gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CO2 laser assisted UV ablative photoetching of Kapton films (1984)

The radiation produced by focusing an intense CO2 laser pulse on a tungsten target under vacuum was used for the direct dry photoetching of Kapton films. Typical etch rates of about 0.5 μm/pulse and surface smoothness with nonuniformities of the order of 1 μm were obtained by the simultaneous focusing of radiation on the Kapton target from the laser produced plasma (∼1.5 J/cm2) and the 10.6-μm scattered laser radiation (∼23 J/cm2). In contrast, no etching whatsoever was observed when the Kapton film was irradiated by each of the two sources separately (by the use of LiF and ZnSe filters) under the same experimental conditions. It is suggested that in the present experiment the extra energy absorbed by the Kapton film from the CO2 laser enables ablation of the UV sensitized layer close to the film’s surface.
Accumulation of Toxic Concentrations of Methylglyoxal by Wild-Type <i>Escherichia coli</i> K-12 (1974)

Wild-type strains of Escherichia coli K-12 accumulate toxic concentrations of methylglyoxal when grown in medium containing adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and either d-xylose, l-arabinose, or d-glucose-6-phosphate, independent of the presence of other carbon sources. Mutations at a locus called cxm specifically block methylglyoxal formation from xylose in the presence of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate. Accumulation in medium containing xylose, studied in some detail, is dependent on the ability to utilize xylose and is associated with an increased rate of xylose utilization without changes in levels of xylose isomerase. These results suggest that adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate results in induction of excessively high levels of an early rate-limiting step in xylose metabolism. This step may be the transport of xylose into the cell. The resulting excessive rates of xylose catabolism could stimulate methylglyoxal formation by overburdening late steps in glycolysis.
Silica Gels with Tunable Nanopores through Templating of the L<sub>3</sub> Phase (1999)

We describe a detailed synthesis of a silicified inorganic/organic nanoporous monolithic composite conforming to the lyotropic liquid crystalline L3 phase. The pore dimensions of the silicified L3 phase scale with the solvent volume fraction in the synthesis reaction mixture. Changing the solvent fraction in the initial solution changes the ultimate pore diameter in the silicate, providing a simple method for tuning the diameter of the pores in the matrix. The resulting monolith is optically isotropic and transparent with a nonperiodic network. Accessible pores (which permeate the entire structure) in the silicified materials correlate with the solvent domain of the original liquid crystalline phase and therefore negate the need to remove the surfactant in order to gain access to the pore network. Measured characteristic dimensions are from 6 to well over 35 nm. X-ray scattering studies indicate a low polydispersity in the pore diameters for a given solvent fraction. Transmission electron and atomic force microscope images are consistent with a random morphology and measured surface areas exceed 960 m2 g-1 in extracted materials.
A novel fabrication method of versatile holey fibers with low bending loss and their optical characteristics (2006)

We propose a novel fabrication method of holey fibers with different size, pitch, and shape of air holes. By expanding a Ge-doped preform with air holes at high temperature, the size and shape of air holes can be readily modified
Bilirubin suppresses Th17 immunity in colitis by upregulating CD39 (2017)

Unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), a product of heme oxidation, has known immunosuppressant properties but the molecular mechanisms, other than antioxidant effects, remain largely unexplored. We note that UCB modulates T helper type 17 (Th17) immune responses, in a manner dependent upon heightened expression of CD39 ectonucleotidase. UCB has protective effects in experimental colitis, where it enhances recovery after injury and preferentially boosts IL-10 production by colonic intraepithelial CD4+ cells. In vitro, UCB confers immunoregulatory properties on human control Th17 cells, as reflected by increased levels of FOXP3 and CD39 with heightened cellular suppressor ability. Upregulation of CD39 by Th17 cells is dependent upon ligation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) by UCB. Genetic deletion of CD39, as in Entpd1-/- mice, or dysfunction of AHR, as in Ahrd mice, abrogates these UCB salutary effects in experimental colitis. However, in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) samples, UCB fails to confer substantive immunosuppressive properties upon Th17 cells, because of decreased AHR levels under the conditions tested in vitro. Immunosuppressive effects of UCB are mediated by AHR resulting in CD39 upregulation by Th17. Boosting downstream effects of AHR via UCB or enhancing CD39-mediated ectoenzymatic activity might provide therapeutic options to address development of Th17 dysfunction in IBD.
Improvements of phase-modulated ellipsometry (1989)

This article gives several new insights on ellipsometers using photoelastic modulators. The assumption that the modulation has the form δ=δ0+𝒜 sin ωt is ruled out. In contrast, it is shown that the presence of higher harmonics in the modulation affects the measured signal. A new formalism is proposed to take this effect into account, and experimental evidences of its consistency and relevance are exposed. Using this multiple-harmonic model, ellipsometric measurements showed a dispersion four to five times less than using the conventional model. A new method is proposed to adjust the modulation amplitude during the measurements, by measuring the third harmonic of the signal. It is proven experimentally that this method actually improves the precision of phase-modulated ellipsometry. Other sources of errors are reviewed, such as multiple reflections in coherent light. A practical procedure to test whether a modulator is well adapted to ellipsometry is given.
Infertility Due to Bilateral Ovarian Hypoplasia in Sheep Homozygous (FecX1 FecX1) for the Inverdale Prolificacy Gene Located on the X Chromosome (1992)

Ewes heterozygous (I+) for the Inverdale prolificacy gene (FecXI) located on the X chromosome have ovulation rates about 1.0 units higher than noncarriers. The purpose of this study was to examine the reproductive performance of ewes that were either heterozygous or homozygous (II) carriers of the Inverdale gene. Carrier rams (I) were mated with heterozygous ewes (I+) to produce females, half of which were expected to be I+ and half II. The 59 female progeny were examined by laparoscopy at 8 mo or 1.5 yr of age; 48% were found to have nonfunctional "streak" ovaries, which were about one eighth the volume of normal ovaries and showed no sign of follicular activity. There were four examples of full sib pairs where within each pair one had normal ovaries and the other had streak ovaries. Since these streak ovaries have not been observed in ewes known to be I+ or noncarriers (++), it is concluded that this condition is associated with animals homozygous for the Inverdale gene.
Amplified piezoelectric transduction of nanoscale motion in gallium nitride electromechanical resonators (2009)

A fully integrated electromechanical resonator is described that is based on high mobility piezoelectric semiconductors for actuation and detection of nanoscale motion. We employ the two-dimensional electron gas present at an AlGaN/GaN interface and the piezoelectric properties of this heterostructure to demonstrate a resonant high-electron-mobility transistor enabling the detection of strain variation. In this device, we take advantage of the polarization field divergence originated by mechanical flexural modes for generating piezoelectric doping. This enables a modulation of carrier density which results in a large current flow and thus constitutes a motion detector with intrinsic amplification.
Correlated firing among major ganglion cell types in primate retina (2010)

Retinal ganglion cells exhibit substantial correlated firing: a tendency to fire nearly synchronously at rates different from those expected by chance. These correlations suggest that network interactions significantly shape the visual signal transmitted from the eye to the brain. This study describes the degree and structure of correlated firing among the major ganglion cell types in primate retina. Correlated firing among ON and OFF parasol, ON and OFF midget, and small bistratified cells, which together constitute roughly 75% of the input to higher visual areas, was studied using large-scale multi-electrode recordings. Correlated firing in the presence of constant, spatially uniform illumination exhibited characteristic strength, time course and polarity within and across cell types. Pairs of nearby cells with the same light response polarity were positively correlated; cells with the opposite polarity were negatively correlated. The strength of correlated firing declined systematically with distance for each cell type, in proportion to the degree of receptive field overlap. The pattern of correlated firing across cell types was similar at photopic and scotopic light levels, although additional slow correlations were present at scotopic light levels. Similar results were also observed in two other retinal ganglion cell types. Most of these observations are consistent with the hypothesis that shared noise from photoreceptors is the dominant cause of correlated firing. Surprisingly, small bistratified cells, which receive ON input from S cones, fired synchronously with ON parasol and midget cells, which receive ON input primarily from L and M cones. Collectively, these results provide an overview of correlated firing across cell types in the primate retina, and constraints on the underlying mechanisms.
Stable Diaqua Palladium(II) Complexes of BINAP and Tol-BINAP as Highly Efficient Catalysts for Asymmetric Aldol Reactions (1997)

The novel chiral diaqua palladium(II) complexes of (R)-BINAP 9a and (R)-Tol-BINAP 9b were prepared in good yield, and their structures were determined by X-ray crystallography. These air- and moisture-stable complexes were found to be excellent catalysts for the asymmetric aldol reaction, and up to 89% ee of asymmetric induction was achieved using these catalysts.
Protease-catalyzed regioselective esterification of sugars and related compounds in anhydrous dimethylformamide (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTProtease-catalyzed regioselective esterification of sugars and related compounds in anhydrous dimethylformamideSergio. Riva, Joel. Chopineau, A. P. G. Kieboom, and Alexander M. KlibanovCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 2, 584–589Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1988https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00210a045Request reuse permissionsArticle Views1249Altmetric-Citations381LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (916 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Migraine headache: Epidemiology and health care utilization (1993)

Population-based studies of headache can help inform the development of diagnostic criteria. In population-based studies, migraine has been consistently revealed as a common disabling condition that affects males and females of all ages. From data obtained in a national survey of the United States population, we show that the prevalence of migraine and the frequency of attacks increase as household income decreases. Disability from attacks is not related to income. In contrast, physician diagnosis is more likely as household income increases. Moreover, physician diagnosis is more likely among females, older cases, those more likely to experience disability, and migraine sufferers reporting nausea (males), vomiting, and visual and sensory aura. Analysis of our data leads us to conclude that the symptoms most strongly associated with diagnosis may provide the greatest concern and interest on the part of physicians to make a diagnosis, even though other migraine-related symptoms are more common in the population and in clinical settings. Finally, among migraine sufferers with severe disability, a very large proportion do not receive the benefits of medical diagnosis and treatment. Though most migraine sufferers use OTC medications, given the frequency and associated disability of their migraine attacks, current therapy appears unsatisfactory.
Synthesis of derivatives of 2-amino-4-p-chlorophenylthiazole-5-acetic acid. (1978)

In the course of studies on compounds with expected antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive action a number of new derivatives of 2-amino-4-p-chlorophenylthiazole-s-acetic acid have been synthetized. The chemical structure of these compounds has been confirmed by elemental analysis and IR spectra. The newly obtained compounds were investigated pharmacologically. It has been found that some of the derivatives possess antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive activity.
Function of MYO7A in the Human RPE and the Validity of Shaker1 Mice as a Model for Usher Syndrome 1B (2010)

The localization and function of MYO7A in human RPE cells is comparable to that in mouse RPE cells. Although shaker1 retinas do not undergo degeneration, correction of mutant phenotypes in the shaker1 RPE represents a valid preclinical test for potential therapeutic treatments.
Precision tracking with segmentation for imaging sensors (1993)

Precision target tracking based on data obtained from imaging sensors when the target is not fully visible during tracking is addressed. The image is divided into several layers of gray level intensities and thresholded. A binary image is obtained and grouped into clusters using image segmentation. The association of the various clusters to the track to be estimated relies on both the motion and pattern recognition characteristics of the target. The centroid measurements of the clusters and the probabilistic data association filter (PDAF) are employed for state estimation. Expressions for the single-frame-based centroid measurement noise variance of the target cluster and the optimal parameters for cluster segmentation are given. Simulation results validate the expressions for the measurement noise variance as well as the performance predictions of the tracking method. For a dim synthetic target with strong background noise, subpixel accuracy in the range of 0.3-0.4 pixel RMS error with moderate
The Impact of TLS on SIP Server Performance: Measurement and Modeling (2012)

Securing Voice over IP (VoIP) is a crucial requirement for its successful adoption. A key component of this is securing the signaling path, which is performed by the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). Securing SIP can be accomplished by using Transport Layer Security (TLS) instead of UDP as the transport protocol. However, using TLS for SIP is not yet widespread, perhaps due to concerns about the performance overhead. This paper studies the performance impact of using TLS as a transport protocol for SIP servers. We evaluate the cost of TLS experimentally using a testbed with OpenSIPS, OpenSSL, and Linux running on an Intel-based server. We analyze TLS costs using application, library, and kernel profiling and use the profiles to illustrate when and how different costs are incurred. We show that using TLS can reduce performance by up to a factor of 17 compared to the typical case of SIP-over-UDP. The primary factor in determining performance is whether and how TLS connection establishment is performed due to the heavy costs of RSA operations used for session negotiation. This depends both on how the SIP proxy is deployed and what TLS operation modes are used. The cost of symmetric key operations such as AES, in contrast, tends to be small. Network operators deploying SIP-over-TLS should attempt to maximize the persistence of secure connections and will need to assess the server resources required. To aid them, we provide a measurement-driven cost model for use in provisioning SIP servers using TLS. Our cost model predicts performance within 15% on average.
Estimating the prevalence of anaemia: a comparison of three methods. (2001)

Where field conditions and local resources allow it, haemoglobin concentration should be assessed with the direct cyanmethaemoglobin method, the gold standard. However, the HemoCue method can be used for surveys involving different laboratories or which are conducted in relatively remote areas. In very hot and humid climates, HemoCue microcuvettes should be discarded if not used within a few days of opening the container containing the cuvettes.
Albumin Treatment Reduces Neurological Deficit and Protects Blood–Brain Barrier Integrity After Acute Intracortical Hematoma in the Rat (2005)

Prompt albumin therapy improves neurological function and blood-brain barrier integrity after acute intracortical hematoma. These observations have important potential clinical implications.
Patlak plots of Gd‐DTPA MRI data yield blood–brain transfer constants concordant with those of <sup>14</sup>C‐sucrose in areas of blood–brain opening (2003)

The blood-to-brain transfer rate constant (K(i)) of Gd-DTPA was determined in MRI studies of a rat model of transient cerebral ischemia. The longitudinal relaxation rate, R(1), was estimated using repeated Look-Locker measurements. A model-independent analysis of deltaR(1), the Patlak plot, produced maps of K(i) for Gd-DTPA and the distribution volume of the mobile protons (V(p)) with intravascular-Gd changed R(1)'s. The K(i)'s of Gd-DTPA were estimated in regions of interest with blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening (regions of interest, ROIs) and compared to those of (14)C-sucrose determined shortly thereafter by quantitative autoradiography. The K(i)'s for both Gd-DTPA and sucrose were much higher than normal within the ROIs (n = 7); linear regression of K(i) for Gd-DTPA vs. K(i) for sucrose yielded a slope of 0.43 +/- 0.11 and r(2) = 0.72 (P = 0.01). Thus, K(i) for Gd-DTPA varied in parallel with, but was less than, K(i) for sucrose. In the ROIs, mean V(p) was 0.071 ml g(-1) and much higher than mean vascular volume estimated by dynamic-contrast-enhancement (0.013 ml g(-1)) or mean V(p) in contralateral brain (0.015 ml g(-1)). This elevated V(p) may reflect increased capillary permeability to water. In conclusion, K(i) can be reliably calculated from Gd-DTPA-MRI data by Patlak plots.
Ivermectin Prophylaxis Against Experimental Onchocerca Volvulus Infection in Chimpanzees (1988)

Ivermectin was tested for possible prophylactic action against the third and fourth larval stages (L3 and L4) of Onchocerca volvulus inoculated into chimpanzees. The infective larvae (L3) were obtained from laboratory-raised black flies. Eighteen chimpanzees were inoculated, each with approximately 250 L3. Six were treated with ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg) on the day of inoculation, 6 were treated with ivermectin on day 28, and 6 were not treated. Monthly skin snips were taken for the next 30 months to detect patent infection. One of the chimpanzees treated with ivermectin on the day of infection developed a patent infection as did 4 of the 6 treated at day 28 and 4 of the 6 control animals. The results suggest that ivermectin may have a partial in vivo effect against the L3 of O. volvulus but has no effect against later larval stages of the parasite.
10 Embryonic Stem Cells (2001)

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent stem cell lines derived directly from early mouse embryos without use of immortalizing or transforming agents. They can be propagated as homogeneous stem cell cultures and expanded without apparent limit. Unusually among established cell lines, ES cells maintain a stable euploid karyotype. Yet more remarkably, ES cells retain the character of embryo founder cells, even after prolonged culture and extensive manipulation. Thus, they are able to reintegrate fully into embryogenesis when returned to the early embryo. Chimeric mice can be produced in which ES cell descendants are represented among all cell types, including functional gametes. ES cells are also readily amenable to sophisticated genome engineering, in particular via homologous recombination. These properties are widely exploited to introduce gene knock-outs and other precise genetic modifications into the mouse germ line. The ability to propagate pluripotent ES cells presents unique opportunities for experimental analysis of gene regulation and function during self-renewal, cell commitment, and differentiation. The combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that maintain developmental identity and potency is beginning to be defined. Progress is also being made toward understanding and controlling lineage- and/or cell-type-specific differentiation of ES cells in vitro. When harnessed effectively, ES cell differentiation can provide defined cell populations for pharmacological testing and cellular transplantation. Generation of ES cell equivalents from other species, most particularly human, is now anticipated for realization of the full power of ES cell technologies both as research tools and, ultimately, as cell therapy reagents. ORIGINS OF MOUSE EMBRYONIC...
Guided Talbot resonators for annular laser sources (2000)

We studied the properties of an annular waveguide laser resonator, performing a new set of numerical simulations. The existence of fractional-Talbot effects is shown and results are compared to previous free-space propagation calculations and experimental results. Our study allows us to design annular waveguide lasers efficiently extracting power into a well behaving field distribution, convertible into a high quality beam by means of simple optics.
The Conversion of Methanol into Hydrocarbons over Dodecatungstophosphoric Acid (1982)

Abstract Dodecatungstophosphoric acid (TPA) is a very effective catalyst for the conversion of methanol into hydrocarbons. The effects of the reaction parameters, such as the temperature or the methanol partial pressure, were therefore examined. The kinetic features of the conversion over TPA are quite different from those over ZSM-5 zeolites. This difference is caused by the unique nature of the conversion over TPA; methanol molecules are sorbed and undergo the conversion in the bulk of solid TPA.