gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of NO/EDRF and monocytes/macrophages on LDL-oxidation. (1995)

Beside prostaglandin (PG) I2 and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), nitric oxide (NO) is a key fepellant substance contributing to haemostatic balancing. The role of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has been gaining increasing importance. It is well accepted that LDL in their modified (i.e. oxidized) form are no longer recognized by the LDL-receptor, but are taken up by cells of the arterial wall, especially macrophages, in a non-regulated manner through the so called scavenger-receptor pathway. This process leads to the formation of foam cells, the hallmark of the atherosclerotic lesion. NO is also produced in relevant amounts by macrophages. The interaction of NO and LDL with macrophages is thus of key importance in the onset of early lesions. While oxidized LDL (oxLDL) are resulting in a decreased NO availability, NO seems to prevent LDL-oxidation. In contrast, however, in the presence of superoxides oxidation may result. All these potential actions have to be discussed in view of the extremely short half-life of NO indicating that these actions are restricted most likely to the local site of biosynthesis being dependent on the actual concentration, the duration of availability and the presence of transition metals. These findings indicate that NO may play a dual pro- and antiatherosclerotic role being dependent on local factors only.
Hopping transport in doped organic semiconductors: A theoretical approach and its application to <i>p</i>-doped zinc-phthalocyanine (2003)

A detailed approach to the complex hopping transport in organic semiconductors is presented and used to describe experimental data from Maennig et al. [Phys. Rev. B 64, 195208 (2001)] on the effect of doping on conductivity, mobility and thermopower. In this approach, the energetic distribution of the charge carriers in a Gaussian shaped density of states (DOS) is calculated under thermal equilibrium conditions and compared to the energetic distribution of the current. The description is based on the Miller–Abraham model for hopping in a disordered material and utilizes the so-called transport energy concept. To include also the case of higher electron concentrations in the tail states of the DOS the Fermi distribution was taken into account. Furthermore, additional trap states in the gap are considered to describe the experimental data at low doping concentration more correctly. In the framework of the model there is no indication of a thermally activated ionization of the dopants. In contrast to other descriptions, the position of the Fermi energy and transport energy are calculated from the model. It is demonstrated that the principal behavior of the transport parameter can be well explained in terms of classical semiconductor physics.
Group genius: the creative power of collaboration (2007)

Creativity has long been thought of as an individual gift, best pursued alone; schools, organizations, and whole industries are built on this idea. But what if this most common belief about how creativity works is wrong? In this revised and expanded edition, psychologist Keith Sawyer tears down some of the most popular myths about creativity and erects new principles in their place. He reveals that creativity is always collaborative-even when you're alone. Sawyer draws on compelling stories of inventions and innovations: the inventors of the ATM, the mountain bike, and open source operating systems, among others, to demonstrate the freewheeling ways of true innovation. He shares the results of his own acclaimed research on jazz ensembles, improv groups, and conversation analysis, to show us how to be more creative in collaborative group settings, how to change organizational dynamics for the better, and how to tap into our own reserves of creativity. Now with a new chapter on web-based developments that have made collaboration central to everyone's lives, this revised and updated edition is a must read for anyone seeking to thrive and succeed by tapping into collaborative creativity
Impaired Surfactant Synthesis in Fetal Type II Lung Cells from gsd/gsd Rats (1996)

The importance of intracellular glycogen for surfactant synthesis was investigated in fetal type II lung cells isolated from rats with a glycogen storage disorder, designated gsd/gsd. Compared to cells from a control Wistar strain, cultured gsd/gsd pneumocytes were glycogenrich and contained fewer and smaller lamellar inclusions. Freshly isolated cells from day 19-21 fetuses of control rats demonstrated the expected gestational rise and fall of cellular glycogen seen in intact fetal lungs. At day 20, when tissue glycogen peaks, cellular glycogen content was 48 and 70 nmol glucose/micrograms DNA in isolated type II cells of control and gsd/gsd lungs, respectively. In control cells, while active glycogen phosphorylase changed from 35 to 65% of total during 24 h of culture, glycogen fell 85%. In contrast, gsd/gsd cell phosphorylase was not activated, phosphorylase kinase activity was nondetectable, and glycogen per cell remained unchanged. [3H]Choline incorporation into total PC and disaturated PC (DSPC) was 50 and 62% lower, respectively, in gsd/gsd type II cells compared to controls in the absence of exogenous substrate. Cellular content of the surfactant-associated protein SP-A was similar in control and gsd/gsd cells at day 20, and increased 3- to 4-fold during a subsequent 24-h interval of tissue culture. These results suggest that PC synthesis is dramatically impaired in type II cells in which glycogen cannot be mobilized, but SP-A is synthesized at normal rates. This work characterizes the isolated gsd/gsd fetal type II cell and supports its use in future studies to determine the importance and relative utilization of specific nonglycogen substrates.
Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy (2007)

Elevated blood pressure in pregnancy may represent chronic hypertension (occurring before 20 weeks' gestation or persisting longer than 12 weeks after delivery), gestational hypertension (occurring after 20 weeks' gestation), preeclampsia, or preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. Preeclampsia is defined as hypertension and either proteinuria or thrombocytopenia, renal insufficiency, impaired liver function, pulmonary edema, or cerebral or visual symptoms. Proteinuria is not essential for the diagnosis and does not correlate with outcomes. Severe features of preeclampsia include a systolic blood pressure of at least 160 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure of at least 110 mm Hg, platelet count less than 100 × 103 per µL, liver transaminase levels two times the upper limit of normal, a doubling of the serum creatinine level or level greater than 1.1 mg per dL, severe persistent right upper-quadrant pain, pulmonary edema, or new-onset cerebral or visual disturbances. Preeclampsia without severe features can be managed with twice-weekly blood pressure monitoring, antenatal testing for fetal well-being and disease progression, and delivery by 37 weeks' gestation. Preeclampsia with any severe feature requires immediate stabilization and inpatient treatment with magnesium sulfate, antihypertensive drugs, corticosteroids for fetal lung maturity if less than 34 weeks' gestation, and delivery plans. Preeclampsia can worsen or initially present after delivery. Women with hypertensive disorders should be monitored as inpatients or closely at home for 72 hours postpartum.
Menstrual Cycle Irregularity and Risk for Future Cardiovascular Disease (2002)

Cross-sectional studies suggest that women who have irregular menstrual cycles and hyperandrogenism may be at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, prospective data are lacking on the relationship between menstrual cycle irregularity and subsequent CVD risk. The objective of this study was to assess prospectively the risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke associated with a history of irregular menstrual cycles. The study design was a prospective cohort study of 82,439 female nurses who provided information in 1982 on prior menstrual regularity (at ages 20-35 yr) and were followed through 1996 for cardiovascular events. Incident reports of nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal CHD, and nonfatal and fatal stroke were made. Medical records were reviewed for confirmation. During 14 yr (1,155,915 person-yr) of follow-up, there were 1417 incident cases of CHD and 838 incident cases of stroke, including 471 cases of ischemic stroke. Compared with women reporting a history of very regular menstrual cycles, women reporting usually irregular or very irregular cycles had an increased risk for nonfatal or fatal CHD [age-adjusted relative risks (RR), 1.25 and 1.67, respectively; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.07-1.47 and 1.35-2.06, respectively]. Increased risks for CHD associated with prior cycle irregularity remained significant after adjustment for body mass index and several potential confounders. There was a nonsignificant increase in overall stroke risk (RR, 1.30; 95% CI = 0.97-1.74) and in ischemic stroke risk (RR, 1.40; 95% CI = 0.97-2.04) associated with very irregular cycles. Menstrual cycle irregularity may be a marker of metabolic abnormalities predisposing to increased risk for CVD.
Structural Polymorphism of Telomere DNA: Interquadruplex and Duplex-Quadruplex Conversions Probed by Raman Spectroscopy (1994)

The solution secondary structures and nucleotide conformations in the telomeric DNA of Oxytricha nova have been determined by Raman spectroscopy. Structural polymorphism is demonstrated for both single-stranded [d(T4G4)4] and double-stranded [d(G4T4G4).d(C4A4C4)] telomere models. In the case of d(T4G4)4, which is a prototype for the single-stranded telomeric tail, an interquadruplex equilibrium involving parallel and antiparallel strand configurations is shown to be governed by the solution concentrations of both Na+ and K+. In both the parallel and antiparallel quadruplexes of d(T4G4)4, the local geometry of the phosphodiester backbone is similar to that of canonical B DNA, and associations between bases of the guanine quartet involve Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding. However, the deoxyguanosine (dG) sugar conformations are significantly different in the two quadruplexes. In the extended parallel form, dG residues assume only the C2'-endo/anti conformation with respect to deoxyribose pucker and glycosyl orientation. In the foldback antiparallel form, dG residues are distributed equally between C2'-endo/anti and C2'-endo/syn conformations. In the case of d(G4T4G4).d(C4A4C4), which serves as a model for the double-stranded B DNA regions of Oxytricha telomeres, we show that disproportionation of the B form duplex to yield stable parallel quadruplexes of the guanine-rich strand occurs reversibly at high solution concentrations of either Na+ or K+. The present study reveals that both interquadruplex and duplex-quadruplex conversions of Oxytricha telomeric DNA are under the control of an alkali cation switch.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Optimal control of power split for a hybrid electric refuse vehicle (2008)

An optimal power split strategy in a hybrid electric refuse truck is presented. Using Pontryagin's Minimum Principle, a set of solution candidates is found and evaluated in order to find the optimal control strategy. Simulation results are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the strategy.
Aluminum Local Environment and Defects in the Crystalline Structure of Sol−Gel Alumina Catalyst (1998)

Nanocrystalline alumina was synthesized by using the sol−gel method with aluminum sec-butoxide as the precursor. FTIR, TG, XRD, and crystalline structure refinement were used to analyze the phase transformations and their crystalline structures. When samples were annealed at 200 °C, they had two nanocrystalline phases γ-boehmite and γ*-boehmite, which had the same crystalline structure but different lattice parameters and defect numbers in the structure. After sample annealing above 400 °C, the γ-boehmite and γ*-boehmite phases were transformed into nanocrystalline γ-Al2O3 and θ-Al2O3. The γ-alumina crystalline structure contained hydroxyls that brought about cationic defects in aluminum sites, mainly in those of octahedral symmetry. In the 27Al NMR spectra of the samples calcined at 400, 600, and 800 °C, a chemical shift around 33 ppm was observed, which occurred between that of aluminum in oxygen octahedra and aluminum in oxygen tetrahedra. Its origin can be explained by assuming the existence the substitution of some lattice oxygen ions in the octahedral symmetry by hydroxyl groups.
MRI‐guided cryotherapy (2008)

Over the last decade the focus of published research on MRI-guided cryotherapy has switched from the study of experimental models to the clinical treatment of patients. The latter reports attest to the safety and feasibility of treating lesions in the liver, kidney, and other sites throughout the body. Further, the published images and initial results speak to the utility of MRI for the task of monitoring this specific procedure. This clinical utility is a realization of the promise of the earlier experimental work that showed the clarity with which interstitial ice is seen under MRI under various pulse sequence parameters. Early adopters have taken advantage of access to the patient that is provided by low and mid-field open scanners; the near future will test the suitability of higher field systems. It has been critical that an FDA-approved cryotherapy system and suitably thin probes were customized for the MRI environment a decade ago by which percutaneous cryotherapy could be performed. There is still work to be done to expand the role of percutaneous cryotherapy, to understand various tissue responses, and to optimize visualization of therapeutic isotherms. Also, long-term outcomes need to be assessed. Overall, in a worldwide environment in which the practice of ablation is growing and an appreciation for such therapies is on the rise, the work of these recent years provides sound footing for the advances that lay ahead for clinical MRI-guided cryotherapy.
Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide: Technical Report (2005)

With the release of the new Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG), pavement design has taken a “quantum” leap forward. The current 1993 design guide is solidly based on the empirical interpretation of the results of the 1960 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Road Test. This report seeks to outline the technical aspects of the new MEPDG. Full detail is essentially impossible and impractical, since the release of the MEPDG was accompanied by eighteen volumes of technical justification and background. Consequently, this report seeks only to provide a potential user with a practical understanding of the workings of the new guide, with only sufficient technical depth to aid in understanding.
BrailleEnter: A Touch Screen Braille Text Entry Method for the Blind (2017)

Text entry methods on touchscreen devices are often developed without taking into account the needs of people with no or low vision. Despite this, there has been significant improvement in touchscreen accessibility for blind people; for example, integrating the screen reader in smartphone devices. The QWERTY keyboard with VoiceOver and many other proposed touchscreen keyboards are in many ways inaccessible to blind people because they primarily require finding keys' locations on a touchscreen and both hands to interact with keyboard interfaces. In order to enable blind people to easily perform text entry, this research has the objective of developing a tool that overcomes the limitations of existing keyboards. In this paper, we describe BrailleEnter, a text input method to support nonvisual interaction on touchscreen devices. BrailleEnter allows users to type letters, numbers, and punctuation by pressing the screen to represent raised Braille dots and briefly tapping to represent unraised dots anywhere on a touchscreen using one finger, based on braille coding. This paper presents our keyboard design rationale and our preliminary evaluation of BrailleEnter, which was conducted with two blind users. The study shows that the BrailleEnter keyboard has the potential to make smartphone devices fully accessible for blind people. The study also highlights that using only one finger to interact with a screen is the most accessible method for blind users.
Simultaneously propagating voltage and pressure pulses in lipid monolayers of pork brain and synthetic lipids (2012)

Hydrated interfaces are ubiquitous in biology and appear on all length scales from ions and individual molecules to membranes and cellular networks. In vivo, they comprise a high degree of self-organization and complex entanglement, which limits their experimental accessibility by smearing out the individual phenomenology. The Langmuir technique, however, allows the examination of defined interfaces, the controllable thermodynamic state of which enables one to explore the proper state diagrams. Here we demonstrate that voltage and pressure pulses simultaneously propagate along monolayers comprised of either native pork brain or synthetic lipids. The excitation of pulses is conducted by the application of small droplets of acetic acid and monitored subsequently employing time-resolved Wilhelmy plate and Kelvin probe measurements. The isothermal state diagrams of the monolayers for both lateral pressure and surface potential are experimentally recorded, enabling us to predict dynamic voltage pulse amplitudes of 0.1-3 mV based on the assumption of static mechanoelectrical coupling. We show that the underlying physics for such propagating pulses is the same for synthetic and natural extracted (pork brain) lipids and that the measured propagation velocities and pulse amplitudes depend on the compressibility of the interface. Given the ubiquitous presence of hydrated interfaces in biology, our experimental findings seem to support a fundamentally new mechanism for the propagation of signals and communication pathways in biology (signaling), which is based neither on protein-protein or receptor-ligand interaction nor diffusion.
Dendritic cell chemotaxis and transendothelial migration are induced by distinct chemokines and are regulated on maturation (1998)

The capacity of dendritic cells (DC) to initiate immune responses is dependent on their specialized migratory and tissue homing properties. Chemotaxis and transendothelial migration (TEM) of DC were studied in vitro. Immature DC were generated by culture of human monocytes in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and IL-4. These cells exhibited potent chemotaxis and TEM responses to the CC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1beta, RANTES, and monocyte chemotactic protein-3, and weak responses to the CC chemokine MIP-3beta and the CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha. Maturation of DC induced by culture in lipopolysaccharide, TNF-alpha or IL-1beta reduced or abolished responses to the former CC chemokines but markedly enhanced responses to MIP-3beta and SDF-1alpha. This correlated with changes in chemokine receptor expression: CCR5 expression was reduced while CXCR4 expression was enhanced. These findings suggest two stages for regulation of DC migration in which one set of chemokines may regulate recruitment into or within tissues, and another egress from the tissues.
Interactions between viruses and lymphocytes. I. In vivo replication of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in mononuclear cells during both chronic and acute viral infections. (1978)

Replicating virus was found in subpopulations of circulating blood mononuclear cells harvested from BALB/WEHI and SWR/J mice persistently infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) either after intracerebral infection at birth or congenital in utero infection. Infectious virus was demonstrated by using an infectious center assay on Vero cell monolayers. Lymphoid cells isolated from both primary and secondary lymphoid organs also carried infectious virus. The number of infectious centers varied considerably from animal to animal, being as high as 10,000/10 6 and as low as 1 to 10/10 6 viable mononuclear cells. However, within any individual virus carrier mouse the numbers of infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells were found to be constant. Virus was not present in a fully infectious form either on the cell surface or within the cell. Mononuclear cells replicating LCMV were found in the bone marrow-derived (B) cell, thymus-derived (T) cell, and phagocytic, adherent cell populations. Infectious centers were also demonstrated in the peripheral blood and splenic mononuclear cells of adult mice acutely infected with LCMV. The levels of such cells rose to a peak of 100/10 6 mononuclear cells by day 3 to 4 after i.p. inoculation with virus and then decreased to below detectable levels ( 6 ) by day 8. These results indicate that after infection in utero or at birth, virus may replicate in cells of the immune system. Such infected lymphoid cells may act as a reservoir of infection throughout the animal9s life.
Disulfiram, an old drug with new potential therapeutic uses for human hematological malignancies (2012)

Disulfiram (DSF) is an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor currently used for the treatment of alcoholism. Here, we show that multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines and primary cells from newly diagnosed and relapsed/resistant patients affected by MM, acute myeloid and lymphoblastic leukemia are significantly sensitive to DSF alone and in combination with copper. These effects are present at doses lower than those achievable in vivo after DSF standard administration. The cytotoxic effect achieved by this treatment is comparable to that obtained by conventional chemotherapy and is absent in normal hematopoietic cells. In addition, we found that DSF plus copper induces loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and activates executioner caspases. DSF-copper-induced apoptosis and caspases activation are strongly reversed by antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, thus indicating a critical role of ROS. These results might suggest the use of the old drug DSF, alone or in combination with copper, in the treatment of hematological malignancies.
Vision Based Tactile Sensor Using Transparent Elastic Fingertip for Dexterous Handling (2007)

We have explained on a new tactile sensor for measuring multi-dimensional force and moment of contact. The structure of sensor is simple because the method is vision-based. The method to obtain the values of force and moment has been confirmed by several experiments. It is shown that the accurate estimation of contact force and moment is possible with the proposed sensor although there is a trade-off between the resolution and the computational time. There exist small interpositions between the tangential force, the moment and the normal force while measuring. Clear understanding the interposition between applied forces and moments will be required in further research. We defined the stick ratio as an index for indicating the degree of slippage. We have also proposed a new method to estimate the stick ratio for preventing from slippage of manipulated object. The exact relation of the defined stick ratio or the estimated stick ratio to the exact friction coefficient is an important problem to be solved. We demonstrated the control system for keeping the estimated stick ratio around a set point. Moreover, we have given a comparison with a piezoelectric sensor because it may be another candidate to cope with several practical requirements. The purpose-built integrated circuit for the image processing of this vision-based sensor may be required to achieve high speed control against disturbances in high frequency band. It is shown that the proposed sensor has the potential for dexterous handling like human.