide partially rescued the oxidant-sensitivity of the FRDA cells. Also, multiple transcripts involved in the Fas/TNF/INF apoptosis pathway were up-regulated in frataxin-deficient cells, consistent with a multi-step mechanism of Friedreich's ataxia pathophysiology, and suggesting alternative possibilities for therapeutic intervention.
Estrogen Receptor α and β Heterodimers Exert Unique Effects on Estrogen- and Tamoxifen-Dependent Gene Expression in Human U2OS Osteosarcoma Cells (2005)

The 17beta-estradiol (E2) receptor isoforms [estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and ERbeta] bind E2 and selective ER modulators (SERMs) as homodimers (alpha/alpha or beta/beta) or heterodimers (alpha/beta) to regulate gene expression. Although recent studies have shown that ER homodimers regulate unique sets of E2-responsive genes, little information exists regarding the transcriptional actions of the ERalpha/beta heterodimer. This paper describes the development of a U2OS human osteosarcoma (osteoblast) cell line stably expressing both ERalpha and ERbeta isoforms at a ratio of 1:4, a ratio reported to exist in normal, mature osteoblast cells derived from cancellous bone. The regulation of endogenous genes by E2 and 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen were measured in these cells using gene microarrays and real-time RT-PCR. Both E2 and 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen were shown to regulate unique sets of endogenous genes in the U2OS-ERalpha/beta heterodimer cell line (20% and 27% of total, respectively), compared with all the genes regulated in U2OS-ER homodimer cell lines. Furthermore, two novel E2-regulated genes, retinoblastoma binding protein 1 and 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, were found to contain estrogen response element-like sequences that directly bind the ERalpha/beta heterodimer. These results suggest that the expression of both ER isoforms, forming functional ERalpha/beta heterodimers, result in unique patterns of gene regulation, many of which are distinct from the genes regulated by the ER homodimers.
Overexpression of the angiogenic tetrapeptide AcSDKP in human malignant tumors. (2008)

AcSDKP and POP contribute to the malignant phenotype and these molecules are potentiel markers of cancer.
What Did Sudan Vote For (2010)

Sudan held national elections in April 2010 for the first time in many years. The elections were part of the peace process which began in 2005. This paper discusses the context of the elections and the multiple problems which affected them, and at how the events of the election will affect the final stages of the peace process.\n\nThe national elections held in Sudan in April 2010 involved multiple levels of government: candidates stood for the position of national president; for the presidency of the autonomous Government of Southern Sudan; for the position of governor in each of Sudan’s 25 states; for the National Assembly; for the assembly for the autonomous Government of Southern Sudan; and for legislatures in each of the states. This was, apparently, a feast of democracy, but the elections proved to be profoundly problematic. Media reports on the elections spoke of ‘chaos’ in the first day or two, as the complex demands of these multiple ballots stretched resources and organisational capacity to the limit. Once the ballots had been cast, the process of counting came close to complete collapse. When results were finally, belatedly, declared, they showed an overwhelming victory for the two parties which rule northern and southern Sudan respectively. Other parties rejected the results entirely and observers announced that the elections did not meet international standards for freedom and fairness. The people of Sudan were supposed to be voting for a national democratic transition; instead the election entrenched the division of the country between two authoritarian regimes, and it is now widely expected that the referendum due to be held in January 2011 will –if it goes ahead– result in a vote for southern secession.
EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT PHOSPHODIESTERASE GENES IN HUMAN CAVERNOUS SMOOTH MUSCLE (2001)

A total of 13 PDE genes were expressed in human cavernous tissue, indicating a role of these enzymes in penile erection regulation. The intracellular mechanisms of hydrolyzing cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate by PDEs are more complex than assumed previously. These findings open up new possibilities in the development of drugs for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
'Now It Seems It is Australia's Turn': Students and the Freedom Ride (2008)

For two weeks in February 1965, a busload of students from the University of Sydney travelled through northern New South Wales on what became known as the Freedom Ride. They were idealistic, apprehensive and willing to confront the problem of racial prejudice head on. They did so at Walgett, Moree, Kempsey and Bowraville, where they were pelted with tomatoes, punched, verbally abused, burned with cigarette butts and run off the road. 'All we are trying to do,' said tour leader Charles Perkins, 'is to draw more white attention to the problem [racism] and stimulate the aborigines themselves into doing something about it.' The method the students chose was bold, brazen, direct action.
A Novel Approach towards 2,3,5‐Trisubstituted Thiophenes <i>via</i> tandem <i>Michael</i> addition/intramolecular <i>Knoevenagel</i> condensation (1997)

Abstract Starting from the easily available, highly functionalized acetylenic ketories 4a–i ( Scheme 1 ), novel 2,3,5‐trisubstituted thiophenes 1a–i ( Scheme 2 ) were synthesized in good yields using a tandem Michael ‐addition/intramolecular Knoevenagel ‐condensation strategy, featuring Cs 2 CO 3 /MgSO 4 (1:2) as an efficient base to effect the cyclization. Subsequent simple one‐step transformations yielded 2,3‐disubstituted thiophene‐5‐carbaidehydes 7a–c , carboxylic‐acid derivatives 8, 9 , and 11 , and alcohol 10 ( Scheme 3 ). These molecules constitute interesting novel thiophene‐containing building blocks, useful for the preparation of low‐molecular‐weight compound libraries by combinatorial and parallel‐chemistry techniques.
The computer metaphor: Bureaucratizing the mind (1989)

(1989). The computer metaphor: Bureaucratizing the mind. Science as Culture: Vol. 1, No. 7, pp. 7-42.
Automatic generation of hardware/software interfaces (2012)

Enabling new applications for mobile devices often requires the use of specialized hardware to reduce power consumption. Because of time-to-market pressure, current design methodologies for embedded applications require an early partitioning of the design, allowing the hardware and software to be developed simultaneously, each adhering to a rigid interface contract. This approach is problematic for two reasons: (1) a detailed hardware-software interface is difficult to specify until one is deep into the design process, and (2) it prevents the later migration of functionality across the interface motivated by efficiency concerns or the addition of features. We address this problem using the Bluespec Codesign Language~(BCL) which permits the designer to specify the hardware-software partition in the source code, allowing the compiler to synthesize efficient software and hardware along with transactors for communication between the partitions. The movement of functionality across the hardware-software boundary is accomplished by simply specifying a new partitioning, and since the compiler automatically generates the desired interface specifications, it eliminates yet another error-prone design task. In this paper we present BCL, an extension of a commercially available hardware design language (Bluespec SystemVerilog), a new software compiling scheme, and preliminary results generated using our compiler for various hardware-software decompositions of an Ogg Vorbis audio decoder, and a ray-tracing application.
<scp>gene</scp>‐CBR: A CASE‐BASED REASONIG TOOL FOR CANCER DIAGNOSIS USING MICROARRAY DATA SETS (2006)

Gene expression profiles are composed of thousands of genes at the same time, representing the complex relationships between them. One of the well‐known constraints specifically related to microarray data is the large number of genes in comparison with the small number of available experiments or cases. In this context, the ability of design methods capable of overcoming current limitations of state‐of‐the‐art algorithms is crucial to the development of successful applications. This paper presents gene ‐CBR, a hybrid model that can perform cancer classification based on microarray data. The system employs a case‐based reasoning model that incorporates a set of fuzzy prototypes, a growing cell structure network and a set of rules to provide an accurate diagnosis. The hybrid model has been implemented and tested with microarray data belonging to bone marrow cases from forty‐three adult patients with cancer plus a group of six cases corresponding to healthy persons.
Cardiac and Renal Effects of Growth Hormone in Volume Overload–Induced Heart Failure (2002)

Growth hormone (GH) application is a new strategy in the treatment of heart failure. However, clinical and experimental investigations have shown contradictory effects of GH on cardiac performance. We tested the hypothesis that GH could improve cardiac and renal function in volume overload-induced heart failure. The effect of 4 weeks of GH treatment (2 mg/kg daily) was investigated in Wistar rats with aortocaval shunt. GH application did not influence left ventricular contractility and end-diastolic pressure in rats with aortocaval shunt. In contrast, GH treatment normalized impaired diuresis (vehicle 10.8+/-0.6 mL/d, GH 15.8+/-0.7 mL/d; P<0.05) and sodium excretion (vehicle 1.5+/-0.1 mmol/d, GH 2.2+/-0.1 mmol/d; P<0.001) in shunt-operated rats, with a similar increase of fractional sodium excretion. The urinary excretion of cGMP, the second messenger of atrial natriuretic peptide and NO, was higher in animals with shunts than in sham-operated animals and was further increased by GH (vehicle 293+/-38 nmol/d, GH 463+/-57 nmol/d; P<0.01). Although the atrial natriuretic peptide plasma levels were unchanged after GH, the excretion of NO metabolites (nitrate/nitrite) was elevated (vehicle 2020+/-264 nmol/d, GH 2993+/-375 nmol/d; P<0.05) in parallel with increased renal mRNA levels of inducible NO synthase 2. The changes of renal function after GH and the increased excretion of NO metabolites and cGMP were abolished by simultaneous treatment with the NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. GH treatment did not influence cardiac function in rats with aortocaval shunts. However, GH improved renal function by increasing diuresis and sodium excretion. The responsible mechanism might be the enhanced activity of the renal NO system.
Neuronal cells cultured on modified microelectronic device surfaces (1995)

The recording of the electrical activity of a large number of neurons in tissue culture over a period of weeks or even months should be very helpful in the understanding of the development and function of biological neuronal networks. Ideally, a method for the detection of the changes in interacellular voltage in such a system should have both high spatial and temporal resolution. One approach could be to record with a fixed electrode array built into the floor of the tissue culture chamber. We have chosen to detect the electrical signal of the neuron by direct coupling with a field effect transistor. Such a coupling is the first step toward multisite recording in neuronal nets and the development of a neuronal network. On a microelectronic device surface it is necessary, to control adhesion and outgrowth of neurons on a microscopic scale. To achieve biocompatibility the chemical composition of the surfaces of such devices has to be modified. Our approach to control the chemical architecture at the interface is to attach ultrathin polymer films to the device surface by using a novel ‘‘grafting from’’ procedure. It can be shown that the chemical composition of the interface can be tuned in such a way that Purkinje neurons show good adhesion to such a surface and survive and grow on it for weeks.
Social networks and discovery in the enterprise (SaND) (2009)

No abstract available.
Surface Tuning of La<sub>0.5</sub>Sr<sub>0.5</sub>CoO<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Catalysts by Acetic Acid for NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> Storage and Reduction (2016)

Selective dissolution of perovskite A site (A of ABO3 structure) was performed on the La1 - xSrxCoO3 catalysts for the NOx storage and reduction (NSR) reaction. The surface area of the catalysts were enhanced using dilute HNO3 impregnation to dissolve Sr. Inactive SrCO3 was removed effectively within 6 h, and the catalyst preserved the perovskite framework after 24 h of treatment. The tuned catalysts exhibited higher NSR performance (both NOx storage and NO-to-NO2 oxidation) under lean-burn and fuel-rich cycles at 250 °C. Large amounts of NOx adsorption were due to the increase of nitrate/nitrite species bonding to the A site and the growth of newly formed monodentate nitrate species. Nitrate species were stored stably on the partial exposed Sr(2+) cations. These exposed Sr(2+) cations played an important role on the NOx reduction by C3H6. High NO-to-NO2 oxidation ability was due to the generation of oxygen defects and Co(2+)-Co(3+) redox couples, which resulted from B-site exsolution induced by A-site dissolution. Hence, our method is facile to modify the surface structures of perovskite catalysts and provides a new strategy to obtain highly active catalysts for the NSR reaction.
Fiber orientation and mechanical properties of short‐fiber‐reinforced injection‐molded composites: Simulated and experimental results (1993)

Abstract A numerical simulation is presented that combines the flow simulation during injection molding with an efficient algorithm for predicting the orientation of short fibers in thin composite parts. Fiber‐orientation state is represented in terms of a second‐order orientation tensor. Fiber‐fiber interactions are modeled by means of an isotropic rotary diffusion. The simulation predicts flow‐aligned fiber orientation (shell region)near the surface with transversely aligned (core region) fibers in the vicinity of the mid‐plane. The effects of part thickness and injection speed on fiber orientation are analyzed. Experimental measurements of fiber orientation in plaque‐shaped parts for three different combinations of cavity thickness and injection speed are reported. It is found that gapwise‐converging flow due to the growing layer of solidified polymer near the walls tends to flow‐align the fibers near the entrance, whereas near the melt front, gapwise‐diverging flow due to the diminishing solid layer tends to lign the fibers transverse to the flow. The effect of this gapwise‐converging‐diverging flow is found to be especially significant for thin parts molded at slower injection speeds, which have a proportionately thicker layer of solidified polymer during the filling process. If the fiber orientation is known, predictions of the anisotropic tensile moduli and thermal‐expansion coefficients of the composite are obtained by using the equations for unidirectional composites and taking an orientation average. These predictions are found to agree reasonably well with corresponding experimental measurements.