gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of varying podded nacelle-nozzle installations on transonic aeropropulsive characteristics of a supersonic fighter aircraft (1983)

The aeropropulsive characteristics of an advanced twin engine fighter designed for supersonic cruise was investigated in the 16 foot Transonic Tunnel. The performance characteristics of advanced nonaxisymmetric nozzles installed in various nacelle locations, the effects of thrust induced forces on overall aircraft aerodynamics, the trim characteristics, and the thrust reverser performance were evaluated. The major model variables included nozzle power setting; nozzle duct aspect ratio; forward, mid, and aft nacelle axial locations; inboard and outboard underwing nacelle locations; and underwing and overwing nacelle locations. Thrust vectoring exhaust nozzle configurations included a wedge nozzle, a two dimensional convergent divergent nozzle, and a single expansion ramp nozzle, each with deflection angles up to 30 deg. In addition to the nonaxisymmetric nozzles, an axisymmetric nozzle installation was also tested. The use of a canard for trim was also assessed.
Usage Management in Cloud Computing (2011)

User concerns regarding data handling within the cloud will gain increasing importance as cloud computing becomes more pervasive. Existing service level agreement (SLA) frameworks are not designed for flexibly handling even relatively straightforward usage policies. This paper introduces the notion and importance of usage management in cloud computing. It provides an analysis of features and challenges involved in deploying a usage management framework over a distributed cloud environment to enable automated and actionable interpretation, reasoning and enforcement of usage policies. Finally, a preliminary architecture for such a framework is proposed.
Colorimetric Detection of Anions in Aqueous Solution Using Poly(phenylacetylene) with Sulfonamide Receptors Activated by Electron Withdrawing Group (2012)

A series of sulfonamide-conjugated poly(phenylacetylene)s with various electron withdrawing and donating substituents were designed and synthesized in order to develop a novel colorimetric probe for anions in water. The UV–vis absorption measurements, which were performed in an organic solvent to provide fundamental insights into the anion detection properties of these polymers, clarified that the colorimetric response ability is highly enhanced by the incorporation of strong electron withdrawing groups (EWG). Sulfonamide-conjugated poly(phenylacetylene) with nitro groups, the strongest EWG, was therefore used for the detection of anions in an aqueous environment. In a solution containing up to 20% water, the polymer exhibited obvious color changes to anions including the biologically important carboxylates. On the basis of the NMR titration analysis, such a colorimetric response was confirmed to be based on the deprotonation event of the sulfonamide binding site, which was suggested to be essential for the detection of aqueous anions.
The Meissner Corpuscle Revised: A Multiafferented Mechanoreceptor with Nociceptor Immunochemical Properties (2001)

Meissner corpuscles (MCs) in the glabrous skin of monkey digits have at least three types of innervation as revealed by immunofluorescence. The previously well known Aalphabeta-fiber terminals are closely intertwined with endings from peptidergic C-fibers. These intertwined endings are segregated into zones that alternate with zones containing a third type of ending supplied by nonpeptidergic C-fibers. Although MCs are widely regarded as low-threshold mechanoreceptors, all three types of innervation express immunochemical properties associated with nociception. The peptidergic C-fiber endings have readily detectable levels of immunoreactivity (IR) for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). The Aalphabeta endings have relatively lower levels of IR for CGRP and SP as well as the SP neurokinin 1 receptor and vanilloid-like receptor 1. Both the Aalphabeta and peptidergic C-fiber endings were also labeled with antibodies for different combinations of adrenergic, opioid, and purinergic receptors. The nonpeptidergic C-fiber endings express IR for vanilloid receptor 1, which has also been implicated in nociception. Thus, MCs are multiafferented receptor organs that may have nociceptive capabilities in addition to being low-threshold mechanoreceptors.
Degradation Products of Extracellular Matrix Affect Cell Migration and Proliferation (2008)

Biologic scaffolds composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) are utilized in numerous regenerative medicine applications to facilitate the constructive remodeling of tissues and organs. The mechanisms by which the host remodeling response occurs are not fully understood, but recent studies suggest that both constituent growth factors and biologically active degradation products derived from ECM play important roles. The objective of the present study was to determine if degradation of ECM scaffold materials in vitro by methods that are biochemically and physiologically relevant can yield products that possess chemotactic and/or mitogenic activities for fully differentiated mammalian endothelial cells and undifferentiated multipotential progenitor cells. ECM harvested from porcine urinary bladder was degraded enzymatically with pepsin/hydrochloric acid or papain. The ECM degradation products were tested for chemoattractant properties utilizing either 48-well chemotaxis filter migration microchambers or fluorescence-based filter migration assays, and were tested for mitogenic properties in cell proliferation assays. Results showed that ECM degradation products possessed chemotactic and mitogenic activities for multipotential progenitor cells and that the same degradation products inhibited both chemotaxis and proliferation of differentiated endothelial cells. These findings support the concept that degradation products of ECM bioscaffolds are important modulators of the recruitment and proliferation of appropriate cell types during the process of ECM scaffold remodeling.
Acid-Vesicle Function, Intracellular Pathogens, and the Action of Chloroquine against<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> (1987)

When lysosomes were first characterized biochemically by de Duve and his colleagues,1 the low optimal pH of their degradative enzymes suggested that their internal environment was acidic. Because material taken up by phagocytosis was known to enter an acidic intracellular compartment,2 de Duve and Wattiaux hypothesized that degradative enzymes (acid hydrolases), their substrates, and an acid pH might combine in that compartment (the secondary lysosome) to provide an appropriate environment for the degradation of internalized macromolecules.3 Subsequently, it became apparent that these vesicles were part of a network that was responsible for the intracellular movement of macromolecules and membranes and . . .
Two Host-Induced <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i> Genes, <i>acrA</i> and <i>dinF</i> , Encode Multidrug Efflux Pumps and Contribute to Bacterial Wilt Virulence (2007)

Multidrug efflux pumps (MDRs) are hypothesized to protect pathogenic bacteria from toxic host defense compounds. We created mutations in the Ralstonia solanacearum acrA and dinF genes, which encode putative MDRs in the broad-host-range plant pathogen. Both mutations reduced the ability of R. solanacearum to grow in the presence of various toxic compounds, including antibiotics, phytoalexins, and detergents. Both acrAB and dinF mutants were significantly less virulent on the tomato plant than the wild-type strain. Complementation restored near-wild-type levels of virulence to both mutants. Addition of either dinF or acrAB to Escherichia coli MDR mutants KAM3 and KAM32 restored the resistance of these strains to several toxins, demonstrating that the R. solanacearum genes can function heterologously to complement known MDR mutations. Toxic and DNA-damaging compounds induced expression of acrA and dinF, as did growth in both susceptible and resistant tomato plants. Carbon limitation also increased expression of acrA and dinF, while the stress-related sigma factor RpoS was required at a high cell density (>10(7) CFU/ml) to obtain wild-type levels of acrA expression both in minimal medium and in planta. The type III secretion system regulator HrpB negatively regulated dinF expression in culture at high cell densities. Together, these results show that acrAB and dinF encode MDRs in R. solanacearum and that they contribute to the overall aggressiveness of this phytopathogen, probably by protecting the bacterium from the toxic effects of host antimicrobial compounds.
Directional dependence in film dosimetry: radiographic and radiochromic film (2001)

The trend towards conformal, intensity modulated radiotherapy treatments has established the need for a true integrating dosimeter. In traditional radiotherapy, radiographic film dosimetry is commonly used. The accuracy and reproducibility of film optical density as an indicator of dose is influenced by several variables, including the chemical processing conditions. As a result radiochromic film, with all the advantages of radiographic film but without the need for chemical processing, has increased in popularity, although the low-dose sensitivity of radiochromic film does remain a disadvantage for some experiments. Several studies have investigated the reproducibility of radiochromic film results, but none have specifically addressed the well-known directional dependence seen with traditional radiographic film. In this study, the directional dependence of radiographic (Kodak X-omat V) and radiochromic (Gafchromic) films were measured. It was found that both films over responded when exposed parallel to the central axis of the beam as opposed to perpendicular exposure. An attempt is made to explain the reason for the responses of both films in terms of spectral effects and the air gap between the phantom segments. Although radiographic film exposed parallel rather than perpendicular to the central axis of the beam exhibits a measured difference in film response at depth, this over response does not occur when the extent of the film is restricted to a small region at the centre of the phantom (in this case an air gap is not introduced across the phantom). This suggests that it is the air gap rather than the orientation of the film that is the cause of the over response. Furthermore, when film occupies a slice through the entire phantom an over response occurs for both radiographic and radiochromic film, indicating that spectral effects are not the cause.
Novel Synthesis of Castanospermine and 1-Epicastanospermine (2005)

[reaction: see text] Polyhydroxylated indolizidines have potential for treatment of HIV, hepatitis C and HSV infection, multiple sclerosis, angiogenesis, cancer, and diabetes. A new synthetic approach to the title compounds from a 5-C-methoxypyranosyl azide has been developed. The route incorporates the aldol reaction and a novel catalytic reductive amination cascade to generate the indolizidine ring.
<i>Aspergillus flavus</i> : the major producer of aflatoxin (2007)

http://www.aspergillusflavus.org, http://www.aflatoxin.info/health.asp, plantpathology.tamu.edu/aflatoxin, http://www.aspergillus.org.uk.
"Kinship/Interpretation/And Culture" in India; The Anthropology of Space; Marxist Perspectives of Peasantry (1985)

Akos Ostor. Lina Fruzzetti. and Steve Barnett. eds. Concepts of Person, Kinship, Caste and Marriage in India (Harvard Studies in Cultural Anthropology, 5). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982. xiv. 271 pages. $35.00 (cloth). Rik Pinxten. Ingrid van Dooren. and Frank Harvey. The Anthropology of Space . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983. xi. 240 pp. $32.50 (cloth). Social Anthropology of Peasantry . Joan P. Mencher. ed. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1983‐ xii. 351pp. $22.50 (cloth).
Mobile Health reference architectures (2013)

Mobile Health (MH) is a hot topic in the health IT industry because it can make a big difference in healthcare services. However, before adopting Mobile Health technology, we must ensure that it provides safe and reliable services to users and it should also meet authoritative requirements. In US, Meaningful Use (MU) is widely used to evaluate Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems service quality. Therefore, in this paper we derive appropriate requirements for MH evaluation from MU requirements. Based on our new MH requirements, existing MH architectures that are currently being surveyed in ISO/TC215 DTR were evaluated. This new MH requirements are applicable to further developments of mobile health services.
Soil water flux density measurements near 1 cm d<sup>−1</sup> using an improved heat pulse probe design (2008)

The heat pulse probe (HPP) technique has been successfully applied for estimating water flux density (WFD). Estimates of WFD have been limited to values greater than 10 cm d −1 , except for two recent studies with lower detection limits of 2.4 and 5.6 cm d −1 . Although satisfactory for saturated soils, it is recognized that current HPP capabilities are limited for applications in the vadose zone, where WFD values are generally below 1 cm d −1 . Since numerical sensitivity analysis has shown that large heater needle diameters may increase HPP capabilities in the lower flux density range, a HPP with a 4‐mm‐diameter heater needle was developed and tested. WFD values were obtained by fitting temperature data to the analytical solution for a pulsed cylindrical heat source of infinite length. Effective heater‐thermistor distance and soil thermal diffusivity values were determined for specific heat input scenarios with zero WFD, prior to imposing water flow across the HPP needles. We showed excellent results in the range of 1–10 cm d −1 and satisfactory results in the range of 10–1000 cm d −1 .
New Entry to Convertible Isocyanides for the Ugi Reaction and Its Application to the Stereocontrolled Formal Total Synthesis of the Proteasome Inhibitor Omuralide (2007)

The development of a new convertible isocyanide, indole-isocyanide, for ready access to pyroglutamic acids culminated in the formal total synthesis of the proteasome inhibitor omuralide featuring a stereocontrolled Ugi reaction. Indole-isocyanide was named after the facilitation of hydrolysis of the resulting 2-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)anilide via an N-acylindole intermediate obtained by the Ugi multicomponent condensation reaction followed by the indole formation.
Advances in perceptual stereo audio coding using linear prediction techniques (2007)

Advances in Perceptual Stereo Audio Coding Using Linear Prediction TechniquesA wide range of techniques for coding a single-channel speech and audio signal has been developed over the last few decades.In addition to pure redundancy reduction, sophisticated source and receiver models have been considered for reducing the bit-rate.Traditionally, speech and audio coders are based on different principles and thus each of them offers certain advantages.With the advent of high capacity channels, networks, and storage systems, the bit-rate versus quality compromise will no longer be the major issue; instead, attributes like low-delay, scalability, computational complexity, and error concealments in packet-oriented networks are expected to be the major selling factors.Typical audio coders such as MP3 and AAC are based on subband or transform coding techniques that are not easily reconcilable with a low-delay requirement.The reasons for their inherently longer delay are the relatively long band splitting filters needed to undertake requantization under control of a psychoacoustic model, as well as the buffering required to even out variations in the bit-rate.On the other hand, speech coders typically use linear predictive coding which is compatible with attributes like low-delay, scalability, error concealments, and low computational complexity.Since with predictive coding it is possible to obtain a very low encoding/decoding delay with basically no loss of compression performance, we selected Linear Prediction (LP) as our venturing point.However, several issues need to be resolved in order to make LP an adequate and attractive tool for audio coding.These stem from the fundamental differences between speech and audio signals.Speech signals are typically band-limited, mono, and stem from a single source.Audio signals are typically multi-channel, broadband, and stem from different instruments (sources).This difference creates some fundamental aspects that need to be addressed; like, choosing an appropriate multi-channel linear prediction system such that the essential single-channel LP properties carry over to this generalized case.
Engineering <i>In Situ</i> Cross-Linkable and Neurocompatible Hydrogels (2014)

Physical injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) are prevalent and very severe because the CNS has limited capacity to replace neuronal loss from the injury. A growing body of evidence has suggested that exogenous cell transplantation is one promising strategy to promote CNS regeneration. Direct injection of neural stem cells (NSCs) to the lesion site, however, may not be an optimal therapeutic strategy because of poor viability and functionality of transplanted cells resulting from the local hostile tissue environment. The overall objective of this study is to engineer an injectable and biocompatible hydrogel system as a supportive niche to provide a regeneration permissive microenvironment for transplanted NSCs to survive, functionally differentiate, and integrate with host tissues for CNS regeneration. A highly biocompatible hydrogel, based on thiol functionalized hyaluronic acid and thiol functionalized gelatin (Gtn-SH), which can be cross-linked by poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), was used. By controlling the cross-linking density via varying the amount of cross-linker (PEGDA) and the concentration of the adhesive component gelatin, an optimal microenvironment for the survival, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation of NSCs was created in vitro. The soft hydrogel of less than 10 Pa with Gtn-SH content (50%) is one of the optimal conditions to support NSCs growth and neuronal differentiation in vitro. The optimized hydrogel holds great potential as a carrier of stem cells to treat CNS injuries and diseases in which cell therapies may be essential.
Ubiquitously expressed secretory carrier membrane proteins (SCAMPs) 1-4 mark different pathways and exhibit limited constitutive trafficking to and from the cell surface (2005)

Secretory carrier membrane proteins (SCAMPs) 1-4 are ubiquitously expressed and are major components of the eukaryotic cell surface recycling system. We investigated whether different SCAMPs function along distinct pathways and whether they behave like itinerant cargoes or less mobile trafficking machinery. In NRK cells, we show by immunofluorescence microscopy that different SCAMPs are concentrated mostly adjacent to one another in the trans-Golgi network and endosomal recycling compartment. By immunoelectron microscopy, they were shown to be close neighbors on individual transferrin-containing endosomal elements and on the plasma membrane. Within the internal endosomal network, SCAMPs are located distal to rab5-containing endosomes, and the individual isoforms appear to mark pathways that diverge from the constitutive recycling route and that may be distinguished by different adaptors, especially AP-1 and AP-3. Based on comparisons of SCAMP localization with endocytosed transferrin as well as live imaging of GFP-SCAMP1, we show that SCAMPs are concentrated within the motile population of early and recycling endosomes; however, they are not detected in newly formed transferrin-containing endocytic vesicles or in vesicles recycling transferrin to the surface. Also, they are not detected in constitutive secretory carriers marked by VSV-G. Their minimal recycling to the surface is reflected by their inability to relocate to the plasma membrane upon inhibition of endocytosis. Thus SCAMPs exhibit limited exchange between the cell surface and internal recycling systems, but within each of these sites, they form a mosaic with individual isoforms marking distinct pathways and potentially functioning as trafficking machinery at sites of vesicle formation and fusion. A corollary of these findings is that early endosomes exist as a distinct SCAMP-containing compartment and are not formed de novo by fusion of endocytic vesicles.
MR Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Imaging of the Brain (2010)

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and the related technique of magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) are widely used in both clinical and preclinical research for the non-invasive evaluation of brain metabolism. They are also used in medical practice, although their ultimate clinical value continues to be a source of discussion. This chapter reviews the general information content of brain spectra and commonly used protocols for both MRS and MRSI and also touches on data analysis methods and quantitation. The main focus is on proton MRS for application in humans, but many of the methods are also applicable to other nuclei and studies of animal models as well.
Inhibition of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase by L-659,699. (1987)

A beta-lactone isolated from Fusarium sp. has been shown to be a potent specific inhibitor of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase [(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA acetoacetyl-CoA-lyase (CoA-acetylating), EC, 4.1.3.5] from rat liver. The structure of this beta-lactone, termed L-659,699, is (E,E)-11-[3-(hydroxy-methyl)-4-oxo-2-oxytanyl]-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4 - undecadienenoic acid. A partially purified preparation of cytoplasmic HMG-CoA synthase from rat liver was inhibited by L-659,699 with an IC50 of 0.12 microM. The enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, beta-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase, and fatty acid synthase were not inhibited to any extent by this compound. In cultured Hep G2 cells, the compound inhibited the incorporation of [14C]acetate into sterols with an IC50 of 6 microM, while incorporation of [3H]mevalonate into sterols in these cells was not affected. The activity of HMG-CoA reductase in the cultured Hep G2 cells was induced in a dose-dependent manner by incubation with L-659,699. A 37-fold increase in reductase was observed after a 24-hr incubation with 62 microM L-659,699. The effect of a number of analogs of L-659,699 on HMG-CoA synthase is also discussed.
Characterization of Intersubtype Recombinant HIV Type 1 Genomes Using a Nonradioactive Heteroduplex Tracking Assay (2005)

The HIV-1 epidemic is characterized by the dominance of distinct viral subtypes in different regions of the world, and intersubtype recombinants are common. Traditional subtyping methods analyze only a small fragment of the HIV-1 genome, so the true extent of diversity and recombination has been difficult to examine. We developed a heteroduplex tracking assay (HTA) to identify viral subtypes and rapidly detect recombinant HIV-1 genomes. By using probes that target seven regions across the HIV-1 genome, HTAs can identify intersubtype recombinants on the basis of the heteroduplex mobility pattern. We used this method to analyze HIV-1 strains from 12 patients from the United States and Kenya, comparing the results with those obtained by sequencing. HTA analysis correctly identified the subtype of each region of the genome, revealing that several isolates were recombinants. This method is suitable for studies of HIV-1 diversity and recombination in areas of the world where multiple subtypes are found.