gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computational Methods for Shape Restoration of Buried Objects in Compton Backscatter Imaging (1996)

Image restoration techniques are studied for Compton backscatter imaging as applied to identification of a land mine buried in soil. Mathematical methods are developed to restore images, which include artifacts due to photon noise, soil surface irregularity, and vertical motion of the imaging system. The image restoration is formulated as an inverse photon transport problem. The forward photon transport is modeled by using a two-collision response function. The inverse problem then is solved by applying an iterative minimization algorithm, resulting in an estimation of characteristic parameters of objects. Mathematical relations among detector responses are derived by experimentally analyzing the detector response characteristics when there are soil surface irregularity and vertical motion of the imaging system. These are used to remove the artifacts from the images. The method successfully restores the geometrical feature of the object under simulated battlefield imaging conditions.
A high power density 1.75 mm<sup>2</sup> fully integrated closed-loop buck converter with varactor control scheme (2008)

A high power density fully integrated DC-DC power converter is realized with improved quality factor on-chip inductor and high frequency switching. The power converter output voltage change is non-linear with Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) at high frequencies, hence a new control scheme with a varactor to adjust output voltage has been proposed in the paper. Detailed analysis of the design and simulation of a 1.75 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> fully integrated closed-loop buck converter in TSMC 0.25 μm technology is presented. The power converter takes a 3.3 V DC input and switches at 1.0 GHz to produce an output voltage of 1.5 V supplying 45 mW of power, giving a power density figure of 25.71 kW/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The proposed closed-loop DC-DC converter settles in less than 600 ns.
Growth and Self-Assembly of BaCrO<sub>4</sub> and BaSO<sub>4</sub> Nanofibers toward Hierarchical and Repetitive Superstructures by Polymer-Controlled Mineralization Reactions (2002)

Highly ordered funnel-like BaCrO4 superstructures with a complex form and a remarkable self-similar growth pattern as well as very long BaSO4 fiber bundles with repetitive growth patterns can be readily generated by using sodium polyacrylate as a structure directing agent in the mineralization process. The formation of fibers and fiber bundles as well as finer morphological details can be effected by variations of the temperature, pH, and concentration.
Assessment of bilharziasis history in outcome prediction of bladder cancer using a radial basis function neural network (2002)

Investigates the potential value of bilharziasis history in predicting the outcome progress of patients with bladder cancer using a radial basis function (RBF) neural network. The data set is described by eight input features: histology, tumour grade, lymph nodes status, bilharziasis history, stage, DNA ploidy, sex, and age interval. Two outcomes are of interest: recurrence of disease and death within five years of diagnosis. The total number of patients was 321, of whom 83.5% had been confirmed with bilharziasis history. Different feature subsets have been examined to improve the predictive accuracy and to assess the effect of bilharziasis. The highest predictive accuracy is 74.07% from the RBF network. The analysis shows that bilharziasis history is an important prognostic marker in the prediction.
Some Photothermographic Systems (1977)

A number of photothermographic transfer systems have been investigated in which a heat-volatile compontne may be converted into a non-volatile compound by means of a light-induced reaction.The heat-volatile component is coated with an organic light-sensitive compound in a binder on a support. Image-wise exposure of the layer gives a negative image and the residual volatile component is heat transferred onto a receiving sheet containing a colour-forming compound to give a positive image of the original.
[Lectin-enzyme assay as a method of estimation of immunoglobulins' glycosylation]. (2007)

The mechanism of interaction of lectins with IgG molecules by the method of the lectin-enzyme assay has been described that allows to register a degree of human serum IgG molecules' glycosylation (mannosylation in case of lectin of Pisum sativum) in norm and at pathology. To detect an authentic difference in a glycosylation degree between control and pathological IgG, the wells of an ELISA plate were coated with an antibody in concentration of 1 microg/ml. Introducing alpha-D-mannose between the stages of incubation of immunoglobulin and lectin showed, that alpha-D-mannose inhibits the affinity of lectins for IgG. The preliminary incubation of lectin with IgG molecules stabilizes the activity of horseradish peroxidase, which labeled the lectins. Lectin-enzyme assay, in which Fab and Fc fragments of IgG were used, showed that lectin of Pisum sativum possesses a higher affinity for Fab regions. These findings and the glycosylation analysis of paraproteins and Bence-Jones proteins of multiple myeloma patients help to understand the details of interaction of immunoglobulins and lectins.
Modeling supersonic inlet boundary-layer bleed roughness (1993)

Boundary-layer mass removal (bleed) through spanwise bands of holes on a surface is used to prevent or control separation in supersonic inlets. The rough wall algebraic turbulence model of Cebeci and Chang was added to both boundary-layer and Navier-Stokes analyses to simulate the overall effect of bleed on the growth of a boundary layer. Roughness values were determined for seven bleed configurations, a range of Mach numbers between 1.3-4, and bleed rates between zero and choked values. For the bleed experiments considered, the roughness was found to be a function of the fraction of the upstream boundary-layer mass flux removed. Choked bleed flow through holes at a low angle, with respect to the surface, minimized the roughness effect and gave the best improvement in the boundary-layer velocity distribution for separation control. Nomenclature A+ = Van Driest parameter, 26 d ~ bleed hole diameter k = von Karman constant, 0.4 ks = equivalent sand grain roughness Lid — hole aspect ratio / = local turbulent length scale M = Mach number N = number of rows of bleed holes in bleed band P/POO = local static pressure/freestream static pressure R = roughness parameter, in. ulue — ratio of local to freestream velocity within the boundary layer «r = (TJPJ1 u' = local turbulent velocity scale
Distinct Tumour Specificity and IL‐7 Requirements of CD56<sup>−</sup>and CD56<sup>+</sup> Subsets of Human γδ T Cells (2001)

gamma delta T cells are believed to recognize tissue injury caused by infections, tumours, as well as chemical and physical agents. The present study was carried out to study the feasibility of the ex vivo expansion of gamma delta T cells from healthy individuals, and to determine their functional capacity against tumours. We selectively expanded the peripheral gamma delta T cells of five donors against a myeloma cell line, XG-7. Under optimal conditions, the resulting bulk cultures comprised about 82% of the gamma delta T cells, more than 90% of which showed the T-cell receptor (TCR)-V gamma 9 delta 2 rearrangement. These gamma delta T-cell cultures exhibited TCR-gamma delta dependent cytotoxicity against different tumour cell lines including Molt-4, BJAB, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformed lymphoid cell lines (LCL), and the nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines, CNE2 and 915, in addition to the stimulator XG-7. By competitive cytotoxicity assays, the gamma delta T cells demonstrated recognition of at least three distinct target specificities expressed by Molt-4, CNE2 and LCL, respectively, which were related to that expressed by the stimulator XG-7 cells. The recognition of the specificity expressed by XG-7 and Molt-4 was further shown to require the participation of heat shock protein (HSP). The specificity expressed by CNE2 and 915 was preferentially recognized by the CD56 subset of gamma delta T cells, which could be sustained in the presence of interleukin (IL)-7. These results suggested that gamma delta T-cell immunity against tumour cell lines may be acquired in response to other types of tissue injury and, hence, implicates a role for their use in the prevention and treatment of tumours.
Retrospective head motion correction approaches for diffusion tensor imaging: Effects of preprocessing choices on biases and reproducibility of scalar diffusion metrics (2015)

The use of an iteratively averaged b0 image as motion correction reference (as performed by DTIPrep) affects both scalar values and improves test-retest reliability relative to the other tested pipelines. These considerations are potentially relevant for data analysis in longitudinal DTI studies.
Discovery of a New Capsular Serotype (6C) within Serogroup 6 of<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (2007)

Using two monoclonal antibodies, we found subtypes among pneumococcal isolates that are typed as serotype 6A by the quellung reaction. The prevalent subtype bound to both monoclonal antibodies and was labeled here 6Aalpha, whereas the minor subtype bound to only one monoclonal antibody and was labeled 6Abeta. To determine the biochemical nature of the two serologically defined subtypes, we purified capsular polysaccharides (PSs) from the two subtypes and examined their chemical structures with gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The study results for 6Aalpha PS are consistent with the previously published structure of 6A PS, which is -->2) galactose (1-->3) glucose (1-->3) rhamnose (1-->3) ribitol (5-->phosphate. In contrast, the 6Abeta PS study results show that its repeating unit is -->2) glucose 1 (1-->3) glucose 2 (1-->3) rhamnose (1-->3) ribitol (5-->phosphate. We propose to continue referring to 6Aalpha as serotype 6A but to refer to 6Abeta as serotype 6C. Serotype 6C would thus represent the 91st pneumococcal serotype, with 90 pneumococcal serotypes having previously been recognized. This study also demonstrates that a new serotype may exist within an established and well-characterized serogroup or serotype.
Evolution of Hepatitis C Virus Quasispecies in Hypervariable Region 1 and the Putative Interferon Sensitivity-Determining Region during Interferon Therapy and Natural Infection (1998)

To study hepatitis C virus (HCV) genetic mutation during interferon (IFN) therapy, the temporal changes in HCV quasispecies heterogeneity were compared before and after treatment for nine patients infected with HCV genotype 1, including four nonresponders, four responders who relapsed after therapy, and one responder who experienced a breakthrough of viremia during therapy. Nine untreated patients with an average time between specimens of 8.4 years served as controls. Sequences from the second envelope glycoprotein gene hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) and the putative IFN sensitivity-determining region (ISDR) of the nonstructural NS5A gene were analyzed by heteroduplex mobility assays and nucleotide sequencing. A strong positive correlation was found between the percent change in a heteroduplex mobility ratio (HMR) and percent change in nucleotide sequence (r = 0.941, P < 0.001). The rate of fixation of mutations in the HVR1 was significantly higher for IFN-treated patients than for controls (6.97 versus 1.31% change in HMR/year; P = 0.02). Similarly, a higher rate of fixation of mutations was observed in the ISDR for IFN-treated patients than for untreated controls, although the result was not significant (1.45 versus 0.15 amino acid changes/year; P = 0.12). On an individual patient basis, IFN therapy was associated with measurable HVR1 and ISDR mutation in nine of nine (100%) and two of nine (22.2%) patients, respectively. Evolution to IFN-resistant ISDR sequences was observed in only one of nine IFN-treated patients. These data suggest that IFN therapy frequently exerts pressure on the HCV envelope region, while pressure on the ISDR was evident in only a subset of patients. Thus, the selection pressures evoked on HCV genotype 1 quasispecies during IFN therapy appear to differ among different patients.
Colon cancer cells maintain low levels of pyruvate to avoid cell death caused by inhibition of HDAC1/HDAC3 (2008)

Human colon cancer cells and primary colon cancer silence the gene coding for LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)-B and up-regulate the gene coding for LDH-A, resulting in effective conversion of pyruvate into lactate. This is associated with markedly reduced levels of pyruvate in cancer cells compared with non-malignant cells. The silencing of LDH-B in cancer cells occurs via DNA methylation, with involvement of the DNMTs (DNA methyltransferases) DNMT1 and DNMT3b. Colon cancer is also associated with the expression of pyruvate kinase M2, a splice variant with low catalytic activity. We have shown recently that pyruvate is an inhibitor of HDACs (histone deacetylases). Here we show that pyruvate is a specific inhibitor of HDAC1 and HDAC3. Lactate has no effect on any of the HDACs examined. Colon cancer cells exhibit increased HDAC activity compared with non-malignant cells. HDAC1 and HDAC3 are up-regulated in colon cancer cells and in primary colon cancer, and siRNA (small interfering RNA)-mediated silencing of HDAC1 and HDAC3 in colon cancer cells induces apoptosis. Colon cancer cells silence SLC5A8, the gene coding for a Na(+)-coupled pyruvate transporter. Heterologous expression of SLC5A8 in the human colon cancer cell line SW480 leads to inhibition of HDAC activity when cultured in the presence of pyruvate. This process is associated with an increase in intracellular levels of pyruvate, increase in the acetylation status of histone H4, and enhanced cell death. These studies show that cancer cells effectively maintain low levels of pyruvate to prevent inhibition of HDAC1/HDAC3 and thereby to evade cell death.
Development of a Simultaneous Reduction System of NOx and Particulate Matter for Light-Duty Truck (2004)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">We have realized ultra low exhaust emission that meets U-LEV standards in Japan by applying a simultaneous reduction system of NOx and particulate matter (hereinafter referred to as PM) to the diesel engine for light-duty trucks. This system has been introduced to the Japanese market since September 2003.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The basic technologies comprise Diesel Particulate-NOx Reduction system (DPNR), common rail injection system necessary for accurately controlling the catalyst bed temperature and the air to fuel ratio, electrically controlled EGR system, high-efficiency EGR cooler, and the fuel injector installed on the upper stream of catalyst that feeds over-rich fuel-air mixture for NOx reduction with DPNR catalyst and SOx discharging.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">To realize simultaneous reduction of NOx and PM with DPNR, the important issues include the clogging of PM to the filters after continuous driving at low vehicle speed and the sulfur poisoning of the catalyst. In the current development, we have constructed system control measures and verified that it is possible to make forced PM oxidation and SOx discharging under various conditions simulating real world driving.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Another important issue to clear in applying the after-treated system to the light-duty trucks is to retain catalytic durability. In the current development, durability tests were conducted for an extended period of time using 40ppm and 7ppm sulfur fuels. As a result, we have successfully met the U-LEV (75% reduced level from the new short-term regulation) in Japan and the standard value 85% reduced from the new short-term regulation for PM by using 7ppm sulfur fuel.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In order to accomplish further reduction of exhaust emissions in the future for the benefit of a better environment, the availability of ultra-low sulfur fuel is essential.</div>
A Logical and Graphical Operation of a Graph-Based Data Model (2009)

The contents of multimedia data has complex relationships. A data model incorporating the concepts of directed graphs, recursive graphs, and hypergraphs has been proposed for representing the contents of multimedia data. This data model represents an instance with a directed recursive hypergraph called an instance graph. This paper introduces an operation for manipulating instance graphs easily. The operation is rewrite operation. This is a logic-based, and graphical one. The formal definition of this operation is described. This operation is evaluated by comparing with other ones of graph-based data models.
Pulse-time modulated plasma discharge for highly selective, highly anisotropic and charge-free etching (1996)

Highly selective, highly anisotropic, notch-free and charge-build-up damage-free polycrystalline silicon etching is performed by using electron cyclotron resonance plasma modulated at a pulse timing of a few tens of microseconds. A large quantity of negative ions is produced in the afterglow of the pulse-time modulated plasma. The decay times of electron density, electron temperature and sheath potential are considerably reduced, which is attributable to negative ion generation. Furthermore, the pulse-time modulated plasma reduces the time-averaged sheath potential. As a result of these effects, charged particles in the sheath are strongly modified from the continuous discharge, and they should improve selective etching in the pulsed ECR plasma and elimination of charge accumulation on the substrate.
Optical aspheric surface profiler using phase shift interferometry (1991)

The optical aspheric surface profiler was developed. In the profiler a phase shift interferometric technique is used to measure an optical wavefront precisely and modified to be applied for an aspheric wavefront measurement. The profiler makes it easier to measure aspherical surfaces than the profiler using an optical probe or a stylus. The intensity distributions of fringe patterns from a Twyman-Green interferometer are obtained by a linear image sensor while a phase shifter driven by a piezoelectric transducer (PZT) moves. The charge coupled device (CCD) linear image sensor, which has smaller pixels than an area image sensor, detects fine fringe patterns from aspherical surfaces. The fringe data are transmitted into a computer and calculated into the wavefront phase data. In order to analyze the phase data, a non-linear least squares phase fitting method is used to eliminate the effects of the setting error of a tested surface. The profile error from the designed surface, whose parameters are previously saved into the computer, is calculated. The measurement results for the aspherical mirrors were compared to another profiler using a stylus. Finally, the new approach to analyze the phase data is proposed to solve the problem for this profiler and simulated for some data.
Recruitment of histone deacetylases HDAC1 and HDAC2 by the transcriptional repressor ZEB1 downregulates E-cadherin expression in pancreatic cancer (2011)

These findings imply an important role for histone deacetylation in the downregulation of E-cadherin in human pancreatic cancer. Recruitment of HDACs to the CDH1 promoter is regulated by the transcription factor ZEB1, and inhibition of HDACs may be a promising antitumour therapy for pancreatic cancer.
CMOS integrated ciliary actuator array as a general-purpose micromanipulation tool for small objects (1999)

The first micromachined bimorph organic ciliary array with on-chip CMOS circuitry is presented. This ciliary array is composed of an 8/spl times/8 array of cells each having four orthogonally oriented actuators in an overall die size of 9.4/spl times/9.4 mm. The polyimide-based actuators were fabricated directly above the selection and drive circuitry, Selection and activation of actuators in this array shows that integration was successful. The array was programmed to do simple linear and diagonal translations and squeeze-, centering-, and rotating-field manipulations. All three tasks were demonstrated using silicon pieces of various shapes and either 0.55 mm or 0.10 mm thick.
Separation of Selected Basic Pharmaceuticals by Reversed-Phase and Ion-Exchange Chromatography Using Thermally Tuned Tandem Columns (2001)

The separation of basic pharmaceuticals is usually performed on C8 or C18 bonded silica supports. Silanolphilic interactions between basic analytes and surface silanol groups often lead to tailed peaks, poor efficiency, and irreproducible retention times. To solve these problems, many new types of silica-, zirconia-, and polymer-based columns, which provide unique selectivities, improved stability at high pH, or both, have been developed for the analysis of basic compounds. The essence of method development for the chromatographic analysis of basic compounds is to choose a system in which the band spacing can be varied dramatically, quickly, and conveniently while minimizing the tailing due to silanolphilic interactions. The thermally tuned tandem column (T3C) approach has been shown to provide an effective way to adjust stationary-phase selectivity for nonionic compounds. In this study, a tandem combination of an octadecylsilane (ODS) and a polybutadiene-coated zirconia (PBD-ZrO2) phase was used to separate nine antihistamines. Selectivity is tuned by independently adjusting the isothermal temperatures of the two columns. We found dramatic differences in the retention factors, elution sequences, and band spacing for the above set of basic drugs on the two types of columns. The T3C model has been used successfully to locate the optimal temperatures based on only four exploratory runs. The nine antihistamines were baseline separated on the tandem column combination even though they could not be separated on the individual phases. The effect of the buffer concentration on retention of the basic antihistamines was also studied. We conclude that cation-exchange interactions predominate on the PBD-ZrO2 phase, while reversed-phase interactions are more important on the ODS phase. Interestingly, an increase in column temperature causes a significant increase in the retention on the ODS column and a decrease of retention on the PBD-ZrO2 column. This can be explained by the change in the analyte's degree of ionization with temperature. The T3C combination of silica- and zirconia-based RPLC columns is demonstrated to be a powerful approach for the separation of this mixture of basic analytes.
Design of special-purpose VLSI chips (1980)

This paper identifies important steps in the design of a special purpose VLSI chip, and argues that the most crucial step is the design of the underlying algorithm. Because the algorithm determines the degree of parallelism and pipelining that is possible, it largely determines the performance of the chip. Furthermore, if the underlying algorithm has the right properties such as modularity and regularity, then the rest of the design should be routine and thus take little effort. These claims are supported by a concrete example—the design of an efficient pattern matching chip, which has been fabricated for testing.