gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Non-Cartesian MR Microscopy for Cancer Imaging in Small Animals (2010)

<p>Mouse models of cancer are an invaluable tool for studying the mechanism of the disease and the effect of new therapies. Recent years have seen an explosive growth in the development of such models and consequently there is an increased need for better imaging techniques to study them. The goal of this work was to develop a technique that satisfied the requirements for preclinical cancer imaging: high spatial resolution, good soft tissue differentiation, excellent motion immunity, fast and non-invasive imaging to enable high-throughput, longitudinal studies. </p>\n <p>T<sub>2</sub>-weighted and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to be effective for tumor characterization clinically. But translation of these techniques to the mouse is challenging. The higher spatial resolution and faster physiologic motion make conventional approaches very susceptible to phase artifacts. Additionally, at higher magnetic fields required for these studies, T<super>*</super><sub>2</sub> and T<sub>2</sub> are significantly shorter and T<sub>1</sub> is longer, making in vivo imaging even harder.</p>\n <p>A rigorous cancer imaging protocol was developed by optimizing and integrating various components of the system, including MR hardware, animal handling, and pulse sequence design to achieve reliable, repeatable and rapid imaging. The technique presented here relies heavily on the non-Cartesian sampling strategy of PROPELLER (Periodically Rotated Overlapping ParallEL Lines with Enhanced Reconstruction) MRI. The novel data acquisition and reconstruction overcomes the adverse effects of physiological motion, allows for rapid setup and acquisition and provides excellent tissue contrast. The sequence was optimized to enable T<sub>2</sub>-weighted and diffusion-weighted imaging in tumor-bearing mice with in-plane resolution of 117&mu;m and slice thickness of 1mm. Multi-slice datasets covering the entire thorax and abdomen were acquired in &sim;30 minutes.</p>\n <p>The imaging protocol developed here was applied to a high-throughput, longitudinal study in a mouse model of liver metastases. The liver is a common site of distal metastases in colon and rectal cancer, and if detected early has an improved prognosis. Unfortunately, severe respiratory motion make it hard to image. The relative merits of the proposed PROPELLER technique were analyzed with respect to the accepted gold-standard for abdominal cancer imaging, computed tomography (CT).</p>\n <p>The non-Cartesian MR microscopy technique proposed here is a valuable tool in the &ldquo;Cancer analysis toolkit&rdquo;. It allows for high-throughput, longitudinal experiments in free-breathing mice generating both structural and functional information with minimal artifacts and excellent spatial resolution. This work should find broad applications in various mouse models of cancer for studying the pathology of the disease, its progression as well as its response to treatment.</p>
Alpha-Tocopherol But Not Beta-Tocopherol Inhibits Thrombin-Induced PKC Activation and Endothelin Secretion in Endothelial Cells (1998)

These data suggest that alpha-Toch strongly inhibits thrombin-induced endothelin secretion in vitro at least partly through PKC inhibition.
Role of the extracellular matrix in neural crest cell migration (1997)

Development of the neural crest involves a remarkable feat of coordinated cell migration in which cells detach from the neural tube, take varying routes of migration through the embryonic tissues and then differentiate at the end of their journey to participate in the formation of a number of organ systems. In general, neural crest cells appear to migrate without the guidance of long-range physical or chemical cues, but rather they respond to heterogeneity in the extracellular matrix that forms their migration substrate. Molecules such as fibronectin and laminin act as permissive substrate components, encouraging neural crest cell attachment and spreading, whereas chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans are nonpermissive for migration. A balance between permissive and nonpermissive substrate components seems to be necessary to ensure successful migration, as indicated by a number of studies in mouse mutant systems where nonpermissive molecules are over-expressed, leading to inhibition of neural crest migration. The neural crest expresses cell surface receptors that permit interaction with the extracellular matrix and may also modify the matrix by secretion of proteases. Thus the principles that govern the complex migration of neural crest cells are beginning to emerge.
Preface to the Special Issue on Selected Papers from the Second International Conference on Semiconductor Photochemistry SP‐2 (2008)

This article gives an overview of the Second International Conference on Semiconductor Photochemistry, SP-2.
A Cytosine Methyltransferase Converts 5-Methylcytosine in DNA to Thymine (1995)

Sites of cytosine methylation are known to be hot spots for C.G to T.A mutations in a number of systems, including human cells. Traditionally, spontaneous hydrolytic deamination of 5-methylcytosine to thymine has been invoked as the cause of this phenomenon. We show here that a bacterial cytosine methyltransferase can convert 5-methylcytosine in DNA to thymine and that this reaction creates a mutational hot spot at a site of DNA methylation. The reaction is fairly insensitive to the methyl donor in the reaction, S-adenosylmethionine. In many cancers, the most frequent class of mutations is C to T changes within CG dinucleotides of the tumor suppressor gene p53. Because of the similarities of the reaction mechanisms of mammalian and bacterial enzymes and the physiology of the cancer cells, this reaction is expected to contribute to mutations at CG dinucleotides in precancerous cells.
Immunoglobulin G(Fc)-binding receptors on virions of herpes simplex virus type 1 and transfer of these receptors to the cell surface by infection (1980)

We have found that virions of herpes simplex virus type 1 have surface receptors capable of binding to the Fc region of immunoglobulin G and have also shown that the previously identified Fc-binding glycoprotein (designated gE) is present in extracts prepared from purified virions. The technique of affinity chromatography was used to detect gE. Two approaches were used to demonstrate the presence of Fc-binding receptors on intact virions. First, it was shown that [125I]-immunoglobulin G, but not [125I]F(ab')2 fragments, cosedimented with virions in sucrose gradients and, second, electron microscopy was done to show that soluble peroxidase-antiperoxidase complexes bound to virions. The use of peroxidase-antiperoxidase complexes also permitted us to demonstrate that Fc-binding receptors from input (parental) virions become incorporated into the surface membranes of infected cells. This occurs presumably as a consequence of fusion between the virion envelope and cell surface membrane.
Plant Regeneration in Callus Cultures Derived from Young Inflorescences of Little Bluestem<sup>1</sup> (1986)

Little Bluestem [ Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash], a warm‐season perennial grass, is valuable for range and conservation plantings in the Great Plains. The objectives of this study were to develop rapid vegetative propagation techniques to facilitate selection of superior genotypes and to elucidate differentiation patterns in tissue culture. Embryogenic call! were induced from 5‐ to 10‐mm segments of unemerged young inflorescences and maintained on Linsmaier and Skoog's RM medium supplemented with 5 mg 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4‐D)/L in the dark at 25°C. The explants were furnished from three genotypes selected from a breeding nursery. Plants regenerated through somatic embryogenesis from callus were grown on RM medium containing no hormones and with the same physical conditions as for callus initiation. Embryogenesis tended to be suppressed by 2,4‐D concentrations of 1 mg/L or higher, but was promoted by the addition of 1 to 5 mg kinetin/L. Regenerated plants grew to maturity in 24 weeks after being transplanted into pots in the greenhouse and were phenotypically similar to their source plants.
Excimer lasers in ophthalmology : practice and principles (1997)

History of excimer lasers in ophthalmology physical principles of excimer lasers beam tissue interactions and early experimental results corneal applied anatomy, physiology and pathology natural history of myopia and refractive surgery computed videokeratoscopy patient assessment photorefractive keratectomy clinical results astigmatism high myopia excimer techniques in keratomileusis alternative surgical techniques hypermetropia phototherapeutic keratectomy complications of photorefractive surgery regression and treatment pharmacology and healing psychological associations of myopia ophthalmic practice management in relation to excimer laser surgery future developments.
Tests of Linkage and/or Association of Genes for Vitamin D Receptor, Osteocalcin, and Parathyroid Hormone With Bone Mineral Density (2002)

Bone mineral density (BMD) is a major determinant of osteoporotic fractures (OFs). The heritability of BMD ranges from 50% to 90% in human populations. Extensive molecular genetic analyses have been performed through traditional linkage or association approaches to test and identify genes or genomic regions underlying BMD variation. The results, particularly those concerning the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, have been inconsistent and controversial. In this study, we simultaneously test linkage and/or association of the genes for VDR, osteocalcin (also known as bone Gla protein [BGP]), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) with BMD in 630 subjects from 53 human pedigrees. Each of these pedigrees was ascertained through a proband with an extreme BMD value at the hip or spine (Z score < or = -1.28). For the raw BMD values, adjusting for significant covariate effects of age, sex, and weight, we performed tests for linkage alone, association alone, and then both linkage and association. For the spine BMD, at the two markers (ApaI and FokI) inside the VDR gene we found evidence for linkage (p < 0.05) and for both linkage and association by the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT; p < 0.05); association was detected (p < 0.07) with regular statistical testing by analyses of variance (ANOVA). In addition, significant results were found for association alone (p < 0.05), linkage alone (p = 0.0005), and for linkage and association (p = 0.0019) for the intragenic marker HindIII of the BGP gene for the hip BMD. Through testing for association, linkage, and linkage and association simultaneously, our data support the VDR gene as a quantitative trait locus (QTL) underlying spine BMD variation and the BGP gene as a QTL underlying hip BMD variation. However, our data do not support the PTH gene as a QTL underlying hip or spine BMD variation. This is the first study in the broad field of bone genetics that tests candidate genes as QTLs for BMD by testing simultaneously for association alone, for linkage alone, and for association and linkage (via the TDT).
Absorption of Nitrogen Dioxide by Aqueous Solutions (1937)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAbsorption of Nitrogen Dioxide by Aqueous SolutionsF. S. Chambers Jr. and T. K. SherwoodCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1937, 29, 12, 1415–1422Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1937Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1937https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50336a022https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50336a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views637Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Polycarboxylate aus Polysacchariden, Holz und holzähnlich zusammengesetzten Stoffen als neuartige Sequestriermittel (1977)

Article Polycarboxylate aus Polysacchariden, Holz und holzähnlich zusammengesetzten Stoffen als neuartige Sequestriermittel was published on September 1, 1977 in the journal Tenside Surfactants Detergents (volume 14, issue 5).
Applications of biochip and microarray systems in pharmacogenomics (2000)

A DNA microarray system is usually comprised of DNA probes formatted on a microscale on a glass surface (chip), plus the instruments needed to handle samples (automated robotics), to read the reporter molecules (scanners) and analyse the data (bioinformatic tools). Biochips are formed by in situ (on chip) synthesis of oligonucleotides or peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) or spotting of DNA fragments. Hybridisation of RNA- or DNA-derived samples on chips allows the monitoring of expression of mRNAs or the occurrence of polymorphisms in genomic DNA. Basic types of DNA chips are the sequencing chip, the expression chip and chips for comparative genomic hybridisation. Advanced technologies used in automated microarray production are photolithography, mechanical microspotting and ink jets. Bioelectronic microchips contain numerous electronically active microelectrodes with specific DNA capture probes linked to the electrodes through molecular wires. Several biosensors have been used in combination with biochips. PNA biosensors commonly rely on the immobilisation of a single-stranded DNA sequence (the 'probe') onto a transducer surface for hybridisation with the complementary ('target') strand to give a suitable electrical signal. Other sensors are cell-based immunobiosensors with engineered molecular recognition, integrated biosensors based on phototransistor integrated circuits and sensors based on surface plasmon resonance. Microarray technologies offer enormous savings in time and labour as compared to standard gel-based microsatellite methods. Reading of the information and its management by bioinformatics is necessary because of the enormous amount of data generated by the various technologies using microarrays. Standardised procedures are essential for compatible data production, quality control and analysis. Expression monitoring is the most biologically informative application of this technology at present. Microarray technology has important applications in pharmacogenomics: drug discovery and development, drug safety and molecular diagnostics. DNA chips will facilitate the integration of diagnosis and therapeutics, as well as the introduction of personalised medicines.
Coupling-length adjustment for an optical directional coupler as a 2×2 switch (1979)

A novel method for realizing the desired light coupling of an optical directional coupler for 2×2 switching is presented. This method consists of loading a high-index film on one of the waveguides and reducing the light coupling to zero in the undesired coupling region. The operation principle was experimentally examined using Ti-diffused LiNbO3 waveguides and Se-S–based chalcogenide glass film. The effective coupling length for the TE mode could be changed from 0 to 3L0 (L0 : 0-dB coupling length) by trimming the high-index strip.
Ethanol potentiation of GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors requires phosphorylation of the alternatively spliced variant of the γ2 subunit (1992)

The mammalian GABAA receptor is a multisubunit protein containing a variety of binding sites for psychotropic agents. One of the most widely used of these drugs, ethanol, enhances the function of GABAA receptors in certain circumstances but not others. Previous studies have demonstrated that alternative splicing of the gamma 2L GABA subunit results in an ethanol sensitive and an ethanol-insensitive form, when combined with alpha and beta subunits. We have used in vitro mutagenesis and expression in Xenopus oocytes to show that the consensus site for phosphorylation by protein kinase C contained in the gamma 2L insert is critical for modulation by ethanol but not benzodiazepines, and manipulation of the phosphorylating enzymes in oocytes containing alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2L can prevent ethanol enhancement. It is likely that phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of a specific site on the GABAA receptor protein can act as a control mechanism for neuronal responses to alcohol exposure.
The effect of treatment with N-acetylcysteine on the serum levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in patients on hemodialysis (2014)

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease due to many factors including inflammation and oxidative stress. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a thiol-containing anti-oxidant with anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to assess the effect of three months treatment with oral NAC on the plasma levels of inflammatory mediators like interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in patients on hemodialysis (HD). Twenty-four patients (nine males and 15 females) on maintenance HD were recruited in the study. Their mean age was 55.3 years. All the patients received oral NAC (600 mg twice a day) for a period of three months. The serum levels of biomedical parameters and IL-6 and hs-CRP were measured at baseline and three months after initiation of treatment. A significant decrease in serum levels of hs-CRP (22.4 vs. 5.2), IL-6 (8.1 vs. 3.6), parathyroid hormone (iPTH) (257.2 vs. 158.8), ferritin (632.0 vs. 515.1) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (54.2 vs. 38.3) was observed following NAC treatment. Female subjects presented with a significantly higher change in serum levels of hs-CRP compared with males (23 vs. 5.4). In three subjects who were less than 40 years old, the hs-CRP and IL-6 levels showed an increase following NAC treatment. Our study found that short-term oral NAC treatment might result in the reduction of IL-6 and hs-CRP in patients who are on regular HD. This suggests that patients with ESRD may benefit from the anti-inflammatory effects of NAC.
Spontaneous formation of stable aligned wrinkling patterns (2006)

We introduce a new methodology to produce aligned, or patterned, surface wrinkles on a soft elastomer sans topography. The surface buckles orient through the manipulation of the local stress distributions, which we control by defining specific regions of local differences in the elastic moduli of the material.
Preparation of Freestanding GaN Wafers by Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy with Void-Assisted Separation (2003)

We have developed a novel technique for preparing large-scale freestanding GaN wafers. Hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) growth of thick GaN layer was performed on a GaN template with a thin TiN film on the top. After the cooling process of the HVPE growth, the thick GaN layer was easily separated from the template by the assistance of many voids generated around the TiN film. As a result, a freestanding GaN wafer was obtained. The wafer obtained had a diameter of 45 mm, and a mirror-like surface. The-full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of (0002) and (1010) peaks in the X-ray rocking curve profile were 60 and 92 arcsec, respectively. The dislocation density was evaluated at 5×106 cm-3 by etch pit density measurement.
Deletions in the cytoplasmic domain of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor differentially affect endocytotic rate and postendocytotic traffic. (1990)

We have examined the function of the cytoplasmic domain of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIg-R) by producing two separate deletions in the cytoplasmic domain of the pIg-R, expressing the mutant receptors in polarized MDCK cells, and analyzing each for their effects on receptor and ligand traffic. Deletion of the C-terminal 30 amino acids (726-755) reduces the rate of internalization of receptor-bound ligand from the basolateral surface. However, this mutation has no effect on delivery of receptor from the Golgi to the basolateral surface or the post-endocytotic traffic of receptor and ligand. Mutation of a tyrosine at position 734 to serine produces a receptor with a similar phenotype. If residues 670-707 are deleted from the middle of the cytoplasmic domain, both basolateral delivery and internalization are unaffected. However, unlike wild type, after endocytosis from the basolateral surface, both receptor and ligand are largely degraded. We reported previously that deletion of the entire cytoplasmic domain prevents the basolateral delivery of newly synthesized receptor (Mostov, K.E., de Bruyn Kops, A., and Deitcher, D.L. (1986) Cell 47, 359-364). In contrast, the mutants reported here are delivered to the basolateral surface, suggesting that only residues 653-669 and/or 708-725 are necessary for basolateral delivery. Thus, different deletions in the cytoplasmic domain of the pIg-R can produce mutant receptors which alter different aspects of receptor traffic.
A Potent Nonpeptide Antagonist of the Substance P (NK <sub>1</sub> ) Receptor (1991)

CP-96,345 [(2S, 3S)-cis-2-(diphenylmethyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)- methyl]-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-amine] is a potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor. CP-96,345 inhibited 3H-labeled substance P binding and was a classical competitive antagonist in the NK1 monoreceptor dog carotid artery preparation. CP-96,345 inhibited substance P-induced salivation in the rat, a classical in vivo bioassay, but did not inhibit NK2, NK3, or numerous other receptors; it is thus a selective NK1 antagonist. This compound may prove to be a powerful tool for investigation of the physiological properties of substance P and exploration of its role in diseases.
Vaporization-Crystallization Method for Growing CdS Single Crystals (1959)

A self-refining method for growing three different forms of CdS single crystals is described together with fabrication details of the 1300-watt three-temperature zone furnace employed. The growth chamber measuring 1¾ in. in diam×21 in. long is charged with CdS powder and either H2S or argon at a pressure of 1 atmosphere or less, and subjected from 4 to 7 days to different temperatures (1250±2°C maximum) and gradients depending on the type of crystal desired. Single crystals vary from thin plates, rods, and whiskers weighing fractions of a gram to 10-g polygonal chunks. The method is believed to be suitable for growing single crystals of many other elemental and compound semiconductors.
Association Between Immunogenicity and Adsorption of a Recombinant<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>Vaccine Antigen by an Aluminum Adjuvant (2006)

The impact on immunogenicity of the degree of adsorption of three Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) vaccine antigens to aluminum adjuvants was studied. The three antigens evaluated (Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3) were highly adsorbed by aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, but not adsorbed by aluminum phosphate adjuvant. All of the Sp antigens adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide elicited higher antibody responses in mice than formulations prepared with aluminum phosphate or non-adjuvanted antigen. Varying the percent aluminum-bound Sp antigen in the formulated vaccine affected the observed antibody responses. These observations suggest that the antibody response observed for Sp antigens in this study is stimulated by a depot effect of the antigen bound to an aluminum adjuvant.