gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thick phosphor screens for on‐line portal imaging (1994)

Gd2O2S phosphor screens between 250 and 1000 mg/cm2 thick were evaluated for use in megavoltage imaging systems. The phosphor layers were placed on brass plates ranging from 1 to 5 mm thick, each with and without an optical back reflector (white paint). Light output and spatial resolution were measured at 6- and 23-MV x-ray energies. Light output was found to increase linearly with phosphor thickness up to 500 mg/cm2, reaching a plateau at 1000 mg/cm2. Spatial resolution [modulation transfer function (MTF)] decreased exponentially with phosphor thickness up to 750 mg/cm2, where a minimum was reached. The variation of MTF with phosphor thickness was found to obey a simple empirical relation.
Interaction of 1,4-Dihydropyridine and Pyridine Derivatives with Adenosine Receptors:  Selectivity for A<sub>3</sub> Receptors (1996)

1,4-Dihydropyridine and pyridine derivatives bound to three subtypes of adenosine receptors in the micromolar range. Affinity was determined in radioligand binding assays at rat brain A1 and A2A receptors using [3H]-(R)-PIA [[3H]-(R)-N6-(phenylisopropyl)adenosine] and [3H]CGS 21680 [[3H]-2-[[4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenyl]ethylamino]-5'-(N-ethylcarbamoyl++ +) adenosine], respectively. Affinity was determined at cloned human and rat A3 receptors using [125I]AB-MECA [N6-(4-amino-3-iodobenzyl)-5'-(N-methylcarbamoyl)adenosine]. Structure-activity analysis at adenosine receptors indicated that sterically bulky groups at the 4-, 5-, and 6-positions are tolerated. (R,S)-Nicardipine, 12, displayed Ki values of 19.6 and 63.8 microM at rat A1 and A2A receptors, respectively, and 3.25 microM at human A3 receptors. Similarly, (R)-niguldipine, 14, displayed Ki values of 41.3 and 1.90 microM at A1 and A3 receptors, respectively, and was inactive at A2A receptors. A preference for the R- vs the S-enantiomer was observed for several dihydropyridines at adenosine receptors, in contrast with the selectivity at L-type Ca2+ channels. A 4-trans-beta-styryl derivative, 24, with a Ki value of 0.670 microM at A3 receptors, was 24-fold selective vs A1 receptors (Ki = 16.1 microM) and 74-fold vs A2A receptors (Ki = 49.3 microM). The affinity of 24 at L-type Ca2+ channels, measured in rat brain membranes using [3H]isradipine, indicated a Ki value of 0.694 microM, and the compound is thus nonselective between A3 receptors and L-type Ca2+ channels. Inclusion of a 6-phenyl group enhanced A3 receptor selectivity: Compound 28 (MRS1097; 3,5-diethyl 2-methyl-6-phenyl-4-(trans-2-phenylvinyl)-1,4(R,S)-dihydro-pyridin e-3, 5-dicarboxylate) was 55-fold selective vs A1 receptors, 44-fold selective vs A2A receptors, and over 1000-fold selective vs L-type Ca2+ channels. In addition, compound 28 attenuated the A3 agonist-elicited inhibitory effect on adenylyl cyclase. Furthermore, whereas nicardipine, 12, displaced radioligand from the Na(+)-independent adenosine transporter with an apparent affinity of 5.36 +/- 1.51 microM, compound 28 displaced less than 10% of total binding at a concentration of 100 microM. Pyridine derivatives, when bearing a 4-alkyl but not a 4-phenyl group, maintained affinity for adenosine receptors. These findings indicate that the dihydropyridines may provide leads for the development of novel, selective A3 adenosine antagonists.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of New Pyridazin‐Based Thioderivatives as Formyl Peptide Receptor (<scp>FPR</scp>) Agonists (2013)

Abstract Preclinical Research A new series of pyridazinone‐based thioderivatives and pyridazine analogs was synthesized and tested for their ability to bind to the three human formyl peptide receptor ( FPR ) isoforms ( FPR1 , FPR2 , and FPR3 ) and to activate intracellular calcium mobilization and chemotaxis in human neutrophils. Among the pyridazin‐3(2 H )‐one derivatives tested, analogs 8b and 8c were mixed FPR1 / FPR2 agonists, with median effective concentration values in the micromolar range, and were able to activate chemotaxis and Ca 2 + flux in human neutrophils in the low micromolar range. Molecular docking studies showed that interaction of a ligand with Arg205 of FPR1 is important for FPR1 agonist activity. For FPR2 , differences in activity between oxygen‐containing compounds and their thio‐analogs were due to steric bulkiness of sulfur‐containing groups.
Age-related changes in EEG coherence (2014)

The age-related EEG desynchrony can be partly explained by the age-related reduction of cortical connectivity. Higher frequencies of oscillations require less cortical area of high coherence. These findings explain why the lowest average coherence values were observed in the beta and sigma bands, as well as why the beta bands show borderline statistical significance and the sigma bands show non-significance. The age-dependent decrease in coherence may influence the estimation of age-related changes in EEG energy due to phase cancellation.
Fade/non-fade duration characteristics and a model for land mobile satellite communications channels (1992)

Propagation characteristics of land mobile satellite communications channels have been studied actively. It is important to investigate the statistical characteristics of fade and nonfade durations as well as those of the fade depth for the design of practical communications systems. Probability density distributions of fade and nonfade durations and a new simulation model are described, based on data measured in Japan. It is shown that the statistical characteristics of fade and nonfade durations of the measured propagation data can be approximated very well with the sums of two log-normal functions. Man-made structures and artificial environments affect the fade and nonfade statistics, especially in freeways and urban areas. It is concluded that the proposed model can more adequately describe the fade and nonfade statistics than models proposed previously.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Enhanced Formation of Calcia‐Gallia Glass by Containerless Processing (1993)

Glass formation from melts of 44 CaO 56Ga 2 O 3 (mol%) was investigated under containerless conditions obtained by acoustically stabilized aerodynamic levitation in combination with laser beam heating. The critical cooling rate for glass formation was R c <100°C/s, much less than values reported in the literature ( R c =550 o ±120 o C/s and ca 350 o C/s) for pendant drops of this composition attached to Pt‐Rh thermocouples. High values of R c in pendant drop experiments were confirmed for the specimens used in this work.
Semantic-Based Dynamic Enterprise Information Integration (2006)

Decision support systems or mission control systems for network-centric operations typically need input from multiple heterogeneous information sources. While the number and size of information sources increase, information integration and its semantic interoperability are becoming a growing concern and a major challenge to information management. In this chapter, we will share our experience of enabling semantic-based dynamic information integration across multiple heterogeneous information sources. While data is physically stored in existing/legacy data systems across the networks, the information is integrated based upon its semantic meanings. Informally, it sounds like a virtual data warehousing technique without any physical data conversion required in advance. Ontology is used to describe the semantics of global information content, and semantic enhancement is achieved by mapping the local metadata onto the ontology. For better system reliability, a unique mechanism is introduced to perform appropriate adjustments upon detecting environmental changes.
<title>Synthesis of new sulfonated mono- and diphthalocyanines d- and f-elements and perspectives of their application for plastic surgery</title> (1996)

We carried out the synthesis of the new compounds -- sulfonated mono- and diphthalocyanines of d- and f-elements (<SUP>s</SUP>PcM, <SUP>s</SUP>Pc<SUB>2</SUB>M). The unusual geometry of these compounds leads to the appearance of new properties -- they are highly water soluble, non- toxic and in contrast to porphyrines they strongly absorb clinically useful light. Suitable methods for synthesis of unknown before water soluble Ga, In and Ti phthalocyanines have been developed. Our investigations show that these compounds are prospects for plastic surgery.
High Resolution E-Beam Lithography With The VLS-1000 Performance Of The Microseal Vacuum Interface (1985)

In the past few years, e-beam technology has gained acceptance as a viable production technique for lithography. This is particularly so in the mask-making areas of semiconductor manufacturing. Only a few manufacturers of semiconductor devices have begun to use e-beam lithography directly in the lab line. This has not been because of a lack of technology but rather lack of good economics. E-beam technology has been suitable for mask-making bectuse the economics make sense, and the mask quality is far superior to that obtained with optical techniques. E-beam has not been suitable for direct writing on the wafer because the throughputs have not been at a level which would make direct write economically viable. Major efforts have been underway by several semiconductor equipment manufacturers to develop a new generation of electron beam lithography systems for direct write on wafer applications. These development efforts are now coming to fruition. One such system is the VLS-1000. The VLS-1000 is a variable shaped electron beam lithography system optimized for direct write on the wafer. This system incorporates several innovative technologies to overcome the hurdles of low throughput and high system cost. A brief description of the system will be given highlighting some of these innovative technologies. One of these, the microseal, has allowed a significant reduction in system size and cost. The microseal allows introduction of wafers directly into the system without the normal incompatibilities and difficulties of vacuum chambers and vacuum locks. Performance results of the microseal will be given. The use of e-beam technology is most viable in the submicron range of feature sizes. Although high accuracy and high. throughput present design conflicts, the use of rigorous error and throughput budgets has allowed the VLS-1000 to provide the highest accuracy performance and competitive throughputs.
Metaphor and interdisciplinary analysis (1997)

(1997). Metaphor and interdisciplinary analysis. Journal of Area Studies: Vol. 5, Theory and Practice of Interdisciplinarity, pp. 57-72.
Factors Influencing the Circumferential Liquid Distribution From Pressure-Swirl Atomizers (1993)

Measurements of circumferential liquid distribution are carried out over ranges of injection pressure from 0.34 to 1.72 MPa (50 to 250 psi) using five different simplex nozzles to achieve variations in the discharge orifice length/diameter ratio from 0.5 to 4.0. Two additional simplex nozzles of the same flow number are also examined in order to ascertain the effect of variations in the number of swirl chamber feed slots on circumferential liquid distribution. Mixtures of water and glycerine are used to provide a twelve to one variation in liquid viscosity. The results obtained show that spray uniformity improves markedly at higher injection pressures. Increase in liquid viscosity also has a beneficial effect on spray uniformity. The most uniform circumferential liquid distributions are obtained with nozzles having a discharge orifice length/diameter ratio of between 1 1/2 and 2.
Corneal opacities secondary to Viscoat® (1986)

Viscoat is a new viscoelastic solution of chondroitin sulfate and sodium hyaluronate dissolved in a phosphate buffer. Recent findings of postoperative corneal deposits in association with its use have been reported to Cilco. The corneal deposits are noted 18 to 48 hours postoperatively and are similar in appearance to calcific band keratopathy. The clinical characteristics and prognosis of this entity are reviewed. Possible methods of treatment and recommendations for prevention are discussed.
Enantioselective Synthesis of (R)-Propylene Carbonate from Ethyl (S)-Lactate (2009)

We report a three-step synthesis of (R)-propylene carbonate from inexpensive, chiral ethyl (S)-lactate. The synthesis involves a borohydride ester reduction and an unusual intramolecular displacement reaction by a carbonate anion. The procedure is simple and reliable, resulting in (R)-propylene carbonate in approximately 60% overall yield with ≥98% ee.
Endothelial C-type natriuretic peptide maintains vascular homeostasis (2014)

The endothelium plays a fundamental role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by releasing factors that regulate local blood flow, systemic blood pressure, and the reactivity of leukocytes and platelets. Accordingly, endothelial dysfunction underpins many cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Herein, we evaluated mice with endothelial-specific deletion of Nppc, which encodes C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), and determined that this mediator is essential for multiple aspects of vascular regulation. Specifically, disruption of CNP leads to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, atherogenesis, and aneurysm. Moreover, we identified natriuretic peptide receptor-C (NPR-C) as the cognate receptor that primarily underlies CNP-dependent vasoprotective functions and developed small-molecule NPR-C agonists to target this pathway. Administration of NPR-C agonists promotes a vasorelaxation of isolated resistance arteries and a reduction in blood pressure in wild-type animals that is diminished in mice lacking NPR-C. This work provides a mechanistic explanation for genome-wide association studies that have linked the NPR-C (Npr3) locus with hypertension by demonstrating the importance of CNP/NPR-C signaling in preserving vascular homoeostasis. Furthermore, these results suggest that the CNP/NPR-C pathway has potential as a disease-modifying therapeutic target for cardiovascular disorders.
Reactivation of Latent Granulomatous Infections by Infliximab (2005)

Although infliximab and etanercept share tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as a common therapeutic target, accumulating data indicate that infliximab (an anti-TNF monoclonal antibody) poses a greater risk of reactivation of latent granulomatous infections than does etanercept (a soluble TNF receptor). Similarly, infliximab is effective for the treatment of chronic granulomatous inflammatory conditions (e.g., Crohn disease) for which etanercept is ineffective. The ability of infliximab to disrupt established granulomas may be distinct from its ability to neutralize soluble TNF. Further research to elucidate the mechanism of the antigranuloma activity of infliximab is warranted.
Achieving Efficient Triplet Exciton Utilization with Large Δ<i>E</i><sub>ST</sub> and Nonobvious Delayed Fluorescence by Adjusting Excited State Energy Levels (2018)

Enhancing the rate of reverse intersystem crossing ( k<sub>risc</sub>) and the rate of radiative transition ( k<sub>r</sub>) has been regarded as the key to improve molecular design strategy in the field of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials. Herein, two sky-blue donor-acceptor (D-A)-type TADF materials, namely, CzDCNPy and tBuCzDCNPy, were designed following a strategy of controlling the energy difference among the charge-transfer singlet state (<sup>1</sup>CT), local exciton triplet state (<sup>3</sup>LE), and charge-transfer triplet state (<sup>3</sup>CT). Significantly different from most previously reported TADF materials, large values of k<sub>r</sub> and k<sub>risc</sub> and a nearly 100% exciton utilization efficiency were simultaneously achieved despite nonobvious delayed fluorescence and a large value of the singlet-triplet energy difference (Δ E<sub>ST</sub>) being observed. This work presents a view that photoinduced delayed fluorescence and a small Δ E<sub>ST</sub> are sufficient but not necessary for TADF materials. It also provides a reference that the high-energy <sup>3</sup>LE state plays a key role in the RISC process in electroluminescence.
Immunolocalization of GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporters in primary cultured neurons and glia (1995)

Immunofluorescence analysis was used to study the cellular localization of glucose transporters 1 and 3 (GLUT1 and GLUT3) in primary rat neuronal and glial cultures. In primary cultured cerebellar granule neurons and cortical neurons, GLUT3 was detected in a pattern consistent with a generalized cell surface distribution. GLUT3 distribution corresponded most closely with the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), and showed overlapping but distinct distributions compared to synaptophysin, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), neurofilament protein, and growth-associated protein (GAP43). Culture of neurons in the presence of glia did not alter the cellular localization of GLUT3. GLUT1 was detectable in primary cerebellar granule neurons both at the cell surface and in the cytoplasm, and appeared decreased in neurons cocultured with glia. GLUT1, but not GLUT3, was detected in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes present in mixed neuronal-glial cultures derived from cerebellum and cerebral cortex, as well as in cortical astrocyte cultures. GLUT1, but not GLUT3, was also detected in microglia and oligodendrocytes present in these cultures. This study indicates a generalized cell surface expression of the glucose transporters expressed in neurons and glia, rather than selective targeting to different cellular domains or subcellular locations.
Purification and properties of a specific collagenase from rabbit synovial fibroblasts (1975)

1. A specific collagenase from the culture medium of rabbit synovial fibroblasts was purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. 2. The enzyme was homogenous on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and showed only traces of contaminants when tested in gels with a non-specific antiserum. 3. The rabbit fibroblast collagenase could hydrolyse collagen both in solution and in fibrillar form. Viscometry showed that at 35 degrees C the purified enzyme could hydrolyse greater than 50 nmol of collagen/min per mg of enzyme. 4. The purified collagenase cleaved collagen in solution at either 24 degrees or 35 degrees C into the characteristic 1/4 and 3/4-length fragments. However, as compared with the impure enzyme, the purified enzyme at 35 degrees C had a much decreased capacity to further degrade the initial specific cleavage products. 5. The specific rabbit collagenase had a mol. wt. of approx. 32000 as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, and 35000 by gel filtration.
Computational Analysis Workflows for Omics Data Interpretation (2011)

Progress in experimental procedures has led to rapid availability of Omics profiles. Various open-access as well as commercial tools have been developed for storage, analysis, and interpretation of transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics data. Generally, major analysis steps include data storage, retrieval, preprocessing, and normalization, followed by identification of differentially expressed features, functional annotation on the level of biological processes and molecular pathways, as well as interpretation of gene lists in the context of protein-protein interaction networks. In this chapter, we discuss a sequential transcriptomics data analysis workflow utilizing open-source tools, specifically exemplified on a gene expression dataset on familial hypercholesterolemia.
Disodium cromoglycate inhibits S mu--&gt;S epsilon deletional switch recombination and IgE synthesis in human B cells. (1994)

IgE synthesis requires interleukin 4 (IL-4) and a T-B cell interaction that involves the B cell antigen CD40 and its ligand expressed on activated T cells. IL-4 induces epsilon germline transcription whereas ligation of CD40 results in deletional S mu-->S epsilon switch recombination, expression of mature epsilon transcripts, and IgE synthesis and secretion. We demonstrate that disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), a drug commonly used for the prophylactic treatment of allergic disease, inhibits T cell-driven IgE synthesis by human B cells at concentrations readily achievable in the course of inhaled therapy for asthma. Inhibition of IgE synthesis by DSCG was not the result of drug toxicity because DSCG did not affect the viability of T and B cells or their proliferation to mitogens. DSCG did not interfere with CD40 ligand expression by T cells but clearly targeted the B cells because it inhibited IgE synthesis induced by anti-CD40 and IL-4 in populations of highly purified B cells. DSCG had no effect on the induction of epsilon germline transcripts by IL-4 but strongly inhibited CD40 mediated S mu-->S epsilon deletional switch recombination in IL-4-treated B cells as assayed by nested primer PCR. The effect of DSCG was not specific for CD40-mediated induction of IgE isotype switching because DSCG inhibited IgE synthesis as well as S mu-->S epsilon deletional switch recombination induced by hydrocortisone and IL-4 in B cells. Moreover, the effect of DSCG was not specific for IgE isotype switching because DSCG inhibited the synthesis of IgG4 by B cells sorted for lack of surface expression of IgG4 and stimulated with anti-CD40 and IL-4. DSCG caused only minimal inhibition (< 15%) of spontaneous IgE synthesis by lymphocytes from patients with the hyper-IgE syndrome and did not affect pokeweed mitogen-induced IgG and IgA synthesis by lymphocytes suggesting that it has little effect on B cells that have already undergone isotype switching. These results indicate that DSCG inhibits switching to IgE in B cells and suggest a novel potential mechanism for the prevention of allergic disease by DSCG.
Sequential phase II Southwest Oncology Group studies (S0112 and S0301) of daunorubicin and cytarabine by continuous infusion, without and with ciclosporin, in older patients with previously untreated acute myeloid leukaemia (2009)

Attempts to overcome multi-drug resistance in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) have been limited by toxicities. To investigate the effect of reducing peak drug levels, we performed sequential phase II studies using continuous infusion daunorubicin and cytarabine without (AD) and then with ciclosporin (ADC) in older patients with AML. Untreated patients (age 56+ years) received daunorubicin (45 mg/m2 per day for 3 d) and cytarabine (200 mg/m2 per day for 7 d), both by continuous infusion, without (S0112, 60 patients) and then with (S0301, 50 patients) the addition of ciclosporin. Complete response (CR) rates were 38% on S0112 and 44% on S0301. Fatal induction toxicities occurred in 17% and 12% respectively, arising primarily from infection and haemorrhage. Median overall and relapse-free survival was 7 and 8 months for AD respectively, and 6 and 14 months for ADC. Patients with phenotypic or functional P-glycoprotein had somewhat higher CR rates with ADC than AD, although confidence intervals overlapped. In these sequential trials, continuous infusion AD produced CR rates comparable to those with bolus daunorubicin. The addition of ciclosporin did not cause undue toxicities, produced a similar CR rate, and possibly improved relapse-free survival. Further correlate analyses did not identify a subpopulation specifically benefitting from the addition of ciclosporin.