gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detonation duct gas generator demonstration program (1992)

The feasibility of the generation of detonation waves moving periodically across high speed channel flow is experimentally demonstrated. Such waves are essential to the concept of compressing requirements and increasing the engine pressure compressor with the objective of reducing conventional compressor requirements and increasing the engine thermodynamic efficiency through isochoric energy addition. By generating transient transverse waves, rather than standing waves, shock wave losses are reduced by an order of magnitude. The ultimate objective is to use such detonation ducts downstream of a low pressure gas turbine compressor to produce a high overall pressure ratio thermodynamic cycle. A 4 foot long, 1 inch x 12 inch cross-section, detonation duct was operated in a blow-down mode using compressed air reservoirs. Liquid or vapor propane was injected through injectors or solenoid valves located in the plenum or the duct itself. Detonation waves were generated when the mixture was ignited by a row of spark plugs in the duct wall. Problems with fuel injection and mixing limited the air speeds to about Mach 0.5, frequencies to below 10 Hz, and measured pressure ratios of about 5 to 6. The feasibility of the gas dynamic compression was demonstrated and the critical problem areas were identified.
Management of relapsed ovarian cancer: a review (2016)

Around 70 % of ovarian cancer patients relapse after primary cytoreductive surgery and standard first-line chemotherapy. The biology of relapse remains unclear, but cancer stem cells seem to play an important role. There are still some areas of controversy on how to manage these relapses and or progressions that occur almost unavoidably in the course of this disease with shorter intervals between them as the natural history of this disease develops. The goal of treatments investigated in this neoplasm has shifted to maintenance therapy, trying to extend the progression free intervals in a disease that is becoming more and more protracted.
The US muddle over a child's right to health care (2007)

Up to eight million children of poor American families are without health insurance—so why is there a dispute over children's right to health care?
Plasma Etching for Purification and Controlled Opening of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes (2002)

Plasma etching was applied for removal of the amorphous carbon layer that covers aligned carbon nanotube films produced by pyrolysis of metal-containing organometallic precursors. Microscopic and kinetic studies showed that amorphous carbon could be easily removed by H2O-plasma etching while carbon nanotubes remain largely unchanged under relatively mild plasma conditions. Prolonged plasma treatment, however, was found to cause a controllable disintegration of the graphitic structure, leading to a region-selective opening of the aligned carbon nanotubes (e.g., the removal of one end-cap only). Metal-filling was demonstrated to be also possible even with the resultant one-end opened nanotubes.
The DAF‐2 insulin‐like signaling pathway independently regulates aging and immunity in <i>C. elegans</i> (2008)

The Caenorhabditis elegans DAF-2 insulin-like signaling pathway, which regulates lifespan and stress resistance, has also been implicated in resistance to bacterial pathogens. Loss-of-function daf-2 and age-1 mutants have increased lifespans and are resistant to a variety of bacterial pathogens. This raises the possibility that the increased longevity and the pathogen resistance of insulin-like signaling pathway mutants are reflections of the same underlying mechanism. Here we report that regulation of lifespan and resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is mediated by both shared and genetically distinguishable mechanisms. We find that loss of germline proliferation enhances pathogen resistance and this effect requires daf-16, similar to the regulation of lifespan. In contrast, the regulation of pathogen resistance and lifespan is decoupled within the DAF-2 pathway. Long-lived mutants of genes downstream of daf-2, such as pdk-1 and sgk-1, show wildtype resistance to pathogens. However, mutants of akt-1 and akt-2, which we find to individually have modest effects on lifespan, show enhanced resistance to pathogens. We also demonstrate that pathogen resistance of daf-2, akt-1, and akt-2 mutants is associated with restricted bacterial colonization, and that daf-2 mutants are better able to clear an infection after challenge with P. aeruginosa. Moreover, we find that pathogen resistance among insulin-like signaling mutants is associated with increased expression of immunity genes during infection. Other processes that affect organismal longevity, including Jun kinase signaling and caloric restriction, do not affect resistance to bacterial pathogens, further establishing that aging and innate immunity are regulated by genetically distinct mechanisms.
Parallel Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Different Cell Types by a Single Gene-Based Differentiation System (2012)

The generation of defined somatic cell types from pluripotent stem cells represents a promising system for many applications for regenerative therapy or developmental studies. Certain key developmental genes have been shown to be able to influence the fate determination of differentiating stem cells suggesting an alternative differentiation strategy to conventional medium-based methods. Here, we present a system allowing controlled, directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) solely by ectopic expression of single genes. We demonstrate that the myogenic master regulator myoD1 is sufficient to induce formation of skeletal muscle. In contrast to previous studies, our data suggest that myoD1-induced differentiation is independent of additional differentiation-inducing or lineage-promoting signals and occurs even under pluripotency-promoting conditions. Moreover, we demonstrate that single gene-induced differentiation enables the controlled formation of two distinct cell types in parallel. By mixing ES cell lines expressing myoD1 or the neural transcription factor ngn2, respectively, we generated a mixed culture of myocytes and neurons. Our findings provide new insights in the role of key developmental genes during cell fate decisions. Furthermore, this study represents an interesting strategy to obtain mixed cultures of different cells from stem cells, suggesting a valuable tool for cellular development and cell-cell interaction studies.
Solutions to the dynamical equation of polarization-mode dispersion and polarization-dependent losses (2000)

We study the evolution of optical signals in single-mode optical fibers in the presence of polarization-mode dispersion and polarization-dependent losses. Two geometric vectors on the Poincaré sphere are defined to characterize the effects of polarization-mode dispersion and polarization-dependent losses on the optical field in the fiber. By solving the dynamical equation for these two vectors, several general statistical results are obtained. The practically important weak polarization-dependent-loss situation is discussed in detail.
Identification of a Secreted Lipolytic Esterase in <i>Propionibacterium freudenreichii</i> , a Ripening Process Bacterium Involved in Emmental Cheese Lipolysis (2009)

Lipolysis plays an important role in the formation of cheese flavor. In Emmental cheese, the main part of lipolysis has been associated with the presence of Propionibacterium freudenreichii, a species used as a ripening culture. Our aim was to identify the most probable lipolytic esterase(s) involved in cheese lipolysis by P. freudenreichii. Since cheese lipolysis mainly occurs during P. freudenreichii growth, we hypothesized that P. freudenreichii possesses secreted lipolytic esterase(s). For 12 putative esterase genes previously identified from the genome of P. freudenreichii CIRM1, the level of expression was quantified by real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR, and the subcellular localization of esterases was predicted in silico. The esterase activity in extracellular and intracellular extracts of P. freudenreichii was characterized by zymography, and the extracellular esterases were identified by mass spectrometry. Finally, the best candidate was overexpressed in the same strain. All of the 12 genes encoding putative esterases were expressed. Esterase PF#279 was predicted to be secreted in the medium, PF#774 to be surface exposed, and the 10 remaining putative esterases to be intracellular. Zymography revealed that esterase activities in culture supernatant differed from the ones detected in intracellular extracts. PF#279 was identified as the sole esterase present in culture supernatant. Transformed P. freudenreichii CIRM1 clones overexpressing PF#279 showed 5 to 8 times more lipolytic activity on milk fat than the wild-type strain. Combining in silico, biochemical, and genetic approaches, we showed that PF#279 is the sole secreted esterase in P. freudenreichii and is active on milk fat. Therefore, it is likely a key component in cheese lipolysis by P. freudenreichii.
ENERGY GAP OF HIGH-Tc SUPERCONDUCTOR <font>YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>9−x</sub></font> (1987)

The far infra-red (IR) reflectances of the high-Tc superconductor YBa 2 Cu 3 O 9−x (Tc=90 K) are measured in the frequency range 25–150 cm −1 and the temperature range 4.2–200 K. The reflectance curve at 4.2 K rapidly drops near 125 cm −1 , whereas the curves at T>90 K go smoothly. Such a superconductor might have an energy gap 2Δ=15.5 meV , and the ratio 2Δ / kTc=2.0 is close to that of La–Ba–Cu–O and La–Sr–Cu–O superconductors, but well smaller than the BCS value 3.5.
CVD Generation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes from Alcohol (2004)

The CVD generation technique of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) from alcohol is discussed in terms of the use of metal catalysts. By using alcohols such as ethanol and methanol as the carbon sources in catalytic CVD, high-purity SWNTs without metal particles, amorphous carbon or MWNTs can be synthesized at relatively low reaction temperatures of 600−800oC. For the bulk generation of SWNTs, Fe/Co bimetal catalysts supported on USY zeolite is employed. The diameter and chirality distributions, which are examined by resonant Raman scatterings and near infrared fluorescence spectroscopy, can be quite narrow at lower CVD temperatures. Combined with the molecular dynamics simulation of the nanotube growth process, the determination mechanism of chirality by the nanotube cap structure is demonstrated. In addition to the bulk generation by using zeolite, Fe/Co or Co/Mo nano-particles directly located on quartz or silicon substrate by dip-coating can be used as efficient catalysts. With this latter system, detailed characterization of catalysts and the growth of vertically aligned SWNTs mat on a quartz substrate are demonstrated.
Labeling of polypeptides with technetium-99m using a dextran spacer. (1995)

Radioimmunoscintigraphy and other forms of scintigraphy are becoming increasingly important as tools in detection and evaluation of cancer diseases. Several radionuclides can be considered as radiolabel; however, 99mTc may be the most suitable because of easy availability and near ideal physical properties. This study describes how dextran is coupled to a monoclonal anticytokeratin antibody, epidermal growth factor, and somatostatin through stable amine bonds. The dextran moiety could then be labeled with 40-62 MBq of 99mTc. The labeling efficiency was 60-94%, determined by gel filtration or TLC. The specific binding could be considerably preserved after the dextranation, the antibody retained > 90% of its activity, epidermal growth factor bound with > 90% specificity to receptor-expressing tumor cells, and somatostatin showed approximately 40% specific binding to rat adrenal homogenates. Because somatostatin only has a transient half-like in vivo, the in vivo plasma half-life of somatostatin-dextran was tested in normal female Sprague-Dawley rats. The result showed a strong enhancement of the plasma half-life that was dependent on two compartments, 4 and 8 h.
Advances and controversies in etiopathogenesis of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. (1998)

GAD65, IA2 and insulin are at present the only established autoantigens; autoantibodies to these molecules, used in combination with ICA, can accurately predict type 1 diabetes; B-lymphocytes and autoantibodies might play a pathogenetic role; autoantigen targets of T-lymphocytes are yet to be characterized; assays for measuring autoreactive T-lymphocytes require standardization; antigen-specific Th1/Th2 relationship in type 1 diabetes remains controversial.
Feature: Innovations in Marketing Strategies (2008)

The marketing concept assumes that the organizations aim for mutually satisfying exchanges between buyers and sellers that result in positive outcomes for the consumer and/or the organization. Consequently, organizations adopt a customer-oriented perspective as a source of competitive advantage with success dependent on the determination of needs and wants of target markets and the delivery of satisfactions to those markets more effectively and efficiently than competitors. Accordingly, the customer becomes the focal point for all organizational planning, strategy setting, research, product development and marketing activities, with the marketing mix representing the primary vehicle for managing the successful relationship between the customer and the firm as a means to increase profits (Kotler 1998).
ChemInform Abstract: ACTION OF AROMATIC ORGANOMETALLIC REAGENTS ON RO‐(CH2)N‐CN OXYGENATED NITRILES (1979)

Abstract Die Umsetzung von Alkyl‐ und Aryloxyalkylnitrilen (I) mit Phenylmagnesiumbromid oder Phenyllithium (II) führt in siedendem Diethylether nach Hydrolyse des Reaktionsgemisches zu Ketonen (III).
Asymmetric PCR-based strategy for genetic analysis of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in cell lines and tumor tissues. (1991)

A novel strategy for genetic analysis of the p53 tumor suppressor gene is described, based on direct sequencing of the asymmetric polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products. A set of 10 PCR primers was designed which allows to amplify and sequence highly conserved regions of the molecule, i.e. the target areas of p53 mutations. The stepwise optimization of RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis, PCR amplifications and sequencing resulted in a procedure which is faster and more reliable than the techniques used to search for p53 mutations so far. This and similar strategies should be applicable to the study of genetic alterations in antioncogenes or other classes of genes which suffer from subtle mutations potentially scattered along large segments of the molecule.
Synthetic methods. Part 23. Rearrangement of some hydroxamic acids into amides. A self-condensation leading to disproportionation (1988)

Pyruvic acids have been shown to react with p-nitroso-N,N-dimethylaniline (1) to produce p-dimethylaminoacetanilides (3)via the corresponding hydroxamic acids (4). Three such intermediates (4a, c, d) have been isolated and their structure proved by n.m.r. and mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Solutions of the hydroxamic acids (4) have been shown to undergo concentration-dependent self-condensation and disproportionation leading to the amides (3) and acids (5). Rational pathways for these transformations are discussed. Spectral correlations permit differentiation between the amides (3) and the corresponding hydroxamic acids (4).
Considerations on quantization and dynamic bit-allocation in subband coders (2005)

The paper discusses optimization of quantization and bit-allocation in subband coders for speech signals. Time dependent subband power representation within coding frames is introduced and a "two-dimensional" bit-assignment method is employed. Furthermore, quantization of the sideinformation and its implications on the sub-band signal quantization are discussed.
Aircraft performance optimization. (1972)

Using the calculus of variations, the solutions to various fixed end point flight-path optimization problems are developed. These include the minimum fuel-fixed range problem, the minimum time-fixed range problem, and the minimum fuel-fixed range-fixed time problem. Altitude profiles and throttle control laws are presented. A variety of aircraft mathematical models is initially examined, and the existence of a classically optimal controller is verified for a simple model. For this model, the first integral condition is used to eliminate the requirement of integrating the Euler Lagrange adjoint differential equations. The resulting computational algorithms are attractive for both laboratory investigations and airborne implementations.
Refractive Indices of Liquid Crystals for Display Applications (2005)

This paper reviews the extended Cauchy model and the four-parameter model for describing the wavelength and temperature effects of liquid crystal (LC) refractive indices. The refractive indices of nine commercial LCs, MLC-9200-000, MLC-9200-100, MLC-6608, MLC-6241-000, 5PCH, 5CB, TL-216, E7, and E44 are measured by the Multi-wavelength Abbe Refractometer. These experimental data are used to validate the theoretical models. Excellent agreement between experiment and theory is obtained.
Tissue plasminogen activator for hepatic vein thrombosis in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (1994)

Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired clonal disorder thought to arise in a multipotent haemopoietic stem cell. A distinct clinical feature is a tendency to thrombosis, with a particular predilection for the hepatic veins (Budd-Chiari syndrome). We report here on two patients with PNH who developed hepatic vein thrombosis (HVT) and who were treated with tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). Both patients had a marked clinical and radiological improvement following the t-PA treatment and remain well over 2 years and 6 years after the treatment. This method of thrombolysis for HVT occurring in PNH has only been reported in two previous patients with limited follow-up. We suggest that this therapy is a useful first-line treatment for PNH patients who develop HVT.
Effects of Ti, PMMA, UHMWPE, and Co–Cr wear particles on differentiation and functions of bone marrow stromal cells (2013)

This study investigates the roles of orthopedic biomaterial particles [Ti-alloy, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), Co-Cr alloy] on the differentiation and functions of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Cells were isolated from femurs of BALB/c mice and cultured in complete osteoblast-induction medium in presence of micron-sized biomaterial particles at various doses. 3-(4,5)-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay and lactate dehydrogenase assay were performed for cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. Differentiation and function of osteoblasts were evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin, RANKL, OSX, and Runx2 expressions. Murine interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in culture media were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Challenge with low doses of Ti, UHMWPE, or Co-Cr particles markedly promoted the bone marrow cell proliferation while high dose of Co-Cr significantly inhibited cell growth (p < 0.05). Cells challenged with low dose of PMMA or UHMWPE particles (0.63 mg/mL) exhibited strong ALP activity, whereas Ti and Co-Cr groups showed minimal effects (p < 0.05). UHMWPE and Ti particles also promoted higher expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Real-time polymerase chain reaction data suggested that cells treated with low dose (0.5 mg/mL) particles resulted in distinctly diminished RANKL expression compared to those exposed to high concentrated (3 mg/mL) particles. In conclusion, various types of wear debris particles behaved differently in the differentiation, maturation, and functions of osteogenic cells; and the particulate debris-interacted BMSCs may play an important role in the pathogenesis and process of the debris-associated aseptic prosthetic loosening.
Piecewise polynomial kernels for image interpolation: a generalization of cubic convolution (2003)

A well-known approach to image interpolation is cubic convolution, in which the ideal sine function is modelled by a finite extent kernel, which consists of piecewise third order polynomials. In this paper we show that the concept of cubic convolution can be generalized. We derive kernels of up to ninth order and compare them both mutually and to cardinal splines of corresponding orders. From spectral analyses we conclude that the improvements of the higher order schemes over cubic convolution are only marginal. We also conclude that in all cases, cardinal splines are superior.
Water-Soluble, Core-Modified Porphyrins as Novel, Longer-Wavelength-Absorbing Sensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy (2000)

Water-soluble, core-modified 5,10,15, 20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)-21,23-dithiaporphyrin (1) and 5,10,15, 20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)-21,23-diselenaporphyrin (2) were prepared as the tetrasodium salts by the sulfonation of 5,10,15, 20-tetraphenyl-21,23-dithiaporphyrin (3) and -21, 23-diselenaporphyrin (4), respectively, with sulfuric acid. Compounds 3 and 4 were prepared by the condensation of pyrrole with either 2,5-bis(phenylhydroxymethyl)thiophene (5) or 2, 5-bis(phenylhydroxymethyl)selenophene (6) in propionic acid. The addition of benzaldehyde to 2,5-dilithiothiophene or 2, 5-dilithioselenophene gives 5 or 6, respectively, as a nearly equimolar mixture of meso- and d,l-diastereomers. Careful crystallization of 5 gives a single diastereomer by removing the crystalline product from the equilibrating mixture of diastereomers in solution. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 1 has an LD(50) of less than 25 microg/mL against Colo-26 cells in culture and exhibits a lethal dose for 90% or more at concentrations greater than 50 microg/mL. In contrast, PDT with 5,10,15, 20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS(4)) requires concentrations of greater than 100 microg/mL to achieve LD(50). Neither 1 nor TPPS(4) shows significant photoactivity against the murine T-cell line, MOLT-4, above the dark toxicity. Sensitizer 1 shows no toxicity or side effects in BALB/c mice observed for 30 days following a single intravenous injection of 10 mg (9.1 micromol)/kg. Distribution studies show that sensitizer 1 accumulates in the tumors of BALB/c mice bearing Colo-26 or EMT-6 tumors with sensitizer concentration roughly doubling as the dosage of 1 increased from 5 to 10 mg/kg. In vivo studies show that PDT with sensitizer 1 at both 3.25 and 10 mg/kg with 135 J cm(-2) of 694-nm light is effective against Colo-26 tumors in BALB/c mice.