gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of an Asynchronous Teleconsultation System for Diagnosis of Skin Cancer and Other Skin Diseases (2000)

We wished to assess both diagnostic accuracy and concordance among dermatologists when evaluating digital images of skin disease presented using a low-cost asynchronous (store-and-forward) format. Each of eight board-certified dermatologists reviewed 50 clinical cases presented in digital format on a 15-inch computer monitor. For each case, the teleconsultants made a primary diagnosis and differential diagnosis and indicated whether or not a biopsy should be performed both before and after reviewing a brief history of each case. Diagnostic accuracy was calculated for each teleconsultant on the basis of biopsy, culture, or wet mount results. Concordance was determined by comparing primary and differential diagnoses made by the teleconsultants on all 50 cases with those made by the dermatologists who originally examined the patients in person. For eight skin cancers, the diagnostic accuracy for the inperson dermatologist was 88% versus 90% (range, 75-100%) for the teleconsultants. For the 25 cases (including the 8 skin cancers) confirmed by either biopsy (20), culture (1), or wet mount (4), the in-person accuracy was 84% compared to 73% (range, 65-88%) for the teleconsultants. The concordance between the in-person and teleconsultant diagnoses were in agreement 77% of the time (90% if differential diagnoses were included). After evaluating the accompanying history, teleconsultants changed their primary diagnosis in 11% of the cases (range, 2-22%). Biopsy rates were not significantly different between teleconsultants (45%) and in-person dermatologists (40%). An asynchronous software application can provide levels of diagnostic accuracy and concordance equivalent to those reported using live teleconsultation.
Designing to support adversarial collaboration (2000)

We investigate the phenomenon of adversarial collaboration, through field studies of a legal firm. Adversarial collaboration requires that people with opposing goals (adversaries) come to agreement, usually producing a shared product that reflects the interests of the adversarial parties. Adversarial collaboration is characterized by secrecy, advocacy and discovery. To support this activity, software should provide flexible, selective sharing of awareness and access. These requirements contrast with conventional shared resource and awareness systems, which tend to assume cooperative collaboration, characterized by open processes and static membership lists. We illustrate these ideas in a redesign of our PeopleFlow research prototype.
Epitaxial diamond Schottky barrier diode with on/off current ratios in excess of 10/sup 7/ at high temperatures (2002)

Au-Schottky diodes have been fabricated on epitaxially grown diamond films on highly p-doped substrates. The forward characteristics show a low ideality factor and low series resistance. In reverse, a steadily increasing temperature activated excess leakage current is observed. The analysis of this region has lead to a new defect model. These defects can be in part passivated by plasma pretreatment, leading to significantly lower reverse currents and to the highest ever reported on/off current ratios for epitaxial diamond diodes of up to 10/sup 9/ at high temperature.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Per-tone echo cancellation for DMT-based systems (2003)

A new echo cancellation structure for discrete multitone systems is presented, where each used tone has its own per-tone echo canceller in addition to a per-tone equalizer, which provides an alternative to currently employed time domain and time/frequency domain approaches. The per-tone approach enables us to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio for each tone separately by solving a minimum mean-square error problem for each tone, with implicit so-called joint shortening. Complexity during data transmission is compared for time domain, time/frequency domain, and per-tone echo cancellation. Structures with reduced complexity are derived for an interpolated and a decimated rate setup. Finally, simulation results for an asymmetric digital subscriber line setting demonstrate improved performance over time domain (or time/frequency domain) echo cancellation.
Dispersion phenomena in hollow alumina waveguides (1985)

Significant variations in the attenuation characteristics of hollow alumina waveguides (suitable for use in the manufacture of CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> waveguide lasers) have been measured over the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">9-11 \mu</tex> m waveband. Existing waveguide transmission theory has been successfully used to explain the qualitative nature of the observed experimental results by taking into account the effects of dispersion due to active lattice absorption bands in alumina. The suprising conclusion of the work is that the major variations in attenuation are a result of a complete change in the guiding nature of the waveguide at <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\sim 10 \mu</tex> m. At this point, the nature of the waveguide changes from being "leaky" at shorter wavelengths to exhibiting attenuated total internal reflection at longer wavelengths. This results in there being a distinct difference in attenuation characteristics for the two main laser emission bands centered at 9.6 and 10.6 μm, respectively.
Performance Development on Prototype Single-Cylinder Engine: Systematic Combustion System Improvements for Optimum Engine Performance (2004)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In recent years, many four-stroke outboard motors have been developed according to the market demand. But four-stroke outboard motor tends to be heavier and larger than conventional two-stroke one due to its more complex mechanism. The outboard motor is required to be light and compact not to disturb the utility of the boat. In addition, boat load requires higher torque at mid engine speed. In such situation, knocking is one of the obstacles against power density. We tried to improve combustion for high power density on a prototype single cylinder engine using up-to-date analyzing and development technology.</div>
Lyso‐DGTS lipid isolated from microalgae enhances PON1 activities <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>, increases PON1 penetration into macrophages and decreases cellular lipid accumulation (2018)

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an important role in preventing atherosclerosis. The antioxidant effect of HDL is mostly associated with paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity. Increasing PON1 activity using nutrients might improve HDL function and quality and thus, decrease atherosclerotic risk. We previously isolated and identified a novel active compound, lyso-DGTS (C20:5,0) from Nannochloropsis sp. ethanol extract. In the present study, its effect on PON1 activities was examined and the mechanism by which the compound affects PON1 activity was explored. Lyso-DGTS elevated recombinant PON1 (rePON1) lactonase and esterase activities in a dose- and time-responsive manner, and further stabilized and preserved rePON1 lactonase activity. Incubation of lyso-DGTS with human serum for 4 h at 37 °C also increased PON1 lactonase activity in a dose-responsive manner. Using tryptophan-fluorescence-quenching assay, lyso-DGTS was found to interact with rePON1 spontaneously with negative free energy (ΔG = -22.87 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup> at 25 °C). Thermodynamic parameters and molecular modeling calculations showed that the main interaction of lyso-DGTS with the enzyme is through a hydrogen bond with supporting van der Waals interactions. Furthermore, lyso-DGTS significantly increased rePON1 influx into macrophages and prevented lipid accumulation in macrophages stimulated with oxidized low-density lipid dose-dependently. In vivo supplementation of lyso-DGTS to the circulation of mice fed a high-fat diet via osmotic mini-pumps implanted subcutaneously significantly increased serum PON1 lactonase activity and decreased serum glucose concentrations to the level of mice fed a normal diet. Our findings suggest a beneficial effect of lyso-DGTS on increasing PON1 activity and thus, improving HDL quality and atherosclerotic risk factors. © 2018 BioFactors, 44(3):299-310, 2018.
Induced Magnetic Anisotropy of Evaporated Films Formed in a Magnetic Field (1962)

The origin of the induced magnetic anisotropy in evaporated films of pure iron and nickel-iron alloys formed at normal incidence in a magnetic field was investigated. The temperature dependence of the anisotropy Ku, its relations to film thickness, substrate temperature, and substrate material, and the relaxation phenomena of the anisotropy during isothermal annealings with and without a magnetic field were systematically studied. The temperature dependence of Ku is neither explained by the crystal anisotropy nor by shape anisotropy. The observed relations between Ku and film thickness etc. suggest that the stress induced in the interior of the film, rather than the stress of limited parts of the film, is responsible for the anisotropy if the anisotropy due to the atomic pair orientation is not considered. The interior stress may be caused by the structure defects formed during evaporation. The relaxation phenomena of Ku in the alternate isothermal heat treatments reveals that the anisotropy has originated partly from a directional alignment of such imperfections as vacancies, dislocations, and impurities. It is also suggested that magnetostriction may play an important role in this directional alignment.
Alternatively activated macrophages determine repair of the infarcted adult murine heart (2016)

Alternatively activated (also known as M2) macrophages are involved in the repair of various types of organs. However, the contribution of M2 macrophages to cardiac repair after myocardial infarction (MI) remains to be fully characterized. Here, we identified CD206+F4/80+CD11b+ M2-like macrophages in the murine heart and demonstrated that this cell population predominantly increases in the infarct area and exhibits strengthened reparative abilities after MI. We evaluated mice lacking the kinase TRIB1 (Trib1-/-), which exhibit a selective depletion of M2 macrophages after MI. Compared with control animals, Trib1-/- mice had a catastrophic prognosis, with frequent cardiac rupture, as the result of markedly reduced collagen fibril formation in the infarct area due to impaired fibroblast activation. The decreased tissue repair observed in Trib1-/- mice was entirely rescued by an external supply of M2-like macrophages. Furthermore, IL-1α and osteopontin were suggested to be mediators of M2-like macrophage-induced fibroblast activation. In addition, IL-4 administration achieved a targeted increase in the number of M2-like macrophages and enhanced the post-MI prognosis of WT mice, corresponding with amplified fibroblast activation and formation of more supportive fibrous tissues in the infarcts. Together, these data demonstrate that M2-like macrophages critically determine the repair of infarcted adult murine heart by regulating fibroblast activation and suggest that IL-4 is a potential biological drug for treating MI.
Reprogrammable logic array using M-R elements (1990)

A reprogrammable logic array has been designed with features such as rapid infinite reprogrammability with a single power supply, nonvolatile configuration storage, and radiation hardness using magnetoresistive (MR) memories. A prototype layout was made for simulation and analysis. The results indicated that all the above features could be achieved along with an approximately 20-ns delay time in the logic array structure using 2- mu m CMOS. The sense amplifier reliably detected simulated stored bits subjected to all errors and offsets arising from temperature and manufacturing inconsistencies. It was also discovered that the MR memory consumed only 10-15% of the die area.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The information structure of indulgent consensus (2004)

To solve consensus, distributed systems have to be equipped with oracles such as a failure detector, a leader capability, or a random number generator. For each oracle, various consensus algorithms have been devised. Some of these algorithms are indulgent toward their oracle in the sense that they never violate consensus safety, no matter how the underlying oracle behaves. We present a simple and generic indulgent consensus algorithm that can be instantiated with any specific oracle and be as efficient as any ad hoc consensus algorithm initially devised with that oracle in mind. The key to combining genericity and efficiency is to factor out the information structure of indulgent consensus executions within a new distributed abstraction, which we call "Lambda". Interestingly, identifying this information structure also promotes a fine-grained study of the inherent complexity of indulgent consensus. We show that instantiations of our generic algorithm with specific oracles, or combinations of them, match lower bounds on oracle-efficiency, zero-degradation, and one-step-decision. We show, however, that no leader or failure detector-based consensus algorithm can be, at the same time, zero-degrading and configuration-efficient. Moreover, we show that leader-based consensus algorithms that are oracle-efficient are inherently zero-degrading, but some failure detector-based consensus algorithms can be both oracle-efficient and configuration-efficient. These results highlight some of the fundamental trade offs underlying each oracle.
Environmental protection and industrial safety (1995)

Water Raw Materials and Energy Products Production-Integrated Environmental Protection Plant and Process Safety Occupational Health and Safety Transport, Handling, and Storage Waste
Archaeal ubiquity. (1996)

In the seventeenth century, Antoine von Leeuwenhook used a simple microscope to discover that we live within a previously undetected microbial world containing an enormously diverse population of creatures. The late nineteenth and early twentieth century brought advances in microbial culture techniques and in biochemistry, uncovering the roles that microbes play in all aspects of our world, from causing disease to modulating geochemical cycles. In the last 25 years, molecular biology has revealed the complexity and pervasiveness of the microbial world and its importance for understanding the interactions that maintain living systems on the planet. The paper by Preston et al. (1) in this issue of the Proceedings provides a clear illustration of the power of these molecular techniques to describe new biological relationships and to pose important questions about the mechanisms that drive evolution. \n\nThe analysis of ribosomal RNA gene sequences is one molecular approach that has radically altered our view of microbial diversity. Its application can be extended and expedited by the use of PCR. The confluence of these techniques has stimulated the rapid assembly of sequence information from homologues rRNA gene regions derived from virtually all classes of organisms. The data collected thus far support the scheme first presented by Woese et al. (2), which holds that the relationships among organisms can be summarized in the form of a universal phylogenetic tree comprised of one eukaryotic and two prokaryotic domains: the Eucarya, the Bacteria, and the Archaea (Fig. 1).
Comparative genomic analysis of novel conserved peptide upstream open reading frames in Drosophila melanogaster and other dipteran species (2008)

Based on these data, it is clear that Drosophila contain putative CPuORFs at frequencies similar to those found in plants. They are distinguished, however, by the type of mORF they tend to associate with, Drosophila CPuORFs preferentially occurring in transcripts encoding mitochondrial proteins and methyltransferases. This provides a basis for the study of CPuORFs and their putative regulatory role in mitochondrial function and disease.
Cyclosporin A enhances the apoptotic effects of <i>N</i>‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)retinamide in breast cancer cells (2002)

4HPR, an analogue of ATRA, effectively induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines and animal models but is ineffective against advanced human breast tumors. Different compounds, including tamoxifen, are currently being tested to increase 4HPR efficacy in the clinic. Here, we report that cyclosporin A selectively increases the ability of 4HPR, but not ATRA, to induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in ER(+) and ER(-) breast cancer cell lines. Increased apoptosis by the 4HPR and cyclosporin A combination was correlated with increased production of the free radical nitric oxide. Thus, the 4HPR and cyclosporin A combination may potentially be a novel therapeutic modality against breast tumors.
PCR amplification of the 3â² external transcribed and intergenic spacers of the ribosomal DNA repeat unit in three species of<i>Saccharomyces</i> (1993)

Two spacer regions outside the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcriptional unit in three species of Saccharomyces, S. cerevisiae, S. carlsbergensis and S. pastorianus, were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction. These regions were composed of the 3' external transcribed spacer (ETS) and the intergenic spacer (IGS). Primers were developed from sequence alignments and by taking the reverse complement of a previously described sequence. The region amplified spanned base position 3110 on the 26S rRNA to base position 27 on the 5S rRNA of S. cerevisiae. Nine of the twelve strains used in this study exhibited different restriction profiles, showing that the spacers are highly variable between species. The results suggest that PCR fingerprinting of the non-coding spacer regions can be used to distinguish between closely related Saccharomyces species and may have potential in DNA profiling of other yeasts.
Machine Translation: A Knowledge-Based Approach (1992)

From the Publisher:
This is the first book devoted exclusively to knowledge-based machine translation. While most approaches to the machine translation for natural languages seek ways to translate source language texts into target language texts without full understanding of the text, knowledge-based machine translation is based on extracting and representing the meaning of the source text. It is scientifically the most challenging approach to the task of machine translation, and significant progress has been achieved within it in recent years.

The authors introduce the general paradigm of knowledge-based MT, survey major recent developments, compare it with other approaches and present a paradigmatic view of its component processes-natural language analysis, natural language generation, text meaning representation, ontological modeling, etc. Special chapters are devoted to machine-aided translation, speech translation, and challenges and solutions for knowledge representation. Based on these analyses, as well as on a review of general trends in MT, the authors discuss interesting directions for future research and development.

This book will be of interest to researchers and advanced students in machine translation, natural language processing, computational linguistics, artificial intelligence, and even to some philosophers of language and theoretical linguists.
Reactions of [Cp*Ru(H<sub>2</sub>O)(NBD)]<sup>+</sup> with Dihydrogen, Silanes, Olefins, Alkynes, and Allenes (2006)

Formal [2+2+2] addition reactions of the NBD ligand in [Cp*Ru(H2O)(NBD)]BF4 (NBD = norbornadiene) with H2, Ph3SiH, ArCHCCH2, and RC⋮CPh were observed. In contrast, olefins such as styrene and NBD do not undergo similar [2+2+2] addition reactions with [Cp*Ru(H2O)(NBD)]BF4. [Cp*Ru(H2O)(NBD)]BF4 reacts with H2 in benzene to give [Cp*Ru(η6-C6H6)]BF4 and nortricyclene. Similarly, [Cp*Ru(H2O)(NBD)]BF4 reacts with Ph3SiH to give [Cp*Ru(η6-C6H5SiPh2OH)]BF4 and nortricyclene. Treatment of [Cp*Ru(H2O)(NBD)]BF4 with styrene produces [Cp*Ru(η6-C6H5-CHCH-C7H9)]BF4, [Cp*Ru(η6-C6H5-CHCH2)]BF4, C6H5-CHCH−C7H9, and Cp*Ru(η5-C5H4-C9H11). The latter complex is also produced from the reaction of [Cp*Ru(H2O)(NBD)]BF4 with NBD. Treatment of [Cp*Ru(H2O)(NBD)]BF4 with ArCHCCH2 produces [Cp*Ru(η6-Ar-C10H11)]BF4. Reactions of [Cp*Ru(H2O)(NBD)]BF4 with RC⋮CC6H5 (R = Ph, Me) give [Cp*Ru(η6-C6H5-C10H8R)]BF4. The reaction pathways of the coupling reactions have been studied by computational chemistry.
A Gene Involved in Control of Human Cellular Senescence on Human Chromosome 1q (1994)

Normal cells in culture exhibit limited division potential and have been used as a model for cellular senescence. In contrast, tumor-derived or carcinogen- or virus-transformed cells are capable of indefinite division. Fusion of normal human diploid fibroblasts with immortal human cells yielded hybrids having limited life spans, indicating that cellular senescence was dominant. Fusions of various immortal human cell lines with each other led to the identification of four complementation groups for indefinite division. The purpose of this study was to determine whether human chromosome 1 could complement the recessive immortal defect of human cell lines assigned to one of the four complementation groups. Using microcell fusion, we introduced a single normal human chromosome 1 into immortal human cell lines representing the complementation groups and determined that it caused loss of proliferative potential of an osteosarcoma-derived cell line (TE85), a cytomegalovirus-transformed lung fibroblast cell line (CMV-Mj-HEL-1), and a Ki-ras(+)-transformed derivative of TE85 (143B TK-), all of which were assigned to complementation group C. This chromosome 1 caused no change in proliferative potential of cell lines representing the other complementation groups. A derivative of human chromosome 1 that had lost most of the q arm by spontaneous deletion was unable to induce senescence in any of the immortal cell lines. This finding indicates that the q arm of human chromosome 1 carries a gene or set of genes which is altered in the cell lines assigned to complementation group C and is involved in the control of cellular senescence.
How <scp>I</scp> manage sinusoidal obstruction syndrome after haematopoietic cell transplantation (2014)

Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS), also called veno-occlusive disease of the liver, is one of the most relevant complications of endothelial origin that appears early after haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Despite its relatively low incidence and the fact that most cases of SOS resolve spontaneously, the cases that evolve to multi-organ failure (MOF; severe SOS) have a mortality rate higher than 80% and represent one of the major clinical problems after HCT. For this reason, transplantation teams must have a pre-established policy regarding preventive measures in high-risk patients, strict daily control of weight and fluid balance during HCT, homogeneous diagnostic criteria, appropriate complementary studies for a correct differential diagnosis and measures to prevent and manage hepatorenal syndrome; in addition they must also be ready to start early treatment with defibrotide in patients with a possible severe SOS. Due to the lack of definitive evidence to enable the establishment of general recommendations in the management of SOS, this review analyses all of these aspects based on the author's personal experience.