gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wav2Letter++: A Fast Open-source Speech Recognition System (2019)

This paper introduces wav2letter++, a fast open-source deep learning speech recognition framework. wav2letter++ is written entirely in C++, and uses the ArrayFire tensor library for maximum efficiency. We explain the architecture and design of the wav2letter++ system and compare it to other major open-source speech recognition systems. In some cases wav2letter++ is more than 2× faster than other optimized frameworks for training end-to-end neural networks for speech recognition. We also show that wav2letter++ training times scale linearly to 64 GPUs, the most we tested, for models with 100 million parameters. High-performance frameworks enable fast iteration, which is often a crucial factor in successful research and model tuning on new datasets and tasks.
Thermal conductivity and boundary resistance measurements of GeSbTe and electrode materials using nanosecond thermoreflectance (2010)

Phase change memory (PCM) uses rapid heating and cooling to induce switching in sub-micron memory cells. The rapid rates of heating and nanoscale dimensions require accurate modeling of thermal transport phenomena in the constituent materials. This motivates improved understanding of the thermal properties of Ge <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Sb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Te <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sub> (GST) thin films and PCM electrode materials. We report measurements of thermal conductivity and interface resistance of GST and electrode materials by applying nanosecond pump-probe thermoreflectance to multilayer structures of GST-C, GST-TiN, and GST-Ti. We measure the total thermal resistance of the stack from the transient thermal response, separating the intrinsic and boundary resistance terms using a 1-D resistor model of the stack. The intrinsic conductivities for GST are 0.20 W/(m K) for GST-C, 0.33 W/(m K) for GST-TiN, 0.27 W/(m K) for low temperature deposited GST-Ti, and 0.69 for high temperature deposited GST-Ti. The thermal boundary resistances are 27.5 m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> K/GW for GST-C, 5.2 m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> K/GW for GST-TiN, 49.8 m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> K/GW for low temperature GST-Ti, and 11.4 m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> K/GW for high temperature GST-Ti.
Enhanced sporulation in Bacillus subtilis grown on medium containing glucose:ribose (1999)

Spore crops of Bacillus subtilis PS 346 were increased by the addition of a combination of glucose and ribose to the sporulating medium. The increase in spore yield was over 100% higher in glucose:ribose-containing cultures, compared with cells grown on glucose as a sole carbon and energy source. Spore crops obtained from cultures grown on glucose:ribose had similar thermal resistance and hydrodynamic mean radius to those obtained when cultivated solely on glucose- or ribose-containing media. When other combinations of dual carbohydrates were tested it was apparent that those substrates primarily channelled through the pentose phosphate pathway gave enhanced sporulation. This effect was also observed by supplementing glucose-containing media with pyruvate but not citrate or malate. Those substrates that are channelled through the glycolytic pathway were also less effective in this respect. From the results obtained it appears that the enhancement of sporulation could be attributed to alteration in carbon and electron flow through metabolic pathways leading, directly or indirectly, to metabolites that play a role in sporogenesis regulation.
Tracing Streamlines on Unstructured Grids from Finite Volume Discretizations (2006)

Abstract The accuracy of streamline reservoir simulations depends strongly on the quality of the velocity field and the accuracy of the streamline tracing method. For problems described on complex grids (e.g., corner-point geometry or fully unstructured grids) with full-tensor permeabilities, advanced discretization methods, such as the family of multipoint flux approximation (MPFA) schemes, are necessary to obtain an accurate representation of the fluxes across control volume faces. These fluxes are then interpolated to define the velocity field within each control volume and streamlines are integrated. Existing methods for the interpolation of the velocity field and integration of the streamlines do not preserve the accuracy of the fluxes computed by MPFA discretizations. Here we propose a new method for the reconstruction of the velocity field with high-order accuracy from the fluxes provided by MPFA discretization schemes. This reconstruction relies on a correspondence between the MPFA fluxes and the degrees of freedom of a mixed finite-element method (MFEM) based on the first-order Brezzi-Douglas-Marini space. This link between the finite-volume and finite-element methods allows the use of flux reconstruction and streamline tracing techniques developed previously by the authors for mixed finite elements. After a detailed description of our streamline tracing method, we study its accuracy and efficiency using challenging test cases.
Prescience (2016)

Malware evolves perpetually and relies on increasingly so- phisticated attacks to supersede defense strategies. Data-driven approaches to malware detection run the risk of becoming rapidly antiquated. Keeping pace with malware requires models that are periodically enriched with fresh knowledge, commonly known as retraining. In this work, we propose the use of Venn-Abers predictors for assessing the quality of binary classification tasks as a first step towards identifying antiquated models. One of the key benefits behind the use of Venn-Abers predictors is that they are automatically well calibrated and offer probabilistic guidance on the identification of nonstationary populations of malware. Our framework is agnostic to the underlying classification algorithm and can then be used for building better retraining strategies in the presence of concept drift. Results obtained over a timeline-based evaluation with about 90K samples show that our framework can identify when models tend to become obsolete.
PADI4 polymorphisms are not associated with rheumatoid arthritis in the Spanish population (2005)

The results of our group and from the British and French studies strongly suggest that polymorphisms of the PADI4 gene do not play a role in susceptibility to RA in European populations.
Artificial Mitochondria Transfer: Current Challenges, Advances, and Future Applications (2017)

The objective of this review is to outline existing artificial mitochondria transfer techniques and to describe the future steps necessary to develop new therapeutic applications in medicine. Inspired by the symbiotic origin of mitochondria and by the cell's capacity to transfer these organelles to damaged neighbors, many researchers have developed procedures to artificially transfer mitochondria from one cell to another. The techniques currently in use today range from simple coincubations of isolated mitochondria and recipient cells to the use of physical approaches to induce integration. These methods mimic natural mitochondria transfer. In order to use mitochondrial transfer in medicine, we must answer key questions about how to replicate aspects of natural transport processes to improve current artificial transfer methods. Another priority is to determine the optimum quantity and cell/tissue source of the mitochondria in order to induce cell reprogramming or tissue repair, in both in vitro and in vivo applications. Additionally, it is important that the field explores how artificial mitochondria transfer techniques can be used to treat different diseases and how to navigate the ethical issues in such procedures. Without a doubt, mitochondria are more than mere cell power plants, as we continue to discover their potential to be used in medicine.
Last-mile delivery concepts: a survey from an operational research perspective (2020)

Abstract In the wake of e-commerce and its successful diffusion in most commercial activities, last-mile distribution causes more and more trouble in urban areas all around the globe. Growing parcel volumes to be delivered toward customer homes increase the number of delivery vans entering the city centers and thus add to congestion, pollution, and negative health impact. Therefore, it is anything but surprising that in recent years many novel delivery concepts on the last mile have been innovated. Among the most prominent are unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) and autonomous delivery robots taking over parcel delivery. This paper surveys established and novel last-mile concepts and puts special emphasis on the decision problems to be solved when setting up and operating each concept. To do so, we systematically record the alternative delivery concepts in a compact notation scheme, discuss the most important decision problems, and survey existing research on operations research methods solving these problems. Furthermore, we elaborate promising future research avenues.
Chromosome Transfer Via Cell Fusion (2011)

Intact chromosomes as well as chromosome fragments can be vehicled into various recipient cells without perturbing their ability to segregate as free elements; chromosome transfer can be performed both in cultured cells and in living animals. The method of choice to shuttle single chromosomes between cells is microcell fusion named microcell mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT). The use of MMCT is mandatory in a number of applications where alternative chromosome transfection procedures are ineffective; however, the main drawback is the extremely low efficiency of the technique. Recently, we developed a new procedure to shuttle an engineered human minichromosome from a Chinese hamster ovary hybrid cell line to a mouse embryonic stem cell line. This technology ultimately consists in micronucleated whole cell fusion (MWCF) without microcell isolation. Therefore, MWCF is much more simple than MMCT; moreover, chromosome transfer efficiency is higher. The main limit of the MWCF approach is that it can be employed only with parental cells of different species, while the MMCT protocol can be adapted to any donor and recipient cell line. This chapter will describe both the protocols that we currently use for MMCT and MWCF. The efficiency of the two protocols strictly depends on the parental cell lines to be used for cell fusion.
AT&T customer trial of the ISDN primary rate interface (2003)

In October 1987, AT&T announced the start of the first trial using the ISDN (integrated services digital network) primary rate interface (PRI) between the AT&T network and a customer's premises at the American Transtech headquarters in Jacksonville, Florida. The trial used an array of AT&T products and services, including three network services, premises switching equipment and network management systems, optical scanners, voice and data terminals, and computers. This trial illustrated the use of ISDN in telemarketing and integrated multimedia conferencing. ISDN user benefits were identified in three areas: cost reduction and efficiency improvements, application opportunities, and improved network management and billing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Investigations on lens transparency and its disturbances by microdensitometric analyses of Scheimpflug photographs (1984)

During the aging process, the lens is subjected to changes of its pertinent properties which condition the transmission of light of different wavelengths. Between the second and the third decade, for instance, wavelengths below 400 nm are almost completely absorbed. The increase in lens thickness, effected by the appositional growth during life, might be considered responsible for this phenomenon, if the newly developing lens fibers in the outer periphery would synthesize proteins which, with respect to light transmission, differ from those formed during the embryonic phase. For such a phenomenon, however, no indication was found either by clinical observations or biochemical research. -Microdensitometric analysis of Scheimpflug-photographs of the anterior eye segment allows measurements of lens transparency in the single lens which directly depend on the respective wavelengths used in the photographic procedure. Investigations performed with this method on a normal age-grouped population, show that the changes in light transmission are most evident in two of the lens segments. The lens nucleus shows a continuous increase in light scatter during aging. Also the anterior cortex - particularly in the deeper layers - shows changes in light transmission. With advancing age (beginning between 30 and 40 years of age), increased lens fluorescence is found in the region of the deeper anterior cortex, which can be excited by UV wavelengths of 330-380 nm. This phenomenon is not found in the lens nucleus. The localization of the changes within the lens clearly shows that they are due to age-related modifications of the protein properties earlier designated as posttranslational or postsynthetic molecular modifications.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Efficient routing of lightpaths (2002)

A routing solution is presented to find optimal routes for lightpaths and for the new concept of semi-lightpaths. A lightpath is a fully optical transmission path, while a semi-lightpath is a transmission path constructed by chaining together several lightpaths, using wavelength conversion at their junctions. A fast and practical algorithm, with proven optimal speed, is presented to optimally route lightpaths and semi-lightpaths taking into account both the cost of using the wavelengths on links and the cost of wavelength conversion.
Barbituric Acid (2003)

Abstract Barbituric acid product: barbituric acid
A versatile electrothermal model of an integrated full bridge device taking into account various boundary conditions (2002)

The authors present an analytical electrothermal model of an integrated full-bridge power converter for PSpice. It combines a thermal RC-network including thermal coupling between the DMOS devices with an electrothermal model for each DMOSFET. A comparison between thermal simulation and FEM analysis of an commercially available module is given and, as an application example, the authors show the simulation of switching on a DC motor with the full-bridge device and an approach to include basic printed circuit board characteristics into the simulation.
X-ray diffraction analysis of the defect structure in epitaxial GaN (2000)

High-resolution x-ray diffraction has been used to analyze the type and density of threading dislocations in (001)-oriented GaN epitaxial layers. For this, (00l) and (hkl) Bragg reflections with h or k nonzero were studied, the latter one measured in skew symmetric diffraction geometry. The defect analysis was applied to a variety of GaN layers grown by molecular-beam epitaxy under very different conditions. The outcome is a fundamental correlation between the densities of edge- and screw-type dislocations.
Serology-Enabled Discovery of Genetically Diverse Hepaciviruses in a New Host (2012)

Genetic and biological characterization of new hepaciviruses infecting animals contributes to our understanding of the ultimate origins of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in humans and dramatically enhances our ability to study its pathogenesis using tractable animal models. Animal homologs of HCV include a recently discovered canine hepacivirus (CHV) and GB virus B (GBV-B), both viruses with largely undetermined natural host ranges. Here we used a versatile serology-based approach to determine the natural host of the only known nonprimate hepacivirus (NPHV), CHV, which is also the closest phylogenetic relative of HCV. Recombinant protein expressed from the helicase domain of CHV NS3 was used as antigen in the luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay to screen several nonprimate animal species. Thirty-six samples from 103 horses were immunoreactive, and viral genomic RNA was present in 8 of the 36 seropositive animals and none of the seronegative animals. Complete genome sequences of these 8 genetically diverse NPHVs showed 14% (range, 6.4% to 17.2%) nucleotide sequence divergence, with most changes occurring at synonymous sites. RNA secondary structure prediction of the 383-base 5' untranslated region of NPHV was refined and extended through mapping of polymorphic sites to unpaired regions or (semi)covariant pairings. Similar approaches were adopted to delineate extensive RNA secondary structures in the coding region of the genome, predicted to form 27 regularly spaced, thermodynamically stable stem-loops. Together, these findings suggest a promising new nonprimate animal model and provide a database that will aid creation of functional NPHV cDNA clones and other novel tools for hepacivirus studies.
Experimental animal models for COPD: a methodological review (2017)

The present review provides various methods used for induction of animal models of COPD, different animals used (mainly mice, guinea pigs and rats) and measured parameters. The information provided in this review is valuable for choosing appropriate animal, method of induction and selecting parameters to be measured in studies concerning COPD.
Phase 1 study of multiple biomarkers for metabolism and oxidative stress after one‐week intake of broccoli sprouts (2004)

Little is known about the direct effect of broccoli sprouts on human health. So we investigated the effect of broccoli sprouts on the induction of various biochemical oxidative stress markers. Twelve healthy subjects (6 males and 6 females) consumed fresh broccoli sprouts (100 g/day) for 1 week for a phase 1 study. Before and after the treatment, biochemical examination was conducted and natural killer cell activity, plasma amino acids, plasma PCOOH (phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide), the serum coenzyme Q(10), urinary 8-isoprostane, and urinary 8-OHdG (8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine) were measured. With treatment, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol decreased, and HDL cholesterol increased significantly. Plasma cystine decreased significantly. All subjects showed reduced PCOOH, 8-isoprostane and 8-OHdG, and increased CoQ(10)H(2)/CoQ(10) ratio. Only one week intake of broccoli sprouts improved cholesterol metabolism and decreased oxidative stress markers.
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) early promoter DR contains a cis-acting element responsive to the EBV transactivator EB1 and an enhancer with constitutive and inducible activities (1989)

The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) DR promoter controlled the expression of the PstI repeat region IR4. This promoter was activated by the EBV trans-acting factor EB1, mainly at the transcriptional level, and the activation was mediated by the TATA box and two cis-acting regulatory regions, one proximal to the TATA box and one distal to the TATA box. The distal region had enhancer properties. In HeLa cells, it activated transcription from the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase promoter linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene when located in inverted orientation upstream of the thymidine kinase promoter or downstream of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene coding sequence. This enhancer also activated transcription from the simian virus 40 early upstream regulatory elements. These results indicate that the DR These results indicate that the DR enhancer can constitutively activate heterologous promoters in HeLa cells. However, the DR enhancer was not active in EBV genome-negative B cell lines, but it became active when these cells were infected by EBV and when the expression of the EBV early genes was induced by EB1. This suggests that an EBV early gene product induces the DR enhancer activity. The DR promoter TATA box-proximal cis-acting regulatory element contained EB1-responsive sequences.
PowerAqua: Open Question Answering on the Semantic Web (2012)

With the rapid growth of semantic information in the Web, the processes of searching and querying these very large amounts of heterogeneous content have become increasingly challenging. This research tackles the problem of supporting users in querying and exploring information across multiple and heterogeneous Semantic Web (SW) sources. A review of literature on ontology-based Question Answering reveals the limitations of existing technology. Our approach is based on providing a natural language Question Answering interface for the SW, PowerAqua. The realization of PowerAqua represents a considerable advance with respect to other systems, which restrict their scope to an ontology-specific or homogeneous fraction of the publicly available SW content. To our knowledge, PowerAqua is the only system that is able to take advantage of the semantic data available on the Web to interpret and answer user queries posed in natural language. In particular, PowerAqua is uniquely able to answer queries by combining and aggregating information, which can be distributed across heterogeneous semantic resources. Here, we provide a complete overview of our work on PowerAqua, including: the research challenges it addresses; its architecture; the techniques we have realised to map queries to semantic data, to integrate partial answers drawn from different semantic resources and to rank alternative answers; and the evaluation studies we have performed, to assess the performance of PowerAqua. We believe our experiences can be extrapolated to a variety of end-user applications that wish to open up to large scale and heterogeneous structured datasets, to be able to exploit effectively what possibly is the greatest wealth of data in the history of Artificial Intelligence.
Critical Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ on Anoikis and Invasion of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2005)

The cell death caused by the PPARgamma antagonists was a result of direct interference with cell adhesion "anoikis" involving intracellular FAK signaling pathways. These results imply a potentially important and novel role for the inhibition of PPARgamma function via the use of specific antagonists in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma and the prevention of tumor invasion and metastasis.
Terahertz generalized Mueller-matrix ellipsometry (2006)

We report on the first successful generalized Mueller-matrix ellipsometry measurements in the THz-frequency domain using the high-brilliance THz synchrotron radiation source IRIS at the electron storage ring BESSY, Germany. Generalized Ellipsometry, which is known as a powerful tool for measurement of optical constants including anisotropy and which was previously used in the FIR to VUV spectral range, is now employed for the first time to investigate condensed matter samples in the frequency range from 0.9 to 8 THz (30 to 650 cm<sup>-1</sup>). Exemplarily, results obtained from bound and unbound charge-carrier investigations in low-dimensional semi- and superconducting systems are presented. Future applications of this technique for investigation of charge-carrier dynamics in magnetic fields are envisioned.