gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evidence for a relationship between longevity of mammalian species and life spans of normal fibroblasts <i>in vitro</i> and erythrocytes <i>in vivo</i> (1981)

The replicative life spans of mammalian fibroblasts in vitro were studied in a number of cell cultures representing eight species. Emphasis was placed on determining the population doubling level at which phase III (a period of decrease in the rate of proliferation) and chromosomal alterations occur. All the cell cultures studied went through a growth crisis, a period of apparent growth cessation lasting for at least 2 weeks. In most cultures, the crisis represented the end of their replicative capacities, but in some cultures cell proliferation was resumed after the crisis. A predominantly diploid chromosome constitution (more than 75%) was demonstrated prior to the growth crisis. In cultures in which cell proliferation was resumed after the crisis, a nondiploid constitution prevailed in all cases except the rat (with 90% or more diploid cells all the time). The growth crisis occurred at population doubling levels that were characteristic for the species and was shown to be related to the species' maximal life span by a strict power law, being proportional to the square root of the maximal life span. Based on data in the literature, the same relationship was also valid for the lifespans of circulating mammalian erythrocytes in vivo. These results may indicate the prevalence of a common functional basis regulating the life span of fibroblasts and erythrocytes and thus operating in replicative as well as postmitotic cells in vitro and in vivo.
Multihierarchical graph search (2002)

The use of hierarchical graph searching for finding paths in graphs is well known in the literature, providing better results than plain graph searching, with respect to computational costs, in many cases. This paper offers a step forward by including multiple hierarchies in a graph-based model. Such a multi-hierarchical model has the following advantages: First, a multiple hierarchy permits us to choose the best hierarchy to solve each search problem; second, when several search problems have to be solved, a multiple hierarchy provides the possibility of solving some of them simultaneously; and third, solutions to the search problems can be expressed in any of the hierarchies of the multiple hierarchy, which allows us to represent the information in the most suitable way for each specific purpose. In general, multiple hierarchies have proven to be a more adaptable model than single-hierarchy or non-hierarchical models. This paper formalizes the multi-hierarchical model, describes the techniques that have been designed for taking advantage of multiple hierarchies in a hierarchical path search, and presents some experiments and results on the performance of these techniques.
Effects of 12-Sulfodehydroabietic Acid Monosodium Salt (TA-2711), a New Anti-Ulcer Agent, on Gastric Mucosal Lesions Induced by Necrotizing Agents and Gastric Mucosal Defensive Factors in Rats (1990)

Effects of TA-2711 on gastric mucosal lesions induced by various necrotizing agents and several defensive factors of gastric mucosa were investigated in rats. Oral administration of TA-2711 at 12.5 to 200 mg/kg prevented the formation of gastric mucosal lesions induced by 99.5% ethanol, 0.6 N HCl, 0.2 N NaOH and boiling water with ED50 values of 24, 58,16 and 101 mg/kg, respectively. Oral TA-2711 at 100 mg/kg increased the gastric mucosal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level without any change in transmucosal potential difference. A sustained decrease in gastric mucosal blood flow produced by intragastric administration of 99.5% ethanol was inhibited by oral TA-2711 (50,100 mg/kg) and 16, 16-dimethyl PGE2 (10 μg/kg). The effect of TA-2711 on ethanol-induced decrease in blood flow was suppressed by Indomethacin (10 mg/kg, s.c). Oral TA-2711 (25–100 mg/kg) dose-dependently increased the amount of mucus adherent to the gastric mucosa. In addition, gastric HCO3- secretion was increased by intragastric TA-2711 at 2.5 and 5.0 mg/ml. These results suggest that TA-2711 enhances gastric mucosal resistance by increasing mucus and HCO3- secretion and by maintaining mucosal blood flow, and protects the gastric mucosa against various irritants. The effects of TA-2711 appear to be mediated by mucosal prostaglandins such as PGE2.
Soft-switching techniques for PWM full bridge converters (2002)

This paper proposes a family of modulation strategies for PWM full bridge converter including nine modulation strategies, which can be classified into two kinds according to the turn-off sequence of the two power switches in the oblique diagonal line of the two bridge legs. The concept of leading leg and lagging leg is introduced to realize soft-switching for PWM full bridge converters. The realization of soft-switching for both leading leg and lagging leg is proposed, based on which, soft-switching techniques for PWM full bridge converters can be classified into two kinds: zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) and zero-voltage and zero-current-switching (ZVZCS). The modulation strategies and topologies for the two kinds of soft-switching PWM full bridge converters are proposed.
Printable high-speed thin-film transistor on flexible substrate using carbon nanotube solution (2007)

A printable high-speed thin-film transistor (TFT) fabricated on a regular plastic transparency film is proposed. The carrier transport layer of the TFT is an ultrapure carbon nanotube (CNT) thin film of high density (>1000 CNTs per µm2) formed at room temperature by dispensing a tiny droplet of an electronic-grade CNT solution, which does not contain any surfactant. This CNT–TFT exhibited a high-modulation speed of 312 MHz and a large current-carrying capacity beyond 20 mA. A unique ink-jet printing compatible process demonstrated herein would enable mass production of large-area electronic circuits on any virtually desired flexible substrate at low cost and high throughput.
New synthetic ligands for L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (1993)

The pharmacology of the L-type Ca2+ channel has been the subject of considerable basic and clinical investigation over the past two decades primarily because of the clinical activities of nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem. However, it is quite clear that this Ca2+ channel is, in common with other pharmacologic receptors, a multiple drug receptor. There are probably as many as six or more discrete drug binding sites associated with this Ca2+ channel. Continued investigation of these sites may yield both new therapeutic agents, structural clues to ligands active at other classes of Ca2+ channel and structures active at other classes of ion channel.
Conditioning Permeability Fields to Pressure Data (1996)

Generating realizations of the permeability field drawn from a probability density function conditioned on inaccurate pressure or saturation data is difficult, even if the unconditional realizations are Gaussian random fields, because the problem is highly nonlinear. Inefficient methods that generate large numbers of rejected images, such as simulated annealing, must be ruled out as impractical because of the repeated need for reservoir flow simulation.
A simple process for ferrite film preparation from one solution without using hazardous oxidizing agent (2007)

A process for ferrite film preparation using an aqueous solution was developed and named as “one solution spray technique” (OSST). Highly crystallized spinel ferrite films can be prepared by spraying only one solution at a very low temperature of 90°C without any postannealing. In contrast to the conventional spray technique (CST), two solutions (reaction solution and an oxidizing solution containing pH buffer) were independently sprayed. In OSST, reaction solution containing a mixture of FeCl2, CH3COOK, and urea was used. The Fe3O4 films prepared by OSST exhibited a real permeability of μ′=35 and a very high resonance frequency of fr=1.25GHz, which was superior to that for films prepared by CST (fr=850MHz). The μ″×f spectra, which are proportional to the noise suppression effect of the films, proved that the films prepared by this technique have suitable properties to be used as conducted noise suppressors in the gigahertz range.
A versatile hand for manipulators (1988)

Current research on a versatile mechanical hand for robotic arms is described. This mechanical hand is a self-contained, autonomous system capable of executing high-level commands from a supervisory computer. It consists of parallel fingers powered by a DC motor and controlled by a microcomputer embedded in the hand housing. Sensors are integrated in the hand for measuring grasp force of fingers and forces and torques applied between the arm and the surrounding environment. Fingers can be moved in position control, velocity control, or force control modes, and all collected data are transmitted to the supervisory computer. Data on performance and effectiveness in teleoperation experiments are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Anesthetic techniques to facilitate lung lavage for pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in children—new airway techniques and a review of the literature (2015)

Pediatric patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis require whole lung lavage to clear the accumulation of lipoproteinaceous material within the alveoli, to maintain respiratory function. Anesthesia for this presents a challenge due to preexisting respiratory failure, and the small diameter and length of the pediatric airway, which is often unable to accommodate existing one-lung isolation and ventilation equipment. Novel techniques to facilitate lung lavage on seven occasions are described and placed in the context of the existing literature to date.
Few-Layer MoS<sub>2</sub>: A Promising Layered Semiconductor (2014)

Due to the recent expanding interest in two-dimensional layered materials, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been receiving much research attention. Having an ultrathin layered structure and an appreciable direct band gap of 1.9 eV in the monolayer regime, few-layer MoS2 has good potential applications in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and flexible devices. In addition, the capability of controlling spin and valley degrees of freedom makes it a promising material for spintronic and valleytronic devices. In this review, we attempt to provide an overview of the research relevant to the structural and physical properties, fabrication methods, and electronic devices of few-layer MoS2. Recent developments and advances in studying the material are highlighted.
Weyl nodes in Andreev spectra of multiterminal Josephson junctions: Chern numbers, conductances, and supercurrents (2018)

We consider mesoscopic four-terminal Josephson junctions and study emergent topological properties of the Andreev subgap bands. We use symmetry-constrained analysis for Wigner-Dyson classes of scattering matrices to derive band dispersions. When the scattering matrix of the normal region connecting superconducting leads is energy independent, the determinant formula for Andreev spectrum can be reduced to a palindromic equation that admits a complete analytical solution. Band topology manifests with an appearance of the Weyl nodes which serve as monopoles of finite Berry curvature. The corresponding fluxes are quantified by Chern numbers that translate into a quantized nonlocal conductance that we compute explicitly for the time-reversal-symmetric scattering matrix. The topological regime can also be identified by supercurrents as Josephson current-phase relationships exhibit pronounced nonanalytic behavior and discontinuities near Weyl points that can be controllably accessed in experiments.
Observed Behavior of a Thermistor Bead Flow Meter (1967)

Rasmussen [Rev. Sci. Instr. 33, 38 (1962)] has analyzed thermistor bead flow meters, treating constant current and constant temperature modes of operation, and summarizing the velocity dependence of the dissipation constant by means of a single curve. This paper treats a third mode of operation in which neither the bead current nor its temperature is kept constant: the bead's resistance is one leg of a dc Wheatstone bridge, and the bridge unbalance voltage is a measure of the flow velocity. Three results are reported. (i) The dissipation constant possesses two regimes of behavior, one being that noted by Rasmussen, but the other characterized by a velocity dependence featuring a nonmonotonic slope when the bead's temperature approaches that of the medium; (ii) the Wheatstone bridge unbalance voltage, initially, is almost linearly dependent on the velocity; and (iii) the ratio of velocity to bridge unbalance voltage achieves a plateau on which this ratio is nearly independent of thermistor power.
Substrate resistance modeling for noise coupling analysis (2003)

Accurate substrate modeling is of utmost importance for substrate noise coupling analysis in mixed-signal circuits. In this paper we present a two-port Z-parameter model based on a physical description of the substrate surface potential. The Z-parameter model is expressed using a one-port semiempirical resistance model. This resistance model accurately describes the observed initial increase in resistance followed by the observed saturation as the contact separation increases. The Z-parameter model was compared to measurement data obtained from a set of CMOS test structures. The model fits measured results well, in contrary to when resistive networks are used to represent the substrate. Furthermore, we show that the substrate coupling between a digital circuit and an analog circuit does not have to become zero as the distance between the circuit blocks increases, instead the coupling between the circuits approaches a constant non-zero value.
Nitric oxide-induced autoinhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the presence of the autoxidation-resistant pteridine 5-methyltetrahydrobiopterin (2000)

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) catalysis results in formation of NO or superoxide (O2-−) depending on the presence or absence of the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). In the absence of O2-− scavengers, net NO formation cannot be detected even at saturating BH4 concentrations, which is thought to be due to O2-− production by BH4 autoxidation. Because the N-5-methylated analogue of BH4 (5-Me-BH4) sustains NOS catalysis and is autoxidation-resistant, net NO formation by the neuronal isoform of NOS (nNOS) can be observed at saturating 5-Me-BH4 concentrations. Here we compare the effects of 5-Me-BH4 on L-citrulline formation, NADPH oxidation, H2O2 production and soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulation. All activities were stimulated biphasically (EC50 approx. 0.2 μM and more than 1 mM), with an intermediate inhibitory phase at the same pterin concentration as that required for net NO generation and sGC stimulation (4 μM). Concomitantly with inhibition, the NADP+/L-citrulline stoichiometry decreased from 2.0 to 1.6. Inhibition occurred only at high enzyme concentrations (IC50 approx. 10 nM nNOS) and was antagonized by oxyhaemoglobin and by BH4. We ascribe the first stimulatory phase to high-affinity binding of 5-Me-BH4. The inhibitory phase is due to low-affinity binding, resulting in fully coupled catalysis, complete inhibition of O2-− production and net NO formation. At high enzyme concentrations and thus high NO levels, this causes autoinhibition. NO scavenging by 5-Me-BH4 at concentrations above 1 mM, resulting in the antagonization of inhibition of NOS, explains the second stimulatory phase. In agreement with these assignments 5-Me-BH4 was found to stimulate formation of a haem-NO complex during NOS catalysis. The observation of inhibition with 5-Me-BH4 but not with BH4 implies that, unless O2-− scavengers are present, a physiological role for NO-induced autoinhibition is unlikely.
An overview of multifunctional epoxy nanocomposites (2016)

The state-of-art multifunctions of epoxy nanocomposites including magnetization, electrical and thermal conductivity and flame retardancy are critically reviewed.
Electromagnetic activity of a pulsating paramagnetic neutron star (2002)

The fact that neutron star matter possesses the capability of maintaining a highly intense magnetic field has been and still is among the most debatable issues in pulsar astrophysics. Over the years, there were several independent suggestions that the dominant source of pulsar magnetism is either the field-induced or the spontaneous magnetic polarization of the baryon material. The Pauli paramagnetism of degenerate neutron matter is one of the plausible and comprehensive mechanisms of the magnetic ordering of neutron magnetic moments, promoted by a seed magnetic field inherited by the neutron star from a massive progenitor and amplified by its implosive contraction due to the magnetic flux conservation. Adhering to this attitude and based on the equations of magnetoelastic dynamics underlying continuum mechanics of single-axis magnetic insulators, we investigate electrodynamics of a paramagnetic neutron star undergoing nonradial pulsations. We show that the suggested approach regains a recent finding of Akhiezer et al. [1] that the spin-polarized neutron matter can transmit perturbations by low-frequency transverse magnetoelastic waves. We found that nonradial torsional magnetoelastic pulsations of a paramagnetic neutron star can serve as a powerful generator of a highly intense electric field producing the magnetospheric polarization charge whose acceleration along the open magnetic field lines leads to the synchrotron and curvature radiation. Analytic and numerical estimates for periods of non-radial torsional magnetoelastic modes are presented and are followed by a discussion of their possible manifestation in currently monitored activity of pulsars and magnetars.
Differences in Evaporation Between a Floating Pan and Class A Pan on Land<sup>1</sup> (2008)

Abstract: Research was conducted to develop a method for obtaining floating pan evaporation rates in a small (less than 10,000 m 2 ) wetland, lagoon, or pond. Floating pan and land pan evaporation data were collected from March 1 to August 31, 2005, at a small natural wetland located in the alluvium of the Canadian River near Norman, Oklahoma, at the U.S. Geological Survey Norman Landfill Toxic Substances Hydrology Research Site. Floating pan evaporation rates were compared with evaporation rates from a nearby standard Class A evaporation pan on land. Floating pan evaporation rates were significantly less than land pan evaporation rates for the entire period and on a monthly basis. Results indicated that the use of a floating evaporation pan in a small free‐water surface better simulates actual physical conditions on the water surface that control evaporation. Floating pan to land pan ratios were 0.82 for March, 0.87 for April, 0.85 for May, 0.85 for June, 0.79 for July, and 0.69 for August.
Lasers in Consumer Electronics: The Optical Pickup (2011)

The optical pickup is what recovers digital data from the encoded pits in optical storage devices such as CDs, DVDs and Blu-Rays. This article traces the past, present and possible future for this critical technology.
Mri Reconstruction Using Discrete Fourier Transform: A Tutorial (2008)

The use of Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) implemented in the form of Inverse Fourier Transform (IFFT) is one of the standard method of reconstructing Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) from uniformly sampled K-space data. In this tutorial, three of the major problems associated with the use of IFFT in MRI reconstruction are highlighted. The tutorial also gives brief introduction to MRI physics; MRI system from instrumentation point of view; K-space signal and the process of IDFT and IFFT for One and two dimensional (1D and 2D) data.
Magnetic circular dichroism and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of iron(II)-metallothionein (1989)

The electronic and magnetic properties of the Fe(II)-thiolate centers in Fe(II)-metallothionein have been investigated by low-temperature magnetic circular dichroism and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies at various levels of Fe(II) incorporation. In agreement with previous results [Good, M., & Vasák, M. (1986) Biochemistry 25, 8353-8356], rabbit liver metallothionein was found to bind a maximum of seven Fe(II) ions, with cluster formation occurring when more than four Fe(II) ions are bound at pH 8.5. The results indicate that all the iron in fully loaded Fe(II)-metallothionein is accommodated in Fe(II)-thiolate clusters that have either S = 0 or S = 2 ground states as a result of antiferromagnetic coupling between high-spin Fe(II) ions. By analogy with the cluster composition and mechanism of assembly that have been established for other divalent metal ions, the clusters with S = 0 and S = 2 ground states are attributed to tetranuclear and trinuclear centers, respectively. EPR signals indicative of S = 2 species were observed for samples containing monomeric tetrathiolate-Fe(II) centers and trinuclear Fe(II)-thiolate clusters. However, the nature of the zero-field splitting of the S = 2 ground states that is indicated by the EPR signals is not consistent with that deduced from Mössbauer and magnetic circular dichroism studies, suggesting heterogeneity in both types of center.
Diffraction from concave gratings in planar waveguides (1995)

Performance of planar waveguide devices employing concave gratings can be numerically modeled with diffraction theory. The details of the method are presented. Approximations are introduced to derive simple equations and numerical calculations are used to verify the approximations. These formulas clarify the sources of loss caused by concave gratings and their application for optimizing grating performance is demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Impaired Angiogenesis in the Remnant Kidney Model (2001)

Impaired angiogenesis and decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression were recently documented in the remnant kidney (RK) model of progressive renal failure. VEGF (50 microg/kg, twice daily) was administered to RK rats between weeks 4 and 8 after surgery, and rats were euthanized at week 8 for histologic study. During the administration of VEGF (n = 7) or vehicle (n = 6), systemic BP was comparable in the two groups. VEGF treatment resulted in improved renal function and lower mortality rates, compared with the vehicle-treated group. Renal histologic analyses confirmed a 3.5-fold increase in glomerular endothelial cell proliferation (0.14 +/- 0.03 versus 0.04 +/- 0.02 proliferating endothelial cells/glomerulus, VEGF versus vehicle, P < 0.05), a twofold increase in peritubular capillary endothelial cell proliferation (1.60 +/- 0.30 versus 0.78 +/- 0.17 cells/mm(2), VEGF versus vehicle, P < 0.01), a threefold decrease in peritubular capillary rarefaction (P < 0.01), and a twofold increase in endothelial nitrix oxide synthase expression (P < 0.05) in the VEGF-treated group; an eightfold increase in urinary nitrate/nitrite levels (P < 0.05) was also noted. Although the difference in glomerulosclerosis scores did not reach statistical significance (0.67 +/- 0.42 versus 1.22 +/- 0.63, VEGF versus vehicle; range, 0 to 4; P = NS), VEGF-treated rats exhibited less interstitial collagen type III deposition (9.32 +/- 3.26 versus 17.45 +/- 7.50%, VEGF versus vehicle, P < 0.01) and reduced tubular epithelial cell injury, as manifested by osteopontin expression (5.57 +/- 1.60 versus 9.58 +/- 3.45%, VEGF versus vehicle, P < 0.01). In conclusion, VEGF treatment reduces fibrosis and stabilizes renal function in the RK model. The use of angiogenic factors may represent a new approach to the treatment of kidney disease.