gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Finite element modelling of shear band localisation and application to rock cutting by a PDC tool (1994)

Abstract Several simulations of rock cutting at great depth by a single PDC cutter were carried out using the finite element method. They proved of great help in understanding the failure mechanisms inside the rock that are determinant for cutting efficiency. Shear bands, i.e. weaker regions along which a chip will develop, are successfully detected and localised using two different criteria, including an original one based on the evolution of strains during the cutting process. As classical finite element meshes lock the actual progression of shear bands, remeshing techniques are developed and applied so as to model the effective formation of chips into the rock. Automation of the different steps will result in a very useful numerical tool for optimisation in well-boring.
Diastereoselective Friedel−Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with Chiral α-Phenyl Benzylic Cations. Asymmetric Synthesis of <i>Anti</i>-1,1,2-Triarylalkanes (2008)

The reactions of chiral benzyl carbocations bearing alpha-phenyl substituents with N-sulfonylated indoles afford 1,1,2-triarylalkanes with anti-selectivities. This outcome is a reversal of facial diastereoselectivity relative to Bach's alpha-alkyl-bearing benzyl cations. The reactions are promoted by either a Brønsted acid (TFA) or Lewis acid (BF3.OEt2), offering differential diastereoselectivities and reactivities. The electronic properties of both reacting partners strongly influence the reaction rates and the product diastereoselectivities and appear to operate under kinetic control. This chemistry provides an efficient access to sterically congested tetrasubstituted ethanes.
The Relationship between Personality Match and Pet Satisfaction among Dog Owners (2013)

ABSTRACTWe investigated the extent to which personality match between dog and owner is related to pet satisfaction. Prior research shows that owners relinquish dogs at a high rate, not only in the United States, but also in other countries. New procedures to match owners to future pets could reduce the problem of homeless pets. These were developed after examining the literature to determine all possible traits in dogs and conducting structured interviews to check for further traits. After doing this, 45 traits were determined, and two surveys were created. One survey assessed the personality traits of the dog, and the other assessed the owner's personality traits. In our study, 88 dog owners were asked to report their satisfaction with their self-selected dog and to describe their dog's personality characteristics, based on eight dimensions. Correlations between dog satisfaction scores and dog–owner personality match revealed four characteristics that were significantly associated with satisfaction: tendency to share possessions, love of running outside, likeliness of being destructive, and ability to get along with others. These results suggest that prospective dog owners may want to consider adopting dogs who match their personality on these characteristics. Matching the personality of dogs and their owners on a few characteristics may predict owner satisfaction. This is important as it may reduce the number of dogs that are relinquished by owners as well as the number of dogs left homeless each year.Keywords: caninehumanmatchingpersonality
Tongue‐Base Suspension in Conjunction with Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for Treatment of Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Long‐Term Follow‐Up Results (2006)

When associated with UPPP, the TBS technique performed with the Repose system demonstrates a surgical success of up to 78% for patients with severe OSA who refused nasal continuous positive airway pressure.
Bottom-Up Assembly of Hydrogels from Bacteriophage and Au Nanoparticles: The Effect of Cis- and Trans-Acting Factors (2008)

Hydrogels have become a promising research focus because of their potential for biomedical application. Here we explore the long-range, electrostatic interactions by following the effect of trans-acting (pH) and cis-acting factors (peptide mutation) on the formation of Au-phage hydrogels. These bioinorganic hydrogels can be generated from the bottom-up assembly of Au nanoparticles (Au NP) with either native or mutant bacteriophage (phage) through electrostatic interaction of the phage pVIII major capsid proteins (pVIII). The cis-acting factor consists of a peptide extension displayed on the pVIII that mutates the phage. Our results show that pH can dictate the direct-assembly and stability of Au-phage hydrogels in spite of the differences between the native and the mutant pVIII. The first step in characterizing the interactions of Au NP with phage was to generate a molecular model that identified the charge distribution and structure of the native and mutant pVIII. This model indicated that the mutant peptide extension carried a higher positive charge relative to the native pVIII at all pHs. Next, by monitoring the Au-phage interaction by means of optical microscopy, elastic light scattering, fractal dimension analysis as well as Uv-vis and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, we show that the positive charge of the mutant peptide extension favors the opposite charge affinity between the phage and Au NP as the pH is decreased. These results show the versatility of this assembly method, where the stability of these hydrogels can be achieved by either adjusting the pH or by changing the composition of the phage pVIII without the need of phage display libraries.
Catalytic Performance of Rh/CeO<sub>2</sub> in the Gasification of Cellulose to Synthesis Gas at Low Temperature (2001)

The gasification of cellulose has been investigated on Rh catalysts supported on CeO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, TiO2, MgO, and SiO2 at very low temperatures (723−823 K) in a laboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor using air as a gasifying agent. Of the catalysts, only Rh/CeO2 showed the excellent catalytic performance in the cellulose gasification at above 823 K, resulting in 100% carbon conversion to gas. The details of reaction conditions that affected the performance of the catalyst have been optimized. The best results have been found at above 823 K using the total flow rate of 170 cm3 min-1 of inlet gases. The total carbon conversion was achieved when 50 mg of cellulose was used in a batch. The Rh loading of 1.2 × 10-4 mol (g of catalyst)-1 on CeO2 and W/F of 1.8 gh mol-1 were optima for the total conversion of carbon to gases. Fresh and used catalysts were characterized by a Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The BET surface area has been decreased from 59 to 24 m2/g during the first batch reaction; however, this value decreased to 21 m2/g during the next 20 batches. No Rh particle was observed in the TEM image of the fresh catalyst; however, in the used catalyst, it was observed, and the particle size was 1.5−2.2 nm on CeO2.
IMPROVEMENT OF TRAFFIC SAFETY BY ROAD-VEHICLE COOPERATIVE SMART CRUISE SYSTEMS (2000)

Hopes have been pinned on the development of intelligent systems for road traffic as a way of solving road traffic safety and other such issues. To be sure, work is moving ahead with the incorporation of intelligent systems into automobiles but, with automobiles alone, there are limits in areas such as environment recognition. Compensation for the limits imposed by automobiles can be provided by the support given to environment recognition and related areas of road infrastructure. This paper examines the special features of vehicles and road infrastructure, and describes what role is played by roads and what role is played by vehicles. On the basis of the observations made, road-vehicle cooperative support systems called “smart cruise systems”, which are currently being developed, will be introduced and the expected effects of these systems will be outlined.
Morphogenesis of the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Beyond Active Membrane Expansion (2006)

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of higher eukaryotic cells is a dynamic network of interconnected membrane tubules that pervades almost the entire cytoplasm. On the basis of the morphological changes induced by the disruption of the cytoskeleton or molecular motor proteins, the commonly accepted model has emerged that microtubules and conventional kinesin (kinesin-1) are essential determinants in establishing and maintaining the structure of the ER by active membrane expansion. Surprisingly, very similar ER phenotypes have now been observed when the cytoskeleton-linking ER membrane protein of 63 kDa (CLIMP-63) is mutated, revealing stable attachment of ER membranes to the microtubular cytoskeleton as a novel requirement for ER maintenance. Additional recent findings suggest that ER maintenance also requires ongoing homotypic membrane fusion, possibly controlled by the p97/p47/VICP135 protein complex. Work on other proteins proposed to regulate ER structure, including huntingtin, the EF-hand Ca(2+)-binding protein p22, the vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B and kinectin isoforms further contribute to the new emerging concept that ER shape is not only determined by motor driven processes but by a variety of different mechanisms.
Investigation of the Fire Behaviour of PEEK-based Polymers and Compounds (2011)

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a polymer with outstanding performance, particularly concerning temperature resistance, chemical resistance and mechanical characteristics. Literature shows a gap in the knowledge with regards to PEEK flammability and decomposition products. \nThe aim of this thesis is to describe the decomposition and flammability behaviour of PEEK, in order to develop new fire safe PEEK-based materials. By relating the measured thermal decomposition behaviour and changes in physical properties of PEEK materials to their performance in standard flammability tests, the dependence of these tests has been investigated with regards to orientation, thickness, presence of fillers, moisture absorption and absorption of infrared radiation. This understanding can inform the development of modified PEEK materials with enhanced fire safety. \nVarious industry standard tests have been utilised to examine PEEK such as the Cone Calorimeter (ISO 5660), UL-94 (EN 60695-10-11), Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) in both air and inert atmospheres and the Small Flame Ignitability Test (ISO 11925). PEEK decomposition has been investigated using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Simultaneous Thermal Analysis coupled with Fourier Transform Infrared (STA-FTIR) and Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (pyGC/MS). Residue analysis has been carried out using Diamond Attenuated Total Reflectance coupled with Fourier Transform Infrared (dATR-FTIR), Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MAS-NMR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Electron Dispersive X-ray Analysis (SEM-EDX). \nThermal analysis shows a rapid mass loss around 580°C followed by a slower mass loss of the resultant char. The stages of decomposition have been investigated by using FTIR and NMR on the condensed phase residues. Samples subjected to various temperature regimes have been observed in the dATR-FTIR and MAS-NMR and the results shows differences in the structures of the residue during decomposition.\nGenerally, filled PEEK materials (with glass fibre, carbon fibre and talc) tend to have lower flammability in the Cone Calorimeter with a longer time to ignition and a lower peak heat release rate compared to the unfilled materials. The same is true in the LOI, where filled materials give a higher oxygen index, and in the UL-94 test where shorter burn times are recorded. PEEK shows inconsistent behaviour in some flammability tests, possibly due to the critical heat flux for ignition of PEEK being so close to the heat fluxes employed in many industry standard tests. The presence of moisture within the samples also reduces the time to ignition of PEEK in the Cone Calorimeter and increases the burning time in the UL-94, possibly due to the formation of a foamed sample close to the melting temperature of the polymer.
Effective and Efficient Approach for Power Reduction by Using Multi-Bit Flip-Flops (2012)

Power has become a burning issue in modern VLSI design. In modern integrated circuits, the power consumed by clocking gradually takes a dominant part. Given a design, we can reduce its power consumption by replacing some flip-flops with fewer multi-bit flip-flops. However, this procedure may affect the performance of the original circuit. Hence, the flip-flop replacement without timing and placement capacity constraints violation becomes a quite complex problem. To deal with the difficulty efficiently, we have proposed several techniques. First, we perform a co-ordinate transformation to identify those flip-flops that can be merged and their legal regions. Besides, we show how to build a combination table to enumerate possible combinations of flip-flops provided by a library. Finally, we use a hierarchical way to merge flip-flops. Besides power reduction, the objective of minimizing the total wirelength is also considered. The time complexity of our algorithm is Θ(n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1.12</sup> ) less than the empirical complexity of Θ(n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ). According to the experimental results, our algorithm significantly reduces clock power by 20-30% and the running time is very short. In the largest test case, which contains 1 700 000 flip-flops, our algorithm only takes about 5 min to replace flip-flops and the power reduction can achieve 21%.
Relative Performance Guarantees for Approximate Inference in Latent Dirichlet Allocation (2008)

Hierarchical probabilistic modeling of discrete data has emerged as a powerful tool for text analysis. Posterior inference in such models is intractable, and practitioners rely on approximate posterior inference methods such as variational inference or Gibbs sampling. There has been much research in designing better approximations, but there is yet little theoretical understanding of which of the available techniques are appropriate, and in which data analysis settings. In this paper we provide the beginnings of such understanding. We analyze the improvement that the recently proposed collapsed variational inference (CVB) provides over mean field variational inference (VB) in latent Dirichlet allocation. We prove that the difference in the tightness of the bound on the likelihood of a document decreases as O(k −1)+ √ log m/m, where k is the number of topics in the model and m is the number of words in a document. As a consequence, the advantage of CVB over VB is lost for long documents but increases with the number of topics. We demonstrate empirically that the theory holds, using simulated text data and two text corpora. We provide practical guidelines for choosing an approximation. 1
Luminescence as a Probe of Metal Effects in Fluidized Cracking Catalysts (1991)

Naphthenate, phthalocyanine and porphyrin ligands have been used to represent vanadium contaminants in petroleum feedstocks. Lanthanum HY zeolites were then V-loaded with each of these species and the vanadium deposited was passivated with tetraphenyl tin. Materials were studied by luminescence emission and lifetime measurements after drying, calcination and steam aging. Results suggest that naphthenates are degraded most readily followed by phthalocyanines and by porphyrins. Vanadium, after the oxidative decomposition (in air) of naphthenate and phthalocyanine ligands, forms V2O5. When vanadyl mesotetraphenyl porphyrin was used to metal load LaY crystals, V2O5 formation was observed only after steam-aging. Tin addition prevents (minimizes) vanadia formation irrespective of the vanadium contaminant used. Luminescence can detect V2O5 formation when LRS (and XRD) cannot.
Linked-In: Design and Efficacy of Antibody Drug Conjugates in Oncology (2013)

The use of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) as targeted chemotherapies has successfully entered clinical practice and holds great promise. ADCs consist of an antibody and toxin-drug combined together via a chemical linker. While the antibody and drug are of vital importance in the direct elimination of cancer cells, more advanced linker technology was instrumental in the delivery of more potent drugs with fewer side effects. Here, we discuss the preclinical experience as well as clinical trials, with a specific emphasis on the clinical outcomes and side effects, in addition to linker strategies for five different ADCs, in order to describe different approaches in the development of this new class of anticancer agents. Brentuximab vedotin is approved for use in Hodgkin's lymphoma and Trastuzumab emtansine is approved for breast cancer. Combotox, Inotuzumab Ozogamicin, and Moxetumomab Pasudotox are in various stages of clinical development and are showing significant efficacy in lymphoid malignancies. These ADCs illustrate the promise and future potential of targeted therapy for presently incurable malignancies.
Accessing the Single‐Electron Manifold: Magnesium‐mediated Hydrogen Release from Silanes (2014)

Reactions of TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy) with magnesium hydride species initiate oxidative hydrogen release, which may be elaborated to a catalytic regime within a manifold constructed about sequential TEMPO-mediated redox and Mg-O/Si-H metathesis processes.
Numerical filtering for the operation of robotic manipulators through kinematically singular configurations (1988)

Abstract The loss of independent degrees of freedom at singular configurations is an inherent characteristic of robotic manipulators. Due to the unavoidable singularity of mechanical wrists, singular configurations cannot be avoided by simply restricting the bounds of the workspace. Techniques for operating at singular configurations without inducing unacceptably high joint velocities or end effector tracking errors are presented. Extensions to the damped least‐squares formulation which incorporate estimates of the proximity to singularities and selective filtering of singular components are illustrated. The generality of the technique presented is illustrated in a computer simulation of a commercially available manipulator operating through singular configurations.
Advanced Lithium Secondary Batteries Using Tin-Iron Alloy Negative Electrodes Prepared by Electroplating (2003)

The charge-discharge behaviour of tin-iron (13% by weight) alloy films plated on rolled copper foils was investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns of the tin-iron alloy films contained peaks corresponding to FeSn2 and tin. This negative electrode possessed a discharge capacity of 356 mAh/g after 50 cycles using metallic lithium as the counter electrode and was superior to tin-plated copper and carbon negative electrodes. These results suggest that the dispersion of iron in tin deposits separated from the tin-iron alloy during the first charge reaction improves the electrical conductivity between regions of tin-lithium intermetallic compounds formed during discharge and leads to the suppression of repeated contraction and expansion of the plated film.
Simultaneous measurement of spectral distribution and shape (2002)

We propose a measurement system of spectral distribution and shape of an object with the use of an imaging spectrograph. Color and shape information are very important for us to recognize objects. A RGB color camera is usually used to measure color, but a real image is a projection of a complex optical phenomenon with spectral distribution. However, there are only few systems measuring spectral distribution as an image. Moreover there is no system which can acquire both spectral distribution and shape information. We propose a system which is able to measure spectral distribution and shape simultaneously with the use of the imaging spectrograph, a turntable and gray code patterns projection.
Cell Origins and Diagnostic Accuracy of Interleukin 27 in Pleural Effusions (2012)

The objective of the present study was to investigate the presence of interleukin (IL)-27 in pleural effusions and to evaluate the diagnostic significance of pleural IL-27. The concentrations of IL-27 were determined in pleural fluids and sera from 68 patients with tuberculous pleural effusion, 63 malignant pleural effusion, 22 infectious pleural effusion, and 21 transudative pleural effusion. Flow cytometry was used to identify which pleural cell types expressed IL-27. It was found that the concentrations of pleural IL-27 in tuberculous group were significantly higher than those in malignant, infectious, and transudative groups, respectively. Pleural CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, B cells, monocytes, macrophages, and mesothelial cells might be the cell sources for IL-27. IL-27 levels could be used for diagnostic purpose for tuberculous pleural effusion, with the cut off value of 1,007 ng/L, IL-27 had a sensitivity of 92.7% and specificity of 99.1% for differential diagnosing tuberculous pleural effusion from non-tuberculous pleural effusions. Therefore, compared to non-tuberculous pleural effusions, IL-27 appeared to be increased in tuberculous pleural effusion. IL-27 in pleural fluid is a sensitive and specific biomarker for the differential diagnosing tuberculous pleural effusion from pleural effusions with the other causes.
Analysis of optimum diversity combining and decision feedback equalization in dispersive Rayleigh fading (1999)

This paper presents a simplified derivation of the structure and performance of the optimum diversity combiner/decision feedback equalizers, previously derived by Balaban and Salz (1992). Our analysis is based on fundamental results of linear prediction and estimation theory. New closed-form expressions that benchmark the performance of these receivers in a two-beam slowly Rayleigh fading channel having equal and unequal mean strength paths are provided. The results give insight into the benefits of utilizing space diversity and decision feedback equalization in a frequency-selective fading environment.
Ontology-Based Multiple Choice Question Generation (2014)

With recent advancements in Semantic Web technologies, a new trend in MCQ item generation has emerged through the use of ontologies. Ontologies are knowledge representation structures that formally describe entities in a domain and their relationships, thus enabling automated inference and reasoning. Ontology-based MCQ item generation is still in its infancy, but substantial research efforts are being made in the field. However, the applicability of these models for use in an educational setting has not been thoroughly evaluated. In this paper, we present an experimental evaluation of an ontology-based MCQ item generation system known as OntoQue. The evaluation was conducted using two different domain ontologies. The findings of this study show that ontology-based MCQ generation systems produce satisfactory MCQ items to a certain extent. However, the evaluation also revealed a number of shortcomings with current ontology-based MCQ item generation systems with regard to the educational significance of an automatically constructed MCQ item, the knowledge level it addresses, and its language structure. Furthermore, for the task to be successful in producing high-quality MCQ items for learning assessments, this study suggests a novel, holistic view that incorporates learning content, learning objectives, lexical knowledge, and scenarios into a single cohesive framework.