gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glutamate signalling in bone: a therapeutic target for osteoporosis? (2000)

Bone loss in osteoporosis is currently an almost intractable problem, and other bone pathologies such as fractures, bone loss around orthopaedic implants and lack of formation in delayed unions require that new treatment modalities are devised. Such treatments will involve regulation of bone cell activity and function, and would normally require the identification of new therapeutic targets and chemical entities. Recent studies have shown that the excitatory amino acid glutamate, which is the major excitatory transmitter at synapses in the CNS, performs a similar function in bone. All of the major types of bone cells possess receptors for glutamate, and bone forming cells (osteoblasts) also have the ability to release glutamate in a focal manner that appears to be the equivalent of its release from presynaptic neurones. As the intercellular signalling that occurs between bone cells controls the amount of bone formed or resorbed, and therefore the mass of the skeleton and its resistance to fracture, modulation of glutamate signalling in bone could provide the basis for a new treatment for bone pathologies. The impact of this could be considerable, as many agents that regulate glutamate signalling are known. Since some of those do not cross the blood-brain barrier (and do not therefore have unwanted side effects on neuronal function), it may be possible to devise new therapies for bone diseases in a much shorter timescale than would be normal.
Silicon-29 nuclear magnetic resonance study of hydroxyl sites on dehydrated silica gel surfaces, using silylation as a probe (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSilicon-29 nuclear magnetic resonance study of hydroxyl sites on dehydrated silica gel surfaces, using silylation as a probeDean W. Sindorf and Gary E. MacielCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1983, 87, 26, 5516–5521Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j150644a041https://doi.org/10.1021/j150644a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views625Altmetric-Citations111LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Intrinsic amplitude limits and optimum design of 9-switches direct PWM AC-AC converters (2003)

The maximum input-output transformer ratio, or output voltage ability, of direct AC-AC PWM converters is explored. An intrinsic limit, independent of the control algorithm, is found. A novel converter control algorithm is discussed that achieves the maximum output amplitude and displays some interesting features. The implementation of AC-AC converter control using feedback techniques is considered, and a feedback-based control algorithm is proposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Rivastigmine (Exelon) for dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease (2003)

Rivastigmine may improve the cognitive functions in PD patients with dementia with no worsening of motor function.
Synergistic effect of emodin in combination with ampicillin or oxacillin against methicillin-resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2010)

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a substantial contributor to morbidity and mortality. In search of a natural products capable of inhibiting this multidrug resistant bacteria, we have investigated the antimicrobial activity of emodin (EM) isolated from Rheum palmatum L. (Polygonaceae) against 17 different strains of the bacterium. New antimicrobial activity was found using the paper disc diffusion method, agar dilution as well as checkerboard method. Against the 17 strains, the disc diffusion test was in the range of 18-30 mm, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of EM were in the range of 1.5-25 μg/mL. From those results we performed the checkerboard test to determine the synergism of EM in combination with ampicillin (AM) or oxacillin (OX) against all strains. The combined activity of EM and two antimicrobial agents (AM, OX) against all strains resulted in a fractional inhibitory concentrations index (FICI) ranging from 0.37-0.5 and from 0.37-0.75, respectively. The effect of EM with AM and OX was found to be synergistic or partially synergistic. We found that EM reduced the MICs of AM and OX. EM and in combination with AM or OX could lead to the development of new combination antibiotics against MRSA infection.
Extending the RCCL programming environment to multiple robots and processors (2003)

The Robot Control C Library (RCCL) is a system for developing robot control programs in a UNIX environment, and has proven to be useful in research applications. Work undertaken in expanding RCCL to handle multiple robots, and upgrading its implementation to a multiple-processor microVAX/UNIX system is reported. This includes (1) reworking the primitive set to allow for the specification of multiple robot actions; (2) modifying the trajectory generation mechanism so that several robots may be controlled and coordinated at once; and (3) redesigning the system interface on top of which RCCL is built to allow the creation of multiple real-time robot control tasks interfaced to UNIX.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Enteropathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> Tir is an SH2/3 ligand that recruits and activates tyrosine kinases required for pedestal formation (2007)

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) cause intestinal inflammation, severe diarrhoea and mortality, particularly among children in developing nations. Upon attachment to intestinal epithelial cells, EPEC induces actin-filled membrane protrusions called 'pedestals' and disrupts microvilli to form attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions. EPEC also disrupts epithelial barrier function and causes colitis. Here we have investigated how virulence factors which orchestrate formation of actin pedestals interface with host tyrosine kinases. We show that Tec-family tyrosine kinases localize beneath EPEC and, with Abl-family kinases, comprise a set of redundant host kinases utilized by EPEC to form actin pedestals. We also show that Tir, a virulence factor required for pathogenesis, contains a polyproline region (PPR) that interacts with SH3 domains of redundant kinases, and a phosphorylation site (Y474) that interacts with kinase SH2 domains. These interactions are essential for pedestal formation, and mimic activation of kinases by cellular ligands. Our results suggest that a positive feedback loop exists in which initial phosphorylation of Tir on Y474 by tyrosine kinases causes recruitment of additional redundant kinases via PPR-SH3 interactions and PO(3)-Y474-SH2 interactions, which in turn phosphorylate other Tir molecules as well as proteins that catalyse formation of actin pedestals.
Antimicrobial food packaging: potential and pitfalls (2015)

Nowadays food preservation, quality maintenance, and safety are major growing concerns of the food industry. It is evident that over time consumers’ demand for natural and safe food products with stringent regulations to prevent food-borne infectious diseases. Antimicrobial packaging which is thought to be a subset of active packaging and controlled release packaging is one such promising technology which effectively impregnates the antimicrobial into the food packaging film material and subsequently delivers it over the stipulated period of time to kill the pathogenic microorganisms affecting food products thereby increasing the shelf life to severe folds. This paper presents a picture of the recent research on antimicrobial agents that are aimed at enhancing and improving food quality and safety by reduction of pathogen growth and extension of shelf life, in a form of a comprehensive review. Examination of the available antimicrobial packaging technologies is also presented along with their significant impact on food safety. This article entails various antimicrobial agents for commercial applications, as well as the difference between the use of antimicrobials under laboratory scale and real time applications. Development of resistance amongst microorganisms is considered as a future implication of antimicrobials with an aim to come up with actual efficacies in extension of shelf life as well as reduction in bacterial growth through the upcoming and promising use of antimicrobials in food packaging for the forthcoming research down the line.
Load sharing and graft forces in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions with the Ligament Augmentation Device (1989)

Buckle transducers were used to directly measure load sharing and overall force in three segment (semitendi nosus, gracilis, Ligament Augmentation Device) and two segment (patellar tendon, LAD) composite ACL grafts during the application of anteriorly directed loads to a series of five fresh knee specimens with a pneu matic load apparatus. The total graft forces generated in the two segment and three segment composite reconstructions during this immediate postoperative state were highly variable when compared to the normal ACL in each specimen, and were irreproducible among the five specimens. Load sharing among the graft com ponents occurred and was also variable in both recon structions, with this variation being greater in the three segment graft. The LAD carried an average of 45% of the total graft force in the three segment graft and 28% in the two segment graft. Further work is required to clarify the source of the variability in the total graft force and load sharing observed in this study.
Liquid crystalline benzothiophene derivatives (2008)

The role and position of the benzothiophene core in several series of calamitic liquid crystals was examined. Benzothiophene and its lateral 3‐chloro‐ and 6‐methoxy‐substituted derivatives, where the benzothiophene unit is in the terminal position, support formation of broad nematic phases. On the other hand, introduction of a longer alkoxy chain in the 6‐position or positioning the benzothiophene in the centre of the molecular structure led to appearance of smectic C and/or smectic A phases.
Nonlinear electro-mechanical modeling of MEMS switches (2002)

We present an accurate model of the switching mechanism of MEMS switches. The model is based on a electro-mechanical analysis which takes into account the varying force and damping versus position (time). The model also calculates the switching current taking into account both the capacitance change and the voltage change versus time. The model accurately predicts the switching time, the switching current, the velocity versus position (and time) of the MEMS bridge, and the energy consumed in the switching process. It is found that the current can be very large and the total switching energy is larger than predicted by simple models due to the damping underneath the MEMS bridge.
Case 30-2004 (2004)

A 37-year-old woman noted a gradual onset of numbness, first in her hands and then in her feet and legs, accompanied by weakness of the legs and difficulty balancing. She was otherwise well except for hypothyroidism, which had developed at the age of 15 years. On examination, there was decreased vibratory sensation and proprioception in the feet. A diagnostic test was performed.
Development of the colorimetric sensor array for detection of explosives and volatile organic compounds in air (2010)

In the framework of the research project 'Xsense' at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) we are developing a simple colorimetric sensor array which can be useful in detection of explosives like DNT and TNT, and identification of volatile organic compounds in the presence of water vapor in air. The technology is based on an array of chemo-responsive dyes immobilized on a solid support. Upon exposure to the analyte in suspicion the dye array changes color. Each chosen dye reacts chemo selectively with analytes of interest. A change in a color signature indicates the presence of unknown explosives and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We are working towards the selection of dyes that undergo color changes in the presence of explosives and VOCs, as well as the development of an immobilization method for the molecules. Digital imaging of the dye array before and after exposure to the analytes creates a color difference map which gives a unique fingerprint for each explosive and volatile organic compound. Such sensing technology can be used to screen for relevant explosives in a complex background as well as to distinguish mixtures of volatile organic compounds distributed in gas phase. This sensor array is inexpensive, and can potentially be produced as single use disposable.
Characterization of the hCG Variants Recognized by Different hCG Immunoassays: An Important Step Toward Standardization of hCG Measurements (2009)

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)1 is a dimeric glycoprotein hormone consisting of noncovalently associated α and β subunits. It is produced principally by the trophoblastic cells of the placenta but may also be produced by nontrophoblastic tissues including normal pituitary and neoplastic cells. Therefore, qualitative and quantitative measurement of hCG is clinically useful in the diagnosis of normal and abnormal pregnancy and the management of patients with gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) and other hCG-secreting malignancies.

The measurement of hCG is complicated by its molecular heterogeneity in both structure and carbohydrate content. Multiple molecular variants of hCG are present in serum and urine and include intact hCG, nicked hCG (hCGn), free β-subunit hCG (hCGβ), nicked free β-subunit hCG (hCGβn), free α-subunit hCG (hCGα), and the β-core fragment hCG (hCGβcf). In addition, hCG is differentially glycosylated in various tissues, resulting in a range of molecular forms from hypoglycosylated to hyperglycosylated. So-called hyperglycosylated hCG (hCG-h) is probably the best known of these glycosylated variants.

This molecular heterogeneity has led to numerous problems, including use of a nonstandard nomenclature for hCG variants, absence of purified standards to achieve accurate calibration, and discrepant characterizations of hCG variants that are recognized by different hCG immunoassays. This, in turn, has led to misunderstandings about which hCG immunoassays are appropriately used in different clinical scenarios. For example, although intact hCG is the principal variant in serum throughout most of pregnancy (1), hCG-h accounts for a relatively higher proportion of total hCG in the first several weeks of gestation (2), and hCGβ is present in much lower abundance (3). Although most trophoblastic tumors produce intact hCG, unusually increased concentrations of the other hCG variants (particularly hCGβ) can also be present (4). Finally, among germ cell tumors that produce hCG, 20%–40% produce hCGβ alone (5).

In 1994, in an …
CD28, TNF Receptor, and IL-12 Are Critical for CD4-Independent Cross-Priming of Therapeutic Antitumor CD8+ T Cells (2002)

Previously, we have shown that priming of therapeutic CD8(+) T cells in tumor vaccine-draining lymph nodes of mice vaccinated with GM-CSF secreting B16BL6 melanoma cells occurs independent of CD4 T cell help. In this study, we examined the contribution of the major costimulatory molecules, CD40 ligand (CD40L), CD80, and CD86, in the priming of CD8(+) T cells. Priming of therapeutic CD8(+) T cells by a GM-CSF-transduced tumor vaccine did not require CD40 and CD40L interactions, as therapeutic T cells could be generated from mice injected with anti-CD40L Ab and from CD40L knockout mice. However, costimulation via either CD80 or CD86 was required, as therapeutic T cells could be generated from mice injected with either anti-CD80 or anti-CD86 Ab alone, but administration of both Abs completely inhibited the priming of therapeutic T cells. Blocking experiments also identified that priming of therapeutic T cells in MHC class II-deficient mice required TNFR and IL-12 signaling, but signaling through CD40, lymphotoxin-betaR, or receptor activator of NF-kappaB was not essential. Thus, cross-priming of therapeutic CD8(+) T cells by a tumor vaccine transduced with GM-CSF requires TNFR, IL-12, and CD28 signaling.
SWIMMING POOLS AND OTHER PUBLIC BATHING PLACES (1926)

SWIMMING POOLS AND OTHER PUBLIC BATHING PLACES Stephen Dem. Gage, Chairman*,†, Harry F. Ferguson*,†, C. G. Gillespie*, Richard Messer*, E. S. Tisdale*,†, Jack J. Hinman, Jr.†, and Howard W. Green† CopyRight*Conference of State Sanitary Engineers. †Public Health Engineering Section, A.P.H.A. *Report of the Joint Committee on Bathing Places of the A. P. H. A. and the Conference of State Sanitary Engineers, presented to the Public Health Engineering Section of the American Public Health Association at the Fifty-fifth Annual Meeting, at Buffalo, N. Y., October 12, 1926. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.16.12.1186 Published Online: August 30, 2011
DspA, an essential pathogenicity factor of <i>Erwinia amylovora</i> showing homology with AvrE of <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i>, is secreted via the Hrp secretion pathway in a DspB‐dependent way (1997)

In Erwinia amylovora, the dsp region, required for pathogenicity on the host plant but not for hypersensitive elicitation on tobacco, is separated from the hrp region by 4 kb. The genetic analysis reported in this paper showed that this 4kb region is not required for pathogenicity on pear seedlings. The environmental conditions allowing expression of a dsp::lacZ fusion were examined: expression was barely detected in rich medium at 30 degrees C, and the highest expression was observed in M9 galactose minimal medium at 25 degrees C. A dsp::uidA fusion appeared to be expressed only in a HrpL-proficient strain, indicating that the dsp region, like the hrp region, is positively controlled via the alternative a factor HrpL. Sequence analysis revealed that the dsp cluster encodes two genes, dspA (5517 bp) and dspB (420 bp), and that the insertions leading to the dsp::lacZ and the dsp::uidA fusions were within dspA. A HrpL-dependent promoter sequence (GGAACC-N15-CAACA) was identified upstream of dspA, and primer extension analysis detected four transcriptional starts 7, 8, 9 and 10 bp downstream of this sequence. A sigma70 promoter sequence (TTGCCC-N16-GATAAT) was observed upstream of dspB. The functionality of this second promoter was confirmed by complementation analysis. This promoter allowed constitutive expression of dspB, as measured by the expression of a dspB::uidA fusion in rich medium. In M9 galactose medium, however, HrpL was shown to activate dspB, as expression of the dspB::uidA fusion was twofold higher in a HrpL+ background than in a HrpL- background. Transposon insertions in either dspA or dspB led to a non-pathogenic phenotype. Thus, both DspA and DspB were required for E. amylovora pathogenicity, as dspB could be expressed independently of dspA. DspA and DspB were visualized as polypeptides with apparent sizes of 190 kDa and 15.5 kDa, respectively, when encoded in the T7 polymerase/promoter system. DspA, which showed homology with the protein predicted from the partial sequence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato avrE transcriptional unit III, was shown to be secreted into the external medium via the Hrp secretion pathway. DspB was predicted to be acidic, like the Syc chaperone of Yersinia. A chaperone role for DspB was suggested further by the fact that DspA secretion required a functional DspB protein.
A Study on Effect Factor of Load Transfer Efficiency in Concrete Pavement (2001)

One of the most important factors accounting for the structural capacity of concrete pavement is load transfer efficiency. Load transfer efficiency is affected by slab temperature gradient, construction of dowel bars, degree of aging, and crack width. The purpose of this study is to determine the patterns of load transfer efficiency of concrete pavement; to determine the factors that affect the load transfer efficiency; and to present the proper measuring method of load transfer efficiency. As a result from this study, load transfer efficiency was affected primarily by the average temperature in concrete slab. Load transfer efficiency decreased with decreasing temperature and increasing crack width. For the sections with dowel bars, there were little differences in load transfer efficiency regardless of temperature changes. For the sections without dowel bars, however, there on great losses of load transfer efficiency at low temperatures. For the old pavement, even in the sections with dowel bars, the load transfer efficiency reduced as the temperature dropped For the sections in this study, 1.4% reduction of the load transfer efficiency was observed for each drop in the slab temperature.
CMOS Integrated DNA Chip for Quantitative DNA Analysis (2006)

Quantitative gene expression analysis, based on an electrochemical DNA-detection method uses immobilized DNA probes on Au electrodes with diameters from 200μm to 2μm. Cyclic voltammetry is used to measure anodic current from the intercalators. The 25times3mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> IC, fabricated in 1μm 2M CMOS, contains 40 electrodes, 1600 transistors and dissipates 150mW at plusmn3.3V
Multi-objectivization of reinforcement learning problems by reward shaping (2014)

Multi-objectivization is the process of transforming a single objective problem into a multi-objective problem. Research in evolutionary optimization has demonstrated that the addition of objectives that are correlated with the original objective can make the resulting problem easier to solve compared to the original single-objective problem. In this paper we investigate the multi-objectivization of reinforcement learning problems. We propose a novel method for the multi-objectivization of Markov Decision problems through the use of multiple reward shaping functions. Reward shaping is a technique to speed up reinforcement learning by including additional heuristic knowledge in the reward signal. The resulting composite reward signal is expected to be more informative during learning, leading the learner to identify good actions more quickly. Good reward shaping functions are by definition correlated with the target value function for the base reward signal, and we show in this paper that adding several correlated signals can help to solve the basic single objective problem faster and better. We prove that the total ordering of solutions, and by consequence the optimality of solutions, is preserved in this process, and empirically demonstrate the usefulness of this approach on two reinforcement learning tasks: a pathfinding problem and the Mario domain.