gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Barrier Capability of Hf-N Films with Various Nitrogen Concentrations Against Copper Diffusion in Cu/Hf-N/n[sup +]-p Junction Diodes (2005)

Hafnium-based (Hf-N) films were prepared by reactive radio frequency (rf)-magnetron sputtering on blank silicon wafers. Nitrogen incorporation and phase transformation of hafnium-based thin film were analyzed by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The as-deposited Hf film has a hexagonal close-packed structure and a low resistivity of 48.29 μΩ cm. With increasing nitrogen concentration of Hf-N film, phase transformations are identified as The thermal stability of the Cu/Hf-N/Si contact system is evaluated by thermal stressing at various annealing temperatures. For the Cu/Hf/Si contact system, the interfacial reaction between the Hf barrier layer and the Cu layer is observed after annealing at 550°C for 30 min, and copper-hafnium compounds form. Highly resistive copper silicide forms after annealing at 600°C for 30 min. The Hf barrier fails due to the reaction of Cu and the Hf barrier, in which Cu atoms penetrate into the Si substrate after annealing at high temperature. However, no copper-hafnium and copper silicide compounds are found for the contact system even after annealing at 650°C for 30 min. A hafnium diffusion barrier incorporated with nitrogen can suppress the formation of copper-hafnium compounds and copper penetration, and thus enhance the thermal stability of the barrier layer. © 2005 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Consideration of Lateral and Longitudinal Vehicle Stability by Function Enhanced Brake and Stability Control System (1994)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The Dynamic Stability Control DSC is a BMW stability and traction control system. To overcome performance limits of conventional systems which rely on wheel speed sensor information only, the DSC was extended by the steering wheel position signal.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The new system allows a classification of self steering behaviour and thus leads to a better recognition of the respective driving situation. Control commands of the three control circuits throttle, ignition and brake lead to considerable better stabilization of the car during critical driving maneuvres.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The BMW 850 Ci is available with DSC. The DSC was compared with the convential Automatic Stability Control System ASC under various test conditions on high- and low-μ surfaces. Test results are presented and discussed. A system description together with the theoretical background of the DSC is given.</div>
Database query optimisation based on measures of regret (2016)

The query optimiser in a database management system (DBMS) is responsible for �nding a good order in which to execute the operators in a given query. However, in practice the query optimiser does not usually guarantee to �nd the best plan. This is often due to the non-availability of precise statistical data or inaccurate assumptions made by the optimiser. In this thesis we propose a robust approach to logical query optimisation that takes into account the unreliability in database statistics during the optimisation process. In particular, we study the ordering problem for selection operators and for join operators, where selectivities are modelled as intervals rather than exact values. As a measure of optimality, we use a concept from decision theory called minmax regret optimisation (MRO). When using interval selectivities, the decision problem for selection operator ordering turns out to be NP-hard. After investigating properties of the problem and identifying special cases which can be solved in polynomial time, we develop a novel heuristic for solving the general selection ordering problem in polynomial time. Experimental evaluation of the heuristic using synthetic data, the Star Schema Benchmark and real-world data sets shows that it outperforms other heuristics (which take an optimistic, pessimistic or midpoint approach) and also produces plans whose regret is on average very close to optimal. The general join ordering problem is known to be NP-hard, even for exact selectivities. So, for interval selectivities, we restrict our investigation to sets of join operators which form a chain and to plans that correspond to left-deep join trees. We investigate properties of the problem and use these, along with ideas from the selection ordering heuristic and other algorithms in the literature, to develop a polynomial-time heuristic tailored for the join ordering problem. Experimental evaluation of the heuristic shows that, once again, it performs better than the optimistic, pessimistic and midpoint heuristics. In addition, the results show that the heuristic produces plans whose regret is on average even closer to the optimal than for selection ordering.
Evolving Data about Subtrochanteric Fractures and Bisphosphonates (2010)

Osteoporosis, a skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone strength that predisposes to an increased risk of fracture, affects 10 to 12 million people in the United States. In 2000, there were 9 million fractures worldwide, of which 1.6 million were hip fractures. Fractures are important because of their association with an increased rate of death, substantial morbidity, enormous costs, and devastating effects on independence and quality of life.Bisphosphonates, the major class of drugs used to treat osteoporosis,1,2 decrease osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and bone turnover markers and increase bone mineral density. They have been shown to reduce the risk . . .
THE SILVER MOUSE (1930)

Journal Article THE SILVER MOUSE: A Recessive Color Variation Get access L.C. DUNN, L.C. DUNN Columbia University and Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar LORNA W. THIGPEN LORNA W. THIGPEN Columbia University and Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Heredity, Volume 21, Issue 12, December 1930, Pages 495–498, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a103275 Published: 01 December 1930
Radio Frequency Signal Propagation Study (2014)

Abstract : This investigation aims to determine how ground to ground L-Band signals propagated in the Woomera region behave, as well as which propagation model best represents measured results. The results were split into two scenarios depending on the variables tested. The two scenarios were analysed separately due to their differences in equipment setup. For each scenario the best fitting model was determined and then the two scenarios would be compared based on model performance. Overall, the Advanced Refractive Effects Prediction System (AREPS) was the best fit 60% of the time. The modelled propagation loss was within 22 - 26 dB of the measured value 95% of the time. The Free Space model which is usually the 'back of the envelope' calculation was never the best fit for the data. However, the results indicate that if a back of the envelope calculation is required, the two-ray ground reflection model is a much better choice than Free Space, although it still appears to consistently underestimate ground-to-ground propagation losses.
Multi-party distributed audio service with TCP fairness (2002)

Distributed Partial Mixing is an approach to creating a distributed audio service that supports optimisation of bandwidth utilization across multiple related audio streams (e.g. from concurrently active audio sources) while maintaining fairness to TCP traffic in best effort networks. Rate adaptation of streamed audio is difficult because of its rate sensitivity, the relatively limited range of encoding bandwidths available and the potential impact on the end user of rate-adaptation artefacts (such as changes of encoding). This paper describes and demonstrates how our design combines TCP-fairness with the stability that is desirable for streaming audio and other rate sensitive media. In particular, our design combines: a distributed multi-stream management/mixing architecture, loss event and round-trip time monitoring, rate limiting based on a TCP rate equation, tuned increase and decrease strategies and a loss-driven network probing mode. Experimental validation is performed over a wide range of network conditions including against various congesting levels, TCP and independent DPM traffic.
Automatic phase pickers: Their present use and future prospects (1982)

abstract Automatic phase-picking algorithms are designed to detect a seismic signal on a single trace and to time the arrival of the signal precisely. Because of the requirement for precise timing, a phase-picking algorithm is inherently less sensitive than one designed only to detect the presence of a signal, but still can approach the performance of a skilled analyst. A typical algorithm filters the input data and then generates a function characterizing the seismic time series. This function may be as simple as the absolute value of the series, or it may be quite complex. Event detection is accomplished by comparing the function or its short-term average (STA) with a threshold value (THR), which is commonly some multiple of a long-term average (LTA) of a characteristic function. If the STA exceeds THR, a trigger is declared. If the event passes simple criteria, it is reported. Sensitivity, expected timing error, false-trigger rate, and false-report rate are interrelated measures of performance controlled by choice of the characteristic function and several operating parameters. At present, computational power limits most systems to one-pass, time-domain algorithms. Rapidly advancing semi-conductor technology, however, will make possible much more powerful multi-pass approaches incorporating frequency-domain detection and pseudo-offline timing.
Nutrition and Immunology: Principles and Practice (2001)

Nutrition and Immunology: Principles and PracticeEditors: GERSHWIN, M. Eric, M.D. (UC Davis); GERMAN, J. Bruce, Ph.D. (UC Davis); KEEN, Carl L., Ph.D. (UC Davis)Bibliographic Data: ISBN: 0-896037-19-3, Humana Press, 2000, $149.50) 505 pages, Contributors, hard cover Audiences: Immunologists, Nutritionists Subjects: Immunology, Nutrition, Public Health Other Info: The book contains predominantly black-and-white illustrations, with some color illustrations. Description: This book is focused heavily on diet and its role in health as it relates to immune status. It is a melding of basic information on nutrition with its effects on various aspects of the immune response and chapters are included on both basic science and clinical issues. Purpose: In the past, discussion of the role of nutrition in health took a chemical approach and was focused on defining the essential nutrients required to maintain growth and reproduction. In this book the optimal conditions for a healthy and functioning immune system are addressed and the consequences of failing to maintain this state are discussed. Within the immunological literature there is a lack of easily accessed information on this topic and it is a subject that is ignored in most textbooks. Thus this book serves a useful function. Audience: The book is written for physicians, nutritionists, and those whose research is a synthesis of the effects of immune status and diet, and the editors succeed in providing information for its target audience. The editors and contributors are authorities on the subjects about which they have written. Features: A wide range of topics are covered, beginning with chapters on nutritional assessment and nutrient requirements for a properly functioning immune system. The editors conclude with a series of discussions on nutrition and its role in a wide variety of clinical issues, ranging from a chapter on breast milk to the role of diet in various diseases. Chapters on alternative medicines and their effect on immunity are also included. This is a wealth of information that nutritionists, immunologists, and physicians may not always think about. Because of the many topics that are discussed, a large amount of information is provided in an accessible format with good references. Assessment: This volume contains a large amount of information on a subject that has received relatively little attention from mainstream immunologists. Issues that are generally not included in immunology courses are compiled here, and probably should be. Most of the chapters are easy to read and contain some thought provoking material for discussion. This book could easily form the basis for a graduate level course. Score: Weighted Numerical Score: 92 - ****
Prevalence and Factors Associated with the Complaint of Premature Ejaculation and the Four Premature Ejaculation Syndromes: A Large Observational Study in China (2013)

The prevalence of PE complaint in male population of Anhui province, China, was 25.80%, with the highest PE syndromes being NVPE and PLPE. Patients with PE complaint or APE were older and more likely to smoke, had more comorbidities, and a higher BMI.
Engineering surface roughness to manipulate droplets in microfluidic systems (2005)

Systematic variation of surface roughness has been employed to create microstructured guide rails for droplets propelled by vibration. The wetting mechanism of rough hydrophobic surfaces has been utilized to design surface energy gradients that form the guide-rails. Micro fabricated pillars in silicon have been employed to control the roughness which determines the contact angle and thus the surface energy. Droplets were moved down the surface energy gradient overcoming hysteresis by supplying energy through mechanical vibration. This work introduces roughness as a new control variable in any scheme of manipulating droplets, and presents fabricated structures and experimental results that validate the approach.
Sedative medication for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care unit (2008)

Sedative medication is an important aspect of management for patients who are mechanically ventilated in intensive care unit. With adequate analgesia and excluding agitation-related factors,appropriate sedative medication may make patiehts less agitated.better cooperated with ventilator and more comfortable.It is recommended to use a validated sedation assessment scale to evaluate patientg neurological function and spontaneous ventilatory ability.

Key words: 
intensive cate unit; mechanical ventilation; sedation
Biomechanical time dependency of the periodontal ligament: a combined experimental and numerical approach (2013)

The analysis of the non-linear and time-dependent viscoelasticity of the periodontal ligament (PDL) enables a better understanding of the biomechanical features of the key regulator tissue for tooth movement. This is of great significance in the field of orthodontics as targeted tooth movement remains still one of the main goals to accomplish. The investigation of biomechanical aspects of the PDL function, a difficult area of research, helps towards this direction. After analysing the time-dependent biomechanical properties of pig PDL specimens in an in vitro experimental study, it was possible to confirm that PDL has a viscoelastic anisotropic behaviour. Three-dimensional finite element models of mini-pig mandibular premolars with surrounding tissues were developed, based on micro-computed tomography (μCT) data of the experimental specimens. Tooth mobility was numerically analysed under the same force systems as used in the experiment. A bilinear material parameter set was assumed to simulate tooth displacements. The numerical force/displacement curves were fitted to the experimental curves by repeatedly calculating tooth displacements of 0.2mm varying the loading velocities and the parameters, which describe the nonlinearity. The experimental results showed a good agreement with the numerical calculations. Mean values of Young's moduli E1, E2 and ultimate strain ε12 were derived for the elastic behaviour of the PDL for all loading velocities. E1 and E2 values increased with increasing the velocity, while ε12 remained relatively stable. A bilinear approximation of material properties of the PDL is a suitable description of measured force/displacement diagrams. The numerical results can be used to describe mechanical processes, especially stress-strain distributions in the PDL, accurately. Further development of suitable modelling assumptions for the response of PDL under load would be instrumental to orthodontists and engineers for designing more predictable orthodontic force systems and appliances.
Spiders in United States Field Crops and Their Potential Effect on Crop Pests (1990)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Synthesis from Hexoses Is Autocatalytic (2013)

Many researchers and articles have reported the development of synthesis methods for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, one of the top 12 biobased building blocks listed by the U.S. Department of Energy. The focus has especially been on the development of efficient catalytic systems for this synthesis. In contrast, we report here a process that does not require any added catalysts, yet leads to interesting yields and selectivities. Moreover, we demonstrate that the process is autocatalytic involving formic acid, the byproduct.
Biological effect of epidermal growth factor on the in vitro growth of human tumors. (1987)

The effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the in vitro growth of 186 malignant human tumor specimens (45 melanomas, 32 sarcomas, and 56 lung, 16 gynecological, 14 breast, 12 genitourinary, and 11 gastrointestinal carcinomas) was evaluated in the cellular adhesive matrix human tumor culture system supplemented with transferrin, insulin, hydrocortisone, and estradiol. EGF increased tumor growth by at least 50% in 81% of the 186 tumors and by over 100% in 54%. The enhanced growth induced by EGF was related to an accelerated cellular division independent of tumor type and not to an increase in the actual number of clonogenic units. The drug concentrations of cell cycle-independent Adriamycin and cisplatin needed to achieve a 90% tumor cell kill were not altered by the responsiveness of the tumor to EGF.
A possible role for kinase-associated protein phosphatase in the <i>Arabidopsis</i> CLAVATA1 signaling pathway (1997)

Continuous growth and development in plants are accomplished by meristems, groups of undifferentiated cells that persist as stem cells and initiate organs. While the structures of the apical and floral meristems in dicotyledonous plants have been well described, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms controlling cell proliferation and differentiation in these structures. We have shown previously that the CLAVATA1 (CLV1) gene in Arabidopsis encodes a receptor kinase-like protein that controls the size of the apical and floral meristems. Here, we show that KAPP, a gene encoding a kinase-associated protein phosphatase, is expressed in apical and young floral meristems, along with CLV1. Overexpression of KAPP mimics the clv1 mutant phenotype. Furthermore, CLV1 has kinase activity: it phosphorylates both itself and KAPP. Finally, KAPP binds and dephosphorylates CLV1. We present a model where KAPP functions as a negative regulator of the CLAVATA1 signal transduction pathway.
Lensless stereo microscopic imaging (2007)

A simple inexpensive high-contrast stereo microscopic is constructed from a single video imager sensor. Two field-synchronous LEDs illuminate the subject creating disparity. The stereo microscope outputs standard field-sequential 3D video and is compatible with commercial head mounted displays and LCD shutter glasses.
Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis suppression in asthmatic children on inhaled corticosteroids (Part 2) – the risk as determined by gold standard adrenal function tests: A systematic review (2007)

The evidence for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) suppression by inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) was found to be conflicting. Reviewers have not distinguished between gold standard and basal adrenal function tests. The utility of the latter is limited by physiological and pathological variability as well as by methodological concerns. The risk of HPA suppression in asthmatic children and adolescents treated with ICS, as determined by gold standard adrenal function tests, needs to be established. A systematic review of the literature from January 1973 to July 2005 was performed. The Medline and Cochrane databases were searched, the reference lists of retrieved articles were inspected and pharmaceutical companies were approached. Randomized-controlled trials, cohort and case-control studies designed to detect HPA suppression caused by ICS, diagnosed by the insulin tolerance test (ITT) or the metyrapone test, performed on asthmatics of all ages not on oral steroids, were included and assessed for methodological quality. Of the 22 identified studies only four met the criteria for inclusion. All of these were published before 1988 and only one was methodologically sound. The cohort study showed that the baseline risk for HPA suppression is 0% while the absolute risk is 100% in asthmatic children treated with a beclomethasone dipropionate metered dose inhaler at a dose of 250-600 mug/m(2)/day for 6-42 months. As suggested by other observations these results could be generalized to other ICS. They may be of clinical significance especially if children are subjected to stress. Further research is needed to establish the cumulative dose for all ICS at which HPA suppression will be precipitated. Guidelines for future trials are suggested.
Advanced propulsion options for the Mars cargo mission (1990)

Several advanced propulsion options for a split-mission piloted Mars exploration scenario are presented. The primary study focus is on identifying concepts that can reduce total initial mass in low earth orbit (IMLEO) for the cargo delivery portion of the mission; in addition, concepts that can reduce the trip time of the piloted option are assessed. The propulsion options considered are nuclear thermal propulsion, solar sails, multimegawatt-class nuclear electric propulsion, solar electric propulsion, magnetic sails, mass drivers, rail guns, solar thermal rockets, beamed-energy propulsion systems, and tethers. For the cargo mission, solar sails are found to provide the greatest mass savings over the baseline chemical system, although they suffer from having very long trip times; a good performance compromise between a low IMLEO and a short trip time can be obtained using multimegawatt-class nuclear electric propulsion systems.
Software Developers Learning Machine Learning: Motivations, Hurdles, and Desires (2019)

The growing popularity of machine learning (ML) has attracted more software developers to now want to adopt ML into their own practices, through tinkering with and learning from ML framework websites and online code examples. To investigate the motivations, hurdles, and desires of these software developers, we deployed a survey to the website of the TensorFlow.js ML framework. We found via 645 responses that many wanted to learn ML for aspirational reasons rather than for immediate job needs. Critically, developers faced hurdles due to a perceived lack of mathematical and theoretical background. They desired frameworks to provide more basic ML conceptual support, such as a curated corpus of best practices, conceptual tutorials, and a de-mystification of mathematical jargon into practical tips. These findings inform the design of ML frameworks and informal learning resources to broaden the base of people acquiring this increasingly important skill set.