gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An interpolation scheme for tool-radius compensated parabolic paths for CNC (1996)

In general, NC systems provide only linear and circular interpolations. Complex shapes to be machined are first approximated with linear and circular segments to some predetermined tolerance. Parabolic curves are more suitable for piecewise approximation of higher-order curves because less segments than lines or circular arcs are required. In machining operations, the tool motion controlled by the interpolator does not move along the profile of the job. The tool path is offset from the profile by the tool radius. Tool-radius compensations for linear and circular tool paths involve simple offsets of the initial and final points. The tool paths remain linear or circular. For parabolic profiles, the offset tool paths are not parabolic; hence, parabolic interpolations cannot be used to generate the offset paths. This paper presents an algorithm to perform interpolations for the tool to follow parabolic curves as well as the offset paths passing through two user-defined end points. The parabolic interpolation is based on the principle of operation of the Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA) integrator and is capable of constant tangential velocity.
Deep convolutional network neocognitron: Improved Interpolating-Vector (2015)

The neocognitron is a multi-layered convolutional network that can be trained to recognize visual patterns robustly. In the intermediate layers of the neocognitron, local features are extracted from input patterns. In the highest (or deepest) layers of the network, the method of Interpolating-Vector is used for classifying patterns based on the features extracted by the intermediate layers. During the learning, several reference vectors for each class are created from a set of training vectors. To recognize an input vector, we measure distances (based on similarities) between the input vector and planes that are spanned by every trio of reference vectors of the same class. The class name of the nearest plane is taken as the result of classification. To reduce the computational cost, we propose to search the nearest plane, not among all possible combinations of three reference vectors, but only among trios that contain the nearest reference vector. For reducing the computational cost, it is also important to represent the large number of training vectors accurately with a compact set of reference vectors. To create a compact set of reference vectors, the learning is carried out in two steps. In the first step, reference vectors are just chosen from vectors in the training set. We start modifying reference vectors (namely, fine tuning of connections) from the second step after an enough number of reference vectors have been chosen. The effectiveness of the proposed method for recognizing hand-written digits is demonstrated by computer simulation.
Applications of the Photo-Electric Cell to Chemical Analysis and Control (1930)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTApplications of the Photo-Electric Cell to Chemical Analysis and ControlH. M. PartridgeCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 1930, 2, 3, 207–213Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1930Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1930https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac50071a004https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50071a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views69Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Variations in Lung Cancer Risk Among Smokers (2003)

The risk of lung cancer varies widely among smokers. Accurate risk prediction may help individuals who are contemplating voluntary screening to balance the potential benefits and risks. Risk prediction may also be useful for researchers designing clinical trials of lung cancer prevention.
Ultrastructural differences in the exosporium of the Sterne and Vollum strains of <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> (1968)

Spores from three different strains of Bacillus anthracis were examined by electron microscopy for the presence of a hair-like nap previously reported to be present on the exosporium of spores of the Sterne strain (avirulent). In addition to that strain, the Vollum strain (virulent) and a rough, avimlent variant of the Vollum were utilized in the current studies.Spores were fixed with Kellenberger's standard OsO 4 fixative and embedded in Maraglas. Thin sections were poststained with various combinations of the following: potassium permanganate, uranyl acetate, lead citrate. The nap on the exosporium of spores of the Sterne strain was revealed most clearly when thin sections were poststained with all of the aforementioned stains. Post-staining by a single application of any of the three reagents resulted in a nap that was barely perceptible.The surface of the exosporium of spores from the Vollum strain and the rough, avirulent variant was found to be quite different from that of the Sterne strain. On the two former, the surface layer is approximately one-third as thick as the layer of hairs in the nap on the latter.
Uniform Growth of AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors on 200 mm Silicon (111) Substrate (2013)

Crack-free AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) grown on a 200 mm Si substrate by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is presented. As grown epitaxial layers show good surface uniformity throughout the wafer. The AlGaN/GaN HEMT with the gate length of 1.5 µm exhibits a high drain current density of 856 mA/mm and a transconductance of 153 mS/mm. The 3.8-µm-thick device demonstrates a high breakdown voltage of 1.1 kV and a low specific on-resistance of 2.3 mΩ cm2 for the gate–drain spacing of 20 µm. The figure of merit of our device is calculated as 5.3×108 V2 Ω-1 cm-2.
Multimodal micro, nano, and size conversion ultrasound agents for imaging and therapy (2016)

Ultrasound (US) is one of the most commonly used clinical imaging techniques. However, the use of US and US-based intravenous agents extends far beyond imaging. In particular, there has been a surge in the fabrication of multimodality US contrast agents and theranostic US agents for cancer imaging and therapy. The unique interaction of US waves with microscale and nanoscale agents has attracted much attention in the development of contrast agents and drug-delivery vehicles. The dimensions of the agent not only dictate how it behaves in vivo, but also how it interacts with US for imaging and drug delivery. Furthermore, these agents are also unique due to their ability to convert from the nanoscale to the microscale and vice versa, having imaging and therapeutic utility in both dimensions. Here, we review multimodality and multifunctional US-based agents, according to their size, and also highlight recent developments in size conversion US agents. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:796-813. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1398 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
침윤성 유관암에 있어 실제 5년 생존율에 관여하는 임상병리학적 인자 (2011)

목적：본 연구의 목적은 침윤성 유관암에 있어 실제 5년 생존율에 관여하는 임상병리학적 인자를 밝히는 것이다. 대상과 방법：1999년 1월부터 2003년 12월까지 XX대학교병원 외과에서 침윤성 유관암으로 진단되어 수술을 시행받은 365명의 여성 환자를 대상으로 실제 5년 생존율 및 임상병리학적인자에 대해 단변량 및 다변량 분석을 시행하였다. 결과 : 환자들의 평균 나이는 47.6세, 평균 추적관찰 기간은 62.8개월, 실제 5년 생존율은 89.3% 였다. 단변량 분석에서 유방암의 실제 5년 생존율에 영향을 미치는 인자는 술전 CA 15-3 수치 (p=0.0211), 종양의 크기(p＜0.0000), 액와 림프절 전이(p＜0.0000), 종양의 병기(p＜0.0000), 혈관림프계 침윤(p=0.0004)과 신경주위침윤(p=0.0192), PR 양성(p=0.0457), HER2/neu 양성(p=0.0179), 유방보존술(p＜0.0000), 수혈(p=0.0002), 수술 전, 후의 항암치료(p＜0.0000), 호르몬 치료(p=0.0380) 등으로 나타났다. 하지만 다변량 분석에서는 종양의 병기와 수술 후 항암치료만이 유의한 인자로 나타났다. 결론 : 종양의 병기와 술후 항암치료 여부가 침윤성 유관암에 있어 실제 5년 생존율에 관여하는 인자로 나타났다. 종양의 병기는 달라질 수 없지만, 술후 항암치료는 약제의 다양한 조합으로서 달라질 수 있으므로 유방암의 임상병리학적 특성에 따라 신중하게 선택되어야 하겠다.
Ordered ceramic membranes: Annual progress report, March 1987--May 1988 (1988)

The properties of ceramic membranes prepared via the sol-gel process can be controlled by varying the suspension and interfacial chemistries of the precursor sols. The Year 1 Progress Report described the effects of changing several variables. This report presents results on the effect of sintering conditions on the properties of unsupported titania membranes. A description of the effect of phosphate addition on the preparation of alumina and titania membranes is also included, although this study is not yet complete. The preparation of silica membranes is also discussed. This second year of work has also included characterization of supported membranes, membranes which have been deposited on a support and then sintered to fix the membranes in place. These studies have involved measurements of the permeability of the supported membranes to various aqueous feed streams utilizing a laboratory scale test apparatus. PH and temperature effects on the flux of water through the membranes is described. Permselectivity measurements utilizing solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG), bovine serum albumin, and cheesy whey, are also discussed. Because dissolution of membranes at extreme pH values can be a major problem in potential industrial applications, the stability of both unsupported and supported membranes at different pH values wasmore » determined. 9 refs., 22 figs.« less
New Therapies for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation (2009)

A trial fibrillation is the most frequent sustained arrhyth- mia seen in clinical practice, and the public health implications of this growing epidemic are sobering. Approximately 2.3 to 3.2 million people are currently affected in the United States; the risk of stroke ranges from 1% to 7% per year; and atrial fibrillation accounts for 45% of embolic strokes annually, which amounts to 100 000 strokes per year. 1,2 Moreover, atrial fibrillation is an independent predictor of mortality in most studies.
Epimerisation-free peptide formation from carboxylic acid anhydrides and azido derivatives (1995)

Conversion of C-terminal carboxy groups of N-protected α-amino acids to the corresponding 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl mixed anhydrides, followed by treatment with α-azido esters and trialkylphosphines, affords good yields of peptides, without appreciable formation of epimers even for reactions involving Phe–Val and Val–Val couplings and/or N-benzoyl α-amino acids.
Double Dissociations in Visual and Spatial Short-Term Memory. (2004)

A visual short-term memory task was more strongly disrupted by visual than spatial interference, and a spatial memory task was simultaneously more strongly disrupted by spatial than visual interference. This double dissociation supports a fractionation of visuospatial short-term memory into separate visual and spatial components. In 6 experiments, this interpretation could be defended against alternative explanations in terms of trade-offs in resource allocation between memory tasks and interference tasks, in terms of an involvement of short-term consolidation and long-term memory, in terms of differential phonological-loop and central-executive involvement, and in terms of similarity-based interference.
Intersubband absorption in GaN/AlGaN multiple quantum wells in the wavelength range of λ∼1.75–4.2 μm (2000)

Intersubband optical absorption in narrow, 15–30 Å wide, GaN/AlGaN quantum wells has been measured. The samples were grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on sapphire substrate and the barrier AlN mole fraction was varied from 0.45 to 0.8. Peak absorption wavelengths ranged from 4.2 μm for 30 Å wide wells to 1.77 μm for a 15 Å wide well. Modeling shows that a large contribution to the considerable spectral width of the absorption of ∼150 meV likely results from monolayer fluctuations. In addition to the composition dependent band offset, the intrinsic electric fields in the wells and barriers are the determining factors for the shortest possible wavelength.
Low complexity hardware interleaver for MIMO-OFDM based wireless LAN (2009)

A low complexity hardware interleaver architecture is presented for MIMO-OFDM based wireless LAN e.g. 802.11n. Novelty of the presented architecture is twofold; 1) Flexibility to choose interleaver implementation with different modulation scheme and different size for different spatial streams in a multi antenna system, 2) Complexity to compute on the fly interleaver address is reduce by using recursion and is supported by mathematical formulation. The proposed interleaver architecture is implemented on 65 nm CMOS process and it consumes 0.035 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> area. The proposed architecture supports high speed communication with maximum throughput of 900 Mbps at a clock rate of 225 MHz.
Anionic Liposomes Increase the Efficiency of Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer to Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor Deficient Cells (2009)

Despite remarkable progress in the research of both viral and nonviral gene delivery vectors, the drawbacks in each delivery system have limited their clinical applications. Therefore, one of the concepts for developing novel vectors is to overcome the limitations of individual vectors by combining them. In the current study, adenoviral vectors were formulated with anionic liposomes to protect them from neutralizing antibodies and to improve their transduction efficiency in Coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) deficient cells. A calcium-induced phase change method was applied to encapsulate adenovirus 5 (Ad5) into anionic liposomes to formulate the complexes of Ad5 and anionic liposomes (Ad5-AL). Meanwhile, the complexes of Ad5 and cationic liposomes (Ad5-CL) were also prepared as controls. LacZ gene expression in CAR overexpressing cells (A549) and CAR deficient cells (CHO and MDCK) was measured by either qualitative or quantitative detection. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was performed to determine intracellular location of Ad5 after their infection. Human sera with a high titer of antiadenovirus antibody were used to assess the neutralizing antibody protection ability of the complexed vectors. Accompanying the enhanced gene expression, a high ability to introduce Ad5 into cytoplasm and nucleus mediated by Ad5-AL was also observed in CAR deficient cells. Additionally, antibody neutralizing assay indicated that neutralizing serum inhibited naked Ad5 and Ad5-CL at rather higher dilution than Ad5-AL, which demonstrated Ad5-AL was more capable of protecting Ad5 from neutralizing than Ad5-CL. In conclusion, anionic liposomes prepared by the calcium-induced phase change method could significantly enhance the transduction ability of Ad5 in CAR deficient cells.
A New Method for Predicting Fracture Propagation Pressure From MWD or Wireline Log Data (1989)

ABSTRACT A new approach has been developed for predicting fracture initiation and propagation pressure from MWD or wireline log data. The technique combines well established principles of rock mechanics and petrophysics to calibrate earth stresses and pressure to rock properties. Real-time pressure predictions are based upon MWD data derived while drilling the well rather than depth from a regional average or planning well. Fracture propagation pressure (Fp) is the sum of pore pressure (P) and the effective horizontal stress (σh) during fracturing (Fp = p + σh). Pore pressure is first determined as the difference between overburden(S) and effective vertical stresses (σy) from the relationship (P=S-σY). This rock mechanics approach is fundamentally different from the "normal" (Pn) and "excess" (Pe) additive fluid pressure approaches (P=Pn+Pe) for predicting pore pressure (P). The overburden calculation accounts for the water column, average rock densities above the measured interval, and calculated rock densities within the measured interval Effective vertical stress (σV) is calculated for all lithologies in the sand-shale continuum using empirically derived Power Law expressions of lithology (v-shale) and porosity (Φ). The new fracture pressure prediction approach is an extension of the effective stress concept using Drucker Prager failure criteria. Leakoff test data has been used to define effective stress-rock properties limits for fracture initiation and propagation pressures. The new approach is shown to be about four times more accurate than traditional approaches that determine effective horizontal stress as a function of depth. The calibration data and three log examples are shown to demonstrate the accuracy of the technique. The use of Fracture Pressure logs before or during drilling could have prevented lost circulation in two cases and the setting of unnecessary casino in the third.
Spatial And Temporal Reasoning In Geographic Information Systems (1998)

Abstract In an effort to further investigation into critical development facets of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), this book explores the reasoning processes that apply to geographic space and time. As a result of an iniative sponsored by the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA), it treats the computational, cognitive and social science applications aspects of spatial and temporal reasoning in GIS. Essays were contributed by scholars from a broad spectrum of disciplines including: geography, cartography, surveying and engineering, computer science, mathematics and environmental and cognitive psychology.
A Novel Generation Method of Dielectric Barrier Discharge and Ozone Production Using a Piezoelectric Transformer (2004)

A novel generation method of a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) using a piezoelectric transformer (PT) is proposed. Spatio-temporal variations of microdischarges were investigated and discussed on the basis of the observations using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. As an example of a practical application of the DBD to a plasma reactor, an ozonizer using the PT was developed and ozone productions were performed in air and oxygen. Maximum ozone concentrations of 3.38 and 20.3 g/Nm 3 were obtained in air and oxygen, respectively. The ozonizer can be designed in a compact configuration and driven with low applied voltages because the PT serves as both a high-voltage generator and a discharge electrode.
Prevention of Dental Caries by Xylitol (1991)

Dental caries is caused by a diet‐associated pathologic process affecting the teeth. This is an infectious, transmissible disease, the infecting agents being specific micro‐organisms, with a streptococcal species, i.e. Streptococcus mutans (or other members of the so‐called mutans streptococci), being especially cariogenic under certain dietary conditions. The transmissibility of the disease is reflected, for example, in the fact that young children usually receive their S. mutans infection from their mothers. According to present scientific knowledge, dental caries should be fully preventable. Maximisation of preventive efforts is of fundamental importance; relying on only one prevention procedure, like a fluoride‐based method, is insufficient. Relying solely on reparative philosophy is wrong. As to dietary approaches, mere prohibition of sugar as the only educational measure is hypocritical. Maximisation of prevention automatically includes the use of sugar substitutes. Of these, xylitol, a natural, physiologic carbohydrate sweetener, has been rigorously tested in long‐term human clinical trials, and has been found to be safe and effective. An effective way to use xylitol is as xylitol‐containing chewing gum, lozenges or chewable tablets. This prevention procedure can easily be promoted in environments where children or young adults are reachable, i.e. at schools, universities, garrisons, public health centres and related institutions. Results from clinical studies suggest that less than 10 grams of xylitol per day, consumed in about five chewing episodes, significantly increases protection against dental caries. This approach, a single‐component modification of diet, can be used to complete existing prevention methods, both at individual and community level.
Integrated approach of skin-color detection and depth information for hand and face localization (2011)

Real-time hand and face localization is a challenging problem in many application scenarios such as face and gesture recognition in computer vision and robotics. This paper proposes a robust method which can locate multiple faces and hands simultaneously under the changing environment of light illumination and complex background in real time by using skin-color detection and K-means in conjunction with stereoscopic depth information. Skin-color detection in color image with elliptical boundary model to identify possible areas of human skin-color. The depth map captured from three-dimensional depth sensor Kinect is used to segment human body to remove the skin-color noise in the background and separate hands from face based on their positions. Then K-means algorithm clusters the detected skin-color pixels into three blobs to obtain the center points of hands and face. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method in localization of human hands and face is robust over various body postures and complex environmental circumstances in video sequences.
<i>CIS</i>‐ AND <i>TRANS</i>‐4‐AMINOCROTONIC ACID AS GABA ANALOGUES OF RESTRICTED CONFORMATION (1975)

Abstract— Cis ‐4‐aminocrotonic acid, an analogue of GABA in a folded conformation, appears not to act as a GABA analogue with respect to bicuculline‐sensitive postsynaptic receptors, ‘high affinity’ GABA uptake and GABA: 2‐oxoglutarate aminotransferase in the mammalian central nervous system. On the other hand, trans ‐4‐aminocrotonic acid, an analogue of GABA in an extended conformation, acts as efficiently as GABA with respect to each of the above systems, indicating that extended rather than folded conformations of GABA are likely to be important in the interaction of GABA with the specific macromolecules concerned.
Interaction of DL-2,3-diaminopropionic acid and its methyl ester with metal ions. Part II. Hydrolysis kinetics (1973)

Base hydrolysis of methyl DL-2,3-diaminopropionate (E) has been studied in aqueous solution at I= 0·1M and three temperatures (25, 37, and 50 °C). Specific rate constants have been obtained for the hydrolysis of the unprotonated ester and its monoprotonated (α-amino-group) form (EH+), and the corresponding activation parameters determined.Rate constants for base hydrolysis of the ester function in bis-complexes of copper(II) and mercury(II) with methyl DL-2,3-diaminopropionate have been obtained at 25 °C and I= 0·1M. The hydrolytic behaviour of the bis-complexes is consistent with equations (i) and (ii), where A– is the anion of 2,3-diaminopropionic acid and M2+ is a bivalent metal ion. The metal complexes undergo base hydrolysis considerably more rapidly than does ME22++ OH–→ MEA++ MeOH (i), MEA++ OH–→ MA2+ MeOH (ii) the free ligand E. Thermodynamic parameters for hydrolysis of the ester and the copper(II) complexes are compared. Specific rate constants for base hydrolysis of the mono-complex CuE2+, the hydroxy-complexes CuEOH+ and HgEOH+, and the mixed complex CuE(dae)2+(dae = 1,2-diaminoethane) have also been obtained at 25 °C and I= 0·1M. The relative values of the various rate constants are discussed.