gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Screening for lung cancer using CT: time for implementation?]. (2013)

Screening for lung cancer with computed tomography (CT) appears to be highly effective. A large randomized trial in the United States reported a 7% reduction in all-cause mortality in patients screened by CT in comparison with those screened by chest radiography. The problem of dealing with the large number of pulmonary nodules and false positive test results could be solved by a protocol from the Dutch-Belgian lung cancer screening trial which proposes a strategy based on nodule volume and volumetry. Additional findings related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease are common in lung cancer screening and may provide an opportunity to increase screening benefits at minimal cost in the future. As CT is superior to radiography in lung cancer detection, CT seems the preferred imaging modality for case finding. As more trial results have to be awaited and cost-effectiveness and optimal screening strategy remain uncertain, CT lung cancer screening is not yet ready for implementation.
Insight into the Broad Field of Polymer Nanocomposites: From Carbon Nanotubes to Clay Nanoplatelets, via Metal Nanoparticles (2009)

Highly ordered polymer nanocomposites are complex materials that display a rich morphological behavior owing to variations in composition, structure, and properties on a nanometer length scale. Metal-polymer nanocomposite materials are becoming more popular for applications requiring low cost, high metal surface areas. Catalytic systems seem to be the most prevalent application for a wide range of metals used in polymer nanocomposites, particularly for metals like Pt, Ni, Co, and Au, with known catalytic activities. On the other hand, among the most frequently utilized techniques to prepare polymer/CNT and/or polymer/clay nanocomposites are approaches like melt mixing, solution casting, electrospinning and solid-state shear pulverization. Additionally, some of the current and potential applications of polymer/CNT and/or polymer/clay nanocomposites include photovoltaic devices, optical switches, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, aerospace and automotive materials, packaging, adhesives and coatings. This extensive review covers a broad range of articles, typically from high impact-factor journals, on most of the polymer-nanocomposites known to date: polymer/carbon nanotubes, polymer/metal nanospheres, and polymer/clay nanoplatelets composites. The various types of nanocomposites are described form the preparation stages to performance and applications. Comparisons of the various types of nanocomposites are conducted and conclusions are formulated.
Involucrin synthesis and tissue assembly by keratinocytes in natural and cultured human epithelia. (1981)

Different stratified squamous epithelia, whether they bear a stratum corneum or not, are shown by immunofluorescence to possess the precursor protein of the cross-linked envelope that is characteristic of epidermal s. corneum. This protein, involucrin, is not present in the deepest epithelial cells but appears in the course of their outward migration. The boundary at which involucrin first appears can sometimes by correlated with a visible boundary between zones of large and small cells. Cultured keratinocytes, derived from all stratified squamous epithelia (epidermal, corneal, conjuctival, esophageal, lingual, and vaginal), form colonies that grow together to form a stratified epithelium. The cells of the basal layer are nearly always free of detectable involucrin, but, in contrast to the natural epithelium, this protein usually makes its appearance in the cells immediately above the basal layer. When a cultured epithelium derived from epidermal keratinocytes is detached and applied as a graft to animals, the cells flatten and the distinctness of the basal layer is at first reduced; but with time the organization of the epithelium becomes more characteristic of epidermis. Cell size and shape become more orderly along the cell migration pathway, and involucrin first appears at some distance from the basal layer, instead of in immediately suprabasal cells, as in the cultured epithelium. The progeny of dissociated and cultured keratinocytes are therefore able, when grafted, to reassemble an epidermis in which the timing of specific gene expression is restored to that of the original tissue.
Arthroscopic Versus Open Shoulder Stabilization: Current Practice Patterns in the United States (2014)

Level IV, retrospective database review.
GABA level and GAD activity in human and mouse normal and neoplastic mammary gland. (1999)

Our studies have demonstrated that GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is detectable both in mouse and in human normal mammary gland and in neoplastic alterations. We have also shown that GABA content in tumor was significantly higher than in normal tissue. The statistically significant difference in GAD (glutamine acid decarboxylase) activity between tumor and normal mammary tissue was also detected. The positive correlation between GABA content and GAD activity in tumor cells was observed both in human and in mice materials. The observed increase in GABA level and GAD activity in tumor tissue could reflect an eventual local antitumor immune response, however, a hypoxia of tumor cells could also be considered. The role of GABA, GAD and GABA-ergic receptors in cancerogenesis and in cancer progression is still to be clarified and requires further studies; however, it may indicate that the known agonists of GABA-ergic system (e.g. baclofen) can potentially modulate the tumor growth.
Protection against malaria in Aotus monkeys immunized with a recombinant blood-stage antigen fused to a universal T-cell epitope: correlation of serum gamma interferon levels with protection (1992)

The major surface antigen p190 of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum contains nonpolymorphic, immunogenic stretches of amino acids which are attractive components for a subunit vaccine against malaria. One such polypeptide, termed 190L, is contained in the 80-kDa processing product of p190, which constitutes the major coat component of mature merozoites. We report here that immunization of Aotus monkeys with 190L gives only poor protection against P. falciparum challenge. However, addition by genetic engineering of a universal T-cell epitope (CS.T3) to 190L improved immunity, and as a result three of four monkeys were protected following challenge infection with blood-stage parasites. Neither antibody against the immunizing antigens or against blood-stage parasites nor the capacity of the monkeys' sera to inhibit in vitro parasite invasion correlated with protection. However, in contrast to sera from nonprotected monkeys, sera from protected animals contained elevated levels of gamma interferon. These results suggest that gamma interferon is directly or indirectly involved in the process of asexual parasite control in vivo.
Method for Preparation of Copper-Coated Carbon Material (2003)

Metallic copper-coated carbon fiber was prepared by applying a blending method. Raw isotropic coal pitch was blended with CuBr2, and the obtained mixture was subjected to centrifugal spinning. In this way a copper salt-blended fiber with uniform distribution of copper was spun. The raw fiber was exposed to stabilization with air through heating to 330 °C and next to treatment with hydrogen at temperatures up to 770 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) analyses clearly showed the presence of metallic copper in the resulted fiber. Additionally, presence of the metal was detected predominantly in peripheral regions of the obtained fiber. The mechanism of copper diffusion over carbon volume is proposed.
Anodic Aluminum Oxide Templates for Nickel Nanowires Array Fabrication (2011)

This paper reports on the process developed to fabricate anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates suitable for the fabrication of nanowires arrays. Anodization process has been used to fabricate the AAO templates with pore diameters ranging from 15 nm to 30 nm. Electrodeposition of parallel arrays of high aspect ratio nickel nanowires were demonstrated using these fabricated AAO templates. The nanowires produced were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the orientations of the electrodeposited nickel nanowires were governed by the deposition current and electrolyte conditions.
The central cavity in trimeric glutamate transporters restricts ligand diffusion (2011)

A prominent aqueous cavity is formed by the junction of three identical subunits in the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) family. To investigate the effect of this structure on the interaction of ligands with the transporter, we recorded currents in voltage-clamped Xenopus oocytes expressing EAATs and used concentration jumps to measure binding and unbinding rates of a high-affinity aspartate analog that competitively blocks transport (β-2-fluorenyl-aspartylamide; 2-FAA). The binding rates of the blocker were approximately one order of magnitude slower than l-Glu and were not significantly different for EAAT1, EAAT2, or EAAT3, but 2-FAA exhibited higher affinity for the neuronal transporter EAAT3 as a result of a slower dissociation rate. Unexpectedly, the rate of recovery from block was increased by l-Glu in a saturable and concentration-dependent manner, ruling out a first-order mechanism and suggesting that following unbinding, there is a significant probability of ligand rebinding to the same or neighboring subunits within a trimer. Consistent with such a mechanism, coexpression of wild-type subunits with mutant (R447C) subunits that do not bind glutamate or 2-FAA also increased the unblocking rate. The data suggest that electrostatic and steric factors result in an effective dissociation rate that is approximately sevenfold slower than the microscopic subunit unbinding rate. The quaternary structure, which has been conserved through evolution, is expected to increase the transporters' capture efficiency by increasing the probability that following unbinding, a ligand will rebind as opposed to being lost to diffusion.
Extraction Behavior of Actinides and Metal Ions by the Promising Extractant,<i>N,N,N′,N′</i>-Tetraoctyl-3,6-dioxaoctanediamide (DOODA) (2010)

Abstract The extraction of actinides, fission products, some non-nuclear elements, and nitric acid by N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl-3,6-dioxaoctanediamide (DOODA-C8) in dodecane was extensively studied. Also studied was the extraction of HNO3 and Nd(III) by the tetradodecyl analog of DOODA-C8 in dodecane. Both extractants contain two ether oxygen atoms in the backbone chain carrying the two amide groups and can thus act as tetradentate ligands. The extractability of actinides decreases in the order Pu(IV) > U(VI), Am(III) > Np(V) in the extraction from nitric acid and Pu(IV) > Am(III) >> U(VI) in the extraction from perchloric acid. Ions of di-, tri-, tetra-, hexa-, and heptavalent metals strongly differ in the extractability by DOODA-C8 but, except for lanthanides(III), there is no visible correlation of their distribution ratios with ionic radii. Due to the efficient extraction of actinides, weak extraction of fission products, and sufficient extraction capacity, DOODA-C8 is a promising extractant for the recovery of minor actinides from high-level radioactive wastes.
Synthesis of 5-Formyluridines (1997)

Abstract 5-Formyl-2′,3′-O-isopropylideneuridine and 5-formyl-2′,3′,5′-tri-O-acetyluridine were prepared by a new procedure involving palladium-catalyzed coupling of 5-iodouridine with styrene, followed by reaction with acetic anhydride or acetone and ozonolysis of the resulting 5-styryluridine derivatives.
무용공연불안 원인 요인 구조분석(I) (2005)

For dancers` success, performance anxiety must be controlled through coping techniques. This study identifies the causes of, and explores remedies for, dance performance anxiety, focusing on high school arts students, college dance majors, and professional dancers. Using a quantitative methodology, the sample groups were surveyed about (1) specific reasons for dance performance anxiety before, during, and after performance. The two-staged survey first queried experienced dancers with open-ended questions regarding anxiety and coping mechanisms. Based on these results, specific questions were designed and 404 performers were surveyed:118 high school arts students, 119 college dance majors, and 167 professional dancers. Results were cross-tabulated using gender, major, and affiliation variables. Six causes and five remedies for performance anxiety were extracted. The causes were: being evaluated, stage-situation, making mistakes, personal characteristics, lack of confidence, and injury.
Near-infrared spectroscopy in psychiatry (2002)

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a functional neuroimaging technique that has been increasingly employed in psychology and psychiatry. Because NIRS can detect only cerebral cortex reactivities with low spatial resolution and may suffer from contaminating signals from the skin and skull, its data should be interpreted as a global index of cerebral cortex reactivities. Within these limitations, the advantages of NIRS over fMRI such as complete non-invasiveness, small measurement apparatus, high time resolution, and natural examination setting, makes it the preferred method in studies of brain substrates of subjective feelings of sleepiness and fatigue, personality, conversation, and psychiatric disorders. Two-thirds of the original articles on NIRS applications in psychiatry have been published by Japanese researchers. NIRS examination of psychiatric disorders using a verbal fluency task of only 3 minutes demonstrated their characteristics of frontal lobe function: depression was characterized by smaller activation, bipolar depression by comparable but delayed activation, and schizophrenia by reduced activation followed by re-activation during the post-task period. These characteristics can also be identified in individual NIRS data using 2 automatically calculated parameters. Based on these results, NIRS application in psychiatry has been approved as one of the Advanced Medical Technologies in 2009 as an aid for differential diagnosis of depressive symptoms. A lack of clinical laboratory tests for diagnosis and treatment has been one of the major difficulties for reliable diagnosis, quantitative treatment assessment, and prevention of psychiatric disorders; NIRS may be the first step toward such clinical laboratory tests in psychiatry.
Cost savings in pharmaceutical and cosmetic prefiltration (1993)

Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics are an industry sector where quality is critical. Here Chris Faulder, Parker Fulflo Product Manager, argues the case for cost saving filter technology in this area. He also explains how Fulflo Advantage and Polymate pleated cartridges can meet these quality, yield and cost saving criteria.
Bis-phenanthroline copper(ii) phthalate complexes are potent in vitro antitumour agents with ‘self-activating’ metallo-nuclease and DNA binding properties (2010)

Three, structurally characterised, bis-phen Cu(II) complexes of the phthalate isomers display rapid, low micromolar in vitro cytotoxicity against a range of epithelial tumour cells. The complexes induce relaxation of supercoiled plasmid DNA in the absence of external reducing agents and display efficient CT-DNA, Poly[d(A-T)](2) and Poly[d(G-C)](2) binding.
Walk Your Students to Verb Competence: A Model for Reality‐Based Learning (1993)

ABSTRACT As James Asher has ably demonstrated in Total Physical Response, physical involvement enhances language learning. Walking/not walking and the third‐person/firsr‐person contrast provide a ready model for involving students in learning verbs, in several tenses, while they create the meaning of the words they are learning. Classroom demonstration of walks, was walking, and walked not only offers active learning for a Few students; well‐planned questioning and choral responses involve the entire class in meaningful oral use of new verb forms, with the demonstration serving as a visual aid for all. Further, the demonstration‐based question‐answer sequence developed for conjugating Spanish caminar (to walk) may readily be applied to a wide variety of verb concepts which students can grasp quickly through classroom performance, in any language.
ChemInform Abstract: First Examples of an Isomeric Methylene‐Bridged Free Phosphano Phosphoranimine and a Metalated Phosphano Phosphoranimine. Synthesis, Characterization, and Isomerization of the Heterodifunctional Ligand Me3SiNPPh2CH2PPh2 and the Transmetalation to the Titanium Derivative (η5‐C5H5)TiCl2NPPh2CH2PPh2. (1989)

Abstract The reaction of the diphosphine (I) with the silylazide (II) in the absence of solvents yields the novel heterodifunctional ligand (III).
A Novel Soft-Output Layered Orthogonal Lattice Detector for Multiple Antenna Communications (2006)

This paper presents a soft-output lattice detector algorithm for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications called layered orthogonal lattice detector (LORD). LORD adopts a new lattice formulation and relies on a channel orthogonalization process. Building on the optimality of LORD for two transmit antennas this paper is a generalization of the algorithm to any number of transmit antennas. The most interesting aspect of LORD is that for two transmit antennas max-log bit soft-output information can be simply generated and for greater than two antennas approximate max-log detection is achieved with reasonable complexity. LORD can be implemented in a parallel fashion, as desirable for VLSI. Extensive simulation results in different scenarios of interest for next generation WLANs (IEEE 802.11n) are reported. The simulations show that LORD is able to achieve very high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gains compared to current practical soft-output MIMO detectors.
Peritoneal lymphatic uptake of fibrinogen and erythrocytes in the rat (1983)

Intact and thoracic duct-cannulated rats were dialyzed at various intraperitoneal pressures with 5% bovine serum albumin solutions containing 125I-fibrinogen or 51Cr-erythrocytes. Lymphatic transport rates were calculated from the mass of tracer passing into the plasma space as function of tracer concentration in the peritoneal fluid during dialysis periods ranging between 143 and 360 min. Peritoneal protein concentrations were constant over the duration of the experiments. The calculated lymph flow rate was independent of intraperitoneal pressure and in intact rats averaged 2.85 +/- 1.22 microliters/min for uptake of 125I-fibrinogen and 2.60 +/- 1.17 for uptake of 51Cr-erythrocytes. However, the observed fluid loss rates from the peritoneal cavity were sensitive to the intraperitoneal pressure and were 5 to 20 times the calculated lymph flow rate. Mass balance experiments in two rats dialyzed with 125I-fibrinogen indicated that a significant proportion (28%) of tracer leaving the peritoneal cavity is absorbed by the anterior muscle wall of the abdomen and is probably trapped there because of its large molecular weight. Results from 125I-fibrinogen and 51Cr-erythrocyte uptake experiments both indicated that only approximately 30% of the total lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity passes through the thoracic duct in rats.
New era of calpain research (1994)

The recent discovery of several new calpain species other than the two species thus far studied reveals that calpain, especially the calpain large subunit, constitutes a family comprising at least six members that can be classified into ubiquitous (mu, m- and mu/m-types) and tissue-specific (p94 or nCL-1 specific for skeletal muscle, and nCL-2 and -2' specific for stomach) calpains. The newly identified tissue-specific calpains have various characteristics distinct from conventional calpains in structure, manner of expression, and enzyme activity. Unique features of tissue specific calpains are discussed together with the evolutionary view of the calpain large subunit.
PLA with Intumescent System Containing Lignin and Ammonium Polyphosphate for Flame Retardant Textile (2016)

Using bio-based polymers to replace of polymers from petrochemicals in the manufacture of textile fibers is a possible way to improve sustainable development for the textile industry. Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the available bio-based polymers. One way to improve the fire behavior of this bio-based polymer is to add an intumescent formulation mainly composed of acid and carbon sources. In order to optimize the amount of bio-based product in the final material composition, lignin from wood waste was selected as the carbon source. Different formulations of and/or ammonium polyphosphate (AP) were prepared by melt extrusion and then hot-pressed into sheets. The thermal properties (thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)) and fire properties (UL-94) were measured. The spinnability of the various composites was evaluated. The mechanical properties and physical aspect (microscopy) of PLA multifilaments with lignin (LK) were checked. A PLA multifilament with up to 10 wt % of intumescent formulation was processed, and the fire behavior of PLA fabrics with lignin/AP formulation was studied by cone calorimeter.
Recombinant DNA probe detecting Eperythrozoon suis in swine blood (1990)

A genomic library to Eperythrozoon suis DNA was constructed in lambda gt11, and from this library, E suis clone KSU-2 was identified as a potential diagnostic probe. In hybridization experiments that used 100-microliters samples of blood collected in chaotropic salt solutions, the KSU-2 probe hybridized strongly with purified E suis organisms and blood samples from splenectomized swine that were parasitized with E suis. However, the probe under stringent conditions did not give radiographic indications of hybridizing with equine blood DNA, bovine blood DNA infected with Anaplasma marginale, canine blood DNA infected with Ehrlichia canis, feline blood DNA infected with Haemobartonella felis, or uninfected swine blood DNA.
A New Technic for Separation of Human Leukocytes (1962)

Abstract A simple technic for separation of human leukocytes is described. It utilizes differential sedimentation following red cell and platelet agglutination induced by Polybrene. In this technic, lymphocytes are partially removed and over 50 per cent of polymorphonuclears are recovered. The leukocyte/red cell ratio is about 5, if blood samples with normal leukocyte counts are used. By use of blood samples containing higher white cell counts this ratio may be increased. The separated cells proved to be highly viable as tested by phase microscopy, supravital staining and phagocytosis. There was no significant change in oxygen uptake of leukemic cells in the presence of a relatively large Polybrene concentration.