gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aspects of the history of traffic signals (1970)

The history of traffic signals is traced from the signal fires which guided early man to the sophisticated electromechanical signal devices of today. Early experiments with officer-operated semaphores, lanterns, and electric lights are discussed. The influence of railroad signaling is noted, as are the innovative efforts of inventors who saw the problems of congestion and hazard developing to the point where control measures were essential. Descriptions of several devices show the imagination of early practitioners, and one may reflect with some humor on what might have been developed for use today. Some of the earliest attempts at automatic control even made use of the policeman's whistle, blown by a small compressor, while later efforts included clanging bells as a substitute. The extent to which some of these quite primitive devices survived in actual use into the post-World War II era is remarkable; devices unique to an area often hung on, long beyond the time when they were made obsolete by newer devices. Credit is given to several pioneers in the field, along with appropriate references to the few who have contributed to preservation of parts of the history of this interesting subject.
Distinct Properties of CRAC and MIC Channels in RBL Cells (2002)

In rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells and Jurkat T cells, Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels open in response to passive Ca(2+) store depletion. Inwardly rectifying CRAC channels admit monovalent cations when external divalent ions are removed. Removal of internal Mg(2+) exposes an outwardly rectifying current (Mg(2+)-inhibited cation [MIC]) that also admits monovalent cations when external divalent ions are removed. Here we demonstrate that CRAC and MIC currents are separable by ion selectivity and rectification properties: by kinetics of activation and susceptibility to run-down and by pharmacological sensitivity to external Mg(2+), spermine, and SKF-96365. Importantly, selective run-down of MIC current allowed CRAC and MIC current to be characterized under identical ionic conditions with low internal Mg(2+). Removal of internal Mg(2+) induced MIC current despite widely varying Ca(2+) and EGTA levels, suggesting that Ca(2+)-store depletion is not involved in activation of MIC channels. Increasing internal Mg(2+) from submicromolar to millimolar levels decreased MIC currents without affecting rectification but did not alter CRAC current rectification or amplitudes. External Mg(2+) and Cs(+) carried current through MIC but not CRAC channels. SKF-96365 blocked CRAC current reversibly but inhibited MIC current irreversibly. At micromolar concentrations, both spermine and extracellular Mg(2+) blocked monovalent MIC current reversibly but not monovalent CRAC current. The biophysical characteristics of MIC current match well with cloned and expressed TRPM7 channels. Previous results are reevaluated in terms of separate CRAC and MIC channels.
MmpL3 Is the Cellular Target of the Antitubercular Pyrrole Derivative BM212 (2011)

The 1,5-diarylpyrrole derivative BM212 was previously shown to be active against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates and Mycobacterium tuberculosis residing within macrophages as well as against Mycobacterium avium and other atypical mycobacteria. To determine its mechanism of action, we identified the cellular target. Spontaneous Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, and M. tuberculosis H37Rv mutants that were resistant to BM212 were isolated. By the screening of genomic libraries and by whole-genome sequencing, we found that all the characterized mutants showed mutations in the mmpL3 gene, allowing us to conclude that resistance to BM212 maps to the MmpL3 protein, a member of the MmpL (mycobacterial membrane protein, large) family. Susceptibility was unaffected by the efflux pump inhibitors reserpine, carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, and verapamil. Uptake/efflux experiments with [(14)C]BM212 demonstrated that resistance is not driven by the efflux of BM212. Together, these data strongly suggest that the MmpL3 protein is the cellular target of BM212.
Fluid Sampling from Damaged Formations (1998)

Abstract A high quality formation fluid sample is essential to identify the composition of formation fluids which is required in designing expensive production facilities. Formation fluid samples are also needed to assess hydrocarbon reserves and reservoir recovery efficiency. Minimal contaminant is desired in formation fluid samples for proper composition and PVT analyses. The contaminant is the drilling fluid filtrate that invaded near wellbore formations during and after the drilling process. The filtrate in the sample compromises sample quality by reducing usable sample volume and altering its composition and PVT properties. To sample clean enough formation fluid, a certain volume of fluid must be pumped out prior to sampling. Although initially a mixture of invading filtrate and formation fluid is produced, generally clean enough formation fluid is sampled after a certain fluid volume is pumped out. The objective of this study is to identify the controlling parameters in determining the optimum pump out volume. After a certain pump out, a minute increase in sample quality requires long pump out times. Therefore, pre-job planning to obtain pump out volume and duration of pump out required, based on the sample quality, is important for the tool and hole safety. Finite element simulations with realistic wellbore, formation geometry and mud cake characteristics are run to study the effects of pumping rate, invaded zone thickness, damaged zone permeability, formation anisotropy, and mud cake quality. The simulation results indicate that pump out volume, not pumping rate, controls sample quality. Formation damage and anisotropy improve sample quality by limiting the production from the invaded zone. Poor mud cake quality and deeper invaded zones have adverse effects on sample quality and require more careful planning. P. 565
The Evaluation of Horizontal Whole-Body Vibration in the Low Frequency Range (2002)

International Standard ISO 2631 gives the reaction to horizontal vibration for the occupant of a building, a public transport system, the oscillations of the ocean and so on. These effects have not yet been evaluated by physiological methods as the criterion curves in the Standard are based on psychological evaluations of comfort and discomfort, rather than physiological investigations. Physiological and psychological effects of low frequency horizontal vibration on the whole-body were as follows: Changes in the autonomic nervous system were observed, in which the system tended to change from the state of predominance of the parasympathetic nervous system to that of the sympathetic nervous system, when the frequency exceeded the range 0.2 to 0.4Hz, typically around 0.3Hz.
Usage-based statistical testing of web applications (2006)

The large growth in the number of large Web applications currently developed brings concerns related to their quality, and more specifically their testing and reliability. Web application testing is still in its infancy and relies mostly upon traditional software coverage testing processes, which are highly impractical. Recent studies have looked at usage-based statistical models for testing Web applications. One of these studies, conducted by Kallepalli and Tian [8], used Unified Markov Models (UMMs), built from Web server access logs, as basis for test case selection. In addition, server error logs were also used to measure a Web application's reliability, and consequently to investigate the effectiveness of UMMs as a suitable testing mechanism. This paper describes two experiments that replicated Kallepalli and Tian's work. Our results showed that, in contrast to [8], multiple set UMMs were needed for trustworthy test case generation. In addition, our reliability assessment corroborated results from [8], confirming that UMMs seem to be a suitable testing mechanism to use to test Web applications.
Genetic polymorphism of <i>CYP1A1</i>, <i>CYP2D6</i>, <i>GSTM1</i> and <i>GSTT1</i> and susceptibility to acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in Indian children (2004)

These results suggest that genetic polymorphisms of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes appear to influence susceptibility to childhood ALL.
Online adaptive fuzzy logic controller using genetic algorithm and neural network for Networked Control Systems (2013)

Abstract—Networked Control Systems are used for controlling remote plants via shared data communication networks such as Ethernet. These systems have found many applications in industrial, medical and space sciences fields. However there are some drawbacks in these systems, which make them challenging to design. One of the most common problems in these systems is the stochastic time delay. Packet switching in internet brings about the randomly varying delay time and consequently makes these systems instable. Convenient controllers such as PID and PI type controllers which are just match with a constant delay time could not be a solution for these systems. Fuzzy logic controllers due to their none-linear characteristic which is compatible with these systems are potentially a wise option for their control purpose. Fuzzy logic controller could become adaptive by means of neural networks and beneficial to deal with the varying time
TurkDeck (2015)

TurkDeck is an immersive virtual reality system that reproduces not only what users see and hear, but also what users feel. TurkDeck produces the haptic sensation using props, i.e., when users touch or manipulate an object in the virtual world, they simultaneously also touch or manipulate a corresponding object in the physical world. Unlike previous work on prop-based virtual reality, however, TurkDeck allows creating arbitrarily large virtual worlds in finite space and using a finite set of physical props. The key idea behind TurkDeck is that it creates these physical representations on the fly by making a group of human workers present and operate the props only when and where the user can actually reach them. TurkDeck manages these so-called "human actuators" by displaying visual instructions that tell the human actuators when and where to place props and how to actuate them. We demonstrate TurkDeck at the example of an immersive 300m2 experience in 25m2 physical space. We show how to simulate a wide range of physical objects and effects, including walls, doors, ledges, steps, beams, switches, stompers, portals, zip lines, and wind. In a user study, participants rated the realism/immersion of TurkDeck higher than a traditional prop-less baseline condition (4.9 vs. 3.6 on 7 item Likert).
Nomenclature of Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> We welcome comments from all interested readers concerning our recent communication<sup>1</sup>on nomenclature of erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). Scholnick<sup>2</sup>did not address himself to the technical aspects of our report, but the points he did raise require clarification. The publication sequence for suggestion of the term protoporphyria appears to be as follows: Cripps and MacEachern,<sup>3</sup>June, 1971; Schwartz et al,<sup>4</sup>September, 1971; Marver and Schmid,<sup>5</sup>1972. Furthermore, we do not support this designation of EPP at this time. The term would be useful only if one could employ subheadings such as erythropoietic, hepatic, for example. We perhaps overinterpreted the intent of Marver and Schmid5 when we implied they used this classification; these authors listed erythropoietic protoporphyria and erythrohepatic protoporphyria as synonyms of protoporphyria. To render our position unequivocally clear, we do not know if the primary biochemical lesion in some EPP patients involves
Cradle to cradle: remaking the way we make things (2002)

'Reduce, reuse, and recycle' urge environmentalists; in other words, do more with less in order to minimize damage. But as architect William McDonough and chemist Michael Braungart point out in this provocative, visionary book, this approach only perpetuates the one-way, 'cradle to grave' manufacturing model, dating to the Industrial Revolution, that creates such fantastic amounts of waste and pollution in the first place. Why not challenge the belief that human industry must damage the natural world? In fact, why not take nature itself as our model for making things? A tree produces thousands of blossoms in order to create another tree, yet we consider its abundance not wasteful but safe, beautiful and highly effective.Waste equals food. Guided by this principle, McDonough and Braungart explain how products can be designed from the outset so that, after their useful lives, they will provide nourishment for something new - continually circulating as pure and viable materials within a 'cradle to cradle' model. Drawing on their experience in redesigning everything from carpeting to corporate campuses, McDonough and Braungart make an exciting and viable case for putting eco-effectiveness into practice, and show how anyone involved in making anything can begin to do so as well.
Design of continuous alternate wheels for omnidirectional mobile robots (2002)

Most omnidirectional wheels with passive rollers have a gap between rollers. This gap causes the wheel to make discontinuous contact with the ground, and leads to vertical and/or horizontal vibrations. In this paper a novel design of continuous alternate wheel is proposed to minimize a gap between rollers. In the continuous alternate wheel, inner and outer rollers are arranged continuously, thus resulting in no gap between the rollers. This paper details the design process including the systematic approaches to determine the optimum number of rollers, the radii of rollers and the inclination angle of the inside of an outer roller for given design specifications. Finally, an actual continuous alternate wheel is constructed to verify validity of the design guidelines.
Chromosome 7 aneusomy. A marker for metastatic melanoma? Expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene and chromosome 7 aneusomy in nevi, primary malignant melanomas and metastases. (2001)

Receptor tyrosine kinases such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) play an important role in a variety of malignant neoplasias, making the search for aberrations in the relevant chromosomes an important issue. Differential expression of the EGFR gene was investigated by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR on tissue samples of normal skin, nevi, primary melanomas, and melanoma metastases. The EGFR gene is located on chromosome 7p12.3-p12.1. To determine the number of chromosomes 7 in cell nuclei of the mentioned tissue samples we performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on touch preparations, using a DNA probe that hybridizes specifically to the centromeric region of chromosome 7. Additionally, chromosome 7 number in interphase nuclei was determined in short-term primary cell cultures of nevi, primary melanomas, and metastases. The highest EGFR gene expression frequency was found in melanoma metastases. By FISH we detected the highest fraction of cell nuclei with more than two chromosomes 7 in the group of metastases. Our results suggest that overexpression of the EGFR gene might play an important role in metastasis of malignant melanoma. This is well reflected by polysomy 7, possibly accounting for an increased EGFR gene copy number.
Reduced Fetal Cerebral Oxygen Consumption Is Associated With Smaller Brain Size in Fetuses With Congenital Heart Disease (2015)

This study supports a direct link between reduced cerebral oxygenation and impaired brain growth in fetuses with CHD and raises the possibility that in utero brain development could be improved with maternal oxygen therapy.
Driving Cartilage Formation in High-Density Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Aggregate and Sheet Constructs Without Exogenous Growth Factor Delivery (2014)

An attractive cell source for cartilage tissue engineering, human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) can be easily expanded and signaled to differentiate into chondrocytes. This study explores the influence of growth factor distribution and release kinetics on cartilage formation within 3D hASC constructs incorporated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-loaded gelatin microspheres. The amounts of microspheres, TGF-β1 concentration, and polymer degradation rate were varied within hASC aggregates. Microsphere and TGF-β1 loading concentrations were identified that resulted in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production comparable to those of control aggregates cultured in TGF-β1-containing medium. Self-assembling hASC sheets were then engineered for the production of larger, more clinically relevant constructs. Chondrogenesis was observed in hASC-only sheets cultured with exogenous TGF-β1 at 3 weeks. Importantly, sheets with incorporated TGF-β1-loaded microspheres achieved GAG production similar to sheets treated with exogenous TGF-β1. Cartilage formation was confirmed histologically via observation of cartilage-like morphology and GAG staining. This is the first demonstration of the self-assembly of hASCs into high-density cell sheets capable of forming cartilage in the presence of exogenous TGF-β1 or with TGF-β1-releasing microspheres. Microsphere incorporation may bypass the need for extended in vitro culture, potentially enabling hASC sheets to be implanted more rapidly into defects to regenerate cartilage in vivo.
Primary closure of the perineum and vacuum drainage after abdominoperineal excision. (1984)

From retrospective study of the case records of 62 consecutive patients from whom 58 underwent abdominoperineal rectal excision for malignant or inflammatory bowel disease, it was found that management with primary closed perineum and closed pelvic peritoneum with closed vacuum drainage results in 84% primary perineal healing and short hospitalization. Perineal wounds were healed in 93% of patients within one month. Adequate exclusion of three sepsis promoting factors, e.g. dead space, devitalized tissue and micro-organisms should preclude perineal sepsis. The need for precise positioning of a large bore vacuum drain, Ch. 27, through a preoperatively determined stab-wound on the medial side of the thigh is stressed. To guarantee optimal drainage a three-stage procedure is required in a one-team management. The procedure is well tolerated as a palliation; patients with pre-existing massive perineal sepsis should be excluded.
Emulations between QSM, BSP, and LogP: a framework for general-purpose parallel algorithm design (1999)

We present work-preserving emulations with small slowdown between LogP and two other parallel models: BSP and QSM. In conjunction with earlier work-preserving emulations between QSM and BSP these results establish a close correspondence between these three general-purpose parallel models. Our results also correct and improve on results reported earlier on emulations between BSP and LogP. In particular we shed new light on the relative power of stalling and nonstalling LogP models. The QSM is a shared-memory model with only two parameters –p, the number of processors, and g, a bandwidth parameter. These features of the QSM make it a convenient model for parallel algorithm design, and the simple work-preserving emulations of QSM on BSP and LogP show that algorithms designed on the QSM will map well on to these other models. This presents a strong case for the use of QSM as the model of choice for parallel algorithm design. We present QSM algorithms for three basic problems – prefix sums, sample sort and list ranking. Using appropriate cost measures, we analyze the performance of these algorithms and describe simulation results. These results suggest that QSM analysis will predict algorithm performance quite accurately for problem sizes that arise in practice.
Isolation of a coccidioidin component that reacts with immunoglobulin M precipitin antibody (1986)

Detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) precipitin antibody to coccidioidin, the autolysate of mycelial-phase cells of Coccidioides immitis, is an important serologic aid in establishing a diagnosis of primary coccidioidomycosis. In the present study, the component of coccidioidin that reacts with IgM precipitin antibody was isolated by a combination of immunoaffinity and anion-exchange chromatography. Antigenic analysis of the purified antigen in two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis against goat anti-coccidioidin revealed a precipitinogen characterized by a complete cathodal leg and a partial anodal leg. The reactivity of this incomplete precipitating antigen with anti-C. immitis IgM was established by serologic assays and by the adsorption of reference IgM precipitin antibody on solid-phase immunosorbents containing the purified precipitinogen. The isolation of the coccidioidin component that reacts with IgM precipitin antibody and the production of monospecific antibody will provide the necessary reagents for the development of a sensitive immunoassay for detecting this serodiagnostic response.
SYNTHETIC APPROACH TO VITAMIN K1 (1939)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSYNTHETIC APPROACH TO VITAMIN K1Louis F. Fieser, William P. Campbell, Edward M. Fry, and Marshall D. GatesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 9, 2559Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1939Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1939https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01878a514https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01878a514research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views100Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Role of Women in Abortion Jurisprudence: From Roe to Casey and Beyond (1993)

In many ways, Roe v. Wade marked a new chapter in American life. By assuring women of greater reproductive freedom., It gave women greater economic and social freedom, Inflamed a partisan battle between pro-life and pro-choice camps, and provoked a public debate regarding the proper sphere of judicial action. Hence, just as Roe has been critical to the changing politics of gender, it has been the focus of a political debate about the meaning of personhood and morality of abortion, the scope of individual freedom, and the judiciary's role in effecting social change.