gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Investigation of the Conditional Sampling Method Used to Estimate Fluxes of Active, Reactive, and Passive Scalars (1996)

The conditional sampling flux measurement technique was evaluated for four scalars (temperature, water vapor, ozone, and carbon dioxide) by comparison with direct eddy correlation measurements at two sites. The empirical constant β relating the turbulent flux to the accumulated concentration difference between updrafts and downdrafts was computed from 10-Hz turbulence measurements. Comparison between the simulated relaxed eddy accumulation flux formulation and the eddy correlation measurements allowed the direct determination of β for all four scalars. The β models previously proposed overpredicted the measured β by about 8%–10%. It was found that a mean β = 0.58 reproduced the eddy correlation measurements independent of the scalar type being analyzed, roughness and atmospheric stability conditions, in agreement with previous studies. The role of energy-containing eddy motion in the deviations between the measured and predicted β was considered using orthonormal wavelet expansion in conjunction with a wavelet shrinkage approach. It was demonstrated that the energy-containing large eddy motion contributed to a reduction in β when compared to the predicted β. Finally, the deadband vertical velocity effects were also considered and found to reduce β exponentially, in agreement with other studies.
<p>The Current Understanding Of Asbestos-Induced Epigenetic Changes Associated With Lung Cancer</p> (2020)

Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral consisting of extremely fine fibres that can become trapped in the lungs after inhalation. Occupational and environmental exposures to asbestos are linked to development of lung cancer and malignant mesothelioma, a cancer of the lining surrounding the lung. This review discusses the factors that are making asbestos-induced lung cancer a continuing problem, including the extensive historic use of asbestos and decades long latency between exposure and disease development. Genomic mutations of DNA nucleotides and gene rearrangements driving lung cancer are well-studied, with biomarkers and targeted therapies already in clinical use for some of these mutations. The genes involved in these mutation biomarkers and targeted therapies are also involved in epigenetic mechanisms and are discussed in this review as it is hoped that identification of epigenetic aberrations in these genes will enable the same gene biomarkers and targeted therapies to be used. Currently, understanding of how asbestos fibres trapped in the lungs leads to epigenetic changes and lung cancer is incomplete. It has been shown that oxidoreduction reactions on fibre surfaces generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) which in turn damage DNA, leading to genetic and epigenetic alterations that reduce the activity of tumour suppressor genes. Epigenetic DNA methylation changes associated with lung cancer are summarised in this review, and some of these changes will be due to asbestos exposure. So far, little research has been carried out to separate the asbestos driven epigenetic changes from those due to non-asbestos causes of lung cancer. Asbestos-associated lung cancers exhibit less methylation variability than lung cancers in general, and in a large proportion of samples variability has been found to be restricted to promoter regions. Epigenetic aberrations in cancer are proving to be promising biomarkers for diagnosing cancers. It is hoped that further understanding of epigenetic changes in lung cancer can result in useful asbestos-associated lung cancer biomarkers to guide treatment. Research is ongoing into the detection of lung cancer epigenetic alterations using non-invasive samples of blood and sputum. These efforts hold the promise of non-invasive cancer diagnosis in the future. Efforts to reverse epigenetic aberrations in lung cancer by epigenetic therapies are ongoing but have not yet yielded success.
THE DISEASE OF INEBRIETY.ITS STUDY FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE EXPERIENCE OF AMERICAN PHYSICIANS OF EMINENCE WHO HAVE WORKED IN THIS FIELD OF RESEARCH. (1895)

<h3>SPREEING AND TIPPLING.</h3> A not uncommon form of the tendency to inebriety is manifested, especially in young men, in whom the propensity is not fully developed. This consists in the practice of occasional "spreeing," as it is sometimes termed. This forms one of the earliest stages of the habit or attack, and may be properly termed the formative stage. It makes its appearance on occasions of rejoicing, at festivals and celebrations, on Fourth of July and during the holidays. At other times the propensity is dormant, and the individual is in no way affected by it. There is a feature in this malady, which may be properly noted in this place, and that is that in the advanced stages of the disease nothing satisfies but complete intoxication. So completely is the system under the influence of the morbid propensity, that the desire to get drunk is irresistible. No lesser degree
Nanotube Electromechanics beyond Carbon: The Case of WS<sub>2</sub> (2015)

The incorporation of nanostructures into nanoelectronic and nanoelectromechanical systems is a long sought-after goal. In the present article, we report the first torsional electromechanical measurements of pure inorganic nanotubes. The WS2 nanotubes exhibited a complex and reproducible electrical response to mechanical deformation. We combined these measurements with density-functional-tight-binding calculations to understand the interplay between mechanical deformation, specifically torsion and tension, and electrical properties of WS2 nanotubes. This yielded the understanding that the electrical response to mechanical deformation may span several orders of magnitude on one hand and detect several modes of mechanical deformation simultaneously on the other. These results demonstrate that inorganic nanotubes could thus be attractive building blocks for nanoelectromechanical systems such as highly sensitive nanometric motion sensors.
Pomegranate Ellagitannin–Derived Compounds Exhibit Antiproliferative and Antiaromatase Activity in Breast Cancer Cells <i>In vitro</i> (2010)

Estrogen stimulates the proliferation of breast cancer cells and the growth of estrogen-responsive tumors. The aromatase enzyme, which converts androgen to estrogen, plays a key role in breast carcinogenesis. The pomegranate fruit, a rich source of ellagitannins (ET), has attracted recent attention due to its anticancer and antiatherosclerotic properties. On consumption, pomegranate ETs hydrolyze, releasing ellagic acid, which is then converted to 3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one ("urolithin") derivatives by gut microflora. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antiaromatase activity and inhibition of testosterone-induced breast cancer cell proliferation by ET-derived compounds isolated from pomegranates. A panel of 10 ET-derived compounds including ellagic acid, gallagic acid, and urolithins A and B (and their acetylated, methylated, and sulfated analogues prepared in our laboratory) were examined for their ability to inhibit aromatase activity and testosterone-induced breast cancer cell proliferation. Using a microsomal aromatase assay, we screened the panel of ET-derived compounds and identified six with antiaromatase activity. Among these, urolithin B (UB) was shown to most effectively inhibit aromatase activity in a live cell assay. Kinetic analysis of UB showed mixed inhibition, suggesting more than one inhibitory mechanism. Proliferation assays also determined that UB significantly inhibited testosterone-induced MCF-7aro cell proliferation. The remaining test compounds also exhibited antiproliferative activity, but to a lesser degree than UB. These studies suggest that pomegranate ET-derived compounds have potential for the prevention of estrogen-responsive breast cancers.
Genomic alterations and gene expression in primary diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas of immune‐privileged sites: the importance of apoptosis and immunomodulatory pathways (2008)

Primary diffuse large B-cell lymphomas of different immune-privileged sites (IP-DLBCLs) share many clinical and biological features, such as a relatively poor prognosis, preferential dissemination to other immune-privileged sites, and deletion of the HLA region, which suggests that IP-DLBCL represents a separate entity. To further investigate the nature of IP-DLBCL, we investigated site-specific genomic aberrations in 16 testicular, nine central nervous system (CNS), and 15 nodal DLBCLs using array CGH. We also determined minimal common regions of gain and loss. Using robust algorithms including multiple testing procedures and the ACE-it script, which is specifically designed for this task, the array CGH data were combined with gene expression data to explore pathways deregulated by chromosomal aberrations. Loss of 6p21.32-p25.3, including the HLA genes, was associated with both types of IP-DLBCL, whereas gain of 2p16.1-p25.3 was associated with nodal DLBCL. Gain of 12q15-q21.1 and 12q24.32-q24.33 was associated with CNS DLBCL and gain of 19q13.12-q13.43 with testicular DLBCL. Analysis of candidate genes in site-specific regions and minimal common regions revealed two major groups of genes: one involved in the immune response, including regulation of HLA expression, and the other involved in apoptosis, including the p53 pathway. Many of these genes were also involved in homozygous deletions or high-level gains. The presence of both shared and site-specific aberrations in CNS and testicular DLBCLs underlines the concept of IP-DLBCL but also indicates that IP-DLBCLs of the CNS and testis do not form a single entity. The observed aberrations emphasize the importance of the deregulation of anti-tumour immune response and apoptosis pathways.
Reversal theory: clinical implications (1990)

Thispaper briefly reviews some of the basic ideas of Reversal Theory, and explains how it can provide a general conceptual framework for the eclectic therapist, allowing him or her to make systematic decisions about psychotherapeutic strategies and tactics. At the heart of the framework is the notion that there are five basic types ofpsychopathology, two of them falling under the heading ttstructural disturbancess and three under the heading tclnappropriate strategiesn A number of issues related to these ideas are discussed.
Trends in Alcohol and Other Drugs Detected in Fatally Injured Drivers in the United States, 1999-2010 (2014)

Drugged driving is a safety issue of increasing public concern. Using data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System for 1999-2010, we assessed trends in alcohol and other drugs detected in drivers who were killed within 1 hour of a motor vehicle crash in 6 US states (California, Hawaii, Illinois, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and West Virginia) that routinely performed toxicological testing on drivers involved in such crashes. Of the 23,591 drivers studied, 39.7% tested positive for alcohol and 24.8% for other drugs. During the study period, the prevalence of positive results for nonalcohol drugs rose from 16.6% in 1999 to 28.3% in 2010 (Z = -10.19, P < 0.0001), whereas the prevalence of positive results for alcohol remained stable. The most commonly detected nonalcohol drug was cannabinol, the prevalence of which increased from 4.2% in 1999 to 12.2% in 2010 (Z = -13.63, P < 0.0001). The increase in the prevalence of nonalcohol drugs was observed in all age groups and both sexes. These results indicate that nonalcohol drugs, particularly marijuana, are increasingly detected in fatally injured drivers.
Regioselective lipase-catalyzed synthesis of glucose ester on a preparative scale (2001)

Glucose fatty acid monoesters were produced in a stirred-tank reactor in combination with a membrane-pervaporation separation unit for the regeneration of the solvent ethyl methylketone (EMK) on a preparative scale. Yields up to 79% (169 g product) were achieved in the synthesis of 6-O-stearoyl-D-glucose in a mainly solid phase system in the presence of a small amount of EMK maintaining a catalytic liquid phase as well as forming a suitable azeotropic mixture with the reaction water. High residual activity was found using lipase B from Candida antarctica under reduced pressure at 60 °C. EMK could be easily removed from the reaction mixture and is regarded as biocompatible in the preparation of food additives.
Energy-level alignment at interfaces between metals and the organic semiconductor 4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazolyl-biphenyl (1998)

We have used ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy to study the formation of interfaces between the organic semiconductor, 4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazolyl-biphenyl (CBP), and the metals Au, Ag, and Mg. Each interface was studied by depositing the organic on the metal, and by depositing the metal on the organic. The two methods produced inequivalent interfaces, except in the case of Au/CBP. The position of the highest occupied molecular orbital relative to the Fermi level and the magnitude of the interface dipole were measured for each interface. The barrier to electron injection from each metal was estimated using the magnitude of the measured optical gap. An interface dipole, of magnitude nearly independent of the metal work function, was formed when CBP was deposited on a metal surface. The position of the Fermi level within the CBP gap was found to vary strongly with the metal work function.
Electrically Reconfigurable Metasurfaces Using Heterojunction Resonators (2016)

An electrically reconfigurable metasurface comprising an array of 1D semiconductor Mie resonators on a reflecting ground plane is theoretically demonstrated. The design is based on magnetic dipole modes that interfere with image fields in a metal substrate to produce a 2π phase shift in reflection about the resonance wavelength. Analogous voltage‐dependent phase shifts are produced using novel InSb/In 0.8 Al 0.2 Sb heterojunction resonators incorporating top electrodes that minimize perturbations of the electromagnetic mode. The devices exploit large swings in the InSb electron density to produce mid‐infrared resonances tunable through free carrier refraction. Combined electrical device and full wave electromagnetic simulations show up to 300° phase shifts with less than 1dB of loss. Using this resonator as a basic building block, an electrically tunable metasurface is demonstrated. By applying a voltage gradient across the metasurface, an incident beam is steered in a unidirectional fashion continuously between ±72° (from normal incidence. This work describes a pathway to unprecedented control of light via electrically reconfigurable metasurfaces.
Recent developments in metal‐supported solid oxide fuel cells (2017)

Metal‐supported solid oxide fuel cells ( MSCs ) offer certain strategic advantages over the more conventional solid oxide fuel cells ( SOFCs ), which comprise only ceramic materials. Since alloys such as ferritic steels are very similar in their coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) with ceramic components, viz., cerias, zirconias, and nickel oxide doped with either of them, they could provide excellent thermal cyclability while maintaining a strong interlayer bond. Therefore, in an anode‐supported cell the entire NiO ‐ceramic support can be replaced by a ferritic steel porous support—the catalytically active NiO is therefore, a functional layer only. A huge savings in materials cost is achievable, because cerias and zirconias [usually doped with Y, Gd, Sm rare earth (RE) elements] are considerably more expensive that ferritic steels. Lowering the capital costs for SOFCs is an extensive global undertaking with US Department of Energy (DOE) laying down targets such as ~$ 200/ kW for the stack itself, in order for SOFCs to become competitive with grid power costs and to offer a power source that promises 24 × 7 power supply for critical applications. This will eventually lead to a premier electricity generation device in the distributed power space, with the highest known electrical efficiencies (>50%). MSCs need very robust, high precision, and cost‐effective manufacturing techniques, which are scalable to high volumes. One of the main goals in this review is to showcase some of the work done in this area since the last review (2010), and to assess the technology challenges, and new solutions that have emerged over the past few years. WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e246. doi: 10.1002/wene.246 This article is categorized under: Fuel Cells and Hydrogen > Science and Materials
The Curative and Palliative Potential of the Monoclonal Antibody MOv18 Labelled with<sup>211</sup>At in Nude Mice with Intraperitoneally growing Ovarian Cancer Xenografts - A Long-Term Study (2000)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of 211At-labelled specific monoclonal antibody MOv18 in nude mice with intraperitoneal growth of the human ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR3. In the first part of the study the antibody was injected intraperitoneally when the cancer growth was microscopic. The injected activity was 485-555 kBq. The median survival for treated mice was 213 days compared to 138 days for untreated mice (p < 0.014, log-rank test). No obvious toxicity was seen. Thirty-three percent of the mice were apparently free of cancer after 7 months and were probably cured. In the second part of the study mice with macroscopic cancer and signs of ascites were injected intraperitoneally with the same 211At-labelled antibody (377-389 kBq). This treatment possibly delayed the production of ascites. Hopefully radioimmunotherapy with regionally administered 211At-labelled antibody will be of value in women with ovarian cancer as well.
Improved Dielectric and Interface Properties of 4H-SiC MOS Structures Processed by Oxide Deposition and N<sub>2</sub>O Annealing (2006)

Oxide deposition followed by high-temperature annealing in N2O has been investigated to improve the quality of 4H-SiC MOS structures. Annealing of deposited oxides in N2O at 1300oC significantly enhances the breakdown strength and decreases the interface state density to 3x1011 cm-2eV-1 at EC – 0.2 eV. As a result, high channel mobility of 34 cm2/Vs and 52 cm2/Vs has been attained for inversion-type MOSFETs fabricated on 4H-SiC(0001)Si and (000-1)C faces, respectively. The channel mobility shows a maximum when the increase of oxide thickness during N2O annealing is approximately 5 nm. A lateral RESURF MOSFET with gate oxides formed by the proposed process has blocked 1450 V and showed a low on-resistance of 75 mcm2, which is one of the best performances among lateral SiC MOSFETs reported.
Applying the convex metric and the spatial channel model for HRPD rev-A (2006)

Computer simulations are often used to predict the performance of cellular networks. Typically, link level simulations are used to model the link between the access network (AN) and the access terminal (AT), while system level simulations are used to model a system consisting of many ANs and ATs. Since completely modeling the link between each AN and AT is impractical within system level simulators, link-to-system mapping techniques are used to incorporate link level behavior into system level simulators. The Equivalent SNR Method Based on Convex Metric (ECM) is one link-to-system mapping technique, which has been shown to produce accurate results for many different cellular systems. In this paper, we further examine the ECM by showing its performance for the Forward Traffic Channel (F- TCH) defined in the cdma2000  High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) Air Interface Specification. In particular, we show that the ECM produces consistent results for the F-TCH using the unique characteristics of the spatial channel model (SCM). We further show that the ECM is valid for simulating the HRPD early termination algorithm, a type of incremental redundancy.
Unsupervised Joint Feature Learning and Encoding for RGB-D Scene Labeling (2015)

Most existing approaches for RGB-D indoor scene labeling employ hand-crafted features for each modality independently and combine them in a heuristic manner. There has been some attempt on directly learning features from raw RGB-D data, but the performance is not satisfactory. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised joint feature learning and encoding (JFLE) framework for RGB-D scene labeling. The main novelty of our learning framework lies in the joint optimization of feature learning and feature encoding in a coherent way, which significantly boosts the performance. By stacking basic learning structure, higher level features are derived and combined with lower level features for better representing RGB-D data. Moreover, to explore the nonlinear intrinsic characteristic of data, we further propose a more general joint deep feature learning and encoding (JDFLE) framework that introduces the nonlinear mapping into JFLE. The experimental results on the benchmark NYU depth dataset show that our approaches achieve competitive performance, compared with the state-of-the-art methods, while our methods do not need complex feature handcrafting and feature combination and can be easily applied to other data sets.
Rethinking the training of intelligence analysts (2016)

Despite intense scrutiny and promised fixes resulting from intelligence ‘transformation’ efforts, erroneous analytic assessments persist and continue to dominate news coverage of the US intelligence community. Existing analytic training teaches analysts about common cognitive biases and then aims to correct them with structured analytic techniques. On its face, this approach is eminently reasonable; on close inspection, incomplete and imbalanced. Current training is anchored in a mid-twentieth century understanding of psychology that focuses on checking over-confidence and rigidity but ignores the problems of under-confidence and excessive volatility. Moreover it has never been validated against objective benchmarks of good judgment. We propose a new approach: (a) adopting scientifically validated content and regularly testing training to avoid institutionalizing new dogmas; (b) incentivizing analysts to view training guidelines as means to the end of improved accuracy, not an end in itself.
Preoperative Therapy in Invasive Breast Cancer: Pathologic Assessment and Systemic Therapy Issues in Operable Disease (2008)

In operable breast cancer, preoperative systemic therapy is effective and can improve breast conservation rates. Unless the tumor is large or the patient is in a clinical trial, postoperative adjuvant systemic therapy is the standard of care. To achieve optimal outcomes, preoperative systemic therapy must be administered as part of a coordinated, multimodality treatment program. The preoperative setting provides a unique opportunity to study the impact of systemic therapies on breast cancer biology.
Efficient polarized light-emitting diodes utilizing ultrathin photoaddressable alignment layers (2002)

We demonstrate that an ultrathin photoaddressable polymer (PAP) layer with a thickness as small as 5 nm can be utilized for the monodomain alignment of thermotropic liquid crystalline polyfluorene. The optical anisotropies in absorption and emission are found to be independent of the PAP layer thickness within a range of 5 to 30 nm. On the other hand, decreasing the PAP layer thickness greatly improves the performance of polarized blue light-emitting diodes: With a PAP layer thickness of only 10 nm, the device turns on at 5 V and reaches a brightness of 100 cd/m2 at 8 V with an efficiency of 0.66 cd/A.
Digital video transmission and coding for the broadband ISDN (1988)

An overview of visual communication in the broadband network is presented with particular attention to the transmission aspect of full-motion video. A detailed analysis of the quality requirements for digital video transmission is provided. Some significant coding algorithms presently under investigation by international bodies are reviewed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>