gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Residence time and carbon dioxide scrubbing efficiency in life support systems. (1981)

Residence time affects the CO2 absorption rate and CO2 absorption capacity of different CO2 absorbents used in an enclosed space. For a given CO2 contents in the air stream at any given environmental condition, there is a corresponding residence time between CO2 and the absorbent which results in the maximum CO2 absorption efficiency. Different porosities for lithium hydroxide, Sodasorb, and Baralyme granules were studied. The residence time effects on the CO2 absorption patterns and CO2 absorption capacities were observed. Lithium hydroxide and the highest CO2 absorption capacity when the residence time was about 0.8 s. The CO2 absorption capacity of both Sodasorb and Baralyme was increased as residence time increased. However, when the residence time was less than 1.0 s, the CO2 absorption capacity of both absorbents was greatly reduced.
ICOS Contributes to T Cell Expansion in CTLA-4 Deficient Mice (2005)

Both CD28 and ICOS are important costimulatory molecules that promote Ag-specific cellular and humoral immune reactions. Whereas CD28 is generally thought to be the most important molecule in the initiation of a T cell response, ICOS is considered to act during the effector phase. We have investigated the contribution of ICOS to T cell responses in the absence of CTLA-4-mediated inhibition. Mice lacking CTLA-4, which show spontaneous CD28-mediated CD4(+) T cell activation, expansion and differentiation, were treated with antagonistic alphaICOS antibodies. Blocking the interaction between ICOS and its ligand B7RP-1 significantly reduced this aberrant T cell activation and caused a reduction in T cell numbers. In vitro analysis of CD4(+) T cells from treated mice revealed that ICOS blockade significantly reduced Th1 differentiation, while Th2 differentiation was only moderately inhibited. Further in vitro stimulation experiments demonstrated that ICOS is able to induce proliferation of murine CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells but only in the presence of IL-2. These results indicate that ICOS is not only important for T cell effector function but also contributes to the expansion phase of a T cell response in the presence of CD28 signaling.
Carrier Systems on Long Distance Telephone Lines<sup>1</sup> (1928)

Two previous papers before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers discussed the activities of the Bell System in the development of multiplex telephone and telegraph systems using carrier current methods. The present paper describes developments which have resulted in improvements in the carrier telephone art during the past few years. A new, so-called type “C” system is described in detail, together with suitable repeaters and pilot channel apparatus for insuring the stability of operation; the line problems are considered and typical installations pictured. The growth of the application of carrier telephone systems and their increasingly important part in providing long distance telephone service on open-wire lines are shown.
A Random and an Algorithmic Technique for Fault Detection Test Generation for Sequential Circuits (1971)

Two procedures are presented for generating fault detection test sequences for large sequential circuits. In the adaptive random procedure one can achieve a tradeoff between test generation time, length, and percent of circuit tested. An algorithmic path-sensitizing procedure is also presented. Both procedures employ a three-valued logic system. Some experimental results are given.
Inhaled nitric oxide does not improve cardiac or pulmonary function in patients with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1999)

Inhalation of NO does not seem to improve either right ventricular function or arterial oxygenation in patients with acute respiratory failure caused by acute exacerbation of COPD.
The Toposcopic Catheter: A Design for Maneuvering Through Tortuous Vessels (1979)

The toposcopic catheter is an everting tube that advances within a vessel without moving over the endothelium. It easily passed through simulated tortuous vessels which other catheters could not negotiate and was also successful in the external carotid, vertebral, hepatic, renal and coronary arteries in dogs. The catheter advances to its full length (30 cm) or until wedged in small peripheral arteries.
Semiconductor Fast Neutron Detectors (1962)

The application of semiconductor junction detectors to spectroscopy and flux monitoring for fast neutrons is discussed in terms of energy resolution and efficiency. The most useful forms of counter appear to be the proton-recoil and He3 filled detector arrangements, and the construction, performance and applications of such devices are described. A He3 filled detector has given an energy resolution of 150 keV for neutrons of 2-4 MeV with an efficiency approaching 10-5. Measurements are being made of the cross-sections for reactions induced in the silicon of the detectors by fast neutrons, an effect which limits the range of neutron energies for which the counters can be used. Radiation damage to detectors is briefly discussed.
Toward the de novo design of antimicrobial peptides: Lack of correlation between peptide permeabilization of lipid vesicles and antimicrobial, cytolytic, or cytotoxic activity in living cells (2013)

We previously performed a lipid vesicle-based, high-throughput screen on a 26-residue combinatorial peptide library that was designed de novo to yield membrane-permeabilizing peptides that fold into β-sheets. The most active and soluble library members that were identified permeabilized lipid vesicles detectably, but not with high potency. Nonetheless, they were broad-spectrum, membrane-permeabilizing antibiotics with minimum sterilizing activity at low µM concentrations. In an expansion of that work, we recently performed an iterative screen in which an active consensus sequence from that first-generation library was used as a template to design a second-generation library which was then screened against lipid vesicles at very high stringency. Compared to the consensus sequence from the first library, the most active second-generation peptides are highly potent, equilibrium pore-formers in synthetic lipid vesicles. Here, we use these first- and second-generation families of peptides to test the hypothesis that a large increase in potency in bacteria-like lipid vesicles will correlate with a large improvement in antimicrobial activity. The results do not support the hypothesis. Despite a 20-fold increase in potency against bacteria-like lipid vesicles, the second-generation peptides are only slightly more active against bacteria, and at the same time, are also more toxic against mammalian cells. The results suggest that a "pipeline" strategy toward the optimization of antimicrobial peptides could begin with a vesicle-based screen for identifying families with broad-spectrum activity, but will also need to include screening or optimization steps that are done under conditions that are more directly relevant to possible therapeutic applications.
AFM Study of Water Meniscus Formation between an AFM Tip and NaCl Substrate (2004)

Water meniscus formation at the point of contact between an AFM tip and an atomically smooth NaCl substrate was experimentally studied as a function of atmospheric water content, from 70% relative humidity to ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). Meniscus formation was probed by measuring the pull-off point and evaluating the ability of the meniscus to dissolve the NaCl near the point-of-contact as a function of atmospheric water content. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic tips were studied, and although a decrease in meniscus size was observed for the hydrophobic tips, all data are consistent with both types of tips resulting in the formation of a meniscus even at 0% relative humidity.
Carbon dioxide fixation by reversible pyrrole‐2‐carboxylate decarboxylase from <i>Bacillus megaterium</i> PYR2910 (1998)

Pyrrole-2-carboxylate decarboxylase from Bacillus megaterium PYR2910 attains a balanced reaction equilibrium with an equilibrium constant of 0.3-0.4 M. Therefore, the enzyme catalyzes the reverse carboxylation of pyrrole after addition of bicarbonate. For the synthesis of pyrrole-2-carboxylate, the reverse reaction was optimized and the equilibrium was shifted towards the carboxylate. The product yield was 230 mM (25.5 g/l) pyrrole-2-carboxylate from 300 mM pyrrole in a batch reaction and 325 mM (36.1 g/l) from 400 mM pyrrole in a fed-batch reaction, using both whole cells and the purified enzyme in a pH 8.0 reaction mixture with bicarbonate saturation of 1.9 M. Kinetic studies indicated, that bicarbonate is the reactive species used by this carbon dioxide-fixation enzyme.
Epstein-Barr Virus Infectious Mononucleosis in Children (1985)

Between 1976 and 1982, 113 children aged 6 months to 16 years with documented Epstein-Barr virus-induced infectious mononucleosis were studied prospectively, and in most instances serially. An unexpected finding was the large number of young children, less than 4 years old, with this disease. Children with infectious mononucleosis, in particular the very young, tended to have more rashes, significant neutropenia, abdominal pain (older children only), and possible hepatosplenomegaly than have been reported in adult patients. The intensity of the characteristic relative atypical lymphocytosis found in peripheral blood was age-related; it was less in the very young. Findings of failure to thrive, otitis media, and episodes of recurrent tonsillopharyngitis appeared to be unique or more closely associated with childhood disease. Complications such as thrombocytopenia with hemorrhagic manifestations, significant airway obstruction, and neurologic problems occurred more frequently whereas jaundice occurred less frequently than noted in adult patients. Six children, all less than 4 years old, developed pneumonia during the disease course. The increased availability of Epstein-Barr virus-specific testing should continue to expand our knowledge of this disease in children of all ages.
Anti-biofilm effect of a butenolide/polymer coating and metatranscriptomic analyses (2018)

Butenolide is an environmentally friendly antifouling natural product, but its efficiency and mechanism in preventing biofilm formation have not been examined. Furthermore, controlling the release of butenolide from paints into seawater is technically challenging. A coating was developed by mixing butenolide with a biodegradable polymer, poly (ε-caprolactone)-based polyurethane, and a one-month in situ anti-biofilm test was conducted in a subtidal area. The constant release of butenolide from the surface suggested that its release was well controlled. Direct observation and confocal microscope investigation indicated that the coating was effective against both biofilm formation and attachment of large fouling organisms. Metatranscriptomic analysis of biofilm samples implied that the coating selectively inhibited the adhesion of microbes from a variety of phyla and targeted particular functional pathways including energy metabolism, drug transport and toxin release. These integrated analyses demonstrated the potential application of this butenolide/polymer coating as an anti-biofilm material.
Superradiance with local phase-breaking effects (2017)

We study the superradiant evolution of a set of $N$ two-level systems spontaneously radiating under the effect of phase-breaking mechanisms. We investigate the dynamics generated by nonradiative losses and pure dephasing, and their interplay with spontaneous emission. Our results show that in the parameter region relevant to many solid-state cavity quantum electrodynamics experiments, even with a dephasing rate much faster than the radiative lifetime of a single two-level system, a suboptimal collective superfluorescent burst is still observable. We also apply our theory to the dilute excitation regime, often used to describe optical excitations in solid-state systems. In this regime, excitations can be described in terms of bright and dark bosonic quasiparticles. We show how the effect of dephasing and losses in this regime translate into intermode scattering rates and quasiparticle lifetimes.
Identification and Clinical Significance of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Human Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2006)

Until recently, it was generally accepted that vascularization of tumors arises exclusively from endothelial sprouting. Whether circulating bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) participate in the progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not yet been evaluated. EPCs labeled with CD34, CD133, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) antibodies were counted by flow cytometry in the peripheral blood of 53 NSCLC patients. Furthermore, by means of a quantitative reverse transcription-PCR approach, we measured VEGFR2, CD133, CD34, and VE-cadherin mRNA in the peripheral blood samples of the same patient population. EPCs in tumor samples were identified by confocal microscopy using CD31, CD34, CD133, and VEGFR2 antibodies. Although immunofluorescent labeling of microvessels made clear that incorporation of EPCs is a rare phenomenon in NSCLC tissue (9 of 22 cases), circulating EPC levels before therapeutic intervention were increased in NSCLC patients (P < 0.002, versus healthy controls), and high pretreatment circulating EPC numbers correlated with poor overall survival (P < 0.001). Furthermore, in the subgroup of responders to treatment, the posttreatment EPC numbers in the peripheral blood were significantly lower compared with nonresponding patients. Interestingly, pretreatment mRNA levels of CD133, VE-cadherin, and CD34 were not significantly increased in NSCLC patients, whereas VEGFR2 expression was increased by 80-fold. Moreover, posttreatment VEGFR2 mRNA level in the peripheral blood was significantly higher in the subgroup of nonresponding patients when compared with posttreatment level of patients responding to antitumor therapy. Circulating levels of bone marrow-derived EPCs are significantly increased in NSCLC patients and correlate with clinical behavior.
Lossless Data Compression Using Optimal Tree Machines (2005)

We discuss a lossless data compression system that uses fixed tree machines to encode data. The idea is to create a sequence of tree machines and a robust escape method aimed at preventing expansion of the encoded string for data whose statistics deviate from those represented by the machines. The resulting algorithm is shown to have superior compression of short files compared to other methods.
Triggered Cargo Release by Encapsulated Enzymatic Catalysis in Capsosomes (2011)

We report the coencapsulation of glutathione reductase and disulfide-linked polymer-oligopeptide conjugates into capsosomes, polymer carrier capsules containing liposomal subcompartments. The architecture of the capsosomes enables a temperature-triggered conversion of oxidized glutathione to its reduced sulfhydryl form by the encapsulated glutathione reductase. The reduced glutathione subsequently induces the release of the encapsulated oligopeptides from the capsosomes by reducing the disulfide linkages of the conjugates. This study highlights the potential of capsosomes to continuously generate a potent antioxidant while simultaneously releasing small molecule therapeutics.
Autonomous SLAM technique by integrating Grid and Topology map (2008)

The technique of simultaneous localization and mapping has received much attention recently in mobile robotics. When map is being built, robot memorizes environmental information on the plane of grid or topology. Several approaches about this research have been presented so far, but most of them use mapping technique as either grid-based map or topology-based map. This paper proposes some algorithms integrating grid and topology map and its performance is faster and more stable. The proposed scheme uses an occupancy grid map in representing the environment and then formulate topological information in path finding by A* algorithm. The localization process and the dynamic obstacle avoidance can be accomplished by topological information on grid map. On simulator mapping process is shown and the shortest path is decided on grid based map. Then topological information such as direction, distance is calculated on simulator program then transmitted to robot hardware devices. Three ultrasonic sensors and electronic compass are implemented on our mobile robot and two DC geared motor wheels are individually controlled by PD control method. Simulations and experimental results show the performance and efficiency of the proposed scheme.
Cytokine-Stimulating (In Vitro) Effect on Human Monocytes of Conjugates of Soluble Curdlan and Albumin Microbeads (1997)

Four kinds of conjugates (BSA-M-SC-Ra, BSA-M-SC-Re, AP-M-SC-Ra, and AP-M-SC-Re) composed of soluble fragments of [β](1 ± 3)-D-glucan (SC) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) or amine-modifled polystyrene (AP) microbeads were prepared: the contents of SC on the microbeads were found to be 13.6, 8.0, 3.6, and 2.6 μg per 1 X 10(8) microbeads, respectively. Unconjugated BSA and AP microbeads and SC did not show cytokine-stimulating activity. BSA-M-SC-Re, BSA-M-SC-Ra, and AP-M-SC-Re showed strong cytokine-stimulating activity in vitro, indicating that conjugates composed of inactive fragments of polysaccharides and microbeads are able to induce cytokine release from mononuclear phagocytes. Conjugates with the SC linked to BSA microbeads by the reducing terminal (BSA-M-SC-Re) showed a stronger effect than conjugates in which SC was linked with BSA microbeads at random positions (BSA-M-SC-Ra).
Final Report for Radiaiton Resistant Magnets for RIA (2005)

Report on techniques for the fabrication of radiation resistant magnets for the RIA Fragment Separator. The development of magnet designs capable of reasonable life times in high-radiation environments and having reasonable performance is of paramount importance for RIA as well as other high-intensity projects under consideration, such as the Neutrino Factory and FAIR project at GSI. Several approaches were evaluated for radiation resistant superconducting magnets. One approach was to simply use a more radiation resistant epoxy for the coil fabrication. Another approach for cryostable magnets, like the S800 Spectrograph dipole, is the use of all-inorganic materials. The final approach was the development of radiation resistant Cable-In-Conduit-Conductor (CICC) like that used in fusion magnets; though these are not radiation resistant because an organic insulator is used. Simulations have shown that the nuclear radiation heating of the first quadrupoles in the RIA Fragment Separator will be so large that cold mass minimization will be necessary with the magnet iron being at room temperature. Three different types of conductor for radiation resistant superconducting magnets have been built and successfully tested. The cyanate ester potted coils will work nicely for magnets where the lifetime dose is a factor of 20 less than the end of life of the superconductor and the rate of energy deposition is below the heat-removal limit of the coil. The all-inorganic cryostable coil and the metal oxide insulated CICC will provide conductor that will work up to the life of the superconductor and have the ability to remove large quantities of nuclear heating. Obviously, more work needs to be done on the CICC to increase the current density and to develop different insulations; and on the cyanate esters to increase the heat transfer.
Reliable Busbar Protection With Advanced Zone Selection (2005)

Modern digital relays use innovative algorithms to fulfill busbar protection requirements of fast operating times for all busbar faults, security for external faults with heavy current-transformer (CT) saturation, and minimum delay for evolving faults. This paper describes a reliable protection system that includes busbar protection and advanced zone selection; the protection system is suitable for the protection of multiple busbar arrangements. The protection system consists of several protection principles and measuring techniques using instantaneous and phasor quantities in a unique combination to achieve reliable busbar protection with minimum CT performance requirements.
A key point mutation (V156E) affects the structure and functions of human apolipoprotein A-I. (2000)

A naturally occurring point mutant of human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), V156E, which is associated with extremely low plasma apoA-I and high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, and coronary artery disease (Huang, W., Sasaki, J., Matsunaga, A., Nanimatsu, H., Moriyama, K., Han, H. Kugi, M., Koga, T., Yamaguchi, K., and Arakawa, K. (1998) Arterioscler. Throm. Vasc. Biol. 18, 389-396), was produced in an Escherichia coli expression system. The purified recombinant proapoA-I V156E mutant was examined in its structural and functional properties, both, in the lipid-free and lipid-bound states. In the lipid-free form the mutant protein exhibited small changes in conformation, but was more stable, and quite resistant to self-association, compared with control apoA-I. The V156E mutant was able to interact with phospholipid (PL) at high PL:protein ratios (95:1, mol/mol), but was inefficient in forming reconstituted HDL (rHDL) complexes at lower PL:protein ratios (40:1). In the lipid-bound, rHDL state, the mutant protein was somewhat more alpha-helical and formed a larger complex (110 A) than control apoA-I (97 A). Furthermore, the rHDL particles containing the V156E mutant did not rearrange to smaller particles in the presence of low density lipoproteins, and had minimal reactivity with lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), compared with rHDL particles made with control apoA-I. These results suggest a key role for Val-156, or the adjacent central region of apoA-I in the modulation of apoA-I conformation, stability, and self-association in solution, and in the formation of small HDL, the conformational adaptability of apoA-I leading to structural rearrangements of HDL, and the activation of LCAT.
Improved Methods to Generate Spheroid Cultures from Tumor Cells, Tumor Cells & Fibroblasts or Tumor-Fragments: Microenvironment, Microvesicles and MiRNA (2015)

Diagnostic and prognostic indicators are key components to achieve the goal of personalized cancer therapy. Two distinct approaches to this goal include predicting response by genetic analysis and direct testing of possible therapies using cultures derived from biopsy specimens. Optimally, the latter method requires a rapid assessment, but growing xenograft tumors or developing patient-derived cell lines can involve a great deal of time and expense. Furthermore, tumor cells have much different responses when grown in 2D versus 3D tissue environments. Using a modification of existing methods, we show that it is possible to make tumor-fragment (TF) spheroids in only 2-3 days. TF spheroids appear to closely model characteristics of the original tumor and may be used to assess critical therapy-modulating features of the microenvironment such as hypoxia. A similar method allows the reproducible development of spheroids from mixed tumor cells and fibroblasts (mixed-cell spheroids). Prior literature reports have shown highly variable development and properties of mixed-cell spheroids and this has hampered the detailed study of how individual tumor-cell components interact. In this study, we illustrate this approach and describe similarities and differences using two tumor models (U87 glioma and SQ20B squamous-cell carcinoma) with supporting data from additional cell lines. We show that U87 and SQ20B spheroids predict a key microenvironmental factor in tumors (hypoxia) and that SQ20B cells and spheroids generate similar numbers of microvesicles. We also present pilot data for miRNA expression under conditions of cells, tumors, and TF spheroids.