gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and premature coronary heart disease (2000)

Since the initial report of the association of the deletion/insertion (D/I) polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) with myocardial infarction (MI), there has been considerable controversy. Some have found the D allele to be associated with MI, coronary heart disease (CHD) or other cardiac pathology, while others have not. In the present study 713 consecutive patients, < 50 years of age, documented prospectively with angiographic CHD (> 50% diameter stenosis of at least one coronary artery), with or without MI, were studied, along with 688 community control subjects, also < 50 years of age, selected randomly from the electoral rolls and without a history of CHD or MI. Genotyping was done by standard methods. Most of the subjects in both groups were Anglo-Celtic Caucasians (547 in the CHD group and 642 in the community group), and the report concerns primarily these subjects. ACE genotype distributions were not different between the Caucasian community control group and the CHD or the MI subgroups; the odds ratios and 95% confidence limits for the CHD group were 0.96 (0.73-1.27) for the D allele and 1.02 (0.80-1.31) for D homozygotes; for the MI group these values were 1.00 (0.83-1.20) and 0.99 (0.74-1.32) respectively. This negative result was supported in multivariate analysis accounting for conventional risk factors. There was a significant racial difference in ACE genotypes between Caucasians, Asians and Australian Aborigines in the CHD group (P < 0.001); for example, in this group, 158 of 540 (29%) Caucasians had the DD genotype compared with eight of 84 (10%) Aboriginals (P < 0.001) and six of 59 (10%) Asians (P = 0.002). Failure to account for such racial differences would have led to erroneous conclusions. In conclusion, we found no evidence that the D/I ACE gene polymorphism plays a role in the development of CHD or MI at an early age in a Western Australian Caucasian population. While this result refers uniquely to premature CHD and MI, and could be population specific, it is in general agreement with recent meta-analysis of the larger previous studies.
Image formation using self-imaging techniques* (1973)

Two situations in which self-imaging techniques can be applied to advantage are presented: the pinhole-array camera and transmission through an optical fiber. The experimental procedure and results are presented for the case of a pinhole array illuminated with an extended incoherent object distribution. In the Fresnel-image planes, more images are formed than there are pinholes in the array, which is in contrast to the case of the pinhole-array camera. An optical fiber or thin film working in the kaleidoscope mode may form an image, provided that its length fulfills the self-imaging condition.
Neuere Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet fettchemischer Tenside (1990)

Abstract Ein großes Einsatzgebiet technischer Fette ist die Herstellung von Tensiden. Die fettchemische Industrie unternimmt große Anstrengungen, den Anteil fettchemischer Tenside an der Welttensidproduktion weiter zu erhöhen. Dafür liegen — verglichen mit erdölbasierten Produkten — gute ökonomische und ökologische Voraussetzungen vor. Es wird in einer Übersicht über eine Reihe neuerer Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet anionischer und nichtionischer fettchemischer Tenside berichtet. Behandelt werden Fettalkoholsulfate (speziell Talgalkoholsulfat), α Estersulfonate, Acylcyanamide, innenständige Estersulfonate (durch Sulfoxidation von gesättigten Fettsäuremethylestern und durch SO 3 ‐Sulfonierung von ungesättigten Fettsäureestern), Ölsäuresulfonate, Alkyl‐ und Alkenylethersulfonate, Hydroxyalkylethersulfate, Alkylglucoside, Fettalkoholpolyethylenglykolalkylether und ‐hydroxyalkylether sowie Fettalkoholethoxylate mit eingeengter Homologenverteilung. Aus den vorgestellten Ergebnissen wird deutlich, welch großes Potential im nativen Rohstoff Fett für die Entwicklung neuer Tenside noch enthalten ist.
Production of MCP chip carriers (2002)

Full-scale production of metallized ceramic polyimide (MCP) chip carriers has been practiced for several years by IBM. The MCP package includes two layers of circuitry that are electrically isolated except for vias through a polyimide dielectric layer. This circuitry/polyimide/circuitry sandwich is formed on top of an alumina ceramic base by several passes of photolithographic processing. Connection to the card is provided by pins that go through the ceramic package and into the card, and connection to the chip is provided by controlled collapse chip connection (C4) solder joints. The product construction, performance advantages, and future modifications are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Results from clinical trials of a selective ionotropic glutamate receptor 5 (iGluR5) antagonist, LY5454694 tosylate, in 2 chronic pain conditions (2014)

This article reports results of 2 studies investigating LY545694 in pain due to osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee and diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP). Study I randomized patients to either of 2 doses of LY545694 or to placebo, and study II randomized patients to either of 3 doses of LY545694, to pregabalin, or to placebo. No significant differences between LY545694 groups and placebo were observed on the primary (average pain severity) or secondary efficacy measures in either study. Notably, study I lacked an active control, and, in study II, pregabalin, did not separate from placebo. Treatment-emergent nausea, vomiting, and dizziness were significantly more frequent in the LY545694 groups in both trials (P⩽.05), and significantly more LY545694-treated patients discontinued because of adverse events (P<.001). Steady-state concentrations of LY545694 were comparable in patients in both studies but were lower than exposures required for efficacy in animal models of pain behavior. Because the active control did not separate from placebo in the DPNP study, the study was potentially failed, rather than negative. Without an active control, it is unknown whether the OA study was negative or failed. Consequently, efficacy of selective ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonism in chronic pain conditions may warrant further investigation. Future trials should consider different pain conditions, contain a positive control with larger patient numbers per arm, and be conducted within a single region.
The effects of orientation and crystallinity on the solvent‐induced crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate). I. Sorption‐ and diffusion‐related phenomena (1981)

Abstract This series of reports summarizes the results of an experimental research program designed to establish the effects of preexisting orientation and crystallinity on solvent‐induced crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) films. Dimethylformamide was used as a model for a strongly interacting solvent. Special emphasis has been given to the kinetics of crystallization and diffusion, the morphological and structural modifications, and the accompanying changes in physical properties. This article deals with solvent sorption and desorption. Solvent diffusion and the extent of crystallization decreased with increasing orientation and crystallinity in the starting films, with crystallinity being more important. Despite the semicrystalline morphology, the overall diffusion behavior was found to be Fickian, allowing the calculation of pseudodiffusion coefficients which were dependent on both the draw ratio and the treatment temperature. Solvent treatments at elevated temperatures involved a dual input of thermal and chemical energy, which caused the films to behave differently above and below the glass transition temperature. Solvent desorption and reversible swelling were also found to be dependent on preexisting structure and treatment conditions.
Stability of nonlinear systems described by a second-order vector differential equation (1988)

The stability of a class of nonlinear dynamical systems described by a second-order vector differential equation Md/sup 2/x/dt/sup 2/+Ddx/dt+f(x)=0 is considered. It is shown that for such systems all the equilibrium points are hyperbolic. Moreover, that the number of right half plane eigenvalues of the system Jacobian matrix depends only on f(x), independent of the elements of M and D. The asymptotic behavior of the trajectories of the system is studied, showing that every bounded trajectory (x(t), dx(t)/dt) of the system converges to one of the equilibrium points as t approaches infinity . It is also shown that without the transversality condition, the stability boundary of the second-order system is contained in the union of the stable manifolds of the equilibrium points on the stability boundary and that the stability region of the second-order system is unbounded.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Modification of Oligo (Poly) Nucleotide Phosphomonoester Groups in Aqueous Solutions (1987)

Abstract Selective modification of oligo (poly) nucleotide phosphomonoester groups in an aqueous medium by N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide in the presence of various nucleophilic agents has been investigated. Optimal conditions of the modification by amino- and hydroxycompounds have been found. Based on these studies a general efficient method for preparation of oligo (poly) nucleotide phosphoamidates and phosphodiesters in an aqueous solution has been developed. The method allows to prepare both oligodeoxyribonucleotide derivatives at 3′- and 5′-terminal phosphate groups and oligoribonucleotide derivatives at 5′-terminal phosphate groups with 80–100% yields.
Light-to-light transducers with amplification (1988)

A device considered as a light-to-light transducer with amplification has been proposed and fabricated. The device structure is direct and has vertical (but offset) integration of a heterojunction phototransistor onto a cladding layer of a double-heterojunction light-emitting diode on one side of a substrate. Light amplification becomes possible by combining a transistor function and a light-emitting function. A gain of 15 times has been measured against an input-light-power of 10 mu W at 1.15- mu m wavelength, at a bias voltage of 4.25 V, and with a load resistance of 5 Omega . With the utilization of the Early effect in the weak-input-power range and the suppression of a regenerative effect in the intermediate-power range, an amplification characteristic close to the linear relation has been realized, for the first time, for an input light power from 0 to 20 mu W, at a bias voltage of 4.0 V and with a load resistance of 5 Omega .< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A sparsity-distortion-optimized multiscale representation of geometry (2010)

This paper describes the construction of a new multiresolutional decomposition with applications to image compression. The proposed method designs sparsity-distortion-optimized orthonormal transforms applied in wavelet domain to arrive at a multiresolutional representation which we term the Sparse Multiresolutional Transform (SMT). Our optimization operates over sub-bands of given orientation and exploits the inter-scale and intra-scale dependencies of wavelet co-efficients over image singularities. The resulting SMT is substantially sparser than the wavelet transform and leads to compaction that can be exploited by well-known coefficient coders. Our construction deviates from the literature, which mainly focuses on model-based methods, by offering a data-driven optimization of wavelet representations. Simulation experiments show that the proposed method consistently offers better performance compared to the original wavelet-representation and can reach up to 1dB improvements within state-of-the-art coefficient coders.
Acquired hemophilia: diagnosis and management. (2002)

In this review, we describe our current understanding of the mechanisms of autoimmunity, the effect of antibodies on factor VIII, and immunosuppressant agents currently in use. Factor VIII autoantibodies may arise because of dysregulation of the immune system leading to increased autoreactivity or to clonal expansion of reactive B cells. Patients generally have several antibodies directed against a variety of functional epitopes. These antibodies may inhibit binding of factor VIII to the von Willebrand factor or phospholipid, prevent the association of factor VIII with factor IXa, block the binding of factor Xa to factor VIII, or interfere with the formation of the factor VIIIa-factor IXa-phospholipid (tenase) complex. Additionally, antibodies have been described that catalyze the hydrolysis of factor VIII. The production of antibodies has been effectively suppressed by a number of drugs, including steroids, cyclophophamide, cyclosporine, and rituximab. Beginning with a short course of steroids and then adding one or more agents as needed is a currently accepted strategy for restoring normal factor VIII levels.
Bee Sting Therapy for Arthritis and Neuritis (1947)

Journal Article Bee Sting Therapy for Arthritis and Neuritis Get access F.E. Guyton F.E. Guyton Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 40, Issue 4, 1 August 1947, Pages 469–472, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/40.4.469 Published: 01 August 1947
Stereochemical studies. 45. A novel regiospecific ring opening of optically active 2-substituted-1-tosylaziridines. (1977)

In the course of our examinations on an applicability of the novel synthetic scheme for optically active pyrrolidines from L-α-amino acids, it was found that the reaction of (R) (-)-2-phenyl-1-tosylaziridine ((R) (-)-9) with diethyl potassiomalonate exclusively afforded (S) (+)-pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate ((S) (+)-10) as a mixture of two diastereoisomers by the attack of malonate anion at the C2-carbon of the aziridine ring. This result is completely different from those obtained for (S)-2-benzyl or isopropyl-1-tosylaziridine ((S)-7a, b) on which the attack of malonate anion occurred specifically at the unsubstituted C3-carbon. These results clearly show that electronic effect of the C2-substituent is considered as the most important factor which controls regiospecificity of the ring opening of 2-substituted-1-tosylaziridines by malonate anion. Structual confirmation of (S) (+)-10 was also carried out by converting it into (S) (+)-3-phenylpyrrolidine ((S) (+)-17).
Novel Fluorine-containing Poly(aryl ether amide)s derived from 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorobenzoic Acid (2006)

Various amide-containing aryl fluorides were synthesized from 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzoic acid, and novel fifteen AA-BB type and three AB type fluorine-containing poly(aryl ether amide)s (F-PEA) were obtained by nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The synthesized aryl fluorides possessed several reactive carbons for the nucleophilic attack and cross-linking reaction occurred at 100°C. Polymerizations were carried out at 80°C to avoid cross-linking and stopped just before gelation occurred. They had all para connected linear structures. The obtained F-PEAs showed excellent solubility and afforded tough transparent films by casting method. They also exhibited high Tg in the range of 179-273°C depending on the molecular structure. They showed good thermal stability, and even though F-PEAs contained amide linkage into the repeating unit of polymer molecule, they exhibited excellent hydrophobicity due to the incorporation of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-1,4-phenylene moiety.
Characteristics of piezoelectric locomotive mechanism for an in-pipe micro inspection machine (2002)

The characteristics of a new piezoelectric linear step locomotive mechanism for an in-pipe micro inspection machine are described. The micro inspection machine, with diameter of 5.5 mm and weight of 1 g, moves in not only straight but curved pipes. The micro inspection machine is composed of mainly four units; a shell-body which is made of thin plated metal of 60 /spl mu/m thickness, two eddy current sensors which detect the micro cracks of the in-pipe wall, a locomotive mechanism and a radiator. The locomotive mechanism is composed of three parts; three clamping members which elastically contact the pipe wall to hold the weight of the micro inspection machine and one stacked PZT actuator and a mass block. The walking speed of 10 mm/sec was obtained from the driving experiment in a pipe 8 mm in diameter. The relationship between the moving speed and the driving frequency was analyzed.
Autophagy as a pathogenic mechanism and drug target in lymphoproliferative disorders (2013)

Autophagy represents a key mechanism of cytoprotection that can be activated by a variety of extracellular and intracellular stresses and allows the cell to sequester cytoplasmic components and damaged organelles, delivering them to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. However, the autophagy process has also been associated with the death of the cell. It has been demonstrated to be constitutive in some instances and inducible in others, and the idea that it could represent a pathogenetic determinant as well as a possible prognostic tool and a therapeutic target in a plethora of human diseases has recently been considered. Among these, cancer represents a major one. In this review, we recapitulate the critical implications of autophagy in the pathogenesis, progression, and treatment of lymphoproliferative disorders. Leukemias and lymphomas, in fact, represent paradigmatic human diseases in which advances have recently been made in this respect.
Programmed Six-Channel Electrical Stimulator for Complex Stimulation of Leg Muscles During Walking (1979)

Recent trends in the field of functional electrical stimulation (FES) of stroke patients are presented together with a short history of the development of the field. The methodical steps which led towards the construction of a six-channel electrical stimulator are given. The criteria for detennining the number of stimulation channels are highlighted and FES problems of stance phase active stimulation are discussed. The stimulator described is intended for FES assistance of a patient's gait. Stimulation is synchronized with the gait by means of a shoe-insole heel switch. A review of design principles and functions employed is presented in detail, together with a discussion emphasizing problems of multi-site FES in swing and stance phases during locomotion. A discussion of preliminary experience obtained by using the stimulator clinicaly is also presented and ideas for future work are given.
Lysosomal degradability of poly(?-amino acids) (1997)

The lysosomal degradability of poly(alpha-amino acids) based on poly(L-glutamic acid) and its derivatives/copolymers was evaluated to gain insight into the subcellular fate of the macromolecules as water soluble polymeric drug carriers. The results indicate that both the incorporation of hydrophobic comonomers and modification of the carboxylic groups of glutamic acid side chains with hydroxyalkylamine increase the lysosomal degradability of the copolymers. Decreased lysosomal degradability of L-glutamic acid copolymers containing tripeptides terminated in p-nitroanilide (drug model) in the side chains confirmed that drug conjugation alters the degradation pattern of the polymeric carriers. The percentages of the enzymatic release of p-nitroaniline from its polymeric complex with time is relatively independent of the contents of the tripeptidyl p-nitroanilides attached to the polymeric conjugates. Determination of the degradation products by electrospray mass spectroscopy showed that no fragments less than 10(3) D were generated by lysosomal enzymes, whereas the main degradation products by papain and chymotrypsin were tripeptides and tetrapeptides. The conclusions derived from these data strongly suggest that these macromolecules, if used as lysosomotropic drug carriers, may accumulate in the lysosomes and limit their usefulness in some applications.
Host microbiota modulates development of social preference in mice (2015)

These results suggest that differential regulation of BDNF exon transcripts in the amygdala by the indigenous microbes may contribute to the altered social development of GF mice.
Desulfurization of coal and model coal compounds in ambient temperature molten salts (1988)

An ambient temperature molten salt, C/sub 5/H/sub 6/N/sup +/ Al/sub 2/Cl/sub 7//sup /minus// (pyridinium heptachloroaluminate) containing dissolved CdCl/sub 2/ was used as the reaction medium and catalyst for the acylation and concomitant desulfurization of IL 6 coal and several model coal compounds. The reactions were done at 40/degree/C and 1 at. pressure and, in the case of the model compounds, products were identified and mechanisms proposed.
A Broadly Absorbing Perylene Dye for Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2009)

We present a new perylene sensitizer, ID176, for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The dye has the capability for very high photocurrents due to strong absorption from 400 to over 700 nm. Photocurrents of up to 9 mA cm−2 were achieved in solid-state DSCs employing the hole conductor 2,2′7,7′-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD), with a conversion efficiency of 3.2%. In contrast, the sensitizer did not perform well in conjunction with liquid iodide/tri-iodide electrolytes, suggesting a difference in the injection and regeneration mechanisms in these two types of dye-sensitized solar cells.
Sex significantly influences transduction of murine liver by recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors through an androgen-dependent pathway (2003)

A systematic evaluation of the influence of sex on transduction by recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (rAAV) indicated that transgene expression after liver-targeted delivery of vector particles was between 5- to 13-fold higher in male mice compared with female mice, irrespective of the proviral promoter or cDNA and mouse strain. Molecular analysis revealed that the rAAV genome was stably retained in male liver at levels that were 7-fold higher than those observed in females. Further, the sex difference in transduction was observed with AAV-2- and AAV-5-based vectors, which use distinct receptor complexes for infection. In concordance with the differences in AAV transduction, gel shift analysis with nuclear extracts derived from the liver of mice and humans revealed substantially higher binding of host nuclear protein to the rep-binding site (RBS) of AAV inverted terminal repeat (ITR) in males compared with females. Transduction efficiency and binding of nuclear protein to RBS was dramatically reduced in male mice by castration. In contrast, although oophorectomy did not significantly influence rAAV transduction, administration of 5alpha dihydrotestosterone, prior to gene transfer, increased stable hepatocyte gene transfer in females to levels observed in male mice, implying that androgens significantly influence hepatocyte gene transfer. Interestingly, sex did not have a significant effect on AAV gene transfer into nonhepatic tissue, indicating that there are distinct tissue- and sex-specific differences in the mechanisms responsible for efficient transduction with this vector. These results have significant implications for gene therapy of autosomal and acquired disorders affecting the liver.