gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSPECIFICITY IN THE MIGRATION OF A CHIRAL PHOSPHINOYL GROUP TO A CHIRAL CARBON ATOM, X‐RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF REAGENT AND PRODUCT (1974)

Abstract Der sterische Verlauf der Umlagerung des Tosylats (IVb) bei seiner Solvolyse in Ameisen‐ oder Essigsäure, die stereospezifisch zu dem Olefin (V) führt, wird mit Hilfe von röntgenographischer Kristallstrukturbestimmung des Ausgangsalkohols (IVa) und des erhaltenen Olefins (V) untersucht.
Use of (<i>S</i>)‐BINOL as NMR chiral solvating agent for the enantiodiscrimination of omeprazole and its analogs (2009)

The application of (S)-1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diol as NMR chiral solvating agent (CSA) for omeprazole, and three of its analogs (lanso-, panto-, and rabe-prazole) was investigated. The formation of diastereomeric host-guest complexes in solution between the CSA and the racemic substrates produced sufficient NMR signal splitting for the determination of enantiomeric excesses by (1)H- or (19)F-NMR spectroscopy. Using of hydrophobic deuterated solvents was mandatory for obtaining good enantiodiscrimination, thus suggesting the importance of intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the stabilization of the complexes. The method was applied to the fast quantification of the enantiomeric purity of in-process samples of S-omeprazole.
Rapid SNP Allele Frequency Determination in Genomic DNA Pools by Pyrosequencing <sup>TM</sup> (2002)

Individual genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) remains expensive, especially for linkage disequilibrium mapping strategies involving high-throughput SNP genotyping. On one hand, current methods may suit scientific and laboratory needs in regard to accuracy, reproducibility/robustness, and large-scale application. On the other hand, a cheaper and less time-consuming alternative to individual genotyping is the use of SNP allelefrequencies determined in DNA pools. We have developed an accurate and reproducible protocol for allele frequency determination using Pyrosequencing technology in large genomic DNA pools (374 individuals). The measured correlation (R2) in large DNA pools was 0.980. In the context of disease-associated SNPs studies, we compared the allele frequencies between the disease (e.g., type 2 diabetes and obesity) and control groups detected by either individual genotyping or Pyrosequencing of DNA pools. In large pools, the variation between the two methods was 1.5 +/- 0.9%. It may be concluded that the allele frequency determination protocol could reliably detect over 4% differences between populations. The method is economical in regard to amounts of DNA, PCR, and primer extension reagents required. Furthermore, it allows the rapid determination of allelefrequency differences in case/control groups for association studies and susceptibility gene discovery in complex diseases.
The failure of "classic" perturbation theory at a rough Neumann boundary near grazing (2000)

Rice's (1951) "classic" perturbation theory predicts an erroneous limit at grazing for vertically polarized plane wave scatter from an infinite perfectly conducting rough surface; likewise, the attendant result for the specularly reflected mode also fails at grazing. We show where and why in the system of perturbational equations this difficulty occurs. We then reformulate the perturbational approach to handle the low-incidence angle region for a one-dimensionally (1-D) rough Neumann boundary (vertical polarization from a perfectly conducting surface). The result for scattered fields vanishes in direct proportion to the incidence angle above grazing and the result for the normalized roughness-modified surface impedance becomes constant with angle near grazing. For completeness and comparison, we give results for the horizontal polarization at a Dirichlet boundary, where perturbation results encounter no difficulties. Scatter dependence on grazing angle is explained in terms of the "classic" perturbation result multiplied by a propagation factor to the cell. The latter includes the sum of the direct and specularly reflected waves at the surface. This quantity can be replaced by the appropriate surface-wave propagation factor for radiation from dipole antennas, thereby explaining the strong observed vertically polarized sea scatter at high frequency (HF) on and below the horizon.
Geometric effects on fluid mixing in passive grooved micromixers (2005)

The effects of geometric parameters on the mixing performance of a staggered herringbone mixer (SHM) with patterned grooves are numerically investigated. Combining use of the software package CFD-ACE+ and the Taguchi method provides a powerful and systematic approach for research on microfluidics. An orthogonal array L9(3(4)) is established for parameters introduced by the groove geometry; in total 9 cases are simulated. Analyses of the mixing phenomena, geometric parameter, pressure loss and flow rate through grooves are conducted. The modes of fluid motion and dominant mechanisms of mixing within the SHM are observed and ascertained. Although the depth ratio and the asymmetry index of the groove are found to be dominant geometric parameters, the rate of flow within the groove is verified to be the most significant factor that affects the mixing performance of a SHM. To date, the effects of the parameters are evaluated within specified ranges, and the true optimum design has yet to be discovered.
Shift toward T lymphocytes with a T helper 1 cytokine‐secretion profile in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (1996)

A shift toward T cells with a Th1 cytokine profile was observed in the joints of patients with RA. Since an imbalance between Th1 and Th2 cells is thought to be of pathogenic significance, this finding might have implications for the development of new therapies for RA.
Generation of DNA Interstrand Cross-Links by Post-Synthetic Reductive Amination (2009)

DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) are the clinically most relevant adducts formed by many antitumor agents. To facilitate the study of biological responses triggered by ICLs, we developed a new approach toward the synthesis of mimics of nitrogen mustard ICLs. 7-Deazaguanine residues bearing acetaldehyde groups were incorporated into complementary strands of DNA and cross-link formation induced by double reductive amination. Our strategy enables the synthesis of major groove cross-links in high yields and purity.
Stable Exploration for Bearings-only SLAM (2006)

Recent work on robotic exploration and active sensing has examined a variety of information-theoretic approaches to efficient and convergent map construction. These involve moving an exploring robot to locations in the world where the anticipated information gain is maximized. In this paper we demonstrate that, for map construction using bearings-only information and the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), driving exploration so as to maximize expected information gain leads to ill-conditioned filter updates and a high probability of divergence between the inferred map and reality. In particular, we present analytical and numerical results demonstrating the effects of blindly applying an information-theoretic approach to bearings-only exploration. Subsequently, we present experimental results demonstrating that an exploration approach that favours the conditioning of the filter update will lead to more accurate maps.
<i>Idd</i>Loci Synergize to Prolong Islet Allograft Survival Induced by Costimulation Blockade in NOD Mice (2008)

Il2 is the Idd3 diabetes susceptibility gene and can influence the outcome of T-cell deletion and islet allograft survival in mice treated with costimulation blockade. These data suggest that Idd loci can facilitate induction of transplantation tolerance by costimulation blockade and that IL-2/Idd3 is a critical component in this process.
Partial volume effects on arterial input functions: Shape and amplitude distortions and their correction (2005)

For quantification of perfusion values from a bolus-tracking MRI experiment, the measurement of an arterial input function (AIF) is necessary. Gradient-echo (GE) sequences are commonly used for this type of experiment because they offer a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the potential to quantify the concentration of contrast agent. Measurements of calibration curves for Gd-DTPA in human blood have shown a quadratic relation between the DeltaR(2)* and the concentration of contrast agent, and a linear relationship between phase changes and the concentration of contrast agent. However, for in vivo studies the spatial resolution is usually limited, which leads to partial volume effects. Partial volume effects result in a complex sum of signal arising from the tissue outside the vessel and a contrast agent concentration-dependent blood signal. Ignoring the presence of partial volume effects can lead to an overestimation or underestimation of the contrast agent concentration, depending on the experimental conditions. Correction for partial volume effects is feasible in arteries that are parallel to the main magnetic field by estimation and subtraction of the static signal of the surrounding tissue. Patient studies showed a large variation due to the AIF measurements, but it has also been shown that this influence can be minimized by correction for partial volume effects.
Medicinal plants and the control of protozoal disease, with particular reference to malaria (1996)

Malaria and other protozoal diseases continue to pose serious health problems world-wide. Resistance of the malaria parasites, Plasmodium spp., to drugs such as chloroquine (and, more lately, quinine) occurs with increasing frequency and underlies the necessity to develop new agents for malaria chemotherapy; in the case of diseases caused by species of Leishmania and Trypanosoma there has always been a marked paucity of effective drugs, particularly those with a wide safety margin and minimal or no undesirable side effects. Novel drugs, are required to help alleviate morbidity and mortality and to contribute to the world-wide control of these diseases, in part by helping to reduce the reservoirs of infection. Reliance upon plants for the treatment of disease is high in the developing world and such plants offer a source of new molecules. Research centered upon Plasmodium has produced a number of findings which now prompt the formulation of important questions which may influence and focus the direction of phytotherapy research in the future.
The Effects of Long-Term Administration of Oral Desmopressin on the Baseline Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone and Serum Sodium Concentration for the Treatment of Nocturia: A Circadian Study (2007)

Long-term desmopressin administration gradually decreased the serum concentration and induced significant hyponatremia from 6 months in patients who did not show initial hyponatremia. Long-term administration of desmopressin for 1 year in elderly patients did not affect baseline antidiuretic hormone secretion. For long-term desmopressin administration serum sodium should be assessed regularly, at least every 6 months.
Spectroscopic evidence for radiation‐induced crosslinking of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (1993)

Abstract Direct spectroscopic evidence for radiation‐induced crosslinking of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) is presented for all x‐ray and electron dose levels above which it is possible to distinguish between deliberately introduced radiation damage and the x‐ray damage inherent in obtaining an x‐ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS). The C (1s) spectrum obtained after irradiation with 2 keV electrons for all doses greater than 1 μA‐min/cm 2 consists of a four‐peak spectrum identical to that previously obtained for plasma‐polymerized tetrafluoroethylene and assigned to carbon atoms with variable numbers of bound F atoms (CF 3 , CF 2 , CF 1 , and CF 0 ). X‐ray irradiated PTFE can be fitted with the same four‐peak spectrum. At or below an electron dose level of 1 μA‐min/cm 2 , the radiation damage is comparable to that produced by the x‐ray dose necessary to obtain an XPS spectrum. The CF 1 and CF 0 components increase with increasing electron dose, and at high electron doses dominate the spectrum. With increasing dose the CF 3 component approaches a constant value while both the CF 2 component and the total F : C ratio decreases. These four components are those expected to result from radiation‐induced crosslinking reactions of the polymer and are consistent with previous suggestions that crosslinking is the basis of radiation patterned adhesion to PTFE. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Carbon-13 NMR chemical shift of regioirregular polypropylene (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbon-13 NMR chemical shift of regioirregular polypropyleneTetsuo Asakura, Yuko Nishiyama, and Yoshiharu DoiCite this: Macromolecules 1987, 20, 3, 616–620Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00169a025https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00169a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views873Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The mechanism of single-frequency operation of the hybrid-CO&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;laser (1975)

The mechanism of a new method of obtaining high-power single-frequency pulses from a TEA-CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> laser is discussed. Measurements of the shape and monochromaticity of pulses from the hybrid laser which has both a TEA and a low-pressure gain section inside one resonator are presented. The mechanism of single-frequency operation of the hybrid laser is discussed with reference to numerical solutions of simplified rate equations. The low-pressure section provides gain only over a narrow range of frequencies so that a mode lying in that bandwidth builds up faster than neighboring modes to give a single-frequency pulse resembling in overall shape the normal TEA laser pulse. If the system is already lasing when the TEA discharge begins, the single-mode radiation already present rapidly grows to give a single-frequency pulse lacking a gain-switched peak.
Backward Raman amplification used to alleviate SRS limitations in high-density WDM systems (1990)

Stimulated Raman scattering can cause depletion of higher frequency channels by the lower frequency ones. If a high power pump source is introduced, however, with frequency higher than that of all signal channels, its Raman gain can compensate for this depletion. The authors assess this arrangement analytically and find that backward Raman amplification provides improved system efficiency for the same value of pump power in the higher input signal power region (>1 mW), and the maximum relaxation value for backward pumping is much higher than that for forward pumping at the same pump power level. Further calculated results are presented illustrating how the performance of backward pumping changes with pump power and with the position of its Raman gain peak relative to the signal channels.
Experimental investigation of thermo hydraulic performance due to angle of attack in solar air heater duct equipped with V-shaped perforated blockages (2015)

An experimental investigation has been performed to study the effect on thermo hydraulic performance parameter of V–shaped perforated blockages attached on one broad heated wall of a rectangular solar air heater duct. The rectangular duct was equipped with V–shaped perforated blockages having aspect ratio of 12. The geometrical parameters of blockage were taken as relative blockages height value of 0.8, relative pitch ratio value of 8, open area ratio value of 20%. An angle of attack was varied from 30° to 75°. The experiment encompassed with Reynolds number from 2,000 to 20,000. Experimental data has been collected to calculate Nusselt number, friction factor and thermo–hydraulic performance parameter. It was observed that there was a significant effect on Nusselt number, friction factor and thermo hydraulic performance parameter due to angle of attack.
Bitstreams Repository Hierarchy for FPGA Partially Reconfigurable Systems (2008)

In this paper we present a hierarchy of bitstreams repositories for FPGA-based networked and partially reconfigurable systems. These systems target embedded systems with very scarce hardware resources taking advantage of dynamic, specific and optimized architectures. Based on FPGA integrated circuits, they require a single FPGA with a network controller and less external memories to store reconfiguration software, bitstreams and buffer pools used by today¿s standard communication protocols. Our measures, based on a real implementation, show that our repository hierarchy is functional and can download bitstreams with a reconfiguration speed ten times faster than known solutions.
Recent advances in the clinical pharmacology of Parkinson's disease. (1991)

The introduction of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease had modified both the prognosis and the current concepts of the disease, Although levodopa remains the most potent drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, its long-term use is associated with fluctuations in motor performance, abnormal movements and psychotic hallucinations. These late side-effects remain difficult to treat and thus raise questions as to the benefits and risks of first-time treatment with levodopa. Levodopa mainly alleviates akinesia and rigidity and to a lesser extent, tremor. Levodopa increases life expectancy. This paper reviews some recent developments in the pharmacology of Parkinson's disease. Recent findings indicate that not only central dopamine but also several other central neurotransmitter and receptor changes are involved in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. New data on autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease are presented. New methods of investigation (clinical rating scales, pharmacological tests, imaging techniques, etc.) are reviewed. Finally, future strategies, e.g. the development of potent new symptomatic drugs (selective D2 and D1 agonists, new formulations of apomorphine, COMT inhibitors, new routes of administration, etc.) and etiopathogenic agents (antioxidative and anti-free radical drugs, etc.) are discussed.
Separation of tetra‐, penta‐, and hexaacyl triglycerides by high performance liquid chromatography (1979)

Abstract Synthetic triglycerides with more than three acyl groups were prepared by forming estolides from triglycerides containing one, two, or three monohydroxy fatty acyl moieties. These tetra‐, penta‐, and hexaacyl triglycerides were examined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). HPLC separation by the number of acyl groups was obtained with both conventional phase and reverse phase columns. In all systems, triglycerides were eluted first, followed in sequence by tetra‐, penta‐, and hexaacyl triglycerides. Within each glyceride class, further separation occurred due to variations in chain length and degree of unsaturation among the component acids. TLC migration on silica gel was found to be a function of the number of acyl groups and the length of component acid chains.
Chapter 3 – Adsorbents (2009)

Publisher Summary
A vast amount of research on the nature and action of clays, carbons, and synthetic silicas was completed, which gives a much better understanding of them as adsorbents and catalysts in the processing of fats and oils. The natural, neutral, or non-activated bleaching clays are derived from clay-mineral deposits, which are merely dried, milled, and sieved to obtain a desired range of particle sizes. A much more important variant, calcium montmorillonite or non-swelling bentonite lends itself very readily to leaching with mineral acid; its power of adsorption and catalysis is thereby dramatically increased. The acid-activated clays are used in cleaning mineral oils as well as vegetable and animal fats; they are also used as catalysts in promoting organic reactions such as polymerization and isomerization and may take the form of fixed beds or powdered additions.
Stabilization of the liquid crystalline blue phase by the addition of short-chain polystyrene (2013)

This paper examines the liquid crystalline blue phases of mixtures of a readily available chiral system (consisting of cholesteryl nonanoate and cholesteryl benzoate) with various proportions of a low molecular weight and low polydispersity polymer. By observing the textures of samples using polarizing optical microscopy as they are heated from the chiral nematic through the blue phase and into the isotropic liquid phase, the temperature range where the blue phase of these mixtures is stable is measured as a function of polymer volume fraction for several molecular weights of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate). The mixtures with polystyrene showed a blue phase stability range of up to 12 K, one of the largest measured on heating, and this range varied smoothly as a function of polymer volume fraction. The dependence of the range on the polymer volume fraction and molecular weight could be captured well by a theoretical model based on the Flory–Huggins and Maier–Saupe theories.
Molecular biology for platelet alloantigen typing (1992)

Hitherto, full investigation of patients with alloimmunization to platelet-specific antigens has been difficult due to the limited availability of both typing reagents and panels of typed platelets. Following recent advances in the understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of platelet alloantigens, it is now possible to genotype individuals for the alleles coding for the epitopes of four platelet antigen systems (HPA-1-4). This is based on the finding that the two alleles differ by only a single base pair substitution, resulting in one amino acid difference in the relevant platelet glycoprotein. The technique involves amplification of the relevant segments of genomic DNA from any nucleated cell by the polymerase chain reaction, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The technique allows investigation of thrombocytopenic individuals and fetuses/neonates, and can be readily applied to large-scale typing of platelet donors.
Effect of the Medium on Bacteriocin Production Among Strains of <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> (1972)

Bacteriocin production by Streptococcus mutans was shown to be influenced by the medium on which the strains were grown, and it is suggested that selected media might be useful in bacteriocin typing.