gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Upstream open reading frames: Molecular switches in (patho)physiology (2010)

Conserved upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are found within many eukaryotic transcripts and are known to regulate protein translation. Evidence from genetic and bioinformatic studies implicates disturbed uORF-mediated translational control in the etiology of human diseases. A genetic mouse model has recently provided proof-of-principle support for the physiological relevance of uORF-mediated translational control in mammals. The targeted disruption of the uORF initiation codon within the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) gene resulted in deregulated C/EBPβ protein isoform expression, associated with defective liver regeneration and impaired osteoclast differentiation. The high prevalence of uORFs in the human transcriptome suggests that intensified search for mutations within 5' RNA leader regions may reveal a multitude of alterations affecting uORFs, causing pathogenic deregulation of protein expression.
Fully epitaxial ferroelectric ScAlN grown by molecular beam epitaxy (2021)

We report on the demonstration of ferroelectricity in ScxAl1-xN grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaN templates. Distinct polarization switching is unambiguously observed for ScxAl1-xN films with Sc contents in the range of 0.14–0.36. Sc0.20Al0.80N, which is nearly lattice-matched with GaN, exhibiting a coercive field of ∼ 4.2 MV/cm at 10 kHz and a remnant polarization of ∼135 μC/cm2. After electrical poling, Sc0.20Al0.80N presents a polarization retention time beyond 105 s. No obvious fatigue behavior can be found with up to 3 × 105 switching cycles. The work reported here is more than a technical achievement. The realization of ferroelectric single-crystalline III–V semiconductors by molecular beam epitaxy promises a thickness scaling into the nanometer regime and makes it possible to integrate high-performance ferroelectric functionality with well-established semiconductor platforms for a broad range of electronic, optoelectronic, and photonic device applications.
A role for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in the regulation of beta 1 integrin activity by the CD2 antigen. (1995)

The rapid and reversible upregulation of the functional activity of integrin receptors on T lymphocytes is a vital step in the adhesive interactions that occur during successful T cell recognition of foreign antigen and transendothelial migration. Although the ligation of several different cell surface receptors, including the antigen-specific CD3/T cell receptor complex, the CD2, CD7, and CD28 antigens, as well as several chemokine receptors, has been shown to rapidly upregulate integrin function, the intracellular signaling events that initiate this increase in adhesion remain poorly defined. In this study, we have used DNA-mediated gene transfer to explore the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K) in the upregulation of beta 1 integrin functional activity mediated by the CD2 antigen. CD2 was expressed in the myelomonocytic cell line HL60, which expresses beta 1 integrins that mediate adhesion to fibronectin and VCAM-1 in an activation-dependent manner. Antibody stimulation of CD2 expressed on HL60 transfectants resulted within minutes in increased beta 1-mediated adhesion to fibronectin and VCAM-1 at levels comparable to that obtained upon stimulation with the phorbol ester PMA. A role for PI 3-K in CD2-mediated increases in beta 1 integrin function is suggested by: (a) the ability of the PI 3-K inhibitor wortmannin to completely inhibit CD2-induced increases in beta 1 integrin activity; (b) the association of PI 3-K with CD2; and (c) induced PI 3-K activity upon CD2 stimulation. The mode of association of PI 3-K with CD2 is not mediated by tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent binding of PI 3-K via SH2 domains, since: (a) PI 3-K is associated with CD2 in unstimulated cells; (b) CD2 stimulation fails to increase the amount of associated PI 3-K; and (c) the CD2 cytoplasmic domain lacks tyrosine residues. A role for both protein kinase C and cytoskeletal rearrangements in CD2 regulation of integrin activity is also suggested, since a PKC inhibitor partially inhibits CD2-induced increases in beta 1 integrin function, and CD2 stimulation increases F-actin content in a wortmannin-sensitive manner. Analysis of human peripheral T cells indicated that CD2 stimulation also results in PI 3-K-dependent upregulation of beta 1 integrin activity. Thus, these results demonstrate that CD2 can function as an adhesion regulator in the absence of expression of the CD3/T cell receptor complex; and directly implicate PI 3-K as a critical intracellular mediator involved in the regulation of beta 1 integrin functional activity by the CD2 antigen.
Thermally Functional Liquid Crystal Networks by Magnetic Field Driven Molecular Orientation (2016)

Aligned liquid crystal networks were synthesized by photopolymerization of liquid crystal monomers in the presence of magnetic fields. Grazing incident wide-angle X-ray scattering was used to characterize the degree of molecular alignment of mesogen chains and time-domain thermoreflectance was used to measure thermal conductivity. Liquid crystal networks with mesogenic units aligned perpendicular and parallel to the substrate exhibit thermal conductivity of 0.34 W m<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup> and 0.22 W m<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. The thermal conductivity and orientational order of liquid crystal networks vary as a function of temperature. The thermal conductivity of liquid crystal networks can be manipulated by a magnetic field at above the glass transition temperature (65 °C) where the reduced viscosity enables molecular reorientation on the time scale of 10 min.
Quasispecies in the 5′ untranslated genomic region of bovine viral diarrhoea virus from a single individual (2002)

The variability of the 5' untranslated genomic region (5'UTR) of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) RNA obtained from a single individual was analysed. Lung, kidney and spleen tissues from a naturally infected foetus were used as the source of viral RNA. A fragment of 288 bases of the internal ribosome entry site from the BVDV 5'UTR was amplified by RT-PCR using a proofreading DNA polymerase. PCR products were cloned into pGem and, subsequently, transformed into Escherichia coli. The single-strand conformational polymorphisms of 158 lung-derived clones were analysed; a total of 11 banding patterns was observed. DNAs corresponding to all patterns were sequenced. Of the randomly selected clones, 11 and 10 clones derived from the kidney and spleen, respectively, were also sequenced. All sequences presented differences ranging from 1 to 6 nt substitutions. Analysis of the secondary structure of the variant sequences and comparisons to variant nucleotide sites from the 5'UTR of several BVDV isolates showed that the observed changes were almost free of randomness. Clustering and phylogenetic analyses suggested the existence of low-kinetic variants. BVDV quasispecies may be involved in establishing persistent infections by means of eluding maternal antibodies. The methods described here may be adapted easily both to analyse large numbers of samples from other genomic regions and for the study of BVDV quasispecies evolution in other systems.
Lexicon acquisition for dialectal Arabic using transductive learning (2006)

We investigate the problem of learning a part-of-speech (POS) lexicon for a resource-poor language, dialectal Arabic. Developing a high-quality lexicon is often the first step towards building a POS tagger, which is in turn the front-end to many NLP systems. We frame the lexicon acquisition problem as a transductive learning problem, and perform comparisons on three transductive algorithms: Transductive SVMs, Spectral Graph Transducers, and a novel Transductive Clustering method. We demonstrate that lexicon learning is an important task in resource-poor domains and leads to significant improvements in tagging accuracy for dialectal Arabic.
Self [3 + 4] Cycloadditions of Isatin <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>′-Cyclic Azomethine Imine 1,3-Dipole with <i>N</i>-(<i>o</i>-Chloromethyl)aryl Amides (2018)

A [3 + 4] annulation of isatin N, N'-cyclic azomethine imine 1,3-dipole 1 with in situ-generated aza-oQMs has been established for the synthesis of spirooxindole seven-membered scaffolds. These highly functionalized scaffolds were assembled in moderate to good yields (up to 96% yield). The novel spirooxindole scaffolds displayed moderate antitumor activities, which represented promising lead compounds for antitumor drug discovery.
β-Dimethylaminoethylamine and Dimethylaminoacetonitrile (1946)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTβ-Dimethylaminoethylamine and DimethylaminoacetonitrileRobert A. TurnerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946, 68, 8, 1607–1608Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1946Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1946https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01212a071https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01212a071research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views230Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Developing Managerial Competence for Library Automation (1989)

While there exists a small and perhaps growing cadre of mature library managers skilled in automation, not enough new MLS holders are being educated to support and extend the potential of automation within libraries. The result in too many libraries is the hiring of a non‐librarian to cope with the myriad technical details involved with setting up equipment and interacting with academic and administrative computing, county governments, and business office operations, with the hope that in time this person somehow “will become one of us.” However, something will be lost in future interactions if the librarian‐managers themselves do not know enough to participate knowledgeably in such interactions. Developing new educational initiatives is an important challenge facing those who wish to improve our managerial competence in the automation area.
Theoretical Consideration on Short- &amp; Open-circuited Transmission Lines for Permeability &amp; Permittivity Measurement (2015)

The use of short- and open-circuited transmission lines is widely known to be a simple method of measuring the permeability and permittivity of magnetic materials. Lumped element approximation is one of the methods to analyze these transmission lines. However, this approximation generally involves rather large model errors. We describe here a way to reduce these errors. The distributed element expression of short- and open-circuited transmission lines is expanded by a Taylor series, and the first and the second terms are adopted in a limited form. These analyses have clarified that this approximation could hold within ± 5% of model error if a phase shift βl is less than 90% of π/2 (1.4 radian), where β is the propagation constant and l is the sample length.
Full Parallax Table Top 3D Display Using Visually Equivalent Light Field (2019)

A new full parallax light field 3D display that optically interpolates the rays emitted is proposed. Using a barrier with special aperture structure, we achieve interpolation by optical linear blending not only for the horizontal direction, but also for the vertical direction. Linear blending produces visually equivalent intermediate view point images equivalent to the real views if the disparity between the two images being blended are small enough. Therefore, a high feel of existence can be produced as the interpolation yields smooth motion parallax. Since interpolation reduces the number of viewpoints, number of pixels in each direction can be increased yielding high resolution. In this demonstration, we reproduce CG objects and scenes of a ball game on a table top.
ChemInform Abstract: Methylation of 2,4‐Dihydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐ones. A Structural Determination of Anhydro‐5‐aryl‐1,4‐dimethyl‐3‐hydroxy‐1,2,4‐ triazolium Hydroxides by Two‐Dimensional NMR. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Progesterone derivatives that bind to the digitalis receptor: effects on Na+,K+-ATPase and isolated tissues. (1985)

The steroid nature of the cardiac glycosides (CG) suggests that an endogenous steroid (or steroids) may be the natural ligand for the specific receptor site, i.e., Na+,K+-ATPase. Derivatives of progesterone (PROG) that compete in a [3H]ouabain radioreceptor binding assay (RRA) are characterized by 17 alpha-acetylation and modifications in the B ring. Chlormadinone acetate (CMA) is the most potent analog identified thus far, having about one-twentieth the RRA potency of ouabain. CMA interacts at the ouabain site on Na+,K+-ATPase, inhibits the enzyme in the same rank order of species sensitivity as do the CG, and inhibits the sodium pump in vitro in guinea pig atrium and perfused heart, cardiac myocytes, rat diaphragm, and red blood cells. CMA does not cross-react with digoxin antiserum, which indicates that CG antibodies are not necessarily directed at molecular determinants of biological activity. By crystallographic analysis, the 20-carbonyl moiety in CMA is seen spatially oriented so as to be equivalent to the lactone 23-oxygen atom in the CG. CMA exerts primarily cardiodepressant effects, in accordance with the often-reported similar action of PROG. Negative inotropy may be mediated other than by Na+,K+-ATPase because PROG itself has no significant CG-like actions. Positive inotropy by CG, cardiodepression by CMA and PROG or low concentrations of CG, occasional transient enhancement of contractility by CMA, and pump stimulation by low concentrations of CMA or CG may reflect different affinities of the compounds for sites that mediate Na+,K+-ATPase/pump inhibition, positive inotropy, and negative inotropy. Thus, PROG derivatives related to CMA appear to be likely candidates for endogenous digitalis-like hormones. Body tissues possess the enzymes for conversion of PROG to derivatives related even more closely than the semisynthetic CMA to the CG configuration.
A standard predetermined endodontic preparation concept. (1991)

Cleaning and shaping the root canal system is the most tedious and demanding phase of endodontic therapy. Using a predetermined endodontic preparation allows for a routine approach to instrumentation and produces high-quality results with better efficiency. Schilder states, "Inherent in the concept of cleaning and shaping is the fact that each root canal system, like each carious lesion, is different from another and that, within certain prescribed guidelines no two root canal preparations should be exactly alike, anymore than any two intracoronal preparations are exactly alike." The concept of predetermined preparation does not conflict with Schilder's statement, it merely refines prescribed instrumentation guidelines and establishes instrumenting parameters. The goals of endodontic instrumentation are to: (1) instrument with control so that there is enlargement without deviation from the original canal; (2) instrument to a size that is consistent with total mechanical and chemical debridement; (3) debride the root canal system from its coronal orifice to the periodontal ligament, regardless of canal curvature; and (4) create a canal shape that tapers from the coronal orifice to the apical opening. The authors will discuss each endodontic goal as it is accomplished in the predetermined preparation. Techniques for instrumenting to the predetermined sizes are also described.
Idiotype matching: correlation of expression of protective idiotype in sera with survival of tumor mice. (1990)

A monoclonal anti-Id, 2F10, has previously been shown to protect against transfer of L1210/GZL tumor cells in DBA/2 mice and also to have therapeutic effects in mice with growing tumor. In this study we have measured expression of an idiotope which reacts with a tumor-protective anti-idiotypic antibody, 2F10, in the sera of mice bearing the L1210/GZL tumor. The levels of antibodies binding to 2F10, referred to as the "2F10 idiotope," are different in individual mice and also fluctuate over time. A statistical analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between these changes in 2F10 levels in mice with tumors and their survival times. Increasing 2F10 idiotope in sera of tumor mice correlated with long-term survival, whereas a decreasing trend was found in mice which died shortly after tumor transfer. Correlations between the 2F10 idiotope and survival were observed in groups of mice which had received surgery, cyclophosphamide, a combination of cyclophosphamide and anti-idiotype, or no treatment at all. No correlation between a nonrelated idiotope and survival was noted. Although 2F10 is an idiotope expressed by an anti-tumor-associated Ag antibody, the correlation between anti-tumor-associated Ag titers and survival was significantly lower than that between the 2F10 idiotope and survival. This demonstrates that 2F10 is preferentially associated with antibodies which are involved in tumor regression. Thus, the 2F10 idiotope in sera of tumor-bearing mice has predictive value for survival and tumor regression.
Effects of Structural Variations on the Cellular Response and Mechanical Properties of Biocompatible, Biodegradable, and Porous Smectic Liquid Crystal Elastomers (2016)

The authors report on series of side-chain smectic liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) cell scaffolds based on star block-copolymers featuring 3-arm, 4-arm, and 6-arm central nodes. A particular focus of these studies is placed on the mechanical properties of these LCEs and their impact on cell response. The introduction of diverse central nodes allows to alter and custom-modify the mechanical properties of LCE scaffolds to values on the same order of magnitude of various tissues of interest. In addition, it is continued to vary the position of the LC pendant group. The central node and the position of cholesterol pendants in the backbone of ε-CL blocks (alpha and gamma series) affect the mechanical properties as well as cell proliferation and particularly cell alignment. Cell directionality tests are presented demonstrating that several LCE scaffolds show cell attachment, proliferation, narrow orientational dispersion of cells, and highly anisotropic cell growth on the as-synthesized LCE materials.
Fk 506 and Autoimmune Disease: Perspective and Prospects (1992)

Four classes of drugs have been used as immunosuppressive agents in human autoimmune diseases-corticosteroids, alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil), antimetabolites (azathioprine and methotrexate) and more recently, cyclosporin A (CsA). Before the introduction of CsA within the last decade, the successful use of immunosuppressive drugs in autoimmune disease was restricted to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis and nephrotic syndrome. esA, which acts selectively to inhibit T cell activation and cytokine production has changed the situation. Now, using esA, significant improvement in a higher proportion of patients than previously observed can be achieved in autoimmune diseases with a presumed T cell pathogenesis. These include psoriasis, uveitis, insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus, primary biliary cirrhosis, aplastic anaemia, lichen planus and severe allergic asthma. Autoimmune disorders mediated by autoantibodies however, such as the autoimmune cytopenias, myasthenia gravis, SLE, Graves' disease and glomerulonephritides are relatively resistant to CsA. In addition to the improved rate of response seen with esA, opportunistic infections are very rare in CsA-treated autoimmune disease patients. Despite the successes achieved with esA, however, several problems continue to exist. These are (1) an insufficient response rate, (2) disease recurrence following drug withdrawal and (3) the associated risks of drug toxicity or excessive immunosuppression. The most common side effects are infections, lymphoproliferative disease,
Image-Guided Acoustic Therapy (2001)

The potential role of therapeutic ultrasound in medicine is promising. Currently, medical devices are being developed that utilize high-intensity focused ultrasound as a noninvasive method to treat tumors and to stop bleeding (hemostasis). The primary advantage of ultrasound that lends the technique so readily to use in noninvasive therapy is its ability to penetrate deep into the body and deliver to a specific site thermal or mechanical energy with submillimeter accuracy. Realizing the full potential of acoustic therapy, however, requires precise targeting and monitoring. Fortunately, several imaging modalities can be utilized for this purpose, thus leading to the concept of image-guided acoustic therapy. This article presents a review of high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy, including its mechanisms of action, the imaging modalities used for guidance and monitoring, some current applications, and the requirements and technology associated with this exciting and promising field.
Radiofrequency current source (RFCS) drive and decoupling technique for parallel transmit arrays using a high‐power metal oxide semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOSFET) (2009)

A radiofrequency current source (RFCS) design using a high-power metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) that enables independent current control for parallel transmit applications is presented. The design of an RFCS integrated with a series tuned transmitting loop and its associated control circuitry is described. The current source is operated in a gated class AB push-pull configuration for linear operation at high efficiency. The pulsed RF current amplitude driven into the low impedance transmitting loop was found to be relatively insensitive to the various loaded loop impedances ranging from 0.4 to 10.3 ohms, confirming current mode operation. The suppression of current induced by a neighboring loop was quantified as a function of center-to-center loop distance, and was measured to be 17 dB for nonoverlapping, adjacent loops. Deterministic manipulation of the B(1) field pattern was demonstrated by the independent control of RF phase and amplitude in a head-sized two-channel volume transmit array. It was found that a high-voltage rated RF power MOSFET with a minimum load resistance, exhibits current source behavior, which aids in transmit array design.
Membrane Formation and Modification (1999)

Since the early 1960s, synthetic membranes have been used successfully in a wide variety of large-scale industrial applications. The rapid adoption of membranes in industry resulted from breakthrough developments in (i) membrane materials, (ii) membrane structures, and (iii) large-scale membrane production methods. This overview provides a brief introduction to some of the most common membrane formation and modification methods used for production of commercial membranes.