gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Near-Infrared-Triggered Anticancer Drug Release from Upconverting Nanoparticles (2014)

Targeted drug delivery using functional nanoparticles has provided new strategies for improving therapeutic efficacy while concurrently minimizing toxicity. Photodynamic therapy is an approach that offers control of drug delivery by use of an external photon source to allow active therapeutic release to a target area. Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) have potential to operate as integral components of photodynamic therapeutic platforms based on the resonant absorption of near-infrared (NIR) radiation and emission at shorter wavelengths. NIR radiation is minimally absorbed and scattered by biological tissues, and the NIR excitation of UCNPs can generate anti-Stokes emission in the ultraviolet-visible wavelength range at intensities that can be used to trigger cleavage of bonds linking therapeutics at the nanoparticle interface. Herein, we describe an investigation of photocleavage at the surface of UCNPs to release the chemotherapeutic 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Core-shell UCNPs composed of a β-NaYF4: 4.95% Yb, 0.08% Tm core and a β-NaYF4 shell were coated with o-phosphorylethanolamine ligands and coupled to an o-nitrobenzyl (ONB) derivative of 5-FU. NIR excitation of the UCNPs resulted in photoluminescence (PL) emission bands centered at 365, 455, and 485 nm. The UV-blue PL was in resonance with the absorption band of the ONB-FU derivative resulting in photocleavage and subsequent release of the 5-FU drug from the UCNPs for these in vitro studies. The release of 5-FU was complete in <14 min using a NIR laser source centered at 980 nm that operated at a power of <100 mW. The efficiency of triggered release was as high as 77% of the total ONB-FU conjugate, while the rate of drug release could be tuned with the laser power output. This work provides an important first step in the development of a UCNP platform capable of targeted chemotherapy.
Novel approaches to the management of noneosinophilic asthma (2016)

Noneosinophilic airway inflammation occurs in approximately 50% of patients with asthma. It is subdivided into neutrophilic or paucigranulocytic inflammation, although the proportion of each subtype is uncertain because of variable cut-off points used to define neutrophilia. This article reviews the evidence for noneosinophilic inflammation being a target for therapy in asthma and assesses clinical trials of licensed drugs, novel small molecules and biologics agents in noneosinophilic inflammation. Current symptoms, rate of exacerbations and decline in lung function are generally less in noneosinophilic asthma than eosinophilic asthma. Noneosinophilic inflammation is associated with corticosteroid insensitivity. Neutrophil activation in the airways and systemic inflammation is reported in neutrophilic asthma. Neutrophilia in asthma may be due to corticosteroids, associated chronic pulmonary infection, altered airway microbiome or delayed neutrophil apoptosis. The cause of poorly controlled noneosinophilic asthma may differ between patients and involve several mechanism including neutrophilic inflammation, T helper 2 (Th2)-low or other subtypes of airway inflammation or corticosteroid insensitivity as well as noninflammatory pathways such as airway hyperreactivity and remodelling. Smoking cessation in asthmatic smokers and removal from exposure to some occupational agents reduces neutrophilic inflammation. Preliminary studies of 'off-label' use of licensed drugs suggest that macrolides show efficacy in nonsmokers with noneosinophilic severe asthma and statins, low-dose theophylline and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists may benefit asthmatic smokers with noneosinophilic inflammation. Novel small molecules targeting neutrophilic inflammation, such as chemokine (CXC) receptor 2 (CXCR2) antagonists reduce neutrophils, but do not improve clinical outcomes in studies to date. Inhaled phosphodiesterase (PDE)4 inhibitors, dual PDE3 and PDE4 inhibitors, p38MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and PI (phosphoinositide) 3kinase inhibitors are under development and these compounds may be of benefit in noneosinophilic inflammation. The results of clinical trials of biological agents targeting mediators associated with noneosinophilic inflammation, such as interleukin (IL)-17 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α are disappointing. Greater understanding of the mechanisms of noneosinophilic inflammation in asthma should lead to improved therapies.
A Beacon Tracker And Point Ahead System For Optical Communications (1989)

This paper describes the design and fabrication of a self contained satellite beacon tracking system for optical communications. This device is installed on a tracking mount and uses high bandwidth steering mirrors to effectively cancel atmospheric turbulence and mount jitter. The steering mirrors are integrated with a 20-cm, unobscured telescope used for receiving the beacon and for transmitting a modulated communications uplink. Satellite range and velocity calculated for its ephemeris are used to offset the transmitted beam from the beacon by as much as 50 microradians to compensate for optical transit time.
Shockwave Loading of Mechanochemically Active Polymer Coatings (2014)

Thin films of mechanochemically active polymer were subjected to laser-generated, high amplitude acoustic pulses. Stress wave propagation through the film produced large amplitude stresses (>100 MPa) in short time frames (10-20 ns), leading to very high strain rates (ca. 1 × 10(7) to 1 × 10(8) s(-1)). The polymer system, spiropyran (SP)-linked polystyrene (PS), undergoes a force-induced chemical reaction causing fluorescence and color change. Activation of SP was evident via a fluorescence signal in thin films subject to high strain-rates. In contrast, quasi-static loading of bulk SP-linked PS samples failed to result in SP activation. Mechanoresponsive coatings have potential to indicate deformation under shockwave loading conditions.
Known and Novel Terpenes from <i>Buddleja globosa</i> Displaying Selective Antifungal Activity Against Dermatophytes (2000)

Lipophilic extracts of the stembark of Buddleja globosa were found to have antifungal activity at 125 microg/mL against three dermatophytic fungal species but had no activity at 1000 microg/mL against four other fungal species or two yeast species. Bioassay-guided fractionation of Si gel column eluates using the sensitive fungal species resulted in active fractions from which were isolated five compounds that were characterized by spectroscopic methods as one novel and four known compounds. The known compounds were the diterpene buddlejone (1), the bisditerpene maytenone, and the two sesquiterpenes buddledin A and buddledin B, while the novel compound was characterized as the diterpene deoxybuddlejone (2). The minimum inhibitory concentration of all the compounds was determined against all the microorganisms under test, and buddledins A and B were shown to exhibit the greatest antifungal activity, with values of 43 microM and 51 microM, respectively, against the sensitive fungi Trichophyton rubrum, Tricophyton interdigitale, and Epidermophyton floccosum.
Contrasting frequencies of antitumor and anti-vaccine T cells in metastases of a melanoma patient vaccinated with a MAGE tumor antigen (2005)

Melanoma patients have high frequencies of T cells directed against antigens of their tumor. The frequency of these antitumor T cells in the blood is usually well above that of the anti-vaccine T cells observed after vaccination with tumor antigens. In a patient vaccinated with a MAGE-3 antigen presented by HLA-A1, we measured the frequencies of anti-vaccine and antitumor T cells in several metastases to evaluate their respective potential contribution to tumor rejection. The frequency of anti-MAGE-3.A1 T cells was 1.5 x 10(-5) of CD8 T cells in an invaded lymph node, sixfold higher than in the blood. An antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) recognizing a MAGE-C2 antigen showed a much higher enrichment with a frequency of approximately 10%, 1,000 times higher than its blood frequency. Several other antitumor T clonotypes had frequencies >1%. Similar findings were made on a regressing cutaneous metastasis. Thus, antitumor T cells were approximately 10,000 times more frequent than anti-vaccine T cells inside metastases, representing the majority of T cells present there. This suggests that the anti-vaccine CTLs are not the effectors that kill the bulk of the tumor cells, but that their interaction with the tumor generates conditions enabling the stimulation of large numbers of antitumor CTLs that proceed to destroy the tumor cells. Naive T cells appear to be stimulated in the course of this process as new antitumor clonotypes arise after vaccination.
T2 decay curve acquisition and analysis in MRI noise considerations, short T2, and B1 field encoding (2009)

The myelin sheath is a lipid bilayer wrapped around axons in the human brain. The myelin allows faster conduction and uses less energy than along non-myelinated axons. Diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, break down the myelin sheath resulting in cognitive and physical disability. Water trapped between the myelin bilayers has a T2 ≈ 15 ms compared to intra/extra-cellular water with a T2 ≈ 80 ms and cerebrospinal fluid which has a T2 ≈ 2000 ms. A multi-echo MRI pulse sequence is used to acquire a T2 decay curve which is fit using a non-negative least-squares (NNLS) curve fitting algorithm to calculate the signal as a function of the T2 (T2 distribution). The myelin water fraction (MWF) is calculated as the signal with a T2 < 50 ms divided by the total signal in the T2 distribution. Quantification of the MWF in vivo, is slow, prone to errors due to artifacts in the T2 decay curve, and requires many data acquisition averages to attain the necessary high signal-to-noise ratio. Each of these areas were addressed in this thesis. First, I compared the accuracy and precision of MWF estimates from a set of simulated and in vivo multi-echo data with and without noise reduction filters applied. The MWF estimated from anisotropically filtered multi-echo data had the smallest variability, over homogeneous regions, compared to MWF estimates from other filtered data. Second, I created a new technique to optimize coefficients that when linearly combined with multi-echo data, result in fast, accurate estimates of the MWF. Simulations and in vivo estimates of the MWF were as accurate as those from the NNLS algorithm and 20,000 times faster. Finally, the standard multi-echo sequence was optimized to remove artifacts due to inaccurate refocusing pulses. I created a novel T2 curve fitting algorithm, based on NNLS, to accurately estimate the T 2 distribution and refocusing pulse flip angle from a T2 decay curve. Simulations and data acquired on phantoms showed the new technique was as accurate as the NNLS algorithm in quantifying the T2 distribution parameters. In vivo myelin water maps were as good as those estimated from the optimized multi-echo pulse sequence.
Defect physics of the kesterite thin-film solar cell absorber Cu2ZnSnS4 (2010)

Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 is one of the most promising quaternary absorber materials for thin-film solar cells. Examination of the thermodynamic stability of this quaternary compound reveals that the stable chemical potential region for the formation of stoichiometric compound is small. Under these conditions, the dominant defect will be p-type CuZn antisite, which has an acceptor level deeper than the Cu vacancy. The dominant self-compensated defect pair in this quaternary compound is [CuZn−+ZnCu+]0, which leads to the formation of various polytype structures of Cu2ZnSnS4. We propose that to maximize the solar cell performance, growth of Cu2ZnSnS4 under Cu-poor/Zn-rich conditions will be optimal, if the precipitation of ZnS can be avoided by kinetic barriers.
They Know It When They See It: Copyright and Aesthetics in the Second Circuit (2012)

seem to be removed from aesthetic judgments.The Copyright Act provides guideposts to decisions but only limited help in answering questions about specific works.The body of case law nevertheless is large enough and consistent enough to supply guidance for most types of situations that arise, and courts are mindful of the particular need to clarify the application of copyright principles through case law.But in some instances, this effort proves difficult because the distinction being drawn is closely related to what strikes the judges as "art"-a matter not easily articulated and a subject of some discomfort to the judiciary.Examples of such situations can be found in the Second Circuit's recent cases involving at least three copyright issues: fair use, factual compilations, and utilitarian design.Cases in these areas may require a distinction to be drawn between material that is, on the one hand, creative, artistic and expressive, the product of intellectual effort-and therefore presumptively subject to copyright protection-and material that is merely a series of statements of fact, clich6s lacking in originality, expression used in some "essentially factual" way, a compilation of "diligently collected" facts, or functional industrial design.Judges can deal with these matters in either one of two ways.The first is by enunciating detailed criteria and seeking to apply them in a manner that may be seen as resting upon the judges' own judicial aesthetics: their conceptions of what is art or, more generally, of what is creative and expressive literary work for purposes of the Copyright Act.Alternatively, judges may postulate sweeping principles that purport to be rules of decision but actually are largely impenetrable, allowing a court in effect to say, "I know it when I see it, and that's it."Though they uniformly deny performing the role of literary or Cir.1989) (Miner, J.) ("[m]oreover, I question whether judges, rather than literary critics, should decide whether literary material is used to enliven a test or demonstrate truth"), cert.
An evaluation of dynamic object tracking with 3D LIDAR (2011)

This paper evaluates experimentally approaches to tracking dynamic objects using 3D LIDAR data such as that obtained from a Velodyne HDL-64. Whilst many algorithms exist for tracking objects in 2D laser data, only recently have algorithms which model the 3D appearance of tracked objects been proposed. The benets of these algorithms with respect to model free centroid based methods have not been fully examined, and therefore the key contribution of this paper is to analyse the behaviour of dierent implementations of these two broad approaches. Through a quantied comparison of simple tracking methods for 3D LIDAR data validated against manually labelled tracks it was found that centroid tracking outperformed 3D appearance model based techniques. In the experiments, which focused upon pedestrian tracking in particular, centroid tracking achieved up to 95% correct data associations compared to 60% for the appearance model based methods.
Interferon-Independent, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120-Mediated Induction of CXCL10/IP-10 Gene Expression by Astrocytes In Vivo and In Vitro (2001)

The CXC chemokine gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-inducible protein CXCL10/IP-10 is markedly elevated in cerebrospinal fluid and brain of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and is implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated dementia (HAD). To explore the possible role of CXCL10/IP-10 in HAD, we examined the expression of this and other chemokines in the central nervous system (CNS) of transgenic mice with astrocyte-targeted expression of HIV gp120 under the control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter, a murine model for HIV-1 encephalopathy. Compared with wild-type controls, CNS expression of the CC chemokine gene CCL2/MCP-1 and the CXC chemokine genes CXCL10/IP-10 and CXCL9/Mig was induced in the GFAP-HIV gp120 mice. CXCL10/IP-10 RNA expression was increased most and overlapped the expression of the transgene-encoded HIV gp120 gene. Astrocytes and to a lesser extent microglia were identified as the major cellular sites for CXCL10/IP-10 gene expression. There was no detectable expression of any class of IFN or their responsive genes. In astrocyte cultures, soluble recombinant HIV gp120 protein was capable of directly inducing CXCL10/IP-10 gene expression a process that was independent of STAT1. These findings highlight a novel IFN- and STAT1-independent mechanism for the regulation of CXCL10/IP-10 expression and directly link expression of HIV gp120 to the induction of CXCL10/IP-10 that is found in HIV infection of the CNS. Finally, one function of IP-10 expression may be the recruitment of leukocytes to the CNS, since the brain of GFAP-HIV gp120 mice had increased numbers of CD3(+) T cells that were found in close proximity to sites of CXCL10/IP-10 RNA expression.
Esterification Of Carboxylic Acids For Analysis Via Gas Chromatography Using Swellable Organically Modified Silica As A Nano-Reactor (2019)

Gas chromatography is a popular method for the identification and quantification of organic mixtures. Currently, there are no simple methods for the quantitative analysis of carboxylic acids via gas chromatography. This research proposes an efficient universal method for the derivatization of carboxylic acids to methyl esters in the presence of an acid catalyst by using swellable organically modified silica (SOMS) as a nano-reactor. SOMS forces the esterification reaction toward completion in two ways: 1) by forcing reagents to interact and 2) by removing the water byproduct from the reaction vessel to invoke Le Chatelier's principle. This work has shown that esterification reactions of simple carboxylic acids in SOMS produce quantitative yields, efficiently, without excessive heat or expensive catalysts, making it an ideal choice for the chromatographic analysis of carboxylic acids. The esterification of a representative library of simple carboxylic acids using SOMS, along with spectral data collected from proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and a proof of concept experiment using gas chromatography were utilized to validate the hypothesis set forth in this project. Through this endeavor, an experimental procedure was established that will set the groundwork for the eventual optimization and application of this esterification method to more complex molecules.
Triplet-Based Deep Similarity Learning for Person Re-Identification (2017)

In recent years, person re-identification (re-id) catches great attention in both computer vision community and industry. In this paper, we propose a new framework for person re-identification with a triplet-based deep similarity learning using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The network is trained with triplet input: two of them have the same class labels and the other one is different. It aims to learn the deep feature representation, with which the distance within the same class is decreased, while the distance between the different classes is increased as much as possible. Moreover, we trained the model jointly on six different datasets, which differs from common practice - one model is just trained on one dataset and tested also on the same one. However, the enormous number of possible triplet data among the large number of training samples makes the training impossible. To address this challenge, a double-sampling scheme is proposed to generate triplets of images as effective as possible. The proposed framework is evaluated on several benchmark datasets. The experimental results show that, our method is effective for the task of person re-identification and it is comparable or even outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.
Shear Wave Velocities Determined From Long- and Short-Spaced Borehole Acoustic Devices (1980)

Abstract Acoustic waveforms from long- and short-spaced sonic logs were investigated to determine if shortspaced tools give accurate measurements of shear wave velocity. Compressional wave interference can affect shear velocities from both tools adversely. However, the short-spaced tool was useful over a wider range of conditions.
Neuro‐genetic optimization of micro compact heat exchanger (2007)

Purpose This paper seeks to introduce an optimization method for maximizing the effectiveness of the micro compact heat exchanger (MHE) under various geometrical parameters. Design/methodology/approach Optimization is realized using the neuro‐genetic methodology which combines the application of artificial neural network (ANN) together with genetic algorithms (GA). The analyses are divided into two main sections; the first being the modeling and prediction using finite element method, the second being the neuro‐genetic optimization. Initial results obtained from the finite element modeling are utilized for training in ANN. Subsequently, optimization is done using GA, once a well trained ANN is achieved. Findings ANN accurately predicts the effectiveness of the MHE and compares well with those obtained from the finite element simulation. Optimization shows a significant improvement in the maximum effectiveness of the MHE achievable for the given range of input parameters. Additionally, computational effort has been minimized and simulation time has been drastically reduced. Research limitations/implications This analysis is valid for constant fluid properties and for steady‐state conditions. Additionally, optimization is limited to the range of the trained input parameters. Practical implications This paper is very useful for practical design of various types of heat exchangers. Originality/value This paper will be useful for the design of the MHE where its performance can be analyzed for a given range of geometries with minimal effort. This methodology will also be applicable for other types of heat exchangers.
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Clinical Oncology (1981)

After anecdotal reports of marijuana's providing antiemetic activity in cancer chemotherapy patients refractory to standard agents, orally administered delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was formally studied by a number of investigators. In six of seven well-controlled studies, orally administered THC was a superior antiemetic agent compared with control agents. The THC toxic effects are notable but manageable. Patients rarely require hospitalization after the development of THC-induced dysphorias. However, serious toxic effects are uncommon and the most frequently noted effects are somnolence, conjunctivitis, and tachycardias. Because certain subgroups of patients are more prone to have toxicities develop, careful selection of the candidates to receive this agent is mandatory. Overall, the benefits of orally administered THC use represent a major advance in antiemetic therapy.
Chemical Etching Using KOH Aqueous Solution for Corona-Charge Micropatterning of Soda-Lime Glass (2013)

The selectivity of chemical etching for a soda-lime glass substrate to which a micropatterned electric field is applied by corona-charging treatment was investigated. A grating pattern with a period of 4 µm was transferred in a soda-lime glass substrate via corona-charging treatment with a mask template. A diffraction efficiency of 0.02% was detected from the refractive index grating in a template-removed glass substrate. A surface relief grating with a period of 4 µm was fabricated on the glass substrate by selective etching using KOH aqueous solution. The etching rate of the corona-charge-treated domain of the glass substrate was 1.6 times higher than that of normal glass. An enhancement of the etching rate of the glass substrate by the corona-charging treatment occurred up to a depth of approximately 200 nm from the surface. After the surface structural change from the refractive index grating, diffraction efficiency increased to 1.64%, which was 80 times higher than that before chemical etching.