gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Self-Propelled Nanotools (2012)

We describe nanoscale tools in the form of autonomous and remotely guided catalytically self-propelled InGaAs/GaAs/(Cr)Pt tubes. These rolled-up tubes with diameters in the range of 280-600 nm move in hydrogen peroxide solutions with speeds as high as 180 μm s(-1). The effective transfer of chemical energy to translational motion has allowed these tubes to perform useful tasks such as transport of cargo. Furthermore, we observed that, while cylindrically rolled-up tubes move in a straight line, asymmetrically rolled-up tubes move in a corkscrew-like trajectory, allowing these tubes to drill and embed themselves into biomaterials. Our observations suggest that shape and asymmetry can be utilized to direct the motion of catalytic nanotubes and enable mechanized functions at the nanoscale.
Long-term blinded placebo-controlled study of SNT-MC17/idebenone in the dystrophin deficient mdx mouse: cardiac protection and improved exercise performance (2008)

We have identified a novel potential therapeutic strategy for human DMD, as SNT-MC17/idebenone was cardioprotective and improved exercise performance in the dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse. Our data also illustrate that the mdx mouse provides unique opportunities for long-term controlled prehuman therapeutic studies.
Materials Science-based Device Performance Engineering for Metal Gate High-k CMOS (2007)

Advanced CMOS engineering strongly requires materials science-based technology in addition to (rather than) demonstrating exotic non-planar device structures and/or various smart integration techniques. This paper describes typical examples of materials-related device engineering in metal gate/high-k CMOS developments, focusing on basic issues such as EOT scalability with higher-k, an inversion layer mobility degradation mechanism and the V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TH</sub> tuning principle. These considerations will be key to designing high performance CMOS.
Effect of Layer Thickness in Selective Laser Melting on Microstructure of Al/5 wt.%Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>Powder Consolidated Parts (2014)

In situ reaction was activated in the powder mixture of Al/5 wt.%Fe2O3 by using selective laser melting (SLM) to directly fabricate aluminium metal matrix composite parts. The microstructural characteristics of these in situ consolidated parts through SLM were investigated under the influence of thick powder bed, 75 μm layer thickness, and 50 μm layer thickness in various laser powers and scanning speeds. It was found that the layer thickness has a strong influence on microstructural outcome, mainly attributed to its impact on oxygen content of the matrix. Various microstructural features (such as granular, coralline-like, and particulate appearance) were observed depending on the layer thickness, laser power, and scanning speed. This was associated with various material combinations such as pure Al, Al-Fe intermetallics, and Al(-Fe) oxide phases formed after in situ reaction and laser rapid solidification. Uniformly distributed very fine particles could be consolidated in net-shape Al composite parts by using lower layer thickness, higher laser power, and lower scanning speed. The findings contribute to the new development of advanced net-shape manufacture of Al composites by combining SLM and in situ reaction process.
Reduced life span with heart and muscle dysfunction in Drosophila sarcoglycan mutants (2007)

In humans, genetically diverse forms of muscular dystrophy are associated with a disrupted sarcoglycan complex. The sarcoglycan complex resides at the muscle plasma membrane where it associates with dystrophin. There are six known sarcoglycan proteins in mammals whereas there are only three in Drosophila melanogaster. Using imprecise P element excision, we generated three different alleles at the Drosophila delta-sarcoglycan locus. Each of these deletions encompassed progressively larger regions of the delta-sarcoglycan gene. Line 840 contained a large deletion of the delta-sarcoglycan gene, and this line displayed progressive impairment in locomotive ability, reduced heart tube function and a shortened life span. In line 840, deletion of the Drosophila delta-sarcoglycan gene produced disrupted flight muscles with shortened sarcomeres and disorganized M lines. Unlike mammalian muscle where degeneration is coupled with ongoing regeneration, no evidence for regeneration was seen in this Drosophila sarcoglycan mutant. In contrast, line 28 was characterized with a much smaller deletion that affected only a portion of the cytoplasmic region of the delta-sarcoglycan protein and left intact the transmembrane and extracellular domains. Line 28 had a very mild phenotype with near normal life span, intact cardiac function and normal locomotive activity. Together, these data demonstrate the essential nature of the transmembrane and extracellular domains of Drosophila delta-sarcoglycan for normal muscle structure and function.
Practical synthesis of aromatic nitriles via gallium-catalysed electrophilic cyanation of aromatic C–H bonds (2012)

A gallium-catalysed, direct cyanation reaction of aromatic and heteroaromatic C-H bonds with cyanogen bromide was developed as a practical synthetic method for the preparation of aromatic nitriles.
Discrimination of normal and abnormal prothrombin and protein C in plasma using a calcium ion-inhibited monoclonal antibody to a common epitope on several vitamin K-dependent proteins (1989)

Vitamin K deficiency or administration of vitamin K antagonists results in the biosynthesis of abnormal des-gamma-carboxy forms of the vitamin K-dependent proteins. Monoclonal antibody H-11 binds several vitamin K- dependent proteins at a determinant that includes the first two residues of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. Antibody H-11 binds fully carboxylated prothrombin and protein C in the presence of EDTA but binding is inhibited by the divalent metal ions, calcium, magnesium, and manganese. By contrast, des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and protein C bind antibody H-11 the same in the presence of EDTA or calcium ion. Antibody H-11 thus appears to bind a conserved antigenic site containing gamma-carboxyglutamic acid that in the presence of divalent metal ion undergoes a conformational transition. This ability of antibody H-11 to bind des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and protein C in the presence of calcium ion allowed the development of an immunoassay for these proteins in plasma. Prothrombin and protein C from stably anticoagulated individuals receiving warfarin were characterized by their ability to bind antibody H-11 in the presence of calcium ion. Binding of prothrombin and protein C to antibody H-11 in the presence of calcium correlated temporally with warfarin administration. The inability of calcium ion to inhibit binding of antibody H-11 to abnormal prothrombin and protein C in plasma suggests that the circulating forms of both proteins following warfarin administration cannot undergo the metal ion-dependent conformational transition that includes sequence residues 1 through 12.
Photovoltaic maximum power point tracking without current sensor for module integrated converter (2011)

In this paper, a simple maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method for series-connected DC-DC converter module of photovoltaic power conditioning systems (PCS) is proposed. This approach enables maximum power point (MPP) tracking control with the converter's output voltage information instead of calculating solar array power, which significantly simplifies the sensor network by removing current sensor. Furthermore, there is no multiplication process in the P&O algorithm to track the maximum power point because the power calculation is replaced by output voltage sensing. This simple MPPT control strategy can reduce the cost and size, and can be utilized with a low performance / low cost controller. For verification of the proposed control strategy, Zigbee (Xbee-pro) wireless communications and DSP's Series Communications Interface are utilized. Also series-connected hardware prototype with multiple photovoltaic modules was built and tested.
Metabolic effects of the nocturnal rise in cortisol on carbohydrate metabolism in normal humans. (1993)

Glucocorticoid concentrations vary throughout the day. To determine whether an increase in cortisol similar to that present during sleep is of physiologic significance in humans, we studied the disposition of a mixed meal when the nocturnal rise in cortisol was mimicked or prevented using metyrapone plus either a variable or constant hydrocortisone infusion. When glucose concentrations were matched with a glucose infusion, hepatic glucose release (2.6 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.4 nmol/kg per 6 h) was higher (P < 0.05) while glucose disappearance (5.9 +/- 0.3 vs. 7.3 +/- 0.9 mmol/kg per 6 h) and forearm arteriovenous glucose difference (64 +/- 24 vs. 231 +/- 62 mmol/dl per 6 h) were lower (P < 0.05) during the variable than basal infusion. The greater hepatic response during the variable cortisol infusion was mediated (at least in part) by inhibition of insulin and stimulation of glucagon secretion as reflected by lower (P < 0.05) C-peptide (0.29 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.38 +/- 0.04 mmol/liter per 6 h) and higher (P < 0.05) glucagon (42.7 +/- 2.0 vs. 39.3 +/- 1.8 ng/ml per 6 h) concentrations. In contrast, the decreased rates of glucose uptake appeared to result from a state of "physiologic" insulin resistance. The variable cortisol infusion also increased (P < 0.05) postprandial palmitate appearance as well as palmitate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and alanine concentrations, suggesting stimulation of lipolysis, ketogenesis, and proteolysis. We conclude that the circadian variation in cortisol concentration is of physiologic significance in normal humans.
Fictionalism and non-descriptive cognitivism (2011)

It is one thing to show a man that he is in an error, and another to put him in possession of truth.(John Locke [1690] 1975: bk IV, ch. 7, §11)
Binding modules alter the activity of chimeric cellulases: Effects of biomass pretreatment and enzyme source (2010)

Improving the catalytic activity of cellulases requires screening variants against solid substrates. Expressing cellulases in microbial hosts is time-consuming, can be cellulase specific, and often leads to inactive forms and/or low yields. These limitations have been obstacles for improving cellulases in a high-throughput manner. We have developed a cell-free expression system and used it to express 54 chimeric bacterial and archaeal endoglucanases (EGs), with and without cellulose binding modules (CBMs) at either the N- or C-terminus, in active enzyme yields of 100-350 µg/mL. The platform was employed to systematically study the role of CBMs in cellulose hydrolysis toward a variety of natural and pretreated solid substrates, including ionic-liquid pretreated Miscanthus and AFEX-pretreated corn stover. Adding a CBM generally increased activity against crystalline Avicel, whereas for pretreated substrates the effect of CBM addition depended on the source of cellulase. The cell-free expression platform can thus provide insights into cellulase structure-function relationships for any substrate, and constitutes a powerful discovery tool for evaluating or engineering cellulolytic enzymes for biofuels production.
Tissue engineering for the management of chronic wounds: current concepts and future perspectives (2012)

Chronic wounds constitute a significant and growing biomedical burden. With the increasing growth of populations prone to dysfunctional wound healing, there is an urgent and unmet need for novel strategies to both prevent and treat these complications. Tissue engineering offers the potential to create functional skin, and the synergistic efforts of biomedical engineers, material scientists, and molecular and cell biologists have yielded promising therapies for non-healing wounds. However, traditional paradigms for wound healing focus largely on the role of inflammatory cells and fail to incorporate more recent research highlighting the importance of stem cells and matrix dynamics in skin repair. Approaches to chronic wound healing centred on inflammation alone are inadequate to guide the development of regenerative medicine-based technologies. As the molecular pathways and biologic defects underlying non-healing wounds are further elucidated, multifaceted bioengineering systems must advance in parallel to exploit this knowledge. In this viewpoint essay, we highlight the current concepts in tissue engineering for chronic wounds and speculate on areas for future research in this increasingly interdisciplinary field.
Identification of human germinal center light and dark zone cells and their relationship to human B-cell lymphomas (2012)

Germinal centers (GCs) are sites of B-cell clonal expansion, hypermutation, and selection. GCs are polarized into dark (DZ) and light zones (LZ), a distinction that is of key importance to GC selection. However, the difference between the B cells in each of these zones in humans remains unclear. We show that, as in mice, CXCR4 and CD83 can be used to distinguish human LZ and DZ cells. Using these markers, we show that LZ and DZ cells in mice and humans differ only in the expression of characteristic "activation" and "proliferation" programs, suggesting that these populations represent alternating states of a single-cell type rather than distinct differentiation stages. In addition, LZ/DZ transcriptional profiling shows that, with the exception of "molecular" Burkitt lymphomas, nearly all human B-cell malignancies closely resemble LZ cells, which has important implications for our understanding of the molecular programs of lymphomagenesis.
Comparative antiproliferative activity in vitro of natural interferons alpha and beta for diploid and transformed human cells. (1982)

The relative antiproliferative activity of natural interferons alpha and beta was compared in 43 in vitro assays of 25 human cell lines or strains. After 120 hr of continuous exposure to 100 units/ml, interferon beta produced greater than 20% growth inhibition in 22 cells (88%), and interferon alpha produced 20% growth inhibition in 9 cells (36%). Only Daudi (Burkitt's lymphoma) cells were consistently more inhibited by interferon alpha. In the other 24 human cells, the effect of interferon beta was greater or equal to interferon alpha. Although no tissue specificity for interferon beta was evident, interferon alpha generally had greater antiproliferative effects in cells of hematopoietic origin. The effect of interferon alpha was usually established by 72 hr with little further growth inhibition at 120 hr. Conversely, interferon beta often had a greater antiproliferative effect at 120 than at 72 hr. These findings support the hypothesis that various interferons may differ in their biological, cell-regulatory, and clinical effects.
TAKE THE FIRST STEP TO AUTHORSHIP (2010)

THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF GASTROENTEROLOGY NURSES AND ASSOCIATES, INC. AND THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF GASTROENTEROLOGY NURSES AND ASSOCIATES DEDICATED TO THE SAFE AND EFFECTIVE PRACTICE OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND ENDOSCOPY NURSING
Population, Acid−Base, and Redox Properties of<i>N</i>-Acetylcysteine Conformers (2000)

Rotamers of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, the most popular mucolytic drug) are characterized in terms of populations, site- and conformer-specific acid-base properties, reducing strength, and molecular pharmacology. A new, general relationship between the bulk- and rotamer-specific basicities is introduced. NAC at high pH predominantly exists in a trans thiolate-carboxylate rotameric form, whereas protonation promotes the occurrence of intramolecular hydrogen bond-forming isomers. Distribution curves of the rotamers are depicted as a function of pH. Rotamer-dependent thiolate basicities differ by up to 0.5 log k units. Carboxylate basicities show slight conformation-dependence only. The membrane-penetrating capabilities from various compartments of the body are assessed on the basis of the pH-dependent charge of the molecule. The thiol-disulfide half-cell potential is calculated, using the correlation between the thiolate basicity and oxidizability. The oxidation-reduction properties of NAC are compared to those of other biological thiols in their definite microscopic forms. The pharmacokinetic behavior is interpreted in terms of the physicochemical parameters, providing molecular/submolecular explanation for several therapeutic properties of NAC.
Implementation of a low delay modified CELP coder at 4.8 kb/s (2002)

This paper presents a low delay high quality speech coder at low bit rates. The configuration of the speech coder is mainly composed of a formant filter, a pitch codebook, an excitation joint codebook, and post enhancement filters. The algorithm of the speech coder is briefly described. Two versions of the speech coder have been implemented in real-time with a single: ADSP-21020 chip. Both objective measurement and informal subjective listening tests show that the proposed speech coder has high quality performance.
Accelerating Rate Calorimetry Study on the Thermal Stability of Lithium Intercalated Graphite in Electrolyte. I. Experimental (1999)

An accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) was used to measure the thermal stability of a lithiated mesocarbon microbead (MCMB) material in electrolyte under adiabatic conditions. Measurements were carried out to determine the effects of the lithium content and surface area of the electrode as well as the effects of the electrolyte type and the initial heating temperature on thermal stability. MCMB electrodes with both high and low surface area were reacted electrochemically to three compositions: , , and in ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate (EC:DEC) (33:67) electrolyte. The low‐surface‐area MCMB samples were also lithiated in EC:DEC (50:50) and EC:DEC (50:50) electrolytes The results showed that self‐heating of the MCMB samples depends on (i) the initial lithium content of the material; (ii) the electrolyte used; (iii) the surface area, and (iv) the initial heating temperature of the sample. Measurable self‐heating in the EC:DEC (33:67) samples was detected at 80°C, at 70°C for MCMB in EC:DEC (1:1), and at 50°C for MCMB in EC:DEC (1:1). The initial self‐heating rate for samples containing EC:DEC (33:67) electrolyte could be fit by an Arrhenius relation with an activation energy of 1.4 eV. The initial form of the self‐heating rate profile was a result of the conversion of metastable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) components to stable SEI components. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
FGF-1 induces ATP release from spinal astrocytes in culture and opens pannexin and connexin hemichannels (2010)

Spinal astrocytes are coupled by connexin (Cx) gap junctions and express pannexin 1 (Px1) and purinergic receptors. Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1), which is released in spinal cord injury, activated spinal astrocytes in culture, induced secretion of ATP, and permeabilized them to relatively large fluorescent tracers [ethidium (Etd) and lucifer yellow (LY)] through "hemichannels" (HCs). HCs can be formed by connexins or pannexins; they can open to extracellular space or can form gap junction (GJ) channels, one HC from each cell. (Pannexins may not form gap junctions in mammalian tissues, but they do in invertebrates). HC types were differentiated pharmacologically and by Px1 knockdown with siRNA and by use of astrocytes from Cx43 knockout mice. Permeabilization was reduced by apyrase (APY), an ATPase, and by P2X(7) receptor antagonists, implicating secretion of ATP and autocrine and/or paracrine action. Increased permeability of cells exposed to FGF-1 or ATP for 2 h was mediated largely by Px1 HCs activated by P2X(7) receptors. After a 7-h treatment, the permeability was mediated by both Cx43 and Px1 HCs. FGF-1 also caused reduction in gap junctional communication. Botulinum neurotoxin A, a blocker of vesicular release, reduced permeabilization when given 30 min before FGF-1 application, but not when given 1 h after FGF-1. We infer that ATP is initially released from vesicles and then it mediates continued release by action on P2X(7) receptors and opening of HCs. These changes in HCs and gap junction channels may promote inflammation and deprive neurons of astrocyte-mediated protection in spinal cord trauma and neurodegenerative disease.
The Internal Validity of the Trade‐Off Method of Conjoint Analysis (1989)

ABSTRACT The discovery of consumers' preferences for multiattribute products/services has recently become possible with the development of conjoint measurement techniques. Conjoint analysis uses an individual's preference ranking or rating of some deliberately manipulated constructs of a concept to determine his/her numerically valued preferences for levels of those attributes that comprise the concept. Generally speaking, there are two methods of data collection for conjoint analysis: the full profile and the trade‐off methods. This paper calls into question the internal validity of the preferences obtained via the trade‐off method. An empirical analysis, which is based on the subjects' preferences for selecting a hospital, clearly shows that the estimates derived from the trade‐off method may not reflect consumers' true preferences.
Engineering Neural Interfaces for Rehabilitation of Lower Limb Function in Spinal Cord Injured (2008)

Recent progress in neural interface technologies and demonstration of direct cortical control of robotic arm or computer cursor for simple movement has generated high expectation of rapid development of cortically controlled neuroprosthetics to improve motor function in subjects with severe neurological deficits. However, several challenging engineering and biological issues remain to be resolved before a practical system can be developed for patients to receive real benefit. The ability of neural systems to adapt to changes and learn new functions should be taken into consideration in the design and development of neuroprosthetics so that the two systems can cooperatively work together to accommodate continued changes (neural degeneration or functional improvement) in a human user. An intelligent neural interface should be able to activate residual function and facilitate adaptation and learning ability of the neural system. Current efforts in developing wireless and networked neural interfaces and utilizing smart materials and sensors will revolutionize the future design of neuroprosthetics and advance the investigation of brain function. This report reviews two recent projects in activating residual neural functions and investigating brain control of lower limb functions.
Use of the Double-illumination Method with Two Light Sources in Moiré Topography (1988)

Generalizations of the double-illumination method by two light sources in moiré topography are discussed in terms of the three-dimensional analysis of its mathematical basis developed for the following two cases: (a) where, the grating has a light-intensity distribution expressed by a fundamental harmonic wave, and (b) where it has a light-intensity distribution expressed by an arbitrary periodic function with many components. The characteristics of the two cases were studied in comparison with several examples of the moiré patterns observed by the double-illumination method. From the results, it can be concluded that the transmittance of the grating is of the fundamental sine-wave type in the case of the solid-grating type and that the two-source method is significant for obtaining shadow-free moiré patterns from complex surfaces of an object such as a skirt.