gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of Frequency and Dates of Plant Growth Regulator Applications to Centipedegrass on Seedhead Formation and Turf Quality (1990)

Two separate experiments (one and two applications and dates of treatment) were conducted on plant growth regulator (PGR) injury and seedhead suppression of centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.]. Mefluidide caused less injury to centipedegrass than either imazethapyr or flurprimidol + mefluidide. Mefluidide applied at 0.56 kg·ha -1 in each of two applications at 2-week intervals suppressed seedheads of centipedegrass for 10 weeks. A single 0.56-kg·ha -1 application of the mefluidide failed to suppress seedheads when applied any time from mid-June until late July. A single treatment with flurprimidol + mefluidide severely injured centipedegrass, and seedhead suppression was poor regardless of date of treatment. Centipedegrass was severely injured when flurprimidol + mefluidide was applied at 1.68 + 0.28 kg·ha -1 in each of two applications, but seedheads were suppressed for 10 weeks. Imazethapyr applied at 0.30 and followed by 0.15 kg·ha -1 suppressed seedheads 10 weeks after treatment in 1987 and 6 weeks after treatment in 1988 without reducing turf density. When this PGR was applied as a single treatment at 0.30 kg·ha -1 , seedhead suppression was generally greater for 8 weeks when applied mid- to late July than mid- to late June. Chemical names used: N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]acetamide (mefluidide); α -(1-methylethyl)- α -[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (flurprimidol); and (±)-2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxlic acid (imazethapyr).
Progressive restriction of otic fate: the role of FGF and Wnt in resolving inner ear potential (2008)

The development of the vertebrate inner ear is an emergent process. Its progression from a relatively simple disk of thickened epithelium within head ectoderm into a complex organ capable of sensing sound and balance is controlled by sequential molecular and cellular interactions. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and Wnt signals emanating from mesoderm and neural ectoderm have been shown to direct inner ear fate. However, the role of these multiple signals during inner ear induction is unclear. We demonstrate that the action of the FGFs and Wnts is sequential, and that their roles support a model of hierarchical fate decisions that progressively restrict the developmental potential of the ectoderm until otic commitment. We show that signalling by Fgf3 and Fgf19 is required to initiate a proliferative progenitor region that is a precursor to both the inner ear and the neurogenic epibranchial placodes. Significantly, we find that only after FGF action is attenuated can the subsequent action of Wnt signalling allow otic differentiation to proceed. In addition, gain and loss of function of Wnt-signalling components show a role for this signalling in repressing epibranchial fate. This interplay of signalling factors ensures the correct and ordered differentiation of both inner ear and epibranchial systems.
Topology for hybrid multilevel inverter (2002)

A new topology for a hybrid multilevel inverter will be presented, which significantly increases the level number of the output waveform and thereby dramatically reduces the low-order harmonics and total harmonic distortion. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the presented topology has the greatest level number for a given number of stages. Moreover, the stage with higher DC link voltage has lower switching frequency; and thereby reduces the switching losses. Comparison of the results of various multilevel inverters will be investigated to reflect the merits of the presented topology. The details of the PWM control using the harmonic elimination technique for the hybrid inverter will be presented and confirmed by both simulation and experimental results.
2′,3′-Dideoxyinosine (ddI) in Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or AIDS-Related Complex (1990)

2',3'-Dideoxyinosine (ddI) is a purine analogue that after intracellular metabolic conversion suppresses the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We conducted a Phase I dose-escalation study of ddI in 17 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and 20 patients with AIDS-related complex. The drug was administered twice daily over a dose range of 0.4 to 66 mg per kilogram of body weight per day for 2 to 44 weeks. The maximal tolerated oral dose of ddI was estimated to be 12 mg per kilogram per day. The major dose-limiting toxic effects were a painful peripheral neuropathy (in eight patients) and pancreatitis (in five). Asymptomatic elevations of the serum aminotransferase levels (in 13 patients) and the serum urate level (in 10) were also noted, but there was no dose-related hematologic toxicity. At the maximal tolerated dose, the peak plasma levels of ddI were 6.3 to 9.6 mumol per liter 0.6 to 1 hour after oral administration; the mean plasma half-life was 1.5 hours. The administration of ddI was associated with statistically significant decreases in serum level of p24 antigen and increases in the numbers of CD4 cells at 2, 6, 10, and 20 weeks. These changes were seen at all dose levels studied. Either a clinical improvement or a weight gain of greater than or equal to 2 kg was observed in 25 of 34 patients at six weeks. We conclude that ddI is a promising therapeutic agent in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex. Its efficacy is currently being evaluated in large-scale, controlled clinical trials.
Biomechanics of Human Movement (2003)

バイオメカニクスの観点から身体運動の理解に必要な重心，床反力，関節モーメント，パワーについて解説する。重心の動きは外力である床反力の結果であり，床反力を決めるのは筋活動である。関節モーメントは動作中の筋活動を表す指標であり，関節モーメントと関節角速度より求められるパワーによって筋の活動様式を知ることができる。ここでは平地歩行のデータを示して，歩行中の各関節まわりの筋の働きについて述べる。
Improving compliance in acne treatment: benzoyl peroxide considerations. (2008)

Treatment success in acne depends on appropriate selection of medication and vehicle for efficacy, tolerability, and convenience. Patient education provided by the clinician also is important to ensure optimum compliance. Involving the patient in medication and daily skin care selections also increases the likelihood of compliance. Most patients will be using some combination of a topical retinoid with benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and a topical or oral antibiotic. Benzoyl peroxide and topical retinoids can alter skin barrier integrity. Selection of a moisturizing vehicle is important to repair the skin barrier and improve tolerability. A fixed clindamycin 1%-BPO 5% (C/BPO) combination in a moisturizing gel base has a favorable tolerability profile and patient preference.
Electronic Noses and Tongues: Applications for the Food and Pharmaceutical Industries (2011)

The electronic nose (e-nose) is designed to crudely mimic the mammalian nose in that most contain sensors that non-selectively interact with odor molecules to produce some sort of signal that is then sent to a computer that uses multivariate statistics to determine patterns in the data. This pattern recognition is used to determine that one sample is similar or different from another based on headspace volatiles. There are different types of e-nose sensors including organic polymers, metal oxides, quartz crystal microbalance and even gas-chromatography (GC) or combined with mass spectroscopy (MS) can be used in a non-selective manner using chemical mass or patterns from a short GC column as an e-nose or "Z" nose. The electronic tongue reacts similarly to non-volatile compounds in a liquid. This review will concentrate on applications of e-nose and e-tongue technology for edible products and pharmaceutical uses.
Antibodies to PAMAM Dendrimers: Reagents for Immune Detection, Patterning and Assembly of Dendrimers (2001)

This chapter has sections titled: Introduction Generating Anti-Dendrimer Antibodies and their Specificity Immune Detection of Dendrimers Antibodies as Assembly Reagents Antibodies as Nanopatterning Reagents Conclusion and Prospects References
Serum Levels of Human Placental Lactogen During and After Prenatal Dexamethasone Therapy (1980)

Thirteen pregnant women were treated with 4 mg dexamethasone intramuscularly, three times daily, for seven days during the last trimester of pregnancy, in order to prevent the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in the neonate. Determination of human placental lactogen (HPL) was made daily during the treatment and at intervals of 2--3 days afterwards. No changes in HPL were seen during the treatment. One week after the treatment had been stopped, a statistically significant decrease in HPL was observed (p less than 0.01). The levels returned to normal during the following week. It is presumed, that the observed decrease in HPL may be regarded as a result of a direct depression of placental function caused by the dexamethasone therapy. The implications of this finding for the fetus are not clear, but in cases of placental insufficiency, glucocorticoid treatment should not be employed.
Oral submucous fibrosis: etiology, pathogenesis, and future research. (1994)

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), a precancerous condition of the oral cavity, has been studied by a number of workers in the field. The available epidemiological data showed a clear-cut geographical and ethnic predisposition, which suggested that certain customs/habits prevalent among the population groups in south-east Asia might be possible etiological factors. However, none of these customs was shown to be causally linked and the association in many cases was 'casual'. This led some workers to consider the importance of systemic predisposition, in addition to the effects of local factors on the oral mucosa. More research is needed to elucidate this problem.
칸트의 비판철학과 선험적 대상: 선험적 대상의 세 가지 의미 (2017)

『순수이성비판』에 등장하는 몇몇 용어들은 불분명한 의미로 인해 지금까지도 비판받고 있다. `선험적 대상` 개념은 그 대표적인 예라 할 수 있다. `선험적 대상` 개념에 대한 비판은 두 부류로 구분될 수 있다. 첫째 부류의 비판은 `선험적 대상` 개념의 애매성을 인정하지 않는다. 이 비판에 따르면 `선험적 대상` 개념은 `사물자체`의 개념과 동일한 것으로 `전(前) 비판기적 유물`일 뿐이다. 둘째 부류의 비판은 `선험적 대상` 개념의 애매성을 인정한다. 그러나 이 비판에 따르면, `선험적 대상` 개념의 애매성은 단지 칸트의 부주의한 용어 사용의 여러 사례 중 하나에 불과하다. 이런 비판에 맞서 여러 학자들이 `선험적 대상` 개념을 올바로 해명하고자 시도한 바 있다. 이들은 `선험적 대상` 개념의 두 가지 의미를 구별하고 각각의 의미에 따른 `선험적 대상` 개념이 모두 칸트 비판철학의 산물이라고 해명한다. 그러나 이런 해명은 여전히 부족하다. 이 논문은 `선험적 대상` 개념이 세 가지 의미를 지니며, 이 세 가지 의미를 통해서야 비로소 `선험적 대상` 개념을 칸트 비판철학의 기획에 따라 총체적으로 이해할 수 있다고 주장 한다. 이를 위해 우선 `선험적 대상` 개념의 두 가지 의미를 밝히고 각각의 의미에 따라 `선험적 대상` 개념이 칸트의 비판적 기획과 어떻게 관련되는지 설명할 것이다. 이어서 지금까지 간과된 `선험적 대상` 개념의 셋째 의미를 구별하고, 이 셋째 의미의 선험적 대상 개념이 칸트 비판철학과 관련하여 어떤 역할을 수행하는지 해명할 것이다.
Fuel Processing for Mobile Fuel Cell Systems (2003)

Fuel cells may in the future compete with heat engines in automobiles and motor generators and with batteries in portable electronics. Hydrogen, either in compressed, cryogenic, or chemically stored form is a good fuel if the storage density can be improved. Alternatively, the hydrogen could be obtained by converting gasoline, alcohols or other liquid hydrocarbons into a hydrogen-rich gas in a fuel processor that is a component of the fuel cell system. Such processors will have to be small, light, and inexpensive, and will have to have rapid ramp-up and ramp-down capabilities to follow the power demands of the applications. Traditional steam reforming technology does not meet these requirements, but newly developed catalytic auto-thermal reformers do. The principles of operation and the status of the technology are discussed.
The New Era in Breast Cancer (1996)

Within the next decade, the proportion of all breast cancers that are ductal carcinoma in situ will approach 33%, and invasive cancers will approach 1 cm in median maximum diameter. Therapy simplification will be logical because of very small size, low risk of recurrence after breast conservation, and excellent prognosis, and might include increased breast conservation, avoidance of axillary nodal dissection, and omission of radiation therapy to conserve breasts. Adjuvant therapy will be based on the prognostic features of the primary cancer and findings from careful histologic examination of the sentinel lymph nodes.
Interaction Between Impeller and Volute of Pumps at Off-Design Conditions (1986)

In a centrifugal pump of volute type, the respective characteristics of the impeller and the volute are such that at only one operating point can the flow parameters be constant along the length of the volute. At off-design conditions the mismatching of characteristics causes variations of velocity and pressure along the periphery of the impeller. This in turn forces cyclic variation of the flow in the impeller channels, introduces variations of the inlet incidence and contributes significantly to the direction and the magnitude of the radial thrust. Furthermore, below a certain pump output, a complete flow reversal occurs over a part of the impeller periphery, thus explaining the onset of recirculation. The paper describes the calculation approach used to derive this aspect of the flow behavior. Because of difficulties in obtaining a closed analytical solution, a step by step computation is employed. Beginning with arbitrarily chosen conditions at the volute tongue, the program computes the flow parameters for following segments, using the continuity and the momentum equations, until the exit from the last segment is reached. The inherent unsteadiness of the relative flow in the impeller is explicitly accounted for. Since the inflow and the velocity in the first segment depend upon the exit conditions of the last, the initial input must be modified, and the computation repeated, until the values are compatible with the exit conditions. In spite of several simplifying assumptions, the results of the calculations show very good agreement with published test results.
Iterative multiuser detection for turbo-coded FHMA communications (2002)

An iterative receiver structure is proposed for turbo-coded FHMA systems. In frequency-hop multiple access (FHMA) systems, the adjacent channel interference (ACI) is the major contributor of MAI if orthogonal hopping patterns are used. The ACI is a function of the tone spacings of the adjacent subchannels and the rolloff factor of the pulse-shaping filter. A low complexity iterative multiuser detector is developed to mitigate the degrading effect of ACI in the FHMA systems. Iterations of the demodulator and decoder are used as the mechanism to estimate and mitigate the MAI in the FHMA system. In addition, an iterative decoder structure based on a modified turbo decoding algorithm is proposed. Compared to maximum-likelihood multiuser detection, the proposed system is more practical and its complexity is only a linear function of the number of users. Simulation results show that the proposed iterative receiver structure offers significant performance gains in bandwidth efficiency and the required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for a target BER over a noniterative receiver structure.
Fabrication of microlens arrays by a rolling process with soft polydimethylsiloxane molds (2011)

In this paper, we present a new roll-to-roll method to fabricate visible light transparent microlens arrays on a glass substrate by using soft and cost-effective polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molds. First, we fabricated microlens array master molds by photoresist thermal reflow processes on silicon substrates. We then transferred the pattern to PDMS molds by a spin coater. After making the PDMS molds, we used a two-wheel roll-to-roll printing machine to replicate ultraviolet resin microlens arrays on glass substrates. The PDMS molds can be made easily at a low cost compared with traditional electroplating metal molds. We studied the quality of microlens arrays that were replicated by different rolling pressures of 20, 200 and 500 N cm−2. We also identified the relation between the pressure and the shape of the microlens arrays. The results showed that the best yield rate and replication performance were achieved with a pressure of approximately 200 N cm−2 and 4 min of ultraviolet light exposure.
Divergent Phenotypes of Human Regulatory T Cells Expressing the Receptors TIGIT and CD226 (2015)

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a central role in counteracting inflammation and autoimmunity. A more complete understanding of cellular heterogeneity and the potential for lineage plasticity in human Treg subsets may identify markers of disease pathogenesis and facilitate the development of optimized cellular therapeutics. To better elucidate human Treg subsets, we conducted direct transcriptional profiling of CD4(+)FOXP3(+)Helios(+) thymic-derived Tregs and CD4(+)FOXP3(+)Helios(-) T cells, followed by comparison with CD4(+)FOXP3(-)Helios(-) T conventional cells. These analyses revealed that the coinhibitory receptor T cell Ig and ITIM domain (TIGIT) was highly expressed on thymic-derived Tregs. TIGIT and the costimulatory factor CD226 bind the common ligand CD155. Thus, we analyzed the cellular distribution and suppressive activity of isolated subsets of CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(lo/-) T cells expressing CD226 and/or TIGIT. We observed TIGIT is highly expressed and upregulated on Tregs after activation and in vitro expansion, and is associated with lineage stability and suppressive capacity. Conversely, the CD226(+)TIGIT(-) population was associated with reduced Treg purity and suppressive capacity after expansion, along with a marked increase in IL-10 and effector cytokine production. These studies provide additional markers to delineate functionally distinct Treg subsets that may help direct cellular therapies and provide important phenotypic markers for assessing the role of Tregs in health and disease.
Internalization of β-Amyloid Peptide by Primary Neurons in the Absence of Apolipoprotein E (2007)

Extracellular accumulation of beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) has been linked to the development of Alzheimer disease. The importance of intraneuronal Abeta has been recognized more recently. Although considerable evidence indicates that extracellular Abeta contributes to the intracellular pool of Abeta, the mechanisms involved in Abeta uptake by neurons are poorly understood. We examined the molecular mechanisms involved in Abeta-(1-42) internalization by primary neurons in the absence of apolipoprotein E. We demonstrated that Abeta-(1-42) is more efficiently internalized by axons than by cell bodies of sympathetic neurons, suggesting that Abeta-(1-42) uptake might be mediated by proteins enriched in the axons. Although the acetylcholine receptor alpha7nAChR, previously suggested to be involved in Abeta internalization, is enriched in axons, our results indicate that it does not mediate Abeta-(1-42) internalization. Moreover, receptors of the low density lipoprotein receptor family are not essential for Abeta-(1-42) uptake in the absence of apolipoprotein E because receptor-associated protein had no effect on Abeta uptake. By expressing the inactive dynamin mutant dynK44A and the clathrin hub we found that Abeta-(1-42) internalization is independent of clathrin but dependent on dynamin, which suggests an endocytic pathway involving caveolae/lipid rafts. Confocal microscopy studies showing that Abeta did not co-localize with the early endosome marker EEA1 further support a clathrin-independent mechanism. The lack of co-localization of Abeta with caveolin in intracellular vesicles and the normal uptake of Abeta by neurons that do not express caveolin indicate that Abeta does not require caveolin either. Instead partial co-localization of Abeta-(1-42) with cholera toxin subunit B and sensitivity to reduction of cellular cholesterol and sphingolipid levels suggest a caveolae-independent, raft-mediated mechanism. Understanding the molecular events involved in neuronal Abeta internalization might identify potential therapeutic targets for Alzheimer disease.
Numeric and graphic recording of magnetization curves by means of analog-digital techniques (1970)

Voltage-to-frequency converters with electronic counters are ideal integrators and can be used as fluxmeters for magnetic measurements if the velocity of the flux changes is controlled electronically in order to achieve a nearly constant induced voltage. The field strength is measured by means of Hall probes with a printing sample-and-Hold digital voltmeter which receives its commands by a preset counter after preselected constant flux intervals. For evaluation, all data in binary code may be fed directly into an on-line computer.
Structure of the C-Type Lectin Carbohydrate Recognition Domain of Human Tetranectin (1998)

Tetranectin (TN) is a C-type lectin involved in fibrinolysis, being the only endogenous ligand known to bind specifically to the kringle 4 domain of plasminogen. TN was originally isolated from plasma, but shows a wide tissue distribution. Furthermore, TN has been found in the extracellular matrix of certain human carcinomas, whereas none or little is present in the corresponding normal tissue. The crystal structure of full-length trimeric TN (2.8 A resolution) has recently been published [Nielsen et al. (1997). FEBS Lett. 412, 388-396]. The crystal structure of the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of human TN (TN3) has been determined separately at 2.0 A resolution in order to obtain detailed information on the two calcium binding sites. This information is essential for the elucidation of the specificity of TN towards oligosaccharides. TN3 crystallizes as a dimer, whereas it appears as a monomer in solution. The overall fold of TN3 is similar to other known CRDs. Each monomer is built of two distinct regions, one region consisting of six beta-strands and two alpha-helices, and the other region is composed of four loops harboring two calcium ions. The calcium ion at site 1 forms an eightfold coordinated complex and has Asp116, Glu120, Gly147, Glu150, Asn151, and one water molecule as ligands. The calcium ion at site 2, which is believed to be involved in recognition and binding of oligosaccharides, is sevenfold coordinated with ligands Gln143, Asp145, Glu150, Asp165, and two water molecules. One sulfate ion has been located at the surface of TN3, forming contacts to Glu120, Lys148, Asn106 of a symmetry-related molecule, and to an ethanol molecule.
NO/sub x/ prediction for practical pulverized coal reactors (1984)

A model of nitrogen pollutants in pulverized coal reactors is briefly outlined and evaluated by comparisons with measurements, and is applied to selected practical combustors. Predictions show effect of turbulence on the NO reactions is important. Fuel nitrogen, released during devolatilization and subsequent gas phase reactions of HCN, and oxygen control NO formation.
Timing of prostaglandin exposure is critical for the inhibition of LPS- or IFN-γ-induced macrophage NO synthesis by PGE2 (1997)

Macrophage nitric oxide (NO) synthesis is an integral component of the host defense system. We have previously found that NO and prostaglandins interact in a variety of ways. NO modulates Kupffer cell prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and we have recently described the inhibitory effects of PGE2 on NO synthesis in both Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. Activated macrophages produce a number of prostaglandins but studies regarding the capacity of prostaglandins to regulate macrophage NO synthesis have yielded conflicting results. We found that exogenous PGE2 decreased lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO synthesis in murine resident peritoneal macrophages and in the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. PGE2 also suppressed NO synthesis in response to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) alone and a combination of LPS + IFN-gamma. Inhibition of endogenous PGE2 synthesis with indomethacin or ibuprofen had no effect on NO synthesis. PGE2 added with the activating stimulus was most effective. PGE2 lost the capacity to block NO synthesis if added more than 180 min after LPS. PGE2 decreased inducible NO synthesis (iNOS) mRNA and immunoreactive iNOS protein, consistent with the hypothesis that exogenous PGE2 inhibits macrophage iNOS expression but that the inhibition depends on the time and concentration of prostaglandin exposure.