gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Yield-preferred via insertion based on novel geotopological technology (2006)

Yield-preferred via insertion is an effective method to reduce the yield loss caused by via failures. The existing methods to apply the redundant-cut vias in metal layers are not efficient nor adequate. In this paper, we present an effective and efficient yield-preferred via insertion method based on a novel geotoplogical layout platform, GEOTOP. Our method chooses the most yield-favored via candidate and insert it into the layout without causing any design rule violations. Experiments with real industry designs show that our method can achieve very high rate of yield-preferred via without increasing the design die size within acceptable running time.
The concentrated emulsion approach to toughened polymer composites: A review (1997)

Abstract A series of tough polymers were prepared by combining flexible with rigid chains, using the method of concentrated emulsion polymerization. The tough materials obtained can be classified into four types: [a] those prepared via the polymerization of a monomer containing a dissolved elastomer, starting from its concentrated emulsion in water; [b] those prepared via heterogeneous (interfacial) crosslinking of two partially polymerized concentrated emulsion in water containing incipient latexes; [c] those prepared as semi‐interpenetrating or AB network latexes, starting from a concentrated emulsion in water and [d] those prepared by mixing two partially polymerized concentrated emulsions and completing the polymerization. A concentrated emulsion differs from the conventional emulsion in that the volume fraction of the dispersed phase is higher than that of the most compact arrangement of monosize spheres (0.74) and can be as high as 0.99. The cells of a highly concentrated emulsion are no longer spherical, but polyhedral in shape, compactly packed and separated by thin films of continuous phase. As a result of such structure, a high polymerization rate and a high molecular weight can be achieved, the size (in the colloidal range) of the flexible phase can be controlled and the latter phase can be uniformly dispersed in the rigid one. Consequently, the concentrated emulsion method constitutes a suitable pathway to toughened composites. Owing to the compact packing of cells, the concentrated emulsion polymerization method is particularly suitable for cases in which reactions occur at the cell interface. For the materials of type [d], these reactions generate quasi‐block copolymers, which compatibilize (via “auto‐compatibilization”) the components of blends.
A real-time high-fidelity driving simulator system based on PC clusters (2006)

There are many challenges to create a real-time high-fidelity driving simulator based on PC clusters with multi-channeled projector support, while still maintaining at least 30 frame rates for complex scenes. This paper describes how such a system was conceived and implemented to support behavioral research on highway safety and operations. The real highway safety research study is used to compare the driver behavior derived from real-world roadway data with data collected in a simulated environment to valid the simulator. The hardware and software architectures are discussed in detail, respectively. Such architectures have been constructed to support upgradeability, scalability, extendibility, and flexibility. The experimental results of the real study are shown in daytime and nighttime, respectively. The conclusions and future work are described in the end.
Impact of intended emotion intensity on cue utilization and decoding accuracy in vocal expression of emotion. (2001)

Actors vocally portrayed happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust with weak and strong emotion intensity while reading brief verbal phrases aloud. The portrayals were recorded and analyzed according to 20 acoustic cues. Listeners decoded each portrayal by using forced-choice or quantitative ratings. The results showed that (a) portrayals with strong emotion intensity yielded higher decoding accuracy than portrayals with weak intensity, (b) listeners were able to decode the intensity of portrayals, (c) portrayals of the same emotion with different intensity yielded different patterns of acoustic cues, and (d) certain acoustic cues (e.g., fundamental frequency, high-frequency energy) were highly predictive of listeners' ratings of emotion intensity. It is argued that lack of control for emotion intensity may account for some of the inconsistencies in cue utilization reported in the literature.
Multicell converters: active control and observation of flying-capacitor voltages (2002)

The multicell converters introduced more than ten years ago make it possible to distribute the voltage constraints among series-connected switches and to improve the output waveforms (increased number of levels and apparent frequency). The balance of the constraints requires an appropriate distribution of the flying voltages. This paper presents some solutions for the active control of the voltages across the flying capacitors in the presence of rapid variation of the input voltage. The latter part of this paper is dedicated to the observation of these voltages using an original modeling of the converter.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Rubella Virus Isolated during a Period of Epidemic Transmission in Italy, 1991–1997 (2003)

To study the molecular epidemiology of rubella virus during endemic transmission, phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the E1 gene was done with 31 isolates collected in northern Italy durin 1991-1997, a period spanning 3 epidemics. The viruses segregated into distinct genotypic strains. Cocirculation of genotypic strains was detected; however, each epidemic was associated with specific strains, and strain displacement occurred concomitantly with each epidemic. Although most of the viruses from Italy belonged to rubella genotype I and many were related to viruses isolated concurrently in other European countries, 3 viruses belonged to rubella genotype II, which previously had been isolated only in Asia. Thus, intercontinental importation of viruses also occurred.
Segmentation and motion estimation of moving objects for object-oriented analysis-synthesis coding (2002)

This paper presents a segmentation and motion estimation method for object-oriented analysis-synthesis coding. A major difficulty in estimating general motion is that it requires a large area of support in order to achieve a good estimation. Unfortunately, when the supporting area is large it is very likely to have multiple moving objects. To solve this problem, we propose a multi-stage segmentation method which is based on optical flow. The basic concept is to group homogeneous subregions with respect to simpler mapping model into large homogeneous regions with respect to more complex mapping model. By applying a hierarchy of mapping parameter model progressively, we can segment the whole changed region into several parabolic patches. Especially person's face in head-and-shoulder images can be described as one object.
Facile synthesis of site-specifically acetylated and methylated histone proteins: Reagents for evaluation of the histone code hypothesis (2003)

The functional capacity of genetically encoded histone proteins can be powerfully expanded by posttranslational modification. A growing body of biochemical and genetic evidence clearly links the unique combinatorial patterning of side chain acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation mainly within the highly conserved N termini of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 with the regulation of gene expression and chromatin assembly and remodeling, in effect constituting a "histone code" for epigenetic signaling. Deconvoluting this code has proved challenging given the inherent posttranslational heterogeneity of histone proteins isolated from biological sources. Here we describe the application of native chemical ligation to the preparation of full-length histone proteins containing site-specific acetylation and methylation modifications. Peptide thioesters corresponding to histone N termini were prepared by solid phase peptide synthesis using an acid labile Boc/HF assembly strategy, then subsequently ligated to recombinantly produced histone C-terminal globular domains containing an engineered N-terminal cysteine residue. The ligation site is then rendered traceless by hydrogenolytic desulfurization, generating a native histone protein sequence. Synthetic histones generated by this method are fully functional, as evidenced by their self-assembly into a higher order H3/H4 heterotetramer, their deposition into nucleosomes by human ISWI-containing (Imitation of Switch) factor RSF (Remodeling and Spacing Factor), and by enzymatic modification by human Sirt1 deacetylase and G9a methyltransferase. Site-specifically modified histone proteins generated by this method will prove invaluable as novel reagents for the evaluation of the histone code hypothesis and analysis of epigenetic signaling mechanisms.
An Automatic Generator for Compiler Testing (1982)

A new method for testing compilers is presented. The compiler is exercized by compilable programs, automatically generated by a test generator. The generator is driven by a tabular description of the source language. This description is in a formalism which nicely extends context-free grammars in a context-dependent direction, but still retains the structure and readability of BNF. The generator produces a set of programs which cover all grammatical constructions of the source language, unless user supplied directives instruct otherwise. The programs generated can also be used to evaluate the performance of different compilers of the same source language.
Comparison of albumin‐(Gd‐DTPA)<sub>30</sub> and Gd‐DTPA‐24‐cascade‐polymer for measurements of normal and abnormal microvascular permeability (1997)

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare a new MR macromolecular contrast medium (MMCM), gadolinium‐diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd‐DTPA)‐24‐cascade‐polymer, to a well‐studied prototype MMCM, for the potential of distinguishing tissues of varying endothelial permeability. Three tissue models of varying capillary permeability were studied in a total of 46 rats: normal myocardium (normal capillaries), subcutaneously implanted adenocarcinoma (mild capillary leak), and reperfused infarcted myocardium (high capillary leak). T1‐weighted MRI was performed before and dynamically after injection of either albumin‐(Gd‐DTPA) 30 or the cascade polymer (each .02 mmol gadolinium [Gd] per kg). Data analysis based on a two‐compartment kinetic model yielded estimates of fractional blood volume (BV) (percentage) and fractional leak rate (FLR) (1 per hour). Permeability to the cascade polymer as reflected in FLR was considerable in normal myocardium (8.24 per hour), of similar value in tumors (8.55 per hour), but significantly greater in infarcted myocardium (39.17 per hour, P < .01) versus normal myocardium. The larger albumin‐(Gd‐DTPA) 30 demonstrated minimal extravasation in normal myocardium (FLR .33 per hour); FLR in tumors was 100% higher (.66 per hour, P < .002) and FLR in reperfused capillaries was significantly greater (7.94 per hour, P < .001). Based on capillary permeability measurements, the cascade polymer may have limited utility for detection of mildly increased microvascular permeabilities. For severe tissue injury, the cascade polymer can resolve abnormal microvascular integrity.
Detection of a length polymorphism for human GIP gene by polymerase chain reaction (1991)

Journal Article Detection of a length polymorphism for human GIP gene by polymerase chain reaction Get access T.L. Johnson, T.L. Johnson Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX 78284, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B.E. Reus, B.E. Reus Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX 78284, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar A.L. Culpepper, A.L. Culpepper Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX 78284, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar S.L. Naylor, S.L. Naylor Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX 78284, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R.J. Leach R.J. Leach * Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX 78284, USA * To whom correspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 19, Issue 15, 11 August 1991, Page 4312, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/19.15.4312 Published: 11 August 1991
A comparison of the effects of carbon dioxide and medical air for abdominal insufflation on respiratory parameters in xylazine-sedated sheep undergoing laparoscopic artificial insemination (2018)

There were no statistical or clinical differences in RR, PaO<sub>2</sub>, PaCO<sub>2</sub>, pH, or conception to AI when comparing the effects of CO<sub>2</sub> and medical air as abdominal insufflation gases. None of the sheep experienced hypercapnia or acidaemic, yet 42% (19/45) of sheep developed clinical hypoxaemia, with a higher percentage of ewes in the CO<sub>2</sub> group developing hypoxaemia than in the medical air group. Based on the overall analysis, medical air could be utilised as a comparable alternative for abdominal insufflation during laparoscopic AI procedures.
Restricting the Mobility of G<sub>s</sub>α:  Impact on Receptor and Effector Coupling (1999)

The alpha-subunit of the stimulatory G protein, Gs, has been shown to dissociate from the plasma membrane into the cytosol following activation by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) in some experimental systems. This dissociation may involve depalmitoylation of an amino-terminal cysteine residue. However, the functional significance of this dissociation is not known. To investigate the functional consequence of Gs alpha dissociation, we constructed a membrane-tethered Gs alpha (tetGs alpha), expressed it in Sf9 insect cells, and examined its ability to couple with the beta(2) adrenoceptor and to activate adenylyl cyclase. Compared to wild-type Gs alpha, tetGs alpha coupled much more efficiently to the beta 2 adrenoceptor and the D1 dopamine receptor as determined by agonist-stimulated GTP gamma S binding and GTPase activity. The high coupling efficiency was abolished when Gs )alpha was proteolytically cleaved from the membrane tether. The membrane tether did not prevent the coupling of tetGS alpha to adenylyl cyclase. These results demonstrate that regulating the mobility of Gs alpha relative to the plasma membrane, through fatty acylation or perhaps interactions with cytoskeletal proteins, could have a significant impact on receptor-G protein coupling. Furthermore, by enabling the use of more direct measures of receptor-G protein coupling (GTPase activity, GTP gamma S binding), tetGS alpha can facilitate the study for receptor-G protein interactions.
Diploid Expression of Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I and Class II Molecules on Spermatozoa and their Cyclic Inverse Correlation with Inhibin Concentration1 (1996)

A diploid expression of class I and class II human leukocyte antigens (HLA) has been found in purified spermatozoa by using double fluorescence labeling cytofluorometry and relevant monoclonal antibodies; this expression has been confirmed for the first time by the analysis of specific HLA mRNA and metabolic 35S labeling followed by immunoprecipitation, which demonstrates an active ongoing translation of HLA proteins in germinal cells. Long-living mRNA coming from diploid germinal cells may be translated to HLA molecules in spermatozoa. This translation is controlled (or at least inversely correlated) by a testicular hormone (inhibin) in a cyclic fashion. Remarkably, serum levels of inhibin, synthesized by Leydig and Sertoli cells, follow a 12- to 13-day cycle, with a peak level at Day 6; this is probably controlled by FSH (not cyclic in males) and other testicular and/or unknown hormones. Peak levels of inhibin concur with the lower density and percentage of spermatozoa expressing both HLA class I and II molecules (close to 3% by cytofluorometry); lowest levels of inhibin coincide with the highest numbers (35-40%) of spermatozoa positive for both HLA molecules and a higher surface density. These observations could put to an end a disconcerting and long-lasting controversy on the expression/non-expression of HLA antigens on spermatozoa. The possibility that HLA-bearing spermatozoa are more capacitated for fertilization than those that do not bear HLA, and the implications of our results on male fertility control are also discussed.
The chemical nature of the urinary odour produced by man after asparagus ingestion (1987)

1. The pungent urinary odour produced by certain individuals within a few hours of eating asparagus has been shown to be due to a combination of up to six sulphur-containing alkyl compounds identified as methanethiol, dimethyl sulphide, dimethyl disulphide, bis-(methylthio)methane, dimethyl sulphoxide and dimethyl sulphone. 2. The possible roles of S-methylmethionine and asparagusic acid as precursors of these odorous substances are discussed in relation to the known chemistry of the vegetable.
Genetic Variants in TAP Are Associated with High-Grade Cervical Neoplasia (2009)

Abstract Purpose: The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is essential in assembling MHC-I proteins. Human papillomavirus (HPV) evades immune recognition by decreasing class I MHC cell surface expression through down-regulation of TAP1 levels. Consistent with heterogeneity in MHC expression is the individual variability in clearing detectable HPV infections. Genetic polymorphisms in TAP genes may affect protein structure, function, and the ability to clear HPV infection. Experimental Design: Case-control study of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II or III (n = 114) and women without high-grade CIN (n = 366). Five nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in TAP1 and TAP2 were genotyped using DNA collected in cervicovaginal lavage samples using microsphere array technology (Luminex xMAP). HPV typing was done using a PCR-based system with MY09/MY11 primers. TAP1 and TAP2 SNPs were validated by direct sequencing. Results: Differences in allele distribution between women with high-grade cervical neoplasia and women without was seen for TAP1 I333V (P = 0.02) and TAP1 D637G (P = 0.01). The odds ratios (OR) for CIN III were significantly lower among carriers of the TAP1 I333V polymorphism (OR, 0.28; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.8), and TAP1 D637G polymorphism (OR, 0.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.7). These associations remained significant even after restricting the evaluation to women who were positive for high-risk HPV types. Conclusions: In addition to the down-regulation of MHC-1 by oncogenic HPV, HPV pathogenesis might be facilitated by polymorphisms in the TAP proteins. Identifying TAP polymorphisms may potentially be used to identify women less susceptible to progression to high-grade CIN and cervical cancer.
Space Solar Cells – 3G30 and Next Generation Radiation Hard Products (2017)

The 3G30-Advanced, AZUR SPACE’s latest qualified solar cell product, provides highest end-of-life efficiencies in space. The cell reaches 27.8% at a fluence of 5 E14 cm−2 and 26.5% at a fluence of 1 E15 cm−2 1 MeV electrons.
LUCAS ASSEMBLY & TEST SYSTEMS (1992)

The business which became Lucas Assembly & Test Systems in 1992 has its origins in a company established in 1930 to deal in garage tools and equipment. It now comprises eight business units and employs 300 people in the UK and 350 in North America. Two factories in the USA, which came with the acquisition of Allen Automated Systems, are situated in and close to Detroit.
Structural evidence for a bifurcated mode of action in the antibody-mediated neutralization of hepatitis C virus (2013)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope glycoprotein E2 has been considered as a major target for vaccine design. Epitope II, mapped between residues 427-446 within the E2 protein, elicits antibodies that are either neutralizing or nonneutralizing. The fundamental mechanism of antibody-mediated neutralization at epitope II remains to be defined at the atomic level. Here we report the crystal structure of the epitope II peptide in complex with a monoclonal antibody (mAb#8) capable of neutralizing HCV. The complex structure revealed that this neutralizing antibody engages epitope II via interactions with both the C-terminal α-helix and the N-terminal loop using a bifurcated mode of action. Our structural insights into the key determinants for the antibody-mediated neutralization may contribute to the immune prophylaxis of HCV infection and the development of an effective HCV vaccine.
A developmental approach accelerates learning of joint attention (2003)

This paper argues how robot learning can be accelerated by a developmental approach that changes the capability of the learning robot (robot development) and/or the complexity of the environment (environmental development). "Robot development" means that the perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral capabilities of the learning robot change from immature to mature states in accordance with learning process. On the other hand, "environmental development" means that the complexity of the environmental structure changes from simple to complicated ones in accordance with learning process. Then, the developmental approaches can be categorized according to the relationships between what does develop and what does make the development. A case study of developmental robot learning for joint attention in which a caregiver can be regarded as a part of the environment is given to show how it can accelerate the learning. Finally, future work and discussion are given.
The effect of galectin-1 on the differentiation of fibroblasts and myoblasts in vitro (2002)

Normal murine dermal fibroblasts implanted into the muscles of the mdx mouse, a model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, not only participate in new myofibre formation but also direct the expression of the protein dystrophin which is deficient in these mice. We have reported that the lectin galectin-1 is implicated in the conversion of dermal fibroblasts to muscle. In the current work we confirm the presence of galectin-1 in the medium used for conversion. Furthermore we report that exposure of clones of dermal fibroblasts to this lectin results in 100% conversion of the cells. Conversion was assessed by the expression within the cells of the muscle-specific cytoskeletal protein desmin. We also investigate the effects of galectin-1 on cells of the C2C12 mouse myogenic cell line and on primary mouse myoblasts. Exposing both transformed and primary myoblasts to the lectin resulted in an increase in fusion of cells to the terminally differentiated state in both types of cultures. Galectin-1 does not cause the myogenic conversion of murine muscle-derived fibroblasts.