gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of antigen-specific T cells and histopathological alterations in mice experimentally inoculated with Borrelia burgdorferi (1989)

Antigen-specific T-cell responses and histopathological changes were studied in mice experimentally inoculated with Borrelia burgdorferi B31. Inbred mice with different H-2 haplotypes and/or different genetic backgrounds were inoculated with B. burgdorferi organisms and tested for antigen-specific T-cell responses in vivo (delayed-type hypersensitivity [DTH]) and in vitro (T-cell proliferation). Comparable DTH responses were found after inoculation with either inactivated (in the presence of adjuvants) or viable microorganisms in all mouse strains, except BALB/c, irrespective of the H-2 haplotype (b, d, k, or s) tested and the sex of the animals. Moreover, in mice presensitized to B. burgdorferi, DTH responses could be induced only with antigen preparations derived from the corresponding strain but not with those obtained from either related spirochetes such as Treponema phagedenis and Leptospira interrogans or unrelated bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. T cells isolated from lymph nodes or spleens of mice previously sensitized to B. burgdorferi but not those from naïve mice could be induced for antigen-specific proliferation in vitro, as revealed by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Histopathological examination of mice inoculated with viable B. burgdorferi organisms revealed significant perivascular infiltrates consisting mainly of mononuclear and a few polymorphonuclear leukocytes in different organs (brain, heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys) and the appearance of giant multinucleated cells within the spleen similar to those found in human skin specimens of patients suffering from cutaneous manifestations of Lyme disease. Our findings suggest that mice are a suitable animal model with which to study the immune response to B. burgdorferi and the pathogenesis of Lyme disease.
Aesthetic all-ceramic restorations: the internal live stain technique. (1997)

The utilization of porcelain as a restorative material began a new era in aesthetic dentistry. By today's standards, the early porcelains were rather primitive and of low value. However, the potential of all-ceramic material for aesthetic dentistry was recognized, and various modifications and enhancements followed to render the material applicable for dental restorations. The learning objective of this article is to present the history of development, the principles, and the laboratory fabrication of ceramic restorations utilizing the Internal Live Stain Technique. The technique uses stains with all-ceramic material to achieve the optimal simulation of natural dentition. While replicating the optical properties inherent in the natural dentition, the application of the stain improves the physical characteristics of the all-ceramic material. The general principles of the first and second applications are disclosed, followed by presentation of two clinical cases--all-ceramic crown and laminate veneer restorations in the maxillary anterior segment.
Ir(III)-Catalyzed Stereoselective Haloamidation of Alkynes Enabled by Ligand Participation (2018)

Described herein is the application of a strategy of ligand participation for the Ir-catalyzed imido transfer into alkynes. On the basis of a stoichiometric [3 + 2] cycloaddition of Cp*Ir(III)(κ<sup>2</sup>- N, O-chelate) with alkynyl dioxazolone, a catalytic haloamidation was developed for the first time by employing [Cp*IrCl<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> precatalyst and NaX salts (X = Cl or Br) as practical halide sources to furnish synthetically versatile Z-(halovinyl)lactams with excellent stereoselectivity.
Structure of Mixed Micelles Formed in PEG-Lipid/Lipid Dispersions (2007)

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated lipids are commonly employed for steric stabilization of liposomes. When added in high concentrations PEG-lipids induce formation of mixed micelles, and depending on the lipid composition of the sample, these may adapt either a discoidal or a long threadlike shape. The factors governing the type of micellar aggregate formed have so far not been investigated in detail. In this study we have systematically varied the lipid composition in lipid/PEG-lipid mixtures and characterized the aggregate structure by means of cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The effects caused by adding sterols, phosphatidylethanolamines, and phospholipids with saturated acyl chains to egg phosphatidylcholine/1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000 (EPC/DSPE-PEG2000) mixtures with a fixed amount (25 mol %) of DSPE-PEG2000 was studied. Further, the aggregate structure in 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine/1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DMPC/DMPE-PEG2000) samples above and below the gel to liquid crystalline phase transition temperature (TC) was investigated. Our results revealed that lipid components, as well as environmental conditions, that reduce the lipid spontaneous curvature and increase the monolayer bending modulus tend to promote formation of discoidal micelles. At temperatures below the gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition temperature reduced lipid/PEG-lipid miscibility, furthermore, likely contribute to the observed formation of discoidal rather than threadlike micelles.
Modeling an Ontology for Managing Contexts in Smart Meeting Space. (2007)

In recent years, computing becomes more mobile and pervasive; these changes imply that applications and services must be aware of and adapt to their changing contexts in highly dynamic environments. To allow interoperability in a context-aware computing environment (e.g. smart meeting space), it is necessary that the context terminology will be commonly understood by all the connected entities in a particular space. In this paper, we propose a context ontology model for smart meeting space. The proposed context ontology model defines seven major concepts those can be reused as well as provides the basic infrastructure to build an ontology model for smart space environments. As each smart environment may have different kinds of users, devices etc., we design domain-specific ontology for smart meeting space and implement a prototype for this ontology model using Protege 3.2[1] ontology editor and RacerPro 1.9 [2] reasoning engine. We execute queries on our ontology using SPARQL [3] query language; furthermore, we define rules using SWRL [4] and infer those rules by JESS [5] rule engine. The proposed context ontology model has been designed to improve knowledge sharing, knowledge reuse, context querying and reasoning in a smart meeting space.
Thermomechanically integrated distillation of ethylene from ethane (1992)

The separation of ethylene from ethane by distillation is normally the final step in the production of ethylene. The critical temperature of ethylene is about 50 F, therefore moderately low temperatures and moderately high pressures are typically used to provide optimum economic conditions. The optimum design can require thick walled and heavy pressure vessels which may be constructed of expensive alloy steels depending on the specific operating conditions. The required purity of ethylene usually exceeds 99.9%, and the economic level of recovery is approximately 99%. In addition, the relative volatility of ethylene to ethane is moderately small ranging from about 1.13 for high pressure mixtures rich in ethylene to 2.34 for low pressure mixtures rich in ethane. The relatively high purity and recovery and relatively low relative volatility dictate a large distillation column with more than 100 trays and a large diameter for world scale production levels of over a billion pounds per year of ethylene. The installed capital cost for a unit of this type and size can exceed twenty million dollars, and utility costs can exceed one million dollars per year. Consequently, there is a strong economic incentive to reduce costs through improved process designs for the distillationmore » of ethylene from ethane, and the process is well studied in the literature. Thermomechanically integrated distillation provides an improved design which can reduce both capital and operating costs as compared to the best conventional designs. In this paper, the conventional designs for both vapor and liquid feeds are reviewed, the underlying thermodynamics characterizing the process is discussed, alternative thermomechanically integrated designs are presented, and utility and purchased equipment costs are compared.« less
Common mode disturbance reduction of PFC full bridge rectifiers (2002)

Increasing switching frequency of power electronic converters increases the amount of common mode currents (CMC). This paper presents several techniques to reduce CMC levels created by single-phase full bridge PFC rectifiers. The study is based on high frequency models and understanding of phenomenon. Acting on control strategies and/or propagation paths, improvements are achieved without much additional components. Results are validated using practical experiments based on EMI standards.
<title>Development of micromachined RF switches with piezofilm actuation</title> (2002)

Current developments in RF systems require high-performance switches for applications including signal routing, impedance matching and adjustable gain amplifiers. The use of micro-switches to replace traditional semiconductor components is increasingly common, because of their advantages in terms of electrical isolation and power loss. This paper reports on a research program relating to the development of a silicon micro-machined RF micro-switch that uses thin-film piezoelectric material for actuation. Piezoelectric actuation has potential advantages over electrostatic actuation in terms of achievable forces and simplicity of structural design. This paper gives an overview of the design and analysis of a prototype switch. The design concept, based on a cantilevered silicon beam or plate, is described. A low order mathematical model, incorporating the mechanical and electrical characteristics of the switch and the interaction between the silicon structure and the piezo-drive is summarized. This allows the basic behavior of the switch to be quantified, and provides a useful tool for design and optimization purposes. The outline design and manufacture/processing of a prototype switch is discussed.
Brain iron uptake in hypotransferrinemic mice: Influence of systemic iron status (2004)

The relationship of the heterogeneity of iron concentrations in the brain with the regulation of iron uptake into specific brain regions remains unresolved. We used hypotransferrinemic mice and an iron-deficient or control diet to explore whether plasma transferrin (Tf), transferrin saturation, and plasma iron levels influence the uptake of (59)Fe and whether there was brain region specificity. Weaning wild-type (+/+) and heterozygotic mice (+/hpx), were sorted randomly to either a iron-deficient diet or a control iron diet for 8 weeks, whereas homozygous mice (hpx/hpx) ate the control diet for 8 weeks before (59)Fe uptake studies. Iron-deficient heterozygous and wild-type mice both had significantly greater plasma Tf levels (37.5 and 42.5 microM) than control mice had (heterozygous and wild-type controls were 20 and 32.5 microM) and far more than homozygous mice (<0.2 microM) had, thus providing five distinct levels of plasma Tf concentrations. After intravenous injection of (59)Fe, brains of iron-deficient wild-type mice took up significantly more (59)Fe (0.15% dose) compared to control wild-type mice (0.056%) at 2 hr, a treatment effect that persisted through 24 hr. In contrast, diet had no effect in heterozygous mice. Importantly, homozygous mice had equivalent uptake to other groups (0.089% dose) by 24 hr. Early brain radioactivity varied by regions (hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex approximately 10-18% brain uptake > cerebellum, pons, thalamus, and striatum approximately 7-12% > cortex, hippocampus, and substantia nigra approximately 6-8%). This distribution of radioactivity changed over 24 hr in the hypothalamus of heterozygous mice, homozygous mice, and iron-deficient wild-type mice. Homozygous mice also showed higher uptake (13-15%) in some regions (hypothalamus and cerebellum) than in other regions. In wild-type and heterozygous mice, (59)Fe uptake was inversely related to brain Tf and was independent of regional brain iron concentrations and plasma Tf levels or saturation. These experimental data suggest that brain iron uptake may be constitutive and independent of plasma Tf, transferrin saturation, or regional brain iron concentration. The proteins and mechanisms responsible for additional iron uptake into specific regions, or perhaps the redistribution are unclear though the data are supportive of a non-transferrin-bound iron uptake pathway.
A combined experimental-computational approach for spatial protection efficacy assessment of controlled release devices against mosquitoes (Anopheles) (2019)

This work describes the use of entomological studies combined with in silico models (computer simulations derived from numerical models) to assess the efficacy of a novel device for controlled release of spatial repellents. Controlled Release Devices (CRDs) were tested with different concentrations of metofluthrin and tested against An. quadrimaculatus mosquitoes using arm-in cage, semi-field, and outdoor studies. Arm-in-cage trials showed an approximate mean values for mosquito knockdown of 40% and mosquito bite reduction of 80% for the optimal metofluthrin formulation for a 15-minute trial. Semi-field outdoor studies showed a mean mortality of a 50% for 24 hour trial and 75% for a 48 hour trial for optimal concentrations. Outdoors studies showed an approximate mean mortality rate of 50% for a 24 hour trial for optimal concentrations. Numerical simulations based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) were performed in order to obtain spatial concentration profiles for 24 hour and 48 hour periods. Experimental results were correlated with simulation results in order to obtain a functional model that linked mosquito mortality with the estimated spatial concentration for a given period of time. Such correlation provides a powerful insight in predicting the effectiveness of the CRDs as a vector-control tool. While CRDs represent an alternative to current spatial repellent delivery methods, such as coils, candles, electric repellents, and passive emanators based on impregnated strips, the presented method can be applied to any spatial vector control treatment by correlating entomological endpoints, i.e. mortality, with in-silico simulations to predict overall efficacy. The presented work therefore presents a new methodology for improving design, development and deployment of vector-control tools to reduce transmission of vector-borne diseases, including malaria and dengue.
Properties of the stable aerobic and anaerobic half-reduced states of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase (1975)

The microsomal flavoprotein, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, has been reexamined to determine: (1) the nature of the flavine bound to the enzyme and (2) the oxidation-reduction state of the "half-reduced" form of the flavoprotein. Iyanagi and Mason (Iyanagi, T., and Mason, H.S. (1973), Biochemistry 12, 2297) have recently proposed that NADPH-cytochrome c reductase contains both FAD and FMN as prosthetic groups in lieu of FAD as the sole constituent, as suggested by all previous studies of this enzyme. The data presented herein, utilizing the recently published fluorometric procedure of Faeder and Siegel (Faeder, E. J., and Siegle, L. M. (1973), Anal. Biochem. 53, 332) for the determination of FAD and FMN in mixtures, confirm the conclusions of Iyanagi and Mason for both rat and pig liver reductase preparations. Data for other flavoproteins are also presented. Iyanagi and Mason have also concluded that the air-stable "semiquinone" is a form of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase reduced by one electron per two falvines (F-FH). The present studies, however, do not agree with this conclusion, but instead support our previous results which indicate that both the aerobic and anaerobic half-reduced states of this flavoprotein exist in the two-electron reduced form (FH-FH). Removal of NADP+ does not affect the spectrum of the air-stable half-reduced form of the flavoprotein, nor does it affect the back titration of this intermediate by potassium ferricyanide. The possible implications of these observations on the catalytic cycle of the flavines of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase are discussed.
Uniform and piecewise uniform lattice vector quantization for memoryless Gaussian and Laplacian sources (1993)

Lattice vector quantizer design procedures for nonuniform sources are presented. The procedures yield lattice vector quantizers with excellent performance and retaining the structure required for fast quantization. Analytical methods for truncating and scaling lattices to be used in vector quantizations are given, and their utility is demonstrated for independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gaussian and Laplacian sources. An analytical technique for piecewise linear multidimensional compandor designs is evaluated for i.i.d. Gaussian and Laplacian sources by comparing its performance to that of the other vector quantizers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Invertible Autoencoder for domain adaptation (2018)

The unsupervised image-to-image translation aims at finding a mapping between the source ($A$) and target ($B$) image domains, where in many applications aligned image pairs are not available at training. This is an ill-posed learning problem since it requires inferring the joint probability distribution from marginals. Joint learning of coupled mappings $F_{AB}: A \rightarrow B$ and $F_{BA}: B \rightarrow A$ is commonly used by the state-of-the-art methods, like CycleGAN [Zhu et al., 2017], to learn this translation by introducing cycle consistency requirement to the learning problem, i.e. $F_{AB}(F_{BA}(B)) \approx B$ and $F_{BA}(F_{AB}(A)) \approx A$. Cycle consistency enforces the preservation of the mutual information between input and translated images. However, it does not explicitly enforce $F_{BA}$ to be an inverse operation to $F_{AB}$. We propose a new deep architecture that we call invertible autoencoder (InvAuto) to explicitly enforce this relation. This is done by forcing an encoder to be an inverted version of the decoder, where corresponding layers perform opposite mappings and share parameters. The mappings are constrained to be orthonormal. The resulting architecture leads to the reduction of the number of trainable parameters (up to $2$ times). We present image translation results on benchmark data sets and demonstrate state-of-the art performance of our approach. Finally, we test the proposed domain adaptation method on the task of road video conversion. We demonstrate that the videos converted with InvAuto have high quality and show that the NVIDIA neural-network-based end-to-end learning system for autonomous driving, known as PilotNet, trained on real road videos performs well when tested on the converted ones.
Ethical Conduct of Research in Children: Pediatricians and Their IRB (Part 2 of 2) (2017)

In part 1 of this series, we discussed the historical, ethical, and legal background that provides justification for the current system of protection of subjects of human experimentation. We also discussed briefly the implementation of those principles in institutional review board (IRB) operations. In part 2, we focus on legislation dealing with pediatric research, the rules and ethics of assent, and then turn our attention to minimal-risk studies. To that end, we discuss the minimal-risk threshold and the process of balancing benefit and risk in IRB decisions for pediatric studies. We define the notion of consent waiver as well as the procedures for expedited review, management of adverse events, and amendments to approved protocol. Finally, we mention some miscellaneous issues, including central and commercial IRB, reliance agreements, biobanks, and sample shipping regulations.
Human sense of vision: A guide to future endoscopic imaging systems (1996)

SummaryVisual perception is the leading sensorial impression from the environment in most situations of daily life. It is almost the only sensorial impression from the operating field in image-guided surgery. In this regard the qualities of the imaging system have considerable impact on the course of the surgical intervention. The way to significant improvements of technical imaging systems is shown up by the sense of vision itself. Five aspects of the sense of vision can be identified as a model for endoscopic imaging tools: (1) Direction of the line of sight; (2) Maintenance of clear vision; (3) Spatial vision; (4) Differentiated visual field and panoramic view; (5) High resolution. The five aspects of the human visual sense introduced obviously represent only a part of the qualities of the human eye. Without doubt our simple analysis of the physiology cannot be understood as a technical plan to imitate the human eye. But it should demonstrate how we can abstract functional principles and define developmental guidelines for future tools according to these functional principles. In a series of developments technical solutions covering the above features have been set up and operatively tested. The experience gained thereof has been used to define the scenario of an integrative future endoscope system, currently realized within a collaborative project.
Physical design and assembly process development of a multi-chip package containing a light emitting diode (LED) array die (2002)

This paper presents the physical design concept and process developments to construct a small module containing a chip with an array of miniature light emitting diodes (LED's) as well as the driver control circuitry for the LED array. The module is composed of a glass substrate consisting of a fanout pattern from the I/O bond pads of the fine pitch solder bumped LED array chip. The fanout I/O pattern of the glass terminates on a 40 mil pitch ball grid array land pattern. The LED array chip is bonded face down on the glass and underencapsulated with an optically transparent underfill. All of the driver board circuitry is on a glob top plastic ball grid array (GTPBGA) package whose solder balls are reflow attached to the assembled glass substrate and underencapsulated to provide a finished display module. To implement the module concept, fine pitch (i.e. 80 /spl mu/m) 90Pb/10Sn solder bump technology, fluxless flip chip bonding, thin optically transparent underencapsulation technology had to be developed, as well as the development of a multi-chip 384 I/O 40 mil pitch glob top plastic ball grid array (GTPBGA). The solder balls on the 384 I/O GTPBGA are 30Pb/70In. The assembly technology and underencapsulation technology for the assembly of the glass substrate containing the LED array chip and the 384 I/O GTPBGA also had to be developed.
The Effect of BMP on the Expression of Cytoskeletal Proteins and Its Potential Relevance (2001)

Ruth L. Vinall, PhD; A. Hari Reddi, PhD; Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Research Building I, Room 2000, 4635 Second Avenue, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817. E-mail address for R.L. Vinall: [email protected]