gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Mechanism of heat transfer in a spray column heat exchanger: II. Dense packing of drops (1970)

Abstract Temperature profiles of water in a spray column heat exchanger, 15 cm. in diameter and 150 cm. long, operating with a dense packing of kerosene drops, were measured. The range of superficial velocities was 0 to 0.8 cm./sec. of water and 0.5 to 1.7 cm./sec. of kerosene. The bottom of the dense packing was either slightly above or 15 cm. below the bottom of the column proper. The physical picture of heat transfer is similar to that for dispersed packings of drops and emphasizes the dominant role of wakes in the heat transfer mechanism. The mathematical equations for dispersed packings of drops were modified to take into account the reduction of wake size at the interface of the two packings and the difference in the mixing patterns at the top of the column. An empirical allowance for the effect of bypassing is suggested. The volume of the wakes and the rate of wake shedding were estimated from the temperature profiles. General agreement was found between the theory and the experimental data of this and three other studies.
Positive association of genetic variants in the upstream region of <i>NKX2-3</i> with Crohn’s disease in Japanese patients (2008)

The results indicate that the three loci are possible candidates for conferring susceptibility to CD in people of different ethnicities.
Effect of Indium-Tin Oxide Buffer Layers on Superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O Thin Films with Glass Substrates (1989)

Indium-tin oxide (ITO) thin films were examined as a buffer layer between high- T c superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O thin films and glass substrates. It was found that ITO film can become a diffusion barrier between the superconducting film and glass substrate, and that it does not cause any cracks in Y-Ba-Cu-O film if an appropriate silicate glass substrate is chosen. The superconducting film deposited on ITO/Glass below 700°C has shown onset transition temperatures up to 91 K and zero resistivity temperatures at 50 K.
Acid-base-controlled torquoselectivity: theoretical predictions of the stereochemical course of the electrocyclic reactions of cyclobutene-3-carboxylic acid and the conjugate base and acid (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAcid-base-controlled torquoselectivity: theoretical predictions of the stereochemical course of the electrocyclic reactions of cyclobutene-3-carboxylic acid and the conjugate base and acidAndrzej B. Buda, Ying Wang, and K. N. HoukCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 10, 2264–2266Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00271a003https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00271a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views244Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Radiation-hardened MNOS RAM technology (1978)

Development of a fast writing MNOS memory transistor along with a compatible hardened oxide peripheral transistor has led to successful fabrication of radiation-hardened MNOS RAM circuits. Using a 2.8-µs write cycle and 1.0-µs access time, 24-h retention and 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> write cycle endurance have been demonstrated on a 256-bit MNOS RAM.
Smart download on the go: a wireless Internet application for music distribution over heterogeneous networks (2004)

The maturing distributed file sharing technology implemented by Napster has first enabled the dissemination of musical content in digital forms, permitting to costumers an ubiquitous reach to stored music files from around the world. In the post-Napster era, the Apple iTunes online music service has hit a record share of 16.7% in the MP3 player market. This is only the most prominent example of the success of digital music distribution based on packet network technologies. However, to the best of our knowledge, the most noteworthy aspect of the success of digital music distribution is that little about this music delivery technology is really new. To deeply change the trend of this technology business, we claim that wireless technologies must come on the scene. In particular, the digital music delivery model may take benefit by the integration of the wired Internet with a plethora of several, alternative wireless technologies, such as, for example, WiFi, WPAN and 3G. In this challenging context, we have developed a wireless Internet application designed to support the distribution of digital music to handheld devices. The main novelty of our software application amounts to its ability in providing a seamless music delivery service even in the presence of horizontal and vertical handoffs. We have taken measurements from real-world experiments that show the efficacy of the system we have developed.
Silver‐assisted electroless etching mechanism of silicon (2007)

Abstract The morphology of metal‐assisted electroless etched n‐type silicon in HF–oxidizing agent–H 2 O etching system as a function of oxidizing type and etching time was studied. Three types of oxidizing agent were investigated: Na 2 S 2 O 8 , K 2 Cr 2 O 7 and KMnO 4 . The layers formed on silicon were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis. It is shown that the morphology of the etched layers depends strongly on the type of oxidizing agent. The secondary ion mass spectra of the etched layers reveal that the deposited silver diffuses into the etched layers during etching. Finally, a discussion on the dissolution mechanism of silicon by silver‐assisted electroless etching is presented. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Die Kondensation von γ‐und δ‐Oxo‐carbonsäureester mit 1,2‐, 1,3‐ und 1,4‐Alkylendiaminen (1971)

Abstract γ‐ und δ‐Oxocarbonsäureester werden mit aliphatischen 1,2‐, 1,3‐ und 1,4‐Alkylendiaminen zu bicyclischen Lactamen (5) kondensiert. Der Reaktionsablauf wird am Beispiel der Umsetzung von Lävulinsäureäthylester mit N‐Methyl‐propylendiamin spektrographisch untersucht. Dabei reagiert in erster Stufe die Carbonylgruppe des Lävulinsäureesters mit dem Alkylendiamin zu einem „Aminalester”︁, der im weiteren Verlauf innermolekular cyclisiert.
Local Detection of Photoelectrochemically Produced H2O2 with a "Wired" Horseradish Peroxidase Microsensor (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLocal Detection of Photoelectrochemically Produced H2O2 with a "Wired" Horseradish Peroxidase MicrosensorHideki Sakai, Ryo Baba, Kazuhito Hashimoto, Akira Fujishima, and Adam HellerCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 31, 11896–11900Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100031a017https://doi.org/10.1021/j100031a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views525Altmetric-Citations76LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Low-Resource Method for Extracting the Malarial Biomarker Histidine-Rich Protein II To Enhance Diagnostic Test Performance (2012)

We have demonstrated the utility of a self-contained extraction device for the selective isolation, purification, and concentration of the malaria diagnostic protein biomarker Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein II (pfHRPII) from human plasma and whole blood. The extraction cassette consists of a small-diameter tube containing a series of preloaded processing solutions separated by mineral oil valves. Nickel(II) nitrilotriacetic acid-functionalized magnetic particles are added to a parasite-spiked sample contained within the loading chamber of the device for capture of pfHRPII. The biomarker-bound magnetic particles are then entrained by an external magnetic field and transported through three wash solutions. Processing removes sample interfering agents, and the biomarker target is concentrated in the final chamber for subsequent analysis. At parasitemias of 200 parasites/μL, purification and concentration of pfHRPII with extraction efficiencies in excess of 70% total protein target are achieved. The concentration of nonspecific protein interfering agents was reduced by more than 2 orders of magnitude in the final extracted sample without the need for hours of processing time and specialized laboratory equipment. We have demonstrated an application of this low-resource technology by coupling extraction and concentration of pfHRPII within the cassette to a commonly employed rapid diagnostic test. Sample preprocessing improved the visual limit of detection of this test by over 8-fold, suggesting that the combination of both low-resource technologies could prove to be useful in malaria eradication efforts.
Probing the Mechanism of Sodium Ion Insertion into Copper Antimony Cu<sub>2</sub>Sb Anodes (2014)

We report experimental studies to understand the reaction mechanism of the intermetallic anode Cu2Sb with Na and demonstrate that it is capable of retaining about 250 mAh g–1 over 200 cycles when using fluoroethylene carbonate additive. X-ray diffraction data indicate during the first discharge the reaction leads to the formation of crystalline Na3Sb via an intermediate amorphous phase. Upon desodiation the Na3Sb reverts to an amorphous phase, which then recrystallizes into Cu2Sb at full charge, indicating a high degree of structural reversibility. The structure after charging to 1 V is different from that of Cu2Sb, as indicated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and 121Sb Mössbauer spectroscopy, and is due to the formation of an amorphous Na–Cu–Sb phase. At full discharge, an isomer shift of −8.10 mm s–1 is measured, which is close to that of a Na3Sb reference powder (−7.95 mm s–1) and in agreement with the formation of Na3Sb domains. During charge, the isomer shift at 1 V (−9.29 mm s–1) is closer to that of the pristine material (−9.67 mm s–1), but the lower value is consistent with the lack of full desodiation, as expected from the potential profile and the XAS data.
Mechanism of Gastrointestinal Absorption of Glycyrrhizin in Rats. (1994)

The mechanism of gastrointestinal absorption of glycyrrhizin (GZ) was examined in rats. Using an in situ loop technique, it was found that the intestinal absorption of glycyrrhetic acid (GA), a major metabolite of GZ, was larger than that of GZ and that the absorption of GA was larger in the small intestine than in the large intestine. Although GZ was poorly absorbable, both GZ and GA were detected in rat plasma after oral administration of GZ, suggesting that GZ can be absorbed in both parent and metabolite forms, although their bioavailabilities were low. GZ was hydrolyzed to GA by rat gastric and large-intestinal contents, but not by the small-intestinal contents. This hydrolysis was diminished after boiling of the gastrointestinal contents and was not observed in the gastrointestinal contents of kanamycin-treated rats. These results suggest that GZ is hydrolyzed by bacteria in the stomach and large-intestinal contents and that most of the GA formed is absorbed from the large intestine. Since GZ was extensively excreted in bile after intravenous administration, the first-pass elimination might be the reason for its low bioavailability, in addition to the poor mucosal permeability.
People counting using iterative mean-shift fitting with symmetry measure (2007)

This paper presents a new method for counting the number of persons from video images. Conventional people counting methods can be classified into the learning-tracking based techniques. They either require elaborated human model learned using AdaBoost or sophisticated tracking algorithms by particle filtering. The proposed algorithm performs people counting by segmenting group of people in a cluttered scene into individuals. By assuming human body is bilaterally symmetric, the proposed method first determines a probability map of symmetry using a local energy function. Taking the highest symmetry pixel as the initial position, our method then employs the mean-shift technique to fit each person in the foreground. The procedure of mean-shift fitting is repeated until all the foreground regions are exhausted. The advantages of the proposed method lie in its simplicity and capability of counting multiple human targets without stringent learning and tracking constraints. Experimental results show that the proposed method is robust and efficient in handling real-life video data of different scenarios.
Community-associated Methicillin-resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>and Healthcare Risk Factors (2006)

To determine frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections caused by strains typically associated with community-acquired infections (USA300) among persons with healthcare-related risk factors (HRFs), we evaluated surveillance data. Of patients with HRFs, 18%-28% had a "community-associated" strain, primarily USA300; of patients without HRFs, 26% had a "healthcare-associated" strain, typically USA100.
The Structure of Human β-Defensin-2 Shows Evidence of Higher Order Oligomerization (2000)

Defensins are small cationic peptides that are crucial components of innate immunity, serving as both antimicrobial agents and chemoattractant molecules. The specific mechanism of antimicrobial activity involves permeabilization of bacterial membranes. It has been postulated that individual monomers oligomerize to form a pore through anionic membranes, although the evidence is only indirect. Here, we report two high resolution x-ray structures of human beta-defensin-2 (hBD2). The phases were experimentally determined by the multiwavelength anomalous diffraction method, utilizing a novel, rapid method of derivatization with halide ions. Although the shape and charge distribution of the monomer are similar to those of other defensins, an additional alpha-helical region makes this protein topologically distinct from the mammalian alpha- and beta-defensin structures reported previously. hBD2 forms dimers topologically distinct from that of human neutrophil peptide-3. The quaternary octameric arrangement of hBD2 is conserved in two crystal forms. These structures provide the first detailed description of dimerization of beta-defensins, and we postulate that the mode of dimerization of hBD2 is representative of other beta-defensins. The structural and electrostatic properties of the hBD2 octamer support an electrostatic charge-based mechanism of membrane permeabilization by beta-defensins, rather than a mechanism based on formation of bilayer-spanning pores.
Improved ballistic transient transformation conditions for tomato fruit allow identification of organ‐specific contributions of I‐box and G‐box to the <i>RBCS2</i> promoter activity (1997)

An improved protocol for the ballistic transient transformation of developing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruits is reported, which allows high-resolution cis-analysis of fruit-specific transcriptional activation. The tomato RBCS2 promoter fused to the firefly luciferase gene was used as a model system for this study. Osmotic treatment of fruit slices before, during and after particle bombardment, together with the optimization of bombardment conditions, resulted in a 100-fold increase in RBCS2 promoter-driven transient luciferase expression compared with previously reported protocols. Under these conditions, the transformed RBCS2 promoter was shown to be properly regulated in a developmental fashion. A cis-analysis of the RBCS2 promoter was performed. A 37 bp domain is required for high-level RBCS2 promoter activity both in leaves and young fruits. Two conserved sequence elements within this domain, an I-box element (GATAAG) and a G-box element (CACGTG), are necessary for its activity in leaves. In contrast, in young fruits, the G-box is the single dominant cis-acting element. These findings are discussed with respect to the proposed functions of G-box and I-box binding factors in regulating plant genes in different organs.
A Facile Synthesis of <i>cis</i>-1-Methyl-1,2,3,3a,4,8b- hexahydropyrrolo[3,2-<i>f</i>]pyrindine, an Annulated Nicotine Analog (2002)

[reaction: see text] The title compound, 2, has been synthesized in 45% overall yield in six steps from 3-bromopyridine. The hexahydropyrrolo[3,2-f]pyrindine skeleton was constructed from key intermediate 5, via intramolecular azomethine ylide-alkene [3 + 2] cycloaddition. The present work constitutes a general method for rapid assembly of other related tricyclic nicotine analogues.
RGTA OTR4120, a heparan sulfate mimetic, is a possible long-term active agent to heal burned skin. (2006)

Burn-related skin fibrosis leads to loss of tissue function and hypertrophic scar formation with damaging consequences for the patient. There is therefore a great need for an efficient agent to treat burned skin. We report that ReGeneraTing Agent (RGTA) reduces burn-induced skin alteration. The tissue-regenerating effect of RGTA OTR4120 was evaluated after 1-6 days and after 10 months in a rat skin burn model. This effect was also examined in vitro using fibroblasts isolated from control and 6-day-old burned skins. We measured production of dermal collagen I, III, and V and activities of metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9). Ratio of collagen III over collagen I production increased 6 days after the burn, because of a decrease in collagen I production. After 10 months, ratio of collagen III over collagen I in burn sites was still increased compared with control skin, because of an increase in collagen III production. Both abnormalities were corrected by OTR4120. OTR4120 increased pro- and active MMP-2 and MMP-9, compared with healthy and burned controls and therefore accelerated remodeling. Similar data were obtained with cultured fibroblasts from healthy and burned skins. OTR4120 enhanced healing in short- and long-term after burns, reducing the formation of fibrotic tissue, and then represents a potential agent to improve burned skin healing. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006.
PRESERVBATION DAMAGE IN LIVER TRANSPLANTATION Influence of rapid cooling (1986)

Liver preservation and transplantation was performed in pigs. For flush perfusion cold (2 degrees C) and warm (15 degrees C) lactated Ringer's solution were compared. Administration of cold Ringer's resulted in a severe endothelial damage of sinusoids that was aggravated after recirculation, as shown by electron microscopic examination. Using warm Ringer's solution this alteration was limited. Liver parenchymal cells are impaired mainly during reflow as a consequence of microcirculatory disturbance. After cold flushing animals died within a few hours, whereas after flushing with warm Ringer's solution pigs survived definitively.
Keratin variants associate with progression of fibrosis during chronic hepatitis C infection† (2006)

Keratins 8 and 18 (K8/K18) protect the liver from various forms of injury. Studies of liver explants from a large cohort of U.S. patients showed that K8/K18 mutations confer a risk to developing end-stage liver diseases, though which diseases are preferentially involved is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that K8/K18 variants are associated with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and that their presence correlates with progression of fibrosis. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood of a well-characterized German cohort of 329 patients with CHC infection. Exonic regions were PCR-amplified and analyzed using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and DNA sequencing. Our findings showed: (1) amino acid altering keratin heterozygous variants in 24 of 329 CHC patients (7.3%) and non-coding heterozygous variants in 26 patients (7.8%), and (2) 3 new exonic K8 variants (T26R/G55A/A359T); 6 novel non-coding variants and one K18 coding variant (K18 S230T; 2 patients). The most common variants were K8 R341H (10 patients), K8 G62C (6 patients) and K8 I63V (4 patients). A novel and exclusive association of an intronic KRT8 IVS7+10delC deletion in all 10 patients with K8 R341H was observed. Notably, there was a significant association of exonic, but not of intronic K8 variants with increased fibrosis. In conclusion, previously described and novel K8 variants are present in a German population and collectively associate with progression of fibrosis in CHC infection. The unique 100% segregation of the most common K8 variant, R341H, with an intronic deletion suggests that one of these two genetic changes might lead to the other.
Copy number variant in the candidate tumor suppressor gene MTUS1 and familial breast cancer risk (2007)

Copy number variants (CNVs), insertions, deletions and duplications, contribute considerably to human genetic variation and disease development. A recent study has characterized 100 CNVs including a deletion in the mitochondrial tumor suppressor gene 1 (MTUS1) lacking the coding exon 4. MTUS1 maps to chromosome 8p, a region frequently deleted and associated with disease progression in human cancers, including breast cancer (BC). To investigate the effect of the MTUS1 CNV on familial BC risk, we analyzed 593 BC patients and 732 control individuals using a case-control study design. We found a significant association of the deletion variant with a decreased risk for both familial and high-risk familial BC (odds ratio (OR) = 0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.37-0.90, P = 0.01 and OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.23-0.74, P = 0.003), supporting its role in human cancer. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to determine the impact of a CNV in a tumor suppressor gene on cancer risk.