gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multifunctional Core–Shell Nanoparticles: Discovery of Previously Invisible Biomarkers (2011)

Many low-abundance biomarkers for early detection of cancer and other diseases are invisible to mass spectrometry because they exist in body fluids in very low concentrations, are masked by high-abundance proteins such as albumin and immunoglobulins, and are very labile. To overcome these barriers, we created porous, buoyant, core-shell hydrogel nanoparticles containing novel high affinity reactive chemical baits for protein and peptide harvesting, concentration, and preservation in body fluids. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) nanoparticles were functionalized with amino-containing dyes via zero-length cross-linking amidation reactions. Nanoparticles functionalized in the core with 17 different (12 chemically novel) molecular baits showed preferential high affinities (K(D) < 10(-11) M) for specific low-abundance protein analytes. A poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-vinylsulfonic acid) shell was added to the core particles. This shell chemistry selectively prevented unwanted entry of all size peptides derived from albumin without hindering the penetration of non-albumin small proteins and peptides. Proteins and peptides entered the core to be captured with high affinity by baits immobilized in the core. Nanoparticles effectively protected interleukin-6 from enzymatic degradation in sweat and increased the effective detection sensitivity of human growth hormone in human urine using multiple reaction monitoring analysis. Used in whole blood as a one-step, in-solution preprocessing step, the nanoparticles greatly enriched the concentration of low-molecular weight proteins and peptides while excluding albumin and other proteins above 30 kDa; this achieved a 10,000-fold effective amplification of the analyte concentration, enabling mass spectrometry (MS) discovery of candidate biomarkers that were previously undetectable.
Intravenous Protein-Free Pyrogen (1958)

Administration of a variety of nonfibrinolytic, nonenzymatic substances induces fibrinolysis in man. The most potent materials of this type known at present are purified protein-free pyrogens. Their action after intravenous injection on the human fibrinolytic system, on some of its components, and on the clotting system of 67 individuals has been studied. The possible therapeutic implications are discussed of the marked fibrinolysis.
Quantum cryptanalysis of symmetric, public-key and hash-based cryptographic schemes (2019)

Quantum algorithms can break factoring and discrete logarithm based cryptography and weaken symmetric cryptography and hash functions. In order to estimate the real-world impact of these attacks, apart from tracking the development of fault-tolerant quantum computers it is important to have an estimate of the resources needed to implement these quantum attacks. For attacking symmetric cryptography and hash functions, generic quantum attacks are substantially less powerful than they are for today's public-key cryptography. So security will degrade gradually as quantum computing resources increase. At present, there is a substantial resource overhead due to the cost of fault-tolerant quantum error correction. We provide estimates of this overhead using state-of-the-art methods in quantum fault-tolerance. We use state-of-the-art optimized circuits, though further improvements in their implementation would also reduce the resources needed to implement these attacks. To bound the potential impact of further circuit optimizations we provide cost estimates assuming trivial-cost implementations of these functions. These figures indicate the effective bit-strength of the various symmetric schemes and hash functions based on what we know today (and with various assumptions on the quantum hardware), and frame the various potential improvements that should continue to be tracked. As an example, we also look at the implications for Bitcoin's proof-of-work system. For many of the currently used asymmetric (public-key) cryptographic schemes based on RSA and elliptic curve discrete logarithms, we again provide cost estimates based on the latest advances in cryptanalysis, circuit compilation and quantum fault-tolerance theory. These allow, for example, a direct comparison of the quantum vulnerability of RSA and elliptic curve cryptography for a fixed classical bit strength.
Laser Recording of Circuit Structures from Conducting Polymers in Insulating PolymerLayers (1996)

The paper is a report on a newly developed material and on technological studies which open up new methods for the combined application of laser and computer technology for advanced industrial applications, e.g., for the laser direct imaging of conducting paths, circuit structures in printed circuit boards and probably also in moulded interconnection devices. The process uses — instead of copper and photoresists — layers of a special polymer poly(bis‐alkylthio‐acetylene), PATAC, in which leads or conducting organic structures will be written by laser‐induced local conversion of PATAC into conductive polymer tracks. The organic leads obtained can be reinforced by electroplating if necessary. It is a purely additive process, which works without etching, thus avoiding environmental problems. The new material and technology also allow the direct imaging of resistors, capacitors and inductors on to printed circuit boards and make it possible to make chips and other electronic components conductive. It enables the production of leads in the 10 μm scale and for this reason is suitable for hybrid technology. The new technology is not restricted to one plane and can, therefore, also be used for 3‐D boards or MIDs.
Issues Related to the Implementation of Synchrophasor Measurements (2008)

The synchrophasor technology is maturing to large scale applications. Recent large scale deployment projects emphasize the importance of standards for accuracy and interoperability. Creation of large interconnected networks of Phase Measurement Units requires testing and calibration, as well as integration of embedded monitoring and control systems in the power networks. Such integration creates challenges, but also provides unprecedented opportunities for the flexible control and protection of large scale power systems.
A high-T/sub c/ superconductor bolometer on a silicon nitride membrane (1998)

In this paper, we describe the design, fabrication, and performance of a high-T/sub c/ GdBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// superconductor bolometer positioned on a 2/spl times/ 2-mm/sup 2/ 1-/spl mu/m-thick silicon nitride membrane. The bolometer structure has an effective area of 0.64 mm/sup 2/ and was grown on a specially developed silicon-on-nitride (SON) layer. This layer was made by direct bonding of silicon nitride to silicon after chemical mechanical polishing. The operation temperature of the bolometer is 85 K. A thermal conductance G=3.3/spl middot/10/sup -5/ W/K with a time constant of 27 ms has been achieved. The electrical noise equivalent power (NEP) at 5 Hz is 3.7/spl middot/10/sup -2/ WHz/sup -1/2/, which is very close to the theoretical phonon noise limit of 3.6/spl middot/10/sup -12/ WHz/sup -1/2/, meaning that the excess noise of the superconducting film is very low. This bolometer is comparable to other bolometers with respect to high electrical performance. Our investigations are now aimed at decreasing the NEP for 84-/spl mu/m radiation by further reduction of G and adding an absorption layer to the detector. This bolometer is intended to be used as a detector in a Fabry-Perot (FP)-based satellite instrument designed for remote sensing of atmospheric hydroxyl.
Covalent structure of the beta chain of cholera enterotoxin. (1977)

The complete amino acid sequence of the beta chain of cholera enterotoxin was determined: NH2-Thr-Pro-Gln-Asn-Ile-Thr-Asp-Leu-Cys-Ala-Glu-Tyr-His-Asn-Thr-Gln-Ile-His-Thr-Leu-Asn-Asn-Lys-Ile-Phe-Ser-Tyr-Thr-Glu-Ser-Leu-Ala-Gly-Lys-Arg-Glu-Met-Ala-Ile-Ile-Thr-Phe-Lys-Asn-Gly-Ala-Thr-Phe-Gln-Val-Glu-Val-Pro-Gly-Ser-Gln-His-Ile-Asp-Ser-Gln-Lys-Lys-Ala-Ile-Glu-Arg-Met-Lys-Asn-Thr-Leu-Arg-Ile-Ala-Tyr-Leu-Thr-Glu-Ala-Lys-Val-Glu-Lys-Leu-Cys-Val-Trp-Asn-Asn-Lys-Thr-Pro-His-Ala-Ile-Ala-Ala-Ile-Ser-Met- Ala-Asn-COOH. The sequence was obtained from automated sequence analysis of intact beta chain, cyanogen bromide fragments, and a fragment generated by cleavage at a single tryptophan with 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3-bromoindolenine as well as from manual sequence analysis of tryptic peptides using 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl-monitored Edman methodology. The tryptic peptides accounted for all 103 residues established for the complete primary structure.
Taking Religious and Cultural Pluralism Seriously (2003)

The Western culture of modernity and the institutions of international society embedded in it are being challenged by the global resurgence of religion and cultural pluralism in international relations. This resurgence is part of the larger crisis of modernity. It reflects a deeper and more widespread disillusionment with a “modernity” that reduces the world to what can be perceived and controlled through reason, science, technology, and bureaucratic rationality, and leaves out considerations of the religious, the spiritual, or the sacred. In the second instance, the global resurgence of religion is the result of the failure of the modernizing, secular state to produce both democracy and development in the Third World. This failure became evident by subsequent “political decay”—the decline of politics into authoritarianism, patrimonialism, and corruption since the late 196os—and by “political collapse”—the disintegration of some states, particularly in Africa, since the late 198os.2 Dissatisfaction with the project of the postcolonial secular state and the conflict between religious nationalism and secular nationalism was one of the most important developments in Third World politics in the 1990s.3
Adaptive channel coding schemes using finite state machine for software defined radio (2003)

The paper proposes and investigates a coding and decoding scheme to achieve adaptive channel coding using a finite state machine (FSM) for software defined radio (SDR). Adaptive channel coding and decoding systems that can switch between different coding rates and error correcting capabilities in order to adapt to changing applications and environments, are effective for SDR. However, in these systems, a receiver cannot always select the correct decoder which causes decoding errors, usually referred to as decoder-selection-errors (DSE). We propose a trellis encoder estimation scheme that compensates for this problem. This scheme uses the FSM circuit to limit the encoder transition and the Viterbi algorithm for maximum likelihood trellis encoder estimation. Computer simulations are applied for evaluating the DSE rate, the bit error rate (BER) and throughput of the proposed scheme in comparison with a conventional scheme.
New Improved Methodology for Pedestrian Detection in Advanced Driver Assistance System (2012)

In recent years, pedestrian detection (PD) plays a vital role in a variety of applications such as security cameras, automotive control and so forth. These applications require two essential features, i.e. high speed performance and high accuracy. Firstly, the accuracy is determined by how the image features are described. The image feature description must be robust against occlusion, rotation, and the change in object shapes and illumination conditions. A number of feature descriptors have been proposed. Previously histogram of oriented gradients(HOG) features were extensively used along with support vector machine (SVM) classifier for PD. HOG features and SVM classifier can achieve good performance for PD, but they are time consuming. To achieve high detection speed with good detection performance, a Two-step framework method was proposed by Zhen Li which was the fusion of Haar-like and HOG features to get better performance. Edgelet features were used for classification and detection. But, the detection rate was poor and computation speed was less. In order to alleviate these limitations, we propose here a new methodology for improving the detection rate and speed. The performance and accuracy of the detection can be improved by the combination of Haar-like and Triangular features for FBD and Edgelet and Shapelet for HSD. We expect an average 95% detection rate and 60% faster speed for the proposed method. General Terms Algorithms, Detection Rate, Image, Pedestrian, Feature-set, Learning method, Performance, Process, Experimentation, Accuracy, Processor.
Estimation of the iron concentration in excised gray matter by means of proton relaxation measurements (1996)

Abstract To validate their correlation with tissue iron concentration, proton transverse relaxation measurements have been made at 2.35 T (100 MHz) in 25 samples of excised, frozen, but unfixed human gray matter tissue obtained from the globus pallidus, putamen, caudate, thalamus, and cortex of five postmortem brains free of neurological disease. The iron concentration was independently measured, using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The proton transverse relaxation measurements exploited the interecho time dependence of the apparent transverse relaxation rate, R 2app , obtained from a Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill (CPMG) sequence. An empirical semilogarithmic relationship between R 2app and the interecho time provided a measure of the relaxation enhancement due to iron, namely, a slope p , which demonstrated a significant correlation ( r = 0.78, P < 0.001) with tissue iron concentration. Moreover, a simple rate difference, δ R 2app , determined between interecho time values of 6 and 60 ms, was also found to correlate significantly with iron concentration ( r = 0.81, P < 0.001). Both of the foregoing correlations were better than that of R 2app itself. When the tissue samples were subdivided into brain structure groups, the intergroup differences in p reflected their known differences in iron accumulation and correlated with those of the mean group iron content, determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.
Nested hysteretic current-mode single-inductor multiple-output (SIMO) boosting buck converter (2013)

Portable microsystems, which typically incorporate transceivers, analog/digital converters, microprocessors, and others, require several fast on-chip supplies to both function and save energy. Linear regulators are fast and compact, but also lossy, and although switched inductors are efficient, power inductors are bulky, which is why supplying several functions with one inductor is often an optimal compromise. Responding quickly to individual disruptions, however, is challenging when sharing one inductor with other loads, and bucking and boosting the battery voltage normally require more power switches. The 1.25-MHz single-inductor multiple-output (SIMO) converter presented here employs a buck stage to buck and boost 3.6 V to 0.8, 1.2, and 4.5 V and uses nested hysteretic current-mode control to respond within 1 μs to 20-mA load dumps across 0.8 and 1.2 V and 2 μs to 5-mA load dumps across 4.5 V. Simulations show that efficiency peaks at 91% 0/0 with a combined load of 45 mA.
The failure of the technician (1943)

Since the start of organized industry the brilliant performance of the technician has been creating industrial and social problems faster than the community can solve them. The most urgent need to-day is for an immense improvement in the standard of citizenship, using the term citizenship in a wide sense. This need undoubtedly takes precedence over all others and is vastly more important than any question of further technical developments. Dr. Anderson, in his universally acclaimed Students' Lecture, reproduced in abridged form herewith, examines a few of the problems confronting the community and which can only be solved on a national basis, that is by the members of the community acting in their capacity as citizens.
Baby Epicure (1937)

Baby Epicure Victoria K. Ball CopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.27.7.748 Published Online: August 29, 2011
Differential and antagonistic effects of 9-cis-retinoic acid and vitamin D analogues on pancreatic cancer cells in vitro (2000)

Retinoids and vitamin D are known to exert important anti-tumour effects in a variety of cell types. In this study the effects of 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA) the vitamin D analogues EB1089 and CB1093 on three pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines were investigated. All compounds caused inhibition of in vitro growth but the vitamin D analogues were generally the more potent growth inhibitors. They were also more effective on their own than in combination with 9cRA. Growth arrest correlated with an increased proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase. Apoptosis was induced in the three cell lines by 9cRA, whereas neither EB1089 nor CB1093 had this effect. Furthermore, addition of EB1089 or CB1093 together with 9cRA resulted in significantly reduced apoptosis. Our results show that retinoic acids as well as vitamin D analogues have inhibitory effects on pancreatic tumour cells but different and antagonistic mechanisms seem to be employed.
Glucose-6-P Control of Glycogen Synthase Phosphorylation in Yeast (1997)

The SNF1 gene encodes a protein kinase necessary for expression of glucose-repressible genes and for the synthesis of the storage polysaccharide glycogen. From a genetic screen, we have found that mutation of the PFK2 gene, which encodes the beta-subunit of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase, restores glycogen accumulation in snf1 cells. Loss of PFK2 causes elevated levels of metabolites such as glucose-6-P, hyperaccumulation of glycogen, and activation of glycogen synthase, whereas glucose-6-P is reduced in snf1 cells. Other mutations that increase glucose-6-P, deletion of PFK1, which codes for the alpha-subunit of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase, or of PGI1, the phosphoglucoisomerase gene, had similar effects on glycogen metabolism as did pfk2 mutants. We propose that elevated glucose-6-P mediates the effects of these mutations on glycogen storage. Glycogen synthase kinase activity was reduced in extracts from pfk2 cells but was restored to that of wild type if the extract was gel-filtered to remove small molecules. Also, added glucose-6-P inhibited the glycogen synthase kinase activity in extracts from wild-type cells, half-maximally at approximately 2 mM. We suggest that glucose-6-P controls glycogen synthase activity by two separate mechanisms. First, glucose-6-P is a direct activator of glycogen synthase, and second, it controls the phosphorylation state of glycogen synthase by inhibiting a glycogen synthase kinase.
An estimation of the number of cells in the human body (2013)

Knowing the total cell number of the human body as well as of individual organs is important from a cultural, biological, medical and comparative modelling point of view. The presented cell count could be a starting point for a common effort to complete the total calculation.
Initialize once, start fast: application initialization at build time (2019)

Arbitrary program extension at run time in language-based VMs, e.g., Java's dynamic class loading, comes at a startup cost: high memory footprint and slow warmup. Cloud computing amplifies the startup overhead. Microservices and serverless cloud functions lead to small, self-contained applications that are started often. Slow startup and high memory footprint directly affect the cloud hosting costs, and slow startup can also break service-level agreements. Many applications are limited to a prescribed set of pre-tested classes, i.e., use a closed-world assumption at deployment time. For such Java applications, GraalVM Native Image offers fast startup and stable performance. GraalVM Native Image uses a novel iterative application of points-to analysis and heap snapshotting, followed by ahead-of-time compilation with an optimizing compiler. Initialization code can run at build time, i.e., executables can be tailored to a particular application configuration. Execution at run time starts with a pre-populated heap, leveraging copy-on-write memory sharing. We show that this approach improves the startup performance by up to two orders of magnitude compared to the Java HotSpot VM, while preserving peak performance. This allows Java applications to have a better startup performance than Go applications and the V8 JavaScript VM.
Topic based semantic clustering using Wikipedia knowledge (2012)

Most of the existing academic social networks like DBLP and ArnetMiner suggest co-authors as being related to each author based on author and co-author details, which are extracted from academic researchers publications. Instead of this approach, we propose grouping of researchers on basis of topics they have in common that would make more semantic sense for a user searching for publications in an area. Identification of relevant complete topic phrases, discovery of equivalent topics (synonyms) using terms in document collections are fundamental problems in information retrieval, natural language processing, pattern recognition, etc. In this paper, we propose a novel approach, wherein we identify a document's topic using Wikipedia. Wikipedia is the largest freely available crowd-source with up-to-date knowledge containing around 20 millions topics. The document collection we consider is the collection of academic researchers' publications. The documents are mapped to topics extracted from documents using Wikipedia to generate a document-topic representation. Then clustering algorithm is applied on document-topic representation to group semantically related researchers and generate a topic based academic researchers' Social Network. We use Adaptive Rough Fuzzy Leader (ARFL) a soft clustering algorithm, since each researcher can have expertise in more than one area and they can belong to more than one group. We present the empirical evaluation of our proposed scheme. We also demonstrate how our proposed solution is scalable to various domain areas and can be used to design topic based retrieval systems.
Lack of imposex in the muricid<i>Morula granulate</i>from Rowley Shoals, northwestern Australia (2000)

Abstract Dissection of 197 specimens of the thaid Morula granulata from Rowley Shoals, on the outer continental shelf 300 km west of Broome, northwestern Australia, revealed that none were affected by imposex. While imposex is known to be caused by tributyltin (TBT), there are also other possible causes such as copper, paint matrix and environmental factors. In addition to the relatively low TBT levels in their tissue, the other environmental factors which can cause imposex may also be missing from Bedwell Island. Key words: imposexmuricidMorula granulataAustralia
Ablation of Pancreatic Cystic Lesions (2011)

Compared with only 1 EUS-EL, 2 EUS-EL treatment results in a significantly greater decrease in the size and surface area of PCL and is associated with a significantly higher rate of image-defined cyst resolution.
A simple wrapped core linking module for SoC test access (2003)

For a system-on-a-chip (SoC) comprised of multiple IP cores, various design techniques have been proposed to provide diverse test link configurations. In this paper we introduce a simple flag based wrapped core linking module (WCLM) that enables systematic integration of IEEE 1149.1 TAP'd cores and P1500 wrapped cores. Compared with other state-of-art techniques, our technique requires no modification to each core, uses less area, and provides more diverse link configurations.
Odor Incongruity and Chirality (1971)

The enantiomers R-(-)- and S-(+)-carvone are the organoleptic constituents in oil of spearmint and caraway, respectively. Their odor distinctiveness has been unambiguously demonstrated by chemical interconversion, independent synthesis, and resolution. Odor differences between other chiral isomers were also firmly established.