gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The dual source APCVD of titanium nitride thin films from reaction of hexamethyldisilazane and titanium tetrachloride (2002)

Atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition reaction of TiCl4 and NH(SiMe3)2 at 300–550 °C produced films of titanium nitride on glass substrates. The films were gold or purple/gold in colour, highly reflective in the infrared but with significant transmittance in the visible. Growth rates were typically 300 nm min−1 at 550 °C. The films were uniform, adhesive, abrasive resistant, conformal and hard, being resistant to scratching with a steel scalpel. They also showed no change in optical properties on immersion in common solvents or dilute acids or alkalis (2 M). X-Ray diffraction showed preferred growth in the (2 0 0) direction, typical cell constants of 4.23(1) Å and a crystallite size of ca. 200 Å. Raman spectra matched powder samples. SEM indicated the films were composed of ca. 200 nm particles. EDAX and electron probe studies showed no carbon or silicon impurities and a titanium to nitrogen ratio corresponding to TiN0.95. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy gave binding energy shifts for Ti2p3/2 and N1s at 455.8 and 396.9 eV respectively. The sheet resistance of the films showed increase conductivity with deposition temperature. The titanium nitride films showed potential for heat mirror applications.
Direct-write patterning of microstructured porous silicon arrays by focused-ion-beam Pt deposition and metal-assisted electroless etching (2004)

Photoluminescent porous silicon (PSi) patterns of micrometer dimension were produced by the Pt-assisted electroless etching of Si in 1:1:2 methanol:HF:H2O2. Pt-containing squares with side lengths ranging from 1.25to20μm were defined by a focused-ion-beam-assisted maskless deposition of Pt from an organometallic precursor, trimethylmethylcyclopentadienyl platinum. The Pt-patterned Si samples were then etched to produce photoluminescent pixel arrays with high fidelity transfer of the Pt deposition pattern into luminescent pixels of varying size. The morphology of the PSi patterns was correlated with the spatial luminescence characteristics at the individual pixel level. Luminescent pixels with feature sizes down to ca. 1μm were largely confined to the areas initially coated with Pt, and the morphologies produced within any one set of equal-sized Pt squares were similar. For 5-μm pads and larger, the morphologies obtained were an admixture of a porous structure coexisting with deeper heavily etched crater regions. Only the porous areas were observed to emit, with the deeper crater areas being dark in a two-photon luminescence. The smaller 1.25- and 2.5-μm pads exhibited a common morphology, in which a brightly luminescent outer ring surrounds a weaker but still distinguishable luminescence in the center of the etched structure. These results are in contrast with the spatial luminescence patterns and morphologies for the millimeter-scale Pt pads [S. Chattopadhyay, X. Li, and P. W. Bohn, J. Appl. Phys. 91, 6134 (2002)], in which electroless etching and, thus, PSi formation is observed in the regions not initially coated with Pt.
Neonatal Food and the Politics of Theory: Some Questions of Method (1996)

The nurses on an intensive care ward for new-borns feed babies with food and doctors with information. Showing that this is so is one of the ways in which scholars working in humanist traditions of social analysis, such as symbolic interactionism, reveal the politics of hospital relations. However, semiotics, along with similar `non-humanist' theoretical traditions, is no less political; neither, as is sometimes suggested, does it necessarily side with the strong. Here we demonstrate that semiotics implies another style of political theory — one in which the relevant axes of difference are not primarily between groups of people, but between ways of ordering the world. Thus the differences between two modes of feeding or of calculating the contents of a bottle can be understood as both `political' and `technical' matters.
Content based active video data acquisition via automated cameramen (2002)

We propose to actively apply content based operation to video data acquisition. Our goal is to develop an automated cameraman to replace the human operator who acquires data in a content sensitive (smart) manner. This auto cameramen is capable of (1) constantly monitoring a global surrounding; (2) automatically keeping track of important visual events; (3) dynamically, based on the detected visual events, determining the video acquisition strategy; and (4) actively generating continuous video clips that are visual events coherent.
Exploiting Mucosal Immunity for Antiviral Vaccines (2016)

Mucosal surfaces provide a remarkably effective barrier against potentially dangerous pathogens. Therefore, enhancing mucosal immunity through vaccines-strengthening that first line of defense-holds significant promise for reducing the burden of viral diseases. The large and varied class of viral pathogens, however, continues to present thorny challenges to vaccine development. Two primary difficulties exist: Viruses exhibit a stunning diversity of strategies for evading the host immune response, and even when we understand the nature of effective immune protection against a given virus, eliciting that protection is technically challenging. Only a few mucosal vaccines have surmounted these obstacles thus far. Recent developments, however, could greatly improve vaccine design. In this review, we first sketch out our understanding of mucosal immunity and then compare the herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and influenza virus to illustrate the distinct challenges of developing successful vaccines and to outline potential solutions.
Dual active bridge converter with PWM control for solid state transformer application (2013)

For the single-phase, dual active bridge converter (DAB) based three-stage solid state transformer (SST), the instantaneous load power seen by the DAB converter varies from zero to twice the load average power at double-line frequency. Traditionally with phase-shift modulation (PSM) control, large DC link capacitors are needed to handle the instantaneous load power variation while DAB converter only processes the constant power resulting in better soft-switching range and consequently high efficiency. However, the large electrolytic capacitors required in the DC link adversely affect the power density and the reliability of SST. In this paper, a PWM control is applied to minimize the DC link capacitor for the DAB based three-stage SST. The experimental results prove that DAB converter with PWM control has extended ZVS range down to nearly zero load and therefore improved efficiency at light load. Consequently, DAB can achieve comparable high efficiency while the DC link capacitors of SST can be reduced to a value low enough for film capacitor implementation.
Energy efficient implementation, power aware simulation and verification of 16-bit ALU using unified power format standards (2014)

With the increase in the demand for high performance and high speed VLSI systems such as network processors in networking or SOCs in communication and computing has shifted the focus from traditional performance parameters towards the analysis of power consumption. The power budget and management among the domains of a system is of real concern. Hence, the power aware design using clock gating, power gating, dynamic voltage scaling and frequency scaling are the most used design techniques. Employing such low power techniques at the RTL creates new design and verification challenges. The challenges are: how can one domain be power downed, how can it be put back to power up state and do they retain or restore the previously computed data and still function correctly. These can be answered and implemented using new methods of implementation and verification using the unified power format (UPF)standards for low power intent designs. This paper presents the work carried out in applying the metioned techniques to the 16-bit ALU functional blocks. The paper discusses the power aware verification flow, power intent using UPF and managing the power among the domains or the functional blocks in a low power design. The implementation of this advanced RTL simulation and verification technique is carried out using QuestaSim Power Aware Verification tool. Simulation results efficiently prove the validation of the applied UPF standards in designing the 16-bit ALU.
Flexible sparse and dense OPC algorithms (2005)

In this paper, we distinguish between sparse and dense simulation. We give a background on known sparse and dense simulation techniques. We propose a new “semi-dense” OPC technique which is between standard sparse, and fully dense OPC. We also discuss a fully dense OPC algorithm, in which full image grids are used to control the OPC corrections. Finally, we discuss dense verification to ensure good printing behavior through process window on the full image.
A novel strategy for synthesis of ganglioside GM3 using an enzymically produced sialoside glycosyl donor (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA novel strategy for synthesis of ganglioside GM3 using an enzymically produced sialoside glycosyl donorYukishige Ito and James C. PaulsonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4, 1603–1605Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00057a071https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00057a071research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views345Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Immunopathogenesis of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (2002)

Although the autoantigens of antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) have been defined and epitope mapped for both autoreactive B and T cells, the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) still remains a mystery. The data gathered so far address several important aspects of this intriguing puzzle. First, biliary epithelial cells (BECs) seem to be immunologically active because they express molecules such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, and adhesion and costimulatory molecules. Second, although pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)-E2, the major autoantigen in PBC, is upregulated in BECs when examined immunohistochemically, this abnormal staining seems to be secondary to immune complexes of AMA bound to PDC-E2 present in the BECs. Third, in addition to CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells also recognize the inner lipoyl domain of PDC-E2. Fourth, modification of mitochondrial antigens by xenobiotics may lead to the induction of the disease. These findings help to clarify the pathogenic mechanism of PBC and suggest that (l) induction may be secondary to a primary response to a xenobiotic that is normally metabolized in an estrogen-dependent pathway and (2) pathology is mediated by and orchestrated by a highly directed and specific CD4, CD8 and autoantibody response to the lipoyl domain of the mitochondrial autoantigens, with tissue destruction based on the immunoglobulin A (IgA) receptor, apoptosis, and the mucosal organization of biliary and salivary duct cells.
High purity microfluidic sorting and analysis of circulating tumor cells: towards routine mutation detection (2015)

A new generation of the Ephesia cell capture technology optimized for CTC capture and genetic analysis is presented, characterized in depth and compared with the CellSearch system as a reference. This technology uses magnetic particles bearing tumour-cell specific EpCAM antibodies, self-assembled in a regular array in a microfluidic flow cell. 48,000 high aspect-ratio columns are generated using a magnetic field in a high throughput (>3 ml h(-1)) device and act as sieves to specifically capture the cells of interest through antibody-antigen interactions. Using this device optimized for CTC capture and analysis, we demonstrated the capture of epithelial cells with capture efficiency above 90% for concentrations as low as a few cells per ml. We showed the high specificity of capture with only 0.26% of non-epithelial cells captured for concentrations above 10 million cells per ml. We investigated the capture behavior of cells in the device, and correlated the cell attachment rate with the EpCAM expression on the cell membranes for six different cell lines. We developed and characterized a two-step blood processing method to allow for rapid processing of 10 ml blood tubes in less than 4 hours, and showed a capture rate of 70% for as low as 25 cells spiked in 10 ml blood tubes, with less than 100 contaminating hematopoietic cells. Using this device and procedure, we validated our system on patient samples using an automated cell immunostaining procedure and a semi-automated cell counting method. Our device captured CTCs in 75% of metastatic prostate cancer patients and 80% of metastatic breast cancer patients, and showed similar or better results than the CellSearch device in 10 out of 13 samples. Finally, we demonstrated the possibility of detecting cancer-related PIK3CA gene mutation in 20 cells captured in the chip with a good correlation between the cell count and the quantitation value Cq of the post-capture qPCR.
Über Carbazolo‐carbazole (1969)

Abstract Die Umsetzung von Dihydroxy‐naphthalinen mit Arylhydrazin und NaHSO 3 führt zu Carbazolo‐carbazolen und Hydroxy‐benzocarbazolen. Ausgehend von 2.7‐ bzw. 1.5‐ bzw. 1.6‐Dihydroxy‐naphthalin werden die Carbazolo‐carbazole 1 (2), 5 und 7 sowie die Hydroxybenzocarbazole 3 (4), 6, 8 und 9 dargestellt. Unter gleichen Bedingungen liefern 2.6‐ bzw. 1.7‐Dihydroxy‐naphthalin nur die Dianilino‐naphthaline 10 bzw. 11. — Versuche, die Phenothiazino‐phenothiazine 15 und 16 durch Entschwefelung in Carbazolo‐carbazole zu überführen, waren nicht erfolgreich. — Dem Carbazolo‐carbazol 1 entspricht in der carbocyclischen Reihe das Hexahelicen ( 20 ). Die Verwandtschaft zwischen 1 und 20 drückt sich besonders in dem hohen Wert für das Verhältnis φ p /φ f der Quantenausbeuten von Phosphoreszenz und Fluoreszenz aus, was charakteristisch für nicht‐ebene aromatische Systeme zu sein scheint. Die besondere Geometrie von 1 ist auch für den leichten Ringschluß (AlCl 3 ) zu dem Cycloheptanaphthalin‐Abkömmling 21 verantwortlich zu machen.
The enumeration of blood platelets (1935)

Abstract The most accurate procedures for counting the blood platelets are the true indirect methods. The true indirect method described here is, I believe, accurate and dependable, maximum care having been exercised in carrying out the various technical steps involved. It adheres to the leading principles that must be taken into consideration in counting platelets: (1) avoidance of contact between undiluted blood and skin, external air, glassware or metal, (2) mixing of freshly drawn blood as quickly as possible with the preserving fluid, and (3) avoidance of all unnecessary manipulations of the blood. It is simple to carry out and can be easily adapted for routine clinical use.
Pharmacokinetics of Amiloride after Inhalation and Oral Administration in Adolescents and Adults with Cystic Fibrosis (1997)

Mean amiloride plasma concentration peaks and AUC after inhalation were significantly lower than after oral dosing. In addition, the second amiloride plasma concentration peak may be due to oral ingestion of the nebulized amiloride, whereas the earlier Cmax1 after inhalation may be due to pulmonary absorption of amiloride. These results suggest that single-dose amiloride inhalation in patients with mild to moderate CF results in minimal systemic exposure compared with oral dosing, and that drug disposition is similar in adolescents and adults with CF.
The sequence of metK, the structural gene for S-adenosylmethionine synthetase in Escherichia coli. (1984)

The DNA sequence of the Escherichia coli metK gene has been determined. Protein sequence data for purified S-adenosylmethionine synthetase have also been obtained and confirm that metK is the structural gene for S-adenosylmethionine synthetase in E. coli. The sequence of the amino-terminal 35 residues of purified S-adenosylmethionine synthetase localizes the beginning of the coding region of the DNA. The open reading frame extends 1152 bases and codes for a 384-residue protein of Mr = 41,941. The gene is transcribed clockwise on the E. coli chromosome. The DNA region 5' to the coding region was found to contain symmetrical sequences suggestive of operator structures and homologous to sequences upstream from other met genes sharing the same regulatory mechanism.
Genetic and molecular analysis of aroL, the gene for shikimate kinase II in Escherichia coli K-12 (1986)

The gene aroL in Escherichia coli K-12, specifying shikimate kinase II, was contransduced with proC at a frequency of 99%. The gene order is lac proC aroL. A 2.7-kilobase BamHI fragment containing aroL+ was cloned into pBR322. This plasmid conferred highly elevated levels of shikimate kinase synthesis which were subject to repression control by tyrR. The aroL gene was localized within a 730-base-pair region by both subcloning and insertional mutagenesis with Tn1000. A second gene, designated aroM and encoding a protein of molecular weight 26,000, is cotranscribed with aroL. Transcription proceeds in the order aroL aroM in a clockwise direction on the chromosome. The function of aroM remains unknown.
Imaging cells and extracellular matrix <i>in vivo</i> by using second-harmonic generation and two-photon excited fluorescence (2002)

Multiphoton microscopy relies on nonlinear light-matter interactions to provide contrast and optical sectioning capability for high-resolution imaging. Most multiphoton microscopy studies in biological systems have relied on two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) to produce images. With increasing applications of multiphoton microscopy to thick-tissue "intravital" imaging, second-harmonic generation (SHG) from structural proteins has emerged as a potentially important new contrast mechanism. However, SHG is typically detected in transmission mode, thus limiting TPEF/SHG coregistration and its practical utility for in vivo thick-tissue applications. In this study, we use a broad range of excitation wavelengths (730-880 nm) to demonstrate that TPEF/SHG coregistration can easily be achieved in unstained tissues by using a simple backscattering geometry. The combined TPEF/SHG technique was applied to imaging a three-dimensional organotypic tissue model (RAFT). The structural and molecular origin of the image-forming signal from the various tissue constituents was determined by simultaneous spectroscopic measurements and confirming immunofluorescence staining. Our results show that at shorter excitation wavelengths (<800 nm), the signal emitted from the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a combination of SHG and TPEF from collagen, whereas at longer excitation wavelengths the ECM signal is exclusively due to SHG. Endogenous cellular signals are consistent with TPEF spectra of cofactors NAD(P)H and FAD at all excitation wavelengths. The reflected SHG intensity follows a quadratic dependence on the excitation power, decays exponentially with depth, and exhibits a spectral dependence in accordance with previous theoretical studies. The use of SHG and TPEF in combination provides complementary information that allows noninvasive, spatially localized in vivo characterization of cell-ECM interactions in unstained thick tissues.
Room-temperature operation of three-terminal quantum-confined field-effect light emitters (1990)

The field control of the luminescent characteristics is investigated with three-terminal field-effect light-emitting devices with superlattice buffer layers, showing a high-speed switching (∼0.8 ns) of emission intensity, free from lifetime limitation at room temperature and a high quantum yield of the emission intensity, i.e., an external efficiency ηex≥1%. It is demonstrated that a combination of the field control of radiative lifetime with carrier leakage results in a high-speed modulation of luminescence intensity under a fixed carrier population in the active layer, unchanged with and without electric fields.
Synthesis of Platform Architectures from OpenCL Programs (2011)

The problem of automatically generating hardware modules from a high level representation of an application has been at the research forefront in the last few years. In this paper, we use OpenCL, an industry supported standard for writing programs that execute on multicore platforms and accelerators such as GPUs. Our architectural synthesis tool, SOpenCL (Silicon-OpenCL), adapts OpenCL into a novel hardware design flow which efficiently maps coarse and fine-grained parallelism of an application onto an FPGA reconfigurable fabric. SOpenCL is based on a source-to-source code transformation step that coarsens the OpenCL fine-grained parallelism into a series of nested loops, and on a template-based hardware generation back-end that configures the accelerator based on the functionality and the application performance and area requirements. Our experimentation with a variety of OpenCL and C kernel benchmarks reveals that area, throughput and frequency optimized hardware implementations are attainable using SOpenCL.
Structure–Activity Relationship Studies on the Immune Stimulatory Effects of Base‐Modified CpG Toll‐Like Receptor 9 Agonists (2006)

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated deoxycytidylyl-deoxyguanosine dinucleotide (CpG) motifs are able to stimulate potent immune responses through a signaling pathway involving Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). We have investigated the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of base-modified CpG oligonucleotides with TLR9 by measuring TLR9 activation by 20-mer oligonucleotides having just a single human recognition motif (5'-GTCGTT-3') in functional cell-based TLR9 assays. Substitution of guanine by hypoxanthine and 6-thioguanine resulted in activity similar to the unmodified parent molecule, whereas purine, 2-aminopurine, 2,6-diaminopurine, and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine substitution resulted in approximately 40-60 % reduction in activity, and 7-deazaguanine substitution led to the strongest (80 %) reduction in TLR9 stimulation. Furthermore, none of the investigated modifications at C5 and N4 of cytosine were well tolerated with respect to human TLR9 stimulation. Our results are compatible with a SAR model in which guanine is recognized by the Hoogsteen site, and C5 is most critical for recognition of cytosine. In addition, we found significant species-specific differences between human and murine TLR9 recognition, which demonstrates the importance of choosing appropriate assay systems for SAR studies.