gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dosimetric investigation of lung tumor motion compensation with a robotic respiratory tracking system: An experimental study (2008)

The benefits of using Synchrony Respiratory Tracking System (RTS) in conjunction with the CyberKnife robotic treatment device to treat a "breathing tumor" in an anthropomorphic, tissue-equivalent, thoracic phantom have been investigated. The following have been studied: (a) Synchrony's ability to allow the CyberKnife to deliver accurately a planned dose distribution to the free-breathing phantom and (b) the dosimetric implications when irregularities in the breathing cycle and phase differences between internal (tumor) and external (chest) motion exist in the course of one treatment fraction. The breathing phantom PULMONE (phantom used in lung motion experiments) has been used, which can imitate regular or irregular breathing patterns. The breathing traces from two patients with lung cancer have been selected as input. Both traces were irregular in amplitude, frequency, and base line. Patient B demonstrated a phase difference between internal and external motion, whereas patient A did not. The experiment was divided into three stages: In stage I-static, the treatment was delivered to the static phantom. In stage II-motion, the phantom was set to breathe, following the breathing trace of each of the two patients. Synchrony was switched off, so no motion compensation was made. In stage III-compensation, the phantom was set to breathe and Synchrony was switched on. A linear correspondence model was chosen to allow for phase differences between internal and external motion. Gafchromic EBT film was inserted in the phantom tumor to measure dose. To eradicate small errors in film alignment during readout, a gamma comparison with pass criteria of 3%/3 mm was selected. For a more quantitative approach, the percentage of pixels in each gamma map that exceeded the value of 1 (P1) was also used. For both breathing signals, the dose blurring caused by the respiratory motion of the tumor in stage II was degraded considerably compared with stage I (P1 = 15% for patient A and 8% for patient B). The motion compensation via the linear correspondence model was sufficient to provide a dose distribution that satisfied the set gamma criteria (P1=3% for patient A and 2% for patient B). Synchrony RTS has been found satisfactory in recovering the initial detail in dose distribution, for realistic breathing signals, even in the case where a phase delay between internal tumor motion and external chest displacement exists. For the signals applied here, a linear correspondence model provided an acceptable degree of motion compensation.
Universal Calibration in Size Exclusion Chromatography and Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUniversal Calibration in Size Exclusion Chromatography and Thermal Field-Flow FractionationJ. Calvin. GiddingsCite this: Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 17, 2783–2787Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00089a029https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00089a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views486Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Asymmetric Homologation of Boronic Esters Bearing Azido and Silyloxy Substituents (2000)

In the asymmetric homologation of boronic esters with a (dihalomethyl)lithium, substituents that can bind metal cations tend to interfere. Accordingly, we undertook the introduction of weakly basic oxygen and nitrogen substituents into boronic esters in order to maximize the efficiency of multistep syntheses utilizing this chemistry. Silyloxy boronic esters cannot be made efficiently by direct substitution, but a (hydroxymethyl)boronic ester has been silylated in the usual manner. Conversion of alpha-halo boronic esters to alpha-azido boronic esters has been carried out with sodium azide and a tetrabutylammonium salt as phase-transfer catalyst in a two-phase system with water and either nitromethane or ethyl acetate. These are safer solvents than the previously used dichloromethane, which can form an explosive byproduct with azide ion. Boronic esters containing silyloxy or alkoxy and azido substituents have been shown to react efficiently with (dihalomethyl)lithiums, resulting in efficient asymmetric insertion of the halomethyl group into the carbon-boron bond.
Distributed Memory Breadth-First Search Revisited: Enabling Bottom-Up Search (2013)

Breadth-first search (BFS) is a fundamental graph primitive frequently used as a building block for many complex graph algorithms. In the worst case, the complexity of BFS is linear in the number of edges and vertices, and the conventional top-down approach always takes as much time as the worst case. A recently discovered bottom-up approach manages to cut down the complexity all the way to the number of vertices in the best case, which is typically at least an order of magnitude less than the number of edges. The bottom-up approach is not always advantageous, so it is combined with the top-down approach to make the direction-optimizing algorithm which adaptively switches from top-down to bottom-up as the frontier expands. We present a scalable distributed-memory parallelization of this challenging algorithm and show up to an order of magnitude speedups compared to an earlier purely top-down code. Our approach also uses a 2D decomposition of the graph that has previously been shown to be superior to a 1D decomposition. Using the default parameters of the Graph500 benchmark, our new algorithm achieves a performance rate of over 240 billion edges per second on 115 thousand cores of a Cray XE6, which makes it over 7× faster than a conventional top-down algorithm using the same set of optimizations and data distribution.
Moving from XML documents to XML databases (2009)

XML has become a standard format in information exchange and integration. Database support of persistent data storage and query capability is often desired for many XML applications. While it is possible to store XML data in traditional relational databases or object-oriented databases, we also desire high-performance native XML databases that are particularly tailored for XML data. We believe an ideal XML database needs to be generic, automatic, access transparent and performance transparent. With these features as the fundamental success criteria for XML databases, this thesis discusses various existing XML database solutions. With these features as design goals, we develop a native XML database that includes native XML storage and an implementation of the XQuery language. This native database is generic in the sense that it accepts any well-formed XML data, regardless of the actual structure of data, and does not rely on schema existence. This database system is automatic because it does not require any database physical design works. Retrieving XML documents or fragments is solely through the XQuery interface. Query performance is transparent with respect to the structure of data.
Effect of Rotational Alignment On Patellar Tracking in Total Knee Arthroplasty (1999)

Forty-four consecutive patients (65 knees) who underwent identical condylar type total knee arthroplasty were evaluated retrospectively. In 22 of the patients (32 knees), the femoral component was set parallel to the posterior condylar axis (neutrally aligned group). In the remaining 22 patients (33 knees), it was set in an external rotation position of 3 degrees to 5 degrees relative to the axis (externally aligned group). Of the total knee arthroplasties in the neutrally aligned group, 34% required lateral release, compared with only 6% in the externally aligned group; patellar tracking in the externally aligned group was significantly better than that in the neutrally aligned group. Postoperative measurements performed using computed tomography scans showed that the mean angle between the prosthetic posterior condylar axis and the transepicondylar axis was 7.9 degrees in the neutrally aligned group and 3.2 degrees in the externally aligned group. The external rotation setting of the femoral component diminished the need for lateral retinacular release and may decrease the rate of patellofemoral complications that occur after total knee arthroplasty.
Thomas Hargreaves: Correspondence (1937)

Journal Article Thomas Hargreaves: Correspondence Get access Frederick G. Blair Frederick G. Blair Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume 173, Issue 14, 2 October 1937, Page 244, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/173.14.244a Published: 02 October 1937
Target labelling for the detection and profiling of microRNAs expressed in CNS tissue using microarrays. (2006)

The data presented in this investigation identifies several important sources of systematic bias that must be considered upon linear amplification of miRNA for microarray analysis in comparison to directly labelled miRNA.
Increased Expression and Immunogenicity of Sequence-Modified Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 <i>gag</i> Gene (2000)

A major challenge for the next generation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines is the induction of potent, broad, and durable cellular immune responses. The structural protein Gag is highly conserved among the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) gene products and is believed to be an important target for the host cell-mediated immune control of the virus during natural infection. Expression of Gag proteins for vaccines has been hampered by the fact that its expression is dependent on the HIV Rev protein and the Rev-responsive element, the latter located on the env transcript. Moreover, the HIV genome employs suboptimal codon usage, which further contributes to the low expression efficiency of viral proteins. In order to achieve high-level Rev-independent expression of the Gag protein, the sequences encoding HIV-1(SF2) p55(Gag) were modified extensively. First, the viral codons were changed to conform to the codon usage of highly expressed human genes, and second, the residual inhibitory sequences were removed. The resulting modified gag gene showed increases in p55(Gag) protein expression to levels that ranged from 322- to 966-fold greater than that for the native gene after transient expression of 293 cells. Additional constructs that contained the modified gag in combination with modified protease coding sequences were made, and these showed high-level Rev-independent expression of p55(Gag) and its cleavage products. Density gradient analysis and electron microscopy further demonstrated that the modified gag and gag protease genes efficiently expressed particles with the density and morphology expected for HIV virus-like particles. Mice immunized with DNA plasmids containing the modified gag showed Gag-specific antibody and CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses that were inducible at doses of input DNA 100-fold lower than those associated with plasmids containing the native gag gene. Most importantly, four of four rhesus monkeys that received two or three immunizations with modified gag plasmid DNA demonstrated substantial Gag-specific CTL responses. These results highlight the useful application of modified gag expression cassettes for increasing the potency of DNA and other gene delivery vaccine approaches against HIV.
The Condensation of Nitromethane with D- and L-Arabinose: Preparation of L-Glucose and L-Mannose (1947)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Condensation of Nitromethane with D- and L-Arabinose: Preparation of L-Glucose and L-MannoseJohn C. Sowden and Hermann O. L. FischerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69, 8, 1963–1965Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1947Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1947https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01200a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01200a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views481Altmetric-Citations62LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
F'-coded, temperature-sensitive lambda cI857 repressor gene for easy construction and regulation of lambda promoter-dependent expression systems (1985)

We describe the construction and properties of an F' factor which carries the temperature-sensitive cI857 allele of the repressor gene of coliphage lambda and which lacks the lambda cro function. This episome can easily be transferred to any F- and F' Escherichia coli strain, thus facilitating the construction and regulation of lambda promoter-dependent expression systems without the use of defective prophages.
Challenges in Chinese Text Similarity Research (2008)

There are many opportunities and challenges in Chinese text similarity research, which is one of the most important issues in the information retrieval field. Quite a few models and approaches have been investigated for this. Chinese is one of the most complicated languages on morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. In Chinese, there is not an explicit delimiter between words as in English. The difficulties in Chinese natural language processing, such as segmentation, knock down both effectiveness and efficiency of text similarity computation. This paper addresses some challenges in Chinese text similarity computation, which are undergoing from Chinese linguistics, models and approaches used in information retrieval. We consider Chinese text similarity computing tasks to cover broad topics of word, sentence and document similarity. Our work provides insights into the difficulties and bottleneck in the research, including tradeoffs between effectiveness and efficiency. New directions of the future work are discussed.
Complement activation induces the expression of decay-accelerating factor on human mesangial cells (1991)

In the present study we evaluated the effect of complement activation by immune complexes (IC) on the expression of decay-accelerating factor (DAF) on human mesangial cells (MC). MC in culture were incubated with an Ag (DNP-Gelatin) that binds to fibronectin present in the MC matrix. Subsequently, MC were incubated with anti-DNP antibodies in the presence of human serum. By immunoperoxidase staining we showed that these incubations resulted in IC formation and deposition of human C3 and terminal complement components (C5b-9) on the mesangial matrix and on the surface of MC. By immunoperoxidase staining and by RIA we showed that IC formation and complement activation significantly increased DAF expression on the MC plasma membrane. The induction of DAF expression was a consequence of deposition of terminal complement components on the MC because, zymosan-activated serum and IC formation in the presence of C5- or C8-deficient serum failed to increase MC DAF expression. Furthermore, the observed increased DAF expression was the consequence of increased DAF synthesis by MC. Thus, both cycloheximide and actinomycin D blocked the increase on MC DAF observed after incubation with IC and serum. MC DAF had biophysical and functional characteristics similar to DAF in other cells. Thus, 1) MC DAF was resistant to trypsin but was removed from the MC membrane by pronase; 2) phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C removed 48 +/- 4% of MC DAF indicating that MC DAF is anchored in the cell membrane by phosphatidylinositol groups; 3) DAF isolated from MC-inhibited complement-mediated hemolysis and demonstrated a molecular mass of 83 kDa. In conclusion, deposition of terminal complement components on human MC trigger new synthesis and membrane expression of DAF. Because DAF protects cells against complement-mediated lysis, we postulate that DAF may protect glomerular cells during IC and complement-mediated glomerulonephritis.
CT angiography and CT perfusion improve prediction of infarct volume in patients with anterior circulation stroke (2016)

In the acute stage, CTA and CTP have additional value over patient characteristics and non-contrast CT for predicting infarct presence and infarct volume on follow-up imaging. These findings could be applied for patient selection in future trials on ischemic stroke treatment.
Assimilation of MLS ozone measurements in the global three‐dimensional chemistry transport model ROSE (1998)

A method for assimilating observations of ozone was implemented in the three‐dimensional global stratospheric chemistry transport model ROSE. The model contains an extensive photochemical scheme which includes heterogeneous chemistry and uses temperature and wind fields from the UKMO (United Kingdom Meteorological Office) stratospheric analysis. Ozone measurements obtained by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on board the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) were assimilated in the model using the sequential statistical interpolation approach. The analysis is performed using a time invariant background error covariance matrix that only includes horizontal covariances. Results from a sixty day simulation are presented and it is shown that assimilation of the MLS observations results in improved global three‐dimensional distributions of ozone as seen from comparisons with MLS data not assimilated in the model. For further validation, the stratospheric total ozone fields computed from the analysis are compared with the TOVS total ozone measurements and it is shown that they agree within the uncertainty of the data.
German responses to regime change: Culture, class, economy or context? (1996)

How have Germans, East and West, responded to dramatic changes in their political and economic regimes resulting from re‐unification? Since every German has lived under at least two regimes, evaluations of the present are made in the light of experience of their previous regime, the pre‐unification Federal Republic or the German Democratic Republic. This article analyses the 1993 German Re‐Unification Survey to test the extent to which Germans have shown a common response, as implied by theories of pan‐German culture or, in the case of the GDR, that Sovietisation matters. In both parts of Germany, people are divided. It then tests three competing hypotheses about the causes of differing evaluations of regime change. At first glance, economic costs and benefits appear most important. But a causal model shows that context ‐ evaluating regimes in the light of experience of the GDR or the Federal Republic ‐is most important, indirectly and directly. A follow up survey shows that positive responses are increasing in both parts of Germany.
Control of Structure and Film Thickness Using Spray Layer-by-Layer Method: Application to Double-Layer Anti-Reflection Film (2011)

The recently developed practice of spraying solutions onto a substrate to fabricate thin films via layer-by layer (LBL) method has been further investigated and extended. We successfully fabricated double-layer anti-reflection (AR) thin films with high- and low-refractive-index layers by the spray layer-by-layer (spray-LBL) method. For the deposition of a high-refractive-index layer, layers of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and titanium(IV) bis(ammoniumlactato) dihydroxide (TALH) were alternatively assembled. The average thickness of (PDDA/TALH) was determined to be 7 nm and the refractive index was n=1.76 at 550 nm. Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) layers were assembled on the high-refractive-index layer for the deposition of the low-refractive-index layer. The average thickness of (PAH/PAA) was determined to be 14 nm and the refractive index was n=1.48 at 550 nm. This AR thin film showed the maximum transmittance (94.5%) and the minimum reflection (0.5%) at approximately 550 nm in wavelength.
Navigation and pointing timeline development for an autonomous free-flying Shuttle payload (1988)

This paper describes the techniques and analyses used to construct the Spartan 101 mission pointing timeline for the Orbiter detached portion of its flight. It covers the design process that had to transform requirements and constraints originating from the experimenter, the Space Transportation System, and the payload hardware design into a workable set of pointing instructions sequenced to mission events. The paper discusses the technical approach used for initial attitude acquisition, determining target visibility, observation scheduling, and calculation of payload maneuvers.
Novel cyclo-oligomerization of nickel carbenoids: a simple and efficient synthesis of radialenes (1989)

M. Iyoda, A. Mizusuna, H. Kurata and M. Oda, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1989, 1690 DOI: 10.1039/C39890001690
Highly Efficient Synthesis of Chloro‐ and Phenoxy‐Substituted Subphthalocyanines (2003)

Abstract A highly efficient method for the synthesis of chloro‐substituted subphthalocyanines employing a 1 M boron trichloride solution in p ‐xylene is described and compared to other previously described results. The substitution reaction of the axial chlorine atom by a phenoxy group has been optimized. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)