gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient Estimation of Variance and Covariance Components: A Case Study for GPS Stochastic Model Evaluation (2010)

The variance and covariance component estimation (VCE) has been extensively investigated. However, in real application, the bottleneck problem is the huge computation burden, particularly when many variance and covariance components are involved for many heterogeneous observations. The objective of this paper is to develop a new method allowing the efficient estimation of variance and covariance components. The core of the new method is to construct an orthogonal complement matrix of the coefficient matrix in a Gauss-Markov model using only the coefficient matrix itself. Therefore, the constructed matrix and the computed discrepancies of measurements with each other, which are the essential inputs for the VCE, are invariant in the iterative procedure of computing the variance and covariance components. As a result, the computation efficiency is significantly improved. As a case study, we apply the new method to evaluate the GPS stochastic model with 15 variance and covariance components demonstrating its superior performance. Comparing with the traditional VCE method, the equivalent results are achievable, and the computation efficiency is improved by 34.2%. In the future, much more sensors will be available, and plentiful data can be acquired. Therefore, the new method will be very promising to efficiently estimate the variance and covariance components of the measurements from the different sensors and reasonably balance their contributions to the fused solution, benefiting the higher time-resolution solutions.
ORAL TREATMENT OF FISCHER 344 RATS WITH WEATHERED CRUDE OIL AND A DISPERSANT INFLUENCES INTESTINAL METABOLISM AND MICROBIOTA (2001)

When oil is spilled into aquatic systems, chemical dispersants frequently are applied to enhance emulsification and biological availability. In this study, a mammalian model system was used to determine the effect of Bonnie Light Nigerian crude oil, weathered for 2 d with continuous spraying and recirculation, and a widely used dispersant, Corexit (Cx) 9527, on intestinal microbial metabolism and associated populations. To determine the subchronic dose, concentrated or diluted (1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20) Cx9527 or oil was administered by gavage to Fischer 344 rats and the effect on body weight was determined. Next, rats were treated for 5 wk with oil, dispersant, or dispersant + oil. Body and tissue weights, urine mutagenicity, and the impact on the intestinal microflora and three microbial intestinal enzymes linked to bioactivation were determined in the small and large intestines and cecum. Two tested dispersants, Cx9527 and Cx9500, were toxic in vitro (1:1,000 dilution), and oil was not mutagenic in strains TA98 and TA100(+/-S9). None of the treated rats produced urine mutagens detected by TA98 or TA100. Undiluted dispersant was lethal to rats, and weight changes were observed depending on the dilution, whereas oil generally was not toxic. In the 5-wk study, body and tissue weights were unaffected at the doses administered. Small-intestinal levels of azoreductase (AR), beta-glucuronidase (BG), and nitroreductase (NR) were considerably lower than cecal and large-intestinal activities at the same time point. A temporal increase in AR activity was observed in control animals in the 3 tissues examined, and large-intestinal BG activity was elevated in 3-wk controls. No significant changes in cecal BG activity were observed. Oil- or dispersant-treated rats had mixed results with reduced activity at 3 wk and elevated activity at 5 wk compared to controls. However, when the dispersant was combined with oil at 3 wk, a reduction in activity was observed that was similar to that of dispersant alone. One-week nitroreductase activity in the small intestine and cecum was unaffected in the three treatment groups, but elevated activity was observed in the large intestines of animals treated with oil or dispersant. The effect of the combination dose was not significantly different from the control value. Due to experimental error, no 3- or 5-wk NR data were available. By 5 wk of treatment, enterobacteria and enterococci were eliminated from ceca of oil-treated rats. When oil was administered in combination with dispersant, an apparent protective effect was observed on the enterococci and lactose-fermenting and nonfermenting enterobacteria. A more detailed analysis at the species level revealed qualitative differences dependent on the treatment. This study suggests that prolonged exposure of mammals to oil, dispersant, or in combination impacts intestinal metabolism, which ultimately could lead to altered detoxification of oil constituents and coexposed toxicants.
THE DOT PLANIMETER, A NEW WAY TO MEASURE MAP AREA (1954)

(1954). THE DOT PLANIMETER, A NEW WAY TO MEASURE MAP AREA. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 12-14.
A microchannel plate streak camera (1984)

An improved streak camera in which a microchannel plate electron multiplier is used in place of or in combination with the photocathode used in prior streak cameras. The improved streak camera is far more sensitive to photons (UV to gamma-rays) than the conventional x-ray streak camera which uses a photocathode. The improved streak camera offers gamma-ray detection with high temporal resolution. It also offers low-energy x-ray detection without attenuation inside the cathode. Using the microchannel plate in the improved camera has resulted in a time resolution of about 150 ps, and has provided a sensitivity sufficient for 1000 KeV x-rays.
Two murine natural polyreactive autoantibodies are encoded by nonmutated germ-line genes. (1989)

Two monoclonal IgM natural autoantibodies (E7 and D23) obtained from the fusion of normal, nonimmunized, BALB/c mouse spleen cells and nonsecreting myeloma cells were selected on the basis of their polyreactivity with auto- and xenoantigens and chemical haptens. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the variable and constant regions of the heavy and light chains showed the following. (i) The antibodies arise from different genetic elements with very low or no homology--E7 from a heavy-chain variable region (VH) of family 36-60 and kappa light-chain variable region (V kappa) from a group 19--whereas D23 derives from a VH of family Q52 and V kappa derives from group 8. (ii) E7 and D23 are probably of germ-line origin, as suggested by high homology with VH genes from the unrearranged genome. Compared with the germ-line VH 1210.7 gene, E7 has a single nucleotide difference leading to a silent mutation at position 15, whereas D23 seems to be encoded by germ-line VH 101 with one nucleotide difference causing replacement of Ser-84 by Ala. (iii) The genetic V kappa and VH elements for E7 and D23 also give rise to different responses to phenyloxazolone, dinitrophenyl, 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonyl, arsonate, phosphocholine, and influenza virus hemagglutinin. Antibodies from normal and autoimmune mice with rheumatoid factor-like activity are also homologous to E7 and D23. These results indicate that polyreactive autoantibodies are encoded by germ-line genes and that, starting with the preimmune poly- and autoreactive repertoire, mutated forms of antibodies recognizing exogenous antigens can be obtained and selected.
Design of pressure-driven microfluidic networks using electric circuit analogy (2011)

This article reviews the application of electric circuit methods for the analysis of pressure-driven microfluidic networks with an emphasis on concentration- and flow-dependent systems. The application of circuit methods to microfluidics is based on the analogous behaviour of hydraulic and electric circuits with correlations of pressure to voltage, volumetric flow rate to current, and hydraulic to electric resistance. Circuit analysis enables rapid predictions of pressure-driven laminar flow in microchannels and is very useful for designing complex microfluidic networks in advance of fabrication. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the physics of pressure-driven laminar flow, the formal analogy between electric and hydraulic circuits, applications of circuit theory to microfluidic network-based devices, recent development and applications of concentration- and flow-dependent microfluidic networks, and promising future applications. The lab-on-a-chip (LOC) and microfluidics community will gain insightful ideas and practical design strategies for developing unique microfluidic network-based devices to address a broad range of biological, chemical, pharmaceutical, and other scientific and technical challenges.
Activation of HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat Transcription and Virus Replication via NF-κB-dependent and -independent Pathways by Potent Phosphotyrosine Phosphatase Inhibitors, the Peroxovanadium Compounds (1997)

Replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is increased by different cytokines and T cell activators, also known to modulate tyrosine phosphorylation levels. A novel class of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibitors, peroxovanadium (pV) compounds, were tested for a putative effect on HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) activity. We found that these PTP inhibitors markedly enhanced HIV-1 LTR activity in 1G5 cells, a stably transfected cell line that harbors an HIV-1 LTR-driven luciferase construct. A direct correlation between the extent of tyrosine phosphorylation and the level of HIV-1 LTR inducibility was seen after treatment with three different pV compounds. Transient transfection experiments were carried out in several T cell lines, and after addition of pV, a marked increase in HIV-1 LTR activity was measured. Monocytoid cells were tested using U937-derived cell lines and were also found to be sensitive to the pV-mediated potentiating effect on HIV-1 LTR activity. A significant reduction of the pV-mediated increase in HIV-1 LTR activity was seen in cells transiently transfected with an HIV-1 LTR-driven luciferase construct bearing a mutation in both NF-kappaB binding sites although detectable levels of induction remained. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays allowed the identification of the nuclear translocation of the NF-kappaB p50.p65 heterodimer complex induced by pV compounds. A dominant negative version of the repressor IkappaBalpha mutated on serines 32 and 36 impeded pV-induced NF-kappaB-dependent luciferase activity. Western blot analysis showed a clear diminution in the protein level of IkappaBalpha starting 30 min after pV treatment of Jurkat E6.1 cells which is indicative of its degradation. On the other hand, no increase in tyrosine phosphorylation was observed on IkappaBalpha itself. Finally, we tested the PTP inhibitors on four cell lines latently infected with HIV-1 and showed a consistent pV-mediated increase in virion production. Thus, our studies suggest that pV-mediated activation of HIV-1 LTR activity is controlled by the nuclear translocation of the NF-kappaB transcription factor, which is mediated by IkappaBalpha serine phosphorylation and degradation, but also by a still undefined NF-kappaB-independent pathway.
On Combining Fractional-Pixel Interpolation and Motion Estimation: A Cost-Effective Approach (2011)

The additional complexity of the adoption of fractional-pixel motion compensation technology arises from two aspects: fractional-pixel interpolation (FPI) and fractional-pixel motion estimation (FPME). Different from current fast algorithms, we use the internal link between FPME and FPI as a factor in considering optimization by integrally manipulating them rather than attempting to speed them up separately. In this paper, a refinement search order for FPME is proposed to satisfy the criteria of cost/performance efficiency. And then, some strategies, i.e., FPME skipping, early termination and search pattern pruning, are also given for reducing the number of search positions with negligible coding loss. We also propose a FPI algorithm to save redundant interpolation as well as reduce duplicate calculation. Experimental results show that our integrated algorithm significantly improves the overall speed of FPME and FPI. Compared with the FFPS+XFPI and CBFPS+XFPI, the proposed algorithm has already reduced the speed by a factor of 65% and 32%. Additionally, our FPI algorithm can be used to cooperate with any fast FPME algorithms to greatly reduce the computational time of FPI.
Breakdown of the resistor model of CPP-GMR in magnetic multilayered nanostructures (2000)

We study the effect on CPP GMR of changing the order of the layers in a multilayer. Using a tight-binding simple cubic two band model $(s\ensuremath{-}d),$ magneto-transport properties are calculated in the zero-temperature, zero-bias limit, within the Landauer-B\"uttiker formalism. We demonstrate that for layers of different thicknesses formed from a single magnetic metal and multilayers formed from two magnetic metals, the GMR ratio and its dependence on disorder is sensitive to the order of the layers. This effect disappears in the limit of large disorder, where the results of the widely-used Boltzmann approach to transport are restored.
Episode-Based Performance Measurement And Payment: Making It A Reality (2009)

Proposals to use episodes of care as a basis for payment and performance measurement are largely conceptual at this stage, with little empirical work or experience in applied settings to guide their design. Based on analyses of Medicare data, we identified key issues that will need to be considered related to defining episodes and determining which provider is accountable for an episode. We suggest a number of applied studies and demonstrations that would facilitate more rapid movement of episode-based approaches from concept to implementation.
Concentrations and Ratios of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA, and MDEA Enantiomers Determined in Plasma Samples from Clinical Toxicology and Driving Under the Influence of Drugs Cases by GC-NICI-MS* (2003)

Enantiomers of amphetamine (AM), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) exhibit different pharmacological properties. This may be important for the interpretation of analytical results. Plasma samples were analyzed using validated negative ion chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry procedures. The results for clinical toxicology cases, divided into screening (SCR) and intoxication (ITX) cases, and those of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) cases were compared. The concentrations of all enantiomers, except R-(-)-MDA and R-(-)- and S-(+)-MA, in the SCR samples were lower than in ITX and DUID samples. Differences between concentrations in ITX and DUID samples were only significant for both enantiomers of AM (DUID higher). These findings suggested impairment in drugged drivers. Different enantiomer ratios (R vs. S) were found for AM between DUID and SCR samples, for MDMA between ITX and SCR samples, and for MDA between DUID and ITX and DUID and SCR samples. Higher MDMA enantiomer ratios in SCR compared to ITX samples are in accordance with a previously described increase of those ratios over time, possibly allowing differentiation of recent from nonrecent ingestion. Pharmacokinetic analysis of a MDMA poisoning yielded elimination half-lives of 6.0 h for R-(-)-MDMA and 4.1 h for S-(+)-MDMA. The enantiomer ratios rose exponentially over time.
Follicular Lymphomas Contain a Clonally Linked But Phenotypically Distinct Neoplastic B-Cell Population in the Interfollicular Zone (1998)

Follicular lymphomas are thought to arise from the follicle center B cells and are characterized by follicular structures that recapitulate many features of normal secondary lymphoid follicles. The neoplastic B cells of follicular lymphoma reside not only in follicles but also in the interfollicular zone in which they form a diffuse infiltrate. We have investigated the frequency, extent, and biological characteristics of this interfollicular component in 30 cases of follicular lymphoma. An interfollicular B-cell infiltrate of variable extent (minimal, moderate, or prominent) was present in all cases. Morphologically interfollicular neoplastic B cells were small centrocyte-like cells with lower grade cytology and lower proliferation fraction compared with the neoplastic follicles. The neoplastic phenotype of these cells (CD20+, light chain restricted) was confirmed in 18 cases. Clonal identity between the follicular and interfollicular components was shown in five cases using microdissection and PCR amplification of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. Analysis of Ig heavy chain gene sequences showed identical variants of tumor subclones in both follicular and interfollicular compartments, indicating active tumor cell traffic between the two. In six cases in which frozen tissue was available, the immunophenotype of follicular and interfollicular tumor cells were compared using immunohistochemistry. Activation markers such as CD10, CD38, and CD95 and T-cell costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, which were expressed by neoplastic follicles, were either downregulated or absent in the interfollicular component in most of the cases. The low-grade cytological features, low proliferation fraction, and downregulation of activation markers in the interfollicular neoplastic B cells suggests that these are resting cells analogous to memory B cells of normal lymphoid tissues. The presence of such a resting tumor cell subpopulation in the majority of follicular lymphomas may partly account for the remarkable resistance to therapy of this disease.
Migration velocity analysis: A comparison of two approaches (1991)

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1991Migration velocity analysis: A comparison of two approachesAuthors: Karl L. SchleicherDaniel J. GrygierMatthew A. BrzostowskiKarl L. SchleicherHalliburton Geophysical Services Inc., Daniel J. GrygierHalliburton Geophysical Services Inc., and Matthew A. BrzostowskiHalliburton Geophysical Services Inc.https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1888707 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1888707FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1991 ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645 Copyright: 1991 Pages: 1646 publication data© 1991 Copyright © 1991 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished Online: 10 Feb 2005 CITATION INFORMATION Karl L. Schleicher, Daniel J. Grygier, and Matthew A. Brzostowski, (1991), "Migration velocity analysis: A comparison of two approaches," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 1237-1238. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1888707 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...
VIEW FROM AN ELECTRIC PERSPECTIVE (2004)

Since humans harnessed the power of electricity at the turn of the 19th century, we haven't looked back. But some fish coopted electric fields to their own advantage well before Benjamin Franklin went kite flying in a thunderstorm. Mormyrid fish use electric fields to perceive the world around them. How they interpret distortions in their self-generated electric fields to negotiate their way around has puzzled Angel Caputi and his colleagues for several years. Knowing that Gnathonemus petersii generate their field with an electrically discharging organ, Caputi and his international team decided to measure the fish's electrical activity while simultaneously recording their neurological responses to a variety of objects, to see how Gnathonemus begins to interpret the complex currents resulting from electric field disturbance (p. 2443).The team found that metal objects placed in the fish's electric field distorted the current at the fish's surface, increasing the current in the centre of the object's electrical image while depleting the current in the surrounding area. Caputi and his team describe the profile of the current shift as a `Mexican hat' shape, with a high cap and turned up brim.Recording signals from the receptors that detect the fluctuating surface current, the team describes that the intensity of the electrical stimulus is coded by the amplitude and number of neural responses sent by receptors to the electrosensory lobe where the fish processes the signals. Caputi and his team explain that as `each individual receptor encodes information from the whole scene... the brain must process the electrical image presented over the whole sensory surface'.
Intravenous administration (IV) of the CD206-targeted Manocept-Cy3 (Mano-Cy3) to mice with induced rheumatoid arthritis (RA) results in heterogeneous localization of Mano-Cy3 with strong specificity for RA-expressing joints (2014)

1232 Objectives RA is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that targets joints and organs. The common test for RA has a positive predictive value of 50% while newer studies utilizing anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides and anti-carbamylated protein are negative in 20-30% of patients. The objective of this research is to provide a safe and effective diagnostic imaging agent that can target the early disease-driving constituent(s) of RA. We developed a fluorescent agent (Mano-Cy3) targeted at CD206-expressing macrophages to determine if Mano-Cy3 could detect these RA disease-driving in vivo after IV administration, thus providing a potential for the agent to be used in systemic imaging of early stage RA. Methods Eight-week-old Dba1 male mice were injected IP with Chondrex anti-cartilage-5 antibody cocktail (Day 0) and E. coli LPS (Day 3) and the mice developed RA in limb joints on day 6. Joints became swollen and contracted with increased severity; limbs were scored for contraction and swelling. On days 7 & 9 after onset of RA, mice were injected with Mano-Cy3 (100 - 250 µg IV in lateral tail vein). Fluorescent imaging with IVIS was conducted 1-2 hrs after injection. Results On days 7 & 9 the mean arthritis scores for Chondrex-injected vs controls were 5.5 ± 2.0 vs 0±0, and 6.7±2.0 vs 0±0, respectively. Mice expressed strong mosaic-like heterogeneity of RA expression within each animal with joints varying in arthritis score from 0 to 11. In joints with positive scores, Mano-Cy3 strongly localized while it did not localize in joints with 0-scores. Histological examination of the joint tissues reveals a strong correlation of Mano-Cy3 localization and the degree of histiocytosis. Conclusions The use of CD206-targeted Mano-Cy3 has strong potential as an in vivo imaging agent for early stage RA.
Area efficient fast Huffman decoder for multimedia applications (2002)

Proposes an area-efficient VLSI architecture for fast Huffman decoder which can support HDTV rates. Huffman coding, which is known as optimal variable length coding, has been widely used to reduce storage and communication channel bandwidth, and several emerging image compression standards such as JPEG, MPEG, CCITT H.261 require to perform Huffman coding in real-time with high throughput. However, most known designs are not suitable for real-time operation or for implementation, especially in HDTV, since these require large amount of VLSI area or a large number of processing elements (PEs) for high performance. The proposed VLSI architecture for the Huffman decoder requires fewer comparators and smaller size of data rotator to simulate the Barrel shifter. It can decode up to 17 bits per cycle and employs a 40 MHz clock which can support HDTV rates. Thus, it can decode Huffman coded sequences up to 680 Mbits/s at peak. Compared with the parallel implementation in Mukherjee et al. (1991) which requires upto 1460 PEs and has 10 Mbps of throughput, the proposed architecture is a single PE design with competitive processing power. It requires 25% of the area of the known single PE design in Lei and Sun (1991).