gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel anti-adherence activity of mulberry leaves: inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilm by 1-deoxynojirimycin isolated from Morus alba (2008)

<sec><st>Objectives</st> The present study focused on isolation, characterization and evaluation of purified compounds from <it>Morus alba</it> against <it>Streptococcus mutans</it> biofilm formation. </sec> <sec><st>Methods</st> The effect of crude extract from <it>M</it>. <it>alba</it> leaves was evaluated against oral pathogens, chiefly <it>S</it>. <it>mutans</it>. MICs were determined by the microdilution method. The compound was purified by employing silica gel chromatography and critically analysed with GC–MS, NMR and IR spectroscopy. The <it>S</it>. <it>mutans</it> traits of adherence and biofilm formation were assessed at sub-MIC concentrations of the crude extract and purified compound. Both water-soluble and alkali-soluble polysaccharide were estimated to determine the effect of the purified compound on the extracellular polysaccharide secretion of <it>S</it>. <it>mutans</it>. Its effect on biofilm architecture was also investigated with the help of confocal microscopy. </sec> <sec><st>Results</st> The purified compound of <it>M</it>. <it>alba</it> showed an 8-fold greater reduction of MIC against <it>S</it>. <it>mutans</it> than the crude extract (MICs, 15.6 and 125 mg/L, respectively). The extract strongly inhibited biofilm formation of <it>S</it>. <it>mutans</it> at its active accumulation and plateau phases. The purified compound led to a 22% greater reduction in alkali-soluble polysaccharide than in water-soluble polysaccharide. The purified compound was found to be 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ). Confocal microscopy revealed that DNJ distorts the biofilm architecture of <it>S</it>. <it>mutans</it>. </sec> <sec><st>Conclusions</st> The whole study reflects a prospective role of DNJ as a therapeutic agent by controlling the overgrowth and biofilm formation of <it>S</it>. <it>mutans</it>. </sec>
Effects of NIP-141 on K Currents in Human Atrial Myocytes (2002)

A novel benzopyran derivative, NIP-141, effectively terminates experimental atrial fibrillation in canine hearts by prolonging atrial refractoriness. However, the effects of this drug on human atrial myocytes are unknown. This experiment evaluated the effects of NIP-141 on K currents in isolated human atrial myocytes using a whole-cell voltage-clamp method. NIP-141 inhibited the transient outward current (I(to)) and the ultra-rapid delayed rectifier K current (I(Kur)), each in a dose-dependent manner, with half-maximal inhibition concentrations of 16.3 microM and 5.3 microM, respectively (n = 5). NIP-141 inhibited both K currents in a voltage- and use-independent fashion, and it preferentially blocked them in the open state and dissociated rapidly from the channel. Because both K currents contribute significantly to the repolarization of the atrial action potential, these findings suggest that NIP-141 may terminate atrial fibrillation by prolonging action potential duration.
Hydraulic Multi-Chamber Cylinders in Construction Machinery (2015)

In mobile hydraulics double acting, two chamber, asymmetrical hydraulic cylinders are commonly used for linear motion control. This paper shows how a cylinder instead using four chambers can improve fuel efficiency in construction machinery. In addition to this special multi-chamber cylinder the hydraulic systems presented in this study involves the use of discretely controlled on/off valves, hydraulic accumulators and secondary controlled hydraulic motors. The proposed system solution supports potential and kinetic energy recovery and storage using hydraulic accumulators. Through proper sizing of compon- ents and sophisticated control of simple on/off valves an energy efficient, flexible and robust system is achieved. This paper outlines the basics behind this concept and provides some examples as to how the technology can be useful with an ambition to reach new levels of energy efficiency in construction machines.
Polynitro-substituted strained-ring compounds. Synthesis, mechanism of formation, and structure of trans-dinitrocyclopropanes (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolynitro-substituted strained-ring compounds. Synthesis, mechanism of formation, and structure of trans-dinitrocyclopropanesPeter A. Wade, William P. Dailey, and Patrick J. CarrollCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 18, 5452–5456Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00252a023https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00252a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views416Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Analysis of vanin-1 upregulation and lipid accumulation in hepatocytes in response to a high-fat diet and free fatty acids (2012)

High-fat diet is one of the causes of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. We have previously demonstrated that high-fat diet induces upregulation of adipose differentiation-related protein mRNA expression accompanied by lipid droplet formation in mouse liver. Vanin-1 is a ubiquitous epithelial ectoenzyme that has pantetheinase activity and produces cysteamine, a potent endogenous antioxidant. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of hepatic vanin-1 mRNA following the administration of a high-fat diet in mice as well as free fatty acids in hepatocyte cultures and speculated its possible mechanism. Vanin-1 mRNA levels in the livers of mice were upregulated within a day of the high-fat diet, even before the expression of adipose differentiation-related protein mRNA and lipid accumulation. An in vitro analysis using HuH-7 cells revealed a significant upregulation of vanin-1 mRNA by as low as 0.01 mM oleic acid; however, lipid accumulation in hepatocytes was not affected at this concentration. Furthermore, vanin-1 mRNA was differentially upregulated by various free fatty acids irrespective of the grade of lipid accumulation. These findings indicate that the upregulation of vanin-1 precedes lipid accumulation and is differentially mediated by various types of free fatty acids in the model, presenting vanin-1 as a novel player in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Neurokinin B Receptor Antagonism Decreases Luteinising Hormone Pulse Frequency and Amplitude and Delays Puberty Onset in the Female Rat (2014)

The neural mechanisms controlling puberty onset remain enigmatic. Humans with loss of function mutations in TAC3 or TACR3, the genes encoding neurokinin B (NKB) or its receptor, neurokinin-3 receptor (NK3R), respectively, present with severe congenital gonadotrophin deficiency and pubertal failure. Animal studies have shown ambiguous actions of NKB-NK3R signalling with respect to controlling puberty onset. The present study aimed to determine the role of endogenous NKB-NK3R signalling in the control of pulsatile luteinising hormone (LH) secretion and the timing of puberty onset, and also whether precocious pubertal onset as a result of an obesogenic diet is similarly regulated by this neuropeptide system. Prepubertal female rats, chronically implanted with i.c.v. cannulae, were administered SB222200, a NK3R antagonist, or artificial cerebrospinal fluid via an osmotic mini-pump for 14 days. SB222200 significantly delayed the onset of vaginal opening and first oestrus (as markers of puberty) compared to controls in both normal and high-fat diet fed animals. Additionally, serial blood sampling, via chronic indwelling cardiac catheters, revealed that the increase in LH pulse frequency was delayed and that the LH pulse amplitude was reduced in response to NK3R antagonism, regardless of dietary status. These data suggest that endogenous NKB-NK3R signalling plays a role in controlling the timing of puberty and the associated acceleration of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone pulse generator frequency in the female rat.
A comparative study of two near infrared spectrophotometers for the assessment of cerebral haemodynamics (1995)

Conventional near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), introduced by Jöbsis in 1977, can be considered as a reliable trend monitor for cerebral oxygenation. Quantisation, however, is complex and cumbersome. Recently a relatively simple system for cerebral oximetry (INVOS 3100, Somanetics Corporation, USA) was developed, measuring the regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) in the capillary bed of the cerebrum, presented as a numerical figure for easy interpretation. In this study a comparison was made between a conventional NIRS instrument and the new INVOS instrument, in order to obtain information about sensitivity and usefulness of the INVOS system. Changes in cerebral haemodynamics were induced by a moderate decrease of the arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and by varying the arterial carbon dioxide level (PaCO2). This will result in a higher (hypercapnia) or lower (hypocapnia) cerebral blood flow and subsequent change of both NIRS signals and INVOS signal. Healthy volunteers were used for this study. It was found that the steady state value for rSO2 was 70 +/- 6% (mean +/- SD). During the lowering of arterial saturation a poor correlation was found between rSO2 and SaO2 (r = 0.47). Increased cerebral blood flow induced by hypercapnia was detected by both conventional NIRS and the INVOS. Decreased cerebral blood flow induced by hypocapnia could only be detected by conventional NIRS. It was concluded that due to the variation in displayed rSO2 and the high amount of averaging in the algorithm the INVOS instrument does not yet provide more information than conventional NIRS.
NMR study of the reconstitution of the β‐sheet of thioredoxin by fragment complementation (1995)

The study of complementary protein fragments is thought to be generally useful to identify early folding intermediates. A prerequisite for these studies is the reconstitution of the native-like structure by fragment complementation. Structural analysis of the complementation of the domain-sized proteolytic fragments of E. coli thioredoxin, using a combination of H-exchange and 2D NMR experiments as a fingerprint technique, provide evidence for the extensive reconstitution of a native beta-sheet, with local conformational adjustments near the cleavage site. Remarkably, the antiparallel beta-strand between the fragments shows a native-like protection of the amide protons to solvent exchange. Our results indicate that these fragments can be useful to study the early events in the still little understood formation of beta-sheets.
Lighting Northern New England with Water: A Comparative Analysis of Wave and Tidal Hydrokinetic Energy Regulation (2014)

“Today, no area holds more promise than our investments in American energy. In order to limit our dependence on foreign oil, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and curtail rising consumer energy costs, the United States has adjusted its energy trajectory to support more actively the “development and integration of new clean and domestic renewable energy resources into the electric grid.” Although some contend the recent emergence of unconventional oil extraction methods, especially shale gas fracking,3 may hedge political support for renewable energy sources, hydrokinetic power provides a highly affordable and renewable, carbon-free energy source-our nation’s largest supply of*324 clean energy. In comparison to renewable wind energies, the fact that water is 832 times denser than air makes the aggregate of “our tides, waves, ocean current, and free-flowing rivers [[[] an untapped, powerful, [and] highly concentrated [] energy resource.” Moreover, hydrokinetic energy may offer the cleanest and swiftest route to energy independence for the United States, particularly for northern New England.\nThis Comment provides a comparative analysis of hydrokinetic energy projects off the northerly coastlines of New England, focusing exclusively on Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. Part II offers a basic primer on hydrokinetic technology, and how it actually works. Part III navigates through the vortex of federal and state regulations governing ocean energy development in national waters. Part IV considers the measures that Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts have taken to address the dire need for renewable energy through hydrokinetic energy development. Lastly, Part V concludes that the varying degree of success for hydrokinetic energy projects in northern New England is mostly attributable to tempered energy policies, limited state financial resources, understandable distaste for the existing federal regulatory framework, and considerable attention to legitimate environmental, commercial, and recreational interests. In summary, this Comment presents a comprehensive overview of the ways in which hydrokinetic technology is being used to harness the ocean’s power and produce clean, renewable energy for residents throughout “Norumbega” or northern New England.
Introduction (2006)

The essay introduces the new journal and points out that economists have a long-standing, albeit virtually unknown, history of thinking about questions of conflict, war, and peace. Prominent contributors include Kenneth Arrow, Kenneth Boulding, F.Y. Edgeworth, John Kenneth Galbraith, Jack Hirshleifer, John Maynard Keynes, Lawrence Klein, Wassily Leontief, V.I. Lenin, Friedrich List, Karl Marx, Jean Monnet, Mancur Olson, Vilfredo Pareto, A.C. Pigou, David Ricardo, Lionel Robbins, Joseph A. Schumpeter, Werner Sombart, Thomas Schelling, Adam Smith, Jan Tinbergen, Thorstein Veblen, and Knut Wicksell, a surprisingly diverse assembly. If one draws the net a bit wider and thinks about how societies constitute and regulate themselves, even thinkers such as James Buchanan and Douglass North would be included in this list. Members of society can produce and engage in voluntary exchange and grant-making, or they can produce and appropriate from each other. Clearly, economics as a discipline is intimately linked to issues of conflict, war, and peace.
Tracking a magnetically guided catheter with a single rotating C-Arm (2015)

This paper presents a method to localize a magnetically guided catheter using a single rotating C-Arm. Because the three dimensional position of the catheter tip, when extracted from a single view, contains large uncertainties, we propose to combine multiple views by rotating the C-Arm and using a Kalman filter. The proposed approach yields good tracking performance for several catheter poses and reduces the maximum estimated standard deviation to 0.3 cm after incorporating six views. This represents a 62 percent reduction in three dimensional position uncertainty.
Extracellular Vesicle-Educated Macrophages Promote Early Achilles Tendon Healing (2019)

Tendon healing follows a complex series of coordinated events, which ultimately produces a mechanically inferior tissue more scar-like than native tendon. More regenerative healing occurs when anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages play a more dominant role. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are able to polarize macrophages to an M2 immunophenotype via paracrine mechanisms. We previously reported that coculture of CD14+ macrophages (MQs) with MSCs resulted in a unique M2-like macrophage. More recently, we generated M2-like macrophages using only extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from MSCs creating "EV-educated macrophages" (also called exosome-educated macrophages [EEMs]), thereby foregoing direct use of MSCs. For the current study, we hypothesized that cell therapy with EEMs would improve in vivo tendon healing by modulating tissue inflammation and endogenous macrophage immunophenotypes. We evaluated effects of EEMs using a mouse Achilles tendon rupture model and compared results to normal tendon healing (without any biologic intervention), MSCs, MQs, or EVs. We found that exogenous administration of EEMs directly into the wound promoted a healing response that was significantly more functional and more regenerative. Injured tendons treated with exogenous EEMs exhibited (a) improved mechanical properties, (b) reduced inflammation, and (c) earlier angiogenesis. Treatment with MSC-derived EVs alone were less effective functionally but stimulated a biological response as evidenced by an increased number of endothelial cells and decreased M1/M2 ratio. Because of their regenerative and immunomodulatory effects, EEM treament could provide a novel strategy to promote wound healing in this and various other musculoskeletal injuries or pathologies where inflammation and inadequate healing is problematic. Stem Cells 2019;37:652-662.
The mechanical stimulation of cells in 3D culture within a self-assembling peptide hydrogel (2014)

The aim of this present study was to provide a scaffold as a tool for the investigation of the effect of mechanical stimulation on three-dimensionally cultured cells. For this purpose, we developed an artificial self-assembling peptide (SPG-178) hydrogel scaffold. The structural properties of the SPG-178 peptide were confirmed by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanical properties of the SPG-178 hydrogel were studied using rheology measurements. The SPG-178 peptide was able to form a stable, transparent hydrogel in a neutral pH environment. In the SPG-178 hydrogel, mouse skeletal muscle cells proliferated successfully (increased by 12.4 ± 1.5 times during 8 days of incubation; mean ± SEM). When the scaffold was statically stretched, a rapid phosphorylation of ERK was observed (increased by 2.8 ± 0.2 times; mean ± SEM). These results demonstrated that the developed self-assembling peptide gel is non-cytotoxic and is a suitable tool for the investigation of the effect of mechanical stimulation on three-dimensional cell culture.
Copolyesters Made from 1,4-Butanediol, Sebacic Acid, and<scp>d</scp>-Glucose by Melt and Enzymatic Polycondensation (2015)

Biotechnologically accessible 1,4-butanediol and vegetal oil-based diethyl sebacate were copolymerized with bicyclic acetalized D-glucose derivatives (Glux) by polycondensation both in the melt at high temperature and in solution at mild temperature mediated by polymer-supported Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB). Two series of random copolyesters (PB(x)Glux(y)Seb and PBSeb(x)Glux(y)) were prepared differing in which d-glucose derivative (Glux diol or Glux diester) was used as comonomer. The three parent homopolyesters PBSeb, PBGlux, and PGluxSeb were prepared as well. Both methods were found to be effective for polymerization although significant higher molecular weights were achieved by melt polycondensation. The thermal properties displayed by the copolyesters were largely dependent on composition and also on the functionality of the replacing Glux unit. The thermal stability of PBSeb was retained or even slightly increased after copolymerization with Glux, whereas crystallinity and melting temperature were largely depressed. On the contrary, the glass-transition temperature noticeably increased with the content in Glux units. PGluxSeb distinguished in displaying both T(g) and T(m) higher than PBSeb because a different crystal structure is adopted by this homopolyester. The hydrolytic degradability of PBSeb in water was enhanced by copolymerization, in particular, when biodegradation was assisted by lipases.
Inhomogeneity of Grain‐Boundary Resistivity in Calcia‐Stabilized Zirconia (2002)

Impedance spectroscopy with millimeter‐scale electrodes was used to determine the local grain‐boundary resistivity (ρ gb ) of a 1‐mol%‐Al 2 O 3 ‐doped CaO‐stabilized ZrO 2 (CSZ) specimen. A much higher ρ gb at the specimen surface was observed compared with that of the specimen interior. The result was mainly due to the difference in the dihedral angle of the intergranular phase, which was ∼20° at the surface and ∼100° at the interior.
The cyclic Jacobi method for computing the principal values of a complex matrix (1960)

is diagonal (T denotes the transpose), then the main diagonal of A is made up of the numbers Xi in some order. If it is desired to compute the Xi numerically, this result is of no immediate use, since for n> 2 there exists no manageable expression for the general orthogonal matrix of order n. However, Jacobi [6] suggested the computation of the set of Xi as the limiting set of diagonal elements of a sequence of matrices which are generated from A recursively by plane rotations. For k = 0, 1, 2, * *, let ck =cf)k be a real angle and (i, j) = (ik, jk), a pair of integers such that 1 <ik <jk n. The matrix Uk = (upq), where
Transformer in Transformer (2021)

Transformer is a new kind of neural architecture which encodes the input data as powerful features via the attention mechanism. Basically, the visual transformers first divide the input images into several local patches and then calculate both representations and their relationship. Since natural images are of high complexity with abundant detail and color information, the granularity of the patch dividing is not fine enough for excavating features of objects in different scales and locations. In this paper, we point out that the attention inside these local patches are also essential for building visual transformers with high performance and we explore a new architecture, namely, Transformer iN Transformer (TNT). Specifically, we regard the local patches (e.g., 16$\times$16) as "visual sentences" and present to further divide them into smaller patches (e.g., 4$\times$4) as "visual words". The attention of each word will be calculated with other words in the given visual sentence with negligible computational costs. Features of both words and sentences will be aggregated to enhance the representation ability. Experiments on several benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed TNT architecture, e.g., we achieve an 81.5% top-1 accuracy on the ImageNet, which is about 1.7% higher than that of the state-of-the-art visual transformer with similar computational cost. The PyTorch code is available at https://github.com/huawei-noah/CV-Backbones, and the MindSpore code is available at https://gitee.com/mindspore/models/tree/master/research/cv/TNT.