gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Information Visualization in Research Reporting: Guidelines for Representing Quantitative Data (2012)

This paper presents guidelines for information visualization in quantitative research reporting in a step-wise and graphical format. The ease of use and availability of statistical packages has led to widespread use of statistical methods for information visualization. Without knowledge of statistics or easy-to-follow guidelines there is a very real potential for invalid or incorrect visualizations to be used. This compromises the validity and effectiveness of the research reporting. Here we address this deficiency by proposing a set of guidelines presented as a decision tree to guide the choice of visualization format for maximizing the effectiveness of quantitative data in academic reporting. In this paper we provide a content analysis of the literature on guidelines for statistical analysis from a knowledge visualization perspective. This was triangulated with a set of heuristics gained from experience in providing statistical support on research reporting to masters and doctoral students at the University of South Africa over a period of 11 years. The resulting analysis was integrated and contextualized to derive a set of Guidelines for Visualization of Quantitative data in Academic Reporting (VisQuAR). These guidelines will serve to inform the efforts of students engaged in research reporting and also to support research supervisors who have not been specifically trained in the use of statistical methods.
Antibacterial Properties of Charged TiN Surfaces for Dental Implant Application (2019)

The formation and characterization of positively surface charged TiN surfaces were investigated for improving dental implant survival. Surface nitrogen atoms of a traditional TiN implant were converted to a positive charge by a quaternization reaction which greatly increased the antibacterial efficiency. Ti, TiN, and quaternized TiN samples were incubated with human patient subgingival bacteria for 4 hours at 37°C in an anaerobic environment with an approximate 40% reduction in counts on the quaternized surface over traditional Ti and TiN. The samples were challenged with <i>Streptococcus Mutans</i> and fluorescent imaging confirmed significant reduction in the quaternized TiN over the traditional Ti and TiN. Contact angle measurement and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were utilized to confirm the surface chemistry changes. The XPS results found the charged quaternized nitrogen peak at 399.75 eV that is unique to the quaternized sample.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES AND PROPERTIES OF SOME DERIVATIVES OF N‐(4′‐(PHENYL‐1,2,3‐BENZOTRIAZOLYL))NAPHTHALIMIDE (1982)

Abstract Aus den Naphthalanhydriden (I) werden mit den Aminophenylbenzotriazolen (II) und (IV) bzw. mit Anilin die Naphthalimide (III), (V) bzw. (VI) synthetisiert und zusammen mit den Modellverbindungen (VII) und (VIII) der Spektralanalyse unterworfen.
Nitrogen-fixation genes and nitrogenase activity in Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium beijerinckii (2001)

Several solvent-producing clostridia, including Clostridium acetobutylicum and C. beijerinckii, were previously shown to be nitrogen-fixing organisms based on the incorporation of 15N2 into cellular material. The key nitrogen-fixation (nif) genes, including nifH, nifD, and nifK for nitrogenase component proteins as well as nifE, nifN, nifB and nifV for synthesis of the iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMoco) of nitrogenase, have now been identified in C. acetobutylicum or C. beijerinckii or both. The organization of these genes is similar to the distinctive pattern that was first observed in Clostridium pasteurianum, with the nifN and nifB genes fused into the nifN-B gene and with the nifV gene split into the nifVomega and nifValpha genes. The corresponding nif genes of these three clostridial species are highly related to each other. However, in the two solvent-producing clostridia, the nifH and nifD genes are interspersed by two glnB-like genes, which are absent in the corresponding region in C. pasteurianum. However, the nifN-B and nifVomega genes of C. pasteurianum are interspersed by the putative modA and modB genes (for molybdate transport), which are absent in the corresponding region in C. acetobutylicum. C. acetobutylicum and C. beijerinckii grew well under nitrogen-fixing conditions, and the acetylene-reducing activity of nitrogenase was measured in the two species. Acetone, butanol, and isopropanol production occurred in nitrogen-fixing cultures, but the peak of nitrogen-fixing activity preceded the active solventogenic phase.
Evaluation of the AC quantized Hall resistance (2002)

The AC quantized Hall resistance (QHR) has been evaluated with respect to its dependence on sample, sample temperature, plateau flatness, longitudinal resistance, and step value.
Energetics and Application of Heterotrophy in Acetogenic Bacteria (2016)

Acetogenic bacteria are a diverse group of strictly anaerobic bacteria that utilize the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway for CO2 fixation and energy conservation. These microorganisms play an important part in the global carbon cycle and are a key component of the anaerobic food web. Their most prominent metabolic feature is autotrophic growth with molecular hydrogen and carbon dioxide as the substrates. However, most members also show an outstanding metabolic flexibility for utilizing a vast variety of different substrates. In contrast to autotrophic growth, which is hardly competitive, metabolic flexibility is seen as a key ability of acetogens to compete in ecosystems and might explain the almost-ubiquitous distribution of acetogenic bacteria in anoxic environments. This review covers the latest findings with respect to the heterotrophic metabolism of acetogenic bacteria, including utilization of carbohydrates, lactate, and different alcohols, especially in the model acetogen Acetobacterium woodii Modularity of metabolism, a key concept of pathway design in synthetic biology, together with electron bifurcation, to overcome energetic barriers, appears to be the basis for the amazing substrate spectrum. At the same time, acetogens depend on only a relatively small number of enzymes to expand the substrate spectrum. We will discuss the energetic advantages of coupling CO2 reduction to fermentations that exploit otherwise-inaccessible substrates and the ecological advantages, as well as the biotechnological applications of the heterotrophic metabolism of acetogens.
Open social learning communities (2011)

With the advent of open education resources, social networking technologies and new pedagogies for online and blended learning, we are in the early stages of a significant disruption in current models of education. The disruption is fueled by a staggering growth in demand. Open Social Learning systems open a new venue for self-motivated learners to access high quality learning materials. In this paper, we describe our vision of open social learning and introduce a cyber-infrastructure that supports a large-scale open social learning community in order to facilitate self-guided learning.
Kisspeptin-13 inhibits insulin secretion without affecting glucagon or somatostatin release: study in the perfused rat pancreas (2007)

Kisspeptins are a family of peptides encoded by the KISS1 gene, which binds to G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR54), an orphan GPR54 related to galanin receptors. Endogenous forms composed of 54, 14, and 13 amino acids have been identified. Kisspeptin and GPR54 mRNAs have been detected in pancreatic B and A cells. Furthermore, kisspeptin-54 has been shown to slightly stimulate the last phase of glucose-induced insulin secretion in mouse and human islets and to inhibit insulin release in MIN6 cells. We have investigated the effect of kisspeptin-13 on insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin secretion. The study was performed in the perfused rat pancreas. Glucose, arginine, carbachol, and exendin-4 were used as secretagogues. Hormones were measured by RIA. Kisspeptin-13 reduced glucose-induced insulin secretion in a dose-dependent manner (IC(50)=1.2 nM) and inhibited the insulin responses to both carbachol and exendin-4. Kisspeptin-13 blocked arginine-induced insulin secretion without affecting the glucagon or somatostatin responses to this amino acid, thus indicating that kisspeptin-13 influences B cells directly, rather than through an A- or D-cell paracrine effect. The reduction of the insulin response to exendin-4 induced by kisspeptin-13 was also observed in pertussis toxin-treated rats, thus suggesting an inhibition independent of G(i) proteins. In view of the potent insulinostatic effect of kisspeptin-13, it is tempting to speculate that kisspeptins may be implicated in the regulation of B-cell secretion.
Composite YAG/Nd:YAG transparent ceramics for high-power lasers (2011)

Composite YAG/2.0at%Nd:YAG transparent ceramic was fabricated by solid-state reactive sintering a mixture of commercial α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Nd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> powders with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and MgO as sintering additives. A fully dense YAG/2.0at%Nd:YAG ceramic with an average grain size of ~20μm was obtained by vacuum sintering at 1750°C for 50h. There are almost no pores or second phases present at grain boundaries or inner grains. The in-line transmittance reached 83.6% at the lasing wavelength of 1064nm and 82.0% at 400nm. The porosity of the sample was at the level of several vol ppm. The composite YAG/2.0at%Nd:YAG transparent ceramics are promising to generate high-energy laser.
Penicillin and Other Antibiotic Agents. (1945)

With a new and rapidly moving subject, it is always a question at what point one is justified in summarizing current knowledge in book form. Dr. Herrell's monograph will always be a landmark in the history of antibiotics, if for no other reason than for the excellent chapters dealing with the discovery and development of these substances, the analysis of the literature and the classification of priorities. The general physician will perhaps be most interested in the discussions of technic of preparation and administration of penicillin and of the results of treatment in various conditions. The material is extensive and well presented, although much will have to be revised in the light of future (and indeed current) work, especially the matter of time-dose relation. The reviewer feels that the continuous intravenous method of administration will, except in rare instances, be replaced by intermittent intramuscular injections or by some other more
Molecular-hydrogen, -nitrogen and monohydride derivatives of the structurally characterised dichloro(o-diphenylphosphino-N,N-dimethylaniline)[tris(p-tolyl)phosphine]ruthenium(II) complex (1993)

The crystallographically characterised, five-coordinate complex [RuCl2(o-diphenylphosphino-N,N-dimethyianiline){P(p-tolyl)3}] reversibly binds H2 and N2 to form η2-H2 and σ-N2 species, respectively; the former reacts with base to generate the chloro(hydrido) derivative.
Cloning and Expression of a G Protein‐Linked Acetylcholine Receptor from <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> (1999)

We have isolated a cDNA clone from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that encodes a protein of greatest sequence similarity to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. This gene codes for a polypeptide of 682 amino acids containing seven putative transmembrane domains. The amino acid identities, excluding a highly variable middle portion of the third intracellular loop, to the human m1-m5 receptors are 28-34%. When this cloned receptor was coexpressed with a G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ channel (GIRK1) in Xenopus oocyte, acetylcholine was able to elicit the GIRK current. This acetylcholine-induced current was substantially inhibited by the muscarinic antagonist atropine in a reversible manner. However, another muscarinic agonist oxotremorine and antagonists scopolamine and pirenzepine had little or negligible effects on this receptor. Taken together, these results suggest that the cloned gene encodes a G protein-linked acetylcholine receptor that is most similar to but pharmacologically distinct from muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
Photolytic water oxidation catalyzed by a molecular carbene iridium complex (2012)

The complex IrCl(2)(Cp*)(trz) (trz = triazolylidene), 2, was prepared from readily available 1,3-dimethyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazolium salt. Under basic conditions, the C-bound phenyl group readily cyclometalates, while under acidic conditions, cyclometalation is reversed. The sensitivity of the C(aryl)-Ir bond but not the C(trz)-Ir bond towards acidolysis provided a basis for using 2 as a catalyst in Ce(IV)-mediated water oxidation. The catalytic activity is characterized by a robust catalytic cycle, affording excellent turnover numbers (TON > 20,000). Under cerium-free conditions and in the presence of hematite as a photoelectrode, light-induced activity was observed. The photoelectrochemical reaction is strongly pH-dependent, which requires pH adjustments when running multiple cycle experiments to regenerate the catalytic activity. Analogous chelating complexes display better stability and higher catalytic activity than the monodentate complex 2.
Definition of the concept of polymer gel (2008)

The current ideas concerning polymer gels are outlined. The following definition of gel is proposed: a gel is a solid composed of at least two components, one of which (polymer) forms a three-dimensional network by virtue of covalent or noncovalent bonding (chemical and physical gels, respectively) in the medium of the other component (liquid), wherein the minimum amount of the liquid is sufficient for ensuring the elastic properties of the gel, although it may exceed tens to hundreds of times the amount of the polymer. It is noted that, at a high network density or high polymer-chain rigidity, the formation of fragile gels is possible. A general feature of physical gels is the existence of the yield point. Earlier results, which suggest the existence of two yield points in polymer gels, as found in studies of gelatin hydrogels over a wide concentration range, are suveyed.
On the Relative Placement and the Transportation Problem for Standard-Cell Layout (1986)

A new two-phased method for the simultaneous placement of modules for standard-cell layout is presented. In phase one, a relative placement is calculated by application of an iterative solution method taking advantage of net-list scarcity. A fast algorithm is derived from a new formulation of the problem. In addition, signal weights and pin coordinates are considered. In phase two, different-sized modules are assigned to physical locations by solving a transportation problem.
Evaluation of DNA Fragment Sizing and Quantification by the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (2000)

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) achieves efficient separation of molecular species by the application of high voltages to samples in solution (1). Commercial CE units, available for slightly more than a decade, have found numerous applications (2)(3)(4)(5)(6), but are expensive (∼$60 000) and require substantial user training and experience. Recent advances have allowed CE to be performed on microchip devices (7)(8)(9)(10)(11). We evaluated the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies), which represents a new generation of CE instruments that use this technology.

The Bioanalyzer is relatively inexpensive (∼$18 000) and is simple to operate, requiring only routine pipetting and basic computer skills. Typically, 12 nucleic acid samples can be sized and quantified on a disposable chip within 30 min. Chips are fabricated from glass and comprise an interconnected network of fluid reservoirs and microchannels, which must be filled with a gel-dye mixture. Each chip contains 16 wells: 3 for loading the gel-dye mixture, 1 for a molecular size ladder, and 12 for experimental samples. The movement of nucleic acids through the microchannels is controlled by a series of electrodes, each of which is independently connected to a common power supply. The Bioanalyzer displays data as both migration-time plots and as computer-generated virtual gels. Traditional CE operating variables [temperature, voltage, capillary material, and pH, ionic strength, and viscosity of buffer (12)] cannot be modified. The instruments costs ∼$18 000, and chips cost ∼$12–18 per chip ($1–1.50 per sample).

The gel-dye mixture consists of a linear polymer and a fluorescent, intercalating dye. The marker mixture consists of a buffer along with lower and upper molecular size markers, which the Bioanalyzer uses as references when sizing DNA fragments. The upper marker is also used as a reference for calculating the …
An inverter/controller subsystem optimized for photovoltaic applications (1978)

Conversion of solar array dc power to ac power stimulated the specification, design, and simulation testing of an inverter/controller subsystem tailored to the photovoltaic power source characteristics. Optimization of the inverter/controller design is discussed as part of an overall photovoltaic power system designed for maximum energy extraction from the solar array. The special design requirements for the inverter/ controller include: a power system controller (PSC) to control continuously the solar array operating point at the maximum power level based on variable solar insolation and cell temperatures; and an inverter designed for high efficiency at rated load and low losses at light loadings to conserve energy.
Integrins as Modulators of Transforming Growth Factor Beta Signaling in Dermal Fibroblasts During Skin Regeneration After Injury (2013)

The ability to better understand how different pathways crosstalk during wound repair and to identify and pharmacologically modulate key factors that contribute to the regulation of multiple wound-healing pathways could potentially provide effective therapeutic targets to decrease or prevent excessive scar formation and/or development of fibrosis.
Systemic Immunity-Enhancing Effects in Healthy Subjects Following Dietary Consumption of the Lactic Acid Bacterium<i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i>HN001 (2001)

Dietary consumption of L. rhamnosus HN001, in a base of low-fat milk or lactose-hydrolyzed low-fat milk, appears to enhance systemic cellular immune responses and may be useful as a dietary supplement to boost natural immunity.
The effect of the orexins on food intake: comparison with neuropeptide Y, melanin-concentrating hormone and galanin (1999)

Orexin-A and orexin-B (the hypocretins) are recently described neuropeptides suggested to have a physiological role in the regulation of food intake in the rat. We compared the orexigenic effect of the orexins administered intracerebroventricular (ICV) with other known stimulants of food intake, one strong, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and two weaker, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and galanin. Orexin-A consistently stimulated food intake, but orexin-B only on occasions. Both peptides stimulated food intake significantly less than NPY, but to a similar extent to MCH (2 h food intake: NPY 3 nmol, 7.2+/-0.9 g vs saline, 1.5+/-0.2 g, P<0.001, MCH 3 nmol, 3.2+/-0.8 g vs saline, P<0.01, orexin-B 30 nmol, 2. 6+/-0.5 g vs saline, P=0.11) and to galanin (1 h food intake: galanin 3 nmol, 2.0+/-0.4 g vs saline, 0.8+/-0.2 g, P<0.05, orexin-A 3 nmol 2.2+/-0.4 g vs saline, P<0.01; 2 hour food intake: orexin-B 3 nmol, 2.4+/-0.3 g vs saline, 1.3+/-0.2 g, P<0.05). Following ICV orexin-A, hypothalamic c-fos, a maker of neuronal activation, was highly expressed in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and the arcuate nucleus (P<0.005 for both). IntraPVN injection of orexin-A stimulated 2 h food intake by one gram (orexin-A 0.03 nmol, 1.6+/-0. 3 g vs saline, 0.5+/-0.3 g, P<0.005). These findings support the suggestion that the orexins stimulate food intake. However, this effect is weak and may cast doubt upon their physiological importance in appetite regulation in the rat.
Atrial Fibrillation and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke (2012)

AF males with a CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc score of 0 were at true low risk for stroke, which was similar to that of non-AF patients. However, AF females with a score of 1 were still at higher risk for ischemic events than non-AF patients.
<title>Soft X-Ray Transmission Gratings</title> (1981)

A technique has been developed for producing transmission diffraction gratings suitable for use in the soft x-ray region. Thin self-supporting films of a transparent material are overlaid with several thousand opaque metallic strips per mm. Gratings with 2100, 2400, and 5600 1/mm have been produced and tested. Representative spectra over the wavelength range from 17.2 to 40.0 nm are given for a grating consisting of a 120-nm-thick Al support layer overlaid with 2400, 34-nm-thick, Ag strips/mm. The absolute transmittance is rblp at 30 nm, and the efficiency in the first order is ~16%. The observed resolution of rb2A is acceptable for many of the potential applications. These gratings have several advantages over the two presently available alternatives in the soft x-ray region (i.e., reflection gratings used at grazing incidence and free-standing metallic wire transmission gratings). Fabrication is relatively quick, simple, and cheap. The support layer can also serve as a filter and help conduct excessive heat away. Higher line densities and hence higher resolutions are possible, and when used at normal incidence the spectra are aberration free. Suitable materials, component thicknesses, and line densities can be chosen to produce a grating of optimum characteristics for a particular application.
Automatic Recovery of Broken Links Using Information Retrieval Techniques (2018)

World Wide Web is very dynamic in its nature and we experienced changes in web pages every day. Web pages are updated, deleted, created or moved from one domain to another. Due to its dynamic nature often the web users experience broken links. Internet has been suffering from broken links problem despite of its contemporary services. Broken links are frequent problem occurring in web domain. Sometimes the page which was pointing from another page has been disappeared forever or moved to some other location. There are numerous reasons behind broken links. Some of these are permanently deleted Web pages, or modification made in Web pages causes broken links or the link of target page has some errors in code of source page. Researchers proposed several techniques in order to recover the broken links or at least retrieve some relevant pages. Number of sources have been used in research community for broken links recover like URL of target page, Anchor text, surround text near to anchor text and text in the source pages. All these sources of information are useful for retrieving the candidate pages relevant to broken links. System returns a ranked list of highly relevant candidate pages on submitting a query which has been extracted from different sources listed above. Previous work relies on TF (Term Frequency) or DF (Document Frequency) weights for extracting term from anchor text and full text of page containing missing links but not showed good results which cause the problem of retrieving similar pages for multiple broken links. In this paper we investigate the use of term proximity (position) relationship between the terms of anchor text and full text in order to extract relevant (good and bad) terms through classification model. This solves the problem by providing different query terms for multiple broken links and also increases the effectiveness as the terms that are proximity close to each other reveal more relevance.