gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neural Image Compression via Non-Local Attention Optimization and Improved Context Modeling (2019)

This paper proposes a novel Non-Local Attention optmization and Improved Context modeling-based image compression (NLAIC) algorithm, which is built on top of the deep nerual network (DNN)-based variational auto-encoder (VAE) structure. Our NLAIC 1) embeds non-local network operations as non-linear transforms in the encoders and decoders for both the image and the latent representation probability information (known as hyperprior) to capture both local and global correlations, 2) applies attention mechanism to generate masks that are used to weigh the features, which implicitly adapt bit allocation for feature elements based on their importance, and 3) implements the improved conditional entropy modeling of latent features using joint 3D convolutional neural network (CNN)-based autoregressive contexts and hyperpriors. Towards the practical application, additional enhancements are also introduced to speed up processing (e.g., parallel 3D CNN-based context prediction), reduce memory consumption (e.g., sparse non-local processing) and alleviate the implementation complexity (e.g., unified model for variable rates without re-training). The proposed model outperforms existing methods on Kodak and CLIC datasets with the state-of-the-art compression efficiency reported, including learned and conventional (e.g., BPG, JPEG2000, JPEG) image compression methods, for both PSNR and MS-SSIM distortion metrics.
INFRARED SPECTRUM, MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, AND THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS OF HYDROXYLAMINE (1952)

The absorption spectrum of pure hydroxylamine in the vapor and solid states was measured with a prism instrument in the range 1.5–25 µ. Except in one case the fundamental vibrations were clearly outlined and in some instances, particularly the 1115 cm −1 band, the fine structure was resolved well enough for a significant calculation of the rotational constants. From the latter it was possible to confirm, within fairly close limits, the probable structure of the hydroxylamine molecule, a nearly symmetric top of point group C s . At least two of the bands appeared to be doubled owing, presumably, to existence of a mixture of cis-and trans-forms of the molecule. The O—H and N—H distances have nearly the same value as in water and ammonia respectively and the N—O distance is 1.46 Å.The thermodynamic functions of gaseous hydroxylamine were calculated using the observed fundamental frequencies; some uncertainty accrues from the torsional oscillation. The infrared spectrum of crystalline hydroxylamine hydrochloride was also studied.
<title>Commercial anesthetic-respiratory gas monitor utilizing Raman spectroscopy</title> (1990)

A commercial gas monitor which utilizes Raman Spectroscopy has been developed to monitor anesthetic and respiratory gases in the hospital operating room. The instrument measures all molecular gases administered by the anesthesiologist in real time with fast response of breath waveform. These gases include carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, oxygen, nitrogen and various volatile halogenated organic anesthetics, e.g. halothane, isoflurane, enflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane. The key feature of this instrument which allows it to produce adequate Raman signals with a low cost argon ion laser is measuring these gases inside the laser resonant cavity.
Mass spectrometry (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMass spectrometryMichael. KinterCite this: Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 12, 493–497Publication Date (Print):June 15, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 June 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00108a034https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00108a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views146Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Realization of a fail-safe train wheel sensor using electromagnetic induction (1989)

A wheel detector is described as a method for detecting the approach of a train on a railroad without using any vehicle-mounted devices. Wheels of the train are detected as the change in the magnetic coupling between two coils located on either side of the rail. The coils are placed on one metal plate so that high sensitivity and reliability can be achieved. The wheel detector produces two fail-safe output signals having different characteristics when it fails. One output signal indicates the wheel detection state by the failure of any detector component, while the other indicates the wheel nondetection state by the failure of any detector component. Fail-safe window comparators are used to obtain these characteristics. The two binary output signals are related as mutually negative information and are produced as complementary output signals with double rails. The output signals allow fail-safe logic operations, including logic negations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
SIM external metrology beam launcher (QP) development (2003)

Visible interferometry at µarc-second accuracy requires measurement of the interferometric baseline length and orientation at picometer accuracy. The optical metrology instruments required for these interferometers must achieve accuracy on order of 1 to 10 picometers. This paper discusses the progress in the development of optical interferometers for use in distance measurement gauges with systematic errors below 100 picometers. The design is discussed as well as test methods and test results.
Evolution of Triax Magnetic Flux Leakage Inspection for Mitigation of Spiral Weld Anomalies (2010)

With an overall objective for broad and confident integrity management of the PetroChina Pipeline Company’s pipeline network, we illustrate the impact of a collaborative effort between PetroChina and GE Oil & Gas for the inspection and mitigation of spiral weld anomalies, particularly for new advanced assessments of features oriented along and within the spiral weld. Tool configuration, sensor types and the role of novel data analysis techniques including magnetic vector component measurements, is presented as a set to address a broader variety of spiral weld threats, while ensuring a high level of operational robustness and reliability. This paper describes some of the science behind the art, and describes the fundamentals of MFL magnetics and it’s evolution as an ILI technology into the 21st century for spiral weld anomaly inspection.
Identification of Modified Streptokinase as the Activator of Bovine and Human Plasminogen (1973)

Abstract This paper reports observations made of the events which occur when two apparently enzymatically inactive proteins, streptokinase and plasminogen, interact in the correct ratio to form a complex which is an activator of plasminogen. The unique physical and functional properties of this plasminogen activator complex were demonstrated by: (a) observation of the complex in polyacrylamide gel systems and (b) by its capacity to convert bovine or guinea pig plasminogen to plasmin. When the complex was dissociated on a sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel system, two components having physical properties similar to those of the original inactive components were recovered. However, following dissociation, the component which was similar to plasminogen had plasmin activity, and the component which was similar to streptokinase had bovine plasminogen activator activity. The completeness of the separation of the two components was examined revealing that approximately 1 mole of streptokinase contaminated every 1600 moles of the dissociated plasmin component and 1 mole of plasmin contaminated every 1000 moles of the dissociated streptokinase component. The activator activity of the dissociated streptokinase component decreased less than 10% upon a reduction of the plasmin contaminant by 97%. It was therefore concluded that the dissociated streptokinase component bore the site for bovine plasminogen activator activity. Studies of the dissociated streptokinase component indicated that there was no demonstrable change in molecular weight. From these data and the demonstration that the dissociated streptokinase activated human plasminogen as well as bovine plasminogen, a model describing the mechanism of streptokinase activation of human plasminogen was constructed. In this model streptokinase interacts with the plasmin contaminating human plasminogen to form a modified streptokinase which in turn acts on human plasminogen in a positive feedback.
Compensation against Ineffective Nodulation in Soybean<sup>1</sup> (1983)

Two cultivars of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were inoculated with nine ratios of ineffective (SM‐5) and effective (CC709) strains Rhizobium japonicum . Plants were grown in the greenhouse and harvested after 33 days. Nitrogenase activity, total shoot N, nodule number, nodule mass, and the proportions of nodules formed by each strain were determined. Nodules were identified serologically by the fluorescent antibody technique. Significant increases in total N in the shoot occurred as both the proportion and number of nodules formed by effective strain CC709 increased. Shoot N was highly correlated with nitrogenase activity and nodule mass. The relationship between percent effective nodules and shoot N was nonlinear so that 95% of maximum N accumulation was obtained when only 75% of the nodules (on a nodule number basis) were effective. The average size an effective nodule was at least 2.5 times larger than an ineffective nodule and their average weight increased from 2.38 to 4.88 mg/ nodule as the proportion of effective nodules declined from 100 to 18.8%. The proportion of total nodule tissue that was effective was greater than the corresponding percent effective nodules. This compensatory mechanism tended to keep the amount of effective nodule tissue constant up to a point even though the proportion of effective nodules declined. There was a deleterious effect on N 2 fixation only when infection by the ineffective strain was great enough to reduce total nodule mass.
Conjugated linoleic acids as functional food: an insight into their health benefits (2009)

This review evaluates the health benefits of the functional food, conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) - a heterogeneous group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid predominantly found in milk, milk products, meat and meat products of ruminants. During the past couple of decades, hundreds of reports - principally based on in vitro, microbial, animal, and of late clinical trials on humans - have been accumulating with varying biological activities of CLA isomers. These studies highlight that CLA, apart form the classical nuclear transcription factors-mediated mechanism of action, appear to exhibit a number of inter-dependent molecular signalling pathways accounting for their reported health benefits. Such benefits relate to anti-obesitic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-atherogenic, anti-diabetagenic, immunomodulatory, apoptotic and osteosynthetic effects. On the other hand, negative effects of CLA have been reported such as fatty liver and spleen, induction of colon carcinogenesis and hyperproinsulinaemia. As far as human consumption is concerned, a definite conclusion for CLA safety has not been reached yet. Parameters such as administration of the type of CLA isomer and/or their combination with other polyunsaturated fatty acids, mode of administration (eg., as free fatty acid or its triglyceride form, liquid or solid), daily dose and duration of consumption, gender, age, or ethnic and geographical backgrounds remain to be determined. Yet, it appears from trials so far conducted that CLA are functional food having prevailing beneficial health effects for humans.
Characterization and Quantification of Anthocyanins and Polyphenolics in Blue Honeysuckle (<i>Lonicera caerulea </i>L.) (2004)

Anthocyanins and phenolics of 10 blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) genotypes were characterized and quantified by HPLC-DAD. Peak assignments were confirmed by low-resolution electrospray mass spectrometry. Six anthocyanins were detected with the major peak identified as cyanidin 3-glucoside. Five additional anthocyanins were characterized as cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, peonidin 3-glucoside, and peonidin 3-rutinoside. Four polyphenolics were identified as chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, quercetin 3-rutinoside, and quercetin 3-glucoside. Two additional unidentified phenolics were characterized as flavonol and hydroxycinnamic derivatives based on UV-vis spectra. Hydroxycinnamate levels ranged from 30.4 to 156.2 mg/100 g, whereas the flavonol content ranged from 12.6 to 32.8 mg/100 g. The L. caerulea subspecies boczkarnikovae contained the highest amounts of hydroxycinnamic derivatives and flavonols.
Initiation and elongation steps of mRNA translation are involved in the increase in milk protein yield caused by growth hormone administration during lactation (2009)

The underlying molecular mechanisms that control milk yield and milk protein yield in domestic animals are not completely understood. In this study, the galactopoietic response to exogenous growth hormone (GH) was used as an experimental model to investigate the role of translation initiation and elongation in the regulation of milk protein synthesis in the mammary gland. A slow-release formula of commercially available GH was administered via a single subcutaneous injection to 4 lactating cows (GH group). A further 4 cows were given a single subcutaneous injection of saline (control group). Changes in mRNA transcript level and protein phosphorylation status of key members of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway were assessed in mammary gland tissues of these animals using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. The GH treatment enhanced the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 and increased the protein abundance of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) proteins in the mammary gland of GH-treated animals. These results indicate a link between milk protein synthesis and the regulation of mRNA translation. The GH treatment did not change mRNA abundance of ribosomal protein S6, eIF4E, and eEF2, nor did it change the mRNA (mTOR, eEF2 kinase) or protein abundance of eEF2 kinase. These results demonstrate that GH administration changes mRNA translation initiation and elongation possibly via the mTOR pathway (suggested by the increased levels of ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation), indicating that the mTOR pathway might be a potential control point in the regulation of milk protein synthesis in the mammary gland.
Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. (1993)

These results suggest that elevated serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and decreased serum interleukin-6 levels can be added to the increasing list of systemic immunologic correlates of active OCP, again emphasizing that OCP is a systemic disease whose primary manifestation is ocular.
The Role Of Polarity In The Structure Of Silanes Employed In Surface Modification (2010)

Founded in 1683 in Leiden, the Netherlands, Brill is a leading international academic publisher in the Humanities, Social Sciences, International Law, and Biology. With offices in the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, the USA and Asia, Brill today publishes more than 360 journals and 2,000 new books and reference works each year as well as a large number of databases and primary source research collections.
ChemInform Abstract: A SIMPLE THEORETICAL MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE EFFECTS OF BENZANNULATION AND BISMETHYLENATION ON THE RATES OF FOUR MEMBERED RING OPENING REACTIONS (1979)

Abstract Berechnung des Einflusses der Anellierung und Bis‐methylenierung auf die Aktivierungsenthalpie von Ringöffnungs‐Reaktionen mit Hilfe eines auf der Hückelschen MO‐ Theorie basierenden Modells.
Security against individual attacks for realistic quantum key distribution (2000)

I prove the security of quantum key distribution against individual attacks for realistic signals sources, including weak coherent pulses and down-conversion sources. The proof applies to the Bennett-Brassard 1984 protocol with the standard detection scheme (no strong reference pulse). I obtain a formula for the secure bit rate per time slot of an experimental setup, which can be used to optimize the performance of existing schemes for the considered scenario.
Flavor Release and Perception of Flavored Whey Protein Gels:  Perception Is Determined by Texture Rather than by Release (2002)

Five whey protein gels, with different gel hardnesses and waterholding capacities, were flavored with ethylbutyrate or diacetyl and evaluated by a 10-person panel to study the relation between the gel structure and the sensory perception, as well as the nosespace flavor concentration during eating. The sensory perception of the flavor compounds was measured by the time-intensity method, while simultaneously the nosespace flavor concentration was monitored by the MS-Nose. The nosespace flavor concentration was found to be independent of the gel hardness or waterholding capacity. However, significant changes in flavor intensity between the gels were perceived by the majority of the panelists, despite the fact that the panelists were instructed to focus only on flavor perception and to not take texture into account. From these observations it is concluded that the texture of gels determines perception of flavor intensity rather than the in-nose flavor concentration.
Quantitative Analysis of IgA-Subclass Antibodies Against Tetanus Toxoid (1995)

Sera were analysed for levels of IgA- and IgG-class and IgA-subclass antibodies against tetanus toxoid and synthesized, tetanus-toxoid, beta-chain peptides. Forty-five peptides, deduced from the amino-acid sequence of the tetanus-toxoid beta-chain, were synthesized, in order to analyse epitope-binding of antibodies. Monoclonal, human, anti-tetanus antibodies were used to evaluate the synthesized peptides. Five synthesized peptides, bound by high, medium or low levels of IgA antibodies, were selected for the quantification of IgA1 and IgA2 antibodies. A set of chimeric, IgA-subclass antibodies with NP-specificity were used to quantify the antigen-specific IgA-subclass antibodies in a novel assay. Antibodies against the synthesized peptides were predominantly of IgA1 subclass.
Thermally Degraded Thiamin (1992)

Aqueous solutions of thiamin hydrochloride with different concentrations and differently adjusted pH values were heated in an autoclave for various times. The resulting flavor compounds were obtained by applying the simultaneous distillation/extraction method according to Likens-Nickerson. The flavor concentrate was preseparated by medium-pressure liquid chromatography on silica gel using a pentane-diethyl ether gradient. The different fractions were subsequently analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (HRGC) and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRGC/MS). Various unknown compounds were isolated by preparative capillary gas chromatography from the very complex mixtures in microgramquantities to elucidate their structures by IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry, and to check their olfactory properties. The identified compounds were used to explain the various degradation pathways of thermally treated thiamin. Their occurrence, formation, sensory impression, and spectroscopic data are discussed.
Comparison of endoscopic and surgical explorations for perilymphatic fistulas. (1994)

A history suggestive of perilymphatic fistula (PLF) often prompts repeated tympanostomies to establish a diagnosis and perform a repair. Two patients having multiple previous explorations for perilymphatic fistulas were reoperated, comparing endoscopic and open surgical methods. A third patient with a history consistent with PLF also underwent dual assessment. Endoscopic exploration of the middle ear was performed through a myringotomy and, immediately after, by elevation of a tympanotomy flap. The endoscopic examinations were thorough yet revealed no evidence of perilymphatic fistula; however, the surgical approaches revealed pooling in the oval windows consistent with perilymphatic fistula. These findings were video documented. Recurrent and primary fistulas may be the result of artifact, such as injected anesthetic agents and transudates introduced during surgical explorations, which may interfere with an accurate diagnosis of perilymphatic fistula. Endoscopy of the middle ear is recommended as one method to minimize errors in diagnosis.
A CW external-cavity surface-emitting laser (1996)

Room temperature, continuous wave (CW) operation of an external-cavity, optically-pumped surface-emitting laser is reported. The device is a resonant-periodic gain (RPG) vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with the top mirror stack replaced by an epitaxially grown antireflection (AR) coating. An external mirror having a 50-mm radius of curvature completes the resonator in a near hemispherical configuration. Mode spectra, input-output curves, and polarization properties of the device are presented.
Optimization for β-Mannanase Production of a Psychrophilic Bacterium,<i>Flavobacterium</i>sp. (1998)

We found that a psychrophilic bacterium, Flavobacterium sp., characterized in this study, has a beta-mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78) activity in the culture medium. The mannanase activity was the highest in the culture medium, containing 1.0% (w/v) guar gum (as a carbon source), 0.3% (NH4)2SO4 (as a nitrogen source), and 0.06% (w/v) yeast extract, of five-days cultivation at 4 degrees C. No mannanase activity was found in the medium containing a monosaccharide or a disaccharide as a carbon source, although the psychrophile could use them. The enzyme activity was found only when the bacterium was cultured in the medium containing a polysaccharide. The enzyme preparation showed a single activity band on a washed gel of SDS-PAGE. The optimal temperature for the enzyme activity was 35 degrees C. When the reaction was done at 10 degrees C, the enzyme showed 25% of the optimal activity. The beta-mannanase preparation efficiently hydrolyzed guar gum, locust bean gum, and glucomannan as well as beta-mannan.
Subsurface Texture Mapping (2008)

Designing and rendering translucent material requires a faithful description of its aspects as well as a realistic simulation of its interaction with light. A new method for modeling and rendering complex organic materials made up of multiple layers of variable thickness uses simple texture-mapping principles and a single-scattering computation.