gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Apoptosis in HIV-1 Infection. (1996)

We have studied apoptosis in lymph node and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV-infected children and adults and SIV-infected rhesus macaques. In lymph nodes, we found that apoptosis and productive infection occurred only rarely in the same cell. There was, however, a direct correlation between the numbers of apoptotic and productively-infected cells. In HIV-infected children, we found a direct correlation between disease severity and percentage CD4+ T cell apoptosis (p = 0.001). Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell apoptosis were directly related to CD4+ T cell depletion (p = 0.006 and p = 0.01, respectively). In addition, we found a trend towards diminished CD4+ T cell apoptosis on anti-retroviral agents. These findings suggest that apoptosis of uninfected cells may be important in HIV pathogenesis and that measurement of apoptosis may be a useful marker of disease activity.
Motion-Based Generators for Industrial Applications (2007)

Scaling down of electronic systems has generated a large interest in the research on miniature energy sources. In this paper a closer look is given to the use of vibration based scavengers in industrial environments, where waste energy is abundantly available as engine related vibrations or large amplitude motions. The modeling of mechanical generators resulted in the design and realization of two prototypes, based on electromagnetic and electrostatic conversion of energy. Although the prototypes are not yet optimized against size and efficiency, a power of 0.3 mW has been generated in a 5 Hz motion with a 0.5 meter amplitude.
619. The oxidation of cyclohexanol and related compounds with bromine (1964)

I. R. L. Barker, W. G. Overend and C. W. Rees, J. Chem. Soc., 1964, 3263 DOI: 10.1039/JR9640003263
A Human-Centered Evaluation of a Deep Learning System Deployed in Clinics for the Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy (2020)

Deep learning algorithms promise to improve clinician workflows and patient outcomes. However, these gains have yet to be fully demonstrated in real world clinical settings. In this paper, we describe a human-centered study of a deep learning system used in clinics for the detection of diabetic eye disease. From interviews and observation across eleven clinics in Thailand, we characterize current eye-screening workflows, user expectations for an AI-assisted screening process, and post-deployment experiences. Our findings indicate that several socio-environmental factors impact model performance, nursing workflows, and the patient experience. We draw on these findings to reflect on the value of conducting humancentered evaluative research alongside prospective evaluations of model accuracy.
A Simplified Min-Sum Decoding Algorithm for Non-Binary LDPC Codes (2012)

Non-binary low-density parity-check codes are robust to various channel impairments. However, based on the existing decoding algorithms, the decoder implementations are expensive because of their excessive computational complexity and memory usage. Based on the combinatorial optimization, we present an approximation method for the check node processing. The simulation results demonstrate that our scheme has small performance loss over the additive white Gaussian noise channel and independent Rayleigh fading channel. Furthermore, the proposed reduced-complexity realization provides significant savings on hardware, so it yields a good performance-complexity tradeoff and can be efficiently implemented.
Review of Current Theories for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Pathogenesis (2009)

Atherosclerotic plaques are a feature of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Atherosclerosis and AAA appear to share similar risk factors. These observations have led to the conclusion that AAAs are a consequence of advanced atherosclerosis.This review explores current theories regarding the pathogenesis of AAA and their implications for treatment.A systematic literature search was conducted using the search terms abdominal aortic aneurysm, atherosclerosis, pathogenesis, and systemic disease. Articles were categorized according to the association of AAAs with atherosclerosis, arteriomegaly, peripheral aneurysm, systemic expression, genetics, autoimmunity, oxidative stress, and systemic disease. Twenty-nine articles reporting changes in the systemic vasculature associated with AAA and 12 articles examining the shared risk factor hypothesis were identified.There is insufficient evidence to confirm that AAAs are the result of advanced atherosclerosis. The bulk of evidence points to AAA disease being a systemic disease of the vasculature, with a predetermined genetic susceptibility leading to a phenotype governed by environmental factors.
COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS FOR IMPROVING ROUTE PLANNING IN AGRICULTURAL FIELD OPERATIONS (2012)

In farming operation, machinery represents a major cost; therefore, good fleet management can have a great impact on the producer’s profit, especially considering the increasing costs of fuel and production inputs in recent years. One of the tasks to be accomplished in order to improve fleet management is planning the path that the machine should take to cover the field while working. Information such as distance traveled, time and fuel consumption as well as agricultural inputs wasted due to off-target-application areas are crucial in the path planning process. Parameters such as field boundary size and geometry, machine total width as well as control width resolution present a great impact on the information necessary for path planning. Researchers around the world have proposed methods that approach specific aspects related to path planning, the majority addressing machine field efficiency per-se, which a function of total time spent in the field as well as effective working time. However, wasted inputs due to off-target-application areas in the maneuvering regions, especially in oddly shaped agricultural fields might be as important as field efficiency when it comes down to the total operation cost. Thus, the main purpose of this research was to develop a path planning method that accounts for not only machinery field efficiency, but also the supply inputs. This research was accomplished in a threefold approach where in the first step an algorithm for computing off-target application area was developed, implemented and validated resulting in a computational tool that can be used to evaluate potential savings when using automatic section control on agricultural fields of complex field boundary. This tool allowed accomplishment of the second step, which was an investigation and better understanding of field size and shape as well as machine width of the effects on off-target application areas resulting in an empirical method for such estimations based on object shape descriptors. Finally, a path planning algorithm was developed and evaluated taking into consideration the aspects of machine field efficiency as well as off-target application areas.
Infinitesimal perturbation analysis of discrete event dynamic systems: A general theory (1983)

We give a rigorous extension of the perturbation analysis approach to more general Discrete Event Dynamic Systems (DEDS). For a fairly general class of DEDS, and for certain parameters and performance measures of such DEDS, an infinitesimal perturbation analysis algorithm is stated. It is then proved that this algorithm gives exact values for the gradients of performance w.r.t. the parameters, by observing only one sample-path of the DEDS. This enables very efficient calculation of these gradients: a fact that can be used for design/operation of manufacturing systems, communication networks, and many other real-world systems.
Organic Reactions in Water: A Practical and Convenient Method for the N-Formylation of Amines in Water (2010)

A simple, efficient, scaleable process has been developed for the N-formylation amines in water. Treatment of amines with triethyl orthoformate in water at reflux under neutral conditions without any additives gives the corresponding N-formyl derivatives in good yields.
Curcumin induces human HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cell apoptosis by activating p53 and regulating apoptosis-related protein expression (2005)

Curcumin, a major yellow pigment and active component of turmeric, has multiple anti-cancer properties. However, its molecular targets and mechanisms of action on human colon adenocarcinoma cells are unknown. In the present study, we examined the effects of curcumin on the proliferation of human colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method and confirmed the curcumin-induced apoptosis by morphology and DNA ladder formation. At the same time, p53, phospho-p53 (Ser15), and other apoptosis-related proteins such as Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, pro-caspase-3, and pro-caspase-9 were determined by Western blot analysis. The colon adenocarcinoma cells were treated with curcumin (0-75 microM) for 0-24 h. We observed that p53 was highly expressed in HT-29 cells and curcumin could up-regulate the serine phosphorylation of p53 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. An increase in expression of the pro-apoptotic factor Bax and a decrease in expression of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 were also observed in a time-dependent manner after exposure of 50 microM curcumin, while the expression of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-xL was unchanged. Curcumin could also down-regulate the expression of pro-caspase-3 and pro-caspase-9 in a time-dependent manner. These data suggest a possible underlying molecular mechanism whereby curcumin could induce the apoptosis signaling pathway in human HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells by p53 activation and by the regulation of apoptosis-related proteins. This property of curcumin suggests that it could have a possible therapeutic potential in colon adenocarcinoma patients.
Design of efficient balanced codes (1994)

All words in a balanced code have equal number of ones and zeros. Denote by DC(n,k) a balanced (or dc-free) code of length n, and 2/sup k/ code words. We design an efficient DC(k+r, k) code with k=2/sup r+1//spl minus/0.8/spl radic/(r/spl minus/2). These codes are optimal up to the construction method, introduced by D.E. Knuth (1986).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Direct and Efficient Synthesis of 5′-Deoxy-2′, 3′- (1991)

Abstract A direct and efficient synthesis of 5′-deoxy-2′,3′-O-isopropylideneinosine, 7, from readily available inosine is described. An example of a potentially general synthesis of N -substituted-5′-deoxyadenosines from 7 is also described.
Effect of bluff body shape on vortex flow meter performance (2004)

Frequency of shedding vortices in the wake of a bluff body is used to measure the flow rate in vortex flowmeters. A smooth bluff body shape may not generate stable vortices and needs sharp edges for the consistency of pulsed output. However, such bluff bodies give higher-pressure loss and drag force and therefore a need exists for optimising the body shape. In the present work, the flow over various body shapes in a pipe have been analysed using computational fluid dynamics to study the effect of body shape on pressure loss and drag coefficient. It is observed that the body shape with sharp comers have higher-pressure loss and drag compared to the cylindrical one. However, a triangular body shape with splitter plate or diamond shape has low coefficients of permanent pressure loss and drags compared to the other sharp cornered bodies and hence are better suited for use in the vortex flowmeters.
Synthesis of putative precursors of ecdysone. Part 3. Synthesis of 3β, 14α, 25-trihydroxy-5β-cholest-7-en-6-one (1988)

We describe here the first synthesis of 2, 22-dideoxyecdysone (3)(3β, 14α, 25-trihydroxy-5β-cholest-7en-6-one), a putative precursor in the biosynthesis of ecdysone (1). All the intermediates synthesized have a cis junction of the A/B rings (5β-H configuration).
Global positioning system: a new opportunity in physical activity measurement (2009)

Accurate measurement of physical activity is a pre-requisite to monitor population physical activity levels and design effective interventions. Global Positioning System (GPS) technology offers potential to improve the measurement of physical activity. This paper 1) reviews the extant literature on the application of GPS to monitor human movement, with a particular emphasis on free-living physical activity, 2) discusses issues associated with GPS use, and 3) provides recommendations for future research. Overall findings show that GPS is a useful tool to augment our understanding of physical activity by providing the context (location) of the activity and used together with Geographical Information Systems can provide some insight into how people interact with the environment. However, no studies have shown that GPS alone is a reliable and valid measure of physical activity.
Rhinovirus infection results in stronger and more persistent genomic dysregulation: Evidence for altered innate immune response in asthmatics at baseline, early in infection, and during convalescence (2017)

As judged by the magnitude and persistence of dysregulated genes, asthmatics have a substantially different host response to HRV-A16 infection compared with non-asthmatic controls. Gene expression differences illuminate biologically plausible mechanisms that contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of HRV-induced asthma exacerbations.
Ratings in Distributed Systems: A Bayesian Approach (2002)

For distributed systems at large and e-commerce systems in particular, ratings play an increasingly important role. Ratings confer reputation measures about sources. This paper reports our formalization of the rating process. This paper argues that ratings should be context- and individual- dependent quantities. In contrast to existing rating systems in many e-commerce or developer sites, our approach makes use of personalized and contextualized ratings for assessing source reputation. Our approach is based on a Bayesian probabilistic framework.
240-Gb/s polarization-multiplexed 64-QAM modulation and blind detection using PLC-LN hybrid integrated modulator and digital coherent receiver (2009)

We demonstrate 240-Gb/s 64-QAM signal modulation and detection. 20-Gbaud 64-QAM signals are generated employing hybrid integration of silica PLCs and LiNbO 3 phase modulators, and demodulated with a digital coherent receiver without using any pilot signals.
Stoffwechselprodukte von Mikroorganismen 143. Mitteilung. Echinocandin B, ein neuartiges Polypeptid‐Antibioticum aus <i>Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus</i>: Isolierung und Bausteine (1974)

From a strain of Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus , A 32204, echinocandin, a novel polypeptide antibiotic complex with high and specific anti‐yeast activity was isolated. The main component, echinocandin B, was separated by counter‐current distribution. A tentative molecular formula C 52 H 81 N 7 O 18 is discussed. The antibiotic is characterized by its IR. and NMR. spectra and by its characteristic hydrolytic degradation products: linoilic acid, L ‐4‐hydroxyproline, L ‐4‐oxoproline, (2 S , 3 S , 4 S )‐4‐methyl‐3‐hydroxy‐proline, L ‐threonine (2 mols), and 1‐( p ‐hydroxyphenyl)‐3‐amino‐propan‐2‐one.
Dynamics of Immature Secretory Granules: Role of Cytoskeletal Elements during Transport, Cortical Restriction, and F-Actin-dependent Tethering (2001)

Secretory granules store neuropeptides and hormones and exhibit regulated exocytosis upon appropriate cellular stimulation. They are generated in the trans-Golgi network as immature secretory granules, short-lived vesicular intermediates, which undergo a complex and poorly understood maturation process. Due to their short half-life and low abundance, real-time studies of immature secretory granules have not been previously possible. We describe here a pulse/chase-like system based on the expression of a human chromogranin B-GFP fusion protein in neuroendocrine PC12 cells, which permits direct visualization of the budding of immature secretory granules and their dynamics during maturation. Live cell imaging revealed that newly formed immature secretory granules are transported in a direct and microtubule-dependent manner within a few seconds to the cell periphery. Our data suggest that the cooperative action of microtubules and actin filaments restricts immature secretory granules to the F-actin-rich cell cortex, where they move randomly and mature completely within a few hours. During this maturation period, secretory granules segregate into pools of different motility. In a late phase of maturation, 60% of secretory granules were found to be immobile and about half of these underwent F-actin-dependent tethering.
Inactivation and Inhibition of Replication of the Enveloped Bacteriophage φ6 by Fatty Acids (1977)

The enveloped bacteriophage phi6 has been shown to be an interesting model system for the study of chemical agents that might have specific antiviral effects against lipid-containing mammalian viruses. In this report, we describe two types of antiviral activity exhibited by several fatty acids against bacteriophage phi6. Oleic acid (18:1) and palmitoleic acid (16:1) were potent inactivators of the virus. Treatment with either fatty acid at 50 mug/ml at 25 or 0 degrees C for 30 min reduced the virus titer to about 0.1% of the initial titer. Oleic acid at a concentration as low as 3 mug/ml ( approximately 10(-2) mM) reduced the virus titer to <1% of the initial titer within 30 min. Ultracentrifugation analyses of (14)C-amino acid- and (32)P-labeled virus treated with oleic acid indicated that the virion is largely disassembled by the treatment. Myristic acid (14:0) and palmitic acid (16:0) did not inactivate phi6 at 50 mug/ml, but nevertheless did prevent phi6 plaque production. Single-step virus growth experiments in which fatty acid was added at various times before or after infection indicated that it was an early stage of the phi6 replication cycle that was inhibited by the presence of myristic acid and that the inhibition occurred only if the myristic acid concentration in the extracellular growth medium was greater, similar10 mug/ml. phi6 could attach to its host cell in the presence of myristic acid at 50 mug/ml. We conclude that the fatty acids that prevent phi6 replication probably do so by interfering with the entry of the viral genome into the host cell.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 Modulates Genes that Maintain the Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype in Culture (2001)

In musculoskeletal disorders in which the vasculature plays an important role, BMP-7 may be of benefit as an anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative agent for vascular endothelium and help maintain vascular integrity.
Evaluating Tear Film Stability in the Human Eye With High-Speed Videokeratoscopy (2005)

High-speed videokeratoscopy (HSV) is an emerging technology that has the potential to acquire information on the dynamics of corneal topography and tear-film behavior. We show that the surface regularity and asymmetry indices, which are traditionally used for characterizing the stability of precorneal tear film, have limitations in the context of HSV because they are highly sensitive to natural ocular microfluctuations. To overcome this problem, we propose a new microfluctuation-independent surface indicator. It is based on the root-mean-square of the error of the parametric model fit to the surface. Further, we develop techniques for estimating the tear film build-up and break-up times. The tear film build-up time estimator is based on the proposed RMS fit surface indicator while the tear film break-up time estimator is derived directly from a set of consecutive HSV digital images, without the need for estimating the resulting corneal surface.
Antioxidant supplementation decreases oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes. (1996)

The association between high intake of fruit and vegetables and low incidence of certain cancers is well established. Dietary antioxidants present in these foods are thought to decrease free radical attack on DNA and hence to protect against mutations that cause cancer, but this causal mechanism remains conjectural. We have adopted a molecular epidemiological approach to this question, based on a modified alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis assay ("comet assay") which specifically detects oxidation of pyrimidines in the DNA of human lymphocytes. In a survey of men 50-59 years of age living in the northeast of Scotland, smokers initially showed significantly more base damage than nonsmokers. Correlations between oxidative base damage and plasma concentrations of various antioxidants were generally negative but not statistically significant. Supplementation of the diet for 20 weeks with vitamin C (100 mg/day), vitamin E (280 mg/day), and beta-carotene (25 mg/day) resulted in a highly significant (P < 0.002) decrease in endogenous oxidative base damage in the lymphocyte DNA of both smokers and nonsmokers. In addition, lymphocytes of antioxidant-supplemented subjects showed an increased resistance to oxidative damage when challenged in vitro with H2O2. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that fruit and vegetables exert a cancer-protective effect via a decrease in oxidative damage to DNA.
Targeting EpCAM (CD326) for immunotherapy in hepatoblastoma (2012)

Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common liver cancer in children. Recurrence of HB after chemotherapy and surgery is frequent among high-risk patients and is associated with chemoresistance. Immunotherapy may improve poor treatment outcomes in HB patients. Cytotoxic leukocytes of the innate and adaptive immune system including different populations of cytotoxic T cells play a major role in fighting developing tumors. In this setting, monoclonal antibodies may be employed to specifically direct immune responses toward tumor cells. We addressed this issue by using humanized antibodies that recognize the cell surface molecule EpCAM (CD326, overexpressed in hepatic tumor cells) to enhance immune responses against HB. EpCAM was constantly expressed on HB cells and its expression was independent of previous therapy based on the DNA-damaging agent cisplatin. Co-culture assays performed with two well-described HB cell lines and tumor tissue cultures demonstrated that tumor cell lysis by γδ T cells can be dramatically augmented by applying EpCAM-specific monoclonal antibodies. These data emphasize the value of antitumor immune responses and encourage adapting immunotherapeutic regimens to improve the outcome of high risk HB.
Multimodality Fusion with MRI, CT, and Ultrasound Contrast for Ablation of Renal Cell Carcinoma (2012)

Fusion technology with electromagnetic (EM) tracking enables navigation with multimodality feedback that lets the operator use different modalities during different parts of the image-guided procedure. This may be particularly helpful in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing kidney tumor ablation, in whom there is a desire to minimize or avoid nephrotoxic iodinated contrast exposure. EM tracking software merges and fuses different imaging modalities such as MRI, CT, and ultrasound and can also display the position of needles in real time in relation to preprocedure imaging, which may better define tumor targets than available intraoperative imaging. EM tracking was successfully used to ablate a poorly visualized renal tumor, through the combined use of CT, gadolinium-enhanced MR, and contrast-enhanced US imaging to localize the tumor.
Liquid Crystallinities of Some Homologous Series Having Bent Linkages–CO–,–O–,–S–, and –CH<sub>2</sub>– (1984)

Abstract Some related series of liquid crystalline materials having bent linkages–CO–,–O–,–S–, and –CH2– have been prepared. The thermal properties are discussed in geometrical and electronic terms of molecular structure.