gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Randomized phase 2 study of low-dose decitabine vs low-dose azacitidine in lower-risk MDS and MDS/MPN (2017)

Hypomethylating agents (HMAs) improve survival in patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) but are less well-studied in lower-risk disease. We compared the safety and efficacy of low-dose decitabine vs low-dose azacitidine in this group of patients. Adults with low- or intermediate 1-risk MDS or MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), including chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, according to the International Prognostic Scoring System, were randomly assigned using a Bayesian adaptive design to receive either azacitidine 75 mg/m<sup>2</sup> intravenously/subcutaneously daily or decitabine 20 mg/m<sup>2</sup> intravenously daily for 3 consecutive days on a 28-day cycle. The primary outcome was overall response rate (ORR). Between November 2012 and February 2016, 113 patients were treated: 40 (35%) with azacitidine and 73 (65%) with decitabine. The median age was 70 years; 81% of patients were intermediate 1-risk patients. The median number of cycles received was 9. The ORRs were 70% and 49% (<i>P</i> = .03) for patients treated with decitabine and azacitidine, respectively. Thirty-two percent of patients treated with decitabine became transfusion independent compared with 16% of patients treated with azacitidine (<i>P</i> = .2). Cytogenetic response rates were 61% and 25% (<i>P</i> = .02), respectively. With a median follow-up of 20 months, the overall median event-free survival was 18 months: 20 and 13 months for patients treated with decitabine and azacitidine, respectively (<i>P</i> = .1). Treatment was well tolerated, with a 6-week mortality rate of 0%. The use of low-dose HMAs is safe and effective in patients with lower-risk MDS and MDS/MPN. Their effect on the natural history of lower-risk disease needs to be further studied. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (identifier NCT01720225).
Chemical And Physical Aspects Of Multilayer Resist Processing (1988)

A multilayer resist structure is typically composed of at least two materials, an oxygen plasma resistant layer and a planarising layer which is eroded in an oxygen based plasma. This structure is then subjected to a variety of excited and ground state species generated in the plasma. To understand the final etched profile produced by such a system, it is necessary to characterise both the chemical nature of the plasma, and its impact upon the structure subjected to the etching process. This paper will discuss the effect of the intrinsic plasma properties such as composition, density, potential and electron energy distribution upon the processes which produce etching of both the planarising and etch resistant layers. The effect of the chemical composition of organometallic etch barriers based on silicon, germanium and iron and the process by which they resist these plasmas will also be presented and compared with the properties of the planarising layers. The etching properties of the planarising layer will be shown to depend strongly upon the plasma excitation frequency.
The Correlations Between Physical and Electrical Properties of PECVD SiN with Their Composition Ratios (1982)

The correlations of physical and electrical properties of PECVD films with their composition ratios (Si/N and Si‐H/N‐H) are explored and compared. The four physical properties considered include refractive index, absorption edge, mechanical stress, and density. Both refractive index and absorption edge show very similar behavior in their correlations with Si/N and Si‐H/N‐H. Their correlations with Si/N show a distinct deposition condition dependence while those with Si‐H/N‐H indicate, to within experimental error, deposition condition independence. The other two physical properties exhibit similar behavior: a parabolic dependence on Si/N with a minimum at and no correlation with Si‐H/N‐H. The two electrical properties considered are dielectric and d‐c conductivity. In the frequency range 103–106 Hz, two distinct absorption peaks are observed for films with the respective combinations of high Si‐H and low N‐H and high N‐H and low Si‐H concentrations. In d‐c conductivity, only one of the three parameters (, , ) that characterize the Frenkel Poole conduction mechanism shows an apparent correlation with conductivity (σ). However, σ is quantitatively demonstrated to correlate better with Si‐H/N‐H than with Si/N.
Time to redefine PD? Introductory statement of the MDS Task Force on the definition of Parkinson's disease (2014)

With advances in knowledge disease, boundaries may change. Occasionally, these changes are of such a magnitude that they require redefinition of the disease. In recognition of the profound changes in our understanding of Parkinson's disease (PD), the International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society (MDS) commissioned a task force to consider a redefinition of PD. This review is a discussion article, intended as the introductory statement of the task force. Several critical issues were identified that challenge current PD definitions. First, new findings challenge the central role of the classical pathologic criteria as the arbiter of diagnosis, notably genetic cases without synuclein deposition, the high prevalence of incidental Lewy body (LB) deposition, and the nonmotor prodrome of PD. It remains unclear, however, whether these challenges merit a change in the pathologic gold standard, especially considering the limitations of alternate gold standards. Second, the increasing recognition of dementia in PD challenges the distinction between diffuse LB disease and PD. Consideration might be given to removing dementia as an exclusion criterion for PD diagnosis. Third, there is increasing recognition of disease heterogeneity, suggesting that PD subtypes should be formally identified; however, current subtype classifications may not be sufficiently robust to warrant formal delineation. Fourth, the recognition of a nonmotor prodrome of PD requires that new diagnostic criteria for early-stage and prodromal PD should be created; here, essential features of these criteria are proposed. Finally, there is a need to create new MDS diagnostic criteria that take these changes in disease definition into consideration.
A novel Kalman filter for frequency estimation of distorted signals in power systems (2002)

A simple and novel approach in the design of an extended Kalman filter (EKF) for the measurement of power system frequency has been presented in this paper. The design principles and the validity of the model have been outlined. The performance of this filter has been compared with some of the existing methods for estimating the frequency of a signal under noisy conditions. The feasibility of the proposed filter has been tested in the laboratory under worst-case measurement and network conditions, which might occur in a typical power system. Also, the proof of the stability for the proposed filter has been discussed for a single sinusoid. It has been found that the proposed algorithm is suitable for real-time applications especially when the frequency changes are abrupt and the signal is corrupted with noise and other disturbances due to harmonics.
Fluorination in Nematic Systems (1985)

Abstract The effect of fluorine substitution into a mesogenic system depends critically on the manner in which it is introduced. The relative stabilities of smectic and nematic phases may be inverted by altering the site of substitution, and lateral fluorination is particularly interesting for the strong suppression of smectic phase stability which can result. This effect has been applied to hydrocarbon mesogens to obtain new series of wide range, room temperature nematics of low viscosity and moderately high birefringence. These properties are readily conferred on mixtures, and the technical utility of fluorinated LC's is illustrated by reference to wide nematic range, fast switching mixtures having high birefringence, and suitable for static or multiplex drive.
All-metal-electrode-type dye sensitized solar cells (transparent conductive oxide-less dye sensitized solar cell) consisting of thick and porous Ti electrode with straight pores (2008)

Transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer-less dye sensitized solar cells (DSCs) are reported. The cell is composed of a glass substrate, TiO2 porous layer stained with dye molecules, porous Ti electrode, electrolyte, and a Pt sputtered Ti sheet. The cell exhibits an efficiency of 7.43% which was a little less than that of 8.44% for a DSC consisting of a TCO glass. The high efficiency was brought about by the thick and porous Ti electrode (200–300nm thickness) which kept high conductivity and swift ionic diffusion. The preparation process for the Ti electrode is reported.
Economic considerations in the use of laparoscopy for diagnosing pelvic inflammatory disease. (1987)

The clinical diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is associated with an average accuracy rate of 65% when preoperative impressions are confirmed or rejected with laparoscopy. The cost of this error rate should be evaluated when considering the cost and risks of immediate laparoscopy in patients suspected of having PID. This study reviewed selected patient admissions for PID from Northwestern Memorial Hospital for the years 1981-1985. The costs of hospitalization and treatment and the inherent diagnostic error rate were considered concurrently. No significant additional expense would have been incurred if all the women admitted with a clinical diagnosis of PID had had laparoscopic verification of their clinical diagnoses as compared to the cost of treatment with intravenous antibiotics for three to five days. We recommend the early use of laparoscopy in establishing the diagnosis of PID because it ensures a more accurate and definitive diagnosis and does not add significantly to costs.
An exopolyphosphatase of Escherichia coli. The enzyme and its ppx gene in a polyphosphate operon. (1993)

A gene, ppx, that encodes a novel exopolyphosphatase of 513 amino acids (58,133 Da) was found downstream of the gene for polyphosphate kinase, ppk. Transcription of the ppx gene depends on the ppk promoters, indicating a polyphosphate (polyP) operon of ppk and ppx. Exopolyphosphatase, purified to homogeneity from overproducing cells, is judged to be a dimer of 58-kDa subunits. Orthophosphate is released processively from the ends of polyP approximately 500 residues long, but chains of approximately 15 residues compete poorly with polyP as substrate; ATP is not a substrate. Mg2+ (1 mM) and a high concentration of K+ (175 mM) support optimal activity.
Virus Safety of Cell‐derived Biological Products (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Virus Characteristics Virus Detection Virus Removal/Inactivation Methods Summary Acknowledgement References
Microdisplays based upon organic light-emitting diodes (2001)

Microdisplays, some of which exploit the dense electronic circuitry in a silicon chip, are enabling a new wave of ultraportable information products, including headsets for viewing movies and cell phones with full-screen Internet access. This paper reports the approach to microdisplay development at eMagin Corporation. The requirements for microdisplays are reviewed, and the case is made that organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are the best candidate transducer technology for meeting these requirements. A 1280 × 1024 (SXGA) monochrome OLED microdisplay is described as an example.
Design and test of noncrosshybridizing oligonucleotide building blocks for DNA computers and nanostructures (2003)

DNA oligonucleotides that anneal to form duplexes in specific, planned configurations are a basic construction material for DNA-based computers and nanotechnology. Unplanned duplex configurations introduce errors in computations and defects in structures, and thus, the sequences must be designed to minimize these effects. A software design tool has been developed that uses thermodynamic models of DNA duplex thermal stability and algorithms from graph theory to select good sets of oligonucleotides. An example set was tested in the laboratory, and the designed sequences formed no unplanned duplexes and had no detectable secondary structure.
Effect of Fouling on Temperature Measurement Error and a Solution (1998)

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of fouling on the accuracy of temperature measurement. When a thin scale layer is deposited on a temperature-measuring probe, the temperature reading can be in error by several degrees in spite of ± 0.1 K resolution of the probe. This erroneous temperature reading can pose a serious problem in the evaluation of heat exchanger performance and in the operation of an automated process control system.
PrPSc Binding Antibodies Are Potent Inhibitors of Prion Replication in Cell Lines (2004)

Conversion of the cellular alpha-helical prion protein (PrP(C)) into a disease-associated isoform (PrP(Sc)) is central to the pathogenesis of prion diseases. Molecules targeting either normal or disease-associated isoforms may be of therapeutic interest, and the antibodies binding PrP(C) have been shown to inhibit prion accumulation in vitro. Here we investigate whether antibodies that additionally target disease-associated isoforms such as PrP(Sc) inhibit prion replication in ovine PrP-inducible scrapie-infected Rov cells. We conclude from these experiments that antibodies exclusively binding PrP(C) were relatively inefficient inhibitors of ScRov cell PrP(Sc) accumulation compared with antibodies that additionally targeted disease-associated PrP isoforms. Although the mechanism by which these monoclonal antibodies inhibit prion replication is unclear, some of the data suggest that antibodies might actively increase PrP(Sc) turnover. Thus antibodies that bind to both normal and disease-associated isoforms represent very promising anti-prion agents.
Demosaicing approach based on extended color total-variation regularization (2008)

Previously we presented a TV (total variation)-based sharpening-demosaicing method. Our previous method interpolates color signals effectively while preserving sharp color edges, without producing ringing artifacts along the edges. However, since our previous method applies the TV regularization separately to each primary color channel, it sometimes produces color artifacts along sharp color edges. To remedy the drawback, we introduce the TV regularization of color differences and color sums into our previous method. Unlike our previous method, our new method jointly interpolates the three primary color channels. We compare demosaicing performance of our new method with the state-of-the- art demosaicing methods. In the evaluations, we consider a noise- free case and a noisy case. For both cases our new method achieves the best performance, and for the noisy case our new method considerably outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.
Clean Energy from Waste and Coal (1992)

It has been stated that the North Americans are short on energy but long on wastes. On a per capita basis, the United States is the largest consumer of energy but the greatest producer of waste in the world. The US cities dispose of about half a million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) daily (about 95% of which is land-filled), while importing over 15 million barrels of crude daily. Over 80% of the cities are expected to run out of landfills by the end of this decade. The enormity of the problem has been depicted by the story of a garbage-laden barge from NY crossing international waterways in desperate search of a dump-site.
Microfluidic blood–brain barrier model provides in vivo‐like barrier properties for drug permeability screening (2016)

Efficient delivery of therapeutics across the neuroprotective blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains a formidable challenge for central nervous system drug development. High-fidelity in vitro models of the BBB could facilitate effective early screening of drug candidates targeting the brain. In this study, we developed a microfluidic BBB model that is capable of mimicking in vivo BBB characteristics for a prolonged period and allows for reliable in vitro drug permeability studies under recirculating perfusion. We derived brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and cocultured them with rat primary astrocytes on the two sides of a porous membrane on a pumpless microfluidic platform for up to 10 days. The microfluidic system was designed based on the blood residence time in human brain tissues, allowing for medium recirculation at physiologically relevant perfusion rates with no pumps or external tubing, meanwhile minimizing wall shear stress to test whether shear stress is required for in vivo-like barrier properties in a microfluidic BBB model. This BBB-on-a-chip model achieved significant barrier integrity as evident by continuous tight junction formation and in vivo-like values of trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). The TEER levels peaked above 4000 Ω · cm<sup>2</sup> on day 3 on chip and were sustained above 2000 Ω · cm<sup>2</sup> up to 10 days, which are the highest sustained TEER values reported in a microfluidic model. We evaluated the capacity of our microfluidic BBB model to be used for drug permeability studies using large molecules (FITC-dextrans) and model drugs (caffeine, cimetidine, and doxorubicin). Our analyses demonstrated that the permeability coefficients measured using our model were comparable to in vivo values. Our BBB-on-a-chip model closely mimics physiological BBB barrier functions and will be a valuable tool for screening of drug candidates. The residence time-based design of a microfluidic platform will enable integration with other organ modules to simulate multi-organ interactions on drug response. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 184-194. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collaboration between writer and reviewer through change representation tools (2002)

Change representation concerns how changes of text are presented in writing tools. Change representation in collaborative writing can play an important role for the collaborators' understanding of changes of text. We have conducted a laboratory study where 10 pairs of a writer and a reviewer produced argumentative letters by using the change representation functions. We have also set different conditions in the experimental task: (a) two ways of representing changes, indication and display, and (b) two collaboration models, the writer- and the reviewer-initiative models. A primary source of the data was obtained though interviews with the participants. The paper reports their experience of collaboration in writing with change representation tools, relevant design conclusions, and lessons learned from the study.
Kinetics and equilibria of lysozyme precipitation and crystallization in concentrated ammonium sulfate solutions (2006)

The kinetics and thermodynamics of lysozyme precipitation in ammonium sulfate solutions at pH 4 and 8 and room temperature were studied. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was used to characterize the structure of lysozyme precipitates. It was found that, if sufficient time was allowed, microcrystals developed following an induction period after initial lysozyme precipitation, even up to ionic strengths of 8 m and at acidic pH, where lysozyme is refractory to crystallization in ammonium sulfate. The full set of precipitation and crystallization data allowed construction of a phase diagram of lysozyme, showing the ammonium sulfate dependence. It suggests that precipitation may reflect a frustrated metastable liquid-liquid phase separation, which would allow this process to be understood within the framework of the generic phase diagram for proteins. The results also demonstrate that XRD, more frequently used for characterizing inorganic and organic polycrystalline materials, is useful both in characterizing the presence of crystals in the dense phase and in verifying the crystal form of proteins.
Hardening XDS-Based Architectures (2008)

Healthcare is an information-intensive domain and therefore information technologies are playing an ever-growing role in this sector. They are expected to increase the efficiency of the delivery of healthcare services in order to both improve the quality and reduce the costs. In this context, security has been identified as a priority although several gaps still exist. This paper reports on the results of assessing the threats to XDS-based architectures. Accordingly, an architectural solution to the identified threats is presented.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis an enigmatic disease with B-cellular and anti-retroviral immune responses. (1994)

We suggest a particular B-lymphocytic and retroviral involvement in this enigmatic, relentlessly progressing, at present untreatable and most frequent neurological system degeneration. To our opinion this situation justifies the search for novel anti-retroviral therapeutic strategies.
An adaptive intelligent architecture for fire detection and fire management (2002)

An intelligent agent architecture is described, which can detect and diagnose exceptional events in the environment and which can automatically and intelligently respond to each situation. In particular, the design of a fire monitoring and fire management agent is presented, which can be utilised in large compartmented enclosures such as multi-storied buildings. The development and spread of the fire, including the condition of fire safety equipment and the stage of evacuation reached, are continually monitored by the agent. From the environmental information, the agent devises an appropriate plan of action, which is continually updated, and implements it through the activation of appropriate components. The implementation of a prototype of the intelligent agent using the IBM Agent Building Environment Developer's Toolkit is described.
Relative abundance of ring galaxies, and the probability of collisional formation of ring structures (1979)

Counts of ring galaxies occurring in various parts of the sky, in particular in fields containing nearby clusters of galaxies, have been made in the Morphological Catalog of Galaxies. Pure ring galaxies (with a nucleus but no spiral structure) comprise 0.7% of all objects; they are 100 times less abundant than spiral galaxies. Their proportion is no greater in clusters, but regions do exist where ring galaxies are 3--5 times as common as average. The probability is determined of the nearly central collision which, according to some theories, is necessary for ring structures to develop. In the general field this probability turns out to be 1000 times below that required even to account for ring structures by collision with an eccentric or external nucleus. The possibility of almost central collisions in double and multiple galaxies is discussed. Such processes are so unlikely that ring production factors internal to a given galaxy should be sought. The fact that ring galaxies are often accompanied by companions may have some bearing on these phenomena.
Unusual stability of multiply charged organo-metallic complexes (2015)

The addition of electron(s), capable of simultaneously satisfying three electron counting rules, renders unusual stability to the charged organometallic complexes.