gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PLOIDY BARRIER TO ENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENT IN MAIZE (1984)

Maize kernels inheriting the indeterminate gametophyte mutant (ig) on the female side had endosperms that ranged in ploidy level from diploid (2x) to nonaploid (9x). In crosses with diploid males, only kernels of the triploid endosperm class developed normally. Kernels of the tetraploid endosperm class were half-sized but with well-developed embryos that regularly germinated. Kernels of endosperm composition other than triploid or tetraploid were abortive.-Endosperm ploidy level resulting from mating ig/ig x tetraploid Ig similarly was variable. Most endosperms started to degenerate soon after pollination and remained in an arrested state. Hexaploid endosperm was exceptional; it developed normally during the sequence of stages studied and accounted for plump kernels on mature ears. Since such kernels have diploid maternal tissues (pericarp) but triploid embryos, the present finding favors the view that endosperm failure or success in such circumstances is governed by conditions within the endosperm itself.-Whereas tetraploid endosperm consisting of three maternal genomes and one paternal genome is slightly reduced in size but supports viable seed development, that endosperm having two maternal and two paternal chromosome sets was highly defective and conditioned abortion. Thus, development of maize endosperm evidently is affected by the parental source of its sets of chromosomes.
In Vitro Transcription of 70 <i>S</i> RNA by the RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase of Rous Sarcoma Virus: Lack of Influence of RNase H (1976)

The influence of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-associated RNase H on the in vitro synthesis of DNA by the RSV RNA-directed DNA polymerase was determined under conditions whereby RNase H activity was selectively inhibited with NaF. Not only were we unable to detect any effect on the size, structure, or genetic complexity of the DNA product synthesized in the absence of RNase H activity, but the displacement of DNA from the 70 S RNA:DNA hybrid structures was also unaffected. The suitability of 70 S RNA:DNA hybrid structures synthesized in vitro to serve as a substrate for RNase H is discussed.
Optical Homodyne Receiver Comprising Phase and Polarization Diversities with Digital Signal Processing (2007)

This paper describes a coherent optical receiver, where drifts of the carrier phase and state of polarization are estimated with digital signal processing. The complex amplitude of the signal is entirely restored with such receiver.
Learning occlusion with likelihoods for visual tracking (2011)

We propose a novel algorithm to detect occlusion for visual tracking through learning with observation likelihoods. In our technique, target is divided into regular grid cells and the state of occlusion is determined for each cell using a classifier. Each cell in the target is associated with many small patches, and the patch likelihoods observed during tracking construct a feature vector, which is used for classification. Since the occlusion is learned with patch likelihoods instead of patches themselves, the classifier is universally applicable to any videos or objects for occlusion reasoning. Our occlusion detection algorithm has decent performance in accuracy, which is sufficient to improve tracking performance significantly. The proposed algorithm can be combined with many generic tracking methods, and we adopt L1 minimization tracker to test the performance of our framework. The advantage of our algorithm is supported by quantitative and qualitative evaluation, and successful tracking and occlusion reasoning results are illustrated in many challenging video sequences.
Securing On-Chip Operations against Timing Attacks (2005)

AbstractCryptosystem designers frequently assume that secrets will be manipulated in closed, reliable com-puting environments. Unfortunately, actual microchips leak information about the operations they pro-cess. Cryptosystems often take slightly different amounts of time to process different inputs and alsointernal signals.By carefully measuring the amount of time required to perform private key operations, attackers maybe able to discover secret exponents or keys to break the cryptosystem [2, 4]. A technique to hide thetime differences from attackers using random delays is shown in this report. 1 Introduction Secure encryption is dependent on having sources of cryptographically secure random numbers for keygeneration. The use of pseudo-random numbers is common, but this makes a system more susceptible toattack as the number of states which need to be searched is reduced [4].For high-speed cryptosystems, random numbers need to be generated at a high enough rate so thatreuse of random numbers is not possible. Most hardware random number generators depend primarilyon a source of external thermal noise which is ampliﬁed in some manner. These types of generators arevulnerable to attacks which can alter the distribution of the output, therefore post-processing hardware isneeded to continuously monitor the quality of the output, which in turn can affect the rate at which randomnumbers can be produced.An alternative method of random number generation is to use a bistable device in metastability, shownin section 2 of this paper. This approach is capable of producing random bits at 100MHz, and is simpleto integrate. It has been shown that the ﬁnal state, of two which are equally likely, of a bistable device inmetastability is affected by noise within the device. If this noise is caused by thermal motion, then it will beof a random nature. Therefore, it follows that by continuously clocking a bistable device in metastability,a sequence of bits, determined by the polarity of the noise at the time will be produced [3]. One problemof using this method to create random bits is how to ensure that the offset of the initial bias point is smallerthan the noise level in the bistable. If the offset is larger than the noise level, the output will be dependanton this, and not the noise, thus removing the random nature of the output.To use the random numbers produced to vary the timing of a signal, a variable delay element (VDE)is needed. These variable delay elements can be implemented in several ways, as shown in section 3 ofthis paper. These variable delay elements could be used to add a random delay to secure signals in severalways, either through adding a small random delay to the signal after processing, thus removing the timingNCL-EECE-MSD-TR-2005-108,University of Newcastle upon Tyne 1
Development board of the autonomous semi-passive RFID transponder (2016)

Abstract The idea of multiband development board designed to support and advance the technique of battery-less autonomous semi-passive RFID transponders is presented in the paper. The extra function of harvesting energy from the electromagnetic field of different radio communications systems, the ultra efficient power conditioner and the energy storage block are applied in the proposed construction. The facility of utilizing gathered energy is provided to support designers in developing applications of automatic object identification. Since the evaluation board is to work without a galvanic cell, the particular emphasis is put on the mechanisms that improve energy efficient operation of the whole electronic circuit. The construction principles and operation modes (charging, cold start, sleep with charging, sleep, measurement and cut-off) of the storage unit are described in depth in the paper. The preproduction batch of the demonstrators has been manufactured on automated assembly line at ELMAK Ltd. Company, according to the elaborated model. It confirms that the author’s demonstrator of the battery-less autonomous semi-passive transponder can be reproduced on an industrial scale. On the basis of the preproduction series, the performance parameters of the final product have been estimated. The presented study should significantly contribute to the RFID technique therefore the authors set up the evaluation process of marketing research and product commercialization.
13 Synthesis of Peptide Bioconjugates (2005)

Bioconjugates play an important role in several fields of biomolecular and biomedicinal sciences. Protein/polypeptide-based conjugates with covalently attached epitope peptides are considered as potential synthetic vaccine candidates and/or target antigens in affinity-based bioassays. This chapter describes the synthesis of two- and three-component bioconjugates using water-soluble branched chain polymeric polypeptides with multiple amino and/or carboxyl groups as macromolecular partners and oligopeptides as epitopes with small molecular mass. The synthetic procedures outline three major strategies for the incorporation of multiple copies of uniformly oriented peptide epitopes. In the first example, chloroacetylated polypeptide is conjugated with SH-peptide to form a thioether linkage. Second, two independent oligopeptides are introduced into a macromolecule by amide and disulfide bonds, respectively. In the third example, a new procedure is reported for the formation of disulfide bridges by the use of Npys-modified polypeptide and SH-peptide.
State space modeling of dimensional variation propagation in multistage machining process using differential motion vectors (2003)

In this paper, a state space model is developed to describe the dimensional variation propagation of multistage machining processes. A complicated machining system usually contains multiple stages. When the workpiece passes through multiple stages, machining errors at each stage will be accumulated and transformed onto the workpiece. Differential motion vector, a concept from the robotics field, is used in this model as the state vector to represent the geometric deviation of the workpiece. The deviation accumulation and transformation are quantitatively described by the state transition in the state space model. A systematic procedure that builds the model is presented and an experimental validation is also conducted. The validation result is satisfactory. This model has great potential to be applied to fault diagnosis and process design evaluation for complicated machining processes.
The classification of secondary colorectal liver cancer in human biopsy samples using angular dispersive x-ray diffraction and multivariate analysis (2009)

The motivation behind this study is to assess whether angular dispersive x-ray diffraction (ADXRD) data, processed using multivariate analysis techniques, can be used for classifying secondary colorectal liver cancer tissue and normal surrounding liver tissue in human liver biopsy samples. The ADXRD profiles from a total of 60 samples of normal liver tissue and colorectal liver metastases were measured using a synchrotron radiation source. The data were analysed for 56 samples using nonlinear peak-fitting software. Four peaks were fitted to all of the ADXRD profiles, and the amplitude, area, amplitude and area ratios for three of the four peaks were calculated and used for the statistical and multivariate analysis. The statistical analysis showed that there are significant differences between all the peak-fitting parameters and ratios between the normal and the diseased tissue groups. The technique of soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) was used to classify normal liver tissue and colorectal liver metastases resulting in 67% of the normal tissue samples and 60% of the secondary colorectal liver tissue samples being classified correctly. This study has shown that the ADXRD data of normal and secondary colorectal liver cancer are statistically different and x-ray diffraction data analysed using multivariate analysis have the potential to be used as a method of tissue classification.
Bcl‐2 and Bax are involved in the sympathetic protection of brown adipocytes from obesity‐linked apoptosis (1998)

Obesity is linked to functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) atrophy, partially due to adipocyte apoptosis. The brown adipocytes of obese rats have lower Bcl-2/Bax mRNA and protein ratios than those of their lean littermates. Exposure to a low temperature for three days markedly increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, by increasing the noradrenergic output to BAT, which has previously been shown to reduce apoptotic cell death. This effect could be mimicked in vitro by the addition of noradrenaline (NA) to brown adipocytes differentiated in culture. Micromolar NA concentrations increased the Bcl-2/Bax mRNA and protein ratios, and protected against serum deprivation-induced apoptosis. We conclude that NA acts by modulating bcl-2 and bax gene expression.
The effect of blood on ocular fundus reflectance and determination of some optical properties of retinal blood vessels. (1978)

Light reflected from 50 micrometer diameter spots on the fundi of two adult rhesus monkeys was measured as a function of wavelength in 10 nm jumps from 400 to 900 nm. The areas measured were a retinal artery and vein, areas of the disk, macula, and retina devoid of visible blood vessels, and the foveola. The eyes of the two monkeys were then exsanguinated, the blood vessels were filled with normal saline, and reflectances of the same spots on the fundi were again measured. The pairs of reflectance curves were compared and demonstrated that blood is not the major determinant of the characteristic shapes of the retinal tissue spectral reflectance curves. From the pre-exsanguination and postexsanguination data, the isolated retinal artery and vein wall reflectances were determined to be 0.020 and 0.009, respectively, their transmittances 0.837 and 0,977, and the fractions of light absorbed by them 0.143 and 0.014, respectively, in the visible spectral region below 500 nm.
5(4<i>H</i>)-Oxazolones as Dienophiles in the Synthesis of 2-Amino-2-bicycloalkanecarboxylic Acids (1990)

The application of 2-phenyl-4-benzylidene-5(4H)-oxazolone (1) as a dienophile in the synthesis of 2-amino-2-bicycloalkanecarboxylic acids is described. The influence of different Lewis acids and the reaction conditions are discussed.
Application of Cre/loxP in Drosophila: Site-Specific Recombination and Transgene Coplacement (2003)

The use of site-specific recombinases has revolutionized the genetic analysis of development and has made possible the precise engineering of genomes (,). In Drosophila, the FLP/FRT system, introduced by Golic and Lindquist (), has been used (1) to generate genetic mosaics by mitotic recombination as well as by “flip-outs”(-), and (2) to generate defined chromosomal rearrangements (,). In yeast and mammalian cells, site-specific recombination has also been used to mediate targeting of exogenous DNA to genomic docking sites (). Although such targeted integration is by nature an inefficient process-as a result of the favoring of intramolecular over intermolecular recombination-this limitation has been overcome in these systems by the ability to introduce DNA into a large number of cells simultaneously and to select for rare integration events by chemical means. In Drosophila, such an approach is not currently available, although an approximation of targeted integration of exogenous DNA has been used, with varying efficiency, to mobilize FRT-flanked DNA already in the genome to a specific FRT target site elsewhere ().
Algorithm and circuit co-design for a low-power sequential decoder (2003)

The design of a sequential decoder for a convolutional code in a mobile radio environment with the objective of minimizing the average decoding effort and hence the energy consumption is presented. An efficient normalization scheme and a corresponding fast, low-energy architecture is proposed. We present the chip layout and Powermill simulation results in 0.5 /spl mu/m HP14B CMOS technology. For sufficiently high SNR, the proposed design performs close to that of the optimal Viterbi decoder. The average energy consumption per decoded bit for the proposed architecture is compared against a baseline Viterbi decoder design for a simple AWGN channel. The AWGN performance characteristics are translated into average energy consumption per decoded bit for a nominal cellular system mobile unit accounting for fading and mobility. For realistic operational scenarios, the proposed architecture consumes only 7.2% as much energy as the Viterbi baseline.
View and Space Management on Large Displays (2005)

This article describes the canvas portal framework that facilitates the development of alternative view-based space-management techniques on large displays. Implementations of the framework provide layout management, context switching, and space creation. The canvas portals are alternative views of display canvas areas where interacting with the portal's interior is equivalent to interacting with the depicted display area. To illustrate the generality of the canvas portals concept, we've instantiated a representative sample of existing large-display interaction techniques within the canvas portal design space, and developed several interaction techniques that address some of the challenges in new ways.
"Hollow Village" Evolution and Policy Control under the Perspective of Rural Urbanization: A Case Study of Jiangsu Province (2016)

From the perspective of the process of urbanization, this paper puts forward the corresponding public policy control by analyzing the characteristics of "hollowing" at different stages of urbanization. Moreover, the paper focuses on the stage of China's current urbanization. Based on the survey of migrant workers, this paper evaluates China's current policies, and argues that the rural "hollowing" is an objective that accompanies urbanization. At different stages of the process of urbanization, the rural "hollowing" presents different characteristics. Local governments should make policy and plan based on the different stages of local urbanization and local conditions, because of the extent of regional differences in economic and social development. This paper aims to guide the rural "hollowing" to develop toward the right direction.
Facile Synthesis of Novel Photochromic 1,2-Diheteroaryl-Substituted Cycloalkenes by Titanium-Induced Intramolecular Coupling Reaction (1998)

intramolecular reductive coupling - low-valent titanium photochromic compounds - 1,2-diheteroarylcycloalkenes - 3,4-diheteroaryl-2,5-dihydrothiophenes
A theory of parameterized pattern matching (1993)

This paper develops a theory and algoritbrns for an application problem arising in software maintenance. The application is to track down duplication in a large software system.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 Protects Prostate Cancer Cells from Stress-Induced Apoptosis via Both Smad and c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase Pathways (2006)

We reported earlier that exposure to exogenous bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) could strongly inhibit serum starvation-induced apoptosis to C4-2B cell line, a variant of the LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line with propensity for bone metastasis. Whereas serum starvation suppressed the expression of survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, its expression was sustained in the presence of BMP7. In this study, we present evidence that BMP7 exposure up-regulated survivin promoter activity, an effect that was associated with activation of Smad, and could be repressed by dominant-negative Smad5. Additionally, serum starvation-induced suppression of c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) activity in C4-2B cells could be mostly restored by BMP7, and a JNK inhibitor could counteract the antiapoptotic effect of BMP7, without a significant effect on the level of survivin expression. Thus, we identified JNK pathway as another signaling mode for the antiapoptotic function of BMP7. To test the effect of endogenous up-regulation of BMP7, we genetically modulated the C4-2B cell line to overexpress BMP7 protein. Not only was this altered cell line resistant to serum starvation-induced apoptosis but it also exhibited patterns of Smad activation, survivin up-regulation, and JNK activation similar to those of the parental C4-2B cells exposed to exogenous BMP7. Consistent with these in vitro findings of BMP7 action, we acquired correlative results of Smad activation, survivin expression, and JNK activation in the progression of prostate cancer in the conditional Pten deletion mouse model, in which we first obtained the evidence of BMP7 overexpression.
Preparation of Polyurethane/Acrylic Hybrid Nanoparticles via a Miniemulsion Polymerization Process (2005)

Nanosized polyurethane/poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PU/PBMA) hybrid latex particles (∼50 nm) with various compositions were successfully prepared using a redox-initiated miniemulsion polymerization process. Studies were carried out on the miscibility of PU prepolymer and BMA monomer, PU/BMA droplet formation, and polymerization kinetics. This process provides a new method to synthesize nanosize hybrid latex particles using a relatively small amount of surfactant. A suitable chain extension process was developed, where a hydrophobic chain extender was used to introduce intraparticle cross-linking while maintaining the original small particle size of the nanosize PU/PBMA hybrid latexes. The ratio of PU to BMA, the amount of grafting agent (hydroxyethyl methacrylate; HEMA), and the presence of the hydrophobic chain extender have little influence on the particle size of the final latexes compared to the seeded emulsion polymerization processes. This illustrates the advantage of this process, whereby the final particle size is less sensitive to the composition and amount of cross-linking agent or chain extender.
Induction of mutant p53‐dependent apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting stress protein mortalin (2010)

Stress protein mortalin (mtHSP70) is highly expressed in cancer cells. It was shown to contribute to carcinogenesis by sequestrating the wild type p53, a key tumor suppressor protein, in the cytoplasm resulting in an abrogation of its transcriptional activation function. We have found that the level of mortalin expression has significant correlation with human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) malignancy and therefore investigated whether it interacts with and influences the activities of mutant p53, frequently associated with HCC development. We have detected mortalin-p53 interactions in liver tumor and five HCC cell lines that harbored mutant p53. The data was in contrast to the normal liver and immortalized normal hepatocytes that lacked mortalin-p53 interaction. Furthermore, we have found that the shRNA-mediated mortalin silencing could induce mutant p53-mediated tumor-specific apoptosis in HCC. Such allotment of apoptotic function to mutant p53 by targeting mortalin-p53 interaction in cancer cells is a promising strategy for HCC therapy.
Trench-assisted profiles for large-effective-area single-mode fibers (2008)

Trench-assisted profiles allow reaching larger effective areas than conventional profiles. A 120 mum <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> fiber with diameter of 125 mum and lower bend losses than those of SSMF is fabricated.
Production and partial characterization of monoclonal antibodies to Mycobacterium leprae (1982)

Monoclonal antibodies to Mycobacterium leprae were produced by the fusion of BALB/c splenocytes and lymph node cells to BALB/c myeloma (NSI/1) cells. Eleven monoclonal antibodies were characterized as to their reactivity with M. leprae and 18 other mycobacterial species by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence. Two monoclonal antibodies reacted only with M. leprae, and the other nine showed unique patterns of reactivity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. One monoclonal antibody (IIH9) reacted with a 68,000-dalton protein present in extracts from M. leprae, M. tuberculosis H37Rv, M. gastri, and M. smegmatis. Potential uses for these antibodies in serological tests and immunochemical analyses are discussed.