gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Other Civil Rights Decisions in the October 2005 Term: Title VII, IDEA, and Section 1981 (2007)

I am going to talk about civil rights cases, including, Title VII, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ("IDEA") and one § 19813 case. In the October 2005 Term, there were three Title VII cases and the plaintiffs won all three, which is good for the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs lost the two IDEA cases and the § 1981 case; so it is a three-to-three score when all is said and done.
Fenestration Revisited (1990)

Although it was initially performed in 1935, aortic fenestration has been infrequently employed and reported in recent years. We have continued to use fenestration for descending aortic dissection with complicating organ ischemia (lower-extremity ischemia, renal ischemia, and paraplegia). Our technique involves complete transection of the infrarenal abdominal aorta, removal of a generous intimal flap proximally, and reconstitution of layers distally. We report our experience with 12 patients, all of whom survived the operative procedure. Nine patients were discharged from the hospital, and with a mean follow-up of 6.8 years, 7 are still alive. Fenestration immediately restored organ perfusion in all but 1 of the patients, and no patient died of late rupture. We recommend fenestration for descending aortic dissection in patients presenting with organ ischemia. Fenestration is not recommended for acute dissection with rupture or for chronic enlarging dissection.
The effect of iron powders on the utilization of permanent magnet materials in advanced motors (1980)

The properties that may be obtained in an iron powder/epoxy resin compact are discussed, and the application of this material as wedges in the armature of an axial-field d.c. machine are described. The effect of the wedge parameters on the design and performance of the machine has been studied, particularly considering the non-uniform flux density across the active diameter in a wedge. Using an electric vehicle traction motor as an example, it is shown that considerable savings in permanent magnet material are achieved by introducing wedges into the previously ironless armature, being as high as 74% with SmCo <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</inf> magnets.
Resistance to Fas (APO-1/CD95)-mediated apoptosis and expression of Fas ligand in esophageal cancer: the Fas counterattack (1999)

The mechanisms by which esophageal tumors escape immunologic recognition and clearance are only partly understood at the molecular level. Esophageal cancers have been shown to evade host recognition by down-regulation of antigen presentation and production of immunosuppressive factors. Recently, two independent reports have shown that esophageal tumor cells abundantly express Fas ligand (FasL) in vivo. As the triggering agonist for Fas receptor (Fas or APO-1/CD95)-mediated apoptosis of lymphocytes, FasL normally plays immune down-regulatory roles, including activation-induced cell death of T and B cells, as well as maintaining immune privilege in certain organs. Fas ligand expressed by esophageal cell lines has been shown to induce apoptosis of cocultured Fas-sensitive lymphoid cells in vitro. FasL expression by esophageal carcinomas in vivo has been associated with significantly reduced tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in FasL-positive tumor nests, concomitant with significantly increased TIL apoptosis in these nests. These studies support a 'Fas counterattack' mechanism of immune escape in esophageal cancer. By expressing functional Fas ligand, esophageal cancer cells can deplete antitumor lymphocytes by inducing apoptosis. To express functional FasL, esophageal carcinomas also acquire molecular mechanisms to resist autocrine Fas-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells.
Color Constancy using Image Regions (2007)

Color constancy is important for various applications such as image segmentation, object recognition and image retrieval where object color features are extracted invariant to the illumination conditions. Different color constancy methods have been proposed. These methods, in general, compute color constancy based on all image colors. However, not all pixels contain relevant information for color constancy. Eventually, biased pixel values may decrease the performance of color constancy methods. To this end, in this paper, we propose a method based on low-level image features using subsets of pixels. Hence, instead of using the entire pixel set for estimating the illuminant, only relevant pixels in the image are used. Therefore, prior segmentation is performed to learn for different image categories (e.g. open country, street, indoor) which pixel set (i.e. image parts) is most appropriate for a reliable estimation. Based on large scale experiments on real-world scenes, it can be derived that for certain categories, like open country and street, the estimation is far more accurate using image parts than when using the entire image.
The Expanding World of Methylotrophic Metabolism (2009)

In the past few years, the field of methylotrophy has undergone a significant transformation in terms of discovery of novel types of methylotrophs, novel modes of methylotrophy, and novel metabolic pathways. This time has also been marked by the resolution of long-standing questions regarding methylotrophy and the challenge of long-standing dogmas. This chapter is not intended to provide a comprehensive review of metabolism of methylotrophic bacteria. Instead we focus on significant recent discoveries that are both refining and transforming the current understanding of methylotrophy as a metabolic phenomenon. We also review new directions in methylotroph ecology that improve our understanding of the role of methylotrophy in global biogeochemical processes, along with an outlook for the future challenges in the field.
110 W double-ended ytterbium-doped fiber superfluorescent source with M^2=16 (2006)

High-power operation of a broadband superfluorescent fiber source has been achieved via the process of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in a double-clad Yb-doped multimode-offset-core fiber by using a novel fiber-end termination geometry to suppress lasing. The fiber was cladding pumped by a high-power diode source at 976 nm and yielded a maximum ASE output of 63 and 47 W from the two ends of the fiber, respectively. The maximum combined ASE output was 110 W with slope efficiency with respect to launched pump power of up to 68%. The wavelength spectrum of the ASE source spanned the range from approximately 1032 to 1120 nm, and the bandwidth (FWHM) of the emission spectrum was 40 nm. The output beam was slightly multimode with a beam-quality factor (M2) of 1.6. The prospects for further improvement in performance are considered.
Sensitized Fluorescence of Tin (1937)

Several Sn lines have been observed in sensitized fluorescence and in a low voltage Tesla discharge. The fluorescence and the discharge were produced in a fused quartz tube containing Sn and Hg and heated by a blow torch and Bunsen burners. A Hanovia SC 2537 tube was used as a light source. The Sn lines observed in fluorescence with their estimated intensities are 4525 (2), 3801 (2), 3331 (4), 3262 (10), 3175 (3), 3034 (10), 3009 (2), 2863 (2), 2840 (10), 2851 (1), 2706 (8), 2661 (3), 2547 (2), 2430 (1), 2355 (0.2). The most intense Sn lines except 3034 are those of low energy discrepancy with excited Hg atoms. The abnormally high intensity of Sn 3034 which agrees with a corresponding effect in the sensitized fluorescence of Pb may indicate a new selection rule for collisions of the second kind.
EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Decrease VEGF Expression by Both Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-1–Independent and HIF-1–Dependent Mechanisms (2006)

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors can decrease vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and tumor angiogenesis. In the current study, we investigate the molecular pathways by which this occurs using two drugs that have been used in the clinic, gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva). The decrease in VEGF expression by gefitinib in SQ20B squamous cell carcinoma cells was opposed by adenoviral expression of Akt in these cells. The hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) binding site located at approximately -1 kbp in the VEGF promoter was not required for down-regulation of promoter activity by gefitinib under normoxia. Furthermore, the drug decreased activity of a reporter containing the -88/+54 region. In a gel shift assay, gefitinib led to decreased retardation of a labeled DNA oligonucleotide probe corresponding to the -88/-66 region of the VEGF promoter, which contains Sp1 binding sites. These effects of gefitinib on VEGF promoter activity and DNA binding were both reversed by Akt expression. Phosphorylation of Sp1 was decreased in the presence of gefitinib. Gefitinib also decreases VEGF expression by decreasing HIF-1alpha expression. This occurs due to decreased protein translation without any change in the level of HIF-1alpha mRNA. Together, these results suggest that gefitinib decreases VEGF expression both by decreasing Sp1 binding to the proximal core VEGF promoter and by down-regulating HIF-1alpha expression. Similar results were obtained with erlotinib in SQ20B and gefitinib in HSC3 squamous carcinoma cells. These results indicate that there are at least two separate mechanisms by which EGFR inhibitors decrease VEGF expression.
Factorization models for context-/time-aware movie recommendations (2010)

In the scope of the Challenge on Context-aware Movie Recommendation (CAMRa2010), context can mean temporal context (Task 1), mood (Task 2), or social context (Task 3).
Filtering of colored noise for speech enhancement and coding (2003)

A report is presented on experiments using a colored-noise assumption Kalman filter to enhance speech additively contaminated by colored noise, such as helicopter noise and jeep noise, with a particular application to linear predictive coding (LPC) of noisy speech. The results indicate that the colored-noise Kalman filter provides a significant gain in SNR, a clear improvement in the sound spectrogram, and an audible improvement in output speech quality. The authors demonstrate that such gains are unavailable with white noise assumption Kalman and Wiener filters. The colored-noise prefilter greatly enhances the quality and intelligibility of LPC output speech for noisy inputs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Amplified interleukin-15 expression vectors for cancer immunogene therapy (2008)

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a key role in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. It promotes the survival, proliferation, activation and maintenance of natural killer and CD8+ T cells. It also stimulates the function of neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells, and could therefore be a potential cytokine for cancer immune therapy. The therapeutic effects of cytokines are related to their expression levels. In this study, we investigated an amplified IL-15 expression plasmid vector, pHi2-spIL15-CMV-tat, and a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-positive tumor-specific amplified IL-15 expression plasmid vector, pHi2-spIL15-CEA-tat. In pHi2-spIL15-CMV-tat, IL-15 expression was driven by HIV2 LTR, which was transactivated by CMV promoter-controlled expression of HIV tat. In addition, the native IL-15 signal peptide was replaced by the IL-2 signal peptide to enhance its secretion. A significant amount of IL-15 expression was achieved when transfected into tumor cells in vitro. In order to target IL-15 expression in CEA-positive cells, the CEA promoter positively-controlled IL-15 expression plasmid vector pHi2-spIL15-CEA-tat was constructed by replacing the CMV with the CEA promoter. Efficient and targeted IL-15 expression was achieved in CEA-positive tumor cells by pHi2-spIL15-CEA-tat.
The Electron Distribution In Insulators And Semiconductors (1981)

The electrical properties of semiconductors are determined essentially by the following quantities: (i) The number of electrons and holes per unit volume. (ii) The mobility of the electrons and holes.
Learning to balance the inverted pendulum using neural networks (1991)

A learning architecture for training a neural network controller to provide the appropriate force to balance an inverted pendulum is proposed. The control rule is given on the output space of the inverted pendulum, introducing a priori knowledge in the learning algorithm. The system uses two neural networks, one for the identification and the other for the controlling. The identification network learns to identify the plant dynamics while the controlling network simultaneously changes its characteristics using the result of the identification to control the actual plant. The training process is performed using the backpropagation learning algorithm. The inverted pendulum system is simulated to illustrate these ideas. The controller is able to balance the inverted pendulum and guide the cart to the center of a track. demonstrating the effectiveness of the learning method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The role of complement receptor 3 (CR3) in<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>infection of human cervical epithelia (2001)

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an important sexually transmitted pathogen and a major cofactor in HIV-1 infection. This organism uses different mechanisms to infect male and female genital tract epithelia. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of N. gonorrhoeae is the principle mechanism of entry into male urethral epithelial cells. Infection in men leads to a pronounced inflammatory response. In contrast, N. gonorrhoeae infection in women induces ruffling of the cervical epithelia, allowing a macropinocytic mechanism of entry. Infection in women is frequently asymptomatic, suggesting suppression of the inflammatory response. N. gonorrhoeae-induced membrane ruffling and inflammation suppression are consistent with the ability of this bacterium to enter cervical epithelial cells, in vitro and in vivo, by interaction with complement receptor 3 (CR3), a receptor that does not trigger an inflammatory response. This receptor is present on cervical epithelial cells but not on male urogenital tract epithelia. N. gonorrhoeae engagement of CR3 initiates a unique mechanism of bacterial-induced membrane ruffling and internalization. These studies explain why the pathology of N. gonorrhoeae infection differs between males and females. Additionally, the observation that this receptor is present on cervical epithelia may provide insight into the pathogenesis of other sexually transmitted pathogens.
Avandamet: combined metformin-rosiglitazone treatment for insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes (2004)

Insulin resistance is a major endocrinopathy underlying the development of hyperglycaemia and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Metformin (a biguanide) and rosiglitazone (a thiazolidinedione) counter insulin resistance, acting by different cellular mechanisms. The two agents can be used in combination to achieve additive glucose-lowering efficacy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, without stimulating insulin secretion and without causing hypoglycaemia. Both agents also reduce a range of atherothrombotic factors and markers, indicating a lower cardiovascular risk. Early intervention with metformin is already known to reduce myocardial infarction and increase survival in overweight type 2 patients. Recently, a single-tablet combination of metformin and rosiglitazone, Avandamet, has become available. Avandamet is suitable for type 2 diabetic patients who are inadequately controlled by monotherapy with metformin or rosiglitazone. Patients already receiving separate tablets of metformin and rosiglitazone may switch to the single-tablet combination for convenience. Also, early introduction of the combination before maximal titration of one agent can reduce side effects. Use of Avandamet requires attention to the precautions for both metformin and rosiglitazone, especially renal, cardiac and hepatic competence. In summary, Avandamet is a single-tablet metformin-rosiglitazone combination that doubly targets insulin resistance as therapy for hyperglycaemia and vascular risk in type 2 diabetes.
Combining Incompatible Spatial Data (2002)

Global positioning systems (GPSs) and geographical information systems (GISs) have been widely used to collect and synthesize spatial data from a variety of sources. New advances in satellite imagery and remote sensing now permit scientists to access spatial data at several different resolutions. The Internet facilitates fast and easy data acquisition. In any one study, several different types of data may be collected at differing scales and resolutions, at different spatial locations, and in different dimensions. Many statistical issues are associated with combining such data for modeling and inference. This article gives an overview of these issues and the approaches for integrating such disparate data, drawing on work from geography, ecology, agriculture, geology, and statistics. Emphasis is on state-of-the-art statistical solutions to this complex and important problem.
Does arthritis progress in the retained compartments after 'Oxford' medial unicompartmental arthroplasty? (1999)

We determined the outcome of 56 'Oxford' unicompartmental replacements performed for anteromedial osteoarthritis of the knee between 1982 and 1987. Of these, 24 were in patients who had died without revision, one was lost to follow-up and two had been revised. Of the remaining 29 knees, 26 were examined clinically and radiologically, two were only examined clinically and one patient was contacted by telephone. The mean age of the patients was 80.3 years. At a mean follow-up of 11.4 years (10 to 14) the measurements of the knee score, range of movement and degree of deformity were not significantly different from those made one to two years after operation, except that the range of flexion had improved. Comparison of fluoroscopically-controlled radiographs at a similar interval of time showed no change in the appearance of the lateral compartments. The retained articular cartilage continued to function for ten or more years which suggests that anteromedial osteoarthritis may be considered as a focal disorder of the knee. This justifies continued efforts to develop methods of treatment which preserve intact joint structures.
Plasminogen activator production by human retinal endothelial cells of nondiabetic and diabetic origin. (1991)

The authors examined the effect of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF 1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and acidic fibroblast growth factor (AFGF) on the synthesis by human retinal endothelial cell (HREC) of plasminogen activators (PA; tissue-type [t-PA] and urokinase-type [u-PA]) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI). Immunologic and functional assays for t-PA, u-PA, and PA1 were conducted with cell lines derived from three diabetics and three nondiabetic controls. Confluent HREC of nondiabetic origin did not respond to IGF I (100 ng/ml) with any change of t-PA antigen in the medium (10.7 +/- 1.1 ng/ml unstimulated versus 10.1 +/- 0.8 ng/ml) stimulated, P = not significant). Likewise AFGF and EGF caused no significant change of t-PA levels. Both IGF I and EGF caused a significant increase of t-PA from HREC of diabetic origin (9.6 +/- 0.8 ng/ml unstimulated versus 16.6 +/- 1.9 ng/ml IGF I-stimulated, P less than 0.001, and 14.6 +/- 2.7 ng/ml EGF-stimulated P less than 0.005). Supplementation of AFGF had no effect on HREC of diabetic origin. In confluent cultures, only small quantities of u-PA were detected. After wounding confluent cultures, u-PA activity was associated with cells migrating from the wound edges. Functional PA activity was also measured by chromogenic assay. Results further supported a predominance of t-PA activity being produced by confluent HREC in culture. These results suggest that modulation of PA production by HREC is influenced by exposure to growth factors, by the state of confluency, and the origin of the cells (diabetic vesus nondiabetic).
<title>Analyzing hyperspectral data with independent component analysis</title> (1998)

Hyperspectral image sensors provide images with a large number of contiguous spectral channels per pixel and enable information about different materials within a pixel to be obtained. The problem of spectrally unmixing materials may be viewed as a specific case of the blind source separation problem where data consists of mixed signals and the goal is to determine the contribution of each mineral to the mix without prior knowledge of the minerals in the mix. The technique of independent component analysis (ICA) assumes that the spectral components are close to statistically independent and provides an unsupervised method for blind source separation. We introduce contextual ICA in the context of hyperspectral data analysis and apply the method to mineral data from synthetically mixed minerals and real image signatures.
Scrambling-based speech encryption via compressed sensing (2012)

Conventional speech scramblers have three disadvantages, including heavy communication overhead, signal features underexploitation, and low attack resistance. In this study, we propose a scrambling-based speech encryption scheme via compressed sensing (CS). Distinguished from conventional scramblers, the above problems are solved in a unified framework by utilizing the advantages of CS. The presented encryption idea is general and easily applies to speech communication systems. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, the proposed scheme provides lower residual intelligibility and greater cryptanalytic efforts. Meanwhile, it ensures desirable channel usage and notable resistibility to hostile attack. Extensive experimental results also confirm the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
A Continuous-Time&gt;tex&lt;$Sigma Delta $&gt;/tex&lt;Modulator With 88-dB Dynamic Range and 1.1-MHz Signal Bandwidth (2004)

This paper presents the design and experimental results of a continuous-time /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator for ADSL applications. Multibit nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) DAC pulse shaping is used to reduce clock jitter sensitivity. The nonzero excess loop delay problem in conventional continuous-time /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulators is solved by our proposed architecture. A prototype third-order continuous-time /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator with 5-bit internal quantization was realized in a 0.5-/spl mu/m double-poly triple-metal CMOS technology, with a chip area of 2.4 /spl times/ 2.4 mm/sup 2/. Experimental results show that the modulator achieves 88-dB dynamic range, 84-dB SNR, and 83-dB SNDR over a 1.1-MHz signal bandwidth with an oversampling ratio of 16, while dissipating 62 mW from a 3.3-V supply.