gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular Size Studies of Degraded Fracturing Fluid Polymers (1985)

ABSTRACT Effective degradation of fracturing fluid polymers is necessary to minimize fracture and formation damage to allow rapid fluid return and economic production of gas (and/or oil). In this study, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used to investigate degradation of water-soluble polymers, such as modified guar and cellulose polymers. SEC was used to monitor the decrease in molecular size of the polymer degradation products using oxidant breakers in the temperature range 343 K to 370 K (158°F to 205°F). SEC, however, was capable of monitoring the effects of polymer type and concentration, breaker type and concentration, break time and temperature. The SEC results were then correlated with solution fluid loss characteristics and residue production to define the molecular size reduction needed to minimize damage to a propped fracture. Results were compared to sandpack damage studies reported in the literature. Greater insoluble residue production required greater molecular weight reduction to minimize damage. SEC results were also correlated with solution viscosity. Measured viscosities depended on polymer concentration and degree of polymer degradation. Low solution viscosity did not guarantee reduction of polymer molecules to a non-damaging size. SEC analysis should also be useful for evaluating new or improved breaker and polymer systems. Presently available breaker systems (in the temperature range of this study) did not provide both high initial solution viscosity and efficient molecular size reduction to minimize damage.
Silicon micromechanics: sensors and actuators on a chip (1990)

The techniques used to fabricate micromechanical structures are described. Bulk micromachining is routinely used to fabricate microstructures with critical dimensions that are precisely determined by the crystal structure of the silicon wafer, by etch-stop layer thicknesses, or by the lithographic masking pattern. Silicon fusion bonding has been used to fabricate micro silicon pressure sensor chips. Surface micromachining, based on depositing and etching structural and sacrificial films, allows the designer to exploit the uniformity with which chemical vapor deposition (CVD) films coat irregular surfaces as well as the patterning fidelity of modern plasma etching processes. Silicon accelerometers, resonant microsensors, motors, and pumps made by these techniques are discussed. Measuring the mechanical properties of silicon, which are important to these applications, is examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells suppress Th17 lymphocytes in patients with active lupus &lt;italic&gt;in vitro&lt;/italic&gt; (2011)

Interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing CD4(+) T cells (Th17 cells) have been proven to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To shed light on the mechanism of immunoregulation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), we investigated the effects of allogeneic ADSCs on the Th17 lymphocytes of patients with active SLE by co-culturing ADSCs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of these patients in vitro. The results indicated that ADSCs from passage 3 (P3) down-regulated the proportion of Th17 cells and their abilities to produce IL-17, whereas ADSCs from passage 8 (P8) had contrasting effect. The results also showed cell-cell contact played a role in P3 down-regulation. Blocking the functional pathway of IL-23 (both its ligand and its receptor) also contributed to this suppression. These results suggested that immunomodulation of ADSCs may be achieved by partially suppressing the number and capability of Th17 lymphocytes, indicating that ADSCs could be employed as therapeutic tools for the autoimmune diseases.
The 125<sup>th</sup> Anniversary of the Tröger's Base Molecule: Synthesis and Applications of Tröger's Base Analogues (2012)

Abstract In 2012 we celebrate the 125 th anniversary of the unique molecule Tröger's base (TB), first synthesized by Julius Tröger in 1887. Being a V‐shaped C 2 ‐symmetric chiral molecule, it possesses many interesting features. The TB field was reopened in 1985, when Craig S. Wilcox published the first crystallographic study of TB and described the synthesis and potential applications of TB analogues in supramolecular chemistry and in ligand design. This led to increasing interest in the development of synthetic methodology for TB analogues, initially for applications in the field of molecular recognition. In this review we give a short historical overview of TB and its chemical properties. In addition, we cover the fast progress in the development of synthetic methodologies to synthesize TB analogues that has taken place during recent decades. The functionalization of TB at almost any position in its skeleton is now possible and we discuss in detail recent developments in the functionalization of TB in the aromatic rings and in the methano bridge. The reopening of the functionalization of the diazocine ring itself is also discussed. In addition, progress in the synthesis of heterocyclic TB analogues and recent developments in the field of fused TB analogues are covered. The improvements in synthetic approaches have resulted in TB analogues with interesting properties that have inspired investigation of TB analogues in new fields of applications, among others as receptors, as molecular torsion balances, as ligands in asymmetric catalysis, as drug candidates, and as new materials for photo‐ and optical applications. The most recent developments in those fields are also discussed.
beta-Glucosidase in Candida albicans and its application in yeast identification (1987)

In this report we attempt to explain the discrepancy between beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) activity in Candida albicans as measured by commercial kits and that found in an experimental assay. beta-Glucosidase activity in American and Israeli isolates of C. albicans was evaluated with the API ZYM and YeastIdent systems (Analytab Products) and with experimental biochemical assays. Activity was found with whole cells and cell extracts of isolates from both sources. The greatest beta-glucosidase activity was found at pH 5.0 and with p-nitrophenyl-beta-glucopyranoside (PNP-BDG) as the substrate. In assays with beta-naphthyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside and 6-bromo-2-naphthyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6-Br-2-naphthyl-BDG), no enzyme activity was detected in whole cells and only limited activity was found in cell extracts of isolates from both sources. In studies with PNP-BDG at pH 5.0 and 7.5, 29 to 38% less activity was found at both pHs with American whole cells, and minor activity (20%) was found at pH 7.5 with isolates from both sources. Because assays with PNP-BDG in cell extracts of isolates from both sources showed no significant differences in activity, the more limited beta-glucosidase activity in American whole cells was most likely due to less efficient transport. Because the API ZYM system uses 6-Br-2-naphthyl-BDG as the substrate and because the substrate is buffered at pH 7.5 in the API YeastIdent kit, both systems appear to be of limited value for the detection of beta-glucosidase activity in C. albicans.
Level and zero crossings in volume reverberation signals (1973)

A point scatterer model is used to formulate expressions for the expected number of level crossings of backscattered volume reverberation signals. Results are obtained for both narrow-band and wide-band insonification of regions of high and moderate scatterer density. For narrow-band signals it is shown that level crossing data can yield quantitative estimates of scattering strength, and estimates of scatterer density. For wide-band signals level crossing information provides quantitative relationships between scatterer Q and resonant frequency and therefore is useful in characterizing the reverberation process. A narrow-band experiment east of Bermuda gives scatterer density as a function of depth through a scattering layer.
Nanoporous Copper–Silver Alloys by Additive-Controlled Electrodeposition for the Selective Electroreduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to Ethylene and Ethanol (2018)

Electrodeposition of CuAg alloy films from plating baths containing 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole (DAT) as an inhibitor yields high surface area catalysts for the active and selective electroreduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to multicarbon hydrocarbons and oxygenates. EXAFS shows the co-deposited alloy film to be homogeneously mixed. The alloy film containing 6% Ag exhibits the best CO<sub>2</sub> electroreduction performance, with the Faradaic efficiency for C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH production reaching nearly 60 and 25%, respectively, at a cathode potential of just -0.7 V vs RHE and a total current density of ∼ - 300 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>. Such high levels of selectivity at high activity and low applied potential are the highest reported to date. In situ Raman and electroanalysis studies suggest the origin of the high selectivity toward C<sub>2</sub> products to be a combined effect of the enhanced stabilization of the Cu<sub>2</sub>O overlayer and the optimal availability of the CO intermediate due to the Ag incorporated in the alloy.
Elastic ladar modeling for synthetic imaging applications (2002)

The Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) model is a synthetic imagery generation model developed at the Center for Imaging Science (CIS) at the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT). It is a quantitative first principle based model that calculates the sensor reaching radiance from the visible through to the long wave infrared on a spectral basis. DIRSIG generates a very accurate representation of what a sensor would see by modeling all the processes involved in the imaging chain. Currently, DIRSIG only models passive sources such as the sun and blackbody radiation due to the temperature of an object. Active systems have the benefit of the user being able to control the illumination source and tailor it for specific applications. Remote sensing Laser Detection and Ranging (LADAR) systems that utilize a laser as the active source have been in existence for over 30 years. Recent advances in tunable lasers and infrared detectors have allowed much more sophisticated and accurate work to be done, but a comprehensive spectral LADAR model has yet to be developed. In order to provide a tool to assist in LADAR development, this research incorporates a first principle based elastic LADAR model into DIRSIG. It calculates the irradiance onto the focal plane on a spectral basis for both the atmospheric and topographic return, based on the system characteristics and the assumed atmosphere. The geometrical form factor, a measure of the overlap between the sensor and receiver field-of-view, is carefully accounted for in both the monostatic and bistatic cases. The model includes the effect of multiple bounces from topographical targets. Currently, only direct detection systems will be modeled. Several sources of noise are extensively modeled, such as speckle from rough surfaces. Additionally, atmospheric turbulence effects including scintillation, beam effects, and image effects are accounted for. To allow for future growth, the model and coding are modular and anticipate the inclusion of advanced sensor modules and inelastic scattering.
Equivalence of Cellular Automata to Ising Models and Directed Percolation (1984)

Time development of cellular automata in $d$ dimensions is mapped onto equilibrium statistical mechanics of Ising models in $d+1$ dimensions. Directed percolation is equivalent to a cellular automaton, and thus to an Ising model. For a particular case of directed percolation we find ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=2$, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=1$, ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=0$.
Robust joint source-channel coding for image transmission over wireless channels (2000)

We present a fixed-length robust joint source-channel coding (RJSCC) scheme for transmitting images over wireless channels. The system integrates a joint source-channel coding (JSCC) scheme with all-pass filtering source shaping to enable robust image transmission. In particular, we are able to incorporate both transition probability and bit error rate of a bursty channel model into an end-to-end rate-distortion (R-D) function to achieve an optimum tradeoff between source coding accuracy and channel error protection under a fixed transmission rate. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can achieve not only high peak signal-to-noise ratio performance, but also excellent perceptual quality, especially when the channel mismatch occurs.
Embedded Select in Trench Memory (eSTM), best in class 40nm floating gate based cell: a process integration challenge (2018)

This paper discusses an innovative architecture of charge storage NVM cell, which outpaces state-of-the-art in term of bit-cell area. This new concept of memory cell is used today in production for microcontrollers. After cell architecture and activation description, we will present process flow integration challenges, process optimizations and single cell characterizations.
Bro: a system for detecting network intruders in real-time (1998)

We describe Bro, a stand-alone system for detecting network intruders in real-time by passively monitoring a network link over which the intruder&apos;s traffic transits. We give an overview of the system&apos;s design, which emphasizes highspeed (FDDI-rate) monitoring, real-time notification, clear separation between mechanism and policy, and extensibility. To achieve these ends, Bro is divided into an “event engine” that reduces a kernel-filtered network traffic stream into a series of higher-level events, and a “policy script interpreter” that interprets event handlers written in a specialized language used to express a site&apos;s security policy. Event handlers can update state information, synthesize new events, record information to disk, and generate real-time notifications via syslog. We also discuss a number of attacks that attempt to subvert passive monitoring systems and defenses against these, and give particulars of how Bro analyzes the four applications integrated into it so far: Finger, FTP, Portmapper and Telnet. The system is publicly available in source code form.
Assessment of potential drug interactions by characterization of human drug metabolism pathways using non‐invasive bile sampling (2012)

The results from this study demonstrate the utility of deploying the Entero-Test® in early human studies to provide information on the biliary disposition of drugs and their metabolites. This technique can be readily applied in early clinical development studies to provide information on the risk of interactions for drugs that are metabolized and eliminated in bile.
Identification of the peptide binding domain of hsc70. 18-Kilodalton fragment located immediately after ATPase domain is sufficient for high affinity binding. (1993)

Recombinant hsc70, a purified glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein containing the C-terminal domain of hsc70 (GST-Ct), and an internal 18-kDa polypeptide located immediately after the 44-kDa ATPase domain of hsc70 were investigated for their peptide binding properties. The dissociation constants of the S-peptide for native hsc70 (Kd = 5-8 microM), GST-Ct (Kd = 6.5 microM), and the 18-kDa fragment (Kd = 8.1 microM) are virtually identical. In addition, polylysine and (Pro-Pro-Gly)5 do not show high affinity toward hsc70, GST-Ct, and the 18-kDa fragment, whereas peptide GT4 and P3a show comparably high affinity toward these polypeptides. These observations indicate that the peptide binding domain of hsc70 is confined in the internal 18-kDa fragment.
Ultra-shallow nitrogen plasma implantation for ultra-thin silicon oxynitride (SiOxNy) layer formation (2005)

The radiation damage caused by low energy r.f. plasmas has not been, to our knowledge, studied so far in the case of symmetric planar plasma reactors that are usually used for PECVD processes. The reason is that, unlike non-symmetrical RIE reactors, such geometry prevents, basically, high-energy ion bombardment of the substrate. In this work, we present the results of experiments in which we have studied the influence of plasma processing on the state of silicon surface. Very low temperature plasma oxidation has been used as a test of silicon surface condition. The obtained layers were then carefully measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry, allowing not only the thickness to be determined accurately, but also the layer composition to be evaluated. Different plasma types, namely N2, NH3 and Ar, were used in the first stage of the experiment, allowing oxidation behaviour caused by the exposure to those plasma types to be compared in terms of relative differences. It has been clearly proved that even though the PECVD system is believed to be relatively safe in terms of radiation damage, in the case of very thin layer processing (e.g., ultra-thin oxynitride layers) the effects of radiation damage may considerably affect the kinetics of the process and the properties of the formed layers.
Gallium-nitride-based materials for blue to ultraviolet optoelectronics devices (1997)

Breakthroughs in materials growth have enabled extremely high-efficiency blue and green GaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) to be achieved for the first time. Blue LEDs with external quantum efficiency exceeding 9% have enabled hybrid GaN/phosphor white lamp LEDs. GaN LEDs complete the primary color spectrum and have enabled bright and reliable full-color solid-state displays to be realized. Recently, room-temperature operation of continuous wave current-injection blue-violet lasers emitting at 417 nm has further increased the possible applications for GaN-based opto-electronic devices. In this paper, we review the key technologies for GaN-based materials and devices. Developments in the methods for thin-film deposition by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and molecular beam epitaxy and resulting film properties are highlighted.
A Literature Analysis of the WAG Injectivity Abnormalities in the CO2 Process (2000)

Abstract As a result of research in the 1950s and 1960s, carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding has been implemented at the pilot and project stage in the petroleum industry since the early 1970s. A plethora of articles have been produced on the problems and successes of using CO2 as an enhanced oil recovery process. A number of the operational problems regarding full-scale implementation have been settled to some degree. The WAG (water alternating with gas) technique to improve mobility efficiency of the higher mobile CO2 gas over the lower mobile reservoir fluids was an evolutionary step in the technical and economic implementation of CO2 as a tertiary recovery process. This combination of two improved oil recovery processes (waterflooding and gas injection) resulted in a problem that has perplexed the industry since implementing the pilot studies in the early 1970s. A recent survey conducted by New Mexico Petroleum Recovery Research Center (NMPRRC) on CO2 flooding indicated that injectivity abnormalities during WAG cycles has been a crucial limiting factor in many projects. Additionally the WAG process has been expanded to include most gas injection processes of enhancing hydrocarbon recovery - immiscible and miscible processes. Based on the fluid flow properties of CO2 and other IOR gases, one would intuitively expect that gas injectivity would be greater than the waterflood brine injectivity. However, in practice this behavior is not always observed. In addition, water injectivity may be higher or lower than the waterflood brine injectivity. What is more perplexing is that some reservoirs may lose injectivity and others may increase injectivity after the first slug of gas (CO2) is injected. In addition, this phenomenon may occur on a local scale. Injection wells in the same field and reservoir may have significantly different behavior. A number of researchers have studied and proposed reasons for this phenomenon over the past 20 years. This paper summarizes the hypothesis and theories as to the causes and expectations of injectivity behavior in various CO2 and gas flooded reservoirs. The intent of the paper is to: Provide a concise compendium to the current understanding of the WAG mechanism and predictability, Provide a comprehensive single source review of the causes and conditions of injectivity abnormalities in CO2/gas flood EOR projects, Aid in formulating the direction of research, and Help operators develop operational and design strategies for current and future projects as well as input parameters for simulating current and future projects.
IL-12 is dispensable for innate and adaptive immunity against low doses of Listeria monocytogenes (1999)

We have studied IL-12p35-deficient (IL-12p35(-/-)) mice to evaluate the role of IL-12 in resistance against Listeria monocytogenes. In the absence of bioactive IL-12p75, mutant mice acquired higher bacterial organ burden than wild-type mice and died during the first week following infection with normally sublethal doses of Listeria. Moreover, blood IFN-gamma levels were strikingly reduced in mutant mice at day 2 post-infection. These results suggest that in IL-12p35-deficient mice impaired production of IFN-gamma which is crucial for activation of listericidal effector functions of macrophages leads to defective innate immunity against Listeria. In contrast to mice deficient for IFN-gamma or IFN-gamma receptor which are unable to resist very low infection doses of Listeria, IL-12p35(-/-) mice resisted up to 1000 c.f.u. and were able to eliminate Listeria. Spleen cells from mutant mice re-stimulated with heat-killed Listeria produced considerable amounts of IFN-gamma, suggesting that at low dose infection sufficient IFN-gamma is produced independently of IL-12. Subsequent challenge of these immunized mice with high doses of L. monocytogenes resulted in sterile elimination demonstrating efficient memory responses. These results demonstrate for the first time that at low doses of Listeria IL-12 is neither critical for innate immunity nor for the development of protective T cell-dependent acquired immunity.
Effects of glycyl-glutamine dipeptide supplementation on myocardial damage and cardiac function in rats after severe burn injury. (2013)

Glutamine decreases myocardial damage in ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, the cardioprotective effect of glutamine after burn injury remains unclear. Present study was to explore the protective effect of glycyl-glutamine dipeptide on myocardial damage in severe burn rats. Seventy-two Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal control (C), burned control (B) and glycyl-glutamine dipeptide-treated (GG) groups. B and GG groups were inflicted with 30% total body surface area of full thickness burn. The GG group was given 1.5 g/kg glycyl-glutamine dipeptide per day and the B group was given the same dose of alanine via intraperitoneal injection for 3 days. The serum CK, LDH, AST, and, blood lactic acid levels, as well as the myocardium ATP and GSH contents, were measured. The indices of cardiac contractile function and histopathological change were analyzed at 12, 24, 48, and 72 post-burn hours (PBH). The serum CK, LDH, AST and blood lactic acid levels increased, and the myocardium ATP and GSH content decreased in both burned groups. Compared with B group, the CK, LDH, AST and blood lactic acid levels reduced, myocardium ATP and GSH content increased in GG group. Moreover, the inhibition of cardiac contractile function and myocardial histopathological damage were reduced significantly in GG group. We conclude that myocardial histological structure and function were damaged significantly after burn injury, glycyl-glutamine dipeptide supplementation is beneficial to myocardial preservation by improving cardiocyte energy metabolism, increasing ATP and glutathione synthesis.