gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Methods for Validation of a Turbomachinery Rotor Blade Tip Timing System (2014)

This research developed two innovative test methods that were used to experimentally evaluate the performance of a novel blade tip timing (BTT) system from Prime Photonics, LC. The research focused on creating known blade tip offsets and tip vibrations so that the results from a BTT system can be validated. The topic of validation is important to the BTT field as the results between many commercial systems still are not consistent. While the system that was tested is still in development and final validation is not complete, the blade tip offset and vibration frequency validation results show that this BTT system will be a valuable addition to turbomachinery research and development programs once completed. For the first test method custom rotors were created with specified blade tip offsets. For the blade tip offset alternate measurement, the rotors were optically scanned and analyzed in CAD software with a tip location uncertainty of 0.1 mm. The BTT system agreed with the scanned results to within 0.13 mm. Tests were also conducted to ensure that the BTT system identified and indexed the blades properly. The second developed test method used an instrumented piezoelectric blade to create known dynamic deflections. The active vibration rotor was able to create measureable deflection over a range of frequencies centered on the first bending mode of the blade. The results for the 110 Hz, 150 Hz, 180 Hz first bending resonance, 200 Hz, and 1036 Hz second bending resonance cases are presented. A strain gage and piezoelectric sensor were attached to the active blade during the dynamic deflection tests to provide an alternate method for determining blade vibration frequency. The BTT system correctly identified the active blade excitation frequencies as well as a 120 Hz frequency from the drive motor. This thesis also explored applying BTT methods and testing to more realistic blade geometry and vibration. Blade vibrations are usually classified by their frequency relative to the rotation speed. Synchronous vibrations are integer multiples of the rotational speed and are often excited by struts or vanes fixed to the engine case. For this reason, special probe placement algorithms were explored that use sine curve fitting to optimize the probe placement. Knowing how the blade will vibrate at operation before testing is critical as well. In preparation for future research, ANSYS Mechanical was used to predict the first three modes of a PT6A-28 first stage rotor blade at 1,966, 5,539, and 7,144 Hz. These frequencies were validated to within 4% using scanning laser vibrometry. The simulation was repeated at speed to produce a Campbell Diagram to highlight synchronous excitation crossings.
Investigation and Design of On-Chip Power-Rail ESD Clamp Circuits Without Suffering Latchup-Like Failure During System-Level ESD Test (2008)

On-chip power-rail electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuit designed with active ESD detection function is the key role to significantly improve ESD robustness of CMOS integrated circuits (ICs). Four power-rail ESD clamp circuits with different ESD-transient detection circuits were fabricated in a 0.18-mum CMOS process and tested to compare their system-level ESD susceptibility, which are named as power-rail ESD clamp circuits with typical <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RC</i> -based detection, PMOS feedback, NMOS+PMOS feedback, and cascaded PMOS feedback in this work. During the system-level ESD test, where the ICs in a system have been powered up, the feedback loop used in the power-rail ESD clamp circuits provides the lock function to keep the ESD-clamping NMOS in a ldquolatch-onrdquo state. The latch-on ESD-clamping NMOS, which is often drawn with a larger device dimension to sustain high ESD level, conducts a huge current between the power lines to perform a latchup-like failure after the system-level ESD test. A modified power-rail ESD clamp circuit is proposed to solve this problem. The proposed power-rail ESD clamp circuit can provide high enough chip-level ESD robustness, and without suffering the latchup-like failure during the system-level ESD test.
The Chemical Treatment of Cooling Water (1983)

This standard reference serves the industrial community as an authoritative source on cooling water problems. Analysis includes the problems of corrosion measurement and control; cooling water additives; advances in treatment chemicals and chemical cleaning, maong other topics.
Adiabatic Demagnetization in a Rotating Reference System (1961)

Redfield has proposed that under some circumstances, a magnetic resonance should be described by saying the spin system has achieved a temperature in a reference system which rotates at the frequency of the applied alternating field. He based his proposal on experiments in which characteristic times of observation were long compared to the spin-lattice relaxation time. A theory of spin-lattice processes was necessary to analyze the results. We describe a set of experiments to verify his hypothesis, using times short compared to the spin-lattice relaxation, which test his hypothesis without need for a theory of spin-lattice relaxation. The experiments are shown to be similar to conventional adiabatic demagnetization, performed, however, in a rotating reference frame. Redfield's ideas are thereby presented in a particularly simple form. The difference between reversible and irreversible losses in magnetization are illustrated, and it is shown, for example, that one can invert the magnetization with respect to the static field by passing through the resonance using alternating fields much less than the linewidth. The studies were made using the Na resonance in NaCl.
Enzyme Fragment Complementation Binding Assay for p38 <i>α</i> Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase to Study the Binding Kinetics of Enzyme Inhibitors (2006)

The majority of protein kinase assays used in drug discovery research are enzyme activity assays. These assays are based on the measurement of phosphorylated protein or peptide substrate, which is the end product of the enzyme reaction. Since most kinase inhibitors are ATP competitive, prediction of the activity of compounds in cellular systems based on potency values in enzyme activity assays is complex, as this should take into account the affinity of the enzyme for ATP and the cellular ATP concentration. The fact that some of the most successful kinase inhibitors, such as STI 571 (imatinib mesylate, Gleevec, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ), act through binding to the inactive isoform of the kinase provides another limitation of enzyme activity assays. Binding assays allow separate measurement of compound affinity to active and inactive kinase and do not require ATP or substrate in the reaction. Recently, a non-radioactive kinase binding assay for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase has become available from DiscoveRx (Fremont, CA). The assay method, called HitHunter, utilizes enzyme fragment complementation of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase to generate an assay signal by chemiluminescence. We have reconfigured the commercial assay kit to study the binding kinetics of two known reference inhibitors of the alpha-isoform of p38, the pyridinyl imidazole SB 203580 and the diaryl urea BIRB 796. Our data confirm the slow association kinetics of BIRB 796 as compared to SB 203580, which corresponded with the requirement of a relatively long preincubation time to obtain maximal effect in a cellular assay. Although neither of the two compounds showed preference for either active or inactive p38alpha, our data demonstrate that the HitHunter kinase binding assay can be used to select compounds that specifically target inactive kinase.
On the efficiency droop of top-down etched InGaN/GaN nanorod light emitting diodes under optical pumping (2013)

The optical performance of top-down etched InGaN/GaN nanorod light emitting diodes (LEDs) was studied using temperature variable photoluminescence spectroscopy with a 405 nm pump laser. Efficiency droop is measured from such nanorod structures, which is further enhanced with decreasing temperature. Through detailed rate equation analysis of the temperature-dependent carrier distribution and modeling of the quantum efficiency, this unique phenomenon can be largely explained by the interplay and dynamics between carrier radiative recombination in localized states and nonradiative recombination via surface states/defects.
Extensive Troponin I and T Modification Detected in Serum From Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction (2000)

This pilot study defines, for the first time, what forms of cTnI and cTnT appear in the bloodstream of AMI patients, and it clarifies the lack of standardization between different cTnI diagnostic assays.
Voluntariado na biblioteca escolar: Contribución na socialización e no desenvolvemento das competencias do alumnado (2016)

Experiencia co alumnado de quinto e sexto cursos de primaria como axudantes de biblioteca no CEIP Amor Ruibal de Barro, centro rural a escasos quilometros da cidade de Pontevedra. Autoavaliacion realizada polo alumnado para dar testemuno do papel socializador e das competencias desenvolvidas co desempeno da actividade.
Two Nearly Identical Aromatic Compound Hydrolase Genes in a Strong Polychlorinated Biphenyl Degrader, <i>Rhodococcus</i> sp. Strain RHA1 (1998)

The two 2-hydroxy-6-oxohepta-2,4-dienoate (HOHD) hydrolase genes, etbD1 and etbD2, were cloned from a strong polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) degrader, Rhodococcus sp. strain RHA1, and their nucleotide sequences were determined. The etbD2 gene was located in the vicinity of bphA gene homologs and encoded an enzyme whose amino-terminal sequence was very similar to the amino-terminal sequence of the HOHD hydrolase which was purified from RHA1. Using the etbD2 gene fragment as a probe, we cloned the etbD1 gene encoding the purified HOHD hydrolase by colony hybridization. Both genes encode a product having 274 amino acid residues and containing the nucleophile motif conserved in alpha/beta hydrolase fold enzymes. The deduced amino acid sequences were quite similar to the amino acid sequences of the products of the single-ring aromatic hydrolase genes, such as dmpD, cumD, todF, and xylF, and not very similar to the amino acid sequences of the products of bphD genes from PCB degraders, including RHA1. The two HOHD hydrolase genes and the RHA1 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate (HPDA) hydrolase gene, bphD, were expressed in Escherichia coli, and their relative enzymatic activities were examined. The product of bphD was very specific to HPDA, and the products of etbD1 and etbD2 were specific to HOHD. All of the gene products exhibited poor activities against the meta-cleavage product of catechol. These results agreed with the results obtained for BphD and EtbD1 hydrolases purified from RHA1. The three hydrolase genes exhibited similar induction patterns both in an RNA slot blot hybridization analysis and in a reporter gene assay when a promoter probe vector was used. They were induced by biphenyl, ethylbenzene, benzene, toluene, and ortho-xylene. Strain RCD1, an RHA1 mutant strain lacking both the bphD gene and the etbD2 gene, grew well on ethylbenzene. This result suggested that the etbD1 gene product is involved in the meta-cleavage metabolic pathway of ethylbenzene.
Pressure ulcers among nursing home residents: United States, 2004. (2009)

Data from the National Nursing Home Survey, 2004. In 2004, about 159,000 current U.S. nursing home residents (11%) had pressure ulcers. Stage 2 pressure ulcers were the most common. Residents aged 64 years and under were more likely than older residents to have pressure ulcers. Residents of nursing homes for a year or less were more likely to have pressure ulcers than those with longer stays. One in five nursing home residents with a recent weight loss had pressure ulcers. Thirty-five percent of nursing home residents with stage 2 or higher (more severe) pressure ulcers received special wound care services in 2004. Pressure ulcers, also known as bed sores, pressure sores, or decubitus ulcers, are wounds caused by unrelieved pressure on the skin. They usually develop over bony prominences, such as the elbow, heel, hip, shoulder, back, and back of the head. Pressure ulcers are serious medical conditions and one of the important measures of the quality of clinical care in nursing homes. From about 2% to 28% of nursing home residents have pressure ulcers. The most common system for staging pressure ulcers classifies them based on the depth of soft tissue damage, ranging from the least severe to the most severe. There is persistent redness of skin in stage 1; a loss of partial thickness of skin appearing as an abrasion, blister, or shallow crater in stage 2; a loss of full thickness of skin, presented as a deep crater in stage 3; and a loss of full thickness of skin exposing muscle or bone in stage 4. Clinical practice guidelines for pressure ulcers have been developed and provide specific treatment recommendations for stage 2 or higher pressure ulcers, including proper wound care. This Data Brief presents the most recent national estimates of pressure ulcer prevalence, resident characteristics associated with pressure ulcers, and the use of wound care services in U.S. nursing homes.
Mellowing Out: Adaptation to Commensalism by <i>Escherichia coli</i> Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Strain 83972 (2007)

UTIs, E. COLI ABUs, AND UPEC Mucosal surfaces in the intestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts are populated by a highly diverse bacterial flora. Most host-dwelling bacteria are commensals and maintain a symbiotic relationship with the host; however, a minority are pathogens that attack the mucosa, causing tissue damage and disease symptoms. Bacterial pathogens differ from commensals by the expression of specific virulence factors, such as those that mediate tissue assault. Commensals, in contrast, have generally been regarded as bacteria lacking such virulence factors or other specific mechanisms for interaction with host tissues. Asymptomatic carriage of bacteria may also result after a primary symptomatic infection. However, this type of carrier state differs from commensalism in that variants of pathogenic strains persist without evoking a host response. This review is focused on the molecular basis for attenuation of virulence and adaptation to commensalism, using the prototypic asymptomatic bacteriuria strain Escherichia coli 83972 as a model. Most E. coli strains coexist peacefully with their human host, while others cause disease. E. coli is a versatile pathogen causing a spectrum of diseases, including urinary tract infections (UTIs), diarrhea, sepsis, and meningitis (28). UTIs are among the most common infectious diseases of humans and are a major cause of morbidity. It is estimated that 40 to 50% of healthy adult women have experienced at least one UTI episode (15). Acute pyelonephritis and asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) represent the two extremes of UTI. Escherichia coli is responsible for 80% of UTIs. Acute pyelonephritis is a severe acute systemic infection caused by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) clones with virulence genes clustered on “pathogenicity islands” (13, 16, 25, 46, 67, 72). ABU, on the other hand, is an asymptomatic carrier state that resembles commensalism. Paradoxically, a large proportion of UTIs are caused by ABU E. coli. Individuals infected with ABU group E. coli may carry high urine titers of a single E. coli strain for months or years without provoking a host response. According to conventional notions, pathogens can develop from commensals by the acquisition of virulence-associated genes located on, for example, pathogenicity islands or plasmids. The flip side of this evolutionary force is the equally important adaptation of the newly minted pathogen to its new host niche, where genes are inactivated by either point mutation, insertion, or deletion (39). Here we illustrate such an example, where the commensal-topathogen shift in E. coli is bidirectional.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XXIII. Synthesis of p‐sulfobenzyl ammonium inner salts and structural correlation with analogous amphoterics (1977)

Abstract and Summary Two series of p‐sulfobenzyl ammonium inner salts, RN + (CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 C 6 H 4 SO 3 − and RCONH(CH 2 ) 3 N + −(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 C 6 H 4 SO 3 − , where R is a straight chain alkyl group, were prepared by sulfonation of the corresponding quaternary ammonium chlorides. Although both series have excellent lime soap dispersion properties, the former series gave optimum detergency at considerably shorter alkyl chain length than the latter serires. The detergency, lime soap dispersion ability, and solubility of these compounds were compared with those of structurally analogous aliphatic sulfobetaines. Structural variations, such as length and nature of the bridge between the cationic and anionic groups, length of the lipophilic chain, and insertion of an amidopropyl group into the lipophilic portion of the molecule, significantly altered the detergency and solubility but not the lime soap dispersing ability of the amphoterics.
Apoptosis and Aging: Role of p66 <sup>Shc</sup> Redox Protein (2006)

p66Shc was the first mammalian gene whose mutation was demonstrated to increase resistance to oxidative stress and to prolong life span. Many hypotheses have been formulated to explain the biochemical and molecular basis of mammalian aging. Among them the free radical theory of aging, which was first proposed half a century ago by Harman, has received much attention by biomedical scientists. This theory proposed that, because of their high reactivity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) would lead to unavoidable and potentially deleterious by-products, and such an increasingly damaging process could be responsible for degenerative diseases and aging. Recent reports suggest an important role of p66Shc protein in the regulation of cellular responses to oxidative stress, apoptosis, and aging. In this review we discuss what has been discovered about p66Shc in the past 10 years and we focus particularly on its role in ROS regulation, which appears to be extremely promising to define mammalian aging processes.
Screening for oxygen sensitivity in U.S. Navy combat swimmers. (2000)

The United States Naval Special Warfare Community uses oxygen tolerance testing to screen Navy combat swimmer candidates for sensitivity to the toxic effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2). Between 1976 and 1997, 6,250 oxygen-tolerance tests were performed at the Naval Special Warfare Center and Naval Special Warfare Group One. Our review of these data found only six episodes of O2 toxicity for an incidence of 0.096%, an incidence considerably lower than the rate of 1.9% reported in an earlier review using data from the Naval Safety Center. Additionally, we reviewed data from the Naval Safety Center from 1986 to 1997 and found only one episode of O2 toxicity among 157,930 LAR V dives. Many factors other than individual sensitivity to HBO2 may contribute to the occurrence of O2 toxicity episodes during combat swimmer operations. The authors conclude that O2 tolerance testing of U. S. Navy SEAL candidates is not a useful screening test and recommend discontinuation of this test.
Heterogeneous Scale Growth During Steam Corrosion of Zircaloy-4 and 500°C (1989)

Various Zircaloy-4 materials have been exposed in steam at 500°C for times between 2 and 72 h. The observations indicate that two major factors govern scale growth: crystal orientation and precipitate density. Furthermore, the study of coarse grained materials shows that when two adjacent grains corrode at very different rates, the catastrophic oxidation of one of them has little tendency to propagate into its more highly resistant neighbor. This “barrier” effect to the lateral extension of local regions of thick scale is particularly efficient when the individual grains have markedly dissimilar characteristics. This is especially true for acicular and alpha-beta structures. In equiaxed structures, the corrosion rate depends on both structure and texture. Structures with very fine precipitates (ϕ &gt; 0.1 μm) show excellent nodular corrosion resistance. On the contrary, when the precipitates are coarse (ϕ &lt; 0.2 μm), the nodular corrosion resistance is very poor. In both of these cases, the texture has little influence. However, for intermediate precipitate dimensions (0.1 μm &lt; ϕ &lt; 0.2 μm), the effect of orientation becomes preponderant. If a grain whose orientation favors rapid corrosion is surrounded by more resistant neighbors, then the localized corrosion will not develop. On the contrary, if the adjacent grains are also propitiously oriented for enhanced oxidation, a critical nucleus size is attained and the resulting corrosion nodule can continue to grow. This mechanism assumes that the initiation site includes a minimum number of grains.
Closed-Loop Control and Advisory Mode Evaluation of an Artificial Pancreatic β Cell: Use of Proportional-Integral-Derivative Equivalent Model-Based Controllers (2008)

The conditions under which PID and MPC are equivalent have been derived. The MPC framework is more suitable given the extensions necessary for a fully closed-loop artificial beta cell, such as consideration of controller constraints. Formulation of the control problem in risk space is attractive, as it explicitly addresses the asymmetry of the problem; this is done easily with MPC.
Identification of pulmonary emboli in the dog: comparison of angioscopy and perfusion scanning. (1981)

Fifteen dogs were studied by perfusion scan, angioscopy and autopsy. In 10, emboli were formed in leg veins and released before study; five dogs were not embolized and served as controls. In controls, angioscopy disclosed no emboli, perfusion scans were normal after angioscopy and autopsy disclosed no emboli. Among the embolized dogs, 23 emboli were identified at autopsy. Perfusion scans disclosed 23 defects, but in three dogs there was a disparity between scan and autopsy localization. Angioscopy identified 21 of the 23 autopsy-defined emboli and localized them correctly; two emboli in vessels less than 1 mm in diameter were not visualized. Angioscopy may provide a useful new approach in animal investigations of pulmonary embolism and perhaps, after additional study, in selected patients.
A 64 Mbit embedded FeRAM utilizing a 130 nm, 5LM Cu/FSG logic process (2004)

A low-voltage (1.3V), 64 Mbit Ferroelectric Random Access Memory using a 1-transistor, 1-capacitor (1T1C) cell is demonstrated. This is the largest FRAM memory demonstrated to date. The memory is constructed using a state-of-the-art 130 nm transistor and a five-level Cu/FSG interconnect process. Only two additional masks are required for integration of the ferroelectric module into a single-gate oxide, low-voltage logic process. Address access time for the memory is less than 30 ns while consuming 0.57 mW/MHz at 1.37 V. An eFRAM density of 1.13 Mb/mm/sup 2/ is achieved with a cell size of 0.54 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ and capacitor size of 0.25 /spl mu/m/sup 2/.