gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Shared Role for Differentially Methylated Domains of Imprinted Genes (2002)

For most imprinted genes, a difference in expression between the maternal and paternal alleles is associated with a corresponding difference in DNA methylation that is localized to a differentially methylated domain (DMD). Removal of a gene's DMD leads to a loss of imprinting. These observations suggest that DMDs have a determinative role in genomic imprinting. To examine this possibility, we introduced sequences from the DMDs of the imprinted Igf2r, H19, and Snrpn genes into a nonimprinted derivative of the normally imprinted RSVIgmyc transgene, created by excising its own DMD. Hybrid transgenes with sequences from the Igf2r DMD2 were consistently imprinted, with the maternal allele being more methylated than the paternal allele. Only the repeated sequences within DMD2 were required for imprinting these transgenes. Hybrid transgenes containing H19 and Snrpn DMD sequences and ones containing sequences from the long terminal repeat of a murine intracisternal A particle retrotransposon were not imprinted. The Igf2r hybrid transgenes are comprised entirely of mouse genomic DNA and behave as endogenous imprinted genes in inbred wild-type and mutant mouse strains. These types of hybrid transgenes can be used to elucidate the functions of DMD sequences in genomic imprinting.
Correcting Lenses for Underwater Use (1960)

Submarine photographs, generally taken through a plane window in the wall of the box holding the camera, compare unfavorably with those taken on land, even when wide-angle lenses are used, because of difficulties introduced by the flat window. A submarine lens attachment, consisting of lenses properly chosen and mounted to overcome these problems, is described. The proper powers and diameters of the lenses are discussed, together with corrections for chromatic aberration and astigmatism.
Intra-articular treatment of knee osteoarthritis. A comparative study between hyaluronic acid and 6-methyl prednisolone acetate. (1991)

The efficacy and tolerability of 20 mg of hyaluronic acid were compared in an open, randomized trial with that of 40 mg of 6-methylprednisolone acetate, administering them both by an intra-articular route once a week for 3 weeks to patients suffering from inflammatory knee osteoarthritis. The results of the study showed that for up to one week after the end of treatment hyaluronic acid's analgesic activity was comparable to that of the steroid, while at the end of the follow-up (45 days after the end of treatment) all the pain monitoring parameters presented significant differences in favour of the HA-treated group. Both treatments were well tolerated, since no local or systemic adverse reactions were observed.
Nuclear translocation of ??-catenin in developing auditory epithelia of mice (2005)

Beta-catenin, a protein component of adherens junctions, plays a role in the signalling pathway for cell proliferation. In this study, we examined the cellular distribution of beta-catenin in developing auditory epithelia of mice. Immunohistochemistry for Ki67 and cyclin D indicated active cell proliferation in premature auditory epithelia. In this period, the nuclear localization of beta-catenin in epithelial cells was observed together with expression of the lymphoid enhancer factor, a transcription factor in beta-catenin signalling. Epithelial cells showing nuclear localization of beta-catenin disappeared at the same time, as there was a decrease of cell proliferation. These findings indicate that nuclear translocation of beta-catenin plays a role in cell proliferation in developing auditory epithelia.
The Impact of Mobility Agent Based Micro Mobility on the Capacity of Wireless Access Networks (2007)

The rise in the number of mobile wireless devices accessing IP based communication networks has fuelled the need for efficient mobility support for seamless communication. As a consequence a profusion of mobility protocols were proposed. The mobility agent based family of protocols have risen in popularity due to the simplicity in implementing them compared to per host based protocols. The mobility agents located within wireless access networks hide the movement of the mobile nodes by acting as an anchor point through which all the packets traverses to and from the mobile node. The presence of these mobility agents will result in bottlenecks of high congestion within the access network. This paper provides a formal definition to study this effect of mobility agents on wireless access networks. Using maximum concurrent flow problem we model the access network as a multicommodity flow problem and study the throughput of the network with and without the presence of the mobility agents. From the results it can be confidently concluded that by implementing local mobility solutions based on agents, the wireless access network capacity is reduced and the number and location of the agents within the access network have direct impact on the loss.
Novel 3D measurement system based on speckle and fringe pattern projection (2016)

An efficient three-dimensional shape measurement system is proposed, which is based on the combining projection of single digital speckle pattern and phase-shifting fringe patterns. At the beginning, the initial corresponding point for each pixel is obtained by a novel speckle-phase combination method. The initial information can be calculated by the single speckle pattern in a short time, while the phase information is used to ensure the results. Unlike the conventional methods, it is not necessary to obtain the unwrapped phase, therefore the number of projected patterns is reduced greatly. Then accurate corresponding coordinates are obtained according to the wrapped phase. Three cases are analyzed while adjusting the initial corresponding coordinates locally. Thus accuracy coordinates are obtained without missing or incorrect points. Experiments demonstrate that we can achieve accurate reconstruction results with reduced measurement time by the proposed method.
Nitrogen Source and Placement Effects on Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions from No‐Till Corn (2012)

A nitrogen (N) source comparison study was conducted to further evaluate the effects of inorganic N source and placement on growing-season and non-crop period soil nitrous oxide (NO). Commercially available controlled-release N fertilizers were evaluated for their potential to reduce NO emissions from a clay loam soil compared with conventionally used granular urea and urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) fertilizers in an irrigated no-till (NT) corn ( L.) production system. Controlled-release N fertilizers evaluated were: a polymer-coated urea (ESN), stabilized urea (SuperU), and UAN+AgrotainPlus (SuperU and AgrotainPlus contain nitrification and urease inhibitors). Each N source was surface band applied (202 kg N ha) near the corn row at emergence and watered into the soil the next day. Subsurface banded ESN (ESNssb) and check (no N applied) treatments were included. Nitrous oxide fluxes were measured during two growing seasons and after harvest using static, vented chambers. All N sources had significantly lower growing-season NO emissions than granular urea (0.7% of applied N), with UAN+AgrotainPlus (0.2% of applied N) and ESN (0.3% of applied N) having lower emissions than UAN (0.4% of applied N). Similar trends were observed when expressing NO emissions on a grain yield and N uptake basis. Corn grain yields were not different among N sources but were greater than the check. Selection of N fertilizer source can be a mitigation practice for reducing NO emissions in NT, irrigated corn in semiarid areas. In our study, UAN+AgrotainPlus consistently had the lowest level of NO emissions with no yield loss.
DOT Management Actions to Enhance Bridge Durability/Longevity (1997)

A consideration that frequently receives too little attention in bridge design is durability. Probably the most important decisions made regarding the future durability/longevity of a bridge are made at the very beginning of the design process. These are upper department of transportation (DOT) management decisions regarding bridge design life, geometric parameters (e.g., number of lanes, shoulders, underneath clearances), average daily traffic, average daily truck traffic, design truck loading, material requirements, policing of overweight truck policies, preventative maintenance programs, and others. Thirteen actions are recommended in this article for consideration by DOT managers to enhance the durability/longevity of highway bridges. The actions are quite specific and are discussed in detail. They address design life and load considerations, geometric parameters, design traffic volumes, material requirements, training programs, and preventative maintenance programs. Changes in all or a number of the areas recommended could have a very significant positive impact on future bridge durability/longevity.
TEST AND EVALUATION OF RAIL DEFECT DETECTION TECHNOLOGIES (1998)

This overhead presentation, offered at a conference on railroad track and structures, provides an overview of the causes, effects, detection, and evaluation of railroad track defects. These defects occur as a result of the rail manufacturing process and accumulation of fatigue under repeated loading. The aim of this presentation is to help increase detection reliability in order to improve rail safety, increase inspection productivity, and reduce track occupancy time lost to non-critical rail defects. A history of rail flaw detection, the current efforts in rail flaw detection and rail flaw technology, and rail flaw technology research are among some areas of focus.
A comparison between real-time polymerase chain reaction and hybrid capture 2 for human papillomavirus DNA quantitation. (2003)

Studies investigating human papillomavirus (HPV) viral load as a risk factor in the development of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) and cancer have often yielded conflicting results. These studies used a variety of HPV viral quantitation assays [including the commercially available hybrid capture 2 (HC 2) assay], which differ in their ability to account for differences in cervical cell collection, linear dynamic range of viral load quantitation, and determination of type-specific versus cumulative viral load measures. HPV-16 and HPV-18 viral quantitation using real-time PCR assays were performed to determine whether type-specific viral load measurements that adjust for specimen cellularity result in a different association between viral load and prevalent SIL and cancer, compared with HC 2 quantitation (which does not adjust for cellularity or multiple infections). In general, HPV-16 viral load as measured by real-time PCR increased linearly with increasing grade of SIL while HPV-18 measured using similar techniques increased through low-grade SIL (LSIL), with HPV-18 viral load among high-grade SIL and cancers near the level of cytologically normal women. HC 2 viral load, using the clinical 1.0 pg/ml cut point, differentiated cytologically normal women from women with any level of cytological abnormality (normal versus >/=LSIL) but did not change as lesion severity increased. There was no evidence for plateau of HC 2 at high copy numbers, nor was significant variability in total specimen cellularity observed. However, cumulative viral load measurements by HC 2, in the presence of multiple coinfections, overestimated type-specific viral load. Multiple infections were more common among women with no (32%) or LSIL (51%) [versus 23% in high-grade SIL/cancer], partially explaining the lack of a dose response using a cumulative HC2 viral load measure. The nonrandom distribution of multiple infections by case-control status and the apparent differential effect of viral load by genotype warrant caution when using HC 2 measurements to infer viral load associations with SIL and cancer.
Synthesis of Resistant Starches in Plants (2004)

The increased incidence in many countries in lifestyle diseases such as colorectal cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes has led to an enhanced interest in disease-prevention measures that can be delivered to target populations through diet. Resistant starch (RS) is emerging as an important dietary component that has the potential to reduce the incidence of bowel health disorders. However, the range of crop species that can serve as effective sources of RS is limited. In this paper the state of knowledge of the starch biosynthesis pathway is reviewed and opportunities to manipulate crop genetics in order to generate additional sources of RS are discussed. The need for a "whole of chain" approach to delivery of RS to the consumer is highlighted because of the impact that different food-processing technologies can have in maintaining, enhancing, or destroying the RS potential of a raw material or food.
Marek’s disease in chickens: a review with focus on immunology (2016)

Marek's disease (MD), caused by Marek's disease virus (MDV), is a commercially important neoplastic disease of poultry which is only controlled by mass vaccination. Importantly, vaccines that can provide sterile immunity and inhibit virus transmission are lacking; such that vaccines are only capable of preventing neuropathy, oncogenic disease and immunosuppression, but are unable to prevent MDV transmission or infection, leading to emergence of increasingly virulent pathotypes. Hence, to address these issues, developing more efficacious vaccines that induce sterile immunity have become one of the important research goals for avian immunologists today. MDV shares very close genomic functional and structural characteristics to most mammalian herpes viruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV). MD also provides an excellent T cell lymphoma model for gaining insights into other herpesvirus-induced oncogenesis in mammals and birds. For these reasons, we need to develop an in-depth knowledge and understanding of the host-viral interaction and host immunity against MD. Similarly, the underlying genetic variation within different chicken lines has a major impact on the outcome of infection. In this review article, we aim to investigate the pathogenesis of MDV infection, host immunity to MD and discuss areas of research that need to be further explored.
Aptamers: A Review of Their Chemical Properties and Modifications for Therapeutic Application (2019)

Aptamers are short, single-stranded oligonucleotides that bind to specific target molecules. The shape-forming feature of single-stranded oligonucleotides provides high affinity and excellent specificity toward targets. Hence, aptamers can be used as analogs of antibodies. In December 2004, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the first aptamer-based therapeutic, pegaptanib (Macugen), targeting vascular endothelial growth factor, for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. Since then, however, no aptamer medication for public health has appeared. During these relatively silent years, many trials and improvements of aptamer therapeutics have been performed, opening multiple novel directions for the therapeutic application of aptamers. This review summarizes the basic characteristics of aptamers and the chemical modifications available for aptamer therapeutics.
Molecular beam epitaxial growth and characterization of InAs layers on GaAs (001) substrate (2016)

High-quality InAs epilayers were grown onto GaAs (001) substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. The optimal growth conditions were examined over a wide range of substrate temperature, substrate offcut orientation, and As4/In flux ratio. The surface morphology, electrical and structural properties were investigated by Nomarski optical microscopy, Hall effect measurement, and X-ray diffraction, respectively. It is worth noting that InAs layers grown on GaAs (001) substrate with 2° offcut towards 〈110〉 have better crystalline quality and electrical properties than that grown on GaAs substrate without offcut. The results indicated that the layers grown at 400 °C, with a group V/III flux ratio of 8.5, yielded to the highest electrical quality, with a Hall mobility of 22,420 cm2/Vs at 80 K and 12,970 cm2/Vs at room temperature. It is found that the top part of 5 µm-thick InAs layer exhibits a high Hall mobility of 77,380 and 25,275 cm2/Vs, at 80 and 300 K, respectively.
Phase Diagram of [Amim]Cl + Salt Aqueous Biphasic Systems and Its Application for [Amim]Cl Recovery (2009)

In this study, binodal curves and tie line data of [Amim]Cl + salt (K3PO4, K2HPO4, K2CO3) + water aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) were measured and correlated satisfactorily with the Merchuk equation and Othmer−Tobias and Bancroft equations, respectively. [Amim]Cl could be recovered from aqueous solutions using the ABS, and the recovery efficiency could reach 96.80 %. The recovery efficiency was influenced by the concentrations of the salts and their Homeister series: K3PO4 > K2HPO4 > K2CO3. Our method provides a new and effective route for the recovery of hydrophilic IL using [Amim]Cl + salt + water ABS from aqueous solutions.
Evaluation of Commercial Fluorescein Isothiocyanates Used in Fluorescent Antibody Studies (1969)

Commercial preparations of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) for immunofluorescence applications were obtained from 12 sources and examined for purity by quantitative infrared spectrophotometry and by labeling efficiency for bovine serum albumin (BSA). Quantitative photometric measurements were made of nonspecific staining (NSS) produced by conjugates prepared from the dyes. The purity of FITC from different sources was highly variable. The risk of NSS appears to increase as the purity of the dye decreases. In immunofluorescence applications it is desirable to use the purest FITC available in order to obtain conjugates with minimum NSS. It is recommended that 70% FITC, as determined by BSA labeling efficiency, be accepted as the minimum purity for immunofluorescence applications.
Novel, low cost remotely operated smart irrigation system (2015)

Agriculture plays very vital role in Indian economy. Near about 70% of Indian population directly depends on agriculture. The main aim of this paper is to provide new engineering technology in an agricultural area which enhances farmers life and Indian economy. Irrigation i.e. well-timed and ample amount of water supply is necessary for agriculture to increase its productivity. This paper develops a small embedded system device (ESD) which takes care of a whole irrigation process and makes farmers life easier. The PIC18F4550 microcontroller interfaced with GSM module works as a brain and several sensors like temperature, level and rain works as eyes of this ESD. The power detecting circuit and battery backup unit take this ESD to next level by informing presence of three phase power supply in the field. The farmer just needs to send predefined commands through SMS from her/his mobile phone to this ESD to carry out irrigation process effectively. If and only if eyes of the ESD sees all parameters are within a safe range, the PIC18F4550 starts irrigation process by starting the irrigation pump. The farmer gets time to time feedback from ESD through SMS about the action that has taken place by PIC18F4550. The GSM module allows farmers to operate and monitor a remotely placed irrigation pump from anywhere far from their field. The free SMS facilities provided to farmers makes it more cost effective. In this way, this new engineering technology makes farmers life easier by providing remotely operated, more efficient and cost effective irrigation system.
The learning aspects of the FAULT FINDER expert system (2002)

The FAULT FINDER expert system implements fault isolation decisions for any target system or equipment that is modeled by lowest replaceable units (LRUs). This expert system utilizes a database to represent each LRU, a status interface to obtain LRU status, and a knowledge base to store the rules of fault isolation for the target system. The expert system has learning capabilities in the database, the knowledge base, and the inference procedure. Another aspect of learning which influences the structure of the knowledge base is that each rule has parameters associated with it to store the information learned as a result of user feedback and the inference process. The certainty or possibility associated with the conclusion of each rule is adjusted as the system runs and gains experience. The inference procedure uses fuzzy logic for premise matching certainty and the combining of premise certainties for the rule firing certainty. Also presented are issues of knowledge structure and possible types of fault isolation knowledge.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evolution of the Heart from Bacteria to Man (2005)

This review provides an overview of the evolutionary path to the mammalian heart from the beginnings of life (about four billion years ago ) to the present. Essential tools for cellular homeostasis and for extracting and burning energy are still in use and essentially unchanged since the appearance of the eukaryotes. The primitive coelom, characteristic of early multicellular organisms ( approximately 800 million years ago), is lined by endoderm and is a passive receptacle for gas exchange, feeding, and sexual reproduction. The cells around this structure express genes homologous to NKX2.5/tinman, and gradual specialization of this "gastroderm" results in the appearance of mesoderm in the phylum Bilateria, which will produce the first primitive cardiac myocytes. Investment of the coelom by these mesodermal cells forms a "gastrovascular" structure. Further evolution of this structure in the bilaterian branches Ecdysoa (Drosophila) and Deuterostoma (amphioxus) culminate in a peristaltic tubular heart, without valves, without blood vessels or blood, but featuring a single layer of contracting mesoderm. The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system. A later innovation is the parallel circulation to the lungs, followed by the appearance of septa and the four-chambered heart in reptiles, birds, and mammals. With differentiation of the cardiac chambers, regional specialization of the proteins in the cardiac myocyte can be detected in the teleost fish and amphibians. In mammals, growth constraints are placed on the heart, presumably to accommodate the constraints of the body plan and the thoracic cavity, and adult cardiac myocytes lose the ability to re-enter the cell cycle on demand. Mammalian cardiac myocyte innervation betrays the ancient link between the heart, the gut, and reproduction: the vagus nerve controlling heart rate emanates from centers in the central nervous system regulating feeding and affective behavior.
Led performance and application considerations for industrial environments (2017)

Light Emitting Diode (LED) luminaires have lower maintenance costs, higher energy efficiency, and greater functionality compared to traditional lighting technologies. LED luminaires are quickly becoming established as the preferred lighting technology for industrial applications. As a result of the increased adoption rate, industrial users should consider a host of alternatives to properly specify the correct LED luminaire for the application. The authors will examine the key features of LED lighting, and provide insight into the technical elements of LED lighting with a focus on process and harsh industrial environments. The paper will discuss how industrial users are empowered to select and effectively apply the optimal LED luminaire.