gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Regulates Expression of the Anti-lipolytic G-protein-coupled Receptor 81 (GPR81/Gpr81) (2009)

The ligand-inducible nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) plays a key role in the differentiation, maintenance, and function of adipocytes and is the molecular target for the insulin-sensitizing thiazoledinediones (TZDs). Although a number of PPARgamma target genes that may contribute to the reduction of circulating free fatty acids after TZD treatment have been identified, the relevant PPARgamma target genes that may exert the anti-lipolytic effect of TZDs are unknown. Here we identified the anti-lipolytic human G-protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81), GPR109A, and the (human-specific) GPR109B genes as well as the mouse Gpr81 and Gpr109A genes as novel TZD-induced genes in mature adipocytes. GPR81/Gpr81 is a direct PPARgamma target gene, because mRNA expression of GPR81/Gpr81 (and GPR109A/Gpr109A) increased in mature human and murine adipocytes as well as in vivo in epididymal fat pads of mice upon rosiglitazone stimulation, whereas small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of PPARgamma in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes showed a significant decrease in Gpr81 protein expression. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells revealed a conserved PPAR:retinoid X receptor-binding site in the proximal promoter of the Gpr81 gene, which was proven to be functional by electromobility shift assay and reporter assays. Importantly, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Gpr81 partly reversed the inhibitory effect of TZDs on lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The coordinated PPARgamma-mediated regulation of the GPR81/Gpr81 and GPR109A/Gpr109A genes (and GPR109B in humans) presents a novel mechanism by which TZDs may reduce circulating free fatty acid levels and perhaps ameliorate insulin resistance in obese patients.
An<i>IN VITRO</i>Comparison of the Computerized Tomography/CAD-CAM and Direct Bone Impression Techniques for Subperiosteal Implant Model Generation (1998)

Subperiosteal implants are currently fabricated by using the classic two-stage direct bone impression technique or by the use of the one-stage computer tomography/computer-assisted design-computer-assisted manufacture (CT/CAD-CAM) method. This study compares the accuracy of the two techniques by using cadaver maxillae and mandibles as the models for fabrication of casts. Seven cadaver jaw specimens were collected and subjected to direct bone impressions and to CT scans. Those derived from the direct bone impressions were poured in die stone, while the CT scans were sent for fabrication of CAD-CAM-generated casts. On each of the 14 models so produced, a cast grid was fabricated that was designed as a measuring device. The preciseness of fit of each grid was subjected to analyses that presented levels of accuracy. Statistical evaluation of these levels, reduced to numerical indices, revealed that the direct bone techniques resulted in acceptable castings in seven of seven cases, whereas the CAD-CAM method yielded adequate castings in five of seven cases.
Predicting the global spread of H5N1 avian influenza (2006)

The spread of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza into Asia, Europe, and Africa has resulted in enormous impacts on the poultry industry and presents an important threat to human health. The pathways by which the virus has and will spread between countries have been debated extensively, but have yet to be analyzed comprehensively and quantitatively. We integrated data on phylogenetic relationships of virus isolates, migratory bird movements, and trade in poultry and wild birds to determine the pathway for 52 individual introduction events into countries and predict future spread. We show that 9 of 21 of H5N1 introductions to countries in Asia were most likely through poultry, and 3 of 21 were most likely through migrating birds. In contrast, spread to most (20/23) countries in Europe was most likely through migratory birds. Spread in Africa was likely partly by poultry (2/8 introductions) and partly by migrating birds (3/8). Our analyses predict that H5N1 is more likely to be introduced into the Western Hemisphere through infected poultry and into the mainland United States by subsequent movement of migrating birds from neighboring countries, rather than from eastern Siberia. These results highlight the potential synergism between trade and wild animal movement in the emergence and pandemic spread of pathogens and demonstrate the value of predictive models for disease control.
Internet telephony and modem delay (1999)

The vast majority of consumer Internet access is via dialup modems. These modems are a primary source of the delay experienced on voice over IP cells. The author focuses on understanding the causes of delay within analog modems, with the objective of developing recommendations to minimize delay for VoIP applications. First, the relative importance of modem delay is assessed versus other causes of VolP delay (e.g., PC client, IP network), and delay from other access types (e.g., ISDN, cable modems). Second, the characteristics of VoIP data streams are examined as a key determinant of modem delay. Third, the internal operation of modems is examined with respect to delay when transmitting VoIP data streams. Finally, some recommendations and conclusions are presented.
Tumor-Intrinsic PD-L1 Signals Regulate Cell Growth, Pathogenesis, and Autophagy in Ovarian Cancer and Melanoma (2016)

PD-L1 antibodies produce efficacious clinical responses in diverse human cancers, but the basis for their effects remains unclear, leaving a gap in the understanding of how to rationally leverage therapeutic activity. PD-L1 is widely expressed in tumor cells, but its contributions to tumor pathogenicity are incompletely understood. In this study, we evaluated the hypothesis that PD-L1 exerts tumor cell-intrinsic signals that are critical for pathogenesis. Using RNAi methodology, we attenuated PD-L1 in the murine ovarian cell line ID8agg and the melanoma cell line B16 (termed PD-L1<sup>lo</sup> cells), which express basal PD-L1. We observed that PD-L1<sup>lo</sup> cells proliferated more weakly than control cells in vitro As expected, PD-L1<sup>lo</sup> cells formed tumors in immunocompetent mice relatively more slowly, but unexpectedly, they also formed tumors more slowly in immunodeficient NSG mice. RNA sequencing analysis identified a number of genes involved in autophagy and mTOR signaling that were affected by PD-L1 expression. In support of a functional role, PD-L1 attenuation augmented autophagy and blunted the ability of autophagy inhibitors to limit proliferation in vitro and in vivo in NSG mice. PD-L1 attenuation also reduced mTORC1 activity and augmented the antiproliferative effects of the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. PD-L1<sup>lo</sup> cells were also relatively deficient in metastasis to the lung, and we found that anti-PD-L1 administration could block tumor cell growth and metastasis in NSG mice. This therapeutic effect was observed with B16 cells but not ID8agg cells, illustrating tumor- or compartmental-specific effects in the therapeutic setting. Overall, our findings extend understanding of PD-L1 functions, illustrate nonimmune effects of anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy, and suggest broader uses for PD-L1 as a biomarker for assessing cancer therapeutic responses. Cancer Res; 76(23); 6964-74. ©2016 AACR.
<title>Current status of sapphire dome production</title> (1994)

Sapphire is an ideal choice for the transparent dome element in higher speed missile systems because of its high transmission, high strength, and thermal shock resistance. Sapphire domes for various missile systems are being produced but fabrication technology development is required for cost reduction and improved performance. Major costs of dome production are in fabrication. It has been shown that grinding to near-finished size is important to reduce fabrication costs and improve quality of finished domes. With this approach, optical distortion problems related to the anisotropic properties and subsurface damage can be minimized. Subsurface damage has been shown to reduce sapphire's strength. The depth of subsurface damage has been quantified and it has been shown that room temperature strength can be increased with a post-polish heat treatment.
Arsenic removal by ferric chloride (1996)

Source water composition affects removal efficiency. Bench‐scale studies were conducted in model freshwater systems to investigate how various parameters affected arsenic removal during coagulation with ferric chloride and arsenic adsorption onto preformed hydrous ferric oxide. Parameters included arsenic oxidation state and initial concentration, coagulant dosage or adsorbent concentration, pH, and the presence of co‐occurring inorganic solutes. Comparison of coagulation and adsorption experiments and of experimental results with predictions based on surface complexation modeling demonstrated that adsorption is an important (though not the sole) mechanism governing arsenic removal during coagulation. Under comparable conditions, better removal was observed with arsenic(V) [As(V)] than with arsenic(III) [As(III)] in both coagulation and adsorption experiments. Below neutral pH values, As(III) removal–adsorption was significantly decreased in the presence of sulfate, whereas only a slight decrease in As(V) removal–adsorption was observed. At high pH, removal–adsorption of As(V) was increased in the presence of calcium. Removal of As(V) during coagulation with ferric chloride is both more efficient and less sensitive than that of As(III) to variations in source water composition.
Hypochlorous Acid Generated by Neutrophils Inactivates ADAMTS13 (2014)

ADAMTS13 is a plasma metalloproteinase that cleaves large multimeric forms of von Willebrand factor (VWF) to smaller, less adhesive forms. ADAMTS13 activity is reduced in systemic inflammatory syndromes, but the cause is unknown. Here, we examined whether neutrophil-derived oxidants can regulate ADAMTS13 activity. We exposed ADAMTS13 to hypochlorous acid (HOCl), produced by a myeloperoxidase-H2O2-Cl(-) system, and determined its residual proteolytic activity using both a VWF A2 peptide substrate and multimeric plasma VWF. Treatment with 25 nm myeloperoxidase plus 50 μm H2O2 reduced ADAMTS13 activity by >85%. Using mass spectrometry, we demonstrated that Met(249), Met(331), and Met(496) in important functional domains of ADAMTS13 were oxidized to methionine sulfoxide in an HOCl concentration-dependent manner. The loss of enzyme activity correlated with the extent of oxidation of these residues. These Met residues were also oxidized in ADAMTS13 exposed to activated human neutrophils, accompanied by reduced enzyme activity. ADAMTS13 treated with either neutrophil elastase or plasmin was inhibited to a lesser extent, especially in the presence of plasma. These observations suggest that oxidation could be an important mechanism for ADAMTS13 inactivation during inflammation and contribute to the prothrombotic tendency associated with inflammation.
Multi-class texture analysis in colorectal cancer histology (2016)

Automatic recognition of different tissue types in histological images is an essential part in the digital pathology toolbox. Texture analysis is commonly used to address this problem; mainly in the context of estimating the tumour/stroma ratio on histological samples. However, although histological images typically contain more than two tissue types, only few studies have addressed the multi-class problem. For colorectal cancer, one of the most prevalent tumour types, there are in fact no published results on multiclass texture separation. In this paper we present a new dataset of 5,000 histological images of human colorectal cancer including eight different types of tissue. We used this set to assess the classification performance of a wide range of texture descriptors and classifiers. As a result, we found an optimal classification strategy that markedly outperformed traditional methods, improving the state of the art for tumour-stroma separation from 96.9% to 98.6% accuracy and setting a new standard for multiclass tissue separation (87.4% accuracy for eight classes). We make our dataset of histological images publicly available under a Creative Commons license and encourage other researchers to use it as a benchmark for their studies.
Image Synthesis System Using 3D Model-based Coding - Simulates Facial Expressions And Aging (2005)

The Algorithm and the System The model-based coding technique uses some knowledge of facial structure to recognize and to synthesize images. First, fitting algorithm uses a polygonal wireframe model and input source image to obtain a 3D face model. This 3D face model uses rules to obtain synthesized 3D face model. Then, a 2D source image is mapped onto the new synthe- sized 3D face model by texture-mapping of the composite of the image. In this way, a 3D computerized face is created We discuss a new image synthesis system which can gen- erate facial expressions and aging effects on facial images for a personal computer (PC). This system has wide applica- tions in many areas such as simulation in beauty parlors and cosmetic surgery clinics and montage systems for criminal investigation.
Characteristics and Purification of PRR1, an RNA Phage Specific for the Broad Host Range <i>Pseudomonas</i> R1822 Drug Resistance Plasmid (1973)

A new drug resistance plasmid-dependent RNA containing phage resembling coliphage f2 in its particle size and density is described. The phage, PRR1, will only productively infect some R + hosts containing the Pseudomonas drug resistance plasmid R1822. The membrane filter-salt elution patterns, RNase sensitivity, inactivation in low ionic strength solutions, and host range serve to distinguish PRR1 from coliphage f2 and two other Pseudomonas RNA phages, 7s and PP7.
A Total Variation Regularization Based Super-Resolution Reconstruction Algorithm for Digital Video (2007)

Super-resolution (SR) reconstruction technique is capable of producing a high-resolution image from a sequence of low-resolution images. In this paper, we study an efficient SR algorithm for digital video. To effectively deal with the intractable problems in SR video reconstruction, such as inevitable motion estimation errors, noise, blurring, missing regions, and compression artifacts, the total variation (TV) regularization is employed in the reconstruction model. We use the fixed-point iteration method and preconditioning techniques to efficiently solve the associated nonlinear Euler-Lagrange equations of the corresponding variational problem in SR. The proposed algorithm has been tested in several cases of motion and degradation. It is also compared with the Laplacian regularization-based SR algorithm and other TV-based SR algorithms. Experimental results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Clinical validation of a nanodiamond-embedded thermoplastic biomaterial (2017)

Detonation nanodiamonds (NDs) are promising drug delivery and imaging agents due to their uniquely faceted surfaces with diverse chemical groups, electrostatic properties, and biocompatibility. Based on the potential to harness ND properties to clinically address a broad range of disease indications, this work reports the in-human administration of NDs through the development of ND-embedded gutta percha (NDGP), a thermoplastic biomaterial that addresses reinfection and bone loss following root canal therapy (RCT). RCT served as the first clinical indication for NDs since the procedure sites involved nearby circulation, localized administration, and image-guided treatment progress monitoring, which are analogous to many clinical indications. This randomized, single-blind interventional treatment study evaluated NDGP equivalence with unmodified GP. This progress report assessed one control-arm and three treatment-arm patients. At 3-mo and 6-mo follow-up appointments, no adverse events were observed, and lesion healing was confirmed in the NDGP-treated patients. Therefore, this study is a foundation for the continued clinical translation of NDs and other nanomaterials for a broad spectrum of applications.
An Iterative Approach to Source Counting and Localization Using Two Distant Microphones (2016)

We propose a time difference of arrival (TDOA) estimation framework based on time-frequency inter-channel phase difference (IPD) to count and localize multiple acoustic sources in a reverberant environment using two distant microphones. The time-frequency (T-F) processing enables exploitation of the nonstationarity and sparsity of audio signals, increasing robustness to multiple sources and ambient noise. For inter-channel phase difference estimation, we use a cost function, which is equivalent to the generalized cross correlation with phase transform (GCC) algorithm and which is robust to spatial aliasing caused by large inter-microphone distances. To estimate the number of sources, we further propose an iterative contribution removal (ICR) algorithm to count and locate the sources using the peaks of the GCC function. In each iteration, we first use IPD to calculate the GCC function, whose highest peak is detected as the location of a sound source; then we detect the T-F bins that are associated with this source and remove them from the IPD set. The proposed ICR algorithm successfully solves the GCC peak ambiguities between multiple sources and multiple reverberant paths.
Rapid Methods for Extracting Autolysins from <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (1973)

Two procedures are described for the extraction of autolysins from whole cells. One method uses 5 M LiCl at 4 C. The amount of enzyme obtained by this method is six times more than that obtained by autolysis of cell walls and fourteen times more than that obtained by extracting cell walls with LiCl. With the other method, cells are extracted with 2% Triton X-100. This is less efficient than the LiCl method but yields about one-half the amount of enzyme obtained by cell wall autolysis and about the same amount as obtained by extracting cell walls with salt. Both procedures yield autolysin with multiple pH optima. Autolysins can be extracted from several bacterial species by either the LiCl or the detergent method. The data suggest that these techniques have sufficient sensitivity to detect small differences in autolytic activity among mutants and various organisms and are also suitable for large-scale isolation of autolysin for purification and characterization studies.
A four coil exposure system (tetracoil) producing a highly uniform magnetic field (2003)

We propose a magnetic field exposure system (tetracoil) for in vitro and in vivo experiments, composed of two couples of circular coils satisfying a spherical constraint, whose characteristics are chosen in order to maximize the uniformity region of the magnetic field. Analytical calculations and computer simulations show that our system, as compared to the other most largely used magnetic field exposure systems, represents an optimal compromise in terms of field uniformity, accessibility for biological experiments, and ratio between overall dimension and uniformity region.
Non-invasive method of car wheel rim examination (2018)

This paper presents the concept of a non-invasive method to determine the technical state of passenger car wheel rims. The method consists of a series of vibration and dimension measurement on a rim mounted in a diagnostic station. The measurements are taken on four positions of the rim of rotation versus constant excitation point angular position. The wheel rim’s natural frequencies distribution versus time and rotation angle are examined as diagnostic tool of rim fit for use classification from materials fatigue point of view. These characteristics are also inspected to determine the condition of joints of rim elements and to identify the cracks or loss of integrity in the wheel rim structure. The wheel rim dimensions as a series of specific diameters are examined for wheel rim radial run-out and for axial run-out. The proposed method was evaluated for a new and worn out rims. Performed experiments show that the natural frequency values of rim, the damping factor of natural rim vibration and rim diameters course grouped in a spider chart allows an effective visual classification of car rim fit for use.
Escherichia coli ppGpp synthetase II activity requires spoT. (1991)

Escherichia coli has two enzymes catalyzing the synthesis of guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), designated ppGpp synthetase I (PSI = RelA) and II (PSII), whose activities are regulated differently. Until now, the gene for PSII had not been identified. Here, an E. coli relA1 strain that expresses lacZ from an rrnB P1 promoter was used to screen mutants with increased beta-galactosidase activity on 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl beta-D-galactoside indicator plates at 30 degrees C. About 15% of the mutants obtained in this manner had reduced levels of ppGpp at 30 degrees C and no detectable ppGpp at 43 degrees C. These mutants did not form colonies at 42 degrees C on minimal medium plates and had elevated ribosome concentrations and higher growth rates at 30 degrees C. Genetic mapping by phage P1 transduction and complementation analyses showed that the mutations were located in spoT and that they were recessive. Specific inhibition of SpoT-dependent ppGpp degradation activity with picolinic acid showed that two of the mutants tested were deficient in ppGpp synthesis activity. These results indicate that spoT is required for PSII activity, suggesting that spoT encodes both ppGpp degradation and synthesis activities and that these two functions can be affected independently by mutation.
The breast: in-plane x-ray protection during diagnostic thoracic CT--shielding with bismuth radioprotective garments. (1997)

The use of in-plane overlying bismuth radioprotective latex manufactured into form-fitting garments did not affect the diagnostic CT image but reduced the amount of radiation to radiosensitive superficial structures.