gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene failure in artificial knee joints: Thermal effect on long-term performance (1999)

The mechanism resulting in damage to and failure of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) tibial inserts was investigated on clinically retrieved components. The severity of the subsurface damage increased with the length of time that the component had been implanted. A theoretical analysis was developed to account for the generation of subsurface damage based on a heat transfer model. Friction generates surface heat during articulation of total knee systems. Due to the cooling effect of body fluid on the surface, the rise in temperature on the UHMWPE surface is lower than that below the surface. The peak temperature was estimated to occur on a plane positioned about 1 to 2 mm below the surface. This result was similar to the bulk temperature variation observed during in vivo and in vitro studies by other investigators. Although the difference in temperature on and below the surface is only a few degrees, the thermal effect becomes apparent after a long time and may be explained by the viscoelastic behavior of polymers: the temperature–time equivalence. It is therefore suggested that this thermal effect is another contributory factor to material damage, in addition to high stress and oxidative degradation (in appropriate cases). Therefore, any technological efforts aimed at improving the performance of artificial joint prostheses should minimize the thermal effects at the subsurface of the articular components. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 48: 159–164, 1999
Automatic Balancing and Intelligent Fault Tolerance for a Space-Based Centrifuge (2005)

A 2.5 m diameter centrifuge is presently being developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) for installation on the International Space Station (ISS). While this will enable biological experiments at variable gravity levels, if an imbalance in the large rotating mass of the centrifuge rotor is allowed to persist, it will cause vibrations that disturb the micro-gravity environment of the ISS. This paper presents an approach for automatic balancing and intelligent fault tolerance. It has been developed and tested in simulation on a model of an early centrifuge design prototype developed at NASA Ames Research Center. The high fidelity automatic balancing system (ABS) can sense the imbalance (both static and dynamic) and drive counterweights to minimize the effects of the imbalance. The algorithm consists of an on-line recursive least-squares (RLS) based imbalance estimator which outputs to a simple counterweight control system. The sensor fault detection, isolation, and reconfiguration (FDIR) system uses a maximum likelihood approach. The counterweight FDIR performs a simple check of the encoder and motion commands to detect sticking or skipping. These systems are developed and tested in MATLAB simulation. Extension of these algorithms for application on the present design of the ISS Centrifuge is straightforward and could result in a high performance and autonomously fault-tolerant ABS.
Spatially-Varying Blur Detection Based on Multiscale Fused and Sorted Transform Coefficients of Gradient Magnitudes (2017)

The detection of spatially-varying blur without having any information about the blur type is a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a novel effective approach to address this blur detection problem from a single image without requiring any knowledge about the blur type, level, or camera settings. Our approach computes blur detection maps based on a novel High-frequency multiscale Fusion and Sort Transform (HiFST) of gradient magnitudes. The evaluations of the proposed approach on a diverse set of blurry images with different blur types, levels, and contents demonstrate that the proposed algorithm performs favorably against the state-of-the-art methods qualitatively and quantitatively.
Yarn Strength Prediction: A Practical Model Based on Artificial Neural Networks (2010)

Yarn strength is one of the most significant parameters to be controlled during yarn spinning process. This parameter strongly depends on both the rovings' characteristics and the spinning process. On the basis of their expertise textile technicians are able to provide a raw and qualitative prediction of the yarn strength by knowing a series of fiber parameters like length, strength, and fineness. Nevertheless, they often need to perform many tests before producing a yarn with a desired strength. This paper describes a Feed Forward Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network-based model able to help the technicians in predicting the yarn strength without the need of physically spinning the yarn. The model performs a reliable prediction of the yarn strength on the basis of a series of roving parameters, commonly measured by the technicians before the yarn spinning process starts. The model has been trained with 98 training data and validated with 50 new tests. The mean error in prediction of yarn strength, using the validation set, is less than 4%. The results have been compared with the one obtained by means of a classical method: the multiple regression. Nowadays, the developed model is running in the laboratory of New Mill S.p.A., an important textile company that operates in Prato (Italy).
Persistent Infections in L Cells with Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of Reovirus (1977)

Serial passage of reovirus temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant C(447) produced by passage 9 (P9) a heavily defective population of virus from which the double-stranded RNA genomic segments L(1), L(3), and M(1) were largely missing. Viral cores obtained from this P9 population were heterogeneous with respect to buoyant density in CsCl gradients, suggesting that particles were present with different combinations of deleted segments. Similar observations were made with the E(320) ts mutant of reovirus. By serial passage P15, 90% of the E(320) viral population was defective and the major missing genomic segments were L(1) and L(3). Persistent infections were readily established in monolayer cultures of L cells with P9 of C(447) virus and P15 of E(320) virus and in Vero cells with P9 of C(447) virus. Under similar conditions persistent infections could not be initiated with defective-free populations of C(447) or E(320) viruses. The greater the capacity of defective virus in the population to interfere with viral growth, the more readily persistent infection was initiated. During their maintenance persistently infected cells were subcultured approximately twice a week. More than 80% of the cells continuously produced virus. By subculture 6 the original ts infectious viral component had been replaced by a small-plaque mutant with a ts(+) phenotype. Defective virus was always present in the carrier cells. In addition to the more commonly observed defectives whose cores banded at approximately rho = 1.40 to 1.415 g/ml in CsCl gradients, a new class of defective core was seen banding in the region of 1.34 to 1.36 g/ml. This latter particle, which has not been thoroughly characterized as yet, is termed "light defective." Persistently infected cells underwent periodic crises during their maintenance, during which the cultures partially lysed and then rapidly grew to confluence. Crises corresponded to a burst of infectious virus from the cells and a relatively low concentration of light defectives. During quiescent periods the concentration of light defectives amounted to as much as 98% of the total viral population. The function of light defectives is not yet clear, but it seems essential to assign major importance to defective virus in maintaining persistent infections in this system.
<title>Design of some achromatic imaging hybrid diffractive-refractive lenses</title> (1991)

The authors consider only hybrid singlet lenses composed of a plano-convex or a plano- concave glass lens and of a volume phase holographic optical element (HOE) in dichromated gelatin, coated on the plane surface of the glass lens. A design method is described which combines usual ray-tracing through a refractive lens and, for the HOE, the method of Hasman and Friesem. This latter method is based on a ray-tracing procedure that uses the minimization of the mean-square difference of the propagation vector components between the actual output wave fronts and the desired output wave fronts. Considering the one-dimensional case and a given spectral bandwidth, the authors determine by simulation the image spot sizes, the distortions at the image plane, and the mean-square difference of the propagation vectors. At the end, the results are compared with the performance of the optimal HOE alone, the spherical HOE, the refractive lens alone, and a diffractive system made of two HOEs. In conclusion, the authors discuss the space bandwidth product of the optimal HOE used in the hybrid systems.
Cell Envelope Changes in Solvent-Tolerant and Solvent-Sensitive Pseudomonas putida Strains following Exposure to o-Xylene (1996)

Solvent-tolerant and -sensitive Pseudomonas putida strains were studied to determine their cell envelope changes following exposure to o-xylene. Both strains produced trans-unsaturated fatty acids. The tolerant strain showed an increase in total fatty acids, an increase in saturated fatty acids, and modified lipopolysaccharide. It is suggested that these envelope modifications aid in survival at high concentrations of organic solvents.
Inverted Organic Solar Cells with Sol–Gel Processed High Work‐Function Vanadium Oxide Hole‐Extraction Layers (2011)

Abstract For large‐scale and high‐throughput production of organic solar cells (OSCs), liquid processing of the functional layers is desired. We demonstrate inverted bulk‐heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs) with a sol–gel derived V 2 O 5 hole‐extraction‐layer on top of the active organic layer. The V 2 O 5 layers are prepared in ambient air using Vanadium(V)‐oxitriisopropoxide as precursor. Without any post‐annealing or plasma treatment, a high work function of the V 2 O 5 layers is confirmed by both Kelvin probe analysis and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). Using UPS and inverse photoelectron spectroscopy (IPES), we show that the electronic structure of the solution processed V 2 O 5 layers is similar to that of thermally evaporated V 2 O 5 layers which have been exposed to ambient air. Optimization of the sol gel process leads to inverted OSCs with solution based V 2 O 5 layers that show power conversion efficiencies similar to that of control devices with V 2 O 5 layers prepared in high‐vacuum.
Learning Color Names from Real-World Images (2007)

Within a computer vision context color naming is the action of assigning linguistic color labels to image pixels. In general, research on color naming applies the following paradigm: a collection of color chips is labelled with color names within a well-defined experimental setup by multiple test subjects. The collected data set is subsequently used to label RGB values in real-world images with a color name. Apart from the fact that this collection process is time consuming, it is unclear to what extent color naming within a controlled setup is representative for color naming in real-world images. Therefore we propose to learn color names from real-world images. Furthermore, we avoid test subjects by using Google Image to collect a data set. Due to limitations of Google Image this data set contains a substantial quantity of wrongly labelled data. The color names are learned using a PLSA model adapted to this task. Experimental results show that color names learned from real-world images significantly outperform color names learned from labelled color chips on retrieval and classification.
Improving adhesion of polypyrrole to gold for long-term actuation (2005)

Improving the lifetime of conjugated polymer-based devices that undergo repeated cyclic electrical stimulation, such as actuators, is important for commercialization. In general, conjugated polymers are contacted by metal electrodes; strain from volume change can cause the polymers to delaminate, which slowly deteriorates performance or results in sudden device failure. In this paper, we used polypyrrole on gold to investigate methods for improving adhesion. Gold electrode surfaces were roughened through electroplating, and the adhesion of polypyrrole deposited on these surfaces was tested upon extended electrochemical cycling. Delamination was quantified using a tape test and followed versus cycle number until the polypyrrole was removed or was no longer electroactive. Untreated control surfaces were also monitored. The most effective method for improving adhesion was a 1 μm thick layer of electroplated Au, which extending the lifetime of the interface beyond the 50,000 cycle lifetime of PPy in aqueous solutions.
Geospatial Resolution of Human and Bacterial Diversity with City-Scale Metagenomics (2015)

The panoply of microorganisms and other species present in our environment influence human health and disease, especially in cities, but have not been profiled with metagenomics at a city-wide scale. We sequenced DNA from surfaces across the entire New York City (NYC) subway system, the Gowanus Canal, and public parks. Nearly half of the DNA (48%) does not match any known organism; identified organisms spanned 1,688 bacterial, viral, archaeal, and eukaryotic taxa, which were enriched for harmless genera associated with skin (e.g., <i>Acinetobacter</i>). Predicted ancestry of human DNA left on subway surfaces can recapitulate U.S. Census demographic data, and bacterial signatures can reveal a station's history, such as marine-associated bacteria in a hurricane-flooded station. Some evidence of pathogens was found (<i>Bacillus anthracis</i>), but a lack of reported cases in NYC suggests that the pathogens represent a normal, urban microbiome. This baseline metagenomic map of NYC could help long-term disease surveillance, bioterrorism threat mitigation, and health management in the built environment of cities.
Parkfield Happens (2004)

A scientific event nearly 20 years overdue occurred 28 September near the central California town of Parkfield (population 37) when a magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck. “It was much anticipated but long delayed,” says seismologist Ross Stein of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in Menlo Park, California. Attracted by Parkfield's history of quakes every 20 or 30 years, seismologists installed millions of dollars of instruments starting in the 1980s—and then waited. “This is the most well-recorded earthquake in history,” says USGS's Michael Blanpied.
Cytolytic T Cell Reactivity to Epstein-Barr Virus Is Lost During In Vitro T Cell Expansion (2002)

In the setting of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, ex vivo culturing of donor T lymphocytes is a necessary step for processes such as gene modification. Often the aim is to enable control of undesired alloreactivity after in vivo administration of the cultured cells. However, it is not fully understood how T cell reactivity against donor and third-party targets is affected by the ex vivo cell culturing process. We have assessed how the activity of anti-Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-specific T lymphocytes from healthy EBV-seropositive donors is affected by in vitro cell culturing. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were expanded in X-VIVO 15 culture medium supplemented with 5% human serum. The cells were stimulated by either OKT3 (10 ng/ml) and interleukin (IL)-2 (500 U/ml) or by using anti-CD3/CD28-coated immunomagnetic beads and IL-2 (100 U/ml). Induction of polyclonal EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte cultures was attempted by stimulation of the in vitro-expanded cells at different time points during the cell expansion process, with pre-established autologous EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). While EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were generated from untreated PBMCs of 5 healthy donors, EBV-specific cytotoxicity was significantly decreased or absent in CTL cultures established from in vitro-expanded PBMCs. Our results indicate that the ex vivo cell expansion process itself significantly reduces the activity and/or the number of EBV-specific T cells. Additional stimulation with CD28 antibodies could not prevent this effect. Because T cell depleted bone marrow or stem cell grafts are known to contribute to the development of post transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, this should be taken into consideration if one considers expanding and administering PBMCs in conjunction with a T cell-depleted stem cell grafts.
Examination of Type 2 Diabetes Loci Implicates <i>CDKAL1</i> as a Birth Weight Gene (2009)

We observe association between lower birth weight and type 2 diabetes risk-conferring alleles at the CDKAL1 locus. Our data show that the same genetic locus that has been identified as a marker for type 2 diabetes in previous studies also influences birth weight.
Browning of white fat: does irisin play a role in humans? (2014)

The discovery of irisin as an exercise-regulated myokine inducing browning of WAT has gained interest as a potential new strategy to combat obesity and its associated disorders, such as type 2 diabetes. However, there are inconsistencies regarding the relevance of irisin in humans. The regulation of FNDC5 mRNA expression by exercise and contraction could not be reproduced by a number of human studies using several exercise protocols and in vitro approaches. Furthermore, the nature of FNDC5 fragments and the presence of irisin in humans are questionable and probably contribute to conflicting data obtained with commercially available ELISA kits. Most importantly, the information regarding the concentration of circulating irisin in humans is not clear, as different studies using different kits measure irisin levels in a wide range. Data about the role of irisin in states of human obesity and metabolic diseases are conflicting and, in some cases, changes in irisin levels have been observed; they were only moderate in 10-20%. Independent of the presence and regulation of FNDC5/irisin in humans, the application of recombinant irisin could still represent a therapeutic strategy to fight obesity. However, the current data obtained from human cell models reveal that FNDC5/irisin has no effect on browning of the major WAT depots in humans and is likely to selectively target a small subpopulation of adipocytes, which are located in classical BAT regions, such as the supraclavicular adipose tissue. Thus, other candidates, such as BMP7 or CNPs, seem to be more prominent candidates as inducers of browning in humans.
Colitis and hepatitis caused by methyldopa (1976)

Acute, severe colitis and hepatitis developed in a 55-year-old man on two occasions in relation to administration of methyldopa. He also had fever, skin rash, and eosinophilia, suggesting drug allergy. All symptoms and signs remitted after he stopped taking the drug. It appears that this agent is capable of producing acute colitis as well as the previously recognized hepatitis. (<i>JAMA</i>236:1602-1603, 1976)
Clinical and Laboratory Performance of Bone Plates (1994)

Description Describes the clinical use of bone plates as well as their mechanical properties from both clinical and engineering points of view. Metabollic plates as well as the experimental plates made of bioabsorbable materials are covered. 12 papers in 4 sections: • Screws • Materials and Design • Testing Methods • Clinical Application
Human pancreatic cancer: Analysis of proteins contained in pancreatic juice by two-dimensional isoelectric focusing/sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis (1981)

Nineteen discrete proteins contained in normal human pancreatic juice were separated by two-dimensional isoelectric focusing/SDS gel electrophoresis. Enzyme or proenzyme activity was assigned to 15 of these proteins. Analysis of pancreatic juice obtained from a patient with pancreatic cancer showed a number of additional proteins not observed in pancreatic juice obtained from normals.
Suppression of corner effects in triple-gate MOSFETs (2003)

The abnormal corner effects on channel current in nanoscale triple-gate MOSFETs are examined via two-dimensional (2-D) numerical simulations and quasi-2-D analysis. Heavy body doping [for threshold voltage (V/sub t/) control with a polysilicon gate] is found to underlie the effects, which can hence be suppressed, irrespective of the shape of the corners, by leaving the body undoped, and relying on a metal gate with proper work function for V/sub t/ control. Short-channel effects tend to ameliorate the corner effects, but the need for ad hoc suppression remains.
Interchromophoric homoconjugation effect and intramolecular charge-transfer transition of the triptycene system containing a tetracyanoquinodimethane chromophore (1989)

The mechanism of the intramolecular charge-transfer (CT) transition of 2,2′-(9,10-dihydro-9,10-o-benzenoanthracene-1,4-diyliidene)bispropanedinitrile (1), a triptycene system containing a tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) chromophore, has been clarified by the π-electron SCF-Cl-dipole velocity (DV) MO calculation. The intramolecular CT transition of (1)(λmax 535 nm, log Îµ 3.40) accepts absorption intensity from the intense π→π* transition of the TCNQ chromophore (λmax 409 nm, log Îµ 4.66), as follows. The HOMO of the TCNQ group mixes with the HOMO of two benzene groups, by the interchromophoric homoconjugation of a through-space interaction, to build up the new HOMO of the combined system. The CT transition from the new HOMO to the LUMO of TCNQ moiety is partially allowed because the transition includes part of the allowed TCNQ transition. The intensity of the CT transition therefore directly reflects the degree of mixing between the HOMOs of TCNQ and two benzene moieties. The SCF-Cl-DV MO calculation corroborates the present mechanism. When the ratio of β(homoconjugation)/β(aromatic) is 35%, the calculated curve is in good agreement with the observed electronic spectrum: Calc., λmax 537 nm (log Îµ 3.50), λmax 406 nm (log Îµ 4.59); Found, λmax 535 nm (log Îµ 3.40), λmax 409 nm (log Îµ 4.66). As illustrated in Figure 5, the HOMO of the total system obviously contains the HOMO of the TCNQ group. From the results of the calculation the interchromophoric homoconjugation effect β(homo) of the triptycene system was estimated to be ca. 30% of the regular aromatic conjugation β(arom).
Capillary electrophoretic analysis of alkaline phosphatase inhibition by theophylline (2000)

An analytical method for studying enzyme inhibition has been developed using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. This technique is based on electrophoretic mixing of zones of enzyme and inhibitor in substrate-filled capillaries. Enzyme catalytic activity is measured by detecting the fluorescent reaction product as it migrates past the detector. Reversible enzyme inhibition is indicated by a transient decrease in product formation. The enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, has been studied using the fluorogenic substrate AttoPhos ([2,2'-bibenzothiazol]-6-hydroxy-benzthiazole phosphate). This assay has been used to quantify theophylline, a noncompetitive, reversible inhibitor of alkaline phosphatase. The detection limit for theophylline is estimated at 3 microM, and 8.6 amole of alkaline phosphatase are required for each assay. The calculated K(i) for theophylline is 90 microM for the capillary electrophoretic enzyme-inhibitor assays.