gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fracture Conductivity Impairment Removal (1989)

Abstract Extensive and detailed research has been accomplished by previous investigators to characterize formation damage caused by various fracture fluid types. Using a simplified method developed specifically to study impairment removal, a body of comparative data was generated to show the tendency of dynamically-formed filter cakes to clean up from formation faces. Data have been developed for most aqueous fracturing fluid types at temperatures from 100 to 300°F. Of the fluids tested, foams were quickest to clean up followed by uncrosslinked gels and crosslinked fluids, respectively. High viscosity foams produced much thinner filter cakes than non-foamed fluids. Of the crosslinked fluids, borate-based systems tended to clean up more rapidly than systems crosslinked by other metals. Flowing oil stopped all fluids tested from cleaning up, including borates. At temperatures above 250°F, crosslinked fluids exhibited enough thermal breakdown to suggest that damage due to polymer filter cake may be less severe at this temperature. Field studies after the fracture treatment on five wells showed a high percentage of unrecovered gelling agent residue, suggesting the need for some method to clean up polymer filter cake left in the formation. A special solvent system was developed to remove crosslinked fluid filter cakes. Field results using the filter cake solvent are presented on 33 wells. On 12 of the wells, gel analyses of returns revealed broad ranges of gel content, suggesting that contact with the remaining filter cake is a limiting factor in some cases. This paper presents a body of data to assist the stimulation planner in selection of fracturing fluids and presents a system to help clean up gel depositions.
Evaluation of Characteristics of Tack Coat for Porous Pavement using Direct Shear Test (2009)

The main objective of this study is to develop a test for measuring the bond shear strength between pavement layers. The research is also conducted to evaluate tack coat materials and application rate in porous pavement. The experiment includes using two types of emulsions (RSC-4, Modified Emulsion) and a asphalt binder type (HM-1). HM-1 was developed to be applied in porous pavement. The bond shear strengths were measured by a direct shear type device under various test conditions. The shear strength may not be appropriate in the evaluation of the bond shear strength, while the toughness of the test may be useful. In case of the tack coat application rate in porous pavement, RSC-4 has to be used a minimum amount of and modified emulsion asphalt has to be applied a volume of use . HM-1, asphalt cement type, is far stronger bond shear strength than emulsified asphalt tack coat and had showed the excellent trackless property.
Mucin depletion in inflammatory bowel disease. (1990)

The mucin and gland content of 26 rectal biopsy specimens--five normal specimens, 10 from patients with ulcerative colitis, and 11 from patients with Crohn's disease--were measured using a Quantimet image analyser. There was significantly less mucin in the groups with ulcerative colitis compared with either those with Crohn's disease or the normal controls. The difference in the gland content between the groups with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease and between the group with Crohn's disease and the normal controls did not reach significance. The results suggest that it is worth while assessing the mucin content of rectal biopsy specimens from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In routine practice this assessment can be made by eye using a suitably stained section.
Comparison of oral clonidine, oral dexmedetomidine, and oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery (2017)

Background: Midazolam has been commonly used orally for premedication in children. A search for a better alternative continues to overcome its side effects. Recently alpha-2 agonists, clonidine, and dexmedetomidine have been used for premedication in children. Aim: To study and compare the efficacy of oral clonidine, oral dexmedetomidine, and oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric surgical patients. Settings and Design: This prospective, randomized, double blind study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in ninety children of either sex, in the age group of 4–12 years and the American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical status I, posted for ophthalmic surgery. Patients were randomly allocated to one of the three groups of thirty patients each: Group M: Oral midazolam 0.5 mg/kg body weight, Group D: Oral dexmedetomidine 4 μg/kg body weight, and Group C: Oral clonidine 4 μg/kg body weight. Patients were assessed for sedation, anxiolysis, and change in heart rate and blood pressure in the preoperative area. Behavior of children at separation from parents, mask acceptance, and side effects if any were noted. Statistical Analysis: Data analysis was performed by unpaired Student's t-test and Chi-square test. Results: Children in oral midazolam group achieved faster onset of sedation, higher sedation score, and lower anxiety score as compared to other two groups. The Group D and Group M were comparable as regards behavior at separation from parents (P = 0.236), but Group D was significantly better than Group C (P = 0.031). The three groups were comparable as regards providing satisfactory mask acceptance (P = 0.163). A number of children with easy separation from parents and excellent mask acceptance were significantly more in Group M as compared to Groups C and D (P = 0.028 and P = 0.012, respectively). Group C and Group D showed a lower mean arterial pressure at 45 min (P < 0.001) and 60 min after premedication (P < 0.001) as compared to Group M. Conclusion: Oral midazolam is superior to the oral clonidine, and oral dexmedetomidine with faster onset of sedation, higher sedation score, lower anxiety score, and greater number of children with easy separation and excellent mask acceptance.
Identification of a substrate site for liver transglutaminase on the aminopropeptide of type III collagen. (1987)

The aminopropeptide of type III collagen incorporates [3H]putrescine in the presence of liver transglutaminase, and the change in incorporation with concentration indicates one binding site on each of the Mr = 15,000 subunits of the peptide. At low concentrations the incorporation was comparable to that of dimethyl casein and much greater than actin or fibrinogen. Cleavage and Edman degradation of the aminopropeptide identified the major putrescine-binding site as glutamine in position 14. The surrounding amino acid sequence (Leu-Gly-Gln-Ser) shows homology with some synthetic peptide substrates of transglutaminase.
Potentiation of the Antifungal Effects of Antibiotics by Amphotericin B (1972)

Amphotericin B was found to potentiate the antifungal effects of mycophenolic acid glucuronide, tetracycline, and actinomycin D by increasing the penetration of these antibiotics through the fungal cytoplasmic membrane. Because the fungi were over 100 times more susceptible than animal cells to these effects of amphotericin B, these observations might have clinical application.
Pressurized Hydraulic Mounts for Improved Isolation of Vehicle Cabs (1985)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Significant improvements in the performance of vehicle cab mounts can be obtained by the use of the hydraulic technology now frequently utilized in vibration isolation on car engines and transmissions. A wide range of dynamic characteristics can be provided and, with the addition of internal pressurization, mounts can be designed which encompass the range of mount stiffnesses currently used for cab suspensions and can be adapted for a wide range of vehicle applications with minimal hardware changes.</div>
MOSFET channel engineering using strained Si and strained Ge grown on SiGe virtual substrates (2003)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2003.
Aliasing in signature analysis testing with multiple-input shift-registers (2003)

Signature analysis with multiple-input shift registers (MISRs) is often used to realize efficient built-in self-test of digital VLSI circuits. The authors present a statistical theory that explains the dependence of aliasing probability on the main MISR features, such as length and feedback network, and thus makes it possible to prove criteria for the MISR design. The assumption of independent errors at the register inputs is used to model the register behavior as a Markov process, whose equations are then solved to obtain the exact dependence of aliasing probability as a function of test length, input error probabilities, and feedback structure.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Improving resource utilization in an multiple asynchronous ALU DSP architecture (2008)

A current trend in digital signal processing is to reduce power and energy consumption. The use of asynchronous designs is one of the possible ways to achieve these goals, but the nature of these circuits requires different modeling schemes. We present in this paper our own model for a novel DSP architecture comprising multiple asynchronous cores and ALUs per core. Our approach shows how to match the inherent parallelism of the architecture to its target application. Our technique also proves useful to guide the mapping decisions of a target algorithm onto an MPSoC architecture, in order to increase the throughput by multithreading several packets.
A receiver front-end with variable-gain control for WiMAX applications (2010)

A receiver front-end for WiMAX applications has been designed and fabricated on 90-nm CMOS technique. The front-end circuit covers the frequency range from 2.3GHz to 2.7GHz. In this design, the components included a single-to-differential low-noise amplifier (LNA), demodulator, a divided-by-2 circuit, and buffers. The LNA, with a variable-gain control, respects the input-signal power to match the specific requirement of linearity. This LNA structure can avoid the signal distortion caused by insufficiency of linearity. As for demodulator, it consists of a gm-stage (transconductor amplifier), a passive mixer, and a transimpedance amplifier. This demodulator adopts a current-mode structure to overcome transfer-power loss resulted from voltage transfer. The receiver front-end provides variable-gain range from 4dB to 30dB. The maximum gain and noise figure of this circuit achieve 30dB and 4.5dB, respectively. The chip consumes 22mW from a 1.2-V power supply.
In-situ shallow trench isolation etch with clean chemistry (2002)

An in-situ hard-mask open and self-clean shallow trench isolation (STI) etch process with a bromine and fluorine based chemistry was developed using an Applied Materials DPS chamber. SEM micrographs from an etched photoresist-patterned wafer show a desired trench profile with rounded bottom corners and smooth sidewalls. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements, coupon tests, and a 1000 wafer extended run demonstrate a clean STI process. No dry cleans are necessary. The STI step used a chemistry which balanced oxygen passivation with fluorine based etching. More tapered profiles can be achieved by increasing the O/sub 2/ flow rate. Furthermore, the sidewall passivation and oxidation improve the bottom corner rounding, which is desired to minimize stress and current leakage. Fluorine radicals chemically etch the silicon. With increasing fluorine content, the formation of sidewall passivation becomes less pronounced, and therefore the trench profile becomes more vertical. This strategy of balancing chemical etchants, passivators, and energetic ions enables tuning of the profile over a wide range. In addition to chemistry, the source power and bias power were all varied. The effect of these parameters on the trench profile angles, corner rounding and microloading are discussed. The simplicity, cleanliness, and excellent profile performance of the process make it a most promising candidate for sub-micron STI manufacturing.
Learning the value of girls' education. (1999)

This paper briefly describes the experiences of Oxfam GB in Sa Pa District, Lao Cai province, Vietnam on an integrated education program to provide school construction and housing for teachers, community development, and training of primary teachers. The extreme disadvantages that are faced by young tribal girls, particularly in education is what prompted Oxfam to work in these areas. Only a few children from these communities enroll in school and fewer stay and complete their education. Custom and tradition has prevented girls, especially those from ethic minorities, from going to school, and often, parents feel that it is not worth educating their girls. Early marriage is also a major contributory factor. The paper outlines the activities of Oxfam with the District Education Department on primary education issues. Some of the activities carried out include persuading parents to allow their daughters to attend school, providing special classes for girls, as well as scholarship programs, and providing teacher training on how to run community development groups and about ways of involving parents. The last part of the article summarizes the lessons learned from the program.
Extracting features for a brain-computer interface by self-organising fuzzy neural network-based time series prediction (2005)

This paper presents a novel feature extraction procedure (FEP) for extracting features from the electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded from subjects producing right and left motor imagery. Four self-organizing fuzzy neural networks (SOFNNs) are coalesced to perform one-step-ahead predictions for the EEG time series data. Features are derived from the mean squared error (MSE) in prediction or the mean squared of the predicted signals (MSY). Classification is performed using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). This novel FEP is tested on three subjects offline and classification accuracy (CA) rates approach 94% with information transfer (IT) rates >10 bits/min. Minimum subject specific data analysis is required and the approach shows good potential for online feature extraction and autonomous system adaptation.
Critical Exposure Time for Androgenization of the Developing Hypothalamus in the Female Rat (1968)

In order to determine the length of time neural elements must be exposed to androgen to induce sterility, 2 barbiturates, pentobarbital (PB) or phenobarbital (PhB), were injected subcutaneously into 5-day-old female rats simultaneously with 30 μg testosterone propionate (TP), or 3, 6, 9, 12 or 24 hr after TP injection. Both PB and PhB protect against the sterilizing effect of neonatal treatment with TP when injected at the same time as the hormone. When given 6 hr after TP injection, PB still protects against androgenization, but by 12 hr PB is ineffective. In contrast, the effectiveness of PhB is markedly reduced when given only 3 hr after TP injection. These data suggest that androgen can exert its inductive action on the developing brain during a very short period of 12 hr or less. They are also consistent with the working hypothesis that androgen action can be divided into 2 phases. A brief phase (approximately 3 hr in length) of androgen uptake by neurons is followed by a more prolonged phase (approximately another 9 hr) of intraneuronal biochemical differentiation. (Endocrinology82: 1010, 1968)
Modulation of Carcinogenesis in the Urinary Bladder by Retinoids (1985)

Bladder cancer has a 70% recurrence rate within five years and a high associated mortality. It commonly occurs in one or both of two predominant growth/behaviour patterns: either well-differentiated, relatively benign exophytic papillary lesions, or flat, poorly differentiated invasive carcinoma usually arising from carcinoma-in-situ. We have used the F344 rat treated with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) as a model for the papillary disease, and the BBN-treated B6D2F1 mouse for flat, invasive bladder carcinoma. In the rat, carcinogenesis is a multistage process and several retinoids will delay or even halt the development of bladder cancer. Inhibition of carcinogenesis is not complete, but there is a consistent reduction in the time-related incidence of papillomas and carcinomas and a concomitant improvement in the overall differentiation of the urothelium. In the BBN/mouse model, retinoids also have anticarcinogenic activity but interpretation of the results is more complicated. Unlike the F344 rat, the B6D2F1 mouse has a non-uniform response to BBN; not all mice develop bladder cancer even after treatment with very high doses of BBN and in those that do, more than one mechanism of carcinogenesis may be involved. Individual retinoids differ markedly in their ability to modulate bladder carcinogenesis in rodents; the behaviour of one analogue cannot be predicted automatically from data obtained with another. Combined data from rodent trials in this and other laboratories have identified N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (HPR) as the most anticarcinogenic retinoid tested so far for the rodent bladder. It is also less toxic in rodents and better tolerated in humans than either 13-cis-retinoic acid or etretinate, two retinoids currently used in dermatological practice. A prophylactic chemopreventive trial of HPR in bladder cancer patients starting in 1985 will be centered on the Middlesex Hospital, London.
Potential Role of PKC Inhibitors in the Treatment of Hematological Malignancies (2008)

The serine/threonine protein kinase C (PKC) family, the main target of tumor-promoting phorbol esters, is functionally associated to cell cycle regulation, cell survival, malignant transformation, and tumor angiogenesis. Although PKC isozymes represent an attractive target for novel anticancer therapies, our knowledge of PKC in tumorigenesis is still only partial and each PKC isoform may contribute to tumorigenesis in a distinct way. Specifically, PKC isoforms have wide and different roles, which vary depending on expression levels and tissue distribution, cell type, intracellular localization, protein-protein and lipid-protein interactions. Although PKC activation has been linked to tumor cell growth, motility, invasion and metastasis, other reports have shown that some PKC isoforms can also have opposite effects. Therefore, it will be necessary to analyze the relative contribution of each PKC isozymes in the development and progression of different tumors in order to identify therapeutic opportunities, using either PKC inhibitors or PKC activators as molecular tools of investigation. This minireview is focussed on the role of PKC signaling and on the perspective of PKC inhibition in hematological malignancies.
Efficiencies of coated and perforated semiconductor neutron detectors (2006)

Previous experimental results indicated that boron-filled perforations within a semiconductor diode detector increase the thermal neutron detection efficiency. In this paper, two basic perforation designs, circular holes and parallel trenches, are analyzed using a simple Monte Carlo model to estimate their potential as high-efficiency thermal neutron detectors. The modeling results indicate that thermal-neutron intrinsic detection efficiencies exceeding 25% can be realized for single coated devices, and efficiencies exceeding 50% can be realized for doubled or "sandwiched" devices.
A matrix-theoretic approach for analyzing quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check codes (2012)

A matrix-theoretic approach for studying quasi-cyclic codes based on matrix transformations via Fourier transforms and row and column permutations is developed. These transformations put a parity-check matrix in the form of an array of circulant matrices into a diagonal array of matrices of the same size over an extension field. The approach is amicable to the analysis and construction of quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check codes since it takes into account the specific parity-check matrix used for decoding with iterative message-passing algorithms. Based on this approach, the dimension of the codes and parity-check matrices for the dual codes can be determined. Several algebraic and geometric constructions of quasi-cyclic codes are presented as applications along with simulation results showing their performance over additive white Gaussian noise channels decoded with iterative message-passing algorithms.
Cytological aspects of isolated microspore culture of <i>Brassica napus</i> (1988)

Preculture cytological events within anthers of two genotypes of Brassica napus were examined to detect differences between microspores that have embryogenic potential and those that do not. Microspores of five anthers per bud were cultured, while the sixth anther was fixed for cytological observation. A series of buds of increasing maturity were individually sampled from specific racemes. Correlations of bud, anther, microspore, and nuclear size were drawn to establish physical parameters for each cytological stage. Cytological events and cytophotometrically monitored DNA content were noted for spores of each anther size class. Best embryogenic responses were among populations of microspores in the late uninucleate stage, immediately prior to first pollen mitosis. Typical, rod-shaped, cotyledonous embryos could be generated within 30 days from microspores at this stage at a rate up to 1300/anther. Slightly younger or older microspores had a drastically reduced embryogenic performance. Postculture observations (within 6 h after culture) indicated that the embryogenic spores appeared spherically swollen, distinctly vacuolate, and with a clear cytoplasm.
Enhancement of calcyclin gene RNA expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa, but not in benign lesions (1997)

Oral cancer is a neoplasm with some known causes. Proliferation genes are significant among its few pathogenetic and prognostic factors. Calcyclin is a cell-cycle-related gene, the function of which is still unclear. Its expression and that of Haras and histone-H3 have been investigated in an assessment of their pathogenetic role in squamous cell carcinoma. RNA extracted from the pathological and normal mucosa of patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and benign lesions was reverse transcribed and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The expression of all three genes in the pathological mucosa was enhanced in SCC only. This suggests that they may be involved in its pathogenesis and provides another parameter for the differentiation of malignant and benign lesions.
The dependence receptor DCC requires lipid raft localization for cell death signaling (2006)

DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer) is a putative tumor suppressor gene whose expression is lost in numerous cancers. DCC also encodes the main receptor for the neuronal navigation cue netrin-1. It has been shown that DCC belongs to the so-called family of dependence receptors. Such receptors induce apoptosis when their ligand is absent, thus conferring a state of cellular dependence on ligand availability. We recently proposed that DCC is a tumor suppressor because it induces the death of tumor cells that grow in settings of ligand unavailability. Moreover, it seems that the DCC/netrin-1 pair may also regulate neuron survival during nervous system development. However, the mechanisms by which DCC triggers cell death are still unknown. We show here that the localization of DCC to lipid rafts is a prerequisite for its proapoptotic activity, both in immortalized cells and in primary neurons. The presence of DCC in lipid rafts probably allows the formation of an adequate submembrane complex, because the interaction of caspase-9 with DCC is inhibited by the disorganization of lipid rafts. Thus, dependence receptors may require lipid raft localization for cell death signaling.