gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis and Confirmation of Systemic Mycoses (1992)

The concomitant use of culture and nonculture techniques for the diagnosis and confirmation of systemic mycotic infections is recommended and assessed. A diagnosis based upon a single specimen and method, especially when the results are negative, is not always conclusive. In many situations, a single specimen and test method cannot be relied upon for the diagnosis of a fungal infection. The testing of multiple or serial specimens with a battery of procedures increases the chances for establishing a rapid and definitive diagnosis. Positive cultures generally provide unequivocal evidence of infection. In the absence of such data, results obtained by the use of nonculture techniques such as direct examination, conventional and immunohistologic staining, exoantigen identification, DNA hybridization, immunodiffusion, complement fixation, enzyme immunoassay, and radioimmunoassay can allow detection and identification of the etiologic fungus or provide immunologic evidence of a specific fungal infection.
The incidence of invasive aspergillosis among solid organ transplant recipients and implications for prophylaxis in lung transplants (2002)

The highest incidence and attack rate of invasive aspergillosis among solid organ transplant recipients occurs in lung transplant recipients and supports the routine use of Aspergillus prophylaxis for at least one year after transplantation in this group.
Medical, life‐style, and occupational risk factors for prostate cancer (1987)

Information on suspected risk factors for prostate cancer was obtained from in-person interviews as part of a case-control study of tissue sex hormone receptors and serum hormone levels. The risk factors examined were medical history (including venereal disease), sexual history, smoking, alcohol consumption, and occupational exposures. Study subjects were 40 prostate cancer patients and 64 benign prostatic hyperplasia controls who were newly diagnosed during 1984-1985 at North Carolina Memorial Hospital in Chapel Hill. Subjects were white and black men aged 50 years and older. Comparisons of cases' and controls' past medical histories did not support a venereal disease hypothesis of prostate cancer etiology. The most prominent finding is an association with farming employment: 75% of cases compared to 38% of controls reported farmwork occupations. Exposures to pesticides and herbicides, while more common among the patients, did not account for the association detected for farming. No relationship was observed with cadmium exposure, the most frequently cited occupational risk factor for prostate cancer.
HEMIPLEGIC AMYOTROPHY AND MOTOR NERVE CONDUCTION VELOCITY IN HEMIPLEGIC PATIENTS (1972)

From the results of this study, the author considers the conclusions listed below to be most relevant.(1) Sixty-nine per cent of the 100 hemiplegic patients in this study had some degree of muscle atrophy in the involved upper extremities.(2) Hemiplegic amyotrophy is muscle atrophy resulting from a central origin.(3) Important factors in the etiology of hemiplegic amyotrophy are the interrelationships of vasomotor system dysfunctions and disturbances of the central trophic system of the muscle and/or peripheral nerves.(4) The locations of the above-mentioned systems have not been exactly determined, but the author believes that these areas play as important a role in inducing hemiplegic amyotrophy as does the parietal lobe.(5) Hemispheric dominance is an important factor in inducing hemiplegic amyotrophy.(6) The relationship of hemiplegic amyotrophy to severity of motor im-pairment suggests that (in addition to the possible close proximity of the vaso-motor and central trophic systems to the pyramidal tract) lower motor neurons, involved by upper motor neurons, may possibly induce denervation atrophy.To approach the problem of peripheral motor neuron impairment, a follow-ing paper will deal with the author's examinations of hemiplegic patients by means of measuring motor nerve conduction velocities of ulnar nerves, the results of which will be compared with the patients' clinical data.
Pathophysiological Changes to the Peritoneal Membrane during PD-Related Peritonitis: The Role of Mesothelial Cells (2012)

The success of peritoneal dialysis (PD) is dependent on the structural and functional integrity of the peritoneal membrane. The mesothelium lines the peritoneal membrane and is the first line of defense against chemical and/or bacterial insult. Peritonitis remains a major complication of PD and is a predominant cause of technique failure, morbidity and mortality amongst PD patients. With appropriate antibiotic treatment, peritonitis resolves without further complications, but in some PD patients excessive peritoneal inflammatory responses lead to mesothelial cell exfoliation and thickening of the submesothelium, resulting in peritoneal fibrosis and sclerosis. The detrimental changes in the peritoneal membrane structure and function correlate with the number and severity of peritonitis episodes and the need for catheter removal. There is evidence that despite clinical resolution of peritonitis, increased levels of inflammatory and fibrotic mediators may persist in the peritoneal cavity, signifying persistent injury to the mesothelial cells. This review will describe the structural and functional changes that occur in the peritoneal membrane during peritonitis and how mesothelial cells contribute to these changes and respond to infection. The latter part of the review discusses the potential of mesothelial cell transplantation and genetic manipulation in the preservation of the peritoneal membrane.
Branched Amino Acid Based Poly(ester urea)s with Tunable Thermal and Water Uptake Properties (2015)

A series of amino-acid based poly(ester urea)s (PEU) with controlled amounts of branching was synthesized and characterized. The mechanical properties, thermal characteristics and water absorptions varied widely with the extent of branch unit incorporation. Herein, the details of the synthesis of a linear bis(l-phenylalanine)-hexane 1,6-diester monomer, a branch tri-O-benzyl-l-tyrosine-1,1,1-trimethylethane triester monomer and a series of copolymers are described. The extent of branching was varied by adjusting the molar ratio of linear to branched monomer during the interfacial polymerization. The elastic moduli span a range of values (1.0–3.1 GPa) that overlaps with several clinically available degradable polymers. Increasing the amount of branching monomers reduces the molecular entanglement, which results in a decrease in elastic modulus values and an increase in values of elongation at break. The l-phenylalanine-based poly(ester urea)s also exhibited a branch density dependent water uptake ability that varied between 2 and 3% after 24 h of immersion in water. Nanofibers incorporating 8% branching were able to maintain their morphology at elevated temperature, in hydrated conditions, and during ethylene oxide sterilization which are critical to efforts to translate these materials to clinical soft tissue applications.
Preparation and Evaluation of Graphite Oxide Reduced at 220 °C (2010)

The reduction of graphite oxide (GO) thin films was evaluated at 220 °C using a combination of infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoemission spectroscopies (XPS). The results were correlated with electrical resistance measurements. The chemical composition of GO was C8(OH)3O0.8 and reduced to C8(OH)0.5O0.3 after nearly 24 h of low-temperature processing, defined as 220 °C. The sheet resistance of dropcast GO thin films processed at 220 °C in air was 8 kΩ sq−1, similar to GO reduced at >800 °C in an inert atmosphere.
Adaptable mission analysis and decision system (2015)

Discrete Event Simulation (DES) is a proven methodology that enables the effective combination of modeling and mathematics. DES has been used for many applications ranging from aeronautics to health care to transportation. In this paper, we apply a novel DES architecture that is dynamically adaptable to support decision making for multiple and diverse mission areas (i.e., missile defense, cyber offense, remote object recognition and location). This paper also advances traditional probabilistic solutions for these mission areas by extending analytics into the time domain through integration of Bayesian statistics into DES. Using DES in this way provides a straight forward way to determine the overall probabilities for a complex set of time-based events. DES also allows for random sampling of the input probability distributions and, through iterative computation, provides Monte Carlo analysis with which to derive confidence intervals for the overall probability for the simulated conditions. Confidence interval accuracy is of great importance to the simulation end-user with respect to course of action decisions.
Surface spectroscopic characterization of TiNi nearly equiatomic shape memory alloys for implants (1995)

In spite of the generally good biocompatibility of TiNi revealed in numerous in vivo studies, medical applications of these shape memory alloys as implants are hindered due to the lack of knowledge on the nature of their biocompatibility. Better material characterization is necessary for understanding the chemical and physical properties which determine biocompatibility. The purpose of the present investigation is to use angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to identify the differences in surface chemical state and composition between the layers formed on the surface of TiNi alloys after mechanical polishing, chemical etching, autoclaving in water and steam, and exposure to H2O2 or air. The surface chemistry drastically depends on the preparation method; the Ni surface concentration can be varied in the range 0–30 at. %. In natural conditions (air, water, and steam) TiNi surfaces revealed a tendency to be covered by TixNiyO2x oxides (where x varies in the range of 7–20 and y varies in the range of 0–5 depending on preparation procedure) with a small amount of Ni in metallic state (∼0.5 at. %). This finding is considered to be the reason for the good biocompatibility of TiNi.
Bactericidal Activity and Mechanism of Action of AZD5847, a Novel Oxazolidinone for Treatment of Tuberculosis (2013)

Treatment of tuberculosis (TB) is impaired by the long duration and complexity of therapy and the rising incidence of drug resistance. There is an urgent need for new agents with improved efficacy, safety, and compatibility with combination chemotherapies. Oxazolidinones offer a potential new class of TB drugs, and linezolid-the only currently approved oxazolidinone-has proven highly effective against extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB in experimental trials. However, widespread use of linezolid is prohibited by its significant toxicities. AZD5847, a novel oxazolidinone, demonstrates improved in vitro bactericidal activity against both extracellular and intracellular M. tuberculosis compared to that of linezolid. Killing kinetics in broth media and in macrophages indicate that the rate and extent of kill obtained with AZD5847 are superior to those obtained with linezolid. Moreover, the efficacy of AZD5847 was additive when tested along with a variety of conventional TB agents, indicating that AZD5847 may function well in combination therapies. AZD5847 appears to function similarly to linezolid through impairment of the mycobacterial 50S ribosomal subunit. Future studies should be undertaken to further characterize the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of AZD5847 in both in vitro and animal models as well is in human clinical trials.
High‐Performance Organic Field‐Effect Transistors with Low‐Cost Copper Electrodes (2008)

Top-contact Cu source–drain electrodes are used in high- performance organic field-effect transistors based on pentacene or metal phthalocyanine active layers, as schematically depicted in the figure. Despite the low work function of copper, good hole injection is achieved in these devices because of the formation of an ultrathin CuxO layer at the Cu/organic-semiconductor interface. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2008/adma200701812_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Containing Hemagglutinin Confers Protection against 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza (2011)

Immunization of the world population before an influenza pandemic such as the 2009 H1N1 virus spreads globally is not possible with current vaccine production platforms. New influenza vaccine technologies, such as virus-like-particles (VLPs), offer a promising alternative. Here, we tested the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a VLP vaccine containing hemagglutinin (HA) and M1 from the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus (H1N1pdm) in ferrets and compared intramuscular (i.m.) and intranasal (i.n.) routes of immunization. Vaccination of ferrets with VLPs containing the M1 and HA proteins from A/California/04/2009 (H1N1pdm) induced high antibody titers and conferred significant protection against virus challenge. VLP-vaccinated animals lost less weight, shed less virus in nasal washes, and had markedly lower virus titers in all organs tested than naïve controls. A single dose of VLPs, either i.m. or i.n., induced higher levels of antibody than did two doses of commercial split vaccine. Ferrets vaccinated with split vaccine were incompletely protected against challenge; these animals had lower virus titers in olfactory bulbs, tonsils, and intestines, but lost weight and shed virus in nasal washes to a similar extent as naïve controls. Challenge with heterologous A/Brisbane/59/07 (H1N1) virus revealed that the VLPs conferred minimal cross-protection to heterologous infection, as revealed by the lack of reduction in nasal wash and lung virus titers and slightly higher weight loss relative to controls. In summary, these experiments demonstrate the strong immunogenicity and protective efficacy of VLPs compared to the split vaccine and show that i.n. vaccination with VLPs has the potential for highly efficacious vaccination against influenza.
Polymerization of ethylene catalyzed by titanocene systems, 1. Catalytic systems Cp<sub>2</sub>TiEtCl/AlEtCl<sub>2</sub> and Cp<sub>2</sub>TiEtCl/(AlEtCl<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O) (1980)

Abstract The kinetics of the ethylene polymerization catalyzed by the Cp 2 TiEtCl/AlEtCl 2 system in toluene were investigated. Hydrolysis of AlEtCl 2 in benzene was studied and the resulting oxyaluminium compounds were used as cocatalysts together with Cp 2 TiEtCl as catalyst for ethylene polymerization. A strong enhancement of the cocatalytic activity for the formation of oxyaluminium compounds was observed, accompanied by an increase of molecular weight. The catalyst efficiencies were found to be rather high in both the Cp 2 TiEtCl/AlEtCl 2 and the Cp 2 TiEtCl/(AlEtCl 2 + H 2 O) system. Transfer reactions are suppressed under the applied experimental conditions, but termination reactions, leading to non‐stationary kinetic patterns, may be assumed for both systems.
ON SEGMENTED MULTIVARIATE REGRESSION (1997)

Abstract: This paper concerns segmented multivariate regression models, models which have different linear forms in different subdomains of the domain of an in-dependent variable. Without knowing that number and their boundaries, we first estimate the number of these subdomains using a modified Schwarz criterion. The estimated number of regions proves to be weakly consistent under fairly general conditions. We then estimate the subdomain boundaries (“thresholds”) and the regression coefficients within subdomains by minimizing the sum of squares of the residuals. We show that the threshold estimates converge (at rates, 1/n and n−1/2, respectively at the model’s threshold points of discontinuity and continuity) and that the regression coefficients as well as the residual variances are asymptotically normal. The basic condition on the error distribution required for the veracity of our asymptotic results is satisfied by any distribution with zero mean and a mo-ment generating function (having bounded second derivative around zero). As an illustration, a segmented bivariate regression model is fitted to real data and the relevance of the asymptotic results is examined via simulations. Key words and phrases: Asymptotic normality, consistency, local exponential bound-edness, rate of convergence, segmented multivariate regression. 1.
The two-photon absorption semiconductor waveguide autocorrelator (1994)

In this paper, we report a novel semiconductor waveguide autocorrelator that employs two-photon absorption (TPA), rather than the more commonly used second-harmonic generation, as its nonlinear mechanism. An introduction to TPA is given, and the reasons for its use in the autocorrelator are explained with reference to nonlinear absorption experiments. We then describe the fabrication of the p-i-n GaAs/AlGaAs waveguide. The initial experiments carried out with a single beam in the waveguide are described and fitted to theory. Autocorrelation traces for both a CW modelocked Nd/sup 3+/:YAG laser at 1.06 /spl mu/m and a Q-switched InGaAsP/InP laser at 1.3 /spl mu/m are presented and their pulsewidths obtained by means of a theoretical model. The sensitivity and resolution of the TPA waveguide autocorrelator are then discussed, as is a proposal for a multiple-contact TPA waveguide autocorrelator, designed so that the two pulse trains are counter-propagating. This would result in an autocorrelator from which the laser pulsewidth could be obtained in a single measurement, with no moving parts, and which could be integrated with a semiconductor laser.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization of Styrene Initiated from the Surface of Silica Nanoparticles. In Situ Generation and Grafting of Alkoxyamine Initiators (2005)

Polystyrene (PS)-grafted silica nanoparticles were prepared by nitroxide-mediated polymerization of styrene using N-tert-butyl-N-[1-diethylphosphono(2,2-dimethylpropyl)] nitroxide (DEPN) as mediator. Two routes were investigated to graft the alkoxyamine initiator onto silica. In the first route, (acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) was covalently attached to silica and the alkoxylamine was formed in situ by spin trapping the acryloxy radicals produced by reaction of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) with the grafted APTMS molecules using DEPN as radical trap. In the second route, the surface alkoxyamine initiator was produced in a one-step process by reacting simultaneously DEPN, AIBN, and APTMS in the presence of silica. Next, polystyrene chains with controlled molecular weights and narrow polydispersities were grown from the alkoxyamine-functionalized nanoparticle surface. The amount of polystyrene grafted to the surface was determined by thermogravimetric analysis, and was found to increase with increasing grafting density of the alkoxyamine initiator. The resulting PS-grafted silica particles exhibited better colloidal stability and enhanced dispersability in toluene, a good solvent for polystyrene.
Hydrogen storage in fullerenes and in an organic hydride (1998)

While the authors have demonstrated the importance and usefulness of thermal management to the hydrogen storage in fullerenes, their recent effort has concentrated on materials improvement and physical model development. In this paper, they report the results of this effort as follows: (1) Liquid phase hydrogenation of fullerenes indicated that more than 6 wt% capacity can be obtained at 180 C, 350--400 psi; (2) Dehydrogenation of fullerenes hydrides below 225 C was demonstrated using an Ir-based P-C-P pincer complex catalyst; (3) Cyclic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation tests of an organic hydride at 7 wt% capacity were conducted at 180--260 C; and (4) Physical models developed for fullerenes were determined to be applicable to this organic hydride (with much smaller activation energies).
Screened coil designs for NMR imaging in magnets with transverse field geometry (1990)

The principles of active magnetic screening and the target field approach have been applied to the situation where the field of interest is orthogonal to the coil axis (transverse field geometry). The resulting mathematical expressions allow the design of low inductance, high homogeneity, screened gradient coils. A complete screened gradient coil set has been designed and constructed. This coil set has been used to implement NMR imaging schemes requiring rapidly switched magnetic field gradients.
Distribution, gene sequence and expression<i>in vivo</i>of the plasmid encoded fimbrial antigen of<i>Salmonella</i>serotype Enteritidis (1996)

The pefA gene which encoded the serotype associated plasmid (SAP) mediated fimbrial major subunit antigen of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium shared genetic identity with 128 of 706 salmonella isolates as demonstrated by dot (colony) hybridization. Seventy-seven of 113 isolates of Typhimurium and individual isolates of serotypes Bovis-morbificans, Cholerae-suis and Enteritidis phage type 9b hybridized pefA strongly, whereas 48 isolates of Enteritidis hybridized pefA weakly and one Enteritidis isolate of phage type 14b failed to hybridize. Individual isolates of 294 serotypes and 247 individual isolates of serotype Dublin did not hybridize pefA. Southern hybridization of plasmids extracted from Enteritidis demonstrated that the pefA gene probe hybridized strongly an atypical SAP of 80 kb in size harboured by one Enteritidis isolate of phage-type 9b, whereas the typical SAP of 58 kb in size harboured by 48 Enteritidis isolates hybridized weakly. One Enteritidis isolate of phage type 14b which failed to hybridize pefA in dot (colony) hybridization experiments was demonstrated to be plasmid free. A cosmid library of Enteritidis phage type 4 expressed in Escherichia coli K12 was screened by hybridization for the presence of pef sequences. Recombinant clones which were deduced to harbour the entire pef operon elaborated a PEF-like fimbrial structure at the cell surface. The PEF-like fimbrial antigen was purified from one cosmid clone and used in western blot experiments with sera from chickens infected with Enteritidis phage-type 4. Seroconversion to the fimbrial antigen was observed which indicated that the Enteritidis PEF-like fimbrial structure was expressed at some stage during infection. Nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrated that the pefA alleles of Typhimurium and Enteritidis phage-type 4 shared 76% DNA nucleotide and 82% deduced amino acid sequence identity.
Human Intestinal Bacteria Capable of Transforming Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside to Mammalian Lignans, Enterodiol and Enterolactone. (2000)

Seven metabolites were isolated after anaerobic incubation of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (1) with a human fecal suspension. They were identified as (-)-secoisolariciresinol (2), 3-demethyl-(-)-secoisolariciresinol (3), 2-(3-hydroxybenzyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)butane-1,4-diol (4), didemethylsecoisolariciresinol (5), 2(3-hydroxybenzyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)butane-1,4-diol (6), enterodiol (7) and enterolactone (8). Furthermore, two bacterial strains, Peptostreptococcus sp. SDG-1 and Eubacterium sp. SDG-2, responsible for the transformation of 1 to a mammalian lignan 7, were isolated from a human fecal suspension. The former transformed 2 to 3 and 5, as well as 4 to 6, and the latter transformed 5 to 6 and 7.