gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gender Is Cultural Rather Than Natural—Jane Campion’s The Piano (2014)

Sex and gender have been confusingly categorised by many scholars.Sex refers to biological characteristics;gender,can also be influenced by biology but does not determined by it.Unlike sex,which is determined by nature at birth,gender is a social construct specifying the culturally prescribed roles that men and women are to follow and represent.In order to argue that gender attaches to culture and that gender identity is shaped socially and culturally,this essay analyses Jane Campion’s The Piano from three perspectives.Firstly,the essay will examine the way people in the film represent their gender characters through three repeatedly demonstrated narrative motifs,clothing,the axe and the piano,to illustrate that gender is performative and that cultural gender identities advocate specific performances in terms of behaviour,speech,views,etc.(Butler,2011).Then,through an analysis of the different gazes of the characters in the film,the essay indicates that social and cultural interaction between the genders can go beyond and blur the boundaries of the stereotypical categories of male and female.In the third section,the essay will argue that social rules and discourse also play a prominent role in shaping people’s gender,by discussing how the characters represent and re-define their gender identity under the pressure of the patriarchal society they inhabit.
Progress in vaccination for histoplasmosis and blastomycosis: Coping with cellular immunity (2005)

Human infection with Histoplasma capsulatum or Blastomyces dermatitidis is sufficiently frequent to warrant exploring the development of vaccines. This review examines the advancements that have been accomplished over the last few years. The availability of molecular tools to create recombinant antigens or mutant strains has produced a small number of useful vaccine candidates. More importantly, the studies summarized herein demonstrate that understanding the host response to a protein or mutant fungus is critical to creating a vaccine that may be useful for the immunocompromised patient.
Fabrication of thin periodic structures in photoresist: a model (1976)

We present a technique for designing holo-graphically fabricated structures in photoresist. A method is given for obtaining a suitable initial resist thickness. The etch depth (Deltat) vs exposure (E) characteristic is determined experimentally for a fixed development time (T). The characteristics for other values of T are found using the linearity of Deltat with T. Whole families of grating profiles can then be generated by using a polynomial fit to the exposure characteristics. For example, using a single holographic exposure plus an optional uniform preexposure, a family of grating profiles is obtained by varying the parameter T. A desired profile can thus be realized by a suitable combination of initial resist thickness, exposure, and development time. Residual resist layers may be eliminated by this method thereby minimizing scattering and other losses. Experimental verification of the various features of the model is given.
Properties of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Nanocomposites Reinforced with Carbon Black, Carbon Nanotube, Graphene, Graphite (2010)

The characteristics of all polymer composites containing carbon materials are determined by four factors: component properties, composition, structure and interfacial interactions. The most important filler characteristics are particle size, size distribution, specific surface area and particle shape. As a consequence, in this paper we discuss the aspects of the mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of composites with different fillers of carbon black, carbon nanotube (CNT), graphene and graphite and focus on the relationship between factors and properties, as mentioned above. Accordingly, we fabricate rubber composites that contain various carbon materials in carbon black-based and silica based-SBR matrixes with dual phase fillers and use scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, a rhometer, an Instron tensile machine, and a thermal conductivity analyzer to evaluate composites' mechanical, fatigue, thermal, and electronic properties. In mechanical properties, hardness and 300%-modulus of graphene-composite are sharply increased in all cases due to the larger specific surface. Also, it has been found that the thermal conductivity of the CNT-composite is higher than that of any of the other composites and that the composite with graphene has the best electrical properties.
A New Isolation Technique for SOS/LSI's–Local Buried Oxide Isolation of SOS (LOBOS)– (1977)

A new self-aligned oxide isolation technique is described which produces high yield SOS/LSI's. The new technique utilizes self-aligned photoetching steps where the photoresist is exposed to ultraviolet light projected through the back surface of the sapphire substrate. This technique enables a thick SiO2 film grown by chemical vapor deposition to be completely buried between the silicon islands, and is called Local Buried Oxide Isolation of SOS (LOBOS). The buried SiO2 film reduces the step height and prevents the diffusion of impurities from the sapphire substrate to the silicon film. These features result in good interconnections and improved device characteristics. The device characteristics of SOS/MOSFET's with LOBOS structures are compared with those of conventional SOS/MOSFET's.
The Story of Nitinol: The Serendipitous Discovery of the Memory Metal and Its Applications (1997)

The shape-retaining alloy Nitinol (Nickel Titanium Naval Ordance Laboratory), the “metal with a memory,” is revolutionizing manufacturing, engineering, and medicine as countless products that “think” for themselves enter the marketplace. This article recounts its discovery in 1959 by William J. Buehler of the U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, its subsequent development by Buehler and Frederick E. Wang, and its applications in orthopedic and cardiovascular surger, orthodontics, solid-state heat engines, “shrink-to-fit” pipe couplers for aircraft, safety products, eyeglass frames, and toys. The serendipitous nature of the discovery, the solid-to-solid (austenite to martensite) phase transition that produces the alloy’s unusual properties, its numbers practical applications, and the ready availability of samples make the alloy an ideal, exiting, and thought-provoking topic for cheistry course at all levels in both lecture and laboratory.
Catheter Locking Solution Spillage: Theory and Experimental Verification (2008)

Spillage was slightly less than predicted (20-25% at nominal filling volume). During the experiments it was recognized that a small air bubble trapped in the Luer connection during connection reduces the spillage volume to 10-15%.
Diethyldithiocarbamate-Induced Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis in Leukemia Cell Lines (2003)

Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) has been shown to induce cytotoxicity in several different systems. We examined whether the DDTC-induced cytotoxicity was via apoptosis, or in relation to intracellular glutathione (GSH) in various murine and human leukemia cell lines. The cells most sensitive to DDTC-induced cytotoxicity were P388 lymphoid neoplasma cells and NALM-6, a B cell line of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). The next level of susceptible cells included J774.1, having a macrophage function, HL-60 premyelocytic leukemia cells, MOLT-4, an acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell, and Jurkat, a T-cell leukemia. U937 (expressing many monocyte-like characteristics), K562 erythroleukemia and K562/DXR (a multidrug-resistant clone derived from K562) were almost unaffected by DDTC. P388 was also highly susceptible to H(2)O(2), a most useful exogenous reactive oxygen species generator, and was lower in intracellular total GSH content than other leukemia cells. DDTC-induced cytotoxicity was closely related to intracellular GSH, but the level of cellular GSH did not always correlate with H(2)O(2)-induced cytotoxicity in this experiment. K562 had a higher intracellular total GSH content and showed lower susceptibility to DDTC and H(2)O(2), but with the combination of DDTC and DL-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), cytotoxicity increased significantly. The ratio of GSH/GSSG in P388 was reduced by DDTC or H(2)O(2). H(2)O(2)-induced cytotoxicity was completely blocked by catalase (CAT), while it was enhanced by superoxide dismutase (SOD). CAT or SOD did not affect DDTC-induced cytotoxicity. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC: 1 mM), a vanguard substance of GSH, and aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA: 100 microM), an endonuclease inhibitor, ameliorated DDTC-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. In conclusion, we suggest that DDTC-induced cytotoxicity was via an oxidative shift in the intracellular redox state, and accompanied the activation of endonuclease through apoptosis in leukemia cell lines.
Design Analysis of High-Speed Axial-Flux Generator (2008)

Problem Statement: Axial flux permanent magnet machines are regarded as compact high efficiency generators for micro-turbines employed in the distributed power generation systems. High-speed rotor of the generator causes some designing and modeling problems. Sensitivity analysis tasks of the machine parameters are difficult and completely different in comparison with the problems associated with conventional machines. Approach: This article presents a modeling procedure with some details for performance predictions of High-Speed Axial Flux Generator (HSAFG). The FEM results are employed to validate the proposed model. Proper values of inner diameter to outer diameter ratio, plus back iron thickness of two rotor discs located in two ends are serious design problem for a HSAFG. Results: Impacts of these two parameters on the performance characteristics of a HSAFG are investigated in this paper. Their optimum values are determined for the machine by somewhat precise considerations of the output voltage and efficiency. Conclusions/Recommendations: It has been found out that the optimum performance of HSAFG regarding the voltage and efficiency is achieved by the value of inner to outer diameter ratio sited between 0.5-0.65. Moreover, the thickness of the rotor back iron can be designed by trial method to produce sufficient air gap flux and resultant terminal voltage. Adding extra back iron would just increase the rotor inertia with no benefit.
Performance analysis of subband-level channel quality indicator feedback scheme of LTE (2010)

Frequency-domain scheduling and rate adaptation enable next generation wireless cellular systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) to achieve significantly higher downlink throughput. LTE assigns subcarriers in chunks, called physical resource blocks (PRBs), to users to reduce control signaling overhead. To reduce the enormous feedback overhead, the channel quality indicator (CQI) report that is used to feed back channel state information is averaged over a subband, which, in turn, is a group of multiple PRBs. In this paper, we develop closed-form expressions for the throughput achieved by the subband-level CQI feedback mechanism of LTE. We show that the coarse frequency resolution of the CQI incurs a significant loss in throughput and limits the multi-user gains achievable by the system. We then show that the performance can be improved by means of an offset mechanism that effectively makes the users more conservative in reporting their CQI.
Implementation and testing of a new 16-PSK transmitter (1988)

The work reported herein deals with the design, implementation, and testing the performance of a specific 16-PSK transmitter for use in conjunction (in future tests) with a specific direct bit detection receiver. A specific design procedure is utilized for generating sets of 2" phase shifted sinusoids with constant phase difference, each of which represents an n bit symbol. The design of the 16-PSK transmitter is extendable to the implementation of higher order M-PSK transmitters, i.e., M = 32, 64, etc. The procedure utilizes a shift register and associated digital devices to produce a set of square waveforms each of which is equally and successively delayed by a fixed time increment. Frequency selective filtering is then employed to convert this collection of square waves to a set of sinusoids while maintaining the time and therefore the desired phase relationship amongst members of the set. This implementation made it possible to produce an offset 16-PSK signal constellation whose members were all of equal amplitude and possessed the desired phase relationships to within one tenth of a degree. The signal constellation was highly stable and displayed an average phase drift amongst its members of less than three tenths of a degree after five and one half hours of operation. Photographs of signals in the time domain and displays of signals in the frequency domain are presented in order to highlight the important features of the system's performance.
<title>Time-domain simulation of optical multimode chip-to-chip interconnects</title> (2001)

To increase the bandwidth of high-performance chip-to-chip interconnects optical on-board interconnects can be used. Since the design procedure of such optical interconnects has to be widely compatible with current computer aided board design processes, adequate simulation methods are required. In this paper an efficient and design process compatible method for simulating the transmission behavior of optical multimode chip-to-chip interconnects is presented. The approach is based on a time domain description where an optical multimode waveguide is represented by a multiport. The different transfer paths between the input- and output ports describe the transmission behavior of the entire waveguide. The transmission behavior of each individual path can be characterized by its step response, which can be computed by the aid of an extended ray tracing method. Due to some fundamental properties of these step responses, its piecewise approximation by simple exponential functions is possible. As a consequence the pulse responses of each transfer path can be determined analytically and they are also approximated by exponential functions. Finally this procedure enables the application of a semi-analytic recursive convolution method for the computation of the waveguide transmission behavior. The simulation procedure is illustrated and discussed by a set of examples.
Addition of transcranial direct current stimulation to quadriceps strengthening exercise in knee osteoarthritis: A pilot randomised controlled trial (2017)

A randomised, assessor- and participant-blind, sham-controlled trial was conducted to assess the safety and feasibility of adding transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to quadriceps strengthening exercise in knee osteoarthritis (OA), and provide data to inform a fully powered trial. Participants were randomised to receive active tDCS+exercise (AT+EX) or sham tDCS+exercise (ST+EX) twice weekly for 8 weeks whilst completing home exercises twice per week. Feasibility, safety, patient-perceived response, pain, function, pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) were assessed before and after treatment. Fifty-seven people were screened for eligibility. Thirty (52%) entered randomisation and 25 (84%) completed the trial. One episode of headache in the AT+EX group was reported. Pain reduced in both groups following treatment (AT+EX: p<0.001, partial η2 = 0.55; ST+EX: p = 0.026, partial η2 = 0.18) but no between-group differences were observed (p = 0.18, partial η2 = 0.08). Function improved in the AT+EX (p = 0.01, partial η2 = 0.22), but not the ST+EX (p = 0.16, partial η2 = 0.08) group, between-group differences did not reach significance (p = 0.28, partial η2 = 0.052). AT+EX produced greater improvements in PPTs than ST+EX (p<0.05) (superolateral knee: partial η2 = 0.17; superior knee: partial η2 = 0.3; superomedial knee: partial η2 = 0.26). CPM only improved in the AT+EX group but no between-group difference was observed (p = 0.054, partial η2 = 0.158). This study provides the first feasibility and safety data for the addition of tDCS to quadriceps strengthening exercise in knee OA. Our data suggest AT+EX may improve pain, function and pain mechanisms beyond that of ST+EX, and provides support for progression to a fully powered randomised controlled trial.
Locking the Dimeric GABA <sub>B</sub> G-Protein-Coupled Receptor in Its Active State (2004)

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a major role in cell-cell communication in the CNS. These proteins oscillate between various inactive and active conformations, the latter being stabilized by agonists. Although mutations can lead to constitutive activity, most of these destabilize inactive conformations, and none lock the receptor in an active state. Moreover, GPCRs are known to form dimers, but the role of each protomer in the activation process remains unclear. Here, we show that the heterodimeric GPCR for the main inhibitory neurotransmitter, the GABA(B) receptor, can be locked in its active state by introducing two cysteines expected to form a disulphide bridge to maintain the binding domain of the GABA(B1) subunit in a closed form. This constitutively active receptor cannot be inhibited by antagonists, but its normal functioning, activation by agonists, and inhibition by antagonists can be restored after reduction with dithiothreitol. These data show that the closed state of the binding domain of GABA(B1) is sufficient to turn ON this heterodimeric receptor and illustrate for the first time that a GPCR can be locked in an active conformation.
Evaluation of a Microculture Method for Isolation of <i>Leishmania</i> Parasites from Cutaneous Lesions of Patients in Peru (2007)

Traditional culture of Leishmania spp. is labor intensive and has poor sensitivity. We evaluated a microculture method for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in consecutive patients presenting to the Leishmaniasis Clinic at the Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Peru, for evaluation of skin lesions. Lesion aspirates were cultured in duplicate and parallel in traditional culture tubes containing modified Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle (NNN) medium or Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium 1640 with 10% fetal bovine serum (10% RPMI) and in 70-microl capillary tubes containing a mixture of lesion aspirate and 10% RPMI. For sensitivity analysis, the consensus standard was considered to be a positive result in any two of the following four tests: Giemsa-stained lesion smear, culture, kinetoplast DNA PCR, or leishmanin skin test. The outcome measures were sensitivity and time to culture positivity. Forty-five patients with 62 skin lesions were enrolled in the study, of which 53 lesions fulfilled the consensus criteria for a final diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Of these 53 lesions, 39 were culture positive: 38 in capillary tubes, 29 in traditional culture tubes with modified NNN medium, and 19 in traditional culture tubes with 10% RPMI medium. The sensitivity of microculture was 71.7%, versus 54.7% for traditional culture with NNN (P, 0.038) and 35.8% with 10% RPMI (P, <0.001). The mean times to culture positivity were 4.2 days by microculture, 5.2 days in NNN, and 6 days in 10% RPMI (P, 0.009). We have demonstrated that microculture is a more sensitive and time-efficient means of isolating Leishmania parasites from cutaneous lesions than traditional culture.
Instability of Lactobacillus acidophilus in Yogurt (1977)

Lactobacillus acidophilus added to yogurt decreased in numbers during refrigerated storage. This instability was caused by substance(s) produced by L. bulgaricus, a component species of yogurt cultures. Hydrogen peroxide produced by L.
MAPK ERK Signaling Regulates the TGF-β1-Dependent Mosquito Response to Plasmodium falciparum (2009)

Malaria is caused by infection with intraerythrocytic protozoa of the genus Plasmodium that are transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Although a variety of anti-parasite effector genes have been identified in anopheline mosquitoes, little is known about the signaling pathways that regulate these responses during parasite development. Here we demonstrate that the MEK-ERK signaling pathway in Anopheles is controlled by ingested human TGF-beta1 and finely tunes mosquito innate immunity to parasite infection. Specifically, MEK-ERK signaling was dose-dependently induced in response to TGF-beta1 in immortalized cells in vitro and in the A. stephensi midgut epithelium in vivo. At the highest treatment dose of TGF-beta1, inhibition of ERK phosphorylation increased TGF-beta1-induced expression of the anti-parasite effector gene nitric oxide synthase (NOS), suggesting that increasing levels of ERK activation negatively feed back on induced NOS expression. At infection levels similar to those found in nature, inhibition of ERK activation reduced P. falciparum oocyst loads and infection prevalence in A. stephensi and enhanced TGF-beta1-mediated control of P. falciparum development. Taken together, our data demonstrate that malaria parasite development in the mosquito is regulated by a conserved MAPK signaling pathway that mediates the effects of an ingested cytokine.
Effect of Bactericidal Substance from <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> on Group A Streptococci I. Biochemical Alterations (1970)

A bactericidal substance isolated from phage type 71 staphylococci has been studied relative to its mechanism of action on streptococcal cells. The substance exerts its effect best at 37 C. No cell lysis occurs as evidenced by lack of alteration in optical density of susceptible cell suspensions. The bactericidal substance results in immediate cessation of protein and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis as well as degradation of newly and previously formed ribonucleic acid (RNA). The action on RNA seems to be independent of protein synthesis.
Ventrikelseptumdefekt (2015)

Ventrikelseptumdefekte sind die häufigsten aller kongenitalen Herzfehler und sind meist mit anderen kongenitalen Herzfehlern assoziiert. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Lage und Größe der Ventrikelseptumdefekte gibt es ein weites Spektrum klinischer Symptomatik und Therapieoptionen. Die Defekte liegen meist im perimembranösen Septumanteil, wobei die hämodynamische Auswirkung von der Defektgröße und dem pulmonalen Gefäßwiderstand abhängt. Kleine restriktive Ventrikelseptumdefekte ohne Symptomatik und hämodynamische Relevanz erfordern zunächst keine spezifische Therapie. Die frühzeitige Behandlung von mittleren und großen Ventrikelseptumdefekten mit großem Shuntvolumen verhindert das Auftreten von Komplikationen und sollte innerhalb des 1. Lebensjahrs erfolgen. Der interventionelle Defektverschluss kann bei perimembranösen oder muskulären Ventrikelseptumdefekten in Erwägung gezogen werden.
The epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease: what is the evidence for preventive measures? (2010)

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common and costly disease of beef cattle in North America. Despite extensive research, industry practices are often more informed by dogma than by fact. Frequently advocated interventions, including vaccination, various processing procedures, and nutritional manipulation, have limited impact on morbidity and mortality. Evidence for use of oral antimicrobials, either in feed or water, appears to be equivocal. In contrast, preconditioning and metaphylaxis have significant scientific evidence of efficacy, with weaning prior to sale potentially being the most important component of preconditioning. The inability to reach more definitive conclusions in preventing BRD may be attributable to difficulties in investigating the disease. Study challenges include potential for extensive confounding, tremendous variability, the multi-factorial nature of the disease, and inadequate methods for diagnosis.