gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal n-tier multilevel interconnect architectures for gigascale integration (GSI) (2001)

A multilevel interconnect architecture design methodology that optimizes the interconnect cross-sectional dimensions of each metal layer is introduced that reduces logic macrocell area, cycle time, power consumption or number of metal layers. The predictive capability of this methodology, which is based on a stochastic wiring distribution, provides insight into defining the process technology parameters for current and future generations of microprocessors and application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Using this methodology on an ASIC logic macrocell case study for the 100 nm technology generation, the optimized n-tier multilevel interconnect architecture reduces macrocell area by 32%, cycle time by 16% or number of wiring tracks required on the topmost tier by 62% compared to a conventional design where pitches are doubled for every successive pair of levels. A new repeater insertion methodology is also described that further enhances gigascale integration (GSI) system performance. By using repeaters, a further reduction of 70% in macrocell area, 18% in cycle time, 25% in number of metal levels or 44% in power dissipation is achieved, when compared to an n-tier design without repeaters. The key distinguishing feature of the methodology is its comprehensive framework that simultaneously solves two distinct problems-optimal wire sizing and wiring layer assignment-using independent constraints on maximum repeater area for efficient design space exploration to optimize the area, power, frequency, and metal levels of a GSI logic megacell.
Sequence comparison of RNA2 of nematode-transmissible and nematode-non-transmissible isolates of pea early-browning virus suggests that the gene encoding the 29 kDa protein may be involved in nematode transmission (1995)

A cDNA clone containing the complete coding region of RNA2 of the newly described TPA56 isolate of pea early-browning virus (English serotype, PEBV-E) has been obtained. A plasmid (pFLA56) containing this clone together with the 5′ and 3′ non-coding regions of PEBV isolate SP5 (the type isolate of PEBV-E) and flanked by the CaMV 35S promoter and NOS terminator is infectious when co-inoculated onto plants with pCaN1, an infectious clone of PEBV SP5 RNA1. Virus containing RNA2 derived from the cDNA clone of the TPA56 isolate is transmitted by Trichodorus primitivus nematodes, whereas virus containing RNA2 from a clone of the SP5 isolate is not transmitted. Sequencing revealed 11 differences out of 3374 nucleotides between the transmissible TPA56 and non-transmissible SP5 clones. However, only three of the base changes affected the amino acid sequences of virus gene products. A single, conservative amino acid change was present in the virus coat protein. Two non-conservative changes occurred in the protein of molecular mass 29.6 kDa expressed from an open reading frame located down-stream of the coat protein gene, suggesting that it has a function in nematode transmission and that changes in this protein prevent vector transmission of the SP5 isolate of PEBV.
Using Light to Control Dynamic Surface Tensions of Aqueous Solutions of Water Soluble Surfactants (1999)

We report the use of UV light to control the dynamic surface tensions of mixed surfactant systems containing sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS, and 4,4‘-bis(trimethylammoniumhexyloxy)azobenzene bromide, BTHA. The light influences the dynamic surface tension of these solutions by driving the isomerization of the azobenzene moiety from cis to trans. By combining use of the du Nouy ring, maximum bubble pressure, and Wilhelmy plate methods to measure dynamic and equilibrium surface tensions, the dynamic surface tension of an illuminated aqueous solution of these surfactants is demonstrated to be up to 25 mN/m lower than the dynamic surface tension of a solution not previously exposed to UV light. In contrast, the equilibrium surface tensions of these solutions change by less than 2 mN/m upon illumination. Measurements of quasi-elastic and static light scattering from these mixed surfactant solutions support our hypothesis that illumination influences the dynamic surface tension through its effect on the state of aggregation of the surfactant in bulk solution and thus the rate of mass transport of surfactant to the surface of the solution. A decrease in the number density of aggregates in solution upon illumination is observed. The decrease in dynamic surface tension that follows illumination is used to trigger the release of droplets of aqueous solution from a capillary at specified times. Patterned illumination is used to select the release of droplets from an array of droplets.
Crosslinking of poly(vinyl alcohol) using dianhydrides as hardeners (1996)

The crosslinking reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with 3,3′,4,4′-tetracarboxybenzophenone dianhydride, pyromellitic carboxylic acid anhydride, and Epiclon B-4400 as hardeners was studied either in solution or by differential scanning calorimetry. A catalyst agent had to be used in all cases. Depending on the concentration of hardener and catalyst, differences are observed. Tg values increase with the ratio of hardener and catalyst, while activation energies decrease with the amount of catalyst but little changes can be seen when different dianhydride amounts are used. The thermal properties of the final products were unaltered by the hardener used. The decomposition temperature is initiated at a similar temperature in linear and crosslinked PVA, but while uncured PVA undergoes a complete degradation in one step, crosslinked PVA degrades in several steps. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Novel Fibre Refractive Index Sensor Using Resonance Shift Phenomena (2005)

A fibre based refractive index sensor is described which is capable of detecting changes in-refractive index of < 4 x 10/sup -5/. If an electro- optic overlay is used, there exists the potential for producing a closed loop device.
Not Just a Drop in the Bucket: Expanding Access to Point-of-Use Water Treatment Systems (2001)

Since 1990, the number of people without access to safe water sources has remained constant at approximately 1.1 billion, of whom approximately 2.2 million die of waterborne disease each year. In developing countries, population growth and migrations strain existing water and sanitary infrastructure and complicate planning and construction of new infrastructure. Providing safe water for all is a long-term goal; however, relying only on time- and resource-intensive centralized solutions such as piped, treated water will leave hundreds of millions of people without safe water far into the future. Self-sustaining, decentralized approaches to making drinking water safe, including point-of-use chemical and solar disinfection, safe water storage, and behavioral change, have been widely field-tested. These options target the most affected, enhance health, contribute to development and productivity, and merit far greater priority for rapid implementation.
Photoacoustic tomography of water in phantoms and tissue (2010)

Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) has been widely used to image optically absorptive objects in both human and animal tissues. For the first time, we present imaging of water with laser-based PAT. We photoacoustically measure the absorption spectra of water-ethanol mixtures at various water concentrations, and then image water-ethanol and pure-water inclusions in gel and a water inclusion in fat tissue. The significant difference in photoacoustic signals between water and fat tissue indicates that the laser-based PAT has the potential to detect water content in tissue.
Clinical Abbreviation Disambiguation Using Neural Word Embeddings (2015)

This study examined the use of neural word embeddings for clinical abbreviation disambiguation, a special case of word sense disambiguation (WSD). We investigated three different methods for deriving word embeddings from a large unlabeled clinical corpus: one existing method called Surrounding based embedding feature (SBE), and two newly developed methods: Left-Right surrounding based embedding feature (LR_SBE) and MAX surrounding based embedding feature (MAX_SBE). We then added these word embeddings as additional features to a Support Vector Machines (SVM) based WSD system. Evaluation using the clinical abbreviation datasets from both the Vanderbilt University and the University of Minnesota showed that neural word embedding features improved the performance of the SVMbased clinical abbreviation disambiguation system. More specifically, the new MAX_SBE method outperformed the other two methods and achieved the state-of-the-art performance on both clinical abbreviation datasets.
Biochemical and Electron Microscopic Studies of the <i>Streptomyces reticuli</i> Cellulase (Avicelase) in Its Mycelium-Associated and Extracellular Forms (1992)

Streptomyces reticuli is able to grow efficiently with crystalline cellulose (Avicel) as the sole carbon source. Cultivation in the presence of the nonionic detergent Tween 80 at a concentration of 0.1% led to a 10-fold increase in extracellular cellulolytic activity. Under these conditions, one single 82-kDa cellulase (Avicelase) capable of degrading crystalline and soluble cellulose as well as cellodextrins and p-nitrophenylcellobioside was purified to apparent homogeneity by a procedure which consisted of two consecutive anion-exchange chromatographies followed by chromatofocusing. Aggregation, which was a major problem during protein purification, could be avoided by including Triton X-100 at a concentration of 0.1% in every chromatographic step. The Avicelase was identified in extracellular and mycelium-associated forms, the latter of which could be released efficiently by nonionic detergents. In addition, a 42-kDa truncated form retaining cellulolytic activity was identified which had been generated from the 82-kDa enzyme by a protease. Antibodies raised against the mycelium-associated Avicelase reacted with the 42-kDa derivative and the extracellular form. The mycelial association of the enzyme was confirmed by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopies.
Spectral Colorimetry using LabPQR: An Interim Connection Space (2006)

A method is presented for deriving a conversion from reflectance spectra to a convenient intermediate form introduced as LabPQR. LabPQR is designed for use within a spectral color management system as an interim connection space (ICS) between a reflectance based profile connection space (PCS) and output device digit counts. The LabPQR ICS makes use of a spectral encoding that explicitly incorporates colorimetry. The initial three dimensions of a LabPQR ICS provide a colorimetric representation of reflectance spectra under an illuminant. Additional dimensions define spectral corrections that allow inverse transformation to approximately the original spectra. Consistent with a previously defined spectral color management transformation chain, the PQR dimensions of the ICS can be optimally formulated to suit any specific output device’s spectral rendering capabilities. After describing a method for distilling spectra into, and reconstituting spectra, from LabPQR coordinates, several sample transformations are demonstrated using various output devices. Visualizations follow of some sample LabPQR gamuts. Observations are made, and from these observations, a possible method for performing spectral gamut mapping is proposed. Current methods of color management (specifically using ICC profiles) are discussed relative to LabPQR visualization. In conclusion, proposals are made for future research and possibilities.
High-Density Lipoprotein Promotes Endothelial Cell Migration and Reendothelialization via Scavenger Receptor-B Type I (2005)

Vascular disease risk is inversely related to circulating levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. However, the mechanisms by which HDL provides vascular protection are unclear. The disruption of endothelial monolayer integrity is an important contributing factor in multiple vascular disorders, and vascular lesion severity is tempered by enhanced endothelial repair. Here, we show that HDL stimulates endothelial cell migration in vitro in a nitric oxide-independent manner via scavenger receptor B type I (SR-BI)-mediated activation of Rac GTPase. This process does not require HDL cargo molecules, and it is dependent on the activation of Src kinases, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Rapid initial stimulation of lamellipodia formation by HDL via SR-BI, Src kinases, and Rac is also demonstrable. Paralleling the in vitro findings, carotid artery reendothelialization after perivascular electric injury is blunted in apolipoprotein A-I(-/-) mice, and reconstitution of apolipoprotein A-I expression rescues normal reendothelialization. Furthermore, reendothelialization is impaired in SR-BI(-/-) mice. Thus, HDL stimulates endothelial cell migration via SR-BI-initiated signaling, and these mechanisms promote endothelial monolayer integrity in vivo.
Allosteric Actuation of Inverse Phase Transition of a Stimulus-Responsive Fusion Polypeptide by Ligand Binding (2008)

We report herein a biopolymer actuator with a modular design that allosterically transduces ligand binding into an aqueous demixing phase transition. The biopolymer actuator consists of two modular domains: a ligand binding protein domain, calmodulin (CaM), that is fused to a transducer domain, a stimulus-responsive elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) that exhibits a reversible lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase transition. We demonstrate that binding of calcium to CaM spontaneously triggers the phase transition of the attached ELP, leading to formation of meso-microscale particles depending on the chain length of the ELP. This behavior is reversible as chelation of the bound calcium results in dissolution of the assembled particles, is selective for calcium as opposed to magnesium, and is abolished by the binding of a peptide ligand that is specific to calcium-bound CaM. These results are, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of biomolecular recognition-triggered, allosteric regulation of the LCST phase transition of a polymer and are significant because they expand the available triggers of the LCST transition of stimulus-responsive polymers to biochemical ligand binding. The ability to allosterically trigger the LCST transition of ELPs by biomolecular recognition will be useful for developing "smart" polymer actuators that capitalize upon the myriad ligand-protein pairs that are available from biology and for application in the design of selective pull-down assays in proteomics, drug delivery, and nanoscale biomolecular devices.
Microdomains with High Ca <sup>2+</sup> Close to IP <sub>3</sub> -Sensitive Channels that Are Sensed by Neighboring Mitochondria (1993)

Microdomains of high intracellular calcium ion concentration, [Ca2+]i, have been hypothesized to occur in living cells exposed to stimuli that generate inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Mitochondrially targeted recombinant aequorin was used to show that IP3-induced Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores caused increases of mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]m, the speed and amplitude of which are not accounted for by the relatively small increases in mean [Ca2+]i. A similar response was obtained by the addition of IP3 to permeabilized cells but not by perfusion of cells with Ca2+ at concentrations similar to those measured in intact cells. It is concluded that in vivo, domains of high [Ca2+]i are transiently generated close to IP3-gated channels and sensed by nearby mitochondria; this may provide an efficient mechanism for optimizing mitochondrial activity upon cell stimulation.
The Redox Potential of Selenocystine in Unconstrained Cyclic Peptides (1997)

A much lower redox potential than that of the mixed Sec,Cys-peptide and particularly of the related Cys,Cys-peptide is a feature of the cyclic selenocystine-peptide (Sec,Sec-peptide). These findings that were obtained with appropriately modified glutaredoxin-octapeptides at pH 7 [Eq. (1); X = S, Se; DTT = dithiothreitol], open interesting new approaches for the design of productive intermediates in the oxidative folding of synthetic peptides and recombinant proteins. Moreover, such seleno derivatives may represent useful heavy metal analogs for X-ray structure analysis.
Statistical Signal Processing of Complex-Valued Data: The Theory of Improper and Noncircular Signals (2010)

Complex-valued random signals are embedded in the very fabric of science and engineering, yet the usual assumptions made about their statistical behavior are often a poor representation of the underlying physics. This book deals with improper and noncircular complex signals, which do not conform to classical assumptions, and it demonstrates how correct treatment of these signals can have significant payoffs. The book begins with detailed coverage of the fundamental theory and presents a variety of tools and algorithms for dealing with improper and noncircular signals. It provides a comprehensive account of the main applications, covering detection, estimation, and signal analysis of stationary, nonstationary, and cyclostationary processes. Providing a systematic development from the origin of complex signals to their probabilistic description makes the theory accessible to newcomers. This book is ideal for graduate students and researchers working with complex data in a range of research areas from communications to oceanography
Optimization of the photochromic response of photoaddressable polymers with azobenzene-containing molecular glasses (2009)

This paper reports on a new series of photochromic azobenzene-containing molecular glasses which are investigated as blending materials to improve the photochromic response of photoaddressable polymers. In order to identify potential candidates for blending, a variety of molecular glasses are synthesized and screened with respect to their photochromic response. Various end groups at the azobenzene chromophore and different core compounds are employed to obtain high thermal stability and good glass-forming properties as well as high sensitivity and refractive-index modulation. The best combination of structural variations is chosen to tailor a photoaddressable material with optimized physical and photophysical properties. By doping this photochromic molecular glass former into a photoaddressable polymer we are able to combine the high stability of polymer systems with the faster response of molecular glasses, thus creating a system which has the advantages of both material classes. With this approach we achieve an increase of the low photochromic sensitivity of the polymer, which is the biggest problem of these materials. In order to obtain a better understanding of the influence of the photochromic molecular glass former on the photochromic response in a polymer system we conduct holographic experiments on a concentration series of the glass former in an inert polymer matrix. By inscribing the holographic gratings at elevated temperatures we are able to increase the sensitivity of our molecular glass further.
Digital Transmission. A Study on Equalization Techniques for an OFDM System. (1998)

We have studied equalization techniques using pilot carriers for an OFDM system. The signal to interference ratios (SIRs) of the equalizer output signal over a time-invariant multipath channel (D/U =10 dB) are calculated for several interpolation schemes : interpolation using FIR filters with the sinc functional impulse response, constant interpolation, linear interpolation, and simplified linear interpolation (which can be achieved without multipliers). The results show that an SIR of 27 dB (input CNR=30 dB, delay time of interference signal=11 μs) is obtained for simplified linear interpolation which can reduce the hardware complexity compared to other interpolation schemes. Also, we have confirmed that the tap numbers of the FIR filter can be reduced without degradation of the SIR by using a window function. Furthermore, for the FIR filters and the simplified linear interpolations, the SIRs are calculated in case of the timing phase offset for the FFT window position. The results show that the degradation of the SIR is very little even when the offset value becomes up to 20 samples for both cases.
Evaluation techniques for automatic semantic extraction: comparing syntactic and window based approaches (1996)

As large on-line corpora become more prevalent, a number of attempts have been made to automatically extract thesaurus-like relations directly from text using knowledge poor methods. In the absence of any specific application, comparing the results of these attempts is difficult. Here we propose an evaluation method using gold standards, i.e., pre-existing hand-compiled resources, as a means of comparing extraction techniques. Using this evaluation method, we compare two semantic extraction techniques which produce similar word lists, one using syntactic context of words , and the other using windows of heuristically tagged words. The two techniques are very similar except that in one case selective natural language processing, a partial syntactic analysis, is performed. On a 4 megabyte corpus, syntactic contexts produce significantly better results against the gold standards for the most characteristk: words in the corpus, while windows produce better results for rare words.
Use of 2,5-dichlorophenyl phosphorodichloridothioate in the synthesis of diastereoisomeric dinucleoside phosphorothioates (1983)

A convenient method for the synthesis, by the phosphotriester approach, of dinucleoside phosphorothioates is illustrated by the preparation and isolation of the pure Rp- and Sp-diastereoisomers of thymidine-3′ thymidine-5′ phosphorothioate (5).
On the frequency limit and phase of outer hair cell motility: effects of the membrane filter (1992)

Whole-cell voltage clamp and displacement-measuring photodiode techniques were used to study electrophysiological and mechanical properties of the guinea pig outer hair cell (OHC). OHCs demonstrate a voltage-mechanical response (V-M) function that can be fit by a two state Boltzmann relation, where the cell normally rests near the hyperpolarizing saturation region (-70 to -90 mV). The voltage at half-maximal length change (Vh) is depolarized relative to the resting potential, and this ensures that for symmetrical sinusoidal voltage stimulation about the resting potential, AC and DC mechanical responses will be generated. Analysis of OHC motility using pure tone voltage bursts from 11 to 3200 Hz demonstrates both AC and DC mechanical responses. By exploiting the frequency-dependent current-voltage phase separation that is characteristic of an RC-dominated system under voltage clamp, it is demonstrated that OHC motility follows the phase of AC transmembrane voltage and not that of current. For voltage stimulation across frequencies in the acoustic range, the motility cutoff frequency corresponds to the cutoff frequency of the imposed transmembrane voltage. Frequency cutoffs approaching 1 kHz have been measured but are clamp time constant limited. These observations are congruent with the voltage dependency hypothesis of OHC motility. In addition, the DC component of the mechanical response is shown to be frequency independent, but to decrease in magnitude disproportionately compared to the AC component as the magnitude of the driving voltage decreases. This is predicted from the form of the V-M function, whose level dependent DC nonlinearity is a consequence of the resting potential being displaced from Vh. The net effect is that the mechanical DC: AC ratio approaches zero for small AC voltages. Taken together, these findings question the ability of the OHC mechanical response to influence organ of Corti micromechanics at high acoustic frequencies where a tuned amplification of basilar membrane motion is hypothesized.