gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal Design of Micro Rayleigh-Benard Convection Polymerase Chain Reaction System (2006)

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a molecular biological method for the in vitro amplification of nucleic acid molecule. The research object was to design a micro PCR system, including a Rayleigh-Benard convection PCR chip, measurement circuits, and temperature control circuits. CFDRC simulation was used to acquire the stream function, velocity, and temperature profile in order to achieve the optimal chamber design. MEMS technique was used to fabricate the PCR chip. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to verify the practicability of Rayleigh-Benard convection PCR system. By comparing with the commercial PCR machine, the designed chip can decrease the reaction time significantly. By comparing with the simulation and PCR experiments between different geometry, users could use settled parameters to obtain optimal designs in the future.
β-Catenin regulates differentiation of respiratory epithelial cells in vivo (2005)

An activated form of beta-catenin [Catnb(Delta(ex3))] was expressed in respiratory epithelial cells of the developing lung. Although morphogenesis was not altered at birth, air space enlargement and epithelial cell dysplasia were observed in the early postnatal period and persisted into adulthood. The Catnb(Delta(ex3)) protein caused squamous, cuboidal, and goblet cell dysplasia in intrapulmonary conducting airways. Atypical epithelial cells that stained for surfactant pro protein C (pro-SP-C) and had morphological characteristics of alveolar type II cells were observed in bronchioles of the transgenic mice. Catnb(Delta(ex3)) inhibited expression of Foxa2 and caused goblet cell hyperplasia associated with increased staining for mucins and the MUC5A/C protein. In vitro, both wild type and activated beta-catenin negatively regulated the expression of the Foxa2 promoter. Catnb(Delta(ex3)) also caused pulmonary tumors in adult mice. Activation of beta-catenin caused ectopic differentiation of alveolar type II-like cells in conducting airways, goblet cell hyperplasia, and air space enlargement, demonstrating a critical role for the Wnt/beta-catenin signal transduction pathway in the differentiation of the respiratory epithelium in the postnatal lung.
VLSI Architecture for a Reconfigurable Spectrally Efficient FDM Baseband Transmitter (2012)

Spectrally efficient FDM (SEFDM) systems employ non-orthogonal overlapped carriers to improve spectral efficiency for future communication systems. One of the key research challenges for SEFDM systems is to demonstrate efficient hardware implementations for transmitters and receivers. Focusing on transmitters, this paper explains the SEFDM concept and examines the complexity of published modulation algorithms, with particular consideration to implementation issues. We then present two new variants of a digital baseband transmitter architecture for SEFDM, based on a modulation algorithm which employs the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) implemented efficiently using the fast Fourier transform (FFT). The algorithm requires multiple FFTs, which can be configured either as parallel transforms, which is optimal for throughput or using a multi-stream FFT architecture, for reduced circuit area. We propose a simplified approach to IFFT pruning for pipeline architectures, based on a token-flow control style, specifically optimized for the SEFDM application. Reconfigurable implementations for different bandwidth compression ratios, including conventional OFDM, are easily derived from the proposed implementations. The SEFDM transmitters have been synthesized, placed and routed in a commercial 32 nm CMOS process technology and also verified in FPGA. We report circuit area and simulated power dissipation figures, which confirm the feasibility of SEFDM transmitters.
Links between body mass index, total body fat, cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein, and insulin sensitivity in patients with obesity related to depression, anger, and anxiety (2002)

Weight reduction may lead to better somatic risk factor control. Women with more nervousness and better sociability at the beginning of a diet period may lose more weight than others.
A two-region model of a radiofrequency low-pressure, high-density plasma (1995)

A two-region model of a low-pressure, high-density RF excited discharge was developed. A well-mixed bulk plasma model was coupled to a collisionless sheath to predict the species density, the time-dependent electron-velocity distribution function and the ion bombardment flux and energy. The model was applied to a chlorine discharge sustained in a transformer-coupled plasma reactor. The discharge was found to be moderately electronegative; the negative ion to electron density ratio increased with increasing pressure, decreasing power and/or increasing wall recombination probability gamma of the Cl atoms, Under these conditions the dominant ion was Cl2+. On the other hand, low pressure, high power and/or small gamma resulted in a large degree of gas dissociation; the dominant ion was then Cl+. The ion flux to the walls increased linearly with power and decreased with pressure. The model predictions were in reasonable quantitative agreement with experimental measurements. The model is most useful for sorting out the complex chemistry of plasmas and for rapid evaluation of expected reactor performance.
Measurement and description method for image stabilization performance of digital cameras (2013)

Image stabilization functionality is widely acknowledged as an automated function of digital cameras. However, because unified methods of measurement of stabilization performance had not been developed, the Camera and Imaging Products Association (CIPA) standardized the measurement and description methods for image stabilization performance.
A noise robust method for pattern discovery in quantized time series: the concept matrix approach (2009)

An efficient method for pattern discovery from discrete time series is introduced in this paper. The method utilizes two parallel streams of data, a discrete unit time-series and a set of labeled events, From these inputs it builds associative models between systematically co-occurring structures existing in both streams. The models are based on transitional probabilities of events at several different time scales. Learning and recognition processes are incremental, making the approach suitable for online learning tasks. The capabilities of the algorithm are demonstrated in a continuous speech recognition task operating in varying noise levels.
Capacitively Coupled Traveling-Wave Power Amplifier (1984)

A new circuit concept which significantly improves the power-handling capability of a traveling-wave amplifier by coupling the active devices to the input gate line through discrete series capacitors is described. The approach is applied to a 1-W, 2-8-GHz monolithic amplifier design.
New and Emerging Radiosensitizers and Radioprotectors (2006)

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.
Different Interactions of Interferon-α Subtypes at the Surface of Epithelial and Lymphoid Cells (1992)

The interaction of different interferon (IFN)-alpha subtypes with different cell types was investigated using a unique monoclonal antibody (MAb), I-4-A. This MAb reacts in immunoassays equally with IFN-alpha 2b and IFN-alpha 4a, but does not inhibit the binding of IFN to cell receptors. 125I-labeled I-4-A reacted with IFN-alpha 4a and IFN-alpha 2b bound to receptors on Daudi cells. However, in a "double assay" developed using Daudi cells to measure antiviral and antiproliferative activity, I-4-A neutralized both activities of IFN-alpha 4a, but neither of IFN-alpha 2b. Similarly, in studies on the activation of natural killer (NK) cells, I-4-A neutralized the effect of IFN-alpha 4a but not that of IFN-alpha 2b. In contrast, when cell lines other than lymphoid were studied, e.g., HEp 2 and WISH cells, I-4-A neutralized the antiviral activity of both IFN-alpha subtypes. The neutralization of one IFN-alpha subtype but not another on lymphoid cells suggests a difference either in the receptor-bound form of the subtypes, or in subsequent interactions prerequisite for activation of these cells. Furthermore, the neutralization of a particular IFN subtype, alpha 2b, on epithelial-derived but not lymphoid cells suggests differences in the IFN-receptor complex or the mechanisms of cell activation between these cell types. An implication from these studies is that some IFN-alpha subtypes can exert different functions on lymphoid and epithelial cells.
Pharmacist Intervention in Treatment of Patients With Genotype 1 Chronic Hepatitis C (2009)

Chronic hepatitis C infection affects nearly 300 million people worldwide. It is one of the main causes of chronic liver disease and the most common indication for liver transplantation.1-5 There are 6 major strains or genotypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV). These genotypes have different geographic distributions, with the type 1 genotype (HCV-1) most common in the United States (accounting for about 75% of cases)6 and in Spain where it is responsible for 60%-70% of all cases of chronic hepatitis C.7 The most effective initial therapy for patients with this disorder is the combination of interferon alfa-2b with ribavirin.8,9 More recently, there has been a modification of interferon alfa-2b with the addition of a polyethylene glycol molecule to interferon (peginterferon) to produce a biologically active molecule with a longer half-life than the natural molecule, and more favorable pharmacokinetics; these characteristics allow for convenient once-weekly dose administration.6,10,11 In 2001, an important randomized clinical trial was published with peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin in combination therapy administered over 24-48 weeks as a function of the infective virus genotype. The results of the trial indicated sustained viral response (SVR) of 42% in patients infected with HCV-1 and 54% in the sample overall.12 Experience gained from clinical trials indicates that HCV genotypes 2 and 3 are highly susceptible to current combination therapy regimens, whereas genotype 1 has a lower response rate to interferon-based therapies. The recommended length of treatment for HCV-1 is 48 weeks.13 Because genotype 1 is both the most prevalent type and is associated with a lower viral response rate and greater potential liver-related morbidity and mortality,7 it is important to know the outcome of treatment of HCV-1 in studies conducted in routine clinical practice.14 Although HCV genotype is the main determinant of response of therapy, additional factors, such as adherence to recommended dose and duration of treatment, significantly influence the probability of achieving SVR. A retrospective analysis documented that patients who receive more than 80% of their interferon doses and more than 80% of their ribavirin doses for more than 80% of the duration of therapy (the 80/80/80 rule) had significantly higher SVR, compared with patients with worse adherence. This effect was more apparent in patients infected with HCV-1 than in those infected with Pharmacist Intervention in Treatment of Patients With Genotype 1 Chronic Hepatitis C
A continuous patient activity monitor: validation and relation to disability (1997)

The measurement of patient activity over prolonged periods has been attempted with accelerometer-based devices, but these summate total acceleration and deceleration over time periods, are difficult to relate to recognizable activities and are influenced by passive movement. We describe the development of a portable monitor of ambulation. This logs posture (sitting, standing and lying) and number and vigour of steps in real time over prolonged periods, usually 24 h. This is based on a system of position sensors and an accelerometer which is sampled when the subject is standing. Data are processed through an interface and stored on a Psion Series 3 'palm top' computer. The system has been validated against observation, and the relationship of activity to disability in rheumatoid arthritis explored.
Commentary. Studying New Antidepressants: If There Were a Light at the End of the Tunnel, Could We See It? (2002)

From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, Pa. Supported in part by MH-30915 (Mental Health Intervention Research Center) from the National Institute of Mental Health, Rockville, Md. Dr. Thase submitted this Commentary to reflect his discussion of the articles derived from the scientific symposium “New Antidepressants: Light at the End of the Tunnel?” which was held May 10, 2001, at the 154th annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association in New Orleans, La. Reprint requests to: Michael E. Thase, M.D., Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O’Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2593 (e-mail: thaseme@msx.upmc.edu). the relative utility of these medications. Traditionally, it has been assumed that antidepressants that have passed the review process of the U.S. Food and Drug Admi istration (FDA) are (more or less) comparably effective. If treatment options are truly comparably effective, then fact rs such as convenience, tolerability, safety, and cost are typically used to determine which medications are selected first, second, and third in a sequence of choices. By the end of the 1990s, 4 members of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, and citalopram, were widely accepted as first-choice options. When compared to the older standard, the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), the SSRIs had only 1 comparative disadvantage, higher direct cost. This drawback will begin to dissipate as generic formulations of fluoxetine and other class-mates become available. The SSRIs can thus be considered the new standard of comparison, against which all new antidepressants must be measured. It is likely that yet another new antidepressant, duloxetine, shortly will be approved for use in the United States. Available evidence indicates that duloxetine has bona fide antidepressant effects. Such early findings, which obviously require more extensive replication, are buttressed by the conceptual argument that antidepressants that simultaneously and directly affect noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission will be more effective than more selective medications if tolerability is comparable. Recently, evidence from pooled analyses of studies of 2 other newer medications that affect both neurotransmitter systems, venlafaxine and mirtazapine, suggests either more rapid or greater overall efficacy than SSRIs. These findings are not universally accepted, however, and have potentially large commercial implications. Therefore, it is timely to examine both the strengths and the limitations of the methods used to compare the effects of new antidepressants. The primary aim of this review is to determine if current research methods are sufficiently precise to recognize a superior antidepressant effect if one actually exists.
A deep convolutional neural network approach for complexity reduction on intra-mode HEVC (2017)

The High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard significantly saves coding bit-rate over the proceeding H.264 standard, but at the expense of extremely high encoding complexity. In fact, the coding tree unit (CTU) partition consumes a large proportion of HEVC encoding complexity, due to the brute-force search for rate-distortion optimization (RDO). Therefore, we propose in this paper a complexity reduction approach for intra-mode HEVC, which learns a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model to predict CTU partition instead of RDO. Firstly, we establish a large-scale database with diversiform patterns of CTU partition. Secondly, we model the partition as a three-level classification problem. Then, for solving the classification problem, we develop a deep CNN structure with various sizes of convolutional kernels and extensive trainable parameters, which can be learnt from the established database. Finally, experimental results show that our approach reduces intramode encoding time by 62.25% and 69.06% with negligible Bjontegaard delta bit-rate of 2.12% and 1.38%, over the test sequences and images respectively, superior to other state-of-the-art approaches.
A gas analysis instrument based on sound velocity measurement (1926)

The instrument described is based on a principle which has not hitherto been utilised in the design of gas analysis instruments. A quartz crystal is maintained in vibration piezo-electrically, and stationary waves are set up in the gas between the flat surface of the crystal and a movable reflector. The position of the nodes is recognised by the reaction on the quartz crystal, resulting in an increase of the current in the maintaining circuit. The distance from node to node is a measure of the composition of the gaseous mixture, assuming it is composed of two gases which do not react.
A Novel On-Board Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy System for Real-Time Battery Impedance Estimation (2021)

This article proposes a real-time electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique that can provide high accurate estimation of the impedance of each lithium-ion (Li-ion) cell of a battery (BT) stack, even for less than mΩ. Thus, the suggested EIS technique can be used in high demanding applications, such as nearly zero-energy buildings, microgrids, and electric vehicles. This is attained because a smooth cell excitation current is utilized that is provided by the proper control of the gate-source of each cell's parallel-connected MOSFET and thus, effective harmonic analysis can be accomplished. Since the circuit topology of the EIS is implemented without requiring expensive electronic equipment, it is affordable to be applied in the BT system of any application. The proposed EIS system can cooperate with a BT cell equalization (BCE) system that utilizes the same MOSFET control scheme to provide the excitation current. Thus, a combined EIS-BCE system is developed that can be used to improve the performance of a Li-ion BT management system. The accuracy of the EIS technique and its high performance by operating within a combined EIS-BCE system are experimentally validated.
On the state of the titanium and zirconium in Ti- or Zr-doped NaAlH<sub>4</sub>hydrogen storage material (2003)

The state of the titanium and zirconium in metal doped NaAlH4 was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis and quantitative Rietveld refinements. For the Ti-doped system, Ti is present in a highly dispersed, X-ray amorphous phase together with metallic aluminium. After the extraction of NaAlH4, an Al–Ti alloy forms upon heating of the solid. For the Zr-doped system, an Al–Zr alloy forms already during the doping procedure and remains during the de- and rehydrogenation cycles.
Contracting out : an opportunity for public sector reform and private sector development in transition economies (1998)

Contracting out, the use of private firms in the provision of government services, is a reform alternative that has been accepted in many countries to improve the quality and efficiency of government service provision. It provides an opportunity to further both private sector development and the efficiency of the public sector. This report evaluates the potential and limitations of contracting out, and describes the different forms of Bank support that can augment reform efforts. The report opens with a brief discussion of the benefits of contracting out documented in OECD countries. Then some evidence is presented regarding the troubled state of government service delivery in transition countries. Next, different tradeoffs are identified that arise in contracting out, particularly along the lines of quality, cost, and innovation. This particular discussion considers three factors that condition these tradeoffs: the characteristics of the services themselves, market conditions, and the institutional environment. The paper ends with a discussion of practical issues in contracting out, and of potential Bank modalities for supporting it.
Advanced Theory, Materials and Applications for Electrowetting on Structured Surfaces (2011)

In this dissertation, electrowetting on uniformly tailored structured surfaces demonstrates additional functionality by providing a new dimension of fluid motion capability vertically within, or horizontally through microstructured surfaces.Reversible control of fluid motion through microstructures can allow precise control of discrete volumes of liquid, digitally, while providing the functional capability of continuous fluid flow for applications such as lab-on-chip.However, with a view to achieve practical device integration, challenges exist in low voltage electrowetting reliability.Reliable low voltage operation is even more challenging on structured surfaces, and needs to be addressed.These challenges include effects of dielectric charging and eventual failure due to electric field stress, as well as defect related dielectric breakdown.This dissertation therefore also explores materials implications on reliability.Investigations performed herein reveal the contribution of constituent liquid ions on dielectric failure of thin (100 nm) dielectric films for low voltage (< 12 V) electrowetting.This is an important consideration for electrowetting biological liquids in lab-on-chip systems.Also, a new parylene (Parylene HT) is introduced as a conformal, low porosity dielectric for low temperature deposition on polymer structured surfaces.300 nm thick Parylene HT films can provide low voltage and long term stable electrowetting with no contact angle relaxation.For the extreme case of dielectric breakdown, an electrowetting system utilizing an anodizing mechanism is shown to self-heal against any electrolysis and prevent device failure.The reliability studies in this dissertation are of broad impact to I would like to mention my graduate advisor, Dr. Jason Heikenfeld and for his belief in my ability to become a successful researcher in the scientific field.His enthusiasm for new opportunities and never yielding optimism has been a great source of personal motivation and development during my stay at the Novel Devices Laboratory (NDL).
<title>Micropolarizer-based multiple-viewer autostereoscopic display</title> (1999)

Autostereoscopic displays effectively 'steer' different image-bearing bundles of light rays to the two eyes of the observer(s). Typically, each observer has to find an imaginary point or line in space upon which to place her nose, or an active system tracks a single observer, aiming the imaginary point or line toward her nose via some sort of face tracking scheme. This paper describes a system of the second type that is specifically adapted to accommodate several arbitrarily-located viewers while maintaining good optical isolation of a stereoscopic pair of images, and while registering them so that the consonance of accommodation and convergence occurs at the front surface of the display for maximum comfort during interaction.