gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of a new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor MK 421 and its lysine analogue on the components of the renin system in healthy subjects. (1981)

1 MK 421 and its lysine analogue are two new inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme. Ten mg of both compounds were each given p.o. to 12 normotensive volunteers to determine their effect on the various components of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. 2 Plasma converting enzyme activity decreased to very low levels within 3 to 4 h to recover only slowly over the next 72 h. Plasma angiotensin II and aldosterone also fell but returned to baseline within 24 h, whereas plasma renin activity rose reflecting the low angiotensin II levels. 3 There was a close correlation between both angiotensin II and aldosterone levels and the logarithm of plasma converting enzyme activity demonstrating that angiotensin II and aldosterone fell only when converting enzyme activity was reduced to very low levels. 4 Mean hourly urinary sodium excretion increased markedly 6 to 10 h post‐drug, while blood pressure decreased slightly. Both drugs were well tolerated. 5 Thus 10 mg of MK 421 or its lysine analogue given orally are effective and long acting angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.
DOWN‐REGULATION OF FIBRINOGEN BIOSYNTHESIS BY IL‐4, IL‐10 AND IL‐13 (1996)

High levels of fibrinogen are recognized as an important vascular risk factor; however, it is not known if the increase of plasma fibrinogen is directly responsible for this risk, or is only a marker of vascular inflammation. To support this second hypothesis, Oncostatin M (OSM) is a potent stimulator of fibrinogen biosynthesis and induces smooth muscle cell proliferation. In the same way, we analysed whether interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10) or interleukin-13 (IL-13), which protect vessel walls from monocytes injuries leading to atherosclerosis, could influence fibrinogen biosynthesis. The two levels of regulation of fibrinogen biosynthesis were tested: firstly, the direct effect of these cytokines on fibrinogen production by the hepatoma cell line Hep G2, and secondly their effect on the secretion of hepatocyte stimulating factor (HSF) activity in the supernatant of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated monocytes. IL-4 and IL-13 added to Hep G2 cells down-regulated both the increase of fibrinogen secretion induced by IL-6 and fibrinogen mRNA levels, this effect being more pronounced when Hep G2 were preincubated with the two cytokines before IL-6 addition. The effect of IL-10 was evidenced only on mRNA expression. IL-10 and IL-13 dose-dependently decrease HSF activity secreted by LPS-activated monocytes, whereas IL-4 had no effect. However, the three cytokines decreased HSF activity when monocytes were incubated with the cytokines before LPS activation. The effects of these cytokines on HSF activity are related to variations of IL-6 and OSM secretion. Our data strengthen the hypothesis that the fibrinogen level is a marker of vascular disease, since cytokines which have a protective vascular effect down-regulate fibrinogen production.
Propane Aromatization over HZSM‐5 and Ga/HZSM‐5 Catalysts (2008)

Abstract The selective transformation of light alkanes to aromatics that are more valuable and versatile feedstocks for the chemical industry is one of the major challenges of catalytic chemistry. The complexity of the aromatization chemistry makes it difficult to unravel reaction mechanisms and, mechanistic information is largely developed from observed product distributions. This article reviews the current mechanistic understanding for the conversion of propane to aromatic compounds over HZSM‐5 and Ga/HZSM‐5 catalysts based on experimental as well as theoretical studies. Following a general discussion of acidity and confinement effects in these systems, this review focuses on understanding specific reactions occurring on Brønsted acid sites in HZSM‐5. Mechanistic details available from Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, as well as kinetic modeling efforts for various complex hydrocarbon systems are critically reviewed. A detailed, tabulated review of the literature compares the catalytic performance of gallium modified ZSM‐5 catalysts and subsequently the promotional effect of gallium as an additive is critically discussed in terms of the nature of the active sites, as well as the new reaction pathways introduced by gallium addition. Keywords: Alkane ActivationAromatizationHydrocarbon Reactions on ZeolitesKinetic ModelingComputational Catalysis Acknowledgments Financial support for this work was provided by the Department of Energy, Office of the Basic Energy Sciences, through the Catalysis Science Grant number DE‐FG01‐03ER15466.
Detection and correction of conflicting source updates for view maintenance (2004)

Data integration over multiple heterogeneous data sources has become increasingly important for modern applications. The integrated data is usually stored in materialized views for high availability and better performance. Such views must be maintained after the data sources change. In a loosely-coupled and dynamic environment, such as the Data Grid, the sources may autonomously change not only their data but also their schema, query capabilities or semantics, which may consequently cause the ongoing view maintenance fail. We analyze the maintenance errors and classify them into different classes of dependencies. We then propose several dependency detection and correction algorithms to handle these new classes of concurrency. Our techniques are not tied to specific maintenance algorithms nor to a particular data model. To our knowledge, this is the first complete solution to the view maintenance concurrency problems for both data and schema changes. We have implemented the proposed solutions and experimentally evaluated the impact of anomalies on maintenance performance and trade-offs between different dependency detection algorithms.
Full-Tidal Liquid Ventilation with Perfluorocarbon for Prevention of Lung Injury in Newborn Non-Human Primates (1994)

Hyaline membrane disease (HMD), the most common life-threatening respiratory disorder of newborns, is associated with lung injury manifested by alveolar proteinaceous edema. The cause of the disease is thought to be elevated alveolar surface tension due to surfactant deficiency at birth. Treatment with exogenous surfactant may be unsuccessful due to problems in distribution of the surfactant, or inhibition of the surfactant by alveolar proteinaceous edema. Liquid ventilation with oxygen-saturated perfluorocarbon liquid has been proposed as a method to eliminate alveolar surface tension; little is known about the interfacial tension between perfluorocarbon liquids and the lung lining layer. Premature and term newborn monkeys were treated from birth with a pressure-limited, time-cycled liquid ventilator using oxygenated perfluorocarbon liquids (APF-145 and perflubron). Adequate gas exchange was achieved, and pilot experiments suggest long-term survival without adverse sequelae. Although many questions remain, liquid ventilation is a promising tool for the prevention and treatment of lung injury in newborns.
Illustration-Inspired Depth Enhanced Volumetric Medical Visualization (2008)

Volume illustration can be used to provide insight into source data from CT/MRI scanners in much the same way as medical illustration depicts the important details of anatomical structures. As such, proven techniques used in medical illustration should be transferable to volume illustration, providing scientists with new tools to visualize their data. In recent years, a number of techniques have been developed to enhance the rendering pipeline and create illustrative effects similar to the ones found in medical textbooks and surgery manuals. Such effects usually highlight important features of the subject while subjugating its context and providing depth cues for correct perception. Inspired by traditional visual and line-drawing techniques found in medical illustration, we have developed a collection of fast algorithms for more effective emphasis/de-emphasis of data as well as conveyance of spatial relationships. Our techniques utilize effective outlining techniques and selective depth enhancement to provide perceptual cues of object importance as well as spatial relationships in volumetric datasets. Moreover, we have used illustration principles to effectively combine and adapt basic techniques so that they work together to provide consistent visual information and a uniform style.
Crucial Role of Granulocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in the Regulation of Central Nervous System Autoimmune Disease (2011)

There is a need in autoimmune diseases to uncover the mechanisms involved in the natural resolution of inflammation. In this article, we demonstrate that granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs) abundantly accumulate within the peripheral lymphoid compartments and target organs of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis prior to disease remission. In vivo transfer of G-MDSCs ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, significantly decreased demyelination, and delayed disease onset through inhibition of encephalitogenic Th1 and Th17 immune responses. Exposure of G-MDSCs to the autoimmune milieu led to up-regulation of the programmed death 1 ligand that was required for the G-MDSC-mediated suppressive function both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, myeloid-derived suppressor cells were enriched in the periphery of subjects with active multiple sclerosis and suppressed the activation and proliferation of autologous CD4(+) T cells ex vivo. Collectively, this study revealed a pivotal role for myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the regulation of multiple sclerosis, which could be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
Characterization of Fluoropolymer Resist for 157-nm Lithography (2003)

Fluoropolymers are key materials for the single-layer resists used in 157-nm lithography. We have been studying fluoropolymers to determine their potential for use as the base resin. We developed a polymer that has high transmittance and high dry-etching resistance by attaching the cyclohexylcyclohexyloxymethyl (CCOM) blocking group to a monocyclic fluorinated polymer. The dry-etching rate of the 32 % blocked polymer was 1.5 times that of a KrF resist and its absorption coefficient at a 157-nm exposure wavelength was 1.1 /μm. The polymer with various photoacid generators (PAGs) was compared with the patterning profile and we found that the shape of the resist pattern depended on the ΔH, which was the change in enthalpy before and after the PAG generated acid. ΔH is related to acidity and triphenylsulfonium nonaflate has one of the highest acidity in the PAGs. The polymer with triphenylsulfonium nonaflate resolved a 55-nm line and space pattern. We also investigated the relation between the dissolution characteristics, transmittance and molecular weight of the PAG. We found that as the PAG’s molecular weight was low, maximum dissolution rate (Rmax) tended to become high and transmittance tended to become high. For onium salts, in particular, as the anion’s molecular weight of the PAG was low, transmittance tended to become high, and as the cation’s molecular weight of the PAG was low, Rmax tended to become high. These are guidelines in choosing a PAG.
True energy-minimal and finite-size biplanar gradient coil design for MRI (1998)

Finite-sized high-performance planar magnetic field gradient coils in today's open configuration magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems have always been desirable for ever demanding imaging applications. We present a Lagrange multiplier technique for designing a minimum-energy gradient coil under a finite-size planar geometry constraint in addition to a set of magnetic field constraints. In this new design methodology, the surface current density on a finite size plane is represented by a two-dimensional (2-D) Fourier series expansion. Following the standard approach, we construct a functional F in terms of the stored magnetic energy and a set of field constraint points which are chosen over the desired imaging volume. Minimizing F, we obtain the continuous current density distribution for the finite-size planar gradient coil. Applying the stream function technique to the resulting continuous current distribution, the discrete current pattern can be generated. Employing the Biot-Savart law to the discrete current loops, the gradient magnetic field has been re-evaluated in order to validate the theory. Using this approach, we have been able to design a finite-size biplanar z-gradient coil which is capable of generating a gradient field of 40 mT/m @ 266 A. The excellent agreement between the analytical and numerical results has been achieved.
Structure and Function in Escherichia coli of Plasmids Containing Pyrimidine/Purine-Biased Stretch Originated from the 5'-Flanking Region of the Basidiomycete ras Gene (1997)

The Basidiomycete ras gene possesses a pyrimidine-rich stretch (CT-motif) with a short (7 bases) mirror repeat in which its major transcription start point is contained. To analyze the tertiary structure induced by the CT/AG-biased sequence and its effect on gene expression in supercoiled plasmids in Escherichia coli, the DNA fragment containing the ras CT/AG sequence was inserted into the EcoRI site on pBR322 in both orientations and the resulting pBR322 derivatives, named pBR-CT[ras] and pBR-invCT[ras] were introduced into E. coli strains DM800 (deltatopA gyrB225) and JM109 (topA+ gyrA96). In pBR-CT [ras] the pyrimidine-rich sequence is on the pBR322 tetracycline-resistance gene (tet)coding strand and in pBR-invCT[ras] the complementary purine-rich sequence is on this strand. DNAs of pBR-CT[ras] and pBR-invCT[ras] isolated from DM800 were frequently cleaved with single-strand-specific S1 nuclease within the CT/AG sequence, showing the formation of extended open structure. Compared with those carrying pBR322, DM800 and JM109 carrying pBR-CT [ras] showed much higher levels of tetracycline resistance (Tcr), while both strains carrying pBR-invCT[ras] showed clearly lower levels of Tcr. pBR-CT [ras] and pBR-invCT [ras], however, conferred reduced activity of beta-lactamase on DM800 and JM109. pBR-CT [ras] derivatives lacking the counterpart of the mirror repeat did not form the S1-cleavable open structure within the CT/AG sequence and conferred pBR322-like Tcr and beta-lactamase activity. The tertiary structure formed in the CT/AG sequence via the mirror repeat was suggested to affect the expressions of pBR322-tet and -bla genes.
Genetic Diversity of Human Parvovirus B19 Determined Using a Set of Restriction Endonucleases Recognizing Four or Five Base Pairs and Partial Nucleotide Sequencing: Use of Sequence Variability in Virus Classification (1991)

Analysis of the restriction site polymorphism (RSP) of human parvovirus B19 using 12 restriction endonucleases (REs) recognizing four or five bp sequences (4- or 5-bp REs) revealed a significant difference between strains previously classified as being of the same genome type, and a relationship between two strains of different genome types, thereby indicating a global spread of B19 virus strains. These findings demonstrate the advantage of this set of 4- and 5-bp REs for the calculation of the degree of genetic diversity and clearly it is necessary to amend the taxonomy of B19 virus strains using these REs. We examined the nucleotide (nt) sequence between nt 3141 and 3411, at the N terminus of the VP2 protein coding region, in 12 B19 virus strains. The pattern of distribution of nucleotide differences between the strains confirmed the classification by RSP analysis. Between nt 3293 and nt 3364, a region in which an antigenic epitope may be encoded, there was no evidence of a nucleotide change causing an amino acid change. Thus, the amino acid sequence in this potential epitope is probably conserved.
Effective synthesis of switching controllers for linear systems (2000)

In this paper, we suggest a novel methodology for synthesizing switching controllers for continuous and hybrid systems whose dynamics are defined by linear differential equations. We formulate the synthesis problem as finding the conditions upon which a controller should switch the behavior of the system from one "mode" to another in order to avoid a set of bad states and propose an abstract algorithm that solves the problem by an iterative computation of reachable states. We have implemented a concrete version of the algorithm, which uses a new approximation scheme for reachability analysis of linear systems.
Design And Development Of A 1024 X 1024 Visible Imager (1984)

The design and development of a monolithic 1024 x 1024 pixel solid state imager will be discussed. The imager is a silicon MOS device with dual CCD readout registers. The design and processing of the imager will be reviewed and the camera electronics will be described. Performanceof the imager at this point in its development will also be discussed.
Estimation of the Lumbar Curve Magnitude with Correction of the Right Thoracic Curve in Idiopathic Scoliosis (1998)

A simple formula was proposed to estimate the magnitude of the postoperative uninstrumented lumbar curve with correction of the right thoracic curve in idiopathic scoliosis. This formula is as follows: PLC < or = LC - 0.5(TC - BTC) (PLC, predicted postoperative standing lumbar Cobb angle; LC, preoperative standing lumbar Cobb angle; TC, preoperative standing thoracic Cobb angle; BTC, preoperative supine lateral bending thoracic Cobb angle). Sixty-five patients' preoperative and postoperative radiographic measurements were taken, and of these 45 had measurements taken after > or = 12 months of follow-up. Multiple regression (R) value for the proposed formula postoperatively was 0.8048 and at > or = 1 year follow-up was 0.6869.
Survival after Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Hospital (1983)

Little is known about prognostic factors that determine outcomes after in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. We studied prospectively 294 consecutive patients who were resuscitated in a university teaching hospital. Forty-one patients (14 per cent) were discharged from the hospital; three quarters of them were still alive six months later. A multivariate analysis revealed that pneumonia, hypotension, renal failure, cancer, and a homebound life style before hospitalization were significantly associated with in-hospital mortality (P less than 0.05). None of the 58 patients with pneumonia and none of the 179 in whom resuscitation took longer than 30 minutes survived to be discharged. On the other hand, fully 42 per cent of the patients who survived for 24 hours after resuscitation left the hospital. At the time of discharge from the hospital and again six months later, 93 per cent of the survivors were mentally intact. Although depression was generally present at the time of discharge, it tended to resolve subsequently. However, all patients reported some decrease in functional capacity, often attributed to fear. This persisted at six months after discharge. Age alone did not appear to influence the prognosis for survival after cardiopulmonary resuscitation or the adjustment to chronic illness after discharge from the hospital.
Implicit Rating and Filtering (1998)

Social filtering systems that use explicit ratings require a large number of ratings to remain viable. The effort involved for a user to rate a document may outweigh any benefit received, leading to a shortage of ratings. One approach to this problem is to use implicit ratings: where user actions are recorded and a rating is inferred from the recorded data. This paper discusses the costs and benefits of using implicit ratings for information filtering applications.
Balanced graph partitioning (2004)

In this paper we consider the problem of (k, υ)-balanced graph partitioning - dividing the vertices of a graph into k almost equal size components (each of size less than υ • n<over>k) so that the capacity of edges between different components is minimized. This problem is a natural generalization of several other problems such as minimum bisection, which is the (2,1)-balanced partitioning problem. We present a bicriteria polynomial time approximation algorithm with an O(log2n)-approximation for any constant υ > 1. For υ = 1 we show that no polytime approximation algorithm can guarantee a finite approximation ratio unless P=NP. Previous work has only considered the (k, υ)-balanced partitioning problem for υ ≥ 2.
Usefulness of alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidation to analyze eumelanin and pheomelanin in various tissue samples: application to chemical analysis of human hair melanins (2011)

Summary Eumelanin and pheomelanin in tissue samples can be specifically measured as the markers pyrrole‐2,3,5‐tricarboxylic acid (PTCA) and 4‐amino‐3‐hydroxyphenylalanine after acidic permanganate oxidation and hydroiodic acid hydrolysis, respectively. Those degradation methods, although widely applied, are not easily performed in most laboratories. To overcome this difficulty, we developed alkaline H 2 O 2 oxidation in 1 M K 2 CO 3 that produces, in addition to the eumelanin marker PTCA, thiazole‐2,4,5‐tricarboxylic acid (TTCA) and thiazole‐4,5‐dicarboxylic acid (TDCA) as markers for pheomelanin and pyrrole‐2,3‐dicarboxylic acid (PDCA) as a marker for 5,6‐dihydroxyindole‐derived eumelanin. Those four degradation products can be easily separated by HPLC and analyzed with ultraviolet detection. The alkaline H 2 O 2 oxidation method is simple, reproducible and applicable to all pigmented tissues. Its application to characterize eumelanin and pheomelanin in human hair shows that PTCA and TTCA serve as specific markers for eumelanin and pheomelanin, respectively, although some caution is needed regarding the artificial production of TTCA from eumelanic tissue proteins.
Optimal Escape Trajectory from a High Earth Orbit by Use of Solar Radiation Pressure. (1977)

This thesis develops the optimal control law necessary for a minimum time excape from a high Earth orbit utilizing solar radiation pressure. A force model is developed for an ideal flat sail and a proposed Jet Propulsion Laboratory square sail. A two-body inverse square force field model is assumed. The Earth's orbit about the Sun is assumed circular, and the solar flux is assumed constant during the escape maneuver. The initial state is given, and the only condition on the final state is that the energy of the spececraft equals zero. A modified Newton-Raphson method is used to solve the two-point boundary value problem. It is found that the performance of any solar sail escape trajectory tends to fall between the limiting cases of similar polar and ecliptic escape trajectories. A velocity-dependent control law is also examined and found to be a good approximation to the optimal control law. (Author)
An Inverse Interpolation Method Utilizing In-Flight Strain Measurements for Determining Loads and Structural Response of Aerospace Vehicles (2001)

An important and challenging technology aimed at the next generation of aerospace vehicles is that of structural health monitoring. The key problem is to determine accurately, reliably, and in real time the applied loads, stresses, and displacements experienced in flight, with such data establishing an information database for structural health monitoring.
Polymer Nanodielectrics-Basic Concepts (2013)

In this paper, the basic concepts of the structure, preparation, and characterization of nanodielectrics of spherical inorganic nanoparticles, or intercalated and exfoliated synthetic and natural layered inorganic nanoparticles, in thermoplastic, elastomeric, and thermoset organic polymers are described.