gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
OptDesign:  Extending Optimizable <i>k</i>-Dissimilarity Selection to Combinatorial Library Design (2003)

Optimizable k-dissimilarity (OptiSim) selection entails drawing a series of subsamples of size k from a population and choosing the “best” candidate from each such subsample for inclusion in the selection set. By varying the size of the subsample, one can control the balance between representativeness and diversity in the selection set obtained. In the original formulation, a uniform random sampling from among valid candidates was used to draw the subsamples from a single target population. Here we describe in detail two key modifications that serve to extend the OptiSim methodology to vector selection for interdependent variables, specifically as applied to the design of combinatorial sublibraries. The first modification involves pivoting between variables: subsamples are drawn from each reagent pool in turn, with the viability of each candidate being evaluated in isolation as well as in terms of the products it will produce from complementary reagents already selected. The filters applied may be static or dynamic in nature, with molecular weight and hydrophobicity being examples of the former and structural diversity with respect to reagents already selected being an example of the latter. The second key modification is adding the ability to bias the selection of candidate reagents for inclusion in the subsamples. Taken together, these modifications support the efficient generation of multiblock and other sparse matrix designs that are both representative and diverse, and for which “backfilling” of designs edited to remove undesirable reagents or products is straightforward. The method is intrinsically fast and efficient, since enumeration of the full combinatorial is not required only those candidates actually considered for inclusion need be evaluated. Moreover, because the subsample selection step is separate from the diversity-based selection of the “best” candidate, incorporating such bias in favor of a competing criterion such as low price provides a “natural,” nonparametric mechanism for generating designs that are likely to be “good” in a double-objective, Pareto sense.
Neue Umsetzungen mit Cyansäureestern (1972)

Abstract Es wird ein Überblick über die Umsetzungen von Cyansäureestern mit Acylierungsmitteln und die Reaktionen der dabei entstehenden N ‐Acyl‐iminokohlensäureester‐halogenide gegeben und anschließend über Heterocyclen‐Synthesen mit Cyansäureestern und deren Folgeprodukten berichtet.
A Four-Column Parallel Chromatography System for Isocratic or Gradient LC/MS Analyses (2001)

A novel approach to parallel liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analyses for pharmacokinetic assays and for similar quantitative applications is presented. Modest modifications render a conventional LC/MS system capable of analyzing samples in parallel. These modifications involve the simple incorporation of three valves and four LC columns into a conventional system composed of one binary LC pumping system, one autosampler, and one mass spectrometer. An increase in sample throughput is achieved by staggering injections onto the four columns, allowing the mass spectrometer to continuously analyze the chromatographic window of interest Using this approach, the optimized run time is slightly greater than the sum of the widths of the desired peaks. This parallel chromatography unit can operate under both gradient and isocratic LC conditions. To demonstrate the utility of the system, atorvastatin, five of its metabolites, and their deuterated internal standards (IS) were analyzed using gradient elution chromatography conditions. The results from a prestudy assay evaluation (PSAE) tray of standards and quality control (QC) samples from extracted spiked human plasma are presented. The relative standard deviation and the accuracy of the QC samples did not exceed 8.1% and 9.6%, respectively, which is well within the acceptance criteria of the pharmaceutical industry. For this particular analysis, the parallel chromatography system decreased the overall run time from 4.5 to 1.65 min and, therefore, increased the overall throughput by a factor of 2.7 in comparison to a conventional LC/MS/MS analytical method.
Mechanism of Ca++ antagonist-induced vasodilation. Intracellular actions. (1983)

We studied the effects of Ca++ antagonists on intact and skinned muscles of rabbit mesenteric artery. Intact muscle contractions were inhibited by 10(-6) M diltiazem, whereas greater levels were required to abolish contractions in skinned muscle fibers. In contrast, nisoldipine had no effect on skinned muscle contractions, although it inhibited, almost completely, the contraction of intact muscle at concentrations below 10(-6) M. In the presence of EGTA, norepinephrine-induced contractions result from a release of Ca++ from an intracellular store. Diltiazem inhibited these contractions at concentrations between 10(-6) and 10(-4) M. Higher doses were required in studies with skinned muscle preparations. Unlike diltiazem, nisoldipine only partially inhibited the Ca++-free norepinephrine-induced contractions in the range of 10(-7) to 10(-5) M. From these results, we assumed that at low concentrations (below 10(-6) M), diltiazem induced relaxation by blocking Ca++ influx, whereas at relatively high concentrations (above 10(-6) M), an inhibition of Ca++ release from an intracellular store also occurred. A similar conclusion was reached regarding the mechanism whereby nisoldipine inhibits force developments.
[Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors after hepatectomy for primary liver cancer]. (1999)

The classification of CR is the determining prognostic factor. Pathological CR is the first option for patients with requirements. To control liver disease and improve adjuvant therapy are essential to decreasing the recurrence and metastasis rates.
3D Modelling of Banded Iron Formation Incorporating Demagnetization – A Case Study at the Musselwhite Mine, Ontario, Canada (2006)

AbstractThree dimensional (3D) magnetic forward modelling of Banded Iron Formation (BE?) as high susceptibility tabular-style bodies was carried out at the Musselwhite Mine, Ontario in 2004. BIF is associated with mineralisation at the mine and the study both created and validated geologically plausible models. The models are based on drill sections, and are built from a central axis of nodes with geometrical and susceptibility attributes describing each node. The model building process reveals information about the geometrical nature of the BIF units. The results highlight the importance of understanding the interaction of the earth's magnetic field with the geometry of these highly magnetically susceptible bodies (up to 2.5SI) when interpreting the observed magnetic anomalies. The forward modelling algorithm includes a calculation for the effect of demagnetization, and at Musselwhite this is found to be subtle in nature.Keywordsmagneticsmodellingdemagnetizationbanded iron formationMusselwhite
Keratocyte Density and Recovery of Subbasal Nerves After Penetrating Keratoplasty and in Late Endothelial Failure (2007)

Keratocyte density and number are decreased in penetrating grafts compared with normal corneas. Subbasal nerve density does not recover to normal through 3 decades.
A Secure Comparison Technique for Tree Structured Data (2009)

Comparing different versions of large tree structured data is a CPU and memory intensive task. State of the art techniques require the complete XML trees and their internal representations to be loaded into memory before any comparison may start. Furthermore, comparing sanitized XML trees is not addressed by these techniques. We propose a comparison technique for sanitized XML documents which ultimately results into a minimum cost edit script transforming the initial tree into the target tree. This method uses encrypted integer labels to encode the original XML structure and content, making the encrypted XML readable only by a legitimate party. Encoded tree nodes can be compared by a third party with a limited intermediate representation.
Dimensions of object-oriented modeling (1992)

The problem-solving power of object-oriented and logic programming is discussed in terms of the dimensions of encapsulation, distribution concurrency, and reactiveness. Encapsulation and reactiveness are essential dimensions of object orientation; they support decentralized abstraction, interaction, and evolution of individual objects. Distribution is a strong two-way form of encapsulation, while concurrency reduces computation time and enhances modeling power. The fundamentals of object-oriented programming are reviewed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Imaging properties of the light sword optical element used as a contact lens in a presbyopic eye model (2011)

The paper analyzes the imaging properties of the light sword optical element (LSOE) applied as a contact lens to the presbyopic human eye. We performed our studies with a human eye model based on the Gullstrand parameterization. In order to quantify the discussion concerning imaging with extended depth of focus, we introduced quantitative parameters characterizing output images of optotypes obtained in numerical simulations. The quality of the images formed by the LSOE were compared with those created by a presbyopic human eye, reading glasses and a quartic inverse axicon. Then we complemented the numerical results by an experiment where a 3D scene was imaged by means of the refractive LSOE correcting an artificial eye based on the Gullstrand model. According to performed simulations and experiments the LSOE exhibits abilities for presbyopia correction in a wide range of functional vision distances.
A Trusted Virtual Machine in an Untrusted Management Environment (2011)

Virtualization is a rapidly evolving technology that can be used to provide a range of benefits to computing systems, including improved resource utilization, software portability, and reliability. Virtualization also has the potential to enhance security by providing isolated execution environments for different applications that require different levels of security. For security-critical applications, it is highly desirable to have a small trusted computing base (TCB), since it minimizes the surface of attacks that could jeopardize the security of the entire system. In traditional virtualization architectures, the TCB for an application includes not only the hardware and the virtual machine monitor (VMM), but also the whole management operating system (OS) that contains the device drivers and virtual machine (VM) management functionality. For many applications, it is not acceptable to trust this management OS, due to its large code base and abundance of vulnerabilities. For example, consider the "computing-as-a-service” scenario where remote users execute a guest OS and applications inside a VM on a remote computing platform. It would be preferable for many users to utilize such a computing service without being forced to trust the management OS on the remote platform. In this paper, we address the problem of providing a secure execution environment on a virtualized computing platform under the assumption of an untrusted management OS. We propose a secure virtualization architecture that provides a secure runtime environment, network interface, and secondary storage for a guest VM. The proposed architecture significantly reduces the TCB of security-critical guest VMs, leading to improved security in an untrusted management environment. We have implemented a prototype of the proposed approach using the Xen virtualization system, and demonstrated how it can be used to facilitate secure remote computing services. We evaluate the performance penalties incurred by the proposed architecture, and demonstrate that the penalties are minimal.
Role of Uroguanylin, a Peptide with Natriuretic Activity, in Rats with Experimental Nephrotic Syndrome (2004)

Uroguanylin induces natriuresis and diuresis in vivo as well as in vitro and is found mainly in the intestine and the kidney. However, the roles of uroguanylin in nephrotic syndrome, which is associated with sodium and water retention, have not been determined. Therefore, changes in the urine and plasma concentration of immunoreactive uroguanylin (ir-uroguanylin) and its mRNA expression in the kidney and intestine were examined using rats with puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced nephrosis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into control and nephrotic groups, and then the urinary excretion of sodium, protein, and ir-uroguanylin was examined over time. The plasma levels and renal and intestinal mRNA expression of uroguanylin at the periods of sodium retention and remarkable natriuresis also were evaluated. The sequential changes of urinary ir-uroguanylin excretion in the nephrotic group were similar to those of urinary sodium excretion. When the urinary excretion of ir-uroguanylin and sodium peaked, the plasma level of ir-uroguanylin also increased compared with that of the control group. Uroguanylin mRNA expression in the kidney increased during the period of sodium retention and then decreased during the period of remarkable natriuresis. Uroguanylin mRNA expression in the small intestines of control and nephrotic rats were identical. However, in a unilateral PAN-induced proteinuria, uroguanylin expression significantly increased in the PAN-perfused kidney compared with that in the opposite kidney. Considering the natriuretic effect of uroguanylin, these results suggested that uroguanylin plays an important role as a natriuretic factor in nephrotic syndrome via both the circulation and the kidney itself.
Experimental Demonstration of Free-Space Optical Communications Using OFDM-QPSK/16QAM-Carrying Fractional Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) Multiplexing (2015)

We report free-space optical communications exploiting fractional orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing. Using OFDM-QPSK/16QAM signals over fractional OAM beams with varied channel spacing, fractional OAM communications are demonstrated in the experiment even with a small OAM channel spacing of 0.6.
Primary Structure of Human Fibrinogen and Fibrin (1972)

Abstract The cleavage of human fibrinogen in 70% formic acid with CNBr has been studied. A fragment containing the NH2-terminal portions of the three chains has been obtained from the reaction mixture. After reduction and alkylation the NH2-terminal fragments of the α(A) and α(AP) chains have been isolated in essentially pure form by gel filtration and chromatography. The amino acid sequence of these fragments has been determined. Evidence is presented for the occurrence in the α(A) and α(AP) chain preparations of the chain variants α(AY) and α(AYP). The relation between structure and function of fibrinogen is discussed.
Halloysite nanotube reinforced biodegradable nanocomposites using noncrosslinked and malonic acid crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (2013)

Abstract Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) based thin membrane‐like fully biodegradable nanocomposites were produced by blending individualized HNT dispersion with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Stable individualized HNT dispersion was obtained using several separation techniques, sequentially, prior to blending with PVA. PVA was crosslinked using malonic acid (MA) as crosslinker and phosphoric acid as catalyst, to increase the mechanical and thermal properties of HNT–PVA nanocomposites. Crosslinking was also intended to make PVA water‐insoluble and hence more useful in commercial applications. Examination of the composites indicated that HNTs were uniformly dispersed in both PVA as well as crosslinked PVA. Excellent mechanical properties of the HNT–PVA nanocomposites were achieved. These nanocomposites are intended to be composted at the end of their life rather than ending up in landfills as most of today's traditional petroleum based non‐biodegradable plastics. POLYM. COMPOS., 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Smudge attacks on smartphone touch screens (2010)

Touch screens are an increasingly common feature on personal computing devices, especially smartphones, where size and user interface advantages accrue from consolidating multiple hardware components (keyboard, number pad, etc.) into a single software definable user interface. Oily residues, or smudges, on the touch screen surface, are one side effect of touches from which frequently used patterns such as a graphical password might be inferred. In this paper we examine the feasibility of such smudge attacks on touch screens for smartphones, and focus our analysis on the Android password pattern. We first investigate the conditions (e.g., lighting and camera orientation) under which smudges are easily extracted. In the vast majority of settings, partial or complete patterns are easily retrieved. We also emulate usage situations that interfere with pattern identification, and show that pattern smudges continue to be recognizable. Finally, we provide a preliminary analysis of applying the information learned in a smudge attack to guessing an Android password pattern. 1
A current view of Canadian cardiorespiratory fitness. (1974)

A standard Astrand bicycle ergometer test was used to predict the maximum oxygen intake of 672 female and 558 male volunteers ranging in age from 15 to 69 years. In terms of this index of cardiorespiratory performance Canadians were unfit relative to Swedish norms. Also, some 47% of women and 40% of men achieved only low or fair fitness categories when evaluated relative to American Heart Association recommendations. These results are poorer than those reported for Torontonians in 1966. Men perceive their cardiorespiratory fitness accurately but women do not. In both sexes adequate recreational activity apparently leads to maintenance of cardiorespiratory fitness.
Rigorous diffraction analysis using geometrical theory of diffraction for future mask technology (2004)

Advanced lithographic techniques such as phase shift masks (PSM) and optical proximity correction (OPC) result in a more complex mask design and technology. In contrast to the binary masks, which have only transparent and nontransparent regions, phase shift masks also take into consideration transparent features with a different optical thickness and a modified phase of the transmitted light. PSM are well-known to show prominent diffraction effects, which cannot be described by the assumption of an infinitely thin mask (Kirchhoff approach) that is used in many commercial photolithography simulators. A correct prediction of sidelobe printability, process windows and linearity of OPC masks require the application of rigorous diffraction theory. The problem of aerial image intensity imbalance through focus with alternating Phase Shift Masks (altPSMs) is performed and compared between a time-domain finite-difference (TDFD) algorithm (TEMPEST) and Geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD). Using GTD, with the solution to the canonical problems, we obtained a relationship between the edge on the mask and the disturbance in image space. The main interest is to develop useful formulations that can be readily applied to solve rigorous diffraction for future mask technology. Analysis of rigorous diffraction effects for altPSMs using GTD approach will be discussed.
Determination of surface recombination velocity and bulk lifetime in detector grade silicon and germanium crystals (1994)

The utility of a noncontact photoconductive decay (PCD) technique is demonstrated in measuring the bulk lifetime, /spl tau//sub B/, and surface recombination velocity, S, in detector grade silicon and germanium crystals. We show that the simple analytical equations which relate the observed effective lifetimes in PCD transients to /spl tau//sub B/ and S have a limited range of applicability. The noncontact PCD technique is used to determine the effect of several surface treatments on the observed effective lifetimes in Si and Ge. A degradation of the effective lifetime in Si is reported as a result of the growth of a thin layer of native oxide at room temperature under atmospheric conditions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Specification-Based Denial-of-Service Detection for SIP Voice-over-IP Networks (2008)

Security threats for voice-over IP (VoIP) networks are becoming a major concern as its popularity increases. New attacks are developed that target directly the underlying SIP protocol. To detect such kinds of attacks we present a specification-based detection framework to recognise deviation from its expected behaviour. We present an implementation and show with measurements that this method is capable of attack detection and mitigation for different kinds of attacks directed towards a SIP infrastructure, including denial-of-service message flooding.
Myocardial Infarction Associated Transcript (MIAT): Review of its impact in the tumorigenesis (2020)

Myocardial Infarction Associated Transcript (MIAT) is a non-coding transcript which is located on chromosome 22q12.1. This lncRNA can regulate expression of genes at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional stages. It has been firstly recognized as a susceptibility locus for myocardial infarction. Subsequently, its role in the development of several human cancers has been acknowledged. Numerous researches have reported the impact of MIAT silencing on the reduction of cell viability, proliferation and invasion while enhancement of cellular senescence and apoptosis. Consistently, investigations in the xenograft models have verified MIAT role in the promotion of tumor growth. Numerous microRNAs such as miR-214, miR-22-3p, miR-520d-3p, miR-203a, miR-29a-3p, miR-141, miR-150, miR-302, miR-29, and miR-155-5p have functional interactions with this lncRNA. Moreover, dysregulation of MIAT has been associated with abnormal activity of numerous cancer-related signaling cascades such as Hippo, PI3K/Akt/c-Met and Wnt/β-catenin. In the current review, we explain the role of MIAT in the cancer evolution based on the outcomes of in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies.