gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhalation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator reduces airway remodeling in a murine asthma model (2008)

The airway remodeling that occurs in asthma is characterized by an excess of extracellular matrix deposition in the submucosa, hyperplasia/hypertrophy of smooth muscle, goblet cell metaplasia, and accumulation of fibroblasts/myofibroblasts. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)/plasmin system participates in pericellular proteolysis and is capable of directly degrading matrix components, activating latent proteinases, and activating growth factors. In a mouse ovalbumin (OVA) asthma model, we increased plasminogen activator activity in the lung by administering exogenous uPA or by using mice genetically deficient in the uPA inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) to assess the role of this system in asthma pathogenesis. After intraperitoneal OVA sensitization, mice inhaled OVA plus uPA (500 IU/mouse) or saline by ultrasonic nebulization for 3 wk. When studied 24 h after the final exposure, the groups with upregulated plasmin activity had significantly reduced subepithelial fibrosis within the airway walls and had decreased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine. Morphometric analysis showed that subepithelial wall thickening of the bronchi (subepithelial area ratio) was also reduced, as were collagen and alpha-smooth muscle actin. Upregulation of plasmin activity also increased the level of hepatocyte growth factor activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, whereas the release of transforming growth factor-beta was decreased. The administration of uPA 1 wk after the last OVA inhalation also significantly reduced lung hydroxyproline content and AHR. These results show that enhancing uPA/plasmin activity lessens the airway remodeling in a murine asthma model.
Laboratory Tests and Field Implementation of Gas-Drag-Reduction Chemicals (1998)

Summary Drag reduction in gas-transmission lines can be achieved by applying a thin chemical coating on the pipe inner surface to reduce friction between the flowing gas and pipe wall. Newly identified molecules used for gas-drag reduction can strongly bond to metal surfaces and form a smooth film to mitigate gas turbulence at the gas/solid interface. Effective gas-drag reducers have properties similar to corrosion inhibitors and lubricants or a combination of both. Fatty acids, oxylated fatty acid amines, and/or amides with carbon numbers between 18 and 54 can provide this type of behavior.1 The desired scenario is based on positively charged amine and amide functional groups providing strong binding to the metal surface and the long-chain hydrocarbon part serving as a compliant or lubricating surface to mitigate turbulence at the gas-phase boundary.2 A field test using Nalco 945 corrosion inhibitor at High Island 24L [a 7.625-in. inside diameter (ID) and 6.25-mile-long gas line from an offshore platform to the inland facilities in Sabine Pass, Texas] demonstrated gas-throughput improvement up to 20% at its peak performance. The improvement can be defined either as a reduction in pressure drop at a constant flow or as a flow-rate increase at a constant pressure drop. In this case, the gas-drag reducer resulted in a decrease in pressure drop from 180 to 150 psi and an increase in flow rate from 50 to 52 MMscf/D, while maintaining discharge pressure at about 840 psi. Its effectiveness peaked at the third week after one injection treatment, and then gradually tapered off. Benefits lasted more than 2 months.
Raman and infrared spectra of spermidine and spermine and their hydrochlorides and phosphates as a basis for the study of the interactions between polyamines and nucleic acids (1983)

Abstract The Raman and infrared spectra of the polyamines spermidine and spermine and of their corresponding hydrochlorides and phosphates have been studied. These systems can be regarded as models of the molecular interactions between polyamines and nucleic acids, and the observed spectra are discussed in relation to this. Medium strong and strong NHCl and NHO hydrogen bonds are present in both the polyamine hydrochlorides and phosphates and the proton is predominantly located on the nitrogen atom. In the case of the phosphates, the Raman spectra indicate the formation of HPO groups, which can also interact among themselves by strong OHO hydrogen bonds.
New laterally aromatic branched liquid crystal materials with large nematic ranges (1993)

Abstract Three new homologous series of mesogens containing three rings in the main structure and a lateral aromatic branch have been synthesized. When the lateral aromatic branch is attached to the middle ring, monotropic phases are observed, and there is a strong tendency to form the smectic C phase. When the lateral aromatic branch is attached to an outer ring, the compounds possess purely enantiotropic nematic phases. The terminal alkoxy chain in the outer ring which has a lateral aromatic substituent can be replaced by a rigid group without disturbing the large nematic range. Selective introduction of a particular substitutent may be useful for the construction of devices possessing desirable characteristics such as non-linear optical properties.
Network (1998)

I am hoping to set up a healthy eating tuck shop in a local school. I would like to hear from anyone who has had experience of a similar project
Severity of chronic graft-versus-host disease: association with treatment-related mortality and relapse (2002)

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is the leading cause of late treatment-related deaths among recipients of allogeneic bone marrow and blood transplants. However, cGVHD is also associated with fewer relapses. We sought to determine whether severity of cGVHD predicts the magnitude of these effects. One impediment to such an analysis is the current limited/extensive grading system for cGVHD because this classification was designed to identify patients likely to benefit from systemic immune suppression and does not capture the severity of multiorgan involvement. We, therefore, first developed a grading system predictive for survival by using data from 1827 HLA-matched sibling allotransplant recipients reported to the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry (IBMTR). We found Karnofsky performance score, diarrhea, weight loss, and cutaneous and oral involvement to be independent prognostic variables, from which we generated a grading scheme. We tested this scheme, the limited/extensive classification system, and a classification based on clinical impression of overall cGVHD severity (mild/moderate/severe) in parallel analyses of 1092 HLA-matched sibling transplant recipients from the IBMTR and 553 recipients of unrelated donor marrow from the National Marrow Donor Program. Presence of cGVHD was associated with fewer relapses (relative risk [RR], 0.5-0.6) but more treatment-related mortality (RR, 1.8-2.8) in the 3 analyses. No grading scheme correlated cGVHD severity with relapse rates, but all schemes predicted treatment-related mortality. Survival and disease-free survival of the most favorable cGVHD group in each scheme were similar, or better, than those of patients without cGVHD; these patients may not need aggressive or extended immune suppression.
Epitaxial Growth of a Low-Doped 4H-SiC Layer on a Micropipe Stop Layer (2002)

In this study we investigated a two-epilayer system, which consists of a high-doped micropipe stop (MS) layer and a low-doped active layer, for high-voltage 4H–SiC devices. Epitaxial growth of the 4H–SiC layers was performed using SiH4 and C3H8 as the source gases. For MS layers, a high probability of micropipe dissociation is maintained for a wide range of n-type doping from mid 1015 to low 1019 cm-3 at a relatively low C/Si ratio of the source gases. Growth of a low-doped active layer on a MS layer is possible at a relatively high C/Si ratio without coalescence of elementary screw dislocations that are generated by the dissociation of micropipes in the MS layer. A large Ni/4H–SiC Schottky barrier diode (SBD) with a diameter of 11.2 mm (∼ 1 cm2) was fabricated using a MS layer and a low-doped active layer. The leakage current of the SBD at 1 kV was 14 mA, and the on-state voltage at 100 A was 2.8 V.
A reactor model for gold elution from activated carbon with caustic cyanide solution (1995)

A model for the Zadra elution process was developed based on pore diffusion inside the carbon particles, the dispersed plug flow in the elution column, and the gold desorption from carbon as a first order reaction. A set of process description equations was obtained. Numerical solutions for the system equations are given using the finite difference method, and the stability for the method was also analyzed. Fitting of experimental elution concentration profiles using this model was presented. The model can fit both the concentration profile and the recovery curve, and can simulate the elution process up to the final stage. It was found that the elution process is controlled by a first order rate constant and the effective intraparticle diffusivity in the carbon particle. The parameter analysis showed that the rate constant was dependent on the elution temperature and the chemical composition of the eluant. The effective intraparticle diffusivity was relatively constant under the experimental conditions.
Screening of Reservoirs For Exploitation by Application of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage/Vapex Processes (1996)

Abstract In an environment of low oil prices and low economic returns for heavy oil operations, SAGD and VAPEX processes appear very promising from a technical point of view. The purpose of this paper is to present guidelines for screening heavy oil reservoirs for exploitation by Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) and VAPEX processes. Viability in the field would be strongly governed by factors such as net pay thickness, oil viscosity, presence of gas cap or bottom water, barriers to vertical flow, containment of the steam or vapour chamber within the target area, lateral and vertical extent of steam/vapour chambers, number of new horizontal/vertical wells to be drilled, solvent recovery, facilities requirements, etc. Exploitation viability of heavy oil reservoirs is evaluated under different reservoir settings using a combination of reservoir/geological analyses and numerical simulation. This evaluation helps provide guidelines for screening reservoir prospects for the application of SAGD/VAPEX processes. The viability of these processes is sensitive to the reservoir characteristics of the specific target areas.
DSL Forum Vendor-Specific RADIUS Attributes (2006)

This document describes the set of Remote Authentication Dial-In User
Service Vendor-Specific Attributes (RADIUS VSAs) defined by the DSL
Forum. These attributes are designed to transport Digital Subscriber
Line (DSL) information that is not supported by the standard RADIUS
attribute set. It is expected that this document will be updated if
and when the DSL Forum defines additional vendor-specific attributes,
since its primary purpose is to provide a reference for DSL equipment
vendors wishing to interoperate with other vendors' products. This
memo provides information for the Internet community.
Mycobacterium abscessus glycopeptidolipids inhibit macrophage apoptosis and bacterial spreading by targeting mitochondrial cyclophilin D (2017)

Mycobacterium abscessus (MAB) is a species of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and a major causative pathogen of pulmonary diseases especially in patients with cystic fibrosis. MAB infection is notoriously difficult to treat because of its intrinsic or inducible resistance to most antibiotics. The rough (R) morphotype of MAB, lacking cell surface glycopeptidolipids (GPLs), is associated with more severe and persistent infection than the smooth (S) type; however, the mechanisms underlying the R type's virulence and the relation with GPLs remain unclear. In this study, we found that R-type MAB is much more proapoptotic than the S type, as a result of GPL-mediated inhibition of macrophage apoptosis. Polar GPLs inhibited an apoptotic response (induced by proapoptotic stimuli) by suppressing ROS production and the cytochrome c release and by preserving mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Furthermore, GPLs were found to be targeted to mitochondria and interacted with cyclophilin D; their acetylation was essential for this interaction. Finally, GPLs inhibited the intracellular growth and bacterial spreading of R-type MAB among macrophages via apoptosis inhibition. These findings suggest that GPLs limit MAB virulence by inhibiting apoptosis and the spread of bacteria and therefore provide a novel insight into the mechanism underlying virulence of MAB.
Cardiac Excitability and Antiarrhythmic Drugs: A Different Perspective (1989)

A matrix of active and passive cellular properties determines net cardiac excitability. The hypothesis of altered excitability suggests that for cardiac arrhythmias to arise, the normal matrix must be perturbed by arrhythmogenic influences to produce a proarrhythmic matrical configuration to permit rhythm disturbances caused by abnormalities of propagation, abnormal automaticity, or altered excitability. Antiarrhythmic drugs may act with one or more components of the normal or proarrhythmic matrix to normalize or to create new antiarrhythmic or, perhaps, proarrhythmic matrices. Traditionally, antiarrhythmic drug classifications have been based on predominant drug actions. These classifications have clinical and some experimental utility but fail to consider the complicated effects that pathophysiologic influences and pharmacologic actions may have on active and passive cellular properties. Cluster analysis may allow the development of new classifications of arrhythmogenesis and antiarrhythmic drugs. The matrical concept has important clinical implications and suggest strategies for treating patients with cardiac rhythm disturbances.
Analysis of diamonds and indicator minerals for diamond exploration by laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (1995)

A method has been developed, using laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA–ICP-MS), for the semiquantitative determination of 43 elements in diamonds, chromites and garnets. Samples of diamonds from five countries have been analysed and the interrelationship between the trace elements gives distinctive patterns for each source. The data indicate that this technique could form the basis of a provenance identification protocol for diamonds. This would produce an analytical technique to assist police forces in tracing the origin of stolen material. LA–ICP-MS can also be used to establish the trace element distribution in indicator minerals for diamond exploration, such as garnets and chromites. Of particular significance in this data set in the comparison of the relative distributions of the rare earth elements, tantalum and hafnium, which indicates a consistent inter-element relationship for garnets associated with diamondiferous kimberlites. This relationship is considerably different from that found in garnets obtained from non-diamondiferous and other sources. Application of the principle of trace element partitioning pattern recognition to chromites has indicated the potential of the technique to identify also a kimberlitic or non-kimberlitic provenance for this mineral. The data presented here are the result of preliminary investigations. A more detailed study is currently being undertaken and will be the subject of future papers.
Flinderoles A−C: Antimalarial Bis-indole Alkaloids from <i>Flindersia</i> Species (2008)

With the aim of finding new natural product antimalarials, the novel indole alkaloids flinderole A-C were found to have selective antimalarial activities with IC(50) values between 0.15-1.42 microM. Flinderole A was isolated from the Australian plant Flindersia acuminata and flinderoles B and C from the Papua New Guinean plant F. amboinensis. Flinderoles A-C contain an unprecedented rearranged skeleton compared to their related isomers of the borreverine class of compounds.
Relationship Between the Radiation Dose and Chromosome Aberrations in Atomic Bomb Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1978)

Radiation-induced chromosome aberrations were found to persist in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes derived from Hiroshima and Nagasaki A-bomb survivors long after their radiation exposure. Earlier observations that the frequency of cells with chromosome aberrations increased in proportion with increasing dose in both cities were confirmed. However, in every dose group, the frequency of aberrant cells was consistently higher in Hiroshima than in Nagasaki. It is suggested that a higher neutron dose in Hiroshima than in Nagasaki may be a major component contributing to the difference in dose response between the two cities. Among the types of chromosome aberrations so far identified, reciprocal translocations were observed to predominate, and they played an important role in determining the dose-aberration relationship.
A Highly Selective β1-Adrenergic Blocker with Partial β2-Agonist Activity Derived from Ferulic Acid, an Active Component of Ligusticum wallichii Franch (1998)

Short-term injection of ferulinolol (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg, i.v.) produced dose-dependent bradycardia responses in pentobarbital-anesthetized Wistar rats, whereas it had no significant effects on the blood pressure. Ferulinolol markedly inhibited the tachycardia effects induced by (-)isoproterenol but did not show any blocking effect on the arterial pressor responses induced by (-)phenylephrine. These findings clearly suggested that ferulinolol had a beta-adrenergic blocking activity; nevertheless, it did not involve an alpha-adrenergic blocking action. In isolated guinea pig tissues, ferulinolol competitively antagonized (-)isoproterenol-induced positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of the atria and tracheal relaxation responses. The parallel shift to the right of the concentration-response curve of (-)isoproterenol suggested that ferulinolol was a beta-adrenoceptor-competitive antagonist. The apparent pA2 values for ferulinolol on right atria, left atria, and trachea were 7.62 +/- 0.05, 7.54 +/- 0.01, and 6.28 +/- 0.11, respectively. Ferulinolol was more potent on the atria than on tracheal tissues, demonstrating that it possessed beta1-adrenoceptor selectivity. The intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) of ferulinolol and propranolol were determined on isolated atria and trachea from reserpine-treated guinea pig. Propranolol caused significantly negative inotropic and chronotropic effects at > or =1 microM, whereas ferulinolol possessed fewer cardiodepressant activities than propranolol. In reserpine-treated tracheal strips, ferulinolol produced dose-dependent relaxant responses, but propranolol was without effectiveness. Preincubating the preparations with ICI 118,551 (0.1, 1.0, and 10 nM), a beta2-adrenoceptor antagonist, significantly shifted the concentration-relaxation curves of ferulinolol to a region of higher concentrations. These results implied that ferulinolol had a partial beta2-agonist activity. Further, binding characteristics of ferulinolol and various beta-adrenoceptor antagonists were evaluated in [3H]CGP-12177 binding to rat ventricular or lung membranes. The Ki values of ferulinolol, atenolol, metoprolol, and (-)propranolol were 103, 262, 123, and 0.23 nM, respectively, in ventricular membranes, and 2,412, 7,539, 2,186, and 0.72 nM, respectively, in lung membranes. In conclusion, ferulinolol was found to be a highly selective beta1-adrenoceptor antagonist with partial beta2-agonist activity but was devoid of alpha-adrenoceptor blocking action.
An application of the LILY software package to defect inspection in unexposed radiographic film (1988)

The results of three visual inspection techniques, using laser light, for defect detection in unexposed radiographic film are presented and compared. First convolution techniques are discussed. An appropriate choice of mask coefficients is explained and the mask dimension has to be matched with the scale at which the errors occur. Second an error detection method using polynomial regression was experienced to be very effective. Finally, fourier filtering can equally well be applied but it was computationally more expensive than the convolution method for this type of inspection. Experiments have been carried out using the LILY software package for image processing.
A comparative study of MPPT methods for distributed photovoltaic generation (2012)

Photovoltaic (PV) energy generation is becoming an increasingly prevalent means of producing clean, renewable power. PV is renewable, reliable, and domestically secure. One of the most important components of PV systems is the inverter technology that converts the direct current (DC) power output from the PV panel or array to alternating current (AC) used on both the individual end-user and centralized grid levels. The large variety of inverters share the same general goal: to allow for the most efficient and stable transfer of as much power as possible. One specific means of accomplishing this goal is the inclusion of a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) DC-DC converter. The purpose of MPPT is to ensure that the PV panel or array is always producing power as near to the knee of its I-V curve as possible. This extracts the maximum amount of power at any given time. In constantly sunny situations, there is little impact on overall performance of a particular MPPT design on the PV system, as only small voltage differences due to the particular construction of each panel effects the overall voltage outputs. However, cloud cover changes the output from a PV panel drastically with reduced solar irradiation causing the current of the solar panel to drop. It is postulated herein that the stability and quality problems created by central MPPT during periods of differing solar irradiation on various panels could be solved with a system of MPPT distributed on each panel. These would then feed collectively to a central inverter. To test these systems, a PSCAD model was developed for both centralized and distributed MPPT systems, and the solar irradiation was randomly varied. This allowed for observation of the stability and quality of the output voltage for each system.
Acoustic Metamaterials in Aeronautics (2018)

Metamaterials, man-made composites that are scaled smaller than the wavelength, have demonstrated a huge potential for application in acoustics, allowing the production of sub-wavelength acoustic absorbers, acoustic invisibility, perfect acoustic mirrors and acoustic lenses for hyper focusing, and acoustic illusions and enabling new degrees of freedom in the control of the acoustic field. The zero, or even negative, refractive sound index of metamaterials offers possibilities for the control of acoustic patterns and sound at sub-wavelength scales. Despite the tremendous growth in research on acoustic metamaterials during the last decade, the potential of metamaterial-based technologies in aeronautics has still not been fully explored, and its utilization is still in its infancy. Thus, the principal concepts mentioned above could very well provide a means to develop devices that allow the mitigation of the impact of civil aviation noise on the community. This paper gives a review of the most relevant works on acoustic metamaterials, analyzing them for their potential applicability in aeronautics, and, in this process, identifying possible implementation areas and interesting metabehaviors. It also identifies some technical challenges and possible future directions for research with the goal of unveiling the potential of metamaterials technology in aeronautics.