gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Validation of MIPAS on Envisat by Correlative Measurements of MIPAS-STR (2003)

We report a preliminary validation of profiles from the MIPAS-Envisat on-line processor of ESA with correlative measurements derived from MIPAS-STR onboard the high-altitude aircraft M55-Geophysica. The validation is made for the 22 July 2002 orbit 2051 in the region of the campaign base in Forli, Italy. Profiles of HNO3 and O3 seem to agree well with the correlative measurements but vertical zigzag features, alternating for even and odd scans, are observed in the MIPAS profiles from Envisat. This behaviour, not observed by MIPAS-STR, is mostly pronounced in the CH4 and N2O data from channel B but also present in the temperature profiles derived from channel A. It is probably caused by deficiencies in the radiometric calibration of the atmospheric spectra which is independently performed for forward and backward interferometer sweeps.
High-Efficiency All-Solution-Processed Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Anisotropic Colloidal Heterostructures with Polar Polymer Injecting Layers (2015)

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are emerging as true candidates for light-emitting diodes with ultrasaturated colors. Here, we combine CdSe/CdS dot-in-rod heterostructures and polar/polyelectrolytic conjugated polymers to demonstrate the first example of fully solution-based quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs) incorporating all-organic injection/transport layers with high brightness, very limited roll-off and external quantum efficiency as high as 6.1%, which is 20 times higher than the record QD-LEDs with all-solution-processed organic interlayers and exceeds by over 200% QD-LEDs embedding vacuum-deposited organic molecules.
State of necessity (2018)

State of necessity is used in international law to preclude the wrongfulness of a state’s action which is in prima facie violation of international law. It has a recognized presence in criminal and civil law, and is recognized in the civil law tradition and in the common law tradition, where an actor, confronted with two options, may choose the lesser evil—even if in violation of the law.
The effect on intraocular pressure of latanoprost once or four times daily (2001)

Latanoprost four times daily caused an IOP reducing effect which was similar to once daily dosing, except for the first 2 days of treatment when it was more effective. Transient photophobia, cells, and flare were common during the four dose regimen, but resolved spontaneously without cessation of treatment.
Synchronizing estrus in replacement beef heifers using select synch, MGA, AND PGF2 (1999)

The Select Synch protocol (GnRH at day - 7, PGF2 at day 0, AI at detected heat) was compared to protocols using either MGA + prostaglandin (Colorado system) or two injections of prostaglandin to synchronize estrus in replacement heifers at three locations. Percentage of heifers detected in heat before, during, or after the target breeding week was not different among treatments but varied in percentages among locations. Overall conception rates ranged from 64 to 69%. Pregnancy rates varied from 46 to 56% and tended to be greatest in the MGA + PGF2" treatment. Costs of these treatments ranged from $3.50 to $8 and were lowest for the MGA + PGF2 protocol.
Characterization of Escherichia coli hemolysins conferring quantitative differences in virulence (1984)

Recombinant plasmids encoding hemolysins (hly) isolated from four different Escherichia coli strains were found to be very similar by restriction endonuclease fragment analysis within the hemolysin region. Each of the four recombinant plasmids were used to transform a nonhemolytic fecal strain of E. coli. The comparative virulence of the transformants was tested in a rat model of peritonitis. Despite the physical similarity among the hemolysin recombinant plasmids, each conferred different normally avirulent fecal E. coli strain. Reciprocal exchange of similar restriction endonuclease fragments enabled the construction of hybrid hemolysin determinants with two hemolysins of disparate extracellular hemolysin production and relative virulence levels. The hybrid plasmids were introduced into the standard avirulent fecal strain and tested in the rat peritonitis model. The region conferring quantitative differences in extracellular hemolysin production and virulence was found to be within a region of less than 1 kilobase where the hly c cistron is encoded as well as the probable transcription initiation ares for the entire hemolysin operon. A 750-base pair (bp) AvaI fragment from this region was isolated from a virulent hemolysin recombinant and inserted into a common AvaI site present in an avirulent hemolysin plasmid. This insertion resulted in an increase in the amount of extracellular hemolysin activity and the associated virulence when in the fecal E. coli background.
Pulsed Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Alumina Thin Films: Influence of the Duty Cycle on Structure and Elastic Properties (2011)

Abstract In this study, the duty cycle ( Δ ) has been systematically modified during the pulsed plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) coatings. This deposition method is prone to chlorine incorporation during growth as AlCl 3 is used as precursor. Here, we show that the incorporation of chlorine can be reduced from 2.4 ± 0.1 to 1.2 ± 0.1 at.‐% by increasing Δ from 62% to 91%. The film grown at Δ = 88% has a density of 3.85 ± 0.12 g cm −3 (96% of α‐alumina bulk density) and an elastic modulus of 365 ± 50 GPa (∼83% of the bulk α‐alumina value). Δ affects the normalized ion flux (NIF), which is the ratio between the flux of bombarding ions and the flux of deposited material. By increasing Δ , the formation of α‐rich alumina is promoted at 560 °C, the chlorine content is reduced, and the film is densified. An increased Δ and hence NIF results in enhanced ion bombardment of the film surface during growth, promoting chlorine desorption. Furthermore, it is reasonable to assume that the deposition rate decrease measured is a consequence of increasing Δ and hence NIF. Both the density as well as the elastic modulus increase measured is consistent with the increased NIF caused by increasing the duty cycle. magnified image
A Threshold Selection Technique (1974)

Threshold selection for picture segmentation is relatively easy when the frequency distribution of gray levels in the picture is strongly bimodal, with the two peaks comparable insize and separated by a deep valley. This report describes a method of handling cases in which the peaks are very unequal in size and the valley is broad. A Laplacian operation is applied to the picture to determine points that lie on or near the edges of objects. Threshold selection becomes easier when the frequency distribution of gray levels of these points is used.
A Broadband and Miniaturized Common-Mode Filter for Gigahertz Differential Signals Based on Negative-Permittivity Metamaterials (2009)

A novel wideband and miniaturized common-mode noise suppression filter is proposed based on the concept of an effective negative-permittivity metamaterial (MM) transmission line (TL). The propagation properties for the odd and even modes in the proposed structure are derived from the TL theory and Bloch theorem. Two- and four-port equivalent-circuit models are developed to explain the common-mode suppression characteristics. The dispersion relation has a good agreement with the full-wave simulation and measurement result. Based on the low-temperature co-fired ceramic fabrication technology, miniaturized common-mode filters with four and eight cells are realized using the concept of the effective negative-permittivity MM. For the four-cell structure, the filter size is 0.16 ¿g × 0.26 ¿g with the corresponding real size of 3.2 mm × 5.12 mm. It is found that the common-mode noise can be reduced over 10 dB from 3.8 to 7.1 GHz with the fractional bandwidth of 60% in the frequency domain, and is reduced over 50% for voltage amplitude in the time domain. More importantly, the differential signal integrity, in terms of insertion loss and group delay in the frequency domain and eye diagrams in the time domain, is not degraded within the wide stopband. To our best knowledge, it is the first broadband common-mode filter designed for gigahertz differential signals based on the concept of MM TL with most compact size.
Language of Education Planning in Zambia (2014)

Zambia is a landlocked country in south central Africa. While its only official language is English, seven other languages are recognized as national languages. In addition, many other local languages are used. In education, however, not all Zambian languages are taught as subjects or used as mediums of instruction. This paper reviews the history of languages and their use in the educational system in Zambia. After considering what was done in the past, the current policies are examined. Finally, a Game Theory analysis is used to predict what kind of language of education policy would be most agreed upon in contemporary Zambia. “One Zambia, One Nation ” was the motto adopted when Zambia gained independence from the British in 1964. This motto highlighted the people’s desire to become a unified nation after being disintegrated during the colonial period (Marten &amp; Kula, 2007). Following the belief that “one nation equals one language, ” Zambians
A Lagrangian Based Approach for the Asymmetric Generalized Traveling Salesman Problem (1991)

This paper presents an optimal approach for the asymmetric Generalized Traveling Salesman Problem (GTSP). The GTSP is defined on a directed graph in which the nodes are grouped into m predefined, mutually exclusive and exhaustive sets with the arc set containing no intraset arcs. The problem is to find a minimum cost m-arc directed cycle which includes exactly one node from each set. Our approach employs a Lagrangian relaxation to compute a lower bound on the total cost of an optimal solution. The lower bound and a heuristically determined upper bound are used to identify and remove arcs and nodes which are guaranteed not to be in an optimal solution. Finally, we use an efficient branch-and-bound procedure which exploits the multiple choice structure of the node sets. We present computational results for the optimal approach tested on a series of randomly generated problems. The results show success on a range of problems with up to 104 nodes.
MAUI: Enabling Fiber-to-the-Processor With Parallel Multiwavelength Optical Interconnects (2004)

The Multiwavelength Assemblies for Ubiquitous Interconnects (MAUI) program is a collaboration between Agilent Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, with the goal of enabling fiber-to-the-processor by developing very-high-density optical interconnects and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) interface electronics. This paper focuses on the parallel wavelength-division-multiplexed optical interconnect technologies and their potential impact on computer systems.
False negative results in enzyme linked immunosorbent assays using synthetic HIV antigens. (1995)

The sensitivity of 12 commonly used anti-HIV-1/HIV-2 enzyme immunoassays was evaluated. The assays, each of which utilises at least one synthetic HIV antigen, were tested against a panel of 1092 specimens previously designated anti-HIV positive. In a total of 13 104 tests there were eight false negative results attributable to assay insensitivity: three were on two serum samples collected close to seroconverison and five on another serum specimen. These eight false negative results arose in seven different assays. Five other false results were attributable to technical error. This false negativity rate indicates that all of the assays performed adequately and leads to an estimate of one false negative result in a thousand tests in routine diagnostic practice. Because of the antigenic heterogeneity of HIV strains, similar evaluations would be required in several regions before this satisfactory level of sensitivity in anti-HIV assays incorporating synthetic antigens could be said to be universal.
Rib Resection in a Bovine (1956)

On December seventh a 6-year-old Holstein cow was admitted to Stange Memorial Clinic as a "Hardware" suspect. Physical examination revealed a slightly elevated temperature, absence of pain in the sternal region, increased respiratory sounds over the entire right lung, absence of respiratory sounds in the left lung, and a rapid, weak heartbeat.
Dynamic mechanical properties of poly(vinyl alkyl ethers) (1965)

The temperature dependence of the dynamic mechanical properties of dicumyl peroxide/sulfur vulcanizates of seven members of the poly(vinyl alkyl ether) series of elastomers has been determined. The relative position of the curves, relating the dynamic resilience to the dynamic modulus of these polymers, was generally in the order of their glass transformation temperatures (Tg). The dynamic mechanical property data on poly(vinyl n-pentyl ether) and poly(vinyl 2-ethylhexyl ether), which have the same Tg, fall on a common curve characteristic of the temperature of measurement. The dynamic resilience versus dynamic modulus curves are displaced towards higher dynamic resilience and usually lower dynamic modulus values as the temperature of measurement is increased. Poly(vinyl isobutyl ether) and poly(vinyl ethyl ether) show a larger temperature coefficient of resilience than do the other poly(vinyl alkyl ethers), which also include the n-butyl, n-hexyl, and n-octyl members. Apparently, the Tg is a major factor in correlating the dynamic mechanical behavior of this homologous series of elastomers. The size and shape of the alkyl group appear to be reflected primarily in their effect on the Tg. Poly(vinyl isobutyl ether) was the only member of the series showing any anomalies in dynamic mechanical properties that might be ascribed to structure. Because the dynamic resilience of various poly(vinyl alkyl ether) vulcanizates, possessing the same concentration of chemical crosslinks, correlate better with their degree of polymerization than with their molecular weight it appears that the dynamic resilience depends more on the length of the free chain ends than it does on their mass or volume.
A Systolic VLSI Design of a Pipeline Reed-solomon Decoder (1984)

A pipeline structure of a transform decoder similar to a systolic array was developed to decode Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. An important ingredient of this design is a modified Euclidean algorithm for computing the error locator polynomial. The computation of inverse field elements is completely avoided in this modification of Euclid's algorithm. The new decoder is regular and simple, and naturally suitable for VLSI implementation.
TBT (tributyltin) Toxicity to the Visual and Olfactory Functions of Tigerperch (Terapon jarbua, Forsskål) (1999)

of the corneal epithelium. The retinomotor response of pigmented epithelium significantly decreased from 75.33% ± 2.88% (in the control group) to 63.33% ± 4.04% (p < 0.05, n = 3) in the 100 µg/l group. The separation and necrotic corneal epithelium may lead to partial opacity and/or irregular abrasion and thus decrease retinomotor responses. In addition, scanning electron microscopic studies revealed edema, deformity, and sloughing of the microvilli, cilia, and rods in receptor cells of the olfactory epithelium. Electroolfactogram (EOG) responses significantly decreased from −3.0 ± 0.6 mV to −1.3 ± 0.5 mV (1 µg/l) and −0.4 ± 0.1 (5 µg/l), respectively (n = 3).
A Theory of Generalized Inverses Applied to Robotics (1993)

Robokcs research has made extensive use of techniques based on me Moore-Penrose inverse, or generalized inverse, of matri als. Recently it has been pointed out how noninvariant results may, in general, be obtained by applying these techniques to other areas of robotics, namely hybrid control and inverse ve locity kinematics. Unfortunately, the problems are not restricted to just these particular areas in robotics but are connected with misleading definitions of the metric properties of the six- dimensional wrench and twist vector spaces used in robotics. The current definitions lead to inconsistent results (i.e., results that are not invariant with respect to changes in the reference frame andlor changes in the dimensional units used to express the problem. As a matter of fact, given a linear systemu = Ax, where the matrix A may be singular, the Moore-Penrose theory of generalized inverses may be properly and directly applied only when the vector space U of vectoru and the vector space X of vector x are inner product spaces. Arbitrary assignment of Euclidean inner products to the space U and X when the vectorsu andx have elements with different physical units can lead to inconsistent and noninvariant results. In this article the problem of inconsistent, noninvariant solutionsX s tou = Ax in robotics is briefly reviewed and a general theory for com puting consistent, gauge-invariant solutions to nonhomogeneous systems of the formu = Ax is developed. In addition, the dual relationship between rigid-body kinematics and statics is de fined formally as a particular, linear algebraic system whose solution system is also a dual system. Examples illustrate the theory.
Inhibition of system A amino acid transport and hepatocyte proliferation following partial hepatectomy in the rat (1999)

System A, the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transport activity, has a 3-fold increase in its initial uptake velocity into hepatocytes following partial hepatectomy (PH) in the rat. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of inhibition of System A-mediated amino acid transport on hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration. We describe the in vivo competitive inhibition of System A activity following PH by the nonmetabolizable, System A-specific substrate, alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid (MeAIB). Administration of MeAIB 60 minutes before PH decreased the incorporation of [(3)H]thymidine into DNA by 45% +/- 5% and 76% +/- 17% at 24 and 36 hours, respectively. The readministration of MeAIB every 12 hours further decreased DNA synthesis by 92% +/- 18% and 82% +/- 11% at 24 and 36 hours. The recovery of liver mass of rats receiving MeAIB was decreased by 46.4% +/- 5.1% at 24 hours after PH. In vitro, 5 mmol/L MeAIB inhibited proliferation of primary hepatocytes by 56% +/- 4% and 61% +/- 12% 48 hours after incubation with 10% fetal calf serum or epidermal growth factor (5 ng/mL), respectively. Thus, MeAIB inhibition of System A transport activity decreased both in vivo and in vitro inducement of hepatocyte proliferation. Treatment with MeAIB did not significantly change the incorporation of [(3)H]leucine into total liver protein, but changes in serum amino acids and hepatocyte cell volume were observed, suggesting System A transport activity during hepatocyte proliferation functions primarily to provide amino acids to fuel liver-specific biochemical pathways and to increase cell volume.
When Privacy meets Security: Leveraging personal information for password cracking (2013)

Passwords are widely used for user authentication and, despite their weaknesses, will likely remain in use in the foreseeable future. Human-generated passwords typically have a rich structure, which makes them susceptible to guessing attacks. In this paper, we study the effectiveness of guessing attacks based on Markov models. Our contributions are two-fold. First, we propose a novel password cracker based on Markov models, which builds upon and extends ideas used by Narayanan and Shmatikov (CCS 2005). In extensive experiments we show that it can crack up to 69% of passwords at 10 billion guesses, more than all probabilistic password crackers we compared again t. Second, we systematically analyze the idea that additional personal information about a user helps in speeding up password guessing. We find that, on average and by carefully choosing parameters, we can guess up to 5% more passwords, especially when the number of attempts is low. Furthermore, we show that the gain can go up to 30% for passwords that are actually based on personal attributes. These passwords are clearly weaker and should be avoided. Our cracker could be used by an organization to detect and reject them. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to systematically study the relationship between chosen passwords and users' personal information. We test and validate our results over a wide collection of leaked password databases.
Multi-tap analog self-interference cancellation for full-duplex communications (2017)

A single antenna multi-tap (MT) canceller is considered for full-duplex (FD) communications, where the tap coefficients are obtained from the estimated self-interference (SI) channel state information (CSI). The estimated SI channel suffers from the radio frequency (RF) impairment imperfections of the transmit and receive RF chains, which should be calibrated to obtain more accurate CSI. Then, the residual SI power with RF impairment imperfections calibrated and uncalibrated after the MT cancellation are calculated respectively. Considering the dynamic range of the analog-to-digital converter and the linearity of the receiver chain, the achievable capacity of FD transceivers is derived as a function of the residual SI power after MT cancellation. Furthermore, the simulation results demonstrate that the RF impairment coefficients and the tap delay alignment error, i.e., the error between the corresponding tap delay of the canceller and that of the SI channel, reduce the cancellation ability and bring rate gain loss over half-duplex transceivers.
Preparation and Surface Properties of Acrylic Polymers Containing Fluorinated Monomers (1997)

A series of novel polymers have been prepared by free radical solution polymerization of a variety of hydrocarbon monomers with the (perfluoroalkyl)ethyl methacrylate monomer H2CC(CH3)CO2(CH2)2(CF2)nF, 1 (n̄ ≈ 7.7). Polymers prepared using two different methods of feeding 1 into the reaction mass are discussed. Through a judicious choice of reaction conditions, some control of polymer architecture was exhibited. The resultant (perfluoroalkyl)ethyl methacrylate-containing acrylic polymers were shown to be quite surface active in the solid state. The magnitude of surface activity depends on the monomer 1 feed method. The polymers were formulated into thin films and applied to a variety of surfaces. With levels at 1.5 wt % of 1, water and oil repellent surfaces were created. Water contact angles (advancing) of ∼80−115° and hexadecane contact angles (advancing) of ∼60−70° were observed routinely. In addition, it was observed that the concentration profile of fluorine in the films exhibited a steep gradient normal to the surface when studied by angle-dependent ESCA and secondary ion mass spectroscopic depth profiling.
Combined Correlated and Importance Sampling in Direct Light Source Computation and Environment Mapping (2004)

Abstract This paper presents a general variance reduction method that is a quasi‐optimal combination of correlated and importance sampling. The weights of the combination are selected automatically in order to keep the merits of both importance and correlated sampling. The proposed sampling method is used for efficient direct light source computation of large area sources and for the calculation of the reflected illumination of environment maps. Importance sampling would be good in these cases if the sources are hidden, while correlated sampling is efficient if the sources are fully visible. The proposed method automatically detects the particular case and provides results that inherit the advantages of both techniques.