gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pore forming polyalkylpyridinium salts from marine sponges versus synthetic lipofection systems: distinct tools for intracellular delivery of cDNA and siRNA (2006)

Abstract Background Haplosclerid marine sponges produce pore forming polyalkylpyridinium salts (poly-APS), which can be used to deliver macromolecules into cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the delivery of DNA, siRNA and lucifer yellow into cells mediated by poly-APS and its potential mechanisms as compared with other lipofection systems (lipofectamine and N 4 , N 9 -dioleoylspermine (LipoGen)). DNA condensation was evaluated and HEK 293 and HtTA HeLa cells were used to investigate pore formation and intracellular delivery of cDNA, siRNA and lucifer yellow. Results Poly-APS and LipoGen were both found to be highly efficient DNA condensing agents. Fura-2 calcium imaging was used to measure calcium transients indicative of cell membrane pore forming activity. Calcium transients were evoked by poly-APS but not LipoGen and lipofectamine. The increases in intracellular calcium produced by poly-APS showed temperature sensitivity with greater responses being observed at 12°C compared to 21°C. Similarly, delivery of lucifer yellow into cells with poly-APS was enhanced at lower temperatures. Transfection with cDNA encoding for the expression enhanced green fluorescent protein was also evaluated at 12°C with poly-APS, lipofectamine and LipoGen. Intracellular delivery of siRNA was achieved with knockdown in beta-actin expression when lipofectamine and LipoGen were used as transfection reagents. However, intracellular delivery of siRNA was not achieved with poly-APS. Conclusion Poly-APS mediated pore formation is critical to its activity as a transfection reagent, but lipofection systems utilise distinct mechanisms to enable delivery of DNA and siRNA into cells.
Use of Savart Plates in Grating Interferometers (1971)

An analysis is given of Savart plates for arbitrary angles between the optic axis and the plate normal. Conoscopic interference patterns of thin Savart plates cut nearly parallel to the optic axis are shown and the use of such plates combined with diffraction gratings is discussed.
Protein-surface interactions studied by infrared spectroscopy (1985)

Interactions of human fibrinogen and human serum albumin in aqueous buffers with germanium, polyethylene, and carbon planar surfaces were studied by IR internal reflection spectroscopy. The method is shown to be able to monitor continuously and in situ adsorption rates with high time-resolution (0.5 s), to produce data concerning reversibility of interactions, and to detect surface induced changes of proteins. Albumin and fibrinogen interact with the strongly hydrophobic surfaces irreversibly and fibrinogen interacts irreversibly even during the first 15 s of adsorption. Differences between spectra of the proteins adsorbed and in solution were detected and interpreted as surface induced changes. Anomalously high and partly reversible adsorption of HFb during certain experiments is connected with its denaturation. No effect of thrombin and plasmin on adsorbed HFb was indicated from its spectra.
Novel Genomic Locus with Atypical G+C Content that Is Required for Extracellular Polysaccharide Production and Virulence in <i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> pv. <i>oryzae</i> (2001)

Three exopolysaccharide (EPS)- and virulence-deficient mutants of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of rice, were isolated by Tn5 mutagenesis. These insertions are not located within the gum gene cluster. A 40-kb cosmid clone that restored EPS production and virulence to all three mutants was isolated, and the three transposon insertions were localized to contiguous 4.3- and 3.5-kb EcoRI fragments that are included in this clone. Sequence data indicate that two of the transposon insertions are in genes that encode a putative sugar nucleotide epimerase and a putative glycosyl transferase, respectively; the third insertion is located between the glycosyl transferase gene and a novel open reading frame (ORF). A 5.5-kb genomic region in which these three ORFs are located has a G+C content of 5-1.7%, quite different from the G+C content of approximately 65.0% that is typical of X. oryzae pv. oryzae. Homologues of this locus have not yet been reported in any other xanthomonad.
Observation of the polarization of domains in ferroelectric thin films using x-ray interference (1997)

We report that the sign of the polarization of an epitaxial ferroelectric film can be determined from the interference between the x-ray scattering from the film and the substrate. X-ray scattering measurements of a 10 nm epitaxial PbTiO3 film grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on a SrTiO3 substrate are presented. The scattering profile near the 001 peaks of the film and substrate shows clear evidence of the interference effects. Analysis indicates that this film is a single domain of specific polarity.
Overview of 1.2kV &#x2013; 2.2kV SiC MOSFETs targeted for industrial power conversion applications (2015)

This paper presents the latest 1.2kV–2.2kV SiC MOSFETs designed to maximize SiC device benefits for high-power, medium voltage power conversion applications. 1.2kV, 1.7kV and 2.2kV devices with die size of 4.5mm × 4.5mm were fabricated, exhibiting room temperature on-resistances of 34mOhm, 39mOhm and 41mOhm, respectively. The ability to safely withstand single-pulse avalanche energies of over 17J/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> is demonstrated. Next, the 1.7kV SiC MOSFETs were used to fabricate half-bridge power modules. The module typical onresistance was 7mOhm at Tj=25°C and 11mOhm at 150°C. The module exhibits 9mJ turn-on and 14mJ turn-off losses at Vds=900V, Id=400A. Validation of GE's SiC MOSFET performance advantages was done through continuous buck-boost operation with three 1.7kV modules per phase leg exhibiting 99.4% efficiency. Device ruggedness and tolerance to terrestrial cosmic radiation was evaluated. Experimental results show that higher voltage devices (2.2kV and 3.3kV) are more susceptible to cosmic radiation, requiring up to 45% derating in order to achieve module failure rate of 100 FIT, while 1.2kV MOSFETs require only 25% derating to deliver similar FIT rate. Finally, the feasibility of medium voltage power conversion based on series connected 1.2kV SiC MOSFETs with body diode is demonstrated.
Reversible Dissociation of Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase into a Regulated Synthesis Subunit and a Subunit Required for Glutamine Utilization (1971)

Carbamyl phosphate synthetase (from Escherichia coli) consists of a 7.3S protomeric unit that contains one heavy polypeptide chain (molecular weight about 130,000) and one light chain (molecular weight about 42,000). The heavy and light chains were separated by gel filtration in the presence of 1 M potassium thiocyanate. In contrast to the native enzyme and the reconstituted enzyme (prepared by mixing the separated heavy and light chains), the heavy chain does not catalyze glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthesis, although it does catalyze the synthesis of carbamyl phosphate from ammonia. The heavy chain also catalyzes two of the partial reactions catalyzed by the intact enzyme; i.e., the bicarbonate-dependent cleavage of ATP and the synthesis of ATP from ADP and carbamyl phosphate. Both positive (ammonia, ornithine, IMP) and negative (UMP) allosteric regulatory sites are located on the heavy chain. The only catalytic activity exhibited by the light chain is the hydrolysis of glutamine. A model is presented according to which glutamine binds to the light chain, which is followed by release of nitrogen from the amide group for use by the heavy chain. The findings suggest that glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase (and perhaps other glutamine amidotransferases) arose in the course of evolution by a combination of a primitive ammonia-dependent synthetic enzyme and a glutaminase; this combination may have been associated with a change from ammonia to glutamine as the principal source of nitrogen.
Interleukin-7 up-regulates cyclin D1 via activator protein-1 to promote proliferation of cell in lung cancer (2011)

Interleukin-7 is a potent regulator of lymphocyte proliferation, but it inducing growth of solid tumors is few known. We study the relationship between Interleukin-7 and the regulator of the cell cycle, cyclin D1 and the mechanism of Interleukin-7 regulating cell growth in human lung cancer. We detected expression of cyclin D1 and its impact on the prognosis of lung cancer patients. Using Western blot, reverse transcriptase-PCR, Co-Immunoprecipitation, and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation, we investigated how Interleukin-7 regulated cyclin D1 in vitro and in nude mice. We found that, in lung cancer cell lines and in nude mice, Interleukin-7/Interleukin-7 receptor increased the expression of cyclin D1 and phosphorylation of c-Fos/c-Jun, induce c-Fos and c-Jun heterodimer formation, and enhanced c-Fos/c-Jun DNA-binding activity to regulate cyclin D1. In addition, lymph node metastasis, tumor stage, and cyclin D1 were the strongest predictors of survival in 100 human non-small cell lung cancer specimens analyzed. Taken together, our results provided evidence that Interleukin-7/Interleukin-7 receptor induced cyclin D1 up-regulation via c-Fos/c-Jun pathway to promote proliferation of cells in lung cancer.
Multifunctional Grid-Connected Multimodule Power Converters Capable of Operating in Single-Pulse and PWM Switching Modes (2008)

Pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) techniques equip power converters with unique features such as input-output linearity and control flexibility. Nevertheless, frequent switching of semiconductor switching devices causes considerable switching loss, and therefore makes traditional two-level PWM converters inappropriate for high-power applications. Two alternatives for building modular structures, namely multipulse and multimodule PWM converters were introduced to provide not only voltage and current sharing among the semiconductor switching devices, but also a high-quality output voltage at a much lower switching frequency. While multipulse converters offer minimal switching losses, low-order harmonic neutralization, and the best utilization of the inverter, multimodule PWM converters give control flexibility and power structure simplicity. This paper combines these two, and preserves the advantages of both multipulse and multimodule PWM converters. This not only provides an additional degree of freedom for voltage control, but also enables the converter to operate in PWM mode during transient and in single-pulse mode during the steady state. For the PWM switching mode, a special space vector strategy of 3 p.u. switching frequency is presented to maximize the voltage utilization and maintain a linear transfer characteristic. The power structure and control methods are analyzed, and validated by simulation and experimentally.
Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino Acids in Cell Culture for Quantitative Proteomics (2007)

Mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative proteomics is an increasingly popular approach to study changes in protein abundances in biological samples. Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), one of the more widely used methods for quantitative proteomics, is a metabolic-labeling strategy that encodes whole cellular proteomes. Cells are grown in a culture medium where the natural form of an amino acid is replaced with a stable isotope form, such as arginine bearing six 13C atoms. Incorporation of the "heavy" amino acid occurs through cell growth, protein synthesis, and turnover. SILAC allows "light" and "heavy" proteomes to be distinguished by MS while avoiding any chemical derivatization and associated purification. In this chapter, we provide detailed SILAC protocols and explain how to incorporate SILAC into any experiment.
Laser microdissection and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry coupled for multimodal imaging (2013)

A LA/APCI-MS system was developed that comprised a commercially available laser microdissection instrument for transmission geometry LA and a modestly modified ion source for secondary ionization of the ablated material. The set-up was successfully applied for multimodal imaging using the ability to co-register bright field, fluorescence and mass spectral chemical images on one platform.
Montesquieu et la Loi fondamentale de la R.F.A (1989)

Edgar Mass : Montesquieu and West Germany's Fundamental Law. During the Weimar Republic Montesquieu represented the middle-class myth of the freedom of the individual, and the theory of the separation of powers embodied the fundamental tenet of the constitutional system as it guaranteed the balance of power between central and regional authorities. When the Nazis' Ermàchtigungsgesetz (23rd March 1933) suspended the guarantee of human rights, «Montesquieu » was expelled and the result was terror. After 1945 the debates on the new West German constitution were again profoundly influenced by Montesquieu's ideas and he was referred to and quoted. Article 20 of the Fundamental Law dealing with the separation of powers was drawn up with Montesquieu in mind and thus discussions on the interpretation and application of this article still refer to his works.
Synthesis and Characterization of Alkoxide-Derived Pt Nanoparticles (2005)

Identification of the species formed during the in situ reduction of hexachloroplatinic acid by sodium ethoxide, forming a Pt sol, is made. The solution phase is shown to consist of suspended metallic Pt nanoparticles (1-3 nm in diameter), acetaldehyde, and a Pt(II) species, identified by NMR and X-ray adsorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) to be NaPtCl3(C2H4), a sodium analogue of Zeise's salt [KPtCl3(C2H4)]. The NaPtCl3(C2H4) product exhibits greater stability in both ethanol and air than the conventional Zeise's salt, providing a means of storing the useful Zeise's anion [PtCl3(C2H4)-]. Electrochemistry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses have shown that the precipitate phase formed during the synthesis is composed solely of Pt particles approximately 6 nm in diameter and NaCl. Thermal gravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC) showed that the color of the precipitate is an accurate gauge of the ratio of Pt to NaCl, with the lightest to darkest precipitates containing from 1% to 40% nanoparticulate Pt by mass, respectively. A comprehensive characterization of both phases formed has allowed us to propose a mechanism for the conversion of hexachloroplatinic acid to Pt nanoparticles.
Effect of Flaxseed Consumption on Urinary Estrogen Metabolites in Postmenopausal Women (1999)

Flaxseed, the richest known source of plant lignans, has been shown to have chemoprotective effects in animal and cell studies. Some of its effects may be mediated through its influence on endogenous hormone production and metabolism. Two competing pathways in estrogen metabolism involve production of the 2-hydroxylated and 16 alpha-hydroxylated metabolites. Because of the proposed differences in biological activities of these metabolites, the balance of the two pathways has been used as a biomarker for breast cancer risk. We examined the effects of flaxseed consumption on urinary estrogen metabolite excretion in postmenopausal women. Twenty-eight postmenopausal women were studied for three seven-week feeding periods in a randomized crossover design. During the feeding periods, subjects consumed their usual diets plus ground flaxseed (0, 5, or 10 g/day). Urinary excretion of the estrogen metabolites 2-hydroxyestrogen (2-OHEstrogen) and 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone (16 alpha-OHE1) as well as their ratio, 2/16 alpha-OHE1, was measured by enzyme immunoassay. Flaxseed supplementation significantly increased urinary 2-OHEstrogen excretion (p < 0.0005) and the urinary 2/16 alpha-OHE1 ratio (p < 0.05) in a linear, dose-response fashion. There were no significant differences in urinary 16 alpha-OHE1 excretion. These results suggest that flaxseed may have chemoprotective effects in postmenopausal women.
Penetration of Biocides into Biofilm (1991)

Penetration of three kinds of biocides into biofilm formed on the surface of PVC tubes was examined. Penetration depth curves reached a plateau in 2 hours or less. Penetration depth at the steady-state was dependent on external concentrations of the biocides in the fluids. Penetration depth was limited by decomposition of the biocides by biofilm, and the decomposing abilities were maintained even in the killed bacteria.
Roles of NO and Ca <sup>2+</sup> ‐activated K <sup>+</sup> channels in coronary vasodilation induced by 17β‐estradiol in ischemic heart failure (1997)

Estrogen induces the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and produces coronary vasodilation by opening the Ca2+-activated K+ (K[Ca]) channels. The hypothesis that 17beta-estradiol produces NO and activates K(Ca) channels during coronary hypoperfusion was investigated. In open-chest dogs, the left anterior descending coronary artery was perfused through an extracorporeal bypass tube from the left carotid artery. 17beta-Estradiol was infused into the bypass tube for 20 min after coronary blood flow was reduced by partial occlusion of the bypass tube. 17beta-Estradiol increased the difference in NO concentrations between the coronary venous and arterial blood as well as coronary blood flow. The lactate extraction ratio and pH of coronary venous blood were both also increased by 17beta-estradiol, indicating a reduction in myocardial anaerobic metabolism. Whereas the increase in the coronary arteriovenous difference in NO concentration was completely attenuated by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, an inhibitor of NO synthase), the increase in coronary blood flow induced by 17beta-estradiol was only partially attenuated by L-NAME. The combination of L-NAME and iberiotoxin (a blocker of high-conductance K(Ca) channels) completely abolished the coronary vasodilatory effect of 17beta-estradiol. The data indicate that during coronary hypoperfusion in canine hearts, 17beta-estradiol increases coronary blood flow and improves metabolic dysfunction by increasing NO release and opening K(Ca) channels.
Behavioral-Neurochemical Correlation in Reactive and Nonreactive Strains of Rats (1964)

Male and female rats of the Maudsley reactive and Maudsley nonreactive strains were tested in the open-field to obtain ambulation and defecation scores. They were later killed, and their brains were dissected into five portions and analyzed for serotonin. Males defecated more and ambulated less than females, and nonreactive males ambulated more and defecated less than reactive males. These behavioral differences were significant (p .05). A statistically significant difference was found for the amounts of serotonin in specific regions of the brain between males and females (males higher) and between reactive and nonreactive males (reactive higher). Significant negative correlations between serotonin values in specific regions of brain and ambulation scores were found in these animals viewed as a group or even within a given strain and sex.
PENet—a scalable deep-learning model for automated diagnosis of pulmonary embolism using volumetric CT imaging (2020)

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a life-threatening clinical problem and computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is the gold standard for diagnosis. Prompt diagnosis and immediate treatment are critical to avoid high morbidity and mortality rates, yet PE remains among the diagnoses most frequently missed or delayed. In this study, we developed a deep learning model-PENet, to automatically detect PE on volumetric CTPA scans as an end-to-end solution for this purpose. The PENet is a 77-layer 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) pretrained on the Kinetics-600 dataset and fine-tuned on a retrospective CTPA dataset collected from a single academic institution. The PENet model performance was evaluated in detecting PE on data from two different institutions: one as a hold-out dataset from the same institution as the training data and a second collected from an external institution to evaluate model generalizability to an unrelated population dataset. PENet achieved an AUROC of 0.84 [0.82-0.87] on detecting PE on the hold out internal test set and 0.85 [0.81-0.88] on external dataset. PENet also outperformed current state-of-the-art 3D CNN models. The results represent successful application of an end-to-end 3D CNN model for the complex task of PE diagnosis without requiring computationally intensive and time consuming preprocessing and demonstrates sustained performance on data from an external institution. Our model could be applied as a triage tool to automatically identify clinically important PEs allowing for prioritization for diagnostic radiology interpretation and improved care pathways via more efficient diagnosis.
Intermediate-Range Structure of Self-Assembled Cobalt-Based Oxygen-Evolving Catalyst (2013)

Continual improvements in solar-to-fuels catalysis require a genuine understanding of catalyst structure-function relationships, not only with respect to local order, but also intermediate-range structure. We report the X-ray pair distribution function analysis of the nanoscale order of an oxidic cobalt-based water-splitting catalyst and uncover an electrolyte dependence in the intermediate-range structure of catalyst films. Whereas catalyst films formed in borate electrolyte (CoB(i)) exhibit coherent domains consisting of 3-4 nm cobaltate clusters with up to three layers, films deposited in phosphate electrolyte (CoP(i)) comprise significantly smaller clusters that are not coherently stacked. These structural insights are correlated with marked differences in activity between CoP(i) and CoB(i) films.
Impact of Deep N-well Implantation on Substrate Noise Coupling and RF Transistor Performance for Systems-on-a-Chip Integration (2002)

This paper reviews the merits of incorporating deep n-well implantation in state-of-the-art CMOS technologies to address mixed-mode coupling in integrated circuits. The deep n-well architecture, coupled with novel body biasing techniques and the use of p+ guard ring, have resulted in a maximum of 35 dB reduction in substrate noise at 100 MHz. Furthermore the deep n-well implantation does not impact the dc, ac, rf and noise performance of the multi-fingered transistor, hence allowing model consistency with the standard well multi-fingered transistor.
IN‐SITU ANALYSIS OF CALCITONIN AND CGRP EXPRESSION IN MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA (1990)

A combination of immunocytochemistry (ICC) and in-situ hybridization (ISH) applied to formalin-fixed tissue sections was used to analyse the differential expression of calcitonin and CGRP genes, at both peptide and mRNA levels, in normal and neoplastic human thyroid C cells. Calcitonin peptide was readily detectable in normal C cells but its abundance in the neoplastic C cells of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) was reduced in correlation with the degree of tumour differentiation. Conversely, the content of calcitonin mRNA was higher in MTC than in normal C cells and was not significantly related to tumour differentiation. Both the peptide and mRNA of CGRP were present at much lower levels than those of calcitonin in normal C cells but were increased in neoplastic C cells. We conclude that neoplasia of thyroid C cells is associated with (i) an increase in the content of CGRP mRNA and peptide relative to that of calcitonin, consistent with a defect in control of transcript processing, and (ii) a decrease in the ratio of calcitonin peptide to mRNA abundance relative to the normal, suggesting a defect in synthesis or storage of the peptide. ISH analysis of calcitonin mRNA may therefore be a very valuable addition to ICC analysis of the peptide as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for MTC.