gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel wire density driven full-chip routing for CMP variation control (2007)

As nanometer technology advances, the post-CMP dielectric thickness variation control becomes crucial for manufacturing closure. To improve CMP quality, dummy feature filling is typically performed by foundries after the routing stage. However, filling dummy features may greatly degrade the interconnect performance and lead to explosion of mask data. It is thus desirable to consider wire-density uniformity during routing to minimize the side effects from aggressive post-layout dummy filling. In this paper, we present a new full-chip grid-based routing system considering wire density for reticle planarization enhancement. To fully consider wire distribution, the router applies a novel two-pass, top-down planarity-driven routing framework, which employs a new density critical area analysis based on Voronoi diagrams and incorporates an intermediate stage of density-driven layer/track assignment based on incremental Delaunay triangulation. Experimental results show that our methods can achieve more balanced wire distribution than state-of-the-art works.
Immobilization and Activation of a Single‐Site Chromium Catalyst for Ethylene Polymerization using MgCl<sub>2</sub>/AlR<sub><i>n</i></sub>(OEt)<sub>3 − <i>n</i></sub> Supports (2005)

Abstract Summary: The effective immobilization and activation of a single‐site chromium catalyst for ethylene polymerization has been achieved using MgCl 2 /AlR n (OEt) 3 − n supports, without the use of methylaluminoxane (MAO) or a borate activator. High catalyst activity and a spherical polyethylene‐particle morphology is obtained. Furthermore, the single‐site characteristics of the catalyst are retained, the narrow molecular weight distribution of the polymers obtained are apparent from gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and confirmed by rheological characterization. Shear frequency dependence of the storage modulus of (♦ and ▴) polyethylene ( $\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 1.8–1.9) prepared using an immobilized Cr catalyst, compared to (▪) a reference polymer having $\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 4.1. image Shear frequency dependence of the storage modulus of (♦ and ▴) polyethylene ( $\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 1.8–1.9) prepared using an immobilized Cr catalyst, compared to (▪) a reference polymer having $\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 4.1.
STUDIES ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PENICILLIA (1956)

Since 1949 the author has received about 3500 samples sent from Universities and Laboratories in Japan. They were collected of soils of different places and of other materials (fruits, vegetables, corn, flowers, leaves, refuse, decaying matter, etc.).About 10, 000 strains were isolated from the samples, and these about 3000 strains were selected on the basis of colonial and microscopic characters.By detailed observation and continuous-monospore culture 1, 200 strains were further selected. We also examined about 150 strains of Citromyces and Penicillium, previously studied by Sakaguchi (1930) the collection of Penicillia at University of Tokyo, Penicillia sent by many investigators in Japan as unknown species, and 13 strains sent by Drs. K. B. Raper and D. I. Fennell, the University of Wisconsin, to Prof. K. Sakaguchi, the University of Tokyo, in 1952.In addition, about 600 other strains (the collection of Penicillia at Universities and Laboratories in Japan) were carefully observed by current culture.All of the 1950 strains currently described have been under observation for a period of at least three years, and some for more than five years.In this report we have described only normal strains; we did not include the yeast, sterile, and irregular types having abnormal or undeterminable penicilli and colonies, or the genera Gliocladium, Paecilomyces and Scopula-rioisis, which will be considered in other reports.All of the strains studied were assigned to species or varieties chiefly on the basis of Raper, Thom and Fennell's classification (1949), but many differences were observed from previous reports.A total 116 species and varieties were classified by morphological characters chiefly.In the previous classification mostly morphological observations are used, but in this classification the following biochemical characters were also studied and used. And, then new clssification made of (See, 33-49 page).
Feasibility study on security deduplication of medical cloud privacy data (2018)

In view of the problem of resource waste caused by the repeated storage of medical data, our scheme proposes that convergent encryption is applied to the medical cloud, and the hash value of the convergent key is used as a repeat detection label and Bloom filter search to achieve the efficiency of the medical cloud, and the practicality of medical data is improved by introducing fuzzy keywords searching, ensuring the safe storage and correctness of medical data through local validation. At the same time, based on the actual application of different medical data, we use the authorization access method of identity token to realize the multi role access of medical cloud.
Hash table and sorted array: a case study of multi-entry data structures in massively parallel systems (2002)

The tree, hash table, and sorted array data structures for implementing the primitive operations of a search table are considered. It is argued that the tree structure suffers from the bottleneck problem created by the single entry point, namely, the root, resulting in a linear time complexity. For the hash table and sorted array, the average time complexity for implementing three major operations, namely, insert, delete, and search, is derived. Both analytical and simulation results show that using a sorted array gives a much better performance than using a hash table with linear probing in implementing search table abstraction when the load of the hash table is more than 80%. However, given a hash table having less than 80% load, the average time complexity becomes better than O(log/sup 2/M), i.e. the hash table gives a better performance in search table implementation than the sorted array. Nevertheless, a larger number of processors is required.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Chemistry of Human Pituitary Growth Hormone (1975)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Isolation and Characterization Molecular Properties Structure-Function Relationship Synthesis of Growth Hormone-Like Activity Concluding Remarks
PI 3-kinase-dependent pathways to NF-κB activation in primary B cells (2001)

Conference Abstract| October 01 2001 PI 3-kinase-dependent pathways to NF-κB activation in primary B cells H.K. Bone; H.K. Bone 1University of Bristol, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar N.A. Williams N.A. Williams 1University of Bristol, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem Soc Trans (2001) 29 (5): A132. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst029a132 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation H.K. Bone, N.A. Williams; PI 3-kinase-dependent pathways to NF-κB activation in primary B cells. Biochem Soc Trans 1 October 2001; 29 (5): A132. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst029a132 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 2001 Biochemical Society2001 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Orientation in the Furan Series. XI. Cleavage-Rearrangements in Friedel-Crafts Reactions (1939)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOrientation in the Furan Series. XI. Cleavage-Rearrangements in Friedel-Crafts ReactionsHenry. Gilman and Joseph A. V. TurckCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 2, 473–478Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1939Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1939https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01871a070https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01871a070research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views173Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Angiogenesis Inhibitors: Current & Future Directions (2004)

The field of angiogenesis modulation is at a major crossroad. A tremendous advancement in basic science in this field is providing an excellent support for the concept, which is in contrast to a lack of strong clinical support to date. With regard to the large gap between experimental data and clinical data, the best model of human malignancy is in human cancer patients and the best model of human ocular angiogenesis-mediated disorders such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age related macular degeneration (AMD) is in human RD and AMD patients. Additionally, clinical outcomes should include benefit/risk ratios, hard end points (mortality and quality of life as opposed to increased microvascular density with pro-angiogenic agents or tumor size reduction with anti-angiogenesis agents) as well as cost effectiveness. Experimental models should be used to provide guidance, placebo effect, comparative data, and mechanistic understanding as opposed to being used for expected clinical efficacy. We also have to understand existing strategies and how angiogenesis modulation can add further value (i.e. not to replace existing strategy but rather improve efficacy/safety). Recent investigation defined numerous strategies in the modulation of angiogenesis. Those strategies are driven from haemostatic, fibrinolytic, cell adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix, growth factors, and other endogenous systems involved in the modulation of angiogenesis.
Dynamic Analysis and Control for Resonant Currents in a Zone-Control Induction Heating System (2012)

This paper presents a quick and accurate power control method for a zone-control induction heating (ZCIH) system consisting of multiple working coils connected to multiple H-bridge inverters. A uniform temperature profile can be achieved by adjusting the current in each working coil. This paper proposes a new current control method based on a circuit model using real and imaginary (Re-Im) current/voltage components. The method detects and controls the Re-Im components of the coil current instead of the current amplitude and phase angle. As a result, the proposed method enables the inverters to control the coil current independently from the others. Experiments using a six-coil ZCIH system are conducted to verify the validity of the proposed method. The experimental results confirmed that the proposed method makes it possible to improve the stability of the current feedback control, not only in steady states but also in transient states.
Exogenous Bcl‐x<sub>l</sub> fusion protein spares neurons after spinal cord injury (2005)

Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces neuronal death, including apoptosis, which is completed within 24 hr at and around the impact site. We identified early proapoptotic transcriptional changes, including upregulation of proapoptotic Bax and downregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, and Bcl-w, using Affymetrix DNA microarrays. Because Bcl-xL is the most robustly expressed antiapoptotic Bcl-2 molecule in adult central nervous system, we decided to characterize better the effect of SCI on Bcl-xL expression. We found Bcl-xL expressed robustly throughout uninjured spinal cord in both neurons and glia cells. We also found Bcl-xL localized in different cellular compartments: cytoplasmic, mitochondrial, and nuclear. Bcl-xL protein levels decreased in the cytoplasm and mitochondria 2 hr after SCI and persisted for 24 hr. To test the contribution of proapoptotic decreases in Bcl-xL to neuronal death, we augmented endogenous Bcl-xL levels by administering Bcl-xL fusion protein (Bcl-xL FP) into injured spinal cords. Bcl-xL FP significantly increased neuronal survival, suggesting that SCI-induced changes in Bcl-xL contribute considerably to neuronal death. Because Bcl-xL FP increases survival of dorsal horn neurons and ventral horn motoneurons, it could become clinically relevant in preserving sensory and motor functions after SCI.
High concentrations of a cGMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase mediate ANP-induced decreases in cAMP and steroidogenesis in adrenal glomerulosa cells. (1991)

An adrenal cGMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase (cGS-PDE) has been shown to mediate atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-induced reductions in aldosterone secretion and cAMP levels in primary bovine glomerulosa cells. High concentrations of cGS-PDE have been localized to the zona glomerulosa cell layer of the adrenal cortex using biochemical and immunological techniques. Immunoblot analysis using an affinity-purified, isozyme-specific antiserum revealed a single band that comigrated with a purified cGS-PDE (105 kDa) (1) and that was most highly concentrated in the outermost 1-2 mm of the cortex, representing the capsule and zona glomerulosa regions. Greater than 90% of the overall phosphodiesterase activity present in tissue extracts prepared from these regions was immunoprecipitated using a solid-phase monoclonal antibody reagent, indicating the cGS-PDE as the predominant phosphodiesterase isozyme. Immunohistochemical staining experiments of frozen thin sections of intact adrenal tissue revealed that the cGS-PDE present in this region was localized in the glomerulosa cells themselves. The role of this isozyme as a mediator of ANP-induced decreases in intracellular cAMP concentrations and aldosterone production was tested in primary cultures of bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells. In cells stimulated by ACTH, ANP treatment produced dose-dependent reductions in aldosterone secretion and cellular cAMP content over the same concentration range. Increases in aldosterone production elicited by three cell-permeable cAMP derivatives (8-bromo-cAMP, 8-p-chlorophenylthio-cAMP, and N6-2'-O-dibutyryl-cAMP) were antagonized by ANP, indicating a site of action distal to adenylate cyclase for this hormone. Because the relative magnitude of the ANP effect differed depending upon the derivative used, the three derivatives were compared with respect to their relative rates of in vitro hydrolysis by adrenal cGS-PDE. A positive correlation between their rates of hydrolysis and the degree to which the steroidogenic response produced by these derivatives was antagonized by ANP was demonstrated, further suggesting an ANP-induced activation of the cGS-PDE as being responsible for this effect. The possible contribution of an additional pathway mediated by an inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding regulatory protein (Gi) acting on adenylate cyclase was tested by pretreatment of primary glomerulosa cells with pertussis toxin. Levels of pertussis toxin sufficient to inhibit subsequent in vitro ribosylation did not significantly alter the ANP effect on aldosterone production, although a partial reduction in the ANP effect on cAMP levels was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
CO2/Sand Fracturing in Devonian Shales (1993)

ABSTRACT A total of five carbon dioxide (CO2) /sand well stimulations were successfully executed with two Devonian shale operators in Perry and Pike Counties, Kentucky. This new stimulation method offers a minimum formation damage proppant stimulation approach for natural gas producers in the United States. Some operators have been concerned about the frac fluid formation damage associated with the water and chemicals used in conventional foam stimulations, whereas other operators have been concerned about the lack of proppant in straight nitrogen fracs used by service companies today. Two carefully screened geological areas of established Devonian shale production were selected based on active ongoing drilling and completion operations. One selected control area contained an existing set of wells with established production histories. More specifically, one operator furnished three offset wells which were stimulated with the carbon dioxide/sand frac method. The quantity of proppant and fluids pumped during each well stimulation ranged from 23,000 to 43,000 pounds of proppant and from 120 to 160 tons of liquid carbon dioxide. Another operator furnished two offset wells which were each stimulated with approximately 47,000 pounds of proppant and 120 tons of carbon dioxide. The logistics and field layout of a typical carbon dioxide/sand frac treatment has been described and highlighted. The importance and unique aspects of the closed system blender that is required for job execution is discussed. Five stimulation treatments have been reviewed, and stimulation and preliminary production data compared to offset wells stimulated with nitrogen, and explosives. Initial production results indicate more than a 50 percent increase in production rate compared to nitrogen fraced wells in the Pike County area. In addition, production is also 4.8 times better than conventional shot wells in the same area. These results are encouraging enough to formally combine existing pumping equipment, a closed system blender, and liquid carbon dioxide supplies to develop a new fracturing service in the eastern U.S. A total of 22 additional jobs are planned in the eastern U.S. in low permeability gas formations over the next year.
Broadband 2.4<i>μ</i>m superluminescent GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb quantum well diodes for optical sensing of biomolecules (2014)

High power, high radiance, broadband light sources emitting in the 2.0-2.5 μm wavelength range are important for optical sensing of biomolecules such as glucose in aqueous solutions. Here we demonstrate and analyze superluminescent diodes with output centered at 2.4 μm (range ~2.2-2.5 μm) from GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb quantum wells in a separate confinement structure. Pulsed wave output of 1 mW (38 kW/cm<sup>2</sup>/sr) is achieved at room temperature for 40μm × 2mm devices. Superluminescence is evidenced in superlinear increase in emission, spectral narrowing, and angular narrowing of light output with increasing current injection. Optical output is analyzed and modeled with rate equations. Potential routes for future improvements are explored, such as additional Auger suppression and photonic mode engineering.
Purification and properties of rat brain pyruvate carboxylase (1975)

Rat brain pyruvate carboxylase was purified 2000-fold and some of its properties and kinetic parameters were investigated. The use of (NH4)2SO4 gradient solubilization on a Celite column and precipitation with polyethylene glycol permitted purification to an estimated 20% purity. Except for a few subtle kinetic differences this enzyme is indistinguishable from rat liver pyruvate carboxylase.
Using semantic knowledge of transactions to increase concurrency (1989)

When the only information available about transactions is syntactic information, serializability is the main correctness criterion for concurrency control. Serializability requires that the execution of each transaction must appear to every other transaction as a single atomic step (i.e., the execution of the transaction cannot be interrupted by other transactions). Many researchers, however, have realized that this requirement is unnecessarily strong for many applications and can significantly increase transaction response time. To overcome this problem, a new approach for controlling concurrency that exploits the semantic information available about transactions to allow controlled nonserializable interleavings has recently been proposed. This approach is useful when the cost of producing only serializable interleavings is unacceptably high. The main drawback of the approach is the extra overhead incurred by utilizing the semantic information. We examine this new approach in this paper and discuss its strengths and weaknesses. We introduce a new formalization for the concurrency control problem when semantic information is available about the transactions. This semantic information takes the form of transaction types, transaction steps, and transaction break-points. We define a new class of “safe” schedules called relatively consistent (RC) schedules. This class contains serializable as well as nonserializable schedules. We prove that the execution of an RC schedule cannot violate consistency and propose a new concurrency control mechanism that produces only RC schedules. Our mechanism assumes fewer restrictions on the interleavings among transactions than previously introduced semantic-based mechanisms.
PCA−ARMA-Based Control Charts for Performance Monitoring of Multivariable Feedback Control (2010)

Assessing the effectiveness of control systems and limiting the incidence of fault events are main emphases of studies on performance assessment of control systems. In single-input/single-output (SISO) systems, the performance bounds are easily estimated from the minimum variance of a single variable; however, in multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) systems, the benchmark is computed from traces of multivariable covariance matrices. This MIMO method of performance assessment sometimes can cause false detection because it does not consider the correlation among variables. In this article, a new method, called PCA−ARMA-based performance assessment, is proposed. It is an integrated framework of multivariable principal component analysis (PCA) and the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) filter. It can build up the PCA-based minimum-variance performance bound of the MIMO feedback control system under minimum-variance control. In this integrated framework, the difference between the process outputs and the desired set points is projected onto the PCA space to determine the scores and residuals. An ARMA filter is selected to eliminate the autocorrelation of the scores. The independent scores and residuals are used to compute two statistics, which serve as performance indices in monitoring the progress of operation. Because MV control of processes is at times impractical or even infeasible, the integrated PCA and ARMA method, which is used to design achievable-minimum-variance (AMV) control, is proposed. AMV control is proposed to tune the controller parameters and minimize the weighted sum of variances of the various scores. Again, the multivariable PCA and the ARMA filter build up the AMV performance bound of the MIMO feedback control system under AMV control. The integrated method can result in better monitor indices. The performance of the proposed AMV method is illustrated through a simulation case and a quadruple-tank experiment. The case studies show that the proposed method yields better monitoring results than the conventional approaches in terms of sensitivity and response time to system degradation.