gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Small-Angle Neutron and X-ray Contrast Variation Scattering Study of the Structure of Block Copolymer Micelles:  Corona Shape and Excluded Volume Interactions (2002)

Small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering data have been obtained for micelles of d-polystyrene−polyisoprene (d-PS−PI) of relatively high molecular weight in n-decane. Contrast variation was performed using mixtures of hydrogenated and deuterated decane. Three samples were investigated with d-polystyrene and polyisoprene molar masses of, respectively, 12 000 and 48 000, 40 000 and 40 000, and 40 000 and 80 000. For the two latter samples, the concentration of the polymer was also varied. The data obtained at relatively high resolution were analyzed together with small-angle X-ray scattering data using scattering functions recently derived from Monte Carlo simulations for a model with a spherical core and a corona of semiflexible chains interacting with a hard-core potential. The scattering from the model can be generated by assuming an analytical form of the radial distribution of the corona and an effective single chain form factor of the random-phase approximation type. In the analysis of the experimental scattering data intermicellar interactions were modeled by an effective hard-sphere model. The analysis of the experimental data provides information on shape, aggregation number, polydispersity, core size, core solvation, corona shape/size, and the interactions between the chains in the corona, which are significant for these micelles. The shape of the corona profile depends on the surface coverage of the micelles as well as the curvature of the core−corona interface. For high curvatures the profile is in agreement with a power-law behavior as predicted by scaling theory. For low curvatures the profile is more compact. The profiles and scattering curves are very well reproduced by Monte Carlo simulations based on the parameters for the structures determined in the analysis of the experimental scattering data. The study shows that two parameters are decisive for the profile shape and internal correlations, namely the reduced surface coverage and the curvature.
Evaluation of a fluorescence-labelled oligonucleotide probe targeting 23S rRNA for in situ detection of Salmonella serovars in paraffin-embedded tissue sections and their rapid identification in bacterial smears (1997)

A method for the detection of Salmonella based on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has been developed and applied for the direct detection of Salmonella in pure cultures and in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. On the basis of the 23S rRNA gene sequences representing all of the S. enterica subspecies and S. bongori, an 18-mer oligonucleotide probe was selected. The specificity of the probe was tested by in situ hybridization to bacterial cell smears of pure cultures. Forty-nine of 55 tested Salmonella serovars belonging to subspecies I, II, IIIb, IV, and VI hybridized with the probe. The probe did not hybridize to serovars from subspecies IIIa (S. arizonae) or to S. bongori. No cross-reaction to 64 other strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae or 18 other bacterial strains outside this family was observed. The probe was tested with sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from experimentally infected mice or from animals with a history of clinical salmonellosis. In these tissue sections the probe hybridized specifically to Salmonella serovars, allowing for the detection of single bacterial cells. The development of a fluorescence-labelled specific oligonucleotide probe makes the FISH technique a promising tool for the rapid identification of S. enterica in bacterial smears, as well as for the detection of S. enterica in histological tissue sections.
Implementation of Magnetostrictive Material Terfenol-D in CNG Fuel Injection Actuation (2008)

In applications broadly defined for actuation, magnetostrictive materials possess intrinsic rapid response times while providing small and accurate displacements and high-energy efficiency, which are some of the essential parameters for fast control of fuel injector valves for decreased engine emissions and lower fuel consumption. This paper investigates the application of Terfenol-D as a magnetostrictive actuator material for CNG fuel injection actuation. A prototype fuel injector assembly, including Terfenol-D as the core actuator material, was modeled in both Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) and ANSYS Electromagnetics simulation softwares for 2D magnetics simulation. Preferably, FEMM was used in order to determine the coil-circuit parameters and the required flux density or applied magnetic field to achieve the desired magnetostrictive strain, consequently, the injector needle lift. The FEMM magnetic simulation was carried out with four different types of AWG coil wires and four different coil thicknesses of the entire injector assembly in order to evaluate the relationship between the different coil types and thicknesses against the achieved strain or injector lift. Eventually, the optimized parameters derived from FEMM were inserted into ANSYS Electromagnetics to compare the variation of results between these two simulation environments.
Enhanced bile canaliculi formation enabling direct recovery of biliary metabolites of hepatocytes in 3D collagen gel microcavities (2012)

Analysis of biliary metabolites is essential to predict pharmacokinetics and hepatotoxicity during drug development. In this paper, we present a hepatocyte culture configuration that enables the direct recovery of bile acid that accumulates in bile canaliculi by embedding the hepatocytes in a 3D micropatterned collagen gel substrate. We investigated the formation of bile canaliculi in hepatocytes embedded in circular microcavities of various sizes and made from collagen gel. Image analyses using fluorescently labeled bile acid revealed that the area of bile canaliculi in embedded hepatocytes in a microcavity of 60 or 80 μm in diameter was enlarged when compared with other sized microcavities and those of hepatocytes cultured using conventional hepatocyte sandwich cultures. We successfully recovered bile acid from the enlarged bile canaliculi of hepatocytes cultured in microcavities using a glass capillary and quantified the amount recovered. Using our approach, the direct recovery of biliary metabolites, using hepatocyte cultures with enhanced biliary excretion and geometrically enlarged bile canaliculi, may enable accurate screening of pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions against drug transporters.
The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1–7)/Mas Receptor Axis: Pleiotropic Roles in Cancer (2017)

Cancer remains one of the most common causes of death and disability and represents a major economic burden in industrialized nations. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been well-recognized as one of the most important regulators of both normal and pathological physiological processes in the brain, kidney, heart, and blood vessels. The activation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin-(1-7)/mitochondrial assembly receptor [ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR] axis, which is one component of the RAS, has recently been identified as a critical component of pulmonary systems, gastric mucosa, and cancer. However, the ability of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis to suppress or promote cancer has not been fully elucidated. In this review, we focus on recent experimental and clinical studies investigating the basic properties, roles, and mechanisms of ACE2, Ang-(1-7), and the MasR, as well as the axis pathway, to provide insights into possible therapeutic strategies for treating cancer that target the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis.
Arabidopsis <scp>RAV</scp>1 transcription factor, phosphorylated by <scp>S</scp>n<scp>RK</scp>2 kinases, regulates the expression of <i><scp>ABI</scp>3</i>,<i><scp>ABI</scp>4</i>, and <i><scp>ABI</scp>5</i> during seed germination and early seedling development (2014)

The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) modulates a number of processes during plant growth and development. In this study, the molecular mechanism of Arabidopsis RAV (Related to ABI3/VP1) transcription factor RAV1 involving ABA signaling was investigated. RAV1-underexpressing lines were more sensitive to ABA than wild-type plants during seed germination and early seedling development, whereas RAV1-overexpressing lines showed strong ABA-insensitive phenotypes. Overexpression of RAV1 repressed ABI3, ABI4, and ABI5 expression, and RAV1 bound to the ABI3, ABI4, and ABI5 promoters in vitro and in vivo, indicating that RAV1 directly down-regulates the expression of ABI3, ABI4, and ABI5. The interruption of ABI5 function in RAV1-U abi5 plants abolished the ABA-hypersensitive phenotype of RAV1-U plants, demonstrating that ABI5 is epistatic to RAV1. RAV1 interacted with SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE SnRK2.2, SnRK2.3 and SnRK2.6 in the nucleus. In vitro kinase assays showed that SnRK2.2, SnRK2.3 and SnRK2.6 phosphorylated RAV1. Transient expression assays revealed that SnRK2.2, SnRK2.3 and SnRK2.6 reduced the RAV1-dependent repression of ABI5, and the ABA-insensitive phenotype of the RAV1-overexpressing line was impaired by overexpression of SnRK2.3 in the RAV1 OE3 plants. Together, these results demonstrated that the Arabidopsis RAV1 transcription factor plays an important role in ABA signaling by modulating the expression of ABI3, ABI4, and ABI5, and that its activity is negatively affected by SnRK2s.
Unconstrained via minimization for topological multilayer routing (1990)

A theoretical study which allows determination of the minimum number of vias for realizable multilayer channel routing under a topological model is presented. The theory is sufficiently general to solve a variety of problems under different technological constraints, e.g. VLSI multilayer switchbox and channel routing, through-hole printed circuit board (PCB) channels, and single-layer routing. Topological routing is concerned with wire intersection but not area, zero-width wires and zero-area vias being assumed. Unconstrained via minimization (UVM) is not constrained to a prerouted topology. This paper presents restrictive cases of UVM, finding most to be NP-hard, but the case resulting from constraints of traditional switchbox or channel routing to be solvable in O(kn/sup 2/), where k is the maximum number of pins of a net layer and n is the number of pins. The minimum number of vias for various switchbox and channel routing benchmarks are reported.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Proportional QoS over WDM networks: blocking probability (2002)

The provision of scalable quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees on wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) networks is an important and challenging issue for the next generation Internet. One of the important performance metrics in a QoS-capable WDM network is the call blocking probability. Previously, a proportional differentiation model has been proposed as an effective method for scalable differentiated services provision. This model provides the network operators the ability of quantitatively adjusting the quality differentiation between service classes. We introduce this model into WDM networks with the aim of providing proportionally differentiated blocking probability to various traffic classes. An intentional blocking algorithm is proposed to implement this model at the wavelength level. In order to solve the link utilization degradation in this algorithm, we propose another intentional termination algorithm. Since the performance requirement from the network operator might be various, a hybrid algorithm is also given as a balance between the above two. These three algorithms are also suitable to TDM over WDM, where one connection only take part of the transmission capacity of one wavelength. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that our algorithms provide accurate and controllable differentiation on blocking probability between various traffic classes even in a bursty traffic situation. The infeasibility problem in proportional blocking probability provision is also discussed.
Device Distributed Approach to Expandable Robot System Using Intelligent Device with Super-Microprocessor (2004)

Conventional robot system design is either classified as a built-in centralized approach in which one processor on a robot controls all devices or as a module distributed approach in which several processors in a built-in network communicate and each processor controls several devices. The built-in centralized approach is limited by the number of devices on the robot. The module distributed approach has no such limitation, but requires changes in software or built-in network topology when devices are added. This paper describes a device distributed approach to realize a simple, expandable robot system that enables a number of devices to be attached or added to a built-in robot without significant changes to software and hardware. The robot system based on a device distributed approach consists of a serial bus connected to intelligent devices. Each device such as sensors and actuators has a processor for communication and calculation, so devices are added by connecting them to the serial network. We developed intelligent servos and intelligent sensors as prototypes of intelligent devices using super microprocessors with a 3×3 mm footprint, and build small humanoid robots to confirm the expandability of a robot, in which intelligent servos realize a wiring saving robot, a many DOF robot, and easy device addition.
Overview of Radiation Belt Storm Probes fault management system (2013)

The Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) mission is part of NASA's Living With a Star Program, and launched August 30, 2012. The fundamental goal of the mission is to provide an understanding, ideally to the point of predictability, of how populations of relativistic electrons and penetrating ions in space form or change in response to variable inputs of energy from the Sun. The mission consists of two nearly-identical observatories launched into highly-elliptical Earth orbits, as well as the ground and data systems necessary to return and distribute science and housekeeping data and provide command and control of the space systems. The two observatories launched aboard a single Atlas V 401 launch vehicle, and were placed in orbits that cause one observatory to lap the other approximately four times per year. This mission design enables an investigation of both spatial and temporal effects within the radiation belts using only two observatories, and the two year science mission allows an investigation of all local time positions and interaction regions. Each Observatory contains a suite of instruments to study ions, electrons and the local magnetic and electric fields. An overview of the RBSP mission is presented with an emphasis on the fault management system design. The goal of the RBSP fault management system is to be as simple as possible while 1) ensuring that the observatory is capable of detecting, correcting, and recovering from any single, recoverable anomaly that affects the health and safety of the observatory and 2) the observatory meets the overall mission concept and mission goals. Five high-level requirements that define the fault management redundancy, modes/safing, and ground intervention concepts will be presented to demonstrate that despite using a relatively simple architecture, the RBSP fault management system allows for mission goals to be met.
Mechanism and chemical control of CaCO3 scaling in the kraft process (1999)

Buildup of scale in the kraft digester and black-liquor evaporators is a major contributor to lost pulp mill productivity. Scale deposition occurs in areas such as the heaters and extraction screens of continuous digesters and the liquor side of heat-transfer surfaces in the evaporators. This reduces the efficiency and control of pulping and evaporation processes and eventually forces the costly clean-conditions require high temperatures and a high concentration of calcium and carbonate in alkaline liquors, the precipitation of CaCO 3 is inevitable. Traditionally, scaling tendencies have been managed using process control methods to reduce deposition rates. This paper examines the thermodynamic principals behind such process modifications while introducing the kinetic steps of the overall deposition pathway. Chemical additives that interfere with and retard the individual steps of the overall scaling mechanism can help to further reduce deposition rates. Application : antiscalent chemistries can be used to impede the development of calcium carbonate scale deposits throughout a kraft mill.
Highly efficient bioconversion of methane to methanol using a novel type I <i>Methylomonas</i> sp. <scp>DH</scp>‐1 newly isolated from brewery waste sludge (2016)

Abstract Background Methane is the major component of natural and shale gas. Methane can be converted into methanol via a bioprocess using methanotrophs, and methanol is a valuable chemical feedstock for the production of value‐added chemicals. This work demonstrates highly effective bioconversion of methane to methanol using a newly isolated novel methanotroph, Methylomonas sp. DH ‐1. Results A novel methanotroph strain was isolated from activated sludge from a brewery plant and characterized using phylogenetic analysis, electron microscopy and chemotaxonomic analysis. This aerobic, Gram‐negative, non‐motile rod‐shaped type I methanotroph was designated as Methylomonas sp. DH ‐1. The growth condition of Methylomonas sp. DH ‐1 and batch methane‐to‐methanol bioconversion conditions such as methane concentration, pH , biocatalyst loading, concentration of formate and MDH inhibitor were analyzed and optimized. Methanol was produced from methane with a 1.340 g L −1 titer, a 0.332 g L −1 h −1 volumetric conversion rate and a 0.0752 g g −1 cell h −1 specific methanol conversion rate. Conclusion It was demonstrated that isolation and application of a new methanotroph strain is a practical way of improving bioconversion efficiency in the conversion of methane to methanol. Moreover, one promising feature of Methylomonas sp. DH ‐1 for methanol production was its extremely high tolerance to methanol up to 7%(v/v), which is advantageous for high‐titer methanol production. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
A 900-MHz transceiver chipset for two-way paging applications (1998)

A 900-MHz transceiver chipset for two-way paging applications has been introduced. The chipset includes a bipolar RF front-end and a CMOS baseband chip. All of the channel selection filters have been integrated into the chipset. The overall system has a 100 dB dynamic range, a sensitivity level of -125 dBm, and approximately 67 dB of channel selectivity.
Specificity in transforming growth factor β-induced transcription of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene: Interactions of promoter DNA, transcription factor μE3, and Smad proteins (1999)

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) regulates a broad range of biological processes, including cell growth, development, differentiation, and immunity. TGF-beta signals through its cell surface receptor serine kinases that phosphorylate Smad2 or Smad3 proteins. Because Smad3 and its partner Smad4 bind to only 4-bp Smad binding elements (SBEs) in DNA, a central question is how specificity of TGF-beta-induced transcription is achieved. We show that Smad3 selectively binds to two of the three SBEs in PE2.1, a TGF-beta-inducible fragment of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter, to mediate TGF-beta-induced transcription; moreover, a precise 3-bp spacer between one SBE and the E-box, a binding site for transcription factor muE3 (TFE3), is essential for TGF-beta-induced transcription. Whereas an isolated Smad3 MH1 domain binds to TFE3, TGF-beta receptor-mediated phosphorylation of full-length Smad3 enhances its binding to TFE3. Together, these studies elucidate an important mechanism for specificity in TGF-beta-induced transcription of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene.
Genetic analysis of typical wet-type age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Japanese population (2009)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of blindness in the elderly. Caucasian patients are predominantly affected by the dry form of AMD, whereas Japanese patients have predominantly the wet form of AMD and/or polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Although genetic association in the 10q26 (ARMS2/HTRA1) region has been established in many ethnic groups for dry-type AMD, typical wet-type AMD, and PCV, the contribution of the 1q32 (CFH) region seem to differ among these groups. Here we show a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the ARMS2/HTRA1 locus is associated in the whole genome for Japanese typical wet-type AMD (rs10490924: p = 4.1 x 10(-4), OR = 4.16) and PCV (rs10490924: p = 3.7 x 10(-8), OR = 2.72) followed by CFH (rs800292: p = 7.4 x 10(-5), OR = 2.08; p = 2.6 x 10(-4), OR = 2.00), which differs from previous studies in Caucasian populations. Moreover, a SNP (rs2241394) in complement component C3 gene showed significant association with PCV (p = 2.5 x 10(-3), OR = 3.47). We conclude that dry-type AMD, typical wet-type AMD, and PCV have both common and distinct genetic risks that become apparent when comparing Japanese versus Caucasian populations. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12177-009-9047-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Concise Synthesis of Diborylxanthenes (2008)

A simple and efficient synthesis of a series of bidentate diborylxanthene derivatives is described.
Introduction to micromachining with femtosecond laser pulses (2002)

Micromachining with lasers is an evolving technology. Initially laser micromachining was based on continuous-wave or long-pulse lasers. However, these lasers, transferred heat to the work piece, introducing limitations in the precision and quality of the machining process. Machinists can minimize the negative effects of heat transfer using pre- and post-processing techniques, but these increase the complexity and cost of the operation. Scientists at the University of Michigan have since discovered that machining with laser pulses of very short duration minimizes heat flow to surrounding material. This discovery opened the way for fine laser micromachining.
Introduction of online adaptive radiotherapy for bladder cancer through a multicentre clinical trial (Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group 10.01) (2013)

Online adaptive radiotherapy for bladder cancer is a novel radiotherapy technique that was found feasible in a pilot study at a single academic institution. In September 2010 this technique was opened as a multicenter study through the Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group (TROG 10.01 bladder online adaptive radiotherapy treatment). Twelve centers across Australia and New-Zealand registered interest into the trial. A multidisciplinary team of radiation oncologists, radiation therapists and medical physicists represented the trial credentialing and technical support team. To provide timely activation and proper implementation of the adaptive technique the following key areas were addressed at each site: Staff education/training; Practical image guided radiotherapy assessment; provision of help desk and feedback. The trial credentialing process involved face-to-face training and technical problem solving via full day site visits. A dedicated "help-desk" team was developed to provide support for the clinical trial. 26% of the workload occurred at the credentialing period while the remaining 74% came post-center activation. The workload was made up of the following key areas; protocol clarification (36%), technical problems (46%) while staff training was less than 10%. Clinical trial credentialing is important to minimizing trial deviations. It should not only focus on site activation quality assurance but also provide ongoing education and technical support.