gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Challenges to Licensure of Enterovirus 71 Vaccines (2012)

Human enteroviruses usually cause self-limited infections except polioviruses and enterovirus 71 (EV71), which frequently involve neurological complications. EV71 vaccines are being evaluated in humans. However, several challenges to licensure of EV71 vaccines need to be addressed. Firstly, EV71 and coxsackievirus A (CA) are frequently found to co-circulate and cause hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD). A polyvalent vaccine that can provide protection against EV71 and prevalent CA are desirable. Secondly, infants are the target population of HFMD vaccines and it would need multi-national efficacy trials to prove clinical protection and speed up the licensure and usage of HFMD vaccines in children. An international network for enterovirus surveillance and clinical trials is urgently needed. Thirdly, EV71 is found to evolve quickly in the past 15 years. Prospective cohort studies are warranted to clarify clinical and epidemiological significances of the antigenic and genetic variations between different EV71 genogroups, which is critical for vaccine design.
Suprathreshold Stochastic Firing Dynamics with Memory in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">P</mml:mi></mml:math>-Type Electroreceptors (2000)

Weakly electric fish generate a periodic electric field as a carrier signal for active location and communication tasks. Highly sensitive P-type receptors on their surface fire in response to carrier amplitude modulations (AM's) in a noisy phase locked fashion. A simple generic model of receptor activity and signal encoding is presented. Its suprathreshold dynamics, memory and receptor noise reproduce observed firing interval distributions and correlations. The model ultimately explains how smooth responses to AM's are compatible with its nonlinear phase locking properties, and reveals how receptor noise can sometimes enhance the encoding of small yet suprathreshold AM's.
Sensory Evaluation of Strawberry Fruit Stored under Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) by Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (1992)

ABSTRACT Strawberries unpackaged or packaged in high barrier film pouches flushed with carbon dioxide, mixed gas, or air were stored at 1°C for 10 days. Sensory data evaluated by quantitative descriptive analysis showed significant differences among the different treatments and storage time. Principal component analysis indicated that the changes in sensory quality of samples under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) were mainly a contrast of desirable attributes (strawberry odor, sweetness and texture) vs undesirable attributes (off‐odor, fermented and musty odors, and bitterness). Packaged strawberries treated with air retained desirable attributes longer than those treated with mixed gas or carbon dioxide, while unpackaged strawberries developed fungal growth after 6 days.
Setting irrigation fees: reconciling the need for funds with farmers' ability to pay (2011)

‘User fees for irrigation are fine in principle, but irrigation is expensive. Is it realistic to expect that low-income farmers can afford to pay for the costs of irrigation?’ This fundamental question, which is commonly raised in deliberations on national policies for irrigation financing, is the focus of this chapter. Before proceeding further, however, we need to clarify what we mean by the term ‘afford’. We need to distinguish between a narrow, strictly economic meaning of the word and a broader meaning that also incorporates political concerns.
Data-driven Summarization of Scientific Articles (2018)

Data-driven approaches to sequence-to-sequence modelling have been successfully applied to short text summarization of news articles. Such models are typically trained on input-summary pairs consisting of only a single or a few sentences, partially due to limited availability of multi-sentence training data. Here, we propose to use scientific articles as a new milestone for text summarization: large-scale training data come almost for free with two types of high-quality summaries at different levels - the title and the abstract. We generate two novel multi-sentence summarization datasets from scientific articles and test the suitability of a wide range of existing extractive and abstractive neural network-based summarization approaches. Our analysis demonstrates that scientific papers are suitable for data-driven text summarization. Our results could serve as valuable benchmarks for scaling sequence-to-sequence models to very long sequences.
A dynamic tire/road friction model for 3D vehicle control and simulation (2001)

A tire/road friction model based on the LuGre dry friction model and on tire dynamics is presented. The dynamics of the longitudinal and lateral forces, and the self-aligning torque are described by a set of first order differential equations. This model is suitable for 3D vehicle traction/braking simulation and control. A comparison of the forces and torque produced by this dynamic model with the well known "magic formula" is presented.
Different IgE Reactivity Profiles in Birch Pollen-Sensitive Patients from Six European Populations Revealed by Recombinant Allergens: An Imprint of Local Sensitization (2002)

Component-resolved allergy diagnosis with recombinant allergens reveals that the IgE reactivity profiles to individual birch pollen allergens vary between European populations. This observation may be explained by sensitization to different allergen sources and will have an impact on allergen-specific prevention and therapy strategies.
Phase II Trial of Intravesical Gemcitabine in Bacille Calmette-Guérin–Refractory Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder (2006)

Purpose The aim of this phase II study was to determine the efficacy of gemcitabine administered as an intravesical agent in patients with bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) –refractory transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Patients and Methods Patients with superficial bladder cancer refractory or intolerant to intravesical BCG therapy and refusing a cystectomy were considered eligible for the trial. Eligible patients received two courses of intravesical gemcitabine twice weekly at a dose of 2,000 mg/100 mL for 3 consecutive weeks, with each course separated by 1 week of rest. Patients were evaluated for response at 8 weeks, then every 3 months to 1 year. Results Thirty eligible patients were included on study. The median follow-up for all the patients was 19 months (range, 0 to 35 months). Of the 30 patients, 15 (50%; 95% CI, 32% to 68%) achieved a complete response (CR). Twelve patients had tumor recurrence with a median recurrence-free survival time of 3.6 months (95% CI, 2.9 to 11.0 months). Two patients maintained a CR at 23 and 29 months, respectively. The 1-year recurrence-free survival rate for patients with a CR was 21% (95% CI, 0% to 43%). Two patients progressed to a higher stage while receiving gemcitabine treatment. The median follow-up for patients who did not have a progression or a cystectomy was 19 months (range, 2 to 35 months). Eleven patients (37%) underwent a cystectomy subsequent to gemcitabine therapy. Conclusion Gemcitabine has activity in a high-risk patient population and remains a viable option for some patients who refuse cystectomy.
Effect of fatty acids on glucose production and utilization in man. (1983)

Since the initial proposal of the glucose fatty acid cycle, considerable controversy has arisen concerning its physiologic significance in vivo. In the present study, we examined the effect of acute, physiologic elevations of FFA concentrations on glucose production and uptake in normal subjects under three controlled experimental conditions. In group A, plasma insulin levels were raised and maintained at approximately 100 microU/ml above base line by an insulin infusion, while holding plasma glucose at the fasting level by a variable glucose infusion. In group B, plasma glucose concentration was raised by 125 mg/100 ml and plasma insulin was clamped at approximately 50 microU/ml by a combined infusion of somatostatin and insulin. In group C, plasma glucose was raised by 200 mg/100 ml above the fasting level, while insulin secretion was inhibited with somatostatin and peripheral glucagon levels were replaced with a glucagon infusion (1 ng/min X kg). Each protocol was repeated in the same subject in combination with a lipid-heparin infusion designed to raise plasma FFA levels by 1.5-2.0 mumol/ml. With euglycemic hyperinsulinemia (study A), lipid infusion caused a significant inhibition of total glucose uptake (6.3 +/- 1.3 vs. 7.4 +/- 0.6 mg/min X kg, P less than 0.02). Endogenous glucose production (estimated by the [3-3H]glucose technique) was completely suppressed both with and without lipid infusion. With hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemia (study B), lipid infusion also induced a marked impairment in glucose utilization (6.2 +/- 1.1 vs. 9.8 +/- 1.9 mg/min X kg, P less than 0.05); endogenous glucose production was again completely inhibited despite the increase in FFA concentrations. Under both conditions (A and B), the percentage inhibition of glucose uptake by FFA was positively correlated with the total rate of glucose uptake (r = 0.69, P less than 0.01). In contrast, when hyperglycemia was associated with relative insulinopenia and hyperglucagonemia (study C), thus simulating a diabetic state, lipid infusion had no effect on glucose uptake (2.9 +/- 0.2 vs. 2.6 +/- 0.2 mg/min X kg) but markedly stimulated endogenous glucose production (1.4 +/- 0.5 vs. 0.5 +/- 0.4 mg/min X kg, P less than 0.005). Under the same conditions as study C, a glycerol infusion producing plasma glycerol levels similar to those achieved with lipid-heparin, enhanced endogenous glucose production (1.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 0.7 +/- 0.6 mg/min X kg, P less than 0.05). We conclude that, in the well-insulinized state raised FFA levels effectively compete with glucose for uptake by peripheral tissues, regardless of the presence of hyperglycemia. When insulin is deficient, on the other hand, elevated rates of lipolysis may contribute to hyperglycemia not by competition for fuel utilization, but through an enhancement of endogenous glucose output.
Effect of a Magnetic Field on Drosophila under Supercooled Conditions (2012)

Under subzero degree conditions, free water contained in biological cells tends to freeze and then most living things die due to low temperatures. We examined the effect of a variable magnetic field on Drosophila under supercooled conditions (a state in which freezing is not caused even below the freezing point). Under such supercooled conditions with the magnetic field at 0°C for 72 hours, -4°C for 24 hours and -8°C for 1 hour, the Drosophila all survived, while all conversely died under the supercooled conditions without the magnetic field. This result indicates a possibility that the magnetic field can reduce cell damage caused due to low temperatures in living things.
Circular dichroism and ordered structure of bisnucleoside oligophosphates and their zinc(2+) and magnesium(2+) complexes (1983)

Circular dichroism, absorbance, hypochromicity, and the formation of Mg2+ and Zn2+ complexes have been measured for a series of bisnucleoside oligophosphates that contain adenosine, guanosine, and mixed guanosine/adenosine, guanosine/cytidine, and guanosine/uridine, as well as 7-methylguanosine and ribose-methylated purine nucleosides. All of the metal complex ions have stacking interactions at 2 degrees C, 10 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride, pH 8.0. There is a measurable degree of base stacking for all unsubstituted purine nucleotides that differs, however, from that of bases in nucleic acids. The degree of base stacking varies with the length of oligophosphate chains and the state of methylation. The effect of 7-methylation of guanosine is interpreted as causing a switch of nucleic acid base stacking from an atypical to a typical mode, which could be important for cap function in mRNA. The Mg2+ and Zn2+ complexes give rise to characteristic circular dichroism. In all instances excepting 7-methylated bisguanosine oligophosphates, the active secondary structures are disrupted, and in this regard, Zn2+ is more effective than Mg2+. At least two sets of binding sites are involved. A single metal ion is bound tightly. Stability, in terms of equilibrium constants, increases by more than 1000-fold as a function of chain length varying from two to six phosphates. The consequences of methylation are only minor. Electrostatic attraction between metal ions and phosphates is the most likely mechanism of these phenomena as judged by the effect of high ionic strength.
Regioselective Alkylation of 2-Alkyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-cycloheptimidazol-4-ones and 2-Alkyl-3H-cycloheptimidazol-4-ones (2006)

Regioselective alkylation of 2-alkyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-cycloheptimidazol-4-one (1) and 2-alkyl-3H-cycloheptimidazol-4-one (2) was investigated. 3-[2'-(1-tert-Butyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-ylmethyl]-2-propyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1H-cycloheptimidazol-4-one (6) was preferentially obtained under the conditions by using NaH in DMF or THF. On the other hand, 3-[2'-(1-tert-butyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-ylmethyl]-2-propyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-cycloheptimidazol-4-one (5), the synthetic intermediate compound of Pratosartan, was obtained selectively in the presence of n-Bu(4)NBr in toluene by using aqueous sodium hydroxide as a base. In this reaction, it was found that the concentration of the alkaline solution influences its regioselectivity. This selectivity was observed even for aldehyde and ester derivatives.
<title>A faster technique for rendering meshes in multiple display systems</title> (2003)

Level of detail algorithms have widely been implemented in architectural VR walkthroughs and video games, but have not had widespread use in VR terrain visualization systems. This thesis explains a set of optimizations to allow most current level of detail algorithms run in the types of multiple display systems used in VR. It improves both the visual quality of the system through use of graphics hardware acceleration, and improves the framerate and running time through moifications to the computaitons that drive the algorithms. Using ROAM as a testbed, results show improvements between 10% and 100% on varying machines.
Rhesus Monkey ( <i>Macaca mulatta</i> ) Mucosal Antimicrobial Peptides Are Close Homologues of Human Molecules (2001)

One component of host defense at mucosal surfaces appears to be epithelium-derived antimicrobial peptides. Molecules of the defensin and cathelicidin families have been studied in several species, including human and mouse. We describe in this report the identification and characterization of rhesus monkey homologues of human mucosal antimicrobial peptides. Using reverse transcriptase PCR methodology, we cloned the cDNAs of rhesus monkey beta-defensin 1 and 2 (rhBD-1 and rhBD-2) and rhesus monkey LL-37/CAP-18 (rhLL-37/rhCAP-18). The predicted amino acid sequences showed a high degree of homology to the human molecules. The expression of the monkey antimicrobial peptides was analyzed using immunohistochemistry with three polyclonal antibodies to the human molecules. As in humans, rhesus monkey antimicrobial peptides are expressed in epithelia of various organs. The present study demonstrates that beta-defensins and cathelicidins of rhesus monkeys are close homologues to the human molecules and indicate that nonhuman primates represent valid model organisms to study innate immune functions.
The Genetic and Cultural Transmission of Alcohol Use, Alcoholism, Cigarette Smoking and Coffee Drinking: A Review and an Example using a Log Linear Cultural Transmission Model (1985)

Summary The simplifying assumptions made by geneticists in the study of behaviour have been reviewed and their relation to the genetics of substance use and abuse have been specified. The most notable problems are the validity of genetic estimates for substance use based on twin data when within twin pair competition or mutual effects have been shown to be present and the fact that broad secular changes in alcohol consumption render heritability values valid only for certain populations at specific points in time. Behaviour genetic methods can however provide information about different sources of environmental variation and tend to show that the family is of little importance, especially for personality traits as well for some aspects of substance use. A simple model to investigate familial and cultural transmission is suggested for traits such as substance use that do not appear, on a priori grounds, to have a strong genetic predisposition.
Performance modelling of pull manufacturing systems with batch servers (2002)

Our study was motivated by the discussion on whether and how to implement kanban-like production control systems in semiconductor fabrication facilities. In this paper we investigate the impact of buffer allocation and batching strategy on the performance of a single-card kanban system. We extend the methodology presented by Mitra and Mitrani (1990) for the case of batch servers. We compare numerical approximations using our new algorithm with simulations of several configurations.
A low-profile, broadband balun feed (2002)

A low-profile balun approach is described which is a modified version of the proven exponential tapered balun, capturing its inherent broadband, low-cost characteristics in a compact package. This approach provides a broadband antenna with coaxial connectors suitable for low-profile skin mounting. It may also be used with conventional cavity-backed antennas. Implementation methods apply to single- and dual-polarized apertures. Hardware design configurations and preliminary test data voltage standing wave ratios are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Controlling Nanoparticle Dynamics in Conical Nanopores (2012)

Conical nanopores are a powerful tool for characterizing nanoscale particles and even small molecules. Although the technique provides a wealth of information, such pores are limited in their ability to investigate particle dynamics due to high particle velocities through a very short sensing zone. In this report, we demonstrate the use of applied pressure to balance electrokinetic forces acting on 8 nm diameter Au nanoparticles as they translocate through a ∼10 nm diameter orifice. This force balance provides a means to vary nanoparticle velocity by 3 orders of magnitude, allowing for their detection and characterization on time scales as long as 100 ms. We studied nanoparticles having different zeta potentials by varying salt concentration, applied pressure, and voltage to reveal the point at which forces are balanced and the particle velocities approach zero. Variation of the voltage around this force balance point provides a means to precisely control the magnitude and direction of the particle translocation velocity. Nanoparticle velocities computed from finite-element simulations as a function of applied pressure and voltage yield predictions in semiquantitative agreement with the experimental results. Optimizing the conditions of these techniques will allow the characterization of particles and their dynamics down to the smallest end of the nanoscale range.
Temporal Aspects of the Electroretinogram in Diabetic Retinopathy (1987)

We measured the temporal aspects of several components of the electroretinogram in 72 patients with diabetes and 29 control subjects. The measurements consisted of the implicit times of the a wave and oscillatory potentials elicited by a bright-flash stimulus and the implicit time of the b wave in response to a 30-Hz flickering light. The a wave and first three oscillatory potential nodes were significantly delayed in the patients with diabetes compared with the controls; among the diabetics, a significant increase in the delay of the second and third nodes occurred as a function of increasing retinopathy severity. Similarly, the 30-Hz flicker implicit times (with and without a background light) were significantly delayed in patients with diabetes, and the magnitude of the delay increased with increasing retinopathy severity. The correlations of 30-Hz flicker implicit times with retinopathy severity were significant for retinopathy level graded in color fundus photographs as well as for retinal capillary nonperfusion and leakage graded in fluorescein angiograms. A comparison of 30-Hz flicker implicit times in 15 patients with one eye treated with panretinal laser photocoagulation and the other eye untreated (treatment was randomly assigned) showed a significant delay in the treated eyes compared with the untreated eyes (paired eye comparison). This suggests that panretinal laser photocoagulation induces a further delay in the b-wave implicit times of eyes treated for diabetic retinopathy.
Fick's second law transformed: one path to cloaking in mass diffusion (2013)

Here, we adapt the concept of transformational thermodynamics, whereby the flux of temperature is controlled via anisotropic heterogeneous diffusivity, for the diffusion and transport of mass concentration. The n-dimensional, time-dependent, anisotropic heterogeneous Fick's equation is considered, which is a parabolic partial differential equation also applicable to heat diffusion, when convection occurs, for example, in fluids. This theory is illustrated with finite-element computations for a liposome particle surrounded by a cylindrical multi-layered cloak in a water-based environment, and for a spherical multi-layered cloak consisting of layers of fluid with an isotropic homogeneous diffusivity, deduced from an effective medium approach. Initial potential applications could be sought in bioengineering.
Endothelin-1 and Nitric Oxide Concentrations and Their Response to Exercise in Patients With Slow Coronary Flow (2003)

In this study, the endothelin-1 (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in slow coronary flow (SCF) patients were assessed before and at the peak of the exercise stress test and compared with the values from healthy controls. The study population was 25 patients who underwent coronary angiography and were diagnosed as SCF (11 females (44%), aged 56.7+/-9.8 years), and 20 normal subjects (9 females (45%), aged 54.3+/-9.2 years). Mean TIMI frame count in the patients was 54.1+/-13.4. Blood samples were drawn at rest and immediately at the end of exercise testing. The baseline ET-1 concentrations of the control subjects were lower than those of the patients (7.0+/-4.5 pg/ml vs 11.1+/-5.9 pg/ml p<0.0001) and this difference increased after exercise (6.2+/-4.3 pg/ml vs 20.1 +/-10.4 pg/ml, p<0.0001). Post-exercise ET-1 concentrations were significantly higher than baseline in patients with SCF (p<0.0001) and a reduction in the ET-1 concentrations was observed in control subjects (p<0.05). Baseline NO concentrations of the patients were lower than those of the control subjects (27 +/-5.1 micromol/L vs 31.2+/-4.9 micromol/L, p=0.0001). Although the NO concentrations in both groups were significantly increased after exercise (29.4 +/-5.9 micromol/L vs 33.3+/-5.6 micromol/L, p<0.05 for both), the difference was not significant. A significant negative correlation among post-exercise ET-1 concentrations and maximal heart rate, exercise duration and exercise rate - pressure product, and a significant positive correlation among post-exercise NO concentrations and maximal heart rate and exercise duration were observed in both groups. The results of this study show that endothelial function (assessed by ET-1 and NO concentrations) and its response to exercise were abnormal in SCF patients compared with healthy subjects, and this may play some pathophysiologic role.