gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of hemopoiesis by cytokines that restrict options for growth and differentiation. (1990)

Regulators of hemopoiesis are traditionally classified as belonging to two groups having antagonistic activities, that is, stimulators versus inhibitors. The majority of the so-called "inhibitory" molecules do not differ from stimulators in their biological activity since both are inducers of differentiation and consequent cell death. It is hypothesized that these cytokines operate during emergency situations (such as bacterial infections) in peripheral organs and bloodstream. Conversely, steady-state hemopoiesis in blood-forming organs is regulated by stromal factors that support stem cell renewal and direct cell positioning. Some of these stromal cell factors are lineage-specific inhibitors. It is proposed that hemopoietically active cytokines be called restrictions, since their function is to minimize the options available for the cell and thereby determine its growth and differentiation pathway.
Control of movement, postural stability, and muscle angular stiffness (2002)

Kinematic and static constraints of a 2 revolute joint articulate arm which are needed for the postural stability of the hand are presented. The author's results enhance the previously proposed impedance control theory, and present new aspects for controlling hand stiffness. A new term, the angular stiffness of individual muscles, is introduced. using muscles with varying moment arms, it is shown that while individual muscles may have unstable angular stiffness, only the summation of the angular stiffness of the individual muscles determines the joint (and hand) postural stability. A computer model of a monkey's arm, based on biomechanical measurements, with 17 muscles, is shown as an example.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Switching characteristics of electrostatically actuated miniaturized micromechanical metallic cantilevers (2003)

We report the fabrication and characterization of the smallest near-curvature-free electrostatically actuated Ni micromechanical switches reported to date. Our smallest one, which measures 10.0 μm×4.0 μm×0.15 μm suspended over a 430 nm gap is realized by using electron beam cross-linked polymethylmethacrylate as the sacrificial layer and electroplated nickel as the main structural material. Tunnel barriers are defined via in situ formation of Al2O3 during the oxygen plasma dry release step with a metal–insulator–metal junction formed when the switch closes. The reliable curvature-free properties of these devices demonstrate low pull-in voltage drifts (&lt;1.5 V), even after 1 billion switching cycles. Also, they did not reveal an appreciable physical change even after being subjected to sintering treatments of 450 °C for 30 min, making them promising candidates for encapsulations. These devices have low hysteretic switching behavior (∼0.5–4.5 V), as compared with similarly fabricated switches without the barrier, which remain stuck once turned on.
An Efficient Conditional Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme for Vehicular Sensor Networks Without Pairings (2015)

Constructing intelligent and efficient transportation systems for modern metropolitan areas has become a very important quest for nations possessing metropolitan cities with ever-increasing populations. A new trend is the development of smart vehicles with multiple sensors able to dynamically form a temporary vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) or a vehicular sensor network (VSN). Along with a wireless-enabled roadside unit (RSU) network, drivers in a VSN can efficiently exchange important or urgent traffic information and make driving decisions accordingly. In order to support secure communication and driver privacy for vehicles in a VSN, we develop a new identity-based (ID-based) signature based on the elliptic curve cryptosystem (ECC) and then adopt it to propose a novel conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme based on our invented ID-based signature. This scheme provides secure authentication process for messages transmitted between vehicles and RSUs. A batch message verification mechanism is also supported by the proposed scheme to increase the message processing throughput of RSUs. To further enhance scheme efficiency, both pairing operation and MapToPoint operation are not applied in the proposed authentication scheme. In comparison with existing pseudo-ID-based authentication solutions for VSN, this paper shows that the proposed scheme has better performance in terms of time consumption.
Convergence Analysis of Two-layer Neural Networks with ReLU Activation (2017)

In recent years, stochastic gradient descent (SGD) based techniques has become the standard tools for training neural networks. However, formal theoretical understanding of why SGD can train neural networks in practice is largely missing. In this paper, we make progress on understanding this mystery by providing a convergence analysis for SGD on a rich subset of two-layer feedforward networks with ReLU activations. This subset is characterized by a special structure called mapping. We prove that, if input follows from Gaussian distribution, with standard $O(1/\sqrt{d})$ initialization of the weights, SGD converges to the global minimum in polynomial number of steps. Unlike normal vanilla networks, the makes our network asymmetric and thus the global minimum is unique. To complement our theory, we are also able to show experimentally that multi-layer networks with this mapping have better performance compared with normal vanilla networks. Our convergence theorem differs from traditional non-convex optimization techniques. We show that SGD converges to optimal in two phases: In phase I, the gradient points to the wrong direction, however, a potential function $g$ gradually decreases. Then in phase II, SGD enters a nice one point convex region and converges. We also show that the identity mapping is necessary for convergence, as it moves the initial point to a better place for optimization. Experiment verifies our claims.
Low-complexity adaptive tree search algorithm for MIMO detection (2009)

In this paper, a reduced-complexity multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) detector for the spatial multiplexing systems is described. It incorporates the idea of Ungerboeck's set partitioning in the tree search to reduce the computational complexity. An algorithm that adapts the number of partitions based on the channel conditions is proposed to achieve a better tradeoff between complexity and performance. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm under the assumptions of perfect channel and noise power estimates.
A composite computational model of liver glucose homeostasis. I. Building the composite model (2011)

A computational model of the glucagon/insulin-driven liver glucohomeostasis function, focusing on the buffering of glucose into glycogen, has been developed. The model exemplifies an 'engineering' approach to modelling in systems biology, and was produced by linking together seven component models of separate aspects of the physiology. The component models use a variety of modelling paradigms and degrees of simplification. Model parameters were determined by an iterative hybrid of fitting to high-scale physiological data, and determination from small-scale in vitro experiments or molecular biological techniques. The component models were not originally designed for inclusion within such a composite model, but were integrated, with modification, using our published modelling software and computational frameworks. This approach facilitates the development of large and complex composite models, although, inevitably, some compromises must be made when composing the individual models. Composite models of this form have not previously been demonstrated.
Recognition of Alzheimer paired helical filaments by monoclonal neurofilament antibodies is due to crossreaction with tau protein. (1987)

Neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques are the principal pathological features of Alzheimer disease. Neurofibrillary tangles and the neurites of senile plaques contain paired helical filaments (PHF) that consist of two 10-nm filaments twisted into a double helix. The precursor proteins of PHF are not fully known. To identify these precursors, numerous immunochemical studies have been carried out during the past decade. Two apparently conflicting results have been reported. (i) Some, but not all, monoclonal antibodies to neurofilaments stained neurofibrillary tangles. (ii) Polyclonal antibodies prepared to PHF purified in NaDodSO4 because of their unusual insolubility did not recognize normal proteins, including neurofilaments, on electrophoretic transfer blots of human brain homogenates. These results have been confirmed in several laboratories, including by the use of electron microscopic labeling. Recently, we reported that polyclonal PHF antibodies include antibodies to tau proteins, a family of heat-stable microtubule-associated phosphoproteins, and that antibodies to tau stain Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles. Those monoclonal neurofilament antibodies that recognize tangles are reported to be directed against phosphorylated epitopes. These facts prompted us to reexamine certain neurofilament monoclonal antibodies that stain neurofibrillary tangles. All monoclonal neurofilament antibodies that stain tangles that we examined, including those initially reported, reacted with tau proteins. Our results suggest that these antibodies react with phosphorylated tau proteins in PHF, not neurofilament proteins, highlighting the problem of using antibodies to phosphorylated protein epitopes in immunochemical studies. Independent evidence for the presence of neurofilament proteins in human paired helical filaments is now required.
Neuroblastoma: epidemiology and pattern of regression. Problems in interpreting results of mass screening. (1992)

Neuroblastomas are malignant, embryonic tumors, and most are probably congenital in origin. Neuroblastoma is a heterogeneous neoplastic disease with respect to response to treatment and prognosis. Some of its clinical behavior is ascribed to the ability of the tumor to regress spontaneously. Spontaneous regression of neuroblastoma is occasionally observed in young infants, but occurs extremely rarely in older children. This feature is in accordance with the concept that tumors develop by a series of changes, progressing from a dependent state to an autonomous state. Spontaneous regression was documented in less than 2% of Danish neuroblastoma patients. However, the "true" incidence of regression may be higher. Epidemiological data suggest that, in recent decades, borderline lesions may be included among truly malignant neuroblastomas. The recent birth cohorts compiled in Denmark show that 1 in 7,000 live births will develop neuroblastoma before 15 years of age. If 65% of all childhood neuroblastomas could be detected at or before the age of 6 months, then the expected prevalence by screening would be 1/11,000. One can speculate that 1/18,000 live births might possibly benefit from screening at age 6 months, since 59% of these children had tumors in stages III and IV diagnosed after the age of 6 months. However, the proof that screening can only detect lesions that would have progressed to become malignant tumors depends on observing an appropriate fall in the incidence of the malignant tumors in older children and a decline in mortality. Therefore, it is of some concern that the incidence of neuroblastomas appears to actually increase with screening while mortality has been little effected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fabrication and Dielectric Properties of CNTs/SiO<sub>2</sub> Composites (2007)

Stable and disperse carbon nanotubes (CNTs) aqueous solution was prepared by using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C16TMAB) as dispersing agent and zeta potential of CNTs solution were measured to quantitatively characterize the stability of CNTs in C16TMAB aqueous solution. The CNTs /SiO2 composites were fabricated with composite powders synthesized by rapid Sol-gel method and sintered by hot-pressing technique. The electric and dielectric properties of the composites were measured and the microstructure of CNTs and composites were investigated by Field emission scanning electron microscope (FSEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanisms had been investigated to explain the effect of the CNT compositions on the electric and dielectric properties of CNTs /SiO2 composites in this paper.
p-GaN/AlGaN/GaN Enhancement-Mode HEMTs (2006)

GaN-based enhancement-mode (E-mode) HEMTs are attracting significant interest for integration of control circuitry and for the added safety of a normally-off device in power switching applications. While previous work reports excellent performance by gate-recessing1 and Fluorine-based plasma treatment2, the Schottky gate turn-on voltage of these devices are at most 2 V. Because high-power switching applications require a threshold voltage of over 1 V for gate signal noise immunity, increasing the gate turn-on voltage is crucial. Utilization of p-GaN barrier below the gate3 depletes the channel and increases the gate turn-on voltage to 3 V, rendering it attractive for high-power applications. In this report we present a p-GaN/AlGaN/GaN E-mode HEMTs with a 3 V gate turn-on and maximum output current exceeding 0.3 A/mm. In addition, pulsed I-V measurement and small-signal performance of these devices are presented and the design space of p-GaN gated E-mode HEMTs are investigated for high-power switching applications.
Dietary Polyphenols as Topoisomerase II Poisons: B Ring and C Ring Substituents Determine the Mechanism of Enzyme-Mediated DNA Cleavage Enhancement (2008)

Dietary polyphenols are a diverse and complex group of compounds that are linked to human health. Many of their effects have been attributed to the ability to poison (i.e., enhance DNA cleavage by) topoisomerase II. Polyphenols act against the enzyme by at least two different mechanisms. Some compounds are traditional, redox-independent topoisomerase II poisons, interacting with the enzyme in a noncovalent manner. Conversely, others enhance DNA cleavage in a redox-dependent manner that requires covalent adduction to topoisomerase II. Unfortunately, the structural elements that dictate the mechanism by which polyphenols poison topoisomerase II have not been identified. To resolve this issue, the activities of two classes of polyphenols against human topoisomerase IIalpha were examined. The first class was a catechin series, including (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), and (-)-epicatechin (EC). The second was a flavonol series, including myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol. Compounds were categorized into four distinct groups: EGCG and EGC were redox-dependent topoisomerase II poisons, kaempferol and quercetin were traditional poisons, myricetin utilized both mechanisms, and ECG and EC displayed no significant activity. On the basis of these findings, a set of rules is proposed that predicts the mechanism of bioflavonoid action against topoisomerase II. The first rule centers on the B ring. While the C4'-OH is critical for the compound to act as a traditional poison, the addition of -OH groups at C3' and C5' increases the redox activity of the B ring and allows the compound to act as a redox-dependent poison. The second rule centers on the C ring. The structure of the C ring in the flavonols is aromatic and planar and includes a C4-keto group that allows the formation of a proposed pseudo ring with the C5-OH. Disruption of these elements abrogates enzyme binding and precludes the ability to function as a traditional topoisomerase II poison.
Industrial burners handbook (2004)

Section I Industrial Combustion Basics Introduction, Charles E. Baukal, Jr. Heat Transfer, Charles E. Baukal, Jr. Fluid Flow, Wes Bussman, Demetris Venizelos, and R. Robert Hayes Combustion Basics, Joseph Calannino CFD in Burner Development, Joseph D. Smith, Michael Lorra, Eric M. Hixson, and Tom Eldredge Section II Burner Fundamentals Heat Transfer from Burners, Charles E. Baukal, Jr. Burner Noise, Mahmoud Fleifil, Jay Karan, and Wes Bussman Combustion Controls, Joe Gifford and Sach Kodesh Burner Testing, Jeffrey Lewallen and Charles E. Baukal. Jr. Burner Physical Modeling, John Guarco and Tom Eldredge Section III Burner Designs High-Velocity Burners, Tom Robertson, Tod Miller, and John Newby Regenerative Burners, Tom Robertson, Todd Miller, and John Newby Thermal Radiation Burners, Thomas M. Smith and Charles E. Baukal, Jr. Radiant Tube Burners, Dennis Quinn and Joh Newby Radiant Wall Burners, Demetris Venizelos, R. Robert Hayes, and Wes Bussman Natural-Draft Burners, Charles E. Baukal, Jr. Burners for Industrial Burners, Lev Tsirulnikov, John Guarco, and Timothy Webster Multi-Burner Boiler Applications, Lev Tsirulnikov, John Guarco, and Timothy Webster Duct Burners, Stephen L. Somers Air-Oxy/Fuel Burners, Charles E. Baukal, Jr. Oxy-Fuel Burners, Hisashi Kobayashi and Remi Tsiava Appendices Common Conversions Design Data Material properties Index
Fine structure of the subsidiary absorption in YIG (1975)

The fine structure of the subsidiary absorption in YIG, originating from parametrically excited standing spin waves, is analysed experimentally and theoretically. An expression for the observed equidistant line spacing is obtained, taking into account both dipole and exchange energy contributions. The calculation is based on a model that generalizes the result obtained from an analysis of the parallel pumping fine structure. The wave vectors of the magnons that determine the threshold are calculated. The asymmetric lineshape of the standing spin wave resonances is interpreted as arising from the shift of the field for resonance during the parametric excitation. Die von der parametrischen Erzeugung stehender Spinwellen herrührende Feinstruktur der subsidiären Absorption in YIG wird experimentell und theoretisch analysiert. Man erhält einen Ausdruck für den beobachteten äquidistanten Linienabstand, der sowohl die Austausch- als auch die Dipolenergie berücksichtigt. Die Berechnung basiert auf einem Modell, das sich aus der Verallgemeinerung der Resultate einer Feinstrukturanalyse des Parallelpumpens ergibt. Die Wellenvektoren derjenigen Magnonen, die den Schwellwert für parametrische Instabilität festlegen, werden berechnet. Die asymmetrische Linienform der Spinwellenresonanzen wird auf eine Verschiebung des Resonanzfeldes während der parametrischen Angregung zurückgeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Physico Chemical Properties of 7,8‐Disubstituted 3‐Methylxanthines and 2,6,7,8‐Tetrasubstituted Purines. (1986)

Abstract Im Zusammenhang mit pharmakologisch interessanten Purinen werden die Verbindungen (V) und (VII), ausgehend von dem Xanthin‐Kaliumsalz (I), dargestellt.
Vacuum Rabi splitting due to strong coupling of a flux qubit and a coplanar-waveguide resonator (2008)

We have experimentally studied a superconducting flux qubit strongly coupled to a single mode of a high-quality transmission-type coplanar-waveguide resonator. The qubit-resonator coupling is revealed in the resonator transmission spectrum as a vacuum Rabi splitting. In the dispersive regime the qubit energy levels are spectroscopically probed. We observe a shift in the qubit transition frequency that linearly depends on the number of photons in the resonator, which is attributed to the ac-Zeeman shift. The observations are in agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Mechanical Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Composite Materials (2005)

The unique mechanical, electrical, and electrochemical properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and their versatility render these structures potentially promising for a number of structural biomedical applications. Among a series of critical parameters, such as the diameter and structure of the SWNT, its length is considered crucial in attaining the outstanding mechanical properties that this system exhibits at a molecular level. Therefore, long nanotubes are desirable for achieving high stiffness and strength. In this article, SWNTs and SWNT/organic matrix composites have been fabricated and characterized. Their microstructure has been studied via electron microscopy and a series of mechanical tests on these materials have been performed. Additionally, mathematical formulations are used to obtain the stiffness and strength of SWNTs embedded in organic matrices and a theory–experiment correlation study has been carried out. It is shown that the mechanical properties of nanotubes in composite matrix justify their proposed use as electromechanical actuators.
The Application of Ultrasound in 3D Bio-Printing (2016)

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is an emerging and promising technology in tissue engineering to construct tissues and organs for implantation. Alignment of self-assembly cell spheroids that are used as bioink could be very accurate after droplet ejection from bioprinter. Complex and heterogeneous tissue structures could be built using rapid additive manufacture technology and multiple cell lines. Effective vascularization in the engineered tissue samples is critical in any clinical application. In this review paper, the current technologies and processing steps (such as printing, preparation of bioink, cross-linking, tissue fusion and maturation) in 3D bio-printing are introduced, and their specifications are compared with each other. In addition, the application of ultrasound in this novel field is also introduced. Cells experience acoustic radiation force in ultrasound standing wave field (USWF) and then accumulate at the pressure node at low acoustic pressure. Formation of cell spheroids by this method is within minutes with uniform size and homogeneous cell distribution. Neovessel formation from USWF-induced endothelial cell spheroids is significant. Low-intensity ultrasound could enhance the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. Its use is at low cost and compatible with current bioreactor. In summary, ultrasound application in 3D bio-printing may solve some challenges and enhance the outcomes.
Elevation of Dopamine D2 Receptors in Schizophrenia is Underestimated by Radioactive Raclopride (1990)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In schizophrenia, the brain reveals elevated densities of dopamine D<sub>2</sub>receptors whether or not the patients have received neuroleptic medications.<sup>1-3</sup>In addition, the left putamen in schizophrenia shows D<sub>2</sub>to be elevated by 2.8 pmol/mL, significantly different from the right side, but nonsignificantly elevated by 3.2 pmol/mL compared with controls.<sup>4</sup> It has been puzzling that these unilateral elevations of 2.8 to 3.2 pmol/mL, seen with [<sup>11</sup>C]raclopride, are less than the bilateral D<sub>2</sub>elevations of 12 and 25 pmol/mL<sup>2,3</sup>found in never-medicated patients measured with radioactive spiperone compounds. There are many factors that may explain such differences.<sup>5</sup>We report herein, using human tissues, that the density of D<sub>2</sub>is underestimated by radioactive raclopride in the presence of dopamine. Furthermore, when the cerebellum is used as baseline, the apparent value for the<i>total</i>D<sub>2</sub>density is artificially