gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An artificial intelligent diagnostic system on differential recognition of hematopoietic cells from microscopic images (1997)

Despite their advantages, none of the automated white blood cell differentiated counters have replaced the conventional microscopic evaluations of blood and bone marrow slides by hematologists. We have analyzed the smears of 39 patients and 8 control subjects to develop an artificial expert system that recognizes 16 different types of nucleated hematopoietic cells during the stages of differentiation. A charge coupled television camera and a special frame grabber were used for data acquisition, and 247 nucleated cell images were transferred from a microscope to an IBM 386 computer to be processed. One hundred sixty-five and 82 of these images were used for training and testing, respectively. Our system is composed of image processing and analysis (enhancement, thresholding/smoothing, edge detection), pattern recognition (feature extraction and classification with supervised artificial neural network), and expert system development. Image processing and analysis were used to obtain 13 cellular features to be used as the input parameters (neurons) of the artificial neural network. A supervised artificial neural network (back-propagation learning algorithm) was used in the classification of 16 different cells (output neurons of the neural network), which is the second step of pattern recognition. A confusion matrix has been developed to compare the similarities and dissimilarities between the differential recognitions of the hematologist and the expert system. The discriminatory power of the procedure is statistically significant: Q = (N - n.K)2/N.(K - 1) = 28.2. The sensitivity and the specificity of the expert system were 71.4% and 90.9%, respectively.
Lipophilic Pyrylium Salts in the Synthesis of Efficient Pyridinium-Based Cationic Lipids, Gemini Surfactants, and Lipophilic Oligomers for Gene Delivery (2006)

Several new classes of pyridinium cationic lipids were synthesized and tested as gene delivery agents. They were obtained through a procedure that generates simultaneously the heterocyclic ring and the positively charged nitrogen atom, using lipophilic pyrylium salts as key intermediates that react with primary amines, yielding pyridinium salts. The choice of the appropriately substituted primary amine, diamine or polyamine, allows the design of the shape of the final lipids, gemini surfactants, or lipophilic polycations. We report also a comprehensive structure-activity relationship study that identified the most efficient structural variables at the levels of the hydrophobic anchor, linker, and counterion for these classes of pyridinium cationic lipids. This study was also aimed at finding the best liposomal formulation for the new transfection agents.
Diabetic Nephropathy: Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment (2005)

Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of kidney disease in patients starting renal replacement therapy and affects approximately 40% of type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. It increases the risk of death, mainly from cardiovascular causes, and is defined by increased urinary albumin excretion (UAE) in the absence of other renal diseases. Diabetic nephropathy is categorized into stages: microalbuminuria (UAE >20 microg/min and < or =199 microg/min) and macroalbuminuria (UAE > or =200 microg/min). Hyperglycemia, increased blood pressure levels, and genetic predisposition are the main risk factors for the development of diabetic nephropathy. Elevated serum lipids, smoking habits, and the amount and origin of dietary protein also seem to play a role as risk factors. Screening for microalbuminuria should be performed yearly, starting 5 years after diagnosis in type 1 diabetes or earlier in the presence of puberty or poor metabolic control. In patients with type 2 diabetes, screening should be performed at diagnosis and yearly thereafter. Patients with micro- and macroalbuminuria should undergo an evaluation regarding the presence of comorbid associations, especially retinopathy and macrovascular disease. Achieving the best metabolic control (A1c <7%), treating hypertension (<130/80 mmHg or <125/75 mmHg if proteinuria >1.0 g/24 h and increased serum creatinine), using drugs with blockade effect on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and treating dyslipidemia (LDL cholesterol <100 mg/dl) are effective strategies for preventing the development of microalbuminuria, in delaying the progression to more advanced stages of nephropathy and in reducing cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Development and Characterization of Improved NiTiPd High-Temperature Shape-Memory Alloys by Solid-Solution Strengthening and Thermomechanical Processing (2006)

The need for compact, solid-state actuation systems for use in the aerospace, automotive, and other transportation industries is currently motivating research in high-temperature shape-memory alloys (HTSMA) with transformation temperatures greater than 100 C. One of the basic high-temperature alloys investigated to fill this need is Ni(19.5)Ti(50.5)Pd30. Initial testing has indicated that this alloy, while having acceptable work characteristics, suffers from significant permanent deformation (or ratcheting) during thermal cycling under load. In an effort to overcome this deficiency, various solid-solution alloying and thermomechanical processing schemes were investigated. Solid-solution strengthening was achieved by substituting 5at% gold or platinum for palladium in Ni(19.5)Ti(50.5)Pd30, the so-called baseline alloy, to strengthen the martensite and austenite phases against slip processes and improve thermomechanical behavior. Tensile properties, work behavior, and dimensional stability during repeated thermal cycling under load for the ternary and quaternary alloys were compared. The relative difference in yield strength between the martensite and austenite phases and the dimensional stability of the alloy were improved by the quaternary additions, while work output was only minimally impacted. The three alloys were also thermomechanically processed by cycling repeatedly through the transformation range under a constant stress. This so-called training process dramatically improved the dimensional stability in these samples and also recovered the slight decrease in work output caused by quaternary alloying. An added benefit of the solid-solution strengthening was maintenance of enhanced dimensional stability of the trained material to higher temperatures compared to the baseline alloy, providing a greater measure of over-temperature capability.
A biofeedback cane system: instrumentation and subject application results (1995)

A system has been developed to measure axial cane forces while walking. An audio alarm can be programmed to sound within adjustable limits according to the cane load magnitude. Cane load sensors provide input to a portable data acquisition system which is designed to perform analog to digital conversion and store the force data using a precalibrated look-up table. The audio alarm is controlled on the basis of sensor look-up table values with high and low thresholds set as a ratio of subject weight. High-speed CMOS technology and the Motorola 68HC11 microprocessor were used in the design to limit power consumption. Ten normal adult subjects were used to evaluate the system. Measurements were made using the system with and without audio feedback. The system is suggested for further use in the characterization of feedback on cane and lower extremity load metrics.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis of Nanometric LiMnPO<sub>4</sub> via a Two-Step Technique (2012)

A two-step procedure for preparation of LiMnPO4 with small particle size (15–20 nm) and embedded in a carbon matrix is presented. The crucial point that prevents excessive particle growth is the avoidance of lithium in the first firing step, so that small Mn2P2O7 particles embedded in carbon are obtained. Because of the carbon matrix, the Mn2P2O7 particles also cannot grow in the second step, which involves lithiation and heating to 700 °C in argon. The prepared LiMnPO4 shows a high theoretical capacity (up to 95% of the theoretical value) and a stable cycling (>130 mAh/g, even after 100 cycles at 55 °C and a rate of C/20). At room temperature and using the CC–CV mode, the performance is comparable to the best result shown in the literature so far. Finally, the performance of LiMnPO4 is briefly compared with that of LiFePO4.
α-Hydroxy Amides and Related Compounds (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTα-Hydroxy Amides and Related CompoundsSeymour L. Shapiro, Ira M. Rose, and Louis FreedmanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959, 81, 23, 6322–6329Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01532a052https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01532a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views719Altmetric-Citations39LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An unsplit convolutional perfectly matched layer technique improved at grazing incidence for the viscoelastic wave equation (2009)

In the context of the simulation of wave propagation, the perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary layer has proven to be efficient to absorb non-grazing incidence waves. However, the classical discrete PML cannot efficiently absorb waves reaching the absorbing layer at grazing incidence. This is observed, for instance, in the case of thin mesh slices, or in the case of sources located close to the absorbing boundaries or receivers located at large offset. In order to improve the PML efficiency at grazing incidence we derive an unsplit convolutional PML (CPML) for a fourth-order staggered finite-difference numerical scheme applied to the 3-D viscoelastic seismic wave equation. The time marching equations of the standard linear solid mechanisms used do not need to be split and only the memory variables associated with velocity derivatives are stored at each time step. This is important in the case of more than one damping mechanism. Memory storage is reduced by more than 70 per cent in the PML regions in 3-D simulations compared to split PMLs optimized at grazing incidence. We validate the technique based on a benchmark performed in a thin mesh slice.
A Framework for Predicting Surface Areas in Microporous Coordination Polymers (2010)

A predictive tool termed the linker to metal cluster (LiMe) ratio is introduced as a method for understanding surface area in microporous coordination polymers (MCPs). Calibrated with geometric accessible surface area computations, the LiMe ratio uses molecular weight of building block components to indicate the maximum attainable surface area for a given linker and metal cluster combination. MOF-5 and HKUST-1 are used as prototypical structures to analyze MCPs with octahedral M(4)O(CO(2)R)(6) and paddlewheel M(2)(CO(2)R)(4) metal clusters. Insight into the effects of linker size, geometry, number of coordinating groups, and framework interpenetration is revealed through the LiMe ratio analysis of various MCPs. Experimental surface area deviation provides indication that a material may suffer from incomplete guest removal, structural collapse, or interpenetration. Because minimal data input are required, the LiMe ratio surface area analysis is suggested as a quick method for experimental verification as well as a guide for the design of new materials.
Purification of histidine tagged bacteriorhodopsin, <i>pharaonis</i> halorhodopsin and <i>pharaonis</i> sensory rhodopsin II functionally expressed in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1999)

Bacteriorhodopsin (BR) from Halobacterium salinarum as well as halorhodopsin (pHR) and sensory rhodopsin II (pSRII) from Natronobacterium pharaonis were functionally expressed in E. coli using the method of Shimono et al. IFEBS Lett. (1997) 420, 54-56]. The histidine tagged proteins were purified with yields up to 1.0 mg/l cell culture and characterized by ESI mass spectrometry and their photocycle. The pSRII and pHR photocycles were indistinguishable from the wild type proteins. The BR photocycle was considerably prolonged. pSOII is located in the cytoplasmic membrane and the C-terminus is oriented towards the cytoplasm as determined by immunogold labelling.
Crystal Size Dependence of Emission from Perylene Microcrystals (1997)

Abstract In this study, we found that, in perylene microcrystals, luminescence peak position from free-exciton state was gradually shifted to high energy side with reducing the crystal size, even if the microcrystals were fabricated by different kinds of preparation techniques. The life time of luminescence from self-trapped exciton state became shorter when the crystal size reduced. The main reason was estimated to be based on the change of lattice state.
Proof of security of quantum key distribution with two-way classical communications (2003)

Shor and Preskill (see Phys. Rev. Lett., vol.85, p.441, 2000) have provided a simple proof of security of the standard quantum key distribution scheme by Bennett and Brassard (1984) by demonstrating a connection between key distribution and entanglement purification protocols (EPPs) with one-way communications. Here, we provide proofs of security of standard quantum key distribution schemes, Bennett and Brassard and the six-state scheme, against the most general attack, by using the techniques of two-way entanglement purification. We demonstrate clearly the advantage of classical post-processing with two-way classical communications over classical post-processing with only one-way classical communications in quantum key distribution (QKD). This is done by the explicit construction of a new protocol for (the error correction/detection and privacy amplification of) Bennett and Brassard that can tolerate a bit error rate of up to 18.9%, which is higher than what any Bennett and Brassard scheme with only one-way classical communications can possibly tolerate. Moreover, we demonstrate the advantage of the six-state scheme over Bennett and Brassard by showing that the six-state scheme can strictly tolerate a higher bit error rate than Bennett and Brassard. In particular, our six-state protocol can tolerate a bit error rate of 26.4%, which is higher than the upper bound of 25% bit error rate for any secure Bennett and Brassard protocol. Consequently, our protocols may allow higher key generation rate and remain secure over longer distances than previous protocols. Our investigation suggests that two-way entanglement purification is a useful tool in the study of advantage distillation, error correction, and privacy amplification protocols.
Plasmid DNA Sequences Present in Conventional Herpes Simplex Virus Amplicon Vectors Cause Rapid Transgene Silencing by Forming Inactive Chromatin (2006)

The herpes simplex virus (HSV)-based amplicon vector, a bacterial-viral-mammalian cell shuttle system, holds promise as a versatile gene delivery vehicle because of its large transgene capacity. However, amplicon-mediated transgene expression is often transient. We hypothesized that the presence of prokaryotic DNA sequences within the packaged vector genome can trigger transcriptional silencing of the entire vector sequence. To test this, we constructed a novel amplicon vector devoid of bacterial sequences (minicircle [MC] amplicon). Although the same dose of the minicircle amplicon vector in normal human fibroblasts resulted in an expression of luciferase approximately 20 times higher than that caused by the conventional amplicon vector, no significant difference was observed in copy numbers of luciferase DNA between MC amplicon- and control-transduced cells. Quantitative analyses of levels of luciferase mRNA revealed that differential expression of luciferase was controlled at the transcriptional level. Chromatin immunoprecipitation PCR analyses of several regions of vector genomes revealed that the bacterial sequences found in the conventional amplicon DNA were associated with an inactive form of chromatin immediately after infection. The presence of bacterial sequences also affected the remaining vector sequences in the conventional amplicon vector. Finally, nude mice injected with the MC amplicon exhibited higher and more sustained expression of luciferase than those injected with the conventional amplicon, confirming the usefulness of the MC amplicon devoid of bacterial sequences. Although additional improvements are absolutely required, these findings are a significant first step toward developing a novel HSV amplicon vector that can achieve enhanced long-term transgene expression.
Loss of <i>IGF2</i> Imprinting: A Potential Marker of Colorectal Cancer Risk (2003)

Loss of imprinting (LOI), an epigenetic alteration affecting the insulin-like growth factor II gene (IGF2), is found in normal colonic mucosa of about 30% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, but it is found in only 10% of healthy individuals. In a pilot study to investigate the utility of LOI as a marker of CRC risk, we evaluated 172 patients at a colonoscopy clinic. The adjusted odds ratio for LOI in lymphocytes was 5.15 for patients with a positive family history [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.70 to 16.96; probability P = 0.002], 3.46 for patients with adenomas (95% CI, 1.14 to 11.37; P = 0.026), and 21.7 for patients with CRC (95% CI, 3.48 to 153.6; P = 0.0005). LOI can be assayed with a DNA-based blood test, and it may be a valuable predictive marker of an individual's risk for CRC.
In Vivo and in Vitro Characterization of the Angiogenic Effect of CTX0E03 Human Neural Stem Cells (2013)

CTX0E03 is a human neural stem cell line previously reported to reduce sensory motor deficits in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model of stroke. The objective of this study was to investigate if CTX0E03 treatment promotes angiogenesis. As stroke leads to damage of the vasculature in the brain, angiogenesis may contribute to the functional recovery. To test this hypothesis, the angiogenic activity of CTX0E03 was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, CTX0E03 expression of trophic and proangiogenic factors was determined by real-time RT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA, and its angiogenic activity was investigated in well-established angiogenesis assays. In vivo, angiogenesis was investigated in naive mice and MCAo rat brain and was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using Von Willebrand factor (VWF), a marker of blood vessel formation, and BrdU/CD31 double labeling in naive mice only. In vitro results showed that CTX0E03-conditioned medium and coculture significantly increased total tubule formation compared with controls (p=0.002 and p=0.0008, respectively). Furthermore, CTX0E03 cells were found to be in direct association with the tubules by ICC. In vivo CTX0E03-treated brains demonstrated a significant increase in areas occupied by VWF-positive microvessels compared with vehicle-treated naive mice (two-way ANOVA, Interaction p<0.05, Treatment p<0.0001, Time p<0.0) and MCAo rat (p=0.001 unpaired t test, Welch's correction). CTX0E03-treated naive mouse brains showed an increase in BrdU/CD31 colabeling. In conclusion, in vitro CTX0E03 cells express proangiogenic factors and may promote angiogenesis by both release of paracrine factors and direct physical interaction. Furthermore, in vivo CTX0E03-treated rodent brains exhibited a significant increase in microvessels at the site of implantation compared with vehicle-injected groups. Taken together these data suggest that CTX0E03 cell therapy may provide significant benefit to stroke patients through upregulation of angiogenesis in the ischemic brain.
Time Series Analysis of Low Level Gas Counting Data (1984)

We demonstrate the feasibility of pulse time of arrival information for early detection of periodic events in low level counting. Time of arrival data allows us to apply time series analysis and serial correlation tests which, in graphic form, give the user an illustrative view of the parameters affecting the validity of counting statistics. The decision to discontinue counting can already be made on the basis of less than 100 counts from the time information alone if more than 10 of these are non-Poisson periodic counts. The analyses also serve as a means of quality control for low level counting, being directly based upon the interval distribution of the Poisson process.
Endocervical fetal trophoblast for prenatal genetic diagnosis (2006)

Clinical applications await further systematic studies to determine safety and accuracy in recovery.
Hollow Silica Spheres with an Ordered Pore Structure and Their Application in Controlled Release Studies (2005)

Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of hollow silica spheres with a narrow size distribution, uniform wall thickness, and a worm-like pore structure. The formation of these spheres was monitored by confocal laser scanning microscopy and dynamic light scattering. A model for the molecular build-up of these silica hollow spheres is derived from these data in combination with studies of the as-made particles by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, pore size analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. We further demonstrate that these spheres can be used for the encapsulation and subsequent release of different dye molecules.
A New Technique for Tracking the Global Maximum Power Point of PV Arrays Operating Under Partial-Shading Conditions (2012)

The power-voltage characteristic of photovoltaic (PV) arrays operating under partial-shading conditions exhibits multiple local maximum power points (MPPs). In this paper, a new method to track the global MPP is presented, which is based on controlling a dc/dc converter connected at the PV array output, such that it behaves as a constant input-power load. The proposed method has the advantage that it can be applied in either stand-alone or grid-connected PV systems comprising PV arrays with unknown electrical characteristics and does not require knowledge about the PV modules configuration within the PV array. The experimental results verify that the proposed global MPP method guarantees convergence to the global MPP under any partial-shading conditions. Compared with past-proposed methods, the global MPP tracking process is accomplished after far fewer PV array power perturbation steps.