gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optically recording interferometer for velocity measurements with subnanosecond resolution (1983)

An optically recording velocity interferometer system, called ORVIS, has been developed to measure particle velocity histories in shock wave experiments on condensed matter. The interferometer fringe motion is recorded with a high speed electronic streak camera, rather than with photomultiplier tubes and oscilloscopes as in previous interferometry systems. With this approach, the particle velocity of a witness foil in a detonation wave experiment was measured with 300-ps time resolution. We believe that 20-ps time resolution can be achieved with this technique which would represent an improvement of two orders of magnitude over previous measurement techniques.
Asymmetric, Catalytic Phenyl Transfer to Aldehydes: Enantioselective Synthesis of Diarylmethanols (2000)

Ausgezeichnete Enantioselektivitäten wurden bei der katalysierten, asymmetrischen Phenylübertragung auf Aldehyde erreicht (siehe Schema). Mit aromatischen Substraten erhält man chirale Diarylmethanole – wertvolle Vorstufen für biologisch und pharmazeutisch interessante Verbindungen.
DIAMOND SYNTHESIS BY DC PLASMA JET CVD (1991)

Abstract This paper reviews our research on diamond synthesis by etc plasma jet CVD. The unique feature of this method is supplying high radical density plasma to a substrate by quenching a thermal plasma. The maximum growth rate is 200 μm/h. The crystallinity measures well in terms of x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The morphology of diamond film is affected strongly by methane concentration and the spacing between the torch nozzle and substrate. Plasma analysis by optical emission spectroscopy indicates that the plasma jet is not in equilibrium and contains many activated radicals. This paper also describes our application of a thick diamond film to the heat sink of a laser diode.
Performance evaluation of motion estimation in DCT transform domain (2008)

Abstract:- Motion estimation is one of the most important steps in video compression algorithms. It reduces temporal redundancy present in frame sequences and allows a better compression of video material. Most of the actual video compression algorithms use “block matching ” methods which operate on the bitmap form of the frames. This paper presents a method for computing the values of DCT coefficients of a block of pixels positioned on certain coordinates over four adjacent blocks using only the DCT coefficients of these four blocks. Performance of this method is analyzed for both integer and non-integer displacements. Also, an equivalent of the full-search algorithm translated in 2D-DCT domain is presented. Key-Words:- motion estimation, block matching, discrete cosine transform, video compression, match function 1
Intracellular Glycosylphosphatidylinositols Accumulate on Endosomes: Toxicity of Alpha-Toxin to<i>Leishmania major</i> (2005)

Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are ubiquitous glycolipids in eukaryotes. In the protozoan Leishmania major, GPIs occur "free" or covalently linked to proteins (e.g., gp63) and polysaccharides. While some free GPIs are detected on the plasma membrane, specific sites where GPIs accumulate intracellularly are unknown in most cells, although the glycolipids are synthesized within the secretory system. Herein, we describe a protocol for identifying intracellular sites of GPI accumulation by using alpha-toxin (from Clostridium septicum). Alpha-toxin bound to gp63 and GPIs from L. major. Intracellular binding sites for alpha-toxin were determined in immunofluorescence assays after removal of GPI-anchored macromolecules (e.g., gp63) from the plasma membrane of fixed cells by using detergent. Endosomes were a major site for GPI accretion in L. major. GPI-less gp63 was detected at the endoplasmic reticulum. In studies with live parasites, alpha-toxin killed L. major with a 50% lethal concentration of 0.77 nM.
Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data (1982)

From Book News, Inc. The latest version of the venerable reference first published in 1946 and most recently in 1982. Considers such aspects as bioclimate design, life-cycle costing, the building shell, architectural ethics, superstructure, acoustics, construction materials technology, daylighting, environmentally responsible design, and evaluating building performance. A special section features design data formatted according to the Uniformat II classification system, offering easy access to preliminary design and specification by building component, assemble, and place in the system of construction. Useful for any professional in the architecture, design, or construction fields. Book News, Inc.(r), Portland. Book Description Our biggest database of ready-to-use architectural design details ever. A classic reference for over 50 years. Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data, edited by Donald Watson, Michael J. Crosbie, and John Hancock Callender, is the all-in-one desktop database that helps you work faster and smarter with instant design details-ready to incorporate into your architectural drawings the moment you need them. Now in a completely revised and updated seventh edition, this time-saving resource...
Permeable Self-Assembled Molecular Containers for Catalyst Isolation Enabling Two-Step Cascade Reactions (2017)

Establishment of a general one-pot cascade reaction protocol would dramatically reduce the effort of multistep organic synthesis. We demonstrate that the unique structure of M<sub>12</sub>L<sub>24</sub> self-assembled complexes gives them the potential to serve as catalyst carriers for enabling continuous chemical transformations. A stereoselective cascade reaction (allylic oxidation followed by Diels-Alder cyclization) with two intrinsically incompatible catalysts was demonstrated. Our system is advantageous in terms of availability, scalability, and predictability.
Decreased Growth of <i>Vhl</i> <sup> − <i>/</i> − </sup> Fibrosarcomas Is Associated with Elevated Levels of Cyclin Kinase Inhibitors p21 and p27 (2005)

Inactivating mutations within the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene predispose patients to develop a variety of highly vascularized tumors. pVHL targets alpha subunits of the heterodimeric transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), a critical regulator of energy metabolism, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, and oxygen (O(2)) delivery, for ubiquitin-mediated degradation in an O(2)-dependent manner. To investigate the role of Vhl in cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis, we utilized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), a common tool for analyzing cell cycle regulation, and generated Vhl(-)(/)(-) MEF-derived fibrosarcomas. Surprisingly, growth of both Vhl(-)(/)(-) MEFs and fibrosarcomas was impaired, although tumor vascularity was increased. Decreased proliferation of Vhl(-)(/)(-) MEFs was correlated with an overexpression of cyclin kinase inhibitors (CKIs) p21 and p27. The transcription of p21 and p27 is inhibited by c-Myc; therefore, the induction of CKIs was attributed to the ability of HIF to antagonize c-Myc activity. Indeed, p21 mRNA levels were elevated under normoxia in Vhl(-)(/)(-) MEFs, while c-Myc transcriptional activity was markedly reduced. Gene silencing of HIF-1alpha by small interfering RNA reduced p21 and p27 protein and mRNA levels in Vhl(-)(/)(-) MEFs. The induction of p21 and p27, mediated by constitutive activation of the HIF pathway, provides a mechanism for the decreased proliferation rates of Vhl(-)(/)(-) MEFs and fibrosarcomas. These results demonstrate that a loss of pVHL can induce growth arrest in certain cells types, which suggests that additional genetic mutations are necessary for VHL-associated tumorigenesis.
IUPAC Commission on the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry and IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. Revised tentative rules for nomenclature of steroids (1969)

2S-6 Shortening of side chains and elimina- tion of methyl groups ... ..
Photovoltaic power for Space Station Freedom (2002)

The Space Station Freedom is described with special attention to its electric power system. The photovoltaic arrays, the battery energy storage system, and the power management and distribution system are discussed. The current design of Freedom's power system and the system requirements, trade studies, and competing factors which lead to system selections are referenced. This will be the largest power system ever flown in space. This system represents the culmination of many developments that have improved system performance, reduced cost, and improved reliability. Key developments and their evolution into the current space station solar array design are briefly described. The features of the solar cell and the array, including the development, design, test, and fight hardware production status, are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Regulation of the Chiral Twist and Supramolecular Chirality in Co‐Assemblies of Amphiphilic <scp>L</scp>‐Glutamic Acid with Bipyridines (2011)

A series of amphiphilic L-glutamic acid derivatives with various saturated alkyl chains has been designed and their co-assembly with 4,4'-bipyridine in aqueous media has been investigated. While the individual amphiphiles formed hydrogels with water and self-assembled into fine fiber networks, the addition of 4,4'-bipyridine caused significant changes in the co-assembled nanostructures such that twisted chiral ribbons were formed. In these supramolecular systems, either fine structural changes or adjustment of the stoichiometric ratio of the two components had crucial effects on the formation of the chiral twists. Based on detailed investigations by SEM and XRD analyses, FTIR, CD, and UV/Vis spectroscopies, and molecular simulation, it is considered that a delicate synergistic balance between π-π stacking, hydrophobic, and chiral interactions is responsible for the formation of the chiral twists. An interesting sandwich structure, in which an excess of 4,4'-bipyridine is inserted into the space of primary cages constructed from the amphiphile and 4,4'-bipyridine, is proposed. Remarkably, the handedness of these chiral twists is related not only to the chiral center of the glutamic unit, but also the chain length of the alkyl tails. This work provides a deeper understanding of the formation mechanism of chiral twists, and exemplifies a feasible shortcut to the rational design of chiral structures from basic molecular structures to supramolecular systems.
Mutagenesis of the beta2-Adrenergic Receptor: How Structure Elucidates Function (1992)

Due to the massive data sets available for drug candidates, modern drug discovery has advanced to the big data era. Central to this shift is the development of artificial intelligence approaches to implementing innovative modeling based on the dynamic, ...Read More
Early and late mortality in hospitalised patients with raised cardiac troponin T (2012)

Hospitalised patients with raised TnT levels from any cause predicted a higher mortality than normal TnT, with worst survival in those without an obvious ACS.
Influence of discharge power level on the properties of hydroxyapatite films deposited on Ti6A14V with RF magnetron sputtering (1995)

The effects of discharge radiofrequency (RF) power and film thickness were studied on the characteristics of Ca5(PO4)3OH (hydroxyapatite) thin films fabricated by RF magnetron sputtering. The structure and chemical composition were investigated with alpha-step (thickness), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), and infrared absorption spectrometry (FTIR). The films were analyzed as-sputtered and after annealing at 550 degrees C under argon flow. SEM showed that the film surfaces had no cracks or other defects. X-ray diffraction showed that the deposited films were amorphous with low-discharge RF power, and crystalline with high-discharge RF power. After annealing, all the films had the same crystalline structure as apatite. However, the RBS measurements revealed that all films had a higher calcium-phosphate ratio than standard synthetic hydroxyapatite. Furthermore, statistical testing of the RBS data revealed the existence of only a weak correlation between the Ca/P ratio and the discharge power level. Although all sputtered films showed phosphate bonds in the infrared spectrum, only after annealing did the OH bonds of hydroxyapatite become visible.
Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticles with Fluorogenic Near-IR-Emitting Squaraine Dyes (2013)

Two squaraine (SQ) dyes, N-propanesulfonate-benzothiazolium squaraine (SQ-1) and N-propanesulfonate-benzoindolium squaraine (SQ-2), were synthesized with sulfonate groups to increase water solubility. Both dyes are almost nonfluorescent in aqueous solution with fluorescent quantum yields of 0.03, but exhibited fluorescence enhancement after noncovalently binding with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Upon addition of BSA, the fluorescence intensity increased by ca. a factor of 10, along with a 10-fold extension in the fluorescence lifetime. SQ-1 and SQ-2 interacted with BSA efficiently and appeared to show a preference for binding at site II, which involves combinational effects of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The fluorogenic squaraine dyes were then used to label BSA, forming BSA-based nanoparticles (NPs) through noncovalent binding. The resulting BSA-SQ NPs exhibited enhanced near-IR fluorescence and reduced aggregation of the squaraine moiety. The BSA-SQ NPs were used for cell incubation and bioimaging studies. Confocal fluorescent images were obtained for HCT 116 cells incubated with the BSA-SQ NPs and LysoSensor Green, demonstrating the utility of the NP probes for intracellular imaging. This strategy ovecomes the generally low fluorescence emission of SQ dyes in water and aggregation-reduced fluorescence, providing a versatile strategy for sensing and imaging in biological environments.
Effect of Polymyxin B on Experimental Shock from Meningococcal and Escherichia coli Endotoxins (1991)

Meningococcemia is the most frequent cause of septic shock in healthy children. To determine whether polymyxin B (PMB) might improve mortality from meningococcal shock, its protective activity was evaluated in rabbits challenged with an LD90 of meningococcal lipooligosaccharide (LOS) and compared with an LD80 of Escherichia coli O111:B4 lipopolysaccharide (LPS). PMB (5 mg/kg) administered intravenously 30 min before meningococcal LOS challenge had no significant effect on heart rate, mean arterial pressure, serum bicarbonate, serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels, or survival relative to controls. However, PMB premixed with LOS in vitro increased serum bicarbonate levels (P less than .05) and improved 24-h survival (P less than .05). In contrast, PMB given before E. coli LPS challenge increased serum bicarbonate levels, decreased TNF levels, and improved 24-h survival (all, P less than .05). In vitro studies confirmed that PMB at 10 micrograms/ml neutralized E. coli LPS but not meningococcal LOS activity. Thus, pretreatment with PMB apparently protects rabbits against shock induced by E. coli LPS but not by meningococcal LOS.
Abstract 17067: MAVERICK-HCM: Phase 2 Randomized, Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Concentration-Guided Study to Evaluate Mavacamten (MYK-461) in Adults With Symptomatic Non-Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (2018)

Introduction: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) carries substantial lifelong morbidity. Mutations in sarcomeric proteins that lead to HCM cause excess contractility, poor relaxation, and inefficient energy utilization. Although obstructive physiology is a prominent feature of disease, approximately 30% of HCM patients experience symptoms in the context of non-obstructive HCM (nHCM). Management options are extremely limited with little other than cardiac transplantation to offer severely affected patients. Mavacamten (MAVA), a first-in-class small molecule, is a selective modulator of cardiac myosin that inhibits the cardiac myosin ATPase to reversibly attenuate cardiac contractility. In addition to its effects on contractility, MAVA has been shown to improve LV compliance in preclinical and clinical studies. The Phase 2 MAVERICK-HCM study is designed to evaluate safety and tolerability, and to provide pilot data on the effects of MAVA on biomarkers, cardiac function, and exercise capacity in nHCM. Methods: This double-blind study will enroll 60 individuals with nHCM (Left ventricular outflow tract gradient <30 mmHg; resting or provoked), NYHA Class II or III, and LVEF ≥55%. Subjects will be randomized 1:1:1 to one of two target plasma drug concentrations (Group 1: ~200 ng/mL and Group 2: ~500 ng/mL) or placebo for 16 weeks. The starting dose of MAVA is 5 mg, with one-step dose titration at Week 6 based on plasma drug concentration. Predefined criteria, including LVEF, will guide study drug discontinuation if indicated. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing will be performed at baseline and Week 16 to assess the impact on exercise capacity. The primary endpoint is the frequency and severity of treatment-emergent adverse events. The study design also includes multiple secondary endpoints including echocardiographic measures of diastolic function, NT-proBNP levels, patient reported outcomes, and physical activity by wearable accelerometer. An independent data monitoring committee will oversee safety. Conclusions: MAVERICK-HCM is testing a novel therapy to improve symptom burden in nHCM; a patient cohort currently lacking effective treatment. By targeting a core molecular mechanism of disease, MAVA has the potential to alter natural history.
Immune Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Diseases Associated With Viral Infection (2020)

Influenza virus infection causes 3-5 million cases of severe illness and 250,000-500,000 deaths worldwide annually. Although pneumonia is the most common complication associated with influenza, there are several reports demonstrating increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. Several clinical case reports, as well as both prospective and retrospective studies, have shown that influenza can trigger cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction (MI), myocarditis, ventricular arrhythmia, and heart failure. A recent study has demonstrated that influenza-infected patients are at highest risk of having MI during the first seven days of diagnosis. Influenza virus infection induces a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and recruitment of immune cells as part of the host immune response. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in influenza-associated cardiovascular diseases will help to improve treatment plans. This review discusses the direct and indirect effects of influenza virus infection on triggering cardiovascular events. Further, we discussed the similarities and differences in epidemiological and pathogenic mechanisms involved in cardiovascular events associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) compared to influenza infection.
The Selective OH Radical Oxidation of Sorbitylfurfural:  A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study (2002)

Sorbitylfurfural (Furalglucitol), widely used in the cosmetic industry as antioxidant and antiinflammatory agent, reacts with hydroxyl radical in neutral aqueous solution with a rate constant almost at the diffusional limit, k1 = 7.3 × 109 M-1 s-1. Despite the unselective character of the OH radical, addition to the 5‘ position in the furanic ring seems to provide the dominant path. The consequent allylic radical undergoes the cleavage of the C−O bond (k2 = 1.7 × 106 s-1) in β position to form a pseudo-seven-atom ring via a hydrogen bond between the attacking OH group and the furanic oxygen. A 1,6 H-shift between the two oxygen atoms (k3 = 1.4 × 105 s-1) then precedes a disproportionation reaction which leads to the final products (k4 = 2.0 × 107 M-1 s-1). The proposed mechanism is based on the UV−vis spectra of intermediates and final products obtained after pulse and gamma radiolysis, on nonlinear kinetic fittings of absorbance versus time curves, on quantum-mechanical calculations of electronic transitions and reaction enthalpies. The two most important final products have been isolated and characterized as sorbityl-but-2-enal derivatives by LC-MS.
The hazard of old lead mines in Wales. (1977)

Two population surveys were conducted near old lead workings in Wales. The first, at Y Fan in the middle of Wales, gave evidence suggestive of a gradient in blood lead level, highest in subjects resident close to the contaminated spoil heaps, and lowest in those who lived in farms some distance away. However, the gradient was significant (P less than 0.05) only in males, and all but one of the blood lead levels were below 2.0 mumol/l. In the second survey, at Halkyn in North Wales, levels in subjects living in the area contaminated by spoil were compared with those in subjects living in a nearby industrial area, and with subjects in a market town some distance away. Mean blood lead in people living in the three areas were homogeneous. These studies give no evidence that old lead workings in Wales are a serious hazard to health.
Protein Kinase B (PknB) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Essential for Growth of the Pathogen in Vitro as well as for Survival within the Host (2014)

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein kinase B (PknB) comprises an intracellular kinase domain, connected through a transmembrane domain to an extracellular region that contains four PASTA domains. The present study describes the comprehensive analysis of different domains of PknB in the context of viability in avirulent and virulent mycobacteria. We find stringent regulation of PknB expression necessary for cell survival, with depletion or overexpression of PknB leading to cell death. Although PknB-mediated kinase activity is essential for cell survival, active kinase lacking the transmembrane or extracellular domain fails to complement conditional mutants not expressing PknB. By creating chimeric kinases, we find that the intracellular kinase domain has unique functions in the virulent strain, which cannot be substituted by other kinases. Interestingly, we find that although the presence of the C-terminal PASTA domain is dispensable in the avirulent M. smegmatis, all four PASTA domains are essential in M. tuberculosis. The differential behavior of PknB vis-à-vis the number of essential PASTA domains and the specificity of kinase domain functions suggest that PknB-mediated growth and signaling events differ in virulent compared with avirulent mycobacteria. Mouse infection studies performed to determine the role of PknB in mediating pathogen survival in the host demonstrate that PknB is not only critical for growth of the pathogen in vitro but is also essential for the survival of the pathogen in the host.
Advanced Optical Ceramics (1979)

Abstract : The objective of this study is to identify and develop revolutionary advanced material suitable for electro-optical/electro-magnetic (EO/EM) windows, IR dome and radomes capable of meeting mission requirements anticipated for the 1990 decade and beyond. Experimental work was directed at synthesis and characterization of the candidate window materials. The toughness enhancement study and the optical modelling continue to indicate the feasibility of toughening of optical materials. In conjunction with known equilibria data, identification was made of the most feasible toughened systems for windowas and enclosures. The most interesting candidates in this category are: (a) cubic stabilized ZrO2/ unstabilized ZrO2; (b) (A1203-Cr203) solid solution/ unstabilized ZrO2, because in both of these cases the index of refraction of the second phase particle is anticipated to match closely that of the matrix. A systematic evaluation of potential new candidates was made and a theory for prediction of low coefficient of thermal expansion crystals was developed. This study indentified, among others, the Beta' sialon ceramics as an important category.