gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Motor Dysfunction and Altered Synaptic Transmission at the Parallel Fiber-Purkinje Cell Synapse in Mice Lacking Potassium Channels Kv3.1 and Kv3.3 (2003)

Micelacking both Kv3.1 and both Kv3.3 K+ channel alleles display severe motor deficits such as tremor, myoclonus, and ataxic gait. Micelacking one to three alleles at the Kv3.1 and Kv3.3 loci exhibit in an allele dose-dependent manner a modest degree of ataxia. Cerebellar granule cells coexpress Kv3.1 and Kv3.3 K+ channels and are therefore candidate neurons that might be involved in these behavioral deficits. Hence, we investigated the synaptic mechanisms of transmission in the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell system. Action potentials of parallel fibers were broader in mice lacking both Kv3.1 and both Kv3.3 alleles and in mice lacking both Kv3.1 and a single Kv3.3 allele compared with those of wild-type mice. The transmission of high-frequency trains of action potentials was only impaired at 200 Hz but not at 100 Hz in mice lacking both Kv3.1 and Kv3.3 genes. However, paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses was dramatically reduced in a gene dose-dependent manner in mice lacking Kv3.1 or Kv3.3 alleles. Normal PPF could be restored by reducing the extracellular Ca2+ concentration indicating that increased activity-dependent presynaptic Ca2+ influx, at least in part caused the altered PPF in mutant mice. Induction of metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated EPSCs was facilitated, whereas longterm depression was not impaired but rather facilitated in Kv3.1/Kv3.3 double-knockout mice. These results demonstrate the importance of Kv3 potassium channels in regulating the dynamics of synaptic transmission at the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapse and suggest a correlation between short-term plasticity at the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapse and motor performance.
A kinematic model for collision response (2009)

Over the course of several years, an informal poll by Dave Forsey of commercial animators revealed that the single most useful tool to add to a computer animation system would be a way to control the simple act of pressing one object into another. This ability would dras tically increase the range and style of animations that could be created within a production environment. This thesis presents a simple, fast, geometric approach to controlling the nature, extent and timing of the surface deformations arising from the interpenetration of kinematically controlled animated objects. Rather than using dynamic simulations, which are difficult to configure, code, and control, the algorithm presented here is based upon the idea that collision response is a matter of moving specific points on the surface towards specific goal points at a certain rate. This is an operation similar to manipulating chains of rigid bodies using inverse kinematics. This formulation is easily extendable to free-form surface modeling where generally oniy one point, or possibly more, is manipulated interactively at a time. We use a multi-resolution approach to deformations to provide control over the response of the surface using a small number of parameters. Each of the parameters determine how a level in the multi-resolution representation of the surface reacts to the interpenetration. The deformations are calculated in time and space proportional to the number of points used to define the surface.
Generalized concatenation of encoded tamed frequency modulation (1998)

A novel construction for encoded tamed frequency modulation (TFM) is introduced which is based on the principles of generalized concatenation. The inner TFM is partitioned into nested subsystems which increases the free Euclidean distances. In order to obtain a large distance among the nested TFM subsystems, the scrambler matrices have to be computed which transfer the original TFM into the equivalent TFM with better partitioning properties. Then outer convolutional codes with different error-correcting capabilities are used to protect the partitioning. The new concatenated and generalized concatenated constructions were simulated in an additive white Gaussian noise channel. A multistep decoding algorithm based on soft-output demodulation was used. We present various simulation results which show a significant coding gain in comparison with the best known trellis codes having the same trellis state complexity.
Targeted and novel therapy in advanced gastric cancer (2019)

The systemic treatment options for advanced gastric cancer (GC) have evolved rapidly in recent years. We have reviewed the recent data of clinical trial incorporating targeted agents, including inhibitors of angiogenesis, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), mesenchymal-epithelial transition, epidermal growth factor receptor, mammalian target of rapamycin, claudin-18.2, programmed death-1 and DNA. Addition of trastuzumab to platinum-based chemotherapy has become standard of care as front-line therapy in advanced GC overexpressing HER2. In the second-line setting, ramucirumab with paclitaxel significantly improves overall survival compared to paclitaxel alone. For patients with refractory disease, apatinib, nivolumab, ramucirumab and TAS-102 have demonstrated single-agent activity with improved overall survival compared to placebo alone. Pembrolizumab has demonstrated more than 50% response rate in microsatellite instability-high tumors, 15% response rate in tumors expressing programmed death ligand 1, and non-inferior outcome in first-line treatment compared to chemotherapy. This review summarizes the current state and progress of research on targeted therapy for advanced GC.
Balanced cross sections (1969)

Post-depositional concentric deformation produces no significant change in rock volume. Since bed thickness remains constant in concentric deformation, the surface area of a bed and its length in a cross-sectional plane must also remain constant. Under these conditions, a simple test of the geometric validity of a cross section is to measure bed lengths at several horizons between reference lines located on the axial planes of major synclines or other areas of no interbed slip. These bed lengths must be consistent unless a discontinuity, like a décollement, intervenes. Consistency of bed length also requires consistency of shortening, whether by folding and (or) faulting, within one cross section and between adjacent cross sections.The number of possible cross-sectional explanations of a set of data is reduced by the fact that, in a specific geological environment, there is only a limited suite of structures which can exist. This imposes a set of local "ground rules" on interpretation. When these local restrictions are coupled with the geometric restrictions which follow from the law of conservation of volume, it is often possible to produce structural cross sections that have a better-than-normal chance of being right.The concept of consistency of shortening can be extrapolated to a mountain belt as a whole, thereby indicating the necessity for some kind of transfer mechanism wherein waning faults or folds are compensated by waxing en echelon features. These concepts are illustrated diagrammatically and by examples from the Alberta Foothills.
Thermoplastic elastomer gels. II. Effects of composition and temperature on morphology and gel rheology (1998)

Thermoplastic elastomer gels (TPEGs) composed of a poly[styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene] triblock copolymer and a low-volatility, midblock-compatible mineral oil have been investigated here to ascertain the effects of composition on TPEG morphology, and temperature on mechanical properties. Cryofracture-replication transmission electron micrographs reveal the existence of spheroidal bumps due to copolymer micelles, as well as a network of irregularly shaped, high-aspect-ratio features. Since the density of this network decreases with increasing oil concentration, these features are attributed to copolymer grain boundaries. Micellar periodicities are discerned from small-angle X-ray scattering as a function of copolymer concentration and compared with previously reported data from related systems. Dynamic rheological tests performed up to 140°C indicate that the linear viscoelastic regime for these TPEGs decreases with both increasing copolymer concentration and temperature. A concentration-dependent thermal transition, signified by an abrupt reduction in the dynamic elastic modulus (G′), has also been identified.© 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 36: 2513–2523, 1998
I<scp>ntermediation in</scp> S<scp>earch</scp> M<scp>arkets</scp> (1993)

In markets, in which exchange requires costly search for trading partners, intermediaries can help to reduce the trading frictions. This intuition is modeled in a framework with heterogeneous agents, who have the choice between intermediated exchange and search accompanied by some bargaining procedure. The equilibria of such a game are characterized. In the case of a monopolistic intermediary, the tradeoff between the bid‐ask spread and the costs of delay during private search determine the intermediary's clientele. In equilibrium the monopolist charges a positive spread. Traders with large gains from trade prefer to deal with him, whereas traders with relatively low gains from trade engage in search. In case of competition among intermediaries, the classical Bertrand result obtains, and bid and ask prices converge to the (unique) Walrasian equilibrium price. Thus, in the confines of the model, the Walrasian auctioneer of the market under consideration can be replaced by competing intermediaries. In addition a multiplicity of subgame perfect Nash equilibria emphasizes the coordination problems inherent in models of intermediation.
Cannula placement for effective convection-enhanced delivery in the nonhuman primate thalamus and brainstem: implications for clinical delivery of therapeutics (2010)

The present study provides quantitative analysis of cannula placement and infusate distribution using real-time MR imaging and defines an optimal zone for infusion in the nonhuman primate thalamus and brainstem. Cannula placement recommendations developed from such translational nonhuman primate studies have significant implications for the design of anticipated clinical trials featuring CED therapy into the thalamus and brainstem for CNS diseases.
A scattering theoretic approach to scalar relativistic corrections on bonding (1998)

The atomic characteristics, which govern changes in bonding properties due to relativistic effects in heavy atoms, are identified from a scattering theoretic standpoint. It is shown that within an all-electron calculation scalar relativistic corrections to valence orbitals relevant to atomic bonding properties can be made via a local pseudopotential for all elements. The present approach reproduces molecular geometries and vibrational frequencies excellently for a test set of relatively simple molecules, where good experimental data are available. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 69: 423–433, 1998
Hierarchical model of memory and memory loss (1988)

A neural circuit model is presented that consists of a hierarchy of nested clusters of neuron-like elements. Each hierarchical level of cluster organisation encodes a different level of distributed memory. Associate memory properties within and between levels are investigated numerically in simple versions of the model. The results may provide insight into mechanisms of memory storage, recall and loss in real neural circuits, such as those found in the cerebral cortex.
Study of Macrophage Functions in Murine J774 Cells and Human Activated THP-1 Cells Exposed to Oritavancin, a Lipoglycopeptide with High Cellular Accumulation (2014)

Oritavancin, a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic in development, accumulates to high levels in the lysosomes of eukaryotic cells. We examined specific functions of macrophages (phagocytic capacity, lysosomal integrity, metabolic activity, and production of reactive oxygen species [ROS]) in correlation with the cellular accumulation of the drug, using J774 mouse macrophages and THP-1 human monocytes differentiated into macrophages using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Oritavancin did not affect Pseudomonas aeruginosa phagocytosis, lysosomal integrity, or metabolic activity in cells incubated for 3 h with extracellular concentrations ranging from 5 to 50 μg/ml. At extracellular concentrations of ≥25 μg/ml, oritavancin reduced latex bead phagocytosis by approximately 50% and doubled ROS production in J774 macrophages only. This may result from the fact that the cellular accumulation of oritavancin was 15 times higher in J774 cells than in activated THP-1 cells at 3 h. Human pharmacokinetic studies estimate that the concentration of oritavancin in alveolar macrophages could reach approximately 560 μg/ml after administration of a cumulative dose of 4 g, which is below the cellular concentration needed in the present study to impair latex bead phagocytosis (1,180 μg/ml) or to stimulate ROS production (15,000 μg/ml) by J774 cells. The data, therefore, suggest that, in spite of its substantial cellular accumulation, oritavancin is unlikely to markedly affect macrophage functions under the conditions of use investigated in current phase III trials (a single dose of 1,200 mg).
Chemical Composition and In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Essential Oils from Leaves and Flowers of Callistemon citrinus from Western Himalayas (2015)

Higher concentration of 1,8-cineole and/or synergistic effect of the overall composition were probably responsible for the efficacy of flower and leaf oils against the tested cells. These oils may form potential source of natural anti-cancer compounds and play important role in human health.
Chemoarchitectonic atlas of the rat forebrain (1999)

Stereotaxic surgery histology photography stereotaxis reference system the basis of delineation of structures.
24시간 어린이집 교사-유아 상호작용이 유아의 감정이입 능력과 타인 이해력에 미치는 영향 (2014)

본 연구의 목적은 24시간 보육에 대한 교사인식, 24시간 어린이 집 교사-유아 상호작용이 유아의 감정이입 능력과 타인 이해력에 미치는 영향력과 관련성에 대해 살펴보고자 하는 것이다. 연구대상은 수도권에 위치한 24시간 어린이 집에 다니는 만 3-5세 남아 109명과 여아 77명을 포함하여 총 186명의 유아와 교사 17명이었다. 연구방법은 24시간 보육에 대한 교사인식을 알아보기 위하여 빈도와 백분율을 산출하였고, 교사-유아 상호작용과 유아의 감정이입능력과 타인 이해력과의 관련성을 위하여 Pearson의 correlation을 사용하여 분석하였으며, 그리고 교사-유아 상호작용이 유아의 감정이입능력과 타인이해력에 미치는 영향력을 검증하기 위하여 SPSS-WIN 21.0 Program을 이용하여 중다회귀분석을 시행하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 24시간 보육에 대한 교사 인식은 24시간 보육이 부모의 경제 활동참가에 도움이 되며, 해체가정과 자녀양육, 그리고 유아 방임 예방에도 약간의 도움이 되며, 유아발달에는 보통이라고 인식한 반면에, 24시간 보육으로 인해 부모의 양육책임은 오히려 해이해진다고 인식하였다. 둘째, 24시간 어린이 집 교사-유아 상호작용은 감정이입능력 및 타인이해력과 상관관계를 보였다. 셋째, 24시간 어린이 집 교사-유아 상호작용은 감정이입능력과 타인이해력에 영향력을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다.
Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria (2011)

Quinine remains an important anti-malarial drug almost 400 years after its effectiveness was first documented. However, its continued use is challenged by its poor tolerability, poor compliance with complex dosing regimens, and the availability of more efficacious anti-malarial drugs. This article reviews the historical role of quinine, considers its current usage and provides insight into its appropriate future use in the treatment of malaria. In light of recent research findings intravenous artesunate should be the first-line drug for severe malaria, with quinine as an alternative. The role of rectal quinine as pre-referral treatment for severe malaria has not been fully explored, but it remains a promising intervention. In pregnancy, quinine continues to play a critical role in the management of malaria, especially in the first trimester, and it will remain a mainstay of treatment until safer alternatives become available. For uncomplicated malaria, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) offers a better option than quinine though the difficulty of maintaining a steady supply of ACT in resource-limited settings renders the rapid withdrawal of quinine for uncomplicated malaria cases risky. The best approach would be to identify solutions to ACT stock-outs, maintain quinine in case of ACT stock-outs, and evaluate strategies for improving quinine treatment outcomes by combining it with antibiotics. In HIV and TB infected populations, concerns about potential interactions between quinine and antiretroviral and anti-tuberculosis drugs exist, and these will need further research and pharmacovigilance.
A simple and quick method for rendering underwater optical effect (2007)

Underwater optical effect simulation is an important part of simulating natural scene. However, computing these effects is difficult and time-consuming, since light refracts when passing through waves. To address the problem, this paper proposes a simple and quick method for rendering underwater scenes, including the shafts of light refracted by the dynamic water surface, caustics caused by the effects of light and shadows beneath the creatures in the water. The method simplifies the Iwasaki's method to save the computation-time by an eye-irrelative method calculating the intensities of the illumination volumes with parts of intersection points of Iwasaki's. As the experiment results show that our method got a high frame rate with an acceptable quality for real-time applications.
Effect of transporter inhibition on the distribution of cefadroxil in rat brain (2014)

Transporters (OATs, MRPs, and perhaps OATPs) that can be inhibited by probenecid play an important role in mediating the brain-to-blood efflux of cefadroxil at the BBB. The uptake of cefadroxil in brain cells involves both the influx transporter PEPT2 and efflux transporters (probenecid-inhibitable). These findings demonstrate that drug-drug interactions via relevant transporters may affect the distribution of cephalosporins in both brain ECF and ICF.
Improved Noise-Reduction System for High-Fidelity Recording (1937)

During the Conventions of the Society, symposiums on new motion picture apparatus and materials are held, in which various manufacturers of equipment describe and demonstrate their new products and developments. Some of this equipment is described in the following pages; the remainder will be published in subsequent issues of the Journal.
High Speed Speculative Multipliers Based on Speculative Carry-Save Tree (2014)

This paper proposes a novel approach to build integer multiplication circuits based on speculation, a technique which performs a faster-but occasionally wrong-operation resorting to a multi-cycle error correction circuit only in the rare case of error. The proposed speculative multiplier uses a novel speculative carry-save reduction tree using three steps: partial products recoding, partial products partitioning, speculative compression. The speculative tree uses speculative (m:2) counters, with m > 3, that are faster than a conventional tree using full-adders and half-adders. A technique to automatically choose the suitable speculative counters, taking into accounts both error probability and delay, is also presented in the paper. The speculative tree is completed with a fast speculative carry-propagate adder and an error correction circuit. We have synthesized speculative multipliers for several operand lengths using the UMC 65 nm library. Comparisons with conventional multipliers show that speculation is effective when high speed is required. Speculative multipliers allow reaching a higher speed compared with conventional counterparts and are also quite effective in terms of power dissipation, when a high speed operation is required.
A System to Enrich for Primitive Streak-Derivatives, Definitive Endoderm and Mesoderm, from Pluripotent Cells in Culture (2012)

Two lineages of endoderm develop during mammalian embryogenesis, the primitive endoderm in the pre-implantation blastocyst and the definitive endoderm at gastrulation. This complexity of endoderm cell populations is mirrored during pluripotent cell differentiation in vitro and has hindered the identification and purification of the definitive endoderm for use as a substrate for further differentiation. The aggregation and differentiation of early primitive ectoderm-like (EPL) cells, resulting in the formation of EPL-cell derived embryoid bodies (EPLEBs), is a model of gastrulation that progresses through the sequential formation of primitive streak-like intermediates to nascent mesoderm and more differentiated mesoderm populations. EPL cell-derived EBs have been further analysed for the formation of definitive endoderm by detailed morphological studies, gene expression and a protein uptake assay. In comparison to embryoid bodies derived from ES cells, which form primitive and definitive endoderm, the endoderm compartment of embryoid bodies formed from EPL cells was comprised almost exclusively of definitive endoderm. Definitive endoderm was defined as a population of squamous cells that expressed Sox17, CXCR4 and Trh, which formed without the prior formation of primitive endoderm and was unable to endocytose horseradish peroxidase from the medium. Definitive endoderm formed in EPLEBs provides a substrate for further differentiation into specific endoderm lineages; these lineages can be used as research tools for understanding the mechanisms controlling lineage establishment and the nature of the transient intermediates formed. The similarity between mouse EPL cells and human ES cells suggests EPLEBs can be used as a model system for the development of technologies to enrich for the formation of human ES cell-derived definitive endoderm in the future.
Causality relations in the homogenization of metamaterials (2011)

We investigate the causality relations in homogenized metamaterial arrays and determine the reasons why metamaterial effective (bulk) constitutive parameters obtained using classic point-dipole approximations may violate basic causality conditions represented by the Kramers-Kronig relations. We show that noncausality is inherently introduced by the use of point-dipole approximations within Maxwell-Garnett homogenization procedures and that these artifacts become particularly significant for more densely packed arrays. In contrast we show that properly defined and exactly computed bulk constitutive parameters of periodic metamaterial arrays always satisfy causality for a fixed spatial frequency in a rigorous homogenization framework. Finally we show how the Maxwell-Garnett approach can be modified to effectively remove the noncausal effects.
Results of the Center for Disease Control Proficiency Testing Program for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (1976)

The changes in the types and numbers of tests used by participants in the Center for Disease Control Proficiency Testing Program for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen from the beginning of the program in 1971 until October 1975 are analyzed; the implications of these changes are discussed. Changes in the use of agar gel diffusion, rheophoresis, counterelectrophoresis, complement fixation, reverse passive latex agglutination, radioimmunoassay, and reverse passive hemagglutination tests are reviewed. The performance of the participants for 1975 is reported, and factors related to performance (type or combinations of tests used, procedures used to confirm specificity, etc.) are discussed. The increase in the use of third-generation tests in place of tests with lower sensitivity and the decrease in the use of multiple tests undoubtedly represent increased efficiency and effectiveness.