gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Group A streptococcus and its antibiotic resistance. (2007)

Acute pharyngo-tonsillitis caused by beta-haemolytic group A Streptococcus is a common disease in childhood. Epithelial cells are the initial sites of the host invasion by group A Streptococcus. Although group A Streptococcus has been considered an extracellular pathogen, recent studies have demonstrated that strains of this bacterium can internalize into epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. As adherence to and internalization into host cells significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of group A Streptococcus infections, internalization of group A Streptococcus by human epithelial cells has been extensively studied during the past decade. Multiple mechanisms are involved in this process. Most strains of Streptococcus pyogenes express the fibronectin-binding proteins F1 and F2, which promote bacterial adherence to and entry into human cells. Strains containing the gene for the protein Fl have been proved to be responsible for the failure of antibiotic treatment to eradicate Streptococcus pyogenes. Thus, in a significant number of cases, streptococcal internalization might contribute to eradication failure and persistent throat carriage. Since treatment failure, asymptomatic group A Streptococcus carriers and recurrent group A Streptococcus infections represent the main group A Streptococcus reservoir, from which the bacteria are spread in the general population, the choice of antibiotic is crucial. Beta-lactams select a large number of F1-positive organisms: therefore, macrolides, and, possibly, last generation molecules, are the best and first choice for antibiotic treatment against group A Streptococcus.
THE REACTION OF SULPHURYL CHLORIDE WITH REDUCING SUGARS: PART I (1962)

The reaction of sulphuryl chloride with D-glucose, with D-xylose, and with maltose is described. The products were fully substituted compounds containing both chlorodeoxy and chlorosulphate groups. Formation of the methyl glycosides and subsequent removal of the chlorosulphate groups enabled structural investigations to be carried out on the resultant chlorodeoxy methyl glycosides.
Interface effects on perpendicular magnetic anisotropy for molecular-capped cobalt ultrathin films (2011)

The perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) of cobalt (0.5-1.8 nm) films capped separately by pentacene (Pc), fullerene (C60), and 8-hydroxyquinoline-aluminum (Alq3) are investigated. For all three series, the thickness of Co is around 0.7 nm for maximum out-of-plane coercivity. It is found that the coercivity of C60-capped films is nearly equal to that for Alq3-capped samples, although both are smaller than for Pc-capped films. The different interface effects of Co/molecules are discussed to explain this observation. This work highlights the PMA of ferromagnetic metal, which can be markedly infected depending on the nature of organic molecule.
Marsupials of Australia. By Basil Marlow. Jacaranda Press, Brisbane.13<i>s</i>. 6<i>d</i>. (Aus.). (1963)

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Role of oxidative damage in toxicity of particulates (2009)

Particulates are small particles of solid or liquid suspended in liquid or air. In vitro studies show that particles generate reactive oxygen species, deplete endogenous antioxidants, alter mitochondrial function and produce oxidative damage to lipids and DNA. Surface area, reactivity and chemical composition play important roles in the oxidative potential of particulates. Studies in animal models indicate that particles from combustion processes (generated by combustion of wood or diesel oil), silicate, titanium dioxide and nanoparticles (C60 fullerenes and carbon nanotubes) produce elevated levels of lipid peroxidation products and oxidatively damaged DNA. Biomonitoring studies in humans have shown associations between exposure to air pollution and wood smoke particulates and oxidative damage to DNA, deoxynucleotides and lipids measured in leukocytes, plasma, urine and/or exhaled breath. The results indicate that oxidative stress and elevated levels of oxidatively altered biomolecules are important intermediate endpoints that may be useful markers in hazard characterization of particulates.
Synthesis and <i>in Vitro </i>Evaluation of New Wortmannin Esters:  Potent Inhibitors of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (1996)

New C-11 esters of the fermentation product wortmannin have been synthesized, with some of them further derivatized at C-17. The new esters show greater inhibition of isolated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and increased cell cytotoxicity in a rapidly proliferating leukemia cell line, when compared to wortmannin. Reduction of the C-17 ketone caused a slight increase in activity, while acylation of this new alcohol caused severe loss of activity. With their increased activity, the new C-11 esters may be good candidates to explore the in vivo antitumor effects of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors.
Vergleichende Therapiestudie: Ultraschall, Kryotherapie und intraartikuläre Kortisonoide bei Veränderungen des Schultergelenkes aus entzündlicher Ursache<sup>1</sup> (1990)

90 Patienten mit Beteiligung des Schultergelenkes bei entzündlichen rheumatischen Erkrankungen wurden zufällig auf drei Therapiegruppen (n = jeweils 30) verteilt: Ultraschall (10 Behandlungen in 2 Wochen); Kryotherapie (5 Behandlungen); einmalige intraartikuläre Injektion von 40 mg Triamcinolonacetonid-Kristallsuspension. Zur Erfolgsermittlung dienten Werte der Analogskala für Schmerz, verschiedene Winkel- und kombinierte Bewegungsmaße sowie das Patientenurteil des Behandlungserfolges. Bei Nachuntersuchungen 1, 2, 3 und 12 Wochen nach Therapiebeginn konnten für alle 3 Gruppen und für jede der 3 Behandlungsmethoden bei mehr als der Hälfte der Probanden Besserungen erzielt werden. Eine signifikante Überlegenheit ergab sich lediglich für die Injektionsbehandlung im Hinblick auf die Schmerzbeeinflussung zum Zeitpunkt der letzten Nachuntersuchung.
Frank Lloyd Wright : a primer on architectural principles (1991)

These architects have provided not only a fresh and convincing interpretation of Wright's work, but they point to the ways that it continues to be relevant to the profession. -- Jack Quinan, SUNY Buffalo
Feature Construction for Inverse Reinforcement Learning (2010)

The goal of inverse reinforcement learning is to find a reward function for a Markov decision process, given example traces from its optimal policy. Current IRL techniques generally rely on user-supplied features that form a concise basis for the reward. We present an algorithm that instead constructs reward features from a large collection of component features, by building logical conjunctions of those component features that are relevant to the example policy. Given example traces, the algorithm returns a reward function as well as the constructed features. The reward function can be used to recover a full, deterministic, stationary pol-icy, and the features can be used to transplant the reward function into any novel environment on which the component features are well defined. 1
Simultaneous Correction of Intensity Inhomogeneity in Multi-Channel MR Images (2005)

Intensity inhomogeneity in MR images is an undesired phenomenon, which often hampers different steps of quantitative analysis such as segmentation or registration. In this paper we propose a novel fully automated method for retrospective correction of intensity inhomogeneity. The basic assumption is that inhomogeneity correction could be improved by combining the information from multiple MR channels. Intensity inhomogeneities are simultaneously removed in a four-step iterative procedure. First, the probability distribution of intensities for two channel images is calculated. In the second step, intensity correction forces, that tend to minimize image entropies, are estimated for every image voxel. Third, inhomogeneity correction fields are obtained by regularization and normalization of all voxel forces, and last, corresponding partial inhomogeneity corrections are performed separately for each channel. The method was quantitatively evaluated on simulated and real MR brain images. The results show substantial improvement in comparison with the two state-of-the-art methods.
A Phase I Study of Intravenous Oncolytic Reovirus Type 3 Dearing in Patients with Advanced Cancer (2008)

Oncolytic reovirus can be safely and repeatedly administered by i.v. injection at doses up to 3 x 10(10) TCID(50) for 5 days every 4 weeks without evidence of severe toxicities. Productive reoviral infection of metastatic tumor deposits was confirmed. Reovirus is a safe agent that warrants further evaluation in phase II studies.
Stimulus generation for built-in self-test of charge-pump phase-locked loops (2002)

This paper addresses the issue of the stimulation of charge-pump phase-locked loops for built-in self-test applications. It is shown that three nodes of the PLL qualify for test signal injection. The hardware and methodology for each are discussed. In particular, a comprehensive explanation of the use of delta-sigma modulation in the time domain is provided. Furthermore, implementation issues of analog tests with signal generation based on coarse quantization are discussed. The effects of the quantization noise arising from delta-sigma modulation on the dynamic range of phase-locked loop nodes is evaluated. Original experimental results validate one of the method which was not verified previously. In conclusion, the strengths and weakness of each of the three methods for phase-locked loop stimulation are highlighted.
Structure of human hemopexin: O-glycosyl and N-glycosyl sites and unusual clustering of tryptophan residues. (1984)

The primary structure of human hemopexin is being deduced from sequence analysis of a series of peptides obtained from chemical and enzymatic digests of the protein. Human hemopexin consists of about 440 amino acid residues. It has five sites of attachment of glucosamine oligosaccharides at the signal sequence of Asn-X-Thr/Ser. A unique structural feature is the virtual blocking of the amino-terminal threonine residue, which is O-linked to a galactosamine oligosaccharide that has not previously been identified in this protein. The galactosamine oligosaccharide and one glucosamine oligosaccharide are located in the amino-terminal region, three of the glucosamine oligosaccharides are in the middle region, and one glucosamine oligosaccharide is in the carboxyl-terminal region of the protein. Two of the five glucosamine oligosaccharides are present in a histidine-rich sequence of the middle region of the protein, in which the histidines flank beta-turns presumably at the surface of hemopexin. Clusters of tryptophan residues occur in four regions, each of which contains three or four tryptophan residues separated by 0-12 other residues. This clustering is significant because both histidine and tryptophan have been implicated in the binding of heme. A computer analysis did not identify significant matches of human hemopexin to any protein, including cytochromes and other heme-binding proteins, which suggests that the human hemopexin gene evolved from a unique primordial gene differing from those of other heme-binding proteins.
Fluid Dynamics and Transport of Droplets and Sprays (2010)

This book serves as both a graduate text and a reference for engineers and scientists exploring the theoretical and computational aspects of the fluid dynamics and transport of sprays and droplets. Attention is given to the behavior of individual droplets, including the effects of forced convection due to relative droplet-gas motion, Stefan convection due to the vaporization or condensation of the liquid, multicomponent liquids (and slurries), and internal circulation of the liquid. This second edition contains more information on droplet-droplet interactions, the use of the mass-flux potential, conserved scalar variables, spatial averaging and the formulation of the multi-continua equations, the confluence of spatial averaging for sprays and filtering for turbulence, direct numerical simulations and large-eddy simulations for turbulent sprays, and high-pressure vaporization processes. Two new chapters introduce liquid-film vaporization as an alternative to sprays for miniature applications and a review of liquid-stream distortion and break-up theory.
Vehicle level world model manager interface description (1999)

Developed over the course of two decades at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and elsewhere, the Real-time Control System (RCS) provides a reference architecture and engineering methodology to aid in the design of complex control systems.In order to accomplish complex behaviors, RCS provides guidelines for the decomposition of control problems into a set of hierarchical control nodes each of which follows a "sense-model-act" paradigm.In this paradigm, sensory processing (SP) functions feed information into a world model (WM) and a behavior generation (BG) module makes decisions or "acts" based on commands from the level above and input from a value judgement (VJ) module in cooperation with the WM.RCS may be further specialized into application-specific versions.One such version is 4-D/RCS [Albus, 1997] that is aimed at the design and implementation of control systems for intelligent autonomous vehicles for military scout missions.An important part of the 4-D/RCS hierarchy is the world model.The goal of this paper is to describe the world model manager system that provides client applications access to a comprehensive world model.These client applications may perform such tasks as planning or display generation.This paper concentrates on the details of a "vehicle level node" implementation of the world model for the Demo III program [Shoemaker et al., 1998], Emphasis is placed on interface flexibility and modularity.1. 1.
Response 1 to Rosemary Radford Ruether: ‘Should Women Want WomenPriests or Women-Church?’ (2011)

This response to Rosemary Ruether’s ‘Should Women Want Women Priests or Women-Church,’ an article published in this issue of Feminist Theology, is written by a Roman Catholic Womanpriest and pastor of a non-canonical Catholic parish. Jane Via finds more support in the New Testament for women in leadership roles than does Rosemary Radford Ruether. Via argues the impact of Aristotelian philosophy on Christian thought and the precedent it creates to use contemporary philosophy to interpret Christianity begs popularization. Ruether’s historical summary of women’s roles in Protestant churches enlarges feminist awareness. Via addresses the positive contributions of Women-Church and RCWP and the limitations of each. She concurs with Ruether: women need both.
Transmission performance of high bit rate spectrum-sliced WDM systems (1996)

We simulate transmission of a spectrum-sliced WDM channel operating at high bit rates (e.g., 622 to 2488 Mb/s). We calculate the bit error rate using the non-Gaussian statistics of thermal light sources that are commonly used in spectrum slicing and account for the effects of fiber dispersion. We evaluate the tradeoff in optical slice linewidth between signal-to-excess optical noise ratio and dispersion penalty in spectrum-sliced WDM systems, and determine the channel slicewidth that minimizes transmission penalty for a given link length and bit rate. We compare our simulations against the measured performance of a 1244 Mb/s channel over 20 km of fiber. The results in this paper provide useful information for the design of spectrum-sliced WDM networks.
A redirection-based defense mechanism against flood-type attacks in large-scale ISP networks (2005)

When DoS/DDoS and/or worm attacks occur, it is necessary for Internet service providers to filter out the attack packets and thus provide the users with high data-transmission quality. We propose a defense mechanism based on traffic redirection in which the edge and border routers divert suspicious packets to central defense nodes (C-DNs). For defense in large-scale networks, this is superior to conventional mechanisms such as pushback in terms of operating costs, because the required number of defense nodes is small. In the proposed redirection-based defense mechanism, tunnels are set up between all edge/ border routers and the C-DNs, and the packets destined for victims are diverted to the C-DNs by configuring the policy-based routing rules of the edge and border routers. We compare four techniques using tunneling in traffic-redirection and clarify the advantages of the proposed mechanism for defense in large-scale networks. We also evaluate the reduction in the required number of defense nodes: a reduction in the 25-60% range is possible with large networks.
High Mallampati score and nasal obstruction are associated risk factors for obstructive sleep apnoea (2003)

Induced nasal obstruction can cause obstructive apnoeas in healthy subjects during sleep, but the relationship between nasal resistance measured during wakefulness and obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is weak. It was postulated that if the subjects could not breathe through the nose, the oral airway must be used, but if this airway is narrowed as well, then it could precipitate sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Nasal patency, Mallampati score (MS), neck circumference and body mass index were measured in 202 subjects referred to the authors' hospital to undergo a full-night polysomnography for suspicion of SDB. A significant correlation was found between the MS and apnoea/hypopnoea index measured during sleep. However, the relationship between these parameters was only significant in patients with nasal obstruction. The relative risk of having OSAS with a MS of III or IV was 1.95 for the whole group and 2.45 in patients with nasal obstruction. In conclusion, a high Mallampati score represents a predisposing factor for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, especially if it is associated with nasal obstruction. These patients merit special attention from both the sleep physician and the anaesthetist.
Model and measurement technique for temperature dependent electrothermal parameters of microbolometer structures (2013)

A model and a measurement technique for the temperature dependent thermal impedance of microbolometer structures are presented. It is demonstrated that especially for automotive applications with an extended ambient temperature regime, a temperature impact on the thermal impedance has to be considered in electrothermal modeling. The modeling parameters can be determined with a demonstrated measurement technique which only relies on a single long pulse measurement and standard measurement equipment.
Dual‐frequency rectangular microstrip antenna with double π‐shaped slots (2001)

Abstract A dual‐frequency rectangular microstrip antenna with a pair of π‐shaped narrow slots close to the nonradiating edges of the patch is experimentally studied. By varying the length and spacing of the two arms of each π‐shaped slot, the proposed antenna provides a tunable frequency ratio from about 1.03 to 1.19. Details of the antenna design and experimental results are presented and discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 195–197, 2001.
The 3′ non‐coding region of the <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> HeT‐A telomeric retrotransposon contains sequences with propensity to form G‐quadruplex DNA (1999)

HeT-A elements are non-long terminal repeat retrotransposons added onto the Drosophila chromosome ends. We have investigated the formation in vitro of higher order structures by oligonucleotides derived from the 3' non-coding region of HeT-A elements and found that they are capable of forming G-quadruplex DNA. These results suggest that the 3' repeat region of HeT-A may structurally behave as the telomeric repeats common to a majority of eukaryotes. The presence of structural motifs shared by telomeres and centromeres and the implications of these findings for chromosome evolution are discussed.
A SURVEY OF THE STATE OF THE ART OF CERAMIC AND GRAPHITE FIBERS (1965)

Protein kinase C beta (PKCβ) expression in breast cancer is associated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype, yet the mechanism for how PKCβ is pro-tumorigenic in this disease is still unclear. Interestingly, while it is known that PKCβ mediates angiogenesis, immunity, fibroblast function and adipogenesis, all components of the mammary tumor microenvironment (TME), no study to date has investigated whether stromal PKCβ is functionally relevant in breast cancer. Herein, we evaluate mouse mammary tumor virus-polyoma middle T-antigen (MMTV-PyMT) induced mammary tumorigenesis in the presence and absence of PKCβ. We utilize two model systems: one where PKCβ is deleted in both the epithelial and stromal compartments to test the global requirement for PKCβ on tumor formation, and second, where PKCβ is deleted only in the stromal compartment to test its role in the TME. MMTV-PyMT mice globally lacking PKCβ live longer and develop smaller tumors with decreased proliferation and decreased macrophage infiltration. Similarly, when PKCβ is null exclusively in the stroma, PyMT-driven B6 cells form smaller tumors with diminished collagen deposition. These experiments reveal for the first time a tumor promoting role for stromal PKCβ in MMTV-PyMT tumorigenesis. In corroboration with these results, PKCβ mRNA (Prkcb) is increased in fibroblasts isolated from MMTV-PyMT tumors. These data were confirmed in a breast cancer patient cohort. Combined these data suggest the continued investigation of PKCβ in the mammary TME is necessary to elucidate how to effectively target this signaling pathway in breast cancer.
A Brief Review of Stimulus-active Polymers Responsive to Thermal, Light, Magnetic, Electric, and Water/Solvent Stimuli (2010)

Stimulus-active polymers can vary their shapes (configuration or dimension) or produce mechanical power in response to external stimuli such as heat, electricity, light, magnetic field, and water. In the past decade, many breakthroughs have been made in developing stimulus-active polymers with novel stimulus-active mechanisms. With proper designing, complicated movements such as swimming, inchworm walking, rotation, and bending can be achieved. Stimulus-active polymers can be applied in a wide range of areas from hi-tech areas to daily life. A few papers have been written on specific type of stimulus-active polymers, but have not covered all stimulus-active polymers. Hence, this article aims to present a brief overview of the different mechanisms and fabrication strategies of typical stimulus-active polymers. The various applications of different stimulus-active polymers are also briefly summarized in the article.