gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plane strain compression of high silicon steel (2006)

A series of plane strain compression tests were conducted at room temperature on a high silicon steel to study the behaviour of this material owing to the similarity of this test with rolling. The tests were performed in a specially designed machine able to control the strain rate profile and the amount of deformation. The material was cast and hot rolled to a thickness of 4 mm from which the experimental samples were machined. Plane strain compression tests were carried out at three constant rates of strain (0·01, 0·1 and 1 s −1 ) up to four levels of equivalent strain (0·15, 0·30, 0·45 and 0·60). 57 Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy analyses indicate that the degree of order of the material decreases with the amount of deformation until a strain of 0·45 is achieved; a further increase in strain augments the order of the material. It is found that the strain rate sensitivity close to yielding is negative, but converts to positive once a stain of ∼0·04 is surpassed. Microstructural analyses of deformed samples show that deformation is by twinning and shear. Electron backscattered diffraction analyses indicate that twinning occurs only at an early stage of deformation within grains with {111} planes parallel to the plane of deformation. Deformation twinning takes place in all grains at later stages of deformation.
Biological consequences of DNA damage introduced in bacteriophage PM2 DNA by hydrogen peroxide-mediated free radial reactions (1996)

In order to study the biological consequences of DNA damage induced by H2O2-mediated free radical reactions, DNA from bacteriophage PM2 was exposed to H2O2, Fe(3+)-citrate and ascorbate either alone or in combination. Induction of DNA lesions was determined as well as the biological activity of the phage DNA. Exposure to H2O2 alone resulted in max. 0.2 single-strand breaks per molecule; in the presence of Fe(3+)-citrate, the yield was approximately 4-fold higher. Under both conditions no double-strand breaks could be detected and the biological activity was not diminished. This indicates that low levels of single-strand breaks as generated by H2O2/Fe(3+)-citrate do not inactivate PM2 DNA. Exposure to ascorbate in the presence Fe(3+)-citrate resulted in extensive induction of single-strand breaks. However, at ascorbate concentration where approximately 3 single-strand breaks per molecule were induced, again no double-strand breaks could be detected and the biological activity of the DNA was not diminished. At 5 mM ascorbate, single-strand breaks were above the detection limit. Under these conditions, 0.02 double-strand breaks were induced and the biological activity was reduced to 50%. The contribution of double-strand breaks to biological inactivation was calculated to be approximately 3%. When PM2 DNA was exposed to H2O2 in the presence of ascorbate/Fe(3+)-citrate, a typical biphasic dose-effect relationship was observed both for the induction of double-strand breaks and biological inactivation, suggesting that one or more reactive species sensitive to H2O2 play a critical role. The .OH scavenger t-butanol appeared to be relatively inefficient in protecting PM2 DNA, which may indicate that other reactive species than .OH are involved. Our data suggest that other reactive species than .OH, such as the ferryl ion, are involved in H2O2-mediated DNA damage induction and biological inactivation.
Vitamin B6 activity in photosynthetic reactions. (1968)

Abstract Pyridoxal 5-phosphate and analogs with an aldehyde in the four position of the pyridine ring support photosynthetic phosphorylation and the reduction of exogenous cytochrome c. The stoichiometry of adenosine triphosphate formed to cytochrome c reduced is near 1 ATP:2 electrons transferred. Active forms of vitamin B6 formed a Schiff base with the buffers commonly employed. Spectral data indicating an oxidation or reduction of pyridoxal 5-phosphate could not be obtained. Data on the polarographic oxidation-reduction potential of pyridoxal 5-phosphate is presented. Several mechanisms are discussed whereby vitamin B6 could act as a reversible redox reagent.
Flavors: Message Passing in the Lisp Machine. (1980)

The object oriented programming style used in the Smalltalk and Actor languages is available in Lisp Machine Lisp, and used by the Lisp Machine software system. It is used to perform generic operations on objects. Part of its implementation is simply a convention in procedure calling style; part is a powerful language feature, called Flavors, for defining abstract objects. This chapter attempts to explain what programming the objects and with message passing means, the various means of implementing these in Lisp Machine Lisp, and when you should use them. It assumes no prior knowledge of any other language.
Localization of group-specific epitopes on the major capsid protein of group A rotavirus (1992)

Chemical cleavage of the VP6 protein of bovine rotavirus showed that VP6-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reacted with the amino acid sequence between glycine 48 and asparagine 107. Furthermore, three synthetic peptides (amino acids 48 to 64, 60 to 75 and 91 to 108) containing part of this sequence and 22 consecutive overlapping heptapeptides corresponding to the region between amino acids 48 and 75 were analysed for their immunoreactivity using group-specific MAbs. The MAbs recognized peptides 48-64 and/or 60-75, and a set of overlapping heptapeptides located between residues 53 (asparagine) and 67 (glycine), which have two short sequences in common: IRNW (residues 56 to 59), recognized by MAb RV-133, and (NW)NFD (residues 58/60 to 62), recognized by MAbs RV-50, -1026 and -443. These results indicate that the sequence between amino acid residues 48 and 75 is present in one of the immunodominant sites of VP6.
The Methods of Herbarium Taxonomy (2005)

Taxonomic knowledge of any group of plants com prises two parts?descriptive and phylogenetic. This duality is embodied in definitions of taxonomy, such as that of Simpson (1961), who defined systematics1 as: scientific study of the kinds and diversity of or ganisms and of any and all relationships among them. Descriptive and phylogenetic studies have dif ferent goals and methods. Descriptive taxonomy is mostly concerned with the delimitation of species and the associated activities of description and nomencla ture. Phylogenetic analysis is mostly concerned with discovering relationships among taxa and the associ ated activity of classification. Phylogenetic study of a group depends, of course, on descriptive knowledge of that group, but the converse is not true. Descriptive taxonomy is the first stage in the taxonomic process, and lays the foundation for all that follows. Because of this, it might be argued that the descriptive stage is the more important one. It is somewhat paradoxical, then, that despite the spectacular advances in phylo genetic analysis over the last 30 years there have been few, if any comparable advances in descriptive meth odology. Indeed, Stevens (2000) considered that gen eral systematic practice at the species level had changed little over the last century. It is remarkable that there has been so little discussion and so few con
Organozinnverbindungen, XXII<sup>1)</sup> Synthesen mit <i>N</i>‐Trialkylstannyl‐keteniminen<sup>2)</sup> (1968)

Abstract N ‐Trialkylstannyl‐ketenimine 1 bilden mit Acylhalogeniden, Benzylhalogeniden oder Halogenen disubstituierte Malodinitrile, mit Säuren oder Alkoholen monosubstituierte Malodinitrile in im allgemeinen guten bis sehr guten Ausbeuten (Tab. 1‐6). Die meisten der dargestellten Verbindungen sind bisher noch nicht beschrieben.
Targeting FLT3 to treat leukemia (2014)

The combination of a FLT3 inhibitor with conventional chemotherapeutic regimens, epigenetic modifiers or inhibitors of FLT3 downstream and collateral effectors has emerged as a promising strategy to improve treatment outcome. The future of a tailored, molecular-based treatment approach for FLT3-mutated AML demands novel clinical trial concepts based on harmonized and aligned research goals between clinical and research centers and industry.
Encapsulation of Hemoglobin in Liposomes (1995)

One strategy to deliver hemoglobin in an oxygen carrying fluid is based on the sequestration of hemoglobin in biocompatible carriers. Much of the current work in this field is focused on the use of liposomes. Liposomes are biodegradable capsules which permit the diffusion of oxygen while encapsulating hemoglobin within an aqueous environment. The encapsulation of hemoglobin in liposomes extends the circulation persistence and alters the biodistribution of free or chemically modified hemoglobin. Numerous animal studies have shown effective oxygen delivery by liposomes with hemoglobin in models of hypovolemia and hemorrhagic shock. The focus of much work to define consequences of encapsulated hemoglobin administration has been on the effects of large-dose liposome application. This work has been directed at discerning the effects of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin on organs of the reticuloendothelial system, particularly the liver and spleen as these are the principal sites of liposome accumulation. A number of transient effects are observed following the administration of clinically relevant doses of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin such as a rise in liver enzymes, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, and complement activation. More recent studies have examined differences in the vasoactivity of encapsulated vs. free hemoglobin. These studies indicate that encapsulation markedly attenuates the vasoactivity of hemoglobins in an isolated aortic ring model. Large-scale manufacturing methods to produce sterile filtered preparations have been developed which increase the opportunities for GMP production and commercial development. This review will touch upon these issues with reference to the historic and recent literature on the safety and efficacy of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin.
Blue light-emitting and hole-transporting amorphous molecular materials based on diarylaminobiphenyl-functionalized bimesitylenes (2008)

The diarylaminobiphenyl-functionalized bimesityls and exhibit amorphous nature, high thermal stability and excellent blue emission in the solid state. They serve as both hole-transporting and emissive materials in OLEDs for blue emission with high external quantum efficiencies.
Multivariate prediction of in-hospital mortality associated with coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group. (1992)

The prediction rule described in this report was developed using regional data, uses only eight variables, has good performance characteristics, and is easily available to clinicians with access to a microcomputer or programmable calculator. This validated multivariate prediction rule would be useful both to calculate the risk of mortality for an individual patient and to contrast observed and expected mortality rates for an institution or a particular clinician.
The Human Obesity Gene Map: The 2004 Update (2005)

This paper presents the eleventh update of the human obesity gene map, which incorporates published results up to the end of October 2004. Evidence from single-gene mutation obesity cases, Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature, transgenic and knockout murine models relevant to obesity, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from animal cross-breeding experiments, association studies with candidate genes, and linkages from genome scans is reviewed. As of October 2004, 173 human obesity cases due to single-gene mutations in 10 different genes have been reported, and 49 loci related to Mendelian syndromes relevant to human obesity have been mapped to a genomic region, and causal genes or strong candidates have been identified for most of these syndromes. There are 166 genes which, when mutated or expressed as transgenes in the mouse, result in phenotypes that affect body weight and adiposity. The number of QTLs reported from animal models currently reaches 221. The number of human obesity QTLs derived from genome scans continues to grow, and we have now 204 QTLs for obesity-related phenotypes from 50 genome-wide scans. A total of 38 genomic regions harbor QTLs replicated among two to four studies. The number of studies reporting associations between DNA sequence variation in specific genes and obesity phenotypes has also increased considerably with 358 findings of positive associations with 113 candidate genes. Among them, 18 genes are supported by at least five positive studies. The obesity gene map shows putative loci on all chromosomes except Y. Overall, >600 genes, markers, and chromosomal regions have been associated or linked with human obesity phenotypes. The electronic version of the map with links to useful publications and genomic and other relevant sites can be found at http://obesitygene.pbrc.edu.
Organick Chemistry Eighth Edition (2012)

1. Sructure and Bonding
2. Polar Covalent Bonds; Acid and Bases
3. Organic Compounds; Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry
4. Organic Compounds: Cycloalkanes and Their Stereochemistry
5. Stereochemistry at Tetrahedral Center
6. An Overview of Organic Reactions
7. Alkenes: Structure and Reactivity
8. Alkenes: Reactions and Syntesis
9. Alkynes: An Introduction to Organic Synthesis
10. Organohalides
Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infects Mast Cells via α1,3-Fucosylated but Not Sialylated Glycans and Inhibits IgE-Mediated Cytokine Production and Histamine Release (2011)

Mast cells are sentinels for infection. Upon exposure to pathogens, they release their stores of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and histamine. Mast cells are also important for the control of certain tick-borne infections. Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular tick-transmitted bacterium that infects neutrophils to cause the emerging disease granulocytic anaplasmosis. A. phagocytophilum adhesion to and infection of neutrophils depend on sialylated and α1,3-fucosylated glycans. We investigated the hypotheses that A. phagocytophilum invades mast cells and inhibits mast cell activation. We demonstrate that A. phagocytophilum binds and/or infects murine bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs), murine peritoneal mast cells, and human skin-derived mast cells. A. phagocytophilum infection of BMMCs depends on α1,3-fucosylated, but not sialylated, glycans. A. phagocytophilum binding to and invasion of BMMCs do not elicit proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Moreover, A. phagocytophilum-infected cells are inhibited in the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-13, and histamine following stimulation with IgE or antigen. Thus, A. phagocytophilum mitigates mast cell activation. These findings potentially represent a novel means by which A. phagocytophilum usurps host defense mechanisms and shed light on the interplay between mast cells and vector-borne bacterial pathogens.
Expression of T cell receptor delta chains in benign and malignant T lineage lymphoproliferations. (1988)

Recent studies in both human and murine systems have demonstrated the existence of a second CD3-associated T cell receptor (the gamma delta-TCR) distinct from the alpha beta heterodimer associated with antigen recognition by classical T cells. Using a monoclonal antibody specific for the delta component of the human gamma delta-TCR, the expression of this antigen in both benign, reactive lymphoid tissues and T lineage lymphomas was studied with immunohistologic techniques. In the normal thymus, TCR-delta+ cells constituted less than 5% of the CD3+ thymocytes and were located primarily in the medulla or juxtamedullary cortex. Within the T zones of 16 histologically varied reactive peripheral lymphoid tissues, including four patients with marked predominantly paracortical hyperplasia, the authors identified from less than 1% to a maximum of 5% TCR-delta+ cells. While these results are consistent with the hypothesis that TCR-gamma delta+ cells comprise a small distinct subpopulation of peripheral T cells in humans, selective localization or recruitment of these cells could not be demonstrated in any of a number of tissues or reactive situations. Among 62 T lineage lymphomas, including 14 CD3+/TCR-beta- cases, only two TCR-delta+ neoplasms were identified, both lymphoblastic lymphomas displaying the CD3+/CD4-/CD8- phenotype known to be associated with normal TCR-gamma delta+ T cells. Because the majority of CD3+/TCR-beta- lymphomas did not display TCR-delta, these results argue against the hypothesis that the high incidence of CD3/TCR-beta discordance noted in T lineage lymphomas represents preferential transformation of the TCR-delta-expressing subset.
Evaluation of immunohistochemical markers in non‐small cell lung cancer by unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis: a tissue microarray study of 284 cases and 18 markers (2004)

This study has investigated a panel of immunomarkers in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis was used to investigate the possibility of identifying different subgroups in NSCLC based on their molecular expression profile rather than morphological features. A tissue microarray consisting of 284 cases of NSCLC was constructed. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the presence of 18 biomarkers including synaptophysin, chromogranin, bombesin, NSE, GFI1, ASH-1, p53, p63, p21, p27, E2F-1, cyclin D1, Bcl-2, TTF-1, CEA, HER2/neu, cytokeratin 5/6, and pancytokeratin. Univariate analysis of all 18 markers for prognostic significance was performed. Immunohistochemical scoring data for NSCLC were analysed by unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted for the different cluster groups of lung tumours identified by this method. Analysis of the three different World Health Organization (WHO) subtypes (adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma) of NSCLC individually showed that different markers were significant in different subtypes. For example, p53 and p63 were significant for squamous cell carcinoma (p = 0.007 and p = 0.03, respectively), whereas cyclin D1 and HER2/neu were significant prognostic markers for adenocarcinoma (p = 0.025 and p = 0.015, respectively). These markers were not significant prognostic predictors for NSCLC as a group. Hierarchical clustering analysis of NSCLC produced four separate cluster groups, although the vast majority of cases were found in two cluster groups, one dominated by squamous cell carcinoma and the other by adenocarcinoma. The clinical outcomes of cases from the four cluster groups were not significantly different. Prognostic indicators vary between different morphological subtypes of NSCLC. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis, based on an extended immunoprofile, identifies two main cluster groups corresponding to adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma; cases of large cell carcinomas are assigned to one of these two groups based on their molecular phenotype.
Solvable Fractal Family, and Its Possible Relation to the Backbone at Percolation (1981)

A nontrivial family of $d$-dimensional scale-invariant fractal lattices is described, on which statistical mechanics and conductivity problems are exactly solvable for every $d$. These fractals are finitely ramified but not quasi one dimensional, and hence can be used to model the important geometrical features of the percolating cluster's backbone. Critical exponents calculated for this model agree with those of "real" systems at low dimensionalities.
Genotypic/phenotypic patterns of HIV-1 integrase resistance to raltegravir (2010)

Two patterns of viral evolution were observed in the resistant viral populations, driving the variants towards a fast (most of them with G140S + Q148H mutations) or progressive increase in resistance to raltegravir. These results may have implications either for the evaluation of genotypic results, or for the correct clinical use of the compound.
Efficient static timing analysis using a unified framework for false paths and multi-cycle paths (2006)

We propose a framework to unify the process of false paths and multi-cycle paths in static timing analysis (STA). We use subgraphs attached with timing constraints to represent false paths and multi-cycle paths. The complexity of the subgraph representation is reduced to improve efficiency. Finally, we present theorems to show that the unified framework produces correct timings. The experimental results demonstrate that the minimization is effective for both artificial and industry test cases.
Membrane protein damage and repair: removal and replacement of inactivated 32-kilodalton polypeptides in chloroplast membranes. (1984)

Incubation of Chlamydomonas reinhardii cells at light levels that are several times more intense than those at which the cells were grown results in a loss of photosystem II function (termed photoinhibition). The loss of activity corresponded to the disappearance from the chloroplast membranes of a lysine-deficient, herbicide-binding protein of 32,000 daltons which is thought to be the apoprotein of the secondary quinone electron acceptor of photosystem II (the QB protein). In vivo recovery from the damage only occurred following de novo synthesis (replacement) of the chloroplast-encoded QB protein. We believe that the turnover of this protein is a normal consequence of its enzymatic function in vivo and is a physiological process that is necessary to maintain the photosynthetic integrity of the thylakoid membrane. Photoinhibition occurs when the rate of inactivation and subsequent removal exceeds the rate of resynthesis of the QB protein.
Game Theory (1987)

‘Interactive Decision Theory’ would perhaps be a more descriptive name for the discipline usually called Game Theory. This discipline concerns the behaviour of decision makers (players) whose decisions affect each other. As in non-interactive (one-person) decision theory, the analysis is from a rational, rather than a psychological or sociological viewpoint. The term ‘Game Theory’ stems from the formal resemblance of interactive decision problems (games) to parlour games such as chess, bridge, poker, monopoly, diplomacy or battleship. The term also underscores the rational, ‘cold’, calculating nature of the analysis.
Stable and Inert Mn(II)-Based and pH-Responsive Contrast Agents (2020)

Smart/intelligent contrast agent candidates for MRI based on Mn(II) ion are rare, as it usually forms labile complexes with polyaminocarboxylate-type ligands. Here, we report the first example of a Mn(II) complex that can be activated by changing the pH of its local environment. The PC2A-EA ligand with an ethylamine pendant arm was found to form a thermodynamically stable (log <i>K</i><sub>MnL</sub> = 19.01, pMn = 9.27) and kinetically inert complex with Mn(II) with respect to <i>trans</i>-chelation with a metal ion such as Cu(II). The [MnH(PCA2-EA)] complex displays a relatively slow water exchange rate ((4.0 ± 0.2) × 10<sup>7</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>), but the pH-dependent coordination of the ethylamine moiety occurs in the pH range of 6-8 (log <i>K</i><sub>MnL</sub><sup>H</sup> = 6.88), enabling the complex to exhibit pH-sensitive relaxivity in the biologically relevant pH range.