gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Demographics of Claudication and the Aging of the American Population (1996)

Most peripheral artery disease is of ischemic atherosclerotic etiology and manifested as intermittent claudication (IC). Death and disability from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a growing problem because of the rapidly increasing elderly segment of the population. By the year 2015 the elderly will constitute 14.8% of Americans. Of the total 255 million, 13.8 million are over age 75 years and 9 million are women. On reaching age 65 years, the average remaining lifetime is 17.4 years. In the USA this 11% of the population accounts for 29% of the health costs and 70% of all deaths are attributable to cardiovascular disease. About 9.6% of cardiovascular events are due to peripheral artery disease manifested as IC requiring 777,000 office visits and 63,000 hospitalizations. Also, 17,400 deaths each year are attributed directly to this cause. The biennial incidence of IC in the Framingham Study was 7.1 per 1000 for men and 3.6% for women, increasing with age in both sexes up to age 75 years. At all ages there is a distinct male predominance. In the 35-64-year age range IC incidence is virtually identical to that of cardiac failure and stroke, but only one-third of CHD incidence. Beyond age 65 years IC incidence is only half that of other atherosclerotic cardiovascular conditions. The incidence of carotid bruits and non-palpable pedal pulses is virtually identical in the two sexes; only femoral bruits are male predominant. At time of diagnosis of IC one in three already have overt evidence of CHD, stroke or congestive heart failure (CHF). In those free of these at outset CHD and strokes occur at two to three times the general population rate and CHF 3.5-4.5 times the rate of persons without IC. Within 10 years of IC onset 43% develop CHD, 21% strokes and 24% cardiac failure. Carotid and femoral bruits are likewise harbingers of other atherosclerotic CVD. As many as 45% of IC victims lose their symptoms for extended periods. Survival following onset of IC is only two-thirds of that general population; after 10 years 60% died. This high mortality is largely attributable to coexistent cardiovascular impairments. A risk profile comprising the major cardiovascular risk factors predicts occurrence of IC even better than CHD. IC risk increases progressively with burden of the risk factors. With an aging population of increased size peripheral artery disease is a problem of increasing dimensions. Attention to comorbid conditions is essential if survival is to be improved. Because IC shares many of the same risk factors, measures to prevent CHD, CHF and strokes should also reduce IC risk.
Titanium(IV)-Mediated Tandem Deprotection−Cyclodehydration of Protected Cysteine <i>N</i>-Amides:  Biomimetic Syntheses of Thiazoline- and Thiazole-Containing Heterocycles (2000)

The scope and limitations of TiCl(4)-mediated Delta(2)-thiazoline synthesis via tandem deprotection-dehydrocyclization of trityl-protected cysteine N-amides is presented. While chemical yields are acceptable (53-96%), the stereochemical outcomes vary on the basis of structural considerations and reaction conditions (22-99% ee). Racemization at the C(2)-exomethine position limits the utility of this method for the formation of a thiazoline within a peptide. Treatment of a tritylated Cys-Cys dipeptide with TiCl(4) afforded the corresponding thiazole-thiazoline heterocycle 12 (38% yield, 97% ee).
Capillary electrophoresis separation of oligosaccharides: I. Effect of operational variables (1994)

The influence of operating variables on the separation of labeled oligosaccharide molecules in capillary electrophoresis with polymer networks is presented. In this study, an equation was derived that relates the effects of electrophoresis variables such as field strength, temperature, molecular weight and gel concentration to the migration velocity. As a model system, 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonate ANTS-labeled wheat starch digest was examined to show the validity of the equation. As an illustration of the high resolving power achievable with capillary electrophoresis, oligosaccharide molecules up to the degree of polymerization of 25 were separated with the very high efficiency of N > 10(6) and efficiency generation rate of 3500 plates/m/s for maltose. Separation based on the size of the oligosaccharides was not obtained with either entangled or unentangled polymer solutions.
Quasi-Birth-and-Death Processes with an Explicit Rate Matrix (2006)

We determine the equilibrium distribution for a class of quasi-birth-and-death (QBD) processes using the matrix-geometric method, which requires the determination of the rate matrix R. In contrast to most QBD processes, the class under consideration allows for an explicit description of R, by exploiting its probabilistic interpretation. We show that the problem of finding each element of R reduces to counting lattice paths in the transition diagram. For resolving this counting problem, we present an extended version of the classical Ballot theorem. We also present various examples of queueing models that fit into the class.
Reducing motion noise in marine magnetotelluric measurements by means of tilt records (2013)

The analysis of marine magnetotelluric data is often complicated by disturbing signals that are caused by small-scale periodic movements of the instrument. The motion-induced noise leads to a bias and/or severe scattering in the derived magnetotelluric transfer functions. Both the motion itself and its effects on the magnetic and telluric time-series are investigated in this study using an 80 d magnetotelluric data set that includes dynamic tilt records measured in the Pacific Ocean off Costa Rica. We apply a standard motion removal technique as well as a newly developed method to correct for motion-induced noise. The resulting magnetotelluric transfer functions are of significantly better quality than the uncorrected ones. Furthermore, the study of the properties of motion noise leads to conclusions about the optimal processing approach even in case of data sets where an explicit correction for that noise is not possible.
Starling damage and its prevention at an openfronted calf yard (1978)

Abstract Starlings had free access to cattle food placed in open troughs in a calf yard. During the winters 1974/75, 1975/76 and 1976/77 birds took 1·49, 1·70 and 1·991 of calf food respectively, this ranging from 6·4 to 12·4% of the food given to the calves. These losses were eliminated using enclosures made of Terylene netting or PVC strips. Both enclosures kept starlings out of the yard: the latter was more manageable to farm staff, and calves within grew significantly faster than controls, probably due to a combination of the absence of bird competition for food and the elevated temperature within the enclosed area.
Coronary sinus atrial pacing: radiographic considerations (1981)

Coronary sinus atrial pacing: radiographic considerationsMJ Hewitt, JT Chen, CE Ravin and JJ GallagherAudio Available | Share
The ODBC solution : open database connectivity in distributed environments (1995)

From the Publisher:
Now you can learn how to tap the power of open systems quickly and easily! This practical book/disk package gives you everything you need to write consistent applications that communicate readily with any ODBC data source in a client/server environment. In a hands-on tutorial format with extensive examples, this easy-to-use guide shows you exactly how to use all ODBC features to maximize connected database functionality. This is the first book to cover ODBC in such depth - you'll find all the tools and techniques you need to achieve true open connectivity across a wide array of platforms and products. You'll learn how to reach different data sources, how to maximize the functionality of every connected database, and all the proven techniques you need to become a proficient ODBC programmer. The accompanying disk contains all of the source code in C, which makes ODBC applications easy to create. With the tutorial and the disk, you can create a full-featured database application for Windows, UNIX, Macintosh, or OS/2 that can reach any ODBC data source.
Efficient diode-array-pumped Nd:YAG and Nd:Lu:YAG lasers (1989)

Nd:YAG (YAG) and Nd:Lu:YAG (LYAG) are investigated as high-efficiency laser materials utilizing a diode-array side-pump geometry. We demonstrate higher laser efficiencies than previously reported for transversely pumped YAG. A YAG rod yielded an optical slope efficiency of 47.7%, while a LYAG rod yielded an optical slope efficiency of 50.3%. Increased performance of these materials is attributed to higher pump absorption and lower losses.
Effect of Acetic Acid, pH and Meg on the CO2 Top of the Line Corrosion (2005)

Abstract This research work presents a study of Top of the Line Corrosion (TLC) on carbon steels in the presence of carbon dioxide and acetic acid. The influence of different parameters such as the presence of mono-ethylene glycol (MEG) and the use of pH control were studied in a 4” diameter flow loop. Two sets of experiments were conducted; one at 70°C, high CO2 partial pressure and a “critical” condensation rate and another one at 80°C, low CO2 partial pressure and a high condensation rate. Weight loss techniques and surface analysis were used to evaluate the corrosion rate and products. It was found that the presence of HAc at the concentrations evaluated does not affect the general corrosion rate at the top of the line. Top of the line corrosion rates correlate with the De Waard / Lotz estimate of 10% of bottom of the line rates15. It is believed that the corrosion mechanism is still controlled by CO2 partial pressure at the experimental conditions evaluated in this study. The presence of MEG has not shown any effect on TLC due to the fact that the condensation rate was kept constant. The use of pH control in the supply is believed to limit the amount of HAc in the condensed water. No clear evidence of localized corrosion or pits can be reported at this stage of the study due to the short time of exposure.
Highly Sensitive Biological Assay for Determining the Photoprotective Efficacy of Sunscreen (2014)

The protective effect of sunscreens has been extensively evaluated in vivo as a measure of erythema induced in human skin and is expressed as Sun Protection Factor (SPF). In vitro alternatives that use human cells might overcome the limitations of testing on human beings. Here is proposed a broad and accurate in vitro approach for evaluating the efficacy of commercial sunscreens even under environmental conditions. This Cell dosimeter allowed the determination of Sun Protection Factor for DNA (DNA-SPF), using specific DNA repair enzymes and antibodies, and Sun Protection Factor for Lethal Damage (LD-SPF), by measuring cell viability and apoptosis induced after the irradiation of human cells. The use of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells, which are deficient in DNA repair, rendered this assay more sensitive. The results revealed significant protection against the effects elicited by UVB radiation; however, there was no efficient protection from DNA lesions and cell death induced by UVA radiation or natural sunlight. This work demonstrates the environmental application of this biodosimeter for measuring UV-induced biological damage to human cells and supports the need for better evaluation of the UVA protection efficacy conferred by commercial sunscreens, in terms of induction of DNA lesions and cell death.
A vertical-track free-fall system. (1966)

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.
Influence of Vapor Composition on the Growth Rate and Morphology of Gallium Arsenide Epitaxial Films (1964)

An apparatus was constructed to permit control and sampling of the vapor phase in the deposition zone during the vapor transport of GaAs with hydrogen‐hydrogen chloride mixtures at atmospheric pressure. Gallium‐arsenic ratios were determined by conventional analytical methods on aqueous solutions of the gallium and arsenic species condensed and scrubbed from gaseous samples. The data show that excess gallium in the vapor phase suppresses growth on the (111) surface and promotes growth of the surface. Similarly, excess arsenic in the vapor phase suppresses growth on the surface and enhances growth on the (111) surface. The studies show further that slight variations in the gallium‐arsenic ratio in the vapor phase can result in differences in the surface morphology. Excellent growth rates on the (100) surface were obtained for transport conditions which were favorable for either of the two (111) surfaces. The film morphologies for the (100) and surfaces were best when transport was made with a gallium‐arsenic ratio of 3 to 1.
Crystallographic study of semi-insulating polycrystalline silicon (SIPOS) doped with oxygen atoms (1978)

Thermally deposited silicon films doped with oxygen atoms and used as passivation films on silicon devices have been studied with transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and ESCA. The films contain at least two phases, silicon microcrystals and silicon oxide. The size of the microcrystals in as-deposited films was dependent both on the deposition temperature and on the oxygen concentration. Heat treatment caused crystal growth which depended mainly on the annealing temperature and weakly on the annealing time. The lattice constant of the microcrystals was directly related to their size. The silicon oxide phase in as-deposited films was found to be SiO1.4. The results suggest ’’mosaic’’ model of the films which are amorphous when the diameter of the silicon microcrystals was less than 10 Å.
A global optimal scheduling algorithm for multiprocessor low-power platforms (2012)

This paper presents a real-time scheduling algorithm which globally schedules any feasible periodic task set --- i.e., is optimal --- on a multiprocessor platform. Beside respecting the deadlines, our algorithm, based on DP-Wrap algorithm, drastically reduces the power consumption of the device by slowing down the processors as much as possible.
A Note on Thresholds for QTL Interval Mapping Tests (1995)

The problem of mapping quantitative trait loci ( QTL) using genetic marker information is of great interest to the mapping community. There are many statistical methods available for detecting and/or locating QTL, all of which depend on assumptions about the distribution of the quantitative trait values. The distribution of the trait values is affected by sample size, genetic marker density, missing data patterns, environmental noise, etc., all of which affect the distribution of the test statistic used to detect/locate QTL. Failure of the test statistic distribution to follow a standard statistical distribution is the subject of current research. It is necessary to understand the behavior of the test statistic under the null hypothesis so that a critical value may be obtained for the purpose of declaring the presence of a QTL. In this paper we discuss the choices available for obtaining critical values (threshold values) for QTL detection tests using interval mapping procedures. We investigate the effect of deviations from normality of the trait values on the threshold value by com-paring analytical approximations to empirical threshold values for simulated backcross and F2 populations, along with an experimental F2 population. 2
Deposition of Mechanically Hard Amorphous Carbon Nitride Films with High [N]/([N]+[C]) Ratio (2006)

Mechanically hard amorphous carbon nitride films were prepared by a combination of radio frequency (RF) bias voltage applied to a substrate and chemical vapor deposition using a decomposition reaction of BrCN with a microwave discharge flow of Ar. A pulsed operation of the negative RF bias voltage (- V RF ) was applied to avoid excess sputtering of the film. The [N]/([N]+[C]) ratios of the films were ≈0.5 irrespective of the application of - V RF . The maximum hardness was 36±10 GPa for the film obtained under the conditions of - V RF =100 V, a pulse period of 1000 s, and a pulse-on time of 800 s. According to the IR spectra, the intensity of the stretching vibration of the C–N bond was increased by the application of - V RF . The Raman spectra showed increases in the relative intensity and width of the D-band. From these observations, the mechanism of film hardening when - V RF is applied was discussed.
Shape Representation and Classification Using the Poisson Equation (2006)

We present a novel approach that allows us to reliably compute many useful properties of a silhouette. Our approach assigns, for every internal point of the silhouette, a value reflecting the mean time required for a random walk beginning at the point to hit the boundaries. This function can be computed by solving Poisson's equation, with the silhouette contours providing boundary conditions. We show how this function can be used to reliably extract various shape properties including part structure and rough skeleton, local orientation and aspect ratio of different parts, and convex and concave sections of the boundaries. In addition to this, we discuss properties of the solution and show how to efficiently compute this solution using multigrid algorithms. We demonstrate the utility of the extracted properties by using them for shape classification and retrieval.
<i>Drosophila</i> Microbiome Modulates Host Developmental and Metabolic Homeostasis via Insulin Signaling (2011)

Successful development of fruit flies depends on a gut bacterium that interacts with its host’s insulin-signaling pathway.
Mosquito midguts and malaria: cell biology, compartmentalization and immunology (2006)

The malaria parasite Plasmodium has an absolute requirement for both a vertebrate and a mosquito host in order to complete its life cycle, and its interactions with the latter provide the focus for this review. The mosquito midgut represents one of the most challenging environments for the survival and development of Plasmodium, and is thus also one of the most attractive sites for novel targeted malaria control strategies. During their attempts to cross the midgut epithelium en route to the salivary glands, motile ookinetes are swiftly detected and labelled by mosquito recognition factors and targeted for destruction by a variety of immune responses that recruit killing factors both from the midgut and from other tissues in the surrounding body cavity. The exact interplay between these factors and the parasite is highly species- and strain-specific, as are the timing and the route of parasite invasion. These features are paramount to determining the success of the infection and the vector competence of the mosquito. Here we discuss recent advances in genomic analyses, coupled with detailed microscopical investigations, which are helping to unravel the identity and roles of the major players of these complex systems.
Design and Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained 3‐(N‐alkylamino)propylphosphonic Acids as Potent Agonists of Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) Receptors. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alternate Heme Ligation Steers Activity and Selectivity in Engineered Cytochrome P450-Catalyzed Carbene-Transfer Reactions (2018)

We report a biocatalytic platform of engineered cytochrome P450 enzymes to carry out carbene-transfer reactions using a lactone-based carbene precursor. By simply altering the heme-ligating residue, we obtained two enzymes that catalyze olefin cyclopropanation (Ser) or S-H bond insertion (Cys). Both enzymes exhibit high catalytic efficiency and stereoselectivity, thus enabling facile access to structurally diverse spiro[2.4]lactones and α-thio-γ-lactones. Computational studies revealed the mechanism of carbene S-H insertion and explain how the axial ligand controls reactivity and selectivity. This work expands the catalytic repertoire of hemeproteins and offers insights into how these enzymes can be tuned for new chemistry.
High-efficiency rectifier circuit at 2.45 GHz for low-input-power RF energy harvesting (2013)

This paper presents a new approach for a high-efficiency rectifier circuit design at 2.45 GHz. Due to nonlinear behavior it is not trivial to predict a correct model of a Schottky diode. When modeling, one should take into account the presence of the harmonics. To increase the conversion efficiency an electromagnetic resonant phenomenon is necessary. To validate this method, we developed a rectifier circuit capable of recovering signals at 2.45 GHz with a high RF-DC efficiency conversion. The prototype shows a maximum conversion efficiency of 70.4% for a RF input power of 0 dBm at 2.45 GHz.
A comparative study on application of data mining technique in human shape clustering: Principal component analysis vs. Factor analysis (2010)

Traditional human shape classification usually adopted some key measurements, leading several problems to product ergonomic design. Multivariate analysis is able to supplement the disadvantages of traditional method. Among methods of multivariate analysis, Principal component analysis (PCA) and Factor analysis (FA) have enjoyed widespread popularity. Though both of them are to reduce the dimensions of variances in the sample, there are differences between PCA and FA worth further investigation. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the differences between PCA and FA by analyzing the multivariate anthropometric data. K-means cluster analysis was developed to divide samples into groups with homogenous characteristics according to the PCA scores (or FA scores). ANOVA (analysis of variance) was adopted to compare the dimensions in corresponding clusters between PCA and FA. For all the dimensions, the p-value equals to 0.000, indicating there is significant difference for the samples between PCA and FA at the significance level of 0.005. Finally, the regression models of the reference dimensions based on the key dimensions, i.e., stature and waist girth, were investigated for the ease of utilization the FA (or PCA) results into applications such as building a family of digital manikin. In conclusion, the techniques have similarities and differences, and should not be abused. PCA analyzes all variance of the data set, while FA analyzes only common variances. A priori decision on the techniques depends on the domain expertise, and the statistic characteristics of the sample.
Color Kinescope Recording on Embossed Film (1956)

In the past, a special form of black-and-white film, with tiny cylindrical lenses embossed in its base, has been employed in conjunction with a banded color filter for additive color photography. Such film is readily adaptable to color kinescope recording, and in this application the banded filter is not required. Color aspects of the problem can be left to the television system. The advantages of color kinescope recording on embossed film include economy, faithful color reproduction, high efficiency and rapid film processing. The latter is particularly important in meeting the demands of time-zone-delayed broadcasting, or “quick kine.” Prints for subsequent distribution can be made on ordinary subtractive color films.