gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Assessment of Imatinib’s Effect on the Blood–Brain Barrier After Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury with Permeability MRI (2014)

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) often results in degeneration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which can lead to vasogenic edema and an increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Imatinib is an agent that may be able to protect the BBB and reduce the risk of the harmful consequences of BBB degeneration. We sought to measure the effect of Imatinib on the BBB after experimental stroke longitudinally in vivo with permeability dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced with a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion surgery. Rats were given Imatinib at 2 and 20 h after stroke onset. Post-assessment included neurologic functioning, MR imaging, Evans Blue extravasation, Western blot, and immunohistology assay. Imatinib protected the BBB by 24 h but failed to decrease BBB permeability at an earlier time-point. Imatinib also reduced infarct volume, edema, and improved neurologic functioning by 24 h. Rats treated with Imatinib also had a higher expression of the BBB structural protein Zona ocludens-1 and a reduction in nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κβ) activation. Imatinib is a promising agent to protect the BBB after AIS, but its effect on the BBB may not become prominent until 24 h after the onset of ischemia. This finding may help elucidate Imatinib's role in the clinical management of AIS and influence future study designs.
SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS CONCEPTS * (1978)

A bstract Seismic facies analysis makes use of different seismic parameters in order to get other than structural information. A review is given of possibilities and usefulness of seismic facies analysis in oil exploration. A seismic facies unit can be defined as a sedimentary unit which is different from adjacent units in its seismic characteristics. Parameters that should be taken into consideration in the seismic facies analysis are as follows: reflection amplitude, dominant reflection frequency, reflection polarity, interval velocity, reflection continuity, reflection configuration, abundance of reflections, geometry of seismic facies unit, and relationship with other units. Interpretation of seismic facies data may be either direct or indirect. The purpose of the direct interpretation is to find out geological causes responsible for the seismic signature of a seismic facies unit. So, the direct interpretation may be aimed at predicting lithology, fluid content, porosity, relative age, overpressured shales, type of stratification, geometry of the geological body corresponding to the seismic facies unit and its geological setting. The indirect interpretation is intended to reach some conclusions on depositional processes and environments, sediment transport direction, and some aspects of geological evolution (transgression, regression, subsidence, uplift, erosion). The results of the seismic facies analysis may be shown on seismic facies cross‐sections and seismic facies maps. Depending on the available seismic data and geological conditions in the area under consideration, the seismic facies maps may be of different types such as general seismic facies maps showing distribution of different seismic facies units, sand‐shale ratio maps, direction of cross‐bedding and paleo‐transport maps etc. Several kinds of seismic facies units and their geological interpretation are discussed as examples of seismic facies analysis.
Boron Clusters Come of Age (2004)

Polyhedral clusters containing boron, alone or in combination with other elements, have been known for nearly a century, and intensive studies of their structures, bonding, and reactivity have been under way for more than half that period; yet interest and practical applications in this area continue to grow. Two main reasons can be identified for this attention: the three-dimensional delocalized bonding that confers exceptional stability in these clusters is now recognized to have broad significance for deepening our understanding of covalent bonding, with implications for both organic and inorganic chemistry; secondly, many of the special properties of boron clusters are uniquely suited to specific applications. This article attempts to summarize the current state of the art, illustrated by examples selected to convey some of the excitement and possibilities for future exploitation of these remarkable compounds.
Engineered probiotics for local tumor delivery of checkpoint blockade nanobodies (2020)

Checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized cancer therapy but only work in a subset of patients and can lead to a multitude of toxicities, suggesting the need for more targeted delivery systems. Because of their preferential colonization of tumors, microbes are a natural platform for the local delivery of cancer therapeutics. Here, we engineer a probiotic bacteria system for the controlled production and intratumoral release of nanobodies targeting programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) using a stabilized lysing release mechanism. We used computational modeling coupled with experimental validation of lysis circuit dynamics to determine the optimal genetic circuit parameters for maximal therapeutic efficacy. A single injection of this engineered system demonstrated an enhanced therapeutic response compared to analogous clinically relevant antibodies, resulting in tumor regression in syngeneic mouse models. Supporting the potentiation of a systemic immune response, we observed a relative increase in activated T cells, an abscopal effect, and corresponding increases in systemic T cell memory populations in mice treated with probiotically delivered checkpoint inhibitors. Last, we leveraged the modularity of our platform to achieve enhanced therapeutic efficacy in a poorly immunogenic syngeneic mouse model through effective combinations with a probiotically produced cytokine, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Together, these results demonstrate that our engineered probiotic system bridges synthetic biology and immunology to improve upon checkpoint blockade delivery.
Oxidation of anisoles to <i>p</i>-benzoquinone monoketals catalyzed by a ruthenium complex of 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane with <i>tert</i>-butyl hydroperoxide (2005)

A protocol based on [Ru III (Me 3 tacn)(CF 3 CO 2 ) 2 (H 2 O)]CF 3 CO 2 (1, Me 3 tacn = 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) as catalyst and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as oxidant was developed for oxidation of anisoles to p-benzoquinone monoketals. This reaction can be formally considered as regioselective aromatic C-H oxidation. With 2-methoxyanisole as substrate, 3,4-dimethoxy-4-tert-butoxy-2,5-cyclohexadienone can be obtained in up to 82% yield based on 84% substrate conversion.Key words: oxidation, quinones, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, ruthenium catalyst.
A functional fatiguing protocol and deceleration time of the shoulder from an internal rotation perturbation. (2008)

The decreased ability to decelerate may be an adaptive response by the subjects to dissipate a lower percentage of force per second.
Longer and Shorter Views of the Malthusian Prospect (1963)

Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, Research Methods/Statistical Methods
Equilibrium swelling properties of weakly lonizable 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)‐based hydrogels (1994)

Abstract Hydrogles, sensitive to pH, were prepared by copolymerizing 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with 2‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMA). The mole fraction of the DMA monomer present during synthesis was fixed at 0.3, while the volume fraction of total monomer varied from 0.29 ( I ) to 1.0 ( II ). Swelling equilibria were measured in citrate of phosphate buffer for pH from 3.0 to 7.6 Swelling of the hydrogels depends on the volume fraction monomer present during synthesis, solution, pH, and identity of the buffer, Hydrogel I reached a four‐fold larger swelling ratio (g swollen hydrogel/g dry hydrogel) in pH 3.0 citrate buffer, as compared to hydrogel II . Experimental results are interpreted on the basis of ideal Donnan equilibria. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The PHD/LAP-Domain Protein M153R of Myxomavirus Is a Ubiquitin Ligase That Induces the Rapid Internalization and Lysosomal Destruction of CD4 (2002)

The genomes of several poxviruses contain open reading frames with homology to the K3 and K5 genes of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and the K3 gene of murine gammaherpesvirus 68, which target major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) as well as costimulatory molecules for proteasomal or lysosomal degradation. The homologous gene product of myxomavirus (MV), M153R, was recently shown to reduce the cell surface expression of MHC-I. In addition, normal MHC-I surface expression was observed in cells infected with MV lacking M153R (J. L. Guerin, J. Gelfi, S. Boullier, M. Delverdier, F. A. Bellanger, S. Bertagnoli, I. Drexler, G. Sutter, and F. Messud-Petit, J. Virol. 76:2912-2923, 2002). Here, we show that M153R also downregulates the T-cell coreceptor CD4 and we study the molecular mechanism by which M153R achieves the downregulation of CD4 and MHC-I. Upon M153R expression, CD4 was rapidly internalized and degraded in lysosomes, whereas deletion of M153R from the genome of MV restored CD4 expression. The downregulation of both CD4 and MHC-I was dependent on the presence of lysine residues in their cytoplasmic tails. Increased ubiquitination of CD4 was observed upon coexpression with M153R in the presence of inhibitors of lysosomal acidification. Surface expression of CD4 was restored upon overexpression of Hrs, a ubiquitin interaction motif-containing protein that sorts ubiquitinated proteins into endosomes. Moreover, the purified PHD/LAP zinc finger of M153R catalyzed the formation of multiubiquitin adducts in vitro. Our data suggest that M153R acts as a membrane-bound ubiquitin ligase that conjugates ubiquitin to the cytoplasmic domain of substrate glycoproteins, with ubiquitin serving as a lysosomal targeting signal. Since a similar mechanism was recently proposed for KSHV K5, it seems that members of the unrelated families of gamma-2 herpesviruses and poxviruses share a common immune evasion mechanism that targets host cell immune receptors.
Noise compression and waveform restoration by an optical signal regenerator (1995)

The optical signal regenerator has become the subject of great attention because of its potential for greatly extending the maximum transmission distance for high-bit-rate optical time-division-multiplexing (OTDM) systems. In particular, interferometric optical and gates1-4 are attractive for the regenerator because they can compress the variations in both intensity and timing phases. It is important to clarify the regenerator characteristics quantitatively, and to our knowledge this has not been done to date. In this paper we quantitatively study the feasibility of the interferometric regenerator by measuring the system bit-error-rate (BER) performance at 10 Gbit/s for what we believe to be the first time.
Absolute configuration of 2,7-diazaspiro[4,4]nonane. A reassignment (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAbsolute configuration of 2,7-diazaspiro[4,4]nonane. A reassignmentC. G. Overberger, David Wei Wang, Richard K. Hill, Grant R. Krow, and David W. LadnerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 13, 2757–2764Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1981https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00326a031Request reuse permissionsArticle Views1178Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Spectroscopy, and Nanolithography of Epitaxial Graphene Chemically Modified with Aryl Moieties (2010)

The reduction of diazonium salts has recently been proposed as a robust covalent modification scheme for graphene surfaces. While preliminary studies have provided indirect evidence that this strategy decorates graphene with aryl moieties, the molecular ordering and conformation of the resulting adlayer have not been directly measured. In this Article, we report molecular-resolution characterization of the adlayer formed via the spontaneous reduction of 4-nitrophenyl diazonium (4-NPD) tetrafluoroborate on epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001) using ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS). An atomically flat inhomogeneous layer of covalently bonded organic molecules is observed after annealing the chemically treated surface at ∼500 °C in UHV. STM and STS results indicate that the adlayer consists predominantly of aryl oligomers that sterically prevent uniform and complete covalent modification of the graphene surface. The adsorbed species can be selectively desorbed by the STM tip above a threshold sample bias of -5 V and tunneling current of 1 nA, thus enabling the fabrication of a diverse range of graphene nanopatterns at the sub-5 nm length scale.
Dopamine Modulation of Honey Bee ( <i>Apis mellifera</i> ) Antennal-Lobe Neurons (2005)

Primary olfactory centers [antennal lobes (ALs)] of the honey bee brain are invaded by dopamine (DA)-immunoreactive neurons early in development (pupal stage 3), immediately before a period of rapid growth and compartmentalization of the AL neuropil. Here we examine the modulatory actions of DA on honey bee AL neurons during this period. Voltage-clamp recordings in whole cell configuration were used to determine the effects of DA on ionic currents in AL neurons in vitro from pupal bees at stages 4-6 of the nine stages of metamorphic adult development. In approximately 45% of the neurons tested, DA (5-50 x 10(-5) M) reduced the amplitude of outward currents in the cells. In addition to a slowly activating, sustained outward current, DA reduced the amplitude of a rapidly activating, transient outward conductance in some cells. Both of the currents modulated by DA could be abolished by the removal of Ca2+ from the external medium or by treatment of cells with charybdotoxin (2 x 10(-8) M), a blocker of Ca2+-dependent K+ currents in the cells. Ca2+ currents were not affected by DA, nor were A-type K+ currents (I(A)). Results suggest that the delayed rectifier-like current (I(KV)) also remains intact in the presence of DA. Taken together, our data indicate that Ca2+-dependent K+ currents are targets of DA modulation in honey bee AL neurons. This study lends support to the hypothesis that DA plays a role in the developing brain of the bee.
Galacto‐oligosaccharides Are Bifidogenic and Safe at Weaning: A Double‐blind Randomized Multicenter Study (2009)

These data indicate that the addition of GOS (5 g/L) to a follow-on formula positively influences the bifidobacteria flora and the stool consistency in infants during the supplementation period at weaning. No local or systemic side effects were recorded.
Functional group substitutions of the branchpoint adenosine in a nuclear pre-mRNA and a group II intron. (1997)

Splicing of nuclear mRNA precursors (pre-mRNAs) takes place in the spliceosome, a large and complex ribonucleoprotein. Nuclear pre-mRNA splicing and group II intron self-splicing occur by a chemically identical pathway involving recognition of a specific branchpoint adenosine and nucleophilic activation of its 2'-hydroxyl group. The chemical similarity between these two splicing reactions, as well as other considerations, have suggested that the catalytic core of the spliceosome and group II introns may be related. Here we test this hypothesis by analyzing splicing and RNA branch formation of a pre-mRNA and a group II intron in which the branchpoint adenosine was substituted with purine base analogues. We find that replacement of the branchpoint adenosine with either of two modified adenosine analogues or guanosine leads to remarkably similar patterns of splicing and RNA branch formation in the two systems.
Aggregation of multiple ethernet links within network subsystem (2004)

Today, corporations are feeling the impact as more users and powerful applications threaten to overwhelm network performance, which triggered a need for a corresponding increase in speed in network backbones and to corporate servers. Ethernet Links Bundling (EIB) provides a new high-speed networking solution which is used to improve the performance and the availability of the network subsystem. This paper presents an overview of the EIB technology and gives performance experimental results. The findings show that the network bandwidth can be scaled by the aggregation of multiple Ethernet links and more reliable network connectivity can be guaranteed and experimental results demonstrated that parallel channels of Fast Ethernet are both necessary and sufficient to support the data rates of multiple concurrent file transfers on file server.
Early Detection of Leptomeningeal Metastasis by PCR Examination of Tumor-derived K-ras DNA in Cerebrospinal Fluid (2000)

Leptomeningeal metastasis (LMM) occurs in 3–8% of all cancer patients. Of the solid tumors, breast cancer, lung cancer, and malignant melanoma are the most common to metastasize to the leptomeninges (1). The prognosis for patients with LMM is poor: most individuals survive a median of only ∼4 months. Early diagnosis may improve the clinical response to radiotherapy and (intrathecal) chemotherapy, and may lead to more effective palliation and prolonged survival (1).

Traditionally, a definitive diagnosis of LMM requires cytological detection of malignant cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Interpretation is often aided by immunocytochemical techniques. Unfortunately, these CSF samples often contain very few morphologically identifiable malignant cells. In these cases, no definitive diagnosis can be established, leading to “suspicious” or “atypical” diagnoses (1).

Molecular detection of tumor-derived DNA in CSF can potentially improve early and sensitive detection of LMM because no intact cells are required for diagnosis (2)(3 …
Assignment of Electronic Transitions and Electron−Phonon Coupling of Er<sup>3+</sup> Doped into Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (2004)

The assignments of bands in the electronic spectra of Y2O3:Er3+ to Er3+ ions situated at S6 symmetry sites (Silver, J.; Martinez-Rubio, M. I.; Ireland, T. G.; Withnall, R. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 7200; Silver, J.; Martinez-Rubio, M. I.; Ireland, T. G.; Fern, G. R.; Withnall, R. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 948) are shown to be incorrect, and some of the conceptual errors in these works are also corrected. For example, the emission bands assigned to 2H11/2 → 4I15/2 transitions at S6 sites are reassigned to 2P3/2 → 4I11/2 transitions of Er3+ at C2 sites. In fact, all of the visible and ultraviolet bands can be assigned to Er3+ ions situated at C2 sites. The optical spectra are remarkably complete and uncluttered from vibronic structure, except for emission transitions to the two highest ground-state crystal field levels, where the multiple structures are assigned to electron−phonon coupling effects.
Entropy among a sequency of SAR images for change detection (2004)

The coherence map between two images is frequently used to detect changes in a sequence of temporal SAR images and to evaluate the interferometric image quality. Recently, an alternative method for change detection was proposed: the entropy image. This paper performs the entropy calculation among several temporal SAR images. With this method, it is possible to calculate the entropy between two images considering intermediary, previously, or later acquired images, which contain information about the change process. It is shown that this method can improve the change detection performance in low coherence areas (using intermediary images) or in high coherence areas (using former or further images). Simulated images were used to show the performance of the method and to compare this method with coherence and entropy only between two images.
A stopped-flow apparatus for infrared spectroscopy of aqueous solutions (1995)

IR spectroscopy has been widely applied in the study of photo-activated biological processes such as photosynthesis, but has not been applied to the study of reacting systems which require rapid mixing of aqueous solutions. This has been due in part to the high pressure needed to make an aqueous solution flow rapidly through the 50 microns optical pathlength between the plates in an IR cuvette suitable for use with 2H2O and the high viscosity of the concentrated protein solutions required to generate measurable IR signals. An apparatus, based largely on conventional stopped-flow technology, is described which achieves mixing well within the time-resolved performance (approximately 40 ms) of modern Fourier-transform IR (FTIR) spectrometers, since the dead time of the mixing device is approximately 15 ms. It has proved possible to achieve efficient mixing by using a simple six-jet mixing device. This is probably at least in part because of the high back pressure which develops when aqueous fluid is passed rapidly through the short pathlength of the cuvette and which promotes turbulent flow. Several examples of measurements of the deacylation of acylchymotrypsins are provided which demonstrate the operation of the apparatus in conjunction with a spectrometer capable of scanning at four scans/s. For cinnamoyl-chymotrypsin, isotope-edited spectra have been obtained which show somewhat lower resolution than is achieved by conventional scanning methods, since some smoothing has to be applied to the spectra. Difference spectra of the acylation of chymotrypsin by glycylglycine p-nitrophenyl ester have been obtained by averaging ten stopped-flow shots and show good signal-to-noise ratio without smoothing. It is predicted that this apparatus is likely to find a variety of applications in the study of enzyme-catalysed reactions, since the spectra are relatively rich in structural information, and isotope editing greatly enhances the interpretability of the spectra.
SOME TENSILE CHARACTERISTICS OF BREAD CRUMB1 (1994)

ABSTRACT Bone shaped specimens (length 83 mm, width 20 mm and the “neck” region 10 mm) cut from slices of white, brown and whole wheat breads were tested in tension using a Universal testing machine. The ends of each specimen were taped with masking tape and held by two pairs of alligator grips to avoid slippage and failure in the grip zones. The tensile parameters determined were the shape characteristics of the prefailure force‐displacement (F vs. D) curve C 1 , and C 2 , using the equation F = C 1 D/(C 2 + D) as the model, the ultimate force and the break elongation. They were on the order of 0.2–0.7N, 9–28 mm, 0.1–0.3 N and 4–30 mm, respectively. Because of inherent nonuniformity of the bread crumb cellular structure, the data scatter was too large to enable monitoring textural changes in the breads during seven days of storage at ambient temperature. The method's performance could probably be improved if a large number of specimens were tested and/or the specimen size reduced so it can be taken from regions where the structure is more or less uniform.