gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurements of folded path optical scintillation using a corner cube, a cat's eye and a flat mirror reflector. (1984)

A theoretical prediction of the folded path weighting function for optical scintillation strength was made by Dr. Avinu Ze'evi. In an effort to verify this prediction, a sixty-one meter, enclosed turbulence chamber was built, allowing the position of a turbulence source to be moved and the scintillation strength measured at different path positions. This experiment tested the Ze'evi hypothesis using a corner cube, a cat's eye and a flat mirror and compared the results of each. The experimental results do not follow Dr. Ze'evi's theory. The general pattern of both the corner cube and the flat mirror have less weight at the target end than predicted. The cat's eye scintillation followed the predicted weighting. Keywords include: Scintillation, Path, and Weighting.
Effects of Carbon Loading on the Performance of Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Polymer Heat Sink for High Power Light-Emitting Diode in Switching Applications (2013)

The functionalized carbon nanotube has been shown to be a viable filler material to increase the thermal conductivity of elastomer heat sinks. However, the effect of the amount of fillers used, that is, the carbon loading in elastomers is still unknown. This study focuses on varying the carbon loading percentage, in 0.2 wt% increment (0.2, 0.4, etc.), to quantify the performance improvements of the elastomer heat sinks. The carbon nanotubes were functionalized with short-chain silane functional groups to allow the blend to be more miscible. This process also allows the formation of a heat spreading network of carbon nanotubes utilizing the phonon transfer mechanism well known for this type of fillers. The performance indicators are the heat spreading signatures evolution in 30 min of infrared thermal imaging and the extent of the cumulative structure function of the heat sinks when high power LEDs are mounted directly on the plastic heat sinks as a heat source. The results show an interesting change in the heat transfer mechanism for heat sink with higher carbon loading as compared to those with lower carbon loading. The boundary for such change in heat transfer occurs at 0.6 wt% of carbon nanotube. Finally, the results are compared to an aluminum heat sink of similar size and we find that the heat dissipation for the heat sink with higher carbon loading performs better than the aluminum heat sink. This indicates that functionalized carbon nanotubes loaded heat sink has the potential of replacing aluminum heat sinks especially in the weight sensitive application with a 25% reduction in weight.
Automatic identification of gray matter structures from MRI to improve the segmentation of white matter lesions (1995)

The segmentation of MRI scans of patients with white matter lesions (WML) is difficult because the MRI characteristics of WML are similar to those of gray matter. Intensity-based statistical classification techniques misclassify some WML as gray matter and some gray matter as WML. We developed a fast elastic matching algorithm that warps a reference data set containing information about the location of the gray matter into the approximate shape of the patient's brain. The region of white matter was segmented after segmenting the cortex and deep gray matter structures. The cortex was identified by using a three-dimensional, region-growing algorithm that was constrained by anatomical, intensity gradient, and tissue class parameters. White matter and WML were then segmented without interference from gray matter by using a two-class minimum-distance classifier. Analysis of double-echo spin-echo MRI scans of 16 patients with clinically determined multiple sclerosis (MS) was carried out. The segmentation of the cortex and deep gray matter structures provided anatomical context. This was found to improve the segmentation of MS lesions by allowing correct classification of the white matter region despite the overlapping tissue class distributions of gray matter and MS lesion.
Zeolithe: Katalysatoren für die Synthese organischer Verbindungen (1988)

Zeolithe als Katalysatoren haben sich in der Petrochemie und Mineralölverarbeitung großtechnisch bewährt. Die Zeolitheigenschaften wie Acidität, Formselektivität und Temperaturstabilität lassen sich auch für gezielte, hochselektive Synthesen im Zwischenprodukt und Feinchemikalienbereich nutzen. Dieses interessante Einsatzgebiet hat sich in den letzten Jahren stetig ausgeweitet. Der vorliegende Beitrag faßt die in der organischen Synthese üblichen Reaktionstypen zusammen, die mit Zeolithen katalysiert werden können; dazu gehören z. B. elektro- und nucleophile Substitutionen, Doppelbindungs- und Skelettisomerisierungen sowie Additions-, Eliminierungs- und Hydrierungsreaktionen.
Haemoglobin polymorphism in the Bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus, in Britain (1979)

Three hundred and twenty‐two Clethrionomys glareolus from 17 localities in England, Wales and southern Scotland were typed for haemoglobin and two phenotypes were discovered. They have been designated HbS and HbF. The latter is more electronegative at physiological pH. The nature of the molecular difference between the phenotypes was examined and it was concluded that HbF polymerises more readily than does HbS. Haematological investigations showed that although the red cells of animals with HbF contain more potassium, thereby ensuring electrostatic neutrality, there has not been concomitant dilution of the cell contents. It is suggested that the osmotic stress imposed by this high concentration of particles might be reduced by in vivo polymerisation of haemoglobin. HbS was found to predominate in the north of Britain and HbF in the south. As none of the populations sampled contained animals of both types, it is not yet known whether there is a north‐south cline in haemoglobin type, or a sharp disjunction.
Properties of a specific interleukin 1 (IL 1) receptor on human Epstein Barr virus-transformed B lymphocytes: identity of the receptor for IL 1-<i>alpha</i> and IL 1-<i>beta</i>. (1986)

The properties of specific human interleukin 1 (IL 1) receptors on human Epstein Barr virus-transformed B lymphocytes (EBV-B) were studied. Purified human IL 1-beta from a myelomonocytic cell line (THP-1) was labeled with 125I by the Bolton-Hunter method without detectable loss of biological activity. Among four EBV-B cell lines tested, a pre-B cell type (VDS-O) specifically bound the highest amount of 125I-IL 1-beta. Maximal binding was reached within 20 min at 4 degrees C. Scatchard plot analysis of the binding of 125I-IL 1-beta to VDS-O cells yielded a Kd (dissociation constant) of 2.4 to 5.9 X 10(-10) M with 110 to 220 binding (receptor) sites/cell. The binding of 125I-IL 1-beta to VDS-O cells was also inhibited by F(ab)'2 fragments of anti-human IL 1 and recombinant human IL 1-alpha, as well as by unlabeled human IL 1-beta but not by recombinant lymphotoxin, recombinant tumor necrosis factor, or phorbol myristic acid, suggesting that IL 1-alpha and IL 1-beta bind specifically to the same receptor. The m.w. of IL 1 receptor on human EBV-B cells was estimated to be 60,000 by both the chemical cross-linking method and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) gel filtration analysis of receptor extracted from membrane enriched fraction by a non-ionic detergent (CHAPS). The isoelectric point of solubilized human IL 1 receptor was 7.3 on HPLC chromatofocusing. The evidence of existence of IL 1 receptor on human EBV-B cells additionally supports the hypothesis that IL 1 may be an autocrine signal for these cells.
Patterns of a cooperative malware analysis workflow (2013)

In recent years, an ever-increasing number of IT security incidents have been observed, often involving malicious software. In order to cope with the threat posed, it is essential to have a structured analysis workflow for assessment and mitigation. In this paper, we give a thorough explanation of the malware analysis workflow specified and employed by our team of analysts. It was deducted from observed work patterns and best practices with a strong focus on enabling collaboration, i.e. analyses conducted by multiple analysts in parallel in order to achieve a speed-up. The proposed workflow starts at the point where one or more malware samples have already been extracted. It consists of four phases as a whole, each with its own goals, constraints, and abort conditions. The first phase aims at gaining an overview of the current situation and specifying goals of the analysis and their respective priorities. The second phase features a preliminary analysis used to sharpen the picture of the threat, using methods of Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) and automated tools in order to obtain a quick assessment enabling first mitigation. In addition, one objective is to facilitate and prepare a more granular dissection of the malware sample, e.g. by unpacking and deobfuscation. The third phase comprises an in-depth analysis relying heavily on reverse engineering of selected parts of the malware. The selection may be influenced by earlier findings or focus on prominent aspects like nesting, functionality, or communication protocols. The final phase builds upon the results of the preceding phases, leading to tailored mitigation concepts for the specimen analysed. For each of the proposed phases, we give an overview of potential key tools, e.g. helping to gain information or improve collaboration. On a higher level, we highlight challenges to cooperative analysis and our approach to handle them. In this regard, the workflow contains adoptions of principles known from agile software development methodologies. For example, Scrum is used for management of tasks and coordination, aiding the creation of a reproducible and reliable chain of results.
A Comparison of Inhaled Fluticasone and Oral Prednisone for Children with Severe Acute Asthma (2000)

Children with severe acute asthma should be treated with oral prednisone and not with inhaled fluticasone or a similar inhaled corticosteroid.
Neurogenesis, Angiogenesis, and MRI Indices of Functional Recovery From Stroke (2007)

This article analyzes the mechanisms underlying the potentiation of functional recovery poststroke by cell-based and pharmacologic agents, which amplify endogenous neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and angiogenesis in the border of the ischemic lesion in the animal. Discussion of the interaction between angiogenesis and neurogenesis is provided and data are described demonstrating a role for matrix metalloproteinases expressed in periinfarct vasculature as chemotactic for neuroblasts migrating from the subventricular zone. Monitoring angiogenesis and structural changes in the ischemic brain associated with functional recovery by means of MRI is described. We demonstrate that injured brain can be stimulated to promote angiogenesis and neurogenesis, which are coupled restorative processes that contribute to functional recovery from stroke and that MRI indices of these neurorestorative events are highly correlative with neurologic function and may be used in real-time monitoring of recovery from stroke.
An integrated system for autonomous robotics manipulation (2012)

We describe the software components of a robotics system designed to autonomously grasp objects and perform dexterous manipulation tasks with only high-level supervision. The system is centered on the tight integration of several core functionalities, including perception, planning and control, with the logical structuring of tasks driven by a Behavior Tree architecture. The advantage of the implementation is to reduce the execution time while integrating advanced algorithms for autonomous manipulation. We describe our approach to 3-D perception, real-time planning, force compliant motions, and audio processing. Performance results for object grasping and complex manipulation tasks of in-house tests and of an independent evaluation team are presented.
Selective gene amplification (2007)

We describe a system for directed evolution based on in vitro compartmentalisation in which amplification of a gene is coupled to the formation of product by the enzyme it encodes. This approach mimics the process of natural selection; 'fitter' genes--encoding more efficient enzymes--have more 'offspring'. It allows selection for any activity so long as a product-specific ligand (e.g. an antibody) is available.
Differential depression of spinal synaptic transmission in vitro by different hypoxic insults. (2004)

The effects of hypoxia (O2-free), aglycemia (glucose-free), ischemia (O2- and glucose-free) and chemical anoxia (by 3-nitropropionic acid; 3-NPA) were evaluated on the synaptic transmission in vitro. Stimulation of a dorsal root in hemisected spinal cord from neonatal rat, evoked monosynaptic (MSR) and polysynaptic reflexes (PSR) in the segmental ventral root. In all the hypoxic conditions, the reflexes were depressed in a time-dependent manner. Hypoxia took longer time (> 240 min) to abolish the reflexes where as, aglycemia and ischemia abolished them within 35 min. Recovery after wash was complete in hypoxia, 60-70% in aglycemia and 20-25% in ischemia. The time required for 50% depression of reflexes (T-50) was also in the same order (100, 23 and 13 min). The elimination of O2 in hypoxic or ischemic solution by N2 bubbling abolished the reflexes within 16 min. The T-50 values in both the conditions were between 5-8 min. Superfusion of 3-NPA (an irreversible inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase) depressed the reflexes. The abolition time and T-50 values were shorter with the increasing concentrations of 3-NPA. The present results reveal that the energy production in hypoxic condition with normal glucose level can sustain the synaptic activity for a longer time while the glucose deficiency even in normoxic conditions drastically impair the synaptic activity. Further, aglycemia depressed the reflexes almost in a similar time as seen with ischemia.
Antiphlogistische 2.3‐Dihydro‐1<i>H</i>‐pyrrolizine, 4. Mitt. Oxidative Ringöffnung von 6.7‐Diphenyl‐2.3‐dihydro‐1<i>H</i>‐pyrrolizin (DADHP) durch m‐Chlorperbenzoesäure (1986)

Abstract m‐Chlorperbenzoesäure oxidiert DADHP 1 zum N‐(2.3‐Diphenylprop‐1‐yl‐1.3‐dion)‐2‐pyrrolidon ( 2 ). Anhand der NMR‐spektroskopischen Daten und durch Umsetzung mit Hydrazin zum 2‐Pyrazolinon‐Derivat 7 läßt sich die Struktur von 2 sichern. Ein Mechanismus für die oxidative Ringöffnung wird diskutiert.
Curcumin Alleviates Neuropathic Pain by Inhibiting p300/CBP Histone Acetyltransferase Activity-Regulated Expression of BDNF and Cox-2 in a Rat Model (2014)

The management of neuropathic pain is still a major challenge because of its unresponsiveness to most common treatments. Curcumin has been reported to play an active role in the treatment of various neurological disorders, such as neuropathic pain. Curcumin has long been recognized as a p300/CREB-binding protein (CBP) inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity. However, this mechanism has never been investigated for the treatment of neuropathic pain with curcumin. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-nociceptive role of curcumin in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) rat model of neuropathic pain. Furthermore, with this model we investigated the effect of curcumin on P300/CBP HAT activity-regulated release of the pro-nociceptive molecules, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2). Treatment with 40 and 60 mg/kg body weight curcumin for 7 consecutive days significantly attenuated CCI-induced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia, whereas 20 mg/kg curcumin showed no significant analgesic effect. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that curcumin dose-dependently reduced the recruitment of p300/CBP and acetyl-Histone H3/acetyl-Histone H4 to the promoter of BDNF and Cox-2 genes. A similar dose-dependent decrease of BDNF and Cox-2 in the spinal cord was also observed after curcumin treatment. These results indicated that curcumin exerted a therapeutic role in neuropathic pain by down-regulating p300/CBP HAT activity-mediated gene expression of BDNF and Cox-2.
Structural Determination of the Conjugate of Human Serum Albumin with a Mitomycin C Derivative, KW-2149, by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (1997)

A new mitomycin C derivative, KW-2149, is known to form a covalent conjugate with human serum albumin (HSA). This conjugate exhibits 1/20 of the anticellular activity of unconjugated KW-2149. Structural studies of this conjugate were carried out using a combination of enzymatic digestion, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. The tryptic peptide T5 (residues 21-41) was the only peptide found to be modified by KW-2149 moieties, the [(gamma-L-glutamylamino)ethyl]thio group or the (2-aminoethyl)thio group, through a disulfide bond. Although the latter peptide lost its mitomycin C moiety in the course of tryptic digestion, these data strongly suggest that KW-2149 was bound to Cys-34, the only free cysteine on HSA.
Automatic Skin Lesion Segmentation Using Deep Fully Convolutional Networks With Jaccard Distance (2017)

Automatic skin lesion segmentation in dermoscopic images is a challenging task due to the low contrast between lesion and the surrounding skin, the irregular and fuzzy lesion borders, the existence of various artifacts, and various imaging acquisition conditions. In this paper, we present a fully automatic method for skin lesion segmentation by leveraging 19-layer deep convolutional neural networks that is trained end-to-end and does not rely on prior knowledge of the data. We propose a set of strategies to ensure effective and efficient learning with limited training data. Furthermore, we design a novel loss function based on Jaccard distance to eliminate the need of sample re-weighting, a typical procedure when using cross entropy as the loss function for image segmentation due to the strong imbalance between the number of foreground and background pixels. We evaluated the effectiveness, efficiency, as well as the generalization capability of the proposed framework on two publicly available databases. One is from ISBI 2016 skin lesion analysis towards melanoma detection challenge, and the other is the PH2 database. Experimental results showed that the proposed method outperformed other state-of-the-art algorithms on these two databases. Our method is general enough and only needs minimum pre- and post-processing, which allows its adoption in a variety of medical image segmentation tasks.
Transient formation of water-conducting states in membrane transporters (2013)

Membrane transporters rely on highly coordinated structural transitions between major conformational states for their function, to prevent simultaneous access of the substrate binding site to both sides of the membrane--a mode of operation known as the alternating access model. Although this mechanism successfully accounts for the efficient exchange of the primary substrate across the membrane, accruing evidence on significant water transport and even uncoupled ion transport mediated by transporters has challenged the concept of perfect mechanical coupling and coordination of the gating mechanism in transporters, which might be expected from the alternating access model. Here, we present a large set of extended equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations performed on several classes of membrane transporters in different conformational states, to test the presence of the phenomenon in diverse transporter classes and to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism of water transport through membrane transporters. The simulations reveal spontaneous formation of transient water-conducting (channel-like) states allowing passive water diffusion through the lumen of the transporters. These channel-like states are permeable to water but occluded to substrate, thereby not hindering the uphill transport of the primary substrate, i.e., the alternating access model remains applicable to the substrate. The rise of such water-conducting states during the large-scale structural transitions of the transporter protein is indicative of imperfections in the coordinated closing and opening motions of the cytoplasmic and extracellular gates. We propose that the observed water-conducting states likely represent a universal phenomenon in membrane transporters, which is consistent with their reliance on large-scale motion for function.
System Performance for Length and Diameter of Capillary Tube using R-1270 (2009)

Experimental results for performance characteristics of HCs refrigerant R-1270 and HCFC refrigerant R-22 during refrigeration system using capillary tube are presented. The system consists of compressor, condenser, capillary tube, evaporator and peripheral devices. Length and diameter of capillary tube are varied for this investigation. The refrigerant mass flow increased as the diameter of capillary tube increased and the length of capillary tube decreased. A refrigeration capacity and compressor work of R-1270 in same length and diameter of capillary tube showed the higher values than those of R-22. A coefficient of performance showed the highest value when the length and diameter of capillary tube are 105 ㎝ and 1.8 ㎜ in this experimental conditions.
Development of a synthetic medium for continuous anaerobic growth and ethanol production with a lactate dehydrogenase mutant of Bacillus stearothermophilus (1992)

A synthetic medium was developed by the pulse and medium-shift technique for the continuous cultivation of Bacillus stearothermophilus strain LLD-15 (NCIMB 12428) under anaerobic conditions. This mutant strain lacks L-lactate dehydrogenase activity, and is a promising candidate for the production of ethanol from pentoses and hexoses, using a high-temperature two-stage process. The final medium contained four amino acids and five vitamins, and growth characteristics in this medium compared well with those in complex medium containing yeast extract and tryptone. At 70 degrees C, the medium was capable of supporting good anaerobic and aerobic growth at 10 g input sucrose l-1. High ethanol production indicated that pyruvate metabolism probably occurred via the combined activity of the pyruvate-formate-lyase pathway and pyruvate dehydrogenase.
Asymmetric-Side-Band Broadcasting (1938)

An economy in the frequency-channel width occupied by stations sending telephony signals can be made by removing one sideband from the transmitted spectrum. This operation however produces a distortion of the received signals which can only be minimized by an intensification of the carrier component compared with the side-band component. If this intensification is performed at the transmitter the carrier power must be enormously increased and the scheme would be impracticably uneconomic; it is furthermore impossible in broadcast technology to make the necessary alterations to intensify the carrier component in existing receivers all at once because they are publicly owned and extremely numerous. The distortion produced in the absence of carrier-wave intensification at either transmitter or receiver is mainly directly proportional to modulation. The modulation demanded in the transmission of ordinary speech and music is much less at the higher frequencies of modulation than that taking place in the lower middle frequencies. In order, therefore, to approach the ideal of the carrier- and single-side-band system, circuits have been devised to produce what is called an asymmetric side-band transmission in which only the outer parts of the side band are cut away.