gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Progress in bismuth vanadate photoanodes for use in solar water oxidation (2012)

Harvesting energy directly from sunlight as nature accomplishes through photosynthesis is a very attractive and desirable way to solve the energy challenge. Many efforts have been made to find appropriate materials and systems that can utilize solar energy to produce chemical fuels. One of the most viable options is the construction of a photoelectrochemical cell that can reduce water to H(2) or CO(2) to carbon-based molecules. Bismuth vanadate (BiVO(4)) has recently emerged as a promising material for use as a photoanode that oxidizes water to O(2) in these cells. Significant advancement in the understanding and construction of efficient BiVO(4)-based photoanode systems has been made within a short period of time owing to various newly developed ideas and approaches. In this review, the crystal and electronic structures that are closely related to the photoelectrochemical properties of BiVO(4) are described first, and the photoelectrochemical properties and limitations of BiVO(4) are examined. Subsequently, the latest efforts toward addressing these limitations in order to improve the performances of BiVO(4)-based photoanodes are discussed. These efforts include morphology control, formation of composite structures, composition tuning, and coupling oxygen evolution catalysts. The discussions and insights provided in this review reflect the most recent approaches and directions for general photoelectrode developments and they will be directly applicable for the understanding and improvement of other photoelectrode systems.
Nonlinear Optical Effects of Conduction Electrons in Semiconductors (1969)

The Boltzmann transport equation for conduction electrons in solids is solved to third order in the applied optical fields, including nonlinearities due to the nonparabolicity of the conduction band and the momentum-dependent relaxation times. It is shown that the nonlinearity calculated from the hot-electron approximation fails to include changes described in terms of the higher-order derivatives of the distribution function. The nonlinearity arising from the momentum dependence of the relaxation times is of little importance in III-V compounds because of the predominance of the nonparabolicity effect. The relaxation-time effect should be observable in degenerate $n$-type Si and Ge samples where it exceeds the bound-electron nonlinearity, and in metals where it is expected to be larger than the nonlinearity of the electron plasma by a a factor of ${10}^{3}$-${10}^{4}$.
A single aspartate residue is involved in both intrinsic gating and blockage by Mg2+ of the inward rectifier, IRK1. (1994)

1. We describe the effects on channel function of changing an aspartate residue (Asp172) in a membrane-spanning alpha-helix of the murine inward rectifier, IRK1, by site-directed mutagenesis. 2. Alteration of Asp172 to Glu (charged) or to Gln or Asn (polar but uncharged) produced functional channels showing inward rectification, though rectification was weaker with Gln and Asn. 3. Intrinsic gating around the potassium equilibrium potential, EK, was conserved only if the charge on residue 172 was conserved. Currents through channels with Gln or Asn in this position showed no time dependence under hyperpolarization. 4. The change from Asp to Gln also reduced the affinity for internal Mg2+ at least fivefold, indicating that Asp172 also forms part of the site for Mg2+ blockage. 5. The consequences for channel structure of Asp172 lining the pore are discussed.
Computergestützte Meßanlage zur Untersuchung der Kohlenmonoxid-Aufnahme durch die Atmung. Computer-aided measuring system for investigating the uptake of carbon monoxide via the respiration (1979)

Article Computergestützte Meßanlage zur Untersuchung der Kohlenmonoxid-Aufnahme durch die Atmung. Computer-aided measuring system for investigating the uptake of carbon monoxide via the respiration was published on January 1, 1979 in the journal Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik (volume 24, issue 4).
Stimulated Brillouin scattering excited by two pump waves in single-mode fibers: erratum (1988)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text E. Lichtman, A. A. Friesem, R. G. Waarts, and H. H. Yaffe, "Stimulated Brillouin scattering excited by two pump waves in single-mode fibers: erratum," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 5, 259-259 (1988) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
High-resolution MRI identifies basilar artery plaques in paramedian pontine infarct (2005)

Paramedian pontine infarct (PPI) is usually attributed to basilar artery (BA) atherosclerosis. However, this hypothesis has thus far been supported only by post-mortem studies. The authors show that high-resolution MRI is a promising method that can detect BA plaques in patients with PPI at or near the origin of the penetrating artery, whereas MR angiograms may appear normal.
Electric Power (2018)

Reducing power outage time to each customer is essential to the overall distribution reliability. This book provides the fundamentals of emergency operation using a graph-theoretic approach and exploration of the subsystem(s) that address the operational aspects of electrical fault occurrence to determine possible feeder reconfiguration. The localization of a faulted segment within a feeder involves remote-controlled normally open (NO) and normally closed (NC) switches through supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) between radially energized, interconnected feeders. Topics cover: (1) Data extraction from geographic information systems (GIS), (2) Graph modeling of distribution feeders, (3) Programming for backward/forward sweeping unbalanced power flow, (4) Short circuit analysis and fault localization, (5) Fault isolation, temporary and full service restoration, (6) Outage management and crew coordination, (7) Trouble call tickets and escalation to search for fault, and (8) Emerging subject of distribution management systems (DMS). FEATURES •Novel and practical textbook that will help to understand distribution operation in graph theory •Show how to convert GIS coordinate datasets to graph and how to troubleshoot the geometry errors •Explain how to troubleshoot power flow divergence due to the bad metering datasets and allocation factor (AF) for each load within primary and secondary networks •Similar platform as DMS environment, but the graduate students have their hands-on experience to implement the applications in the MATLAB environment •Detailed modeling in graph theory of distribution feeders and possible reconfiguration to locate power outage
In-line short cavity Fabry-Perot strain sensor for quasi distributed measurement utilizing standard OTDR (2007)

This paper presents an in-line, short cavity Fabry-Perot fiber optic strain sensor. A short air cavity inside a single-mode fiber is created by the fusion splicing of appropriately micro machined fiber tips. A precise tuning of the cavity length is introduced and used for the setting of the sensor static characteristics within the quasi-linear range around a quadrature point, which significantly simplifies signal processing. Sensor insertion losses achieved by short cavity design and optimized fusion splicing proved to be below 1 dB. Low insertion loss allows for effective cascading of the proposed strain sensors into a quasi-distributed sensor array. A practical 10-point quasi-distributed strain sensor array was demonstrated in practice, where each in-line sensor was tuned to the same operating point in the static characteristics, thus allowing for simple interrogation of the sensor array by using standard telecommunication OTDR. In addition, precise tuning of the short cavity Fabry Perot sensor was applied for an effective compensation of temperature-induced strain errors and for an increase in the unambiguous measuring range, while improving the overall linearity of the sensor system.
Compression of 3D triangle meshes based on predictive vector quantization (2010)

The transmission and storage of large amounts of triangle and vertex geometry data are required for rendering geometrically detailed 3D meshes. This paper proposes a novel vertex encoding algorithm using VQ with a region growing based k-ring prediction scheme. During the encoding process, the parameter k at the vertex to be encoded is estimated by the error vectors of the preceding encoded vertices, and then the adaptive prediction rule of the vertex is computed according to k. Experiment results show that, compared with the vertex encoding algorithm based on the conventional parallelogram prediction, the proposed algorithm achieves a higher encoding quality at the same bit rate.
Effect of Volatiles from Neem and Other Natural Products on Gonotrophic Cycle and Oviposition of Anopheles stephensi and An. culicifacies (Diptera: Culicidae) (1996)

The gonotrophic cycle of female Anopheles was impaired by exposure to volatiles of neem, (Azadirachta indica), reetha, (Sapindus mukorossi), and garlic, (Allium sativum), but not to castor seeds and cotton seed oil. A brief exposure to contact or volatile extracts from neem suppressed rather than inhibited oviposition. Complete inhibition of oviposition was observed by exposure of mosquitoes to neem oil and 1 fraction containing volatile components. Vitellogenesis was impaired irreversably by long-term exposure to neem odor and some extracts. The effect of volatiles on oviposition seems to be regulated by absorption through the cuticle, although passage through the spiracles could not be excluded.
A Fast Photochromic Molecule That Colors Only under UV Light (2009)

We demonstrate that photochromism based on light-driven reversible bond cleavage can enable rapid coloration upon UV light irradiation and successive fast thermal bleaching within tens of milliseconds at room temperature. We have succeeded in developing a bisimidazole derivative with a paracyclophane moiety, pseudogem-bisDPI[2.2]PC, that changes from colorless to blue when irradiated with UV light. The incident light homolytically cleaves the C-N bond that links the two imidazole rings, generating a pair of imidazolyl radicals. A paracyclophane moiety connects the two radicals, thereby preventing them from diffusing away from one another, and the radicals quickly bind with each other to flip back to the original bisimidazole. Photochromic materials showing such intense photocoloration and fast thermal bleaching performance could be promising materials for possible fast light modulator applications.
Design of the Two-way Smart Meter based on industrial ethernet (2011)

The Two-way Smart Meter is a terminal equipment of Smart Distribution Grid. Along with maturity of Smart Distribution Grid(SDG) and application of New Energy, it is very obvious that the application of the Two-way Smart Meter is valuable. The Smart Meter which designed in this paper is practical and can be produced.
Hormonal Control of Sexual Maturity in <i>Octopus</i> (1959)

ABSTRACT Gonad and body weight records have been collected for 487 individual octopuses over a period of 3 years. In the size range used for experiments (200–1000 g.), the ovary is always immature in control animals, and constitutes only about 1/500th of the total body weight. The testis is rather larger, generally ripe, and forms about 1/100th of the body weight, increasing somewhat relative to the size of the body over the range considered. Following optic nerve section, or removal of certain parts of the supraoesophageal lobes, the gonads enlarge. In females the ovary enlarges from 1/500th to as much as 1 /5th of the total body weight within 5 weeks of operation and this may be followed by laying of fertile eggs that are brooded in a normal manner. In males where the testis is generally mature before operation the enlargement produced is only of the order of 50%. Enlargement of testis or ovary is always accompanied by enlargement of one or both of the optic glands, and operational treatments that normally cause enlargement of the gonad are ineffective if the optic glands are first removed. The optic glands are innervated from the subpedunculate/dorsal basal area in the hind part of the supraoesophageal brain mass. Lesions in this area, or severance of the nerve tracts running along the sides of the brain from it to the optic glands, cause these and the gonads to enlarge. Unilateral central lesions or optic nerve section cause optic gland enlargement on the operated side only, but appear to be as effective in determining gonad enlargement as bilateral treatments. It is concluded that maturation of the gonad is determined by secretion from the optic glands which is normally held in check by an inhibitory nerve supply from the subpedunculate/dorsal basal lobe area. The action of this region is in turn dependent upon the integrity of the optic nerves and thus, presumably, upon light. This system in cephalopods is compared with analogous systems regulating sexual maturity in arthropods and vertebrates.
Functional heterogeneity and heritability in CHO cell populations (2012)

In this study, we address the hypothesis that it is possible to exploit genetic/functional variation in parental Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell populations to isolate clonal derivatives that exhibit superior, heritable attributes for biomanufacturing--new parental cell lines which are inherently more "fit for purpose." One-hundred and ninety-nine CHOK1SV clones were isolated from a donor CHOK1SV parental population by limiting dilution cloning and microplate image analysis, followed by primary analysis of variation in cell-specific proliferation rate during extended deep-well microplate suspension culture of individual clones to accelerate genetic drift in isolated cultures. A subset of 100 clones were comparatively evaluated for transient production of a recombinant monoclonal antibody (Mab) and green fluorescent protein following transfection of a plasmid vector encoding both genes. The heritability of both cell-specific proliferation rate and Mab production was further assessed using a subset of 23 clones varying in functional capability that were subjected to cell culture regimes involving both cryopreservation and extended sub-culture. These data showed that whilst differences in transient Mab production capability were not heritable per se, clones exhibiting heritable variation in specific proliferation rate, endocytotic transfectability and N-glycan processing were identified. Finally, for clonal populations most "evolved" by extended sub-culture in vitro we investigated the relationship between cellular protein biomass content, specific proliferation rate and cell surface N-glycosylation. Rapid-specific proliferation rate was inversely correlated to CHO cell size and protein content, and positively correlated to cell surface glycan content, although substantial clone-specific variation in ability to accumulate cell biomass was evident. Taken together, our data reveal the dynamic nature of the CHO cell functional genome and the potential to evolve and isolate CHO cell variants with improved functional properties in vitro.
Multiple-Stripe Lithiation Mechanism of Individual<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mi>SnO</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>Nanowires in a Flooding Geometry (2011)

The atomic scale lithiation mechanism of individual SnO2 nanowires in a flooding geometry was revealed by in situ transmission electron microscopy. The lithiation was initiated by the formation of multiple stripes with a width of a few nanometers parallel to the (020) plane traversing the entire wires, serving as multiple reaction fronts for later stages of lithiation. Inside the stripes, we identified a high density of dislocations and enlarged interplanar spacing, which provided an effective path for lithium ion transport. The density of the stripes increased with further lithiation, and eventually they merged with one another, causing a large elongation, volume expansion, and the crystalline-to-amorphous phase transformation. This lithiation mechanism characterized by multiple stripes and multiple reaction fronts was unexpected and differed completely from the expected core-shell lithiation mechanism.
Vernon Watkins and R. S. Thomas (1997)

Vernon Watkins (1906–1967) and R. S. Thomas (1915-) have both expressed preoccupations of Anglo-Welsh verse in the latter half of this century. Special numbers of Poetry Wales,1 in particular, have considered their work in this light, and the nature of their contributions to a sense of Welsh cultural identity remains of critical interest. Nevertheless, both poets have written specifically in English and out of a largely English tradition — in each case with particular debts to mainstream Metaphysical and Romantic poetry. And while each poet, in ways, seems somewhat at the margins of recent poetic trends, each appears, at times, to be influenced by well-known contemporary writers — Watkins by his friend Dylan Thomas and R. S. Thomas by the later Ted Hughes. Both are essentially religious poets working within a predominantly secular culture: Watkins's stance is that of neo-Platonic rapture; Thomas's is that of via negativa scepticism. Both are particularly concerned with the relation between time and eternity. At the same time, both Watkins and Thomas conform to the twentieth-century norm of expressing themselves through collections of short poems rather than aspiring to quasi-epic structure: Watkins's lyrics are typically conventional in form; Thomas's mature poems, though scarcely experimental in the modernist sense, are somewhat free and formless verse-mediations.KeywordsRhetorical QuestionBinary OppositionLyrical StyleSecular CultureEnglish TraditionThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Management of multiple myeloma today. (1999)

Multiple myeloma is almost invariably fatal despite a wide variety of chemotherapeutic and supportive treatment options. There are several unresolved problems with existing approaches, including the specific indications for treatment; the optimal combination of agents and doses; and the type, frequency, and timing of high-dose therapy and stem-cell transplantation. High-dose chemotherapy followed by stem-cell transplantation produces higher remission rates, but patients rarely, if ever, are cured by a single regimen. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantations offer a potential graft-versus-myeloma (GVM) effect. Researchers are focusing efforts on improving the safety of transplant procedures, increasing response rates to ablative therapy, and testing novel posttransplant options to improve outcomes. The newly devised National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for treating multiple myeloma are also discussed.
Ethylene Propylene Dicyclopentadiene Terpolymerization (1965)

Abstract Monomers (both monoolefinic and diolefinic) containing the bicyclo[2.2.1] heptene system copolymerize with ethylene and propylene by opening the double bond of the endo -methylenic system without rupture of the bicycloheptene system itself. Therefore, only diolefinic monomers produced unsaturated terpolymers. The rate of ethylene-propylene-dicyclopentadiene terpolymerization and the relative reactivity of ethylene and propylene are influenced by the concentration of dicyclopentadiene present in the liquid phase. The rate of vulcanization of ethylene-propylene-dicyclopentadiene terpolymers is slower than that of the other synthetic elastomers (butyl rubber, ethylene-propylene-cyclooctadiene-1,5 terpolymer).
Freies Thyroxin im Serum: Bestimmung der FT<sub>4</sub>-Fraktion mit Hilfe eines monoklonalen Antikörpers (1984)

Article Freies Thyroxin im Serum: Bestimmung der FT4-Fraktion mit Hilfe eines monoklonalen Antikörpers was published on January 1, 1984 in the journal Journal of Laboratory Medicine (volume 8, issue 5).
Establishment of a Human Blood-Brain Barrier Co-culture Model Mimicking the Neurovascular Unit Using Induced Pluri- and Multipotent Stem Cells (2017)

In vitro models of the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) are highly desirable for drug development. This study aims to analyze a set of ten different BBB culture models based on primary cells, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), and multipotent fetal neural stem cells (fNSCs). We systematically investigated the impact of astrocytes, pericytes, and NSCs on hiPSC-derived BBB endothelial cell function and gene expression. The quadruple culture models, based on these four cell types, achieved BBB characteristics including transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) up to 2,500 Ω cm<sup>2</sup> and distinct upregulation of typical BBB genes. A complex in vivo-like tight junction (TJ) network was detected by freeze-fracture and transmission electron microscopy. Treatment with claudin-specific TJ modulators caused TEER decrease, confirming the relevant role of claudin subtypes for paracellular tightness. Drug permeability tests with reference substances were performed and confirmed the suitability of the models for drug transport studies.
A High Resolving Power, Curved-Crystal Focusing Spectrometer for Short Wave-Length X-Rays and Gamma-Rays (1947)

Description is given of a transmission-type, curved-crystal focusing spectrometer for short wave-length x-rays, and gamma-rays having a dispersion of 1.186 x.u. per mm at short wave-lengths. The spectrometer utilizes the (310) planes of quartz in a crystalline plate of dimensions 80×70×1.0 mm curved cylindrically to a radius of two meters. High luminosity is obtained since the useful aperture in the crystal holder has an area of 10 cm2 and subtends 0.00025 stereradians at the focus. It also affords high resolution since by photographic tests with x-rays the curved plate has been shown to focus a specified x-ray wave-length to within 0.06 mm of the same position on the focal circle for all parts of its useful aperture and over the entire operating wave-length range. The geometry of the mechanism permits absolute measurements with a precision screw of the sine of the Bragg angle on both sides of the reflecting planes, affording a wave-length range which includes at longest wave-lengths the K-spectrum of silver and goes down to zero wave-lengths. For short wave-length gamma-rays the source is placed at the focus. A multiple-slit collimator of tapering die-cast lead partitions spaced apart with tapering separators, is used at short wave-lengths to transmit the monochromatic diffracted beam and absorb the directly transmitted and scattered heterogeneous beam. The present collimator limits the spectrum that can be studied to a shortest wave-length of 7. x.u. corresponding to 1.75 Mev. The intensity of the diffracted beam is to be measured with a special multi-cellular G. M. counting tube of high efficiency, provided with a number of thin lead partitions through which the beam passes successively. In photographic spectra made with this instrument the tungsten and also the silver Kβ1β3 doublet is completely and clearly resolved. Reproductions of such photographic x-ray spectra are shown in which the line breadths have substantially the natural breadth. Fluorescence spectra of silver have been made in 10-minute exposures. A companion paper gives the all-important precision technique of generating the curved cylindrical stainless steel clamping blocks for the crystal.