gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cryogenic Selective Surfaces (2015)

There are many challenges involved in deep-space exploration, but several of these can be mitigated, or even solved, by the development of a coating that can reject most of the Sun's energy and yet still provide some far-infrared heat emission. Such a coating would allow non-heat-generating objects in space to reach cryogenic temperatures without using an active cooling system. This would be a benefit to deep-space sensors that require low temperatures, such as the James Webb Telescope focal plane array. It would also allow the use of superconductors in deep space, which could lead to magnetic energy storage rings, lossless power delivery, or perhaps a large-volume magnetic shield against galactic cosmic radiation. But perhaps the most significant enablement achieved from such a coating would be the long-term storage in deep space of cryogenic liquids, such as liquid oxygen (LOX).In this report, we review the state of the art in low-temperature coatings and calculate the lowest temperatures each of these can achieve, demonstrating that cryogenic temperatures cannot be reached in deep space in this fashion. We then propose a new coating that does allow coated objects in deep space to achieve the very low temperatures required to store liquid oxygen or nitrogen. These new coatings consist of a moderately thick scattering layer (typically 5 mm) composed of a material transparent to most of the solar spectrum. This layer acts as a scatterer to the Sun's light, performing the same process as titanium dioxide in white paint in the visible. Under that layer, we place a metallic reflector, e.g. silver, to reflect long-wave radiation that is not well scattered. The result is a coating we call "Solar White," in that it scatters most of the solar spectrum just as white paint does for the visible. Our modeling of these coatings has shown that temperatures as low as 50 K can be reached for a coated object fully exposed to sunlight at 1 AU from the Sun and far from the Earth.In the second half of the report we explore a mission application of this coating in order to show that it allows LOX to be carried on a mission to Mars. Heat can reach a LOX tank in five ways: direct radiation from the Sun, scattered or reflected radiation from the Sun off of spacecraft components, radiation from nearby planets or the Moon, radiation from the infrared emission of other parts of the spacecraft, and conduction along support struts and flow lines. We discuss these and sum their total contribution when using a Solar White coating to demonstrate an architecture that allows the transportation of LOX to Mars. After this, other applications of Solar White are listed.
Low Temperature Sonogashira Coupling Reaction (1999)

A low temperature Sonogashira reaction was developed, which coupled equimolar amount of aryl iodide possessing electron-withdrawing groups with aromatic acetylene at - 20 °C in quantitative yield.
Revamping Old Fields Using I-Field Technologies (2009)

Abstract With the ever growing demand for energy in the world, the need for timely and accurate data from oil fields to allow proper decision making becomes very crucial. Recent evolution in oil field technologies has made a great revolution in the oil and gas industry all over the world, leading to the emerging development of intelligent fields (I-Fields)1–4. The integration of I-Field technologies, whether downhole or at surface, coupled with communication networks along with sophisticated simulation and monitoring applications has led to significant advancements not only in monitoring and control capabilities, but rather also in decision making processes5. Therefore, the overall system upgrade has resulted in an enhancement of the field surveillance, which will lead to higher levels of oil production in these assets as a consequence of Saudi Aramco's development strategy for these fields. Three previously produced oil fields that were mothballed were revitalized and redeveloped after extensive drilling and workover programs. The latest downhole production technologies were installed in all oil production and water injection wells. Furthermore the project called for the construction of new oil and gas processing and water injection facilities, all linked to their respective wells via an elaborate fiber optic communication network for optimum control and surveillance capabilities in real time mode. The production and injection strategies were further optimized making use of I-Field components, such as Permanent Downhole Monitoring Systems (PDHMS), Smart Well Completion Systems, Multiphase Flow Meters (MPFM), Single Phase Flow Meters, pressure and temperature sensors with specially tailored monitoring, and simulation software. This paper will describe how the installed and applied I-Field technologies in these three fields have allowed better data management, helped in optimizing the production and injection and overall has enhanced the operation and safety of the field operations. Moreover, several examples will be discussed showing the benefits of real-time surveillance in optimizing the fields’ performance with a special focus on the use of monitoring and simulation tools to more accurately mimic the current performance of the wells, and consequently used to generate optimized production and injection scenarios.
Four-wave mixing and generation of correlated photon pairs in silicon ring resonators and photonic molecules (2013)

We study, both theoretically and experimentally, emission of correlated photon-pairs by spontaneous four-wave-mixing in silicon integrated resonators. We show that the number of generated pairs in the quantum experiment is predicted by a classical experiment.
Theory of Life Testing and Use of Thermogravimetric Analysis to Predict the Thermal Life of Wire Enamels (1971)

The treatment of the deterioration of insulation as a chemical rate phenomenon has been extended to cover complex multiple reactions. The relationships between the parameters goveming the thermal stability of a polymer in a given environment are calculated first for isothermal thermal endurance test conditions and second for thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) conditions. The two equations can be combined to give a rigorous mathematical solution to the problem of predicting thermal ratings of wire enamels by TGA and this is demonstrated for a Formvar ® enamel (a simple degradation reaction). For complex reactions (recognized by certain features of thermograms) life lines are shown to be curved rather than dually linear, and by examining the case of simultaneous competing reactions, the method is shown to be inapplicable to complex cases. Both the life theory and the TGA theory proposed avoid the usual assumptions concerning order of reaction, apparent activation energy, and extent of reaction. It is suggested that TGA, a very rapid technique, could also be used to investigate environmental variables in life test procedures. This approach is considered to be valid for insulations other than wire enamels, provided that electrical or mechanical failure is the result of chemical reactions.
The specificity of antibodies to the F(ab′)<sub>2</sub> fragment of human IgG (1985)

The specificity of IgG anti-F(ab')2 antibodies was examined by unfractionated sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and also with affinity-purified antibody preparations. Examination of the sera by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using pooled human F(ab')2 fragments absorbed to microtiter plates, revealed that IgG anti-F(ab')2 antibodies cross-react with human and rabbit IgG and rabbit F(ab')2. IgG anti-F(ab')2 antibodies were purified by affinity chromatography and, when tested by a fluid-phase inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were found to be of 2 types. One fraction, similar to pepsin agglutinator, reacted with human F(ab')2 fragment alone. The other fraction was cross-reactive with human IgG and yet failed to react with idiotopes on Fab or epitopes on Fc fragments. The IgG anti-F(ab')2 antibodies we purified had no reactivity toward a human immune complex prepared from tetanus toxoid and antitoxoid.
Feedback-driven threading (2008)

Extracting high-performance from the emerging Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs) requires that the application be divided into multiple threads. Each thread executes on a separate core thereby increasing concurrency and improving performance. As the number of cores on a CMP continues to increase, the performance of some multi-threaded applications will benefit from the increased number of threads, whereas, the performance of other multi-threaded applications will become limited by data-synchronization and off-chip bandwidth. For applications that get limited by data-synchronization, increasing the number of threads significantly degrades performance and increases on-chip power. Similarly, for applications that get limited by off-chip bandwidth, increasing the number of threads increases on-chip power without providing any performance improvement. Furthermore, whether an application gets limited by data-synchronization, or bandwidth, or neither depends not only on the application but also on the input set and the machine configuration. Therefore, controlling the number of threads based on the run-time behavior of the application can significantly improve performance and reduce power.
Superhydrophobic sand: a hope for desert water storage and transportation projects (2017)

Structured and perfluorinated sand grains demonstrate stable superhydrophobic properties, which is a great hope for water storage and transportation project in desert.
Canal Enlargement by Er:YAG Laser Using a Cone-Shaped Irradiation Tip (2000)

To solve the problem of mechanical instrumentation, we developed a cone-shaped laser irradiation tip. This tip delivers 80% of the energy of the laser laterally and 20% of the energy forward. The tip was equipped with a water nozzle. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Er:YAG laser irradiation using this tip on root canal enlargement and debridement. As a root canal model, a hole (0.5 x 5 mm) was drilled into a bovine dentin block. The tip was inserted into this hole and moved from the apex to the orifice (45 mm/min). The power of 10 mJ x 10 pps caused enlargement of the canal dimension by 106.5%. 20 and 40 mJ x 10 pps caused enlargements of 116.3 and 118.6%. 30 mJ x 10 pps caused the biggest change (129.8%). Scanning electron microscopic observations indicated that the dentin surface after laser preparation appeared cleaner than that obtained after preparation by drilling. This technique may have the advantage of decreasing the preparation time.
A statistically inferred microRNA network identifies breast cancer target miR-940 as an actin cytoskeleton regulator (2015)

MiRNAs are key regulators of gene expression. By binding to many genes, they create a complex network of gene co-regulation. Here, using a network-based approach, we identified miRNA hub groups by their close connections and common targets. In one cluster containing three miRNAs, miR-612, miR-661 and miR-940, the annotated functions of the co-regulated genes suggested a role in small GTPase signalling. Although the three members of this cluster targeted the same subset of predicted genes, we showed that their overexpression impacted cell fates differently. miR-661 demonstrated enhanced phosphorylation of myosin II and an increase in cell invasion, indicating a possible oncogenic miRNA. On the contrary, miR-612 and miR-940 inhibit phosphorylation of myosin II and cell invasion. Finally, expression profiling in human breast tissues showed that miR-940 was consistently downregulated in breast cancer tissues.
Nonparametric Estimation in Renewal Processes (1982)

Data collected from many independent identically distributed renewal processes, each of which is observed for an arbitrary period of time, is usually affected by censoring coupled with length biased sampling. In this paper we derive an algorithm that produces the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator (i.e., the analog of the single-sample empirical distribution function) of the common lifetime distribution, based on such data.
PCI Express Hot-Plug mechanism in Linux-based ATCA control systems (2010)

PCI Express architecture is a widely used communication bus designed for industrial application. Additionally, according to PICMG 3.4 specification it is a part of ATCA architecture. One of the features offered by PCI Express standard is possibility of replacing the system components without shutting down entire system. In this paper, authors present general overview of Hot-Plug implementation in Linux operating system used in ATCA carrier board.
Immunoglobulin E and its regulators (2001)

Novel paradigms are emerging in the field of IgE regulation. Gene-environment interactions are increasingly considered to be major determinants of the type and amplitude of allergen-induced antibody responses. At the molecular level, the mechanistic connection between transcription and switching has been strengthened by the recent discovery that class switch recombination requires activation-induced deaminase, a novel RNA editing enzyme. These findings will be critical for our understanding of the mechanisms that determine immunoglobulin isotype expression during immune responses.
Cloud Monitoring System: Basics, Phases and Challenges (2019)

Due to many economical benefits cloud computing has quickly become popular and is widely used for delivering services over the Internet. As the number of cloud users increases day by day, data centers are continuing to grow in terms of hardware resources, virtual resources and traffic volume; thus making cloud operation and management more intricate. To manage complex infrastructure of cloud, an efficient and effective Cloud Monitoring System (CMS) is needed to improve the overall performance of cloud. Cloud monitoring is the process of reviewing, controlling and managing the operational workflow and processes within a cloud-based IT asset or infrastructure. This paper deals with detailed study of CMSs based on their architecture, monitoring phases, properties and functions. It describes various phases of cloud monitoring activities and presents the comparative study of the state-of-the-art works of theses phases. Usage of agents for monitoring of cloud activities is also described. Finally, various challenges/issues and possible future directions of cloud monitoring is discussed. This paper helps researchers, engineers and scientists to know the state-of-the-art works for monitoring cloud activities.
Gene Expression of Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitor in Renal Tissue of New Zealand Black/White F1 Mice (1993)

1. The present study was carried out to determine how levels of the mRNA of metalloproteinases (metalloproteinase-1, 72 kDa type IV collagenase, metalloproteinase-3 and 92 kDa type IV collagenase) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases are regulated in the renal tissues of New Zealand Black/White F1 mice. 2. mRNA levels for metalloproteinase-1, 72 kDa type IV collagenase, metalloproteinase-3 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases increased significantly with the progression of nephritis in New Zealand Black/White F1 mice. 3. At 48 weeks of age, the levels of mRNA for metalloproteinase-1, 72 kDa type IV collagenase, metalloproteinase-3 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases increased by 8-, 4-, 8- and 15-fold, respectively, in the renal tissues of New Zealand Black/White F1 mice compared with New Zealand White mice. 4. In the kidneys of New Zealand White mice, however, the mRNA levels of these proteins changed little throughout the experimental period. 5. We could not detect expression of mRNA for 9 2 kDa type IV collagenase in the renal tissue of New Zealand Black/White F1 mice at 8 weeks of age or in New Zealand White mice at 8, 24 or 48 weeks of age, whereas we could detect expression of mRNA for this protein in New Zealand Black/White F1 mice at 24 and 48 weeks of age when mononuclear cells had infiltrated the interstitium and surrounding blood vessels. 6. At 24 weeks of age, New Zealand Black/White F1 mice were divided into two groups and received either methylprednisolone or saline injection for 24 weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Harmonic analysis of spacecraft power systems using a personal computer (2003)

The effects that nonlinear devices such as AC/DC converters, HVDC transmission links, and motor drives have on spacecraft power systems are discussed. The nonsinusoidal currents, along with the corresponding voltages, are calculated by a harmonic power flow which decouples and solves for each harmonic component individually using an iterative Newton-Raphson algorithm. The sparsity of the harmonic equations and the overall Jacobian matrix is used to an advantage in terms of saving computer memory space and in terms of reducing computation time. The algorithm could also be modified to analyze each harmonic separately instead of all at the same time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A unified approach for off-line and on-line testing of VLSI systems (2002)

BIST (Built-in self-test) techniques are often used to improve the testability of VLSI systems. Self-checking techniques are used to detect the presence of a fault in a system during normal operation. BIST techniques can be used only in on-line mode, whereas self-checking enables on-line resting. This paper presents a new approach for combining BIST and self-checking, which utilizes the resources of both to enhance the testability of VLSI systems.
Interferon-α Combined with Cytarabine in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia-Clinical Benefits (2001)

During the last decade, several studies have evaluated the treatment of chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with a combination of interferon (IFN)-alpha and low- dose cytarabine (Ara-C). This combination therapy has been shown to be superior compared to monotherapy with IFN-alpha in randomized studies with regard to hematologic and cytogenetic remissions. However, the survival benefit is small, and the toxicity of the combination therapy is high. This paper reviews the published studies on IFN-alpha/low-dose Ara-C for the treatment of chronic phase CML and discusses the value of the combination therapy.
A Recombinant Hypoallergenic Parvalbumin Mutant for Immunotherapy of IgE-Mediated Fish Allergy (2007)

IgE-mediated allergy to fish is a frequent cause of severe anaphylactic reactions. Parvalbumin, a small calcium-binding protein, is the major fish allergen. We have recently isolated a cDNA coding for carp parvalbumin, Cyp c 1, and expressed in Escherichia coli a recombinant Cyp c 1 molecule, which contained most IgE epitopes of saltwater and freshwater fish. In this study, we introduced mutations into the calcium-binding domains of carp parvalbumin by site-directed mutagenesis and produced in E. coli three parvalbumin mutants containing amino acid exchanges either in one (single mutants; Mut-CD and Mut-EF) or in both of the calcium-binding sites (double mutant; Mut-CD/EF). Circular dichroism analyses of the purified derivatives and the wild-type allergen showed that Mut-CD/EF exhibited the greatest reduction of overall protein fold. Dot blot assays and immunoblot inhibition experiments performed with sera from 21 fish-allergic patients showed that Mut-CD/EF had a 95% reduced IgE reactivity and represented the derivative with the least allergenic activity. The latter was confirmed by in vitro basophil histamine release assays and in vivo skin prick testing. The potential applicability for immunotherapy of Mut-CD/EF was demonstrated by the fact that mouse IgG Abs could be raised by immunization with the mutated molecule, which cross-reacted with parvalbumins from various fish species and inhibited the binding of fish-allergic patients' IgE to the wild-type allergen. Using the hypoallergenic carp parvalbumin mutant Mut-CD/EF, it may be possible to treat fish allergy by immunotherapy.
Deep and Machine Learning Approaches for Anomaly-Based Intrusion Detection of Imbalanced Network Traffic (2018)

Recently, cybersecurity threats have increased dramatically, and the techniques used by the attackers continue to evolve and become ingenious during the attack. Moreover, the complexity and frequent occurrence of imbalanced class distributions in most datasets indicate the need for extra research efforts. The objective of this article is to utilize various techniques for handling imbalanced datasets to build an effective intrusion detection system from the up-to-date Coburg Intrusion Detection Dataset-001 (CIDDS-001) dataset. The effectiveness of sampling methods on CIDDS-001 is carefully studied and experimentally evaluated through deep neural networks, random forest, voting, variational autoencoder, and stacking machine learning classifiers. The proposed system was able to detect attacks with up to 99.99% accuracy when handling the imbalanced class distribution with fewer samples, making it more convenient in real-time data fusion problems that target data classification.
Cilia and Developmental Signaling (2007)

Recent studies have revealed unexpected connections between the mammalian Hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction pathway and the primary cilium, a microtubule-based organelle that protrudes from the surface of most vertebrate cells. Intraflagellar transport proteins, which are required for the construction of cilia, are essential for all responses to mammalian Hh proteins, and proteins required for Hh signal transduction are enriched in primary cilia. The phenotypes of different mouse mutants that affect ciliary proteins suggest that cilia may act as processive machines that organize sequential steps in the Hh signal transduction pathway. Cilia on vertebrate cells are likely to be important in additional developmental signaling pathways and are required for PDGF receptor alpha signaling in cultured fibroblasts. Cilia are not essential for either canonical or noncanonical Wnt signaling, although cell-type-specific modulation of cilia components may link cilia and Wnt signaling in some tissues. Because ciliogenesis in invertebrates is limited to a very small number of specialized cell types, the role of cilia in developmental signaling pathways is likely a uniquely vertebrate phenomenon.
The Behaviors of Long‐Term Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes on Different Biomaterials (2011)

Isolated human hepatocytes have been extensively investigated due to clinical demand and scientific interest. With a limited supply of available liver tissue and the rapid loss of liver-specific functions in vitro, cryopreservation of human hepatocytes serves as an alternative way to maintain availability of hepatocytes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biological behaviors of long-term (more than 4 years) cryopreserved human hepatocytes on biomaterials, including polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol), polyvinylidene fluoride, commercial tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS), and collagen-coated TCPS. Cell attachment was observed by scanning electron microscopy and quantified by lactate dehydrogenase assay. Cell viability was assayed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction activity. Cell functions were determined by albumin secretion and urea synthesis. Results indicated that human hepatocytes could be cryopreserved for more than 4 years without losing liver-specific functions. Also, PVA was proposed to serve as an appropriate and promising substrate for culturing long-term cryopreserved hepatocytes, maintaining high cell attachment and high level of liver-specific functions.