gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Contribution of agro‐waste material main components (hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin) to the removal of chromium (III) from aqueous solution (2009)

Abstract BACKGROUND: Agro‐waste materials can be used as biosorbents of heavy metals in aqueous solution. However, it is necessary to further study the contribution of agro‐waste materials components (i.e. hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin) to the heavy metal ions removal from aqueous solution to better understand the biosorption mechanism, and also based on the biosorbents main components, to predict their potential to remove heavy metals. RESULTS: Cellulose is contained in major proportion (greater than 46%) in the agro‐waste materials reported herein compared with hemicelluloses (from 12% to 26%), lignin (varying from 3% to 10%), and other compounds (22% to 30%) that were removed after the neutral detergent fiber procedure. The identified functional groups in agro‐waste materials and their fractions included hydroxyl, carboxyl, and nitrogen‐containing compounds. Lignin contributed in higher proportion than hemicelluloses to Cr (III) adsorption capacity in both sorghum straw and oats straw. On the other hand lignin was the main fraction responsible for Cr (III) adsorption in agave bagasse. CONCLUSION: Hemicelluloses and lignin were the main contributors to Cr (III) removal from aqueous solution, and cellulose contained in the agro‐waste adsorbents studied did not seem to participate. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
A Theoretical Study of Interphase Mass Transfer (1953)

A detailed study of the theory of interphase mass transfer as it relates to engineering operations. Examines the mechanism of interphase mass transfer, to determine under what conditions the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium is inadequate. Looks specifically at gas-liquid and gas-solid systems.
Mean, median and mode filtering of images (2000)

If a two‐dimensional image is simplified by repeatedly replacing its values with the mean in an infinitesimal neighbourhood, it evolves according to the diffusion equation Lt = Lxx + Lyy (subscripts denote differentiation). This equation can alternatively be written in gauge coordinates as Lt = Lvv + Lww, where the v‐direction is tangent to the isophote and the w‐direction is along the gradient. The alternative evolution scheme of Lt = Lvv has also attracted attention. Guichard & Morel showed, in 1996, that this equation describes the operation of repeated infinitesimal median filtering. In this paper it is proved that repeated infinitesimal mode filtering is described by Lt = Lvv‐ 2Lww at regular points, and Lt = 0 at critical points. Other new results are (i) an approximate equation for median filtering at critical points, and (ii) a derivation of the equation for median filtering at regular points, which generalizes to mean and mode filtering. Finally, the results of numerical implementation of all three filtering schemes are briefly presented.
Luminescence, Stability, and Proton Response of an Open‐Shell (3,5‐Dichloro‐4‐pyridyl)bis(2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl)methyl Radical (2014)

A luminescent open-shell organic radical with high chemical stability was synthesized. (3,5-Dichloro-4-pyridyl)bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl radical (PyBTM) was photoluminescent under various conditions. Fluorescence quantum yields of 0.03, 0.26, and 0.81 (the highest value reported for a stable organic radical) were obtained in chloroform, in poly(methyl methacrylate) film at room temperature, and in an EPA matrix (diethyl ether:isopentane:ethanol) at 77 K, respectively. The photostability of PyBTM is up to 115 times higher than that of the tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl radical, a previously reported luminescent radical. The pyridine moiety of PyBTM acts as a proton coordination site, thereby allowing for control of the electronic and optical properties of the radical by protonation and deprotonation.
Estimating the impact of somatic cell count on the value of milk utilising parameters obtained from the published literature (2014)

The impactof mastitisonmilkvalue perlitreindependentofthe effect of mastitisonmilkvolume,was quantified for Ireland using a meta-analysis and a processing sector model. Changes in raw milk composition, cheese processing and composition associated with increased bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC) were incorporated into the model. Processing costs and market values were representativeof currentindustry values. Itwasassumed thatasBMSCC increased(i)milk fatand milk protein increased and milk lactose decreased, (ii) fat and protein recoveries decreased, (iii) cheese protein decreased and cheese moisture increased. Five BMSCC categories were examined from 4100000 to >400000 cells/ml. The analysis showed that as BMSCC increased the production quantities reduced. An increase in BMSCC from 100000 to >400000 cells/ml saw a reduction in net revenue of 3·2% per annum (E51·3 million) which corresponded to a reduction in the value of raw milk of E0·0096 cents/l.
Profile of Entering Class at UM (1991)

A bulleted list of demographics reported for the entering class of UMaine students, 1991. Of 1,787 first-year students, only 3% or 56 students were "federally recognized minority students."
Chemically Modified Short Interfering Hybrids (siHYBRIDS): Nanoimmunoliposome Delivery<i>In Vitro</i>and<i>In Vivo</i>for RNAi of HER-2 (2006)

A blunt-ended 19-mer short interfering hybrid (siHybrid) (H) comprised of sense-DNA/antisense-RNA targeting HER-2 mRNA was encapsulated in a liposomal nanoplex with anti-transferrin receptor single-chain antibody fragment (TfRscFv) as the targeting moiety for clinically relevant tumor-specific delivery. In vitro delivery to a human pancreatic cell line (PANC-1) was shown to exhibit sequence-specific inhibition of 48-h cell growth with an IC50 value of 37 nM. The inhibitory potency of this siHybrid was increased (IC50 value of 7.8 nM) using a homologous chemically modified siHybrid (mH) in which the 19-mer sense strand had the following pattern of 2 '-deoxyinosine (dI) and 2 '-O-methylribonucleotide (2 '-OMe) residues: 5'-d(TITIT)-2'OMe(GCGGUGGUU)-d(GICIT). These modifications were intended to favor antisense strand-mediated RNAi while mitigating possible sense strand-mediated off-target effects and RNase H-mediated cleavage of the antisense RNA strand. The presently reported immunoliposomal delivery system was successfully used in vivo to inhibit HER-2 expression, and thus induce apoptosis in human breast carcinoma tumors (MDA-MB-435) in mice upon repeated i.v. treatment at a dose of 3 mg/kg of H or mH. The in vivo potency of modified siHybrid mH appeared to be qualitatively greater than that of H, as was the case in vitro.
Highly conductive microcrystalline n-layers for amorphous silicon stacked solar cells: preparation, properties, and device application (2002)

Highly conductive n-type microcrystalline (/spl mu/c) silicon layers were deposited by conventional 13.56 MHz PECVD in a commercial multichamber deposition system for amorphous silicon solar cells. A conductivity up to 80 (/spl Omega/ cm)/sup -1/ was obtained. In addition to optical and Raman characterization, the film structure was analyzed by TEM and electron diffraction, revealing a tight assembly of near-spherical clusters of /spl ap/100 nm size, which are built up from smaller crystallites. Information on the process recipe to be used in stacked cells was obtained from the use of /spl mu/c n-layers in pin cells, and by depositing thin /spl mu/c films on thick amorphous layers, which permits to determine the conductivity for device-relevant conditions. A strongly reduced n-p contact resistance was found in comparison to amorphous n-p contact systems. The prepared pinpin stacked cells employing the /spl mu/c films exhibit improved fill factors of up to 75% and an improved short-circuit current as compared to the ones with amorphous n-layers in the inner n-p contact.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cyclopropanonhydrat (1963)

Abstract Cyclopropanonhydrat (VII) wird nach einem neuen Prinzip auf dem Wege über das Keten‐[o ‐oxylylenacetal] (V) synthetisiert.
School Violence: An Overview (2006)

Crime and violence in schools are matters of significant public concern, particularly after the spate of tragic school shootings in recent years. The perception of risk is often greater than the reality, as schools have been largely successful in keeping students and staff safe from harm. However, many schools face serious problems, and it is important to develop an understanding of these problems so that effective strategies can be devised to prevent school violence and increase school safety.
A Branch-and-price Algorithm for the Minimum ADM Problem on WDM Ring Networks (2007)

In this study, we consider the minimum ADM problem which is the fundamental problem for the cost-effective design of SONET ADM embedded in WDM ring networks. To minimize the number of SONET ADMs, efficient algorithms for the routing and wavelength assignment are needed. We propose a mathematical model based on the graph theory for the problem and propose a branch-and-price approach to solve the suggested model effectively within reasonable time. By exploiting the mathematical structure of ring networks, we developed polynomial time algorithms for column generation subroutine at branch-and-bound tree. In a computer simulation study, the suggested approach can find the optimal solution for sufficient size networks and shows better performance than the greedy heuristic method.
Sulforhodamine B Assay and Chemosensitivity (2005)

The sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay was developed by Skehan and colleagues to measure drug-induced cytotoxicity and cell proliferation for large-scale drug-screening applications. Its principle is based on the ability of the protein dye sulforhodamine B to bind electrostatically and pH dependent on protein basic amino acid residues of trichloroacetic acid-fixed cells. Under mild acidic conditions it binds to and under mild basic conditions it can be extracted from cells and solubilized for measurement. Results of the SRB assay were linear with cell number and cellular protein measured at cellular densities ranging from 1 to 200% of confluence. Its sensitivity is comparable with that of several fluorescence assays and superior to that of Lowry or Bradford. The signal-to-noise ratio is favorable and the resolution is 1000-2000 cells/well. It performed similarly compared to other cytotoxicity assays such as MTT or clonogenic assay. The SRB assay possesses a colorimetric end point and is nondestructive and indefinitely stable. These practical advances make the SRB assay an appropriate and sensitive assay to measure drug-induced cytotoxicity even at large-scale application.
Two-Stage Ordering of Spins in Dipolar Spin Ice on the Kagome Lattice (2011)

Spin ice, a peculiar thermal state of a frustrated ferromagnet on the pyrochlore lattice, has a finite entropy density and excitations carrying magnetic charge. By combining analytical arguments and Monte Carlo simulations, we show that spin ice on the two-dimensional kagome lattice orders in two stages. The intermediate phase has ordered magnetic charges and is separated from the paramagnetic phase by an Ising transition. The transition to the low-temperature phase is of the three-state Potts or Kosterlitz-Thouless type, depending on the presence of defects in the charge order.
Algorithms for real-time estimation of individual wheel tire-road friction coefficients (2006)

It has long been recognized in the automotive research community that knowledge of the real-time tire-road friction coefficient can be extremely valuable for active safety applications, including traction control, yaw stability control and rollover prevention. Previous research results in literature have focused on estimation of average friction coefficient for the vehicle or on average friction coefficient for both drive wheels of the vehicle. This paper explores the development of algorithms for reliable estimation of friction coefficient at each individual wheel of the vehicle. Three different algorithms are proposed based on the types of sensors available - one that utilizes engine torque, brake torque and GPS measurements, one that utilizes torque measurements and an accelerometer and one that utilizes GPS measurements and an accelerometer. These algorithms are first evaluated in simulation and then evaluated experimentally on a Volvo XC90 sport utility vehicle. Experimental results demonstrate that friction coefficients at the individual wheels and road gradient can both be estimated reliably. Individual wheel friction measurements are expected to be more valuable for active safety systems than average friction measurements
Phenomenological dose model for therapeutic photon beams: Basic concepts and definitions (1999)

A model for central-axis absorbed dose in therapeutic photon beams is developed. An expression for absorbed dose in a unit density material, including that in the regions of longitudinal and lateral electronic disequilibrium, is derived. The model is based on the concept of primary and scatter. Primary and scatter dose components are approximated using two identical analytical functions. Monte Carlo simulated dose data for 60Co gamma rays and 15 MV x rays in water are used to test the model. The accuracy of the model is demonstrated.
Heat‐induced Changes in Angel Food Cakes Containing Egg‐white Protein or Whey Protein Isolate (2002)

ABSTRACT: Angel food cakes made from egg white or whey protein foams were compared. Cakes were evaluated based on final volume, dynamic volume change, and rheological transitions during baking. Cake expansion during baking was a function of protein concentration regardless of protein type. Cakes containing whey proteins had a lower ability to prevent collapse once starch gelatinization started during baking. Heat‐treating whey proteins or adding xanthan gum increases cake volume, but not to the extent of egg‐white proteins. Cakes containing egg‐white proteins became more elastic at 60 to 85 °C than those containing whey proteins, indicating physical differences in the heat‐set protein foam network associated with protein type.
Toward a web-based real-time radiation treatment planning system in a cloud computing environment (2013)

To exploit the potential dosimetric advantages of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), an in-depth approach is required to provide efficient computing methods. This needs to incorporate clinically related organ specific constraints, Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculations, and large-scale plan optimization. This paper describes our first steps toward a web-based real-time radiation treatment planning system in a cloud computing environment (CCE). The Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) with a master node (named m2.xlarge containing 17.1 GB of memory, two virtual cores with 3.25 EC2 Compute Units each, 420 GB of instance storage, 64-bit platform) is used as the backbone of cloud computing for dose calculation and plan optimization. The master node is able to scale the workers on an 'on-demand' basis. MC dose calculation is employed to generate accurate beamlet dose kernels by parallel tasks. The intensity modulation optimization uses total-variation regularization (TVR) and generates piecewise constant fluence maps for each initial beam direction in a distributed manner over the CCE. The optimized fluence maps are segmented into deliverable apertures. The shape of each aperture is iteratively rectified to be a sequence of arcs using the manufacture's constraints. The output plan file from the EC2 is sent to the simple storage service. Three de-identified clinical cancer treatment plans have been studied for evaluating the performance of the new planning platform with 6 MV flattening filter free beams (40 × 40 cm(2)) from the Varian TrueBeam(TM) STx linear accelerator. A CCE leads to speed-ups of up to 14-fold for both dose kernel calculations and plan optimizations in the head and neck, lung, and prostate cancer cases considered in this study. The proposed system relies on a CCE that is able to provide an infrastructure for parallel and distributed computing. The resultant plans from the cloud computing are identical to PC-based IMRT and VMAT plans, confirming the reliability of the cloud computing platform. This cloud computing infrastructure has been established for a radiation treatment planning. It substantially improves the speed of inverse planning and makes future on-treatment adaptive re-planning possible.
Electrostatic Dust Detection and Removal for ITER (2008)

We present some recent results on two innovative applications of microelectronics technology to dust inventory measurement and dust removal in ITER. A novel device to detect the settling of dust particles on a remote surface has been developed in the laboratory. A circuit board with a grid of two interlocking conductive traces with 25 μm spacing is biased to 30 – 50 V. Carbon particles landing on the energized grid create a transient short circuit. The current flowing through the short circuit creates a voltage pulse that is recorded by standard nuclear counting electronics and the total number of counts is related to the mass of dust impinging on the grid. The particles typically vaporize in a few seconds restoring the previous voltage standoff. Experience on NSTX however, showed that in a tokamak environment it was still possible for large particles or fibers to remain on the grid causing a long term short circuit. We report on the development of a gas puff system that uses helium to clear such particles. Experiments with varying nozzle designs, backing pressures, puff durations, and exit flow orientations have given an optimal configuration that effectively removes particles from an area up to 25 cm² with a single nozzle. In a separate experiment we are developing an advanced circuit grid of three interlocking traces that can generate a miniature electrostatic traveling wave for transporting dust to a suitable exit port. We have fabricated such a 3-pole circuit board with 25 micron insulated traces that operates with voltages up to 200 V. Recent results showed motion of dust particles with the application of only 50 V bias voltage. Such a device could potentially remove dust continuously without dedicated interventions and without loss of machine availability for plasma operations.
Analysis of VoLTE End-to-End Quality of Service Using OPNET (2014)

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a 3GPP standard for wireless transmission systems. It is also the first 3GPP wireless standard full IP-based. Due to its possibility to reach very high throughput (e.g. 100 Mbps in downlink), an efficient end-to end QoS treatment is needed in order to guarantee a good QoS perceived by end user (QoE). Voice service delivered by LTE systems is Voice over IP (VoIP) service, with no QoS-aware mechanism. LTE provides a unique and native QoS-aware mechanism for end-to-end service delivering based on EPS bearer and QCI. Since efficient end-to-end QoS management of VOLTE should treat different aspects, this paper analyze the influence of voice codecs on end-to-end VoLTE performance. Different voice codecs are considered in different scenarios simulated using OPNET Modeler software tool. Final comparison among them is provided.
Rapid Catalytic Oxygenation of Hydrocarbons by Ruthenium Pentafluorophenylporphyrin Complexes:  Evidence for the Involvement of a Ru(III) Intermediate (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTRapid Catalytic Oxygenation of Hydrocarbons by Ruthenium Pentafluorophenylporphyrin Complexes: Evidence for the Involvement of a Ru(III) IntermediateJohn T. Groves, Marcella Bonchio, Tommaso Carofiglio, and Kirill ShalyaevView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey 08544Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 37, 8961–8962Publication Date (Web):September 18, 1996Publication History Received15 December 1995Published online18 September 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja9542092https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9542092rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2243Altmetric-Citations148LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Catalysts,Hydrocarbons,Organic reactions,Pyrroles,Saturation Get e-Alerts
Mass spectrometry of RNA: linking the genome to the proteome (2006)

Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) are continuing to attract increased attention as they are found to play pivotal roles in biological systems. Just as genomics and proteomics have been enabled by the development of effective analytical techniques and instrumentation, the large-scale analysis of non-protein coding (nc)RNAs will benefit as new analytical methodologies, such as mass spectrometry (MS), are developed for their analysis. Mass spectrometry offers a number of advantages for RNA analysis arising from its ability to provide mass and sequence information starting with limited amounts of sample. This review will highlight recent developments in the field of MS that enable the characterization of RNA modification status, RNA tertiary structures, and ncRNA expression levels. These developments will also be placed in perspective of how MS of RNAs can help elucidate the link between the genome and proteome.
Characterization and in vitro translation of polyadenylated messenger ribonucleic acid from Neurospora crassa (1977)

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) extracted from Neurospora crassa has been fractionated by oligodeoxythymidylic acid [oligo(dT)]-cellulose chromatography into polyadenylated messenger RNA [poly(A) mRNA] and unbound RNA. The poly(A) mRNA, which comprises approximately 1.7% of the total cellular RNA, was further characterized by Sepharose 4B chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both techniques showed that the poly(A) mRNA was heterodisperse in size, with an average molecular weight similar to that of 17S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The poly(A) segments isolated from the poly(A) mRNA were relatively short, with three major size classes of 30, 55, and 70 nucleotides. Gel electrophoresis of the non-poly(A) RNA indicated that it contained primarily rRNA and 4S RNA. The optimal conditions were determined for the translation of Neurospora mRNA in a cell-free wheat germ protein-synthesizing system. Poly(A) mRNA stimulated the incorporation of [14C]leucine into polypeptides ranging in size from 10,000 to 100,000 daltons. The RNA that did not bind to oligo(dT)-cellulose also stimulated the incorporation of [14C]leucine, indicating that this fraction contains a significant concentration of mRNA which has either no poly(A) or very short poly(A) segments. In addition, the translation of both poly(A) mRNA and unbound mRNA was inhibited by 7-methylguanosine-5'-monophosphate (m7G5'p). This is preliminary evidence for the existence of a 5'-RNA "cap" on Neurospora mRNA.