gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pax1 and Pax9 synergistically regulate vertebral column development (1999)

The paralogous genes Pax1 and Pax9 constitute one group within the vertebrate Pax gene family. They encode closely related transcription factors and are expressed in similar patterns during mouse embryogenesis, suggesting that Pax1 and Pax9 act in similar developmental pathways. We have recently shown that mice homozygous for a defined Pax1 null allele exhibit morphological abnormalities of the axial skeleton, which is not affected in homozygous Pax9 mutants. To investigate a potential interaction of the two genes, we analysed Pax1/Pax9 double mutant mice. These mutants completely lack the medial derivatives of the sclerotomes, the vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs and the proximal parts of the ribs. This phenotype is much more severe than that of Pax1 single homozygous mutants. In contrast, the neural arches, which are derived from the lateral regions of the sclerotomes, are formed. The analysis of Pax9 expression in compound mutants indicates that both spatial expansion and upregulation of Pax9 expression account for its compensatory function during sclerotome development in the absence of Pax1. In Pax1/Pax9 double homozygous mutants, formation and anteroposterior polarity of sclerotomes, as well as induction of a chondrocyte-specific cell lineage, appear normal. However, instead of a segmental arrangement of vertebrae and intervertebral disc anlagen, a loose mesenchyme surrounding the notochord is formed. The gradual loss of Sox9 and Collagen II expression in this mesenchyme indicates that the sclerotomes are prevented from undergoing chondrogenesis. The first detectable defect is a low rate of cell proliferation in the ventromedial regions of the sclerotomes after sclerotome formation but before mesenchymal condensation normally occurs. At later stages, an increased number of cells undergoing apoptosis further reduces the area normally forming vertebrae and intervertebral discs. Our results reveal functional redundancy between Pax1 and Pax9 during vertebral column development and identify an early role of Pax1 and Pax9 in the control of cell proliferation during early sclerotome development. In addition, our data indicate that the development of medial and lateral elements of vertebrae is regulated by distinct genetic pathways.
Cardiac pacemaker power sources (1975)

A review of chemical and radioisotope batteries used in cardiac pacemakers is presented. The battery systems are examined in terms of longevity, reliability, cost, size and shape, energy density, weight, internal resistance versus time, end-of-life voltage, chemical compatibility, and potential failure mechanisms. (TFD)
Fasting activates macroautophagy in neurons of Alzheimer’s disease mouse model but is insufficient to degrade amyloid-beta (2015)

We developed a new technique to observe macroautophagy in the brain in vivo, and examined whether fasting induced macroautophagy in neurons and how the induction was different between Alzheimer's disease (AD) model and control mice. Lentivirus for EGFP-LC3 injected into the brain successfully visualized autophagosome in living neurons by two-photon microscopy. The time-lapse imaging revealed that fasting increased the number, size and signal intensity of autophagosome in neurons. In AD model mice, these parameters of autophagosome were higher at the basal levels before starvation, and increased more rapidly by fasting than in control mice. However, metabolism of exogenous labeled Aβ evaluated by the new technique suggested that the activated macroautophagy was insufficient to degrade the intracellular Aβ increased by enhanced uptake from extracellular space after fasting. Ordinary immunohistochemistry also revealed that fasting increased intracellular accumulation of endogenous Aβ, triggered cell dysfunction but did not mostly decrease extracellular Aβ accumulation. Moreover, we unexpectedly discovered a circadian rhythm of basal level of macroautophagy. These results revealed new aspects of neuronal autophagy in normal/AD states and indicated usefulness of our method for evaluating autophagy functions in vivo.
Low Frequency Square-Wave Electronic Ballast with Resonant Ignition using Digital Mode and Power Control (2006)

The paper proposes the use of a single full-bridge (FB) inverter and LC filter in HID electronic ballast, realizing both the functions of a resonant circuit for lamp ignition and a current controlled low frequency square wave inverter for normal operation. Ignition is achieved by resonance when the converter is controlled as a FB inverter at the resonant frequency of the LC filter. After ignition the converter operates as a LF square wave inverter by controlling the FB to act alternately as a Buck converter supplying positive or negative current. While ignition occurs at the LC filter resonance, the Buck converter switching frequency is selected significantly higher to attenuate high frequency harmonics and avoid exciting acoustic resonances. System stability is achieved by controlling the input current to the FB (output current of the PFC front-end), resulting in a power mode control provided that the voltage supplied by the PFC stage is constant. A digital control circuit selects the different operation modes of the FB converter according to the lamp requirements.
The growth mechanisms of graphene directly on sapphire substrates by using the chemical vapor deposition (2014)

Uniform and large-area graphene films grown directly on sapphire substrates by using a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition system are demonstrated in this paper. The evolution process and the similar Raman spectra of the samples with different growth durations have confirmed that the continuous graphene film is formed by graphene flakes with similar sizes. The layer-by-layer growth mechanism of this approach is attributed to the preferential graphene deposition on sapphire surfaces. The etching effect of H2 gas is demonstrated to be advantageous for the larger graphene grain formation. The smooth surface of substrates is also proved to be a key parameter for continuous graphene film formation with better crystalline quality.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled single dose trial of intravenous flumazenil in Alzheimer's disease (1999)

Benzodiazepine agonists have been shown to reduce cognitive functioning by producing attentional deficits similar to those produced by muscarinic antagonists. It has therefore been postulated that benzodiazepine antagonists may improve cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease by indirectly increasing cholinergic function. Eleven patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease took part in a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study of the effects of a single 1 mg injection of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil on cognitive function. Validated computer tests were used to assess change in cognitive function over time after each injection. No adverse effects of the drug were experienced. Speed on both a simple reaction time task and a picture recognition task was significantly slowed by flumazenil compared to placebo at 15 min (p=0.027 and p=0.01). Accuracy of recalling pictures was significantly reduced compared to baseline (p=0.0002), but this was not statistically significant when compared to placebo. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed and it is concluded that a single injection of 1 mg flumazenil produces cognitive slowing in patients with Alzheimer's disease. It is suggested that further research is needed into central benzodiazepine receptor density and function, as well as dose–response studies using flumazenil. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidative modification of protein structures under the action of myeloperoxidase and the hydrogen peroxide and chloride system. (1994)

Myeloperoxidase of neutrophilic leukocytes (MPO) at pH 4.0 to 6.5 mediated oxidation of Cl- ions, yielding hypochloride (OCl-) which then reacted with amino acids and polypeptides. Thiol and thioether groups may be oxidized to disulfide or to sulphoxides and sulphonic acids respectively. Tryptophanyl residues yielded 2-oxoindole. Epsilon amino groups of lysine produced chloramine which, however, decomposed, yielding aldehyde residues. Bovine serum albumin treated with MPO-Cl-H2O2 system yielded derivatives with a decreased affinity to antialbumin antibodies and increased electrophoretic mobility. Albumin aldehyde derivatives were also obtained. At H2O2 molar ratio with albumin 20:1, a precipitation of albumin occurred, due to the formation of new polymeric albumin derivatives. The lysozyme (LZM) lost its enzyme activity when 1.4 to 1.8 mol of H2O2 per 1 mol of LZM was used. Addition of H2O2 above molar ratio 5:1 produced LZM polymerization to di-, tri-, tetra and pentameric derivatives. IgA exposed to the MPO-Cl-H2O2-Cl- system split into light chains (molecular weight: 25.8 kDa), heavy chains (molecular weight: 81.8 kDa) and a third polypeptide which size was half the light chain size (molecular weight: 13.9 kDa). The IgA exceeding the HOCl ratio 1:350 (mg/mumol) produced both precipitation and degradation of the IgA polypeptide structure. The treatment of IgG with HOCl released a fragment corresponding to half the light chain size, the light chain, and the heavy chain, whereas HOCl treatment of IgM released only a fragment which size was smaller than the heavy chain and another fragment which size was the same as the light chain. The MPO-Cl-H2O2 system produced many specific changes in protein structures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Epitaxial Oxygen Getter for a Brownmillerite Phase Transformation in Manganite Films (2011)

A new method for creating oxygen vacancy ordered (brownmillerite) phases in epitaxial manganite thin films is demonstrated. The method involves depositing an oxygen deficient complex oxide film on top of a stoichiometric manganite film. Once the getter layer exceeds a critical thickness, a phase transition to an oxygen vacancy ordered superlattice occurs in the manganite film. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Mammals, Vegetation and the Initial Human Settlement of the Mediterranean Islands: A Palaeoecological Approach (1993)

Most suggested Quaternary land-bridges to Mediterranean islands are geologically impossible. In an attempt to explain the presence of the various species, modes and ecological consequences of Quaternary island colonization by large mammals and man in the Mediterranean are discusssed from a hypothetical point of view, as are the reasons for the extinction of the Quaternary fauna. Small arboricole mammals may have reached the islands on vegetation-rafts. Some larger mammals, like Myotragus on the Balearic Islands, Prolagus on Sardinia, and possibly endemic deer on the Aegean islands, could be relics of the desiccation of the Mediterranean on the Mio/Pliocene border. Hippos, elephants and giant deer reached the islands by swimming. At the arrival of new species, older endemic species became extinct by ecological competition. Overpopulation consisting of a single or few species with corresponding damages to the vegetation led to dwarfing and an adaptation to hard foods. Because of the lack of carnivores, the genetically fixed behaviour patterns for flight and attack are lost in island endemics. During the Middle (Corso-Sardinia) and Upper Pleistocene, suspected or established (Sardinia, Cyprus, Sicily) invasions of Homo sp. led to the near-complete extinction of the unwary endemic fauna. Some islands (Sicily, Corso-Sardinia) were repopulated by swimming ungulates which were exterminated by later human invasions. For lack of game, a permanent human settlement was nearly impossible before the Neolithic. All extant wild ungulates on the Mediterranean islands are feral domestic animals, or continental game with intact behavioural patterns introduced for religious or hunting purposes during the Neolithic or later. None of them has Pleistocene ancestors on the islands.
On the Complexity of Motion Planning for Multiple Independent Objects; PSPACE- Hardness of the "Warehouseman's Problem" (1984)

Coordinated motion planning for a large number af three-di mensional objects in the presence of obstacles is a computa tional problem whose complexity is important to calibrate. In this paper we show that even the restricted two-dimensional problem for arbitrarily many rectangles in a rectangular region is PSPACE-hard. This result should be viewed as a guide to the difficulty, of the general problem and should lead researchers to consider more tractable restricted classes of motion problems of practical interest.
Image Captioning Based on a Hierarchical Attention Mechanism and Policy Gradient Optimization (2018)

Automatically generating the descriptions of an image, i.e., image captioning, is an important and fundamental topic in artificial intelligence, which bridges the gap between computer vision and natural language processing. Based on the successful deep learning models, especially the CNN model and Long Short-Term Memories (LSTMs) with attention mechanism, we propose a hierarchical attention model by utilizing both of the global CNN features and the local object features for more effective feature representation and reasoning in image captioning. The generative adversarial network (GAN), together with a reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm, is applied to solve the exposure bias problem in RNN-based supervised training for language problems. In addition, through the automatic measurement of the consistency between the generated caption and the image content by the discriminator in the GAN framework and RL optimization, we make the finally generated sentences more accurate and natural. Comprehensive experiments show the improved performance of the hierarchical attention mechanism and the effectiveness of our RL-based optimization method. Our model achieves state-of-the-art results on several important metrics in the MSCOCO dataset, using only greedy inference.
Palladium-catalyzed thiono-thiolo allylic rearrangement of O-allyl phosphoro- and phosphonothionates (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPalladium-catalyzed thiono-thiolo allylic rearrangement of O-allyl phosphoro- and phosphonothionatesYoshinao Tamaru, Zenichi Yoshida, Yoshimi Yamada, Kunio Mukai, and Hirosuke YoshiokaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 8, 1293–1297Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00156a029https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00156a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views240Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Alcoves of Memory (1930)

HOW it may be now I do not know, but in England in the first years of this century a youth with a desire to accumulate knowledge was left pretty much to his own devices. His approach to learning was influenced largely by his social status, and to a smaller degree by the nature of his occupation. There was nothing inherently snobbish about this, because what I call his social status was in itself determined by the school his parents had been able to provide. Those of us who struggled through adolescence in middle‐class homes, and received what was known as “tuition” in middle‐class secondary schools, emerged into a world admirably furnished with continuation classes, polytechnics, evening colleges and technological institutes. We were spared those elaborately paternal schemes now designed to make the acquisition of learning almost painless and entirely impermanent. We had to work I To learn a language the teachers insisted upon our memorising words, conjugations and rules, to say nothing of the exceptions. I can remember a vigorous Gallic oration by a French teacher in reply to an egregious student who had asked why, when he wanted merely to learn French “for commercial purposes,” he had to read Molière, Racine, and things like Telemaque and Voltaire's ironical fictions. The student's theory, so far as I can remember it now, was that the only Frenchmen he was likely to meet in business would be illiterates unable to appreciate a correct rendering of their own tongue. And to those who were in the way of being engineers, as I was, the doctrine was preached that only steady, grinding labour in a large number of co‐ordinated sciences would get us anywhere at all.
Rationally Designed Nucleoside Antibiotics That Inhibit Siderophore Biosynthesis of <i>Mycobacterium </i><i>t</i><i>uberculosis</i> (2005)

A rationally designed nucleoside inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth (MIC(99) = 0.19 microM) that disrupts siderophore biosynthesis was identified. The activity is due to inhibition of the adenylate-forming enzyme MbtA which is involved in biosynthesis of the mycobactins.
Efficient deep-ultraviolet generation by frequency doubling in β-BaB_2O_4 crystals (1986)

Efficient and tunable coherent ultraviolet (205-310 nm) generation in beta-BaB(2)O(4) crystals has been studied using Type I phase matching at room temperature. A second-harmonic (SH) -generation efficiency eta of more than 10% was obtained at the SH wavelength lambda(SH) greater, similar 206 nm. The maximum eta was 36% for a fundamental dye-laser power of 150 kW, and eta at lambda(SH) = 310 nm was found to be 4-6 times larger than that in ammonium dihydrogen phosphate.
Balancing Parallel Applications on Multi-core Processors Based on Cache Partitioning (2009)

Load balancing is an important problem for parallel applications. Recently, many super computers are built on multi-core processors which are usually sharing the last level cache. On one hand different accesses from different cores conflict each other, on the other hand different cores have different work loads resulting in load unbalancing. In this paper, we present a novel technique for balancing parallel applications for multi-core processors based on cache partitioning which can allocate different part of shared caches to different cores exclusively. Our intuitive idea is partitioning shared cache to different cores based on their workloads. That is to say, a heavy load core will get more shared caches than a light load core, so the heavy load core runs faster. We give 2 algorithms in this paper, initial cache partitioning algorithm (ICP) and dynamical cache partitioning algorithm (DCP). ICP is used to determine the best partition when application starting while DCP is used to adjust the initial partition based on the changes of load balancing. Our experiment results show that the running time can be reduced by 7% on average when our load balancing mechanism based on cache partitioning is used.
CONCENTRATION OF DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID (DHA) FROM ALGAL OIL VIA UREA COMPLEXATION (2000)

ABSTRACT Production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6ω3) from algal oil was achieved using urea complexation technique. The major fatty acids found in algal oil were 22:6, 14:0 and 18:1. As a result of urea complexation, 14:0, 16:0 and 18:1 were eliminated almost completely while DHA was enriched from 47.4 to 97.1% with a process yield of 32.5% of the weight of the original algal oil. The recovery efficiency of DHA was considerably higher and 66.5% of the total DHA present in the original algal oil was found in the DHA concentrate following the urea complexation process.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkali Metal Arsenides A<sub>3</sub>As<sub>7</sub> and AAs (A: K, Rb, Cs). Preparation, Crystal Structure, Vibrational Spectroscopy. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Facile stabilization of cyclodextrin metal–organic frameworks under aqueous conditions via the incorporation of C<sub>60</sub> in their matrices (2016)

A facile method to improve the stability of γ-cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks (γ-CD-MOFs) in an aqueous environment has been developed through the incorporation of hydrophobic C60 in their matrices, and the resulting hybrid materials were exploited for drug delivery applications.
The Gut Microbial Endocrine Organ: Bacterially Derived Signals Driving Cardiometabolic Diseases (2015)

The human gastrointestinal tract is home to trillions of bacteria, which vastly outnumber host cells in the body. Although generally overlooked in the field of endocrinology, gut microbial symbionts organize to form a key endocrine organ that converts nutritional cues from the environment into hormone-like signals that impact both normal physiology and chronic disease in the human host. Recent evidence suggests that several gut microbial-derived products are sensed by dedicated host receptor systems to alter cardiovascular disease (CVD) progression. In fact, gut microbial metabolism of dietary components results in the production of proatherogenic circulating factors that act through a meta-organismal endocrine axis to impact CVD risk. Whether pharmacological interventions at the level of the gut microbial endocrine organ will reduce CVD risk is a key new question in the field of cardiovascular medicine. Here we discuss the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead in targeting meta-organismal endocrinology for CVD prevention.
Determining Attitude of Object From Needle Map Using Extended Gaussian Image (1983)

Abstract : An extended Gaussian image (EGI) is constructed by mapping the surface normals of an object onto the Gaussian sphere. The attitude of an object is greatly constrained by the global distribution of EGI mass over the visible Gaussian hemisphere. Constraints on the viewer direction are derived from the position of the EGI mass center, and from the direction of the EGI inertia axis. The algorithm embodying these constraints and teh EGI mass distribution are implemented using a lookup table. A function for matching an observed EGI with the prototypical EGIs is also proposed. The algorithm determines the attitude of an object successfully both from a synthesized needle map and a real needle map. (Author)