gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rheological Model for Agglomerative Slurry of Mono-modal Silica Particles. (1999)

シリカサスペンションの粘度を予測するために凝集性を考慮したレオロジーモデルを提案した.本モデルは粒径分布を有する凝集性スラリーの非ニュートン粘度を予測することが出来る.本モデルでは球形粒子を仮定しているので, 単分散の球形シリカ粒子を濃厚サスペンションを調製するために用いた.実験結果との比較から, 本モデルは定常単純剪断流れ場におけるスラリーの非ニュートン粘度を予測することが可能であることが明らかになった.今後, 粒径分布を有するスラリー系に対する本モデルの適用性を検証する必要がある.
A Gracious Lady Carried the Lamp (1937)

Busy people! Like the world, they are too much with us. So busy with things they have to do, they never know the sustained satisfaction of also being able to do the things they'd like to do, and they feel vaguely cheated because they can't.
Modern Portfolio Theory: Some Main Results (1988)

Abstract This article summarizes some main results in modern portfolio theory. First, the Markowitz approach is presented. Then the capital asset pricing model is derived and its empirical testability is discussed. Afterwards Neumann–Morgenstern utility theory is applied to the portfolio problem. Finally, it is shown how optimal risk allocation in an economy may lead to portfolio insurance.
C-nucleoside studies. Part 19. The synthesis of the β-<scp>D</scp>-xylofuranosyl analogue of formycin (1986)

1-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)-3-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-xylofuranosyl)pyrazole (15), prepared by improved procedures from D-gulonolactone, was treated with ammonium nitrate and trifluoroacetic anhydride in trifluoroacetic acid to give, after deprotection of the pyrazole ring, 4-nitro-3(5)-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-xylofuranosyl)pyrazole (17). N-Nitration and cine-substitution with cyanide ion gave 3(5)-cyano-4-nitro-5(3)-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-xylofuranosyl)pyrazole (19) in 66% overall yield; this was elaborated into 7-amino-3-(β-D-xylofuranosyl)pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine (3), the xylofuranosyl analogue of the C-nucleoside antibiotic formycin.
Controlled fabrication of 1–2nm nanogaps by electromigration in gold and gold-palladium nanowires (2007)

The authors report the electrical characterization of gold and gold-palladium nanowires failed by electromigration. Nanogaps 1–2nm in size are reliably made from metal nanowires by controlling the electromigration failure process, opening up the possibility of using these metal nanowires with nanogaps for molecular conduction studies and large-scale molecular junction device fabrication. Nanogaps are formed by applying a voltage sweep to the wires at a ramp rate of 4mV∕s. The interplay between Joule heating and electromigration means that reliable nanogaps can be formed without the need of a feedback circuit, rendering the technique relatively simple to implement.
4.0-Å resolution cryo-EM structure of the mammalian chaperonin TRiC/CCT reveals its unique subunit arrangement (2010)

The essential double-ring eukaryotic chaperonin TRiC/CCT (TCP1-ring complex or chaperonin containing TCP1) assists the folding of approximately 5-10% of the cellular proteome. Many TRiC substrates cannot be folded by other chaperonins from prokaryotes or archaea. These unique folding properties are likely linked to TRiC's unique heterooligomeric subunit organization, whereby each ring consists of eight different paralogous subunits in an arrangement that remains uncertain. Using single particle cryo-EM without imposing symmetry, we determined the mammalian TRiC structure at 4.7-A resolution. This revealed the existence of a 2-fold axis between its two rings resulting in two homotypic subunit interactions across the rings. A subsequent 2-fold symmetrized map yielded a 4.0-A resolution structure that evinces the densities of a large fraction of side chains, loops, and insertions. These features permitted unambiguous identification of all eight individual subunits, despite their sequence similarity. Independent biochemical near-neighbor analysis supports our cryo-EM derived TRiC subunit arrangement. We obtained a Calpha backbone model for each subunit from an initial homology model refined against the cryo-EM density. A subsequently optimized atomic model for a subunit showed approximately 95% of the main chain dihedral angles in the allowable regions of the Ramachandran plot. The determination of the TRiC subunit arrangement opens the way to understand its unique function and mechanism. In particular, an unevenly distributed positively charged wall lining the closed folding chamber of TRiC differs strikingly from that of prokaryotic and archaeal chaperonins. These interior surface chemical properties likely play an important role in TRiC's cellular substrate specificity.
Observation of particle trajectories near a magnetized fiber (1979)

The motions of 20–30-μm paramagnetic particles have been observed in the neighborhood of a 250-μm ferromagnetic fiber. The particles are entrained in nitrogen flowing down over a horizontal fiber. The particles and fiber are magnetized by a vertical magnetic field of strength up to 0.73 T. The free-stream velocities range from nearly zero to 1 m/sec. A Fastax movie camera is used to record the positions of the particles as they pass by or collide with the fiber. The particle trajectories thus observed determine the collision cross section as a function of field strength and free-stream velocity. Cross sections of over five diameters are observed. The cross sections and trejectories are compared and agree with the Newtonian theory of the particle motion. The theorey assumes potential flow over the fiber and accounts for the magnetic, viscous, and gravitational forces and particle inertia, all of these being significant in the range of conditions considered. The observed trajectories show details of the motion which are clear manifestations of particle inertia. The sharp particle shadows cast by the isolated fiber are a striking feature of the trajectory patterns. Such shadows should be the source of an intereference effect in multiple-fibr filters.
Deep Unfolding: Model-Based Inspiration of Novel Deep Architectures (2014)

Model-based methods and deep neural networks have both been tremendously successful paradigms in machine learning. In model-based methods, problem domain knowledge can be built into the constraints of the model, typically at the expense of difficulties during inference. In contrast, deterministic deep neural networks are constructed in such a way that inference is straightforward, but their architectures are generic and it is unclear how to incorporate knowledge. This work aims to obtain the advantages of both approaches. To do so, we start with a model-based approach and an associated inference algorithm, and \emph{unfold} the inference iterations as layers in a deep network. Rather than optimizing the original model, we \emph{untie} the model parameters across layers, in order to create a more powerful network. The resulting architecture can be trained discriminatively to perform accurate inference within a fixed network size. We show how this framework allows us to interpret conventional networks as mean-field inference in Markov random fields, and to obtain new architectures by instead using belief propagation as the inference algorithm. We then show its application to a non-negative matrix factorization model that incorporates the problem-domain knowledge that sound sources are additive. Deep unfolding of this model yields a new kind of non-negative deep neural network, that can be trained using a multiplicative backpropagation-style update algorithm. We present speech enhancement experiments showing that our approach is competitive with conventional neural networks despite using far fewer parameters.
Characterizing and Overriding the Structural Mechanism of the Quizartinib-Resistant FLT3 “Gatekeeper” F691L Mutation with PLX3397 (2015)

We report the first cocrystal structure of FLT3 with a kinase inhibitor, elucidating the structural mechanism of resistance due to the gatekeeper F691L mutation. PLX3397 is a novel FLT3 inhibitor with in vitro activity against this mutation but is vulnerable to kinase domain mutations in the FLT3 activation loop.
Constitutive ap‐1 dna binding and transactivating ability of malignant but not benign mouse epidermal cells (1994)

The mouse epidermal cell line 308 contains an activated Ha-ras gene and forms benign papillomas when transplanted to the skin of athymic nude mice. A radiation-associated malignant variant of this cell line, 308-10Gy5, has been isolated and shown to form squamous cell carcinomas in nude mice. To further examine the molecular events involved in malignant conversion of 308-10Gy5, we assessed the activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding and transactivating ability of 308 and 308-10Gy5. In nuclear protein extracts of 308, AP-1 sequence-specific binding to an oligonucleotide containing a single high-affinity AP-1 binding site was induced by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, as determined by gel shift analysis. Nuclear extracts of 308-10Gy5 bound to the AP-1 oligonucleotide without treatment with tumor promoters. Not only was sequence-specific AP-1 DNA binding constitutively active in malignant versus benign tumor cells, but so was transactivation of a unique AP-1-responsive chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter construct, pTiCTaK. Constitutive transactivation of this AP-1-responsive reporter construct was observed in the malignant but not the benign tumor cells. Furthermore, steady-state transcript levels of the tumor-associated AP-1-responsive genes stromelysin, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, c-jun, and c-fos were higher in malignant 308-10Gy5 cells than in benign 308 cells. These results suggest that acquisition of constitutive AP-1 DNA binding and transactivation can result in sustained deregulation of gene expression. While malignant progression in keratinocytes is probably not due solely to the acquisition of constitutive cellular AP-1 activity, the effect of deregulated expression of AP-1-regulated genes, especially basement membrane-degrading enzymes, may be functionally related to malignant conversion.
Rapid Ada prototyping: principles and example of a complex application (1990)

The automatic prototyping methodology presented is derived from Petri net theory and has been developed for the PNTAGADA project (Petri Net Translation, Analysis, and Generation of Ada code). Colored Petri nets allow concise modeling and verification of distributed systems. Their quantitative analysis provides invariants which are of particular interest for rapid prototyping of parallel applications. Management of a phone conversation, or a complex application, is used as an example to demonstrate the methodology of the Ada code generator. A description of subscriber behavior and services available at a private automatic branch exchange (PABX) is presented, along with a qualitative analysis of the model. A listing abstract of the task associated with a given subscriber is provided. Execution of the code generated for that model presents the process sequence involved in management of different subscribers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Different effects of interferon-alpha on melanoma cell lines: a study on telomerase reverse transcriptase, telomerase activity and apoptosis (2003)

Our results suggest that the effects of IFN-alpha on hTERT and TA can result from the induction of apoptosis, but they can also occur through a direct modulation of hTERT. We hypothesize that, depending on the cellular context rather than the IFNA-R status of the targeted cells, IFN-alpha can elicit an apoptotic cell death; furthermore, different pathways of apoptosis, not necessarily involving telomerase, can be put into motion.
Spatially resolved defect mapping in semiconductors using laser-modulated thermoreflectance (1985)

We demonstrate that thermoreflectance can be observed when lattice heating is effected with an amplitude modulated laser. Changes in reflectivity are probed with a cw laser, and maps of inhomogeneous ion implantation and swirl precipitates in Si wafers are obtained.
Applications of partial derivatives (1996)

Mathematics has become indispensable in the modelling of economics, finance, business and management. Without expecting any particular background of the reader, this book covers the following mathematical topics, with frequent reference to applications in economics and finance: functions, graphs and equations, recurrences (difference equations), differentiation, exponentials and logarithms, optimisation, partial differentiation, optimisation in several variables, vectors and matrices, linear equations, Lagrange multipliers, integration, first-order and second-order differential equations. The stress is on the relation of maths to economics, and this is illustrated with copious examples and exercises to foster depth of understanding. Each chapter has three parts: the main text, a section of further worked examples and a summary of the chapter together with a selection of problems for the reader to attempt. For students of economics, mathematics, or both, this book provides an introduction to mathematical methods in economics and finance that will be welcomed for its clarity and breadth.
Changes in lung volume and breathing pattern during exercise and CO2 inhalation in humans (1987)

Lung volume changes during CO2 inhalation and exercise were compared in seven human subjects. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) normalized by vital capacity (VC) was used as an index of end-expiratory lung volume (EELV). Work loads tried were 30, 60, and 90 W and inspired CO2 concentrations were 3.5 and 5.0%. Exercise at 30 W led to a significant decrease in EELV, by 7% VC (P less than 0.005), with no further change at higher levels of exercise (P greater than 0.1). Both 3.5 and 5.0% CO2 inhalation resulted in an increase in EELV that was not statistically significant (3% VC, P greater than 0.1). A possible linkage of this different EELV behavior to breathing pattern was tested. The tidal volume-inspiratory duration curve shifted to a higher volume region during exercise compared with CO2 inhalation. Consequently, the volume-time threshold characteristic was better described by an end-inspiratory lung volume-inspiratory duration plot, resulting in a common relationship under these two different stimuli. These results suggest that the depth and rate of breathing in humans can be affected by not only phasic but also tonic components. A decrease in functional residual capacity or EELV was peculiar to exercise and should be associated with increased mechanical efficiency compared with CO2 inhalation. Theoretical predictions based on work of breathing optimization via a decreased EELV seemed to be capable of explaining isocapnic exercise hyperpnea in conjunction with proportional control of arterial CO2 tension.
Development of Dermal Equivalent Using Mouse Fibroblasts (1993)

As the first stage of development of an artificial skin, fibroblasts were cultured in the collagen matrices to make a living dermal equivalent. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts were incorporated into a collagen matrices on plastic dishes containing concentrated DMEM culture media supplemented with sodium bicarbonate, hepes, antibiotics and fetal bovine serum. As the growth stimulation components, glycosaminoglycans were added: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, heparin, chitosan were incorporated into the media at a concentration of either 1% or 5% w/w/ to collagen in order to investigate the effect on development of dermal equivalent. After the few days of incubation, gel matrics were contracted and firm dermal equivalent were formed. And the keratinocytes were cultured on top of dermal equivalent and make a three dimensional artificial skin tissue.
PCR-targeted <i>Streptomyces</i> gene replacement identifies a protein domain needed for biosynthesis of the sesquiterpene soil odor geosmin (2003)

Streptomycetes are high G+C Gram-positive, antibiotic-producing, mycelial soil bacteria. The 8.7-Mb Streptomyces coelicolor genome was previously sequenced by using an ordered library of Supercos-1 clones. Here, we describe an efficient procedure for creating precise gene replacements in the cosmid clones by using PCR targeting and λ-Red-mediated recombination. The cloned Streptomyces genes are replaced with a cassette containing a selectable antibiotic resistance and oriT RK2 for efficient transfer to Streptomyces by RP4-mediated intergeneric conjugation. Supercos-1 does not replicate in Streptomyces , but the clones readily undergo double-crossover recombination, thus creating gene replacements. The antibiotic resistance cassettes are flanked by yeast FLP recombinase target sequences for removal of the antibiotic resistance and oriT RK2 to generate unmarked, nonpolar mutations. The technique has been used successfully by >20 researchers to mutate around 100 Streptomyces genes. As an example, we describe its application to the discovery of a gene involved in the production of geosmin, the ubiquitous odor of soil. The gene, Sco6073 ( cyc2 ), codes for a protein with two sesquiterpene synthase domains, only one of which is required for geosmin biosynthesis, probably via a germacra-1 (10) E,5E -dien-11-ol intermediate generated by the sesquiterpene synthase from farnesyl pyrophosphate.
Influence of Substrate Mineralogy on Bacterial Mineralization of Calcium Carbonate: Implications for Stone Conservation (2012)

The influence of mineral substrate composition and structure on bacterial calcium carbonate productivity and polymorph selection was studied. Bacterial calcium carbonate precipitation occurred on calcitic (Iceland spar single crystals, marble, and porous limestone) and silicate (glass coverslips, porous sintered glass, and quartz sandstone) substrates following culturing in liquid medium (M-3P) inoculated with different types of bacteria (Myxococcus xanthus, Brevundimonas diminuta, and a carbonatogenic bacterial community isolated from porous calcarenite stone in a historical building) and direct application of sterile M-3P medium to limestone and sandstone with their own bacterial communities. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and 2-dimensional XRD (2D-XRD) analyses revealed that abundant highly oriented calcite crystals formed homoepitaxially on the calcitic substrates, irrespective of the bacterial type. Conversely, scattered spheroidal vaterite entombing bacterial cells formed on the silicate substrates. These results show that carbonate phase selection is not strain specific and that under equal culture conditions, the substrate type is the overruling factor for calcium carbonate polymorph selection. Furthermore, carbonate productivity is strongly dependent on the mineralogy of the substrate. Calcitic substrates offer a higher affinity for bacterial attachment than silicate substrates, thereby fostering bacterial growth and metabolic activity, resulting in higher production of calcium carbonate cement. Bacterial calcite grows coherently over the calcitic substrate and is therefore more chemically and mechanically stable than metastable vaterite, which formed incoherently on the silicate substrates. The implications of these results for technological applications of bacterial carbonatogenesis, including building stone conservation, are discussed.
Characterization of a Drosophila Alzheimer's Disease Model: Pharmacological Rescue of Cognitive Defects (2011)

Transgenic models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have made significant contributions to our understanding of AD pathogenesis, and are useful tools in the development of potential therapeutics. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, provides a genetically tractable, powerful system to study the biochemical, genetic, environmental, and behavioral aspects of complex human diseases, including AD. In an effort to model AD, we over-expressed human APP and BACE genes in the Drosophila central nervous system. Biochemical, neuroanatomical, and behavioral analyses indicate that these flies exhibit aspects of clinical AD neuropathology and symptomology. These include the generation of Aβ(40) and Aβ(42), the presence of amyloid aggregates, dramatic neuroanatomical changes, defects in motor reflex behavior, and defects in memory. In addition, these flies exhibit external morphological abnormalities. Treatment with a γ-secretase inhibitor suppressed these phenotypes. Further, all of these phenotypes are present within the first few days of adult fly life. Taken together these data demonstrate that this transgenic AD model can serve as a powerful tool for the identification of AD therapeutic interventions.
ERK1/2-activated de Novo Mapkapk2 Synthesis Is Essential for Osteogenic Growth Peptide Mitogenic Signaling in Osteoblastic Cells (2005)

In osteoblasts, the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2 and p38 as well as the cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) have been implicated in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation. The osteogenic growth peptide (OGP) is a 14-mer bone cell mitogen that increases bone formation and trabecular bone density and stimulates fracture healing. OGP-(10-14) is the physiologically active form of OGP. Using gene array analysis, real-time reverse transcription-PCR, and immunoblot and DNA synthesis assays we show here that in MC3T3 E1 and newborn mouse calvarial osteoblastic cultures the OGP-(10-14) mitogenic signaling is critically dependent on de novo synthesis of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (Mapkapk2) mRNA and protein. The increase in Mapkapk2 occurs following short term (5-60 min) stimulation of ERK1/2 activity by OGP-(10-14); phosphorylation of p38 remains unaffected. Downstream of Mapkapk2, CREB is phosphorylated on Ser(133) leading to its enhanced transcriptional activity. That these events are critical for the OGP-(10-14) mitogenic signaling is demonstrated by blocking the effects of OGP-(10-14) on the ERK1/2 pathway, Mapkapk2, CREB, and DNA synthesis using the MEK inhibitor PD098059. The OGP-(10-14) stimulation of CREB transcriptional activity and DNA synthesis is also blocked by Mapkapk2 siRNA. These data define a novel mitogenic signaling pathway in osteoblasts whereby ERK1/2 stimulation of CREB phosphorylation and transcriptional activity as well as DNA synthesis are critically dependent on de novo Mapkapk2 synthesis.
Electrical transport properties of benzene-derived graphite fibers (1984)

Detailed measurements of the transverse magnetoresistance of a benzene-derived graphite fiber annealed at 3000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C have been carried out between temperatures of 1.4 and 249 K and in magnetic fields between 30 and 80 000 G. Using a modification of a simple two-band theory due to Noto and Tsuzuku, we have been able to generate a good fit to the magnetoresistance data over the entire magnetic field range studied. Using this model, we find that the mobility varies from 9.8 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec at 249 K to 3.2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec at 1.4 K the total carrier density varies from 9.7 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{18}$/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ at 249 K to 3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{18}$/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ at 1.4 K and $| \frac{({n}_{e}\ensuremath{-}{n}_{h})}{({n}_{e}+{n}_{h})} |$ changes from 0.21 at 249 K to 0.094 at 1.4 K. Various other models have also been employed to estimate carrier densities and mobilities. Using simple theories, we can fit the temperature dependence of the mobility, the carrier density, and the resistivity. We show that changes in the temperature dependence of the resistivity of pyrolytic graphites and benzene-derived graphite fibers annealed at temperatures between ~ 2500 and 3500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C can be understood simply by changes in the crystallite size which alter the amount of boundary scattering.