gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of ASE and SFE with Soxhlet, Sonication, and Methanolic Saponification Extractions for the Determination of Organic Micropollutants in Marine Particulate Matter (1997)

The methods of accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aliphatic hydrocarbons, and chlorinated hydrocarbons from marine samples were investigated. The results of extractions of a certified sediment and four samples of suspended particulate matter (SPM) were compared to classical Soxhlet (SOX), ultrasonication (USE), and methanolic saponification extraction (MSE) methods. The recovery data, including precision and systematic deviations of each method, were evaluated statistically. It was found that recoveries and precision of ASE and SFE compared well with the other methods investigated. Using SFE, the average recoveries of PAHs in three different samples ranged from 96 to 105%, for ASE the recoveries were in the range of 97-108% compared to the reference methods. Compared to the certified values of sediment HS-6, the average recoveries of SFE and ASE were 87 and 88%, most compounds being within the limits of confidence. Also, for alkanes the average recoveries by SFE and ASE were equal to the results obtained by SOX, USE, and MSE. In the case of SFE, the recoveries were in the range 93-115%, and ASE achieved recoveries of 94-107% as compared to the other methods. For ASE and SFE, the influence of water on the extraction efficiency was examined. While the natural water content of the SPM sample (56 wt %) led to insufficient recoveries in ASE and SFE, quantitative extractions were achieved in SFE after addition of anhydrous sodium sulfate to the sample. Finally, ASE was applied to SPM-loaded filter candles whereby a mixture of n-hexane/acetone as extraction solvent allowed the simultaneous determination of PAHs, alkanes, and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Changing Communication Environments in MosquitoNet (1994)

MosquitoNet is a new project at Stanford University for investigating operating system and application issues in mobile and wireless computing. Our initial goals focus on providing the appearance of continuous network connectivity for mobile hosts. To achieve these goals we must first enable portable computers to move seamlessly from one communications medium to another, for example from an Ethernet connection to a wireless modem, without rebooting or restarting applications. Second, we must determine how to manage the resulting dynamic changes in network characteristics, either transparently or through a simple interface between the network and the applications. Other goals include developing power management policies for network devices and experimenting with file data consistency algorithms for networks in which disconnection may be economically desirable, but seamless network re-connection is almost always possible.
Optimal step frequency signal for a ground penetratingradar (1996)

It is shown that the peformance of a ground penetrating radar with an ultra-wideband step frequency signal can be improved by transmitting a different energy for each carrier frequency. As a result the radar can use lower mean transmitting energy while retaining the same main parameters such as penetration depth and range resolution. The total gain in transmitted energy depends on the penetration depth and ground properties and can reach 10–30 dB for practical radars.
Mining Weakly Labeled Web Facial Images for Search-Based Face Annotation (2012)

This paper investigates a framework of search-based face annotation (SBFA) by mining weakly labeled facial images that are freely available on the World Wide Web (WWW). One challenging problem for search-based face annotation scheme is how to effectively perform annotation by exploiting the list of most similar facial images and their weak labels that are often noisy and incomplete. To tackle this problem, we propose an effective unsupervised label refinement (ULR) approach for refining the labels of web facial images using machine learning techniques. We formulate the learning problem as a convex optimization and develop effective optimization algorithms to solve the large-scale learning task efficiently. To further speed up the proposed scheme, we also propose a clustering-based approximation algorithm which can improve the scalability considerably. We have conducted an extensive set of empirical studies on a large-scale web facial image testbed, in which encouraging results showed that the proposed ULR algorithms can significantly boost the performance of the promising SBFA scheme.
Efficient self-calibration of frequency-dependent I/Q-imbalance in direct-conversion OFDM transceivers (2009)

For communication systems with direct-conversion architecture, I/Q-imbalance can be a crucial performance limiting effect. Furthermore, as the datarates of the wireless communication systems increase, larger transmission bandwidths (BW) and high-order modulated waveforms are applied. As a result, the systems are sensitive to frequency dependent I/Q-imbalance and the corresponding calibration is more challenging. Fortunately, efficient signal equalization is possible with OFDM, which is a widespread technique for broadband high datarate systems. Moreover, OFDM transceivers may have symmetrical transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) structures, typically in ad-hoc networks like WLAN. In this case, efficient and separate I/Q-imbalance parameter estimation in the Tx and the Rx is possible. Based on the considerations above, a new pilot-based self-calibration scheme is presented in this paper, which requires relatively low hardware overhead and signal processing complexity. Its effectiveness was verified by numerical simulations.
Circulating dna in polyarteritis nodosa and related syndromes (1982)

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were previously reported to have a high prevalence of circulating DNA in association with systemic vasculitis. The present study was designed to determine whether circulating DNA also characterizes forms of systemic arterial inflammation other than those associated with SLE. A specific counterimmunoelectrophoresis assay capable of detecting 20-50 ng/ml of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in plasma was used. Of a total of 16 patients studied, 15 (94%) had circulating DNA. Similarly, 89% of the 47 plasmas from vasculitis patients contained DNA. In each of the 3 control groups, which consisted of normal individuals, patients with nonvasculitic systemic inflammation, and patients receiving high dose corticosteroid and/or cytostatic agents, no more than 8% had plasma DNA. This difference was significant with P less than 0.001. Relevance of this observation to etiologic, pathogenetic, and clinical considerations in the systemic arteritides is discussed. It is suggested that clinical detection of circulating plasma DNA may be useful for the diagnosis and management of systemic polyarteritis nodosa and related syndromes.
Long range eye gaze tracking system for a large screen (2012)

Eye gaze tracking system has been widely researched for the replacement of the conventional computer interfaces such as the mouse and keyboard. In this paper, we propose the long range binocular eye gaze tracking system that works from 1.5 m to 2.5 m with allowing a head displacement in depth. The 3D position of the user's eye is obtained from the two wide angle cameras. A high resolution image of the eye is captured using the pan, tilt, and focus controlled narrow angle camera. The angles for maneuvering the pan and tilt motor are calculated by the proposed calibration method based on virtual camera model. The performance of the proposed calibration method is verified in terms of speed and convenience through the experiment. The narrow angle camera keeps tracking the eye while the user moves his head freely. The point-of-gaze (POG) of each eye onto the screen is calculated by using a 2D mapping based gaze estimation technique and the pupil center corneal reflection (PCCR) vector. PCCR vector modification method is applied to overcome the degradation in accuracy with displacements of the head in depth. The final POG is obtained by the average of the two POGs. Experimental results show that the proposed system robustly works for a large screen TV from 1.5 m to 2.5 m distance with displacements of the head in depth (+20 cm) and the average angular error is 0.69°.
Time-Temperature Conversions in Biological Applications of Hyperthermia (1980)

The heating of cells or tissues generally involves a temperature transient during which the temperature of the heated object rises from an initial to a final level with biological effects occurring during this interval. The method proposed in this paper can estimate these effects by using the data on isobiological effects obtained both in vitro and in vivo. The method has some limitations in that it cannot be applied under conditions where thermotolerance develops or step-down heating occurs. Several examples from both in vivo and in vitro applications serve to illustrate this method as a practical tool in hyperthermia research.
Mutual coupling calibration of DBF array with combined optimization method (2003)

This paper introduces a new concept - space equalization - into mutual coupling calibration of a digital beamforming (DBF) array. Based on the concept, the combined optimization method (COM) is developed to minimize element pattern errors in specified narrow angles and keep global errors being suboptimum. By constructing the cost function of COM properly, the complete equations are derived for the calculation of the calibration matrix. Experimental results show that COM calibrates element errors efficiently in constrained narrow space and eliminates mutual coupling errors and channel gain and phase errors in a broad angle region.
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) neurotoxicity: enhancement by protein‐deﬁcient diet (2004)

Large doses of pyridoxine cause injury to the primary sensory neurons in trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia of animals and patients subjected to megavitamin therapy. The increased hazard to subjects with reduced renal excretory function has been explored previously. In the present work, the neurotoxicity of pyridoxine for rats was found to be increased by dietary protein deficiency. A mere 3 or 7 days of pretreatment with either of two protein-deficient diets were sufficient to accelerate and intensify the clinical neurological signs and histological lesions from pyridoxine injections. These results are caused, at least in part, by loss of body weight, decreased protein binding in serum and decreased consumption of water and decreased volume of urine, which reduce the urinary losses of the toxicant. The vitamers related to pyridoxine (pyridoxal, pyridoxamine) and the coenzyme (pyridoxal 5-phosphate) did not cause clinical signs or lesions similar to those produced by pyridoxine even when injected in maximum tolerated doses. Neither a protein-deficient diet nor bilateral nephrectomy changed the results with the vitamers.
Use of Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine in Preventing Otitis Media in Infants: Different Results Between Racial Groups (1984)

A total of 133 children between 6 and 11 months of age with at least one episode of otitis media were given one of two pneumococcal vaccines. One vaccine contained 25 microns of types 1, 3, 6, 7, 14, 18, 19, and 23 and the other vaccine (control) contained 25 microns of types 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, and 25. Follow-up care of the 65 black infants revealed significantly more otitis media visits in those infants receiving the control vaccine. Among the 68 white infants there was no difference between control and vaccine groups after vaccination.
An Antiaging Electrolyte Additive for High‐Energy‐Density Lithium‐Ion Batteries (2020)

Abstract High‐capacity Li‐rich layered oxide cathodes along with Si‐incorporated graphite anodes have high reversible capacity, outperforming the electrode materials used in existing commercial products. Hence, they are potential candidates for the development of high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, structural degradation induced by loss of interfacial stability is a roadblock to their practical use. Here, the use of malonic acid‐decorated fullerene (MA‐C 60 ) with superoxide dismutase activity and water scavenging capability as an electrolyte additive to overcome the structural instability of high‐capacity electrodes that hampers the battery quality is reported. Deactivation of PF 5 by water scavenging leads to the long‐term stability of the interfacial structures of electrodes. Moreover, an MA‐C 60 ‐added electrolyte deactivates the reactive oxygen species and constructs an electrochemically robust cathode‐electrolyte interface for Li‐rich cathodes. This work paves the way for new possibilities in the design of electrolyte additives by eliminating undesirable reactive substances and tuning the interfacial structures of high‐capacity electrodes in LIBs.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN FROG SCIATIC NERVE DURING ANOXIA AND RECOVERY<sup>1</sup> (1971)

Abstract— Frog (Rana pipiens) sciatic nerve was incubated, with and without stimulation, in an oil bath. The correlation between changes in the magnitude of the compound action potential (α and β) and changes in metabolites, particularly energy reserves, during anoxia and recovery from anoxia was studied. The time to extinction of the action potential in anoxia was frequency‐dependent. The action potential could not be restored, nor its extinction delayed, by washing the nerve in O 2 ‐free Ringer's solution. Therefore, in this system extracellular K + accumulation was not a significant factor in blocking impulse conduction. At the time of complete nerve block resulting from anoxia (90 min at rest), ATP, P‐creatine and glucose were 30, 10 and 10 per cent, respectively, of initial levels. Glycogen did not fall below 42 per cent of control levels even after 5 h of anoxia. Changes in the levels of energy reserves during anoxia were used to calculate the metabolic rate of nerves at rest and during stimulation. In one series of experiments, the resting metabolic rate was 0·12 mequiv. of ‘high‐energy phosphate’ (∼P)/kg/min. Stimulation increased the metabolic rate to 0·22 mequiv. of ∼P/kg/min at 30 Hz and to 0·29 mequiv. of ∼P/kg/min at 100 Hz. The change in metabolic rate when the nerve passed from the resting to the stimulated state was quite abrupt, an observation suggesting that the slow transition observed with methods monitoring O 2 , consumption was largely instrumental. In nerve stimulated to exhaustion in the absence of O 2 , neither ATP nor P‐creatine had fully recovered within 60 min after O 2 , was readmitted, although the action potential reached supranormal levels 15 min after return to O 2 . The ratio of lactate: pyruvate, which increased as expected during anoxia, paradoxically increased even further after O 2 , was readmitted. The rate of energy utilization during recovery was 0·30 mequiv. of ∼P/kg/min. Nerves stimulated at 100–200 Hz in O 2 , exhibited no changes in levels of P‐creatine, ATP or lactate, an observation implying that the nerve could not be made to use ∼P faster than oxidation of glucose could provide it. This meant that the maximal metabolic rate was not limited by the rate of supply of chemical energy. Instead, the limitation may have arisen as a result of a limited rate at which ionic imbalance can result from stimulation or a limited pump capacity of the axonal membrane. Nerves stimulated at 200 Hz in O 2 for 20 min and then transferred to an O 2 ‐free environment without further stimulation exhibited an increase in the rate of energy utilization (nearly two‐fold) over the resting rate, a finding that suggested a metabolic (ionic?) debt as a result of activity which could not be met even though the energy supply was adequate. Therefore, restriction of energy expenditure by a limiting pumping rate seemed to be the most likely explanation. The resting metabolic rate of frog sciatic nerve was only one‐quarter to one‐third of the rate for rat sciatic nerve, when compared at the same temperature (25°C).
A phase II study of cisplatin and temozolomide in heavily pre-treated patients with temozolomide-refractory high-grade malignant glioma. (2009)

The combination of temozolomide and cisplatin is safe and moderately effective in the treatment of heavily pre-treated patients with relapsed high-grade glioma refractory to single-agent temozolomide.
Doubly Robust Off-policy Value Evaluation for Reinforcement Learning (2015)

We study the problem of off-policy value evaluation in reinforcement learning (RL), where one aims to estimate the value of a new policy based on data collected by a different policy. This problem is often a critical step when applying RL in real-world problems. Despite its importance, existing general methods either have uncontrolled bias or suffer high variance. In this work, we extend the doubly robust estimator for bandits to sequential decision-making problems, which gets the best of both worlds: it is guaranteed to be unbiased and can have a much lower variance than the popular importance sampling estimators. We demonstrate the estimator's accuracy in several benchmark problems, and illustrate its use as a subroutine in safe policy improvement. We also provide theoretical results on the hardness of the problem, and show that our estimator can match the lower bound in certain scenarios.
Highly Enantioselective Phenylacetylene Addition to Aromatic Ketones Catalyzed by Cinchona Alkaloid—Aluminum Complexes. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The South African take on the America–British–Canadian Fellowship (2019)

It was a great privilege to experience the American-British-Canadian (ABC) Fellowship during the 2018 tour through North America. The following passages will introduce the fellowship and its history, and provide feedback relevant to orthopaedic practice in South Africa.
Woofy Baritones and Tinny Tenors (1996)

This chapter considers the baritone in relation to the tenor. A baritone presents himself in competition with one of the standard arias from the Operatic Anthology, emitting a cavernous, sepulchral timbre. A competing tenor produces a twangy, metallic sound that seems to amalgamate the properties of brass and tin through a catalyst of nasality. One commonly encountered viewpoint is that in order to comply with the aesthetics that determine vocal coloration in each Fach (category), the basic function of the instrument must be altered. In such pedagogical orientations, tenors use one technique of singing and baritones another, as do sopranos and mezzos. Woofy baritones, tinny tenors, strident sopranos, and bovine mezzos can never replace healthy voices that sound like baritones, tenors, sopranos and mezzos because their instruments work efficiently, and therefore freely.
Coordination Chemistry and Reactivity of Monomeric Alkoxides and Amides of Magnesium and Zinc Supported by the Diiminato Ligand CH(CMeNC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>-2,6-<sup>i</sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. A Comparative Study (2002)

The preparation and characterization of a series of closely related magnesium and zinc compounds are reported: LMg(N(i)Pr(2))(THF), 1; LZn(N(i)Pr(2)), 2; LMg(O(t)Bu)(THF), 3; LZn(O(t)Bu), 4; and LZn(OSiPh(3))(THF), 6; where L = CH(CMeNC(6)H(3)-2,6-(i)Pr(2))(2). Their dynamic solution behavior has been examined by variable-temperature NMR studies and reveals that THF reversibly dissociates in toluene-d(8) or CD(2)Cl(2) and that exchange with free THF occurs by a dissociative process. Compounds 1-4 and 6 all initiate and subsequently sustain ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactides. For a related series of compounds LMX(THF)(n)(), where n = 1 or 0, the rate of initial ring-opening follows the order M = Mg > Zn and X = O(t)Bu > N(i)Pr(2) > NSi(2)Me(6) > OSiPh(3). In THF at 25 degrees C, compounds 3 and 4 polymerize 100 equiv of rac-lactide to >95% conversion in 5 and 80 min for M = Mg and Zn, respectively, and yield ca. 90% heterotactic PLA, (isi + sis tetrads). The reactions proceed faster in methylene chloride, but for M = Mg, a Bernoulian distribution of tetrads is formed from rac-lactide (3iii:2isi:sii:sis:iis) prior to trans-esterification. Polymerization of L-LA in toluene-d(8) and THF-d(8) by 3 and 4 have been studied by VT (1)H NMR spectroscopy: the resting state for zinc is proposed to be a monomeric species akin to LZn(eta(2)-OCHMeC(O)OMe), whereas the magnesium complex appears to be dimeric LMg(mu-OP)(2)MgL. None of the compounds is capable of initiating homopolymerization of propylene oxide (PO) or cyclohexene oxide (CHO), although the magnesium amide 1 effects ring-opening by allylic proton abstraction and the dimeric compound [LMg(mu-OC(6)H(9))](2), 7, is formed. Reactions with carbon dioxide are also described, along with the characterization of LZnO(2)CN(i)Pr(2), 8, which is shown to be inert with respect to CHO and PO at room temperature. All the compounds are hydrolytically sensitive, and LZn(mu-OH)(2)ZnL, 5, has been isolated from hydrolysis of compound 4. The crystal and molecular structures are reported for compounds 1-5, 7, and 8. These results are compared with those recently reported by Coates et al.
Individualizing user profile from viewing logs of several people for TV program recommendation (2015)

Recommendation services for e-commerce and content distribution sites are increasing in popularity. An individual is identified by a login certification, and then information pertaining to their interests and preferences are collected. Finally, the recommendation service recommends items to the user based on the information gathered. Recommendation services are not as popular for recommending television programs as they are for Web-based services. The primary reason for this discrepancy is that it is difficult to identify an individual sitting in front of a television, which is usually shared by several members of a family. Viewers generally do not want to perform additional operations on the remote control for login authentication rendering it impossible to create a user profile that contains personal interests and preferences. Therefore, in this study, we propose a technique to individualize a user profile from the combined viewing logs of several television viewers.
(Invited) Mo-gate MOS Metallization System (1979)

Process technologies for Mo-gate, including evaporation and annealing apparatus, a fine pattern etching method and methods to decrease surface states and mobile charges, were studied. Non-oxidizing annealing apparatus, composed of multi-nozzle tube and shield-plate boat, was developed. A new two step etching method, in which Mo was oxidized and the oxidized Mo was etched off, was developed. Surface state density Nss in an Mo-gate MOS structure was reduced to 2×1010/cm2 eV by decreasing substrate temperature during deposition (less than 200°C) and by introducing annealing at 1000°C. Mobile charge density Nion in the oxide layer was reduced to 1×1010/cm2 by an Mo evaporation method with a preevaporation step and by washing in H3PO4. Stabilization of the MOS flatband voltage was attained through such treatments. Based upon those investigations, a fabrication process of a memory device was designed. A high speed 16 K-bit Mo-gate MOS RAM of 65 ns access time was made.
Practical beamforming based on RSSI measurements using off-the-shelf wireless clients (2009)

WLANs have become an important last-mile technology for providing internet access within homes and enterprises. In such indoor deployments, the wireless channel suffers from significant multipath scattering and fading that degrades performance. Beamforming is a smart antenna technology that adjusts the transmissions at the transmitter to reenforce the signals received through multiple paths at the receiver.