gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Symmetry-breaking magnetic fields create a vortex fluid that exhibits a negative viscosity, active wetting, and strong mixing (2014)

There are many areas of science and technology where being able to generate vigorous, noncontact flow would be desirable. We have discovered that three dimensional, time-dependent electric or magnetic fields having key symmetries can be used to generate controlled fluid motion by the continuous injection of energy. Unlike natural convection, this approach does not require a thermal gradient as an energy source, nor does it require gravity, so space applications are feasible. The result is a highly active material we call a vortex fluid. The homogeneous torque density of this fluid enables it to climb walls, induce ballistic droplet motion, and mix vigorously, even in such complex geometries as porous media. This vortex fluid can also exhibit a negative viscosity, which can immeasurably extend the control range of the "smart fluids" used in electro- and magnetorheological devices and can thus significantly increase their performance. Because the applied fields are uniform and modest in strength, vortex fluids of any scale can be created, making applications of any size, from directing microdroplet motion to controlling damping in magnetorheological dampers that protect bridges and buildings from earthquakes, feasible.
A framework for construction of icon systems (2003)

The authors propose a framework for the construction of icon systems. An icon system is composed of icons and rules. Icons represent real objects such as sales books, folders, calculators, etc. Functions associated with an object are associated with an object are specified in the icon representing the object. Icons therefore have both data and function properties. Icons may in fact have several functions. The behavior of an icon is not fixed but is determined at the time of programming by being combined with another icon. Rules are provided to make flexible interpretation of icons feasible depending on the application, the status of the system, and so on. The behavior of the system can be changed by replacing icons and/or rules with new ones. Implementational issues are also described. A system prototype is now in an actual operation on a workstation in laboratory environment.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Unusual magnetic properties of graphene and related materials (2011)

High-temperature ferromagnetism in graphene and other graphite-derived materials reported by several workers has attracted considerable interest. Magnetism in graphene and graphene nanoribbons is ascribed to defects and edge states, the latter being an essential feature of these materials. Room-temperature ferromagnetism in graphene is affected by the adsorption of molecules, especially hydrogen. Inorganic graphene analogues formed by layered materials such as BN and MoS2 also show such ferromagnetic behaviour. Magnetoresistance observed in graphene and graphene nanoribbons is of significance because of the potential applications.
Effects of Hydrophilic Excipients and Compression Pressure on Physical Properties and Release Behavior of Aspirin-Tableted Microcapsules (1999)

Aspirin ethylcellulose microcapsules were tableted by compression with or without excipients (lactose or polyvinylpyrrolidone [PVP]). The effects of the amount of the excipients and microcapsule size on the crushing strength and release rate of aspirin from tableted microcapsules were investigated. Tablets without excipients had a crushing strength that was independent of the applied pressure and microcapsule size. An increase in compression pressure from 15 to 60 MPa resulted in an increase in the crushing strength of tablets containing 20% or 40% w/w lactose, but the reverse results were obtained for the tableted microcapsules containing 20% or 40% w/w PVP. Results showed that the release rate of aspirin from microcapsules containing lactose or PVP was independent of the compression pressure with the exception of tablets containing 40% w/w lactose. In vitro release profiles of aspirin from tableted microcapsules containing lactose or PVP showed that increasing the concentration of the excipients resulted in an increase in the release rate of aspirin. Values of n were changed by the compression pressure and the added excipients.
<scp>IL</scp>‐23: One cytokine in control of autoimmunity (2012)

During the past decade, it has been firmly established that IL-23 is essential for disease development in several models of autoimmune disease, including psoriatic skin inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The mechanism by which IL-23 exerts its pathogenic role has been mostly scrutinized in the context of Th17 cells, which were thought to mediate autoimmunity by secretion of IL-17 family cytokines. However, the picture emerging now is one of multiple IL-23-responsive cell types, pro-inflammatory cytokine induction, and pathogenic "licensing" following an IL-23-dominated interaction between the T cell and the antigen-presenting cell (APC). This review will focus on our changing view of IL-23-dependent autoimmune pathologies with a particular emphasis on the responder cells and their IL-23-induced factors that ultimately mediate tissue destruction.
The co-ordination of small molecules by manganese(II) phosphine complexes. Part 9. The reaction of ethylene with [MnX2L](X = Cl, Br, or I; L = PPrn 3, PBun 3, PPhMe2, PPhEt2, or PPh3) in tetrahydrofuran solution (1987)

The reaction of the [MnX2L] complexes (X = Cl, Br, or I; L = PPrn3, PBun3, PPhMe2, PPhEt2, or PPh3) with ethylene has been studied in tetrahydrofuran solution. The complexes with X = Cl, L = PPrn3, PBun3, PPhMe2, or PPhEt2 and X = Br, L = PBun3 were found to react in a 1 : 1 ratio, whereas the other complexes were found to be inactive towards ethylene. This order of binding ability, i.e. Cl > Br I, contrasts markedly with the ability of the [MnX2L] complexes to bind sulphur dioxide, for which the order is I > Br Cl.
Clinical comparison of cardiac blood pool visualization with technetium-99m red blood cells labeled in vivo and with technetium-99m human serum albumin. (1978)

Technetium-99m red blood cells (Tc-RBC) labeled by an in vivo technique were compared with two preparations of Tc-99m human serum albumin (HSA) for cardiac blood-pool imaging. Relative distribution of the tracers was analyzed on end-diastolic frames of gated blood-pool studies and on whole-body (head to mid-thigh) anterior pinhole images. The Tc-RBC demonstrated greater relative percentage localization in the cardiac blood pool, higher target-to-background ratios in the left ventricle, and less liver concentration. For cardiac blood-pool imaging, Tc-RBC labeled by the in vivo approach appears to be superior to the two Tc-HSA preparations studied.
Diffusion of anti‐tumor drugs through membranes from hydrophilic methacrylate gels (1974)

Permeation parameters of four anti-tumor drugs across membranes prepared from hydrophilic methacrylate gels were measured and compared with the permeation of NaCl. It was found that by increasing the ratio of butyl methacrylate (BMA) to hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), the rate of diffusion can be lowered to practically zero at 20% BMA. However, this decrease is different with various drugs due to the interaction of the drug with the gel. Differences by a factor of two were found in our set of drugs. Therefore, each new drug should be tested in this way. In addition a routine testing of dialysing devices by an NaCl solution is suggested as a method for detecting technological imperfections and calibrating the deviations from standard parameters. A chemical modification of the membrane is recommended as the best way for controlling the permeation rate.
Expression of interleukin-11 (IL-11) and IL-11 receptor alpha in human gastric carcinoma and IL-11 upregulates the invasive activity of human gastric carcinoma cells. (2007)

Previous investigations have shown that interleukin-11 (IL-11) and the IL-11 receptor (IL-11R) have been correlated with the regulation of tumor progression, cellular growth and differentiation in several malignant tumors. The objectives of this study were to clarify the role of IL-11 and IL-11Ralpha in human gastric carcinoma. IL-11 and IL-11Ralpha were studied in 73 cases of surgically resected human gastric adenocarcinomas by immunohistochemistry. The invasive activity and cell signaling pathway of gastric carcinoma cell lines were also examined. Among the 73 cases of adenocarcinoma, 53 (72.6%) and 47 cases (64.4%) showed positive staining in carcinoma cells for the IL-11 and IL-11Ralpha proteins, respectively. Histologically, IL-11 expression correlated only with Lauren's classification (p<0.05). The expression of IL-11Ralpha correlated with the grade of tumor invasion (p<0.05) and vessel infiltration (p<0.01). All of the four gastric carcinoma cell lines expressed both IL-11 and IL-11Ralpha proteins in western blot analysis. Recombinant human IL-11 (rhIL-11) promoted the migration of SCH cells by the activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase pathway. Wortmannin diminished the promotion of chemotactic motility and invasive activity by rhIL-11. These findings suggest that the IL-11/IL-11R pathway plays an important role in the progression and the differentiation of human gastric carcinomas.
Meta-analysis: Diagnostic Accuracy of Anti–Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibody and Rheumatoid Factor for Rheumatoid Arthritis (2007)

Anti-CCP antibodies are more specific than RF for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis and may better predict erosivedisease.
Picosecond optoelectronic measurement of microstrip dispersion (1985)

The broadening and distortion of 5-ps electrical pulses propagating on microstrip lines were measured. The dispersion curve of the microstrip was measured with a 150-GHz bandwidth. Comparison with an approximate analytical dispersion formula indicates that the microstrip is much less dispersive than expected.
Automatic Segmentation of Spinal Canals in CT Images via Iterative Topology Refinement (2015)

Accurate segmentation of the spinal canals in computed tomography (CT) images is an important task in many related studies. In this paper, we propose an automatic segmentation method and apply it to our highly challenging image cohort that is acquired from multiple clinical sites and from the CT channel of the PET-CT scans. To this end, we adapt the interactive random-walk solvers to be a fully automatic cascaded pipeline. The automatic segmentation pipeline is initialized with robust voxelwise classification using Haar-like features and probabilistic boosting tree. Then, the topology of the spinal canal is extracted from the tentative segmentation and further refined for the subsequent random-walk solver. In particular, the refined topology leads to improved seeding voxels or boundary conditions, which allow the subsequent random-walk solver to improve the segmentation result. Therefore, by iteratively refining the spinal canal topology and cascading the random-walk solvers, satisfactory segmentation results can be acquired within only a few iterations, even for cases with scoliosis, bone fractures and lesions. Our experiments validate the capability of the proposed method with promising segmentation performance, even though the resolution and the contrast of our dataset with 110 patient cases (90 for testing and 20 for training) are low and various bone pathologies occur frequently.
How to Identify the Most Powerful Node in Complex Networks? A Novel Entropy Centrality Approach (2017)

Centrality is one of the most studied concepts in network analysis. Despite an abundance of methods for measuring centrality in social networks has been proposed, each approach exclusively characterizes limited parts of what it implies for an actor to be “vital” to the network. In this paper, a novel mechanism is proposed to quantitatively measure centrality using the re-defined entropy centrality model, which is based on decompositions of a graph into subgraphs and analysis on the entropy of neighbor nodes. By design, the re-defined entropy centrality which describes associations among node pairs and captures the process of influence propagation can be interpreted explained as a measure of actor potential for communication activity. We evaluate the efficiency of the proposed model by using four real-world datasets with varied sizes and densities and three artificial networks constructed by models including Barabasi-Albert, Erdos-Renyi and Watts-Stroggatz. The four datasets are Zachary’s karate club, USAir97, Collaboration network and Email network URV respectively. Extensive experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Vacuole Size Control: Regulation of PtdIns(3,5)P<sub>2</sub>Levels by the Vacuole-associated Vac14-Fig4 Complex, a PtdIns(3,5)P<sub>2</sub>-specific Phosphatase (2003)

In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2) is synthesized by a single phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinase, Fab1. Cells deficient in PtdIns(3,5)P2 synthesis exhibit a grossly enlarged vacuole morphology, whereas increased levels of PtdIns(3,5)P2 provokes the formation of multiple small vacuoles, suggesting a specific role for PtdIns(3,5)P2 in vacuole size control. Genetic studies have indicated that Fab1 kinase is positively regulated by Vac7 and Vac14; deletion of either gene results in ablation of PtdIns(3,5)P2 synthesis and the formation of a grossly enlarged vacuole. More recently, a suppressor of vac7Delta mutants was identified and shown to encode a putative phosphoinositide phosphatase, Fig4. We demonstrate that Fig4 is a magnesium-activated PtdIns(3,5)P2-selective phosphoinositide phosphatase in vitro. Analysis of a Fig4-GFP fusion protein revealed that the Fig4 phosphatase is localized to the limiting membrane of the vacuole. Surprisingly, in the absence of Vac14, Fig4-GFP no longer localizes to the vacuole. However, Fig4-GFP remains localized to the grossly enlarged vacuoles of vac7 deletion mutants. Consistent with these observations, we found that Fig4 physically associates with Vac14 in a common membrane-associated complex. Our studies indicate that Vac14 both positively regulates Fab1 kinase activity and directs the localization/activation of the Fig4 PtdIns(3,5)P2 phosphatase.
Characterization of a rice pollen‐specific gene and its expression (1994)

Pollen development requires a large number of genes expressed in both sporophytic and gametophytic tissues. We have isolated a pollen‐specific gene, PS1 , from rice. PS1 is a unique gene in the rice genome and encodes a 164 amino acid long protein. RNA blot analysis shows that PS1 mRNAs accumulate specifically in rice anthers. When introduced into rice tissues by microprojectile bombardment, the PS1 promoter drives expression of a marker gene, β‐glucuronidase, specifically in rice pollen. The PS1 gene and the deduced amino acid sequence of the PS1 protein share significant levels of homology with another monocot pollen‐specific gene—the maize Zm‐13 gene and its deduced protein, respectively. PS1 also shows some homology with the dicot tomato anther‐specific gene LAT‐52. Interestingly, the structure of the PS1 gene is more similar to that of the LAT‐52 gene than to Zm‐13. The coding regions of both PS1 and LAT‐52 are interrupted by a single intron, and the positions of the introns are conserved in these genes. Moreover, there is considerable sequence homology in the introns of the PS1 and LAT‐52 genes in regions immediately upstream of the 3' splice sites. The upstream regulatory sequences of the PS1 gene show several regions of homology with other pollen‐ or anther‐specific genes from a number of plant species. The conservation of coding sequences of PS1 from rice, Zm‐I3 from maize, and LAT‐52 from tomato suggests a functional conservation of their gene products. Similarities in the regulatory regions of PS1 and other anther‐ or pollen‐specific genes among monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species indicate that at least some regulatory features controlling gene expression in male reproductive tissues are conserved. This is supported by the preservation of pollen‐specific expression from the rice PS1 promoter when it is introduced into tobacco plants by Agrobacterium Ti plasmid‐mediated transformation.
Identification of Bacterial Populations in Dairy Wastewaters by Use of 16S rRNA Gene Sequences and Other Genetic Markers (2004)

Hydraulic flush waste removal systems coupled to solid/liquid separators and circulated treatment lagoons are commonly utilized to manage the large amounts of animal waste produced on high-intensity dairy farms. Although these systems are common, little is known about the microbial populations that inhabit them or how they change as they traverse the system. Using culture-based and non-culture-based methods, we characterized the microbial community structure of manure, water from the separator pit, and water from the circulated treatment lagoon from a large dairy in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Our results show that both total bacterial numbers and bacterial diversity are highest in manure, followed by the separator pit water and the lagoon water. The most prevalent phylum in all locations was the Firmicutes (low-G+C, gram-positive bacteria). The most commonly occurring operational taxonomic unit (OTU) had a 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) sequence 96 to 99% similar to that of Clostridium lituseburense and represented approximately 6% of the manure derived sequences, 14% of the separator pit-derived sequences and 20% of the lagoon-derived sequences. Also highly prevalent was an OTU with a 16S rDNA sequence 97 to 100% similar to that of Eubacterium tenue, comprising approximately 3% of the manure-derived sequences, 6% of the separator pit-derived sequences and 9% of the lagoon-derived sequences. Taken together, these sequences represent approximately one-third of the total organisms in the lagoon waters, suggesting that they are well adapted to this environment.
Eli Lilly Lecture: The Subunits of Pituitary Thyrotropin—Their Relationship to Other Glycoprotein Hormones1 (1971)

THIS LECTURE concerns the structure of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and the relationships that have been found between TSH, luteinizing hormone (LH, ICSH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Determination of the structures of TSH and LH has required years of purification and chemical studies in many laboratories including our own, but in just the past two years these efforts have resulted in a major increase in our knowledge of the glycoprotein hormones, that is, those polypeptide hormones which contain covalently bound carbohydrate as integral parts of their structures. Particularly important contributions have been made by Condliffe and Bates in the purification of TSH (1) and by Li, Papkoff and their colleagues (2,3) and by Ward and his colleagues (4,5,6) in their structural studies on LH. The major glycoprotein hormones of the pituitary and placenta are listed in Table 1 together with some of their chemical properties as these were known just 2 or 3 years ago. It is obvious that uncertainties and conflicting data existed at this time particularly for HCG and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) but certain points, which bear emphasis, were very clear. First, obviously the carbohydrate of each hormone is covalently bound to the peptide portion; in the case of TSH and LH, the sugars constitute about 15% of the molecule while in HCG about twice as much was found. In TSH and LH the sugars are mannose, fucose, galactose, glucosamine, and galactosamine. The amino sugars are presumably N-acetylated. In bovine and ovine TSH and LH, little or no sialic acid is found; some is found in the human hormones. The biological significance of this charged molecule in human TSH and LH is uncertain although it is well established that in HCG (and FSH) the presence of sialic acid at the termini of oligosaccharide chains has a marked effect on hormonal activity (e.g., 8). Second, all have relatively large numbers of disulfide bonds in their structure. Third, all have been difficult to purify for a variety of reasons; for example, pituitary TSH and FSH are obtainable only in low yields. Thus from 100 lbs of bovine anterior lobes (20,000 lobes) we obtain 100-200 mg of fully purified TSH.
Construction of Quality System of Theses and Dissertations (2006)

Theses and dissertations highlight the quality of master's and doctor's degrees.The paper introduces the concept of overall quality management science into the writing process of theses and dissertations for the sake of enhancing their quality.It sets the various factors which might affect the quality of theses and dissertations in the scenario of management science and establishes a control point,thus setting up a whole-process control system to promote the quality of theses and dissertations.
Parallel Deep Convolutional Neural Network Training by Exploiting the Overlapping of Computation and Communication (2017)

Training Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a computationally intensive task whose parallelization has become critical in order to complete the training in an acceptable time. However, there are two obstacles to developing a scalable parallel CNN in a distributed-memory computing environment. One is the high degree of data dependency exhibited in the model parameters across every two adjacent minibatches and the other is the large amount of data to be transferred across the communication channel. In this paper, we present a parallelization strategy that maximizes the overlap of inter-process communication with the computation. The overlapping is achieved by using a thread per compute node to initiate communication after the gradients are available. The output data of backpropagation stage is generated at each model layer, and the communication for the data can run concurrently with the computation of other layers. To study the effectiveness of the overlapping and its impact on the scalability, we evaluated various model architectures and hyperparameter settings. When training VGG-A model using ImageNet data sets, we achieve speedups of 62.97× and 77.97× on 128 compute nodes using mini-batch sizes of 256 and 512, respectively.
A Novel General Graph-Based Simplex Algorithm Applied to IC Layout Compaction and Migration (2007)

In this paper, a novel method for solving the IC layout compaction problem is introduced. The solution supports all kinds of linear constraints and linear optimization functions. Graph-based techniques are employed so that all matrix operations in linear programming are replaced by much faster graph operations. The proposed algorithm outperforms all studied compaction methods by combining the generality of linear programming and the efficiency of graph-based methods. Correct and optimal migrated layouts were produced with significant improvement in performance.
Organische Phosphorverbindungen XXXI. Ein einfaches Verfahren zur Herstellung von Alkylen‐ bzw. Arylen‐ bzw. diphosphiniten und von Bis‐(dialkyl‐ und diaryl‐phosphinyl)‐alkanen (1968)

Abstract The reactions of dialkylamino‐dialkyl‐ or diaryl‐phosphines, R 2 PNR′ 2 (R = C 6 H 5 C 4 H 9 , C 2 H 5 ; R′ = CH 3 , C 2 H 5 ) with unsaturated alcohols, functional alcohols, α, ω‐alkane‐diols and α, ω‐alkane‐dithiols have been studied. The preparation of a large number of alkylene (or arylene) bis‐phosphinites and of bis‐phosphinyl‐alkanes is reported and their physical properties listed.