gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Speciation of Rare‐Earth Metal Complexes in Ionic Liquids: A Multiple‐Technique Approach (2009)

The dissolution process of metal complexes in ionic liquids was investigated by a multiple-technique approach to reveal the solvate species of the metal in solution. The task-specific ionic liquid betainium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Hbet][Tf(2)N]) is able to dissolve stoichiometric amounts of the oxides of the rare-earth elements. The crystal structures of the compounds [Eu(2)(bet)(8)(H(2)O)(4)][Tf(2)N](6), [Eu(2)(bet)(8)(H(2)O)(2)][Tf(2)N](6) x 2 H(2)O, and [Y(2)(bet)(6)(H(2)O)(4)][Tf(2)N](6) were found to consist of dimers. These rare-earth complexes are well soluble in the ionic liquids [Hbet][Tf(2)N] and [C(4)mim][Tf(2)N] (C(4)mim = 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium). The speciation of the metal complexes after dissolution in these ionic liquids was investigated by luminescence spectroscopy, (1)H, (13)C, and (89)Y NMR spectroscopy, and by the synchrotron techniques EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption fine structure) and HEXS (high-energy X-ray scattering). The combination of these complementary analytical techniques reveals that the cationic dimers decompose into monomers after dissolution of the complexes in the ionic liquids. Deeper insight into the solution processes of metal compounds is desirable for applications of ionic liquids in the field of electrochemistry, catalysis, and materials chemistry.
Lithographic Feasibility of ESCAP Beyond Quarter Micron. (1996)

A production-worthy deep UV resist system built on the ESCAP platform is described. The resist consists of a thermally and hydrolytically stable resin and acid generator and thus can be heated at high temperatures forfree volume reduction, which provides stabilization toward airborne base contamination. The film densification in conjunction with the use of a bulky acid reduces acid diffusion during postexposure bake, contributing to high lithographic performance. Robust 0.25μm process latitudes have been demonstrated. Furthermore, the resist has produced excellent 175nm line/space images with a depth-of-focus of 0.3μm on a KrF excimer laser stepper with a numerical aperture of 0.60, indicating that the resist allows the use of the current exposure tool in the early 1 Gbit generation.
The Multiple Runway Planner (MRP): Modeling and Analysis for Arrival Planning (2006)

The multiple runway planner (MRP) is a tool that has been developed at Boeing for system effectiveness analysis of arrival sequencing, scheduling, and runway assignment. Given a set of arrivals, with pre-determined meter fix assignments and estimated times of arrival (ETA), the algorithm determines runway assignments and preferred sequences and schedules at the fixes and at the assigned runways. Separation constraints are imposed at all the fixes and, again, for wake vortex purposes, at the runways. The algorithm uses an optimization-based approach which can be configured to represent a variety of objective functions and levels of automation. In addition, the algorithm can be configured to emulate the center TRACON automation system (CTAS) traffic management advisor (TMA) tool developed by NASA
Orchestration of Network-Wide Active Measurements for Supporting Distributed Computing Applications (2007)

Recent computing applications such as videoconferencing and grid computing run their tasks on distributed computing resources connected through networks. For such applications, knowledge of the network status such as delay, jitter, and available bandwidth can help them select proper network resources to meet the Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements. Also, the applications can dynamically change the resource selection if the current selection is found to experience poor performance. For such purposes, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) have started to instrument their networks with Network Measurement Infrastructures (NMIs) that run active measurement tasks periodically and/or on demand. However, one problem that most network engineers have overlooked is the measurement conflict problem, which happens when multiple active measurement tasks inject probing packets into the same network segment at the same time, resulting in misleading reports of network performance due to their combined effects. This paper proposes enhanced Earliest Deadline First (EDF) algorithms that allow "Concurrent Executions" to orchestrate offline/online measurement jobs in a conflict-free manner. The simulation study shows that our measurement scheduling mechanism can improve the schedulable utilization of offline measurement tasks up to 300 percent and the response time of on-demand jobs up to 50 percent. Further, we implement and deploy our scheduling mechanism in a real working NMI for monitoring the Internet2 Abilene network. As a case study, we show the utility of our algorithms in the widely used Network Weather Service (NWS).
Notes - Reactions of Long-Chain Amines. VI. Preparation of Thioureas (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNotes - Reactions of Long-Chain Amines. VI. Preparation of ThioureasJ. EricksonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1956, 21, 4, 483–484Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1956Publication History Published online3 March 2003Published inissue 1 April 1956https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01110a611https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01110a611research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views404Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
First report of <i>Amomum villosum</i> (cardamom) leaf lesion caused by <i>Pyricularia costina</i> in China (2010)

Amomum villosum (Zingiberaceae) grows as a perennial herb in Yunnan and Guangdong provinces in China. Xishuangbanna in Yunnan Province is the main production area, accounting for 60-70% of the total yield. The amomum fruit, a type of cardamom, is used as a spice in Asian cuisines and as herbal medicine to treat stomach ache and dysentery in humans. From 2004 to 2008, a leaf lesion was observed in 70% of the cultivated fields in Xishuangbanna. The incidence rate ranged from 10-46%, resulting in approximately 50% yield loss of fruit production. The lesions were round and primarily yellowish, gradually enlarging with a gray-white centre and dark brown margins (Fig. 1). Adjacent spots often coalesced, covering the entire leaf (Fig. 2). Microscopic observations showed geniculate, brownish conidiophores, approximately 260 times 3-5 μm with obpyriform, protuberant, 2-septate conidia, 22.5-37.5 times 7.5-10 μm in size. A DNA sequence analysis of the ITS region of a collected isolate (GenBank Accession No. GQ340561) revealed 98% identity with homologous sequences of Pyricularia costina Sarbajna (AY265327 and AY265328) (Bussaban et al., 2005). Based upon morphological characteristics and sequence analysis the causal agent was identified as Pyricularia costina. Pathogenicity tests were done using one-year-old potted A. villosum seedlings. Leaves were inoculated with plugs of mycelia taken from the margin of an actively growing colony on potato dextrose agar. The inoculated leaves were sealed with plastic bags to maintain high relative humidity and placed outside under shade trees, temperature ranging from 23.3 to 32.5°C (average 26.3°C) and an average daily rainfall of 3 mm. After 10 days, all mycelium-inoculated plants developed symptoms whereas control plants remained healthy. The same fungus was re-isolated from the inoculated leaf lesions. Pyricularia costina has been recorded as a leaf spot pathogen on other Zingiberaceae host plants, such as Costus speciosus in West Bengal, India (Sarbajna, 1990). Additionally, P. costina was isolated as an endophyte from leaves of Amomum siamense and Alpinia malaccensis in Thailand (Bussaban et al. 2003). This is the first report of P. costina causing a leaf lesion on A. villosum in China. This research was supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program (2006BAI09B03) and Yunnan province Jinghong Science and Technology Project (2008-14).
Piecing together the NFV provisioning puzzle: Efficient placement and chaining of virtual network functions (2015)

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is a promising network architecture concept, in which virtualization technologies are employed to manage networking functions via software as opposed to having to rely on hardware to handle these functions. By shifting dedicated, hardware-based network function processing to software running on commoditized hardware, NFV has the potential to make the provisioning of network functions more flexible and cost-effective, to mention just a few anticipated benefits. Despite consistent initial efforts to make NFV a reality, little has been done towards efficiently placing virtual network functions and deploying service function chains (SFC). With respect to this particular research problem, it is important to make sure resource allocation is carefully performed and orchestrated, preventing over- or under-provisioning of resources and keeping end-to-end delays comparable to those observed in traditional middlebox-based networks. In this paper, we formalize the network function placement and chaining problem and propose an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model to solve it. Additionally, in order to cope with large infrastructures, we propose a heuristic procedure for efficiently guiding the ILP solver towards feasible, near-optimal solutions. Results show that the proposed model leads to a reduction of up to 25% in end-to-end delays (in comparison to chainings observed in traditional infrastructures) and an acceptable resource over-provisioning limited to 4%. Further, we demonstrate that our heuristic approach is able to find solutions that are very close to optimality while delivering results in a timely manner.
Automatic Genre Classification of TV Programmes Using Gaussian Mixture Models and Neural Networks (2007)

In this paper we investigate the problem of automatically identifying the genre of TV programmes. The approach here proposed is based on two foundations: Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) and artificial neural networks (ANNs). Firstly, we use Gaussian mixtures to model the probability distributions of low-level audiovisual features. Secondly, we use the parameters of each mixture model as new feature vectors. Finally, we train a multilayer perceptron (MLP), using GMM parameters as input data, to identify seven television programme genres. We evaluated the effectiveness of the proposed approach testing our system on a large set of data, summing up to more than 100 hours of broadcasted programmes.
Initial stress differences between tipping and torque movements. A three-dimensional finite element analysis (1996)

The aim of this study was to analyse the distribution of the stress on dental and periodontal structures when a simple tipping dental movement or torque movement is produced. A tridimensional computer model based on finite element techniques was used for this purpose. The model of the lower canine was constructed on the average anatomical morphology and 396 isoparametric elements were considered. The three principal stresses (maximum, minimum and intermediate) and Von Mises stress were determined at the root, alveolar bone and periodontal ligament (PDL). It was observed how the distribution of stress is not the same for the three structures studied. In all loading cases for bucco-lingually directed forces, the three principal stresses were very similar in the PDL. The dental apex and bony alveolar crest zones are the areas that suffer the greatest stress when these kind of movements are produced.
Observations of self-focusing in stripe geometry semiconductor lasers and the development of a comprehensive model of their operation (1977)

Experimental measurements of the optical-beam parameters of conventional oxide-insulated GaAs stripe-geometry lasers as a function of stripe width have shown a marked difference in the waveguide mechanism of narrow-stripe ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\simeq10 \mu</tex> m) and wide-stripe ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">>20 \mu</tex> m) lasers. The optical wave of narrow-stripe lasers is guided by the previously reported gain-guiding mechanism. The optical wave of wide-stripe lasers is found to be guided by changes in the real part of the dielectric constant that are caused by a dip in carrier concentration along the axis of the lasing filament. This self-focused guiding has been predicted theoretically. These experimental results strongly support the hypothesis that in all cases the waveguides are formed predominantly by the naturally occurring variations in carrier concentration beneath the stripe. A new and fairly comprehensive mathematical model has been developed based on this assumption. The model predicts the carrier concentration, resultant gain, and dielectric constant profiles together with the optical-beam parameters and light/current characteristics of stripe-geometry lasers. The model is applicable over a wide range of stripe widths and device structures. The results are compared with experiment over the range of stripe widths from <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10-20 \mu</tex> m and found in reasonable agreement. The effects of narrowing the stripe width below 10 μm are calculated and found to be in qualitative agreement with recently published experimental results. In particular the light-output power at which a predicted "kink" in the light/current characteristic occurs is found to increase rapidly as the stripe width reduces.
920 (2012)

Introduction: Based on the current ASHP/IDSA/SIDP vancomycin monitoring recommendations for higher target trough levels of 15 to 20 mcg/mL, the incidence of nephrotoxicity is concerning. Nephrotoxicity has been reported in 10 – 40% of patients treated with vancomycin. While reports of higher vancomycin doses (?4 g/day), higher serum trough concentrations and prolonged vancomycin therapy suggest an association with this increased risk of nephrotoxicity, there is limited data regarding the safe use of vancomycin in the critically ill surgical population. As a result, we evaluated the incidence of nephrotoxicity in adult surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patients receiving IV vancomycin for >72 hours with suspected gram (+) infection. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that despite higher vancomycin doses, higher goal serum concentrations, and/or prolonged therapy in surgical ICU patients, the incidence of nephrotoxicity is low. Methods: We conducted a prospective, observational study of adult patients admitted to one of four surgical ICU’s (Burn, Neurosurgical, Surgical, Trauma) between September 2011 and August 2012. The primary objective was to determine the incidence of nephrotoxicity, defined as a serum creatinine increase of 0.5 mg/dl or 50% after therapy initiation. Secondary outcome measures included the correlation of vancomycin dose, trough, and duration of therapy with the incidence of nephrotoxicity. Results: A total of 100 surgical ICU patients were enrolled. Nephrotoxicity was observed in 9% of all patients. A one-way ANOVA detecting the difference in mean vancomycin daily dose, trough and duration of therapy found no difference among groups. The mean daily dose was 3.1 g in the nephrotoxicity (TX) group versus 3.06 g in the no-nephrotoxicity (nTX) group (p=0.94). The mean trough serum concentrations were 17.2 mcg/mL in the TX group compared to 13.8 mcg/mL in the nTX group (p=0.07). Mean duration of vancomycin therapy was 8.7 days in the TX group versus 10.4 days in the nTX group (p=0.73). Overall, 27% of patients received doses?4 g/day, of which 3 patients were in the TX group. Duration of therapy was?7 days in 5 TX patients and 68 nTX patients. Of the 9 patients experiencing nephrotoxicity, 8 received concomitant nephrotoxic agents. Conclusions: Results of this study show that the incidence of nephrotoxicity is lower than reported in surgical ICU patients receiving vancomycin therapy and does not appear to be more prevalent in patients receiving doses?4 g/day.
The analysis and compensation of dead-time effects in three phase PWM inverters (2002)

The switching lag-time, which prevents the phase shortage of inverter arms, causes serious distortions of the output voltage of the inverter. This effect is well known as the dead-time effect. Several compensation methods have been proposed to improve the output waveforms. These proposed approaches did improve the inverter's output voltage waveforms. The improved waveforms however still suffer from the zero-crossing phenomenon. A new approach to overcome the zero current clamping in voltage-fed PWM inverters is proposed. This paper describes the analysis of dead-time effect in three-phase PWM inverters and the proposed scheme. The conventional compensation methods, as well as the zero crossing problem, are highlighted. Theoretical analysis and digital simulation were carried out to verify the analysis and the proposed scheme for dead time compensation.
Intravenous administration of the conditionally replicative adenovirus Ad5-Δ24RGD induces regression of osteosarcoma lung metastases (2008)

Metastatic osteosarcoma (OS) has a very poor prognosis. New treatments are therefore wanted. The conditionally replicative adenovirus Ad5-Delta24RGD has shown promising anti-tumor effects on local cancers, including OS. The purpose of this study was to determine whether intravenous administration of Ad5-Delta24RGD could suppress growth of human OS lung metastases. Mice bearing SaOs-lm7 OS lung metastases were treated with Ad5-Delta24RGD at weeks 1, 2 and 3 or weeks 5, 6 and 7 after tumor cell injection. Virus treatment at weeks 1-3 did not cause a statistically significant effect on lung weight and total body weight. However, the number of macroscopic lung tumor nodules was reduced from a median of >158 in PBS-treated control mice to 58 in Ad5-Delta24RGD-treated mice (p = 0.15). Moreover, mice treated at weeks 5-7 showed a significantly reduced lung weight (decrease of tumor mass, p < 0.05), a significantly increased body weight gain (decrease of disease symptoms, p < 0.005) and a reduced number of macroscopic lung tumor nodules (median 60 versus > 149, p = 0.12) compared to PBS treated control animals. Adenovirus hexon expression was detected in lung tumor nodules at sacrifice three weeks after the last intravenous adenovirus administration, suggesting ongoing viral infection. These findings suggest that systemic administration of Ad5-Delta24RGD might be a promising new treatment strategy for metastatic osteosarcoma.
First-principles study of spontaneous polarization in multiferroic<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Bi</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Fe</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2005)

The ground-state structural and electronic properties of ferroelectric $\mathrm{Bi}\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ are calculated using density functional theory within the local spin-density approximation (LSDA) and the $\mathrm{LSDA}+U$ method. The crystal structure is computed to be rhombohedral with space group $R3c$, and the electronic structure is found to be insulating and antiferromagnetic, both in excellent agreement with available experiments. A large ferroelectric polarization of $90--100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{C}∕{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ is predicted, consistent with the large atomic displacements in the ferroelectric phase and with recent experimental reports, but differing by an order of magnitude from early experiments. One possible explanation is that the latter may have suffered from large leakage currents. However, both past and contemporary measurements are shown to be consistent with the modern theory of polarization, suggesting that the range of reported polarizations may instead correspond to distinct switching paths in structural space. Modern measurements on well-characterized bulk samples are required to confirm this interpretation.
Political Culture Theory and Regime Stability (2014)

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Studies on Vitamin B<sub>1</sub> and Related Compounds. LXXV (1956)

Thiamine monophosphate or diphosphate was acetylated with acetic anhydride in alkaline solution and passed through a column of ion exchanger, H-type Amberlite XE-64. By these means, S-acetylthiamine phosphates were obtained as practically pure crystals and their reaction with glutathione effected transacetylation to form S-acetylglutathione.
BMP-2/6 Heterodimer Is More Effective than BMP-2 or BMP-6 Homodimers as Inductor of Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2010)

Therefore, we conclude that BMP-2/6 is more potent than BMP-2 or BMP-6 for inducing differentiation of hES cells, and it can be used as a more powerful substitute of these BMPs in in vitro differentiation guidance.
Montgomery modular exponentiation on reconfigurable hardware (2003)

It is widely recognized that security issues will play a crucial role in the majority of future computer and communication systems. Central tools for achieving system security are cryptographic algorithms. For performance as well as for physical security reasons, it is often advantageous to realize cryptographic algorithms in hardware. In order to overcome the well-known drawback of reduced flexibility that is associated with traditional ASIC solutions, this contribution proposes arithmetic architectures which are optimized for modern field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The proposed architectures perform modular exponentiation with very long integers. This operation is at the heart of many practical public-key algorithms such as RSA and discrete logarithm schemes. We combine the Montgomery modular multiplication algorithm with a new systolic array design, which is capable of processing a variable number of bits per array cell. The designs are flexible, allowing any choice of operand and modulus. Unlike previous approaches, we systematically implement and compare several variants of our new architecture for different bit lengths. We provide absolute area and timing measures for each architecture. The results allow conclusions about the feasibility and time-space trade-offs of our architecture for implementation on Xilinx XC4000 series FPGAs. As a major practical result we show that it is possible to implement modular exponentiation at secure bit lengths on a single commercially available FPGA.