gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Out-coupling of Longitudinal Photoacoustic Pulses by Mitigating the Phase Cancellation (2016)

Waves of any kinds, including sound waves and light waves, can interfere constructively or destructively when they are overlapped, allowing for myriad applications. However, unlike continuous waves of a single frequency, interference of photoacoustic pulses is often overlooked because of their broadband characteristics and short pulse durations. Here, we study cancellation of two symmetric photoacoustic pulses radiated in the opposite direction from the same photoacoustic sources near a free surface. The cancellation occurs when one of the two pulses is reflected with polarity reversal from the free surface and catches up with the other. The cancellation effect, responsible for reduced signal amplitudes, is systematically examined by implementing a thin transparent matching medium of the same acoustic impedance. By changing the thickness of the transparent layer, the overlap of the two symmetric pulses is controlled. For optimized matching layers, the cancellation effect can be significantly reduced, while the resulting output waveform remains unchanged. Similar to the planar absorber, different dimensional absorbers including cylinders and spheres also exhibit the cancellation between the outward and inward waves. This work could provide further understanding of photoacoustic generation and a simple strategy for increasing photoacoustic signal amplitudes.
Degrees of Difficulty of Water-Consuming Reactions in the Absence of Enzymes (2006)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDegrees of Difficulty of Water-Consuming Reactions in the Absence of EnzymesRichard WolfendenView Author Information Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2006, 106, 8, 3379–3396Publication Date (Web):July 13, 2006Publication History Received17 January 2006Published online13 July 2006Published inissue 1 August 2006https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr050311yhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr050311yresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2006 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2250Altmetric-Citations178LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Hydrolysis,Kinetic parameters,Peptides and proteins,Phosphates,Transition states Get e-Alerts
Direct Teaching Algorithm for a Manipulator in a Constraint Condition using the Teaching Force Shaping Method (2010)

This paper proposes a direct teaching algorithm to teach a manipulator in a constraint condition by the teaching force and moment of an operator. Most of the previous research supposes that an operator's teaching motion is always right while under the direct teaching process. However, the operator's teaching motion is not precise enough to directly teach the manipulator in a constraint condition with small contact force. For this reason, the novel idea of modifying the operator's original teaching force into the adequate teaching force considering the contact situation is proposed in this paper. It is termed the 'teaching force shaping method'. The direct teaching algorithm using the 'teaching force shaping method' is also proposed. As a result, with the proposed direct teaching algorithm, the reference trajectory of a manipulator can be directly taught even when the manipulator comes into contact with the workpiece and the contact has to be maintained with small contact force while under the teaching process. Verification of the proposed control scheme is demonstrated through experimental results.
Negative interference of bilirubin and hemoglobin in the MEIA troponin I assay but not in the MEIA CK&hyphen;MB assay (2001)

Troponin I is a sensitive and specific marker for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Several commercially available immunoassays measure the concentration of troponin I in serum. The microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA) for troponin I (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL) is widely used in clinical laboratories, including our hospital laboratory. We studied the effect of bilirubin and hemolysis on the MEIA for troponin I and compared our assay with a newly available chemiluminescent assay (CLIA) for troponin I (Bayer Diagnostics, Tarrytown, NY). We also measured CK-MB concentration using the MEIA CK-MB assay. One serum pool was prepared by combining several specimens of one patient with elevated troponin I and with a diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Other serum pools were prepared by combining sera with similar troponin I values. All serum pools showed normal bilirubin concentrations and had no hemolysis. Then we supplemented aliquots of serum pools with various concentrations of bilirubin (5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 mg/dL). After supplementation, troponin I concentrations were measured again using the MEIA and CLIA. We observed a statistically significant decrease in troponin I concentration in the presence of bilirubin with the MEIA. For example, in serum pool 1, the troponin I concentration was 16.3 (bilirubin: 0.8 mg/dL). In the presence of 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0 mg/dL of added bilirubin, the cardiac troponin I concentrations were 13.9, 13.4, 13.3 and 13.0 ng/ml respectively. We observed similar negative interference of bilirubin in troponin I measurement by the MEIA in other pools. The troponin I value decreased slightly (not statistically significant) in one pool and did not change in two other pools in the presence of bilirubin when we measured troponin I concentration using the CLIA. Interestingly, bilirubin did not interfere with the MEIA CK-MB assay. Moderate hemolysis did not have any effect on the troponin I assay using either the MEIA or CLIA. However, gross hemolysis (hemoglobin > 40 mg/dL) interfered with both assays for troponin I.
The effects of calcium channel blockade on <i>agouti</i> ‐induced obesity (1996)

We have previously observed that obese viable yellow (Avy/a) mice exhibit increased intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene expression; further, recombinant agouti protein increases in cultured adipocytes and these effects are inhibited by Ca2+ channel blockade. Accordingly, we determined the effect of Ca2+ channel blockade (nifedipine for 4 wk) on FAS and obesity in transgenic mice expressing the agouti gene in a ubiquitous manner. The transgenic mice initially were significantly heavier (30.5+/-0.6 vs. 27.3+/-0.3 g; P<0.001) and exhibited a 0.81 degrees C lower initial core temperature (P<0.0005), an approximately twofold increase in fat pad weights (P=0.002), a sevenfold increase in adipose FAS activity (P=0.009), and a twofold increase in plasma insulin level (P<0.05) compared to control mice. Nifedipine treatment resulted in an 18% decrease in fat pad weights (P<0.007) and a 74% decrease in adipose FAS activity (P=0.03), normalized circulating insulin levels and insulin sensitivity (P<0.05), and transiently elevated core temperature in the transgenic mice, but was without effect in the control mice. These data suggest that agouti regulates FAS, fat storage, and possibly thermogenesis, at least partially, via a [Ca2+]i-dependent mechanism, and that Ca2+ channel blockade may partially attenuate agouti-induced obesity.
Role of the sample inlet volume in preparative chromatography (1961)

P. C. Haarhoff, P. C. van Berge and V. Pretorius, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1961, 57, 1838 DOI: 10.1039/TF9615701838
Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of a Hydroxyjasmonate Sulfotransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana (2003)

12-Hydroxyjasmonate, also known as tuberonic acid, was first isolated from Solanum tuberosum and was shown to have tuber-inducing properties. It is derived from the ubiquitously occurring jasmonic acid, an important signaling molecule mediating diverse developmental processes and plant defense responses. We report here that the gene AtST2a from Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a hydroxyjasmonate sulfotransferase. The recombinant AtST2a protein was found to exhibit strict specificity for 11- and 12-hydroxyjasmonate with K(m) values of 50 and 10 microm, respectively. Furthermore, 12-hydroxyjasmonate and its sulfonated derivative are shown to be naturally occurring in A. thaliana. The exogenous application of methyljasmonate to A. thaliana plants led to increased levels of both metabolites, whereas treatment with 12-hydroxyjasmonate led to increased level of 12-hydroxyjasmonate sulfate without affecting the endogenous level of jasmonic acid. AtST2a expression was found to be induced following treatment with methyljasmonate and 12-hydroxyjasmonate. In contrast, the expression of the methyljasmonate-responsive gene Thi2.1, a marker gene in plant defense responses, is not induced upon treatment with 12-hydroxyjasmonate indicating the existence of independent signaling pathways responding to jasmonic acid and 12-hydroxyjasmonic acid. Taken together, the results suggest that the hydroxylation and sulfonation reactions might be components of a pathway that inactivates excess jasmonic acid in plants. Alternatively, the function of AtST2a might be to control the biological activity of 12-hydroxyjasmonic acid.
A Greedy Heuristic for Workforce Scheduling and Routing With Time-dependent Activities Constraints (2015)

We present a greedy heuristic (GHI) designed to tackle five time-dependent activities constraints (synchronisation, overlap, minimum difference, maximum difference and minimum-maximum difference) on workforce scheduling and routing problems. These types of constraints are important because they allow the modelling of situations in which activities relate to each other time-wise, e.g. synchronising two technicians to complete a job. These constraints often make the scheduling and routing of employees more difficult. GHI is tested on set of benchmark instances from different workforce scheduling and routing problems (WSRPs). We compare the results obtained by GHI against the results from a mathematical programming solver. The comparison seeks to determine which solution method achieves more best solutions across all instances. Two parameters of GHI are discussed, the sorting of employees and the sorting of visits. We conclude that using the solver is adequate for instances with less than 100 visits but for larger instances GHI obtains better results in less time.
Post-War developments in the marketing of cheese (1939)

The 20 years following the World War have seen marked changes in the marketing of manufactured dairy products. Because of this fact, most of the literature on the marketing of such products, based largely on conditions before 1918 or 1920, is now out of date. In recognition of this gap in our present marketing picture, the writer recently published a discussion of the developments of the post-war years in butter marketing2 with special emphasis on the increasing importance of large business units as they relate to marketing channels. This bulletin is a similar undertaking with regard to cheese. The aim is to trace the development of concentration in the cheese industry since the War, the changes which this has brought about in marketing channels, and the primary forces responsible for these developments. It is also hoped that this bulletin will serve as a foundation for a more intensive and thorough study of monopoly elements in the cheese industry.
The Multilingual Paraphrase Database (2014)

We release a massive expansion of the paraphrase database (PPDB) that now includes a collection of paraphrases in 23 different languages. The resource is derived from large volumes of bilingual parallel data. Our collection is extracted and ranked using state of the art methods. The multilingual PPDB has over a billion paraphrase pairs in total, covering the following languages: Arabic, Bulgarian,
The outer limiting membrane (OLM) revisited: clinical implications (2010)

In the OLM, heterotypic junctions contain proteins from both adherent and tight junctions. Their structure suggests that tight junctions may exist in the OLM. Occludin is present in the OLM of the rat and monkey retina and it is decreased in diabetes. The OLM should be considered as part of the retinal barrier that can be disrupted in pathological conditions contributing to fluid accumulation in the macula.
Current state and recent advances in biopharmaceutical production in <i>Escherichia coli</i>, yeasts and mammalian cells (2013)

Almost all of the 200 or so approved biopharmaceuticals have been produced in one of three host systems: the bacterium Escherichia coli, yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris) and mammalian cells. We describe the most widely used methods for the expression of recombinant proteins in the cytoplasm or periplasm of E. coli, as well as strategies for secreting the product to the growth medium. Recombinant expression in E. coli influences the cell physiology and triggers a stress response, which has to be considered in process development. Increased expression of a functional protein can be achieved by optimizing the gene, plasmid, host cell, and fermentation process. Relevant properties of two yeast expression systems, S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris, are summarized. Optimization of expression in S. cerevisiae has focused mainly on increasing the secretion, which is otherwise limiting. P. pastoris was recently approved as a host for biopharmaceutical production for the first time. It enables high-level protein production and secretion. Additionally, genetic engineering has resulted in its ability to produce recombinant proteins with humanized glycosylation patterns. Several mammalian cell lines of either rodent or human origin are also used in biopharmaceutical production. Optimization of their expression has focused on clonal selection, interference with epigenetic factors and genetic engineering. Systemic optimization approaches are applied to all cell expression systems. They feature parallel high-throughput techniques, such as DNA microarray, next-generation sequencing and proteomics, and enable simultaneous monitoring of multiple parameters. Systemic approaches, together with technological advances such as disposable bioreactors and microbioreactors, are expected to lead to increased quality and quantity of biopharmaceuticals, as well as to reduced product development times.
Influence of Cyclopentadienyl Ring‐Tilt on Electron‐Transfer Reactions: Redox‐Induced Reactivity of Strained [2] and [3]Ruthenocenophanes (2014)

In contrast to ruthenocene [Ru(η(5) -C5 H5 )2 ] and dimethylruthenocene [Ru(η(5) -C5 H4 Me)2 ] (7), chemical oxidation of highly strained, ring-tilted [2]ruthenocenophane [Ru(η(5) -C5 H4 )2 (CH2 )2 ] (5) and slightly strained [3]ruthenocenophane [Ru(η(5) -C5 H4 )2 (CH2 )3 ] (6) with cationic oxidants containing the non-coordinating [B(C6 F5 )4 ](-) anion was found to afford stable and isolable metalmetal bonded dicationic dimer salts [Ru(η(5) -C5 H4 )2 (CH2 )2 ]2 [B(C6 F5 )4 ]2 (8) and [Ru(η(5) -C5 H4 )2 (CH2 )3 ]2 [B(C6 F5 )4 ]2 (17), respectively. Cyclic voltammetry and DFT studies indicated that the oxidation potential, propensity for dimerization, and strength of the resulting RuRu bond is strongly dependent on the degree of tilt present in 5 and 6 and thereby degree of exposure of the Ru center. Cleavage of the RuRu bond in 8 was achieved through reaction with the radical source [(CH3 )2 NC(S)SSC(S)N(CH3 )2 ] (thiram), affording unusual dimer [(CH3 )2 NCS2 Ru(η(5) -C5 H4 )(η(3) -C5 H4 )C2 H4 ]2 [B(C6 F5 )4 ]2 (9) through a haptotropic η(5) -η(3) ring-slippage followed by an apparent [2+2] cyclodimerization of the cyclopentadienyl ligand. Analogs of possible intermediates in the reaction pathway [C6 H5 ERu(η(5) -C5 H4 )2 C2 H4 ][B(C6 F5 )4 ] [E=S (15) or Se (16)] were synthesized through reaction of 8 with C6 H5 EEC6 H5 (E=S or Se).
Controlling anoxic tolerance in adult <i>Drosophila via</i> the cGMP–PKG pathway (2010)

In this study we identify a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) cascade as a biochemical pathway critical for controlling low-oxygen tolerance in the adult fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Even though adult Drosophila can survive in 0% oxygen (anoxia) environments for hours, air with less than 2% oxygen rapidly induces locomotory failure resulting in an anoxic coma. We use natural genetic variation and an induced mutation in the foraging (for) gene, which encodes a Drosophila PKG, to demonstrate that the onset of anoxic coma is correlated with PKG activity. Flies that have lower PKG activity demonstrate a significant increase in time to the onset of anoxic coma. Further, in vivo pharmacological manipulations reveal that reducing either PKG or protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity increases tolerance of behavior to acute hypoxic conditions. Alternatively, PKG activation and phosphodiesterase (PDE5/6) inhibition significantly reduce the time to the onset of anoxic coma. By manipulating these targets in paired combinations, we characterized a specific PKG cascade, with upstream and downstream components. Further, using genetic variants of PKG expression/activity subjected to chronic anoxia over 6 h, approximately 50% of animals with higher PKG activity survive, while only approximately 25% of those with lower PKG activity survive after a 24 h recovery. Therefore, in this report we describe the PKG pathway and the differential protection of function vs survival in a critically low oxygen environment.
Comprex Supercharging of Vehicle Diesel Engines (1975)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the superiority of COMPREX<sup><span class="xref">®</span></sup> as a supercharging device. Comprex,<sup><span class="xref">®</span></sup> a gas-dynamic pressure-wave machine for supercharging vehicle diesel engines in the 100-500 BHP range, uses exhaust gas energy for compressing intake air. Based on a different physical mechanism, it avoids several of the turbocharger's disadvantages. Comprex supercharging gives high torque down to less than 40% of rated speed. Almost instantaneous response combines with significant reductions in acceleration smoke. An increase in maximum compression ratio and efficiency and a wider speed range were achieved by recent development work.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Endurance tests have been successfully performed, and the system has been redesigned for smaller dimensions and adapted to production requirements.</div>
An Empirical Test of the Comparative and Contributory Negligence Rules in Accident Law (1989)

Scholars in the field of law and economics have developed an extensive theoretical literature on the effects of liability rules in accident law, but have done little testing of their theoretical models. In this article, I develop an empirically testable model of the incentives for injurers and victims to avoid accidents under both the older contributory negligence rule and the newer rule of comparative negligence. The model takes account of the fact that in the automobile accident context, drivers do not know in advance with whom they will be involved in an accident, and whether they will be the injurer or the victim, or both. It also allows for uncertainty in legal decision making. The model is tested using a data set of rear-end automobile accidents litigated in court. The results suggest, first, that incentives to take care to avoid accidents are stronger under the contributory negligence rule than under the newer rule of comparative negligence and, second, the incentives set up by the comparative negligence rule for drivers to avoid accidents are weaker than is economically efficient.
A continued-fraction analysis of trigonometric argument reduction (1995)

The calculation of a trigonometric function of a large argument x is effectively carried out by finding the integer N and 0>
Isolation, Identification, and Pathogenicity of Two Field Strains of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (1989)

Using a sentinel bird approach, two field isolates of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) were isolated from broiler farms in two major broiler-producing areas of the state of Georgia. These farms had a history of subclinical IBD associated with respiratory problems and poor performance. Isolates designated as U-28 and 3212 were isolated using specific-pathogen-free chicken embryos and chicken embryo bursal cells. These isolates were identified by means of agar gel precipitation and virus-neutralization tests, direct immunofluorescence, histopathology, and electron microscopy. Isolates U-28 and 3212 appear to differ in antigenicity and pathogenicity from previously known serotype I IBDV isolates. In evaluating the extent of bursal damage caused by these field isolates, an association was found between the bursa of Fabricius/body weight index, histopathology scoring of atrophy, and morphometric analysis of the total follicle area.
319. RELAXIN REGULATES AQUAPORIN EXPRESSION IN THE CERVIX OF LATE PREGNANT MICE (2010)

Aquaporins (AQPs) have been implicated in the regulation of fluid balance in the cervix during pregnancy to promote hydration, a characteristic of cervical ripening in late gestation.There are four AQPs in the cervix; AQP3, 4, 5 and 8. Cervical fluid balance involves AQP5 and 8 in early pregnancy and AQP3 and 4 in late pregnancy [1]. However, the factors involved in the regulation of cervical AQPs are unknown. We propose that the ovarian peptide hormone relaxin regulates cervical AQPs because high circulating levels of relaxin correspond to changes in AQPs and it is involved in cervical ripening. To test this hypothesis, expression of aqp3, 5 and 8 was compared in the cervices of relaxin wildtype (Rln+/+) and relaxin knockout (Rln–/–) at various stages of pregnancy (day 14.5, 16.5 and 18.5 pregnancy) by quantitative PCR. In the Rln–/– mice, aqp3 expression was significantly lower on day 18.5 gestation compared to Rln+/+ littermates. Aqp5 and 8 expression did not change significantly between genotypes. To determine whether relaxin could restore the Rln+/+ phenotype, Rln–/– mice were implanted with Alzet osmotic minipumps on day 12.5 pregnancy to infuse either recombinant H2 human relaxin (200 μg/mL; Corthera Inc) or 0.9% saline as a control. Cervices were collected after 4 or 6 days of infusion for gene expression analysis. Relaxin infusion in pregnant Rln–/– mice increased cervical aqp3, and also decreased aqp5 expression compared with saline-controls in the 6-day infusion group. Additionally, relaxin treatment caused a 6-fold increase in cervix wet weight, dispersal of collagen fibres and a decrease in relaxin receptor (Rxfp1) expression. These data suggest that relaxin promotes cervical hydration through an action on AQPs. (1) Anderson et al, 2006. Endocrinology 147(1): 130–140.