gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Methods for Detection of Micrometastatic Carcinoma Cells in Bone Marrow, Blood and Lymph Nodes (1995)

The present review focuses on diagnostic approaches to identify patients with minimal residual epithelial cancer. Epithelial malignancies are the most common forms of cancer in Western industrialized countries. The failure to decrease the mortality of patients with epithelial tumors is most likely due to early dissemination of cancer cells to secondary sites, which is usually missed by conventional diagnostic procedures used for tumor staging. Therefore, over the past ten years sensitive assays have been developed to detect individual carcinoma cells disseminated to regional lymph nodes or distant organs. Among the distant organs, bone marrow has appeared as the most important indicator site where hematogeneously spread cancer cells can be detected. With regard to detection techniques, most investigators have used either immunocytochemical assays or molecular methods based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Monoclonal antibodies to a variety of ‘epithelial-specific’ cytoskele-ton and membrane antigens have been applied in immunocytochemical assays. At present, antibodies to cytokeratins can be regarded as the most specific and sensitive probes to detect isolated epithelial tumor cells in bone marrow. However, in lymph nodes the detection of disseminated epithelial cells is hampered because of the expression of cytokeratins by lymphatic reticulum cells. Presently PCR-based methods are applied to detect tumor-associated mutations of the ki-ras and p53 genes, or mRNA from ‘tissue-specific’ genes. Thus far, almost all data on the prognostic significance of microdisseminated cells are based on immunocytochemical analyses, whereas the molecular genetic assays still need to be validated in clinical trials. In order to introduce the available methods into international tumor classifications, standardized protocols need to be developed and validated in multicenter studies.
Integrated user and network simulation for traffic control by influencing user behavior (2005)

Traffic generation in mobile networks is heavily dependent on user behavior because neither the place nor the time when users communicate is fixed. Therefore, when special events, such as fireworks displays or football matches, are held, many users concentrated in one location often generate unpredictable excessive traffic locally which can far exceed a network's capacity to handle it. As a way of controlling traffic to prevent congestion, we have proposed "Traffic Control by Influencing User Behavior". In this paper we describe the principles and method of traffic control by influencing user behavior. We also explain the method of multi-agent simulation we have developed as an evaluation tool. Finally, we describe the concept of and requirements for "Integrated User and Network Simulation", which will improve the simulation capability.
Catechin Suppresses an Array of Signalling Molecules and Modulates Alcohol-Induced Endotoxin Mediated Liver Injury in a Rat Model (2011)

Induction of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated gene expression has been implicated in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease through enhanced production of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory mediators. The present study was carried out to investigate the role of catechin as a chain breaking inhibitor against experimental alcoholic liver injury. Rats were administered 35% v/v ethanol orally at a dose of 10 g/Kg/day for two weeks, followed by 14 g/Kg/day for 10 weeks. Catechin (50 mg/Kg) was co-supplemented after 4 weeks of alcohol treatment till the end of the dosing period. Following chronic alcohol exposure, rats developed endotoxemia and severe pathological changes in the liver such as pronounced fatty change, vacuolar degeneration and inflammation. These changes were accompanied by activation of NF-κB and induction of inflammatory and cytotoxic mediators leading to increased level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, enhanced formation of malondialdehyde in the liver followed by drastic alterations in the hepatic antioxidant defense systems. Additionally, nitrite levels and lactate dehydrogenase activities were also significantly elevated on chronic alcohol consumption. Alcohol exposure also increased the number of micronucleated cells indicating that alcohol abuse may again be associated with the nuclear changes. Supplementation with catechin ameliorated the alcohol-induced liver injury by downregulating the endotoxin-mediated activation of initial signalling molecule NF-κB and further going downstream the signalling cascade including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species and by enhancing the antioxidant profile. These observations correlated well with the histological findings. Moreover, a remarkable decrease in the percentage of micronucleated cells was observed with catechin supplementation indicating an apparent protection against alcohol-induced toxicity. These findings suggest that catechin may alleviate experimental alcoholic liver disease by suppressing induction of NF-κB, a key component of signalling pathway, thus forming a pharmacological basis for designing novel therapeutic agents against alcohol induced endotoxin-mediated liver injury.
Benzoquinone imines. Part XI. Mechanism and kinetics of the reaction of p-benzoquinone di-imines with aniline and its derivatives (1972)

Indamine [Phenylene Blue, N-(4-aminophenyl)-p-benzoquinone di-imine] and some C-alkyl derivatives have been characterised, for the first time, as the products of the oxidative coupling of p-phenylenediamines with anilines. The coupling reaction involves electrophilic attack of the conjugate acid of the p-benzoquinone di-imine at the 4-position of the neutral aniline, to give 4,4′-diaminodiphenylamine, which undergoes rapid oxidation to the indamine. The reactivity of anilines is increased by electron-donating substituents, while that of the di-imines is increased by electron-withdrawing substituents. The effect of substituents on the rate of the coupling reaction is cumulative.The visible spectra of the indamine dyes indicate that in unsymmetrically substituted derivatives, the most alkylated ring is quinonoid, while the most chlorinated ring is benzenoid.Hydrolysis of indamines gives indoanilines, and the pH dependence of the rate of hydrolysis indicates that hydrolysis of the neutral species is more rapid than is that of the conjugate acid. Data is given for the oxidation potential of indamine over the pH range 3·9–5·9.
Enzyme-Induced Gelation of Extensively Hydrolyzed Whey Proteins by Alcalase:  Peptide Identification and Determination of Enzyme Specificity (2003)

Extensive hydrolysis of whey protein isolate by Alcalase was shown to induce gelation mainly via hydrophobic interactions. The aim of this work was to characterize the peptides released in order to better understand this phenomenon. The apparent molecular mass distribution indicated that aggregates were formed by small molecular mass peptides (<2000 Da). One hundred and thirty peptides with various lengths were identified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Alcalase was observed to have a high specificity for aromatic (Phe, Trp, and Tyr), acidic (Glu), sulfur-containing (Met), aliphatic (Leu and Ala), hydroxyl (Ser), and basic (Lys) residues. Most peptides had an average hydrophobicity of 1-1.5 kcal/residue and a net charge of 0 at the pH at which gelation occurred (6.0). Therefore, an intermolecular attractive force such as hydrophobic interaction suggests the formation of aggregates that further leads to the formation of a gel.
Improved Electron Mobility Higher than 10<sup>6</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>/Vs in Selectively Doped GaAs/N-AlGaAs Heterostructures Grown by MBE (1983)

Electron mobility of quasi-two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in selectively doped GaAs/ N -Al x Ga 1- x As ( x =0.3) heterostructures grown by MBE was investigated as a function of thickness of an undoped Al x Ga 1- x As spacer-layer (0–200 Å) introduced between a Si-doped AlGaAs layer and an undoped GaAs layer, at 77 K and 5 K. Mobility of 2DEG as high as 2,120,000 cm 2 /Vs at 5 K was achieved with a spacer-layer thickness of 200 Å. This electron mobility is higher than any observed so far in semiconductor materials.
Fragmentation of selenoxides: a new method for dehydrogenation of ketones (1973)

D. L. J. Clive, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1973, 695 DOI: 10.1039/C39730000695
Secretion of a TNFR:Fc Fusion Protein following Pulmonary Administration of Pseudotyped Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors (2004)

This study evaluated and compared delivery of the tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor (TNFR)-immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) Fc fusion (TNFR:Fc) gene to the lung by single and repeat administrations of multiple pseudotyped adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors as a means for achieving systemic distribution of the soluble TNFR:Fc protein. A single endotracheal administration of AAV[2/5]cytomegalovirus (CMV)-TNFR:Fc vector (containing the AAV2 inverted terminal repeats and AAV5 capsid) to the rat lung resulted in long-term, high levels of serum TNFR:Fc protein that gradually declined over a period of 8 months. Endotracheal delivery of AAV[2/1]CMV-TNFR:Fc resulted in serum TNFR:Fc protein levels that were detectable for at least 4 months but were 10-fold lower than that of the AAV[2/5] vector. In contrast, secretion of the TNFR:Fc protein following pulmonary delivery of AAV[2/2]CMV-TNFR:Fc vector was very inefficient, and the protein was detected in the blood only when an airway epithelial cell-specific promoter, CC10, was substituted for the CMV enhancer/promoter to control transgene expression. In the context of AAV[2/5], the CC10 promoter was as efficient as CMV enhancer/promoter in generating similar levels of systemic TNFR:Fc protein, suggesting that this protein is secreted primarily from the airway epithelium. In mice, comparable long-term secretion of TNFR:Fc protein was demonstrated after AAV[2/2] and AAV[2/5] delivery, although the kinetics of transduction appeared to be different. All pseudotyped AAV vectors elicited serum anti-AAV capsid-neutralizing antibody responses, but these did not prevent lung transduction and efficient secretion of TNFR:Fc protein to the circulation following readministration with AAV[2/5]. These results highlight the potential utility of AAV vectors containing serotype 5 capsid to deliver and redeliver genes of secreted proteins to the lung to achieve long-term systemic protein expression.
Hierarchical Leak Detection and Localization Method in Natural Gas Pipeline Monitoring Sensor Networks (2011)

In light of the problems of low recognition efficiency, high false rates and poor localization accuracy in traditional pipeline security detection technology, this paper proposes a type of hierarchical leak detection and localization method for use in natural gas pipeline monitoring sensor networks. In the signal preprocessing phase, original monitoring signals are dealt with by wavelet transform technology to extract the single mode signals as well as characteristic parameters. In the initial recognition phase, a multi-classifier model based on SVM is constructed and characteristic parameters are sent as input vectors to the multi-classifier for initial recognition. In the final decision phase, an improved evidence combination rule is designed to integrate initial recognition results for final decisions. Furthermore, a weighted average localization algorithm based on time difference of arrival is introduced for determining the leak point's position. Experimental results illustrate that this hierarchical pipeline leak detection and localization method could effectively improve the accuracy of the leak point localization and reduce the undetected rate as well as false alarm rate.
Weak gratings in silicon-on-insulator for spectral filters based on volume holography (2013)

We demonstrate integrated holographic grating filters, that can be designed toward any desired target spectrum. A straightforward design method transforms this target spectrum into a weak effective refractive index variation. The filters are implemented in high-contrast silicon-on-insulator by modulating the width of the shallow etched sides of a ridge waveguide. Measurements show that this is a promising approach to integrate flexible and versatile filters on photonic chips to enable more complex applications.
The Measurement of Nitrite in Adulterated Urine Samples by High-Performance Ion Chromatography (1999)

With the increased availability of nitrite-containing commercial products that are used for the adulteration of urine samples in the workplace, it is necessary for laboratories to be able to detect and confirm the presence of nitrite in these samples. We have developed a method to confirm the presence of nitrite in urine samples. The method uses the IonPac AS 14 analytical column with the Dionex series 45001 Bio LC system equipped with an anion self-generating suppressor and conductivity detector. Using a single-point calibration, the method is linear and accurately quantitates nitrite to 12,000 microg/mL. The limit of detection is 30 microg/mL, and the day-to-day precision of the assay has a coefficient of variation (CV) of 4.3% at 1200 microg/mL and 3.8% at 2700 microg/mL of nitrite.
Facile Preparation of the  C 60 Monoanion in Aprotic Solvents (1993)

A facile method of monoanion preparation in various aprotic solvents is presented and interpreted in terms of the Nernst electrochemical equilibria. The method consists of reduction of with mercury in the presence of tetraalkylammonium halide. The radical product, containing traces of , is detected and identified by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The selectivity of the method is tuned by a proper selection of solvent, tetraalkylammonium halide, and its concentration.
Development of the Belridge Field's Diatomite Reservoirs with Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Wells: From First Attempts to Current Ultra-Tight Spacing (2010)

Abstract The diatomite reservoirs in the Belridge giant oil field in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California provide an ideal location for following the growth in understanding and application of horizontal wells through time. Details are presented that cover geology, drilling, completion, and production from four projects totaling 230 of the field's 246 hydraulically stimulated horizontal wells drilled transverse, longitudinal, and oblique to the azimuth of the preferred natural fracture plane. The diatomite reservoirs are layered biogenic silica deposited in the Miocene Monterey and Reef Ridge formations. They have continuous vertical oil columns ranging up to 1,300 ft (400 m) along the crest of the anticline. However, the permeability is 0.1 to 10 millidarcies which requires all producers to have multiple sand-propped hydraulic fractures to produce at economic rates. Tight spacing and accurate fracture placement are essential to recovering reserves in this massive reservoir. Normal field development is via closely-spaced vertical producers with vertical water injectors for pressure support. However, when pay zones thin-out on the flanks or become less vertically continuous, horizontal wells become the preferred method of development. Each of the four projects targeted different areas of the field, and had wells drilled in different geomechanical stress regimes. The largest project has 188 horizontal wells completed with multiple longitudinal hydraulic fractures: after an initial pilot study of four wells, Phase 1 consisted of 75 ft (23 m) spacing between the horizontal sections of the wellbores; Phase 2 evaluated and developed 50 ft (15 m) spacing in a less prospective area; and Phase 3 consisted of infill drilling at 37.5 ft (11.5 m) spacing in the Phase 1 area while at the same time converting every fourth horizontal producer to a water injector. The unconventional petrophysical properties of the diatomite and the variety of stress regimes allow an almost textbook-like look into knowledge capture plus the utilization of successes and learnings for subsequent projects. From first attempts in 1995 to the current ultra-tight spacing, the learnings from this case study are readily applicable to many other fields, especially to shale reservoirs in resource plays, where tight spacing of the hydraulic fractures and a manufacturing assembly-line approach to development may be needed to get hydrocarbons efficiently out of the matrix.
Pemphigus vulgaris: the manifestations and long-term management of 55 patients with oral lesions (1999)

Perhaps surprisingly, the manifestations and management of patients with pemphigus vulgaris and oral lesions have been detailed only infrequently. The present study has examined the clinical features, diagnosis and management of a cohort of 55 patients, including three adolescents, with pemphigus vulgaris predominantly affecting the oral mucosa. There was about a 6-month delay from the onset of symptoms until presentation for diagnosis, longer in men than in women. Patients typically had multiple lesions affecting mainly the buccal and/or palatal mucosae, and over half the patients had lesions affecting non-oral mucosal sites. Nearly one-quarter (24%) had cutaneous involvement. Most patients were otherwise healthy with no other autoimmune disorders. Classical histopathological features of pemphigus vulgaris were present in all patients, as well as IgG intraepithelial deposits in all patients tested and circulating epithelial antibodies in most. Thirty-two patients were treated in the clinic, four responding to topical immunosuppressive therapy, the remainder needing and responding, at least in part, to systemic immunosuppression. Systemic corticosteroids often with adjunctive immunosuppressives, particularly azathioprine, were required in 87% of patients. In 18% of the patients, the disease resolved in 3 months, but 76% had recalcitrant disease. Adverse effects were seen in 78%, and two patients died, at least one as a consequence of immunosuppressive therapy. It is concluded that pemphigus vulgaris affecting the oral mucosa is still diagnosed only after considerable delay because patients, especially men, present late; it has a chronic course; it is often associated with lesions in other mucosae and/or skin; it can be resistant to currently available therapies; and immunosuppressive therapy frequently produces adverse effects, occasionally lethal.
Gate Oxide Reliability for Nano-Scale CMOS (2006)

The reliability of the gate oxide in microelectronics, i.e., the ability of a thin film of this material to retain its excellent dielectric properties while subjected to high electric fields, has been a perennial concern over the last 40-45 years. Two dominant gate oxide failure mechanisms, dielectric breakdown and the negative bias instability, have continued to cause concern as MOSFET devices have scaled to nanometer dimensions
One-pot synthesis of bi-disperse FePt nanoparticles and size-selective self-assembly into AB2, AB5, and AB13 superlattices (2006)

By chemically modifying the nucleation burst that generates monodisperse FePt nanocrystals, a mixture of Pt and Fe(x)Pt(1-x) nanoparticles forms during a one-pot reaction that includes a small amount of Cu as a catalyst; size-selective precipitation yields a bi-disperse population of Fe(x)Pt(1-x) nanoparticles, which can assemble into high-quality AB2, AB5, and AB13 superlattice structures.
Statistical Methods for Six Sigma: In R&D and Manufacturing (2003)

1. Introduction. 2. Basic Statistics. 2.1 Descriptive Statistics. 2.2 Statistical Distributions. 2.3 Confidence Intervals. 2.4 Sample Size. 2.5 Tolerance Intervals. 2.6 Normality, Independence and Homoscedasticity. 3. Comparative Experiments and Regression Analysis. 3.1 Hypothesis Testing Framework. 3.2 Comparing Single Population. 3.3 Comparing Two Populations. 3.4 Comparing Multiple Populations. 3.5 Correlation. 3.6 Regression Analysis. 4. Control Charts. 4.1 Role of Control Charts. 4.2 Logic of Control Limits. 4.3 Variable Control Charts. 4.4 Attribute Control Charts. 4.5 Interpreting Control Charts. 4.6 Key Success Factors. 5. Process Capability. 5.1 Capability and Performance Indices. 5.2 E stimating Capability and Performance Indices. 5.3 Six-Sigma Goal. 5.4 Planning for Improvement. 6. Other Useful Charts. 6.1 Risk-based Control Ch arts. 6.2 Modified Control Limit Chart. 6.3 Moving Average Control Chart. 6.4 Short Run Control Charts 6.5 Charts for Non-Normal Distributions. 7. Variance Components Analysis. 7.1 Chart (Random Factor). 7.2 One-way Classification (Fixed Factor). 7.3 Structured Studies and Variance Components. 8. Quality Planning with Variance Components. 8.1 Typical Manufacturing Application. 8.2 Economic Loss Functions. 8.3 Planning for Quality Improvement. 8.4 Application to Multi-Lane Manufacturing Process. 8.5 Variance Transmission Analysis. 8.6 Application to a Factorial Design. 8.7 Variance Components and Specifications. 9. Measurement Systems Analysis. 9.1 Statistical Properties of Measurement Systems. 9.2 Acceptance Criteria. 9.3 Calibration Study. 9.4 Stability and Bias Study. 9.5 Repeatability and Reproducibility (R&R) Study. 9.6 Robustness and Intermediate Precision Studies. 9.7 Linearity Study. 9.8 Method Transfer Study. 9.9 Calculating Significant Figures. 10. What Color is Your Belt? 10.1 Test. 10.2 Answers. Appendix A: Tail Area of Unit Normal Distribution. Appendix B: Probability Points of the t Distribution with v Degrees of Freedom. Appendix C: Probability Points of the x2 Distribution with v Degrees of Freedom. Appendix D1.k Values for Two-Sided Normal Tolerance Limits. Appendix D2.k Values for One-Sided Normal Tolerance Limits. Appendix E1: Percentage Points of the F Distribution: Upper 5% Points. Appendix E2: Percentage Points of the F Distribution: Upper 2.5% Points. Appendix F: Critical Values of Hartley's Maximum F Ratio Test for Homogeneity of Variances. Appendix G: Table of Control Chart Constants. Glossary Of Symbols. References. Index.
Animal models of antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis (2011)

ANCA-associated vasculitis can be induced in various forms in susceptible rodents. Further refinements are required for the full spectrum of disease phenotype to be replicated in animals, but critical new targets have been proposed based on the use of molecular blocking agents and transgenic animals to elucidate disease pathways.
Trap-limited carrier recombination in single-walled carbon nanotube heterojunctions with fullerene acceptor layers (2015)

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-fullerene (${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$) bilayers represent an attractive ``donor-acceptor'' binary system for solar photoconversion, where the kinetics of photoinduced processes depend critically on the properties of the interface between the two materials. Using photoconductivity measurements we identify the kinetic scheme that describes the free carrier kinetics in such bilayers where the dominant SWCNT species is the (7,5) semiconducting nanotube. Following charge separation, the carrier kinetics, covering up to four orders of magnitude in volumetric hole density, are described by a recombination process that is limited by capture and emission at traps or states at the SWCNT-${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ interface. The high-frequency mobility of holes in the (7,5) SWCNT phase is lower than in multichiral films, potentially due to differences in SWCNT defect density for nanotubes that have been purified more aggressively. The results obtained here provide fundamental insights into the transport and recombination of both charges and excitons within SWCNT thin films and bilayers, and point to several potential ways to improve SWCNT-${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ photovoltaic devices.