gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Langmuir Trough Study of Surfactant Mixtures Used in the Production of a New Ultrasound Contrast Agent Consisting of Stabilized Microbubbles (1996)

Span-type surfactants (sorbitan fatty acid esters) and Tween-type surfactants (sorbitan polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters) are employed by us to generate stabilized microbubbles for use in diagnostic ultrasound. After sonication of an aqueous surfactant solution, only some mixtures of Span-type and Tween-type surfactants at certain conditions can form stable microbubbles. This work investigated the stability of the surfactant-stabilized microbubbles by using a Langmuir trough to measure the π−A isotherms of the surfactant monolayer. The experimental results, which agreed with a theoretical analysis of the microbubble stability, indicate that the surfactant-stabilized microbubbles have a solid-condensed monolayer “skin” which functions to reduce the surface tension, prevent coalescence between microbubbles, and increase their aqueous compatibility. The higher surface pressure obtained for the case of a microbubble preparation, compared with that of unsonicated mixtures, indicates that sonication enhances the structure of surfactant monolayer and makes the microbubbles extremely stable.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Cryptophycin/Arenastatin Natural Products (2005)

Microbially derived modular polyketide synthase and nonribosomal peptide synthetase biosynthetic pathways are a rich source of novel natural products. Development of these systems for the engineered biosynthesis of diverse secondary metabolites continues to progress as a robust source of chemical diversity. Recent efforts that employ individual enzymes and catalytic domains for the production or modification of small molecules have met with growing success. In this study, the thioesterase domain from the cryptophycin biosynthetic pathway was isolated and its function evaluated with a series of linear chain elongation intermediates in developing a novel chemoenzymatic synthesis of the cryptophycin/arenastatin class of antitumor agents. The results show the high efficiency of the thioesterase in generating the 16-membered depsipeptide ring of this important natural product system. Moreover, analysis of selected substrates revealed considerable tolerance for structural variation within the seco-cryptophycin unit C beta-alanine residue, but strict structural requirements at the phenyl group position of the unit A delta-hydroxy octadienoate chain elongation intermediates.
Network issues for wireless communications (1995)

This article specifically focuses on wireless personal communications, i.e., wireless access, that provides either terminal or personal mobility. In particular, we discuss some important issues in networking, traffic, and performance. Although within radio and networking aspects there are significant commonalities between traditional cellular mobile communications and wireless personal communications, there exist distinct differences due to radio propagation and fading effects, interference environment, smaller cell sizes, type and pattern of mobility, and call delivery. Indeed, with respect to networking issues, a large set of system choices, characteristics of traffic to be carried, and important parameters have to be considered. These include the problems involved in selecting an appropriate multiaccess technology to efficiently handle the required subscriber service profile across a multiplicity of systems to complete a call. To present a meaningful discussion of these issues, we address in some detail radio resource assignment, mobility management, call control, and traffic aspect, which have significant impact on the network performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Great expectations: can artificial molecular machines deliver on their promise? (2011)

The development and fabrication of mechanical devices powered by artificial molecular machines is one of the contemporary goals of nanoscience. Before this goal can be realized, however, we must learn how to control the coupling/uncoupling to the environment of individual switchable molecules, and also how to integrate these bistable molecules into organized, hierarchical assemblies that can perform significant work on their immediate environment at nano-, micro- and macroscopic levels. In this tutorial review, we seek to draw an all-important distinction between artificial molecular switches which are now ten a penny-or a dime a dozen-in the chemical literature and artificial molecular machines which are few and far between despite the ubiquitous presence of their naturally occurring counterparts in living systems. At the single molecule level, a prevailing perspective as to how machine-like characteristics may be achieved focuses on harnessing, rather than competing with, the ineluctable effects of thermal noise. At the macroscopic level, one of the major challenges inherent to the construction of machine-like assemblies lies in our ability to control the spatial ordering of switchable molecules-e.g., into linear chains and then into muscle-like bundles-and to influence the cross-talk between their switching kinetics. In this regard, situations where all the bistable molecules switch synchronously appear desirable for maximizing mechanical power generated. On the other hand, when the bistable molecules switch "out of phase," the assemblies could develop intricate spatial or spatiotemporal patterns. Assembling and controlling synergistically artificial molecular machines housed in highly interactive and robust architectural domains heralds a game-changer for chemical synthesis and a defining moment for nanofabrication.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis, Magnetic, Electrochemical, and Spectroscopic Properties of Diruthenium(II,II) Tetra‐p‐carboxylates and Their Adducts. (1986)

Abstract The airsensitive complexes (I) have been ′synthesized by refluxing a reduced solution of RuCl 3 in MeOH in the presence of an excess of the appropriate alkali‐metal carboxylate for 18 h. By analogy with the corresponding compounds of Cr or M0 the carboxylato‐compounds (I) may have infinite chain structures.
Branched carboxylic acids from long‐chain unsaturated compounds and carbon monoxide at atmospheric pressure (1960)

Abstract Carbon monoxide at atmospheric pressure adds readily to the double bonds of certain long‐chain unsaturated compounds in concentrated sulfuric acid to produce branehed carboxylic acids. Unsaturated compounds studied were oleic acid, 10‐hendecenoic acid, oleyl alcohol, methyl ricinoleate, and linoleic acid. A major component from the reactions of the last two compounds is the same. Infrared spectrophotometry and gas‐liquid chromatography have been the major tools employed in determining composition and structure of the products in addition to the usual chemical and physical determinations. Both the concentration and quantity of sulfuric acid are critically important variables in determining the yields. Water is an essential reactant also and must be available throughout the reaction. Carbon monoxide has been prepared and utilized in situ by a modification of Koch's (1) method in which the unsaturated compound mixed with formic acid is added to concentrated sulfuric acid or carbon monoxide from a cylinder is passed through sulfuric acid to which the unsaturated compound is added. A method for preparing methyl and butyl esters of carboxyl groups which are difficult to esterify is described. Reaction mechanisms involving intermediate carbonium and oxoearbonium ions are proposed to account for the products.
[Mechanism of the activating effect of detergents and chelating agents on the Na, K-ATPase activity of erythrocyte ghosts]. (1986)

The reasons for differences in the Na,K-ATPase activity in rat erythrocyte ghosts obtained by hypoosmotic hemolysis in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 7.6 in the absence ("Tris-ghosts") and presence ("EDTA-ghosts") were investigated. Structurally different detergents (Triton X-100, Tween-20 and sodium deoxycholate) taken at optimal concentrations increased the enzyme activity in a similar way, i. e., 4-fold in "Tris-ghost" and by 30% in "EDTA-ghosts", the absolute activity of Na,K-ATPase in both preparations being levelled out. In the absence of EDTA, only 50-60% of the maximal enzyme activity could be revealed. Thus, in non-nuclear erythrocyte ghosts the maximal Na,K-ATPase activity can be revealed only upon a combined use of a detergent and chelator. It is concluded that the activating effect of the detergents consisting in the increase of the membrane permeability is realized on the outer surface of the membrane, whereas that of EDTA is localized on its inner surface, which is probably due to the disintegration of the cytoskeleton as a result of attachment of membrane-bound Ca2+.
Intelligent parking assist (2013)

In this paper a new parking guiding and information system is described. The system assists the user to find the most suitable parking space based on his/her preferences and learned behavior. The system takes into account parameters such as driver's parking duration, arrival time, destination, type preference, cost preference, driving time, and walking distance as well as time-varying parking rules and pricing. Moreover, a prediction algorithm is proposed to forecast the parking availability for different parking locations for different times of the day based on the real-time parking information, and previous parking availability/occupancy data. A novel server structure is used to implement the system. Intelligent parking assist system reduces the searching time for parking spots in urban environments, and consequently leads to a reduction in air pollutions and traffic congestion. On-street parking meters, off-street parking garages, as well as free parking spaces are considered in our system.
Spatial reuse in multihop packet radio networks (1987)

Multihop packet radio networks present many challenging problems to the network analyst and designer. The communication channel, which must be shared by all of the network users, is the critical system resource. In order to make efficient use of this shared resource, a variety of channel access protocols to promote organized sharing have been investigated. Sharing can occur in three domains: frequency, time, and space. This paper is mostly concerned with sharing and channel reuse in the spatial domain. A survey of results on approaches to topological design and associated channel access protocols that attempt to optimize system performance by spatial reuse of the communication channel is presented.
Abstract LB-254: <i>PRMT5 is upregulated in malignant and metastatic melanoma, and regulates expression of the MITF transcription factor</i> (2012)

Abstract Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is an enzyme which catalyzes the covalent attachment of methyl groups to arginine residues of various proteins. PRMT5 binds and/or methylates both nuclear (e.g. histones) and cytoplasmic (e.g. p53, CRAF) proteins to regulate cellular functions including gene expression, cell cycle, and apoptosis among others. PRMT5 has been characterized in leukemia, lymphoma, glioma, and breast cancer; however little is known regarding its role in malignant melanoma. We hypothesized that PRMT5 plays a unique role in regulating melanoma cell biology. PRMT5 expression was measured by IHC analysis of formalin-fixed samples from patients with melanoma (n=133 primary; n=66 metastases), benign nevi (n=24), and normal adjacent epidermis (n=21). PRMT5 expression was significantly elevated in melanoma samples compared to normal adjacent epidermis (p&lt;0.001, Fisher's exact test). The nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of PRMT5 was heterogeneous within individual melanoma specimens. PRMT5 was significantly higher in the nucleus, but not the cytoplasm, of malignant tissue compared to metastatic tissue (p=0.0004 vs p=0.6, Wilcoxon rank sum). PRMT5 protein was also significantly elevated in benign melanocytic nevi (compound, junctional, and intradermal) compared to normal adjacent epidermis (p&lt;0.0001), suggesting that elevated PRMT5 may represent an early event in tumorigenesis. Analysis of human melanoma cell lines revealed that PRMT5 expression was predominantly cytoplasmic and its expression did not differ based on B-Raf or N-Ras mutational status. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed PRMT5 associated with its enzymatic co-factor MEP-50, but not cyclin D1 or STAT3, in both bulk cultured or synchronized cells, as has been reported in other cell types. Depletion of PRMT5 with siRNA led to decreased transcript and protein level of MITF-M (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) in human melanoma cell lines with V600E-mutated B-Raf (A375, Hs294T, 1106 MEL, FO1), or wild-type B-Raf (CHL-1, Wm1366). Furthermore, depletion of PRMT5 led to a significant growth inhibition in 1106 MEL, Wm1366, and FO1 cells at 48 and 72 hours post-transfection. These data uncover important differences between the biology of PRMT5 in melanoma cells as compared to other tumor types, and are the first to demonstrate that PRMT5 is a regulator of MITF expression, a key transcription factor regulating melanoma cell biology and cell proliferation. The upregulation of PRMT5 in human melanoma specimens and cell lines further suggests that PRMT5 inhibition deserves exploration as a novel therapeutic strategy for melanoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-254. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-254
Rationale for the potential use of calcitonin in osteoarthritis. (2006)

This review provides evidence that osteoarthritis (OA) or a major subset of OA is not only a disease of cartilage but also a disorder of subchondral bone. This review also discusses the potential efficacy of a bone and cartilage active agent, calcitonin, and discusses how calcitonin might be useful in the pharmaceutical treatment of OA.
Computer-Based Simulations: Overcoming Instructor Misgivings Through Effective Planning (1981)

This article presents suggestions for planning and using computer-assisted simula tions in marketing courses. While professorial time constraints and possible appre hension of computers are recognized, it is argued that introduction of a simulation as a pedagogical device should be considered an investment.
Synthesis, Photophysics, and Electroluminescence of Poly(dibenzofluorene)s (2006)

Abstract Summary: A series of soluble poly(dibenzofluorene) derivatives that contain dibenzo[ a , g ]fluorene, dibenzo[ a , i ]fluorene, and dibenzo[ c , g ]fluorene repeat units in the main chain have been synthesized, characterized, and explored as emissive materials in polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs). These polymers possess higher glass transition temperatures (108–133 °C) than that of poly(2,7‐(9,9‐dialkyl)fluorene) (PFO). The photophysical and electrochemical properties of these polymers are affected by the steric hindrance effect. These polymers emit blue light in dilute solution (378–400 nm) and in the solid state (426–447 nm). As emissive materials in PLEDs, blue electroluminescence with a brightness of up to 3 130 cd · m −2 is obtained from single‐layer diodes of P 2 with aluminum/barium in air. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of these polymers are affected by the size effect. magnified image The photophysical and electrochemical properties of these polymers are affected by the size effect.
Involvement of O<sub>2</sub> radicals in ‘autoimmune’ diabetes (1989)

Spontaneous diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice is a CD4 T cell-dependent process. We have suggested that specific beta cell destruction results from free radical production at the site of islet inflammation; oxygen radicals are produced by activated inflammatory cells. We reported here that in vivo treatment of spontaneously diabetic NOD mice with the enzyme superoxide dismutase (2000 U for seven injections) and catalase (40,000 U for seven injections) protects islet tissue from disease recurrence following transplantation into spontaneously diabetic mice. Similar results were obtained when animals were treated with either enzyme alone. This effect was dose-dependent and little protection was observed when the dose of enzyme was reduced four-fold. These results indicate that oxygen metabolites, specially superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, are directly involved in the pathogenesis of immunology mediated diabetes.
A new early diagnostic marker for inflammatory diseaes—sTREM-1 (2007)

The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 is a recently identified molecule involved in the inflammatory response. It belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and is expressed on the surface of neutrophils, mature monocytes, and macrophages. The engagement of TREM-1 synergizes with the Toll-like receptors signaling pathway in amplifying the inflammatory response mediated by several microbial components. Besides its membranous form, a soluble counterpart of TREM-1 is specifically released during several infectious processes. The measurement of that soluble form in biological fluids may be useful as a early diagnostic marker, especially during pneumonia, bacterial meningitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Cell cycle arrest is not yet senescence, which is not just cell cycle arrest: terminology for TOR-driven aging (2012)

Cell cycle arrest is not yet senescence. When the cell cycle is arrested, an inappropriate growth-promotion converts an arrest into senescence (geroconversion). By inhibiting the growth-promoting mTOR pathway, rapamycin decelerates geroconversion of the arrested cells. And as a striking example, while causing arrest, p53 may decelerate or suppress geroconversion (in some conditions). Here I discuss the meaning of geroconversion and also the terms gerogenes, gerossuppressors, gerosuppressants, gerogenic pathways, gero-promoters, hyperfunction and feedback resistance, regenerative potential, hypertrophy and secondary atrophy, pro-gerogenic and gerogenic cells.
Selection of Polymorphic Peptides from <i>GRA6</i> and <i>GRA7</i> Sequences of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Strains To Be Used in Serotyping (2009)

The evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii isolates obtained from geographical environments other than Europe and North America revealed the existence of atypical strains that are not included in the three archetypal clonal lineages (lineages I, II, and III). GRA6 and GRA7 are polymorphic genes that have been used for the genotyping of Toxoplasma. The coding regions of GRA6 and GRA7 from 49 nonarchetypal strains were sequenced and compared with the sequences of type I, II, and III reference strains. Eighteen and 10 different amino acid sequences were found for GRA6 and GRA7, respectively. The polymorphisms found between the different sequences were analyzed, with the objective of defining peptides to be used for the serotyping of Toxoplasma infections. Two peptides specific for clonal lineages I and III (peptides GRA7I and GRA7III, respectively) were selected from the GRA7 locus. Three peptides specific for some atypical strains (peptides Am6, Af6, and Am7) were selected from both the GRA6 and the GRA7 loci. Serum samples from humans infected with Toxoplasma strains of known genotypes were serotyped with the selected peptides. Peptide GRA7III seems to be a good candidate for the serotyping of infections caused by type III strains. Peptide GRA7I had a very low sensitivity. Peptides Am6 and Af6 had low specificities, since they reacted with serum samples from patients infected with strains belonging to the three archetypal lineages. Although peptide Am7 was specific, it had low sensitivity.
Thermoset Shape‐Memory Polyurethane with Intrinsic Plasticity Enabled by Transcarbamoylation (2016)

Thermoset polymers are known for their superior thermomechanical properties, but the chemical crosslinking typically leads to intractability. This is reflected in the great differences between thermoset and thermoplastic shape-memory polymers; the former exhibit a robust shape memory but are not capable of redefining the permanent shape. Contrary to current knowledge, we reveal here that a classical thermoset shape-memory polyurethane is readily capable of permanent reshaping (plasticity) after a topological network rearrangement that is induced by transcarbamoylation. By employing the Jianzhi technique (also known as kirigami), unexpected shape-shifting versatility was observed for this otherwise classical material. As the essential carbamate moiety in polyurethanes is one of the most common polymer building units, we anticipate that our finding will have significant benefits beyond shape shifting.
An improved secretion signal enhances the secretion of model proteins from Pichia pastoris (2018)

The improved secretion signal confers dramatic benefits for the secretion of certain proteins from P. pastoris. These benefits are likely to be most evident for proteins that can fold in the cytosol and for oligomeric proteins.
Permethrin toxicosis in cats (2008)

A retrospective analysis of all adverse experience reports received by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority's Adverse Experience Reporting Program for veterinary medicines since 1995, showed that permethrin toxicity in cats usually occurred after the owner applied a canine permethrin-containing product, typically a spot-on. Cats are also at risk from grooming or being in direct contact with recently treated dogs. This paper reviews permethrin toxicosis and its treatment in cats, incorporating information from the Australian and selected overseas veterinary pharmacovigilance programs.
THE ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF ANTIBIOTIC XG 1 (1949)

(1), re- ported the existence of an antimicrobial agent in culture filtrates of an organism closely related to Bacillus subtilis, and demonstrated that this sub- stance possesses a remarkable antifungal activity against Trichophyton gypseumn and certain other pathogenic fungi, as well as against certain of the Gram-positive bacteria. During the following year, Lewis and Hopper undertook to investigate methods of producing this antibiotic on a small scale, and succeeded in recovering a sufficient quantity to permit preliminary study of its bio- logical and chemical properties as well as its therapeutic efficacy in fungous infections in man. These early studies of Lewis and his associates suggested that Antibiotic XG may be a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of fungous infections in man.
Positron emission tomography (PET): a new tool in the diagnosis of endocarditis. (2009)

To the editor: In recent years, molecular imaging with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and several other new radiolabelled compounds by positron emission tomography (PET) has made a valuable impact in various clinical arenas, primarily within the field of oncology. However, PET has also made valuable contributions in other areas and a recent article in Heart by Knuuti and Bengel1 highlights the critical …
Systems Analysis of Plant Functional, Transcriptional, Physical Interaction, and Metabolic Networks (2012)

Physiological responses, developmental programs, and cellular functions rely on complex networks of interactions at different levels and scales. Systems biology brings together high-throughput biochemical, genetic, and molecular approaches to generate omics data that can be analyzed and used in mathematical and computational models toward uncovering these networks on a global scale. Various approaches, including transcriptomics, proteomics, interactomics, and metabolomics, have been employed to obtain these data on the cellular, tissue, organ, and whole-plant level. We summarize progress on gene regulatory, cofunction, protein interaction, and metabolic networks. We also illustrate the main approaches that have been used to obtain these networks, with specific examples from Arabidopsis thaliana, and describe the pros and cons of each approach.