gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Risk of group A meningococcal disease: bacterial interference and cross-reactive bacteria among mucosal flora (1985)

During outbreaks of group A meningococcal disease in Seattle, Wash., and Portland, Oreg., we studied the mucosal flora of the affected population and comparison groups to identify possible determinants of susceptibility and resistance to disease. Antimeningococcal immunoglobulin A can block the bactericidal activity of specific antibodies of other classes and has been associated with susceptibility in adults. We used immunoprecipitation and fluorescent-antibody techniques to detect mucosal microorganisms cross-reactive with group A meningococci that might have stimulated such antibodies. Cross-reactive strains of Bacillus pumilus and Streptococcus faecalis were found. Bacterial interference on mucosal surfaces has been shown to reduce susceptibility to other pathogens. With an agar overlay technique, we sought nasopharyngeal microorganisms that inhibited the growth of group A meningococci. Forty-five percent of subjects carried inhibitory strains representing at least nine different species. Inhibitory strains were less common (32%) in residents from "skid row" areas (see D.J. Bogue, Skid Row in American Cities, University of Chicago Press, for a comprehensive definition of these areas) than in a comparison group that did not experience meningococcal disease (61%), suggesting that their presence may be associated with resistance to acquisition of meningococci or to meningococcal disease.
A Study of the Characteristics of Noise (1936)

It is well known that when smooth noise such as hiss is passed through or generated in a radio-frequency amplifier, the root-mean-square output is proportional to the square root of the frequency band width. Experiments are described which show that the peak value of the hiss is also proportional to the square root of band width. The crest factor (defined as the ratio of the amplitudes of the highest peaks to the root-mean-square value) was found to be equal to 3.4 and independent of band width. When the noise is caused by impulse excitation with decay trains not overlapping, the result is quite different. The root-mean-square amplitude is still proportional to the square root of frequency band passed; however the peak amplitudes are directly proportional to the first power of the frequency band. This result is verified mathematically and experimentally.
Orally Delivered Microencapsulated Live Probiotic Formulation Lowers Serum Lipids in Hypercholesterolemic Hamsters (2009)

Elevated serum cholesterol is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease. Nutritional therapies such as probiotics have been suggested to manage elevated cholesterol. This study investigates the cholesterol and triglyceride lowering potential of a microencapsulated feruloyl esterase-producing Lactobacillus fermentum 11976 (LF11976) probiotic formulation. Male Bio F(1)B hamsters were assigned to two groups to receive either the microcapsule probiotic formulation (containing LF11976 cells at 12.51 log colony-forming units/mL) or placebo formulation (empty) microcapsules, twice daily, by oral gavage for 18 weeks. For the duration of the study, animals were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet. Serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and the atherogenic index were 21.36%, 31.43%, and 32.59% lower in the group gavaged with the microencapsulated probiotic formulation than in the placebo control group after 18 weeks (P < .05). Histology studies showed reduced progression of atherosclerotic lesions in animals treated with microencapsulated LF11976 as compared to control animals. Treatment with microencapsulated LF11976 formulation produces significant reductions in serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and serum triglyceride levels in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Findings suggest the potential of the oral microencapsulated probiotic cell formulation as a functional nutritional alternative for managing excessive serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
A standard test method for the determination of RIR values by x-ray diffraction (1995)

The measurement of x -ray diffraction line intensities is the basis for quantitative phase analysis (see for example, Chung (1974), Davis (1986), and Hubbard and Snyder (1988)). While there are many sources of error in such measurements, in recent years computer automation of powder diffractometers and associated analytical software has made such measurements more practical and accurate. For example, profile fitting software has made it possible to determine integrated peak areas and to deconvolute overlapping lines. Another problem which affects quantitative analysis is the systematic error in instrument sensitivity as a function of 20 diffraction angle. This effect has been partially responsible for poor reproducibility of relative intensities between laboratories (Schreiner and Kimmel (1987), and Jenkins and Schreiner (1989)). But, because the error is systematic, corrections may be made by using a standard such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology SRM 1976 alumina plate (NIST 1991). These and other advances have led to a renewed interest in the determination of I/Ic (also called RIR - Reference Intensity Ratio) values for crystalline substances (e.g., Snyder (1992)). I/Ic is defined as the ratio of the intensity of the strongest line of an analyte to the corundum (113) line when the analyte is mixed 50:50 by weight with corundum. We present here a standard procedure used in our laboratory to experimentally measure I/Ic values, and which explicitly incorporates profile fitting and instrument sensitivity corrections. The procedure is written in the format of an ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standard test method, however, inter-laboratory round robin tests have not been carried out to determine precision and bias associated with the method. While the method calls for corundum as the internal standard, another standard material, s, may be used, in which case the procedure will result in a ratio I/Is. Hubbard and Snyder (1988) have shown how to convert between I/Is and I/Ic. This method is based on the procedure routinely published in NBS Monograph 25 until 1986. It is augmented with corrections for the angularly dependent instrument sensitivity and with calculations of I/Ic for both variable and fixed divergence slit configurations. A Quattro Pro spreadsheet is used in our laboratory to do the calculations. An example of the spreadsheet is given in the appendix for one of two I/Ic runs of MgCO3. We also utilize the corundum in the I/Ic runs as an internal standard to determine displacement error corrections for preparation of digitized patterns of pure analyte phases. These patterns are submitted to the International Centre for Diffraction Data for inclusion in a whole pattern data file planned for some time in the future. The notation used here is the standard notation developed for the RIR method by Hubbard and Snyder (1988) and systematically extended by Snyder (1992). A table of the notation is given in the Terminology section below.
Population Pharmacokinetic and Exposure-Response Analyses of Baloxavir Marboxil in Adults and Adolescents Including Patients With Influenza (2018)

Baloxavir marboxil, a prodrug that is metabolized to baloxavir acid, suppresses viral replication by inhibiting cap-dependent endonuclease. Our aim is to characterize its pharmacokinetics and exposure-response relationships. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of the baloxavir acid was performed using 8310 plasma concentration data points from 1109 subjects. Exposure-response analyses were performed regarding the time to alleviation of symptoms and the reduction in the influenza virus titer. A 2-compartment model with first-order absorption and lag time well described the plasma concentration data for baloxavir acid, and body weight and race were found to be the most important factors influencing the clearance and distribution volume. A dose regimen based on the body weight (40 mg for patients weighing <80 kg and 80 mg for patients weighing ≥80 kg) could provide sufficient exposures for expecting efficacy irrespective of body weight or race; however, the exposures were dependent on the body weight and race. Exposure-response analyses suggested that the reduction in the influenza virus titer was greater in any exposure-based groups in baloxavir marboxil treatment than in the oseltamivir phosphate treatment and placebo groups. In conclusion, the population pharmacokinetic model and exposure-response relationships would be useful for understanding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of baloxavir acid.
Bigradient Uniaxial Microphone (1957)

A second-order unidirectional microphone has been developed consisting of two uniaxial microphones connected in series opposition. This system has been termed the bigradient uniaxial microphone. The directional efficiency, that is, the energy response to random sounds is one-ninth. The high discrimination which this microphone exhibits to sounds which originate from the sides and rear makes it particularly suitable for long distance sound pickup in radio, television, sound motion pictures, phonograph recording, and sound reinforcing systems.
두경부암에서 3차원 입체조형 방사선치료와 세기변조 방사선치료시 귀밑샘의 선량분포 비교 (2007)

Purpose：This study compared 3 dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) to intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in parotid glands sparing in head and neck cancers. Materials and Methods：Planning target volume (PTV) was outlined on each CT slice. The dose of 50.4 Gy was prescribed to the PTV with the conventional fraction, 5 fractions per week. We also outlined spinal cord and both parotid glands. With Eclipse 3 dimensional planning system, 3DCRT and IMRT planning were done. Results：After plan optimization, PTV dose distribution was evaluated with dose volume histogram. The 90% isodose curve covered almost all of PTV for both techniques. Maximum and median dose for spinal cord were 36.8 Gy and 34.2 Gy in 3DCRT, 39.9 GY and 37.5 Gy in IMRT. For parotid glands, mean and median dose were 33.6 Gy and 37.6 Gy in 3DCRT, 24.9 Gy and 24.5 Gy in IMRT. Conclusion：For the non-pharyngeal head and neck cancers, 3DCRT was cost effective radiation modality in prevention radiation therapy induced xerostomia.
External light activates hair follicle stem cells through eyes via an ipRGC–SCN–sympathetic neural pathway (2018)

Changes in external light patterns can alter cell activities in peripheral tissues through slow entrainment of the central clock in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). It remains unclear whether cells in otherwise photo-insensitive tissues can achieve rapid responses to changes in external light. Here we show that light stimulation of animals' eyes results in rapid activation of hair follicle stem cells with prominent hair regeneration. Mechanistically, light signals are interpreted by M1-type intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which signal to the SCN via melanopsin. Subsequently, efferent sympathetic nerves are immediately activated. Increased norepinephrine release in skin promotes hedgehog signaling to activate hair follicle stem cells. Thus, external light can directly regulate tissue stem cells via an ipRGC-SCN autonomic nervous system circuit. Since activation of sympathetic nerves is not limited to skin, this circuit can also facilitate rapid adaptive responses to external light in other homeostatic tissues.
Nozzle design for ArcelorMittal Dofasco's No. 1 continuous caster for minimizing sliver defects (2011)

A study was conducted at ArcelorMlttal Dofasco to evaluate fluid flow patterns generated in the No. 1 continuous caster mold by using computational fluid flow and heat transfer models. Single-phase (liquid steel without argon co-flow), three-dimensional, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and heat transfer models were developed using ANSYS CFXTM for a 220-mm-thick mold and a two-port SEN with a nozzle well used at the No. 1 CC to produce ULC steel slabs at various caster throughput rates. Based on these models, the predicted fluid flow conditions that might contribute to alumina and/ or mold powder entrapment at extreme caster throughput rates were identified. Meniscus velocities greater than 0.35 m/second in a 900-mm-wide mold at extremely high throughput rate resulted in excessive meniscus activity, contributing to the entrapment of mold powder, and meniscus velocities less than 0.20 m/second in a 1,600-mm- wide mold at extremely low throughput rate may result in minimal meniscus activity and formation of deep hooks and oscillation marks, contributing to entrapment of alumina inclusions.
Let Your Fingers Do The Wordplay (1999)

Dmitri Borgmann's Language on Vacation includes the following tibit concerning wordplay and the telephone dial: "It appears that the longest word which can be dialed using only letters that appear with odd numerals is WELL-EXPRESSED, and that... with even numerals NONCOMMUNICATING." It seems to us that the first example is an adjectival phrase; the longest single words appear to be PERPLEXEDLY or SLEEPLESSLY. (If you want a longer adjectival phrase, consider the sentence "SELFLESSLY-DEFERRED pleasures are often the best kind.") We can't quibble with the second example except to point out that NONCONTAMINATING ties it for length.
Methotrexate: Distribution in Cerebrospinal Fluid after Intravenous, Ventricular and Lumbar Injections (1975)

With the advent of cheap, yet powerful computers, self-consistent modelling has become a viable tool for understanding, designing and improving technological and scientific plasma sources.\nNowadays multi-dimensional models which are capable of simulating time-dependent discharge behaviour are in use at various universities and research institutes. One such computer code is Plasimo, the PLasma SImulation MOdel which is being developed at Eindhoven University of Technology1. Plasimo provides sub-models for kinetic (Monte Carlo), hybrid, Maxwellian and thermal equilibrium plasma.\nIn this presentation, we will brie\ny introduce Plasimo, and demonstrate some of its capa-\nbilities. In the second part, we will take a look under the hood and present Plasimo's `LinSys' framework. LinSys provides code for representing such concepts as tensor values, tensor fields and systems of equations involving such fields. These fields can be de??ned on distinct, userdefined domains. LinSys also provides (C++) code that facilitates the task of discretizing sets of (coupled) linearised equations.\nIn the presentation we will demonstrate LinSys by discussing its application to the discretisation of the equations that govern transport and electromagnetic phenomena in plasma science on ortho-curvilinear meshes. We will critically assess the quality of the generated stencils, discussthe efficiency of LinSys and provide ideas for future work.
Reliability of Breath-Alcohol Analysis in Individuals with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (1999)

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is widespread in the population among all age groups and in both sexes. The reliability of breath alcohol analysis in subjects suffering from GERD is unknown. We investigated the relationship between breath-alcohol concentration (BrAC) and blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) in 5 male and 5 female subjects all suffering from severe gastroesophageal reflux disease and scheduled for antireflux surgery. Each subject served in two experiments in random order about 1-2 weeks apart. Both times they drank the same dose of ethanol (approximately 0.3 g/kg) as either beer, white wine, or vodka mixed with orange juice before venous blood and end-expired breath samples were obtained at 5-10 min intervals for 4 h. An attempt was made to provoke gastroesophageal reflux in one of the drinking experiments by applying an abdominal compression belt. Blood-ethanol concentration was determined by headspace gas chromatography and breath-ethanol was measured with an electrochemical instrument (Alcolmeter SD-400) or a quantitative infrared analyzer (Data-Master). During the absorption of alcohol, which occurred during the first 90 min after the start of drinking, BrAC (mg/210 L) tended to be the same or higher than venous BAC (mg/dL). In the post-peak phase, the BAC always exceeded BrAC. Four of the 10 subjects definitely experienced gastric reflux during the study although this did not result in widely deviant BrAC readings compared with BAC when sampling occurred at 5-min intervals. We conclude that the risk of alcohol erupting from the stomach into the mouth owing to gastric reflux and falsely increasing the result of an evidential breath-alcohol test is highly improbable.
Close/distant talker discrimination based on kurtosis of linear prediction residual signals (2014)

Desired/undesired speech discrimination is as important as speech/non-speech discrimination to achieve useful applications such as speech interfaces and teleconferencing systems. Conventional methods of voice activity detection (VAD) utilize the directional information of sound sources to distinguish desired from undesired speech. However, these methods have to utilize multiple microphones to estimate the directions of sound sources. Here, we propose a new method to discriminate desired from undesired speech with a single microphone. We assumed that the desired talkers would be close to the microphone, and the proposed method could distinguish close/distant-talking speech from observed signals based on the kurtosis of the linear prediction (LP) residual signals. The experimental results revealed that the proposed method could distinguish close-talking speech from distant-talking speech within a 10% equal error rate (EER) in ordinary reverberant environments with less processing time.
N‐acetylcysteine enhances multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1 mediated doxorubicin resistance (2004)

Our results demonstrate that NAC enhances MRP1-mediated doxorubicin resistance and this effect depends on GSH synthesis. DL-buthionine (S,R)-sulfoximine seems a promising chemotherapy improving agent in MRP1 overexpressing tumour cells.
Importance of the bradykinin–nitric oxide synthase system in the hypersensitivity reactions of chronic haemodialysis patients (2000)

filter pivotal mediator [4]. NO is a short-lived gas produced by a specific enzyme, NO synthase (NOS), which rinsing solutions; hypersensitivity reactions; nitric oxide increases cytosolic cGMP in smooth-muscle vascular cells, leading to vasodilatation [5]. Endothelial cells are equipped with two isoforms of NOS. The constitu-
Adaptive downsampling to improve image compression at low bit rates (2006)

At low bit rates, better coding quality can be achieved by downsampling the image prior to compression and estimating the missing portion after decompression. This paper presents a new algorithm in such a paradigm, based on the adaptive decision of appropriate downsampling directions/ratios and quantization steps, in order to achieve higher coding quality with low bit rates with the consideration of local visual significance. The full-resolution image can be restored from the DCT coefficients of the downsampled pixels so that the spatial interpolation required otherwise is avoided. The proposed algorithm significantly raises the critical bit rate to approximately 1.2 bpp, from 0.15-0.41 bpp in the existing downsample-prior-to-JPEG schemes and, therefore, outperforms the standard JPEG method in a much wider bit-rate scope. The experiments have demonstrated better PSNR improvement over the existing techniques before the critical bit rate. In addition, the adaptive mode decision not only makes the critical bit rate less image-independent, but also automates the switching coders in variable bit-rate applications, since the algorithm turns to the standard JPEG method whenever it is necessary at higher bit rates.
Differential NK Cell and Macrophage Killing of Hamster Cells Infected with Nononcogenic or Oncogenic Adenovirus (1984)

Hamster cells infected with highly oncogenic human adenovirus type 12 (Ad12) were resistant to lysis by natural killer cells and macrophages, compared to cells infected with nononcogenic adenovirus type 2 (Ad2). The data suggest that early adenovirus gene expression in hamster cells results in preferential survival of Ad12, compared to Ad2, infected cells in vivo, thus providing an explanation for the differences in the oncogenicities of these two transforming viruses.
SemRe-Rank: Improving Automatic Term Extraction By Incorporating Semantic Relatedness With Personalised PageRank (2017)

Automatic Term Extraction deals with the extraction of terminology from a domain specific corpus, and has long been an established research area in data and knowledge acquisition. ATE remains a challenging task as it is known that there is no existing ATE methods that can consistently outperform others in any domain. This work adopts a refreshed perspective to this problem: instead of searching for such a 'one-size-fit-all' solution that may never exist, we propose to develop generic methods to 'enhance' existing ATE methods. We introduce SemRe-Rank, the first method based on this principle, to incorporate semantic relatedness - an often overlooked venue - into an existing ATE method to further improve its performance. SemRe-Rank incorporates word embeddings into a personalised PageRank process to compute 'semantic importance' scores for candidate terms from a graph of semantically related words (nodes), which are then used to revise the scores of candidate terms computed by a base ATE algorithm. Extensively evaluated with 13 state-of-the-art base ATE methods on four datasets of diverse nature, it is shown to have achieved widespread improvement over all base methods and across all datasets, with up to 15 percentage points when measured by the Precision in the top ranked K candidate terms (the average for a set of K's), or up to 28 percentage points in F1 measured at a K that equals to the expected real terms in the candidates (F1 in short). Compared to an alternative approach built on the well-known TextRank algorithm, SemRe-Rank can potentially outperform by up to 8 points in Precision at top K, or up to 17 points in F1.
Expression of the CD44 cell adhesion molecule in urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma. (1996)

CD44 cell adhesion molecule (PgP-1, ECM III, Hermes antigen) is a polymorphic integral membrane glycoprotein associated with cell matrix adhesion, lymphocyte activation, recirculation, and homing. CD44 expression has been reported in in malignant lymphoma and in a variety of epithelial human cancers but has not been studied as a prognostic marker in urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma. CD44s (standard 85- to 95-kDa macromolecule) expression was measured by qualitative and image analysis-quantitated immunohistochemical techniques using the A3D8 monoclonal antibody. CD44v6 (a splice variant exon of CD44s) expression was measured by qualitative immunohistochemical techniques using the 2F10 monoclonal antibody. The results of CD44s and CD44v6 expression were compared with tumor grade, pathologic stage, and DNA content analysis on Feulgen-stained tissue sections in 44 cases of urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma. The mean percentage-positive area of staining intensity for CD44s expression in Grade 1 tumors was 61%, compared with 30% for the Grade 3 tumors (P < 0.001). Non-invasive tumors featured a 59%-positive area of staining intensity, compared with the 30% staining percentage for the deeply invasive tumors (P < 0.001). There was significant correlation of aneuploid DNA content with loss of CD44s staining (P < 0.05). The staining results for CD44v6 paralleled those for the CD44s, with a significant loss of staining in high-grade and high-stage aggressive tumors in comparison with the low-grade nonaggressive tumors (P < 0.01). In urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma, CD44s and CD44v6 expression parallels that for other cell adhesion molecules, such as E-cadherin, that feature a significant progressive loss of immunoreactivity in association with tumor dedifferentiation, advancing pathologic stage, and abnormal DNA content.