gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The bisphosphonate ibandronate promotes apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in bone metastases. (2001)

Bisphosphonate (BP), a specific inhibitor of osteoclasts, has been widely used as a beneficial agent for the treatment of bone metastases in patients with breast cancer. It is well recognized that BP reduces osteolysis by promoting apoptosis in osteoclasts. However, recent animal and human data suggest that BPs not only reduce osteolysis associated with metastatic breast cancer, but also decrease tumor burden in bone. The mechanisms by which tumor burden is decreased following BP administration are unknown. Here we examined the effects of the BP ibandronate on MDA-231 human breast cancer cells in bone metastases in a well-characterized animal model of bone metastasis. Ibandronate, which was administered (s.c. daily; 4 microg/mouse/day) after bone metastases were established, inhibited the progression of established osteolytic bone metastases as assessed by radiographic analysis. Histological and histomorphometrical examination revealed that ibandronate reduced osteoclastic bone resorption, with increased apoptosis in osteoclasts. Furthermore, ibandronate also significantly decreased the MDA-231 tumor burden, with increased apoptosis in MDA-231 breast cancer cells in bone metastases. In contrast, ibandronate failed to inhibit MDA-231 tumor formation with no effects on apoptosis in MDA-231 breast cancer cells in the orthotopic mammary fat pads. These data suggest that the effects of ibandronate on apoptosis in MDA-231 breast cancer cells are restricted in bone in which ibandronate selectively deposits. Consistent with these in vivo results, a relatively high concentration of ibandronate (100 microM) increased caspase-3 activity and induced DNA fragmentation in MDA-231 breast cancer cells in culture. Moreover, a caspase inhibitor, z-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone, blocked ibandronate-induced DNA fragmentation in MDA-231 cells, suggesting an involvement of caspase-3 in ibandronate-induced apoptosis. Our results suggest that BP suppresses bone metastases through promotion of apoptosis in metastatic cancer cells as well as in osteoclasts. However, it still remains open whether BP has direct anticancer actions in vivo.
Surface analysis of layered thin films using a synchrotron x-ray microbeam combined with a grazing-exit condition (1994)

A new surface characterization technique with a lateral spatial resolution has been developed for nondestructive surface analysis using a synchrotron x-ray microbeam. The grazing-exit condition for fluorescent x-ray detection is utilized to attain the surface sensitivity. A focused x-ray microbeam of high photon flux has realized a lateral spatial resolution of a few μm. A layered thin-film electrode is analyzed in both the scanning and point modes. In the point mode, the analyzing position is fixed while the exit angle is changed. The characterization of thin films over a small region is made. In the scanning mode, the exit angle is fixed while the sample is being scanned. The two-dimensional intensity distribution reflects depth information in addition to the lateral elemental distribution. The intensity modulation near to the surface step of the pattern edge is discussed.
Feasibility of rapid multi-tracer PET tumor imaging (2005)

Positron emission tomography (PET) can characterize different aspects of tumor physiology using various tracers. PET is usually limited to one tracer since there is no explicit signal for distinguishing multiple tracers. We tested the feasibility of rapidly imaging two PET tracers using dynamic imaging techniques, where the signals from each tracer are separated based upon differences in tracer half-life, kinetics, and distribution. Time-activity curves for FDG, acetate, ATSM, and PFSM were simulated using appropriate compartment models, and noisy dual-tracer curves were computed by shifting and adding the single-tracer curves. Single-tracer components were then estimated from dual-tracer data using two methods: principal component analysis (PCA)-based fits of single-tracer components to multi-tracer data, and multi-tracer compartment models estimating single-tracer rate parameters from multi-tracer time-activity curves. PCA analysis of single- and dual-tracer data found that there is information content present for separating multi-tracer data, and that tracer separability depends upon tracer kinetics, injection order and timing. Multi-tracer compartment modeling recovered rate parameters for individual tracers with good accuracy but somewhat higher statistical uncertainty than single-tracer results when the injection delay was >10 min. These approaches to processing rapid multi-tracer PET data may potentially lead to a robust method for imaging multiple aspects of tumor physiology in vivo.
Electrical and optical properties of Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3–PbTiO3 thin films prepared by chemical solution deposition (2005)

92 % Pb ( Mg 1 ∕ 3 Nb 2 ∕ 3 ) O 3 – 8 % PbTiO 3 (PMNT) thin films have been prepared on Pt∕Ti∕SiO2∕Si substrate with a LaNiO3 (LNO) buffer layer and on sapphire substrate by a chemical solution deposition method, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the PMNT thin films on Pt∕Ti∕SiO2∕Si substrate are polycrystalline with (110)-preferential orientation. Pt∕PMNT∕Pt capacitors have been fabricated and show a ferroelectric character with a spontaneous polarization (Ps) of 25.2μC∕cm2 and a remanent polarization (Pr) of 6.56μC∕cm2. The dielectric constant (εr) and the dissipation factor (tanδ) at 1 kHz are 680 and 0.014, respectively. The band-gap energy of the PMNT thin films on the sapphire substrate was found to be about 4.03 eV by the optical transmission spectra measurement. The optical constants (n, k) of the PMNT thin films in the wavelength range of 2.5–12.6 μm were obtained by infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry measurement.
‘Too Frivolous to Interest the Public’?: Walter Scott, Richard Polwhele and Archipelagic Correspondence (2013)

The Cornish writer Richard Polwhele and Sir Walter Scott corresponded on matters literary and social for a period of 25 years at the start of the nineteenth century without ever meeting. This article examines the published traces of this epistolary acquaintance and establishes what it might tell us about the lines of connection and dissemination it was possible to establish in Romantic Britain between what might otherwise be thought of as outlying areas of the nation. The article contributes to a number of recent archipelagic attempts to better understand the distributed or devolved nature of print culture within the nations and regions of Britain, in this case through a focus on the interconnections between them.
The Surface Recombination of H Atoms and OH Radicals (1943)

A diffusion method of investigating surface recombination of atoms by substances of low catalytic power is presented. By this method we have evaluated the coefficient of recombination γ for H and OH on Pyrex for a temperature range of over 500°C. For smaller ranges of temperature we have found the recombination of H on a number of salts, and have found this recombination to be strongly dependent on the dryness of the surface. All salts investigated save KCl strongly recombined H when dry. Salts recombining H could not be investigated for OH recombination. However KCl, which did not recombine H, did recombine OH strongly. A number of strong dehydrogenating and dehydrating agents were tested for differences in H and OH recombination, but no difference was found.
Aluminum Oxide (Alumina), Activated (2003)

Abstract The activated aluminas comprise a series of nonequilibrium forms of partially hydroxylated aluminum oxide, Al 2 O 3 . The chemical composition can be represented by \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${{\rm{Al}}{_{2}}{\rm{O}} _{{(}3-x{)}}}$\end{document} (OH) 2 x where x ranges from about 0 to 0.8. They are porous solids made by thermal treatment of aluminum hydroxide precursors and find application mainly as adsorbents, catalysts, and catalyst supports. Activated alumina, for purposes of this discussion, refers to thermal decomposition products (excluding α‐alumina) of aluminum trihydroxides, oxide hydroxides, and nonstoichiometric gelatinous hydroxides. The term “activation” is used to indicate a change in properties resulting from heating (calcining). In general, as a hydrous alumina precursor is heated, hydroxyl groups are driven off, leaving a porous solid structure of activated alumina. The physical properties of the material are set by the choice of precursor, the forming process, and the activation conditions. Activated alumina is a relatively innocuous material from a health and safety standpoint. It is nonflammable and nontoxic. Normal precautions associated with handling of nuisance dusts should be taken. Activated alumina is normally shipped in moisture‐proof containers because of its strong desiccating action.
Extended Tracking Powers (2017)

Users have come to rely on browser extensions to realize features that are not implemented by browser vendors. Extensions offer users the ability to, among others, block ads, de-clutter websites, enrich pages with third-party content, and take screenshots. At the same time, because of their privileged position inside a user's browser, extensions have access to content and functionality that is not available to webpages, such as, the ability to conduct and read cross-origin requests, as well as get access to a browser's history and cookie jar.
SPC with enable (2002)

This paper describes a set of spreadsheets which perform the calculations necessary to plot control charts used in statistical process control (SPC). The Enable office automation package was used to develop the spreadsheets. The SPC package is menu driven and includes on-line help. A full on-line manual provides program documentation. The control charts are Individual and Moving Average/Moving Range Charts, X-Bar and Range Charts, Proportion Defective (p) Chart, Number Defective (np) Chart, Defects per Unit (c and u) Charts and Weighted Defects per Unit (D) Chart. The paper describes each of the charts and tells how to select the correct SPC control chart for a given application. Completed charts and spreadsheets are also given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Study advance in molecular structure and function of CD45 (2008)

CD45 is the first and prototypic receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase and is expressed on allnucleated hematopoietic cells. Regulation of tyrosine phosphorylatiou is a critical control point for the integrationof environmental signals into cellular responses. This regulation is mediated by the reciprocal actions of proteintyrosine kinases and phosphatases. CD45 plays a central role in this process. Studies on CD45 mutant celllines, CD45-deficient mice, and CD45-deficient humans initially demonstrated the essential role of CD45 in an± iger receptor signal transduction and lymphocyte development. Perturbation of this function may result in au-toimmune, immunodeficieney, and malignant diseases.

Key words: 
CD45/structure;  Isoforms;  CD45/function;  Signal transduction
Neurobiochemical mechanisms of a ketogenic diet in refractory epilepsy (2014)

A ketogenic diet is an important therapy used in the control of drug-refractory seizures. Many studies have shown that children and adolescents following ketogenic diets exhibit an over 50% reduction in seizure frequency, which is considered to be clinically relevant. These benefits are based on a diet containing high fat (approximately 90% fat) for 24 months. This dietary model was proposed in the 1920s and has produced variable clinical responses. Previous studies have shown that the mechanisms underlying seizure control involve ketone bodies, which are produced by fatty acid oxidation. Although the pathways involved in the ketogenic diet are not entirely clear, the main effects of the production of ketone bodies appear to be neurotransmitter modulation and antioxidant effects on the brain. This review highlights the impacts of the ketogenic diet on the modulation of neurotransmitters, levels of biogenic monoamines and protective antioxidant mechanisms of neurons. In addition, future perspectives are proposed.
System level optimization and design space exploration for low power (2001)

We present a software tool for power dissipation analysis and optimization on the algorithmic abstraction level from C/C++ and VHDL descriptions. An analysis is most efficient on such a high level since the influence of design decisions on the power demand increases with increasing abstraction (A. Raghunathan et al., 1998). The ORINOCO/sup (R)/ tool enables us to compare different but functionally equivalent algorithms and bindings to RT-level architectures with respect to power consumption. The results of the optimized binding can be used to guide synthesis. In the experimental evaluation we compare the predicted optimization trend with synthesized implementations and prove the accuracy of our methodology and tool.
Query by image example: The CANDID approach (1995)

CANDID (Comparison Algorithm for Navigating Digital Image Databases) was developed to enable contentbased retrieval of digital imagery from large databases using a query-by-example methodology. A user provides an example image to the system, and images in the database that are similar to that example are retrieved. The development of CANDID was inspired by the N-gram approach to document fingerprinting, where a &quot;global signature&quot; is computed for every document in a database and these signatures are compared to one another to determine the similarity between any two documents. CANDID computes a global signature for every image in a database, where the signature is derived from various image features such as localized texture, shape, or color information. A distance between probability density functions of feature vectors is then used to compare signatures. In this paper, we present CANDID and highlight two results from our current research: subtracting a &quot;background&quot; signature from ever...
DIFFUSE NEUROFIBROMATOSIS WITH PROPTOSIS (1931)

DIFFUSE neurofibromatosis in which the eyelids, orbit and surrounding parts are involved, is a well-recognized picture, and a good many examples of it have been fully reported in this country.
Social Network Profile and Policy (2008)

A social network describes an entity's relationship with other entities for interacting. The digital world currently consists of many isolated communities or domains that enable entities to form social networks within each community but not across communities because of the undisclosed, incomplete or incompatible connectivity protocols and data representation. A specification for the social network profile and policy is presented in this paper with the aim to address these issues by providing a common representation for defining the entity's relations and their social attributes, and its connectivity expectations and preferences. Furthermore, this profile and policy specification paves the path for supporting entities in automating their actions and managing their social networks.
An Improved Friction Model for Spark-Ignition Engines (2003)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A spark-ignition engine friction model developed by Patton et al. in the late 1980s was evaluated against current engine friction data, and improved. The model, which was based on a combination of fundamental scaling laws and empirical results, includes predictions of rubbing losses from the crankshaft, reciprocating, and valvetrain components, auxiliary losses from engine accessories, and pumping losses from the intake and exhaust systems. These predictions were based on engine friction data collected between 1980 and 1988. Some of the terms are derived from lubrication theory. Other terms were derived empirically from measurements of individual friction components from engine teardown experiments. Recent engine developments (e.g., improved oils, surface finish on piston liners, valve train mechanisms) suggested that the model needed updating. So modifications were made to the piston ring tension and gas pressure loading contributions to piston assembly friction, the impact of liner roughness, and to the valvetrain mechanism friction. Lubricant viscosity scaling was added to the hydrodynamic terms in the rubbing friction component models. The improved model now gives reasonable estimates of individual friction component and total spark-ignition engine friction mean effective pressure. The inclusion of oil viscosity scaling with temperature results in cold engine friction predictions about twice the value for warmed up engines. This agrees with the limited cold engine friction data available in the literature.</div>
Use of Broadband, Continuous-Wave Diode Lasers in Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy for Liquid Samples (2003)

Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) is an extremely sensitive absorption technique that has been applied primarily to gas samples, which are characterized by having narrow absorption features. Recently, CRDS has also been applied to liquid samples, which have broad absorption features. The use of small inexpensive diode lasers as light sources for liquid samples is demonstrated. The low cost coupled with the ease and technical straightforwardness of application gives this technique wide appeal.
<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>and Nonulcer Dyspepsia (1998)

Dyspepsia encompasses a variety of upper abdominal symptoms — pain and discomfort, bloating, fullness, early satiety, nausea, anorexia, heartburn, regurgitation, and belching — that are experienced regularly by 25 to 40 percent of the population of the Western world.13 A working definition of dyspepsia is chronic or recurrent pain or discomfort centered in the upper abdomen.3 Remarkably, 2 to 5 percent of visits to primary care physicians in the United States are for dyspepsia, and each year, over $1.3 billion is spent on prescription drugs to treat the condition.1 The differential diagnosis of dyspepsia usually focuses on diseases of . . .
Results from a Dozen Years of Election Futures Markets Research (2000)

Introduction and description of election futures markets The Iowa Electronic Markets are small-scale, real-money futures markets conducted by the University of Iowa College of Business. In this review we focus on the best known of these markets, The Iowa Political Markets. Contracts in these markets are designed so that prices should predict election outcomes. The data set contains the results of 49 markets covering 41 elections in 13 countries. The Iowa Markets operate 24-hours a day, using a continuous, double-auction trading mechanism. Traders invest their own funds, make their own trades, and conduct their own information search. The markets occupy a niche between the stylized, tightly controlled markets conducted in the laboratory and the information-rich environments of naturally occurring markets. By virtue of this design, the Iowa Markets provide data to researchers that is not otherwise available. Investments are typically limited to a $500 maximum per trader and general
Paradoxical effects of N-cyanoalkyl substituents upon the activities of several classes of opioids (1979)

The pharmacological effect of the N-(beta-cyanoethyl) moiety is dependent on the opioid on which it is substituted. It caused a large increase in antinociceptive potency, in (--)-3-hydroxymorphinan and (--)-normetazocine, as compared with the N-methyl opioid. These cyanoethyl compounds do not substitute for morphine in morphine-dependent monkeys. This moiety also appears to greatly increase the ability of the opiate receptor to differentiate enantiomers. An ca. 100,000-fold difference in binding was noted between the epimeric N-(beta-cyanoethyl)-3-hydroxymorphinans and the normetazocines. The levo enantiomers have little acute toxicity and showed excellent therapeutic ratios. In contrast, the N-(beta-cyanoethyl) moiety on normorphine, norcodeine, and noroxymorphone did not appear to improve their pharmacological properties. Homologous N-cyanoalkyl opioids were less potent antinociceptives.
Origin of LER and its solution (2005)

We have studied several factors having an effect on LER in terms of resist chemistry, resist process, CD-SEM metrology, numerical aperture and sigma settings of the exposure tool, and the mask pattern. LER is extracted from the developed resist profile. In ArF lithography process, development and rinse process is very critical because ArF resist is relatively hydrophobic compared to KrF resist. It causes heterogeneous interaction at interface of resist and aqueous solution (developer or deionized water). We improved roughness at contact hole pattern by the introduction of wetting process prior to development. Clear and homogeneous rinsing is also needed to remove scum and swelled resist generated at development step. On the other hand, the roughness of mask pattern is one of the important factors of LER on wafer. We confirmed that this global dislocation is a potent influence but local edge roughness of mask is insignificant to wafer LER. This dislocation of pattern is originated from the lack of shot accuracy in E-beam writer using variable shaped beam.
Development of sequence‐tagged site markers linked to the pillar growth type in peach (<i>Prunus persica</i>) (2011)

With 5 figures and 3 tables Abstract In peach [ Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], trees showing columnar (also termed pillar or broomy) growth habit are of interest for high‐density production systems. While the selection of the pillar homozygous phenotype ( brbr ) can be carried out prior to field planting, the intermediate heterozygous upright phenotype is difficult to distinguish from standard trees until they are quite large in the field. Application of marker‐assisted selection would be helpful in establishing more efficient breeding programmes developing pillar and upright varieties. Thirty‐four amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and three simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers identified by bulked segregant analyses mapped together with the br gene on linkage group 2 (LG 2) of the Prunus reference map. The linkage group covers 92.9 cM. The AFLP marker ETGM61_291R mapped with 4.8 cM to the br gene on one side and the closest AFLP markers ETAM56_267A, ECAM61_426A and ETAM48_279A with 3.8 cM on the other side. These four AFLP markers were sequenced, and two, ETGM61_291R and ETAM48_279A, were successfully converted into sequence‐tagged site (STS) markers for marker‐assisted selection. BLAST searches against the peach genome placed the br gene in the region 17–18 Mb on LG 2.
An improved proof for RFID tags (2008)

An RFID system consists of an RFID reader, a server connected to a database, and RFID tags attached to the objects needed to be identified. We are interested in the case where two tags are needed to be simultaneously scanned in a readerpsilas field, for which many protocols have been proposed in literature. They however are all insecure for the special case, where an adversary, acting as a reader, can penetrate the server and access data stored in the server. In this paper, we propose a protocol to remedy this problem for two-tag environment. In addition, it can be extended to more-than-two-tag environment without much increasing total amount of time to scan all the tags.