gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
T-lymphocyte epitope identification and their use in vaccine development for HIV-1 (2002)

Cellular immune responses mediated by CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) and CD4+ helper T-lymphocytes (HTL) are needed to effectively control and clear many viral pathogens, including HIV-1. Thus, vaccines for HIV-1 capable of inducing CTL and HTL responses are now the focus of multiple academic and industry-based research and development programs. The use of defined, minimal CTL and HTL epitopes in vaccines has several potential advantages. Firstly, it is possible to use epitopes that are conserved thus targeting the majority of viral variants within a given clade or across clades. Secondly, epitopes from multiple viral structural or accessory gene products can be included in vaccines, which supports the induction cellular immune responses with significant breadth. Finally, dominance relationships between epitopes can be altered to increase immune recognition of subdominant epitopes. HTL and CTL epitopes from HIV-1 have recently been identified and characterized in numbers that are large enough to support their use in experimental vaccines. Initial studies with prototype DNA vaccines encoding epitopes indicate the need to include intracellular targeting sequences, to direct the encoded gene products to different cellular compartments, and amino acid spacer sequences between epitopes to optimize the processing, and subsequent presentation, of individual epitopes. Vaccines composed of CTL or HTL epitopes are now being developed for clinical testing.
À mestra e ao mestre com carinho e compreensão! (2017)

Escrevo a você, mestre e mestra, como pai e educador, consciente das dificuldades que enfrentamos para exercer a prática pedagógica. Contudo, por mais difíceis que sejam os tempos, não podemos nos eximir das nossas responsabilidades. Peço que não se ofenda com as minhas palavras: elas apenas exprimem as incertezas e angústias diante dos fatos que observo.
MONTE CARLO AND DETECTOR SIMULATION IN OOP (1990)

Object-Oriented Programming techniques are explored with an eye towards applications in High Energy Physics codes. Two prototype examples are given: MCOOP (a particle Monte Carlo generator) and GISMO (a detector simulation/analysis package).
Duration of English Function Words Produced by Korean EFL Students (2015)

This paper investigates whether there is a temporal difference in function word pronunciation of Korean EFL learners as compared to that of native speakers. A new measure, named RCFsyl, is proposed to take the effect of speech rate normalization. Two experiments are conducted: first, proficiency balanced hand-labeled data are examined to check the difference among the four different speaker groups. Then, automatic measurement on a large set of data is attempted to show that the new measure fits practical application. Results confirm that function words are more prolonged as speakers’ proficiency lowered. The proposed measure is found to be useful for capturing temporal characteristics of words.
Cell attachment to adhesive dressings: qualitative and quantitative analysis (2008)

Background: Adhesive skin contact layers can cause trauma and pain upon removal. Aims: To compare two adhesive foam dressings, Allevyn ® Adhesive and Mepilex ® Border, in terms of the peel force required to remove them and any trauma and pain caused on removal. Methods: Strips of the dressings were applied to 22 healthy volunteers and were removed 48 and 72 hours after application and the peel force required to remove them was measured. Dressings were also applied to the forearms of the volunteers and removed 24 hours after application when they were asked to rate the pain severity of the removal. The sites were also inspected for erythema. Complete dressings were also applied to the wounds of nine patients. Following removal, the wound contact layers were analysed by scanning electron microscopy and assayed for protein. Results: The peel force measurements showed no difference between the dressings. Mepilex Border exhibited significantly lower pain on removal and less skin erythema than Allevyn Adhesive. Electron micrographs showed large number of skin cells attached to the surface of Allevyn Adhesive dressings and few cells attached to Mepilex Border dressings. Protein analysis demonstrated significantly more protein on the Allevyn Adhesive dressings. Conclusions: This study showed that Mepilex Border was atraumatic and did not remove significant amounts of skin cells. Conflict of interest: This study was supported by an educational grant from Molnlycke Health Care.
The Ca2+-activated K+ current of human sperm is mediated by Slo3 (2014)

Sperm are equipped with a unique set of ion channels that orchestrate fertilization. In mouse sperm, the principal K(+) current (IKSper) is carried by the Slo3 channel, which sets the membrane potential (Vm) in a strongly pHi-dependent manner. Here, we show that IKSper in human sperm is activated weakly by pHi and more strongly by Ca(2+). Correspondingly, Vm is strongly regulated by Ca(2+) and less so by pHi. We find that inhibitors of Slo3 suppress human IKSper, and we identify the Slo3 protein in the flagellum of human sperm. Moreover, heterologously expressed human Slo3, but not mouse Slo3, is activated by Ca(2+) rather than by alkaline pHi; current-voltage relations of human Slo3 and human IKSper are similar. We conclude that Slo3 represents the principal K(+) channel in human sperm that carries the Ca(2+)-activated IKSper current. We propose that, in human sperm, the progesterone-evoked Ca(2+) influx carried by voltage-gated CatSper channels is limited by Ca(2+)-controlled hyperpolarization via Slo3. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01438.001.
Albiglutide, a Long Lasting Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analog, Protects the Rat Heart against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Evidence for Improving Cardiac Metabolic Efficiency (2011)

Albiglutide reduced myocardial infarct size and improved cardiac function and energetics following myocardial I/R injury. The observed benefits were associated with enhanced myocardial glucose uptake and a shift toward a more energetically favorable substrate metabolism by increasing both glucose and lactate oxidation. These findings suggest that albiglutide may have direct therapeutic potential for improving cardiac energetics and function.
Virus reduction in the preparation of intravenous immune globulin: in vitro experiments (1999)

BACKGROUND: While immune globulins for intravenous administration (IGIV) have an excellent record with respect to virus safety, concern regarding these preparations has been raised by reports of transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) to patients treated with IGIV and the presence of genetic material for HCV in IGIV preparations. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This in vitro study evaluated the effectiveness of several manufacturing steps, including ethanol precipitation and pasteurization, in reducing HIV and model viruses including encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus, pseudorabies virus (PRV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), Sindbis virus, vaccinia virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), as well as HCV RNA, in IGIV. RESULTS: Ethanol precipitation carried out after pasteurization resulted in virus reductions (log 10 ) of >3.97 for HIV, 1.95 for EMC virus, >5.39 for PRV, and 3.52 for BVDV. Pasteurization inactivated EMC virus by 4.52 log 10 and resulted in a log 10 reduction of >6.54 for HIV, >5.39 for PRV, >6.64 for BVDV, >7.78 for Sindbis virus, >5.84 for vaccinia virus, and >6.99 for VSV. All viruses except EMC virus were reduced below the limit of detection within 6 hours of the beginning of pasteurization. Cohn processing of Fraction II + III paste and the 4.5‐percent alcohol precipitation step prior to pasteurization provided additional virus removal. Studies using the polymerase chain reaction technique found that HCV RNA was detectable in the starting fraction of Cohn Fraction II paste, but not in the final IGIV preparation. CONCLUSION: These findings strongly support the viral safety of IGIV prepared by this method and show a significant added measure of virus safety associated with pasteurization of this preparation.
Secured WSN-integrated cloud computing for u-Life Care (2010)

This paper presents a Secured Wireless Sensor Network-integrated Cloud computing for u-Life Care (SC3). SC3 monitors human health, activities, and shares information among doctors, care-givers, clinics, and pharmacies in the Cloud, so that users can have better care with low cost. SC3 incorporates various technologies with novel ideas including; sensor networks, Cloud computing security, and activities recognition.
Ultraviolet prepulse for enhanced x-ray emission and brightness from droplet-target laser plasmas (1996)

We show that an ultraviolet prepulse significantly enhances the water-window x-ray emission and brightness for a droplet-target laser plasma. By combining a 65 mJ, 120 ps, λ=532 nm main pulse with an up to 3 mJ prepulse, the emitted x-ray photon flux may be increased more than eight times. The resulting C VI λ=3.37 nm line emission is more than 3×1012 photons/sr⋅pulse, corresponding to a conversion efficiency above 3%/line. The integrated spectral brightness is increased two times and is found to reach its maximum for different prepulse parameters than those resulting in maximum photon flux.
Discrete-Time Semi-Markov Model for Reliability and Survival Analysis (2004)

Abstract In this paper, we define a discrete-time semi-Markov model and propose a computation procedure for solving the corresponding Markov renewal equation, necessary for all our reliability measurements. Then, we compute the reliability and its related measures, and we apply the results to a three-state system. Key Words: Discrete-time semi-Markov processDiscrete-time Markov renewal processMarkov renewal theoryReliabilitySurvival functionMean hitting timesMonte Carlo methodGeneralized ph-distribution Acknowledgments
Some Comments on the Use and Preparation of Hard Gallium Alloys (1961)

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Failure Mechanism of Electromigration in Via Sidewall for Copper Dual Damascene Interconnection (2006)

We have studied the effects of step coverage of TaN diffusion barrier layer on Cu electromigration (EM) in detail and found that the EM lifetime strongly depends on the step coverage of via sidewall thickness. We conclude that the EM failures are caused by mechanisms such as unbalanced thermal stress, thermal expansion between Cu and TaN, and surface morphology of TaN including surface roughness and grain sizes. These factors were investigated and evaluated systematically through transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Furthermore, we also address the enhancement of step coverage to examine Cu EM performance by performing a lifetime experiment, and suggest that the step coverage of TaN barrier becomes an important process integration subject for sub- and beyond technologies.
Amino-terminal alteration of the HLA-A*0201-restricted human immunodeficiency virus pol peptide increases complex stability and in vitro immunogenicity (2020)

Initial studies suggested that major histocompatibility complex class I- restricted viral epitopes could he predicted by the presence of particular residues termed anchors. However, recent studies showed that nonanchor positions of the epitopes are also significant for class I binding and recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). We investigated if changing nonanchor amino acids could increase class I affinity, complex stability, and T-cell recognition of a natural viral epitope. This concept was tested by using the HLA-A*0201-restricted human immunodeficiency virus type I epitope from reverse transcriptase (pol). Position 1 (P1) amino acid substitutions were emphasized because P1 alterations may not alter the T-cell receptor interaction. The peptide with the P1 substitution of tyrosine for isoleucine (I1Y) showed a binding affinity for HLA-A*0201 similar to that of the wild- type pol peptide in a cell lysate assembly assay. Surprisingly, I1Y significantly increased the HLA-A*0201-peptide complex stability at the cell surface. I1Y sensitized HLA-A*0201-expressing target cells for wild-type pol-specific CTL lysis as well as wild-type pol. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from three HLA-A2 HIV-seropositive individuals were stimulated in vitro with I1Y and wild-type pol. I1Y stimulated a higher wild-type pol-specific CTL response than wild-type pol in all three donors. Thus, I1V may be an 'improved' epitope for use as a CTL-based human immunodeficiency virus vaccine component. The design of improved epitopes has important ramifications for prophylaxis and therapeutic vaccine development.
Pressure-induced exclusion of a local anesthetic from model and nerve membranes (1987)

Because it is well established that the anesthetic state can be reversed by pressure, a number of molecular theories that have been proposed for the mechanism of action of both local and general anesthetics can be tested by varying the pressure. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, we report here the first direct observation of the expulsion from lipid bilayers of a local anesthetic, tetracaine, by pressure. Moreover, we establish for the first time that this phenomenon is common to both model membranes and to myelinated and unmyelinated nerve membranes, vindicating the utility of model membrane systems. A distinctive feature of this behavior in model systems is that, in saturated phosphatidylcholines at high pH, expulsion only occurs in the presence of cholesterol, whose ordering effect on the acyl chains evidently assists pressure in squeezing the anesthetic out of the bilayer. This pressure-induced phenomenon may provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the antagonistic effect of pressure against anesthesia.
Relevance of accurate Monte Carlo modeling in nuclear medical imaging (1999)

Monte Carlo techniques have become popular in different areas of medical physics with advantage of powerful computing systems. In particular, they have been extensively applied to simulate processes involving random behavior and to quantify physical parameters that are difficult or even impossible to calculate by experimental measurements. Recent nuclear medical imaging innovations such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and multiple emission tomography (MET) are ideal for Monte Carlo modeling techniques because of the stochastic nature of radiation emission, transport and detection processes. Factors which have contributed to the wider use include improved models of radiation transport processes, the practicality of application with the development of acceleration schemes and the improved speed of computers. In this paper we present a derivation and methodological basis for this approach and critically review their areas of application in nuclear imaging. An overview of existing simulation programs is provided and illustrated with examples of some useful features of such sophisticated tools in connection with common computing facilities and more powerful multiple-processor parallel processing systems. Current and future trends in the field are also discussed.
Advanced micro air-cooling systems for high density packaging (2002)

Future 3D electronics packaging systems will require micro cooling systems that can be integrated and permit the continued use of air as a coolant. To achieve this, new types of silicon micro heat exchangers were made using an anisotropic etching process. Various heat exchanger configurations and sizes were made using sandwich and stacking techniques. They can be used either as a heat exchanger for direct cooling with compressed air or as a heat pipe and thermosyphon for indirect cooling with fan-blown air. The performance characteristics of the various cooling systems are stated. The micro-heat-pipe can be used for power loss densities of up to 3 W/cm/sup 2/, the direct air cooling up to 15 W/cm/sup 2/ and the thermosyphon up to 25 W/cm/sup 2/. Cooling performances are achieved that are otherwise only possible with liquid cooling. The practical application of the micro cooling system is demonstrated using the example of the Pentium processor. With a power loss of 15 W, the micro cooling system is able to limit the increase in operating temperature to 15 K. The volume of the micro heat exchanger is 2.5 cm/sup 3/ and therefore considerably smaller than that of standard heat sinks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Organostrontium Compounds<sup>1</sup> (1943)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOrganostrontium Compounds1H. Gilman, R. N. Meals, G. O'Donnell, and L. WoodsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1943, 65, 2, 268–270Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1943Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1943https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01242a038Request reuse permissionsArticle Views170Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (346 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Dynamical diffraction in metallic optical gratings (1999)

I show that dynamical diffraction of light in thin metallic gratings causes strong fluctuations in the transmitted intensity when the optical wavelength is comparable to the grating periodicity. The relative excitation of propagating Bloch waves in the grating depends on the incident wave vector. Bloch waves that peak in amplitude in the metal are strongly absorbed, whereas Bloch waves that peak in the holes are weakly absorbed. Anomalously high transmission occurs when the latter Bloch waves are strongly excited. Since surface plasmons are associated with the evanescent modes of the diffracted wavefield, I argue that the propagating diffracted beams and the surface plasmons are both part of the same dynamical scattering process.
Realistic Assessment of Proppant Pack Conductivity for Material Selection (2003)

Abstract Proppant selection in hydraulic fracturing is a critical economic and technical decision that affects stimulation and field development economics. In many cases the selection is based on laboratory data from standardized API conductivity tests on clean packs at specified stress and temperature. These tests predict conductivities that are optimistic compared to observed field performance. Often a laboratory measured conductivity difference of only 5-10% is considered a significant variance when applied to the producing life of a well. The significance of these small differences, however, is often overwhelmed by other factors affecting fracture performance in the field. The selection of a particular proppant should be based on an identifiable difference in performance under field conditions. This requires an accurate assessment of all the damage mechanisms that can and do occur during fracturing and their impact on final conductivity. This paper outlines the primary damage mechanisms and their effect on conductivity, fracture cleanup and ultimate stimulation response. The expected variance in laboratory measurements of conductivity is also quantified.
Trimethylsilyl Triflate - Catalysid Acetal Formation Between Silylated Hexopyranosides and Methyl Pyruvate<sup>1</sup> (1989)

Abstract Trimethylsilyl ethers of 2,3-di-O-substituted glycopyranosides or their thioglycopyranoside analogues were reacted with methyl pyruvate in the presence of trimethylsilyl triflate to give pyruvylated hexo-pyranosides in yields of 60–75%, and the ratio of the diastereoisomers was found to be ca. 1:1. The reaction can also be applied for cellobioside derivatives, providing suitable building blocks for the preparation of pyruvate-containing oligosaccharides.
A unique role of the DNA fragmentation factor in maintaining genomic stability (2006)

DNA fragmentation is a hallmark of apoptosis (programmed cell death). However, the biological function of apoptotic DNA fragmentation remains unclear. Here, we show that DNA fragmentation factor plays an important role for maintaining genomic stability. Inhibition or loss of the DNA fragmentation factor (DFF)/caspase-activated DNase (CAD), whose nuclease activity is responsible for digesting genomic DNA during apoptosis, led to significant increases in spontaneous or induced gene mutations, gene amplifications, and chromosomal instability in primary mouse cells and transformed human cell lines. The mechanism underlying genetic instability in DFF/CAD-deficient cells, at least in part, involves a small but significant elevation in the survival of cells exposed to ionizing radiation, suggesting that apoptotic DNA fragmentation factor contributes to genomic stability by ensuring the removal of cells that have suffered DNA damage. In support of this hypothesis are the observations of increased cellular transformation of mouse embryonic cells from the DFF/CAD-null mice and significantly enhanced susceptibility to radiation-induced carcinogenesis in these mice. These data, in combination with published reports on the existence of tumor-specific gene mutations/deletions in the DFF/CAD genes in human cancer samples, suggest that apoptotic DNA fragmentation factor is required for the maintenance of genetic stability and may play a role in tumor suppression.
A novel quantization scheme for the noise-like component in waveform interpolation speech coding (2002)

This paper presents a novel and efficient coding scheme for the noise-like component in waveform interpolation speech coding. The techniques employed in the task are described in detail and the advantages gained by using them are discussed. These techniques are shown to enable perceptually transparent coding of the magnitude spectra of the noise-like component with only ten bits per frame and to offer speech quality improvements at higher bit rates. The most significant features of the proposed scheme are smoothed representation and matrix quantization of the magnitude spectra. The proposed coding techniques can be used for enhancement of speech coders based on the waveform interpolation approach.