gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
JBIG2-the ultimate bi-level image coding standard (2002)

JBIG2 is a new standard for lossy and lossless compression of bi-level images. It exploits model-based coding for text and halftones; as well as nearby neighbor based coding for generic bi-level images. It can achieve compression ratios of up to three times those of existing standards for lossless textual image compression. JBIG2 also allows loss to be introduced while maintaining "visually lossless" quality for textual images, for which it can yield compression ratios of up to eight times those of existing standards. It produces even greater compression ratios when exploiting similarities between multiple pages and efficiently codes and integrates both scanned and generated bi-level images. JBIG2 was developed for applications having widely differing requirements such as facsimile, document storage and archiving, Web image coding, wireless data transmission, print spooling, and even teleconferencing. Accordingly, JBIG2 is structured as a "toolkit" of alternate capabilities to be selected based on the requirements of such applications.
A distributed Bragg reflector silicon evanescent laser (2008)

We report a distributed Bragg reflector silicon evanescent laser operating continuous wave at 1596nm. The lasing threshold and maximum output power are 65mA and 11mW, respectively and shows open eye-diagrams under direct modulation at 2.5 Gb/s.
Analysis of seismocardiogram capability for trending stroke volume changes: A lower body negative pressure study (2012)

Features were extracted from seismocardiogram (SCG) data to correlate with stroke volume changes, estimated from arterial pressure recorded from the finger. Stroke volume was gradually reduced in twenty nine human subjects using lower body negative pressure. Twenty three features were extracted from SCG amplitudes and timings. There was at least one feature in every subject with correlation coefficient of 0.87or greater (P-value <0.01). The ratio of left ventricular pre-ejection interval to left ventricular ejection time (LVPEI/LVET) proved to correlate the most with stroke volume (r=-0.92±0.06) compared to the other features. The second most correlated SCG feature, with stroke volume, was LVPEI with (r=−0.90±0.12). The findings of this paper suggest that with simple processing of SCG it should be possible to detect a sudden drop in stroke volume that could result from a variety of different cardiac abnormalities.
Multiple Forms of Endo-Polygalacturonase from<i>Saccharomyces fragilis</i> (1980)

Three forms of endopolygalacturonase from Saccharomyces fragilis (Kluyveromyces fragilis) were separated by a procedure including adsorption on Amberlite IRC-50, CM Sephadex C-50 column chromatography and repeated preparative disc electrophoresis. Each endo-PG was almost homogenoeus as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrofocusing and disc electrophoresis. The three enzyme were designated as enzymes I, II and III. Enzymes I and II were similar but enzyme HI different from I and II in isoelectric point. The three enzymes resembled one another in eznyme action on pectic acid and other properties. All the three enzymes showed macerating activity toward the potato and carrot tissues.
Object-oriented software for quadratic programming (2003)

The object-oriented software package OOQP for solving convex quadratic programming problems (QP) is described. The primal-dual interior point algorithms supplied by OOQP are implemented in a way that is largely independent of the problem structure. Users may exploit problem structure by supplying linear algebra, problem data, and variable classes that are customized to their particular applications. The OOQP distribution contains default implementations that solve several important QP problem types, including general sparse and dense QPs, bound-constrained QPs, and QPs arising from support vector machines and Huber regression. The implementations supplied with the OOQP distribution are based on such well known linear algebra packages as MA27/57, LAPACK, and PETSc. OOQP demonstrates the usefulness of object-oriented design in optimization software development, and establishes standards that can be followed in the design of software packages for other classes of optimization problems. A number of the classes in OOQP may also be reusable directly in other codes.
Production of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) Containing Aromatic Substituents by <i>Pseudomonas oleovorans</i> (1996)

Pseudomonas oleovorans was grown separately on 5-(4‘-tolyl)valeric acid, 5-(4‘-ethylphenyl)valeric acid, 5-(4‘-biphenyl)valeric acid, and 8-(4‘-tolyl)octanoic acid either as the sole carbon source or as a coefeed with either nonanoic acid or 5-phenylvaleric acid. For polymer production, 5-(4‘-tolyl)valeric acid was the most effective growth substrate of the five. It resulted in the production of poly-3-hydroxy-5-(4‘-tolyl)valerate, a crystalline polymer with a glass transition temperature of 18 °C and a melting transition of 95 °C. This poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) is apparently the first example of a crystalline aromatic-containing bacterial PHA. When P. oleovorans was cofed an equimolar mixture of 5-phenylvaleric acid and 5-(4‘-tolyl)valeric acid, the polymer produced contained 36 mol % of 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvalerate and 64 mol % of 3-hydroxy-5-(4‘-tolyl)valerate, and it did not crystallize.
Self‐Assembling Neodymium/Sodium Heterobimetallic Asymmetric Catalyst Confined in a Carbon Nanotube Network (2013)

Confined cat works better: A self-assembling heterobimetallic catalyst, comprised of a Nd/Na/amide ligand confined in an entangled multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) network, outperforms the unconfined catalyst in anti-selective catalytic asymmetric nitroaldol reactions. The confined catalyst could be used repeatedly through simple filtration, and was applied to a concise enantioselective synthesis of anacetrapib.
Optomotor Control of Course and Altitude in <i>Drosophila Melanogaster</i> is Correlated With Distinct Activities of at Least Three Pairs of Flight Steering Muscles (1996)

Flight control in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster is achieved by minute sets of muscles on either side of the thorax. Control responses of wings and muscles were elicited during fixed flight by moving a striped pattern in front of the eyes. For example, pattern motion from the lower right to the upper left signals to the test fly a rotatory course deviation to the right and simultaneously a translatory altitude displacement downwards. The counteracting response to the displacement of the retinal image is an increase in thrust and lift on the right, accomplished mainly by increasing the wingbeat amplitude (WBA) on that side. A comparison of such responses with the simultaneously recorded action potentials in the prominent basalar muscles M.b1 and M.b2 and axillary muscles M.I1 and M.III1 on either side suggests that three of these muscles act on the WBA more or less independently and contribute to the optomotor control of course and altitude. During flight, M.b1 is almost continuously active with a frequency equal to or slightly below 1 spike per wingbeat cycle. The spikes occur within a narrow phase interval of this cycle, normally at the beginning of the transition from upstroke to downstroke. However, the visual stimulus described above causes a substantial phase lead in M.b1 on the right; the spikes occur shortly before the end of the upstroke. Such phase shifts are accompanied by comparatively smooth 'tonic' responses of the WBA. The activities of M.b2 and M.I1 are normally very low. However, the stimulus described above activates M.b2 on the right in a phase interval approximately two-thirds into the upstroke and M.I1 on the left in a phase interval at the beginning of the downstroke. The spikes tend to occur in bursts. These bursts are correlated with WBA-increasing 'hitches' (rapid changes in amplitude) on the right and WBA-decreasing hitches on the left. As fast 'phasic' responses, the burst-induced hitches are likely to account for the course-controlling 'body saccades' observed during free flight. For unknown reasons, M.I1 is activated by pattern motion but cannot conceivably assist the other muscles in altitude control. Unlike its homologues in larger flies (Musca domestica, Calliphora erythrocephala), M.III1 does not participate in optomotor flight control. Its activation seems to support the termination of flight and wing retraction at rest. The essential properties of the three pairs of muscles M.b1, M.b2 and M.I1 resemble those found in larger flies; the muscles are controlled by motion detectors with muscle-specific 'preferred directions' in the hexagonal array of retinal elements. Optomotor control of the three pairs of muscles in Drosophila melanogaster could explain most, but not all, of the WBA responses recorded so far.
Proton Transport Through Polyethylene‐Tetrafluoroethylene‐Copolymer‐Based Membrane Containing Sulfonic Acid Group Prepared by RIGP (1996)

A novel sulfonic acid group containing membrane (SH membrane) was prepared by grafting glycidyl methacrylate onto an ethylene‐tetrafluoroethylene copolymer film with subsequent sulfonation. The graft chains introduced on the SH membrane form a flexible brush‐type structure capable of binding water molecules (30% more than Nafion 117 membrane) and transporting protons. Proton conductivity of the SH membrane was evaluated as a function of group density. The SH membrane with the group conversion of 97% and the thickness of 70 μm had a specific resistivity of 24 Ω cm at 303 K, which was comparable to that of Nafion 117 membrane. A uniform distribution of the group across the SH membrane was verified using an electron probe x‐ray microanalyzer.
Mechanisms of reflex vasodilation: assessment of the role of neural reuptake of norepinephrine and release of histamine (1968)

The mechanisms of reflex vasodilation were studied in an innervated canine hindlimb preparation which was perfused at a constant rate. Reflex vasodilation was produced by suddenly increasing the pressure in the trunk by the intravenous injection of norepinephrine, with consequent stimulation of the baroreceptors. When the basal vasoconstrictor tone exerted by the sympathetic nervous system on the systemic arterial bed was minimized, either by pretreatment with the alpha adrenergic blocking agent phenoxybenzamine or with reserpine, which depletes endogenous catecholamine stores, reflex vasodilation was virtually abolished. Administration of cocaine, a drug which blocks reuptake of norepinephrine by the nerve terminals, significantly reduced reflex vasodilation, the response after cocaine averaging 47% of the vasodilator response in the control period. Cocaine also potentiated the vasoconstriction caused by intra-arterially administered norepinephrine but attenuated the vasoconstriction induced by tyramine. The antihistamine, tripelennamine, had effects similar to those of cocaine. It is suggested, therefore, that reflex vasodilation results from a sudden decrease in the level of norepinephrine at the neuroeffector junction, which is a consequence of the cessation of norepinephrine secretion, together with continued and possibly augmented uptake. When the uptake mechanism is impaired, either by the administration of cocaine or tripelennamine, the magnitude of reflex vasodilation is diminished. It does not appear necessary to postulate active secretion of a vasodilator substance to account for reflex vasodilation.
Structure and Physical Properties of Yogurt Gels: Effect of Inoculation Rate and Incubation Temperature (2004)

The effects of inoculation rates and incubation temperatures on the physical properties and microstructure of yogurt gels were investigated. A 2-factor experimental design with 3 replicates was used for data analysis. Yogurt gels were made with 0.5, 1, 2, 3, or 4% (wt/wt) inoculation rates and incubated at 40 or approximately 46 degrees C. Dynamic low amplitude oscillatory rheology was performed to monitor the formation of yogurt gels. Gel permeability and the amount of surface whey were determined. Gel structure was examined by confocal scanning laser microscopy. Higher storage modulus values were observed in yogurt gels made at higher inoculation rates and lower incubation temperatures. Gels made at higher inoculation rates and incubation temperatures exhibited higher yield stress and maximum loss tangent values, respectively. Permeability, pore size, and whey separation of yogurt gels increased with decreased inoculation rate and increased incubation temperature. An increase in the inoculation rate resulted in a decrease in the pH where the maximum in the loss tangent occurs, presumably reflecting less efficient solubilization of colloidal calcium phosphate (which is a slow process) and the need to attain a lower pH to complete the solubilization. Significant positive correlations were observed between whey separation and the value of maximum in loss tangent (r = 0.94) and permeability (r = 0.89). Whey separation was negatively correlated with storage modulus (r = -0.48). It was concluded that rearrangements of casein particles in the gel network and the rate at which the solubilization of colloidal calcium phosphate occurred were important driving forces for whey separation and weak gel.
The status of online Mendelian inheritance in man (OMIM) medio 1994 (1994)

During the last year many changes have been introduced into the system of maintaining OMIM. There are three major components of the reorganization. First, a distributed editorial system was introduced which provides a three-tiered editorial board with senior editors, science writers and subject editors. Second, MIM entries have been restructured to provide separate gene and phenotype information and to organize them into separate catalogs. The restructuring also establishes clearly defined sections for entering new information, converts old entries to the new structure, and establishes a file maintenance and editorial system in SGML format. Third, the entry numbering and naming system has been modified. In addition, the information has been made available through a variety of output media, including books, CD-ROM and online access based on the IRx, WAIS, Gopher and WWW formats.
Schwann cell‐derived exosomes enhance axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (2013)

Axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system is greatly supported by Schwann cells (SCs). After nerve injury, SCs dedifferentiate to a progenitor-like state and efficiently guide axons to their original target tissues. Contact and soluble factors participate in the crosstalk between SCs and axons during axonal regeneration. Here we show that dedifferentiated SCs secrete nano-vesicles known as exosomes which are specifically internalized by axons. Surprisingly, SC-derived exosomes markedly increase axonal regeneration in vitro and enhance regeneration after sciatic nerve injury in vivo. Exosomes shift the growth cone morphology to a pro-regenerating phenotype and decrease the activity of the GTPase RhoA, involved in growth cone collapse and axon retraction. Altogether, our work identifies a novel mechanism by which SCs communicate with neighboring axons during regenerative processes. We propose that SC exosomes represent an important mechanism by which these cells locally support axonal maintenance and regeneration after nerve damage.
Activation of STAT Proteins and Cytokine Genes in Human Th1 and Th2 Cells Generated in the Absence of IL-12 and IL-4 (1998)

We have shown previously that human CD4+ 45RO- T cells could be primed for a Th2 phenotype independent of IL-4 if they were activated by anti-CD28 mAb plus IL-2. If additional TCR signals were provided, the cells differentiated toward Th1 independent of IL-12. Here we show that anti-CD28/IL-2-primed Th2 cells expressed high levels of activated STAT6, but no cytokine mRNA. Moreover, both Th1 and Th2 cells expressed active STAT1 and -3, but not STAT2, -4, and -5. Restimulation of Th1 or Th2 cells via CD3 plus CD28 induced production of IFN-gamma or IL-4, respectively, but did not alter the activation status/DNA binding activity of STATs. Addition of IL-4 (or anti-IL-4 mAb) to restimulated Th2 cells did not modulate STAT6 activation or IL-4 expression, confirming the full commitment. However, Th2 cells remained responsive to IL-12, which repressed STAT6 DNA binding but activated STAT4, and this coincided with a suppression of IL-4/IL-5 and an induction of IFN-gamma. In Th1 cells, IL-12 activated both STAT6 and STAT4, and IL-4 activated STAT6, but in both cases the Th1 phenotype remained. Together the data show that CD28/IL-2-dependent Th2 priming activated STAT6 without inducing IL-4 expression. The primed Th cells resembled memory cells and produced IL-4 upon the first CD3/CD28 costimulus without detectable modulation of STATs. Th2 cells remained responsive to IL-12, which repressed STAT6 DNA binding and activated STAT4, and switched the cells to Th1. The effects of IL-12 may depend on the commitment of the cells, since IL-12 phosphorylated STAT6 in Th1 and dephosphorylated STAT6 in Th2 cells.
DOS-limited contact resistance in graphene FETs (2011)

Graphene has attracted much attention as one of promising candidates of future high-speed transistor materials because of its high carrier mobility of more than 10,000 cm2 V-1 s-1. Up to this point, we have focused on the contact properties as performance killers, as a very small density of states in graphene might suppress the current injection from metal to graphene. This paper systematically reviews the metal/graphene contact properties and discusses the present status and future requirements of the specific contact resistivity.
Structural analysis of silicon doped with high doses of C+ ions (1988)

A complete interpretation is performed of the electron diffraction patterns of (001)- and (111)-oriented silicon single crystals bombarded by stoichiometric doses of carbon ions with 40 keV energy. The ion beam current density amounted ≈ 300 μA/cm2 with ion fluence of 6 × 1017 ions per cm2. It is found that highly intensive ion bombardment promotes the formation of a layer of silicon carbide of cubic modification (β-SiC) with first- and second-order twins deep in the sample. The electron diffraction analysis of the planar and back sides of bombarded silicon plates exhibit the availability of β-SiC inclusions on their surfaces. [Russian Text Ignored].
Scalable support for multithreaded applications on dynamic binary instrumentation systems (2009)

Dynamic binary instrumentation systems are used to inject or modify arbitrary instructions in existing binary applications; several such systems have been developed over the past decade. Much of the literature describing the internal architecture and performance of these systems has focused on executing single-threaded guest applications. In this paper, we discuss the specific design decisions necessary for supporting large, multithreaded applications on JIT-based dynamic instrumentation systems. While implementing a working solution for multithreading is straightforward, providing a system that scales in terms of memory and performance is much more intricate. We highlight the design decisions in the latest version of the Pin dynamic instrumentation system, including the just-in-time compiler, the emulator, and the code cache. The overall design strives to provide scalable performance and memory footprints on modern applications.
Extracting Transmission Lines From Airborne LIDAR Data (2006)

This letter presents an algorithm to aid in the automatic monitoring of high-voltage transmission lines using airborne light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology. LIDAR data are first automatically labeled as transmission line, vegetation, or surface. The extracted transmission line data points are then segmented into individual spans using local affine models of the data. The algorithm correctly identified 86.9% of those data points that lay on transmission lines, and extracted 72.1% of the individual transmission line spans.
Spatial aspects of neural induction in <i>Xenopus laevis</i> (1989)

A monoclonal antibody, 2G9, has been identified and characterised as a marker of neural differentiation in Xenopus. The epitope is present throughout the adult central nervous system and in peripheral nerves. Staining is first detected in embryos at stage 21 in the thoracic region. By stage 29 it stains the whole central nervous system, except the tail tip. The epitope is present in a 65K Mr protein, and includes sialic acid. The antibody also reacts with neural tissue in mice and axolotls and newts. 2G9 was used to show that both notochord and somites are capable of neural induction, and the stimulus is present as late as stage 22. Attempts to demonstrate the induction of nervous system by developing nervous system (homoiogenetic induction) were unsuccessful. The view that the lateral extent of the nervous system might be determined by that of the inductive stimulus is discussed. Neural induction was detected as early as stage 10 and occurs in embryos without gastrulation and without cell division from stage 7 1/2.
The MUC1 Ectodomain: A Novel and Efficient Target for Gold Nanoparticle Clustering and Vapor Nanobubble Generation (2012)

MUC1 is a large, heavily glycosylated transmembrane glycoprotein that is proposed to create a protective microenvironment in many adenocarcinomas. Here we compare MUC1 and the well studied cell surface receptor target, EGFR, as gold nanoparticle (AuNP) targets and their subsequent vapor nanobubble generation efficacy in the human epithelial cell line, HES. Although EGFR and MUC1 were both highly expressed in these cells, TEM and confocal images revealed MUC1 as a superior target for nanoparticle intracellular accumulation and clustering. The MUC1-targeted AuNP intracellular clusters also generated significantly larger vapor nanobubbles. Our results demonstrate the promising opportunities MUC1 offers to improve the efficacy of targeted nanoparticle based approaches.
THE GERMFREE ANIMAL IN NUTRITIONAL STUDIES (1981)

The objective of this review is to provide an overview of intermittent fasting regimens, summarize the evidence on the health benefits of intermittent fasting, and discuss physiological mechanisms by which intermittent fasting might lead to improved ...Read More
Thermal blooming of single pulse CO<sub>2</sub>laser radiation (1979)

An experimental investigation of the thermal blooming of a focused 3 mu s single pulse CO2 laser beam is described. An absorption cell, containing a propane-nitrogen gas mixture at atmospheric pressure was placed with its exit aperture in the focal plane of the laser beam. Measurements were made over a range of absorption coefficients from 2.4*10-4 cm-1 to 2.3*10-3 cm-1 and laser energies from 1.5 J to 2.4 J using an eight element linear array of detectors positioned across the beam diameter. Thermal blooming results are shown for times up to 2 mu s after the start of the laser pulse. This spans the focal plane hydrodynamic time of approximately 1.7 mu s. These results are compared with theoretical predictions obtained using a full wave, full hydrodynamic computer code, in which care was taken to accurately model the laser beam. The theoretical calculations consistently overpredicted the changes in the laser profile due to blooming. It is concluded that the most likely explanation of this discrepancy is that more accurate modelling of the laser beam spatial profile is required.
Implementation of the PHA Pulmonary Hypertension Care Center Accreditation Program (2014)

In the previous issue of Advances in Pulmonary Hypertension, Dr Studer discussed the emerging evidence suggesting that patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) managed by specialized centers have improved outcomes compared with those without access to comprehensive PH care. He also summarized some of the anticipated benefits of referral to and collaboration with specialized treatment centers for PH.1 In 2011, the Pulmonary Hypertension Association (PHA) Pulmonary Hypertension Care Center (PHCC) Committee began to explore a process for formal accreditation of PH programs in the United States.