gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Genome-Wide Association Study Confirms VKORC1, CYP2C9, and CYP4F2 as Principal Genetic Determinants of Warfarin Dose (2009)

We report the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) whose sample size (1,053 Swedish subjects) is sufficiently powered to detect genome-wide significance (p<1.5 x 10(-7)) for polymorphisms that modestly alter therapeutic warfarin dose. The anticoagulant drug warfarin is widely prescribed for reducing the risk of stroke, thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and coronary malfunction. However, Caucasians vary widely (20-fold) in the dose needed for therapeutic anticoagulation, and hence prescribed doses may be too low (risking serious illness) or too high (risking severe bleeding). Prior work established that approximately 30% of the dose variance is explained by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the warfarin drug target VKORC1 and another approximately 12% by two non-synonymous SNPs (*2, *3) in the cytochrome P450 warfarin-metabolizing gene CYP2C9. We initially tested each of 325,997 GWAS SNPs for association with warfarin dose by univariate regression and found the strongest statistical signals (p<10(-78)) at SNPs clustering near VKORC1 and the second lowest p-values (p<10(-31)) emanating from CYP2C9. No other SNPs approached genome-wide significance. To enhance detection of weaker effects, we conducted multiple regression adjusting for known influences on warfarin dose (VKORC1, CYP2C9, age, gender) and identified a single SNP (rs2108622) with genome-wide significance (p = 8.3 x 10(-10)) that alters protein coding of the CYP4F2 gene. We confirmed this result in 588 additional Swedish patients (p<0.0029) and, during our investigation, a second group provided independent confirmation from a scan of warfarin-metabolizing genes. We also thoroughly investigated copy number variations, haplotypes, and imputed SNPs, but found no additional highly significant warfarin associations. We present power analysis of our GWAS that is generalizable to other studies, and conclude we had 80% power to detect genome-wide significance for common causative variants or markers explaining at least 1.5% of dose variance. These GWAS results provide further impetus for conducting large-scale trials assessing patient benefit from genotype-based forecasting of warfarin dose.
Microprocessors: A Programmer's View (1990)

This book describes and compares the architectures and characteristics of today's advanced PC and workstation microprocessors: Intel's 80386, Motorola's 68030, DEC's MIPS chip, etc. It features the latest (Reduces Instruction Set Computer) chips - Intel's recently announced i860 and Motorola's 88000 - and contrasts the benefits and drawbacks of these chips compared to the older CISC (Complex Instruction Set) designs. It is the first book to provide information on IBM's new RISC chip and Intel's i860.
Identification of the active site serine of hormone‐sensitive lipase by site‐directed mutagenesis (1994)

The consensus pentapeptide GXSXG is found in virtually all lipases/esterases and generally contains the active site serine. The primary sequence of hormone-sensitive lipase contains a single copy of this pentapeptide, surrounding Ser-423. We have analyzed the catalytic role of Ser-423 by site-directed mutagenesis and expression of the mutant hormone-sensitive lipase in COS cells. Substitution of Ser-423 by several different amino acids resulted in the complete abolition of both lipase and esterase activity, whereas mutation of other conserved serine residues had no effect on the catalytic activity. These results strongly suggest that Ser-423 is the active site serine of hormone-sensitive lipase.
Combined image signal processing for CMOS image sensors (2006)

This paper presents an efficient image signal processing structure for CMOS image sensors to achieve low area and power consumption. Although CMOS image sensors (CISs) have various benefits compared with charge-coupled devices (CCDs), the images obtained from CISs have much lower quality than those from CCDs. To improve the quality of CIS images, it is required to do reproducing and enhancing processings such as color interpolation, white balancing, color correction, gamma correction and color conversion. They are implemented individually in most conventional designs though they have similar functional characteristics. In this proposed structure, the gamma correction block is moved to the front in order to combine several image signal processings into one block. An efficient compensation scheme is also proposed to reduce the errors caused by the moving of the nonlinear gamma correction. A prototype CIS image signal processor is implemented in Verilog-HDL and synthesized with 0.18/spl mu/m standard cell library. Experimental results show that the proposed structure reduces area and power consumption by 23.8% and 31.1%, respectively.
A 21-base pair DNA fragment directs transcription attenuation within the simian virus 40 late leader (1991)

Transcription through the late simian virus 40 (SV40) sequences have been examined in vivo and in vitro for identifying attenuation signals involved in regulating late RNA transcription. In addition to the previously identified and characterized attenuator 1 situated 93 nucleotides downstream from the major late transcription start site, a second attenuator, attenuator 2, situated 55 nucleotides downstream from it, has been identified. Attenuated transcripts mapping to this site have been observed in vivo as well as in several different in vitro transcription systems. The signal inducing transcription attenuation has been localized to a 21-base pair DNA fragment and has been found to function independently of the promoter directing transcription or its distance from the transcription start site. Furthermore, this attenuator, unlike that preceding it, does not include a region of dyad symmetry or A+T-rich sequences. Also, similar to the adenovirus 2 attenuator, but in contrast to SV40 attenuator 1, the block to elongation at the SV40 attenuator 2 appears to be modulated by the general transcription factors. It is concluded that in SV40 there are at least two types of attenuators: one that is dependent on RNA secondary structure and a second that is sequence specific and is modulated, at least in part, by the general transcription factors.
Computational and Experimental Study of Conjugate Heat Transfer From a Flat Plate With Shower Head Impinging Jets (2010)

Computational and experimental conjugate heat transfer of flat circular disk is investigated with a constant heat flux imposed on its bottom surface and a shower head of air jets impinging on its top surface. The shower head consists of a central air jet surrounded by four neighboring perimeter jets. Measured temperature data at twelve locations within the plate are compared with the conjugate heat transfer result obtained at the same locations computationally by Shear Stress Transport (SST) κ-ω turbulence model. Measurement and simulation results are in good agreement with each other. The spacing to orifice diameter ratio (H/d = 1 to 6), jet Reynolds number (7115 to 10674) and plate thickness (2.5 mm, 10 mm and 20 mm) are varied. The computationally obtained flow structure describes the complex interaction of the wall jets. Heat transfer rate is found to be independent of thickness of the impingement plate. Local variation of heat transfer rate with varying H/d is significant but its effect on the area weighted average heat transfer rate is very small. Shower head jets provide uniform temperature distribution with higher heat transfer rate in comparison with the single jet.
Research on the Received Signal Strength Indication Location Algorithm for RFID System (2006)

Received signal strength indication (RSSI) location algorithm is studied in this paper. Simulation platform of radio frequency identification (RFID) location system is also constructed. The affection by different number of reference tags with detection power-level is studied. Tracing location information of mobile tags and the layout of simulation area to effect location error are also investigated. The simulation results illustrate that RSSI algorithm based on RFID with active tag is a viable and cost-effective candidate for indoor location sensing
Effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogs containing cytotoxic radicals on growth of estrogen-independent MXT mouse mammary carcinoma in vivo (1992)

Cytotoxic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) analogs, AJ-004 (agonist [D-Lys6]LH-RH linked to methotrexate (MTX)), T-98 ([D-Lys6]LH-RH coupled to glutaryl-2-(hydroxymethyl)anthraquinone) (G-HMAQ) and T-121/B (antagonist containing two residues of G-HMAQ) were tested in female BDF1 mice bearing MXT ((3.2)/Ovex) estrogen-independent mammary tumors. All three cytotoxic LH-RH analogs, administered from Alzet Osmotic Minipumps for 3 weeks, produced a significant inhibition of tumor growth. The effects of T-98 and T-121/B were superior to those obtained by treatment with equimolar doses of cytotoxic moiety anthraquinone or the LH-RH carrier alone. We assume that cytotoxic LH-RH analogs have a combined hormonal and cytotoxic activity with a reduced toxicity after administration in vivo. This is the first demonstration of in vivo tumor inhibition by targeted LH-RH analogs bearing cytotoxic radicals.
Quantitative Control over Electrodeposition of Silica Films onto Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Surfaces (2007)

Control over the thickness of a silica coating on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is highly desirable for applications in optics and in biomedicine. Moreover, a silica coating on SWNTs would also aid in avoiding tube−tube contact and bundle formation as well as tube oxidation, a scenario conducive to the use of appropriately functionalized carbon nanotubes as individualized gate dielectric materials in field effect transistors. In this work, we have developed two feasible and reliable means with which to coat SWNTs with various reproducible thicknesses of silica using an electrochemical sol−gel process. In one procedure, a SWNT mat was used as a working electrode for the direct deposition of silica. In the second, nanotubes were dispersed in solution and silica was deposited onto these solubilized nanotubes in the presence of a platinum working electrode. Applying a negative potential results in the condensation of a silica film onto the SWNT surface. The thickness of the silica coating can be controllably altered by varying the potential of the working electrode as well as the concentration of the sol solution. These methodologies have the advantages of ease of use, environmental friendliness, and utilization of relatively mild reaction conditions.
Synapses lacking astrocyte appear in the amygdala during consolidation of pavlovian threat conditioning (2013)

There is growing evidence that astrocytes, long held to merely provide metabolic support in the adult brain, participate in both synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. Astrocytic processes are sometimes present at the synaptic cleft, suggesting that they might act directly at individual synapses. Associative learning induces synaptic plasticity and morphological changes at synapses in the lateral amygdala (LA). To determine whether astrocytic contacts are involved in these changes, we examined LA synapses after either threat conditioning (also called fear conditioning) or conditioned inhibition in adult rats by using serial section transmission electron microscopy (ssTEM) reconstructions. There was a transient increase in the density of synapses with no astrocytic contact after threat conditioning, especially on enlarged spines containing both polyribosomes and a spine apparatus. In contrast, synapses with astrocytic contacts were smaller after conditioned inhibition. This suggests that during memory consolidation astrocytic processes are absent if synapses are enlarging but present if they are shrinking. We measured the perimeter of each synapse and its degree of astrocyte coverage, and found that only about 20-30% of each synapse was ensheathed. The amount of synapse perimeter surrounded by astrocyte did not scale with synapse size, giving large synapses a disproportionately long astrocyte-free perimeter and resulting in a net increase in astrocyte-free perimeter after threat conditioning. Thus astrocytic processes do not mechanically isolate LA synapses, but may instead interact through local signaling, possibly via cell-surface receptors. Our results suggest that contact with astrocytic processes opposes synapse growth during memory consolidation.
Surfactant-Based Chemical and Biological Agent Decontaminating Solution Development (2003)

Objectives: Develop a Surfactant-Based Decon Solution That Will Meet JSFDS Requirements; Most Challenging Requirements: Neutralization Time of 15 Minutes for VX, HD, and TGD; Pot Life of 12 Hours; Disinfect Vegetative and Endospore Forming Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses in 15 Minutes; Noncorrosive to Military Materials; Nontoxic and Environmentally Green.
Motion-Based Post Processing of Deformable Contours. (2002)

We present a framework for tracking contours in 2D image sequences by taking into account the motion information and correspondence between contour points. With this framework, The tracking problem can be divided into two steps: i) Contour detection using general internal and external energies in separate frames, and ii) Tracking and refining contours using motion information of the entire image sequence. In addition to the traditional internal and external energies, we introduce two new constraints in the temporal domain which we call temporal internal energy and temporal external energy in the post processing stage. The temporal internal energy smoothes the contours by minimizing the velocity difference between neighboring contour points and the temporal external energy pushes the contour points toward their best location according to their corresponding points in the preceding image. We show the performance of the new constraints with synthetic image sequences and also present the post processing results for medical image sequences.
A Surprising Ring Opening Mechanism in the Formation of α-D-Arabinofuranosyl Nucleosides from 5-Substituted Uracils (1992)

Reaction of silylated 5-substituted uracil derivatives 6 with methyl 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-α-D-arabinofuranoside (3) in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate afforded a mixture of the corresponding 5-substituted 1-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-α-D-arabinofuranosyl)uracils 7 and the acyclo 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-1-O-methyl-1-(uracil-1-yl)-D-arabinitols 9 with the methoxy group intact at C-1. Compound 7 was deprotected with methanolic ammonia to give 8. Compound 7 was also reacted with Lawesson's Reagent to generate the corresponding 4-thio-α-D-arabinofuranoside nucleoside 14 which was deprotected by treatment with methanolic ammonia to give the nucleosides 15. Deprotected acyclo nucleosides 10 were likewise obtained from compounds 9. The mechanism for formation of the nucleosides 7 is discussed and the acyclo nucleosides 9 are believed to be intermediates.
Instance GNN: A Learning Framework for Joint Symbol Segmentation and Recognition in Online Handwritten Diagrams (2021)

Online handwritten diagram recognition (OHDR) has attracted considerable attention for its potential applications in many areas, but it is a challenging task due to the complex 2D structure, writing style variation, and lack of annotated data. Existing OHDR methods often have limitations in modeling and learning complex contextual relationships. To overcome these challenges, we propose an OHDR method based on graph neural networks (GNNs) in this paper. In particular, we formulate symbol segmentation and symbol recognition as node clustering and node classification problems on stroke graphs and solve the problems jointly under a unified learning framework with a GNN model. This GNN model is denoted as Instance GNN since it gives the symbol instance label as well as the semantic label. Extensive experiments on two flowchart datasets and a finite automata dataset show that our method consistently outperforms previous methods with large margins and achieves state-of-the-art performance. In addition, we release a large-scale annotated online handwritten flowchart dataset, CASIA-OHFC, and provide initial experimental results as a baseline.
Evaluating alternative display sharing system architectures (2002)

One cost effective approach for sharing a current local X Window display with other workstations lies with the X Window graphics system itself. A software solution for display sharing can be realized by intercepting the X protocol a client generates, passing the X protocol out of the local workstation and into the display sharing system, and then routing it on to interested receiver workstations. Two methods exist for intercepting X protocol transmission between client and server: a modification to the X server itself, or an intermediary process, referred to as a Wedge, which interposes itself between the client and server, thus gaining access to the protocol stream. Four alternative display sharing system architectures were evaluated in terms of cost, performance, and impact to both the user and the workstation itself. One was selected for further study, with a prototype display sharing system developed based on that architecture.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evaluation of Indicator-Based pH Measurements for Freshwater over a Wide Range of Buffer Intensities (2008)

Two different sulfonephthalein indicators, cresol red (CR) with a pKa of ∼8.3 and bromothymol blue (BTB) with pKa of ∼7.4, were tested for an analysis of freshwater over a broad range of pH and total alkalinity values. Measurements from an autonomous sensor system using a 1 cm optical path length were compared to those using a 10 cm path length on a benchtop spectrophotometer. The indicator pH perturbation was quantified with a thermodynamic model and nonlinear least-squares analysis. The laboratory study found that the perturbation-corrected pH differed between the 1 cm (large indicator perturbation) and 10 cm (small indicator perturbation) optical path length measurements from −0.017 to +0.15 with a median of +0.0041 pH units for CR and from −0.015 to +0.026 with a median of −0.0008 pH units for BTB. Precision was ±0.0005−0.013 and ±0.0001−0.0027 pH units for the 1 and 10-cm-path-length measurements, respectively. The autonomous sensor was deployed for 14 days in a local creek. Simultaneous glass pH electrode measurements had a large negative and drifting offset (−0.15 to −0.40 pH units) compared to the indicator-based measurements. This study is the first in situ comparison between potentiometric and spectrophotometric pH methods in a freshwater system.
Y-junction power divider in InGaAsP-InP photonic integrated circuits (1990)

A demonstration is presented of an InGaAsP-InP asymmetric waveguide Y junction with a power dividing ratio which is independent of the polarization of the input light. The Y junction is monolithically integrated with an active optical gain section by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The integrated chip represents a fundamental building block for photonic integrated circuits. Experimental results are in agreement with a theoretical analysis of the Y junction. The theory shows a low radiation loss (0.4 dB) and negligible power reflection (-63 dB) at the Y junction, which is ideal for monolithic integration with active devices. They also report on an integrated optical amplifier Y-junction-monitoring detector chip as an example of a photonic integrated circuit that employs the new Y-junction design. The estimated excess loss of the Y junction was 1.4 dB for the integrated chip, and the Y-junction reflectivity was found to be negligible.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
PET Imaging of Serotonin Type 2A Receptors in Late-Life Neuropsychiatric Disorders (1999)

These results suggest that the 5-HT2A receptor is differentially affected in late-life depression and Alzheimer's disease, a finding that has implications for the etiological basis of mood and cognitive features of neuropsychiatric disorders of late life.
Impacts of thymoglobulin in patients with acute leukemia in remission undergoing allogeneic HSCT from different donors (2019)

Antithymocyte globulin (ATG) is widely used to reduce acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) and chronic GVHD (cGVHD). To clarify the different impacts of ATG for conditioning across different donor types, we retrospectively analyzed patients with acute leukemia (n = 6617) who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation between 2008 and 2015 with ATG (n = 279) or without ATG (n = 6338). Because thymoglobulin is the only ATG drug approved for GVHD prophylaxis in Japan since September 2008, we included thymoglobulin alone in the present analysis. The survivors' median follow-up time was 1081 days. Patients were categorized into 5 groups: cord blood (CB; n = 1915), matched related donor (n = 1772), 1-antigen mismatched related donor (1-MMRD; n = 225), matched unrelated donor (MUD; n = 1742), and 1-allele mismatched unrelated donor (1-MMUD; n = 963). In multivariate analysis, ATG decreased overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.403; <i>P</i> = .054) and GVHD-free/relapse-free survival (GRFS) (HR, 1.458; <i>P</i> = .053) in association with increased nonrelapse mortality (NRM) (HR, 1.608; <i>P =</i>03) with CB, whereas it improved GRFS (HR, 0.515; <i>P</i> < .01) and decreased grades II to IV aGVHD (HR, 0.576; <i>P</i> < .01), extensive cGVHD (HR, 0.460; <i>P</i> = .02), and NRM (HR, 0.545; <i>P</i> = .03) with 1-MMUD. ATG did not impact survival with 1-MMRD and MUD. The use of ATG in conditioning is beneficial due to the reduction in acute/chronic GVHD without increasing NRM or disease relapse only in 1-MMUD transplantation. On the other hand, ATG is not recommended for CB transplantation.
Anti-inflammatory effects of betaine on AOM/DSS-induced colon tumorigenesis in ICR male mice (2014)

Betaine is an important human nutrient obtained from various foods and studies in animals and humans have provided results suggesting their pathogenesis of various chronic diseases and points to a role in risk assessment and disease prevention. However, the molecular mechanisms of its activity remain poorly understood and warrant further investigation. This study was performed to investigate the anti-inflammation and tumor preventing capacity of betaine on colitis-associated cancer in mice. In in vivo experiments, we induced colon tumors in mice by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and evaluated the effects of betaine on tumor growth. Administration with betaine significantly decreased the incidence of tumor formation with downregulation of inflammation. Treatment with betaine inhibited ROS generation and GSSG concentration in colonic mucosa. Based on the qPCR data, administration of betaine inhibited inflammatory cytokines such TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS and COX-2. In in vitro experiments, LPS-induced NF-κB and inflammatory-related cytokines were inhibited by betaine treatment in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. Our findings suggest that betaine is one of the candidates for the prevention of inflammation-associated colon carcinogenesis.
Effect of Topical 0.1% Indomethacin Solution Versus 0.1% Fluorometholon Acetate on Ocular Surface and Pain Control Following Laser Subepithelial Keratomileusis (LASEK) (2004)

Our study highlights the efficacy of indomethacin solution compared with fluorometholon as a pain reducer after LASEK treatment and suggests that indomethacin is associated with a faster epithelial healing process.