gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Universally Quantized Neural Compression (2020)

A popular approach to learning encoders for lossy compression is to use additive uniform noise during training as a differentiable approximation to test-time quantization. We demonstrate that a uniform noise channel can also be implemented at test time using universal quantization (Ziv, 1985). This allows us to eliminate the mismatch between training and test phases while maintaining a completely differentiable loss function. Implementing the uniform noise channel is a special case of the more general problem of communicating a sample, which we prove is computationally hard if we do not make assumptions about its distribution. However, the uniform special case is efficient as well as easy to implement and thus of great interest from a practical point of view. Finally, we show that quantization can be obtained as a limiting case of a soft quantizer applied to the uniform noise channel, bridging compression with and without quantization.
A review of transparent solar photovoltaic technologies (2018)

Energy is essential for economic development and growth. With the rapid growth of development and the drive to expand the economy, society demands more electricity. Coupled with the realisation that unsustainable energy production can have a detrimental effect on our environment. Solar energy is the most prolific method of energy capture in nature. The economic drive to make solar cells more cost effective and efficient has driven developments in many different deposition technologies, including dipping, plating, thick film deposition and thin film deposition. Typically, in order for solar energy to work efficiently and supply energy to a building, a very large amount of space is required, in the form of rooftops or land, in order to install solar panels; these solar panel space requirements are a large impediment to practical usage. This drawback drove researchers to come up with transparent solar cells (TSCs), which solves the problem by turning any sheet of glass into a photovoltaic solar cell. These cells provide power by absorbing and utilising unwanted light energy through windows in buildings and automobiles, which leads to an efficient use of architectural space. There are approximately nine transparent photovoltaic (TPV) technologies under development, and studies regarding these technologies aim to achieve high transparency along with electrical performance that is compatible with solar panels that are sold in the market. The main objective of this review paper is to state all the latest reported technologies from the year 2007 onwards on transparent photovoltaic technologies with at least 20% average transmission. This includes demonstrating the process used in each technology (including the materials and the methods) and explaining its advantages and disadvantages from a performance, aesthetic and financial perspective. Therefore, this study provides a crucial review on the latest developments in the field of TSCs.
Multiple regions of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) contribute to its peptide binding site (1996)

The transporter associated with Ag processing (TAP) translocates cytosolic peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum, where they can bind to MHC class I molecules. TAP does not translocate all peptides with equal efficiency, but selects peptides with regard to both their length and their sequence and, in this manner, affects the pool of peptides available for binding to MHC class I molecules. It has been demonstrated that peptide selection by TAP predominantly occurs during the first step in the translocation process, namely the association of the peptide with a binding site present on the TAP molecule. In this study, we identify four regions, two on the TAP1 and two on the TAP2 subunit, that make major contributions to this binding site. For both TAP1 and TAP2, the identified regions overlap with the cytosol-membrane boundaries of the two transmembrane segments closest to the ATP binding site. Our data are consistent with a model in which the transmembrane segments of TAP form a pore in the membrane, with the peptide binding site being formed by the cytosolic mouth of this pore.
Performance optimization of pipelined primary cache (1992)

The CPU cycle time of a high-performance processor is usually determined by the access time of the primary cache. As processors speeds increase, designers will have to increase the number of pipeline stages used to fetch data from the cache in order to reduce the dependence of CPU cycle time on cache access time. This paper studies the performance advantages of a pipelined cache for a GaAs implementation of the MIPS based architecture using a design methodology that includes long traces of multiprogrammed applications and detailed timing analysis. The study evaluates instruction and data caches with various pipeline depths, cache sizes, block sizes, and refill penalties. The impact on CPU cycle time of these alternatives is also factored into the evaluation. Hardware-based and software-based strategies are considered for hiding the branch and load delays which may be required to avoid pipeline hazards. The results show that software-based methods for mitigating the penalty of branch delays can be as successful as the hardware-based branch-target buffer approach, despite the code-expansion inherent in the software methods. The situation is similar for load delays; while hardware-based dynamic methods hide more delay cycles than do static approaches, they may give up the advantage by extending the cycle time. Because these methods are quite successful at hiding small numbers of branch and load delays, and because processors with pipelined caches also have shorter CPU cycle times and larger caches, a significant performance advantage is gained by using two to three pipeline stages to fetch data from the cache.
Performance evaluation of a vision based lane tracker designed for driver assistance systems (2005)

Driver assistance systems that monitor driver intent, warn drivers of lane departures, or assist in vehicle guidance are all being actively research and even put into commercial production. It is therefore important to take a critical look at key aspects of these systems, one of which being lane position tracking. In this paper we present an analysis of lane position tracking in the context of driver support systems and examine previous research in this area. Using this analysis we present a lane tracking system designed to work well under a variety of road and environmental conditions. We examine what types of metrics are important for evaluating lane position accuracy for specific overall system objectives. A detailed quantitative evaluation of the system is presented in this paper using a variety of metrics and test conditions.
27.1: <i>Invited Paper</i> : High Efficiency Organic EL Devices having Charge Generation Layers (2003)

Abstract We have developed organic EL (OEL) devices, in which extremely high quantum efficiency of over 100% can be obtained. In order to generate more than one photons per injected electron, “Charge Generation Layers (CGLs)” are placed between emissive units. At CGLs, electrons and holes are generated upon voltage application, and injected to the adjacent organic emissive layers. By using one CGL and two emissive units, quantum efficiency can be doubled compared to the conventional OEL device, and using two CGLs and three emissive units, quantum efficiency can be tripled. One of the OEL device using two CGLs and three emissive units, an extremely high efficiency of 48 cd/A (ca. 14% external) was obtained, which exceeds the so‐called theoretical upper limit of 5%. Examples of such “multiphoton emission” (MPE) devices will be introduced.
Adaptation of the Highly Productive T7 Expression System to <i>Streptomyces lividans</i> (2009)

Streptomyces lividans is a Gram-positive bacterium known for its remarkable secretion efficiency and low extracellular protease activity. In the present work, we adapted the highly productive T7 expression system to S. lividans. A codon-optimized T7 RNA polymerase gene was chromosomally integrated, and a bifunctional T7 expression vector was constructed.
Adenovirus-triggered innate signalling pathways (2011)

Adenoviruses are important infectious agents and also emerging vectors in different biomedical applications. These viruses elicit a strong innate and adaptive immune response, which influences both the course of disease and the success of the applied vectors. Several Toll-like Receptor (TLR)-dependent and -independent mechanisms contribute to these responses. Understanding of the involved viral and cellular factors is crucial for the treatment of various adenovirus diseases and the optimal design of adenovirus vector applications. Here we summarize our current understanding of the complex nature of adenovirus-induced innate immune mechanisms.
Line‐Profile resist development simulation techniques (1977)

Abstract The relative advantages and disadvantages of three different algorithms are compared for simulating the time evolution of two‐dimensional line‐edge profiles produced by a locally rate dependent surface etching phenomenon. Simulated profiles typical of optical projection printing and electron‐beam and X‐ray lithography of micron‐sized lines in resist and etching of ion‐implanted SiO 2 are used as a basis of comparison. One of the algorithms is a cell‐by‐cell removal model used earlier by Neureuther and Dill. One of the newly developed algorithms employs ray tracing; it can be shown that the path followed by a point on a front between the developed and undeveloped regions can be calculated using ray‐optic equations. The other new algorithm uses a string of points initially on the surface of the exposed resist. The points on the string advance perpendicular to the local direction of the string; with time the string of points moves down into the resist, replicating the action of a developer. We compare the computing cost, convenience, and accuracy of the algorithms.
Inclusion Complex of Dibenzoylmethane with β-Cyclodextrin (2011)

The inclusion complex of dibenzoylmathane(DBM)with β-cyclodextrin(β-CD)was studied. UV-spectrophotometer was used to investigate the complexation behaviour in liquid medium, and to demonstrate that the DBM aqueous solubility increased 7.27times due to complexation with β-CD and the inclusion rate of DBM was high to 95.92 percent and the drug-loading constant is also high to 37.86ug/g. Solid samples prepared by solution-agitating method. FT-IR was employed to assess the formation of the inclusion complex. Dissolution analysis indicated that dissolution properties of DBM/β-CD complex were superior compared to both pure DBM and the corresponding physical mixture of DBM and β-CD.
Omega‐3 fatty acids suppress the enhanced production of 5‐Iipoxygenase products from polymorph neutrophil granulocytes in cystic fibrosis (1995)

Pulmonary damage in cystic br osis (CF) is associated with chronic inflammation mediated in part by proinflammatory 5-lipoxygenase products (5-LOP, leukotrienes and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) from polymorph neutrophil granulocytes (PMN). The authors studied 5-LOP formation of PMN from CF patients and in vitro effects of added eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and fish oil. Circulating PMN were isolated from 10 CF patients without acute infections and 10 control persons of the same age (4-20 years). Total 5-LOP liberation from PMN of CF patients was significantly increased over controls after incubation with the calcium ionophore A23 (1 mumol L-1) without arachidonic acid (AA) (380 +/- 24 vs. 294 +/- 28 pmol mL-1) and with 10 mumol L-1 AA (1303 +/- 104 vs. 1015 +/- 104 pmol mL-1), and there were nonsignificant trends to high values after incubation with 5 mumol L-1 platelet activating factor (PAF, 134% of controls) and 1 mumol L-1 formyl-methionylleucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP, 125%). The addition of 100 micrograms mL-1 fish oil to PMN of CF patients challenged with A23 completely suppressed synthesis of proinflammatory 5-LOP of the 4-series, while inactive 5-LOP metabolites of the 5-series were produced. Added EPA (10 mumol L-1) also suppressed 4-series 5-LOP and significantly reduced leukotriene B4 concentration by 48% from 39.9 +/- 3.2 to 20.6 +/- 11.4 pmol L-1, again with a concomittant increase of inactive 5-series metabolites. The authors conclude that the turnover of endogenous and exogenous AA is enhanced in CF, possibly due to stimulated phospholipase A2 activity. The relatively small effect of the receptor dependent stimuli PAF and FMLP may be caused by a down-regulation of PMN receptors in CF. Supplementation of long-chain omega-3-fatty acids may be beneficial for reducing excessive inflammation in CF patients and should be further evaluated.
The economic background [June 1995] (1995)

In our last review of the World Economy we focused on the implications of the continued volatility of floating exchange rates, and in particular the behaviour of the US dollar, for the reform of the International Monetary System. This topic proved to be one of the main talking points at the recent G7 meetings in Halifax, Canada. In this review we attempt to explain why when nominal exchange rates are left free to float they are generally very volatile and impart a similar degree of volatility into real exchange rates. In particular, we ask the question: can economic fundamentals explain the exchange rate behaviour we observe in foreign exchange markets, or is the behaviour simply a reflection of ill-informed speculation (what used to referred to in the UK as the 'gnomes of Zurich' effect)?
Software development process benchmarking (2002)

Software process assessments are used within AT&T to develop an organizational baseline and drive continuous process improvement. A process has evolved within AT&T that is based on the Software Productivity Research Incorporated CHECKPOINT model and the Software Engineering Institute's process maturity model. The history of software process assessments with AT&T, the methodology used in conducting an assessment, and the types of data collected are described. To identify corporate trends, as well as potential best current practices, a corporate database has been established to facilitate extensive data analyses. One can use this database to compare a project to a broad AT&T profile or to profiles of other projects of a similar type. Also, as projects are reassessed as part of their continuous process improvement cycle, one can do trend analysis on the data. Also discussed are the techniques being implemented to ensure that the assessment findings and recommendations are linked to the ongoing process improvement cycle.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Semisynthetic .BETA.-lactam antibiotics. IV. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of new ureidocephalosporin and ureidocephamycin derivatives containing a catechol moiety or its acetate. (1987)

New ureidocephalosporin and ureidocephamycin derivatives containing a catechol moiety or its acetate were prepared and their minimum inhibitory concentration values against various microorganisms were determined. Among these compounds, the ureidocephalosporins (2, 3Aa, 3Ba) and ureidocephamycins (4, 5) carrying a methyl group on the nitrogen atom of the ureido bond showed strong activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 7β- [(R) -2-[3- (3, 4-Dihydroxybenzoyl) -3-methylureido] -2-phenylacetamido] -7α-methoxy-3- [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl) -thiomethyl] -3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (5) had the most potent activity in vitro against gramnegative bacteria, its activity being 8-to 32-fold and 4-fold greater than those of cefoperazone and ceftazidime, respectively, against two strains of P. aeruginosa. The structure-activity relationship is discussed.
Application Procedures for the Electromagnetic Borehole Flowmeter in Shallow Unconfined Aquifers (2001)

Abstract It is increasingly common for the electromagnetic borehole flowmeter (EBF) to he used to measure hydraulic conductivity (K) distributions in subsurface flow systems. Past applications involving the EBF have been made mostly in confined aquifers (Kabala 1994; Boman et al. 1997; Podgorney and Ritzi 1997; Ruud and Kabala 1997a, 1997b; Flach et al. 2000), and it has been common to set up a flow field around a test well using a small pump that is located near the top of the well screen (Mob, and Young 1993). In thin, unconfined aquifers that exhibit ground water tables near the ground surface and that undergo drawdown during pumping, such a configuration can be problematical because pumping and associated drawdown may effectively isolate the upper portion of the aquifer from the flowmeter. In these instances, a steady‐state flow field in the vicinity of the test well may be created using injection rather than pumping, allowing for testing in the otherwise isolated upper portion of the aquifer located near the initial water table position. Using procedures developed by Molz and Young (1993), which were modified for an injection mode application, testing was conducted to determine whether or not the injection mode would provide useful information in a shallow, unconfined aquifer that required the collection of data near the initial water table position. Results indicated that the injection mode for the EBF was well suited for this objective.
The glucagonoma syndrome and necrolytic migratory erythema: a clinical review (2004)

The glucagonoma syndrome is a rare disease in which a typical skin disorder, necrolytic migratory erythema, is often one of the first presenting symptoms. Weight loss and diabetes mellitus are two other prevalent characteristics of this syndrome. Necrolytic migratory erythema belongs to the recently recognized family of deficiency dermatoses of which zinc deficiency, necrolytic acral erythema and pellagra are also members. It is typically characterized on skin biopsies by necrolysis of the upper epidermis with vacuolated keratinocytes. In persistent hyperglucagonemia, excessive stimulation of basic metabolic pathways results in diabetes mellitus at the expense of tissue glycogen stores, and muscle and fat mass. Multiple (essential) nutrient and vitamin B deficiencies develop, which contribute to the dermatosis. In addition, glucagonomas may produce various other products, like pancreatic polypeptide, that add to the catabolic effects of glucagon.
Enhanced Hemicholinium Binding and Attenuated Dendrite Branching in Cognitively Impaired Acetylcholinesterase‐Transgenic Mice (1997)

In a search for behavioral, neuroanatomical, and metabolic characteristics of Alzheimer's disease that may result from cholinergic malfunction, we used transgenic mice overexpressing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) mRNA and active enzyme in brain neurons. Mapping by in situ hybridization revealed that transgenic and host AChE mRNAs were distributed similarly. In a Morris water maze working memory paradigm, adult transgenic mice did not display the characteristic improvement found in control mice either between or within test days and spent less time than control mice in the platform zone. In 5-week-old transgenic mice, the basilar dendritic trees of layer 5 pyramidal neurons from the frontoparietal cortex were essentially as developed as in age-matched controls. However, branching totally ceased after this age, whereas in control adults it continued up to at least 7 months. Therefore, dendritic arbors became smaller in adult transgenic mice than those of controls. Furthermore, the average number of spines was significantly lower on dendritic branches of 7-month-old but not 5-week-old transgenics as compared with controls. Binding of tritiated hemicholinium-3, a blocker of the high-affinity choline uptake characteristic of active cholinergic terminals, was over twofold enhanced in the brain of transgenic mice. In contrast, no differences were observed in the mRNA and ligand binding levels of several different subtypes of nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. These findings suggest that three different hallmarks associated with Alzheimer's disease--namely, progressive cognitive failure, cessation of dendrite branching and spine formation, and enhanced high-affinity choline uptake--are outcomes of cholinergic malfunction.
Treatment of small-cell lung cancer xenografts with iodine-131-anti-neural cell adhesion molecule monoclonal antibody and evaluation of absorbed dose in tissue. (1994)

Human small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is considered a feasible target for immunotherapy using a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody (Mab). A murine Mab, NE150 (IgG1), reacts with the neural cell adhesion molecule, which is identical to cluster 1 antigen of SCLC.To estimate their therapeutic effects, NE150 and an isotype-matched control Mab were labeled with 131I and administered intravenously as a single dose into athymic mice inoculated with a NCI-H69 SCLC xenograft. The absorbed dose in organs was also examined based upon a long-term biodistribution study of 131I-NE150.Tumors (initial volume 563.4 +/- 223.5 mm3) treated with 11.1 MBq (300 microCi) of 131I-NE150 diminished and became invisible at days 30-33, demonstrating a 60-day mean growth delay to reach a tripled initial volume compared with sham-treated tumors. Cumulative absorbed doses were estimated to be 2310, 410, 500, 330, and 790 cGy for the tumor, liver, kidney, spleen and lung, respectively.Iodine-131-NE150 had potent therapeutic effects against SCLC transplants in athymic mice, however, careful assessment of the side effects, improvement of radioiodination and chimerization of the Mab might be necessary to achieve efficient targeting in clinical therapeutic applications.
Semiconductor device simulation using adaptive refinement and flux upwinding (1989)

An adaptive mesh refinement scheme and dynamic data structure were developed in conjunction with a flux-upwind Petrov-Galerkin finite-element formulation for analysis of semiconductor device equations. The electrostatic potential equation and carrier-current continuity equations are iteratively decoupled in the solution algorithm. Incremental continuation in applied bias is used to improve the nonlinear solution iteration and to produce an efficient and robust scheme. The adaptive refinement scheme also uses an element-by-element conjugate gradient solution algorithm that performs efficiently on parallel and vector processors. Sample numerical results for MOS and bipolar devices indicate the effectiveness of the flux or streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin (FUPG) method and demonstrate its superiority over traditional Scharfetter-Gummel (SG) approaches.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A review of Victor H. Wallace, Paths to peace: a study of war, its causes and prevention (1958)

In the concluding article, Geoffrey Sawer, professor of law and dean of the Research School of Social Sciences at the Australian National University at Canberra, discusses several general points on which several of the authors converge, as follows: (1) War is not in any sense an inevitable and inescapable feature of human life. (2) Wars . . . have been due to many different causes, and have usually been embarked upon on a balance of considerations and urges, rational and irrational. (3) Although ideologies have often been a powerful contributing cause of war and may be, if anything, more powerful today, they have never been the most important factor and are not so today. (4) War using all the devices of modern science has now reached a de-