gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
20.4: Objective Evaluation of Multi‐View Autostereoscopic 3D Displays (2008)

Abstract Autostereoscopic 3D display technologies offer attractive solutions for the entertainment and media consumption. These technologies make it possible for the users to obtain more immersive experience by adding the real depth to the visual content shown on the display. The method used for the creation of the sensation of depth or stereo illusion as such contains several issues that need to be carefully considered so that sufficient image quality is maintained. Traditionally methods used for the 3D image quality evaluations have had their base in subjective testing. We believe that optical measurements can be used as an efficient tool for the 3D display characterization. We have developed objective characterization methods for the autostereoscopic displays and investigated how parameters affecting the stereo image quality can be defined, measured, and the effect on the stereo image quality evaluated. In this paper previously presented methodology is extended to cover autostereoscopic multi‐view displays, where a distinction between displays with continuous and discontinuous motion parallax is made. We are focusing on the definition for the 3D luminance and luminance uniformity, that are equally important, as well as 3D crosstalk, which we think is the dominant factor in the evaluations of the perceived 3D image quality.
Detection of single macromolecules using a cryogenic particle detector coupled to a biopolymer mass spectrometer (1996)

Macromolecules with masses up to 50 kDa have been detected with a cryogenic particle detector in a MALDI time-of-flight biopolymer mass spectrometer. The cryogenic particle detector was a Sn/Sn-ox/Sn tunnel junction operated at a temperature of 0.4 K. A calibration with 6 keV single photons inferred that the delayed detector pulses corresponded to the absorption of the kinetic energy of a single macromolecule. Time-of-flight spectra of lysozyme proteins are presented. The mass resolution is 100 Da at 14 300 Da. The energy sensitive detection mechanism suggests that cryogenic particle detectors have a high and mass independent detection efficiency for macromolecules.
[Effects of oral administration of various non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on bone growth and bone wound healing in mice]. (1990)

Morphometric and microdensitometric studies on normal bone growth and bone wound healing in growing ICR strain male mice were carried out as preliminary investigations. Then the effects of oral administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on bone growth and bone wound healing were studied. Femur length and width, and bone mineral contents in the femur as judged by microdensitometry of the soft x-ray films of the cortical portion of the femur showed time-dependent linear increase between 3 and 6 weeks of age. Wound holes were made in the parietal bones of mice with a dental bar at 4 weeks of age, and uncalcified area in the holes was determined by image analysis of soft x-ray films. The area decreased their size with the advance in age, especially a marked decrease was observed 2 weeks after the operation. From the above results, 4 week-old male mice were employed and 8 kinds of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (indomethacin, 1 mg/kg; mefenamic acid, 10 mg/kg; flufenamic acid, 10 mg/kg; diclofenac sodium, 1 mg/kg; ibuprofen, 10 mg/kg; naproxen, 10 mg/kg; phenylbutazone, 10 mg/kg and aspirin, 50 mg/kg) and dexamethasone (1 mg/kg), a steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were administered orally every day for 9 or 11 days except Sunday, and 15 days after the initial administration, the length and width of the femur were measured. The bone mineral contents were determined by microdensitometry of the soft x-ray film of the femur. Hydroxyproline contents of the femur were also determined. Wound holes were made in the parietal bones at 4 week-old and administered the drugs from one day before the operation for 9 days and the uncalcified area in the wound hole was determined 2 weeks after the operation with an image analyzer. The results obtained were as follows: 1. A significant inhibition of the growth in length of the femur was observed by dexamethasone, diclofenac sodium and naproxen administration for 9 and 11 days. A significant inhibition of the growth in width was also observed by dexamethasone and diclofenac sodium administration for 9 days and by dexamethasone administration for 11 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Beyond fibromyalgia: ideas on etiology and treatment. (1989)

A common syndrome of musculoskeletal pain, currently called fibrositis or fibromyalgia, accounts for 10-30% of all rheumatology consultations in North America. Lacking a distinctive pathophysiological basis the nature of the pain experienced by these patients remains elusive and treatment is not based on sound scientific principles. An hypothesis is advanced which suggests that skeletal muscle is the "end organ" responsible for the pain of fibromyalgia and that previous studies on muscle deconditioning and microtrauma may be relevant to the etiopathogenesis of fibromyalgia syndrome.
Formation and Growth of Intermetallics at the Interface Between Lead-Free Solders and Copper Substrates (2003)

Intermetallic formation and growth were studied for the alloys Sn-3.2Ag-0.8Cu, Sn-3.5Ag, Sn-0.7Cu, and Sn-9Zn. Coupons of solder joints (prepared by melting some of each solder alloy on a copper-plated circuit board) were subjected to thermal aging tests for 20, 100, 200, and 500 hours at 70, 100, and 150 C. Also, the activation energies for the formation of each intermetallic compound and the total intermetallic layer for the four copper-solder systems were determined. The results confirm that the formation of intermetallic layers is controlled by diffusion and that the intermetallic layers grow by thermal activation in a parabolic manner. The total thickness of the intermetallic compounds produced at 150 C for 500 hours and the activation energies for the total intermetallic layer in the four copper-solder systems were: 14 μm and 0.74 eV/atom for Cu/Sn-3.2Ag-0.8Cu, 13 μm and 0.85 eV per atom for Cu/Sn-3.5Ag, 14 μm and 0.68 eV/atom for Cu/Sn-0.7Cu, and 19 μm and 0.35 eV/atom for Cu/Sn-9Zn.
The Interaction between Two Separate Propagations of Rossby Waves (2007)

Abstract This study deals with two teleconnection patterns and the subsequent wave train propagations during an East Asian summer. Diagnostic results are as follows: 1) a stationary wave ray with zonal wavenumber 5 approximates the arc path linking the correlation centers originating from the Caspian Sea via Lake Baikal to the sea off the southeast coast of Japan (i.e., the OKJ arc path as a focus area) in a pentad correlation map between 500-hPa geopotential height (Z500) and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) at 30°N, 150°E in June 1979–98. Ray tracing shows that it took 8–10 days for this stationary wave to propagate from an initial position around the Caspian Sea to the focus area, which roughly coincides with the observed case in July 1998. 2) A wave train pattern (P-Ja) observed in the boreal summer propagated along the arc line in the same way as the normal poleward Rossby wave train originating from the Philippines across the North Pacific (P-J), but with a phase shift northeastward of about 90°. 3) Further correlation analyses showed that the P-J-like waves belong mainly to intraseasonal propagating ones while OKJ waves belong mainly to intraseasonal stationary ones. 4) Propagation of the newly observed wave train pattern (P-Ja) occurred following another wave train along the OKJ arc path in mid-July 1998. Both northeastward and southeastward wave propagations merged off the east coast of Japan. 5) The northeastward-propagating wave train observed in mid-July 1998 was triggered by the southeastward-propagating (OKJ) wave train that produced a deep cyclonic circulation and a strong convective activity in the focus area. The link of wave forcing and deep convection was made solely because of a strong upper-level divergence in the focus area.
Research on Adaptation of Pressure Wave Supercharger (PWS) to Gasoline Engine (2001)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The purpose of this study is to find the suitable working conditions of a Pressure Wave Supercharger (PWS) that is coupled to a gasoline engine experimentally. The working condition is validated by stationary measurements on an engine dynamometer. To achieve an easier system structure, it was examined to use the engine output for driving of PWS. As a result, it was confirmed that the engine coupled with PWS could be driven by making the ratio of the PWS rotor speed and the engine speed constant.</div>
Donor deoxyribonucleic acid length and marker effect in pneumococcal transformation (1979)

The efficiency of transformation of point mutations depends upon base pair mismatches during the recombination process. For low-efficiency markers, the genetic information carried on the donor deoxyribonucleic acid is preferentially lost. To understand this elimination process, we investigated the effect of the size of donor deoxyribonucleic acid on the relative efficiency of low-efficiency point mutations. The deoxyribonucleic acid was shortened either by mechanical shearing or by restriction enzyme treatments. The results indicate that transformation by low-efficiency markers was not affected by shortening the distance between them and the end of the molecule any more than was transformation by the other markers. Moreover, no lethal event could be detected for either cell or chromosomal marker survival. These data do not exclude the double-strand-break hypothesis that was proposed to explain the loss of genetic information for low-efficiency markers, but they offer no support for it.
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes from Barley Shoots Depend on Nitrate Assimilation (1989)

A custom oxygen analyzer in conjunction with an infrared carbon dioxide analyzer and humidity sensors permitted simultaneous measurements of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor fluxes from the shoots of intact barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Steptoe). The oxygen analyzer is based on a calciazirconium sensor and can resolve concentration differences to within 2 microliters per liter against the normal background of 210,000 microliters per liter. In wild-type plants receiving ammonium as their sole nitrogen source or in nitrate reductase-deficient mutants, photosynthetic and respiratory fluxes of oxygen equaled those of carbon dioxide. By contrast, wild-type plants exposed to nitrate had unequal oxygen and carbon dioxide fluxes: oxygen evolution at high light exceeded carbon dioxide consumption by 26% and carbon dioxide evolution in the dark exceeded oxygen consumption by 25%. These results indicate that a substantial portion of photosynthetic electron transport or respiration generates reductant for nitrate assimilation rather than for carbon fixation or mitochondrial electron transport.
Toward Automated Enzymatic Glycan Synthesis in a Compartmented Flow Microreactor System (2019)

Abstract Immobilized microfluidic enzyme reactors (IMER) are of particular interest for automation of enzyme cascade reactions. Within an IMER, substrates are converted by paralleled immobilized enzyme modules and intermediate products are transported for further conversion by subsequent enzyme modules. By optimizing substrate conversion in the spatially separated enzyme modules purification of intermediate products is not necessary, thus shortening process time and increasing space‐time yields. The IMER enables the development of efficient enzyme cascades by combining compatible enzymatic reactions in different arrangements under optimal conditions and the possibility of a cost‐benefit analysis prior to scale‐up. These features are of special interest for automation of enzymatic glycan synthesis. We here demonstrate a compartmented flow microreactor system using six magnetic enzyme beads (MEBs) for the synthesis of the non‐sulfated human natural killer cell‐1 (HNK‐1) glycan epitope. MEBs are assembled to build compartmented enzyme modules, consisting of enzyme cascades for the synthesis of uridine 5′‐ diphospho‐α‐ d ‐galactose (UDP‐Gal) and uridine 5′‐diphospho‐α‐ d ‐glucuronic acid (UDP‐GlcA), the donor substrates for the Leloir glycosyltransferases β4‐galactosyltransferase and β3‐glucuronosyltransferase, respectively. Glycan synthesis was realized in an automated microreactor system by a cascade of individual enzyme module compartments each performing under optimal conditions. The products were analyzed inline by an MS‐system connected to the microreactor. The high synthesis yield of 96% for the non‐sulfated HNK‐1 glycan epitope indicates the excellent performance of the automated enzyme module cascade. Furthermore, combinations of other MEBs for nucleotide sugars synthesis with MEBs of glycosyltransferases have the potential for a fully automated and programmed glycan synthesis in a compartmented flow microreactor system. magnified image
Three-Color Subtractive Photography (1949)

The color-vision characteristics of the eye are discussed and the rules which are followed are used to show the requirements for the “perfect” additive and subtractive three-color photographic processes. Since these requirements are not achieved in practice, a theoretical study of a practical color process may not always give an adequate analysis of its usefulness. However, such an analysis may point out some of the pitfalls which occur in practice. For example, many subjects may appear to be the same color to the normal eye and yet give different results when photographed. Also, any given color may be reproduced incorrectly by any process in use. — The effects on picture quality of changes in contrast, balance, and a variety of other variables are shown. The restrictions which some of these factors place on the use of color films are mentioned.
Copy number variation sequencing‐based prenatal diagnosis using cell‐free fetal DNA in amniotic fluid (2016)

Copy number variation sequencing of cffDNA represents an alternative approach to conventional prenatal diagnostic methods for reliable and accurate detection of clinically significant chromosomal abnormalities. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformationally defined adrenergic agents. 1. Design and synthesis of novel .alpha.2-selective adrenergic agents: electrostatic repulsion based conformational prototypes (1985)

A previous report of the adrenergic selectivity of 2- and 6-fluoronorepinephrine prompted us to formulate a hypothesis that accounted for this selectivity on the basis of a conformational preference induced by electrostatic repulsion between the aromatic fluorine atom and the side-chain hydroxyl group. A series of nitrogen-substituted catechol (aminomethyl)benzocyclobutenes, indanes, tetralins, and benzocycloheptenes were prepared, and when their radioligand binding affinities were determined, it was found that the overall pattern of binding affinity results supported the electrostatic repulsion hypothesis. The radioligand binding assay also revealed several highly alpha 2 selective adrenergic agents among these compounds, with the binding selectivity maximizing for compounds having nitrogen substituted with a group no larger than methyl and having a five-membered carbocyclic ring (i.e., 16, 17, and 19).
ChemInform Abstract: A Defect‐Free Mordenite Membrane Synthesized by Vapor‐Phase Transport Method. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Modulation of inflammatory disease by inhibitors of leukotriene A4 hydrolase. (2009)

Leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme that catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent proinflammatory lipid mediator derived from arachidonic acid. Although LTB4 was identified 30 years ago, several recent findings have refocused attention on this mediator as a target for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. While LTB4 was once thought to be a chemoattractant and activator only of leukocytes mediating acute, innate inflammatory responses, LTB4 receptors have since been discovered on multiple cell types, including T-lymphocytes and antigen-presenting dendritic cells. Thus, the inhibition of LTB4 synthesis demonstrates potential for targeting chronic, autoimmune-driven inflammation. In addition to genetic data in animals and humans linking the LTB4 pathway to cardiovascular disease, variants in the LTA4H gene have been linked with susceptibility to asthma. Several companies have initiated drug discovery efforts to identify potent, selective LTA4H inhibitors. Selected molecules have demonstrated oral efficacy in preclinical models of asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and arthritis, suggesting therapeutic potential for multiple indications. This review focuses on developments with therapeutic relevance for inhibitors of LTA4H as anti-inflammatory drugs, and particularly in the treatment of respiratory disease.
Complete Saccharification of Cellulose at High Temperature Using Endocellulase and β-Glucosidase from Pyrococcus sp. (2010)

We investigated a potential for glucose production from cellulose material using two kinds of hyperthermophilic enzymes, endo-cellulase (EG) and beta-glucosidase (BGL). Two BGLs from hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus and mesophile Aspergillus aculeatus were compared for complete hydrolysis of cellulose with P. horikoshii endo-cellulase (EGPh). The combination reactions by each BGL enzyme and EGPh could produce only glucose without the other oligosaccharides from phosphoric acid swollen Avicel (PSA). The combination of the both hyperthermophilic cellulases, BGLPf and EGPh, will be adaptable to high efficient system to produce glucose at high temperature.
Temperature variable noise and electrical characteristics of Au-Ga-As Schottky barrier millimeter-wave mixer diodes (1988)

The fabrication and characterization of gold-gallium arsenide Schottky-barrier diodes on molecular-beam-epitaxy (MBE)-grown epitaxial gallium arsenide intended for cryogenic millimeter-wave mixer applications is reported. The Schottky barriers were formed either by pulse plating or by in situ evaporation in the MBE system after the epitaxial growth. The equivalent temperature as derived from the current-voltage characteristic is considerably lower at high current densities and cryogenic temperature than for the more commonly used Pt-GaAs Schottky diode. Noise-generation mechanisms are investigated as a function of forward bias and temperature. At cryogenic temperature, a best equivalent noise temperature of 22 K was obtained at 4 GHz for a DC-biased diode.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Seneca Valley Virus Suppresses Host Type I Interferon Production by Targeting Adaptor Proteins MAVS, TRIF, and TANK for Cleavage (2017)

Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is an oncolytic RNA virus belonging to the <i>Picornaviridae</i> family. Its nucleotide sequence is highly similar to those of members of the <i>Cardiovirus</i> genus. SVV is also a neuroendocrine cancer-selective oncolytic picornavirus that can be used for anticancer therapy. However, the interaction between SVV and its host is yet to be fully characterized. In this study, SVV inhibited antiviral type I interferon (IFN) responses by targeting different host adaptors, including mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS), Toll/interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF), and TRAF family member-associated NF-κB activator (TANK), via viral 3C protease (3C<sup>pro</sup>). SVV 3C<sup>pro</sup> mediated the cleavage of MAVS, TRIF, and TANK at specific sites, which required its protease activity. The cleaved MAVS, TRIF, and TANK lost the ability to regulate pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated IFN production. The cleavage of TANK also facilitated TRAF6-induced NF-κB activation. SVV was also found to be sensitive to IFN-β. Therefore, SVV suppressed antiviral IFN production to escape host antiviral innate immune responses by cleaving host adaptor molecules.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Host cells have developed various defenses against microbial pathogen infection. The production of IFN is the first line of defense against microbial infection. However, viruses have evolved many strategies to disrupt this host defense. SVV, a member of the <i>Picornavirus</i> genus, is an oncolytic virus that shows potential functions in anticancer therapy. It has been demonstrated that IFN can be used in anticancer therapy for certain tumors. However, the relationship between oncolytic virus and innate immune response in anticancer therapy is still not well known. In this study, we showed that SVV has evolved as an effective mechanism to inhibit host type I IFN production by using its 3C<sup>pro</sup> to cleave the molecules MAVS, TRIF, and TANK directly. These molecules are crucial for the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-mediated and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR)-mediated signaling pathway. We also found that SVV is sensitive to IFN-β. These findings increase our understanding of the interaction between SVV and host innate immunity.
Cryptographic authentication of passwords (2002)

A password authentication scheme based on El Gamal's (1985) public key cryptosystem and signature scheme is proposed. This scheme permits each user to choose passwords and identities individually. The password is used as the user's secret key. Using the users public key and identity, the computer system can generate a set of test patterns and store them in a verification table. In the test pattern generation procedure, users do not need to submit their secret key. In the authentication procedure, the system does not need to use the system's secret key. Thus the system's secret key and users' secret key can be well protected.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A method for detecting artificial objects in natural environments (2003)

In this paper we present a method for automatic detection of man-made objects in digital images representing natural environments. This method is based on statistical distribution of texture patterns in the image. This distribution is computed using Zipf's law. The image is divided into sub-frames and Zipf's distribution is computed for each sub-frame. Then the surfaces under Zipf's plots of the different sub-frames are compared in order to determine which sub-frame contains an object. The sensitivity of this detection method to image resolution is also examined.
Inertial Microfluidic Syringe Cell Concentrator (2018)

Low-cost, easy-to-use cell concentration tools are in urgent demand for biomedical diagnosis in resource-poor settings. Herein, we propose a novel inertial microfluidic syringe cell (IMSC) concentrator that employs inertial focusing to increase cell concentration through ordering the cell and removing the cell-free fluid. A three-part structure, consisting of a cap-shaped upper housing, a circular gasket, and a lower housing with a spiral channel, is adopted for simple fabricating and assembling, which enables the seamless translation of our IMSC concentrator into commercial outcomes without additional redesigning. The performance characterization indicates that our IMSC concentrator is capable of processing samples with different initial concentrations over a broad flow rate range. The satisfactory concentration performances over a broad driving flow rate range make it possible for our IMSC concentrator to be driven by pushing the syringe with single hand. Finally, pollen particles and MCF-7 cells are successfully concentrated at a high throughput of 3.0 mL/min (up to 4.2 × 10<sup>7</sup> counts/mL) under the hand-powered drive. We envision wide applications of our IMSC concentrator as "centrifugation on a syringe tip" to various cell concentration pretreatments in resource-poor settings.