gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Towards a Detailed Understanding of Bacterial Metabolism—Spectroscopic Characterization of <i>Staphylococcus Epidermidis</i> (2006)

Bacteria are a major cause of infection. To fight disease and growing resistance, research interest is focused on understanding bacterial metabolism. For a detailed evaluation of the involved mechanisms, a precise knowledge of the molecular composition of the bacteria is required. In this article, various vibrational spectroscopic techniques are applied to comprehensively characterize, on a molecular level, bacteria of the strain Staphylococcus epidermidis, an opportunistic pathogen which has evolved to become a major cause of nosocomial infections. IR absorption spectroscopy reflects the overall chemical composition of the cells, with major focus on the protein vibrations. Smaller sample volumes-down to a single cell-are sufficient to probe the overall chemical composition by means of micro-Raman spectroscopy. The nucleic-acid and aromatic amino-acid moieties are almost exclusively explored by UV resonance Raman spectroscopy. In combination with statistical evaluation methods [hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA)], the protein and nucleic-acid components that change during the different bacterial growth phases can be identified from the in vivo vibrational spectra. Furthermore, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) provides insight into the surface structures and follows the dynamics of the polysaccharide and peptide components on the bacterial cells with a spatial resolution below the diffraction limit. This might open new ways for the elucidation of host-bacteria and drug-bacteria interactions.
Persistent respiratory effort after adenotonsillectomy in children with sleep disordered breathing (2017)

<h3>Objectives</h3> Adenotonsillectomy (AT) markedly improves, but does not necessarily normalize polysomnographic (PSG) findings in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy and related disordered breathing (SDB), potentially requiring follow-up PSG. Mandibular movement monitoring readily identifies respiratory effort (RE) during upper airway obstruction. We hypothesized that mandibular movements (MMas) indices for RE would decrease in a similar fashion as classical PSG indices, and that children with persistent RE could be reliably identified with MMas as with PSG. <h3>Methods</h3> 25 children (3-12 years of age) were diagnosed with SDB over a period of 3 months. PSG was supplemented with a midsagittal movement magnetic sensor that measured MMas during each respiratory cycle before and >3 months after AT. The effect of AT was evaluated by linear mixed-model with best-fit distribution. <h3>Results</h3> AT did significantly improve PSG indices, except RERA. MMas index changes under AT were significantly correlated with corresponding decreases in AHI, RDI and ODI (r=0.98, 0.98 and 0.92, respectively), while changes in MMas duration were significantly associated with both RERA duration (r=0.475, p=0.017) and RERA index (r=0.56, p=0.003). Conditional multivariate analysis showed that both AHI and RERA indices contributed significantly to the variance of MMas index after AT (p<0.001), while MMas duration was consistently related to the duration of RERA regardless of AT. <h3>Conclusion</h3> AT significantly reduced AHI. However, residual AHI and persistent RE were apparent in a significant proportion of children. Follow-up of children with persistent RE after AT can be readily achieved by monitoring MMas.
Multiwavelength Raman fiber laser with a continuously-tunable spacing (2006)

A spacing-tunable multiwavelength Raman fiber laser with an independently-adjustable channel number is proposed and demonstrated. It uses a novel free-spectral-range (FSR)-tunable comb filter based on a superimposed chirped-fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) and a linear cavity formed by a bandwidth-tunable CFBG reflector, a pumped highly-nonlinear fiber for Raman gain, and an optical circulator based loop mirror. Multiwavelength laser operations with spacing tuning from 0.3 to 0.6 nm and channel number adjustment from 2 to 10 have been achieved.
Seeing the invisible (2008)

Anti-forensics is the practice of circumventing classical forensics analysis procedures making them either unreliable or impossible. In this paper we propose the use of machine learning algorithms and anomaly detection to cope with a wide class of definitive anti-forensics techniques. We test the proposed system on a dataset we created through the implementation of an innovative technique of anti-forensics, and we show that our approach yields promising results in terms of detection.
Business process mining (2017)

One of the most valuable assets of an organization is its organizational data. The analysis and mining of this potential hidden treasure can lead to much added-value for the organization. Process mining is an emerging area that can be useful in helping organizations understand the status quo, check for compliance and plan for improving their processes. The aim of process mining is to extract knowledge from event logs of today’s organizational information systems. Process mining includes three main types: discovering process models from event logs, conformance checking and organizational mining. In this paper, we briefly introduce process mining and review some of its most important techniques. Also, we investigate some of the applications of process mining in industry and present some of the most important challenges that are faced in this area.
Tolerancing of arrays of microlens relays: a case study (1994)

A relay consisting of an f/1.5 95 mu m diameter microlens and an f/1 75 mu m microlens has been modelled to study how variations in alignment and manufacturing parameters affect the efficiency of the system. It was found that a 5% variation in focal length produces a 65% loss in power. The effect of clipping a Gaussian beam arising from the use of offset lenses is also considered.
Omnidirectional sensing and combined multiple sensing (2002)

Conventional T.V. cameras are limited in their field of view. A real-time omnidirectional camera which can acquire an omnidirectional (360 degrees) field of view at video rate could be applied in a variety of fields such as autonomous navigation, telepresence, virtual reality, remote monitoring. We have developed a new omnidirectional image sensor named HyperOmni Vision which consists of a CCD camera and a hyperboloidal mirror placed in front of the camera. An important feature of using the hyperboloidal mirror is that it has a focal point (center of projection). Using this interesting characteristic, we can easily generate any desired image projected on any designated image plane, such as a pure perspective image or or a panoramic image, from the omnidirectional input image deformed by the hyperboloidal mirror. The omnidirectional image is suitable for rough understanding of the environment, but resolution of the omnidirectional camera is not sufficient for detailed analysis of an interesting object. We have developed a new multiple visual sensing sensor on a single camera with two types of imaging; omnidirectional imaging which can obtain a 360 degrees field of view with limited resolution and binocular vision which can obtain a high resolution image with a limited field of view.
Identification of the Regulatory Subunit of<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>Acetohydroxyacid Synthase and Reconstitution with Its Catalytic Subunit (2001)

Acetohydroxyacid synthase (EC 4.1.3.18; AHAS) catalyzes the initial step in the formation of the branched-chain amino acids. The enzyme from most bacteria is composed of a catalytic subunit, and a smaller regulatory subunit that is required for full activity and for sensitivity to feedback regulation by valine. A similar arrangement was demonstrated recently for yeast AHAS, and a putative regulatory subunit of tobacco AHAS has also been reported. In this latter case, the enzyme reconstituted from its purified subunits remained insensitive to feedback inhibition, unlike the enzyme extracted from native plant sources. Here we have cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified the AHAS regulatory subunit of Arabidopsis thaliana. Combining the protein with the purified A. thaliana catalytic subunit results in an activity stimulation that is sensitive to inhibition by valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Moreover, there is a strong synergy between the effects of leucine and valine, which closely mimics the properties of the native enzyme. The regulatory subunit contains a sequence repeat of approximately 180 residues, and we suggest that one repeat binds leucine while the second binds valine or isoleucine. This proposal is supported by reconstitution studies of the individual repeats, which were also cloned, expressed, and purified. The structure and properties of the regulatory subunit are reminiscent of the regulatory domain of threonine deaminase (EC 4.2.1.16), and it is suggested that the two proteins are evolutionarily related.
MALDI-TOF MS Investigation of the RAFT Polymerization of a Water-Soluble Acrylamide Derivative (2004)

A matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI−TOF MS) study of N-acryloylmorpholine (NAM) homopolymers, as obtained by reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization technique, is reported. Polymerization of NAM was performed in dioxane using azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) as initiator and tert-butyl dithiobenzoate as RAFT chain transfer agent. Polymer samples of low molecular weights (<10 000 g mol-1) and low polydispersity indices (PDI < 1.1) were obtained, which are essential requirements for such MALDI−TOF MS analysis. First, analysis of poly(NAM) samples in linear mode led to values very close to both size exclusion chromatography/light scattering (SEC/LS) and 1H NMR values as well as to the theoretical ones. Then, an accurate examination of chain end groups was performed using the reflectron mode. Two main chain populations were identified: (i) dormant chains (i.e., initiated by a tert-butyl and terminated by a dithiobenzoate group) together with sulfine and thioester-ended chains probably resulting from oxidation of dithiobenzoate chain ends during storage; (ii) proton-terminated chains mainly produced by fragmentation of the former chains in the spectrometer. In addition, some chains which could correspond to termination reactions onto the intermediate radicals involved in the RAFT equilibrium were suspected. Finally, comparison of polymer samples before and after aminolysis indicated that dithioester-ended chains constituted the majority of chains initially present in these samples. This study confirms that it is indeed possible to use MALDI−TOF MS to investigate the structure of polymer chains synthesized by the RAFT technique.
microRNA-133a regulates cardiomyocyte proliferation and suppresses smooth muscle gene expression in the heart (2008)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) modulate gene expression by inhibiting mRNA translation and promoting mRNA degradation, but little is known of their potential roles in organ formation or function. miR-133a-1 and miR-133a-2 are identical, muscle-specific miRNAs that are regulated during muscle development by the SRF transcription factor. We show that mice lacking either miR-133a-1 or miR-133a-2 are normal, whereas deletion of both miRNAs causes lethal ventricular-septal defects in approximately half of double-mutant embryos or neonates; miR-133a double-mutant mice that survive to adulthood succumb to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. The absence of miR-133a expression results in ectopic expression of smooth muscle genes in the heart and aberrant cardiomyocyte proliferation. These abnormalities can be attributed, at least in part, to elevated expression of SRF and cyclin D2, which are targets for repression by miR-133a. These findings reveal essential and redundant roles for miR-133a-1 and miR-133a-2 in orchestrating cardiac development, gene expression, and function and point to these miRNAs as critical components of an SRF-dependent myogenic transcriptional circuit.
Filters for formant synthesizers (1970)

A formant circuit for a speech synthesizer with analog and digital command systems ensuring very good stability and signal-to-noise ratio is described.
Synthesis of quenchable amorphous diamond (2017)

Diamond owes its unique mechanical, thermal, optical, electrical, chemical, and biocompatible materials properties to its complete sp <sup>3</sup>-carbon network bonding. Crystallinity is another major controlling factor for materials properties. Although other Group-14 elements silicon and germanium have complementary crystalline and amorphous forms consisting of purely sp <sup>3</sup> bonds, purely sp <sup>3</sup>-bonded tetrahedral amorphous carbon has not yet been obtained. In this letter, we combine high pressure and in situ laser heating techniques to convert glassy carbon into "quenchable amorphous diamond", and recover it to ambient conditions. Our X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy experiments on the recovered sample and computer simulations confirm its tetrahedral amorphous structure and complete sp <sup>3</sup> bonding. This transparent quenchable amorphous diamond has, to our knowledge, the highest density among amorphous carbon materials, and shows incompressibility comparable to crystalline diamond.Diamond's properties are dictated by its crystalline, fully tetrahedrally bonded structure. Here authors synthesize a bulk sp <sup>3</sup>-bonded amorphous form of carbon under high pressure and temperature, show that it has bulk modulus comparable to crystalline diamond and that it can be recovered under ambient conditions.
The persistence of a circadian rhythm in histamine response in guinea pigs maintained under continuous illumination (1973)

Abstract Adult guinea pigs were carefully standardized for at least seven days prior to each experiment; this included an artificial light‐dark cycle with light extending from 0600 to 1800. On three experimental days, eight animals were injected subcutaneously with 300 μg of histamine at six‐hour intervals over a 24‐hour period; each animal received four injections during one day. The size of the erythema produced each time was measured. In all three experiments a prominent group rhythm was demonstrated with maximum response occurring during the dark phase; minimum response always occurred during the latter part of the light phase. Such results indicate a strong synchronization among the animals of the group. Two additional, similar studies were performed on animals standardized in one case for 21 days and in the second for 35 days under continuous illumination. The group rhythms of histamine response under these conditions, when compared to the light‐dark adapted group rhythm, were greatly modified in phasing and profile. The circadian rhythm in response to histamine persisted in each individual animal. The change in the phasing and profile of the group rhythm was due to a partial desynchronization among the individual animals subjected to continuous illumination.
Structure and tumor-promoting activity of analogs of anthralin (1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone) (1978)

Seventeen analogues of the tumor-promoting agent anthralin were tested for the same biological property by repeated skin application on mouse skin using female ICR/Ha Swiss mice, after a single application of a subcarcinogenic dose of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Seven of the compounds tested are new compounds. They are 1,8-diacetoxy-9-anthrone, 1,8-dimyristoyloxy-9-anthrone, 1,8-dihydroxy-10-acetyl-9-anthrone, 1,8-dihydroxy-10-myristoyl-9-anthrone, 1,8,10-trihydroxy-9-anthrone, 1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydroanthracene, and myristoyljuglone. All compounds were used in pure form for the bioassays. Of the 17 test compounds four showed notable tumor-promoting activity. They are 1,8-dihydroxy-10-acetyl-9-anthrone, 1,8-dihydroxy-10-myristoyl-9-anthrone, 1-hydroxy-9-anthrone, and juglone. In order to determine whether there is any relationship between tumor-promoting activity and metal chelation in this series, the chelating abilities of anthralin and of its inactive analogue 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone were examined using the bivalent metal ions Cu(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), Mg(II), and Ca(II). No relationship between chelation and tumor-promoting ability was found.
SVM classification of locomotion modes using surface electromyography for applications in rehabilitation robotics (2010)

The next generation of tools for rehabilitation robotics requires advanced human-robot interfaces able to activate the device as soon as patient's motion intention is raised. This paper investigated the suitability of Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers for identification of locomotion intentions from surface electromyography (sEMG) data. A phase-dependent approach, based on foot contact and foot push off events, was employed in order to contextualize muscle activation signals. Good accuracy is demonstrated on experimental data from three healthy subjects. Classification has also been tested for different subsets of EMG features and muscles, aiming to identify a minimal setup required for the control of an EMG-based exoskeleton for rehabilitation purposes.
‘Compassion’ Seedless Table Grape (2018)

Additional index words. Vitis, fruit quality, fruit breeding 'Compassion' seedless table grape is the newest cultivar (Vitis hybrid) released by the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, bringing to 13, the total number of releases from the program (Clark, 2010; Clark and Moore, 2013). It joins 'Hope', 'Faith', 'Joy', and 'Gratitude' in the recent inspiration series of table grapes from Arkansas. This cultivar expands options for table grape growers for local markets in the United States. This new development provides a substantial advancement in fruit crispness and firmness beyond that of previous Arkansas developments as well as an exquisite fruity flavor. It has green (white) skin and has shown limited fruit cracking or splitting in the climate of Arkansas. It has also shown consistent production and overall vine adaptation. In addition, 'Compassion' showed good performance and adaptation to the Willamette Valley, OR (Vance et al., 2017). 'Compassion' should be adapted in the midto upper-South and Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States but could be further evaluated for adaptation and hardiness in the lower Midwest, east of the Cascade Mountains in the PNW, or similar environments in the United States and the world. It is envisioned that 'Compassion' will be best used by local-market growers in areas where it is adapted.
Microfabricated Tactile Sensors for Biomedical Applications: A Review (2014)

During the last decades, tactile sensors based on different sensing principles have been developed due to the growing interest in robotics and, mainly, in medical applications. Several technological solutions have been employed to design tactile sensors; in particular, solutions based on microfabrication present several attractive features. Microfabrication technologies allow for developing miniaturized sensors with good performance in terms of metrological properties (e.g., accuracy, sensitivity, low power consumption, and frequency response). Small size and good metrological properties heighten the potential role of tactile sensors in medicine, making them especially attractive to be integrated in smart interfaces and microsurgical tools. This paper provides an overview of microfabricated tactile sensors, focusing on the mean principles of sensing, i.e., piezoresistive, piezoelectric and capacitive sensors. These sensors are employed for measuring contact properties, in particular force and pressure, in three main medical fields, i.e., prosthetics and artificial skin, minimal access surgery and smart interfaces for biomechanical analysis. The working principles and the metrological properties of the most promising tactile, microfabricated sensors are analyzed, together with their application in medicine. Finally, the new emerging technologies in these fields are briefly described.
Screening of Saudi Plants for Phytoconstituents, Pharmacological and Antimicrobial Properties (2011)

One hundred and fifty Saudi plants were collected from various regions of Saudi Arabia, tested for phytochemical constituents and screened for pharmacological and antimicrobial activities. The majority of the plants tested positive for the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and sterols/triterpenes. Chloroform and ethanol extracts, sequentially extracted, were used for the pharmacological and antimicrobial activities. Five plants, Atractylis carduus, Calotropis procera, Cleome chrysantha, Cocculus pendulus and Conyza incana were found highly toxic to animals, with a shared significant neuromuscular blocking activity. Nine plants markedly lowered blood pressure, while significant central nervous system (CNS) depression was produced by four plants, and thirteen plants exhibited a cardiac stimulating effect. Eleven extracts of six plants produced highly significant antimicrobial activity with MICs of 0.125 mg/mL or lower. Some of the active plants could be good candidates for further exploration for biological activities.
Endoscopic treatment of gastrointestinal cancer by laser beam (1988)

Endoscopic photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a pulsed gold vapor laser is undergone for three cases of early gastric cancer and one case of advanced esophageal cancer. PDT was carried out with a power of 300-330mW for 20min (total energy is approximately 90-120 joules/cm2), 48 hours after injection of 3mg/kg of hematoporphyrin derivatives (HpD).In two cases of early gastric cancer, cancerous lesion of the stomach disappeared completely by first trial of PDT (one is a 69-year-old woman affected by diabetes mellitus, chronic hepatitis and hypertension, another is a 64-year-old man who was operated at a diagnosis of lung cancer (epidermoid carcinoma)). In the other case of early gastric cancer, resection surgery was carried out after PDT. Pathological examination of the resected stomach revealed that the effect to the tissue of PDT was extended to the muscle layer.It is suggested that a pulsed gold vapor laser is useful in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer.
Exploiting Distributional Semantic Models in Question Answering (2012)

This paper investigates the role of Distributional Semantic Models (DSMs) in Question Answering (QA), and specifically in a QA system called Question Cube. Question Cube is a framework for QA that combines several techniques to retrieve passages containing the exact answers for natural language questions. It exploits Information Retrieval models to seek candidate answers and Natural Language Processing algorithms for the analysis of questions and candidate answers both in English and Italian. The data source for the answer is an unstructured text document collection stored in search indices. In this paper we propose to exploit DSMs in the Question Cube framework. In DSMs words are represented as mathematical points in a geometric space, also known as semantic space. Words are similar if they are close in that space. Our idea is that DSMs approaches can help to compute relatedness between users' questions and candidate answers by exploiting paradigmatic relations between words. Results of an experimental evaluation carried out on CLEF2010 QA dataset, prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach.