gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant SS31 Prevents Amyloid Beta-Induced Mitochondrial Abnormalities and Synaptic Degeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease (2012)

In neuronal systems, the health and activity of mitochondria and synapses are tightly coupled. For this reason, it has been postulated that mitochondrial abnormalities may, at least in part, drive neurodegeneration in conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mounting evidence from multiple Alzheimer's disease cell and mouse models and postmortem brains suggest that loss of mitochondrial integrity may be a key factor that mediates synaptic loss. Therefore, the prevention or rescue of mitochondrial dysfunction may help delay or altogether prevent AD-associated neurodegeneration. Since mitochondrial health is heavily dependent on antioxidant defenses, researchers have begun to explore the use of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants as therapeutic tools to prevent neurodegenerative diseases. This review will highlight advances made using a model mitochondria-targeted antioxidant peptide, SS31, as a potential treatment for AD.
DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (1990)

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique involving enzymatic amplification of nucleic acid sequences via repeated cycles of denaturation, oligonucleotide annealing, and DNA polymerase extension. PCR has revolutionized the practice of DNA technology as it allows virtually any nucleic acid sequence to be readily generated in vitro in relatively great abundance, so that subsequent analyses are not confounded by the presence of other DNA fragments or a lack of material with which to work. PCR also enables the sequence of individual DNA fragments to be altered. The method has advantages over conventional procedures for DNA cloning and analysis in many circumstances because it is faster, simpler, and more flexible. The total range and number of applications that have evolved in the short time since the first report of PCR are enormous. This review describes some of the history of PCR, the principle of the method, practical considerations for performing PCR, and a variety of applications.
Clinical outcomes with bioactive agents alone or in combination with grafting or guided tissue regeneration (2008)

The results of the present review indicate that: (1) cEMD either alone or in combination with grafts can be effectively used to treat intra-osseous defects and the clinical results appear to be stable long term; (2) the additional use of a graft seems to enhance the clinical outcome of cEMD; (3) the combined use of rhPDGF-BB and P-15 with a graft biomaterial has shown beneficial effects in intra-osseous defects; (4) contrasting results were reported for PRP and graft combinations; and (5) limited evidence supports the use of BAs either alone or in association with graft/GTR for the treatment of furcation defects.
Superconductivity at 28 K in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Rb</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>60</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1991)

Meissner-effect and microwave-absorption measurements on bulk samples show that ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ is superconducting with a maximum transition temperature of 28 K. This is a 10-K (60%) increase over the K-doped material. Only ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{0.6}$${\mathrm{K}}_{0.4}$${\mathrm{BiO}}_{3}$ and the cuprate superconductors have higher transition temperatures.
A patchwork (back)projector to accelerate artifact reduction in CT reconstruction (2010)

Artifacts in computed tomography (CT) reconstruction are often caused by an inaccurate modeling of the acquisition during reconstruction. These artifacts can be severe when metals are in the field of view. A better modeling of the acquisition during reconstruction reduces artifacts but often leads to a substantial increase in computation time. Because metals are the most prominent source of the artifacts, we hypothesize it would be sufficient to limit the more complex model to regions close to metals and use less complex, faster models for the other parts. For this purpose we present a patchwork (back)projector, embedded in an iterative reconstruction algorithm, which is able to change reconstruction properties for a particular area in the object. We combined reconstruction models with different complexity for the reduction of non-linear partial volume effects and beam hardening. In this way we reduced the computation time while keeping the same image quality. Moreover, an improved convergence is achieved by dividing the image into subareas, patches. The presented results are for a two dimensional geometry, in the future we will extend this to three dimensions.
Stress Deprivation Effect on Metabolic Turnover of the Medial Collateral Ligament Collagen (1983)

AMIEL, DAVID M.S., Dip. Ing.; AKESON, WAYNE H. M.D.; HARWOOD, FREDERICK L. B.Sc.; FRANK, CYRIL B. M.D.Editor(s): FEAGIN, JOHN A. Jr. M.D., F.A.C.S. Author Information
Combined optimization of part topology, support structure layout and build orientation for additive manufacturing (2018)

Additive manufacturing (AM) enables the fabrication of parts of unprecedented complexity. Dedicated topology optimization approaches, that account for specific AM restrictions, are instrumental in fully exploiting this capability. In popular powder-bed-based AM processes, the critical overhang angle of downward facing surfaces limits printability of parts. This can be addressed by changing build orientation, part adaptation, or addition of sacrificial support structures. Thus far, each of these measures have been studied separately and applied sequentially, which leads to suboptimal solutions or excessive computation cost. This paper presents and studies, based on 2D test problems, an approach enabling simultaneous optimization of part geometry, support layout and build orientation. This allows designers to find a rational tradeoff between manufacturing cost and part performance. The relative computational cost of the approach is modest, and in numerical tests it consistently obtains high quality solutions.
Edge-region-based segmentation of range images (1994)

In this correspondence, we present a new computationally efficient three-dimensional (3-D) object segmentation technique. The technique is based on the detection of edges in the image. The edges can be classified as belonging to one of the three categories: fold edges, semistep edges (defined here), and secondary edges. The 3-D image is sliced to create equidepth contours (EDCs). Three types of critical points are extracted from the EDCs. A subset of the edge pixels is extracted first using these critical points. The edges are grown from these pixels through the application of some masks proposed in this correspondence. The constraints of the masks can be adjusted depending on the noise present in the image. The total computational effort is small since the masks are applied only over a small neighborhood of critical points (edge regions). Furthermore, the algorithm can be implemented in parallel, as edge growing from different regions can be carried out independently of each other.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Potential Rates of Fermentation in Digesta from the Gastrointestinal Tract of Pigs: Effect of Feeding Fermented Liquid Feed (2003)

Microbial catabolic capacity in digesta from the gastrointestinal tract of pigs fed either dry feed or fermented liquid feed (FLF) was determined with the PhenePlate multisubstrate system. The in vitro technique was modified to analyze the kinetics of substrate catabolism mediated by the standing stock of enzymes (potential rates of fermentation), allowing a quantitative evaluation of the dietary effect on the catabolic capacity of the microbiota. In total, the potential rates of fermentation were significantly reduced in digesta from the large intestine (cecum, P < 0.1; colon, P < 0.01; and rectum, P < 0.0001) of pigs fed FLF compared to pigs fed dry feed. No effect of diet was observed in the stomach (P = 0.71) or the distal part of the small intestine (P = 0.97). The highest rates of fermentation and the most significant effect of diet were observed for readily fermentable carbohydrates like maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Feeding FLF to pigs also led to a reduction in the large intestine of the total counts of anaerobic bacteria in general and lactic acid bacteria specifically, as well as of microbial activity, as determined by the concentration of ATP and short-chain fatty acids. The low-molecular-weight carbohydrates were fermented mainly to lactic acid in the FLF before being fed to the animals. This may have limited microbial nutrient availability in the digesta reaching the large intestine of pigs fed FLF and may have caused the observed reduction in activity and density of the cecal and colonic microbial population. On the other hand, feeding FLF to pigs reduced the viable counts of coliform bacteria (indicator of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.) most profoundly in the stomach and the distal part of the small intestine, probably due to the bactericidal effect of lactic acid and low pH. The results presented clearly demonstrate that feeding FLF to pigs had a great impact on the indigenous microbiota, as reflected in bacterial numbers, short-chain fatty acid concentration, and substrate utilization. However, completely different mechanisms may be involved in the proximal and the distal parts of the gastrointestinal tract. The present study illustrates the utility of the PhenePlate system for quantifying the catabolic capacity of the indigenous gastrointestinal tract microbiota.
Scalability of inter-domain edge tunnels using bandwidth brokers : a region-based approach (2004)

In this paper we present a scalability study on inter-domain tunnels using bandwidth brokers. Our approach is based on collections of autonomous systems called regions. We analyzed our architecture through simulation. Our analysis results show that scalability of the approach depends on the size of the regions, and as the size of the region decreases, scalability of the approach increases. We show that our architecture increases state scalability as well as signaling scalability for Diffserv networks.
Defects in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor expression, Ca <sup>2+</sup> signaling, and insulin secretion in the <i>anx</i> 7(+/−) knockout mouse (1999)

The mammalian anx7 gene codes for a Ca(2+)-activated GTPase, which supports Ca(2+)/GTP-dependent secretion events and Ca(2+) channel activities in vitro and in vivo. To test whether anx7 might be involved in Ca(2+) signaling in secreting pancreatic beta cells, we knocked out the anx7 gene in the mouse and tested the insulin-secretory properties of the beta cells. The nullizygous anx7 (-/-) phenotype is lethal at embryonic day 10 because of cerebral hemorrhage. However, the heterozygous anx7 (+/-) mouse, although expressing only low levels of ANX7 protein, is viable and fertile. The anx7 (+/-) phenotype is associated with a substantial defect in insulin secretion, although the insulin content of the islets, is 8- to 10-fold higher in the mutants than in the normal littermate control. We infer from electrophysiological studies that both glucose-stimulated secretion and voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channel functions are normal. However, electrooptical recordings indicate that the (+/-) mutation has caused a change in the ability of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3))-generating agonists to release intracellular calcium. The principle molecular consequence of lower anx7 expression is a profound reduction in IP(3) receptor expression and function in pancreatic islets. The profound increase in islets, beta cell number, and size may be a means of compensating for less efficient insulin secretion by individual defective pancreatic beta cells. This is a direct demonstration of a connection between glucose-activated insulin secretion and Ca(2+) signaling through IP(3)-sensitive Ca(2+) stores.
Modulation of the population density of identifiable epidermal Langerhans cells associated with enhancement or suppression of cutaneous immune reactivity. (1986)

The epidermis on the backs or ears of DBA/2 mice treated for 7 days with a 20% concentration of monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone (MBEH) had a significantly greater population density of ATPase- and Ia-positive cells compared with control mice treated with diluent. There was no decrease or increase in ATPase- or Ia-positive cells at sites distal from the treated tissue. This increase in population density of Langerhans cells was associated with a significant increase in functional afferent immune reactivity measured by allergic contact hypersensitivity. We also found evidence for enhanced efferent immune reactivity. Animals treated on the ears for 7 days with MBEH were sensitized to DNFB on untreated back. MBEH treated ears with more Ia-positive Langerhans cells demonstrated a threefold greater increase in swelling after the DNFB challenge than the control mice. Results of other studies suggest that the afferent and efferent enhanced immune reactivity produced by MBEH are local effects. We postulated that MBEH produced its effects by activating the oxidation of arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandins. To test this, we applied AA to mouse skin. AA has a biphasic effect on epidermal Langerhans cells: in low doses it increases their number; in high amounts it decreases the number of identifiable cells with either the Ia or the ATPase technique. An increased population density of identifiable epidermal Langerhans cells induced with AA was correlated with an increase in afferent and efferent immune reactivity. In contrast, reduction of Langerhans cells with larger amounts of AA suppress the afferent and efferent limb of the immune response. DNFB applied to skin with decreased Langerhans cell density from AA induced a state that mimics immune tolerance. The findings are significant because we report the only method to either increase or decrease the population density of Langerhans cells: and to modulate up or down the afferent or efferent limbs of the cutaneous immune response. Our results also suggest that the Langerhans cell may be involved in the efferent limb of the immune efferent response. These effects may be modulated in part by products of AA metabolism.
Bladder Inhibition by Penile Electrical Stimulation (1984)

Transcutaneous electrical stimulation was applied to the penis in 22 patients complaining of frequency, urgency and/or urge incontinence. Detrusor activity was suppressed with this stimulation, causing decreased bladder spasticity and/or increased cystometric capacity in 10 of 22 patients. Clinical success was noted in four patients with a portable stimulator.
Setting Cut-Scores: A Critical Review of the Angoff and Modified Angoff Methods (2010)

The purpose of this article is to review critically the Angoff (1971) and modified Angoff methods for setting cut-scores. The criteria used in this review were originally proposed by Berk (1986). The assumptions of the Angoff method and other current issues surrounding this method are also discussed. Recommendations are made for using the Angoff method. In addition, several issues that are relevant to cut-score setting that are not addressed by Berk’s criteria arose while reviewing the Angoff method. These issues are addressed separately.
Time-resolved analysis and visualization of dynamic processes in living cells (1999)

Recent development of in vivo microscopy techniques, including green fluorescent proteins, has allowed the visualization of a wide range of dynamic processes in living cells. For quantitative and visual interpretation of such processes, new concepts for time-resolved image analysis and continuous time-space visualization are required. Here, we describe a versatile and fully automated approach consisting of four techniques, namely highly sensitive object detection, fuzzy logic-based dynamic object tracking, computer graphical visualization, and measurement in time-space. Systematic model simulations were performed to evaluate the reliability of the automated object detection and tracking method. To demonstrate potential applications, the method was applied to the analysis of secretory membrane traffic and the functional dynamics of nuclear compartments enriched in pre-mRNA splicing factors.
A highly reliable selective CVD-W utilizing SiH4 reduction for VLSI contacts (1987)

Selective CVD-W process by using silane (SiH4) reduction of WF6 has been developed for VLSI contacts. The reaction occurs very fast resulting in a deposition rate of as high as 0.6 µm/min, and completely suppresses undesirable phenomena such as encroachment and wormholes. An X-ray diffraction analysis shows that a small W5Si3 peak can be observed although W peaks are dominant. The junction leakage current for the new selective CVD-W process is almost the same as that for conventional AlSi one. Contact resistance of submicron holes is more stable and lower for this process than for the conventional one. This new process has been successfully applied to CMOS 1Mbit DRAM.
Broadband parametric wavelength conversion at 1  μm with large mode area fibers (2014)

Fiber-optic parametric wavelength conversion (PWC) below the zero-dispersion wavelength of silica is typically constrained by the requirement of a small, tightly confined mode with anomalous dispersion to achieve phase matching. This limits the ability to power scale PWC at arbitrary wavelengths. However, the constraint is lifted for higher-order modes. We demonstrate PWC in the 1 μm band via degenerate four-wave mixing pumped in a large effective area (>600  μm2) LP0,7 mode of a double-clad fiber. We obtain up to 25% conversion in to the Stokes line with 0.5 ns pump pulses, corresponding to ∼20  kW peak power at the converted wavelength.
Glass-to-Metal Seals (1934)

The problems of sealing are adhesion and strain. The simplest, but perhaps not the only means of adhesion is a firm layer of metal oxide. Strains can be avoided if, and only if the thermal expansions of metal and glass are the same. This postulate is thoroughly tested. Equations are derived for the stresses in cylindrical seals, in terms of the difference in expansion of metal and glass, and the stresses thus calculated are compared with those observed photoelastically in carefully annealed test seals. Such tests are carried out on all the important sealing materials. These tests include accurate contraction coefficient measurements of glass and metals, (Fig. 8); graphical exhibition of axial stresses by photographs through crossed Nicols and a quartz wedge, (Figs. 9 and 10); and numerical evaluation of all the stresses, both theoretical and experimental, (Table VII). Two new sealing alloys are described: fernichrome (Fe 37 percent, Ni 30 percent, Co 25 percent, Cr 8 percent) which matches standard lead glass; and fernico (Fe 54 percent, Ni 28 percent, Co 18 percent) which matches Corning glasses G-71 and G-705 A O. The unique feature of these alloys is that their expansion characteristics are curved in such a manner that they match those of the glasses mentioned with considerable fidelity. The seals made with these combinations are found to be practically free from strain.
Space division switches based on semiconductor optical amplifiers (1992)

Multiple space-division switches based on semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) can be cascaded to obtain larger switching fabrics. The authors present a general analysis of optical switching fabrics using SOAs, considering noise and saturation effects associated with amplified spontaneous emission. They find that the SOA saturation output power limits the number of switches which can be cascaded. For example, a saturation output power of 100 mW limits the size of switching fabrics to 100 64*64 switches or 200 8*8 switches if distributed gain matrix-vector multiplier (MVM) switches or Benes switches are employed. The corresponding limit for lumped gain MVM fabrics is 10 64*64 or 100 8*8. The Benes switch may be more suitable for large switch size (N>16) because it requires fewer SOAs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
CTGF, intestinal stellate cells and carcinoid fibrogenesis (2007)

SI carcinoid tumor fibrosis is a CTGF/TGFbeta1-mediated stellate cell-driven fibrotic response. The delineation of the biology of fibrosis will facilitate diagnosis and enable development of agents to obviate its local and systemic complications.
Stress-Induced Membrane Association of the <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> GTP-Binding Protein, an Essential G Protein, and Investigation of Its Physiological Role by Utilizing an Antisense RNA Strategy (1999)

ABSTRACT SGP (for Streptococcus GTP-binding protein) is a Streptococcus mutans essential GTPase which has significant sequence identity to the previously identified Escherichia coli Era protein and to numerous other prokaryotic GTPase proteins of unknown function. Recent studies in our laboratory have addressed the possible role of SGP in the stress response of the oral pathogen S. mutans . Here we report that during growth in the early stationary phase, and in response to elevated temperatures or acidic pH, the distribution of SGP between the cytoplasm and the membranes of S. mutans cells varies. Immunoblot analysis of soluble and membrane protein fractions collected from the mid-log and early stationary growth phases of bacterial populations grown at normal temperature (37°C) and at the elevated temperature of 43°C, or at acidic pH, demonstrated that the total amount of SGP increased with the age of the bacterial culture, elevated temperature, or acidic pH. Furthermore, it was established that a substantial amount of SGP is associated with the membrane fraction under stress conditions. In order to investigate the physiological role of SGP, we constructed an S. mutans strain capable of chromosomal sgp antisense RNA expression, which interferes with the normal information processing of the sgp gene. Utilizing this strain, we determined conditions whereby the streptococcal cells can be depleted of SGP, thus avoiding the problem of constructing a conditional lethal system. From the results of measurements of the nucleotide pools extracted from the antisense strain and its isogenic counterpart, we propose that one of the physiological roles of SGP is regulation and modulation of the GTP/GDP ratio under different growth conditions. Moreover, we observed that in SGP-depleted cells the levels of glucan-binding protein A (GbpA) substantially increased, suggesting that GbpA may have stress response-related physiological functions. Finally, the potential applications of the antisense RNA approach that we employed are discussed.
Field Testing of Low-Friction-Gauge PDC Bits (1993)

Summary This paper presents the results of developmental work applied to modify "off-the-shelf polycrystalline-diamond-compact (PDC) bit designs to incorporate low-friction-gauge technology. The low-friction gauge limits harmful bit-whirl tendencies by directing the radial bit imbalance to a gauge pad that makes smooth sliding contact with the wellbore wall. Field testing indicates that use of a low-friction gauge improves bit life and rate of penetration (ROP).