gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 1Mb 28nm STT-MRAM with 2.8ns read access time at 1.2V VDD using single-cap offset-cancelled sense amplifier and in-situ self-write-termination (2018)

1T1R spin-transfer-torque (STT) MRAM is a promising candidate for next-generation high-density embedded non-volatile memory [1-2]. However, 1T1R STT-MRAM suffers from limited sensing margin and high write power. As shown in Fig. 30.2.1(a), sense amplifier design is challenging due to the small difference (only 2x) between the high-resistance state (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AP</sub> ) and the low-resistance state (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P</sub> ), as well as R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AP</sub> degradation with increasing temperature. Moreover, R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P</sub> and R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AP</sub> resistance distributions shift with process variation, requiring a read reference (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ref</sub> ) that tracks process. To improve the sensing margin, several offset-cancellation methods have been reported to reduce sense amplifier mismatch [3]. However, these methods use multiple capacitors and hence incur significant area overheads. To address this issue, we propose an offset-cancelled sense amplifier that uses only a single capacitor to significantly improve the sensing margin by more than 60%. A second design challenge for STT-MRAM stems from the high current needed to flip a cell during a write operation. For non-volatile memory applications with a 10-year retention time requirement, the write current can be as high as several hundred μA. However, as shown in Fig. 30.2.1(b), the required write time varies with the state change required (0→1 or 1→0), process variation, and temperature. As a result, a fixed write time that ensures successful write for all conditions wastes a significant energy for typical or average conditions. We propose an in situ write-self-termination method to reduce write energy in most scenarios. The sense amplifier is reconfigured to continuously monitor the write operation and automatically shuts off the write drivers when the state transition is detected, without an area or timing penalty. In addition, dual dummy columns are added in each array to provide read V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ref</sub> tracking of row-wise PVT variation. A 1Mb STT-MRAM was fabricated in 28nm technology, and achieves a 2.8ns read-access time at 25°C and 3.6ns at 120°C, respectively. With in-situ self-write-termination the write power is reduced by 47% with a 20ns write-access time at 25°C and by 60% at 120°C.
Protection and pathology during parasite infection: <scp>IL</scp>‐10 strikes the balance (2014)

The host response to infection requires an immune response to be strong enough to control the pathogen but also restrained, to minimize immune-mediated pathology. The conflicting pressures of immune activation and immune suppression are particularly apparent in parasite infections, where co-evolution of host and pathogen has selected many different compromises between protection and pathology. Cytokine signals are critical determinants of both protective immunity and immunopathology, and, in this review, we focus on the regulatory cytokine IL-10 and its role in protozoan and helminth infections. We discuss the sources and targets of IL-10 during parasite infection, the signals that initiate and reinforce its action, and its impact on the invading parasite, on the host tissue, and on coincident immune responses.
Enhanced efficacy of liposome-encapsulated ribavirin against Rift Valley fever virus infection in mice (1985)

Administration of liposome-encapsulated ribavirin to mice led to ribavirin concentrations in the liver, the primary site of Rift Valley fever virus proliferation, that were fivefold greater than those attained with the same doses of free ribavirin. Liposomal ribavirin given at a dose of either 25 or 50 mg of drug per kg of body weight protected mice against a rapidly lethal high-titer challenge with Rift Valley fever virus, whereas similar doses of free drug or empty liposomes had no detectable benefit. Hence, tissue targeting of ribavirin with liposomes substantially increased the therapeutic index by increasing the efficacy of the treatment. By using liposomes as drug carriers, a nontoxic, low-dose regimen of ribavirin had a therapeutic effect that was comparable to that achieved with higher but potentially more toxic doses of free ribavirin.
Analysis of the Impact of Selected Fuel Thermochemical Properties on Internal Combustion Engine Efficiency (2012)

In this study we model the effects of 23 different fuels on First and Second Law thermodynamic efficiencies of an adiabatic internal combustion engine. First Law efficiency is calculated using the lower heating value (LHV), while Second Law efficiency is calculated with exergy, which represents the inherent chemical energy available to perform work. We find that First Law efficiency can deviate by as much as 9% between fuels while Second Law efficiency exhibits a much smaller degree of variability. We also find that First and Second Law efficiencies can be nearly the same for some fuels (methane and ethane) but differ substantially for other fuels (hydrogen and ethanol). The differences in First and Second Law efficiencies are due to differences in LHV and exergy for a given fuel. In order to clarify First Law efficiency differences between fuels, as well as the differences between LHV and exergy, we introduce a new term, the molar expansion ratio (MER), defined as the ratio of product moles to reactant moles for complete stoichiometric combustion. We find that the MER reflects an important part of the physics behind fuel-specific efficiency differences as well as differences between First and Second Law efficiencies. We also discuss how First and Second Law efficiencies are affected by two other fuel-specific thermochemical properties, the ratio of specific heat and extent of dissociation in the reaction products following combustion.
Optical fibre-based detection of DNA hybridization (2009)

A dual-peak LPFG (long-period fibre grating), inscribed in an optical fibre, has been employed to sense DNA hybridization in real time, over a 1 h period. One strand of the DNA was immobilized on the fibre, while the other was free in solution. After hybridization, the fibre was stripped and repeated detection of hybridization was achieved, so demonstrating reusability of the device. Neither strand of DNA was fluorescently or otherwise labelled. The present paper will provide an overview of our early-stage experimental data and methodology, examine the potential of fibre gratings for use as biosensors to monitor both nucleic acid and other biomolecular interactions and then give a summary of the theory and fabrication of fibre gratings from a biological standpoint. Finally, the potential of improving signal strength and possible future directions of fibre grating biosensors will be addressed.
Visualizing corporate data (1996)

Visualization is an emerging technology for understanding large, complex, information-rich data sets. Just as spreadsheets revolutionized our ability to understand small amounts of data, visualization is revolutionizing the way we understand large data sets. AT&T has developed a suite of applications, based on a common software infrastructure, to analyze strategic data sets and solve key business problems. Even as these software tools are being used internally, AT&T is also selling them in the commercial marketplace. The four case studies presented in this paper demonstrate the technology's general applicability and its use within AT&T to address strategic business problems and motivate its guiding research principles.
A Review Method for Courses in Biology (1961)

Research Article| March 01 1961 A Review Method for Courses in Biology Arthur W. Glass Arthur W. Glass Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar The American Biology Teacher (1961) 23 (3): 137–138. https://doi.org/10.2307/4439521 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Arthur W. Glass; A Review Method for Courses in Biology. The American Biology Teacher 1 March 1961; 23 (3): 137–138. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/4439521 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentThe American Biology Teacher Search This content is only available via PDF. Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Ultrahydrophobic/Ultrahydrophilic Micropatterning on a Polymeric Substrate (2005)

A micropattern consisting of ultrahydrophobic/ultrahydrophilic surfaces has been successfully fabricated on PET substrates via a multistep dry process. A surface nanotexture is prepared by oxygen plasma etching, and then a hydrophobic layer forms by plasma‐enhanced CVD. The surface is then exposed to vacuum UV irradiation through a honeycomb mask to produce hydroxyl groups, and the pattern is formed on the PET surface (see Figure).
Rational Design of the Remdesivir Binding Site in the RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase of SARS-CoV-2: Implications for Potential Resistance (2020)

ABSTRACT SARS-CoV-2 is rapidly evolving with the continuous emergence of new mutations. There is no specific antiviral therapy for COVID-19, and the use of Remdesivir for treating COVID-19 will likely continue before clinical trials are completed. Due to the lengthening pandemic and evolving nature of the virus, predicting potential residues prone to mutations is crucial for the management of Remdesivir resistance. We used a rational ligand-based interface design complemented with mutational mapping to generate a total of 100,000 mutations and provide insight into the functional outcome of mutations in the Remdesivir-binding site in nsp12. After designing 56 residues in the Remdesivir binding site of nsp12, the designs retained 96-98% sequence identity, which suggests that SARS-CoV-2 attains resistance and develops further infectivity with very few mutations in the nsp12. We also identified affinity-attenuating Remdesivir binding designs of nsp12. Several mutants acquired decreased binding affinity with Remdesivir, which suggested drug resistance. These hotspot residues had a higher probability of undergoing selective mutations in the future to develop Remdesivir and related drug-based resistance. A comparison of 21 nsp12 Remdesivir-bound designs to the 13 EIDD-2801-bound nsp12 designs suggested that EIDD-2801 would be more effective in preventing the emergence of resistant mutations and against Remdesivir-resistance strains due to the restricted mutational landscape. Combined with the availability of more genomic data, our information on mutation repertoires is critical to guide scientists to rational structure-based drug discovery. Knowledge of the potential residues prone to mutation improves our understanding and management of drug resistance and disease pathogenesis.
Formation of fibrous filtering membranes by electrospinning (2006)

A technique for production of fibrous materials containing layers of variable-thickness fibers is considered. Membranes in the form of alternating layers of thin and thick fibers are obtained from cellulose acetate and fluoroplastic solutions. The layers of thin fibers specify the filtering properties of the membranes, and those of thick fibers impart them mechanical strength.
Black carbon aerosol size in snow (2013)

The effect of anthropogenic black carbon (BC) aerosol on snow is of enduring interest due to its consequences for climate forcing. Until now, too little attention has been focused on BC's size in snow, an important parameter affecting BC light absorption in snow. Here we present first observations of this parameter, revealing that BC can be shifted to larger sizes in snow than are typically seen in the atmosphere, in part due to the processes associated with BC removal from the atmosphere. Mie theory analysis indicates a corresponding reduction in BC absorption in snow of 40%, making BC size in snow the dominant source of uncertainty in BC's absorption properties for calculations of BC's snow albedo climate forcing. The shift reduces estimated BC global mean snow forcing by 30%, and has scientific implications for our understanding of snow albedo and the processing of atmospheric BC aerosol in snowfall.
Probability density functions of optical polarization states: theory and applications (1994)

We introduce the concept of probability density functions of polarization states for a more systematical approach of depolarization and the evolution of polarization in optical fiber. This concept is useful when polarization is a random function of wavelength, time and/or distance, like in depolarizers and in low-birefringent optical fiber. We give three examples of such probability density functions and present three applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Oncogenic 70Z Cbl Mutation Blocks the Phosphotyrosine Binding Domain-Dependent Negative Regulation of ZAP-70 by c-Cbl in Jurkat T Cells (1999)

T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement results in the activation of Src family (Lck and Fyn) and ZAP-70 protein tyrosine kinases, leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple cellular substrates including the complex adapter protein c-Cbl. Moreover, Cbl is tyrosine phosphorylated upon engagement of growth factor receptors, cytokine receptors, and immunoreceptors and functions as a negative regulator of tyrosine kinase signalling pathways. Cbl associates via its phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain to the ZAP-70 pY292 negative regulatory phosphotyrosine. We recently demonstrated that the oncogenic Cbl mutant, 70Z Cbl, requires its PTB domain to upregulate NFAT in unstimulated Jurkat T cells. Here, we demonstrate that kinase-dead but not wild-type forms of Fyn, Lck, and ZAP-70 block 70Z Cbl-mediated NFAT activation. Moreover, 70Z Cbl does not upregulate NFAT in the ZAP-70-deficient P116 Jurkat T-cell line. The requirement for Fyn, Lck, and ZAP-70 is not due to tyrosine phosphorylation of 70Z Cbl, as mutation of all tyrosines in, or deletion of, the C-terminal region of 70Z Cbl (amino acids 655 to 906) blocks 70Z Cbl tyrosine phosphorylation but enhances 70Z Cbl-mediated NFAT activation. Further, 70Z Cbl does not cooperate with ZAP-70 Y292F to upregulate NFAT, indicating that 70Z Cbl and ZAP-70 do not activate parallel signalling pathways. Finally, the upregulation of NFAT observed upon ZAP-70 overexpression is blocked by Cbl in a PTB domain-dependent manner. We conclude that oncogenic 70Z Cbl acts as a dominant negative to block the PTB domain-dependent negative regulatory role of endogenous Cbl on ZAP-70, leading to constitutive ZAP-70 signalling and activation of transcription factors.
Video Inpainting on Digitized Vintage Films via Maintaining Spatiotemporal Continuity (2011)

Video inpainting is an important video enhancement technique used to facilitate the repair or editing of digital videos. It has been employed worldwide to transform cultural artifacts such as vintage videos/films into digital formats. However, the quality of such videos is usually very poor and often contain unstable luminance and damaged content. In this paper, we propose a video inpainting algorithm for repairing damaged content in digitized vintage films, focusing on maintaining good spatiotemporal continuity. The proposed algorithm utilizes two key techniques. Motion completion recovers missing motion information in damaged areas to maintain good temporal continuity. Frame completion repairs damaged frames to produce a visually pleasing video with good spatial continuity and stabilized luminance. We demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithm on different types of video clips.
Amplification of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering by a metallic nanostructure for a high resolution vibration microscopy (2004)

On the basis of the mechanism of surface enhanced Raman scattering, it is shown that coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) of molecules attached to isolated gold nanoparticles are strongly enhanced and the signal from each particle is well localized. In addition to well-known advantages of CARS, the surface enhanced CARS combined with a scanning system of metallic nanoprobe tip can realize high spatial resolution CARS microscopy beyond the diffraction limit of light by locally enhancing the weak signals from the small sample volume. This concept is realized by tip-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy using a metallic nanoprobe of near-field scanning optical microscope.
The 3'-nontranslated region of rat renal glutaminase mRNA contains a pH-responsive stability element (1996)

Rat kidney expresses two forms of glutaminase (GA) mRNA which probably result from the use of alternative polyadenylation signals. The two mRNAs are increased coordinately in response to metabolic acidosis via a mechanism that apparently does not involve transcriptional or translational regulation. A 956-bp fragment that contains the 3'-nontranslated sequence of the smaller GA cDNA was cloned into an expression vector (p beta G) that encodes a chimeric beta-globin growth hormone mRNA. Both the parent and the derived construct (p beta G-GA) were transfected into LLC-PK1-F+ cells. Stable transfectants express sixfold lower levels of beta G-GA mRNA than that of the parent beta G mRNA. However, only the beta G-GA mRNA is increased 2.5-fold by growth in acidic medium (pH 6.9, 10 mM HCO3-). The apparent half-life of the beta G mRNA (> 24 h) is unaffected by the pH of the growth media. In contrast, the apparent half-life of the beta G-GA mRNA is increased from 4.5 h to approximately 24 h when cells are transferred to acidic medium for 8 h. The observed pH response is not reproduced when the beta G-GA construct is stably transfected into COS-7 cells or when a beta-globin-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase chimeric gene is expressed in LLC-PK1-F+ cells. Thus the 3'-nontranslated region of the GA mRNA contains a pH-responsive stability element.
Molecular Factors Associated with Pemetrexed Sensitivity According to Histological Type in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (2016)

The histology-dependent differences in chemosensitivity to Alimta® may be attributed to the histology-dependent differences in TYMS and RFC expression. In adenocarcinomas, GGH potentially represents a marker for chemosensitivity to Alimta®.
A comparative study of a liquid and a solid matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and collision cross section measurements (2000)

We present experimental matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) results comparing a liquid (glycerol/K(4)[Fe(CN)(6)]) and a solid matrix (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, DHB) with respect to analyte signal stability and initial ion velocity. For applications requiring stable production of analyte ions over a long period of time, the liquid matrix is superior to the solid matrix. The stable analyte ion signal obtained from a liquid matrix allowed the measurement of collision cross sections of small poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG(n)) adduct ions in the flight tube with good resolution. The initial velocity of these adduct ions was measured. It was found that analyte molecules from the liquid matrix have initial ion velocities significantly smaller than those from the solid matrix. MALDI-TOF measurements for large molecules using a liquid matrix are therefore likely to result in smaller systematic errors in mass calibrations due to initial ion velocity.
Stabilization of Highly Efficient and Stable Phase‐Pure FAPbI <sub>3</sub> Perovskite Solar Cells by Molecularly Tailored 2D‐Overlayers (2020)

As a result of their attractive optoelectronic properties, metal halide APbI<sub>3</sub> perovskites employing formamidinium (FA<sup>+</sup> ) as the A cation are the focus of research. The superior chemical and thermal stability of FA<sup>+</sup> cations makes α-FAPbI<sub>3</sub> more suitable for solar-cell applications than methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI<sub>3</sub> ). However, its spontaneous conversion into the yellow non-perovskite phase (δ-FAPbI<sub>3</sub> ) under ambient conditions poses a serious challenge for practical applications. Herein, we report on the stabilization of the desired α-FAPbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite phase by protecting it with a two-dimensional (2D) IBA<sub>2</sub> FAPb<sub>2</sub> I<sub>7</sub> (IBA=iso-butylammonium overlayer, formed via stepwise annealing. The α-FAPbI<sub>3</sub> /IBA<sub>2</sub> FAPb<sub>2</sub> I<sub>7</sub> based perovskite solar cell (PSC) reached a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of close to 23 %. In addition, it showed excellent operational stability, retaining around 85 % of its initial efficiency under severe combined heat and light stress, that is, simultaneous exposure with maximum power tracking to full simulated sunlight at 80 °C over 500 h.
HTself: Self-Self Based Statistical Test for Low Replication Microarray Studies (2005)

Different statistical methods have been used to classify a gene as differentially expressed in microarray experiments. They usually require a number of experimental observations to be adequately applied. However, many microarray experiments are constrained to low replication designs for different reasons, from financial restrictions to scarcely available RNA samples. Although performed in a high-throughput framework, there are few experimental replicas for each gene to allow the use of traditional or state-of-art statistical methods. In this work, we present a web-based bioinformatics tool that deals with real-life problems concerning low replication experiments. It uses an empirically derived criterion to classify a gene as differentially expressed by combining two widely accepted ideas in microarray analysis: self-self experiments to derive intensity-dependent cutoffs and non-parametric estimation techniques. To help laboratories without a bioinformatics infrastructure, we implemented the tool in a user-friendly website (http://blasto.iq.usp.br/~rvencio/HTself).
Covariate adjustment for two‐sample treatment comparisons in randomized clinical trials: A principled yet flexible approach (2007)

There is considerable debate regarding whether and how covariate-adjusted analyses should be used in the comparison of treatments in randomized clinical trials. Substantial baseline covariate information is routinely collected in such trials, and one goal of adjustment is to exploit covariates associated with outcome to increase precision of estimation of the treatment effect. However, concerns are routinely raised over the potential for bias when the covariates used are selected post hoc and the potential for adjustment based on a model of the relationship between outcome, covariates, and treatment to invite a 'fishing expedition' for that leading to the most dramatic effect estimate. By appealing to the theory of semiparametrics, we are led naturally to a characterization of all treatment effect estimators and to principled, practically feasible methods for covariate adjustment that yield the desired gains in efficiency and that allow covariate relationships to be identified and exploited while circumventing the usual concerns. The methods and strategies for their implementation in practice are presented. Simulation studies and an application to data from an HIV clinical trial demonstrate the performance of the techniques relative to the existing methods.