gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Control for PEM fuel cell. (2010)

With increasing demand in energy, concern in resource depletion and worry for environmental issues, it is important for us to find out clean and renewable energies\nto solve the above issues so that satisfy the need of human being and maintain the\nsustainability of ecology system for the future generation. Among various energy\noptions such as solar energy, wind energy, and nuclear energy etc, PEM Fuel Cell\nbeing the potential candidate is under great research and development. Due to its\nenvironmental friendly with zero pollutant emission, high energy efficiency and quite\nperformance, there are lots of further investigations and applications in the portable, transportation and stationary sectors.\n\nThis report is mainly focusing on the voltage control of PEM Fuel Cell regarding the dynamic current (load) changes. Various parameters such as pressure, temperature\nand gas flow rate will be analyzed under steady state and dynamic conditions. Next,\nPID controls will be implemented in the simulation model to achieve desire result\nand performance. In the end, all the controls will combine together to form a new and complete PEM Fuel Cell system in order to test and adjust the system stability for\npractical application.
Converting women: gender and Protestant Christianity in colonial South India (2004)

With the emergence of Hindu nationalism, the conversion of Indians to Christianity has become a volatile issue, erupting in violence against converts and missionaries. At the height of British colonialism, however, conversion was a path to upward mobility for low-castes and untouchables, especially in the Tamil-speaking south of India. In this book, Eliza F. Kent takes a fresh look at these conversions, focusing especially on the experience of women converts and the ways in which conversion transformed gender roles and expectations. Kent argues that the creation of a new, respectable community identity was central to the conversion process for the agricultural laborers and artisans who embraced Protestant Christianity under British rule. At the same time, she shows, this new identity was informed as much by elite Sanskritic customs and ideologies as by Western Christian discourse. Stigmatized by the dominant castes for their ritually polluting occupations and relaxed rules governing kinship and marriage, low-caste converts sought to validate their new higher-status identity in part by the reform of gender relations. These reforms affected ideals of femininity and masculinity in the areas of marriage, domesticity, and dress. By the creation of a discourse of respectability, says Kent, Tamil Christians hoped to counter the cultural justifications for their social, economic, and sexual exploitation at the hands of high-caste landowners and village elites. Kent's focus on the interactions between Western women missionaries and the Indian Christian women not only adds depth to our understanding of colonial and patriarchal power dynamics, but to the intricacies of conversion itself. Posing an important challenge to normative notions of conversion as a privatized, individual moment in time, Kent's study takes into consideration the ways that public behavior, social status, and the transformation of everyday life inform religious conversion.
Serologic Evidence for a Simian-Virus-40-Like Infection of Man<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref> (1972)

Sera from 4 groups of donors were tested for the presence of simian virus 40 (SV40)-reacting antibodies. Neutralizing antibodies were found in about 20% of the sera of Maryland children born between 1955 and 1957. This group had a high risk of having received SV40-contaminated Salk poliomyelitis vaccine. SV40-neutralizing antibodies were also found in 9 (3.2%) sera of Maryland children born during or after 1964. Since 1961, vaccines were required to be free of SV40; thus it is unlikely that these children received SV40 in contaminated vaccines. Furthermore, SV40-reacting antibodies were detected in 4 (2%) sera from collections made in 1951 and 1954, before monkey kidney vaccines came into general use. The validity of the results from neutralization tests was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence and radioisotope precipitation tests. The occurrence of SV40-reacting antibodies in sera of young Maryland children and in sera collected in the early 1950's strongly suggests the existence of an SV40-related infection of man.
Identification and differentiation of heavy residual oil and asphalt pollutants in surface waters by comparative ratios of infrared absorbances (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIdentification and differentiation of heavy residual oil and asphalt pollutants in surface waters by comparative ratios of infrared absorbancesFred K. KawaharaCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1969, 3, 2, 150–153Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es60025a002https://doi.org/10.1021/es60025a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views95Altmetric-Citations33LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Reliability of Measurements Obtained With the Modified Ashworth Scale in the Lower Extremities of People With Stroke (2002)

The Modified Ashworth Scale yielded reliable measurements in the lower limb for a single examiner, and agreement was best on the grade of 0. The reliability between examiners was not good, which may bring into question the validity of measurements obtained with the scale.
Acoustic compensation methods for body transmitted speech conversion (2009)

Statistical voice conversion is very effective for enhancing body transmitted speech recorded with Non-Audible Murmur (NAM) microphone. In this method, a probabilistic model to convert body transmitted speech into natural speech is trained previously. Because acoustic characteristics of body transmitted speech is sensitive to recording conditions such as a location of NAM microphone, significant degradation of the conversion performance is often caused in practical situations by acoustic mismatches between training and conversion processes. To alleviate this problem, we propose unsupervised acoustic compensation methods for body transmitted voice conversion. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methods significantly reduce the quality degradation of converted speech caused by the acoustic mismatches.
The chicken leukocyte receptor complex encodes a primordial, activating, high-affinity IgY Fc receptor (2007)

Fc receptors are key players of the immune system that link the fine specificity of immunoglobulins and innate effector responses. Here, we describe a nonmammalian Fcgamma receptor, CHIR-AB1, a member of the leukocyte receptor complex, that binds IgY with high affinity with its single Ig domain. It is expressed on immature and mature B lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells and harbors motifs of activating and inhibitory Fc receptors. In the absence of FcepsilonRIgamma, CHIR-AB1 can be expressed on B cells but cross-linking does not induce intracellular calcium release. In contrast, cells expressing CHIR-AB1 and FcepsilonRIgamma are triggered to release intracellular calcium upon stimulation with heat-aggregated IgY. CHIR-AB1 thus represents a primordial Fc receptor that combines features of different mammalian counterparts.
Hybrid Transfer Learning for Efficient Learning in Object Detection (2013)

In the detection of human from image using statistical learning methods, the labor cost of collecting training samples and the time cost for retraining to match the target scene are major issues. One method to reduce the work involved in sample collection is transfer learning based on boosting. However, if there is a large change between the auxiliary scene and target scene, it is difficult to apply the transfer learning. We therefore propose a hybrid transfer learning method in which two feature spaces are prepared, one of feature obtained by transfer and another of full feature search that is the same as retraining. The feature space is selectively switched on the basis of the defined training efficiency. The proposed method improving accuracy up to 8.35% compared to conventional transfer learning while accelerating training time by 3.2 times faster compared to retraining.
Hydroxycarboxylic Acids, Aromatic (2000)

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. General Properties 3. Production 4. Individual Aromatic Hydroxycarboxylic Acids 4.1. Monohydroxycarboxylic Acids 4.1.1. 3‐Hydroxybenzoic Acid 4.1.2. 4‐Hydroxybenzoic Acid 4.1.3. Cresotic Acids 4.2. Dihydroxybenzoic Acids 4.3. Trihydroxybenzoic Acids 4.4. Mandelic Acid 5. Toxicology
Stimuli-responsive, mechanically-adaptive polymer nanocomposites (2010)

Stimuli-responsive nanocomposites composed of functional nanoparticles that are embedded within polymer matrices have begun to attract much attention as a new generation of mechanically-adaptive materials. These systems exhibit properties that exploit the influence of the filler beyond static mechanical reinforcement. The underlying mechanisms of these new nanomaterials typically involve an external stimulus that impacts the composite material, altering its bulk mechanics. In this feature article, the key components currently being utilized to create polymeric nanocomposites with morphing mechanical properties are discussed, along with potential applications that provide the motivation for the development and investigation of such materials.
Moving from paper-based to digital documents: case study of public defenders using case management and legal research tools (2002)

The paper presents a study of the influence of computers on job productivity, job satisfaction and quality of work. Results of a combined qualitative and quantitative study of the use of personal computers (PC)s in a public defender (PD)'s office in Los Angeles County (USA) for legal research and case management me discussed. A survey was administrated to 56 PDs and 25 qualitative interviews were completed. It is concluded that the expedient fashion in which legal documents must be prepared in the criminal courts lends itself well to the acceptance of computer innovation by the PDs, and that this innovation requires a reskilling of the professional role of a PD.
Relationships Among Secondary Porosity, Pore-Fluid Chemistry and Carbon Dioxide, Texas Gulf Coast: Part 1. Concepts and Principles (1984)

Sequences of diagenetic minerals associated with secondary porosity show striking similarities. The formation of quartz overgrowths on detrital quartz grains is generally followed by carbonate cementation. The dissolution of this carbonate is the main secondary porosity-forming event, which commonly precedes kaolinite precipitation and iron-rich carbonate cementation. In the Texas Gulf Coast, oxygen isotopic data provide temperature estimates of authigenic phases that predate and postdate secondary porosity development: quartz, ^ges80°C; kaolinite, ^ges70°C; albite, 100-150°C; late carbonate, >100°C. These data suggest that secondary porosity in the Tertiary Gulf Coast forms at temperatures of about 100 ± 25°C. Correlations among calcite saturation indices in pore fluids, abnormally high permeabilities, and mole percent CO2 in natural gases of the Eocene Wilcox Group imply a strong interrelationship between carbon dioxide and secondary porosity development in clastic reservoirs. The CO2 content of gases varies systematically with both the reservoir age and temperature, which suggests a kinetic control on generation. The amount of CO2 in natural gases increases rapidly at approximately 100°C; this coincides with a rapid increase in the ratio of secondary to total porosity in associated sandstones. Stable isotopic analyses of carbonate cements indicate a strong component of organically derived carbon and therefore cycling of carbon between inorganic and org nic systems. The type, amount and distribution of organic matter, and early carbonate in both shales and sandstones control the quantity of CO2 available for generating secondary porosity.
Analysis of integrated optics parametric oscillators (1992)

An almost analytical model for the analysis of integrated optics parametric oscillators is proposed. A comprehensive discussion of the static device characteristics of a doubly resonant oscillator with varying parameters of the optical cavity which influence the operation conditions (single and double pass and resonant pump) is presented. A detailed discussion of the evolution towards the singly resonant condition and the possibility of hysteretic behavior is also included.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Advanced fast 3D DSA model development and calibration for design technology co-optimization (2017)

Direct Optimization (DO) of a 3D DSA model is a more optimal approach to a DTCO study in terms of accuracy and speed compared to a Cahn Hilliard Equation solver. DO’s shorter run time (10X to 100X faster) and linear scaling makes it scalable to the area required for a DTCO study. However, the lack of temporal data output, as opposed to prior art, requires a new calibration method. The new method involves a specific set of calibration patterns. The calibration pattern’s design is extremely important when temporal data is absent to obtain robust model parameters. A model calibrated to a Hybrid DSA system with a set of device-relevant constructs indicates the effectiveness of using nontemporal data. Preliminary model prediction using programmed defects on chemo-epitaxy shows encouraging results and agree qualitatively well with theoretical predictions from a strong segregation theory.
A case-control study of galactose consumption and metabolism in relation to ovarian cancer. (2000)

Consumption or metabolism of dairy sugar and ovarian cancer have been linked based on evidence that galactose may be toxic to ovarian germ cells and that ovarian cancer is induced in animals by depletion of oocytes. We assessed consumption of dairy products and obtained blood for biochemical and molecular genetic assessment of galactose metabolism in 563 women with newly diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer and 523 control women selected either by random digit dialing or through lists of residents in eastern Massachusetts and New Hampshire. We observed no significant differences between cases and controls in usual consumption of various types of dairy products or total daily lactose (the principal source of galactose in the diet); nor did we find that RBC activity of either galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) or galactokinase differed. The mean (and SE) activity of uridine diphospho-galactose 4'-epimerase (in micromoles per hour per gram of hemoglobin) was, however, significantly lower (P < 0.005) in cases compared with controls, 20.32 (0.31) versus 21.64 (0.36). Ovarian cancer cases were also more likely to carry the N314D polymorphism of the GALT gene, generally predisposing to lower GALT activity. The difference was most evident for endometrioid and clear cell types of ovarian cancer, in which 3.9% of cases were found to be homozygous for N314D compared with 0.4% of controls, yielding an odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of 14.17 (2.62-76.60). We conclude that, whereas adult consumption of lactose carries no clear risk for the disease, certain genetic or biochemical features of galactose metabolism may influence disease risk for particular types of ovarian cancer.
Collaborative environment for supporting Web users (2002)

This paper describes methods for developing a Web-based collaborative environment for call center agents supporting end users by using realtime Web browser sharing techniques. The collaborative functions should be available for end users without any preparation on the client-side. On the other hand, it is important for Web site developers to separate content design and collaborative-function development. If they are not separated, content designers have to create collaboration-aware content, and existing content cannot be reused with the collaborative functions. This paper discusses three approaches for developing real-time browser sharing systems, and shows why the proxy-based approach is the best to meet the above requirements.
Substrate and doping effects upon laser-induced epitaxy of amorphous silicon (1979)

UHV-deposited amorphous silicon was recrystallized on (100) single-crystal substrates using pulsed Nd : YAG laser irradiation. Prior to deposition, substrates were prepared with either atomically clean surfaces, residual argon ion sputter damage, or from one to three monolayers of residual oxide. Epitaxial regrowth of bulk crystalline quality occurred regardless of substrate preparation. Annealing energy densities were significantly higher, however, for substrates retaining residual impurities. Certain layers were doped with Ga. At moderate doping levels recrystallization behavior was unaffected. At a 2% doping level, the annealing energy threshold dropped by one-half and Ga atoms were displaced toward the epitaxial surface. It is shown that the decrease in energy threshold is due to an impurity-induced increase in light absorption within the amorphous layer. Layers were crystallized with substitutional Ga concentrations of up to 10 times the equilibrium solid solubility limit.
Pattern Classification Using a Quantum System (2002)

We consider and compare three approaches to quantum pattern classification, presenting empirical results from simulations.
Inhibitory effect of oxymatrine on serum hepatitis B virus DNA in HBV transgenic mice (2004)

Oxymatrine has inhibitory effects on serum HBV DNA in HBV transgenic mice.
A comprehensive MOSFET mismatch model (2003)

This paper presents a new model for MOSFET mismatch, based on physical process parameters and characterization by backward propagation of variance. Experimental data show significantly more accurate modeling of MOSFET mismatch over geometry and bias than previously reported models. The new approach allows identification of the fundamental cause of mismatch, for process diagnosis.
Vortex images in thin films of YBa2Cu3O7−<i>x</i> and Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8+<i>x</i> obtained by low-temperature magnetic force microscopy (1996)

We have imaged vortices in superconducting thin films with a low-temperature magnetic force microscope that utilizes microfabricated piezoresistive cantilevers with built-in tips. The films of YBa2Cu3O7−x and Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8+x, are made by laser ablation and molecular beam epitaxy, respectively. The vortices usually appear as round features in the noncontact image with a diameter of about 1 μm or slightly less. In some cases the position of the vortices is correlated to defects observed in the topographic image of the same area. The vortices move sometimes, especially after taking a topographic (contact mode) scan.
Functionalizing Polystyrene with <i>N</i>-Alicyclic Piperidine-Based Cations <i>via</i> Friedel–Crafts Alkylation for Highly Alkali-Stable Anion-Exchange Membranes (2020)

Different anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) based on polystyrene (PS)-carrying benzyltrimethyl ammonium cations are currently being developed for use in alkaline fuel cells and water electrolyzers. However, the stability in relation to these state-of-the-art cations needs to be further improved. Here, we introduce highly alkali-stable mono- and spirocyclic piperidine-based cations onto PS by first performing a superacid-mediated Friedel-Crafts alkylation using 2-(piperidine-4-yl)propane-2-ol. This is followed by quaternization of the piperidine rings either using iodomethane to produce <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethyl piperidinium cations or by cyclo-quaternizations using 1,5-dibromopentane and 1,4-dibromobutane, respectively, to obtain <i>N</i>-spirocyclic quaternary ammonium cations. Thus, it is possible to functionalize up to 27% of the styrene units with piperidine rings and subsequently achieve complete quaternization. The synthetic approach ensures that all of the sensitive β-hydrogens of the cations are present in ring structures to provide high stability. AEMs based on these polymers show high alkaline stability and less than 5% ionic loss was observed by <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy after 30 days in 2 M aq NaOH at 90 °C. AEMs functionalized with <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethyl piperidinium cations show higher stability than the ones carrying <i>N</i>-spirocyclic quaternary ammonium. Careful analysis of the latter revealed that the rings formed in the cyclo-quaternization are more prone to degrade <i>via</i> Hofmann elimination than the rings introduced in the Friedel-Crafts reaction. AEMs with an ion-exchange capacity of 1.5 mequiv g<sup>-1</sup> reach a hydroxide conductivity of 106 mS cm<sup>-1</sup> at 80 °C under fully hydrated conditions. The AEMs are further tuned and improved by blending with polybenzimidazole (PBI). For example, an AEM containing 2 wt % PBI shows reduced water uptake and much improved robustness during handling and reaches 71 mS cm<sup>-1</sup> at 80 °C. The study demonstrates that the critical alkaline stability of PS-containing AEMs can be significantly enhanced by replacing the benchmark benzyltrimethyl ammonium cations with <i>N</i>-alicyclic piperidine-based cations.
Chicken embryo development detection using self-organizing maps and K-mean clustering (2017)

This paper presents a set of procedures for detecting the primary embryo development of chicken eggs using Self-Organizing Mapping (SOM) technique and K-means clustering algorithm. Our strategy consists of preprocessing of an acquired color image with color space transformation, grouping the data by Self-Organizing Mapping technique and predicting the embryo development by K-means clustering method. In our experiment, the results show that our method is more efficient. Processing with this algorithm can indicate the period of chicken embryo in on hatching. By the accuracy of the algorithm depends on the adjustment the optimum number of iterative learning. For experiment the learning rate using the example of number 4 eggs, found that the optimum learning rate to be in the range of 0.1 to 0.5. And efficiency the optimum number of iterative learning to be in the range of 250 to 300 rounds.