gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Composition and development of oral bacterial communities (2013)

The oral bacterial microbiome encompasses approximately 700 commonly occurring phylotypes, approximately half of which can be present at any time in any individual. These bacteria are largely indigenous to the oral cavity; this limited habitat range suggests that interactions between the various phylotypes, and between the phylotypes and their environment, are crucial for their existence. Molecular cataloging has confirmed many basic observations on the composition of the oral microbiome that were formulated well before ribosomal RNA-based systematics, but the power and the scope of molecular taxonomy have resulted in the discovery of new phylotypes and, more importantly, have made possible a level of bacterial community analysis that was unachievable with classical methods. Bacterial community structure varies with location within the mouth, and changes in community structure are related to disease initiation and disease progression. Factors that influence the formation and the evolution of communities include selective adherence to epithelial or tooth surfaces, specific cell-to-cell binding as a driver of early community composition, and interorganismal interaction leading to alteration of the local environment, which represents the first step on the road to oral disease. A comprehensive understanding of how these factors interact to drive changes in the composition of the oral microbial community can lead to new strategies for the inhibition of periodontal diseases and dental caries.
Species Differences in Size Discrimination in the Paracellular Pathway Reflected by Oral Bioavailability of Poly(ethylene glycol) and d-Peptides (1998)

Animal models are frequently used to aid prediction of intestinal absorption in humans. However, there is little comparative quantitative information on species differences in paracellular permeation, which is an important route for oral absorption of small to medium-sized hydrophilic drug molecules. This study addresses this issue by comparing the molecular mass (MM) dependency in oral bioavailability between rat and dog of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), a polydispersed model mixture commonly used to characterize paracellular absorption, and of a series of eight D-peptides (based on D-phenylalanine). Fasted rats and dogs received PEG (400/900) and the D-peptides (MM 236-406 Da), orally and intravenously, with total 24-48 h urine collection to estimate oral bioavailability. After HPLC separation, the individual PEG oligomers and D-peptides were determined using radiometric detection, for radiolabeled material, and LC-MS, for unlabeled (PEG) material. All compounds were predominantly excreted unchanged following intravenous administration. After oral administration, the predominant peak in the radiochromatogram was unchanged material, indicating stability of the compounds in the gastrointestinal tract. A clear molecular mass dependency in oral bioavailability was seen with both series, but with absorption much greater in dog than rat. Thus, for PEG in rat, bioavailability decreased sharply from 79 to around 2% with increasing MM between 282 and 591 Da, and then tapered to around 1. 5% up to 1295 Da. Whereas in dog, bioavailability remained around 100% for oligomers up to 600 Da and then decreased quite sharply with increasing MM, tending to plateau around 13% beyond 900 Da. Likewise, for the d-peptides in rat, bioavailability decreased from 30 to 1% with increasing MM between 236 and 406 Da, whereas in dog it was 100%, declining to 16% over the same molecular range. This species difference appears to be due to a larger pore size and greater frequency of pores in the paracellular pathway of dog compared to rat. Furthermore, on the basis of comparison with literature data for PEG and selected drugs, rat would appear to be a better predictor than dog of absorption of hydrophilic compounds in human.
Hole confinement MOS-gated Ge/sub x/Si/sub 1-x//Si heterostructures (1991)

The confinement of carriers in a MOS-gated Ge/sub x/Si/sub 1-x/ heterostructure is numerically modeled. The structure uses a MOS gate to modulate the hole density at a buried Si/sub x//Ge/sub x/Si//sub 1-x/ interface. The number of holes in the well is modeled as a function of structure and gate bias. The hole confinement is then confirmed by capacitance-voltage and Hall measurements. Numerical modeling is used to predict the maximum number of carriers achievable at the interface as a function of the structural design, and clear experimental evidence for such carrier confinement is given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Urban Police Patrol Analysis (1972)

In the urban centers of the United States hundreds of millions of dollars are spent annually on police patrol forces, deployed for the maintenance of public safety. Despite this vast expenditure of public funds, little is known about the effectiveness of current patrol strategies and about the incorporation of computers and other technological devices into patrol planning.In Urban Police Patrol Analysis, Professor Larson combines his knowledge of metropolitan police forces with the analytical processes of operations research to devise a wide range of quantitative models that bear on police patrol. These include models of the patrol and response functions that indicate the effectiveness of a particular patrol allocation and allow the comparison of different allocations, patrol strategies, and response strategies. Also included is the description of a recently implemented simulation model that allows the planner to predict the consequences of a wide variety of complex patrol procedures without having to disrupt current police operations.The opening chapters of the book provide the background to many of the problems related to police patrol and outline the issues that require analysis. A special chapter simulates a group of planners and analysts in a hypothetical city who are engaged in redesigning patrol and dispatch operation. In following the group's work through the model building, designing, testing, and implementation stages, the reader is given a preview of models developed in later chapters and an outline of the process by which the technical analyst and the police planner can combine to produce innovations for implementation.The six technical chapters that follow develop and discuss the details of models of police response time, preventive patrol effectiveness, workload distribution, dispatch delays, inter-sector cooperation, and a number of other performance measures.Included is an evaluation of automatic vehicle location systems, indicating potential advantages of revising patrol deployments when car positions are known to dispatchers. Each chapter includes a nontechnical summary to guide the reader. Numerous references to related works are provided in footnotes and the work contains an annotated bibliography which, at this writing, is the most complete information available on the field of quantitative police patrol management.Most of the methods presented in Urban Police Patrol Analysis have been developed recently and are the first efforts in the application of mathematical modeling to police patrol. As such they represent a major improvement over inadequate traditional methods, and accordingly, this book will be invaluable to police patrol administrators, technical advisors and consultants to police departments, criminal justice planners, staffs of city management, operations researchers who are involved in public systems problems, students of law enforcement, and operations research studies of public systems problems.
Functional Characterization of Two Class II Diterpene Synthases Indicates Additional Specialized Diterpenoid Pathways in Maize (Zea mays) (2018)

As a major staple food, maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) is critical to food security. Shifting environmental pressures increasingly hamper crop defense capacities, causing expanded harvest loss. Specialized labdane-type diterpenoids are key components of maize chemical defense and ecological adaptation. Labdane diterpenoid biosynthesis most commonly requires the pairwise activity of class II and class I diterpene synthases (diTPSs) that convert the central precursor geranylgeranyl diphosphate into distinct diterpenoid scaffolds. Two maize class II diTPSs, ANTHER EAR 1 and 2 (ZmAN1/2), have been previously identified as catalytically redundant <i>ent</i>-copalyl diphosphate (CPP) synthases. ZmAN1 is essential for gibberellin phytohormone biosynthesis, whereas ZmAN2 is stress-inducible and governs the formation of defensive kauralexin and dolabralexin diterpenoids. Here, we report the biochemical characterization of the two remaining class II diTPSs present in the maize genome, COPALYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE 3 (ZmCPS3) and COPALYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE 4 (ZmCPS4). Functional analysis via microbial co-expression assays identified ZmCPS3 as a (+)-CPP synthase, with functionally conserved orthologs occurring in wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>) and numerous dicot species. ZmCPS4 formed the unusual prenyl diphosphate, 8,13-CPP (labda-8,13-dien-15-yl diphosphate), as verified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. As a minor product, ZmCPS4 also produced labda-13-en-8-ol diphosphate (LPP). Root gene expression profiles did not indicate an inducible role of <i>ZmCPS3</i> in maize stress responses. By contrast, <i>ZmCPS4</i> showed a pattern of inducible gene expression in roots exposed to oxidative stress, supporting a possible role in abiotic stress responses. Identification of the catalytic activities of ZmCPS3 and ZmCPS4 clarifies the first committed reactions controlling the diversity of defensive diterpenoids in maize, and suggests the existence of additional yet undiscovered diterpenoid pathways.
Novel Synthesis of Heterocycles Having a Functionalized Carbon Center via Nickel-Mediated Carboxylation:  Total Synthesis of Erythrocarine (2003)

Novel synthetic procedure of heterocycles was developed using nickel-mediated alkylative carboxylation, and the total synthesis of erythrocarine was achieved using this method and RCM of dienyne as the key steps. [reaction: see text]
: Lisztomania . Ken Russell. (1978)

Book Review| April 01 1978 Review: Lisztomania by Ken Russell LisztomaniaKen Russell Ross Care Ross Care Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Film Quarterly (1978) 31 (3): 55–61. https://doi.org/10.2307/1211729 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Ross Care; Review: Lisztomania by Ken Russell. Film Quarterly 1 April 1978; 31 (3): 55–61. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1211729 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentFilm Quarterly Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1978 The Regents of the University of California Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Modified planar inverted F antenna (1998)

The design of a modified planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) which is more compact (antenna length < λ0/8 and antenna height < 0.01λ0) and has a much wider antenna bandwidth (greater than 10 times that of a simple PIFA) is demonstrated. The reduction in antenna length is achieved by meandering the radiating patch, while the enhanced bandwidth with low antenna height is obtained using a chip-resistor load in place of the shorting post. A typical design of the modified PIFA in the 800 MHz band has been implemented, and experimental results are presented and discussed.
Primary structure of the brain alpha-spectrin [published erratum appears in J Cell Biol 1989 Mar;108(3):following 1175] (1989)

We have determined the nucleotide sequence coding for the chicken brain alpha-spectrin. It is derived both from the cDNA and genomic sequences, comprises the entire coding frame, 5' and 3' untranslated sequences, and terminates in the poly(A)-tail. The deduced amino acid sequence was used to map the domain structure of the protein. The alpha-chain of brain spectrin contains 22 segments of which 20 correspond to the repeat of the human erythrocyte spectrin (Speicher, D. W., and V. T. Marchesi. 1984. Nature (Lond.). 311:177-180.), typically made of 106 residues. These homologous segments probably account for the flexible, rod-like structure of spectrin. Secondary structure prediction suggests predominantly alpha-helical structure for the entire chain. Parts of the primary structure are excluded from the repetitive pattern and they reside in the middle part of the sequence and in its COOH terminus. Search for homology in other proteins showed the presence of the following distinct structures in these nonrepetitive regions: (a) the COOH-terminal part of the molecule that shows homology with alpha-actinin, (b) two typical EF-hand (i.e., Ca2+-binding) structures in this region, (c) a sequence close to the EF-hand that fulfills the criteria for a calmodulin-binding site, and (d) a domain in the middle of the sequence that is homologous to a NH2-terminal segment of several src-tyrosine kinases and to a domain of phospholipase C. These regions are good candidates to carry some established as well as some yet unestablished functions of spectrin. Comparative analysis showed that alpha-spectrin is well conserved across the species boundaries from Xenopus to man, and that the human erythrocyte alpha-spectrin is divergent from the other spectrins.
Exploiting channel diversity for rate adaptation in backscatter communication networks (2016)

Backscatter communication networks receive much attention recently due to the small size and low power of backscatter nodes. As backscatter communication is often influenced by the dynamic wireless channel quality, rate adaptation becomes necessary. Most existing approaches share a common drawback: they do not distinguish channel qualities from different nodes or sub-channels. Consequently, the transmission rate may be improperly selected, resulting in low network throughput. Through extensive experimental studies, we observe that channel diversity plays a significant role in rate selection. Therefore, there are opportunities of exploiting channel diversity for better rate adaptation, improving network throughput. In this paper, we propose a Channel-Aware Rate Adaptation framework (CARA) for backscatter communication networks. By employing a lightweight channel probing scheme, we are able to obtain fine-grained channel information that enables accurate channel estimation. We further design a novel channel selection algorithm, benefiting as many backscatter nodes as possible. On each selected channel, CARA chooses data rate with respect to the node that has the best channel condition. We implement CARA on commercial readers and the experiment results show that CARA achieves up to 4× goodput gain compared with state-of-the-art rate adaptation scheme.
Über N,N‐disubstituierte Aminoäthanol‐Kupfer‐Komplexe (1955)

Abstract N,N‐disubstituierte Aminoalkohol‐Komplexe mit Kupfer‐Halogeniden vom Typ [Cu 2 X 2 (OCH 2 CH 2 NR 2 ) 2 ] wurden dargestellt und ihr chemisches Verhalten beschrieben. Alle diese Verbindungen sind nichtdissoziierende zweikernige Innerkomplexe. Sie konnten in Alkohol durch Zusatz der entsprechenden N,N‐disubstituierten Aminoalkohole in rot‐ bzw. blauviolette Kupfertetramminsalze vom Typ [Cu(NR 2 C 2 H 4 OH) 4 ]″ übergeführt werden, deren Isolierung jedoch nicht gelang. Leitfähigkeitsmessungen in absoluten alkoholischen Lösungen stützten diese Auffassung. Nur das Bis‐(chloro‐μ‐dibenzylaminoäthanolokupfer(II)) [C 32 H 30 O 2 N 2 Cl 2 Cu 2 ] war nach allem aus sterischen Gründen nicht in das entsprechende Kupfertetramminkomplexsalz überführbar.
The analysis of image acquisition method for Anti-UAV surveillance using cameras image (2020)

As the number of cases where human life and property are threatened by illegal use of UAV is rapidly increasing, a technology for detecting illegal UAV using deep learning algorithm is being researched. In order for the deep learning algorithm to work, an appropriate UAV object image size and quality are required. Unfortunately, in detecting a small UAV using a camera sensor, when the object image of the camera becomes small, the detection distance of the UAV is reduced due to the difficulty of detecting the UAV. Therefore, a large number of cameras are required to expand the detection distance. This paper suggests the methodology for configuring UAV surveillance area for image acquisition in terms of reducing the required number of cameras. Four methods for constructing the UAV surveillance area considering the optical limitations of the camera are proposed, and compared the proposed methods using a simple thin lens camera model.
Triple Cytokine FluoroSpot Analysis of Human Antigen-Specific IFN-γ, IL-17A and IL-22 Responses (2014)

The involvement of T-helper (Th)1, Th17 and Th22 cell subsets, in immunity, as well as in pathological inflammatory reactions, makes it important to determine their relative proportion. A triple FluoroSpot detecting the hallmark cytokines of Th1 (IFN-γ), Th17 (IL-17A) and Th22 (IL-22) was developed and evaluated using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors incubated with tetanus toxoid, Candida albicans extract, mycobacterial purified protein derivative or medium only. Antigen stimulation yielded mainly cells secreting IFN-γ, IL-17A or IL-22 alone but lower proportions of double-secreting cells were also found; triple-secreting cells were rare. The response to C. albicans contrasted in that higher proportions of IL-17A single secreting as well as co-secreting cells, in particular IL-17A/IL-22, were found. The FluoroSpot analysis correlated well with single cytokine ELISpot assays ran in parallel and the methods displayed a comparable sensitivity. The results demonstrate the functionality of the FluoroSpot assay for simultaneous analysis of distinct Th1, Th17, Th22 as well as intermediate cell populations. The method provides a mean for a simple and rapid analysis of the involvement of these cells in immunity and disease.
1.6 μm semiconductor diode pumped thulium doped fluoride fibre laser and amplifier of very high efficiency (1993)

Results on a 1.6μm semiconductor diode pumped thulium fibre laser operating in the 1.9μm region are presented for the first time. A minimum threshold of 0.60mW and a maxmum slope efficiency of 80% with respect to launched pump power have been observed. In addition gain values of 14.5dB have been achieved for 2.98 mW of launched pump power indicating that a gain efficiency of 4.9dB/mW is possible.
The mechanism of the Mitsunobu esterification reaction. Part II. The involvement of (acyloxy)alkoxyphosphoranes (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe mechanism of the Mitsunobu esterification reaction. Part II. The involvement of (acyloxy)alkoxyphosphoranesDavid Camp and Ian D. JenkinsCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 13, 3049–3054Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00274a017https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00274a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1699Altmetric-Citations59LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Neogenesis vs. apoptosis as main components of pancreatic β cell mass changes in glucose‐infused normal and mildly diabetic adult rats (1999)

We have investigated in adult rats made mildly diabetic by a low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg; STZ rats) and in nondiabetic rats (ND rats) the mechanisms leading to adaptive changes in the beta cell mass, during glucose infusion and several days after stopping infusion. As early as 24 h of glucose infusion, the beta cell mass was maximally increased in ND and STZ rats. In both groups, this increase was due mainly to a rapid activation of neogenesis of new endocrine cells rather than to an increase in beta cell proliferation. Seven days after stopping glucose infusion, the beta cell mass returned to basal values in both groups as a result of stimulation of beta cell apoptosis and a decrease in beta cell replication rate. In glucose-infused ND rats, changes in the beta cell mass were correlated to insulin secretion, whereas in STZ rats, insulin secretion in response to glucose was still impaired whatever the beta cell mass. In conclusion, the data stress the impressive plasticity of the endocrine pancreas of adult rats. They also show that changes in beta cell mass in ND and STZ rats resulted from a disruption in the balance between neogenesis and apoptosis.
Convergence to approximate Nash equilibria in congestion games (2007)

We study the ability of decentralized, local dynamics in non-cooperative games to rapidly reach an approximate Nash equilibrium. For symmetric congestion games in which the edge delays satisfy a jump condition, we show that convergence to an e-Nash equilibrium occurs within a number of steps that is polynomial in the number of players and e-1. This appears to be the first such result for a class of games that includes examples for which finding an exact Nash equilibrium is PLS-complete, and in which shortest paths to an exact equilibrium are exponentially long. We show moreover that rapid convergence holds even under only the apparently minimal assumption that no player is excluded from moving for arbitrarily many steps. We also prove that, in a generalized setting where players have different tolerances ei that specify their thresholds in the approximate Nash equilibrium, the number of moves made by a player before equilibrium is reached depends only on his associated ei, and not on those of the other players. Finally, we show that polynomial time convergence still holds even when a bounded number of edges are allowed to have arbitrary delay functions.
Polyion Sensors as Liquid Junction-Free Reference Electrodes (1999)

Potentiometric sensors for polyionic analytes may show very low electrode slopes, as predicted by the Nernst equation. This paper explores the possibility of using plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membrane electrodes containing the ion‐exchanger tridodecyl‐ methylammonium chloride, conditioned in solutions of the sodium poly(anetholesulfonate), a polyanionic anticoagulant also called Liquoid®, as reference electrodes without a liquid junction. This approach may be useful in samples such as whole blood that contain variable levels of a polyanionic anticoagulant. It is found that such electrodes show virtually no response in samples with and without anticoagulant and widely varying levels of . ©1999 The Electrochemical Society