gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuroendocrine dysdifferentiation and bombesin production in carcinogen-induced hepatocellular rat tumours (1989)

Primary rat hepatocellular tumours, induced by a combination of diethylnitrosamine and 2-acetylaminofluorene, were examined for the presence of neuroendocrine peptides by immunocytochemical methods. Two-thirds of the tumours showed positive immunostaining for either neuron-specific enolase (NSE), protein S-100 or bombesin. NSE was commonly observed both in hepatocarcinomas and in neoplastic nodules, whereas protein S-100 was more frequently seen in carcinomas (49% positive) than in nodules (13% positive). Bombesin, previously shown to function as an autocrine growth factor in small-cell carcinoma of the lung, was present in neurosecretory granules in 13% of the nodules and 29% of the carcinomas. Normal, preneoplastic and peritumorous liver tissue, including the frequent atypical foci present in the latter two categories, was uniformly negative for all neuroendocrine markers. The foci, like the nodules and carcinomas, generally stained positively for the liver tumour marker glutathione S-transferase type P (GSTP). The results suggest that dysdifferentiation of altered hepatocytes in a neuroendocrine direction may be a common, late event in liver carcinogenesis which could possibly contribute to tumour formation, e.g. by establishing autocrine or paracrine circuits.
7-Aza analogs of the analgetic agent azabicyclane. Synthesis and pharmacologic analysis (1976)

Three 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivatives (4) with a structural similarity to the analgetic agent azabicyclane (1) were prepared. The amino alcohol 4a was found to prefer a conformation wherein the six-membered ring to which the hydroxyl group is syn is in the boat form. These three compounds had increased basicity in comparison with 1 due to various forces stabilizing their monocationic states. Compounds 4a-c did not show analgetic activity at the dose levels tested.
Drug delivery and controlled release from biocompatible metal–organic frameworks using mechanical amorphization (2016)

We have used a family of Zr-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with different functionalized (bromo, nitro and amino) and extended linkers for drug delivery. We loaded the materials with the fluorescent model molecule calcein and the anticancer drug α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (α-CHC), and consequently performed a mechanical amorphization process to attempt to control the delivery of guest molecules. Our analysis revealed that the loading values of both molecules were higher for the MOFs containing unfunctionalized linkers. Confocal microscopy showed that all the materials were able to penetrate into cells, and the therapeutic effect of α-CHC on HeLa cells was enhanced when loaded (20 wt%) into the MOF with the longest linker. On one hand, calcein release required up to 3 days from the crystalline form for all the materials. On the other hand, the amorphous counterparts containing the bromo and nitro functional groups released only a fraction of the total loaded amount, and in the case of the amino-MOF a slow and progressive release was successfully achieved for 15 days. In the case of the materials loaded with α-CHC, no difference was observed between the crystalline and amorphous form of the materials. These results highlight the necessity of a balance between the pore size of the materials and the size of the guest molecules to accomplish a successful and efficient sustained release using this mechanical ball-milling process. Additionally, the endocytic pathway used by cells to internalize these MOFs may lead to diverse final cellular locations and consequently, different therapeutic effects. Understanding these cellular mechanisms will drive the design of more effective MOFs for drug delivery applications.
A New One-Pot, Four-Component Synthesis of 1,2-Amino Alcohols: TiCl<sub>3</sub>/<i>t</i>-BuOOH-Mediated Radical Hydroxymethylation of Imines (2008)

An amine, an aldehyde, and methanol can be readily assembled in one pot under very mild conditions through a free-radical multicomponent reaction by using an aqueous acidic TiCl3/t-BuOOH system to afford 1,2-amino alcohols in fair to excellent yields.
Modelling of piezoelectric actuating systems subjected to variable loads and frequencies and applications to prescribed performance control (2022)

Piezoelectric actuators can offer micro/nano-level precision actuating ability and have been employed in different applications. For the piezoelectric actuating systems, the output actuating performance is affected not only by the internal non-smooth hysteresis but also by the operating load and the excitation frequency. To improve the actuating precision, predicting the nonlinear behaviour of the piezoelectric actuating system is essential for effective designs of control approaches. In this paper, a modified rate-dependent Prandtl–Ishlinskii model is presented to explore the coupling effects analytically between the internal hysteresis and the operating frequency with the external loads and predict the output behaviour of the piezoelectric actuating system accurately. The proposed modelling method is testified on a piezoelectric actuating platform under broad ranges of excitation frequencies (1–80 Hz) and external loads (0–0.5 kg), and the comparison results using the rate-dependent Prandtl–Ishlinskii (RDPI) model are also provided to prove the precision of the proposed method. Combining with the modified RDPI model, a guaranteeing preselected tracking controller is developed to ensure the output performance, and a set of tracking experiments under different frequencies with load is performed. The experimental results compared with PID control performance validate the effectiveness of the proposed prescribed performance control method and its high actuating performance against the adverse effects from the external hysteresis nonlinearities and external loads.
A 600-volt MOSFET designed for low on-resistance (1980)

A 600-V vertical power MOSFET with low on-resistance is described. The low resistance is achieved by means of achieving near-ideal drain junction breakdown voltage and reduced drain spreading resistance from the use of an extended channel design. The various tradeoffs inherent in the design are discussed. Both calculated and experimental data are presented. The remote source configuration of the experimental device is also discussed.
상급종합병원 응급실 공휴일 이용의 영향 요인 (2019)

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the use of superior general hospitals on public holidays by using the medical use model (Dutton ''s medical use model) with the medical panel data.
The study found that 34.2% of superior general hospital emergency rooms were used on public holidays and the factors which made statistically significant influences on the use of superior general hospital emergency rooms on public holidays were whether patients were operated or emergency care and inspection etc. Also, there was a difference depending on whether the type of establishment of the medical insititution is national or private.
In other words, patients who received emergency care and examinations were found to make more frequent visit to hospital emergency room on pubic holiday ,compared to patients who underwent surgery and those who visited emergency rooms in the private superior general hospital did so, compared to those who visited emergency room in the national general hospital(OR, 4.4, 3.386, respectively).
Therefore, it is necessary to consider the introduction of integrated care of health and social care medical service that focuses on primary care in Denmark, which focuses on patients, and pre-The Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale(pre-CTAS) in the UK.
NAT Traversing Solutions for SIP Applications (2008)

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) has been proposed for multimedia services and wide-area connectivity in smart home environments (SHEs). An important issue for SIP deployment in SHEs is network address translator (NAT) traversing. SIP and Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) packets are delivered between an SHE (i.e., private IP network) and Internet (i.e., a public IP network) through an NAT function of a home gateway, and the NAT translates the IP/transport layer address and port number but leaves the application layer content unchanged. This results in inconsistency between the IP addresses/port numbers in the IP/transport layers and those in the SIP layer. To resolve this issue, we describe six solutions including static route, UPnP, STUN, ICE, ALG, and SBC. Then we compare these solutions in terms of smart home appliance (SHA) modification, scope of NATs supported, multilayer NAT traversal, ease of configuration, security issue, and time complexities.
Partial-Update NLMS Algorithms with Data-Selective Updating (2004)

In this paper, we present mean-squared convergence analysis for the partial-update normalized least-mean square (PU-NLMS) algorithm with closed-form expressions for the case of white input signals. The formulae presented here are more accurate than the ones found in the literature for the PU-NLMS algorithm. Thereafter, the ideas of the partial-update NLMS-type algorithms found in the literature are incorporated in the framework of set-membership filtering, from which data-selective NLMS-type algorithms with partial-update are derived. The new algorithms, referred to herein as the set-membership partial-update normalized least-mean square (SM-PU-NLMS) algorithms, combine the data-selective updating from set-membership filtering with the reduced computational complexity from partial updating. A thorough discussion of the SM-PU-NLMS algorithms follows, whereby we propose different update strategies and provide stability analysis and closed-form formulae for excess mean-squared error (MSE). Simulation results verify the analysis for the PU-NLMS algorithm and the good performance of the SM-PU-NLMS algorithms in terms of convergence speed, final misadjustment, and computational complexity.
A new method of verifying digital signatures in e-cheque processing (2008)

We have considered a scenario in Financial Institutions(FI) like e-banks where there is facility for e-cheques to replace paper cheques. Everyday banks receive a large number of cheques signed by different signers. These cheques need to be submitted to their corresponding clearing banks over internet for clearance. After verification the clearing banks send signed instructions to the cheque submitted bank stating whether the cheque is accepted or rejected. This instruction is very important for any cheque submitting bank and it must verify the signed instruction. To verify this signature, the bank must have access to the signerpsilas public key and have assurance that it corresponds to the signerpsilas private key. But banks cannot store public keys of all possible transacting banks. Therefore there is need for a method to verify a signature without using the public key but still be convinced that it is signed by the actual signer. As e-cheques are transferred over internet, valid signatures of the bank clearing the e-cheque (as the e-cheque leaves are issued by this bank), payer and payee of the e-cheque are already available on the e-cheque submitted by the payee. Therefore we have come up with a method by which one can verify that a new signature received from a signer indeed belongs to the same signer without the help of public key of the signer but instead using the valid signature of the signer available on the e-cheque. This scheme works with the most widely used DSA and ElGamal Schemes. We consider another scenario in which a bank receives n signed cheques out of which some of them may be signed by the same signer and others by different signers. To avoid individual verification of the cheque, we propose a method by which the verifier will be able to verify all the cheques at a time using a single verification equation. This saves ap 160n modular multiplications when compared to individual signature verification of DSA.
The Absorption of Sound in Suspensions of Irregular Particles (1948)

The greater part of the absorption of sound in aqueous suspensions of small spherical particles can be attributed to the viscous drag between the fluid and the particles in the sound field. The absorption resulting from this process is found to agree with that obtained by Lamb in another manner. The applicability of the theoretical result to suspensions of irregular particles is examined by means of measurements on sand and kaolin suspensions, using a pulse-reflection method at megacycle frequencies. Approximate agreement with the idealized theory is found as the particle size, viscosity, and frequency are varied.
Impact of optical enhancement techniques on the mask error enhancement function (MEEF) (2000)

Resolution, R, in optical lithography is often described by the Rayleigh equation: R equals k<SUB>1</SUB>(lambda) /NA. Since the 0.25 um generation there has been a trend of aggressive gate length reduction for high performance devices. Leading edge logic technologies require gate CDs equal to ½to 2/3 the wavelength of the exposure system. Even with high NA steppers and scanners low k1 patterning is a requirement. Development of processes utilizing OPC and PSM technology is critical to achieving adequate process latitude and CD control. As k<SUB>1</SUB> factor falls below 0.5 the image quality and contrast degrades substantially. One result of low contrast images is that the CD variation in the photomask gives rise to larger than expected printed CD changes: the so-called MEEF. The MEEF can be simply defined as the ratio of the change of the resist feature width to the change in the mask feature width, assuming constant process and illumination conditions. For a 4x mask the MEEF can be calculated.
The Production of NaBH<sub>4</sub>from Its Elements by Mechano-chemical Reaction and Usage in Hydrogen Recycle (2011)

Abstract In this study, sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is synthesized from Na and MgH2 in the presence of B2O3 that behaves as a stickiness inhibitor and boron source. All experiments are performed under argon atmosphere via ball milling, without applying high temperature or pressure. An optimum synthesized parameter is searched with reaction time and stochiometric ratio. Mechano-chemical reactor working time is varied from 100 to 1,100 min, while stoichiometry of B2O3/Na ranges over 0.6–1.4, and MgH2 is used 30% in excess. FT-IR and XRD instruments are utilized to analyze the products. Additionally, hydrogen contents of the untreated products are measured with the inverse burette technique. Consequently, results show that long reaction times favor the yield. Moreover, equalizing the amounts of B2O3 and MgH2 can raise NaBH4 yield to 25% or more.
Reliable State Monitoring in Cloud Datacenters (2012)

State monitoring is widely used for detecting critical events and abnormalities of distributed systems. As the scale of such systems grows and the degree of workload consolidation increases in Cloud data centers, node failures and performance interferences, especially transient ones, become the norm rather than the exception. Hence, distributed state monitoring tasks are often exposed to impaired communication caused by such dynamics on different nodes. Unfortunately, existing distributed state monitoring approaches are often designed under the assumption of always-online distributed monitoring nodes and reliable inter-node communication. As a result, these approaches often produce misleading results which in turn introduce various problems to Cloud users who rely on state monitoring results to perform automatic management tasks such as auto-scaling. This paper introduces a new state monitoring approach that tackles this challenge by exposing and handling communication dynamics such as message delay and loss in Cloud monitoring environments. Our approach delivers two distinct features. First, it quantitatively estimates the accuracy of monitoring results to capture uncertainties introduced by messaging dynamics. This feature helps users to distinguish trustworthy monitoring results from ones heavily deviated from the truth, yet significantly improves monitoring utility compared with simple techniques that invalidate all monitoring results generated with the presence of messaging dynamics. Second, our approach also adapts to non-transient messaging issues by reconfiguring distributed monitoring algorithms to minimize monitoring errors. Our experimental results show that, even under severe message loss and delay, our approach consistently improves monitoring accuracy, and when applied to Cloud application auto-scaling, outperforms existing state monitoring techniques in terms of the ability to correctly trigger dynamic provisioning.
Molecular Analysis of the Benastatin Biosynthetic Pathway and Genetic Engineering of Altered Fatty Acid−Polyketide Hybrids (2007)

The entire gene locus encoding the biosynthesis of the potent glutathione-S-transferase inhibitors and apoptosis inducers benastatin A and B has been cloned and sequenced. The cluster identity was unequivocally proven by deletion of flanking regions and heterologous expression in S. albus and S. lividans. Inactivation and complementation experiments revealed that a KSIII component (BenQ) similar to FabH is crucial for providing and selecting the rare hexanoate PKS starter unit. In the absence of BenQ, several novel penta- and hexacyclic benastatin derivatives with antiproliferative activities are formed. In total, five new compounds were isolated and fully characterized, and the chemical analysis was confirmed by derivatization. The most intriguing observation is that the ben PKS can utilize typical straight and branched fatty acid synthase primers. If shorter straight-chain starters are utilized, the length of the polyketide backbone is increased, resulting in the formation of an extended, hexacyclic ring system reminiscent of proposed intermediates in the griseorhodin and fredericamycin pathways. Analysis and manipulation of the hybrid fatty acid polyketide pathway provides strong support for the hypothesis that the number of chain elongations is dependent on the total size of the polyketide chain that is accommodated in the PKS enzyme cavity. Our results also further substantiate the potential of metabolic engineering toward polyphenols with altered substituents and ring systems.
Accurate Quantum‐Chemical Prediction of Enthalpies of Formation of Small Molecules in the Gas Phase (2002)

The coupled-cluster approach, including single and double excitations and perturbative corrections for triple excitations, is capable of predicting molecular electronic energies and enthalpies of formation of small molecules in the gas phase with very high accuracy (specifically, with error bars less than 5 kJmol-1), provided that the electronic wavefunction is dominated by the Hartree-Fock configuration. This capability is illustrated by calculations on molecules containing O-H and O-F bonds, namely OH, FO, H2O, HOF, and F2O. To achieve this very high accuracy, it is imperative to account for electron-correlation effects in a quantitative manner, either by using explicitly correlated two-particle basis functions (R12 functions) or by extrapolating to the limit of a complete basis. Besides taking into account harmonic zero-point vibrational energies, it is also necessary to account for anharmonic corrections to the zero-point vibrational energies, to include the core orbitals into the coupled-cluster calculations, and to account for spin-orbit corrections and scalar relativistic effects. These additional corrections constitute small but significant contributions in the range of 1-4 kJmol-1 to the enthalpies of formation of the aforementioned molecules. The highly accurate coupled-cluster results, obtained by employing R12 functions and by including various corrections, are compared with standard Kohn-Sham density-functional calculations as well as with the Gaussian-2 and complete-basis-set model chemistries.
Nonrandom chromosome abnormalities in acute leukemia and dysmyelopoietic syndromes in patients with previously treated malignant disease (1981)

Cytogenetic studies were performed on 26 patients who developed acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) or a dysmyelopoietic syndrome after treatment of a primary malignancy. Fifteen patients had radiotherapy and chemotherapy, seven had only chemotherapy, and four had only radiotherapy. The median times from diagnosis of the initial disease to the development of bone marrow dysfunction for these treatment groups were 50, 46, and 49 mo, respectively. Twenty-five patients had an abnormal karyotype in myeloid cells. Loss of part or all of no. 5 and/or no. 7 was noted in 23 of 25 patients with aneuploidy. Loss of no. 5 was noted only in patients who previously had malignant lymphoma, whereas loss of no. 7 was seen in these patients as well as in those who had other malignancies. Abnormalities of both nos. 5 and 7 occurred in 53% of the patients treated with combined therapy and in only 27% of patients treated with either modality alone. Although these changes are distinctly different from those noted in lymphomas, they are similar to those seen in 25% of aneuploid patients with ANLL de novo.
Highly Active Living Random Copolymerization of Norbornene and 1-Alkene with <i>ansa</i>-Fluorenylamidodimethyltitanium Derivative: Substituent Effects on Fluorenyl Ligand (2010)

Copolymerizations of norbornene with propylene and 1-octene were conducted with a series of ansa-fluorenylamidodimethyltitanium complexes, [t-BuNSiMe2Flu]TiMe2 (1), [t-BuNSiMe2(3,6-tBu2Flu)]TiMe2 (2), [t-BuNSiMe2(2,7-tBu2Flu)]TiMe2 (3), and [t-BuNSiMe2(C29H36)]TiMe2 (4; C29H36, octamethyloctahydrodibenzofluorenyl), activated by trialkylaluminum-free modified methylaluminoxane. The catalytic systems promoted random copolymerizations in a living manner regardless of the titanium complex used. The activity increased by the introduction of the tBu groups on the Flu ligand, and 4 showed the highest activity for each copolymerization. The comonomer content of the copolymers obtained was controllable in a wide range by changing comonomer feed ratio with these catalytic systems. The linear relationships were observed between the norbornene content and the glass transition temperature of the copolymer, whereas the slopes depended on the titanium complex used. The result suggested that the titanium complexes affected the microstructures of the copolymers produced. The evaluation of the monomer reactivity ratios in the copolymerization of norbornene with 1-octene indicates a preference for the norbornene insertion regardless of the last inserted monomer unit in growing polymer chain in all the catalytic systems.
Superior latch-up resistance of high dose, high energy implanted p/sup +/ buried layers (2003)

Implantation of high dose, high energy blanket boron buried layers into p-type silicon is becoming increasingly attractive for leading edge CMOS technology. Implanted p/sup +/ buried layers provide several device and circuit benefits, such as superior latch-up immunity as compared to thin epi, and secondary defect gettering of other point defects. We have demonstrated that a 1/spl times/10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/ 1.7 MeV boron buried layer combined with a low dose connecting layer produces latch-up trigger currents in excess of 1000 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m, while the n/sup +//p/sup +/ spacing was only 0.4 /spl mu/m. This is much higher than what has been reported on epi substrates. The leakage currents for the 250 nm devices were significantly lower than the unimplanted controls or wafers with lower buried layer doses, indicating sucessful damage gettering. Other device parameters such as threshold voltage, saturation current and punch through voltage were unaffected by the buried layer. The unique properties of the implanted p+ buried layer provide the CMOS process designer with many technical advantages, as will be discussed.