gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of Low Voltage Improved performance Current Mirror (2014)

This paper proposes a low voltage current mirror circuit with low input impedance and high output impedance.These improvements are obtained by adding an amplifier which provides biasing voltage to the transistors.Its operation and results are compared with conventional and cascode current mirror circuits.The circuits are designed using Tanner EDA Tool in 90nm CMOS technology with 0.8V supply voltage.Simulation results shows that the minimum output voltage is reduced to 0.1 V, also input resistance is reduced to 0.179k and consumes only 46W power.
The chemistry of polyethylene insulation (1991)

The molecular structure of polyethylene and its copolymers is discussed, with particular attention to its effect on thermal and mechanical properties. The synthesis of polymers of various densities and of the copolymers is examined. The effects of changes in average molecular weight and of molecular weight distribution are considered. Vinyl-acetate-modified polyethylene, wire and cable coating, antioxidants and carbon black fillers, crosslinked wire insulation, peroxide crosslinked polyethylene, and water curable compounds are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Shape models in computer integrated manufacture—a review (1988)

Existing computer-aided manufacturing systems are based on models of shape tailored to a particular process. Computer integrated manufacture involves many different processes, and hence requires more complete models of components or assemblies. This can be provided by solid modelling techniques extended to include extra data related to manufacture such as form features and tolerances. These developments are being applied to many manufacturing processes, from casting to assembly, but profound questions remain concerning both the structure and the use of shape models in manufacture.
Re-Refinement of α-(AlMnSi) (1998)

Crystals of the α-(AlMnSi) (aluminium manganese silicon alloy, Al4Mn1.01Si0.74) cubic 1/1 approximant phase for the icosahedral quasi-crystal were prepared from an Al72Mn16Si12 alloy under an argon atmosphere. The structure is reproduced by the connection of two large atom clusters with icosahedral symmetry (a Mackay icosahedron and double-Mackay icosahedron) [Yang (1988). Phil. Mag. B58, 47–57]. Si and Mn atoms are suggested to constitute icosahedral arrangements in the atom clusters. The crystal structure of α-(AlMnSi) was determined previously by Cooper & Robinson [Acta Cryst. (1966), 20, 614–617].
Stability Characteristics of Vitreous Enamel Dielectric Capacitors (1958)

The critical dependency of all electrical devices upon their environment makes temperature stability one of the most important assets of any component. In this realm vitreous enamel dielectric capacitors have unusually predictable properties. This paper presents the results of experiments over a number of years and defines the ability of this component to retrace its capacity characteristic.
Can we change other people's behaviour? (1985)

It was stated earlier that the hardest to change behaviours are those which are:
Extraction-Transformation-Loading Processes (2005)

A data warehouse (DW) is a collection of technologies aimed at enabling the knowledge worker (executive, manager, analyst, etc.) to make better and faster decisions. The architecture of a DW exhibits various layers of data in which data from one layer are derived from data of the lower layer (see Figure 1). The operational databases, also called data sources, form the starting layer. They may consist of structured data stored in open database and legacy systems, or even in files. The central layer of the architecture is the global DW. The global DW keeps a historical record of data that result from the transformation, integration, and aggregation of detailed data found in the data sources. An auxiliary area of volatile data, data staging area (DSA) is employed for the purpose of data transformation, reconciliation, and cleaning. The next layer of data involves client warehouses, which contain highly aggregated data, directly derived from the global warehouse. There are various kinds of local warehouses, such as data mart or on-line analytical processing (OLAP) databases, which may use relational database systems or specific multidimensional data structures. The whole environment is described in terms of its components, metadata, and processes in a central metadata repository, located at the DW site.
Expression of p53, epidermal growth factor receptor, Ki-67 and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in human gliomas (2013)

The present study aimed to evaluate the expression of p53, Ki-67, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and O<sup>6</sup>-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), and to analyze the correlation between their expression and the histological grade of the tumors in 152 patients with gliomas. The tumors were classified according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO; 2007) into grade I (n=9), grade II (n=56), grade III (n=52) and grade IV (n=35). The expression of p53, Ki-67, EGFR and MGMT was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. The frequency of p53 immunopositivity was significantly lower in grade I gliomas than in grades II, III and IV. The frequency of EGFR immunopositivity was significantly higher in grade III and IV gliomas compared with grades I and II. The mean Ki-67 labelling index (LI) significantly increased in the higher glioma grades. The expression of MGMT in grade I and II tumors was not significantly different from that of grade III and IV tumors. The present data indicate that the expression of EGFR and Ki-67 is significantly correlated with the histological grade of the glioma, but that the expression of p53 and MGMT is not associated with the tumor grade.
The anti-inflammatory effect of local anesthetics (2007)

It is well known that local anesthetics produce analgesia, anesthesia and anti-arrhythmia by blocking sodium channels. However, the anti-inflammatory properties of local anesthetics and their clinical implications though mechanisms not directly related to sodium channels have stimulated escalating interest of clinicians and researchers in local anesthetics over the past decade. By interfering with the inflammatory cascade at different levels, local anesthetics attenuate the inflammation and this effect has been employed to treat some acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. The anti-inflammatory properties of local anesthetics may also play an important role in the effect of pain control. In this review, we discuss the effect of local anesthetics on inflammation and its molecular mechanism. It appears that by extending the exposure of local anesthetics to areas of inflammation, one may decrease the concentration of local anesthetics needed to possibly down-regulate the expression of Gq protein. This has interesting clinical implications for long-term use of local anesthetics as anti-inflammatory agents while using concentrations far below that which could cause toxic effects.
Identification and Characterization of Small Molecule Inhibitors of a Class I Histone Deacetylase from <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> (2009)

A library of approximately 2000 small molecules biased toward inhibition of histone deacetylases was assayed for antimalarial activity in a high-throughput P. falciparum viability assay. Active compounds were cross-analyzed for induction of histone hyperacetylation in a human myeloma cell line to identify HDAC inhibitors with selectivity for P. falciparum over the human host. To verify on-target selectivity, pfHDAC-1 was expressed and purified and a biochemical assay for pfHDAC-1 activity was established.
Improved Optical Performance Near The Butt Regions Of Multichip Focal Planes (1988)

A procedure has been developed to improve optical characteristics at the butted edges of linear multichip, focal plane, imaging arrays. The focal plane array is a backside illuminated pushbroom sensor that has been developed for application in remote sensing instruments. The gap between sensor modules making up the array represents a discontinuity in the refractive index of the substrate material through which optical radiation must pass. This discontinuity can produce vignetting and optical crosstalk in the vicinity of the butted regions. Artifacts observed in imagery obtained from a prototype multichip focal plane array suggest that the optical crosstalk in the butt region can be significant. Theory indicates the optical crosstalk can be significantly reduced by filling the gap with a material that has an index of refraction more closely matched to that of the substrate. This is supported by the ex-perimental data. The device butt edge performance with and without epoxy filler(s) has been measured and the technique(s) for epoxy application have been examined.
Exosomal RNA as biomarkers and the therapeutic potential of exosome vectors (2012)

The data reviewed here suggest that exosomal RNA has the potential to play an important role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of diseases in the future.
Studies on Synthesis of 6-Bromo-2,3-disubstituted 4(3<i>H</i>)-Quinazolinones and Their Thiones (1980)

Abstract Synthesis of some 2,3-disubstituted 6-bromo-4(3H)-quinazolinones is described. Treatment of some 4-quinazolinones with phosphorus pentasulfide gave the corresponding 4-quinazolinethiones. The reaction of 6-bromo-2-methyl-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one with hydroxylamine hydrochloride gave 6-bromo-3-hydroxy-2-methyl4(3H)-quinazolinone which on treatment with alkyl halides, acyl chlorides and sulfonyl chlorides gave the corresponding ethers, esters, and sulfonates respectively. 2-Styryl-4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives are obtained by condensation of aromatic aldehydes and corresponding 3-substituted-6-bromo-2-methyl-4(3H)-quinazolinones. Their antibacterial affinities are of considerable efficiency.
A Bayesian inference theory of attention: neuroscience and algorithms (2009)

The past four decades of research in visual neuroscience has generated a large and disparate body of literature on the role of attention [Itti et al., 2005]. Although several models have been developed to describe specific properties of attention, a theoretical framework that explains the computational role of attention and is consistent with all known effects is still needed. Recently, several authors have suggested that visual perception can be interpreted as a Bayesian inference process [Rao et al., 2002, Knill and Richards, 1996, Lee and Mumford, 2003]. Within this framework, topdown priors via cortical feedback help disambiguate noisy bottom-up sensory input signals. Building on earlier work by Rao [2005], we show that this Bayesian inference proposal can be extended to explain the role and predict the main properties of attention: namely to facilitate the recognition of objects in clutter. Visual recognition proceeds by estimating the posterior probabilities for objects and their locations within an image via an exchange of messages between ventral and parietal areas of the visual cortex. Within this framework, spatial attention is used to reduce the uncertainty in feature information; feature-based attention is used to reduce the uncertainty in location information. In conjunction, they are used to recognize objects in clutter. Here, we find that several key attentional phenomena such such as pop-out, multiplicative modulation and change in contrast response emerge naturally as a property of the network. We explain the idea in three stages. We start with developing a simplified model of attention in the brain identifying the primary areas involved and their interconnections. Secondly, we propose a Bayesian network where each node has direct neural correlates within our simplified biological model. Finally, we elucidate the properties of the resulting model, showing that the predictions are consistent with physiological and behavioral evidence.
Influence of the Antiseptic Agents Polyhexanide and Octenidine on FL Cells and on Healing of Experimental Superficial Aseptic Wounds in Piglets (2004)

The main target of the combination of octenidine with phenoxyethanol (Octenisept) is the antisepsis of acute wounds, whereas polyhexanide combined with polyethylene glycol in Ringer solution (Lavasept) is the agent of choice for antisepsis of chronic wounds and burns. Because comparative data for both agents on the effects on wound healing are lacking, we investigated the influence of preparations based on polyhexanide and octenidine versus placebo (Ringer solution) in experimental superficial aseptic skin wounds (n = 108) of 20 mm diameter, using a double-blind, randomised, stratified, controlled, parallel-group design in piglets. Computerised planimetry and histopathological methods were used for the assessment of wound healing. Histologically, no significant differences could be verified at any time between the 3 groups. However, in the early phase (day 9 after wounding), the octenidine-based product retarded wound contraction to a significantly greater extent than placebo and polyhexanide, whereas in the later phase (days 18 and 28), polyhexanide promoted contraction significantly more than did placebo and octenidine. The consequence is complete wound closure after 22.9 days using polyhexanide, in comparison to the placebo after 24.1 days (p < 0.05) and octenidine after 28.3 days (no statistical difference to placebo). This may be explained by the better tolerance of polyhexanide in vitro, which was demonstrated with dose and time dependence in cytotoxicity tests on human amnion cells.
Lithium-Ion Trapping from Local Structural Distortions in Sodium Super Ionic Conductor (NASICON) Electrolytes (2014)

Herein, we report a study on the structural and thermodynamic effects that cation size disparity may have in NASICON-type solid solutions. A sol–gel procedure was used to synthesize two new NASICON-type lithium-ion conductors with nominal compositions LiGe2–ySny(PO4)3 and Li1+xAlxGe2–y–(1/2)xSny–(1/2)x(PO4)3. The effect of tin substitution on structure and lithium-ion conductivity was studied with powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and dielectric spectroscopy. It is found that, although increased unit-cell dimensions derived from X-ray data suggest that tin incorporation should open the conduction bottleneck regions and improve conductivity, a decrease in conductivity is observed. Analysis of the electrical data shows that the conduction activation energy is comprised of contributions from carrier motion and generation, the latter accounting for up to 20% of the total activation energy. This result, currently unreported for NASICON-type materials, is correlated with local structural distortions observed in Raman spectra. It is deduced that the bottleneck regions suffer distortions due to the large ionic radius disparity among cationic constituents, which results in the “trapping” of charge carriers. Data estimated for the entropy of motion are also presented and discussed, considering the most probable thermodynamic equilibrium states.
Let there be light: signal transduction in a mammalian circadian system. (1996)

Mammalian circadian rhythms are controlled by a biological clock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). This clock is entrained by light through a retinohypothalamic pathway that interacts with the SCN through glutamate neurotransmission. Light pulses during the subjective night induce phase shifts of behavioral rhythms, and also trigger intracellular changes such as the expression of immediate-early genes and activation of transcription factors. In this review, we present a model of the signal transduction pathway leading to photic synchronization of the circadian clock, including the activity of specific second messenger systems, gene expression, and interaction between potential agents capable of producing phase shifts.
Comprehensive Simulation of Program, Erase and Retention in Charge Trapping Flash Memories (2006)

A simulator is developed for SONOS flash memories to predict program (P), erase (E) and retention (R) behavior under uniform ID operation. It provides insight on the impact of trap parameters on P, E and R and can be used to optimize memory stacks
Design and Development of a New 193-Nanometer Excimer Laser Surgical System (1993)

The new excimer laser system fulfills some important technical features for optimal use of the excimer laser in corneal surgery.
Piperacillin concentration in relation to therapeutic range in critically ill patients – a prospective observational study (2016)

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01793012. Registered 24 January 2013.
Separation of nicked human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), intact hCG, and hCG beta fragment from standard reference preparations and raw urine samples (1993)

hCG is found in pregnancy urine and in urine from some cancer patients in a variety of forms whose concentrations have clinical importance. Recently, concerns about accurate measurement of these forms have been raised because of the finding that hCG with peptide bond cleavages within the beta-subunit is not recognized by commonly used antibodies. Such nicked forms of hCG are biologically inactive or of very low activity. They are present in normal pregnancy urine and to varying extents in the urine of patients with trophoblastic disease. International reference preparations of hCG contain nicked forms of hCG. Previously, it was not possible to separate nicked hormone from the intact form of hCG. This was a serious impediment to producing improved reference standards from natural pregnancy hormone. We now report that a simple hydrophobic purification scheme separates intact hCG from nicked hCG as well as from hCG beta core fragment. This scheme is a modification of the method of Hiyama et al. The order of elution from low to high hydrophobicity is hCG beta core fragment, nicked hCG, and lastly, intact hCG. Nicking of the putative amphipathic helix loop, hCG beta 38-57, apparently renders the hormone significantly less hydrophobic despite the equal molar content of sialic acid. The hCG CR 127 nicked preparation was only 10% as potent as the reference preparation in a heterodimer-directed assay. The nicked-depleted hCG CR 127 was 30% more potent in this assay. Improved hCG reference standards should display similar increases in immunopotency (20-30%) with most antiheterodimeric antibodies and similar increases in bio-potency assays. It should now be possible to make reference preparations of these forms of hCG directly from the raw urine of normal pregnant patients and those with trophoblastic disease.
Cytokine Stimulation Promotes Glucose Uptake via Phosphatidylinositol-3 Kinase/Akt Regulation of Glut1 Activity and Trafficking (2007)

Cells require growth factors to support glucose metabolism for survival and growth. It is unclear, however, how noninsulin growth factors may regulate glucose uptake and glucose transporters. We show that the hematopoietic growth factor interleukin (IL)3, maintained the glucose transporter Glut1 on the cell surface and promoted Rab11a-dependent recycling of intracellular Glut1. IL3 required phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase activity to regulate Glut1 trafficking, and activated Akt was sufficient to maintain glucose uptake and surface Glut1 in the absence of IL3. To determine how Akt may regulate Glut1, we analyzed the role of Akt activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/regulatory associated protein of mTOR (RAPTOR) and inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3. Although Akt did not require mTOR/RAPTOR to maintain surface Glut1 levels, inhibition of mTOR/RAPTOR by rapamycin greatly diminished glucose uptake, suggesting Akt-stimulated mTOR/RAPTOR may promote Glut1 transporter activity. In contrast, inhibition of GSK3 did not affect Glut1 internalization but nevertheless maintained surface Glut1 levels in IL3-deprived cells, possibly via enhanced recycling of internalized Glut1. In addition, Akt attenuated Glut1 internalization through a GSK3-independent mechanism. These data demonstrate that intracellular trafficking of Glut1 is a regulated component of growth factor-stimulated glucose uptake and that Akt can promote Glut1 activity and recycling as well as prevent Glut1 internalization.
Identification of the Dynamic Relationship Between Intrapartum Uterine Pressure and Fetal Heart Rate for Normal and Hypoxic Fetuses (2009)

Labor and delivery are routinely monitored electronically with sensors that measure and record maternal uterine pressure (UP) and fetal heart rate (FHR), a procedure referred to as cardiotocography (CTG). Delay or failure to recognize abnormal patterns in these recordings can result in a failure to prevent fetal injury. We address the challenging problem of interpreting intrapartum CTG in a novel way by modeling the dynamic relationship between UP (as an input) and FHR (as an output). We use a nonparametric approach to estimate the dynamics in terms of an impulse response function (IRF). We apply singular value decomposition to suppress noise, IRF delay, and memory estimation to identify the temporal extent of the response and surrogate testing to assess model significance. We construct models for a database of CTG recordings labeled by outcome, and compare the models during the last 3 h of labor as well as across outcome classes. The results demonstrate that the UP-FHR dynamics can be successfully modeled as an input-output system. Models for pathological cases had stronger, more delayed, and more predictable responses than those for normal cases. In addition, the models evolved in time, reflecting a clinically plausible evolution of the fetal state due to the stress of labor.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd(II)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective C—H Activation of Cyclopropanes. (2012)

Abstract A novel mono‐N‐protected amino acid ligand is employed for Pd(II)‐catalyzed enantioselective C—H activation of cyclopropanes (I) to synthesize enantioenriched cis‐substituted derivatives.
Effect of Chemical Stabilizers on the Thermostability and Infectivity of a Representative Panel of Freeze Dried Viruses (2015)

As a partner of the European Virus Archive (EVA) FP7 project, our laboratory maintains a large collection of freeze-dried viruses. The distribution of these viruses to academic researchers, public health organizations and industry is one major aim of the EVA consortium. It is known that lyophilization requires appropriate stabilizers to prevent inactivation of the virus. However, few studies have investigated the influence of different stabilizers and lyophilization protocols on the thermostability of different viruses. In order to identify optimal lyophilization conditions that will deliver maximum retention of viral infectivity titre, different stabilizer formulations containing trehalose, sorbitol, sucrose or foetal bovine serum were evaluated for their efficacy in stabilizing a representative panel of freeze dried viruses at different storage temperatures (-20°C, +4°C and +20°C) for one week, the two latter mimicking suboptimal shipping conditions. The Tissue Culture Infectious Dose 50% (TCID50) assay was used to compare the titres of infectious virus. The results obtained using four relevant and model viruses (enveloped/non enveloped RNA/DNA viruses) still serve to improve the freeze drying conditions needed for the development and the distribution of a large virus collection.