gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoreactions of Small Organic Molecules VII Photoionization Studies on the Ion‐Pair Formation of the Fluorochloromethanes CF<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>, CF<sub>3</sub>Cl, and CFCl<sub>3</sub> (1979)

Abstract Ion‐pair processes were studied applying photoionization mass spectroscopy in the photon energy range 8 — 30 eV. The investigation of the fluorochloromethanes CF 2 Cl 2 , CF 3 Cl, and CFCl 3 revealed that the fragments F − , CF − , Cl − , CCl − , CF − 2 , FCl − , CFCl − , Cl − 2 , CF − 3 , CF 2 Cl − , and CFCl − 2 are formed in unimolecular reactions. The Cl − ‐yield of CFCl 3 is strongly influenced by the attachment of photoelectrons. The ion efficiency curves of the halides show that a variety of ion‐pair processes leads to the formation of F − and Cl − . The interpretation has been confirmed by the corresponding efficiency curves of the positive ions.
Towards a system for the interpretation of moving light displays (1980)

Lights is a system for the interpretation of simple moving light displays (MLD) of jointed objects against a stationary background. The displays studied differ from those examined by previous researchers in that 1) objects are represented by a relatively small number of points, 2) objects are not rigid, and 3) the viewing geometry is such that highly varying degrees of perspective distortion occur. An algorithm is presented which segments the points of an MLD of a wire-frame man into body parts. The relationship of this algorithm to previous theories of MLD perception and actual human performance is discussed.
Electrochemical Modification of Boron-Doped Chemical Vapor Deposited Diamond Surfaces with Covalently Bonded Monolayers (1999)

Electrochemical reduction of phenyl diazonium salts in acetonitrile at boron‐doped diamond electrodes yielded covalent bonding of aromatic groups to the carbon surface. Diamond surfaces modified with nitrophenyl, trifluoromethylphenyl, and nitroazobenzene showed strong X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) signals for surface nitrogen or fluorine, which were stable to exposure to air or solvents. Raman spectra of chemisorbed nitroazobenzene on boron‐doped diamond were obtained, and were similar to those observed for derivatized glassy carbon. Estimated surface coverages of 50–70% of a compact monolayer were calculated from XPS spectra, indicating that the coverage is too high to be attributed solely to modification of carbon impurities or boron dopant. The high coverages of covalently bonded molecules on diamond achievable by diazonium reduction imply that a variety of surface functionalities may be introduced on the normally unreactive diamond surface. ©1999 The Electrochemical Society
Magneto-Photonic and Magnonic Crystals Based on Ferrite Films - New Types of Magnetic Functional Materials (2006)

A new type of photonic crystals entitled “magnonic crystals (MC)” that exhibit forbidden gaps in the microwave spectrum of magnetostatic spin waves (MSW) are reported. The topography of the MCs that consist of two-dimensional (2-D) etched holes periodic structure in yttrium iron garnet films was studied by atomic force and magnetic force magnetometry. The propagation characteristics of spin waves in such 2-D MCs was measured and analyzed.
Chemistry and Biology of Biosynthetic Diels–Alder Reactions (2003)

Nature's repertoire of biosynthetic transformations has recently been recognized to include the Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction. Evidence now exists that there are enzymes that mediate the Diels-Alder reaction in secondary metabolic biosynthetic pathways. 2002 marked the 100th anniversary of Alder's birth and 75 years since the discovery of the Diels-Alder reaction. It would appear that living systems discovered and made use of this ubiquitously useful ring-forming reaction eons ago for the construction of complex natural products. In this Review an overview is given of all of the known classes of natural products (polyketides, isoprenoids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids) that have been speculated to arise by a biological Diels-Alder reaction.
Recent advances in non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes): self-assembly, fabrication, characterization, drug delivery applications and limitations (2013)

Non-ionic surfactant vesicles, simply known as niosomes are synthetic vesicles with potential technological applications. Niosomes have the same potential advantages of phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) of being able to accommodate both water soluble and lipid soluble drug molecules control their release and as such serve as versatile drug delivery devices of numerous applications. Additionally, niosomes can be considered as more economically, chemically, and occasionally physically stable alternatives to liposomes. Niosomes can be fabricated using simple methods of preparations and from widely used surfactants in pharmaceutical technology. Many reports have discussed niosomes in terms of physicochemical properties and their applications as drug delivery systems. In this report, a brief and simplified summary of different theories of self-assembly will be given. Furthermore manufacturing methods, physical characterization techniques, bilayer membrane additives, unconventional niosomes (discomes, proniosomes, elastic and polyhedral niosomes), their recent applications as drug delivery systems, limitations and directions for future research will be discussed.
Reduced graphene oxide/nickel nanocomposites: facile synthesis, magnetic and catalytic properties (2012)

Graphene, which possesses unique nanostructure and excellent properties, is considered a low cost alternative to carbon nanotubes in nanocomposites. In this paper, we demonstrate a facile in situreduction approach for the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/Ni (RGO/Ni) nanocomposites with different morphologies. The concentration of nickel ions has a great influence on the morphology of the RGO/Ni nanocomposites and an interesting RGO-wrapped nanostructure was obtained. Magnetic studies reveal a room-temperature ferromagnetic behavior of the RGO/Ni nanocomposites. The catalytic activities of the RGO/Ni nanocomposites were investigated for the reduction of p-nitrophenol by NaBH4. It was found that the nanocomposites show higher catalytic activity compared with the unsupported Ni nanoparticles. The catalytic performance of the RGO/Ni nanocomposites was even better than the RANEY® Ni catalyst. Moreover, after completion of the reaction the nanocomposite catalyst can be easily re-collected from the reaction system by a magnet. Thus, the RGO/Ni nanocomposites obtained in this work may find applications in catalysis, data storage, targeted drug transportation and magnetic resonance imaging technologies.
Antimicrobial activity of ZnO-doxycycline hyclate thermosensitive gel (2012)

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a prototype of micro- and nanomaterials widely studied in different fields due to many promising new applications. Various zinc oxides (typical, micronized, powder, tetrapod I, and tetrapod II ZnO) have been characterized using SEM. The particle size of zinc oxides was analysed using laser light diffraction spectroscopy. Effects of types and amounts of ZnO on the antimicrobial activity were evaluated using Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans as standard microbes. Lutrol F127 systems comprising ZnO and doxycycline hyclate were developed. Cytotoxicity of test samples and gel was investigated on human gingival fibroblast and macrophage cell line U937. Particle size analysis revealed that micronized ZnO was smaller than ZnO powder, ZnO BP, tetrapod I, or II zinc oxides. The particle size of tetrapod zinc oxides was larger than the others since they exhibited an arm structure configuration. The antibacterial activity depended on the particle size of ZnO, whereas the antifungal activity was less affected by the particle size. Increasing ZnO in the doxycycline hyclate-Lutrol F127 systems decreased the inhibition zone diameters against all test microbes investigated with agar diffusion method because it retarded drug diffusion. This effect could prolong the doxycycline hyclate release. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone could enhance the antifungal activity of doxycycline hyclate thermosensitive gel. The developed system could inhibit bacteria in the oral cavity. All 10 mg/ml test samples were not toxic to human gingival fibroblast or macrophage cell line, however Lutrol F127 and doxycycline hyclate showed a slight effect but no significant difference from that of the control group. Therefore, ZnO combined with doxycycline hyclate could prolong the inhibition of microbes in the form of thermosensitive gel to use in localized periodontitis therapy.
Structure of a growth-blocking peptide present in parasitized insect hemolymph (1991)

Last instar larvae of the insect armyworm, Pseudaletia separata, parasitized with the parasitoid wasp, Apanteles kariyai, do not initiate metamorphosis and, ultimately, the wasp larvae emerge from the host larvae about 10 days after parasitization (Tanaka, T., Agui, N., and Hiruma, K. (1987) Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 67, 364-374). It is necessary for the parasitoid wasp to perturb the armyworm's endocrinological processes that control normal metamorphosis from larvae to pupae. This endocrinological perturbation allows the parasitoid to complete its larval growth before emerging from the host larvae. It is obligatory for the parasitoid larvae to emerge while the host is still in a larval stage because the sclerotized pupal cuticle is impenetrable for the parasitoid larvae. A growth-blocking peptide with repressive activity against juvenile hormone esterase has been proven to exist in the parasitized host larval plasma (Hayakawa, Y. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 10813-10816). Here, I describe the detailed structure of this peptide and also the corresponding synthetic peptide to confirm this structure.
Ultra-high flow rate capillary liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection for the direct analysis of pharmaceuticals in plasma at sub-nanogram per millilitre concentrations (1999)

Ultra-high flow rate liquid chromatography on large particle size stationary phases coupled with mass spectrometric detection (particularly tandem mass spectrometry, MS/MS) is gaining increasing usage for the direct determination of pharmaceuticals in biological fluids. The lack of sample preparation required prior to chromatographic and MS/MS analysis, together with the extremely high throughput of the chromatography, make the technique extremely attractive to the modern pharmaceutical bioanalyst. However, this lack of sample preparation also means that there is no potential for concentration of the sample and, as a consequence, the sensitivity of the technique has been limited. Liquid chromatography on the capillary scale offers sensitivity benefits compared with conventional liquid chromatography as the volume in which the analyte peaks are eluted is greatly reduced. In this paper, we present the use of ultra-high flow rate liquid chromatography on the capillary scale. This enables the quantification of drugs in plasma at sub-nanogram per millilitre concentrations from a very small (2.5 micromgL) aliquot of plasma without sample preparation. We also compare the resolution obtained by ultra-high flow rate liquid chromatography with that achieved on short columns packed with conventional size packing materials operated in an isocratic manner.
Design of Inhibitors of Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase (1989)

The role of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase in the pathogenesis of infection, its mechanism of action and the current status with regard to the design of inhibitors are reviewed. Examples of inhibitors based on substrate and product analogues are described, some of which are very potent and highly selective for the viral enzymes. One class of inhibitors with high in vitro potency and selectivity has shown a protective effect in mice under certain conditions and it is possible that compounds of this type may have potential as antiviral agents in man.
Routing table compaction in ternary CAM (2002)

Techniques are presented for reducing the size of routing tables stored in ternary content-addressable memory (CAM), which result in decreased cost, power consumption, and thermal dissipation. CAM allows simultaneous comparison between all indexes and the key (the destination IP address), and the entry corresponding to the matched index can be obtained directly. CAM's main advantage is that search time is bounded by a single memory access; thus, it can guarantee high lookup throughput. There are two types of CAM: binary, where each bit position, stores only 0 or 1, and ternary, where each bit position can store 0, 1, or don't care. Ternary CAM (TCAM) could solve the longest-prefix-matching problem more directly than binary CAM. In addition to the index, TCAM also stores a separate mask for each entry. The mask specifies which bits in the index are active, thereby specifying the variable-length prefix.
Feasibility of Training Athletes for High-Pressure Situations Using Virtual Reality (2014)

Virtual reality (VR) has been successfully applied to a broad range of training domains; however, to date there is little research investigating its benefits for sport psychology training. We hypothesized that using high-fidelity VR systems to display realistic 3D sport environments could trigger anxiety, allowing resilience-training systems to prepare athletes for real-world, highpressure situations. In this work we investigated the feasibility and usefulness of using VR for sport psychology training. We developed a virtual soccer goalkeeping application for the Virginia Tech Visionarium VisCube (a CAVE-like display system), in which users defend against simulated penalty kicks using their own bodies. Using the application, we ran a controlled, within-subjects experiment with three independent variables: known anxiety triggers, field of regard, and simulation fidelity. The results demonstrate that a VR sport-oriented system can induce increased anxiety (physiological and subjective measures) compared to a baseline condition. There were a number of main effects and interaction effects for all three independent variables in terms of the subjective measures of anxiety. Both known anxiety triggers and simulation fidelity had a direct relationship to anxiety, while field of regard had an inverse relationship. Overall, the results demonstrate great potential for VR sport psychology training systems; however, further research is needed to determine if training in a VR environment can lead to long-term reduction in sport-induced anxiety.
Resolution of racemic albuterol via diastereomeric salts formation with di-p-toluoyl-D-tartaric acid. (2000)

A convenient method is described for the resolution of racemic Albuterol by selective crystallization of its di-p-toluoyl-D-tartrate salt. The separation resulted in a 38% yield of the (R)-enantiomer. Racemization of the (S)-enantiomer occurs in diluted H2SO4 at 100 degrees C in 80% yield. This racemic mixture was recycled to the diastereomer salt, in order to improve the overall yield. The (R)-Albuterol tartrate salt was decomposed in a sulfuric acid solution, and the (R)-Albuterol was isolated as its sulfate salt with 67% overall yield with 99.5% optical purity.
Flexibility and quality in the access network (2003)

It is argued that, to keep pace with ever-changing needs for new services capabilities and increased bandwidth, local exchange carriers (LECs) need to deploy a flexible and robust access infrastructure. The use of outside plant electronics such as digital loop carrier (DLC) and lightwave multiplexers, either stand-alone or integrated, to implement remote service interfaces and a high-bandwidth fiber feeder can achieve this goal. To insure flexibility, the DLC and lightwave multiplexer equipment should support full service capability and bandwidth management of the DS0 and DS1/VT1.5 (Virtual Tributary 1.5) level. On the distribution side, the platform should support copper, fiber, and wireless access. On the feeder side, use of standard interfaces such as TR303 and SONET are crucial in implementing a high-functionality network that supports advanced operations, administration, maintenance, and provisioning, as well as multivendor interworking.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
System performance of practical broadband dispersion-compensating gratings (2002)

Summary form only given. We describe a simple model that relates the time delay characteristics of dispersion-compensating gratings (DCGs) to the system performance. While it is generally agreed that time delay ripples have an impact on the performance, there is a debate concerning the extent to which ripples limit the application of DCGs in 10-Gbit/s transmission systems. The present model helps to provide an answer to this question.
Expression of TGF‐β type II receptor antisense RNA impairs TGF‐β signaling <i>in vitro</i> and promotes mammary gland differentiation <i>in vivo</i> (2003)

In order to clarify the role of TGF-beta in mammary development and tumorigenesis, we investigated the efficacy of full- or partial-length TbetaRII antisense RNA specifically to reduce TbetaRII levels in both in vitro and in vivo model systems. Here we show that the expression of TbetaRII antisense RNA in vitro reduced TbetaRII cell surface expression and inhibited the antiproliferative and transcriptional responses to exogenous TGF-beta. Expression of full-length TbetaRII antisense RNA in a transgenic mouse model under control of the mouse mammary tumor virus promotor resulted in precocious lobuloalveolar development of the mammary gland, a phenotype that resembles that of early pregnancy. These data demonstrate that TbetaRII plays a critical role in maintaining the nondifferentiated character of virgin mammary gland epithelium.
Biochemical markers of myocyte injury in heart failure (2004)

This review discusses the role of biochemical markers of myocyte injury in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Heart specific assays have been developed for the measurement of cardiac troponin T (cTnT), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), heart type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP), and myosin light chain 1 (MLC-1). Concentrations of these biochemical markers increase in the absence of ischaemic events in the subset of patients with heart failure whose long term outcomes are most adverse. The markers are easy to measure serially and it is therefore easy to follow patients without inter-observer variability. The serial clinical use of these markers, separately or in combination, will sharpen our understanding of the state of heart failure.
Targeted cell immobilization by ultrasound microbeam (2011)

Various techniques exerting mechanical stress on cells have been developed to investigate cellular responses to externally controlled stimuli. Fundamental mechanotransduction processes about how applied physical forces are converted into biochemical signals have often been examined by transmitting such forces through cells and probing its pathway at cellular levels. In fact, many cellular biomechanics studies have been performed by trapping (or immobilizing) individual cells, either attached to solid substrates or suspended in liquid media. In that context, we demonstrated two-dimensional acoustic trapping, where a lipid droplet of 125 µm in diameter was directed transversely toward the focus (or the trap center) similar to that of optical tweezers. Under the influence of restoring forces created by a 30 MHz focused ultrasound beam, the trapped droplet behaved as if tethered to the focus by a linear spring. In order to apply this method to cellular manipulation in the Mie regime (cell diameter > wavelength), the availability of sound beams with its beamwidth approaching cell size is crucial. This can only be achieved at a frequency higher than 100 MHz. We define ultrasound beams in the frequency range from 100 MHz to a few GHz as ultrasound microbeams because the lateral beamwidth at the focus would be in the micron range. Hence a zinc oxide (ZnO) transducer that was designed and fabricated to transmit a 200 MHz focused sound beam was employed to immobilize a 10 µm human leukemia cell (K-562) within the trap. The cell was laterally displaced with respect to the trap center by mechanically translating the transducer over the focal plane. Both lateral displacement and position trajectory of the trapped cell were probed in a two-dimensional space, indicating that the retracting motion of these cells was similar to that of the lipid droplets at 30 MHz. The potential of this tool for studying cellular adhesion between white blood cells and endothelial cells was discussed, suggesting its capability as a single cell manipulator.
System and Methods for Converting Speech to SQL (2013)

This paper concerns with the conversion of a Spoken English Language Query into SQL for retrieving data from RDBMS. A User submits a query as speech signal through the user interface and gets the result of the query in the text format. We have developed the acoustic and language models using which a speech utterance can be converted into English text query and thus natural language processing techniques can be applied on this English text query to generate an equivalent SQL query. For conversion of speech into English text HTK and Julius tools have been used and for conversion of English text query into SQL query we have implemented a System which uses rule based translation to translate English Language Query into SQL Query. The translation uses lexical analyzer, parser and syntax directed translation techniques like in compilers. JFLex and BYACC tools have been used to build lexical analyzer and parser respectively. System is domain independent i.e. system can run on different database as it generates lex files from the underlying database.
A multimode electromechanical parametric resonator array (2014)

Electromechanical resonators have emerged as a versatile platform in which detectors with unprecedented sensitivities and quantum mechanics in a macroscopic context can be developed. These schemes invariably utilise a single resonator but increasingly the concept of an array of electromechanical resonators is promising a wealth of new possibilities. In spite of this, experimental realisations of such arrays have remained scarce due to the formidable challenges involved in their fabrication. In a variation to this approach, we identify 75 harmonic vibration modes in a single electromechanical resonator of which 7 can also be parametrically excited. The parametrically resonating modes exhibit vibrations with only 2 oscillation phases which are used to build a binary information array. We exploit this array to execute a mechanical byte memory, a shift-register and a controlled-NOT gate thus vividly illustrating the availability and functionality of an electromechanical resonator array by simply utilising higher order vibration modes.