gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effective cellulose degradation by a mixed-culture system composed of a cellulolytic Clostridium and aerobic non-cellulolytic bacteria (2004)

A stable cellulose-degrading microflora enriched from composting materials has been analyzed in our laboratory. Cellulose-degrading efficiency of an anaerobic cellulolytic isolate, Clostridium straminisolvens CSK1, was remarkably lower than that of the original microflora. We successfully constructed bacterial communities with effective cellulose degradation by mixing C. straminisolvens CSK1 with aerobic non-cellulolytic bacteria isolated from the original microflora. Comparison of the cellulose degradation processes of the pure culture of C. straminisolvens CSK1 and the mixed-culture indicated that non-cellulolytic bacteria essentially contribute to cellulose degradation by supplying anaerobic environment, consuming metabolites, which otherwise deteriorate the cellulolytic activity, and by neutralizing pH.
Photonic crystal lasers using wavelength-scale embedded active region (2013)

Lasers with ultra-low operating energy are desired for use in chip-to-chip and on-chip optical interconnects. If we are to reduce the operating energy, we must reduce the active volume. Therefore, a photonic crystal (PhC) laser with a wavelength-scale cavity has attracted a lot of attention because a PhC provides a large Q-factor with a small volume. To improve this device's performance, we employ an embedded active region structure in which the wavelength-scale active region is buried with an InP PhC slab. This structure enables us to achieve effective confinement of both carriers and photons, and to improve the thermal resistance of the device. Thus, we have obtained a large external differential quantum efficiency of 55% and an output power of ?10?dBm by optical pumping. For electrical pumping, we use a lateral p?i?n structure that employs Zn diffusion and Si ion implantation for p-type and n-type doping, respectively. We have achieved room-temperature continuous-wave operation with a threshold current of 7.8??A and a maximum 3?dB bandwidth of 16.2?GHz. The results of an experimental bit error rate measurement with a 10?Gbit?s?1 NRZ signal reveal the minimum operating energy for transferring a single bit of 5.5?fJ. These results show the potential of this laser to be used for very short reach interconnects. We also describe the optimal design of cavity quality (Q) factor in terms of achieving a large output power with a low operating energy using a calculation based on rate equations. When we assume an internal absorption loss of 20?cm?1, the optimized coupling Q-factor is 2000.
An overview of scheduling algorithms in wireless multimedia networks (2002)

Scheduling algorithms are important components in the provision of guaranteed quality of service parameters such as delay, delay jitter, packet loss rate, or throughput. The design of scheduling algorithms for mobile communication networks is especially challenging given the highly variable link error rates and capacities, and the. changing mobile station connectivity typically encountered in such networks. This article provides a survey of scheduling techniques for several types of wireless networks. Some of the challenges in designing such schedulers are first discussed. Desirable features and classifications of schedulers are then reviewed. This is followed by a discussion of several, scheduling algorithms which have been proposed for TDMA, CDMA, and multihop packet networks.
Invention report: use of sugar to neutralize nitric acid waste liquors (1962)

A process is described for the use of sugar in the destruction of nitric acid in waste solutions. The efficiency of the denitration is found to be a function of temperature and moles of dissolved metal cations. The sugar may be used either in batch of continuous processes, does not require addition of anti-foam agents, and was estimated to reduce the chemical costs of present denitration operations by 50%.
Blockade of p110delta Isoform Activity of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Inhibits Blast Cell Proliferation in Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia. (2004)

Abstract AMLs constitute an heterogeneous group of hematopoietic stem cell disorders of rather poor prognosis. Abnormal activation of signaling pathways including STAT, MAPK and NF-KB have been described in AMLs and could constitute new targets for therapy. In this study, we focused on the PI3K/AKT and mTOR/P70S6K activity in primary blast cells purified from the bone marrow of patients with primary (n = 54) or secondary (n =10) AMLs. Patients with de novo AMLs were issued from the AML2001 French Multicenter Trial directed by the GOELAMS. The FAB classification was the following: M0 (n = 8), M1 (n = 10) M2 (n = 21), M4 (n = 10), M4eo (n = 2), M5 (n = 11), unknown AML (n = 2). In 58% of these patients, a constitutive activation of PI3K/AKT was detected in blast cells by western blot analysis showing AKT and FOXO3a phosphorylation, and confirmed by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analysis in CD34+ blast cells. Constitutive GAB1/2 phosphorylation was detected in all PI3K+ patients. However, we did not find any correlation between PI3K activation and FLT3 gene mutations. PTEN and SHIP-1 expression was normal in all tested PI3K+ patients. Proliferation (3H thymidine incorporation) was significantly increased in PI3K+ samples compared to PI3K- samples (p=0.001). The mTOR/P70S6K pathway was activated and the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin selectively reduced proliferation of PI3K+ samples. We determined the expression of the alpha, beta and delta isoforms of the catalytic sub-unit of PI3K (p110) in leukemic cells and found that p110 delta was the only consistently expressed isoform. In 8 PI3K+ samples tested, IC87114 (ICOS Corporation), a specific p110delta inhibitor compound used at 10μM totally suppressed AKT and FOXO3a phosphorylation. IC87114 inhibited proliferation of PI3K+ leukemic cells whereas it did not induce apoptosis. IC87114 did not significantly impaired the proliferation of PI3K- blast cells. Interestingly, IC87114 did not inhibit the proliferation or clonogenicity of CD34+ cord blood cells cultured in SCF, FLT3L and TPO used as controls. Overall, our results report, a/ a constitutive activation of PI3K in 58% of AML, b/ no correlation between FLT3 gene mutations and PI3K positivity, c/ no implication of PTEN or SHIP-1 phosphatases in PI3K activation, d/ a major role of the p110 delta isoform of PI3K in leukemic cell proliferation, e/ a potential therapeutic value of inhibiting mTOR and P110 delta activity.
Design and Implementation of a Parallel Data Partitioning Algorithm for XML Data (2004)

With the wide use of XML in many applications over the Web, the scale and the size of XML documents are increasing rapidly and the query processing becomes more complicated than in traditional databases. Centralized environments cannot meet the requirements of Web applications well due to the problem of I/O bottleneck caused by XML documents with large scale and huge size. Parallel query processing is one of promising approaches to solving the bottleneck and data partitioning is one of key issues of the parallel query processing. In this paper we propose a Node based Round Robin data partitioning, short for NRR, to partition a huge size XML document so that queries on the document can be processed in parallel. Our experimental results show that the method has good performance of both speedup and scaleup.
Preclinical evaluation of the antidiabetic effect of Eugenia jambolana seed powder in streptozotocin-diabetic rats (2005)

The world is facing an explosive increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus and cost-effective complementary therapies are needed. The effects of Eugenia jambolana, a household remedy for diabetes, were studied. Streptozotocin diabetic female albino Wistar rats weighing 150-200 g (N = 6) were fed E. jambolana seed powder (250, 500 or 1000 mg/kg) for 15 days. Diabetic rats fed 500 and 1000 mg/kg seed powder showed an increase in body weight on day 20 in relation to day 5 (6 +/- 4.7, 9 +/- 7.8 vs diabetic control -16 +/- 7.1 g, P < 0.001), a decrease in fasting blood glucose (75 +/- 11.9, 123 +/- 14.4 vs diabetic control -34 +/- 12.1 mg/dl, P < 0.001), a difference in post-treatment fasting and peak blood glucose (38 +/- 11.9, 36 +/- 14.2 vs diabetic control 78 +/- 11.9 mg/dl, P < 0.001), and a difference in liver glycogen (50 +/- 6.8, 52 +/- 7.5 vs normal control 90 +/- 6.6 microg/g of liver tissue, P < 0.001). Tri-terpenoids, tannins, gallic acid, and oxalic acid were the chemical constituents detected in E. jambolana seed. The best results were obtained with an oral dose of 500 mg/kg. Subacute toxicity studies with a single administration of 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg seed powder showed no mortality or abnormality. These data on the antidiabetic effect of E. jambolana seed are adequate for approval of phase 2 clinical trials to evaluate this seed powder as complementary therapy in type 2 and type 1 diabetes.
Oriented nucleation and growth of diamond films on β-SiC and Si (1993)

Oriented diamond nuclei prepared by bias-enhanced microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition on β-SiC and Si were characterized by x-ray texture diffractometry. In both cases, x-ray pole figures reveal an epitaxial relation between the orientation of diamond nuclei and the substrate. However, the angular spread of the nuclei orientation is rather large, amounting to 9°–13° (FWHM) in both polar and azimuthal directions. When growing thick diamond films on top of these already oriented diamond nuclei, the evolution of the orientational order depends critically on the growth conditions. In the case of 〈100〉 oriented nuclei, growth conditions which favor the formation of a 〈100〉 fiber texture can even improve the degree of orientational order, whereas other growth conditions result in a deterioration of the epitaxial relationship.
Evaluating realistic performance gains of massive multi-user MIMO system in urban city deployments (2016)

Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) is one of the key technologies in 5G, and it is envisioned to have superior spectral and energy efficiencies. This paper is the first to evaluate Massive MIMO in realistic performance metrics in heterogeneous urban environments, i.e. 20 Macrocells and 20 Picocells, providing cellular services in the city of Bristol (UK). We base our study on a 3D ray-tracing propagation channel model that uses real city maps. We also convolve our channel model with individual 3D complex polarimetric antenna radiation patterns for both base station (BS) and User Equipment (UE). We consider a system configuration with 128 elements at the BS and up to 16 receive terminals (i.e. 16 single-antenna UEs or 8 dual-antenna UEs). Eigen-beamforming precoding and a Received Bit-level mutual Information Rate (RBIR) based abstraction simulator are used on a system level. Millions of cellular links were simulated to ensure statistically relevant results. We quantify the realistically achievable capacity in terms of cell size, number of user terminals, and rank of the users, as well as the gain over traditional 4G Long-Term Evolution (lTE) networks. Overall, 128Tx-16Rx Massive MIMO (with rank-2 UEs) was found to provide up to 434% and 478% more capacity over traditional LTE Single-User MIMO with 8Tx-8Rx configuration in Macrocells and Picocells respectively.
Predicting the Outcome of Construction Litigation Using Boosted Decision Trees (2005)

Construction litigation has become commonplace in numerous construction projects, particularly in large contracts. Miscommunication, inadequate plans and specifications, rigid contracts, changes in site conditions, nonpayment, catch up profits, limitations on manpower, tools, and equipment, improper supervision, notice requirements, constructive changes not recognized as such by owner, delays, and acceleration measures provoke claims and often result in disputes. A boosted decision tree system was used to predict the outcome of construction litigation. The study was conducted by using the same 114 Illinois court cases that were used in earlier prediction studies conducted with artificial neural networks in 1998 and case-based reasoning in 1999, augmented by an additional 18 cases that were filed in 1990–2000. All cases were extracted from the Westlaw on-line service. The best prediction result obtained with boosted decision trees was 90%. The boosted decision tree model appears to be a promising tool to help create a dispute-free construction industry.
Advanced personal communication system (2002)

A novel concept for personal communication that achieves the ultimate objectives of communications services, to enable anyone to communicate instantly with anyone anywhere, is proposed. This concept offers a personal service network with subscriber access systems for both wired and radio terminals. Its three principal concepts are: (1) assigning a personal identity such as a personal telecommunication number for individual, with the network tracking the person's routing, (2) serving ultra-small portable units for radio link access, and (3) servicing advanced functions such as the network playing the role of secretary. An advanced personal communication system in which such functions as location registration and tracking exchange are handled by public communications networks is proposed. Cost-effective and rapid service development can be realizing by using such public communication network facilities as transport systems. The proposed system enables each person to afford a portable telephone set because of large cost reductions and increased capacity, The system architecture and technical problems are also presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis and Structure of Nanocrystalline TiO<sub>2</sub> with Lower Band Gap Showing High Photocatalytic Activity (2004)

Nanocrystalline TiO2 was synthesized by the solution combustion method using titanyl nitrate and various fuels such as glycine, hexamethylenetetramine, and oxalyldihydrazide. These catalysts are active under visible light, have optical absorption wavelengths below 600 nm, and show superior photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue and phenol under UV and solar conditions compared to commercial TiO2, Degussa P-25. The higher photocatalytic activity is attributed to the structure of the catalyst. Various studies such as X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, NMR, UV-vis spectroscopy, and surface acidity measurements were conducted. It was concluded that the primary factor for the enhanced activity of combustion-synthesized catalyst is a larger amount of surface hydroxyl groups and a lowered band gap. The lower band gap can be attributed to the carbon inclusion into the TiO2 giving TiO(2-2x)C(x) VO2**.
Oral Reading in Dementia (2000)

Reading has been thought to consist of three main processing components: the orthographic, phonological, and semantic lexicons. In traditional psycholinguistic models, these components have been treated independently such that the selective dysfunction of one does not necessarily imply the breakdown of another. Recently, it has been proposed that a word's semantic representation is essential to oral reading such that a disturbance within the semantic lexicon will disrupt processing within the orthographic and/or phonological lexicons. From this view, semantic deterioration should lead to fragmentation of the other systems contributing to reading, resulting in a specific pattern of errors during oral reading. This would include (1) a larger than normal advantage for reading words with regular spelling-to-sound correspondence over words with exception spelling, as well as the production of "regularization errors" when reading exception words; and (2) a smaller than normal difference between reading real words and pronounceable nonwords, or pseudowords (PW's). We found that patients with Semantic Dementia generally conformed to these hypothesized patterns of reading difficulty. Despite the presence of a semantic impairment, however, patients with Alzheimer's Disease, Frontotemporal Dementia, and Progressive Non-Fluent Aphasia did not demonstrate these patterns of reading difficulty. Our findings suggest that not all semantic impairments invariably lead to the disruption of the orthographic and phonological lexicons.
Planar-bond-all: A technology for three-dimensional integration of multiple packaging functions into advanced power modules (2015)

A packaging approach has been developed for fabrication of power electronics modules. The multi functions of power packaging are fulfilled through three-dimensional (3-D) planar electrical interconnection, and double sided direct cooling. The further integration of these features into one packaging process has been demonstrated with highly integrated silicon (Si) and silicon carbide (SiC) phase leg power module prototypes. The comprehensive improvements in module's electrical, thermal performance and manufacturability lead to cost-effective, high efficiency, high power density power conversion in electric drive systems of modern vehicles.
Temperature Control of Avalanche Photodiode Using Thermoelectric Cooler (1999)

Avalanche photodiode (APDs) are quantum optical detectors that are used for visible and near infrared optical detection applications. Although APDs are compact, rugged, and have an internal gain mechanism that is suitable for low light intensity; their responsivity, and therefore their output, is strongly dependent on the device temperature. Thermoelectric coolers (TEC) offers a suitable solution to this problem. A TEC is a solid state cooling device, which can be controlled by changing its current. TECs are compact and rugged, and they can precisely control the temperature to within 0.1 degrees C with more than a 150 degree C temperatue gradient between its surfaces. In this memorandum, a proportional integral (PI) temperature controller for APDs using a TEC is discussed. The controller is compact and can successfully cool the APD to almost 0 degrees C in an ambient temperature environment of up to 27 percent C.
A New Way to<i>tert</i>-Butyl [(4<i>R</i>,6<i>R</i>)-6-Aminoethyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl]acetate, a Key Intermediate of Atorvastatin Synthesis (2003)

Abstract A new synthesis of tert-butyl [(4R,6R)-6-aminoethyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl]acetate, a key intermediate of the synthesis of an effective HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin, is described. The synthesis is based on the Henry reaction of nitromethane and tert-butyl [(4R,6S)-6-formyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl] acetate. The formed nitroaldol was then O-acetylated and the sodium borohydride reduction of the intermediate provided tert-butyl [(4R,6R)-2,2-dimethyl-6-nitroethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl] acetate. Catalytic hydrogenation of the nitro group led to the title compound.
The accuracy of dose localization for an image‐guided frameless radiosurgery system (1996)

A compact X-band accelerator mounted on a robotic arm is under development for frameless stereotaxic radiosurgery. The therapy beam is aimed at the lesion by an imaging system comprised of two diagnostic x-ray cameras that view the patient during treatment. Patient position and motion are measured by the cameras and communicated in real time to the robotic arm for beam targeting and patient motion tracking. The tests reported here measured the pointing accuracy of the therapy beam and the present targeting and tracking capability of the imaging system. The results show that the system achieves the same level of targeting precision as conventional frame-based radiosurgery.
An improvement in the synthesis of ethyl pyrimidinecarbamates (1981)

Abstract It is demonstrated that N ‐(ethoxycarbony])pyridinium chloride ( 3 ) is the reactive agent in the synthesis of 4‐ethoxycarbonylamino‐2,6‐dimethylpyrimidine ( 1 ). A good yield (80%) of 1 may be obtained by the condensation of 3 with excess 4‐amino‐2,6‐dimethylpyrimidine using pyridine or dimethylformamide as the solvent. A method allowing for the preparation of 4‐ethoxycarbonylamino‐x‐hydroxypyrimidines via the same process is offered.
The 'tag' URI Scheme (2005)

This document describes the "tag" Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) scheme. Tag URIs (also known as "tags") are designed to be unique across space and time while being tractable to humans. They are distinct from most other URIs in that they have no authoritative resolution mechanism. A tag may be used purely as an entity identifier. Furthermore, using tags has some advantages over the common practice of using "http" URIs as identifiers for non-HTTP-accessible resources.
A submicrometer Nb/AlO<i>x</i>/Nb Josephson junction (1988)

High-quality, submicrometer Nb/AlOx /Nb Josephson junctions were fabricated. The junction area was defined by anodizing an upper Nb electrode using a thin SiO2 mask. By utilizing the anodized Nb as an etch stop during the reactive ion etching of the contact hole in an SiO2 insulator, we could make a junction smaller than the contact hole size. Using stress-free Nb for the junction electrodes was crucial in achieving good current-voltage characteristics. High-quality Nb/AlOx /Nb junctions as small as 0.7 μm square were produced. The quality parameter Vm was greater than 30 mV for a jc of 6800 A/cm2.
The role of root system architecture and root hairs in promoting anchorage against uprooting forces in Allium cepa and root mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana (2002)

The role played by lateral roots and root hairs in promoting plant anchorage, and specifically resistance to vertical uprooting forces has been determined experimentally. Two species were studied, Allium cepa (onion) which has a particularly simple root system and two mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, one without root hairs (rhd 2-1) and another with reduced lateral root branching (axr 4-2). Maximum strength of individual onion roots within a plant increased with plant age. In uprooting tests on onion seedlings, resistance to uprooting could be resolved into a series of events associated with the breakage of individual roots. Peak pulling resistance was explained in a regression model by a combination of a measure of plant size and the extent to which the uprooting resistance of individual roots was additive. This additive effect is termed root co-operation. A simple model is presented to demonstrate the role played by root co-operation in uprooting resistance. In similar uprooting tests on Arabidopsis thaliana, the mutant axr 4-2, with very restricted lateral development, showed a 14% reduction in peak pulling resistance when compared with the wild-type plants of similar shoot dry weight. The uprooting force trace of axr 4-2 was different to that of the wild type, and the main axis was a more significant contributor to anchorage than in the wild type. By contrast, the root hair-deficient mutant rhd 2-1 showed no difference in peak pulling resistance compared with the wild type, suggesting that root hairs do not normally play a role in uprooting resistance. The results show that lateral roots play an important role in anchorage, and that co-operation between roots may be the most significant factor.