gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurements of Fitness and Competition in Commensal<i>Escherichia coli</i>and<i>E. coli</i>O157:H7 Strains (2004)

Although the main reservoirs for pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 are cattle and the cattle environment, factors that affect its tenure in the bovine host and its survival outside humans and cattle have not been well studied. It is also not understood what physiological properties, if any, distinguish these pathogens from commensal counterparts that live as normal members of the human and bovine gastrointestinal tracts. To address these questions, individual and competitive fitness experiments, indirect antagonism assays, and antibiotic resistance and carbon utilization analyses were conducted using a strain set consisting of 122 commensal and pathogenic strains. The individual fitness experiments, under four different environments (rich medium, aerobic and anaerobic; rumen medium, anaerobic; and a minimal medium, aerobic) revealed no differences in growth rates between commensal E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 strains. Indirect antagonism assays revealed that E. coli O157:H7 strains more frequently produced inhibitory substances than commensal strains did, under the conditions tested, although both groups displayed moderate sensitivity. Only minor differences were noted in the antibiotic resistance patterns of the two groups. In contrast, several differences between commensal and O157:H7 groups were observed based on their carbon utilization profiles. Of 95 carbon sources tested, 27 were oxidized by commensal E. coli strains but not by the E. coli O157:H7 strains. Despite the observed physiological and biochemical differences between these two groups of E. coli strains, however, the O157:H7 strains did not appear to possess traits that would confer advantages in the bovine or extraintestinal environment.
Structural evolution of epitaxial SrRuO3 thin films grown on SrTiO3(001) (2001)

Microstructural changes in epitaxial SrRuO3 thin films grown on SrTiO3(001) during the early stages of growth by pulsed laser deposition were studied using synchrotron x ray scattering. We find that at a very early stage of growth (⩽110 Å), the film is composed of a single (110) domain only, in sharp contrast to double (110) domains reported previously for thick (⩾1000 Å) films. As the film grows further (&gt;110 Å), another, 90° rotated, (110) domain starts to form, coexisting with the original (110) domain. This domain evolution is attributed to strain relaxation, eventually resulting in significant atomic ordering in the in-plane direction.
Formation of periodic steps with a unit-cell height on 6H–SiC (0001) surface by HCl etching (2000)

Step bunching on 6H–SiC (0001)-vicinal face etched by HCl at 1300–1500 °C is investigated by atomic force microscopy. When the substrate has the inclination toward near 〈011̄0〉 or even 〈112̄0〉, continuous parallel and periodic microsteps with six-bilayer height are laid perpendicular to the off direction, although those perpendicular to 〈112̄0〉 are apt to decompose into three bilayer or less. Formation mechanism of unit-cell-height steps is discussed based on consideration of bond configuration at step edges.
Lexico-Semantic Annotation of Skladnica Treebank by means of PLWN Lexical Units (2014)

In this paper we present the principles of lexico-semantic annotation of Skladnica Treebank using Polish WordNet lexical units. We describe different means of annotation, depending on the structure of a sentence in Skladnica on the one hand and the availability of adequate lexical unit in PLWN on the other. Apart from “standard” annotation involving lexical units with the same lemma as the token under annotation, multi-word units, different verb lemmas including reflexive marker sie as well as synonyms and hypernyms have also been involved. Some tokens have obtained tags explaining why they require no annotation. Additionally, we discuss the assessment of the annotation of whole sentences.
Minimization of Parathyroid Hormone (2000)

The amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal portions of the 1-34 fragment of parathyroid hormone (PTH) contain the major determinants of receptor activation and receptor binding, respectively. We investigated how the amino-terminal signaling portion of PTH interacts with the receptor by utilizing analogs of the weakly active fragment, rat (r) PTH(1-14)NH(2), and cells transfected with the wild-type human PTH-1 receptor (hP1R-WT) or a truncated PTH-1 receptor which lacked most of the amino-terminal extracellular domain (hP1R-delNt). Of 132 mono-substituted PTH(1-14) analogs, most having substitutions in the (1-9) region were inactive in assays of cAMP formation in LLC-PK1 cells stably expressing hP1R-WT, whereas most having substitutions in the (10-14) region were active. Several substitutions (e.g. Ser(3) --> Ala, Asn(10) --> Ala or Gln, Leu(11) --> Arg, Gly(12) --> Ala, His(14) --> Trp) enhanced activity 2-10-fold. These effects were additive, as [Ala(3),(10,12),Arg(11), Trp(14)] rPTH(1-14)NH(2) was 220-fold more potent than rPTH(1-14)NH(2) (EC(50) = 0.6 +/- 0.1 and 133 +/- 16 micrometer, respectively). Native rPTH(1-11) was inactive, but [Ala(3,10), Arg(11)]rPTH(1-11)NH(2) achieved maximal cAMP stimulation (EC(50) = 17 micrometer). The modified PTH fragments induced cAMP formation with hP1R-delNt in COS-7 cells as potently as they did with hP1R-WT; PTH(1-34) was 6,000-fold weaker with hP1R-delNt than with hP1R-WT. The most potent analog, [Ala(3,10,12),Arg(11), Trp(14)]rPTH(1-14)NH(2), stimulated inositol phosphate production with hP1R-WT. The results show that short NH(2)-terminal peptides of PTH can be optimized for considerable gains in signaling potency through modification of interactions involving the regions of the receptor containing the transmembrane domains and extracellular loops.
Fast Primary Frequency Response using Coordinated DER and Flexible Loads: Framework and Residential-scale Demonstration (2018)

Methods for supporting grid frequency stabilization using widespread flexible load and DER are becoming essential as the portion of synchronous generation decreases. This article develops a framework for providing fast primary frequency response that leverages deferrable loads and DER coordinated using high-speed measurements in real time to ensure that local objectives are met. The framework is demonstrated in a residential-scale experiment with four household appliances and an inverter. The effectiveness of an example load management algorithm is demonstrated using three underfrequency anomaly test cases. The experimental data corroborates that in all cases, the entire coordinated response, from detection and measurement of a frequency anomaly to completed coordinated net-load response, is completed within 143 ms (~8.5 cycles).
Heterogeneity in the Inheritance of Alcoholism (1991)

Genetic influence on risk for alcoholism was examined in a US treatment sample of 50 monozygotic (MZ) and 64 dizygotic (DZ) male and 31 MZ and 24 DZ female same-sex twin pairs. For the DSM-III composite diagnosis of Alcohol Abuse and/or Dependence, statistically significant MZ/DZ differences in concordance were found with male, but not female, twins. For specific diagnoses, MZ/DZ differences were found in male subjects for both Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol Dependence, while MZ/DZ differences in female subjects were found only for Alcohol Dependence. The male MZ/DZ concordance difference for composite diagnosis but not for Alcohol Dependence could be accounted for statistically by differences in age of onset between MZ and DZ probands. As with alcohol, differences in MZ/DZ concordance were found for DSM-III composite diagnoses of Other Substance Abuse and/or Dependence with male, but not female, twins. Using Epidemiological Catchment Area data to estimate the population base rates of both alcohol and other substance use disorders allowed for heritability analyses that showed genetic factors to have only a modest influence on overall risk in both sexes (heritability estimates of approximately 0.35 for male subjects and 0.24 for female subjects). However, evidence for heterogeneity in the pattern of inheritance was also found, suggesting forms of alcoholism that may be moderately to highly heritable.
Plasmids in alkalophilic Bacillus sp. (1983)

In the previous series of papers,1} many species of alkalophilic bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus were reported. These alkalophilic bacteria grew well under alkaline conditions and Na+ was necessary for their growth.
Control of vascular endothelial growth factor angiogenic activity by the extracellular matrix (1998)

In adult vessels the proliferation rate of differentiated endothelial cells is very low. In response to several environmental stimuli the expression of so-called 'angiogenic factors' is upregulated and the messenger RNAs are actively translated in secreted factors which induce the proliferation of endothelial cells; the digestion of their basement membrane then allows their migration and differentiation. Considerable progress has been made during the past years in elucidating the molecular actors of angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor turned out to represent the major inducer of angiogenesis. Optional splicing of its pre-messenger RNA generates various isoforms which differ not only by their storage in the extracellular matrix but also by their signaling pathways.
Harlan's Formative Period: The Years Before The War (1958)

order, James Harlan acquired a reputation as a good lawyer.Then, as a Whig, he ran for Congress and was elected.He served two terms, from 1885 to 1839.During this period the family moved from the old farm to Harrodsburg, taking their few slaves with them.In 1840 James Harlan was appointed Secretary of the Commonwealth and the family moved to the state capital.Young Harlan, then only seven, recalled the ride from Boyle County to Frankfort with the family "plunder" piled high on a wagon.Successful practice of the law occupied the remainder of James Harlan's years, although he maintained an active interest in politics.He was one of the men who compiled the Kentucky Codes, and he served a term in the state assembly.Appointed Attorney General of Kentucky in 1850, he was twice elected to that position, serving from 1850 to 1859.President Lincoln commissioned him a United States District Attorney in 1862, the post he occupied at the time of his death the following year.James Harlan exerted a strong influence on the mind and interests of his youngest son.This can be seen in the several phases of John Harlan's life: his religion, his choice of a profession, his political sympathies, his active political career, and his antipathy toward the institution of slavery.While the Harlan family was originally Quaker in religion, it became firmly Presbyterian after two generations on this side of the Atlantic.While in Virginia, it was said, the Harlans found it necessary to give up their Quaker faith and turn to Presbyterianism in order that they could fight the Indians with a clear conscience.John Marshall Harlan remained staunchly in the church of his father throughout the course of his long life.His children, in turn, were raised in surroundings where the Bible was a constant source of strength and guidance.Although James Harlan owned slaves until the time of the Civil War, he possessed them through inheritance.The slaves were carefully looked after, not only physically but morally.He felt that there was nothing much to be done with his slaves but to accept the responsibility for their welfare.He did, however, recognize unusual ability in his slaves and during the 1840's he made it possible for two of his men to purchase their own freedom.Each year, for several years, he paid these two slaves the money equivalent of half a year's wages.
Dendrimer-Stabilized Metal Nanoparticles as Efficient Catalysts for Reversible Dehydrogenation/Hydrogenation of N-Heterocycles (2017)

Nanoparticles (Pd, Pt, Rh) stabilized by G4OH PAMAM dendrimers and supported in SBA-15 (MNPs/SBA-15 with M = Pd, Pt, Rh) were efficiently used as catalysts in the acceptorless dehydrogenation of tetrahydroquinoline/indoline derivatives in toluene (release of H<sub>2</sub>) at 130 °C. These catalysts are air stable, very active, robust, and recyclable during the process. The reverse hydrogenation reaction of quinoline derivatives (H<sub>2</sub> storage) was also optimized and successfully performed in the presence of the same catalysts in toluene at 60 °C under only 1 atm of hydrogen gas. Such catalysts may be essential for the adoption of organic hydrogen-storage materials as an alternative to petroleum-derived fuels. Hot filtration test confirmed that the reaction follows a heterogeneous pathway. Moreover, PdNPs/SBA-15 was an excellent catalyst for the direct arylation at the C-2 position (via C-H activation) of indole in water in the presense of a hypervalent iodine oxidant. Thus, a one-pot dehydrogenation/direct arylation cascade reaction between indoline and an arylated agent was efficaciously performed in water, demonstrating the potential of the system to catalyze tandem heterogeneous/homogeneous processes by choice of the appropriate oxidant/reductant.
The Structural Changes of Indium-Tin Oxide and a-WO<sub>3</sub> Films by Introducing Water to the Deposition Processes (1991)

Indium-tin oxide (ITO) films and amorphous WO 3 (a-WO 3 ) films were deposited by DC magnetron sputtering and EB evaporation, respectively, under different water partial pressures ( p H 2 O ). The ITO films sputtered under higher p H 2 O showed higher resistivities because of the decrease in hall mobility and had rather different orientation distributions of the crystal axis of the grains. It was found from XPS analyses that the In-O-H bonds which were not found in the films existed at the interface between the glass substrates and the ITO films, and much more of these bonds existed for the higher p H 2 O films. This suggests that the structural change which increased the resistivity occurred at the first stages of the formation of the films. For the a-WO 3 films deposited under high p H 2 O , the decreases of order parameters and increases of W=O bonds were observed by Raman spectroscopy, indicating a decrease in microcrystal sizes.
Models for automatic generation of safety-critical real-time systems (2007)

Model-based development has become state of the art in software engineering. A number of tools, like Mat-lab/Simulink or SCADE, are available for the automatic generation of application code on basis of models. Unfortunately, system aspects like process management, communication or fault-tolerance mechanisms are not covered by these tools. One main reason is the non-existence of appropriate models with an explicit semantic to allow the automatic code generation. In addition, there is a great need to have the possibility to extend both the model and the code generation abilities to allow a high coverage of the used platforms, since such code is platform dependent. In this paper, we will present an approach applying meta code generators using template-based code generation to achieve this extensibility and will discuss the properties of models required for the use in model-based development of system aspects for safety-critical real-time systems
Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup>Exchangers: Linking Osmotic Dysequilibrium to Modified Cell Function (2001)

The Na(+)/H(+) exchangers (NHEs) are among the major ion transporters involved in cell volume regulation. NHE activation leads to a cellular influx of Na(+) ions and extrusion of H(+) ions, which are readily replenished from intracellular buffers. This will result in a net import of Na(+). In many systems NHE operates in parallel to Cl(-)/ HCO3(-) exchange, resulting in cellular uptake of NaCl. The influx of osmotically obliged water will consequently lead to cell swelling. This makes NHEs suitable to serve as powerful mechanisms for increasing cell volume (CV). The low volume threshold for NHE activation enables the cells to respond to very minute reductions of the CV. By the coupling to the export of H(+) ions cell volume regulatory NHE activation may lead to changes in intracellular pH. On the other hand NHEs are activated by a broad variety of ligands and by intracellular acidosis, which, in turn, may consequently lead to cell swelling. In addition, NHEs are linked to other intracellular proteins and structures, like e.g. the cytoskeleton, which themelves are involved in the regulation of numerous cellular processes. Therefore NHEs link CV regulation to a diversity of cellular functions, both in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Six isoforms of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, termed NHE1--6, have been cloned so far. NHE 1--5 are located in the plasma membrane, whereas NHE6 is sorted to the mitochondrial membrane. NHE1 and NHE6 are the ubiquitously expressed isoforms. The expression of the isoforms NHE2 to NHE5 is restricted to specific tissues and the pattern of their expression, as well as their subcellular localization indicate that they fulfill specialized functions. Cell shrinkage induced activation has been shown for NHE1,2 and 4. In contrast, NHE3 is inhibited by cell shrinkage. In many cells several isoforms are present and assigned to specific membrane domains where they may serve a functional crosstalk between the different ion transporters.
FOXP3 Promoter Demethylation Reveals the Committed Treg Population in Humans (2008)

The unique FOXP3 promoter methylation profile in Tregs suggests that a demethylated pattern is a prerequisite for stable FOXP3 expression and suppressive phenotype. Presently, FOXP3 is used to identify Tregs in several human diseases and there are future implications for adoptive Treg transfer in immunotherapy. In these settings there is a need to distinguish true Tregs from transiently FOXP3(+) activated T cells. The screening method we present allows this distinction and enables the identification of cells suitable for in vitro expansions and clinical use.
Deletion of the von Hippel–Lindau gene in pancreatic β cells impairs glucose homeostasis in mice (2008)

Defective insulin secretion in response to glucose is an important component of the beta cell dysfunction seen in type 2 diabetes. As mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation plays a key role in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), oxygen-sensing pathways may modulate insulin release. The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) protein controls the degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) to coordinate cellular and organismal responses to altered oxygenation. To determine the role of this pathway in controlling glucose-stimulated insulin release from pancreatic beta cells, we generated mice lacking Vhl in pancreatic beta cells (betaVhlKO mice) and mice lacking Vhl in the pancreas (PVhlKO mice). Both mouse strains developed glucose intolerance with impaired insulin secretion. Furthermore, deletion of Vhl in beta cells or the pancreas altered expression of genes involved in beta cell function, including those involved in glucose transport and glycolysis, and isolated betaVhlKO and PVhlKO islets displayed impaired glucose uptake and defective glucose metabolism. The abnormal glucose homeostasis was dependent on upregulation of Hif-1alpha expression, and deletion of Hif1a in Vhl-deficient beta cells restored GSIS. Consistent with this, expression of activated Hif-1alpha in a mouse beta cell line impaired GSIS. These data suggest that VHL/HIF oxygen-sensing mechanisms play a critical role in glucose homeostasis and that activation of this pathway in response to decreased islet oxygenation may contribute to beta cell dysfunction.
The antitumour effect of lipophilic derivatives of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine incorporated into liposomes (1988)

Lipophilic prodrugs of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR), namely 5'-O-palmitoyl-5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (5'-O-palm-FUdR) and 3',5'-O-dipalmitoyl-5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (3',5'-O-dipalm-FUdR), were incorporated into bilayer liposomes. Prodrug incorporation into positively charged liposomes was quantitative and stable, homogeneous bilayer vesicles were obtained. The maximal amounts of prodrug incorporation are 200 micrograms for 5'-O-palm-FUdR and 90 micrograms for 3',5'-O-dipalm-FUdR per mg egg phosphatidylcholine as matrix lipid. The prodrug-liposome preparations were tested in vivo against mammary carcinoma 13/C, Lewis lung carcinoma and L1210 leukaemia and compared to the cytostatic activity of free FUdR and of the prodrugs dissolved in peanut oil. Intraperitoneally administered prodrugs either incorporated into liposomes or dissolved in peanut oil inhibited tumour growth in all animals. The comparison of the doses required for tumour growth inhibition showed that both prodrugs were active at concentrations 20-75 times lower as compared to unmodified FUdR. However, due to the increased toxicity of the prodrug-liposome preparations, the therapeutic index of the parent drug FUdR could not be improved. The cytostatic effect of the prodrug preparations may be explained by altered pharmacokinetic properties of the FUdR derivatives and the additional sustained release action the liposomes are providing. A further increase of the antitumour activity may be obtained by the attachment of tumour-specific antibodies to the surface of such prodrug-containing liposomes.
Self-modeling based diagnosis of services over programmable networks (2016)

In this paper, we propose a multi-layer self-diagnosis framework for networking services within SDN and NFV environments. The framework encompasses three main contributions: 1) the definition of multi-layered templates to identify what to supervise while taking into account the physical, logical, virtual and service layers. These templates are also finer-granular, extendable and machine-readable; 2) a self-modeling module that takes as input these templates, instantiates them and generates on-the-fly the diagnosis model that includes the physical, logical, and the virtual dependencies of networking services; 3) a service-aware root-cause analysis module that takes into account the networking services' views and their underlying network resources observations within the aforementioned layers. We also present extensive simulations to prove the fully automated, finer granularity and reduced uncertainty of the root cause of networking services failures and their underlying network resources.
Low Complexity Layered Division Multiplexing for ATSC 3.0 (2015)

In this paper, we propose novel transmitter and receiver architectures for low complexity layered division multiplexing (LDM) systems. The proposed transmitter architecture, which is adopted as a baseline technology of the Advanced Television Systems Committee 3.0, shares time and frequency interleavers, FFT, pilot patterns, guard interval, preamble, and bootstrap among different layers, so that the implementation of LDM receivers can be realized with less than 10% complexity increase compared to conventional single layer receivers. With such low complexity increment, we show simulation and laboratory test results that the proposed LDM system has significant performance advantage (3-9 dB) over traditional TDM systems, and maintains its performance up to the velocity of 260 km/h in mobile reception.
A<scp>ccounting</scp> I<scp>ntrospection</scp> (1994)

In 1994 a working party commissioned by the Australian accounting bodies produced a report titled A Research Study on Financial Reporting and Auditing ‐ Bridging the Expectation Gap. The study was the result of concerns about the differing perceptions of the financial reporting and auditing roles. This paper asserts that the research study suffers from shortcomings including a failure to explore some important issues and a consequent failure to correct prevailing misconceptions in the minds of those compiling financial reports and others using them.
The early pattern of joint involvement predicts disease progression in children with oligoarticular (pauciarticular) juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (2002)

The early presence of ankle and/or wrist disease, symmetric joint involvement, and an elevated ESR in a child with oligo-JRA indicates the likelihood of disease progression.