gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modularity maps reveal community structure in the resting human brain (2009)

Abstract The brain is a complex network of interconnecting neurons that combines regional specificity with distributed processing. Recent advances in the field of network theory have facilitated ground-breaking analyses demonstrating that brain connectivity exhibits small-world properties similar to other self-organized networks such as the internet, the genome, or even social organizations. Brain connectivity supports local and global processing through high clustering and short connectivity paths, respectively. While these comprehensive network indices highlight the global organization of the network, the regional specificity is related to the interconnectivity of local neighborhoods within the global system. The work presented here evaluated the community structure of resting human brain networks to identify the local neighborhoods and map those interconnected areas back to the brain. The study identified predictable clustering in unisensory cortices. However, the unexpected community structure in the default-mode network (DMN) revealed three separate modules and included the lateral frontal cortices in addition to traditional DMN regions. These results are the first to map modularity across the entire brain without restricting analyses to predefined anatomical structures. Such analyses provide an unbiased view of network communities and promise to provide new insights into organization of the brain. Evaluation of modular brain structure across states, during demanding tasks, or in disease populations will reveal dynamic connectivity changes in whole-brain networks.
Some quantum search algorithms for arbitrary initial amplitude distribution (2010)

For searching any item in an unsorted database with N items, Grover's quantum searching algorithm takes only O(√N) steps, which is much faster than O(N) steps required for a classical computer. However, it is known that Grover's algorithm is effective only in the case where the initial amplitude distribution of dataset is uniform. On the other hand, Ventura has also proposed a quantum searching algorithm. The algorithm is effective only in the special case for the initial amplitude distribution. Therefore, we have proposed an effective quantum searching algorithm in another case in the previous paper. In this paper, we generalize the previous algorithm and propose several effective algorithms in several cases where initial amplitude distributions of dataset are non-uniform. Further, in order to show the effectiveness of the algorithms, we analyze their dynamics.
Ubiquitin‐specific protease 24 negatively regulates abscisic acid signalling in <scp><i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i></scp> (2015)

Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important plant hormone integrating environmental stress and plant growth. Protein ubiquitination and deubiquitination are reversible processes catalysed by E3 ubiquitin ligase and deubiquitinating enzyme, respectively. Lots of E3 ubiquitin ligase and transcriptional factors modified by ubiquitination were reported to modulate ABA signalling. However, no deubiquitinating enzyme has been identified that functions in ABA signalling until now. Here, we isolated an ABA overly sensitive mutant, ubp24, in which the gene encoding ubiquitin-specific protease 24 (UBP24, At4g30890) was disrupted by a T-DNA insertion. The ubp24 mutant was hypersensitive to ABA and salt stress in both post-germinative growth and seedling growth. However, stomata closure in the ubp24 mutant was less sensitive to ABA, and the ubp24 mutant showed drought sensitivity. UBP24 possessed deubiquitinating enzyme activity, and the activity was essential for UBP24 function. Additionally, UBP24 formed homodimer in vivo. UBP24 was genetically upstream of ABI2, and the phosphatase activity of protein phosphatase 2C was decreased in the ubp24 mutant compared with the wild type in the presence of ABA. These results uncover an important regulatory role for the ubiquitin-specific protease in response to ABA and salt stress in plant.
Identifying determinants of heterogeneous transmission dynamics of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak in the Republic of Korea, 2015: a retrospective epidemiological analysis (2016)

Superspreaders who visited multiple facilities drove the epidemic by generating a disproportionate number of secondary cases. Our findings underscore the need to limit the contacts in healthcare settings. Contact tracing efforts could assist early laboratory testing and diagnosis of suspected cases.
Diagnosis of Biliary Atresia Can Not Be Excluded by Declining Trend of Serum Direct Bilirubin (2013)

The aim of this paper is to investigate the clinical courses of patients with biliary atresia (BA) during neonatal period. We examined 19 patients with BA, who underwent blood tests including direct bilirubin (D-Bil) within 20 days of age, in 3 tertiary hospitals in Japan. The first blood sample was collected at 8.4±6.5 days of age. The acholic stool was observed within 2 weeks of age in 16 cases (84.2%). Decrease of T-Bil was observed in all the subjects, with a range of reduction of 6.5±3.3 mg/dL, from 10.4±7.5 to 29.8±9.1 days of age. Decrease of D-Bil was also observed in 17 out of 19 cases (89%), with a range of reduction of 1.1±1.0 mg/dL, from 15.5±8.0 to 24.9±9.6 days of age. A significant decrease of D-Bil was observed in 2 cases of biliary atresia splenic malformation syndrome. We therefore conclude that clinicians treating icteric infants should not exclude a diagnosis of BA even if the level of D-Bil has a declining tendency.
Analysis of Organic Acids in Physiological Fluids by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (1991)

Abstract Most organic acids in physiological fluids are carboxylic acids or their glycine or glucuronide conjugates. Also included are hydroxyl compounds, such as phenols or cresols. By definition, compounds with a primary amino group, detectable by conventional amino acid analysers, are excluded. Organic acids are produced continuously in the body as intermediates in the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates and fats, and of drugs and food additives. They do not accumulate in the body, since they are rapidly converted to non-acidic end products or excreted as water soluble metabolites i n urine. However, if they are produced in excess, or if their metabolism is prevented by an inherited enzyme defect, concentrations increase in the tissues, blood and urine. Examples of excessive production are during fasting ketosis, in which acetoacetic and 3-hydroxybutyric acids and a range of dicarboxylic acids derived from breakdown of fatty acids accumulate, and lactic acidosis, secondary to hypoxia, when increases in lactic, pyruvic and 2-hydroxybutyric acids are common.
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: perspectives on novel therapeutic compounds and strategies for the treatment of HIV infection (2001)

At present, the nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors and protease inhibitors (PI) have dominated the therapeutic options for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. From the initial monotherapeutic strategies, to the widely accepted multi-drug cocktails of today, the use of these two classes of compounds has successfully prolonged patient survival following infection with HIV. The efficacy of the multi-drug cocktails has delayed the onset of disease and generated hope that long-term therapy might allow the natural immune response to HIV infection to control both virus replication and pathogenesis within the context of an intact immune system despite the continuing presence of virus in various reservoirs within the body and the inability of these therapies to completely eradicate virus. However, the use of antiretroviral compounds for prolonged periods of time has also resulted in the appearance of significant drug-induced toxicity and metabolic abnormalities, as well as drug-induced variations in disease progression. Thus, continued research and development to identify new and improved antiretroviral agents will be a critical requirement in the foreseeable future. This ongoing research and development should also consider the challenges of defining more effective use of existing therapeutic agents, including the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs).
A programmable, arbitrary waveform electrosurgical device (1988)

The programmable electrosurgical device is an arbitrary waveform generator that provides feedback control of selected output variables. A desktop computer provides the human interface and controls the operation of the electrosurgical device. The generated waveform drives an RF amplifier. The electrosurgical device samples the instantaneous voltage and current of the amplifier's output. Any one of several variables-voltage, current, power, or impedance-may be selected for feedback control.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
PGAP2 Is Essential for Correct Processing and Stable Expression of GPI-anchored Proteins (2006)

Biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) in the ER has been extensively studied, whereas the molecular events during the transport of GPI-APs from the ER to the cell surface are poorly understood. Here, we established new mutant cell lines whose surface expressions of GPI-APs were greatly decreased despite normal biosynthesis of GPI-APs in the ER. We identified a gene responsible for this defect, designated PGAP2 (for Post-GPI-Attachment to Proteins 2), which encoded a Golgi/ER-resident membrane protein. The low surface expression of GPI-APs was due to their secretion into the culture medium. GPI-APs were modified/cleaved by two reaction steps in the mutant cells. First, the GPI anchor was converted to lyso-GPI before exiting the trans-Golgi network. Second, lyso-GPI-APs were cleaved by a phospholipase D after transport to the plasma membrane. Therefore, PGAP2 deficiency caused transport to the cell surface of lyso-GPI-APs that were sensitive to a phospholipase D. These results demonstrate that PGAP2 is involved in the processing of GPI-APs required for their stable expression at the cell surface.
Observations of Dynamic Stall Phenomena Using Liquid Crystal Coatings (1991)

Novel, shear stress-sensitive/temperature-insensitive liquid crystal coatings have been applied to the surface of an oscillating airfoil in order to ascertain the unsteady fluid physics associated with the dynamic-stall process. Surface microtufts and laser sheet/smoke-particle flow visualization were used to compare the liquid-crystal results. Boundary-layer transition and turbulent separation locations were measured as a function of geometric angle of attack. The results obtained are compared with Eppler (1980) aerodynamic design code predictions.
Coding of Musical Structure and the Trion Model of Cortex (1990)

Guided by the Mountcastle organizational principle for the column as the basic neuronal network in the cortex, we developed the trion model. An essential feature of the model is that it is highly structured in time and in spatial connections. Simulations of a network of trions have shown that large numbers of quasi-stable, periodic spatial-temporal firing patterns can be excited. These patterns can be readily enhanced by only a small change in connection strengths, and the patterns evolve in certain natural sequences from one to another. With only somewhat different parameters than those used for studying memory and pattern recognition, much more flowing and intriguing patterns emerged from the simulations. The results were striking when these probabilistic evolutions were mapped onto pitches and instrument timbres to produce music: For example, different simple mappings of the same evolution give music having the "flavor" of a minuet, a waltz, certain folk music, or styles of specific periods of Western art music. A theme can be learned so that evolutions have this theme and its variations recur. We suggest that we have found a viable cortical model for the coding of certain aspects of musical structure in human composition and perception. Further, we propose that the trion model is relevant for examining creativity in those higher cognitive functions of mathematics and chess that are similar to music.
Hierarchical design method for real-time distributed systems (2002)

Distributed systems are very large and complex and timing constraints are important for some communication delay. Moreover, as each process is evolutional, it needs to behave however the environment behaves. The author proposes a design method. He defines open timed automata and receptiveness, verification methods of the receptiveness and consistency check, and the Assume-Guarantee style verification method.
Design of redundant systems protected against common-mode failures (2002)

Redundancy techniques like duplication and Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) are widely used for designing dependable systems to ensure high reliability and data integrity. In this paper, for the first time, we develop fault models for common-mode failures (CMFs) in redundant systems and describe techniques to design redundant systems protected against the modeled CMFs. We first develop an input-register-CMF model that targets systems with register-files. This paper shows that, in the presence of input-register-CMFs, we can always design duplex or TMR systems that either produce correct outputs or indicate error situations when incorrect outputs are produced. This property ensures data integrity. Next, we extend the input-register-CMF model to consider systems where the storage elements of the registers are not organized in register-files; instead, the register flip-flops are placed using conventional CAD programs. For this case, we present a technique to synthesize redundant systems with guaranteed data integrity against the extended input-register-CMFs.
Suicide and multiple sclerosis: an epidemiological investigation. (1992)

In a nationwide investigation the risk of death by suicide for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) was assessed using records kept at the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (DMSR) and the Danish National Register of Cause of Death. The investigation covers all MS patients registered with DSMR with an onset of the disease within the period 1953-85, or for whom MS was diagnosed in the same period. Fifty three of the 5525 cases in the onset cohort group committed suicide. Using the figures from the population death statistics by adjustment to number of subjects, duration of observation, sex, age, and calendar year at the start of observation, the expected number of suicides was calculated to be nearly 29. The cumulative lifetime risk of suicide from onset of MS, using an actuarial method of calculation, was 1.95%. The standard mortality ratio (SMR) of suicide in MS was 1.83. It was highest for males and for patients with onset of MS before the age of 30 years and those diagnosed before the age of 40. The SMR was highest within the first five years after diagnosis.
Two Case Studies of Software Architecture for Multimodal Interactive Systems: VoicePaint and a Voice-enabled Graphical Notebook (1992)

This paper discusses software architectures of multimodal systems. The recent availability of new input technologies brought a whole new type of systems, able to support communication with the user through multiple interaction channels. Multimodal systems that allow modalities to be combined seem to be the most promising in the field of multimodal interaction. The aim is to overcome limitations of these modalities when used separately. We call synergic systems, systems which allow both different modalities to be used in parallel and modalities to be combined to obtain a command. VoicePaint and Notebook are two multimodal synergic systems developed by our team. We focus on their software architectures in this article. Introduction Our goal is to identify software architecture components through the presentation of available multimodal systems. The design of software architectures for multimodal systems is still an area of exploration: parallel to the development of graphical user int...
Minocycline attenuates <scp>HIV</scp>‐1 infection and suppresses chronic immune activation in humanized <scp>NOD</scp>/LtsZ‐scid<scp>IL</scp>‐2R<i>γ</i><sup>null</sup> mice (2014)

More than a quarter of a century of research has established chronic immune activation and dysfunctional T cells as central features of chronic HIV infection and subsequent immunodeficiency. Consequently, the search for a new immunomodulatory therapy that could reduce immune activation and improve T-cell function has been increased. However, the lack of small animal models for in vivo HIV study has hampered progress. In the current study, we have investigated a model of cord blood haematopoietic progenitor cells (CB-HPCs) -transplanted humanized NOD/LtsZ-scidIL-2Rγ(null) mice in which progression of HIV infection is associated with widespread chronic immune activation and inflammation. Indeed, HIV infection in humanized NSG mice caused up-regulation of several T-cell immune activation markers such as CD38, HLA-DR, CD69 and co-receptor CCR5. T-cell exhaustion markers PD-1 and CTLA-4 were found to be significantly up-regulated on T cells. Moreover, increased plasmatic levels of lipopolysaccharide, sCD14 and interleukin-10 were also observed in infected mice. Treatment with minocycline resulted in a significant decrease of expression of cellular and plasma immune activation markers, inhibition of HIV replication and improved T-cell counts in HIV-infected humanized NSG mice. The study demonstrates that minocycline could be an effective, low-cost adjunctive treatment to regulate chronic immune activation and replication of HIV.
어카운터빌리티(accountability) 관점에서 본 TV옴부즈맨 프로그램 내용분석 : 지상파TV 3사를 중심으로 (2010)

본 연구는 어카운터빌리티(accountability) 라는 개념을 이론적 토대로 하여 TV옴부즈맨 프로그램의 역할과 가능성을 재조명하였다. 방송사가 어카운터빌리티를 이행한다는 것은 사회적 책임 이행 여부를 스스로가 투명하게 검증하고 공개하여 시청자와 방송사간의 신뢰를 구축하며, 나아가 방송의 질적 향상을 추구하기 위한 규범을 실천하는 것을 의미한다. 구체적으로 본 연구에서는 방송사가 어카운터빌리티를 실천하는 방안 중의 하나로 TV옴부즈맨 프로그램을 제시하고, 지상파TV 3사의 옴부즈맨 프로그램, 즉 시청자 평가프로그램의 내용 을 분석했다. 그리고 어카운터빌리티 이행이라는 관점에서 방송프로그램 평가가 어떻게 이루어지고 있으며, 시청자와의 상호커뮤니케이션은 어떠한 방식으로 이루어지고 있는지를 살펴보았다. 분석결과, 첫째, 지상파TV 3사의 옴부즈맨 프로그램에서는 자기평가 시청자에 의한 직접 평가, 시청자 대표로서의 시청자평가원에 의한 간접 평가, 외부 전문가에 의한 비평 등이 이루어지고 있다. 둘째, 어카운터빌리티 내용이다. ‘방송운영 및 정책’ 에 관한 평가는 KBS와 SBS의 경우 시청자 평가원에 의해서, MBC의 경우 외부 전문가에 의한 ‘TV문화창조’라는 코너에서 이루어지고 있다. 특히 SBS가 ‘성한표의 뉴스비평’이라는 정규코너를 두고 매주 자사의 뉴스 비평을 하고 있다는 것은 특기할 만하다. 하지만, 평가를 위한 구체화된 평가기준 제시는 미흡한 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 프로그램에 대한 시청자 의견의 단순 나열 전달 방식에 의한 소개에 그치고 있으며, 시청자 의견에 대한 프로그램 제작자나 방송사 측의 답변, 방송프로그램 제작 현장에서의 수용 및 반영 여부에 대한 정보나 확인 검증 절차 역시 결여되어 있다는 한계를 보였다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 본 연구에서는 TV옴부즈맨프로그램이 어카운터빌리티 이행을 위한 창구로 기능하기 위한 몇 가지 방안을 제언하였다.
A Piezoresistive Microphone for Aeroacoustic Measurements (2001)

Abstract This paper presents the characterization of a piezoresistive silicon microphone. The microphone was designed for aeroacoustic measurements where small size, high dynamic range, large frequency bandwidth, and low power requirements are desired. It consists of four dielectrically-isolated, single-crystal silicon piezoresistors mounted on the top surface of a circular, tensile silicon nitride diaphragm. Multiple devices were characterized in terms of linearity, frequency response, drift, noise, and power. The sensors exhibit an average sensitivity of 0.6 μ/Pa·V, a flat frequency response, minimal drift, and consume 15 mW of power when operated at 3 V. They show a linear response up to 160 dB SPL and a 52 dB SPL noise floor (1 Hz bin centered at 1 kHz).
Review of Graphene Growth From a Solid Carbon Source by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) (2018)

Graphene is a remarkable two-dimensional (2D) material that is of great interest to both academia and industry. It has outstanding electrical and thermal conductivity and good mechanical behavior with promising applications in electronic devices, supercapacitors, batteries, composite materials, flexible transparent displays, solar cells, and sensors. Several methods have been used to produce either pristine graphene or doped graphene. These include chemical vapor deposition (CVD), mechanical exfoliation, decomposition of SiC, liquid-phase exfoliation, pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Among these methods, PLD, which is routinely used for growing complex oxide thin films has proved to be an alternative to the more widely reported CVD method for producing graphene thin films, because of its advantages. Here we review the synthesis of graphene using PLD. We describe recent progress in preparing pristine graphene and doped graphene by PLD, including deposition processes and characterization. The goal of this complete survey is to describe the advantages of using the technique for graphene growth. The review will also help researchers to better understand graphene synthesis using the PLD technique.
Modeling information diffusion over social networks for temporal dynamic prediction (2013)

How to model the process of information diffusion in social networks is a critical research task. Although numerous attempts have been made for this study, few of them can simulate and predict the temporal dynamics of the diffusion process. To address this problem, we propose a novel information diffusion model (GT model), which considers the users in network as intelligent agents. The agent jointly considers all his interacting neighbors and calculates the payoffs for his different choices to make strategic decision. We introduce the time factor into the user payoff, enabling the GT model to not only predict the behavior of a user but also to predict when he will perform the behavior. Both the global influence and social influence are explored in the time-dependent payoff calculation, where a new social influence representation method is designed to fully capture the temporal dynamic properties of social influence between users. Experimental results on Sina Weibo and Flickr validate the effectiveness of our methods.
REGIOSELECTIVE BROMINATION OF CARDANOL DERIVATIVES (1995)

(1995). REGIOSELECTIVE BROMINATION OF CARDANOL DERIVATIVES. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 645-650.
마틴 루터와 존 웨슬리에게 있어 그리스도와 율법의 관계 비교 (2013)

율법과 복음을 어떻게 이해하고 가르치는가의 문제는 언제나 교회의 가장 중요한 과제로서, 죄인의 구원과 신자의 거룩한 삶의 핵심적 요소였다. 루터의 종교개혁은 가톨릭의 율법주의에 저항하여 교회에 성경적 율법과 이신칭의의 복음을 회복시키기 위한 운동이었다면, 웨슬리의 감리교운동은 루터의 부정적 율법 묘사가 야기한 개신교 내의 율법 무용론을 경계하고 하나님 은총이 성화까지도 가능케 함을 강조함으로써 율법과 복음에 대한 종교개혁적 이해를 보완하려는 것이었다. 본 연구는 마틴 루터와 존 웨슬리의 율법과 복음의 관계 이해를 명확하게 하기 위한 목적으로 그들이 각각 기독론과 율법 사이의 관계를 어떻게 보았는지 밝히고, 두 신학을 비교한 것이다. 칭의와 성화 모두 그리스도의 의의 전가로만 가능하며, 인간의 어떤 행함, 헌신, 순종도 구원의 공로가 되지 못함을 강조함으로써, 루터 신학의 신중심적 특징은 그가 제시한 기독론과 율법의 관계 속에 잘 표현되어 있다. 반면, 하나님의 은총의 토대 위에서 율법을 위한 자리를 마련하고 칭의와 성화를 함께 강조하는 웨슬리 신학의 특징 역시 그리스도의 삼중직이 율법에 대한 순종을 약화시키지 않는다는 가르침 속에 잘 드러난다.
Sensor Netting via the Discrete Time Extended Kalman Filter (1981)

An implementation is presented of the discrete time extended Kalman filter which the authors have found useful for sensor netting in a variety of tactical radar and ballistic missile defense (BMD) applications. A Potter square root version of the extended Kalman filter is used where vector measurements are processed serially. Both the state and covariance equations are initialized by processing past measurements. The initialization technique and the filter are used in two tactical radar tracking examples.