gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scatterer correlation effects on photon transport in dense random media (1990)

Optically disordered systems where the number of scatterers per cubic wave length exceeds unity typically exhibit mean-free-path lengths for photon transport longer than those predicted by the cross section given by Mie theory in the independent-scatterer approximation. The effects of spatial correlation among scatterers on photon transport are investigated in dense colloidal latex suspensions. Transport mean-free-path lengths obtained from time-resolved transmission of picosecond laser pulses, from suspensions successively diluted over two decades of scatterer density, are compared to conventional extinction lengths. Correlations introduced into the Mie formalism via a static structure factor based on a hard-core radial distribution function show good agreement with the experimental results.
Microbicide activity of clove essential oil (Eugenia caryophyllata) (2012)

Clove essential oil, used as an antiseptic in oral infections, inhibits Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as yeast. The influence of clove essential oil concentration, temperature and organic matter, in the antimicrobial activity of clove essential oil, was studied in this paper, through the determination of bacterial death kinetics. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the microorganisms selected for a biological test. To determine the temperature effect, they were assayed at 21° and 37° C. The concentration coefficient was determined with 0.4%, and 0.2% of essential oil. The influence of the presence of organic matter was determined with 0.4% of essential oil. The results obtained demonstrated that Escherichia coli were more sensitive even though the essential oil exerted a satisfactory action in three cases. In the three microbial species, 0.4% of essential oil at 21° C have reduced the bacterial population in 5 logarithmic orders. Organic matter reduces the antibacterial activity even though the bactericide efficacy was not lost. Clove essential oil can be considered as a potential antimicrobial agent for external use.
Development of the Intercontrol Center Communications Protocol (ICCP) (1995)

After a three-year research and development project that included a collaborative effort by EPRI and 20 utilities and vendors, two electric utilities conducted full-scale demonstrations of a proposed international standard, UCA{trademark} compliant protocol for communicating between control centers. The recently developed Intercontrol Center Communications Protocol (ICCP) was implemented and tested at Western Area Power Administration`s (WAPA) Loveland Area Office and at Ohio Edison (OE) Company. A third node at the vendor, Harris Controls, allowed demonstration of routing and networking capabilities.
Monocarbaborane anion chemistry. {COOH}, {CH2OH} and {CHO} units as functional groups on ten-vertex monocarbaborane anionic compounds (2004)

B(10)H(14) reacts with para-C(6)H(4)(CHO)(COOH) in aqueous KOH solution to give the [nido-6-CB(9)H(11)-6-(C(6)H(4)-para-COOH)](-) anion 1, which undergoes cage closure with iodine in alkaline solution to give the [closo-2-CB(9)H(9)-2-(C(6)H(4)-para-COOH)](-) anion 2. Upon heating, anion 2 rearranges to form the [closo-1-CB(9)H(9)-1-(C(6)H(4)-para-COOH)](-) anion 3. Similarly, B(10)H(14) with glyoxylic acid OHCCOOH in aqueous KOH gives the [arachno-6-CB(9)H(13)-6-(COOH)](-) anion 4, which undergoes cage closure with iodine in alkaline solution to give the [closo-2-CB(9)H(9)-2-(COOH)](-) anion 5. Upon heating, anion 5 rearranges to give the [closo-1-CB(9)H(9)-1-(COOH)](-) anion 6. Reduction of the [COOH] anions 3 and 6 with diisobutylaluminium hydride gives the [CH(2)OH] hydroxy anions [closo-1-CB(9)H(9)-1-(C(6)H(4)-para-CH(2)OH)](-) and [closo-1-CB(9)H(9)-1-(CH(2)OH)](-) 8 respectively. The [closo-1-CB(9)H(9)-1-(C(6)H(4)-para-CH(2)OH)](-) anion 7 can also be made via isomerisation of the [closo-2-CB(9)H(9)-2-(C(6)H(4)-para-CH(2)OH)](-) anion 9, in turn obtained from the [nido-6-CB(9)H(11)-6-(C(6)H(4)-para-CH(2)OH)](-) anion 10, which is obtained from the reaction of B(10)H(14) with terephthaldicarboxaldehyde, C(6)H(4)-para-(CHO)(2), in aqueous KOH solution. Oxidation of the hydroxy anions 7 and 8 with pyridinium dichromate gives the aldehydic [closo-1-CB(9)H(9)-1-(C(6)H(4)-para-CHO)](-) anion 11 and the aldehydic [closo-1-CB(9)H(9)-1-(CHO)](-) anion 12 respectively, characterised as their 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives, the [closo-1-CB(9)H(9)-1-C(6)H(4)-para-CH=N-NHC(6)H(3)(NO(2))(2)](-) anion 13 and the [closo-1-CB(9)H(9)-1-CH=N-NHC(6)H(3)(NO(2))(2)](-) anion respectively.
Sub-pg mass sensing and measurement with an optomechanical oscillator (2013)

Mass sensing based on mechanical oscillation frequency shift in micro/nano scale mechanical oscillators is a well-known and widely used technique. Piezo-electric, electronic excitation/detection and free-space optical detection are the most common techniques used for monitoring the minute frequency shifts induced by added mass. The advent of optomechanical oscillator (OMO), enabled by strong interaction between circulating optical power and mechanical deformation in high quality factor optical microresonators, has created new possibilities for excitation and interrogation of micro/nanomechanical resonators. In particular, radiation pressure driven optomechanical oscillators (OMOs) are excellent candidates for mass detection/measurement due to their simplicity, sensitivity and all-optical operation. In an OMO, a high quality factor optical mode simultaneously serves as an efficient actuator and a sensitive probe for precise monitoring of the mechanical eigen-frequencies of the cavity structure. Here, we show the narrow linewidth of optomechanical oscillation combined with harmonic optical modulation generated by nonlinear optical transfer function, can result in sub-pg mass sensitivity in large silica microtoroid OMOs. Moreover by carefully studying the impact of mechanical mode selection, device dimensions, mass position and noise mechanisms we explore the performance limits of OMO both as a mass detector and a high resolution mass measurement system. Our analysis shows that femtogram level resolution is within reach even with relatively large OMOs.
Effect of albumin and lamellar bodies on fluorescence polarization of amniotic fluid. (1987)

Abstract Using a probe and procedure developed for the Abbott TDx analyzer, we investigated the influence of albumin on fluorescence polarization of amniotic fluid. Polarization readings increased when albumin was added to either "mature" or "immature" amniotic fluids. Albumin added to a fraction rich in lamellar bodies (10,000 X g pellet) greatly increased polarization readings, but albumin added to the lamellar-body-free fraction resulted in only small increases. Adding increasing amounts of the lamellar-body-rich fraction from mature and immature pools to a constant amount of albumin decreased the polarization readings. We saw no correlation between amniotic fluid polarization and albumin concentration but found a significant correlation between polarization values and either total extractable phospholipids (r = 0.725, P less than 0.001) or the ratio albumin/total extractable phospholipids (r = 0.784, P less than 0.001). The concentration of albumin in amniotic fluid was variable and correlated poorly with gestational age.
Improved channel estimation algorithm based on parallel interference cancellation (2008)

The conventional channel estimation algorithm currently used in the TD-SCDMA system doesnpsilat work well when strong intra-frequency interfering neighbour cell users exist. Parallel interference cancellation (PIC) channel estimation algorithm by simultaneously eliminating the interference of adjacent cells was proposed in this paper to improve the accuracy of channel estimation. The proposed algorithm reconstructed the strong interference signal of each cell based on the knowledge of initial estimated channel impulse response (CIR) results of each cell. Then the interference of all the other cells was cancelled in-parallel to get a more clean signal for a more precise channel estimation of the target user. Simulations showed that a lower estimation error can be achieved by eliminating effectively the interference from strong interfering users in adjacent cells and then the performance of TD-SCDMA system was improved.
The Return of Ozone and the Hydroxyl Radical to Wastewater Disinfection (2007)

Abstract The City of Phoenix, Arizona is investigating various disinfection technologies for its 91st Avenue wastewater treatment facility: (1) ultraviolet light (UV), (2) ozone, (3) UV/hydrogen peroxide, (4) ozone/hydrogen peroxide, (5) and UV/ozone. In addition to providing disinfection, the City would like to consider the removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and personal and pharmaceutical care products (PPCPs) in the treatment technology evaluation. To identify the most economical disinfection system, the evaluation included bench-scale testing of the technologies considered and a year-long water quality monitoring study. This paper presents the results of the bench-scale analyses and estimated capital and O&M costs. Keywords: OzoneWastewaterPhoenix WWTPPresent Worth Analysis Notes U.S. Environmental Agency,Wastewater Disinfection Manual, 1986
Optical Properties of Silicon and Germanium Nanowire Fabric (2012)

The optical properties of free-standing nonwoven silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) nanowire fabrics, including diffuse and specular reflectance, diffuse and direct transmittance, and absorptance spectra, were measured using an integrating sphere to account fully for all incident photons. Very thin, 50 μm thick, sheets with ∼90% void volume have extremely high optical densities. They are optically opaque across nearly all wavelengths from ultraviolet to near-infrared, and only minimal light penetrates when photon energies are below the band gap. The high optical density arises from a combination of scattering and absorption due to their high aspect ratio and narrow diameter as well as surface effects due to their very high surface area to volume ratio.
Spin-on-carbon-hardmask with high wiggling resistance (2012)

For the mass production of the advanced semiconductor device, the multi-layer process has been used for the essential technique {photoresist/ silicon contained hard mask (Si-HM)/ spin-on-carbon-hardmask (SOC)}. Spin -on-Carbon material plays a very important role during the etching process of substrates. The substrate etching process induces severe pattern deformations (called wiggling) especially with fine line/space patterns. Therefore, both the high etching resistances and the high wiggling resistance are demanded for SOC materials. In this study, we investigated the etching performances with several SOC materials. We found that the relationships between SOC properties and the resistance for wiggling generation. We will discuss the material design of novel SOC for high wiggling resistance.
Vehicle Routing for Urban Snow Plowing Operations (2008)

Winter road maintenance planning involves a variety of decisions related to the routing of vehicles for spreading chemicals and abrasives, plowing roadways and sidewalks, loading snow into trucks, and transporting snow to disposal sites. In this paper, we present a model and two heuristic solution approaches based on mathematical optimization for the routing of vehicles for snow plowing operations in urban areas. Given a district and a single depot where a number of plows are based, the problem is to determine a set of routes, each performed by a single vehicle that starts and ends at the district's depot, such that all road segments are serviced while satisfying a set of operational constraints and minimizing a time objective. The formulation models general precedence relation constraints with no assumption on class connectivity, different service and deadhead speed possibilities, separate pass requirements for multilane road segments, class upgrading possibilities, and vehicle road segment dependencies. Several extensions, such as turn restrictions, load balancing constraints, and tandem service requirements, which are required in a real-life application, are also discussed. Two objectives are considered: A hierarchical objective and a makespan objective. The resulting model is based on a multicommodity network flow structure to impose the connectivity of the route performed by each vehicle. The two solution strategies were tested on data from the City of Dieppe, New Brunswick, Canada.
Decomposition of Tc-99m pyrophosphate by peroxides in pertechnetate used in preparation. (1981)

We describe an investigation of the stability of Tc-99m pyrophosphate (Tc-99m PPi). We hve shown that addition of exogenous hydrogen peroxide to Tc-99m PPi can initiate the oxidation of the complex, giving rise to 95% unbound pertechnetate. The presence of endogenous hydrogen peroxide in the sodium pertechnetate used in the preparation of Tc-99m PPi has been thought to influence its stability. We have prepared it using pertechnetate solutions of different specific activities. After preparation, an alumina column was used to detect free 99mTcO4-. The Tc-99m PPi and Na99mTcO4 solutions were then assayed by iodometric titration for hydrogen peroxide, which was detected in the pertechnetate solutions. The higher the specific activity of the solution used for the tracer preparation, the faster was the production of free pertechnetate.
Microporous Networks of High-Performance Polymers: Elastic Deformations and Gas Sorption Properties (2008)

Aromatic poly(imide) and poly(amide) networks have been synthesized using a tetrafunctionalized spirobifluorene unit as cross-linker and packing inhibitor. The poly(imide) network exhibits intrinsic microporosity and consequently high surface areas of about 1000 m2/g from nitrogen sorption, while the poly(amide) network does not exhibit N2-accessible pores and consequently no detectable surface area. Combined gas sorption and small-angle X-ray scattering analysis reveals the particularities for the evaluation of pore volume, pore size distribution, and surface areas of such soft microporous frameworks. Besides surface adsorption, pronounced elastic deformation is observed during increasing gas pressures, related to inner gas binding sites also known from the “dual-mode sorption” process of classical polymer membranes. The networks have furthermore been tested as hydrogen storage materials and show high hydrogen uptakes at low pressures. Surprisingly, also the polyamide network stored remarkable amounts of hydrogen.
Accuracy and Interobserver Variability of the Cytologic Diagnosis of Low-Grade Urothelial Carcinoma in Instrumented Urinary Tract Cytology Specimens (2015)

We found that UTCy has a low sensitivity but relatively high specificity, resulting in poor to fair accuracy for the diagnosis of LGUC; the level of agreement between reviewers was only fair to moderate.
Serum albumin binding of palmitate and stearate (1989)

In usual studies of ligand binding to a carrier, free and bound ligand concentrations are measured in equilibrium mixtures with varying carrier and ligand concentrations. The observed data are then analyzed by a binding equation such as Scatchard's or the general binding equation. With palmitic, stearic and oleic acids as ligands we found that the aqueous solubility is too low to allow this procedure. We have consequently transformed the general binding equation so that it does not contain parameters related to aqueous solutions of the ligand. While the classical binding equations describe affinities of transfer of a ligand from an aqueous solution to the carrier, the new equation is valid for transfer of a ligand from one bound state to another, i.e. for relative binding description. The relative binding constants, L1, L2, L3 ... Li, in the new equation thus define the transfer affinity for the ligand from a 1:1 complex with a standard carrier to an i:1 complex of the ligand with the carrier investigated. Binding of palmitate and stearate to human serum albumin was studied by determination of dialytic exchange rates between identical fatty acid/albumin solutions. The results were analyzed by the new equation without reference to ligands in aqueous solution.
Observation of the Magnetically Induced Magnetoelectric Effect and Evidence for Antiferromagnetic Domains (1961)

Received 27 September 1961DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.7.310©1961 American Physical Society
A Novel Ring Closure Reaction for the Preparation of 6-Aminouracils with an a-Branched 1-Substituent (2000)

The preparation of 6-aminouracil derivatives is described involving a novel, silicon-promoted ring closure reaction.Condensation of N-substituted urea with cyanoacetic acid yields cyanoacetylureas, which are heated in hexamethyldisilazane/trimethylchlorosilane to afford N-substituted 6-amino-
A comprehensive review of Pt electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction: Nanostructure, activity, mechanism and carbon support in PEM fuel cells (2016)

This paper reviews progress in studies of the mechanism, nanostructure, size effect and carbon supports of Pt electrocatalysts for the ORR.
Preparation of Polypeptide via Living Polymerization of <i>Z</i>-Lys-NCA Initiated by Platinum Complexes (2008)

Two novel platinum complexes, [bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane][N-((1S,2R)-2-hydroxo-1,2-diphenylethyl)-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamidato]platinum(II) [(dppe)Pt(MBS−O), 2a] and [bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane][N-((1S,2R)-2-amido-1,2-diphenylethyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamidato]platinum [(dppe)Pt(MBS−NH), 2b] were synthesized and structurally characterized. Experimental results show that compound 2b is an efficient initiator toward ring opening polymerization of amino acid N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) yielding polypeptides with narrow PDIs (1.07−1.19). By comparing the activity of complex 2a with that of 2b, the mechanism for polymerization of NCA initiated by an amido−sulfonamidate is proposed.
Coated Charcoal Immunoassay of Insulin (1965)

Charcoal premixed with dextran of average molecular weight 80,000 almost instantly adsorbs free insulin but rejects antibody-bound insulin. The use of such dextran-coated charcoal makes simpler and more rapid the immunoassay of insulin in biologic fluids, using radioisotope dilution with 131I-insulin and “biopsy” of the insulin pool by antibody to insulin. The procedure here described yields a straight line graph when insulin added is plotted against insulin recovered.
Lewis Acid–Base Adduct Approach for High Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells (2016)

Since the first report on the long-term durable 9.7% solid-state perovskite solar cell employing methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3), mesoporous TiO2, and 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD) in 2012, following the seed technologies on perovskite-sensitized liquid junction solar cells in 2009 and 2011, a surge of interest has been focused on perovskite solar cells due to superb photovoltaic performance and extremely facile fabrication processes. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells reached 21% in a very short period of time. Such an unprecedentedly high photovoltaic performance is due to the intrinsic optoelectronic property of organolead iodide perovskite material. Moreover, a high dielectric constant, sub-millimeter scale carrier diffusion length, an underlying ferroelectric property, and ion migration behavior can make organolead halide perovskites suitable for multifunctionality. Thus, besides solar cell applications, perovskite material has recently been applied to a variety fields of materials science such as photodetectors, light emitting diodes, lasing, X-ray imaging, resistive memory, and water splitting. Regardless of application areas, the growth of a well-defined perovskite layer with high crystallinity is essential for effective utilization of its excellent physicochemical properties. Therefore, an effective methodology for preparation of high quality perovskite layers is required. In this Account, an effective methodology for production of high quality perovskite layers is described, which is the Lewis acid-base adduct approach. In the solution process to form the perovskite layer, the key chemicals of CH3NH3I (or HC(NH2)2I) and PbI2 are used by dissolving them in polar aprotic solvents. Since polar aprotic solvents bear oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen, they can act as a Lewis base. In addition, the main group compound PbI2 is known to be a Lewis acid. Thus, PbI2 has a chance to form an adduct by reacting with the Lewis base. Crystal growth and morphology of perovskite can be controlled by taking advantage of the weak chemical interaction in the adduct. We have successfully fabricated highly reproducible CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells with PCE as high as 19.7% via adducts of PbI2 with oxygen-donor N,N'-dimethyl sulfoxide. This adduct approach has been found to be generally adopted, where formamidinium lead iodide perovskite, HC(NH2)2PbI3 (FAPbI3), with large grain, high crystallinity, and long-lived carrier lifetime was successfully fabricated via an adduct of PbI2 with sulfur-donor thiourea as Lewis base. The adduct approach proposed in this Account is a very promising methodology to achieve high quality perovskite films with high photovoltaic performance. Furthermore, single crystal growth on the conductive substrate is expected to be possible if we kinetically control the elimination of Lewis base in the adduct.
Foaminess and Viscosity Effects in Heavy Oil Flow (2011)

Abstract Foamy oil viscosity is a controversial topic among researchers as to what happens to the apparent oil viscosity when the dispersed gas bubbles start migrating with the oil. For conventional oils, below the true bubble point pressure, the oil viscosity increases as the gas freely evolves from the oil. For foamy oils, it has been suggested that the apparent viscosity of gas-in-oil dispersion remains relatively constant, or perhaps declines slightly, between the true bubble point and a characteristic lower pressure, called pseudo bubble point, which is the pressure at which the gas starts separating from the oil. Below this pressure, the viscosity increases, reaching the dead oil value at atmospheric pressure. However, it is a well known fact in dispersion rheology that the viscosity of dispersion is higher than the viscosity of the continuous phase. Therefore, the concept of foamy oil viscosity being lower than the oil viscosity is counterintuitive. The major difference here is the extreme viscosity of the base liquid phase for foamy oil and how this interacts with the gas phase in a porous medium. The reported results appear to be very oil specific in this area, and are also a very strong function of how rapidly pressure is depleted in a given system. It is also likely that the apparent viscosity for flow of foamy oil in porous media is not the true dispersion viscosity due to the size of dispersed bubbles being comparable to the pore sizes. This study aims to investigate this issue by measuring the foamy oil viscosity under varied conditions. The effect of several parameters, such as shear/flow rate, foaminess and gas volume fraction on foamy oil viscosity was experimentally evaluated. A slim tube packed with sand was used to measure the apparent viscosity of gas-in-oil dispersions. The results show that the apparent viscosity of foamy oils is considerably higher than the live oil viscosity. . The results obtained also showed that the presence of an added foaming agent had only a minor impact on the apparent viscosity of foamy oil, especially at higher expansion factors. Also, at the same expansion factor, the apparent viscosity was higher at higher flow rate. Overall, the presence of a foaming agent resulted in enhanced dispersed flow of gas, as evidenced from the size of bubbles being produced and the observed pressure fluctuations