gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Landau theory of cholesteric blue phases: The role of higher harmonics (1984)

The Landau theory of blue phases (BP) in cholesteric liquid systems is further developed by systematically including the effect of higher harmonics in the structure factor on the free energy. The inclusion of a third harmonic results in two new body-centered-cubic (bcc) structures, ${O}_{b}^{8}$ and ${O}_{c}^{8}$, in addition to the bcc ${O}^{5} (I432)$ and ${O}_{a}^{8} (I{4}_{1}32)$ and simple-cubic ${O}^{2} (P{4}_{2}32)$ structures previously obtained [Phys. Rev. A 28 1114 (1983)] in the two-harmonic framework. Introducing a fourth harmonic does not lead to any further structures or significant changes in the free energies. Detailed results of the Landau-theory calculations are compared with experimental data and those obtained with other models. It is shown that, in general, the observed properties of BP I and BP II are consistent with the structure assignment BP $\mathrm{I}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{O}_{c}^{8}$ and BP $\mathrm{II}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{O}^{2}$. Some points requiring further investigation and clarification are indicated.
Pilot Study to Investigate the Possibility of Cytogenetic and Physiological Changes in Bio-Electrosprayed Human Lymphocyte Cells (2008)

Our preliminary investigations demonstrate no significant compromising affects on the cell's structure at a cytogenetic or physiological level, post-treatment. Thus, further establishing these protocols as unique direct cell-engineering approaches with a host of biological and medical applications, from the development of tissues to perhaps even organs in the future.
The MAOS trap (2001)

How do the three multi-application operating system (MAOS) smart card platforms (Java Card, MULTOS and Windows for Smart Card) compare? There is so much marketing hype flying around between the three parties that it is very difficult for the uninitiated to determine the real state of affairs. For example, VISA backs Java Card whereas arch-rival in finance, MasterCard, backs MULTOS. In the world of networked computing, Microsoft backs Windows for Smart Card (WfSC) whereas Sun Microsystems backs Java Card. These large international rivals are unlikely to co-operate in developing standards. This article discusses the differences between the three MAOS platforms, concentrating on their unique selling points.
Modeling of Amine-Facilitated Liquid Membrane Transport of Binary Organic Acids (1998)

ABSTRACT The transport rates of lactic and citric acids from binary solutions across supported liquid membranes containing tri-n-ocytylamine are measured. A mass transfer model is proposed which considers aqueous film diffusion, interfacial chemical reaction, and membrane diffusion. It is shown that the difference between the measured and modeled rates was more significant at high total acid and amine concentrations. This could be partly due to the ignorance of mutual interactions between the acids in the aqueous phase and the complexes in the membrane phase in this model (chemical effect), and to limited validity of “fixed” transport properties over a rather wide concentration range (mechanical effect).
A unified approach to the change of resolution: space and gray-level (1989)

It is shown that by defining a suitable measure for the comparison of images, changes in resolution can be treated with the same tool as changes in color resolution. A gray-tone image, for example, can be compared to a half-tone image having only two colors (black and white), but of higher spatial resolution. A graph-theoretical definition of the basic measure used is introduced. This is followed by application to spatial resampling and gray-level requantization. This results in a hybrid treatment of resolution, and the possibility of trading spatial for gray-level resolution and vice versa.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Packet Classification Using Two-Dimensional Multibit Tries (2005)

We develop fast algorithms to construct space-optimal constrained two-dimensional multibit tries for Internet packet classifier applications. Experimental evidence suggests that using the same memory budget, space-optimal two-dimensional multibit tries require 1/4 to 1/3 the memory accesses required by two-dimensional one-bit tries for table lookup.
Freedom-Wound: Towards the Embodiment of Human Openness in Psychotherapy (2007)

I take my task here as a kind of weaving. I wish to throw the net wide and show how Martin Heidegger and Medard Boss have offered me an understanding of the human realm, and its grounding in Being that has intimately informed how I am as a psychotherapist. They have communicated this human realm, between sky and earth, not just in philosophically logical ways, but also in evocatively human ways that may be ‘held’ and embodied. It is in this spirit that I wish to use the term ‘freedom-wound’ in order to indicate and evoke what I will call the ‘soulful space’ of being human — how we are grounded in both great freedom and great vulnerability. Such ambiguity may describe the essence of a human kind of openness, and the lived understanding of such ambiguity may be shown to give direction to psychotherapy in the following ways:
Zone-based fairness control in multi-channel multi-rate high-speed networks (2009)

SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) is a general-purpose transport protocol for IP network data communications. Due to its attractive features such as multi-streaming and multi-homing, SCTP has received much attention from the various network communities. This paper introduces the main features of SCTP, and presents a zone-based fairness control scheme that includes SCTP multi-streaming to solve performance problems and evaluates its performance. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated using an OPNET simulator. Proposed zone-based fairness control scheme overcomes existing problems in the traditional SCTP when a multi-streaming feature is used.
The interaction between the V protocol and the Q.293I protocol for the interactive video network (2002)

There are many examples of interactive visual and multimedia applications including Movies on Demand, video conferencing, etc., which are emerging in trials and eventually in full service networks. Technology and standards are being developed for these services and networks. DSM-CC (Digital Storage Media Command and Control), a sub-group of MPEG, is one such standard. AT&T has been active in the DSM-CC sub-group, submitting its V Protocol in cooperation with other companies. The V Protocol is a message based session layer protocol with a defined set of procedures for establishing sessions and releasing sessions/resources across the Interactive Video Network (IVN) which could include an ATM network. We discuss the interaction between the V Protocol and the ATM Q.2931 network layer protocol to set up sessions over the IVN that require ATM switched virtual circuit connections. The ATM Q.2931, connection is treated as one of many possible resources for a given session. By having a clear separation between a session and its resources, the V Protocol is capable of supporting dynamic resource allocation in a distributed server environment.
Synthesis of oxidation-resistant core–shell copper nanoparticles (2013)

We present a simple method to synthesize non-oxidizable copper nanoparticles surrounded by copper formate. The formation of the core–shell nanoparticles was achieved via surface reaction induced by the injection of formic acid on the preformed core particles. High resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that copper particles with a diameter of 77 nm are conformally surrounded by a 5 nm thick layer of copper formate, which prevents oxidation of the copper. This non-metallic shell was readily reduced to Cu during low temperature annealing without leaving behind organic residues, resulting in highly conductive films with a resistivity of 13.5 μΩ cm after annealing at 250 °C for 1 h in nitrogen. Time- and temperature-dependent sheet resistance measurements demonstrated that the resistivity of the core–shell nanoparticle films will double after exposure to an ambient atmosphere at room temperature for 27 years. Our core–shell Cu nanoparticles are a promising and cost-effective alternative to silver nanoparticles for the efficient production of printed conductors with enhanced chemical stability.
A GROUND-BASED OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SPECTRUM OF WASP-6b (2016)

We present a ground based optical transmission spectrum of the inflated sub-Jupiter mass planet WASP-6b. The spectrum was measured in twenty spectral channels from 480 nm to 860nm using a series of 91 spectra over a complete transit event. The observations were carried out using multi-object differential spectrophotometry with the IMACS spectrograph on the Baade telescope at Las Campanas Observatory. We model systematic effects on the observed light curves using principal component analysis on the comparison stars, and allow for the presence of short and long memory correlation structure in our Monte Carlo Markov Chain analysis of the transit light curves for WASP-6. The measured transmission spectrum presents a general trend of decreasing apparent planetary size with wavelength and lacks evidence for broad spectral features of Na and K predicted by clear atmosphere models. The spectrum is consistent with that expected for scattering that is more efficient in the blue, as could be caused by hazes or condensates in the atmosphere of WASP-6b. WASP-6b therefore appears to be yet another massive exoplanet with evidence for a mostly featureless transmission spectrum, underscoring the importance that hazes and condensates can have in determining the transmission spectra of exoplanets.
Host Cell Entry of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Involves Macropinocytosis Followed by Proteolytic Activation of the F Protein (2013)

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a highly pathogenic member of the Paramyxoviridae that causes severe respiratory tract infections. Reports in the literature have indicated that to infect cells the incoming viruses either fuse their envelope directly with the plasma membrane or exploit clathrin-mediated endocytosis. To study the entry process in human tissue culture cells (HeLa, A549), we used fluorescence microscopy and developed quantitative, FACS-based assays to follow virus binding to cells, endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, membrane fusion, and infection. A variety of perturbants were employed to characterize the cellular processes involved. We found that immediately after binding to cells RSV activated a signaling cascade involving the EGF receptor, Cdc42, PAK1, and downstream effectors. This led to a series of dramatic actin rearrangements; the cells rounded up, plasma membrane blebs were formed, and there was a significant increase in fluid uptake. If these effects were inhibited using compounds targeting Na⁺/H⁺ exchangers, myosin II, PAK1, and other factors, no infection was observed. The RSV was rapidly and efficiently internalized by an actin-dependent process that had all hallmarks of macropinocytosis. Rather than fusing with the plasma membrane, the viruses thus entered Rab5-positive, fluid-filled macropinosomes, and fused with the membranes of these on the average 50 min after internalization. Rab5 was required for infection. To find an explanation for the endocytosis requirement, which is unusual among paramyxoviruses, we analyzed the fusion protein, F, and could show that, although already cleaved by a furin family protease once, it underwent a second, critical proteolytic cleavage after internalization. This cleavage by a furin-like protease removed a small peptide from the F1 subunits, and made the virus infectious.
Unprecedented Inversion of Selectivity and Extraordinary Difference in the Complexation of Trivalent <i>f</i> Elements by Diastereomers of a Methylated Diglycolamide (2019)

When considering f elements, solvent extraction is primarily used for the removal of lanthanides from ore and their recycling, as well as for the separation of actinides from used nuclear fuel. Understanding the complexation mechanism of metal ions with organic extractants, particularly the influence of their molecular structure on complex formation is of fundamental importance. Herein, we report an extraordinary (up to two orders of magnitude) change in the extraction efficiency of f elements with two diastereomers of dimethyl tetraoctyl diglycolamide (Me<sub>2</sub> -TODGA), which only differ in the orientation of a single methyl group. Solvent extraction techniques, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements, and density functional theory (DFT) based ab initio calculations were used to understand their complex structures and to explain their complexation mechanism. We show that the huge differences observed in extraction selectivity results from a small change in the complexation of nitrate counter-ions caused by the different orientation of one methyl group in the backbone of the extractant. The obtained results give a significant new insight into metal-ligand complexation mechanisms, which will promote the development of more efficient separation techniques.
Measurement of the {ital B}{sup 0}- {bar {ital B}}{sup 0} Oscillation Frequency Using {ital {pi}}-{ital B} Meson Charge-Flavor Correlations in {ital p}{ovr {ital p}} Collisions at {radical}({ital s}) =1.8 TeV (1998)

We present a measurement of the B{sup 0}{leftrightarrow}{bar B}{sup 0} oscillation frequency using a flavor tagging method based on correlations of B meson flavor with the charge of other particles produced in p{bar p} collisions at {radical}(s)=1.8 TeV. Such correlations are expected to arise from b quark hadronization and from B{sup {asterisk}{asterisk}} decays. We partially reconstruct B mesons using the semileptonic decays B{sup 0}{r_arrow}l{sup +}D{sup ({asterisk}){minus}} X and B{sup +}{r_arrow}l{sup +}{bar D}{sup 0}X. From the oscillation frequency, we obtain the mass difference between the two B{sup 0} mass eigenstates, {Delta}m{sub d}=0.471{sup +0.078}{sub {minus}0.068} (stat){plus_minus}0.034(syst ){h_bar} ps{sup {minus}1}, and measure the efficiency and purity of this flavor tagging method for both charged and neutral B mesons. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Mechanical properties of rat cerebral arteries as studied by a sensitive device for recording of mechanical activity in isolated small blood vessels* (1983)

A sensitive device for recording of mechanical activity in isolated small blood vessels with calibres down to 100 microns is described. This equipment was used to examine the mechanical properties of rat cerebral arteries. The ultrastructure of the preparations was investigated by light-, transmission, and scanning electron-microscopy. In general the walls of the middle cerebral and basilar arteries consisted of 3 layers of smooth muscle cells, which occupied approximately 80% of the total wall thickness. The present technique preserved the integrity of the vessel wall and caused no observable damage to the smooth muscle or endothelial cells. Neither the basilar nor the middle cerebral arteries developed spontaneous phasic contractions under standard conditions. Potassium excess (124 mM) induced a biphasic contractile response characterized by a fast and partly transient increase in tension (phase A), followed by a slowly developing sustained contraction (phase B). The responses to K+ were strong, highly reproducible and not influenced by pH changes in the range 6.9-7.8, making K+-stimulation suitable for testing of vascular contractility. Length-tension measurements were performed on relaxed and K+-activated basilar arteries. The mechanical behaviour of the vessels conformed to a sliding-filament model of muscular contraction. Using the "Maxwell model" of a muscle, the length at which the contractile element produced maximum active tension was established. The passive wall tension at this length (approximately 1 mN/mm) averaged only about 20% of the total wall tension the arteries were capable of producing when activated by K+. Under isometric conditions the K+-contracted basilar artery developed a maximum active wall stress of approximately 240 mN/mm2. In the light of the mechanical data obtained from the length-tension measurements, the optimum resting wall tension for registration of vascular responses is discussed. It appears that the present in vitro system can be of great value in investigations of the smooth muscle function in small blood vessels.
Neural approach to turbo equalization (2004)

The turbo equalization can improve the receiver performance significantly. The problem is that the complexity of the optimal algorithms increases exponentially with respect to used code and channel taps. We propose a suboptimal turbo equalizer which is based on iterative equalizer for PSK modulated signals and recurrent neural network convolutional decoder. These algorithms were earlier proposed separately to decrease the complexity of the receiver and it seems possible to make them as an analog chip. Here we combine those methods to form a turbo equalizer. The results show that this can be done and that the idea works well.
Efficient Minimum Error Rate Training and Minimum Bayes-Risk decoding for translation hypergraphs and lattices (2009)

Minimum Error Rate Training (MERT) and Minimum Bayes-Risk (MBR) decoding are used in most current state-of-the-art Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) systems. The algorithms were originally developed to work with N-best lists of translations, and recently extended to lattices that encode many more hypotheses than typical N-best lists. We here extend lattice-based MERT and MBR algorithms to work with hypergraphs that encode a vast number of translations produced by MT systems based on Synchronous Context Free Grammars. These algorithms are more efficient than the lattice-based versions presented earlier. We show how MERT can be employed to optimize parameters for MBR decoding. Our experiments show speedups from MERT and MBR as well as performance improvements from MBR decoding on several language pairs.
Fast CT-FFR Analysis Method for the Coronary Artery Based on 4D-CT Image Analysis and Structural and Fluid Analysis (2015)

Non invasive fractional flow reserve derived from CT coronary angiography (CT-FFR) has to date been typically performed using the principles of computational fluid analysis in which a lumped parameter coronary vascular bed model is assigned to represent the impedance of the downstream coronary vascular networks absent in the computational domain for each coronary outlet. This approach may have a number of limitations. It may not account for the impact of the myocardial contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle, patient-specific boundary conditions for coronary artery outlets and vessel stiffness. We have developed a novel approach based on 4D-CT image tracking (registration) and structural and fluid analysis based on one dimensional mechanical model, to address these issues. In our approach, we analyzed the deformation variation of vessels and the volume variation of vessels to better define boundary conditions and stiffness of vessels. We focused on the blood flow and vessel deformation of coronary arteries and aorta near coronary arteries in the diastolic cardiac phase from 70% to 100 %. The blood flow variation of coronary arteries relates to the deformation of vessels, such as expansion and contraction of the cross-sectional area, during this period where resistance is stable, pressure loss is approximately proportional to flow. We used a statistical estimation method based on a hierarchical Bayes model to integrate 4D-CT measurements and structural and fluid analysis data. Under these analysis conditions, we performed structural and fluid analysis to determine pressure, flow rate and CT-FFR. Furthermore, the reduced-order model based on fluid analysis was studied in order to shorten the computational time for 4D-CT-FFR analysis. The consistency of this method has been verified by a comparison of 4D-CT-FFR analysis results derived from five clinical 4D-CT datasets with invasive measurements of FFR. Additionally, phantom experiments of flexible tubes with and without stenosis using pulsating pumps, flow sensors and pressure sensors were performed. Our results show that the proposed 4D-CT-FFR analysis method has the potential to accurately estimate the effect of coronary artery stenosis on blood flow.
Tunable Terahertz 3D Metamaterials (2011)

We present novel optically tunable 3D metamaterials operating at terahertz frequencies with an approximate tuning range of 50%. Our device has potential applications as a terahertz modulator or switch that complements previous approaches.
Rapid and sensitive identification of pathogenic and apathogenic<i>Bacillus anthracis</i>by real-time PCR (2002)

Bacillus anthracis spores have been shown to be an efficient biological weapon and their recent use in bioterrorist attacks has demonstrated the need for rapid and specific diagnostics. A TaqMan real-time PCR for identification of B. anthracis was developed, based on the two plasmids, pX01 and pX02, both of which are necessary for pathogenicity, as well as on the chromosomally encoded rpoB gene. Bacteria picked from colonies or pelleted from liquid cultures were directly inoculated into the PCR mix, thus avoiding time-consuming DNA preparation and minimizing handling risks. B. anthracis spores were cultivated for a few hours in enrichment broth before PCR analysis, or used directly for real-time PCR, thus allowing to confirm or exclude potential attacks approximately 2-3 h after the material has arrived in the laboratory.
Nickel-catalyzed borylation of arenes and indoles via C–H bond cleavage (2015)

The first nickel-catalyzed method for the borylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds in arenes and indoles is described. The use of an N-heterocyclic carbene ligand is essential for an efficient reaction, with an N-cyclohexyl-substituted derivative being optimal. This method is readily applied to the gram scale synthesis of 2-borylindole.
Single Event Mechanisms in 90 nm Triple-Well CMOS Devices (2008)

Single event charge collection mechanisms in 90 nm triple-well NMOS devices are explained and compared with those of dual-well devices. The primary factors affecting the single event pulse width in triple-well NMOSFETs are the separation of deposited charge due to the n-well, potential rise in the p-well followed by the injection of electrons into the p-well by the source, and removal of holes by the p-well contact. Design parameters of p-wells, such as contact area, doping depth and placement, are varied to reduce single event pulse widths. Pulse width decreases as the area of the p-well contacts increases, the p-well contacts become deeper, and the p-well contacts are placed more frequently. Increasing the p-well-n-well junction depth also causes the full width half rail (FWHR) pulse width to decrease.