gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance of Nonconcentrating Solar Photocatalytic Oxidation Reactors: Part II—Shallow Pond Configuration (1994)

A solar photocatalytic oxidation facility has been fabricated in which the destruction of 4-chlorophenol (4CP) is tested in three adjacent shallow pond reactors. Each of the reactors has depths of 5.1, 10.2, and 15.3 cm (2, 4, and 6 in.), respectively. It is found that 4CP is successfully oxidized with the photocatalyst, titanium dioxide (TiO2), suspended in a slurry or adhered to a fiberglass mesh. The pond reactors, however, perform better with the slurry. It has also been found that the first-order rate constant for oxidation of 4CP increases with decreasing initial concentration. For the same incident ultraviolet (UV) intensity, catalyst loading, and initial solute concentration, the oxidation rate of 4CP is invariant provided the aperture to volume ratio is fixed. It has been determined that the 4CP solution contains sufficient dissolved oxygen to support the photocatalytic oxidation process. Direct evidence is provided to demonstrate that the utilization of photons in the photocatalytic process becomes less efficient as the number of incident photons on the catalyst increases.
The Role of the Interface in CO Oxidation on Au/CeO<sub>2</sub> Multilayer Nanotowers (2008)

Abstract The CO oxidation reaction is studied in this work using a controlled structure consisting of Au/CeO 2 multilayers, in the form of towers of 10 × 10 µm 2 base, with layer thicknesses in the nanometer range. This structure is prepared on a 3″ Si wafer using reverse photolithography and vapor deposition in an e‐beam chamber. The thickness of each layer is of nanometer dimensions and only the edges of the Au and CeO 2 layers are exposed to the reaction gas mixture. The CO oxidation reaction rate is found to scale with the total length of the Au/CeO 2 interfaces for nanotowers with the same total Au and CeO 2 surface areas. TEM and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses reveal highly stressed gold films in the nanotowers, the lattice strain being temperature and film thickness dependent. Deactivation with time‐on‐stream is commensurate with relaxation of the gold films, as measured by a drop in their lattice strain.
Relationships between Dietary Habits and Allostatic Load Index in Metabolic Syndrome Patients (2013)

Our results suggest that metabolic syndrome patients should be discouraged from eating fat and eating in response to food cues, and should be educated about nutrition and balanced diet.
Study of the hepatitis C virus NS3 helicase domain for application in a chemiluminescent immunoassay (2009)

The helicase domain of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) protein NS3 is a major immunodominant region that elicits a strong and specific immune response in the majority of HCV infections. Use of NS3 helicase-derived antigens in immunometric diagnostic assays is a mainstay in detection of HCV infections. However, thermal instability of NS3 helicase-related polypeptides is a common and severe issue hampering reproducibility, performances and shelf-life of HCV diagnostic immunoassays. In this work, a novel NS3 helicase-derived antigen is presented, with a sensible improvement in thermal stability and diagnostic performances over the currently used NS3 helicase-related antigens.
Sources of failures and yield improvement for VLSI and restructurable interconnects for RVLSI and WSI: Part II—Restructurable interconnects for RVLSI and WSI (1984)

In a companion paper [34], sources of failures and yield improvement through the use of redundancy for MOS, VLSI, and WSI were discussed. It was shown that interconnection density and complexity determines the effectiveness of the use of redundancy for yield improvement for RVLSI and WSI. The key issue in the use of redundancy is the development of interconnection technologies for restructuring. In this paper, interconnect technologies which can be used to facilitate restructuring of VLSI and WSI are discussed. Although electron-beam and laser-programmed technologies are favored for yield improvement, a combination of these (permanent) and electrically programmable interconnections are required for efficient utilization of WSI using new schemes involving self-testing and self-diagnosis with special-purpose architectures.
Estimation of shot counts in VSB writer using GDSII design data (2007)

Photomask pattern writer requires high-speed data processing that is conducted concurrently with the variable shaped beam (VSB) writing. As input electron beam (EB) mask data, trapezoid data format is generally used for EB writing because of the easier handling than polygon data format. Recent years, volume of photomask pattern data is growing as the increase of pattern density that is caused by additional various subsidiary patterns of optical proximity correction (OPC). OPC in design rules of 65nm and below is getting approximately 1.5 times more complex than that in the former generation, which increases the photomask pattern data volume approximately 3 times larger. VSB writing time is accurately estimated by counting the total number of "shots" which are primitive figures generated in the data processing of EB writer from the trapezoid patterns in EB mask data. However, no feedback and layout modification can be taken to LSI designs and OPC, even though problems regarding mask manufacturability such as explosion of EB writing time is recognized after starting EB writing process. We developed a simulator that estimates the number of "shots" in VSB EB writing by original shot division method using design data GDSII instead of EB mask data. This simulator outputs total counts and density map of shots of EB writing in photomask layout as well as chip layout in a short time using multi-processing. We can use this software as a core function in our Mask-DFM solutions offering to LSI designers and CAD engineers in order to estimate mask manufacturability before they finish mask data tape-out, and this work can reduce cost and improve TAT in mask manufacturing.
Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of benzo(a)pyrene benzo-ring epoxides. (1976)

The Bright Environments research program of the Eindhoven University of Technology Intelligent Lighting Institute aims to find new methods of intelligent lighting control and human interaction. We present a summary of the institute’s work on this research field and the research vision of the Bright Environments program as well as an overview of the related research projects.\nKeywords: Intelligent lighting; Layered light control; Smart spaces; User interaction for lighting
T. C. Whitmore 1988. Tropical rain forests in the Far East (Second edition). Oxford Science Publications. ISBN 0-19-854241. 352 pages. Price: £25.00 paperback. (1989)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
GENERICITY IS CONCEPTUAL, NOT SEMANTIC (2002)

Abstract. Genericity is not encoded in the syntax semantics interface any more than metaphoricity is, or other forms of sense selection. We observe the overwhelming cross-linguistic lack of encoding of cues which could be understood as a signal of a particular semantic content. We note the ready compatibility of a range of syntactic forms with each of a range of conceptual distinctions one might make about generics. From these observations we argue that genericity is not an issue of semantics. We take the semantics of an expression to be the set of compositionally encoded set of meanings an expression may have. That a sentence may be understood as compat-ible with some concept that it does not express is not an issue of semantics, but of background conceptual structures or pragmatics. Proclivity to associate certain syntactic forms with certain types of genericity is a reinterpretation of distinctions that exist elsewhere in an exercise of synonymy avoidance. 1.
Automatic Cinemagraph Portraits (2013)

Abstract Cinemagraphs are a popular new type of visual media that lie in‐between photos and video; some parts of the frame are animated and loop seamlessly, while other parts of the frame remain completely still. Cinemagraphs are especially effective for portraits because they capture the nuances of our dynamic facial expressions. We present a completely automatic algorithm for generating portrait cinemagraphs from a short video captured with a hand‐held camera. Our algorithm uses a combination of face tracking and point tracking to segment face motions into two classes: gross, large‐scale motions that should be removed from the video, and dynamic facial expressions that should be preserved. This segmentation informs a spatially‐varying warp that removes the large‐scale motion, and a graph‐cut segmentation of the frame into dynamic and still regions that preserves the finer‐scale facial expression motions. We demonstrate the success of our method with a variety of results and a comparison to previous work.
MPEG-2 spatial scalable coding and transport stream error concealment for satellite TV broadcasting using Ka-band (1998)

An effective MPEG-2 spatial scalable video codec is designed, and error concealment technique of associated transport stream is proposed. The spatial scalability can provide robust error resilience for Ka-band rain attenuation, as well as the co-existence of HDTV and SDTV systems. In MPEG-2, the spatial scalable encoder combines both spatial and temporal predictions. This paper proposes a near optimal spatial-temporal weighting analyzer to properly assign weights. Simulation shows that the proposed spatial scalable codec structure outperforms the performance of the other MPEG-2 codecs for TV broadcasting in Ka-band using satellites. We also propose a suitable error protection and concealment method for MPEG-2 transport stream. With the combination of scalable coding and error protection systems, the proposed system will achieve high link availability.
Use of Near-Infrared Reflection Spectroscopy to Study the Effects of X-Ray Contrast Media on Renal Tolerance in Rats (2002)

NIR-RS might be useful for the determination of contrast media-induced side effects. Stable prostacyclin analogues or phosphodiesterase inhibitors have the potential to mitigate these side effects.
A randomized controlled trial of the effects of weights on amplitude and frequency of postural hand tremor in people with Parkinson's disease (2002)

The findings suggest that there is no support for the clinical recommendation of using weighted utensils or weighted wrist cuffs to alleviate postural hand tremor in PD.
Reversal of lymphocyte activation in vivo in the Kawasaki syndrome by intravenous gammaglobulin. (1987)

The effect of intravenous gammaglobulin (IVGG) on the immunoregulatory abnormalities found during acute Kawasaki syndrome (KS) was studied in a randomized trial of IVGG plus aspirin (ASA) versus ASA alone. Before therapy, patients in each treatment group had increased numbers of circulating HLA-DR-bearing Leu 3+ helper T cells, a deficiency of Leu 2+ suppressor/cytotoxic T cells, and increased levels of spontaneous IgG and IgM synthesis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. There were no significant differences (P greater than 0.1) between immunologic parameters measured on day 1 and day 4 in the ASA-treated group. In contrast, patients treated with ASA plus IVGG had by day 4 a highly significant decrease in HLA-Dr+ Leu 3+ helper T cells (P less than 0.001), an increase in Leu 2+ suppressor/cytotoxic T cells (P less than 0.01), and a decrease in spontaneous IgG (P less than 0.01) and IgM synthesis (P less than 0.001). These changes were associated with a reduction in the secretion of T cell-derived B cell helper factors (P less than 0.001). These findings indicate that treatment with IVGG suppresses the marked T and B cell activation found in patients with acute KS.
Active millimeter-wave imaging for concealed weapons detection (2003)

Actively illumniated mm-wave imaging systems for concealed weapons detection offer the possibility of much higher sensitivity than with passive systems. We discuss several issues specific to mm-wave imaging systems that are actively illuminated and describe our implementation of such a system. We show that the illumination geometry is critical to the appearance and detectability of targets, and present measurements of the bi-directional reflectance distribution of a small handgun, as a prototypical target. We demonstrate suppression of standing waves using frequency modulated (FMCW) illumination and directly compare images taken with CW, FMCW, and pulsed illumination. Our implementation of an active imaging system is based on a 120-element focal-plane array (FPA) of uncooled antenna-coupled microbolometers. We describe the fabrication process and yield for these FPA's, as well as tests that show the performance of individual pixels on the 120-element array to be equivalent to that of isolated devices. These results demonstrate that wiring for readout of an antenna-coupled FPA can be made "transparent" to the antennas. Therefore, a mm-wave FPA that is read out through wiring to the perimeter of the array constitutes a simple and feasibile architecture, in contrast to the infrared, where space limitations require vertical (3D) integration of readout and FPA. The electrical readout system for the FPA is also described. Finally, we present a result obtained with the full FPA system, showing that 3-way illumination is much more effective for detection of a complex target than a single directional illuminator.
Regulative Actions of Dietary Soy Isoflavone on Biological Antioxidative System and Lipid Metabolism in Rats (2004)

Male Sprague-Dawley rats, 4 weeks of age, were fed purified diets either with or without 0.2% soy isoflavones rich powder for 5 weeks to elucidate their direct functions such as antioxidative action and regulation of lipid metabolism. Dietary soy isoflavones decreased serum lipid peroxide level in rats. Levels of liver and serum alpha-tocopherol were higher in the rats fed isoflavone than in those fed isoflavones-free diet. Thus, dietary soy isoflavones exhibited mild antioxidative function in this animal experiment. Isoflavone metabolites from diet may act as scavengers of reactive oxygen species. Dietary soy isoflavones lowered hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase activity, although liver cholesterol level was not modulated. However, the levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride decreased by consumption of soy isoflavones. Therefore, dietary soy isoflavones may exhibit hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic functions. Moreover, dietary soy isoflavones lowered hepatic Delta6 desaturase activity. Reflecting this observation, Delta6 desaturation indices ((18:2(n = 6) + 18:3(n = 6))/20:4(n = 6)) of tissue lipids tended to be lower in rats fed isoflavones than in those fed isoflavones-free diet. This action may contribute to the prevention of inflammatory response by imbalance of eicosanoids. These observations suggest that the positive intake of soy isoflavones may reduce the risk of some cardiovasucular diseases through their radical scavenging function and hypocholesterolemic action.
Moisture Induced Package Cracking in Plastic Encapsulated Surface Mount Components During Solder Reflow Process (1988)

The process compatibility and potential component reliability problems associated with surface-mount technology are investigated. Major reliability concerns observed during qualification of vendors' surface mount ICs are reported. Moisture-induced package cracking and its implication for the corrosion resistance of the package are discussed. The application of acoustic microscopy techniques such as scanning laser acoustic microscopy (SLAM) and C-mode scanning acoustic microscopy (C-SAM) for examining internal package cracking is described. The concept of threshold (safe) moisture level in a surface-mount package and the proper procedures for determining it are discussed. >
A Disintegrin-like and Metalloprotease (Reprolysin-type) with Thrombospondin Type 1 Motif (ADAMTS) Superfamily: Functions and Mechanisms (2009)

Together with seven ADAMTS-like proteins, the 19 mammalian ADAMTS proteases constitute a superfamily. ADAMTS proteases are secreted zinc metalloproteases whose hallmark is an ancillary domain containing one or more thrombospondin type 1 repeats. ADAMTS-like proteins resemble ADAMTS ancillary domains and lack proteolytic activity. Vertebrate expansion of the superfamily reflects emergence of new substrates, duplication of proteolytic activities in new contexts, and cooperative functions of the duplicated genes. ADAMTS proteases are involved in maturation of procollagen and von Willebrand factor, as well as in extracellular matrix proteolysis relating to morphogenesis, angiogenesis, ovulation, cancer, and arthritis. New insights into ADAMTS mechanisms indicate significant regulatory roles for ADAMTS ancillary domains, propeptide processing, and glycosylation. ADAMTS-like proteins appear to have regulatory roles in the extracellular matrix.
Elements of successful fiber to the home policies (2009)

Investments in fiber-based infrastructures are an important stimulus for economic development. We discuss international fiber to the home policies and the trade-offs to be solved in their implementation.
The Src and Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription Pathways As Specific Targets for Low Molecular Weight Phosphotyrosine-protein Phosphatase in Platelet-derived Growth Factor Signaling (1998)

The low molecular weight phosphotyrosine-protein phosphatase (LMW-PTP) is a cytosolic phosphotyrosineprotein phosphatase specifically interacting with the activated platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor through its active site. Overexpression of the LMW-PTP results in modulation of PDGF-dependent mitogenesis. In this study we investigated the effects of this tyrosine phosphatase on the signaling pathways relevant for PDGF-dependent DNA synthesis. NIH 3T3 cells were stably transfected with active or dominant negative LMW-PTP. The effects of LMW-PTP were essentially restricted to the G 1 phase of the cell cycle. Upon stimulation with PDGF, cells transfected with the dominant negative LMW-PTP showed an increased activation of Src, whereas the active LMW-PTP induced a reduced activation of this proto-oncogene. We observe that c-Src binding to PDGF receptor upon stimulation is prevented by overexpression of LMW-PTP. These effects were associated with parallel changes in myc expression. Moreover, wild-type and dominant negative LMW-PTP differentially regulated STAT1 and STAT3 activation and tyrosine phosphorylation, whereas they did not modify extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity. However, these modifications were associated with changes in fos expression despite the lack of any effect on extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Other independent pathways involved in PDGF-induced mitogenesis, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and phospholipase C-1, were not affected by LMW-PTP. These data indicate that this phosphatase selectively interferes with the Src and the STATs pathways in PDGF downstream signaling. The resulting changes in myc and fos proto-oncogene expression are likely to mediate the modifications observed in the G 1 phase of the cell cycle.
Bragg polarization gratings for wide angular bandwidth and high efficiency at steep deflection angles (2018)

Optical films and surfaces using geometric phase are increasingly demonstrating unique and sometimes enhanced performance compared to traditional elements employing propagation phase. Here, we report on a diffraction grating with wider angular bandwidth and significantly higher average first-order efficiency than the nearest prior art of metasurfaces, volume holographic gratings, and surface-relief gratings configured to achieve a steep deflection angle. More specifically, we demonstrate a liquid crystal (LC) polymer Bragg polarization grating (PG) with large angular bandwidth and high efficiency in transmission-mode for 532 nm wavelength and 400 nm period. Angular bandwidth was significantly increased by arranging two slanted grating layers within the same monolithic film. First, we studied the optical properties with simulation and identified a structure with 48° angular bandwidth and 70% average first-order efficiency. Second, we fabricated a sample using a photo-aligned chiral nematic LC, where the two grating slants were controlled by the chiral dopants. We measured 40° angular bandwidth, 76% average efficiency, and 96% peak efficiency. Strong input polarization sensitivity (300:1 contrast) and spectral bandwidth (200 nm) mostly matched prior PGs. This approach is especially advantageous for augmented-reality systems and nonmechanical beam steering.
Understanding Smart Cities: An Integrative Framework (2012)

Making a city "smart" is emerging as a strategy to mitigate the problems generated by the urban population growth and rapid urbanization. Yet little academic research has sparingly discussed the phenomenon. To close the gap in the literature about smart cities and in response to the increasing use of the concept, this paper proposes a framework to understand the concept of smart cities. Based on the exploration of a wide and extensive array of literature from various disciplinary areas we identify eight critical factors of smart city initiatives: management and organization, technology, governance, policy context, people and communities, economy, built infrastructure, and natural environment. These factors form the basis of an integrative framework that can be used to examine how local governments are envisioning smart city initiatives. The framework suggests directions and agendas for smart city research and outlines practical implications for government professionals.
The Anti-Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Quinolone WCK 771 Has Potent Activity against Sequentially Selected Mutants, Has a Narrow Mutant Selection Window against Quinolone-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> , and Preferentially Targets DNA Gyrase (2006)

WCK 771 is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone with enhanced activity against quinolone-resistant staphylococci. To understand the impact of the target-level interactions of WCK 771 on its antistaphylococcal pharmacodynamic properties, we determined the MICs for genetically defined mutants and studied the mutant prevention concentrations (MPCs), the frequency of mutation, and the cidality against the wild type and double mutants. There was a twofold increase in the MICs of WCK 771 for single gyrA mutants, indicating that DNA gyrase is its primary target. All first- and second-step mutants selected by WCK 771 revealed gyrA and grlA mutations, respectively. The MICs of WCK 771 and clinafloxacin were found to be superior to those of other quinolones against strains with double and triple mutations. WCK 771 was also cidal for high-density double mutants at low concentrations. WCK 771 and clinafloxacin showed narrow mutant selection windows compared to those of the other quinolones. Against a panel of 50 high-level quinolone-resistant clinical isolates of staphylococci (ciprofloxacin MIC > or = 16 microg/ml), the WCK 771 MPCs were < or =2 microg/ml for 68% of the strains and < or =4 microg/ml for 28% of the strains. Our results demonstrate that gyrA is the primary target of WCK 771 and that it has pharmacodynamic properties remarkably different from those of quinolones with dual targets (garenoxacin and moxifloxacin) and topoisomerase IV-specific quinolones (trovafloxacin). WCK 771 displayed an activity profile comparable to that of clinafloxacin, a dual-acting quinolone with a high affinity to DNA gyrase. Overall, the findings signify the key role of DNA gyrase in determining the optimal antistaphylococcal features of quinolones.