gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effects of interdiffusion on the subbands in GaxIn1−xN0.04As0.96/GaAs quantum well for 1.3 and 1.55 μm operation wavelengths (2001)

The interdiffusion of GaxIn1−xN0.04As0.96/GaAs single quantum well (QW) structure with well width of 6 nm is studied theoretically. The as-grown Ga concentration in the QW is chosen to be 0.7 and 0.6 for the operation wavelengths of 1.3 and 1.55 μm, respectively. We studied the effects of interdiffusion on the in-plane strain, confinement potential, and subband energy levels of the QW using Fick’s law. The diffusion coefficients of both the well and barrier layers are assumed to be constant. The effects of valence band mixing and strains are included in the calculation of the electron and hole subband structures. We find that the group-III interdiffusion effects can result in blueshifts of 123 and 211 nm in the GaxIn1−xN0.04As0.96/GaAs QW at operation wavelength of 1.3 μm (x=0.7) and 1.55 μm (x=0.6), respectively. Our results show that interdiffusion technique can be used to tune the operating wavelengths of GaInAsN/GaAs lasers for multiwavelength applications such as in the sources of dense wavelength division multiplexed optical communication systems.
Integration of a Complete Detect and Avoid System for Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (2017)

For unmanned aircraft systems to gain full access to the National Airspace System (NAS), they must have the capability to detect and avoid other aircraft. This research focuses on the development of a detect-and-avoid (DAA) system for small unmanned aircraft systems. To safely avoid another aircraft, an unmanned aircraft must detect the intruder aircraft with ample time and distance. Two analytical methods for finding the minimum detection range needed are described. The first method, time-based geometric velocity vectors (TGVV), includes the bank-angle dynamics of the ownship while the second, geometric velocity vectors (GVV), assumes an instantaneous bank-angle maneuver. The solution using the first method must be found numerically, while the second has a closed-form analytical solution. These methods are compared to two existing methods. Results show the time-based geometric velocity vectors approach is precise, and the geometric velocity vectors approach is a good approximation under many conditions. The DAA problem requires the use of a robust target detection and tracking algorithm for tracking multiple maneuvering aircraft in the presence of noisy, cluttered, and missed measurements. Additionally these algorithms needs to be able to detect overtaking intruders, which has been resolved by using multiple radar sensors around the aircraft. To achieve these goals the formulation of a nonlinear extension to R-RANSAC has been performed, known as extended recursive-RANSAC (ER-RANSAC). The primary modifications needed for this ER-RANSAC implementation include the use of an EKF, nonlinear inlier functions, and the Gauss-Newton method for model hypothesis and generation. A fully functional DAA system includes target detection and tracking, collision detection, and collision avoidance. In this research we demonstrate the integration of each of the DAA-system subcomponents into fully functional simulation and hardware implementations using a ground-based radar setup. This integration resulted in various modifications of the radar DSP, collision detection, and collision avoidance algorithms, to improve the performance of the fully integrated DAA system. Using these subcomponents we present flight results of a complete ground-based radar DAA system, using actual radar hardware.
Platelet-derived S100 family member myeloid-related protein-14 regulates thrombosis (2014)

Expression of the gene encoding the S100 calcium-modulated protein family member MRP-14 (also known as S100A9) is elevated in platelets from patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction (MI) compared with those from patients with stable coronary artery disease; however, a causal role for MRP-14 in acute coronary syndromes has not been established. Here, using multiple models of vascular injury, we found that time to arterial thrombotic occlusion was markedly prolonged in Mrp14⁻/⁻ mice. We observed that MRP-14 and MRP-8/MRP-14 heterodimers (S100A8/A9) are expressed in and secreted by platelets from WT mice and that thrombus formation was reduced in whole blood from Mrp14⁻/⁻ mice. Infusion of WT platelets, purified MRP-14, or purified MRP-8/MRP-14 heterodimers into Mrp14⁻/⁻ mice decreased the time to carotid artery occlusion after injury, indicating that platelet-derived MRP-14 directly regulates thrombosis. In contrast, infusion of purified MRP-14 into mice deficient for both MRP-14 and CD36 failed to reduce carotid occlusion times, indicating that CD36 is required for MRP-14-dependent thrombosis. Our data identify a molecular pathway of thrombosis that involves platelet MRP-14 and CD36 and suggest that targeting MRP-14 has potential for treating atherothrombotic disorders, including MI and stroke.
Policy based management for Internet communities (2004)

Policy-based management (PBM) is a research topic that has been driven by the tremendous complexity inherent in the administration and management of present-day networking and telecommunications systems and services. The increasingly diverse organisational forms of modern industry represent a significant component of this complexity. Internet communities offer extreme examples of organisational diversity, since they often lack any central authority and many subsections operate with almost complete autonomy. This paper argues that PBM systems offer great potential in this domain due to the complexity of management arrangements. However, since these communities lack any single trusted administrative hierarchy, a centralised solution to policy engineering and management is not possible. This paper proposes an approach to modelling communities for PBM systems. This approach focuses on the concept of communities within a hierarchy of authority as the fundamental unit of organisational analysis. As such, the model reflects the distribution of authority in the real-world community, the resulting policies reflect the community's operational needs and contracts between the various groups and individuals that make up the community. Policy conflicts are used to identify organisational conflicts that must be resolved. In order to illustrate and validate these concepts, the paper presents a conceptual architecture and case study based on the secure management of an open publishing network.
Drug laws and the 'derivative' problem (2013)

The concept of a 'derivative' is used widely in chemistry, where its precise meaning depends on the circumstances. However, numerous examples of derivative also occur in domestic drugs legislation, some of which stem from the 1961 United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. There is a commonly held view that only 'first-order' derivatives should be considered: substances that can be created from a parent structure in a single chemical reaction. In other words, 'derivatives of derivatives' are excluded. However, some substances related to ecgonine (e.g. 2-carbomethoxytropinone) are clearly convertible to cocaine, even though this may require more than one reaction step. It follows that 2-carbomethoxytropinone is a controlled drug, a situation that most chemists would regard as perverse. A more extreme example of the complexity of 'derivative' is shown by the conversion of thebaine to buprenorphine. Even though this requires six or more stages, the US Drug Enforcement Administration successfully argued in a 1986 case that for the purposes of the Controlled Substances Act, the number of steps required was irrelevant; buprenorphine was a derivative of thebaine. Because the term derivative is rarely defined in statutes, the legal status of some substances, such as 2-bromo-LSD, is uncertain. Although a number of definitions of derivative can be found in the chemical literature, no single definition is adequate to describe all situations where it occurs in legislation. Unless qualified, it is suggested that the term derivative should be avoided in any future legislation.
The Challenge of West Sak Heavy Oil: Analysis of an Innovative Approach (1991)

ABSTRACT The West Sak (Upper Cretaceous) sands, overlaying the Kuparuk field at 2,000-4,500 ft depths, contains heavy oil (12-23 API) at a low GOR. With a range of OOIP estimates of 13 to 25 Billion Barrels, this reservoir, covering 300 sq.miles (777 km2), would rank among the largest known oil fields in the US, but technical difficulties have so far prevented its commercial exploitation. Steam injection is the most successful and the most commonly-used method of heavy oil recovery, but its application to the West Sak presents the following major problems: steam injected from the surface would have to traverse the 2,000 ft (600m)-thick Permafrost layer. Unavoidable heat losses from the steam and production tubings have two detrimental effects:the injected steam quality is greatly reduced, andmelting the Permafrost around the cemented casing could cause the well to sink, with potentially disastrous effects;the reservoir consists of 6 major layers, relatively thin and of medium permeability (ca.150 md);the West Sak formation contains some swelling clays, which, when exposed to steam condensate, further reduce the rock permeability;high well rates, generally required for economic operations in the Arctic, make it imperative to prevent degradation of permeability. Such difficulties may be overcome by using a novel approach, in which steam is generated downhole in a catalytic Methanator, from Syngas made at the surface from endothermic reactions (Table 1). The Methanator effluent, containing steam and soluble gases resulting from exothermic reactions (Table 1), is cyclically injected into the reservoir by means of a horizontal drainhole while hot produced fluids flow from a second drainhole into a central production tubing. The downhole reactor feed and BFW flow downward in two concentric tubings. The large-diameter casing required to house the downhole reactor assembly is filled above it with Arctic Pack mud, or crude oil, to further reduce heat leaks. A quantitative analysis of this production scheme for the West Sak required a preliminary engineering of the downhole and surface facilities and a tentative forecast of well production rates. The results, based on published information on the West Sak, have been used to estimate the cost of these facilities, per daily barrel of oil produced. A preliminary economic analysis and conclusions are presented together with an outline of future work. Economic and regulatory conditions which would make this approach viable are discussed.
Domain Structures and Immunogenic Regions of the 90-kDa Heat-shock Protein (HSP90) (1997)

Domain structures of the 90-kDa heat-shock protein (HSP90) have been investigated with a library of anti-HSP90 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and by limited proteolysis with trypsin and chymotrypsin. Thirty-three mAbs were obtained by immunization with bacterially expressed human HSP90alpha and HSP90beta isoforms. Among them, ten and three mAbs reacted specifically with HSP90alpha and HSP90beta, respectively. Immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent analyses revealed that major immunogenic domains were located at two restricted regions of HSP90alpha, i.e. amino acids 227-310 (designated Region I) and 702-716 (Region II), corresponding to a highly charged region and a region near the C terminus, respectively. Taken together with the characteristics of the amino acid sequences, these two immunogenic regions appeared to be exposed at the outer surface of HSP90. We further investigated the domain structures of HSP90 by limited proteolysis in combination with N-terminal sequencing and immunoblotting analyses. Tryptic cleavages of HSP90alpha at low concentrations revealed the existence of major susceptible sites at Arg400-Glu401, Lys615-Ala616, and Arg620-Asp621. Proteolysis at higher trypsin concentrations caused successive cleavages only toward the N-terminal direction from these sites, and Region I was included in the region selectively deleted during this process, thereby further suggesting its surface location. From these results, we propose three domain structures of HSP90 consisting of amino acids 1-400, 401-615, and 621-732. Differences in the protease sensitivity and immunogenicity further suggest that every domain is composed of two subdomains. This is the first study describing the domain structures and the immunogenic regions of HSP90.
Organic Solar Cells (1991)

Review: The conversion of sunlight into electricity can be achieved using a solar cell and is one of the most attractive future soruce of energy. Silicon‐based cells, while quite efficient, are difficult and expensive to produce, a fact that drives up the cost of electricity produced using them. The alternative, organic‐based cells (see Figure) have the potential advantages of ease of processing and cheapness if their efficiency can be brought up to reasonable levels. Recent progress made and future targets in this field are reviewed. equation image
Fast event-based Harris corner detection exploiting the advantages of event-driven cameras (2016)

The detection of consistent feature points in an image is fundamental for various kinds of computer vision techniques, such as stereo matching, object recognition, target tracking and optical flow computation. This paper presents an event-based approach to the detection of corner points, which benefits from the high temporal resolution, compressed visual information and low latency provided by an asynchronous neuromorphic event-based camera. The proposed method adapts the commonly used Harris corner detector to the event-based data, in which frames are replaced by a stream of asynchronous events produced in response to local light changes at μs temporal resolution. Responding only to changes in its field of view, an event-based camera naturally enhances edges in the scene, simplifying the detection of corner features. We characterised and tested the method on both a controlled pattern and a real scenario, using the dynamic vision sensor (DVS) on the neuromorphic iCub robot. The method detects corners with a typical error distribution within 2 pixels. The error is constant for different motion velocities and directions, indicating a consistent detection across the scene and over time. We achieve a detection rate proportional to speed, higher than frame-based technique for a significant amount of motion in the scene, while also reducing the computational cost.
Relating multidrug resistance phenotypes to the kinetic properties of their drug‐efflux pumps (2000)

The simplest model for pump-mediated multidrug resistance is elaborated quantitatively. The way in which toxicity data should be evaluated to characterize most effectively the drug-efflux pump is then examined. The isotoxic drug dose (D10) depends on too many unrelated properties. The D10 of a cell line taken relative to that of the parental (nonresistant) cell line has been called the relative resistance (RR). This is inappropriate for characterizing the drug pump, as it depends on the extent of amplification of the latter. The reduced RR (RRR) is newly defined as the ratio of the (RR - 1) for one drug to the (RR - 1) for a different drug. This RRR should be independent of both the drug-target affinity and the extent of amplification of the drug pump in cell lines belonging to a family. The RRR depends on the avidities with which the pump extrudes the drugs relative to the passive membrane permeabilities of the latter. In plots of RRR for one drug combination vs. that for a second drug combination, cell lines that have the same pump amplified should cluster, whereas those with amplification of (functionally) different drug-efflux pumps should segregate. Both a set of new experimental data and literature results are discussed in terms of RRR. RRRs discriminate between human MDR1 and mouse mdr1a and mdr1b, between hamster pgp1 and a mutant thereof, as well as between human MDR1 and a mutant thereof. RRRs are not affected by changes in membrane surface area. Our results indicate that RRR may be used to (a) characterize drug-resistance mechanisms and (b) determine which drug-resistance mechanism is operative. Moreover, our analysis suggests that some of the reported phenotypic diversity among multidrug-resistant cell lines may not be due to diversity in the resistance mechanism.
Shape-controlled synthesis of one-dimensional Al<sub><i>x</i></sub>Ga<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>N nanotower arrays: structural characteristics and growth mechanism (2014)

Tower-like AlxGa1−xN nanostructures with flat tops/sharp tips have been synthesized by catalyst-template-free chemical vapour deposition. Structural and morphological properties have been systematically investigated by x-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. It has been found that typical tower-like nanostructures exhibit quasi-hexagonal nanocolumns stacking in layer-by-layer behaviour. The morphology of AlxGa1−xN nanotowers is strongly dependent on the evaporation temperature of precursors. A high evaporation temperature of precursors would induce the formation of a nanotower with large diameter and a flat top, and a low evaporation temperature of precursors would lead to the formation of a nanotower with small diameter and a sharp tip. The formation of AlxGa1−xN nanotowers has been proposed to be two-dimensional growth of hexagonal nanocolumns and one-dimensional stacking in the direction perpendicular to the previous nucleated section due to the existence of an Ehrlich–Schwoebel barrier. Raman scattering analysis reveals the hexagonal behaviour of tower-like nanostructures. The obtained nanotowers might have potential applications as functional blocks in future nanodevices.
Altered expression of insulin receptor types A and B in the skeletal muscle of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. (1991)

The human insulin receptor exists in two isoforms, HIR-A and HIR-B, which are generated by alternative splicing of a primary gene transcript and differ by a 12-amino acid insertion sequence in the alpha-subunit. The two receptor isoforms bind insulin with different affinities and are differentially expressed in human tissues. We report here a tissue-specific alteration of the insulin receptor RNA splice pattern in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients. Whereas skeletal muscle of healthy individuals contains exclusively high-affinity HIR-A-encoding RNA, we consistently find low-affinity HIR-B RNA expression in NIDDM muscle tissue at levels similar to HIR-A.
Integrating natural language, query processing, and semantic data models (2002)

The design and implementation of a natural language query processing system is described. The system is based on the CANDIDE object-oriented data model, which consists of a collection of instances and classes. Classes are arranged in a generalization hierarchy. Each instance belongs to one or more classes. CANDIDE includes a terminological reasoning capability, known as the Classifier, which is used to process queries. Natural language queries are converted into CANDIDE objects and then processed by the Classifier. Issues in natural language processing are discussed, including the lexical acquisition problem. The approach is unique in terms of aiding natural language processing with a semantic data model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The rat melanin-concentrating hormone gene encodes an additional putative protein in a different reading frame (1996)

The sequence of a novel melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) transcript, composed of precisely joined exon I and exon III of the MCH gene, has been elucidated by RT-PCR analysis of hypothalamic RNA isolated from different rat strains. The deduced amino acid sequence predicted that it encodes in the exon I the same N-terminal moiety as MCH precursor part but diverges downstream, exon III being translated in a different reading frame than the MCH mRNA. This putative chimeric protein has been named MCH(M)-gene(G)-overprinted (O)-polypeptide(P). A peptide of 14 amino acids could be generated after cleavage at a basic site. Immunocytochemistry studies, using MGOP- and MCH-specific antisera, revealed overlapping expression in the dorsolateral hypothalamus. This suggests that MGOP or derived peptide(s) would participate in modulating the effect of pro-MCH generated peptides in the rat brain.
Elongation of exogenous fatty acids by the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio harveyi (1989)

Bioluminescent bacteria require myristic acid (C14:0) to produce the myristaldehyde substrate of the light-emitting luciferase reaction. Since both endogenous and exogenous C14:0 can be used for this purpose, the metabolism of exogenous fatty acids by luminescent bacteria has been investigated. Both Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio fischeri incorporated label from [1-14C]myristic acid (C14:0) into phospholipid acyl chains as well as into CO2. In contrast, Photobacterium phosphoreum did not exhibit phospholipid acylation or beta-oxidation using exogenous fatty acids. Unlike Escherichia coli, the two Vibrio species can directly elongate fatty acids such as octanoic (C8:0), lauric (C12:0), and myristic acid, as demonstrated by radio-gas liquid chromatography. The induction of bioluminescence in late exponential growth had little effect on the ability of V. harveyi to elongate fatty acids, but it did increase the amount of C14:0 relative to C16:0 labeled from [14C]C8:0. This was not observed in a dark mutant of V. harveyi that is incapable of supplying endogenous C14:0 for luminescence. Cerulenin preferentially decreased the labeling of C16:0 and of unsaturated fatty acids from all 14C-labeled fatty acid precursors as well as from [14C]acetate, suggesting that common mechanisms may be involved in elongation of fatty acids from endogenous and exogenous sources. Fatty acylation of the luminescence-related synthetase and reductase enzymes responsible for aldehyde synthesis exhibited a chain-length preference for C14:0, which also was indicated by reverse-phase thin-layer chromatography of the acyl groups attached to these enzymes. The ability of V. harveyi to activate and elongate exogenous fatty acids may be related to an adaptive requirement to metabolize intracellular C14:0 generated by the luciferase reaction during luminescence development.
Polymorphisms in the 5′-flanking regions of the GH, PRL, and Pit-1 genes with Muscovy duck egg production1 (2015)

Somatotropic axis-related genes contribute to reproduction of ducks. Five SNP in the 5'-flanking regions of the growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and pituitary-specific transcription factor (Pit-1) genes were identified and genotyped in a female population of Muscovy ducks. Association analysis of these SNP with Muscovy duck egg production traits was performed. Results showed that SNP C-515G of GH was significantly associated with egg number in ducks at age 59 wk (E59W; P = 0.0009) and egg number in ducks at age 300 d (E300D; P = 0.0022). Single nucleotide polymorphism C-441T of GH was significantly associated with E59W (P = 0.0014). Significant associations of SNP T-884C and T-335C of PRL with the age at first egg (A1D), E59W, and E300D were detected in this population (P < 0.0001). It was concluded that these 4 SNP might be useful markers to use with the aim of increasing Muscovy duck E59W. On the basis of genetic parameter estimation, the heritability of A1D, E300D, E59W, and molting time were 0.43 ± 0.04, 0.45 ± 0.04, 0.36 ± 0.04, and 0.04 ± 0.03, respectively. Strong positive genetic correlation was noted between E59W and E300D (correlation coefficient = 0.80), whereas a negative association was noted between E59W and A1D (correlation coefficient = -0.80). Therefore, the selection for improved A1D should also increase E59W.