gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gas Phase Formation of Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds from the Pyrolysis of Tetrachloroethylene (1990)

Abstract The thermal degradation of tetrachloroethylene (C2C14.,) has been compared to that of ethylene (C2H2) using a high-temperature flow reactor system. Kinetic studies were conducted in an oxygen-Tree helium carrier for reaction times of 2,0 s. Exposure temperatures for this reaction time were varied from 300-1050° C. Significant yields of perchlorinatcd olcfinic and aromatic species were observed from C2C14 with similar yields of non-chlorinated aromatic species from C2H4. Acetylene (C2H4) was the major organic product from C2H4 while hexachlorobenzene (C6Cl6) was the major organic product from C2Cl4. Dichloroacetylene (C2C14) was not observed from C2C14, which is attributed to a rapid polymerization pathway. Chlorine atom displacement reactions involving perchlorinated olefinic radical attack on per-chlorinated olefins and acetylenes are proposed as key steps in molecular growth pathways.
SULPHATED DERIVATIVES OF LAMINARIN (1955)

The polysaccharide, laminarin, was prepared from the marine alga, Laminaria digitata, and was sulphated with chlorosulphonic acid in pyridine and in liquid sulphur dioxide at temperatures below 0°. Derivatives containing both O-sulphate and N-sulphate groups were prepared by sulphating β-aminoethyl ethers of laminarin obtained by the reaction of laminarin with ethylenimine. These derivatives were found to act as anticoagulants for blood in vitro. The preparations with highest sulphate were most active, and for equivalent sulphate that with both O-sulphate and N-sulphate groups was more active than the one containing only the former.
Iron Chelation and Multiple Sclerosis (2014)

Histochemical and MRI studies have demonstrated that MS (multiple sclerosis) patients have abnormal deposition of iron in both gray and white matter structures. Data is emerging indicating that this iron could partake in pathogenesis by various mechanisms, e.g., promoting the production of reactive oxygen species and enhancing the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Iron chelation therapy could be a viable strategy to block iron-related pathological events or it can confer cellular protection by stabilizing hypoxia inducible factor 1α, a transcription factor that normally responds to hypoxic conditions. Iron chelation has been shown to protect against disease progression and/or limit iron accumulation in some neurological disorders or their experimental models. Data from studies that administered a chelator to animals with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model of MS, support the rationale for examining this treatment approach in MS. Preliminary clinical studies have been performed in MS patients using deferoxamine. Although some side effects were observed, the large majority of patients were able to tolerate the arduous administration regimen, i.e., 6-8 h of subcutaneous infusion, and all side effects resolved upon discontinuation of treatment. Importantly, these preliminary studies did not identify a disqualifying event for this experimental approach. More recently developed chelators, deferasirox and deferiprone, are more desirable for possible use in MS given their oral administration, and importantly, deferiprone can cross the blood-brain barrier. However, experiences from other conditions indicate that the potential for adverse events during chelation therapy necessitates close patient monitoring and a carefully considered administration regimen.
A resistively degenerated wide-band passive mixer with low noise figure and +60dBm IIP2 in 0.18&#x03BC;m CMOS (2008)

This paper presents a wide-band CMOS passive Mixer with 8dB Double Side Band (DSB) Noise Figure (NF) and 24dB voltage gain with +60dBm of uncalibrated IIP2 and +9dBm of IIP3 at 2GHz. The linearity is maintained for a wide frequency offset range to ensure interferer performance for in-band jammers. A source degeneration method to improve NF and linearity is introduced and analyzed. G <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</inf> boosting methods, such as input cross-coupling, current reuse, complementary input, and back gate connection, are used. The Mixer consumes only 10mW from a 2V power supply for I and Q both channels including trans-impedance amplifier stages (TIA).
Significance of endogenous cytokines in host defense against Listeria monocytogenes infection. (1992)

4.
Observation of scalar longitudinal electrodynamic waves (2002)

Theoretically scalar potential Φ waves with a longitudinal electric field in the direction of propagation must exist. A centrally fed ball antenna, 6 cm diameter, producing a pulsating 433.59 MHz spherical source charge, generated such a wave, that was detected by an identical ball antenna. The longitudinality of was demonstrated by intervening a cubic array of 9 half-wavelength wires, that absorbed the wave when the wires were parallel (but not when perpendicular) to the direction of propagation. The signal from the ball antenna source, placed 4.0 m above ground and receiver 4.4 m above ground, was measured as a function of distance, yielding satisfactory agreement with theory, including 2 expected interference minima produced by an image source induced in the Earth. Only waves can yield such an interference and can be reflected from the Earth's surface and vary as the inverse square of distance.
Equivalence of Lauric Acid and Glycerol Monolaurate as Inhibitors of Signal Transduction in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2000)

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) inhibits the expression of virulence factors in Staphylococus aureus and the induction of vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecalis, presumably by blocking signal transduction. Although GML is rapidly hydrolyzed by bacteria, one of the products, lauric acid, has identical inhibitory activity and is metabolized much more slowly. At least four distinct GML-hydrolyzing activities are identified in S. aureus: the secreted Geh lipase, residual supernatant activity in a geh-null mutant strain, a novel membrane-bound esterase, and a cytoplasmic activity.
Underwater mosaic creation using video sequences from different altitudes (2005)

This paper presents a method for the automatic creation of 2D mosaics of the sea floor, using video sequences acquired at different altitudes above the sea floor. The benefit of using different altitude sequences comes from the fact that higher altitude sequences can be used to guide the motion estimation of the lower ones, thus increasing the robustness and efficiency of the mosaicing process. When compared to the case of single sequence mosaic creation, we show that by combining geometric information from different sequences, we are able to successfully estimate the registration topology of much lower altitude sequences. This results in higher resolution mapping of the sea floor. Illustrative results are presented using sequences of the same coral reef patch, captured with a single video camera. The sequences present some of the common difficulties of underwater 2D mosaicing, namely non-flat, moving environment and changing lighting conditions. The importance of this work is emphasized by fact that the presented methods require inexpensive image acquisition and processing equipment, thus potentially benefiting a very large group of marine scientists.
Lactate and Ammonia Concentration in Blood and Sweat During Incremental Cycle Ergometer Exercise (1997)

It is known that the concentrations of ammonia and lactate in blood increase during incremental exercise. Sweat also contains lactate and ammonia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the physiological response of lactate and ammonia in plasma and sweat during a stepwise incremental cycle ergometer exercise test in ten subjects. During this test lactate and ammonia were measured in blood obtained from the earlobe and in sweat collected in a bag attached to the back of the subject. At the end of each interval this bag was emptied for measuring lactate and ammonia. A disproportional increase in the concentration of lactate and ammonia in blood was found, in sweat a disproportional decrease. The lactate concentrations in sweat were higher than those in blood. We hypothesise that lactate in sweat is produced from glycogen granules of the clear cell of the eccrine gland. This lactate production results in acidification of sweat, which facilitates the diffusion of ammonia from eccrine duct cell to duct lumen. It is uncertain how far duct cell ammonia originates from plasma, the duct cell itself might produce ammonia. Part of the ammonia in sweat could come from the breakdown of urea by skin bacteria.
Uncertainty in<i>T</i><sub>1</sub>mapping using the variable flip angle method with two flip angles (2008)

Propagation of errors, in conjunction with the theoretical signal equation for spoiled gradient echo pulse sequences, is used to derive a theoretical expression for uncertainty in quantitative variable flip angle T(1) mapping using two flip angles. This expression is then minimized to derive a rigorous expression for optimal flip angles that elucidates a commonly used empirical result. The theoretical expressions for uncertainty and optimal flip angles are combined to derive a lower bound on the achievable uncertainty for a given set of pulse sequence parameters and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). These results provide a means of quantitatively determining the effect of changing acquisition parameters on T(1) uncertainty.
Detection of numerical chromosomal aberrations in malignant melanomas using fluorescence in situ hybridization (1997)

To evaluate the numerical chromosomal aberration in malignant melanoma, we have applied fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with repetitive DNA probes specific for chromosomes 1, 6, 7, 9, 10, and 17 on 24 fresh malignant melanomas (primary: 14, metastatic: 8). We defined a tumor that had copies with more than 3 spots as chromosomal gain. Chromosomal copy number gain was found in 40.9% of the cases for chromosome 7, 27.2% for chromosome 6, 27.2% for chromosome 17, 22.7% for chromosome 9 and 10, and 4.5% for chromosome 1. Monosomy was found in 54.5% of the cases for chromosome 10, 36.5% for chromosome 9, 27.2% for chromosome 6, 22.7% for chromosome 17, and 18.1% for chromosome 1 and 7. The most frequent numerical alterations were seen in chromosomes 6, 7, 9 and 10. Gain of chromosome 6 and 7 and/or losses of chromosome 9 and 10 may play an important role in the tumorigenesis and development of malignant melanomas.
Combined effects of sub-cooling and operating pressure on the performance of a two-chamber thermosyphon (2002)

Heat dissipation rates at chip level are projected to reach 50-100 W/cm/sup 2/ for future high performance electronic systems. Liquid cooling with phase change has been shown to be a very efficient thermal management technique for such high heat dissipation rates. Past work on fluorocarbon-based liquid immersion cooling has shown the advantage of using enhanced structures to reduce boiling incipience excursion and raise the critical heat flux (CHF). Thermosyphons using these enhanced structures are an alternative to liquid immersion and are suitable for point cooling applications, where very compact evaporators are needed. This study investigates the combined effect of sub-cooling and pressure on the performance of an enhanced microstructure based thermosyphon, which has shown very high heat transfer rates (up to 100 W/cm/sup 2/ with wall superheat of 27.8/spl deg/C). The pressure levels tested were partial vacuum (40-101.3 kPa), atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa) and high pressure (101.3-370 kPa). Experiments were initiated at room temperature, and hence the sub-cooling corresponded to the difference in liquid saturation temperature at the starting system pressure and room temperature. The results show a reduction in wall superheat values at higher pressures at a given heat flux. The system performance was evaluated by defining a surface-to-ambient resistance. Results show that a partial vacuum at all heat fluxes results in better performance compared to higher pressures. The combined effect of pressure and sub-cooling was also tested for a compact evaporator and the results obtained were similar to the baseline case (larger evaporator).
PROTECTIVE COATINGS SYSTEM FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT AND CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENTS (1986)

Different areas in the nuclear facility require protecive coatings which in addition to having the normal\nproperties should withstand nuclear radiation as well as the rigorous decontamination schedule. At\npresent in our country coating system comprising of inorganic zinc rich primer, epoxy undercoat and\ntop coats all of which are imported are made use of for this purpose by Nuclear Power Board (BARC).\nDifficulties in procuring these materials, deterioration during transit and other drawbacks have led to\nthe development of these coating systems indigenously. The indigenisation would help not only in\nimport substitution but also in having a strict control over the quality of the product.\nThe physical and protective properties of the indigenously developed system comprising of primer\nundercoat and finish coat and those of the imported system are evaluated by various tests and the\nresults are presented in this paper.
Accelerated Response of the <i>myogenin</i> Gene to Denervation in Mutant Mice Lacking Phosphorylation of Myogenin at Threonine 87 (2004)

Gene expression in skeletal muscle is regulated by a family of myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins. The binding of these bHLH proteins, notably MyoD and myogenin, to E-boxes in their own regulatory regions is blocked by protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation of a single threonine residue in their basic region. Because electrical stimulation increases PKC activity in skeletal muscle, these data have led to an attractive model suggesting that electrical activity suppresses gene expression by stimulating phosphorylation of this critical threonine residue in myogenic bHLH proteins. We show that electrical activity stimulates phosphorylation of myogenin at threonine 87 (T87) in vivo and that calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), as well as PKC, catalyzes this reaction in vitro. We find that phosphorylation of myogenin at T87 is dispensable for skeletal muscle development. We show, however, that the decrease in myogenin (myg) expression following innervation is delayed and that the increase in expression following denervation is accelerated in mutant mice lacking phosphorylation of myogenin at T87. These data indicate that two distinct innervation-dependent mechanisms restrain myogenin activity: an inactivation mechanism mediated by phosphorylation of myogenin at T87, and a second, novel regulatory mechanism that regulates myg gene activity independently of T87 phosphorylation.
The therapeutic potential of islet cell transplant in the treatment of diabetes (1998)

Diabetic patients requiring insulin treatment are at an increased risk of developing chronic complications affecting the eye, kidney and heart as well as other disabilities, such as neurological and vascular disease. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) showed that the development of these complications can be profoundly reduced or even prevented by strict glycaemic control through intensive insulin therapy. The DCCT study, which was concluded in 1993, administered intensive insulin treatment either by multiple (three or four per day) insulin injections or by an external insulin pump. However, it is both stressful and difficult to achieve effective glycaemic control by these methods. Furthermore, intensive insulin administration imposes a significant danger of hypoglycaemia to patients receiving this treatment. Biological replacement of the destroyed insulin-producing B-cells of pancreatic islets, with normal functioning islet transplants, remains the best option with which to achieve strict glycaemic control in diabetic patients requiring insulin treatment. The ultimate goal in transplantation is the unlimited availability of organs/tissues to be transplanted in a simple procedure that requires little or no immunosuppression. Other obstacles have also contributed to the delay in islet transplantation becoming a clinical reality. There are now good methods for isolating long-term functional islets, and it has been proposed that these islets can be immunoisolated by microencapsulation to prevent transplant rejection, an approach that could easily lead to the use of islet xenografts in human diabetic patients. Therefore, the development of microencapsulated islets promises to solve the two major obstacles to clinical islet transplantation, transplant rejection and shortage of human islets. This technique has enormous potential as a viable treatment for diabetic patients requiring insulin therapy to achieve glycaemic control.
Sustained Activation of the Central Baroreceptor Pathway in Obesity Hypertension (2003)

The major goal of this study was to determine whether there is increased activation of medullary neurons that participate in the central baroreceptor reflex pathway in dogs with obesity-induced hypertension, a model of hypertension that is associated with increased sympathetic activity. We used Fos-like (Fos-Li) protein immunohistochemical methods to determine activation of neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM), and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Dogs were fed either a regular diet or an identical diet with the addition of 0.5 to 0.9 kg of cooked beef fat. After ≈6 weeks of the high fat diet, body weight (36.3±0.4 vs 21.5±0.5 kg), mean arterial pressure (105±4 vs 91±3 mm Hg), and heart rate (97±4 vs 70±3 bpm) were significantly greater in obese than in control dogs, respectively. There was little Fos-Li immunoreactivity in medullary neurons of control dogs but marked reactivity in obese dogs. Specifically, the number of Fos-Li–positive cells in the NTS and CVLM was 3 to 5 times greater in obese than in control dogs. Furthermore, despite sustained activation of these baroreceptor-sensitive neurons, there was a significantly greater number of Fos-Li positive cells in the RVLM of dogs fed the high fat diet. As baroreceptor suppression of sympathoexcitatory cells in the RVLM is mediated by activation of neurons in the NTS and CVLM, these results support recent findings indicating that baroreflex suppression of sympathetic activity is a long-term compensatory response in hypertension. However, sympathoexcitatory inputs onto RVLM neurons would appear to predominate over the inhibitory effects of the baroreflex in obesity hypertension.
Neurofeedback for Elementary Students with Identified Learning Problems (2004)

Introduction. The goal of this research was to ascertain whether basic reading, reading comprehension, the reading composite, and IQ scores could be improved using neurofeedback. Pre-test and post-test reading and cognitive assessments were administered to sixth, seventh and eighth graders identified as having learning problems. Control and experimental groups were chosen at random. With the exception of three students, every student in the control and experimental group had previously been diagnosed with Specific Learning Disabilities or as Other Health Impaired according to State and Federal guidelines for special education services. The three students were medically diagnosed as having ADHD and were on a 504 Accommodation Plan.
Subspace methods applied to multipath mitigation in a navigation receiver (1999)

In a navigation receiver using DS-CDMA and pseudorange estimation, specular reflections with a delay smaller than one chip may introduce a significant positioning error. Several mitigation techniques have been proposed in the literature, like the narrow correlator and the MEDLL (multipath-estimating delay-lock loop) (van Nee, 1995), which make use of several correlators and a single antenna. A related problem is the direction-of-arrival determination to an antenna array, which can be successfully addressed by using several subspace methods like MUSIC (multiple signal classification) (Schmidt, 1986). The direction-of-arrival methods cannot be applied to multipath mitigation, since they lose performance when the impinging signals are coherent or highly correlated. This article proposes a new technique to mitigate the multipath effect on the code timing estimation using an antenna array of arbitrary geometry, and a subspace method which is not affected by the high correlation of the impinging signals. It also provides a channel estimation.
Atrophy in the parahippocampal gyrus as an early biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease (2010)

The main aim of the present study was to compare volume differences in the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus as biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Based on the previous findings, we hypothesized that there would be significant volume differences between cases of healthy aging, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and mild AD. Furthermore, we hypothesized that there would be larger volume differences in the parahippocampal gyrus than in the hippocampus. In addition, we investigated differences between the anterior, middle, and posterior parts of both structures. We studied three groups of participants: 18 healthy participants without memory decline, 18 patients with aMCI, and 18 patients with mild AD. 3 T T1-weighted MRI scans were acquired and gray matter volumes of the anterior, middle, and posterior parts of both the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus were measured using a manual tracing approach. Volumes of both the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus were significantly different between the groups in the following order: healthy>aMCI>AD. Volume differences between the groups were relatively larger in the parahippocampal gyrus than in the hippocampus, in particular, when we compared healthy with aMCI. No substantial differences were found between the anterior, middle, and posterior parts of both structures. Our results suggest that parahippocampal volume discriminates better than hippocampal volume between cases of healthy aging, aMCI, and mild AD, in particular, in the early phase of the disease. The present results stress the importance of parahippocampal atrophy as an early biomarker of AD.
Performance-driven simultaneous placement and routing for FPGA's (1998)

Sequential place and route tools for field programmable gate arrays (FPGA's) are inherently weak at addressing both wirability and timing optimizations. This is primarily due to the difficulty of accurately predicting wirability and delay during placement. A set of new performance-driven simultaneous placement/routing techniques has been developed for both row-based and island-style FPGA designs. These techniques rely on an iterative improvement placement algorithm augmented with fast, complete routing heuristics in the placement loop. For row-based designs, this new layout strategy yielded up to 28% improvements in timing and 33% in wirability for several MCNC benchmarks when compared to a traditional sequential place and route system in use at Texas Instruments. On a set of industrial designs for Xilinx 4000-series island-style FPGA's, our scheme produced 100% routed designs with 8-15% improvement in delay when compared to the Xilinx XACT5.0 place and route system.