gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SELF-ASSEMBLY REQUIRED (2002)

THROW IOO OR SO LIGHTemitting diodes (LEDs) into a vial of water, add a patterned substrate coated with a low-melting solder, heat and shake the contents gently for a few minutes, and voila—a tiny LED display assembles itself as if by magic. But it's not magic—it's patterned assembly a process that a Harvard University research team has now demonstrated can be used to fabricate flexible, cylindrical displays that light up in any desired pattern [Science, 296,323 (2002)]. The team, headed by chemistry professor George M. Whitesides, also reports using this strategy to assemble a curved 5-cm 2 array of about 1,560 small silicon cubes, which were used as stand-ins for microelectronic devices. The array was generated in minutes. This is definitely a 'wow' paper, comments GregoryT.A. Kovacs, an associate professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University It's very exciting,'' he says, because it shows the potential for mass-fabrication of flexible, active, electronic systems. ...
Algorithm 358: singular value decomposition of a complex matrix [F1, 4, 5] (1969)

procedure Ising (n, x, t, S); integer n, x, l; integer array S; comment Ising generates n-sequences ($1, "", S,) of zeros and ones where x = ~i~ S~ and t = ~,-~1 I S~+I -S~ I are given. The main idea is to interleave compositions of x and n --x objects and resort to a lexicographic generation of compositions. We call these sequences Ising configurations since we believe they first appeared in the study of the so-called Ising
Applying Formal Verification Methods to Pure Rule-Based Programs (1991)

Reliability, defined as the guarantee that a program satisfies its specifications, is an important aspect of many applications for which rule-based expert systems are suited. Verification refer to the process used to determine the reliability of the rule-based program. Because past approaches to verification are informal, guarantees of reliability cannot fully be made without severely restricting the system. On the other hand, by constructing formal specifications for a program and showing the program satisfies those specifications, guarantees of reliability can be made. This paper presents an assertional approach to the verification of rule-based programs. The proof logical needed for verification is adopted from one already in use by researchers in concurrent programming. The approach involves using a language called Swarm, and requires one to express program specifications as assertions over the Swarm representation of the program. Among models the employ rule-based notation, Swarm is the first to have an axiomatic proof logic.
Knowledge discovery from observational data for process control using causal Bayesian networks (2007)

This paper investigates learning causal relationships from the extensive datasets that are becoming increasingly available in manufacturing systems. A causal modeling approach is proposed to improve an existing causal discovery algorithm by integrating manufacturing domain knowledge with the algorithm. The approach is demonstrated by discovering the causal relationships among the product quality and process variables in a rolling process. When allied with engineering interpretations, the results can be used to facilitate rolling process control.
The Untold Story of the Clones: Content-agnostic Factors that Impact YouTube Video Popularity (2013)

Video dissemination through sites such as YouTube can have widespread impacts on opinions, thoughts, and cultures. Not all videos will reach the same popularity and have the same impact. Popularity differences arise not only because of differences in video content, but also because of other "content-agnostic" factors. The latter factors are of considerable interest but it has been difficult to accurately study them. For example, videos uploaded by users with large social networks may tend to be more popular because they tend to have more interesting content, not because social network size has a substantial direct impact on popularity. In this paper, we develop and apply a methodology that is able to accurately assess, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the impacts of various content-agnostic factors on video popularity. When controlling for video content, we observe a strong linear "rich-get-richer" behavior, with the total number of previous views as the most important factor except for very young videos. The second most important factor is found to be video age. We analyze a number of phenomena that may contribute to rich-get-richer, including the first-mover advantage, and search bias towards popular videos. For young videos we find that factors other than the total number of previous views, such as uploader characteristics and number of keywords, become relatively more important. Our findings also confirm that inaccurate conclusions can be reached when not controlling for content.
Identification of p53 Mutations in Archival Prostate Tumors (1996)

To correlate molecular changes with clinical information in prostate tissue, it is necessary to have accurate methods for screening for mutations in clinically available specimens. We have refined the polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis for detection of p53 mutations in routine pathology specimens. These improvements help overcome technical barriers that interfere with SSCP analysis of archival tissues when only small amounts of poorly preserved formalin-fixed DNA are available. Furthermore, prostate samples are heterogeneous in containing tumor, normal tissue, and hyperplastic tissue. To address the first issue, the method included an initial selection of PCR products using exonuclease I, followed by a second-step selection using nested PCR. This step ensures adequate amplification of the target sequence while minimizing artifactual products that could otherwise interfere with mutation analysis. For the second issue, in addition to morphologic selection of appropriate tissue areas, we improved the sensitivity of detection of mutations by using restriction enzyme digestion of products prior to SSCP analysis. Detection of mutations in heterogeneous tissue was evaluated by determining the minimal detectable mutant allele frequencies in exons 4, 5, 6, 7, 8-9, and 10 by using mixtures of known mutant and wild-type cell lines, which were found to be 17.6, 9.1, 12.5, 8.1 14.0, and 14.3%, respectively. To determine the utility of this method when used on heterogeneous clinical samples, we performed study of 19 archival prostate specimens (14 primary prostate cancers, three benign prostatic hyperplasia and two metastases) and detected abnormally migrating products in six of the prostate cancer specimens (four primaries and two metastases). In five of these samples, there was sufficient DNA to perform sequencing, which disclosed single-base change mutations in all five samples.
EEG Frequency Changes During Sleep Apneas (1996)

To study the effect of transient, apnea-induced hypoxemia on electrocortical activity, five patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) were investigated during nocturnal sleep. Polysomnographic and simultaneous digitized electro encephalographic (EEG) recordings for topographic and compressed spectral array analysis were made. The EEG recordings were timed exactly to respiratory events. During nonrapid eye movement (NREM) apnea, delta band amplitude increased, starting on average 13 seconds after the apnea onset. Average differences were 268% between initial and maximal values and 202% between initial and final values. In contrast, significant increases in delta amplitudes between the onset and end of REM apneas did not occur, although some caused deep oxygen desaturations. Changes in delta activity were not correlated to NREM apnea duration or degree of desaturation. These results indicate that the increased delta activity during NREM apneas may not be caused by arterial hypoxemia. It could instead be due to either an arousal mechanism, since arousals may be preceded by slow waves in EEG, or to a breakthrough of slow-wave-sleep activity. The sleep disturbance in severe OSAS may create such a propensity for slow-wave sleep that stages pass much more rapidly than in normal persons.
Modulation of novel-length DOPA decarboxylase transcripts by 20-OH-ecdysone in a Drosophila melanogaster Kc cell subline. (1986)

The induction of DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) activity by 20-OH-ecdysone (20-OHE) in a subline of Drosophila melanogaster Kc cells was investigated. Cells cultured in the continuous presence of the steroid hormone exhibited a 96-h temporal lag prior to a peak of DDC enzyme activity while arrested in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. The concentration of Ddc RNA increased sixfold between 72 and 96 h after initial exposure to hormone. Similarly, this increase was correlated temporally with a 26-fold increase in DDC enzyme activity. The Kc Ddc primary transcript, processing intermediate, and mature mRNA all were approximately 500 nucleotides longer than the corresponding transcripts observed for newly eclosed adult D. melanogaster. In vitro translation of poly(A)+ RNA from Kc cells resulted in an immunoprecipitable polypeptide which exhibited similar mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels to that of DDC synthesized in vitro by larval epidermal poly(A)+ RNA.
Countervailing Modulation of<i>I</i><sub>h</sub>by Neuropeptide Y and Corticotrophin-Releasing Factor in Basolateral Amygdala As a Possible Mechanism for Their Effects on Stress-Related Behaviors (2010)

Stress and anxiety-related behaviors controlled by the basolateral amygdala (BLA) are regulated in vivo by neuropeptide Y (NPY) and corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF): NPY produces anxiolytic effects, whereas CRF produces anxiogenic effects. These opposing actions are likely mediated via regulation of excitatory output from the BLA to afferent targets. In these studies, we examined mechanisms underlying the effects of NPY and CRF in the BLA using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology in rat brain slices. NPY, even with tetrodotoxin present, caused a dose-dependent membrane hyperpolarization in BLA pyramidal neurons. The hyperpolarization resulted in the inhibition of pyramidal cells, despite arising from a reduction in a voltage-dependent membrane conductance. The Y(1) receptor agonist, F(7)P(34) NPY, produced a similar membrane hyperpolarization, whereas the Y(1) antagonist, BIBO3304 [(R)-N-[[4-(aminocarbonylaminomethyl)-phenyl]methyl]-N(2)-(diphenylacetyl)-argininamide trifluoroacetate], blocked the effect of NPY. The NPY-inhibited current was identified as I(h), which is active at and hyperpolarized to rest. Responses to NPY were occluded by either Cs(+) or ZD7288 (4-ethylphenylamino-1,2-dimethyl-6-methylaminopyrimidinium chloride), but unaffected by the G(IRK)-preferring blockers Ba(2+) and SCH23390 [(R)-(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-l-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride]. Application of CRF, with or without TTX present, depolarized NPY-sensitive BLA pyramidal neurons, resulting from an increase in I(h). Electrophysiological and immunocytochemical data were consistent with a major role for the HCN1 subunit. Our results indicate that NPY, via Y(1) receptors, directly inhibits BLA pyramidal neurons by suppressing a postsynaptic I(h), whereas CRF enhances resting I(h), causing an increased excitability of BLA pyramidal neurons. The opposing actions of these two peptides on the excitability of BLA output cells are consistent with the observed behavioral actions of NPY and CRF in the BLA.
TWO-BEAM INTERFEROMETRY BY SUCCESSIVE RECORDING OF INTENSITIES IN A SINGLE HOLOGRAM (1966)

Peer Reviewed
Robust adaptive beamforming for wide-band, moving, and coherent jammers via uniform linear arrays (1999)

The problem of providing robustness to the conventional narrow-band uniform linear array configuration so as to handle wide-band and moving jammers is addressed. This robustness is achieved via the use of derivative constraints in jammer directions. However, since the jammer directions are not known a priori, these constraints are incorporated with a maximum likelihood characterization of the so-called jammer subspace. This formulation does not need to assume the availability of signal-free observations, as stipulated in earlier work. Computer simulation results are presented, which show that the algorithms proposed here yield significantly better performance as compared to the previous algorithms of Gershman et al. (see ibid., vol.44, p.361-6, 1996, and IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol.45, p.1878-85, 1997) and Hung and Turner (1983) in a variety of situations required to handle wide-band, moving, and coherent jammers.
Acarbose: Its Role in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus (1996)

Acarbose, through its unique mechanism of action, appears to be a safe and effective adjunctive agent to diet/exercise therapy or sulfonylurea therapy for treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
The Flow Rate Nomogram: I. Development (1979)

In normal individuals the flow rate depends on the initial bladder volume in a non-linear fashion. A flow rate nomogram taking this relationship into account was developed as an aid in the interpretation of urinary flow rate data. With this approach excellent differentiation of normal from obstructed individuals was achieved. In addition, the variability in a single individual's flow rate over time was estimated to be relatively small and, thus, uroflowmetry may be used to identify changes in outflow resistance after medical or surgical therapy.
Acoustic Wave Devices Using Artificial Twin Quartz Plates (1996)

We present a technique to form an artificial twin quartz plate with an arbitrary pattern. After depositing a thin metal film of chromium, nickel or Nichrome on a quartz plate, the substrate is thermally treated. Thermal treatment at 550–560° C causes x-axis inversion for the quartz under the film while the x -axis inversion does not occur in other areas. The x -axis inversion phenomenon depends on the cut angle of the substrate, film material and film thickness. Applications of the x -axis inversion phenomenon to bulk acoustic wave devices are proposed. One is the configuration of an AT-cut resonator with a temperature sensor on chip. The other is the temperature compensation technique for AT-cut resonators. Experimental results suggest the possibility for these applications.
Vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphism and acute respiratory distress syndrome (2005)

These data support a role for VEGF in the pathogenesis of ARDS and its associated physiological derangement.
Improvement in triplet exciton confinement of electrophosphorescent device using fluorinated polymer host (2009)

Host materials for phosphorescence organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are required to have wide energy gap to prevent back energy transfer and confine triplet exciton on guest molecules. Carbazole (Cz) has been widely used as a building block for host materials because of its relatively high energy gap. We found that the energy gap of Cz can be widened by fluorination at specific positions. A characteristic of the energy gap widening by fluorination is its controllability by the number and position of fluorine substituents. We synthesized 2,7-difluorocarbazole (F-Cz) and estimated the energy gap of Cz and F-Cz from absorption spectra to be 3.59 eV and 3.71 eV, respectively. To confirm the wide-gap effect of F-Cz on OLED device, we synthesized a solution-processable polymer host, poly(N-vinyl-2,7-difluorocarbazole) (F-PVK), which has F-Cz as pendant groups, and compared it with poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK). The OLED devices investigated consisted of an ITO/PEDOT:PSS/EML/CsF/Al multilayered structure. The poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) layer was spin-coated onto an indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate. Subsequently, the emission layer (EML) composed of PVK or F-PVK, 1,3-bis[(4-tertbutylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxidiazolyl]phenylene (OXD-7), and a blue phosphorescent dopant, iridium(III)bis [(4,6-difluorophenyl)-pyridinato-N,C2'] picolinate (FIrpic) was spin-coated, and the CsF and Al layers were vapor-deposited. The OLED device with F-PVK showed 1.8 times higher maximum current efficiency (27 cd/A) than that with PVK (15 cd/A). The improved efficiency of F-PVK device can be rationalized by the enhanced triplet confinement effect of polymer host composed of fluorinated carbazole.
MORTALITY OF FALLOW DEER (DAMA DAMA) EXPERIMENTALLY-INFECTED WITH MENINGEAL WORM, PARELAPHOSTRONGYLUS TENUIS (1992)

Six fallow deer (Dama dama) fawns died after receiving 25 to 150 infective larvae of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis. Fawns given higher doses usually died sooner (6 to 23 days) than those given lower doses (54 to 67 days). Early deaths were associated with severe acute peritonitis resulting from perforation of the intestinal wall; later deaths were associated with paralysis and inability to rise. Numerous adult P. tenuis were found within neural tissues of the brain and spinal cord in the three fawns with paralysis. One white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) exposed to infective larvae from the same source survived infection without exhibiting clinical signs and began passing larvae in feces 88 days post-exposure. At the doses used in this study, meningeal worm caused fatal infections in fallow deer. Results are compared to published observations of fallow deer naturally-infected with P. tenuis.
Full information acquisition in piezoresponse force microscopy (2015)

The information flow from the tip-surface junction to the detector electronics during the piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) imaging is explored using the recently developed general mode (G-mode) detection. Information-theory analysis suggests that G-mode PFM in the non-switching regime, close to the first resonance mode, contains a relatively small (100–150) number of components containing significant information. The first two primary components are similar to classical PFM images, suggesting that classical lock-in detection schemes provide high veracity information in this case. At the same time, a number of transient components exhibit contrast associated with surface topography, suggesting pathway to separate the two. The number of significant components increases considerably in the non-linear and switching regimes and approaching cantilever resonances, precluding the use of classical lock-in detection and necessitating the use of band excitation or G-mode detection schemes. The future prospects of full information imaging in scanning probe microscopy are discussed.
Comparison among Mechanical Properties of Investment-Cast c.p. Ti, Ti-6Al-7Nb and Ti-15Mo-1Bi Alloys (2004)

The present study compares castability and mechanical performance among alloys of c.p. Ti, Ti-6Al-7Nb and a newly-developed Ti-15Mo-1Bi in regard to their as-cast state. Experimental results indicate that average cast length of Ti-6Al-7Nb appears a little lower than c.p. Ti and Ti-15Mo-1Bi, although the differences are not significant. C.p. Ti has an hcp α phase of lath-type morphology with serrated, irregular grain boundaries. Ti-6Al-7Nb is dominated by hexagonal α′ phase with acicular martensitic morphology. In particular, Ti-15Mo-1Bi is comprised of equiaxed, metastable bcc β phase. The hardened layer thicknesses of three materials are similar. Ti-15Mo-1Bi has the highest surface microvickers hardness, while c.p. Ti has the lowest. The bulk hardness of c.p. Ti is much lower than the other two alloys which display similar hardness. Notably, Ti-15Mo-1Bi and Ti-6Al-7Nb have similar bending strength which is far higher than c.p. Ti. The bending modulus of Ti-15Mo-1Bi is significantly lower than c.p. Ti and Ti-6Al-7Nb. Ti-15Mo-1Bi also shows a much larger elastic recovery angle than two other materials. Tensile test indicates that Ti-15Mo-1Bi has a similar UTS but much higher YS and elongation along with much lower tensile modulus compared to Ti-6Al-7Nb.
Minimizing ripple recompilation in a persistent software environment (1990)

The ripple recompilation problem is caused by modifying one or more modules in an integrated set of modules, or it results from forming a new integrated set of modules. This problem could be significant if the modified modules are widely used in the set. The main objective of this paper is to present the systematic and efficient technique employed in ROPCO (Reuse On Persistent Code and Object code) to limit this effect in a persistent reuse environment. The problem is addressed in the context of strongly-typed and separately-compiled programming languages. The approach presented consists of two phases. In the first phase, the compilation dependency graph of all modules is generated, change sets are computed, and candidate modules are marked. In the second phase, modules that are candidates for recompilation are visited and two lists for logical and physical inconsistencies are generated. Algorithms are given for both phases. An analysis of the computational complexity of the algorithms is also included.
Random, Defect-Free Ethylene/Vinyl Halide Model Copolymers via Condensation Polymerization (2007)

The synthesis of ethylene vinyl halide (EVH) copolymers containing fluorine, chlorine, and bromine via the ADMET copolymerization of halogen containing α−ω-dienes with 1,9-decadiene is presented. The statistically random nature of the copolymers was established from their 13C NMR spectra. Thermal analysis via differential scanning calorimetry points to a distinct difference in the crystallization behavior of these random copolymers when compared to their compositionally matched precise analogues. In this case, sharp melting peaks typical of homopolymer-like crystallization of the precise analogues are no longer observed in Cl- and Br-based random copolymers and are replaced by broader peaks indicating a mechanism based on the selection of long crystallizable sequences. The results presented herein thus point to the utility of these random ADMET copolymers as suitable models for industrially relevant PE copolymers based on the perfectly linear, defect-free, and statistically random copolymer composition.
The chemical effects of γ-radiation on organic systems. Part XIV. Action of radiation on NN-dimethylaniline and other aromatic tertiary amines (1969)

γ-Radiolysis of pure NN-dimethylaniline yields NN′-dimethyl-NN′-diphenylethylenediamine (through dimerisation of the N-methylanilinomethyl radical) together with hydrogen, methane, and N-methylaniline; but when the radiolysis is carried out in the presence of acid the first named product is replaced by N-p-dimethylaminobenzyl-N-methylaniline and/or 4,4′-bisdimethylaminodiphenylmethane, formed via the ion(PhNMe:CH2)+. The two latter products are also formed by photolysis of the amine in the presence of acid. γ-Radiolysis of NN-dimethyl-p-toluidine gives NN′-dimethyl-NN′-di-p-tolylethylenediamine and 4,4′-bisdimethylaminobibenzyl.
Leveraging Information Across HLA Alleles/Supertypes Improves Epitope Prediction (2006)

We present a model for predicting HLA class I restricted CTL epitopes. In contrast to almost all other work in this area, we train a single model on epitopes from all HLA alleles and supertypes, yet retain the ability to make epitope predictions for specific HLA alleles. We are therefore able to leverage data across all HLA alleles and/or their supertypes, automatically learning what information should be shared and also how to combine allele-specific, supertype-specific, and global information in a principled way. We show that this leveraging can improve prediction of epitopes having HLA alleles with known supertypes, and dramatically increases our ability to predict epitopes having alleles which do not fall into any of the known supertypes. Our model, which is based on logistic regression, is simple to implement and understand, is solved by finding a single global maximum, and is more accurate (to our knowledge) than any other model.