gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduced Gate-Leakage Current and Charge Trapping Characteristics of Dysprosium-Incorporated $\hbox{HfO}_{2}$ Gate-Oxide n-MOS Devices (2011)

The higher effective barrier height of Dy <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> , which is around 2.32 eV calculated from the Fowler-Nordheim plot, accounts for the reduced leakage current in Dy-incorporated HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor devices. The lower barrier height of HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> characterizes the increasing electron-tunneling currents enhanced by the buildup of hole charges trapped in oxide, which causes a severe increase in the stress-induced leakage current (SILC), leading to oxide breakdown. However, the increased barrier height in Dy-incorporated HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> inhibits a further increase in the electron tunneling from the TaN gate, and trapped holes lessen the hole-tunneling currents, resulting in a negligible SILC. The lower trap generation rate by the reduced hole trap density and the reduced hole tunneling of the Dy-doped HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> dielectric demonstrate the high dielectric-breakdown strength by weakening the charge trapping and the defect generation during the stress.
On-line algorithms (1999)

Over the past twelve years, online algorithms have received considerable research interest. Online problems had been investigated already in the seventies and early eighties but an extensive, systematic study started only when Sleator and Tarjan
Comparative Distribution of Glutamate Transporters and Receptors in Relation to Afferent Innervation Density in the Mammalian Cochlea (2003)

The local expression of proteins involved in handling glutamate may be regulated by the number and activity of synapses in regions of glutamatergic innervation. The systematically varying innervation of inner hair cells (IHCs) of the cochlea provides a model to test this suggestion. IHCs are glutamatergic and form a single row along the cochlear spiral. Along this row the number of afferent fibers terminating on IHCs increases toward the base, reaching a peak and thereafter declining. The afferents are segregated so that higher spontaneous rate fibers terminate on the pillar-cell side of the IHC and lower rate fibers terminate on the modiolar side. Using immunofluorescence and postembedding immunogold labeling, we investigated the distributions of the glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST or excitatory amino acid transporter 1), vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT1), and the AMPA receptor glutamate receptor 4 (GluR4) along the spiral. Immunofluorescent labeling for GLAST in IHC supporting cells increased in intensity to a peak in the region of 6-9 mm from the apex. Immunogold labeling for GLAST was greater overall in these cells in the 10 mm region than in the 1 mm region and also on the pillar-cell side of the IHC compared with the modiolar side. Immunogold labeling for GluR4 was confined to synaptic sites, represented by puncta in immunofluorescence. The relative numbers of puncta changed with a gradient similar to that of GLAST labeling. VGLUT1 labeling occurred in IHCs but showed no clear cochleotopic gradient. These data suggest that both the density of innervation and the activity levels of glutamatergic synapses may be involved in modulating regional expression of GLAST.
Crystal Structure and Superconductivity Controlled by Cation Substitution and Oxygen Annealing in Y<sub>1-x</sub>Ca<sub>x</sub>Ba<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>y</sub> and YBa<sub>2-x</sub>La<sub>x</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>y</sub> (1988)

The effects of Ca 2+ substitution for Y 3+ and La 3+ substitution for Ba 2+ in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 on the structural and superconducting properties were studied to control the average copper charge. Single-phase tripled perovskites were obtained for 0≦ x ≦0.2 and 0≦ x ≦1.0 for Ca and La doped series, respectively. A slight decrease of T c with increasing x was found for small x values for both kinds of substituted specimens prepared by furnace cooling in air. Oxygen annealing experiments were also carried out. These suggested that the superconduction in the Y-Ba-Cu-O system cannot be interpreted only by oxygen content or average copper charge.
Digital Payments: Blockchain based Security Concerns and Future (2020)

Technological growth has been tremendous in the past few decades and has brought significant changes in the lifestyle of human beings. One such field where the growth of technology brought a radical change is the field of transactions. Introduction of digital payments and digital money brought a whole new dimension in money payments and transactions. Policies of different governments has encouraged and also discouraged the use of various types of digital money. Still digital payments are ever growing in terms of volume. Still digital payments are not widespread as traditional cash transactions due to various security issues, threats, vulnerabilities and mostly the people's fear or doubt on its security aspects. The paper addresses such issues and finally proposes a better enhancement for the existing digital payment technologies by using secured and privacy sensitive technologies like blockchain.
A new concept for weight reduction of large direct drive machines (2008)

This paper looks into a new concept for reducing the structural weight of large direct drive generators used in wind turbines. The concept uses magnetic bearings to position the rotor of the machine. The weight of the rotor using the new concept is compared to a rotor designed with conventional methods. The comparison of a 5 MW generator rotor structural material shows about 45% reduction of weight of the rotor.
Structural modification of bioactive compounds. II. Syntheses of aminophosphonoic acids. (1984)

To develop antagonists which show selectivity in blocking neurotransmitters, several aminophosphonoic acids, 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (IVb), 2-amino-4-(2-phosphonomethylphenyl) butyric acid (VIII), 2-(2-amino-2-carboxy) ethylphenylphosphonic acid (XIc), and N-benzylproline-4-phosphonic acid (XIX), were synthesized. Compounds IVb, VIII, and XIc were prepared from the corresponding halides (V, Xa, and XIa, respectively) by treatment with sodium diethyl acetamidomalonate (VI). Compound XIX was synthesized via 1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition of ethyl N-benzyl-N-phenylthiomethylglycinate (XV) to diethyl vinylphosphonate (XVI).
The Oligomerization Domain of the Asialoglycoprotein Receptor Preferentially Forms 2:2 Heterotetramers in Vitro (1996)

The human hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor is a noncovalent hetero-oligomer composed of two homologous subunits, H1 and H2, with an as yet unknown stoichiometry. Ligand specificity and binding affinity depend on the arrangement of the subunits in the complex. An 80-amino acid segment connecting the transmembrane and the carbohydrate binding domains contains heptad repeats characteristic of alpha-helical coiled coil structure. We expressed and purified corresponding peptides, H1S and H2S, and confirmed by circular dichroism spectroscopy that they can assume alpha-helical conformation. Oxidative cross-linking of amino-terminal cysteines generated specific covalent oligomers, indicating that separately H1S forms trimers and H2S tetramers. Upon mixing, covalent heterotetramers were formed with a preferred stoichiometry of 2 H1S and 2 H2S peptides. These results suggest that the stalk segments of the receptor subunits oligomerize to constitute an alpha-helical coiled coil stalk on top of which the carbohydrate binding domains are exposed for ligand binding. We propose that the functional asialoglycoprotein receptor is a 2:2 heterotetramer.
Noise excitation of half-integer quadrupolar spins at high field (1995)

Quadrupolar parameters for half-integer nuclear spins are often derived by an analysis of the second-order broadening superposed on the central transition spectrum. Under typical conditions, where the exciting radiofrequency fields are weaker than first-order quadrupolar splittings, distortions in lineshape and intensity are difficult to avoid. We apply stochastic excitation to these systems and demonstrate that undistorted lineshapes can be observed independent of the magnitude of the quadrupolar interaction. This should provide a significant improvement in quantitative measures of nuclear spin densities.
Interactions Responsible for the pH Dependence of the β‐Hairpin Conformational Population Formed by a Designed Linear Peptide (1995)

In a previous work [Blanco, F.J., Jiménez, M.A., Herranz, J., Rico, M., Santoro, J. & Nieto, J. L. (1993) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 5887-5888] we showed that a short, designed linear peptide, YQNPDGSQA (peptide 1), can form a monomeric beta hairpin in aqueous solution. The pH dependence of the beta-hairpin conformation formed by the designed peptide and a series of related peptides has been examined in this work using 1H-NMR methods. Three pH-dependent interactions have been identified: a local interaction, unimportant structurally, between the C-terminal carboxylate group and the side-chain amide group of Q8; an electrostatic interaction between the main-chain N-terminus and C-terminus; and a hydrogen bond involving the side-chain amide protons of N3 and the side-chain carboxylate group of D5. The latter two interactions are particularly relevant as they increase the population of the beta-hairpin conformation. We also observe in the mutant peptide A9H that the interaction between Y1 and H9 (of the type proposed to exist in proteins) does not contribute to beta-hairpin stabilisation in our peptide system. Peptide 1 is, therefore, a very suitable model to examine the different interactions that contribute to beta-hairpin stability.
Calcium-Induced Differentiation of Human Colon Adenomas in Colonoid Culture: Calcium Alone versus Calcium with Additional Trace Elements (2018)

Previous murine studies have demonstrated that dietary Aquamin, a calcium-rich, multi-mineral natural product, suppressed colon polyp formation and transition to invasive tumors more effectively than calcium alone when provided over the lifespan of the animals. In the current study, we compared calcium alone to Aquamin for modulation of growth and differentiation in human colon adenomas in colonoid culture. Colonoids established from normal colonic tissue were examined in parallel. Both calcium alone at 1.5 mmol/L and Aquamin (provided at 1.5 mmol/L calcium) fostered differentiation in the adenoma colonoid cultures as compared with control (calcium at 0.15 mmol/L). When Aquamin was provided at an amount delivering 0.15 mmol/L calcium, adenoma differentiation also occurred, but was not as complete. Characteristic of colonoids undergoing differentiation was a reduction in the number of small, highly proliferative buds and their replacement by fewer but larger buds with smoother surface. Proliferation marker (Ki67) expression was reduced and markers of differentiation (CK20 and occludin) were increased along with E-cadherin translocalization to the cell surface. Additional proteins associated with differentiation/growth control [including histone-1 family members, certain keratins, NF2 (merlin), olfactomedin-4 and metallothioneins] were altered as assessed by proteomics. Immunohistologic expression of NF2 was higher with Aquamin as compared with calcium at either concentration. These findings support the conclusions that (i) calcium (1.5 mmol/L) has the capacity to modulate growth and differentiation in large human colon adenomas and (ii) Aquamin delivering 0.15 mmol/L calcium has effects on proliferation and differentiation not observed when calcium is used alone at this concentration. <i>Cancer Prev Res; 11(7); 413-28. ©2018 AACR</i>.
A PAPR Reduction Method Using the Correlation of Information in OFDM Communication System (2005)

In this paper, a new PAPR reduction method using correlation of input data sequence is proposed in order to overcome the serious drawbacks, such as necessity of side information transmission or increase of system complexity and calculation. A new PAPR reduction method can be classified into method 1 and method 2. Method 1 reduces the correlation between the smallest sub-sequence and neighbor smallest subsequence. To consider the own correlation in detail, the method 1 reduces two cases of correlation between neighbor smallest sub-sequences and neighbor largest sub-sequences. Method 1 and method 2 has about 0.5-0.8 dB and 1-1.2 dB PAPR reduction effect respectively. If more detailed process is considered, we can achieve better PAPR reduction performance
The Formation of Ethers from Nerol and <i>l</i>-Linalool in the Presence of Boron Trifluoride Etherate (1975)

Abstract Upon treatment with boron trifluoride etherate at room temperature, dl-linaloyl neryl, dl-geranyl linaloyl, dl-neryl α-terpenyl, and dineryl ethers were obtained from nerol and linaloyl neryl, l-geranyl linaloyl, dl-neryl α-terpenyl, and l-linaloyl piperityl ethers, from l-linalool. Of these ethers, linaloyl piperityl ether was thought to be formed by the cyclization of linaloyl neryl and geranyl linaloyl ethers.
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1-methyl-3-oxo-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydroisoquinolins as potential EZH2 inhibitors (2015)

This study led to the discovery of several potent compounds with low nanomolar to sub-nanomolar potency for EZH2.
A ghost cancelation system for the NTSC television (1993)

A ghost canceler for the NTSC television system is described. A three-chip digital filter with a total of 648 taps is used to adaptively cancel the ghosts. An external digital signal processor analyzes the ghosting scenario and provides the optimal set of coefficients for the filter. An interrupt driven scheme is designed to minimize the system memory requirement even when a large number of samples are needed to reduce noise. The tests show that the system can cancel the off-the-air ghosts with good performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Spatial Sound With Loudspeakers and Its Perception: A Review of the Current State (2013)

This paper reviews the current state of loudspeaker-based spatial sound reproduction methods from technical perspective as well as perceptual perspective. A nomenclature is developed that allows for a strict separation between these two perspectives. The physical fundamentals, practical realization, and results from perceptual studies are discussed for a number of well-established and emerging reproduction techniques. Further, the paper outlines novel approaches to spatial sound evaluation in terms of perceived quality and provides a comparison of current approaches.
Novel investigations of sulfimide systems (2011)

A Doctoral Thesis. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University.
Effect of Roller Profile and Misalignment in EHL of Finite Line Contacts (2010)

All the rollers of cylindrical and tapered roller bearing are axially profiled to relieve high edge stress concentration caused by mainly their finite length and by misalignment. In this paper, a numerical solution of the EHL of finite line contacts is presented for axially profiled and misaligned (tilted) cylindrical roller. Applying a finite difference method with non-uniform grids and the Newton-Raphson method, the highly nonlinear problems are systematically solved. Physically consistent solutions are obtained for moderate load and material parameters, and very small misalignment. For two different dub-off radii and various misalignment angles, contours and sectional plots of pressure and film shape near edge regions are compared, and variations of the minimum film thicknesses are showed. The effect of misalignment on the EHL pressure distribution is much higher than the film shapes. The absolute minimum film thickness decreases highly with misalignment angle and profile radius while the central minimum film thickness at the footprint center is nearly constant.
Human shape recognition performance and pin-matrix density in a 3 dimensional tactile display (2002)

The purpose of this paper is to provide the relationship between the pin-matrix density of a tactile display and the recognition performance of displayed 3-dimensional shapes. Three kinds of pin-matrix tactile displays, that generate 3D shapes, were used for the experiment. The pitch of pin was 5mm, 3mm, 2mm for each. As we assumed that surfaces, edges and vertices were the primitive information of the 3D shapes, tested shapes were classified into these three categories. The results obtained revealed that performance has different relationships to pin pitch with different shape primitives. The results of this study should be effective as fundamental knowledge to be used in developing tactile presentation devices, which have been receiving attention in recent years in the study of human interfaces, especially in the area of virtual reality technology.
The demonstration of alternating contractile state in pulsus alternans (1970)

Pulsus alternans was induced in 11 anesthetized, open-chest dogs by rapid atrial pacing, and the left ventricular filling characteristics and length-tension-velocity relationship of alternating beats were compared. The end-diastolic circumferences (cire) of the strong beats were slightly, but significantly, increased over the weak beats (7.3 > 6.9 cm, P < 0.01), confirming that diastolic filling does alternate in pulsus alternans. This alternation in initial fiber length seemed to result from an alternation in the prior end-systolic length, rather than from an alternation in diastolic filling time or compliance. There was also no difference in end-diastolic tension as measured by an isometric strain gauge suggesting no difference in contractile element relaxation before weak and strong beats. THE CONTRACTILE STATE OF THE STRONG BEATS WAS CONSISTENTLY GREATER THAN THAT OF THE WEAK BEATS WHEN CONTRACTILITY WAS DEFINED IN TERMS OF: (a) V(max) (3.13 > 2.53 circ/sec, P < 0.01); and (b) the velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (0.84 > 0.39 circ/sec, P < 0.001) and developed tension (82.5 > 74 g/cm, P < 0.01) at isolength. The length-tension-velocity relationship of the left ventricle also varied between strong and weak beats when: (a) the maximum velocity of contractile element shortening at least common tension (1.68 > 1.28 circ/sec, P < 0.05); and (b) the velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (0.81 > 0.39 circ/sec, P < 0.001) at maximum developed tension were examined. Analysis of the length-tension-velocity characteristics of sequential beats at the onset of alternans in three dogs suggests that an alternation in contractility initiates alternans, with secondary alternations in ventricular filling. Cross-clamping of the aorta in three other dogs essentially eliminated the alternating changes in end-diastolic length and pressure, while the resultant isovolumic contractions continued to demonstrate clear evidence of pulsus alternans in the ventricular systolic pressure, suggesting the persistance of an alternating contractile state. The evidence suggests that an important mechanism in the production and propagation of pulsus alternans, as produced in the intact canine ventricle by rapid pacing, is a beat-to-beat alternation in contractile state with secondary alternations in ventricular filling.
Electron cyclotron resonance plasma etching using downstream magnetic confinement (1992)

We demonstrate that electron cyclotron resonance plasma etching with a magnetically confined plasma in the region of the sample produces an enhanced etch rate, an anisotropic etch profile, and low self-bias voltage. Results are presented for GaAs etch rates, etch profiles, and macroscopic etch uniformity using a SiCl4 plasma, comparing the effects of a confining magnetic field and a diverging magnetic field in the reactor. The etch rates and saturated ion current density to the sample are found to be correlated. An anisotropic near vertical etch profile with smooth-etched surfaces is obtained with a negative self-bias voltage of typically 5–25 V for electrically floating samples in a magnetically confined plasma. When the magnetic field lines are perpendicular to the sample surface, the measured macroscopic etch uniformity is ±6% across a 5 cm diam wafer.
[Effect of ephedrine on gastric emptying in obese patients]. (1991)

In 8 obese women the effect was assessed of ephedrine (Ephedrinum hydrochloricum, Polfa) on gastric emptying after solid food. The authors found that ephedrine in a dose 50 mg p.o. revealed a significantly inhibiting of the gastric emptying in obese women.
Development and characterization of a tissue equivalent plastic scintillator based dosimetry system (2005)

High precision techniques in radiation therapy, such as intensity modulated radiation therapy, offer the potential for improved target coverage and increased normal tissue sparing compared with conformal radiotherapy. The complex fluence maps used in many of these techniques, however, often lead to more challenging quality assurance with dose verification being labor-intensive and time consuming. A prototype dose verification system has been developed using a tissue equivalent plastic scintillator that provides easy-to-acquire, rapid, digital dose measurements in a plane perpendicular to the beam. The system consists of a water-filled Lucite phantom with a scintillator screen built into the top surface. The phantom contains a silver coated plastic mirror to reflect scintillation light towards a viewing window where it is captured using a charge coupled device camera and a personal computer. Optical photon spread is removed using a microlouvre optical collimator and by deconvolving a glare kernel from the raw images. A characterization of the system was performed that included measurements of linear output response, dose rate dependence, spatial linearity, effective pixel size, signal uniformity and both short- and long-term reproducibility. The average pixel intensity for static, regular shaped fields between 3 cm X 3 cm and 12 cm x 12 cm imaged with the system was found to be linear in the dose delivered with linear regression analysis yielding a correlation coefficient r2 > 0.99. Effective pixel size was determined to be 0.53 mm/pixel. The system was found to have a signal uniformity of 5.6% and a long-term reproducibility/stability of 1.7% over a 6 month period. The system's ability to verify a dynamic treatment field was evaluated using 60 degrees dynamic wedged fields and comparing the results to two-dimensional film dosimetry. Results indicate agreement with two-dimensional film dosimetry distributions within 8% inside the field edges. With further development, this system promises to provide a fast, directly digital, and tissue equivalent alternative to current dose verification systems.