gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Ka band microstrip to waveguide transition using a quasi-triangle probe (2017)

In this article, a new Ka band microstrip to waveguide transition with combination of electric and magnetic coupling is introduced by using a quasi-triangle structure. Consequently, the length of the proposed transition has been significantly diminished. A back-to-back prototype was fabricated based on the optimized dimensions to validate the design concept. The measured and simulated results are in a good alignment. The experimental results show that the return loss is better than 14.8 dB across the frequency range of 32-40 GHz with an insertion loss of lower than 0.9 dB. The conversion efficiency for the single transition, therefore, is larger than 90.5%. Because of its broad operation bandwidth, low insertion loss, and compact size, the proposed embedded transition could find wide applications in most modern miniaturized MMIC devices and systems.
Determination of the Viability of Crushed Cartilage Grafts (1994)

Transplantation of uncrushed and crushed cartilage has assumed a role of great importance in reconstructive surgery of the nose. There are many divergent and contradictory opinions with regard to the outcome of cartilage, so we formulated this study to assess the functional state of chondrocytes in severely and mildly crushed as well as uncrushed and cut cartilage. Crushing and cutting leads to necrosis of a part of the graft. More of the cartilage cells are irreversibly damaged by crushing. The proportion of surviving cells, depending on the severity of crushing, is between 10 and 30%. In contrast to this, after cutting most of the cells remained viable and were able to proliferate. It is concluded that crushed cartilage not only remains unviable but is also not able to produce new cartilage; therefore, it will be subjected to resorption processes and not be useful for the reconstruction of parts of the nasal skeleton that support mechanical stress.
Continuous coherent erasure of dynamic holographic interconnects in photorefractive crystals (1989)

The holographic double-exposure technique is applied to elementary gratings in photorefractive crystals. The result is an interconnection strength that is a continuous function of the phase shift between the two gratings. In fan-in and fan-out situations, where multiple phase gratings are required, it is possible to alter each interconnection separately without affecting the others.
Evaluation of the syphilis Bio-EnzaBead assay for detection of treponemal antibody (1987)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Treponema pallidum antibody (Syphilis Bio-EnzaBead Kit; Organon Teknika Corp., formerly Litton Bionetics, Kensington, Md.) was compared with the standard fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test for syphilis (indirect fluorescent-antibody confirmatory test; Zeus Scientific Inc., Raritan, N.J.). Six hundred specimens tested in the rapid plasma Reagin card test (Hynson, Westcott and Dunning, Inc., Baltimore, Md.) and microhemagglutination assay for antibodies to T. pallidum (Ames Division, Miles Laboratories, Inc., Elkhart, Ind.) were used for comparison testing. One hundred and sixty-two specimens were from either persons with syphilis or persons whose history was unknown but who showed reactive serology, whereas 438 were from persons without syphilis. The reactivity of each serum by the Bio-EnzaBead test was determined visually and from optical density readings. Excellent reproducibility of visual readings was obtained; all results were within +/- 1 gradation of the expected readings in all 60 coded sera tested. Overall agreement between the Bio-EnzaBead and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test results was 96.3% when read visually and greater than or equal to 95.7% when using optical density readings. Our data indicate that Bio-EnzaBead results read at 405 nm and determined by using the mean antigen optical density reading of the nonreactive control plus 0.025 as the cutoff value provide an overall sensitivity and specificity of 93.0 and 98.6%, respectively, along with the best agreement with the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption assay. Ease of performance and objectivity also contribute toward the acceptability of this assay as an alternative confirmatory test for syphilis.
Quantized wavelet features and support vector machines for on-road vehicle detection (2004)

The focus of this work is on the problem of feature selection and classification for on-road vehicle detection. In particular, we propose using quantized Haar wavelet features and Support Vector Machines (SVMs) for rear-view vehicle detection. Wavelet features are particularly attractive for vehicle detection because they form a compact representation, encode edge information, capture information from multiple scales, and can be computed efficiently. Traditionally, methods using wavelet features for classification truncate the coefficients by keeping only the ones with largest magnitude. We believe that the actual values of the wavelet coefficients are not very important for vehicle detection. In fact, the coefficient magnitudes indicate local oriented intensity differences, information that cold be very different even for the same vehicle under different lighting conditions. Therefore, we argue and demonstrate experimentally that the actual coefficient values are less important compared to the simple presence or absence of those coefficients. Specifically, we propose quantizing large negative coefficients to -1, large positive coefficients to 1, and setting the rest coefficients to 0. The quantized coefficients seem to encode important information about the general shape and structure of vehicles, while ignoring fine details and allowing for sufficient inter-class variability. Experimental results and comparisons using real data demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach which has achieved an average accuracy of 93.94% on completely novel test images.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Peptides Containing α,β-Didehydroamino Acids (2001)

α,β-Didehydroamino acids are frequently encountered in natural peptides with important biological activity. Herein, we report a mild and convenient method for the preparation of peptides containing α,β-didehydroamino acids, where solid-phase techniques are used both for elongation of the peptide chain and formation of the double bond. This bond is formed through a β-elimination reaction, using a water soluble carbodiimide as the activating reagent of the hydroxyl function, and catalyzed by CuCl.
Cloning and sequencing of the S RNA from a Bulgarian isolate of tomato spotted wilt virus (1991)

Libraries of cloned cDNA were prepared from complete genomic RNA and isolated S RNA of the Bulgarian L3 isolate of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV-L3). Northern blotting of TSWV genomic RNA detected clones specific for the L, M and S RNAs in the library from complete RNA. S RNA-specific clones selected from both libraries covered approximately 2.8 kb (about 95%) of the S RNA. Sequencing of these clones showed TSWV-L3 S RNA to be ambisense. It contains two open reading frames (ORFs); one of 1401 nucleotides located on the viral RNA encodes an Mr 52,400 (52K) protein, and the other of 774 nucleotides on the complementary strand encodes an Mr 28,900 (29K) protein. Expression of the 29K ORF in bacteria and immunological analysis of the fusion protein synthesized confirmed that the 29K protein is the N protein of TSWV-L3. Comparison with the published sequence for the S RNA of a Brazilian TSWV isolate, CNPH1, revealed almost complete identity in the amino acid sequences for the 29K protein, but several clustered amino acid exchanges in the putative 52K protein. In addition, the separating non-translated intergenic region of the S RNA of the Bulgarian isolate is 81 nucleotides longer than that of CNPH1.
Changing Unchanged Inequality: Higher Education, Youth Population, and the Japanese Seniority Wage System (2012)

Singapore Ministry of Health
Global phosphorylation analysis of β-arrestin–mediated signaling downstream of a seven transmembrane receptor (7TMR) (2010)

beta-Arrestin-mediated signaling downstream of seven transmembrane receptors (7TMRs) is a relatively new paradigm for signaling by these receptors. We examined changes in protein phosphorylation occurring when HEK293 cells expressing the angiotensin II type 1A receptor (AT1aR) were stimulated with the beta-arrestin-biased ligand Sar(1), Ile(4), Ile(8)-angiotensin (SII), a ligand previously found to signal through beta-arrestin-dependent, G protein-independent mechanisms. Using a phospho-antibody array containing 46 antibodies against signaling molecules, we found that phosphorylation of 35 proteins increased upon SII stimulation. These SII-mediated phosphorylation events were abrogated after depletion of beta-arrestin 2 through siRNA-mediated knockdown. We also performed an MS-based quantitative phosphoproteome analysis after SII stimulation using a strategy of stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). We identified 1,555 phosphoproteins (4,552 unique phosphopeptides), of which 171 proteins (222 phosphopeptides) showed increased phosphorylation, and 53 (66 phosphopeptides) showed decreased phosphorylation upon SII stimulation of the AT1aR. This study identified 38 protein kinases and three phosphatases whose phosphorylation status changed upon SII treatment. Using computational approaches, we performed system-based analyses examining the beta-arrestin-mediated phosphoproteome including construction of a kinase-substrate network for beta-arrestin-mediated AT1aR signaling. Our analysis demonstrates that beta-arrestin-dependent signaling processes are more diverse than previously appreciated. Notably, our analysis identifies an AT1aR-mediated cytoskeletal reorganization network whereby beta-arrestin regulates phosphorylation of several key proteins, including cofilin and slingshot. This study provides a system-based view of beta-arrestin-mediated phosphorylation events downstream of a 7TMR and opens avenues for research in a rapidly evolving area of 7TMR signaling.
Data-acquisition system cuts drilling costs (1985)

Since 1980, The Superior Oil Co. (recently acquired by Mobil Corp.) has been working with a data acquisition and monitoring system that has helped cut drilling costs 29% while drilling 87% more wells. It is the largest real-time drilling data center currently in operation. The key to the system is to put rigsite information into the hands of decision-making personnel. Four integral tasks are included in the system functions: data acquisition, telecommunications, data analysis, and surveillance of rig operations.
Development and Evaluation of an EMCCD Based Gamma Camera for Preclinical SPECT Imaging (2007)

The electron-multiplying charge-coupled device (EMCCD) offers improved quantum efficiencies (40 to 95%) over a broader range of wavelengths (400 to 900 nm) and a higher intrinsic resolution (<100 mum using photon counting) when compared to photomultiplier tubes. The electron gain achieved in the multiplication register of an EMCCD effectively reduces the readout noise to less than 1 electron/pixel, making them sensitive to single photoelectrons. Our prototype camera uses the Texas Instruments Impactrontrade EMCCD model TC253SPD-B0 (7.4 mum square pixels) which is cooled under vacuum to -50degC using a four stage Peltier and liquid heat exchanger. Shuttered lens-coupling is used to image the optical light from a 3 mm thick monolithic CsI(Tl) crystal. Precise clocking for the EMCCD is provided by a National Instruments FPGA controller (PCI-7811R) and LabVIEW FPGA module (version 8.0). A custom built electronics box contains the clock driver circuitry and 16-bit video board for digital conversion of the video signal. Our optical coupling method differs from other EMCCD SPECT systems by using lenses rather than fiber optic bundles for transfer. TC253 characterization tests measured a maximum gain just over 1000times, dark current rate of 0.14 e/p/s, read noise of 18.2 e/p, and spurious charge generation of 4 e/p. A light integration intrinsic resolution of 110 mum FWHM was measured. Light integration images of a line phantom using a single pinhole collimator were used for SPECT reconstruction. We found the relative high spurious charge generation and low quantum efficiency of the TC253 made it incapable of photon counting for low energy sources using lens coupling.
Ginger Compound [6]-Shogaol and Its Cysteine-Conjugated Metabolite (M2) Activate Nrf2 in Colon Epithelial Cells <i>in Vitro</i> and <i>in Vivo</i> (2014)

In this study, we identified Nrf2 as a molecular target of [6]-shogaol (6S), a bioactive compound isolated from ginger, in colon epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Following 6S treatment of HCT-116 cells, the intracellular GSH/GSSG ratio was initially diminished but was then elevated above the basal level. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) correlated inversely with the GSH/GSSG ratio. Further analysis using gene microarray showed that 6S upregulated the expression of Nrf2 target genes (AKR1B10, FTL, GGTLA4, and HMOX1) in HCT-116 cells. Western blotting confirmed upregulation, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 protein followed by Keap1 decrease and upregulation of Nrf2 target genes (AKR1B10, FTL, GGTLA4, HMOX1, and MT1) and glutathione synthesis genes (GCLC and GCLM). Pretreatment of cells with a specific inhibitor of p38 (SB202190), PI3K (LY294002), or MEK1 (PD098059) attenuated these effects of 6S. Using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we found that 6S modified multiple cysteine residues of Keap1 protein. In vivo 6S treatment induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation and significantly upregulated the expression of MT1, HMOX1, and GCLC in the colon of wild-type mice but not Nrf2(-/-) mice. Similar to 6S, a cysteine-conjugated metabolite of 6S (M2), which was previously found to be a carrier of 6S in vitro and in vivo, also activated Nrf2. Our data demonstrated that 6S and its cysteine-conjugated metabolite M2 activate Nrf2 in colon epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo through Keap1-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
Hyaluronan Orchestrates Transforming Growth Factor-β1-dependent Maintenance of Myofibroblast Phenotype (2009)

The differentiation of resident fibroblasts to myofibroblasts is central to wound healing. In the context of organ fibrosis, however, persistence of these myofibroblasts is associated with progressive disease. This study examines mechanisms controlling the maintenance of the myofibroblast phenotype. Myofibroblasts were induced by adding transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) (10 ng/ml) to fibroblasts for 72 h. The phenotype was maintained for up to 120 h following removal of TGF-beta1. Western blot for pSmad2 and -3 demonstrated persistent phosphorylation despite removal of exogenous TGF-beta1. This persistence was because of autocrine synthesis of TGF-beta1, which was inhibited by both anti-TGF-beta1 antibody and the ALK5 inhibitor SB431542. Persistence of phenotype was also associated with increased hyaluronan (HA) generation, synthesis of the hyaladherin TSG6, and HA pericellular coat formation. These were all inhibited by TGF-beta receptor blockade. To further investigate the importance of HA synthesis, 4-methylumbelliferone was used to deplete the cytoplasmic pool of UDP-glucuronic acid, essential for HA chain elongation. This prevented formation of the pericellular HA matrix and decreased expression of alpha-SMA. 4-Methylumbelliferone had no effect, however, on Smad2 and -3 phosphorylation. Similarly inhibition of HAS2 by short interfering RNA prevented phenotypic activation without altering TGF-beta1-dependent Smad phosphorylation, thus suggesting that HA-dependent regulation of cell phenotype was independent of Smad activation. These data suggest that myofibroblasts in areas of fibrosis maintain their own phenotype through autocrine TGF-beta1 action and that extracellular HA matrices are an essential mediator of this. We propose a model in which the formation of the pericellular HA matrix regulates the outcome of Smad-dependent autocrine TGF-beta1-activated signaling, and therefore persistence of the myofibroblast phenotype.
Shallow vs. Deep Sum-Product Networks (2011)

We investigate the representational power of sum-product networks (computation networks analogous to neural networks, but whose individual units compute either products or weighted sums), through a theoretical analysis that compares deep (multiple hidden layers) vs. shallow (one hidden layer) architectures. We prove there exist families of functions that can be represented much more efficiently with a deep network than with a shallow one, i.e. with substantially fewer hidden units. Such results were not available until now, and contribute to motivate recent research involving learning of deep sum-product networks, and more generally motivate research in Deep Learning. 1 Introduction and prior work Many learning algorithms are based on searching a family of functions so as to identify one member of said family which minimizes a training criterion. The choice of this family of functions and how members of that family are parameterized can be a crucial one. Although there is no universally optimal choice of parameterization or family of functions (or “architecture”), as demonstrated by
CX<sub>3</sub>CL1 and CX<sub>3</sub>CR1 Expression in Human Brain Tissue: Noninflammatory Control versus Multiple Sclerosis (2003)

An important role for CX3CL1 in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration has been suggested in recent publications. In this study, we compared the expression of CX3CL1 and its receptor CX3CR1 in human brain tissue derived from control patients without neurological complications and in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Results from this study demonstrate that CX3CL1 is constitutively expressed in human central nervous system (CNS) astrocytes in vivo and under basal conditions in human adult astrocyte cultures. CX3CR1 is expressed on astrocytes and microglial cells both in vivo and in vitro. Chemotaxis assay shows a functional response upon CX3CR1 signaling in microglial cells. Although CX3CL1 expression is upregulated in cultured astrocytes in response to proinflammatory cytokines, no evidence for expression differences of CX3CL1 between control patients and MS patients was found. Our data suggest that CX3CL1 has more general physiological functions, which occur also in the absence of proinflammatory conditions.
Increased gastrointestinal permeability is an early lesion in the spontaneously diabetic BB rat (1999)

The BB rat spontaneously develops autoimmune diabetes. Feeding these animals a hydrolyzed casein diet significantly reduces the incidence of this disease, suggesting that a dietary antigen is involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. In other syndromes associated with luminal antigens, including celiac and Crohn's disease, increased intestinal permeability has been suggested to play an etiological role. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether increased permeability was also present in BB rats before disease development. By measuring gastrointestinal permeability, in animals on a regular or hydrolyzed casein diet, we were able to demonstrate that increased gastric and small intestinal permeability appeared before the development of both insulitis and clinical diabetes. Although hydrolysis of dietary protein significantly reduced the incidence of diabetes, it did not alter the small intestinal permeability abnormality, suggesting that this is an early event. Increased permeability appears to have an early role in the genesis of several immunological diseases and may represent a common event in these diseases.
Pre‐symptomatic increase in urine‐orosomucoid excretion in pre‐eclamptic women (2007)

Pre-eclampsia is associated with a pre-symptomatic increase in the urine excretion of orosomucoid, and orosomucoid excretion precedes that of albumin. Orosomucoid excretion can probably be used as a prognostic tool in combination with other screening methods, and seems to be a more sensitive marker for evolving pre-eclampsia than albumin. Plasma orosomucoid is significantly increased late in pre-eclampsia. Thus, the increased excretion of orosomucoid must primarily originate from altered renal processing of orosomucoid.
Artificial Neural Network Assisted Compact Inductive Distance Sensor (2016)

A material independent compact industrial linear inductive distance sensor is presented. The sensor operates with a gradiometric coil arrangement and pulsed excitation. Depending on the distance and the material quality of the metallic object to be sensed, the transient pre-amplified induced voltage signal may possess various magnitude and time course, which is further complicated by the influence of the constructional parts of the sensor (e.g. shielding). The time dependent transient signal waveforms are evaluated by artificial neural networks in terms of target position, and a compact sensor with sufficiently high update rate has been designed with traditional industrial analog outputs and IO-Link interface.
Direct Effects of Caffeine and Theophylline on p110δ and Other Phosphoinositide 3-Kinases (2002)

We investigated the effects of methylxanthines on enzymatic activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks). We found that caffeine inhibits the in vitro lipid kinase of class I PI3Ks (IC(50) = 75 microm for p110 delta, 400 microm for p110 alpha and p110 beta, and 1 mm for p110 gamma), and theophylline has similar effects (IC(50) = 75 microm for p110 delta, 300 microm for p110 alpha, and 800 microm for p110 beta and p110 gamma) and also inhibits the alpha isoform of class II PI3K (PI3K-C2 alpha) (IC(50) approximately 400 microm). However, four other xanthine derivatives tested (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, 3-propylxanthine, alloxazine, and PD116948 (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine)) were an order of magnitude less effective. Surprisingly the triazoloquinazoline CGS15943 (9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)(1,2,d)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-amine) also selectively inhibits p110 delta (IC(50) < 10 microm). Caffeine and theophylline also inhibit the intrinsic protein kinase activity of the class IA PI3Ks and DNA-dependent protein kinase, although with a much lower potency than that for the lipid kinase (IC(50) approximately 10 mm for p110 alpha, 3 mm for p110 beta, and 10 mm for DNA-dependent protein kinase). In CHO-IR cells and rat soleus muscle, theophylline and caffeine block the ability of insulin to stimulate protein kinase B with IC(50) values similar to those for inhibition of PI3K activity, whereas insulin stimulation of ERK1 or ERK2 was not inhibited at concentrations up to 10 mm. Theophylline and caffeine also blocked insulin stimulation of glucose transport in CHO-IR cells. These results demonstrate that these methylxanthines are direct inhibitors of PI3K lipid kinase activity but are distinctly less effective against serine kinase activity and thus could be of potential use in dissecting these two distinct kinase activities. Theophylline, caffeine, and CGS15943 may be of particular use in dissecting the specific role of the p110 delta lipid kinase. Finally, we conclude that inhibition of PI3K (p110 delta in particular) is likely explain some of the physiological and pharmacological properties of caffeine and theophylline.