gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Serum factors that stimulate fatty acid oxidation: Properties of factors (1986)

Cultured heart muscle cells, but not HeLa cells, oxidize long-chain fatty acids in medium containing dialyzed serum. Addition of chicken serum dialysate (or non-dialized serum) stimulated palmitic acid oxidation by HeLa cells 10 to 20 fold. This serum activity was not eliminated by lipid extraction, ethanol or acid precipitation, alkaline phosphatase treatment, or autoclaving. About 80% was lost after any one of the following treatments: 6N HCl at 110 degrees C for 16 hr, pepsin, Dowex cation exchange at pH 3, or 1N KOH at 100 degrees C for 1 hr. Serum activity was separated into five or more peaks by gel filtration with Sephadex G-10. Each of these peak fractions was further purified by HPLC using a cyanopropyl-bonded resin. Carnitine, which is important for the transport of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for oxidation, also stimulated the oxidation of palmitate. However, these serum factors are not known precursors to carnitine since its immediate precursor 4-n-trimethylaminobutyrate, did not stimulate palmitate oxidation. Total carnitine, including that in acylcarnitine compounds, was approximately 15 microM in the chicken sera to give approximately 0.7 microM in the medium. Based on the fraction of total activity accountable by carnitine and fractional stability to acid, alkali, and pepsin, about 75% of the activity is from non-carnitine compounds. Only one of the factors appears to be carnitine or an acylcarnitine derivative. Several lines of evidence suggest that the other factors are peptide compounds.
Multilingual search strategies (2009)

We explored the search strategies of multilingual searchers, i.e., users who use multiple languages when searching for information. We wanted to understand factors that determine the language multilingual searchers choose to search in, if they switch languages within a search task, and if they encounter challenges when searching in a non-native language. Our results indicate that availability and perceived quality of information were the primary reasons for searching in a non-native language. Language switching within a search only occurred when information could not be found with the original search language. We also observed a language-related use case where the goal was not to find information in a typical sense, but rather to check for correct phrases in the non-native language using search engines. Our research highlights several areas of future work for further understanding the multilingual search process.
Effects of nitrogen oxides and denitrification by Pseudomonas stutzeri on acetotrophic methanogenesis by Methanosarcina mazei (1998)

Nitrate and its reduced forms produced during denitrification, nitrite and nitrous oxide, were studied for their influence on methane production from acetate by <it>Methanosarcina mazei</it>. While 0.18 mM nitrite and 0.8% nitrous oxide in the gas phase completely suppressed methane production, 71.4 mM nitrate resulted in only 83.3% inhibition. Co-culture experiments showed that <it>M. mazei</it> growing with 15 mM nitrate produced methane from acetate until the denitrifying bacterium <it>Pseudomonas stutzeri</it> was inoculated and nitrate denitrification began. The presence of nitrous oxide in the gas phase after cessation of denitrification activity by <it>P. stutzeri</it> in co-cultures flasks prevented <it>M. mazei</it> resuming methane production. Nitrous oxide, instead of dinitrogen, was the end product of denitrification by <it>P. stutzeri</it> either in pure cultures or in co-cultures with <it>M. mazei</it>, probably because of the highly reduced culture conditions that were used. This study strongly suggests that acetate-dependent methane production by <it>M. mazei</it> was inhibited by reduced nitrogen forms produced during bacterial nitrate denitrification, rather than by competition for acetate between denitrifying and methanogenic bacteria. These results are consistent with previous studies with H<inf>2</inf>/CO<inf>2</inf> methanogens.
High-efficiency server design (2011)

Large-scale data centers consume megawatts in power and cost hundreds of millions of dollars to equip. Reducing the energy and cost footprint of servers can therefore have substantial impact. Web, Grid, and cloud servers in particular can be hard to optimize, since they are expected to operate under a wide range of workloads. For our upcoming data center, we set out to significantly improve its power efficiency, cost, reliability, serviceability, and environmental footprint. To this end, we redesigned many dimensions of the data center and servers in conjunction. This paper focuses on our new server design, combining aspects of power, motherboard, thermal, and mechanical design. We calculate and confirm experimentally that our custom-designed servers can reduce power consumption across the entire load spectrum while at the same time lower acquisition and maintenance costs. Importantly, our design does not reduce the servers' performance or portability, which would otherwise limit its applicability.
Portable anaesthetic apparatus designed to induce and maintain surgical anaesthesia by methoxyflurane inhalation in the Mongolian gerbil (<i>Meriones unguiculatus</i>) (1981)

Over 100 operations have been performed with the machine and postoperative recovery was 100%.
The future of optics in supercomputers (2013)

In the past decade rack-to-rack cables in the worlds largest computers have gone from being all electrical to all optical. The optimal strategy for tomorrow's supercomputers will be to exploit those technologies, such as optics, which continue to evolve. Several factors drive the spread of optics within the supercomputer. First, the supercomputer's network doesn't scale well, meaning that for constant optical bandwidth per node, the network's all-to-all bandwidth drops as the number of network nodes increases. Next, until we can integrate high speed optics right into the processor chips, bandwidth off the processor will be limited by the number of I/O cells. Since it will be hard to drastically increase the number of I/O cells on a chip of fixed size, we will have to run I/O cells faster, leading to the maximal electrical channel length becoming shorter, and leading to more I/O channels being converter to optics. This greater demand for optics in the system will be tempered by cost. Cost improvement in optics will not, however, come only from improvements in optics technology. It will also be determined by the evolution of optical standards and optical packaging. Optical packaging will evolve from the separable electrical-optical-electrical cable, to the active optical cable, to the all-optical router/switch chip, to the ultimate goal of making the optical connection at the processor chip. Many a supercomputer system is designed around the network and the connectors, and a 1st-level module to waveguide connector, coupled with an optical connector at the tailstock, should be the most effective combination for improving network performance of future systems.
Laser amplifier development for IPDA Lidar measurements of CO<sub>2</sub>from space (2015)

Accurate global measurements of tropospheric CO<sub>2</sub> mixing ratios are needed to better understand the global carbon cycle and the CO<sub>2</sub> exchange between land, oceans and atmosphere. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is developing a pulsed lidar approach for an integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar as a candidate for the NASA’s planned ASCENDS mission to allow global measurements of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> column densities from space. Our group has developed and demonstrated an airborne IPDA lidar for this purpose. It uses two tunable pulsed laser transmitters allowing simultaneous measurement of a single CO<sub>2</sub> absorption line in the 1570 nm band, absorption of an O<sub>2</sub> line pair in the oxygen A-band (765 nm), and atmospheric backscatter profiles in the same path. In the airborne lidar, both lasers are pulsed at 10 kHz, and the two absorption line regions are sampled at typically a 300 Hz rate. A space version of this lidar must have a much larger laser power-telescope area product to compensate for the signal losses in the ~40x longer range. An analysis of signal to noise ratios indicated that for a 400 km orbit, a 1.5 m diameter telescope and a 10 second integration time, that 1.5 to 2 mJ laser energy is required to attain the needed measurement precision. To meet the laser energy requirements we have pursued two parallel power-scaling approaches for the space laser. These include a single-amplifier approach consists of a multi-pass Er:Yb:Phosphate glass based planar waveguide amplifier (PWA) and a parallel amplifier approach using multiple (typically 8) large mode area (LMA) fiber amplifiers. In this paper we summarize the laser amplifier design approaches and preliminary results.
Cylindrospermopsin: A Decade of Progress on Bioaccumulation Research (2010)

Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is rapidly being recognised as one of the most globally important of the freshwater algal toxins. The ever-expanding distribution of CYN producers into temperate zones is heightening concern that this toxin will represent serious human, as well as environmental, health risks across many countries. Since 1999, a number of studies have demonstrated the ability for CYN to bioaccumulate in freshwater organisms. This paper synthesizes the most current information on CYN accumulation, including notes on the global distribution of CYN producers, and a précis of CYN's ecological and human effects. Studies on the bioaccumulation of CYN are systematically reviewed, together with an analysis of patterns of accumulation. A discussion on the factors influencing bioaccumulation rates and potential is also provided, along with notes on detection, monitoring and risk assessments. Finally, key gaps in the existing research are identified for future study.
A Variable-Radius/Length Engine (1992)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper presents the characteristics of a Variable- Radius/Length engine (V-R/L engine) which has an eccentric on the connecting rod big end. This is intended to improve the power output of short-stroke multi-valve engines. The V-R/L engine makes it possible to improve power output through high volumetric efficiency and to delay the ignition timing for best torque (MBT) through refined combustion-chamber shape. However, more improvements are required to apply the mechanism to high-speed engines because of increased friction losses.</div>
Unique morphologies of boron nitride nanotubes (2001)

Unusual morphological features of boron nitride nanotubes produced via metal–oxide-promoted high-temperature syntheses from carbon nanotubes, boron oxide, and nitrogen were observed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The tubes normally displayed open ends and preferentially two or four tubular layers as revealed by statistical analysis of 600 nanotubes. In addition, the total amount of tubes with even number of shells (61% occurrence) markedly prevailed over that with odd number of shells (39%). All three characteristics are exceptional for BN compared to other layered materials which may be assembled in tubules.
Biological Molecules and Macromolecules: Protected Niches (2010)

Some of the most interesting questions about past human behavior can, in theory, be addressed by analyzing preserved biologically produced molecules. These biogenic molecules may contain information on absolute age based on their radiocarbon contents, genetic development using ancient DNA, migration patterns, weaning and diet using stable isotopes, and more (Chapter 2). In most environments, biological macromolecules are, however, not preserved, as exposed uncharred organic matter is efficiently and rapidly degraded, mainly by microorganisms. There are special environments, such as in frozen ice and very dry deserts, where organic materials are relatively well preserved, mainly because of the lack of biological activity (Chapter 3). Much can be learned about past human behavior from biomolecules preserved under these unusual conditions. Using only these “exotic” sources of materials, however, makes it very difficult to apply a systematic and regional approach to solving problems using biogenic molecules. For such systematic studies, we ideally need to be able to analyze biological molecules from many sites and/or many locations within a site, even when most of the organic matter has been degraded.
c-rel activates but v-rel suppresses transcription from kappa B sites. (1991)

We show that the product of the protooncogene c-rel is a constituent of an NF-kappa B-like complex that binds to the kappa B site originally identified in the enhancer of immunoglobulin kappa light chain gene. c-rel protein synthesized in bacteria binds to the kappa B site in a sequence-specific manner. The rel-kappa B complex can be disrupted by incubation with anti-rel antibodies. The rel protein can form oligomers. The c-rel protein can activate transcription from promoters containing kappa B sites; v-rel, on the other hand, suppresses the transcription of genes linked to kappa B sites. Thus, v-rel may interfere with the normal transcriptional machinery of the cell by acting as a dominant negative mutant.
Core sequence of ATP regulatory module in receptor guanylate cyclases (1993)

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)-activated guanylate cyclases are single-chain transmembrane-spanning proteins, containing both ligand binding and catalytic activities. In both proteins, ligand binding to the extracellular receptor domain activates the cytosolic catalytic domain, generating the second messenger cyclic GMP. Studies with ANF receptor guanylate cyclase (ANF-RGC) have indicated that obligatory in this activation process is an ATP-dependent step. ATP directly binds to the cyclase and bridges the events of ligand binding and signal transduction. A defined ATP-regulated module (ARM) sequence (Gly503-Arg-Gly-Ser-Asn-Tyr-Gly509) in the cyclase is critical in the ATP-mediated event. Through genetic remodeling techniques, we have now identified the core ARM sequence that is essential in both ANF and CNP signaling. This sequence is Gly-Xa-Xa-Xa-Gly, represented by Gly505-Ser-Asn-Tyr-Gly509 in the case of ANF-RGC ARM and by Gly499-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Gly503 in the CNP receptor guanylate cyclase ARM.
A Review on Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) for Medicinal Products (2014)

Good manufacturing practices (GMP) is a part of quality assurance which ensures that products are consistently produced and controlled to the quality standards appropriate to their intended use and as required by the marketing authorization. GMP guidelines provide minimum requirements for pharmaceutical or a food product manufacturer must meet to assure that the products are of high quality and do not pose any risk to the consumer or public.
The New Biology of Diabetic Kidney Disease—Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications (2019)

Diabetic kidney disease remains the most common cause of end-stage kidney disease in the world. Despite reductions in incidence rates of myocardial infarction and stroke in people with diabetes over the past 3 decades, the risk of diabetic kidney disease has remained unchanged, and may even be increasing in younger individuals afflicted with this disease. Accordingly, changes in public health policy have to be implemented to address the root causes of diabetic kidney disease, including the rise of obesity and diabetes, in addition to the use of safe and effective pharmacological agents to prevent cardiorenal complications in people with diabetes. The aim of this article is to review the mechanisms of pathogenesis and therapies that are either in clinical practice or that are emerging in clinical development programs for potential use to treat diabetic kidney disease.
An Overview of the Zinc Subsea Tree and Wellhead System (1993)

Abstract Although deep water drilling systems and methods are already fairly welldeveloped as a result of exploration in deep water, as yet there is relativelylittle industry experience with deep water completions. The technical andeconomic challenges of deep water production systems are even greater whenmulti-well systems are involved. Challenging too is the need to keep initial and subsequent costs as low aspossible. To this end it is beneficial to use proven technology where possible, as both initial design and fabrication costs are lower, and long-term costs areminimized due to greater reliability. The potential for avoiding high-costpost-installation interventions is further enhanced by building contingenciesinto the configuration of the equipment. These contingencies may includeredundant components, additional components specifically included to facilitatelow-cost intervention methods, and well thought-out arrangements of primarycomponents which allow for intervention flexibility. Where possible, theequipment design and configuration should be compatible with equipment andmethods that may reasonably be available within the design life of theproject. The intent of this paper is to shed some light on the specifics of how thesechallenges were addressed in the design of the tree and wellhead system for theZinc Project. The Zinc Prospect The Zinc Prospect (MC-354) is located approximately 50 miles South of GrandIsle, Louisiana. The prospect lies beneath 1,460' of water in an old bed of theMississippi River. Though the seabed is relatively flat, the soil is veryunconsolidated to a depth of approximately 2,000', Numerous drilling problemswith discovery and delineation wells were encountered due to these soft soils. The Zinc reservoirs are expected to produce gas, some condensate, and varyingamounts of water. The use of methanol injection at various points is plannedfor hydrate prevention. The reservoirs are normally pressured. The platformwhich will serve to host the Zinc subsea system sits atop a subsea knoll in468' of water some six miles from the Zinc site.
Riemannian Distances for Signal Classification by Power Spectral Density (2013)

Signal classification is an important issue in many branches of science and engineering. In signal classification, a feature of the signals is often selected for similarity comparison. A distance metric must then be established to measure the dissimilarities between different signal features. Due to the natural characteristics of dynamic systems, the power spectral density (PSD) of a signal is often used as a feature to facilitate classification. We reason in this paper that PSD matrices have structural constraints and that they describe a manifold in the signal space. Thus, instead of the widely used Euclidean distance (ED), a more appropriate measure is the Riemannian distance (RD) on the manifold. Here, we develop closed-form expressions of the RD between two PSD matrices on the manifold and study some of the properties. We further show how an optimum weighting matrix can be developed for the application of RD to signal classification. These new distance measures are then applied to the classification of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals for the determination of sleep states and the results are highly encouraging.
Chemical amplification of resist lines: a novel sub-half-micron bilayer resist tehnique for NUV and deep-UV lithography (1990)

The Chemical Amplification ofResist Lines (CARL) and its practicability in a bilayer/O2RIE processing scheme (Si-CARL) is described. Novel anhydride-containing resins and photoactive compounds of the diazonaphthoquinone type are used in top resists with sub-halfmicron resolution capability in both NUV and KrF excimer laser lithography. The silylating treatment of alkaline developed, positive tone top resist patterns with aqueous solutions of bisaminoalkyl-oligodimethylsiloxanes can be performed on standard puddle development tracks at room temperature. A concomitant linewidth increase is used to reduce dimensions of resist openings, e.g. trenches or contact holes, with good process control. Equal lines and spaces were achieved by treatment of slightly overexposedtopresist patterns. Modified top resistpatterns are transferred intothe underlying 1 .3 -1.8 j.tm thick planarizing layer without linewidth variationtogive steepprofiles and high aspect ratios. Thus, 0.3 tm resolution is obtained with KrF excimer laser exposure (0.35 NA). The attained resolution of 0.3 tm features with g-line exposure (0.55 NA) represents ak-factor of 0.38, according to the Rayleigh relation. This paper discusses process and lithographic performance characteristics of the novel Si-CARL process.
Distributed Garbage Collection Algorithms (2006)

This seminar report presents adoptions of uniprocessor garbage collection techniques which are able to operate in a new context: distributed systems. We see that their application to distributed system poses new problems and that there is currently no algorithm available solving, or even addressing, all of them. The presented algorithms are structured according to their belonging family: reference counting, mark-and-sweep and stopand-copy garbage collectors. Hybrid collectors that simultanously apply different techniques are also presented.
Construction and characterization of bacterial artificial chromosome library of<i>Sorghum bicolor</i> (1994)

The construction of representative large insert DNA libraries is critical for the analysis of complex genomes. The predominant vector system for such work is the yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) system. Despite the success of YACs, many problems have been described including: chimerism, tedious steps in library construction and low yields of YAC insert DNA. Recently a new E.coli based system has been developed, the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) system, which offers many potential advantages over YACs. We tested the BAC system in plants by constructing an ordered 13,440 clone sorghum BAC library. The library has a combined average insert size, from single and double size selections, of 157 kb. Sorghum inserts of up to 315 kb were isolated and shown to be stable when grown for over 100 generations in liquid media. No chimeric clones were detected as determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization of ten BAC clones to metaphase and interphase S.bicolor nuclei. The library was screened with six sorghum probes and three maize probes and all but one sorghum probe hybridized to at least one BAC clone in the library. To facilitate chromosome walking with the BAC system, methods were developed to isolate the proximal ends of restriction fragments inserted into the BAC vector and used to isolate both the left and right ends of six randomly selected BAC clones. These results demonstrate that the S. bicolor BAC library will be useful for several physical mapping and map-based cloning applications not only in sorghum but other related cereal genomes, such as maize. Furthermore, we conclude that the BAC system is suitable for most large genome applications, is more 'user friendly' than the YAC system, and will likely lead to rapid progress in cloning biologically significant genes from plants.