gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How to Conceptualize Catalytic Cycles? The Energetic Span Model (2010)

A computational study of a catalytic cycle generates state energies (the E-representation), whereas experiments lead to rate constants (the k-representation). Based on transition state theory (TST), these are equivalent representations. Nevertheless, until recently, there has been no simple way to calculate the efficiency of a catalytic cycle, that is, its turnover frequency (TOF), from a theoretically obtained energy profile. In this Account, we introduce the energetic span model that enables one to evaluate TOFs in a straightforward manner and in affinity with the Curtin-Hammett principle. As shown herein, the model implies a change in our kinetic concepts. Analogous to Ohm's law, the catalytic chemical current (the TOF) can be defined by a chemical potential (independent of the mechanism) divided by a chemical resistance (dependent on the mechanism and the nature of the catalyst). This formulation is based on Eyring's TST and corresponds to a steady-state regime. In many catalytic cycles, only one transition state and one intermediate determine the TOF. We call them the TOF-determining transition state (TDTS) and the TOF-determining intermediate (TDI). These key states can be located, from among the many states available to a catalytic cycle, by assessing the degree of TOF control (X(TOF)); this last term resembles the structure-reactivity coefficient in classical physical organic chemistry. The TDTS-TDI energy difference and the reaction driving force define the energetic span (δE) of the cycle. Whenever the TDTS appears after the TDI, δE is the energy difference between these two states; when the opposite is true, we must also add the driving force to this difference. Having δE, the TOF is expressed simply in the Arrhenius-Eyring fashion, wherein δE serves as the apparent activation energy of the cycle. An important lesson from this model is that neither one transition state nor one reaction step possess all the kinetic information that determines the efficiency of a catalyst. Additionally, the TDI and TDTS are not necessarily the highest and lowest states, nor do they have to be adjoined as a single step. As such, we can conclude that a change in the conceptualization of catalytic cycles is in order: in catalysis, there are no rate-determining steps, but rather rate-determining states. We also include a study on the effect of reactant and product concentrations. In the energetic span approximation, only the reactants or products that are located between the TDI and TDTS accelerate or inhibit the reaction. In this manner, the energetic span model creates a direct link between experimental quantities and theoretical results. The versatility of the energetic span model is demonstrated with several catalytic cycles of organometallic reactions.
Radionuclide demonstration of small-bowel anatomy in the afferent-loop syndrome: case report. (1977)

The cyclotomic Birman-Murakami-Wenzl (or BMW) algebras B^k_n , introduced by R. Häring-Oldenburg, are a generalisation of the BMW algebras associated with the cyclotomic Hecke algebras of type G(k,1,n) (also known as Ariki-Koike algebras) and type B knot theory. In this paper, we prove the algebra is free and of rank k^n(2n - 1)!! over ground rings with parameters satisfying so-called "admissibility conditions". These conditions are necessary in order for these results to hold and arise from the representation theory of B^k_2 , which is analysed by the authors in a previous paper. Furthermore, we obtain a geometric realisation of B^k_n as a cyclotomic version of the Kauffman tangle algebra, in terms of affine n-tangles in the solid torus, and produce explicit bases that may be described both algebraically and diagrammatically.\nKey words: cyclotomic BMW algebras; cyclotomic Hecke algebras; Ariki-Koike algebras;\nBrauer algebras; affine tangles; Kauffman link invariant; admissibility.
Fourier transform infrared study of reptation dynamics (1986)

The FT‐IR dichroism method was used to measure the orientation relaxation of various uniaxially strained monodisperse molecular weight atatic polystyrene samples. This orientation relaxation process can be described as the length of the chain, L, or minor chain, which escapes by self‐diffusion from its initial oriented ‘‘tube’’. It forms a random oriented Gaussian coil and does not contribute to the measured orientation function. The orientation function used is that of normalized orientation function. Since the molecular weight used is much greater than the critical molecular weight of entanglement, the experiment provides a good study of the reptation model of deGennes and Doi‐Edwards. From the reptation model, the minor chain, L, is given in terms of molecular weight, M, and time, t, as L∼t1/2M−1/2; thus, the normalized Hermans orientation function, F(t,M) is obtained as F(t,M)=1−α t1/2M−3/2. The results of experiments show good agreement with the reptation model for different vibrational frequencies.
A newly designed multipurpose microneurosurgical head frame (1978)

A new multipurpose head frame has been designed for microneurosurgery. It consists of a head holder with a frame to hold self-retaining brain retractors, hand rests, instrument holders, a plate for cotton patties, and skin-flap retractors. It has been satisfactorily used in 100 operations for 1 year.
A Phase Adjustment Approach for Interference Reduction in OFDM-Based Cognitive Radios (2013)

The problem of cross-band interference in single-antenna and multi-antenna OFDM cognitive transmitters is considered. Cross-band interference, which is caused by large OFDM signal sidelobes, is a major drawback of OFDM, especially in cognitive radio applications where it is crucial to protect primary licensed users from the secondary user's interference. In this paper, we propose a novel low complexity technique, referred to as a phase adjustment technique, to tackle this problem in single-antenna and multi-antenna OFDM cognitive transmitters. In this technique, the phase of each OFDM symbol is adjusted in an attempt to minimize the interference caused by the secondary user to the primary. Unlike prior methods, this technique does not decrease data throughput and has no impact on the bit-error-rate and peak-to-average power ratio of the OFDM symbols. Furthermore, to calculate the adjustment phases, three heuristics, one of which is very low complexity and achieves near optimal performance in numerical simulations, are also proposed. In addition, the performance of the proposed technique is evaluated analytically in some special cases in single and multi-antenna cognitive transmitters, and is verified by numerical simulations.
LightBib: Marathoner Recognition System with Visible Light Communications (2015)

This paper proposes LightBib, a novel marathoner recognition system utilizing visible light communications (VLC). In our system, each runner wears a pair of light strips which transmits the runner's ID with VLC, while cameras set along the running route can be used to decode the runner's ID from the pixels in the captured images. Our transmitter utilizes a frequency shift keying modulation, sending the information with an on-off pattern at a certain frequency. Commodity rolling shutter cameras, such as consumer pocket cameras and smartphone cameras, can be used to receive the transmission. The received images can then be post-processed, where image areas corresponding to a certain runner can be detected and recognized by extracting the ID embedded in the pixels with very high accuracy. This is useful in efficiently and accurately locate the video segments with a particular runner out of a large collection of video files. Our experimental results indicate that the average recall to identify each of the 5 runners in a single image is close to 90%.
High-Modulus Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanoplatelet Gel Electrolytes for Solid-State Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries (2019)

Solid-state electrolytes based on ionic liquids and a gelling matrix are promising for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries due to their safety under diverse operating conditions, favorable electrochemical and thermal properties, and wide processing compatibility. However, gel electrolytes also suffer from low mechanical moduli, which imply poor structural integrity and thus an enhanced probability of electrical shorting, particularly under conditions that are favorable for lithium dendrite growth. Here, we realize high-modulus, ion-conductive gel electrolytes based on imidazolium ionic liquids and exfoliated hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanoplatelets. Compared to conventional bulk hBN microparticles, exfoliated hBN nanoplatelets improve the mechanical properties of gel electrolytes by 2 orders of magnitude (shear storage modulus ∼5 MPa), while retaining high ionic conductivity at room temperature (>1 mS cm<sup>-1</sup>). Moreover, exfoliated hBN nanoplatelets are compatible with high-voltage cathodes (>5 V <i>vs</i> Li/Li<sup>+</sup>) and impart exceptional thermal stability that allows high-rate operation of solid-state rechargeable lithium-ion batteries at temperatures up to 175 °C.
A periodicity analysis of transmembrane helices (2005)

Transmembrane helices and the helical bundles which they form are the major building blocks of membrane proteins. Since helices are characterized by a given periodicity, it is possible to search for patterns of traits which typify one side of the helix and not the other (e.g. amphipathic helices contain a polar and apolar sides). Using Fourier transformation we have analyzed solved membrane protein structures as well as sequences of membrane proteins from the Swiss-Prot database. The traits searched included aromaticity, volume and ionization. While a number of motifs were already recognized in the literature, many were not. One particular example involved helix VII of lactose permease which contains seven aromatic residues on six helical turns. Similarly six glycine residues in four consecutive helical turns were identified as forming a motif in the chloride channel. A tabulation of all the findings is presented as well as a possible rationalization of the function of the motif.
INSTRUMENT AND METHOD FOR FOCUSING X-RAYS, GAMMA RAYS, AND NEUTRONS (1981)

A crystal diffraction instrument or diffraction grating instrument with an improved crystalline structure or grating spacing structure having a face for receiving a beam of photons or neutrons and diffraction planar spacing or grating spacing along that face with the spacing increasing progressively along the face to provide a decreasing Bragg diffraction angle for a monochromatic radiation and thereby increasing the usable area and acceptance angle. The increased planar spacing for the diffraction crystal is provided by the use of a temperature differential across the crystalline structure, by assembling a plurality of crystalline structures with different compositions, by an individual crystalline structure with a varying composition and thereby a changing planar spacing along its face, and by combinations of these techniques. The increased diffraction grating element spacing is generated during the fabrication of the diffraction grating by controlling the cutting tool that is cutting the grooves or controlling the laser beam, electron beam or ion beam that is exposing the resist layer, etc. It is also possible to vary this variation in grating spacing by applying a thermal gradient to the diffraction grating in much the same manner as is done in the crystal diffraction case.
Chlorosulfonylated calix[4]arenes: precursors for neutral anion receptors with a selectivity for hydrogen sulfate (1993)

In nature phosphate and sulfate binding proteins are very important receptors for the active transport systems in the cell.<sup>1-2</sup> A very high selectivity in binding has been observed in prokaryotic, periplasmic phosphate and sulfate binding proteins, which demonstrate >10® selectivity for binding phosphate over sulfate and sulfate over phosphate, respectively.<sup>3</sup> In both proteins the specific binding<br/>exclusively takes place through hydrogen bonding.<br/>Synthetic receptors that bind anions contain either positively charged guanidinium or ammonium groups<sup>4</sup> or Lewis acid metal centers<sup>5</sup> to accomplish anion binding. Recently we reported functionalized uranyl-containing salenes<sup>6</sup> and sulfonamides<sup>7</sup> derived from tris(aminoethyl)-amine (TREN) that form complexes with hard anions in CH<sub>3</sub>CN with a selectivity for H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>™. In the present paper we report anion receptors based on chlorosulfonylated<br/>calix[4] arenes.<sup>8</sup><br/>Calix[4]arenes are important building blocks in supramolecular chemistry.<sup>10-11</sup> They can be (selectively) functionalized both at the phenolic OH groups (lower rim) and at the para positions of the phenol rings (upper rim).<sup>12</sup>
A New, Non-Toxic, Curing Agent for Synthetic Polyolefins (1992)

The purpose of this study was to investigate benzocyclobutene (BCB) derivatives as non-toxic curing agents to replace accelerated sulfur systems in certain synthetic biomedical materials. Prototype artificial spinal discs have been made and implanted in a few patients from a carbon black-filled copolymer of 1-hexene and 5-methyl-1,4-hexadiene (MHD), which is sulfur cured. The polymers investigated in this study were composed of 1-hexene, allyl-BCB, and MHD (or 7-methyl-1,6-octadiene, MOD). Curing was effected through reactions on BCB, forming carbon-carbon crosslinks. Preliminary cytotoxicity tests showed the material to be non-toxic, and the physical and mechanical properties of the BCB-cured materials were comparable with those of the sulfur-cured polymers.
A Proposal of the Maximum Allowable Off-axis e.i.r.p. Level of HAPS Ground Station for Frequency Sharing with 47/48GHz FSS system (2007)

Resolution 122 requires to study power limitation applicable for HAPS ground stations to facilitate sharing with space station receivers in 47/48GHz bands. ITU-R Recommendation 1481-1 recommends to improve the side lobe characteristics of HAPS ground station antenna for frequency sharing between FSS system and HAPS system. In this paper, we propose the maximum allowable off-axis e.i.r.p. level of HAPS ground station antennas by considering power limitation to HAPS ground station in Resolution 122, and by improving the side lobe characteristics of HAPS ground station antennas in Recommendation SF.1481-1. The simulation results show that the unfeasible sharing distance between HAPS ground station and FSS earth station can be reduced remarkably, and give the possibility of frequency sharing between two above systems.
Central action of pirenzepine. (1981)

Pirenzepine, (5,11-dihydro-11-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-acetyl]-6H-pyrido-[2,3] [1,4]-benzodiazepin-6-one dihydrochloride), tested on rats and mice, did not demonstrate any conspicuous behavioral action: it did not counteract reserpine hypothermia in mice, the L-DOPA hypermotility of mice, and (with the exception of very large doses) the amphetamine hypermotility in mice and rats. The drug neither prolonged the time of immobility of rats in the behavioral despair test, nor affected the central serotonin system in rats in tests for 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced head twitches, tryptamine-induced convulsions and fenfluramine-induced hyperthermia at high ambient temperature. Pirenzepine did not affect either the hind limb flexor reflex in the spinal rat, nor the action of serotoninomimetics of it. The investigated compound had strong peripheral cholinolytic action as it inhibited salivation and lacrimation in the oxotremorine test. The oxotremorine tremor was weakened only by very high doses of pirenzepine. LD50 of the drug in mice was 412 mg/kg ip.
연구논문 : 국제결혼중개계약 관련 법률의 문제점과 해결방안 (2011)

다문화 시대가 도래함에 따라 국제결혼의 빈도가 훨씬 증가되었다. 그렇지만 그에 따른 여러 가지 심각한 문제들도 발생하고 있는데, 영세 결혼중개업자들의 난립, 위장결혼, 이주여성들의 인권 문제, 국제결혼가정의 이혼 문제, 다문화 가정의 정착지원의 부족 등이 그것이다. 이러한 현상들이 발생됨에 따라 국제결혼을 중개하는 결혼중개업자들을 규제하기 위한 법률인 「결혼중개업의 관리에 관한 법」이 제정되었다. 하지만 이 법률이 시행된 지 2년이 경과하였음에도 무분별한 국제결혼중개로 인한 피해사례가 계속 발생하고 있고 또한 제도개선을 바라는 목소리 역시 끊이지 않고 있는 현실이다. 이에 본 논문에서는 「결혼중개업의 관리에 관한 법」을 중심으로 국제결혼중개계약을 체결하면서 발생할 수 있는 몇 가지 문제점들에 대해서 고찰하였다. 특히 결혼중개업자의 개념에 대한 포섭범위의 문제나 결혼당사자에게 수수될 신상정보의 내용과 보호, 과대 환급금 및 적정 중개수수료의 문제, 손해배상책임의 담보 문제에 대해 언급하고 법정책적인 시각에서의 법적판단에 관한 제언을 해보았다. 향후 이 부분에 대한 보다 많은 논의들이 이루어지길 기대한다.
Turmeric. (2008)

This chapter covers the morphology, uses, chemical composition (volatile compounds, curcuminoids, polysaccharides and oleoresin) and medicinal properties (including antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antimutagenic, antineoplastic, antimicrobial and hypoglycaemic activities) of turmeric (Curcuma longa).
A Fine-Grained Image Access Control Model (2012)

Sharing and publishing images and photos have become the trend of nowadays (social networks, messengers, etc.). Providing appropriate techniques to preserve privacy and protect content of sensitive and private images is an essential need. In this paper, we present a novel security model for image content protection. In our model, we provide dynamic security rules based on first order logic to express constraints that can be applied to contextual information as well as low level features of images. We finally discuss a set of experiments and studies carried out to evaluate the proposed approach.
An overcomplete stitching algorithm for time decoding machines (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> We investigate a class of finite-dimensional time decoding algorithms that: 1) is insensitive with respect to the time-encoding parameters; 2) is highly efficient and stable; and 3) can be implemented in real time. These algorithms are based on the observation that the recovery of time encoded signals given a finite number of observations has the property that the quality of signal recovery is very high in a reduced time range. We show how to obtain a local representation of the time encoded signal in an efficient and stable manner using a Vandermonde formulation of the recovery algorithm. Once the signal values are obtained from a finite number of possibly overlapping observations, the reduced-range segments are stitched together. The signal obtained by segment stitching is subsequently filtered for improved performance in recovery. Finally, we evaluate the complexity of the algorithms and their computational requirements for real-time implementation. </para>
Efficient infection, activation, and impairment of pDCs in the BM and peripheral lymphoid organs during early HIV-1 infection in humanized rag2−/−γ C−/− mice in vivo (2011)

Although plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are involved in HIV-1 pathogenesis, the precise mechanism of interaction between pDCs and HIV-1 in vivo is not clear. The conflicting reports in HIV-1-infected patients highlight the importance of studying the interaction between HIV-1 and pDCs in relevant in vivo models. The rag2/γC double knockout (DKO) mouse supports reconstitution of a functional human immune system in central and peripheral lymphoid organs. We report here that functional pDCs were developed in the BM and peripheral lymphoid organs in humanized DKO (DKO-hu) mice. We show that pDCs from both BM and spleen were activated and productively infected during early HIV infection. The activation level of pDCs correlated with that of CD4⁺ T-cell activation and apoptosis. Although CD4⁺ T cells were preferentially depleted, pDCs were maintained but functionally impaired in the BM and spleen of HIV-infected DKO-hu mice. We conclude that HIV-1 can efficiently infect, activate, and impair pDCs in the BM and spleen, in correlation with CD4⁺ T-cell depletion. The humanized mouse will serve as a relevant model to investigate the development and function of pDCs and their role during HIV-1 pathogenesis in vivo.
The Hough transform versus the UpWrite (1998)

This paper compares the Hough transform and the UpWrite for the detection of lines, circles, and ellipses. Both ideal and noisy images are tested. The UpWrite is found to be more robust for images containing perturbation noise. For ideal images and images with speckle noise, the results are found to depend on the complexity of the object being detected, with more complex objects favoring the UpWrite.
Temporal Control over Cellular Targeting through Hybridization of Folate-targeted Dendrimers and PEG-PLA Nanoparticles (2012)

Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) and dendrimers are two major classes of nanomaterials that have demonstrated great potential for targeted drug delivery. However, their targeting efficacy has not yet met clinical needs, largely because of a lack of control over their targeting kinetics, which often results in rapid clearance and off-target drug delivery. To address this issue, we have designed a novel hybrid NP (nanohybrid) platform that allows targeting kinetics to be effectively controlled through hybridization of targeted dendrimers with polymeric NPs. Folate (FA)-targeted generation 4 poly(amidoamine) dendrimers were encapsulated into poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(D,L-lactide) (PEG-PLA) NPs using a double emulsion method, forming nanohybrids with a uniform size (~100 nm in diameter) at high encapsulation efficiencies (69-85%). Targeted dendrimers encapsulated within the NPs selectively interacted with FA receptor (FR)-overexpressing KB cells upon release in a temporally controlled manner. The targeting kinetics of the nanohybrids were modulated using three different molecular weights (MW) of the PLA block (23, 30, and 45 kDa). The release rates of the dendrimers from the nanohybrids were inversely proportional to the MW of the PLA block, which dictated their binding and internalization kinetics with KB cells. Our results provide evidence that selective cellular interactions can be kinetically controlled by the nanohybrid design, which can potentially enhance targeting efficacy of nanocarriers.
Cell surface sialylation of two human tumor cell lines and its correlation with their platelet-activating activity. (1987)

The relationship between cell surface sialylation and platelet-activating activity was studied in two tumor cell lines of human origin, the SKNMC neuroblastoma line and the U87MG glioblastoma line. Their platelet-activating activity was evaluated in two different experimental systems, one that measures platelet aggregation and the other that quantifies platelet thrombus formation on vascular subendothelium under flow conditions. Our results demonstrate that, for the SKNMC line, the loss of 30% of surface sialic acid induced a significant reduction in its platelet-activating capacity. Upon recultivation desialylated SKNMC cells did not regenerate surface sialic acid and did not restore their initial values of platelet aggregation and platelet thrombus formation. Conversely, removal of 35% sialic acid from the surface of U87MG cells did not affect their pattern of platelet activation in either system tested. These results demonstrate that there is a correlation between cell surface sialylation and the capacity of SKNMC cells to activate platelets. The lack of effect of desialylation on U87MG-induced platelet activation indicates that different surface components may be the modulators of the interactions of these tumor cells with platelets. Our results support the hypothesis that heterologous mechanisms regulate platelet-tumor cell interactions and that tumor cell sialic acid may be only one of the aspects involved in such interactions.