gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computer-Assisted Three-Dimensional Planning in Craniofacial Surgery (1993)

Three-dimensional surface reconstruction from computed tomographic (CT) data has been used to plan craniofacial operations. Cephalometric and anthropometric databases were integrated with three-dimensional CT reconstructions to quantitate the skeletal deformity and to assist in the design of the surgical procedure. Interactive techniques were developed to simulate osteotomies and skeletal movements in three dimensions on the computer-generated surface images. The ocular globes were referenced to position the orbital segments; i.e., the osteotomized segments were transposed into normal anatomic relationship with respect to the eyes. The measurements from the computer graphic simulation were used intraoperatively to establish the correct position of the skeletal segments.
Gait and balance disorders in older adults. (2010)

Gait and balance disorders are common in older adults and are a major cause of falls in this population. They are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, as well as reduced level of function. Common causes include arthritis and orthostatic hypotension; however, most gait and balance disorders involve multiple contributing factors. Most changes in gait are related to underlying medical conditions and should not be considered an inevitable consequence of aging. Physicians caring for older patients should ask at least annually about falls, and should ask about or examine for difficulties with gait and balance at least once. For older adults who report a fall, physicians should ask about difficulties with gait and balance, and should observe for any gait or balance dysfunctions. The Timed Up and Go test is a fast and reliable diagnostic tool. Persons who have difficulty or demonstrate unsteadiness performing the Timed Up and Go test require further assessment, usually with a physical therapist, to help elucidate gait impairments and related functional limitations. The most effective strategy for falls prevention involves a multifactorial evaluation followed by targeted interventions for identified contributing factors. Evidence on the effectiveness of interventions for gait and balance disorders is limited because of the lack of standardized outcome measures determining gait and balance abilities. However, effective options for patients with gait and balance disorders include exercise and physical therapy.
Probable networks and plausible predictions — a review of practical Bayesian methods for supervised neural networks (1995)

Bayesian probability theory provides a unifying framework for data modelling. In this framework the overall aims are to find models that are well-matched to the data, and to use these models to make optimal predictions. Neural network learning is interpreted as an inference of the most probable parameters for the model, given the training data. The search in model space (i.e., the space of architectures, noise models, preprocessings, regularizers and weight decay constants) can then also be treated as an inference problem, in which we infer the relative probability of alternative models, given the data. This review describes practical techniques based on Gaussian approximations for implementation of these powerful methods for controlling, comparing and using adaptive networks.
Tannins and related compounds. LIX. Aesculitannins, novel proanthocyandins with doubly-bonded structures from aesculus hippocastanum L. (1987)

A chemical examination of the seed shells of Aesculus hippocastanum L. has led to the isolation of proanthocyanidins A-6 (10) and A-7 (11), and aesculitannins A (12), B (13), C (14), D (15), E (16), F (17) and G (18). On the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence, proanthocyanidins A-6 (10) and A-7 (11) have been determined to be A-type dimers each possessing a C-4, C-6 interflavanoid linkage, while aesculitannins A (12), B (13), C (14), D (15), E (16), F (17) and G (18) have been characterized as oligomeric proanthocyanidins possessing A-type unit (s) in each molecule. In addition, the presence of (-) -epicatechin (1), proanthocyanidins B-2 (2), B-5 (3), A-2 (4), A-4 (5) and C-1 (6), epicatechin- (4β → 6) -epicatechin- (4β → 6) -epicatechin (7), and cinnamtannins B1 (8) and B2 (9) was also demonstrated.
Adaptive Algebraic Multiscale Solver for Compressible Flow in Heterogeneous Porous Media (2014)

Summary An adaptive Algebraic Multiscale Solver for Compressible (C-AMS) flow in heterogeneous oil reservoirs is developed. Based on the recently developed AMS [ Wang et al., 2014 ] for incompressible linear flows, the C-AMS extends the algebraic formulation of the multiscale methods for compressible (nonlinear) flows. Several types of basis functions (incompressible and compressible with and without accumulation) are considered to construct the prolongation operator. As for the restriction operator, C-AMS allows for both MSFV and MSFE methods. Furthermore, to resolve high-frequency errors, Correction Functions and ILU(0) are considered. The best C-AMS procedure is determined among these various strategies, on the basis of the CPU time for three-dimensional heterogeneous problems. The C-AMS is adaptive in all aspects of prolongation, restriction, and conservative reconstruction operators for time-dependent compressible flow problems. In addition, it is also adaptive in terms of linear-system update. Though the C-AMS is a conservative multiscale solver (i.e., only a few iterations are employed infrequently in order to maintain high-quality results), a benchmark study is performed to investigate its efficiency against an industrial-grade Algebraic Multigrid (AMG) solver, SAMG [ Stuben, 2010 ]. This comparative study illustrates that the C-AMS is quite efficient for compressible flow simulations in large-scale heterogeneous 3D reservoirs.
Synthesis of Indole Derived Protease-Activated Receptor 4 Antagonists and Characterization in Human Platelets (2013)

Protease activated receptor-4 (PAR4) is one of the thrombin receptors on human platelets and is a potential target for the management of thrombotic disorders. We sought to develop potent, selective, and novel PAR4 antagonists to test the role of PAR4 in thrombosis and hemostasis. Development of an expedient three-step synthetic route to access a novel series of indole-based PAR4 antagonists also necessitated the development of a platelet based high-throughput screening assay. Screening and subsequent structure activity relationship analysis yielded several selective PAR4 antagonists as well as possible new scaffolds for future antagonist development.
Cinnamaldehyde-Induced Apoptosis in Human Hepatoma PLC/PRF/5 Cells Involves the Mitochondrial Death Pathway and is Sensitive to Inhibition by Cyclosporin A and z-VAD-fmk (2013)

Cinnamaldehyde (CIN) has been shown to exert chemopreventive activity against several types of human cancer cells. We previously reported that CIN induced apoptosis of human hepatoma PLC/PRF/5 cells and this effect was associated with activation of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family of proteins and the MAPK cascade. To further clarify the underlying mechanism of CIN-induced apoptosis, we examined in this study its relationship with the mitochondrial death pathway using the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) inhibitor, cyclosporin A (CsA), and the general caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk. Results indicated that CIN-induced apoptosis involved enhanced ROS generation, disruption of mitochondrial potential, and the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO into the cytosol, which in turn promoted caspase-3 to its active form and the subsequent cleavage of PARP. Treatment with CIN also downregulated protein levels of the anti-apoptotic factors XIAP and Bcl-2 with concomitant accumulation of the pro-apoptotic Bax in a timedependent manner. These mitochondria-related apoptotic effects induced by CIN were however blocked by CsA and z-VAD-fmk pretreatments, which prevented cells from undergoing programmed cell death triggered by CIN. Furthermore, the increase of Bax and decrease of Bcl-2 and XIAP protein expression due to CIN treatment were also reversely modulated by the two inhibitors. Taken together, these results suggested that CIN is an apoptotic inducer that acts on the mitochondrial death pathway in PLC/PRF/5 cells and its effect could be blocked by CsA and z-VAD-fmk.
Tetraphenylethylene-based fluorescent porous organic polymers: preparation, gas sorption properties and photoluminescence properties (2011)

Tetraphenylethylene-based porous organic polymers were synthesized efficiently through a Suzuki coupling polycondensation or oxidative coupling polymerization. According to the obtained nitrogen physisorption isotherms, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area values for these porous materials vary between 472 and 810 m2 g−1. Using the same linker monomer, the specific surface area of copolymer materials (TPOP-3 or TPOP-5) prepared by two different core structural monomers (tetraphenylethylene and spirobifluorene) is higher than those of the respective homopolymers. Gravimetric hydrogen adsorption isotherms show that the adsorption capacity for hydrogen is up to 1.07 wt% at 1.13 bar and 77 K. Furthermore, incorporation of tetraphenylethylene moieties into these polymers can induce high photoluminescence (λmax: 530–610 nm) in the solid state. Thanks to the propeller-like structure and aggregation-induced emission characteristics, tetraphenylethylene is to be a promising building block for designing porous polymers with special properties.
Synthesis of ferrocene-functionalized monomers for biodegradable polymer formation (2014)

Cyclic carbonate and δ-valerolactone substrates functionalized with ferrocene were synthesized via alkyne–azide “click” cycloaddition. The cyclic carbonates were polymerized using 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene, 1-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-cyclohexylthiourea, and benzyl alcohol. The resulting polymers were characterized by GPC, NMR spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry studies. It was found that polycarbonate molecular weights fall in the range of 4.1–5.2 × 103 g mol−1 with polydispersities as low as 1.26. Electrochemistry studies allowed us to identify the monomer/polymer pair with the most desirable redox potential for biological studies.
Toothpicks, Serendipity and the Emergence of the <i>Escherichia coli</i> DnaK (Hsp70) and GroEL (Hsp60) Chaperone Machines (2006)

THE purpose of this essay is to retrace some of the early steps that I and a few (then) young geneticists took in the late 1960s and early 1970s to define the Escherichia coli functions used by phage to properly execute their developmental cycle. Eventually, this led to the discovery and functional understanding of the so-called DnaK (Hsp70) and GroEL (Hsp60) molecular chaperone machines, universally conserved among the biological kingdoms (Lindquist and Craig 1988; Georgopoulos and Welch 1993). Now we know that these and other molecular chaperone machines are involved in a multitude of biological processes, including protection of nascent polypeptide chains from premature aggregation, disaggregation of protein aggregates, polypeptide transport across biological membranes, and proteolysis (Bukau and Horwich 1998; Hartl and Hayer-Hartl 2002; Craig et al. 2006). Because protein denaturation and aggregation are enhanced by various environmental stresses, e.g., an increase in temperature, it is not surprising that the DnaK (Hsp70) and GroEL (Hsp60) molecular chaperone machines were also discovered independently as “heat-shock” or “stress” proteins. Because of their very short growth cycles, phage have evolved a variety of strategies to subvert and customize host functions for their own use. Phage likely have a greater need than their hosts for quick and abundant chaperone power to carry out their developmental cycle in a timely fashion. If they fail to complete their cycle before the host lyses, infectious phage progeny will not be released into the medium, risking their extinction. This differential need for chaperone power likely explains why many of the bacterial mutations found to block phage development were eventually shown to be in genes encoding the GroEL and DnaK chaperone machines.
What Is the Reservoir of Emergent Human Norovirus Strains? (2015)

Since 1996, there have been at least six human norovirus pandemics. All of the pandemic strains are genetically related, segregating in the genogroup II, genotype 4 (GII.4) cluster within the Norovirus genus. Evidence indicates that these strains are closely related but antigenically distinct, supporting immune-driven viral evolution. Thus, norovirus vaccines will likely require periodic reformulation to protect from newly emergent strains. A major obstacle is that the reservoir of emergent strains is unknown. Noroviruses display tight species specificity and there is no evidence supporting zoonotic transmission, so an animal reservoir is considered unlikely. Moreover, available data indicate minimal viral diversity in most natural human infections. In this Gem, we discuss the widely speculated idea that chronically infected immunocompromised individuals are norovirus reservoirs and provide a rationale for the theory that elderly and malnourished hosts may also represent norovirus reservoirs.
Coordinated Multipoint Transmission in Femtocell Systems (2011)

3GPP includes the LTE air interface specifications in various releases. Several interesting features such as Home Enhanced Node-B (HeNB) known as femtocells and Coordinated Multipoint Transmission (CoMP) have been introduced. According to the requirements, Long Term Evolution is expected to provide higher data rates especially at cell edge. In this thesis, a noteworthy implementation of Coordinated Multipoint Transmission is proposed to fulfill the performance targets of 4G cellular networks. The coordination takes place in a femtocell network for downlink in this study. The coordination enhances the signal quality received at the user terminal resulting in an improvement in the indoor coverage, cell capacity, lower CAPEX and enhanced network topology. This thesis studies the positive and negative aspects of implementation of CoMP in femtocell systems within LTE framework. The basic work done throughout this thesis is to investigate the parameter configuration and performance evaluation of downlink base station coordination in LTE femtocell scenario. 3GPP's technical specifications are applied for both macrocell and femtocell deployment. Parameter optimization and performance evaluation are examined for the users in the femtocell from different perspectives.
Do polyamines modulate the Lotus glaber NADPH oxidation activity induced by the herbicide methyl viologen? (2004)

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in NADPH-oxidases which are involved in the active generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), owing to their role in oxidative burst, signalling and oxidative damage derived from biotic and abiotic stresses. NADPH oxidase activity is enhanced by some environmental cues, such as zinc deficiency and chilling stress, where zinc and polyamines have been suggested to be involved in the modulation of ROS generation. In order to further characterise NADPH oxidation activity during oxidative stress we exposed Lotus glaber Mill. (narrow-leaf trefoil; syn. L. tenuis Waldst. et Kit. ex Wild var. Miller) plants to the herbicide methyl viologen (MV) and evaluated zinc and polyamines as oxidative stress regulatory compounds. For this purpose we conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments, observing that zinc and the higher polyamines spermidine and spermine inhibited the NADPH oxidation activity in vitro while preventing methyl viologen-induced superoxide production in vivo. It is suggested that these substances act through a direct effect on flavin oxidases. However, it was not possible to correlate free polyamine content of L. glaber with their hypothetical inhibitory role during oxidative stress, probably owing to the plant's natural tolerance to the herbicide tested. Therefore, tobacco, a more sensitive species, was tested for methyl viologen toxicity. High concentrations of methyl viologen induced free polyamine levels in crude extracts and intercellular fluids. However, only free polyamine content in the intercellular fluids was increased in plants treated with low methyl viologen concentrations. These results support the notion that polyamine metabolism in the apoplast is involved in the physiological response to oxidative stress.
[An analysis of the DNA fingerprinting of intestinal flora in inflammatory bowel disease]. (2007)

The variety of intestinal flora in healthy subjects is more apparent than that in IBD patients. An unique principal band might be the sequence of the presence of specific etiopathogenetic bacterium, or it might be the combined sequence of mixed bacterial flora.
Mitochondria, oxidative stress and aging (2000)

In the eighties, Miquel and Fleming suggested that mitochondria play a key role in cellular aging. Mitochondria, and specially mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), are major targets of free radical attack. At present, it is well established that mitochondrial deficits accumulate upon aging due to oxidative damage. Thus, oxidative lesions to mtDNA accumulate with age in human and rodent tissues. Furthermore, levels of oxidative damage to mtDNA are several times higher than those of nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial size increases whereas mitochondrial membrane potential decreases with age in brain and liver. Recently, we have shown that treatment with certain antioxidants, such as sulphur-containing antioxidants, vitamins C and E or the Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761, protects against the age-associated oxidative damage to mtDNA and oxidation of mitochondrial glutathione. Moreover, the extract EGb 761 also prevents changes in mitochondrial morphology and function associated with aging of the brain and liver. Thus, mitochondrial aging may be prevented by antioxidants. Furthermore, late onset administration of certain antioxidants is also able to prevent the impairment in physiological performance, particularly motor co-ordination, that occurs upon aging.
The Hairless Mouse Ear for in Vivo Studies of Skin Microcirculation (1989)

The homozygous (hr/hr) hairless mouse ear was introduced in 1980 by Eriksson and coworkers as a model for in vivo studies of the skin microcirculation. Herein we expand on this work, presenting results of in vivo microvascular parameter measurements and morphologic studies in the intact ear. The in vivo measurements include microvascular diameter, RBC velocity, capillary density, and the frequency and amplitude of arteriolar vasomotion. In connection with the in vivo studies, a detailed anatomic description of the overall and vascular anatomy is given. Additionally, the preparation techniques for carrying out these in vivo and morphologic studies in the mouse ear are presented in detail.
A New Method for Determining Cross-Sectional Shape and Area of Soft Tissues (1988)

Assessment of the mechanical properties of soft tissues requires accurate measurement of the cross-sectional area. To date, techniques for determining cross-sectional areas of ligaments and tendons have been less than ideal due to the tissues' complex geometries and the fact that they deform easily under an applied external load. A new procedure has been developed for determining the cross-sectional area by means of an image reconstruction technique based on measurements from collimated laser beams. Using this procedure, the actual shape of the specimen cross-section can also be determined. The results are demonstrated to be highly accurate, and this methodology does not require mechanical contact with the specimen.
Facial expression recognition from video sequences (2003)

Recognizing human facial expression and emotion by computer is an interesting and challenging problem. We propose a method for recognizing emotions through facial expressions displayed in video sequences. We introduce a tree-augmented naive-Bayes (TAN) classifier that learns the dependencies between facial features; we also provide an algorithm for finding the best TAN structure. Our person-dependent and person-independent experiments show that using this TAN structure provides significantly better results than using simpler NB-classifiers.
Molecular Mechanism of Growth Hormone Action (1996)

Although the ability of growth hormone (GH) to stimulate body growth and regulate metabolism has been recognized for many years, only recently has insight been gained into the molecular mechanisms by which binding of GH to its receptor (GHR) elicits its diverse effects. This review provides an overview of what is currently known about the molecular mechanisms of GH action. The model presented is one in which GH binding to two GHRs causes dimerization of GHR, activation of the GHR-associated JAK2 tyrosine kinase, and tyrosyl phosphorylation of both JAK2 and GHR. These events recruit and/or activate a variety of signaling molecules, including MAP kinases, insulin receptor substrates, phosphatidylinositol 3' phosphate kinase, diacylglycerol, protein kinase C, intracellular calcium, and Stat transcription factors. These signaling molecules contribute to the GH-induced changes in enzymatic activity, transport function, and gene expression that ultimately culminate in changes in growth and metabolism.
The UNIX time-sharing system (1973)

UNIX is a general-purpose, multi-user, interactive operating system for the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-1 1/40 and 11/45 computers. It offers a number of features seldom found even in larger operating systems, including
REVIEWS (1964)

REVIEWS Get access Suffering and Evil in the Plays of Christopher Marlowe. BY DOUGLAS COLE. Pp. x+274. Princeton: University Press; London: Oxford University Press. 1962. 48s. net. R. F. HILL R. F. HILL Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of English Studies, Volume XV, Issue 59, 1964, Pages 310–311, https://doi.org/10.1093/res/XV.59.310 Published: 01 July 1964
Oxidation of Methionine Residues of Proteins: Biological Consequences (2003)

Most reactive oxygen species (ROS) can oxidize methionine (Met) residues of proteins to methionine sulfoxide (MetO). However, unlike the ROS-dependent oxidation of other amino acid residues of proteins (except cysteine residues), the oxidation of Met residues is readily reversed by the action of methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) that catalyzes the thioredoxin-dependent reduction of MetO residues of proteins back to Met. We summarize here results of studies showing that the cyclic interconversion of Met and MetO residues of proteins is involved in several different biological processes: (a) It is the basis of an important antioxidant mechanism for the scavenging of ROS. (b) It is likely involved in the regulation of enzyme activities. (c) It is involved in cell signaling. (d) It can target proteins for proteolytic degradation. Furthermore, a loss in the ability to catalyze the reduction of protein MetO to Met residues leads to a decrease in the maximum life span, whereas overexpression of this activity leads to an increase in the life span of animals. In addition, a decrease in Msr activities in brain tissues is associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease.