gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using Real-Time Electron Microscopy To Explore the Effects of Transition-Metal Composition on the Local Thermal Stability in Charged Li<sub><i>x</i></sub>Ni<sub><i>y</i></sub>Mn<sub><i>z</i></sub>Co<sub>1–<i>y</i>–<i>z</i></sub>O<sub>2</sub> Cathode Materials (2015)

In this work, we use in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate the thermal decomposition that occurs at the surface of charged LixNiyMnzCo1–y–zO2 (NMC) cathode materials of different composition (with y, z = 0.8, 0.1, and 0.6, 0.2, and 0.4,and 0.3), after they have been charged to their practical upper limit voltage (4.3 V). By heating these materials inside the TEM, we are able to directly characterize near surface changes in both their electronic structure (using electron energy loss spectroscopy) and crystal structure and morphology (using electron diffraction and bright-field imaging). The most Ni-rich material (y, z = 0.8, 0.1) is found to be thermally unstable at significantly lower temperatures than the other compositions—this is manifested by changes in both the electronic structure and the onset of phase transitions at temperatures as low as 100 °C. Electron energy loss spectroscopy indicates that (i) the thermally induced reduction of Ni ions drives these changes, and (ii) this is exacerbated by the presence of an additional redox reaction that occurs at 4.2 V in the y, z = 0.8, 0.1 material. Exploration of individual particles shows that there are substantial variations in the onset temperatures and overall extent of these changes. Of the compositions studied, the composition of y, z = 0.6, 0.2 has the optimal combination of high energy density and reasonable thermal stability. The observations herein demonstrate that real-time electron microscopy provide direct insight into the changes that occur in cathode materials with temperature, allowing optimization of different alloy concentrations to maximize overall performance.
Ion-Selective Microchemical Sensors with Reduced Preconditioning Time. Membrane Biostability Studies and Applications in Blood Analysis (1994)

Abstract Progress on solution of two general problems regarding the use of in vivo planar microchemical sensors is reported. These are issues of short term and long term response stability. Reduction of preconditioning time (hydration period), i.e., the time needed by the planar microchemical sensors based on Kapton® substrate to achieve the optimal analytical performances, has been achieved. By storing the electrodes in containers with humid atmospheres (100% humidity) their short time responses, e.g. measured potential, when placed in samples to be analyzed, are practically constant after one minute of immersion. The electrode sensitivity, potential reproducibility and membrane resistance of both pH and K+ sensors were evaluated and compared before and after placing them in whole blood samples for specified periods of time. Blood serum samples were successfully assayed and the results compared with those obtained with a pH glass electrode and a blood gas analyzer, respectively. The long term stability of the membranes for in vivo use was investigated by determination of cell adhesion and membrane biostability (at 14 days of subcutaneous implantation in rats) using scanning electron microscopy.
On the unsteady motion of two-dimensional sails (2000)

An equation is derived to describe the motion of a two-dimensional inextensible sail at a small, time-dependent, angle of incidence to a uniform two-dimensional flow. The equation derived is a singular partial integro-differential equation, which in the steady case reduces to the sail equation of Voelz. A number of limiting versions of the equation are derived and analysed for cases where the relative mass of the sail is large or small. For general unsteady sail motions the governing equation must be solved numerically. A scheme is proposed that employs Chebyshev polynomials to approximate the position of the sail; ordinary differential equations are derived to determine the relevant Chebyshev coefficients and a number of examples are illustrated and discussed. It is found that in some cases where the angle of attack changes sign the tension may become large; in these instances the underlying physical assumptions of the model may be violated.
Achieving user privacy in mobile networks (2002)

Third generation mobile networks aim to offer 'any service, anywhere, at any time'. Users require privacy within these systems in order to feel confident of their use. Privacy requirements (in mobile networks) are: content, location and identification privacy, and authentication. Differing from previous approaches to privacy, the network itself is considered to be an untrusted party. The paper proposes a scheme that allows the user to register with the network and remain anonymous (both location and identification). Digital mixes are used to create anonymity and authentication is achieved through a token based scheme. Finally the aspect of information leaking to authorised third parties is discussed and billing requirements are detailed which involve the use of 'coin' like tokens traded for services.
Inhibition of Psychrotrophic Bacteria by Lactic Cultures in Milk Stored at Low Temperature (1975)

The effect of lactic cultures on the growth of psychrotrophic bacteria in milk stored at 3.5 and 7 C was investigated. Psychrotrophs were those in raw milk, or those isolated from raw milk and added to sterile milk as pure cultures. Of the lactic cultures investigated, certain commercial multi-strain cultures (lactic acidproducing streptococci plus Leuconostoc cremoris) were the most effective in restricting psychrotrophic growth. Lactic culture was added to milk at .5% in all experiments. Inhibition of psychrotrophs was due to a reduction in growth rate because reduction in the initial psychrotroph population usually was not observed. The degree of inhibition varied with the lactic culture, the initial population of psychrotrophs, the psychrotroph culture, storage temperature and time. Inhibition due to lactic culture was decreased by addition of catalase, suggesting that hydrogen peroxide was the inhibitor. Small amounts of hydrogen peroxide were detected in sterile milk inoculated with an inhibitory culture and stored at 3.5 or 7 C. Hydrogen peroxide decreased in the presence of psychrotrophs, and hydrogen peroxide was not in raw milk.
Spatial audio activity detection for hearing aids (2008)

We present a multi-microphone signal activity detection scheme for hearing aids to differentiate between the periods of activity of desired and interfering sources. The method is designed to provide robust performance in the presence of simultaneously active desired and interfering sources. We exploit knowledge from the hearing aid domain, and the directional processing present in modern hearing aids, to present a framework to design appropriate thresholds for the detection. Experiments confirm robust performance under practical reverberant conditions.
Investigation of the role of venous pressure in bone changes during prolonged weightlessness. (1996)

Several recent studies have suggested roles for venous pressure, intraosseous pressure, and mechanical load in the regulation of bone mass. This paper describes a study conducted during the EuroMIR 95 space mission in which a venous tourniquet system was used to apply intermittent compression to the right ankle of crewmembers. Bone mineral density was then measured using the ultrasonic Bone Densitometer. Hardware development is discussed in detail. Data are in the process of being analyzed and are not presented.
Thickness dependence of C-54 TiSi2 phase formation in TiN/Ti/Si(100) thin film structures annealed in nitrogen ambient (1999)

One of the most used metallization schemes on silicon is the TiN/TiSi2/Si structure, since it has taken advantage of good electrical contact between Si and TiSi2 and the property as a diffusion barrier of TiN. In the present study, this structure has been realized by sputter depositing different layers of TiN/Ti onto silicon (100) substrate and annealing them in nitrogen ambient at different temperatures. Transmission electron microscopy as well as grazing incidence x-ray diffraction have been employed to study the morphology and the crystallographic properties of the formed layers. Initial stage of the C-49 TiSi2 formation has been investigated at 590 °C and complete formation of C-54 TiSi2 phase observed at 710 °C for higher thickness samples. Our attention has been focused on the TiN/TiSi2/Si structures obtained after annealing the deposited films at 710 and 850 °C. We demonstrate that at the annealing temperature of 850 °C as the thickness of the TiN/Ti deposited films is decreased from 600/560 to 175/30 Å, the formation of TiSi2 (C-54) phase is almost inhibited due to a faster consumption of Ti in the formation of TiN.
Impaired dendritic cell maturation in patients with chronic, but not resolved, hepatitis C virus infection (2001)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are important for the initiation of immune responses to foreign antigens. Their antigen uptake and presentation capacities enable them to prime and activate T cells. Immature DCs capture antigens; however, they must be activated to mature before serving as efficient antigen-presenting cells. The antigen-presenting capacity of DCs can be diminished during viral infection and as a consequence of tumor formation. Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been shown to affect the allostimulatory function of DCs. In this study, it is demonstrated that monocyte-derived DCs from patients with chronic HCV infection do not respond to maturation stimuli. Instead, they maintain their immature phenotype, reflected by the pattern of cell surface markers and by their continued capacity to uptake antigen. Moreover, their allostimulatory abilities are impaired compared with those of mature DCs derived from healthy donors. To investigate a possible correlation between viral clearance and this DC maturation defect, patients with resolved HCV infection after a course of antiviral therapy were studied. Results demonstrate that DCs from patients who cleared HCV behaved like DCs from healthy donors: in response to maturation stimuli, they decrease antigen uptake, up-regulate expression of appropriate surface markers, and are potent stimulators of allogeneic T cells. (Blood. 2001;97:3171-3176)
Survival Advantage of Both Human Hepatocyte Xenografts and Genome-Edited Hepatocytes for Treatment of α-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (2017)

Hepatocytes represent an important target for gene therapy and editing of single-gene disorders. In α-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, one missense mutation results in impaired secretion of AAT. In most patients, lung damage occurs due to a lack of AAT-mediated protection of lung elastin from neutrophil elastase. In some patients, accumulation of misfolded PiZ mutant AAT protein triggers hepatocyte injury, leading to inflammation and cirrhosis. We hypothesized that correcting the Z mutant defect in hepatocytes would confer a selective advantage for repopulation of hepatocytes within an intact liver. A human PiZ allele was crossed onto an immune-deficient (NSG) strain to create a recipient strain (NSG-PiZ) for human hepatocyte xenotransplantation. Results indicate that NSG-PiZ recipients support heightened engraftment of normal human primary hepatocytes as compared with NSG recipients. This model can therefore be used to test hepatocyte cell therapies for AATD, but more broadly it serves as a simple, highly reproducible liver xenograft model. Finally, a promoterless adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector, expressing a wild-type AAT and a synthetic miRNA to silence the endogenous allele, was integrated into the albumin locus. This gene-editing approach leads to a selective advantage of edited hepatocytes, by silencing the mutant protein and augmenting normal AAT production, and improvement of the liver pathology. Hepatocytes represent an important target for gene therapy and editing of single-gene disorders. In α-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, one missense mutation results in impaired secretion of AAT. In most patients, lung damage occurs due to a lack of AAT-mediated protection of lung elastin from neutrophil elastase. In some patients, accumulation of misfolded PiZ mutant AAT protein triggers hepatocyte injury, leading to inflammation and cirrhosis. We hypothesized that correcting the Z mutant defect in hepatocytes would confer a selective advantage for repopulation of hepatocytes within an intact liver. A human PiZ allele was crossed onto an immune-deficient (NSG) strain to create a recipient strain (NSG-PiZ) for human hepatocyte xenotransplantation. Results indicate that NSG-PiZ recipients support heightened engraftment of normal human primary hepatocytes as compared with NSG recipients. This model can therefore be used to test hepatocyte cell therapies for AATD, but more broadly it serves as a simple, highly reproducible liver xenograft model. Finally, a promoterless adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector, expressing a wild-type AAT and a synthetic miRNA to silence the endogenous allele, was integrated into the albumin locus. This gene-editing approach leads to a selective advantage of edited hepatocytes, by silencing the mutant protein and augmenting normal AAT production, and improvement of the liver pathology.
Hydroxyapatite deposition by alternating soaking technique on poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated polyethylene films (2001)

A poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-coating on polyethylene films, prepared by repetitive adsorption/drying in an aqueous PVA solution, accelerated hydroxyapatite (HAp) deposition by an altemate soaking in aqueous solutions containing Ca2+ and PO4(3-) ions. X-ray photoelectron spectra of the surface of the HAp-deposited film showed the presence of calcium and phosphorus of a suitable peak ratio for HAp formation. X-ray diffraction analyses also revealed peaks corresponding to HAp. Scanning electron microscopic observation showed the surface of the HAp layer to be smooth, with nano-ordered dotted threads in networks. A simple PVA coating on a surface will serve as a novel system for accelerated HAp formation via alternating soaking.
Screening for IgG4-type anti-nuclear antibodies in IgG4-related disease (2015)

Although IgG4 is highly elevated in sera of IgG4-RD patients, their ANA do not include IgG4 subclass. These results offer new insight into the role of IgG4 and the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD, implying that each IgG subclass tends to cover its own spectrum of antigens, and IgG4 is not preferentially used to make ANA.
UAV Air-to-Ground Channel Characterization for mmWave Systems (2017)

Communication at mmWave bands carries critical importance for 5G wireless networks. In this paper, we study the characterization of mmWave air-to-ground (AG) channels for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communications. In particular, we use ray tracing simulations using Remcom Wireless InSite software to study the behavior of AG mmWave bands at two different frequencies: 28 GHz and 60 GHz. Received signal strength (RSS) and root mean square delay spread (RMS-DS) of multipath components (MPCs) are analyzed for different UAV heights considering four different environments: urban, suburban, rural, and over sea. It is observed that the RSS mostly follows the two ray propagation model along the UAV flight path for higher altitudes. This two ray propagation model is affected by the presence of high rise scatterers in urban scenario. Moreover, we present details of a universal serial radio peripheral (USRP) based channel sounder that can be used for AG channel measurements for mmWave (60 GHz) UAV communications.
High-Gain Textile Antenna Array System for Off-Body Communication (2012)

A novel high-gain textile antenna array system, fully integrated into a rescue-worker’s vest and operating in the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical wireless band (2.4–2.4835 GHz), is presented. The system comprises an array consisting of four tip-truncated equilateral triangular microstrip patch antennas (ETMPAs), a power divider, line stretchers, and coaxial cables. The array is vertically positioned on the human torso to produce a narrow beam in elevation, as such reducing fading and allowing to steer the maximum gain in a small angular sector centered around the broadside direction. To allow simple low-cost beam steering, we specifically minimize mutual coupling by using a relative large distance between the patches and by selecting the ETMPA element as the most suited topology from three potential patch geometries. Moreover, we investigate the stability of return loss and mutual coupling characteristics under different relative humidity conditions, when bending the array, when placing the system on-body, and when covering it by different textile layers. Reflection coefficient and gain patterns are simulated and measured for the antenna system in free space and placed on the human body.
Diamond detectors for fast neutron measurements at pulsed spallation sources (2012)

The performance of a single crystal diamond (4.7x4.7x0.5mm3 active volume) detector was tested in the ISIS pulsed neutron beam using biparametric (time of flight and pulse height) data acquisition. Three characteristic regions in the biparametric spectra are observed: i) low pulse height events with very short time of flight induced by γ-rays; ii) low pulse height events at longer flight times (i.e. neutron energies En > 3.5–6 MeV), possibly due to neutron elastic scattering off 12C; iii) events with large pulse height and flight times corresponding to En > 6 MeV mainly due to inelastic reactions such as 12C(n,α)9Be and 12C(n,n')3α. The potential use of this detector is discussed in relation to the ChipIr neutron beam line for fast neutron irradiation of electronic components at the ISIS spallation source.
Restricting Answer Candidates Based on Taxonomic Relatedness of Integrated Lexical Knowledge Base in Question Answering (2017)

This paper proposes an approach using taxonomic relatedness for answer-type recognition and type coercion in a question-answering system. We introduce a question analysis method for a lexical answer type (LAT) and semantic answer type (SAT) and describe the construction of a taxonomy linking them. We also analyze the effectiveness of type coercion based on the taxonomic relatedness of both ATs. Compared with the rule-based approach of IBM's Watson, our LAT detector, which combines rule-based and machine-learning approaches, achieves an 11.04% recall improvement without a sharp decline in precision. Our SAT classifier with a relatednessbased validation method achieves a precision of 73.55%. For type coercion using the taxonomic relatedness between both ATs and answer candidates, we construct an answer-type taxonomy that has a semantic relationship between the two ATs. In this paper, we introduce how to link heterogeneous lexical knowledge bases. We propose three strategies for type coercion based on the relatedness between the two ATs and answer candidates in this taxonomy. Finally, we demonstrate that this combination of individual type coercion creates a synergistic effect.
Electro-optical modulation at 1550 nm in an as-deposited hydrogenated amorphous silicon p-i-n waveguiding device (2011)

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) has been already considered for the objective of passive optical elements, like waveguides and ring resonators, within photonic integrated circuits at λ = 1.55 μm. However the study of its electro-optical properties is still at an early stage, therefore this semiconductor in practice is not considered for light modulation as yet. We demonstrated, for the first time, effective electro-optical modulation in a reverse biased a-Si:H p-i-n waveguiding structure. In particular, phase modulation was studied in a waveguide integrated Fabry-Perot resonator in which the V(π)⋅L(π) product was determined to be 63 V⋅cm. Characteristic switch-on and switch-off times of 14 ns were measured. The device employed a wider gap amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC:H) film for the lower cladding layer instead of silicon oxide. In this way the highest temperature involved in the fabrication process was 170°C, which ensured the desired technological compatibility with CMOS processes.
Human α-Lactalbumin: Measurement in Serum and in Breast Cancer Organ Cultures by Radioimmunoassay (1975)

A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for human alpha-lactalbumin, a major milk protein, is described. Some normal men and women have detectable levels of alpha-lactalbumin in their blood. High values are found in nursing mothers and many patients with galactorrhea. Alpha-Lactalbumin is found in some breast cancer organ cultures. In addition, alpha-lactalbumin output was stimulated by ovine prolactin in 2 of the 19 tumors studied.
Coiled-Tubing Drilling Reentry: Case History from East Kalimantan (2004)

Abstract As oil and gas developments mature, reservoir depletion reduces field output and fewer opportunities exist to drill new wells. Drilling new wells as the sole means of increasing field production often becomes less profitable, and it presents greater operational risks. Economic risks are also greater as the chance of completing good wells is getting less and the higher capital investment required. In many fields, operators, either intentionally or unintentionally, bypass pay zones during initial development by focusing only on the best zones. Accessing bypassed thinly laminated formations and low-permeability zones is economically attractive but poses several challenges. Several techniques were used to achieve sustainable commercial production from the bypassed zones in East Kalimantan. Hydraulic fracturing and underbalanced perforations were tried, with inconsistent results. Drilling new horizontal wells was not economical. Coiled-tubing (CT) drilling was the solution that provided a cost-effective alternative to the use of a conventional drilling rig. The advantages were a smaller location footprint, shorter trip times, ability to drill underbalanced, competitive rates of penetration, and through-tubing reentry. Because only a few CT drilling campaigns have achieved both operational and production successes, a campaign was proposed that used conventional well design and drilling programs. Previous lessons learned worldwide were used to reduce the drilling risk and enhance the chance of success. This was especially important in drilling a deviated hole through the coal zone of the subject well. This paper will describe three wells from the design phase through post-job evaluation. Lessons learned and improvement plans are also incorporated in this paper.
Trawling for Tor Hidden Services: Detection, Measurement, Deanonymization (2013)

Tor is the most popular volunteer-based anonymity network consisting of over 3000 volunteer-operated relays. Apart from making connections to servers hard to trace to their origin it can also provide receiver privacy for Internet services through a feature called "hidden services". In this paper we expose flaws both in the design and implementation of Tor's hidden services that allow an attacker to measure the popularity of arbitrary hidden services, take down hidden services and deanonymize hidden services. We give a practical evaluation of our techniques by studying: (1) a recent case of a botnet using Tor hidden services for command and control channels; (2) Silk Road, a hidden service used to sell drugs and other contraband; (3) the hidden service of the DuckDuckGo search engine.