gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
End-to-side anastomosis of small vessels using an Nd:YAG laser with a hemispherical contact probe (1992)

A new technique is described which enables the surgeon to perform an end-to-side anastomosis between arteries with little (less than 2 minutes) or no occlusion of the recipient artery. The technique was developed in rabbits, but has recently been successfully used in a patient in whom an anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery and a proximal branch of the middle cerebral artery was created.
Electrical conduction in ferromagnetic metals (1977)

Experiments are reported on the electrical-conduction properties of a large number of binary and ternary alloys based on either nickel or iron. The solutes represent the elements that can be dissolved in nickel or iron at a concentration of 3 at %. At 4.2 K the resistivity, the resistivity anisotropy, the normal and the anomalous Hall effect have been measured. The results were analysed in terms of a two-current model. In this model two mutually independent currents are associated with the two possible directions of the electron spin, viz. the majority- and the minority-spin direction. For 17 solutes in nickel and 20 solutes in iron we determined the two specific residual resistivities corresponding to the two currents. The trends among the specific resistivities found can be explained in terms of existing data on magneticmoment disturbances around solute metals in the ferromagnetic matrix. It was found that a simple phenomenological description of the resistivity anisotropy in nickel- or iron-based alloys can be given in terms of the twocurrent model. It appears that the anisotropy effect is mainly due to one of the two bands, viz. the majority-spin band in nickel and the minority-spin band in iron. In nickel-based alloys the anomalous Hall effect, too, can satisfactorily be described in terms of the two-current model, taking into account the mechanisms of skew scattering and of side displacement. The skew-scattering angles and the coefficients for side displacement in the two bands were determined for different solutes in nickel. In the majority-spin band of nickel both the skew-scattering term and the side-displacement term are negative, in the minority-spin band of nickel both terms are found to be positive. The limits of validity of the two-current model were observed in a study o the normal Hall effect in nickel-based alloys. It was found that within the majority-spin band of nickel the Hall coefficient varies systematically with the mean free path of the current carriers.
Phosphate Conversion Coating on Diecast AZ91D and Its Corrosion Resistance (2005)

A phosphate conversion coating was deposited on diecast AZ91D magnesium alloys, the film was a complex phosphate containing Mg and Al,which showed amorphous structure. Corrosion resistance of conversion coating in 3.5%NaCl was investigated by polarization curve. It was showed that the anodic branch of polarization curve for the phosphate conversion coating presented typical passivation characteristic. Immersion test results showed that the corrosion rate of phosphate conversion coating was less than that of chromate Dow7 film.
GaN smart power chip technology (2009)

Wide-bandgap GaN-based semiconductor materials are attracting considerable attention as the preferred material for power electronics applications, owning to their superior properties including high breakdown electric-field, high carrier density, high electron mobility and high saturation velocity. In this paper, the technologies for implementing GaN smart power ICs will be introduced based on the large-size, low-cost and highly scalable GaN-on-Si platform. High-voltage power components (normally-off power transistors and HEMT-compatible rectifiers) and low-voltage periphery devices for digital/analog mixed-signal circuits are successfully integrated with the same fabrication process. In particular, key analog functional blocks such as voltage reference generators and comparators are demonstrated using GaN-based technology for the first time. The optimized voltage reference generator achieved less than 70 ppm/°C drift and can be used as a reference voltage in various biasing and sensing circuits. The temperature-dependent performance of a conventional comparator is characterized and a new temperature-compensated comparator circuit is also demonstrated. The positive limiting level of the temperature-compensated comparator is less than 450 ppm/°C drift compared to 1400 ppm/°C in the conventional comparator.
Tandem peripheral blood progenitor cell transplants as initial therapy for metastatic breast cancer. (1995)

Rapid hematologic recovery achieved with PBPC made possible the administration of two courses of high-dose chemotherapy without compromising the intensity of either transplant regimen. The adverse effects of the second course, however, were substantially higher than predicted. The outcome of patients achieving a complete response is promising. Overall, the antitumor benefit of this approach in patients with previously untreated metastatic disease was not superior to that achieved with single transplants in patients responding to standard-dose chemotherapy.
Some Experiments in Medical Motion Pictures in Color (1930)

From the beginning of the motion picture the possibilities of its application to the field of medicine as an educational medium and a means of satisfactory record has been well recognized by the motion picture profession. Because of this current feeling there has been a constant effort to produce satisfactory pictures. Medical motion pictures invariably deal with a specific type of subject in which the emphasis lies in detailed structures, which as a rule depend on differentiation of fine color gradations for their successful interpretation. Unfortunately these predominant hues are found in the red end of the spectrum, that portion which the earlier photographic materials were unable to record correctly. This situation, together with the fact that photography on 35 mm. film is expensive considering the small distribution and limited use to which medical films are subject, tended to discourage the progress of these pictures.
Railway infrastructure monitoring by drones (2016)

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the adoption of drones for monitoring a variety of infrastructures. Infrastructure monitoring systems are widely adopted to detect faults before they can lead to severe failures. They can be found in a number of civil structures, including bridges and viaducts, and also in many other applications of smart-maintenance, prognostics, health and security monitoring. This paper explores the usage of drones in railways for early warning, situation assessment and decision support applications. It leverages already available technological and research achievements for drone-based surveillance. The aim of the study is to preliminarily evaluate drone capabilities in a railway monitoring framework including structural faults and security threat detection as well as investigation on the consequences of natural hazards and intentional attacks.
Solution Structure of the Epithelial Cadherin Domain Responsible for Selective Cell Adhesion (1995)

Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules containing extracellular repeats of approximately 110 amino acids. The three-dimensional structure of the amino-terminal repeat of mouse epithelial cadherin was determined by multidimensional heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The calcium ion was bound by a short alpha helix and by loops at one end of the seven-stranded beta-barrel structure. An exposed concave face is in a position to provide homophilic binding specificity and was also sensitive to calcium ligation. Unexpected structural similarities with the immunoglobulin fold suggest an evolutionary relation between calcium-dependent and calcium-independent cell adhesion molecules.
The Power Dolly Approach to Highway Transportation (1965)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The power dolly is a self-contained power unit installed in a converter dolly that is used between trailers in a doubles operation. Its main purpose is to provide additional tractive effort plus additional horsepower for performance to assist in meeting schedules when adverse weather and road conditions prevail. It also has a purpose in providing extra power and traction when heavier loadings are encountered such as in the use of triples or two 40 ft trailers on the throughways.</div>
A graphene-oxide-based thin coating on the separator: an efficient barrier towards high-stable lithium–sulfur batteries (2015)

The electrochemical performance of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries can be significantly improved by simply coating a thin barrier layer on the separator. The spray-coating of a mixture of graphene oxides (GO) and oxidized carbon nanotubes (o-CNT) can achieve a barrier coating of only 0.3 mg cm−2, which is much less than conventional interlayers and has no negative impact on the energy density but significantly enhances the electrochemical performances of the whole battery device. Due to the binding forces induced by functional groups on GO and the interconnected nanoscale channels provided by o-CNT, the thus fabricated Li–S batteries show dramatically improved specific discharge capacities of up to 750 mAh g−1 at 1 C even after 100 cycles, more than twice those of batteries without barrier coatings.
Liquid crystal-based optical time delay units for phased array antennas (1994)

Novel two-dimensional (2-D) spatial light modulator (SLM)-based optical time delay units (OTDU's) using freespace/solid optics and fiber delays are introduced for phased array antenna and wideband signal processing applications. In particular, the mature nematic liquid crystal (NLC) SLM technology is considered for the proposed architectures. A 1/spl times/2 optical switch is demonstrated using a parallel-rub birefringent-mode NLC cell, a bulk optics cube polarizing beamsplitter, and a sheet polarizer. Switch measurements taken at 633 nm show a >3400:1 or >35 dB output port optical isolation. The 1/spl times/2 NLC switch is used to build a 1-bit, 3.33-ns-duration, free-space OTDU using mirrors and total internal reflection corner prisms. The unit demonstrated a >30 dB optical (or >60 dB electrical) signal-to-noise ratio for both delay and no-delay positions. A 1500 pixel NLC SLM is built, and a 128:1 or 21 dB on/off isolation is demonstrated limited by the digital drive electronics of thin-film transistor (TFT)-based pixel control.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cell surface amyloid beta-protein precursor colocalizes with beta 1 integrins at substrate contact sites in neural cells. (1997)

Amyloid beta-protein (A beta), the principal constituent of the senile plaques seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD), is derived by proteolysis from the beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta PP). The distribution and trafficking of cell surface beta PP are of particular interest because some of these molecules are direct precursors of secreted A beta and because the localization of beta PP at the cell surface may be related directly to its physiological functions. Recently, we reported that, in cultured hippocampal neurons, cell surface beta PP is preferentially expressed on axons in a striking discontinuous pattern. In this study, we describe the colocalization of cell surface beta PP and integrins in primary cultured cells. In rat hippocampal neurons, cell surface beta PP was colocalized selectively with alpha 1 beta 1 and alpha 5 beta 1 integrin heterodimers at these characteristic segmental locations. In rat cortical astrocytes, both cell surface beta PP and beta 1 integrin were located at the cell periphery in the "spreading" stage shortly after plating. In "flattened" astrocytes cultured for several days, beta PP was found in punctate deposits called point contacts. In these sites, beta PP was colocalized with alpha 1 beta 1, but not with alpha 5 beta 1 integrin heterodimers, the latter of which were situated at focal contact sites. In both neurons and astrocytes examined after shearing, clathrin and alpha-adaptin were colocalized with beta PP on the surface that directly contacts the substratum. These results are consistent with the putative role of beta PP in cell adhesion and suggests that beta PP either interacts with selected integrins or shares similar cellular machinery to promote cell adhesion.
Navigating Through the Fog of Cloud Computing Contracts, 30 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L.13 (2013) (2013)

This paper explores legal issues associated with cloud computing, provides analysis and commentary on typical clauses found in contracts offered by well-known cloud service providers, and identifies strategies to mitigate the risk of exposure to cloud-based legal claims in the critical areas of data security, privacy, and confidentiality. While current research offers numerous case studies, viewpoints, and technical descriptions of cloud processes, our research provides a close examination of the language used in cloud contract terms. Analysis of these contract terms supports the finding that most standard cloud computing contracts are unevenly balanced in favor of the cloud service provider. The implication for cloud users is that additional measures, both legal and practical, are necessary in order to achieve a reasonable level of data security, privacy, and confidentiality, and to mitigate the inherent risks in cloud computing solutions. This research was limited to an analysis of some of the leading cloud computing service providers and the con-tract clauses they offer to cloud users. Although the selected cloud provider contracts are representative of the currently available contract terms throughout the industry, these terms are evolving along with the practices of the cloud providers and cloud users.
Formation of metal nanoparticles in modified hyperbranched polyglyerols and use as soluble separable catalysts (2001)

Preoperative depression and the amount of excisional hemorrhoids are positively related to postsurgical pain.
Manifold analysis of facial gestures for face recognition (2003)

The particulars of facial gestures are frequently used to qualitatively define and characterize faces. It is not merely the skin motion induced by such gestures, but the appearance of the skin changes that provides this information. For gestures and their appearance to be utilized as a biometric, it is critical that a robust model be established. For this purpose we are exploring gesture manifolds.This paper describes work underway toward evaluation of the manifold representation of facial gestures both as a biometric, and as a means to extract biometric information. Details of the current acquisition system are discussed with the motivating principles behind the device. Preliminary observations are presented to motivate manifold analysis followed by an exposition of the experiments underway that will be used to validate the model.
Acoustics of ear canal measurement of eardrum SPL in simulators (1986)

The effect of standing waves on the ear canal measurement of eardrum sound pressure level (SPL) was determined by both calculation and measurement. Transmission line calculations of the standing wave were made using the dimensions of the ANSI S3.25-1979 ear simulator and three different eardrum impedances. Standing wave curves have been obtained for the standard eardrum impedance at 1-kHz intervals in the range of 1-8 kHz. The changes in standing wave position due to each of the three eardrum impedances and their effects on ear canal measurements of SPL were computed for each of the eardrum impedances. Ear canal SPL measurements conducted on simulators modified to correspond to the eardrum impedances used in the calculations were compared to the computed values. Differences between eardrum SPLs and those measured at different locations in the ear canal approached a standing wave ratio (SWR) of 10-12 dB as the position of the measuring probe approached the standing wave minimum at each frequency. These maximum differences compared favorably with data developed by other investigators from real ears. Differences due to the eardrum impedance were found to be significant only in the frequency region of 2-5 kHz. Calibration of probes in a standard or modified ANSI simulator at the same distance from the eardrum as in the real ear reduces the eardrum SPL measurement errors to those resulting from differences in eardrum impedance.
Amplitude And Phase Characterisation Of Polished Directional Half-Couplers With Variable Refractive Index Overlays (1988)

We report a characterisation technique for both amplitude and phase variations of polished fibre half-couplers in the proximity of variable index bulk overlays. Experimental results are compared with simple theoretical models. In addition, simple derivative fibre-based devices are reported. Amplitude measurements were performed using a single fibre embedded in a block with a 25 cm radius groove, polished to within 1um of the core. A linear (in decibels) change in attenuation resulted for overlay indices greater than the effective mode index. An attenuation change of 40 dB was observed for a 0.0026 change in index. To observe phase changes, an interferometric approach was taken. Two fibres were embedded, one above the other, in a block identical to that above. The core of the top fibre only was exposed by polishing. Low loss 50:50 fused taper couplers were spliced to both sides of the block, forming a fibre Mach-Zehnder interferometer. For overlay indices less than the effective mode index, a phase change of rad was observed for an index change of 0.0045, with an interaction length of 700um.
Trusted Neural Networks for Safety-Constrained Autonomous Control (2018)

We propose Trusted Neural Network (TNN) models, which are deep neural network models that satisfy safety constraints critical to the application domain. We investigate different mechanisms for incorporating rule-based knowledge in the form of first-order logic constraints into a TNN model, where rules that encode safety are accompanied by weights indicating their relative importance. This framework allows the TNN model to learn from knowledge available in form of data as well as logical rules. We propose multiple approaches for solving this problem: (a) a multi-headed model structure that allows trade-off between satisfying logical constraints and fitting training data in a unified training framework, and (b) creating a constrained optimization problem and solving it in dual formulation by posing a new constrained loss function and using a proximal gradient descent algorithm. We demonstrate the efficacy of our TNN framework through experiments using the open-source TORCS~\cite{BernhardCAA15} 3D simulator for self-driving cars. Experiments using our first approach of a multi-headed TNN model, on a dataset generated by a customized version of TORCS, show that (1) adding safety constraints to a neural network model results in increased performance and safety, and (2) the improvement increases with increasing importance of the safety constraints. Experiments were also performed using the second approach of proximal algorithm for constrained optimization --- they demonstrate how the proposed method ensures that (1) the overall TNN model satisfies the constraints even when the training data violates some of the constraints, and (2) the proximal gradient descent algorithm on the constrained objective converges faster than the unconstrained version.
FOXC1 maintains the hair follicle stem cell niche and governs stem cell quiescence to preserve long-term tissue-regenerating potential (2016)

Adult tissue stem cells (SCs) reside in niches, which orchestrate SC behavior. SCs are typically used sparingly and exist in quiescence unless activated for tissue growth. Whether parsimonious SC use is essential to conserve long-term tissue-regenerating potential during normal homeostasis remains poorly understood. Here, we examine this issue by conditionally ablating a key transcription factor Forkhead box C1 (FOXC1) expressed in hair follicle SCs (HFSCs). FOXC1-deficient HFSCs spend less time in quiescence, leading to markedly shortened resting periods between hair cycles. The enhanced hair cycling accelerates HFSC expenditure, and impacts hair regeneration in aging mice. Interestingly, although FOXC1-deficient HFs can still form a new bulge that houses HFSCs for the next hair cycle, the older bulge is left unanchored. As the new hair emerges, the entire old bulge, including its reserve HFSCs and SC-inhibitory inner cell layer, is lost. We trace this mechanism first, to a marked increase in cell cycle-associated transcripts upon Foxc1 ablation, and second, to a downstream reduction in E-cadherin-mediated inter-SC adhesion. Finally, we show that when the old bulge is lost with each hair cycle, overall levels of SC-inhibitory factors are reduced, further lowering the threshold for HFSC activity. Taken together, our findings suggest that HFSCs have restricted potential in vivo, which they conserve by coupling quiescence to adhesion-mediated niche maintenance, thereby achieving long-term tissue homeostasis.
Modulating airway defenses against microbes (2002)

Prevention and treatment of respiratory infections remain an important health care challenge as the US population ages, contains more susceptible or high-risk people, and encounters new pathogens or antibiotic resistant bacteria. Reasonably protective vaccines against very common microbes are available for childhood and adult immunization, but, generally, these are underutilized. A broader definition of higher risk individuals is evolving, which will include more for immunization. Different approaches to vaccine development through design of new component vaccines are necessary. This review has updated host defense mechanisms at three levels in the human respiratory tract: naso-oropharynx (upper airways), conducting airways, and alveolar space. Examples of representative pathogenic microbes have been inserted at the respective airway segment where they may colonize or create infection (influenza, measles virus, Porphyromonas gingivalis causing periodontitis, Bordetella pertussis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillus anthracis ). Hopefully, microbe-host interactions will suggest new approaches for preventing these kinds of infections.
The Relationship between Relative Humidity and the Dewpoint Temperature in Moist Air: A Simple Conversion and Applications (2005)

The relative humidity (RH) and the dewpoint temperature (td) are two widely used indicators of the amount of moisture in air. The exact conversion from RH to td, as well as highly accurate approximations, are too complex to be done easily without the help of a calculator or computer. However, there is a very simple rule of thumb that can be very useful for approximating the conversion for moist air (RH > 50%), which does not appear to be widely known by the meteorological community: td decreases by about 1°C for every 5% decrease in RH (starting at td= t, the dry bulb temperature, when RH = 100%). This article examines the mathematical basis and accuracy of this and other relationships between the dewpoint and relative humidity. Several useful applications of the simple conversion are presented, in particular the computation of the cumulus cloud-base level (or lifting condensation level) as zLCL >> (20 + t/5)(100 – RH), where zLCL is in meters when t is in degrees Celcius and RH in percent. Finally, a historical perspective is given with anecdotes about some of the early work in this field.