gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Super Charge Separation and High Voltage Phase in Na<i><sub>x</sub></i>MnO<sub>2</sub> (2018)

Na <sub><i>x</i></sub> MnO<sub>2</sub> shows Mn<sup>3+</sup> and Mn<sup>4+</sup> charge separation with the charge stripe ordering upon Na deintercalation at <i>x</i> = 5/8. In this paper it is shown that, surprisingly, at lower Na compositions of 5/8 > <i>x</i> ≥ 1/18 the phase evolution pathway of Na <sub><i>x</i></sub> MnO<sub>2</sub> upon Na deintercalation shows a unique phenomenon of super charge separation, where the Mn<sup>3+</sup> and Mn<sup>4+</sup> ions fully charge-separate into charge superplanes formed by succession of charge stripes in the third dimension. The Mn<sup>3+</sup> superplanes attract Na ions electronically, and dominate the antiferromagnetic interactions in NaMnO<sub>2</sub>. Na ions in Mn<sup>3+</sup> superplanes also naturally pillar the MnO<sub>2</sub> layers to form the unusual O1 phases with large interlayer distances at <i>x</i> < 1/3, which dominates the unique electrochemical behavior of NaMnO<sub>2</sub>.
Topology of the conceptual network of language (2002)

We define two words in a language to be connected if they express similar concepts. The network of connections among the many thousands of words that make up a language is important not only for the study of the structure and evolution of languages, but also for cognitive science. We study this issue quantitatively, by mapping out the conceptual network of the English language, with the connections being defined by the entries in a Thesaurus dictionary. We find that this network presents a small-world structure, with an amazingly small average shortest path, and appears to exhibit an asymptotic scale-free feature with algebraic connectivity distribution.
Distinct Stages in Adipogenesis Revealed by Retinoid Inhibition of Differentiation after Induction of PPARγ (1996)

Retinoic acid (RA) inhibits adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes but is effective only early in adipogenesis. RA prevented induction of the adipogenic factors PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha. Using receptor-specific ligands, we determined that the effects of RA were mediated by liganded RA receptors (RARs) rather than retinoid X receptors. Preadipocytes expressed primarily RARalpha and RARgamma; during adipocyte differentiation, RARalpha gene expression was nearly constant, whereas RARgamma1 mRNA and protein levels dramatically decreased. Ectopic expression of RARgamma1 extended the period of effectiveness of RA by 24 to 48h; RARalpha expression had a similar effect, suggesting functional redundancy of RAR subtypes. Remarkably, RA inhibited differentiation when added after PPARgamma1 and PPARgamma2 proteins had already been expressed and resulted in the loss of PPARgamma proteins from cells. By 72 to 96 h after the induction of differentiation, RA failed to prevent differentiation of even ectopic-RAR-expressing cells. Thus, the unresponsiveness of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to RA after the induction of differentiation is initially due to the reduction in cellular RAR concentration rather than to the induction of PPARgamma. At later times cells continue along the differentiation pathway in a manner which is RA and RAR independent.
Switched-capacitor converter configuration with low EMI emission obtained by interleaving and its large-signal modeling (2009)

The switched-capacitor converters are ideal switching-mode power supplies for portable electronic consumers due to their light weight, small size, and high power density. However, they suffer from a discontinuous input current waveform with large di/dt, what leads to significant electromagnetic interference (EMI) emission. This paper proposes a configuration of switched-capacitor converters connected in parallel with their inputs and outputs interleaved. The interleaving times are calculated by taking into account the fast capacitor-charging characteristic, and the need to have the nominal operating point on its linear part for increasing the regulation range at changes in the input voltage and load. To improve control performance and avoid the use of small-signal linearization in the control design, a large-signal approach is adopted for modeling the converter, allowing for a design of a sliding mode control.
Yeast N-terminal Amidase (1995)

The N-end rule relates the in vivo half-life of a protein to the identity of its N-terminal residue. Tertiary destabilizing N-terminal residues asparagine and glutamine function through their conversion, by enzymatic deamidation, into the secondary destabilizing residues aspartate and glutamate, whose activity requires their enzymatic conjugation to arginine, one of the primary destabilizing residues. We isolated a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene, termed NTA1, that encodes an amidase (Nt-amidase) specific for N-terminal asparagine and glutamine. Alterations at the putative active-site cysteine of the 52-kDa Nt-amidase inactivate the enzyme. Null nta1 mutants are viable but unable to degrade N-end rule substrates that bear N-terminal asparagine or glutamine. The effects of overexpressing Nt-amidase and other components of the N-end rule pathway suggest interactions between these components and the existence of a multienzyme targeting complex.
Interferometric optical fibre strain measurement (1985)

Numerous laboratory demonstrations have confirmed that extremely high sensitivity may be achieved using interferometric optical fibre strain sensors. The authors discuss the application of optical fibre strain sensors to the measurement of dynamic strains. A practical system using a fibre embedded within a composite material is the strain sensor has demonstrated a dynamic range extending from 0.1 to several thousand microstrain with a frequency response limited only by the detection electronics. The concepts of interferometric sensors are also compatible with multiplexing, and a simple system involving two sensors has been demonstrated. The measured values of strain are in very close agreement with those obtained from resistive strain gauges. However, the reliability of the fibre optic device far exceeds that of the resistive device.
Intolerancia se busca (2014)

In 1917 Einstein theorized tha through an atomic process a unique kind of electromagnetic radiation could be produced by stimulated emission. When such radiation is in the optical or infrared spectrum it is termed laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) light. A laser, a high-intensity light source, emits a nearly parallel electromagnetic beam of energy at a given wavelength that can be captured by a lens and concentrated in the focal spot. The wavelength determines how the laser will be used. The carbon dioxide laser is now successfully employed for some surgical procedures in gynecology, otorhinolaryngology, neurosurgery, and plastic and general surgery. The CO2 laser beam is directed through the viewing system of an operating microscope or through a hand-held laser component. Its basic action in tissue is thermal vaporization; it causes minimal damage to adjacent tissues. Surgeons require special training in the basic methods and techniques of laser surgery, as well as in the safety standards that must be observed.
Innate immune receptor NOD2 promotes vascular inflammation and formation of lipid‐rich necrotic cores in hypercholesterolemic mice (2014)

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease associated with the activation of innate immune TLRs and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (NOD)-like receptor pathways. However, the function of most innate immune receptors in atherosclerosis remains unclear. Here, we show that NOD2 is a crucial innate immune receptor influencing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis severity. 10-week stimulation with muramyl dipeptide (MDP), the NOD2 cognate ligand, aggravated atherosclerosis, as indicated by the augmented lesion burden, increased vascular inflammation and enlarged lipid-rich necrotic cores in Ldlr(-/-) mice. Myeloid-specific ablation of NOD2, but not its downstream kinase, receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2, restrained the expansion of the lipid-rich necrotic core in Ldlr(-/-) chimeric mice. In vitro stimulation of macrophages with MDP enhanced the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and impaired cholesterol efflux in concordance with upregulation of scavenger receptor A1/2 and downregulation of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. Ex vivo stimulation of human carotid plaques with MDP led to increased activation of inflammatory signaling pathways p38 MAPK and NF-κB-mediated release of proinflammatory cytokines. Altogether, this study suggests that NOD2 contributes to the expansion of the lipid-rich necrotic core and promotes vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis.
In Vitro Amphotericin B Resistance in Clinical Isolates of <i>Aspergillus terreus</i> , with a Head-to-Head Comparison to Voriconazole (1999)

Amphotericin B therapy continues to be the "gold standard" in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis in the immunocompromised host. Although Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus constitute the major species, several reports have described invasive pulmonary or disseminated disease due to the less common Aspergillus terreus and dismal clinical outcomes with high-dose amphotericin B. We therefore evaluated 101 clinical isolates of A. terreus for their susceptibility to amphotericin B and the investigational triazole voriconazole by using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards M27-A method modified for mould testing. Forty-eight-hour MICs indicated 98 and 0% resistance to amphotericin B and voriconazole, respectively. We conclude that A. terreus should be added to the list of etiologic agents refractory to conventional amphotericin B therapy and suggest the potential clinical utility of voriconazole in aspergillosis due to this species.
SYNTHESIS OF POLY(ε-CAPROLACTONE)/POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) BLOCK COPOLYMERS AND SURFACE PROPERTY CONTROL OF THEIR MICROSPHERES (2006)

A method was developed to synthesize amphiphilic poly(e-caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)(PCL-b-PEO) block copolymers with well-defined structure and with functional amino end-group connected to the PEO block.The molecular weight,composition and chain structure of the resultant copolymers were characterized by GPC and()~1H-NMR.The microspheres of the copolymers were prepared by W/O/W double emulsion solvent evaporation method.The analysis results by confocal laser scanning microscopy indicate that the amino groups are distributed dominantly on the surface of microspheres due to the hydrophilic property of amino groups and the formation process of microspheres in aqueous phase.The surface morphology of microspheres could be regulated by changing the composition of block copolymers.The results of this work indicate that the surface properties of the microspheres can be controlled by polymer chain structure,and that the microspheres with amino group located on the surface can be further conjugated with peptide such as RGD.Therefore,these microspheres are promising materials as microcarriers for promoting cell growth.
A TWELVE MONTH MULTI-CENTER SAFETY AND EFFICACY TRIAL OF A PRETERM INFANT FORMULA SUPPLEMENTED WITH LONG CHAIN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS (LCP) (1998)

251 Objective: Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP) supplementation of preemie infant formula has been shown to produce plasma and erythrocyte lipid profiles similar to human milk (HM)-fed preterm infants. Some studies previously reported however, have shown decreased growth in infants fed a formula supplemented with LCP. This prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled, parallel, multicenter study compared safety, growth, and phospholipid fatty acid levels in premature infants from enrollment until 40 weeks (wk) postconceptual age (PCA) (Phase I) and from 40 to 92 wk PCA(Phase II). Methods: At enrollment for Phase I, preterm infants (0-28 days of age) were stratified into subgroups by birth weight (750-1000g, 1001-1500g or 1501-2000g) and then randomly assigned to a 24 kcal/oz preterm formula with(L+) or without (L0) LCP supplementation. During the 40-48 wk PCA period of Phase II, infants were fed 20 kcal/oz L+ or L0 preterm formula. From 49-92 wk PCA, infants were fed a 20 kcal/oz L0 term formula. Exclusively human milk (HM)-fed preterm infants until age 48 wk PCA or older served as a control group. If weaned at the end of Phase I, the HM-fed infants received L0 preterm and L0 term formula from 40-48 and 48-92 wk PCA respectively. Intake of HM, formula, beikost and other solid foods allowed after 48 wk PCA, were unrestricted. Weight (wt), length(lt), head circumference (OFC) and upper mid-arm circumference (MAC) were measured at 40, 48, 56, 72 and 92 wk PCA while phospholipid profiles were analyzed at 40, 48, 56 and 92 wk PCA. Adverse events were monitored during the study. Results: Phase I results have been previously reported. 153/288 infants enrolled completed Phase II of the study. There were no statistically significant wt, lt, OFC and MAC differences among the feeding groups. At 92 wk PCA, levels of 4 of the 10 phospholipid fatty acids measured [RBC-PC (DHA), RBC-PE (DHA), TPL (DHA) and P-PC (DHA)] were significantly among the 3 feeding groups. Absorption of the 4 phospholipid fatty acids was equivalent in infants fed L and HM, but significantly greater than those fed L0. Adverse events were similar between the 2 formula groups. The number of infants who discontinued because of an adverse event was similar among the 3 feeding groups. TableConclusion: This LCP preterm infant formula is safe, supports normal growth and maintains phospholipid profiles similar to HM-fed infants through 92 wk PCA.
Rational Live Oral Carrier Vaccine Design by Mutating Virulence-Associated Genes of <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> (1999)

Three different Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O8 strains harboring mutations in virulence-associated genes coding for Yersinia adhesin A (YadA), Mn-cofactored superoxide dismutase (SodA), and high-molecular-weight protein 1 were analyzed for their ability to colonize and persist in tissues after orogastric immunization of C57BL/6 mice. We demonstrated that all three Yersinia mutant strains were markedly impaired in their ability to disseminate into the spleens and livers of immunized mice but were able to colonize the Peyer's patches for at least 12 days, resulting in the induction of significant antibody titers against Yersinia outer proteins (Yops) and in the priming of Yersinia antigen-specific CD4+ Th1 cells isolated from spleens. The high level of attenuation did not diminish the immunogenic properties of the mutant strains. In fact, mice immunized with a single oral dose of any of the mutant strains were protected against a lethal oral-challenge infection with wild-type Y. enterocolitica. Moreover, adoptive transfer of Yersinia-specific antibodies from sera of mice immunized with the mutant WAP-314 sodA revealed that this protection could be mediated by Yersinia-specific immunoglobulins.
File organization and addressing (1963)

Random-access file storage adds a new degree of freedom over sequential storage on tape, but sequential accessibility may still be an important measure of performance of a random-access storage device. High sequential speed improves file loading and dumping, periodic file review, and the scanning involved in many file addressing methods.
Optimism, positive affectivity, and salivary cortisol (2005)

These findings suggest that positive psychological resources including optimism and generalized positive affect had higher impact on cortisol secretion than their negative counterparts, and point to the need for increased attention to the potential contribution of positive mental states to well-being.
Ereignismechanismen zur Unterstützung der Orientierung in Kooperationsprozessen (1994)

Dieses Papier erläutert die Probleme der Orientierung in elektronischen Kommunikations- und Kooperationsprozessen. Ein Ereignismodell für computergestützte Arbeitsumgebungen wird vorgestellt, das geeignet ist, den Teilnehmern eine Orientierung zu ermöglichen. Das Modell erlaubt, Informationen über laufende und vergangene Handlungen im gemeinsamen Arbeitskontext zu erzeugen, zu verteilen und zu bearbeiten. Es nutzt semantische und kontextuelle Beziehungen zwischen den gemeinsamen Artefakten einer Arbeitsumgebung. Das Ereignismodell ermöglicht die Orientierung der Benutzer im gemeinsamen Arbeitsprozeß, ohne sie mit zuviel Information zu überlasten.
Bispectral Analysis of the Electroencephalogram Correlates with Patient Movement to Skin Incision during Propofol/Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia (1994)

The bispectral index of the electroencephalogram is a more accurate predictor of patient movement in response to skin incision during propofol-nitrous oxide anesthesia than are standard power spectrum parameters or plasma propofol concentrations.
Minireview: 11 -Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1-- A Tissue-Specific Amplifier of Glucocorticoid Action (2001)

11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs) catalyze the interconversion of active glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone) and inert 11-keto forms (cortisone, 11-dehydrocorticosterone). 11β-HSD type 2 has a well recognized function as a potent dehydrogenase that rapidly inactivates glucocorticoids, thus allowing aldosterone selective access to otherwise nonselective mineralocorticoid receptors in the distal nephron. In contrast, the function of 11β-HSD type 1 has, until recently, been little understood. 11β-HSD1 is an ostensibly reversible oxidoreductase in vitro, which is expressed in liver, adipose tissue, brain, lung, and other glucocorticoid target tissues. However, increasing data suggest that 11β-HSD1 acts as a predominant 11β-reductase in many intact cells, whole organs, and in vivo. This reaction direction locally regenerates active glucocorticoids within expressing cells, exploiting the substantial circulating levels of inert 11-keto steroids. While the biochemical determinants of the reaction direction are not fully understood, insights to its biological importance have been afforded by use of inhibitors in vivo, including in humans, and the generation of knockout mice. Such studies suggest 11β-HSD1 effectively amplifies glucocorticoid action at least in the liver, adipose tissue, and the brain. Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 represents a potential target for therapy of disorders that might be ameliorated by local reduction of glucocorticoid action, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and age-related cognitive dysfunction.
MicroRNAs and cancer: An overview (2008)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a recently discovered class of small RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. MiRNAs play key roles in development and establishment of cell identity and aberrant metabolism/expression of miRNAs has been linked to human diseases including cancer. Components of the miRNA machinery and miRNAs themselves are involved in many cellular processes that are altered in cancer, such as differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. Some miRNAs exhibit differential expression levels in cancer and have demonstrated capability to affect cellular transformation, carcinogenesis and metastasis acting either as oncogenes or tumour suppressors. We are only beginning to comprehend the functional repercussions of the gain or loss of particular microRNAs on cancer. Nonetheless, although microRNAs have been discovered in humans a mere eight years ago, a host of promising potential applications in the diagnosis, prognoses and therapy of cancer are emerging at a rapid pace.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐AMINO‐IMIDAZOLES BY THORPE CYCLIZATION (1977)

Abstract Die Alkylierung der Methylencyanamide (I) mit den α‐Brom‐carbonylverbindungen (II) ergibt die Cyanformamidine (III), die nach Thorpe zu den Aminoimidazolen (IV) cyclisiert werden.
Simulation of Bilateral Movement Training Through Mirror Reflection: A Case Report Demonstrating an Occupational Therapy Technique for Hemiparesis (2004)

In rehabilitation for hemiparesis, one of the goals of an occupational therapist is to practice upper extremity tasks with the recovering individual. The practice is intended to strengthen muscles and refine movements. It also provides examples for the recovering body and brain as they attempt to reestablish the now delicate cognitive and neural connections mediating voluntary behavior. However, the paresis significantly limits the movement sequence possibilities that may be physically practiced. We outline a method for using simulation of movement, which is intended to provide a means for experiencing a range of smooth and controlled movements completed by a paretic limb. The simulation provides a compelling perceptual experience of bilateral motion beyond the current capabilities of the affected limb. The benefits of this technique after a 3-week course of the simulation practice are exemplified by the presented case study that reveals improved function as demonstrated by increases in Fugl-Meyer scores and faster movement speeds as demonstrated by decreased movement times for the Jebsen test of hand function.
[Reaction mechanisms of the UV-photolysis of methyl hydroperoxide]. (2006)

Methyl hydroperoxide (CH3OOH) is one of the main organic peroxides in the atmosphere, and its formation and removal processes will have a significant impact on the concentration level of the atmospheric radicals. In the present paper, the technique of long path Fourier transform infrared (LP-FTIR) spectrometry was used for the in-situ investigation of the UV-photolysis of CH3 OOH under atmospheric conditions at normal temperature and pressure. The products of photolysis were identified as HCHO, HC(O)OH, CH3 OH, CO and CO2. Moreover, OH radicals were also detected. Finally, the mechanisms of this reaction were extrapolated on the basis of the analysis results, and the atmospheric implications were discussed.
Sequencing and analysis of the prolate-headed lactococcal bacteriophage c2 genome and identification of the structural genes (1995)

The 22,163-bp genome of the lactococcal prolate-headed phage c2 was sequenced. Thirty-nine open reading frames (ORFs), early and late promoters, and a putative transcription terminator were identified. Twenty-two ORFs were in the early gene region, and 17 were in the late gene region. Putative genes for a DNA polymerase, a recombination protein, a sigma factor protein, a transcription regulatory protein, holin proteins, and a terminase were identified. Transcription of the early and late genes proceeded divergently from a noncoding 611-bp region. A 521-bp fragment contained within the 611-bp intergenic region could act as an origin of replication in Lactococcus lactis. Three major structural proteins, with sizes of 175, 90, and 29 kDa, and eight minor proteins, with sizes of 143, 82, 66, 60, 44, 42, 32, and 28 kDa, were identified. Several of these proteins appeared to be posttranslationally modified by proteolytic cleavage. The 175- and 90-kDa proteins were identified as the major phage head proteins, and the 29- and 60-kDa proteins were identified as the major tail protein and (possibly) the tail adsorption protein, respectively. The head proteins appeared to be covalently linked multimers of the same 30-kDa gene product. Phage c2 and prolate-headed lactococcal phage bIL67 (C. Schouler, S. D. Ehrlich, and M.-C. Chopin, Microbiology 140:3061-3069, 1994) shared 80% nucleotide sequence identity. However, several DNA deletions or insertions which corresponded to the loss or acquisition of specific ORFs, respectively, were noted. The identification of direct nucleotide repeats flanking these sequences indicated that recombination may be important in the evolution of these phages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)