gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Singlets, triplets, and exciplexes: complex, temperature-dependent emissions from (2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)bis(triphenylphosphine)copper(1+) and (1,10-phenanthroline)(triphenylphosphine)copper(1+) (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSinglets, triplets, and exciplexes: complex, temperature-dependent emissions from (2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)bis(triphenylphosphine)copper(1+) and (1,10-phenanthroline)(triphenylphosphine)copper(1+)Cynthia E. A. Palmer and David R. McMillinCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1987, 26, 23, 3837–3840Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00270a004https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00270a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views633Altmetric-Citations113LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Training Recurrent Answering Units with Joint Loss Minimization for VQA (2016)

We propose a novel algorithm for visual question answering based on a recurrent deep neural network, where every module in the network corresponds to a complete answering unit with attention mechanism by itself. The network is optimized by minimizing loss aggregated from all the units, which share model parameters while receiving different information to compute attention probability. For training, our model attends to a region within image feature map, updates its memory based on the question and attended image feature, and answers the question based on its memory state. This procedure is performed to compute loss in each step. The motivation of this approach is our observation that multi-step inferences are often required to answer questions while each problem may have a unique desirable number of steps, which is difficult to identify in practice. Hence, we always make the first unit in the network solve problems, but allow it to learn the knowledge from the rest of units by backpropagation unless it degrades the model. To implement this idea, we early-stop training each unit as soon as it starts to overfit. Note that, since more complex models tend to overfit on easier questions quickly, the last answering unit in the unfolded recurrent neural network is typically killed first while the first one remains last. We make a single-step prediction for a new question using the shared model. This strategy works better than the other options within our framework since the selected model is trained effectively from all units without overfitting. The proposed algorithm outperforms other multi-step attention based approaches using a single step prediction in VQA dataset.
Linearly reconfigurable Kalman filtering for a vector process (2013)

In this paper, we consider a dynamic linear system in statespace form where the observation equation depends linearly on a set of parameters. We address the problem of how to dynamically calculate these parameters in order to minimize the mean-squared error (MSE) of the state estimate achieved by a Kalman filter. We formulate and solve two kinds of problems under a quadratic constraint on the observation parameters: minimizing the sum MSE (Min-Sum-MSE) or minimizing the maximum MSE (Min-Max-MSE). In each case, the optimization problem is divided into two sub-problems for which optimal solutions can be found: a semidefinite programming (SDP) problem followed by a constrained least-squares minimization. A more direct solution is shown to exist for the special case of a scalar observation; in particular, the Min-Sum-MSE problem is optimally solved utilizing Rayleigh quotient, and the Min-Max-MSE problemreduces to an SDP feasibility test that can be solved via the bisection method.
Introduction (2015)

Abstract In the history of war, and especially in discussions of the psychological trauma that can result from constant exposure to war induced injury and death, the experience of medical personnel is strikingly absent. Historically, the focus on combatant trauma has obscured the trauma of those who care for the injured and dying. The introduction examines the historiography of trauma and resilience, of wartime medical care, and theories of life-writing in order to contextualise the chapters which follow. An analysis of memoirs by medical personnel from the Second Anglo Boer War (1899-1902) is also included here.
A note on pointwise convergence (1951)

Let C be the set of all continuous real-valued functions on the closed interval [0, l].The question arises as to whether or not a metric d for C exists with the property that limn<00 d(fn, f<) =0 if and
XCVI.—A method for investigating dissociation equilibria in solutions, and its application to the study of aqueous potassium. Mercuri-iodide solutions (1909)

H. M. Dawson, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1909, 95, 870 DOI: 10.1039/CT9099500870
Vol 10 No 1 (2020) (2020)

In the last decades, managerial instruments have gained importance to medical decisions and the logic of managerialism is juxtaposed with the logic of medical professionalism. Recent changes in the hospital employment structure raise the question of contradictory logics not only at the organizational but also at the individual level. Therefore, we investigate the rise of locum doctors which is a relatively new phenomenon in Germany. Our qualitative interview study with 21 locum tenens, permanently employed physicians, and chief physicians shows that locum physicians re-contextualize professional standards in hospitals. According to their self-perception, patient care stays at the center of their medical practice regardless of economic, bureaucratic, and hierarchical requirements as well as hospital-specific routines. We argue that the interrelationship between professionalism and managerialism exists not only within organizations but also on an individual level of locum doctors.
Growth of Carbon Fibers in Stainless Steel Tubes by Natural Gas Pyrolysis (1986)

Formation of uniform, macroscopic carbon fibers by pyrolysis of hydrocarbons occurs in two principal stages: 1) growth of long submicron filaments by the interaction of nanometer-sized transition metal particles with a decomposing hydrocarbon gas, and 2) thickening of the filaments to diameters on the order of micrometers by subsequent deposition of pyrolysis products. Stainless steel tubes provide a suitable environment for both of these processes. As the steel begins to carburize, its surface fragments to produce metal particles. These particles can catalyze filament growth because gas phase hydrocarbon concentrations are suitably low due to substantial absorption by the walls. Thickening of the filaments to macroscopic fibers takes place after the walls are saturated with carbon. The concentration in the gas phase increases markedly, depositing pyrolytic carbon on previously-grown filaments to thicken them to the required diameter. Uniform 10 μm fibers as long as 20 cm and of average modulus 1.8 x 1011 Pa have been grown by this method.
Antitumor constituents from <i>Alternanthera philoxeroides</i> (2007)

Two new compounds, alternanthin B (1) and N-trans-feruloyl-3,5-dimethoxytyramine (2), along with four known compounds (3-6) were isolated from the aerial parts of Alternanthera philoxeroides. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods. The antitumor activity of the isolated compounds was also evaluated.
Synthetic Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Modulators - Opportunities and Potential Pitfalls (2011)

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) evokes a plethora of physiological responses by stimulating members of a G protein-coupled receptor family, known as S1P receptors. Currently five different mammalian S1P receptor subtypes, S1P₁₋₅, each with a different cellular expression pattern, were identified. The S1P₁ receptor in particular has attracted major interest throughout the pharmaceutical industry following the breakthrough discovery that this S1P receptor subtype is critically involved in the regulation of lymphocyte trafficking through secondary lymphoid organs. Since then, examples of synthetic S1P₁ agonists with lymphocyte reducing and immunomodulating activity demonstrated efficacy in numerous preclinical models of autoimmune disease and transplantation. Notably FTY720 (fingolimod), a pro-drug that is phosphorylated in vivo and converted into a non-selective S1P₁,₃,₄,₅ receptor agonist, has been widely used to increase the understanding of S1P₁ receptor biology. Results from recently completed phase III clinical trials using FTY720 paved the way for this non-selective S1P₁ receptor agonist to become the first oral therapy in multiple sclerosis, with potential expansion into many other autoimmune diseases. This review briefly outlines the field of S1P₁ receptor biology and summarizes recent approaches in medicinal chemistry to discover potent and selective S1P₁ receptor agonists. In particular, the complexity of discovering a molecule akin to FTY720 but with an improved side-effect profile will be discussed.
RFID Technology for Continuous Monitoring of Physiological Signals in Small Animals (2015)

Telemetry systems enable researchers to continuously monitor physiological signals in unrestrained, freely moving small rodents. Drawbacks of common systems are limited operation time, the need to house the animals separately, and the necessity of a stable communication link. Furthermore, the costs of the typically proprietary telemetry systems reduce the acceptance. The aim of this paper is to introduce a low-cost telemetry system based on common radio frequency identification technology optimized for battery-independent operational time, good reusability, and flexibility. The presented implant is equipped with sensors to measure electrocardiogram, arterial blood pressure, and body temperature. The biological signals are transmitted as digital data streams. The device is able of monitoring several freely moving animals housed in groups with a single reader station. The modular concept of the system significantly reduces the costs to monitor multiple physiological functions and refining procedures in preclinical research.
Role of Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Testing in Heart Failure (2002)

The long-predicted natriuretic and endocrine function of the heart was demonstrated more than 20 years ago (1) by the discovery of atrial natriuretic peptide [atrial natriuretic factor, A-type natriuretic peptide (ANP)]. This led to the description of a family of structurally similar but genetically distinct peptides, constituting the natriuretic peptide (NP) family, which contribute to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis. These looped peptides are the naturally occurring antagonists of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and of the sympathetic nervous system. They promote natriuresis and diuresis, act as vasodilators, and exert antimitogenic effects on cardiovascular tissues.

Two members of the NP family, ANP and brain natriuretic peptide [B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)] are secreted by the hemodynamically stressed heart mainly in response to myocardial stretch induced by volume load. ANP and BNP appear to form a dual, integrated NP system with ANP acting as a rapid-response hormone and BNP as a backup hormone activated only after prolonged ventricular overload. The NP system is activated to its highest degree in ventricular dysfunction and has an important role in maintaining the compensated state of asymptomatic heart failure (HF) and delaying disease progression. The increased plasma ANP and BNP seen in HF patients is not unique: NPs are increased in all patients with edematous disorders, such as renal failure or ascitic liver cirrhosis, that lead to increased atrial tension or central blood volume (2).

The NPs are synthesized as preprohormones. The endocrinologically active C-terminal peptides (ANP and BNP) and their N-terminal prohormone fragments are found in plasma. It is uncertain at present whether the proteolytic cleavage of proBNP to N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) 1–76 and BNP (C-terminal 32 amino acids) occurs at the time of secretion or later in the circulation (3). ProBNP is, however, a substrate of the transmembrane serine protease corin, suggesting that proBNP is …
The Elk-1 and Serum Response Factor Binding Sites in the Major Immediate-Early Promoter of Human Cytomegalovirus Are Required for Efficient Viral Replication in Quiescent Cells and Compensate for Inactivation of the NF-κB Sites in Proliferating Cells (2010)

The major immediate-early promoter (MIEP) region of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) plays a critical role in the regulation of lytic and latent infections by integrating multiple signals supplied by the infecting virus, the type and physiological state of the host cell, and its extracellular surroundings. The interaction of cellular transcription factors with their cognate binding sites, which are present at high densities within the enhancer upstream from the MIEP core promoter, regulate the rate of IE gene transcription and thus affect the outcome of HCMV infection. We have shown previously that the NF-kappaB binding sites within the MIEP enhancer and cellular NF-kappaB activity induced by HCMV infection are required for efficient MIEP activity and viral replication in quiescent cells (P. Caposio, A. Luganini, G. Hahn, S. Landolfo, and G. Gribaudo, Cell. Microbiol. 9:2040-2054, 2007). We now show that the inactivation of either the Elk-1 or serum response factor (SRF) binding site within the enhancer also reduces MIEP activation and viral replication of recombinant HCMV viruses in quiescent fibroblasts. In these cells, we show that the expression of either Elk-1 or SRF is required for optimal IE gene expression, and that the HCMV-stimulated activation of the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling axis leads to Elk-1 transcriptional competency. Furthermore, the replication kinetics of recombinant viruses in which NF-kappaB, Elk-1, and SRF binding sites all are inactivated demonstrate that the higher levels of Elk-1 and SRF binding to MIEP in proliferating cells can compensate even for a lack of HCMV-induced NF-kappaB-mediated MIEP transactivation. These observations highlight the importance of the combination of different MIEP binding sites to optimize IE gene expression in cells in different physiological states.
Chromatographic Separation and Tandem MS Identification of Active Peptides in Potato Protein Hydrolysate That Inhibit Autoxidation of Soybean Oil-in-Water Emulsions (2010)

A previously developed antioxidative potato protein hydrolysate was fractionated using gel filtration. The efficacy of different fractions for inhibiting lipid oxidation in soybean oil-in-water emulsions, neutralizing 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS(+*)) radicals, and chelating prooxidative metal ions was investigated. Low-molecular-weight fraction Peak 3 (709 Da) exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity and radical scavenging activity. Active peptides based on the ABTS(+*) scavenging assay were isolated by RP-HPLC and purified by UPLC. The amino acid sequence determination by MS/MS identified eight prominent peptides in the antioxidative Peak 3 fraction, of which Thr-Tyr, Tyr-Phe-Glu, Tyr-Ser-Thr-Ala, and Asn-Tyr-Lys-Gln-Met matched the sequence of papatin.
Klotho protects against mouse renal fibrosis by inhibiting Wnt signaling (2012)

Augmented Wnt signaling has been implicated in many fibrotic diseases including obstructive nephropathy. Soluble form Klotho has been reported to function as a secreted Wnt antagonist. In this study, we tested whether Klotho protein could reduce renal fibrosis by inhibition of Wnt signaling. Transgenic mice that overexpressed Klotho, wild-type mice, and Klotho hetero mutant mice underwent unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). In some Klotho hetero mutant mice, Klotho-encoding plasmid was transferred into the skeletal muscle by electroporation. UUO induced activation of Wnt signaling in wild-type but less in Klotho transgenic mice. Enhanced tubulointerstitial fibrosis in wild-type mice was also attenuated in Klotho transgenic mice. In contrast, Wnt signaling and concomitant tubulointerstitial fibrosis were further augmented in Klotho hetero mutant mice after UUO compared with wild-type mice. In Klotho-encoding plasmid-transfected Klotho hetero mutant mice, however, Wnt signaling was markedly reduced accompanied by a decrease in extracellular matrix deposition after UUO. In vitro studies showed that stimulation of Wnt3a induced prolonged cell cycle arrest at G(2)/M phase, with a resultant increase in production of fibrogenic cytokines. Cotreatment with Klotho bypassed the G(2)/M arrest and reduced fibrogenic cytokine production. In conclusion, Klotho is a critical negative regulator of Wnt signaling and a suppressor of renal fibrosis in the obstructed kidney model.
Synthesis of 10-Alkylthio- and Arylthio-1,8-Dihydroxy-9-anthrones, A New Class of Anthracene Derivatives of Potential Pharmacological Interest (1986)

The reaction of anthrone I (R = OH) with R1SH [R1 = CH2CH(NH2)CO2H, PhCH2, Bu, Ph) in F3CCO2H gave 51-62% I (R = R1S).
Effect of Mg-, Zr-, and Ta-Doping on Scintillation Properties of : Ce Crystal (2003)

We developed Mg-, Zr-, and Ta-doped GSO : Ce scin- tillator materials to improve scintillation properties for medical imaging scanners such as a positron emission tomgraph (PET). The crystals of -doped : ( , ) were grown. The scintilla- tion decay curve, rise time, light output, and optical transmittance of these crystals were measured. Improvement of optical trans- parency was found for GSO : Ce,Zr. Index Terms—GSO: Ce scintillator, impurities-doping, trans- parency.
Localization of a unique hepatitis B virus epitope sheds new light on the structure of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (1999)

In a search for monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that can bind hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) with amino acid substitutions in the immune dominant 'a' region (escape mutants) we investigated the epitope recognition site of the human MAb 4-7B. Pepscan analysis and experiments with alanine substitution as well as substitutions known from nature pointed to residues 178-186 in the small S protein with the amino acid sequence PFVQWFVGL (key amino acids in bold) as the minimal epitope. Single amino acid substitutions at positions 122(R/K)(d/y), 134(Y/F), 145(G/R), 148(T/A) and 160(K/R)(w/r), representing 'a' region variants in recombinant HBsAg COS-I cells, did not influence binding of MAb 4-7B. Synthetic peptides (residues 175-189) including the 4-7B epitope sequence were able to evoke an anti-HBs response in rabbits. According to established polypeptide models, the 4-7B epitope region is located in the lipid layer of 20 nm HBsAg particles. The present results, however, suggest that residues 178-186 are exposed on the surface of the 20 nm particle. This may change our view of the structure of HBsAg.
Structure-function relationships for a voltage-dependent ion channel: properties of COOH-terminal fragments of colicin E1. (1983)

The effects on planar lipid bilayer membranes of carboxyl-terminal fragments derived from the bacteriocin colicin E1 by either proteolysis or CNBr cleavage are indistinguishable from those of the voltage-dependent parent colicin molecule. An upper limit to the length of the COOH-terminal peptide required for channel formation is 152 amino acid residues from the COOH-terminal end, as indicated by the CNBr fragment. In addition, use of carboxypeptidase shows that the COOH-terminal end of the molecule remains on the side of the membrane to which it was added. COOH-terminal peptides of colicin E1 spontaneously associate with oil or hexane droplets in an aqueous system and remain at the interface between the two phases to a significantly greater degree than other colicin E1 fragments or cytochrome c. These results, together with the amino acid sequence, suggest a model wherein the colicin E1 channel is formed first by spontaneous attachment to a membrane of an alpha-helical hairpin centered at a 35-residue hydrophobic region near the COOH-terminal end. Application of a potential of the correct polarity then facilitates a major conformational change in the protein, allowing insertion of the remainder of the COOH-terminal end to form the open channel.
Transcriptional Regulation of <i>xyn2</i> in <i>Hypocrea jecorina</i> (2003)

The xylanase system of the filamentous fungus Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei) consists of two specific xylanases, Xyn1 and Xyn2, which are simultaneously expressed during growth on xylan but respond differentially to low-molecular-weight inducers. Using in vivo footprinting analysis of xylan-induced and noninduced mycelia, we detected two adjacent nucleotide sequences (5'-AGAA-3' on the noncoding strand and 5'-GGGTAAATTGG-3', referred to as the xylanase-activating element [XAE], on the coding strand, respectively) to bind proteins. Among these, binding to the AGAA-box is only observed under noninduced conditions, whereas binding to XAE is constitutive. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay with heterologously expressed components of the H. jecorina Hap2/3/5 protein complex and the cellulase regulator Ace2 suggests that these two transactivators form the protein complex binding to XAE. H. jecorina transformants, containing correspondingly mutated versions of the xyn2 promoter fused to the Aspergillus niger goxA gene as a reporter, revealed that the elimination of protein binding to the AGAA-box resulted in a threefold increase in both basal and induced transcription, whereas elimination of Ace2 binding to its target in XAE completely eliminated transcription under both conditions. Destruction of the CCAAT-box by insertion of a point mutation prevents binding of the Hap2/3/5 complex in vitro and results in a slight increase in both basal and induced transcription. These data support a model of xyn2 regulation based on the interplay of Hap2/3/5, Ace2 and the AGAA-box binding repressor.
Decoding with Value Networks for Neural Machine Translation (2017)

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has become a popular technology in recent years, and beam search is its de facto decoding method due to the shrunk search space and reduced computational complexity. However, since it only searches for local optima at each time step through one-step forward looking, it usually cannot output the best target sentence. Inspired by the success and methodology of AlphaGo, in this paper we propose using a prediction network to improve beam search, which takes the source sentence $x$, the currently available decoding output $y_1,\cdots, y_{t-1}$ and a candidate word $w$ at step $t$ as inputs and predicts the long-term value (e.g., BLEU score) of the partial target sentence if it is completed by the NMT model. Following the practice in reinforcement learning, we call this prediction network \emph{value network}. Specifically, we propose a recurrent structure for the value network, and train its parameters from bilingual data. During the test time, when choosing a word $w$ for decoding, we consider both its conditional probability given by the NMT model and its long-term value predicted by the value network. Experiments show that such an approach can significantly improve the translation accuracy on several translation tasks.