gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Medium Access Mechanism to Support Urgent Message Transmission (2010)

Abstract This paper proposes an effective medium access mechanism which is based on IEEE 802.11 to transmit an urgent message, The main features of the proposed mechanism are as follows. First, when it comes to channel access to have high priority, it has a shorter interval between frames than that specified in standard document. Second, we use fixed window size instead of back-off window with an exponential increase. Performance evaluation of proposed mechanism is executed by simulation and compare with the node using the specified mechanism in standard document. Performance evaluation results show that according to increasing competition the nodes using proposed method have less accessing time than the conventional methods. Also, the proposed method can improve processing time because of the decreasing transmission delay. Key Words : IEEE 802.11, MAC Protocol, Urgent Traffic, Backoff Windows, InterFrame Space I. 서 론 지난 10년간 정보통신기술의 획기적인 발전에 힘입어 무선 통신기술은 이미 다양한 응용분야에 걸쳐 우리 주변생활에 커다란 영향을 미치고 있다. 이러한 무선 통신기술, 다시말해 무선 네트워크의 구현에 바이블(bible)과 같은 역할을 한 것이 IEEE 802.11 이라고 할 수 있다. IEEE 802.11은 Wireless LAN의 표준화 워킹그룹이다. 표준화가 이루어 진지 10여년이 지났고, 그동안 다양한 분야에서의 수많은 연구들이 진행되어져 왔으며, 앞으로도 무궁무진 할 것이다. 이전까지 행해진 연구들은 표준화된 기술의 문제점 분석과, 그에 따른 해결 방법 등이 주된 포커스였다면, 최근에 들어서는 연구 및 개발들이 다양한 응용분야의 요구를 충족시키기 위한 방향으로 행해지고 있다. IEEE 802.11의 다양한 버전(a, b, e, g, p, s, ...)들은 기본 표준안을 바탕으로 여러 응용분야의 요구에 맞추어 수정하고, 새로운 기법들이 추가되는 등 일련의 과정을 거쳐 새롭
Alpha7 nicotinic receptor activation inhibits ethanol‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome <i>c</i> release and neurotoxicity in primary rat hippocampal neuronal cultures (2002)

Primary hippocampal neuronal cultures exhibited a concentration- and time-dependent loss of cells when exposed to ethanol (EtOH). EtOH-induced neurotoxicity was attenuated by 2,4-dimethoxybenzilidene anabaseine (DMXB) which selectively activates alpha7 nicotinic receptors in a concentration-dependent manner. We further investigated the mechanisms of the protective effect of DMXB on EtOH- induced neurotoxicity. We found that EtOH decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and released cytochrome c from mitochondria at neurotoxic concentrations. DMXB (3 microm) attenuated both of these actions in a manner that was in turn blocked with the nicotinic antagonist methyllyconitine (MLA) 100 nm. Neither DMXB nor MLA alone affected these parameters. These results suggest that the neuroprotection conferred by alpha7 nicotinic receptor activation may be mediated, at least in part, through preventing the decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential and the increase in the release of cytochrome c caused by EtOH.
Catenanes: Fifty Years of Molecular Links (2015)

Half a century after Schill and Lüttringhaus carried out the first directed synthesis of a [2]catenane, a plethora of strategies now exist for the construction of molecular Hopf links (singly interlocked rings), the simplest type of catenane. The precision and effectiveness with which suitable templates and/or noncovalent interactions can arrange building blocks has also enabled the synthesis of intricate and often beautiful higher order interlocked systems, including Solomon links, Borromean rings, and a Star of David catenane. This Review outlines the diverse strategies that exist for synthesizing catenanes in the 21st century and examines their emerging applications and the challenges that still exist for the synthesis of more complex topologies.
Segmentation of left ventricle from 3D cardiac MR image sequences using a subject-specific dynamical model (2008)

Statistical model-based segmentation of the left ventricle from cardiac images has received considerable attention in recent years. While a variety of statistical models have been shown to improve segmentation results, most of them are either static models (SM) which neglect the temporal coherence of a cardiac sequence or generic dynamical models (GDM) which neglect the inter-subject variability of cardiac shapes and deformations. In this paper, we use a subject-specific dynamical model (SSDM) that handles inter-subject variability and temporal dynamics (intra-subject variability) simultaneously. It can progressively identify the specific motion patterns of a new cardiac sequence based on the segmentations observed in the past frames. We formulate the integration of the SSDM into the segmentation process in a recursive Bayesian framework in order to segment each frame based on the intensity information from the current frame and the prediction from the past frames. We perform "Leave-one-out" test on 32 sequences to validate our approach. Quantitative analysis of experimental results shows that the segmentation with the SSDM outperforms those with the SM and GDM by having better global and local consistencies with the manual segmentation.
Enhanced Analgesic Responses After Preferential Delivery of Morphine and Fentanyl to the Olfactory Epithelium in Rats (2011)

Deposition of opioids to the olfactory region within the nasal cavity could have a significant impact on drug distribution and pharmacodynamic effect, and thus should be considered in future nasally administered opioid studies.
A new synthesis of TATB using inexpensive starting materials and mild reaction conditions (1996)

TATB is currently manufactured in US by nitration of the expensive TCB to give 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene which is then aminated to yield TATB. Elevated temperatures (150 C) are required for both reactions. There is a need for a more economical synthesis of TATB that also addresses current environmental issues. We have recently found that 1,1,1-trimethylhydrazinium iodide (TMHI) allows the amination of nitroarenes at ambient temperature via Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution of hydrogen. TMHI reacts with picramide in presence of strong base (NaOMe or t-BuOK) to give TATB in over 95% yield. TMHI and picramide can be obtained from either inexpensive starting materials or surplus energetic materials from demilitarization activities, such as the 30,000 metric tons of UDMH (surplus rocket propellant) from the former Soviet Union.
Product Platform Design and Optimization: Status and Promise (2003)

In an effort to improve customization for today’s highly competitive global marketplace, many companies are utilizing product families to increase variety, shorten lead-times, and reduce costs. The key to a successful product family is the product platform from which it is derived either by adding, removing, or substituting one or more modules to the platform or by scaling the platform in one or more dimensions to target specific market niches. This nascent field of engineering design research has matured rapidly in the past decade, and this paper provides an extensive review of the research activity that has occurred during that time to facilitate product platform design and optimization. Techniques for identifying platform leveraging strategies within a product family are reviewed along with optimization-based approaches to help automate the design of a product platform and its corresponding family of products. Examples from both industry and academia are presented throughout the paper to highlight the benefits of platform-based product development, and the paper concludes with a discussion of promising research directions to help bridge the gap between planning and managing families of products and designing and manufacturing them.
Glutaminyl Cyclase in Human Cortex: Correlation with (pGlu)-Amyloid-β Load and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease (2014)

Brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients are characterized in part by the formation of high molecular weight aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, which interfere with neuronal function and provoke neuronal cell death. The pyroglutamate (pGlu) modification of Aβ was demonstrated to be catalyzed by the enzyme glutaminyl cyclase (QC) and to enhance pathogenicity and neurotoxicity. Here, we addressed the role of QC in AD pathogenesis in human cortex. Two sets of human postmortem brain tissue from a total of 13 non-demented controls and 11 AD cases were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and unbiased stereology, quantitative RT-PCR, and enzymatic activity assays for the expression level of QC in temporal and entorhinal cortex. Additionally, cortical Aβ and pGlu-Aβ concentrations were quantified by ELISA. Data on QC expression and Aβ peptide concentrations were correlated with each other and with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) of individual cases. In control cases, QC expression was higher in the more vulnerable entorhinal cortex than in temporal cortex. In AD brains, QC mRNA expression and the immunoreactivity of QC were increased in both cortical regions and frequently associated with pGlu-Aβ deposits. The analyses of individual cases revealed significant correlations between QC mRNA levels and the concentration of insoluble pGlu-Aβ aggregates, but not of unmodified Aβ peptides. Elevated pGlu-Aβ load showed a better correlation with the decline in MMSE than elevated concentration of unmodified Aβ. Our observations provide evidence for an involvement of QC in AD pathogenesis and cognitive decline by QC-catalyzed pGlu-Aβ formation.
Binaural reproduction for Directional Audio Coding (2009)

Directional audio coding (DirAC) is a recently proposed method for spatial sound reproduction. So far it has been used only in loud-speaker reproduction, and a method for headphone reproduction is presented in this article. In principle, the method uses virtual loud-speakers simulated with head related transfer functions (HRTFs), and head tracking. The method was evaluated subjectively, and the results are presented. The results show that a plausible spatial impression can be reproduced using the binaural realization of DirAC.
Ubiquitous Computing: Defining an HCI Research Agenda for an Emerging Interaction Paradigm (1998)

&lt;E-213&gt; Ubiquitous computing (ubicomp) is an emerging paradigm for interaction between people and computers. A&lt;E-443&gt; guiding principle of ubicomp is to break away from desktop computing to provide computational services&lt;E-419&gt; to a user when and where required. Although there has been a lot of experimental work in ubicomp, there&lt;E-431&gt; has been little effort to define an agenda in ubicomp for HCI researchers. In this paper, we attempt to&lt;E-442&gt; remedy that problem by defining the space of ubicomp applications in terms of the level of user mobility&lt;E-415&gt; and transparency of interaction. Increases in user mobility will come with technological advances, but&lt;E-437&gt; increased interaction transparency will come only with breakthroughs in HCI research. We conclude the&lt;E-438&gt; paper with a discussion of two functional themes that we have found important across a number of ubicomp&lt;E-416&gt; systems ---context-awareness and automated capture, integration and access. Each of these themes raises&lt;E-...
gamma-Glutamyltransferase from the outer cell envelope of Treponema denticola ATCC 35405 (1997)

The human oral spirochete Treponema denticola ATCC 35405 was shown to exhibit relatively high enzyme activity toward the gamma-glutamyl amide bond present in N-gamma-L-glutamyl-4-nitroaniline. The enzyme responsible for this catalysis (gamma-glutamyltransferase [GGT]; EC 2.3.2.2) was purified by means of fast protein liquid chromatography to two sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)-pure forms from a mild (0.1%) Triton X-100 extract of washed cells. The GGT was studied primarily with regard to its hydrolytic activity by using N-gamma-L-glutamyl-4-nitroaniline as a substrate, although the GGT was shown to catalyze transpeptidation reactions. The high-molecular-mass form of the GGT gave a value of about 213 kDa by SDS-PAGE when heat treatment was omitted and one of 26 kDa after heat treatment; mass spectrometry gave a value of 26.877. The larger form may represent an aggregate with nonprotein structures (possibly of a carbohydrate nature). The preliminary N-terminal sequence of the GGT is MKKPLIGITGSXLYETSQXXF. The enzyme was highly active on glutathione, transferring its Glu residue either to a water molecule or to the Gly-L-Leu dipeptide. The GGT stability was absolutely dependent on the presence of free thiol(s), while no evidence of metalloenzyme nature was obtained. The proposed location of the GGT in the outer cell envelope and its high activity on glutathione, a major nonprotein thiol present in virtually all cells, suggest that the GGT may play a role in the propagation of T. denticola within inflamed periodontal tissues.
The heterotrimeric G protein α subunit acts upstream of the small GTPase Rac in disease resistance of rice (2002)

We used rice dwarf1 (d1) mutants lacking a single-copy Galpha gene and addressed Galpha's role in disease resistance. d1 mutants exhibited a highly reduced hypersensitive response to infection by an avirulent race of rice blast. Activation of PR gene expression in the leaves of the mutants infected with rice blast was delayed for 24 h relative to the wild type. H(2)O(2) production and PR gene expression induced by sphingolipid elicitors (SE) were strongly suppressed in d1 cell cultures. Expression of the constitutively active OsRac1, a small GTPase Rac of rice, in d1 mutants restored SE-dependent defense signaling and resistance to rice blast. Galpha mRNA was induced by an avirulent race of rice blast and SE application on the leaf. These results indicated the role of Galpha in R gene-mediated disease resistance of rice. We have proposed a model for the defense signaling of rice in which the heterotrimeric G protein functions upstream of the small GTPase OsRac1 in the early steps of signaling.
Penetration of Metronidazole and Tinidazole into the Aqueous Humor in Man (1983)

500 mg of metronidazole or tinidazole were given as a 20-min infusion each to 10 patients who were hospitalized for elective cataract extraction. Metronidazole and tinidazole concentrations in aqueous humor were 5.2 +/- (SE) 0.5 and 5.3 +/- 0.7 micrograms/ml, respectively, 20-70 min after the end of the infusion. Aqueous humor/serum concentration ratios were 0.38 and 0.47 on the average for metronidazole and tinidazole, respectively.
Characterisation of the covalent structure of proteins from biological material by MALDI mass spectrometry ‣ possibilities and limitations (1998)

Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) has become a primary tool for the detailed characterisation of the covalent structure of proteins isolated from biological material, mainly because of its following potentials: high sensitivity and specificity, speed of analysis, appropriateness for mixture analysis, high tolerance towards contaminants, and compatibility with separation techniques, e.g., gel electrophoresis. These characteristics enable the structural analysis of proteins even if they are only available in limited amounts and/or in mixtures, and even if the protein preparations contain large amounts of salts, buffers, detergents and denaturants. Additionally, structural data can be generated within a relatively short time. Whereas X‐ray crystallography and multidimensional NMR techniques can provide “absolute” structural data, i.e., a three‐dimensional “picture” of the protein of interest, MALDI‐MS‐especially in combination with selective protein chemistry – yields information on particular aspects of the entire protein structure, e.g., primary structure, active site(s), binding sites, and posttranslational modifications, all of which are often of crucial interest for the understanding of the protein function. Taking into account that protein crystallography and protein NMR studies require large quantities of highly purified sample, MALDI‐MS can be even more regarded as a powerful complement in protein structure analysis. This review aims at describing the state‐of‐the‐art of MALDI‐MS for characterisation of proteins from biological material by evaluating its potential and limitations.
Large-scale production of citrate synthase from a cloned gene (1982)

Starting with a colicin E1 resistance recombinant plasmid which contains gltA, the gene for citrate synthase in Escherichia coli, we have constructed an ampicillin-resistance plasmid containing the gltA region as a 2.9-kilobase-pair insert in the tetracycline-resistance region of pBR322. Escherichia coli HB101 harbouring this plasmid, when grown on rich medium containing ampicillin, contains citrate synthase as about 8% of its soluble protein. The enzyme has been purified from this rich source and is identical to the chromosomal enzyme prepared previously in every property tested, except for specific activity, which is 64 U . mg-1 as compared with 45-50 U . mg-1 previously obtained. The N-terminal sequences of both enzymes are reported, and they are identical up to residue 16 at least. The overall yield of pure enzyme, starting with the cells grown in 15 L of medium, is 600-800 mg.
Nematic and cholesteric thermotropic polyesters with azoxybenzene mesogenic units and flexible spacers in the main chain (1982)

Abstract Properties of linear polyesters based on azoxybenzene and 2,2′‐methylazoxybenzene moieties with linear, flexible spacers based on mixtures of dodecanedioic acid (DDA) and methyladipic acid (MAA), chiral or racemic, of various compositions (system MAA/DDA‐8 and MAA/DDA‐9, respectively) have been described. Substitution of methyl groups in the 2,2′ or 3,3′ positions of the mesogenic core leads to soluble and relatively low‐melting‐point polyesters. The viscosity law for (MAA/DDA‐9) polyesters in 1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane gives an exponent 0.76, indicating well‐sol‐vated, coiled chain conformations in dilute solution. Calorimetric data show an increase in isotropization entropy Δ S NI with increasing average length of the spacer. This suggests a nonrandom conformation of the spacer in the nematic melt with a degree of order superior to that of low‐molecular‐weight analogs. X‐ray data obtained with an oriented nematic glass quenched from the nematic melt of DDA‐9 subjected to a magnetic field of 10–12 T also support the extended‐chain model in the nematic phase of DDA‐9. Oriented fibers can be produced by subjecting nematic melts of polyesters 8 and 9 either to magnetic fields of high intensity or to shear fields. The x‐ray data obtained from these fibers also support the extended‐chain model. Cholesteric systems do not orient in the magnetic field of 10–12 T. The study of mesophases of systems 8 and 9 indicates a dramatic influence of the position of the ester group on the stability of the mesophase in the azoxybenzene polyesters. The results are interpreted in terms of geometric factors influencing the colinearity of the mesogenic core and of the extended spacer.
Leukocyte activation induces surface redistribution of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (1997)

Binding of P-selectin on activated endothelium to P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) on neutrophils mediates the initial tethering and rolling of neutrophils on the vessel wall at inflammatory sites. Upon activation of rolling cells by locally expressed signaling molecules, integrin-dependent adhesion mechanisms are engaged and transendothelial migration proceeds. P-selectin binding sites are uniformly distributed on the surface of quiescent neutrophils, but are redistributed to the uropod of activated neutrophils. It is unclear whether this activation-induced change in the surface topography of P-selectin binding sites is due to surface redistribution of PSGL-1, shedding of PSGL-1 from the lamellapod, and/or movement of PSGL-1 from an intracellular compartment to the uropod of the polarized cell. With the use of immunogold electron microscopy we previously demonstrated that PSGL-1 was localized to the tips of microvilli on neutrophils. Here we document a similar localization for PSGL-1 on eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. On quiescent neutrophils, approximately 80% of the PSGL-1 label was on tips of microvilli, which are randomly distributed around the cell circumference. On activated, polarized neutrophils, the PSGL-1 label was restricted to a segment of approximately 42% of the cell circumference even though total labeling decreased by only approximately 26%. Latex microbeads coated with anti-PSGL-1 mAb bound preferentially to the uropod of activated neutrophils. Subcellular fractionation and immunogold analysis of frozen thin sections of neutrophils failed to detect PSGL-1 in any intracellular compartment. Taken together, these data indicate that the activation-induced change in the surface topography of PSGL-1 is due to surface redistribution of PSGL-1. This process may facilitate transendothelial migration by disrupting bonds between P-selectin and PSGL-1 at the leading edge of migrating cells.
Evaluation of overflow probabilities in resource management (2003)

In a number of network and database management applications, an upper bound has to be evaluated on the probability that the capacity of a server will be exceeded. The authors refer to this probability as the overflow probability of the server. The problem is, in essence, determining the probability that the sum of N independent random variables exceeds a given threshold. Evaluation of the overflow probability by brute-force enumeration requires a computation time which increases exponentially with N, so attempts have been made to approximate the overflow probability using Chernoff bounds. They present a simple scheme that can be used to evaluate the overflow probability with higher accuracy and lower computational effort than the Chernoff bounds approach. A set of algorithms is presented in C-like pseudocode that can be used to evaluate the overflow probability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fluorescent nanofibrous membranes for trace detection of TNT vapor (2007)

Electrospinning is a simple and cost-effective approach for the production of nanofibers and assemblies with controllable structures. In this work, based on sol–gel chemistry and the electrospinning technique, porphyrin-doped nanocomposite fibers with a form of nanofibrous membrane were successfully fabricated without the addition or help of polymers, and were demonstrated as novel fluorescence-based chemosensors for the rapid detection of trace vapor (10 ppb) of explosive. Due to a larger surface area and good gas permeability, these fluorescent nanofibrous membranes exhibit remarkable sensitivity to trace TNT vapor compared to tightly cross-linked silica films, but their sensitivity is strongly dependent upon the morphology and phase aggregation of the used nanofibers. Reducing the diameter and introducing a pore structure into nanofibers can considerably enhance the sensitivity of the resulting materials. The performed experiments suggest that the hierarchically structured, porphyrin-doped nanofibrous membranes are potentially very useful chemosensory materials for detecting trace explosives.