gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Olefin complexes of nickel(0). III. Formation constants of (olefin)bis(tri-o-tolyl phosphite)nickel complexes (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOlefin complexes of nickel(0). III. Formation constants of (olefin)bis(tri-o-tolyl phosphite)nickel complexesChadwick A. TolmanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 9, 2780–2789Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00816a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00816a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views871Altmetric-Citations128LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Complement-Mediated Release of Histamine from Human Leukocytes (1975)

Abstract Activation of either the alternative or classical pathway of complement generated a factor which induced release of histamine from both non-allergic and allergic human basophils. This factor probably is derived from the complement system since 1) its formation was associated with loss of C3 activity in human serum, 2) chemotactic factor, probably also a complement product, was generated simultaneously, 3) heat inactivation blocked its formation, 4) anti-C3 and anti-C5 blocked formation of the factor, and finally 5) anti-C5 inhibited the activity of the factor once it had been formed. It appears that both complement-mediated and allergen-mediated release of histamine from basophils are secretory, non-cytolytic pathways since both were maximal at 37°C, required the presence of divalent cations, and were inhibited by theophylline. One consistent difference between these two mechanisms was noted: complement-initiated release of histamine occurred more quickly.
Targeting Positive Regulatory Domain I-Binding Factor 1 and X Box-Binding Protein 1 Transcription Factors by Multiple Myeloma-Reactive CTL (2005)

Growing evidence indicates that multiple myeloma (MM) and other malignancies are susceptible to CTL-based immune interventions. We studied whether transcription factors inherently involved in the terminal differentiation of mature B lymphocytes into malignant and nonmalignant plasma cells provide MM-associated CTL epitopes. HLA-A*0201 (A2.1) transgenic mice were used to identify A2.1-presented peptide Ag derived from the plasma cell-associated transcriptional regulators, positive regulatory domain I-binding factor 1 (PRDI-BF1) and X box-binding protein 1 (XBP-1). A2.1-restricted CTL specific for PRDI-BF1 and XBP-1 epitopes efficiently killed a variety of MM targets. PRDI-BF1- and XBP-1-reactive CTL were able to recognize primary MM cells from A2.1(+) patients. Consistent with the expression pattern of both transcription factors beyond malignant and nonmalignant plasma cells, PRDI-BF1- and XBP-1-specific CTL activity was not entirely limited to MM targets, but was also associated with lysis of certain other malignancies and, in defined instances, with low-to-intermediate level recognition of a few types of normal cells. Our results also indicate that the A2.1-restricted, PRDI-BF1- and XBP-1-specific human CD8(+) T cell repertoire is affected by partial self tolerance and may thus require the transfer of high-affinity TCR to break tolerance. We conclude that transcription factors governing terminal cellular differentiation may provide MM- and tumor-associated CTL epitopes.
Revealing Nature’s Synthetic Potential Through the Study of Ribosomal Natural Product Biosynthesis (2013)

Ribosomally synthesized posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a rapidly growing class of natural products with diverse structures and activities. In recent years, a great deal of progress has been made in elucidating the biosynthesis of various RiPP family members. As with the study of nonribosomal peptide and polyketide biosynthetic enzymes, these investigations have led to the discovery of entirely new biological chemistry. With each unique enzyme investigated, a more complex picture of Nature's synthetic potential is revealed. This Review focuses on recent reports (since 2008) that have changed the way that we think about ribosomal natural product biosynthesis and the enzymology of complex bond-forming reactions.
Adenovirus-induced leakage of co-endocytosed macromolecules into the cytosol. (1985)

The early interaction between KB cells and adenovirus was studied by examining the uptake of an extracellular fluorescent macromolecule, FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate)-labeled dextran (FD). When cells in suspension were incubated with both adenovirus and FD, cell-associated FD increased 2- to 3-fold the value obtained without adenovirus. Under fluorescence microscopy, cells incubated with adenovirus showed bright, whole-cellular fluorescence; whereas, those incubated without adenovirus, or with heat-inactivated virus, showed weaker fluorescence, mainly of the pinocytic vesicles. The increased uptake of the FD by adenovirus was inhibited by treating KB cells with the drugs chloroquine, ammonium chloride and monensin that raise the pH of the acidic compartment. Entry of adenovirus into the KB cell's nucleus also was inhibited by these drugs. The conclusion is that entry of adenovirus into the cell involves its passage of an acidic compartment (probably the endocytic vesicle) and that co-endocytosed macromolecules are released into the cytosol on entry.
Electric Potential Distribution and Short-Range Screening in Nanoporous TiO<sub>2</sub> Electrodes (1997)

Impedance spectroscopy and electrochemical dye desorption experiments were employed to study the electrical characteristics of nanoporous TiO2 electrodes in the dark. The results show an unusual potential distribution across the TiO2 films, caused by the semiconducting nature of the TiO2 and the ion motion through the porous film that neutralizes applied electric fields over a short range. These results may have several implications for the functioning of dye-sensitized solar cells: (1) The potential of much of the TiO2 film will not necessarily correspond to the potential applied to the substrate electrode. (2) Charge carrier motion through the TiO2 is expected to occur primarily via diffusion rather than drift. (3) The transient electric field generated upon illumination will be quickly neutralized under steady state conditions, but may be an important factor in transient measurements. (4) Systems without excess supporting electrolyte, such as some solid state versions of the dye-sensitized cells, may not be able to efficiently neutralize the field generated by photoinduced charge separation, leading to enhanced charge recombination.
Concentrations of  9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-Nor-9-Carboxytetrahydrocannabinol in Blood and Urine After Passive Exposure to Cannabis Smoke in a Coffee Shop (2010)

Cannabinoid concentrations in blood and urine after passive exposure to cannabis smoke under real-life conditions were investigated in this study. Eight healthy volunteers were exposed to cannabis smoke for 3 h in a well-attended coffee shop in Maastricht, Netherlands. An initial blood and urine sample was taken from each volunteer before exposure. Blood samples were taken 1.5, 3.5, 6, and 14 h after start of initial exposure, and urine samples were taken after 3.5, 6, 14, 36, 60, and 84 h. The samples were subjected to immunoassay screening for cannabinoids and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-nor-hydroxy-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-OH), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH). It could be demonstrated that all volunteers absorbed THC. However, the detected concentrations were rather small. None of the urine samples produced immunoassay results above the cutoff concentration of 25 ng/mL. THC-COOH concentrations up to 5.0 and 7.8 ng/mL before and after hydrolysis, respectively, were found in the quantitative GC-MS analysis of urine. THC could be detected in trace amounts close to the detection limit of the used method in the first two blood samples after initial exposure (1.5 and 3.5 h). In the 6 h blood samples, THC was not detectable anymore. THC-COOH could be detected after 1.5 h and was still found in 3 out of 8 blood samples after 14 h in concentrations between 0.5 and 1.0 ng/mL.
Learning Outdoor Color Classification (2006)

We present an algorithm for color classification with explicit illuminant estimation and compensation. A Gaussian classifier is trained with color samples from just one training image. Then, using a simple diagonal illumination model, the illuminants in a new scene that contains some of the surface classes seen in the training image are estimated in a maximum likelihood framework using the Expectation Maximization algorithm. We also show how to impose priors on the illuminants, effectively computing a maximum a posteriori estimation. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the performance of our classification algorithm in the case of outdoor images.
Novel retinoic acid, 9-cis retinoic acid, in combination with all-trans retinoic acid is an effective inducer of differentiation of retinoic acid-resistant HL-60 cells (1994)

Recent studies have shown that a high proportion of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) achieve complete remission after treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (RA). Nevertheless, despite an initial good response, most patients that received continuous treatment with all-trans RA relapse and develop RA-resistant disease. The 9-cis RA is a high-affinity ligand for retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and also binds efficiently to retinoic acid receptors (RARs); all-trans RA is a ligand for RARs. Both alone are able to induce differentiation of wild-type HL- 60 cells. We found that neither all-trans RA nor 9-cis RA (< 2 x 10(-6) mol/L) induced differentiation of RA-resistant HL-60 cells into either mature granulocytes or monocytes. However, morphologic differentiation of the RA-resistant HL-60 cells was induced by 10(-6) mol/L all-trans RA combined with various concentrations (10(-12) to 10(-6) mol/L) of 9- cis RA. Electron microscopic examination also confirmed that the combination of both retinoids induced RA-resistant HL-60 cells to differentiate to mature granulocytes. Functional analysis of differentiation (NBT reduction activity) confirmed the necessity of both analogs to induce differentiation. Also, expression of myeloid- specific differentiation antigens (CD11b and CD14) as well as migration inhibitory factor-related protein (MRP)-8/14 mRNAs were upregulated only in the presence of both retinoids in a dose-dependent manner. In these conditions 3H-thymidine incorporation was inhibited and numbers of viable cells were decreased, suggesting that all-trans RA with 9-cis RA may inhibit cell growth and induce differentiation of RA-resistant HL-60 cells into mature granulocytes. These studies suggest that 9-cis RA in combination with all-trans RA is an effective inducer of RA- resistant HL-60 cells and may have implications for both the biology of retinoids and clinical treatment of RA-resistant acute myelogenous leukemia, including APL patients.
Cluster-impact fusion (1990)

We present a model for the cluster-impact-fusion experiments of Buehler, Friedlander, and Friedman, Calculated fusion rates as a function of bombarding energy for constant cluster size agree well with experiment. The dependence of the fusion rate on cluster size at fixed bombarding energy is explained qualitatively. The role of correlated, coherent collisions in enhanced energy loss by clusters is emphasized.
Transforming Data for Reuse and Re-publication with XML and XSL (2016)

This tutorial will provide you with the ability to convert or transform historical data from an XML database (whether a single file or several linked documents) into a variety of different presentations—condensed tables, exhaustive lists or paragraphed narratives—and file formats.
Epidermal Growth Factor (1973)

The three disulfide bridges in epidermal growth factor have been identified by the isolation of three unique cystinyl peptides obtained by thermolytic digestion. The cysteic acid-containing peptide pairs derived from each of the cystinyl peptides were isolated. Their amino acid compositions were in agreement with those predicted from the known amino acid sequence of epidermal growth factor. The cysteinyl residues in positions 6 and 20, 14 and 31, and 33 and 42 were linked as disulfides in this 53 amino acid residue polypeptide.
Changes in Telephone Survey Nonresponse over the Past Quarter Century (2005)

We correct, update, and elaborate Curtin, Presser, and Singer’s (2000) report that the University of Michigan’s Survey of Consumer Attitudes (SCA) experienced only a small response rate decline between 1979 and 1996, contrary to the widespread perception of plunging response rates. Our aims are to (1) correct errors in the SCA response rate data that affected Curtin, Presser, and Singer’s (2000) result, (2) examine the trend in SCA response rates after 1996, when caller identification technology became widespread, and (3) describe the roles played by the various sources of SCA nonresponse over time. The results show that the response rate decline from 1979 to 1996 was larger than described by Curtin, Presser, and Singer (2000); the response rate drop was significantly steeper from 1996 to 2003 than from 1979 to 1996; and the 1979 to 2003 trends differed substantially for refusals and noncontacts.
Interclonal Variations in the Molecular Karyotype of Trypanosoma cruzi: Chromosome Rearrangements in a Single Cell-Derived Clone of the G Strain (2013)

Trypanosoma cruzi comprises a pool of populations which are genetically diverse in terms of DNA content, growth and infectivity. Inter- and intra-strain karyotype heterogeneities have been reported, suggesting that chromosomal rearrangements occurred during the evolution of this parasite. Clone D11 is a single-cell-derived clone of the T. cruzi G strain selected by the minimal dilution method and by infecting Vero cells with metacyclic trypomastigotes. Here we report that the karyotype of clone D11 differs from that of the G strain in both number and size of chromosomal bands. Large chromosomal rearrangement was observed in the chromosomes carrying the tubulin loci. However, most of the chromosome length polymorphisms were of small amplitude, and the absence of one band in clone D11 in relation to its reference position in the G strain could be correlated to the presence of a novel band migrating above or below this position. Despite the presence of chromosomal polymorphism, large syntenic groups were conserved between the isolates. The appearance of new chromosomal bands in clone D11 could be explained by chromosome fusion followed by a chromosome break or interchromosomal exchange of large DNA segments. Our results also suggest that telomeric regions are involved in this process. The variant represented by clone D11 could have been induced by the stress of the cloning procedure or could, as has been suggested for Leishmania infantum, have emerged from a multiclonal, mosaic parasite population submitted to frequent DNA amplification/deletion events, leading to a 'mosaic' structure with different individuals having differently sized versions of the same chromosomes. If this is the case, the variant represented by clone D11 would be better adapted to survive the stress induced by cloning, which includes intracellular development in the mammalian cell. Karyotype polymorphism could be part of the T. cruzi arsenal for responding to environmental pressure.
Reaction of Indole-2,3-dicarboxylic Anhydride with Grignard Reagents: Synthesis of 2-Acylindoles (1997)

Reaction of indole-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride with methylmagnesium bromide and phenylmagnesium bromide gave 2-acetyl-and 2-benzoyl-indole-3carboxylic acids, but with tert-butylmagnesium chloride, 3-pivaloylindnle-2carboxylic acids were obtained as the main products.Treatment of 2-acylindole-3-carboxylic acids with copper chrornite in quinoline or potassium hydroxide gave the corresponding 2-acylindoles.We have reported that the reduction of I-benzylindole-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride (3b) with sodium borohydride gave a 2-hydroxymethylindole-3-carboxylic acid, which was converted to murrayaquinone-A via a Diels-Alder reaction of 4H-furo[3,4-blindole with methyl aclylate.'Reduction of the 2-carbonyl group of 3b is much easier than that of the 3-carbonyl group, because a nitrogen in the indole is more enolizable with the 3-carbonyl group than the 2-carbonyl group.2Reaction of substituted phthalic anhydrides with Grignard reagents was controlled by electronic and steric factors.3However, in reaction of pyridinedicarboxylic anhydride with Grignard reagents4 and l-benzenesulfonyl-2-lithioindole,5 a nitrogen in the pyridine decides the reactivity of the anhydride toward nucleophiles.In this paper we report the reactivity of 1-henzyl-(3b) and I-benzenesulfonylindole-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydrides (3c) with Grignard reagents and the synthesis of 2-acylindoles.The anhydrides (3b,c) were prepared from dimethyl indole-2,3-dicarboxylate (116 as follows.Hydrolysis
Drug Excipients (2006)

The therapeutical use of drugs involves the application of dosage forms, serving as carrier systems together with several excipients to deliver the active ingredient to the site of action. Drug delivery technology combines an understanding of medicinal chemistry and pharmacology with the skill of formulation, aiming the preparation of improved pharmaceuticals. The recently introduced Biopharmaceutical Classification System provides guidance for dosage form design, taking the molecular and physico-chemical properties of drugs into consideration through their solubility and permeability characteristics. Pharmaceutical excipients used for oral dosage form have been traditionally assumed as being inert. However, recent experience and new results have shown that they can interact with the active drug ingredient, affecting its dissolution, absorption and bioavailability. Classification of the excipients is based on their role in the pharmaceutical formulation and on their interactions influencing drug delivery, based on their chemical and physico-chemical properties. The main classes are the antioxidants, coating materials, emulgents, taste- and smell-improvers, ointment bases, conserving agents, consistency-improvers and disintegrating materials. Some of the excipients may serve multiple purposes; for example, methylcellulose is a coating material, is applied in the preparation of suspensions, to increase viscosity, as a disintegrating agent or binder in tablets. The aim of this paper is to review the drug-excipients with respect to their chemistry, importance and interactions altering the pharmacokinetics of the drug substances. Emphasis will be given to two major classes of excipients: the antioxidants and disintegrants (substances facilitating disintegration of the drug tablets in the gastro-intestinal tract). Details will be given on the mechanisms through which they can alter drug effectiveness and tolerance, and control their application. Examples and references will be given for their analysis.
Suppressing effect of thioanisole on a side reaction during the acidolytic cleavage of protecting groups of tyrosine. (1978)

The use of thioanisole as a scavenger was found to suppress a side reaction when the O-protecting groups of tyrosine were deblocked under the acidic conditions. This good result gives a promising outlook for the synthesis of tyrosine-containing peptides by solid-phase method.
Comparative study of different torque sharing functions for losses minimization in Switched Reluctance Motors used in electric vehicles propulsion (2012)

In this paper the authors present a comparison between optimised versions of three torque sharing functions, with different number of degrees of freedom, used for improving the efficiency in Switched Reluctance Motors. Starting from the basic rectangular variation, the ascending and descending flanks of the function are modeled using a cosine, exponential and a more general approach (further referred to as piecewise cubic sharing function). The degrees of freedom varying between two and an arbitrary number (for the general approach) are determined so as to minimize losses, when operating in smooth torque conditions. Based upon an optimisation procedure with both linear and nonlinear constraints, the total (copper and iron) losses are minimized considering a limited available DC bus voltage. Moreover, a smooth model is presented so as to be able to separate the two main causes for the torque ripple and it is shown that, neglecting the chopping ripple, a ripple-free torque can be obtained. Extensive studies have been conducted for determining the optimal number of degrees of freedom (DoFs) for the piecewise cubic function. The proposed methods were successfully implemented on a 8/6, 30kW peak power, SRM both numerically and experimentally-wise.
Enantioselective Total Syntheses of Manzamine A and Related Alkaloids (2002)

As a prelude to undertaking the total syntheses of the complex manzamine alkaloids, a series of model studies were conducted to establish the scope and limitations of intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloadditions of N-acylated vinylogous ureas with the trienic substrates 17a,b, 28a,b, and 34. These experiments clearly demonstrated that the geometry of the internal double bond and the presence of an electron-withdrawing group on the diene moiety were essential for the facile and stereoselective formation of the desired cycloadducts. The enantioselective syntheses of the manzamine alkaloids ircinol A (75), ircinal A (5), and manzamine A (1) were then completed by employing a convergent strategy that featured a novel domino Stille/Diels-Alder reaction to construct the tricyclic ABC ring core embodied in these alkaloids. Thus, the readily accessible chiral dihydropyrrole 58 was first converted in a single chemical operation into the key tricyclic intermediate 60. Two ring-closing metathesis reactions were then used to form the 13- and 8-membered rings leading to Z-72 and 74, the latter of which was quickly elaborated into ircinal A (5) via ircinol A (75). The synthetic 5 thus obtained was converted into manzamine A (1) following literature precedent. This concise synthesis of ircinal A required a total of 24 operations from commercially available starting materials with the longest linear sequence being 21 steps.
Darstellung von <scp>D</scp>‐Tagatose (1969)

Abstract Ausgehend von D ‐Galaktose (1) erhält man über die Zwischenstufen 1‐Desoxy‐1‐dibenzylamino‐ D ‐tagatose (2) und 1‐Desoxy‐1‐amino‐ D ‐tagatose (3) mit einer Gesamtausbeute von 16% d.Th. kristallisierte analysenreine D ‐Tagatose (4) .