gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ecological and molecular investigations of cyanotoxin production (2001)

Cyanobacteria, broadly classified as oxygenic phototrophs containing chlorophyll- a and accessory pigments, are among the oldest life forms on earth. They may be unicellular, colonial or filamentous, with cell sizes varying from less than 2 μm to 40 μm in diameter. They may live as symbionts with plants and fungi, in the benthos or in the water column. Cyanobacteria have a cosmopolitan distribution and are common in all kinds of habitats, including Antarctic lakes, thermal springs, arid deserts and tropical acidic soils. Most commonly they are known for their existence as planktonic members of the water column in marine and freshwater environments.

Cyanobacteria have special adaptations such as; nitrogen fixation, ability to regulate buoyancy, light harvesting pigments, and differentiated cell types for reproduction or resting, allowing them an advantage over many competitors. Anthropogenic factors such as increased nutrient loading in freshwater and coastal environments, have lead to the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms world wide. While blooms are unpleasant both visually and due to released odour and taste factors, certain metabolites produced by some cyanobacterial species pose a more serious problem [1]. Due to their adverse effects on higher organisms, these compounds have been labelled as ‘toxins’ and from here on are referred to as such. The chemical structures of many cyanotoxins and their adverse effect on animals have been elucidated and recently reviewed [2]. However, the actual physiological function and ecological regulation of cyanobacterial toxins remain largely a mystery.

Studies on regulation and function of cyanotoxins are interrelated and have focused on their effect on the local ecosystem, as well as the effect of environmental parameters on toxin production. Hypotheses regarding the ecophysiology of the cyanotoxins, stemming from such studies, are discussed in this review. With advances in molecular biology, it has more recently been possible …
Urea synthesis in Novikoff and Morris hepatomas. (1977)

The rates of urea synthesis in rat liver and in a series of rat liver neoplasms with widely different growth rates and degree of differentiation were investigated using tissue slices incubated in a Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer. Urea synthesis did not occur in fast-growing, poorly differentiated Novikoff and Morris 3924A hepatomas, but it did occur in slow-growing, well- and highly differentiated hepatomas; however, there was no correlation with growth rate or degree of differentiation. Urea synthesis was comparable with normal liver, at about 32 mumoles/hr/g tissue, in the slow-growing Morris hepatomas 21, 28A, 47C, and 44; but it was very low in two other slow-growing, highly differentiated hepatomas, 9618A and 20. The well-differentiated Morris hepatoma 5123C had intermediate levels of urea synthesis. This pattern of urea synthesis closely paralleled the previously reported activity of carbamyl phosphate synthetase in these tumors. The rate of urea synthesis was normal in livers of Buffalo rats bearing fast- or slow-growing hepatomas in low urea synthesis rates, but it was markedly lowered in the livers of rats bearing large, slow-growing tumors with high urea synthesis rates. Urea synthesis in liver declined as the tumors increased in size. The total rate of urea synthesis in liver and tumor, as well as the concentrations of urea in the serum and urine of tumor-bearing animals, remained remarkably constant throughout the period of tumor growth, suggesting the existence of a homeostatic mechanism that controls the urea cycle activity in accordance with the synthetic activity of the tumor. In parabiotic animals, carbamyl phosphate synthetase activity and urea synthesis were lowered in the host livers of partners bearing tumors with high carbamyl phosphate synthetase- and urea-synthetic activity, but there was no significant effect on urea cycle activity in the normal partners. This result discounts the likelihood of a circulating humoral factor that controls hepatic urea cycle activity.
A novel approach to state of charge estimation using extended Kalman filtering for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles (2014)

This paper proposed a novel approach to state-of-charge (SoC) estimation of the lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) used in electric vehicles (EVs) based on the extended Kalman filtering (EKF). An improved lumped parameter model was developed for describing the dynamic behavior of the LiBs with an optimized open circuit voltage. This improved approach can reduces model error effectively. Other model parameters were identified via the genetic algorithm (GA) to optimizes the polarization time constant. Experimental and simulation results with two kinds of dynamic cycles show that, compared to the commonly used coulomb counting method, the EFK based SoC estimation algorithm is more precise. The proposed methodology can resolve the deficiency of coulomb counting method. The coulomb counting method fails to correct the erroneous initial SoC and is prone to cause greater accumulated error. In contrast, the proposed novel SoC estimation approach can accurately project the SoC trajectory. It employs real-time measurements of battery current and voltage. This approach then can be applied conveniently to battery management system in commercial electric vehicles.
Planning for Windows NT 5.0 security (1998)

Microsoft has announced that Windows NT 5.0 will be released in December 1998. This version of Windows NT will be different from all previous releases of this product in a number of very significant ways. This article provides an initial examination of the expected security-related features, functionality, and security exposures of Windows NT 5.0 to assist in planning for and providing needed levels of security control. planning for and providing needed
Working Collaboratively: Prescriptions for Healthy Learning – an Example of Success (2006)

The Prescriptions for Healthy Learning Project demonstrates how an effective and successful partnership can be developed with other agencies and refers specifically to the relationship built up with Leicester City East and West Primary Care Trusts. This paper highlights the key principles involved in initiating and strengthening an effective partnership, by targeting the right professionals and teams, providing evidence and feedback to key parties, involving key parties in discussing the future development of the project, understanding and demonstrating that the service is supporting the partnership organisation in meeting their targets. The experience and knowledge gained through the project’s development provides a key learning tool for future projects and services that want to develop successful partnerships.
Differential Pricing and Efficiency (1996)

The classic prescription for economically efficient pricing---set price at marginal cost---is not relevant for technologies that exhibit the kinds of increasing returns to scale, large fixed costs, or economies of scope found in the telecommunications and information industries. The appropriate guiding principle in these contexts should be that the marginal willingness to pay should be equal to marginal cost. This condition for efficiency can be approximated using differential pricing, and will in fact, be a natural outcome of profit-seeking behavior.
Science in Space (1961)

Edited by Lloyd V. Berkner and Hugh Odishaw London: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. Pp. x + 458. Price 54s. 6d.
Image chromatic adaptation using ANNs for skin color adaptation (2005)

The goal of image chromatic adaptation is to remove the effect of illumination and to obtain color data that reflects precisely the physical contents of the scene. We present An approach to image chromatic adaptation using neural networks (NN) with application for detecting - adapting human skin color. The network is trained on randomly chosen color images containing human subject under various illuminating conditions, thereby enabling the model to dynamically adapt to the changing illumination conditions. The proposed network predicts directly the illuminant estimate in the image so as to adapt to the human skin color. The comparison of our method with gray world, white patch and neural network on white patch algorithms is presented. We also present our results on detecting skin regions in NN color corrected test images. The results are promising and suggest a new approach for adapting human skin color using NN's.
Laboratory Evaluation of Mosquito Repellents Against<i>Aedes albopictus</i>,<i>Culex nigripalpus</i>, and<i>Ochlerotatus triseriatus</i>(Diptera: Culicidae) (2004)

Four synthetic mosquito repellents (Autan [10% KBR3023], IR3535 [7.5%], Off! [15% deet], Skinsations [7% deet]) and eight natural (primarily plant extracts and/or essential oils) product-based repellents (Bite Blocker [2% soybean oil], ByGone, GonE!, Natrapel [10% citronella], Neem Aura, Sunswat, MosquitoSafe [25% geraniol], and Repel [26% p-menthane-3,8-diol]) were tested in the laboratory against Aedes albopictus Skuse, Culex nigripalpus Theobald, and Ochlerotatus triseriatus (Say). When estimated mean protection time (eMPT) responses for each repellent were averaged for all three mosquito species, Autan, Bite Blocker, Off!, and Repel prevented biting for > or =7.2 h; IR3535, MosquitoSafe, and Skinsations for 3.2-4.8 h; and ByGone, Natrapel, GonE, NeemAura, and SunSwat for 0.9-2.3 h. Against Ae. albopictus, the eMPT for Off! and Repel exceeded 7.0 h and ranged from 5.0 to 5.7 h for Autan, Bite Blocker, and Skinsations. Bygone, GonE, NeemAura, and SunSwat provided 0.2 h protection against Ae. albopictus and Oc. triseriatus, whereas Autan, Bite Blocker, Off., and Repel prevented bites by Oc. triseriatus for > or =7.3 h. All 12 repellents provided an eMPT > or =2.8 h against Cx. nigripalpus (maximum: 8.5 h for Bite Blocker). When the average eMPT for each repellent (for all species) was divided by the eMPT for 7% deet (Skinsations), the order of repellent effectiveness and the corresponding repellency index (R,) was Repel (1.7) > Bite Blocker (1.5) = Autan (1.5) = Off! (1.5) > Skinsations (1.0) > IR3535 (0.8) > MosquitoSafe (0.6) > Natrapel (0.5) > Neem Aura (0.3) = SunSwat (0.3) = Bygone (0.3) > GonE (0.2).
Antioxidant Flavonoid Glycosides from Aerial Parts of the Fern <i>Abacopteris penangiana</i> (2007)

Five new flavan-4-ol glycosides, abacopterins E-I ( 5- 9), and seven known flavonoid glycosides ( 3 and 10- 15) were isolated from the aerial parts of the fern Abacopteris penangiana. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including HSQC, HMBC, (1)H- (1)H COSY, and ROESY, and chemical evidence. The isolated glycosides were evaluated for their antioxidant activity using the TEAC assay, and compounds 3, 5- 8, 10, 11, 14, and 15 showed TEAC values of 1.03-1.91 mM.
A combined biochemical screen and TILLING approach identifies mutations in <i>Sorghum bicolor</i> L. Moench resulting in acyanogenic forage production (2011)

Summary Cyanogenic glucosides are present in several crop plants and can pose a significant problem for human and animal consumption, because of their ability to release toxic hydrogen cyanide. Sorghum bicolor L. contains the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin. A qualitative biochemical screen of the M2 population derived from EMS treatment of sorghum seeds, followed by the reverse genetic technique of Targeted Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING), was employed to identify mutants with altered hydrogen cyanide potential (HCNp). Characterization of these plants identified mutations affecting the function or expression of dhurrin biosynthesis enzymes, and the ability of plants to catabolise dhurrin. The main focus in this study is on acyanogenic or low cyanide releasing lines that contain mutations in CYP79A1, the cytochrome P450 enzyme catalysing the first committed step in dhurrin synthesis. Molecular modelling supports the measured effects on CYP79A1 activity in the mutant lines. Plants harbouring a P414L mutation in CYP79A1 are acyanogenic when homozygous for this mutation and are phenotypically normal, except for slightly slower growth at early seedling stage. Detailed biochemical analyses demonstrate that the enzyme is present in wild‐type amounts but is catalytically inactive. Additional mutants capable of producing dhurrin at normal levels in young seedlings but with negligible leaf dhurrin levels in mature plants were also identified. No mutations were detected in the coding sequence of dhurrin biosynthetic genes in this second group of mutants, which are as tall or taller, and leafier than nonmutated lines. These sorghum mutants with reduced or negligible dhurrin content may be ideally suited for forage production.
Fourier Feature Approximations for Periodic Kernels in Time-Series Modelling (2018)

Gaussian Processes (GPs) provide an extremely powerful mechanism to model a variety of problems but incur an O(N3) complexity in the number of data samples. Common approximation methods rely on what are often termed inducing points but still typically incur an O(NM2) complexity in the data and corresponding inducing points. Using Random Fourier Feature (RFF) maps, we overcome this by transforming the problem into a Bayesian Linear Regression formulation upon which we apply a Bayesian Variational treatment that also allows learning the corresponding kernel hyperparameters, likelihood and noise parameters. In this paper we introduce an alternative method using Fourier series to obtain spectral representations of common kernels, in particular for periodic warpings, which surprisingly have a convergent, non-random form using special functions, requiring fewer spectral features to approximate their corresponding kernel to high accuracy. Using this, we can fuse the Random Fourier Feature spectral representations of common kernels with their periodic counterparts to show how they can more effectively and expressively learn patterns in time-series for both interpolation and extrapolation. This method combines robustness, scalability and equally importantly, interpretability through a symbolic declarative grammar that is both functionally and humanly intuitive — a property that is crucial for explainable decision making. Using probabilistic programming and Variational Inference we are able to efficiently optimise over these rich functional representations. We show significantly improved Gram matrix approximation errors, and also demonstrate the method in several time-series problems comparing other commonly used approaches such as recurrent neural networks.
Electroreduction of Dioxygen in 1-n-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids (2004)

The electrode reaction of the molecular oxygen ion redox couple at glassy carbon (GC), gold (Au), and platinum (Pt) electrodes in three 1-n-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-n-propyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, and 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, has been analyzed quantitatively using cyclic voltammetry, normal pulse voltammetry, and hydrodynamic chronocoulometry (HCC). Cyclic voltammetric measurements showed that the redox reaction of the couple in these RTILs is a quasi-reversible process and that the resulting is stable. The relevant thermodynamic and kinetic parameters [the formal potential the standard rate constant and the cathodic transfer coefficient of the redox couple were evaluated using cyclic and normal pulse voltammetry: (i) the values are almost the same irrespective of the media and electrode materials examined, i.e., ca. −1.0 V vs. an internal standard potential of the ferrocene (Fc)/ferricinium ion redox couple, (ii) the value is dependent on the electrode material and increases in the order and (iii) the values of are in the range of 0.35-0.47. The diffusion coefficients and saturated concentrations of in three RTILs were also determined by HCC. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
[Cu<sub>8</sub>(<i>i</i>PrPCH<sub>2</sub>P<i>i</i>Pr)<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub>(py)<sub>5</sub>], a Novel Cu<sup><scp>I</scp></sup> Cluster Containing Pentacoordinated Phosphorus in μ<sub>3</sub>‐PRR′ Bridges (R <i>i</i>Pr, R′ CH<sub>2</sub>P<i>i</i>Pr) (1988)

An eight-membered Cu4P4 ring and μ3PRR′ moieties with trigonal-bipyramidally coordinated P atoms determine the structure of the title complex 1. It can be prepared by reaction of the bidentate silyphosphane Me3Si(iPr)PCH2P(iPr)SiMe3 with CuCl in the ratio 1:4 and pyridine in excess.
Editor's Note (1976)

In this issue, we see how sources from the Chinese People's Republic discuss the rise of the Legalist school, assess Han Fei Tzu's thought, and argue about Hsün Tzu's position. We also see how the mind-body problem has been approached from a dialectical-materialist point of view. However, in order to accentuate the great achievements of Confucius as a thinker, two papers from distinguished scholars in the Republic of China are also included.
A petroelastic‐based approach to pressure and saturation estimation using 4D seismic (2004)

A methodology is developed to invert for time‐lapse variations of reservoir pressure and saturation from repeated P‐wave seismic data. Based on a simplified petroelastic correlation, two independent elastic parameters are obtained; one of which depends on pressure and the other on saturation. Forms for reflectivity and elastic impedance explicitly dependent on production effects are derived and tested on a reservoir model‐based study. Following the inversion of multi‐angle near, mid and far elastic impedance stacks from the baseline and repeat seismic dataset, reliable dynamic estimates of pore pressure and fluid bulk modulus are obtained.
Studies on the Antibacterial Activity of Some Organic Compounds <i>in vitro</i>. V (1952)

Antibacterial action of several derivatives of diphenyl ethers, diphenylene dioxides, phenoxthine, diphenyl sulfides, and diphenyl disulfides were tested against the human strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Of the compounds tested, 2, 6-di-(α-bromopropionyl)-diphenylene dioxide, 3-hydroxy-4, 6-dibromodiphenyl ether benzoate, 3-hydroxy-4, 6-dibromodiphenyl ether, 1-(4′-phenoxybenzyl)-6, 7-methylenedioxy-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, and 4, 4′-diaminodiphenyl disulfide, were found to posses a strong antibacterial action against Staph. aureus. Comparatively high antibacterial action against Mycobact. tuberc. was shown by α, β-dinaphthyl and β, β′-dinaphthyl ethers.
<i>Human Factors and Behavioral Science</i>: On Abbreviating Command Names (1983)

Test subjects' abbreviations of command names and randomly selected English words were examined for production regularities. Abbreviation rules based primarily on a word's number of syllables were devised to capture regularities observed in people's productions. This rule set was compared to two simpler abbreviation rules — vowel deletion and truncation. In subsequent learning experiments, separate groups of subjects learned the rule-derived abbreviations for words, while other groups learned the most frequently given abbreviation for each word. Subjects who studied rule-derived abbreviations remembered substantially more of them when prompted with full words than did subjects who studied the most frequently given abbreviations. Moreover, the rule-based abbreviations were superior even for those for which the rule-produced and the most frequently produced abbreviations were identical. When the task was reversed (recall the source term given an abbreviation), performance was best for vowel deletion abbreviations and worst for the rule set abbreviations. We suggest that both memorability of abbreviations and the probability that people will spontaneously produce a “correct” abbreviation are increased by: (1) selecting abbreviations using a vowel deletion rule for one-syllable words and an acronym rule for multiple-word terms, as well as (2) allowing variable length truncations of words.
Multichip packaging in QFPs by PBO-multilayer high density interconnect (2002)

Further development of the HDP market will be determined primarily by the cost and availability of high density packaging alternatives such as multichip packages (MCP), fine pitch surface mount devices (SMD with pitch <0.5 mm), chip scale packages (CSP, including flip chip) or chip on board (COB). With high end PCB and special assembly processes required, fine pitch SMD, CSP or COB cause higher system board assembly cost, although they appear relatively cheap as a component. MCPs, due to higher functionality, are more expensive as a component, but reduce system board assembly cost because fewer components with less solder pads are to be mounted on PCBs of reduced complexity. This contribution reports on an MCP using a new high density interconnect (HDI) substrate technology for multichip packaging with thin QFP. The HDI uses the new polybenzoxazol (PBO) as a dielectric. PBO, developed and patented by SIEMENS AG, Germany, has several interesting features, ranging from outstanding electrical performance with easy processability to excellent adhesion properties to molding compounds, metals and ceramics. Deposited as a multilayer with sputtered signal layers and a plated bond layer on top of a thin ceramic plate, this HDI enables standard backend assembly lines for QFPs to perform highly efficient multichip packaging. The qualification results with a telecommunications application show that this type of MCP using PBO-HDI is ready for mass production.
Long Life Electrochemical Diodes for Continuous Electrowetting (2014)

The rate of electrochemical reactions in some systems varies with the polarity of the overpotential on the working electrode, introducing diode-like behavior at the electrode/electrolyte interface. However, with repeated bipolar cycling, the electrochemical current damages the electrodes. We have connected electrochemical diodes in series with opposing polarities to reduce the diode current while charging a capacitive circuit. We have previously used this capacitive circuit arrangement to actuate aqueous droplets continuously using the electrowetting (EW) effect. In this study, the performance of electrochemical diodes under repeated voltage cycles is investigated. Aluminum and titanium electrodes in contact with three electrolyte solutions (0.1 M citric acid, 0.1 M Na2SO4 and 0.1 M NaOH) are employed. The diode behavior of electrochemical systems with single diodes and diode pairs is compared. A coefficient of continuous electrowetting (CEW) actuation (referred to as actuation coefficient) is introduced. Actuation coefficient varies between zero (no actuation) and one (equivalent to grounded droplet actuation at the same voltage. Experimental results how that titanium maintains higher actuation coefficients (0.6 −0.8) than aluminum (0.6). The actuation coefficients of titanium increase over the first trials and remain stable under alternating −50 V and +50 V inputs for 2000 trials (experiment duration).