gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Heightened Marketization Drive in the Pipeline: Will China's Seemingly Non-Statutory Policy Banks Continue to Survive? (2015)

The founding of China's policy banks as the government's policy finance providers happened some twenty years ago. Yet the legal position of these policy banks has not been ascertained legislatively up to the present time. Obviously incongruous with the doctrine of laissez-faire economics, Chinese policy banks still seem to be straddling two lanes, in the face of escalating competitive pressures descending from an increased market openness to private capital and foreign investment provoked in the new wave of reform and marketization that is presently traversing the country. This article analyses the original role played by China's policy banks and the raison d'etre behind the establishment and employment of such a special type of banking institutions in a historical perspective. It then explores the current dilemmas Chinese policy banks have to manage and the future challenges they may encounter and address. It attempts to delve into a viable answer to the long-sustained argument about whether these policy banks have really outlived their usefulness and where their way ahead ought to be at last, if any, from a realistically appropriate standpoint.
An extremely fast and efficient acylation reaction of alcohols with acid anhydrides in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate as catalyst (1996)

P. A. Procopiou, S. P. D. Baugh, S. S. Flack and G. G. A. Inglis, Chem. Commun., 1996, 2625 DOI: 10.1039/CC9960002625
Zn2+-triggered excited-state intramolecular proton transfer: a sensitive probe with near-infrared emission from bis(benzoxazole) derivative (2011)

Near-infrared (NIR) emission can offer distinct advantages for biological applications. A fluorescent sensor, Zinhbo-1, based on bis(benzoxazole) ligand with 2,2'-dipicolylamine (DPA) as receptor, was synthesized. In aqueous solution, Zinhbo-1 demonstrates high sensitivity and selectivity for sensing Zn(2+) with about 10-fold enhancement and nanomolar sensitivity (K(d) = 0.29 nM). Moreover, sensor Zinhbo-1 can detect Zn(2+) in near-infrared region (over 700 nm) with large Stokes shift (ca. 230 nm) attributing to the Zn(2+)-induced excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT).
Fetal inflammatory response in women with proteomic biomarkers characteristic of intra‐amniotic inflammation and preterm birth (2008)

We provide evidence that presence of proteomic biomarkers characteristic of inflammation in the AF is associated with an increased inflammatory status of the fetus at birth. Neonates mount an increased inflammatory status and have positive blood cultures even in the context of minimal intra-amniotic inflammation.
Canada’s International Status (1928)

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Usefulness of Taurine in Chronic Congestive Heart Failure and Its Prospective Application. (1992)

We compared the effect of oral administration of taurine (3 g/day) and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) (30 mg/day) in 17 patients with congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, whose ejection fraction assessed by echocardiography was less than 50%. The changes in echocardiographic parameters produced by 6 weeks of treatment were evaluated in a double-blind fashion. In the taurine-treated group significant treatment effect was observed on systolic left ventricular function after 6 weeks. Such an effect was not observed in the CoQ10-treated group.
Long-term bidirectional neuron interfaces for robotic control, and in vitro learning studies (2004)

There are two fundamentally different goals for neural interfacing. On the biology side, to interface living neurons to external electronics allows the observation and manipulation of neural circuits to elucidate their fundamental mechanisms. On the engineering side, neural interfaces in animals, people, or in cell culture have the potential to restore missing functionality, or someday, to enhance existing functionality. At the Laboratory for NeuroEngineering at Georgia Tech, we are developing new technologies to help make both goals attainable. We culture dissociated mammalian neurons on multielectrode arrays, and use them as the brain of a 'Hybrot', or hybrid neural-robotic system. Distributed neural activity patterns are used to control mobile robots. We have created the hardware and software necessary to feed the robots' sensory inputs back to the cultures in real time, as electrical stimuli. By embodying cultured networks, we study learning and memory at the cellular and network level, using 2-photon laser-scanning microscopy to image plasticity while it happens. We have observed a very rich dynamical landscape of activity patterns in networks of only a few thousand cells. We can alter this landscape via electrical stimuli, and use the hybrot system to study the emergent properties of networks in vitro.
An Outsider Perspective of the Human Predicament in Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism - by Wanjiru M. Gitau (2018)

While most religious traditions emerged from discrete contexts, major world religions have been brought into new forms of contact, calling forth broadminded reciprocity in social discourse. How well do Christians (including readers of Global Missiology) understand basic ideas of Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism, the three world religions that have increasing salience in contemporary affairs alongside Christianity? This paper, developed with rudimentary resources from insiders of these religions, explores the question of the core human predicament, to which essential teachings of these religions are addressed. Granted, the theologies of these religions would present much more complex understandings, but here we begin to see the outlines that frame primary beliefs and practices of followers. In Islam, humanity’s core problem is separation from Allah, resulting in Allah’s displeasure and possibility of judgment on the final day. Balance is established by a healthy fear of Allah. In Buddhism the human problem is delusions that come from worldly attachments, leading to the cycle of kamma and samsara. Salvation begins with right understanding followed by renunciation of all desire. In Hinduism the human problem lies in the fixed status of moksa, where a human being is pulled into perpetual struggle between the higher and lower self. Moksa is made immutable by the caste system. Salvation or eventual bliss issues out of the unity of the self, known as atman, and the ultimate reality, known as the brahman through a path of renunciation from all attachment. Note that while the unfamiliar, non-English words have been italicized, their meanings are implied within the text, therefore no extra glossary is independently proffered.
Band-widened harmonic vocoder at 2 to 4 kbps (2002)

For speech coding at a bit rate below 4 kbps, the attention has been concentrated on sinusoidal-based vocoders during the past decade. Several models such as multiband excitation (MBE) have been proposed to synthesize high quality speech while removing the "buzzy" quality often produced because of over strong periodicity. This paper proposes a new model for voiced speech coding at very low bit rates, referred to as band-widened harmonic coding (BWH). This model was demonstrated to be able to win some advantages over existing ones in both quality and complexity. A comparison between the BWH and the MBE will be given in this paper.
Transplant immunosuppressant agents and their role in autoimmune rheumatic diseases (2003)

This article examines immunosuppressant transplant agents used to treat the various rheumatic diseases. The older drugs of this type have been used in this dual role for decades. There is a new generation of immunosuppressant drugs with established use in the arena of transplantation medicine. Only recently have the potential rheumatologic applications for these agents been investigated. The authors review in depth the published experience with the newer agents. The authors also discuss novel rheumatologic uses for the older agents that have been described within the past year.
Sporulation of Aspergillus niger in Submerged Liquid Culture (1969)

SUMMARY: Asexual sporulation of Aspergillus niger occurred in submerged culture in a liquid minimal medium without added nitrogen, in low ammonium-N concentrations, and in a wide range of nitrate-N concentrations. Ammonium salts containing more than 48 mg. atom N/l. were inhibitory to conidiation. Most amino acids overcame the ammonium inhibition of conidiation when added to an ammonium nitrate medium. Glyoxylate and several intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle also promoted conidiation in the presence of ammonium. Changes in the medium of conidiating and non-conidiating cultures were examined with respect to nitrogen and glucose concentrations, dry weight and pH value. The activities of two glutamate dehydrogenases, one requiring NAD and the other specific for NADP, and of aspartate and alanine amino transferases varied during growth as a function of the stage of the life cycle and of the growth medium. There was no clear correlation between the activities of these enzymes and conidiation of this fungus.
An improved synthetic procedure for the preparation of <sup>195m</sup>Pt labelled anti‐tumour complexes (1991)

Abstract An improved synthetic procedure for the preparation of high specific activity 195m Pt labelled cisplatin, carboplatin and iproplatin is reported. The procedure involves synthetic strategies which optimise the yields at each stage of the synthesis, giving products of high purity and in high yield (ie. cisplatin and carboplatin, 43%, and iproplatin, 22%). A new procedure for the synthesis of carboplatin using silver 1,1‐cyclobutanedicarboxylate is also reported.
The Enhanced Killing of Irradiated HeLa Cells in Synchronous Culture by Hyperthermia (1976)

Mitotically synchronized cultures of HeLa S-3 cells were subjected to the treatment of radiation (400 rad), hyperthermia (43/sup 0/C), and a combination of both at different phases of the division cycle. The radioresistance was most pronounced in the mid G-1 and late S phases, while thermal resistance was greatest in the early G-1 phase and steadily decreased as cells entered the S phase. Cells in the late S and early G-2 phases were found to be most sensitive to hyperthermia. The sequential treatment of radiation immediately followed by hyperthermia resulted in an enhanced cell killing throughout the cell cycle with a marked synergism occurring in cells in the late S phase. The age-response function of the combined treatment was more similar to that of the thermal age response.
Simple Preparation of O-Substituted Hydroxylamines from Alcohols (2006)

A direct preparation of O-substituted hydroxylamines from alcohols is described by O-alkylation of tert-butyl N-hydroxy­carbamate with the methanesulfonates of respective alcohols, followed by acidic N-deprotection.
Perspectives and implications: some conclusions (2006)

Globalization, by increasing the interdependence among the people of the world, has enhanced the need for global collective action and the importance of global public goods. That the global institutions which have been created in response have not worked perfectly is not a surprise: the problems are complex and collective action at any level is difficult.Joseph E. Stiglitz, 2002
Can cognitive enhancers reduce the risk of falls in older people with Mild Cognitive Impairment? A protocol for a randomised controlled double blind trial (2009)

The protocol for this study is registered with the Clinical Trials Registry, identifier number: NCT00934531 http://www.clinicaltrials.gov.
Optically Written Conical Lenses for Resonant Structures and Detector Arrays (1999)

We demonstrate a novel method of fabricating conical lens arrays in photopolymers which offers one-time alignment advantages. The technique may become useful for coupling into detector/modulator arrays as well as optical fibers.
Primo Product Working Group (2013)

Abstract: The annual meeting of the Primo PWG is open to everyone! Come and hear about the work the group has done over the past year, have a say in our plans for the coming year, meet your Primo representatives and vote for new PWG members!
Mitotic Disrupter Herbicides (1991)

Approximately one-quarter of all herbicides that have been marketed affect mitosis as a primary mechanism of action. All of these herbicides appear to interact directly or indirectly with the microtubule. Dinitroaniline and phosphoric amide herbicides inhibit microtubule polymerization from free tubulin subunits. Because of the loss of spindle and kinetochore microtubules, chromosomes cannot move to the poles during mitosis, resulting in cells exhibiting an arrested prometaphase configuration. Nuclear membranes re-form around the chromosomal masses to form lobed nuclei. Cortical microtubules, which influence cell shape, are also absent, and, as a result, the cell expands isodiametrically. In root tips and other structures that are normally elongated, these herbicides induce a characteristic club-shaped swelling. Pronamide and MON 7200 induce similar effects, except that tufts of microtubules remain at the kinetochore region of the chromosomes. The carbamate herbicides barban, propham, and chlorpropham alter the organization of the spindle microtubules so that multiple spindles are formed. Chromosomes move to many poles and multiple nuclei result. Abnormal branched cell walls partly separate the nuclei. Terbutol induces “star anaphase” chromosome configurations in which the chromosomes are drawn into an area at the poles in a star-like aggregation. DCPA's most dramatic effect is on phragmoplast microtubule arrays. Multiple, branched, and curved phragmoplasts are found after herbicide treatment. These disrupters should prove to be useful tools in investigations of the proteins and structures required for a successful cell division.
<i>In</i> <i>situ</i> wafer bonding of an InP/InGaAs epitaxial wafer with a Si wafer in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber (1996)

An InP/InGaAs epitaxial wafer prepared by gas source molecular beam epitaxy was directly bonded with a Si wafer in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber without exposure to the air. The photoluminescence of an InGaAs quantum well layer does not deteriorate even if it is located 100 nm from the bonding interface. In a pin structure fabricated by bonding, carriers injected to the intrinsic region by forward bias reach the interface and recombine through the recombination centers at the interface.
Photoinduced Surface Relief Grating on Composite Film of Conducting Polymer and Polyacrylate Containing Azo-Substituent (2000)

The formation of a photoinduced surface relief grating on a composite film of conducting polymer with a rigid main chain structure and an acrylate polymer containing azo-substituent with a soft main chain structure has been studied. The diffraction efficiency of the photoinduced surface relief grating decreases with increasing concentration of conducting polymer with respect to the polyacrylate in the concentration range higher than 3 mol%. It has been found, however, that the formation of the surface relief grating is promoted by a slight doping of the conducting polymer (<3 mol%) and progresses even after terminating the laser light irradiation on the composite film. An anomalous angular dependence of photoluminescence from the composite film with a surface relief grating on it has also been observed.
Solid-Phase Synthesis and CD Spectroscopic Investigations of Novel β-Peptides from<scp>l</scp>-Aspartic Acid and β-Amino-<scp>l</scp>-alanine (2006)

[structure: see text] A solid-phase synthesis method for the preparation of novel beta3- and beta2-peptides derived from l-aspartic acid and beta-amino-l-alanine, respectively, is described. The methodology allows independent buildup of the beta-peptide backbone and the introduction of sequential side chain substitutions. Representative peptides from the two classes, an amino-substituted beta3-hexapeptide and an acyl-substituted beta2-hexapeptide, have been prepared, and their solution conformation is studied by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy.
Two domains of MyoD mediate transcriptional activation of genes in repressive chromatin: a mechanism for lineage determination in myogenesis. (1997)

Genetic studies have demonstrated that MyoD and Myf5 establish the skeletal muscle lineage, whereas myogenin mediates terminal differentiation, yet the molecular basis for this distinction is not understood. We show that MyoD can remodel chromatin at binding sites in muscle gene enhancers and activate transcription at previously silent loci. TGF-beta, basic-FGF, and sodium butyrate blocked MyoD-mediated chromatin reorganization and the initiation of transcription. In contrast, TGF-beta and sodium butyrate did not block transcription when added after chromatin remodeling had occurred. MyoD and Myf-5 were 10-fold more efficient than myogenin at activating genes in regions of transcriptionally silent chromatin. Deletion mutagenesis of the MyoD protein demonstrated that the ability to activate endogenous genes depended on two regions: a region rich in cysteine and histidine residues between the acidic activation domain and the bHLH domain, and a second region in the carboxyl terminus of the protein. Neither region has been shown previously to regulate gene transcription and both have domains that are conserved in the Myf5 protein. Our results establish a mechanism for chromatin modeling in the skeletal muscle lineage and define domains of MyoD, independent of the activation domain, that participate in chromatin reorganization.
UWB microwave imaging of the lungs: A review (2014)

Microwave imaging had been around for some time in the research field of imaging technologies. Most researchers have focused on breast imaging and a few others on brain imaging. This article presents a review, a part feasibility study and proves of concept into the possibility of imaging the lungs in similar manner as the breast and brain. We present reviews of usage of microwave energy in various lung-heart related diseases, heart and breathe detector and lung tumour detection. The basis for tumour detection using microwave, various tumour and normal tissues compared were also reviewed. We aim to motivate researchers towards imaging the lungs using UWB microwave imaging methods.
MicroRNA Role in Thyroid Cancer Development (2011)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression by binding the 3' noncoding region of the messenger RNA targets inducing their cleavage or blocking the protein translation. They play important roles in multiple biological and metabolic processes, including developmental timing, signal transduction, and cell maintenance and differentiation. Their deregulation can predispose to diseases and cancer. miRNA expression has been demonstrated to be deregulated in many types of human tumors, including thyroid cancers, and could be responsible for tumor initiation and progression. In this paper we reviewed the available data on miRNA deregulation in different thyroid tumors and describe the putative role of miRNA in thyroid cancer development.
The effect of N-acylglucosamines on the biosynthesis and secretion of insulin in the rat (1976)

The effects of N-acylglucosamines on insulin release have been studied. N-Acylglucosamines stimulated insulin release from rat islets in vitro only if a sub-stimulatory concentration of glucose was also present, and this secretory response was abolished by mannoheptulose. In perifused islets the rapidity of the secreotry response to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine was similar to that observed with D-glucose. Increasing acyl-chain length from N-acetyl- to N-hexanoyl-D-glucosamine impaired the secretory response; however, N-dichloroacetyl-D-glucosamine was a more potent stimulator of release than was N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Polymers of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine containing two to six monomers linked alpha1-4 did not stimulate insulin release; glucosamine linked to dextran via a propionyl or hexanoyl spacer group was also without insulin-releasing ability. N-Acylglucosamines were also effective in eliciting insulin release in vivo when injected into conscious rats. At the dose used (86 mumol), N-acetylgucosamine elicited a rapid rise in plasma-insulin concentration; N-butyrylglucosamine was less effective, and there was little or no response to N-hexanoylglucosamine. The response to N-dichloroacetyl-glucosamine was greater than that to N-acetylglucosamine; an increase in plasma insulin concentration could be elicited by N-dichloroacetylglucosamine at a dose (17 mumol) at which neither glucose nor N-acetylglucosamine was effective. The secretory response to acetylglucosamine is not mediated by conversion into glucose. Rates of (pro)-insulin biosynthesis by rat islets have been measured (Pro)-insulin biosynthesis was stimulated by glucose, and this response was abolished by mannoheptulose. N-Acetylglucosamine also stimulated (pro)-insulin biosynthesis; this effect of N-acetylglucosamine did not require the presence of glucose, and was not abolished by mannoheptulose. It is concluded that there are differences in signal reception and/or transduction for the processes of insulin biosynthesis and release.
Taxonomic notes on some Neotropical skippers (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae): Pyrrhopyginae and Pyrginae (2002)

Taxonomic notes on some Neotropical skippers (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae): Pyrrhopyginae and Pyrginae
Changes in the blood chemistry of patients with disseminated carcinoma of the breast during endocrine therapy (1954)

A Average pretreatment values Diagnosis Protein Ca P Phos'taae Protein Ca Age, yr.Bony No. gm. per mg.per mg.per units per No. gm. per mg.per av.&range
Development and Evaluation of an Observational Method for Assessing Repetition in Hand Tasks (1997)

Several physical stressors, including repetitive, sustained, and forceful exertions, awkward postures, localized mechanical stress, highly dynamic movements, exposures to low temperatures, and vibration have been linked to increased risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Repetitive exertions have been among the most widely studied of these stressors, but there is no single metric for assessing exposure to repetitive work. A new methodology enables repetitive hand activity to be rated based on observable characteristics of manual work. This method uses a series of 10-cm visual-analog scales with verbal anchors and benchmark examples. Ratings for repetition reflect both the dynamic aspect of hand movements and the amount of recovery or idle hand time. Trained job analysis experts rate the jobs individually and then agree on ratings. For a group of 33 jobs, repetition ratings using this system were compared to measurements of recovery time within the cycle, exertion counts, and cycle time. Amount of recovery time within the job cycle was found to be significantly correlated with the analysis ratings (r2 = 0.58), as were the number of exertions per second (r2 = 0.53). Cycle time was not related to the analyst ratings. Repeated analyses using the new method were performed 1 1/2 to 2 years apart on the same jobs with the same group of raters. Ratings for repetition differed less than 1 point (on the 10-cm scale), on average, among the different sessions. These results indicate that the method is sensitive to exertion level and recovery time, and that the decision criteria and benchmark examples allow for a consistent application of these methods over a period of time. This method of rating repetition can be combined with similar scales for other physical stressors.
The scattering of electrons by atoms and crystals. I. A new theoretical approach (1957)

The scattering of electrons by three-dimensional potential fields, and, in particular, the potential fields associated with a crystal lattice, is considered in terms of the new approach to physical optics proposed by Cowley & Moodie.