gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential Attention for Visual Question Answering (2018)

In this paper we aim to answer questions based on images when provided with a dataset of question-answer pairs for a number of images during training. A number of methods have focused on solving this problem by using image based attention. This is done by focusing on a specific part of the image while answering the question. Humans also do so when solving this problem. However, the regions that the previous systems focus on are not correlated with the regions that humans focus on. The accuracy is limited due to this drawback. In this paper, we propose to solve this problem by using an exemplar based method. We obtain one or more supporting and opposing exemplars to obtain a differential attention region. This differential attention is closer to human attention than other image based attention methods. It also helps in obtaining improved accuracy when answering questions. The method is evaluated on challenging benchmark datasets. We perform better than other image based attention methods and are competitive with other state of the art methods that focus on both image and questions.
Lack of tumor‐promoting effects of flavonoids: Studies on rat liver preneoplastic foci and on<i>in vivo</i>and<i>in vitro</i>gap junctional intercellular communication (1996)

Possible tumor-promoting activity of four flavonoids, quercetin (QC), tangeretin (TG), flavone (FO), and flavanone (FN), was examined in a rat liver short-term carcinogenesis assay as well as with in vivo and in vitro assays of inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC). Rat hepatocarcinogenesis was induced by aflatoxin B1 treatment followed by a selection phase (2-acetylaminofluorene treatment and partial hepatectomy), then treatment with or without test chemicals (in vivo studies of antipromotion were not performed). Using glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive foci, we compared the effects of flavonoids (at 1,000 ppm in the diet) with the effects of phenobarbital (PB) on the occurrence of liver preneoplastic lesions. In addition, we studied the effects of flavonoids on GJIC in the livers derived from these experiments and in two types of cultured cells. No significant difference in the number and area of GST-P-positive foci was found after one or three months of treatment between any flavonoid group and control group. In the positive control group, PB markedly increased the numbers and areas of preneoplastic lesions at three months. Whereas PB also decreased by 60% the average size of lucifer yellow dye spread in slices of liver parenchyma free of preneoplastic lesions among the different flavonoids, only TG decreased the dye transfer in vivo: by 30% at one month and 50% at three months. With the dye transfer assay applied to a rat liver epithelial cell line (REL) and the Chinese hamster V79 metabolic cooperation assay, none of the tested flavonoids (< or = 25 microM) inhibited GJIC. Conversely, protective properties were seen for some of the compounds in antipromotion in vitro studies, because TG and FN enhanced the dye transfer in REL cells and FO, TG, and QC partly prevented the inhibition of metabolic cooperation by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Thus, taken together, our results suggest that QC, FO, and FN do not show tumor-promoting activity. Concerning TG, some discrepancies in the in vivo data are observed. Some of them (GJIC inhibition in liver slices) are probably more relevant to promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis.
Hydrogenation of biphenyl catalyzed by sulfided cobalt monoxide-molybdenum trioxide-aluminum trioxide. The reaction kinetics (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrogenation of biphenyl catalyzed by sulfided cobalt monoxide-molybdenum trioxide-aluminum trioxide. The reaction kineticsAjit V. Sapre and Bruce C. GatesCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1982, 21, 1, 86–94Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i200016a016https://doi.org/10.1021/i200016a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views275Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
INSULATED BUS PIPE (IBP) FOR POWER UTILITY APPLICATIONS (2006)

In voluntary compliance of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, power utility substations feeding critical loads must be upgraded to include measures to secure against terrorist attacks. Outdoor, air insulated electrical substations use exposed bus bars and cables to connect from transformers and bus ties to switchgear equipment. A length of chain thrown over an air insulated sub-station fence could create a catastrophic failure that could destroy the entire substation. Replacing the exposed bus bars and cables with a product called insulated bus pipe (IBP) would prevent such failures. The IBP is a commercially available, touch safe means of transmitting high current and voltage of up to 8000 amps at 240 kV per single-phase section. This paper will discuss IBP construction, present use in industry and in commercial passenger ships, and recommendations for power utility applications.
Perturbation from a Distance:  Mutations that Alter LacI Function through Long-Range Effects (2003)

Allosteric modification of ligand binding is central to LacI transcription control. Recently, the conformational change between LacI operator- and inducer-bound states was simulated with targeted molecular dynamics (TMD) [Flynn, T. C., Swint-Kruse, L., Kong, Y., Booth, C., Matthews, K. S., and Ma, J. (2003) Protein Sci., 12, 2523-2541]. Atomic-level analyses of TMD results indicate the structural importance of the core pivot region that connects the N- and C-subdomains flanking the inducer-binding site. Further, a number of LacI mutations in the core pivot have been identified recently by their altered behaviors in phenotypic screens. Biochemical characterization of three of these variants-L148F, S151P, and P320A-provides an opportunity to directly explore the role of the core pivot in repressor function. For L148F, inducer IPTG binding affinity is strengthened, whereas O(1) operator DNA binding is diminished approximately 30-fold. In contrast, O(1) binding is increased for S151P, whereas IPTG binding is decreased. UV-difference spectroscopy and urea denaturation indicate long-range effects in both variants. Interestingly, P320A binds to DNA approximately 4-fold more tightly than wild-type, yet inducer binding is unaffected. To examine linkage between the core pivot and DNA binding domains, the L148F substitution was combined with Q60G, a previously known mutant with enhanced operator affinity. The double mutant exhibits the properties of both parent proteins, resulting in near wild-type DNA binding affinity and enhanced inducer sensitivity. These features may render Q60G/L148F more cost-effective in technological applications than wild-type repressor. As a group, the behaviors of the core pivot mutants are consistent with the allosteric structural role predicted for this region by TMD and reflect the significant long-range impact that single substitutions can elicit on protein function.
The food matrix: implications in processing, nutrition and health (2018)

The concept of food matrix has received much attention lately in reference to its effects on food processing, nutrition and health. However, the term matrix is used vaguely by food and nutrition scientists, often as synonymous of the food itself or its microstructure. This review analyses the concept of food matrix and proposes a classification for the major types of matrices found in foods. The food matrix may be viewed as a physical domain that contains and/or interacts with specific constituents of a food (e.g., a nutrient) providing functionalities and behaviors which are different from those exhibited by the components in isolation or a free state. The effect of the food matrix (FM-effect) is discussed in reference to food processing, oral processing and flavor perception, satiation and satiety, and digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. The FM-effect has also implications in nutrition, food allergies and food intolerances, and in the quality and relevance of results of analytical techniques. The role of the food matrix in the design of healthy foods is also discussed.
Correcting Prolonged Bleeding During Renal Transplantation With Estrogen or Plasma (1996)

Although both CE and FFP significantly decreased prolonged preoperative bleeding times during renal transplantation, CE might be preferred because of lower risk and cost, as well as a longer duration of action.
Isolation of amplified DNA sequences from IMR-32 human neuroblastoma cells: facilitation by fluorescence-activated flow sorting of metaphase chromosomes. (1983)

Human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells have large homogeneously staining regions (HSRs), primarily in the short arms of chromosome 1. We have constructed a recombinant phage library that is enriched for DNA present in the HSR of this chromosome by using fluorescence-activated flow sorting for initial chromosome purification. Eleven distinct cloned DNA segments were identified that showed significantly greater hybridization to IMR-32 genomic DNA, detected by Southern blotting, than to normal human genomic DNA. These sequences have also been localized to the HSR of chromosome 1 by in situ hybridization. Based on an approximate 50-fold sequence amplification for each cloned segment and a total HSR size of 150,000 kilobases, the amplified unit in the HSR is estimated to be 3,000 kilobases. Sequences homologous to all cloned HSR DNA segments were mapped to human chromosome 2 by using human-mouse hybrid cells. Further work using in situ hybridization demonstrated that cloned HSR segments were localized in the short arm of chromosome 2 in both normal and IMR-32 cells. Thus, the amplification of these sequences in IMR-32 cells may have involved transposition from chromosome 2 to chromosome I.
Nuclear factor-kappaB p65 mediates tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced nuclear translocation of telomerase reverse transcriptase protein. (2003)

Sustained proliferation of cancer cells requires telomerase to maintain telomeres that regulate chromosomal stability and cellular mitosis. Expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) catalytic subunit, which modulates telomerase activity, is regulated at both the transcriptional level and via phosphorylation by Akt kinase. Moreover, nuclear localization of hTERT is required to promote elongation of telomere sequences. In this study, we show for the first time that hTERT protein interacts directly with nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB p65 in MM.1S cells. Importantly, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) modulates telomerase activity by inducing translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of hTERT protein bound to NF-kappaB p65. Conversely, a specific IkappaB kinase (IKK) inhibitor PS-1145, and a specific NF-kappaB nuclear translocation inhibitor SN-50, both block TNFalpha-induced hTERT nuclear translocation. These studies suggest that NF-kappaB p65 plays a pivotal role in regulating telomerase by modulating its nuclear translocation.
Downy and Powdery Mildew Resistant Muskmelon Breeding Line MR-1 (1986)

Abstract MR-1 is a monoecious muskmelon ( Cucumis melo L.) breeding line that was developed the by USD A to provide breeders and seedsmen with a source of high levels of resistance to both downy mildew, incited by Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk, and Curt.) Rostow., and powdery mildew, incited by Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlecht. ex Fr.) Poll. It is resistant to 2 undesignated races of downy mildew and to races 1,2, and 3 of powdery mildew.
Acyl‐CoA Binding Protein Gene Ablation Induces Pre‐implantation Embryonic Lethality in Mice (2010)

Unique among the intracellular lipid binding proteins, acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) exclusively binds long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (LCFA-CoAs). To test if ACBP is an essential protein in mammals, the ACBP gene was ablated by homologous recombination in mice. While ACBP heterozygotes appeared phenotypically normal, intercrossing of the heterozygotes did not produce any live homozygous deficient (null) ACBP((-/-)) pups. Heterozygous and wild type embryos were detected at all post-implantation stages, but no homozygous ACBP-null embryos were obtained-suggesting that an embryonic lethality occurred at a pre-implantation stage of development, or that embryos never formed. While ACBP-null embryos were not detected at any blastocyst stage, ACBP-null embryos were detected at the morula (8-cell), cleavage (2-cell), and zygote (1-cell) pre-implantation stages. Two other LCFA-CoA binding proteins, sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2) and sterol carrier protein-x (SCP-x) were significantly upregulated at these stages. These findings demonstrate for the first time that ACBP is an essential protein required for embryonic development and its loss of function may be initially compensated by concomitant upregulation of two other LCFA-CoA binding proteins, but only at the earliest pre-implantation stages. The fact that ACBP is the first known intracellular lipid binding protein whose deletion results in embryonic lethality suggests its vital importance in mammals.
Plastic microfluidic chip for continuous‐flow polymerase chain reaction: Simulations and experiments (2010)

A continuous flow polymerase chain reaction (CF-PCR) device comprises a single fluidic channel that is heated differentially to create spatial temperature variations such that a sample flowing through it experiences the thermal cycling required to induce amplification. This type of device can provide an effective means to detect the presence of a small amount of nucleic acid in very small sample volumes. CF-PCR is attractive for global health applications due to its less stringent requirements for temperature control than for other designs. For mass production of inexpensive CF-PCR devices, fabrication via thermoplastic molding will likely be necessary. Here we study the optimization of a PCR assay in a polymeric CF-PCR device. Three channel designs, with varying residence time ratios for the three PCR steps (denaturation, annealing, and extension), were modeled, built, and tested. A standardized assay was run on the three different chips, and the PCR yields were compared. The temperature gradient profiles of the three designs and the residence times of simulated DNA molecules flowing through each temperature zone were predicted using computational methods. PCR performance predicted by simulation corresponded to experimental results. The effects of DNA template size and cycle time on PCR yield were also studied. The experiments and simulations presented here guided the CF-PCR chip design and provide a model for predicting the performance of new CF-PCR designs prior to actual chip manufacture, resulting in faster turn around time for new device and assay design. Taken together, this framework of combined simulation and experimental development has greatly reduced assay development time for CF-PCR in our lab.
A skew-insensitive synchronization scheme for bandwidth effective terabits per second optoelectronic packet-switch fabrics (1999)

We propose a skew-insensitive frame-by-frame synchronization scheme for Tb/s optoelectronic packet-switch fabrics (PSFs). The proposed scheme employs an instantaneous-frame-reception technique and an automatic-frame-alignment technique. Cable length and transmission delay adjustment in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers and interconnects across shelves and cabinets are no longer necessary. The proposed scheme minimizes the frame header overhead such as a guard-time pattern and maximizes the effective bandwidth of the PSF. A partially installed 2.56-Tb/s PSF testbed, in spite of the presence of cables whose length is not known, demonstrates error-free switching of frames with a guard-time length as short as 3 ns.
Cluster Formation in Expanding Supersonic Jets: Effect of Pressure, Temperature, Nozzle Size, and Test Gas (1972)

To study homogeneous condensation in an expanding nozzle flow, cluster beams were sampled from the core of the flow field and transferred into a vacuum chamber for further analysis. Sonic and hypersonic nozzles with throat diameters 0.015 cm ≤ d ≤ 0.15 cm were used. Source temperature was varied between 120 ≤ T0 ≤ 450° K, source pressure between 100 ≤ p0 ≤ 12 000 torr. Test gases were the rare gases (except He), N2, and CO2. The size of the clusters (=microdroplets or -crystals) and the intensity of the cluster beam was measured with a through-flow ionization detector with retarding potential system to get the mass-to-charge distribution of the cluster ions. The mean cluster size N̄ varied between 102 and 104 atoms/cluster. The mean cluster size remained almost constant with increasing T0 if p0 was increased simultaneously according to the isentropic relation p0T0γ /(1−γ)=const. Considering the various types of cluster-growth reactions one expects to get cluster beams with the same size, if p0 and T0 fall within the narrow range between the isentrope p0T0γ /(1−γ)=const and the line for equal bimolecular processes, p0T0(1.5γ −1)/(1−γ)=const. The experiments confirm this result. The same model predicts that a decrease of nozzle throat diameter d can be compensated by an increase of source pressure p0 such that p0dq=const with 0&lt;q&lt;1. The experimental scaling law for constant cluster size gives q=0.8 for argon and q=0.6 for CO2. Comparing different gases, the same cluster size N̄ was obtained for the rare gases if they were in corresponding states prior to expansion and if the reduced nozzle scale was the same. This confirms the model of ``corresponding jets'' which extends the thermodynamic principle of corresponding states to real gas effects in a time-dependent system like a nozzle flow, and which applies equally to condensation in slow and fast expansions, including the transition to molecular flow.
Semantic Analysis in the Mikrokosmos Machine Translation Project (1995)

The Mikrokosmos (uK) Machine Translation System is a knowledge-based machine translation (KBMT) system under development at New Mexico State University. Unlike previous research in interlingual MT, this project is a large-scale, practical MT system. By the end of the year, a lexicon of approximately 20,000 Spanish words (with over 35,000 word senses) supported by an ontology of 6000 concepts will be in place. High quality semantic analyses of over 400 article-length Spanish texts in the domain of company mergers and acquisitions will have been produced. In the coming year, uK intends to expand into other languages, notably Thai. This paper introduces the central concepts involved in KBMT, including Text-Meaning Representation (TMR), ontology, and the semantic lexicon. The semantic analyzer &quot;engine&quot; will then be described in detail, with examples of how knowledge from the ontology, lexicon and syntactic analysis are combined to create the basic semantic dependency structures found in th...
Mitochondrial enzyme activities in liver biopsies from patients with alcoholic liver disease. (1978)

The hypothesis that mictochondrial damage is a significant factor in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) was investigated by enzymic analysis of mitochondrial fractions isolated from needle biopsy specimens from control patients, patients with fatty liver due to chronic alcoholism, and from patients with other forms of liver disease. Enzymes associated with the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes showed normal levels in ALD. Enzymes associated with the mitochondrial matrix, glutamate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase showed significantly raised levels in ALD, but the levels in patients with non-alcoholic liver disease was normal. In addition, analysis of the mitochondria by sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed no differences between control tissue and liver from patients with alcoholic liver disease. These results do not indicate that there is significant mitochondrial damage in ALD. The raised mitochondrial matrix enzymes may represent an adaptive response to the ethanol load.
Werner's Syndrome Protein Is Required for Correct Recovery after Replication Arrest and DNA Damage Induced in S-Phase of Cell Cycle (2001)

Werner's syndrome (WS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that arises as a consequence of mutations in a gene coding for a protein that is a member of RecQ family of DNA helicases, WRN. The cellular function of WRN is still unclear, but on the basis of the cellular phenotypes of WS and of RecQ yeast mutants, its possible role in controlling recombination and/or in maintenance of genomic integrity during S-phase has been envisaged. With the use of two drugs, camptothecin and hydroxyurea, which produce replication-associated DNA damage and/or inhibit replication fork progression, we find that WS cells have a slower rate of repair associated with DNA damage induced in the S-phase and a reduced induction of RAD51 foci. As a consequence, WS cells undergo apoptotic cell death more than normal cells, even if they arrest and resume DNA synthesis at an apparently normal rate. Furthermore, we report that WS cells show a higher background level of DNA strand breaks and an elevated spontaneous induction of RAD51 foci. Our findings support the hypothesis that WRN could be involved in the correct resolution of recombinational intermediates that arise from replication arrest due to either DNA damage or replication fork collapse.