gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Semiconductor gamma-ray detectors for nuclear medicine (1997)

Semiconductor-based gamma-ray-imaging detectors are under development for use in high-resolution nuclear medicine imaging applications. These detectors, based on cadmium zinc telluride, hold great promise for delivering improved spatial resolution and detection efficiency over current methods. This dissertation presents work done on three fronts, all directed toward enhancing the practicality of these imaging devices. Electronic readout systems were built to produce gamma-ray images from the raw signals generated by the imagers. Mathematical models were developed to describe the detection process in detail. Finally, a method was developed for recovering the energy spectrum of the original source by using maximum-likelihood estimation techniques. Two electronics systems were built to read out signals from the imaging detectors. The first system takes signals from a 48 x 48-pixel array at 500 k samples per second. Pulse-height histograms are formed for each pixel in the detector, all in real time. A second system was built to read out four 64 x 64 arrays at 4 million pixels per second. This system is based on digital signal processors and flexible software, making it easily adaptable to new imaging tasks. A mathematical model of the detection process was developed as a tool for evaluating possible detector designs. One part of the model describes how the mobile charge carriers, which are released when a gamma ray is absorbed in a photoelectric interaction, induce signals in a readout circuit. Induced signals follow a "near-field effect," wherein only carriers moving close to a pixel electrode produce significant signal. Detector pixels having lateral dimensions that are small compared to the detector thickness will develop a signal primarily due to a single carrier type. This effect is confirmed experimentally in time-resolved measurements and with pulse-height spectra. The second part of the model is a simulation of scattering processes that take place when a gamma ray is absorbed within the detector volume. A separate simulation predicts the spreading of charge carriers due to diffusion and electrostatic forces. The models are used in a technique to improve the energy resolution of the detectors by estimation of the source spectrum using the Expectation-Maximization algorithm.
Graphene-Based Wireless Environmental Gas Sensor on PET Substrate (2016)

Modern gas detection systems have expanded into the monitoring of greenhouse gases, which are believed to cause global warming and are toxic to the human body. This demand has led to the development of numerous different discrete and distinct sensor technologies. A wireless sensing system is formed using the integrated arrays of field-effect transistors and sensors comprising graphene channels, silver nanowire electrodes, and interconnects with a wireless communication antenna. These carbon devices are highly flexible and can be transferred onto both planar and non-planar substrates, including papers, clothes, fingernails, and human skin. The printed wireless sensing antenna senses the gases by detecting the change in the signal produced by a change in sensor resistance.
Value of information in closed-loop reservoir management (2015)

This paper proposes a new methodology to perform value of information (VOI) analysis within a closed-loop reservoir management (CLRM) framework. The workflow combines tools such as robust optimization and history matching in an environment of uncertainty characterization. The approach is illustrated with two simple examples: an analytical reservoir toy model based on decline curves and a water flooding problem in a two-dimensional five-spot reservoir. The results are compared with previous work on other measures of information valuation, and we show that our method is a more complete, although also more computationally intensive, approach to VOI analysis in a CLRM framework. We recommend it to be used as the reference for the development of more practical and less computationally demanding tools for VOI assessment in real fields.
Biocompatible Batteries—Materials and Chemistry, Fabrication, Applications, and Future Prospects (2018)

Abstract Energy storage systems for powering electronic medical implants and sensors are essentially based on conventional electrode materials and electrolytes. Because of their toxicity, these battery systems need special encapsulation, which leads to bulky devices. Batteries based on biocompatible electrodes and electrolytes overcome these limitations and hold promise as viable alternatives for powering medical implants and devices. The present review aims at giving an overview of possible battery systems and current performance. It also gives a summary of battery architectures and their fabrication, with a focus on potential miniaturization. Advances in biocompatible batteries are expected to have not only a large impact on electronic medical implants and point-of-care monitoring systems, but also for environmental sensing and transient electronics.
Low-latency communication over ATM networks using active messages (2005)

Recent developments in communication architectures for parallel machines have made significant progress and reduced the communication overheads and latencies by over an order of magnitude as compared to earlier proposals. This paper examines whether these techniques can carry over to clusters of workstations connected by an ATM network even though clusters use standard operating system software, are equipped with network interfaces optimized for stream communication, do not allow direct protected user-level access to the network, and use networks without reliable transmission or flow control. In a first part, this paper describes the differences in communication characteristics between clusters of work stations built from standard hardware and software components and state-of-the-art multiprocessors. The lack of flow control and of operating system coordination affects the communication layer design significantly and requires larger buffers at each end than on multiprocessors. A second part evaluates a prototype implementa tion of the low-latency Active Messages communication. model an a Sun workstation cluster interconnected by an A3`M network. Measurements show application-to-application latencies of about 20 microseconds for small messages which is roughly comparable to the Active Messages implementation on the Thinking Machines CM-5 multiprocessor.
An animal model of SARS produced by infection of <i>Macaca mulatta</i> with SARS coronavirus (2005)

A new SARS animal model was established by inoculating SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) into rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) through the nasal cavity. Pathological pulmonary changes were successively detected on days 5-60 after virus inoculation. All eight animals showed a transient fever 2-3 days after inoculation. Immunological, molecular biological, and pathological studies support the establishment of this SARS animal model. Firstly, SARS-CoV-specific IgGs were detected in the sera of macaques from 11 to 60 days after inoculation. Secondly, SARS-CoV RNA could be detected in pharyngeal swab samples using nested RT-PCR in all infected animals from 5 days after virus inoculation. Finally, histopathological changes of interstitial pneumonia were found in the lungs during the 60 days after viral inoculation: these changes were less marked at later time points, indicating that an active healing process together with resolution of an acute inflammatory response was taking place in these animals. This animal model should provide insight into the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-related pulmonary disease and greatly facilitate the development of vaccines and therapeutics against SARS.
Fluxless soldering using activated acid vapors (1992)

Acid vapors have been used to fluxlessly reduce metal oxides and enhance wetting of solder on metallizations. Dilute solutions of hydrogen, acetic acid and formic acid in an inert carrier gas of nitrogen or argon were used with the sessile drop technique for 60Sn-40 Pb solder on Cu and Au/Ni metallizations. The time to reduce metal oxides and the extent of wetting as a function of acid vapor concentrations were characterized. Acetic and formic acids reduce the surface metal oxides sufficiently to form metallurgically sound solder joints. Hydrogen did not reduce oxides rapidly enough at 220{degree}C to be suitable for soldering applications. The optimum conditions for oxide reduction with formic acid was with an acid vapor concentration in nitrogen carrier gas of 4% for Cu metallizations and 1.6% on Au/Ni. The acetic acid vapor concentration, also in nitrogen, was optimized at 1.5% for both metallizations. Above a vapor concentration of 1.5%, the acetic acid combined with the bare metal to form acetates which increased the wetting time. These results indicate that acid vapor fluxless soldering is a viable alternative to traditional flux soldering.
Mesocrystals: A New Class of Solid Materials (2008)

Possible types of, and formation mechanisms for, mesocrystals are summarized. Mesocrystals are a new class of solid materials, which can be regarded as assemblies of crystallographically oriented nanocrystals. Mesocrystals have high crystallinity as well as high porosity, making them promising substitutes for single-crystalline and/or porous polycrystalline materials in many applications such as catalysis, sensing, and solar-energy conversion.
Etiology and outcome of low birth weight and preterm infants. (1982)

A population of 489 low birth weight infants was studied to identify specific subgroups with high neonatal morbidity and mortality. It was found that 134 (27.4%) of these infants were born at term but were small for gestational age. The other 355 were preterm and contributed most of the mortality and morbidity of the overall population. There was no significant difference in morbidity and mortality between preterm small and appropriate for gestational age infants. The etiologic analyses show that premature rupture of the fetal membranes and maternal-fetal problems are more frequent causes of low birth weight than preterm labor and that they cause significantly more severe neonatal morbidity. It is concluded that only by developing means to improve the outcome of patients with premature rupture of the membranes and maternal-fetal problems will it be possible to decrease significantly the unacceptably high mortality and morbidity of low birth weight infants.
LateralPaD: A surface-haptic device that produces lateral forces on a bare finger (2012)

The LateralPaD is a surface haptic device that generates lateral (shear) force on a bare finger, by vibrating the touch surface simultaneously in both out-of-plane (normal) and in-plane (lateral) directions. A prototype LateralPaD has been developed in which the touch surface is glass, and piezoelectric actuators drive normal and lateral resonances at the same ultrasonic frequency (∼22.3 KHz). The force that develops on the finger can be controlled by modulating the relative phase of the two resonances. A 2DOF load cell setup is used to characterize the dependence of induced lateral force on vibration amplitude, relative phase, and applied normal force. A Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) is used to measure the motion of glass surface as well as of the fingertip. Together, these measurements yield insight into the mechanism of lateral force generation. We show evidence for a mechanism dependent on tilted impacts between the LateralPaD and fingertip.
Analysis of turbo codes with asymmetric modulation (1999)

If different energies are assigned to two outputs of a turbo encoder, the information bit and parity bit, then the performance will be changed according to the ratio of the information bit energy to the parity bit energy. The optimum point of the ratio may not be 1. As the rate of the turbo code is changed, the optimum point will also be changed. Rate 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 and 1/5 turbo codes with asymmetric modulation are considered.
Explainable Outfit Recommendation with Joint Outfit Matching and Comment Generation (2019)

Most previous work on outfit recommendation focuses on designing visual features to enhance recommendations. Existing work neglects user comments of fashion items, which have been proven to be effective in generating explanations along with better recommendation results. We propose a novel neural network framework, neural outfit recommendation (NOR), that simultaneously provides outfit recommendations and generates abstractive comments. Neural outfit recommendation (NOR) consists of two parts: outfit matching and comment generation. For outfit matching, we propose a convolutional neural network with a mutual attention mechanism to extract visual features. The visual features are then decoded into a rating score for the matching prediction. For abstractive comment generation, we propose a gated recurrent neural network with a cross-modality attention mechanism to transform visual features into a concise sentence. The two parts are jointly trained based on a multi-task learning framework in an end-to-end back-propagation paradigm. Extensive experiments conducted on an existing dataset and a collected real-world dataset show NOR achieves significant improvements over state-of-the-art baselines for outfit recommendation. Meanwhile, our generated comments achieve impressive ROUGE and BLEU scores in comparison to human-written comments. The generated comments can be regarded as explanations for the recommendation results. We release the dataset and code to facilitate future research.
Molecular Biological Detection and Characterization of <i>Clostridium</i> Populations in Municipal Landfill Sites (2002)

Primer sets specific for 16S rRNA genes were designed for four phylogenetic groups of clostridia known to contain mesophilic cellulolytic species. Specific amplification of these groups from landfill leachate DNA extracts demonstrated the widespread occurrence of clostridia from the Clostridium thermocellum and C. leptum groups. In contrast, the C. botulinum group was never detected, and the C. coccoides-C. lentocellum group was only occasionally detected. Amplification products were analyzed by temporal thermal gel electrophoresis to generate profiles of the clostridial groups and to identify dominant bands. Sequence analysis of 17 landfill clones confirmed that the primers were specific for the clostridial subgroups and that the cloned sequences had a close relationship with known cellulose-degrading clostridia. The primers have therefore been authenticated for use in the rapid identification of clostridia in anaerobic environments.
Flora of Brazil Online: Can Brazil's botanists achieve their 2020 vision? (2015)

Abstract This paper seeks to provide an assessment of the prospects of delivering an online Flora of Brazil by 2020. Our approach is to evaluate the nature and extent of documentation of the Brazilian flora over the past 15 years before exploring whether existing botanical documentation and capacity is sufficient to support the production of a complete Flora over a five-year period. We address the following 'headline' questions: Has a high proportion of Brazilian species been described? Are collection densities sufficient to underpin a national Flora? Is there sufficient botanical expertise available to execute such a big project over a five-year period? Are there current taxonomic treatments that support the development of a national Flora? The results obtained show that the proportion of the flora estimated to have been described is high enough to be confident that those preparing Flora treatments will not be overwhelmed by the numbers of species new to science requiring description; the national average of 1.08 specimens per km2 is significant; relevant taxonomic treatments with a variety of different scopes and geographic scales are available; and, finally the botanical expertise available is demonstrated by the results presented in the List of Species of the Flora of Brasil.
Investigation of high-quality ultra-thin LaAlO<sub>3</sub>films as high-<i>k</i>gate dielectrics (2003)

We have studied the formation of a high-quality LaAlO3 (LAO) film directly on silicon substrates by the pulsed laser deposition method as a novel high-k gate dielectric. The LAO films can remain amorphous at temperatures up to 850°C. An atomic force microscopy study indicated a very smooth surface of the deposited films with a rms of 0.14 nm for an 8 nm LAO film. The structures and electrical properties of metal–dielectric–semiconductor (Pt/LAO/Si) capacitors were investigated with LAO films deposited under different ambient conditions. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy indicated that interfacial reactions often occur for films of LAO deposited under oxygen ambient. A small effective oxide thickness of 1.2 nm was obtained for those films deposited under 20 Pa nitrogen ambient, with the corresponding leakage current density 17.1 mA cm−2 at +1 V gate voltage. It is proposed that amorphous LAO films are a novel promising alternative high-k gate dielectric material in future ultra-large scale integrated devices.
Laboratory Diagnosis of Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency (1999)

At one time, the diagnosis of a deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate was considered to be relatively straightforward. As knowledge has accumulated, the limitations of such tests as serum vitamin level measurements and the Schilling test have become apparent. With the development of newer tests, atypical and subclinical deficiency states have been recognized. In this review, available tests used in the diagnosis of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency are discussed, and a rational approach to the diagnosis of these deficiency states is presented.
Implantable Pharmacological Defibrillator (AIPhD): Preliminary Investigations in Animals (1991)

The treatment of ventricular fibrillation (VF) by means of automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators (AICD) poses many severe problems and limitations at the present time. In order to overcome these problems, we propose a totally new way to terminate VF or ventricular sustained tachycardia (VST). Our proposal consists of replacing the electric shock, which is dangerous, delayed, and sometimes ineffective, with a "chemical" shock: i.e., a chemical bolus retroperfused in the coronary sinus (CS) immediately after VF arises. The possible device is hypothesized and preliminary investigations in animals, performed to verify the theoretical assumption, are presented. In rabbits, and in larger animals (sheep and swine). Drugs were perfused in the coronary bed: lidocaine was used in 86% and bretylium tosylate in 14% of the animals. The results were: lidocaine immediately terminated VF in 100% and sinus rhythm was restored in rabbits; lidocaine terminated VF in VST in sheep; and in swine, bretylium immediately produced sinus rhythm in one case; in another one, only delayed sinus rhythm was achieved but lasted a short time; in the last case ventricular tachycardia at 128 beats/min appeared. Because new drugs, which are really "defibrillating" drugs, are available (bretylium tosylate, bethanidine, clofilium, tricyclic antidepressants, phenotiazine derivatives), we plan to investigate these defibrillating drugs in isolated hearts, found in suitable animals like dogs (sheep and swine are difficult to defibrillate) and in humans during routine electropharmacological studies.
Analyses Of Optical Anisotropy Of Pc Substrate For M-0 Disc And Its Effect On Cnr. (1987)

One of the problems to be solved for the development of magneto-optical disc drivers is how to detect signals with a good carrier to noise ratio. The birefringence observed in the disc substrate is one of the factors which give serious effect on the ratio.1 We have studied the optical anisotropy of injection molded polycarbonate substrate and found that the optic axis representing the birefringence is almost perpendicular to the disc surface though it has been widely believed that the axis is parallel to the surface. Based upon the newly found fact, we have calculated the effect of the birefringence upon the carrier to noise ratio.
The 22 S cylinder particles of Xenopus laevis. I. Biochemical and electron microscopic characterization. (1983)

Supernatant fractions obtained after high speed centrifugation (1 h at 100 000 X g) of homogenates from whole ovaries, oocytes as well as from separated nuclei and ooplasms of Xenopus laevis contain distinct 22 S particles which have been purified and characterized by sucrose gradient centrifugation, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel and fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). The purity of the particle fraction has been assessed by electron microscopy as well as one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The particles appear as hollow cylinders of 10 nm outer diameter and 16 nm length, showing a composition of four stacked annuli which often reveal 6 symmetrically distributed granular subunits of approximately 3 nm diameter. Biochemically the particles are characterized by a group of 12 polypeptides with Mr values from 22 000 to 30 000 which in urea-denatured state markedly differ in their isoelectric values, ranging from pH 5.4 to ca. 8.2. Tryptic peptide mapping has demonstrated that all 12 major polypeptides are different. No evidence for association with nucleic acids has been found. The particles are very stable and resist treatments with low and high salt buffers, chelating agents, various non-denaturing detergents, and 3 M urea. They occur in relatively high concentrations both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. Structurally and compositionally identical cylinder particles have also been found in cultures of kidney epithelial cells of Xenopus and in human carcinoma (HeLa) cells, indicating that this is a rather widespread component of diverse cell types and species. The significance of this particle and its relationship to morphologically similar particles described in the literature is discussed.
Frog albumin is expressed in skin and characterized as a novel potent trypsin inhibitor (2005)

A novel potent trypsin inhibitor was purified and characterized from frog Bombina maxima skin. A full-length cDNA encoding the protein was obtained from a cDNA library constructed from the skin. Sequence analysis established that the protein actually comprises three conserved albumin domains. B.maxima serum albumin was subsequently purified, and its coding cDNA was further obtained by PCR-based cloning from the frog liver. Only two amino acid variations were found in the albumin sequences from the skin and the serum. However, the skin protein is distinct from the serum protein by binding of a haem b (0.95 mol/mol protein). Different from bovine serum albumin, B. maxima albumin potently inhibited trypsin. It bound tightly with trypsin in a 1:1 molar ratio. The equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) obtained for the skin and the serum proteins were 1.92 x 10(-9) M and 1.55 x 10(-9) M, respectively. B. maxima albumin formed a noncovalent complex with trypsin through an exposed loop formed by a disulfide bond (Cys53-Cys62), which comprises the scissile bond Arg58(P1)-His59(P1'). No inhibitory effects on thrombin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and subtilisin were observed under the assay conditions. Immunohistochemical study showed that B. maxima albumin is widely distributed around the membranes of epithelial layer cells and within the stratum spongiosum of dermis in the skin, suggesting that it plays important roles in skin physiological functions, such as water economy, metabolite exchange, and osmoregulation.
Waiting time analysis and performance visualization in Carnival (1996)

Waiting time (where one processor is blocked while waiting for another) arises from a variety of sources in parallel programs, includlng communication, synchronization, load