gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of polarisation independent coherent transmission by synchronous intra-bit polarisation spreading (2002)

Polarization-independent heterodyne detection of an FSK (frequency shift keying) signal has been demonstrated by the synchronous intrabit polarization spreading technique, which consists in the switching or proper modulation of the state of polarization of the laser output field inside the bit period. This approach is particularly suitable for distribution networks, as the polarization diversity function is shifted to the transmitter, thus resulting in a simpler and cheaper heterodyne receiver. A transmission experiment, making use of a 1.55 mu m DFB (distributed feedback) laser diode, directly FSK modulated at 155 Mb/s, a properly developed high-speed polarization modulator, and single filter heterodyne detection, has been successfully carried out. The penalty resulting from preliminary bit-error-rate measurements ranges from 4 to 6.5 dB, including the 3 dB intrinsic loss common to all polarization spreading techniques.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ultrastructural changes in cerebral pericytes and astrocytes of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. (1990)

We examined the ultrastructure of cerebral pericytes and astrocytes in 20 normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats and 60 asymptomatic stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats killed at 4-52 weeks of age. Another 30 stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats were killed soon after they showed symptoms of stroke. We found two kinds of pericytes around the capillaries: granular pericytes and filamentous pericytes. Granular pericytes possibly serve as scavenger cells in the central nervous system and became active and grew in size with time. In contrast, filamentous pericytes degenerated during the development of hypertension. Degeneration of the filamentous pericytes was involved in an increase of endothelial permeability. Increased permeability caused focal and then circumferential swelling of the astrocytes around the capillaries. Swelling of the astrocytes seemed to accelerate the production of attachment plaques. Following this increase in the number of attachment plaques, numerous astrocytic filaments were produced within the cytoplasm. As a result, fibrous astrocytes were fully developed. Adjacent to the fibrous astrocytes we detected opening of the interendothelial junctions as well as dead neurons. From these observations we propose that astrocytes perform the main function in trophic interactions among cerebral endothelial cells, astrocytes, and neurons and that dysfunction of astrocytes disturbs the neural environment, resulting in neuronal death.
Photodynamic Coatings on Polymer Microfibers for Pathogen Inactivation: Effects of Application Method and Composition (2020)

A substantial increase in the risk of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) has greatly impacted the global healthcare industry. Harmful pathogens adhere to a variety of surfaces and infect personnel on contact, thereby promoting transmission to new hosts. This is particularly worrisome in the case of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, which constitute a growing threat to human health worldwide and require new preventative routes of disinfection. In this study, we have incorporated different loading levels of a porphyrin photosensitizer capable of generating reactive singlet oxygen in the presence of O<sub>2</sub> and visible light in a water-soluble, photo-cross-linkable polymer coating, which was subsequently deposited on polymer microfibers. Two different application methods are considered, and the morphological and chemical characteristics of these coated fibers are analyzed to detect the presence of the coating and photosensitizer. To discern the efficacy of the fibers against pathogenic bacteria, photodynamic inactivation has been performed on two different bacterial strains, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and antibiotic-resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i>, with population reductions of >99.9999 and 99.6%, respectively, after exposure to visible light for 1 h. In response to the current COVID-19 pandemic, we also confirm that these coated fibers can inactivate a human common cold coronavirus serving as a surrogate for the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Sub-15-nm patterning of asymmetric metal electrodes and devices by adhesion lithography (2014)

Coplanar electrodes formed from asymmetric metals separated on the nanometre length scale are essential elements of nanoscale photonic and electronic devices. Existing fabrication methods typically involve electron-beam lithography--a technique that enables high fidelity patterning but suffers from significant limitations in terms of low throughput, poor scalability to large areas and restrictive choice of substrate and electrode materials. Here, we describe a versatile method for the rapid fabrication of asymmetric nanogap electrodes that exploits the ability of selected self-assembled monolayers to attach conformally to a prepatterned metal layer and thereby weaken adhesion to a subsequently deposited metal film. The method may be carried out under ambient conditions using simple equipment and a minimum of processing steps, enabling the rapid fabrication of nanogap electrodes and optoelectronic devices with aspect ratios in excess of 100,000.
Taking Stock of Federalism in the United States (1941)

Federalism is not the least of interests shared by Canada and the United States. The elements of likeness and unlikeness exist in a balance that makes comparison profitable, although such comparison is allowed to remain implicit in the following survey of trends in the United States. To discuss in Canada the federalism of another country, of course, is to carry to Newcastle the ashes of its own coals, so greatly are all federal systems in debt to the monumental inquiry of the Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations. No similar focus yet enlightens the analysis of federal problems in the United States. The temper of the United States is incorrigibly one of contrivance. The brevity of the constitution leaves it essentially unwritten. Of the obstacles of the formal amending process, of course, it can no longer quite be said, as Frank J. Goodnow put the matter in 1911, that “the constitution of the United States is, on account of the complicated procedure and the large majorities required, very difficult, if not impossible, of amendment under ordinary conditions.” After forty-three years without an amendment, six have been ratified since 1913. But the habit of relying on adjustment by interpretation is deep. The Supreme Court controversy in 1937 would have found the country at a loss to suggest just how it would amend the Constitution if the discussion as a practical matter had taken that turn. Students of government are sometimes irked by the atmosphere that takes for granted the necessity of advance by accommodation; mostly, however, their lives are spent on detailed inquiries that merely deepen the assumption. In recent years the impact of events abroad has challenged them to identify and to reaffirm the fundamentals of popular government. But the effect of these events has been to throw the United States back upon its constitutional tradition. The mood will last, it is admitted, only so long as there is movement and vigour. Never has the constitutional system of the United States been more fluent. Paradoxically, this condition encourages the survival of the old reliance on piecemeal adaptation.
Application of compressed sensing to the simulation of atomic systems (2012)

Compressed sensing is a method that allows a significant reduction in the number of samples required for accurate measurements in many applications in experimental sciences and engineering. In this work, we show that compressed sensing can also be used to speed up numerical simulations. We apply compressed sensing to extract information from the real-time simulation of atomic and molecular systems, including electronic and nuclear dynamics. We find that, compared to the standard discrete Fourier transform approach, for the calculation of vibrational and optical spectra the total propagation time, and hence the computational cost, can be reduced by approximately a factor of five.
Identification of a transcript that is down-regulated in senescent human fibroblasts. Cloning, sequence analysis, and regulation of the human L7 ribosomal protein gene. (1993)

Normal eukaryotic cells divide only a limited number of times before proliferation ceases due to cellular senescence. We previously reported that a constitutively expressed, non-cell cycle-regulated transcript of unknown identity declines severalfold when human fibroblasts become senescent. We show here, from the sequence of cDNA and genomic clones, that this transcript encodes L7, a structural protein of the large ribosomal subunit. The human L7 protein shares > 90% amino acid identity with the mouse and rat L7 proteins but is shorter than either rodent protein due to fewer basic repetitive motifs at the amino terminus. The position of the first intron is conserved between the mouse and human genes. The L7 mRNA was abundant, stable (t1/2 > 10 h), and polyadenylated in presenescent and senescent human fibroblasts; however, steady state mRNA levels were 5-10-fold lower in senescent cells, whether derived from fetal lung or neonatal foreskin. Quiescent and senescent cells synthesized protein at similar rates, yet only senescent cultures showed a decline in L7 mRNA. The mRNAs encoding five other ribosomal proteins (L5, P1, S3, S6, and S10) behaved similarly. The results suggest that the senescence-associated decline in L7 and other ribosomal protein mRNAs is unrelated to growth state or protein synthetic rate per se and support the view that senescence and quiescence are dissimilar states.
Amino Acid Sequence of Short Subfragment-2 from Adult Chicken Gizzard Muscle Myosin (1996)

The complete amino acid sequence of the short subfragment- 2 (short S-2) from adult chicken gizzard muscle has been determined by direct analysis of peptides derived from digests of this portion with cyanogen bromide, lysyl endopeptidase and from hydrolysates of CNBr fragments with dilute formic acid. It contains 323 amino acid residues which span the NH2-terminus of the subfragment-2 (S-2) to the NH2 -terminal portion of the hinge region in S-2. Although, structural differences between embryonic and adult chicken gizzard muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC) have been suggested, comparison of the amino acid sequence of the short S-2 from adult chicken gizzard muscle MHC with that from embryonic chicken gizzard MHC, deduced from its nucleotide sequence of the cDNA, showed that the sequence were identical. The amino acid sequence of the short S-2 from adult chicken gizzard muscle MHC was compared with the corresponding sequence of chicken brain myosin, Drosophila non-muscle myosin, chicken skeletal muscle myosin and chicken cardiac ventricular muscle myosin. The results show relatively higher sequence identities with chicken brain myosin (76.5%) and Drosophila non-muscle myosin (60.0%) and lower identities with chicken skeletal muscle myosin (36.8%) and chicken cardiac ventricular muscle myosin (36.5%).
Effect of Ultrasonic Treatment on the Floatability of Coal and Galena (1989)

Abstract The effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on the floatability of coal and galena is examined. Sonication of coal treated with oxidizing and reducing agents prior to flotation is found to completely restore its hydrophobicity. Flotation of galena by xanthate under incipient collector conditions is improved by using different treatment modes. Sonication in the absence of collector followed by slime removal and conditioning with collector resulted in recoveries several times higher than those in the absence of sonication. A mechanism involving the formation of clean surfaces followed by the occurrence of microbubbles on the hydrophobic solid and the resultant enhancement in bubble-particle attachment is proposed to be responsible for improved recoveries. The results further demonstrate that ultrasonic treatment under appropriate conditions can achieve at least a 50% reduction in collector consumption in the galena/xanthate system.
Substance P: binding properties and studies on cellular responses in guinea pig macrophages. (1986)

The neuropeptide Substance P (SP) has been recognized to modulate functional activities of inflammatory cells. We have previously shown that it mediates macrophage activation. In this study we examined binding characteristics of SP and searched for additional evidence of heightened metabolic activity of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages upon challenge with this peptide. Radioligand studies indicated the existence of a homogeneous class of specific binding sites with high affinity for SP on macrophages. Scatchard analysis yielded an apparent KD of 1.9 +/- 0.4 X 10(-8) M (range: 1.4 to 2.4 X 10(-8) M), which was confirmed by kinetic studies. Binding was dose related, saturable, reversible, and could be inhibited by the SP antagonist (D-Pro2,D-Phe7,D-Trp9)-SP. Examination of peptide structural requirements revealed that both the COOH- and NH2-terminus contribute to receptor-ligand interaction. Other members of the tachykinin group of peptides were devoid of stimulatory action on macrophages. Cellular responses after engagement of the receptor sites by SP included downregulation of the membrane-associated enzyme 5'-nucleotidase and stimulation of synthesis and release of arachidonic acid metabolites, as well as of the lysosomal enzyme ADGase. These actions were specific as evidenced by immunoabsorption experiments. Our findings demonstrate that macrophage activation afforded by SP is effected through a receptor-mediated mechanism. Liberation of proinflammatory and immunomodulating substances in response to SP may be relevant to the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory disease.
A New Function of the Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough [Fe] Hydrogenase in the Protection against Oxidative Stress (2004)

Sulfate-reducing bacteria, like Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough, have developed a set of reactions allowing them to survive in oxic environments and even to reduce molecular oxygen to water. D. vulgaris contains a cytoplasmic superoxide reductase (SOR) and a periplasmic superoxide dismutase (SOD) involved in the elimination of superoxide anions. To assign the function of SOD, the periplasmic [Fe] hydrogenase activity was followed in both wild-type and sod deletant strains. This activity was lower in the strain lacking the SOD than in the wild-type when the cells were exposed to oxygen for a short time. The periplasmic SOD is thus involved in the protection of sensitive iron-sulfur-containing enzyme against superoxide-induced damages. Surprisingly, production of the periplasmic [Fe] hydrogenase was higher in the cells exposed to oxygen than in those kept in anaerobic conditions. A similar increase in the amount of [Fe] hydrogenase was observed when an increase in the redox potential was induced by addition of chromate. Viability of the strain lacking the gene encoding [Fe] hydrogenase after exposure to oxygen for 1 h was lower than that of the wild-type. These data reveal for the first time that production of the periplasmic [Fe] hydrogenase is up-regulated in response to an oxidative stress. A new function of the periplasmic [Fe] hydrogenase in the protective mechanisms of D. vulgaris Hildenborough toward an oxidative stress is proposed.
Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronan Activates Cytosolic Phospholipase A2α and Eicosanoid Production in Monocytes and Macrophages (2013)

Hyaluronan (HA) is the major glycosaminoglycan in the extracellular matrix. During inflammation, there is an increased breakdown of HA, resulting in the accumulation of low molecular weight (LMW) HA and activation of monocytes and macrophages. Eicosanoids, derived from the cytosolic phospholipase A2 group IVA (cPLA2α) activation, are potent lipid mediators also attributed to acute and chronic inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of LMW HA on cPLA2α activation, arachidonic acid (AA) release, and subsequent eicosanoid production and to examine the receptors and downstream mechanisms involved in these processes in monocytes and differently polarized macrophages. LMW HA was a potent stimulant of AA release in a time- and dose-dependent manner, induced cPLA2α, ERK1/2, p38, and JNK phosphorylation, as well as activated COX2 expression and prostaglandin (PG) E2 production in primary human monocytes, murine RAW 264.7, and wild-type bone marrow-derived macrophages. Specific cPLA2α inhibitor blocked HA-induced AA release and PGE2 production in all of these cells. Using CD44, TLR4, TLR2, MYD88, RHAMM or STAB2 siRNA-transfected macrophages and monocytes, we found that AA release, cPLA2α, ERK1/2, p38, and JNK phosphorylation, COX2 expression, and PGE2 production were activated by LMW HA through a TLR4/MYD88 pathway. Likewise, PGE2 production and COX2 expression were blocked in Tlr4(-/-) and Myd88(-/-) mice, but not in Cd44(-/-) mice, after LMW HA stimulation. Moreover, we demonstrated that LMW HA activated the M1 macrophage phenotype with the unique cPLA2α/COX2(high) and COX1/ALOX15/ALOX5/LTA4H(low) gene and PGE2/PGD2/15-HETE(high) and LXA4(low) eicosanoid profile. These findings reveal a novel link between HA-mediated inflammation and lipid metabolism.
CC and CXC Chemokines in Breastmilk are Associated with Mother-to- Child HIV-1 Transmission (2005)

These observations suggest a complex interplay between virus levels, breastmilk chemokines, and mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission and may provide insight into developing novel strategies to reduce infection across mucosal surfaces.
Induction of apoptosis by La Crosse virus infection and role of neuronal differentiation and human bcl-2 expression in its prevention (1996)

La Crosse virus causes a highly cytopathic infection in cultured cells and in the murine central nervous system (CNS), with widespread neuronal destruction. In some viral infections of the CNS, apoptosis, or programmed cell death, has been proposed as a mechanism for cytopathology (Y. Shen and T. E. Shenk, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 5:105-111, 1995). To determine whether apoptosis plays a role in La Crosse virus-induced cell death, we performed experiments with newborn mice and two neural tissue culture models. Newborn mice infected with La Crosse virus showed evidence of apoptosis with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nicked-end labeling (TUNEL) assay and, concomitantly, histopathological suggestion of neuronal dropout. Infection of tissue culture cells also resulted in DNA fragmentation, TUNEL reactivity, and morphological changes in the nuclei characteristic of apoptotic cells. As in one other system (S. Ubol, P. C. Tucker, D. E. Griffin, and J. M. Hardwick, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:5202-5206, 1994), expression of the human proto-oncogene bcl-2 was able to protect one neuronal cell line, N18-RE-105, from undergoing apoptosis after La Crosse virus infection and prolonged the survival of infected cells. Nevertheless, expression of bcl-2 did not prevent eventual cytopathicity. However, a human neuronal cell line, NT2N, was resistant to both apoptosis and other types of cytopathicity after infection with La Crosse virus, reaffirming the complexity of cell death. Our results show that apoptosis is an important consequence of La Crosse virus infection in vivo and in vitro.
An evaluation of the anti‐hyperalgesic effects of cannabidiolic acid‐methyl ester in a preclinical model of peripheral neuropathic pain (2020)

Initiating treatment of a peripheral nerve injury with CBDA-ME at an early stage post-surgery provides anti-nociception in males, warranting further investigation into potential sexual dimorphisms underlying this response.
Extremely high bit density recording with single-pole perpendicular head (1987)

Since perpendicular magnetic recording is free from recording demagnetization, high-density recording up to the intrinsic limit of a recording medium is possible. This prediction was verified experimentally in a flexible disk system using a single-pole head and a Co-Cr/Ni-Fe double-layer medium. We could record and reproduce signals up to 680KFRPI. The recording bit length at the highest density was of the order of the Co-Cr columnar diameter.
Extraordinary Transmission of Metal Films with Arrays of Subwavelength Holes (2007)

Metal films with patterns of subwavelength holes (grids or meshes) have interesting optical properties including the extraordinary transmission effect. These optically thick metal films transmit more radiation than that incident on the holes owing to the excitation of surface plasmons (SPs). Meshes present a new and simple way to excite SPs at perpendicular incidence (i.e., without the need to vary the angle of the incident beam). This represents a new opportunity to integrate SPs with experiments and devices-a new instrument in the toolbox of SP techniques that may broaden the range of SP applications. This review discusses the discovery, basic optical physics, the role of SPs, and applications of the extraordinary transmission of subwavelength hole arrays.
An Adaptation Level Theory of Tinnitus Audibility (2012)

Models of tinnitus suggest roles for auditory, attention, and emotional networks in tinnitus perception. A model of tinnitus audibility based on Helson's (1964) adaptation level theory (ALT) is hypothesized to explain the relationship between tinnitus audibility, personality, memory, and attention. This theory attempts to describe how tinnitus audibility or detectability might change with experience and context. The basis of ALT and potential role of auditory scene analysis in tinnitus perception are discussed. The proposed psychoacoustic model lends itself to incorporation into existing neurophysiological models of tinnitus perception. It is hoped that the ALT hypothesis will allow for greater empirical investigation of factors influencing tinnitus perception, such as attention and tinnitus sound therapies.
Actively Cooled and Activated Coolant for Grinding Brittle Materials (2008)

An actively cooled and activated cooling approach is proposed and examined in this project in order to deal with the problems associated with methods such as the cryogenic cooling method. It is also aimed to further improve the surface quality of the workpiece after grinding by combining the advantages of the existing cooling methods. Both computational and experimental studies were conducted for grinding the brittle materials with the proposed approach. Optical examinations were used to study the surface morphology. The experimental results show that the surface quality can be improved by up to 23.75% on average in terms of surface roughness Ra. The computational test reveals that the heat can be taken away more effectively by the proposed approach.