gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rank estimation of emission excitation matrixes using frequency analysis of eigenvectors (1986)

The number of components in mixtures of fluorophores Is determined by using a new method for matrix rank estimation of excitation-emission matrix (EEM) formated data. Mixture EEMs are decomposed into a set of basis vectors (eigenvectors) using eigenvector analysis. These vectors are then Fourier transformed and their frequency distributions are used as a means of differentiating between primary (spectral) eigenvectors and secondary (noise) eigenvectors. Primary eigenvectors are found to have Fourier spectra weighted toward the lower frequency coefficients, whereas Fourier spectra of secondary eigenvectors are found to be weighted toward the high frequency coefficients. An empirical algorithm for rank estimation based on the frequency distributions of eigenvectors is compared to traditional rank estimation methods. Finally, the method developed in this study is applied to 12 blind coded EEMs of mixtures of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of known composition. © 1986, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
Integration of Distributed Generation in the Volt/VAR Management System for Active Distribution Networks (2014)

This paper investigates the use of voltage source converter interfaced distributed generators (DGs) for reactive power support in active distribution networks. Integration of DG management systems into decentralized parts of the Volt/VAR management system is proposed. The solution is designed to address issues connected to increased DG penetration, while at the same time avoiding the technical challenges and high costs related to state-of-the-art model-based Volt/VAR management. Coordination of DGs with conventional voltage regulation equipment is based on predefined control hierarchies. However, to reduce requirements for data handling capability, the distribution grid is divided into zones with individual voltage regulation and reactive support schemes. To add flexibility and scalability, these zones can be combined into larger zones with a common Volt/VAR management scheme. This is referred to as adaptive zoning. The results indicate that the control schemes successfully restore voltage to within limits after disturbance of grid conditions. Adaptive zoning effectively reduces system complexity and requirements for data handling capability, while still ensuring a grid-wide solution.
[The current concepts of the mechanisms of the therapeutic-prophylactic action of probiotics from bacteria in the genus Bacillus]. (1993)

Data from literature as well as the authors' experimental data on the mechanism of the effect of probiotics from aerobic sporeforming bacteria have been first generalized. The authors made a conclusion that the effect of biopreparations from bacilli is the multifactor process, when bacilli get to the gastrointestinal tract they begin producing biologically active substances which make the immediate effect on pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms as well as activate specific and nonspecific systems of the macroorganism protection. The unknown before phenomenon of bacteria translocation is analyzed in detail as one of the most important factors of activation of non-specific resistance of the macroorganisms. Aerobic sporeforming bacteria produce a number of enzymes, amino acids, antibiotic substances and other biologically active substrates which add to the complex treatment-prophylactic effect of biopreparations from these bacteria. Prospects of the use of probiotics based on aerobic sporeforming bacteria in medicine and veterinary are considered. It is emphasized, in particular, that the potential multifactor character of the treatment-prophylactic efficiency of biological preparations from Bacillus is of positive value, since no negative effects are evoked by the known mechanisms of specific effect of aerobic sporeforming bacteria. This opens wide potentialities for improving the schemes and methods of application of probiotics from bacilli, creation of new forms of drugs on their base as well as to combine them with other preparations.
Structural Studies on the Combining Site of the Myeloma Protein MOPC 315 (1975)

1 Analysis of the electron spin resonance spectra of different spin-labelled haptens when bound to the Fv fragment from the immunoglobulin A of the mouse myeloma protein MOPC 315 suggests that the combining site is a cleft of overall dimension 11 Å× 9 Å× 6 Å which has considerable structural rigidity. 2 The 270 MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the amino acid residues in and around the combining site is obtained by use of paramagnetic difference spectroscopy involving a spin-labelled hapten. There are only the equivalent of about 30 aliphatic and 30 aromatic protons in this difference spectrum. 3 The C-2 and C-4 proton resonances of three histidine residues in the Fv fragment are observed to titrate with pH. The pKa values of these histidine residues are about 8.1, 6.9 and 6.1. The resonances of the histidine residue with pKa value 8.1 show anomalous behaviour in splitting into two or more components. The values of the chemical shifts of the C-2 and C-4 protons alter slightly in the presence of hapten, particularly for the histidine residues with pKa values of 6.9 and 6.1. The resonances of these two residues are not observable in the presence of the spin-labelled hapten indicating that these two histidines are in the region of the combining site. 4 The existence of lanthanide binding sites of the Fv fragment, an essential prerequisite in mapping studies, has been demonstrated by measurements of the solvent water relaxation rates in Gd3+ solutions.
Respiratory mechanics and maximal expiratory flow in the anesthetized mouse (2000)

Mice have been widely used in immunologic and other research to study the influence of different diseases on the lungs. However, the respiratory mechanical properties of the mouse are not clear. This study extended the methodology of measuring respiratory mechanics of anesthetized rats and guinea pigs and applied it to the mouse. First, we performed static pressure-volume and maximal expiratory flow-volume curves in 10 anesthetized paralyzed C57BL/6 mice. Second, in 10 mice, we measured dynamic respiratory compliance, forced expiratory volume in 0.1 s, and maximal expiratory flow before and after methacholine challenge. Averaged total lung capacity and functional residual capacity were 1.05 +/- 0.04 and 0.25 +/- 0.01 ml, respectively, in 20 mice weighing 22.2 +/- 0.4 g. The chest wall was very compliant. In terms of vital capacity (VC) per second, maximal expiratory flow values were 13.5, 8.0, and 2.8 VC/s at 75, 50, and 25% VC, respectively. Maximal flow-static pressure curves were relatively linear up to pressure equal to 9 cm H(2)O. In addition, methacholine challenge caused significant decreases in respiratory compliance, forced expiratory volume in 0.1 s, and maximal expiratory flow, indicating marked airway constriction. We conclude that respiratory mechanical parameters of mice (after normalization with body weight) are similar to those of guinea pigs and rats and that forced expiratory maneuver is a useful technique to detect airway constriction in this species.
The Therapeutic Use of 2,3-Dimercaptopropane-1-Sulfonate in Two Cases of Inorganic Mercury Poisoning (1986)

Two patients had heavy metal intoxication resulting from industrial exposure to mercury vapors. One patient remained asymptomatic despite high urinary mercury levels. The second presented with a documented toxic reaction, including abnormal electromyograms and hematuria. Treatment was begun with 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate, and investigational drug used under Food and Drug Administration guidelines (IND 19,276). Use in both patients resulted in a dramatic change in excretion half-life of the mercury, from 33.1 days before treatment to 11.2 days during therapy. No significant toxic effects related to drug therapy were observed. Clearing of hematuria and reversal of electromyographic abnormalities were prompt in the symptomatic patient. Therapy with 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate was effective in these two patients.
Fast ignition integrated experiments with Gekko and LFEX lasers (2011)

Based on the successful result of fast heating of a shell target with a cone for heating beam injection at Osaka University in 2002 using the PW laser (Kodama et al 2002 Nature 418 933), the FIREX-1 project was started in 2004. Its goal is to demonstrate fuel heating up to 5 keV using an upgraded heating laser beam. For this purpose, the LFEX laser, which can deliver an energy up to10 kJ in a 0.5–20 ps pulse at its full spec, has been constructed in addition to the Gekko-XII laser system at the Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University. It has been activated and became operational since 2009. Following the previous experiment with the PW laser, upgraded integrated experiments of fast ignition have been started using the LFEX laser with an energy up to 1 kJ in 2009 and 2 kJ in 2010 in a 1–5 ps 1.053 µm pulse. Experimental results including implosion of the shell target by Gekko-XII, heating of the imploded fuel core by LFEX laser injection, and increase of the neutron yield due to fast heating compared with no heating have been achieved. Results in the 2009 experiment indicated that the heating efficiency was 3–5%, much lower than the 20–30% expected from the previous 2002 data. It was attributed to the very hot electrons generated in a long scale length plasma in the cone preformed with a prepulse in the LFEX beam. The prepulse level was significantly reduced in the 2010 experiment to improve the heating efficiency. Also we have improved the plasma diagnostics significantly which enabled us to observe the plasma even in the hard x-ray harsh environment. In the 2010 experiment, we have observed neutron enhancement up to 3.5 × 107 with total heating energy of 300 J on the target, which is higher than the yield obtained in the 2009 experiment and the previous data in 2002. We found the estimated heating efficiency to be at a level of 10–20%. 5 keV heating is expected at the full output of the LFEX laser by controlling the heating efficiency.
Loss of function mutation in the yeast multiple drug resistance gene PDR5 causes a reduction in chloramphenicol efflux (1994)

The yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) PDR5 gene product encodes a 160-kDa protein related to the large ABC family of transporters, including the human MDR1 multidrug resistance p-glycoprotein. Loss of function mutations in PDR5 result in chloramphenicol hypersensitivity. A pdr5::Tn5 loss of function mutant exhibits a markedly impaired efflux of chloramphenicol compared with that of an isogenic PDR5 (wild-type) control.
NMR and X-ray Crystallography, Complementary Tools in Structural Proteomics of Small Proteins (2005)

NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography, the two primary experimental methods for protein structure determination at high resolution, have different advantages and disadvantages in terms of sample preparation and data collection and analysis. It is therefore of interest to assess their complementarity when applied to small proteins. Structural genomics/proteomics projects provide an ideal opportunity to make such comparisons as they generate data in a systematic manner for large enough numbers of proteins to allow firm conclusions to be drawn. Here we report a comparison for 263 unique proteins screened by both NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography in our structural proteomics pipeline. Only 21 targets (8%) were deemed amenable to both methods based on an initial 2D 15N-HSQC NMR spectrum and optimized crystallization trials. However, the use of both methods in the pipeline increased the total number of targets amenable to structure determination to 107, with 43 amenable to NMR only and 43 amenable to X-ray crystallographic methods only. We did not observe a correlation between 15N-HSQC spectral quality and the success of the same protein in crystallization screens. Similar results were found for an independent set of 159 proteins as reported in the accompanying paper by Snyder et al. Thus, we conclude that both methods are highly complementary, and in order to increase the number of proteins suited for structure determination, we suggest that both methods be used in parallel in screening of all small proteins for structure determination.
How to Read 950 E-mail Messages Before Lunch (1996)

A discussion of the use of e-mail filters on UNIX computers that use Sendmail-like systems.
Fabrication of Micropatterned Polymeric Nanowire Arrays for High-Resolution Reagent Localization and Topographical Cellular Control (2015)

Herein, we present a novel approach for the fabrication of micropatterned polymeric nanowire arrays that addresses the current need for scalable and customizable polymer nanofabrication. We describe two variations of this approach for the patterning of nanowire arrays on either flat polymeric films or discrete polymeric microstructures and go on to investigate biological applications for the resulting polymeric features. We demonstrate that the micropatterned arrays of densely packed nanowires facilitate rapid, low-waste drug and reagent localization with micron-scale resolution as a result of their high wettability. We also show that micropatterned nanowire arrays provide hierarchical cellular control by simultaneously directing cell shape on the micron scale and influencing focal adhesion formation on the nanoscale. This nanofabrication approach has potential applications in scaffold-based cellular control, biological assay miniaturization, and biomedical microdevice technology.
Simple, transparent medium for study of legionellae (1982)

A simple medium containing yeast extract, phosphate, and hemin as major components has been formulated for the study of legionellae. The medium supports the growth of a wide range of clinical and environmental isolates, with plating efficiencies comparable to those of charcoal-yeast extract agar. In addition, it does not contain activated charcoal or other components which may be associated with adverse reactions in humans. The medium is buffered and transparent; therefore, it would be suitable for genetic studies, production of biological reagents such as antigens and skin tests for human use, and antibiotic susceptibility assays.
The determination of uncertainties in quantitative XPS/AES and its impact on data acquisition strategy (1992)

Abstract The accuracy of quantified XPS/AES compositions for a given sample depends on both systematic and random errors. Parameters such as escape depths, transmission functions, sensitivity factors and whether the model of the surface physical structure used in the quantification procedure is appropriate contribute systematic errors to the quantification. Random errors arise from the Poisson statistics of electron detection. However, in many applications of practical interest, where comparison between samples is the preferred approach to problem solving, precision is more important than accuracy. In such cases, the systematic errors are very similar and the random errors arising from the Poisson statistics of electron detection dominate the problem‐solving exercise. The raw spectra should be capable of providing sufficient precision in the quantified elemental compositions so that the comparison can be made with statistical confidence. This is a particular problem where the elements of interest are present at low levels and there is concern over sample degradation. This paper derives routines to determine the precision (arising from the Poisson counting statistics) in single intensity, peak height, peak area and quantified composition measurements for any acquired spectra, revealing some counter‐intuitive results. The beneficial effects of smoothing and background averaging are also considered. The knowledge is used to suggest novel spectral acquisition strategies to be implemented on data systems, and how they may be optimized when a result to a desired precision is required.
DiDDeM: a system for early detection of TCP SYN flood attacks (2005)

This paper presents the distributed denial-of-service detection mechanism (DiDDeM) system for early detection of denial-of-service attacks. The design requirements of the system are posited to demonstrate the requirements for an early detection system. An overview of the system is presented to show how these requirements are met. DiDDeM provides a two-tier detection approach. First, pre-filters (PFs) filter traffic for possible attacks. This is achieved through the application of both stateful and stateless signatures utilising routing congestion algorithms. Second, command and control (C/sup 2/) servers provide intra- and inter-domain co-operation and response to contain an attack within the routing infrastructure. The results for stateful and stateless signature detection of TCP SYN flood attacks are presented.
Profiling of DTLS for CoAP-based IoT Applications (2013)

This document collects various implementation challenges of DTLS on
embedded systems, and proposes a profile of DTLS for CoAP-based
Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Specifically, this document
investigates the application features and functionality of DTLS
protocol, the fragmentation issue of DTLS Handshake protocol, and the
complexity of the DTLS Handshake state machine. A RESTful DTLS
Handshake which relies on CoAP Block-wise Transfer is proposed to
address the fragmentation issue. The next step is to define a DTLS
profile for embedded systems.
Characterization of Chitinase Genes from an Alkaliphilic Actinomycete, <i>Nocardiopsis prasina</i> OPC-131 (2003)

An alkaliphilic actinomycete, Nocardiopsis prasina OPC-131, secretes chitinases, ChiA, ChiB, and ChiB Delta, in the presence of chitin. The genes encoding ChiA and ChiB were cloned and sequenced. The open reading frame (ORF) of chiA encoded a protein of 336 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 35,257 Da. ChiA consisted of only a catalytic domain and showed a significant homology with family 18 chitinases. The chiB ORF encoded a protein of 296 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 31,500 Da. ChiB is a modular enzyme consisting of a chitin-binding domain type 3 (ChtBD type 3) and a catalytic domain. The catalytic domain of ChiB showed significant similarity to Streptomyces family 19 chitinases. ChiB Delta was the truncated form of ChiB lacking ChtBD type 3. Expression plasmids coding for ChiA, ChiB, and ChiB Delta were constructed to investigate the biochemical properties of these recombinant proteins. These enzymes showed pHs and temperature optima similar to those of native enzymes. ChiB showed more efficient hydrolysis of chitin and stronger antifungal activity than ChiB Delta, indicating that the ChtBD type 3 of ChiB plays an important role in the efficient hydrolysis of chitin and in antifungal activity. Furthermore, the finding of family 19 chitinase in N. prasina OPC-131 suggests that family 19 chitinases are distributed widely in actinomycetes other than the genus Streptomyces.
A micromachined high-Q X-band resonator (1997)

The authors present a new structure which can be used as a microwave high-Q resonator for the development of narrow-band low-loss filters in a planar environment. The resonator is made of a low-loss micromachined cavity which is easy to integrate with monolithic circuits. Compared to conventional metallic resonators, the performance of this resonator is similar, but the weight and size are significantly reduced.
A Near Field Focused Lens Antenna for Wireless Power Transmission Systems (2018)

A near field (NF) focused lens antenna fabricated by the 3D printing method for wireless power transmission (WPT) systems are proposed in this paper. The lens antenna operating at Ka band, is employed as the transmitting antenna to focus the electromagnetic power and reduce the diffraction loss during power transmission in free space. The aperture size is 100.8*100.8mm, with a designed focused length of 300mm, while measured results show that the maximum power density occurs at 215 mm along z-position. 3D printing material resin with a permittivity of 2.87 and loss tangent of 0.01 is adopted. Comparison between proposed focused antenna and conventional high-gain antenna in terms of transmitting efficiency is carried out and results show that an improvement of 9.7% can be achieved within a circular area of 50mm radius at the 300mm- plane.
Dynamics of spheroid self‐assembly in liquid‐overlay culture of DU 145 human prostate cancer cells (2001)

The in vitro self-assembly of multicellular spheroids generates highly organized structures in which the three-dimensional structure and differentiated function frequently mimic that of in vivo tissues. This has led to their use in such diverse applications as tissue regeneration and drug therapy. Using Smoluchowski-like rate equations, herein we present a model of the self-aggregation of DU 145 human prostate carcinoma cells in liquid-overlay culture to elucidate some of the physical parameters affecting homotypic aggregation in attachment-dependent cells. Experimental results indicate that self-aggregation in our system is divided into three distinct phases: a transient reorganization of initial cell clusters, an active aggregation characterized by constant rate coefficients, and a ripening phase of established spheroid growth. In contrast to the diffusion-controlled aggregation previously observed for attachment-independent cells, the model suggests that active aggregation in our system is reaction-controlled. The rate equations accurately predict the aggregation kinetics of spheroids containing up to 30 cells and are dominated by spheroid adhesive potential with lesser con- tributions from the radius of influence. The adhesion probability increases with spheroid size so that spheroid–spheroid adhesions are a minimum of 2.5 times more likely than those of cell–cell, possibly due to the upregulation of extracellular matrix proteins and cell-adhesion molecules. The radius of influence is at least 1.5 to 3 times greater than expected for spherical geometry as a result of ellipsoidal shape and possible chemotactic or Fröhlich interactions. Brownian-type behavior was noted for spheroids larger than 30 μm in diameter, but smaller aggregates were more motile by as much as a factor of 10 for single cells. The model may improve spheroid fidelity for existing applications of spheroids and form the basis of a simple assay for quantitatively evaluating cellular metastatic potential as well as therapies that seek to alter this potential. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 72: 579–591, 2001.
Thermal oxidation of 3C silicon carbide single-crystal layers on silicon (1984)

Thermal oxidation of thick single-crystal 3C SiC layers on silicon substrates was studied. The oxidations were conducted in a wet O2 atmosphere at temperatures from 1000 to 1250 °C for times from 0.1 to 50 h. Ellipsometry was used to determine the thickness and index of refraction of the oxide films. Auger analysis showed them to be homogeneous with near stoichiometric composition. The oxide growth followed a linear parabolic relationship with time. Activation energy of the parabolic rate constant was found to be 50 kcal/mole, while the linear rate constant was 74 kcal/mole. The latter value corresponds approximately to the energy required to break a Si–C bond. Electrical measurements show an effective density of 4–6×1011 cm−2 for fixed oxide charges at the oxide-carbide interface, and the dielectric strength of the oxide film is approximately 6×106 V/cm.