gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A spectral-flatness measure for studying the autocorrelation method of linear prediction of speech analysis (1974)

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a spectral-flatness measure into the study of linear prediction analysis of speech. A spectral-flatness measure is introduced to give a quantitative measure of "whiteness," of a spectrum. It is shown that maximizing the spectral flatness of an inverse filter output or linear predictor error is equivalent to the autocorrelation method of linear prediction. Theoretical properties of the flatness measure are derived, and compared with experimental results. It is shown that possible ill-conditioning of the analysis problem is directly related to the spectral-flatness measure and that prewhitening by a simple first-order linear predictor to increase spectral flatness can greatly reduce the amount of ill-conditioning.
Bioavailability of Genotoxic Compounds in Soils (2000)

Measurements were made of the bioavailability of mutagens with a bacterial genotoxicity assay specifically designed for use with the solid phase of soil. Short-term sorption of benzo(a)pyrene, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, 9-phenylanthracene, captan, and aldicarb by six markedly different soils resulted in a 28.2 to >99% decline in availability for genotoxicity. This reduced bioavailability varied markedly with the soil and the compound. The reduced genotoxicity was not a result of the destruction of the compounds since, with few exceptions, >90% of each compound was recovered by Soxhlet extraction. The bioavailability of captan was correlated with surface area and organic C content, but the availability of the other mutagens was not correlated with other properties of the six soils. However, if soils with <0.7% organic matter were not considered, correlations were evident between organic C content and the bioavailability of the three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (r values of 0.90 or higher) and aldicarb (r = 0.760). The amounts of dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, phenylanthracene, and benzo(a)pyrene removed from the soil by a mild extraction with n-butanol were correlated with bioavailability (r values of 0.870, 0.787, and 0.691, respectively). We suggest that genotoxicity, when measured by an organism growing in the soil itself, will vary greatly with soil type and may, in some instances, be predicted from soil properties or by a mild solvent extraction.
Intermediates on the folding pathway of octopine dehydrogenase from Pecten jacobaeus (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIntermediates on the folding pathway of octopine dehydrogenase from Pecten jacobaeusWolfgang Teschner, Rainer Rudolph, and Jean Renaud GarelCite this: Biochemistry 1987, 26, 10, 2791–2796Publication Date (Print):May 19, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 19 May 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00384a021https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00384a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views53Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Stereochemical course of the reaction of glucose 1-phosphate with uridine-5'[1-thiotriphosphate]. (1978)

Of the two diastereoisomers of uridine-5'[1-thiotriphosphate] differing in configuration at Palpha, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase catalyzes the reaction of the one designated isomer B (Eckstein, F. (1975) Angew. Chem, Int. Ed. Engl. 14, 160-166) with glucose-1-P to produce uridine-5'[1-thiodiphosphate]glucose. Mild acid hydrolysis of the latter, under conditions known to be minimal for the hydrolysis of aldose phosphates, produces diastereoisomer A of uridine-5'[1-thiodiphosphate]. Therefore, the reaction of uridine-5'[1-thiotriphosphate](B) with glucose-1-P catalyzed by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase occurs with stereochemical inversion at Palpha to produce uridine-5'[1-thiodiphosphate]glucose(A). The 31P NMR spectra of these nucleotides are presented and used to elucidate the stereochemical course of the reaction. The apparent Km exhibited by this enzyme for uridine-5'[1-thiodiphosphate]glucose isomer A at 2 mM pyrophosphate and pH 7.6 is 75 micron, which is only 2.2 times that for UDP-glucose, 35 micron. The maximal velocity for UDP-glucose is 11 times that for uridine-5'[1-thiodiphosphate]glucose isomer A under these conditions.
Collagen-induced arthritis in C57BL/6 mice is associated with a robust and sustained T-cell response to type II collagen (2007)

Many genetically modified mouse strains are now available on a C57BL/6 (H-2b) background, a strain that is relatively resistant to collagen-induced arthritis. To facilitate the molecular understanding of autoimmune arthritis, we characterised the induction of arthritis in C57BL/6 mice and then validated the disease as a relevant pre-clinical model for rheumatoid arthritis. C57BL/6 mice were immunised with type II collagen using different protocols, and arthritis incidence, severity, and response to commonly used anti-arthritic drugs were assessed and compared with DBA/1 mice. We confirmed that C57BL/6 mice are susceptible to arthritis induced by immunisation with chicken type II collagen and develop strong and sustained T-cell responses to type II collagen. Arthritis was milder in C57BL/6 mice than DBA/1 mice and more closely resembled rheumatoid arthritis in its response to therapeutic intervention. Our findings show that C57BL/6 mice are susceptible to collagen-induced arthritis, providing a valuable model for assessing the role of specific genes involved in the induction and/or maintenance of arthritis and for evaluating the efficacy of novel drugs, particularly those targeted at T cells.
Immunological functions and in vivo cell-cell interactions of T cells in the spleen. (1992)

The spleen is an important lymphoid organ, involved in immune responses against all types of antigen that appear in the circulation. Its complex anatomical organization, with distinct compartments containing specialized cell types, provides a microenvironment which allows different cell-cell interactions and determines the direction of developing immune responses. In this review we evaluate the vast amount of in vitro data dealing with antigen presentation, cell-cell interactions, T and B cell activation, and the immunoregulatory role of cytokines, as suggested to be involved in immune responses. As a basis for understanding of in vivo processes, these in vitro data will be related to discrete phenomena of in vivo immune responses, such as antigen localization/trapping, cell migration patterns of immunocompetent cells, cytokine production, and antibody formation in the different compartments of the spleen. Finally, we try to bring order to the sequence of events that occur in the spleen after antigenic challenge by presenting an in vivo model for T cell dependent and T cell independent immune responses.
Systematic identification of interaction effects between genome- and environment-wide associations in type 2 diabetes mellitus (2013)

Diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) result from environmental and genetic factors, and risk varies considerably in the population. T2D-related genetic loci discovered to date explain only a small portion of the T2D heritability. Some heritability may be due to gene-environment interactions. However, documenting these interactions has been difficult due to low availability of concurrent genetic and environmental measures, selection bias, and challenges in controlling for multiple hypothesis testing. Through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), investigators have identified over 90 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated to T2D. Using a method analogous to GWAS [environment-wide association study (EWAS)], we found five environmental factors associated with the disease. By focusing on risk factors that emerge from GWAS and EWAS, it is possible to overcome difficulties in uncovering gene-environment interactions. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we screened 18 SNPs and 5 serum-based environmental factors for interaction in association to T2D. We controlled for multiple hypotheses using false discovery rate (FDR) and Bonferroni correction and found four interactions with FDR <20 %. The interaction between rs13266634 (SLC30A8) and trans-β-carotene withstood Bonferroni correction (corrected p = 0.006, FDR <1.5 %). The per-risk-allele effect sizes in subjects with low levels of trans-β-carotene were 40 % greater than the marginal effect size [odds ratio (OR) 1.8, 95 % CI 1.3-2.6]. We hypothesize that impaired function driven by rs13266634 increases T2D risk when combined with serum levels of nutrients. Unbiased consideration of environmental and genetic factors may help identify larger and more relevant effect sizes for disease associations.
Specific association of Piwi with rasiRNAs derived from retrotransposon and heterochromatic regions in the <i>Drosophila</i> genome (2006)

In Drosophila, Piwi (P-element-induced wimpy testis), which encodes a protein of the Argonaute family, is essential for germ stem cell self-renewal. Piwi has recently been shown to be a nuclear protein involved in gene silencing of retrotransposons and controlling their mobilization in the male germline. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of Piwi-dependent gene silencing. Here we show that endogenous Piwi immunopurified from ovary specifically associates with small RNAs of 25-29 nucleotides in length. Piwi-associated small RNAs were identified by cloning and sequencing as repeat-associated small interfering RNAs (rasiRNAs) derived from repetitive regions, such as retrotransposon and heterochromatic regions, in the Drosophila genome. Northern blot analyses revealed that in vivo Piwi does not associate with microRNAs (miRNAs) and that guide siRNA was not loaded onto Piwi when siRNA duplex was added to ovary lysate. In vitro, recombinant Piwi exhibits target RNA cleavage activity. These data together imply that Piwi functions in nuclear RNA silencing as Slicer by associating specifically with rasiRNAs originating from repetitive targets.
Planetary gearbox fault diagnosis using morphological gradient filters (2014)

As a key component of rotating machineries, fault diagnosis for planetary gearbox is very difficult compared to the fixed shaft gearbox. It is becoming a hot research topic recent years. Different fault type has different vibration characteristics. Different from the traditional signal analysis methods, morphological gradient filters are used to extract the fault frequencies in this paper. Planetary gearbox experiment signals are used to validate the proposed method.
Learning-Based Visual Saliency Model for Detecting Diabetic Macular Edema in Retinal Image (2016)

This paper brings forth a learning-based visual saliency model method for detecting diagnostic diabetic macular edema (DME) regions of interest (RoIs) in retinal image. The method introduces the cognitive process of visual selection of relevant regions that arises during an ophthalmologist's image examination. To record the process, we collected eye-tracking data of 10 ophthalmologists on 100 images and used this database as training and testing examples. Based on analysis, two properties (Feature Property and Position Property) can be derived and combined by a simple intersection operation to obtain a saliency map. The Feature Property is implemented by support vector machine (SVM) technique using the diagnosis as supervisor; Position Property is implemented by statistical analysis of training samples. This technique is able to learn the preferences of ophthalmologist visual behavior while simultaneously considering feature uniqueness. The method was evaluated using three popular saliency model evaluation scores (AUC, EMD, and SS) and three quality measurements (classical sensitivity, specificity, and Youden's J statistic). The proposed method outperforms 8 state-of-the-art saliency models and 3 salient region detection approaches devised for natural images. Furthermore, our model successfully detects the DME RoIs in retinal image without sophisticated image processing such as region segmentation.
Experimental Design and Analysis of Antibody Microarrays: Applying Methods from cDNA Arrays (2005)

Protein expression microarrays, also called antibody arrays, represent a new technology that allows the expression level of proteins to be assessed directly. As is also the case with gene expression microarrays, it is hoped that protein expression microarrays will aid in biomarker discovery, predicting disease outcomes and response to treatments, and detecting molecular mechanisms and/or pathways associated with a particular disease state. However, accurately achieving these aims is dependent upon suitable experimental designs, normalization procedures that eliminate systematic bias, and appropriate statistical analyses to assess differential expression or expose expression patterns. In the last five years, a large amount of research has been devoted to two-color cDNA arrays to improve experimental design, normalization and statistical analyses to assess differential expression and classification. These methods are directly applicable to two-color antibody arrays. The objective of this article is to discuss statistical methods that have been developed for cDNA arrays and describe how the methods can be directly applied to antibody arrays.
Random early detection gateways for congestion avoidance (1993)

The authors present random early detection (RED) gateways for congestion avoidance in packet-switched networks. The gateway detects incipient congestion by computing the average queue size. The gateway could notify connections of congestion either by dropping packets arriving at the gateway or by setting a bit in packet headers. When the average queue size exceeds a present threshold, the gateway drops or marks each arriving packet with a certain probability, where the exact probability is a function of the average queue size. RED gateways keep the average queue size low while allowing occasional bursts of packets in the queue. During congestion, the probability that the gateway notifies a particular connection to reduce its window is roughly proportional to that connection's share of the bandwidth through the gateway. RED gateways are designed to accompany a transport-layer congestion control protocol such as TCP. The RED gateway has no bias against bursty traffic and avoids the global synchronization of many connections decreasing their window at the same time. Simulations of a TCP/IP network are used to illustrate the performance of RED gateways.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationships of <i>N</i>-Propyl-<i>N</i>-(4-pyridinyl)-1<i>H</i>-indol-1-amine (Besipirdine) and Related Analogs as Potential Therapeutic Agents for Alzheimer's Disease (1996)

A series of novel N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amines and other heteroaryl analogs was synthesized and evaluated in tests to determine potential utility for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. From these compounds, N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine, 4c) was selected for clinical development based on in-depth biological evaluation. In addition to cholinomimetic properties based initially on in vitro inhibition of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding, in vivo reversal of scopolamine-induced behavioral deficits, and subsequently on other results, 4c also displayed enhancement of adrenergic mechanisms as evidenced in vitro by inhibition of [3H] clonidine binding and synaptosomal biogenic amine uptake, and in vivo by reversal of tetrabenazine-induced ptosis. The synthesis, structure-activity relationships for this series, and the biological profile of 4c are reported.
Double-Scope Stories (2003)

Narrative and blending are two of the most central higher order operations of the cognitively modern human mind. This article explores how they work together.
Joining of lithium-ion batteries using laser beam welding: Electrical losses of welded aluminum and copper joints (2012)

Lithium-ion batteries are preferred in electric and hybrid-electric vehicles due to their high energy density. In the course of developing battery systems which consist of several hundred cells, the energy efficiency still needs to be increased. A promising measure to reduce electrical losses is the contact between cell terminal and cell connector. In order to reduce these electric losses, laser beam welding is applied to achieve material locking connections with low contact resistances. This paper presents the investigation of contact resistances of cell connectors joined by laser beam welding. Starting with a theoretical outline of the occurrence of electrical contact resistances, a testing method is proposed to measure contact resistances of material locking joints. The influence of different welding parameters on the contact resistance is evaluated within a comparative study. The results of this study are further discussed by means of metallographic cross section polishes.
Sequence-Specific and Hydrolytic Scission of DNA and RNA by Lanthanide Complex-OligoDNA Hybrids1 (1995)

Totally synthetic and sequence-specific nucleases and ribonucleases, which hydrolyze DNAs and RNAs selectively at target sites, have been prepared. Lanthanide ions, which efficiently hydrolyze the phosphodiester linkages in nucleic acids, are attached to the 5'-end of synthetic DNA oligomers (sequence-recognizing sites) by use of an iminodiacetate ligand. Under physiological conditions, the hybrids selectively hydrolyze substrate DNA or RNA at the 3'-side of the sequence which is complementary with the DNA oligomers in the hybrids. The cerium(IV) ion is the most active as to DNA scission, whereas the europium(III), thulium(III), and lutetium(III) ions are the most effective for RNA scission. All the scissions proceed totally via hydrolysis of the phosphodiester linkages, in the same way as the scissions by natural nucleases and ribonucleases do. The artificial enzymes, which show far greater sequence-specificities than natural ones, exhibit high potential for application to molecular biology, biotechnology, and therapy.
[Serum adiponectin levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome]. (2004)

Serum adiponectin levels were significantly lower in OSAHS patients than in the normal control and the obese patients. In addition to increased waist and neck circumferences, OSAHS may contribute to the decreased serum adiponectin level.
MEASUREMENT OF STRESSES IN SILICON WAFER WITH INFRARED PHOTOELASTIC METHOD (1988)

An infrared photoelastic system for measuring stresses in silicon wafers and its measurement method are presented in this paper. The experiment of exerting pressure on a silicon wafer is made on a model of simply supported beam subjected to four concentration forces. The result of stress measurement basically accords with that based on the theory. And stresses induced in silioon wafers during the simulated processing of semiconductor devices are measured.
Tyrosine kinase-dependent modulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase in human breast adenocarcinoma SKBR-3 cells (1998)

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase is the major rate-limiting enzyme in sterol and non-sterol isoprenoid synthesis. Isoprenoids are involved in the mechanisms of cell proliferation and transformation leading notably to crucial post-translational maturation of small G-proteins of the Ras superfamily. HMG-CoA reductase is among the most highly regulated enzymes. It is controlled by several feedback regulation mechanisms induced by sterol and non-sterol metabolites. The present results show that tyrosine kinase activity is also involved in the regulation of HMG-CoA reductase activity in the human breast cancer cell line SKBR-3. Incubation of SKBR-3 cells with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, herbimycin A, induces a concentration-dependent reduction of HMG-CoA reductase activity with an IC50 of 80nM. The inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity by herbimycin A is also time-dependent. A similar effect of herbimycin A was obtained on the steady-state level of the HMG-CoA reductase protein. The effect of herbimycin A is probably specific as it abolished the stimulation of reductase activity by epidermal growth factor. To elucidate the molecular basis of the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity and protein level by herbimycin A, we performed experiments to study the metabolic turnover of this enzyme using [35S]methionine and [35]cysteine. Herbimycin A (1 microM) did not have any significant effect on the rate of HMG-CoA reductase protein degradation but did affect its rate of synthesis and mRNA levels. The decrease in protein synthesis rate correlates with the lower reductase protein level but is more pronounced than the decrease in mRNA levels. Taken together, the results reveal a novel pathway of regulation of HMG-CoA reductase expression and activity by cellular tyrosine kinase activities.
Vaginal Immunization Against Urinary Tract Infection (1982)

In an attempt to lessen susceptibility to induced urinary tract infections, rats were immunized by a non-traumatic, non-parenteral, intra-vaginal route. Up to 8 weeks following vaginal immunization against Escherichia coli O6, there was decreased adherence of viable E. coli O6 to the rats' bladder epithelium. Scanning electron microscopy of the urothelium revealed that immunized rats had less epithelial swelling, exfoliation, and surface mucin disruption than non-immunized control animals. Immunized animals also cleared an induced E. coli O6 infection from the kidneys and bladder faster than control animals. Vaginal immunization may offer a new approach to prophylaxis and treatment of ascending urinary tract infections.