gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Open channel flow (1966)

PrefaceAlthough this book was originally conceived as a text for use by the civilnengineering student in advanced courses either in his senior year or at graduatenlevel, it is also designed to have some appeal to the practicing engineer.Open channel flow, like any topic of engineering interest, is defined andnclassified partly by its possession of certain characteristic applications andnpartly by the principles that are invoked to deal with them. This particularnsubject is so rich in the variety and interest of its practical problems that anyntextbook on the subject is in danger of becoming a mere catalogue of applicationsnand routine techniques devised for dealing with them. But it has to benremembered that mastery of this subject, as of any other, demands a grasp ofbasic principles no less than a facility in routine operations. The practicing nengineer is reminded of this fact whenever he turns from the familiar numericsnof backwater curves and flood-routing procedures to some unusual transitionnproblem whose solution requires a good grasp of fundamentals.The importance of basic principles is recognized in this text in two ways :nfirst, by devoting the opening chapters to a fairly leisurely discussion of introductorynprinciples, including a recapitulation of the underlying argumentsnderived from the parent subject of fluid mechanics; and second, by takingnevery opportunity in the later chapters to refer back to this earlier materialnin order to clarify particular applications as they arise. It is hoped that thenpracticing engineer, as well as the student, will find this kind of treatmentnhelpful, and a compensation for the fact that not every application is pursuednthrough every possible variant that occurs in practice. Further compensationnwill, it is also hoped, be found in the fairly complete system of references andnin the unusually large number of applied topics dealt with.This insistence on the importance of principles does not imply that theynshould be given a status and significance independent of the applications theynpossess. The engineer invokes principles in order to deal with problems thatnarise in practice, and when dealing with these general principles he stillnremains in touch with the physical events which have prompted the need to generalize. This notion has dictated the structure of many chapters in thisnbook, particularly Chapters 2 and 3. In each of these, a typical basic problemnis discussed first; the theory is then developed to solve this problem, and isnfinally generalized to cover other problems as well. n n n n
Angle-insensitive flow measurement using Doppler bandwidth (1998)

The ability to measure the velocity of blood flow independent of the orientation of the blood vessel could aid in evaluation of many disease processes, such as coronary lesions. Conventional ultrasonic Doppler techniques require knowledge of the beam-to-flow angle, and the Doppler effect vanishes when this angle is 90 degrees . By employing a spherically symmetrical range cell and the Doppler bandwidth instead of the Doppler shift, preliminary results show that flow measurement of ideal uniform flow that has a blunt velocity profile can be made without knowledge of tile orientation of the vessel, even when the angle of orientation is around 90 degrees . But when the technique is applied to a real how that has a parabolic velocity profile, the Doppler bandwidth decreases as the beam-to-flow angle increases. Although the Doppler bandwidth is sensitive to the transducer angle in this situation, the error in determining flow velocity might be acceptable if the transducer angle can be estimated to be within a small range. For this method to be regarded as practical for clinical use, however, a consistent relationship between bandwidth and flow velocity must be demonstrated over some set of clinically relevant conditions. The experimental techniques and results for how measurements of both the ideal uniform flow and the real flow are presented in this paper.
The Overlapping Area of Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity (NCGS) and Wheat-Sensitive Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): An Update (2017)

Gluten-related disorders have recently been reclassified with an emerging scientific literature supporting the concept of non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). New research has specifically addressed prevalence, immune mechanisms, the recognition of non-immunoglobulin E (non-IgE) wheat allergy and overlap of NCGS with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-type symptoms. This review article will provide clinicians with an update that directly impacts on the management of a subgroup of their IBS patients whose symptoms are triggered by wheat ingestion.
Study of Translational Control of Eukaryotic Gene Expression Using Yeast (2004)

Eukaryotic cells respond to starvation by decreasing the rate of general protein synthesis while inducing translation of specific mRNAs encoding transcription factors GCN4 (yeast) or ATF4 (humans). Both responses are elicited by phosphorylation of translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2) and the attendant inhibition of its nucleotide exchange factor eIF2B-decreasing the binding to 40S ribosomes of methionyl initiator tRNA in the ternary complex (TC) with eIF2 and GTP. The reduction in TC levels enables scanning ribosomes to bypass the start codons of upstream open reading frames in the GCN4 mRNA leader and initiate translation at the authentic GCN4 start codon. We exploited the fact that GCN4 translation is a sensitive reporter of defects in TC recruitment to identify the catalytic and regulatory subunits of eIF2B. More recently, we implicated the C-terminal domain of eIF1A in 40S-binding of TC in vivo. Interestingly, we found that TC resides in a multifactor complex (MFC) with eIF3, eIF1, and the GTPase-activating protein for eIF2, known as eIF5. Our biochemical and genetic analyses indicate that physical interactions between MFC components enhance TC binding to 40S subunits and are required for wild-type translational control of GCN4. MFC integrity and eIF3 function also contribute to post-assembly steps in the initiation pathway that impact GCN4 expression. Thus, apart from its critical role in the starvation response, GCN4 regulation is a valuable tool for dissecting the contributions of multiple translation factors in the eukaryotic initiation pathway.
Improved safety analysis through enhanced mathematical structures (2002)

In probabilistic safety analyses, the input data and logical combinations of the data can involve considerable subjectivity. It is important that mathematical processing be done in as meaningful a manner as possible, especially for assessing the safety of high consequence operations. We have begun an investigation of some innovative mathematical structures that are potentially useful in such safety analyses, and have developed some practical illustrations of the utility of the approaches. We have addressed active and passive safety systems, independent and dependent inputs, fault trees and event trees, and crisp and distributed logic. Our long-range intent is to provide analysts with a comprehensive selection of mathematically based tools, so that the best match possible is available for a particular system or portions of systems. Some of the mathematical structures investigated are based on various logical norms: ordered weighted averaging, implication operations, gamma operators, sigmoid operators, inference networks, failure "race" comparators, min/max ordinate logic, threshold logic, conditional possibility, and Frechet-based dependence operators.
Analysis of DHHC Acyltransferases Implies Overlapping Substrate Specificity and a Two‐Step Reaction Mechanism (2009)

Asp-His-His-Cys (DHHC) cysteine-rich domain (CRD) acyltransferases are polytopic transmembrane proteins that are found along the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells and mediate palmitoylation of peripheral and integral membrane proteins. Here, we address the in vivo substrate specificity of five of the seven DHHC acyltransferases for peripheral membrane proteins by an overexpression approach. For all analysed DHHC proteins we detect strongly overlapping substrate specificity. In addition, we now show acyltransferase activity for Pfa5. More importantly, the DHHC protein Pfa3 is able to trap several substrates at the vacuole. For Pfa3 and its substrate Vac8, we can distinguish two consecutive steps in the acylation reaction: an initial binding that occurs independently of its central cysteine in the DHHC box, but requires myristoylation of its substrate Vac8, and a DHHC-motif dependent acylation. Our data also suggest that proteins can be palmitoylated on several organelles. Thus, the intracellular distribution of DHHC proteins provides an acyltransferase network, which may promote dynamic membrane association of substrate proteins.
Patient-Specific Early Seizure Detection From Scalp Electroencephalogram (2010)

The objective of this study is to develop a method for automatic detection of seizures before or immediately after clinical onset using features derived from scalp electroencephalogram. This detection method is patient specific. It uses recurrent neural networks and a variety of input features. For each patient, we trained and optimized the detection algorithm for two cases: (1) during the period immediately preceding seizure onset and (2) during the period immediately after seizure onset. Continuous scalp electroencephalogram recordings (duration 15-62 hours, median 25 hours) from 25 patients, including a total of 86 seizures, were used in this study. Preonset detection was successful in 14 of the 25 patients. For these 14 patients, all of the testing seizures were detected before seizure onset with a median preonset time of 51 seconds and false-positive (FP) rate was 0.06/hour. Postonset detection had 100% sensitivity, 0.023/hour FP rate, and median delay of 4 seconds after onset. The unique results of this study relate to preonset detection. Our results suggest that reliable preonset seizure detection may be achievable for a significant subset of patients with epilepsy without use of invasive electrodes.
Mapping a gene (SRN1) to chromosome 1q25-q31 in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome confirms a distinct entity of autosomal recessive nephrosis (1995)

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) in childhood is characterized by massive proteinuria and minimal glomerular changes. Most patients with INS respond to steroid therapy. INS is generally regarded as a sporadic disease with favorable outcome. We investigated a distinct subgroup of nephrosis--the familial form of steroid resistant INS (SRN). These patients always progress to end-stage renal failure within a few years and show absence of recurrence of the disease after renal transplantation. The occurrence of the disorder in siblings and the high incidence of inbreeding in these families made an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance very likely. We performed whole genome linkage analysis in nine multiplex families of European or Northern African origin. Our results allowed us to assign a disease locus (SRN1) to a defined chromosomal region on 1q25-1q31, thus confirming the existence of a distinct entity of autosomal recessive nephrosis. Exclusion of linkage to the entire region in one family proves genetic heterogeneity.
A robust algorithm for detecting speech segments using an entropic contrast (2003)

This paper addresses the issue of automatic word/sentence boundary detection in both quiet and noisy environments. We propose to use an entropy based contrast function between the speech segments and the background noise. A simplified data based scheme of computing the entropy of the speech data is presented. The entropy-based contrast exhibits better-behaved characteristics as compared to the energy-based methods. An adaptive threshold is used to determine the candidate speech segments, which are subjected to word/sentence constraints. Experimental. results show that this algorithm outperforms energy-based algorithms. The improved detection accuracy of speech segments results in at least 25% improvement of recognition performance for isolated speech and more than 16% for connected speech. For continuous speech, a preprocessing stage comprising of the proposed speech segment detection makes the overall HMM based scheme more computationally efficient by rejection of silence periods.
Prevalence of skin lesions in turkeys at slaughter (2013)

1. The aims of this study were (i) to evaluate the prevalence of welfare-related cutaneous lesions in turkeys at the end of the rearing period and (ii) to study the correlations between lesions. 2. The percentage of lesions in each flock was determined by observation at the slaughterhouse. Sixty flocks were investigated in 13 slaughterhouses between April and July 2006. 3. All flocks showed a high proportion of turkeys with footpad lesions, with 40·7% of turkey flocks having severe footpad dermatitis. A significant number of feet had swelling of the footpad and deviated toes (60·0% and 21·4% respectively). Arthritis was observed in 25·4% of the carcases and an average of 30·1% had breast buttons on the keel. 4. Positive correlations were found between evidence of feather pecking and arthritis, toe deviations and swelling of the footpad. Deviated toes, swelling of the feet and feather pecking were negatively linked to the most severe scratches (P < 0·001). 5. A method is proposed to assess turkey welfare at the slaughterhouse based on several criteria: footpad lesions, arthritis, severe scratches, deviated toes, swelling of the footpad and breast buttons.
Assessment of Human Lung Macrophages After Exposure to Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Part I. Cytotoxicity (2011)

Due to the widespread production and use of carbon nanotubes in almost every area of science (i.e., drug delivery, biosensors, fuel cells and thermal management systems), they are receiving considerable attention for their novel mechanical, electrical and chemical properties. At this time of high exposure potential, it is critical to ascertain the biological impact of these materials on likely target organs, tissues and cells, such as those of the lung. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of cytotoxicity to human lung macrophage (U937) cells after exposure to unpurified or acidpurified multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Cells were incubated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and assessed for cytotoxicity, generation of reactive oxygen species, morphological changes and uptake. The results demonstrate that multi-walled carbon nanotubes can accumulate in human lung macrophage cells to different degrees based on their surface chemistry. MWNT-COOH reduces cell viability in a dose-dependent manner under these experimental conditions (5–50 g/ml, 2–24 h). However, images of individual cells demonstrate morphological changes at low concentrations. Therefore, before nanomaterials are fully accepted and integrated into biological systems, they will continue to undergo further scrutiny at various stages of their processing (i.e., before and after purification) and with models ranging from simple to complex (i.e., cells vs. whole animals) to gain a better understanding between their physicochemical properties and bio-effects.
Pairing-friendly elliptic curves with small security loss by Cheon's algorithm. (2006)

Pairing based cryptography is a new public key cryptographic scheme. An elliptic curve suitable for pairing based cryptography is called a “pairing-friendly” elliptic curve. After Mitsunari, Sakai and Kasahara’s traitor tracing scheme and Boneh and Boyen’s short signature scheme, many protocols based on pairing-related problems such as the q-weak Diffie-Hellman problem have been proposed. In Eurocrypt 2006, Cheon proposed a new efficient algorithm to solve pairing-related problems and recently the complexity of Cheon’s algorithm has been improved by Kozaki, Kutsuma and Matsuo. Due to these two works, an influence of Cheon’s algorithm should be considered when we construct a suitable curves for the use of a protocol based on a pairing-related problem. Among known methods for constructing pairing-friendly elliptic curves, ones using cyclotomic polynomials such as the Brezing-Weng method and the Freeman-Scott-Teske method are affected by Cheon’s algorithm. In this paper, we study how to reduce a security loss of a cyclotomic family by Cheon’s algorithm. The proposed method constructs many pairing-friendly elliptic curves with small security loss by Cheon’s algorithm suitable for protocols based on pairing-related problems.
The Role of Neoadjuvant her2-Targeted Therapies in her2-Overexpressing Breast Cancers (2009)

Women receiving neoadjuvant systemic therapy for primary operable or inoperable breast cancer can potentially benefit in a number of ways, but the main advantage, which has been consistently demonstrated, is improved tumour resectability. Given the improvement in outcomes with the adjuvant use of trastuzumab in patients with early-stage breast cancer positive for the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), questions have been raised about the use of trastuzumab in the neoadjuvant setting. The present paper reviews the currently available data and outlines suggestions from a panel of Canadian oncologists about the use of trastuzumab and other HER2-targeted agents in the neoadjuvant setting.The panel focussed on the use of trastuzumab and other HER2-targeted agents as neoadjuvant therapy in primary operable, locally advanced, and inflammatory breast cancer; and possible choices of chemotherapeutic regimens with trastuzumab.The suggestions described here will continue to evolve as data from current and future trials with trastuzumab and other HER2-targeted agents emerge.
A Serum Protein Biomarker Panel Improves Outcome Prediction in Human Traumatic Brain Injury (2019)

Brain-enriched protein biomarkers of tissue fate are being introduced clinically to aid in traumatic brain injury (TBI) management. The aim of this study was to determine how concentrations of six different protein biomarkers, measured in samples collected during the first weeks after TBI, relate to injury severity and outcome. We included neurocritical care TBI patients that were prospectively enrolled from 2007 to 2013, all having one to three blood samples drawn during the first 2 weeks. The biomarkers analyzed were S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1), tau, and neurofilament-light (NF-L). Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) was assessed at 12 months. In total, 172 patients were included. All serum markers were associated with injury severity as classified on computed tomography scans at admission. Almost all biomarkers outperformed other known outcome predictors with higher levels the first 5 days, correlating with unfavorable outcomes, and UCH-L1 (0.260, pseduo-<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>) displaying the best discrimination in univariate analyses. After adjusting for acknowledged TBI outcome predictors, GFAP and NF-L added most independent information to predict favorable/unfavorable GOS, improving the model from 0.38 to 0.51 pseudo-<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>. A correlation matrix indicated substantial covariance, with the strongest correlation between UCH-L1, GFAP, and tau (<i>r</i> = 0.827-0.880). Additionally, the principal component analysis exhibited clustering of UCH-L1 and tau, as well as GFAP, S100B, and NSE, which was separate from NF-L. In summary, a panel of several different protein biomarkers, all associated with injury severity, with different cellular origin and temporal trajectories, improve outcome prediction models.
trans-Vinylboranes from 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane through dehydroborylation (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTtrans-Vinylboranes from 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane through dehydroborylationJuan C. Colberg, Anil Rane, Jaime Vaquer, and John A. SoderquistCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 14, 6065–6071Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00067a023https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00067a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1730Altmetric-Citations65LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Monodisperse Formamidinium Lead Bromide Nanocrystals with Bright and Stable Green Photoluminescence (2016)

Bright green emitters with adjustable photoluminescence (PL) maxima in the range of 530-535 nm and full-width at half-maxima (fwhm) of <25 nm are particularly desirable for applications in television displays and related technologies. Toward this goal, we have developed a facile synthesis of highly monodisperse, cubic-shaped formamidinium lead bromide nanocrystals (FAPbBr<sub>3</sub> NCs) with perovskite crystal structure, tunable PL in the range of 470-540 nm by adjusting the nanocrystal size (5-12 nm), high quantum yield (QY) of up to 85% and PL fwhm of <22 nm. High QYs are also retained in films of FAPbBr<sub>3</sub> NCs. In addition, these films exhibit low thresholds of 14 ± 2 μJ cm<sup>-2</sup> for amplified spontaneous emission.
Loss of high‐affinity thrombin receptors during platelet concentrate storage impairs the reactivity of platelets to thrombin (1997)

The loss of the GPIb alpha-located high-affinity thrombin-binding site may impair the ability of platelets to become activated by thrombin as storage time increases.
RESEARCHES ON PYRIMIDINES. CXXIII. THE REARRANGEMENT OF 2,6-DIMETHOXY-4-CHLOROPYRIMIDINE AND 2,4,6-TRIMETHOXYPYRIMIDINE IN THE PRESENCE OF METHYL IODIDE<sup>1</sup> (1932)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRESEARCHES ON PYRIMIDINES. CXXIII. THE REARRANGEMENT OF 2,6-DIMETHOXY-4-CHLOROPYRIMIDINE AND 2,4,6-TRIMETHOXYPYRIMIDINE IN THE PRESENCE OF METHYL IODIDE1Harry J. Fisher and Treat B. JohnsonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1932, 54, 2, 727–733Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1932Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1932https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01341a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01341a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views150Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts