gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A design algorithm of membership functions for a fuzzy neuron using example-based learning (2003)

The authors describe a design algorithm for extraction of membership functions of a fuzzy neuron based on example-based learning with optimization of cross-detecting lines. This algorithm facilitates design without the knowledge of experts. The algorithm was verified by recognition of hand-written characters. Using this algorithm, a fuzzy neuron can be designed very easily without knowledge about the features of the character, and optimum membership functions can be extracted.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
HOMO/LUMO Alignment at PTCDA/ZnPc and PTCDA/ClInPc Heterointerfaces Determined by Combined UPS and XPS Measurements (1999)

The offsets between the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) at the 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA)/chloroindium phthalocyanine (ClInPc) and PTCDA/zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) organic heterojunctions were estimated from a combination of X-ray and ultraviolet photoemission (XPS,UPS) measurements. This combined method allows an improved determination of the electronic structure of such organic/organic‘ interfaces due to the separate determination of the band bending (charge redistribution) following heterojunction formation. Both interfaces have large offsets in the onset for photoemission from their HOMO levels (PTCDA/ZnPc: 0.88 eV; PTCDA/CnlInPc: 0.93 eV). Using thin film absorbance data, the corresponding offsets in LUMO levels were estimated to be 0.66 eV (PTCDA/ZnPc) and 0.34 (PTCDA/ClInPc). The ZnPc/PTCDA interface showed a significant interface dipole (0.25 eV) while the ClInPc/PTCDA contact was essentially dipole free.
Static Hand Gesture Recognition Based on HOG with Kinect (2012)

In this paper, we propose and implement a novel method for recognition static hand gestures using depth data from Kinect sensor of Microsoft. Compared to the entire human body, the hand is a smaller object with more complex articulations and more easily affected by segmentation errors. So it is a very challenging problem to recognize hand gestures. Our approach involves choosing HOG feature with both geometric moment invariant features and adapted to the light transform by analyzing the features of hands characteristics. Through the rapid cascade Adaboost training algorithm obtains the training models of gestures and matches them, thus build the accuracy and efficiency hand gesture recognition system using the Kinect sensor.
Synthesis of Triptorelin Lactate Catalyzed by Lipase in Organic Media (2012)

Triptorelin lactate was successfully synthesized by porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) in organic solvents. The effects of acyl donor, substrate ratio, organic solvent, temperature, and water activity were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, a yield of 30% for its ester could be achieved in the reaction for about 48 h.
Detecting Manipulated Remote Call Streams (2002)

In the Internet, mobile code is ubiquitous and includes such examples as browser plug-ins, Java applets, and document macros. In this paper, we address an important vulnerability in mobile code security that exists in remote execution systems such as Condor, Globus, and SETI@Home. These systems schedule user jobs for execution on remote idle machines. However, they send most of their important system calls back to the local machine for execution. Hence, an evil process on the remote machine can manipulate a user’s job to send destructive system calls back to the local machine. We have developed techniques to remotely detect such manipulation. Before the job is submitted for remote execution, we construct a model of the user’s binary program using static analysis. This binary analysis is applicable to commodity remote execution systems and applications. During remote job execution, the model checks all system calls arriving at the local machine. Execution is only allowed to continue while the model remains valid. We begin with a finite-state machine model that accepts sequences of system calls and then build optimizations into the model to improve its precision and efficiency. We also propose two program transformations, renaming and null call insertion, that have a significant impact on the precision and efficiency. As a desirable side-effect, these techniques also obfuscate the program, thus making it harder for the adversary to reverse engineer the code. We have implemented a simulated remote execution environment to demonstrate how optimizations and transformations of the binary program increase the precision and efficiency. In our test programs, unoptimized models increase run-time by 0.5 % or less. At moderate levels of optimization, run-time increases by less than 13 % with precision gains reaching 74%.
Characterization of High Purity Lycopene from Tomato Wastes Using a New Pressurized Extraction Approach (2008)

In this paper, a method for the extraction of high purity lycopene from tomato wastes is presented. The method is based on a pressurized extraction that uses the Extractor Naviglio, and it is performed in the 0.7-0.9 MPa range. Tomato skin, the byproduct deriving from manufacturing of tomato, in a water dispersion, are used as starting material. Lycopene is transferred, for the effect of the high pressure used, in the form of molecular aggregates into the water as a dispersion, while apolar compounds remain in the matrix. The aggregates are easily purified in a single subsequent step by using methanol, thus, obtaining lycopene at 98% chromatographic purity or higher. A new stationary phase, phenyl-hexyl silicone, and a simple water/acetonitrile gradient were used for HPLC analysis of lycopene. The extract was characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. An average recovery of 2.8 mg lycopene/kg tomato waste can be obtained after 4 hours of extraction and using tap water as the extracting liquid. The recovery percentage was of about 10%. The exhausted tomato byproduct can be easily dried and used in agriculture or as feeding for animals.
Intrinsically stretchable transparent electrodes based on silver-nanowire–crosslinked-polyacrylate composites (2012)

Stretchable transparent composites have been synthesized consisting of a silver nanowire (AgNW) network embedded in the surface layer of a crosslinked poly(acrylate) matrix. The interpenetrating networks of AgNWs and the crosslinked polymer matrix lead to high surface conductivity, high transparency, and rubbery elasticity. The presence of carboxylic acid groups on the polymer chains enhances the bonding between AgNWs and the polymer matrix, and further increases the stretchability of the composites. The sheet resistance of the composite electrode increases by only 2.3 times at 50% strain. Repeated stretching to 50% strain and relaxation only causes a small increase of the sheet resistance after 600 cycles. The morphology of the composites during reversible stretching and relaxation has been investigated to expound the conductivity changes.
Efficient management of data center resources for massively multiplayer online games (2008)

Today's massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs) can include millions of concurrent players spread across the world. To keep these highly-interactive virtual environments online, a MMOG operator may need to provision tens of thousands of computing resources from various data centers. Faced with large resource demand variability, and with misfit resource renting policies, the current industry practice is to maintain for each game tens of self-owned data centers. In this work we investigate the dynamic resource provisioning from external data centers for MMOG operation. We introduce a novel MMOG workload model that represents the dynamics of both the player population and the player interactions. We evaluate several algorithms, including a novel neural network predictor, for predicting the resource demand. Using trace-based simulation, we evaluate the impact of the data center policies on the resource provisioning efficiency; we show that dynamic provisioning can be much more efficient than its static alternative.
Determinants of sensitivity and specificity of electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy. (1990)

Numerous electrocardiographic criteria, which are largely dependent on fixed voltage thresholds, have been proposed for the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Electrocardiographic criteria for LVH were examined in 4,684 subjects of the Framingham Heart Study who underwent echocardiographic study for LVH. Echocardiographic LVH was detected in 290 men (14.2%) and 465 women (17.6%). Electrocardiographic features of LVH were present in 2.9% of men (60/2,042) and 1.5% of women (39/2,642). The overall sensitivity of the electrocardiographic diagnosis of LVH was 6.9%, whereas specificity was 98.8%. Sensitivity of the electrocardiogram (ECG) for LVH was marginally lower in women than in men (5.6% vs. 9.0%, p = 0.075). Obesity was inversely associated with sensitivity (p less than 0.05, both sexes combined, sex-adjusted). Smoking was also inversely related to sensitivity (p = 0.001, both sexes combined, sex-adjusted). In contrast, sensitivity of the ECG increased with age (p less than 0.001, both sexes combined, sex-adjusted). These findings suggest that electrocardiographic detection of LVH can be improved by incorporating information about noncardiac factors that impact on electrocardiographic sensitivity for LVH, presumably by attenuating QRS voltage. New strategies that take into consideration sex, age, smoking status, and obesity might improve the sensitivity of the ECG without diminishing specificity.
Single-Longitudinal-Mode Selfaligned (AlGa)As Double-Heterostructure Lasers Fabricated by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (1985)

Single-longitudinal-mode selfaligned (AlGa)As double-heterostructure (DH) lasers were fabricated by two-step molecular beam epitaxial technique. The AlGaAs surface was protected by a GaAs thin layer during the photolithographic process. The GaAs was thermally etched selectively just prior to regrowth in the MBE system. There was no problem associated with the regrowth of AlGaAs using this GaAs passivation technique. The room temperature CW threshold current for a device with a 200 µm-long and 3 µm-wide stripe was 40 mA. The emission wavelength was 780 nm and a fundamental transverse mode was achieved.
Three-terminal electric transport measurements on gold nano-particles combined with<i>ex situ</i>TEM inspection (2009)

We have fabricated nanometer-spaced electrodes on electron-transparent silicon nitride membranes. A thin Cr/Au layer is evaporated on the backside of the membrane which serves as a gate electrode. Using these devices, we have performed three-terminal electron transport measurements on gold nano-particles at liquid helium temperature. Coulomb Blockade features have been observed and the capacitance to the gate has been extracted. After transport measurements, the Cr/Au back gate is removed and the devices are inspected with a transmission-electron microscope (TEM). TEM inspection reveals the presence of a few nano-particles in the nanogap, which is in agreement with the transport measurements. In addition, the nano-particle size as observed by TEM coincides with the one estimated from the gate capacitance value.
Functionalization of quantum dots with multidentate zwitterionic ligands: impact on cellular interactions and cytotoxicity (2013)

Surface functionalization of nanoparticles is an important determinant of their interactions with biological compartments at the nano-bio interface. In this paper, a series of multidentate zwitterionic polymeric ligands were synthesized and used to functionalize the surface of quantum dots (QDs). The structure of polymer ligands was designed by changing the molar ratio of reactants and precursors used in the reaction. A three-component micro-emulsion method was developed to improve the efficiency of ligand exchange and avoid cross-linking reactions. Highly stable, compact and biocompatible zwitterionic QDs with different surface charge densities were obtained after ligand exchange. Variation of the surface charge density of QDs was verified by zeta potential measurements. The interaction of zwitterionic QDs with different cancer and normal cell lines (KB 3-1, COLO 205 and HEK 293) was surface charge density dependent. From cell viability studies, it was shown that higher surface charge density resulted in lower cytotoxicity of zwitterionic QDs when incubated with both cancer and normal cell lines. Furthermore, the feasibility of conjugating functionalized QDs (coated with amine zwitterionic polymer ligands) with a biomolecule was demonstrated. This was exemplified by the conjugation of amine zwitterionic QDs with a cRGD peptide, which showed improved interaction of cRGD-QDs with α<sub>ν</sub>β<sub>3</sub> integrin receptors expressed on U87MG glioblastoma tumor cells. Engineering the surface charge density and functionalization of nanoparticles, by multidentate zwitterionic ligands, provides a strategy to tune the surface properties of QDs, which impacts their cytotoxicity and cellular interaction at the nano-bio interface.
Phagocytosis of Amyloid-β and Inflammation: Two Faces of Innate Immunity in Alzheimer's Disease (2007)

Innate immunity provides the first line of defense by recognizing pathogen-associated microbial patterns and inducing key co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines, which activate the mechanisms of the adaptive immune response. Innate immune cells perform phagocytosis, which can clear pathogens and tissue waste products but may also contribute to tissue injury due to harmful side effects of inflammation. Genetic studies of APOE4, cytokine polymorphisms and overexpression of inflammatory genes suggest that chronic inflammation may have adverse effects in patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. However, a vaccine against amyloid-beta induced beneficial clearance of amyloid-beta deposits, possibly through Fc receptor-mediated stimulation of microglial and macrophage uptake. A reconciliation of these two pathogenetic mechanisms is crucial to future progress in immune diagnosis and effective therapy. This may be possible by extending our recent observations suggesting that phagocytosis of amyloid-beta by macrophages is excellent in normal subjects but is deficient in most AD patients. Thus increased proinflammatory cytokine levels and activated microglia and macrophages in patients may be compensatory for defective clearance of amyloid-beta. Consequently, therapeutic interventions that increase phagocytosis of amyloid-beta might decrease brain inflammation as well as reduce inflammation-induced neurodegeneration. Finally, peripheral blood leukocytes are a superior model system for investigation of innate immune dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.
Fault Tolerant Design Using Single and Multicriteria Genetic Algorithm Optimization. (1995)

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1995.
Quantitative shear wave ultrasound elastography: initial experience in solid breast masses (2010)

Shear wave elastography gives quantitative and reproducible information on solid breast lesions with diagnostic accuracy at least as good as greyscale ultrasound with BI-RADS classification.
Effect of Luteinizing Hormone and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin on Cell Populations in the Ovine Corpus Luteum1 (1988)

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or ovine luteinizing hormone (LH) on the number and size distribution of steroidogenic luteal cells. In Experiment I, 27 ewes were assigned to one of three groups: 1) hCG (300 IU, i.v.) administered on Days 5 and 7.5 of the estrous cycle (Day 0 = Estrus); 2) LH (120 micrograms, i.v.) administered at 6-h intervals from Days 5 to 10 of the cycle; 3) saline (i.v.) administered as in the LH treatment group. Blood samples were drawn daily from the jugular vein for quantification of progesterone. On Day 10, corpora lutea were collected, decapsulated, weighed, and dissociated into single cell suspensions. Cells were fixed, stained for 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta HSD) activity, and the size distribution of 3 beta HSD-positive cells was determined. Treatment with hCG, but not LH, increased (p less than 0.05) concentrations of progesterone in serum and the weight of corpora lutea. Treatment with either hCG of LH increased the proportion of cells greater than 22 micron in diameter and decreased the proportion of cells less than or equal to 22 micron (p less than 0.01). The ratio of small to large luteal cells decreased after treatment with either hCG or LH (p less than 0.05). In Experiment II, 9 ewes were assigned to one of two groups: 1) LH (120 micrograms, i.v.) administered at 6-h intervals from Days 5 to 10 of the estrous cycle, and 2) saline (i.v.) administered as in the LH treatment group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reaction of Silicone with Aryl Chlorides<sup /> (2003)

The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of silicone, poly(diorganosiloxane), with aryl chlorides in the presence of K2CO3/H2O as an activator proceeds to afford the biaryl derivatives in moderate to excellent yields. A wide range of aryl chlorides bearin­g an electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituent on the aromatic ring are tolerated. The amount of K2CO3 relative to silicone significantly influences the reaction. Treatment of silicone with K2CO3/H2O at r.t. for 1 hour prior to the addition of the palladium catalyst and an aryl chloride is necessary.
Neurotrophic Factor Therapy – Prospects and Problems (2001)

Over the past 15 years neurotrophic factors have generated considerable excitement for their potential as therapy for a wide variety of degenerative neurological disorders, for which there is currently no treatment. The first part of this period was marked by the discovery, characterization, and cloning of many new growth factors, and by successful testing of these factors in animal models of neurological disease. In recent years the biotechnology industry and pharmaceutical industry have attempted to replicate the success of the animal studies in clinical trials. Although some studies have demonstrated moderate efficacy, for the most part the clinical trials have been less successful at demonstrating the therapeutic efficacy of this new class of drugs. For example, nerve growth factor appeared to be efficacious in two phase II clinical trials for peripheral neuropathy, but failed in a large scale phase III trial. Ciliary neurotrophic factor, brain derived neurotrophic factor and insulin like growth factor-1 have all been tested in clinical trials for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, with at best, variable indications of efficacy. Nevertheless, there are still many reasons to be optimistic that some of these agents may be useful clinically. Many technical and pharmacological issues remain to be adequately addressed, before neurotrophic factors can live up to their potential. Our collective experience with them has re-adjusted previously wild expectations, so that they are now much more realistic. This is necessary and beneficial for the maturation of this field of study.
Detailed analysis of the microwave-detected photoconductance decay in crystalline silicon (2008)

An approach to evaluate the microwave-detected photoconductance decay (MWPCD) is developed, which allows to extract the minority carrier lifetime as a function of the excess carrier density from a single MWPCD measurement. The method is shown to be applicable to thin (w≲200 μm) silicon wafers with low minority carrier recombination at the surfaces and bulk lifetimes in the range of about 1–100 μs. Comparison of the MWPCD results with minority carrier lifetime measurements using the quasi-steady-state photoconductance method reveals very good agreement between both types of measurement. Only when the photoconductance exceeds 30% of the dark conductivity, is a deviation observed, because then the MWPCD signal is no longer directly proportional to the excess carrier density. Minority carrier trapping is found to affect the MWPCD signal only in the tail of the measured photoconductance decay. The evaluation method is used to map the interstitial iron content with high spatial resolution, as well as to determine the minority carrier trap density. An excellent agreement between numerical simulation and measured MWPCD signal is found revealing the assumptions made for the evaluation approach to be valid. This evaluation of the MWPCD measurement is well suited to characterize silicon of low purity and low crystalline quality, which is often employed to solar cells with high spatial resolution.
Reconfigurable Wilkinson power dividers with minimum number of switches (2009)

Novel reconfigurable Wilkinson power dividers with a minimum number of switches are introduced. In the first design, re-routing of output power between one and two ports is achieved with only three switches. A second design employs a switched coupled line transformer, and requires four switches. Both operating modes of the power dividers are matched and achieve a relative bandwidth of approximately 10%. The construction of the dividers and experimental results are presented at 2.14 GHz.
Does hepatitis C virus cause hepatocellular carcinoma? (1994)

Background and Methods. To detect potentially curable cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, outpatients with chronic hepatitis or compensated liver cirrhosis who were seen at the Center for Adult Diseases (Osaka, Japan) were examined periodically by means of ultrasonography and measurement of serum alpha-fetoprotein. Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma were identified with a Cox proportional-hazards model. Results. A total of 917 patients, 40 to 69 years old, were registered from May 1987 to March 1991. By the end of September 1991, liver cancer had developed in 54. The three-year cumulative risk of liver cancer was 12.5 percent for 240 patients with liver cirrhosis at enrollment and 3.8 percent for 677 patients with chronic hepatitis. Cox regression analysis showed that the risk of liver cancer was increased almost sevenfold in patients with hepatitis B surface antigen (rate ratio, 6.92; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.92 to 16.39) and fourfold in patients with hepatitis C antibody (rate ratio, 4.09; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.30 to 12.85). A high alpha-fetoprotein value at enrollment was also a risk marker for liver cancer. Conclusions. Patients with hepatitis C virus infection have a greatly increased risk of liver cancer. Further studies are required to clarify the roles of other risk factors, including drinking and smoking habits.
Thermal Stability of Ni-Fe Alloy Foils Continuously Electrodeposited in a Fluorborate Bath (2012)

Nanocrystalline Ni-Fe alloy foils were fabricated by using a continuous electrodeposition system, and then they were annealed at different temperatures ranging from room temperature to 650 ℃. A ductile-brittle-ductile evolution of these alloy foils was observed along with the increase of annealing temperature, and was affected by iron content. The first and second transformation took place at below 300 ℃ and over 500 ℃, respectively. Iron improved thermal stability of nanocrystalline Ni-Fe alloys. The XRD data indicated that for Ni100-xFex (x > 55) alloys bcc to fcc phase transformed at 300 ℃ and completely at 500℃.