gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Assessment of Some Factors Limiting Seed Set in Buckwheat (2001)

A healthy buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) plant produces numerous flowers but few seeds. The objective of this study was to investigate mechanisms responsible for the low frequency of seed set. Newly open and receptive flowers were pollinated at weekly intervals from 4 to 12 wk after seeding (WAS) on selected racemes of greenhouse‐grown plants. Flower number, seed set, abortion, and anatomical observations of egg sacs and proembryos were analyzed. Although flowers formed continuously for 7 wk, the period of maximum seed set under controlled conditions was brief (1–2 wk). Competition within the same nutritional unit (raceme) did not account for low average seed set per raceme. Neither the number of flowers nor frequency of seed set was decreased when developing seeds were on the same raceme. Abortion (≈10%) was not a major factor limiting seed set. Eighty percent of the flowers failed to initiate seeds even under controlled growing conditions when hand pollinated. Approximately 20% of megagametophytes appeared to be defective at anthesis. The proportion of ovules containing a proembryo at 24 h after pollination (HAP) paralleled the proportion initiating seeds, indicating that fertilization is a limiting process. Pollen tube remnants were observed near the micropyle in 65% of the unfertilized ovules at 24 HAP. Lack of fertilization accounts for most of the reduction in seed set, appears to be caused by failure of the pollen tube to grow into the micropyle, and increases with plant age at pollination. Flowers that form late in the plant cycle contribute little to seed set and may be ignored in yield management decisions.
Comparison of Diagnosis of Early Retinal Lesions of Diabetic Retinopathy Between a Computer System and Human Experts (2001)

The performance of the computer vision system in diagnosing early retinal lesions was comparable with that of human experts. Therefore, this mobile, electronically easily accessible, and noninvasive computer system, could become a mass screening tool and a clinical aid in diagnosing early lesions of diabetic retinopathy.
Relating carbon tubules (1994)

Two methods for relating different carbon tubules are described. A single graphene ribbon of infinite length but finite width can be coiled to form an infinite set of tubules, each of which has a unique pitch or helicity. This maps in a one-to-one fashion the translation/rotation operations of the group of each tubule in the set. Within the set all irreducible representations are collected into the same number of bands. Alternatively, tubules can be imagined to be pressed flat so that centers of six-member rings lie along the crease. The direction of their creases on a graphene sheet relate tubules having the same helicity but different numbers of identical rotationally symmetric subunits around their circumference. These sets help to reconcile the different expressions for band structure of tubules. These sets also help sort the various ways to join semi-infinite tubules. A perfect infinite tubule is composed entirely of hexagons. Adding one heptagon and one pentagon transforms half of the tubule into a different tubule. The two ways to group tubules suggest that the least distortion of neighboring hexagons occurs if the heptagon and pentagon are joined together or are separated to opposite sides of the tubule. In the latter case, the tubule could be imagined to be flattened so that the heptagon and pentagon are folded in half, one along each crease. This heptagon-pentagon defect best connects sets of tubules in a pairwise fashion. The paired sets of tubules have axis vectors that meet at a 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} angle on a graphene sheet. This analysis and experimental considerations suggest that the ideal bend in a tubule caused by a heptagon-pentagon pair is likely to be 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Because entire sets of tubules are joined in similar fashion, tailoring of tubule electronic properties can be imagined.
Monocular and binocular reading performance in children with microstrabismic amblyopia (2005)

In binocular MRS, significant differences could be found between children with microstrabismic amblyopia and normal controls. This result indicates the presence of a functionally relevant reading impairment, even though the binocular visual acuity and reading acuity were both comparable with the control group.
Relighting humans (2018)

Relighting of human images has various applications in image synthesis. For relighting, we must infer albedo, shape, and illumination from a human portrait. Previous techniques rely on human faces for this inference, based on spherical harmonics (SH) lighting. However, because they often ignore light occlusion, inferred shapes are biased and relit images are unnaturally bright particularly at hollowed regions such as armpits, crotches, or garment wrinkles. This paper introduces the first attempt to infer light occlusion in the SH formulation directly. Based on supervised learning using convolutional neural networks (CNNs), we infer not only an albedo map, illumination but also a light transport map that encodes occlusion as nine SH coefficients per pixel. The main difficulty in this inference is the lack of training datasets compared to unlimited variations of human portraits. Surprisingly, geometric information including occlusion can be inferred plausibly even with a small dataset of synthesized human figures, by carefully preparing the dataset so that the CNNs can exploit the data coherency. Our method accomplishes more realistic relighting than the occlusion-ignored formulation.
Negative-Feedback Regulation of CD28 Costimulation by a Novel Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase, MKP6,. (2001)

TCR and CD28 costimulatory receptor-cooperative induction of T cell IL-2 secretion is dependent upon activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. Using yeast-hybrid technology, we cloned a novel CD28 cytoplasmic tail (CD28 CYT) interacting protein, MAP kinase phosphatase-6 (MKP6), which we demonstrate inactivates MAP kinases. Several lines of evidence indicate that MKP6 plays an important functional role in CD28 costimulatory signaling. First, in human peripheral blood T cells (PBT), expression of MKP6 is strongly up-regulated by CD28 costimulation. Second, transfer of dominant-negative MKP6 to PBT with the use of retroviruses primes PBT for the secretion of substantially larger quantities of IL-2, specifically in response to CD28 costimulation. A similar enhancement of IL-2 secretion is observed neither in response to TCR plus CD2 costimulatory receptor engagement nor in response to other mitogenic stimuli such as phorbol ester and ionomycin. Furthermore, this hypersensitivity to CD28 costimulation is associated with CD28-mediated hyperactivation of MAP kinases. Third, a retroviral transduced chimeric receptor with a CD28 CYT that is specifically unable to bind MKP6 costimulates considerably larger quantities of IL-2 from PBT than a similar transduced chimeric receptor that contains a wild-type CD28 CYT. Taken together, these results suggest that MKP6 functions as a novel negative-feedback regulator of CD28 costimulatory signaling that controls the activation of MAP kinases.
Einleitung (1963)

Die Bücher und Aufsätze, die von politischen Gesichtspunkten aus über mittlere personengeprägte Unternehmen (meist unter dem unbestimmten Ausdruck »Mittelstand« zusammengefaßt) geschrieben wurden, sind überaus zahlreich. Volkswirtschaftlich ist man, von Spezialuntersuchungen abgesehen, an die modernen Probleme dieser Unternehmen in größeren Arbeiten nur selten herangetreten. Dies gilt insbesondere hinsichtlich der mittleren personengeprägten Industrieunternehmen. Andere Probleme haben sich in den Vordergrund gedrängt, obwohl jene der mittleren Unternehmen von weitreichendem Interesse auch für angewandte Wirtschaftstheorie sein könnten. Man ist eher geneigt, Fragen über mittlere Unternehmen in historischer Sicht zu stellen als die Zusammenhänge mit der modernen Wirtschaftsstruktur und Wirtschaftsentwicklung zu untersuchen. Ähnliches gilt für die wirtschaftspolitische Fragestellung. Meist biegt die Erörterung sehr bald in den politischen und soziologischen Bereich ab, fast so, als hätte man Angst, rein wirtschaftswissenschaftlich die mittleren Unternehmen zu untersuchen und dabei vielleicht feststellen zu müssen, daß ihre Funktion und Bedeutung lediglich in Leistungen der Vergangenheit, nicht aber in wichtigen Aufgaben des Heute begründet seien.
Enhancement of Susceptibility to Shiga Toxin-Producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 by Protein Calorie Malnutrition in Mice (1998)

Infection with Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli is increasing among children. In this study, 5-week-old C57BL/6 mice with protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) that had been fed a 5% protein diet for 2 weeks since ablactation were inoculated intragastrically with 2 x 106 CFU of Stx-producing E. coli O157:H7. More than 75% of infected mice with PCM died by 10 days postinfection. Infected mice with PCM developed neurologic symptoms 5 days after infection, while well-nourished control mice receiving a 25% protein diet did not. In the intestinal tracts of infected mice with PCM, inoculated E. coli O157:H7 multiplied between days 2 and 4 of infection, with a peak of growth at day 4. Although the pathogens were not culturable from the stool after day 7, 0157 lipopolysaccharide was detectable in the stool by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay even after day 8. Stx was detectable in the stool after day 2 of infection and increased in proportion to the growth of inoculated organisms. The maximal production of Stx occurred at 4 days postchallenge, and Stx was detectable in the blood on days 3 to 5. In contrast, well-nourished control mice survived the infection, and all of them remained well even after 3 weeks of infection. In these control mice, inoculated E. coli O157:H7 disappeared from the stool before day 3. Stx was not detectable in the stool and blood of infected control mice at any time from day 1 through day 8. Histologically, cerebral hemorrhages seemed to be the cause of acute death of infected mice with PCM. Immunocytochemical staining demonstrated the positive immunoreaction to Stx at the alveus and stratum pyramidale of the hippocampus and in renal tubules of infected malnourished mice. Such immunoreactions were not found in tissues from infected control mice. Histological study of the intestinal epithelium before infection showed that PCM severely affected the development of intestinal epithelia. These findings strongly indicate that PCM-induced nondevelopment of intestinal physical barrier is one of the predisposing factors for infection with Stx-producing E. coli O157:H7 in mice and suggest that our mouse model may explain the high incidence of infection with Stx-producing E. coli O157:H7 in the children whose intestinal epithelia have not yet completely developed.
Lamp phosphors and color gamut in positive-column gas-discharge cells for TV displays (1977)

Phosphors suitable for a full-color TV display in recently reported new high-luminance (360-fL green) high-efficiency (3.4-lm/W) gas-discharge cells have been determined: blue Sr <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</inf> Cl(PO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf> ) <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Eu <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+2</sup> , green Zn <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf> :Mn <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+2</sup> , and red Y <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Eu <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+3</sup> . A decrease in color gamut with increasing current density has been measured and related to gas-discharge effects rather than phosphor saturation, using experimental results and a simplified model calculation. Aging of the green phosphor was measured and its causes are discussed.
Initiation of mRNA decay in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (1993)

Ribosome stalling in the leader region of ermC mRNA results in a 10-15-fold increase in ermC mRNA half-life in Bacillus subtilis. Fusion of the ermC 5' regulatory region to several B. subtilis coding sequences resulted in induced stability of the fusion RNAs, showing that the ermC 5' region acts as a general '5' stabilizer'. RNA products of an ermC-lacZ transcriptional fusion were inducibly stable in the complete absence of translation and included a small RNA that is likely to be a decay product arising by blockage of a 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease activity. Insertion of sequences that encode endonucleolytic cleavage sites into the ermC coding sequence resulted in cleavage products whose stability depended on the nature of their 5' and 3' ends. It can be concluded from this study that initiation of mRNA decay in B. subtilis generally occurs at or near the 5' terminus.
Improved Bags-of-Words Algorithm for Scene Recognition (2012)

This paper proposes a new bags-of-words (BoW)-based algorithm for scene/place recognition. Current scene recognition works that adopt BoW as the framework usually use a single codeword to represent the clusters obtained by k-means. Further, most of them often assign a hard value to a certain codeword to construct the BoW histogram. Using a single codeword to represent each cluster in fact is very preliminary since different clusters usually have different mean and covariance values. This causes using only mean value-based codeword will lose the covariance information and also makes the hard assignment to the codeword become biased. Considering this, this paper proposes an effective BoW-based technique to perform scene recognition. It first uses k-means algorithm to cluster the feature vectors into a certain number of clusters, in addition with an occurrence matrix. Gaussian mixed model (GMM) is then used to model the distribution of each cluster. Each GMM will be used as the new “codeword” of the codebook. Finally we propose to establish a new soft BoW histogram to represent each image through the soft assignment of the image features to each GMM. Support vector machine (SVM) is used to train these BoW histograms. Experimental results on the 15 categories dataset show that the proposed new BoW-based approach is very effective for scene/place recognition.
Purification and Characterization of a Cytotoxic Exolipid of <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i> (1998)

Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, an infectious disease, which is increasingly recognized as an important public health problem in various tropical regions. This study describes the identification and characterization of a heat-stable extracellular toxin of B. pseudomallei. After cultivation of B. pseudomallei in liquid media, the heated cell-free supernatant was concentrated by ultrafiltration. The concentrate exhibited a cytotoxic and hemolytic activity which showed remarkable resistance against alkaline and acidic treatments. For further purification, reversed-phase chromatography using a fast-performance liquid chromatography system was performed. After elution with an acetonitrile gradient, a single cytotoxic and hemolytic peak was detected. Structural characterization of the toxin was performed by a combination of mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. A highly purified glycolipid, 2-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-beta-hydroxytetradec anoyl-beta-hydroxytetradecanoate (Rha-Rha-C14-C14), with a molecular mass of 762 Da was identified. The purified exolipid showed a time- and dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on phagocytic (HL60) and nonphagocytic (HeLa) cell lines. In addition, a time- and dose-dependent hemolysis of erythrocytes from various species was observed. The toxin structure makes a detergentlike action most probable. Interestingly, the cytotoxic and hemolytic activities of the glycolipid could be neutralized by albumin. Future studies will concentrate on the role of this exolipid as a virulence factor in the pathogenesis of melioidosis.
Abstract 2283: β-catenin silencing induces both apoptotic and autophagic cell death through LKB1/AMPK signal in head and neck cancer cells (2012)

Abstract β-Catenin, a multifunctional protein involved in key molecule of Wnt signaling transduction, has been well known to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, cell-cell adhesion, survival, and apoptosis as well as plays an important role in human tumorigenesis. Our previous report showed that Wnt/β-catenin pathway controls radiosensitivity of head and neck caner (HNC) cell via cyclooxygenase-2-mediated Ku expression. However, the specific molecular mechanisms of β-catenin in tumor cell survival and death are still not fully understood, so in the present study we attempted to elucidate the mechanism of cell death in HNC cell by studying how β-catenin silencing regulates cell death through KB1/AMPK signaling. We performed β-catenin knockdown in HNC cell by using small interfering RNA. Its effect on the cell viability was confirmed by observation of cell morphologic change, electron microscopy, MTT and FACS analysis. Also, we confirmed the expression of several proteins corresponding signal pathway by western blot analysis. β-catenin silencing significantly induced G1 cell-cycle arrest and also increased the expression of Bax and the active form of caspase-3, and decreased the expression of Bcl-2, demonstrating the sequential activation of apoptotic cascades following treatment with β-catenin siRNA in HNC cell. Interestingly, β-catenin silencing induced autophagy as well as apoptosis. We confirmed that the numbers of autophagic vacuoles and the expression of LC3-II increased in cells treated with β-catenin siRNA. This is probably because LKB1-dependent AMPK is activated by β-catenin silencing in HNC cell. Activated AMPK, in β-catenin silenced AMC-HN-3 cells, causes a G1 cell cycle arrest by phosphorylated p53 as well as inhibited protein synthesis by suppressing mTOR activity. Also, Treatment with LKB1 siRNA or compound C in AMC-HN-3 cells preserved cell viability against β-catenin silencing-induced cytotoxicity. Taken together, our data show that β-catenin silencing induces cell death through LKB1/AMPK signal, and as a result, apoptosis and autophagy are induced together in HNC cell, suggesting that a novel interaction between β-catenin and LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway occurs. Our study provides new insights into understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involving β-catenin silencing-induced cell death. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2283. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2283
Asymptotic Optimality of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: Passive Beamforming and Achievable Rate (2020)

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have recently emerged as a promising technology that can manipulate the properties of an incident wave, such as the frequency, amplitude, and phase, without the need for complex signal processing. In this paper, the asymptotic optimality of achievable rate in a downlink RIS system is analyzed under a practical RIS environment with its associated limitations. In particular, a passive beamformer that can achieve the asymptotic optimal performance by controlling the incident wave properties is designed, under practical reflection coefficients. In order to increase the achievable system sum-rate, a modulation scheme that can be used in an RIS without interfering with existing users is proposed and its average symbol error rate is asymptotically derived. Simulation results show that the proposed schemes are in close agreement with their upper bounds in presence of a large number of RIS reflecting elements thereby verifying that the achievable rate in practical RISs satisfies the asymptotic optimality.
Perfluormethyl-Element-Liganden, XXI [1]. Darstellung und Charakterisierung von Organoelement-Element-Verbindungen des Typs R<sub>n</sub>E–ER<sub>m</sub> (R = CH<sub>3</sub>, CF<sub>3</sub>; E = P, As, S, Se, Te; n,m = 1, 2) / Perfluoromethyl Element Ligands, XXI [1]. Preparation and Characterization of Organoelement Element Compounds of the Type R<sub>n</sub>E–ER<sub>m</sub> (R = CH<sub>3</sub>, CF<sub>3</sub>; E = P, As, S, Se, Te; n,m = 1, 2) (1979)

Element-element compounds of the general type R n E-ER m (R = CH 3 , CF 3 ; E = P, As, S, Se, Te; n,m = 1, 2) have been prepared by different synthetic methods. New compounds were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic (NMR, MS) investigations. Information about the most suitable preparative route for all possible combinations is given in Tables I to III.
A haptically enabled CAN-based steering wheel controller (2010)

As the portable entertainment and mobility technologies migrate into the car, driver distraction has become recognized as a major factor in road crashes around the world. To help alert drivers to their distraction, active safety technologies such as lane departure warning systems and collision avoidance systems are being implemented. One issue with the implementation of yet another technology into the vehicle is how to cut through the competing demands of the mobile phone, navigation systems and other technologies. Haptic alerts present just such a method that may enable the system to short-circuit the normal auditory or visual communication channels. This paper presents a low cost haptic steering wheel controller that has been designed developed and tested and may be used as a communication device by a lane departure, collision avoidance, or other type of safety system.
1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition reactions of cyclooctyne with pyridinium dicynomethylides (1997)

Abstract Cyclooctyne smoothly underwent 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with pyridinium dicyanomethylides to afford the corresponding indolizines (8‐cyario‐7‐azatricyclo[7.6.0.0 2,7 ]pentadeca‐1,3,5,8‐tetraenes) in excellent yields.