gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Films of the intermetallic compound CuTi<sub>2</sub> and their applications in Cu/CuTi<sub>2</sub>/Si contact structures (1993)

Abstract To prepare constituent materials applicable to a Cu metallization technology of Si‐LSI, the preparation conditions of Cu‐Ti intermetallic compound films have been examined and the thermal stability of the Cu/CuTi 2 /Si contact structure has been studied using CuTi 2 compound films as a diffusion barrier. As a result, a stoichiometric intermetallic compound film of CuTi 2 was prepared successfully at a substrate temperature of 300°C by dc sputtering using a composite target with an area ratio of Cu : Ti = 51 : 49. From the study on the CuTi 2 /Si contact structure, it was revealed that the CuTi 2 phase was stable up to 500°C and a thin interface layer of Ti silicide was formed at the interface of CuTi 2 /Si but the excess diffusion and/or reaction have not been observed. Ti silicide layer formed at the interface is believed to be effective for low contact resistance. To examine whether or not CuTi 2 films are suitable for Cu metallization technology, the thermal stability of Cu/CuTi 2 /Si contact structure was examined. It was found that the structure is successfully stable up to 500°C and is useful for Cu metallization technology. The reason is believed to be as follows: the interface of Cu/CuTi 2 is in the chemical equilibrium state and CuTi 2 itself is a stable compound phase at high temperatures in the Cu‐Ti alloy system.
<i>In vitro</i> load measurement using an instrumented spinal fixation device (1996)

An AO spinal fixateur interne was modified to study the effects of a corpectomy on implant performance. A hermetically sealed cartridge containing strain gauges and an inductively powered telemetry unit was integrated into the threaded portion of the original implant. Five cadaveric spines were instrumented with the modified implant spanning a single lumbar vertebra. The spines were tested in axial compression, torsion, flexion, extension and lateral bending. Measurements of the three forces and moments within the implant were performed in the intact spine and repeated following a corpectomy and corpectomy plus complete posterior ligamentous injury. The bending moment, increased following corpectomy in all testing modes. The largest increase was in the flexion bending moment, which increased from 155 Nmm to 3328 Nmm following corpectomy.
Affinity chromatography of Pseudomonas isoamylase on cross-linked amylose gel. (1977)

The use of amylose gel cross-linked by epichlorohydrin for affinity chromatography of extracellular isoamylase of Pseudomonas amyloderamosa was studied. The isoamylase was adsorbed well on the amylose gel and was eluted specifically with maltodextrin. The eluted enzyme was precipitated with ammonium sulfate to remove maltodextrin, and then the solution of the precipitate was dialyzed and concentrated by vacuum filtration. By this procedure 96mg of the enzyme were purified to homogeneity from 20 liters of culture broth in about 70% yield.
Selective Electrical Interfaces with the Nervous System (2002)

To achieve selective electrical interfacing to the neural system it is necessary to approach neuronal elements on a scale of micrometers. This necessitates microtechnology fabrication and introduces the interdisciplinary field of neurotechnology, lying at the juncture of neuroscience with microtechnology. The neuroelectronic interface occurs where the membrane of a cell soma or axon meets a metal microelectrode surface. The seal between these may be narrow or may be leaky. In the latter case the surrounding volume conductor becomes part of the interface. Electrode design for successful interfacing, either for stimulation or recording, requires good understanding of membrane phenomena, natural and evoked action potential generation, volume conduction, and electrode behavior. Penetrating multimicroelectrodes have been produced as one-, two-, and three-dimensional arrays, mainly in silicon, glass, and metal microtechnology. Cuff electrodes circumvent a nerve; their selectivity aims at fascicles more than at nerve fibers. Other types of electrodes are regenerating sieves and cone-ingrowth electrodes. The latter may play a role in brain-computer interfaces. Planar substrate-embedded electrode arrays with cultured neural cells on top are used to study the activity and plasticity of developing neural networks. They also serve as substrates for future so-called cultured probes.
Toll-Like Receptor 3 Signal in Dendritic Cells Benefits Cancer Immunotherapy (2017)

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in the innate immune system and contribute to host defense against microbial infection. PRR-mediated antimicrobial signals provide robust type-I IFN/cytokine production and trigger inflammation, thereby affecting tumor progression and autoimmune diseases. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that among the PRRs, only the signaling pathway of endosomal toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) induces no systemic inflammation and mediates cross-priming of antigen-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells by dendritic cells. Treatment with a newly developed TLR3-specific ligand, ARNAX, along with tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), induces tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, modulates the tumor microenvironment to establish Th1-type antitumor immunity, and leads to tumor regression without inflammation in mouse tumor models. Combination therapy using ARNAX/TAA and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade potently enhances antitumor response and overcomes anti-PD-1/PD-L1 resistance. In this review, we will discuss the TLR3-mediated signaling in antitumor immunity and its application to cancer immunotherapy.
Alan Simpson (2008)

It was with great sadness that RCN members in the north west of England learned of the death of Alan Simpson, who died suddenly while on a recent holiday in Thailand. He was 66.
Physico-chemical properties of oxybutynin (1994)

The dissociation constant, partition coefficient (octan-1-ol–water), solubility and stability of oxybutynin (OXY)in vitro were studied at 37 °C and an ionic strength of 0.15 using high-performance liquid chromatography. The dissociation constant was determined by potentiometry in methanol–water. The pKa value of 8.04 was extrapolated to 0% methanol concentration and agreed with that evaluated from the solubility. The apparent partition coefficients and the solubilities were measured at various pH values by means of the shaking method. The intrinsic partition coefficient for the non-ionized and ionized forms were determined as 7.8 × 104 and 5.0, respectively. The solubility was directly determined as 1.2 × 10–2 mg ml–1 for the free base of OXY and as 77 and 0.8 mg ml–1 at pH 1 and 6, respectively. In buffer of pH from 1 to 8, OXY is very stable and the degradation is almost negligible, whereas it is rapidly degraded at alkaline pH. The hydroxide ion catalysed rate constant is estimated to be 2.1 mol–1 l min–1; e.g., its half-life of degradation at pH 12.0 is 14 min.
The Limitations of Risk Factors as Prognostic Tools (2006)

Identification of new risk factors for specific diseases is an enduring theme in medical research. Advances in molecular biology, genetics, and computational biology are accelerating the pace of this work. The research seeks to increase our understanding of the causes of diseases, but there is also hope that the recognition of new risk factors will lead to improved methods for identifying persons who are in the early stages of, or at high risk for, the diseases of concern. Research has shown, however, that a risk factor must have a much stronger association with the disease outcome than we ordinarily see . . .
Low-Power Implementation Of An Hmm-Based Sound Environment Classification Algorithm For Hearing Aid Application (2007)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Poznan, Poland, 2007
miRNAs in Human Cancer (2011)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small (∼18-25 nucleotides), endogenous, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression in a sequence-specific manner via the degradation of target mRNAs or the inhibition of protein translation. miRNAs are predicted to target up to one-third of all human mRNAs. Each miRNA can target hundreds of transcripts and proteins directly or indirectly, and more than one miRNA can converge on a single target transcript; thus, the potential regulatory circuitry afforded by miRNAs is enormous. Increasing evidence is revealing that the expression of miRNAs is deregulated in cancer. High-throughput miRNA quantification technologies provide powerful tools to study global miRNA profiles. It has become progressively more apparent that, although the number of miRNAs (∼1,000) is much smaller than the number of protein-coding genes (∼22,000), miRNA expression signatures more accurately reflect the developmental lineage and tissue origin of human cancers. Large-scale studies in human cancer have further demonstrated that miRNA expression signatures are associated not only with specific tumor subtypes but also with clinical outcomes.
Umbilical artery blood flow characteristics in normal and growth‐retarded fetuses. (1985)

Time-velocity waveforms or sonograms obtained by pulsed Doppler ultrasound from the umbilical artery were analysed in a longitudinal study of 15 normal pregnancies. The sonograms from nine fetuses with intrauterine growth retardation were compared qualitatively and had quite different characteristics implying a high distal impedance to blood flow. Methods of analysis capable of differentiating between the normal and abnormal sonograms are described and discussed.
Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Anionic Platinum(II) Complexes: A Correlation between Spectroscopic and Morphological Properties (2011)

A new class of amphiphilic anionic platinum(II) bzimpy complexes has been demonstrated to show aggregation in water through Pt···Pt and π-π stacking interactions. An interesting aggregation-partial deaggregation-aggregation process and a morphological transformation from vesicles to nanofibers have been demonstrated. These changes can be systematically controlled by the variation of solvent composition and could readily be probed by UV-vis absorption, emission, NMR, transmission electron microscopy, and even with our naked eyes.
Matched filter performance bounds for diversity combining receivers in digital mobile radio (2002)

A best-case bound on bit-error-rate (BER) performance of a space diversity receiver operating in a digital mobile radio environment with frequency-selective multipath fading is derived. The modulation is assumed to be either multilevel amplitude shift keying (ASK) or multilevel quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The receiver is assumed to have a matched filter in each space diversity branch and to perform (somehow) ideal cancellation of intersymbol interference at the combiner output. The analysis treats the optimum diversity combining and detection of an isolated data pulse, the performance results for which constitute the matched filter bound.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The infrastructure for gigabit computer networks (1992)

The key features of the synchronous optical network (SONET) and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) standards for the broadband integrated services digital network (B-ISDN) public network, which is expected to provide a powerful and ubiquitous infrastructure to support the emerging gigabit-per-second data and multimedia applications, are reviewed. The advantages of ATM, the ATM cell format, the B-ISDN protocol reference model and the ATM layer, the ATM adaptation layer, and ATM traffic management and signaling are discussed. An experimental high-performance parallel interface (HIPPI)-ATM-SONET interface is presented as an example to illustrate how the SONET and ATM techniques can be used to provide end-to-end transport for applications requiring a bandwidth of 800 Mb/s and possibly 1600 Mb/s.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
FluoroCellTrack: An algorithm for automated analysis of high-throughput droplet microfluidic data (2019)

High-throughput droplet microfluidic devices with fluorescence detection systems provide several advantages over conventional end-point cytometric techniques due to their ability to isolate single cells and investigate complex intracellular dynamics. While there have been significant advances in the field of experimental droplet microfluidics, the development of complementary software tools has lagged. Existing quantification tools have limitations including interdependent hardware platforms or challenges analyzing a wide range of high-throughput droplet microfluidic data using a single algorithm. To address these issues, an all-in-one Python algorithm called FluoroCellTrack was developed and its wide-range utility was tested on three different applications including quantification of cellular response to drugs, droplet tracking, and intracellular fluorescence. The algorithm imports all images collected using bright field and fluorescence microscopy and analyzes them to extract useful information. Two parallel steps are performed where droplets are detected using a mathematical Circular Hough Transform (CHT) while single cells (or other contours) are detected by a series of steps defining respective color boundaries involving edge detection, dilation, and erosion. These feature detection steps are strengthened by segmentation and radius/area thresholding for precise detection and removal of false positives. Individually detected droplet and contour center maps are overlaid to obtain encapsulation information for further analyses. FluoroCellTrack demonstrates an average of a ~92-99% similarity with manual analysis and exhibits a significant reduction in analysis time of 30 min to analyze an entire cohort compared to 20 h required for manual quantification.
Genomic integration of oncogenic HPV and gain of the human telomerase gene <i>TERC</i> at 3q26 are strongly associated events in the progression of uterine cervical dysplasia to invasive cancer (2006)

Recently proposed events associated with the progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2/3 to cervical carcinoma include integration of human papillomavirus (HPV) into the host genome, genomic instability, and an increase in chromosome 3q copy number. In particular, the gene coding for the RNA component of telomerase (TERC) at 3q26 has been implicated as a possible candidate gene. Since it is not known to date how these events are temporally related during cervical carcinogenesis, the aim of the present study was to assess the correlation between TERC gene copy number and the physical status of HPV during progression in cervical neoplasia. Solitary precursor lesions of the uterine cervix (CIN 2/3, n = 17), lesions associated with a micro-invasive carcinoma (CIN 3&mCA, n = 13), and advanced invasive carcinomas (invCA, n = 7) were analysed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to determine the physical status of the virus and TERC gene copy number. The TERC gene was increasingly gained with progression of CIN 2/3 (3 of 17) through CIN 3&mCA (7 of 13) to invCA (5 of 7). In the lesions exhibiting gain of TERC, the virus was predominantly integrated. This was seen in eight of ten diploid lesions, indicating that these events can occur prior to aneuploidization and are strongly associated with the progression of CIN 3 to mCA and invCA (p < 0.001). With progression to carcinoma, a number of these lesions show polyploidization, resulting in aneuploidy and high TERC gene copy numbers. In conclusion, genomic integration of oncogenic HPV and gain of the human telomerase gene TERC appear to be important associated genetic events in the progression of uterine cervical dysplasia to invasive cancer.
Failure of Local Realism Revealed by Extremely-Coarse-Grained Measurements (2009)

We show that failure of local realism can be revealed to observers for whom only extremely-coarse-grained measurements are available. In our instances, Bell's inequality is violated even up to the maximum limit while both the local measurements and the initial local states under scrutiny approach the classical limit. Furthermore, we can observe failure of local realism when an inequality enforced by nonlocal realistic theories is satisfied. This suggests that locality alone may be violated while realism cannot be excluded for specific observables and states. Small-scale experimental demonstration of our examples may be possible in the foreseeable future.
Biological variability in the structures of diphosphoinositol polyphosphates in Dictyostelium discoideum and mammalian cells (1997)

Previous structural analyses of diphosphoinositol polyphosphates in biological systems have relied largely on NMR analysis. For example, in Dictyostelium discoideum, diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate was determined by NMR to be 4- and/or 6-PPInsP5, and the bisdiphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate was found to be 4, 5-bisPPInsP4 and/or 5,6-bisPPInsP4 [Laussmann, Eujen, Weisshuhn, Thiel and Vogel (1996) Biochem. J. 315, 715-720]. We now describe three recent technical developments to aid the analysis of these compounds, not just in Dictyostelium, but also in a wider range of biological systems: (i) improved resolution and sensitivity of detection of PPInsP5 isomers by microbore metal-dye-detection HPLC; (ii) the use of the enantiomerically specific properties of a rat hepatic diphosphatase; (iii) chemical synthesis of enantiomerically pure reference standards of all six possible PPInsP5 isomers. Thus we now demonstrate that the major PPInsP5 isomer in Dictyostelium is 6-PPInsP5. Similar findings obtained using the same synthetic standards have been published [Laussmann, Reddy, Reddy, Falck and Vogel (1997) Biochem. J. 322, 31-33]. In addition, we show that 10-25% of the Dictyostelium PPInsP5 pool is comprised of 5-PPInsP5. The biological significance of this new observation was reinforced by our demonstration that 5-PPInsP5 is the predominant PPInsP5 isomer in four different mammalian cell lines (FTC human thyroid cancer cells, Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts, Jurkat T-cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells). The fact that the cellular spectrum of diphosphoinositol polyphosphates varies across phylogenetic boundaries underscores the value of our technological developments for future determinations of the structures of this class of compounds in other systems.
Alternative splicing and co-option of transposable elements: the case of TMPO/LAP2α and ZNF451 in mammals (2015)

Transposable elements constitute a large fraction of vertebrate genomes and, during evolution, may be co-opted for new functions. Exonization of transposable elements inserted within or close to host genes is one possible way to generate new genes, and alternative splicing of the new exons may represent an intermediate step in this process. The genes TMPO and ZNF451 are present in all vertebrate lineages. Although they are not evolutionarily related, mammalian TMPO and ZNF451 do have something in common-they both code for splice isoforms that contain LAP2alpha domains. We found that these LAP2alpha domains have sequence similarity to repetitive sequences in non-mammalian genomes, which are in turn related to the first ORF from a DIRS1-like retrotransposon. This retrotransposon domestication happened separately and resulted in proteins that combine retrotransposon and host protein domains. The alternative splicing of the retrotransposed sequence allowed the production of both the new and the untouched original isoforms, which may have contributed to the success of the colonization process. The LAP2alpha-specific isoform of TMPO (LAP2α) has been co-opted for important roles in the cell, whereas the ZNF451 LAP2alpha isoform is evolving under strong purifying selection but remains uncharacterized.
Digital Image Analysis System for Determining Tissue-Blot Immunoassay Results for Ratoon Stunting Disease of Sugarcane (1993)

A digital image analysis system (DIAS) was evaluated for enumerating colonized vascular bundles (CVB) from membranes resulting from the tissue-blot immunoassay (TBIA) of surgacane clones being screened for resistance to ratoon stunting disease. Fourteen sugarcane clones were inoculated, transplanted to the field, grown to maturity, and sampled in a prescribed manner for TBIA. Tissue blots were developed, and immunoassayed membranes were counted by both DIAS and the standard visual method (.)
Homofobia, cultura e violências: a desinformação social (2014)

A proposta deste artigo é ressaltar a urgência de problematizações contextualizadas sobre as iniquidades sexuais e de gêneros. Novos sujeitos de direitos reivindicam sua forma de SER que não podem ser designados como universais se partimos da ideia de que a composição humana se faz pela diversidade. A mídia exibe e estudos nos mostram as violências vividas e/ou praticadas por diferentes subgrupos que compõem a diversidade sexual. Trata-se de uma forma de discriminação que conduz à subalternização, marginalização e exclusão de pessoas ou grupos com base no seu sexo, como contra os de orientação sexual homossexual. Essas práticas se traduzem por violências físicas, verbais, psicológicas, carregadas de efeitos/consequências sexistas, machistas, misógenas, racistas, transfóbicas, lesbofóbicas e homofóbicas. A partir de um survey longitudinal desenvolvido pelo Observatório de Violências nas Escolas do UNISAL/SP/Brasil, com aproximadamente 2.500 respondentes, este artigo apresenta e compara os dados obtidos em 2006, com os dados obtidos em 2012 e 2013. Um mesmo instrumento vêm sendo aplicado anualmente com a finalidade de investigar e monitorar possíveis mudanças na informação e na compreensão de uma determinada população sobre o fenômeno da homofobia e da homossexualidade. A análise permite a radiografia dos níveis de compreensão e aponta para a necessidade da educação da população, assim como da implementação de políticas públicas focadas na diversidade sexual e identidade de gênero e que talvez requeira a construção de uma nova política educativa.
Robust Fragments-based Tracking using the Integral Histogram (2006)

We present a novel algorithm (which we call "Frag- Track") for tracking an object in a video sequence. The template object is represented by multiple image fragments or patches. The patches are arbitrary and are not based on an object model (in contrast with traditional use of modelbased parts e.g. limbs and torso in human tracking). Every patch votes on the possible positions and scales of the object in the current frame, by comparing its histogram with the corresponding image patch histogram. We then minimize a robust statistic in order to combine the vote maps of the multiple patches. A key tool enabling the application of our algorithm to tracking is the integral histogram data structure [18]. Its use allows to extract histograms of multiple rectangular regions in the image in a very efficient manner. Our algorithm overcomes several difficulties which cannot be handled by traditional histogram-based algorithms [8, 6]. First, by robustly combining multiple patch votes, we are able to handle partial occlusions or pose change. Second, the geometric relations between the template patches allow us to take into account the spatial distribution of the pixel intensities - information which is lost in traditional histogram-based algorithms. Third, as noted by [18], tracking large targets has the same computational cost as tracking small targets. We present extensive experimental results on challenging sequences, which demonstrate the robust tracking achieved by our algorithm (even with the use of only gray-scale (noncolor) information).