gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic and Functional Characterization of the <i>hAT</i> Transposon Superfamily (2011)

Transposons are found in virtually all organisms and play fundamental roles in genome evolution. They can also acquire new functions in the host organism and some have been developed as incisive genetic tools for transformation and mutagenesis. The hAT transposon superfamily contains members from the plant and animal kingdoms, some of which are active when introduced into new host organisms. We have identified two new active hAT transposons, AeBuster1, from the mosquito Aedes aegypti and TcBuster from the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Activity of both transposons is illustrated by excision and transposition assays performed in Drosophila melanogaster and Ae. aegypti and by in vitro strand transfer assays. These two active insect transposons are more closely related to the Buster sequences identified in humans than they are to the previously identified active hAT transposons, Ac, Tam3, Tol2, hobo, and Hermes. We therefore reexamined the structural and functional relationships of hAT and hAT-like transposase sequences extracted from genome databases and found that the hAT superfamily is divided into at least two families. This division is supported by a difference in target-site selections generated by active transposons of each family. We name these families the Ac and Buster families after the first identified transposon or transposon-like sequence in each. We find that the recently discovered SPIN transposons of mammals are located within the family of Buster elements.
Catheters and guide wires for interventional MRI: are we there yet? (2016)

Clinical feasibility of interventional MRI has been shown for a number of procedures. However, MRI-guided endovascular interventions have not yet reached clinical routine due to the lack of suitable MR safe or MR conditional and MR visible devices. In this article, some of the MR tools currently under development are reviewed. Good handling and MR visibility properties both are critical factors for successful application of such novel devices. Finally, we argue that it is only when both MR catheters and guidewires are available on the market that real progress and impact will be made in the field of interventional MRI.
Low power pipelined FFT architecture for synthetic aperture radar signal processing (2002)

A new FFT architecture for SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) signal processing is presented. The proposed architecture adopts several new techniques for low power operation and high throughput. A storage element and Delay Locked Loop (DLL) are newly designed for a constant geometry radix-4 pipelined DIF FFT architecture. The storage element uses a ping-pong scheme with two 16 KB SRAMs, each having an interleaved architecture. The data-path is designed to get the highest throughput with the smallest power consumption. By simulations, it is verified that the proposed FFT architecture enables 4096 point FFT operation in 336.04 msec by cascading six chips in series.
Impact of Solvent Polarity on N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed β-Protonations of Homoenolate Equivalents (2009)

N-Heterocyclic carbenes have been demonstrated to react through divergent pathways under the same conditions. Experimental and computational evidence demonstrates that the ability to favor generation of homoenolate equivalents from alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes versus the oxidation of aldehydes to esters is highly dependent upon the choice of solvent. The solvation environment plays an important role due to the mechanistic differences in these processes, with polar protic solvent favoring the oxidation process due to solvation of intermediates with greater charge separation.
Multi-font and Multi-Size Character Recognition Based on the Sampling and Quantization of an Unwrapped Contour (1996)

We propose a character recognition method based on the sampling and quantization of unwrapped contour information. The character contour includes many different features. Numerous approaches are explored to find essential features which are extracted directly from the contour. Our idea is to decompose the multi-dimensional features of a contour into one dimensional features. Following the contour, we extract horizontal, vertical, and angular variations and make unwrapped contours from these features. Unwrapped contour information is sensitive to the starting point of contour tracing, and it varies on the font type and size, so we propose a novel algorithm which finds the invariant starting point of contour tracing. By sampling and quantization, we can make discrete contours which are invariant to the font and size.
Text extraction from gray scale document images using edge information (2002)

In this paper we present a well designed method that makes use of edge information to extract textual blocks from gray scale document images. It aims at detecting textual regions on heavy noise infected newspaper images and separate them from graphical regions. The algorithm traces the feature points in different entities and then groups those edge points of textual regions. From using the technology of line approximation and layout categorization, it can successfully retrieve directional placed text blocks. Finally feature based connected component merging was introduced to gather homogeneous textual regions together within the scope of its bounding rectangles. We can obtain correct page decomposition with efficient computation and reduced memory size by handling line segments instead of small pixels. The proposed method has been tested on a large group of newspaper images with multiple page layouts, promising results approved the effectiveness of our method.
Forecasts of the Scottish economy [March 2006] (2006)

There has undoubtedly been a slight slowing in the world economy but it is more marked in the US than elsewhere. Japanese performance was better than expected however and has offset the deterioration in the US. While the Euro Area remains relatively weak there are clear signs of a strengthening of activity and a modest recovery is taking place. The US is forecast to grow by 2.9 per cent this year, Japanese growth is forecast to be 2.3 per cent and the Euro Area forecast is 1.9 per cent. Inflationary pressures have been building as oil prices have surged but there are few signs of this passing through to wage bargains and over the next year as monetary policy is further tightened; inflationary pressures are expected to abate.
Structural Elements That Direct Specific Processing of Different Mammalian Subtilisin-like Prohormone Convertases (1995)

PC1 and PC2 are two important subtilisin-like prohormone convertases (PC) that undergo differential endoproteolytic processing steps and sequentially mediate proopiomelanocortin (POMC) processing. To investigate the structural elements directing the processing of different PCs, we constructed a series of mutant and chimeric PC proteins and expressed them in cell lines with different patterns of expression of endogenous PCs: AtT-20, hEK293, and hLoVo cells. The COOH-terminally truncated PC1 underwent efficient proregion cleavage and rapid secretion in all three cell lines, while proregion cleavage and secretion were completely blocked in an active-site mutant of PC1. The truncated PC1 produced dramatic changes in POMC processing in AtT-20 cells. PC2 with the potential oxyanion hole Asp residue changed to Asn was processed and altered several aspects of POMC processing in a manner similar to that of wild-type PC2. PC1 protein with its proregion substituted with that of furin was cleaved after its proregion, producing active PC1 enzyme. A similar furin/PC2 fusion protein underwent proregion cleavage at low efficiency. By contrast, when the proregions of PC1 and PC2 were substituted with one another, both fusion proteins failed to cleave the foreign prosequences, were unable to undergo oligosaccharide maturation, and remained in the ER. Although inactive PC mutants could theoretically function as dominant negatives, none interfered with the processing of endogenous active PCs or with POMC processing. We conclude that the COOH-terminal of PC1 plays an important role in the routing or storage of PC1, the proregions of these PC proteins are replaceable in a molecule-specific manner, removal of proregion is essential for routing and for endoproteolytic activity, and the role of the potential oxyanion hole in PC2 is still unclear.
Specific alterations in different adipose tissues of pig adipocyte plasma membrane structure by dietary lipids. (1990)

The effect of dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid content on pig adipocyte plasma membrane was studied with two types of adipose tissues: subcutaneous backfat layer and perirenal fat. When pigs were fed a diet containing 15 percent sunflower oil, the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the membranes increased in both tissues parallel to a decrease in the n-9 monounsaturated fatty acid content. An increase in membrane fluidity measured by fluorescence polarization was observed particularly in subcutaneous tissue, in spite of a higher level of some membrane rigid components: the sphingomyelin/phosphatidylcholine ratio was increased in the subcutaneous tissue, whereas the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio was increased in the perirenal one. The latter results gave evidence for a depot-dependent modification in the membrane structure by dietary lipids.
Testing musical ability (2013)

Both American and European investigators have long searched for factors that contribute to musical proficiency. The present article considers several interpretations of musical talent that were advanced by persons who were themselves skilled musicians. Especial emphasis is afforded to the approach of Raleigh M. Drake, an American, who obtained his PhD in Europe, but opposed the most widely utilized early 20 th -century American conception of musical talent. Drake also interacted with several early and eminent American psychologists in considering the underlying issue of ‘special talents’. The scholarly contributions of Drake are assessed both in terms of their relationship to some early 20 th -century conceptions of musical talent and as a prospective influence on other investigations of that ability.
Blood Supply of Human Gingiva Following Periodontal Surgery: A Fluorescein Angiographic Study (1977)

This study demonstrates changes in the gingival vascular supply of humans following various periodontal surgical procedures. A special system was used to photograph circulatory changes following an i.v. injection of sodium fluorescein to visualize blood supply. The results of this study suggest that the following concepts are important in the design of periodontal flaps. 1. Flaps should be broad enough at their base to include major gingival vessels. 2. A flap's length to width ratio should not exceed 2:1. 3. Minimal tension should be produced by suturing techniques and the tissue should be managed gently during the surgical procedure. 4. Partial thickness flap preparations to cover avascular areas should not be too thin so that more blood vessels are included in them. 5. The apical portion of periodontal flaps should be full thickness when possible.
Physicochemical study of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite-coated implants in humans (2000)

This study represents the first report of the physical and chemical changes occurring in coatings of failed hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated titanium implants obtained from a comprehensive, multicenter human dental implant study. A total of 53 retrieved samples were obtained and compared with unimplanted controls with the same manufacturer and similar manufacture dates. Forty-five retrieved implants were examined for surface characteristics and bulk composition. Implants were staged based on implantation history: stage 1 (implants retrieved between surgical placement and surgical uncovering), stage 2 (implants retrieved at surgical uncovering and evaluation), stage 3 (implants retrieved between surgical uncovering evaluation and occlusal loading), and stage 4 (implants retrieved after occlusal loading). Scanning electron microscopy showed progressive coating thinning with implantation time. At later stages, bare Ti metal was detected by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Increases in Ti and Al (2-7.5 atm % each) were detected at the apical ends of all stage 4 samples. In unimplanted coatings, X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated the presence of amorphous calcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, tetracalcium phosphate, and calcium oxide in addition to large hydroxyapatite crystals (c axis size, D002 = 429 +/- 13 A; a axis size, D300 = 402 +/- 11 A, a/c aspect ratio 0.92). The nonapatitic phases disappeared with increased implantation time, although there was a persistence of amorphous calcium phosphate. Bulk coating chemical analysis showed that Ca/P ratios for implant controls (1.81 +/- 0.01) were greater than stoichiometric HA (1.67) and decreased for implant stages 3 and 4 (1.69 +/- 0.09 and 1.67 +/- 0.09, respectively), explained by the dissolution of the non apatitic phases. Crystal sizes also changed with implantation times, being smaller than the control at all but stage 4. Fourier transform infrared analyses agreed with these results, and also indicated the accumulation of bone (protein and carbonate-apatite) in the retrieved coatings. The accumulation of bone was not stage dependent. These findings indicate that there was some biointegration with the surrounding bone, but the greatest changes occurred with the HA coating materials, their loss, and chemical change.
Malware detection based on Cloud Computing integrating Intrusion Ontology representation (2010)

This paper aims to present a model for malware detection, uCLAVS (University of Caldas' AntiVirus Service), a multiple engine service that follows the set of defined protocols and standards for Web Services technologies, in addition an Ontology for Malware and Intrusion Detection is described. uCLAVS is based on the idea that the files analysis commonly carried by applications residing on the client can improve their performance if they are moved to the network, where instead of running complex software on every host, it gives each process a receiving the light entering the system files, send them to the network to be analyzed by multiple engines, and then to decide whether or not they are executed according to the report of threat delivered. As a result of the tests with the prototype can be uCLAVS arguing, among other things, that offers the possibility of increasing the rate of the assertion characterization harmful files, allows the construction of thin clients, facilitates zero-day updates, and provides a forensic capabilities enhancement.
IK channel activation increases tumor growth and induces differential behavioral responses in two breast epithelial cell lines (2017)

Many potassium channel families are over-expressed in cancer, but their mechanistic role in disease progression is poorly understood. Potassium channels modulate membrane potential (Vmem) and thereby influence calcium ion dynamics and other voltage-sensitive signaling mechanisms, potentially acting as transcriptional regulators. This study investigated the differential response to over-expression and activation of a cancer-associated potassium channel, the intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (IK), on aggressive behaviors in mammary epithelial and breast cancer cell lines. IK was over-expressed in the highly metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and the spontaneously immortalized breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A, and the effect on cancer-associated behaviors was assessed. IK over-expression increased primary tumor growth and metastasis of MDA-MB-231 in orthotopic xenografts, demonstrating for the first time in any cancer type that increased IK is sufficient to promote cancer aggression. The primary tumors had similar vascularization as determined by CD31 staining and similar histological characteristics. Interestingly, despite the increased in vivo growth and metastasis, neither IK over-expression nor activation with agonist had a significant effect on MDA-MB-231 proliferation, invasion, or migration in vitro. In contrast, IK decreased MCF-10A proliferation and invasion through Matrigel but had no effect on migration in a scratch-wound assay. We conclude that IK activity is sufficient to promote cell aggression in vivo. Our data provide novel evidence supporting IK and downstream signaling networks as potential targets for cancer therapies.
A malaria membrane skeletal protein is essential for normal morphogenesis, motility, and infectivity of sporozoites (2004)

Membrane skeletons are structural elements that provide mechanical support to the plasma membrane and define cell shape. Here, we identify and characterize a putative protein component of the membrane skeleton of the malaria parasite. The protein, named PbIMC1a, is the structural orthologue of the Toxoplasma gondii inner membrane complex protein 1 (TgIMC1), a component of the membrane skeleton in tachyzoites. Using targeted gene disruption in the rodent malaria species Plasmodium berghei, we show that PbIMC1a is involved in sporozoite development, is necessary for providing normal sporozoite cell shape and mechanical stability, and is essential for sporozoite infectivity in insect and vertebrate hosts. Knockout of PbIMC1a protein expression reduces, but does not abolish, sporozoite gliding locomotion. We identify a family of proteins related to PbIMC1a in Plasmodium and other apicomplexan parasites. These results provide new functional insight in the role of membrane skeletons in apicomplexan parasite biology.
A Discussion of Biological Safety Cabinet Decontamination Methods: Formaldehyde, Chlorine Dioxide, and Vapor Phase Hydrogen Peroxide (2011)

This article discusses the three primary methods utilized for the decontamination of Class II biological safety cabinets (BSCs). Primary methods for BSC decontamination are formaldehyde gas, vapor ...
A Detergent-like Mechanism of Action of the Cytolytic Toxin Cyt1A from <i>Bacillus thuringiensis </i>var. <i>israelensis</i> (2004)

The cytolytic delta-endotoxin Cyt1A from Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis is used in commercial preparations of environmentally safe insecticides. The current hypothesis on its mode of action is that the toxin self-assembles into well-defined cation-selective channels or pores, which results in colloid-osmotic lysis of the cell. Recently, a new hypothesis has been put forward suggesting that Cyt1A rather nonspecifically aggregates on the membrane surface and acts in a detergent-like manner. To distinguish between these two hypotheses, we investigated whether in the presence of lipid Cyt1A self-assembles into stoichiometric oligomers, which are characteristic of pores or channels, or aggregates into nonstoichiometric complexes, which would support the detergent-like model. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that in the presence of lipid Cyt1A forms protein aggregates with a broad range of molecular weights, some being too large to enter the gel. Cyt1A tryptophan (Trp) fluorescence in the presence of lipid exhibited a decrease in anisotropy and quantum yield, but an unchanged lifetime, which is consistent with the presence of toxin aggregates in the membrane. Electrostatic interactions between the charged amino acid residues and the lipid headgroups are responsible for bringing the protein to the membrane surface, while hydrophobic and/or van der Waals interactions make the membrane binding irreversible. Fluorescence photobleaching recovery, a technique that measures the diffusion coefficient of fluorescently labeled particles, and epifluorescence microscopy revealed that upon addition of Cyt1A lipid vesicles were broken into smaller, faster diffusing objects. Since no change in size or morphology of the vesicles is expected when pores are formed in the osmotically equilibrated membranes, our results support the detergent-like mode of action of Cyt1A.
Flavour chemistry of methylglyoxal and glyoxal (2012)

Methylglyoxal (MGO) and glyoxal (GO), known as reactive carbonyl species, can be generated endogenously and exogenously (human body and food system). They are attracting increased attention because of their relationship with diabetes and flavour generation. In this review, their characteristics relating to flavour chemistry are discussed. MGO and GO can be detected in food systems by GC and HPLC after derivatization. MGO and GO formed in the Maillard reaction play important roles as precursors of aroma and colour compounds, especially in Strecker degradation, a major flavour generation reaction. When combined with amino acids they undergo Schiff base formation, decarboxylation and α-aminoketone condensation leading to heterocyclic aroma compounds such as pyrazines, pyrroles and pyridines. They attack amine groups in amino acids, peptides and proteins to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and cause carbonyl stress followed by oxidative stress and tissue damage. Therefore, many studies about scavengers of MGO and GO are seen. The influence of these scavengers on flavour generation is also discussed.
A comparison of quantitative coronary angiography systems using a unique set of in vivo coronary stenosis images. (2001)

The present study provides in vivo validation and comparative performance characteristics of a new, accurate coronary quantitative angiography system.
Abstract #5115: Selective Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Increase Paclitaxel Sensitivity of Taxane-Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines via Suppression of p-glycoprotein Expression (2009)

Ovarian cancers usually develop chemoresistance after prolonged exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs, such as paclitaxel. Drug resistance is mainly developed via overexpression of p-glycoprotein encoded by multi-drug resistance 1 (MDR1) which effluxes various cytotoxic drugs and inhibit their accumulation within the cell. The expression of MDR1 was shown to be regulated by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a rate limiting enzyme of prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis, which plays important roles in tumor development and progression in various human cancers. Thus, we have investigated whether a selective COX-2 inhibitor (NS398) attenuates the expression levels of MDR1 in taxane-resistant human ovarian cancer cell lines (HeyA8-MDR and SKOV3ip2-TR), leading to increased sensitivity to paclitaxel. MTT assay, flow cytometry analyses, Rhodamine 123 efflux assay, Western blotting and realtime RT-PCR were performed. Single treatments of paclitaxel or selective COX inhibitors did not significantly reduce cell viability of HeyA8-MDR and SKOV3ip2-TR. However, combination treatments of paclitaxel with NS398 or even with a selective COX-1 inhibitor (SC560) significantly enhanced paclitaxel sensitivity resulting in increased apoptosis of both cell lines expressing COX-2, but not COX-1. Increased apoptosis in cells treated with paclitaxel and SC560 suggests that COX inhibitor-induced increased sensitivity to paclitaxel in taxane-resistant ovarian cancer cells is PG independent. It is consistent with the result that the addition of PGE 2 did not reverse the synergistic effects of SC560 or NS398 with paclitaxel on cell viability. While selective COX inhibitors did not affect survival of these cell lines, Western blotting and realtime RT-PCR showed that they significantly reduced highly maintained basal levels of MDR1 mRNA and p-glycoprotein, respectively. Furthermore, in combination treatment with paclitaxel, both NS398 and SC560 significantly suppressed paclitaxel-induced overexpression of p-glycoprotein. In conclusion, our results suggest that COX inhibitors could be a potent therapeutic tool to promote paclitaxel sensitization of taxane-resistant ovarian cancer via suppression of p-glycoprotein which mainly contributes efflux of chemotherapeutic agents. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 5115.