gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional integration of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser and photodetectors for position sensing (2008)

Noncontact long-range position sensing is desirable for a number of applications. We have designed and fabricated a monolithically integrated vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) and p-type/intrinsic/n-type (PIN) photodetectors for optical position sensing. Calculations using the reflection from a periodic metallic corrugation as a position gauge indicate resolution in the submicron regime. High device uniformity is obtained using novel fabrication techniques. We observe a threshold current of 0.52 mA for the VCSELs and a detector responsivity of 0.38 A/W at 840 nm. The optical cross talk between VCSELs and detectors is also quantified.
Guiding and confinement of a laser produced plasma by a curved magnetic field (1997)

An axial magnetic field with a maximum strength of 2.2 kG was used to confine and guide a laser produced carbon plasma around a 30 deg bend. The plasma was produced by a 25 ns KrF laser pulse at a peak intensity of 1×109 W cm−2. An array of Faraday cups positioned at the exit of the guide field was used to determine that approximately 20% of the original plasma was confined by the magnetic field and guided along a 15 cm trajectory to a 5 cm2 area.
A convenient method for the preparation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA convenient method for the preparation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazonesB. A. Howell Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 2, 176Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1984Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 February 1984Published inissue 1 February 1984https://doi.org/10.1021/ed061p176RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views894Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (566 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Optimization of standard cell based detailed placement for 16 nm FinFET process (2014)

FinFET transistors have great advantages over traditional planar MOSFET transistors in high performance and low power applications. Major foundries are adopting the Fin-FET technology for CMOS semiconductor device fabrication in the 16 nm technology node and beyond. Edge device degradation is among the major challenges for the FinFET process. To avoid such degradation, dummy gates are needed on device edges, and the dummy gates have to be tied to power rails in order not to introduce unconnected parasitic transistors. This requires that each dummy gate must abut at least one source node after standard cell placement. If the drain nodes at two adjacent cell boundaries abut each other, additional source nodes must be inserted in between for dummy gate power tying, which costs more placement area. Usually there is some flexibility during detailed placement to horizontally flip the cells or switch the positions of adjacent cells, which has little impact on the global placement objectives, such as timing conditions and net congestion. This paper proposes a detailed placement optimization strategy for the standard cell based designs. By flipping a subset of cells in a standard cell row and switching pairs of adjacent cells, the number of drain to drain abutments between adjacent cell boundaries can be optimally minimized, which saves additional source node insertion and reduces the length of the standard cell row. In addition, the proposed graph model can be easily modified to consider more complicated design rules. The experimental results show that the optimization of 100k cells is completed within 0.1 second, verifying the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
Cu wire bonding for fine pitch 65nm silicon integrated circuits (2010)

Results of a development program aimed at introducing Cu wire to a low K circuit under pad integrated circuit made in 65nm technology are summarized. The results demonstrate that if the wire bond process is optimized along with the tool design, then it is possible to produce both substrate (PBGA) and lead frame (TQFP) devices with pure Cu wire that show no evidence of damage to the underlining dielectric stack, robust ball bonds and stitch bonds with no evidence of lifts or cracks. Furthermore, the data demonstrate that the fundamental reliability of both packages as determined by temperature cycling, high temperature humidity storage and high temperature storage is more than sufficient if the correct mold compound is used.
A Workflow for Intelligent Data-Driven Analytics Software Development in Oil and Gas Industry (2014)

Abstract A vast amount of oil and gas data has been collected over many years, which can be classified into different groups, including numerical, categorical, historical, real-time, structured, and unstructured. Therefore, analysis and visualization cannot be efficiently accomplished using traditional software platforms. Companies in the oil and gas industry need new technologies and processes to capture and transform data into strategic business intelligence to enhance exploration and production, improve refining and manufacturing efficiency, and optimize global operations while ensuring safety and environmental protection. With the advent of machine learning, data mining, optimization, and cloud computing, it is now possible to manage the large amount of data as never before. Data-driven analytics, in this concept, offers new capabilities to the engineer in exploration and production to learn from data. Analyzing patterns in historical data and identifying the events in real-time data are two methods used for improving operations of activities and assets. The application of data-driven analytics in the oil and gas industry, therefore, potentially provides opportunities for greater insight and efficiency gains. The goal for data-driven analytics software is to provide the strategy required to optimize business outcomes and decision making while helping to minimize risk. The interaction between the users and the information through software tools results in a decision process that helps determine success of a project. The development of a data-driven software platform involves combining a variety of advanced machine learning and data-mining techniques, as well as data management strategies, to provide fit-for-purpose descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive models. Therefore, to be successful, the development team should have a deep understanding of both the underlying data science and the business model as well as software engineering principles. This paper presents a workflow for an intelligent data-driven software platform development. The proposed workflow is composed of data management, data analytics and visualization, and predictive modeling. It covers best practices on database design, object-oriented design patterns and principles, predictive model building and deployment, user-interface development, and test-driven software development in an agile software development structure.
Fly Ash Collected from Electrostatic Precipitators: Microcrystalline Structures and the Mystery of the Spheres (1976)

Scanning electron micrographs demonstrate the presence of microcrystalline structures on the surface of coal-derived fly ash samples taken from electrostatic precipitator hoppers. Cenospheres (hollow spheres) were found to be packed with smaller cenospheres, which were also packed with spheres. Microspheres, apparently formed by uneven heating, are encapsulated in the parent sphere. Chemical analyses provide a basis for the postulation of a mechanism of formation for plerospheres (hollow spheres packed with spheres) and microcrystals.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Naturally Occurring Polyamines. Part 7. Selective Functionalization of Hydroxyputrescine. Chemistry of Naturally Occurring Polyamines Part 8. Total Synthesis of (+)‐Hypusine. (1984)

Abstract Im Rahmen der Synthese biologisch aktiver Polyamine werden die im Formelschema skizzierten Umsetzungen einschließlich der Synthese von (+)‐Hypusin (XVI) durchgeführt.
<i>p-i-n</i> like behavior in three-layered organic solar cells having a co-deposited interlayer of pigments (1992)

Three-layered organic solar cells, having a sandwiched interlayer of co-deposited p-type phthalocyanine (Pc) pigments and n-type perylene derivative (PTC) pigments, exhibited photocurrent enhancement when compared with two-layered cells without the interlayer. A large number of Pc/PTC molecular contacts within the interlayer serve as active sites for effective charge carrier photogeneration. The photovoltaic characteristics of the three-layered configuration suggest the formation of a p-i-n like structure, in which the built-in potential produced by Fermi level differences in the respective pigment layers is mainly distributed across the co-deposited interlayer. Inorganic semiconductor films are also shown to be applicable to the present p-i-n cell structure as an n layer to obtain larger photovoltages.
X-ray Diffraction Study of the Effect of the Detergent Octyl Glucoside on the Structure of Lamellar and Nonlamellar Lipid/Water Phases of Use for Membrane Protein Reconstitution (1999)

The phase behavior and structural parameters of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), monoolein (MO), and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) hydrated in excess aqueous phase containing micellar octyl glucoside (OG) were investigated by means of synchrotron X-ray diffraction in a wide range of temperatures. The lipid-to-detergent molar ratios were selected to be equal to those in a recent membrane-protein-reconstitution study. It was established that lipids displaying either nonlamellar (DOPE and MO) or lamellar propensities (DPPC) form mixed supramolecular structures with the detergent OG. The phase states and structures of these mixed assemblies are essentially different from those of the pure lipid components. At full hydration and at the investigated lipid-to-detergent molar ratios, OG destabilizes the inverted-hexagonal (HII) phase organization of DOPE and the inverted cubic (Q224) structure of MO, transforming them into a lamellar liquid crystalline (Lα) phase. The fluid DOPE/OG and MO/OG bilayers totally accommodate the micellar OG from the aqueous phase, as evidenced by the absence of diffuse scattering of OG or lipid/OG micelles. In the temperature interval from 0 to 52 °C, the investigated DOPE/OG/water and MO/OG/water systems are in the lamellar Lα state and do not undergo structural phase transitions. The DPPC/OG/water system undergoes a phase transition from a gel to a liquid-crystalline phase state. Due to the particular molar amount of OG in this system, a coexistence of mixed DPPC/OG bilayers and DPPC/OG micelles was found. The structural results suggest that the DOPE/OG and MO/OG systems, which are of lamellar rather than of nonlamellar organizations, are suitable for reconstitution of membrane proteins, as was established for DPPC/OG membranes.
Latch-free data structures for DBMS (2013)

The fact that multi-core CPUs have become so common and that the number of CPU cores in one chip has continued to rise means that a server machine can easily contain an extremely high number of CPU cores. The CPU scalability of IT systems is thus attracting a considerable amount of research attention. Some systems, such as ACID-compliant DBMSs, are said to be difficult to scale, probably due to the mutual exclusion required to ensure data consistency. Possible countermeasures include latch-free (LF) data structures, an elemental technology to improve the CPU scalability by eliminating the need for mutual exclusion. This paper investigates these LF data structures with a particular focus on their applicability and effectiveness. Some existing LF data structures (such as LF hash tables) have been adapted to PostgreSQL, one of the most popular open-source DBMSs. The performance improvement was evaluated with a benchmark program simulating real-world transactions. Measurement results obtained from state-of-the-art 80-core machines demonstrated that the LF data structures were effective for performance improvement in a many-core situation in which DBT-1 throughput increased by about 2.5 times. Although the poor performance of the original DBMS was due to a severe latch-related bottleneck and can be improved by parameter tuning, it is of practical importance that LF data structures provided performance improvement without deep understanding of the target system behavior that is necessary for the parameter tuning.
Cytoreduction and prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia--the importance of early marrow response: report from the Childrens Cancer Group. (1996)

Marrow aspiration on day 7 of therapy provided more useful information than that on day 14. However, day-14 marrow provided additional information for patients with a poor day-7 response. The rate of cytoreduction is a powerful, independent prognostic factor that can identify patients with a slow early response who are at risk for a short remission duration.
Sarcoidosis: immunology, rheumatic involvement, and therapeutics (2001)

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disorder of unknown cause. It has protean manifestations and can affect any organ, including bones, joints, muscles, and vessels. This article reviews the most recent information on the immunologic and inflammatory pathogenesis of sarcoidosis and its implications for therapy. Sarcoidosis results from an overexuberant T cell-mediated immune response to the unknown antigen. This antigen presentation/T cell antigen recognition event occurs in a microenvironment that is suffused in proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors that promote cell attraction, adhesion, permeability changes, further cytokine production, and release. An amplified cellular immune response ensues, leading to granuloma formation and fibrosis. The article summarizes the new developments in the medical literature related to the rheumatologic manifestations and their detection and management in sarcoidosis patients. Osseous involvement in sarcoidosis is often underdiagnosed because it can be asymptomatic. New imaging techniques improve detection. Management of osteoporosis in sarcoidosis patients requires special attention because these patients often have an underlying disorder in calcium metabolism that results in hypercalcuria and hypercalcemia. Joint manifestations, such as the classic Lofgren syndrome with accompanying erythema nodosum, may be self-limited or may become chronic, presenting an ongoing therapeutic challenge. Sarcoidosis vasculitis can be devastating, affecting virtually any vessel in any organ and causing significant morbidity. Muscle involvement, like the bony involvement, is underdiagnosed. Symptoms of muscle weakness, aches, tenderness, and fatigue should prompt consideration of occult sarcoid myositis, often with accompanying neurogenic atrophy. Sarcoidosis treatment usually starts with a period of observation before pharmacologic intervention. Corticosteroids remain the first-line therapy. Alternatives to corticosteroids are often introduced either because of steroid intolerance or in an attempt to reduce steroid dose and side effects. The advantages and disadvantages of these second line therapies are reviewed. Medical vigilance, with attention to new patient symptoms, is important in the management of sarcoidosis, because of the tendency of this disease to present in so many and diverse patterns.
Conformational Behavior of Pyrazine‐Bridged and Mixed‐Bridged Cavitands: A General Model for Solvent Effects on Thermal “Vase–Kite” Switching (2006)

The controllable switching of suitably bridged resorcin[4]arene cavitands between a "vase" conformation, with a cavity capable of guest inclusion, and a "kite" conformation, featuring an extended flattened surface, provides the basis for ongoing developments of dynamic molecular receptors, sensors, and molecular machines. This paper describes the synthesis, X-ray crystallographic characterization, and NMR analysis of the "vase-kite" switching behavior of a fully pyrazine-bridged cavitand and five other mixed-bridged quinoxaline-bridged cavitands with one methylene, phosphonate, or phosphate bridge. The pyrazine-bridged resorcin[4]arene cavitand displayed an unexpectedly high preference for the kite conformation in nonpolar solvents, relative to the quinoxaline-bridged analogue. This observation led to extensive solvent-dependent switching studies that provide a detailed picture of how solvent affects the thermal vase-kite equilibration. As for any thermodynamic process in the liquid phase, the conformational equilibrium is affected by how the solvent stabilizes the two individual states. Suitably sized solvents (benzene and derivatives) solvate the cavity of the vase form and reduce the propensity for the vase-to-kite transition. Correspondingly, the kite geometry becomes preferred in bulky solvents such as mesitylene, incapable of penetrating the vase cavity. As proposed earlier by Cram, the kite form is preferred at low temperatures due to the more favorable enthalpy of solvation of the enlarged surface. Furthermore, the kite conformation is more preferred in solvents with substantial hydrogen-bonding acidity: weak hydrogen-bonding interactions between the mildly basic quinoxaline and pyrazine nitrogen atoms and solvent molecules are more efficient in the open kite than in the closed vase form. Vase-to-kite conversion is entirely absent in dipolar aprotic solvents lacking any H-bonding acidity. Thermal vase-kite switching requires fully quinoxaline- or pyrazine-bridged cavitands, whereas pH-controlled switching is also applicable to systems incorporating only two or three such bridges.
Emigrants or Exiles?: Female Ex-prisoners Leaving Ireland, 1850-1900 (2009)

In the popular mind, the concept of 'emigration' usually refers to people voluntarily leaving one country to go to another in search of a new and better life. It presupposes some degree of choice, although it is accepted that for many emigrants, such as those who left Ireland during the nineteenth century, there were few incentives to stay at home. Current scholarship on voluntary and forced movements of people demonstrates that the distinction between the categories of 'voluntary emigrant' and 'forced exile' is often blurred. Orm Overland's study of refugee communities in the United States highlights the fact that, although the differences between the 'emigrant' and the 'exile' may be clear in extreme cases, this is not always true, as there may be 'pressing political or economic reasons behind a decision to emigrate'. Migration scholars Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen also question the adequacy of conceptual models of migration based on what Lindsay Proudfoot and Dianne Hall refer to as the 'straightforward binarism between free and unfree emigration'. The questions raised by these scholars are very relevant to the study of Irish people who left their country during the second half of the nineteenth century immediately after they had been discharged from prison or from Dundrum. Their stories are discussed here against a background of substantial scholarship on emigration from Ireland and on the criminal justice system within Ireland. According to David Fitzpatrick, at least eight million men, women and children emigrated from Ireland between 1801 and 1921. This large-scale movement of people was generally characterised by the voluntary emigration of individuals who funded their own passages. However, it also included schemes of assisted emigration, funded variously by governments, landlords, the poor law authorities, earlier emigrants, and philanthropists. In addition, it included people who were transported from Ireland by means of the criminal justice system a practice that had originated in the seventeenth century. What is less well known is that after the end of transportation from Ireland to eastern Australia in 1853, to Bermuda in 1863 and to Western Australia in 1868, Irish convicts continued to be channelled towards emigration by being offered early release if they agreed to leave Ireland. These people, and especially the women among them, are the subject of this article..
The 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake: Joint inversion of tsunami and geodetic data (1996)

The 1964 Prince William Sound (Alaska) earthquake, M w = 9.2, ruptured a large area beneath the continental margin of Alaska from Prince William Sound to Kodiak Island. A joint inversion of tsunami waveforms and geodetic data, consisting of vertical displacements and horizontal vectors, gives a detailed slip distribution. Two areas of high slip correspond to seismologically determined areas of high moment release: the Prince William Sound asperity with average slip of 18 m and the Kodiak asperity with average slip of 10 m. The average slip on the fault is 8.6 m and the seismic moment is estimated as 6.3 × 10 22 N m, or over 75% of the seismic moment determined from long‐period surface waves.
Focusing and Extraction of Light mediated by Bloch Surface Waves (2014)

The control of emission from localized light sources is an objective of outstanding relevance in nanophotonics. In a recent past, a large number of metallic nanostructures has been proposed to this end, wherein plasmonic modes are exploited as energy carriers on a subwavelength scale. As an interesting alternative, we present here the use of surface modes on patterned dielectric multilayers to deliver electromagnetic power from free-space to localized volumes and vice versa. Thanks to this low-loss energy transfer, proper periodic ring structures are shown to provide a subwavelength focusing of an external radiation onto the multilayer surface. By reciprocity, the radiated power from emitters within the ring center is shown to be efficiently beamed in the free-space, with a well-controlled angular divergence. This mechanism overcomes some important limitations involved in the all-plasmonic approach, while opening new opportunities for hybrid devices in photon management applications such as optical sensing and lighting.