gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wetting failure of hydrophilic surfaces promoted by surface roughness (2014)

Wetting failure is of vital importance to many physical phenomena, such as industrial coating and drop emission. Here we show when and how the surface roughness promotes the destabilization of a moving contact line on a hydrophilic surface. Beyond the balance of the driving force and viscous resistance where a stable wetting interface is sustained, wetting failure occurs and is modified by the roughness of the surface. The promoting effect arises only when the wetting velocity is high enough to create a gas-liquid-solid composite interface in the vicinity of the moving contact line, and it is a function of the intrinsic contact angle and proportion of solid tops. We propose a model to explain splashes of rough solid spheres impacting into liquids. It reveals a novel concept that dynamic wetting on hydrophilic rough surfaces can be similar to that on hydrophobic surfaces, and brings a new way to design surfaces with specific wetting properties.
Failure of Mebendazole in Treatment of Human Hookworm Infections in the Southern Region of Mali (1997)

Preliminary studies indicated that single-dose (500 mg) mebendazole gave disappointing results in the treatment of hookworm infections (Necator americanus) in Mali. A placebo-controlled, randomized trial conducted with the participation of 103 infected subjects (background hookworm prevalence > 50%) confirmed that mebendazole (Vermox) did not reduce parasite burdens significantly, as assessed through fecal egg counts. In contrast, a group of subjects treated with pyrantel (Combantrin) experienced a significant reduction in fecal worm egg counts (overall, both sexes combined showed a 75% reduction). Male subjects carried significantly more intense infections compared with females, but there was no gender difference in response to treatment. A standard egg hatch assay showed that N. americanus from our subjects in Mali was more resistant to benzimidazoles compared with a laboratory-maintained strain that had not been exposed to anthelmintics in more than 100 generations (50% effective dose = 0.12 and 0.07 microg/ml of thiabendazole, respectively), suggesting that, among other possibilities, the development of resistance to the benzimidazoles by N. americanus may have contributed to the drug failure. Whatever the underlying explanation, our results indicate that single-dose treatment with mebendazole is an ineffective treatment for hookworm infections and despite its relatively cheap cost and wide availability, mebendazole should not be considered a drug of choice in the mass treatment of hookworm infections in this region of Mali.
Routing-Tree Construction with Concurrent Performance, Power and Congestion Optimization (2006)

We present a routing-tree construction algorithm that considers multi-objectives of performance, power and congestion concurrently. Congestion is measured with balanced usage of routing resources among layers. Simultaneous buffer insertion and layer assignment tends to produce routing-trees with shorter overall length. Applying the proposed simultaneous algorithm on a subset of routes on a commercial 64-bit microprocessor yielded 9% less repeater usage and 1.5% shorter overall routing-tree length with improved overall performance at the same time, compared to sequential routing-tree construction approach
ViscosityMolecular Weight Relationship for Cellulose Acetate. (1947)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTViscosityMolecular Weight Relationship for Cellulose Acetate.W. J. Badgley and H. MarkCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1947, 51, 1, 58–70Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1947Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1947https://doi.org/10.1021/j150451a004RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views153Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (587 KB) Get e-Alerts
Molecular analysis of SSN6, a gene functionally related to the SNF1 protein kinase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1987)

Mutations in the SSN6 gene suppress the invertase derepression defect caused by a lesion in the SNF1 protein kinase gene. We cloned the SSN6 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and identified its 3.3-kilobase poly(A)-containing RNA. Disruption of the gene caused phenotypes similar to, but more severe than, those caused by missense mutations: high-level constitutivity for invertase, clumpiness, temperature-sensitive growth, alpha-specific mating defects, and failure to homozygous diploids to sporulate. In contrast, the presence of multiple copies of SSN6 interfered with derepression of invertase. An ssn6 mutation was also shown to cause glucose-insensitive expression of a GAL10-lacZ fusion and maltase. The mating defects of MAT alpha ssn6 strains were associated with production of two a-specific products, a-factor and barrier, and reduced levels of alpha-factor; no deficiency of MAT alpha 2 RNA was detected. We showed that ssn6 partially restored invertase expression in a cyr1-2 mutant, although ssn6 was clearly not epistatic to cyr1-2. We also determined the nucleotide sequence of SSN6, which is predicted to encode a 107-kilodalton protein with stretches of polyglutamine and poly(glutamine-alanine). Possible functions of the SSN6 product are discussed.
Tumor oxygenation: a matter of supply and demand. (1996)

Development of new approaches to ameliorate tumor hypoxia may require understanding of the relative importance of supply vs. demand. On the demand side, abnormalities in energy metabolism are known to be related to defects in regulation of respiratory enzymes, combined with high demand for energy caused by cell proliferation. On the supply side deficiencies in efficiency of nutrient supply, such as low vascular density and uneven vascular distribution appear to play important roles. In theoretical simulations based on actual in vivo data, however, modulation of oxygen consumption is much more efficient in affecting oxygen transport than modification of delivery.
The Acidic Carboxyl Terminus of the Bacteriophage T7 Gene 4 Helicase/Primase Interacts with T7 DNA Polymerase (1997)

The gene 4 proteins of bacteriophage T7 provide both primase and helicase activities at the replication fork. Efficient DNA replication requires that the functions of the gene 4 protein be coordinated with the movement of the T7 DNA polymerase. We show that a carboxyl-terminal domain of the gene 4 protein is required for interaction with T7 DNA polymerase during leading strand DNA synthesis. The carboxyl terminus of the gene 4 protein is highly acidic: of the 17 carboxyl-terminal amino acids 7 are negatively charged. Deletion of the coding region for these 17 residues results in a gene 4 protein that cannot support the growth of T7 phage. The purified mutant gene 4 protein has wild-type levels of both helicase and primase activities; however, DNA synthesis catalyzed by T7 DNA polymerase on a duplex DNA substrate is stimulated by this mutant protein to only about 5% of the level of synthesis obtained with wild-type protein. The mutant gene 4 protein can form hexamers and bind single-stranded DNA, but as determined by native PAGE analysis, the protein cannot form a stable complex with the DNA polymerase. The mutant gene 4 protein can prime DNA synthesis normally, indicating that for lagging strand synthesis a different set of helicase/primase-DNA polymerase interactions are involved. These findings have implications for the mechanisms coupling leading and lagging strand DNA synthesis at the T7 replication fork.
Solution based prompt inorganic condensation and atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 films: A side-by-side comparison (2014)

A comparison was made of Al2O3 films deposited on Si via prompt inorganic condensation (PIC) and atomic layer deposition (ALD). Current–voltage measurements as a function of annealing temperature indicate that the solution-processed PIC films, annealed at 500 °C, exhibit lower leakage and roughly equivalent breakdown strength in comparison to ALD films. PIC films are less dense than as-deposited ALD films and capacitance–voltage measurements indicate a lower relative dielectric constant. On the basis of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, it is found that the 500 °C anneal results in the formation of a ∼6 nm thick interfacial SiO2 layer at the Si interface. This SiO2 interfacial layer significantly affects the electrical performance of PIC Al2O3 films deposited on Si.
Effects of biological treatment on the chemical structure of dissolved lignin-related substances in effluent from thermomechanical pulping (2008)

Effluent from a TMP-based pulp and paper mill was collected at the inlet and outlet of the mill's biological treatment plant and fractionated by sorption on XAD-8 resin and MTBE precipitation. Fractionation indicated that the refractory dissolved organic material in biologically treated effluent was mainly composed of lignin-related substances. Characterisation of the lignin-related substances by chromatographic and spectrometric methods confirmed the similarities of the isolated material and milled wood lignin. Fractionation and characterisation of alkali-extracted material from solids (biosludge) in biologically treated effluent found evidence of lignin-related material. Results indicated that biological treatment had altered the chemical structure and molar-mass distribution of dissolved lignin-related substances.
The Evaluation of the Modulation Transfer Function of Photographic Materials. The Interaction of the Modulation Transfer Function of the Instruments, and of the Characteristic Curve (1967)

The smaller the signal-to-noise-ratio can be kept in the measurement of the modulation transfer function (MTF) of photographic material. the more care must be taken to eliminate systematic errors. Exact knowledge of the spatial exposure distribution in the sample (the so-called aerial image) and of the optical properties of the microdensitometer are essential. Four methods (including two-beam interferometry) of the measurement of the aerial image are presented and discussed. The rigorous method of correcting the interference of the optical transfer characteristic of the microdensitometer is presented taking into account the non-linearity of the photographic process. and the range of validity of a commonly applied heuristic method is investigated. Finally twa methods of eliminating the characteristic curve in order to find the effective exposure are compared and examples of their application are given.
Proline Residues at the C Terminus of Nascent Chains Induce SsrA Tagging during Translation Termination (2002)

The SsrA or tmRNA quality control system relieves ribosome stalling and directs the addition of a degradation tag to the C terminus of the nascent chain. In some instances, SsrA tagging of otherwise full-length proteins occurs when the ribosome pauses at stop codons during normal translation termination. Here, the identities of the C-terminal residues of the nascent chain are shown to play an important role in full-length protein tagging. Specifically, a subset of C-terminal Xaa-Pro sequences caused SsrA tagging of the full-length YbeL protein from Escherichia coli. This tagging increased when a less efficient stop codon was used, increased in cells lacking protein release factor-3, and decreased when protein release factor-1 was overexpressed. Incorporation of the analog azetidine-2-carboxylic acid in place of proline suppressed tagging, whereas incorporation of 3,4-dehydroproline increased SsrA tagging of full-length YbeL. These results suggest that the detailed chemical or conformational properties of the C-terminal residues of the nascent polypeptide can affect the rate of translation termination, thereby influencing ribosome pausing and SsrA tagging at stop codons.
Loading of Exponentially Grown LBL Films with Silver Nanoparticles and Their Application to Generalized SERS Detection (2009)

Feature film: Thin films made by exponential layer-by-layer growth display high diffusivity and can be readily infiltrated with inorganic nanoparticles. They can sequestrate molecular systems from solution as a function of the composition of their layers, while providing intense surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals (see picture).
Ligand Activation of ELK Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Promotes Its Association with Grb10 and Grb2 in Vascular Endothelial Cells (1996)

ELK is a member of the Eph-related tyrosine kinase family that includes receptors signaling axonal guidance, neuronal bundling, and angiogenesis. We recently identified ELK expression in human renal microvascular endothelial cells and sought to identify intracellular proteins through which it signals responses. The cytoplasmic domain of ELK was used as "bait" in a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify interactive proteins expressed from a randomly primed embryonic murine library (E9.5-10.5). Among interactive products of 76 cDNAs characterized, 10 nonidentical, overlapping clones encoded the SH2 domain of the recently reported Grb10 adapter protein, and an additional 3 encoded Grb2. A self-phosphorylated recombinant, baculovirus-expressed GST-ELKcy fusion protein bound Grb10 and Grb2 from human renal microvascular endothelial cell extracts, while the unphosphorylated fusion form did not. Site-directed mutation identified Tyr-929 as a putative phosphorylation site required for Grb10, but not Grb2, interaction in yeast and recombinant protein assays. The ELK ligand, LERK-2/Fc, stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of ELK, and recruitment of Grb10 and Grb2 to endothelial ELK receptors recovered by wheat germ agglutinin lectin and immunoprecipitation. These findings define ligand-activated interaction between ELK and the SH2 domains of Grb2 and the newly identified Grb10 protein that shares homology with a Caenorhabditis elegans gene product implicated in neural cell migration.
Highly efficient and consistent gene transfer into dendritic cells utilizing a combination of ultraviolet-irradiated adenovirus and poly(L-lysine) conjugates. (1998)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are capable of presenting tumor-associated antigens and subsequently play an essential role in T-cell activation. The aim of this study was to develop an efficient method for gene transfer into DCs. These genetically transduced DCs can then be used as potent inducers of specific cell-mediated immune response. When compared with physical methods for gene transfer (lipofection and calcium phosphate precipitation), adenovirus (AdV) vectors proved to be highly efficient for gene transfer into DCs. To overcome concomitant AdV gene expression and potential immunogenicity, AdVs were irradiated with UV. The UV dose was optimized to block AdV transcription without altering AdV receptor binding and endocytosis capacity. We subsequently used a polycationic amino acid compound, poly(L-lysine), to conjugate the irradiated AdVs to transgenes. The resulting complexes were found to mediate a highly efficient transfer of transgenes into DCs, without concomitant expression of AdV gene products. Low titers of irradiated AdVs were sufficient for a consistent gene transfer into DCs. This is the first study to demonstrate efficient, consistent, and practical gene transfer using an UV approach to irradiated AdV-poly(L-lysine) conjugates and should be useful for the development of DC-based tumor vaccine therapies.
Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer. (2000)

The concern that postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may cause cancer of the breast has lead to an enormous volume of research in epidemiology, endocrinology and tumour cell biology. The epidemiology has become extremely sophisticated because the anticipated effect is small and there are several confounding factors. The consensus today is that long-term HRT (>10 years) is associated with an increase in the risk of breast cancer which, on average, is equivalent to delaying menopause for the same period of time that the patient is on treatment. The risk is related to endogenous and exogenous oestrogen levels. Studies that have investigated individual susceptibility are reviewed, as are environmental factors such as the interaction of HRT with alcohol intake. The clinical implication of these data is that the dosage of HRT should be the smallest that is efficacious. Subcutaneous implants of oestrogen typically cause very high oestrogen levels and, in the opinion of this reviewer, should be restricted to women unable to take or absorb oestrogen by mouth or percutaneously. Finally, the issue of HRT for women with a history of breast cancer is considered. The potential is discussed for treatment of women with severe symptoms of oestrogen deficiency with a low dose of oestrogen, together with a selective oestrogen receptor modulator to protect the breast.
A Rabbit Model of Endometriosis (1989)

Since not all problems in endometriosis can be studied in the human, there is need of an animal model. We transplanted endometrial tissue of the rabbit into the peritoneal cavity and studied the changes after 12 weeks. At that time the endometrial implants in the rabbit had become cystic structures. The macroscopic and histologic appearance was consistent with endometriosis. Hormonal supplementation turned out not to be necessary. Microsurgical techniques prevented the formation of tubo-ovarian adhesions. This makes the rabbit model suitable for studying the influence of endometrial implants on fertility.
The 32- and 14-Kilodalton Subunits of Replication Protein A Are Responsible for Species-Specific Interactions with Single-Stranded DNA (1998)

Replication protein A (RPA) is a multisubunit single-stranded DNA-binding (ssDNA) protein that is required for cellular DNA metabolism. RPA homologues have been identified in all eukaryotes examined. All homologues are heterotrimeric complexes with subunits of approximately 70, approximately 32, and approximately 14 kDa. While RPA homologues are evolutionarily conserved, they are not functionally equivalent. To gain a better understanding of the functional differences between RPA homologues, we analyzed the DNA-binding parameters of RPA from human cells and the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (hRPA and scRPA, respectively). Both yeast and human RPA bind ssDNA with high affinity and low cooperativity. However, scRPA has a larger occluded binding site (45 nucleotides versus 34 nucleotides) and a higher affinity for oligothymidine than hRPA. Mutant forms of hRPA and scRPA containing the high-affinity DNA-binding domain from the 70-kDa subunit had nearly identical DNA binding properties. In contrast, subcomplexes of the 32- and 14-kDa subunits from both yeast and human RPA had weak ssDNA binding activity. However, the binding constants for the yeast and human subcomplexes were 3 and greater than 6 orders of magnitude lower than those for the RPA heterotrimer, respectively. We conclude that differences in the activity of the 32- and 14-kDa subunits of RPA are responsible for variations in the ssDNA-binding properties of scRPA and hRPA. These data also indicate that hRPA and scRPA have different modes of binding to ssDNA, which may contribute to the functional disparities between the two proteins.
Vaccination with autoantigen protects against aggregated β‐amyloid and glutamate toxicity by controlling microglia: effect of CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>+</sup> T cells (2004)

Neurodegenerative diseases differ in etiology but are propagated similarly. We show that neuronal loss caused by intraocular injection of aggregated beta-amyloid was significantly greater in immunodeficient mice than in normal mice. The neurodegeneration was attenuated or augmented by elimination or addition, respectively, of naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg). Vaccination with retina-derived antigens or with the synthetic copolymer glatiramer acetate (Copolymer-1, Cop-1), but not with beta-amyloid, reduced the ocular neuronal loss. In mouse hippocampal slices, microglia encountering activated T cells overcame the cytotoxicity of aggregated beta-amyloid. These findings support the concept of "protective autoimmunity", show that a given T cell-based vaccination is protective at a particular site irrespective of toxicity type, and suggest that locally activated T cells induce a microglial phenotype that helps neurons withstand the insult. Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases might be arrested or retarded by vaccination with Cop-1 or related compounds or by treatment with compounds that weaken Treg suppression.
Dynamic pricing in a reputation-brokered agent-mediated marketplace (2000)

We describe an agent-mediated marketplace, with dynamically changing reputation ratings. In this marketplace, the seller reputations are updated in a collaborative fashion based on the performance of the user in the delegated tasks. We study the market with computer simulations of multiagent interactions, where sellers learn how to price their services dynamically. We first present some simple dynamic pricing methods and we investigate the different equilibria reached, based on the level of intelligence of the selling agents, the level of price–importance elasticity of the buying agents, and the level of unemployment in the marketplace. We then compare the equilibria reached with a theoretically ‘optimal’ equilibrium that we show to exist. Based on the results of this comparison we design a new dynamic pricing algorithm that we experimentally show to be almost optimal for reputation-brokered agent-mediated marketplaces. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.