gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reaction of superficial bursae in response to specific disease stimuli (1979)

Although microscopic studies have shown similarities between bursal and joint membranes, little is known about bursae and their response to disease states. Eighty-six cases of superficial bursitis due to trauma, bacterial infection, or gout were reviewed and compared with cases of joint inflammation due to the same etiologies. In traumatic bursitis the bursal fluid mucin test was more abnormal and the viscosity lower than that of joint fluid in traumatic arthritis. The bursal fluid total leukocyte count of septic bursitis was less than 20,000/mm3 in 8 of 13 cases but in only 1 of 21 synovial fluids from cases of septic arthritis (P = 0.005). In gouty bursitis the mean total leukocyte count of bursal fluid was 2800/mm3, compared with a mean synovial fluid total leukocyte count of 28,700 in gouty arthritis (P less than 0.02). These findings indicate that superficial bursae react less intensely than diarthrodial joints to specific disease stimuli and that a relatively low bursal fluid leukocyte count is often present in cases of septic and gouty bursitis.
Design and evaluation of two block coded modulation schemes (2002)

Presents a study on the design and evaluation of two block coded modulation systems. One of the systems uses a binary construction and quadrature amplitude modulation. The other utilizes a ternary construction and phase modulation. The performance of the two coded schemes are compared theoretically with those of uncoded schemes of the same bandwidth, average power and transmission rate. The ternary scheme is also evaluated practically by computer simulations. Furthermore, the sub-optimum detection algorithm which is used in the ternary scheme is surveyed from the computational complexity and the memory requirement viewpoints.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Systemic drugs with antipruritic potency. (2000)

Despite the predominance of itch as a leading and distressing symptom in most of the dermatological and several systemic diseases, there is relatively little progress in understanding its pathophysiology. This is most likely the main reason for the limited number of satisfactory anti-itch treatments and the fact that even today various therapies have empirical but not evidence-based character. There are no specific antipruritic drugs on the market, but there are a high number of case reports and experimental investigations describing medications with antipruritic potency. It is therefore the aim of this article to briefly review the major systemic antipruritic drugs and give a short overview on the different types of pruritus and their possible systemic therapy.
Improved macroblock-based reverse play algorithm for MPEG video streaming (2005)

Reverse playback is the most common video cassette recording (VCR) functions in many digital video players. However, the predictive processing techniques employed in MPEG severely complicate the reverse-play operation. In this paper, we enhance our previously proposed compressed-domain approach for the efficient reverse-play operation of an MPEG video streaming system. In the proposed video streaming server, a novel macroblock-based algorithm is used to adaptively select the necessary macroblocks, manipulate the macroblocks and send the processed macroblocks to the client machine. The proposed approach only manipulates macroblocks either on the VLC-domain or DCT-domain to achieve the server with low complexity. Experimental results show that, as compared to the conventional system and the previously proposed compressed-domain system, the new streaming system reduces the required network bandwidth and the decoding complexity significantly.
Marked synergism between vasopressin and angiotensin II in a human isolated artery (2005)

These results indicate that there is a powerful synergism between the contractile effects of low-dose VP and AII in this human isolated artery. Moreover, the elevations of plasma AII and VP levels during hemorrhage suggest that this synergism may be both physiologically and clinically important in optimizing vasoconstriction and maintaining blood pressure in such critical states.
Attack Strength vs. Detectability Dilemma in Adversarial Machine Learning (2018)

As the prevalence and everyday use of machine learning algorithms, along with our reliance on these algorithms grow dramatically, so do the efforts to attack and undermine these algorithms with malicious intent, resulting in a growing interest in adversarial machine learning. A number of approaches have been developed that can render a machine learning algorithm ineffective through poisoning or other types of attacks. Most attack algorithms typically use sophisticated optimization approaches, whose objective function is designed to cause maximum damage to accuracy or performance of the algorithm with respect to some task. In this effort, we show that while such an objective function is indeed brutally effective in causing maximum damage on an embedded feature selection task, it often results in an attack mechanism that can be easily detected with an embarrassingly simple novelty or outlier detection algorithm. We then propose an equally simple yet elegant solution by adding a regularization term to the attacker's objective function that penalizes outlying attack points.
Mepacrine blocks beta-adrenergic agonist-induced desensitization in astrocytoma cells. (1980)

C6 astrocytoma cells contain beta-adrenergic receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase. A 2-hr exposure to l-isoproterenol results in an 80% decrease in cyclic AMP production in response to a subsequent challenge by l-isoproterenol (desensitization). This loss in responsiveness is paralleled by a 20-30% decrease in the apparent number of beta-adrenergic receptors and by increased release of arachidonic aciid into the medium. The increased release of arachidonic acid is caused by the action of phospholipase A2 (phosphatide 2-acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) and corresponds to increased turnover of methylated phospholipids. Mepacrine and tetracaine, both inhibitors of this phospholipase A2, are able to block l-isoproterenol-induced desensitization of cyclic AMP production and the decrease in beta-adrenergic receptors. Mellitin and phorbol ester, two activators of phospholipase A2, when preincubated with the cells cause a decreased cyclic AMP response of the cells to l-isoproterenol. These results suggest that the activation of phospholipase A2 in the local domain of the beta-adrenergic receptor may be involved in desensitization.
Efficient Complex Sphere Decoding Framework for Linear Dispersion Space-Time Block Codes (2007)

Golden code is one of linear dispersion space-time block codes (LD-STBC), which has full rate, full diversity with better performance than other codes. sphere decoding (SD) algorithm can achieve near ML performance with moderate complexity. We propose the complex sphere decoding algorithm based on Schnorr-Euchner strategy (SE-CSD) needing no initial radius and it is implemented without a nodelist enjoying more complexity savings than general complex sphere decoding (CSD) algorithm over the range of SNRs. Combining golden code with low complexity SE-CSD can obtain perfect performance than other solutions.
Chemical studies on the synthesis of nucleic acids and nucleic acid analogues (1997)

In studies aimed at improving the automated solid-phase synthesis of RNA, a new protecting group, 4-nitrobenzyloxymethyl, was developed to block the 2$\sp\prime$ hydroxyl of ribonucleoside monomers during construction and isolation of oligoribonucleotides. The required monomers, 5$\sp\prime$-O-dimethoxytrityl-2$\sp\prime$-O-(4-nitrobenzyloxymethyl) derivatives of uridine, 4-N-benzoylcytidine, 6-N-benzoyladenosine and 2-N-isobutyrylguanosine have been synthesized. These nucleosides have been converted into their 3$\sp\prime$-O-(2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropyl)phosphoramidites for use in the phosphite-triester method of RNA synthesis. The use of this new blocking group results in RNA synthesis that requires coupling times of only 3 minutes, and, as such, the efficiency of synthesis and the quality of the products are markedly increased. The new protecting group also has the advantage that it can be readily removed under mild conditions (fluoride ion). This lability to fluoride ion (a new reaction) has thus led to the development of this group as a new method for general hydroxyl protection. The strategy involves reaction of an alcohol with 4-nitrobenzyl chloromethyl ether and the resulting 4-nitrobenzyloxymethyl derivatives are formed in high yield. Removal of this group is effected by treatment with tetrabutylammonium fluoride in tetrahydrofuran to afford the recovered alcohol in near quantitative yield. In a separate project aimed at the development of new nucleotide therapeutic agents, the isosteric nucleotide analogues of GMP, CMP, AMP and dAMP that contain a methylene group substituted for the 5$\sp\prime$ oxygen were synthesized in order to investigate their potential for enzymatic incorporation into RNA or DNA. For this purpose the nucleotide monophosphate analogues may be converted into their triphosphate derivatives and tested in transcription reactions catalyzed by polymerases. In the case of bacteriophage T3 RNA polymerase, the ATP analogue (diphospho)-5$\sp\prime$-deoxy-5$\sp\prime$-phosphonomethyladenosine, along with CTP, GTP and UTP were used to prepare RNA-like products. These products were degraded with snake venom phosphodiesterase to the 5$\sp\prime$-mononucleotides CMP, GMP, UMP and the corresponding analogue of AMP. Additionally, by using the appropriate DNA template and promoter strands, the AMP analogue was specifically incorporated into the hammerhead ribozyme substrate 5$\sp\prime$-GCUGUCACCGCG-3$\sp\prime$. While the dodecamer containing the normal C-A linkage is cleaved into two hexamers, the dodecamer containing the analogue linkage at this position is completely resistant to cleavage.
High-performance trajectory prediction for civil aircraft (2010)

High-performance trajectory prediction is at the core of strategic airspace capacity and safety enhancement. Current state-of-the-art trajectory prediction models are based on a three-dimensional point-mass model, using often predefined settings from existing databases rather than real-time information available onboard the aircraft to determine aircraft dynamics. As a result trajectory prediction performance is limited by the accuracy of these settings. This paper addresses this limitation and proposes a high-performance four-dimensional trajectory prediction model for civil aircraft. The model includes a new flight-control system and an enhanced flight-script. The latter incorporates new taxonomy and content enabling better definition of aircraft intent. The performance of the trajectory prediction model is assessed using data acquired during a real flight trial, and shown to be significantly better than the current models. It has the potential to meet the required navigation performance for departure, en-route and non-precision-approach phases of flight.
The hierarchical degree-of-visibility tree (2004)

In this paper, we present a novel structure called the hierarchical degree-of-visibility tree (HDoV-tree) for visibility query processing in visualization systems. The HDoV-tree builds on and extends the R-tree such that 1) the search space is pruned based on the degree of visibility of objects and 2) internal nodes store level-of-details (LoDs) that represent a collection of objects in a coarser form. We propose two tree traversal algorithms that balance performance and visual fidelity, explore three storage structures for the HDoV-tree, and develop novel caching techniques for disk-based HDoV-tree. We implemented the HDoV-tree in a prototype walkthrough system called VISUAL. Our experimental study shows that VISUAL can lead to high frame rates without compromising visual fidelity.
Cluster and Polynuclear Heterogeneous Metal Complex Catalysts (1986)

The present state of the problem of catalysis by cluster and polynuclear transition metal complexes attached to the surfaces of mineral and organic polymers is analysed. The principal methods of preparation of heterogenised clusters and the possible ways of transforming them on the surfaces of carriers are examined and the influence of the nuclearity of the clusters on the catalytic activity and selectivity in the conversion of CO is discussed. The prospects for the employment of immobilised clusters in catalysis are considered. The bibliography includes 166 references.
Concepts of cooperation in artificial life (1995)

We have built some simple, but useful, cooperative artificial life agents. Based on this experience and by contrasting our work with computer viruses, we argue that artificial life (the simulation of life including evolution) can only remain reliably and indefinitely cooperative if it adheres to explicitly-specified social conventions. Breaking or neglecting these conventions results in systems that are worse than useless; in fact, malicious with respect to human social values.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Role of CD4+ T lymphocytes and interleukin-5 in antigen-induced eosinophil recruitment into the site of cutaneous late-phase reaction in mice (1992)

Previous studies suggested that the eosinophil recruitment into the site of cutaneous late-phase reaction (LPR) was dependent on IgE antibody and mast cells. In this study, we determined the role of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in causing antigen-induced eosinophil recruitment of LPR in mouse skin. Eosinophil infiltration into the subcutaneous tissue of ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized BALB/c mice was biphasic, reaching the first peak at 6 h after the subcutaneous challenge with OVA and the second peak at 24 to 48 h. The in vivo depletion of CD4+ T cells by pretreatment with anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) significantly decreased the second peak (at 24 h and 48 h), but not the first peak (at 6 h), of OVA-induced eosinophil infiltration into the skin of OVA-sensitized mice. However, the depletion of CD8+ T cells by pretreatment with anti-Lyt-2 mAb had no significant effect on either the first peak or second peak of OVA-induced cutaneous eosinophilia. Pretreatment with anti-murine interleukin-5 (IL-5) mAb also decreased the second peak, but not the first peak, of OVA-induced cutaneous eosinophilia. In contrast to the inhibitory effects of depletion of CD4+ T cells and of anti-IL-5 mAb on the second peak of antigen-induced cutaneous eosinophilia, disodium cromoglycate and a selective antagonist for platelet activating factor (PAF) CV-6209 decreased the first peak of OVA-induced cutaneous eosinophilia in the mouse. These results indicate that CD4+ T cells, but not CD8+ T cells, cause the second peak of antigen-induced eosinophil recruitment of cutaneous LPR and that IL-5 mediates this eosinophil recruitment. In contrast, the first peak of antigen-induced eosinophil recruitment of cutaneous LPR is mediated by mast cells and PAF.
Mannose 6-Phosphate/Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 Receptor Limits Cell Invasion by Controlling αVβ3 Integrin Expression and Proteolytic Processing of Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator Receptor (2008)

The multifunctional mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (M6P/IGF2R) is considered a tumor suppressor. We report here that RNA interference with M6P/IGF2R expression in urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)/urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) expressing human cancer and endothelial cells resulted in increased pericellular plasminogen activation, cell adhesion, and higher invasive potential through matrigel. M6P/IGF2R silencing led also to the cell surface accumulation of urokinase and plasminogen and enhanced expression of alphaV integrins. Genetic rescue experiments and inhibitor studies revealed that the enhanced plasminogen activation was due to a direct effect of M6P/IGF2R on uPAR, whereas increased cell adhesion to vitronectin was dependent on alphaV integrin expression and not uPAR. Increased cell invasion of M6P/IGF2R knockdown cells was rescued by cosilencing both uPAR and alphaV integrin. Furthermore, we found that M6P/IGF2R expression accelerates the cleavage of uPAR. M6P/IGF2R silencing resulted in an increased ratio of full-length uPAR to the truncated D2D3 fragment, incapable of binding most uPAR ligands. We conclude that M6P/IGF2R controls cell invasion by regulating alphaV integrin expression and by accelerating uPAR cleavage, leading to the loss of the urokinase/vitronectin/integrin-binding site on uPAR.
Relationship between Entrepreneurship Education and Innovative Start-Up Intentions among University Students (2018)

In this study, the relationship between entrepreneurship education and innovative start-up intentions were invested among university students in northern Vietnam. Three factors of entrepreneurship, (curricular programmes, extracurricular programmes and social education) were adopted as independent variables and were assessed in combination with three factors (entrepreneurial capabilities, attitude and self-efficacy) as mediating factors. Curricular and extracurricular programmes for entrepreneurship based on self-efficacy, but not social education, had significant effects on innovative start-up intentions. In addition, self-efficacy did not affect the attitude of university students. It can be inferred that university students tend to increase their start-up intention when they study entrepreneurship and are confident in their capabilities and self-efficacy. Entrepreneurial attitude is also a factor of success.
In vitro Characterization of a Membrane-Based Low-Density Lipoprotein Affinity Adsorption Device (1998)

The objective of this study was to explore the use of microporous membranes as an alternative substrate to porous beads in affinity adsorption of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) for therapeutic purposes. Flat sheet immunoaffinity membranes containing a polyclonal antibody preparation were utilized as the affinity substrate. The antibody was covalently immobilized to the surface through a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacer. Equilibrium adsorption of LDL from plasma was measured. Adsorption from plasma and elution of bound LDL using citrate buffer were studied as a function of flow rate. Specific capacity was as great as 2 mg apolipoprotein B per milliliter membrane volume. The superior transport properties of the membrane allowed rapid adsorption and regeneration, which translated to a large number of adsorptive cycles that can be performed within a given treatment time. On the basis of in vitro performance characteristics, it is estimated that an immunoaffinity membrane device can provide a reduction in patient plasma LDL concentration comparable to that provided by packed columns, but with almost an 80% reduction in the device volume.
Development of a Novel Floating In-situ Gelling System for Stomach Specific Drug Delivery of the Narrow Absorption Window Drug Baclofen. (2010)

The present study deals with development of a floating in-situ gel of the narrow absorption window drug baclofen. Sodium alginate-based in-situ gelling systems were prepared by dissolving various concentrations of sodium alginate in deionized water, to which varying concentrations of drug and calcium bicarbonate were added. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to check the presence of any interaction between the drug and the excipients. A 3(2) full factorial design was used for optimization. The concentrations of sodium alginate (X(1)) and calcium bicarbonate (X(2)) were selected as the independent variables. The amount of the drug released after 1 h (Q(1)) and 10 h (Q(10)) and the viscosity of the solution were selected as the dependent variables. The gels were studied for their viscosity, in-vitro buoyancy and drug release. Contour plots were drawn for each dependent variable and check-point batches were prepared in order to get desirable release profiles. The drug release profiles were fitted into different kinetic models. The floating lag time and floating time found to be 2 min and 12 h respectively. A decreasing trend in drug release was observed with increasing concentrations of CaCO(3). The computed values of Q(1) and Q(10 )for the check-point batch were 25% and 86% respectively, compared to the experimental values of 27.1% and 88.34%. The similarity factor (f(2)) for the check-point batch being 80.25 showed that the two dissolution profiles were similar. The drug release from the in-situ gel follows the Higuchi model, which indicates a diffusion-controlled release. A stomach specific in-situ gel of baclofen could be prepared using floating mechanism to increase the residence time of the drug in stomach and thereby increase the absorption.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis of N-Aryl-N'-[5-(4- Chlorophenyl)-2-Furoyl]-Thioureas And Ureas (2001)

Substituted thioureas have attracted much attention due to their herbicidal1, antibacterial2, anti-HIV3 and plant-growth regulating4 activity. Meanwhile substituted ureas are not only used as medicines and agrochemicals because of their antiinflammatory5, analgesic5 and insectcidal6 activity, but also used as intermediates for the synthesis of many important heterocyclic compounds. In addition, 5-aryl-2-furoic acid derivatives have been used as antibacterial agent7, local anesthesia8, analgesic9 and plant-growth regulator10. Therefore, with the objective of obtaining new biologically active compounds, it is necessary to investigate the convenient and efficient method to prepare new compounds bearing 5-aryl-2-furoyl and thiourea or 5-aryl-2-furoyl and urea moieties.
CALL OPTION PRICING WHEN THE EXERCISE PRICE IS UNCERTAIN, AND THE VALUATION OF INDEX BONDS (1978)

One of the most attractive features of the recent work on option pricing, ably summarized by Cox and Ross As Black and Scholes
Studies on synthetic polypeptide antigens. XVII. Immunochemical properties of synthetic polypeptide-antibody systems. (1967)

The synthetic polypeptide—antibody precipitin curves indicate the presence of multiple antigenic systems in the polypeptides: a typical precipitin curve can be analysed into a minimum of four discrete antigen—antibody systems. Prolonging the course of immunization brings out the weaker antigenic systems and accounts for the observed broadening of the precipitin curve. Longer periods of incubation of the antigen—antibody reaction (20 days) also enhance the precipitation of the weaker antigenic systems. Dilution of the antibody results in a non-linear change in precipitable antibody concentration. Increase in the viscosity of the reaction medium with sucrose up to approximately 5 cp at 4° has little effect on the precipitin reaction.