gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Brain Circuits for the Internal Monitoring of Movements (2008)

Each movement we make activates our own sensory receptors, thus causing a problem for the brain: the spurious, movement-related sensations must be discriminated from the sensory inputs that really matter, those representing our environment. Here we consider circuits for solving this problem in the primate brain. Such circuits convey a copy of each motor command, known as a corollary discharge (CD), to brain regions that use sensory input. In the visual system, CD signals may help to produce a stable visual percept from the jumpy images resulting from our rapid eye movements. A candidate pathway for providing CD for vision ascends from the superior colliculus to the frontal cortex in the primate brain. This circuit conveys warning signals about impending eye movements that are used for planning subsequent movements and analyzing the visual world. Identifying this circuit has provided a model for studying CD in other primate sensory systems and may lead to a better understanding of motor and mental disorders.
Electrostatic Charging Characteristics of Polyethylene Powder During Pneumatic Conveying (1985)

A full-scale experimental rig has been set up to study the electrostatic charging characteristics and possible ignition hazards during pneumatic conveying and storage of powders. The rig consists of two large silos ( 55 m <R xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</R> and 60 m <R xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</R> ) which are connected via approximately 35 m length of steel pipe work. The powder conveying parameters such as velocity, relative humidity, dilution, etc., can be accurately controlled. The rig has been used to study the charging characteristics of polyethylene powder. Bipolar charging has been detected on the powder-the fine particles charge negatively while the coarse particles charge positively. Electric field strengths up to 150 kV/m have been measured during the silo filling operation. Detailed measurements have been carried out on the charging characteristics of polyethylene as a function of different conveying parameters. The experiments and results are reported.
Quest for a COVID-19 Cure by Repurposing Small-Molecule Drugs: Mechanism of Action, Clinical Development, Synthesis at Scale, and Outlook for Supply (2020)

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has spurred an intense global effort to repurpose existing approved drugs for its treatment. In this review, we highlight the development of seven small-molecule drugs that are currently being assessed in clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19. Three sections are presented for each drug: (1) history, mechanism of action, and status of clinical trials; (2) scalable synthetic routes and final forms; and (3) outlook for supply should clinical trials show treatment efficacy. A brief overview of diagnostic testing and vaccine development is also presented.
Design and characterization of an electromagnetic energy harvester for vehicle suspensions (2010)

During the everyday usage of an automobile, only 10–16% of the fuel energy is used to drive the car—to overcome the resistance from road friction and air drag. One important loss is the dissipation of vibration energy by shock absorbers in the vehicle suspension under the excitation of road irregularity and vehicle acceleration or deceleration. In this paper we design, characterize and test a retrofit regenerative shock absorber which can efficiently recover the vibration energy in a compact space. Rare-earth permanent magnets and high permeable magnetic loops are used to configure a four-phase linear generator with increased efficiency and reduced weight. The finite element method is used to analyze the magnetic field and guide the design optimization. A theoretical model is created to analytically characterize the waveforms and regenerated power of the harvester at various vibration amplitudes, frequencies, equilibrium positions and design parameters. It was found that the waveform and RMS voltage of the individual coils will depend on the equilibrium position but the total energy will not. Experimental studies of a 1:2 scale prototype are conducted and the results agree very well with the theoretical predictions. Such a regenerative shock absorber will be able to harvest 16–64 W power at 0.25–0.5 m s − 1 RMS suspension velocity.
A genetic algorithm for multicast mapping in publish-subscribe systems (2003)

In publish-subscribe systems, multicast is an efficient way to propagate information from the publishers to a group of subscribers. This paper studies the problem of mapping a large set of subscriptions into a fixed, smaller set of multicast groups in order to support efficiently the dissemination of events. Given the large search space, it is infeasible to obtain the optimal solution in reasonable time. To address this difficulty, the paper proposes and evaluates a genetic search solution for the mapping problem.
Application of laser technology to atmospheric monitoring (1977)

The rapid development of fixed frequency and tunable lasers has increased their use for in situ and remote detection of atmospheric contaminants. As laser systems become more compact, efficient, and cost effective, environmental monitoring using lasers will become wide spread and routine, without the need for highly skilled operators.
Noise in solid-state devices and lasers (1970)

A survey is given of the most important noise problems in solid-state devices. Section II discusses shot noise in metal-semiconductor diodes, p-n junctions, and transistors at low injection; noise due to recombination and generation in the junction space-charge region; high-level injection effects; noise in photodiodes, avalanche diodes, and diode particle detectors, and shot noise in the leakage currents in field-effect transistors (FETs). Section III discusses thermal noise and induced gate noise in FETs; generation-recombination noise in FETs and transistors at low temperatures; noise due to recombination centers in the space-charge region(s) of FETs, and noise in space-charge-limited solid-state diodes. Section IV attempts to give a unified account of 1/f noise in solid-state devices in terms of the fluctuating occupancy of traps in the surface oxide; discusses the kinetics of these traps; applies this to flicker noise in junction diodes, transistors, and FETs, and briefly discusses flicker noise in Gunn diodes and burst noise in junction diodes and transistors. Section V discusses shot noise in the light emission of luminescent diodes and lasers, and noise in optical heterodyning. Section VI discusses circuit applications. It deals with the noise figure of negative conductance amplifiers (tunnel diodes and parametric amplifiers), and of FET, transistor, and mixer circuits. In the latter discussion capacitive up-converters, and diode, FET, and transistor mixers are dealt with.
Cerebrospinal fluid acetylcholinesterase activity in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (1985)

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 36 individuals, including 12 persons with Alzheimer's disease, 12 normal controls, and 12 patients with other dementias. AChE activity also was measured in 47 normal subjects whose ages ranged from 20 to 84 to evaluate the effect of age on AChE activity. CSF from patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type showed significantly lower mean AChE activity than in age-matched controls and patients with other dementia syndromes. No correlation was found between duration of illness, age, or severity of illness (as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination score) and CSF AChE activity in Alzheimer's disease. AChE increased significantly over the age range of 20 to 84. CSF AChE activity may prove to be a useful diagnostic test to confirm the clinical diagnosis of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease.
렌즈 염색제와 칼라 렌즈의 광흡수 특성 (1999)

The optical absorption spectrum was measured of the tinted powder, tinted solution and tinted lens in the visible regions. The tinted powder was very different with color of tinted lens that the optical absorptions was so higher, composed of the thick-gray color. The optical absorptions of tinted solution were just a little appeared by the energy split of a transition metal ion, so constructed with each color space. The optical absorptions of the tinted lens were appeared with the energy split peaks to a transition metal ion, so its were affected by the color constructions. The optical absorption peaks of each lens were depend on the tinted time. Blue color lens had a lot of absorption in the short wavelength regions than 500nm, and had a little appeared in the high wavelength regions than 500nm. In case of a yellow color, the optical absorptions were appeared quite contrary to the blue color, so these colors had the opponent-colors each other. In case of green color, the optical absorptions had a high in the both edges, had a low in the middle regions. In the pink color, by the optical absorptions form of quite contrary to the green color it, these colors had the opponent-colors each other. In the brown color, the optical absorptions had a maximum values in the short wavelength regions, and it gradually decreased goes by the long wavelength regions.
An algorithm for wipe detection (1998)

The detection of transitions between shots in video programs is an important first step in analyzing video content. The wipe is a frequently used transitional form between shots. Wipe detection is more involved than the detection of abrupt and other gradual transitions because a wipe may take various patterns and because of the difficulty in discriminating a wipe from object and camera motion. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for detecting wipes using both structural and statistical information. The algorithm can effectively detect most wipes used in current TV programs. It uses the DC sequence which can be easily extracted from the MPEG stream without full decompression.
Development of a large screen military fast-jet interface (2001)

Current fast-jet cockpits typically contain three Multi Function Displays (MFDs) and numerous electromechanical dials. The problem with this type of cockpit configuration is that pilots waste valuable cognitive resources integrating the information from the different MFDs. The solution to this problem is to replace the MFDs with a single large screen flat panel display to allow the fusion of displayed information, whilst avoiding potential clutter problems. The use of a single large screen display (LSD) would reduce the time spent by the pilot in information management duties and provide an increased display area for presenting useful tactical information. A three year research programme conducted at the Centre for Human Sciences (CHS), DERA Farnborough has focused on the issues associated with implementing LSDs, and has resulted in the development of a mature wide field of view Head Down Display (HDD) demonstrator. This demonstrator has been used to address the Human Factors (HF) issues associated with such displays and the key information management issues for both the pilot and the display. The research programme has demonstrated concepts that would be relevant to many different military and civil domains. These concepts are immediately transferable to platforms such as Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles (UCAVS), unmanned air vehicle (UAV) control stations, and Command and Control Centres.
Temperature Effect on Pore Structure of Nanostructured Zeolite Particles Synthesizedby Aerosol Spray Method (2006)

This study investigated the effect of reaction temperature, ranging from 450 to 650°C, on the pore structure of the nanostructured zeolite particles (NZP) synthesized by aerosol-assisted self-assembly (AASA). The results indicated that by using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a surfactant, the pore size distributions in the synthesized NZP from 450 to 550°C were nearly uniform with geometric standard deviations of around 1.2. However, the uniformity is poorer at process temperature of 650°C. A maximum surface area of 872 m2/g could be reached at 550°C with an average pore diameter of 2.0 nm, while a maximum pore diameter of 2.5 nm could be achieved at 450°C with a surface area of 750 m2/g. The results also indicated that a slight increase in the average pore diameter (d) of NZP from 2.0 to 2.5 nm led to an increase in the acetone adsorption capacity, even though its surface area was decreased; in which case (d = 2.5 nm) the saturated adsorption of NZP was better than that of ZSM-5 zeolite.
Experimental Quantum Key Distribution with Decoy States (2006)

To increase dramatically the distance and the secure key generation rate of quantum key distribution (QKD), the idea of quantum decoys--signals of different intensities--has recently been proposed. Here, we present the first experimental implementation of decoy state QKD. By making simple modifications to a commercial quantum key distribution system, we show that a secure key generation rate of 165 bit/s, which is 1/4 of the theoretical limit, can be obtained over 15 km of a telecommunication fiber. We also show that with the same experimental parameters, not even a single bit of secure key can be extracted with a non-decoy-state protocol. Compared to building single photon sources, decoy state QKD is a much simpler method for increasing the distance and key generation rate of unconditionally secure QKD.
CFE-1, a Novel Plasmid-Encoded AmpC β-Lactamase with an<i>ampR</i>Gene Originating from<i>Citrobacter freundii</i> (2004)

A clinical isolate of Escherichia coli from a patient in Japan, isolate KU6400, was found to produce a plasmid-encoded beta-lactamase that conferred resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins. Resistance arising from production of a beta-lactamase could be transferred by either conjugation or transformation with plasmid pKU601 into E. coli ML4947. The substrate and inhibition profiles of this enzyme resembled those of the AmpC beta-lactamase. The resistance gene of pKU601, which was cloned and expressed in E. coli, proved to contain an open reading frame showing 99.8% DNA sequence identity with the ampC gene of Citrobacter freundii GC3. DNA sequence analysis also identified a gene upstream of ampC whose sequence was 99.0% identical to the ampR gene from C. freundii GC3. In addition, a fumarate operon (frdABCD) and an outer membrane lipoprotein (blc) surrounding the ampR-ampC genes in C. freundii were identified, and insertion sequence (IS26) elements were observed on both sides of the sequences identified (forming an IS26 composite transposon); these results confirm the evidence of the translocation of a beta-lactamase-associated gene region from the chromosome to a plasmid. Finally, we describe a novel plasmid-encoded AmpC beta-lactamase, CFE-1, with an ampR gene derived from C. freundii.
Introduction: Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer (2010)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVEditorialNEXTIntroduction: Proton-Coupled Electron TransferSharon Hammes-SchifferView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USACite this: Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 12, 6937–6938Publication Date (Web):December 8, 2010Publication History Received29 October 2010Published online8 December 2010Published inissue 8 December 2010https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr100367qhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr100367qeditorialACS PublicationsCopyright © 2010 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views7596Altmetric-Citations160LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (74 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Charge transfer,Peptides and proteins,Proton coupled electron transfer,Reaction mechanisms,Transfer reactions Get e-Alerts
High frequency resonant inverter for contactless energy transmission over large air gap (2004)

The paper investigates the influence of geometrical and electrical parameters on energy transmission through air gaps of several hundred millimetres. The transferable electric power and the efficiency of magnetic assemblies with large air gaps can be considerably improved by using higher transmission frequencies in the range of several hundred kilohertz. Contactless energy transmission systems operate at resonance. With a proper choice of the resonance capacitors on the primary and secondary side, the contactless system represents an ohmic load for the primary inverter. Therefore switching events take place at zero current (ZCS) without auxiliary commutation elements, which is an important precondition for reaching higher transmission frequencies. For this application a special inverter was developed. The phase-shifted controlled bridge at the primary side is equipped with IGBT and freewheeling SiC Schottky diodes. Because of their ultra low reverse recovery charge, the operation behaviour is much better compared to fast Si diodes. The different switching events of the inverter with freewheeling SiC Schottky diodes are investigated in detail. An experimental arrangement transfers an electric power of 1 kW through an air gap of 300 mm. At a 100 kHz transmission frequency the overall efficiency, including magnetic and power electronic components, is greater than 80%.
Modification of the Oxidative Power of ZnO(1010) Surface by Substituting Some Surface Zn Atoms with Other Metals (2007)

We use oxygen vacancy formation energy (OVFE) as a measure of how easily lattice oxygen may participate in the Mars and Van Krevelen mechanism for oxidation reactions. We calculate with density functional theory how OVFE is affected when some of Zn atoms in ZnO(101̄0) surface layer are substituted by other metal dopants. We find that Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Os, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, and Cd decrease OVFE and prefer to be located at the surface of ZnO rather than in the bulk. Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, La, Ti, Zr, Hf, Ce, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Co, Al, Ga, Sn, and Pb increase OVFE. Most of the dopants that increase OVFE prefer to substitute Zn atoms in the bulk, except for Ca, Sr, Ba, La, Ce, Re, Fe, Ru, Co, Sn, and Pb, which prefer to substitute a Zn atom at the surface. These calculations lead us to conclude that doping an oxide is an efficient method of modifying its oxidative power.
Paracrine <i>in vivo</i> inhibitory effects of hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) on liver cell proliferation: An alternative mechanism of HBx-related pathogenesis (2002)

The role of the hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) in the pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains unclear. HBx exhibits pleiotropic biological effects, whose in vivo relevance is a matter for debate. In the present report, we have used a combination of HBx-expressing transgenic mice and liver cell transplantation to investigate the in vivo impact of HBx expression on liver cell proliferation and viability in a regenerative context. We show that moderate HBx expression inhibits liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in HBx-expressing transgenic mice. We also demonstrate that the transplantation of HBx-expressing liver cells, isolated from HBx transgenic mice, is sufficient to inhibit overall recipient liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Moreover, the injection of serum samples drawn from HBx-expressing transgenic mice mimicked the inhibitory effect of HBx on liver regeneration. Finally, the incubation of primary rat hepatocytes with the supernatant of HBx-expressing liver cells inhibits cellular DNA synthesis. Taken together, our results demonstrate a paracrine inhibitory effect of HBx on liver cell proliferation and lead us to propose HBV as one of the few viruses implicated in human cancer which act, at least in part, through paracrine biological pathways.
Matrix Completion for Multi-label Image Classification (2011)

Recently, image categorization has been an active research topic due to the urgent need to retrieve and browse digital images via semantic keywords. This paper formulates image categorization as a multi-label classification problem using recent advances in matrix completion. Under this setting, classification of testing data is posed as a problem of completing unknown label entries on a data matrix that concatenates training and testing features with training labels. We propose two convex algorithms for matrix completion based on a Rank Minimization criterion specifically tailored to visual data, and prove its convergence properties. A major advantage of our approach w.r.t. standard discriminative classification methods for image categorization is its robustness to outliers, background noise and partial occlusions both in the feature and label space. Experimental validation on several datasets shows how our method outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms, while effectively capturing semantic concepts of classes. 1