gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stable continuous room-temperature laser operation of Al<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As-GaAs quantum well heterostructures grown on Si (1987)

Data are presented demonstrating stable room-temperature continuous (cw) photopumped laser operation of an AlxGa1−xAs-GaAs quantum well heterostructure (QWH) grown on Si by a combination of molecular beam epitaxy and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The cw 300 K laser operation of the single well AlxGa1−xAs-GaAs QWH occurs at an excitation threshold of 6.7×103 W/cm2 (Jeq=2.8×103 A/cm2), or a factor of 10 lower than similar multiple well QWH’s. The laser operation is stable for four (or more) hours, the length of the ‘‘test.’’
A 5-GHz, 30-dBm, 0.9-dB insertion loss single-pole double-throw T/R switch in 90nm CMOS (2008)

A 5GHz, 30-dBm CMOS T/R switch implemented in 90nm CMOS is reported. A body isolation technique is employed and optimized for power handling capability. Inductors are employed with the transistor switches for parallel resonance to improve isolation. Thick oxide NMOS transistors are used for the switching transistors and placed inside the inductors to reduce the active chip area to approximately 0.2mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . 0.9-dB insertion loss for both TX and RX modes is achieved with a 5-V control voltage.
Tinnitus. (1990)

Although tinnitus is usually a benign finding, it can have an extremely adverse effect on a patient's life. Tinnitis is a symptom that can have many different etiologies. This communication deals with the etiology, diagnosis, and available treatment of the condition.
HIGHLY SELECTIVE DETERMINATION OF TRACE METAL IONS WITH 2,2′-DIHYDROXYAZOBENZENE BY ION-PAIR REVERSED-PHASE PARTITION HPLC-SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETECTION SYSTEM (1984)

Abstract The 2,2′-dihydroxyazobenzene (DHAB) chelates of AlIII, CoII, VV, and FeIII ions give the well-resolved peaks on a Yanapak ODS-T column using an aqueous methanol mobile phase containing tetrabutylammonium bromide. The metal ions in the ng cm−3 to sub-μg cm−3 range are selectively determined with 0.01 absorbance unit full-scale at 510 nm. The versatility of DHAB derivatives in the HPLC system is demonstrated.
Measurement of sub-1dB noise figure in a non-degenerate cascaded phase-sensitive fibre parametric amplifier (2009)

Noise figure (NF) spectrum as well as its signal-power-dependence in a non-degenerate cascaded phase-sensitive fibre parametric amplifier was characterized. A 0.8dB NF (2dB below the conventional quantum limit) was achieved at 11dB gain.
Sensor, actuator and loop validation (1994)

Economic pressures are dispersing machine intelligence away from centralised computers towards distributed Fieldbus devices. Simultaneously, the control concept is being extended to include other operational factors such as quality assurance, process data management just-in-time maintenance, plant safety and availability. As credible sensing and actuation is an essential prerequisite for advanced control, validation of the sensor and actuator interface is necessary. As such subsystems are linked to a range of different overall plant systems, we must consider generic validation and its reporting to the 'next level up'. The paper discusses validation features which are best embedded in local devices.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Investigation of a laser-produced plasma VUV light source (1986)

An investigation was conducted on the VUV radiation from laser-produced plasmas using a channel electron multiplier detector and a 1.5-m grazing incidence spectrometer. High-resolution quantitative spectra from 8 to 40 nm were obtained from the plasmas generated by a 0.5-J Nd:YAG laser focused on nine different target materials. The effects on the plasma emission of laser energy and focus were measured.
Low Cost Electronic Devices for Corrosion Measurements (1993)

ABSTRACT The field of corrosion control has been revolutionized by the use of modern electronics. Frequently, inexpensive devices such as potentiostats, power sources, zero resistance ammeters and buffer amplifiers are suitable (especially for multiple studies) but are not readily available. This paper describes the use of low cost electrochemical devices with detailed descriptions of circuits and lists of up to date components.
Total engagement: using games and virtual worlds to change the way people work and businesses compete (2010)

Can the workplace be more productive by including avatars, three-dimensional environments, and participant-driven outcomes? This grounded and thought-provoking book by Byron Reeves and Leighton Read proves that it is not only possible, it is inevitable. Implementing components of multiplayer computer games in the workplace will address a host of age-old problems. Games can not only stem boredom and decrease turnover, but also enhancee collaboration and encourage creative leadership. Games require extraordinary teamwork, elaborate data analysis and strategy, recruitment and retention of top players, and quick decision making. Recreating some elements of games - such as positioning tasks within stories, creating internal economies, and implementing participant-driven communication systems - can not only boost employee engagement but overall productivity. Of course, the strong psychological power of games can have both positive and negative consequences for the workplace. That's why it's important to put them into practice correctly from the beginning - and Reeves and Read explain how by showing which good design principles are a powerful antidote to the addictive and stress-inducing potential of games. Supported by specific case studies and years of research, Total Engagement will completely change the way you view both work and play.
Role of Volatile Fatty Acids in Development of the Cecal Microflora in Broiler Chickens during Growth (2000)

It is known that volatile fatty acids can inhibit growth of species of the family Enterobacteriaceae in vitro. However, whether these volatile fatty acids affect bacterial populations in the ceca of chickens is unknown. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate if changes in volatile fatty acids in ceca of broiler chickens during growth affect bacterial populations. Results showed that members of the Enterobacteriaceae and enterococci are present in large numbers in 3-day-old broilers and start to decrease when broilers grow older. Lactobacilli are present in large numbers as well in 3-day-old broilers, but they remain stable during the growth of broilers. Acetate, butyrate, and propionate increase from undetectable levels in 1-day-old broilers to high concentrations in 15-day-old broilers, after which they stabilize. Significant negative correlations could be calculated between numbers of Enterobacteriaceae and concentrations of undissociated acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Furthermore, pure cultures of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the ceca were grown in the presence of volatile fatty acids. Growth rates and maximal optical density decreased when these strains grew in the presence of increasing volatile fatty acid concentrations. It is concluded that volatile fatty acids are responsible for the reduction in numbers of Enterobacteriaceae in the ceca of broiler chickens during growth.
Acetate supplementation restores chromatin accessibility and promotes tumor cell differentiation under hypoxia (2020)

Despite the fact that Otto H. Warburg discovered the Warburg effect almost one hundred years ago, why cancer cells waste most of the glucose carbon as lactate remains an enigma. Warburg proposed a connection between the Warburg effect and cell dedifferentiation. Hypoxia is a common tumor microenvironmental stress that induces the Warburg effect and blocks tumor cell differentiation. The underlying mechanism by which this occurs is poorly understood, and no effective therapeutic strategy has been developed to overcome this resistance to differentiation. Using a neuroblastoma differentiation model, we discovered that hypoxia repressed cell differentiation through reducing cellular acetyl-CoA levels, leading to reduction of global histone acetylation and chromatin accessibility. The metabolic switch triggering this global histone hypoacetylation was the induction of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDK1 and PDK3). Inhibition of PDKs using dichloroacetate (DCA) restored acetyl-CoA generation and histone acetylation under hypoxia. Knocking down PDK1 induced neuroblastoma cell differentiation, highlighting the critical role of PDK1 in cell fate control. Importantly, acetate or glycerol triacetate (GTA) supplementation restored differentiation markers expression and neuron differentiation under hypoxia. Moreover, ATAC-Seq analysis demonstrated that hypoxia treatment significantly reduced chromatin accessibility at RAR/RXR binding sites, which can be restored by acetate supplementation. In addition, hypoxia-induced histone hypermethylation by increasing 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) and reducing α-ketoglutarate (αKG). αKG supplementation reduced histone hypermethylation upon hypoxia, but did not restore histone acetylation or differentiation markers expression. Together, these findings suggest that diverting pyruvate flux away from acetyl-CoA generation to lactate production is the key mechanism that Warburg effect drives dedifferentiation and tumorigenesis. We propose that combining differentiation therapy with acetate/GTA supplementation might represent an effective therapy against neuroblastoma.
Malignant mucosal melanoma of the head and neck (1997)

Surgery appears to have the greatest efficacy in the management of mucosal melanoma, although radiation therapy may play an increasingly important role in the future.
Cryoelectron Tomography of HIV-1 Envelope Spikes: Further Evidence for Tripod-Like Legs (2008)

A detailed understanding of the morphology of the HIV-1 envelope (Env) spike is key to understanding viral pathogenesis and for informed vaccine design. We have previously presented a cryoelectron microscopic tomogram (cryoET) of the Env spikes on SIV virions. Several structural features were noted in the gp120 head and gp41 stalk regions. Perhaps most notable was the presence of three splayed legs projecting obliquely from the base of the spike head toward the viral membrane. Subsequently, a second 3D image of SIV spikes, also obtained by cryoET, was published by another group which featured a compact vertical stalk. We now report the cryoET analysis of HIV-1 virion-associated Env spikes using enhanced analytical cryoET procedures. More than 2,000 Env spike volumes were initially selected, aligned, and sorted into structural classes using algorithms that compensate for the "missing wedge" and do not impose any symmetry. The results show varying morphologies between structural classes: some classes showed trimers in the head domains; nearly all showed two or three legs, though unambiguous three-fold symmetry was not observed either in the heads or the legs. Subsequently, clearer evidence of trimeric head domains and three splayed legs emerged when head and leg volumes were independently aligned and classified. These data show that HIV-1, like SIV, also displays the tripod-like leg configuration, and, unexpectedly, shows considerable gp41 leg flexibility/heteromorphology. The tripod-like model for gp41 is consistent with, and helps explain, many of the unique biophysical and immunological features of this region.
Automated search for supernova explosions (1988)

We describe the design and construction of a new search for supernovae, based on the use of current computer and detector technology. This search uses a computer-controlled telescope and charge coupled device (CCD) detector to collect images of hundreds of galaxies per night of observation, and a dedicated minicomputer to process these images in real time. The search system has a detection threshold of 17th visual magnitude, discovered its first supernova on 18 May 1986, and at this writing has found three additional supernovae. The system currently is being upgraded with an improved detector and a more powerful computer. At full speed and sensitivity, the system will be able to search 2500 galaxies per night with a limiting magnitude of 19 or fainter.
효과적인 알고리즘 교육을 위한 교수-학습 모형 개발 (2011)

창의적 문제해결 능력을 위한 알고리즘 교육의 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 특히 수학·과학과 연계된 논리적 사고력 증진을 위한 알고리즘 교재 개발이 추진 중 이다. 그러나 교육현장에서 적용 가능한 교수-학습 모형에 대한 제시가 미비한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 효과적인 알고리즘 교육을 위한 교수-학습 모형을 제시한다. 나선형 모형으로 학습 진도를 진행하며, 논리적 사고력을 기반으로 하는 알고리즘 교육의 특성을 반영하여 교수-학습 모형을 개발하였다. 또한 학습자의 만족도를 위하여 설문을 실시하였으며, 그 결과로 설계된 교수-학습 모형은 PBL과 자기주도학습 및 동료교수법의 혼합 모형이다. 제시된 모형에 근거하여 수학과 과학의 수업 예시를 구성하여 적용 가능성을 보였다.
LQG/LTR robust control system design for low-pressure feedwater heater train (2002)

The linear quadratic Gaussian with loop transfer recovery (LQG/LTR) control system design method is used to obtain a level control system for a nuclear plant low-pressure feedwater heater train. A control system design for robustness at the plant output is developed. Its performance and stability robustness are evaluated for given specifications. The tools for analysis are the return ratio, return difference, and inverse return difference singular-value plots for a loop break at the plant output. These singular-value plots are examined. The LQG/LTR control system design procedure allows the synthesis of a low-pressure feedwater heater train level control system that meets certain frequency-domain design specifications. In this case, by only using the inherent integral type of action that deviates slightly from the ideal integral action, plant integral augmentation is avoided. Using these plant dynamics results in command following of one feedwater tank level with a slight steady-state error, which is expected. since pure integrals did not exist in the plant. The design of this robust control system shows that a desirable low-pressure feedwater heater train level control system is obtainable using the LQG/LTR procedure.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cast metal matrix composites (1988)

Metal matrix composites have been available in certain forms for at least two decades, e.g. boron fibre reinforced aluminium and various dispersed phase alloys and cermets. Recently, a range of alumina and silicon carbide fibres, whiskers, and particles with diameters <20 μm have become available. The possibilities of incorporating these materials into metals to improve stiffness, wear resistance, and elevated temperature strength without incurring weight penalties have attracted the attention of design engineers in the aerospace and automobile industries. The aim of the present paper is to outline the manufacturing processes for such composites, in particular those based upon liquid metal technology, e.g. squeeze casting and spray forming. Some of the mechanical and physical properties which have been determined for these materials are described. An analysis of how matrix alloy selection may influence tensile and fracture behaviour of short fibre and particle reinforced composites is attempted. MST/770
Compact lumped-element 5-way wilkinson power divider with broadband operation (2016)

This paper describes a lumped-element 5-way Wilkinson power divider with broadband characteristics. The circuit contains multi-section LC-ladder circuits between input and output ports, and each output port is connected through series RLC circuits. By designing the divider based on multi-section matching transformer and L-section matching network techniques, the proposed 5-way divider can achieve broadband characteristics. In order to verify the design procedure, the proposed divider was designed and fabricated at a center frequency of 300MHz. The fabricated divider exhibited broadband characteristics with a relative bandwidth of about 75%.
Protein kinase C required for cytotoxic T lymphocyte triggering. (1987)

The role of protein kinase C (PK-C) in triggering the lytic response of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) has been examined. Both target cell lysis and the release of CTL-associated serine esterase (SE), a marker for cytotoxic granules, were used as indicators of the CTL lytic response. We found triggering of the CTL lytic response occurred when both a PK-C activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and a calcium ionophore, ionomycin, were added to CTL. The previously described inactivation of the CTL lytic response by long term treatment (24 hr) with PMA was also investigated. CTL cultured with PMA for 24 hr were unable to mediate target cell lysis or release SE; this inability to respond correlated with an absence of PK-C activity. Incubation of the PMA-treated CTL in the absence of PMA for an additional 24 hr resulted in recovery of PK-C activity, SE release, and the lytic response. These experiments strongly suggest that PK-C is involved with the transmembrane signaling required for SE release which is a necessary event in CTL-mediated target cell lysis.
Editorial： Modeling and control of mechanical/biomechanical systems (2012)

Many modern control applications are interdisciplinary in nature.Variety of disciplines are oriented on application of control theory and modeling of mechanical/biomechanical systems to solve practical problems in their specific fields.Bearing this in mind,there are included in this special subject some interesting contributions covering different areas such as bifurcations and chaos in dynamical systems,stability of dynamical systems,original numerical methods of vibration analysis,non-smooth systems,engineering systems and differential equations,control in dynamical systems,asymptotic methods in nonlinear dynamics,vibrations of lumped and continuous systems,dynamics in life sciences and bioengineering.
Analysis of Optic Disc Change Using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph in an Acquired Pit of the Optic Nerve (2004)

A 51-year-old woman diagnosed as having normal-tension glaucoma developed an acquired pit of the optic nerve. The optic disc was viewed by the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) before and after development of an acquired pit of the optic nerve. HRT parameters and cross-sectional images of the optic disc were compared. Maximum cup depth at the site of the acquired pit of the optic nerve increased after development of the acquired pit of the optic nerve (from 1.200 to 2.432 mm). The neuroretinal rim area and volume in the inferotemporal octant were reduced (rim area from 0.070 to 0.010 mm2, rim volume from 0.009 to 0.001 mm3). The morphologic changes in the optic disc were also detected topographically and reflectively.
Bluetooth and wi-fi wireless protocols: a survey and a comparison (2005)

Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) are two communication protocol standards that define a physical layer and a MAC layer for wireless communications within a short range (from a few meters up to 100 m) with low power consumption (from less than 1 mW up to 100 mW). Bluetooth is oriented to connecting close devices, serving as a substitute for cables, while Wi-Fi is oriented toward computer-to-computer connections, as an extension of or substitution for cabled LANs. In this article we offer an overview of these popular wireless communication standards, comparing their main features and behaviors in terms of various metrics, including capacity, network topology, security, quality of service support, and power consumption.
Validation of a Self‐Administered Questionnaire in Chinese in the Assessment of Eczema Severity (2003)

The purpose of this study was to validate the Chinese version of the Nottingham Eczema Severity Score (NESS) in determining the severity of atopic dermatitis (AD). Each parent or patient filled out a questionnaire in Chinese based on the NESS. A physician then repeated the NESS independently. Finally, the severity of AD was evaluated according to the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) scale. The NESSs, severity grades, and SCORAD were analyzed for agreement and correlation. The severity grading agreed with the physician's grading in 38 of 52 parents (73%) and in 16 of 18 children (89%) who self-evaluated the severity of their AD. The weighted kappa (95% confidence interval [CI]) for parents with children less than 10 years old, parents with children > or =10 years old, and patients who self-evaluated their AD were 0.79 (0.66-0.91), 0.85 (0.69-1.00), and 0.74 (0.36-1.00), respectively. The R2 for the NESS by parents, the NESS by patients, and the SCORAD scores was 42.1%, 47.5%, and 49.8%, respectively. When compared with the parents, the older children who self-evaluated their AD showed a better correlation of the NESS with the SCORAD index. The self-administered questionnaire appears to be useful in assessing AD severity in Chinese children.
Magnetoresistive read nonlinearity correction by a frequency-domain approach (1999)

The readback process of a magnetoresistive (MR) head is intrinsically nonlinear. To correct the nonlinearity, a new technique based on a frequency-domain measurement is proposed. In this technique, square-wave patterns of certain frequencies are written as probing signals. The harmonics of the readback signals are then measured and used to derive the coefficients of a correction polynomial. Experimental results show that the correction method significantly reduces the effect of MR saturation on other parametric measurement such as nonlinear transition shift.
Limited proteolysis of the nitrate reductase from spinach leaves. (1988)

The functional structure of assimilatory NADH-nitrate reductase from spinach leaves was studied by limited proteolysis experiments. After incubation of purified nitrate reductase with trypsin, two stable products of 59 and 45 kDa were observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The fragment of 45 kDa was purified by Blue Sepharose chromatography. NADH-ferricyanide reductase and NADH-cytochrome c reductase activities were associated with this 45-kDa fragment which contains FAD, heme, and NADH binding fragment. After incubation of purified nitrate reductase with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, two major peaks were observed by high performance liquid chromatography size exclusion gel filtration. FMNH2-nitrate reductase and reduced methyl viologen-nitrate reductase activities were associated with the first peak of 170 kDa which consists of two noncovalently associated (75-90-kDa) fragments. NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity, however, was associated with the second peak which consisted of FAD and NADH binding sites. Incubation of the 45-kDa fragment with S. aureus V8 protease produced two major fragments of 28 and 14 kDa which contained FAD and heme, respectively. These results indicate that the molybdenum, heme, and FAD components of spinach nitrate reductase are contained in distinct domains which are covalently linked by exposed hinge regions. The molybdenum domain appears to be important in the maintenance of subunit interactions in the enzyme complex.