gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Receptors of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family in man. Multiple functions of the large family members via interaction with complex ligands. (1998)

The LDL receptor family members are endocytic receptors composed of repeated protein modules, including clusters of ligand binding LDL receptor class A (LA) repeats. The large (approximately 600 kDa) members LRP and megalin bind numerous structurally unrelated and often complex ligands at different combinations of sites. LRP is expressed in a wide but restricted set of cell types including hepatocytes, macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and neurons of the CNS. Megalin is expressed in various epithelia including proximal kidney tubules, intestine, and ependymal cells. The two receptors share a multitude of ligands, and their function in vivo is therefore to a large extent determined by their expression pattern. For example, both receptors can endocytose lipoproteins, but this function appears mainly relevant for LRP. In addition, LRP helps regulating urokinase receptor expression on the cell surface via ligand-mediated internalization followed by return of the naked urokinase receptor to the cell surface. Both receptors also have specialist functions. LRP is specific for binding of alpha2-macroglobulin-proteinase complexes and provides clearance of the complexes and of peptides, e.g. cytokines, associated with the complex. Megalin has important functions in vitamin B12 homeostasis since it specifically mediates uptake of the vitamin B12-transcobalamin complex and helps building a storage pool for the vitamin in the kidneys. Moreover, megalin binds cubilin, the recently identified receptor for B12-intrinsic factor complex, thus providing a mechanism for uptake of dietary vitamin B12. Finally, megalin specifically mediates uptake of apolipoprotein J/clusterin, a binding protein for the Abeta peptide implicated in Alzheimer's disease. The binding of multiple complex ligands that belong to distinct physiological systems provides a challenge in future studies aiming at elucidating the role of LRP and megalin in disease mechanisms.
On the Encoding of Arbitrary Geometric Configurations (1961)

A method is described which permits the encoding of arbitrary geometric configurations so as to facilitate their analysis and manipulation by means of a digital computer. It is shown that one can determine through the use of relatively simple numerical techniques whether a given arbitrary plane curve is open or closed, whether it is singly or multiply connected, and what area it encloses. Further, one can cause a given figure to be expanded, contracted, elongated, or rotated by an arbitrary amount. It is shown that there are a number of ways of encoding arbitrary geometric curves to facilitate such manipulations, each having its own particular advantages and disadvantages. One method, the so-called rectangular-array type of encoding, is discussed in detail. In this method the slope function is quantized into a set of eight standard slopes. This particular representation is one of the simplest and one that is most readily utilized with present-day computing and display equipment.
Transient thermal blooming of single and multiple short laser pulses (1975)

Energy transfer through absorbing media with pulses short compared to the acoustic transit time has been investigated experimentally and theoretically for collimated beams in a homogeneous wind field. Two experimental approaches were used: a low intensity cw CO(2) laser probe beam technique giving a continuous record of the lensing of the medium following the transmission of a coaxial high power TEA laser pulse and a direct determination of high power pulse train blooming using a thermofax covered drum. The experimental results support the predictions of a geometric optics perturbation solution as well as those of existing propagation codes. An interesting case, namely, enhancement resulting in a 20-30% increase of the original nonbloomed peak intensity is observed when the pulse separation time is approximately 1-2 times the wind flow time across the beam.
678. Cytoskeleton as the Principal Determinant of the Size-Dependent DNA Mobility in Cytoplasm: A New Barrier for Non-Viral Gene Transfer (2004)

Gene delivery by synthetic vectors is a multi-step process that relies on the endocytosis of the DNA particles, escape from endosomes, and diffusion of the DNA through the cytosol before the import in the nucleus. The cytoplasm of mammalian cells is a complex environment containing a fluid phase, a high concentration of soluble proteins, and a network of cytoskeletal filaments. We found previously that the translational diffusion of small DNAs ( 250 bp) were greatly slowed (Dcyto/Dw/Dw< 0.05) (J. Biol. Chem. 275:1625–1629, 2000). To investigate the mechanisms responsible for size-dependent DNA diffusion, we measured by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy the diffusion of fluorescent linear, double-stranded DNAs in saline and artificial crowded solutions, cytosol extracts, actin network and cell cytoplasm. DNA fragments containing a single rhodamine green molecule were generated by PCR. In saline solution, DNA diffusion coefficients decreased with DNA size according to: Dw = 8.1 × 10−6cm2/s × (base pair) −0.71. In solutions containing the inert crowding agent Ficoll-70, DNA mobility was reduced exponentially with the Ficoll-70 concentration (5-fold at 18 wt% Ficoll-70); however, neither Ficoll-70 nor concentrated cytosolic soluble fractions reproduced size-dependent reduction in Dcyto/Dw as found in intact cells. In contrast, reduced Dcyto/Dw with increasing DNA size was reproduced in saline solutions crowded with actin filaments, the principal component of the cytoskeleton. Compact globular macromolecules of same size were not slowed, implicating the extended conformation of the DNA in its impaired diffusion. In intact cells microinjected with the fluorescent DNAs, Dcyto/Dw was greatly reduced as found in prior photobleaching measurements; however, the size-dependent reduction in Dcyto/Dw was eliminated with cytoskeletal disrupters (cytochalasin D, latrunculin B) and was dependent on cell volume. Our results implicate actin cytoskeleton as the principal determinant of the restricted DNA mobility in cytoplasm, thus identifying a new barrier in restricting DNA movement to the nucleus.
Investigation of an imported case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Florence, Italy, May to June 2013 (2013)

On 31 May 2013, the first case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Italy was laboratory confirmed in a previously healthy adult man, who developed pneumonia with moderate respiratory distress after returning from a holiday in Jordan. Two secondary cases were identified through contact tracing, among family members and colleagues who had not previously travelled abroad. Both secondary cases developed mild illness. All three patients recovered fully.
Inhibition of telomerase activity by a cell‐penetrating peptide nucleic acid construct in human melanoma cells (2000)

We investigated the effect of two peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), which are complementary to the RNA component of human telomerase, on the catalytic activity of the enzyme. PNAs induced a dose-dependent reduction of telomerase activity in cell extracts from human melanoma cell lines and surgical specimens. To down-regulate telomerase in intact cells, we generated a chimeric molecule synthesized by coupling the 13-mer PNA to the Antennapedia peptide. The PNA construct induced a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of telomerase activity. However, a 20-day exposure to the PNA construct only caused a slight increase in melanoma cell doubling time and failed to induce any telomere shortening.
Review of targeted treatments in fragile X syndrome (2016)

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability, and is the leading single-gene cause of autism spectrum disorders. It is due to a loss of the fragile X mental retardation protein, which leads to molecular, behavioral, and cognitive deficits in these patients. Improvements in our understanding of its pathophysiology have led to the development of numerous targeted treatments in FXS as highlighted by metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists and gamma-Aminobutyric acid receptor modulators. This review will summarize relevant pre-clinical data and results from clinical trials in human subjects with FXS. It will also highlight upcoming studies and future directions for clinical trials as well.
Audio Surveillance (2016)

Despite surveillance systems becoming increasingly ubiquitous in our living environment, automated surveillance, currently based on video sensory modality and machine intelligence, lacks most of the time the robustness and reliability required in several real applications. To tackle this issue, audio sensory devices have been incorporated, both alone or in combination with video, giving birth in the past decade, to a considerable amount of research. In this article, audio-based automated surveillance methods are organized into a comprehensive survey: A general taxonomy, inspired by the more widespread video surveillance field, is proposed to systematically describe the methods covering background subtraction, event classification, object tracking, and situation analysis. For each of these tasks, all the significant works are reviewed, detailing their pros and cons and the context for which they have been proposed. Moreover, a specific section is devoted to audio features, discussing their expressiveness and their employment in the above-described tasks. Differing from other surveys on audio processing and analysis, the present one is specifically targeted to automated surveillance, highlighting the target applications of each described method and providing the reader with a systematic and schematic view useful for retrieving the most suited algorithms for each specific requirement.
Seafloor characterization using texture (2002)

Texture analysis is performed on multibeam sonar imagery. A set of 14 texture features is computed using cooccurrence matrices to form the feature space. The dimensionality of the feature space is reduced by extracting the principal components from the original feature space. Classification of the image is performed on the principal components using the K-means algorithm. Results indicate that seafloor bottom types can be characterized by analyzing the texture of bathymetric sonar images.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
N-acetyl-L-Cysteine Promotes T Cell Mediated Immunity In Allogeneic Settings IN VIVO And IN VITRO (2009)

N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) is a thiol antioxidant which stimulates glutathione synthesis in cells. Several studies indicate that NAC exerts effects on the immune system in vitro, although with conflicting results. Whereas some studies indicate that NAC has an inhibitory effect on T cell proliferation and activation of NF-κB, others suggest an activating effect. The ability of NAC to protect cells against oxidative stress by inducing glutathione has provided a rationale for using it to prevent veno-occlusive disease of the liver and liver toxicity after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Unfortunately, a prospective randomized study failed to show a positive effect of NAC on hepatotoxicity in ASCT patients. However, we observed that patients who received NAC as a therapy to treat liver toxicity (n = 73) had an increased prevalence of acute GvHD compared to patients who had been randomized to not receive NAC (n = 87) (P = 0.04), indicating that NAC has an immunostimulatory effect in vivo. Importantly, the NAC-treated group only had an increased risk of grade II acute GvHD (30%) compared to the control group (10%), whereas severe acute GvHD grades III-IV in the groups were 8% vs 14%, respectively. These observations prompted us to thoroughly study the effect of NAC on T cell mediated immunity in vitro. We have found that low levels of NAC (0.4–3.2 mM) potentiate T cell proliferation and upregualtion of activation markers in response to alloantigens, whereas high concentrations (12.5–50 mM) are highly suppressive, which might explain the previously published conflicting data. Furthermore, T cells that have been stimulated in the presence of high concentrations of NAC (25 mM) in a primary mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) respond more vigorously when restimulated in a secondary MLR without NAC, compared to control secondary MLR which had been cultured without NAC during both stimulations. Preliminary data indicate that this observation partly can be explained by that NAC render T cells less apoptotic, and that T cells respond robustly when NAC has been metabolized. To summarize, we have found that NAC has an immunostimulatory effect on T cells under certain conditions, both in vitro and in vivo. These observations might be of clinical importance, as NAC potentially could be used as a therapeutic agent to promote T cell mediated immunity in immunocompromized ASCT patients with relapse of the underlying malignant disease.
A Smart-Power Synchronous Rectifier by CMOS Process (2010)

The usage of power MOSFET functioning as a synchronous rectifier is a much preferred choice in switched-mode converters, especially for those of high-frequency and high-power density with low output voltage, for minimization of power loss and efficient energy management. However, its scope of application and integration as a replacement of diode rectifier is handicapped by the compulsory requirement of external sensing and gating circuits needed for precise on/off timing control and the tedious incorporation to be a dependent part of the overall converter circuit. We report a unique smart-power synchronous rectifier (SPSR) that is a two-terminal diode-alike power-integrated circuit building block that provides ultralow on-state voltage rectification without the need of adding any external sensing and gating control. Therefore, a direct replacement of diode rectifier by the SPSR in any converter circuit is made possible. In this paper, the design and fabrication of a fully CMOS-process compatible SPSR device is presented. The fabricated device achieved a low forward voltage of 0.14 V in comparison with 0.75 V of the body diode at the same rated-current density. It has a low specific input capacitance of 11.8 nF/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , which makes it suitable for megahertz switching operations. This reported SPSR is CMOS-fabrication-process compatible and can be directly integrated with any power converter circuits on the silicon substrate.
Expression of fluorescently tagged connexins: a novel approach to rescue function of oligomeric DsRed‐tagged proteins<sup>1</sup> (2001)

A novel, brilliantly red fluorescent protein, DsRed has become available recently opening up a wide variety of experimental opportunities for double labeling and fluorescence resonance electron transfer experiments in combination with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Unlike in the case of GFP, proteins tagged with DsRed were often found to aggregate within the cell. Here we report a simple method that allows rescuing the function of an oligomeric protein tagged with DsRed. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach on the subunit proteins of an oligomeric membrane channel, gap junction connexins. Additionally, DsRed fluorescence was easily detected 12-16 h post transfection, much earlier than previously reported, and could readily be differentiated from co-expressed GFP. Thus, this approach can eliminate the major drawbacks of this highly attractive autofluorescent protein.
Potential toxicity of quercetin: The repression of mitochondrial copy number via decreased POLG expression and excessive TFAM expression in irradiated murine bone marrow (2014)

The cytotoxicity of quercetin is not well understood. Using an ICR murine model, we unexpectedly found that mice exposed to 7 Gy total body irradiation (TBI) exhibited general <i>in vivo</i> toxicity after receiving quercetin (100 mg/kg PO), whereas this result was not observed in mice that received TBI only. In order to understand the involvement of alterations in mitochondrial biogenesis, we used a real-time qPCR to analyze the mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) by amplifying the <i>MTRNR1</i> (12S rRNA) gene in murine bone marrow. We also utilized reverse transcription qPCR to determine the mRNA amounts transcribed from the polymerase gamma (<i>POLG</i>), <i>POLG2</i>, and mammalian mitochondrial transcription factor A (<i>TFAM</i>) genes in the tissue. In the mice exposed to TBI combined with quercetin, we found: (1) the radiation-induced increase of mtDNAcn was inhibited with a concurrent significant decrease in <i>POLG</i> expression; (2) <i>TFAM</i> expression was significantly increased; and (3) the expression of <i>POLG2</i> was not influenced by the treatments. These data suggest that the overall toxicity was in part associated with the decrease in mtDNAcn, an effect apparently caused by the inhibition of <i>POLG</i> expression and overexpression of <i>TFAM</i>; unaltered <i>POLG2</i> expression did not seem to contribute to toxicity.
Scale-adaptive surface modeling of vascular structures (2010)

Compared to other state-of-the-art approaches, our method reaches good balance in terms of smoothness, accuracy, triangle quality and surface size. The vessel surfaces produced by our method are suitable for applications such as computational fluid dynamics simulations and real-time virtual interventional surgery.
Evaluation of tracking ability of a phase conjugate mirror using a CCD array and spatial light modulator for optical energy transmission (2012)

We investigate the tracking ability of an optical phase conjugator using a commercial CCD array and a projector LCD panel. This system allows one to use two separate laser oscillators for capturing interference patterns and generating phase conjugate light. Since a long coherence length is not required for the latter part, amplification of the phase conjugate light can be easily attained by using a laser oscillator for high-power applications such as machining. The wavelengths of the two laser oscillators can be independently chosen. For our experimental configuration an amplification factor of 7.8×10(4) is theoretically possible. Also, a formula for the maximum tracking range is derived. The proposed system is particularly suitable for power transmission by light.
[Effects of trimebutine on motility of the small intestine in humans]. (1989)

Trimebutine maleate induces a specific motor response in the human proximal small bowel: except for the few minutes lapse following the occurrence of a spontaneous phase 3, an intravenous injection of 100 mg trimebutine systematically produces, in fed or fasted state, a systemic propagated activity analogous to the spontaneous phase 3 of the migrating motor complex. In lower doses, this effect is not observed. The intraduodenal administration of a high dose (600 mg) induces a similar response to that observed after intravenous injection. Trimebutine possibly acts as a stimulator of peripheral receptors of the enkephalinergic nervous system. Theoretically, these results may result in recommending the therapeutic use of trimebutine in intestinal motility disorders where disappearance or depletion of phase 3 are observed. However, information is still lacking about the relationship between therapeutic activity and the effects on intestinal motility in pathological states.
Channel occupancy estimation method for Wireless LAN (2009)

Channel occupancy is key information to realize efficient operation of the wireless system. Channel occupancy can be defined as the time occupancy ratio in the case of Wireless LAN (WLAN). We propose a novel passive method to estimate the time occupancy ratio of WLAN. The proposed method produces greater improvement in estimation accuracy compared with that of conventional methods. In this paper, we introduce the definition of the time occupancy ratio as the utilization index of a WLAN radio resource. Then, details of the proposal are introduced. Finally, the excellent evaluation results executed on an experimental system are introduced even when many loss packets exist.
Modular toolbox for derivative-based medical image registration (2005)

Registration of medical images, i.e. the integration of two or more images into a common geometrical system of reference so that corresponding image structures correctly align, is an active field of current research. Registration algorithms in general are composed of three main building blocks: a <i>geometrical transformation</i> is applied in order to transform the images into the geometrical system of reference, a <i>similarity measure</i> puts the comparison of the images into quantifiable terms, and an <i>optimization algorithm</i> searches for that transformation that leads to optimal similarity between the images. Whereas in the literature fixed configurations of registration algorithms are investigated, here we present a modular toolbox containing several similarity measures, transformation classes and optimization strategies. Derivative-free optimization is applicable for any similarity measure, but is not fast enough in clinical practice. Hence we consider much faster derivative-based Gauss-Newton and Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithms that can be used in conjunction with frequently needed similarity measures for which derivatives can be easily obtained. The implemented similarity measures, geometrical transformations and optimization methods can be freely combined in order to configure a registration algorithm matching the requirements of a particular clinical application. Test examples show that particular algorithm configurations out of this toolbox allow e.g. for an improved lesion identification and localization in PET-CT or MR registration applications.
Genetic diversity of the dnaJ gene in the Mycobacterium avium complex (2004)

The Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is associated with various diseases in humans as a zoonosis. The dnaJ gene was partially sequenced in Schaefer's 28 reference strains of MAC, 14 human MAC isolates and 22 veterinary isolates. From substitutions affecting 21-32 nucleotides, all strains could be classified into 14 groups. Most nucleotide substitutions did not alter amino acid sequences. Approximately 8 % genetic diversity was seen in these strains, which divided into two clusters: cluster I (0.8 % genetic diversity), comprising the reference strain serotypes 1-6, 8-11 and 21 and all isolates; and cluster II (7 % genetic diversity), comprising the remaining reference strains. Analysis of the dnaJ gene in MAC may be useful in epidemiological studies.