gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Innate Immunity and Immune Evasion by Enterovirus 71 (2015)

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major infectious disease affecting millions of people worldwide and it is the main etiological agent for outbreaks of hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Infection is often associated with severe gastroenterological, pulmonary, and neurological diseases that are most prevalent in children. Currently, no effective vaccine or antiviral drugs exist against EV71 infection. A lack of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of EV71 infection in the host and the virus-host interactions is a major constraint to developing specific antiviral strategies against this infection. Previous studies have identified and characterized the function of several viral proteins produced by EV71 that interact with the host innate immune proteins, including type I interferon signaling and microRNAs. These interactions eventually promote efficient viral replication and increased susceptibility to the disease. In this review we discuss the functions of EV71 viral proteins in the modulation of host innate immune responses to facilitate viral replication.
Multi-shot injection moulding. (1998)

Medical device manufacturers are beginning to combine multi-colour and multi-material moulding techniques with soft-touch materials to gain competitive advantage. This trend is driven by the availability of machines that can inject as many as six different materials simultaneously. This article looks at the multi-shot moulding process and uses examples to highlight the benefits of the technique.
Depolymerization of chondroitin C Sulfate by immobilized <i>Proteus vulgaris</i> cells (1986)

Chondroitinase ABC catalyzing the depolymerization of chondroitin sulfate was induced by incubating the Proteus vulgaris cells in a medium containing chondroitin C sulfate as an inducer. Incubation of P. vulgaris cells for 12 h in the presence of 0.3% inducer was optimal to obtain the cells with highly active chondroitinase ABC. Such cells were immobilized in k-carrageenan gel lattice, and some properties of chondroitinase ABC in immobilized cells were studied in comparison with those of the enzyme without immobilization (free enzyme). The stabilities of the enzyme toward heat and storage were remarkably improved by immobilizing the cells in k-carrageenan gel lattice. Optimal pH and temperature for activity of the enzyme were slightly shifted to the alkaline region and higher temperature by immobilization and were 9.0 and 35 degrees C, respectively.
Crystal Habit Changes and Dosage Form Performance (2013)

To minimize variations in raw material characteristics, ensure reproducibility of results during preformulation, and correctly judge the cause of instability and poor performance of a dosage form, it is essential to recognize the importance of changes in crystal surface appearance and habit of pharmaceutical powders. This entry reviews the factors that influence crystal habit, the significance of crystal habit in dosage form performance, and how the study of changes in crystal habit and the polymorphic state at critical processing stages is crucial for maintaining uniformity in raw material characteristics.
Rapid Synthesis of a Pt<sub>1</sub>Ru<sub>1</sub>/Carbon Nanocomposite Using Microwave Irradiation:  A DMFC Anode Catalyst of High Relative Performance (2001)

Thermal treatment of (η-C2H4)(Cl)Pt(μ-Cl)2Ru(Cl)(η3:η3-2,7-dimethyloctadienediyl) (1)/Vulcan carbon composites under appropriate oxidizing and reducing conditions using microwave dielectric loss heating affords PtRu/Vulcan carbon nanocomposites consisting of PtRu alloy nanoparticles highly dispersed on a powdered carbon support. Two such nanocomposites containing 16 or 50 wt % total metal and alloy nanoclusters of 3.4- or 5.4-nm average diameter are formed within only 100 or 300 s of total microwave heating. XRD and on-particle EDS analyses reveal that complex 1 serves as a reliable single-source molecular precursor for the formation of PtRu nanoparticles having a nearly 1:1 metal alloy stoichiometry. Preliminary measurements of the catalytic activity of these nanocomposites as supported direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) anode catalysts indicate that the 50 wt % nanocomposite has a performance superior to that of a 60 wt % commercial catalyst and a normalized performance equivalent to that of a proprietary unsupported Pt1Ru1 catalyst.
Impact of space-time block codes on 802.11 network throughput (2003)

By employing more than one antenna at the transmitter and by properly coding data across the transmit antennas, physical layers (PHYs) with space-time block codes (STBCs) promise increased data rates with minimal decoding complexity at the receiver. This paper presents a comprehensive study of how the STBC gains at the PHY translate to significant network performance improvement in 802.11a wireless local area networks. We base our study on a detailed, across-all-layers, simulation of an 802.11a system. We have extended the network simulator with an implementation of the 802.11a PHY, which allows us to assess the impact of STBC not only at the PHY layer, but at the higher layers as well. An extensive set of simulations illustrates the merits of transmit diversity (in the form of STBC) and sheds light on how performance can be improved for transmission control protocol (TCP) traffic. Essentially, STBC presents to TCP a "smoother" wireless channel; this is corroborated by a brief theoretical analysis as well.
Picosecond degenerate two-wave mixing (1992)

Transient degenerate two-wave mixing is investigated in isotropic media by using picosecond pulses. Efficient two-wave mixing requires that the response time of the optical nonlinearity and the duration of the laser pulses be comparable. The magnitude and the direction of the energy transfer that are due to the coherent coupling of pump and probe are found to depend on the relative delay of the two pulses, the input intensity ratio, and the polarization of the pulses. The energy transfer can occur between equal-intensity input pulses, provided that one of the pulses is delayed with respect to the other.
4,5‐Dihydro‐5‐thioxo‐]<i>H</i>‐tetrazoie‐l‐alkanoic and alkanesulfonic acids and their amide derivatives (1978)

Abstract Homologous 4,5‐dihydro‐5‐thioxo‐1 H ‐tetrazole‐l‐alkanoic and alkanesulfonic acids were prepared by reaction of sodium azide with methyl (carboxyalkyl)‐ and (sulfoalkyl) carbamodithioates, respectively. 4,5‐Dihydro‐5‐thioxo‐1 H ‐tetrazole‐i‐alkanamides were derived from the corresponding alkanoic acids by aminolysis of their acid chlorides or imidazolides. Analogous alkane‐sulfonamides were synthesized by the reaction of methyl [[[(1,1‐dimethylethyl) amino]sulfonyl]‐alkyljcarbamodithioates with sodium azide followed by removal of the 1,1‐dimethylethyl group with trifluoroacetic acid.
Effects of probucol on the cholesterol content of skin in type II hyperlipoproteinemias. (1982)

500 mg of probucol were given twice a day for 6 months to 20 type II hyperlipoproteinemic patients, 14 men and 6 women, including 10 type IIb and 10 type IIa cases. Tendon xanthomas were present in 11 and xanthelasma in 4. Their mean blood cholesterol level was 435 +/- 100 mg/100 ml and triglycerides 210 +/- 138 mg/100 ml. A normal diet was maintained during the treatment period. Skin biopsies were made on the forearm, before and after the 6 month treatment. After lyophilization of the skin fragments, the free and esterified cholesterol contents were measured by gas chromatography after preparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel. The free and esterified cholesterol contents of the skin both appear to be significantly increased when the values found before treatment in these patients are compared with those of skin analysis in 10 normal controls: 2.25 to 1.58 micrograms/mg freeze-dried skin, p less than 0.001 for the esterified fraction. After 6 month probucol treatment the free cholesterol does not change significantly (2.25 to 2.16) and the esterified cholesterol increases (0.44 to 0.66, p less than 0.01). This effect is suggestive of an interaction of probucol with the synthesis and transport of cholesterol at the tissue level. It may be significant for the understanding of the effects of this drug and others on xanthelasma, tendon xanthomas, and atherosclerosis. In one of the cases studied here, the xanthelasma was greatly reduced during the treatment.
Query pairs as hypertext links (2002)

A new idea is proposed for constructing object-oriented hypertext database systems: query pairs as hypertext links, where each query is defined over a collection of document objects that are classified using a class hierarchy. With this idea, users need not modify their hypertext links against the insertions, deletions and updates of document objects. Also, when a database schema (here, a class hierarchy) evolves, a systematic method can be considered to modify user-defined query-pair links. The TextLink-III system that was developed based on this idea and that is currently running is described. The notable features of TextLink-III are the following: document objects are classified by class hierarchy and the notion of class expression is used for formulating a query for a class hierarchy; multiple viewpoint support; and less link maintenance against data updates.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Transglucosylation into Stevioside by the Enzyme System from<i>Streptomyces</i>sp. (1986)

Journal Article Transglucosylation into Stevioside by the Enzyme System from Streptomyces sp. Get access Satoru Kusama, Satoru Kusama Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, Sakura-mura, Niihari-gun, Ibaraki 305, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Isao Kusakabe, Isao Kusakabe To whom correspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Yasuyuki Nakamura, Yasuyuki Nakamura Present address: Iwakuni Institute, Sanyo-Kokusaku Pulp Co., Ltd., 2-8-1 Iida-machi, Iwakuni 740, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Shigeru Eda, Shigeru Eda Central Research Institute, Nippon Tabacco Co., Ltd., 6–2 Umegaoka, Midori-ku, Yokohama 227, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Kazuo Murakami Kazuo Murakami Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, Sakura-mura, Niihari-gun, Ibaraki 305, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 50, Issue 10, 1 October 1986, Pages 2445–2451, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1986.10867771 Published: 01 October 1986 Article history Received: 03 March 1986 Published: 01 October 1986
Developments in the treatment of cancer pain in Finland: the third nation-wide survey (1997)

This survey was designed to investigate the current status of the management of cancer pain in Finland. In 1995 a questionnaire was randomly sent to 5% (n = 546) of Finnish physicians, excluding specialists not expected to treat cancer patients. Two previous surveys, using the same questionnaire, were conducted in 1985 and 1990 by Vainio. The response rate was 53%. Seventy-nine percent of the respondents treated one or less than one cancer patient a week. Sixty-seven percent of them assessed the severity of cancer pain in their patients as being at least moderate. In 10 years, the proportion of physicians suggesting the WHO analgesic ladder principle to their 'typical cancer patient' had increased from 12% to 28%. At the same time, the suggestions of 'analgesic' without definition had decreased from 48% to 6%. Three simulated patient cases were presented. The mean daily dose of opioids suggested for severe terminal cancer pain corresponded to 72 (18-300) mg of intramuscular morphine in 1995, being only 39 (1-77) mg in 1985 for the same simulated patient case. Continuous infusion of opioid was recommended by 59% of the respondents. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as the treatment of choice for bone metastases pain in a patient with breast cancer, was recommended by 68% of the respondents. In the case of local severe pain due to recurrent rectal cancer, 63% of the physicians suggested anaesthetic intervention. Insufficient pain relief and lack of experience were the most common difficulties in pain management. Only one-third of the physicians thought that they had enough time and ability to give sufficient psychological support to their patients.
Predictive power of preclinical studies in animals for the immunogenicity of recombinant therapeutic proteins in humans. (2004)

Despite advances at the level of gene sequence (eg, humanized versus murine antibodies), expression systems (eg, mammalian versus prokaryotic) and post-expression modification (eg, 'PEGylation'), clinical immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins remains a concern. Although animals are routinely and effectively used to evaluate pharmacological activity and to support a claim of safety for recombinant proteins, their usefulness for predicting clinical immunogenicity is more questionable. This review argues that recombinant proteins can be grouped into immunogenic classes; for some of these classes, for example, bacterial proteins, immunogenicity in animals is often predictive for humans, but for others, for example, fully human proteins, even data from non-human primates can have little predictive value. We will attempt to make the case that for a variety of immunological and practical constraints, animal studies, even those conducted in non-human primates, have limited predictive power for immunogenicity in humans, and tend to over-predict clinical immunogenicity.
Symmetric and Helical Growth of Polyacetylene Fibers over a Single Copper Crystal Derived from Copper Tartrate Decomposition (2002)

[reaction: see text] Helical polyacetylene fibers with absolutely symmetric structures were prepared by polymerization of acetylene using copper tartrate as a catalyst. There were always only two coiled polyacetylene fibers grown on a single copper nanocrystal. The two coiled fibers had absolutely opposite helical senses but were identical in cycle number, coil diameter, coil length, coil pitch, and fiber diameter.
Transcriptional regulation of type III secretion genes in enteropathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i>: Ler antagonizes H‐NS‐dependent repression (2001)

Secretion of effector proteins in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is mediated by a specialized type III secretion system whose components are encoded in the LEE1, LEE2 and LEE3 operons. Using cat transcriptional fusions and primer extension analysis, we determined that the LEE2 and LEE3 operons are expressed from two overlapping divergent promoters, whose expression is negatively regulated by flanking common upstream and downstream silencing regulatory sequences (SRS1 and SRS2). In the absence of either SRS1 or SRS2, expression of the LEE2 and LEE3 operons became independent of Ler, a positive regulatory protein encoded by the first gene of the LEE1 operon. Similarly, in the absence of the histone-like protein H-NS, expression from both promoters became Ler independent even if both SRSs were present. In addition, the efficient expression of both the LEE2 and the LEE3 promoters required PerC (BfpW), a protein coded by the third gene of the per (bfpTVW) locus, but only in the presence of the EAF plasmid. Our deletion analysis also showed that the negative regulation observed in the presence of ammonium or at temperatures above 37 degrees C (e.g. 40 degrees C) required the SRSs or elements located therein. In contrast, the negative regulation observed in LB or at temperatures below 37 degrees C (e.g. 25 degrees C) was still observed even in the absence of both SRSs and seems to act only on the promoters. Together, these results suggest that Ler acts as an antirepressor protein that overcomes the H-NS-mediated silencing on the LEE2/LEE3 divergent promoter region, which is probably caused by the formation of a repressing H-NS-nucleoprotein complex.
Phase I/II adenoviral <i>p53</i> gene therapy for chemoradiation resistant advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (2006)

We investigated the feasibility, safety, biological activity and therapeutic efficacy of adenovirus-mediated p53 gene transfer in patients with chemoradiation resistant advanced esophageal carcinoma. Eligible patients were not surgical candidates and had measurable, advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus that was resistant to chemoradiation therapy. On a 28-day cycle, intratumoral injections of Ad5CMV-p53 (INGN 201; ADVEXIN) were administered on days 1 and 3 at four dose levels (10 x 10(11) particles to 25 x 10(11) particles) and treated for up to five cycles. Ten patients received a total of 26 cycles with no dose-limiting toxicity. Administration of multiple courses was feasible and well-tolerated. Local tumor responses revealed stable disease in nine cases and progressive disease in one case. The overall responses were stable in six and progressive in four cases. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses, gene transfer and p53 specific transgene expression were detected in tumor biopsy tissue from all patients. mRNA levels of p53, p21 and MDM2 increased in all but one case. Three patients showed absence of disease upon repeat biopsies. Substantial improvement in swallowing was observed in one patient with stenotic lesions. Intratumoral injection of Ad5CMV-p53 is safe, feasible and biologically active when administered in multiple doses to patients with esophageal cancer. Observations from this study indicate that this treatment results in local antitumor effects in chemoradiation resistant esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Variability in <i>Arabidopsis Thaliana</i> Chromosomal High‐Mobility‐Group‐1‐Like Proteins (1997)

The vertebrate high-mobility-group (HMG) protein HMG1 is an abundant non-histone protein which is considered as an architectural element in chromatin. In the monocotyledonous plant maize, four different HMG1-like proteins (HMGa, HMGc1/2, HMGd) have been identified, whereas other eukaryotes usually express only two different proteins of this type. We have examined here the HMG1-like proteins of the dicotyledonous plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The isolation and analysis of cDNAs encoding five different so far uncharacterised HMG1-like proteins (now termed HMG alpha, HMG beta1/2, HMG gamma, HMG delta) from Arabidopsis indicates that the expression of multiple HMG1-like proteins is a general feature of (higher) plants. The Arabidopsis HMG1-like proteins contain an HMG domain as a common feature, but outside this conserved DNA-binding motif the amino acid sequences are significantly different indicating that this protein family displays a greater structural variability in plants than in other eukaryotes. The five HMG1-like proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. They bind with somewhat different affinity to linear double-stranded DNA. The recognition of DNA structure is evident from their preferential interaction with DNA minicircles relative to linear DNA. Reverse-transcribed PCR suggested that the five HMG1-like genes are simultaneously expressed in Arabidopsis leaves and suspension culture cells.
Mobile intracardiac calcinosis: a new risk of thromboembolism in patients with haemodialysed end stage renal disease (1999)

Cardiac calcinosis is a common complication of end stage renal disease. A newly observed risk of thromboembolism is reported in four patients with mobile cardiac calcinosis, treated with long term dialysis. Rapidly growing mobile calcification was confirmed by echocardiography. Each patient had an imbalance in serum calcium x inorganic phosphate (Ca x P product >/= 50); this imbalance could not be treated due to the sudden death of the patient or the need for surgical resection to prevent recurrent cerebral thromboembolism. Histological examination revealed intracardiac calcinosis in three cases, and each case showed haemodialysis hypoparathyroidism (intact PTH < 160 pg/ml). Thromboembolism in such cases is rare, however it indicates a need for cautious echocardiographic monitoring in end stage renal disease in patients with an uncontrolled Ca x P product.
The marking of transitions by more and less effective teachers (1985)

(1985). The marking of transitions by more and less effective teachers. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 24, Classroom Communication/Verbal and Nonverbal, pp. 57-62.
Comparative effects of 2 mouthrinses on the development of supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis (1990)

A 6-month double-blind, controlled clinical study was completed with 124 healthy adult subjects to determine the efficacy of 2 mouthrinses, Listerine (LA) and Peridex (PX), used as supplements to regular oral hygiene measures in reducing supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis. Following screening examinations for entry levels of existing gingivitis and plaque, baseline gingival and plaque area indices, extrinsic tooth stain, supragingival calculus, bleeding and soft tissue condition were recorded. All subjects then received a complete dental prophylaxis to remove plaque, calculus and extrinsic stain. Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups and performed supervised rinses twice daily for 30 s in addition to their normal oral hygiene, for 6 months. All indices were again evaluated at 3 and 6 months. After 6 months, LA and PX significantly (p less than 0.001) inhibited development of plaque by 36.1% and 50.3%, respectively, and the development of gingivitis by 35.9% and 30.5%, respectively, compared to a hydroalcohol control. PX was more effective in inhibiting plaque and both mouthrinses appeared to be equally effective in inhibiting gingivitis. LA patients did not develop significant levels of stain or supragingival calculus at 6 months, compared to baseline or control. PX patients developed significant levels of extrinsic stain and supragingival calculus compared to baseline and control. Though PX was more effective than LA in the control of plaque, this study indicates that both LA and PX were effective agents in a regimen for the control of plaque and gingivitis.
Sleep and anxiety disorders (2003)

Sleep disturbances-particularly insomnia - are highly prevalent in anxiety disorders and complaints such as insomnia or nightmares have even been incorporated in some anxiety disorder definitions, such as generalized anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. In the first part of this review, the relationship between sleep and anxiety is discussed in terms of adaptive response to stress. Recent studies suggested that the corticotropin-releasing hormone system and the locus ceruleus-autonomic nervous system may play major roles in the arousal response to stress. It has been suggested that these systems may be particularly vulnerable to prolonged or repeated stress, further leading to a dysfunctional arousal state and pathological anxiety states, Polysomnographic studies documented limited alteration of sleep in anxiety disorders. There is some indication for alteration in sleep maintenance in generalized anxiety disorder and for both sleep initiation and maintenance in panic disorder; no clear picture emerges for obsessive-compulsive disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder. Finally, an unequivocal sleep architecture profile that could specifically relate to a particular anxiety disorder could not be evidenced; in contrast, conflicting results are often found for the same disorder. Discrepancies between studies could have been related to illness severity, diagnostic comorbidity, and duration of illness. A brief treatment approach for each anxiety disorder is also suggested with a special focus on sleep.