gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A cross‐section analysis of food insecurity in developing countries: Its magnitude and sources (1982)

Short‐term instability in food supplies continues to be a severe problem for many developing countries. From the viewpoint of an individual country, this problem arises primarily from fluctuations in domestic food production and in foreign exchange availability. The present paper aims to establish the magnitude and seriousness of the problem in a sample of 50 food deficit countries. It also aims to broaden the scope of discussion of the food security problem by taking into account the possibility that food insecurity may manifest itself in a country in a variety of ways which depend in part on the manner in which the domestic authorities respond to periodic shortfalls in food supplies.
Applications of distributed arithmetic to digital signal processing: a tutorial review (1989)

The history and fundamentals of distributed arithmetic (DA) are presented. Ways to increase the speed of DA multiplication are described. DA is applied to a biquadratic digital filter, providing an example of vector dot-product and vector-matrix-product mechanization. Applications to transformers and nonlinear and/or nonstationary processing with DA are discussed. It is seen that DA is a very efficient means to mechanize computations that are dominated by inner products.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sub-quarter-micrometer CMOS on ultrathin (400 AA) SOI (1992)

MOS transistors with effective channel lengths down to 0.2 mu m have been fabricated in fully depleted, ultrathin (400 AA) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) films. These devices do not exhibit punchthrough, even for the smallest channel lengths, and have performance characteristics comparable to deep-submicrometer bulk transistors. The NMOS devices have a p/sup +/-polysilicon gate, and the PMOS devices have an n/sup +/-polysilicon gate, giving threshold voltages close to 1 V with very light channel doping. Because the series resistance associated with the source and drain regions can be very high in such thin SOI films, a titanium salicide process was used using a 0.25 mu m oxide spacer. With this process, the sheet resistance of the silicided SOI layer is approximately 5 Omega / Square Operator . However, the devices still exhibit significant series resistance, which is likely due to contact resistance between the silicide and silicon source/drain regions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Inhibition of the growth of human pancreatic cancer cells by the arginine antimetabolite L-canavanine. (1994)

L-Canavanine (CAV), the L-2-amino-4-guanidinooxy structural analogue of L-arginine (ARG), is a potent ARG antagonist which occurs in the jack bean, Canavalia ensiformis. This ARG antimetabolite is active against L1210 murine leukemia and a solid colonic tumor in the rat. Our initial studies using a microtiter assay show that CAV exhibits a 50% inhibitory concentration of approximately 2 mM against the human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line, MIA PaCa-2, when these cells are grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 0.4 mM ARG. When the ARG concentration is reduced to 0.4 microM, the 50% inhibitory concentration for CAV falls precipitously to 0.01 mM. The pronounced increase in the ability of CAV to inhibit MIA PaCa-2 cell growth at the lower ARG concentration may result from enhanced CAV competition with ARG for incorporation into newly synthesized cellular proteins. At 0.4 microM ARG, 30 mM CAV almost completely inhibits cell growth by 6 h. In contrast, with 0.4 mM ARG, complete inhibition does not occur until after 48 h. A dramatic reversal of growth inhibition caused by a very high concentration of CAV was observed when cells treated with CAV were replenished with a high concentration of ARG. Our results suggest that CAV has real potential as a lead compound for the development of analogues with enhanced activity against human pancreatic cancer.
A megalin-like receptor is involved in protein endocytosis in the midgut of an insect (<i>Bombyx mori</i>, Lepidoptera) (2008)

The mechanism responsible for fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-albumin internalization by columnar cells in culture obtained from the midgut of Bombyx mori larvae was examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Protein uptake changed over time, and it appeared to be energy dependent, since it was strongly reduced by both low temperatures and metabolic inhibitors. Labeled albumin uptake as a function of increasing protein concentration showed a saturation kinetics with a Michaelis constant value of 2.0 +/- 0.6 microM. These data are compatible with the occurrence of receptor-mediated endocytosis. RT-PCR analysis and colocalization experiments with an anti-megalin primary antibody indicated that the receptor involved was a putative homolog of megalin, the multiligand endocytic receptor belonging to the low-density lipoprotein receptor family, responsible for the uptake of various molecules, albumin included, in many epithelial cells of mammals. This insect receptor, like the mammalian counterpart, required Ca(2+) for albumin internalization and was inhibited by gentamicin. FITC-albumin internalization was clathrin mediated, since two inhibitors of this process caused a significant reduction of the uptake, and clathrin and albumin colocalized in the intermicrovillar areas of the apical plasma membrane. The integrity of actin and microtubule organization was essential for the correct functioning of the endocytic machinery.
Labdane-Type Diterpene Glycosides from Fruits of Rubus foliolosus. (1991)

From fruits of Rubus foliolosus (Rosaceae), a traditional medicine used in Yunnan, China, seven labdane-type diterpene glycosides were isolated. Of these glycosides, five were identified as goshonosides-F1-5 (1-5) which have been isolated from leaves of R. chingii. Structures of two new glycosides, goshonosides-F6 (6) and -F7 (8), were elucidated as α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside of 13(E)-ent-labda-8(17), 13-diene-3β, 15, 18-triol and 3β, 15-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside of 13(E)-ent-labda-8(17), 13-diene-3β, 15-diol. Goshonosides-F6 (6) and -F7 (8) were also isolated from the leaves of R. chingii.
Dependencies Management in Dynamically Updateable Component-Based Systems (2007)

This paper discusses dependencies analysis significance when updating component-based system dynamically. It presents a service-based matrix model and nested graph as approaches to capture components' dependencies; it discusses using dependencies analysis for safe dynamic updating in component-based software systems; we advocate using service-based dependencies rather than component-based which refelect accurate effect during dynamic reconfiguration.
Lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by myelin basic protein-specific T cell clones correlates with encephalitogenicity (1990)

Lymphokine activity in seven myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cell clones was examined. All of the clones recognize MBP peptide 1-9 in the context of I-Au. A strong positive correlation was found between levels of lymphotoxin (LT) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA and biological activity on L929 cells and their capacity to induce paralysis, the clinical hallmark of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). No correlation was found between interleukin-2 or gamma interferon production and encephalitogenicity. LT and/or TNF-alpha may play a central role in the pathogenesis of EAE.
Three‐Component Synthesis of Amine Derivatives Using Benzylic and Allylic Alcohols as <i>N</i>‐Alkylating Agents in the Absence of External Catalysts and Additives (2008)

Abstract The direct employment of benzylic and allylic alcohols as N ‐alkylating agents provides a useful synthetic route for amine derivatives by avoiding the preactivation of the hydroxy groups of alcohols. Herein we report a novel by‐product‐catalyzed three‐component synthesis of amine derivatives from readily available benzylic and allylic alcohols, acyl chlorides (chloroformates or sulfonyl chlorides), and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS). In the absence of external catalysts and additives, a range of benzylic and allylic alcohols have been transformed into the corresponding N ‐alkyl amides (carbamates or sulfonamides) in good to excellent yields. Furthermore, by‐product TMSCl and its decomposition into HCl have been found to be responsible for promoting the three‐component reaction of benzylic (or allylic) alcohols with acyl chlorides (chloroformates or sulfonyl chlorides) and HMDS.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Novel mode of contraception using polymeric hydrogels. I (1982)

A new method of fertility control has been proposed and tested. The technique involves the use of the polymer, which when injected into the vas deferens lowers the pH sufficiently so as to kill the spermatozoa passing through. The polymer provides an acidic environment for a prolonged time and slowly erodes. The fertility may be restored after complete solubility of the polymer itself over a period of time or by flushing it with a suitable solvent. This method of male contraception is nonsurgical, nonocclusive, and reversible.
Characterization of hospital-associated lineages of ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium from clinical cases in dogs and humans (2013)

Ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (ARE) has rapidly emerged worldwide and is one of the most important nosocomial pathogens. However, very few reports are available on ARE isolates from canine clinical cases. The objective of this study was to characterize ARE strains of canine clinical origin from a veterinary teaching hospital in Canada and to compare them with human strains. Ten ARE strains from dogs and humans were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm activities, presence of rep-families, CRISPR-cas and putative virulence genes. All ARE strains (n = 10) were resistant to ciprofloxacin and lincomycin. Resistances to tetracycline (n = 6), macrolides (n = 6), and to high concentrations of gentamicin, kanamycin and streptomycin (n = 5) were also observed. Canine ARE isolates were found to be susceptible to vancomycin whereas resistance to this antibiotic was observed in human strains. Ampicillin resistance was linked to PBP5 showing mutations at 25 amino acid positions. Fluoroquinolone resistance was attributable to ParC, GyrA, and GyrB mutations. Data demonstrated that all canine ARE were acm (collagen binding protein)-positive and that most harbored the efaAfm gene, encoding for a cell wall adhesin. Biofilm formation was observed in two human strains but not in canine strains. Two to five rep-families were observed per strain but no CRISPR sequences were found. A total of six STs (1, 18, 65, 202, 205, and 803) were found with one belonging to a new ST (ST803). These STs were identical or closely related to human hospital-associated lineages. This report describes for the first time the characterization of canine ARE hospital-associated strains in Canada and also supports the importance of prudent antibiotic use in veterinary medicine to avoid zoonotic spread of canine ARE.
Study of Nanoscience (2012)

Science is an art of living being and engineering are sub-branches of science.By the use of scientific knowledge at the nano-scale phenomenon and by the application of engineering at the nano-scale we are able to design nano-devices, nano-machines etc. In earlier days biology was applicable only in medicine field. Today there is a need to start the program from biological and engineering students to take active part in nano-science. By the application of nano-science we can save human life. From few years there is an great achievement in the living and educational standard in society by the implications of Nano-science and Nano-Technology. Nano-science is in great demand due to an interdisciplinary area, inter and intra engineering, physics , medicine and basic sciences. Is it really a connection between nano-science engineering and human being.Applications of nano-science and nanotechnology are in every area of daily life.
Motifs, themes and thematic maps of an integrated Saccharomyces cerevisiaeinteraction network (2005)

Significantly enriched motifs in an integrated S. cerevisiae interaction network are often signatures of network themes, higher-order network structures that correspond to biological phenomena. Representing networks in terms of network themes provides a useful simplification of complex biological relationships.
Grb2, a simple adapter with complex roles in lymphocyte development, function, and signaling (2009)

Lymphocyte development, activation, and tolerance depend on antigen receptor signaling transduced via multiple intracellular signalosomes. These signalosomes are assembled by different adapters. Given that signaling molecules can be either positive or negative regulators for a biochemical target, the complex of a target with different regulator may dictate the final signaling outcome. Grb2 is a simple adapter known to be involved in a variety of growth factor receptor signaling. However, its role in antigen receptor signaling as well as lymphocyte development and function has emerged only recently. Despite its simple molecular structure, recent experiments show that Grb2 may play a complex role in T and B-cell antigen receptor signaling. In this article, we review recent findings about the physiological role of Grb2 in T and B-cell development and activation and summarize the current mechanistic understanding of how Grb2 exerts its function following T and B-cell antigen receptor stimulation.
Fast block motion estimation for overlapped motion compensation using selective pixel matching (2003)

Overlapped block motion compensation (OBMC) has been studied as a partial solution to the blocking artifact problems of the conventional non-overlapped block motion compensation (BMC). OBMC has been shown to provide improved prediction efficiency as well as better subjective quality for coded video compared with BMC. Also, by employing motion estimation techniques optimized for OBMC, called overlapped block motion estimation (OBME), we can obtain further substantial gains in compensation accuracy over conventional nonoverlapped block motion estimation (BME). However, OBME is too complex for practical realization because multiplication is required for each pixel of every candidate block in matching computations. In this work an effective motion estimation method is presented which significantly reduces the computational complexity of OBME. The proposed method uses a predetermined pattern in selecting matched pixels within a window support to reduce the multiplications of OBME. Simulation results show that the proposed method achieves about the same prediction performance as the conventional OBME.
In vivo measurement of parameters of dosimetric importance during interstitial photodynamic therapy of thick skin tumors (2006)

A system for interstitial photodynamic therapy is used in the treatment of thick skin tumors. The system allows simultaneous measurements of light fluence rate, sensitizer fluorescence, and tissue oxygen saturation by using the same fibers as for therapeutic light delivery. Results from ten tumor treatments using delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX show a significant, treatment-induced increase in tissue absorption at the therapeutic wavelength, and rapid sensitizer photobleaching. The changes in oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin content are monitored by means of near-infrared spectroscopy, revealing a varying tissue oxygenation and significant changes in blood volume during treatment. These changes are consistent with the temporal profiles of the light fluence rate at the therapeutic wavelength actually measured. We therefore propose the observed absorption increase to be due to treatment-induced deoxygenation in combination with changes in blood concentration within the treated volume. A higher rate of initial photobleaching is found to correlate with a less pronounced increase in tissue absorption. Based on the measured signals, we propose how real-time treatment supervision and feedback can be implemented. Simultaneous study of the fluence rate, sensitizer fluorescence, and local tissue oxygen saturation level may contribute to the understanding of the threshold dose for photodynamic therapy.
Genetic Mapping Forage Yield, Plant Height, and Regrowth at Multiple Harvests in Tetraploid Alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i> L.) (2007)

ABSTRACT Hybrids between Medicago sativa subsp. falcata and M. sativa subsp. sativa can result in high levels of heterosis for alfalfa forage production. However, commercially viable alfalfa cultivars also must have acceptable performance for other agronomic traits, including regrowth following harvest and appropriate autumn dormancy. In this study, we characterized an F 1 population derived from the cross of the two subspecies for the genetics of forage production, forage height, and forage regrowth at three harvests in two Iowa locations for 1 yr. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling these traits were mapped on a genetic linkage map developed from this population. Broad‐sense heritabilities and genetic correlations among the traits were high. Marker alleles associated with QTLs for these traits were contributed by each parental genome, suggesting that both subspecies of cultivated alfalfa may contribute to the improvement of these traits. Multiple regression models accounted for between 11 and 44% of the trait variation. The most marker–trait associations were detected during the first harvest. Marker effects were generally similar across harvests. Markers associated with autumn regrowth tended to be different from those associated with regrowth earlier in the season, suggestive of the identification of autumn dormancy effects. The winter hardiness gene MsaciB is a candidate locus for yield and regrowth, being associated with yield across three harvests and with autumn regrowth. A subset of alleles was associated with more than one of the traits. Major alleles for the three traits appear to reside primarily on linkage groups (LGs) 3, 4, 5, and 7.
Attenuated plasticity in neurons and astrocytes in the mouse model of Sanfilippo syndrome type B (2002)

Sanfilippo syndrome type B (MPS III B) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by profound mental retardation and early death. It is caused by deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme involved in heparan sulfate (HS) degradation. Because HS accumulation can be a major feature of this disease, we have examined crucial molecular systems associated with HS function. Using a knockout mouse with disruption of the gene responsible for HS degradation, we evaluated the effects of possible HS accumulation on neuroplasticity that are within the spectrum of action of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptor (FGFR). We found that levels of mRNA for the FGFR-1 were attenuated in the mutant mice by the age of 6 months, whereas the mRNAs for FGF-1 and FGF-2 were reduced or unchanged in the brain regions tested. Neurogenesis, in which FGF-2 is involved, was inhibited in the MPS III B mouse brain at both young and adult ages. We also examined the expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene and GFAP-positive cell density in both normal and injured conditions to study the functional response of astrocytes to insult. We found that, although the mutation alone caused drastic induction of reactive astrocytes, acute injury to the mutant brains failed to induce additional reactive astrocytes. Our results showed important alterations in the expression of several genes involved in the maintenance of neuroplasticity in the MPS III B. This in turn may result in reduction of neuronal health and brain function.
Hyperuricemia, gout and the metabolic syndrome (2008)

Clinicians should be aware of the presence of metabolic syndrome in patients with hyperuricemia or gout in order to control its components (high blood pressure, obesity, etc.) and hence reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease. Long-term, randomized interventional clinical trials are needed to test the hypothesis that urate-lowering therapy can reduce cardiovascular risk in these patients.
Activation of CDK4 Gene Expression in Human Breast Cancer Cells by the Brn-3b POU Family Transcription Factor (2004)

The Brn-3b POU family transcription factor has previously been shown to be over-expressed in human breast cancer and to enhance the growth rate and anchorage independent growth of human breast cancer cells, acting at least in part by inhibiting the expression of the BRCA-1 anti-oncogene. Here we have used gene arrays to identify several other targets for Brn-3b in human breast cancer cells, including cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). In particular, we show that levels of CDK4 mRNA and protein correlate with the levels of Brn-3b in breast cancer cell lines manipulated to express different levels of Brn-3b and in human breast cancer biopsies and that Brn-3b can activate the CDK4 promoter. The effect of Brn-3b on the growth regulatory CDK4 protein provides a further mechanism by which Brn-3b can regulate breast cancer cell growth and indicates that it can do this by activating as well as repressing specific target genes.
Optimized Envelope Shaping for Hybrid EER Transmitter of Mobile WiMAX— Optimized ET Operation (2009)

The envelope signal of a Hybrid Envelope Elimination and Restoration (H-EER) technique is optimally reshaped to improve linearity and efficiency, resulting in an Envelope Tracking (ET) architecture. The bias V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ds</sub> of the ET is adjusted to be a higher value than that of the conventional H-EER technique to enhance the output power and power-added efficiency (PAE). Furthermore, the bias is shifted above the knee region of the PA to reduce the AM/AM and AM/PM distortions at the low bias region. For the verification, the Mobile WiMAX signal with 8.2 dB peak-to-average power ratio and 5-MHz signal bandwidth is used. In the interlock experiment, the PAE of the transmitter is 40% at an output power of 42.04 dBm. By using the digital predistortion technique, the Relative Constellation Error has satisfied the specification of - 33.6 dB. These results clearly show that the H-EER transmitter with ET shaping is the most suitable architecture for the highly linear and efficient Base Transceiver Station transmitter.
Synthesis of a New Substrate for Detection of <i>lacZ</i> Gene Expression in Live <i>Drosophila</i> Embryos (1996)

Escherichia coli lacZ, which encodes beta-galactosidase, has become a widely used reporter gene to study the developmental regulation of gene expression in a variety of organisms. To detect the presence of the beta-galactosidase, the sample must be fixed and appropriately stained. This sort of analysis yields rather crude estimates of the spatial-temporal changes in gene expression patterns. In addition, one cannot recover interesting specimens for propagation. A novel fluorogenic beta-galactosidase substrate for use in live Drosophila melanogaster embryos has been designed and synthesized. This compound provides a means to determine gene dosage in live embryos so that one can unambiguously determine the genotype of a living embryo. This will be useful for detailed analysis of cellular and morphogenetic behavior changes in live embryos that are homozygous for embryonic lethal mutations. In the course of testing this compound, a new beta-galactoside hydrolytic activity, different from the previously identified beta-galactosidase, has been discovered to reside in macrophages and the intervitelline space.