gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interaction of mutants of <i>Xenorhabdus nematophilus</i> (<i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>) with antibacterial systems of <i>Galleria mellonella</i> larvae (Insecta: Pyralidae) (1994)

Xenorhabdus nematophilus mutants that took longer to kill insects than did the wild type were used to determine the relationship of the physicochemical properties and outer membrane composition to bacterial interaction with the antibacterial systems of Galleria mellonella larvae and to bacterial virulence. Insect serum slowed the growth of the wild-type and mutant bacteria. This was attributed to increased spheroplast formation for the mutants. Spheroplast formation was associated with an increased sensitivity to insect lysozyme and a reduction in overall bacterial cationic charge. Increasing bacterial hydrophobicity was correlated with both increased bacterial attachment to the insect's haemocytes and the accelerated removal of the bacteria from the haemolymph. Attachment of the mutants to the insect haemocytes also increased as the bacterial lipopolysaccharide content increased, the level of prophenoloxidase activation increased, and cationic charge declined. Bacterial emergence into the haemolymph occurred in parallel with haemocyte damage but neither the total lipopolysaccharide levels in the bacteria nor the rate of bacterial emergence were associated with virulence. The rate of lipopolysaccharide release into the haemolymph influenced the rate of haemocyte damage. The contribution of outer membrane proteins to lipopolysaccharide release, bacterial adhesion to haemocytes, and virulence is discussed. Virulence reflects bacterial tolerance to the host's antibacterial defences, favouring an increase in bacteria and toxic lipopolysaccharides.
Clinical Manifestations of Primary Hyperoxaluria (1960)

Primary hyperoxaluria is characterized during life by a continuous urinary oxalate excretion level of about 100-400 mg. (expressed as (COOH)2.2H20) per 24 hours as opposed to the normal value of less than 45 mg. per 24 hours. Patients with this disease usually present in early childhood with multiple bilateral renal or ureteric calculi which increase rapidly in size and are composed wholly or pre- dominantly of calcium oxalate. Nephrocalcinosis, recurrent attacks of pyelonephritis and hypertensive damage destroy the renal parenchyma and the patients usually die from renal failure later in child- hood. Descriptions of cases in which the diagnosis was confirmed chemically during life and which con- formed to this clinical picture have been published by Newns and Black (1953), The characteristic post-mortem findings are widespread destruction of the renal parenchyma by aggregates of calcium oxalate crystals, and similar deposits in the tunicae mediae of the small muscular arteries and arterioles, the myocardium, and the testis (especially the rete testis) in association with the bone trabeculae and at the growing ends of the long bones (Scowen, Stansfeld and Watts, 1959). The term oxalosis Mulloy and Knutti (1951), Neiman, Rauber, Pierson and Gentin (1957) and Katzuni and Sand- bank (1959) reported cases of infants who died apparently from renal failure at the age of a few months and in whom the findings of calcium oxalate nephrocalcinosis without stones, and of oxalosis also in Katzuni and Zollinger and Rosenmund (1952), Lund and Reske-Nielsen (1956) and Oigaard and Soder- hjelm (1957) describe the post-mortem findings in * This article includes material given in a paper to the 6th Annual Meeting of the British Association of Paediatric Surgeons in June, * This patient died from renal failure three months after operation; terminally, he became oliguric and uraemic, and his urinary oxalate excretion decreased further.
Optical interconnect technologies for high performance electronic processor systems (1993)

The hippocampal theta rhythm is generated by the pacemaker activity of the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca (MS/DBB) neurons. These nuclei are influenced by brainstem structures that modulate the theta rhythm. The aim of the present work is to determine whether the nucleus incertus (NI), which has important anatomical connections with the MS/DBB, contributes to the hippocampal theta rhythm generation in rats. Hippocampal field activity was recorded in urethane-anaesthetized rats. Electrical stimulation of the NI not only evoked theta rhythm in the hippocampus, but also decreased the amplitude of delta waves. Unit recordings in the NI revealed either a non-rhythm discharge pattern in most neurons (76%), or a rhythm activity at 13-25 Hz in the remaining neurons. The firing rate of these neurons increased during the presence of theta rhythm evoked by either sensory or reticularis pontis oralis nucleus (RPO) stimulation. Electrolytic lesions of NI, or the microinjection of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A agonist muscimol, abolished the theta rhythm evoked by RPO stimulation. Consequently, the NI may be a relay station between brainstem structures and the MS/DBB in the control of the hippocampal theta rhythm generation.
Identification and characterization of a melanin-concentrating hormone receptor (2001)

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), a neuropeptide expressed in central and peripheral nervous systems, plays an important role in the control of feeding behaviors and energy metabolism. An orphan G protein-coupled receptor (SLC-1/GPR24) has recently been identified as a receptor for MCH (MCHR1). We report here the identification and characterization of a G protein-coupled receptor as the MCH receptor subtype 2 (MCHR2). MCHR2 has higher protein sequence homology to MCHR1 than any other G protein-coupled receptor. The expression of MCHR2 has been detected in many regions of the brain. In contrast to MCHR1, which is intronless in the coding region and is located at the chromosomal locus 22q13.3, the MCHR2 gene has multiple exons and is mapped to locus 6q21. MCHR2 is specifically activated by nanomolar concentrations of MCH, binds to MCH with high affinity, and signals through Gq protein. This discovery is important for a full understanding of MCH biology and the development of potential therapeutics for diseases involving MCH, including obesity.
Type specific persistence of high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) as indicator of high grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in young women: population based prospective follow up study (2002)

Infection with human papillomavirus precedes the development of low and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. For high grade lesions the risk is greatest in women positive for the same type of HPV on repeated testing.
Reviews (1986)

Abstract Beowulf and the Appositive Style. By Fred C. Robinson. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. 1985. x + 108 pp. Price $ 12.95. Beowulf. A New Translation into Modern English Verse. By Gildas Roberts. St. John's, Newfoundland: Breakwater Books. 1984. xii + 100 pp. Price $ 6.95. More About the Fight with the Dragon. Beowulf 2208b‐3182, Commentary, Edition and Translation. By Raymond P. Tripp, Jr. Lanham, New York, London: University Press of America. 1983. x + 480 pp. Price $ 17.50. The Staging of Religious Drama in Europe in the Later Middle Ages: Texts and Documents in English Translation. Ed. by Peter Meredith and John E. Tailby. (Early Drama, Art, and Music Monograph Series, 4). Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications. 1983. 301 pp. Price: $ 24.95 hb; $ 14.95 pb. William of Palerne. An Alliterative Romance. Re‐edited by G. H. V. Bunt. Mediaevalia Groningana. Fasc. VI. Groningen: Bouma. 1985. xii + 489 pp. Price Hfl. 125,00. The Matter of Courtesy: A Study of Medieval Courtesy Books and the Gawain Poet. By J. W. Nicholls. Cambridge and Dover, N. H.: D. S. Brewer. 1985. x + 241 pp. Price £ 27.50. Heavenly Necromancers: The Magician in English Renaissance Drama. By Barbara Howard Traister. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press. 1984. 196 pp. Price $ 21.00. The Doctrine of Election and the Emergence of Elizabethan Tragedy. By Martha Tuck Rozett. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1984. 329 pp. Price $ 42.50. Novel and Society in Elizabethan England. By David Mar‐Golis. London: Croom Helm. 1985. 196 pp. Price £ 14.95. A New Mimesis: Shakespeare and the Representation of Reality. By A. D. Nuttall. London: Methuen. 1983. 209 pp. Price £ 6.95. ’Image of That Horror’: History, Prophecy, and Apocalypse in King Lear. By Joseph Wittreich. San Marino, Calif.: The Huntington Library. 1984. 185 pp. Price $ 22.00. From Norwegian Romantic to American Realist: Studies in the Life and Writings of Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen. By Per Seyer‐Sted. With a Foreword by Marc Ratner and, As an Appendix, Eight Essays by Boyesen. Oslo: Solum Forlag/New Jersey: Humanities Press. 1985. 192 pages. Character and Structure in the English Novel. By Robert Hig‐Bie. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. 1984. 202 pp. Price $ 22.00. A History of the English Language. By Rolf Berndt. 2. unveränderte Auflage. Leipzig: Verlag Enzyklopädie Leipzig. 1984. 240 pp. Price DM 25.—.
Analysis of the Hydrogen Reduction of Silicon Tetrachloride Process on the Basis of a Quasi-Equilibrium Model (1964)

The process for the growth of silicon single crystals by the hydrogen reduction of silicon tetrachloride has been described using a model which assumes that chemical equilibrium obtains at the silicon deposition site. The thermodynamic calculations by Lever for the equilibrium gas phase composition in the Si‐Cl‐H system (primarily , , , ) were used to calculate the growth rate of silicon as a function of mole fraction silicon tetrachloride input and temperature in an open tube system. Some of the features of the experimental results reported in the literature are predicted by the equilibrium model. The results are discussed in relation to similar calculations by Steinmaier who did not take the species into account.
Adaptive parallelism and Piranha (1995)

Desktop computers are idle much of the time. Ongoing trends make aggregate LAN "waste"-idle compute cycles-an increasingly attractive target for recycling. Piranha, a software implementation of adaptive parallelism, allows these waste cycles to be recaptured by putting them to work running parallel applications. Most parallel processing is static: programs execute on a fixed set of processors throughout a computation. Adaptive parallelism allows for dynamic processor sets which means that the number of processors working on a computation may vary, depending on availability. With adaptive parallelism, instead of parceling out jobs to idle workstations, a single job is distributed over many workstations. Adaptive parallelism is potentially valuable on dedicated multiprocessors as well, particularly on massively parallel processors. One key Piranha advantage is that task descriptors, not processes, are the basic movable, remappable computation unit. The task descriptor approach supports strong heterogeneity. A process image representing a task in mid computation can't be moved to a machine of a different type, but a task descriptor can be. Thus, a task begun on a Sun computer can be completed by an IBM machine. The authors show that adaptive parallelism has the potential to integrate heterogeneous platforms seamlessly into a unified computing resource and to permit more efficient sharing of traditional parallel processors than is possible with current systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Expectations Change the Signatures and Timing of Electrophysiological Correlates of Perceptual Awareness (2011)

Previous experience allows the brain to predict what comes next. How these expectations affect conscious experience is poorly understood. In particular, it is unknown whether and when expectations interact with sensory evidence in granting access to conscious perception, and how this is reflected electrophysiologically. Here, we parametrically manipulate sensory evidence and expectations while measuring event-related potentials in human subjects to assess the time course of evoked responses that correlate with subjective visibility, the properties of the stimuli, and/or perceptual expectations. We found that expectations lower the threshold of conscious perception and reduce the latency of neuronal signatures differentiating seen and unseen stimuli. Without expectations, this differentiation occurs ∼300 ms and with expectations ∼200 ms after stimulus in occipitoparietal sensors. The amplitude of this differentiating response component (P2) decreases as visibility increases, regardless of whether this increase is attributable to enhanced sensory evidence and/or the gradual buildup of perceptual expectations. Importantly, at matched performance levels, responses to seen and unseen stimuli differed regardless of the physical stimulus properties. These findings indicate that the latency of the neuronal correlates of access to consciousness depend on whether access is driven by stimulus saliency or by a combination of expectations and sensory evidence.
Point-of-care diagnostics for HIV and tuberculosis: landscape, pipeline, and unmet needs. (2012)

Early diagnosis and rapid initiation of treatment remains a key strategy to control both HIV and tuberculosis (TB). However, HIV and TB control programs have had completely contrasting successes, especially with the development and deployment of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Clinicians, researchers, and public health staff who work at the frontlines of HIV care and control have had access to an outstanding array of POC diagnostics at their disposal, including those used for screening, initial diagnosis, staging, treatment monitoring, and early infant diagnosis. The field has also advanced to consider over-the-counter, self-testing options for HIV and the use of multiplexed platforms that allow for simultaneous detection of infections associated with HIV. In sharp contrast to HIV, suboptimal and delayed diagnosis of TB has perpetuated the epidemic in many high-burden countries. Although the TB diagnostics pipeline is substantially better today than it was even five years ago, absence of a simple POC test continues to be a gaping hole in the pipeline. In this review, we compare the POC diagnostics landscape and pipelines for these two important infectious diseases, and highlight gaps and unmet needs.
The MyoD-Inducible p204 Protein Overcomes the Inhibition of Myoblast Differentiation by Id Proteins (2002)

The murine p204 protein level is highest in heart and skeletal muscle. During the fusion of cultured myoblasts to myotubes, the p204 level increases due to transcription dependent on the muscle-specific MyoD protein, and p204 is phosphorylated and translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. p204 overexpression accelerates myoblast fusion in differentiation medium and triggers this process even in growth medium. Here we report that p204 is required for the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. We propose that it enables the differentiation, at least in part, by overcoming the inhibition of the activities of the MyoD and E47 proteins by the Id proteins: Id1, Id2, and Id3. These are known to inhibit skeletal muscle differentiation by binding and blocking the activity of MyoD, E12/E47, and other myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins. Our hypothesis is based on the following findings. (i) A decrease in the p204 level in C2C12 myoblasts by antisense RNA (a) increased the level of the Id2; (b) inhibited the MyoD-, E12/E47-, and other bHLH protein-dependent accumulation of the muscle-specific myosin heavy-chain protein; and (c) inhibited the fusion of myoblasts to myotubes in differentiation medium. (ii) p204 bound to the Id proteins in vitro and in vivo. (iii) In the binding of p204 to Id2, the b segment of p204 and the HLH segment of Id2 were involved. (iv) Addition of p204 overcame the inhibition by the Id proteins of the binding of MyoD and E47 to DNA in vitro. (v) Overexpression of p204 in myoblasts (a) decreased the level of the Id proteins, even in a culture in growth medium, and (b) overcame the inhibition by the Id proteins of MyoD- and E47 dependent transcription and also overcame the inhibition by Id2 of the fusion of myoblasts to myotubes.
Thermostability promotes the cooperative function of split adenylate kinases (2008)

Proteins can often be cleaved to create inactive polypeptides that associate into functional complexes through non-covalent interactions, but little is known about what influences the cooperative function of the ensuing protein fragments. Here, we examine whether protein thermostability affects protein fragment complementation by characterizing the function of split adenylate kinases from the mesophile Bacillus subtilis (AKBs) and the hyperthermophile Thermotoga neapolitana (AKTn). Complementation studies revealed that the split AKTn supported the growth of Escherichia coli with a temperature-sensitive AK, but not the fragmented AKBs. However, weak complementation occurred when the AKBs fragments were fused to polypeptides that strongly associate, and this was enhanced by a Q16L mutation that thermostabilizes the full-length protein. To examine how the split AK homologs differ in structure and function, their catalytic activity, zinc content, and circular dichroism spectra were characterized. The reconstituted AKTn had higher levels of zinc, greater secondary structure, and >10(3)-fold more activity than the AKBs pair, albeit 17-fold less active than full-length AKTn. These findings provide evidence that the design of protein fragments that cooperatively function can be improved by choosing proteins with the greatest thermostability for bisection, and they suggest that this arises because hyperthermophilic protein fragments exhibit greater residual structure compared to their mesophilic counterparts.
QoE Oriented Chunk Scheduling in P2P-VoD Streaming System (2019)

Peer-to-peer-based video on demand (P2P-VoD) streaming systems have been widely used in delivering multimedia content. However, There are several problems existing in the P2P-VoD streaming systems, such as unstable video playing, low-utilization rate of video, and high server load, severely influencing viewers' quality-of-experience (QoE). How to reasonably and efficiently schedule video chunks is important to handle the above-mentioned issues. In this paper, we propose a novel QoE-oriented chunk scheduling in a P2P-VoD streaming system, containing a request queue-based load balancing (RQLB) strategy and an elimination index-based cache replacement (EICR) strategy. In the proposed RQLB strategy, we first define the priority of the chunk requests, making the high-priority requests handled in time. Subsequently, we construct the utilization function of peer, so that the relatively low-priority requests will be transferred to the candidate neighbors with low utilization and high reliability. In the designed EICR strategy, we first calculate the elimination index for determining the candidate video. Considering the fact that chunks in a video may have different popularities, we then select the chunk with the lowest cache value for replacement. Moreover, we implement a real P2P-VoD system based on the proposed chunk scheduling scheme, giving the detailed design process of the network elements. Experimental results show that our proposed strategies can effectively solve chunk scheduling problem in the P2P-VoD streaming system, guaranteeing viewers' QoE.
Der Beitrag der „Sozialen Neurowissenschaften“ zum Verständnis der Psyche (2016)

Zusammenfassung: Der Beitrag verdeutlicht die Bedeutung von wechselseitigen dyadischen Spiegelungs- und Resonanzprozessen zwischen Säugling und Bezugsperson für die Entstehung eines frühkindlichen Selbst. Die neurobiologische Basis interpersoneller Spiegelungs- und Resonanzprozesse, deren Bedeutung sich nicht nur auf die frühe Kindheit erstreckt, bildet das System der Spiegelneurone („Mirror Neuron System“), wobei dem von William Hutchison entdeckten limbischen Spiegelsystem („Limbic Mirror System“) eine besondere Bedeutung zukommt. Jenseits der frühen Kindheit bedienen sich Menschen, um sich gegenseitig intuitiv zu verstehen, des Systems der Spiegelneurone. Neurobiologische Grundlage für die Fähigkeit des Menschen zum bewussten Perspektivwechsel sind im Stirnhirn, also im präfrontalen Cortex beheimatete Strukturen, welche innere Vorstellungen sowohl des Selbst als auch signifikanter Anderer kodieren. Wenn Menschen sich bewusst bemühen, die innere Welt Anderer zu verstehen, werden immer auch Netzwerke aktiviert, die das innere Bild der eigenen Person gespeichert haben, ein als „Self-Projection“ bezeichneter Mechanismus. Das Stirnhirn beheimatet – neben den genannten Strukturen – neuronale Netzwerke, die als innerer Selbst-Beobachter fungieren und eine wesentliche Rolle für gute Selbstfürsorge spielen. Für die psychotherapeutische Arbeit von Bedeutung sind Spiegelungs- und Resonanzprozesse zwischen Therapeut und Patient. Ebenso bedeutsam sind die Kommunikation des Therapeuten mit dem inneren Selbstbeobachter des Patienten, die Ermutigung zu guter Selbstfürsorge und die Stärkung des Selbst.Schlüsselwörter: Soziale Neurowissenschaften, Selbst, Spiegelneurone, Self-Projection, Mirroring (Spiegelung), Verstehen, Theory of Mind, Psyche, Psychotherapie, Social Brain, Resonanz, Selbstheilungskräfte
Inflammaging in Skin and Other Tissues - The Roles of Complement System and Macrophage (2014)

Inflammaging refers to a continuous, low-grade inflammation associated with aging. Such chronic inflammatory response could build up with time and gradually causes tissue damage. It is considered as one of the driving forces for many age-related diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and skin aging. There is mounting evidence that indicates aging is driven by the pro-inflammatory cytokines and substances produced by our body's innate immune system. The macrophage and complement system, two important components of innate immune system, have attracted more and more attention since they appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammaging-associated diseases, such as AMD and atherosclerosis. This paper will review what we know about these two innate immune systems in the pathogenesis of AMD, atherosclerosis and skin aging.
Expression of Gal alpha(1,3)gal on neonatal porcine islet beta-cells and susceptibility to human antibody/complement lysis. (1998)

Neonatal porcine pancreases may be a potential source of islets for transplantation into patients with type 1 diabetes; however, whether these cellular grafts will be susceptible to damage by human natural antibody-mediated rejection remains controversial. Although we and others have demonstrated that porcine islets bind human IgG and IgM, it remains unknown if they express the xenoreactive antigen Gal alpha(1,3)Gal beta(1,4)GlcNAc-R (Gal epitope). In this study, by using the Gal-specific lectin IB4 for immunohistochemistry and fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, we determined which cell types present in porcine neonatal islet cell (NIC) aggregates express the Gal epitope and which ones are susceptible to lysis by activation of the human complement. After FACS analysis, 30.0 +/- 3.0% of porcine NICs were shown to express Gal, whereas 70.0 +/- 2.0% did not. Histological assessment of Gal-expressing cells revealed that 54.9 +/- 8.8% stained positive for either insulin or glucagon. In contrast, 68.8 +/- 8.4% of the Gal-negative population stained positive for the pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon. Incubation of either the Gal-positive or -negative cells with human AB serum plus complement for 1.5 h resulted in the lysis of >90% of the cells. These results demonstrate that porcine NIC aggregates are composed of Gal-expressing cells and that expression of Gal is not restricted to nonendocrine cells. Furthermore, both Gal-positive and Gal-negative cells are susceptible to human antibody/complement-mediated cytolysis, suggesting that this form of immunological destruction is an obstacle that will need to be overcome before porcine NIC aggregates can be used clinically.