gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Trichloroethylene and cancer: epidemiologic evidence. (2000)

Trichloroethylene is an organic chemical that has been used in dry cleaning, for metal degreasing, and as a solvent for oils and resins. It has been shown to cause liver and kidney cancer in experimental animals. This article reviews over 80 published papers and letters on the cancer epidemiology of people exposed to trichloroethylene. Evidence of excess cancer incidence among occupational cohorts with the most rigorous exposure assessment is found for kidney cancer (relative risk [RR] = 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-2.7), liver cancer (RR = 1.9, 95% CI(1.0-3.4), and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (RR = 1.5, 95% CI 0.9-2.3) as well as for cervical cancer, Hodgkin's disease, and multiple myeloma. However, since few studies isolate trichloroethylene exposure, results are likely confounded by exposure to other solvents and other risk factors. Although we believe that solvent exposure causes cancer in humans and that trichloroethylene likely is one of the active agents, we recommend further study to better specify the specific agents that confer this risk and to estimate the magnitude of that risk.
Decryptable to Your Eyes: Visualization of Security Protocols at the User Interface (2011)

The design of authentication protocols, for online banking services in particular and any service that is of sensitive nature in general, is quite challenging. Indeed, enforcing security guarantees has overhead thus imposing additional computation and design considerations that do not always meet usability and user requirements. On the other hand, relaxing assumptions and rigorous security design to improve the user experience can lead to security breaches that can harm the users' trust in the system. In this paper, we demonstrate how careful visualization design can enhance not only the security but also the usability of the authentication process. To that end, we propose a family of visualized authentication protocols, a visualized transaction verification, and a "decryptable to your eyes only" protocol. Through rigorous analysis, we verify that our protocols are immune to many of the challenging authentication attacks applicable in the literature. Furthermore, using an extensive case study on a prototype of our protocols, we highlight the potential of our approach for real-world deployment: we were able to achieve a high level of usability while satisfying stringent security requirements.
A logarithmic distributed amplifier (2002)

A logarithmic amplifier which uses the distributed amplifier as the basic underlying element is described. The successive detection technique is used and leads to a logarithmic amplifier with a 65-dB dynamic range operating over the band 2 to 6 GHz, with a deviation from linearity in the middle of the band of +or-1.0 dB over the dynamic range. Over the specified band, a further deviation of +or-1.3 dB occurs. The effect of varying temperature from 0 degrees C to to 50 degrees C increases this figure to +or-1.7 dB. The rise and fall times (including the associative video amplifier) are 7 ns and 20 ns respectively.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Hydrogen Bond-Induced Rigid Oligoanthranilamide Ribbons That Are Planar and Straight (2003)

A new series of oligoanthranilamides has been synthesized starting from suitably modified p-phenylenediamine and p-phthalic acid derivatives. Due to strong intramolecular three-center hydrogen bonds, the new oligomers self-assemble into highly stable straight and planar molecular ribbons, which have been characterized by X-ray crystallography and 1H NMR, IR, and UV−vis spectroscopy.
Design of polyaspartic acid peptide-poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (&epsilon;-caprolactone) nanoparticles as a carrier of hydrophobic drugs targeting cancer metastasized to bone (2017)

Treatment of cancer metastasized to bone is still a challenge due to hydrophobicity, instability, and lack of target specificity of anticancer drugs. Poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (ε-caprolactone) polymer (PEG-PCL) is an effective, biodegradable, and biocompatible hydrophobic drug carrier, but lacks bone specificity. Polyaspartic acid with eight peptide sequences, that is, (Asp)<sub>8</sub>, has a strong affinity to bone surface. The aim of this study was to synthesize (Asp)<sub>8</sub>-PEG-PCL nanoparticles as a bone-specific carrier of hydrophobic drugs to treat cancer metastasized to bone. <sup>1</sup>H nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy data showed that (Asp)<sub>8</sub>-PEG-PCL nanoparticles (size 100 nm) were synthesized successfully. (Asp)<sub>8</sub>-PEG-PCL nanoparticles did not promote erythrocyte aggregation. Fluorescence microscopy showed clear uptake of Nile red-loaded (Asp)<sub>8</sub>-PEG-PCL nanoparticles by cancer cells. (Asp)<sub>8</sub>-PEG-PCL nanoparticles did not show cytotoxic effect on MG63 and human umbilical vein endothelial cells at the concentration of 10-800 μg/mL. (Asp)<sub>8</sub>-PEG-PCL nanoparticles bound with hydroxyapatite 2-fold more than PEG-PCL. Intravenously injected (Asp)<sub>8</sub>-PEG-PCL nanoparticles accumulated 2.7-fold more on mice tibial bone, in comparison to PEG-PCL. Curcumin is a hydrophobic anticancer drug with bone anabolic properties. Curcumin was loaded in the (Asp)<sub>8</sub>-PEG-PCL. (Asp)<sub>8</sub>-PEG-PCL showed 11.07% loading capacity and 95.91% encapsulation efficiency of curcumin. The curcumin-loaded (Asp)<sub>8</sub>-PEG-PCL nanoparticles gave sustained release of curcumin in high dose for >8 days. The curcumin-loaded (Asp)<sub>8</sub>-PEG-PCL nanoparticles showed strong antitumorigenic effect on MG63, MCF7, and HeLa cancer cells. In conclusion, (Asp)<sub>8</sub>-PEG-PCL nanoparticles were biocompatible, permeable in cells, a potent carrier, and an efficient releaser of hydrophobic anticancer drug and were bone specific. The curcumin-loaded (Asp)<sub>8</sub>-PEG-PCL nanoparticles showed strong antitumorigenic ability in vitro. Therefore, (Asp)<sub>8</sub>-PEG-PCL nanoparticles could be a potent carrier of hydrophobic anticancer drugs to treat the cancer metastasized to bone.
Carrier lifetime measurement in n− 4H-SiC epilayers (2008)

The effects of measurement technique and measurement conditions (e.g., injection level, temperature) on measured carrier lifetimes in n− 4H-SiC epilayers are investigated both experimentally and through detailed carrier dynamics simulations to better understand differences between reported lifetimes. Three common, optically based techniques are compared: time resolved photoluminescence, transient free carrier absorption, and microwave photoconductivity decay. From the details of these measurement techniques it is shown from both theory and experiment that for the limits of high or low injection, these techniques can reflect very different lifetimes. The effect of measurement conditions on the carrier lifetime was approached by simulating the carrier dynamics assuming a dominant Z1/Z2 defect in order to calculate the evolution of the lifetimes and the carrier and defect charge state concentrations for arbitrary injection level or temperature, as a closed-form solution to this problem does not exist. The simulated behavior was found to be in reasonable agreement with experiment and the resulting values for the electron and hole capture cross sections for the 0/+ transition of Z1/Z2 were found to be σn2≈(2−4)×10−15 cm2 and σp2≈(1−2)×10−14 cm2, respectively. The simulations provide insight into the dominant processes controlling the lifetime and identify four distinct stages of decay. A simple expression for the ratio of high- to low-injection lifetimes is presented which compares well with experiment. The temperature dependence of the lifetime is found to be relatively weak below 500 K and thermally activated immediately above this temperature due to electron emission from the Z0 state. Electron emission from Z− and hole emission become important only at higher temperatures. Simulations with both Z1/Z2 and EH6/EH7 defects suggest the latter does not contribute significantly to the lifetime in as-grown epilayers, due primarily to a small capture cross section for holes.
Interaction between lung cancer cells and astrocytes via specific inflammatory cytokines in the microenvironment of brain metastasis (2010)

The incidence of brain metastasis is increasing, however, little is known about molecular mechanism responsible for lung cancer-derived brain metastasis and their development in the brain. In the present study, brain pathology was examined in an experimental model system of brain metastasis as well as in human brain with lung cancer metastasis. In an experimental model, after 3-6 weeks of intracardiac inoculation of human lung cancer-derived (HARA-B) cells in nude mice, wide range of brain metastases were observed. The brain sections showed significant increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes around metastatic lesions. To elucidate the role of astrocytes in lung cancer proliferation, the interaction between primary cultured mouse astrocytes and HARA-B cells was analyzed in vitro. Co-cultures and insert-cultures demonstrated that astrocytes were activated by tumor cell-oriented factors; macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Activated astrocytes produced interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), which in turn promoted tumor cell proliferation. Semi-quantitative immunocytochemistry showed that increased expression of receptors for IL-6 and its subunits gp130 on HARA-B cells. Receptors for TNF-α and IL-1β were also detected on HARA-B cells but down-regulated after co-culture with astrocytes. Insert-culture with astrocytes also stimulated the proliferation of other lung cancer-derived cell lines (PC-9, QG56, and EBC-1). These results suggest that tumor cells and astrocytes stimulate each other and these mutual relationships may be important to understand how lung cancer cells metastasize and develop in the brain.
A Novel Antenna Concept for Double-Directional Channel Measurements (2004)

In this paper, a novel concept for the characterization of the double-directional mobile radio channel is presented. It is based on a broad-band real-time channel-sounding device together with appropriate antenna arrays, thus forming a multiple-input-multiple-output system. For the propagation measurements within the 5.2-GHz wireless local area network band presented here, a uniform linear antenna array at the receiver site and a switched multibeam antenna at the transmitter site have been employed. By application of the multibeam antenna, the entire azimuthal range of 360/spl deg/ is covered without ambiguities. The measurement data obtained with this platform in a simple synthetic scenario, as well as in a typical multipath environment, is then analyzed in terms of the propagation path properties. Using the three-dimensional estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques algorithm together with a proper Fourier transform, the channel parameters of all relevant multipaths such as delay, direction of arrival, direction of departure, and path loss are extracted from the measurement data. For both scenarios, the obtained estimated paths are verified to the underlying physical propagation environment by means of geometrical considerations. This geometrical matching accounts for multipath components due to single-bounce as well as multiple-bounce reflections and demonstrates the high suitability and good performance of the proposed concept.
Panoramic view of a superfamily of phosphatases through substrate profiling (2015)

Large-scale activity profiling of enzyme superfamilies provides information about cellular functions as well as the intrinsic binding capabilities of conserved folds. Herein, the functional space of the ubiquitous haloalkanoate dehalogenase superfamily (HADSF) was revealed by screening a customized substrate library against >200 enzymes from representative prokaryotic species, enabling inferred annotation of ∼35% of the HADSF. An extremely high level of substrate ambiguity was revealed, with the majority of HADSF enzymes using more than five substrates. Substrate profiling allowed assignment of function to previously unannotated enzymes with known structure, uncovered potential new pathways, and identified iso-functional orthologs from evolutionarily distant taxonomic groups. Intriguingly, the HADSF subfamily having the least structural elaboration of the Rossmann fold catalytic domain was the most specific, consistent with the concept that domain insertions drive the evolution of new functions and that the broad specificity observed in HADSF may be a relic of this process.
Adaptive Liquid Crystal Lens(LC-Lens) Array for 3D Display and Capturing (2012)

A low driving voltage with fast response LC-lens was developed. By implementing the LC-lens as an array structure, it can be adaptively used for 2D/3D switching and 3D rotation on autostereoscopic display. Additionally, it also can be utilized as a depth sensor for 3D capturing.
Investigation of combined <scp>kV</scp>/<scp>MV CBCT</scp> imaging with a high‐<scp>DQE MV</scp> detector (2018)

We have demonstrated that a high-DQE MV detector can be applied to generating high-quality combined kV-MV images for SRT and MAR. Clinically acceptable doses were utilized.
Treatment of Hamster Pancreatic Cancer With α-Difluoromethylornithine, an Inhibitor of Polyamine Biosynthesis<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN3">3</xref> (1987)

Polyamines are essential for cell division and growth. Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis by alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) on the growth of hamster H2T pancreatic cancer was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Cell-doubling time (TD) and survival fraction were determined after a single treatment with DFMO (5 mM). We examined the ability of putrescine to reverse the growth-inhibitory effect of DFMO. The TD for cells treated with DFMO in vitro was 49.6 +/- 5.7 versus 25.4 +/- 2.6 hours for control. The addition of putrescine to DFMO-treated H2T cells showed a reversal of the growth-inhibitory effect of DFMO. Cytotoxicity in vitro increased with prolonged treatment; the survival fraction after 24 hours of treatment was 32%; after 48 hours, 19%; after 72 hours, 13%; and after 92 hours, 8%. We performed two separate animal experiments. In experiment I, H2T cells were injected into the cheek pouch of male Syrian golden hamsters; controls did not receive DFMO. Continuous treatment with 3% DFMO in the drinking water was begun 7 days before, on the day of, or 7 days after tumor cell injection. In experiment II, 4 groups were treated identically to those in experiment I. An additional group of 10 hamsters received 3% DFMO and no tumor, and another additional group of 10 hamsters were housed individually with 3% DFMO begun 7 days after tumor cell injection. Tumor size, body weight, water, and food intake were measured. DFMO treatment in vivo significantly inhibited tumor size and inhibited growth of pancreatic cancer by as much as 50% of control. Our results demonstrate a significant antiproliferative effect of DFMO on the growth of pancreatic adenocarcinoma both in vitro and in vivo.
Synthesis of hydroxyl‐terminated poly(ether ether ketone) with pendent<i>tert</i>‐butyl groups and its use as a toughener for epoxy resins (2005)

Abstract Hydroxyl‐terminated poly(ether ether ketone) with pendent tert ‐butyl groups (PEEKTOH) was synthesized by the nucleophilic substitution reaction of 4,4′‐difluorobenzophenone with tert ‐butyl hydroquinone with potassium carbonate as a catalyst and N ‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone as a solvent. Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resin was toughened with PEEKTOHs having different molecular weights. The melt‐mixed binary blends were homogeneous and showed a single composition‐dependent glass‐transition temperature ( T g ). Kelley–Bueche and Gordon–Taylor equations gave good correlation with the experimental T g . Scanning electron microscopy studies of the cured blends revealed a two‐phase morphology. A sea‐island morphology in which the thermoplastic was dispersed in a continuous matrix of epoxy resin was observed. Phase separation occurred by a nucleation and growth mechanism. The dynamic mechanical spectrum of the blends gave two peaks corresponding to epoxy‐rich and thermoplastic‐rich phases. The T g of the epoxy‐rich phase was lower than that of the unmodified epoxy resin, indicating the presence of dissolved PEEKTOH in the epoxy matrix. There was an increase in the tensile strength with the addition of PEEKTOH. The fracture toughness increased by 135% with the addition of high‐molecular‐weight PEEKTOH. The improvement in the fracture toughness was dependent on the molecular weight and concentration of the oligomers present in the blend. Fracture mechanisms such as crack path deflection, ductile tearing of the thermoplastic, and local plastic deformation of the matrix occurred in the blends. The thermal stability of the blends was not affected by blending with PEEKTOH. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 541–556, 2006
Characteristics of chirped fiber gratings for dispersion compensation (2005)

Summary form only given. Chirped fiber Bragg gratings have recently received considerable attention due to their immense potential for use as dispersion equalizers in long-haul fiber telecom links. Some of their properties have been studied theoretically and demonstrated in a number of system trials. We have implemented a variable-chirp grating using the temperature gradient technique and systematically measured its reflection and dispersion characteristics for a wide range of applied chirp.
Economic effects of bovine mastitis and mastitis management: A review (2007)

Several studies have been published since 1990 on the economics of mastitis and mastitis management. However, hardly any of these studies has discussed the consistency of results with other studies. In the present paper, the economic factors associated with mastitis are explained, providing a framework for economic analysis. As a second step calculations of the costs of mastitis and the costs in relation to the benefits of mastitis management published since 1990 in peer-reviewed journals are extensively reviewed and analysed. The result shows a large variation in the calculated costs and benefits of mastitis and mastitis management between the different studies. Moreover, it is clear that important factors were ignored in some of the studies. The framework provided in this paper can provide a basis for analysis for future studies on the economics of mastitis and mastitis management.
Biocontrol of Cucumber Diseases in the Field by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria With and Without Methyl Bromide Fumigation (2000)

Field trials were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to determine the effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains, which previously were found to induce systemic resistance in cucumber, on cucumber plant growth and on naturally occurring cucumber diseases with and without methyl bromide fumigation. Seven PGPR seed treatments included single-strain treatments and mixtures of Bacillus pumilus strain INR7, Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens strain ME1, and Bacillus subtilis strain GB03. In both years, in the absence of methyl bromide, all seven PGPR treatments significantly promoted plant growth, compared to the non-treated control, while with methyl bromide fumigation, only 3 and 1 of the same PGPR treatments promoted growth significantly in 1996 and 1997, respectively. In 1996, main runner length of plants in all seven PGPR treatments without fumigation was statistically equivalent to the main runner length of the nontreated control with methyl bromide fumigation. Naturally occurring foliar diseases were angular leaf spot, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans in 1996, and a mixed infestation of angular leaf spot and anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare in 1997. In both years, all PGPR treatments significantly reduced severity of foliar disease, compared to the nontreated control, with and without methyl bromide. Mixtures of PGPR strains showed a higher level of disease protection in both years with and without methyl bromide. The results indicate that attempts to develop PGPR-mediated induced systemic resistance into components of vegetable integrated pest management should not be negatively impacted by the planned withdraw of MeBr from standard vegetable production and that PGPR may help compensate for reduced plant growth often seen without methyl bromide fumigation.
On chip crosstalk characterization on deep submicron buses (2002)

This paper presents the experimental measurement of crosstalk effects in 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. Based on an on-chip measurement method, we characterize crosstalk on typical interconnect buses for different length of coupled lines, and deduce guidelines concerning critical coupled line length. The effect of the number of aggressors switching simultaneously, on the victim line, is also analyzed.
Mixed Media Painting and Portraiture (2007)

This paper presents a technique for mixed media non-photorealistic painting and portraiture. The goal of this work is to transform digital images into renderings that approximate the appearance of mixed media artwork, which incorporates two or more traditional visual media. We achieve this by first separating an input image into distinct regions based on the degree of local detail present in the image. Each region is then processed independently with a user-selected NPR filter. This allows the user to treat highly detailed regions differently from regions of low frequency content. The separately processed regions are then smoothly fused in the gradient domain. In addition, we extend our work to the rendering of mixed media portraits. Portraits pose unique challenges that we address with our method of segmentation, which is based on a composite of face detection and image detail. Our approach offers the user a great deal of flexibility over the end result, while at the same time requiring very little input. This input takes the form of a few simple and discrete choices. The results demonstrate an impressive array of transformational possibilities.
Boosting the oxygen reduction reaction mechanisms in IT-SOFC cathodes by catalytic functionalization (2015)

A robust LSM-GDC composite was used as a backbone electrode for the infiltration of different catalysts, dispersed as oxide nanoparticles after firing.
COMPOUND 48/80: A POTENT HISTAMINE LIBERATOR (1951)

Baltzly, Buck, de Beer, and Webb (1949), analysing the depressor action of certain isoquinoline derivatives, found that this action was due to contamination with phenylethylamine condensation products. Several such compounds were pre- pared, and one of them (Compound 48/80) was found to lower the dog's blood- pfessure in very small doses. Compound 48/80 was obtained from the condensa- tion of p-methoxyphenethyl-methylamine with formaldehyde, and has a structure of the general type: NHCH3
Temporal Correlation Images Derived from Sequential MR Scans (1992)

In this paper a new technique is presented for measuring the local temporal changes and correlation between them on spatially aligned image sequences. A temporal correlation image is derived from a sequence of static images (frames). The method is illustrated in an application to the dynamic MRI of the rabbit kidney following bolus injection of Gd-DTPA. The similarity maps clearly separate the dynamic response of the cortex to the indicator from that of the medulla and, therefore, segment the kidney into two regions. Regions with different temporal dynamics can be displayed in different colors using a lookup table designed for that purpose.