gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Auf des Zentralnervensystem wirkende Substanzen XXXV. Über neuartige schwefelhaltige Heterocyclen II: Synthese und Eigenschaften der 3‐Alkoxy‐4,4‐dialkyl‐4<i>H</i>‐1,2‐thiazet‐1,1‐dioxide (1963)

Abstract Es wird der Aufbau von 3‐Alkoxy‐4,4‐dialkyl‐4 H ‐l,2‐thiazet‐l, 1‐dioxiden beschrieben, welche Derivate eines bisher praktisch unbekannten ungesattigten viergliedrigen Heterocyclus mit zwei benachbarten Heteroatomen sind. Diese Substanzen werden aus den 4,4‐Dialkyl‐l, Z‐thioazetidin‐3‐on‐1,l‐dioxiden neben den 2,4,4‐Trialkyl‐1,2‐thioazetidin‐3‐on‐l, 1‐dioxiden durch Alkylierung in Gegenwart von Silberoxid erhalten. Es wird über die chemischen und physikalisch‐chemischen Eigenschaften dieser neuen Verbindungen sowie uber einige ihrer Umsetzungen berichtet.
U-groove isolation technique for high speed bipolar VLSI's (1982)

A new, buried dielectric isolation technique, called U-groove Isolation, has been developed. This U-Iso technique has led to a 66% reduction in bipolar device area, in isolation capacitance by a factor of seven, and ECL gate delay by 30%. Isolation widening, known as "bird's beak" or V-groove anisotropic etching, is eliminated and, with a two-step low temperature process, narrow and deep U-shaped isolation (depth/width>2) can be realized. The minimum isolation width for a device fabricated by 1-µm photolithography is decreased from 7µm, using conventional selective oxide isolation, to 2.5µm. Isolation voltage is improved from 25V to 50V, and isolation capacitance from 70fF to 10fF, with the channel cut P <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> completely separated from the N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -BL. Base resistance is cut by 30% through elimination of bird's beak. Gate delay is reduced from 0.29ns/gate to 0.17ns/gate for experimental 21-stage, 3- input ECL circuits.
An approach to modeling total dose ionizing radiation effects in Hg[sub 1[minus]x]Cd[sub x]Te photodiodes using PISCES II-B (1993)

The authors have modified a 2-D numerical device simulator to account for the electrical characteristics of mercury cadmium telluride (MCT), and compared the simulated current-voltage (I-V) results with measurements. For diodes not dominated by tunneling or other surface effects, the simulated curves match the measurement within the experimental limitations. The modified code can now be used to investigate the changes in the I-V characteristics of irradiated diodes, by adding the appropriate models. They show the results of an investigation of the band to band tunneling in these diodes, which theory predicts is a dominant current producing mechanism after irradiation. The I-V curves closely match those of irradiated diodes if radiation induced trapped surface charge is taken into account.
Weighted quality estimates in machine learning (2006)

We suggested a novel approach to calculate prediction model quality based on assigning to each data point inverse density weights derived from the postulated distance metric. We demonstrated that our new weighted measures estimate the model generalization better and are consistent with the machine learning theory. The Vapnik-Chervonenkis theorem was reformulated and applied to derive the space-uniform error estimates. Two examples were used to illustrate the advantages of the inverse density weighting. First, we demonstrated on a set with a built-in bias that the unweighted cross-validation procedure leads to an overly optimistic quality estimate, while the density-weighted quality estimates are more realistic. Second, an analytical equation for weighted quality estimates was used to derive an SVM model for signal peptide prediction using a full set of known signal peptides, instead of the usual filtered subset.
Models for the semantic classification of noun phrases (2004)

This paper presents an approach for detecting semantic relations in noun phrases. A learning algorithm, called semantic scattering, is used to automatically label complex nominals, genitives and adjectival noun phrases with the corresponding semantic relation.
Environmental degradation of Al<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As-GaAs quantum-well heterostructures (1990)

Data describing the deterioration of AlxGa1−xAs-GaAs heterostructures in long-term exposure (2–12 years) to normal room environmental conditions (∼20–25 °C, varying humidity) are presented. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and electron dispersion x-ray spectroscopy are used to examine AlxGa1−xAs-GaAs quantum-well heterostructure material that has hydrolyzed at cleaved edges, cracks, and fissures, and at pinholes in cap layers. The hydrolysis is found to be significant for thicker (&gt;0.1 μm) AlxGa1−xAs layers of higher composition (x&gt;0.85).
Recent Advances in Neural Program Synthesis (2018)

In recent years, deep learning has made tremendous progress in a number of fields that were previously out of reach for artificial intelligence. The successes in these problems has led researchers to consider the possibilities for intelligent systems to tackle a problem that humans have only recently themselves considered: program synthesis. This challenge is unlike others such as object recognition and speech translation, since its abstract nature and demand for rigor make it difficult even for human minds to attempt. While it is still far from being solved or even competitive with most existing methods, neural program synthesis is a rapidly growing discipline which holds great promise if completely realized. In this paper, we start with exploring the problem statement and challenges of program synthesis. Then, we examine the fascinating evolution of program induction models, along with how they have succeeded, failed and been reimagined since. Finally, we conclude with a contrastive look at program synthesis and future research recommendations for the field.
Single cell stiffness measurement at various humidity conditions by nanomanipulation of a nano-needle (2013)

This paper presents a method for single cell stiffness measurement based on a nano-needle and nanomanipulation. The nano-needle with a buffering beam was fabricated from an atomic force microscope cantilever by the focused ion beam etching technique. Wild type yeast cells (W303) were prepared and placed on the sample stage inside an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) chamber. The nanomanipulator actuated the nano-needle to press against a single yeast cell. As a result, the deformation of the cell and nano-needle was observed by the ESEM system in real-time. Finally, the stiffness of the single cell was determined based on this deformation information. To reveal the relationship between the cell stiffness and the environmental humidity conditions, the cell stiffness was measured at three different humidity conditions, i.e. 40, 70 and 100%, respectively. The results show that the stiffness of a single cell is reduced with increasing humidity.
High prevalence of IgE antibodies among blood donors in Sweden and Norway (2005)

High serum levels of IgE antibodies to various allergens are common among blood donors and the degree of sensitization and spectrum of involved allergen varies between geographical regions. Present routines to identify IgE sensitized, potential risk, donors are not satisfactory; the sensitivity of selection procedures is about 25%.
WOOD DENSITY AND ANATOMICAL PROPERTIES IN SUPPRESSED-GROWTH TREES: COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS (2007)

Interest in the commercial value of small-diameter timber has led to testing core samples with SilviScan to characterize density and transverse fiber dimensions. Data showed that latewood density and tracheid diameter in suppressed-growth material can vary spatially on a scale comparable to the 50-μm resolution of the instrument used in our testing. An optical imaging method called Ring Profiler was developed to determine what effect SilviScan's resolution had on the measurements. A single suppressed-growth specimen of Douglas-fir was used to develop the method. Ring Profiler measurements of the specimen showed that SilviScan overestimated latewood tracheid radial diameters by 59% in growth rings averaging 200-μm width. In those same growth rings, SilviScan latewood density was found to be 19% too low. In all growth rings measured by Ring Profiler, latewood wall thicknesses were anisotropic. Radial and tangential values averaged 13% less than the isotropic wall thickness calculated from SilviScan data. Ring Profiler density measurement from binarized images of wood cross-sections was found to correlate well with SilviScan X-ray density (r-squared = 0.907); however, better images and an objective method for thresholding are needed for accuracy over a large sample space. With these improvements and automated scanning of samples, Ring Profiler could be an attractive, inexpensive complement to SilviScan.
Concurrent updating transactions on versioned data (2009)

Modern database applications increasingly often require access to historical versions of the database. Storing such multiversion data in a single-version B+ -tree database index is inefficient, especially for key-range queries. In this article, we present an index structure called the concurrent multiversion B+ -tree (CMVBT) for efficiently storing and querying multiversion data.
CloudTPS: Scalable Transactions for Web Applications in the Cloud (2011)

NoSQL cloud data stores provide scalability and high availability properties for web applications, but at the same time they sacrifice data consistency. However, many applications cannot afford any data inconsistency. CloudTPS is a scalable transaction manager which guarantees full ACID properties for multi-item transactions issued by web applications, even in the presence of server failures and network partitions. We implement this approach on top of the two main families of scalable data layers: Bigtable and SimpleDB. Performance evaluation on top of HBase (an open-source version of Bigtable) in our local cluster and Amazon SimpleDB in the Amazon cloud shows that our system scales linearly at least up to 40 nodes in our local cluster and 80 nodes in the Amazon cloud.
An Improved Synthesis of 1,4-cis,exo-Hexa- or Tetrahydromethano- or -ethanobiphenylene Derivatives Catalyzed by Palladium Complexes (1996)

A direct way to prepare cis,exo-hexahydromethano- or -ethanobiphenylene derivatives involving intramolecular aromatic C-H activation is reported. It consists of the palladium-catalyzed reaction of a rigid olefin with an aryl halide in dimethyl formamide in the presence of potassium carbonate.
The Theory of Visual Judgments in Motion and its Application to the Design of Landing Aids for Aircraft (1957)

This paper is intended to bring the theory of the visual aids up to date, and to discuss various practical methods of increasing the safety of the approach and landing operation. Arguments are put forward to show that the guidance in the vertical plane needs to be improved, particularly in visibilities somewhat above the limiting visibility, and a new form of angle of approach indicator is described, which promises to achieve this result. The beam spreads of the approach lights should be increased, and fittings for providing guidance for circling approaches should be developed. The British design of flush-type runway light has proved! satisfactory in actual operations, and as a result, landing mats have now become practicable, even on existing runways.
Torque control of brushless DC motors applied to electric vehicles (2002)

This paper presents a high-performance torque control system for brushless DC motors applied to electric scooters, with the aim of achieving similar output characteristics to that of continuously variable transmissions. Due to the fact that brushless DC motors applied to electric vehicles requires a wide range of operating speeds, phase advance control and field weakening control techniques are adopted in this paper. For the practical application of electric scooters, the control scheme uses only one current sensor to measure the DC bus current to achieve torque control, instead of two current sensors for three phase currents. Also three position Hall sensors are used to perform phase advance control and field weakening control, instead of an expensive encoder. Both the theoretical derivation and experimental verification for the proposed control scheme are presented in this paper, where the hardware implementation is carried out based on a three phase permanent magnet motor and a TI TMS320F240 digital signal processor.
A Unified Approach of Multi-scale Deep and Hand-Crafted Features for Defocus Estimation (2017)

In this paper, we introduce robust and synergetic hand-crafted features and a simple but efficient deep feature from a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture for defocus estimation. This paper systematically analyzes the effectiveness of different features, and shows how each feature can compensate for the weaknesses of other features when they are concatenated. For a full defocus map estimation, we extract image patches on strong edges sparsely, after which we use them for deep and hand-crafted feature extraction. In order to reduce the degree of patch-scale dependency, we also propose a multi-scale patch extraction strategy. A sparse defocus map is generated using a neural network classifier followed by a probability-joint bilateral filter. The final defocus map is obtained from the sparse defocus map with guidance from an edge-preserving filtered input image. Experimental results show that our algorithm is superior to state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of defocus estimation. Our work can be used for applications such as segmentation, blur magnification, all-in-focus image generation, and 3-D estimation.
Packet Error Rate Analysis of ZigBee Under WLAN and Bluetooth Interferences (2007)

In this paper, the performance of IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee under the interference of IEEE 802.11b wireless local area network (WLAN) and/or Bluetooth is evaluated using an analytic model for the coexistence among ZigBee, WLAN, and Bluetooth. The packet error rate (PER) is evaluated, where the PER is obtained from the bit error rate (BER) and the collision time. The BER is obtained from the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). Finally, the analytic results are validated by simulations.
Dynamic Retention (2001)

Management of the open abdomen in the setting of massive visceral swelling or extensive intra-abdominal abscess may pose an extremely difficult surgical scenario. We herein describe the technique and results of dynamic-retention sutures used in 13 patients with abdominal catastrophes after trauma, vascular reconstruction, tumor extirpation, and intra-abdominal infection. Three of these patients died during their acute care hospitalization. The remaining 10 patients were discharged to home with no resultant fistulas and 1 recurrent hernia (10%). Dynamic-retention sutures provide a useful technique for the closure of the complex surgical abdomen. We observed a low complication rate. In properly selected patients, this technique avoids the use of mesh or additional surgical procedures such as skin grafting or plastic surgical reconstruction of the abdominal wall.
Low dielectric constant polyimides derived from 1,3-bis(4-aminophenyl)adamantane (1998)

This work describes the synthesis of new adamantane-based polyimides by reaction of 1,3-bis(4-aminophenyl)adamantane (4) with various aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydrides (5). The films have low dielectric constants ranging from 2.76 to 2.92. The poly(amic-acid)s 6 have inherent viscosities of 0.98∼1.42 dL/g. The polyimide 7 d is soluble in o-chlorophenol, m-cresol, chloroform and cyclohexanone. The inherent viscosity and number-average molecular weight of polyimide 7 d is 0.61 dL/g and 45 000, respectively. The films from 7 have tensile strengths of 69.7-110.8 MPa, elongation to breakage values of 2.1∼11.3%, and initial moduli of 2.0-2.3 GPa. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) reveals that most polyimides 7 have two transitions. However, another subglass transition appears at 300°C in the extremely rigid polyimide 7 a . The glass transition temperatures of most polyimides 7, except 7 e and 7 f , exceed 360 °C according to DMA and DSC.
An Experimental Study on the Scratch Characteristics of Bamboo Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composite (2010)

Bamboo fibre has been used as reinforcement in epoxy. The influence of bamboo fibres orientation on the scratch characteristics has been studied by single pass scratching action and evaluated in terms of scratch force and scratch hardness. The composites are prepared for three different fibre orientations, longitudinal, transverse and 10 mm random. Five values of applied load (2 N, 5 N, 10 N, 12 N, 15 N) and two scratching speeds (5.6 mm s −1 , 11.2 mm s −1 ) are considered. The results revealed that the introduction of bamboo fibres tends to increase the scratch force for all composites considered except for longitudinal orientated fibre composite. The scratch hardness shows improvement when bamboo fibre is introduced, except for the longitudinal case. The best result for scratch hardness is exhibited by transversely orientated bamboo fibre reinforced epoxy corresponding to 35 % improvement.
Myeloperoxidase (1999)

Phagocytes respond to stimulation with a burst of oxygen consumption, and much, if not all, of the extra oxygen consumed in the respiratory burst is converted first to the superoxide anion and then to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Myeloperoxidase (MPO), which is released from cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils and monocytes by a degranulation process, reacts with the H2O2 formed by the respiratory burst to form a complex that can oxidize a large variety of substances. Among the latter is chloride, which is oxidized initially to hypochlorous acid, with the subsequent formation of chlorine and chloramines. These products of the MPO-H2O2-chloride system are powerful oxidants that can have profound biological effects. The primary function of neutrophils is the phagocytosis and destruction of microorganisms, and the release of MPO and H2O2 into the phagosome containing the ingested microorganism generally leads to a rapid microbicidal effect. Neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) have a microbicidal defect that is associated with the absence of a respiratory burst and, thus, H2O2 production. Neutrophils from patients with a hereditary MPO deficiency, who lack MPO, also have a microbicidal defect, although it is not as severe as that seen in CGD. MPO and H2O2 also can be released to the outside of the cell where a reaction with chloride can induce damage to adjacent tissue and, thus, contribute to the pathogenesis of disease. It has been suggested that pulmonary injury, renal glomerular damage, and the initiation of atherosclerotic lesions may be caused by the MPO system.
Mesenchymal stem cells deliver exogenous miR‐21 <i>via</i> exosomes to inhibit nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis and reduce intervertebral disc degeneration (2017)

Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation into the IVD (intervertebral disc) may be beneficial in inhibiting apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) and alleviating IVD degeneration, the underlying mechanism of this therapeutic process has not been fully explained. The purpose of this study was to explore the protective effect of MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-exosomes) on NPC apoptosis and IVD degeneration and investigate the regulatory effect of miRNAs in MSC-exosomes and associated mechanisms for NPC apoptosis. MSC-exosomes were isolated from MSC medium, and its anti-apoptotic effect was assessed in a cell and rat model. The down-regulated miRNAs in apoptotic NPCs were identified, and their contents in MSC-exosomes were detected. The target genes of eligible miRNAs and possible downstream pathway were investigated. Purified MSC-exosomes were taken up by NPCs and suppressed NPC apoptosis. The levels of miR-21 were down-regulated in apoptotic NPCs while MSC-exosomes were enriched in miR-21. The exosomal miR-21 could be transferred into NPCs and alleviated TNF-α induced NPC apoptosis by targeting phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway. Intradiscal injection of MSC-exosomes alleviated the NPC apoptosis and IVD degeneration in the rat model. In conclusion, MSC-derived exosomes prevent NPCs from apoptotic process and alleviate IVD degeneration, at least partly, via miR-21 contained in exosomes. Exosomal miR-21 restrains PTEN and thus activates PI3K/Akt pathway in apoptotic NPCs. Our work confers a promising therapeutic strategy for IVD degeneration.
Optimization of torque‐balanced asymmetric head gradient coils (1996)

Local gradient coils can improve the performance of echo-planar, diffusion, and short TE imaging in the brain. A modified singular value decomposition algorithm, which allows the rapid optimization and comparison of designs, was employed to optimize head size gradient coils. A theoretical expression for the torque on a cylindrical coil is presented and used to design coils that are free from torque while pulsed within a magnetic field. Gradient coils of various lengths both with and without torque constraints were compared; although torque-free coils do not perform as well as unbalanced coils, asymmetric torque-balanced coils can achieve comparable homogeneity with only a modest increase in inductance and resistance. Both types of coils outperform body size gradient coils by a dramatic margin. A three-axis head gradient designed using these techniques was constructed and used for brain imaging on a clinical scanner.
Error-control coding in computers (1990)

In this article, intended for readers with basic knowledge in coding, the codes used in actual systems are surveyed. Error control in high-speed memories is examined, including bit-error-correcting/detecting codes, byte-error-correcting/detecting codes, and codes to detect single-byte errors as well as correct single-bit errors and detect double-bit errors. Tape and disk memory codes for error control in mass memories are discussed. Processor error control and unidirectional error-control codes are covered, including the application of the latter to masking asymmetric line faults.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Hybrid liver support system in a short term application on hepatectomized pigs (1994)

A short term application of a hybrid liver support system in circuits with continuous plasma-separation was investigated in a model of hepatectomized pigs under general anesthesia. Primary pig hepatocytes were immobilized in a bioreactor with three independent capillary systems. An immune barrier is achieved by avoiding the direct contact of blood cells with the hepatocytes by a plasmaseparation step and by an outflow filtration within the reactor. In three groups (hepatectomized pigs and system with- or without hepatocytes as well as untreated pigs with system without hepatocytes), the short term metabolism of the reactors was positively demonstrated by investigating ammonia detoxification, phenylalanine- and lactate metabolism. Limitations of the presented model are discussed.
Design of planar monopole antenna fed by asymmetric coplanar strip for WLAN applications (2011)

The design of a compact asymmetric coplanar strip (ACS)-fed dual-band monopole antenna is presented for Wireless Local Area Network. The proposed antenna consists of a rectangular patch loaded with a slit and folded branch line strips at top of the patch. Prototypes of the obtained optimized proposed antenna have been designed, simulated and fabricated. The simulated results validate the proposed antenna design. In addition, a parametric study is conducted to describe the design and optimization process. Stable radiation patterns across the operating bandwidth are observed with good antenna gain over the desired band. The peak gain of the proposed antenna is 5.12 dBi at 6 GHz frequency band.