gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single olfactory sensory neurons simultaneously integrate the components of an odour mixture (2003)

Most odours are complex mixtures. However, the capacities of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) to process complex odour stimuli have never been explored in air-breathing vertebrates. To face this issue, the present study compares the electrical responses of single OSNs to two odour molecules, delivered singly and mixed together, in rats in vivo. This work is the first aimed at demonstrating that single OSNs simultaneously integrate several chemical signals and which, furthermore, attempts to describe such processes for the whole concentration range over which single OSNs can work. The results stress that complex interactions occur between components in odour mixtures and that OSN responses to such mixtures are not simply predictable from the responses to their components. Three types of interactions are described. They are termed suppression, hypoadditivity and synergy, in accord with psychophysical terminology. This allows us to draw links between peripheral odour reception and central odour coding. Indeed, events occurring in single OSNs may account for the dominating or even the masking effects of odour molecules in complex mixtures, i.e. for the prevailing action of a minor component in the final qualitative perception of a mixture. We conclude that our observations with binary mixtures anticipate the complexity of processes which may rise at the level of a single OSN in physiological conditions. Following this hypothesis, a natural odour would induce a multi-chemical integration at the level of single OSNs which may result in refining their individual odour-coding properties, leading them to play a crucial role in the final performance of the olfactory system.
Tracking the re-emergence of epidemic chikungunya virus in Indonesia (2004)

Twenty-four distinct outbreaks of probable chikungunya (CHIK) etiology were identified throughout Indonesia from September 2001 to March 2003, after a near 20-year hiatus of epidemic CHIK activity in the country. Thirteen outbreak reports were based on clinical observations alone, and 11 confirmed by serological/virological methods. Detailed epidemiological profiles of two investigated outbreaks in Bogor and Bekasi are presented. Human sera were screened using an ELISA for IgM and IgG anti-CHIK antibodies. Additionally, reverse transcriptase PCR and virus isolation were attempted for virus identification. The mean age of cases was 37 +/- 18 years in Bogor and 33 +/- 20 years in Bekasi. There was no outstanding case-clustering, although outbreak-affected households were observed to be geographically grouped within villages. The attack rates in Bogor and Bekasi were 2.8/1000 and 6.7/1000 inhabitants respectively. Both outbreaks started in the rainy season following increased Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus densities.
An active vision architecture based on iconic representations (1995)

Active vision systems have the capability of continuously interacting with the environment. The rapidly changing environment of such systems means that it is attractive to replace static representations with visual routines that compute information on demand. Such routines place a premium on image data structures that are easily computed and used. The purpose of this paper is to propose a general active vision architecture based on efficiently computable iconic representations. This architecture employs two primary visual routines, one for identifying the visual image near the fovea (object identification), and another for locating a stored prototype on the retina (object location). This design allows complex visual behaviors to be obtained by composing these two routines with different parameters. The iconic representations are comprised of high-dimensional feature vectors obtained from the responses of an ensemble of Gaussian derivative spatial filters at a number of orientations and scales. These representations are stored in two separate memories. One memory is indexed by image coordinates while the other is indexed by object coordinates. Object location matches a localized set of model features with image features at all possible retinal locations. Object identification matches a foveal set of image features with all possible model features. We present experimental results for a near real-time implementation of these routines on a pipeline image processor and suggest relatively simple strategies for tackling the problems of occlusions and scale variations. We also discuss two additional visual routines, one for top-down foveal targeting using log-polar sensors and another for looming detection, which are facilitated by the proposed architecture.
Purification and characterization of trypanothione reductase from Crithidia fasciculata, a new member of the family of disulfide-containing flavoprotein reductases (1986)

Trypanothione reductase from Crithidia fasciculata has been purified ca. 1400-fold to homogeneity in an overall yield of 60%. The pure enzyme showed a pH optimum of 7.5-8.0 and was highly specific for its physiological substrates NADPH and trypanothione that had Km values of 7 and 53 microM, respectively. Trypanothione reductase was found to be a dimer of identical subunits with Mr 53 800 each. The enzyme displayed a visible absorption spectrum that was indicative of a flavoprotein with a lambda max at 464 nm. The flavin was liberated by thermal denaturation of the protein and identified, both by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and by fluorescence studies, as FAD. The extinction coefficient of pure enzyme at 464 nm was determined to be 11.3 mM-1 cm-1. Upon titration with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), oxidized enzyme was found to contain 2.2 (+/- 0.1) free thiols, whereas NADPH-reduced enzyme showed 3.9 (+/- 0.3). Furthermore, whereas oxidized enzyme was stable toward inactivating alkylation by 2.0 mM iodoacetamide, NADPH-reduced enzyme was inactivated with a half-life of 14 min. These data suggested that a redox-active cystine residue was present at the enzyme active site. Upon reduction of the enzyme with 2 electron equiv of dithionite, a new peak in the absorption spectrum was observed at 530 nm, thus indicating that a charge-transfer complex between one of the newly reduced thiols and the oxidized FAD had formed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)/InGaAs enhancement-mode n-channel MOSFETs (1998)

We have demonstrated the first Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> (Gd <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ) insulated gate n-channel enhancement-mode In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As MOSFET's on InP semi-insulating substrate. Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> (Gd <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ) was electron beam deposited from a high purity single crystal Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sub> Gd <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O/sub 12/ source. The source and drain regions of the device were selectively implanted with Si to produce low resistance ohmic contacts. A 0.75-μm gate length device exhibits an extrinsic transconductance of 190 mS/mm, which is an order of magnitude improvement over previously reported enhancement-mode InGaAs MISFETs. The current gain cutoff frequency, f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> , and the maximum frequency of oscillation, f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sub> , of 7 and 10 GHz were obtained, respectively, for a 0.75×100 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> gate dimension device at a gate voltage of 3 V and drain voltage of 2 V.
A study on the stability of superhydrophobic paper reinforced by amino-assisted modified PHFMA-PTSPM polymer (2020)

In this study, hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFMA) and 3-trimethoxysilyl propyl methacrylate (TSPM) were used for polymerization. First, the one-step method is used to prepare a hydrophobic polymer with low surface energy (PHFMA-PTSPM), and then the amino groups on the modified silica surface are used to graft nanoparticles on the polymer to improve the roughness, thereby a new type of high stable super hydrophobic paper was prepared. The further study found that the paper after superhydrophobic treatment has strong hydrophobicity, and its water contact angle reached 156°± 1.6°. In addition, the coating on the surface of the paper after superhydrophobic modification has high transparency, and the effect of the superhydrophobic coating on the color of the paper is within the acceptable range of human eye recognition. Moreover, the modified paper not only has good weather resistance and folding resistance, but also has strong corrosion resistance to strong acids, strong alkalis and organic solvents.
Effect of urea on the viscosity of deoxyribonucleic acid solutions (1956)

Abstract The effect of urea and sodium chloride on the viscosity of DNA has been examined at very low concentrations and rates of shear in a Couette viscometer. An increase of apparent intrinsic viscosity occurs in urea, but at higher concentrations of the polymer a reduction of viscosity is observed. When treated with urea, the intrinsic viscosity of the nucleic acid becomes lowered by sodium chloride. The results are consistent with a dimeric hydrogen‐bonded structure of the DNA molecule, which undergoes scission in the presence of urea to form more flexible fragments.
Nature of the Species Present in the Zirconocene Dichloride−Butyllithium Reaction Mixture (1997)

The thermal decomposition of dibutylzirconocene (1) at room temperature affords paramagnetic butylzirconocene(III) (11), zirconocene(III) hydride (12), the diamagnetic butenylzirconocene(IV) hydride dimer 5a, and the 1,1-bis(cyclopentadienyl)-2-methyl-3-(zirconocenyl hydride)-1-zirconacyclobutane(IV) dimer 9. Initially, decomposition furnishes crotylzirconocene(IV) hydride (3a), followed by 1,1-bis(cyclopentadienyl)-2-ethyl-1-zirconacyclopropane(IV) (2a) and 1,1-bis(cyclopentadienyl)-3,4-diethyl-1-zirconacyclopentane(IV) (4a), listed in the order of appearance. This order suggests that the primary decomposition reaction is a γ-H abstraction, which leads to the formation of 1,1-bis(cyclopentadienyl)-2-methyl-1-zirconacyclobutane(IV) (6a). The latter was not observed experimentally but is postulated on the basis of secondary products. Reactions leading to the above compounds are discussed from mechanistic and thermochemical points of view. The reported compounds have been characterized by either EPR or multidimensional, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Compound 3a has also been synthesized independently from zirconocene chloride hydride and crotylmagnesium bromide and undergoes the same rearrangements into 2a and then 4a. The allyl analog 3b, synthesized from zirconocene chloride hydride and allylmagnesium bromide, exhibits the same behavior and rearranges into 1,1-bis(cyclopentadienyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1-zirconacyclopentane (4b).
Effectiveness of passive devices for axisymmetric base drag reduction at Mach 2 (1990)

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.
A simplified scheme for scheduling multivariable controllers (1997)

A simplified scheme for scheduling multivariable controllers for robust performance over a wide range of plant operating points is presented. The approach consists of scheduling only the output matrix of a dynamic controller, thus significantly reducing the number of parameters to be scheduled. The approach starts with a given robust controller at a nominal design point designed such that it gives a stable closed-loop system at various off-design operating points. The parameters of the controller output matrix are then optimized such that the closed-loop response at the off-design points closely matches the design point closed-loop response. The optimization problem formulation for the synthesis of controller scheduling gains is discussed. Results are presented for controller scheduling for a turbofan engine for a conceptual short take-off and vertical landing aircraft. The simplified controller scheduling is shown to provide satisfactory response for engine models corresponding to significant gross thrust variations from the nominal design point.
Gold(<scp>I</scp>)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroamination of Alkenyl Carbamates (2006)

Gold for rings: Reaction of alkenyl carbamates such as 1 in the presence of [Au{P(tBu)2(o-biphenyl)}]Cl and AgOTf led to nitrogen heterocycles (e.g. 2). This AuI-catalyzed intramolecular hydroamination tolerates a range of labile carbamates and substitution patterns and can be applied to the synthesis of bicyclic carbamates and protected piperidines. Cbz=benzyloxycarbonyl.
Accelerometer-based body-position sensing for ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. (2004)

Our objective is to validate the ability of 3 appropriately placed accelerometers to determine body position during ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring and to demonstrate the clinical applicability of this method. During ambulatory (Holter) monitoring, the ability to know a patient's position (lying down, sitting, standing, or changing from one position to another) is important in the evaluation of common symptoms such as dizziness, palpitations, and syncope. Changes in body position are also known to alter the electrical axis of the heart, resulting in artifactual changes in QRS amplitude and ST-segment morphology. We have developed an ambulatory patient-monitoring instrument that, through the use of microfabricated accelerometers, can simultaneously record body-position information and 2 channels of ECG data. The accelerometers measure the effects of gravity and dynamic acceleration, allowing determination of a patient's orientation and movements. The accelerometer and ECG signals are input to a portable recorder and are filtered and digitized. Algorithms were developed to automatically determine body position. Ten healthy volunteers wore the device for 1 hour and followed a protocol of standing, sitting, walking, lying supine, and lying in the left and right lateral decubitus positions. An observer manually recorded times of position changes. Data were recorded and analyzed using software designed with MATLAB. The ability of the accelerometers and computer algorithms to determine body position was analyzed in terms of the sensitivity and specificity for each body position. The sensitivities for sitting, standing, walking, lying supine, lying right, and lying left were 98.8%, 99.2%, 95.5%, 99.1%, 98.9%, and 94.8%, respectively. The specificities were 99.7%, 99.4%, 99.6%, 99.0%, 99.8%, and 99.9%, respectively. The use of microfabricated accelerometers is a clinically feasible method to determine body position and can be applied to future studies correlating body position with ECG or other physiologic data.
Bilateral Robot Teleoperation: A Wearable Arm Exoskeleton Featuring an Intuitive User Interface (2014)

Teleoperation systems are used when human planning and decision-making capabilities are needed during robotic remote operations. To execute meaningful tasks remotely, the operator has to be able to simultaneously control multiple degrees of freedom (DoFs) of the slave robot and efficiently receive information from the remote site. In these cases, haptic feedback has been shown to improve the operator's task execution performance [1].
Case 22-2000 (2000)

Presentation of CaseA 74-year-old man was referred to the hospital because of worsening dysphagia.The patient had been in good health until seven months earlier, when dysphagia developed and subsequently worsened, with epigastric and subxiphoid pain. The results of a cardiac stress test were normal. Six and a half months before admission, a double-contrast upper gastrointestinal series (Figure 1) showed a 12-mm stricture at the gastroesophageal junction, with slight spontaneous reflux; the stomach and duodenum appeared normal. An esophagogastroduodenoscopic examination showed a benign-appearing stricture without evidence of a mass. Microscopical examination of biopsy specimens from the esophagus showed squamous . . .
Anisotropic magnetoresistance and planar Hall effect in magnetic metal-insulator composite films (1997)

We studied anisotropic magnetoresistivity (AMR) and planar Hall effect of granular Ni-rich NiFe–SiO2 and Fe–SiO2 films for various metallic volume fraction. Planar Hall resistivity was found to be the same as the magnetoresistivity (MR) difference between the longitudinal and the transverse geometry. As metallic volume fraction decreases, we found that the MR evolves from the AMR domination in the metallic conduction region, through an intermediate conduction region with mixed AMR and negative MR behavior, to the isotropic negative MR in the tunneling conduction region. Plausible explanations to this complicated evolution are discussed.
Synthesis and photochromic behaviour of new methyl induced linear and angular thieno-2H-chromenes (2003)

New methyl induced linear and angular thieno-2H-chromenes 4, 5 and 6 were prepared by reaction of new methylated 6-hydroxybenzo[b]thiophenes 2 (a, b and c) and propargylic alcohols 3a and 3b, using acidic Alumina Brockmann I as catalyst and drying agent. Compounds 2 were prepared in good to excellent yields in a ‘one pot’ three step reaction from the corresponding bromo compounds 1. The photochromic behaviour of compounds 4, 5 and 6b was evaluated with the aid of a classical set of spectrokinetic parameters, and compared to reference compounds that are benzoannellated in the 5,6 and 6,7 positions of the chromene (naphthopyrans) and also to thieno-2H-chromenes 7 and 8, previously prepared, which are analogues of 5a. The resistance to fatigue (photodegradation) under continuous irradiation was also evaluated.
MEDIUM SPEED 4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USING HIGH PRESSURE GAS INJECTION TECHNOLOGY (1989)

Two medium speed 4-stroke diesel engines, the Vasa 22 and 32 type, have been converted to dual fuel gas engines applying the high pressure gas injection principle. The development work was carried out jointly by Marintek and Wartsila Diesel. Preliminary tests have been carried out on one cylinder of the Vasa 4R22 engine to study various factors which influence the combustion performance. The control and safety system for dual fuel operation were tested on the Vasa 4R32 with gas operation on all cylinders. The paper gives details of the results from the tests mentioned above, as well as describing a computer simulation of the gas injection systems.
Bovine Blastocyst Development In Vitro: Timing, Sex, and Viability Following Vitrification1 (2004)

Selection of blastocysts based on their morphological characteristics and rate of development in vitro can skew the sex ratios. The aim of this study was to determine whether an embryo's developmental rate affects its survival after vitrification, and whether male and female embryos survive vitrification differently. In vitro fertilized bovine oocytes were cultured in potassium simplex optimized medium (KSOM) + 0.1% BSA for 96 h, and then into KSOM + 1% BSA (KSOM) or in sequential KSOM + 0.1% BSA for 96 h, and then into synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) + 5% FBS (KSOM-SOF). In part 1 of this study, embryos cultured in each medium that had developed into blastocysts at approximately 144, 156, or 180 h were recovered from culture, graded, and then vitrified. After warming, blastocyst survival rates were immediately evaluated by reexpansion of the blastocoels. In the second part of the study, all blastocysts (n = 191) were sexed by polymerase chain reaction 48 h after warming. When cultured in KSOM medium, more 144-h blastocysts survived vitrification (68%) than blastocysts vitrified at 180 h (49%). Blastocysts derived at 156 h in KSOM-SOF survived vitrification better (87%) than blastocysts vitrified at either 144 h or 180 h, and subsequently hatched at a greater rate than those vitrified at 180 h. The overall blastocyst survival rates did not differ significantly whether embryos were cultured in KSOM or sequential KSOM-SOF. Blastocysts derived at 144 and 156 h in KSOM or KSOM-SOF were predominately male, and significantly more of them survived vitrification 48 h after warming. However, blastocysts cultured in KSOM-SOF, and then vitrified at 180 h were predominately female. Overall, blastocysts that survived vitrification, and subsequently hatched 48 h after warming, were male. In summary, embryos that reached the blastocyst stage earlier were predominantly males; these males had better morphology, endured vitrification, and subsequently hatched at a greater rate than did female blastocysts.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor: Much More than an Angiogenesis Factor (2010)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is best known as a cytokine essential for embryonic vasculogenesis and for the angiogenesis associated with various pathologies including cancer. However, VEGF also serves other functions that are less widely recognized. An early study (Berse et al., 1992) revealed widespread expression of VEGF transcripts in adult tissues devoid of ongoing neovascularization, thereby predicting additional VEGF functions distinct from angiogenesis. More recent studies have confirmed that VEGF does indeed serve multiple additional functions, including normal maintenance of endothelial and neural cell compartments. These findings have important implications for the use of VEGF antagonists and VEGF receptor antagonists in patients for which inhibition of pathological angiogenesis is the therapeutic goal.
CRYOGENIC MATERIALS DATA HANDBOOK (1963)

Abstract : The background, organization, and maintenance of the Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook are discussed. An experimental program and its accomplishments in the past year are described. Handbook insert reports 12 and 13 were distributed in the past year. A new format for data presentation was introduced. Data included both original experimental results obtained under this contract and information from the literature.
Description and Application of Genetic Algorithm (2012)

Genetic Algorithm (GA) as a class of Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) is a search algorithm based on the mechanics of natural selection and natural genetics. This dissertation presents the description, solving procedures and application of GA. The definitions of selection, crossover and mutation operators are given in details and an application based on GA in Time Table Problem (TTP) is performed in a new way. Due to its high capability of overall search, GA is particularly appropriate for solving timetabling and scheduling problems. TTP (Time Table Problem) which belongs to NP-hard problem is a special problem concerning resource management. In this dissertation, a new chromosome coding is designed in order to solve TTP more effectively. And the result presented by MATLAB will converge to a steady condition.