gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electron spin resonance (ESR) study of cigarette smoke by use of spin trapping techniques. (1976)

The technique of spin trapping has been applied to the gas phase of cigarette smoke to identify and quantify the radicals present. It was found that radicals could be trapped only if the smoke was filtered. Three spin traps were used: N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenyl nitrone (PBN). 5,5-dimethyl-delta1-pyrroline-1-oxide (DMPO) and alpha-[3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-tert-butyl nitrone (OHPBN). From the electron spin resonance (ESR) splitting constants of the radicals produced by the reaction of smoke radicals with the spin traps and also from the effec of varying the path length between the cigarette and the spin trap solution, it is concluded that three types of signals are observed. Type I signals indicate the presence of oxygenated radicals which appear to be a mixture of alkoxy radicals (RO) and aroyloxy (ArCO2-) radicals. Our data do not allow conclusions about the nature of the R or Ar groups in these two oxy radicals; however, considerations based on lifetimes suggest that the R group probably is tertiary. Type II and III signals are not typical spectra of spin adducts. Instead, we believe they result from reaction of smoke (and probably radicals in smoke) with the PBN spin trap and indicate that smoke has the ability to effect one-electron oxidations. Only type I signals are observed with DMPO and OHPBN. A quantitative study shows that 4 x 10(14) spins/puff are present in the smoke, in contrast with the result of a recent study which used a very different method for determining the radical content of smoke. A discussion of the nature of the radicals in smoke and some tentative conclusions are presented.
Reaction Between Apatite and Monofluorophosphate: Modification by Fluoride and Condensed Phosphate (1977)

The effects of common contaminants of sodium monofluorophosphate; fluoride and pyrophosphate, on the course of the monofluorophosphate-apatite reaction have been studied. Both fluoride and monofluorophosphate are capable of undergoing reactions with dental mineral. Neither reaction is independent of the other. However, it appears that dentifrice compositions with relatively low contents of free fluoride are as clinically effective as those with more elevated fluoride levels. This indicates that the fluoride ion is not the sole source of anticaries activity. A rat caries test indicated that such trace levels of free fluoride do not provide the substantial anticaries activity associated with similar pastes containing sodium monofluorophosphate. Pyrophosphate, when present, inhibits the reaction between apatite and monofluorophosphate. The fact that no free pyrophosphate could be found on analysis of a dentifrice is attributed to adsorption of this contaminant by the abrasive and indicates that the pyrophosphate was not responsible for the observed anticaries activity. These findings lead to the conclusion that the monofluorophosphate anion possesses anticaries activity in its own right.
Does Training Matter? Employee Experiences and Attitudes (1996)

Investment in vocational education and training is commonly regarded as a prerequisite of competitive success. Training is also seen as a cornerstone of management initiatives designed to enhance employee involvement and co‐operation in the production process. Ironically, however, commentators have rarely sought to assess employee attitudes towards, and experiences of, training provision. the claims made by advocates of a high skills strategy with respect to employee commitment and motivation have not been empirically tested. This article seeks to fill the gap through a presentation of findings from a unique survey, undertaken by the authors, designed to examine the link between training and employee attitudes.
Copper nanoparticles socketed in situ into copper phyllosilicate nanotubes with enhanced performance for chemoselective hydrogenation of esters (2017)

Copper nanoparticles exsoluted in situ under a reducing atmosphere at elevated temperatures are socketed into the parent copper phyllosilicate nanotubes and exhibit excellent catalytic performance and superior stability for the selective hydrogenation of various esters to alcohols.
Trustworthy keyword search for regulatory-compliant records retention (2006)

Recent litigation and intense regulatory focus on secure retention of electronic records have spurred a rush to introduce Write-Once-Read-Many (WORM) storage devices for retaining business records such as electronic mail. However, simply storing records in WORM storage is insuffcient to ensure that the records are trustworthy, i.e., able to provide irrefutable proof and accurate details of past events. Specifically, some form of index is needed for timely access to the records, but unless the index is maintained securely, the records can in effect be hidden or altered, even if stored in WORM storage. In this paper, we systematically analyze the requirements for establishing a trustworthy inverted index to enable keyword-based search queries. We propose a novel scheme for effcient creation of such an index and demonstrate, through extensive simulations and experiments with an enterprise keyword search engine, that the scheme can achieve online update speeds while maintaining good query performance. In addition, we present a secure index structure for multi-keyword queries that supports insert, lookup and range queries in time logarithmic in the number of documents.
A scalable group-rekeying scheme using secret mask patterns (2005)

In this paper, we propose a new group-rekeying method for changing the multicast group key matrix-mask-based group-rekeying (MMGR). The main aim of our rekeying method is to solve the rekeying problem that arises when some group members leave the group. In MMGR, the group controller constructs the rekeying message using a numerical matrix, and the group members apply secret bit masks on the matrix to get the group key. MMGR does not need computationally expensive encryption of the group key before transmission and hence eliminates the need to decrypt it after receiving the rekeying message. In MMGR, rekeying message construction and group key retrieval processes need only simple operations. The computational cost of the rekeying server is low, and the computational cost of the group members is low and constant regardless of the rekeying message size.
Angiogenin cleaves tRNA and promotes stress-induced translational repression (2009)

Stress-induced phosphorylation of eIF2alpha inhibits global protein synthesis to conserve energy for repair of stress-induced damage. Stress-induced translational arrest is observed in cells expressing a nonphosphorylatable eIF2alpha mutant (S51A), which indicates the existence of an alternative pathway of translational control. In this paper, we show that arsenite, heat shock, or ultraviolet irradiation promotes transfer RNA (tRNA) cleavage and accumulation of tRNA-derived, stress-induced small RNAs (tiRNAs). We show that angiogenin, a secreted ribonuclease, is required for stress-induced production of tiRNAs. Knockdown of angiogenin, but not related ribonucleases, inhibits arsenite-induced tiRNA production and translational arrest. In contrast, knockdown of the angiogenin inhibitor RNH1 enhances tiRNA production and promotes arsenite-induced translational arrest. Moreover, recombinant angiogenin, but not RNase 4 or RNase A, induces tiRNA production and inhibits protein synthesis in the absence of exogenous stress. Finally, transfection of angiogenin-induced tiRNAs promotes phospho-eIF2alpha-independent translational arrest. Our results introduce angiogenin and tiRNAs as components of a phospho-eIF2alpha-independent stress response program.
High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Size, Particle Number, and Residual Vascular Risk After Potent Statin Therapy (2013)

http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00239681.
A flow cytometric immunoassay to quantify adsorption of complement activation products (iC3b, C3d, SC5b‐9) on artificial surfaces (1997)

Crosslinked agarose microspheres and various polystyrene microspheres were analyzed for complement components after incubation with serum at 37°C for times up to 2 h. Quantification involved direct flow cytometric analysis of the beads after the bound complement proteins were indirectly fluorescently tagged by use of a monoclonal antibody against a complement protein: C5b-9, iC3b, C3d, C4d, Bb, C3a, and C1q. Calibration with fluorescein microbead standards demonstrated that the membrane attack complex (SC5b-9) was surface bound on all surfaces and that the surface concentration gradually increased to levels as high as 0.5 μg/cm2. Further, the surface bound represented a substantial percentage of the total generated. The iC3b level on polystyrene beads rapidly reached 0.09 μg/cm2 and the C3d levels were an order of magnitude less. On agarose beads the iC3b levels continually rose to 0.17 μg/cm2 and, as before, the C3d levels were substantially lower. The surface concentration of C4d and Bb on both surfaces were significant but less than 1.0 ng/cm2. There was minimal evidence of C3a and C1q adsorption for any surface. Use of amino-polystyrene beads moderately reduced the level of bound iC3b, C3d, and SC5b-9, whereas carboxylated beads reduced the levels by almost a factor of two. The appreciable amounts of iC3b and SC5b-9 consistently noted on the artificial surfaces tested in this paper suggests that for these two activation products in vitro analysis of material induced complement activation should also include surface analysis. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 37, 474–480, 1997.
Phase III Randomized Trial Comparing the Efficacy of Cediranib As Monotherapy, and in Combination With Lomustine, Versus Lomustine Alone in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma (2013)

This study did not meet its primary end point of PFS prolongation with cediranib either as monotherapy or in combination with lomustine versus lomustine in patients with recurrent glioblastoma, although cediranib showed evidence of clinical activity on some secondary end points including time to deterioration in neurologic status and corticosteroid-sparing effects.
SSOScan: automated testing of web applications for single sign-on vulnerabilities (2014)

Correctly integrating third-party services into web applications is challenging, and mistakes can have grave consequences when third-party services are used for security-critical tasks such as authentication and authorization. Developers often misunderstand integration requirements and make critical mistakes when integrating services such as single sign-on APIs. Since traditional programming techniques are hard to apply to programs running inside black-box web servers, we propose to detect vulnerabilities by probing behaviors of the system. This paper describes the design and implementation of SSOScan, an automatic vulnerability checker for applications using Facebook Single Sign-On (SSO) APIs. We used SSOScan to study the twenty thousand top-ranked websites for five SSO vulnerabilities. Of the 1660 sites in our study that employ Facebook SSO, over 20 % were found to suffer from at least one serious vulnerability. 1
Pheophorbide a Is a Specific Probe for ABCG2 Function and Inhibition (2004)

Pheophorbide a (PhA), a chlorophyll catabolite, was shown to be an ABCG2 substrate based on Abcg2(-/-) knockout mouse studies (J. W. Jonker et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99: 15649-15654, 2002). We developed a functional assay for ABCG2 using PhA and the ABCG2 inhibitor fumitremorgin C. In selected cell lines expressing high levels of P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1, or ABCG2, PhA transport was observed only in cells expressing ABCG2. Fumitremorgin C-inhibitable PhA transport was found to correlate with cell surface ABCG2 expression as measured by the anti-ABCG2 antibody 5D3. We found that 100 micro M of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor UCN-01 or 1 micro M of the P-glycoprotein inhibitor tariquidar inhibited ABCG2-mediated PhA transport. In 4-day cytotoxicity assays, ABCG2-mediated resistance to SN-38 and topotecan was abrogated in ABCG2-transfected HEK-293 cells treated with 1 micro M tariquidar, and ABCG2-transfected cells were 6-7-fold resistant to UCN-01. PhA is an ABCG2-specific substrate with potential value in measuring ABCG2 function and expression in clinical samples.
Hotspot Prevention Using CMP Model in Design Implementation Flow (2008)

As part of copper (Cu) damascene manufacturing process, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) has been applied to keep the uniformity of metal thickness, and the planarity of chip/wafer to accommodate today's shrinking lithography process window. CMP is a process that heavily depends on the metal width and density, and there is a strong interaction between design and CMP process. Dummy fills (tiling) are routinely applied to the design files to keep metal density uniform. However, due to complex natures of CMP process (pad, slurry and metal/oxide interaction, long range and multi-level effects), CMP related hotspots are often observed in the manufacturing process. CMP related issues such as Cu pooling/bridging and excessive thickness variation will have a major impact on chip yield and circuit timing and performance. Thus it is essential to correct those hotspots during circuit design stage for better yield and performance. In this paper we will introduce the use of an accurate physical based model to simulate CMP process on a full chip level and detect CMP related hotspots. We will show by using cadence CMP predictor (CCP), hotspots that are related to the tiling approach were detected. The CMP model can then be used to assist developing optimal tiling approach and reduce or eliminate CMP related hotspots, hence help to enhance the yield of the designs. The unique capability of detecting CMP related hotspot accurately has made CCP a valuable tool in the design flow to improve yield and performance.
Josephson Effects at 77 K in Grain Boundary Bridge Made of Thick Films (1988)

Using the screen printing method, YBaCuO high T c superconducting films were fabricated. The thickness of the films was ≃30 µm and maximum grain size was ≃70 µm. T czero =90.7 K and J c =20 A/cm 2 at 77 K were obtained. With a razor edge, the films were cut and formed to grain boundary bridges having a few grain boundaries in the bridge region. The devices showed clear Shapiro steps and SQUID patterns at 77 K.
Changes in Mammographic Densities Induced by a Hormonal Contraceptive Designed to Reduce Breast Cancer Risk (1994)

The reduced estrogen and progestogen exposures to the breast that were achieved by the hormonal contraceptive regimen resulted in substantial reductions in follow-up mammographic densities at 1 year compared with baseline. Although there is no direct evidence that such a reduction in densities will lead to a reduced risk of breast cancer, indirect evidence for a protective effect of this regimen is that early menopause reduces breast cancer risk, and that menopause is associated with a reduction in mammographic densities.
Manage Competitive Intelligence for Strategic Advantage (2013)

The study seeks to determine why competitive intelligence is necessary in the manufacturing sector; to ascertain how to use competitive intelligence; to identify the costs for competitive intelligence; and to assess the nature of the relationship between competitive intelligence and strategic advantage. The study was carried out primarily through the survey method and interview of employees in three manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Secondary data were obtained through books, journals and internet. Empirical works of other scholars were consulted. Findings indicate that Competitive intelligence is necessary because of manager’s need to increase the quality of products and services, strategic planning, and market knowledge. Competitive intelligence is used by gathering information, converting it into intelligence and utilizing it in business decision making. The costs for Competitive intelligence consist of time, money, and intellectual skills. There is a significant positive relationship between competitive intelligence and strategic advantage. In changing, highly competitive market, the firm with a successful, proactive competitive intelligence process will respond most quickly and wisely to changes in markets and competitors, and should thereby, succeed over the long term. Your company does not have all the best answers, other businesses can do some thing better, learn from them. Their manufacturing processes might be better. Their customers might be happier, their supply chain more streamlined. With competitive bench mark, you can find out and add competitor strengths to your portfolio. Adopt best practice and improve more quickly, more cost- effectively, with fewer mistakes. Keywords: Competitive intelligence, Business Intelligence, counter Intelligence, and Strategic Intelligence
Performance of solenoids versus quadrupoles in focusing and energy selection of laser accelerated protons (2013)

Using laser accelerated protons or ions for various applications---for example in particle therapy or short-pulse radiographic diagnostics---requires an effective method of focusing and energy selection. We derive an analytical scaling for the performance of a solenoid compared with a doublet/triplet as function of the energy, which is confirmed by TRACEWIN simulations. Generally speaking, the two approaches are equivalent in focusing capability, if parameters are such that the solenoid length approximately equals its diameter. The scaling also shows that this is usually not the case above a few MeV; consequently, a solenoid needs to be pulsed or superconducting, whereas the quadrupoles can remain conventional. It is also important that the transmission of the triplet is found only 25% lower than that of the equivalent solenoid. Both systems are equally suitable for energy selection based on their chromatic effect as is shown using an initial distribution following the RPA simulation model by Yan et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 135001 (2009].
Plasmonic Nanoshell Arrays Combine Surface‐Enhanced Vibrational Spectroscopies on a Single Substrate (2007)

Sensitive support: Assembling plasmonic nanoshells into periodic arrays with nanoscale interparticle gaps gave a substrate on which surface-enhanced (SE) Raman spectroscopy (RS) and infrared absorption (IRA) spectroscopy can be performed simultaneously to enable molecular detection and characterization with high precision and sensitivity. The picture shows an SEM image of the Au nanoshell array and SERS and SEIRA spectra of a p-mercaptoaniline monolayer on the array.
The cachexia score (CASCO): a new tool for staging cachectic cancer patients (2011)

BACKGROUND: According to a recent consensus, the cachectic syndrome is defined as: "… a complex metabolic syndrome associated with underlying illness and characterized by loss of muscle with or without loss of fat mass. The prominent clinical feature of cachexia is weight loss in adults (corrected for fluid retention) or growth failure in children (excluding endocrine disorders). Anorexia, inflammation, insulin resistance, and increased muscle protein breakdown are frequently associated with cachexia." Although this definition is accompanied by diagnostic criteria, it does not consider the problem of staging. Stratification of patients is important when considering therapy. The very first stage of the wasting syndrome does not necessarily involve body weight loss-a state known as pre-cachexia. METHODS AND RESULTS: The aim of the present score was to overcome the problem of patient staging in cancer. This score considers five main different factors: body weight and lean body mass loss; anorexia; inflammatory, immunological, and metabolic disturbances; physical performance; and quality of life. The scoring scale goes from 0 to 100: mild cachexia (less than 25), moderate (more than 26 and less than 50), severe (more than 51 and less than 75), and terminal phase (more than 76 and up to 100). The score also takes into consideration the condition known as pre-cachexia. CONCLUSION: The present score will facilitate cachexia staging and will therefore allow for a more adequate therapy. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13539-011-0027-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
THE ROLE OF LIBRARY ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LEARNING PROGRAM IN SDIT SALSABILA 2 KLASEMAN YOGYAKARTA (2021)

ABSTRACTLibraries have an important role in the field of education, for research purposes, preservation of information resources and recreation areas. Libraries also have a role in increasing the intelligence and empowerment of the nation, as a human person who always wants to advance and the development of institutions that are increasingly experiencing intense competition. This study seeks to see the role of the library in improving the quality of elementary schools at SDIT Salsabila 2 Klaseman, both with regard to student achievement and the progress of the institution. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative, data collection is done by looking directly at the object of research (direct observation) interviews and documentation. The results of this study indicate that libraries have an important role in improving the quality of elementary schools such as the development of library facilities; there is a special room, a growing collection of books, modern service systems, air-conditioned room facilities, computers and LCD projectors are available and also supports children's achievements in winning several championships including in the PAI quiz competition and the MIPA OlympiadKeywords: Quality Improvement of Elementary Schools: The Role of Libraries
Synthesis of Cyclosporine. I. Synthesis of enantiomerically pure (2<i>S</i>,3<i>R</i>,4<i>R</i>,6<i>E</i>)‐3‐hydroxy ‐4‐methyl‐2‐methylamino‐6‐octenoic acid starting from tartaric acid (1983)

Abstract Starting from R , R ‐(+)‐tartaric acid, the synthesis of (2 S ,3 R ,4 R 6 E )‐3‐hydroxy ‐4‐methyl‐2‐methylamino‐6‐octenoic acid in 24 steps is reported. This novel amino acid is found in the cyclic undecapeptide cyclosporin A, isolated from the fungal strain Tolypocladium inflatum GAMS . Its stereospecific synthesis allowed, for the first time, the isolation and characterization of the new amino acid previously reported as the ‘C‐9‐amino acid’ [1].