gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
mRNA/cDNA Library Construction Using RNA-Polymerase Cycling Reaction (2003)

Molecular profiling of single-cell gene expression permits the high-definition investigation of intracellular gene activity and physiological status of the cells under certain special conditions, such as pathogenesis (1,2), cancer staging (3), drug treatment, and developmental processes (4). Traditionally, gene transcripts were extracted from lysed cells with pheno-chloroform followed by precipitation, and messenger RNAs (mRNA) were further purified by oligo-(dT)-dextran media (5). However, the tedious procedures of extraction, chromatography, and precipitation could not maintain the completeness of a whole mRNA repertoire, resulting in a significant loss of rare RNA (<10 copies/cell) populations. Such loss could be as much as 30% of the original repertoire. The requirement of bulk tissue samples for a better population coverage was another drawback of the pheno-chloroform extraction methods. A minimum of several thousand cells is needed for an acceptable quality of RNA extraction. Because of tissue heterogeneity, these methods usually provided neither reliable nor reproducible results. Unfortunately, it is impossible to collect adequate amounts of pure or homogeneous samples for these methods because of a tremendous difficulty in sample dissection and RNA preservation, especially the preservation of rare mRNA species.
Reductive ring cleavage of 3,5-dimethylisoxazole in irradiation in the presence of triethylamine (1974)

T. Sato and K. Saito, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1974, 781 DOI: 10.1039/C39740000781
Characterization of CD4+ T Cell Responses During Natural Infection with <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> (2000)

CD4+ T cells are important for resistance to infection with Salmonella typhimurium. However, the Ag specificity of this T cell response is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that a significant fraction of Salmonella-specific CD4+ T cells respond to the flagellar filament protein, FliC, and that this Ag has the capacity to protect naive mice from lethal Salmonella infection. To characterize this Ag-specific response further, we generated FliC-specific CD4+ T cell clones from mice that had resolved infection with an attenuated strain of Salmonella. These clones were found to respond to an epitope from a constant region of FliC, enabling them to cross-react with flagellar proteins expressed by a number of distinct Salmonella serovars.
Kinetics of vein graft hyperplasia (1986)

Human aortocoronary vein grafts fail due to accelerated occlusive disease. The possibility that this is related to cellular hyperplasia was investigated in a rabbit model where kinetics of vein graft thickening, endothelial (EC) repair, and smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation were measured from 2 days to 24 weeks after implanting jugular vein segments in the carotid artery. Immediately after graft placement focal EC denudation was observed. These defects were repaired within 1 week and did not recur. By 4 weeks intimal area had increased 30 fold from 0.028 +/- 0.004 to 0.705 +/- 0.021 mm/sup 2/, and a 24 weeks was 0.93 +/- 0.21 mm/sub 2/. This response did not produce a reduction in graft lumen area. EC and SMC thymidine-labeling index were measured by en face and cross-section autoradiography after injection of /sup 3/H-thymidine and perfusion fixation. Despite rapid EC surface repair EC labeling index remained elevated and only returned to normal levels at 12 weeks; SMC labeling was 10 fold greater than baseline even at 24 weeks (0.22% vs 0.02%). SMC mass demonstrated morphometrically increased between 2 and 12 weeks. Intimal thickening in vein grafts is due to SMC proliferation and develops after the EC layer has beenmore » restored. In contrast, intimal SMC proliferate in damaged arteries when the EC layer is absent and cease when the EC layer is regenerated.« less
Transient transfection studies of secretion in bovine chromaffin cells and PC12 cells. Generation of kainate-sensitive chromaffin cells (1993)

We have developed a transient transfection method to measure protein secretion from non-dividing, primary bovine chromaffin cells and from the continuous cell line, PC12. A plasmid coding human growth hormone (GH) was expressed in sufficient amounts in bovine chromaffin and PC12 cells to allow precise measurements of secretion from the small fraction (less than 1%) of transfected cells in a dish. GH was secreted in a similar proportion to endogenous catecholamine upon nicotinic stimulation, depolarization with elevated K+, and upon permeabilization with digitonin and subsequent stimulation with micromolar Ca2+. GH in homogenates from GH-transfected chromaffin cells cosedimented with catecholamine on discontinuous sucrose gradients. The data indicate that transiently expressed human GH in chromaffin and PC12 cells is localized predominantly in secretory vesicles in the regulated secretory pathway. With transient transfection there is a high probability of coexpression in the same cell of two plasmids which are cotransfected. Coexpression of a plasmid for GH and a plasmid for the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor, GluR1, created chromaffin cells in which Ca(2+)-dependent GH secretion could be stimulated by the glutamatergic agonist kainate. The ability to coexpress a plasmid of interest with a plasmid for GH will allow the investigation of the role of other cloned proteins in the regulated secretory pathway in differentiated, non-dividing cells.
Pharmacokinetics of E‐6087, a new anti‐inflammatory agent, in rats and dogs (2001)

The pharmacokinetics of E-6087, a newly developed cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, was studied in rats and dogs after single oral and intravenous doses. In both animal species, E-6087 was characterized by a long elimination half-life (20-35 h), a low plasma clearance (0.10-0.22 l h(-1) kg(-1)) and a relatively large volume of distribution (2-6 l kg(-1)). Oral bioavailability was lower in dogs than in rats whereas a faster elimination was found in rats. Multiple peaks were present regardless of administration route and animal species, suggesting the existence of enterohepatic circulation. Gender effect on the pharmacokinetics of E-6087 was only found in rats, with greater exposure and longer elimination in females than in males. Food intake reduced the bioavailability (approximately 22%) with no apparent changes in the absorption rate. After oral dosing of 1, 5 and 25 mg kg(-1) to rats, linearity was lost at the highest dose due to the low aqueous solubility of E-6087. Drug absorption was improved by micronization. E-6087 and E-6132, (a pharmacologically active metabolite), showed different pharmacokinetics. The higher percentage of E-6087 at early times suggests that E-6087 is the main compound responsible for in vivo activity, although E-6132 would contribute to the activity at later times.
AppppA, heat-shock stress, and cell oxidation. (1983)

Salmonella typhimurium LT2 induces a set of heat-shock proteins analogous to those found previously in Escherichia coli. These are virtually the only proteins synthesized after a temperature shift from 28 degrees C to 50 degrees C. Using a two-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic system developed to resolve adenylylated nucleotides, we have found that S. typhimurium and E. coli accumulate P1,P4-diadenosine-5'-tetraphosphate (AppppA), P1-(adenosine-5')-P3-(guanosine-3'-diphosphate-5')-triphosphate (ApppGpp), P1-(adenosine-5')-P4-(guanosine-5')-tetraphosphate (AppppG), P1-(adenosine-5')-P3-(guanosine-5')-triphosphate (ApppG), and P1,P3-diadenosine-5'-triphosphate (ApppA) after heat shock. These same adenylylated nucleotides accumulate after exposure to ethanol, an agent also known to induce the heat-shock response in a variety of cells. AppppA, ApppGpp, AppppG, ApppG, and ApppA were previously shown to accumulate under conditions of oxidation stress. We proposed that these adenylylated nucleotides may be alarmones--i.e., regulatory molecules, alerting cells to the onset of oxidation stress. The finding that these dinucleotides accumulate in response to heat shock suggests that oxidation and heat shock have a common physiological effect on cells. We hypothesize that these dinucleotides signal the onset of these stresses and trigger the "heat-shock response."
Migration of Hematogenous Cells Through the Blood‐Brain Barrier and the Initiation of CNS Inflammation (1991)

The central nervous system has long been considered an immunologically privileged site. Nevertheless, cells derived from the bone marrow can and do enter the CNS in a number of circumstances. Derivatives of the monocyte/macrophage lineage appear to enter and take up residence in various structures of the CNS as part of normal ontogeny and physiology. Immunocompetent cells, such as T-lymphocytes of both CD4 and CD8 positive groups, enter the nervous system in what appears to be a random fashion when they are activated by antigenic stimulation. These lymphocytes perform the required immunological surveillance of the CNS, and initiate inflammation therein during infectious and autoimmune reactions. In this review, the evidence supporting the above observations is examined, and a hypothesis for the pathogenesis of CNS inflammatory reactions is presented.
Handbook of animal lectins : properties and biomedical applications : a compendium of galectins, collectins, selectins, pentraxins and other carbohydrate-binding proteins from throughout the animal kingdom (2000)

Introduction to Animal Lectins. Invertebrate Lectins. Vertebrate Lectins. Biomedical Applications of Animal Lectins. Alphabetical Directory of Animal Lectins. Appendices. Index.
Baseline Wander Compensation for Perpendicular Recording (2004)

Baseline wander (BLW) effects generated by the high-pass pole of the preamplifier in a perpendicular recording system are low-frequency distortions that cause degradation in system performance. Since perpendicular systems also have a considerable amount of signal content at low frequencies, BLW can cause considerable performance loss. We propose and evaluate a decision feedback-based algorithm which compensates for the undesired BLW effects and improves the overall performance.
The United Nations World Water Development Report 2014 (2014)

Water and energy are closely interconnected and highly interdependent. Choices made and actions taken in one domain can greatly affect the other, positively or negatively. Trade-offs need to be managed to limit negative impacts and foster opportunities for synergy. Water and energy have crucial impacts on poverty alleviation both directly, as a number of the Millennium Development Goals depend on major improvements in access to water, sanitation, power and energy sources, and indirectly, as water and energy can be binding constraints on economic growth – the ultimate hope for widespread poverty reduction. The Report provides a comprehensive overview of major and emerging trends from around the world, with examples of how some of the trend-related challenges have been addressed, their implications for policy-makers, and further actions that can be taken by stakeholders and the international community.
Fabrication of Passive Components for High Temperature Instrumentation (1979)

Thin-film resistors and capacitors have been fabricated for use in geothermal well-logging tools. The resistors can operate from 25°C-500°C with a temperature coefficient below 100 ppm/°C; capacitors can operate from 25°C-350°C with a similar temperature coefficient. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is used to fabricate both resistors and capacitors. The processing is compatible with most microcircuit processes; and resistors, capacitors, interconnecting metallization, and possivation are all produced by CVD and can be integrated on a single substrate. Resistor material is tungsten-silicon, capacitor electrodes and metallization are tungsten, and dielectric material is silicon nitride. Photolithography is used to delineate component geometry.
Triphenyltin inhibition of the proteasome activity and its influence on substrate protein levels in nerve cells (2010)

Triphenyltin (TPT ) 广泛地向神经房间和相关机制遗体作为环境污染物质，而是它的毒性存在不清楚。在这研究， SHSY-5Y 房间暴露于 TPT，并且细胞的 proteasome 活动， Ib 蛋白质， Bax 和 -synuclein 铺平被调查。结果证明 TPT 能禁止细胞的 proteasome 活动，并且导致 ubiquitinized 蛋白质的累积。TPT 暴露能改变 IB， Bax，和 -synuclein, 的蛋白质层次影响 NFB 小径，激活房间死亡的过程，并且导致 -synuclein 聚集。我们的结果显示 TPT 暴露能导致 neuotoxicity。
Autoaggressive T lymphocyte lines recognizing the encephalitogenic region of myelin basic protein: in vitro selection from unprimed rat T lymphocyte populations. (1985)

Autoimmune T lymphocyte lines have been established from unprimed normal rat lymph node cell populations. In a first, negative-selection round, spontaneously proliferating (SMLR) T cells were eliminated by a pulse of BUdR followed by short wave light irradiation. In a second, positive-selection round, the SMLR-depleted populations were confronted with MBP presented by syngeneic spleen adherent cells. Reactive T cells were propagated until stable, permanent T lines were established. All lines were exclusively specific for the selecting antigen, MBP, and were restricted in recognition by determinants of the own MHC. All lines expressed the differentiation marker W3/25, but not OX8. Line vLe, which was derived from Lewis (LEW) rat lymphocytes, and which recognized the encephalitogenic sequence 48-88 of MBP, was extremely efficient in mediating EAE to normal untreated LEW rats. Doses of 1 X 10(6) and greater transferred lethal EAE, whereas transient although definite disease was caused by a minimum of 1 X 10(4) cells. Rats recovering from disease were resistant against subsequent active induction of EAE. In contrast, BN rat-derived line vBN was completely incapable of transferring EAE to syngeneic rats. This lack of encephalitogenicity was a property of the T line, because vLe cells transferred severe EAE to (LEW X BN)F1 hybrid rats, whereas none of hybrid rats injected with vBN cells showed any sign of disease. The data provide strong evidence in favor of the presence of potentially autoaggressive T clones in the normal immune system, and they might suggest that the actual proportion of these clones within the natural T cell repertoire is genetically determined.
Assessment of Striatal Dopamine Transporter Binding in Individuals With Major Depressive Disorder (2019)

Major depressive disorder, particularly with recurring episodes, is characterized by decreased striatal DAT expression, which might reflect a compensatory downregulation due to low DA signaling within mesolimbic pathways.
Helping people with learning disabilities to grieve (1996)

Historically, it was believed that people with a learning disability did not grieve. Today, however, new and creative ways of working with and supporting the bereft individual who has a learning disability are being sought. This article addresses the current issues for both the individual with a learning disability who has experienced a bereavement and his/her carers, it advocates the importance of competence in the carer to enable effective support, acknowledges proactive educational approaches to enable the individual to cope more healthily with loss, addresses the education and training forum from a pre- and postregistration perspective, and explores the current deficits and potential research areas within this specialist field.
Wikipedia: From Academic Pariah to Campus Learning Partner (2016)

At one time faculty rarely had much good to say about Wikipedia and typically warned their students not to use it for research. Academic librarians are visibly involved in changing the say Wikipedia is perceived on their campuses. This essay explores ways in which Wikipedia is being used to promote writing and research skills.
Human Cytomegalovirus Virions Differentially Incorporate Viral and Host Cell RNA during the Assembly Process (2000)

While analyzing human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gene expression in infected cells by RNA-specific nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), positive results were observed for HCMV RNA encoded by several viral genes immediately after the addition of the virus. UV-inactivated virus also gave a positive NASBA result without establishing active infection, suggesting that RNA was associated with the inoculum. Highly purified virions devoid of cellular contamination proved to be positive for viral RNA encoding both immediate-early (UL123) and late (UL65) gene products. Virion-associated RNA might be incorporated specifically or without selection during the virion assembly. In the latter case, cellular RNA would also be present in the virion. A high-abundant cellular RNA encoded by GAPDH and even U1A RNA, which is expressed at low levels, were detected in the virion fraction, whereas cellular DNA was absent. Virion fractionation revealed that cellular RNA was absent in purified de-enveloped capsids. In conclusion, cellular and viral RNA was present between the capsid and envelope of the virion, whereas in the capsid only viral RNA could be detected. The results suggest that virion-associated viral and cellular RNA is incorporated nonspecifically during virion assembly.
The mismatch between technology planning and user needs (1991)

The professional and trade literature about computing as work activity obscures key features of the daily context in which computing technology is used. Organizational managers and their superiors in charge of this technology lack a clear understanding of the mundane context of people's work and computer use. Consequently, they mis understand the issues surrounding its use and adoption, and, absent a more realistic view, will be unable to deliver on their and its promises of significantly improved productivity.
A Non-Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique to Assess Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability (2014)

The Blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates the entry of compounds between the blood and the brain, thus plays an important role in brain homeostasis. Studies indicate in disease states such as Alzheimer’s the BBB integrity is compromised. The motive of this project is to investigate the sensitivity of the diffusion-weighted arterial spin labeling (DW-ASL) technique to detect water exchange. Testing the sensitivity requires a reliable method of opening the barrier at specific locations of the brain. Here, a unique technology named focused ultrasound (FUS) has been used to mimic a compromised BBB environment.\nA series of experiments were conducted in a piglet model to determine the ideal settings for a successful BBB opening. The combination of 2.5 W of power, 0.02 ml/kg of microbubble concentration while saturated O2 levels in the piglet were controlled revealed the most effective BBB opening without causing hemorrhage. Although the study was able to show a significant BBB opening in contrast-enhanced MRI, the DW-ASL images showed no significant difference between the sonicated and non-sonicated ROIs. However, the average water exchange rate (kw) of 106 min-1 measured in this study corresponds to a permeability surface area product (PSw) of 159 ml/100 g/min, which was comparable to the measurements in the prior study involving humans.
Atomic layer epitaxy of device quality GaAs with a 0.6 μm/h growth rate (1991)

The two main problems, carbon contamination and a low growth rate, facing atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) of GaAs are addressed. A reactor was designed to process 2 in. wafers with a growth rate as high as 0.6 μm/h. Background carbon concentration less than 1015 cm−3 and a 77 K mobility of 30 000 cm2/V s were measured. The new reactor is based on the concept of rotating the substrate between streams of reactant gases with provisions to shear off and sweep away the thermal boundary layer. Self-limited growth was observed for a growth temperature as high as 600 °C.
Effects of photoactivated porphyrins at the cell surface of leukemia L1210 cells (1977)

When murine leukemia L1210 cells are exposed to certain porphyrins, in the presence of light, a rapid loss of cell viability occurs. We have examined structure-activity relationships, using a series of porphyrins, and have studied early effects of these agents, to elucidate their mode of action. In the system employed here, only water-soluble porphyrins were cytotoxic. The first step in cytotoxicity involved binding of porphyrin to the cell surface. Porphyrins unable to bind were inactive. An important determinant of drug binding was the partition coefficient of a porphyrin between octanol and water. In the presence of light, presumably via a singlet oxygen intermediate, a variety of effects on the cell surface and cell membrane were then produced. These included inhibition of nucleoside and amino acid transport, perturbation of permeability barriers to actinomycin D uptake, enhanced binding of the fluorescent probe 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate, inhibition of activity of 5′-nucleotidase, an ectoenzyme, and altered cell-surface properties, measured with a two-phase aqueous polymer system. In the L1210 cell line, the most potent compound tested was deuteroporphyrin IX which produced the effects mentioned above at a 5 × 10(−6) level; this drug level also prevented subsequent cell division. A tenfold higher drug level caused inhibition of intracellular nucleoside kinase activity, along with inhibition of sugar transport and of the fluorogenic interaction between 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid and cell companents. We conclude that the initial site of photoactivated porphyrin toxicity is at or near the cell surface.
Leukemia Diagnosis in Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Models (2009)

The mouse is the most commonly used experimental animal, and a wide range of tumor types can arise in their hematopoietic system. Therefore, for research scientists and graduate students working in the field of experimental hematology, immunology, and cancer research, there is an urgent need for well-established protocols for the preparation of histology and cytology for leukemia diagnosis. Moreover, the criteria for the classification of hematopoietic neoplasms often vary between different laboratories. In this chapter, we describe diagnosis and analysis of leukemia in murine bone marrow transplantation models based primarily on the findings of the histology and cytology of hematopoietic and infiltrated tissues, peripheral blood smear, and immunophenotyping by FACS analysis.
Syntheses of some indazoles structurally related to equilenin (1971)

Abstract This study reports the complete synthesis and characterization of the 15, 16‐diazaequilenin derivative 10,11‐dihydro‐3 H ‐naphth[1,2‐ g ]indazol‐7‐ol ( 2b ) as well as the methyl ether 2a of the above compound and the novel “model” compound 4,5‐dihydro‐1 H ‐benz[ g ]indazol‐7‐ol ( 3b ). Indazoles 2a and 3a have demonstrated in vitro activity against a variety of microorganisms.
Controllable 3-D Filters for Low Level Computer Vision (1993)

Three-dimensional data processing is becoming more and more common. Typical operations are for example estimation of optical flow in video sequences and orientation estimation in 3-D MR images. This paper proposes an efficient approach to robust low level feature extraction for-D image analysis. In contrast to many earlier algorithms the methods proposed in this paper support the use of relatively complex models at the initial processing steps. The aim of this approach is to provide the means to handle complex events at the initial processing steps and to enable reliable estimates in the presence of noise. A limited basis filter set is proposed which forms a basis on the unit sphere and is related to spherical harmonics. From these basis filters, different types of orientation selective filters are synthesized. An interpolation scheme that provides a rotation as well as a translation of the synthesized filter is presented. The purpose is to obtain a robust and invariant feature extraction at a manageable computational cost.