gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scanning Tunneling Microscope Induced Crystallization of Fullerene-like MoS<sub>2</sub> (1996)

Amorphous precursors, like MoS3 (WS3), were shown before to be an ideal precursor for the growth of inorganic fullerene-like material in a rather slow crystallization process which lasts anything from 1 h at 800−900 °C1,2 to a few years at ambient conditions.3,4 Using a few microsecond short electrical pulses from the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope, crystallization of amorphous MoS3 (a-MoS3) nanoparticles, which were electrodeposited on a Au substrate into MoS2 nanocrystallites with a fullerene-like structure (IF-MoS2), is demonstrated. The (outer) shell of each nanocrystallite is complete, which suggests that the reaction extinguishes itself upon completion of the crystallization of the MoS2 layers. A completely different mode of crystallization is observed in the case of continuous a-MoS3 films. Here tiny (2−3 nm thick) 2H-MoS2 platelets are observed after the electrical pulse, suggesting a very rapid dissipation of the thermal energy through the gold substrate, in the continuous domain. Since the reaction mechanism in both cases is believed to be the same, it is likely that the main stimulus for the chemical reaction/crystallization of the IF material results from the slow heat dissipation from the nanoparticle. The exothermicity of the chemical reaction may further promote the rate of the process.
Analysis of intraluminal impedance measurements (2003)

Intraluminal impedance is an emerging technique to monitor the esophagus so that the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux episodes can be observed. The impedance traces of the esophagus have wide variations which correspond to the occurrence of activities such as swallow or reflux that cause the impedance to change. This paper presents a technique to detect and classify reflux episodes from intraluminal impedance. Evaluation of the technique based on 660 h of combined data from 30 patients showed that the proposed methodology can detect episodes in the esophagus to a sensitivity of 89% with positive predictivity of 83%.
Capture, Store, and Discharge. Shuttling Photogenerated Electrons across TiO<sub>2</sub>–Silver Interface (2011)

UV irradiation of TiO(2) nanoparticles in the presence of Ag(+) ions results in the quantitative reduction and deposition of silver on its surface. Continued UV irradiation following the deposition of Ag on the TiO(2) surface causes a blue shift in the surface plasmon peak from 430 to 415 nm as these particles become charged with excess electrons. Under UV irradiation, both the charging and discharging of electrons occur at different rates, thus allowing the system to attain a steady state. Upon stopping the UV irradiation, a fraction of these electrons remain stored. The electron storage is dependent on the amount of Ag deposited on TiO(2) nanoparticles with maximum capacity seen at 8.6 μM of Ag in a suspension containing 5.8 mM of TiO(2). Such electron charging and discharging processes in semiconductor-metal composites need to be taken into account while evaluating the plasmon resonance induced effects in photocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry.
Conduction in non-crystalline materials (1969)

Abstract If the distance between atoms in a crystalline lattice is increased, an energy gap appears, which in a divalent material will separate occupied from unoccupied states of an electron. In a non-crystalline substance, a minimum is expected in the density of states (a ‘pseudogap’). An approximate theoretical estimate is given of the depth of the minimum at which the one-electron states become localized so that 〈σE(0)〉 vanishes; this turns out to be such that N(E F)/N(E F)free is about ⅓. The result depends rather sensitively on the parameters used; the value deduced from the experiments of Hensel and Franck (1966, 1968) on the resistivity of mercury at high temperatures gives for this ratio a value of ⅕. It is shown also that the localized states at the extremities of a valence or conduction band are of negligible importance if the wave functions are s-like on the atoms or ions, but may be of importance if they are not. A discussion is given of the electrical behaviour of chalcogenide glasses, amorphous germanium and of some liquid semiconductors based on these ideas.
Chronic intermittent stimulation of the thyroarytenoid muscle maintains dynamic control of glottal adduction (2000)

Patients with laryngeal motor control disorders need improved dynamic glottal closure for speech and swallowing. To evaluate the functional outcome of intermittent chronic thyroarytenoid muscle stimulation in an animal model, 6 canines were implanted with bilateral Medtronic Xtrel systems containing Peterson-type electrodes in the inferior and superior portions of the thyroarytenoid muscle. Stimulation was on one side only at 60 Hz, for 5 s on and 5 s off, over 8 h, 5 days per week, up to 8 months. Monthly videorecordings were done under anesthesia to measure the voltage threshold for detectable movement on each side, and vocal fold displacement and velocity during maximal stimulation of each side. Movement thresholds were lower in the inferior portion of the thyroarytenoid muscle (P </= 0.0005). Movement velocity was greater on the stimulated than on the nonstimulated side after 3 to 8 months (P = 0.039). No differences in the percentage distribution of different myosin heavy chain types were found between the stimulated and nonstimulated muscle samples. Sustained dynamic glottal adduction with no alteration in thyroarytenoid muscle function or fiber type was achieved with intermittent stimulation over 8 months. The results suggest that chronic intermittent thyroarytenoid stimulation has good potential for improving airway protection in dysphagia.
Suppression of the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor in Uninjured Sensory Neurons Reduces Neuropathic Pain after Nerve Injury (2006)

The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) has been implicated in diverse neuronal responses, including survival, cell death, myelination, and inhibition of regeneration. However, the role of p75NTR in neuropathic pain, for which there is currently no effective therapy, has not been explored. Here, we report that the pharmacological blockade of p75NTR in primary sensory neurons reversed neuropathic pain after nerve injury. Nerve injury increased the expression and axonal transport of p75NTR and phosphorylation of TrkA in the uninjured primary afferents. Functional inhibition of p75NTR suppressed injury-induced neuropathic pain and decreased the phosphorylation of TrkA and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and the induction of transient receptor potential channels in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Our results show that p75NTR induced in undamaged DRG neurons facilitates TrkA signaling and contributes to heat and cold hyperalgesia.
Knowledge-based self-adaptation in evolutionary programming using cultural algorithms (2002)

We investigate knowledge-based self-adaptation in evolutionary programming (EP) using cultural algorithms for 22 function optimization problems. The results suggest that the use of a cultural framework for self-adaptation in EP can produce substantial performance improvements as expressed in terms of CPU time. The nature of these improvements and the type of knowledge that is most effective in producing them will depend on the structure of the problem.
Suckling patterns and post-partum amenorrhoea in Bangladesh (1987)

Summary The association between breast-feeding patterns and resumption of menses post-partum was examined in a longitudinal study initiated in March 1976 in Bangladesh. Information on suckling patterns and menstrual status was collected on 148 breast-feeding women who were still amenorrhoeic at 17–25 months post-partum at the beginning of the study. Suckling was measured during an 8-hr period once a month for up to 19 months of follow-up. A high frequency of suckling was found, even at this late post-partum duration. Total suckling time and the number of suckling episodes declined with the age of the child but the mean duration of each episode did not change. The fact that regression analyses did not show a correlation between suckling patterns and return of menses post-partum may be related to the large individual variations in suckling patterns and in the duration of amenorrhoea in this population, and the need to study suckling patterns for longer than 8 hr per day.
<i>Plasmodium</i> IspD (2-C-Methyl-<scp>d</scp>-erythritol 4-Phosphate Cytidyltransferase), an Essential and Druggable Antimalarial Target (2015)

As resistance to current therapies spreads, novel antimalarials are urgently needed. In this work, we examine the potential for therapeutic intervention via the targeting of <i>Plasmodium</i> IspD (2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidyltransferase), the second dedicated enzyme of the essential methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. Enzymes of this pathway represent promising therapeutic targets because the pathway is not present in humans. The Malaria Box compound, MMV008138, inhibits <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> growth, and PfIspD has been proposed as a candidate intracellular target. We find that PfIspD is the sole intracellular target of MMV008138 and characterize the mode of inhibition and target-based resistance, providing chemical validation of this target. Additionally, we find that the <i>Pf ISPD</i> genetic locus is refractory to disruption in malaria parasites, providing independent genetic validation for efforts targeting this enzyme. This work provides compelling support for IspD as a druggable target for the development of additional, much-needed antimalarial agents.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Asymmetric Coplanar Waveguides (Short Papers) (1984)

Conformal mapping techniques are used to obtain analytic closed-form expressions for the characteristic impedance and the relative effective dielectric constant of asymmetric coplanar waveguide with infinite or finite dielectric thickness. The line asymmetry leads to a decrease of its characteristic impedance and to an increase of its relative effective dielectric constant. Six asymmetric coplanar waveguides are realized and their characteristic impedances are measured using time-domain reflectometry techniques. The experimental results show very good agreement with the theoretical ones.
Electronic Pupillography (1958)

Pupillary reactions have been studied for centuries. Their use in physiological research as indicators of autonomic nervous activity dates back to the 18th century (du Petit, 1727<sup>1</sup>), and the interest of physicians, to a much earlier period (Galen). This interest was intensified during the 19th century. Horner's description of the effects of peripheral sympathetic lesions in man (1869<sup>3</sup>), Argyll Robertson's discovery of the syndrome which bears his name (1869<sup>4</sup>), and numerous other reports on pupillary behavior under normal and pathological conditions stimulated and sustained it. Unfortunately, accurate observation of pupillary reactions is difficult. The smallness of the pupils, the swiftness of their motions, the impossibility of observing the patient's two eyes simultaneously, and the changes in pupillary behavior under different experimental conditions are some of the factors contributing to this difficulty. For these reasons, many methods of pupillary measurement have been developed in the course of time.
An efficient and convenient method for the purification of mutagenic heterocyclic amines in heated meat products (1989)

A simple and efficient method for the purification of mutagenic heterocyclic amines from heated meat products has been developed. In only two steps, namely extraction of raw material on Kieselgur followed by medium pressure liquid chromatography on Sephasorb HP, very clean fractions with high recovery rates of mutagenic compounds were obtained, thus allowing isolation and quantitation by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. The method was validated on both food grade and bacterial beef extracts as well as fried beef. In 1-5 g samples of beef extracts, levels up to 70 p.p.b. (ng/g) of 2-amino-3-methyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 8-90 p.p.b. of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) and up to 8 p.p.b. of 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx) were determined. In fried beef, 1 p.p.b. of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 1 p.p.b. of MeIQx were measured. The quantitative results of beef samples were in agreement with results from determinations using immunoaffinity chromatography/HPLC or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. MeIQx could be quantified in fried beef down to 1 ng/g of fresh beef material. According to assays performed with reference standards of tryptophan and glutamic acid pyrolysis products, the method could also be extended to quantitate other heterocyclic amines.
Teaching Bayesian Statistics Using Sampling Methods and MINITAB (1993)

Abstract Bayesian statistics can be hard to teach at an elementary level due to the difficulty in deriving the posterior distribution for interesting nonconjugate problems. One attractive method of summarizing the posterior distribution is to directly simulate from the probability distribution of interest and then explore the simulated sample. We illustrate the use of Rubin's Sampling-Importance-Resampling (SIR) algorithm to simulate posterior distributions for three inference problems. In each example, we focus on the construction of the prior distribution and then use exploratory data analysis techniques to describe the posterior samples and make inferences. The use of MINITAB macros is presented to illustrate the ease of performing this simulation on standard statistical computer programs.
Magnetic stabilization of the plasma column in flowing molecular lasers (1971)

A technique of magnetically stabilizing the position of the plasma column and the resulting inversion region in lower pressure flowing molecular lasers is described. A transverse magnetic field, mutually perpendicular to the discharge axial electric field and the gas flow velocity, is employed to maintain the electrical discharge column parallel with the optic axis. The magnetic stabilization of the discharge is analyzed in terms of the Lorentz forces and the resulting ambipolar drifts of the plasma. A comparison with magnetically stabilized arcs is presented. Supporting experimental data obtained for pure gases and typical laser gas mixtures are given. The operating characteristics of the cross-field CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> laser which employs a premixed gas flow channeled transverse to the stabilized discharge to provide convective gas cooling are discussed. The experimental results of a parametric study on the dependence of gain and power output upon gas flow velocities, magnetic field, gas mixtures, and pressure are presented. The operation of the first premixed CW electrically initiated chemical laser has been achieved using cross-field magnetic discharge stabilization. Preliminary operating characteristics of this chemical laser for the 3-µ rotational-vibrational transitions in HF and the 4-µ transitions in DF are presented.
LATERALITY OF BREAST CANCER IN FAMILIES1 (1979)

A new method for analyzing concordance for a binary variable in extended pedigrees was developed to study tumor laterality in families with high incidence of breast cancer. It was found that related breast cancer patients in 15 high-risk Midwestern US families did not have their tumors on the same side more frequently than would be expected by chance. This finding is in contrast to previous studies in London and Denmark that reported a significant concordance for tumor laterality in related breast cancer patients. This result may reflect an increasing incidence of sporadic breast cancer in genetically susceptible families or, alternatively, independent determination of cancer susceptibility and tumor laterality.
Elevated Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Affects the Immune Response via Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α in Long-Lived <i>Mclk1</i> +/− Mouse Mutants (2009)

Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) are believed to stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha, a transcriptional regulator of the immune response. Mclk1 encodes a mitochondrial protein that is necessary for ubiquinone biosynthesis. Heterozygote Mclk1(+/-) mutant mice are long-lived despite increased mitochondrial ROS and decreased energy metabolism. In this study, Mclk1(+/-) mutant mice in the C57BL/6J background displayed increased basal and induced expression of HIF-1alpha in liver and macrophages in association with elevated expression of inflammatory cytokines, in particular TNF-alpha. Mutant macrophages showed increased classical and decreased alternative activation, and mutant mice were hypersensitive to LPS. Consistent with these observations in vivo, knock-down of Mclk1 in murine RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells induced increased mitochondrial ROS as well as elevated expression of HIF-1alpha and secretion of TNF-alpha. We used an antioxidant peptide targeted to mitochondria to show that altered ROS metabolism is necessary for the enhanced expression of HIF-1alpha, which, in turn, is necessary for increased TNF-alpha secretion. These findings provide in vivo evidence for the action of mitochondrial ROS on HIF-1alpha activity and demonstrate that changes in mitochondrial function within physiologically tolerable limits modulate the immune response. Our results further suggest that altered immune function through a limited increase in HIF-1alpha expression can positively impact animal longevity.
Digital Rights Management for Online Music Business (2002)

Digital rights management has become a pressing concern for the online music business. Existing digital rights management systems are backed by two license management models, the tethered model and the untethered model. These two license management models focus on the management of payments and usage rights. The problems with these models are that the tethered model forces consumers to be online, while the untethered model provides relatively less security to the license residing locally. This paper proposes an enhanced license management model for the online music business, which integrates both models together and thus enables online and offline purchasing.
A Loosely Synchronous-Coded OFDM System for Power-Line Communications in Home Networks (2006)

High-speed data communication is critical for home networks to support the increasing needs of online multimedia entertainment. Power-line communication (PLC) presents a 'no new wires' solution for home networks. However, power line is a troublesome and noisy platform for home networks. And the traditional approach with PLC is interference-limited and has a small bandwidth. In this paper we propose a new scheme of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) to provide better noise-limited PLC networks. This schema is based on loosely synchronous (LS) codes with very nice correlations. Construction criteria of LS codes used in the proposed system are provided and discussed. The capacity properties and spectral efficiency of LS coded OFDM systems over PLC channels are also studied in this paper. We show that the proposed LS coded OFDM can efficiently achieve the diversity provided by power line channels. Such a schema can be employed in PLC to increase data throughput, system capacity and spectral efficiency in home networks
Parkinson's disease α-synuclein mutations exhibit defective axonal transport in cultured neurons (2004)

Alpha-synuclein is a major protein constituent of Lewy bodies and mutations in alpha-synuclein cause familial autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease. One explanation for the formation of perikaryal and neuritic aggregates of alpha-synuclein, which is a presynaptic protein, is that the mutations disrupt alpha-synuclein transport and lead to its proximal accumulation. We found that mutant forms of alpha-synuclein, either associated with Parkinson's disease (A30P or A53T) or mimicking defined serine, but not tyrosine, phosphorylation states exhibit reduced axonal transport following transfection into cultured neurons. Furthermore, transfection of A30P, but not wild-type, alpha-synuclein results in accumulation of the protein proximal to the cell body. We propose that the reduced axonal transport exhibited by the Parkinson's disease-associated alpha-synuclein mutants examined in this study might contribute to perikaryal accumulation of alpha-synuclein and hence Lewy body formation and neuritic abnormalities in diseased brain.
Decreased DNA synthesis by cultured osteoblastic cells in eugonadal osteoporotic men with defective bone formation. (1991)

To determine the osteoblastic dysfunction that may be involved in the pathophysiology of osteoporosis in men we have compared histomorphometric indices of bone formation with in vitro characteristics of osteoblastic cells isolated from the trabecular bone surface in 23 untreated men with eugonadal osteoporosis. In most patients (n = 14), trabecular bone loss resulted from decreased bone formation evidenced by a lower than normal osteoblast surface, double tetracycline labeled surface, bone formation rate, and mean wall thickness. In these patients, DNA synthesis by cultured osteoblastic cells was altered. The peak of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA, the maximal DNA synthesis, and the area under the curve of cell proliferation were lower than the values in normal bone cells from age-matched controls. Parameters of bone cell growth were decreased in correlation with the extent of actively bone forming surfaces. By contrast, in patients (n = 9) with normal histomorphometric indices of bone formation, bone cell proliferation in vitro was not different from normal. Parameters of osteoblastic differentiation in vitro such as osteocalcin production and alkaline phosphatase activity were normal in the two groups of patients. This study shows that the trabecular bone loss resulting from defective bone formation in eugonadal osteoporotic men is associated with a lower than normal proliferative capacity of osteoblastic cells lining the trabecular bone surface.
Acoustics of two-phase pipe flows (2005)

Acoustic signals that are recorded in oil pipelines contain information about the flow. In order to extract this information from the pressure recordings, detailed knowledge about the transmission properties of sound waves in the pipes is required.
JC Virus Enters Human Glial Cells by Clathrin-Dependent Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis (2000)

The human polyomavirus JC virus (JCV) is the etiologic agent of a fatal central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). PML occurs predominantly in immunosuppressed patients and has increased dramatically as a result of the AIDS pandemic. The major target cell of JCV infection and lytic replication in the CNS is the oligodendrocyte. The mechanisms by which JCV initiates and establishes infection of these glial cells are not understood. The initial interaction between JCV and glial cells involves virus binding to N-linked glycoproteins containing terminal alpha(2-6)-linked sialic acids. The subsequent steps of entry and targeting of the viral genome to the nucleus have not been described. In this report, we compare the kinetics and mechanisms of infectious entry of JCV into human glial cells with that of the related polyomavirus, simian virus 40 (SV40). We demonstrate that JCV, unlike SV40, enters glial cells by receptor-mediated clathrin-dependent endocytosis.