gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Writing style detection by statistical combination of classifiers in form reader applications (2002)

The authors deal with the recognition of writing style (whether a data field is hand or machine printed) in the context of form reading applications. Due to the form reader's hardware restrictions, the approach had to be based only on the knowledge of the surrounding rectangles of the black connected components of the data field. Different statistical classifiers were developed which were adapted to different feature vectors calculated separately for each data field. The output of these classifiers was combined, allowing a much higher performance than each single classifier. The combination was carried out by another polynomial (statistical) classifier using the estimations, not decisions, of these classifiers as the new feature vector. The improvement by combination was significant. Meanwhile the approach has proven its practical viability while running successfully in commercially distributed form readers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A new algorithm for exact reduction of incompletely specified finite state machines (1999)

We propose a new algorithm for the problem of state reduction in incompletely specified finite state machines. Unlike the most commonly used algorithms for this problem, our approach is not based on the enumeration of compatible sets, and, therefore, its performance is not dependent on its number. Instead, the algorithm uses techniques for finite state machine identification that are well known in the computer science literature, but have never been applied to this problem. We prove that the algorithm is exact and present results that show that, in a set of hard problems, it is much more efficient than both the explicit and implicit approaches based on the enumeration of compatible sets. We also present a complexity analysis for the special cases where worst case polynomial time bounds can be obtained and present experiments that validate empirically the bounds obtained.
Electro-optic imaging of the internal fields in a GaAs photoconductive switch (1990)

A technique has been developed that allows single-shot measurement of the electric field over an extended area. A LiTaO3 crystal, covering the entire active area of the GaAs photoconductive switch, coupled the surface field with the polarization of an optical probe pulse. When imaged onto a two-dimensional detector array, this system produced snapshots of the surface field profile with 200-ps time resolution and 3-μm spatial resolution. The technique was used to monitor the collapse of the electric field in the GaAs as it was switched with a λ=1.06 μm optical pulse. The switching speed and generation of field enhancements were found to be dependent on the illumination configuration and the electric field. In particular, the switching efficiency was found to decrease with increasing field.
IVF of mouse ova in a simplex optimized medium supplemented with amino acids (2000)

The addition of amino acids to a modified simplex optimized medium (mKSOM) did not increase the percentage of blastocysts that develop from CF1 mouse ova fertilized in vitro. In contrast, the percentage of blastocysts that began to hatch and the number of cells in these blastocysts, particularly in the inner cell mass, was increased. The added amino acids also supported the development of a more organized extracellular matrix in the same blastocysts. The results suggest that zygotes produced in amino acid-supplemented mKSOM have a greater developmental potential, perhaps developing at a faster rate, than zygotes produced in mKSOM. This enhanced developmental potential may be caused by the alleviation of osmotic stress on the ova and zygotes by the amino acids that are osmolytes. The fertilization of human ova in vitro may benefit from the inclusion of free amino acids in the fertilizing medium. The availability of a medium that can be used to support both IVF and preimplantation development in the mouse is likely to benefit the recovery of mouse strains from cryopreserved spermatozoa.
Tick vaccines and the control of tick-borne pathogens (2013)

Ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites that transmit a wide variety of pathogens to humans and animals. The incidence of tick-borne diseases has increased worldwide in both humans and domestic animals over the past years resulting in greater interest in the study of tick-host-pathogen interactions. Advances in vector and pathogen genomics and proteomics have moved forward our knowledge of the vector-pathogen interactions that take place during the colonization and transmission of arthropod-borne microbes. Tick-borne pathogens adapt from the vector to the mammalian host by differential gene expression thus modulating host processes. In recent years, studies have shown that targeting tick proteins by vaccination can not only reduce tick feeding and reproduction, but also the infection and transmission of pathogens from the tick to the vertebrate host. In this article, we review the tick-protective antigens that have been identified for the formulation of tick vaccines and the effect of these vaccines on the control of tick-borne pathogens.
Origins, functions, and potential of adult neural stem cells (1999)

In recent years, the existence of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian brain has been confirmed. The generation of new neurons from these cells is regulated by growth factors, hormones, and environmental cues; however, the function of newly generated neurons in the adult brain remains elusive. Two recent articles emphasize the impact of motor activity and learning on in situ hippocampal neurogenesis,((1,2)) suggesting a close link to hippocampal function. Adult NSCs can be isolated and expanded in vitro. It was presumed that the origins of the NSCs were within subependyma of the lateral ventricle; however, new evidence suggests that the "real" stem cells may reside in the ependymal lining.((3)) In a related study, these same cells were transplanted into irradiated mice and were able to integrate into the bone marrow and produce various blood cell types,((4)) challenging the limits of neural cell fate determination.
Facilitation: some contributions to theorising the practice of operational research (2002)

The paper examines the contributions of two distinct areas of theory to the practice of facilitation in operational research. The first area examined is deconstruction, presented in terms of its theorising about the role of language in social interaction, and as a method for describing and critiquing different positions present in written or verbal texts, for example positions inherent in the views of different stakeholders or underlying alternative strategies or options under consideration. The second area examined is ‘re-evaluation counselling’ or ‘co-counselling’, presented as a body of theory about human emotion and the impact of distress, and associated with a range of tools and techniques for use in stimulating creative thinking and analysing and responding to emotional outbursts during the course of facilitated work sessions. Examples from OR practice in the field of group decision-making and action illustrate the discussion in both these sections.
Generative NeuroEvolution for Deep Learning (2013)

An important goal for the machine learning (ML) community is to create approaches that can learn solutions with human-level capability. One domain where humans have held a significant advantage is visual processing. A significant approach to addressing this gap has been machine learning approaches that are inspired from the natural systems, such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), evolutionary computation (EC), and generative and developmental systems (GDS). Research into deep learning has demonstrated that such architectures can achieve performance competitive with humans on some visual tasks; however, these systems have been primarily trained through supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms. Alternatively, research is showing that evolution may have a significant role in the development of visual systems. Thus this paper investigates the role neuro-evolution (NE) can take in deep learning. In particular, the Hypercube-based NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies is a NE approach that can effectively learn large neural structures by training an indirect encoding that compresses the ANN weight pattern as a function of geometry. The results show that HyperNEAT struggles with performing image classification by itself, but can be effective in training a feature extractor that other ML approaches can learn from. Thus NeuroEvolution combined with other ML methods provides an intriguing area of research that can replicate the processes in nature.
Application of Optical Coherence Tomography for Monitoring Changes in Cervicovaginal Epithelial Morphology in Macaques: Potential for Assessment of Microbicide Safety (2008)

OCT is a noninvasive imaging modality complementary to colposcopy. It distinguished between normal and abnormal (or injured) tissue and thus holds promise for safety evaluations of candidate microbicides and other vaginal products.
A Novel Substitution Process for the Preparation of Alkoxy-, Aryloxy-, and Acyloxy-Substituted 1,2-Dioxetanes (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTA Novel Substitution Process for the Preparation of Alkoxy-, Aryloxy-, and Acyloxy-Substituted 1,2-DioxetanesHashem Akhavan-Tafti, Robert A. Eickholt, Zahra Arghavani, and A. Paul SchaapView Author Information Lumigen, Inc., 24485 West Ten Mile Rd. Southfield, Michigan 48034Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 1, 245–246Publication Date (Web):January 8, 1997Publication History Received2 July 1996Published online8 January 1997Published inissue 1 January 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja962245ahttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja962245arapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views306Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Ethers,Oxygen,Substitution reactions,Sulfides,Vinyl Get e-Alerts
Augmentation of NK cell activity by soluble and particulate fractions of Toxoplasma gondii. (1983)

The ability of sonicates of Toxoplasma gondii and of subcellular fractions of the organism to enhance natural killer (NK) cell activity in mice was examined. Treatment of BALB/c mice with the sonicate preparations enhanced peritoneal and splenic NK activity to the level obtained with intact tachyzoites. Similar augmentation of NK activity in A/J, C57BL/6, and C3H/HeJ mice was also observed. Administration of Toxoplasma sonicate intraperitoneally, intravenously, or subcutaneously enhanced both peritoneal and splenic NK activity. Treatment of mice with a sonicate of L929 fibroblast failed to enhance their NK activity. Concentrations of sonicates ranging from 400 to 4 micrograms of protein enhanced both peritoneal and splenic NK activity. Both the soluble and particulate fractions of the sonicate obtained by differential centrifugation were capable of enhancing peritoneal NK activity, whereas splenic NK activity was enhanced only by the particulate fraction. Heat, protease, and sodium periodate treatment of the Toxoplasma sonicate completely abolished its capacity to augment NK activity. Gel filtration studies revealed that the NK augmenting activity of the Toxoplasma sonicate is distributed over a wide molecular weight range.
EFFECT OF SOYA BEAN MILK ON THE HEALING OF GASTRIC ULCERS ‐ A CONTROLLED ENDOSCOPIC STUDY (1975)

Soya bean milk was given orally in doses of 150 ml second-hourly (7 a.m. to 11 p.m. daily) to 10 Chinese subjects with proven gastric ulcer for two weeks. The control group consisted of 10 Chinese subjects with proven gastric ulcer who did not receive soya bean milk therapy. All were inpatients and were given bed rest. Gastric ulcer healing was assessed endoscopically with a duodenofibrescope. Endoscopic visualization and colour photography of the ulcer crater were undertaken just before and after two weeks of treatment. In the soya bean milk group, complete healing was seen in two cases, considerable healing in four cases, slight healing in two cases, and no healing in two cases. In the control group, complete healing was seen in no cases, considerably healing in three cases, slight healing in four cases, and no healing in three cases. The mean ulcer healing grade was 1.600 in the soya bean milk group as compared with 1.000 in the controls. The difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the initial ulcer size, age and sex distribution. Although the effect on gastric ulcer healing was not significant, soya bean milk has been shown to be effective in the relief of peptic ulcer pain.
Reduction of postischaemic ventricular dysfunction and arrhythmias by trapping hydroxyl radicals with salicylic acid. (1993)

Recent studies have suggested the ability of salicylic acid (SA) to trap the hydroxyl radicals (.OH) generated in reperfused ischaemic myocardium. This study was designed to examine the effect of SA on reperfusion-induced arrhythmias and postischaemic ventricular dysfunction. Isolated rat hearts perfused by the Langendorff technique were preperfused with SA for 10 min. Hearts were then made ischaemic for 30 min, followed by 30 min of reperfusion. The left-ventricular contractile functions, including left-ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and its first derivative (LV dp/dt), and creatine kinase (CK) release, were determined before and after ischaemia. Epicardial electrocardiograms (ECG) were also employed to analyse the incidence of ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). SA improved LVDP and LV dp/dt, and reduced CK release, as compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The incidence of VT and VF during reperfusion was also significantly reduced by SA (p < 0.05). Analysis of tissue thiobarbituric acid-reactive products indicates that SA decreased oxidative stress during reperfusion. In conclusion, these results suggest that SA reduces ventricular dysfunction and attenuates ventricular arrhythmias by trapping OH radicals upon reperfusion in isolated rat hearts.
Peripheral Blood CD161<sup>+</sup> T Cells from Asthmatic Patients are Activated During Asthma Attack and Predominantly Produce IFN‐<i>γ</i> (2007)

In humans, T cells expressing the CD161 molecule NKR-P1A constitute around 20% of the circulating CD3(+) cells and are potentially immunoregulatory in several diseases. Their role in asthma is not well known, but they could participate in asthma attacks. To determinate whether activation of CD161(+) T cells and their cytokine production correlate with clinical status of asthma, we analysed blood samples from asthma attack patients (AAP) and stable asthma patients (SAP) in comparison with healthy non-atopic controls (HC). There was a significant higher baseline expression of CD69 on T cells from AAP and the difference was more notorious on CD161(+) T cells; upregulation of CD69 was observed on both CD161(-) and CD161(+) T cells driven by Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus crude extract, whereas polyclonal stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus ionomycin predominantly induced IFN-gamma but no IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 by CD161(+) T cells in all groups; upon polyclonal stimulation, there were more CD161(+) T cells producing IFN-gamma and less CD161(-) T cells producing this cytokine, contrasting with the opposite results observed in SAP and HC groups. Our results indicate that, during asthma attack, CD161(+) T cells are activated and are able to produce predominantly IFN-gamma but no Th2 cytokines. We hypothesize that during an asthma attack, IFN-gamma produced by CD161(+) T cells could help to reestablish the Th1/Th2 equilibrium. These observations may contribute to the understanding of the immune mechanisms involved in asthma attacks.
Decreases of Apolipoprotein B-100 and A-I Concentrations and Induction of Haptoglobin and Serum Amyloid A in Nonfed Calves. (2002)

Reduced feed intake near parturition is suggested to be one of the major causal factors for the development of fatty liver in cows, and nonfeeding has been used as an experimental model for fatty liver. In cows with fatty liver, concentrations of lipoprotein lipids and proteins are decreased. In addition, the acute-phase protein haptoglobin is induced. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the decrease of lipoprotein concentrations and the induction of acute-phase proteins were similarly reproduced by non-feeding. Holstein female calves (n=5) were nonfed for 3 days and thereafter refed. Serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyric acid were initially increased by the nonfeeding, and followed by decreases in concentrations of cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 and apoA-I. The apoC-III concentration was not distinctly decreased. Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A were induced during the nonfeeding and refeeding process. Haptoglobin was distributed in different proportions in the high-density lipoprotein, very high-density lipoprotein and the lipoprotein-deficient fractions, whereas almost all serum amyloid A was associated with the high-density lipoprotein fraction. These results suggest that the decreases in lipoprotein concentrations and induction of acute-phase proteins found in cows with fatty liver and those with fatty liver-related diseases such as ketosis are primarily due to the reduced feed intake near parturition.
A Composite NTSC Color Video Bandwidth Compressor (1984)

Predictors operating on video signals sampled at six times the color subcarrier <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(6f_{c})</tex> have been investigated and compared with predictors operating at three times the color subcarrier <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(3f_{c})</tex> . When the best <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6f_{c}</tex> predictor is used with an adaptive delta modulator (ADM) step size generator, the resulting pictures are similar in quality to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3f_{c}</tex> predictors operating with a four-level adaptive DPCM quantizer. An ADM coder was implemented in real time. The coder used between 24 and 34 IC's, depending upon the algorithm, and fits on a single 9 in × 6 in PC board. The transmission rate is 21.4 Mbits/s.
The expected value of seasonal stream-flow forecasts to a grain-cotton irrigator in the Condamine-Balonne catchment (2011)

Water for irrigation is often the limiting resource that prevents grain-cotton growers from sowing more area and increasing farm business returns. The potential exists for graincotton irrigators with river harvesting entitlements to increase farm profits by utilising the Bureau of Meteorology’s (BOM) seasonal stream-flow forecasts (BOM, 2010). However, for any climate forecast to be effective it must provide information that generates actionable and beneficial changes in the management of the system (Hammer, et al. 2000). This paper presents the application of a participatory whole-farm modelling approach to evaluate management strategies that respond to BOM’s seasonal stream-flow forecasts.
Web page classification using n-gram based URL features (2013)

Exponential increase in the number of web pages in the World Wide Web poses a great challenge in information filtering and also makes topic focused crawling a time consuming process in searching for relevant information. We propose an URL based web page classification method that does not need either the web page content or its link structure. In the proposed approach, character n-gram based features are extracted from URLs alone and classification is done by Support Vector Machines and Maximum Entropy Classifiers. The performance of the system was evaluated on two bench mark datasets viz., ODP with 2 million URLs and WebKB with 4K URLs. We used F1 as a performance metric and our experimental results showed an improvement of 20.5% increase on WebKB dataset and 4.7% increase on ODP dataset.
Antenna evaluation of a non-contact vital signs sensor for continuous heart and respiration rate monitoring (2012)

A portable non-contact vital signs sensor system that is capable of continuously monitoring heart and respiration rates is presented. The system operates based on the continuous wave (CW) Doppler radar principle and has been evaluated using several antenna types: patch, Yagi, log-periodic and helical. The sensor operates at 2.4 GHz, realized on a custom designed low-cost PCB that integrates both the RF receiver (Rx) and transmitter (Tx) sections with analog electronics. It uses a quadrature receiver architecture with separate Tx and Rx antennas. The sensor using our custom designed helical antenna performs best among all antennas tested here. The sensor system can achieve a ±1 beat/min error versus the reference heartbeat signal for 75% of the continuous monitoring time, while the accuracy for the respiration rate is within ±1 breath/min for 95% of the time.
Daphnane Diterpenes from <i>Daphne genkwa</i> Activate Nurr1 and Have a Neuroprotective Effect in an Animal Model of Parkinson’s Disease (2016)

Nurr1 is an orphan nuclear receptor that is essential for the differentiation and maintenance of dopaminergic neurons in the brain, and it is a therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease (PD). During the screening for Nurr1 activators from natural sources using cell-based assay systems, a methanol extract of the combined stems and roots of Daphne genkwa was found to activate the transcriptional function of Nurr1 at a concentration of 3 μg/mL. The active components were isolated and identified as genkwanine N (1) and yuanhuacin (2). Both compounds 1 and 2 significantly enhanced the function of Nurr1 at 0.3 μM. Nurr1-specific siRNA abolished the activity of 1 and 2, strongly suggesting that transcriptional activation by 1 and 2 occurred through the modulation of Nurr1 function. Additionally, treatment with 1 and 2 inhibited 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neuronal cell death and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation. Moreover, in a 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of PD, intraperitoneal administration of 2 (0.5 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks significantly improved behavioral deficits and reduced tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive dopaminergic neuron death induced by 6-OHDA injection and had a beneficial effect on the inflammatory response in the brain. Accordingly, compounds 1 and 2, the first reported Nurr1 activators of natural origin, are potential lead compounds for the treatment of PD.