gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of genome propagation and helper exploitation by satellite phage P4 (1993)

Temperate coliphage P2 and satellite phage P4 have icosahedral capsids and contractile tails with side tail fibers. Because P4 requires all the capsid, tail, and lysis genes (late genes) of P2, the genomes of these phages are in constant communication during P4 development. The P4 genome (11,624 bp) and the P2 genome (33.8 kb) share homologous cos sites of 55 bp which are essential for generating 19-bp cohesive ends but are otherwise dissimilar. P4 turns on the expression of helper phage late genes by two mechanisms: derepression of P2 prophage and transactivation of P2 late-gene promoters. P4 also exploits the morphopoietic pathway of P2 by controlling the capsid size to fit its smaller genome. The P4 sid gene product is responsible for capsid size determination, and the P2 capsid gene product, gpN, is used to build both sizes. The P2 capsid contains 420 capsid protein subunits, and P4 contains 240 subunits. The size reduction appears to involve a major change of the whole hexamer complex. The P4 particles are less stable to heat inactivation, unless their capsids are coated with a P4-encoded decoration protein (the psu gene product). P4 uses a small RNA molecule as its immunity factor. Expression of P4 replication functions is prevented by premature transcription termination effected by this small RNA molecule, which contains a sequence that is complementary to a sequence in the transcript that it terminates.
Current trends in the use of heparins in thromboprophylaxis. (1999)

In order to obtain a global assessment of circulating clopidogrel-related products and of the excretion of the drug, the pharmacokinetic behavior and the excretion balance of 14C radioactivity following the administration of a single dose of 75 mg of 14C-labeled clopidogrel were compared in 6 clopidogrel-free healthy male subjects (Period I) and after 7 days of once daily therapy with the unlabeled drug in these subjects (at steady state) (Period II). The two study periods were separated by a 4-week washout period. For each administration of 14C-clopidogrel, blood samples were collected before and at regular intervals over 28 days after administration of the radiolabeled drug. Expired air samples were collected before and over 24 hours after the administrations of 14C-clopidogrel. All urine voided and all stools were collected before and for up to 120 hours after the administration of 14C-clopidogrel, in consecutive periods of 12 to 24 hours. The mean radiocarbon plasma concentration profiles after administration of 14C-clopidogrel given as a single dose (Period I) and during steady state (Period II) were superimposable. There were no statistically significant differences between the two treatments for any parameters. A Cmax of 3.9 mg-Eqv/L was reached after a median time of 1 hour (Tmax). The plasma elimination half-life, t1/2, ranged from 336 hours to 672 hours in Period I and from 275 to 433 hours in Period II. The radiocarbon excretion over 10 to 12 hours post-dose (time to last measurable radioactivity) in expired air represented 0.31 to 0.35% of the administered dose. Mean cumulative urinary excretion over 120 hours represented 41% of the dose after a single-dose administration and 46 % after administration at steady state. The cumulative fecal recovery over 120 hours ranged from 35 to 57% of the dose in Period I and from 39 to 59% of the dose in Period II. Mean total excretion of radioactivity was 92% of the dose during Period I and 93% during Period II. These data indicate that, following multiple-dose administration of clopidogrel, the biodisposition of the drug remains unaltered compared to a single dose.
New parameters in erythrocyte counting. Value of histograms. (1987)

In this report we rate a new, third-generation automated hematology system (Technicon Instruments H-1) that can furnish a full range of values, including erythrocyte parameters and a leukocyte differential count. Particular attention is focused on erythrocyte morphometric parameters, including measurement of cell size and hemoglobin content on a cell-by-cell basis. We assess the usefulness of new parameters derived from these measurements, such as mean corpuscular volume and red blood cell distribution width, which characterize cell size, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and hemoglobin distribution width, which characterize cell hemoglobinization in evaluating normal and abnormal subjects. The value of these parameters in classifying anemias is assessed in our patient population that includes those with iron deficiency anemias and thalassemias, as well as other forms of anemia.
Elliptical Bays in South Carolina and the Shape of Eddies (1940)

The elliptical bays (swamps) in Horry County, South Carolina, which the writer has interpreted as lake basins encircled by beach ridges, bars, or atolls, apparently owe their shape and orientation to the tendency of rotary currents in liquids to assume the shape of an ellipse whose longer axis points N. 45° W. in the Northern Hemisphere and N. 45° E. in the Southern Hemisphere. The currents in the lakes were probably induced by breaking waves during a late Glacial epoch.
A common language for logistics services interoperability (2015)

Transport logistics is immersed in a world-wide changing process. The fluctuating market necessities, the distribution of production facilities, the influence of the emerging economies and the environmental compromise force transport logistics services to be as dynamic as possible, answering to real-time events while improving their reliability, efficiency and accuracy. But the transport logistics chain is made up of actors using their own information systems (IS) for the daily management. Although several standards from the logistics world are used for message exchange, there is still a need of agreement on using the same language while preserving the internal way of operation at each company. The solution to this need opens a new horizon in providing access to information in a common language (taking advantage of existing standards). This common language would allow deploying real-time cooperative planning algorithms to find the best route attending to criteria such as the most green, quick, economic and/or safe route as well as algorithms able to react to real-time events (e.g. delays, accidents, breakdowns). In this paper, it is explained how a common language, the Common Framework for ICT (CF) in transport and logistics, was developed; how this language is implemented by ontology means and the development of ontology-based ICT tools. Tools allowing the creation of an environment where transport logistics chain's actors remain using their own IS while they are real-time situational-aware; and,additionally, proving a low entry-cost interoperability solution thanks to the avoidance of a costly shared and centralized ICT infrastructure usage.
Performance Analysis of Disk Arrays under Failure (1990)

Disk arrays (RAID) have been proposed as a possible approach to solving the emerging I/O bottleneck problem. The performance of a RAID system when all disks are operational and the MTTF,,, (mean time to system failure) have been well studied. However, the performance of disk arrays in the presence of failed disks has not received much attention. The same techniques that provide the storage efficient redundancy of a RAID system can also result in a significant performance hit when a single disk fails. This is of importance since single disk failures are expected to be relatively frequent in a system with a large number of disks. In this paper we propose a new variation of the RAID organization that has significant advantages in both reducing the magnitude of the performance degradation when there is a single failure and can also reduce the MTTF,,,. We also discuss several strategies that can be implemented to speed the rebuild of the failed disk and thus increase the MTTF,,,. The efficacy of these strategies is shown to require the improved properties of the new RAID organization. An analysis is carried out to quantify the tradeoffs.
A Bayesian Approach to Nonlinear Calibration Problems (1988)

Abstract In bioassays, enzyme assays, or radioimmunoassays the concentration response relationships are mostly nonlinear. Very often because of physical restrictions or for biological reasons, the prediction samples cannot be diluted and the determination of very low concentrations is of interest. Thus one cannot be restricted to the “almost linear” part of the response curve and standard linear calibration methods are not applicable. The nonlinear calibration problem is of great importance in these types of applications. To implement the Bayesian paradigm in nonlinear calibration problems, a substantial amount of numerical integration is necessary. In practice, when concentrations of hundreds of samples have to be determined routinely, even with a highly efficient integration method (Naylor and Smith 1982), the numerical effort becomes prohibitive. An approximation method is proposed, therefore, to reduce the calculation. The precision of the approximation method is examined by validation subsamples and comparison with an integration routine based on the Gaussian quadrature strategy. An example from agricultural research is used to illustrate the underlying problem. To determine the concentrations of an agrochemical present in soil samples taken at different time points from the field, two different bioassays were performed. The plant used in one assay is extremely sensitive at low concentrations, whereas the plant used in the other assay reacts at higher concentrations. Combination of results from the two assays is also demonstrated.
The Mechanism of The Microbial Hydroxylation of Steroids. Part 1. The C-21 Hydroxylation of Progesterone by <i>Aspergillus</i><i>niger</i> ATCC 9142 (1975)

The mechanism of the C-21 hydroxylation of progesterone (1a) by Aspergillusniger ATCC 9142 to give 11-deoxycorticosterone (1b) has been studied by the use of progesterone derivatives and of C-21 deuterium labelled progesterones. The requirement of the C-21 hydroxylase system for a C-20 carbonyl group is demonstrated and the possibility of the involvement of this group, in the C-20,21 enol form, in the C-21 hydroxylation reaction has been discussed. However, on the basis of the observed deuterium isotope effect (K H /K D = 1.25), a mechanism for the microbial C-21 hydroxylation reaction is proposed in which the rate-determining step is the direct insertion of oxygen into a C-21 carbon–hydrogen bond and not one involving enolization of the C-20 carbonyl.In addition, C-11α and C-15β hydroxylation of both 20α- and 20β-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3-one (2a and 2b) by A. niger has been observed.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activation Differentially Regulates Claudin Expression and Enhances Transepithelial Resistance in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells (2004)

Tight junctions (TJs) are the most apical cell-cell junctions, and claudins, the recently identified TJ proteins, are critical for maintaining cell-cell adhesion in epithelial cell sheets. Based on their in vivo distribution and the results of overexpression studies, certain claudins, including claudin-1 and -4, are postulated to increase, whereas other claudins, especially claudin-2, are postulated to decrease the overall transcellular resistance. The overall ratio among claudins expressed in a cell/tissue has been hypothesized to define the complexity of TJs. Disruption of the TJs contributes to various human diseases, and a correlation between reduction of TJ function and tumor dedifferentiation has been postulated. The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in a wide spectrum of epithelial cancers, and its expression correlates with a more metastatic cancer phenotype. However, normal functioning of EGFR is essential for normal epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. The role of EGFR-dependent signaling in the development and maintenance of epithelial TJ integrity has not been studied in detail. This study demonstrates that, in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells, EGF-induced EGFR activation significantly inhibited claudin-2 expression while simultaneously inducing cellular redistribution and increased expression of claudin-1, -3, and -4. Accompanying these EGF-induced changes in claudin expression was a 3-fold increase in transepithelial resistance, a functional measure of TJs. In contrast, there were no alterations in protein expression and/or intracellular localization of other TJ-related proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) or adherens junction-associated proteins (E-cadherin and beta-catenin), suggesting that EGF regulates TJ function through selective and differential regulation of claudins.
Selective β1-Blockade Attenuates Post-Infarct Remodelling without Improvement in Myocardial Energy Metabolism and Function in Rats with Heart Failure (2003)

Selective beta1-blockade in rats with chronic CHF attenuates post-infarct structural remodelling, without concomitant improvement in myocardial energy metabolism and function. Improvements in myocardial energy metabolism and function do not precede and are not a prerequisite for an anti-remodelling effect of beta1-blockade in the setting of chronic CHF.
Lithographically directed materials assembly (2009)

We have developed a processing method that significantly reduces the number of steps necessary to yield a surface that directs block copolymer assembly. This methodology employs a single resistless lithography step that directly changes the surface energy without requiring subsequent material deposition or plasma etching steps. The lithographically defined difference in surface energies acts as a template to direct diblock polymer self-assembly into low-defect periodic structures. Our newly developed lithographically directed self-assembly technique can produce sub-45 nm half pitch lines employing poly(styrene-<i>b</i>-methyl methacrylate) (PS-<i>b</i>-PMMA) and interference lithography. Once assembled into periodic lines of alternating materials, the PMMA block can be removed and the resulting polystyrene features can be used as an etch mask to transfer periodic lines-and-spaces into a silicon substrate.
Occupational asthma and extrinsic alveolitis due to isocyanates: current status and perspectives. (1993)

Aromatic radicalToluene diisocyanate (TDI) CH3 CH3 IN& NCO NC NCO NCO 2,4-TDI 2,6-TDI Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) OCN ( CCH2 NCO 4, 4'-MDI NCO CH2 NCO 2,4'-MDI 1,5-naphthylene diisocyanate (NDI) NCO NCO | Aliphatic radical Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) OCN-(CH2)6-NCO | Cycloaliphatic radical Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) 4, 4'-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate
Safe and Flexible Memory Management in Cyclone (2003)

Cyclone is a type-safe programming language intended for applications requiring control over memory management. Our previous work on Cyclone included support for stack allocation, lexical region allocation, and a garbage-collected heap. We achieved safety (i.e., prevented dangling pointers) through a region-based type-and-effects system. This paper describes some new memory-management mechanisms that we have integrated into Cyclone: dynamic regions, unique pointers, and reference-counted objects. Our experience shows that these new mechanisms are well suited for the timely recovery of objects in situations where it is awkward to use lexical regions. Crucially, programmers can write reusable functions without unnecessarily restricting callers’ choices among the plethora of memory-management options. To achieve this goal, Cyclone employs a combination of polymorphism and scoped constructs that temporarily let us treat objects as if they were allocated in a lexical region. 1.
A compact three way diversity with low near back fields (2002)

A compact three way diversity antenna is described. The composite antenna consists of two elemental loop antennas placed on a small ground plane at right angles to each other and the third elemental antenna is a top loaded monopole. The feed structures for the three elemental antennas are described. The performance of the antennas is presented with measured data on the near back electric fields of the loop antennas.
Researching Internet-Based Populations: Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Survey Research, Online Questionnaire Authoring Software Packages, and Web Survey Services (2006)

This article examines some advantages and disadvantages of conducting online survey research. It explores current features, issues, pricing, and limitations associated with products and services, such as online questionnaire features and services to facilitate the online survey process, such as those offered by web survey businesses. The review shows that current online survey products and services can vary considerably in terms of available features, consumer costs, and limitations. It is concluded that online survey researchers should conduct a careful assessment of their research goals, research timeline, and financial situation before choosing a specific product or service.
Solid-phase crystallization of Si films in contact with Al layers (1977)

Low-temperature (400–540 °C) crystallization of amorphous and polycrystalline Si films deposited on SiO2 and covered with an evaporated Al layer has been studied using SEM, TEM, electron diffraction, electron channeling, and MeV 4He+ backscattering. Silicon deposited by evaporation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at 640 °C (both amorphous) was found to crystallize into islands of polycrystalline aggregates. Silicon deposited by CVD at 900 °C (polycrystalline with ∼2000-Å grains) produced relatively large (∼10 μm) single-crystal islands. In both cases island size increased with annealing time, and the rate of crystallization increased with temperature. Crystallization rates were observed to be the same for both sources of amorphous Si, while 900 °C CVD Si was noticeably slower, consistent with the postulate that the driving force for the reaction is the free-energy difference between initial and final states. The crystallization rate for 900 °C CVD Si decreased when the Al layer thickness was reduced to a value less than the initial Si grain size. The inclusion of a native oxide layer between the deposited Si and Al layers greatly retarded the crystallization process.
Head injury criterion (2009)

In the design of robotic systems that safely interact with people, it is useful to have validated criteria for measuring injury risks. To this end, some researchers have advocated the use of metrics developed for assessing automotive safety, with the head injury criterion (HIC) receiving particular attention. The aims of this commentary are to clarify the proper use of the HIC, to briefly discuss its relationship to the risk of injury, and to give a closed-form formula for the HIC value produced by a simple mass-spring model of impact. We emphasize that there are many other factors besides HIC to consider before a robot system can be considered safe to interact with humans.
Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Cleavage of Heavy-Atom Bonds in Electrocatalytic Processes. Cleavage of a C–O Bond in the Catalyzed Electrochemical Reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> (2013)

Most of the electrocatalytic processes of interest in the resolution of modern energy challenges are associated with proton transfer. In the cases where heavy atom bond cleavage occurs concomitantly, the question arises of the exact nature of its coupling with proton–electron transfer within the catalytic cycle. The cleavage of a C–O bond in the catalyzed electrochemical conversion of CO2 to CO offers the opportunity to address this question. Electrochemically generated iron(0) porphyrins are efficient, specific, and durable catalysts provided they are coupled with Lewis or Brönsted acids. The cocatalyst properties of four Brönsted acids of increasing strength, water, trifluoroethanol, phenol, and acetic acid, have been systematically investigated. Preparative-scale electrolyses showed that carbon monoxide is the only product of the catalytic reaction. Methodic application of a nondestructive technique, cyclic voltammetry, with catalyst and CO2 concentrations, as well as H/D isotope effect, as diagnostic parameters allowed the dissection of the reaction mechanism. It appears that the key step of the reaction sequence consists of an electron transfer from the catalyst concerted with the cleavage of a C–O bond and the transfer of one proton. This is the second example, and an intermolecular version of such a concerted proton–electron bond-breaking reaction after a similar electrochemical process involving the cleavage of O–O bonds has been identified. It is the first time that a proton–electron transfer concerted with bond breaking has been uncovered as the crucial step in a catalytic multistep reaction.
Achieving Highly Effective Non-biofouling Performance for Polypropylene Membranes Modified by UV-Induced Surface Graft Polymerization of Two Oppositely Charged Monomers (2010)

A major problem in membrane technology for applications such as wastewater treatment or desalination is often the loss of membrane permeability due to biofouling initiated from protein adsorption and biofilm formation on the membrane surface. In this study, we developed a relatively simple and yet versatile approach to prepare polypropylene (PP) membrane with highly effective non-biofouling performance. Copolymer brushes were grafted to the surface of PP membrane through UV-induced polymerization of two oppositely charged monomers, i.e., [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (TM) and 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt (SA), with varying TM:SA molar ratios. Surface analysis with scanning electron microscope (SEM) clearly showed the grafted copolymer brushes on the membrane surfaces and that with X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS) revealed a similar TM:SA ratio of the grafted copolymer brushes to that of the monomer solution used for the polymerization. Water contact angle measurements indicated that the hydrophilicity of the membrane surfaces was remarkably improved by the grafting of the TM/SA copolymer brushes, with the lowest water contact angle of 27 degrees being achieved at the TM:SA ratio of around 1:1. Experiments for antiprotein adsorption with bovine serum album (BSA) and lysozyme (LYZ) and antibiofilm formation with Escherichia coli (E. coli) demonstrated a great dependence of the membrane performance on the TM:SA ratios of the grafted copolymer brushes. It was found that the characteristics of the surface charges of the membrane surfaces played a very important role in the non-biofouling performance, and the membrane surface with balanced positive and negative charges showed the best non-biofouling performance for the proteins and bacteria tested in this study.
<i>CLAVATA2</i>, a regulator of meristem and organ development in <i>Arabidopsis</i> (1998)

ABSTRACT Mutations at the CLAVATA2 (CLV2) locus of Arabidopsis result in enlarged shoot and flower meristems, as well as alterations in the development of the gynoecia, flower pedicels, and stamens. The shoot and flower meristem phenotypes of clv2 mutants are similar to weak clv1 and clv3 mutants. We present genetic analysis that CLV2 may function in the same pathway as CLV1 and CLV3 in the regulation of meristem development, but function separately in the regulation of organ development. We also present evidence that clv2 phenotypes are altered when the mutants are grown under short-day light conditions. These alterations include flower-to-shoot transformations, as well as a nearly complete suppression of the flower phenotypes, indicating that the requirement for CLV2 changes in response to different physiological conditions. The stm-1 mutation dominantly suppresses clv2, and clv2 mutations suppress the strong stm-1 allele, but not the weak stm-2 allele.