gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of <scp>Dl</scp>-Alanine by the Reaction of (±)-2-Chloropropionic Acid with Aqueous Ammonia under Pressure (1981)

Abstract The effects of experimental conditions (molar ratio of reactants, concentration, temperature, and pressure) on the yield of Dl-alanine produced by the reaction of (±)-2-chloropropionic acid with aqueous ammonia have been studied. Molar ratio of NH3: CH3CHClCO2H (ca. 10:1) much lower than that reported in the literature (68:1) can give a comparable yield (ca. 78%) by the reaction under pressure at 70 °C for 5 h, a much shorter time than that reported in the literature (over 96 h). Addition of ammonium carbonate does not increase the yield against the literature.
Using proxies for OOV keywords in the keyword search task (2013)

We propose a simple but effective weighted finite state transducer (WFST) based framework for handling out-of-vocabulary (OOV) keywords in a speech search task. State-of-the-art large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) and keyword search (KWS) systems are developed for conversational telephone speech in Tagalog. Word-based and phone-based indexes are created from word lattices, the latter by using the LVCSR system's pronunciation lexicon. Pronunciations of OOV keywords are hypothesized via a standard grapheme-to-phoneme method. In-vocabulary proxies (word or phone sequences) are generated for each OOV keyword using WFST techniques that permit incorporation of a phone confusion matrix. Empirical results when searching for the Babel/NIST evaluation keywords in the Babel 10 hour development-test speech collection show that (i) searching for word proxies in the word index significantly outperforms searching for phonetic representations of OOV words in a phone index, and (ii) while phone confusion information yields minor improvement when searching a phone index, it yields up to 40% improvement in actual term weighted value when searching a word index with word proxies.
Utterance-Based Selective Training for the Automatic Creation of Task-Dependent Acoustic Models (2006)

To obtain a robust acoustic model for a certain speech recognition task, a large amount of speech data is necessary. However, the preparation of speech data including recording and transcription is very costly and time-consuming. Although there are attempts to build generic acoustic models which are portable among different applications, speech recognition performance is typically task-dependent. This paper introduces a method for automatically building task-dependent acoustic models based on selective training. Instead of setting up a new database, only a small amount of task-specific development data needs to be collected. Based on the likelihood of the target model parameters given this development data, utterances which are acoustically close to the development data are selected from existing speech data resources. Since there are too many possibilities for selecting a data subset from a larger database in general, a heuristic has to be employed. The proposed algorithm deletes single utterances temporarily or alternates between successive deletion and addition of multiple utterances. In order to make selective training computationally practical, model retraining and likelihood calculation need to be fast. It is shown, that the model likelihood can be calculated fast and easily based on sufficient statistics without the need for explicit reconstruction of model parameters. The algorithm is applied to obtain an infant- and elderly-dependent acoustic model with only very few development data available. There is an improvement in word accuracy of up to 9% in comparison to conventional EM training without selection. Furthermore, the approach was also better than MLLR and MAP adaptation with the development data.
Submicron spacing dynamics for flying head slider mechanisms using building block approach (1985)

This paper describes submicron spacing dynamics for total flying head slider mechanisms, considering suspension gimbal spring and actuator arm mechanisms as well as the air bearing slider, via building block approach (BBA). BBA, based on the modal synthesis method and finite element method, is applied to a system, which consists of a fluid film lubrication system and structure mechanisms system. It became clear that a suspension gimbal spring and an actuator arm, as a 3-dimensional distributed mass system, affects slider dynamics and that resonance or nonresonance, caused by those mechanisms, exists in slider frequency response in addition to air film resonance. Furthermore, a comparison between Winchester and Whitney mechanisms is discussed from the slider dynamics points of view. Allowable media accelerations are derived for both suspension mechanisms. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results is carried out. Results show good agreement and the BBA computer simulation is verified to be a valid and very highly efficient approach for integrated flying head mechanism dynamic analysis.
Case in which tranilast ophthalmic solution was thought to be effective for the prevention of symblepharon and recurrence after pterygium surgery. (2011)

We report our experience of a case in which a combination of conjunctival symblepharon detachment, conjunctival granuloma excision, and conjunctival free flap transplantation was performed for the treatment of symblepharon after pterygium surgery, with satisfactory outcomes. The patient was referred to our hospital with pterygium recurrence, symblepharon and granuloma formation after pterygium surgery in the right eye at another hospital. We performed conjunctival symblepharon detachment along with conjunctival autograft transplantation, and started instillation of tranilast ophthalmic solution immediately after the surgery, to inhibit proliferation and adhesion formation. During the 6 months' follow-up of the patient at our hospital, the postoperative course was satisfactory, and no recurrence of symblepharon, pterygium or granuloma was observed. There were no adverse drug reactions associated with the instillation of tranilast ophthalmic solution. Tranilast ophthalmic solution may be effective not only for prevention of pterygium recurrence, but also for inhibition of symblepharon and granuloma formation.
BD-NET: A Multiplication-Less DNN with Binarized Depthwise Separable Convolution (2018)

In this work, we propose a multiplication-less deep convolution neural network, called BD-NET. As far as we know, BD-NET is the first to use binarized depthwise separable convolution block as the drop-in replacement of conventional spatial-convolution in deep convolution neural network (CNN). In BD-NET, the computation-expensive convolution operations (i.e. Multiplication and Accumulation) are converted into hardware-friendly Addition/Subtraction operations. In this work, we first investigate and analyze the performance of BD-NET in terms of accuracy, parameter size and computation cost, w.r.t various network configurations. Then, the experiment results show that our proposed BD-NET with binarized depthwise separable convolution can achieve even higher inference accuracy to its baseline CNN counterpart with full-precision conventional convolution layer on the CIFAR-10 dataset. From the perspective of hardware implementation, the convolution layer of BD-NET achieves up to 97.2%, 88.9%, and 99.4% reduction in terms of computation energy, memory usage, and chip area respectively.
The Extraction of Melanin from Skin with Dilute Alkali (1921)

IT has generally been assumed that the black pigments (melanins) which occur normally or pathologically in animal tissues, hair, skin, feathers, etc. are chemically very inert substances, and in most cases their isolation has been carried out by dissolving the tissue in boiling alkalies or strong acids. Thus Abel and Davis [1896] prepared melanins from both the skin and hair of a negro by heating the material at 1000 either with 5-6 % potassium hydroxide or witb concentrated hydrochloric acid until all the keratin had dissolved. Other investigators have used even more drastic methods such as boiling with more concentrated alkalies or even fuming hydrochloric acid.
Combined neutral endopeptidase inhibitors (2011)

NEP inhibitors were effective in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure but the relatively high incidence of angioedema stopped their widespread use. New hope has risen with the introduction of combined NEP inhibitors and AT-II blockers and early studies are encouraging.
Structural and optical properties of high quality InAs/GaAs short-period superlattices grown by migration-enhanced epitaxy (1989)

InAs/GaAs highly strained short-period superlattices have been grown by migration-enhanced epitaxy on InP(001) substrates. Such samples exhibit clearly improved structural and optical properties. X-ray diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence, and Raman scattering experiments have been performed to characterize an (InAs)4(GaAs)3 layer.
Antiproliferative effects of novel, nonanticoagulant heparin derivatives on vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo. (1991)

The proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is strongly inhibited by whole heparin both in vitro and in vivo. To identify and characterize antiproliferative, but nonanticoagulant heparin derivatives, heparin fragments made by periodate treatment were produced and acylated with 2-, 4-, or 6-carbon chain lengths. In culture, the 4- and 6-carbon acylated compounds were more effective than whole heparin in inhibiting serum stimulated VSMC growth at equal mass or approximately equal mean molar concentrations. Further testing was performed in the rat carotid balloon injury model. Myointimal VSMC proliferation produced by balloon catheterization of rat carotid arteries was inhibited by the 4-carbon acylated compound as effectively as heparin at the same mass dose. Importantly, unlike heparin, the 4-carbon acylated compound had no anticoagulant effect in vivo. These experiments suggest nonanticoagulant, acylated heparin derivatives may have a pharmacologic role in preventing myointimal proliferative lesions that are responsible for failures of vascular surgeries and angioplasties.
Thermal Stress Characteristics of a Functionally Graded ZnO Element with High Energy Absorption Capability (1999)

The thermal stress characteristics of a zinc-oxide(ZnO) nonlinear element were studied in case of the ZnO element subjected to the partial heating during electrifying. The thermal stress analysis results indicate that the maximum thermal stress at the surface of the disk-shaped ZnO element was reduced when the edge of the element was heated. Moreover, it was made clear that the maximum thermal stress at the surface of the ZnO element was reduced by using a graded heating profile at the edge of the element.From the point of view of thermal stress reduction, a functionally graded zinc-oxide(ZnO) nonlinear element with a high surge energy absorption capability was developed for the first time in this study. Namely, graded electric-resistivity at the egde of the disk-shaped ZnO element could be realized by controlling the zinc-oxide grain growth. As a result, high surge energy absorption capability of the functionally graded ZnO element could be confirmed by comparing with a conventional ring heating type element.
Silica Scale Management: Lowering Operating Costs through Improved Scale Control, and Adding Value by Extracting Marketable By-Products (2003)

We are using laboratory and field experiments to design modeling tools and technology that will improve silica scale management practices in geothermal plants. Our work will help to lower operating costs through improved scale prediction and add new revenue streams from sale of mineral byproducts extracted from geothermal fluids. Improving the economics and effectiveness of scale control programs and/or extraction systems in geothermal operations requires a coupled kinetic-thermodynamic model of silica behavior. Silica scale precipitation is a multi-step process, involving a nucleation-related induction period, aqueous polymerization, condensation of polymers to form colloids, and deposition onto a solid surface. Many chemical and physical variables influence the rates of these steps and their impacts must be quantified and predictable in order to optimally control silica behavior. To date, in laboratory studies, we have quantified the effects on silica polymerization of the following set of chemical variables: Na at 500 and 2000 ppm, pH values from 5 to 9, temperatures of 25 and 50 C, and silica saturation values from 1.2 to 6 at initial dissolved silica concentrations of 600 ppm. Lowering pH both increases the induction time prior to polymerization and decreases the polymerization rate. We have successfully used a multiple regression model to predict polymerization rates from these variables. Geothermal fluids contain significant dissolved concentrations of potentially valuable mineral resources such as zinc, lithium, cesium and rubidium, but silica fouling interferes with traditional extraction methods. We are developing customized and new technologies to extract the silica as a commercial-grade commodity as well as the valuable metals. We are conducting field testing of some of these techniques at a Mammoth, CA geothermal plant using a reverse osmosis unit to concentrate the fluid, adding a commercial agglomerating agent to promote silica precipitation, and then removing the silica using a tangential flow ultrafilter. The particle size, surface area and trace impurities of the silica are characterized for comparison with commercial-grade silica products. We are also testing ion exchange resins and other functionalized materials to extract potentially economic concentrations of lithium, cesium, and rubidium that are enriched in the reverse osmosis concentrate.
Soliton mode-locking with saturable absorbers (1996)

We investigate ultrashort pulse generation based on the fundamental soliton generation that is stabilized by a saturable absorber. The case of an absorber with a recovery time much longer than the pulsewidth of the generated soliton is investigated in detail. Based on soliton perturbation theory we derive equations for the soliton variables and the continuum generated in a mode-locked laser. Analytic criteria for the transition from stable to unstable soliton generation are derived. The results demonstrate the possibility of ultrashort pulse generation by a slow saturable absorber only. The theoretical results are compared with experiments. We generate pulses as short as 13 fs using only semiconductor saturable absorbers.
Development of surgical techniques for preparation of in vitro-isolated perfused porcine skin flaps for percutaneous absorption studies (1991)

We developed a single-pedicle, axial pattern tubed skin flap that could be transferred to an in vitro perfusion apparatus. On the basis of results of prosections, angiography, contact radiography, and surviving-length studies, it was concluded that a single-pedicle, axial pattern skin flap measuring 4 cm x 12 cm incorporating the caudal superficial epigastric artery would survive to its entire length. Subsequently, a surgical (stage 1) procedure was developed for the routine preparation of single-pedicle, axial pattern tubed skin flaps. Healing after the stage-1 procedure was evaluated by visual inspection and fluorescein angiography. Stage-1 procedures were performed successfully 149 of 160 (93%) times. A second surgical (stage 2) procedure was developed for routine cannulation of the caudal superficial epigastric artery and harvest of the tubed skin flap. Stage-2 procedures were performed successfully 136 of 144 (94%) times.
Assessing the impact of health management approaches on system total cost of ownership (2005)

The integrated diagnostics and integrated vehicle health management (IVHM) processes provide frameworks that seek to maximize product availability and simultaneously reduce total system ownership costs. A system engineering approach is required to balance system requirements and design goals with effective implementation methodologies throughout the system acquisition life cycle. Prediction of failures (or prognostics) is just part of an effective, integrated health management solution. Implementation of an efficient methodology will achieve a balance of health management technologies - the right mix of diagnostic, prognostic, and scheduled maintenance approaches based on available resources and life cycle cost considerations. This paper focuses on means for assessing the impact of potential health management approaches on life cycle cost (LCC) as implemented within a system engineering framework. A disciplined approach to selecting appropriate health management solutions to satisfy design and operational requirements will be presented, and a software tool for performing trade studies of alternate approaches' impact on life cycle cost will be discussed. A primary goal was to allow domain experts and health management specialists to perform thorough life cycle cost analyses without requiring the services of specialized cost analysts. OCCAM has been successful in this respect, with initial applications providing immediate payback. A patent application was filed in 2004
Physiological significance of α<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic receptor subtype diversity: one receptor is not enough (2002)

Alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors mediate part of the diverse biological effects of the endogenous catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine. Three distinct subtypes of alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors, alpha(2A), alpha(2B), alpha(2C), have been identified from multiple species. Because of the lack of sufficiently subtype-selective ligands, the specific biological functions of these receptor subtypes were largely unknown until recently. Gene-targeted mice carrying deletions in the genes encoding for individual alpha(2)-receptor subtypes have added important new insight into the physiological significance of adrenergic receptor diversity. Two different strategies have emerged to regulate adrenergic signal transduction. Some biological functions are controlled by two counteracting alpha(2)-receptor subtypes, e.g., alpha(2A)-receptors decrease sympathetic outflow and blood pressure, whereas the alpha(2B)-subtype increases blood pressure. Other biological functions are regulated by synergistic alpha(2)-receptor subtypes. The inhibitory presynaptic feedback loop that tightly regulates neurotransmitter release from adrenergic nerves also requires two receptor subtypes, alpha(2A) and alpha(2C). Similarly, nociception is controlled at several levels by one of the three alpha(2)-receptor subtypes. Further investigation of the specific function of alpha(2)-subtypes will greatly enhance our understanding of the relevance of closely related receptor proteins and point out novel therapeutic strategies for subtype-selective drug development.
The TCP Authentication Option (2010)

This document specifies the TCP Authentication Option (TCP-AO), which
obsoletes the TCP MD5 Signature option of RFC-2385 (TCP MD5). TCP-AO
specifies the use of stronger Message Authentication Codes (MACs),
protects against replays even for long-lived TCP connections, and
provides more details on the association of security with TCP
connections than TCP MD5. TCP-AO is compatible with either static
master key tuple (MKT) configuration or an external, out-of-band MKT
management mechanism; in either case, TCP-AO also protects connections
when using the same MKT across repeated instances of a connection,
using traffic keys derived from the MKT, and coordinates MKT changes
between endpoints. The result is intended to support current
infrastructure uses of TCP MD5, such as to protect long-lived
connections (as used, e.g., in BGP and LDP), and to support a larger
set of MACs with minimal other system and operational changes. TCP-AO
uses its own option identifier, even though used mutually exclusive of
TCP MD5 on a given TCP connection. TCP-AO supports IPv6, and is fully
compatible with the requirements for the replacement of TCP MD5.
VÎ³9/VÎ´2 T cell activation induced by bacterial low molecular mass compounds depends on the 1-deoxy-?-xylulose 5-phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis (1999)

Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), an important precursor of isoprenoid biosynthesis in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, has been shown to activate Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, the major subset of human γδ T cells. The biosynthesis of IPP has been first described as the acetate/mevalonate pathway. Recently, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DOXP) and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate have been shown to be key metabolites in the DOXP pathway also leading to the formation of IPP in some eubacteria such as Escherichia coli. Here we report that the low molecular mass fraction of extracts from bacteria using the DOXP pathway induces Vγ9/Vδ2 T cell activation, while analogous preparations from bacteria using the classical mevalonate pathway fail to do so. Addition of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose potentiates the ability of E. coli extracts to activate Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells. As the amounts of IPP present in the bacterial preparations are not sufficient to induce significant Vγ9/Vδ2 T cell activation, our data suggest that compounds other than IPP associated with the DOXP pathway are responsible for Vγ9/Vδ2 T cell activation.
Metastability in slow thin-film reactions (1991)

The phenomenon of slow amorphization during a constant-temperature and constant-pressure thin-film reaction is explained by a kinetic model emphasizing the rate of transition. We assume that the reaction obeys a maximum time-dependent rather than time-independent negative free-energy change. The product persists in the metastable state due to a high activation barrier to later transition. An amorphous Rh-Si alloy formed by thermally reacting a crystalline Rh thin film and single-crystal Si is reported.
Natural Language Processing to Quantify Security Effort in the Software Development Lifecycle (2015)

Addressing security in the software development lifecycle is an ever-present concern for software engineers and organizations. From a management and monitoring perspective, it is difficult to measure 1) the amount of effort being focused on security concerns during active development and 2) the success of security related design and development efforts. Such data is simply not recorded. If reliable measurements were available, software project leaders would have a powerful tool to assess risk and inform decision making. This would enable managers to direct development and testing to assure a desired level of security in their software products, to protect both their organizations and customers. To fill this need and provide such data, we propose a technique for performing topic detection on data commonly available in most software development projects: text artifacts from issue tracking and version control systems. We apply machine learning and natural language processing techniques to create classifiers capable of accurately detecting whether a given text snippet is related to the topic of security. Realization of such a capability will give software teams the ability to analyze current and past levels of security effort, revealing immediate project focus and the long-term impacts of security tasking. We validate our approach via experiments on data from the large-scale open source Chromium software project. Our results show that a Naive Bayes classification scheme using an n-gram feature-space is an appropriate and effective approach to automated topic detection of software security text snippets, and that effective training data can be derived from public data sources without the need for manual intervention.