gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Visually Explainable Recommendation (2018)

Images account for a significant part of user decisions in many application scenarios, such as product images in e-commerce, or user image posts in social networks. It is intuitive that user preferences on the visual patterns of image (e.g., hue, texture, color, etc) can be highly personalized, and this provides us with highly discriminative features to make personalized recommendations. Previous work that takes advantage of images for recommendation usually transforms the images into latent representation vectors, which are adopted by a recommendation component to assist personalized user/item profiling and recommendation. However, such vectors are hardly useful in terms of providing visual explanations to users about why a particular item is recommended, and thus weakens the explainability of recommendation systems. As a step towards explainable recommendation models, we propose visually explainable recommendation based on attentive neural networks to model the user attention on images, under the supervision of both implicit feedback and textual reviews. By this, we can not only provide recommendation results to the users, but also tell the users why an item is recommended by providing intuitive visual highlights in a personalized manner. Experimental results show that our models are not only able to improve the recommendation performance, but also can provide persuasive visual explanations for the users to take the recommendations.
An algorithm for redundant binary bit-pipelined rational arithmetic (1990)

The authors introduce a redundant binary representation of the rationals and an associated algorithm for computing the sum, difference, product, quotient, and other useful functions of two rational operands, using this representation. The algorithm extends R.W. Gosper's (1972) partial quotient arithmetic algorithm and allows the design of an online arithmetic unit with computations granularized at the signed bit level. Each input or output port can be independently set to receive/produce operands/result in either binary radix or the binary rational representation. The authors investigate by simulation the interconnection of several such units for the parallel computation of more complicated expressions in a tree-pipelined manner, with particular regard to measuring individual and compounded online delays.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Poet’s Finesse (1989)

The relationship must now be made clear between (a) the abstract assignment of the position of a heavy stress within the line and (b) those factors which give us our 'exact' sense of how heavy the stress is, or where exactly in the syllable it 'occurs'. The first is a question of rule — word-stress, syntax and metrical system. (This is only one role of syntax. Various levels of syntactical groupings interact with the actual music of performance, as we shall see in Chapter 8.) The second is related to a performance by poet or reader and involves the formation of a mental concept: a plausible conceptual relationship between the assignment of a given stress position at a particular moment of the line and its performance-role in the more overall music. One might build up a hierarchy of description:KeywordsGood ReaderLine EndingEmotional SignificanceActual MusicBreak PatternThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Differential expression of <i>HOX</i> genes in neoplastic and non‐neoplastic human astrocytes (2006)

HOX genes are a large family of regulatory genes implicated in the control of developmental processes. HOX genes are involved in malignant transformation and progression of different types of tumour. Despite intensive efforts to delineate the expression profiles of HOX genes in other cell types, nothing is known regarding the global expression profile of these genes in normal human astrocytes and astrocytomas. The present study has analysed the expression profile of the 39 class I HOX genes in normal human astrocytes (NHA and E6/E7), two well-established glioblastoma cell lines (U-87 MG and U-1242-MG), as well as neoplastic (WHO grades II/III and IV) and non-neoplastic temporal lobe specimens with hippocampal sclerosis and medically intractable epilepsy. RT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR, immunocytochemistry, and western blot analyses revealed differential expression of nine HOX genes (A6, A7, A9, A13, B13, D4, D9, D10, and D13) in normal human astrocytic cell lines and non-neoplastic temporal lobe specimens. The data show that HOX genes are differentially expressed in neoplastic and non-neoplastic astrocytes and that multiple HOX genes are overexpressed in glioblastoma cell lines, astrocytomas (II/III), and glioblastoma multiforme. The differential expression of HOX genes in normal and neoplastic astrocytes suggests a role for these genes in brain tumourigenesis.
Bacterial populations in the rhizosphere of tobacco plants producing the quorum-sensing signals hexanoyl-homoserine lactone and 3-oxo-hexanoyl-homoserine lactone (2004)

A tobacco line genetically modified to produce two N-acyl homoserine lactones and its non-transformed parental line were grown in non-sterile soil. Microbial populations inhabiting the bulk soil, and those colonizing the root system of the two tobacco lines, were analyzed using cultivation-independent (phospholipid fatty acid and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and cultivation-based assays. The cell density of total cultivable bacteria, fluorescent pseudomonads, sporulated, and thermotolerant bacteria was also determined in a time-course experiment (15 weeks). A possible "rhizosphere effect" related to the development of the plant was seen. However, no dissimilarities in cell population densities or population ratios of the microbial groups were detected in the rhizosphere of the two plant lines. Similarly, bacterial communities that either produced N-acyl homoserine lactone or degraded the signal hexanoyl homoserine lactone were enumerated from the two plant lines. No noticeable differences were evidenced from one plant genotype to the other. Whilst the transgenic plants released detectable amounts of the quorum-sensing signal molecules and efficiently cross-talked with the surrounding microbial populations, the bias generated by these signals in the reported experimental conditions therefore appears to remain weak, if not non-existent.
Improved BHA Sag Correction and Uncertainty Evaluation Brings Value to Wellbore Placement (2006)

Abstract Recent well positioning uncertainties evaluation per SPE published ISCWSA model for MWD survey tools suggests that 80% of the inclination measurement error budget is a consequence of BHA sag. BHA sag is the misalignment of the directional sensor with the borehole direction due to deflection of the MWD drill collar under gravity and borehole curvature. The magnitude of the error depends on BHA type and geometry, sensor spacing, hole size and several other factors. This paper presents a new methodology based on modern 3D BHA/Hole interacting modeling for BHA sag corrections and residual error evaluation at each MWD survey stations. 11 different typical 17½" and 12¼" rotary and steerable motor BHA's with variable gauge stabilizers were computed in multiple configurations (borehole geometry, BHA settings, friction…) following a Monte Carlo process which involved more than a million simulations. Results of this study show that the residual BHA sag uncertainty as proposed by the ISCWSA model can be further reduced by as much as 50%. A simplified software automated process was developed in order that Operations Support Centres can easily integrate the proposed methodology as part of near real time Survey Management advanced processing routines. A sound BHA sag correction method along with a thoroughly analysed residual sag error, readily fit for use within the ISCWSA MWD well positioning uncertainty model (today's industry standard), appears essential in a wide variety of directional drilling applications including extended reach and horizontal drilling. The proposed process contributes to significantly improve wellbore placement through the pay zone while drilling. Reduced trajectory positional uncertainties contribute to the construction of sound geological models for rational well target design, positioning and development pattern fine tuning during the drilling campaign. In turn reservoir management including mature fields shall benefit from improved Wellbore Placement as a multidisciplinary task by locating more accurately layer tops and contacts.
High-throughput single-cell gene-expression profiling with multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization (2016)

Image-based approaches to single-cell transcriptomics, in which RNA species are identified and counted in situ via imaging, have emerged as a powerful complement to single-cell methods based on RNA sequencing of dissociated cells. These image-based approaches naturally preserve the native spatial context of RNAs within a cell and the organization of cells within tissue, which are important for addressing many biological questions. However, the throughput of these image-based approaches is relatively low. Here we report advances that lead to a drastic increase in the measurement throughput of multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization (MERFISH), an image-based approach to single-cell transcriptomics. In MERFISH, RNAs are identified via a combinatorial labeling approach that encodes RNA species with error-robust barcodes followed by sequential rounds of single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) to read out these barcodes. Here we increase the throughput of MERFISH by two orders of magnitude through a combination of improvements, including using chemical cleavage instead of photobleaching to remove fluorescent signals between consecutive rounds of smFISH imaging, increasing the imaging field of view, and using multicolor imaging. With these improvements, we performed RNA profiling in more than 100,000 human cells, with as many as 40,000 cells measured in a single 18-h measurement. This throughput should substantially extend the range of biological questions that can be addressed by MERFISH.
Photothermal effects of laser tissue soldering (1999)

Low-strength anastomoses and thermal damage of tissue are major concerns in laser tissue welding techniques where laser energy is used to induce thermal changes in the molecular structure of the tissues being joined, hence allowing them to bond together. Laser tissue soldering, on the other hand, is a bonding technique in which a protein solder is applied to the tissue surfaces to be joined, and laser energy is used to bond the solder to the tissue surfaces. The addition of protein solders to augment tissue repair procedures significantly reduces the problems of low strength and thermal damage associated with laser tissue welding techniques. Investigations were conducted to determine optimal solder and laser parameters for tissue repair in terms of tensile strength, temperature rise and damage and the microscopic nature of the bonds formed. An in vitro study was performed using an 808 nm diode laser in conjunction with indocyanine green (ICG)-doped albumin protein solders to repair bovine aorta specimens. Liquid and solid protein solders prepared from 25% and 60% bovine serum albumin (BSA), respectively, were compared. The efficacy of temperature feedback control in enhancing the soldering process was also investigated. Increasing the BSA concentration from 25% to 60% greatly increased the tensile strength of the repairs. A reduction in dye concentration from 2.5 mg ml(-1) to 0.25 mg ml(-1) was also found to result in an increase in tensile strength. Increasing the laser irradiance and thus surface temperature resulted in an increased severity of histological injury. Thermal denaturation of tissue collagen and necrosis of the intimal layer smooth muscle cells increased laterally and in depth with higher temperatures. The strongest repairs were produced with an irradiance of 6.4 W cm(-2) using a solid protein solder composed of 60% BSA and 0.25 mg ml(-1) ICG. Using this combination of laser and solder parameters, surface temperatures were observed to reach 85+/-5 degrees C with a maximum temperature difference through the 150 microm thick solder strips of about 15 degrees C. Histological examination of the repairs formed using these parameters showed negligible evidence of collateral thermal damage to the underlying tissue. Scanning electron microscopy suggested albumin intertwining within the tissue collagen matrix and subsequent fusion with the collagen as the mechanism for laser tissue soldering. The laser tissue soldering technique is shown to be an effective method for producing repairs with improved tensile strength and minimal collateral thermal damage over conventional laser tissue welding techniques.
Two-Step Moving Target Detection Algorithm for Automotive 77 GHz FMCW Radar (2010)

Today, 77GHz FMCW (Frequency Modulation Continuous Wave) radar sensors are used for automotive applications. In typical automotive radar, the target of interest is a moving target. Thus, to improve the detection probability and reduce the false alarm rate, an MTD(Moving Target Detection) algorithm should be required. This paper describes the proposed two-step MTD algorithm. The 1st MTD processing consists of a clutter cancellation step and a noise cancellation step. The two steps can cancel almost all clutter including stationary targets. However, clutter still remains among the interest beat frequencies detected during the 1st MTD and CFAR (Constant False Alarm) processing. Thus, in the 2nd MTD step, we remove the rest of the clutter with zero phase variation.
From the continuous to the lattice Boltzmann equation: The discretization problem and thermal models (2006)

The velocity discretization is a critical step in deriving the lattice Boltzmann (LBE) from the continuous Boltzmann equation. This problem is considered in the present paper, following an alternative approach and giving the minimal discrete velocity sets in accordance with the order of approximation that is required for the LBE with respect to the continuous Boltzmann equation and with the lattice structure. Considering to be the order of the polynomial approximation to the Maxwell-Boltzmann equilibrium distribution, it is shown that solving the discretization problem is equivalent to finding the inner product in the discrete space induced by the inner product in the continuous space that preserves the norm and the orthogonality of the Hermite polynomial tensors in the Hilbert space generated by the functions that map the velocity space onto the real numbers space. As a consequence, it is shown that, for each order N of approximation, the even-parity velocity tensors are isotropic up to rank 2N in the discrete space. The norm and the orthogonality restrictions lead to space-filling lattices with increased dimensionality when compared with presently known lattices. This problem is discussed in relation with a discretization approach based on a finite set of orthogonal functions in the discrete space. Two-dimensional square lattices intended to be used in thermal problems and their respective equilibrium distributions are presented and discussed.
An assistive lower limb exoskeleton for people with neurological gait disorders (2017)

Lower limb exoskeletons have already proven the capability to give back mobility to people suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI). Other important populations such as people with multiple sclerosis or muscular dystrophy, frail elderly and stroke victims, suffer from severe gait impairments and could benefit from similar technology. The work presented in the current paper describes a novel design of a 6-actuated degrees of freedom (DOFs) assistive lower limb exoskeleton for people with moderate mobility impairments. The electrical actuators are all remotely located on the back of the user for a more compact design with high dynamics. Cable driven solutions are used to transmit the flexion/extension of the hip and knee joints, while a powerful ballscrew carries out the hip adduction/abduction. The design of this exoskeleton, named AUTONOMYO, follows the key specifications of being highly back-drivable and able to perform dynamic motions at low energy consumption. AUTONOMYO is capable to assist the user's balance by providing complementary torques at the hip and the knee. Results show that the projected level of assistance for sit-to-stand transition varies from 50% to 100% in function of the user's bodyweight and height while higher level of assistance are reached for walking and stairs climbing activities.
Chlamydia trachomatis stimulates human peripheral blood B lymphocytes to proliferate and secrete polyclonal immunoglobulins in vitro (1984)

Infectious Chlamydia trachomatis (LGV strain), obligate intracellular bacteria, stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes to proliferate and secrete immunoglobulins in vitro. In contrast, mock-infected preparations were unable to induce similar responses in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Although levels of immunoglobulin secreted into the media of LGV-stimulated cultures were greater than 10 micrograms/ml, we estimated that less than 1% of these molecules were directed against the bacteria itself, suggesting polyclonal antibody production. Since stimulation with Formalin-killed bacteria resulted in comparable numbers of plaque-forming cells (PFC) as infectious particles, we concluded that the polyclonal immunoglobulin response was not dependent on the in vitro chlamydial infectious process. The polyclonal PFC response induced by LGV was highly sensitive to monocyte inhibition. Although LGV induced proliferation of predominantly B cells, the numbers of generated PFC was increased by the addition of autologous T cells. Neither lymphocyte proliferation nor PFC responses of normal human volunteers correlated significantly with the presence or titer of antichlamydial antibodies in their sera.
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulates the proliferation, motility and invasiveness of lung cancer cells through its effects on cytoskeletal remodeling (2015)

Determining the molecular phenotype is a key to understanding and predicting the metastatic potential and the prognosis for patients with lung cancer. Our previous study demonstrated that increased expression of cyclin‑dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) in patients with non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with a poorer prognosis. The present study aimed to further investigate the underlying mechanism of CDK5 in vitro and in vivo using the A549 human NSCLC cell line. A 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to quantify the proliferation of the A549 cells; migration assay and invasiveness assays were performed using Transwell chambers and wound healing assays were used to assess cell motility, which was assessed by measuring the movement of cells. Inhibition of CDK5 by roscovitine and small interfering (si)RNA was used to investigate the mechanism of CDK5 in the process of A549 lung cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The results demonstrated that functional inhibition of CDK5 using roscovitine and siRNA markedly suppressed the proliferation of A549 cells and resulted in a reduced tumor mass in vivo. In addition, the hinhibition of CDK5 reduced the migration and invasiveness of the A549 cells in vitro and in vivo. Notably, CDK5 inhibition also impaired tumor cell cytoskeletal remodeling and led to loss of cell polarity, which may partially explain the reduction of A549 cell mobility and invasiveness. The results of the present study revealed that CDK5 may be important in the regulation of migration and invasiveness in NSCLC through its effects on cytoskeletal remodeling.
IL-13 and its Signal Pathway: Promising Targets in the Development of a Therapeutic Agent for Bronchial Asthma (2007)

The incidence of allergic diseases has dramatically increased in recent decades, especially in urban and industrialized areas. It has been reported that, at present, one third of the population in Japan suffers from bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, or allergic rhinitis. The medical cost for treating such patients is huge and on the increase. Thus, it is important socially as well as medically to establish more useful strategies to overcome allergic disorders. Bronchial asthma is a complex disease characterized by airway inflammation involving a Th2-cytokine, interleukin (IL)-13. A substantial body of evidence has accumulated pointing to the pivotal role of IL-13 in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. Therefore, IL-13 and its signal pathway are thought to be promising targets to develop a therapeutic agent for bronchial asthma. In this article, we summarize the biological properties of IL-13 itself and its signal transduction pathway, the pathological roles of IL-13 in bronchial asthma, and the agents to inhibit the IL-13 signals that are now under development. Keywords: STAT6, asthma-model mice, Single nucleotide polymorphisms, Periostin, Chitinase, IL-4 mutein
Copper(I) chloride: a simple salt for enhancement of polystyrene cationization in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (2001)

Abstract The possibility of using copper(I) chloride as a doping salt to enhance the cationization of polystyrene in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) was investigated. It was shown that copper(I) chloride possesses sufficient solubility in tetrahydrofuran. The parameters of the MALDI mass spectra of different polystyrene samples, such as the number‐average (M n ) and mass‐average (M w ) molecular mass values, obtained by copper(I) cationization were compared with those obtained by means of silver(I) cationization, and good agreement was found. It was also shown that application of copper(I) chloride as a doping salt, and dithranol as a matrix, ensured good MALDI mass spectra of the sample spots even after storage for 1 month. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A “Protease Activation Cascade” in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease (2000)

A pathway to Alzheimer's disease (AD) relevant to sporadic AD pathogenesis is described that involves the early and progressive activation of proteolytic systems including, but not limited to, the calpain-calpastatin and endosomal-lysosomal systems. Activation of these proteolytic systems is initiated by normal brain aging and is propelled by the genetic and environmental factors known to increase AD risk. Recent studies show how cathepsins and calpains, acting directly or indirectly through other proteolytic pathways and cellular signaling cascades, may promote beta-amyloidogenesis, neurofibrillary pathology, as well as mediate neurodegeneration in AD.
A mobile user location update and paging mechanism under delay constraints (1995)

A mobile user location management mechanism is introduced that incorporates a distance based location update scheme and a paging mechanism that satisfies predefined delay requirements. An analytical model is developed which captures the mobility and call arrival pattern of a terminal. Given the respective costs for location update and terminal paging, the average total location update and terminal paging cost is determined. An iterative algorithm is then used to determine the optimal location update threshold distance that results in the minimum cost. Analytical results are also obtained to demonstrate the relative cost incurred by the proposed mechanism under various delay requirements.