gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Robotics and structural dynamics characterization of the space station remote manipulator system using photogrammetric techniques (2002)

Analytical formulations of the photogrammetric camera models are described. Both a single-camera model and a dual-camera model are presented. Because the cameras are not fixed in well-defined reference frames, calibration methods accounting for their motion are necessary. Two calibration schemes addressing this issue, namely, a linear scheme and a nonlinear scheme, are presented and discussed. Also presented is an analysis which evaluates the sensitivity of the coordinates of a target to the various camera parameters such as focal length of the camera lens, and pan and tilt angles of the camera.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Inhibition of Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Atherosclerosis in the Nonhuman Primate by Probucol (1995)

In nonhuman primates (Macaca nemestrina) treated with the antioxidant probucol during diet-induced hypercholesterolemia, intimal lesion area in the thoracic aorta was decreased, with increased resistance of plasma LDL to oxidation. The cellular and molecular changes associated with the decrease in lesion size in the probucol-treated hypercholesterolemic animals are quantitatively evaluated in this study. Lesions from the probucol-treated animals appear less mature and have altered lipid distribution. Abundant lipid-laden smooth muscle cells are found in the intima and media of the probucol-treated animals, with fewer medial lipid-laden macrophages, compared with lesions at similar sites in the control hypercholesterolemic animals. In both the control and probucol-treated animals, macrophages are the predominant cells in most lesions, but the ratio of macrophages to smooth muscle cells is decreased in the lower thoracic and upper abdominal aortic sites in the probucol-treated animals. Lesions at all aortic sites in the probucol-treated animals have a 35% to 80% reduction in the percentage of cells in cell cycle traverse, as indicated by immunostaining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (% PCNA-positive). In both groups, macrophages and smooth muscle cells are PCNA-positive, but the majority (> 60%) are macrophages. No difference in % PCNA-positive cells is seen in the iliac arteries, where the most advanced lesions were present at the time probucol administration was initiated. Limited Northern analysis of growth-regulatory molecules possibly involved in the cellular changes associated with lesions shows a 30% to 50% decrease in mRNA levels of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) B-chain, PDGF beta-receptor, colony-stimulating factor type 1, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1. Thus, a potential role for an antioxidant such as probucol in the treatment of atherosclerosis may be to alter the early inflammatory fibroproliferative processes of the disease. Whether these effects are directly related to the antioxidant properties or some other activity of probucol is not yet known.
Complexity in the Secretory Pathway: The Assembly and Secretion of Apolipoprotein B-containing Lipoproteins (2002)

Apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) is expressed primarily in mammalian liver. It has 4536 amino acids, 25 cysteines (16 of which are in intramolecular disulfide bonds), and 20 N-linked glycosylation sites. A smaller form, apoB48, is expressed in mammalian intestine and in the livers of some non-human mammals. ApoB48 results from a post-transcriptional modification of the apoB mRNA at codon 2153 that converts a glutamine codon to a stop codon at ∼48% of the full-length coding sequence. Both forms of apoB have a complex structure that includes a globular amphipathic NH2 domain spanning the first 15–20% (using B100 as a standard length) of the polypeptide followed by an extended hydrophobic β-sheet domain from about 20 to 48%.
Micromanipulation using artificial bacterial flagella (2009)

Artificial bacterial flagella (ABF) are swimming microrobots that mimic the swimming motion of bacteria. The helical swimmer consists of an InGaAs/GaAs/Cr helical nanobelt tail fabricated by a self-scrolling technique with dimensions similar to a natural flagellum, and a thin soft-magnetic metal ¿head¿ consisting of a Cr/Ni/Au multi-layer. The swimming locomotion of ABF is precisely controlled in 3-D by external rotating magnetic fields. Microsphere manipulation is performed by ABF, and experimental results show that both the position and the orientation of microspheres can be precisely controlled. The propelling force of ABF is in the pico-Newton range. We also describe a swarm-like behavior in which three ABF swim in a pack, indicating the potential to handle several micro objects in parallel. Self-propelled devices such as these are candidates for wireless 6-DOF micro and nanomanipulation tools for handling cellular and sub-cellular objects.
Reciprocal generation of Th1/Th17 and T<sub>reg</sub> cells by B1 and B2 B cells (2007)

Regulatory T (T(reg)) cells are indispensable for maintaining peripheral tolerance, whereas T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells induce inflammation and tissue destruction. Using Foxp3-GFP knock-in mice, we report a novel regulatory role for B cell subsets in influencing the differentiation of T(reg) versus Th1/Th17 cells. Peritoneal B1 cells strongly promoted T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion when presenting nominal or allogeneic antigens, as compared to conventional follicular B (B2) cells. However, peritoneal B1 cells largely failed to convert naive Foxp3(-)CD4(+) T cells into Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells in the presence of TGF-beta and IL-2, in marked contrast to conventional B2 cells, which excelled in T(reg) conversion. Interestingly, under the same T(reg) conversion conditions, peritoneal B1 cells preferentially promoted Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation. Blockade of CD86 but not CD80 costimulation markedly enhanced T(reg) cell induction by B1 cells. Thus, B cell antigen presentation function is inversely correlated with de novo T(reg) cell induction for these B cell subsets. Our findings suggest that B1 and B2 cell subsets play distinct roles in immune regulation by promoting reciprocal differentiation of T cell lineages.
A micro-machined LC-resonator for high-frequency magnetic sensor applications (2006)

The main aim of this study is finding a micro-sized magnetic sensor device with great sensitivity operating at high frequency region. In this report, we introduce a new class of LC-resonator consisting of a micro-inductor fabricated by means of MEMS technique with a bundle of soft magnetic microwire cores and a capacitor connected in parallel to the micro inductor to form a LC circuit. The solenoidal micro-inductors fabricated by MEMS technique were varied from 500~1,000 frac14m in length with 10~20 turns. The core magnetic material is a tiny glass coated amorphous Co <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">83.2</sub> B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3.3</sub> Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5.9</sub> Mn <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7.6</sub> microwires fabricated by the Taylor-Ulitosky method. The core materials were annealed at various temperatures 150degC, 200CdegC, 250degC, and 300degC for 1 hour in a vacuum to improve soft magnetic properties. The magneto-impedance ratio (MIR) for a micro-LC resonator can be measured at various frequencies to find sharp peaks for maximum sensitivity.
Silicon-embedded 3D toroidal air-core inductor with through-wafer interconnect for on-chip integration (2012)

This paper presents a CMOS-compatible process for fabrication of 3D structures embedded in the volume of a silicon wafer, and capable of interconnection to circuitry on the wafer surface. The key challenge of embedding structures in the silicon substrate is processing inside deep silicon trenches. This difficulty is overcome by means of several key techniques: multilevel wafer etching; cavity shaping; fine proximity lithography at the bottom of trenches; and laminated dry-film lithography on complex 3D structures. As a technology demonstration, a topologically complex 3D toroidal inductor is fabricated in a deep silicon trench, and is coupled to the wafer surface with high-power, electroplated through-wafer interconnect. Inductors fabricated in these trenches achieved an overall inductance of 60 nH, dc resistance of 399 MΩ, and quality factor of 17.5 at 70 MHz.
Statistical simulation of metal-gate work-function fluctuation in high-&#x03BA;/metal-gate devices (2010)

In this work, we statistically examine the emerging high-κ/ metal gate work-function fluctuation (WKF) induced threshold voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> ) fluctuations in 16-nm-gate MOSFET devices. Our Monte-Carlo model extensively evaluates the impact of WKF for different technology node, metal grain size, and gate material. This model provides us to identify suitable materials and fabrication processes that can significantly reduce the impact of V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> fluctuation owing to WKF. First, four kinds of gate material are examined and TiN possesses the smallest V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> fluctuation. For fabrication process, a fast deposition of metal at lower temperature prevents the metal grain not to grow to large size result in a smaller variation. In addition, an idea of modeling multilayer metal gate WKF is also presented and discussed, in which the first layer plays the most important role, compared with other layers, for the fluctuation suppression.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF) Stimulates RANKL-induced Osteoclastogenesis via Coupling of TNF Type 1 Receptor and RANK Signaling Pathways (2001)

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and the ligand for receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANKL) are abundant in sites of inflammatory bone erosion. Because these cytokines are potent osteoclastogenic factors and because their signaling pathways are considerably overlapping, we postulated that under pro-inflammatory conditions RANKL and TNF might synergistically orchestrate enhanced osteoclastogenesis via cooperative mechanisms. We found TNF, via TNF type 1 receptor (TNFr1), prompts robust osteoclastogenesis by osteoclast precursors pretreated with RANKL, and deletion of TNFr1 abrogates this response. Enhanced osteoclastogenesis is associated with high expression of otherwise TNF and RANKL-induced mediators, including c-Src, TRAF2, TRAF6, and MEKK-1, levels of which were notably reduced in TNFr1 knockouts. Recruitment of TRAFs and MEKK1 leads to activation of downstream pathways, primarily I kappa B/NF-kappa B, ERKs, and cJun/AP-1. Consistent with impaired osteoclastogenesis and reduced expression of TRAFs and MEKK1, we found that phosphorylation and activation of I kappa B, NF-kappa B, ERKs, and cJun/AP-1 are severely reduced in RANKL-treated TNFr1-null osteoclast precursors compared with wild type counterparts. Finally, we found that TNF and RANKL synergistically up-regulate RANK expression in wild type precursors, whereas basal and stimulated levels of RANK are significantly lower in TNFr1 knockout cells. Our data suggest that exuberant TNF-induced osteoclastogensis is the result of coupling between RANK and TNFr1 and is dependent upon signals transmitted by the latter receptor.
Drilling Fluids for Wellbore Strengthening (2004)

Abstract There is a clear advantage to drilling if we could strengthen the wellbore and drill at higher mud weights without losing fluid. A major prize is accessing difficult reserves in depleted reservoirs. Another application is in deep water drilling where the drilling window between pore pressure and fracture gradient is often narrow. This paper describes the approach taken by BP to produce a ‘designer mud’ which effectively increases fracture resistance whilst drilling, and which can be applied in both shale and sandstone. It works by forming a stress cage using particle bridging and an ultra-low fluid loss mud system. The theory is described and laboratory data show how the fluid system was developed. Field data are shown which quantify the increase in fracture resistance and demonstrate the value of the system. Logistics issues are discussed.
Engagement of CD14 on monocytes inhibits the synthesis of human Igs, including IgE. (1994)

Engagement of CD14 on normal human monocytes results in monocyte activation and, furthermore, delivers a negative signal that terminates T cell proliferation. We show herein that engagement of selected CD14 epitopes by specific mAbs inhibited PWM-induced IgM and IgG synthesis, as well as IL-4-dependent IgE synthesis by human PBMCs. Inhibition by anti-CD14 mAb was still evident when the Ab was added after 6 days of culture, suggesting that inhibition targets a late B cell activation event. In experiments that focused on the role of CD14 in IgE regulation, suppression of IgE synthesis after CD14 engagement did not result from the release of inhibitory monokines (IL-10, TGF-beta, and PG). In fact, neutralizing Abs and specific inhibitors did not restore the IgE response and anti-CD14-conditioned monocyte supernatants did not inhibit IgE synthesis. On the other hand, inhibition of IgE synthesis by anti-CD14 mAb was not likely to be caused by the lack of soluble factors with amplificatory effects on the IgE response, because addition of either rIL-6 or rTNF-alpha did not overcome CD14-dependent inhibition of IgE production. IgE inhibition after CD14 engagement was exerted at the B cell level, inasmuch as it was observed not only in T cell-dependent IgE induction i.e., mononuclear cells stimulated with IL-4, but also in T cell-independent systems, i.e., T cell-depleted populations stimulated with IL-4 plus anti-CD40 mAb or IL-4 plus hydrocortisone. These data indicate that CD14 plays a regulatory role in B cell responses.
$RLC$ Bridge Based on an Automated Synchronous Sampling System (2011)

An <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RLC</i> bridge based on an automated synchronous sampling system has been developed using commercially available high-resolution analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters. This bridge allows the comparison of any kind of impedance standards in the four-terminal-pair configuration at frequencies between 50 Hz and 20 kHz within a range from 1 Ω to 100 kΩ. An automatic balance of the bridge is carried out using a downhill simplex algorithm. Consistency checks have been realized by comparing resistance, inductance, and capacitance standards at different frequencies. The consistency of the measured voltage ratio is better than 20 μV/V over the whole frequency range and even smaller than 5 μV/V around 1 kHz. Finally, the results of the calibration of a 10-nF capacitance standard have been compared to those obtained using a commercial high-accuracy capacitance bridge. The difference is smaller than the commercial bridge specifications over the whole frequency range.
Functional Up-regulation of Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I Antigens Expression by 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine in Cutaneous Melanoma: Immunotherapeutic Implications (2007)

Treatment with 5-aza-CdR improves the recognition of melanoma cells by gp100-specific CTL through the up-regulation of HLA class I antigens expression; ICAM-1 also contributes to this phenomenon. These findings highlight a broader range of therapeutic implications of 5-aza-CdR when used in association with active or adoptive immunotherapeutic approaches against a variety of melanoma-associated antigens.
Fast coding unit depth decision for HEVC (2014)

High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) achieves high efficiency by introducing a new coding structure in adoption of coding unit (CU), prediction unit (PU) and transform unit (TU). However, it also imposes great computation burden on the mode decision of encoders. In this paper, we propose a fast CU depth decision scheme to reduce the encoder complexity for HEVC. Firstly, the relationship between rate-distortion (R-D) cost and CU depth is explored carefully with Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Number of Encoded Bits (NEB) metrics. Then CU splitting is modeled as a binary classification problem and resolved by an offline trained Support Vector Machine (SVM) model. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm achieves up to 59% running-time reduction with negligible loss in terms of PSNR and bit rate.
Concerted action of the transcriptional activators REB1, RAP1, and GCR1 in the high-level expression of the glycolytic gene TPI. (1993)

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the TPI gene product, triosephosphate isomerase, makes up about 2% of the soluble cellular protein. Using in vitro and in vivo footprinting techniques, we have identified four binding sites for three factors in the 5' noncoding region of TPI: a REB1-binding site located at positions -401 to -392, two GCR1-binding sites located at positions -381 to -366 and -341 to -326, and a RAP1-binding site located at positions -358 to -346. We tested the effects of mutations at each of these binding sites on the expression of a TPI::lacZ gene fusion which carried 853 bp of the TPI 5' noncoding region integrated at the URA3 locus. The REB1-binding site is dispensable when material 5' to it is deleted; however, if the sequence 5' to the REB1-binding site is from the TPI locus, expression is reduced fivefold when the site is mutated. Because REB1 blocks nucleosome formation, the most likely function of its binding site in the TPI controlling region is to prevent the formation of nucleosomes over the TPI upstream activation sequence. Mutations in the RAP1-binding site resulted in a 10-fold reduction in expression of the reporter gene. Mutating either GCR1-binding site alone had a modest effect on expression of the fusion. However, mutating both GCR1-binding sites resulted in a 68-fold reduction in the level of expression of the reporter gene. A LexA-GCR1 fusion protein containing the DNA-binding domain of LexA fused to the amino terminus of GCR1 was able to activate expression of a lex operator::GAL1::lacZ reporter gene 116-fold over background levels. From this experiment, we conclude that GCR1 is able to activate gene expression in the absence of REB1 or RAP1 bound at adjacent binding sites. On the basis of these results, we suggest that GCR1 binding is required for activation of TPI and other GCR1-dependent genes and that the primary role of other factors which bind adjacent to GCR1-binding sites is to facilitate of modulate GCR1 binding in vivo.
Attenuation correction for rotating slant-hole (RSH) SPECT using exact rebinning (2003)

We have recently derived an analytic method of image reconstruction for the rotating slant-hole (RSH) SPECT scanner for cardiac imaging. The method assumes that the emission activity lies in a region of constant attenuation. It operates by rebinning the three-dimensional (3-D) measured projections into the geometry of a stack of two-dimensional (2-D) slices and performing 2-D reconstruction in a second step. An important consequence of this method is a mathematical proof that opposing projections are not necessary for full tomographic reconstruction in the presence of attenuation. We have now tested our algorithm in the presence of noisy projection data and with projections which violates the constant attenuation assumption. We present results from simulated and real phantom data demonstrating effective attenuation correction in the presence of a uniform low-level of background in the torso, with truncated liver activity, and without opposing views. Our conclusions are that attenuation correction can be performed for RSH SPECT without measuring opposing views, and that the effect of background activity (which violates the assumptions required for exponential data) and truncated activity of a nearby liver are small and easily dominated by typical noise levels in SPECT imaging.
Regulated appearance of NMDA receptor subunits and channel functions during <i>in vitro</i> neuronal differentiation (2002)

The schedule of NMDA receptor subunit expression and the appearance of functional NMDA-gated ion channels were investigated during the retinoic acid (RA) induced neuronal differentiation of NE-4C, a p53-deficient mouse neuroectodermal progenitor cell line. NR2A, NR2B, and NR2D subunit transcripts were present in both nondifferentiated and neuronally differentiated cultures, while NR2C subunits were expressed only transiently, during the early period of neural differentiation. Several splice variants of NR1 were detected in noninduced progenitors and in RA-induced cells, except the N1 exon containing transcripts that appeared after the fourth day of induction, when neuronal processes were already formed. NR1 and NR2A subunit proteins were detected both in nondifferentiated progenitor cells and in neurons, while the mature form of NR2B subunit protein appeared only at the time of neuronal process elongation. Despite the early presence of NR1 and NR2A subunits, NMDA-evoked responses could be detected in NE-4C neurons only after the sixth day of induction, coinciding in time with the expression of the mature NR2B subunit. The formation of functional NMDA receptors also coincided with the appearance of synapsin I and synaptophysin. The lag period between the production of the subunits and the onset of channel function suggests that subunits capable of channel formation cannot form functional NMDA receptors until a certain stage of neuronal commitment. Thus, the in vitro neurogenesis by NE-4C cells provides a suitable tool to investigate some inherent regulatory processes involved in the initial maturation of NMDA receptor complexes.
The Theory of Small-Angle Multiple Scattering of Fast Charged Particles (1963)

A systematic unified review is given of the basic statistical theory of the multiple scattering of fast charged particles in the small-angle range. The approximation considered is that of the Snyder-Scott-Moliere theory, and only slight attention is given to the less accurate Gaussian approximation. The single-scattering formulas of Moliere are derived, along with the modifications of them given by Nigam, Sundaresan, and Wu. Moliere's multiple-scattering calculation is presented by an improvement of Bethe's method, and the work of Nigam is given by the same method with newly computed tables. Snyder's calculations are outlined, and previously unpublished work on spatial-angle scattering is reported with tables. Calculations by Keil, Zeitler, and Zinn for very thin films are given, as well as a detailed discussion following Lenz on scattering at very small angles. The work of Muhlschlegel and Koppe on the multiple scattering of polarized electrons is included, with the important correction that no depolarization appears in the approximation to which they worked. The distributions of lateral deflections and other characteristics are considered, but the details of applications to emulsions, cloud and bubble chambers, etc, are not entered into, nor are the electron-penetration and pathlength problems handled. Asymptotic formulas for relatively large anglesmore » are treated, as are various types of mean values. (auth)« less
The Road to Danger: The Comparative Risks of Driving While Sleepy (2001)

This comparative model suggests that the potential risks of driving while sleepy are at least as dangerous as the risks of driving illegally under the influence of alcohol.
Interleaver design for turbo codes (2002)

A new interleaver design to improve the performance of the turbo codes is presented. Two criteria are considered in the design of the interleaver; the distance spectrum properties of the code and the correlation between the input information data and the soft output of each decoder corresponding to its parity bits. A deterministic interleaver design based on these criteria is also proposed.