gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Methodology for Quantitative Rapid Multi-Tracer PET Tumor Characterizations (2013)

Positron emission tomography (PET) can image a wide variety of functional and physiological parameters in vivo using different radiotracers. As more is learned about the molecular basis for disease and treatment, the potential value of molecular imaging for characterizing and monitoring disease status has increased. Characterizing multiple aspects of tumor physiology by imaging multiple PET tracers in a single patient provides additional complementary information, and there is a significant body of literature supporting the potential value of multi-tracer PET imaging in oncology. However, imaging multiple PET tracers in a single patient presents a number of challenges. A number of techniques are under development for rapidly imaging multiple PET tracers in a single scan, where signal-recovery processing algorithms are employed to recover various imaging endpoints for each tracer. Dynamic imaging is generally used with tracer injections staggered in time, and kinetic constraints are utilized to estimate each tracers' contribution to the multi-tracer imaging signal. This article summarizes past and ongoing work in multi-tracer PET tumor imaging, and then organizes and describes the main algorithmic approaches for achieving multi-tracer PET signal-recovery. While significant advances have been made, the complexity of the approach necessitates protocol design, optimization, and testing for each particular tracer combination and application. Rapid multi-tracer PET techniques have great potential for both research and clinical cancer imaging applications, and continued research in this area is warranted.
Sequence and Phylogenetic Analysis of the VP2 Gene of Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Isolates (2002)

Previously we have shown that very virulent infectious bursal disease viruses (vvIBDV) that are SspI, TaqI and StyI positive (92/04, 97/61 and 94/B551) but not SspI and TaqI positive and StyI negative (94/273) cause high mortality, up to 80% in specific-pathogen-free chickens with significant damage of the bursal as well as nonbursal tissues. In this study, we sequenced the VP2 gene (1351 bp) of the 92/04, 94/273 and 94/B551 and compared them with other IBDV strains. All the isolates have the unique amino acid residues at positions 222A, 256I, 294I and 299S found in other vvIBDV strains. The deduced VP2 amino acids encoded by 92/04 is identical to the vvIBDV strains from Israel (IBDVKS), Japan (OKYM) and Europe (UK661), whereas the 94/273 and 94/B551 isolates have one to three amino acid substitutions. The 94/273 has two amino acid substitutions at positions 254 G to S and at 270 A to E that have not been reported before from vvIBDV strains. The 94/B551 also has one amino acid substitution at position 300 E to S, which is uncommon among other vvIBDV strains. However, phylogenetic analysis suggested that the isolates are very close to each other and all of them may have derived from the same origin as vvIBDV strains isolated from China, Japan and Europe. Even though antigenic index analysis of the 94/273 and 94/B551 indicated that the isolates are unique compared to other IBDV strains, their antigenic variation remain to be determined by monoclonal antibody study.
Neuere Anwendungen α‐metallierter Isocyanide in der organischen Synthese (1977)

Abstract α‐Metallierte Isocyanide können sich, weil zugleich nucleophil und elektrophil, an polare Doppelbindungen unter Bildung von Heterocyclen anlagern. Zugleich sind sie Synthons für α‐metallierte primäre Amine. Beschrieben werden neuere Beispiele oder verbesserte Verfahren für ihre Anwendung in der organischen Synthese: 1. Bei den Heterocyclen‐Synthesen die Darstellung von 2‐Oxazolinen, 2‐Imidazolinen, 2‐Thiazolinen, Oxazolen und Oligooxazolen, Thiazolen, Triazolen, Imidazolinonen, Pyrrolen, 5,6‐Dihydro‐1,3‐oxazinen und ‐thiazinen und (durch Cycloaddition mit Nitronen) 2‐Imidazolidinonen. 2. Auf dem Gebiet der Formylaminomethylenierung unter anderem die Überführung von Östronmethylether und einem Ketozucker in die entsprechenden α‐Formylamino‐acrylsäureester sowie die Umwandlung von Aldehyden und Ketonen mit (3‐ und 4‐Pyridyl)methylisocyaniden in N ‐(1‐Pyridyl‐1‐alkenyl)formamide und deren Hydrolyse zu 3‐ und 4‐Acylpyridinen. 3. Bei der Verwendung α‐metallierter Isocyanide als Synthons für α‐metallierte primäre Amine wird gezeigt, wie man sie zweckmäßig für die Darstellung von 1,2‐ und 1,3‐Aminoalkoholen, 1,2‐Diaminen, 2,3‐Diaminoalkansäuren und zum Aufbau höherer Aminosäuren ausgehend von einfachen Aminosäuren einsetzt.
Enhanced Front and Rear dielectric passivation for commercially grown Czochralski silicon for high efficiency solar cells (2009)

Commercial silicon solar cell efficiencies have been improving consistently over the last few years with the implementation of novel techniques. Along with larger wafer area and thinner substrates, low-cost processing of high efficiency solar cells can help achieve grid parity using crystalline silicon. In this work, large area cells were fabricated using conventional diffusion, oxidation and screen printing technologies. Several rear passivation schemes were compared to achieve low rear surface recombination velocities and combined with good front passivation to obtain cell VOC of ∼650 mV. Cells fabricated using these schemes resulted in an efficiency of 19.7% on 4 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> cells and 18.5% on 62 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> cells. Analysis and characterization of these cells reveals the possibility of achieving cell efficiencies greater than 19% on large area substrates.
The Experience of ITC Digester Operation. (1999)

Hokuetsu Niigata Mill started up recently its third coated paper machine (PM 8) with a capacity of 240, 000 tpy. For the purpose of not having to purchase as much market hardwood pulp for this machine and other upgraded machines, the increase of pulp production capacity and the modernization of the pulp plant were planned and carried out before the machine's start up.Many facilities such as a recovery boiler, a recausticizing plant including lime kiln, a bleach chemical preparation plant, a steam turbine and power generator, an evaporation plant, a wastewater treatment facility, a chip handling system and a fiber line have been installed one after another according to the three-year program which was completed by March 1998.This fiber line with 1, 200 tpd of hardwood bleached pulp is now running satisfactorily and achieved the expected results, meeting demands of quality and quantity for the paper machines of our four mills.This article describers operation experience of the ITC (Isothermal Continuous Cooking) digester system which has the state-of-the-art technology of extended delignification in the new fiber line.
Planar monolithic integration of LED and FET devices on a conductive substrate (1987)

This paper describes results of a study on the monolithic integration of AlGaAs light-emitting diodes with GaAs field-effect transistors on a conductive p-GaAs substrate. Using a selective growth technique, a horizontal configuration is fabricated that allows separate optimization of the two types of devices and provides a quasi-planar surface. This approach is compatible with the standard GaAs integrated-circuit technology. By inserting an undoped layer and a p-n junction between the active layer of the FET and the substrate leakage currents below 500 µA for bias voltage up to 9 V are obtained for these insulation structures. The emitted light intensity of the LED, connected in series with the FET, exhibits a nearly linear dependence on the driving gate potential. Temperature or optical crosstalk effects were not observed. Fall and rise times around 20 ns were measured from the pulse response characteristics. This switching time is limited by the LED whereas the FET and isolation layers were found not to affect the switching behavior of the circuit in this time frame.
QUALIDADE MICROBIOLÓGICA DA ÁGUA PARA CONSUMO HUMANO EM ASSENTAMENTOS DO MUNICÍPIO DE TEODORO SAMPAIO - SP (2013)

RESUMO: A água é um recurso natural essencial à vida, e sua qualidade é fundamental para a manutenção da saúde. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica da água utilizada para consumo humano em diversos assentamentos localizados na cidade de Teodoro Sampaio – SP. Para isso, foram coletadas amostras em 43 poços e seus respectivos reservatórios em 43 lotes de 6 assentamentos rurais, para ensaios de coliformes totais e E. coli,. Os resultados mostraram que 72 % dos poços e 86 % dos reservatórios estão fora dos padrões de potabilidade estabelecidos pelo Ministério da Saúde. Conclui-se que 86% das famílias que ocupam os lotes nos assentamentos estudados, consomem água fora dos padrões de potabilidade. Palavras – chave: Água Potável. Água subterrânea. Microbiologia. Assentamento rural. Teodoro Sampaio.
Circuit Parameters of a Receiver Coil Using a Wiegand Sensor for Wireless Power Transmission (2019)

We previously demonstrated an efficient method of wireless power transmission using a Wiegand sensor for the application in implantable medical devices. The Wiegand sensor has an advantage in inducing sharp pulse voltage independent of the drive frequency. A down-sized receiver coil for wireless power transmission within blood vessels has been prepared, which enables medical treatment on any part of a human body. In order to develop practical applications of the Wiegand sensor as implantable medical devices, the circuit design is important. The circuit parameters in the circuit model of the Wiegand sensor must be clearly identified. However, a fast reversal of magnetization of the magnetic wire used in the Wiegand sensor, known as a large Barkhausen jump, and the induced nonlinear pulse signal make the inductance of the receiver coil time-dependent and inconsistent as conventionally considered in circuit analysis. In this study, the voltage and current responses of a wire-core coil are analyzed, and the time-dependent inductance is determined. The results showed that the inductance depends on the magnetization state of the wire, which can be negative during the fast reversal of magnetization.
Cleavage of the dengue virus polyprotein at the NS3/NS4A and NS4B/NS5 junctions is mediated by viral protease NS2B-NS3, whereas NS4A/NS4B may be processed by a cellular protease (1992)

The cleavage mechanism utilized for processing of the NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5 domain of the dengue virus polyprotein was studied by using the vaccinia virus expression system. Recombinant vaccinia viruses vNS2B-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5, vNS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5, vNS4A-NS4B-NS5, and vNS4B-NS5 were constructed. These recombinants were used to infect cells, and the labeled lysates were analyzed by immunoprecipitation. Recombinant vNS2B-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5 expressed the authentic NS3 and NS5 proteins, but the other recombinants produced uncleaved polyproteins. These findings indicate that NS2B is required for processing of the downstream nonstructural proteins, including the NS3/NS4A and NS4B/NS5 junctions, both of which contain a dibasic amino acid sequence preceding the cleavage site. The flavivirus NS4A/NS4B cleavage site follows a long hydrophobic sequence. The polyprotein NS4A-NS4B-NS5 was cleaved at the NS4A/NS4B junction in the absence of other dengue virus functions. One interpretation for this finding is that NS4A/NS4B cleavage is mediated by a host protease, presumably a signal peptidase. Although vNS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5 expressed only the polyprotein, earlier results demonstrated that cleavage at the NS4A/NS4B junction occurred when an analogous recombinant, vNS3-NS4A-84%NS4B, was expressed. Thus, it appears that uncleaved NS3 plus NS5 inhibit NS4A/NS4B cleavage presumably because the putative signal sequence is not accessible for recognition by the responsible protease. Finally, recombinants that expressed an uncleaved NS4B-NS5 polyprotein, such as vNS4A-NS4B-NS5 or vNS4B-NS5, produced NS5 when complemented with vNS2B-30%NS3 or with vNS2B plus v30%NS3. These results indicate that cleavage at the NS4B/NS5 junction can be mediated by NS2B and NS3 in trans.
Large-angle, gigahertz-rate random telegraph switching induced by spin-momentum transfer (2004)

We show that a spin-polarized dc current passing through a small magnetic element induces two-state, random telegraph switching of the magnetization via the spin-momentum transfer effect. The resistances of the states differ by up to of the change due to complete magnetization reversal. Fluctuations are seen for a wide range of currents and magnetic fields, with rates that can exceed , and involve collective motion of a large volume of spins. Switching rate trends with field and current indicate that increasing temperature alone cannot explain the dynamics. The rates approach a stochastic regime wherein dynamics are governed by both precessional motion and thermal perturbations.
Large‐scale production and characterisation of wheat bran arabinoxylooligosaccharides (2006)

Abstract Arabinoxylooligosaccharides (AXOS) were enzymically produced on a large scale from commercial wheat bran. This implied enzyme‐based removal of starch and proteins to yield an arabinoxylan (AX) enriched destarched, deproteinised wheat bran fraction, and further incubation of the latter with a Bacillus subtilis endoxylanase converting AX into AXOS. The recovered wheat bran AXOS had a purity of 72% and an average degree of polymerisation and degree of substitution of 15 and 0.27, respectively. Fractional precipitation with ethanol was effective in separating the wheat bran AXOS into fractions with different structure. At a given ethanol concentration, the degree of substitution, degree of polymerisation and substitution pattern of wheat bran AXOS all influenced their precipitation behaviour. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Performance Modeling of TCP/AQM with Generalized AIMD under Intermediate Buffer Sizes (2006)

For TCP/AQM systems, the issue of buffer sizing has recently received much attention. In the recent literature, it is suggested that the buffer size be O(radicN) for high link utilization contrasting to the traditional bandwidth-delay product, i.e., O(N) for 100% utilization where the link has capacity NC serving N flows. However, these results are all limited to the drop-tail scheme and there has been no systematic modeling framework for any buffer sizing between O(radicN) and O(N). In this paper, we study the limiting behavior of a TCP/AQM system for an intermediate buffer sizing of O(N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gamma</sup> ) (0.5lesgamma<1). We develop a stochastic model in a discrete-time setting to characterize the system dynamics and then show that we can have 100% link utilization and zero packet loss probability for a large number of flows when the buffer size requirement is anywhere between O(radicN) and O(N). Our model is general enough to cover any queue-based AQM scheme with ECN marking (including the drop-tail) and various generalized AIMD algorithms for each TCP flow
<title>Salient Characteristics Of A Distributed Diagnostic Imaging Management System For A Radiology Department</title> (1982)

The design and implementation of a distributed diagnostic imaging management system is new. The goal of these distributed systems is to integrate digital diagnostic imaging modalities through a local area network. This paper provides an estimate of the current utilization of digital diagnostic image data and provides the user logical functions required for each node of the distributed system.
Opportunistic Random-Access Scheme Design for OFDMA-Based Indoor PLC Networks (2012)

Multiuser systems can benefit from multiuser diversity by assigning channels to users with better channel conditions at different time instants. In this paper, we present an opportunistic random-access scheme for orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access-based indoor power-line communication systems, based on time- and frequency-varying channel conditions, to exploit multiuser diversity. The proposed scheme dynamically adjusts the backoff time of each user according to its own channel-state variations in time and frequency domains during the contention procedure and, thus, “better” users have a higher priority to contend over their favorable subchannels. Moreover, subchannels are assigned to users with better channel conditions in order to further enhance the system throughput. In addition, an analytical throughput model for such a multiuser and multichannel system is derived to obtain the optimal parameter settings of the proposed access scheme. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides significant improvement in system throughput even in the case where the number of users highly exceeds that of subchannels.
Personalized Query Suggestions (2020)

With the exponential growth of information on the internet, users have been relying on search engines for finding the precise documents. However, user queries are often short. The inherent ambiguity of short queries imposes great challenges for search engines to understand user intent. Query suggestion is one key technique for search engines to augment user queries so that they can better understand user intent. In the past, query suggestions have been relying on either term-frequency--based methods with little semantic understanding of the query, or word-embedding--based methods with little personalization efforts. Here, we present a sequence-to-sequence-model--based query suggestion framework that is capable of modeling structured, personalized features and unstructured query texts naturally. This capability opens up the opportunity to better understand query semantics and user intent at the same time. As the largest professional network, LinkedIn has the advantage of utilizing a rich amount of accurate member profile information to personalize query suggestions. We applied this framework in the LinkedIn production traffic and showed that personalized query suggestions significantly improved member search experience as measured by key business metrics at LinkedIn.
Development of mobile versatile nanohandling microrobots: design, driving principles, haptic control (2005)

Special micromanipulators are needed to manipulate very small objects. Most micromanipulators are specialized to perform a task they are designed for, but are too inflexible to adapt to other problems. Therefore, flexible newly developed mobile microrobots are presented with precision in the sub-micrometer range while offering a macroscopic workspace. The main parts of each mobile microrobot, the mobile platform, the manipulator and end effectors, are explained in detail, with some experimental data given. The new driving principle of the mobile platform allows high resolution, low energy consumption, which makes an on-board power supply feasible and a maximum velocity of several mm/s. Useful human interfaces are needed for a successful teleoperation. The most important interface next to the vision feedback is a haptic interface. The paper presents a newly developed haptic interface for a micromanipulation station. The mechanical design and the design of the control system of the haptic interface are discussed in details. The control architecture of the micromanipulation station and the integration of the haptic device into the micromanipulation station are presented.
Boron thermal/epithermal neutron capture therapy (1982)

The development of various particle beams for radiotherapy represents an attempt to improve dose distribution, and to provide high LET radiations which are less sensitive to ambient physical and radiobiological factors such as oxygen tension, cell cycle, and dose rate. In general, a compromise is necessary as effective RBE is reduced in order to spread the dose distribution over the anticipated tumor volume. The approach of delivering stable non-toxic isotopes to tumor, and then activating these atoms subsequently via an external radiation beam has mator advantages; problems associated with high uptake of these isotopes in competing cell pools are obviated, and the general tumor volume can be included in the treatment field of the activating beam. As long as the normal tissues supporting tumor show a low uptake of the isotope to be activated, and as long as the range of the reaction products is short, dose will be restricted to tumor, with a consequent high therapeutic ratio. Neutron Capture Therapy (NCT) is generally carried out by activating boron-10 with low energy neutrons. The range of the high LET, low OER particles from the /sup 10/B(n, ..cap alpha..)/sup 7/Li reaction is approx. 10..mu.., or one cell diameter, a situation that is optimal for cell killing. Significant advantages may be gained by using the NCT procedure in conjunction with improved tissue penetration provided with epithermal or filtered beams, and new compounds showing physiological binding to tumor.
Improvement of a Multi-Body Collision Computation Framework and Its Application to Robot (Self-)Collision Avoidance (2015)

One of the fundamental demands on robotic systems is a safe interaction with their environment. In order to fulfill that condition, both collisions with obstacles and own structure have to be avoided. This problem has been addressed before at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) through the use of different algorithms. In this work, a novel solution that differentiates itself from previous implementations due to its geometry-independent, flexible thread structure and computationally robust nature is presented. In a first step, in order to achieve self-collision avoidance, collision detection must be handled. In this line, the Robotics and Mechatronics Center of the DLR developed its own version of the Voxmap-Pointshell (VPS) Algorithm. This penalty based collision computation algorithm uses two types of haptic data structures for each pair of potentially colliding objects in order to detect contact points and compute forces of interfering virtual objects; voxelmaps and pointshells. Prior to the work presented, a framework for multi-body collision detection already existed. However, it was not designed nor optimized to handle mechanisms. This thesis resents a framework that handles collision detection, force computation and physics processing of multi-body virtual realities in real-time integrating the
DLR VPS Algorithm implementation. Due to the high number of available robots and mechanisms, a method that is both robust and generic enough to withstand the forthcoming developments would be desirable. In this work, an input configuration file detailing the mechanism’s structure is used, based on the Denavit-Hartenberg convention, so that any type of robotic system or virtual object can use this method without any loss of validity. Experiments to prove the validity of this work have been performed both on DLR’s HUG simulator and on DLR’s HUG haptic device, composed of two DLR-KUKA light weight robots (LWRs).