gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High Performance Superjunction UMOSFETs with Split P-Columns Fabricated by Multi-Ion-Implantations (2005)

We propose superjunction UMOSFET devices (SJ-UMOS) with split p-column structures for automotive applications with rated voltage of 40-75 V. The split p-column fabricated by multi-ion-implantations consists of p-type islands separated by small distances in an n-type epi-layer. This structure was designed to improve the repetitive inductive switching performance without sacrificing the original benefits of the SJ structure. We achieved a specific on-resistance of 28.7 m/spl Omega/mm/sup 2/ at a gate voltage of 10 V for breakdown voltage of 68.0 V. In addition, we confirmed high immunity against inductive switching stress at 175/spl deg/C and good reverse recovery properties.
Challenging SMT solvers to verify neural networks (2012)

In recent years, Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) solvers are becoming increasingly popular in the Computer Aided Verification and Reasoning community. Used natively or as back-engines, they are accumulating a record of success stories and, as witn
RECESSED-GATE NORMALLY-OFF <font>GaN</font> MOSFET TECHNOLOGIES (2012)

We have fabricated and investigated several types of GaN MOSFETs with normally-off operation. The recessed-gate GaN MOSFET is preferred for normally-off operation, because the threshold voltage (V th ) of the device can be easily controlled, but it suffers from relatively modest current drivability which must be improved by adopting appropriate device structure and/or process. Enhanced performances have been achieved in this work by combining the recessed-gate technology with additional processes, such as: the post-recess tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) treatment to remove the plasma damage, the post-deposition annealing of gate oxide to decrease the gate leakage current, the re-growth of n+ GaN layer for source/drain to improve the access resistance and V th uniformity, the stress control technology to achieve extremely high 2-D electron-gas density (2DEG) on source/drain and decrease the series resistance, and the use of the p- GaN back-barrier to decrease the buffer leakage current. The GaN -based FinFET with very narrow fin was also investigated as a possible candidate for high performance normally-off GaN MOSFETs.
Fast and Simple Relational Processing of Uncertain Data (2008)

This paper introduces U-relations, a succinct and purely relational representation system for uncertain databases. U-relations support attribute-level uncertainty using vertical partitioning. If we consider positive relational algebra extended by an operation for computing possible answers, a query on the logical level can be translated into, and evaluated as, a single relational algebra query on the U-relational representation. The translation scheme essentially preserves the size of the query in terms of number of operations and, in particular, number of joins. Standard techniques employed in off-the-shelf relational database management systems are effective for optimizing and processing queries on U-relations. In our experiments we show that query evaluation on U-relations scales to large amounts of data with high degrees of uncertainty.
중금속 오염원별 복합전기장의 전극판, 전해질 및 중화에 따른 제거율 변화 (2012)

본 연구에서는 토양이나 지하수 오염의 난분해성 유기물이나 중금속이온이 복합적으로 오염된 지하수오염 지역에 전기장을 복합적으로 이용하여 기존 적용되는 전기장의 전력과 전극판, 전해질을 이용하여 분해속도를 증가시켜 중금속이온을 제거 가능하게 하는 특성이 있다. 전극판에 따른 제거율을 확인하기 위해 stainless steel와 Al을 사용하여 분석하였다. 두개의 전극판에서의 제거율을 보면 stainless steel전극판에서 가장 빠른 시간과 높은 제거농도를 나타내었으며, 90%이상의 높은 제거율을 나타내어 Al보다 높은 효율을 나타내었다. 전해질에 의한 제거율을 알아보기 위해 NaCl을 사용하여 분석하였다. 전해질을 가하지 않았을 때 제거농도를 살펴보면 stainless steel전극판의 Ni 최종 제거 농도가 6mg/L로 분석되었고, Cr의 농도는 31mg/L로 나타났다. 전해질 농도가 3%일 때 제거 농도가 Ni의 제거농도는 2.4mg/L로 분석되었으며, Cr의 제거농도는 10.7mg/L로 나타내었다. 전해질 농도 3%의 조건에서 가장 높은 제거율로 분석되어 최적의 전해질 농도는 3%로 판단되었다.
Including real-life application code into power aware network simulation (2010)

We present a methodology and a toolset for power aware HW/SW co-simulation including real-life application code at network level. The toolset consists of the known OMNeT++ network simulation environment and the PAWiS framework, which was extended to include time-annotated and natively executing C c
Mechanism and control of a leg-wheel hybrid mobile robot (2003)

Describes the mechanism and control of a leg-wheel hybrid mobile robot. Legged locomotion has high adaptability for rough terrain, and wheeled locomotion possesses speed and efficiency. A locomotion mechanism that combines legs and wheels is proposed, and a prototype mobile robot that adopts the mechanism is introduced. The robot has four legs, and a wheel is attached at the end of each leg. The front leg has three joints and a passive wheel. The rear leg has one joint and an active wheel. In order to make the best of the mechanism, three locomotion modes, wheel mode, hybrid mode, and step mode, are developed. In the wheel mode, four wheels are used on flat terrain. On rough terrain, the hybrid mode is selected, and two legs and two active wheels are used for locomotion. To climb or descend a large step, the step mode is used.
Electrochemistry of Macrocyclic Cobalt(III/II) Hexaamines:  Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution in Aqueous Solution (1999)

The macrocyclic cobalt hexaamines [Co(trans-diammac)](3+) and [Co(cis-diammac)](3+) (diammac = 6,13-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-6,13-diamine) are capable of reducing the overpotential for hydrogen evolution on a mercury cathode in aqueous solution. Protons are reduced in a catalytic process involving reoxidation of the Co(II) species to its parent Co(III) complex. The cycle is robust at neutral pH with no decomposition of catalyst. The stability of the [Co(trans-diammac)](2+) and [Co(cis-diammac)](2+) complexes depends on the pH of the solution and the coordinating properties of the supporting electrolyte. Electrochemical studies indicate that the adsorbed Co(II) complex on the surface of mercury is the active catalyst for the reduction of protons to dihydrogen.
Cutting Edge: CD99 Is a Novel Therapeutic Target for Control of T Cell–Mediated Central Nervous System Autoimmune Disease (2016)

Leukocyte trafficking into the CNS is a prominent feature driving the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Blocking the recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes into the CNS represents an exploitable therapeutic target; however, the adhesion molecules that specifically regulate the step of leukocyte diapedesis into the CNS remain poorly understood. We report that CD99 is critical for lymphocyte transmigration without affecting adhesion in a human blood-brain barrier model. CD99 blockade in vivo ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and decreased the accumulation of CNS inflammatory infiltrates, including dendritic cells, B cells, and CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Anti-CD99 therapy was effective when administered after the onset of disease symptoms and blocked relapse when administered therapeutically after disease symptoms had recurred. These findings underscore an important role for CD99 in the pathogenesis of CNS autoimmunity and suggest that it may serve as a novel therapeutic target for controlling neuroinflammation.
VRLA Battery Virtual Reference Electrode: Battery Float Charge Analysis (2008)

This paper investigates the problems and deficiencies with present valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery float charge techniques. The requirements and goals of float charge are identified, and a mechanism for assessing the achievement of these goals is provided. An electrical equivalent model of a VRLA cell's float charge operational region is developed. This model replicates both the steady-state and transient responses of a float charging VRLA cell. Based on the response of each electrode within a cell to an applied stimulus, a simple test-and-analysis procedure is developed. This procedure extracts reference-electrode-like polarization information from any conventional 2 V VRLA cell in float service. This test procedure is applied to the terminals of a standard cell, and does not require any physical modification to the cell.
Vascularized nerve grafts. A review. (1995)

The attempts to reconstruct a transected trunk nerve with a free nerve graft of equal diameter have been hindered by the problem of delayed establishment of blood supply to the nerve graft and development eventually of central necrosis and finally failure of nerve regeneration. The transfer of a nerve graft which maintains its blood supply through its vascular pedicle that is microsurgically anastomosed to the recipient site vessels, provided the reconstructive microsurgeon with a new perspective to the clinical problem. A vascularized nerve graft diminishes endoneurial scarring by maintaining the Schwann cell population and decreasing fibroblast infiltration providing, thus, an optimal nutritional environment that results in an increased rate of axonal regeneration.
Investigating High Performance RMA Interfaces for the MPI-3 Standard (2009)

The MPI-2 Standard, released in 1997, defined an interface for one-sided communication, also known as remote memory access (RMA). It was designed with the goal that it should permit efficient implementations on multiple platforms and networking technologies, and also in heterogeneous environments and non-cache-coherent systems. Nonetheless, even 12 years after its existence, the MPI-2 RMA interface remains scarcely used for a number of reasons. This paper discusses the limitations of the MPI-2 RMA specification, outlines the goals and requirements for a new RMA API that would better meet the needs of both users and implementers, and presents a strawman proposal for such an API. We also study the tradeoffs facing the design of this new API and discuss how it may be implemented efficiently on both cache-coherent and non-cache-coherent systems.
Unsupervised learning in noise (1990)

A new hybrid learning law, the differential competitive law, which uses the neuronal signal velocity as a local unsupervised reinforcement mechanism, is introduced, and its coding and stability behavior in feedforward and feedback networks is examined. This analysis is facilitated by the recent Gluck-Parker pulse-coding interpretation of signal functions in differential Hebbian learning systems. The second-order behavior of RABAM (random adaptive bidirectional associative memory) Brownian-diffusion systems is summarized by the RABAM noise suppression theorem: the mean-squared activation and synaptic velocities decrease exponentially quickly to their lower bounds, the instantaneous noise variances driving the system. This result is extended to the RABAM annealing model, which provides a unified framework from which to analyze Geman-Hwang combinatorial optimization dynamical systems and continuous Boltzmann machine learning.
Fatty acid enhancement of human serum albumin binding properties. A spin label study. (1977)

The introduction of a new spin-labeled anionic ligand, 1-gamma-aminobutyrate-5-N-(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-aminopiperidinyl)-2,4-dinitrobenzene, is reported. Under the experimental conditions, the first molar equivalent of this ligand is 93% bound to human serum albumin. With the addition of palmitate, the free spin label concentration decreases greatly, by almost 80%, in the presence of a fatty acid:albumin ratio of 3:1 to 4:1. The spectral characteristics of the bound spin label are also affected. The changes seen in the intensity of and the splitting between the high and low field extrema are indicative of perturbations of the protein molecule. It is seen then that the binding of each molar equivalent of fatty acid effects the conformation state of albumin and allosterically affects albumin binding properties. Computer spectral subtractions, furthermore, suggest that the binding of the first molar equivalent of palmitate specifically increases the affinity of the first two 1-gamma-amino-butyrate-5-N-(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-aminopiperidinyl)-2,4-dinitrobenzene binding sites. The present results indicate that fluctuations in serum free fatty acid levels within the physiological range may have a major modulatory effect on the free serum levels of certain drugs and/or physiological substances that bind to albumin.
Ultrasonic effects on the electro-reduction of oxygen at a glassy carbon anthraquinone-modified electrode. The Koutecky–Levich equation applied to insonated electro-catalytic reactions (2003)

We report the electro-reduction of oxygen in aqueous solution at glassy carbon electrodes modified by the physical adsorption of 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone. The catalytic currents are significantly increased under insonation in a manner quantitatively consistent with the increased mass transport as predicted via the Koutecky–Levich equation using diffusion layer thicknesses calculated via studies on well-defined, simple one-electron systems.
Prebiotic oligosaccharides: <i>In vitro</i> evidence for gastrointestinal epithelial transfer and immunomodulatory properties (2010)

Prebiotic oligosaccharides are present in breast milk and evidence is pointing toward immunomodulatory properties of the acidic fraction. Recently, prebiotic supplements of infant formula [short-chain galacto (scGOS)-, long-chain fructo (lcFOS)-oligosaccharides] showed preventive effects on atopic disease development. We aimed to define the direct immunologic effects of these oligosaccharides and of human (aHMOS) and cows' milk (aCMOS) acidic oligosaccharides and to investigate the systemic uptake of prebiotic supplements of infant formula and a specific pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharide hydrolysate (pAOS) in vitro. After assurance of LPS-free conditions (limulus assay, toll like receptor-2, -4 transfected human embryonic kidney-cells), in vitro-transfer through a CaCo-2 cell monolayer was measured using high-pH anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Direct effects on proliferation, cytokine-induction of cord blood mononuclear cells and modulation of allergen-specific CD4+ T-cell cytokine profiles from allergic and non-allergic individuals were investigated. Transfer of scGOS/lcFOS and pAOS in-vitro was detected with a rate of transfer of 4-14%, depending on the molecular size and structure. AHMOS induced IFN-γ and IL-10 but not the Th-2 cytokine IL-13 at physiologic concentrations (10-100 μg/ml) in cord blood, whereas aCMOS did not induce any of these cytokines. AHMOS significantly suppressed Th-2 type cytokine-production by Ara h1-specific CD4+ T cells (CFSE(low) CD3(+) CD4(+) cells) from peanut allergic patients. In conclusion, human milk-derived acidic oligosaccharides may modulate postnatal allergen-specific immune responses by the suppression of Th-2-type responses in atopy-prone individuals. Moreover, there is in vitro evidence for epithelial transport of prebiotic oligosaccharides.
Ultra-wideband tightly coupled phased array antenna for low-frequency radio telescope (2013)

This paper introduces a novel approach to a broadband array design for a low frequency radio telescope. It presents a low profile ultra-wideband tightly coupled phased array antenna with integrated feedlines. The approach consists of applying broadband techniques to an array of capacitively coupled planar element pairs with an octagonal fractal geometry, backed by a ground plane. Designed as a low cost, low loss, dual-polarized wideband array, this antenna is optimised for operation between 50 and 250 MHz. Simulations have shown that the antenna has a wide-scanning ability with a low cross-polarisation level, over the operational broad frequency range.
DNA Amplifcation Based on Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Sensitive Detection of the Mycoplasmalike Organism Associated with Paulownia Witches'-Broom. (1994)

DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to detect the mycoplasma-like organism (MLO) associated with paulownia witches'-broom (PaWB). A 1.2kb DNA fragment of PaWB MLO was amplified with primer pair R16F2R2. A minimum of only 16pg total nucleic acids from infected paulownia tissue culture maintained at 25-28°C was needed to detect PaWB MLO. An appropriate concentration of total nucleic acids for amplification used for detection of PaWB MLO from the tissue culture was demonstrated to be 240pg/μl to 6.5ng/μl. PaWB MLO DNA content in total nucleic acids from MLO-infected tissue culture was as high as 5 times that from MLO-infected paulownia plant grown at 23-25°C in the greenhouse. Results showed that the amplification by PCR is highly effective in detecting the low concentrations of PaWB MLO known to occur in irregular patterns in diseased paulownia plants.
Gas distribution through injection manifolds in vacuum systems (1995)

When injecting gas into a vacuum system, quite often the gas is distributed through a gas injection manifold. However, designs normally rely upon practical experience. By considering the manifold arrangement as a network of flow restrictions it is possible to optimize the distribution of gas throughout the manifold. The methodology for determining the flow distribution through the two simplest topologies of gas manifold, single- and double-opening manifolds from a single-gas injection point, is derived in this article. It is shown that the double-opening manifold topology tends to provide more uniform flow distribution than the single-opening manifold topology for similar conductance ratios. The results of this work include a summation formula for the single-opening manifold. In addition, guidelines for one type of tailored flow manifold are given. Finally, three basic design rules are presented: (1) use as few holes in the manifold as possible, (2) use a double opening manifold when possible, and (3) specify tube dimensions such that the tube/spray hole conductance ratio is maximized.
Anesthetics as tEratogens: Nitrous Oxide Is Fetotoxic, Xenon Is Not (1980)

Exposure of pregnant rats to the anesthetic nitrous oxide on the ninth day of gestation causes fetal resorption, skeletal anomalies, and macroscopic lesions including encephalocele, anophthalmia, microphthalmia, and gastroschisis. The inert gas xenon, which has anesthetic properties similar to those of nitrous oxide, does not cause teratogenic effects under the same experimental conditions.
Room-Temperature Stille Cross-Couplings of Alkenyltin Reagents and Functionalized Alkyl Bromides that Possess β Hydrogens (2003)

This communication describes a significant expansion in the scope of Stille reactions of Csp3-X electrophiles, specifically, that Pd/P(t-Bu)2Me catalyzes the room-temperature cross-coupling of a variety of functionalized, beta-hydrogen-containing alkyl bromides with an array of alkenyltin reagents. The structure of the phosphine (P(t-Bu)2Me) is well suited for facilitating oxidative addition and avoiding beta-hydride elimination, while the fluoride serves to activate the tin reagent for efficient transmetalation.
Stressed Out Over a Stress Hormone (2009)

The hormone ABA lets plants handle rough times and holds promise for making drought-resistant crops, if only researchers could nail down its molecular partners.
Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Bactericidal Activity and Oxidative Metabolism During Glutathione Peroxidase Deficiency (1977)

Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) deficiency has been proposed as a cause of some instances of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). GPx activity varies greatly among species, and specific deficiency of this selenium-dependent enzyme can be produced by dietary selenium deficiency in rats. Bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes from normal rats, humans, and guinea pigs (GPx high, intermediate, and nearly absent, respectively), selenium-deficient rats (GPx absent), and a patient with CGD were compared. There was no correlation between natural levels of GPx and bactericidal activity; only CGD was associated with inability to kill a Proteus mirabilis strain in vitro (killing known to be dependent on oxidative mechanisms). Postphagocytic metabolism was examined in normal and GPx-deficient rats. Both demonstrated normal iodination and superoxide production during phagocytosis and gave similar histochemical reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium dye under either resting or endotoxin-stimulation conditions. Postphagocytic hexose monophosphate shunt activity was somewhat lower in PMN from GPx-deficient animals as compared with normal but was substantially (10-fold) higher than that observed in resting cells. Thus, postphagocytic oxidative responses and subsequent bactericidal activity of PMN leukocytes were not compromised by complete absence of GPx, even in the species with the highest natural level of this enzyme. These results are not compatible with the hypothesis that CGD can be caused by a deficiency of GPx.
Variational Stereovision and 3D Scene Flow Estimation with Statistical Similarity Measures (2003)

We present a common variational framework for dense depth recovery and dense three-dimensional motion field estimation from multiple video sequences, which is robust to camera spectral sensitivity differences and illumination changes. For this purpose, we first show that both problems reduce to a generic image matching problem after backprojecting the input images onto suitable surfaces. We then solve this matching problem in the case of statistical similarity criteria that can handle frequently occurring nonaffine image intensities dependencies. Our method leads to an efficient and elegant implementation based on fast recursive filters. We obtain good results on real images. 1.
The application of stereoscopic techniques to high -resolution radar images for improved detection of targets in clutter (1994)

High resolution radar imaging systems are often troubled by coherent clutter interference from undesired scatterers in the same resolution cells as a target of interest. The effect is a masking of the target by the interference, thus reducing the contrast of the target in a high resolution image. The reduced contrast affects the detection and recognition performance in radar applications. This dissertation presents a detailed investigation into a novel technique for improving the detectability of a target embedded in clutter interference. The procedure involves stereoscopic viewing of a pair of high resolution radar pictures in which the target appears in different positions relative to a fixed clutter background. The perception by a human observer is a three dimensional image in which the target is at a closer depth than the clutter. Experiments with human observers are reported with results of detection improvements up to 7 dB. An automatic procedure, based on a simple model for a human observer, is developed and shown to outperform optimal detection from a single radar picture by 11 dB. Data acquisition for stereo viewing is investigated, and factors which affect the performance of stereo for target detection are identified.
CXV.—The constitution of the glycerylphosphates. The synthesis of α- and β-glycerylphosphates (1914)

H. King and F. L. Pyman, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1914, 105, 1238 DOI: 10.1039/CT9140501238
The Sharpless asymmetric aminohydroxylation reaction: optimising ligand/substrate control of regioselectivity for the synthesis of 3- and 4-aminosugars (2008)

An investigation of the factors responsible for the sense and magnitude of regioselectivity in the Sharpless asymmetric aminohydroxylation (AA) has been conducted. Theoretical investigations of ligand-osmium binding geometry and experimental investigations of the Sharpless AA reaction on a series of functionalized pent-2-enoic acid ester substrates demonstrate that the opposite regioselectivity afforded using PHAL and AQN ligands results from a change in substrate orientation with respect to the catalyst. Two distinct ligand binding domains within the catalyst have been proposed that undergo attractive interactions with the substrates. Selective access to each of the four potential regio- and stereo-isomeric AA products could be achieved through the appropriate choice of ligand and substrate. These results have been applied toward the efficient stereoselective synthesis of naturally occurring and regioisomeric 3- and 4-aminosugar derivatives.