gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Shear wave splitting in three-dimensional anisotropic media (2004)

Splitting intensity, a new seismic observable that characterizes seismic anisotropy, can be expressed as linear combinations of elastic perturbations involving 3-D sensitivity (or Fréchet) kernels. We conduct a numerical study of elastic wave propagation in weakly anisotropic heterogeneous media in order to investigate the validity of the different assumptions made in the derivation of these kernels. For characteristic periods larger than 6 s, the splitting parameters obtained from the analysis of synthetic seismograms calculated using a spectral-element method (SEM) are in excellent agreement with predictions based upon the 3-D kernels. This suggests that the kernels fully capture the complexity of shear wave splitting in heterogeneous anisotropic media and can be used for tomography. In addition, they can be used to calculate synthetic splitting parameters in 3-D anisotropic media, which represents a very small amount of computation compared with finite-difference or finite-element modelling. 3-D kernels distribute sensitivity off of the reference ray given by the laws of geometrical optics. This has important consequences for the interpretation of apparent splitting parameters, which usually relies on ray theory. Apparent splitting parameters estimated at the surface can differ significantly from the anisotropic properties in the underlying medium wherever heterogeneities occur with a characteristic wavelength smaller than approximately 0.75 times the width of the first Fresnel zone , with λ the wavelength and z the depth.
Kinematic design considerations for minimally invasive surgical robots: an overview (2012)

This work provides a detailed survey of the kinematic design of MIS robots, addresses the research opportunity in MIS robots for kinematicians, and clarifies the kinematic point of view to MIS robots as a reference for the medical community.
Automatic Summarization System coupled with a Question-Answering System (QAAS) (2009)

To select the most relevant sentences of a document, it uses an optimal decision algorithm that combines several metrics. The metrics processes, weighting and extract pertinence sentences by statistical and informational algorithms. This technique might improve a Question-Answering system, whose function is to provide an exact answer to a question in natural language. In this paper, we present the results obtained by coupling the Cortex summarizer with a Question-Answering system (QAAS). Two configurations have been evaluated. In the first one, a low compression level is selected and the summarization system is only used as a noise filter. In the second configuration, the system actually functions as a summarizer, with a very high level of compression. Our results on French corpus demonstrate that the coupling of Automatic Summarization system with a Question-Answering system is promising. Then the system has been adapted to generate a customized summary depending on the specific question. Tests on a french multi-document corpus have been realized, and the personalized QAAS system obtains the best performances.
The Condensed Chemical Dictionary (1957)

Extensively revised, enlarged, and updated edition of the standard chemical dictionary which has filled the needs of scientists and students since 1919. Provides short precise definitions, formulas of compounds, their properties, uses, shipping regulations, grades, and similar information. Arrangement is alphabetical with exceptions for organic prefixes and numbered compounds; abbreviations are explained. Lists 571 manufacturers, very many new trademarks, periodic chart of the elements (103). An indispensable reference tool for any reference library with scientific literature. The authors are at State Col lege, Pa. Contents: Publisher's preface. Numerical list of manufacturers. Alphabetical list of manufacturers. Shipping regulations. Editors' statement. Safety information; warning and labels. Trademarks. Explanation of arrangement. Periodic chart of the elements. -- AATA
Putidaredoxin competitively inhibits cytochrome b5-cytochrome P-450cam association: a proposed molecular model for a cytochrome P-450cam electron-transfer complex (1989)

Cytochrome b5 has been genetically engineered to afford a fluorescent derivative capable of monitoring its association with cytochrome P-450cam from Pseudomonas putida [Stayton, P. S., Fisher, M. T., & Sligar, S. G. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 13544-13548]. In the mutant cytochrome b5, threonine is replaced by a cysteine at position 65 (T65C) and has been labeled with the environmentally sensitive fluorophore acrylodan. In this paper, the physiological P-450cam reductant putidaredoxin, an Fe2S2.Cys4 iron-sulfur protein, is shown to competitively inhibit the cytochrome b5 association, suggesting that cytochrome b5 and putidaredoxin bind to a similar site on the cytochrome P-450cam surface. Since the crystal structures for both cytochrome b5 and cytochrome P-450cam have been solved to high resolution, the complex has been computer modeled, and a good fit was found on the proximal surface of nearest approach to the P-450cam heme prosthetic group. The proposed model includes electrostatic contacts between conserved cytochrome b5 carboxylates Glu-44, Glu-48, Asp-60, and the exposed heme propionate with cytochrome P-450cam basic residues Lys-344, Arg-72, Arg-112, and Arg-364, respectively. Putidaredoxin has similarly been shown to contain a carboxylate-based binding surface, and the current results suggest that if the model is correct, then it also interacts at the proposed site, probably utilizing similar P-450cam electrostatic contacts.
Erbium-doped single- and double-pass Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/ waveguide amplifiers (1994)

Single-pass and double-pass Er-diffused Z- and X-cut Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/ waveguide amplifiers, optically pumped at /spl lambda//sub p//spl ap/1484 nm, have been investigated. With a 48 mm long Z-cut amplifier device, Er-diffusion doped at 1100/spl deg/C, 6.7 dB (coupled pump power P/sub p,c/=170 mW) and 14.7 dB (P/sub p,c/=90 mW) net small-signal gain have been achieved with a single-pass and a double-pass configuration, respectively, at the signal wavelength /spl lambda//sub s/=1531 nm. A Z-cut sample doped at 1135/spl deg/C showed a considerably improved behavior. 11.3 dB single-pass net small-signal gain has been obtained (P/sub p,c/=170 mW; sample length 5.7 cm). Theoretical calculations predict gain figures up to 20 dB in single-pass and 40 dB in double-pass Er:Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/ amplifiers with increased (realistic) lengths of 10 cm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Determinants of mild clinical symptoms in cystic fibrosis patients. Residual chloride secretion measured in rectal biopsies in relation to the genotype. (1994)

Previous Ussing chamber measurements of secretagogue-provoked changes in short circuit current in rectal suction biopsies of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients showed that in a minority of patients chloride secretion in response to cholinergic agonists is reduced but not completely absent. To assess a possible relationship between this phenomenon and both the genotype and the phenotype, we performed Ussing chamber experiments on rectal suction biopsies of 51 CF patients. The CF mutation was identified in 89 out of 102 CF alleles. No apparent chloride secretion was found in 30 CF patients (group I). Low residual chloride secretion was found in 11 CF patients (group II), while a relatively high residual secretion appeared in 10 CF patients (group III). Pancreatic function was preserved more frequently in CF patients displaying residual secretion: 0% in group I, 27% in group II, and 60% in group III (P < 0.001). The age at diagnosis (mean +/- SEM) in group III (18.4 +/- 6.6) was significantly different from group I (1.2 +/- 0.4, P < 0.01) and group II (3.5 +/- 1.4, P = 0.05). Residual chloride secretion was found in some of the 28 dF508 homozygous patients (three in group II, and one in group III), disclosing that other factors than the CF gene defect itself affect the transepithelial chloride transport. The age at diagnosis correlates significantly with the magnitude of the secretory response, even within the dF508 homozygous patients (r = 0.4, P < 0.05). We conclude that residual chloride secretion in CF is the pathophysiological basis of preserved pancreatic function and delayed presentation of the disease, which is not exclusively determined by the CF genotype.
40 AA continuous tuning of a GaInAsP/InP vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser using an external mirror (1992)

Continuous tuning of 40 AA was achieved in a GaInAsP/InP vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser for the first time. The cavity length was directly changed by slightly moving an external mirror. The device was grown by chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) and the experiment was performed at low temperature. The result indicates that a short cavity structure can provide pure continuous wavelength tuning because of its wide longitudinal mode spacing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Clay reinforced polyimide/silica hybrid aerogel (2013)

Silica aerogels are comprised of highly porous three-dimensional networks. They typically are very fragile and brittle due to the inter-particle connections in the pearl-necklace-like fractal network. This behavior prevents their wider utility. The present study aims to reinforce the silica-based gel to improve the poor mechanical strength through crosslinking the silica particles with polyimide and incorporating Lucentite STN clay into the skeletal silica–polyimide network. 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) end-capped polyamic acid oligomers were first formed followed by gelation with TMOS at a range of clay concentrations to generate a silica network. The incorporation of clay leads to slightly lower BET surface area with little effect on shrinkage, porosity and density. Microscopy revealed that the aerogel preferentially grows from the edges of well dispersed clay particles while minimal growth occurs from clay surfaces. The formation of covalent bonds and hydrogen bonding through the OH functionalized clay edges is thought to enhance the connectivity with silica network and clay, leading to a substantial reinforcement effect as evidenced by an increase in modulus.
Host Prostaglandin E2-EP3 Signaling Regulates Tumor-Associated Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth (2003)

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatories are known to suppress incidence and progression of malignancies including colorectal cancers. However, the precise mechanism of this action remains unknown. Using prostaglandin (PG) receptor knockout mice, we have evaluated a role of PGs in tumor-associated angiogenesis and tumor growth, and identified PG receptors involved. Sarcoma-180 cells implanted in wild-type (WT) mice formed a tumor with extensive angiogenesis, which was greatly suppressed by specific inhibitors for cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 but not for COX-1. Angiogenesis in sponge implantation model, which can mimic tumor-stromal angiogenesis, was markedly suppressed in mice lacking EP3 (EP3(-/-)) with reduced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) around the sponge implants. Further, implanted tumor growth (sarcoma-180, Lewis lung carcinoma) was markedly suppressed in EP3(-/-), in which tumor-associated angiogenesis was also reduced. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that major VEGF-expressing cells in the stroma were CD3/Mac-1 double-negative fibroblasts, and that VEGF-expression in the stroma was markedly reduced in EP3(-/-), compared with WT. Application of an EP3 receptor antagonist inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis in WT, but not in EP3(-/-). These results demonstrate significance of host stromal PGE(2)-EP3 receptor signaling in tumor development and angiogenesis. An EP3 receptor antagonist may be a candidate of chemopreventive agents effective for malignant tumors.
Meiotic Gene Conversion: A Signal of the Basic Recombination Event in Yeast (1979)

Gene conversion, a phenomenon described more than 50 years ago, may be defined as a departure from the meiotic segregation ratio expected for a heterozygous genetic marker which is not ascribable to conventional genetic mechanisms such as polyploidy, suppressors, or multiple gene control. This phenomenon is most readily studied in organisms in which all the products of individual meioses are preserved as a biological unit. These organisms include the ascomycetes, certain basidiomycetes, and lower plants. However, the bulk of the data concerning aberrant segregations derive from studies on the ascomycetes Neurospora, Sordaria, Ascobolus, and Saccharomyces. Much of the earlier work on recombination in these organisms has recently been reviewed by Catcheside (1977). The present report describes our recent experiments on gene conversion in the yeast Saccharomyces.
Thymus cell antigen‐1‐expressing cells in the oval cell compartment† (2009)

Thy-1(+) cells in the OC niche are activated mesenchymal-epithelial cells that are distinct from resident stellate cells, myofibroblasts, and oval cells.
Daniels’ Running Formula (2022)

<JATS1:p>Train for your next race with the man who has been called “the world’s best running coach.” With more than 55 years of experience, Jack Daniels is a legendary figure in the running community. Named the National Coach of the Year by the NCAA and honored as the Division III Women’s Cross Country Coach of the Century, Daniels has mentored some of the greatest names in running, including Jim Ryun, Ken Martin, Jerry Lawson, Alicia Shay, Peter Gilmore, Magdalena Lewy-Boulet, and Janet Cherobon-Bawcom. In Daniels’ Running Formula, he has shared training advice with hundreds of thousands of runners. Now in this updated—and definitive—fourth edition, he again refines his methods and strategies to help you run faster and stronger.</JATS1:p> <JATS1:p>Building upon his revolutionary VDOT system, Daniels incorporates new insights gained from studying participants in his unique Run SMART Project. You’ll be guided through the components that make the training formula work and then learn different types of training—including treadmill training, fitness training, and training at altitude or in other challenging environments—along with age-related modifications for runners from ages 6 to 80.</JATS1:p> <JATS1:p>Everything comes together with expert advice on event-specific training ranging—for runs ranging from 800 meters to ultradistance events and triathlons. You will find advice on setting up your own seasonal plan, or you can follow one of Daniels’ 31 proven training plans and workouts. You’ll even find four fitness running plans, from novice level to elite level, to get in shape or regain conditioning after injury.</JATS1:p> <JATS1:p>Join the thousands of runners who have relied on Jack Daniels to help them reach their peak running performance. Using the programs outlined in Daniels’ Running Formula, you too can achieve the results you seek every time you train and race.</JATS1:p>
Permeability, conductivity, and pore geometry of sandstone (1988)

Using Bruggeman's effective medium theory, the hydraulic permeability and dc electrical conductivity of sandstone are both expressed in terms of the ratio of two microscopic lengths, which are the dimensions of a characteristic pore throat and pore chamber, respectively. The theory is consistent with Kozeny‐Carman formulas in the limit of a perfectly microscopically homogeneous pore structure. Based on the effective medium approximation, the transport properties of Fontainebleau sandstone are predicted from a quantitative study of the pore space morphology. A series of epoxy‐impregnated thin sections of Fontainebleau sandstone was prepared from cores with porosity ranging between 5 and 22%. Using an image analyzer, throat and pore size distributions were constructed from the digitized and segmented microsections. For each sample the transport coefficients are calculated from the characteristic lengths, which are estimated directly from the experimental size histograms. The changes of both permeability and conductivity are predicted within a factor of 3 over the whole range of porosity. The variations of transport coefficients with porosity are interpreted from the contrasting evolution of pores and throats during diagenesis. Large pore chambers alternate with narrow passages in Fontainebleau sandstone. With decreasing porosity, some of the large pores remain stable, while the throats gradually shrink and are finally eliminated. The microscopic inhomogeneity of the pore geometry of Fontainebleau sandstone implies that its flow properties deviate from Kozeny‐Carman predictions.
Expression of transforming growth factor- (TGF-) in chronic idiopathic cough (2009)

In patients with chronic idiopathic cough, there is a chronic inflammatory response together with evidence of airway wall remodelling and an increase in airway epithelial nerves expressing TRPV-1. We hypothesised that these changes could result from an increase in growth factors such as TGF and neurotrophins. We recruited 13 patients with persistent non-asthmatic cough despite specific treatment of associated primary cause(s), or without associated primary cause, and 19 normal non-coughing volunteers without cough as controls, who underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and bronchial biopsies. There was a significant increase in the levels of TGF in BAL fluid, but not of nerve growth factor(NGF) and brain-derived nerve growth factor(BDNF) compared to normal volunteers. Levels of TFG gene and protein expression were assessed in bronchial biopsies. mRNA expression for TGF was observed in laser-captured airway smooth muscle and epithelial cells, and protein expression by immunohistochemistry was increased in ASM cells in chronic cough patients, associated with an increase in nuclear expression of the transcription factor, smad 2/3. Subbasement membrane thickness was significantly higher in cough patients compared to normal subjects and there was a positive correlation between TGF- levels in BAL and basement membrane thickening. TGF in the airways may be important in the airway remodelling changes observed in chronic idiopathic cough patients, that could in turn lead to activation of the cough reflex. Background Chronic cough is a common clinical problem [1,2]. Asthma, postnasal drip or rhino-sinusitis, and gastrooesophageal reflux have been recognized as being the most common causes of chronic cough [2,3]. In some patients, no cause can be identified despite thorough investigations and empiric treatment [4-6], a group recently denoted as 'idiopathic'. Patients with chronic cough very often demonstrate an increased tussive response to inhalation of tussive agents such as capsaicin Published: 22 May 2009 Respiratory Research 2009, 10:40 doi:10.1186/1465-9921-10-40 Received: 11 July 2008 Accepted: 22 May 2009 This article is available from: http://respiratory-research.com/content/10/1/40 © 2009 Xie et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Modulation of ATP-sensitive Potassium Channels by cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase in Rabbit Ventricular Myocytes (2001)

This investigation used a patch clamp technique to test the hypothesis that protein kinase G (PKG) contributes to the phosphorylation and activation of ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channels in rabbit ventricular myocytes. Nitric oxide donors and PKG activators facilitated pinacidil-induced K(ATP) channel activities in a concentration-dependent manner, and a selective PKG inhibitor abrogated these effects. In contrast, neither a selective protein kinase A (PKA) activator nor inhibitor had any effect on K(ATP) channels at concentrations up to 100 and 10 microm, respectively. Exogenous PKG, in the presence of both cGMP and ATP, increased channel activity, while the catalytic subunit of PKA had no effect. PKG activity was prevented by heat inactivation, replacing ATP with adenosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate) (a nonhydrolyzable analog of ATP), removing Mg(2+) from the internal solution, applying a PKG inhibitor, or by adding exogenous protein phosphatase 2A. The effects of cGMP analogs and PKG were observed under conditions in which PKA was repressed by a selective PKA inhibitor. The results suggest that K(ATP) channels are regulated by a PKG-signaling pathway that acts via PKG-dependent phosphorylation. This mechanism may, at least in part, contribute to a signaling pathway that induces ischemic preconditioning in rabbit ventricular myocytes.
A review on electromagnetic suspension systems for passenger vehicle (2011)

This paper discussing all the design literature review for electromagnetic suspension systems for passenger vehicle. Electromagnetic suspension is the alternative for existing conventional suspension system that uses passive suspension system. Generally, linear motor is used in the design of the suspension. This is due to the behavior of the motor that can exert linear force directly to the attached load. In addition, the linear force from linear motor is controllable. This paperreview with the effects of all types of electromagnetic suspension systems to the passenger's comfort. The reliability of fully active suspension system for vehicle also highlighted in this paper. A quarter-car model is used to assess the vehicle body vibration. This paper also deals with regenerative properties of linear motor that can improve the performance of lightweight vehicle.
Electronic cigarettes: human health effects (2014)

Scientific evidence regarding the human health effects of e-cigarettes is limited. While e-cigarette aerosol may contain fewer toxicants than cigarette smoke, studies evaluating whether e-cigarettes are less harmful than cigarettes are inconclusive. Some evidence suggests that e-cigarette use may facilitate smoking cessation, but definitive data are lacking. No e-cigarette has been approved by FDA as a cessation aid. Environmental concerns and issues regarding non-user exposure exist. The health impact of e-cigarettes, for users and the public, cannot be determined with currently available data.
Pharmacological Modulation of Human Subconjunctival Fibroblast Behavior In Vitro (1990)

The response of human subconjunctival fibroblasts to a variety of pharmacological agents was evaluated utilizing a novel in vitro wound assay and a separate proliferation assay. Both colchicine and cytochalasin B dramatically arrested wound closure at concentrations greater than or equal to 0.01 micrograms/ml and 2 micrograms/ml, respectively (p less than 0.05). At lower doses these drugs altered fibroblast morphology and inhibited directed cell migration. Dexamethasone and 6-MP delayed wound closure at concentrations greater than or equal to 100 micrograms/ml and 1000 micrograms/ml, respectively (p less than 0.05). Effective antiproliferative agents, in order of decreasing potency (based on unit weight), were Cytarabine (cytosine arabinoside), doxorubicin (Adriamycin), colchicine, 5-fluorouracil, cytochalasin B, cyclosporin (Sandimmune), 6-mercaptopurine, and dexamethasone. The antiprotease agents and methotrexate were ineffective as determined by both assays. We conclude that the wound assay is well suited for rapid screening of drugs for their effect on fibroblast morphology, motility, and proliferation, and that colchicine and cytochalasin B, in doses well below those documented to produce ocular toxicity, are effective in inhibiting directed migration and proliferation of subconjunctival fibroblasts in vitro. Differences in mechanism, onset of action, therapeutic range, and cytotoxicity of drugs could be exploited in controlling ocular fibroblast behavior in vivo.