gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HEp-2 Adhesion and the Expression of a 94 kDa Outer-membrane Protein by Strains of Escherichia coli Belonging to Enteropathogenic Serogroups (1988)

Sixty strains of Escherichia coli belonging to enteropathogenic serogroups (EPEC) were examined for the ability to adhere to HEp-2 cells, the possession of the genes encoding EPEC adherence factor (EAF) and the ability to express an outer-membrane protein (OMP) of 94 kDa thought to be involved in bacterial adhesion to eukaryotic cells. An absolute correlation was found between HEp-2 adhesion and the possession of the genes encoding EAF. An OMP of 94 kDa was observed in the SDS-PAGE profile of most adhesive strains. In some strains this protein was prone to proteolytic degradation. An antiserum raised to a HEp-2 adhesive strain of EPEC did not react with the 94 kDa OMP of all EPEC which were EAF-positive and HEp-2 adhesive, indicating some interstrain antigenic variation of this protein. Although this 94 kDa protein was surface-exposed, specific antibodies binding to the 94 kDa protein in situ in the outer membrane did not interfere with adhesion of EPEC to HEp-2 cells. Therefore, these studies question the value of this protein as a potential vaccine component.
Murine peripherin gene sequences direct Cre recombinase expression to peripheral neurons in transgenic mice (2002)

Spatially and temporally regulated somatic mutations can be achieved by using the Cre/loxP recombination system of bacteriophage P1. To develop a cell type-specific system of gene targeting in the peripheral nervous system, we generated the transgenic mouse lines expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the mouse peripherin gene promoter. The activity of the Cre recombinase during embryonic development was examined by mating the peripherin-Cre transgenic mice to the knock-in Cre-mediated recombination reporter strain, R26R. Analysis of F1 embryos from this cross showed specific excision of loxP-flanked sequences in the dorsal root ganglia, trigeminal ganglia, and olfactory epithelium, in a pattern very similar to the expression of the endogenous mouse peripherin gene, and the previously reported peripherin-lacZ transgenic mice. Thus, the peripherin-Cre mouse described here will provide a valuable tool for Cre-loxP-mediated conditional expression in the peripheral nervous system.
Relationship of Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity and Human Colon Tumorigenesis (1994)

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was determined in tumorous lesions of the human colon, and the possibility of ODC acting as a marker of colon tumorigenesis investigated. In adenoma, ODC activity, in pmoles/h/mg protein, was 164 +/- 82 in tumorous tissue, which was higher than the 19.6 +/- 10.5 in macroscopically normal mucosa (control tissue) around the tumorous tissue, while 8.7 +/- 4.1 in normal colon mucosa. In carcinoma-in-adenoma and carcinoma, ODC activities in the control tissue were 15.3 +/- 11.9 and 27.5 +/- 15.0, respectively. The levels were respectively higher than in normal tissue. These results suggest ODC to be a potential indicator of colon tumorigenesis.
Peat as a feed supplement for animals: a review (2005)

Peat is an easily available natural material and a source of biologically active substances widely used, not only in agriculture but in human and animal medicine as well. In recent years, interest in the use of peat as a feed supplement has increased, particularly due to its capability to prevent enteric diseases and to stimulate growth in piglets and pigs. The purpose of this review was to compare the advantages and risks associated with the use of peat for animal nutrition based on the literature available. Beneficial effects of various peat preparations on digestion, growth and the immune systems of animals as well as the absorbent and detoxifying capabilities are associated with the high content of favourable humic substances. One disadvantage of using peat preparations is the considerable diversity of the various types of peat caused by different biological, chemical and geological conditions during formation. Biological activity of various peat preparations is associated not only with fluctua- tions in the chemical compositions, but also with different application techniques. Based on the existing studies, it is unclear which application technique is most effective for respective animal species. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate the problem, with the inclusion of farm animals. One potential risk of peat feeding is the possibility of primary or secondary mycobacterial contamination. As long as feed rations are supplemented with peat preparations, it is essential to minimise the potential contamination risk during mining, processing and storage.
High Speed Overwritable Magneto-Optic Recording (1987)

To achieve high speed overwriting on magneto-optic disks, magnetic field modulation recording using a floating magnetic head has been developed. High reliability for the removable disks can be attributed to the large head-and-disk spacing(2∼4µm), and thick coating(5∼10µm) on the disk. Characteristics of high speed overwriting were investigated at recording frequencies over 10MHz. No residual pre-recorded signal was observed after overwriting.
The selectin family of carbohydrate‐binding proteins: Structure and importance of carbohydrate ligands for cell adhesion (1992)

Protein-carbohydrate interactions have been found to be important in many steps in lymphocyte recirculation and inflammatory responses. A family of carbohydrate-binding proteins or lectins, termed selectins, has been discovered and shown to be involved directly in these processes. The three known selectins, termed L-, E- and P-selectins, have domains homologous to other Ca(2+)-dependent (C-type) lectins. L-selectin is expressed constitutively on lymphocytes, E-selectin is expressed by activated endothelial cells, and P-selectin is expressed by activated platelets and endothelial cells. Here, we review the nature of the carbohydrate determinants in tissues recognized by these selectins. The expression of specific sialylated, fucosylated and sulfated carbohydrates in activated endothelium and high endothelial venules promotes interactions with L-selectin on leukocyte surfaces. In contrast, E- and P-selectins recognize specific carbohydrate determinants related to sialyl Le(x) antigen on neutrophil and monocyte surfaces. The discovery of the selectins has generated excitement among glycoconjugate researchers that other carbohydrate-binding proteins and their cognate ligands will be found to function in regulating many types of cellular interactions.
On 9‐aminofluorene and derivatives. Some chemical and physiological properties (1950)

Abstract 2‐methoxy‐ and 3‐methoxy‐9‐aminofluorene have been prepared. Their reactions with ethyl chloroformate, maleic anhydride and carbon dioxide are described and similar reactions have been studied with the parent base, 9‐aminofluorene. These reactions lead to the formation of N‐carbethoxy derivatives, 9‐maleamic acids and substituted ammonium carbamates respectively. Attempts to obtain the 9‐amino derivatives by reduction of the oximes with sodium amalgam in alcohol‐acetic acid medium were unsuccessful. In each case, the corresponding fluorene derivative was obtained. Thus the hitherto undescribed 3‐methoxyfluorene has been prepared. 2‐Methoxy‐ and 3‐methoxy‐9‐aminofluorene hydrochlorides produce local anaesthesia of the tongue and of guinea pig skin, the former action having been noted by Nakamura for 9‐aminofluorene hydrochloride. Kymograph studies with the above mentioned amines indicate that stimulation or relaxation of the contracting pregnant rat uterus may be obtained depending on the concentrations employed. These effects are reversible. Inhibition of contraction but no stimulation was noted with a non‐pregnant rat uterus. Data concerning the effects of related compounds including 2‐amino‐hydrochloride on uterine contraction are presented.
Cell cycle response to DNA damage differs in bronchial epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts. (1997)

Epithelial cells along the conducting airways can be more or less continuously exposed to DNA-damaging agents, which should limit their proliferation by inducing cell cycle checkpoints. Yet, paradoxically, airway epithelial cells frequently show a hyperplastic response when exposed to such agents. In this in vitro study, we assessed the hypothesis that normal human bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) are more resistant to the cell cycle-arresting effects of DNA damage than are human lung fibroblasts (HLFs), a cell type often investigated in the context of cell cycle checkpoints. Using ionizing radiation as a DNA-damaging insult, we have found that BECs indeed show less pronounced G1 and G2 delays than do fibroblasts. Unlike the HLFs, which ultimately enter a condition of apparently terminal arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, BECs continue proliferating following their initial, transient G1 and G2 delays. Radiation-induced p53 and p21Cip1 increases were greater in HLFs than in BECs, whereas preexposure, basal levels of p53 were higher in BECs than in HLFs. The results of this investigation indicate that BECs may be less susceptible to the cell cycle-arresting effects of DNA-damaging agents, perhaps because of their higher basal levels of p53. Extension of these findings to the in vivo condition provides a possible explanation for airway epithelial cell hyperplastic responses that occur in a background of DNA-damaging stresses. Moreover, the attenuated DNA damage-induced, cell cycle checkpoint responses in BECs potentially may favor the transmission of DNA lesions to cell progeny.
Photorefractive keratectomy for myopia using a 4.5-millimeter ablation zone. (1995)

Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy as performed in this study was generally effective and safe in reducing simple spherical myopia. Further studies of the effect of a larger diameter ablation zone, smoother transitional corneal contours, and the effect of postoperative topical corticosteroids may lead to further improvements in outcome.
Einleitung (1988)

Bis vor nicht allzu langer Zeit erfolgte der Handel von Optionen außerhalb eines geregelten Marktes. Dadurch war ihre Handelbarkeit stark eingeschränkt, weshalb Optionen als Finanzierungsinstrumente nur geringe Bedeutung hatten.
Criteria for Back Production of Drilling Fluids through Sand Control Screens (1997)

Abstract By setting sand control screens for open hole completions in the same fluid that was used for drilling into the reservoir, considerable cost savings can be realized through the elimination of the need for displacing to a specialized completion fluid. The control of the particle composition of fluids is crucial in preventing the plugging of the sand control screens. Conditioning the fluid with fine grade shaker screens for removing the larger fluid particles is sufficient to decrease the amount of screen plugging when back producing the drilling fluid in the annulus between the screen and formation. Fluids with a lower solids loading are also beneficial for reducing screen plugging. Particle size distribution measurements have been found to be insufficient in comparison to direct laboratory evaluation the screens at predicting sand screen plugging. Introduction Large cost savings are possible if long, horizontal wells can be completed with a sand screen in an open hole instead of gravel packing. The completion costs can be reduced even further if the well can be drilled and completed in the same mud, without using any clean-up fluids or dissolvers. Also, the use of clean-up fluids to remove the drilling mud and filter cake has been shown to increase formation damage in many cases. Drilling fluids are designed to plug the pores in the reservoir rock and form a thin, impermeable filter cake. It is reasonable to assume that in a sandstone the largest pores will have approximately the same size as the smallest sand grains. Because sand control screens are design to retain the formation sand, they have slots that are narrower than the largest sand grains. Thus, the slots of the sand control screens are not much larger than the largest pores in the reservoir rock. This means that an operation where the drilling mud must be able to plug the largest pores in the formation sand without plugging slots of the sand control screens, requires very careful planning and control, both of the drilling mud, and of the slot width of the sand control screens. The risk of plugging the sand control screens will be high. For the safe execution of such operations a good understanding of the plugging mechanism is required. One must be able to predict the screen slot width that is required to avoid plugging by a mud with a certain particle concentration and particle size distribution. It would also be useful if one could predict the volume of drilling mud that could pass through a certain screen without plugging it. When the sand control screen and drilling mud have been chosen, the particle size and concentration of the drill cuttings in the mud must be carefully controlled when drilling through the reservoir. The size of the mud solids can be controlled most easily during drilling by changing the screen in the shale shakers. For this reason it is very important to know what size of openings in the shale shaker screens are required to avoid plugging of a certain sand control screen.
Service-oriented data denormalization for scalable web applications (2008)

Many techniques have been proposed to scale web applications. However, the data interdependencies between the database queries and transactions issued by the applications limit their efficiency. We claim that major scalability improvements can be gained by restructuring the web application data into multiple independent data services with exclusive access to their private data store. While this restructuring does not provide performance gains by itself, the implied simplification of each database workload allows a much more efficient use of classical techniques. We illustrate the data denormalization process on three benchmark applications: TPC-W, RUBiS and RUBBoS. We deploy the resulting service-oriented implementation of TPC-W across an 85-node cluster and show that restructuring its data can provide at least an order of magnitude improvement in the maximum sustainable throughput compared to master-slave database replication, while preserving strong consistency and transactional properties.
A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing, Third Edition: The Sparse Way (2008)

There is, to date, no medical therapy that modifies the decline in lung function that occurs in COPD. As the disease becomes more severe, exacerbations of COPD become increasingly common, affecting patient quality of life and increasing health care costs. Mucolytic agents, through their actions on inflammatory and oxidative pathways, have potential benefits in COPD. This paper reviews the randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence for the effectiveness of at least 2 months of daily therapy with oral mucolytics in COPD. Based on evidence from 26 RCTs, mucolytics reduce exacerbations by up to 0.8 exacerbations per year, with a greater effect in patients with more severe COPD. This effect appears to be of a similar magnitude to the reduction in exacerbations seen with tiotropium and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), but RCTs that compared the agents would be required to confirm this. Mucolytics do not affect the rate of lung function decline, but they do not have any significant adverse effects. Mucolytic treatment should be considered in: patients with more severe COPD who have frequent or prolonged exacerbations; those who are repeatedly admitted to hospital; or in those patients with frequent exacerbations who are unable to take tiotropium or ICS.
Electrostatic Density Measurements in Green-State P/M Parts (2003)

The goal of this research is to show the feasibility of detecting density variations in green-state powder metallurgy (P/M) compacts from surface voltage measurements. By monitoring a steady electric current flow through the sample and recording the voltages over the surface, valu-able information is gathered leading to the prediction of the structural health of the compacts. Unlike prior research that concentrated on the detection of surface-breaking and subsurface de-fects, the results presented in this thesis target the density prediction throughout the volume of the sample. The detection of density variations is achieved by establishing a correlation between the conductivity and their respective density. The data obtained from the surface measurements is used as part of an inversion algorithm, calculating the conductivity distribution, and subse-quently the density within the compact. In a first step, the relationship between conductivity and density of green-state P/M com-pacts was investigated. Tests were conducted for a number of parts of various powder mixtures. In all cases a clear correlation between conductivity and density could be established, indicating that measurements of electric conductivity could indeed be exploited in an effort to render valid information about the density of the sample under test. We found a linear correlation for non-lubricated parts and a non-linear behavior for lubricated samples. Specifically, it was found that the conductivity increases with increasing density only up to a maximum value obtained at ap-proximately 6.9g/cm3. Interestingly, any additional density increase leads to a reduction of the conductivity. This behavior was confirmed to be inherent in all powder mixtures with lubricants. The thesis research is able to provide a physical model and a mathematical formulation describ-ing this counter-intuitive phenomenon. A finite element solver in conjunction with an inversion algorithm was then implemented to study arbitrarily shaped part geometries. Based on the principles of electric impedance imag-ing, the developed algorithm faithfully reconstructs the density distribution from surface voltage measurements. The feasibility of the instrumentation approach for both simple and complex parts can be demonstrated using a new sensor concept and measurement arrangement. Measurements were performed on both geometrically simple and complex parts.
Model Extraction Warning in MLaaS Paradigm (2018)

Machine learning models deployed on the cloud are susceptible to several security threats including extraction attacks. Adversaries may abuse a model's prediction API to steal the model thus compromising model confidentiality, privacy of training data, and revenue from future query payments. This work introduces a model extraction monitor that quantifies the extraction status of models by continually observing the API query and response streams of users. We present two novel strategies that measure either the information gain or the coverage of the feature space spanned by user queries to estimate the learning rate of individual and colluding adversaries. Both approaches have low computational overhead and can easily be offered as services to model owners to warn them against state of the art extraction attacks. We demonstrate empirical performance results of these approaches for decision tree and neural network models using open source datasets and BigML MLaaS platform.
Topological Mapping of the P1-Adhesin of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae with Adherence-Inhibiting Monoclonal Antibodies (1990)

Five adherence-inhibiting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used for topological mapping of the binding sites of the 169 kDa membrane-integrated adhesin of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Antibody binding sites were characterized using overlapping synthetic octapeptides. Three regions of the protein seem to be involved in adherence: the N-terminal region [N-reg, epitopes beginning at amino acid (aa) 1 to aa 14 and aa 231 to aa 238, respectively]; a domain (D1) approximately in the middle of the molecule (beginning at aa 851 to aa 858 and aa 921 to aa 928); and a domain (D2) closer to the C-terminus (beginning at aa 1303 to aa 1310, aa 1391 to aa 1398 and aa 1407 to aa 1414). Each of the mAbs P1.26 and P1.62 reacted with two primary amino acid sequences. Both antibodies bound to the D1 region, but mAb P1.62 showed additional binding to a sequence (aa 231 to aa 238) near the N-terminus, and mAb P1.26 reacted with a second epitope in the D2 domain (aa 1303 to aa 1310). Such dual binding by the two antibodies suggests that in the native protein the epitopes are composed of two sequences which are located on two different sites of the molecule (D1/N-reg and D1/D2, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Block-based distributed video coding with variable block modes (2010)

In this paper, a new block-based pixel domain distributed video coding scheme featured with variable block modes is proposed. In addition to intra mode and Wyner-Ziv mode employed in conventional block-based distributed video coding scheme, two supplementary block modes “SKIP mode” and “zero motion mode” are introduced in the proposed scheme to improve the overall coding efficiency, as well as to reduce the decoding complexity. Moreover, the channel coding is performed on macroblcok level to reduce the coding loss due to inserted information in the parity bits. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms both the conventional frame-based transform-domain and the block-based pixel-domain distributed coding schemes.
Evidence for strong Fermi-level pinning due to metal-induced gap states at metal/germanium interface (2007)

The purpose of this paper is to understand metal/germanium (Ge) junction characteristics. Electrode metals with a wide work function range were deposited on Ge. All metal/p-Ge and metal/n-Ge junctions have shown Ohmic and Schottky characteristics, respectively, with the strong Fermi-level pinning. The charge neutrality level (CNL) at metal/Ge interface is close to the branch point calculated for the bulk Ge. Moreover, the pinning level is hardly modulated by annealing in forming gas, forming metal-germanide/Ge interfaces or changing the substrate orientation. These results suggest that Fermi level at metal/Ge interface is intrinsically pinned at the CNL characterized by the metal-induced gap states model.
A Robot That Can Engage in Both Task-Oriented and Non-Task-Oriented Dialogues (2006)

This paper presents a new type of conversational humanoid robot, which can engage in both task-oriented dialogues and non-task-oriented dialogues. Most previously built conversational robots can engage in either task-oriented dialogues for accurately understanding human requests or non-task-oriented dialogues to allow humans to enjoy conversations. Since both are beneficial functionalities for a humanoid robot as a human partner, it is desirable for one humanoid robot to be able to engage in both types of dialogues. Our model is based on a multi-expert model, which features control modules called experts each of which is specialized to perform certain kinds of tasks through performing physical actions and engaging in dialogues. One of the experts takes charge in understanding human utterances and deciding robot utterances or actions. Non-task-oriented dialogue functionality is incorporated into this model by building an expert called the chat expert which is dedicated to non-task-oriented dialogues. The chat expert utilizes the outputs of a large-vocabulary speech recognizer, while other task-oriented experts utilize the outputs of a small-vocabulary speech recognizer. By selecting an appropriate expert according to the speech recognition result and dialogue context, we can alleviate degradation in speech recognition accuracy in spite of incorporating a large-vocabulary speech recognizer. The chat expert is dealt with as the default expert that has the responsibility to reply to human utterances. If a human utterance is considered to be a request for a task with a high plausibility, the expert for understanding the request is selected. The implemented system, which has been combined with Honda ASIMO, demonstrates that it can dynamically change dialogue strategy based on speech recognition results