gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Independent Simultaneous Sweeping in Libya - Full-Scale Implementation and New Developments (2010)

At the 2008 and 2009 SEG conventions (Howe et al 2008 and 2009) we reported on a proof of concept<br>and initial production results of a new acquisition technique called ISS (Independent Simultaneous Sweeping).<br>This paper describes the successful full scale implementation of this method in Libya after it has been<br>in use for more than one year acquiring a very large exploration land 3D survey for a project with a<br>seismic commitment in excess of 13,000 sq.kms. We will describe the advantages of this method,<br>some of the challenges imposed by this new way of working and some developments being evaluated.
Relationships between progeny residual feed intake and dam productivity traits (2007)

Two hundred and twenty-two yearling calves and their dams were used to examine the phenotypic (r p ) relationships between progeny residual feed intake (RFI) and maternal productivity across 10 production cycles. Progeny RFI ranged from -3.95 to +2.72 kg as fed d -1 (SD = 0.94), while RFI adjusted for off-test backfat thickness (RFI adj ), ranged from -2.48 to +1.53 kg as fed d -1 (SD = 0.88). Progeny RFI and RFI adj were unrelated to on-test age, body weight, growth rate, and ultrasound longissimus thoracis area and positively related to feed intake (r p = 0.51 to 0.53; P < 0.001), feed to gain ratio (r p = 0.44 to 0.46; P < 0.001), feeding behaviour traits (r p = 0.29 to 0.36; P < 0.001) and cow RFI (r p = 0.30, P < 0.05). Progeny RFI was positively related to measures of body fat (r p = 0.21 to 0.27; P < 0.05), but these relationships disappeared when RFI was adjusted for off-test backfat thickness. Cows that had produced LOW (≤ 0.5 SD), MEDIUM (± 0.5 SD) or HIGH (≥ 0.5 SD) RFI adj progeny were similar in pregnancy (95.6 vs. 95.3 vs. 96.0%, P = 0.90), calving (84.9 vs. 83.4 vs. 86.3%, P = 0.62) and weaning (81.5 vs. 80.2 vs. 82.3%, P = 0.79) rates. However, cows that produced HIGH RFI adj progeny had a higher twinning rate (3.77 vs. 0.35 vs. 0.00%, P < 0.001) and an increased calf death loss (8.06 vs. 4.24 vs. 4.02%, P = 0.10) compared with cows that produced MEDIUM or LOW RFI adj progeny. Cow body weight over 10 production cycles was similar at weaning, pre-calving and pre-breeding for dams that had produced LOW, MEDIUM and HIGH RFI adj progeny, and dams that produced LOW RFI adj progeny consistently averaged 2–3 mm more back fat thickness than dams that produced HIGH RFI adj progeny. Calf birth weight, pre-weaning ADG and 200-d weight, and cow production efficiency and calving interval were similar among dams that produced LOW, MEDIUM and HIGH RFI adj progeny. In addition, dams that produced LOW RFI adj progeny consumed less feed during their second trimester of pregnancy (10.9 vs. 11.6 vs. 12.2 kg DM d -1 , P < 0.05), had lower RFI values (-0.05 vs. 0.44 vs. 1.88 kg as fed d -1 , P = 0.018) and calved later in the year (96 vs. 90 vs. 91 d Julian, P < 0.001) than dams that produced MEDIUM and HIGH RFI adj progeny. These results showed that efficient RFI progeny and dams consumed less feed, had improved feed to gain ratio and spent less time in feed activity than inefficient cows and calves. In addition, cows that produced efficient calves were fatter, had fewer twins, less calf death loss and produced the same weight of calf weaned per cow exposed to breeding compared with cows that produced inefficient progeny. However, cows that produced efficient or low RFI progeny calved 5–6 d later in the year than cows that produced inefficient or high RFI progeny, indicating a need to monitor reproductive fitness in low RFI replacement heifers and breeding bulls. Key words: Residual feed intake, cow reproduction, lifetime production efficiency
Learning planning rules in noisy stochastic worlds (2005)

We present an algorithm for learning a model of the effects of actions in noisy stochastic worlds. We consider learning in a 3D simulated blocks world with realistic physics. To model this world, we develop a planning representation with explicit mechanisms for expressing object reference and noise. We then present a learning algorithm that can create rules while also learning derived predicates, and evaluate this algorithm in the blocks world simulator, demonstrating that we can learn rules that effectively model the world dynamics.
Monitoring and Measuring Autophagy (2017)

Autophagy is a cytoplasmic degradation system, which is important for starvation adaptation and cellular quality control. Recent advances in understanding autophagy highlight its importance under physiological and pathological conditions. However, methods for monitoring autophagic activity are complicated and the results are sometimes misinterpreted. Here, we review the methods used to identify autophagic structures, and to measure autophagic flux in cultured cells and animals. We will also describe the existing autophagy reporter mice that are useful for autophagy studies and drug testing. Lastly, we will consider the attempts to monitor autophagy in samples derived from humans.
The use of dyes in modern biomedicine (2003)

The discovery of the aniline dyes in the 19th century and contemporary investigation of their use as biological stains by scientists such as Koch and Ehrlich led to the idea of selectivity and formed the basis of modern chemotherapy; several of these dyes remain in pharmacopoeias. While the development of therapeutics has tended to avoid colored compounds due to unwanted coloration, the modern application of photosensitizing dyes, both in the fields of cancer therapy and anti-infection, depends on this phenomenon. In addition, the fluorescence of some anticancer photosensitizers allows their use as tumor localizing agents, which is particularly useful in precancerous conditions. It is also fitting that dyes employed in Ehrlich's original studies, such as the phenothiazinium dye, methylene blue, are now in clinical use for disinfecting donated blood products.
pH-tuned metal coordination and peroxidase activity of a peptide dendrimer enzyme model with a Fe(<scp>ii</scp>)bipyridine at its core (2012)

Peptide dendrimer BP1 was obtained by double thioether bond formation between 5,5'-bis(bromomethyl)-2,2'-bipyridine and two equivalents of peptide dendrimer N1 (Ac-Glu-Ser)(8)(Dap-Glu-Ala)(4)(Dap-Amb-Tyr)(2)Dap-Cys-Asp-NH(2) (Dap = branching 2,3-diaminopropanoic acid, Amb = 4-aminomethyl-benzoic acid). At pH 4.0 BP1 bound Fe(ii) to form the expected tris-coordinated complex [Fe(II)(BP1)(3)] (K(f) = 2.1 × 10(15) M(-3)). At pH 6.5 a monocoordinated complex [Fe(II)(BP1)] was formed instead (K(f) = 2.1 × 10(5) M(-1)) due to electrostatic repulsion between the polyanionic dendrimer branches, as confirmed by the behavior of three analogues where glutamates were partially or completely replaced by neutral glutamines or positive lysines. [Fe(II)(BP1)] catalyzed the oxidation of o-phenylenediamine with H(2)O(2) with enzyme-like kinetics (k(cat) = 1.0 min(-1), K(M) = 1.5 mM, k(cat)/k(uncat) = 90 000) and multiple turnover, while Fe(2+) or [Fe(bipy)(3)](2+) were inactive. The labile coordination positions allowing coordination to H(2)O(2) and to the substrate are likely responsible for the enhanced peroxidase activity of the metallopeptide dendrimer.
Non‐competitive steroid inhibition of oestrogen receptor functions (2002)

Abstract Currently available antioestrogens, such as tamoxifen, are competitive inhibitors that bind to the ligand binding sites of oestrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ. The search for alternative anti‐hormone therapies is prompted by the need for drugs that are effective when tumours become tamoxifen resistant. The existence of different receptor isoforms also raise the possibility of improving selectivity. Earlier use of the 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor, trilostane (4α,5‐ epoxy‐17β‐hydroxy‐3‐oxo‐5α‐androstane‐2α‐carbonitrile), suggested that it had beneficial actions in breast cancer that were only partially attributable to inhibition of steroidogenesis. The present studies on the interactions of trilostane with oestrogen receptors show that it (i) inhibits oestrogen‐stimulated proliferation in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells, (ii) enhances the affinity of oestradiol binding to ER in rat uteri and specifically increases oestradiol binding to an ERβ‐like isoform, (iii) inhibits ERα and ERβ binding to the classical vitellogenin gene oestrogen response element (ERE) and (iv) inhibits oestrogen‐stimulated gene transcription in ERE‐linked reporter systems in MCF‐7 cells. The results demonstrate a novel, presumably allosteric, mode of antioestrogen action. The beneficial actions of trilostane in breast cancer may be attributed to the combination of this antioestrogen effect with its well documented suppression of steroidogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spark Plasma Sintered AlN-BN Composites and its Dielectric Properties (2008)

A series of samples of hexagonal boron nitride-aluminum nitride (10-90, 15-85, 20-80, 25-75, 30-70wt.%) ceramic composites were prepared by spark plasma sintering in a nitrogen atmosphere at 1650 °C-1800 °C for 5min. Different amounts of CaF2 were added as sintering aids. The effects of CaF2 and sintering temperature on densification and dielectric properties were discussed. The addition of CaF2 enhances relative dielectric constant and loss tangent of the samples. The increase in sintering temperature promotes the densification and decreases the dielectric loss tangent. When being sintered at 1700 °C, the relative density, dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent of the sample with 15wt.%BN are 98.04%, 7.15 and 6.31×10-4 respectively.
Acoustic Circulation Effects and the Nonlinear Impedance of Orifices (1950)

In his theory of streaming caused by sound waves, Eckart shows that time independent streams necessarily follow as part of the solution of the complete wave equatoin, taking into account viscosity and second-order terms. His treatment is mainly valid for liquids and it proves that the driving force of the streams is proportional to frequency squared. The effect, therefore, is especially important in the ultrasonic region (crystal winds). However, he suggests that slow streams might also be carried in air at audio frequencies. Studies of acoustical streaming phenomena around orifices have been made by the use of smoke particles in a 3-in. diameter circular tube. These studies covered a range of orifices from thicknesses of 0.5 mm to 19 mm and diameters of 3.5 mm to 20 mm. The frequency lay between 150 to 1000 c.p.s. Velocities in the orifice cover the range of 0 to 700 cm/sec. Close studies of the flow patterns have disclosed that there exist four definite regions of flow as the particle velocity in the orifice is increased. These regions have been represented by “phase diagrams.” Photographs of the various flow patterns in each region of the “phase diagram” have been taken for a number of orifices. Under each observed condition, the acoustic impedance of the orifice is determined by a conventional standing-wave measurement in the tube. It is shown that the nonlinear properties of the acoustic impedance of an orifice is closely connected with the circulation effects. Quantitative check in one of the circulation regions and a good qualitative over-all agreement indicate that the nonlinear properties of the impedance is due to the interaction between the sound field and the circulatory effects.
In vivo drug-selectable markers in gene therapy. (1997)

Two-gene vectors with positive or positive-negative drug-selectable markers enable the expansion or elimination of gentetically modified cells in vivo. We have established a bicistronic retroviral vector system which utilizes an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) to co-express two independent genes with high efficiency. As a positive-negative (suicide) marker, Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase was co-expressed with the human multidrug resistance gene, MDR1. Using this vector, almost all the MDR1-transduced cells showed hypersensitivity to a nucleoside analog, ganciclovir. As a dominant selectable marker, the MDR1 gene was co-expressed with alpha-galactosidase A for the model of gene therapy of Fabry disease. Vincristine selection efficiently enhanced the population of transduced cells expressing the second non-selectable genes. These drug-selectable retroviral vectors could be applicable to the therapy of many diseases.
Waveguides Composed of Metafilms/Metasurfaces: The Two-Dimensional Equivalent of Metamaterials (2009)

In this letter, we illustrate how metafilms (the two-dimensional equivalents of metamaterials, also referred to as metasurfaces) can be used to design novel waveguiding structures. Metafilm waveguides can be flexible with low material and radiation losses. They are attractive alternatives to traditional core-cladding types of surface waveguides and, as such, could have potential applications at terahertz frequencies. We show comparisons to full-wave numerical results in order to validate first the proposed waveguiding structure and, second, the technique used in the analysis of the waveguide.
A New Leaky Waveguide for Millimeter Waves Using Nonradiative Dielectric (NRD) Waveguide-Part I: Accurate Theory (1987)

An almost-rigorous analysis is presented for a new leaky waveguide of simple configuration based on a recent nonradiative modification of H guide suitable for millimeter wavelengths, The analysis employs a transverse equivalent network that yields a dispersion relation in closed form, and contains some interesting and subtle features. Numerical values are presented for the phase and leakage constants in terms of the different geometric parameters and the dielectric constant comparisons with measurements are made in the companion paper, part II.
Developments in the Simmons−Smith-Mediated Epoxidation Reaction (2002)

The reaction between Et2Zn, ClCH2I, sulfide, and aldehyde furnishes terminal epoxides in high yields. The reaction occurs via a zinc carbenoid, which reacts with the sulfide to furnish an ylide, which in turn reacts with the aldehyde to give the epoxide. Chiral ligands capable of chelation to zinc [1,2-amino alcohols, amino acids, bis(oxazolines), taddols] were examined, but only low enantioselectivity was observed (up to 11% ee). A number of chiral sulfides were also examined, but again only low enantioselectivity was observed (up to 16% ee). However, linking a sulfide to a metal capable of chelation to zinc [a bis(oxazoline) bearing a sulfide at the 5 position] produced a reagent that gave up to 54% ee in the epoxidation process. The same system was applied to the preparation of terminal aziridines from imines. The optimum group on nitrogen was a sulfonyl group, although groups capable of chelation of zinc (o-methoxyphenyl) were also effective. Attempts to render the aziridination process asymmetric by using the above strategy were less successful (up to 19% ee).
Assignment of a gene coding for a human T-cell antigen with a molecular weight of 40,000 daltons to chromosome 17 (1988)

Hybrid human-mouse T-cell clones reactive with Tp40 antibody, which detects cluster of differentiation (CD)7 antigen on human T lymphocytes, were established. Karyotype analysis showed that human chromosome 17 was essential for the expression of CD7 antigen. The presence of this chromosome was confirmed by enzyme analysis of galactokinase, which is coded by a gene on human chromosome 17.
Quinazoline-based α1-adrenoceptor antagonists induce prostate cancer cell apoptosis via TGF-β signalling and IκBα induction (2003)

Previous studies documented the ability of quinazoline-based alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists to induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via an alpha 1-adrenoceptor-independent mechanism. In this study we investigated the molecular events initiating this apoptotic effect. Since transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) mediates prostate epithelial cell apoptosis, we hypothesised that the activation of the TGF-beta 1 pathway underlies the quinazoline-based apoptotic effect in prostate cancer cells. Treatment of the androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells PC-3 with doxazosin resulted in a strong caspase-3 activation within 24 h, whereas tamsulosin, a sulphonamide-based alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, had no significant apoptotic effect against prostate cancer cells. To identify the molecular components involved in this quinazoline-mediated apoptosis, cDNA microarray analysis of PC-3 prostate cancer cells treated with doxazosin (3 h) was performed. Induced expression of several genes was observed including p21(WAF-1) and I kappa B alpha (inhibitor of NF-kappa B alpha). Relative quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed induction of several TGF-beta1 signalling effectors: Induction of mRNA for Smad4 and the TGF-beta1-regulated apoptosis-inducing transcription factor TGF-beta1-inducible early gene (TIEG1) was detected within the first 6 h of doxazosin treatment. Upregulation of I kappa B alpha at both the mRNA and protein level was also detected after 6 h of treatment. Furthermore, doxazosin resulted in a considerable elevation in Smad4 and TIEG protein expression (6 h). A 'latent' increase in TGF-beta mRNA expression was detected after 48 h of treatment. These findings suggest that the quinazoline-based doxazosin mediates prostate cancer apoptosis by initially inducing the expression of TGF-beta1 signalling effectors and subsequently I kappa B alpha. The present study provides an initial insight into the molecular targets of the apoptotic action of quinazolines against prostate cancer cells.
Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2) Derived from the <i>p</i>-Glycoprotein (ABCB1) Modulator Tariquidar (2009)

The efflux pumps ABCB1 (p-gp, MDR1) and ABCG2 (BCRP) are expressed to a high extent by endothelial cells at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and other barrier tissues and are involved in drug resistance of tumor (stem) cells. Whereas numerous ABCB1 inhibitors are known, only a few ABCG2 modulators with submicromolar activity have been published. Starting from tariquidar (4) analogues as ABCB1 modulators, minimal structural modifications resulted in a drastic shift in favor of ABCG2 inhibition. Highest potency was found when the 3,4-dimethoxy-2-(quinoline-3-carbonylamino)benzoyl moiety in 4 was replaced with a 4-methoxycarbonylbenzoyl moiety bearing a hetarylcarboxamido group in 3-position, e.g., quinoline-3-carboxamido (5, IC(50): 119 nM) or quinoline-2-carboxamido (6, IC(50): 60 nM, flow cytometric mitoxantrone efflux assay, topotecan-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells); the selectivity for ABCG2 over ABCB1 was about 100-500 fold and the compounds were inactive at ABCC2 (MRP2). Chemosensitivity assays against MCF-7/Topo cells revealed that the nontoxic inhibitor 6 completely reverted ABCG2-mediated topotecan resistance at concentrations >100 nM, whereas 5 showed ABCG2 independent cytotoxicity. ABCG2 inhibitors might be useful for cancer treatment with respect to reversal of multidrug resistance, overcoming the BBB and targeting of tumor stem cells.
<title>Analysis of volatile organic compounds from illicit cocaine samples</title> (1994)

Detection of illicit cocaine hydrochloride shipments can be improved if there is a greater understanding of the identity and quantity of volatile compounds present. This study provides preliminary data concerning the volatile organic compounds detected in a limited set of cocaine hydrochloride samples. In all cases, cocaine was one of the major volatile compounds detected. Other tropeines were detected in almost all samples. Low concentrations of compounds which may be residues of processing solvents were observed in some samples. The equilibrium emissivity of cocaine from cocaine hydrochloride was investigated and a value of 83 parts-per-trillion was determined.
Differential vulnerability of neurons in Huntington’s disease: the role of cell type‐specific features (2010)

Abnormal expansion of a polyglutamine tract in huntingtin (Htt) protein results in Huntington's disease (HD), an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder involving progressive loss of motor and cognitive function. Contrasting with the ubiquitous tissue expression of polyglutamine-expanded Htt, HD pathology is characterized by the increased vulnerability of specific neuronal populations within the striatum and the cerebral cortex. Morphological, biochemical, and functional characteristics of neurons affected in HD that might render these cells more vulnerable to the toxic effects of polyglutamine-Htt are covered in this review. The differential vulnerability of neurons observed in HD is discussed in the context of various major pathogenic mechanisms proposed to date, and in line with evidence showing a 'dying-back' pattern of degeneration in affected neuronal populations.
Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci for Heading Date and Awn Length Using an Advanced Backcross Line from a Cross between Oryza sativa and O. minuta (2006)

An advanced backcross line, WH29001, was produced from a single plant from BC5F3 families derived from a cross between Oryza minuta (2n = 48, BBCC, Acc. No. 101141) as a donor parent and the O. sativa subsp. japonica cv. Hwaseongbyeo as a recurrent parent. Although WH29001 resembled Hwaseongbyeo, several traits were different from those of Hwaseongbyeo, including awn length and heading date. These differences between Hwaseongbyeo and WH29001 could be attributed to the introgressed O. minuta chromosome segments into WH29001. SSR analysis enabled to identify thirteen O. minuta-specific chromosome segments in WH29001 genome. To map and characterize QTLs for awn length and heading date, an F2:3 population from the Hwaseongbyeo/WH29001 cross was developed. The 197 F2 plants and 197 F3 families were evaluated for the two traits and the genotypes of the 197 F2 plants were determined using eighteen SSR markers located in the introgressed segments from O. minuta. QTL analysis identified two QTLs each for days to heading and awn length on chromosomes 6 and 9, respectively. The total phenotypic variance explained by these four QTLs ranged from 8.1% to 51.0% in the F3 population. Interestingly, QTLs for heading date and awn length were colocalized on chromosomes 6 and 9, respectively. Among these QTLs identified, the QTLs for heading date (dth9) and awn length (awn6) had not been detected in previous QTL studies between Oryza cultivars, indicating the existence of potentially novel alleles from O. minuta. The QTLs detected in the present study could become a valuable source of natural genetic variation underlying the evolution of rice.
Effect of Hole Mobility Through Emissive Layer on Temporal Stability of Blue Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes (2006)

Abstract Light‐emitting conjugated oligomers comprising anthracene, naphthalene, and fluorene units have been synthesized to investigate three configurations of blue organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) that are designed to identify the origins of device instability. The transient OLED technique is employed to measure hole mobilities, which are found to be 3.1 × 10 –4 , 8.9 × 10 –5 , and 3.6 × 10 –5 cm 2 V –1 s –1 for three different blue‐light‐emitting model compounds with varying fluorene content. A higher hole mobility through the emissive layer results in a wider recombination zone, which, in turn, is responsible for a longer device lifetime and a lower drive voltage at the expense of luminance yield.
Synthesis of Selectively Functionalized Carbosilane Dendrimers with a Carbohydrate Core (1999)

First-generation members of a novel family of dendrimers schematically shown above have been synthesized. They display carbohydrate-centered carbosilanes in which one functional group (FG) is discriminated from the others. This will eventually allow their utilization in the synthesis of labeled carbosilanes or as selectively functionalized scaffolds for the preparation of multivalent glycomimetics.