gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laser Experiments for High Energy Density Science (2010)

High energy density science probes some of the most basic scientific questions that cut across traditional disciplines. The advent of table top, terawatt, femtosecond lasers promises to revolutionize this area by the use of precise experimental techniques on the one hand and testing of models and computer simulations on the other. In this paper, we present some of our results on hot electron generation, giant magnetic fields and ultrafast plasma dynamics using such experiments and theoretical modeling.
Asymmetric Relations in Longitudinal Social Networks (2011)

In modeling and analysis of longitudinal social networks, visual exploration is used in particular to complement and inform other methods. The most common graphical representations for this purpose appear to be animations and small multiples of intermediate states, depending on the type of media available. We present an alternative approach based on matrix representation of gestaltlines (a combination of Tufte's sparklines with glyphs based on gestalt theory). As a result, we obtain static, compact, yet data-rich diagrams that support specifically the exploration of evolving dyadic relations and persistent group structure, although at the expense of cross-sectional network views and indirect linkages.
The Eclipse parallel tools platform (2012)

Eclipse [1] is a widely used, open source integrated development environment that includes support for C, C++, Fortran, and Python. The Parallel Tools Platform (PTP) [2] extends Eclipse to support development on high performance computers. PTP allows the user to run Eclipse on her laptop, while the code is compiled, run, debugged, and profiled on a remote HPC system. PTP provides development assistance for MPI, OpenMP, and UPC; it allows users to submit jobs to the remote batch system and monitor the job queue. It also provides a visual parallel debugger.
Polar nephelometer based on a rotational confocal imaging setup (2006)

Rapid measurement of the angular distribution of light scattered by particles, the scattering phase function, is achieved by using a new type of polar nephelometer, a device for measuring the angular scattered-light intensity distribution, with a high angular precision and across many orders of magnitude of intensity. The design offers high-speed measurements and avoids many of the problems often associated with traditional goniometers when they are used for measurements of light scattering from small particles or biological cells in suspension. Our system relies on confocal imaging of the test space with off-axis parabolas, using a rotating mirror to scan the angular field of view at the second focus of a pair of conjugated parabolic mirrors, with the test space located at the first focus. The angular resolution of the system is limited mainly by the data-acquisition sampling frequency. In this proof-of-principle demonstration the system performs multiple scans of a 55 deg field of view in a very short time (<1 s). To significantly increase the signal-to-noise ratio, we averaged the successively acquired scans during this time. Polystyrene spheres dispersed in water at low concentrations were used to test the system. The scattering patterns obtained were found to be in good agreement with Mie theory calculations.
AlR<sub>2</sub>Cl/MgR<sub>2</sub> combinations as universal cocatalysts for Ziegler–Natta, metallocene, and post‐metallocene catalysts (2009)

Abstract Combinations of dialkylaluminum chlorides and dialkylmagnesium compounds, when used at molar [AlR 2 Cl]:[MgR 2 ] ratios ≥ 2, act as universal cocatalysts for all three presently known types of alkene polymerization catalysts—Ziegler–Natta, metallocene, and post‐metallocene. When these cocatalysts are used with supported Ti‐based Ziegler–Natta catalysts, they produce catalyst systems which are 1.5–2 times more active than the systems utilizing AlR 3 compounds as cocatalysts. Combinations of AlR 2 Cl/MgR 2 cocatalysts and various metallocene complexes produce single‐center catalyst systems similar to those formed in the presence of MAO. The same cocatalysts activate numerous post‐metallocene Ti complexes containing bidentate ligands of a different nature and produce multicenter systems of very high activity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3271–3285, 2009
A CCA2 Secure Variant of the McEliece Cryptosystem (2012)

The McEliece public-key encryption scheme has become an interesting alternative to cryptosystems based on number-theoretical problems. Different from RSA and ElGamal, McEliece PKC is not known to be broken by a quantum computer. Moreover, even though McEliece PKC has a relatively big key size, encryption and decryption operations are rather efficient. In spite of all the recent results in coding-theory-based cryptosystems, to the date, there are no constructions secure against chosen ciphertext attacks in the standard model-the de facto security notion for public-key cryptosystems. In this paper, we show the first construction of a McEliece-based public-key cryptosystem secure against chosen ciphertext attacks in the standard model. Our construction is inspired by a recently proposed technique by Rosen and Segev.
Cost-efficient Acceleration of Hardware Trojan Detection Through Fan-Out Cone Analysis and Weighted Random Pattern Technique (2015)

Fabless semiconductor industry and government agencies have raised serious concerns about tampering with inserting hardware Trojans (HTs) in an integrated circuit supply chain in recent years. In this paper, a low hardware overhead acceleration method of the detection of HTs based on the insertion of 2-to-1 MUXs as test points is proposed. In the proposed method, the fact that one logical gate has a significant impact on the transition probability of the logical gates in its logical fan-out cone is utilized to optimize the number of the inserted MUXs. The nets which have smaller transition probability than the user-specified threshold and minimal logical depth from the primary inputs are selected as the candidate nets. As for each candidate net, only its input net with smallest signal probability is required to be inserted the MUXs-based test points. The procedure repeats until the minimal transition probability of the entire circuit is not smaller than the threshold value. In order to further optimize the number of required insertions and reduce the overhead, the weighted random pattern technique is also applied. Experiment results on ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits show that our proposed method can achieve remarkable improvement of transition probability with on average 9.50% power, 2.37% delay, and 10.26% area penalty.
Regulatory considerations relating to IMT-2000 (1997)

This article considers various regulatory aspects related to the deployment of third-generation mobile personal communication systems within the framework of IMT-2000 with special emphasis on international regulations, particularly in relation to the standards and regulatory provisions established in the ITU.
Structural and functional properties of porin channels in E. coli outer membranes. (1990)

Porin is a channel-forming, voltage-dependent protein of E. coli outer membranes. It exhibits relatively unspecific molecular sieve properties (exclusion size 600 Da). The trimer (110 kDa) consists of three identical polypeptides. Its secondary structure is mostly beta-structure, part of which can be visualized by electron microscopy to form a single beta-pleated sheet near the protein-lipid interface of the trimer. This folding pattern is significantly different from those of the reaction centers and of bacteriorhodopsin. Moreover, it contains many polar and ionizable side chains. It is argued that local as well as global electroneutrality, and complete saturation of the entire hydrogen bonding potential not only allow the protein to reside in the hydrophobic membrane core, but also confer upon it its unusual stability.
Proopiomelanocortin, a polypeptide precursor with multiple functions: from physiology to pathological conditions (2003)

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is the polypeptide precursor of ACTH. First discovered in anterior pituitary corticotroph cells, it has more recently been revealed to have many other physiological aspects. The fine molecular mechanisms of ACTH biosynthesis show that ACTH is but one piece of a puzzle which contains many other peptides. Present in various tIssues, among which are pituitary, hypothalamus, central nervous system and skin, POMC undergoes extensive post-translational processing. This processing is tIssue-specific and generates, depending on the case, various sets of peptides involved in completely diverse biological functions. POMC expressed in corticotroph cells of the pituitary is necessary for adrenal function. Recent developments have shown that POMC-expressing neurons in the brain play a major role in the control of pain and energy homeostasis. Local production of POMC-derived peptides in skin may influence melanogenesis. A still unknown function in the placenta is likely.POMC has become a paradigmatic polypeptide precursor model illustrating the variable roles of a single gene and its various products in different localities.
[The relations between electrical synapse and the mechanism of epilepsy in genetical epilepsy-prone rat]. (1998)

Our results confirmed that gap junction formed electrical synapse between neurons plays an important role in the development of synchronization of neuronal discharges in vivo and in vitro.
Large wing-in-ground effect transport aircraft (1979)

A promising innovative design concept is wing-in-groun d effect (WIG) where aircraft performance is increased significantly by drag reduction due to ground effect. This paper presents the results of preliminary design studies of large WIG transports utilizing a power-augmented ram system for lift enhancement developed by the David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center. These studies include spanloader and fuselage loader designs and cover gross weights up to 1.9 million Ib and payloads up to 661, 500 Ib. Comparison of performance and economics are made among the WIG and several conventional design transport concepts.
Development of gastric slow waves in preterm infants measured by electrogastrography (1998)

The aim of this study was to investigate the developmental process of gastric myoelectrical activity (GMA) in preterm infants. Nineteen healthy preterm infants were studied. GMA was recorded using surface electrogastrography, and six follow-up studies were performed in each subject. Spectral analysis methods were applied to compute the parameters of the electrogastrogram (EGG). The results showed that there was a developmental process of GMA with age during the first 6 mo of life. 1) The percentage of normal slow waves showed a progressive increase after birth (36.7 +/- 6.1, 37.8 +/- 6.2, 47.0 +/- 10.0, 52.2 +/- 12.2, 55.2 +/- 9.7, and 65.8 +/- 13.5% at 1 and 2 wk and 1, 2, 4, and 6 mo, respectively); 2) there was a significant postprandial increase in the percentage of normal slow waves during the first 2 mo after birth; and 3) the percentages of normal slow waves for different gestation ages were not statistically significant. In conclusion, the percentage of normal slow waves is low at birth and there is a developmental process that may be stimulated by enteral feeding.
Retention of plasmid DNA in mammalian cells is enhanced by binding of the Epstein-Barr virus replication protein EBNA1 (1994)

The capacity to bind the Epstein-Barr viral protein EBNA1 increases the retention of the plasmid in dividing cells. This retention requires binding of multiple EBNA1 molecules for function, although significant retention activity is seen with fewer EBNA1 binding sites than are required to activate replication or transcription. The regions of EBNA1 that are required for increased plasmid retention overlap with those required for activation of transcription and replication. The similarities in traits of EBNA1 that are required for support of DNA replication and retention of plasmid DNA indicate that both may be mediated by interactions with an overlapping set of cellular proteins.
N-terminal pro-C-type natriuretic peptide, but not C-type natriuretic peptide, is greatly elevated in the fetal circulation (2004)

We have identified recently a new peptide, NT-proCNP(1-50) (N-terminal pro-C-type natriuretic peptide), in the circulation of humans and sheep. A previous report of an elevated fetal-maternal gradient in immunoreactive CNP raised the possibility that processing and metabolism of proCNP may differ in maternal and fetal tissues. We therefore collected matching peripheral maternal and umbilical cord plasma samples at delivery from women with normotensive and pre-eclamptic pregnancies to investigate the presence and concentrations of CNP and NT-proCNP using HPLC and RIA. Plasma concentrations of NT-proCNP in normotensive umbilical cord plasma were 10-fold higher than maternal venous levels (246+/-17 compared with 24.3+/-1.8 pmol/l; P <0.001) and much higher than corresponding levels of CNP (3.6+/-0.4 compared with 1.8+/-0.3 pmol/l in the fetal and maternal plasma respectively; P <0.001). Although there was no significant difference between normotensive and pre-eclamptic plasma CNP concentrations in either maternal or umbilical cord blood, NT-proCNP showed a significant statistical interaction ( F =5.8, P =0.025) between the source (maternal or fetal) and gestational group (normotensive or pre-eclamptic). Maternal NT-proCNP levels were raised in the pre-eclampsia group, whereas the converse was observed in umbilical cord blood. In conclusion, the greatly elevated ratio of NT-proCNP/CNP in fetal compared with maternal plasma suggests that synthesis, as well as clearance, of CNP (but not NT-proCNP clearance) are markedly increased in fetal tissues.
Explaining individual variation in patterns of mass loss in breeding birds (2006)

We argue that it is difficult to make predictions about the dependence of a parent's final mass on its initial mass, and therefore mass loss should only be used as a short-term measure of the costs of reproduction with caution. The model demonstrates that we require a better understanding of the relationship between mass loss and both current and future reproductive success of the parent, before predictions about mass loss can be made and tested. We discuss steps that could be taken to increase the accuracy of our predictions.
Computer graphics : SIGGRAPH '95 Conference proceedings, August 6-11, 1995 (1995)

The annual SIGGRAPH conference proceedings volume features topical and current papers on computer graphics, desktop video and more. This package includes a CD-ROM containing the presentations from the conferences' workshops and lectures. It is intended for programmers.
Blood Glucose Measurement Principles of Non-invasive Blood Glucose Meter: Focused on the Detection Methods of Blood Glucose (2012)

Recent technical advancement allows noninvasive measurement of blood glucose. In this literature, we reviewed various noninvasive techniques for measuring glucose concentration. Optical or electrical methods have been investigated. Optical techniques include near-infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, optical coherence technique, polarization, fluorescence, occlusion spectroscopy, and photoacoustic spectroscopy. Electrical methods include reverse iontophoresis, impedance spectroscopy, and electromagnetic sensing. Ultrasound, detection from breath, or fluid harvesting technique can be used to measure blood glucose level. Combination of various methods is also promising. Although there are many interesting and promising technologies and devices, there need further researches until a commercially available non-invasive glucometer is popular.
3D face recognition using closest point coordinates and spherical vector norms (2015)

In this paper, we introduce a new feature named spherical vector norms for 3D face recognition. The proposed feature is efficient, insensitive to facial expression and contains discriminatory information of 3D face. The feature extraction method is firstly finding a set of the points with the closest distance to the standard face, denoted as closest point coordinates, and then extracting the spherical vector norms of these points. This paper combines point coordinates and spherical vector norms for improving recognition. Finally this approach is finished by Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Nearest Neighbor classifier. We have performed different experiments on the Face Recognition Grand Challenge database. It achieves the verification rate of 97.11% on All vs. All experiment at 0.1% FAR and 96.64% verification rate on Neutral vs. Expression experiment.
Tandem organic photovoltaics incorporating two solution-processed small molecule donor layers (2013)

We develop a partially solution-processed small molecule tandem organic photovoltaic cell using an organic/inorganic interlayer structure that provides efficient charge recombination while protecting underlying layers from degradation due to attack from solvents applied during the deposition of subsequent sub-cells. Each sub-cell consists of a functionalized squaraine (fSQ) blend donor that is cast from solution, followed by evaporation of other functional layers. The first fSQ layer is cast from chloroform, while the second is cast from a tetrahydrofuran, thereby minimizing dissolution of the relatively insoluble, underlying fullerene layer that acts to protect the first donor layer. Solvent vapor annealing increases the sub-cell performance while decreasing the damage caused by spin-coating of the second fSQ layer, both of which result from increased film crystallinity that reduces the rate of solvent penetration. The tandem cell has a power conversion efficiency of 6.2% ± 0.3% and an open circuit voltage nearly equal to the sum of the constituent sub-cells.
Visualization-based analysis of quality for large-scale software systems (2005)

We propose an approach for complex software analysis based on visualization. Our work is motivated by the fact that in spite of years of research and practice, software development and maintenance are still time and resource consuming, and high-risk activities. The most important reason in our opinion is the complexity of many phenomena related to software, such as its evolution and its reliability. In fact, there is very little theory explaining them. Today, we have a unique opportunity to empirically study these phenomena, thanks to large sets of software data available through open-source programs and open repositories. Automatic analysis techniques, such as statistics and machine learning, are usually limited when studying phenomena with unknown or poorly-understood influence factors. We claim that hybrid techniques that combine automatic analysis with human expertise through visualization are excellent alternatives to them. In this paper, we propose a visualization framework that supports quality analysis of large-scale software systems. We circumvent the problem of size by exploiting perception capabilities of the human visual system.
Beitrag zur Systemtheorie der Ultraschall-Puls-Doppler-Technik zur Blutströmungsmessung I. Teil (2008)

Part 1 presents the signal generation of an ideal pwDoppler system in the time and frequency domain using the means of the one-dimensional system theory. Problems of realisation are ignored, but tissue properties like absorption and scattering are taken into consideration. A comparison is made with pulse echo signals from tissue.
An Above‐Room‐Temperature Ferroelectric Organo–Metal Halide Perovskite: (3‐Pyrrolinium)(CdCl<sub>3</sub>) (2014)

Hybrid organo-metal halide perovskite materials, such as CH3NH3PbI3, have been shown to be some of the most competitive candidates for absorber materials in photovoltaic (PV) applications. However, their potential has not been completely developed, because a photovoltaic effect with an anomalously large voltage can be achieved only in a ferroelectric phase, while these materials are probably ferroelectric only at temperatures below 180 K. A new hexagonal stacking perovskite-type complex (3-pyrrolinium)(CdCl3) exhibits above-room-temperature ferroelectricity with a Curie temperature T(c)=316 K and a spontaneous polarization P(s)=5.1 μC cm(-2). The material also exhibits antiparallel 180° domains which are related to the anomalous photovoltaic effect. The open-circuit photovoltage for a 1 mm-thick bulky crystal reaches 32 V. This finding could provide a new approach to develop solar cells based on organo-metal halide perovskites in photovoltaic research.
Structural characterization of the second major cross‐reactive idiotype group of human rheumatoid factors. Association with the V<sub>H</sub>4 Gene Family (1990)

Rheumatoid factors (RF) are the most common type of functional antibodies among naturally occurring human monoclonal IgM proteins. A large subset of these autoantibodies use structurally homologous light chains of the kappa III subgroup, which bear the 6B6.6 cross-reactive idiotype (CRI). Although antibody binding activity requires both heavy and light chains, information about the heavy chains used by these autoantibodies is limited. To investigate these proteins, the murine monoclonal antibodies, 5-14 and 6-10, were generated by immunization with the heavy chains of the 6B6.6 CRI-positive RF, COR and LEW. These antiidiotypic antibodies reacted with 8 of 11 autoantibodies that coexpressed the 6B6.6 CRI. All 8 RF had heavy chains from the VH4 gene family, as assessed by reactivity with a VH4-specific primary sequence-dependent antibody. The same RF were also identified by the previously described murine monoclonal antiidiotype, LC1. Further experiments revealed that the LC1 antibody delineates a subfamily of VH4 heavy chains that is preferentially used in kappa III-6B6.6 CRI-positive IgM-RF. The cumulative data suggest that 13-22% of RF express both the kappa III-6B6.6 and VH4-LC1 CRI. These findings document that RF autoantibody activity requires specific VL-VH pairing, and that a subset of idiotypically related VH4 heavy chains is commonly expressed in disease-associated monoclonal IgM-RF.
An investigation of the laws of plastic flow (1916)

Experimental results 312 III.Types of viscous and plastic flow 319 Case I. Viscous flow-Homogeneous fluids 319 Case 2 .Viscosities additive-Emulsions 320 Case 3. Fluid mixtures-Fluidities additive 321 Case 4. Suspensions-The simplest case 326 Case 5. Seepage 326 Case 6. Nonplastic suspensions 327 Case 7. Plastic suspensions 329 IV. Discussion of experimental data 331 1 .Law of pressures 331 2 .Friction constant 335 3 .Mobility 336 4. Slipping 340 V. Relation of results to earlier work on plasticity 341 VI.Models of plastic flow 351 VII.Summary 352 3IO BvJletin of the Bureau of Standards [Voi.13Since glass and other similar bodies are often regarded not as solids but as very viscous liquids, the demarcation of viscous flow from plastic flow has not been sharply made.In fact, attempts have been made to glv^numerical values to the viscosity of ice, menthol, glass, and pitch, and Tammann^defines plasticity in a perfectly definite manner as the reciprocal of viscosity-in other words, plasticity and fluidity are synonymous.Unfortunately, for the sake of simplicity, this definition is clearly untenable.If any finely divided solid, such as clay, be suspended in a liquid, the fluidity is lowered rapidly and in a perfectly linear manner, so that at a comparatively low concentration of clay the fluidity, as measured in the ordinary viscometer, approaches zero.Thus Durham and Bingham ^found that a certain clay suspended in water gave a zero fluidit}^when the volume percentage had reached 6.95 (14.6 per cent by weight), this being independent of AJJ Jl