gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The thermoelectric properties of Ge/SiGe modulation doped superlattices (2013)

The thermoelectric and physical properties of superlattices consisting of modulation doped Ge quantum wells inside Si1−yGey barriers are presented, which demonstrate enhancements in the thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT, and power factor at room temperature over bulk Ge, Si1−yGey, and Si/Ge superlattice materials. Mobility spectrum analysis along with low temperature measurements indicate that the high power factors are dominated by the high electrical conductivity from the modulation doping. Comparison of the results with modelling using the Boltzmann transport equation with scattering parameters obtained from Monte Carlo techniques indicates that a high threading dislocation density is also limiting the performance. The analysis suggests routes to higher thermoelectric performance at room temperature from Si-based materials that can be fabricated using micro- and nano-fabrication techniques.
A chemical approach to recycling mixed plastics from shredder fluff (1991)

The obsolete automobile is the largest recycled consumer product and the largest source of recycled ferrous scrap. The dismantler recovers mechanical and electrical components from the automobile for resale and sells the hulk to the shredder. The shredder shreds the hulk along with white goods (such as refrigerators, dryers, and washing machines). An air-classification system is used to remove the light fraction, better known as fluff, to facilitate the recovery of the metals downstream. Fluff contains plastics, glass, fibers, and foams, as well as dirt, gravel, sand, and other materials. It also contains automotive fluids and heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium. This paper addresses the treatment and recycling of fluff. In the last decade, several techniques to handle fluff have been proposed and/or investigated, including landfilling, incineration, incineration with heat recovery, incineration with heat recovery and conversion to electricity, gasification, pyrolysis, pelletizing to use fluff as a supplementary fuel, and using fluff to make secondary products (such as lumber board, highway furniture, park benches, and fencing materials). With the exception of landfilling, all of these techniques are driven by the plastics content of fluff.
The Burden of Patriarchy (2017)

This chapter details how disastrous weather conditions hit Mongolia between 1999 and 2002, throwing thousands of herders into sudden poverty and leading many of them to the mines. Yet many of Uyanga's herders who managed to sustain their large herds were also attracted to the mining camps. Focusing on these wealthy herding households, the chapter shows how patriarchal relations affected people's everyday lives. It also illustrates how “following gold” is seen to offer a viable source of income that is relatively independent of the hierarchical power dynamics in Uyanga's herding economy. In this light, the gold rush is a pressing reality that offers an alternative way of life that appeals to many.
Gas Heating Effects in the Constriction of a High-Pressure Glow Discharge Column (1972)

Numerical calculations have been made to examine effects of rapid gas heating and subsequent gas density changes on the current density distribution in a high-pressure positive column. Radial profiles of gas temperature, radial expansion velocity, density, and pressure and of electron current density are calculated as functions of time for a simplified model of a glow discharge column. Initially, the glow is diffuse and the background gas is uniform. Considered specifically is a hydrogen discharge with an initial pressure of 500 Torr, an initial current of 6.0 A, a constant axial electric field of 10 kV/cm, and a radius of ∼0.75 mm. The gas dynamics are described by conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy in a viscous, thermally conductive, compressible fluid and by the equation of state for a perfect gas. The dependence of the ionization rate on the electric field to gas density ratio makes the electron current density a sensitive function of the gas density. At 60 nsec the gas temperature near the axis is sufficiently high for the onset of rapid thermal dissociation in an axial core, and effects of gas transport are significant. The axial gas density is decreased ∼10%; the axial current density is twice its initial value; and the column is partially constricted. Calculated results are consistent with properties of a similar discharge studied experimentally by Cavenor and Meyer, particularly at the time of the formation of a filamentary channel, observed experimentally after the first stage of the glow-to-arc transition.
Fault-tolerant matrix arithmetic and signal processing on highly concurrent computing structures (1986)

Hardware for executing matrix arithmetic and signal processing algorithms at high speeds is in great demand in many real-time and scientific applications. With the advent of VLSI technology, large numbers of processing elements which cooperate with each other at high speed have become economically feasible. Since any functional error in a high-performance system may seriously jeopardize the operation of the system and its data integrity, some level of fault tolerance must be incorporated in order to ensure that the results of long computations are valid. Since the major computational requirements for many important real-time signal processing tasks can be reduced to a common set of basic matrix operations, the development of a unified fault-tolerant scheme for matrix operations can solve the problems of both reliable signal processing and reliable matrix operations. Earlier work proposed a low-cost checksum scheme for fault-tolerant matrix operations on multiple processor systems. However, this scheme can only correct errors in matrix multiplication; it can detect, but not correct, errors in matrix-vector multiplication, LU decomposition, matrix inversion, etc. In order to solve these problems with the checksum scheme, a very general matrix encoding scheme is proposed in this paper to achieve fault-tolerant matrix arithmetic and signal processing with linear arrays, which are believed to hold the most promise in VLSI computing structures for their flexibility, low cost, and applicability to most of the interesting algorithms. This proposed technique is, therefore, a very cost-effective encoding technique to achieve fault-tolerant matrix arithmetic and signal processing on highly concurrent VLSI computing structures.
Using Outlier Detection to Reduce False Positives in Intrusion Detection (2008)

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) can easily create thousands of alerts per day, up to 99% of which are false positives (i.e. alerts that are triggered incorrectly by benign events). This makes it extremely difficult for managers to analyze and react to attacks. This paper presents a novel method for handling IDS alerts more efficiently. It introduces outlier detection technique into this field, and designs a special outlier detection algorithm for identifying true alerts and reducing false positives. This algorithm uses frequent attribute values mined from historical alerts as the features of false positives, and then filters false alerts by the score calculated based on these features. We also proposed a two-phrase framework, which not only can filter newcome alerts in real time, but also can learn from these alerts and automatically adjust the filtering mechanism to new situations. Moreover our method needs no domain knowledge and little human assistance, so it is more practical than current ways. We have built a prototype implementation of our method. And the experiments on DARPA 2000 and real-world data have proved that this model has high performance.
Structural and stratigraphic framework of the North Greenland fold belt in Johannes V. Jensen Land, Peary Land (1979)

Structural and stratigraphic detaiIs collected during reconnaissance fjeld work in northern Peary Land in 1969 are presented to substantiate the rather general accounts of the North Greenland fold belt hitherto published. The structural detail, largely in the form of graphic profiles sketched in the fieid, is referred to a structural frarnework in which three main deformation phases are recognised. The fold belt displays a roughly E-W zonation based on the progressive northerly increasing intensity of deformation and metamorphic effects that culminate along the northern coast in amphibolite-facies mineral assemblages in complexly folded schist lithologies. It is stressed that, while the conspicuous structural character of the fold belt is its northerly vergence seen particularly in the northernmost part, the detailed structural make-up of the fold belt is complex. Fold style and vergence vary considerably and the southern margin of the fold belt, autochthonous with respect to the platform, is characterised by south-verging folds. Some stratigraphical data is presented particularly from the Lower Palaeozoic sequence at the southern part of the fold belt that iIIustrates the basinal clastic facies at the sheIf-basin margin.
Non-rigid image registration using a median-filtered coarse-to-fine displacement field and a symmetric correlation ratio (2001)

Conventional approaches to image registration are generally limited to image-wide rigid transformations. However, the body and its internal organs are non-rigid structures that change shape due to changes in the body's posture during image acquisition, and due to normal, pathological and treatment-related variations. Inter-subject matching also constitutes a non-rigid registration problem. In this paper, we present a fully automated non-rigid image registration method that maximizes a local voxel-based similarity metric. Overlapping image blocks are defined on a 3D grid. The transformation vector field representing image deformation is found by translating each block so as to maximize the local similarity measure. The resulting sparsely sampled vector field is median filtered and interpolated by a Gaussian function to ensure a locally smooth transformation. A hierarchical strategy is adopted to progressively establish local registration associated with image structures at diminishing scale. Simulation studies were carried out to evaluate the proposed algorithm and to determine the robustness of various voxel-based cost functions. Mutual information, normalized mutual information, correlation ratio (CR) and a new symmetric version of CR were evaluated and compared. A T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) image was used to test intra-modality registration. Proton density and T2-weighted MR images of the same subject were used to evaluate inter-modality registration. The proposed algorithm was tested on the 2D MR images distorted by known deformations and 3D images simulating inter-subject distortions. We studied the robustness of cost functions with respect to image sampling. Results indicate that the symmetric CR gives comparable registration to mutual information in intra- and inter-modality tasks at full sampling and is superior to mutual information in registering sparsely sampled images.
Iminophosphorane-Based Nucleophilic Ruthenium(II) Carbene Complexes:  Unusual C−C Coupling and C−H Activation Promoted by the Addition of Alkynes to the RuC Bond (2005)

Treatment of the nucleophilic carbene complexes [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(κ2(C,N)-C[P{NP(O)(OR)2}Ph2]2)] (R = Et (1), Ph (2)) with an excess of terminal alkynes HC⋮CR‘ (R‘ = Ph, p-Tol, CPh2(OH), CHPh(OH), C6H9, C(Me)CH2), in THF at room temperature, results in the chemo- and stereoselective formation of complexes 3a−f and 4a−f, via coupling of the carbenic RuC carbon with the C⋮C triple bond of the alkyne and concomitant phenyl ortho metalation. Under the same reaction conditions the carbene derivative [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(κ2(C,N)-C[P{NP(O)(OEt)2}Ph2][P{NP(O)(OPh)2}Ph2])] (5) reacts with phenylacetylene to afford a nonseparable mixture of the complexes 6 and 7 resulting from the ortho metalation of both N-phosphoryl iminophosphoranyl fragments −Ph2PNP(O)(OR)2 (R = Et, Ph). The structure of complex 3c has been unambiguously confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The reaction of complex 1 with deuterated phenylacetylene suggests that these C−C coupling processes involve transient (η2-alkyne)−Ru(II) species rather than their η1-vinylidene tautomers [Ru]CCHR‘. Protonation of complexes 3a and 4a with HBF4 generates the cationic derivatives [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(κ4(C,C,C,N)-C[P{NP(O)(OR)2}Ph2]2{(E)-C(H)C(H)Ph})][BF4] (R = Et (8), Ph (9)) via selective cleavage of the Ru−Caryl bond in 3a and 4a.
A near field communication system for wireless charging (2016)

Resonant induction wireless charging requires two-way communications between the ground side and the vehicle side charging apparatus for vehicle identification, billing, charge control and for other communications and control requirements. To date vehicle wireless charging systems have used off-the-self digital communications devices operating half-duplex operating in the very popular but increasingly crowded 2.45 GHz ISM band. While readily available, and easy to use, such systems are not well suited for wireless charging communications and control for a number of reasons including the difficulty of single node, non-network operation, susceptibility to multipath, obstructed microwave propagation paths, increasing interference, non-propagation through standing water, wet snow or wet leaves, lack of physical layer security and perhaps most critical lengthy and variable communications latency. This paper introduces a novel full duplex, near field communications system designed specifically for wireless vehicle charging communications and control that employs magnetic induction as opposed to free space propagation as the communications medium combined with a unique coherent transponder topology that insures single node specificity while providing a notable measure of physical layer security. This proposed communications system is designed for simple international regulatory approval and can be inexpensively implemented as a single digital or analog application specific integrated circuit.
Identification and Properties of the Prosthetic Group of Choline Oxidase from <italic>Alcaligenes</italic> sp. (1980)

Choline oxidase from Alcaligenes sp. catalyzed the oxidation of choline and betaine aldehyde to betaine with concomitant consumption of oxygen and production of hydrogen peroxide. The values of Km for choline and betaine aldehyde were 0.87 and 6.2 mM, respectively. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 66,000 by SDS-gel electrophoresis and 72,000 by gel-filtration using a high performance liquid chromatograph. The prosthetic group of the enzyme was identified as 8 alpha-[N(3)-histidyl]-FAD from the electrophoretic mobility at pH 6.25 of the hydrolysate of the methylated histidylflavin. The visible absorption spectrum of the enzyme showed peaks at 358 and 453 nm and a shoulder at about 480 nm. The covalently bound FAD was reduced on addition of either choline or betaine aldehyde under anaerobic conditions and was reoxidized by aeration. The enzyme was found to contain 1 mol of FAD per mol enzyme. Amino acid analysis of a purified flavin peptide gave the following molar ratios of amino acids to flavin: pro(1), Asp + Asn(3), Ser(1), His(1), and Arg(1). Aspartic acid was the N-terminal amino acid. The partial sequence of amino acids in the flavin peptide was as follows: Formula (See Text).
Enhanced Nitrogen Doping in TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles (2003)

TiO2 - xNx nanoparticles were prepared by employing the direct amination of 6−10-nm-sized titania particles. Doping on the nanometer scale led to an enhanced nitrogen concentration of up to 8%, compared to ≤2% in thin films and micrometer-scale TiO2 powders. The synthesized TiO2 - xNx nanocrystals are catalytically active and absorb well into the visible region up to 600 nm, thus exemplifying the use of a nanostructure-based synthesis as a means of producing novel photocatalytic materials.
Optical Activity of Bis-1,1′-spiroindanes. I. Optical Resolution and Absolute Configuration (1971)

Abstract The resolutions of 6,6′-dihydroxy-3,3,5,3′,3′,5′-hexamethyl-bis-1,1′-spiroindane (IIIa), 3,3,3′,3′-tetramediyl-bis-1,1′-spiroindane-6,6′-dicarboxylic acid (IIIc), and 5,5′-dihydroxy-bis-1,1′-spiroindane (VIII) are reported. The circular dichroism and absorption spectra of these optically active compounds and their derivatives were measured. The spectra were analysed by means of a coupled oscillator model. The relative frequencies and signs of the rotational strengths associated with the p-band transition calculated for the (S)-configuration of 6,6′-disubstituted-bis-1,1′-spiroindanes agree with the positions and signs of the CD bands observed for the compounds derived from (−)-IIIc, establishing the absolute configuration of this series. The result was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction study of (−)-7,7′-dibromo-derivatives prepared from (+)-IIIa. It was found that these spiro compounds having the (S)-configuration showed a negative CD band in the longest wavelength region, except for the case in which the effect of the charge transfer between two aromatic chromophores overwhelmed that of the dipole-dipole interaction.
Low temperature plasmas : fundamentals, technologies and techniques (2008)

Characteristics of low-temperature plasmas under non-thermal conditions, a short summary Electron kinetics in weakly ionized plasmas Elementary collision processes in plasmaS Fundamental processes of plasma-surface interactions Modelling of plasma-wall Interaction NEW Fundamentals of Dusty Plasmas (Melzer, Goree) NEW Plasmas under microgravity NEW Nucleation and growth of dust particles in low pressure cold plasmas (Boufendi) Langmuir probe diagnostics of low-temperature plasmas Diagnostics of non-equilibrium molecular plasmas using emission and absorption spectroscopy Mass spectrometric diagnostics NEW Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy of Non-Thermal Gas Discharges at Atmospheric Pressure Ellipsometric analysis of plasma-treated surfaces Characterization of thin solid films Plasma sources Reactive non-thermal plasmas - chemical quasi-equilibria, similarity principles and macroscopic kinetics High pressure plasmas: dielectric-barrier and corona discharges - properties and technical applications NEW Atmospheric Pressure Glow discharges NEW High-Pressure Microdischarges Transient plasma-assisted diesel exhaust remediation NEW Transient Plasma Ignition Plasma display panel Low pressure discharge light sources High-pressure plasma light sources Plasma etching in microelectronics Low temperature plasmas for polymer surface modification NEW EUV Lamps NEW Plasma etching in microelectronics NEW Magnetron discharges for Thin Film Deposition NEW Hollow Cathodes and plasma jetzs for thin film deposition NEW Low-temperature plasmas for polymer surface modification Plasma-enhanced deposition of superhard thin films NEW Applications of Dusty plasmas NEW Cold Plasma-Based Sterilization NEW Plasmas for Sterilization II NEW Cold gas plasmas in biology and medicine Markets for plasma technology
A Web Services Discovery Method Based on Web Services Process Behaviors (2007)

The current Web services discovery methods are based on centralized approaches among which Web services are described with service interface functions but not process-related information. It cannot guarantee the compatibility of Web services composition, nor can it make Web services easy to complete a deadlock-free and bounded process transaction. Furthermore, centralized approaches to service discovery suffer from the problems such as high operational and maintenance cost, single point failure, and scalability. Therefore, we propose a structured peer-to-peer framework for Web services discovery in which Web services are located based on service functionality and process behaviors. It guarantees the semantic compatibility of Web services composition, and achieves the automated composition at the level of executable process.
A 1.25-GHz 0.35-μm monolithic CMOS PLL based on a multiphase ring oscillator (2001)

A general ring oscillator topology for multiphase outputs is presented and analyzed. The topology uses the interpolating inverter stages to construct fast subfeedback loops for long chain rings to obtain both multiphase outputs and higher speed operation. There exists an optimum number of inverter stages inside a subfeedback loop which gives the highest oscillation frequency. A fully integrated 1.25-GHz 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS phase-locked-loop clock generator that incorporates the proposed voltage-controlled oscillator topology was designed and implemented for a data transceiver. It provides eight-phase outputs and achieves RMS tracking jitter of 11 ps from a 3.3-V power supply.
A 1.8 GHz low-noise amplifier in CMOS/SIMOX technology (1998)

A low-voltage low-noise amplifier fabricated in a CMOS/SIMOX technology is presented in this paper. Due to the dielectric isolation of the transistors, high resistivity substrates can be used. This also allows the integration of inductors and capacitors with quality factors suitable for the design of RF communication circuits. The center frequency of the presented amplifier is 1.8 GHz. Operating at 2 V supply voltage, the power gain is 16 dB, with a noise figure of 3.3 dB and the 1 dB compression point related to the output of 5 dBm. The power dissipation under these conditions amounts to 24 mW.
Experience With Intravenous Glucagon Infusions as a Treatment for Resistant Neonatal Hypoglycemia (2002)

Glucagon infusions appear to be beneficial for problematic neonatal hypoglycemia of different causes.
The difluoromethylenephosphonate moiety as a phosphate mimic: X-ray structure of 2-amino-1,1-difluoroethylphosphonic acid (1990)

The synthesis and structure of 2-amino-1,1-difluorophosphonic acid (3) are described, providing the first X-ray crystal structure determination of a difluoromethylenephosphonate moiety; the structure allows an isosteric comparison to be drawn between the phosphate C–O–P bond angle and the phosphonate C–CF2–P and C–CH2–P bond angles with particular reference to the use of phosphonates as phosphate mimics in biological systems.
Traffic engineering in software-defined networking: Measurement and management (2016)

As the next generation network architecture, software-defined networking (SDN) has exciting application prospects. Its core idea is to separate the forwarding layer and control layer of network system, where network operators can program packet forwarding behavior to significantly improve the innovation capability of network applications. Traffic engineering (TE) is an important network application, which studies measurement and management of network traffic, and designs reasonable routing mechanisms to guide network traffic to improve utilization of network resources, and better meet requirements of the network quality of service (QoS). Compared with the traditional networks, the SDN has many advantages to support TE due to its distinguish characteristics, such as isolation of control and forwarding, global centralized control, and programmability of network behavior. This paper focuses on the traffic engineering technology based on the SDN. First, we propose a reference framework for TE in the SDN, which consists of two parts, traffic measurement and traffic management. Traffic measurement is responsible for monitoring and analyzing real-time network traffic, as a prerequisite for traffic management. In the proposed framework, technologies related to traffic measurement include network parameters measurement, a general measurement framework, and traffic analysis and prediction; technologies related to traffic management include traffic load balancing, QoS-guarantee scheduling, energy-saving scheduling, and traffic management for the hybrid IP/SDN. Current existing technologies are discussed in detail, and our insights into future development of TE in the SDN are offered.