gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Risk analysis software tutorial II: OptFolio - a simulation optimization system for project portfolio planning (2003)

OptFolio is a new portfolio optimization software system that simultaneously addresses financial return goals, catastrophic loss avoidance, and performance probability. The innovations embedded in the system enable users to confidently design effective plans for achieving financial goals, employing accurate analysis based on real data. Traditional analysis and prediction methods are based on mean variance analysis -- an approach known to be faulty. The new software system takes a much more sophisticated and strategic direction. State-of-the-art technology integrates simulation and metaheuristic optimization techniques and a new surface methodology based on linear programming into a global system that guides a series of evaluations to reveal truly optimal investment scenarios. In this paper we will present new techniques that increase the flexibility of optimization tools and deepen the types of portfolio analysis that can be carried out. We include examples applied to energy, pharmaceutical, and information technology portfolios.
Timing of Meal Insulin Boluses to Achieve Optimal Postprandial Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes (2010)

A bolus of rapid-acting insulin 20 min prior to a meal results in significantly better postprandial glucose control than when the meal insulin bolus is given just prior to the meal or 20 min after meal initiation.
Lymphotoxin: An anticarcinogenic lymphokine as measured by inhibition of chemical carcinogen or ultraviolet‐irradiation‐induced transformation of syrian hamster cells (1981)

Abstract Syrian‐hamster‐derived lymphotoxin inhibits benzo( a )pyrene and ultraviolet carcinogen‐induced in vitro morphologic transformation of diploid secondary passage hamster embryo cells. When lymphotoxin is added up to 4 days post carcinogen, the reduction in the frequency of morphologic transformation 6 days after carcinogen treatment varies directly with lymphotoxin concentration. The frequency of transformation does not change following re‐feeding with lymphotoxin‐free medium and incubation for 6 additional days. Furthermore, transformation by ultraviolet is prevented when cells are pulsed with lymphotoxin for as few as 6 hours after irradiation. Thus, lymphotoxin has the potential to irreversibly inhibit the first recognizable morphologic step of carcinogenesis.
Erzeugung und Reaktionen des chiralen Lithiumenolats von (+)‐(S)‐3‐Methyl‐2‐pentanon<sup>1,2)</sup> (1976)

Abstract (+)‐(S)‐3‐Methyl‐2‐pentanon (1) wurde aus den leicht zugänglichen Verbindungen 4‐7 bekannter absoluter Konfiguration und optischer Reinheit über die Dithiane 8 und 9 hergestellt. Dabei wurde bewiesen, daß die nucleophile Substitution von Bromid durch die 1,3‐ Dithian‐2‐ylanionen zu über 90% unter Inversion abläuft. Größere Mengen 1 stellten wir aus der α‐Methylbuttersäure 10a und Methyllithium her. Lithiumdiisopropylamid überführt 1 in das Enolat 2, wobei maximal 10 % Racemisierung eintritt. Mit Elektrophilen (Alkyljodide, Carbonsäurechloride, Aldehyde, Ketone) setzt sich 2 zu den optisch aktiven Ketonen 12,13, 15 und 16 um. Im Falle der Aldolreaktion mit Propionaldehyd zu 15b entsteht das neue Asymmetriezentrum zu 15 % bevorzugt R‐konfiguriert.
Design and analysis of ATM networks with fluid flow sources (2002)

Most literature concerned with the statistical multiplexing performance in ATM networks considers cell loss rate, cell delay and delay jitter as performance measures. Some research on the relation of cell loss and call blocking when sources are represented as on/off fluid flow for the purpose of call admission has also appeared. However, buffering is ignored and a bufferless multiplexer is assumed. In this paper, it is shown that under certain (realistic) conditions, the call blocking in a buffered ATM multiplexer behaves as an Erlang-B loss system. The system buffer is assumed to be of infinite storage and the transmission rate of the link (C) is assumed to be finite. Using past results on probability of cell loss and properties of nearly completely decomposable Markov chains, the aggregate system cell loss when in different states is determined. It is shown that call blocking performance for a given system capacity (or equivalently for a total probability of cell loss) is independent of the individual source parameters. These results are helpful in determining link capacity, call admission policies, network routing design, and delay evaluation of ATM networks. An inverse problem is also stated.
Design of Single-Switch Inverters for Variable Resistance/Load Modulation Operation (2014)

Single-Switch inverters such as the conventional Class-E inverter are often highly load sensitive, and maintain zero-voltage switching over only a narrow range of load resistances. This paper introduces a design methodology that enables rapid synthesis of Class E and related single-switch inverters that maintain ZVS operation over a wide range of resistive loads. We treat the design of Class-E inverters for variable resistance operation and show how the proposed methodology relates to circuit transformations on traditional Class-E designs. We also illustrate the use of this transformation approach to realize Φ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> inverters for variable-resistance operation. The proposed methodology is demonstrated and experimentally validated at 27.12 MHz in a Class E and Φ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> inverter designs that operate efficiently over 12:1 load resistance range for an 8:1 and 10:1 variation in output power, respectively, and a 25-W peak output power.
Inorganic Photocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting (2012)

Photocatalytic water splitting using semiconductor photocatalysts has been considered as a "green" process for converting solar energy into hydrogen. The pioneering work on electrochemical photolysis of water at TiO(2) electrode, reported by Fujishima and Honda in 1972, ushered in the area of solar fuel. As the real ultimate solution for solar fuel-generation, overall water splitting has attracted interest from researchers for some time, and a variety of inorganic photocatalysts have been developed to meet the challenge of this dream reaction. To date, high-efficiency hydrogen production from pure water without the assistance of sacrificial reagents remains an open challenge. In this Focus Review, we aim to provide a whole picture of overall water splitting and give an outlook for future research.
Amino acids and peptides. Part 49. 2-Amino-4-(3-pyridyl)butyric acid and related peptides. (1985)

The new α-amino acid, 2-amino-4-(3-pyridyl)butyric acid (4)[abbreviation, Ala(3 Pm)], has been synthesized and resolved. The N-t-butoxycarbonyl derivative of the L-amino-acid has been used in the picolyl ester ‘handle’ method to synthesize Boc-Ala(3 Pm)-Ala-Ala-Ala-Lys(Z)-OPic (8)(Pit = 4-picolyl) and its N-acetyl analogue (9), Boc-Ala(3 Pm)-Ala-Ala-D-Ala-Lys(Z)-OPic (10), and Boc-Ala(3 Pm)-Ala-Ala-Val-Lys(Z)-OPic (11). Compounds (8), (9), and (11) are weak inhibitors of human leucocytic elastase.
Stereospecific total synthesis of (±)-α-amorphene (1973)

R. P. Gregson and R. N. Mirrington, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1973, 598 DOI: 10.1039/C39730000598
On the causes of lung hyperinflation during bronchoconstriction (1997)

Airway obstruction in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is often associated with lung hyperinflation. In this review, we examine the mechanisms that may cause functional residual capacity (FRC), residual volume (RV) and total lung capacity (TLC) to increase during acute and chronic airway obstruction. Normally, FRC at rest is determined by the static characteristics of the lung and chest wall. When airways narrow, FRC may be also be determined by dynamic factors. There are data suggesting that expiratory flow limitation during tidal breathing represents the starting trigger for FRC to increase, in order to allow breathing at higher flows. Indeed, the increase in FRC during induced bronchoconstriction in asthma is closely associated with the occurrence of flow limitation, i.e. the achievement of maximum flow during tidal breathing. Conversely, the decrease in FRC following bronchodilatation in COPD is closely associated with flow limitation disappearing or occurring at lower lung volumes. In normal young people, RV is determined by the static characteristics of the chest wall. During bronchoconstriction RV may also be determined by dynamic factors; therefore, changes in flow or airway calibre at low lung volumes may modulate RV during bronchoconstriction. During acutely induced bronchoconstriction, RV achieved with an expiration from TLC is less than with an expiration from tidal breathing, and this effect appears to be linked to the bronchodilator effect of the deep inhalation. The reasons for the increase in TLC during airway narrowing are not clear, but the duration of the bronchoconstriction by itself may play a role.
Soluble fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 1 Is Increased in Preeclampsia But Not in Normotensive Pregnancies with Small-for-Gestational-Age Neonates: Relationship to Circulating Placental Growth Factor (2005)

These data are consistent with a role for sFlt-1 in the maternal manifestations of preeclampsia. In contrast to preeclampsia, sFlt-1 does not appear to contribute substantially to decreased circulating free PlGF in SGA pregnancies in the absence of a maternal syndrome.
Differential Expression of the Multigene Family Encoding the Soybean Mitochondrial Alternative Oxidase (1997)

The alternative oxidase (AOX) of the soybean (Glycine max L.) inner mitochondrial membrane is encoded by a multigene family (Aox) with three known members. Here, the Aox2 and Aox3 primary translation products, deduced for cDNA analysis, were found to be 38.1 and 36.4 Kd, respectively. Direct N-terminal sequencing of partially purified AOX from cotyledons demonstrates that the mature proteins are 31.8 and 31.6 KD, respectively, implying that processing occurs upon import of these proteins into the mitochondrion. Sequence comparisons show that the processing of plant AOX proteins occurs at a characteristic site and that the AOX2 and AOX3 proteins are more similar to one another than to other AOX proteins, including soybean AOX1. Transcript analysis using a polymerase chain reaction-based assay in conjunction with immunoblot experiments indicates that soybean Aox genes are differentially expressed in a tissue-dependent manner. Moreover, the relative abundance of both Aox2 transcripts and protein in cotyledons increase upon greening of dark-grown seedlings. These results comprehensively explain the multiple AOX-banding patterns observed on immunoblots of mitochondrial proteins isolated from various soybean tissues by matching protein bands with gene products.
Probabilistic Forecasting of (Severe) Thunderstorms in the Netherlands Using Model Output Statistics (2005)

Abstract The derivation and verification of logistic regression equations for the (conditional) probability of (severe) thunderstorms in the warm half-year (from mid-April to mid-October) in the Netherlands is described. For 12 regions of about 90 km × 80 km each, and for projections out to 48 h in advance (with 6-h periods), these equations have been derived using model output statistics (MOS). As a source for the predictands, lightning data from the Surveillance et d’Alerte Foudre par Interférométrie Radioélectrique (SAFIR) network have been used. The potential predictor dataset mainly consisted of the combined (postprocessed) output from two numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. It contained 15 traditional thunderstorm indices, computed from the High-Resolution Limited-Area Model (HIRLAM), and (postprocessed) output from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model. The most important predictor in the thunderstorm forecast system is the square root of the ECMWF 6-h convective precipitation sum, and the most important predictor in the severe thunderstorm forecast system is the HIRLAM Boyden index. The success of the square root of the ECMWF 6-h convective precipitation sum as a thunderstorm predictor indicates that there is a strong relation between the forecast convective precipitation by the ECMWF model and the occurrence of thunderstorms, at least in the Netherlands up to 3 days in advance. The overall verification results for the 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 UTC runs of the MOS (severe) thunderstorm forecast system are good, and, therefore, the system was made operational at the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) in April 2004.
FKBP12.6-Mediated Stabilization of Calcium-Release Channel (Ryanodine Receptor) as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy Against Heart Failure (2003)

During the development of experimental heart failure, JTV519 prevented the amount of RyR-bound FKBP12.6 from decreasing. This in turn reduced the abnormal Ca2+ leak through the RyR, prevented LV remodeling, and led to less severe heart failure.
Upregulation of p75 Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Receptor in<i>Mycobacterium avium</i>-Infected Mice: Evidence for a Functional Role (1999)

The bacterial growth and the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and TNF receptors (TNF-Rs) in the spleen and blood of BALB/c mice challenged with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) were monitored. Infection developed in two phases: the first, up to day 21, was associated with rapid MAC multiplication in the spleen and a drop in the mycobacteremia, and the second was associated with control of the infection in both compartments. In the spleen, TNF-alpha and TNF-RII mRNA levels peaked on day 21 and then slowly decreased; however, no increase in the level of TNF-RI mRNA was observed throughout these experiments. The level of circulating soluble TNF-RII (sTNF-RII) was transiently increased after day 21. In a model in which overproduction of bioactive TNF-alpha was triggered in response to a second infection with MAC, an increased production of sTNF-RII by cultured splenocytes was also observed. Administration of an antagonist anti-TNF-RII monoclonal antibody (MAb 6G1) to infected mice inhibited the bacterial growth in the spleen, suggesting that the TNF-RII and/or sTNF-RII was functionally involved in the mechanisms that control the infection. Overall, these observations suggest that upregulation of TNF-RII or sTNF-RII contributes to modulation of the TNF-alpha antibacterial activity in MAC infections.
High-speed low-power charge-buffered active-pull-down ECI circuit (1991)

A high-speed, low-power, charge-buffered active-pull-down ECL (emitter-coupled logic) circuit is described. The circuit features a charge-buffered coupling between the common-emitter node of the switching transistors and the base of an active-pull-down n-p-n transistor. This coupling scheme provides a much larger dynamic current than what can be reasonably achieved through the capacitor coupling and a DC path to alleviate the AC-testing requirement. Furthermore, the dynamic current is utilized effectively by the logic stage, thus allowing a reduction in the power consumption of the logic stage without sacrificing the switching speed. Based on a 0.8- mu m double-poly self-aligned bipolar technology at a power consumption of 1.0 mW/gate, the circuit offers 37% improvement in both the speed and load driving capability for a loaded gate compared with the conventional ECL circuit. The design and scaling considerations of the circuit are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mechanisms of leukocyte migration across the blood–retina barrier (2008)

Immune-mediated inflammation in the retina is regulated by a combination of anatomical, physiological and immuno-regulatory mechanisms, referred to as the blood-retina barrier (BRB). The BRB is thought to be part of the specialised ocular microenvironment that confers protection or "immune privilege" by deviating or suppressing destructive inflammation. The barrier between the blood circulation and the retina is maintained at two separate anatomical sites. These are the endothelial cells of the inner retinal vasculature and the retinal pigment epithelial cells on Bruch's membrane between the fenestrated choroidal vessels and the outer retina. The structure and regulation of the tight junctions forming the physical barrier are described. For leukocyte migration across the BRB to occur, changes are needed in both the leukocytes themselves and the cells forming the barrier. We review how the blood-retina barrier is compromised in various inflammatory diseases and discuss the mechanisms controlling leukocyte subset migration into the retina in uveoretinitis in more detail. In particular, we examine the relative roles of selectins and integrins in leukocyte interactions with the vascular endothelium and the pivotal role of chemokines in selective recruitment of leukocyte subsets, triggering adhesion, diapedesis and migration of inflammatory cells into the retinal tissue.
Rewriting XPath queries using materialized views (2005)

As a simple XML query language but with enough expressive power, XPath has become very popular. To expedite evaluation of XPath queries, we consider the problem of rewriting XPath queries using materialized XPath views. This problem is very important and arises not only from query optimization in server side but also from semantic caching in client side. We consider the problem of deciding whether there exists a rewriting of a query using XPath views and the problem of finding minimal rewritings. We first consider those two problems for a very practical XPath fragment containing the descendent, child, wildcard and branch features. We show that the rewriting existence problem is coNP-hard and the problem of finding minimal rewritings is 3 . We also consider those two rewriting problems for three subclasses of this XPath fragment, each of which contains child feature and two of descendent, wildcard and branch features, and show that both rewriting problems can be polynomially solved. Finally, we give an algorithm for finding minimal rewritings, which is sound for the XPath fragment, but is also complete and runs in polynomial time for its three subclasses.
Association between mammographic parenchymal pattern classification and incidence of breast cancer (1980)

Wolfe has suggested that the mammographic parenchymal patterns can be used to identify a group with high incidence of breast cancer. To evaluate this claim, mammograms of women with breast cancer that was detected at the University of Michigan Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project have been classified and compared with a randomly selected control group from the same project. The basic mammographic classifications as defined by Wolfe were used with further refinements made in the DY and QDY groups. The mammographic classifications have been grouped according to the degree of density and age. For all ages combined, our dense classifications (DY1, DY2, DYC-, QDY2) show a higher incident rate, 22/1000,than the lucent classification (N1, P1, and QDY1),9/1000,(P less than .01), although not to the degree suggested by Wolfe. This difference is statistically significant (P less than .01); the higher risk is markedly increased for women under 50 years of age (P less than .005). After age 50 the higher risk associated with the dense breast seems to disappear (P less than .13). However, this might be a consequence of women who were in a dense classification at an earlier age who subsequently changed to a lucent classification later in life. Because the percentage of lucent breasts increases with age there is a higher absolute number of cancers (55%) in this group of women past 50; these women cannot be neglected in screening. Our results suggest the following guidelines for clinical evaluation: (1) Careful mammographic and clinical follow-up for any woman with a dense breast at any age. (2) Careful mammographic and clinical follow-up past 50 regardless of breast classification. (3) Women with lucent breasts under age 50 represent a low risk category and may not require as frequent a follow-up as the other mammographic types.
Application H-Secure for mobile security (2014)

Mobile security is as critical as the PIN number on our ATM card or the lock on our front door. More than our phone itself, the information inside needs safeguarding as well. Not necessarily for scams, but just peace of mind. Android seems to have attracted the most attention from malicious code writers due to its popularity. The flexibility to freely download apps and content has fueled the explosive growth of smart phones and mobile applications but it has also introduced a new risk factor. Malware can mimic popular applications and transfer contacts, photos and documents to unknown destination servers. There is no way to disable the application stores on mobile operating systems. Fortunately for end-users, our smart phones are fundamentally open devices however they can quite easily be hacked. Enterprises now provide business applications on these devices. As a result, confidential business information resides on employee-owned device. Once an employee quits, the mobile operating system wipe-out is not an optimal solution as it will delete both business and personal data. Here we propose H-Secure application for mobile security where one can store their confidential data and files in encrypted form. The encrypted file and encryption key are stored on a Web server so that unauthorized person cannot access the data. If user loses the mobile then he can login into Web and can delete the file and key to stop further decryption process.
The human homologue of the putative proto-oncogene Spi-1: characterization and expression in tumors. (1990)

Spi-1 is a putative proto-oncogene involved in murine virus-induced acute erythroleukemias. We report here the identification of the human homologue of Spi-1 and its expression in normal and tumorigenic human tissues. Characterization of cDNA clones revealed that the human Spi-1 gene encodes a 216 amino acids protein showing 85% identity with the murine counterpart. By sequencing genomic clones, five exons were identified. To investigate the possible role of Spi-1 gene in human cancers, we studied its expression in a panel of human tumors by Northern blot analysis. Spi-1 expression was detected in all the tumors examined. There was no noticeable evidence of messenger RNA alteration as compared to normal tissues.
Peptide Templates for Nanoparticle Synthesis Derived from Polymerase Chain Reaction‐Driven Phage Display (2004)

Abstract Phage peptide display libraries are commonly used to select peptides that bind to inorganic surfaces (metals, metal oxides, and semiconductors). These binding peptides can serve as templates to control the nucleation and growth of inorganic nanoparticles in vitro. In this report, we describe the identification of a unique set of sequences that bind to silver and cobalt nanoparticles from a phage peptide display library using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐driven method. The amino acid sequences obtained by the PCR method are a distinct set of sequences that would otherwise be missed using the regular panning method. Peptides identified by the method described here are also shown to function as templates for the synthesis of silver and cobalt platinum nanoparticles.