gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Bulky and Electron-Rich MOP-type Ligands and Their Applications in Palladium-Catalyzed C−N Bond Formation (2006)

A series of 2-dialkylphosphino-2'-alkoxy-1,1'-binaphthyl ligands (6a-c and 8a-c) have been prepared conveniently by a lithium-initiated ring-opening reaction of dinaphthofuran, followed by selective phosphorylation. These compounds displayed a remarkable air and moisture stability, both in solid form and in solution. Application of these phosphine ligands in palladium-catalyzed C-N bond forming reactions revealed the crucial roles of the steric bulk of the substituents on the phosphorus atom governing the catalytic activity. Specifically, 2-di-tert-butylphosphino-2'-isopropoxy-1,1'-binaphthyl (8b) proved to be the most effective for the aminations of aryl halides with primary amines, while the less bulky 2-dicyclohexyl-2'-methoxy-1,1'-binaphthyl (6a) was more effective for the aminations with secondary amines. The steric and electronic effects of the ligands were analyzed to account for these observations.
Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Technical Potential in the United States. A Detailed Assessment (2016)

How much energy could be generated if PV modules were installed on all of the suitable roof area in the nation? To answer this question, we first use GIS methods to process a lidar dataset and determine the amount of roof area that is suitable for PV deployment in 128 cities nationwide, containing 23% of U.S. buildings, and provide PV-generation results for a subset of those cities. We then extend the insights from that analysis to the entire continental United States. We develop two statistical models--one for small buildings and one for medium and large buildings--and populate them with geographic variables that correlate with rooftop's suitability for PV. We simulate the productivity of PV installed on the suitable roof area, and present the technical potential of PV on both small buildings and medium/large buildings for every state in the continental US. Within the 128 cities covered by lidar data, 83% of small buildings have a location suitable for a PV installation, but only 26% of the total rooftop area of small buildings is suitable for development. The sheer number of buildings in this class, however, gives small buildings the greatest technical potential. Small building rooftops could accommodate 731 GW of PV capacity and generate 926 TWh/year of PV energy, approximately 65% of rooftop PV's total technical potential. We conclude by summing the PV-generation results for all building sizes and therefore answering our original question, estimating that the total national technical potential of rooftop PV is 1,118 GW of installed capacity and 1,432 TWh of annual energy generation. This equates to 39% of total national electric-sector sales.
A New Rice Seedling Test for Gibberellins, 'Microdrop Method', and its Use for Testing Extracts of Rice and Morning Glory (1968)

A new bioassay is described which is based upon the elongation response of the second leaf sheath of rice plants to gibberellins. Rice seedlings, at their first leaf stage, were treated by applying gibberellins to coleoptils in a 1μl drop of 50% acetone using a micropipette. Agar blocks can be used in place of test solution.By means of this method, five cultivars of rice, including one normal and four dwarfs of different simple recessives, were tested for their response to gibberellins A1 to A5. Gibberellins A1 and A3 are of high potency in these cultivars. The dwarfs differ in the specificity of their response to gibberellins. For example, 'Tan-ginbozu' responses well but 'Waito-C' much less to Gibberellin A5. These dwarfs can be used as a 'mutiple plant assay' to detect gibberellins with similar structures. Gibberellin A3can be bioassayed in the range from 0.05 up to 100mμg using the 'Tan-ginbozu' dwarf.The rice test using microdrop application was less susceptible to inhibiting substances such as Abscisin II, fusarinic acid, and indoleacetic acid than the test using the application in growing media. Because of this and because of the rapidity and high sensitivity of the test, it has been successfully applied to the estimation of gibberellin-like substances in extracts from small quantities of rice shoots and Pharbitis nilseeds.The chromatographic behavior of the active zone of rice shoot material was similar to that of gibberellin A3. Bioassays on extracts ofPharbitis nilseeds using the 'Tan-ginbozu' and 'Waito-C' dwarfs indicated the presence of gibberellin-like substances with differential effects on the two dwarfs.
Gut microbiota profile in children affected by atopic dermatitis and evaluation of intestinal persistence of a probiotic mixture (2019)

Atopic dermatitis (AD) has been hypothesised to be associated with gut microbiota (GM) composition. We performed a comparative study of the GM profile of 19 AD children and 18 healthy individuals aimed at identifying bacterial biomarkers associated with the disease. The effect of probiotic intake (Bifidobacterium breve plus Lactobacillus salivarius) on the modulation of GM and the probiotic persistence in the GM were also evaluated. Faecal samples were analysed by real-time PCR and 16S rRNA targeted metagenomics. Although the probiotics, chosen for this study, did not shape the entire GM profile, we observed the ability of these species to pass through the gastrointestinal tract and to persist (only B. breve) in the GM. Moreover, the GM of patients compared to CTRLs showed a dysbiotic status characterised by an increase of Faecalibacterium, Oscillospira, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides and Sutterella and a reduction of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria (i.e., Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Coprococcus, Eubacterium and Propionibacterium). Taken togheter these results show an alteration in AD microbiota composition with the depletion or absence of some species, opening the way to future probiotic intervention studies.
Soft Elastomers for Fused Deposition Modeling (2018)

This paper describes an ongoing effort towards extending the capabilities of the fused deposition\nmodeling (FDM) process to soft thermoplastic elastomers (STPEs). Two thermoplastic\nelastomers with hardness of 72 and 78 Shore A, respectively, have been processed into 0.070"\n(1.78 mm) filament stock for use in the FDM 1600 rapid prototyping system. The FDM 1600\nliquifier subsystem has been modified to accommodate the reduced column strength ofthe STPE\nfilament stock. Sample STPE parts have been fabricated with ABS material support structures.
LPC analysis/Synthesis from speech inputs containing quantizing noise or additive white noise (1976)

An important problem in some communication systems is the performance of linear prediction (LPC) analysis with speech inputs that have been corrupted by (signal-correlated) quantization distortion or additive white noise. To gain a first insight into this problem, a high-quality speech sample was deliberately degraded by using various degrees (bit rates of 16 kbps and more) of differential PCM (DPCM), and delta modulation (DM) quantization, and by the introduction of additive white noise. The resulting speech samples were then analyzed to obtain the LPC control signals: pitch, gain, and the linear prediction coefficients. These control parameters were then compared to the parameters measured in the original, high quality signal. The measurements of pitch perturbations were assessed on the basis of how many points exceeded an appropriate difference limen. A distance measure proposed by Itakura was used to compare the original LPC coefficients with the coefficients measured from the degraded speech. In addition, the measured control signals were used to synthesize speech for perceptual evaluation. Results suggest that LPC analysis/synthesis is fairly immune to the degradation of DPCM quantization. The effects of DM quantization are more severe and the effects of additive white noise are the most serious.
Factors affecting the degree of phosphate‐removal in the system FeCl<sub>3</sub>‐orthophosphate and nature of the precipitates (1979)

Abstract In this batch type parametric study the influence of phosphate concentrations on the extent of its removal by constant amount of FeCl 3 at different pH, temperature and aging time is evaluated. The efficiency of FeCl 3 in removing the phosphate is strongly dependent on the pH of the precipitation. At P/Fe molar ratios of higher than 0.5 the pH of maximum phosphate removal is found to be at pH 2.5 and is followed by pH 4, 6 and 9. The optimum pH for maximal phosphate removal greatly varies with the amount of phosphate present relative to that of iron present. It is also observed that maximal phosphate removal by FeCl 3 ‐solution is achieved at P/Fe ratios of more than 1, 0 suggesting that in removal process not only Fe 3+ but also colloidal hydroxide particles could play an important role. The samples of non‐aged synthesized precipitates obtained at P/Fe ratios of 8, 4 and 2 at pH 2.5 are found to have characteristic lines of strengite. The formation of strengite at room temperature from fresh solutions has not previously been reported. Thermally treated precipitates with the characteristic lines of strengite transform into a quartz‐like phase which suggests that the loss of the coordinated water leads to a compound like ABO 4 where A and B both are in tetrahedral coordination. Upon heat treatment, the amorphous precipitates, having P/Fe ratios > 0.5, obtained between pH 2.5 and 6 result in a quartzlike phase. However, the characteristic lines of the quartz phase are not of the same intensity. In contrast, the precipitates having P/Fe ratios < 0.5 transform into hematite after heat treatment. The thermally treated products of precipitates obtained at pH 9 are found to have η‐Fe 2 O 3 phase which indicates that basic phosphates formed at this pH are structurally similar to that of basic sulfates.
The Relative Effect of Paint Film Thickness on Bimetallic and Crevice Corrosion (1986)

Examen de la contribution de chaque couche protectrice (par rapport a leur epaisseur) dans la reduction de la permeation a l'eau, l'oxygene et le chlorure de sodium et de la corrosion resultante
3D morphometry of red blood cells by digital holography (2014)

Three dimensional (3D) morphometric analysis of flowing and not-adherent cells is an important aspect for diagnostic purposes. However, diagnostics tools need to be quantitative, label-free and, as much as possible, accurate. Recently, a simple holographic approach, based on shape from silhouette algorithm, has been demonstrated for accurate calculation of cells biovolume and displaying their 3D shapes. Such approach has been adopted in combination with holographic optical tweezers and successfully applied to cells with convex shape. Nevertheless, unfortunately, the method fails in case of specimen with concave surfaces. Here, we propose an effective approach to achieve correct 3D shape measurement that can be extended in case of cells having concave surfaces, thus overcoming the limit of the previous technique. We prove the new procedure for healthy red blood cells (RBCs) (i.e., discocytes) having a concave surface in their central region. Comparative analysis of experimental results with a theoretical 3D geometrical model of RBC is discussed in order to evaluate accuracy of the proposed approach. Finally, we show that the method can be also useful to classify, in terms of morphology, different varieties of RBCs.
Copper-related deep level defects in III–V semiconductors (1983)

Copper-diffused InP and GaAs have been studied using junction space-charge spectroscopy. Two dominant copper-related deep level defects are observed in both materials. Photoionization cross sections of holes and electrons, thermal hole emission rates, and one electron capture cross section have been measured. In InP one of the ionization spectra exhibits a pronounced phonon-related structure. The results, together with previous work on GaAs:Cu, GaP:Cu, GaAs:Cu, and AlGaAs:Cu, indicate a common geometrical structure for each of the two copper-related defects in all the materials.
SrTiO<inf>3</inf> thin film decoupling capacitors on Si interposers for 3D system integration (2009)

Simultaneous switching noise (SSN) suppression is a serious problem when operating 3D large-scale integrated circuits (3D LSIs). Thin film capacitors directly connected to LSIs using 3D integration technology are expected to reduce impedance for a power distribution network (PDN). We fabricated various multi-terminal 10 times 10 mm SrTiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> thin film capacitors with the capacitance values larger than 1 muF, and explored the impedance in a high frequency region. The equivalent series resistance (ESR) and equivalent series inductance (ESL) values for the metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors are affected by the number of contacts. Typically, the ESR values are less than 1 mOmega and the ESL values are estimated to be a few pH. The SrTiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> MIM capacitors on Si interposers are suitable for reducing both self- and transfer-impedance of a PDN for 3D-LSIs.
On the derivation of the optimal payload size for packet based transmission over a binary symmetrical communication channel (2002)

A criterion function for selecting the optimal payload size in data transmission over a binary symmetrical communication channel is presented. The work assumes that the packets comprise a fixed size header and variable length payload. The conventional criterion function is based on the ratio between payload size and mean number of transmitted bits per packet, which includes re-transmissions of corrupted packets. Applying a logarithm to the inverse of this criterion function makes the resulting function very suitable for mathematical analysis. This also facilitates parameter sensitivity studies without recourse to numerical methods. As such, this helps to visualise and understand the problem of optimal payload length selection when teaching courses in signal processing for communications and multimedia.
The E2 protein of human papillomavirus type 16 is translated from a variety of differentially spliced polycistronic mRNAs. (1999)

The major regulation protein of human papillomavirus (HPV) transcription is the viral E2 protein. Previous studies have identified a variety of alternatively spliced mRNAs containing multiple open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the E2 protein of HPV type 16. In these mRNAs the E2 ORF is contained as an internal ORF. In the present study, the translational capacities of three mRNA species starting at the p97 promoter and containing the 880/2581, 880/2708 and 226/2708 splice junctions upstream of the E2 ORF were investigated. Partial cDNAs spanning the E2 ORF and the related upstream ORFs were synthesized and assessed for E2 protein translation in vivo, in COS cells, and in vitro, in cell-free systems. Results of these analyses indicated that E2 protein was translated from all three mRNAs. Translation efficiency of E2 from the natural polycistronic templates was lower compared with that from a synthetic monocistronic control. Translation from the d-type bicistronic template (226/2708) was more efficient than that from the a-type (880/2708) and a'-type (880/2561) polycistronic templates. Further investigation of the translation of proteins encoded by the ORFs preceding the E2 ORF showed that a- and a'-type templates served for translation mainly of E7 but also of E61, while the d-type template served for translation of E6IV. Overall, the translation data support the suggestion that the corresponding mRNAs may function as polycistronic transcripts.
Deficiency of the Stress Kinase P38α Results in Embryonic Lethality (2000)

The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase p38 is a key component of stress response pathways and the target of cytokine-suppressing antiinflammatory drugs (CSAIDs). A genetic approach was employed to inactivate the gene encoding one p38 isoform, p38alpha. Mice null for the p38alpha allele die during embryonic development. p38alpha(1/)- embryonic stem (ES) cells grown in the presence of high neomycin concentrations demonstrated conversion of the wild-type allele to a targeted allele. p38alpha(-/)- ES cells lacked p38alpha protein and failed to activate MAP kinase-activated protein (MAPKAP) kinase 2 in response to chemical stress inducers. In contrast, p38alpha(1/+) ES cells and primary embryonic fibroblasts responded to stress stimuli and phosphorylated p38alpha, and activated MAPKAP kinase 2. After in vitro differentiation, both wild-type and p38alpha(-/)- ES cells yielded cells that expressed the interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R). p38alpha(1/+) but not p38alpha(-/)- IL-1R-positive cells responded to IL-1 activation to produce IL-6. Comparison of chemical-induced apoptosis processes revealed no significant difference between the p38alpha(1/+) and p38alpha(-/)- ES cells. Therefore, these studies demonstrate that p38alpha is a major upstream activator of MAPKAP kinase 2 and a key component of the IL-1 signaling pathway. However, p38alpha does not serve an indispensable role in apoptosis.
Therapeutic efficacy of bacteriophage and Baytril (enrofloxacin) individually and in combination to treat colibacillosis in broilers (2004)

A study was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of bacteriophage and the antibiotic enrofloxacin individually and in combination to treat colibacillosis. The experimental design was a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial with 8 treatments and 4 replicate pens of 10 birds. The treatments were 1) control, 2) unchallenged birds treated with bacteriophage, 3) enrofloxacin, or 4) the combination; 5) birds challenged with Escherichia coli, and birds challenged with E. coli and treated with 6) bacteriophage, 7) enrofloxacin, or 8) the combination of bacteriophage and enrofloxacin. Birds in the E. coli challenged treatments were challenged at 7 d of age by injecting 10(4) cfu of E. coli into the thoracic air sac. The antibiotic treatment was initiated immediately after the birds were challenged and consisted of 50 ppm enrofloxacin in the drinking water for 7 consecutive days. The bacteriophage treatment consisted of a single intramuscular injection of 2 different bacteriophage (10(9) pfu) administered immediately after the E. coli challenge. Mortality in the birds challenged with E. coli and untreated was 68%, and the bacteriophage and enrofloxacin treatments significantly decreased mortality to 15 and 3%, respectively. There was total protection in birds that received both the bacteriophage and enrofloxacin representing a significant synergy. The decrease in mortality with enrofloxacin (3%) was significantly better than the decrease in mortality with bacteriophage (15%). Airsacculitis lesion scores and lesion incidence in surviving birds were significantly less in the enrofloxacin treatment compared with the bacteriophage treatment. Both bacteriophage and enrofloxacin provided effective treatments of colibacillosis, and the synergy between these 2 treatments suggests that bacteriophage combined with antibiotic treatment has significant value.
Simple online and realtime tracking with a deep association metric (2017)

Simple Online and Realtime Tracking (SORT) is a pragmatic approach to multiple object tracking with a focus on simple, effective algorithms. In this paper, we integrate appearance information to improve the performance of SORT. Due to this extension we are able to track objects through longer periods of occlusions, effectively reducing the number of identity switches. In spirit of the original framework we place much of the computational complexity into an offline pre-training stage where we learn a deep association metric on a largescale person re-identification dataset. During online application, we establish measurement-to-track associations using nearest neighbor queries in visual appearance space. Experimental evaluation shows that our extensions reduce the number of identity switches by 45%, achieving overall competitive performance at high frame rates.
Synergistic Interaction between Substrate and Seed Particles in Ultrathin Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Film Nucleation on SiO<sub>2</sub> with Controlled Surface Termination (2012)

We have investigated the effect of surface modification on the dispersion of nanodiamond seeds on the SiO2-coated Si substrate, to enable the ultrathin ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) coating on the substrate, by direct current plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (DC-PACVD) using hydrogen-rich chemistry. The ultrasonically dispersed seed density on the SiO2-coated Si wafer was so much lower than that on the pristine Si wafer that the void-free ultrathin UNCD coating was impossible. For surface modification, we have exposed the substrate to (1) the hydrogen/hydrocarbon plasma in the DC-PACVD chamber or (2) the hydrocarbon atmosphere in the hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HF-CVD) chamber, prior to the ultrasonic seeding. The exposure to hydrocarbon or to its plasma greatly reduced the seed density, while exposure to hydrogen plasma drastically enhanced it by a factor of 6, which enabled a void-free ultrathin UNCD coating as thin as 30 nm. The UNCD film and the substrate surface before and after the surface treatment were characterized by XPS, NEXAFS, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, HR-SEM, HR-TEM, EDX, and the zeta potential analyzer. The effects of the pretreatments on the seed density were explained by Si–OH or Si–CH3 termination and by the consequent change on (1) the zeta potentials of the substrate and (2) that of the nanodiamond particles in the seeding suspension.
The Detection of Single Positive Ions, Electrons and Photons by a Secondary Electron Multiplier (1939)

A secondary electron multiplier tube has been developed and used successfully for counting single positive ions, electrons and photons. This tube has twelve electrodes covered with a thin layer of beryllium. Tests have shown that with 330 volts per stage this tube will multiply the primary current by a factor of ${10}^{5}$. The use of guard ring insulation and electrostatic shielding for the final collecting electrode has reduced the background current to an extremely low value. The last electrode was connected to the grid of the first tube in a linear amplifier. In order to count single positive ions or electrons the tube was waxed to the end of a simple magnetic spectrograph. Ions having energies from 50 to 20,000 electron volts and masses from one to 32 were detected. By increasing the gain of the thermionic amplifier electrons could be counted. With still more gain single photons were counted. The multiplier tube has an extremely low background counting rate. Because a pressure of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ mm of Hg is maintained in the counter, it can be connected directly to the vacuum system through which the electrons or positive ions are accelerated. The absence of a thin window between the counter and the vacuum system should be a great advantage in experiments dealing with low energy positive ions or electrons.
The spread, treatment, and prevention of HIV-1: evolution of a global pandemic (2008)

The most up-to-date estimates demonstrate very heterogeneous spread of HIV-1, and more than 30 million people are now living with HIV-1 infection, most of them in sub-Saharan Africa. The efficiency of transmission of HIV-1 depends primarily on the concentration of the virus in the infectious host. Although treatment with antiviral agents has proven a very effective way to improve the health and survival of infected individuals, as we discuss here, the epidemic will continue to grow unless greatly improved prevention strategies can be developed and implemented. No prophylactic vaccine is on the horizon. However, several behavioral and structural strategies have made a difference--male circumcision provides substantial protection from sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV-1, and the application of antiretroviral agents for prevention holds great promise.