gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical results of hypoxic cell radiosensitisation from hyperbaric oxygen to accelerated radiotherapy, carbogen and nicotinamide. (1996)

The 40-year history of hypoxic cell sensitisation can be traced from hyperbaric oxygen to the present clinical studies with carbogen, nicotinamide and accelerated radiotherapy. A meta-analysis by Overgaard (1995) included 10703 cases entered into 83 randomised controlled trials and showed an overall improvement in local tumour control of 4.6% (P = 0.00001) and in survival of 2.8% (P = 0.005). Hyperbaric oxygen gave a 6.6% (P = 0.003) improvement in local control and hypoxic cell sensitisers 3.9% (P = 0.04). Despite this, the only hypoxic cell-sensitising method in routine clinical use is the giving of nimorazole in supraglottic and pharyngeal carcinomas. Acute, as well as chronic hypoxia has been recognised and nicotinamide, the amide derivative of B3 is believed to prevent the former. Thus ARCON (accelerated radiotherapy, carbogen and nicotinamide) has been introduced in the clinic in an effort to overcome tumour proliferation, chronic and acute hypoxia, respectively. The success of future randomised controlled trials would be improved greatly if methods were available to measure the concentration of hypoxic cells in tumours before treatment and thus select those where benefit may be gained. The use of ARCON recognises that tumour cell proliferation is an important cause of failure in addition to hypoxia. However, intrinsic radiosensitivity may also need to be taken into account in the future. Clinical trials aim to improve the therapeutic ratio and thus the study of morbidity is as important as local tumour control. International collaboration is essential if randomised controlled trials are to be carried out within reasonable periods of time.
Directed Biopsy During Contrast-Enhanced Sonography of the Prostate (2002)

Contrast-enhanced transrectal sonography improves the sonographic detection of malignant foci in the prostate. The performance of multiple biopsies of suspicious enhancing foci significantly improves the detection of cancer. There is no advantage to additional examination of the gland after bolus administration of contrast material.
Degradation of Bunker C Fuel Oil by White-Rot Fungi in Sawdust Cultures Suggests Potential Applications in Bioremediation (2015)

Fungal lignocellulolytic enzymes are promising agents for oxidizing pollutants. This study investigated degradation of Number 6 "Bunker C" fuel oil compounds by the white-rot fungi Irpex lacteus, Trichaptum biforme, Phlebia radiata, Trametes versicolor, and Pleurotus ostreatus (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes). Averaging across all studied species, 98.1%, 48.6%, and 76.4% of the initial Bunker C C10 alkane, C14 alkane, and phenanthrene, respectively were degraded after 180 days of fungal growth on pine media. This study also investigated whether Bunker C oil induces changes in gene expression in the white-rot fungus Punctularia strigosozonata, for which a complete reference genome is available. After 20 days of growth, a monokaryon P. strigosozonata strain degraded 99% of the initial C10 alkane in both pine and aspen media but did not affect the amounts of the C14 alkane or phenanthrene. Differential gene expression analysis identified 119 genes with ≥ log2(2-fold) greater expression in one or more treatment comparisons. Six genes were significantly upregulated in media containing oil; these genes included three enzymes with potential roles in xenobiotic biotransformation. Carbohydrate metabolism genes showing differential expression significantly accumulated transcripts on aspen vs. pine substrates, perhaps reflecting white-rot adaptations to growth on hardwood substrates. The mechanisms by which P. strigosozonata may degrade complex oil compounds remain obscure, but degradation results of the 180-day cultures suggest that diverse white-rot fungi have promise for bioremediation of petroleum fuels.
Partial least squares, Beer's law and the net analyte signal: statistical modeling and analysis (2005)

Abstract Partial least squares (PLS) is one of the most common regression algorithms in chemistry, relating input–output samples ( x i , y i ) by a linear multivariate model. In this paper we analyze the PLS algorithm under a specific probabilistic model for the relation between x and y . Following Beer's law, we assume a linear mixture model in which each data sample ( x , y ) is a random realization from a joint probability distribution where x is the sum of k components multiplied by their respective characteristic responses, and each of these components is a random variable. We analyze PLS on this model under two idealized settings: one is the ideal case of noise‐free samples and the other is the case of an infinite number of noisy training samples. In the noise‐free case we prove that, as expected, the regression vector computed by PLS is, up to normalization, the net analyte signal. We prove that PLS computes this vector after at most k iterations, where k is the total number of components. In the case of an infinite training set corrupted by unstructured noise, we show that PLS computes a final regression vector which is not in general purely proportional to the net analyte signal vector, but has the important property of being optimal under a mean squared error of prediction criterion. This result can be viewed as an asymptotic optimality of PLS in the limit of a very large but finite training set. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perfect lensing with lossy metamaterials: Maintaining a singular focus by avoiding feedback (2016)

The most fascinating application envisioned for composite electromagnetic media with negative effective permittivity and permeability (left-handed metamaterials) is the construction of a perfect lens, capable of focusing light to infinitely small spots. Yet all left-handed-based perfect lens designs suggested thus far could not be attained, as intrinsic metamaterial loss dissatisfies the stringent matching condition these designs require (ε <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DNG</sub> = -ε <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DPS</sub> , μ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DNG</sub> = -μ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DPS</sub> ). As this was perceived to be a fundamental limitation, a search for non-left-handed-based alternatives commenced. Nevertheless, as we show, material loss does not fundamentally deteriorate perfect lensing. Lensing performance is deteriorated only in those perfect lens designs for which loss translates into internal feedback - e.g., the left-handed slab lens. Loss-sensitivity is a flaw in the lens design. Feedback-less perfect lens designs can sustains perfect lensing despite material loss and mismatch. A single-interface lens between a left-handed material (DNG) and a dielectric (DPS) is such a design: light emitted by a singular source is perfectly focused onto a singular image point , which remains singular even if the left-handed material is lossy and mismatched. As will be discussed, some power is then lost to scattering and absorption, so less power arrives at the singular image.
Transport of anions and protons by the mitochondrial uncoupling protein and its regulation by nucleotides and fatty acids. A new look at old hypotheses (1994)

The uncoupling protein generates heat by catalyzing electrophoretic proton transport across the inner membrane of brown adipose tissue mitochondria. It also transports Cl- and other monovalent anions, and both proton and anion transport are inhibited by purine nucleotides. Several long-standing hypotheses bear on specific aspects of Cl- transport, H+ transport, and nucleotide gating mechanisms in uncoupling protein. We reevaluated these hypotheses in mitochondria and liposomes reconstituted with purified uncoupling protein; GDP inhibition is strictly noncompetitive with Cl- and unaffected by either transmembrane electrical potential or fatty acids. The Km and Vmax values for Cl- are independent of pH, arguing against a common binding site for Cl- and OH- ions. Cl- transport was inhibited by fatty acids and stimulated by fatty acid removal, refuting the consensus hypothesis that there is no interaction between fatty acids and anion transport through uncoupling protein. These results support a mechanism in which the transport pathway for anions is identical with the fatty acid binding site and distinct from the nucleotide binding site.
The NF-κB Cascade Is Important in Bcl-xL Expression and for the Anti-Apoptotic Effects of the CD28 Receptor in Primary Human CD4+ Lymphocytes (2000)

We explored the role of the NF-kappa B pathway in the survival of primary human CD4+ T lymphocytes during CD28 costimulation. Transduction of proliferating CD4+ T cells with a tetracycline-regulated retrovirus encoding for a dominant-interfering, degradation-resistant I-kappaBalpha (inhibitor of kappa B alpha factor) mutant induced apoptosis. Using DNA arrays, we show that Bcl-xL features as a prominent anti-apoptotic member among a number of early CD28-inducible genes. A 1.2-kb segment of the proximal Bcl-xL promoter, linked to a luciferase reporter, responded to CD3/CD28 stimulation in Jurkat cells. Mutation of an NF-kappa B site around -840 decreased, while ectopic expression of I-kappa B kinase-beta (IKK beta) enhanced reporter gene activity. Na+-salicylate and cyclopentenone PGs, direct inhibitors of IKK beta, interfered in the activation of the Bcl-xL promoter and induced apoptosis in CD28-costimulated CD4+ T cells. Moreover, salicylate blocked nuclear localization of NF-kappa B factors that bind to the NF-kappa B binding site in the Bcl-xL promoter, as well as the expression of Bcl-xL protein. HuT-78, a lymphoblastoid T cell line with constitutive NF-kappa B activity, contained elevated levels of Bcl-xL protein and, similar to proliferating CD4+ T cells, was resistant to apoptotic stimuli such as anti-Fas and TNF-alpha. In contrast, the same stimuli readily induced apoptosis in a Jurkat T cell clone with no detectable Bcl-xL expression. Jurkat BMS2 cells also differed from HuT-78 in collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and superoxide generation in the mitochondrium. Taken together, these data demonstrate that CD3/CD28-induced activation of IKK beta and expression of Bcl-xL promote the survival of primary human CD4+ T lymphocytes.
Ensilage Treatment of Crawfish Waste for Improvement of Astaxanthin Pigment Extraction (1983)

ABSTRACT Acid ensilage treatment preserves crawfish heat‐processed waste under ambient temperature conditions with stabilization of the astaxanthin pigment present. Implementation of acid ensiling prior to pigment extraction increased concentration of the astaxanthin oil extract by 40–50%, and oil recovery by 10%. A twofold increase in free amino nitrogen, and a 70% reduction in exoskeleton calcium carbonate, were observed in crawfish silage (pH 4.2) from acid/enzymatic hydrolysis, compared with controls. A correlation was seen between solubilization of calcium carbonate and pigment release in relation to silage pH. The role of acid‐resistant proteolytic microorganisms in breakdown of carotenoprotein complex is discussed. Application of ensilage process for ultimate commercial production of astaxanthin‐enriched vegetable or fish oils from pigment rich crustacean wastes is postulated.
Accurate Telemonitoring of Parkinson's Disease Progression by Noninvasive Speech Tests (2009)

Tracking Parkinson's disease (PD) symptom progression often uses the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) that requires the patient's presence in clinic, and time-consuming physical examinations by trained medical staff. Thus, symptom monitoring is costly and logistically inconvenient for patient and clinical staff alike, also hindering recruitment for future large-scale clinical trials. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate rapid, remote replication of UPDRS assessment with clinically useful accuracy (about 7.5 UPDRS points difference from the clinicians' estimates), using only simple, self-administered, and noninvasive speech tests. We characterize speech with signal processing algorithms, extracting clinically useful features of average PD progression. Subsequently, we select the most parsimonious model with a robust feature selection algorithm, and statistically map the selected subset of features to UPDRS using linear and nonlinear regression techniques that include classical least squares and nonparametric classification and regression trees. We verify our findings on the largest database of PD speech in existence (approximately 6000 recordings from 42 PD patients, recruited to a six-month, multicenter trial). These findings support the feasibility of frequent, remote, and accurate UPDRS tracking. This technology could play a key part in telemonitoring frameworks that enable large-scale clinical trials into novel PD treatments.
Wide Bandgap Extrinsic Photoconductive Switches (2007)

Summary form only given. Semi-insulating silicon carbide and gallium nitride are attractive materials for compact, high voltage, photoconducting semiconductor switches (PCSS) due to their large bandgap, high critical electric field strength and high electron saturation velocity. Carriers must be optically generated throughout the volume of the photo switch to realize the benefits of the high bulk electric field strength of the 6H-SiC (3 MV/cm) and GaN (3.5MV/m) materials. This is accomplished by optically exciting deep extrinsic levels in vanadium compensated semi-insulating 6H-SiC and Iron compensated semi-insulating GaN. Photoconducting switches with opposing electrodes were fabricated on a-plane, 6H-SiC substrates and c-plane, GaN substrates. This work reports the initial fabrication and test of extrinsic GaN switches excited at a wavelength of 532 nm, and the progress made since the first phase of switch tests of a-plane, 6H-SiC PCSS.
Concerning the influence of pattern symmetry on CD-SEM local overlay measurements for double patterning of complex shapes (2010)

We have developed a new local overlay measurement technique on actual device patterns using critical dimension scanning electron microscope (CD-SEM), which can be applied to 2D device structures such as an SRAM contact hole array or more complex shapes. CD-SEM overlay measurement can provide additional local overlay information at the site of device patterns, complementary to the conventional optical overlay data. The methodology includes the use of symmetrically arranged patterns to cancel out many process effects and reduce measurement uncertainty. The developed methodology was applied to local overlay measurement of double patterning contact hole layers of leading edge devices. Local overlay distribution was successfully captured on device structures on different length scale, and the result shows the possibility of assessing process induced shift on device structures and collecting denser sampling for better intra-chip overlay control. The measurement uncertainty of CD-SEM overlay metrology was assessed by comparing with conventional optical overlay metrology for 1D and 2D structures. Very good correlation was confirmed between SEM and optical overlay metrology with net residual error of ~1.1nm. Measurement variation associated with pattern roughness was analyzed for 1D structure, and identified as one of major variation sources for CD-SEM overlay metrology.
AZD0865, A POTASSIUM-COMPETITIVE ACID BLOCKER (P-CAB), HAS A LONG DURATION OF EFFECT IN THE RAT (2004)

Purpose: AZD0865 is a potassium-competitive acid blocker (P-CAB) in development forthe treatment of acid-related diseases. This study investigated the duration of effect of AZD0865 in the rat. Methods: Stimulated (pentagastrin + carbachol) acid secretion was measured in 4 groups of 8 chronic fistula rats after single oral doses of AZD0865 at 0, 1, 10 and 50 /μmol//kg (>6 days washout between doses), with various intervals between dosing and a 2-h period of stimulation and collection of gastric juice. In addition, responses were also recorded 24 h after a 5-day period of repeated dosing at 1 and 10 /μmol/kg/day. In follow-up experiments, secretory responses were assessed 24 h after a single dose and 5 days repeated administration of AZD0865 at 0,1 and 5 /μmol//kg/day, and AZD0865 concentration was determined using reversed-phase liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection both in plasma collected after the secretory tests and in titrated samples of gastric juice (limit of quantification [LOQ] 20 and 2 nmol/L, respectively). Results: Inhibition of acid output 24 h following single doses of AZD0865 (1, 10 and 50 /μmol/kg) was 47%, 95% and 100%, respectively. Acid secretion returned to control levels by 36, 48 and 96 h, respectively, post-dose. The inhibition 24 h following 5 days' repeated doses of AZD0865 (1, 10 /μmol//kg/day) was 49% and 93%, respectively. In follow-up studies, inhibition 24 h after single and repeated doses was 37% and 21% at 1 /μmol/kg and 78% and 82% at 5 /μmol/kg. Single and repeated doses resulted in similar AZD0865 concentrations in plasma 25 h post-dose: <20 nmol/L (i.e. <LOQ in 7 of 8 rats) at 1 /μmol/kg; and (mean ± SEM) 59 ± 7 and 71 ± 4 nmol/L, respectively, at 5 /μmol/kg. The concentration of AZD0865 in gastric juice 23–25 h after single and repeated doses was: 29 ± 8 and 35 ± 8 nmol/L at 1 /μmol/kg; and 199 ± 36 and 184 ± 22 nmol/L at 5 /μmol/kg, respectively. Conclusions: AZD0865 provides dose-dependent inhibition of acid secretion over the 24-h period. There is no accumulation of 24-h antisecretory effect and no increase in the concentration of AZD0865 in plasma or gastric juice during repeated administration. The level of AZD0865 in gastric juice is higher than in plasma reflecting concentration of AZD0865 in the acidic canaliculus of the parietal cell. Consequently, the duration of effect of AZD0865 in the rat outlasts the time when AZD0865 is detectable in plasma.
Laser-induced gene expression in specific cells of transgenic zebrafish (2000)

Over the past few years, a number of studies have described the generation of transgenic lines of zebrafish in which expression of reporters was driven by a variety of promoters. These lines opened up the real possibility that transgenics could be used to complement the genetic analysis of zebrafish development. Transgenic lines in which the expression of genes can be regulated both in space and time would be especially useful. Therefore, we have cloned the zebrafish promoter for the inducible hsp70 gene and made stable transgenic lines of zebrafish that express the reporter green fluorescent protein gene under the control of a hsp70 promoter. At normal temperatures, green fluorescent protein is not detectable in transgenic embryos with the exception of the lens, but is robustly expressed throughout the embryo following an increase in ambient temperature. Furthermore, we have taken advantage of the accessibility and optical clarity of the embryos to express green fluorescent protein in individual cells by focussing a sublethal laser microbeam onto them. The targeted cells appear to develop normally: cells migrate normally, neurons project axons that follow normal pathways, and progenitor cells divide and give rise to normal progeny cells. By generating other transgenic lines in which the hsp70 promoter regulates genes of interest, it should be possible to examine the in vivo activity of the gene products by laser-inducing specific cells to express them in zebrafish embryos. As a first test, we laser-induced single muscle cells to make zebrafish Sema3A1, a semaphorin that is repulsive for specific growth cones, in a hsp70-sema3A1 transgenic line of zebrafish and found that extension by the motor axons was retarded by the induced muscle.
Three methods that improve the visual quality of colour anaglyphs (2005)

Anaglyphs are one of the most economical methods for three-dimensional visualization. This method, however, suffers from severe drawbacks such as loss of colour and extreme discomfort for prolonged viewing. We propose several methods for anaglyph enhancement that rely on stereo image registration, defocusing and nonlinear operations on synthesized depth maps. These enhancements substantially reduce unwanted ghosting artefacts, improve the visual quality of the images, and make comfortable viewing of the same sequence possible in three-dimensional as well as the two-dimensional mode of the same sequence.
A second property : why you should buy one : property (2009)

Matthew Lester, the celebrity tax lecturer from Rhodes University who pontificates about personal finance matters each week in a Sunday newspaper, is urging people to avoid buying a second property.
Static Vulnerabilities Detection Based on Extended Vulnerability State Machine Model (2009)

A static vulnerability detection method based on an extended vulnerability state machine is proposed in this paper. In this method, the state space of state machine model is extended. The security state of a variable can be identified by a property set that may consist of multiple security-related properties rather than a single property. As results, fine-grained state transition is provided to support accurate recognition of program security-related behaviors. Specially, the recognition of validation checking is introduced to reduce false positives. Besides, a systematic discrimination mechanism for tainted data is constructed to prevent false negatives result from neglecting tainted data sources. The experimental results of a prototype system show that this method can effectively detect vulnerabilities in software systems with obviously lower false positive than existing methods, and avoid some serious false negative.
All-sky X-ray and gamma-ray monitor (AXGAM) (2002)

A wide field-of-view, arcsecond imaging, high energy resolution X-ray and low energy gamma ray detector is proposed for a future space mission. It is specifically designed to detect and find counterparts at other wavelengths for gamma ray bursts (GRBs). Detection of GRBs require wide field-of-view (/spl pi/ to 2/spl pi/ field-of-view) and high sensitivity. This will be achieved by using high quantum efficiency CdZnTe pixel detectors, low energy threshold (few keV) to observe larger flux levels that may be possible at lower energies and large effective area (625 to 1,000 cm/sup 2/) per coded aperture imaging module. Counterpart searches can only be done with ultra high angular resolution (10 to 30 arcsecond FWHM) which gives 1 to 5 arcsecond position determination especially for strong GRBs. A few arcsecond resolution error box is expected to contain only one counterpart observed at another wavelength. This will be achieved by using ultra high spatial resolution pixel detectors (50/spl times/50 to 100/spl times/100 micron) and a similar resolution coded aperture to achieve the required angular resolution. AXGAM also has two other important advantages over similar detectors: (1) excellent low energy response (>1 keV) and (2) high energy resolution (<6%@5.9 keV, <3%@14 keV, <4%@122 keV). The low energy range may provide important new information on their cause and the high energy resolution is expected to help in the observation and identification of emission and absorption lines in the GRB spectrum. The effective energy range is planned to be 2 to 200 keV which is exceptionally wide for such a detector. AXCAM will be built in the form of a "Bucky Ball" using a coded aperture mask in a semi geodesic dome arrangement placed over a 2D high resolution CdZnTe pixel detector array using newly developed p-i-n detector technology. The p-i-n structure decreases the electron and hole trapping effect and increases energy resolution significantly. The major scientific goals of the proposed mission in addition to continuously monitoring gamma-ray bursts, is to observe AGN, transient phenomena, isolated and binary pulsars, and solar flares. A space deployed AXGAM detector is expected to observe several hundred gamma ray bursts per year.