gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Discontinuous Galerkin Transport Scheme on the Cubed Sphere (2005)

A conservative transport scheme based on the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method has been developed for the cubed sphere. Two different central projection methods, equidistant and equiangular, are employed for mapping between the inscribed cube and the sphere. These mappings divide the spherical surface into six identical subdomains, and the resulting grid is free from singularities. Two standard advection tests, solid-body rotation and deformational flow, were performed to evaluate the DG scheme. Time integration relies on a third-order total variation diminishing (TVD) Runge–Kutta scheme without a limiter. The numerical solutions are accurate and neither exhibit shocks nor discontinuities at cube-face edges and vertices. The numerical results are either comparable or better than a standard spectral element method. In particular, it was found that the standard relative error metrics are significantly smaller for the equiangular as opposed to the equidistant projection.
ChemInform Abstract: BEHAVIOR OF CYCLOALKENES IN SULFENYLCHLORINATION‐DEHYDROCHLORINATION REACTIONS (1984)

Abstract Dehydrochlorierung.
A bodyguard of lies (2014)

Decoy objects, often labeled in computer security with the term honey, are a powerful tool for compromise detection and mitigation. There has been little exploration of overarching theories or set of principles or properties, however. This short paper (and accompanying keynote talk) briefly explore two properties of honey systems, indistinguishability and secrecy. The aim is to illuminate a broad design space that might encompass a wide array of areas in information security, including access control, the main topic of this symposium.
Isolation and Culture of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells (1984)

Methods for isolation, identification and culture of pulmonary endothelial cells are now routine. In the past, methods of isolation have used proteolytic enzymes to detach cells; thereafter, traditional methods for cell passaging have used trypsin/EDTA mixtures. Cells isolated and passaged using proteolytic enzymes have been useful in establishing the field and in verifying certain endothelial properties. However, there is a growing awareness of the role of endothelial cells in processing vasoactive substances, in responding to hormones and other agonists and in cell-cell interactions with other cell types of the vascular wall, with blood cells and with cellular products. Consequently, a new requirement has arisen for cells in vitro that maintain the differentiated properties of their counterparts in vivo. The deleterious effects of trypsin and other proteolytic enzymes commonly used in cell culture on surface structures of endothelial cells such as enzymes, receptors and junctional proteins, as well as on extracellular layers such as the glycocalyx or "endothelial fuzz," have led to the development of methods that avoid use of proteolytic enzymes at both the isolation step and during subsequent subculture. This chapter describes traditional methods for isolating pulmonary endothelial cells but emphasizes newer approaches using mechanical harvest and scale-up using microcarriers. The new methods allow maintenance of long-term, large-scale cultures of cells that retain the full complement of surface properties and that maintain the cobblestone monolayer morphology and differentiated functional properties. Methods for identification of isolated cells are therefore also considered as methods for validation of cultures during their in vitro lifespan.
Susceptibility of Mice Deficient in the MHC Class II Transactivator to Infection with <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (2003)

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen presentation and subsequent CD4+ T-cell activation are critical for acquired immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. MHC class II gene expression is primarily controlled by the master transactivator CIITA protein. Without functional CIITA protein, MHC class II expression is lost, impairing immune responses and increasing susceptibility to infection. In this study, we compared protective immune responses of CIITA-deficient mice and wild-type C57BL/6 controls with low dose aerosol M. tuberculosis infection. After aerogenic challenge, CIITA-/- mice failed to limit mycobacterial growth (2.5 and 2.0 log10 > WT lung and spleen CFUs, respectively, at day 58). Lung histopathology involved extensive necrosis, severe pneumonitis and overwhelming inflammation in the gene knockout mice. Mean survival time for CIITA-/- mice was significantly reduced (57 versus >300 days for WT). This extreme sensitivity to tuberculous infection was largely attributed to the absence of CD4+ cells. Flow cytometric studies detected virtually no CD4+ cells in CIITA-/- mouse spleens after infection versus elevated numbers in WT spleens. Failed CD4+ T-cell expansion markedly reduced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma production in CIITA-/- mice versus WT controls. These results suggest the necessity of a functional CIITA pathway for controlling tuberculous infections and that interventions targeting CIITA expression may be useful antimycobacterial therapeutics.
Effects of a wheat bran extract containing arabinoxylan oligosaccharides on gastrointestinal health parameters in healthy adult human volunteers: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial (2012)

Wheat bran extract (WBE) is a food-grade soluble fibre preparation that is highly enriched in arabinoxylan oligosaccharides. In this placebo-controlled cross-over human intervention trial, tolerance and effects on colonic protein and carbohydrate fermentation were studied. After a 1-week run-in period, sixty-three healthy adult volunteers consumed 3, 10 and 0 g WBE/d for 3 weeks in a random order, with 2 weeks' washout between each treatment period. Fasting blood samples were collected at the end of the run-in period and at the end of each treatment period for analysis of haematological and clinical chemistry parameters. Additionally, subjects collected a stool sample for analysis of microbiota, SCFA and pH. A urine sample, collected over 48 h, was used for analysis of p-cresol and phenol content. Finally, the subjects completed questionnaires scoring occurrence frequency and distress severity of eighteen gastrointestinal symptoms. Urinary p-cresol excretion was significantly decreased after WBE consumption at 10 g/d. Faecal bifidobacteria levels were significantly increased after daily intake of 10 g WBE. Additionally, WBE intake at 10 g/d increased faecal SCFA concentrations and lowered faecal pH, indicating increased colonic fermentation of WBE into desired metabolites. At 10 g/d, WBE caused a mild increase in flatulence occurrence frequency and distress severity and a tendency for a mild decrease in constipation occurrence frequency. In conclusion, WBE is well tolerated at doses up to 10 g/d in healthy adults volunteers. Intake of 10 g WBE/d exerts beneficial effects on gut health parameters.
Steady-State Antigen Scavenging, Cross-Presentation, and CD8+ T Cell Priming: A New Role for Lymphatic Endothelial Cells (2014)

Until recently, the known roles of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in immune modulation were limited to directing immune cell trafficking and passively transporting peripheral Ags to lymph nodes. Recent studies demonstrated that LECs can directly suppress dendritic cell maturation and present peripheral tissue and tumor Ags for autoreactive T cell deletion. We asked whether LECs play a constitutive role in T cell deletion under homeostatic conditions. In this study, we demonstrate that murine LECs under noninflamed conditions actively scavenge and cross-present foreign exogenous Ags to cognate CD8(+) T cells. This cross-presentation was sensitive to inhibitors of lysosomal acidification and endoplasmic reticulum-golgi transport and was TAP1 dependent. Furthermore, LECs upregulated MHC class I and the PD-1 ligand PD-L1, but not the costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, or CD86, upon Ag-specific interactions with CD8(+) T cells. Finally, Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells that were activated by LECs underwent proliferation, with early-generation apoptosis and dysfunctionally activated phenotypes that could not be reversed by exogenous IL-2. These findings help to establish LECs as APCs that are capable of scavenging and cross-presenting exogenous Ags, in turn causing dysfunctional activation of CD8(+) T cells under homeostatic conditions. Thus, we suggest that steady-state lymphatic drainage may contribute to peripheral tolerance by delivering self-Ags to lymph node-resident leukocytes, as well as by providing constant exposure of draining peripheral Ags to LECs, which maintain tolerogenic cross-presentation of such Ags.
Biobased Epoxy Resins from Deconstructed Native Softwood Lignin (2017)

The synthesis of novel epoxy resins from lignin hydrogenolysis products is reported. Native lignin in pine wood was depolymerized by mild hydrogenolysis to give an oil product that was reacted with epichlorohydrin to give epoxy prepolymers. These were blended with bisphenol A diglycidyl ether or glycerol diglycidyl ether and cured with diethylenetriamine or isophorone diamine. The key novelty of this work lies in using the inherent properties of the native lignin in preparing new biobased epoxy resins. The lignin-derived epoxy prepolymers could be used to replace 25-75% of the bisphenol A diglycidyl ether equivalent, leading to increases of up to 52% in the flexural modulus and up to 38% in the flexural strength. Improvements in the flexural strength were attributed to the oligomeric products present in the lignin hydrogenolysis oil. These results indicate lignin hydrogenolysis products have potential as sustainable biobased polyols in the synthesis of high performance epoxy resins.
Four new ways to chill chips [News] (2015)

Things are getting a bit too hot in the microprocessor world. Again. Moore's Law has always come with the caveat that more transistors, switched at a higher frequency, means more heat. Over the years, chipmakers have used tricks like throttling back clock speeds and putting multiple microprocessor cores on a chip to spread out the heat.
Cytoskeletal proteins inside human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions (1996)

We have identified three types of cytoskeletal proteins inside human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions by analyzing subtilisin-digested particles. HIV-1 virions were digested with protease, and the treated particles were isolated by sucrose density centrifugation. This method removes both exterior viral proteins and proteins associated with microvesicles that contaminate virion preparations. Since the proteins inside the virion are protected from digestion by the viral lipid envelope, they can be isolated and analyzed after treatment. Experiments presented here demonstrated that this procedure removed more than 95% of the protein associated with microvesicles. Proteins in digested HIV-1(MN) particles from infected H9 and CEM(ss) cell lines were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography, protein sequencing, and immunoblotting. The data revealed that three types of cytoskeletal proteins are present in virions at different concentrations relative to the molar level of Gag: actin (approximately 10 to 15%), ezrin and moesin (approximately 2%), and cofilin (approximately 2 to 10%). Our analysis of proteins within virus particles detected proteolytic fragments of alpha-smooth muscle actin and moesin that were cleaved at sites which might be recognized by HIV-1 protease. These cleavage products are not present in microvesicles from uninfected cells. Therefore, these processed proteins are most probably produced by HIV-1 protease digestion. The presence of these fragments, as well as the incorporation of a few specific cytoskeletal proteins into virions, suggests an active interaction between cytoskeletal and viral proteins.
Dual-Surface Modified Virus Capsids for Targeted Delivery of Photodynamic Agents to Cancer Cells (2010)

Bacteriophage MS2 was used to construct a targeted, multivalent photodynamic therapy vehicle for the treatment of Jurkat leukemia T cells. The self-assembling spherical virus capsid was modified on the interior surface with up to 180 porphyrins capable of generating cytotoxic singlet oxygen upon illumination. The exterior of the capsid was modified with ∼20 copies of a Jurkat-specific aptamer using an oxidative coupling reaction targeting an unnatural amino acid. The capsids were able to target and selectively kill more than 76% of the Jurkat cells after only 20 min of illumination. Capsids modified with a control DNA strand did not target Jurkat cells, and capsids modified with the aptamer were found to be specific for Jurkat cells over U266 cells (a control B cell line). The doubly modified capsids were also able to kill Jurkat cells selectively even when mixed with erythrocytes, suggesting the possibility of using our system to target blood-borne cancers or other pathogens in the blood supply.
INVESTIGATION OF MATERIALS AND METHODS OF EXTENDING THE SHELF LIFE OF POLYESTERS. (1968)

The objective of this program was to extend the shelf life of burn-resistant polyester resins to 3 years at temperatures up to 70C without the loss of properties required for bare base applications. Prediction of 3-year shelf life on the basis of a one-year study made mandatory a rapid test procedure which could be extrapolated over extended periods of time. An accelerated test was developed to screen free-radical scavengers as stabilizers for two types of resins, the Hetron resins and Marco resins. Three classes of compounds showed promise as stabilizers in the accelerated tests, namely, phenols, quinones, and nitrophenols. The best individual stabilizers were tetrabromocatechol-cobalt octoate complex (formed in situ), picric acid, dinitrophenol, dinitrocresol, o-nitrophenol, and chloranil at concentrations of 0.5 to 1.0 mole %. The most promising additives were the tetrabromocatechol complex and the picric acid. Effects of the stabilizers on both the uncured and cured polyester resin properties and characteristics were found to be insignificant, while curing rates were lowered appreciably. Combinations of two peroxide catalysts and two additives (sodium methoxide and cobalt promoter) were found beneficial, and curing in the presence of the recommended combination stabilizer systems can be accomplished with excess peroxides to give about 90% of ultimate flexural strength in 2 to 4 hours. Tentative specifications are supplied for preparation, handling and storage of stabilized burn-resistant polyesters for bare base applications.
High temperature heat storage for process heat and power plants (2006)

Two- and three-body Coulomb explosion dynamics of isolated ethanol dications are studied <i>via</i> single-photon double-ionization with ultrafast extreme-ultraviolet pulses. The measured 3-body momentum correlations obtained <i>via</i> 3D coincidence imaging of the ionic products provide evidence for several concerted and sequential mechanisms: (1) a concerted 3-body breakup mechanism, with dominating channels such as CH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> + COH<sup>+</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>; (2) sequential dissociation in which the ejection of a low-kinetic-energy neutral OH precedes the Coulomb explosion of C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub><sup>2+</sup> → CH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> + CH<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>; and (3) a sequential 3-body breakup mechanism that dominates H<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> formation from the ethanol dication <i>via</i> a mechanism that is different from the well-studied H<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> formation in the 2-body Coulomb explosion of the methanol dication. Furthermore, we report surprising branching ratios of the competing C-O bond dissociation channels, resulting in H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>, H<sub>2</sub>O<sup>+</sup> and OH<sup>+</sup> formation.
The Inhibitor of Costimulation of T Cells: Abatacept (2012)

Although the CD28 molecule is crucial in activating T cells and inflammation in psoriasis, data on the efficacy of abatacept in the treatment of PsA are still not conclusive.
Forensic Applications of Infrared Imaging for the Detection and Recording of Latent Evidence (2007)

We report on a simple method to record infrared (IR) reflected images in a forensic science context. Light sources using ultraviolet light have been used previously in the detection of latent prints, but the use of infrared light has been subjected to less investigation. IR light sources were used to search for latent evidence and the images were captured by either video or using a digital camera with a CCD array sensitive to IR wavelength. Bloodstains invisible to the eye, inks, tire prints, gunshot residue, and charred document on dark background are selected as typical matters that may be identified during a forensic investigation. All the evidence types could be detected and identified using a range of photographic techniques. In this study, a one in eight times dilution of blood could be detected on 10 different samples of black cloth. When using 81 black writing inks, the observation rates were 95%, 88% and 42% for permanent markers, fountain pens and ball-point pens, respectively, on the three kinds of dark cloth. The black particles of gunshot residue scattering around the entrance hole under IR light were still observed at a distance of 60 cm from three different shooting ranges. A requirement of IR reflectivity is that there is a contrast between the latent evidence and the background. In the absence of this contrast no latent image will be detected, which is similar to all light sources. The use of a video camera allows the recording of images either at a scene or in the laboratory. This report highlights and demonstrates the robustness of IR to detect and record the presence of latent evidence.
Viscosity Measurements of Non-Newtonian Slurry Suspensions Using Rotating Viscometers (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTViscosity Measurements of Non-Newtonian Slurry Suspensions Using Rotating ViscometersSubhas K. Sikdar and Fernando OréCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1979, 18, 4, 722–726Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i260072a025https://doi.org/10.1021/i260072a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views853Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
The Impact of a Postgraduate Learning Experience on the Confidence of General Dental Practitioners (2017)

This study aimed to explore the relationship between participating in a learning experience and the ensuing changes in confidence. A self-selected group of General Dental Practitioners (GDPs) entered a five-year, part-time postgraduate master's training programme in restorative dentistry. Confidence in communication with patients and technical skills were measured at the start of the programme by questionnaire and at the conclusion of the programme by questionnaire and personal interview. A total of 72 clinicians started the programme; 27% (<i>n</i> = 20) completed the master's degree. Assessment of confidence revealed a spread from 4/10 to 10/10 for communication with patients and clinical skills in restorative dentistry before the programme started. A total of 15% (<i>n</i> = 11) volunteered for interview. Analysis of qualitative data revealed (i) a perceived increase in confidence from all clinicians; (ii) a perceived greater ability to treat patients; (iii) an increase in treatment options being offered to patients; (iv) a perceived increase in treatment uptake by patients; and (v) greater job opportunities. The study showed a positive relationship between the learning experience and the perceived increase in confidence of clinicians. The increase in confidence manifested itself in better communication and clinical skills.
Potent Direct Inhibition of Mammalian Phospholipase D Isoenzymes by Calphostin-c (2001)

Calphostin-c inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes by covalent modification of the lipid binding regulatory domain. Exposure of cells to calphostin-c elicits PKC independent effects including disruption of intracellular transport, growth inhibition, and stimulation of apoptosis suggesting actions at additional targets. Phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes are targets for activation by PKC. We have investigated the PKC isoenzyme selectivity for activation of two mammalian PLD enzymes, PLD1 and PLD2, by PKC. We examined the sensitivity of this process to widely used PKC inhibitors and report the surprising finding that calphostin-c is a potent direct inhibitor of PLD1 and PLD2. In vitro, calphostin-c inhibits activity of both PLD1 and PLD2 with an IC(50) of approximately 100 nM. Inhibition is not overcome by protein and lipid activators of these enzymes and does not involve blockade of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-dependent PLD binding to substrate containing liposomes. Studies using a series of deletion and point mutants of the enzymes suggest that calphostin-c targets the PLD catalytic domain. Inhibition of PLD by calphostin-c in vitro involves stable and apparently irreversible modification of the enzyme. Activity of both PLD1 and PLD2 can be inhibited by calphostin-c treatment of intact cells in a manner that is independent of upstream actions of PKC. Our results suggest that inhibition of PLD1 and PLD2 may explain some of the PKC-independent effects of calphostin-c observed when the compound is applied to intact cells.
Line narrowed picosecond optical pulse generation using three contact InGaAsP/InP multiquantum well distributed feedback laser under gain switching (1992)

A three contact multiquantum well (MQW) distributed feedback (DFB) laser has been gain switched to generate tunable picosecond optical pulses with substantially reduced chirp (as low as 0.6Å) when compared with that possible using equivalent single contact devices. This spectral performance is achieved by using the central device region to control the wavelength of the picosecond pulses generated through modulation of the end contacts. Near Fourier limited duration-bandwidth products as low as 0.26 are observed.