gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Morphometric study of colonic biopsies: a new method of estimating inflammatory diseases. (1989)

In this study, colonic biopsy specimens from 87 subjects (37 men and 50 women; mean age 51 +/- 14 years) were investigated by a new method of quantitation morphometric analysis. Subjects were classified in 3 groups: I, control group (25 cases); II, constipation and/or abdominal pain (36 cases); III, diarrhea (26 cases). All biopsy specimens were considered normal by both colonoscopic and microscopic observations. Morphometric analysis was performed with a specialized automated image processor. Complete analysis of 1 biopsy specimen required about 10 minutes. Glandular area showed no difference in the ascending, transverse, and descending colonic sites in the three groups. By contrast, the rectal glandular area was significantly larger than those from the 3 colonic sites in all groups (p less than 0.001). The mean cellular density in the control group was 172.7 +/- 24 nuclei/unit area of lamina propria at all biopsy sites. The cellular densities of groups II and III were significantly increased in the ascending colon as compared with the group I subjects (195.1 +/- 22.8, p less than 0.01 and 198.2 +/- 24.7 p less than 0.001, respectively). The cellular density in group III was significantly increased in the other sites as compared with group I (p less than 0.01). Morphometric analysis does provide a definition of the normal range of the lamina propria cellularity and can identify mild abnormalities in patients in whose both colonoscopy and conventional histologic interpretation have been considered as normal by experienced endoscopists and pathologists. A statistical increase in cellular density in groups of patients with clinical symptoms should be regarded as consistent with the concept of microscopic colitis and detectable by morphometry. Such a method reduces interobserver bias and permits objective comparison of groups.
Store-operated calcium entry and increased endothelial cell permeability (2000)

We hypothesized that myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) links calcium release to activation of store-operated calcium entry, which is important for control of the endothelial cell barrier. Acute inhibition of MLCK caused calcium release from inositol trisphosphate-sensitive calcium stores and prevented subsequent activation of store-operated calcium entry by thapsigargin, suggesting that MLCK serves as an important mechanism linking store depletion to activation of membrane calcium channels. Moreover, in voltage-clamped single rat pulmonary artery endothelial cells, thapsigargin activated an inward calcium current that was abolished by MLCK inhibition. F-actin disruption activated a calcium current, and F-actin stabilization eliminated the thapsigargin-induced current. Thapsigargin increased endothelial cell permeability in the presence, but not in the absence, of extracellular calcium, indicating the importance of calcium entry in decreasing barrier function. Although MLCK inhibition prevented thapsigargin from stimulating calcium entry, it did not prevent thapsigargin from increasing permeability. Rather, inhibition of MLCK activity increased permeability that was especially prominent in low extracellular calcium. In conclusion, MLCK links store depletion to activation of a store-operated calcium entry channel. However, inhibition of calcium entry by MLCK is not sufficient to prevent thapsigargin from increasing endothelial cell permeability.
Multimillion-atom molecular dynamics simulation of atomic level stresses in Si(111)/Si3N4(0001) nanopixels (1998)

Ten million atom multiresolution molecular-dynamics simulations are performed on parallel computers to determine atomic-level stress distributions in a 54 nm nanopixel on a 0.1 μm silicon substrate. Effects of surfaces, edges, and lattice mismatch at the Si(111)/Si3N4(0001) interface on the stress distributions are investigated. Stresses are found to be highly inhomogeneous in the nanopixel. The top surface of silicon nitride has a compressive stress of +3 GPa and the stress is tensile, −1 GPa, in silicon below the interface.
A model of perceptual image fidelity (2002)

The goal of numerous digital image processing algorithms is to reproduce an image as accurately as possible given some specific restrictions. For example, in digital image halftoning, a gray scale version of an image needs to be approximated by a high spatial resolution binary image. Likewise, lossy image compression seeks to reconstruct an image from a minimally coded description of the original. In these and many other applications, image fidelity is determined by the human observer; hence, the effectiveness of the algorithm is measured by the extent to which reproduction errors are visible. As a result, a model that predicts human perceptual sensitivity to image distortion is beneficial to both the design and evaluation of many such image processing algorithms. This summary briefly describes an extension of our work on perceptual image distortion. Our extended perceptual model accounts for: (1) contrast sensitivity as a function of spatial frequency, mean luminance and spatial extent, (2) luminance masking, and (3) contrast masking.
A dialogue-based web application enhances personalized access to healthcare professionals – an intervention study (2012)

The online asynchronous written environment can contribute to accessibility and exchangeability, and add new possibilities for dialogues from which the patients can benefit. The individualized information obtained via online contact empowers the patients. The Internet-based contacts are a way to differentiate and expand the possibilities for contacts outside the few scheduled face-to-face hospital contacts.
원저 : 여성 알쯔하이머병 환자에서 골다공증에 대한 임상 연구 (2003)

배경 및 목적 : 치매는 낙상 가능성의 증가를 통하여 골절의 위험을 높힌다. 진행된 치매에서 관찰되는 골다공증은 영양실조에 의한 2차성 부갑상선항진증과 운동부족이 중요한 원인으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 알쯔하이머병 여성 환자에서 골다공증에 대한 유병률을 조사하는 것이다. 
대상 및 방법 : 80명의 알쯔하이머병 환자를 대상으로 하였으며, 초기 치매는 임상치매척도가 1 이하이며, 운동 기능은 정상인 경우로 정의하였다. 과거력상 비외상성 골절의 유무를 조사하였고, osteocalcin과 deoxypyridinoline 등의 골대사지표와 함께 이중에너지 방사선흡수계측법을 이용하여 골밀도를 측정하였다. 
결과 : 전체적으로 알쯔하이머병 여성에서 골다공증의 유병률은 58%이었다. 80명중 45명이 초기 치매에 해당하였다. 초기 치매환자에서 골다공증성 골절의 과거력이 38%, 골교체률이 증가한 경우가 72%이었으며 골다공증의 유병률은 62%이었다. 
결론 : 여성에서 영양상태와 운동기능이 정상인 초기 알쯔하이머병은 골다공증과 매우 높은 연관성을 보이며, 이는 난포호르몬-알쯔하이머병 가설을 뒷받침하는 연구 결과이다.
Single-mode operation of a high-brightness narrow-band single-photon source (2009)

We demonstrate a narrow-band single-photon source based on cavity-enhanced parametric downconversion for efficient coupling to atomic quantum memories. Selecting a single longitudinal cavity mode by spectral filtering, we achieve a spectral brightness of ∼330 biphotons/(s mW MHz) and an overall bandwidth of 2.7 MHz, which suits the width of naturally broadened transitions in alkali gases like rubidium or cesium.
Application of Non-Linear Resistors to Inductive Switching (1985)

Many materials possess potentially important properties for application in high power electrical apparatus. These properties ban be controlled to behave either as dielectrics rics or as conductors. Such materials have been used for switching applications, often for protection against - abnormal operation. The need for reliable and reusable opening switches in very high power pulse generation has led to examination of these materials, both in terms of their insulating properties, their conducting properties, as well as in terms of their transition characteristics. Using existing data on the properties of materials with a strong non-linear dependence of the resistivity on external influences, such as heating, magnetic fields, or pressure, a number of commercially available materials were characterized for pulse power uses. For example, insulating pronerties, such as maxinum electric field strength and residual conduction, were obtained under more stressful conditions than those associated with their present applications. In addition, samples were evaluated for maximum rate of resistivity transition, so as to provide data for better understanding of these materials and also to evaluate the design options offered for developing compact high-power pulse generators.
CRISPLD2 Is a Target of Progesterone Receptor and Its Expression Is Decreased in Women with Endometriosis (2014)

Endometriosis, defined as the presence of endometrial cells outside of the uterine cavity, is a major cause of infertility and pelvic pain, afflicting more than 10% of reproductive age women. Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease and lipopolysaccharide promotes the proliferation and invasion of endometriotic stromal cells. Cysteine-rich secretory protein LCCL domain-containing 2 (CRISPLD2) has high affinity for lipopolysaccharide and plays a critical role in defense against endotoxin shock. However, the function of CRISPLD2 has not been studied in endometriosis and uterine biology. Herein, we examined the expression of CRISPLD2 in endometrium from patients with and without endometriosis using immunohistochemistry. The expression of CRISPLD2 was higher in the secretory phase in human menstrual cycle compared to proliferative phase. The expression of CRISPLD2 was significantly decreased in the endometrium of women with endometriosis in the early secretory phase compared to women without endometriosis. The increase of CRISPLD2 expression at the early secretory and dysregulation of its expression in endometriosis suggest progesterone (P4) regulation of CRISPLD2. To investigate whether CRISPLD2 is regulated by P4, we examined the expression of the CRISPLD2 in the uteri of wild-type and progesterone receptor knock out (PRKO) mice. The expression of CRISPLD2 was significantly increased after P4 treatment in the wild-type mice. However, CRISPLD2 expression was significantly decreased in the (PRKO) mice treated with P4. During early pregnancy, the expression of CRISPLD2 was increased in decidua of implantation and post-implantation stages. CRISPLD2 levels were also increased in cultured human endometrial stromal cells during in vitro decidualization. These results suggest that the CRISPLD2 is a target of the progesterone receptor and may play an important role in pathogenesis of endometriosis.
Determination of molecular orientation of very thin rubbed and unrubbed polyimide films (1996)

To determine the molecular orientation of rubbed and unrubbed poly[4,4′-oxydiphenylene- pyromellitimide] (PMDA-ODA) films, we have measured the infrared (IR) absorption spectra of PMDA-ODA films on Si substrates as a function of the incident angle. The molecular orientation was determined by fitting the incident angle dependence and the IR dichroic ratio with the theoretical curves. The IR absorption was calculated by a transfer matrix method to take account of the multiple reflection and refraction at the interfaces. The vibrational response of the polyimide film in the IR region was represented by a Lorentz oscillator model. We found that the molecules in a spin-coated polyimide film are oriented parallel to the substrate surface with a standard deviation of 6.5°. For a rubbed film, the polymer chains are oriented along the rubbing direction and are tilted up on average by 8.5° from the surface plane. We observed a blueshift of the C=O asymmetric stretching band at oblique incidence. The blueshift is explained by anomalous dispersion of the dielectric constant of the polyimide film, and is reproduced by our calculation.
<i>Pneumocystis carinii</i> Infection: Evidence for High Prevalence in Normal and Immunosuppressed Children (1978)

Using Pneumocystis carinii organisms propagated through three passages in embryonic chick epithelial lung cultures, specific antigens and antisera were prepared for use in counterimmunoelectrophoresis and indirect immunofluorescent antibody techniques. These methods proved to be specific and sensitive for the detection of P. carinii antigen and antibody, respectively, in sera, and were applied to the study of cancer patients with P. carinii pneumonitis (PCP), cancer patients without pneumonitis, and normal children. Antigenemia was detected in 95% of patients with PCP, in 15% of cancer patients without pneumonitis, and in none of the normal children tested. In cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of normal infants and children, acquisition of serum antibody to P. carinii was demonstrated to occur progressively with increase in age. By 4 years of age two thirds of the normal children were found to have antibody to P. carinii in titers of 1:16 or greater. These studies indicate that subclinical P. carinii infection is highly prevalent in normal children, analogous to other opportunistic infections where active disease is manifest predominantly in the compromised host.
Electric-field-coupled resonators for negative permittivity metamaterials (2006)

A lithographically patterned inductive-capacitive resonator is described that has a strong electric response. This resonator can be used to construct metamaterials with desired positive or negative permittivity. Such materials provide an alternative to wire media, and have the benefit of not requiring continuous current paths between unit cells. A planar medium composed of these resonators was simulated, fabricated, and measured in the microwave frequency range.
Deobfuscation of virtualization-obfuscated software (2011)

When new malware are discovered, it is important for researchers to analyze and understand them as quickly as possible. This task has been made more difficult in recent years as researchers have seen an increasing use of virtualization-obfuscated malware code. These programs are difficult to comprehend and reverse engineer, since they are resistant to both static and dynamic analysis techniques. Current approaches to dealing with such code first reverse-engineer the byte code interpreter, then use this to work out the logic of the byte code program. This outside-in approach produces good results when the structure of the interpreter is known, but cannot be applied to all cases. This paper proposes a different approach to the problem that focuses on identifying instructions that affect the observable behavior of the obfuscated code. This inside-out approach requires fewer assumptions, and aims to complement existing techniques by broadening the domain of obfuscated programs eligible for automated analysis. Results from a prototype tool on real-world malicious code are encouraging.
Oolong Tea Polyphenols Inhibit Experimental Dental Caries in SPF Rats Infected with Mutatis Streptococci (1993)

An extract of oolong tea (semifermented tea leaves of Camellia sinensis) and its chromatographically isolated polyphenolic compound was examined for in vitro inhibitory effects on glucosyltransferases (GTases) of mutans streptococci and on caries development in Sprague-Dawley rats infected with mutans streptococci. The samples showed no detectable effect on the growth of mutans streptococci. However, insoluble glucan synthesis from sucrose by the GTases of Streptococcus mutans MT8148R and Streptococcus sobrinus 6715 was markedly inhibited, as was sucrose-dependent cell adherence of these mutans streptococci. The administration of the oolong tea extract and the isolated polyphenol compound into diet 2000 and drinking water resulted in significant reductions in caries development and plaque accumulation in the rats infected with mutans streptococci. The active components in the oolong tea extract were presumptively identified as polymeric polyphenols which were specific for oolong tea leaves. These results indicate that the oolong tea polyphenolic compounds could be useful for controlling dental caries.
A Tightly-Coupled INS/GPS Integration Using a MEMS IMU (2004)

Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology holds great promise for future navigation systems because of the reduced size and cost of MEMS inertial sensors relative to conventional devices. Current MEMS devices are much less accurate than standard inertial sensors, but they can still be useful. In this thesis, data was recorded from an inexpensive MEMS inertial measurement unit and integrated with GPS measurements using a tightly-coupled Kalman filter. The overall goal of this research is to investigate the usefulness of MEMS sensors for a small, real-time, low-cost INS/GPS integration. A golf cart was used to collect dynamic data, along with a commercial INS/GPS system to provide reference data. This data was then post-processed, and the filter's performance in the position, velocity, and attitude outputs were evaluated by comparing them to the reference system. The important system features of system alignment, bias feedback, and INS resets are described, and the filter's performance is analyzed using its estimate and covariance outputs and comparing them to the true error. Filter residuals are also shown and discussed. The final results show that, with adequate processing available, the INS/GPS filter using the MEMS instruments provides good position, velocity, and attitude results over a period of up to 15 minutes, as long as the data is at least somewhat dynamic. Without vehicle motion, the vehicle yaw state tends to wander excessively, due to the bias and noise of the MEMS gyroscopes. Over a long static period, the filter's position outputs would most likely diverge and become unstable. Recommendations are made to combat this problem, among them to conduct more characterization of the MEMS sensors, and to add GPS velocity measurements as an input to the filter.
Silicon oxycarbide glasses and glass‐ceramics: “All‐Rounder” materials for advanced structural and functional applications (2018)

Abstract Silicon oxycarbides can be considered as being carbon‐containing silicates consisting of glass networks in which oxygen and carbon share bonds with silicon. The carbon‐for‐oxygen substitution in silicate glass networks has been shown to induce significant changes in the network connectivity and consequently strong improvements in the properties of the silicate glass network. For instance, SiOC glasses exhibit Young's moduli, hardness values, glass transition, and crystallization temperatures which are superior to those of vitreous silica. Moreover, the silicon oxycarbide glass network exhibits unique structural features such as reduced mass fractal dimension and nano‐heterogeneity, which significantly affect and/or dictate its properties and behavior. In the present Review, a consideration of the current state of the art concerning the synthesis, processing, and various structural and functional properties of silicon‐oxycarbide‐based glasses and glass‐ceramics is done. Thus, the synthesis of silicon oxycarbides starting from macromolecular precursors such as polysiloxanes or alkoxysilanes‐based sol‐gel systems as well as current advances related to their processing will be critically reviewed. In addition, various structural and functional properties of silicon oxycarbides are presented. Specific emphasis will be put on the intimate correlation between the molecular architecture of the precursors and the structural features and properties of the resulting silicon oxycarbides.
A Cavity in Transmission for Extracting Electric Parameters of Thin Layers (2007)

A cavity in transmission, used for complex permittivity measurements for thin layers (inferior to 525μm for example) is presented in this paper. This broad-band technique allows the extraction of the material relative permittivity by using a Π electrical network. Compared to coaxial probes in reflection, this new method is not limited by resonances and discontinuities when extracting electric parameters in a larger frequency range in which we work. Beside, the cavity in transmission permits to characterize material having low-loss tangent. In the theoretical derivations, it is assumed that only the fundamental TEM mode propagates inside the coaxial line because of the probe dimensions and higher modes are vanishing. Sample dimensions are so little that we work below the first cut-off frequency. The wavelength λ is shorter than the cut-off wavelength λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> , so we use the distributed elements theory to extract electric parameters. To validate the procedure, we have used the silica case and the results were obtained with a total relative error around 1.6% on the relative permittivity. We testify that this technique might be used for multilayer electric characterization, only if the material has symmetric layers.
Optical correlator that uses cesium vapor (1994)

We obtain the correlation pattern between two amplitude-modulated input images of 36 and 280 random black and white pixels, using the standard degenerate four-wave-mixing geometry of 852-nm optical beams in a 1-mm-thick cesium-vapor cell. The total optical input power is 3.2 mW to obtain 0.4 nW of power in the correlation pattern. We verified that the buildup time of the four-wave-mixing signal is ~30 ns. Using the random patterns, we analyze the performance of the cesium optical correlator in terms of the number of pixels that can be processed and the number of photons per pixel used. We show how to scale our experimental results for the efficiency of the cesium correlator to images containing a larger number of pixels.
Immunolocalization of stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme in human skin and oral epithelium with monoclonal antibodies: evidence of a proteinase specifically expressed in keratinizing squamous epithelia. (1994)

Stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme (SCCE) is a recently discovered serine proteinase, which has been purified from human plantar stratum corneum. Evidence has been presented that it may play a role in the terminal stages of epidermal turnover, especially in desquamation. Two mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAb) were raised, TE4b and TE9b, that reacted specifically with SCCE in immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and gel-exclusion chromatography. When used in immunohistochemical experiments with the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method, both MAb detected an antigen located in high suprabasal keratinocytes of the epidermis in normal human skin and at the vermilion border of the lip, with maximal staining of the stratum granulosum. In the hair follicles the MAb reacted with the inner root sheet only. In human oral mucosa the MAb stained the high suprabasal epithelial cells of the hard palate. This is a site where the epithelium forms an orthokeratotic stratum corneum. There was no specific staining of the epithelium of the lip mucosa or the buccal mucosa, where the epithelium does not form a stratum corneum under non-pathological conditions. A correlation therefore seems to exist between the presence of SCCE in high suprabasal cells and the ability of the epithelium to form an orthokeratotic cornified layer. We suggest that SCCE is specifically expressed in keratinizing squamous epithelia and that its expression may be part of the terminal differentiation program of this type of epithelium. These results also give further support to the idea that SCCE may play a role in the turnover and/or formation of the stratum corneum.