gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and performance of directory caches for scalable shared memory multiprocessors (1999)

Recent research shows that the occupancy of the coherence controllers is a major performance bottleneck for distributed cache coherent shared memory multiprocessors. A significant part of the occupancy is due to the latency of accessing the directory which is usually kept in DRAM memory. Most coherence controller designs that use protocol processors for executing the coherence protocol handlers use the data cache of the protocol processor for caching directory entries along with protocol handler data. Analogously, a fast Directory Cache (DC) can also be used by the hardwired coherence controller designs to minimize directory access time. The paper studies the performance of directory caches using parallel applications from the SPLASH-2 suite. We demonstrate that using a directory cache can result in 40% or more improvement in the execution time of communication intensive applications. We also investigate the various directory cache design parameters: cache size, cache line size, and associativity. Experimental results show that the directory cache size requirements grow sub-linearly with the increase in the application's data set size. The results also show the performance advantage of multi-entry directory cache lines, as a result of spatial locality and the absence of sharing of directories. The impact of the associativity of the directory caches on performance is less than that of the size and the line size. We also find a linear relation between the directory cache miss ratio and the coherence controller occupancy, and between both measures and the execution time of the applications.
THE ROLE OF POLYPLOID COMPLEXES IN THE EVOLUTION OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSLANDS (1975)

Summary The evolutionary history of the grass flora of the Great Plains of North America is interpreted on the basis of the probable origin and development of eight different polyploid complexes that include common species of this flora. The related complexes of Bouteloua and Buchloc have their centers of distribution in the southwestern United States and particularly northern and central Mexico, so probably entered the Great Plains from the southwest. The genus Bouteloua has the distribution pattern of a relatively youthful complex, while Buchloe and related genera, which are mostly polyploid and are separated from each other by distinct morphological gaps, show signs of greater maturity. The complexes of Andropogon sects. Schizachyrium and Arthrolophis , as well as the genus Sorghastrum and sect. Virgata of Panicum , all have similar distribution patterns. Diploids related to the polyploids of the Great Plains exist, for the most part, either along the Gulf Coast of the southeastern United States or in more mesic regions of tropical America. These polyploids either originated in situ or entered the Great Plains from the southeast. In the tribe Stipeae, the species of Piptochaetium which are abundantly represented by fossil fruits of Pliocene age now survive only in peripheral woodlands to the eastward and mountains to the southwestward, and in the pampas of South America. They have been replaced on the North American plains by Stipa species that entered from Asia and from the mountains to the westward. A final element of the modern grasslands, consists of species assigned to the genera Agropyron and Hordeum. The species of the Great Plains probably entered that region from the western Cordillera during either late Pliocene or early Pleistocene times. These drastic changes in the grass flora of the Great Plains were brought about by equally drastic alterations in climate, edaphic conditions, and fauna of grazing herbivores that took place during the Pleistocene epoch.
Genepool Variation in Genus <i>Glycine</i> Subgenus <i>Soja</i> Revealed by Polymorphic Nuclear and Chloroplast Microsatellites (1996)

A combination of nuclear and chloroplast simple sequence repeats (SSRs) have been used to investigate the levels and pattern of variability detected in Glycine max and G. soja genotypes. Based on the analysis of 700 soybean genotypes with 115 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) probes, 12 accessions were identified that represent 92% of the allelic variability detected in this genepool. These 12 core genotypes together with a sample of G. max and G. soja accessions were evaluated with 11 nuclear SSRs that detected 129 alleles. Compared with the other G. max and G. soja genotypes sampled, the core genotypes represent 40% of the allelic variability detected with SSRs. Despite the multi-allelic nature of soybean SSRs, dendrograms representing phenetic relationships between accessions clustered according to their subspecies origin. In addition to biparentally inherited nuclear SSRs, two uniparentally (maternally) transmitted chloroplast SSRs were also studied. A total of seven haplotypes were identified, and diversity indices of 0.405 +/- 0.088 and 0.159 +/- 0.071 were obtained for the two chloroplast SSRs. The availability of polymorphic SSR loci in the chloroplast genome provides new opportunities to investigate cytonuclear interactions in plants.
Cationic Bis-cyclometalated Iridium(III) Diimine Complexes and Their Use in Efficient Blue, Green, and Red Electroluminescent Devices (2005)

A series of cationic Ir(III) complexes with the general formula (C/N)2Ir(N/N)(+)PF6- featuring bis-cyclometalated 1-phenylpyrazolyl-N,C2' (C/N) and neutral diimine (N/N, e.g., 2,2'-bipyridyl) ligands were synthesized and their electrochemical, photophysical, and electroluminescent properties studied. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the highest occupied molecular orbital of the compounds is comprised of a mixture of Ir d and phenylpyrazolyl-based orbitals, while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital has predominantly diimine character. The oxidation and reduction potentials of the complexes can be independently varied by systematic modification of either the C/N or N/N ligands with donor or acceptor substituents. The electrochemical redox gaps (E(ox)-E(red)) were adjusted to span a range between 2.39 and 3.08 V. All of the compounds have intense absorption bands in the UV region assigned to 1(pi-pi*) transitions and weaker charge-transfer (CT) transitions that extend to the visible region. The complexes display intense luminescence both in fluid solution and as neat solids at 298 K that is assigned to emission from a triplet metal-ligand-to-ligand CT (3MLLCT) excited state. The energy of the 3MLLCT state varies in nearly direct proportion to the size of the electrochemical redox gap, which leads to emission colors that vary from red to blue. Three of the (C/N)2Ir(N/N)(+)PF6- complexes were used as active materials in single-layer light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). Single-layer electroluminescent devices were fabricated by spin-coating the Ir complexes onto an ITO-PEDOT/PSS substrate followed by deposition of aluminum contacts onto the organic film. Devices were prepared that give blue, green, and red electroluminescence spectra (lambda(max) = 492, 542, and 635 nm, respectively), which are nearly identical with the photoluminescence spectra of thin films of the same materials. The single-layer LECs give peak external quantum efficiencies of 4.7, 6.9, and 7.4% for the blue, green, and red emissive devices, respectively.
Insulin-like Growth Factor I Increases αVβ3 Affinity by Increasing the Amount of Integrin-associated Protein That Is Associated with Non-raft Domains of the Cellular Membrane (2002)

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) stimulates an increase in alpha(V)beta(3) ligand binding. Stimulation of smooth muscle cells by IGF-I requires alpha(V)beta(3) ligand occupancy, and enhanced alpha(V)beta(3) ligand occupancy augments IGF-I actions. Therefore, IGF-I-induced changes in alpha(V)beta(3) ligand binding may act to further enhance IGF-I actions. Integrin-associated protein (IAP) has been shown to be associated with alpha(V)beta(3) and is required for the binding of alpha(V)beta(3) to vitronectin-coated beads. We therefore investigated whether IGF-I could stimulate IAP-alpha(V)beta(3) association resulting in enhanced ligand binding. IGF-I stimulated an increase in IAP-alpha(V)beta(3) association. This was due, at least in part, to an IGF-I-stimulated redistribution of IAP from the Triton-insoluble fraction of the cell to the Triton-soluble fraction of the cell, where most of the alpha(V)beta(3) was located. Inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway blocked both the redistribution of IAP and the increase in IAP-alpha(V)beta(3) association, providing further evidence that the redistribution of IAP is essential for the increase in association. An anti-IAP monoclonal antibody, blocked both the IGF-I-stimulated increase in IAP-alpha(V)beta(3) complex formation and cell migration. IGF-I-stimulated translocation of IAP and increase in IAP-alpha(V)beta(3) association represent an important process by which IGF-I modulates alpha(V)beta(3) ligand binding and cellular responses.
Distributed object interoperability via a network type system (2003)

Object-oriented programming techniques are increasingly gaining attention as a solution to some of the software engineering problems plaguing the construction of large software projects. Unfortunately, object-oriented interfaces are usually only enforced and usable through language mechanisms making it impossible for disjoint components to interact in a loosely coupled distributed environment. The authors' investigate the possibility of creating a runtime notion of an object's interface and allow the dynamic querying of objects for their conformance to that interface. The project provides a mechanism to dynamically generate proxies to objects in different protection domains so that once this conformance is confirmed, operations can be invoked on the object in a mechanism compatible with the programming language in question. This is done without violating the encapsulation and enforced interfaces provided by the distributed objects.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Counting Down to June 4th: News of Our Washington Conference (1999)

A remarkable event is about to happen: A conference in honor of the life and art of a great singer, complete with expert analysis and affectionate discussion by his family, his countrymen, opera mavens, and (we hope) YOU.
Low molar mass liquid-crystalline glasses: preparation and properties of the .alpha.-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4'-oxy)-.omega.-(1-pyreniminebenzylidene-4'-oxy)alkanes (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLow molar mass liquid-crystalline glasses: preparation and properties of the .alpha.-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4'-oxy)-.omega.-(1-pyreniminebenzylidene-4'-oxy)alkanesG. S. Attard, C. T. Imrie, and F. E. KaraszCite this: Chem. Mater. 1992, 4, 6, 1246–1253Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00024a025https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00024a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views425Altmetric-Citations107LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Biomagnetic susceptometer with SQUID instrumentation (1991)

A novel SQUID magnetometer for noninvasive measurements of hepatic (liver) iron stores is discussed. Placement of the SQUID, detection coil, and magnet in the dewar vacuum region significantly reduced system noise. In addition, the system incorporates multiple magnets and detection coils which may allow the discrimination of the surface skin layer from the deeper (weaker signal) true liver iron concentration. Measurements indicate an instrumental noise level that is <20 mu g/g of equivalent iron concentration.
Acyl-coenzyme A: Cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor Avasimibe affect survival and proliferation of glioma tumor cell lines (2010)

Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor in adults and one of its hallmarks is resistance to apoptosis. Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) is an intracellular membrane-bound enzyme that uses cholesterol and long chain fatty acyl-CoA as substrates to produce cholesteryl esters. The presence of cholesteryl esters in glioblastoma may be related to vascular and/or cell neoplastic proliferation in the tumor mass, two prerequisites for tumor cell growth. ACAT activity has been detected in glioblastoma cell homogenates. The present study is the first report on the effect of Avasimibe, a specific inhibitor of ACAT, on glioma cell lines (U87, A172 and GL261). Our results showed that Avasimibe inhibited ACAT-1 expression and cholesterol ester synthesis in glioma cell lines. Moreover, Avasimibe inhibited the growth of the cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and induced apoptosis as a result of caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation. Also, Our findings provide proof of principle that targeting ACAT-1 with the inhibitor Avasimibe could be an efficient therapy in the treatment of glioblastoma.
Community genomic analyses constrain the distribution of metabolic traits across the Chloroflexi phylum and indicate roles in sediment carbon cycling (2013)

Chloroflexi in the aquifer sediments are abundant and highly diverse. Genomic analyses provide new evolutionary boundaries for obligate organohalide respiration. We expand the potential roles of Chloroflexi in sediment carbon cycling beyond organohalide respiration to include respiration of sugars, fermentation, CO2 fixation, and acetogenesis with ATP formation by substrate-level phosphorylation.
Type I interferons in Sjögren's syndrome (2012)

Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the salivary and lachrymal glands resulting in dry eyes and mouth. Genetic predisposition, pathogenic infections and hormones have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. Studies in the last several years have revealed marked over-expression of the type I interferon (IFN)-inducible genes in the peripheral blood and salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome. The expression of the type I IFN-inducible genes in Sjögren's syndrome also positively correlates to titers of anti-Ro and anti-La autoantibodies, which are typical for this disease. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are the major source of type I IFN production and activated pDC are detected in minor salivary gland biopsies from patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. In addition, polymorphisms in genes important both for the production and response to type I IFN are associated to increased risk for Sjögren's syndrome. Because type I IFN bears a variety of biological functions, such as defense against viral infections and activation of the immune system, these results suggest that the type I IFN system has an important role in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome. A variety of mechanisms causing an activation of the type I IFN system are discussed in this review. Given the pivotal role of type I IFN in the disease process, therapeutic interventions targeting the type I IFN signaling pathway have the potential to benefit the patients with elevated type I IFN status and such hypothesis needs to be carefully evaluated in clinical development.
Suspension Laryngoscopy Revisited (2004)

Every critical advancement in direct laryngoscopic surgical technique has enhanced its precision. Among the most notable was Killian's seminal description of suspension laryngoscopy 90 years ago, which allowed for bimanual direct laryngoscopic surgery. Because of the technical difficulties encountered while performing suspension laryngoscopy, Brünings and Seiffert designed fulcrum laryngoscope holder-stabilizers for spatula laryngoscopes from Killian's original instrument design. Their devices, which were easier to use and better tolerated by patients, were supported from the laryngeal cartilage framework or chest wall. Laryngoscope holder-stabilizers were retrofitted to tubular laryngoscope specula in the 1940s and 1950s, whereupon they became very popular. Suspension laryngoscopy should have become more common subsequent to the introduction of general endotracheal anesthesia with paralysis in the 1960s. However, laryngoscope holder-stabilizers were entrenched as the device preferred by most, and they remain so today. This entrenchment occurred despite the fact that suspension laryngoscopy allows for positioning a larger examining speculum, which in turn allows for enhanced exposure and endolaryngeal procedural precision. The applied vector forces on the mandible, maxilla, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx associated with suspension laryngoscopy are preferable to those associated with holder-stabilizers. A prospective assessment of 120 cases revealed effective use of suspension laryngoscopy in all. We believe that only a minority of surgeons has actually seen true suspension laryngoscopy and that its merits are worthy of reexamination.
인터넷 규제의 정치: 내용규제 레짐의 고찰을 중심으로 (2006)

이 글에서는 우리사회의 인터넷 내용규제레짐(contents regulatory regime)의 특성을 고찰한다. 정치현상으로서 내용규제를 이해할 때, 규제레짐은 규제장치들을 매개한 주체들간 정보통제권의 제도적 분할구조를 의미한다. 이러한 규제레짐의 등장은 2000년대를 전후로 본격화되었는데, 기실 인터넷 백본(backbone)의 확장기에 우리나라를 비롯해 주요 국가들은 네트워크의 성장을 촉진하기 위하여 탈규제(de-regulation) 정책을 견지하였다. 그것은 첫째, 인터넷이 매우 시장추동적 전망이 강했기 때문에 그것을 위축시키지 않으려 했던 점, 둘째, 인터넷이 탈경계적 글로벌 네트워크로서 단일한 규칙을 적용하기 어렵다는 점 때문이었다. 따라서 국가 개입은 주로 정보화 인프라구축과 시장 활성화 분야에 집중되었으며, 그 외의 분야에서는 `비개입주의` 또는 `제도적 진공` 상태가 유지되었다. 그렇지만 인터넷의 광범한 `상업화와 역기능`의 부상은 체계적인 국가 개입 및 다양한 규제장치의 동원을 불러들였다. 주목할 점은 정보주체들간 정보통제권 이니셔티브 또는 배분구도에 따라 국가별 규제방식이 대조적으로 나타나고 있다는 점이다. 이 글에서는 한국 사례를 통해 정부주도형 규제레짐의 특성과 시사점을 경험적으로 논의하고자 한다.
A New Class of S<sub>N</sub>2 Reactions Catalyzed by Protic Solvents:  Facile Fluorination for Isotopic Labeling of Diagnostic Molecules (2006)

Aprotic solvents are usually preferred for the SN2 reactions, because nucleophilicity and hence SN2 reactivity are severely retarded by the influence of the partial positive charge of protic solvents. In this work, we introduce a remarkable effect of using tertiary alcohols as a reaction medium for nucleophilic fluorination with alkali metal fluorides. In this novel synthetic method, the nonpolar protic tert-alcohol enhances the nucleophilicity of the fluoride ion dramatically in the absence of any kind of catalyst, greatly increasing the rate of the nucleophilic fluorination and reducing formation of byproducts (such as alkenes, alcohols, or ethers) compared with conventional methods using dipolar aprotic solvents. The great efficacy of this method is a particular advantage in labeling radiopharmaceuticals with [18F]fluorine (t1/2 = 110 min) for positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging, and it is illustrated by the synthesis of four [18F]fluoride-radiolabeled molecular imaging probes-[18F]FDG, [18F]FLT, [18F]FP-CIT, and [18F]FMISO-in high yield and purity and in shorter times compared to conventional syntheses.
The Geranylgeranyltransferase I Inhibitor GGTI-298 Induces Hypophosphorylation of Retinoblastoma and Partner Switching of Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitors (1999)

The geranylgeranyltransferase I inhibitor GGTI-298 has recently been shown to arrest human tumor cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, induce apoptosis, and inhibit tumor growth in nude mice. In the present manuscript, we provide a possible mechanism by which GGTI-298 mediates its tumor growth arrest. Treatment of the human lung carcinoma cell line Calu-1 with GGTI-298 results in inhibition of the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein, a critical step for G1/S transition. The kinase activities of two G1/S cyclin-dependent kinases, CDK2 and CDK4, are inhibited in Calu-1 cells treated with GGTI-298. Furthermore, GGTI-298 has little effect on the expression levels of CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, cyclins D1 and E, but decreases the levels of cyclin A. GGTI-298 increases the levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p15 and had little effect on those of p27 and p16. Most interesting is the ability of GGTI-298 to induce partner switching for several CDK inhibitors. GGTI-298 promotes binding of p21 and p27 to CDK2 while decreasing their binding to CDK6. Reversal of partner switching and G1 block was observed after removal of GGTI-298. Furthermore, GGTI-298 treatment results in an increased binding of p15 to CDK4, which is paralleled with decreased binding to p27. The results demonstrate that the GGTI-298-mediated G1 block in Calu-1 cells involves increased expression and partner switching of CDK inhibitors resulting in inhibition of CDK2 and CDK4, and retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation.
Conductimetric gas sensor for carbon dioxide (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConductimetric gas sensor for carbon dioxideH. A. Himpler, S. F. Brand, and M. J. D. BrandCite this: Anal. Chem. 1978, 50, 12, 1623–1627Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac50034a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50034a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views203Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Quaternary ammonium zinc- or tin-containing ionic liquids: water insensitive, recyclable catalysts for Diels–Alder reactions (2002)

Synthetically important Diels–Alder reactions occur in high yield in novel Lewis acidic ambient temperature ionic liquids composed of choline chloride–MCl2 (1:2) (M = Zn or Sn). The liquids are not moisture-sensitive and after separation of the products they can be reused with no noticeable drop in activity.