gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extended common-image-point gathers for anisotropic wave-equation migration (2010)

In regions characterized by complex subsurface structure, wave-equation depth migration is a powerful tool for accurately imaging the earth’s interior. The quality of the final image greatly depends on the quality of the model which includes anisotropy parameters (Gray et al., 2001). In particular, it is important to construct subsurface velocity models using techniques that are consistent with the methods used for imaging. Generally speaking, there are two possible strategies for velocity estimation from surface seismic data in the context of wavefield-based imaging (Sava et al., 2010). One possibility is to formulate an objective function in the data space, prior to migration, by matching the recorded data with simulated data. Techniques in this category are known by the name of waveform inversion. Another possibility is to formulate an objective function in the image space, after migration, by measuring and correcting image features that indicate model inaccuracies. Techniques in this category are known as wave-equation migration velocity analysis (MVA).
Neurochemical monitoring in the management of severe head-injured patients with hypothermia (2000)

The neuroprotective action and effect of hypothermia on the neurochemical system is not well understood. The present study was performed using six patients with GCS scores of 5 or less to clarify the relationship between monitored brain temperature, intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and oxygen saturation of the jugular venous blood (SjO2). Changes in concentration of excitatory amino acids, glutamate (GLU) and aspartate (ASP), and NO2 were studied using intracerebral microdialysis as well as in jugular venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Changes in brain temperature, CPP and SjO2 resulting from hypothermia and brain death associated with markedly higher concentrations of and fluctuations in the concentrations of GLU, ASP and NO2 were observed in the dialysate than in the jugular venous blood or CSF. Hypothermic treatment significantly reduces excitatory amino acid and NO2 concentrations, a finding which was associated with an improvement in CPP and SjO2. Measurement of GLU and ASP using intracerebral microdialysis is a clinically useful method for clarifying abnormal neurochemical events associated with severe head injury and for evaluating the effects of hypothermia.
Pendrin, encoded by the Pendred syndrome gene, resides in the apical region of renal intercalated cells and mediates bicarbonate secretion (2001)

Pendrin is an anion transporter encoded by the PDS/Pds gene. In humans, mutations in PDS cause the genetic disorder Pendred syndrome, which is associated with deafness and goiter. Previous studies have shown that this gene has a relatively restricted pattern of expression, with PDS/Pds mRNA detected only in the thyroid, inner ear, and kidney. The present study examined the distribution and function of pendrin in the mammalian kidney. Immunolocalization studies were performed using anti-pendrin polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Labeling was detected on the apical surface of a subpopulation of cells within the cortical collecting ducts (CCDs) that also express the H(+)-ATPase but not aquaporin-2, indicating that pendrin is present in intercalated cells of the CCD. Furthermore, pendrin was detected exclusively within the subpopulation of intercalated cells that express the H(+)-ATPase but not the anion exchanger 1 (AE1) and that are thought to mediate bicarbonate secretion. The same distribution of pendrin was observed in mouse, rat, and human kidney. However, pendrin was not detected in kidneys from a Pds-knockout mouse. Perfused CCD tubules isolated from alkali-loaded wild-type mice secreted bicarbonate, whereas tubules from alkali-loaded Pds-knockout mice failed to secrete bicarbonate. Together, these studies indicate that pendrin is an apical anion transporter in intercalated cells of CCDs and has an essential role in renal bicarbonate secretion.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Grown in Vero Cells Contains a Truncated Attachment Protein That Alters Its Infectivity and Dependence on Glycosaminoglycans (2009)

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) contains a heavily glycosylated 90-kDa attachment glycoprotein (G). Infection of HEp-2 and Vero cells in culture depends largely on virion G protein binding to cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). This GAG-dependent phenotype has been described for RSV grown in HEp-2 cells, but we have found that it is greatly reduced by a single passage in Vero cells. Virions produced from Vero cells primarily display a 55-kDa G glycoprotein. This smaller G protein represents a post-Golgi compartment form that is lacking its C terminus, indicating that the C terminus is required for GAG dependency. Vero cell-grown virus infected primary well-differentiated human airway epithelial (HAE) cell cultures 600-fold less efficiently than did HEp-2 cell-grown virus, indicating that the C terminus of the G protein is also required for virus attachment to this model of the in vivo target cells. This reduced infectivity for HAE cell cultures is not likely to be due to the loss of GAG attachment since heparan sulfate, the primary GAG used by RSV for attachment to HEp-2 cells, is not detectable at the apical surface of HAE cell cultures where RSV enters. Growing RSV stocks in Vero cells could dramatically reduce the initial infection of the respiratory tract in animal models or in volunteers receiving attenuated virus vaccines, thereby reducing the efficiency of infection or the efficacy of the vaccine.
Dextran uptake into, and loss from, corneas stored in intermediate-term preservative. (1976)

This investigation demonstrates that dextran passes into rabbit corneas stored in M-K medium prior to corneal transplantation. An equilibrium between dextran in the cornea and in the M-K medium is reached at about 24 hours. Post-keratoplasty dextran efflux is rapid with about 70 to 75 per cent being lost within one to three hours and 99 per cent being lost in 12 hours.
A human NK and K cell subset shares with cytotoxic T cells expression of the antigen recognized by antibody OKT8. (1983)

The antigen recognized by monoclonal antibody OKT8 is expressed on the cell membrane of 30 to 50% of human NK/K cells. The reactivity of OKT8 with NK/K cells was determined by indirect methods (treatment of the effector cells with OKT8 antibody and complement (C) and separation of OKT8(+) and (-) effector cell populations by fluorescence-activated cell sorting or by rosetting techniques) and, at single cell level, by C-dependent lysis of effector NK cells that bind and kill K562 targets. Analysis by indirect immunofluorescence (flow cytofluorometry) of lymphocyte subpopulations mediating NK/K cytotoxic activity and deprived of OKT8(+) T cells reveals that the NK/K cell subset bears OKT8 antigen at a density lower than that present on cytotoxic T cells. The OKT8 antigen on NK/K cells is trypsin- and pronase-sensitive, but it is resynthesized by the same effector cells during 24 hr of culture at 37 degrees C. OKT8 antibody does not inhibit NK killing, and, on a per cell basis, OKT8(+) cells within the NK/K subset mediate the same level of cytotoxic activity as OKT8(-) NK/K cells. Analogous results were obtained by using anti-Leu-2a, an antibody with the same specificity as OKT8 on cytotoxic/suppressor T cells, but not when OKT5 was used, which might identify a distinct epitope on the same antigenic molecule. The possible significance of these findings in understanding the cell lineage of NK/K cells is discussed.
Gaze Determination via Images of Irises (2000)

Abstract In this paper, we present a new approach for measuring eye-gaze of human via images of the irises. Two iris contours are approximately modeled as two circles having known radii and we estimate the ellipses of their projections onto image plane, respectively. The eye-gaze, defined in this paper as the unit surface normal to the supporting plane of the iris, can be estimated from the projection of the iris contour (limbus). The unique solution of the eye-gaze was obtained based on a geometric constraint, namely that the difference between the two normal directions to the supporting planes of the left and right iris should be minimal, irrespective of eyeball rotations and head movements. Furthermore, the 3D location of the center of the irises can be calculated if the radius of the iris contour is given. The robustness of this approach was verified by experiments on synthetic and real image data. In order to obtain a higher resolution of the iris, a zoom-in camera is used. This creates an additional problem of having to relate the camera for estimating the head-pose to the iris camera. A general approach that combines head-pose determination with gaze estimation is proposed.
Predictive Models for GABA<sub>A</sub>/Benzodiazepine Receptor Subtypes:  Studies of Quantitative Structure−Activity Relationships for Imidazobenzodiazepines at Five Recombinant GABA<sub>A</sub>/Benzodiazepine Receptor Subtypes [α<i>x</i>β3γ2 (<i>x</i> = 1−3, 5, and 6)] via Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (1998)

Affinities of a series of substituted imidazobenzodiazepines at recombinant alpha1beta3gamma2, alpha2beta3gamma2, alpha3beta3gamma2, alpha5beta3gamma2, and alpha6beta3gamma2 GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor subtypes are reported. Many of these ligands displayed high affinities (low-nanomolar to subnanomolar scale) at all five receptor subtypes. Furthermore, a number of imidazobenzodiazepines exhibited relatively good selectivity at the alpha5-containing receptor isoform. For example, ligand 27 (RY-023) demonstrated a 55-fold higher selectivity at alpha5beta3gamma2 isoforms in comparison to other receptor subtypes. The affinity ratio of alpha1 (the most prevalent subtype in the brain) to alpha5 of this series of ligands ranged from 60- to 75-fold for the most selective ligands. Studies of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) by means of comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) were carried out. As a result, examination of CoMFA models for all five receptor subtypes demonstrated their predictability for affinities of imidazobenzodiazepines at the five receptor subtypes. Regions of molecular fields which would favor or disfavor the binding affinity of a ligand at a specific receptor subtype were examined via CoMFA for alpha1, alpha2, alpha3, alpha5, and alpha6 subtypes. A CoMFA regression analysis was applied to predict the ratio of Ki alpha1/Ki alpha5, an index for the selectivity of a ligand at the alpha5 subtype. All of the CoMFA models offered good cross-validated correlations for the ligands in the test set as well as the ratios of Ki alpha1/Ki alpha5, which demonstrated their potential for prediction.
1H-NMR-Based Metabolomic Profiling of CSF in Early Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (2010)

CSF screening by NMR spectroscopy could be a useful, simple and low cost tool to improve the early diagnosis of ALS. The results indicate a perturbation of glucose metabolism, and the need to further explore cerebral energetic metabolism.
Performance of networked dead reckoning navigation system (2016)

Networked navigation systems aided by cooperative information sharing are evaluated using flight data from seven uninhabited aerial vehicles. Decentralized estimation architectures are evaluated, and their performance is compared against centralized implementations. It is shown that a flexible covariance intersection-based decentralized implementation is effective, at a fraction of the resources required for a centralized implementation, if resources are put toward ensuring the continued presence of one or more high-quality users in the community.
Use of fillers in paper and paperboard grades (2010)

In this work the use of fillers in paper and paperboards grades are examined. The idea was to get to know the concept of fillers and how to use more of them in papermaking. Replacing fibres with fillers is a major theme in this work.\nThis work was done in order to familiarize the field of paper industry and its uses of fillers. Fillers are used in nearly every paper and paperboard grade. Filler use has increased during the last decades and continues to do so. Fillers bring special properties for paper products that could not be achieved in any other way.\nIn the beginning of work, fillers and their properties were viewed. These fillers were ground calcium carbonate, kaolin, precipitated calcium carbonate, talc and titanium dioxide, the most common paper fillers. This is followed by the categorization of majority of paper and paperboard grades in the world. The furnish composition of these grades are analyzed and end uses of several grades were evaluated.\nAnother target of this work was to find out about current paper and paperboard markets. Statistics about paper production and consumption were explored. Data from future projections of paper consumption was examined, too. In these predictions the largest growth of consumption of all paper is located in Asia with China being the most important country. Overview of the markets tells potential grades whose consumption is rising. In the near future paperboards are to be consumed more and more. From paper grades tissue is most likely to see growth.\nThis paper was done as a background research to find possibilities of increasing filler contents in papers. The base work is to be used in the creation and development of new future fillers.
A low-power fully integrated 60GHz transceiver system with OOK modulation and on-board antenna assembly (2009)

Emerging research on 60GHz RF transceivers has demonstrated extensive usage of short-distance communications. One key application is the fast file-transfer system for consumer products, e.g., video download from a kiosk or link between a digital camera and a laptop, where high-speed (a few Gb/s) and low-power (≪0.3W) wireless communication is required for short distance (≪10cm). Existing 60GHz solutions [1] inheriting the well-developed architecture from 2.4/5GHz systems consume significant power primarily because of the interface (ADCs) and the subsequent baseband circuits (DSPs). This paper presents a compact solution for a 60GHz transceiver system including on-board antennae and on-off-keying (OOK) modulation. This prototype avoids the above issues and achieves error-free operation (BER≪10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−12</sup> ) for 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">31</sup> −1 PRBS of 2.5Gb/s over a distance of 4cm while consuming a total power of only 286mW.
Designing a ZXnoise pseudo-differential link (2009)

An interconnection-ground structure used according to the ZXnoise method may be modeled using a (n 2)-conductor multiconductor transmission line (MTL) model. However, a (n+1)-conductor MTL model is used to design the link. We validate this design procedure.
Ice sheet anisotropy measured with polarimetric ice sounding radar (2010)

For polar ice sheets, valuable stress and strain information can be deduced from crystal orientation fabrics (COF) and their prevailing c-axis alignment. Polarimetric radio echo sounding is a promising technique to measure the anisotropic electromagnetic propagation and reflection properties associated with COFs. In this paper, fully polarimetric P-band data acquired with the airborne POLARIS system near the ice divide of the Greenland ice sheet are analyzed. Based on a simple electromagnetic model, these data are interpreted, and a pronounced birefringence is found.
On an adaptive lattice predictor and a related application (1979)

Presents a tutorial development of an adaptive lattice predictor, and illustrates its use in an intrusion-detection application.
Isolation of a chymotrypsinlike enzyme from Treponema denticola (1988)

A chymotrypsinlike protease with an Mr of 95,000 was extracted from Treponema denticola ATCC 35405 and was partially purified by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The proteolytic activity was detected in an electrophoretogram containing polyacrylamide that was conjugated to bovine serum albumin. A single band of activity was detected when the T. denticola extract was solubilized and electrophoresed in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. No activity was found in extracts of Treponema vincentii. The enzyme hydrolyzed transferrin, fibrinogen, alpha 1-antitrypsin, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, gelatin, bovine serum albumin, and a synthetic peptide containing phenylalanine. It did not degrade collagen or synthetic substrates containing arginine or proline. For the hydrolysis of azocoll, the pH optimum of the enzyme was 7.5. Heating at temperatures above 50 degrees C destroyed the activity. Reducing agents and the chelators EDTA and ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid increased the enzyme activity, while phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, L-1-tosylamide-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone, sulfhydryl reagents, and human serum reduced activity. The ability of the enzyme to hydrolyze a number of humoral proteins suggests that it may be involved in spirochete invasiveness and tissue destruction.
Design possibilities for photodiode arrays with integral silicon-gate scan generators (1971)

A RECENTLY-DESCRIBED single-dimension self-scanning photodiode array has been seminal to a growing number of modified structures for a variety of applications. The MOS shift register, which controls array scanning, has in particular demonstrated considerable versatility and applicability for different array designs. This paper will discuss the tradeoffs in shift register and photodiode structure which set the limits on array performance.
Oxygen‐Assisted Charge Transfer Between ZnO Quantum Dots and Graphene (2013)

Efficient charge transfer between ZnO quantum dots (QDs) and graphene is demonstrated by decorating ZnO QDs on top of graphene, with the assistance of oxygen molecules from the air. The electrical response of the device to UV light is greatly enhanced, and a photoconductive gain of up to 10(7) can be obtained.
Process for producing Nb/sub 3/Sn superconducting wires (1984)

A process for producing a Nb/sub 3/Sn superconducting wire, which comprises preparing a composite from a copper alloy material containing 0.1 to 5 atomic percent in total of at least one element of Group IV of the periodic table selected from titanium, zirconium and hafnium, a tin material and a niobium material, processing the composite into a wire, tape or tube, and heat-treating the processed composite at a temperature of 400/sup 0/ to 900/sup 0/ C. to form a Nb/sub 3/Sn compound.
Optical nonlinearities in high-confinement silicon carbide waveguides (2015)

We demonstrate strong nonlinearities of n2=8.6±1.1×10(-15) cm2 W(-1) in single-crystal silicon carbide (SiC) at a wavelength of 2360 nm. We use a high-confinement SiC waveguide fabricated based on a high-temperature smart-cut process.
Elevated Bcl-2/Bax Are a Consistent Feature of Apoptosis Resistance in B-cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia and Are Correlated with<i>In Vivo</i>Chemoresistance (1998)

We investigated the relationship between drug resistance and Bcl-2/Bax in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL). Apoptosis was induced in vitro with chlorambucil and cell death was monitored by dual-labelled FACS analysis using Annexin V and propidium iodide. Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression was quantified using FACS and a correlation between drug-induced apoptosis and Bcl-2/Bax was established. Cells were then sorted into viable and nonviable populations according to their forward and side-scatter characteristics and re-analysed for Bcl-2/Bax. The most resistant cells had elevated Bcl-2 levels and low Bax expression. Furthermore, those cells which were undergoing apoptosis showed only a marginal reduction in Bcl-2 expression, but significantly elevated Bax expression following exposure to chlorambucil. The Bcl-2/Bax was significantly greater in the cell fractions resistant to chlorambucil-induced apoptosis. This observation further supports the suggestion that Bax is the pivotal protein in determining the fate of cells following apoptotic signals.
Calibration of a new horologery of fast radical clocks. Ring-opening rates for ring- and .alpha.-alkyl-substituted cyclopropylcarbinyl radicals and for the bicyclo[2.1.0]pent-2-yl radical (1991)

Rate constants have been determined at 37°C for the ring opening of a variety of alkyl-substituted cyclopropylcarbinyl radical "clocks" by nitroxide radical trapping (NRT) using TEMPO. Relative yields of unrearranged and rearranged trialkylhydroxylamines were measured at various TEMPO concentrations, and these data were then combined with absolute rate constants for the reactions of structurally appropriate alkyl radicals with TEMPO as determined by laser flash photolysis. Cyclopropylcarbinyl radicals, including the bicyclo[2.1.0]pent-2-yl radical, were generated by H-atom abstraction from the parent hydrocarbon and, in a few cases, also from the appropriate diacyl peroxide. Twelve substrates yielded sixteen clock reactions because some cyclopropylcarbinyls can undergo two different ring-opening reactions. For six methyl-substituted cyclopropylcarbinyls rate constants ranged from 0.8 × 108 s-1 for 1-methylcyclopropylcarbinyl to 47 × 108 s-1 for pentamethylcyclopropylcarbinyl. Rate constants for the ring opening of cyclopropylcarbinyl, α-methyl- and α,α-dimethylcyclopropylcarbinyl are 1.2, 0.70, and 0.88 × 108 s-1, respectively. Rate constants for H-atom abstraction by tert-butoxyl from various positions in the 12 cyclopropane substrates relative to the rate of H-atom abstraction from cyclopentane have also been determined by using competitive NRT.
Full field motion estimation for large non rigid bodies using correlation/relaxation labelling (1997)

A technique for determining the full field motion of large, non-rigid bodies is presented. The technique has two stages. Firstly, a number of candidate displacement vectors are generated for a series of regularly spaced templates, using a region-based matching procedure. These multiple candidates are then smoothed using probabilistic relaxation labelling. The relaxation routine gauges the compatibility between pairs of labels for templates within a local neighbourhood. The size of the neighbourhood is determined by the Hamming distance between template centres. This approach copes well with errors in the initial matching caused by uncertainties in the correlation surface. Results are presented in application to a time sequence of high resolution digital images, obtained from photographic negatives of a glacial scene in New Zealand's Mount Cook National Park.
Low overhead fault-tolerant FPGA systems (1998)

Fault-tolerance is an important system metric for many operating environments, from automotive to space exploration. The conventional technique for improving system reliability is through component replication, which usually comes at significant cost: increased design time, testing, power consumption, volume, and weight. We have developed a new fault-tolerance approach that capitalizes on the unique reconfiguration capabilities of field programmable gate arrays (FPGA's). The physical design is partitioned into a set of tiles. In response to a component failure, a functionally equivalent tile that does not rely on the faulty component replaces the affected tile. Unlike application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and microprocessor design methods, which result in fixed structures, this technique allows a single physical component to provide redundant backup for several types of components. Experimental results conducted on a subset of the MCNC benchmarks demonstrate a high level of reliability with low timing and hardware overhead.