gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Image coding using vector quantization: a review (1988)

A review of vector quantization techniques used for encoding digital images is presented. First, the concept of vector quantization is introduced, then its application to digital images is explained. Spatial, predictive, transform, hybrid, binary, and subband vector quantizers are reviewed. The emphasis is on the usefulness of the vector quantization when it is combined with conventional image coding techniques, or when it is used in different domains.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Allylic and Allenic Halide Synthesis via NbCl<sub>5</sub>- and NbBr<sub>5</sub>-Mediated Alkoxide Rearrangements (2009)

Addition of NbCl(5) or NbBr(5) to a series of magnesium, lithium, or potassium allylic or propargylic alkoxides directly provides allylic or allenic halides. Halogenation formally occurs through a metalla-halo-[3,3] rearrangement, although concerted, ionic, and direct displacement mechanisms appear to operate competitively. Transposition of the olefin is equally effective for allylic alkoxides prepared by nucleophilic addition, deprotonation, or reduction. Experimentally, the niobium pentahalide halogenations are rapid, afford essentially pure (E)-allylic or -allenic halides after extraction, and are applicable to a range of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones.
Architectural support for designing fault-tolerant open distributed systems (1992)

An overview of the main techniques for designing fault-tolerant software and hardware systems is provided. The important features of the building blocks (computers, memories, buses, etc.) that can support an efficient implementation of fault-tolerant open distributed systems (FTODSs) are identified. Taking into account the features of these building blocks, an organization for FTODS is proposed. A distributed voting algorithm and a two-level hierarchy for permanent memory are key elements in this scheme. The algorithms needed for transferring files and synchronizing the concurrent activities of the computing modules and for recovery-are ISO standard protocols. Low-level voting and recovery algorithms that can run as a layer of software above the operating system make the open distributed system an attractive environment for applying fault-tolerant techniques.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Expected value of fuzzy variable and fuzzy expected value models (2002)

This paper will present a novel concept of expected values of fuzzy variables, which is essentially a type of Choquet integral and coincides with that of random variables. In order to calculate the expected value of general fuzzy variable, a fuzzy simulation technique is also designed. Finally, we construct a spectrum of fuzzy expected value models, and integrate fuzzy simulation, neural network, and genetic algorithms to produce a hybrid intelligent algorithm for solving general fuzzy expected value models.
Antigen persistence and the control of local T cell memory by migrant respiratory dendritic cells after acute virus infection (2010)

Acute viral infections induce robust adaptive immune responses resulting in virus clearance. Recent evidence suggests that there may be depots of viral antigen that persist in draining lymph nodes (DLNs) after virus clearance and could, therefore, affect the adaptive immune response and memory T cell formation. The nature of these residual antigen depots, the mechanism of antigen persistence, and the impact of the persistent antigen on memory T cells remain ill defined. Using a mouse model of influenza virus infection of the respiratory tract, we identified respiratory dendritic cells (RDCs) as essential for both sampling and presenting residual viral antigen. RDCs in the previously infected lung capture residual viral antigen deposited in an irradiation-resistant cell type. RDCs then transport the viral antigen to the LNs draining the site of infection, where they present the antigen to T cells. Lastly, we document preferential localization of memory T cells to the DLNs after virus clearance as a consequence of presentation of residual viral antigen by the migrant RDC.
Exploring Serverless Computing for Neural Network Training (2018)

Serverless or functions as a service runtimes have shown significant benefits to efficiency and cost for event-driven cloud applications. Although serverless runtimes are limited to applications requiring lightweight computation and memory, such as machine learning prediction and inference, they have shown improvements on these applications beyond other cloud runtimes. Training deep learning can be both compute and memory intensive. We investigate the use of serverless runtimes while leveraging data parallelism for large models, show the challenges and limitations due to the tightly coupled nature of such models, and propose modifications to the underlying runtime implementations that would mitigate them. For hyperparameter optimization of smaller deep learning models, we show that serverless runtimes can provide significant benefit.
Effect of poly‐<scp>L</scp>‐lysine coating on macrophage activation by alginate‐based microcapsules: Assessment using a new <i>in vitro</i> method (2005)

The characteristics of the microcapsule surface, which interacts directly with the host macrophages, may have a role in the biocompatibility of alginate-poly-L-lysine (PLL)-alginate (APA) microcapsule. The objectives of the study were: 1) to develop and validate a simple, rapid, and sensitive in vitro method for assessing microcapsule biocompatibility, based on microcapsule coincubation with macrophages and measurement, by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, of cytokine mRNA expression, and 2) to evaluate the effect of alginate purification and PLL coating on macrophage activation. The mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta was significantly higher when macrophages were coincubated with beads made with nonpurified compared with purified alginate (p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively) and negative control (p<0.001) or with APA microcapsules compared with non-PLL-coated alginate beads and negative control (p<0.001). The mRNA expression of interleukin-6 differed significantly only when APA microcapsules were compared with a negative control (p<0.05). These results confirm that alginate purification improves microcapsule biocompatibility, and suggest that PLL is not completely covered and/or neutralized by the second alginate incubation and thus has a role in the host macrophage activation. The assay is sensitive to both alginate contaminants and microcapsule surface characteristics and may be a useful tool for the development of biocompatible microcapsules.
FTGAN: A Fully-trained Generative Adversarial Networks for Text to Face Generation (2019)

As a sub-domain of text-to-image synthesis, text-to-face generation has huge potentials in public safety domain. With lack of dataset, there are almost no related research focusing on text-to-face synthesis. In this paper, we propose a fully-trained Generative Adversarial Network (FTGAN) that trains the text encoder and image decoder at the same time for fine-grained text-to-face generation. With a novel fully-trained generative network, FTGAN can synthesize higher-quality images and urge the outputs of the FTGAN are more relevant to the input sentences. In addition, we build a dataset called SCU-Text2face for text-to-face synthesis. Through extensive experiments, the FTGAN shows its superiority in boosting both generated images' quality and similarity to the input descriptions. The proposed FTGAN outperforms the previous state of the art, boosting the best reported Inception Score to 4.63 on the CUB dataset. On SCU-text2face, the face images generated by our proposed FTGAN just based on the input descriptions is of average 59% similarity to the ground-truth, which set a baseline for text-to-face synthesis.
Chemotherapy of Experimental Tuberculosis. VIII. The Synthesis of Acid Hydrazides, their Derivatives and Related Compounds<sup>1,2</sup> (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemotherapy of Experimental Tuberculosis. VIII. The Synthesis of Acid Hydrazides, their Derivatives and Related Compounds1,2Harry L. Yale, Kathryn Losee, Joseph Martins, Mary Holsing, Frances M. Perry, and Jack BernsteinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 8, 1933–1942Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01104a046https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01104a046research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2100Altmetric-Citations182LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Safety of low‐carbohydrate diets (2005)

Low-carbohydrate diets have re-emerged into the public spotlight and are enjoying a high degree of popularity as people search for a solution to the population's ever-expanding waistline. The current evidence though indicates that low-carbohydrate diets present no significant advantage over more traditional energy-restricted diets on long-term weight loss and maintenance. Furthermore, a higher rate of adverse side-effects can be attributed to low-carbohydrate dieting approaches. Short-term efficacy of low-carbohydrate diets has been demonstrated for some lipid parameters of cardiovascular risk and measures of glucose control and insulin sensitivity, but no studies have ascertained if these effects represent a change in primary outcome measures. Low-carbohydrate diets are likely effective and not harmful in the short term and may have therapeutic benefits for weight-related chronic diseases although weight loss on such a program should be undertaken under medical supervision. While new commercial incarnations of the low-carbohydrate diet are now addressing overall dietary adequacy by encouraging plenty of high-fibre vegetables, fruit, low-glycaemic-index carbohydrates and healthier fat sources, this is not the message that reaches the entire public nor is it the type of diet adopted by many people outside of the world of a well-designed clinical trial. Health effects of long-term ad hoc restriction of inherently beneficial food groups without a concomitant reduction in body weight remains unanswered.
Total Synthesis of Cystothiazole A by Microwave‐Assisted Olefin Cross‐Metathesis (2008)

Abstract A short and convergent synthesis of the myxobacterial antibiotic cystothiazole A by a microwave‐assisted olefin cross‐metathesis reaction and a sequential microwave‐assisted cross‐metathesis/Stille coupling is described. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Risk of Rupture: Patient-Specific FSI Simulations Using Anisotropic Model (2008)

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) rupture represents a major cardiovascular risk, combining complex vascular mechanisms weakening the abdominal artery wall coupled with hemodynamic forces exerted on the arterial wall. At present, a reliable method to predict AAA rupture is not available. Recent studies have introduced fluid structure interaction (FSI) simulations using isotropic wall properties to map regions of stress concentrations developing in the aneurismal wall as a much better alternative to the current clinical criterion, which is based on the AAA diameter alone. A new anisotropic material model of AAA that closely matches observed biomechanical AAA material properties was applied to FSI simulations of patient-specific AAA geometries in order to develop a more reliable predictor for its risk of rupture. Each patient-specific geometry was studied with and without an intraluminal thrombus (ILT) using two material models-the more commonly used isotropic material model and an anisotropic material model-to delineate the ILT contribution and the dependence of stress distribution developing within the aneurismal wall on the material model employed. Our results clearly indicate larger stress values for the anisotropic material model and a broader range of stress values as compared to the isotropic material, indicating that the latter may underestimate the risk of rupture. While the locations of high and low stresses are consistent in both material models, the differences between the anisotropic and isotropic models become pronounced at large values of strain-a range that becomes critical when the AAA risk of rupture is imminent. As the anisotropic model more closely matches the biomechanical behavior of the AAA wall and resolves directional strength ambiguities, we conclude that it offers a more reliable predictor of AAA risk of rupture.
Reinforcement Learning for Solving the Vehicle Routing Problem (2018)

We present an end-to-end framework for solving the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) using reinforcement learning. In this approach, we train a single model that finds near-optimal solutions for problem instances sampled from a given distribution, only by observing the reward signals and following feasibility rules. Our model represents a parameterized stochastic policy, and by applying a policy gradient algorithm to optimize its parameters, the trained model produces the solution as a sequence of consecutive actions in real time, without the need to re-train for every new problem instance. On capacitated VRP, our approach outperforms classical heuristics and Google's OR-Tools on medium-sized instances in solution quality with comparable computation time (after training). We demonstrate how our approach can handle problems with split delivery and explore the effect of such deliveries on the solution quality. Our proposed framework can be applied to other variants of the VRP such as the stochastic VRP, and has the potential to be applied more generally to combinatorial optimization problems.
Analgesia via blockade of NGF/TrkA signaling does not influence fracture healing in mice (2015)

Abatement of fracture-related pain is important in patient welfare. However, the frequently used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are considered to impair fracture healing through blockade of cyclooxygenase-2. An alternative for fracture-related pain treatment may be blockade of nerve growth factor (NGF)/neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 (TrkA) signaling. Because the effect of blocking this signal-pathway on bone healing has not been extensively investigated, we addressed this issue by applying neutralizing antibodies that target NGF and TrkA, respectively, in a mouse fracture model. Mice with a knock-in for human TrkA underwent femur osteotomy and were randomly allocated to phosphate-buffered-saline, anti-NGF-antibody, or anti-TrkA-antibody treatment. The analgesic effect of the antibodies was determined from the activity and the ground reaction force of the operated limb. The effect of antibody administration on fracture healing was assessed by histomorphometry, micro-computed tomography, and biomechanics. NGF/TrkA-signaling blockade had no negative effect on fracture healing as callus formation and maturation were not altered. Mice treated with anti-TrkA antibody displayed significantly greater activity on post-operative day 2 compared to PBS treatment indicating effective analgesia. Our data indicate, that blockade of NGF/TrkA signaling via specific neutralizing antibodies for pain reduction during fracture healing does not influence fracture healing.
Optical computing by injection-locked lasers (2017)

A programmable optical computer has remained an elusive concept. To construct a practical computing primitive equivalent to an electronic Boolean logic, one should find a nonlinear phenomenon that overcomes weaknesses present in many optical processing schemes. Ideally, the nonlinearity should provide a functionally complete set of logic operations, enable ultrafast all-optical programmability, and allow cascaded operations without a change in the operating wavelength or in the signal encoding format. Here we demonstrate a programmable logic gate using an injection-locked Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL). The gate program is switched between the AND and the OR operations at the rate of 1 GHz with Bit Error Ratio (BER) of 10e-6 without changes in the wavelength or in the signal encoding format. The scheme is based on nonlinearity of normalization operations, which can be used to construct any continuous complex function or operation, Boolean or otherwise.
Reducing Dy Content by Y Substitution in Nanocomposite NdFeB Alloys With Enhanced Magnetic Properties and Thermal Stability (2012)

Dy has been employed as an additive in NdFeB magnets to improve their coercivity and thermal stability, but the high cost of the Dy has become a major concern. In this work, the effects of Y substitution for Dy on the magnetic properties and thermal stability of melt-spun nanocomposite [Nd <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.8</sub> (Dy <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> Y <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> ) <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.2</sub> ] <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sub> Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">84</sub> B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> alloys have been systematically studied. The results show that Y substituting Dy can not only improve the remanence and energy product but also improve their thermal stability. [Nd <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.8</sub> (Dy <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.5</sub> Y <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.5</sub> ) <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.2</sub> ] <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sub> Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">84</sub> B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> alloy with 50% Dy reduction exhibits a high maximum energy product of 139 kJ/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> and low absolute values of temperature coefficients α and β, -0.090%/ <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C and -0.394%/ <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C, respectively. It is suggested that Y substitution be a feasible way to reduce the cost of the NdFeB magnets and maintain their high temperature performance.
Study of voice disorders in patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018)

Abstract Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchial asthma are known to cause adverse effects on voice, which might affect the quality of life of an individual. Aim The study was designed to study the voice disorders in patients with COPD and bronchial asthma and its relation to disease severity and medication. Patients and methods Totally, 60 patients were recruited: 30 stable bronchial asthma patients and 30 stable COPD patients. All participants underwent spirometry and study of voice parameters using auditory perceptual assessment, videolaryngostroboscopy system, voice recording, and acoustic analysis. Results Impaired voice quality and various grades of dysphonia were detected in the COPD group in 30% by means of auditory perceptual assessment; structural changes in the vocal folds (diffuse congestion, unhealthy mucosa, and edema) were detected in 36.6%. In the bronchial asthma group, impaired voice quality and various grades of dysphonia were detected in 16.7% and structural changes were detected in 20% of them, whereas acoustic analysis showed a highly significant increase in jitter and shimmer and decreased harmonic-to-noise ratio in 100% of patients of both groups. These changes were greater in metered dose inhaler users than in dry-powder inhaler users. In the bronchial asthma group, fluticasone propionate users had a significantly decreased harmonic-to-noise ratio compared with beclomethasone dipropionate and budesonide users, as well as the least pitch and highest shimmer and jitter. A significant statistical correlation was found between ipratropium inhalation usage and increased shimmer in the COPD group. There was a highly significant correlation between spirometric severity and both grade of dysphonia and character of voice in bronchial asthma patients. Conclusion All COPD and bronchial asthma patients had dysphonia, either due to organic causes or due to functional causes. Voice changes were directly correlated with degree of severity and fluticasone propionate inhalation use in bronchial asthma patients, and with ipratropium bromide inhalation in the COPD group.
Head pose estimation with one camera, in uncalibrated environments (2010)

Head pose together with eye gaze are a reliable indication regarding the estimate of the focus of attention of a person standing in front of a camera, with applications ranging from driver's attention estimation to meeting environments. As gaze indication, eye gaze in non-intrusive or non highly specialized environments is, most times, difficult to detect and, when possible, combination with head pose is necessary. Also, in order to successfully track the rotation angles of the head, a priori knowledge regarding the equipment setup parameters is needed, or specialized hardware, that can be intrusive is required. Here, we propose a novel facial feature tracker that uses Distance Vector Fields (DVFs) and, combined with a new technique for face tracking, successfully detects facial feature positions during an image sequence and estimates head pose parameters. No a priori knowledge regarding camera or environmental parameters is needed for our technique.