gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A framework algorithm for a real-world variant of the vehicle routing problem (2011)

The vehicle routing problem has a half-a-century development history with many variants and algorithms. In this work, we tackle a real-world variant which has a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles and requires scheduling at limited-slotted depots with a time window constraint at a centralized garage. We first give problem formulations, introduce our approach to decompose this variant into subproblems and present our framework algorithm with experiments on real-world data sets. Experimental results show that our algorithm outperforms the heuristic method relaxed from dynamic programming and the multi-stage local search method. Our result is also far better than that of the experience-based greedy method. Significant savings with low resource consumption suggest practical use of our algorithm in real-world applications.
miR-137: A New Player in Schizophrenia (2014)

Schizophrenia is a complex genetic disease and characterized by affective, cognitive, neuromorphological, and molecular abnormalities that may have a neurodevelopmental origin. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical to neurodevelopment and adult neuronal processes by modulating the activity of multiple genes within biological networks. MiR-137 as a brain-enriched microRNA, plays important roles in regulating embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) fate determination, neuronal proliferation and differentiation, and synaptic maturation. Its dysregulation causes changes in the gene expression regulation network of the nervous system, thus inducing mental disorders. Recently, miR-137 has been confirmed as a gene related to schizophrenia susceptibility. In the following review, we summarize the expression pattern, epigenetic regulation and functions of miR-137. A more complete picture of the miR-137, which is dysregulated in psychiatric illness, may improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying schizophrenia.
BET and HDAC inhibitors induce similar genes and biological effects and synergize to kill in Myc-induced murine lymphoma (2014)

The bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) domain family of proteins binds to acetylated lysines on histones and regulates gene transcription. Recently, BET inhibitors (BETi) have been developed that show promise as potent anticancer drugs against various solid and hematological malignancies. Here we show that the structurally novel and orally bioavailable BET inhibitor RVX2135 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of lymphoma cells arising in Myc-transgenic mice in vitro and in vivo. We find that BET inhibition exhibits broad transcriptional effects in Myc-transgenic lymphoma cells affecting many transcription factor networks. By examining the genes induced by BETi, which have largely been ignored to date, we discovered that these were similar to those induced by histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi). HDACi also induced cell-cycle arrest and cell death of Myc-induced murine lymphoma cells and synergized with BETi. Our data suggest that BETi sensitize Myc-overexpressing lymphoma cells partly by inducing HDAC-silenced genes, and suggest synergistic and therapeutic combinations by targeting the genetic link between BETi and HDACi.
Research on Model Based Embedded Display Control Technology (2013)

Focusing on the drawbacks of Zinc and Tilcon graphic systems for secondary development under VxWorks, this paper presents an efficient embedded model based display control technology. Such display control technology, in order to drive the application software, abstracted the display knowledge and control knowledge from embedded software to make model files, which improves the software quality and development efficiency. Briefly, it achieves what-you-see-is-what-you-get (WYSIWYG) software development. Finally, experimental results show that the model based display control technology performed better than traditional method does in terms of development efficiency, memory demanding and stability.
<i>Mycobacterium</i> and the coat of many lipids (2002)

Pathogenic Mycobacterium reside inside vacuoles in their host macrophages. These vacuoles fail to fuse with lysosomes yet interact with early endosomes. Glycoconjugates released by the intracellular bacilli traffic through the host cell and are released through exocytosis. These molecules represent both antigens for immune recognition and modulators of immune function. The molecules play key roles in the induction and maintenance of the granuloma, a tissue response that limits bacterial spread yet ensures persistence of the infection.
Enzymatic Ugi Reaction with Amines and Cyclic Imines (2016)

The application of the Ugi reaction to the construction of new peptide scaffolds is an important goal of organic chemistry. To date, there are no examples of the Ugi reaction being performed with a cyclic imine and amine simultaneously. The application of 2-substituted cyclic imines in an enzymatic three-component Ugi-type reaction provides an elegant and attractive synthesis of substituted pyrrolidine and piperidine derivatives in up to 60 % yield. Results on studies of the selection of an enzyme, amount of water, and solvent used in a novel three-component Ugi reaction and the limitations thereof are reported herein. The presented methodology exploiting enzyme promiscuity in the multicomponent reaction fulfills the requirements associated with green chemistry. Several methods, such as isotope labeling and enzyme inhibition, were used to probe the possible mechanism of this complex synthesis. This research is the first example of an enzyme-catalyzed Ugi-type reaction with an imine, amine, and isocyanide.
COMPARISON OF <sup>13</sup>C CPMAS NMR AND CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING THE DEGREE OF DECOMPOSITION IN VIRGIN AND CULTIVATED PEAT PROFILES (1987)

Solid-state 13 C CPMAS NMR was used to examine organic soils from virgin, 5-yr and 15-yr cultivated sites. In agreement with previous studies using other techniques, the chemical effects of cultivation were essentially confined to the plough layer. Cultivated sites had less carbohydrate, and increased lipid and methoxyl carbon; these changes were similar to those found with depth, due to natural decomposition. Changes in aromatic and phenolic carbon with depth or years of cultivation were small. When the NMR data were compared with other indicators of decomposition, there were no correlations between the pyrophosphate index and NMR parameters. Rubbed fiber correlated positively with carbohydrate, and negatively with lipid. This study supports the use of rubbed fiber as a routine indicator of the degree of decomposition, and the use of 13 C CPMAS NMR for elucidating chemical changes in organic soils. It also illustrates the need to separate more clearly chemical changes occurring during decomposition or cultivation, from purely physical changes due to drying, compaction, and particle size diminution. Key words: 13 C NMR, degree of composition, peat profile, organic soils
FcMgv1, FcStuA AND FcVeA BASED GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION IN Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) (2018)

Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) leads to economic losses in wheat and barley fields in Turkey as well as in many countries worldwide as a result of head blight and crown rot diseases. In this study, in vitro growth capacity of 33 F. culmorum isolates originating from Turkey and the relationship between phenotypic and genetic characteristics obtained based on similarities of FcMgv1, FcStuA and FcVeA genes were investigated. Linear growth rate values were recorded at 4th and 7th days of incubation. The mean linear growth rate values ranged from 7.58±1.06 to 14.7±1.26mm/day. The isolates F2 and 18F with relatively high linear growth values and the isolates 12F and F19 with relatively low linear growth values, were selected to be used in multiloci based genotyping analysis. FcMgv1, FcStuA and FcVeA genes were amplified in lengths of 1733, 2001 and 1898bp, respectively. The genes were sequenced, aligned and then subjected to BLASTn and to maximum likelihood topology analysis. Nucleotide sequence of each gene showed maximum hit with associated genes deposited in NCBI with 0.0-0.0 E-values and 1188 to 3256 bit scores. Alignment analysis resulted in at least 89% bootstrap support. Moreover, isolates with similar linear growth rates were co-clustered in phylogenetic analysis. The findings obtained in this study showed that the three genes which are essential for fungal survival could be used in genetic characterization analysis and in revealing the associations between their genetic and phenotypic characteristics.
Haemodynamic effects of the bacterial quorum sensing signal molecule, <i>N</i>‐(3‐oxododecanoyl)‐<scp>L</scp>‐homoserine lactone, in conscious, normal and endotoxaemic rats (2001)

N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) are small, diffusible signalling molecules, employed by Gram-negative bacteria to coordinate gene expression with cell population density. Recent in vitro findings indicate that AHLs may function as virulence determinants per se, through modification of cytokine production by eukaryotic cells, and by stimulating the relaxation of blood vessels. In the present study, we assessed the influence of AHLs on cardiovascular function in conscious rats, and draw attention to the ability of the N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C12-HSL), a signal molecule produced by P. aeruginosa, to cause marked bradycardia. This bradycardic effect was blocked by atropine and atenolol, and did not occur in vitro. Furthermore, modification of the acyl side chain length resulted in the loss of activity, whereas removal of the homoserine lactone ring, did not. The bradycardic effect of 3-oxo-C12-HSL was also observed in endotoxaemic animals, albeit attenuated. In normal rats, 3-oxo-C12-HSL caused initial mesenteric and hindquarters vasoconstriction, but only slight, and delayed signs of vasodilatation in the renal and mesenteric vascular beds. Furthermore, administration of 3-oxo-C12-HSL (pre-treatment or 2 h post-treatment) together with LPS, did not modify the established regional haemodynamic effects of the LPS, 6 h after the onset of its infusion. Our observations do not provide any clear evidence for an ability of 3-oxo-C12-HSL to modify the haemodynamic responses to LPS infusion. However, they are not inconsistent with the hypothesis that some of the cardiovascular sequelae of bacterial infection may be modulated by an influence of bacterial quorum sensing signalling molecules on the host.
Reduction of aqueous CO2 at ambient temperature using zero-valent iron-based composites (2003)

The reduction of CO2 was investigated over zero-valent Fe0 and Fe0-based composites in an aqueous solution at room temperature. It was found that H2 and a small amount of CH4 were formed from the CO2–H2O–Fe0 system, while no H2 was formed without CO2. When potassium-promoted Fe0-based composites, Fe0–K–Al and Fe0–Cu–K–Al, were used, the CO2 reduction rates were increased and CH4, C3H8, CH3OH, and C2H5OH were produced together with H2. The fresh and used Fe0 powders after the reaction were analyzed by XPS, XRD, and photoemission yield measurements. The obtained results suggest that in the presence of CO2 as a proton source zero-valent Fe0 is readily oxidized to produce H2 stoichiometrically and that CO2 is reduced catalytically over the Fe0-based composites with the resulting H2 to produce hydrocarbons and alcohols.
Synergistic Effect in Carbon Coated LiFePO<sub>4</sub>for High Yield Spontaneous Grafting of Diazonium Salt. Structural Examination at the Grain Agglomerate Scale (2013)

Molecular grafting of p-nitrobenzene diazonium salt at the surface of (Li)FePO4-based materials was thoroughly investigated. The grafting yields obtained by FTIR, XPS, and elemental analysis for core shell LiFePO4–C are found to be much higher than the sum of those associated with either the LiFePO4 core or the carbon shell alone, thereby revealing a synergistic effect. Electrochemical, XRD, and EELS experiments demonstrate that this effect stems from the strong participation of the LiFePO4 core that delivers large amounts of electrons to the carbon substrate at a constant energy, above the Fermi level of the diazonium salt. Correspondingly large multilayer anisotropic structures that are associated with outstanding grafting yields could be observed from TEM experiments. Results therefore constitute strong evidence of a grafting mechanism where homolytic cleavage of the N2+ species occurs together with the formation and grafting of radical nitro-aryl intermediates. Although the oxidation and concomitant Li deintercalation of LiFePO4 grains constitute the main driving force of the functionalization reaction, EFTEM EELS mapping shows a striking lack of spatial correlation between grafted grains and oxidized ones.
Temperature Tolerance Improvement with Wavelength Tuning Laser Source in Holographic Data Storage (2005)

In this paper, we show the method to increase the temperature tolerance with wavelength tuning in the holographic data storage. Photopolymer media is sensitive to thermal environment so this compensation method should be required to keep low BER with the temperature change. We actually demonstrate to keep high SNR with temperature change by using the wavelength tuning blue ECLD that is under development. Also we numerically show the temperature tolerance in some compensation method i.e. the angle changing method, the wavelength tuning method, and the angle and wavelength tuning (hybrid) method.
A review of pharmacological treatments used in experimental models of traumatic brain injury (2007)

Understanding the relationship between neural disturbances and functional deficits following brain injury is challenging. Cognitive impairment may be the result of a single event or multiple events that occur after the initial insult. Increasing neuronal activity during the chronic phase of injury seems to be an effective treatment strategy for facilitating cognitive recovery. Pharmacological agents do not necessarily display the same effects in an injured brain as in a non-injured brain. Thus, further research is needed to establish the effectiveness of rehabilitative drug treatments.
Low-cost and fast synthesis of nanoporous silica cryogels for thermal insulation applications (2012)

Nanoporous silica cryogels with a high specific surface area of 1095 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>-1</sup> were fabricated using tert-butyl alcohol as a reaction solvent, via a cost-effective sol-gel process followed by vacuum freeze drying. The total time of cryogel production was reduced markedly to one day. The molar ratio of solvent/precursor, which was varied from 5 to 13, significantly affected the porous structure and thermal insulating properties of the cryogels. The silica cryogels with low densities in the range of 0.08-0.18 g cm<sup>-3</sup> and thermal conductivities as low as 6.7 mW (m·K)<sup>-1</sup> at 100 Pa and 28.3 mW (m·K)<sup>-1</sup> at 10<sup>5</sup> Pa were obtained using this new technique.
NanoCluster Beacons Enable Detection of a Single <i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-Methyladenine (2015)

While N(6)-methyladenine (m(6)A) is a common modification in prokaryotic and lower eukaryotic genomes and has many biological functions, there is no simple and cost-effective way to identify a single N(6)-methyladenine in a nucleic acid target. Here we introduce a robust, simple, enzyme-free and hybridization-based method using a new silver cluster probe, termed methyladenine-specific NanoCluster Beacon (maNCB), which can detect single m(6)A in DNA targets based on the fluorescence emission spectra of silver clusters. Not only can maNCB identify m(6)A at the single-base level but it also can quantify the extent of adenine methylation in heterogeneous samples. Our method is superior to high-resolution melting analysis as we can pinpoint the location of m(6)A in the target.
Reaction of organic materials with YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ (1988)

Strong surface and interfacial reactions between yttrium barium cuprate and common carbon-based organics can occur at modest temperatures. These reactions can result in the loss of electrical continuity, lowered electrical conductivity, and loss of low-temperature diamagnetic behavior. The effect occurs in powders exposed to common liquid solvents (acetone, hexane), as well as powders incorporated into polymer matrices (polyvinyl butyral, polyimid, silicone rubber, polyphosphazene). The powder acts as a strong catalytic agent in polymer matrices, generating exotherms, and can even cause combustion in some cases. A strong particle size effect is present.
Chemical Protein Modification through Cysteine (2016)

The modification of proteins with non-protein entities is important for a wealth of applications, and methods for chemically modifying proteins attract considerable attention. Generally, modification is desired at a single site to maintain homogeneity and to minimise loss of function. Though protein modification can be achieved by targeting some natural amino acid side chains, this often leads to ill-defined and randomly modified proteins. Amongst the natural amino acids, cysteine combines advantageous properties contributing to its suitability for site-selective modification, including a unique nucleophilicity, and a low natural abundance--both allowing chemo- and regioselectivity. Native cysteine residues can be targeted, or Cys can be introduced at a desired site in a protein by means of reliable genetic engineering techniques. This review on chemical protein modification through cysteine should appeal to those interested in modifying proteins for a range of applications.
Genome-wide comparison of phage M13-infected vs. uninfected<i>Escherichia coli</i> (2005)

To identify Escherichia coli genes potentially regulated by filamentous phage infection, we used oligonucleotide microarrays. Genome-wide comparison of phage M13-infected and uninfected E. coli, 2 and 20 min after infection, was performed. The analysis revealed altered transcription levels of 12 E. coli genes in response to phage infection, and the observed regulation of phage genes correlated with the known in vivo pattern of M13 mRNA species. Ten of the 12 host genes affected could be grouped into 3 different categories based on cellular function, suggesting a coordinated response. The significantly upregulated genes encode proteins involved in reactions of the energy-generating phosphotransferase system and transcription processing, which could be related to phage transcription. No genes belonging to any known E. coli stress response pathways were scored as upregulated. Furthermore, phage infection led to significant downregulation of transcripts of the bacterial genes gadA, gadB, hdeA, gadE, slp, and crl. These downregulated genes are normally part of the host stress response mechanisms that protect the bacterium during conditions of acid stress and stationary phase transition. The phage-infected cells demonstrated impaired function of the oxidative and the glutamate-dependent acid resistance systems. Thus, global transcriptional analysis and functional analysis revealed previously unknown host responses to filamentous phage infection.
Multiagent Knowledge-Based Environment for Concurrent Engineering Applications (1996)

The systematic integration of humans with the tools, resources, and information assets of an organization is fundamental to concurrent engineering (CE) In an integrated environment, all entities must first be connected, and they then must work cooperatively Services that support "concurrency"—through communication, team coordination, information sharing, and integration—in an interactive and formerly serial product development process provide the foundation for a CE environment Product developers working concurrently in their application domains need "built-in" tools and "operated-in" tools in a computer-aided CE environment The latter group of tools evolves over time and requires continuous extensions and changes since each next product development is either new or an improvement of the previous one Product developers need a CE programming environment in which they can build programs from other developed programs, built-in tools, and knowledge bases describ ing how to perform a complex design process In every system, some part handles details unique to each user In client/server systems, this is typically a client program In monolithic systems, some program modules maintain status information for each user and provide an interface to other system modules In a multiagent model, system components dedicated to individual users are agents acting on behalf of those users (roles) Multiagent systems distribute intelligence throughout the entire system allowing individual system objects to remain simple and interactions be tween objects is minimized through the use of agents, which adapt automatically to changes in components These are futures that are necessary in large flexible design and manufacturing systems This paper describes a type of system integration provided by means of a multiagent knowledge-based environment that encompasses programs, CAx tools, and knowledge bases The presented approach is illustrated by selected examples
Surface damage on stainless steel and molybdenum electrodes caused by electrical breakdown in high vacuum (1981)

We have studied the surface damage produced on stainless steel and molybdenum electrodes when electrical breakdown occurs in ultrahigh vacuum. The electrode gap distance was ≊1 mm. In stainless steel, sharp protrusions form on edges of micron-sized pits which are sometimes present on highly polished surfaces. These protrusions may initiate breakdown. Both molybdenum and stainless steel cathodes show surface features similar to the blisters when these metals are irradiated with high doses of hydrogen ions. We propose that the gases dissolved in the electrode material and the high ionic flux produced as a result of outgassing of the electrodes near the breakdown voltage may cause bubble formation and blistering on the cathode surface. These blisters are sites of high-field emission and may burst, leading to crater formation. The craters on the anode surface are formed as a result of field-electron current-induced heating and impact of microparticles originating at the cathode.
Characterization of Subclass‐related F(ab)<sub>2</sub>. Fab/c and Fch Fragments Obtained by Short Papain Digestion of Human IgG Myeloma 312 (1973)

When incubated with papain alone, all the IgGI proteins gave a good yield (6‐ 20%) of fragments (consisting of one Fc joined to one Fab through an unbroken heavy chain). Inclusion of cysteine during the digestion resulted in a mixture of F(ab) 2 and probably F(c) 2 fragments in (a dimer of Fc) in approx. weld. The IgG2 proteins gave mainly F(ab) 2 fragments in up to 12% yield during a short papain digestion in the presence of cysteine. The IgG3 proteins tested gave nearly pure Fch (Fc fragment plus the particular expanded hinge region) when digested without cysteine (yield of 4–25%) . If the papain proteolysis was performed together with cysteine, there was about 5% yield of a mixture of Mw 100,000 fragments The IgG 4 protein used in this study gave approximately 30%. yield of almost pure F(ab) 2 fragments when digested without teine F(ab) 2 fragments were also formed when the IgG4 protein was digested in the presence of cysteine (10% yield).