gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polyoxometalates (2005)

Abstract The elements of groups 5 and 6, especially vanadium, molybdenum, and tungsten in their highest oxidation states, form a vast range of polyoxoanions that can incorporate most other positive‐valent elements of the periodic table. The first examples of these complexes were discovered in the latter half of the nineteenth century, but it is only within the last few decades that the extraordinary variety and numbers of polyoxoanion structures, properties, and applications have begun to be recognized. The field has historically been divided into isopoly‐ and heteropolyanions according to whether one or more than one type of positive‐valent element is incorporated, respectively. The largest variety of isopolyanions is found with V, Mo, and W, and the results of speciation studies in aqueous solution are summarized. The structures of heteropolyanions are dependent upon the coordination demands of the heteroatom, and the major types based on 4‐, 6‐, 8‐, and 12‐coordination are described. In virtually every case, the V, Mo, and W atoms (addenda atoms) occupy MO 6 octahedra with one or two (cis) unshared oxygen atoms. Such octahedra share vertices and edges with their neighbors. Structures in which one or more (adjacent) MO 6 octahedra have been ‘removed’ can be prepared by the control of solution pH, and the resulting lacunary anions are used as precursors to generate new, larger structures and derivatives. Since the addenda atoms are in their highest oxidation states (d 0 ), many polyoxoanions can reversibly accept variable numbers of electrons to yield mixed‐valence heteropoly ‘blues’ (d 0 ,d 1 ) with delocalized hopping electrons and ‘browns’ (d 0 ,d 2 ) with metal–metal bonds. Several strategies for the synthesis of derivatized and functionalized polyoxoanions with organic and organometallic groups are reviewed since this has been a major thrust in the field in recent years. Also, a recent development has been the discovery of extremely large polyoxoanions with 100 + metal atoms that are readily prepared and are stable in aqueous solution. Examples are the mixed‐valence polymolybdate wheels (Mo 154 and Mo 176 ) and tungstate(VI) assemblies (W 184 Ln 16 ). Polyoxoanions have long been used in analytical chemistry, and their use as heterogeneous and homogeneous acid and oxidation catalysts continues to be developed. Other applications, especially in structural biology (imaging, crystallographic phasing) and medicine (antiviral and antitumoral agents) are also important.
Easily fabricated wide-angle telescope (1991)

A novel configuration for a wide angle flat field all reflective unobscured telescope using two figured surfaces which are easily fabricated and aligned is described. DESCRIPTION OF TELESCOPE This paper describes an easily fabricated telescope which forms a high quality image of an extremely wide angle object field on a flat image surface. The telescope uses only reflectors and thus has no chromatic aberrations. An eccentric portion of the rotationally symmetrical field of the telescope is used such that no part of the aperture is obscured. The mirrors are surfsces of revolution described exclusively as flats spheres or conic sections all of which are easily tested and verified in manufacwre using well-known conventional null tests. Each mirror shares a common axis of rotational symmetry facilitating telescope alignment. One mirror is used twice providing the function of a secondary and tertiary mirror while eliminating the need to fabricate and align a separate tertiary mirror. The current design evolved from a form pcpularly known as the WALRUS'' a three mirr rotationally symmetric flat field unobscured design arranged in a " Z" configuration with an aperture stop between the secondary and tertiary mirrors (figure 1). In the WALRUS patent the two concave mirrors are specified as an effipsoid (secondary mirror) and a sphere (tertiary mirror) while the convex (primary) mirror is a sphere. The base curvatures of the three powered mirrors are chosen such
Adaptive Copy Number Evolution in Malaria Parasites (2008)

Copy number polymorphism (CNP) is ubiquitous in eukaryotic genomes, but the degree to which this reflects the action of positive selection is poorly understood. The first gene in the Plasmodium folate biosynthesis pathway, GTP-cyclohydrolase I (gch1), shows extensive CNP. We provide compelling evidence that gch1 CNP is an adaptive consequence of selection by antifolate drugs, which target enzymes downstream in this pathway. (1) We compared gch1 CNP in parasites from Thailand (strong historical antifolate selection) with those from neighboring Laos (weak antifolate selection). Two percent of chromosomes had amplified copy number in Laos, while 72% carried multiple (2-11) copies in Thailand, and differentiation exceeded that observed at 73 synonymous SNPs. (2) We found five amplicon types containing one to greater than six genes and spanning 1 to >11 kb, consistent with parallel evolution and strong selection for this gene amplification. gch1 was the only gene occurring in all amplicons suggesting that this locus is the target of selection. (3) We observed reduced microsatellite variation and increased linkage disequilibrium (LD) in a 900-kb region flanking gch1 in parasites from Thailand, consistent with rapid recent spread of chromosomes carrying multiple copies of gch1. (4) We found that parasites bearing dhfr-164L, which causes high-level resistance to antifolate drugs, carry significantly (p = 0.00003) higher copy numbers of gch1 than parasites bearing 164I, indicating functional association between genes located on different chromosomes but linked in the same biochemical pathway. These results demonstrate that CNP at gch1 is adaptive and the associations with dhfr-164L strongly suggest a compensatory function. More generally, these data demonstrate how selection affects multiple enzymes in a single biochemical pathway, and suggest that investigation of structural variation may provide a fast-track to locating genes underlying adaptation.
Timing and Correlation of Major Developmental Events in Maize, <i>Zea mays</i> L.<sup>1</sup> (1969)

Abstract Timing and sequence of major developmental events were studied in Corn Belt dent inbred lines and hybrids,with two dates of planting and two growing seasons. Mean developmental characterizations and sequences were established both for quantitative and qualitative events. The number of days from planting to a given event was greatly influenced by genotype. Hybrids developed faster than corresponding inbred lines in all respects except the full achievement of kernels per row potential; hybrids produced significantly more kernel primordia per row. Developmental differences attributable to planting date or growing season appeared to leflect effects of air temperature, soil moisture, or both. Low temperature and moisture deficiency apparently retarded development. Internode elongation, axillary bud development and cessation of ear elongation proceeded acropetally, while ear initiation was basipetal. Four pairs of events were closely related in time: (1) tassel initiation and the beginning of stalk elongation, (2) top car initiation and beginning of rapid stalk elongation, (3) accelerated tassel peduncle elongation and tassel emergence, and (4) accelerated top ear elongation and attainment of maximum top ear kernels per row potential. Important physiological relationships may exist between these related events.
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor-2 Function in Myeloid Cells Regulates Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis (2010)

These data suggest that S1PR2 signaling in the plaque macrophage regulates macrophage retention and inflammatory cytokine secretion, thereby promoting atherosclerosis.
Application of Electroporation for Transformation in<i>Erwinia carotovora</i> (1988)

Journal Article Application of Electroporation for Transformation in Erwinia carotovora Get access Kazutoshi Ito, Kazutoshi Ito Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai 980, Japan To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Tamotu Nishida, Tamotu Nishida Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai 980, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Kazuo Izaki Kazuo Izaki Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai 980, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 52, Issue 1, 1 January 1988, Pages 293–294, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1988.10868649 Published: 01 January 1988 Article history Received: 24 August 1987 Published: 01 January 1988
Closing the Loop: Another Step Forward (2011)

To achieve normoglycemia in people with diabetes, the complex hormonal and neuronal influences that regulate glucose homeostasis must be understood and addressed. In addition to insulin deficiency, abnormalities include dysregulation in the secretion and/or action of glucagon, incretins, and other counterregulatory hormones. Efforts to restore normal metabolism in diabetes with insulin therapy alone have been suboptimal, with hypoglycemia being a major problem. Pancreatic transplantation is restricted by the availability of the human pancreas and the risks of immunosuppressive therapy. The implantation of normal islets has met with limited success. The alternative approach, the creation of an artificial pancreas, is now a major area of active investigation.

An automated mechanical glucose-responsive sensor-guided insulin infusion system has been a long-term goal. Although significant challenges remain, with improvements in pump therapy and sensor technologies, considerable progress has been made over the past 5 decades. Feasibility studies using delivery of intraperitoneal insulin with implanted pumps and guided by subcutaneous glucose sensors have been successfully conducted in a small number of patients (1). Since insulin is secreted into the portal circulation, this approach has the advantage of more physiological insulin delivery and reduced peripheral hyperinsulinemia. Few studies have administered insulin via intraportal or intraperitoneal routes because they require invasive procedures, and there are concerns about complications such as infections.

Subcutaneous insulin pump therapy with real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), an “open-loop” system, is now used in selected individuals for the management of type 1 diabetes. In appropriate people, improved glycemic control and reduction (but not elimination) of hypoglycemia can be realized with the use of these …
Prostate cancer detection: Fusion of cytological and textural features (2012)

A computer-assisted system for histological prostate cancer diagnosis can assist pathologists in two stages: (i) to locate cancer regions in a large digitized tissue biopsy, and (ii) to assign Gleason grades to the regions detected in stage 1. Most previous studies on this topic have primarily addressed the second stage by classifying the preselected tissue regions. In this paper, we address the first stage by presenting a cancer detection approach for the whole slide tissue image. We propose a novel method to extract a cytological feature, namely the presence of cancer nuclei (nuclei with prominent nucleoli) in the tissue, and apply this feature to detect the cancer regions. Additionally, conventional image texture features which have been widely used in the literature are also considered. The performance comparison among the proposed cytological textural feature combination method, the texture-based method and the cytological feature-based method demonstrates the robustness of the extracted cytological feature. At a false positive rate of 6%, the proposed method is able to achieve a sensitivity of 78% on a dataset including six training images (each of which has approximately 4,000×7,000 pixels) and 1 1 whole-slide test images (each of which has approximately 5,000×23,000 pixels). All images are at 20X magnification.
FluMist vaccine: Questions and answers – summary (2011)

FluMist (AstraZeneca Canada Inc) is a live attenuated vaccine for intranasal administration that has recently been licensed in Canada. The vaccine for 2010/2011 contains the same strains as the current inactivated vaccine (A/California/7/2009 [H1N1], A/Perth/16/2009 [H3N2] and B/Brisbane/60/2008). It is administered as a nasal spray to each nostril, and needs to be given yearly. In children, it may be more efficacious than the inactivated vaccine, and its relative ease of administration may make it a reasonable alternative for some children. It may be given to previously healthy, nonpregnant persons between two and 59 years of age. It should be avoided in children with significant asthma and those with nasal congestion. Because it is a live vaccine, it should not be given to anyone with an underlying immunodeficiency or chronic medical condition, or anyone receiving salicylates. It is provided in a prefilled single-use sprayer containing a dose for each nostril. Currently, it is not available through publically funded programs but may be available at pharmacies.

For the full practice point, please see http://www.cps.ca/english/statements/ID/FluMist.htm.
Tabletop Fusion Revisited (2002)

I do not think that it is possible for R. P. Taleyarkhan et al. (“Evidence for nuclear emissions during acoustic cavitation,” Research Articles, 8 March, p. [1868][1]) to have observed 2.5-MeV neutrons for the simple reason that the pulse-height threshold used in their experiment is greater than
Aortic hypoplasia and cardiac valvular abnormalities in a boy with fragile X syndrome (1988)

An 18-year-old mentally retarded male with the Martin-Bell syndrome was fragile X positive. He died suddenly with viral pneumonia and myocarditis. At autopsy, generalized tubular hypoplasia of the aorta and a mild coarctation were discovered. The base of the mitral and tricuspid valves showed striking aberrations in elastin distribution and structure by light microscopy. Local collagen alterations were also noted. Comparable changes were seen in the skin elastin as well as a severe depletion of acid mucopolysaccharides. These changes suggest a structural disruption underlying the clinical connective tissue problems in some patients with the fragile X syndrome.
Sparse reconstruction for radar (2008)

Imaging is not itself a system goal, but is rather a means to support inference tasks. For data processing with linearized signal models, we seek to report all high-probability interpretations of the data and to report confidence labels in the form of posterior probabilities. A low-complexity recursive procedure is presented for Bayesian estimation in linear regression models. A Gaussian mixture is chosen as the prior on the unknown parameter vector. The algorithm returns both a set of high posterior probability mixing parameters and an approximate minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimate of the parameter vector. Emphasis is given to the case of a sparse parameter vector. Numerical simulations demonstrate estimation performance and illustrate the distinctions between MMSE estimation and maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) model selection. The proposed tree-search algorithm provides exact ratios of posterior probabilities for a set of high probability solutions to the sparse reconstruction problem. These relative probabilities serve to reveal potential ambiguity among multiple candidate solutions that are ambiguous due to low signal-to-noise ratio and/or significant correlation among columns in the super-resolving regressor matrix.
Efficacy Result from a Phase 2, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of CX-8998 a State-Dependent T-Type Calcium (Cav3) Channel Modulator in Essential Tremor Patients (T-CALM) (S4.008) (2019)

To determine the efficacy of CX-8998 in patients with moderate to severe essential tremor (ET) with inadequate response to standard of care anti-tremor medications.
Absolute Molecular Sieve Separation of Ethylene/Ethane Mixtures with Silver Zeolite A (2012)

Absolute ethylene/ethane separation is achieved by ethane exclusion on silver-exchanged zeolite A adsorbent. This molecular sieving type separation is attributed to the pore size of the adsorbent, which falls between ethylene and ethane kinetic diameters.
A 3.2-GHz 1.3-mW ILO phase rotator for burst-mode mobile memory I/O in 28-nm low-leakage CMOS (2014)

This paper presents a 7-bit 3.2-GHz injection-locked oscillator (ILO) based phase rotator for burst-mode mobile memory I/O. Phase shifting is achieved by selecting the injection point and offsetting the natural frequency of the ILO from that of the injected clock. The circuit implements two techniques that enable its use in burst-mode systems: 1) synchronous stopping and restarting of the ILO achieved by strong injection, as opposed to a relatively weak injection during normal operation, and 2) phase characteristic calibration that allows continuous, infinite-throw phase rotation needed for link timing calibration. The circuit is implemented in a 1-V low-leakage 28-nm CMOS process. Power consumption and area are 1.3 mW and 0.03 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Acute, Delayed and Chronic Remote Ischemic Conditioning Is Associated with Downregulation of mTOR and Enhanced Autophagy Signaling (2014)

Cardioprotection following transient ischemia exists in both the acute and delayed/chronic phases of conditioning. RIC induces pro-autophagy signaling but the pattern of responses varies depending on the phase, with the most complete portfolio of responses observed when RIC is administered chronically.
Effect of an oxide layer on the far-infrared absorption of small silver particles (1985)

We measure the far-infrared absorption of silver smoke, with volume-averaged radii 600 A\r{}1600 A\r{}, inside a Teflon host. The size distribution and the oxide-layer thickness of silver smoke were included in analyzing the measured absorption coefficient. The high resistivity of the oxide layer introduces a large electric dipole absorption coefficient well characterized by \ensuremath{\alpha}=C${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}$ for 20 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$80 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, where C is proportional to the thickness of the oxide layer. Because of the oxide layer, the absorption coefficient due to the electric dipole becomes comparable to that of the magnetic dipole for 50 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$resistivity of the oxide coating was deduced to be ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}$=0.08\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 \ensuremath{\Omega} cm.
Antihyperalgesic effect of pentoxifylline on experimental inflammatory pain (2004)

The antihyperalgesic effect of pentoxifylline was investigated in three experimental pain models. Pentoxifylline (0.5-1.6 mg kg(-1)) given 30 min before the stimulus significantly inhibited the writhing response induced by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of either acetic acid (-90%) or zymosan (-83%), but not that of iloprost, in mice, as well as the zymosan-induced articular hyperalgesia in the zymosan arthritis in rats (-50%). Pentoxifylline also inhibited the mechanical hypernociception in rats induced by the intraplantar injection of either carrageenin (-81%), bradykinin (-56%) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha; -46%), but not that induced by interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) or prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). Pentoxifylline did not inhibit the nociceptive response in the hot plate test in mice. Further, the antinociceptive effect of pentoxifylline in the writhing test in mice and the zymosan-induced articular hyperalgesia were not reversed by the coadministration of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. Thus, pentoxifylline antinociceptive effect is probably not mediated at a central level. Pentoxifylline significantly reduced TNF-alpha (-43%) and IL-1beta (-42%) concentrations in the joint exudates of rats stimulated by intra-articular injection of zymosan and the production of both cytokines (-66 and -86%, respectively) by mouse peritoneal macrophages stimulated in vivo with zymosan as well as the expression of TNF-alpha at the tissue level in carrageenin-injected rat paws. In conclusion, the antinociceptive activity of pentoxifylline is associated with the inhibition of the release of both TNF-alpha and IL-1beta.
Synthesis and Remarkable Efficacy of Model Polyethylene-<i>graft</i>-poly(methyl methacrylate) Copolymers as Compatibilizers in Polyethylene/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Blends (2012)

Polyethylene-graft-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PE-g-PMMA) copolymers were prepared using a combination of ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), hydrogenation, and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Approximately 20 PMMA side chains per molecule with average degrees of polymerization 6, 12, and 24 were grown via a “grafting from” approach from a Br-substituted linear PE backbone with Mw = 56 000. The resulting graft copolymers were evaluated as compatibilizing agents for binary PE/PMMA homopolymer blends. The roles of PMMA side chain length and different compatibilizer concentration in the polymer blends were investigated, and the mechanical and morphological properties of blends containing 70% PE and 30% PMMA by weight were examined. The presence of the compatibilizer reduced the average PMMA droplet size substantially, even at compatibilizer loadings as low as 1%. Furthermore, the compatibilized blends exhibited significant improvements in elastic modulus, yield strength, and scratch resistance as compared to the binary blends. Adhesion testing confirmed the ability of PE-g-PMMA to act as an effective PE/PMMA adhesion promoter. Remarkably, the graft copolymer with the shortest side chains was the most effective compatibilizer. This counterintuitive result is tentatively attributed to kinetic limitations in partitioning of the graft copolymers to the interface.
Collagen Breakdown and Ammonia Inhalation (1979)

Measurement of several urinary metabolites of hydroxylysine indicates that considerable collagen degradation occurred in four individuals immediately after they had inhaled concentrated ammonia vapors. Since clinical and/or radiological evidence of intense upper respiratory and pulmonary inflammation were evident, it is likely that collagen degradation occurred at the level of the respiratory system.