gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cytotoxicity of Graphene Oxide and Graphene in Human Erythrocytes and Skin Fibroblasts (2011)

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials, including graphene oxide and graphene, are potential candidates for biomedical applications such as sensors, cell labeling, bacterial inhibition, and drug delivery. Herein, we explore the biocompatibility of graphene-related materials with controlled physical and chemical properties. The size and extent of exfoliation of graphene oxide sheets was varied by sonication intensity and time. Graphene sheets were obtained from graphene oxide by a simple (hydrazine-free) hydrothermal route. The particle size, morphology, exfoliation extent, oxygen content, and surface charge of graphene oxide and graphene were characterized by wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta-potential. One method of toxicity assessment was based on measurement of the efflux of hemoglobin from suspended red blood cells. At the smallest size, graphene oxide showed the greatest hemolytic activity, whereas aggregated graphene sheets exhibited the lowest hemolytic activity. Coating graphene oxide with chitosan nearly eliminated hemolytic activity. Together, these results demonstrate that particle size, particulate state, and oxygen content/surface charge of graphene have a strong impact on biological/toxicological responses to red blood cells. In addition, the cytotoxicity of graphene oxide and graphene sheets was investigated by measuring mitochondrial activity in adherent human skin fibroblasts using two assays. The methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, a typical nanotoxicity assay, fails to predict the toxicity of graphene oxide and graphene toxicity because of the spontaneous reduction of MTT by graphene and graphene oxide, resulting in a false positive signal. However, appropriate alternate assessments, using the water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-8), trypan blue exclusion, and reactive oxygen species assay reveal that the compacted graphene sheets are more damaging to mammalian fibroblasts than the less densely packed graphene oxide. Clearly, the toxicity of graphene and graphene oxide depends on the exposure environment (i.e., whether or not aggregation occurs) and mode of interaction with cells (i.e., suspension versus adherent cell types).
Eye-diagram measurement of 100 Gbit/s optical signal using optical sampling (1996)

Precise waveform measurement of optical short pulses is one of the key techniques in realizing ultrahigh-speed optical time-division-multiplexed (TDM) transmission systems. In particular, eye-diagram measurement is indispensable for the evaluation of transmission characteristics because it measures the waveforms of randomly modulated signals. The eye-diagram (randomly modulated waveform) of a 100 Gbit/s optical signal is successfully measured by using sum-frequency-generation optical sampling with 0.9 ps temporal resolution and more than 17 dB signal-to-noise ratio. The authors' optical sampling method off-sets the low SNR of the measured waveform by employing an organic nonlinear crystal (AANP: 2-adamantylamino-5-nitropyridine) and by amplifying sampling pulses by over 200 W.
REQUIREMENTS FOR APPLICATION OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LEDS) TO TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNALS (1995)

The incandescent lamps which are presently used for traffic signals are inefficient compared to other light sources. Maintenance costs are high for these lamps and the light output degrades as the lamp ages. These problems, plus the ever increasing cost of energy, justify considering other light sources. One alternative is light emitting diodes (LEDs). Before existing incandescent lamps are replaced by LEDs, it is necessary to show that LED signals will meet applicable standards for color and intensity, not adversely affect the safety of operations of the roadway, and be economically advantageous. NCHRP Project 5-12 was initiated in response to this need. The objective of the research was to determine the feasibility and implementation potential of LEDs. The project found that red and Portland orange (pedestrian) LED signals are currently feasible.
An audio-visual approach to measuring discourse synchrony in multimodal conversation data (2009)

This paper describes recent work on the automatic extraction of visual and audio parameters relating to the detection of synchrony in discourse, and to the modelling of active listening for advanced speech technology. It reports findings based on image processing that reliably identify the strong entrainment between members of a group conversation, and describes techniques for the extraction and analysis of such information.
Multicellular tumor spheroids from human gliomas maintained in organ culture (1990)

Tumor tissue from seven human gliomas was maintained in long-term agar overlay culture as multicellular organotypic spheroids. Light microscopic and ultrastructural observation of the spheroids displayed morphological features similar to those of the original tumor tissue in vivo; in this respect they were different from spheroids obtained from permanent cell lines. The spheroids contained preserved vessels, connective tissue, and macrophages, revealing a close resemblance to the conditions in the original tumor. Flow cytometric deoxyribonucleic acid measurements of cells from the tumor spheroids and from biopsy material obtained directly from the operation revealed the same ploidy and the same amount of proliferating cells in the spheroids as in the original tumor. Fluorescence microscopy using bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) incorporation and anti-BUdR monoclonal antibody confirmed the proliferative potential of tumor cells in the spheroids. Diameter measurements showed that the size of the spheroids from two of the tumors increased over time while in three other cases it decreased. Spheroids from the remaining two tumors showed no change in size, even after 80 days in culture. These growth data and the relatively high number of proliferating cells, as measured by flow cytometry, indicate that the degree of cell proliferation and cell loss from the spheroids are closely linked, as is the case for tumors in vivo. The culture system presented provides a valuable alternative to propagation of human tumors in animals.
Embryo Vaccination of Specific-Pathogen-Free Chickens with Infectious Bursal Disease Virus: Tissue Distribution of the Vaccine Virus and Protection of Hatched Chickens against Disease (1986)

Vaccination of specific-pathogen-free chickens as 18-day embryos with the BVM isolate of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) resulted in extensive replication of the vaccine virus in the embryonic tissues. The virus was recovered from lung, thymus, proventriculus, liver, kidney, and spleen of embryos 1 day postvaccination, and recoverable virus persisted for at least 7 days. Replication and spread of the vaccine virus in chickens vaccinated as 18-day embryos was compared with that in chickens vaccinated at hatch. Distribution of the virus in tissues was more extensive, virus levels in tissues were generally higher, and detectable virus persisted longer in chickens vaccinated as 18-day embryos than in those vaccinated at hatch. Effective vaccine response could be initiated with 6.2 median embryo lethal doses, the lowest dose tested. Chickens immunized as embryos developed neutralizing antibody against IBDV and resisted challenge with pathogenic IBDV at 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks of age.
Experimental study of HPS lamp ignition by using LC network resonance (2003)

This paper presents a study of the HPS lamp behavior before ignition is achieved. The voltage generated by a LC network is applied to the lamp leads using the soft-start-up method. Modifications of the off state lamp equivalent resistance are observed when applying different ignition sequences. From the experiments, a breakdown characteristic is defined.
Training a Dialogue Act Tagger for human-human and human-computer travel dialogues (2002)

While dialogue acts provide a useful schema for characterizing dialogue behaviors in human-computer and human-human dialogues, their utility is limited by the huge effort involved in hand-labelling dialogues with a dialogue act labelling scheme. In this work, we examine whether it is possible to fully automate the tagging task with the goal of enabling rapid creation of corpora for evaluating spoken dialogue systems and comparing them to human-human dialogues. We report results for training and testing an automatic classifier to label the information provider's utterances in spoken human-computer and human-human dialogues with DATE (Dialogue Act Tagging for Evaluation) dialogue act tags. We train and test the DATE tagger on various combinations of the DARPA Communicator June-2000 and October-2001 human-computer corpora, and the CMU human-human corpus in the travel planning domain. Our results show that we can achieve high accuracies on the human-computer data, and surprisingly, that the human-computer data improves accuracy on the human-human data, when only small amounts of human-human training data are available.
Temporal and spatial distribution of TGF-beta isoforms and signaling intermediates in corneal regenerative wound repair. (2009)

The present study analyzed the temporal and spatial expression of TGF-beta isoforms and activated pSmad2 and p38MAPK during epithelial debridement wound repair, using chick cornea by immunohistochemistry. Normal corneas showed low-level TGF-betas staining. Following wounding, TGF-beta1 expression was strong in the Bowman's layer (BL). TGF-beta3 expression was confined to basal cells in the regenerating and unwounded regions, and was not detected in migrating epithelial, stromal or endothelial cells. In addition, TGF-beta3 treatment stimulated the proliferation of cultured epithelial cells. Our present findings seem to suggest that the TGF-beta3 signal may be required for epithelial cell proliferation. TGF-beta2 expression was strong in migrating and proliferating epithelial cells, many active migrating fibroblasts at the wound edge, endothelial cells and Descemet's membrane (DM). Although both nuclear pSmad2 and p38MAPK staining was observed in many basal epithelial cells, pSmad2 positive cells were co-localized with PCNA positive cells. Therefore, it seems likely that the pSmad2 signal may affect epithelial cell proliferation in healing corneas. Both pSmad2 and p38MAPK expression were also observed in endothelial cells. Interestingly, many active fibroblasts over the whole stroma in early wound healing at day 2 expressed nuclear pSmad2, but little if any cytoplasmic p38MAPK. Collectively, temporal/spatial up-regulation and distribution of the three TGF-beta isoforms, as well as concerted activation of both Smad2 and p38MAPK, appears to be a key aspect of regenerative corneal wound healing in the chick.
Management of Unpaved Road Networks on Opencast Mines (1999)

In surface mining operations, ultra-heavy-haul trucks apply axle loads in excess of 200 t, but the daily load repetitions are low. Road networks for these vehicles have historically been designed empirically, relying heavily on local experience. Increasing vehicle sizes have resulted in unwarranted deformations and excessive maintenance requirements. There was thus a need to consider the transportation problem holistically, taking into account construction and maintenance costs as well as vehicle operating costs. Most opencast mines in South Africa are private endeavors, and all savings will benefit the company. A research project was undertaken in South Africa to develop a management system that takes into account different design factors. The various components of the management system are presented, and the value of its application is demonstrated through case studies. The structural design system, the pavement deterioration system, and the maintenance effectiveness are discussed. The components are then combined to provide total transportation costs and the appropriate maintenance regime to minimize total transportation cost. The system has been applied on several mines, and distinct benefits have been derived. The improved structural design of a new road resulted in a 29 percent savings in construction costs, compared with the tendered price of the empirically designed structure. In addition, improved wet weather trafficabililty was noted. Mines have also used the system as a motivation for improved maintenance equipment and strategies because significant benefits were apparent from the adoption of the maintenance management system.
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (2006)

In this issue of Seminars, we have assembled an internationally renowned group of clinicians and scientists to discuss current controversies and evolving concepts in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Over the past 5 years, the implementation of an improved classification system of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) has helped to define subgroups of non-IPF patients who carry more favorable prognoses and are more likely to respond to currently available therapies.[1] IPF, the most common of the IIPs, remains enigmatic and no effective therapies currently exist. Our panel of experts outlines current concepts and controversies regarding pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of patients with IPF.
Vitamin C suppresses oxidative lipid damage in vivo, even in the presence of iron overload (2000)

Ascorbate is a strong antioxidant; however, it can also act as a prooxidant in vitro by reducing transition metals. To investigate the in vivo relevance of this prooxidant activity, we performed a study using guinea pigs fed high or low ascorbate doses with or without prior loading with iron dextran. Iron-loaded animals gained less weight and exhibited increased plasma beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase activity, a marker of tissue lysosomal membrane damage, compared with control animals. The iron-loaded animals fed the low ascorbate dose had decreased plasma alpha-tocopherol levels and increased plasma levels of triglycerides and F(2)-isoprostanes, specific and sensitive markers of in vivo lipid peroxidation. In contrast, the two groups of animals fed the high ascorbate dose had significantly lower hepatic F(2)-isoprostane levels than the groups fed the low ascorbate dose, irrespective of iron load. These data indicate that 1) ascorbate acts as an antioxidant toward lipids in vivo, even in the presence of iron overload; 2) iron loading per se does not cause oxidative lipid damage but is associated with growth retardation and tissue damage, both of which are not affected by vitamin C; and 3) the combination of iron loading with a low ascorbate status causes additional pathophysiological changes, in particular, increased plasma triglycerides.
The Nose–Hoover thermostat (1985)

We derive equilibrium fluctuation expressions for the linear response of many body systems thermostated by the Nose–Hoover thermostat. We show that in the thermodynamic limit this response is the same as that of the corresponding Gaussian isothermal system. Numerical comparisons for shear flow show however that the Gaussian methods provide a significantly more efficient means of calculating the shear viscosity coefficient.
Automatic Rib Segmentation in Chest CT Volume Data (2012)

An automatic segmentation method for extraction of human rib structures from chest CT volume data is presented. Segmentation is initiated from the middle coronal slice to attain complete and isolated 12 pairs of ribs with a recursive tracking on coronal slices spreading from the middle coronal slice. At each coronal slice, the lung contours are extracted, candidate rib regions are derived from thresholding, and refined by adding constraints on shape and location with respect to the lung contour and centroids of rib regions of the former coronal slice. Anatomical and radiological prior knowledge has been explored to ignore those rib regions connected to spine for breaking the connection with spine. Appropriate thresholds are chosen so that lung regions can be binarized, the cartilage connecting ribs and sternum are binarized as background to break the connection between the sternum and ribs. Our method is tested on 15 CT data sets. Experiments show that radiologists are satisfied with the extracted rib regions on coronal slices, and only those rib regions connected to spine are discarded (5.5% of all 2D rib regions). The method provides a foundation for further investigation on computer-aided diagnosis of rib fractures.
P-Type Carbon-Doped InGaAs Grown by Metalorganic Molecular Beam Epitaxy (1991)

Carbon-doped In x Ga 1- x As layers ( x =0∼0.96) were grown by metalorganic molecular beam epitaxy (MOMBE) using trimethylgallium (TMG), solid arsenic (As 4 ) and solid indium (In) as sources of Ga, As and In, respectively. The growth temperature and the indium beam flux strongly affect carrier concentration, and the growth temperature also affects the indium molar fraction of the In x Ga 1- x As layers grown even with the fixed indium beam flux. The hole concentration decreases with increasing indium molar fraction from 0 to 0.8, and then the conduction type changes from the p to n type at x =0.8. Hole concentrations of 1.0×10 19 and 1.2×10 18 cm -3 are obtained for x =0.3 and 0.54, respectively. These values are significantly higher than those reported for carbon-doped In x Ga 1- x As by MBE.
Prognosis of acute pancreatitis. (1995)

The prognosis of an individual attack of acute pancreatitis is dependent on its severity and whether or not sepsis develops in or around the pancreas. Approximately 20-25% of patients with acute pancreatitis have a severe form of the disease which usually necessitates high dependency or intensive care management in the first week or two of illness. While most of these patients can readily be identified by experienced clinical judgement a proportion of them do not appear unduly ill at first presentation. For this reason a number of objective grading systems have been devised which identified the group of patients with the greatest likelihood of developing major complications and being at risk of death. The most commonly utilised systems in the United Kingdom are the eight factor Glasgow scoring scale and the APACHE II system. The measurement of C-reactive protein is also helpful and it has recently been shown that the combining of the Glasgow scoring system with CRP results in 80% or better sensitivity and specificity for those who develop major clinical complications. The body mass index (BMI) when over 30 kgs/m2 is also a useful marker of an adverse outcome, and CT scanning is another method of grading severity. The newer markers of interleukin 6 and PMN elastase have yet to be proved in a large prospective clinical study but do show considerable promise as being of value in identifying the patient at risk.
The determination of organic peroxides (1929)

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.
A Photoelectric Instrument for Direct Spectrochemical Analysis (1945)

A direct reading spectrometer for spectrochemical analysis, combining great speed, simplicity of operation, and exceptionally good analytical results, is described. The grating spectrometer is equipped with eleven electron multiplier photo-tubes allowing the determination of ten elements using the internal standard method. The light intensities are integrated over a sparking period of 20 seconds by storing the photo-currents in suitable condensers. Direct-current amplifiers of novel design perform the function of measuring the stored charges, and the results are recorded on a strip chart of electrical marking paper. A method is discussed for making a background correction which materially increases the sensitivity and accuracy for trace elements. Analytical results having a standard deviation of the order of 2 percent of the amount present on alloying constituents are regularly obtained by routine operators.
Immune enhancement in mice by ara-A. (1983)

Ara-A in single, apparently nontoxic doses stimulates murine immune responses to several well-defined antigens. Both humoral and cell-mediated responses are enhanced by ara-A, but not all mouse strains respond equally well. In certain mouse strains, ara-A also promotes increased (or decreased) survival during experimental infection with Cryptococcus neoformans, suggesting that clinically significant effects on host resistance may result from the use of ara-A as an antiviral therapeutic agent. The biochemical mechanisms of action of the aranucleosides suggest that the immunostimulation produced by ara-A depends on suppressor cell toxicity.
The Enumeration of Maximal Cliques of Large Graphs (1973)

An algorithm for enumerating maximal cliques (complete subgraphs) is proposed. The aim is to deal with the difficulties caused by the size of the problem.MSC codesAlgorithmscliqueenumerationgraph
Toll‐like receptors: the swiss army knife of immunity and vaccine development (2016)

Innate immune cells have a critical role in defense against infection and disease. Central to this is the broad specificity with which they can detect pathogen-associated patterns and danger-associated patterns via the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) they express. Several families of PRRs have been identified including: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors. TLRs are one of the most largely studied families of PRRs. The binding of ligands to TLRs on antigen presenting cells (APCs), mainly dendritic cells, leads to APC maturation, induction of inflammatory cytokines and the priming of naive T cells to drive acquired immunity. Therefore, activation of TLRs promotes both innate inflammatory responses and the induction of adaptive immunity. Consequently, in the last two decades mounting evidence has inextricably linked TLR activation with the pathogenesis of immune diseases and cancer. It has become advantageous to harness these aspects of TLR signaling therapeutically to accelerate and enhance the induction of vaccine-specific responses and also target TLRs with the use of biologics and small molecule inhibitors for the treatment of disease. In these respects, TLRs may be considered a 'Swiss Army' knife of the immune system, ready to respond in a multitude of infectious and disease states. Here we describe the latest advances in TLR-targeted therapeutics and the use of TLR ligands as vaccine adjuvants.
<title>Image analysis techniques applied to 2D and 3D seismic data</title> (1994)

This presentation will demonstrate the use of image processing technology applied to seismic interpretation. Two sets of tools are available for this purpose: (1) Processes to improve the perception of geological attributes of the seismic image. (2) Processes to extract, analyze and quantify information to construct geological models. These tools reproduce the intuitive work performed by the interpreter during the elaboration of a geological model (visualization, analysis, recognition and extraction of information). Our objective is to facilitate routine tasks, and not to replace the interpreter in his specific functions. It must be noted however that the distinction between routine and special tasks is constantly evolving. In an operational environment, three criteria must be met for these tools to be accepted: reliability, speed of execution and cost effectiveness.
Spontaneous vitrification in the Au–Ta system with a small size difference (1995)

Spontaneous vitrification was observed in the Au–Ta system, although the atomic size difference between Au and Ta is very small. It was found that among the various compositions studied, vitrification was only achieved at a composition of around Au23Ta77. Comparative data were obtained by ion mixing of Au–Ta multilayered films to support the spontaneous vitrification results. The amorphization mechanism was discussed in terms of competition between the amorphous phase against the nucleation and growth of the existing equilibrium compound, which explained the favorable composition range as well as the thermal stability of the obtained amorphous alloy.