gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reactions of Germanium Tetrachloride with Lithium Aluminohydrides. Lithium Tri-t-butoxyaluminohydride as an Efficient Reagent for the Preparation of Germane<sup>1</sup> (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions of Germanium Tetrachloride with Lithium Aluminohydrides. Lithium Tri-t-butoxyaluminohydride as an Efficient Reagent for the Preparation of Germane1Sei Sujishi and James N. KeithCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 16, 4138–4140Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01549a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01549a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views112Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Limited Genetic Susceptibility to Severe Graves' Ophthalmopathy: No Role for CTLA-4 But Evidence for an Environmental Etiology (2000)

Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) characterized by hyperthyroidism and by the occurrence of a distinctive ophthalmopathy (orbitopathy), which presents with varying degrees of severity. Graves' disease clusters in families but the importance of heredity in the pathogenesis of the associated ophthalmopathy is unclear. We have studied the family history of 114 consecutive, ethnically mixed patients with severe Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). Patients were selected by unambiguous single ascertainment. Seventy-seven percent of patients were female and 59% smoked. The mean age at onset of their GD was 43 years (range 17-78 years). Forty-one patients (36%) had a family history of AITD, defined as a first- and/or a second-degree relative affected with either Graves' disease (GD) or Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). The segregation ratio for AITD in nuclear families in our ascertained Graves' ophthalmopathy families was 0.07 (0.12 in Caucasians only). Hence, the higher prevalence of AITD among relatives of Graves' ophthalmopathy patients agreed with the known genetic predisposition to AITD and this predisposition was stronger in women than in men. However, only 3 of the 114 patients had a family history of severe Graves' ophthalmopathy (all second-degree relatives) and the segregation ratio for GO was 0. These data did not support a major role for familial factors in the development of severe Graves' ophthalmopathy distinct from Graves' disease itself. In addition, we tested 4 candidate genes, human leukocyte antigen (HLA), tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-beta), CTLA-4 and the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), for association with Graves' ophthalmopathy. These were negative except for the HLA and CTLA-4 genes, which were found to be weakly associated with GO giving similar relative risk (RR) as in GD patients without ophthalmopathy. These data suggested that environmental factors, rather than major genes, were likely to predispose certain individuals with AITD to severe Graves' ophthalmopathy. Smoking remains one example of such potential external insults.
Met Arion naar Bulgarije; tweetalig onderwijs met weinig middelen (2003)

Heleen Jansen bracht in het voorjaar van 2003 een bezoek aan Bulgarije in het kader van een Arion-project. Ze bezocht speciale taalscholen waar tweetalig onderwijs wordt gegeven.
The Yeast <i>SLY</i> Gene Products, Suppressors of Defects in the Essential GTP-Binding Ypt1 Protein, May Act in Endoplasmic Reticulum-to-Golgi Transport (1991)

It has been shown previously that defects in the essential GTP-binding protein, Ypt1p, lead to a block in protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we report that four newly discovered suppressors of YPT1 deletion (SLY1-20, SLY2, SLY12, and SLY41) to a varying degree restore ER-to-Golgi transport defects in cells lacking Ypt1p. These suppressors also partially complement the sec21-1 and sec22-3 mutants which lead to a defect early in the secretory pathway. Sly1p-depleted cells, as well as a conditional lethal sly2 null mutant at nonpermissive temperatures, accumulate ER membranes and core-glycosylated invertase and carboxypeptidase Y. The sly2 null mutant under restrictive conditions (37 degrees C) can be rescued by the multicopy suppressor SLY12 and the single-copy suppressor SLY1-20, indicating that these three SLY genes functionally interact. Sly2p is shown to be an integral membrane protein.
<title>Long-lifetime and long-wavelength osmium (II) metal complexes containing polypyridine ligands: excellent red fluorescent dyes for biophysics and for sensors</title> (1999)

Several luminescent complexes of osmium (II) containing polypyridine ligands have been prepared. The syntheses, photophysical and fluorescence polarization properties of [Os(phen)<SUB>2</SUB>(aphen)]<SUP>2+</SUP>, [Os(tpy)(mcbpy)(py)]<SUP>2+</SUP>, [Os(ttpy)<SUB>2</SUB>]<SUP>2+</SUP>, [Os(tpy)(triphos)]<SUP>2+</SUP> and [Os(tppz)<SUB>2</SUB>]<SUP>2+</SUP> are reported. Where phen is 1,10-phenanthroline, aphen is 5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline, tpy is 2,2':6,2'-terpyridine, mcbpy is 4-methyl-2,2'- bipyridine-4'-carboxylic, py is pyridine, triphos is bis(2-diphenylphosphinoethyl)-phenyl phosphine, ttpy is 4- tolyl,2,2':6,2'-terpyridine, and tppz is 2,3,5,6- tetrakis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine. The complexes absorb light at above 550 nm, emit above 700 nm, and have emission lifetimes longer than 50 ns in water. The emission of all the complexes is polarized, so they can have applications as red light excitable dyes for biophysical studies of macromolecules and for polarization immunoassays. The complexes can also be used for lifetime-based oxygen sensing using low-cost phase fluorometry and a LED light source.
Gold clusters<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Au</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo>,</mml:mo></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo><~</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo><~</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math>and their anions (2000)

Atomic and electronic structures of neutral and anionic gold clusters $({\mathrm{Au}}_{N}$ and ${\mathrm{Au}}_{N}^{\ensuremath{-}},$ $2<~N<~10)$ are investigated using the density-functional theory with scalar-relativistic ab initio pseudopotentials and a generalized gradient correction. The ground state optimal geometries of the neutral and anionic clusters are found to be planar up to $N=7$ and 6, respectively, with the much studied ${\mathrm{Au}}_{6}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ cluster predicted to have a ${D}_{3h}$ triangular structure. The calculated electron detachment energies of the ground-state anions exhibit strong odd-even alternations and structural sensitivity and agree quantitatively with photoelectron measurements. Photofragmentation patterns of the cluster anions and their interplay with the photodetachment process, are investigated and correlated with experiments.
<b>Aromatic Substitution XII.</b><sup>1</sup> <b>Steric Effects in Nitronium Salt Nitrations of Alkylbenzenes and Halobenzenes</b> (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAromatic Substitution XII.1Steric Effects in Nitronium Salt Nitrations of Alkylbenzenes and HalobenzenesGeorge A. Olah and Stephen J. KuhnCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962, 84, 19, 3684–3687Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00878a018https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00878a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views350Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Calcium-dependent glutamate cytotoxicity in a neuronal cell line (1988)

Membranes from the neuroblastoma x embryonic retina cell hybrid cell line, N18-RE-105, bind L-[3H]glutamate with a pharmacologic profile consistent with a 'quisqualate-type' brain L-glutamate receptor. We describe here the cytotoxic effect of L-glutamate receptor agonists on intact N18-RE-105 cells. Cytotoxicity was quantitated by measurement of the release of the cytosolic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, into the culture medium after addition of L-glutamate and its analogs to the cell culture medium. L-Glutamate (10 mM) and its confirmationally restricted analogs, quisqualate (1 mM) and ibotenate (10 mM), caused cell lysis. In contrast, similar analogs which do not bind to N18-RE-105 cell membranes (kainic acid, N-methyl-D,L-aspartic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid) were not cytotoxic. L-Glutamate-induced cytotoxicity was eliminated when calcium-free medium was used. Addition of inorganic or organic calcium channel antagonists also reduced the cytotoxicity of L-glutamate, even when 1.8 mM calcium was present in the medium. Cadmium chloride (10 microM) completely blocked L-glutamate toxicity, whereas manganese chloride (150 microM) and lanthanum chloride (25 microM) reduced toxicity by greater than 50%. Dihydropyridine voltage-sensitive calcium channel agonists or antagonists, had little or no significant effect on L-glutamate-induced toxicity. In contrast, the verapamil derivatives, D600 and D888, and the diltiazem derivative, MDL 12,330A reduced L-glutamate toxicity by greater than 50%. These results suggest that a subtype of voltage-sensitive calcium channels is involved in the mechanism of L-glutamate receptor mediated cytotoxicity in this cell line.
The Brain (2009)

The communication between man and machine has always been in a conscious form. Whether its as simple as turning on and off the lights with a switch or as complex as programming a piece of software, man has always consciously directed or given explicit commands to a machine to perform a particular task. Non-conscious communication exists only in communication amongst humans. At Emotiv, we believe that future communication between man and machines will not only be limited to the conscious communication of today, but non-conscious communication will play a significant part. Our mission is to create the Ultimate Interface for the next generation of man-machine interaction, taking inputs direct from your mind, revolutionizing human-computer input in the same way the graphic user interface did 20 years ago.
Solvents’ Critical Role in Nonaqueous Lithium–Oxygen Battery Electrochemistry (2011)

Among the many important challenges facing the development of Li-air batteries, understanding the electrolyte's role in producing the appropriate reversible electrochemistry (i.e., 2Li(+) + O2 + 2e(-) ↔ Li2O2) is critical. Quantitative differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), coupled with isotopic labeling of oxygen gas, was used to study Li-O2 electrochemistry in various solvents, including carbonates (typical Li ion battery solvents) and dimethoxyethane (DME). In conjunction with the gas-phase DEMS analysis, electrodeposits formed during discharge on Li-O2 cell cathodes were characterized using ex situ analytical techniques, such as X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Carbonate-based solvents were found to irreversibly decompose upon cell discharge. DME-based cells, however, produced mainly lithium peroxide on discharge. Upon cell charge, the lithium peroxide both decomposed to evolve oxygen and oxidized DME at high potentials. Our results lead to two conclusions; (1) coulometry has to be coupled with quantitative gas consumption and evolution data to properly characterize the rechargeability of Li-air batteries, and (2) chemical and electrochemical electrolyte stability in the presence of lithium peroxide and its intermediates is essential to produce a truly reversible Li-O2 electrochemistry.
Molecular epidemiology of multiresistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (1988)

Molecular epidemiology has provided several clues about the antimicrobial resistance genes of nosocomial, multiresistant coagulase-negative staphylococci. First, it has shown that a huge reservoir of resistance genes is maintained in these organisms on the bodies of both patients and the hospital personnel who care for them. In turn, extensive use of antimicrobial agents within specific sectors of the hospital probably provides selection pressure for the evolution and amplification of these genes. Secondly, indirect evidence suggests that Staphylococcus epidermidis may itself serve as a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance genes that are transferred to S. aureus.
Knowledge Rich Natural Language Queries over Structured Biological Databases (2017)

Increasingly, keyword, natural language and NoSQL queries are used for information retrieval from both traditional and non-traditional databases such as web, document, GIS, legal, and health databases. While their popularity are undeniable for obvious reasons, their engineering is far from simple. In most part, semantics and intent preserving mapping of a well understood natural language query expressed over a structured database schema to a structured query language is still a difficult task, and research to tame the complexity is intense. In this paper, we propose a multi-level knowledge-based middleware to facilitate such mappings that separate the conceptual level from the physical level. We augment these multi-level abstractions with a concept reasoner and a query strategy engine to dynamically link arbitrary natural language querying to well defined structured queries. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach by presenting a Datalog based prototype system, called BioSmart, that can compute responses to arbitrary natural language queries over arbitrary databases once a syntactic classification of the natural language query is made.
Phaseless Three-Dimensional Optical Nanoimaging (2009)

We propose a method for optical nanoimaging in which the structure of a three-dimensional inhomogeneous medium may be recovered from far-field power measurements. Neither phase control of the illuminating field nor phase measurements of the scattered field are necessary. The method is based on the solution to the inverse scattering problem for a system consisting of a weakly-scattering dielectric sample and a strongly-scattering nanoparticle tip. Numerical simulations are used to illustrate the results.
Role of oxidative stress and the antioxidant network in cutaneous carcinogenesis (2004)

Melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers are among the most prevalent cancers in the human population. Solar ultraviolet radiation is considered a major etiological factor but the relationship between dose, timing, and nature of exposure to tumor development is still unclear. Free radicals are generated by normal physiologic processes, including aerobic metabolism and inflammatory response, but may inflict cellular damage when generation is increased and antioxidant defense mechanisms are overwhelmed. Important findings supporting the free radical hypothesis in skin carcinogenesis are: (1) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in UVA- and UVB-irradiated skin in excessive doses, (2) the natural cutaneous antioxidant defense is impaired upon UV-exposure, (3) free radicals are involved in all steps of carcinogenesis, (4) supplementation with antioxidants can inhibit skin carcinogenesis, and (5) conditions that increase ROS generation enhance photocarcinogenesis. These findings provide a promising rationale for the development of powerful new antioxidant strategies in the prevention and therapy of skin cancer.
Towards a compendium of essential genes – From model organisms to synthetic lethality in cancer cells (2015)

Essential genes are defined by their requirement to sustain life in cells or whole organisms. The systematic identification of essential gene sets not only allows insights into the fundamental building blocks of life, but may also provide novel therapeutic targets in oncology. The discovery of essential genes has been tightly linked to the development and deployment of various screening technologies. Here, we describe how gene essentiality was addressed in different eukaryotic model organisms, covering a range of organisms from yeast to mouse. We describe how increasing knowledge of evolutionarily divergent genomes facilitate identification of gene essentiality across species. Finally, the impact of gene essentiality and synthetic lethality on cancer research and the clinical translation of screening results are highlighted.
<i>N</i>‐Amino‐<i>exo</i>‐3,6‐epoxy‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydrophthalimide as an Active Aminoaziridinating Agent (2009)

Abstract N ‐Amino‐ exo ‐3,6‐epoxy‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydrophthalimide is active in the oxidative aminoaziridination reaction toward alkenes substituted with aryl‐, alkyl, and electron‐withdrawing groups, providing access to stable derivatives of N ‐aminoaziridine. Yields varied from 19 to 76 %, and trans ‐substituted alkenes reacted faster and gave better yields than cis ‐alkenes. No products of self‐aziridination were isolated.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT): A Versatile Strategy for Substrate Activation in Photocatalyzed Organic Synthesis (2017)

The adoption of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) in a photocatalytic approach, in which an excited catalyst is responsible for substrate activation, offers unique opportunities in organic synthesis, enabling the straightforward activation of R-H (R = C, Si, S) bonds in desired reagents. Either a <i>direct</i> strategy, based on the intrinsic reactivity of a limited number of photocatalysts in the excited state, or an <i>indirect</i> one, in which a photocatalytic cycle is used for the generation of a thermal hydrogen abstractor, can be exploited. This microreview summarizes the most recent advances (mainly from the last two years) in this rapidly developing area of research, collecting the selected examples according to the nature of the species promoting the HAT process. From the synthetic point of view, this area has led to the development of a plethora of strategies for C-C, C-Si, C-N, C-S, and C-halogen (particularly, fluorine) bond formation, as well as for oxidation reactions.
Efficient algorithms for the calculation of arithmetic spectrum from OBDD and synthesis of OBDD from arithmetic spectrum for incompletely specified Boolean functions (1994)

An algorithm has been developed to calculate the arithmetic transform of Boolean functions from their Ordered Binary Decision Diagram (OBDD) representation. The method of decomposition of arithmetic spectral coefficients in terms of the cofactors of Boolean functions that resembles known Shannon decomposition of such functions has been introduced for the first time. Based on the above decomposition, a second new algorithm is presented to synthesize Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams directly from the arithmetic spectrum of Boolean functions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Partial discharge recognition using a neural network (2002)

A new analyzing technique for partial discharges using a neural network and a Whitehead partial discharge model is proposed. The teacher's data for the neural network are discharge inception phase data calculated from characteristic values of the discharge, such as discharge inception voltage, statistical time lag or residual voltage after discharge. This method is applied to a typical void discharge with or without UV illumination and their characteristic values are calculated from the measured discharge inception phase data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Assembly of evolved ligninolytic genes in<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2014)

The ligninolytic enzymatic consortium produced by white-rot fungi is one of the most efficient oxidative systems found in nature, with many potential applications that range from the production of 2nd generation biofuels to chemicals synthesis. In the current study, two high redox potential oxidoreductase fusion genes (laccase -Lac- and versatile peroxidase -Vp-) that had been evolved in the laboratory were re-assembled in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. First, cell viability and secretion were assessed after co-transforming the Lac and Vp genes into yeast. Several expression cassettes were inserted in vivo into episomal bi-directional vectors in order to evaluate inducible promoter and/or terminator pairs of different strengths in an individual and combined manner. The synthetic white-rot yeast model harboring Vp(GAL1/CYC1)-Lac(GAL10/ADH1) displayed up to 1000 and 100 Units per L of peroxidase and laccase activity, respectively, representing a suitable point of departure for future synthetic biology studies.
Enhancement of the thermoelectric properties in nanoscale and nanostructured materials (2010)

Thermoelectric materials can be used for solid state power generation and heating/cooling applications. The figure of merit of thermoelectric materials, ZT, which determines their efficiency in a thermoelectric device, remains low for most conventional bulk materials. Nanoscale and nanostructured thermoelectric materials are promising for increasing ZT relative to the bulk. This review introduces the theory behind thermoelectric materials and details the predicted and demonstrated enhancements of ZT in nanoscale and nanostructured thermoelectric materials. We discuss thin films and superlattices, nanowires and nanotubes, and nanocomposites, providing a ZT comparison among various families of nanocomposite materials. We provide some perspectives regarding the origin of enhanced ZT in nanoscale and nanostructured materials and suggest some promising and fruitful research directions for achieving high ZT materials for practical applications.