gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Serum magnesium level and cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients. (2013)

Magnesium is the second major intracellular divalent cation which is involved in maintaining normal cellular function.1 Approximately, 50% of the total body magnesium is found in the bone. The other half is present predominantly inside cells and only 1% is in blood. The serum concentration of magnesium is closely monitored within normal range (1.5 mEq/L to 2.3 mEq/L or 1.8 mg/dL to 2.8 mg/dL).1 In chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, fractional excretion of magnesium increases with diminution of glomerular filtration rate in order to maintain serum magnesium within normal ranges; however, when glomerular filtration rate goes down to 30 mL/min, hypermagnesaemia occurs.1,2 Although, the severity of hypermagnesaemia is variable, hypermagnesaemia is generally mild and asymptomatic. In CKD stage 5 dialysis patients, dialysis solution magnesium concentration and oral magnesium intake are the main factors controlling serum magnesium levels.2,3 In fact, there is a wide variability in magnesium balance in dialysis patients and it is not surprising that magnesium balance to be normal or even low in dialysis patients, because of low dietary intake or impaired intestinal absorption.3,4 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in both CKD and dialysis patients.3-5 Recently, there is increasing evidence suggesting an association between low serum magnesium levels and CVD in CKD as well as in general population.3-5 It seems that magnesium depletion may be the missing link between cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis. Vascular calcification is an important factor for increased morbidity and mortality in CKD and dialysis patients.4-6 Although, the mechanism of vascular calcification is multifactorial, it is now evident that magnesium depletion is involved in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification.6-8 On the other hand, low serum magnesium level is associated with the other CVD risk factors including hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary vasospasm, atherosclerosis, and ischemic heart disease. Moreover, at least in animal model, the association between hypomagnesemia and the presence of pro-inflammatory state has been shown.7 This pro-inflammatory state can disrupt the arterial endothelium and promote thrombosis and atheroma formation, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and vascular calcification.7,8 There are unanswered ques t ions about magnesium balance and its effects in both CKD and dialysis patients. Further studies, especially randomized trials, are required to confirm the 7. Ulusoy S, Ozkan G, Ersoz S, et al. The effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in preventing amikacininduced nephropathy. Ren Fail. 2012;34:227-234.
Dermal fillers: Tips to achieve successful outcomes (2008)

Fillers have become a common aesthetic treatment for several cosmetic problems. Several types of fillers are available from different sources and of different longevities. It is important that the treating physician be aware of the different techniques of administration and their possible side effects. This article reviews the available literature on the subject.
Continuous Motion Rig. A Detailed Study of a 750 Ton Capacity, 3600 m/hr Trip Speed Rig (2011)

Abstract The basic principles for a Continuous Motion Rig (CMR) has been presented earlier (IADC/SPE128253).The CMR concept allows jointed pipe to be run or pulled in a continuous manner. Several benefits besides significant improvement in tripping speed results from continuous movement of pipe. This new rig concept can be used on all rigs –on or offshore where well costs, well safety and efficiency are important issues. The CMR concept based on a 750 ton system has been studied in a Joint Industry Project (JIP). This paper discusses aspects of the Continuous Motion Rig such as system benefits, equipment, control system and layout based on findings in the Joint Industry Project. Design basis in JIP was set at 3600 m/hr trip speed corresponding to 1 m/sec continuous running or pulling of drill pipe. High efficiency demands a fully automated rig as concerns surface processes involved in normal drilling operations. This automation requires rethinking control systems. Continuous motion technology opens up possibilities to explore and exploit deeper deposits economically.
Orientation in Methyl- and Hydroxyl-Terminated Self-Assembled Alkanephosphate Monolayers on Titanium Oxide Surfaces Investigated with Soft X-ray Absorption (2002)

Titanium oxide surfaces were coated with methyl- and hydroxyl-terminated dodecyl phosphate monolayers by immersion of the substrates into aqueous solutions of the corresponding ammonium salts (DDPO4(NH4)2 and OH−DDPO4(NH4)2). The samples were examined by contact-angle measurements and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. DDPO4 was found to form self-assembled films of comparable quality to those of the longer octadecyl phosphate prepared from an organic solvent and to those of a similar thiol/gold system. The hydroxyl-terminated adsorbates, however, established films with a much lower degree of orientation under the same preparation conditions and showed “high” water contact angle values (50−55°) for a hydrophilic surface. Mixed films of both species establish a degree of orientation between those of both pure films, which is also reflected by their wettability.
Target identification performance as a function of temporal and fixed pattern noise (2001)

Ronald G. Driggers, MEMBER SPIE Richard Vollmerhausen Keith Krapels, MEMBER SPIE US Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate Physics-Based Modeling Branch 10221 Burbeck Rd. Ft. Belvoir, Virginia 22060-5806 E-mail: rdrigger@nvl.army.mil Abstract. With the increased interest and use of staring IR focal plane arrays, the characterization of fixed pattern noise in task performance is becoming more important. Past work includes theoretical treatments and laboratory measurements to describe the characteristics of fixed pattern noise on target acquisition performance. This is the first target acquisition experiment that describes the relative effects of fixed pattern noise and temporal noise on target identification. Static IR tank images are processed with six different levels of fixed pattern noise and six different levels of temporal noise. A perception experiment is performed where 10 U.S. Army soldiers were tasked to identify the tanks through the combinations of noise. Additive noise was applied in both Gaussian and uniform distributions. The results enable a direct comparison between the effects of fixed pattern noise and temporal noise on target identification. © 2001 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. [DOI: 10.1117/1.1346583]
Fermentative Production of Guanosine by 8-Azaguanine Resistant of Bacillus subtilis (1968)

Journal Article Fermentative Production of Guanosine by 8-Azaguanine Resistant of Bacillus subtilis Get access Shimpachi Konishi, Shimpachi Konishi Central Research Laboratories of Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Teruo Shiro Teruo Shiro Central Research Laboratories of Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 32, Issue 3, 1 March 1968, Pages 396–398, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1968.10859067 Published: 01 March 1968 Article history Received: 03 February 1968 Published: 01 March 1968
A new approach to the design of compact fluorescent lamp ballasts supplied from a very low input voltage: application to flyback inverter (2002)

In this paper a new approach for the design of fluorescent lamp ballasts is presented and used for low power compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) supplied from a low DC input voltage. The design goal is to provide constant luminous flux by assuring constant power in the lamp and avoiding the influence of variations in both lamp characteristic and input voltage. As an example, the proposed methodology is applied to a very simple circuit, the flyback inverter. This circuit is very suitable for low cost CFL emergency ballast, since the number of components is quite low, and a good efficiency can be obtained. The possible control methods are analyzed in order to deliver constant and regulated power to the lamp. A new control method based on measuring magnetizing current is proposed analyzed and tested.
Efficient methodologies for system matrix modelling in iterative image reconstruction for rotating high-resolution PET (2010)

A fully 3D iterative image reconstruction algorithm has been developed for high-resolution PET cameras composed of pixelated scintillator crystal arrays and rotating planar detectors, based on the ordered subsets approach. The associated system matrix is precalculated with Monte Carlo methods that incorporate physical effects not included in analytical models, such as positron range effects and interaction of the incident gammas with the scintillator material. Custom Monte Carlo methodologies have been developed and optimized for modelling of system matrices for fast iterative image reconstruction adapted to specific scanner geometries, without redundant calculations. According to the methodology proposed here, only one-eighth of the voxels within two central transaxial slices need to be modelled in detail. The rest of the system matrix elements can be obtained with the aid of axial symmetries and redundancies, as well as in-plane symmetries within transaxial slices. Sparse matrix techniques for the non-zero system matrix elements are employed, allowing for fast execution of the image reconstruction process. This 3D image reconstruction scheme has been compared in terms of image quality to a 2D fast implementation of the OSEM algorithm combined with Fourier rebinning approaches. This work confirms the superiority of fully 3D OSEM in terms of spatial resolution, contrast recovery and noise reduction as compared to conventional 2D approaches based on rebinning schemes. At the same time it demonstrates that fully 3D methodologies can be efficiently applied to the image reconstruction problem for high-resolution rotational PET cameras by applying accurate pre-calculated system models and taking advantage of the system's symmetries.
Regulation of Na+, K+-ATPase by the endogenous sodium transport inhibitor from hypothalamus. (1987)

We characterized the effect of a small, nonpeptidic molecule isolated from bovine hypothalamus on mammalian Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). This hypothalamic factor has been shown to inhibit ATPase activity of purified dog kidney enzyme reversibly with high affinity. This report reviews the mechanism of inhibition. Hypothalamic factor inhibits Na+, K+-ATPase only from the extracellular surface. It prevents the phosphorylation from magnesium and inorganic phosphate of the active site aspartate residue of Na+, K+-ATPase and stabilizes the enzyme in an E2 conformation, preventing a sodium-induced shift from E2 to E1. Binding and dissociation reactions of hypothalamic factor in cultured renal tubular epithelial cells show a time frame different from that in isolated membranes and consistent with physiological relevance. A possible mechanism for the physiological regulation of Na+, K+-ATPase, including a cycle of binding and rapid dissociation in intact renal tubular cells, is discussed.
Feasibility study into the use of mechanical choppers to alter the natural time structure of the APS (1989)

In standard operating mode, the Advanced Photon Source (APS) is projected to be with 20 equally spaced bunches of positrons separated by 177 ns. This time structure may not be optimal for all experiments, particularly those experiments that require long periods (microseconds to milliseconds) of darkness preceding and/or succeeding the x-ray burst. As a result, an ongoing study is being made into the possibility of altering the natural time structure of the x-ray bursts from the APS. One possibility is through the use of fast kicker magnets (wobblers). A more passive approach is through the use of high-speed mechanical choppers. Using choppers rotating between 18 000 and 20 000 rpm (typical rotational speeds for currently operational neutron choppers), a single burst of x rays can be passed while blocking the surrounding bursts. Interpulse periods are adjustable from approximately 3 to 300 μs depending on the slit configuration of the chopper wheels. Even longer periods of darkness can be achieved by using phased choppers and/or mechanical shutters.
Neuronal activity of the zona incerta in Parkinson's disease patients (2006)

The objective of this study was to describe the firing characteristics of the zona incerta (ZI) in Parkinson's disease patients. The ZI constitutes a band of gray matter lying dorsal to the subthalamic nucleus, whose firing properties have not been well defined in humans yet. ZI proved to become hyperactive in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats as compared to normal rats, and regarding these noticeable changes in the discharge patterns it was suggested that ZI could be a putative target for the surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease. Twelve patients who underwent microrecording-guided subthalamic surgery consented to the study. Neurons from different tracts were classified as belonging to the ZI according to their firing features, background extracellular activity, anatomical mapping of trajectories, and atlas confirmation. Fifty-nine neurons were classified as belonging to ZI. The mean firing rate proved to be 29.5 Hz, with a broad dispersion band, even covering subthalamic nucleus (STN) frequency ranges. Pattern analysis showed heterogeneous neuronal signals ranging from tonic to burst and paused neurons. A decrease in extracellular background activity in the defined ZI was also observed. Five of the recorded neurons showed rhythmical spike trains with oscillations of 8 to 14 Hz, and two units were found to discharge trains at 4 Hz. None of the recorded ZI neurons responded to proprioceptive maneuvers. ZI presented firing activities with a broad spectrum in terms of frequency and tonicity. It is differentiated from STN recordings in Parkinson's disease patients mainly because of absent proprioceptive-related units and diminished extracellular background activity.
Serrated-aperture apodizers for high-energy laser systems (1994)

Spatial beam apodization is a critical part of the design of high-energy solid-state laser systems. Standard methods of making apodizers include photographic and metal-vapor-deposition techniques. Apodizers fabricated with these methods are subject to damage and deterioration from high-intensity laser pulses. An alternative approach is to use a serrated-edge aperture in conjunction with the spatial filter. This system can produce beams with smooth edge profiles. We present the theory of operation of the serrated aperture along with some useful design rules and describe the successful application of a serrated-aperture apodizer in the Beamlet laser system.
Visual detection of multiple genetically modified organisms in a capillary array (2017)

There is an urgent need for rapid, low-cost multiplex methodologies for the monitoring of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Here, we report a C[combining low line]apillary A[combining low line]rray-based L[combining low line]oop-mediated isothermal amplification for M[combining low line]ultiplex visual detection of nucleic acids (CALM) platform for the simple and rapid monitoring of GMOs. In CALM, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) primer sets are pre-fixed to the inner surface of capillaries. The surface of the capillary array is hydrophobic while the capillaries are hydrophilic, enabling the simultaneous loading and separation of the LAMP reaction mixtures into each capillary by capillary forces. LAMP reactions in the capillaries are then performed in parallel, and the results are visually detected by illumination with a hand-held UV device. Using CALM, we successfully detected seven frequently used transgenic genes/elements and five plant endogenous reference genes with high specificity and sensitivity. Moreover, we found that measurements of real-world blind samples by CALM are consistent with results obtained by independent real-time PCRs. Thus, with an ability to detect multiple nucleic acids in a single easy-to-operate test, we believe that CALM will become a widely applied technology in GMO monitoring.
Branch bitstream [Machine Instruction-level System Tracing] (2015)

Tracing is an approach used for debugging and profiling software. Conventional approach to create traces is to instrument program's code tapping data out from an execution. An original execution is mixed with tracing routines. In consequent, a program in production state and development state are not identical. In addition, instrumentation code adds execution overhead and increases error probability to a traced program. Branch Bitstream (BB) aims to solve aforementioned drawbacks by partitioning tracing routines to an execution environment instead. Traces are generated without modifying a program. A trace-driven simulator uses a trace file and a program to perfectly reconstruct pre vious execution. This work implemented this concept in QEMU 0.14 for TCT architecture. Linux 3.0.0-rc7 booting was used as a profiling example. Emulation overhead is 2 times longer than one without BB in the current implementation.
Integrated current sensing circuits suitable for step-down DC-DC converters (2004)

A new integrated current sensing circuit suitable for step-down DC-DC converters is presented. The current sensing circuit can fully measure the inductor current through sensing the current of power switches whether the high side or low side switch is turned on. The proposed circuits can work in DC-DC converters such that the loading current can be managed through control theories.
The promise of metabolomics in cancer molecular therapeutics. (2004)

A systematic elucidation of cancer cell dysfunction and therapeutic mechanisms seems within reach with modern functional genomics and proteomics tools. However, for this potential to be realized, the metabolic consequences of gene expression and protein activity must be understood. 'Metabolomics' is currently a major missing component. It differs from classical metabolic studies by its greater breadth, depth and speed, enabled by the huge advances in analytical instrumentation (especially nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry) over the past two decades. Multiple metabolic pathways and networks can now be traced by the flow of atoms through metabolites, known as isotopomer analyses. Thus, metabolomics demands both high-throughput and high-information content analyses, and interpretation: the latter is currently a bottleneck. There are currently very few metabolomic studies in cancer therapeutics, despite this great need and potential.
A malarial cysteine proteinase is necessary for hemoglobin degradation by Plasmodium falciparum. (1988)

To obtain free amino acids for protein synthesis, trophozoite stage malaria parasites feed on the cytoplasm of host erythrocytes and degrade hemoglobin within an acid food vacuole. The food vacuole appears to be analogous to the secondary lysosomes of mammalian cells. To determine the enzymatic mechanism of hemoglobin degradation, we incubated trophozoite-infected erythrocytes with peptide inhibitors of different classes of proteinases. Leupeptin and L-transepoxy-succinyl-leucyl-amido-(4-guanidino)-butane (E-64), two peptide inhibitors of cysteine proteinases, inhibited the proteolysis of globin and caused the accumulation of undegraded erythrocyte cytoplasm in parasite food vacuoles, suggesting that a food vacuole cysteine proteinase is necessary for hemoglobin degradation. Proteinase assays of trophozoites demonstrated cysteine proteinase activity with a pH optimum similar to that of the food vacuole and the substrate specificity of lysosomal cathepsin L. We also identified an Mr 28,000 proteinase that was trophozoite stage-specific and was inhibited by leupeptin and E-64. We conclude that the Mr 28,000 cysteine proteinase has a critical, perhaps rate-limiting, role in hemoglobin degradation within the food vacuole of Plasmodium falciparum. Specific inhibitors of this enzyme might provide new means of antimalarial chemotherapy.
Conditions for efficient spin injection from a ferromagnetic metal into a semiconductor (2001)

We adapt the spin accumulation model of the perpendicular transport in metallic magnetic multilayers to the issue of spin injection from a ferromagnetic metal (F) into a semiconductor (N). We show that the problem of the conductivity mismatch between F and N can be solved by introducing a spin dependent interface resistance (tunnel junction preferably) at the $F/N$ interfaces. In the case of a $F/N/F$ structure, a significant value of the magnetoresistance can be obtained if the junction resistance at the $F/N$ and $N/F$ interfaces is chosen between two threshold values depending on the resistivity, spin diffusion length and thickness of N. The problem is treated for various geometries (vertical or lateral $F/N/F$ structures).
Hexafluoroacetone in deep UV resist chemistry: new resins, dissolution inhibitors and crosslinkers. (1992)

Some recent investigations on hexafluoroacetone (HFA) have revealed that this reagent offers a variety of interesting aspects and potential applications for new photoresist products. The 2hydroxyhexafluoroisopropyl group (HHFIP), obtained via condensation reaction of HFA with aromatic compounds, exhibits properties comparable to phenolic groups with respect to reactivity and acidity. This allows transfer of a variety of chemistries presently exclusively linked to phenol-type compounds, such as reversible blocking, to HHFIP substituted compounds, resulting in alkali-soluble matrix resins, polymer functional group deprotection materials, or dissolution inhibition, and crosslinking type materials. In contrast to phenols, the electron density of the aryl group is reduced due to the electron-withdrawing properties of the HHFIP group, resulting in materials with significantly changed reactivities of the aromatic moieties.
T2 Relaxation of Fibrin Gels with Oriented and Random Fiber Structures (2003)

In this study, we measured T2 relaxation times of water molecules in fibrin gels with different fibrin fiber structures. The fibrin with magnetically oriented fibrin fiber structure exhibited only one relaxation time T2=0.35 s, whereas, the fibrin gel with randomly oriented fibrin fiber structure had at least two exponential components. The long component, T2=0.35 s, was the same order as the T2 of the fibrin gel polymerized in the magnetic field. The short component was T2=0.07 s. This difference is attributed to a change in the magnetic dipole-dipole interactions between water molecules and fibrin fibers.