gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study of Two-Fluid Model and Interfacial Area (1980)

The interfacial transfer terms are the weakest link in a two-fluid-model formulation, because of considerable difficulties in terms of experimentation as well as modeling. However, these terms are of supreme importance for a two-fluid model in determining phase interactions between liquid and vapor. In view of these, the interfacial transfer terms have been studied in detail and new constitutive relations have been developed. The interfacial terms are proportional to the interfacial area and driving force; therefore these two effects are modeled separately. In addition, new flow-regime criteria that are appropriate for a two-fluid model are proposed.
Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment: From Understanding Pathways to Effective Clinical Trials (2013)

It is clear that tumor cells do not act alone but in close interaction with the extracellular matrix and with stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). As our understanding of tumor cell-stroma interactions increased over the last two decades, significant efforts have been made to develop agents that interfere with these interactions. Here, we discuss four different therapeutic strategies that target the TME, focusing on agents that are at the most advanced stage of preclinical or clinical development. We end this review by outlining some of the lessons we have learned so far from the development of TME-targeting agents.
Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cells Persist in the Upper Respiratory Tract Following Influenza Virus Infection (2001)

Because little is known about lymphocyte responses in the nasal mucosa, lymphocyte accumulation in the nasal mucosa, nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), and cervical lymph nodes (CLN) were determined after primary and heterosubtypic intranasal influenza challenge of mice. T cell accumulation peaked in the nasal mucosa on day 7, but peaked slightly earlier in the CLN (day 5) and later (day 10) in the NALT. Tetrameric staining of nasal mucosal cells revealed a peak accumulation of CD8 T cells specific for either the H-2D(b) influenza nucleoprotein epitope 366-374 (D(b)NP(366)) or the H-2D(b) polymerase 2 protein epitope 224-233 (D(b)PA(224)) at 7 days. By day 13, D(b)PA(224)-specific CD8 T cells were undetectable in the mucosa, whereas D(b)NP(366)-specific CD8 T cells persisted for at least 35 days in the mucosa and spleen. After heterosubtypic virus challenge, the accumulation of CD8 T cells in the nasal mucosa was quicker, more intense, and predominantly D(b)NP(366) specific relative to the primary inoculation. The kinetics and specificity of the CD8 T cell response were similar to those in the CLN, but the responses in the NALT and spleen were again slower and more protracted. These results indicate that similar to what was reported in the lung, D(b)NP(366)-specific CD8 T cells persist in the nasal mucosa after primary influenza infection and predominate in an intensified nasal mucosal response to heterosubtypic challenge. In addition, differences in the kinetics of the CD8 T cell responses in the CLN, NALT, and spleen suggest different roles of these lymphoid tissues in the mucosal response.
A new approach for pupil detection in iris recognition system (2010)

Recently, Personal Identification System becomes a key factor for safety and secures environments. Iris segmentation step is one of the most important steps that plays a vital role in the accuracy and efficiency of Personal Identification System. Pupil detection and isolation is the foremost task in this step. Many researches had proposed several methods to detect the pupil boundary. Some of those methods detect the pupil by an estimated threshold or by search for the value of the first dark region, and consider it as an estimated threshold. But, the dark intensities of pupil are not fixed due to the coming lighting. Other iris segmentation methods which are used for iris recognition technology consider the boundary of pupil is a circle. But, the boundary of pupil is not quite circle and a small error in detecting this boundary will lead to lose some information surrounding the pupil. Another problem that makes most of the iris segmentation method fail to detect the pupil boundary is the head rotation or the eye rotation. As a result of these problems, the iris recognition system will be inefficient and inaccurate. In this paper a new method has developed to detect the boundary of pupil based on minimum and mean intensity of pupil. This method is able to detect and isolate pupil with high accuracy results approximately 100% and reduce time consuming.
Clinical efficacy of clenbuterol and propiverine in menopausal women with urinary incontinence: improvement in quality of life. (2000)

The present study evaluated the effects of clenbuterol and propiverine therapy on postmenopausal urinary incontinence. The patients consisted of 89 postmeopausal women with stress or urge incontinence who had consulted our out-patient clinic between March 1994 and February 1999. Patients were treated with either clenbuterol for stress incontinence or propiverine for urge incontinence. The administration period for both drugs was eight weeks. The cure rates for clenbuterol and propiverine were 41.2% and 52.6%, respectively. Both treatments significantly decreased the frequencies of incontinence, 24-h. voiding and nocturnal voiding, and both resulted in an overall clinical improvement. Furthermore, the two treatments resulted in significant subjective improvements in quality of life. We conclude that both medical treatments resulted in an improvement in urinary incontinence and contributed to overall quality of life. The present study demonstrated the necessity of contributed urinary incontinence with improvement in quality of life of postmenopausal women.
Host Factors and susceptibility to rubella virus infection: The association of HLA antigens (1981)

To examine the role of host-dependent factors to natural rubella infection, the positive rates of HAI antibody according to HLA-A and -B antigens were studied in 93 children, aged 9 to 10, who were exposed only to a recent epidemic (single-exposure group), and in 199 adult females, aged 18 to 23, who were exposed also to a former epidemic (dual-exposure group). Furthermore, the phenotype frequencies of HLA antigens were investigated in seronegative subjects in both groups, as well as in 58 adult female vaccinees, in comparison with those of the Japanese population. The seropositive rates by the HLA antigens, 38.7% and 73.4%, respectively, in each exposure group were found in subjects having some HLA antigens. Several of these candidate HLA antigens varied in phenotype frequencies in seronegative subjects of all three groups from those of the average Japanese. Although a few types were statistically significant, no contradictory findings in susceptibility were obtained among the groups during the study, which suggested strongly that subjects with HLA-Bw51 and -Bw16 are susceptible. In addition, when the seropositive rates were compared in all combinations of HLA-A and -B antigens classified according to expected susceptibility, the positive rates were arranged in order of susceptibility with significant statistical differences in several groups.
The use of nontraditional stabilizers for construction of airports in Alaska (2013)

The cost of constructing unsurfaced gravel airports in rural Alaska can easily reach between $30 and $40 million due to the lack of gravel. The lower Kuskokwim and Yukon River delta soils consist entirely of fine silts and sands. Consequently, any gravel required must be imported at a cost of $300 to $600 per cubic yard ($392 to $785 per cubic meter). In an effort to reduce these costs, the Alaska University Transportation Center, in partnership with the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities developed the use of two part chemical stabilizers to stabilize local marginal materials. Several stabilizing products were incorporated in silt and sand in an effort to find the optimal and most cost­ effective stabilizer. These products included geofiber, chemical stabilizers, and curing agents. Laboratory work included California Bearing Ratio and unconfined compressive strength tests on Horseshoe Lake sand, Fairbanks silt, and other standard sands. Test results revealed that sand-geofiber mixtures should contain an optimum amount of fines (siIt) to mobilize the mix strength effectively. It was also found that the inclusion of an optimum geofiber content in Fairbanks silt (0.2% geofiber by weight) and in Horseshoe Lake sand (0.5% geofiber by weight) maximizes their hearing capacity. Using chemical stabilizers in conjunction with curing additives, hearing capacity was also enhanced as evidenced by unconfined compressive strengths of 1,100 psi (7.6 MPa) achieved for the sands and 600 psi (4.1 MPa) for the silts. This research showed that strength and hearing capacity enhancement of Alaskan marginal soils at airfield construction sites is feasible and cost-effective through the use of nontraditional stabilizers. Future research will evaluate the durability and freeze-thaw susceptibility of these optimized soil-stabilizer mixes.
CoRE Mirror Server (2012)

The Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) working group aims at
realizing the REpresentational State Transfer (REST) architecture in a
suitable form for the most constrained nodes. Thanks to the
Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), REST is now applicable to
constrained networks. However the most energy-constrained devices may
enter sleep mode and disconnect their network link during several
minutes to save energy, hence preventing them from acting as
traditional web servers. This document describes how a sleeping device
can store resource representations in an entity called Mirror Server
and participate in a constrained RESTful environment.
Enantioselective Wittig-Horner reaction in the solid state (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEnantioselective Wittig-Horner reaction in the solid stateFumio Toda and Hiroshi AkaiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 11, 3446–3447Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00298a010https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00298a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views722Altmetric-Citations61LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A METALLOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE for FERRITES (1960)

A technique is described for the rapid preparation of ferrite specimens for metallographic examination by means of polytetrafluorethylene polishing laps impregnated with diamond.
Expression of PACE4 in chemically induced carcinomas is associated with spindle cell tumor conversion and increased invasive ability. (1997)

Gene expression changes associated with the conversion of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) to a more advanced malignant spindle cell carcinoma (SPCC) were determined by differential display. Using an animal model of human SCC progression, we provide evidence of increased PACE4 expression in SPCC cell lines and primary tumors induced by chemical carcinogenesis protocols, thus implicating this proprotein convertase in the process of tumor progression. Exogenous overexpression of PACE4 cDNA in mouse SCC cells of low invasive ability resulted in enhanced tumor cell invasiveness that was absent in parental or mock-transfected SCC cells. In addition, the PACE4-transfected cells acquired the ability to process prostromelysin 3 into its active enzyme form. Taken together, these results show that up-regulation of PACE4 expression is associated with SCC conversion to SPCC and suggests that activation of essential PACE4 substrates, such as the metalloproteinase stromelysin 3, is required for tumor cell invasion.
ClueGO: a Cytoscape plug-in to decipher functionally grouped gene ontology and pathway annotation networks (2009)

We have developed ClueGO, an easy to use Cytoscape plug-in that strongly improves biological interpretation of large lists of genes. ClueGO integrates Gene Ontology (GO) terms as well as KEGG/BioCarta pathways and creates a functionally organized GO/pathway term network. It can analyze one or compare two lists of genes and comprehensively visualizes functionally grouped terms. A one-click update option allows ClueGO to automatically download the most recent GO/KEGG release at any time. ClueGO provides an intuitive representation of the analysis results and can be optionally used in conjunction with the GOlorize plug-in.
Horizontal shear surface waves on corrugated surfaces (1976)

Experiments have been performed on horizontal shear surface-wave propagation along a corrugated surface. The results are in agreement with approximate theories used in analogous electromagnetic problems.
Switch-Linear Hybrid Power Conversion (I) - The Topologies Based on Source Follower (2006)

The paper presents a hybrid power conversion topology series. They are structured with linear source follower fed by switch-filter for getting synthetic good performances in high efficiency, THD, load robustness from step response and category changes. Special operating regulation of the power devices are analyzed, neither like in switch conversion nor like in linear amplifiers. Some comparison experiment results with present typical topologies are presented for proving that the novel topology series have a prospect future
Amorphous/crystalline silicon interface defects induced by hydrogen plasma treatments (2013)

Excellent amorphous/crystalline silicon interface passivation is of extreme importance for high-efficiency silicon heterojunction solar cells. This can be obtained by inserting hydrogen-plasma treatments during deposition of the amorphous silicon passivation layers. Prolonged hydrogen-plasmas lead to film etching. We report on the defect creation induced by such treatments: A severe drop in interface-passivation quality is observed when films are etched to a thickness of less than 8 nm. Detailed characterization shows that this decay is due to persistent defects created at the crystalline silicon surface. Pristine interfaces are preserved when the post-etching film thickness exceeds 8 nm, yielding high quality interface passivation.
Experimental and theoretical comparison of the Probe Thrust Vector Control concept (1991)

A concept that offers an alternate method for thrust vector control of liquid or solid propellant rockets is the use of a solid body or probe that is inserted on demand through the wall of the rocket nozzle. This Probe Thrust Vector Control (PTVC) concept is an alternative to that of a gimbaled nozzle or a Liquid Injection Thrust Vector control system. The viability of the PTVC concept can be assessed either experimentally and/or with the use of CFD. A purely experimental assessment is time consuming and expensive, whereas a CFD assessment is time- and cost-effective. Two key requirements of the concept are PTVC vectoring performance and active cooling requirements for the probe to maintain its thermal and structural integrity. The objective of the work reported here is presentation of experimental subscale cold flow tests and comparison of these tests with CFD predictions and the response time of the PTVC system.
Cyclotetramerization of 2-dimethylamino-4-tert-butylpyrrole. Tetra-tert-butylporphyrins (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCyclotetramerization of 2-dimethylamino-4-tert-butylpyrrole. Tetra-tert-butylporphyrinsB. J. Whitlock, H. W. Whitlock, and H. AllesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 12, 3959–3965Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00819a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00819a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views177Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Sexual Differentiation of the External Genitalia and the Timing of Puberty in the Presence of an Antiandrogen in Sheep (2008)

Testicular steroids during midgestation sexually differentiate the steroid feedback mechanisms controlling GnRH secretion in sheep. To date, the actions of the estrogenic metabolites in programming neuroendocrine function have been difficult to study because exogenous estrogens disrupt maternal uterine function. We developed an approach to study the prenatal actions of estrogens by coadministering testosterone (T) and the androgen receptor antagonist flutamide, and tested the hypothesis that prenatal androgens program estradiol inhibitory feedback control of GnRH secretion to defeminize (advance) the timing of the pubertal increase in LH. Pregnant sheep were either untreated or treated with T, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (a nonaromatizable androgen), or T plus flutamide from d 30-90 of gestation. To study the postnatal response to steroid negative feedback, lambs were gonadectomized and estradiol-replaced, and concentrations of LH were monitored in twice-weekly blood samples. Although T and DHT produced penile and scrotal development in females, the external genitalia of T plus flutamide offspring remained phenotypically female, regardless of genetic sex. Untreated females and females and males treated with T plus flutamide exhibited a pubertal increase in circulating LH at 26.4+/-0.5, 26.0+/-0.7, and 22.4+/-1.6 wk of age, respectively. In females exposed to prenatal androgens, the LH increase was advanced (T: 12.0+/-2.6 wk; DHT: 15.0+/-2.6 wk). These results demonstrate the usefulness of combining T and antiandrogen treatments as an approach to increasing prenatal exposure to estradiol. Importantly, the findings support our hypothesis that prenatal androgens program sensitivity to the negative feedback actions of estradiol and the timing of neuroendocrine puberty.
Cognitive radio-based OFDM sidelobe suppression employing modulated filter banks and cancellation carriers (2009)

In this paper, we propose a novel sidelobe suppression approach for cognitive radio systems employing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission. OFDM is a promising solution for future overlay wireless access due to its high data rate and flexibility. However, OFDM and its variants employ sinc-type pulses in representing the symbols transmitted over all subcarriers during one time instant. Consequently, large sidelobes can occur that could potentially interfere with the signal transmissions of the neighboring legacy systems or with the transmissions of other rental users. To mitigate this source of interference, both cancellation carriers (CCs) and modulated filter banks (MFB) can be employed. In this paper, raised-cosine filter is chosen without loss of generality as the prototype filter for the modulated filter banks. The power spectrum density of the OFDM signal after employing different CC algorithms, different number of CCs and different parameters of raised-cosine filters, such as the roll off factor, are analyzed and compared. Simulation results show that this combination approach can achieve significant reduction for OFDM out-of-band radiation and the sidelobe can be suppressed down to -70 dBm.
Construindo biografias...Historiadores e jornalistas: aproximações e afastamentos. (1997)

This essay examines the recent output of biographies in the fields of Brazilian academic history and professional journalism. It tries to detect possible similarities and differences between biographies produced in both fields. It addresses three central issues: the reasons for the emergence of the biographic genre among historians and journalists, the similarities and differences between the historical and the journalistic approaches and the current improvements of the biographical genre.
Contamination removal from collector optics and masks: an essential step for next-generation lithography (2007)

Tin is the preferred fuel in EUV sources due to its higher conversion efficiency (3%) compared to Xe (1%.) However, there are several critical challenges to overcome before Sn can be used. Sn is a condensable fuel, which deposits on nearby surfaces. The light is collected in this technology using reflective collector mirrors, which are placed near to the plasma pinch area. Collection efficiency of these mirrors and their ability to direct EUV light to the intermediate focus depends heavily on its reflectivity, which in turn depends on the surface morphology and composition. Tin contamination reduces the reflectivity of the mirror surfaces. High energy tin ions or neutrals, contaminate the surface, makes it rougher and also erode it away. Due to these effects mirrors would need to be changed frequently, which increases the cost of ownership. The Center for Plasma Material Interactions at the UIUC is expanding efforts to develop cleaning methods for Sn off of EUV compatible surfaces. Reactive ion etching methods are developed as an effective tool for this process. An in-house RIE chamber is used to investigate Sn etching by Ar/Cl<sub>2</sub> plasma. Gas flow rates, chuck bias, sample temperatures and the chamber geometries are being analyzed to optimize the etching. Results are very promising and encouraging towards an extended collector life time. Etch rates are measured for Sn and its selectivity is studied over SiO<sub>2</sub> and Ru, which shows that the method adopted at UIUC for Sn etching is a potential solution to this problem. Additional experiments for cleaning Sn off a mock collector mirror geometry, shows the potential to integrate this method in real technology.