gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of hybrid tRNA-binding states in ribosomal translocation (2008)

During translation, tRNAs must move rapidly to their adjacent sites in the ribosome while maintaining precise pairing with mRNA. This movement (translocation) occurs in a stepwise manner with hybrid-state intermediates, but it is unclear how these hybrid states relate to kinetically defined events of translocation. Here we analyze mutations at position 2394 of 23S rRNA in a pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of translocation. These mutations target the 50S E site and are predicted to inhibit P/E state formation. Each mutation decreases growth rate, the maximal rate of translocation (k(trans)), and the apparent affinity of EF-G for the pretranslocation complex (i.e., increases K(1/2)). The magnitude of these defects follows the trend A > G > U. Because the C2394A mutation did not decrease the rate of single-turnover GTP hydrolysis, the >20-fold increase in K(1/2) conferred by C2394A can be attributed to neither the initial binding of EF-G nor the subsequent GTP hydrolysis step. We propose that C2394A inhibits a later step, P/E state formation, to confer its effects on translocation. Replacement of the peptidyl group with an aminoacyl group, which is predicted to inhibit A/P state formation, decreases k(trans) without increasing K(1/2). These data suggest that movements of tRNA into the P/E and A/P sites are separable events. This mutational study allows tRNA movements with respect to both subunits to be integrated into a kinetic model for translocation.
The distribution of electricity in thunderclouds (1937)

Abstract The mechanism of thunderstorms has been the subject of much controversy in recent years, and at the present time there are at least two theories which find considerable support. To arrive at a theory which would satisfy all criticism would be a great advance towards a solution of the more fundamental problem of the circulation of electricity through the atmosphere. The evidence put forward in support of the present theories of the mechanism of thunderstorms is derived almost wholly from observations made at the surface of the earth; in many cases this evidence is ambiguous, and the same observations have, in fact, sometimes been used to support opposing theories. It seemed highly desirable that fresh evidence should be sought, and the most promising line of attack appeared to lie in attempting measurements in and above the thunderclouds instead of confining the observations to ground-level. In 1934, after some preliminary experiments, a simple method of recording the distribution of electricity in thunderclouds by means of instruments attached to sounding balloons was devised at Kew Observatory, and a sufficient number of soundings has now been made to enable some important generalizations to be made. The method of observation and the results obtained are described and discussed in this paper.
Inhibition of reactive astrocytosis in established experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis favors infiltration by myeloid cells over T cells and enhances severity of disease (2010)

Reactive astrocytosis, involving activation, hypertrophy, and proliferation of astrocytes, is a characteristic response to inflammation or injury of the central nervous system. We have investigated whether inhibition of reactive astrocytosis influences established experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. We made use of transgenic mice, which express herpes simplex virus-derived thymidine kinase under control of a glial fibrillary acidic protein promotor (GFAP HSV-TK mice). Treatment of these mice with ganciclovir leads to inhibition of reactive astrocytosis. When GFAP HSV-TK mice were treated for seven days following onset of EAE with ganciclovir, disease severity increased. Although aquaporin-4 staining on astrocyte endfeet at the glia limitans remained equally detectable, GFAP immunoreactivity and mRNA expression in CNS were reduced by this treatment. Ganciclovir-treated GFAP HSV-TK mice with EAE had a 78% increase in the total number of infiltrating myeloid cells (mainly macrophages), whereas we did not find an increase in infiltrating T cells, using quantitative flow cytometry. Per cell expression of mRNA for the macrophage-associated molecules TNFα, MMP-12 and TIMP-1 was elevated in spinal cord of GFAP HSV-TK mice treated with ganciclovir. Relative expression of CD3ε was downregulated, and expression levels of IFNγ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, and Foxp3 were not significantly changed. mRNA expression of CCL2 was upregulated, and CXL10 was downregulated. Thus, inhibition of reactive astrocytosis after initiation of EAE leads to increased macrophage, but not T cell, infiltration, and enhanced severity of EAE. This emphasizes the role of astrocytes in controlling leukocyte infiltration in neuroinflammation.
Nature of counterflow and circulation in vortex separators (2010)

This paper focuses on the physical mechanism of elongated counterflows occurring in vortex tubes and hydrocyclones. To this end, a new solution to the Navier–Stokes equations is obtained which describes a flow pattern consisting of two through-flows and the global meridional circulation. One of the through-flows has U-shape geometry. It is shown that swirl decay due to fluid-wall friction induces both the U-shape through-flow and the circulation. The circulation does not deteriorate particle separation. The solution illustrates how the swirl-induced pressure distribution drives the counterflow and results in the paradoxical centrifugal stratification where the high-density fluid located at the periphery is hot while the low-density fluid located near the axis is cold.
REPETITIVE DIVING DECOMPRESSION TABLES. (1957)

Abstract : A decompression procedure for repetitive diving to depths of 190 feet was devised employing modified Haldane principles which have been reported previously. The repetitive diving tables provide a system by which a diver can determine the necessary increase in decompression time on the second and successive dives, based on the amount of excess inert gas tension in his body after completion of the previous dive. The amount by which the decompression time must be increased varies inversely with the time (on surface) interval between dives. The information for using this system is obtained from four tables i.e. Decompression Table, No Decompression Table, Surface Interval Table and the Repetitive Dive Table. The validity of this procedure was tested by performing 62 repetitive dives with random combinations of depth, time and surface interval.
Educational opportunities for industry (1987)

This article discusses how the use of telecommunications systems can be beneficial, when used as an alternative to traditional higher education structures, in delivering distance education to industry. The author stresses the need for mechanisms that facilitate the delivery of information, in the form of professional education or access to current research findings, in order to make industry competitive in a global society. Through the use of alternative delivery systems the geographic location of the industry or university is no longer a boundary to accessing essential professional training.
Expedient Preparation of All Isomers of 2-Aminocyclobutanecarboxylic Acid in Enantiomerically Pure Form (2009)

A short, convenient, gram scale protocol has been established to allow facile access to all four stereoisomers of 2-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid, each in enantiomerically pure form (ee >99%). Starting from the readily available cis racemate, the procedure combines efficient alpha-phenylethylamine derivative resolution and controlled cis-to-trans epimerization procedures, and proceeds with invariably high yields.
Effect of parity on bone mineral density among postmenopausal Saudi Arabian women. (2005)

Our results indicate that women who had borne >6 children were less osteoporotic and of low fracture risk as compared to those women who had <5 children. The BMD of the women with >6 children was statistically higher than their counterparts, and they sustain this after prolonged lactation. We believe that increased parity protects women from osteoporosis and the severity of the disease, and it is our suggestion that women with <5 children and those nulliparous, who are at increased risk of developing osteoporosis should be investigated and treated accordingly.
Large-Scale Production of High-Quality Helper-Dependent Adenoviral Vectors Using Adherent Cells in Cell Factories (2009)

The most efficient and widely used system for generating helper-dependent adenoviral vectors (HDAds) is the Cre/loxP system developed by Graham and co-workers (Parks, R.J., Chen, L., Anton, M., Sankar, U., Rudnicki, M.A., and Graham, F.L. [ 1996 ]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93, 13565-13570). Alternative systems have been developed for HDAd production, but all are limited by the technical complexity of a three-component vector production system for reproducibly generating large quantities of adenovirus with high infectivity and low helper virus (HV) contamination. Recently, these problems were addressed by Ng and co-workers (Palmer, D., and Ng, P. [ 2003 ]. Mol Ther. 8, 846-852), who developed an improved system that combines the use of a suspension-adapted producer cell line expressing high levels of Cre recombinase, a HV resistant to mutation, and a refined purification protocol. With this system, >1 x 10(13) highly infectious vector particles are easily produced without vector genome rearrangements and having very low HV contamination levels. However, the Ng system incorporates a spinner flask culture system that involves considerable time, effort, and tissue culture medium to produce HDAds. We have an alternative system to obtain comparable quantities with equivalent quality to the spinner flask approach but requiring reduced labor and lower volumes of medium. This method utilizes a 10-chamber cell factory with adherent cells to produce high infectivity of HDAds with minimal HV contamination while improving yield and reducing technical complexity, effort, and medium requirements. This system is easily translatable to the production of clinical-grade HDAds for human trials.
The Use of Numeral Classifiers in Thai (1942)

1. The numeral classifiers2 of Thai constitute an important syntactic wordclass of the language and are employed with all nouns denoting objects which may be counted (e.g. 'man', 'house', 'word'). In most cases it is impossible to devise rules which will serve as an infallible guide in choosing the proper classifier to be employed with any given noun. For this reason it is desirable to memorize the classifier to be used with a noun at the same time that one learns the noun, just as in French or German one must memorize the gender of each
Standard cell VLSI design: A tutorial (1985)

The design aspects and methodology from concept to manufacture of standard cell VLSI circuits are covered. A broad treatment of the subject and of what design aids are available to help designers get their jobs done efficiently and reliably is provided. The treatment is directed toward the new VLSI designer.
Neuropsychological deficits in early treated phenylketonuric children. (1985)

In this preliminary study, six early treated children with phenylketonuria (PKU) were compared on the Halstead Neuropsychological Battery for Older Children with three groups of children with documented neurological disorders involving predominantly the left, the right, or bilateral dysfunction. The children with PKU had an overall level of neuropsychological impairment similar to that of the brain-damaged groups. The PKU group did not show a consistent pattern of lateralization, but there was some specificity to their deficits. The analyses showed that they were most similar to the right-hemisphere group. The children with PKU tended to show deficits consistently in two neuropsychological domains, conceptual and visuospatial skills, which would help explain their reported difficulty with mathematics. Further work is needed to test these results in a larger sample and to examine possible relationships with dietary compliance.
Further evidence of a quantitative deficiency of chain-specific globin mRNA in the thalassemia syndromes. (1975)

Formamide gel electrophoresis separates the mRNA fraction from reticulocyte polyribosomes of adult humans into two major RNA species with migratory rates identical to those of the alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs of the rabbit. That these two RNAs of human origin are the globin mRNAs is further supported by the deficiency of the presumed beta mRNA in reticulocyte polyribosomes of fetuses and premature infants, whose cells make gamma chains in preference to beta chains. The globin mRNAs of reticulocyte polyribosomes from patients with hematological disorders were estimated by scanning the stained formamide gels. In contrast to individuals with either hemolytic anemia without hemoglobinopathy or sickle cell anemia who had beta mRNA to alpha mRNA ratios of approximately one, a patient with Hb S-beta-thalassemia had a ratio of beta mRNA to alpha mRNA of 0.75 while two subjects with homozygous beta-thalassemia had severe deficiencies of beta mRNA. Conversely, a patient with alpha-thalassemia (Hb H disease) had a ratio of beta mRNA to alpha mRNA on reticulocyte polyribosomes of 6. These data provide further evidence of a quantitative deficiency of chain-specific globin mRNA in patients with the thalassemia syndromes.
Temperature Driven Reactant Solubilization Synthesis of BiCuOSe (2008)

Phase-pure BiCuOSe, which is isostructural to the layered p-type transparent conductor LaCuOS, has been synthesized in high yield by a single-step hydrothermal reaction at low temperature (250 degrees C) and pressure (<20 atm). A moderate reaction temperature of 250 degrees C was sufficiently high to solubilize both Bi2O3 and Cu2O and stabilize monovalent copper and low enough to impede the oxidation of dianionic selenium. BiCuOSe exhibits a relatively high electrical conductivity (sigma approximately 3.3 S cm(-1)) and a reduced band gap (E(g) = 0.75 eV), which compare favorably with the optoelectronic properties of BiCuOS and the cerium-based oxysulfides, CeAgOS and CeCuOS.
Isolation of cDNA clones for mouse cytoskeletal gamma-actin and differential expression of cytoskeletal actin mRNAs in mouse cells. (1988)

We described the structures of mouse cytoskeletal gamma-actin cDNA clones and showed that there is strong conservation of the untranslated regions with human gamma-actin cDNA. In addition, we found that the expression levels of beta- and gamma-actin mRNAs are differentially controlled in various mouse tissues and cell types but are coordinately increased in the cellular growing state. These results suggest that there are multiple regulatory mechanisms of cytoskeletal actin genes and are consistent with the argument that beta- and gamma-actins might have functional diversity in mammalian cells.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of some Bis-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (1990)

University Department of Chemistry, Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar-364 002 <em>Manuscript received 6 February 1990, accepted 30 March 1990</em> Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of some Bis-1,3,4-oxadiazoles
2 Gbit/s small form factor fiber-optic transceiver for single mode optical fiber (2000)

Small form factor (SFF) optical transceivers are expected to be commonly used in the near future for high-end (high bit-rate, single mode) applications as well as for low-cost applications. SFF optical transceivers require new packaging techniques for the optical portion, because the distance between input and output optical axes is much smaller than those of conventional transceivers, e.g., the "1by9" type. Two types of optical packaging are introduced, both of which are suitable for transceivers which have an MT-based receptacle for single mode applications. One of the packaging types, a fiber-bulk structure, takes full advantage in cost and reliability of standard, hermetically sealed TO-canned optical devices. A conventional TO-can packaged laser diode (LD) and photodiode (PD) are held with short optical fibers by low-cost, injection-molded polymer retainers. The short fibers are connected to an MT ferrule inside the transceiver. An alternative packaging type, a surface mount structure, is intended for drastic cost reduction in large volume production by using advanced highly integrated assembly. An LD chip with an integrated spot-size converter and a waveguide-structured PD chip are mounted on a Si-substrate. Optical coupling between the optical devices and fibers on V-groove is accomplished by passive alignment, which reduces assembling time. A prototype transceiver with an MPO receptacle has been developed using the former packaging structure. Evaluated results show performance which complies with the 2.125 Gbit/s Fiber Channel standard. SFF transceivers with these new packaging technologies are expected to increase the optical port density and also to reduce the cost of high-end systems with bit rate of 2 Gbit/s or higher per port.
Origin of surface potential change during ferroelectric switching in epitaxial PbTiO3 thin films studied by scanning force microscopy (2009)

We investigated the surface potential of the ferroelectric domains of the epitaxial PbTiO3 (PTO) films using both Kelvin probe and piezoresponse force microscopy. The surface potential changes as a function of applied biases suggested that the amount and sign of surface potentials depend on the correlation between polarization and screen charges. It also suggested that the trapped negative charges exist on the as-deposited PTO surfaces. Injected charges and their resultant surface potentials are investigated by grounded tip scans. The results unveiled the origin of surface potential changes during ferroelectric switching in the epitaxial PTO films.
Cardiomyocyte differentiation of pluripotent stem cells and their use as cardiac disease models (2011)

More than 10 years after their first isolation, human embryonic stem cells are finally 'coming of age' in research and biotechnology applications as protocols for their differentiation and undifferentiated expansion in culture become robust and scalable, and validated commercial reagents become available. Production of human cardiomyocytes is now feasible on a daily basis for many laboratories with tissue culture expertise. An additional recent surge of interest resulting from the first production of human iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells) from somatic cells of patients now makes these technologies of even greater importance since it is likely that (genetic) cardiac disease phenotypes can be captured in the cardiac derivatives of these cells. Although cell therapy based on replacing cardiomyocytes lost or dysfunctional owing to cardiac disease are probably as far away as ever, biotechnology and pharmaceutical applications in safety pharmacology and drug discovery will probably impact this clinical area in the very near future. In the present paper, we review the cutting edge of this exciting area of translational research.
75 MHz discrete GaN based multi-level buck converter for envelope tracking applications (2019)

The operation, design and implementation are described of a multi-level buck converter for switching frequencies approaching 100MHz together with an isolated high-side driver. The analysis of the converter identifies the trade-offs amongst the number of levels, switching frequency, efficiency, and filter bandwidth, which are key considerations for Envelope Tracking (ET) applications. The results show that this topology is particularly suitable to limit power losses caused by semiconductor output capacitances and common-mode parasitic capacitances as well as to increase the output filter tracking bandwidth. The power loss results are validated through simulation and experimentally using a 30V, 14W two-level prototype and a 30V, 14W five-level prototype operating at 75MHz and built using discrete GaN devices.
Synthesis of Rapamycin Derivatives Containing the Triazole Moiety Used as Potential mTOR‐Targeted Anticancer Agents (2016)

Rapamycin, a potent antifungal antibiotic, was approved as immunosuppressant, and lately its derivatives have been developed into mTOR targeting anticancer drugs. Structure modification was performed at the C-42 position of rapamycin, and a novel series of rapamycin triazole hybrids (4a-d, 5a-e, 8a-e, and 9a-e) was facilely synthesized via Huisgen's reaction. The anticancer activity of these compounds was evaluated against the Caski, H1299, MGC-803, and H460 human cancer cell lines. Some of the derivatives (8a-e, 9a-e) appeared to have stronger activity than that of rapamycin; however, 4a-d and 5a-e failed to show potential anticancer activity. Compound 9e with a (2,4-dichlorophenylamino)methyl moiety on the triazole ring was the most active anticancer compound, which showed IC50 values of 6.05 (Caski), 7.89 (H1299), 25.88 (MGC-803), and 8.60 μM (H460). In addition, research on the mechanism showed that 9e was able to cause cell morphological changes and to induce apoptosis in the Caski cell line. Most importantly, 9e can decrease the phosphorylation of mTOR and of its downstream key proteins, S6 and P70S6K1, indicating that 9e can effectively inhibit the mTOR signaling pathway. Thus, it may have the potential to become a new mTOR inhibitor against various cancers.
CD40 signaling induces interleukin‐4‐independent IgE switching <i>in vivo</i> (1996)

T cell-deficient T cell receptor (TCR) beta-/- x TCR delta-/- knockout mice lack circulating IgE and fail to produce antigen-specific IgE in response to stimulation with T cell-dependent antigens. We show here that these animals are able to produce significant levels of circulating polyclonal IgE when injected with an agonistic anti-mouse CD40 monoclonal antibody. CD40-mediated induction of circulating polyclonal IgE in T cell-deficient mice was only partially reduced when the animals were co-treated with neutralizing anti-interleukin-4 (IL-4) antibody. The IL-4 independence of this response was further supported by experiments showing that anti-CD40 antibodies induced circulating IgE when injected into IL-4 knockout mice, and sterile RNA epsilon transcript production when cultured with purified B cells from the same mice. These data strongly suggest that CD40 signaling causes IL-4-independent IgE switching in mice.
An Alternative to Deployed Thermal Radiators: Deployed Equipment Modules with Individual Package Temperature Control (2025)

As small satellites' power-to-external area ratios increase, so does the ordeal of securing the necessary thermal radiator area. To provide robust temperature control for any conceivable power density, two new concepts are proposed: a satellite architecture based on deployed equipment modules for increased radiator area, and thermal switches on each package mounted to module panels. A beneficial synergy comes from employing these independent concepts on small satellites whose exterior panels serve as both equipment mounting decks and thermal radiators. Hypothetical examples of multiple module deployments demonstrate the potential for dramatic increases in effective radiator area that allows a comfortably large hot-case margin. Cold-case temperature control comes from thermal switches that vary package-to-deck interface pressure as a function of package temperature to provide high interface resistance at low temperature. Two such switches based on the temperature dependent properties of shape memory alloy and paraffin are described. Positive and negative comparisons are made to conventional thermal design and deployed radiators. The efficient and effective temperature control subsystem described reduces the need for: auxiliary heaters to maintain minimum temperatures, rigorous thermal design and analysis, design verification testing, sophisticated thermo-optical surfaces, and active temperature control (in the conventional sense) for the entire satellite. This has been a feasibility of concept study with no development hardware or testing. Opinions on usefulness, future direction, and potential application are solicited.