gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep Learning Face Representation from Predicting 10,000 Classes (2014)

This paper proposes to learn a set of high-level feature representations through deep learning, referred to as Deep hidden IDentity features (DeepID), for face verification. We argue that DeepID can be effectively learned through challenging multi-class face identification tasks, whilst they can be generalized to other tasks (such as verification) and new identities unseen in the training set. Moreover, the generalization capability of DeepID increases as more face classes are to be predicted at training. DeepID features are taken from the last hidden layer neuron activations of deep convolutional networks (ConvNets). When learned as classifiers to recognize about 10, 000 face identities in the training set and configured to keep reducing the neuron numbers along the feature extraction hierarchy, these deep ConvNets gradually form compact identity-related features in the top layers with only a small number of hidden neurons. The proposed features are extracted from various face regions to form complementary and over-complete representations. Any state-of-the-art classifiers can be learned based on these high-level representations for face verification. 97:45% verification accuracy on LFW is achieved with only weakly aligned faces.
Fuzzy modeling based on generalized neural networks and fuzzy clustering objective functions (2002)

An approach to the formulation of fuzzy if-then rules based on clustering objective functions is proposed. The membership functions are then calibrated with the generalized neural networks technique to achieve a desired input-output mapping. The learning procedure is basically a gradient-descent algorithm. A Kalman filter algorithm is used to improve the overall performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Diagnosability of stochastic discrete-event systems (2005)

We investigate diagnosability of stochastic discrete-event systems. We define the notions of A- and AA-diagnosability for stochastic automata; these notions are weaker than the corresponding notion of diagnosability for logical automata introduced by Sampath et al. Through the construction of a stochastic diagnoser, we determine offline conditions necessary and sufficient to guarantee A-diagnosability and sufficient to guarantee AA-diagnosability. We also show how the stochastic diagnoser can be used for on-line diagnosis of failure events. We illustrate the results through two examples from HVAC systems.
Electron Transport System Activity in Soil, Sediment, and Pure Cultures (1984)

The major purpose of this review is to examine recent developments in the measurement of electron transport system (ETS) activity (also known as dehydrogenase activity) in soil, sediment, and pure cultures. Since enzyme assays, (such as ETS) measurements can measure the general bioactivity of a large part of the microbial community in soil or sediment, various attempts have been made to develop rapid, simple, and reliable assays for such activities, particularly ETS activity. Since ETS activity is a consequence of many metabolic processes, the ability to measure this activity would be useful in assessing the status of various soils and sediments. Tetrazolium salts, like 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) and 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5- phenyltetrazolium chloride (INT), can be biologically reduced to their respective tetrazolium formazan by soil and sediment microorganisms and enzymes. The formazan produced can then be used as a measure of ETS activity in soil and sediment. The chemical, physical, and biological factors that influence ETS activity and their relationship to respiration will be surveyed.
Serial magnetic resonance scanning in multiple sclerosis: A second prospective study in relapsing patients (1989)

A prospective study of serial magnetic resonance (MR) scans of the brain was carried out every 2 weeks for 4 to 6 months in 9 patients with mild, clinically definite, relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). Six of the 9 patients developed a total of 12 asymptomatic new lesions in various parts of the brain. In none of the patients were the changes on MR scan accompanied by relevant new neurological symptoms or signs. New MR lesions had a characteristic temporal profile, reaching a maximum size in approximately 4 weeks before gradually shrinking, usually leaving a small residual abnormality indistinguishable from chronic MS lesions. The frequent occurrence of new asymptomatic lesions indicates that MS may be a more active process even in mildly affected asymptomatic patients than has been previously realized. The results emphasize the potential importance of using MR scanning to measure disease activity in laboratory studies of MS and in the assessment of treatment, particularly in asymptomatic patients in the early stages. We suggest that the expanding and contracting new lesions are the basic or primary lesion in MS, that the characteristic demyelinated plaque is represented by the small residual area that these lesions shrink down to, and that the typical collection of scattered white matter lesions in chronic MS may represent the accumulated residua of dozens or more of these active lesions occurring over many years.
Integrated Analysis of Productivity and Biodiversity in a Southern Alberta Prairie (2016)

Grasslands play important roles in ecosystem production and support a large farming and grazing industry. An accurate and efficient way is needed to estimate grassland health and production for monitoring and adjusting management to get sustainable products and other ecosystem services. Previous studies of grasslands have shown varying relationships between productivity and biodiversity, with most showing either a positive or a hump-shaped relationship where productivity peaks at intermediate diversity. In this study, we used airborne imaging spectrometry combined with ground sampling and eddy covariance measurements to estimate the spatial pattern of production and biodiversity for two sites of contrasting productivity in a southern Alberta prairie ecosystem. Resulting patterns revealed that more diverse sites generally had greater productivity, supporting the hypothesis of a positive relationship between production and biodiversity for this site. We showed that the addition of evenness to richness (using the Shannon Index of dominant species instead of the number of dominant species alone) improved the correlation with optical diversity, an optically derived metric of biodiversity based on the coefficient of variation in spectral reflectance across space. Similarly, the Shannon Index was better correlated with productivity (estimated via NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)) than the number of dominant species alone. Optical diversity provided a potent proxy for other more traditional biodiversity metrics (richness and Shannon index). Coupling field measurements and imaging spectrometry provides a method for assessing grassland productivity and biodiversity at a larger scale than can be sampled from the ground, and allows the integrated analysis of the productivity–biodiversity relationship over large areas.
Hierarchical large-margin Gaussian mixture models for phonetic classification (2007)

In this paper we present a hierarchical large-margin Gaussian mixture modeling framework and evaluate it on the task of phonetic classification. A two-stage hierarchical classifier is trained by alternately updating parameters at different levels in the tree to maximize the joint margin of the overall classification. Since the loss function required in the training is convex to the parameter space the problem of spurious local minima is avoided. The model achieves good performance with fewer parameters than single-level classifiers. In the TIMIT benchmark task of context-independent phonetic classification, the proposed modeling scheme achieves a state-of-the-art phonetic classification error of 16.7% on the core test set. This is an absolute reduction of 1.6% from the best previously reported result on this task, and 4-5% lower than a variety of classifiers that have been recently examined on this task.
Presenilin-dependent γ-Secretase-like Intramembrane Cleavage of ErbB4 (2002)

An unusual protease gamma-secretase requires functional presenilins and cleaves substrates (e.g. amyloid beta-protein precursor and Notch) with very loose amino acid sequence specificity within the transmembrane region. Here we report that ErbB4, a tyrosine kinase receptor for neuregulins, is a substrate for presenilin-dependent gamma-secretase. Our studies show that constitutive ectodomain shedding of full-length ErbB4 yields the approximately 80-kDa membrane-associated C-terminal fragment (B4-CTF). Subsequent intramembrane cleavage of the B4-CTF was inhibited in the cells devoid of functional presenilins or by treatment of cells with a gamma-secretase inhibitor, leading to enhanced accumulation of B4-CTF. Furthermore, an in vitro gamma-secretase assay demonstrated that the intracellular domain of ErbB4 (B4-ICD) was produced and subsequently released into the soluble fraction in a presenilin-dependent manner. We have also shown that ectopically expressed B4-ICD is localized to the nucleus, suggesting that the presenilin-dependent cleavage of ErbB4 generates the soluble B4-ICD that functions in the nucleus presumably at transcriptional level. Our study indicates that ErbB4 represents a first receptor tyrosine kinase that undergoes intramembrane proteolysis and may mediate a novel signaling function independent of its canonical role as a receptor tyrosine kinase. Our studies also support the idea that presenilins play a generic role in intramembrane cleavage of selected type I membrane proteins.
THE CONVERSION OF HYODESOXYCHOLIC ACID TO PROGESTERONE (1956)

A novel transformation of 3α,6α-dihydroxy steroids to their 3β-hydroxy-Δ 5 analogues was developed and applied to the preparation of progesterone from hyodesoxycholic acid.
Field test evaluation of the CTAS conflict prediction and trial planning capability (1998)

The conflict prediction and resolution capability resident in the Center/TRACON Automation System (CTAS) has been enhanced and field tested. All-track processing (overflights, arrivals, departures), conflict probability estimation, and interactive trial planning, were incorporated into the Conflict Prediction and Trial Planning (CPTP) tool for field test evaluation. The objective of the work was to field test CPTP under operational air traffic control conditions and to measure benefits of CPTP capability to air traffic controllers and airspace users. The system was tested on the operational floor at the Denver Air Route Traffic Control Center in September 1997. It was found that controllers using CPTP-aiding resolved many conflicts by issuing a direct-route clearance to one of the aircraft. A direct route often resolved a conflict well before it became tactical, gave the aircraft a short-cut, and required one less controller clearance. The potential for a three-fold increase in direct routing was noted with CPTP-aiding over baseline operations with no aiding. The data show better than a two-fold increase in the number of direct-route clearances actually issued to aircraft when controllers were using the CPTP system. The ability of CPTP to confirm that a trial trajectory resolves the conflict without creating any other conflicts was consistently identified by the controllers as one of its most powerful features.
Automated design of machining fixtures: tolerance and sequential operations (1992)

The long lead time for jig and fixture design is a serious bottle-neck in modern manufacturing. Efforts to automate the fixture design process using intelligent CAD systems have not been taken beyond the prototype stage, mainly because of impediments which include the requirement of complex data structures to represent the workpiece and its attributes. Two deficiencies in existing systems for fixture design are addressed; design for a sequence of operations and design with tolerance considerations. Tolerance and process specifications are obtained from the user during an interactive session. A knowledge-based design system, AutoFix II, designs a fixture for the workpiece. The fixture is optimised for a particular datum specification and sequence of operations. It is analysed and presented via the CAD system. AutoFix II is automated to minimise user-induced errors.
[L-tyrosine cures, immediate and long term, dopamine-dependent depressions. Clinical and polygraphic studies]. (1988)

Twelve patients with polysommographic and clinical signs of dopamine-dependent depression (DDD) received, after a short-lasting trial with the dopamine agonist Piribedil, a treatment with oral-tyrosine (3,200 mg/day). On the very first day of treatment a return to mood, as judged by clinical impression and MADRS scores was observed. Sleep recordings performed on nights following days 1, 2, 7 and 8 of treatment showed an immediate improvement of those sleep parameters differentiating the more clearly DDD from other types of depression. More than 50 patients have now been treated successfully for periods ranging from a few months to almost 2 years. This treatment is ineffective in other types of depression.
Characterization of GMP-17, a granule membrane protein that moves to the plasma membrane of natural killer cells following target cell recognition. (1996)

Cytotoxic lymphocytes are characterized by their inclusion of cytoplasmic granules that fuse with the plasma membrane following target cell recognition. We previously identified a cytotoxic granule membrane protein designated p15-TIA-1 that is immunochemically related to an RNA-recognition motif (RRM)-type RNA-binding protein designated p40-TIA-1. Although it was suggested that p15-TIA-1 might be derived from p40-T1A-1 by proteolysis, N-terminal amino acid sequencing of p15-TIA-1 immunoaffinity purified from a natural killer (NK) cell line by using monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2G9 revealed that p15-T1A-1 is identical to the deduced amino acid sequence of NKG7 and GIG-1, cDNAs isolated from NK cells and granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor-treated mononuclear cells, respectively. Epitope mapping revealed that mAb 2G9 recognizes the C terminus of p15-T1A-1 and p40-T1A-1. The deduced amino acid sequence of p15-T1A-1/NKG7/GIG-1 predicts that the protein possesses four transmembrane domains, and immuno-electron microscopy localizes the endogenous protein to the membranes of cytotoxic granules in NK cells. Given its subcellular localization, we propose to rename-this protein GMP-17, for granule membrane protein of 17 kDa. Immunofluorescence microscopy of freshly isolated NK cells confirms this granular localization. Target cell-induced NK cell degranulation results in translocation of GMP-17 from granules to the plasma membrane, suggesting a possible role for GMP-17 in regulating the effector function of lymphocytes and neutrophils.
The significance of the graptoloid <i>Amphigraptus divergens</i> from the (mid-Rawtheyan) type section of the Ashgill Series, Ordovician (2004)

Amphigraptus divergens Lapworth is known to be restricted, in Britain, to the linearis Biozone, and its occurrence in the type Ashgill Series reinforces Rickards' prior independent attribution of that part of the type Ashgill to the linearis Biozone. The thecal structure revealed in this paper allies A. divergens to the dicellograptids rather than the leptograptids, hence it is placed in the family Dicranograptidae. The evolutionary origin of Amphigraptus is almost certainly rooted in Dicellograptus .
Preliminary investigation of feasibility of weaving triaxial fabrics Final report (1969)

Preliminary investigations to determine stability, isotropy, and feasibility of weaving triaxial fabrics
Ordered Self-Assembling of Tetrahedral Oxide Nanocrystals (1997)

Self-assembling of size, shape, and phase controlled nanocrystals into superlattices with translational and even orientational ordering is a new approach for engineering nanocrystal materials and devices. High purity tetrahedral nanocrystals of CoO, with edge lengths of $4.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2$ nm, were synthesized and separated from Co nanocrystals, using a novel magnetic field phase-selection technique. Self-assembling of the faceted CoO nanocrystals forms ordered superlattices, the structures of which are determined.
A Potential Mechanism for ADC-Induced Neutropenia: Role of Neutrophils in Their Own Demise (2017)

Neutropenia is a common adverse event in cancer patients treated with antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) and we aimed to elucidate the potential mechanism of this toxicity. To investigate whether ADCs affect neutrophil production from bone marrow, an <i>in vitro</i> assay was developed in which hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) were differentiated to neutrophils. Several antibodies against targets absent in HSCs and neutrophils were conjugated to MMAE via a cleavable valine-citrulline linker (vcMMAE-ADC) or MMAF via a noncleavable maleimidocaproyl linker (mcMMAF-ADC), and their cytotoxicity was tested in the neutrophil differentiation assay. Results showed that HSCs had similar sensitivity to vcMMAE-ADCs and mcMMAF-ADCs; however, vcMMAE-ADCs were more cytotoxic to differentiating neutrophils than the same antibody conjugated to mcMMAF. This inhibitory effect was not mediated by internalization of ADC either by macropinocytosis or FcγRs. Our results suggested that extracellular proteolysis of the cleavable valine-citrulline linker is responsible for the cytotoxicity to differentiating neutrophils. Mass spectrometry analyses indicated that free MMAE was released from vcMMAE-ADCs in the extracellular compartment when they were incubated with differentiating neutrophils or neutrophil conditioned medium, but not with HSC-conditioned medium. Using different protease inhibitors, our data suggested that serine, but not cysteine proteases, were responsible for the cleavage. <i>In vitro</i> experiments demonstrated that the purified serine protease, elastase, was capable of releasing free MMAE from a vcMMAE-ADC. Here we propose that ADCs containing protease cleavable linkers can contribute to neutropenia via extracellular cleavage mediated by serine proteases secreted by differentiating neutrophils in bone marrow. <i>Mol Cancer Ther; 16(9); 1866-76. ©2017 AACR</i><i>See related article by Zhao et al., p. 1877</i>.
Current and Future Immunomodulation Strategies to Restore Tolerance in Autoimmune Diseases (2012)

Autoimmune diseases reflect a breakdown in self-tolerance that results from defects in thymic deletion of potentially autoreactive T cells (central tolerance) and in T-cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that normally control potentially autoreactive T cells in the periphery (peripheral tolerance). The mechanisms leading to autoimmune diseases are multifactorial and depend on a complex combination of genetic, epigenetic, molecular, and cellular elements that result in pathogenic inflammatory responses in peripheral tissues driven by self-antigen-specific T cells. In this article, we describe the different checkpoints of tolerance that are defective in autoimmune diseases as well as specific events in the autoimmune response which represent therapeutic opportunities to restore long-term tolerance in autoimmune diseases. We present evidence for the role of different pathways in animal models and the therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways in clinical trials in autoimmune diseases.
A multiple supply voltage based power reduction method in 3-D ICs considering process variations and thermal effects (2009)

In this paper, a grid-based multiple supply voltage (MSV) assignment method is presented to statistically minimize the total power consumption of 3-D IC. This method consists of a statistical electro-thermal simulator to get the mean and variance of on-chip, a thermal-aware statistical static timing analysis (SSTA) to take into account the thermal effect on circuit timing, the statistical power delay sensitivity-slack product to be the optimization criterion, and an incremental update of statistical timing to save the runtime. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed methodology and indicate that the consideration of the thermal effect in the circuit simulation is imperative.
A Long Cycle Life, Self‐Healing Zinc–Iodine Flow Battery with High Power Density (2018)

A zinc-iodine flow battery (ZIFB) with long cycle life, high energy, high power density, and self-healing behavior is prepared. The long cycle life was achieved by employing a low-cost porous polyolefin membrane and stable electrolytes. The pores in the membrane can be filled with a solution containing I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> that can react with zinc dendrite. Therefore, by consuming zinc dendrite, the battery can self-recover from micro-short-circuiting resulting from overcharging. By using KI, ZnBr<sub>2</sub> , and KCl as electrolytes and a high ion-conductivity porous membrane, a very high power density can be achieved. As a result, a ZIFB exhibits an energy efficiency (EE) of 82 % at 80 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> , which is 8 times higher than the currently reported ZIFBs. Furthermore, a stack with an output of 700 W was assembled and continuously run for more than 300 cycles. We believe this ZIFB can lead the way to development of new-generation, high-performance flow batteries.
Thermo-Compression Bonding and Mass Reflow Assembly Processes of 3D Logic Die Stacks (2017)

3D multi-layer chip stacking is a significant assembly challenge with dependencies on die size and thickness, interconnect pitch, bump diameter, number of dies involved, and die warpage. The assembly processes used to overcome the technical difficulties associated with the stacking of medium and large logic dies with fine pitch copper pillar bumps is discussed, including mass reflow and thermo-compression bonding on 3 and 4 layers chip stacks.
Electrotonic influences on action potentials from isolated ventricular cells. (1990)

This work combines a theoretical study of electrical interactions between two excitable heart cells, using a variable coupling resistance, with experimental studies on isolated rabbit ventricular cells coupled with a variable coupling resistance to a passive resistance and capacitance circuit. The theoretical results show that the response of an isolated cell to an increased frequency of stimulation is strongly altered by the presence of a coupling resistance to another cell. As the coupling resistance gradually is decreased, the stimulated cell becomes able to respond successfully to more rapid stimulation, and then, at levels of coupling resistance that allow conduction between the two cells, the coupled pair of cells exhibits arrhythmic interactions not predicted by the intrinsic properties of either cell. The experimental results show that the isolated rabbit ventricular cell is extremely sensitive to even a very small electrical load, with shortening of the action potential by 50% with electrical coupling to a model cell (of similar input resistance and capacitance to the ventricular cell) as high as 1,000 M omega, even though the action potential amplitude and current threshold are very insensitive to the electrical load.