gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SIMS investigation of oxygen in 3C-SiC on Si (2008)

In this paper, we present and analyse secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) measurements of oxygen concentration in 3C-SiC epitaxial layers on Si. The concentration of oxygen determined by SIMS was as high as 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">19</sup> to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">20</sup> atom/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . Unlike silicon, oxygen can act as donor atoms in SiC with calculated ionization levels of 200 meV. It is generally believed that the main contribution of dopant concentration in the unintentionally doped SiC film is related to background nitrogen. Because of the high ionisation level, oxygen is not electrically active at room temperature. By measuring the conductivity of the films at higher temperatures, we extracted three donor energy levels: E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">A1</sub> =79 meV, E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">A2</sub> = 180 meV, and E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">A3</sub> = 350 meV. The activation energy of 180 meV could be associated with the calculated ionization level for oxygen. Further analysis of the conductivity measurements at elevated temperatures will be performed to determine the electrically active donor concentration that is associated with the activation energy of 180 meV.
Distributed three-dimensional simulation of B-mode ultrasound imaging using a first-order<i>k</i>-space method (2009)

Computational modeling is an important tool in ultrasound imaging research, but realistic three-dimensional (3D) simulations can exceed the capabilities of serial computers. This paper uses a 3D simulator based on a k-space method that incorporates relaxation absorption and nonreflecting boundary conditions. The simulator, which runs on computer clusters, computes the propagation of a single wavefront. In this paper, an allocation algorithm is introduced to assign each scan line to a group of nodes and use multiple groups to compute independent lines concurrently. The computational complexity required for realistic simulations is analyzed using example calculations of ultrasonic propagation and attenuation in the 30-50 MHz band. Parallel efficiency for B-mode imaging simulations is evaluated for various numbers of scan lines and cluster nodes. An aperture-projection technique is introduced to simulate imaging with a focused transducer using reduced computation grids. This technique is employed to synthesize B-mode images that show realistic 3D refraction artifacts. Parallel computing using 20 nodes to compute groups of ten scan lines concurrently reduced the execution time for each image to 18.6 h, compared to a serial execution time of 357.5 h. The results demonstrate that fully 3D imaging simulations are practical using contemporary computing technology.
Utilization of the Laser Induced Plasma Spectroscopy formonitoring of the metal accumulation in plant tissues with highspatial resolution (2007)

We report on the utilization of Laser Induced Plasma
Spectroscopy for monitoring of the lead and magnesium
accumulation in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata) leaf
samples. The capability of this analytical method is compared
with the results obtained by laser-ablation inductively coupled
plasmamass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The total amount of
magnesium as essential element and lead as pollutant is
determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) in the
target samples.
Remote Real-Time Reconstruction of Holograms Using the Lumatron (1972)

A system capable of generating holograms at one place and simultaneously reconstructing them at another has been developed and demonstrated. A 1.2-cm(2) Fourier transform hologram is converted, by means of the photoconductor and scanning electron beam in a vidicon, into a video signal. Then via an 8.5-MHz bandwidth video channel this signal is fed to a Lumatron at another location. In the Lumatron a second electron beam synchronized to the one in the vidicon causes a diffracting structure, depth-modulated as per the amplitude modulation of the hologram signal, to be formed in a thin layer of reusable thermoplastic. A laser beam passing coaxially through the Lumatron and the thermoplastic during this process generates the reconstructed twin images of the original object.
Spectroscopic Investigation of Plasma-Fluorinated Monolayer Graphene and Application for Gas Sensing (2016)

Large-area monolayer fluorinated graphene (FG) is synthesized by a controllable SF6 plasma treatment. The functional groups of FG are elucidated by various spectroscopies, including Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Raman results suggest that the defects are introduced into the monolayer graphene during the fluorination process. The fluorine content can be varied by the plasma treatment and can reach the maximum (∼24.6 atom % F) under 20 s of plasma treatment as examined by XPS measurement. The angle-dependent NEXAFS results reveal that the fluorine atoms interact with the graphene matrix to form covalent C-F bonds, which are perpendicular to the basal plane of FG. FG is applied as a gas-sensing material and owns much better performance for ammonia detection compared to pristine graphene. On the basis of our density functional theory simulation results, the fast response/recovery behavior and high sensitivity of the FG gas sensor are attributed to enhanced physical absorption due to the C-F covalent bonds on the surface of FG.
A Randomized Pilot Study of Donor Stem Cell Infusion in Living-Related Kidney Transplant Recipients Receiving Alemtuzumab (2013)

DSCI with C1H induction and a steroid-free maintenance regimen in a small group of patients failed to induce tolerance, with suboptimal patient and graft survival. The results do not justify extension of this particular trial and underscore the importance of patient selection, specifically avoidance of patients with glomerulopathies whose recurrence may obscure potential benefit.
Reflective Informatics (2015)

Despite demonstrated interest in designing for reflection, relatively little work provides a detailed explication of what exactly is meant by reflection or how to design around it. This paper fills that gap by reviewing and engaging with conceptual and theoretical models of reflection, organized by the disciplinary and epistemological perspectives each embodies. Synthesizing across this theoretical background, the paper identifies three dimensions of reflection: breakdown, inquiry, and transformation. Together, these dimensions serve as the foundation for reflective informatics, a conceptual approach that helps bring clarity and guidance to the discussion of designing for reflection. The paper distinguishes reflective informatics by demonstrating how it both differs from and complements existing related work. Finally, the paper provides a critically reflexive consideration of its own latent assumptions, especially about the value of reflection, and how they might impact work on designing for reflection.
Hot Upset Forging (2005)

Abstract This article discusses the operation of upset forging machines and selection of the machine size. It describes several types of upsetter heading tools and their materials. The article reviews the cold shearing and hot shearing methods for preparing blanks for hot upset forging. It deals with various upsetting processes: offset upsetting, double-end upsetting, upsetting with sliding dies, upsetting pipe and tubing, and electric upsetting. The article also provides information on hot forging and cold forging.
Dynamical Encoding by Networks of Competing Neuron Groups: Winnerless Competition (2001)

Following studies of olfactory processing in insects and fish, we investigate neural networks whose dynamics in phase space is represented by orbits near the heteroclinic connections between saddle regions (fixed points or limit cycles). These networks encode input information as trajectories along the heteroclinic connections. If there are N neurons in the network, the capacity is approximately e(N-1)!, i.e., much larger than that of most traditional network structures. We show that a small winnerless competition network composed of FitzHugh-Nagumo spiking neurons efficiently transforms input information into a spatiotemporal output.
Functionalization of carbon nanotubes using phenosafranin (2004)

Spectroscopic analysis and atomic force microscopy (AFM) phase imaging studies show self-assembly of phenosafranin (PSF) to multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). The shift in absorption spectra is associated with charge transfer of valence electrons from PSF to electron accepting sites on the MWNTs. The Raman-active disorder modes are used to fingerprint PSF attachment to MWNTs via defect states. AFM phase imaging was used to obtain a molecular topographic visual confirmation of PSF attached to the MWNT.
Intramolecular Disulfide Bonds between Conserved Cysteines in Wheat Gliadins Control Their Deposition into Protein Bodies (1996)

Following synthesis, wheat gliadin storage proteins are deposited into protein bodies inside the endomembrane system in a way that enables not only their efficient accumulation and dehydration during seed maturation, but also their rapid rehydration and degradation during germination. In the present report, we studied the mechanism of gliadin deposition and whether it was controlled by the conformation of these proteins. Although gliadins are generally known to be insoluble in aqueous solutions, sucrose gradient analysis showed that a considerable amount of these proteins appeared as relatively soluble monomers in developing grains. In vitro reduction of the intramolecular disulfide bonds that are present in natural monomeric gliadins caused their precipitation into insoluble aggregates. In addition, pulse-chase experiments in the absence or presence of reducing agents showed that formation of intramolecular disulfide bonds also played a major role in folding and deposition of the gliadins in vivo. Our results imply that following sequestration into the endoplasmic reticulum, the gliadins fold into relatively soluble monomers, which are incompetent for rapid aggregation and gradually assemble into protein bodies. This pattern of deposition apparently depends on the conformation of the gliadins, which is stabilized by intramolecular disulfide bonds formed between the conserved cysteines. The contribution of this study to the understanding of the evolution and function of gliadins is discussed.
Synthesis and Surface Properties of Novel Fluoroalkylated Flip-Flop-Type Silane Coupling Agents (1996)

New fluoroalkylated oligomeric silane coupling agents containing morpholino groups were prepared by the reactions of fluoroalkanoyl peroxides with trimethoxyvinylsilane and acryloylmorpholine. The modified glass surface treated with these silane coupling agents was shown to have a strong hydrophilicity with good oil repellency, and these fluoroalkylated oligomers are applicable to new flip-flop-type silane coupling agents.
<sup>1</sup>H NMR-Based Metabolomic Analysis of Liver, Serum, and Brain Following Ethanol Administration in Rats (2007)

Ethanol is a widely used drug that is consumed in large amounts for pharmacologic effects. Elimination of ethanol alters metabolism in the liver and throughout an organism. Ethanol's effect on metabolites can influence the regulation of key pathways such as gluconeogenesis. We adopted a proton NMR-based metabolomic approach to study ethanol-induced metabolic changes in liver, blood, and brain tissue from rats exposed to either a single dose of ethanol or a chronic 4 day binge-ethanol protocol. Both acute and binge ethanol caused (i) decreased glucose, lactate, and alanine in liver and serum; (ii) increased acetate in liver and serum; and (iii) increased acetoacetate in serum. Binge-ethanol increased liver beta-hydroxybutyrate and decreased betaine. Pretreatment with the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) increased betaine and reduced ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in livers of binge-ethanol animals, as compared to those not pretreated with BHT. We found no change in brain metabolites after a single dose of ethanol. Unsupervised principal component (PC) analysis of spectral data from liver and serum successfully discriminated treatment groups, based largely on the biochemical differences outlined above, confirming the results of manual analysis. To explain the observed lack of gluconeogenesis following ethanol treatment and to resolve apparently discordant results from previous studies, we propose a model in which decreased hepatic alanine removes inhibition on pyruvate kinase, thus permitting a futile cycle that diverts phosphoenolpyruvate away from gluconeogenesis. This is a new mechanism that biochemically elucidates the well-known, yet unexplained, "empty calorie" phenomenon of ethanol. Reduction of EtG by pretreatment with BHT suggests that BHT and perhaps other compounds may alter the pharmacokinetics of EtG so that EtG may not always be a sensitive marker for ethanol abuse.
Preparation of High-Quality Colloidal Mask for Nanosphere Lithography by a Combination of Air/Water Interface Self-Assembly and Solvent Vapor Annealing (2012)

Nanosphere lithography (NSL) has been regarded as an inexpensive, inherently parallel, high-throughput, materials-general approach to the fabrication of nanoparticle arrays. However, the order of the resulting nanoparticle array is essentially dependent on the quality of the colloidal monolayer mask. Furthermore, the lateral feature size of the nanoparticles created using NSL is coupled with the diameter of the colloidal spheres, which makes it inconvenient for studying the size-dependent properties of nanoparticles. In this work, we demonstrate a facile approach to the fabrication of a large-area, transferrable, high-quality latex colloidal mask for nanosphere lithography. The approach is based on a combination of the air/water interface self-assembly method and the solvent-vapor-annealing technique. It enables the fabrication of colloidal masks with a higher crystalline integrity compared to those produced by other strategies. By manipulating the diameter of the colloidal spheres and precisely tuning the solvent-vapor-annealing process, flexible control of the size, shape, and spacing of the interstice in a colloidal mask can be realized, which may facilitate the broad use of NSL in studying the size-, shape-, and period-dependent optical, magnetic, electronic, and catalytic properties of nanomaterials.
Growth Hormone Receptor Antagonist Therapy in Acromegalic Patients Resistant to Somatostatin Analogs* (2000)

Transsphenoidal surgical resection is the primary therapy for acromegaly caused by GH secreting pituitary adenomas. Medical therapy for patients not controlled by surgery includes primarily somatostatin analogs and secondarily dopamine agonists, both of which inhibit pituitary growth hormone secretion. A novel GH receptor antagonist (pegvisomant) binds to hepatic GH receptors and inhibits peripheral insulin-like growth factor-1 generation. Six patients resistant to maximal doses of octreotide therapy received pegvisomant - three received placebo or pegvisomant 30 mg or 80 mg weekly for 6 weeks and three received placebo and pegvisomant 10-20 mg/d for 12 weeks. Thereafter, all patients received daily pegvisomant injections of doses determined by titrating IGF-1 levels. Serum total IGF-1 levels were normalized in all six acromegalic patients previously shown to be resistant to somatostatin analogs via a novel mechanism of peripheral GH receptor antagonism. The GH receptor antagonist is a useful treatment for patients harboring GH-secreting tumors who are resistant to octreotide.
Effect of hyperthermia on microvascular permeability to macromolecules in normal and tumor tissues. (1985)

Microvascular permeability of macromolecules in normal and tumor tissues was measured under hyperthermic conditions. Fluorescein-isothiocyanate tagged dextran (150,000 molecular weight) was chosen as a tracer substance. The modified Sandison type rabbit ear chamber was used to study transport in normal (mature granulation) tissue and tumor (VX2 carcinoma) tissue. Hyperthermia (43 degrees C and 50 degrees C for one hour) was induced with a precision thermal water bath attached to the chamber. When heated to 43 degrees C, the normal tissue microvascular permeability increased to 9.4 +/- 7.3 X 10(-8) cm/s, but not statistically different from the control value of 7.3 +/- 3.3 X 10(-8) cm/s. When heated to 50 degrees C, the normal tissue microvascular permeability rose about six-fold to 44.4 +/- 35.3 X 10(-8) cm/s (p less than 0.01). When heated to 43 degrees C, the tumor microvascular permeability increased to 89.4 +/- 29.7 X 10(-8) cm/s, but not statistically different from the control value of 57.3 +/- 39.2 X 10(-8) cm/s. However, when the tumor tissue was heated to 50 degrees C, its permeability nearly doubled to 112.2 +/- 20.8 X 10(-8) cm/s (p less than 0.025).
Syndiotactic‐specific polymerization of propene with a Ni‐based catalyst (1996)

Abstract Polymerization of propene at −78°C in the presence of a homogeneous catalytic system based on a Ni(II) diimine derivative and methylaluminoxane affords prevailingly syndiotactic crystalline poly(propylene) (rr triad content ≈80%). 13 C NMR analysis of the polymer microstructure indicates that the stereochemistry of the monomer insertion is controlled by the configuration of the methine carbon of the growing chain end ( unlike ‐1,3 asymmetric induction). This is the first example of stereospecific homopolymerization of propene promoted by a late transition metal catalyst.
Integrated pararetroviral sequences define a unique class of dispersed repetitive DNA in plants (1999)

Although integration of viral DNA into host chromosomes occurs regularly in bacteria and animals, there are few reported cases in plants, and these involve insertion at only one or a few sites. Here, we report that pararetrovirus-like sequences have integrated repeatedly into tobacco chromosomes, attaining a copy number of approximately 10(3). Insertion apparently occurred by illegitimate recombination. From the sequences of 22 independent insertions recovered from a healthy plant, an 8-kilobase genome encoding a previously uncharacterized pararetrovirus that does not contain an integrase function could be assembled. Preferred boundaries of the viral inserts may correspond to recombinogenic gaps in open circular viral DNA. An unusual feature of the integrated viral sequences is a variable tandem repeat cluster, which might reflect defective genomes that preferentially recombine into plant DNA. The recurrent invasion of pararetroviral DNA into tobacco chromosomes demonstrates that viral sequences can contribute significantly to plant genome evolution.
Immunochemistry of highly branched <i>N</i>-glycans. Terminal <i>N</i>-acetyl-<scp>D</scp>-glucosamine (GlcNAc) cluster antigens contain epitopes composed of terminal GlcNAc residues linked to mannose (1988)

We have previously demonstrated by the immunoperoxidase method the presence of a chicken heterophile antigenic determinant (CHAD-1) in medullary lymphocytes of the bursa of Fabricius and thymus as well as in some nonlymphoid cells. It has been found that the anti-CHAD-1 antibody could be neutralized by absorption with several glycoproteins or glycopeptides containing highly branched, asparagine-linked oligosaccharides terminating in N-acetylglucosamine residues. In the present study, fetuin, desialo-fetuin, and a series of 27 highly purified oligosaccharides with well-defined structures were used to investigate the chemical composition and fine structure of the CHAD-1 epitope. It was shown that anti-CHAD-1 antibody binds to oligosaccharides with at least three terminal N-acetyl glucosamine residues at the nonreducing end. These residues may be linked beta 1-2, beta 1-4, or beta 1-6 to one, two, or three different mannose residues. The antibody combining site accommodates at least four carbohydrate residues. Oligosaccharides containing five or six terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues at the nonreducing end demonstrated the highest immunoreactivity with the anti-CHAD-1 antibody. Substitution of terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues with galactose, or with galactose and sialic acid, masks CHAD-1. On the basis of this work, epitopes that react with the anti-CHAD-1 antibody will be renamed terminal N-acetylglucosamine cluster antigens (TGCA). Anti-TGCA antibody has potential use in the monitoring of biosynthetic processing of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides and in studies of their cellular distribution and functions.
The regulatory effect of nucleoside diphosphate kinase on G-protein and G-protein mediated phospholipase C. (1995)

The effect of nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) on the activity of guanine nucleotide regulatory protein (G-protein) mediated phospholipase C (PLC) and on the [35S] GTPT tau S binding of G-protein was investigated in this work in order to demonstrate the mechanism behind the regulation of G-protein and its effector PLC by NDPK. The stimulation of PLC in turkey erythrocyte membrane by both GTP and GTP tau S indicated that the PLC stimulation was mediated by G-protein. NDPK alone stimulated PLC activity, as well as the stimulation in the presence of GTP and GDP, in a dose-dependent manner. However, NDPK inhibited GTP tau S-stimulated PLC. Furthermore, NDPK inhibited [35S]GTP tau S binding of purified Gi-protein in a non-competitive manner. A hypothesis implying an important role of direct interaction of G-protein and NDPK in the regulation of their functions is suggested and discussed.
Generation of Sulfur-Functionalized Nitrile Oxide, (Phenylthio)acetonitrile Oxide, and Synthetic Applications (1988)

Abstract The first generation of a new sulfur-functionalized nitrile oxide 1,3-dipole, (phenylthio)acetonitrile oxide, is presented. Its cycloadditions to a variety of olefins and acetylenes lead to 3-(phenylthiomethyl)-2-isoxazolines and -oxazoles, the formers being selectively deprotonated at the carbon substituted by the sulfur moiety. The resulting sulfur-stabilized carbanions react with aldehydes, esteric Michael acceptors, and alkyl halides to enable the introduction of a carbon substituent to the side chain on 3-position. Raney Ni reduction of these 2-isoxazolines gives β,β′-dihydroxy ketones and β-hydroxy ketones.
Effect of plasticizer type on gelation and fusion of PVC plastisol, dialkyl phthalate series (1991)

Abstract Different grades of PVC resins and a variety of plasticizers are used to adjust processability and properties of plastisol. The plastisol, which is a dispersion of fine particles of PVC in plasticizer, is coated on a substrate and heated in an oven to gel and fuse. In the gelation stage the resin particles become swollen with plasticizer and then, in the fusion stage the entire system fuses to become one homogeneous phase. The finished products are flexible PVC such as coated fabrics and surgical globes. Different plasticizers, because of the difference in solvent power, affect the process of gelation and fusion, and hence, processability. This paper examines such an effect systematically by employing a homologous series of plasticizers, dialkyl phthalates. The progress of gelation and fusion are followed by the measurements of dynamic moduli and by the observation with a scanning electron microscope. As it may be expected, the shorter the alkyl chain, the higher the solvent power of the plasticizer.