gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Processing, Stability, and Receptor Binding Properties of Oligomeric Envelope Glycoprotein from a Primary HIV-1 Isolate (2000)

The envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is thought to exist on the virion surface as a trimer of non-covalently associated gp120/gp41 molecules. We expressed trimeric envelope glycoprotein from three primary, macrophage tropic HIV-1 isolates in baby hamster kidney cells and analyzed the furin-mediated cleavage, stability, and receptor binding properties of the oligomers. The envelope glycoprotein was secreted in a soluble form deleted of its transmembrane anchor and the intracytoplasmic domain (gp140). A mixture of trimers, dimers, and monomers of gp140 as well as monomeric gp120 was detected on polyacrylamide gels. Analysis by sucrose gradient centrifugation revealed that trimers and dimers were essentially composed of uncleaved gp140, whereas most of the gp120 was found in the monomeric fraction. To analyze the effect of the cleavage of gp140 to gp120/Delta41 on trimerization, we co-expressed the furin protease along with gp140. Surprisingly, furin expression changed the subcellular localization of the envelope glycoprotein, which became in majority sequestered in the major furin compartment, the trans-Golgi network, as judged by confocal laser microscopy. The envelope glycoprotein secreted from furin-co-expressing cells was almost completely cleaved to gp120 and Deltagp41, but gp120 was found exclusively in the monomeric fraction, with a few residual oligomers being composed of uncleaved gp140. Secreted uncleaved gp140 trimers were purified to homogeneity and analyzed for their capacity to interact with cellular receptors CD4 and CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5). Receptor binding was analyzed on CD4- and CCR5-expressing cells as well as on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Trimers showed greatly reduced binding to CD4 as compared with monomers. Neither monomers nor trimers bound directly to CCR5. In conclusion, our results show that the cleaved form of the envelope glycoprotein does not form stable trimers, suggesting that gp120/gp41 oligomers on the virion surface might be stabilized by a yet to be identified mechanism and that the virion might attach to CD4 via a monomeric form of gp120. These results are relevant to the development of an envelope-based vaccine against AIDS.
Beyond Word N-Grams (1996)

We describe, analyze, and evaluate experimentally a new probabilistic model for word-sequence prediction in natural language based on prediction suffix trees (PSTs). By using efficient data structures, we extend the notion of PST to unbounded vocabularies. We also show how to use a Bayesian approach based on recursive priors over all possible PSTs to efficiently maintain tree mixtures. These mixtures have provably and practically better performance than almost any single model. We evaluate the model on several corpora. The low perplexity achieved by relatively small PST mixture models suggests that they may be an advantageous alternative, both theoretically and practically, to the widely used n-gram models.
69.5: <i>Invited Paper</i> : Progress of IPS‐Pro Technology for LCD‐TVs (2006)

Abstract 32 inch TFT‐LCDs having viewing angle contrast ratio over 300:1 within 160 degrees and having normalized blurred edge time of less than 10 ms have been developed. A new optical compensation film and driving method have achieved this high performance. LCD‐TVs using those advanced IPS‐Pro technology will be produced in IPS‐Alpha line with the 6th generation facility.
Insulating IGBT driver with PCB integrated capacitive coupling elements (2010)

In many power electronic applications galvanic isolated IGBT/MOSFET drivers are advantageously used. The main reasons are safety issues, driving high voltage power semiconductors with blocking voltages of typically 600 V or above and avoiding or minimizing unwanted ground current loops. The last can disturb the driver or the whole power electronic system. In this paper a new method for achieving galvanic isolation in high voltage drivers based on printed circuit board (PCB) integrated capacitive coupling elements will be described. The suggested coupling element consists of a pair of plate capacitors by using copper layers and prepregs of a PCB. First, the influence of the isolation barrier coupling capacitance, which is one of the main important parameters of a galvanic isolated d river, is illustrated by a simple model of the capacitive current loop. As a result it is stated that the coupling capacitance should be lower than 5 pF to achieve high dU/dt levels of at least 100 kV/μs with the modeled driver circuit. Hereby and taking into account the isolation characteristics of the commonly used FR4 PCB material, an integrated capacitive coupling element is designed. With 360 μm isolation distance, and a plate surface of approximately 8 mm², a capacitance of about 1 pF is achieved. A comparison of the developed capacitive coupling element with a comparable inductive coupling element (transformer) shows that the former has advantages due to a much lower current consumption and less dependency on parasitic inductancies. Therefore using galvanic isolat ed drivers in system integrated power electronics means achieving very small solutions. On the other side high isolation voltages on PCBs require wide creepage and clearance distances, especially at higher humidity levels. For solving this conflict a special layout is suggested, were the both sides behind the isolation barrier of the driver are placed on different sides on the PCB by using blind and buried vias. In addition a method for transmitting the switching signal over the isolation barrier is suggested. The well known Manchester coding is applied to use the advantages of phase modulated signals. Reducing the complexity for decoding the switching signal, it is suggested to transmit the carrier frequency by a second capacitive coupling element. Hereby, coder as well as decode r could be realized by a simple exclusive logic or gate. To verify the new isolation method a half bridge driver was built up. With that a bidirectional buck-boost DC/DC converter, operating at a DC link voltage of 300 V, was successfully controlled. Moreover measurements with a standardized burst generator show, that failure free operation of the driver are possible up to high dU/dt levels.
Topology Broadcast Algorithms. (1989)

This paper describes efficient distributed algorithms to broadcast network topology to all nodes in a network. They also build minimum depth spanning trees, one rooted at each node. The broadcast of the topology takes place simultaneously with the building of the spanning trees, in a way that insures that each node receives information exactly once. The algorithms are extended to work in presence of link and node failures. Pierre Humblet is with the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Rm 35-203, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. His work on this research was supported in part by Codex Corporation and in part by the National Science Foundation under contract ECS 8310698. Stuart Soloway performed this research while he was with Codex Corporation; he is now with Digital Equipment Corporation, LTN2-2/h17, 305 Foster Street, Littleton, MA 01460. Address correspondence about this paper to: Stuart R. Soloway INTRODUCTION It is often necessary for all t...
Schuster Atlas of Gastrointestinal Motility in Health and Disease (2002)

Schuster atlas of gastrointestinal motility: in health and disease , Schuster atlas of gastrointestinal motility: in health and disease , کتابخانه الکترونیک و دیجیتال - آذرسا
Two Resistance Modes to <i>Clover yellow vein virus</i> in Pea Characterized by a Green Fluorescent Protein-Tagged Virus (2007)

ABSTRACT This study characterized resistance in pea lines PI 347295 and PI 378159 to Clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV). Genetic cross experiments showed that a single recessive gene controls resistance in both lines. Conventional mechanical inoculation did not result in infection; however, particle bombardment with infectious plasmid or mechanical inoculation with concentrated viral inocula did cause infection. When ClYVV No. 30 isolate was tagged with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) and used to monitor infection, viral cell-to-cell movement differed in the two pea lines. In PI 347595, ClYVV replicated at a single-cell level, but did not move to neighboring cells, indicating that resistance operated at a cell-to-cell step. In PI 378159, the virus moved to cells around the infection site and reached the leaf veins, but viral movement was slower than that in the susceptible line. The viruses observed around the infection sites and in the veins were then recovered and inoculated again by a conventional mechanical inoculation method onto PI 378159 demonstrating that ClYVV probably had mutated and newly emerged mutant viruses can move to neighboring cells and systemically infect the plants. Tagging the virus with GFP was an efficient tool for characterizing resistance modes. Implications of the two resistance modes are discussed.
Theory of continuous-wave excitation of the sodium beacon (1999)

We extend our previous analysis of the sodium beacon [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A15, 217 (1998)] to the case of continuous-wave excitation. Various effects that could be ignored in the case of pulsed excitation, such as the geomagnetic field, the recoil of the sodium atoms upon absorption and emission, and collisions of the sodium atoms with other mesospheric species, are included. Spin-relaxation collisions are among the most important of these effects for the cases considered. Analytical approximations to numerical results are presented, and using a semi-empirical estimate for Na-O2 spin relaxation, we compute photon returns in good agreement with recently reported measurements at the Steward Observatory.
Absolute interferometric distance measurements applying a variable synthetic wavelength (1998)

This paper describes the principle and design of a first prototype of an absolute distance interferometer using a variable synthetic wavelength. The major components of the prototype are two piezoelectrically tunable diode lasers with an external cavity, and a mechanical dimensional standard. Measurements made over distances of several metres in a workshop environment with an averaging time of 5 s gave an uncertainty of .
Holography with Achromatic-Fringe Systems* (1967)

Spatial and temporal coherence requirements for off-axis reference-beam holograms are reduced to those for in-line holograms by using interferometer arrangements producing achromatic fringes. Using this technique, we have produced high-quality holograms of back-lighted objects, using a high-pressure mercury-arc lamp.
Business models and system architectures for future QoS guaranteed Internet services (1997)

This paper proposes a new target for the overall business model and system architecture for future broadband networks based on the dynamic pricing of, and high speed micro-payment for, the resources on the network. To illustrate the advantages of the concepts, the paper considers one aspect of the current business problems of Internet service providers (ISPs) and then proposes a solution based on the current work on dynamic price based control of bandwidth resource allocation. The concepts are then extended to show how the signalling and control architectures necessary for this solution can be used for payments for other network resources, in particular, payment for content delivery. This would enable the ISPs to evolve into e-commerce providers with great benefits to all sectors of the information society.
Radius expansion bursts from the neutron star transient XTE J1701-462; a new distance estimate (2007)

A detailed spectral analysis of the second and third type-I X- ray bursts from the neutron star transient XTE J1701-462 (detected on July 20 and July 25, see also ATel #1165) reveals clear photospheric radius expansion in both of them. The bursts show radius expansion for about 2-3 seconds, with the color temperature decreasing from ~2.5 keV to ~1.6 keV and the radius increasing from ~10 km to 20-25 km.
Vasculopathy, Behçetʼs syndrome, and familial Mediterranean fever (1999)

Within the past year information has accumulated on the role of infections in the pathogenesis of vasculitis. Superantigens play an important role in the stimulation of the immune system. Behçet's syndrome is a vasculitis that affects children as well as adults. Recently published childhood studies highlight the importance of family history and geographic differences in this disease. Familial Mediterranean fever is a genetic disease manifesting frequently in children. Studies on the function of the mutated protein pyrin in this disease are in progress. Some researchers have proposed that pyrin is an anti-inflammatory protein. Understanding its mode of action will help us understand more of the general inflammatory pathway.
Correlation Between ITS Objective Measures and Subjective Video Quality: Preliminary Results on a Set of 15 Scenes (1991)

Presents preliminary results on the objective to subjective quality correlation for a set of 5 test scenes passed through three systems (NTSC, VHS, and DS1 MPEG coding). One objective metric that correlates well with subjective quality quantifies the amount of false or extra edges that have been added to the output video. There appears to be some advantages to applying the metric separately to the still and motion portions of the video.
Expression of secreted frizzled related protein 1, a Wnt antagonist, in brain, kidney, and skeleton is dispensable for normal embryonic development (2008)

Secreted frizzled related protein-1 (sFRP1), an antagonist of Wnt signaling, regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis and negatively regulates bone formation. The spatial and temporal pattern of endogenous sFRP1 expression and loss-of-function were examined in the sFRP1-LacZ knock-in mouse (sFRP1-/-) during embryonic development and post-natal growth. beta-gal activity representing sFRP1 expression is robust in brain, skeleton, kidney, eye, spleen, abdomen, heart and somites in early embryos, but sFRP1 gene inactivation in these tissues did not compromise normal embryonic and post-natal development. Kidney histology revealed increased numbers of glomeruli in KO mice, observed after 5 years of breeding. In the skeleton, we show sFRP1 expression is found in relation to the mineralizing front of bone tissue during skeletal development from E15.5 to birth. Trabecular bone volume and bone mineral density in the sFRP1-/- mouse compared to WT was slightly increased during post-natal growth. Calvarial osteoblasts from newborn sFRP1-/- mice exhibited a 20% increase in cell proliferation and differentiation at the early stages of osteoblast maturation. sFRP1 expression was observed in osteoclasts, but this did not affect osteoclast number or activity. These findings have identified functions for sFRP1 in kidney and bone that are not redundant with other sFRPs. In summary, the absence of major organ abnormalities, the enhanced bone formation and a normal life span with no detection of spontaneous tumors suggests that targeting sFRP1 can be used as a therapeutic strategy for increasing bone mass in metabolic bone disorders or promoting fracture healing by modulating Wnt signaling.
Flat-Rolled Steel Processes (2009)

Throughout the last two decades, the flat-steel production industry has experienced great success with the introduction of new technologies and manufacturing advances for both hot and cold steel-rolling. These improvements are resulting in significantly reduced production costs and better product quality. Recent consolidation of the steel industry-
<title>Wireless measurement of tire pressure with passive quartz sensors</title> (1999)

The air pressure in the tires of a vehicle affects its stability, handling and braking and may contribute to causing an accident. Under-inflated tires increase fuel consumption. Existing measurement systems for the monitoring of the tire pressure use active sensors which need a battery or bulky energy transmission. This work shows a new approach: Quartz crystals as sensors can operate passively, without energy supply, by giving an echo to a stimulus pulse. Strain influences the otherwise extremely stable natural frequency of a quartz crystal which is therefore ideally suited for pressure measurements. As the natural frequency lies in the Megahertz range, stimulation and response can be transmitted by a pair of small antennas. A wireless measurement system has been built with excellent accuracy and resolution and a lightweight sensor which is very reliable and in principle maintenance-free.
HPLC Assay with Ultraviolet Detection for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Sirolimus (2001)

Sirolimus (Rapamune®; rapamycin) is a macrocyclic lactone produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus (1)(2). Studies in a variety of animal transplant models (3)(4)(5) and human clinical trials (6)(7)(8)(9) have shown that sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressive agent. Sirolimus is metabolized in humans by hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 3A4, primarily leading to demethylated and hydroxylated metabolites (10). When sirolimus is given in the presence of cytochrome P450 3A4 inducers or inhibitors or to patients with hepatic insufficiency, sirolimus blood concentrations may be affected and dose adjustments may be required. Therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of sirolimus concentrations plays an important role in the selection of the optimum dose of sirolimus; in Europe, the license for this drug stipulates that concentrations must be monitored.

Sirolimus binds to the immunophilin FK506 binding protein and is sequestered in red blood cells, leading to whole-blood/plasma ratios of ∼38 (11)(12). Because of low sirolimus concentrations in plasma and limited stability in that matrix, whole blood is the matrix of choice for determining sirolimus concentrations (13)(14). An excellent correlation has been reported between sirolimus 24-h whole-blood trough concentrations ( c min) and sirolimus area under the concentration-time curve (12)(15). A strong correlation between sirolimus c min values and the evidence of efficacy and adverse events has also been reported (15). Therefore, the TDM of sirolimus c min values provides a useful prediction of inadequate immunosuppression or potential adverse events. When sirolimus is given with full-dose cyclosporine, the recommended therapeutic range for sirolimus whole-blood trough concentrations is 5–15 μg/L (15). For an analytical method to be suitable for the TDM of sirolimus, it should be simple, sensitive (lower limit of quantification, <5 μg/L), and rapid (turn-around time, <24 h).

Several …
An Advanced Design Solution for the 48V Isolated Voltage Regulator Modules (2006)

This paper presents a promising design for a 48 V voltage regulator module (VRM). The converter employs a new control scheme in order to fasten the transient characteristics. Both sides of the isolating transformer has its own control loop to eliminate the delay time caused by the control loop coupling between primary and secondary sides. Feed forward asymmetrical pulse width modulation control (FFAPWM) is used to precisely regulate the input voltage at the primary side. Self-sustained oscillation controller (SSOC) is used to compensate for the load variations on the secondary side. Analysis is presented and supported by a design example of a 100 W converter. The analytical design guidelines are given along with the simulation results to provide the proof of concept
Efficient Conversion of Furfuryl Alcohol into Alkyl Levulinates Catalyzed by an Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Solid Acid Catalyst (2011)

A clean, facile, and environment-friendly catalytic method has been developed for the conversion of furfuryl alcohol into alkyl levulinates making use of the novel solid catalyst methylimidazolebutylsulfate phosphotungstate ([MIMBS]₃PW₁₂O₄₀). The solid catalyst is an organic-inorganic hybrid material, which consists of an organic cation and an inorganic anion. A study for optimizing the reaction conditions such as the reaction time, the temperature and the catalyst loading has been performed. Under optimal conditions, a high n-butyl levulinate yield of up to 93 % is obtained. Furthermore, the kinetics of the reaction pathways and the mechanism for the alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol are discussed. This method is environmentally benign and economical for the conversion of biomass-based derivatives into fine chemicals.
Ultrasonic Study of Three-Phonon Interactions. II. Experimental Results (1964)

The intersection of two pulsed ultrasonic beams in isotropic solids is described as an experimental technique capable of yielding direct evidence of certain three-phonon interaction effects. It is shown that a third beam of reasonable intensity is generated at the volume of interaction only when energy and momentum are conserved between the three beams. Polarization effects and beam intensity relationships are in agreement with theoretical predictions. The four-phonon interaction is also examined by ultrasonic techniques, and the process is shown to be much weaker than the three-phonon interaction.
Inverse filter design and equalization zones in multichannel sound reproduction (1995)

A discussion is given of two techniques for designing inverse filters for use in multichannel sound reproduction systems. The first is the multiple-input/output inverse filtering theorem, which uses direct inversion of a matrix containing the coefficients of filters used to specify the electroacoustic transmission paths. The second is an adaptive technique based on the multiple error LMS algorithm. The theory presented reconciles the two approaches and furthermore, derives explicit conditions which must be fulfilled if an exact inverse is to exist. A formula is derived which gives the number of coefficients required in the inverse filters in terms of the number of coefficients used to represent the transmission paths. Some numerical examples are also presented which illustrate the dependence of the mean square error on both the choice of modeling delay and the number of coefficients in the inverse filters. Finally, the results of some simulations are given which demonstrate the acoustical possibilities associated with these filtering techniques.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>