gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cytochrome <i>c</i> release from mitochondria proceeds by a two-step process (2002)

Cytochrome c is often released from mitochondria during the early stages of apoptosis, although the precise mechanisms regulating this event remain unclear. In this study, with isolated liver mitochondria, we demonstrate that cytochrome c release requires a two-step process. Because cytochrome c is present as loosely and tightly bound pools attached to the inner membrane by its association with cardiolipin, this interaction must first be disrupted to generate a soluble pool of this protein. Specifically, solubilization of cytochrome c involves a breaching of the electrostatic and/or hydrophobic affiliations that this protein usually maintains with cardiolipin. Once cytochrome c is solubilized, permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane by Bax is sufficient to allow the extrusion of this protein into the extramitochondrial environment. Neither disrupting the interaction of cytochrome c with cardiolipin, nor permeabilizing the outer membrane with Bax, alone, is sufficient to trigger this protein's release. This mechanism also extends to conditions of mitochondrial permeability transition insofar as cytochrome c release is significantly depressed when the electrostatic interaction between cytochrome c and cardiolipin remains intact. Our results indicate that the release of cytochrome c involves a distinct two-step process that is undermined when either step is compromised.
Femtosecond-laser-based synthesis of ultrastable microwave signals from optical frequency references (2005)

We use femtosecond laser frequency combs to convert optical frequency references to the microwave domain, where we demonstrate the synthesis of 10-GHz signals having a fractional frequency instability of < or =3.5 x 10(-15) at a 1-s averaging time, limited by the optical reference. The residual instability and phase noise of the femtosecond-laser-based frequency synthesizers are 6.5 x 10(-16) at 1 s and -98 dBc/Hz at a 1-Hz offset from the 10-GHz carrier, respectively. The timing jitter of the microwave signals is 3.3 fs.
Closing the query processing loop in Oracle 11g (2008)

The role of a query optimizer in a database system is to find the best execution plan for a given SQL statement based on statistics about the objects related to the tables referenced in the statement. These statistics include the tables themselves, their indexes, and other derived objects. Statistics include the number of rows, space utilization on disk, distribution of column values, etc. Optimization also relies on system statistics, such as the I/O bandwidth of the storage sub-system. All of this information is fed into a cost model. The cost model is used to compute the cost whenever the query optimizer needs to make a decision for an access path, join method, join order, or query transformation. The optimizer picks the alternative that yields the lowest cost. The quality of the final execution plan depends primarily on the quality of the information fed into the cost model as well as the cost model itself. In this paper, we discuss two of the problems that affect the quality of execution plans generated by the query optimizer: the cardinality of intermediate results and host variable values. We will give details of the solutions we introduced in Oracle 11g. Our approach establishes a bridge from the SQL execution engine to the SQL compiler. The bridge brings valuable information to help the query optimizer assess the impact of its decisions and make better decisions for future executions of the SQL statement. We illustrate the merits of our solutions based on experiments using the Oracle E-Business Suite workload.
Electrokinetic chromatography with micellar solution and open-tubular capillary (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrokinetic chromatography with micellar solution and open-tubular capillaryShigeru. Terabe, Koji. Otsuka, and Teiichi. AndoCite this: Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 4, 834–841Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00281a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00281a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1069Altmetric-Citations1039LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
CMOS shunt regulator with bandgap reference for automotive environment (1994)

A temperature-stable shunt regulator for automotive environments using standard digital CMOS technology is described. The new technique employed to implement the bandgap reference cell reduces the influence of the high offset input voltages present in the CMOS op-amps and allows for a simple and cost-effective design of a nontrimmed chip with good temperature characteristics. The shunt regulator operates from battery voltages as low as 6 V and withstands voltage peaks up to 120 V. The regulated output voltage (5.15 V) presents a temperature coefficient of 140 ppm/ degrees C in the -15 to +105 degrees C temperature range. The shunt regulator was integrated in a custom automotive CMOS digital chip and occupies 0.53 mm2.
Non-clinical toxicological considerations for pharmaceutical salt selection (2012)

Given the large numbers of pharmaceutical salts approved for use in the USA, relatively little non-clinical toxicologic data are available for commonly used counter ions. This information gap leaves the non-clinical toxicologist with limited resources to assess the impact of a counter ion on the toxicologic program for an NCE. The data summarized in this review provide a starting point toward a more detailed understanding of counter ion-related effects on the toxicity of pharmaceutical salts.
CURVAS PARALELAS EXPLÍCITAS DE LAS CURVAS CÓNICAS NO DEGENERADAS PARA EL TORNEADO CNC DE LENTES Y ESPEJOS ASFÉRICO-CÓNICOS (EXPLICIT PARALLEL CURVES OF NON-DEGENERATE CONIC CURVES FOR THE TURNED CNC OF ASPHERIC-CONIC LENSES AND MIRRORS) (2013)

Este articulo presenta el metodo para obtener, en coordenadas cartesianas, las lineas curvas paralelas de las curvas conicas no degeneradas, por metodos analiticos y numericos. Se define el offset como una funcion paralela a la funcion original a una distancia r. El offset de una conica es importante para los procesos de fabricacion de mecanismos, lentes, espejos y moldes; especialmente en el torneado con control numerico computarizado (CNC) de superficies de revolucion con secciones conicas, usando buriles de diamante con punta de radio r. Tambien se presenta una tecnica refinada usando interpolacion circular segmentaria para construir numericamente el offset de una parabola, que tambien puede usarse como modelo para determinar el offset de la elipse y de la hiperbola. Abstract: This paper presents the method to obtain, in Cartesian coordinates, the parallel curve lines of non-degenerate conical curves, by analytical and numerical methods. Offset is defined as parallel function to the original function to a distance r. Offset of a conic is important for the manufacturing processes of mechanisms, lenses, mirrors, and molds; especially in the turning with computerized numerical control (CNC) of surfaces of revolution with conical sections, using diamond tools of radio r. Also a refined tip technique using segmental circular interpolation to numerically construct the parabola offset is presented, that also can be used as model to determine offsets of ellipse and hyperbola.
Apache Calcite: A Foundational Framework for Optimized Query Processing Over Heterogeneous Data Sources (2018)

Apache Calcite is a foundational software framework that provides query processing, optimization, and query language support to many popular open-source data processing systems such as Apache Hive, Apache Storm, Apache Flink, Druid, and MapD. Calcite's architecture consists of a modular and extensible query optimizer with hundreds of built-in optimization rules, a query processor capable of processing a variety of query languages, an adapter architecture designed for extensibility, and support for heterogeneous data models and stores (relational, semi-structured, streaming, and geospatial). This flexible, embeddable, and extensible architecture is what makes Calcite an attractive choice for adoption in big-data frameworks. It is an active project that continues to introduce support for the new types of data sources, query languages, and approaches to query processing and optimization.
Final in-line filtration: removal of contaminants from IV fluids and drugs. (1983)

The administration of intravenous fluids or drugs may allow particulate and microbiologic contamination to enter the bloodstream. Studies have implicated injected particles as a cause of postinfusion phlebitis. The process of manufacturing the infusion product will influence the type and quantify of injected particles. Particles greater than 8 microns are filtered by the lung, and depending on their reactivity, can cause pulmonary granulomas. Particles below 8 microns are initially filtered, cleared by phagocytosis, and ultimately migrate to the liver and spleen. Both nonvisible particles and microbial contaminants of fluids and drugs can be effectively removed by 0.45- or 0.22-micron in-line final filtration. When filters are employed, problems can occur, including air locking, clogging, and drug-binding. A knowledge of why and to what extent these problems can occur will allow in-line filters to be used effectively by health care practitioners.
Analysis of the histone acetyltransferase B complex of maize embryos (1999)

Purified histone acetyltransferase B (HAT-B) from maize consists of two subunits, p50 and p45. Cloning of the cDNA and genomic DNA encoding the catalytic subunit p50 revealed a consensus motif reminiscent of other acetyltransferases. Internal peptide sequences and immunological studies identified p45 as a protein related to the Retinoblastoma associated protein Rbap. Antibodies against recombinant p50 were able to immunoprecipitate the enzymatic activity of p50 as well as p45. Consistent with the idea that HAT-B is involved in acetylation of newly synthesized histone H4 during DNA replication, mRNA and protein levels are correlated with S-phases during embryo germination. Inhibition of histone deacetylases by HC toxin or Trichostatin A caused a decrease of the in vivo expression of HAT-B mRNA. Regardless of its predominant cytoplasmic localization, a significant proportion of HAT-B-p50 is present in nuclei, irrespective of the cell cycle stage, suggesting an additional nuclear function.
Dynamic Polarization of Single Nuclear Spins by Optical Pumping of Nitrogen-Vacancy Color Centers in Diamond at Room Temperature (2009)

We report a versatile method to polarize single nuclear spins in diamond, based on optical pumping of a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect and mediated by a level anticrossing in its excited state. A nuclear-spin polarization higher than 98% is achieved at room temperature for the 15N nuclear spin associated with the NV center, corresponding to microK effective nuclear-spin temperature. We then show simultaneous initialization of two nuclear spins in the vicinity of a NV defect. Such robust control of nuclear-spin states is a key ingredient for further scaling up of nuclear-spin based quantum registers in diamond.
Graph-based active learning of agglomeration (GALA): a Python library to segment 2D and 3D neuroimages (2014)

The aim in high-resolution connectomics is to reconstruct complete neuronal connectivity in a tissue. Currently, the only technology capable of resolving the smallest neuronal processes is electron microscopy (EM). Thus, a common approach to network reconstruction is to perform (error-prone) automatic segmentation of EM images, followed by manual proofreading by experts to fix errors. We have developed an algorithm and software library to not only improve the accuracy of the initial automatic segmentation, but also point out the image coordinates where it is likely to have made errors. Our software, called gala (graph-based active learning of agglomeration), improves the state of the art in agglomerative image segmentation. It is implemented in Python and makes extensive use of the scientific Python stack (numpy, scipy, networkx, scikit-learn, scikit-image, and others). We present here the software architecture of the gala library, and discuss several designs that we consider would be generally useful for other segmentation packages. We also discuss the current limitations of the gala library and how we intend to address them.
Molecular Reinforcement of Transparent Materials With Acrylamide‐Modified Calix[4]arene as a Crosslinker (2012)

Abstract The synthesis of 5,11,17,23‐amino‐25,26,27,28‐propoxycalix[4]arene (calix[4]amine, 4 ) starting from 5,11,17,23‐nitro‐25,26,27,28‐propoxy‐calix[4]arene ( 3 ) via microwave‐assisted transfer hydrogenation is reported. Furthermore, the calix[4]amine ( 4 ) is functionalized with an acrylamide moiety. The swelling behavior in water, the influence on the glass transition temperature, and the shear modulus of a crosslinked N,N‐ dimethylacrylamide (NDA) polymer with 5,11,17,23‐acrylamido‐25,26,27,28‐propoxycalix[4]arene ( 5 ) and EGDMA, respectively, are investigated. magnified image
Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity Is Suppressed by Exposure to the Human NKG2D Ligand MICA*008 That Is Shed by Tumor Cells in Exosomes (2010)

The MHC class I-related chain (MIC) A and MICB ligands for the activating receptor NKG2D can be shed from tumor cells, and the presence of these soluble molecules in sera is related with compromised immune response and progression of disease. Recently, thiol disulphide isomerases and members of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) gene family were identified as key enzymes in mediating MICA/B shedding from cells. Here, we report shedding of the most frequently expressed MICA allele in human populations (MICA*008) into exosomes, small membrane vesicles that are secreted upon fusion with the plasma membrane. Although similar to other MICA/B molecules in the extracellular domain, the predicted transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of MICA*008 are quite different, and this difference seemed to be critical for the mode of release from tumor cells. Treatment of natural killer (NK) cells with exosomes containing MICA*008 molecules not only triggered downregulation of NKG2D from the cell surface but also provoked a marked reduction in NK cytotoxicity that is independent of NKG2D ligand expression by the target cell. Our findings reveal a mechanism of NK suppression in cancer that may facilitate immune escape and progression.
Surface and Electrical Characterization of Ag/AgCl Pseudo-Reference Electrodes Manufactured with Commercially Available PCB Technologies (2015)

Lab-on-Chip is a technology that could potentially revolutionize medical Point-of-Care diagnostics. Considerable research effort is focused towards innovating production technologies that will make commercial upscaling financially viable. Printed circuit board manufacturing techniques offer several prospects in this field. Here, we present a novel approach to manufacturing Printed Circuit Board (PCB)-based Ag/AgCl reference electrodes, an essential component of biosensors. Our prototypes were characterized both structurally and electrically. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to evaluate the electrode surface characteristics. Electrical characterization was performed to determine stability and pH dependency. Finally, we demonstrate utilization along with PCB pH sensors, as a step towards a fully integrated PCB platform, comparing performance with discrete commercial reference electrodes.
Distributed and collaborative traffic monitoring in software defined networks (2014)

Network traffic monitoring supports fundamental network management tasks. However, monitoring tasks introduce non-trivial overhead to network devices such as switches. We propose a Distributed and Collaborative Monitoring system, named DCM, with the following properties. First, DCM allows switches to collaboratively achieve flow monitoring tasks and balance measurement load. Second, DCM is able to perform per-flow monitoring, by which different groups of flows are monitored using different actions. Third, DCM is a memory-efficient solution for switch data plane and guarantees system scalability. DCM uses novel two-stage Bloom filters to represent monitoring rules using small memory space. It utilizes the centralized SDN control to install, update, and reconstruct the two-stage Bloom filters in the switch data plane. We study how DCM performs two representative monitoring tasks, namely flow size counting and packet sampling, and evaluate its performance. Experiments using real data center and ISP traffic data on real network topologies show that DCM achieves highest measurement accuracy among existing solutions given the same memory budget of switches.
The Constitution of the So-Called “Pechmann Dyes” and the Mechanism of Their Formation from Beta-Benzoylacrylic Acid (1924)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
More is Less: On the End-to-End Security of Group Chats in Signal, WhatsApp, and Threema (2018)

Secure instant messaging is utilized in two variants: one-to-one communication and group communication. While the first variant has received much attention lately (Frosch et al., EuroS Cohn-Gordon et al., EuroS Kobeissi et al., EuroS&P17), little is known about the cryptographic mechanisms and security guarantees of secure group communication in instant messaging. To approach an investigation of group instant messaging protocols, we first provide a comprehensive and realistic security model. This model combines security and reliability goals from various related literature to capture relevant properties for communication in dynamic groups. Thereby the definitions consider their satisfiability with respect to the instant delivery of messages. To show its applicability, we analyze three widely used real-world protocols: Signal, WhatsApp, and Threema. By applying our model, we reveal several shortcomings with respect to the security definition. Therefore we propose generic countermeasures to enhance the protocols regarding the required security and reliability goals. Our systematic analysis reveals that (1) the communications' integrity - represented by the integrity of all exchanged messages - and (2) the groups' closeness - represented by the members' ability of managing the group - are not end-to-end protected. We additionally show that strong security properties, such as Future Secrecy which is a core part of the one-to-one communication in the Signal protocol, do not hold for its group communication.
Blood-Brain Barrier: Penetration of Morphine, Codeine, Heroin, and Methadone after Carotid Injection (1972)

Labeled morphine, codeine, heroin, or methadone was injected as a bolus into the common carotid artery of the rat, and the rat was decapitated 15 seconds later. The brain uptake of the drug was calculated by measurement of the brain content of the drug as a percentage of a labeled, highly diffusible reference substance simultaneously injected. The uptake of morphine was below measurability; the uptake of codeine was 24 percent; heroin, 68 percent; and methadone, 42 percent. Brain uptakes of morphine and codeine were also studied after intravenous injection and correlated well with uptakes after carotid injection; the uptake of codeine being nearly complete by 30 seconds. These studies indicate that brain uptake of certain of these drugs is very rapid and that uptake of heroin injected intravenously is probably limited by the regional flow of blood in the brain. The possible relation of this rapid penetration of the blood-brain barrier by heroin to its strongly addictive properties is discussed.
Stochastic Variational Video Prediction (2017)

Predicting the future in real-world settings, particularly from raw sensory observations such as images, is exceptionally challenging. Real-world events can be stochastic and unpredictable, and the high dimensionality and complexity of natural images requires the predictive model to build an intricate understanding of the natural world. Many existing methods tackle this problem by making simplifying assumptions about the environment. One common assumption is that the outcome is deterministic and there is only one plausible future. This can lead to low-quality predictions in real-world settings with stochastic dynamics. In this paper, we develop a stochastic variational video prediction (SV2P) method that predicts a different possible future for each sample of its latent variables. To the best of our knowledge, our model is the first to provide effective stochastic multi-frame prediction for real-world video. We demonstrate the capability of the proposed method in predicting detailed future frames of videos on multiple real-world datasets, both action-free and action-conditioned. We find that our proposed method produces substantially improved video predictions when compared to the same model without stochasticity, and to other stochastic video prediction methods. Our SV2P implementation will be open sourced upon publication.
George MacDonald Then and Now: The Case of “The Light Princess” (2007)

y argument is that children’s books often survive because publishers see an opportunity for new editions with new illustrations. Texts for children’s books are not sacrosanct, as a look at the many variations on Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland will indicate. But what sells these many variations is, as often as not, the illustrations. Even with a book as justly famous both for its text and its illustrations as Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, we have editions with edited texts and fresh illustrations. My focus here is not Carroll’s book, but George MacDonald’s “The Light Princess,” a story that has remained in print since it first appeared in the 1860s. When the story appeared in MacDonald’s collection of fairy tales, Dealings With the Fairies (1867), it was accompanied by Arthur Hughes’s illustrations. Although perhaps not as famous as John Tenniel’s illustrations of Alice, Hughes’s illustrations are as closely associated with MacDonald as Tenniel’s are with Carroll. And, yes, we have seen a string of republications of MacDonald’s story with illustrations by others. My concern here is to examine a number of these illustrations and see if I can come to any conclusions regarding illustration and story. With “The Light Princess,” we have an example of “crosswriting,” that is writing that appeals to both an adult and a child audience, and the illustrations publishers use for the story will indicate which audience they seek to reach.