gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) Seed Characterization for Biochar Preparation (2015)

Biochar has been increasingly used as a soil amendment, clean energy source and waste\nmanagement tool. It is also promoted as a climate change mitigation tool through carbon\nsequestration in soil. Recently, there is an increasing interest in biochar utilization as a low\ncost adsorbent for organic and non-organic pollutant removal. Biochar can be prepared from\na wide range of organic biomass. Date seed biomass (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is abundantly\navailable but usually discarded as agricultural waste in many countries such as Iraq. The aim\nof this work was to evaluate date seed characteristics by using proximate and ultimate\nelementary analyses for biochar preparation. Results of this study showed that date seed\nbiomass had high volatile content, high bulk density and low ash content suggesting that the\nbiomass can be used as a suitable precursor for biochar preparation. The results revealed that\nthe moisture content of biomass was 8.95% with a bulk density of 0.5 g/ml. The proximate\nanalysis indicated that the biomass had 1.14% ash content, 65% volatile matter and 24.8%\nfixed carbon content on a dry–weight basis. The date seed biomass showed an acidity nature\nof pH of 4.8. The ultimate elementary analysis indicated that the biomass had a carbon\ncontent of 28.3% and nitrogen content of 0.7%. The effects of pyrolysis temperature on mass\nyield, porosity and pH of the biochar were also studied. The biochar was prepared by using\na slow pyrolysis process under different temperatures (350, 450, 550 and 650 oC) for 2 h.\nThe results of the analysis indicated that the biochar properties were strongly affected by the\npyrolysis temperature. The biochar mass yield was inversely proportional to the pyrolysis\ntemperature. The mass yields were 43.3%, 33%, 27% and 22% at temperatures (350, 450,\n550 and 650 oC), respectively. The pH and porosity of the biochar increased with the\npyrolysis temperature. Therefore, the biochar prepared from date seed had a highly porous\nstructure and thus it is expected to a suitable adsorbent for heavy metal ion removal in\nwastewater systems.
Pulmonary collectins in innate immunity of the lung (2007)

Pulmonary collectins, hydrophilic surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A and SP-D), have been implicated in the regulation of pulmonary host defence and inflammation. SP-A and SP-D directly interact with a variety of microorganisms including bacteria and viruses, and attenuate the growth of Gram-negative bacteria, Histoplasma capsulatum and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The collectins are thought to contribute to bacterial clearance. These lectins augment the phagocytosis of the bacteria by macrophages. SP-A serves as an opsonin and stimulates the uptake of bacteria and bacillus Calmette-Guérin through a C1q receptor- and an SP-R210-mediated processes. The collectin also stimulates FcR- and CR1-mediated phagocytosis by activating the macrophages. In addition, SP-A and SP-D directly interact with macrophages and enhance the phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycobacterium by increasing cell surface localization of the phagocytic receptors, scavenger receptor A and mannose receptor. The collectins also modulate pulmonary inflammation. SP-A and SP-D bind to cell surface receptors including Toll-like receptors, SIRPalpha and calreticulin/CD91, and attenuate or enhance inflammation in a microbial ligand-specific manner. In this article we review the immunomodulatory functions of SP-A and SP-D and their possible mechanisms in direct actions on microbes, macrophage phagocytosis and modulation of inflammation.
Performance analysis of beamforming techniques in ad-hoc communication between moving vehicles (2007)

In this paper we have analyzed the performance of adapting beamforming techniques to the Ad-hoc communication between moving vehicles. For the analysis we measured the wireless channel characteristics while moving in high speeds with two vehicles, a transmitter and a receiver. After analyzing the measurement data we found out that the effect of fading can be reduced significantly (9 dB with 99% reliability). Also, the reliable communication range can be increased from not only the beamforming gain but also the gain obtained by reducing the effects of fading. Additionally, in this paper we have analyzed the effects of beamforming to the RMS delay spread using our collected data. Through our analysis we conclude that with beamforming techniques, the adaptive equalizer can be simplified in moving channels.
Tomographic reconstruction based on flexible geometric models (2002)

When dealing with ill-posed inverse problems in data analysis, the Bayesian approach allows one to use prior information to guide the result toward reasonable solutions. In this work the model consists of an object whose amplitude is constant inside a flexible boundary. The flexibility of the boundary is controlled by through a distortion energy. We present an example of reconstruction of the cross section of a blood vessel from just two projections.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Detecting planar homographies in an image pair (2002)

Because of their abundance and simplicity, planes are used in several computer vision tasks. Their simplicity results in that, under perspective projection, the transformation between a world plane and its corresponding image plane is projective linear, or a homography. These relations also hold between perspective views of a plane in different images. This paper proposes an algorithm that detects planar homographies in uncalibrated image pairs. It then demonstrates how this plane identification method can be used as a first step in an image analysis process, when point matching between images is unreliable. The detection is performed using a RANSAC scheme based on the linear computation of the homography matrix elements using four points. Results are shown on real image pairs.
Influence of domain disorder on parametric noise in quasi-phase-matched quantum frequency converters (2010)

Ideal quantum frequency conversion (QFC) devices enable wavelength translation of a quantum state of light while preserving its essential quantum characteristics, namely photon statistics and coherence. However, the generation of noise photons due to spontaneous scattering of the strong classical pump used in the three-wave mixing process can limit QFC fidelity. We experimentally and theoretically characterize the noise properties of a difference-frequency generation device for QFC and find that fabrication errors in the quasi-phase-matching grating enhance generation of noise photons by parametric fluorescence.
Dynamic Fracture in Single Crystal Silicon (1999)

We have measured the velocity of a running crack in brittle single crystal silicon as a function of energy flow to the crack tip. The experiments are designed to permit direct comparison with molecular dynamics simulations; therefore the experiments provide an indirect but sensitive test of interatomic potentials. Performing molecular dynamics simulations of brittle crack motion at the atomic scale we find that experiments and simulations disagree showing that interatomic potentials are not yet well understood.
Investigation of defect levels in Cs2Hg6S7 single crystals by photoconductivity and photoluminescence spectroscopies (2012)

The heavy element semiconductor compound Cs2Hg6S7 is of interest as a potential wide gap semiconductor for gamma ray detection. To determine electrically active defects and their energy levels, photoconductivity (PC) spectroscopy was carried out over the temperature range of 90-295 K. The low temperature spectrum exhibits photoconductive transitions at 1.495, 1.61, 1.66, and 1.68 eV. The optical transitions are tentatively attributed to defects with levels located at energies of 50, 70, 120, and 240 meV from the band edge. A superlinear dependence of photocurrent on illumination intensity is observed that is attributed to a two-center recombination process that involves shallow traps and recombination centers. Near band edge photoluminescence (PL) was observed over the temperature range of 24–80 K. The spectrum revealed three defect related emission bands located at 1.68, 1.66, and 1.62 eV, whose ionization energies are 57 meV, 78 meV, and 115 meV, respectively. From the temperature and excitation dependencies of the observed peak intensities and energies, the radiative recombination mechanisms of the bands were attributed to transitions involving excitons bound to neutral and ionized acceptors. Good agreement of the defect level energies determined by PL and PC were noted, indicating that they were of the same origin. The defects were tentatively attributed to metal vacancies that form shallow acceptor levels.
The Constitutional Duty of Teachers to Protect Students: Employing the "Sufficient Custody" Test (1994)

Custody" TestWe are poignantly aware of the seeming transformation of our public schools from institutions of learning into crucibles of disaffection marred by increasing violence from which anguish and despair are often brought to homes across the nation.'
Safety and Efficacy of Pulmonary Vein Antral Isolation in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2010)

OSA was an independent predictor for PVAI failure. Treatment with CPAP improved PVAI success rates. Patients not treated with CPAP in addition to having higher prevalence of non-PV triggers were 8 times more likely to fail the procedure.
CD203c‐based basophil activation test in allergy diagnosis: Characteristics and differences to CD63 upregulation (2010)

CD203c-based basophil activation test should be performed preferentially within 4 h after taking the blood samples. Priming and degranulation-enhancing factors are not required for CD203c-based BAT. In contrast to skin testing, CD203c-based BAT can be performed in patients undergoing antiallergic treatment. © 2010 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
The use of infrared thermography to assess inflammation associated with hot-iron and freeze branding in cattle (1997)

Infrared thermography was used to compare differences in extent and duration of inflammation observed on hot-iron and freeze brand sites as an indicator of tissue damage and the associated discomfort to the animals. Thirty beef heifers of mixed breed were assigned to either hot-iron (H) or freeze (F) branding treatments according to a predetermined randomized branding order. Ten animals were branded each day over a 3-d period. On the day prior to branding, animals were clipped to expose two patches of skin; one to be used for the branding treatment and the other for a control. Thermographic images of control and treatment sites were made at 0.08 h (5 min) prior to branding, immediately after the brand was completed (0 h), as well as 0.08, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 h after branding. Control site temperatures were subtracted from treatment site temperatures for each individual animal. Both F and H brand sites were consistently warmer (1.9 ± 0.3 and 1.6 ± 0.3 °C, respectively) than their corresponding control sites between 2 and 168 h after branding. Treatment differences were obtained at 0, 0.08, 2, 8, and 144 h after branding (P < 0.001, 0.05, 0.005, 0.001, and 0.01, respectively). Freeze brand sites were warmer at 2 and 8 h after branding while H sites were warmer at 144 h after branding. The thermographic evaluation of hot-iron and freeze brand sites indicated that both methods caused tissue damage. However, H brand sites remained significantly warmer than F sites at 168 h after branding. In addition, H sites were significantly warmer than control sites while F sites were not warmer than control sites at 168 h. The prolonged inflammatory response observed in H animals indicates that more tissue damage and perhaps more discomfort are associated with H branding. Key words: Thermography, branding, cattle, animal welfare, pain.
Sulfenylation of amides (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSulfenylation of amidesPaul G. Gassman and Robert J. BalchunisCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 20, 3236–3240Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00440a007https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00440a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views208Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The effects of chemical gradients and photoresist composition on lithographically generated line edge roughness (2005)

Previous work has demonstrated the dependence of photoresist line edge roughness (LER) on the image-log-slope of the aerial image over a wide range of conditions; however, this relationship does not describe the influence of other factors such as photoresist composition or processing conditions on LER. This work introduces the concept of chemical gradients in the photoresist film rather than gradients in aerial image intensity as being a governing factor in the formation of photoresist LER. This concept is used to explain how differences in acid and base concentration in the photoresist lead directly to differences in observed LER. Numerous photoresist formulations were made over a wide range of compositions using 193 nanometer photoresist polymers as the basis. Experimental results coupled with results from simulation show that increasing the gradient of photoacid and hence increasing the gradient of protected polymer and the overall chemical contrast of the system reduces printed LER.
Update in ventilator-associated pneumonia (2006)

Recent studies have started to illuminate the full magnitude of the impact of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the intensive care unit and suggest potential measures for intervention. Hopefully, additional work will aid in eventual development of effective preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that can reliably improve patient outcomes.
Endolaryngeal Devices for Perioperative Identification and Functional Testing of the Recurrent Nerve (1984)

It has previously been shown that identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerves reduces the risk of injury to the nerves during thyroid surgery. To facilitate identification and to test the conductivity of the recurrent nerves we have used electrical stimulation of the nerves and simultaneous recording of the vocal cord movements with two different endolaryngeal devices. The experience gained with these devices indicates that it is possible to reduce the frequency of injury to the nerves, and the method accelerates the progress of the operation, especially in cancer surgery and repeat operations.
Retrieval of Scholarly Articles with Similar Core Contents (2017)

Retrieval of scholarly articles about a specific research issue is a routine job of researchers to cross-validate the evidence about the issue. Two articles that focus on a research issue should share similar terms in their core contents, including their goals, backgrounds, and conclusions. In this paper, we present a technique CCSE (Core Content Similarity Estimation) that, given an article a, recommends those articles that share similar core content terms with a. CCSE works on titles and abstracts of articles, which are publicly available. It estimates and integrates three kinds of similarity: goal similarity, background similarity, and conclusion similarity. Empirical evaluation shows that CCSE performs significantly better than several state-of-the-art techniques in recommending those biomedical articles that are judged (by domain experts) to be the ones whose core contents focus on the same research issues. CCSE works for those articles that present research background followed by main results and discussion, and hence it may be used to support the identification of the closely related evidence already published in these articles, even when only titles and abstracts of the articles are available.
Tunnels for roads and motorways (1972)

Summary Geology is an important determinant affecting the planning, design and construction of a road tunnel. A road tunnel has to satisfy certain geometrical criteria and the achievement of the best economic route for a tunnel may be a complex operation, where the related geology offers any considerable choice. In this paper examples are given of the principal characteristics of three recent road tunnels in Britain, explaining the degree to which the wide variations in tunnelling cost depends upon the nature of the ground. It has generally been assumed that, where topography so allows, a road may be set underground by cut-and-cover construction at less cost than in a bored tunnel. In ground particularly favourable for economic tunnelling this is no longer necessarily true on direct engineering costs and, in an urban setting, other indirect costs tend to favour the case for a bored tunnel. Reference is made to the pattern of variations of cost with depth below surface for each of these types of tunnel. The site investigations for a tunnel should be designed to determine the properties of the ground relevant to the selection of tunnelling method and the estimation of constructional difficulties. A highly mechanised system of tunnelling is particularly sensitive to geological variation and calls for an appropriate effort to eliminate, within reasonable limits, the risk of encountering an insuperable or disproportionately costly difficulty. The problem of tunnel design relates directly to the competence of the ground. The concept of a competence factor is introduced in this respect. In soft ground, a principal problem is one of the adequacy of immediate support. In somewhat more competent ground, the extent of the need for immediate support depends on the knowledge of the stress/strain characteristics of the ground. For competent rock, the main problem concerns the means for determining the behaviour of the ground en masse. The method of excavation is also a factor affecting the behaviour of the rock around a tunnel. Over the last 15 years or so there has been considerable experience in the use of rock bolts and shotcrete in providing support to the rock as an alternative to more traditional methods. The behaviour of such expedients is discussed in relation to the nature of the rock and of its discontinuities. In soft ground, surface settlement may be important in determining the scheme for an urban tunnel. Settlement is not only largely dependent on the system of tunnelling but also upon the use of special expedients in relation to tunnelling in poor ground.
Tourism and hospitality employment motivation, success perception, job attainment strategies and post-secondary education aspiration among high school students (1993)

Schein (1991) has argued that it is of critical importance to understand and facilitate the process of adaptation in career choice among older teenagers. This study has investigated career choice adaptation among Australian high school students in regard to the tourism and hospitality industry, a context which offers growing potential for employment and careers for many Australian school leavers. Five hundred and ninety-four students enrolled in Years 11 and 12 in five State high schools from the Far North Queensland region were sampled so as to examine work motivation, success perception, job attainment strategies and further education preferences in respect of employment in the tourism and hospitality industry. Many students demonstrated high levels of motivation to attain tourism and hospitality industry employment on leaving school, but were somewhat less confident of attaining such employment. Technical and Further Education (TAFE) training was most highly ranked as the preferred mode of post-secondary school education. It was also found that those students who demonstrated no preparedness to consider post-secondary school education were more likely to opt for a job attainment strategy involving present skill requirements of employers, whereas male students were more likely to opt for a job attainment strategy which focused on good health alone. Further analyses revealed high vocational motivation and high success perception to be associated with a job attainment strategy involving the anticipation of future requirements of employers. Universities were regarded as suitable for providing high academic qualifications, whereas TAFE institutions were regarded as suitable for providing qualifications appropriate to present employer requirements. Finally In-house training was regarded as highly suitable forequippingstudents with skills and training appropriate to anticipated future requirements of employers. This study has delineated clear patterns of adaptation in regard to tourism and hospitality industry career choice perceptions, and has thus provided some basic understanding of the adaptation process in career choice regarding the Australian tourism and hospitality industry, together with some directions for further research in this area. The implications of these findings for students, careers counsellors and for the tourism and hospitality industry are examined.
Minimum molecular architectures for transcription and replication of the influenza virus (2002)

The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of influenza virus is composed of three viral P proteins (PB1, PB2, and PA) and involved in both transcription and replication of the RNA genome. The PB1 subunit plays a key role in both the assembly of three P protein subunits and the catalytic function of RNA polymerization. We have established a simultaneous expression system of three P proteins in various combinations using recombinant baculoviruses, and isolated the PA-PB1-PB2 ternary (3P) complex and two kinds of the binary (2P) complex, PA-PB1 and PB1-PB2. The affinity-purified 3P complex showed all of the catalytic properties characteristic of the transcriptase, including capped RNA-binding, capped RNA cleavage, model viral RNA binding, model viral RNA-directed RNA synthesis, and polyadenylation of newly synthesized RNA. The PB1-PB2 binary complex showed essentially the same catalytic properties as does the 3P complex, whereas the PA-PB1 complex catalyzed de novo initiation of RNA synthesis in the absence of primers. Taken together we propose that the catalytic specificity of PB1 subunit is modulated to the transcriptase by binding PB2 or the replicase by interaction with PA.