gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine‐stimulating activity of the surface‐associated proteins of periodontopathic bacteria (1996)

Saline extraction of the periodontopathic bacterium, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, releases surface-associated material (SAM), a complex mixture of proteins and carbohydrates with potent biological actions on isolated bone and on various mammalian cell populations. In this study, the relative ability of the SAM from 5 organisms, implicated in the pathology of periodontal disease, to stimulate human mesenchymal and myelomonocytic cells to synthesize the proinflammatory cytokines - interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha has been investigated. The bacteria investigated were Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Eikenella corrodens, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Campylobacter rectus. Human cells were exposed to a four log order range of concentrations of the SAM, or of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, to provide full agonist dose responses in order to allow comparison of the potency and efficacy of each SAM. All SAMs demonstrated the capacity to stimulate human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or the myelomonocytic cell line - Mono-Mac-6 to release one or all of the cytokines assayed. Activity was heat- and trypsin-sensitive suggesting that the active components were proteinaceous. However, there were substantial differences in the potency and efficacy of each SAM when compared on a concentration basis (w/v). The most active SAM was from A. actinomycetemcomitans with those from E. corrodens and P. gingivalis being slightly less active. The least active cytokine-stimulating SAMs were from C. rectus and Pr. intermedia. One major difference between the SAMs and E. coli LPS was the inability of the former to stimulate HGFs to release IL-1 beta or TNF alpha although they could stimulate PBMCs to release these cytokines. This may have relevance to the pathology of the periodontal diseases.
One-step and high yield simultaneous preparation of single- and multi-layer graphene quantum dots from CX-72 carbon black (2012)

A facile, low cost and high yield method has been developed to prepare single- and multi-layer graphene quantum dots (GQDs) from XC-72 carbon black by chemical oxidation. The single-layer GQDs are demonstrated to be excellent probes for cellular imaging, while the multi-layer GQDs may offer great potential applications in optoelectronic devices.
NMR Kinetic Studies on the Decomposition of β-Amidozinc Reagents:  Optimization of Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling with Acid Chlorides (2000)

The decomposition of beta-amidozinc reagent 4 by beta-elimination has been shown to be a unimolecular process in both THF and DMF as solvent, with relative rates of 4:1 at room temperature, and activation parameters have been determined. These results indicate the beta-elimination is a syn-process. NMR experiments reveal that as little as 2 equiv of DMF can have a significant stabilizing influence on reagent 4. Use of a mixture of DMA and toluene as the bulk solvent, in place of DMF, has allowed successful palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of both 4 and the homologous reagent 5 with acid chlorides to yield unsymmetrical ketones (nine examples).
Predicting success from music sales data (2006)

Musical taste is highly individualized and evolves over time in seemingly unpredictable ways. However popular trends emerge as collective and potentially predictable patterns of preference for genre and style. The goal of this paper is to reveal these patterns and extrapolate how a statistically 'average' populace responds to new stimuli.This paper addresses three questions. One is to find statistically meaningful patterns within the data. The next question is if we can predict how long an album will stay in chart, given the first few weeks' sales data, using statistical patterns found from the first question. The last question is to see if a new album's position in chart can be predicted on a certain week in the future (such as the 5th week or 12th week), with the first few weeks' sales data. For this, we used LMS (least mean square) algorithm, a well known adaptive algorithm.This paper uses published bi-weekly sales data from the Billboard magazine, more specifically, the Top Jazz chart. The results show some interesting correlations, one of which emphasizes the role of marketing. According to our findings, it is probably worth a good investment on marketing before starting sales of an album, since the data shows that the higher the starting position of an album is, the longer it is likely to stay in chart.
Antiplatelet Agents In The Prevention And Therapy Of Thrombosis (1992)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in China in December 2019 and quickly spread around the globe, killing more than 4 million people and causing a severe economic crisis. ...Read More
Changes in light scattering associated with the action potential in crab nerves (1971)

1. Changes in light scattering from stimulated crab leg nerves were measured in an effort to study changes in structure that occur during the action potential.2. The peak changes in scattering after individual stimuli were 10(-4)-10(-5) of the resting scattering; signal averaging techniques were used to increase the signal-to-noise ratio.3. During the compound action potential there was a transient increase in the 90 degrees scattering which reached a peak about 20 msec after the stimulus. This increase was probably not due to a change in axon volume. Its time course was somewhat slower than that of birefringence changes measured at the same time.4. In normal sea water the transient increase was followed by a longer lasting (persistent) decrease in scattering. This persistent decrease could be converted to an increase by reducing the tonicity of the sea water or by raising the external refractive index. This scattering change may represent a swelling of the axon resulting from the ionic exchanges that occur during the action potential.
Development of interfacial microstructure during cooling of a ZnO varistor material (1989)

The development of interfacial microstructure during cooling of a ZnO varistor material from the sintering temperature has been studied by a combination of analytical electron microscopy and x-ray diffractometry. It was found that pyrochlore is the first Bi-rich phase to form from the liquid-phase sintering medium during cooling from the sintering temperature. When cooling at normal rates, pyrochlore forms between 940 and 740 °C, and γ-Bi2O3 forms at about 740 °C. Quenching from higher temperatures results in the formation of δ-Bi2O3 from the Bi-rich intergranular liquid. The formation of barriers to electrical conduction at individual ZnO junctions was studied by use of microelectrodes. The barriers started to form while cooling between the temperatures of 1000 and 800 °C. Quenching from higher temperatures did not result in varistor behavior, but barriers to electrical conduction could be created in such specimens by post-sintering heat treatments.
Über Nitrosyltricarbonylferrat, [Fe(CO)<sub>3</sub>NO]<sup>−</sup> (1963)

Abstract Es wird eine nahezu quantitative Bildungsweise des Anions [Fe(CO) 3 NO] − aus Eisenpentacarbonyl und Alkalinitrit in absolutem Methanol bei Gegenwart von Alkalimethylat beschrieben, entsprechend Fe(CO) 5 + NO + OCH → [Fe(CO) 3 NO] − + CH 3 OCO + CO. Das Nitrosyltricarbonylferrat‐Ion wird durch sein chemisches Verhalten charakterisiert. Einige Salze, insbesondere die unpolaren Verbindungen Hg(Fe(CO) 3 NO) 2 , Sn(Fe(CO) 3 NO) 4 und ClSn(Fe(CO) 3 NO) 3 werden untersucht. Das sehr zersetzliche Hydrid HFe(CO) 3 NO erhält man aus dem Alkalisalz bei tiefen Temperaturen. Aus der Reaktion [Fe(CO) 3 NO] − + NO + 2H + → Fe(CO) 2 (NO) 2 + CO + H 2 O beruht ein rationelles Darstellungsverfahren für Eisennitrosylcarbonyl.
Key parameters for fast Ni dissolution during electromigration of Sn0.7Cu solder joint (2015)

This paper discusses the key parameters for fast Ni dissolution induced electromigration (EM) damage during reliability EM test of Sn0.7Cu solder joints. The results confirm that Sn grain orientation plays the important role on Ni dissolution, which has been reported in literatures. More important, efforts have been made to understand what the key parameters that can modulate the Sn grain orientation distribution of multiple solder joints during solder joint assembly process are. Statistic Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analyses are used to characterize the Sn grain orientation distribution changes. A critical angle between Sn grain c-axis and substrate normal has been defined based on the statistical analyses. It is found that fast Ni dissolution mainly happens when the angle ranged from 0° to 40° during EM reliability testing. With this understanding, the impacts of solidification cooling rate and Cu column dissolution during assembly reflow have been studied. It is concluded that fast cooling rate will increase the chance of Sn grain c-axis align with substrate normal and promote Ni dissolution during EM. On the other hand, Cu column dissolving during reflow can increase the Cu concentration in solder joint and decrease the possibility of c-axis along with substrate normal. Besides Sn grain orientation, it is interesting to find that solder joint height can also impact Ni dissolution during EM. Longer solder joint height can induce faster Ni dissolution.
DADO: A Parallel Processor for Expert Systems (1984)

DADO is a parallel, tree-structured machine designed to provide significant performance improvements in the execution of large expert systems implemented in production system form. A full-scale version of the DADO machine would comprise a large (on the order of a hundred thousand) set of processing elements (PE's), each containing its own processor, a small amount (16K bytes, in the current prototype design) of local random access memory, and a specialized I/O switch. The PE's are introduced to form a complete binary tree. This paper describes the application domain of the DADO machine and the rationale for its design. We then focus on the machine architecture and detail the hardware design of a moderately large prototype comprising 1023 microprocessors currently under development at Columbia University. We conclude with very encouraging performance statistics recently calculated from an analysis of extensive simulations of the system.
Calibration for split capacitor DAC in SAR ADC (2013)

The nonlinearity of split capacitor DAC (CDAC) in SAR ADC is mainly caused by the mismatch and parasitic effect of the bridge capacitor. A tunable capacitor array for compensation can be a solution. This paper first analyzes the nonlinearity of the split capacitor structure, and then proves that the linear tuning method results in linearity improvements and finally, an improved tunable structure is proposed by calculating the minimal step which keeps the tuning error within 0.5LSB. The new implementation achieves smaller area and less power consumption during the calibration, while maintaining the same circuit complexity. Behavioral Simulations based on a 5b-5b split DAC show that the proposed calibration further improves SNDR and SFDR by 2.2dB and 1.6dB, respectively compared with the prototype of compensation capacitor array.
Robust Header Compression in 4G Networks with QoS Support (2006)

The 4th generation of mobile communication networks uses heterogeneous wireless technologies. Voice and low quality video flows consist of very small IP packets, for which the standard RTP/UDP/IP headers constitute a significant overhead. Considering that the radio resources are scarce, this overhead may be unacceptable and the adoption of header compression mechanisms is desirable. This paper presents a solution for including RoHC header compression mechanisms within 4G networks; the solution is combined with the mechanisms required to provide QoS to the real time flows
Effects of Asymmetric Grating Structures on Output Efficiency and Single Longitudinal Mode Operation in $\lambda/4$-Shifted DFB Laser (2011)

We report on the design of the <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\lambda/4$</tex> </formula> -shifted DFB laser that can provide the high output efficiency as well as the stable single-mode operation. In particular, we investigate the effects of the asymmetry in the grating structure on the lasing characteristics of the <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\lambda/4$</tex></formula> -shifted DFB laser theoretically and experimentally. The steady-state and mode-stability analyses are performed for the <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\lambda/4$</tex> </formula> -shifted DFB lasers having the asymmetric phase shift (APS) and asymmetric coupling coefficient (ACC) grating structures by numerical simulations. Although the <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\lambda/4$</tex></formula> -shifted DFB laser fabricated with APS structure is found to be capable of providing high output efficiency, its lasing mode is relatively unstable due to the increased longitudinal spatial hole-burning. On the other hand, by using the ACC grating structure, we can significantly improve both the output efficiency and single-mode stability. To verify these simulation results, we fabricate both types of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\lambda/4$</tex></formula> -shifted DFB lasers having APS and ACC grating structures. The measured data agree well with the simulated results. For example, when we fabricate the DFB laser with the ACC structure and coupling coefficient ratio of 0.55, the output power ratio between the front and rear facets of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\sim}{2.5}$</tex></formula> and the side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${>}{\rm 50}~{\rm dB}$</tex></formula> can be achieved as long as the operating current is in the range of 60 mA <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\sim}{\rm 200}~{\rm mA}$</tex></formula> .
Nitric oxide induced poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase cleavage in RAW 264.7 macrophage apoptosis is blocked by Bcl‐2 (1996)

Endogenously generated or exogenously supplied nitric oxide causes cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and apoptotic cell death in RAW 264.7 macrophages. With the use of NO donors such as S-nitrosoglutathione or spermine-NO we established that PARP digestion occurs in parallel with DNA fragmentation, and is preceded by accumulation of the tumor suppressor gene product p53. PARP cleavage in response to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma treatment is prevented by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, thus proving a NO requirement. Endogenous NO generation, p53 accumulation, and PARP degradation occurred prior to the detection of significant chromatin condensation. In contrast, in stable Bcl-2 transfected cells, NO-initiated PARP cleavage was almost completely blocked. Our data implicate PARP as a proteolytic substrate during NO-mediated apoptotic cell death in RAW 264.7 macrophages and establish Bcl-2 as an efficient signal terminator in this process.
The Surface Expression of Semidiurnal Internal Tides near a Strong Source at Hawaii. Part II: Interactions with Mesoscale Currents* (2010)

Abstract Observations of semidiurnal surface currents in the Kauai Channel, Hawaii, are interpreted in the light of the interaction of internal tides with energetic surface-intensified mesoscale currents. The impacts on internal tide propagation of a cyclone of 55-km diameter and ∼100-m vertical decay scale, as well as of vorticity waves of ∼100-km wavelength and 100–200-m vertical decay scales, are investigated using 3D ray tracing. The Doppler-shifted intrinsic frequency is assumed to satisfy the classic hydrostatic internal wave dispersion relation, using the local buoyancy frequency associated with the background currents through thermal-wind or gradient-wind balance. The M2 internal tide rays with initial horizontal wavelength of 50 km and vertical wavelength of O(1000 m) are propagated from possible generation locations at critical topographic slopes through idealized mesoscale currents approximating the observed currents. Despite the lack of scale separation between the internal waves and background state, which is required by the ray-tracing approximation, the results are qualitatively consistent with observations: the cyclone causes the energy of internal tide rays propagating through its core to increase near the surface (up to a factor of 15), with surfacing time delayed by up to 5 h (∼150° phase lag), and the vorticity waves enhance or reduce the energy near the surface, depending on their phase. These examples illustrate the fact that, even close to their generation location, semidiurnal internal tides can become incoherent with astronomical forcing because of the presence of mesoscale variability. Internal tide energy is mainly affected by refraction through the inhomogeneous buoyancy frequency field, with Doppler shifting playing a secondary but not negligible role, inducing energy transfers between the internal tides and background currents. Furthermore, the vertical wavelength can be reduced by a factor of 6 near the surface in the presence of the cyclone, which, combined with the energy amplification, leads to increased vertical shear within the internal tide rays, with implications for internal wave-induced mixing in the ocean.
Chelating effect of EDTA on nickel (1984)

The chelating effect of disodium ethylenediamine tetra-acetate (EDTA) in nickel-allergic patients was investigated. After pretreatment of the right half of the patient's back with 10% EDTA in a cream, and the left half of the back with the cream base only, various concentrations of nickel sulphate were patch tested on these areas. The blocking effect of the 10% EDTA cream appeared to be significant in comparison with that of the cream base only (p less than 0.01). A barrier cream with 10% EDTA might be of help in nickel-allergic patients with eczema of the hands.
Motion vector coding using decoder-side estimation of motion vector (2009)

The H.264/AVC standard employs the predictive motion vector coding technique using the median predictor of spatially neighboring three motion vectors. Although the median is effective in reducing redundancy, it is not always optimal in minimizing bits. To solve the matter, a new motion vector coding scheme, known as, MV competition in which decoder is signaled on the selected optimal PMV, has been reported. Though it can use the optimal PMV(Predicted Motion Vector), the bits consumed to indicating the optimal PMV to the decoder increases bit-rate. In this paper, we propose a new motion vector coding scheme that allows usage of an optimal PMV without consuming additional bits to inform the choice of PMV to decoder. Simulation results show that the proposed method gains in BDBR by 3.22% on average, and in BDPSNR by 0.13 dB compared to the H.264/AVC.
Wood in Transportation Program: An Overview (2000)

Research and demonstration bridge projects to further develop wood for transportation structures increased substantially in the United States in 1988 under a legislative action by the U.S. Congress known as the Timber Bridge Initiative. This program, renamed the Wood in Transportation Program, continues today and is administered by the Forest Service. FHWA became involved in timber bridge research in 1990. The FHWA program increased substantially under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). From 1992 to 1997, ISTEA authorized significant funding for timber bridge research, technology transfer, and demonstration bridges. The current transportation authorization, the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st century, does not contain a program for timber bridges similar to that of ISTEA; however, there are provisions under the fiscal year 1999 Transportation Appropriations Bill for advancing engineered wood and composites technology through research and demonstration projects to further develop the use of wood for transportation structures. As a result of these combined efforts, a large number of research projects have been initiated, and a number of demonstration bridges have been built under both programs. An overview of the research and the demonstration timber bridge programs is provided here.
Optimal Solid Space Tower (2007)

Theory and computations are provided for building of optimal (minimum weight) solid space towers (mast) up to one hundred kilometers in height. These towers can be used for tourism; scientific observation of space, observation of the Earth’s surface, weather and upper atmosphere experiment, and for radio, television, and communication transmissions. These towers can also be used to launch spaceships and Earth satellites. These macroprojects are not expensive. They require strong hard material (steel). Towers can be built using present technology. Towers can be used (for tourism, communication, etc.) during the construction process and provide self-financing for further construction. The tower design does not require human work at high altitudes; the tower is separated into sections; all construction can be done at the Earth’s surface. The transport system for a tower consists of a small engine (used only for friction compensation) located at the Earth’s surface. Problems involving security, control, repair, and stability of the proposed towers are addressed in other cited publications.
Presence of the ketamine analog of 2‐fluorodeschloroketamine residues in wastewater (2021)

Ketamine (KET) analogs are increasingly emerging as new psychoactive substances (NPS). The present report describes the first detection of the KET analog, 2-fluorodeschloroketamine (2F-DCK), in influent samples collected from nine wastewater treatment plants in seven major Chinese cities from 2018 to 2020 by wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). An analytical method based on solid-phase extraction and subsequent gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed for the detection of 2F-DCK and KET. The stability experiments showed that 2F-DCK and KET remained stable in wastewater for 15 days at room and frozen temperatures, and at two pH values (pH = 7 and pH = 2), with residue amounts between 90% and 110%. KET was detected in all samples, whereas 2F-DCK was detected in only four samples: from Guangzhou in 2018, Shenzhen in 2019, and Quanzhou and Nanning in 2020, indicating that 2F-DCK has been used as early as 2018 in China. The renal clearance of 2F-DCK was predicted based on the quantitative structure-pharmacokinetic relationship model, which was used to calculate an excretion factor of 3.7. The 2F-DCK consumption in four cities ranged from 3.71 ± 0.05 to 55 ± 0.09 mg/day/1000 inh, and KET ranged from 1.3 ± 0.04 to 76.5 ± 4.63 mg/day/1000 inh. This is the first study to investigate 2F-DCK by WBE, which provides relevant real-time data on the growth of NPS use, as well as useful information for the government to develop new policies.