gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Divergence of radiation from an electric-discharge XeCl laser operating in the pulse-periodic regime (1988)

Investigations were made of a pulse-periodic electric-discharge XeCl laser with two types of resonator. When an unstable confocal resonator with a magnification of M = 12 was used, the divergence exceeded the diffraction limit by a factor of only 2–3 and there was only a slight ( ≲ 30%) reduction in the output energy relative to that from a laser with a plane–plane resonator. The influence of the pulse repetition frequency on the radiation divergence was investigated for helium- and neon-containing gas mixtures. A dependence of the divergence on the pulse repetition frequency was discovered. A theoretical interpretation is given of the results of the experiments.
Binary copolymerizations of styrene and conjugated diolefins in the presence of cyclopentadienyltitanium trichloride‐methylaluminoxane (1994)

Abstract Binary copolymerizations of styrene, isoprene, butadiene and 4‐methyl‐1,3‐pentadiene, in the presence of the catalyst cyclopentadienyltitanium trichloride‐methylaluminoxane (CpTiCl 3 ‐MAO), are investigated. The reactivity ratios as well as the reactivities of the different monomers in homopolymerization are tentatively correlated to a possible polymerization mechanism. A qualitative explanation of the reactivity of different monomers in homo‐ and copolymerization is achieved by considering the nucleophilicity of the monomers and the electrophilicity of the active species. The latter is affected by the nature of the bond between the active Ti and the last unit of the growing chain end. The block copolymerization of ethylene with styrene is also tentatively explained by considering that the more the active species are electrophilic the less they should be selective toward monomers of different nucleophilicity.
Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses in Young Children and Adults after Parenteral Influenza Vaccination (1998)

The effect of natural mucosal priming on systemic and mucosal immune responses was investigated in young children after parenteral influenza vaccination. Eighteen young children and 8 adults were vaccinated with trivalent influenza vaccine at various time intervals before tonsillectomy. The influenza-specific IgG, IgA, and IgM immune responses were examined in tonsillar lymphocytes and frequent samples of peripheral blood and oral fluid. Young children were divided into primed and unprimed groups on the basis of presence of prevaccination serum antibodies. In peripheral blood, adults and primed children had significantly higher IgG and IgA antibody responses than did unprimed children. Irrespective of priming, children elicited weaker IgA responses than adults in both tonsils and oral fluid. While natural priming was essential to elicit strong systemic response in young children after parenteral influenza vaccination, it did not influence the local responses, which were significantly lower in both primed and unprimed children than in adults.
Role of Cross-Talk between IFN-α-Induced Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells and NK Cells in Priming CD8+ T Cell Responses against Human Tumor Antigens (2004)

In the present study we evaluated the role of IFN-alpha in the generation of dendritic cells (IFN-DCs) with priming activity on CD8(+) T lymphocytes directed against human tumor Ags. A 3-day treatment of monocytes, obtained as adherent PBMCs from HLA-A*0201(+) healthy donors, with IFN-alpha and GM-CSF led to the differentiation of DCs displaying a semimature phenotype, but promptly inducing CD8(+) T cell responses after one in vitro sensitization with peptides derived from melanoma (gp100(209-217) and MART-1/Melan-A(27-35)) and adenocarcinoma (CEA(605-613)) Ags. However, these features were lost when IFN-DCs were generated from immunosorted CD14(+) monocytes. The ability of adherent PBMCs to differentiate into IFN-DCs expressing higher levels of costimulatory molecules and exerting efficient T cell priming capacity was associated with the presence of contaminating NK cells, which underwent phenotypic and functional activation upon IFN-alpha treatment. NK cell boost appeared to be mediated by both direct and indirect (i.e., mediated by IFN-DCs) mechanisms. Experiments performed to prove the role of contaminating NK cells in DC differentiation showed that IFN-DCs generated in the absence of NK were phenotypically less mature and could not efficiently prime antitumor CD8(+) lymphocytes. Reciprocally, IFN-DCs raised from immunosorted CD14(+) monocytes regained their T cell priming activity when NK cells were added to the culture before IFN-alpha and GM-CSF treatment. Together, our data suggest that the ability of IFN-DCs to efficiently prime anti-tumor CD8(+) T lymphocytes relied mostly on the positive cross-talk occurring between DCs and NK cells upon stimulation with IFN-alpha.
Non-parametric and non-rigid registration method applied to myocardial gated SPECT (2002)

We propose a non-parametric and non-rigid registration method totally unrestricted regarding the allowed deformations. It requires a segmentation contour of the organ of interest in both the image to register and the image template. We assume that the contour template can be deduced from the contour in the image to register by a series of locally normal elementary deformations. This assumption allows us to compute unique deformation vectors. We extend these elementary deformation computations to the whole image domain using level sets (sets of embedded parallel contours with the organ contour as a reference). This series of elementary deformations provides a way to perform an iterative registration by indicating the successive motions from a point in the image to register to its final position in the registered image. Myocardial gated SPECT acquisitions are more susceptible to noise since the average count number per projection is N times lower than equivalent non-gated acquisitions (N is the number of sequence frames). We have applied our method to perform a motion compensation of the frames, i.e. to non-rigidly register N-1 frames with respect to the N/sup th/ one. The N registered frames were then added together resulting in an image with similar noise characteristics to an equivalent non-gated image but without motion-induced blurring. Since our method is based on contour deformation, it guarantees that the registered contour exactly matches the contour template. In this application of sum after motion compensation, we are sure that no point inside the organ in an image will be added to a point of the background of another one. Results on a 3D simulated sequence are presented.
An Animal Model of Spontaneous Arrhythmic Death (1997)

Ventricular arrhythmias and the proclivity for sudden death have been identified in German shepherd dogs. This disorder is inherited, and affected animals can be consistently produced from an established colony. The arrhythmias are most prevalent in young dogs between 22 and 26 weeks of age, with death most frequent at this same age. Death occurs most frequently during presumed sleep or at rest after exercise or excitement. The QT interval is not prolonged; however, more frequent notching of the T wave exists in affected dogs compared to control dogs. Polymorphic rapid nonsustained ventricular tachycardia occurs most frequently following long RR intervals. Accordingly, perturbations that decrease the heart rate or enhance sinus arrhythmia increase the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias. Because the arrhythmias are age, behavior, and heart rate dependent, the autonomic nervous system may play a role in their generation. As determined by metaiodobenzyl-guanidine scintigraphy and immunocytochemical staining of tyrosine hydroxylase, cardiac sympathetic innervation is regionally deficient in affected dogs. Evidence suggests that initiation of the ventricular arrhythmias is caused by early afterdepolarization (EAD)-induced triggered activity originating from left ventricular Purkinje fibers. Alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation provokes EADs in the Purkinje fibers and ventricular arrhythmias in the dogs. The development of EADs may be related to heterogeneity of repolarizing currents (Ito in particular) in affected dogs. From this canine model of spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias, the opportunity exists to investigate the interplay between abnormal development of cardiac innervation and the genesis of lethal ventricular arrhythmias.
Traumatic brain injury opens blood–brain barrier to stealth liposomes via an enhanced permeability and retention (EPR)-like effect (2015)

The opening of the tight junctions in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is hypothesized to be sufficient to enable accumulation of large drug carriers, such as stealth liposomes, in a similar manner to the extravasation seen in tumor tissue via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The controlled cortical impact model of TBI was used to evaluate liposome accumulation in mice. Dual-radiolabeled PEGylated liposomes were administered either immediately after induction of TBI or at increasing times post-TBI to mimic the likely clinical scenario. The accumulation of radiolabel in the brain tissue ipsilateral and contralateral to the site of trauma, as well as in other organs, was evaluated. Selective influx of liposomes occurred at 0-8 h after injury, while the barrier closed between 8 and 24 hr after injury, consistent with reports on albumin infiltration. Significantly enhanced accumulation of liposomes occurred in mice subjected to TBI compared to anaesthetized controls, and accumulation was greater in the injured versus the contralateral side of the brain. Thus, stealth liposomes show potential to enhance drug delivery to the site of brain injury with a wide range of encapsulated therapeutic candidates.
Optical-gain enhancement in two-dimensional active photonic crystals (2001)

Optical-gain-enhancement effects are numerically investigated in detail for two-dimensional photonic crystals with active (gain) lattice points. First, this gain enhancement is shown to occur in the vicinity of every photonic band edge. A thorough examination is carried out to isolate the leading factors that determine this enhancement on the basis of a number of (more than 1000) numerically calculated data points. The gain-enhancement factor is uniquely determined by the product of the time for light to pass a gain rod and the confinement factor of the field energy in the gain rod, irrespective of the choice of dielectric constants, wave numbers, band indices, and polarization directions of light. In designing photonic crystals, therefore, more gentlly sloped bands and a greater contrast in the dielectric constant between gain and background materials are essential in order to intensify optical gain more effectively.
Polarization dependent recordings of surface relief gratings on azobenzene containing polymer films (1996)

Experimental studies on the recording of surface relief gratings on azobenzene containing polymer films using laser beams with different polarizations were carried out. The results indicate that the localized variations of light intensity and alternation of the resultant electric field polarization in the film are essential to the formation of the surface relief gratings.
Operating principles of the ultracapacitor (1989)

The charge-storage mechanism and the design of the ultracapacitor are described. Based on a ceramic with an extremely high specific surface area and a metallic substrate, the ultracapacitor provides extremely high energy densities and exhibits low ESR (equivalent series resistance). The combination of low ESR and extremely low inductance provides the ultracapacitor with a very high power density and fast risetime as well. As a double-layer capacitor, the ultracapacitor is not constrained by the same limitations as dielectric capacitors. Thus, although its discharge characteristics and equivalent circuit are similar to those of dielectric capacitors, the capacitance of the ultracapacitor increases with the ceramic loading on the substrate and its ESR is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the device. The ultracapacitor is composed of an inline stack of electrodes, which leads to an extremely low inductance device, and it exhibits interesting frequency dependence. The ultracapacitor principle has been extended to nonaqueous electrolytes and to a wide temperature range.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A novel timing estimation method for OFDM systems (2003)

We present a novel timing offset estimation method for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) systems. The proposed estimator is designed to avoid the ambiguity in timing offset estimation. The performance of proposed scheme is presented in terms of mean and mean-square error (MSE) sense. The simulation results show that the proposed estimator is unbiased and has significantly smaller MSE.
Nucleotide sequence of a segment of human DNA containing the three tRNA genes (1982)

A 1.65 kb segment of DNA from a human-lambda recombinant, selected for human tRNA genes, was subcloned in the plasmid pAT 153 for sequence determination. Three human tRNA genes were found; one, a tRNAlys gene which appears to specify a tRNA identical in sequence to the previously described tRNA3lys from rat liver (AAA,G); another a tRNAgln gene, the product of which would be expected to recognize only the codon CAG; and a third which would direct synthesis of a tRNAleu specific for CUA and G. Intervening sequences are not found in any of these genes. The three tRNA genes are separated by about 0.5 kb segments of DNA containing no apparent informational sequences. Examination of flanking sequences shows some similarities at the 5'-ends of the three genes, but less similarity to 5' flanking sequences of tRNA genes in other eucaryotes. All three tRNA genes direct synthesis of appropriate sized products in a HeLa cell lysate in vitro transcription system.
Error in Subtitle (2000)

In the clinical sciences article titled "Bilateral Anterior Lenticonus," published in the July issue of the ARCHIVES (2000;118:895-897), the subtitle should have read "Scheimpflug Documentation and Ultrastructural Confirmation of Alport Syndrome in the Lens Capsule." The ARCHIVES regrets the error.
The Impedance Plethysmographic Sampling Field in the Human Calf (1979)

Impedance plethysmography has been widely used clinically because of its convenience and sensitivity, but its use has been questioned by some investigators because of uncertainty concerning the source of the signal. Quantitative definitions of the sensitivity to conductivity changes as a function of position have been lacking. The present study defines the sampling efficiency for impedance measurements made with four electrodes on a uniform cylinder model of the calf. Predictions based on electric field theory compare favorably with results from an in vitro model (average rms error = 8 percent). These studies demonstrate that for a given voltage electrode separation, the proximity of the current electrodes determines the relative sensitivity to conductivity changes within the sampling field. For voltage and current electrode separations of 10 and 18 cm on a 37 cm circumference calf (typical measurements for clinical testing of the lower leg), the sampling field extends about 3 cm beyond the voltage electrodes and the deep vessels are sampled with at least 80 percent of the efficiency of the superficial vessels. These studies also indicate that it is possible to predict the sampling field associated with various electrode configurations, a possibility which should aid the design of electrode configurations for specific applications of impedance plethysmography.
Characteristic Analysis of Laminar Flow Meter for Gases with High Speed Response (2004)

The unsteady flow rate measurement of gases is very important in various industrial fields. In this paper, we examined theoretically and experimentally the static and dynamic characteristics of a laminar flow meter for gases. We confirmed the flow meter can measure oscillatory flow lip to 50[Hz] and the laminar flow meter has phase-lead characteristic theoretically and experimentally. The laminar flow meter with high speed response which is calibrated dynamically can be used for precise pressure control circuits.
CD45 Modulates Phosphorylation of Both Autophosphorylation and Negative Regulatory Tyrosines of Lyn in B Cells (1996)

CD45 is a tyrosine phosphatase that is required for normal B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated signaling. It has been shown that Src-family tyrosine kinases such as Lyn could be a potential substrate for CD45. In vitro studies indicate that activities of Src family tyrosine kinases are regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation; C-terminal phosphorylation is inhibitory, and autophosphorylation is stimulatory. We report here that both autophosphorylation and C-terminal negative regulatory tyrosines of Lyn were hyperphosphorylated in CD45-deficient DT40 B cells. In this mutant cell, BCR-induced protein-tyrosine phosphorylation and calcium mobilization were severely compromised, as seen in Lyn-deficient cells. Consistent with this observation, Lyn activation upon receptor ligation was profoundly decreased in CD45-deficient cells. Taken together, our results suggest that dephosphorylation of tyrosine residues at both autophosphorylation and negative regulatory sites is mediated by CD45 in vivo, and that dephosphorylation of C-terminal tyrosine is a prerequisite for participation of Lyn in BCR signaling.
Leading-edge tubercles delay stall on humpback whale (<i>Megaptera novaeangliae</i>) flippers (2004)

The humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) is exceptional among the baleen whales in its ability to undertake acrobatic underwater maneuvers to catch prey. In order to execute these banking and turning maneuvers, humpback whales utilize extremely mobile flippers. The humpback whale flipper is unique because of the presence of large protuberances or tubercles located on the leading edge which gives this surface a scalloped appearance. We show, through wind tunnel measurements, that the addition of leading-edge tubercles to a scale model of an idealized humpback whale flipper delays the stall angle by approximately 40%, while increasing lift and decreasing drag.
Discovery of a small molecule antagonist of the parathyroid hormone receptor by using an N-terminal parathyroid hormone peptide probe (2007)

Once-daily s.c. administration of either human parathyroid hormone (PTH)-(1-84) or recombinant human PTH-(1-34) provides for dramatic increases in bone mass in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. We initiated a program to discover orally bioavailable small molecule equivalents of these peptides. A traditional high-throughput screening approach using cAMP activation of the PTH/PTH-related peptide receptor (PPR) as a readout failed to provide any lead compounds. Accordingly, we designed a new screen for this receptor that used a modified N-terminal fragment of PTH as a probe for small molecule binding to the transmembrane region of the PPR, driven by the assumption that the pharmacological properties (agonist/antagonist) of compounds that bound to this putative signaling domain of the PPR could be altered by chemical modification. We developed DPC-AJ1951, a 14 amino acid peptide that acts as a potent agonist of the PPR, and characterized its activity in ex vivo and in vivo assays of bone resorption. In addition, we studied its ability to initiate gene transcription by using microarray technology. Together, these experiments indicated that the highly modified 14 amino acid peptide induces qualitatively similar biological responses to those produced by PTH-(1-34), albeit with lower potency relative to the parent peptide. Encouraged by these data, we performed a screen of a small compound collection by using DPC-AJ1951 as the ligand. These studies led to the identification of the benzoxazepinone SW106, a previously unrecognized small molecule antagonist for the PPR. The binding of SW106 to the PPR was rationalized by using a homology receptor model.
Evaluation of carvacrol and eugenol as prophylaxis and treatment of vaginal candidiasis in an immunosuppressed rat model (2004)

Carvacrol and eugenol could be considered as promising products in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. This work is a preliminary contribution to the development of a new generation of efficient and natural antifungal agents for curative treatment and prophylaxis.
Spatial encoding strategies for ultrafast multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2008)

Multidimensional spectroscopy plays a central role in contemporary magnetic resonance. A general feature of multidimensional NMR is its inherent multiscan nature, stemming from the methodology's reliance on a series of independent acquisitions to sample the spins' evolutions throughout the indirect time domains. Contrasting this traditional feature, an acquisition scheme has recently been reported that enables the collection of complete of multidimensional NMR data sets within one single scan. Provided that the signals to be observed are sufficiently strong, this new "ultrafast" protocol can thus shorten the acquisition times of multidimensional NMR experiments by several orders of magnitude. This new methodology operates by departing from temporal encoding principles used since the advent of Fourier-transform NMR, replacing them with a spatial encoding of the spin interactions. Spatial encoding operates in turn on the basis of novel radiofrequency irradiation and magnetic field gradient waveform manipulations, designed so as to impart on the sample a coherent spin magnetization pattern that reflects the internal interactions to be measured. Given the central role played by this new kind of spectroscopic-oriented manipulations in ultrafast NMR, we devote this review to surveying different variants that have hitherto been proposed for their implementation. These include both discrete and continuous versions, real- and constant-time implementations, as well as amplitude- and phase-modulated alternatives. The principles underlying these various spatial encoding approaches are treated, their operation is graphically illustrated as well as formally derived within suitable theoretical frameworks, and an in-depth comparison of their line shape characteristics is discussed.
Oral Administration of Hapten Inhibits In Vivo Induction of Specific Cytotoxic CD8+ T Cells Mediating Tissue Inflammation: A Role for Regulatory CD4+ T Cells (2000)

We investigated whether oral tolerance could block the development of an inflammatory response mediated by CD8+ T cells, using a mouse model of oral tolerance of contact sensitivity (CS) to the hapten 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). In this system, the skin inflammatory response is initiated by hapten-specific class I-restricted cytotoxic CD8+ T (CTL) cells, independently of CD4 help. Oral delivery of DNFB before skin sensitization blocked the CS response by impairing the development of DNFB-specific CD8+ effector T cells in secondary lymphoid organs. This was shown by complete inhibition of DNFB-specific CTL and proliferative responses of CD8+ T cells, lack of specific IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells, and inability of CD8+ T cells to transfer CS in RAG20/0 mice. RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that recruitment of CD8+ effectors of CS in the skin at the site of hapten challenge was impaired in orally tolerized mice. Sequential anti-CD4 Ab treatment showed that only depletion of CD4+ T cells during the afferent phase of CS abrogated oral tolerance induction by restoring high numbers of specific CD8+ effectors in lymphoid organs, whereas CD4 depletion during the efferent phase of CS did not affect oral tolerance. These data demonstrate that a single intragastric administration of hapten can block in vivo induction of DNFB-specific CD8+ CTL responsible for tissue inflammation and that a subset of regulatory CD4+ T cells mediate oral tolerance by inhibiting expansion of specific CD8+ effectors in lymph nodes.