gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cyclic poly(pyridine ether)s by the polycondensation of 2,6‐difluoropyridine with various diphenols (2005)

Abstract The bistrimethylsilyl derivatives of six different diphenols were polycondensed with 2,6‐difluoropyridine in N ‐methylpyrrolidone in the presence of K 2 CO 3 . On the basis of previous studies, the reaction conditions were optimized for almost quantitative conversions. The feed ratio was systematically varied to optimize the molecular weight. A 2 mol % excess of 2,6‐difluoropyridine was needed to obtain maximum molecular weights. In the matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectra of the optimized polyethers, only cycles were found (detectable up to 5000 Da). Obviously, the relatively low molecular weights obtained under optimized conditions resulted from a limitation of the chain growth by cyclization, indicating a high cyclization tendency for poly(pyridine ether)s. The size exclusion chromatography measurements not only proved low molecular weights but also demonstrated the existence of bimodal mass distributions and high polydispersities. Protonation of the poly(pyridine ether)s required strong acids such as methane or trifluoromethane sulfonic acid. The solubilities of the neutral and protonated polyethers derived from bisphenol A were studied in various solvents. The MALDI‐TOF mass spectra proved that protonation at 20–25 °C did not cause cleavage of ether bonds. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4781–4789, 2005
Decoding Rate-Compatible 5G-LDPC Codes With Coarse Quantization Using the Information Bottleneck Method (2020)

Increased data rates and very low-latency requirements place strict constraints on the computational complexity of channel decoders in the new 5G communications standard. Practical low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoder implementations use message-passing decoding with finite precision, which becomes coarse as complexity is more severely constrained. In turn, performance degrades as the precision becomes more coarse. Recently, the information bottleneck (IB) method was used to design mutual-information-maximizing mappings that replace conventional finite-precision node computations. As a result, the exchanged messages in the IB approach can be represented with a very small number of bits. 5G LDPC codes have the so-called protograph-based raptor-like (PBRL) structure which offers inherent rate-compatibility and excellent performance. This paper extends the IB principle to the flexible class of PBRL LDPC codes as standardized in 5G. The extensions include IB decoder design for puncturing and rate-compatibility. In contrast to existing IB decoder design techniques, the proposed decoder can be used for a large range of code rates with a static set of optimized mappings. The proposed construction approach is evaluated for a typical range of code rates and bit resolutions ranging from 3 bit to 5 bit. Frame error rate simulations show that the proposed scheme always outperforms min-sum decoding algorithms and operates close to double-precision sum-product belief propagation decoding. Furthermore, alternatives to the lookup table implementations of the mutual-information-maximizing mappings are investigated.
Molecular diffusion and solubility of hydrogen isotopes in vitreous silica (1977)

Deuterium permeation, diffusion, and solubility measurements have been made for several types of vitreous silica at temperatures ranging from 0 to 800 °C. The activation energies for permeation and diffusion were found to be somewhat temperature dependent. Isotope exchange between structural hydroxyl and the diffusing deuterium was found to occur at temperatures ?300 °C. Certain types of vitreous silica also react with the diffusing gas to form metastable deuteroxyl at ?600 °C. Isothermal hydrogen-isotope solubility was shown to be described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm at pressures up to 1400 atm, whereas the temperature dependence of hydrogen-isotope solubility was adequately described by a statistical-mechanics model. Combination of these two models leads to a universal expression for hydrogen solubility from 0 to 800 °C and from 0 to 1400 atm.
Two-Dimensional Correlation of Fourier Transform Near-Infrared and Fourier Transform Raman Spectra I: Mixtures of Sugar and Protein (1996)

Two-dimensional (2D) correlation of near-infrared (NIR) and Raman spectra was carried out for mixtures of protein (lysozyme) and sugar (sucrose) to investigate the potential of this technique for qualitative NIR spectral interpretation. Cross-correlation by least-squares was employed to assess changes in both sets of spectra which result from changes in the set of sample spectra. Fourier transform (FT) NIR and NIR-excited FT-Raman spectra were measured for each of the samples under the same conditions, and point-for-point 2D cross-correlation was calculated. In this technique, each wavenumber in the NIR region gives rise to a sliced Raman spectrum where each data point is correlated to the NIR wavenumber, while each wavenumber in a Raman spectrum provides a sliced NIR spectrum in which each data point is correlated to the Raman wavenumber. For example, choosing NIR wavenumbers 7272, 6960, 6324, and 4812 cm −1 gives sliced Raman spectra with features attributable to sucrose, while choosing NIR wavenumbers at 8424, 5148, 5052, and 4584 cm −1 provides slices with distinct lysozyme features. Therefore, the technique permits the determination of the most probable origin of NIR signals by connecting NIR spectra, which have rather broad and overlapped bands, to Raman spectra consisting of sharp and clearly separated bands. It is also possible to produce sliced NIR spectra of lysozyme and sucrose by properly selecting wavenumbers in their Raman spectra. The NIR slices explain which wavenumbers in the NIR region are correlated to lysozyme or to sucrose. Thus, 2D correlation spectroscopy helps explain the reasons why certain wavenumbers are selected in a chemometric calibration model.
[Hyaluronic acid: biological role, structure, synthesis, isolation, purification, and application (review)]. (1997)

The methods for isolation and purification of hyaluronic acid are summarized. The structural properties of this mucopolysaccharide are discussed, and hyaluronic acid-hydrolyzing enzymes are characterized. Data on the biological role, properties, and content of hyaluronic acid in tissues are reviewed. The possibilities of the application of hyaluronic acid in medicine, cosmetology, veterinary science, and hygiene are discussed.
Ductile-brittle transition in random porous Au (1992)

We report experimental results describing the mechanical breakdown of random porous Au which is a new material specifically developed for this study. Digital image analysis was used to characterize the microstructures of the samples which varied by more than 2 orders of magnitude in length scale. The porous Au undergoes a microstructurally controlled ductile-brittle transition. Similar transitions have been found in numerical simulations by Kahng et al. [Phys. Rev. B 37, 7625 (1988)].
Frailty in childhood cancer survivors (2014)

Young adult childhood cancer survivors are at an increased risk of frailty, a physiologic phenotype typically found among older adults. This phenotype is associated with new-onset chronic health conditions and mortality among both older adults and childhood cancer survivors. Mounting evidence suggests that poor fitness, muscular weakness, and cognitive decline are common among adults treated for childhood malignancies, and that risk factors for these outcomes are not limited to those treated with cranial radiation. Although the pathobiology of this phenotype is not known, early cellular senescence, sterile inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction in response to initial cancer or treatment-related insults are hypothesized to play a role. To the authors' knowledge, interventions to prevent or remediate frailty among childhood cancer survivors have not been tested to date. Pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and lifestyle interventions have demonstrated some promise.
ReRAM-based accelerator for deep learning (2018)

Big data computing applications such as deep learning and graph analytic usually incur a large amount of data movements. Deploying such applications on conventional von Neumann architecture that separates the processing units and memory components likely leads to performance bottleneck due to the limited memory bandwidth. A common approach is to develop architecture and memory co-design methodologies to overcome the challenge. Our research follows the same strategy by leveraging resistive memory (ReRAM) to further enhance the performance and energy efficiency. Specifically, we employ the general principles behind processing-in-memory to design efficient ReRAM based accelerators that support both testing and training operations. Related circuit and architecture optimization will be discussed too.
Detecting cooking state with gas sensors during dry cooking (2013)

Gas sensors have the potential to assist cooking by providing feedback on the cooking process and by further automating cooking. In this work, we explored the potential use of gas sensors to monitor food during the cooking process. Focusing on dry cooking, we collected gas emissions using 13 sensors during trials in which food was cooked to various degrees of doneness. Using decision tree classifiers, we were able to predict doneness for waffles and popcorn with 73% and 85% accuracy, respectively. We reflect on the potential reasons for this variation and the ways in which gas sensors might reliably be used in ubicomp applications to support cooking.
Screening for Non-Protein Amino Acids in Seeds of the Guam Cycad,<i>Cycas circinalis</i>, by an Improved GC-MS Method (1995)

The non-protein amino acid, beta-N-methyl-amino-L-alanine (L-BMAA) from Cycas circinalis seeds, has been implicated as a causative agent of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-Parkinsonism dementia complex (ALS-PDC), a disease known from Guam and other areas in the western Pacific. We analyzed C. circinalis seeds for additional free non-protein amino acids by a recently developed GC-MS method. The samples were prepared by water extraction of seed flour. The amino acids present in the extract were derivatized by N(O,S)-isobutyloxycarbonylation of the amine functional groups and then tert-butyldimethylsilylation of the carboxyl functional groups. Peaks for a total of seventeen derivatives of non-protein amino acids were detected by GC-MS. In addition to L-BMAA, four other non-protein amino acids were identified as beta-alanine, gamma-amino-butyric acid, pyroglutamic acid, and alpha-aminoadipic acid.
A switched reluctance machine based starter/generator for more electric cars (2002)

This paper addresses various aspects of the switched reluctance (SR) machine based starter/alternator (S/A) system for a more electric car. Inherent simplicity of the machine geometry and control, offering high efficiency and a very long constant power speed ratio along with a rugged structure and safe operation are among the most salient attributes of an SRM drive. In addition, due to the absence of any magnetic source on the rotor, a robust performance in the presence of high temperatures is expected. The authors also introduce a novel method in active damping of the engine torque pulsation by controlling the braking torque of the SRG. This will reduce the engine shaft pulsation thereby enhancing the durability of the system while presenting a quiet engine/generator combination. Furthermore, to enhance the compactness of the system components a novel method for control of the phase current is presented.
VLSI parasitic capacitance determination by flux tubes (1982)

A two-dimensional numerical approach for calculating capacitance between two conductors through different dielectrics is developed. The approach uses Laplace's equation in two dimensions to determine potentials on a grid system between the conductors. Equipotential lines are generated using these potentials and curvilinear squares can be formed to construct the flux tubes between the conductors. The application of Gauss's law to these potentials provides the charge on a conductor and results in the determination of capacitance values.
Agricultural Waste (2015)

The management and disposal of agricultural waste are drawn more and more attention because of the increasing yields and negative effects on the environment. However, proper treatments such as converting abundant biomass wastes into biogas through anaerobic digestion technology, can not only avoid the negative impacts, but also convert waste into available resources. This review summarizes the studies of nearly two hundred scholars from the following four aspects: the characterization, reuse, treatment, and management of agricultural waste.
Vectors Bicistronically Linking a Gene of Interest to the SV40 Large T Antigen in Combination with the SV40 Origin of Replication Enhance Transient Protein Expression and Luciferase Reporter Activity (2011)

The simian virus 40 large T antigen (SVLT) induces replication of plasmids bearing the SV40 origin of replication (SV40 ori) within mammalian cells. The internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) is an element that allows for the cotranslation of proteins from one polycistronic mRNA. Through the combination of these elements, IRES-dependent coexpression of a protein of interest and the SVLT, either constitutive or regulated, on plasmids bearing the SV40 ori generates a positive feedback loop, resulting in enhanced expression. A vector linking red fluorescent protein (RFP) to the IRES-SVLT element enhances fluorescence ~10-fold over that demonstrated from a vector lacking this element. In transfection-resistant CV-1 cells, the RFP-IRES-SVLT vector substantially increases the number of cells expressing detectable levels of RFP. Furthermore, inclusion of the IRES-SVLT/SV40 ori elements in standard luciferase-based reporter gene constructs and associated effectors results in marked increases in luminescent output and sensitivity, using the β-catenin/TCF pathway and the mammalian two-hybrid assay as models. Ultimately, vector systems combining these well-established elements (IRES-SVLT/SV40 ori) will increase the utility of transient transfection for the production of recombinant proteins, the use of transfection-resistant cell lines, and the effectiveness of luciferase-based high-throughput screening assays.
GaN/Mirror/Si Light-Emitting Diodes for Vertical Current Injection by Laser Lift-Off and Wafer Bonding Techniques (2004)

A p-side-up GaN/mirror/Si light-emitting diode (LED) for vertical current injection has been fabricated by laser lift-off and wafer bonding techniques. A variety of metallic mirrors (Au, Al, and Ag) were chosen to improve the optical reflectivity and contact resistance with n-GaN. The GaN/mirror/Si LED with a silver mirror achieved a maximum luminance intensity of 45 mcd (20 mA) with a low forward voltage of 3.5 V. This luminance intensity is over two times that of the original planar GaN/sapphire LED. Under high current injection, the GaN/mirror(Ag)/Si LED also showed a more stable emission wavelength than the planar GaN/sapphire LED. This can be explained by the fact that the Si substrate provides a good heat sink and alleviates the joule heating problem. On the basis of these results, the p-side-up structure confirms the possibility of the simultaneous realization of a lower contact resistance and higher reflectivity for GaN/mirror/Si LEDs.
Enhancer transcripts mark active estrogen receptor binding sites (2013)

We have integrated and analyzed a large number of data sets from a variety of genomic assays using a novel computational pipeline to provide a global view of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1; a.k.a. ERα) enhancers in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Using this approach, we have defined a class of primary transcripts (eRNAs) that are transcribed uni- or bidirectionally from estrogen receptor binding sites (ERBSs) with an average transcription unit length of ∼3-5 kb. The majority are up-regulated by short treatments with estradiol (i.e., 10, 25, or 40 min) with kinetics that precede or match the induction of the target genes. The production of eRNAs at ERBSs is strongly correlated with the enrichment of a number of genomic features that are associated with enhancers (e.g., H3K4me1, H3K27ac, EP300/CREBBP, RNA polymerase II, open chromatin architecture), as well as enhancer looping to target gene promoters. In the absence of eRNA production, strong enrichment of these features is not observed, even though ESR1 binding is evident. We find that flavopiridol, a CDK9 inhibitor that blocks transcription elongation, inhibits eRNA production but does not affect other molecular indicators of enhancer activity, suggesting that eRNA production occurs after the assembly of active enhancers. Finally, we show that an enhancer transcription "signature" based on GRO-seq data can be used for de novo enhancer prediction across cell types. Together, our studies shed new light on the activity of ESR1 at its enhancer sites and provide new insights about enhancer function.
High frequency oscillation in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): systematic review and meta-analysis (2010)

High frequency oscillation might improve survival and is unlikely to cause harm. As ongoing large multicentre trials will not be completed for several years, these data help clinicians who currently use or are considering this technique for patients with ARDS.
High stored iron levels are associated with excess risk of myocardial infarction in eastern Finnish men. (1992)

BACKGROUNDIron can induce lipid peroxidation in vitro and in vivo in humans and has promoted ischemic myocardial injury in experimental animals. We tested the hypothesis that high serum ferritin concentration and high dietary iron intake are associated with an excess risk of acute myocardial infarction.METHODS AND RESULTSRandomly selected men (n = 1,931), aged 42, 48, 54, or 60 years, who had no symptomatic coronary heart disease at entry, were examined in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD) in Eastern Finland between 1984 and 1989. Fifty-one of these men experienced an acute myocardial infarction during an average follow-up of 3 years. On the basis of a Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for age, examination year, cigarette pack-years, ischemic ECG in exercise test, maximal oxygen uptake, systolic blood pressure, blood glucose, serum copper, blood leukocyte count, and serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and triglyceride concentrations, men with seru...
Optimal Compressed Sensing and Reconstruction of Unstructured Mesh Datasets (2017)

Exascale computing promises quantities of data too large to efficiently store and transfer across networks in order to be able to analyze and visualize the results. We investigate compressed sensing (CS) as an in situ method to reduce the size of the data as it is being generated during a large-scale simulation. CS works by sampling the data on the computational cluster within an alternative function space such as wavelet bases and then reconstructing back to the original space on visualization platforms. While much work has gone into exploring CS on structured datasets, such as image data, we investigate its usefulness for point clouds such as unstructured mesh datasets often found in finite element simulations. We sample using a technique that exhibits low coherence with tree wavelets found to be suitable for point clouds. We reconstruct using the stagewise orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm that we improved to facilitate automated use in batch jobs. We analyze the achievable compression ratios and the quality and accuracy of reconstructed results at each compression ratio. In the considered case studies, we are able to achieve compression ratios up to two orders of magnitude with reasonable reconstruction accuracy and minimal visual deterioration in the data. Our results suggest that, compared to other compression techniques, CS is attractive in cases where the compression overhead has to be minimized and where the reconstruction cost is not a significant concern.
[Clinical application and experimental study of homologous-cartilage implantation]. (1990)

On the basis of 124 cases of homologous-cartilage grafts, the changes of host's tissue structure and immune active cells around the homologous-cartilage were studied. Slices of implantation at different time were investigated by histologic, histochemical, immunopathologic and ultrastructural methods. The results show that the rejection phenomena of homologous-cartilage grafts may be the process of substitution of bone for cartilage, rather than the process of absorption and there are no influences on supporting framework of homologous-cartilage grafts.
Generalized Field Propagator for Electromagnetic Scattering and Light Confinement (1995)

We present a new theoretical and numerical framework for the study of the optical properties of micrometric and nanometric three-dimensional structures of arbitrary shape. We show that the field distribution induced inside and outside such a structure by different external monochromatic sources can be obtained from a unique generalized field propagator expressed in direct space. An application of the method to the confinement of optical fields due to the scattering of subwavelength objects is presented.
Useful Host-Vector Systems in <i>Bacillus stearothermophilus</i> (1988)

We isolated a highly transformable thermophile, Bacillus stearothermophilus SIC1, which exhibited the following features. The growth temperature ranged from 45 to 65 degrees C in L broth. The maximum cell concentration in 2L broth (2% tryptone, 1% yeast extract, 0.5% NaCl, pH 7.2) was determined as an optical density at 660 nm of 7.8, and the generation time was 11 min at 60 degrees C. Strain SIC1 was a prototroph and was transformed by the protoplast procedure not only with repB plasmids (high-copy-number plasmids such as pTB913 and pUB110) but also with repA plasmids (low-copy-number plasmids such as pTB53). Transformation efficiencies with repB and repA plasmids were about 2 x 10 to 5 x 10 and 5 x 10 transformants per mug of DNA, respectively. The transformant carrying plasmid pTB913Y/K could grow at 63 degrees C in the presence of kanamycin. The regeneration frequency of protoplasts was 60%, and only 1 day was needed for regeneration at 55 degrees C.
Measuring the imaged-object distance with a stationary high-spatial-resolution scintillation camera (2006)

A method to measure the detector-to-object distance from the images obtained with stationary high-spatial-resolution gamma-ray cameras for in vivo studies has been developed. It exploits the shift of the imaged object in the image plane, obtained at a certain tilt of the parallel-hole collimator. A linear dependence of the image displacement on the distance to the object has been measured using a high-spatial-resolution scintillation camera employing an yttrium-aluminium perovskite (YAP) scintillator. It is shown that the modified YAP camera can be used to obtain three-dimensional information without moving the camera or the object. The method could be applied in scintimammography and radioguided surgery, in lymphoscintigraphy, as well as in the analysis of the biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals.
Rotational relaxation effects in short-pulse CO2 amplifiers (1973)

On the basis of a rate equation model, it is shown that the time constant for short-pulse energy extraction from all rotational levels in a CO2 amplifier on a single P(J) or R(J) transition is larger than the rotational relaxation time by about 1/κ(J,T), where κ(J,T) is the partition fraction of the transition levels at the temperature T.