gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Correlation between the Auditory Comprehension Capability and the Brain Lesion Site in Patients with Broca's Aphasia: A CT Study. (1993)

Broca失語の聴理解障害と病巣の広がりについて検討した。対象は８名の Broca 失語患者で，原因疾患は全例脳梗塞，その病巣は左第３前頭回三角部･弁蓋部･島･中心前回を含むものとし，病巣が広範で側頭葉におよぶもの，多発性脳梗塞，被殻出血は除外した。これらを頭部 CT の所見からＩ群 : 第３前頭回のうち三角部は保たれ弁蓋部に病巣が限局するもの，II群 : 第３前頭回の病巣がより大きく三角部と弁蓋部を含むものにわけた。SLTA の結果を比較するとＩ群は単語の聴理解は正常であったが，II群では理解障害が認められた。また病巣の大きさと関係なく単語より仮名一文字，短文の聴理解が悪かった。文字言語理解についても同様に単語より短文の成績が悪かった。以上より文章理解能力は両群で障害されていたが，語義理解は左第３前頭回三角部が比較的保たれたＩ群では正常であり，II群で障害されていたと考えられた。
Polymeric Plasticizers (1965)

Polymeric plasticlzers can be made by: (1) internal plasticization whereby a monomer is copolymerized with one which tends to yield soft polymers by itself; (2) Mechanical mixing of a polymerizable monomer with a polymer, followed by polymerization; (3) Mechanical blending of two compatible polymers. In many cases it is necessary to combine the polymeric plasticizer with a liquid plasticizer because the compatibility of polymers with each other is generally limited. From the industrial polymeric plasticizers, especially polyesters of low degree of polymerization and several copolymers of butadiene with acrylonitrile, acrylic acid esters and fumaric acid esters were studied. These polymeric plasticizers are characterized by good compatibility and improved cold resistance of the final product.
Extinction Memory Improvement by the Metabolic Enhancer Methylene Blue (2004)

We investigated whether postextinction administration of methylene blue (MB) could enhance retention of an extinguished conditioned response. MB is a redox compound that at low doses elevates cytochrome oxidase activity, thereby improving brain energy production. Saline or MB (4 mg/kg intraperitoneally) were administered to rats for 5 d following extinction training of tone-footshock conditioning. Postextinction freezing was lower in rats receiving MB compared with saline, suggesting that MB improved retention of the extinction memory. The MB effect was specific to tone-evoked freezing because there were no differences in pretone freezing. Control subjects similarly injected with MB showed no evidence of nonspecific effects on measures of motor activity and fearfulness. MB-treated rats exhibited both greater retention of extinction and greater overall brain metabolic activity. Rats with higher retention of extinction also showed a relative increase in cytochrome oxidase activity in prefrontal cortical regions, especially anterior infralimbic cortex, dorsal and medial frontal cortex, and lateral orbital cortex. These regional metabolic increases were also correlated to the behavioral freezing index used to assess retention of extinction. It was concluded that MB administered postextinction could enhance retention of extinction memory through an increase in brain cytochrome oxidase activity.
A Theoretical Model Successfully Identifies Features of Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly (1999)

The capsids of most spherical viruses are icosahedral, an arrangement of multiples of 60 subunits. Though it is a salient point in the life cycle of any virus, the physical chemistry of virus capsid assembly is poorly understood. We have developed general models of capsid assembly that describe the process in terms of a cascade of low order association reactions. The models predict sigmoidal assembly kinetics, where intermediates approach a low steady state concentration for the greater part of the reaction. Features of the overall reaction can be identified on the basis of the concentration dependence of assembly. In simulations, and on the basis of our understanding of the models, we find that nucleus size and the order of subsequent "elongation" reactions are reflected in the concentration dependence of the extent of the reaction and the rate of the fast phase, respectively. The reaction kinetics deduced for our models of virus assembly can be related to the assembly of any "spherical" polymer. Using light scattering and size exclusion chromatography, we observed polymerization of assembly domain dimers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid protein. Empty capsids assemble at a rate that is a function of protein concentration and ionic strength. The kinetics of capsid formation were sigmoidal, where the rate of the fast phase had second-power concentration dependence. The extent of assembly had third-power concentration dependence. Simulations based on the models recapitulated the concentration dependences observed for HBV capsid assembly. These results strongly suggest that in vitro HBV assembly is nucleated by a trimer of dimers and proceeds by the addition of individual dimeric subunits. On the basis of this mechanism, we suggest that HBV capsid assembly could be an important target for antiviral therapeutics.
Apolipoprotein E, Amyloid-β, and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Alzheimer Disease (2008)

There is increasing evidence for blood-brain barrier (BBB) compromise in Alzheimer disease (AD). The presence of the epsilon4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene is a risk factor for sporadic AD. Apolipoprotein E is essential both for maintenance of BBB integrity and for the deposition of fibrillar amyloid-beta (Abeta) that leads to the development of Abeta plaques in AD and to cerebral amyloid angiopathy. This review investigates the relationships between apoE, Abeta, and the BBB in AD. Alterations in the expression and distribution of the BBB Abeta transporters receptor for advanced glycation end-products and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 in AD and the potential roles of apoE4 expression in adversely influencing Abeta burden and BBB permeability are also examined. Because both apoE and Abeta are ligands for low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, all 3 molecules are present in AD plaques, and most AD plaques are located close to the cerebral microvasculature. The interactions of these molecules at the BBB likely influence metabolism and clearance of Abeta and contribute to AD pathogenesis. Therapeutic alternatives targeting apoE/Abeta and sealing a compromised BBB are under development for the treatment of AD.
Single Carbon Nanotube Optical Spectroscopy (2005)

This Minireview discusses novel insights into the electronic structure of carbon nanotubes obtained using single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence spectra from single nanotubes are well described by a single, Lorentzian lineshape. Nanotubes with identical structures fluoresce with different energies due to local electronic perturbations. Carbon nanotube fluorescence unexpectedly does not-show any intensity or spectral fluctuations at 300 K The lack of intensity blinking or bleaching demonstrates that carbon nanotubes have the potential to provide a stable, single-molecule infrared photon source, allowing for the exciting possibility of applications in quantum optics and biophotonics.
Do NMDA antagonists protect against cerebral ischemia: are clinical trials warranted? (1990)

An accumulation of experimental data suggests that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists will prevent ischemic neuronal injury following transient global ischemia and reduce infarct volumes following focal ischemic insults. The excitotoxic hypothesis states that the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter L-glutamate has neurotoxic properties that can be attenuated by antagonism of the NMDA receptor. In vitro work has shown that a variety of NMDA antagonists will prevent the death of neurons grown in culture and subsequently exposed to either brief periods of hypoxia or glutamate exposure. In vivo it has been shown that glutamate is released following ischemia, that the NMDA receptors remain functional both during and following ischemia, and that the concentration of NMDA receptors is highest in those regions that are most sensitive to ischemic neuronal injury. Once stimulated, these receptors mediate a lethal influx of calcium. Experiments with global ischemia have reported a cytoprotective effect by either prior removal of glutamate afferents or pretreatment with either competitive or noncompetitive receptor antagonists. Some of these data have been challenged and one suggestion that has been made is that the observed pharmacoprotection may be the result of coincidental drug-induced hypothermia. Numerous studies using a variety of models of focal ischemia have shown that the volume of a cortical infarct can be reduced with NMDA antagonists given either before or after an ischemic insult. These data are more consistent than those achieved for models of global ischemia and have led to proposals for clinical trials. Novel compounds that antagonize the NMDA receptor are now the subject of phase I clinical studies that are envisaged as a prelude to randomized acute stroke trials. The hypothesis that blockade of excitatory amino acid receptors will prevent neuronal death presages a new era in acute stroke treatment.
Controversies in Breast Cancer 2010 (2010)

Th is volume represents the proceedings of the ‘Controversies in Breast Cancer 2010’ meeting held in Edinburgh on 12 to 13th July 2010. Th e event was the fi fth in an annual series that brings together international experts as a faculty to discuss, with an invited audience of scientists and clinicians, topics regarded as controversial because of a paucity of information, divergent results or counterintuitive data. Th e topics selected for scrutiny in 2010 were: prognostic and predictive factors; the predicted epidemic of breast cancer; undue and disproportion infl uences; ‘who would have thought it?’; and drug development programmes. Th e Chairs for each session have provided a general background and synopsis as an introduction to the topics under consideration. In addressing these subjects, faculty members were asked simply to highlight issues and points of information rather than provide methodological detail or be totally comprehensive. Furthermore, in order to incite debate and stimulate thought, presenters were asked to be provo cative, fl y kites, and act as devil’s advocate and present data from an unconventional perspective. Readers should bear this in mind when reviewing the following texts, which are intended to off er some singular standpoints and an encouragement to think beyond accepted dogma. Hopefully the outcome is a better under standing of breast cancer. Th anks and appreciation are directed towards all the participants in Controversies 2010.
Activation of Gene Expression by IS2 and IS3 (1981)

Insertion of an IS element between the promoter of a bacterial gene and the gene itself can turn the gene either off or on. Until now, the “on” effect has been observed exclusively in the case of IS2 elements inserted in orientation II with respect to the gene considered; the activating IS2 is either fused to the gene by a deletion, as in high constitutive mutants of the galactose operon (Saedler et al. 1974), or inserted in front of it, as in integrase constitutive mutants of bacteriophage λ (Pilacinski et al. 1977). In all instances reported, the activating effect has been strongly selected for.
On the dynamical response of particulate-loaded materials. II. A theory with application to alumina particles in an epoxy matrix (1982)

If stiff solid particles are tightly packed into a soft matrix material, the response of the composite material cannot be modeled by simple mixing rules. The loads resulting from interparticle contact give rise to a complex response which includes dilatancy of the mixture during shearing. A three-dimensional theory which includes the interparticle contact stresses is derived and applied to a mixture of alumina particles in epoxy. The stress wave response of this mixture is studied. These studies include a detailed comparison to the pressure-shear experiments of Chhabildas and Swegle contained in Part I of this work. [J. Appl. Phys. 53, xxx (1982)].
An Unusual Late Reaction to Zyderm I Injections (1993)

We describe a patient who, 2 1/2 years after injection with Zyderm I collagen, developed large erythematous indurated nodules and plaques at the facial injection sites. This occurred despite a prior negative skin test with the injectable material. Histopathologically, a sarcoid-like foreign-body reaction was present in the dermis and subcutaneous fat and muscles. Retesting with Zyderm I collagen on the forearm produced a positive reaction that showed, histologically, a sarcoid-like reaction similar to that which was found in the face. Various modes of therapy have failed to clear the facial lesions and disfigurement.
Surface analytical approaches contributing to quality assurance during manufacture of functional interfaces (2015)

Assessing adhesion or strength of composites or adhesive joints in a non-destructive way is highly challenging. Therefore, instead of performing retrospective quality assurance, i.e. investigating manufactured joints, it is advantageous to safeguard performance and quality of each layer and each interface already during manufacture. This approach still is challenging, as it requires a systematic quantitative evaluation of threshold criteria, but appreciably it gets more and more feasible. We present approaches for an inline-capable and non-destructive quality assurance of steps in manufacturing processes used for tailoring the state of substrate surfaces. Benefits from applying techniques for inline surface analysis like Optically Stimulated Electron Emission (OSEE) and Aerosol Wetting Test (AWT) will be detailed. The performed procedures contribute to a novel class of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques, classified as Extended NDT (ENDT). The principle of ENDT methods is based on the detection of selected physico-chemical properties which are important for the anticipated performance of the functional interfaces in the products to be manufactured. A prerequisite for obtaining reliable composite materials is to reproducibly prepare a suitable surface state of the substrates before the first step of a coating or bonding process. As demonstrative application scenarios, we highlight first an exemplary surface pretreatment process for steel substrates, and second the identification of a surface state for carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) adherents suitable for joining. Concerning steel substrates we investigated two types of steel both in the as-received state and a state after grinding. We demonstrate that the removal of the topmost material layer comprising the reaction layer and mechanically deformed metal grains strongly affects the properties of the resulting adherent surface. As a consequence, a material-specific time slot for a steel substrate exposure in air after grinding is suggested in which the surface properties probed by OSEE remain unchanged. Moreover, we work out that the sensitivity and accuracy of inline-capable NDT techniques allow distinguishing surface states suitable for bonding of CFRP adherents from surface states unfavourable for adhesive bonding, and we exemplarily verify this statement for bonding processes applying freshly ground CFRP or, respectively, CFRP covered with thin layers of release agents.
Assessment of quality of data warehouse multidimensional model (2011)

Data warehouses are large repositories designed to enable the knowledge workers to take better and faster decisions. Due to its significance in strategic decisions, there is a need to assure data warehouse quality. One of the factors affecting the data warehouse quality is multidimensional model quality. Although there are some useful guidelines for designing good multidimensional data models, but objective indicators, i.e., metrics are needed to help designers to develop quality multidimensional models. Few researchers have proposed quality metrics for multidimensional models for data warehouse. These metrics need to be theoretically as well as empirically validated in order to prove their practical utility. In this paper, empirical validation using controlled experiment is carried out. We not only evaluate the effect of individual metric but also evaluate the effect of various combinations of metrics on data warehouse model quality specifically understandability, in order to best explain the variance of dependent variable due to independent variables. The results show that these metrics may be used as objective indicators for understandability. Finally, accuracy of our model in predicting the multidimensional model quality is also evaluated.
Structural characterisation of organosiloxane membranes (2003)

A sol-gel polymerisation/pyrolysis route has been used to produce hybrid organic-inorganic membranes. This route involved the copolymerisation of two organo-functional precursors, methyltrimethoxysilane and phenyltrimethoxysilane or diphenyldimethoxysilane. The thermal stability and structural evolution with temperature of the resulting xerogels were investigated using multinuclear solid state NMR (13C and 29Si), thermal analysis (TGA and DTA), and FTIR. It is shown that during pyrolysis the methyl ligand is replaced with hydroxyl groups, some of which condense into siloxane linkages. The retained hydroxyl groups are thought to provide adsorption sites throughout the material onto which polar gas molecules (such as CO2) can adsorb, and diffuse under a pressure gradient. This hypothesis is supported by the results of gas permeation trials on the membranes, and thus a direct link is established between membrane performance and material structure.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparations and Template Cyclotetramerizations of 2,1,3‐Benzothia( selena)diazole‐5,6‐dicarbonitriles. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Unveiling Reliable Catalysts for the Asymmetric Nitroaldol (Henry) Reaction (2004)

Conceptually different chiral catalysts ranging from polymetallic complexes to Lewis acids and organocatalysts have emerged for solving the long-standing problem of stereocontrol in the Henry reaction, a fundamental CC bond-forming process (see scheme). New catalyst systems with improved selectivity have increased the synthetic value of this reaction considerably.
Application of Sterilization by Gamma Radiation for Single-Use Disposable Technologies in the Biopharmaceutical Sector (2012)

This paper examines the process of gamma irradiation of plastic materials used as part of single-use disposable systems in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors, with a focus on validation requirements. Single-use disposable systems are designed to be sterile and are primarily used for aseptic processing, formulation, filtration, and product filling. This paper also provides a framework for quality assurance personnel who are tasked with undertaking an audit of gamma radiation facilities.
Low-Pressure Reverse Osmosis Pretreatment for Distiller Feedwater, (1975)

A program is being conducted to investigate new concepts to improve shipboard distiller performance. One phase of this program is aimed at exploring the potential of low-pressure RO* membranes for selective removal of scale-forming salts from seawater as a pretreatment for distiller feedwater. This report describes an investigation which consisted of the determination of the critical performance characteristics of specially prepared RO membranes designed for low-pressure operation. The characteristics evaluated were hardness ion rejection (Ca(++) and Mg(++)), sulfate SO4(-2) ion rejection, TDS rejection, product water flux, and recovery. These characteristics were investigated over the range of 80-300 psig. Initial membrane screening was done on flat membrane specimens, followed by evaluation of a single 60 sq ft spiral-wound module. Following this work, evaluations were conducted on a six-module staged system containing 90 sq ft of membrane surface.
The electrodeposition of manganese.—Part I (1924)

A. J. Allmand and A. N. Campbell, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1924, 19, 559 DOI: 10.1039/TF9241900559
CoCrPtTa and Co/Pd perpendicular magnetic recording media with amorphous underlayers (2001)

The effect of amorphous carbon underlayers on magnetic properties and read-write characteristics of Co/sub 73/Cr/sub 18/Pt/sub 6/Ta/sub 3/ single layer and Co/Pd multilayer perpendicular magnetic recording media were investigated. The increase in H/sub c/ and decrease in /spl alpha/, defined as 4/spl pi/(dM/dH)/sub H=Hc/, were observed by increasing the underlayer thickness for both Co/sub 73/Cr/sub 18/Pt/sub 6/Ta/sub 3/ and Co/Pd media. The media with a low /spl alpha/ value, suggesting a decrease in the exchange coupling, exhibited the higher coercivity and the improvement of S/N ratio. In read-write experiments, the improvement of S/N ratio for the Co/Pd media was achieved up to 400 kFRPI or even higher in the recording density by increasing carbon underlayer thickness, while that for the Co/sub 73/Cr/sub 18/Pt/sub 6/Ta/sub 3/ media was obtained up to ca. 250 kFRPI.
Mechanism of the irreversible inactivation of mouse ornithine decarboxylase by alpha-difluoromethylornithine. Characterization of sequences at the inhibitor and coenzyme binding sites. (1992)

Mouse ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) was expressed in Escherichia coli and the purified recombinant enzyme used for determination of the binding site for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and of the residues modified in the inactivation of the enzyme by the enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor, alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO). The pyridoxal 5'-phosphate binding lysine in mouse ODC was identified as lysine 69 of the mouse sequence by reduction of the purified holoenzyme form with NaB[3H]4 followed by digestion of the carboxymethylated protein with endoproteinase Lys-C, radioactive peptide mapping using reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography and gas-phase peptide sequencing. This lysine is contained in the sequence PFYAVKC, which is found in all known ODCs from eukaryotes. The preceding amino acids do not conform to the consensus sequence of SXHK, which contains the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate binding lysine in a number of other decarboxylases including ODCs from E. coli. Using a similar procedure to analyze ODC labeled by reaction with [5-14C]DFMO, it was found that lysine 69 and cysteine 360 formed covalent adducts with the inhibitor. Cysteine 360, which was the major adduct accounting for about 90% of the total labeling, is contained within the sequence -WGPTCDGL(I)D-, which is present in all known eukaryote ODCs. These results provide strong evidence that these two peptides form essential parts of the catalytic site of ODC. Analysis by fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry of tryptic peptides containing the DFMO-cysteine adduct indicated that the adduct formed in the enzyme was probably the cyclic imine S-(2-(1-pyrroline)methyl)cysteine. This is readily oxidized to S-((2-pyrrole)methyl)cysteine or converted to S-((2-pyrrolidine)methyl)cysteine by NaBH4 reduction. This adduct is consistent with spectral evidence showing that inactivation of the enzyme with DFMO does not entail the formation of a stable adduct between the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, the enzyme, and the inhibitor.