gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Liquid Film Thickness on Airblast Atomization (1980)

The influence of initial liquid film thickness on mean drop size and drop-size distribution was examined using two specially designed airblast atomizers. Both were constructed to produce a flat liquid sheet across the centerline of a two-dimensional air duct with the liquid sheet exposed on both sides to high velocity air. In one case a thin film of uniform thickness was produced by injecting the liquid through a porous plate located just upstream of the atomizing edge. The film thickness, t, was then measured by a needle contact device. In the second design the fuel entered the air stream through a thin slot whose height could be adjusted accurately to vary and control the initial film thickness. Drop sizes were measured by the well-established light-scattering technique. From analysis of the processes involved, and from correlation of the experimental data, it was found that high values of liquid viscosity and liquid flow rate result in thicker films. It was also observed that thinner liquid films produce better atomization, according to the relationship, SMD ∝ t0.38.
Life Expectancy Gains From Cancer Prevention Strategies for Women With Breast Cancer and <EMPH TYPE="ITAL">BRCA1</EMPH> or <EMPH TYPE="ITAL">BRCA2</EMPH> Mutations (2000)

Interventions to prevent second cancers, particularly PCM, may offer substantial LE gain for young women with BRCA-associated early-stage breast cancer. Estimates of LE gain may help women and their physicians consider the uncertainties, risks, and advantages of these interventions and lead to more informed choices about cancer prevention strategies.
Microbial Enzymes and Biotransformations (2005)

Microbial Cells and Enzymes: A Century of Progress Jose L. Adrio and Arnold L. Demain Enzyme Biosensors Steven J. Setford and Jeffrey D. Newman Directed Evolution of Enzymes: How to Improve Nucleic Acid Polymerases for Biocatalysis Susanne Brakmann and Sascha Nico Stumpp L-Glutaminase as a Therapeutic Enzyme of Microbial Origin Abdulhameed Sabu, K. Madhavan Nampoothiri, and Ashok Pandey Enzymatic Production of D-Amino Acids Hemraj S. Nandanwar, Gurinder S. Hoondal, and Rakesh M. Vohra Screening of Microorganisms for Enzymatic Biosynthesis of Nondigestible Oligosaccharides Oskar Banuelos, Maria del Carmen Ronchel, Jose Luis Adrio, and Javier Velasco Food-Grade Corynebacteria for Enzyme Production Jose A. Gil, Angelina Ramos, Sirin A. I. Adham, Noelia Valbuena, Michal Letek, and Luis M. Mateos Enzymatic Synthesis of (S)-Phenylalanine and Related (S)-Amino Acids by Phenylalanine Dehydrogenase Yasuhisa Asano Enzymes in Modern Detergents Susumu Ito, Tohru Kobayashi, Yuji Hatada, and Koki Horikoshi Microbial Proteases Chandran Sandhya, K. Madhavan Nampoothiri, and Ashok Pandey Proteases Produced by Halophilic Bacteria and Archaea Encarnacion Mellado, Cristina Sanchez-Porro, and Antonio Ventosa Microbial Pectinases Rupinder Tewari, Ram P. Tewari, and Gurinder S. Hoondal Expression of Microbial Phytases in Yeast Systems and Characterization of the Recombinant Enzymes Xin Gen Lei and Taewan Kim Glucose Dehydrogenase for the Regeneration of NADPH and NADH Andrea Weckbecker and Werner Hummel Acetate Kinase from Methanosarcina thermophila, a Key Enzyme for Methanogenesis Prabha Iyer and James G. Ferry Immobilization of Enzymes by Covalent Attachment Scott J. Novick and J. David Rozzell Preparation of an IndustrialBiocatalyst of Penicillin G Acylase on Sepabeads: Improving the Design of Penicillin G Hydrolysis Cesar Mateo, Valeria Grazu, Olga Abian, Manuel Fuentes, Gloria Fernandez-Lorente, Jose M. Palomo, Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente, and Jose M. Guisan Methods for Bioencapsulation of Enzymes and Cells Thomas M. S. Chang Index
Effect of Noble Metal Addition on Electrochemical Polarization Behavior of H2 Oxidation and O2 Reduction on 304 SS in High Temperature Water (1998)

Abstract The effect of noble metal addition on the polarization behavior of hydrogen (H2) oxidation and oxygen (O2) reduction on 304 stainless steel (SS) in high temperature, high purity water was studied. It is evident that the incorporation of small amounts of noble metals dramatically improves the hydrogen oxidation kinetics and thus enhances the catalytic recombination efficiency of H2 to O2 to form H2O. The enhancement in the catalytic nature on 304 SS surface doped with noble metals results in a thermodynamically lowest electrochemical corrosion potential (ECP) value (&lt;-500 mVshe) when a stoichiometric or higher amount of hydrogen is present in the water.
Swelling and interfacial characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/natural rubber composites (2010)

We have studied the solvent resistance characteristics of non-cross-linked and cross-linked natural rubber composites reinforced by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). All the MWCNTs were individually dispersed within the rubber matrix where a three-dimensional cellulation structure was created when the added amount of MWCNTs exceeded 16 wt%. The non-cross-linked MWCNT-filled rubber composite was not soluble, but swelled in toluene. Upon detailed studies on the dried sample, it was found that a new phase was formed due to a strong bonding between the MWCNTs and the rubber matrix resulting in the cellulation structure. We found that a continuous three-dimensional structure at the interface between the MWCNTs and the natural rubber was extremely tough, and thus contributed to the improvement in the elastic modulus and thermal stability of natural rubber composites.
Wearable EEG: what is it, why is it needed and what does it entail? (2008)

This paper presents a review of wearable EEG technology: the evolution of ambulatory EEG units from the bulky, limited lifetime devices available today to small devices present only on the head that can record the EEG for days, weeks or months at a time. The EEG requirements, application areas and research challenges are highlighted. A survey of neurologists is also carried out clearly indicating the medical desire for such devices.
Ultrathin graphene and graphene oxide layers as a diffusion barrier for advanced Cu metallization (2015)

We report on the diffusion barrier properties of chemical-vapor-deposition grown graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for copper metallization in integrated circuits. Single-layer graphene shows the best diffusion barrier performance among the three but it has poor integration compatibility, displaying weak adhesion and poor nucleation for Cu deposition on top of it. Within the allowable thermal budget in the back-end-of-line process, rGO in a range of 1 nm thickness shows excellent thermal stability with suitable integration compatibility at 400 °C for 30 min. The diffusion barrier property was verified through optical, physical, and chemical analyses. The use of an extremely thin rGO layer as a Cu barrier material is expected to provide an alternative route for further scaling of copper interconnect technology.
h2-calponin Is Regulated by Mechanical Tension and Modifies the Function of Actin Cytoskeleton (2005)

Calponin is an extensively studied actin-binding protein, but its function is not well understood. Among three isoforms of calponin, h2-calponin is found in both smooth muscle and non-muscle cells. The present study demonstrates that epidermal keratinocytes and fibroblast cells express significant amounts of h2-calponin. The expression of h2-calponin is cell anchorage-dependent. The levels of h2-calponin decrease when cells are rounded up and remain low when cells are prevented from adherence to a culture dish. h2-calponin expression resumes after the floating cells are allowed to form a monolayer in plastic dish. Cell cultures on polyacrylamide gels of different stiffness demonstrated that h2-calponin expression is affected by the mechanical properties of the culture matrix. When cells are cultured on soft gel that applies less traction force to the cell and, therefore, lower mechanical tension in the cytoskeleton, the level of h2-calponin is significantly lower than that in cells cultured on hard gel or rigid plastic dish. Force-expression of h2-calponin enhanced the resistance of the actin filaments to cytochalasin B treatment. Keratinocyte differentiation is accompanied by a mechanical tension-related up-regulation of h2-calponin. Lowering the tension of actin cytoskeleton by inhibiting non-muscle myosin II ATPase decreased h2-calponin expression. In contrast to the mechanical tension regulation of endogenous h2-calponin, the expression of h2-calponin using a cytomegalovirus promotor was independent of the stiffness of culture matrix. The results suggest that h2-calponin represents a novel manifestation of mechanical tension responsive gene regulation that may modify cytoskeleton function.
Affine region detectors on the fisheye domain (2014)

Feature extractors play an important role in different Computer Vision application domains such as registration, recognition and visual search. Different detectors have been proposed and evaluated so far assuming images taken with classic cameras. However, many operating cameras (e.g., in surveillance and automotive) are built considering a fisheye model and a preprocessing step is performed to remove the distortion of the images before running a detector. The following question arises: are the current detectors suitable to work directly in the fisheye domain? To answer this question, in this paper a benchmark dataset and objective evaluation measures are considered to evaluate the performances of the state-of-the-art detectors in the fisheye domain. Test images are properly generated starting from benchmark rectilinear images and considering different fisheye focal lengths. The experiments evaluate the performances of the detectors against both increasing fisheye distortion and the combination of the fisheye distortion with photometric and geometric variability of the image content. The experiments demonstrate that affine covariant detectors can be employed directly in the fisheye domain. Furthermore, although the transformation between the rectilinear and the fisheye coordinates is not affine, we show that the mapping can be locally approximated by linear functions with a small error.
Association of the glutamate receptor subunit gene <i>GRIN2B</i> with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2006)

The glutamatergic signaling pathway represents an ideal candidate susceptibility system for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Disruption of specific N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptor subunit genes (GRIN1, 2A-D) in mice leads to significant alterations in cognitive and/or locomotor behavior including impairments in latent learning, spatial memory tasks and hyperactivity. Here, we tested for association of GRIN2B variants with ADHD, by genotyping nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 205 nuclear families identified through probands with ADHD. Transmission of alleles from heterozygous parents to affected offspring was examined using the transmission/disequilibrium test. Quantitative trait analyses for the ADHD symptom dimensions [inattentive (IA) and hyperactive/impulsive (HI)] and cognitive measures of verbal working memory and verbal short-term memory were performed using the fbat program. Three SNPs showed significantly biased transmission (P < 0.05), with the strongest evidence of association found for rs2,284,411 (chi(2)= 7.903, 1 degree of freedom, P= 0.005). Quantitative trait analyses showed associations of these markers with both the IA and the HI symptom dimensions of ADHD but not with the cognitive measures of verbal short-term memory or verbal working memory. Our data suggest an association between variations in the GRIN2B subunit gene and ADHD as measured categorically or as a quantitatively distributed trait.
Enhanced Motility in NIH 3T3 Fibroblasts That Overexpress Gelsolin (1991)

Increasing the content of the actin-binding protein gelsolin in cultured mouse fibroblasts by up to 125 percent by gene transfection proportionally enhanced the rate at which the cells migrated through porous filters toward a gradient of serum and closed a wound made on a confluent monolayer of cells in a tissue culture dish. These results provide direct evidence that gelsolin, which promotes both actin assembly and disassembly in vitro, is an important element in fibroblast locomotion and demonstrate that the manipulation of intracellular machinery can increase cell motility.
Chemical Warfare Agents (2000)

Many books cover the emergency response to chemical terrorism. But what happens after the initial crisis? Chlorine, phosgene, and mustard were used in World War I. Only years after the war were the long-term effects of these gases realized. In the 60s, 70s, and 80s, these and other agents were used in localized wars. Chemical Warfare Agents: Tox
Semi-Quantitative Methods for Crayfish Sampling: Sex, Size, and Habitat Bias (2009)

We evaluated the effectiveness of four sampling methods for freshwater crayfish in five aquatic habitat types in Congaree National Park, South Carolina, USA. Electrofishing was the most successful technique in terms of the diversity of species collected, the number of individuals collected, and the widest range of sizes collected. Seine netting was the next most successful method. Baited minnow traps were biased towards form I males and larger individuals, while dip netting was biased towards smaller individuals. The relative success of techniques depended somewhat upon species. For two stream dwelling species, Procambarus acutus and P. chacei, electrofishing collected significantly more individuals than any other technique. For P. troglodytes, the most abundant species and a habitat generalist, electrofishing was superior to dip netting in some habitats, but did not significantly differ from traps or seine netting. For Fallicambarus fodiens, no significant differences among the effectiveness of any sampling methods were detected.
Nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of proteins and RNA in plants (2010)

Transport of macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm is an essential necessity in eukaryotic cells, since the nuclear envelope separates transcription from translation. In the past few years, an increasing number of components of the plant nuclear transport machinery have been characterised. This progress, although far from being completed, confirmed that the general characteristics of nuclear transport are conserved between plants and other organisms. However, plant-specific components were also identified. Interestingly, several mutants in genes encoding components of the plant nuclear transport machinery were investigated, revealing differential sensitivity of plant-specific pathways to impaired nuclear transport. These findings attracted attention towards plant-specific cargoes that are transported over the nuclear envelope, unravelling connections between nuclear transport and components of signalling and developmental pathways. The current state of research in plants is summarised in comparison to yeast and vertebrate systems, and special emphasis is given to plant nuclear transport mutants.
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and Hirschsprung's disease in half sibs. (1989)

We report two infants with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and Hirschsprung's disease who have the same father but different mothers. The genetic implications of these cases are discussed.
Supply and Demand for Scientists and Engineers: A National Crisis in the Making (1990)

Projections are analyzed for the future supply and demand of scientists and engineers. The demographics of the college-age population combined with estimates of the percentage of students who will pursue careers in science and engineering indicate significant shortfalls between supply and demand for the next several decades at both the baccalaureate and Ph.D. levels. If these projections are realized, the shortage of technical personnel will have a major impact on economic growth, international competitiveness, and national security. Various strategies for recruiting and retaining students in science and engineering are considered.
High conductivity carbon nanotube wires from radial densification and ionic doping (2010)

Application of drawing dies to radially densify sheets of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into bulk wires has shown the ability to control electrical conductivity and wire density. Simultaneous use of KAuBr4 doping solution, during wire drawing, has led to an electrical conductivity in the CNT wire of 1.3×106 S/m. Temperature-dependent electrical measurements show that conduction is dominated by fluctuation-assisted tunneling, and introduction of KAuBr4 significantly reduces the tunneling barrier between individual nanotubes. Ultimately, the concomitant doping and densification process leads to closer packed CNTs and a reduced charge transfer barrier, resulting in enhanced bulk electrical conductivity.
Mechanistic principles of chromatin remodeling guided by siRNAs and miRNAs (2008)

Small RNAs can guide chromatin remodeling in mammalian cells, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Previous reports have shown a requirement for overlapping transcription and the involvement of Argonaute (Ago) proteins. Here, we use the Regulatory Domain (RD) of the INK4/ARF locus as an experimental platform susceptible to siRNA-guided chromatin remodeling to interrogate about the mechanisms involved. We show that siRNA-guided chromatin remodeling of RD requires overlapping transcription, and targets the transcribed strand, but not the template strand, supporting an RNA:RNA recognition mechanism between the small RNA and the nascent RNA transcript. We found that heterochromatin formation can be triggered both by perfectly-matched double-stranded RNA precursors, as well as, by imperfectly-matched double-stranded RNA precursors. These observations, together with the fact that promoters are often subjected to overlapping transcription, open the possibility that miRNAs could also be able to guide heterochromatin formation at promoters. We demonstrate this possibility showing that miRNAs miR17-5p and miR20a from the oncomiR cluster miR-17-92 can induce heterochromatic features in promoters that undergo overlapping transcription and possess sequence complementarity to the miRNA seed region. These results unveil a new level of gene regulation by miRNAs.
COBAYN (2016)

The variety of today’s architectures forces programmers to spend a great deal of time porting and tuning application codes across different platforms. Compilers themselves need additional tuning, which has considerable complexity as the standard optimization levels, usually designed for the average case and the specific target architecture, often fail to bring the best results. This article proposes COBAYN : Compiler autotuning framework using BAYesian Networks, an approach for a compiler autotuning methodology using machine learning to speed up application performance and to reduce the cost of the compiler optimization phases. The proposed framework is based on the application characterization done dynamically by using independent microarchitecture features and Bayesian networks. The article also presents an evaluation based on using static analysis and hybrid feature collection approaches. In addition, the article compares Bayesian networks with respect to several state-of-the-art machine-learning models. Experiments were carried out on an ARM embedded platform and GCC compiler by considering two benchmark suites with 39 applications. The set of compiler configurations, selected by the model (less than 7% of the search space), demonstrated an application performance speedup of up to 4.6 × on Polybench (1.85 × on average) and 3.1 × on cBench (1.54 × on average) with respect to standard optimization levels. Moreover, the comparison of the proposed technique with (i) random iterative compilation, (ii) machine learning--based iterative compilation, and (iii) noniterative predictive modeling techniques shows, on average, 1.2 × , 1.37 × , and 1.48 × speedup, respectively. Finally, the proposed method demonstrates 4 × and 3 × speedup, respectively, on cBench and Polybench in terms of exploration efficiency given the same quality of the solutions generated by the random iterative compilation model.
On non-coherent fading channels with feedback (2005)

Abstract — We investigate the influence of feedback on the capacity of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) non-coherent fading channels with memory. We derive an upper bound on the feedback capacity of regular fading channels, which is shown to coin-cide with a previously known upper bound on the ca-pacity without feedback. Hence, it is concluded that whereas feedback does in general increase capacity, this increase is relatively small in the sense that the same upper bound holds for both scenarios. From this bound we derive an upper bound on the MIMO fading number in the presence of feedback and show that in the single-input single-output (SISO) case this bound is tight, i.e., the SISO fading number is not changed by feedback. Next, we derive an upper bound on the feedback ca-pacity of spatially independent MIMO Gaussian fad-ing channels. From this bound we derive a new upper bound on the corresponding fading number and show that in the multiple-input single-output (MISO) case this bound is tight. Finally, in the case of a non-regular SISO Gaus-sian fading process we show that feedback does not increase the pre-log, i.e., the ratio of the capacity to the logarithm of the signal-to-noise ratio log SNR is not changed in the limit when the SNR tends to infinity. I.
Comparison of plasma responses in human subjects after the ingestion of 3R,3R′-zeaxanthin dipalmitate from wolfberry (<i>Lycium barbarum</i>) and non-esterified 3R,3R′-zeaxanthin using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (2004)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most common eye diseases of elderly individuals. It has been suggested that lutein and zeaxanthin may reduce the risk for AMD. Information concerning the absorption of non-esterified or esterified zeaxanthin is rather scarce. Furthermore, the formation pathway of meso (3R,3'S)-zeaxanthin, which does not occur in plants but is found in the macula, has not yet been identified. Thus, the present study was designed to assess the concentration of 3R,3R'-zeaxanthin reached in plasma after the consumption of a single dose of native 3R,3'R-zeaxanthin palmitate from wolfberry (Lycium barbarum) or non-esterified 3R,3'R-zeaxanthin in equal amounts. In a randomised, single-blind cross-over study, twelve volunteers were administered non-esterified or esterified 3R,3'R-zeaxanthin (5 mg) suspended in yoghurt together with a balanced breakfast. Between the two intervention days, a 3-week depletion period was inserted. After fasting overnight, blood was collected before the dose (0 h), and at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h after the dose. The concentration of non-esterified 3R,3'R-zeaxanthin was determined by chiral HPLC. For the first time, chiral liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation-MS was used to confirm the appearance of 3R,3'R-zeaxanthin in pooled plasma samples. Independent of the consumed diet, plasma 3R,3'R-zeaxanthin concentrations increased significantly (P=0.05) and peaked after 9-24 h. Although the concentration curves were not distinguishable, the respective areas under the curve were distinguishable according to a two-sided F and t test (P=0.05). Thus, the study indicates an enhanced bioavailability of 3R,3'R-zeaxanthin dipalmitate compared with the non-esterified form. The formation of meso-zeaxanthin was not observed during the time period studied.