gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tracing Organic Contaminants in Groundwater:  A New Methodology Using Compound-Specific Isotopic Analysis (1997)

The low concentrations (ppm to ppb) typical of organic pollutants dissolved in groundwater have been a major factor limiting the application of stable isotope tracing techniques at contaminated field sites. In this study, pentane extraction of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the xylene isomers (BTEX) from water is shown to be an excellent means of resolving this problem and preparing low concentration samples for carbon isotope analysis using high sensitivity gas chromatograph/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). Pentane extraction provides accurate, reproducible, and linear isotopic results for dissolved BTEX in water with concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 ppma range typically found in contaminated field settings. It is a rapid and flexible technique for extracting the monoaromatics from water and can readily be adapted to extract other organic contaminants. Demonstration of the feasibility of this technique for sparingly soluble BTEX compounds paves the way for applications of δ13C analysis of dissolved contaminants in both laboratory and field scenarios. GC/C/IRMS analysis of pure phase BTEX obtained from different manufacturers shows that the δ13C values of these compounds are resolvably different for each producer. These results suggest that isotope analysis may be a valuable tool for identification of contaminant origin in well-constrained field situations.
Restorative justice at different levels of the criminal justice system in China: challenges and paths forward (2016)

Restorative justice (RJ) has developed and grown rapidly in the past few decades. It is considered a significant element in mainstream criminological practices, specifically for understanding and handling crimes with the aim of holding offenders accountable for their actions, restoring human dignity, compensating material losses, and reconciling relationships. Currently, RJ is not used only in Australasia, North America, and Europe, but also in the criminal justice (CJ) systems of Asian countries such as China. This paper examines how RJ is applied at different levels of the CJ system, including prosecution, court hearings, sentencing, and reintegration, in the People's Republic of China (mainland China). It also highlights examples of RJ practices and discusses concerns, current challenges and paths forward.
Testing &amp; quality assurance in data migration projects (2011)

New business models, constant technological progress, as well as ever-changing legal regulations require that companies replace their business applications from time to time. As a side effect, this demands for migrating the data from the existing source application to a target application. Since the success of the application replacement as a form of IT maintenance is contingent on the underlying data migration project, it is crucial to accomplish the migration in time and on budget. This however, calls for a stringent data migration process model combined with well-defined quality assurance measures. The paper presents, first, a field-tested process model for data migration projects. Secondly, it points out the typical risks we have frequently observed in the course of this type of project. Thirdly, the paper provides practice-based testing and quality assurance techniques to reduce or even eliminate these data migration risks.
Metabolism at a glance (1993)

Introduction to metabolic pathways Biosynthesis of ATP, part I. ATP: the molecule that powers metabolism Biosynthesis of ATP, part II: the respiratory chain, and inhibitors and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation The oxidation of cytosolic NADH+H+: the malate/aspartate shuttle, and the glycerol phosphate shuttle Metabolism of glucose to give energy Metabolism of one molecule of glucose to form 38 molecules of ATP Metabolism of glucose to glycogen Anaerobic metabolism of glucose and glycogen to yield energy as ATP 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) and the red blood cell Metabolism of glucose to fat (triacylglycerol) Metabolism of glucose to fatty acids and triacylglycerol The pentose phosphate pathway and the production of NADPH+H+ The pyruvate/malate cycle and the production of NADPH+H+ Mammals cannot synthesize glucose from fatty acids Metabolism of triacylglycerol to provide energy as ATP The ornithine cycle for the production of urea: 'the urea cycle' Biosynthesis of the non-essential amino acids Catabolism of amino acids, part I Catabolism of amino acids, part II Metabolism of amino acids to glucose in starvation and during the period immediately after refeeding Metabolism of protein to fat Disorders of amino acid metabolism Amino acid metabolism, folate metabolism, and the 'l-carbon pool', part I: purine biosynthesis Amino acid metabolism, folate metabolism, and the 'l-carbon pool', part II: pyramidine biosynthesis Glycogen metabolism, part I Glycogen metabolism, part II Glycogen metabolism, part III: regulation of glycogen breakdown Glycogen synthesis, part IV: regulation of glycogen synthesis (Glycogen metabolism, part IV: regulation of glycogen synthesis) Regulation of glycolysis Regulation of Krebs cycle Regulation of gluconeogenesis Regulation of fatty acid oxidation, part I: mobilization of fatty acids from storage and adipose tissue Regulation of fatty acid oxidation, part II: the carnitine shuttle The ketone bodies Ketone body utilization B-Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids Peroxisomal B-oxidation Elongation and desaturation of fatty acids Metabolism of ethanol Sorbitol, galactitol, glucuronate and xylitol Fructose metabolism Biochemistry of diabetes
UDP-glucose is a potential intracellular signal molecule in the control of expression of sigma S and sigma S-dependent genes in Escherichia coli (1995)

The sigma S subunit of RNA polymerase is the master regulator of a regulatory network that controls stationary-phase induction as well as osmotic regulation of many genes in Escherichia coli. In an attempt to identify additional regulatory components in this network, we have isolated Tn10 insertion mutations that in trans alter the expression of osmY and other sigma S-dependent genes. One of these mutations conferred glucose sensitivity and was localized in pgi (encoding phosphoglucose isomerase). pgi::Tn10 strains exhibit increased basal levels of expression of osmY and otsBA in exponentially growing cells and reduced osmotic inducibility of these genes. A similar phenotype was also observed for pgm and galU mutants, which are deficient in phosphoglucomutase and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, respectively. This indicates that the observed effects on gene expression are related to the lack of UDP-glucose (or a derivative thereof), which is common to all three mutants. Mutants deficient in UDP-galactose epimerase (galE mutants) and trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (otsA mutants) do not exhibit such an effect on gene expression, and an mdoA mutant that is deficient in the first step of the synthesis of membrane-derived oligosaccharides, shows only a partial increase in the expression of osmY. We therefore propose that the cellular content of UDP-glucose serves as an internal signal that controls expression of osmY and other sigma S-dependent genes. In addition, we demonstrate that pgi, pgm, and galU mutants contain increased levels of sigma S during steady-state growth, indicating that UDP-glucose interferes with the expression of sigma S itself.
A sulfhydryl-rich IgM protein with multiple serological specificities. (1987)

A monoclonal IgM lambda protein from a patient (E.T.) suffering from a lymphocytic lymphoma agglutinated Salmonella typhi bacteria and uncoated acryl particles. The antigenic determinant on Salmonella typhi bacteria was found to be 0-12 (alpha-D-Galp-(1-2)-alpha-D-Manp) while the structure on acryl particles recognized by IgM ET has not been defined. Both binding sites for bacteria and acryl particle determinants are localized on the same IgM molecule. The uncommon affinity of this IgM protein for some divalent heavy metal ions led to the finding of an unusually high content of sulfhydryl groups in the Fab portion of the molecule.
High-power dissipative solitons from an all-normal dispersion erbium fiber oscillator (2010)

We demonstrate output pulse energies of 20 nJ from an erbium-doped fiber oscillator that contains only positive dispersion fibers and is mode locked by use of nonlinear polarization evolution and stabilized with a birefringent filter. The fiber oscillator operates at a repetition rate of 3.5 MHz with a central wavelength of 1550 nm. The positively chirped output pulses have a duration of 53 ps and are compressed to 750 fs. The large positive chirp of the output pulses and the steep side edges of the pulse spectrum indicate dissipative soliton operation.
Biological Control of the Brown Planthopper by a Mermithid Nematode (1994)

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparuata lugens, is the major pest 01 nce in Asla. Cument control tactics rely pnmalily on chemical ~nsecticides and resistant nce varieties In Korea, the most important biolog~cal conb-ol agent appears to be the naturally-occuning, mermlthid nematode, Agarnermrs unka. Although parasitism of BPH is highly variable from place to place and from year to year. the rnermithid is a promising biological control agent because it reduces the fecundity of the host and ultimately causes its death. The memithid has only one generation per year compared to the three to four generations of BPH, but the mermithid lemales stagger their egg production so that many individuals in all BPH generations are parastized. Augmentation of this rnermithld into BPH populations is only psslble on a limited scale because it is an obligate parasite and mass production technology has yet to be developed. Conservation of naturally-occumng populations through cultural techniques and the use of compatible resistant rice varieties and chemical insecticides may lead to an effective integrated pest management program for BPH.
A Novel Chimeric<i>Plasmodium vivax</i>Circumsporozoite Protein Induces Biologically Functional Antibodies That Recognize both VK210 and VK247 Sporozoites (2006)

A successful vaccine against Plasmodium vivax malaria would significantly improve the health and quality of the lives of more than 1 billion people around the world. A subunit vaccine is the only option in the absence of long-term culture of P. vivax parasites. The circumsporozoite protein that covers the surface of Plasmodium sporozoites is one of the best-studied malarial antigens and the most promising vaccine in clinical trials. We report here the development of a novel "immunologically optimal" recombinant vaccine expressed in Escherichia coli that encodes a chimeric CS protein encompassing repeats from the two major alleles, VK210 and VK247. This molecule is widely recognized by sera from patients naturally exposed to P. vivax infection and induces a highly potent immune response in genetically disparate strains of mice. Antibodies from immunized animals recognize both VK210 and VK247 sporozoites. Furthermore, these antibodies appear to be protective in nature since they cause the agglutination of live sporozoites, an in vitro surrogate of sporozoite infectivity. These results strongly suggest that recombinant CS is biologically active and highly immunogenic across major histocompatibility complex strains and raises the prospect that in humans this vaccine may induce protective immune responses.
Two different cis-acting regulatory regions direct cell-specific transcription of the collagen alpha 1(I) gene in hepatic stellate cells and in skin and tendon fibroblasts. (1995)

The expression of the collagen alpha 1(I) gene in activated stellate cells plays an important role during liver fibrogenesis. To identify the critical cis-elements of the collagen alpha 1(I) gene in stellate cells, we used transgenic animals bearing various collagen alpha 1(I) regulatory regions directing the expression of either a human growth hormone minigene or the bacterial beta-galactosidase gene. We found that collagen alpha 1(I)-human growth hormone transgene expression was constitutively high in tendon and skin, provided the transgene contained the -2.3 to -0.44 kb collagen regulatory region. However in the liver, expression was stimulated several-fold, as was the endogeneous gene, by the fibrogenic hepatotoxin carbon tetrachloride. This stimulation occurred whether the collagen 5' regulatory region extended -2.3, -1.6 or -0.44 kb, and in the presence or absence of much of the first intron (+292 to +1607 bp). In addition, the -0.44 kb 5' region was sufficient for high-level transgene expression in stellate cells, following their activation by culture on plastic. In contrast, in skin and tendon, high-level transcription of the collagen alpha 1(I) gene required the -2.3 to -0.44 kb 5' flanking region. Thus, two different cis-regulatory regions direct cell-specific transcription of the collagen alpha 1(I) gene in stellate cells and in skin and tendon.
Warfarin–Amiodarone Drug–Drug Interactions: Determination of [I]u/KI,u for Amiodarone and Its Plasma Metabolites (2012)

A retrospective clinical evaluation in a cohort of 73 patients receiving stable anticoagulation therapy showed that the addition/elimination of amiodarone resulted in a 6-65% change in warfarin dose requirement. To evaluate the roles of amiodarone and its circulating metabolites in this highly variable inhibitory drug interaction, a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry assay was developed for the quantitation of low concentrations of these compounds in human plasma, using newly synthesized deuterated analogs as internal standards. Inhibition constant (K(I)) values were determined for the inhibition of (S)-warfarin 7-hydroxylation in human liver microsomes by the parent drug and its metabolites, and the unbound drug fractions (f(u)) were measured in order to calculate the ratio of unbound plasma concentration to the microsomal K(I) for the unbound drug ([I](u)/K(I,u)). From these ratios, we predict that a minor metabolite of amiodarone, namely, N,N-didesethylamiodarone (DDEA), is a major contributor to the interaction between warfarin and amiodarone.
Color fringe detection and correction in YC<inf>b</inf>C<inf>r</inf> space (2012)

Color fringe is an artifact that mainly appears at the boundary of an object in an image, where colors change abruptly and luminance value is large. Thus, color fringe should be corrected in a color digital image. The luminance value as well as the gradient magnitude/direction is used to detect color fringed region. Then, chrominance values are corrected using those in the neighborhood along the direction, where color fringe occurs. Experimental result shows the effectiveness of the proposed color fringe detection and correction method.
Dachsous encodes a member of the cadherin superfamily that controls imaginal disc morphogenesis in Drosophila. (1995)

Mutations in the dachsous gene of Drosophila lead to striking defects in the morphogenesis of the thorax, legs, and wings. The dachsous gene has been cloned and shown to encode a huge transmembrane protein that is a member of the cadherin superfamily, similar to the fat gene reported previously. Both the Dachsous and Fat proteins contain large tandem arrays of cadherin domains--27 and 34, respectively--as compared with 4 cadherin domains in classic vertebrate cadherins. In addition, Dachsous and Fat each has a cytoplasmic domain with sequence similarity to the cytoplasmic beta-catenin-binding domain of classic vertebrate cadherins. The dachsous gene is expressed in the ectoderm of embryos, whereas its expression in larvae is restricted to imaginal discs and specific regions of the brain. The phenotypes of, and genetic interactions between dachsous and fat are consistent with a model in which cell proliferation and morphogenesis of imaginal structures depends on the coupled equilibria between homo- and heterophilic interactions of the Dachsous and Fat cadherin proteins.
Intermolecular Forces and Enthalpies in the Adhesion of <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> and an Antigen I/II-Deficient Mutant to Laminin Films (2007)

The antigen I/II family of surface proteins is expressed by most oral streptococci, including Streptococcus mutans, and mediates specific adhesion to, among other things, salivary films and extracellular matrix proteins. In this study we showed that antigen I/II-deficient S. mutans isogenic mutant IB03987 was nearly unable to adhere to laminin films under flow conditions due to a lack of specific interactions (0.8 x 10(6) and 1.1 x 10(6) cells cm(-2) at pH 5.8 and 6.8, respectively) compared with parent strain LT11 (21.8 x 10(6) and 26.1 x 10(6) cells cm(-2)). The adhesion of both the parent and mutant strains was slightly greater at pH 6.8 than at pH 5.8. In addition, atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments demonstrated that the parent strain experienced less repulsion when it approached a laminin film than the mutant experienced. Upon retraction, combined specific and nonspecific adhesion forces were stronger for the parent strain (up to -5.0 and -4.9 nN at pH 5.8 and 6.8, respectively) than for the mutant (up to -1.5 and -2.1 nN), which was able to interact only through nonspecific interactions. Enthalpy was released upon adsorption of laminin to the surface of the parent strain but not upon adsorption of laminin to the surface of IB03987. A comparison of the adhesion forces in AFM with the adhesion forces reported for specific ligand-receptor complexes resulted in the conclusion that the number of antigen I/II binding sites for laminin on S. mutans LT11 is on the order of 6 x 10(4) sites per organism and that the sites are probably arranged along exterior surface structures, as visualized here by immunoelectron microscopy.
A Review of More-Electric Aircraft (2009)

The More-Electric Aircraft (MEA) underlines the utilization of the electrical power to power the non-propulsive aircraft systems. Adopting the MEA achieves numerous advantages such as optimizing the aircraft performance and decreasing operating and maintenance costs. Moreover, the MEA reduces the emission of the air pollutant gases from the aircraft, which can contribute in solving the problem of climate change. However, the MEA put some challenge on the aircraft electrical system either in the amount of the required power or the processing and management of this power. This paper introduces a review for the MEA. The review includes the different options of generation and power system architectures.
Peripheral nerve function during hyperglycemic clamping in healthy subjects (1988)

The influence of hyperglycemia with physiological hyperinsulinemia on peripheral nerve function was studied in 10 non-diabetic subjects. Blood glucose concentration was raised from 3.8 +/- 0.2 mmol/l (mean +/- SEM) to 17.1 +/- 1.4 mmol/l (mean +/- SEM) within 15 min and kept at this level for 120 min by intravenous glucose infusion. Sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity, and distal motor latency in the ulnar nerve were determined before, immediately after induction of hyperglycemia, and again after 120 min of hyperglycemia. Mean sensory nerve conduction velocity increased from 57.7 m/s to 59.5 m/s (P less than 0.005) immediately after induction of hyperglycemia, and after 120 min of hyperglycemia mean sensory nerve conduction velocity was 59.6 m/s (P less than 0.05). An insignificant increase was seen in motor nerve conduction velocity during hyperglycemia. Mean distal motor latency decreased from 3.1 ms to 3.0 ms (P less than 0.025) immediately after induction of hyperglycemia, and after 120 min of hyperglycemia distal motor latency was 2.9 ms (P less than 0.05). We conclude that short term hyperglycemia with physiological hyperinsulinemia seems to increase sensory nerve conduction velocity and decrease motor latency.
RhoA/Rho-kinase suppresses endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the penis: A mechanism for diabetes-associated erectile dysfunction (2004)

Significant impairment in endothelial-derived nitric oxide is present in the diabetic corpus cavernosum. RhoA/Rho-kinase may suppress endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Here, we tested the hypothesis that RhoA/Rho-kinase contributes to diabetes-related erectile dysfunction and down-regulation of eNOS in the streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rat penis. Colocalization of Rho-kinase and eNOS protein was present in the endothelium of the corpus cavernosum. RhoA/Rho-kinase protein abundance and MYPT-1 phosphorylation at Thr-696 were elevated in the STZ-diabetic rat penis. In addition, eNOS protein expression, cavernosal constitutive NOS activity, and cGMP levels were reduced in the STZ-diabetic penis. To assess the functional role of RhoA/Rho-kinase in the penis, we evaluated the effects of an adeno-associated virus encoding the dominant-negative RhoA mutant (AAVTCMV19NRhoA) on RhoA/Rho-kinase and eNOS and erectile function in vivo in the STZ-diabetic rat. STZ-diabetic rats transfected with AAVCMVT19NRhoA had a reduction in RhoA/Rho-kinase and MYPT-1 phosphorylation at a time when cavernosal eNOS protein, constitutive NOS activity, and cGMP levels were restored to levels found in the control rats. There was a significant decrease in erectile response to cavernosal nerve stimulation in the STZ-diabetic rat. AAVT19NRhoA gene transfer improved erectile responses in the STZ-diabetic rat to values similar to control. These data demonstrate a previously undescribed mechanism for the down-regulation of penile eNOS in diabetes mediated by activation of the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway. Importantly, these data imply that inhibition of RhoA/Rho-kinase improves eNOS protein content and activity thus restoring erectile function in diabetes.