gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Investigation of the Chemical and Physical Properties of Pristine, Electrochromically Damaged, and Photochromically Damaged KTiOPO4 (KTP) using Surface Analytical and Optical Spectroscopic Techniques (1995)

A variety of experimental techniques were employed to study the properties of electrochromically (EC) damaged, photochromically (PC) damaged, and pristine KTiOP0{sub 4} (KTP). Additionally, nonlinear optical calculations were performed to complement the experimental work in an effort to elucidate the respective mechanisms operative in producing EC and PC damage to KTP. Several independent experiments indicate that there is Ti deficiency in the EC damaged material, which is due to migration of these ions to the electrode surface. The laser experiments indicate that UV radiation can produce reversible PC damage. UV-producing SFG processes accidentally occurring in SHG cut KTP may lead to macroscopic damage. It must be emphasized that a fundamentally different mechanism is responsible for EC damaged versus PC damaged KTP.
Ambient Stability Enhancement of Thin-Film Transistor With InGaZnO Capped With InGaZnO:N Bilayer Stack Channel Layers (2011)

A thin-film transistor (TFT) with bilayer stack structure of amorphous nitrogenated InGaZnO (IGZO) (a-IGZO:N) on an IGZO channel is proposed to enhance device stability. The a-IGZO:N acting as a back-channel passivation (BCP) is formed sequentially just after the sputter-deposited amorphous IGZO (a-IGZO) film with in situ nitrogen incorporation process. The a-IGZO:N can effectively prevent the a-IGZO channel from exposing to the atmosphere and retarding interactions with ambient oxygen species. Also, the optical energy bandgap of the a-IGZO:N film is decreased due to the addition of nitrogen. This causes the a-IGZO TFT with a-IGZO:N BCP to exhibit high immunity to the ultraviolet-radiation impact.
Reality bites-progressive querying and result visualization in logical and VR spaces (2002)

A software tool called VQRH (Visual Querying and Result Hypercube) is presented. It enables the database users to visualize both database queries and retrieval results in many different representations. Due to the lack of knowledge about the database, a user may not be able to formulate a query whose result fully satisfies his or her needs in a single attempt. Using the VQRH progressive querying tool, the user interacts with the database by means of a sequence of partial queries, each displayed together with the corresponding result as one slice of the VQR Hypercube. This tool allows the user to change both query and result representations. It also presents the query history in a 3D perspective, so that a particular partial query on a slice may be brought to the front of the Hypercube for further refinement. Preliminary experimental results on using the VQRH tool for scientific databases are described. The combination of logical paradigms and virtual reality paradigms in progressive querying is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fundamentals of low-noise analog circuit design (1994)

This paper presents a tutorial treatment of the fundamentals of noise in solid-state analog electronic circuits. It is written for upper division students and practicing engineers who wish to gain a basic knowledge of the theory of electronic noise and techniques for low-noise circuit design. The paper presents an overview of noise fundamentals, a description of noise models for passive devices and active solid-state devices, methods of calculating the noise performance of amplifiers, and techniques for minimizing noise in circuit design. The theory and methods are applicable to both discrete and integrated circuits.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High-density probe with integrated thin-film micro light emitting diodes (μLEDs) for optogenetic applications (2016)

We report on the design, fabrication, assembly and characterization of an innovative neural probe with optical functionality for optogenetic applications in neuroscientific research. In contrast to existing systems, thin-film micro light-emitting diodes (μLEDs) are directly integrated in probes based on silicon (Si) substrates using a wafer-level bonding process. It allows to considerably shrink the overall probe dimensions despite an increased density of the integrated light sources. Our new system approach demonstrates the integration of multiple μLEDs with a size of 112×112 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at a minimal pitch of 150 μm that can be controlled individually. The all-electrical interconnection of this optical tool constitutes a distinct advantage over existing optical probes for in vivo experiments with freely behaving animals, as comparably stiff optical fibers interfacing external light sources are avoided. The optical power density of these μLEDs was measured to be up to 3.5 mW/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in air, at a peak wavelength of 450 nm which fulfills the requirements for optogenetic applications.
One-step catalytic synthesis of 2,2,3-trimethylbutane from methanol (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOne-step catalytic synthesis of 2,2,3-trimethylbutane from methanolLeo Kim, Milton M. Wald, and Stanley G. BrandenbergerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 17, 3432–3433Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00411a053https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00411a053research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views191Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
BALLOON TRAJECTORY PREDICTION METHODOLOGIES FOR THE UNMANNED SPACE VEHICLES PROGRAMME (2011)

Within the framework of the Unmanned Space Vehicles (USV) Programme, CIRA has developed several methodologies and tools for balloon trajectory prediction and optimization. As a matter of fact, the two experimental flights planned as part of the USV Programme were carried out using stratospheric balloons as drop towers. To this end, a specific simulation software named ACHAB (Analysis Code for High-Altitude Balloons) was developed from scratch to fulfil the need for an accurate forecast of balloon ascent trajectories. In addition starting from wind and atmospheric forecast data provided by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) an extensive characterization of the forecast errors was carried out, leading to a methodology for the computation of dispersion regions around the predicted balloon trajectories and to the implementation of a trajectory optimization tool.
High-performance optical modulators based on stepped quantum wells (2006)

High-speed and high-performance optical phase and amplitude modulators are critical components of many photonic systems. Semiconductor-based modulators are very attractive, since they can be monolithically integrated with other semiconductor devices. Unfortunately, the commonly used modulators based on square quantum wells have inherent properties that limit their modulation performance. We present a new class of quantum wells called "stepped quantum wells" (SQW) with extra degrees of freedom that can be used to design high performance optical modulators. We demonstrated SQW phase modulators with nearly one order of magnitude higher efficiency than their counterparts. Also, linearized modulators based on SQW with more than two orders of magnitude higher linearity than the existing semiconductor modulators are presented. Finally, high-performance surface-normal modulators based on SQWs with nearly two times better efficiency and 7 dB higher extinction ratio compared with the conventional devices with rectangular and coupled-quantum well active layers are demonstrated.
Theoretical and Experimental Characterization of Small Band Gap Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene methine)s (2004)

Theoretical and experimental characterization of relatively small band gap methine-bridged poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT) derivatives is reported. AM1 and the modified extended Hückel theory were used to explore the ground-state geometric and electronic structures of poly[(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-2,5-diyl) methine] (PEDOT-M). The bond length alteration in PEDOT-M was found to be smaller than that in the reported methine-bridged polythiophene, and this resulted in a significantly lower band gap of 0.48 eV in PEDOT-M. The structure and properties of the methine-bridged PEDOT were further verified by synthesis of poly[(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-2,5-diyl)-benzylidene] (PEDOT-B) and poly[(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-2,5-diyl)-(p-methoxybenzylidene)] (PEDOT-MB). These polymers were found to be highly dehydrogenated and to contain a conjugated backbone of alternating aromatic and quinoid ethylenedioxythiophene segments. The optical and electrochemical band gaps of PEDOT-B are 0.87 and 1.05 eV, respectively, while those of PEDOT-MB are 0.86 and 1.01 eV. The methoxy substitution of PEDOT-MB results in a smaller ionization potential and electron affinity than those of PEDOT-B. The theoretical and experimental results show that methine-bridged PEDOT is a small band gap polymer.
Endoscopic Treatment of Subcondylar Fractures (2008)

The outlined technique results in improved ease of rigid endoscopic fixation of subcondylar fractures in the majority of patients.
X-ray Image Enhancement Based on Wavelet Transform (2008)

Based on a combination of non-linear grad-contrast operator and multi-resolution wavelet analysis, a kind of image enhancement processing algorithm for useful tiny characters is presented. The algorithm can enhance the tiny characters while confine amplifying the noise. Low-contrast structure can be found in many kinds of digital images, which makes the images vague and uncertainly, especially in X-ray images. The analysis of the results shows that local regions of the image are enhanced by using the concept of the grad contrast to make image clearer adaptively. Experiments were conducted on real pictures, and the results show that the algorithm is flexible and convenient.
[BMP7 signaling via BMPR1A, BMPR1B inhibits the proliferation of lung large carcinoma NCI-H460 cell]. (2010)

BMP7 signaling via BMPR1A and BMPR1B inhibits the proliferation of pulmonary large carcinoma cell NCI-H460.
Profiles of calcium antagonists in cardiovascular disease with special reference to second-generation agents and amlodipine. (1991)

The majority of second-generation calcium antagonists are dihydropyridines, some of which show vascular selectivity. Several new dihydropyridines have been developed with comparable pharmacodynamic properties to existing calcium antagonists in this class and greatly improved kinetic half-lives. Of these agents, amlodipine has by far the longest half-life (30-40 h) allowing the benefit of once-daily administration; it has the additional property of a slow association and dissociation with the calcium channel binding site. In the treatment of hypertension and myocardial ischaemia the prolonged duration of action distinguishes amlodipine from other second-generation agents.
A compact inverted-F antenna to be embedded in ultra-thin laptop computer for LTE/WWAN/WiMAX/WLAN applications (2011)

A compact inverted-F antenna with multiband operations for LTE, WWAN, WiMAX and WLAN applications is presented. The antenna consists of multi-branch strips and is fabricated on both sides of the ceramic substrate, which has a compact size of 90(L)×10(W)×0.5(T) mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> to be embedded inside an ultra-thin laptop computer as an internal antenna. Three operating bands covering 673-993 MHz, 1673-3153 MHz and 3316-3603 MHz for the LTE700/2300/2500, WWAN, WiMAX (2.3/2.5/3.5 GHz) and WLAN (2.4 GHz) systems are achieved with good radiation efficiencies.
Your Second Selves: Avatar Designs and Identity Play in a Teen Virtual World (2007)

Avatars in online games and worlds are seen as players ’ key representations in interactions with others. It is surprising then that this aspect of game play has not received much attention in research, in particular what concerns playergenerated avatars. In this paper, we investigate the avatar design and identity play within a large-scale teen virtual world called Whyville.net with more than 1.5 million registered players ages 8-16. One unique feature of Whyville is the player’s ability to customize one’s avatar with various face parts and accessories, all designed and sold by other players in Whyville. Our findings report on the expressive resources available for avatar construction, individual teen players ’ choices and rationales in creating their avatars, and online postings about avatar design in the community at large. With the growing interest in playergenerated content for online worlds such as Second Life, our discussion will address the role of avatars in identity play and self-representation as well as the social issues that arise within the game world.
Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 4 Classroom In A Book The Official Training Workbook From Adobe Systems (2012)

Serious digital photographers, amateur or pro, who seek the fastest, easiest, most comprehensive way to learn Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 4 choose Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 4 Classroom in a Book from the Adobe Creative Team at Adobe Press. The 11 project-based lessons in this book show readers step-by-step the key techniques for working in Photoshop Lightroom 4. Photoshop Lightroom 4 delivers a complete workflow solution for the digital photographer, from powerful one-click adjustments to a full range of cutting-edge advanced controls. Readers learn how to manage large volumes of digital photographs, work in a non-destructive environment to allow for fearless experimentation, and perform sophisticated image processing tasks to easily produce good-looking pictures and polished presentations for both web and print. This completely revised Photoshop Lightroom 4 cross-platform edition explains new tools that bring out greater detail in highlights and shadows, and tools that help you make targeted adjustments to white balance, noise reduction, and more. You'll learn how to craft elegant photo books, organize your images by location, and easily share your images and videos on social media and photo sharing sites.
Radar detection probabilities and their calculation (1995)

Most radar targets are complex objects and produce a wide variety of reflections. Different targets often require different models to characterize the varied statistical nature of these responses. Several commonly used statistical models and extensions to them are considered here along with techniques for reliably calculating the resulting probabilities of detection. Marcum (1960) and Swerling (1960, 1965, 1970) have provided us with expressions for constant and some fluctuating targets, respectively. Expressions for the probability of detection for cell-averaging constant false alarm rate (CFAR) have been given by Mitchell and Walker (1971), but only for clutter cells whose input to the receiver was assumed to be zero mean Gaussian clutter. These CFAR results have been generalized here for non-zero mean clutter. We have replaced the chi-square distribution for clutter with a noncentral chi-square distribution allowing for a non-zero mean. Other fluctuation models, such as log-normal, Weibull, and Ricean models, are considered for both target and clutter fluctuations. Methods for false alarm calculations are also given. Reliable algorithms for the computations of these detection probabilities are determined for the various models. Though reliability is primary, efficiency, generality and accuracy are also issues of concern.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Design of Customised Orthodontic Devices by Digital Imaging and CAD/FEM Modelling (2016)

In recent years, the public demand of less invasive orthodontic treatments has led to the development of\nappliances that are smaller, lower profile and more transparent with respect to conventional brackets and\nwires. Among aesthetic appliances, removable thermoplastic aligners gained instant appeal to patients since\nable to perform comprehensive orthodontic treatments without sacrificing comfort issues. The aligner must\ndeliver an appropriate force in order to move the tooth into the expected position. However, at present, the\nrelationship between applied force and aligner properties (i.e., aligner’s thickness) is poorly understood. In\nthis paper, a patient-specific framework has been developed to simulate orthodontic tooth movements by\nusing aligners. In particular, a finite element model has been created in order to optimise the aligner’s\nthickness with regard to the magnitude of the force-moment system delivered to a mandibular central incisor\nduring bucco-lingual tipping.
Inflammation in osteoarthritis (2011)

Further work on mediators and pathways that are common across different models and occur in human osteoarthritis and that impact the osteoarthritis disease process at different stages of initiation and progression will inform us about new directions for targeted therapies.
Performance of optical cable composed of dispersion-shifted single-mode fibers (1986)

A low-loss dispersion-shifted single-mode fiber cable has been fabricated. The index-profile of the fiber is nearly parabolic and the relative index difference is 0.8 percent. An average cable loss is 0.229 dB/km at 1.55 μm, and excellent loss stability has been achieved in the cabling process and in the temperature and mechanical test.
Eradication of CD19<sup>+</sup> Leukemia by Targeted Calicheamicin θ (2009)

Children with relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) still face a critical prognosis. We tested the hypothesis that targeted calicheamicin theta (θ) using an anti-CD19-immunoconjugate may provide an effective treatment strategy for CD19(+) ALL. Calicheamicin θ is a rationally designed prodrug of the natural enediyene calicheamicin γ, obtained by total synthesis. It offers the advantage of increased in vivo stability and 1000-fold higher antitumor potency over calicheamicin γ. First, we demonstrate efficacy of calicheamicin θ against primary pre-B leukemic cells and multidrug-resistant leukemia cell lines (IC(50) = 10(-9) to 10(-12) M). Second, conjugation of calicheamicin θ to an internalizing murine anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody was demonstrated to affect neither calicheamicin θ mediated cytotoxicity nor binding of the antibody to the target molecule. Third, anti-CD19-calicheamicin θ immunoconjugate revealed a maximum tolerated dose of 10 μg/kg and CD19-specific and long-lasting eradication of established leukemia was demonstrated in a xenograft model. Finally, we show that the antileukemic effect of anti-CD19-calicheamicin θ is mediated by induction of apoptosis proceeding through the caspase-mediated mitochondrial pathway. On the basis of these results, we conclude that anti-CD19-calicheamicin θ immunoconjugates may offer a novel and effective approach for the treatment of relapsed CD19(+) ALL.
Multiple imputation of discrete and continuous data by fully conditional specification (2007)

The goal of multiple imputation is to provide valid inferences for statistical estimates from incomplete data. To achieve that goal, imputed values should preserve the structure in the data, as well as the uncertainty about this structure, and include any knowledge about the process that generated the missing data. Two approaches for imputing multivariate data exist: joint modeling (JM) and fully conditional specification (FCS). JM is based on parametric statistical theory, and leads to imputation procedures whose statistical properties are known. JM is theoretically sound, but the joint model may lack flexibility needed to represent typical data features, potentially leading to bias. FCS is a semi-parametric and flexible alternative that specifies the multivariate model by a series of conditional models, one for each incomplete variable. FCS provides tremendous flexibility and is easy to apply, but its statistical properties are difficult to establish. Simulation work shows that FCS behaves very well in the cases studied. The present paper reviews and compares the approaches. JM and FCS were applied to pubertal development data of 3801 Dutch girls that had missing data on menarche (two categories), breast development (five categories) and pubic hair development (six stages). Imputations for these data were created under two models: a multivariate normal model with rounding and a conditionally specified discrete model. The JM approach introduced biases in the reference curves, whereas FCS did not. The paper concludes that FCS is a useful and easily applied flexible alternative to JM when no convenient and realistic joint distribution can be specified.
Active Learning for Crowdsourcing Using Knowledge Transfer (2014)

This paper studies the active learning problem in crowdsourcing settings, where multiple imperfect annotators with varying levels of expertise are available for labeling the data in a given task. Annotations collected from these labelers may be noisy and unreliable, and the quality of labeled data needs to be maintained for data mining tasks. Previous solutions have attempted to estimate individual users' reliability based on existing knowledge in each task, but for this to be effective each task requires a large quantity of labeled data to provide accurate estimates. In practice, annotation budgets for a given task are limited, so each instance can be presented to only a few users, each of whom can only label a few examples. To overcome data scarcity we propose a new probabilistic model that transfers knowledge from abundant unlabeled data in auxiliary domains to help estimate labelers' expertise. Based on this model we present a novel active learning algorithm that: a) simultaneously selects the most informative example and b) queries its label from the labeler with the best expertise. Experiments on both text and image datasets demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms other state-of-the-art active learning methods.