gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Estimating the global pagerank of web communities (2006)

Localized search engines are small-scale systems that index a particular community on the web. They offer several benefits over their large-scale counterparts in that they are relatively inexpensive to build, and can provide more precise and complete search capability over their relevant domains. One disadvantage such systems have over large-scale search engines is the lack of global PageRank values. Such information is needed to assess the value of pages in the localized search domain within the context of the web as a whole. In this paper, we present well-motivated algorithms to estimate the global PageRank values of a local domain. The algorithms are all highly scalable in that, given a local domain of size n, they use O(n) resources that include computation time, bandwidth, and storage. We test our methods across a variety of localized domains, including site-specific domains and topic-specific domains. We demonstrate that by crawling as few as n or 2n additional pages, our methods can give excellent global PageRank estimates.
Recovery of Locomotion After Ventral and Ventrolateral Spinal Lesions in the Cat. I. Deficits and Adaptive Mechanisms (1998)

The recovery of treadmill locomotion of eight adult cats, subjected to chronic ventral and ventrolateral spinal lesions at low thoracic levels (T11 or T13), preserving at least one dorsolateral funiculus and the dorsal columns, was documented daily using electromyographic (EMG) and kinematic methods. The data show that all cats eventually recovered quadrupedal voluntary locomotion despite extensive damage to important pathways (such as the reticulospinal and the vestibulospinal) as verified by injection of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) caudal to the site of lesion. Initially (in the early period after the spinal lesion), all the cats suffered from pronounced locomotor and postural deficits, and they could not support their hindquarters or walk with their hindlimbs. Gradually, during the recovery period, they regained quadrupedal walking, although their locomotion was wobbly and inconsistent, and they suffered from poor lateral stability. EMG and kinematic data analyses showed a tendency for an increase in the variability of the step cycle duration but no major changes in the step cycle structure or in the intralimb coupling of the joints. However, the homolateral fore- and hindlimb coupling was highly perturbed in cats with the largest lesions. Although the general alternating pattern of extensor and flexors was maintained, there were various changes in the duration and amplitude of the EMG bursts as well as a lack of amplitude modulation during walking uphill or downhill on the treadmill. In cats with larger lesions, the forelimbs also seem to take a greater propulsive role than usual as revealed by a consistent increase of the activity of the triceps. In cats with smaller lesions, these deficits were transient, but, for the most extensively lesioned cats, they were pronounced and lasted long term postlesion even after reaching a more or less stable locomotor behavior (plateau period). It is concluded that recovery of quadrupedal locomotion is possible even after a massive lesion to ventral and ventrolateral quadrants, severing the vestibulospinal pathway and causing severe, although incomplete, damage to the reticulospinal tract. The quick recovery in the less lesioned cats can be attributed to remaining pathways normally implicated in locomotor function. However, in the most extensively lesioned cats, the long period of recovery and the pronounced deficits during the plateau period may indicate that the compensation, attributed to remaining reticulospinal pathways, is not sufficient and that other pathways in the dorsolateral funiculi, such as the corticospinal, can sustain and adapt, up to a certain extent, the voluntary quadrupedal walking.
Nitrogen control in bacteria (1995)

Nitrogen metabolism in prokaryotes involves the coordinated expression of a large number of enzymes concerned with both utilization of extracellular nitrogen sources and intracellular biosynthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds. The control of this expression is determined by the availability of fixed nitrogen to the cell and is effected by complex regulatory networks involving regulation at both the transcriptional and posttranslational levels. While the most detailed studies to date have been carried out with enteric bacteria, there is a considerable body of evidence to show that the nitrogen regulation (ntr) systems described in the enterics extend to many other genera. Furthermore, as the range of bacteria in which the phenomenon of nitrogen control is examined is being extended, new regulatory mechanisms are also being discovered. In this review, we have attempted to summarize recent research in prokaryotic nitrogen control; to show the ubiquity of the ntr system, at least in gram-negative organisms; and to identify those areas and groups of organisms about which there is much still to learn.
Ontology design patterns in use: lessons learnt from an ontology engineering case (2012)

Abstract. Ontology Design Patterns show promise in enabling simpler, faster, more correct Ontology Engineering by laymen and experts alike. Evaluation of such patterns has typically been performed in experiments set up with artificial scenarios and measured by quantitative metrics and surveys. This paper presents an observational case study of content pattern usage in configuration of an event processing system. Results indicate that while structural characteristics of patterns are of some importance, greater emphasis needs to be put on pattern metadata and the development of pattern catalogue features.
ENHANZE<sup>®</sup> drug delivery technology: a novel approach to subcutaneous administration using recombinant human hyaluronidase PH20 (2019)

ENHANZE<sup>®</sup> drug delivery technology is based on the proprietary recombinant human hyaluronidase PH20 enzyme (rHuPH20; Halozyme Therapeutics, Inc.) that facilitates the subcutaneous (SC) delivery of co-administered therapeutics. rHuPH20 works by degrading the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA), which plays a role in resistance to bulk fluid flow in the SC space, limiting large volume SC drug delivery, dispersion, and absorption. Co-administration of rHuPH20 with partner therapies can overcome administration time and volume barriers associated with existing SC therapeutic formulations, and has been shown to reduce the burden on patients and healthcare providers compared with intravenous formulations. rHuPH20 (as HYLENEX<sup>®</sup> recombinant) is currently FDA-approved for subcutaneous fluid administration for achieving hydration, to increase the dispersion and absorption of other injected drugs, and in subcutaneous urography for improving resorption of radiopaque agents. rHuPH20 is also co-formulated with two anticancer therapies, trastuzumab (i.e. Herceptin<sup>®</sup> SC) and rituximab (i.e. RITUXAN HYCELA<sup>®</sup>/RITUXAN<sup>®</sup> SC/MabThera<sup>®</sup> SC) and dosed sequentially with human immunoglobin to treat primary immunodeficiency (i.e. HyQvia<sup>®</sup>/HYQVIA<sup>®</sup>). This article reviews pharmaceutical properties of rHuPH20, its current applications with approved therapeutics, and the potential for future developments.
Midbrain dopamine system electrophysiological functioning: A review and new hypothesis (1991)

The pathogenesis of a variety of neurological and mental disorders has been attributed to the malfunctioning of central dopaminergic systems. Twenty years of investigation concerning the way that dopamine systems function in the brain has yielded a great deal of information about the control and behavior of these systems. This collection of seemingly disparate facts is reviewed. A hypothesis is then presented that attempts to synthesize from these facts a view of the electrophysiological functioning of midbrain dopamine systems that may be helpful in understanding brain mechanisms underlying the pathology of such disorders as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Poly(ethylene oxide)‐<i>block</i>‐poly(hexyl methacrylate) Copolymers (2003)

Abstract We describe the preparation of amphiphilic diblock copolymers made of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(hexyl methacrylate) (PHMA) synthesized by anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide and subsequent atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of hexyl methacrylate (HMA). The first block, PEO, is prepared by anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide in tetrahydrofuran. End capping is achieved by treatment of living PEO chain ends with 2‐bromoisobutyryl bromide to yield a macroinitiator for ATRP. The second block is added by polymerization of HMA, using the PEO macroinitiator in the presence of dibromobis(triphenylphosphine) nickel(II), NiBr 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 , as the catalyst. Kinetics studies reveal absence of termination consistent with controlled polymerization of HMA. GPC data show low polydispersities of the corresponding diblock copolymers. The microdomain structure of selected PEO‐ block ‐PHMA block copolymers is investigated by small angle X‐ray scattering experiments, revealing behavior expected from known diblock copolymer phase diagrams. SAXS diffractograms of PEO‐ block ‐PHMA diblock copolymers with 16, 44, 68 wt.‐% PEO showing spherical (A), cylindrical (B), and lamellae (C) morphologies, respectively. magnified image SAXS diffractograms of PEO‐ block ‐PHMA diblock copolymers with 16, 44, 68 wt.‐% PEO showing spherical (A), cylindrical (B), and lamellae (C) morphologies, respectively.
AIDS knowledge and attitudes for October and November 1988. Provisional data from the National Health Interview Survey. (1989)

In late 1990 the US Census Bureau interviewed 10331 adults about their knowledge and attitude towards AIDS for the National Health Interview Study. 87% received AIDS information from at least 1 source 30 days before the survey. The sources ranked in order included TV newspapers and magazines radio and health department brochures. 69% with children between 10-17 years old had recently talked about AIDS with their children especially women (p.05). Whites and Blacks were more likely to discuss AIDS with their children than Hispanics (p 50 years old were the least knowledgeable. Those with 12 or more years of schooling knew the most. 79% knew that the term HIV referred to the AIDS virus in this quarter compared to 67% in the 1st quarter in 1990 but Hispanics and those with <12 years of education were the least familiar with it. 95% knew that AIDS can be transmitted by sharing needles with someone HIV positive. Only 18% knew that they cannot get AIDS from sharing eating utensils with someone with AIDS. 68% knew that blood is tested for HIV and 47% believed the blood supply was safe. 26% had had their blood tested for HIV. 56% of these said testing was required due to hospitalization and military service which was higher than earlier quarters in 1990. Only 25% believed condoms protect against AIDS as compared to 33% in the last quarter of 1989. Only 2% were in any of the behavior risk categories.
Pathogen-induced heart rate changes associated with cholinergic nervous system activation (2010)

The autonomic nervous system plays a central role in regulation of host defense and in physiological responses to sepsis, including changes in heart rate and heart rate variability. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory response, whereby infection triggers vagal efferent signals that dampen production of proinflammatory cytokines, would be predicted to result in increased vagal signaling to the heart and increased heart rate variability. In fact, decreased heart rate variability is widely described in humans with sepsis. Our studies elucidate this apparent paradox by showing that mice injected with pathogens demonstrate transient bradyarrhythmias of vagal origin in a background of decreased heart rate variability (HRV). Intraperitoneal injection of a large inoculum of Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria or Candida albicans rapidly induced bradyarrhythmias of sinus and AV nodal block, characteristic of cardiac vagal firing and dramatically increased short-term HRV. These pathogen-induced bradycardias were immediately terminated by atropine, an antagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, demonstrating the role of vagal efferent signaling in this response. Vagal afferent signaling following pathogen injection was demonstrated by intense nuclear c-Fos activity in neurons of the vagal sensory ganglia and brain stem. Surprisingly, pathogen-induced bradycardia demonstrated rapid and prolonged desensitization and did not recur on repeat injection of the same organism 3 h or 3 days after the initial exposure. After recovery from the initial bradycardia, depressed heart rate variability developed in some mice and was correlated with elevated plasma cytokine levels and mortality. Our findings of decreased HRV and transient heart rate decelerations in infected mice are similar to heart rate changes described by our group in preterm neonates with sepsis. Pathogen sensing and signaling via the vagus nerve, and the desensitization of this response, may account for periods of both increased and decreased heart rate variability in sepsis.
The number and function analysis of T cell from mice immunized with MIF gene modified tumor vaccine (2001)

After the mice were immunized with MIF gene-modified FBL3 vaccine, the number of lymphocyte in spleens and lymph nodes increased markedly and the specific CTL activities of splenocytes also increased greatly. FACS analysis showed that the CD3~(+), CD4~(+), CD8~(+) T cells and CD28 positive cells in draining lymph nodes of MIF-FBL3 group mice increased more markedly than that of control groups. When the wild type FBL3 cells were injected into the mice immunized with MIF gene-modified FBL3 vaccine, the growth of tumors were obviously inhibited and the survival rate of the mice was increased.
A Strong Cutting Plane/Branch-and-Bound Algorithm for Node Packing (1992)

We present a strong cutting plane/branch-and-bound algorithm for node packing. The cutting planes are obtained from cliques and lifting odd hole inequalities. Computational results are reported.
Inhibition of Intestinal Bacterial Translocation with Rifaximin Modulates Lamina propria Monocytic Cells Reactivity and Protects against Inflammation in a Rodent Model of Colitis (2002)

Luminal bacterial microflora plays a role in the pathogenesis of TNBS-induced colitis in mice. Rifaximin administration reduces the development of colitis and accelerates healing of established disease by preventing bacterial translocation.
Entrepreneurial Impact: The Role of MIT — An Updated Report (2011)

The ultimate value of this study is to help us understand the economic impact of the entrepreneurial ventures of university graduates. We know that some universities play an important role in many economies through their core education, research and development, and other spillovers. But in order to support economic growth through entrepreneurship, universities must create a culture and programs that make entrepreneurship widely accessible to students. While MIT’s leadership in developing successful entrepreneurs has been evident anecdotally, this study — one of the largest surveys of entrepreneur alumni ever conducted — quantifies the significant impact of MIT’s entrepreneurial ecosystem that supports firm startups. And, while MIT is more unique and unusual in the programs it offers and in its historical culture of entrepreneurship, MIT provides a benchmark by which other institutions can gauge the economic impact of their alumni entrepreneurs. The report also provides numerous examples of programs and practices that might be adopted, intact or modified as needed, by other universities that seek enhanced entrepreneurial development. The Appendix identifies several universities that have carried out surveys of alumni entrepreneurs.
Antiinflammatory activity of two novel derivatives of prednisolone. (1980)

The antiinflammatory activity of two new steroids synthesized by modifying the 17 beta-ketol side chain of prednisolone to the glycolate and glyoxylate methyl esters has been investigated in the carrageenin pedal edema test in rats. The two ester derivatives retained anti-inflammatory potency, nearly equivalent to that of the parent compound, when administered subcutaneously at the site of inflammation. However, the glyoxylate ester, when administered by systemic route, showed a weaker suppression of inflammation. The glycolate ester showed a reverse trend in that it was more effective when it was administered by systemic route than when it was applied topically.
m-Cresol affects the lipid bilayer in membrane models and living neurons (2016)

A preferential interaction of<italic>m</italic>-cresol with high dipole-potential cholesterol/sphingomyelin-enriched lipid domains jeopardizes membrane integrity, explaining the toxicity of<italic>m</italic>-cresol-containing insulin formulations.
Gas transport in out-of-autoclave prepreg laminates (2010)

Out-of-autoclave (OOA) pre-impregnated (prepreg) materials are a prospective alternative to traditional autoclave processing, with the potential to reduce processing costs and build structures without size limitations imposed by the autoclave. Gas transport pathways in prepreg laminates play an important role in the removal of entrapped gases and volatiles during processing. Removal of gases by vacuum evacuation is essential in order to produce composite laminates with low final void content. Gas pathways are of particular importance in OOA prepregs where the maximum applied pressure during processing is 1 atm. In this study, the gas transport of OOA prepreg MTM45-1/CF2426A (epoxy/carbon) laminates is examined. The gas permeability of laminates is carefully measured in the in-plane and through-thickness directions. The study examines the effect of the number of layers, the effect of internal ply terminations, and the effects of heat on laminate gas transport. Supplemental experiments such as laminate compaction, microscopy, and water visualization are conducted to gain additional understanding of laminate gas transport. The study shows that gas transport is strongly directional for the studied prepreg with significantly higher permeability in-plane than in the through-thickness direction. Counter-intuitively, the permeability of MTM45-1/CF2426A is not found to be greater than autoclave prepreg when compared to carbon/epoxy Toray 3900-2 (plain weave). The physical nature of gas transport pathways in MTM45-1/CF2426A prepreg laminates is found to change with processing state. Debulking was found to decrease in-plane gas transport from its as-laid-up permeability. Laminate heating is found to affect laminate gas transport. In-plane permeability decreased with increasing temperature, while through-thickness permeability increased with increasing temperature. Correlations between gas transport and laminate compaction is also evident. During debulking, laminate compaction is found to correlate to decreasing in-plane permeability. Additionally, laminate compaction is found to relate to the quality of edge breathing.
Extracellular matrix deposition in hypertensive hearts. Antifibrotic effects of ramipril (1995)

Hypertension induced in rats by suprarenal banding has a blood pressure elevating effect that is accompanied by the occurrence of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. This phenomenon is already present at 2 weeks after banding and persists up to 1.5 years. The increase in cardiac weight is mostly due to the development of fibrosis, since myocytes are only slightly increased in size. The fibrotic tissue consists mainly of fibronectin and collagen and contains numerous cellular elements. The occurrence of fibrosis can be completely inhibited by the administration of the specific ACE inhibiting drug, ramipril, which indicated that angiotensin II may directly stimulate fibroblasts to produce fibronectin and collagen. The antifibrotic effect of ramipril was also present in a low dosage that did not lower blood pressure, confirming the hypothesis that angiotensin II has a direct effect on connective tissue cells and their ability to produce extracellular matrix proteins. The direct effect of the renin-angiotensin system on the activity of interstitial cells was further proven by molecular biology techniques showing an upregulation of transcription for collagen I and III which is prevented by ACE inhibition.
Power-efficient grating-based scanning optical delay line: time-domain configuration (2004)

A power-efficient, grating-based, time-domain rapid scanning optical delay line (TD-RSOD) suitable for optical coherence tomography (OCT) is presented. The 6 dB power efficiency of this TD-RSOD over conventional double-pass Fourier-domain RSOD (FD-RSOD) provides approximately 4 dB SNR advantage in a typical balanced-detection OCT. The scanning performance of TD-RSOD is comparable to that of FD-RSOD.
Microseismic Event Location by Cross-correlation Migration of Surface Array Data for Permanent Reservoir Monitoring (2009)

We present an application of Schuster’s Interferometric Imaging technique – in essence, a migration of cross-correlated seismic data – to the microseismic location problem. In classical earthquake seismology, events are located by inverting arrival times
On the Efficacy of Correcting for Refractive Effects in Iris Recognition (2007)

In this study, we aim to determine if iris recognition accuracy might be improved by correcting for the refractive effects of the human eye when the optical axes of the eye and camera are misaligned. We undertake this investigation using an anatomically-approximated, three-dimensional model of the human eye and ray-tracing. We generate synthetic iris imagery from different viewing angles using first a simple pattern of concentric rings on the iris for analysis, and then synthetic texture maps on the iris for experimentation. We estimate the distortion from the concentric-ring iris images and use the results to guide the sampling of textured iris images that are distorted by refraction. Using the well-known Gabor filter phase quantization approach, our model-based results indicate that the Hamming distances between iris signatures from different viewing angles can be significantly reduced by accounting for refraction. Over our experimental conditions comprising viewing angles from 0 to 60 degrees, we observe a median reduction in Hamming distance of 27.4% and a maximum reduction of 70.0% when we compensate for refraction. Maximum improvements are observed at viewing angles o/20deg-25deg.