gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Estimating Visual Quality of Scenic Highway Using GIS and Landscape Visualizations (2008)

With ever increasing use of highways for transportation in modern life, highway landscape has gradually become one of the major elements of the roadside environment that people experience on a frequent basis. The project has harnessed the power of GIS to investigate the relationship of landscape features including topography, landscape elements and visual closure with scenic preference. A number of experimental landscape visualizations, in the form of video clips, were statistically generated using GIS and Continuous rating data were then recorded for scenic preference. A procedure for measuring the scenic quality of the highway landscape and explaining how landscape features relate to the visual perceptions of drivers by collecting and analyzing the highway landscape visualizations are described in this paper, which would provide designers and decision-makers with a framework for incorporating multi-modal elements and their relationships into highway landscape planning and design.
Synthesis and thermoresponsive behaviors of biodegradable Pluronic analogs (2009)

Abstract Pluronic analogs based on block copolymers of poly(propylene oxide) and poly(ethyl ethylene phosphate) (PEEP‐PPO‐PEEP) were synthesized, and the thermoresponsive behavior, including aggregation at low concentration and gelation at high concentration were studied. At lower concentrations up to 10 wt %, thermo‐induced aggregation of PEEP‐PPO‐PEEP was demonstrated by UV‐vis absorbance measurements using 1,6‐diphenyl‐1,3,5‐hexatriene as a probe. Microthermal analyzes showed symmetrically endothermic and exothermic thermograms during the thermo‐induced aggregation and de‐association processes, which was also associated with the dehydration and rehydration of PPO blocks, as revealed by the variable temperature NMR measurements. Thermo‐induced aggregation with the increased temperatures was also observed by dynamic light scattering. At higher concentration from 20 to 40 wt %, the aqueous solution of PEEP‐PPO‐PEEP underwent thermo‐induced phase transitions from a clear solution to a turbid solution, then to opaque gel and syneresis phases, depending on the molecular weights of PEEP blocks. Such a thermoresponsive hydrogel was used for doxorubicin incorporation. Sustained release of drug was achieved from the gel, demonstrating the polyphosphoester‐based Pluronic analogs' potential for biomedical applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6168–6179, 2009
Metabolic imaging of energy metabolism in traumatic brain injury using hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate (2017)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known to cause perturbations in the energy metabolism of the brain, but current tests of metabolic activity are only indirect markers of energy use or are highly invasive. Here we show that hyperpolarized <sup>13</sup>C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) can be used as a direct, non-invasive method for studying the effects of TBI on energy metabolism. Measurements were performed on rats with moderate TBI induced by controlled cortical impact on one cerebral hemisphere. Following injection of hyperpolarized [1-<sup>13</sup>C]pyruvate, the resulting <sup>13</sup>C-bicarbonate signal was found to be 24 ± 6% lower in the injured hemisphere compared with the non-injured hemisphere, while the hyperpolarized bicarbonate-to-lactate ratio was 33 ± 8% lower in the injured hemisphere. In a control group, no significant difference in signal was found between sides of the brain. The results suggest an impairment in mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism, resulting in a decrease in aerobic respiration at the location of injury following TBI.
A Phase Locked Loop with a Mixed Mode Loop Filter for Clock/Data Recovery in Optical Disc Drives (2005)

A PLL with a mixed mode loop filter is designed to suppress the need for a large size capacitor in an analog clock/data recovery circuit and eliminates the need for a high resolution digital controlled oscillator (DCO) in a digital clock recovery circuit. The value of the capacitor in the mixed mode loop filter is 1/4 to 1/256 of that of a conventional loop filter and frequency quantization errors are smaller than that of a 16 bit DCO. The design was verified in the read channel of a digital versatile disc system at 478 Mbps and in the partial-response maximum-likelihood (PRML) detectors for a Blu-ray disc system at 264 Mbps.
Single- and double-slit diffraction of neutrons (1988)

The authors report detailed experiments and comparison with first-principle theoretical calculation of the diffraction of cold neutrons ($\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\approx}2$ nm) at single- and double-slit assemblies of dimensions in the 20-100 \ensuremath{\mu}m range. Their experimental results show all predicted features of the diffraction patterns in great detail. Particularly, their double-slit diffraction experiment is its most precise realization hitherto for matter waves.
Use of bacteriophages in the treatment of<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>infections (2013)

Phage therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections has been used for more than 50 years. Controlled investigation into its use dates from the early 1990s when positive laboratory studies of local and systemic infection were followed by clinical studies: symptomatic improvement and phage multiplication were seen in a pet dog with otitis and a human with an infected burn. Antibiotic resistance has renewed interest in this approach. There have been recent positive reports in the treatment of experimental animal infection including systemic and respiratory infections. Phages have shown promise against experimental biofilms. Two small recent clinical trials in otitis, of dogs and of human patients have provided some encouraging results. Phage has potential in the treatment of antibiotic resistant infection by P. aeruginosa. Hence, full scale clinical trials are needed.
Mouse Sir2 Homolog SIRT6 Is a Nuclear ADP-ribosyltransferase (2005)

Members of the Sir2 family of NAD-dependent protein deacetylases regulate diverse cellular processes including aging, gene silencing, and cellular differentiation. Here, we report that the distant mammalian Sir2 homolog SIRT6 is a broadly expressed, predominantly nuclear protein. Northern analysis of embryonic samples and multiple adult tissues revealed mouse SIRT6 (mSIRT6) mRNA peaks at day E11, persisting into adulthood in all eight tissues examined. At the protein level, mSIRT6 was readily detectable in the same eight tissue types, with the highest levels in muscle, brain, and heart. Subcellular localization studies using both C- and N-terminal green fluorescent protein fusion proteins showed mSIRT6-green fluorescent protein to be a predominantly nuclear protein. Indirect immunofluorescence using antibodies to two different mSIRT6 epitopes confirmed that endogenous mSIRT6 is also largely nuclear. Consistent with previous findings, we did not observe any NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase activity in preparations of mSIRT6. However, purified recombinant mSIRT6 did catalyze the robust transfer of radiolabel from [32P]NAD to mSIRT6. Two highly conserved residues within the catalytic core of the protein were required for this reaction. This reaction is most likely mono-ADP-ribosylation because only the modified form of the protein was recognized by an antibody specific to mono-ADP-ribose. Surprisingly, we observed that the catalytic mechanism of this reaction is intra-molecular, with individual molecules of mSIRT6 directing their own modification. These results provide the first characterization of a Sir2 protein from phylogenetic class IV.
Ferromagnetic properties of epitaxial SrRuO3 films on SiO2∕Si using biaxially oriented MgO as templates (2005)

We have deposited epitaxial SrRuO3 (SRO) thin films on SiO2∕Si substrates using biaxially oriented MgO templates produced by ion-beam-assisted deposition. The strain states of the SRO films are strongly affected by the crystallinity of the templates: the better the in-plane texture of the template is, the more in-plane tensile stress the films are subjected to. On the other hand, SRO films are relatively loosely strained with lattice parameters closer to bulk property if the templates have a broad in-plane alignment. The magnetization of the SRO films is well described by Bloch’s T3∕2 law at low temperatures, which is well known as the result of spin wave excitation: M(T)∕M(0)=1−AT3∕2. The strained films show larger spin wave parameter A values, reflecting larger magnetization suppression. The suppression of magnetization in the strained films is attributed to the change in the magnetic coupling since this coupling is very sensitive to the interatomic distance.
Mechanical-plowing-based high-speed patterning on hard material via advanced-control and ultrasonic probe vibration (2013)

In this paper, we present a high-speed direct pattern fabrication on hard materials (e.g., a tungsten-coated quartz substrate) via mechanical plowing. Compared to other probe-based nanolithography techniques based on chemical- and/or physical-reactions (e.g., the Dip-pen technique), mechanical plowing is meritorious for its low cost, ease of process control, and capability of working with a wide variety of materials beyond conductive and/or soft materials. However, direct patterning on hard material faces two daunting challenges. First, the patterning throughput is ultimately hindered by the "writing" (plowing) speed, which, in turn, is limited by the adverse effects that can be excited/induced during high-speed, and/or large-range plowing, including the vibrational dynamics of the actuation system (the piezoelectric actuator, the cantilever, and the mechanical fixture connecting the cantilever to the actuator), the dynamic cross-axis coupling between different axes of motion, and the hysteresis and the drift effects related to the piezoelectric actuators. Secondly, it is very challenging to directly pattern on ultra-hard materials via plowing. Even with a diamond probe, the line depth of the pattern via continuous plowing on ultra-hard materials such as tungsten, is still rather small (<0.5 nm), particularly when the "writing" speed becomes high. To overcome these two challenges, we propose to utilize a novel iterative learning control technique to achieve precision tracking of the desired pattern during high-speed, large-range plowing, and introduce ultrasonic vibration of the probe in the normal (vertical) direction during the plowing process to enable direct patterning on ultra hard materials. The proposed approach was implemented to directly fabricate patterns on a mask with tungsten coating and quartz substrate. The experimental results demonstrated that a large-size pattern of four grooves (20 μm in length with 300 nm spacing between lines) can be fabricated at a high speed of ~5 mm/s, with the line width and the line depth at ~95 nm and 2 nm, respectively. A fine pattern of the word "NANO" is also fabricated at the speed of ~5 mm/s.
The Road to 5G V2X: Ultra-High Reliable Communications (2018)

For the success of real-time Vehicular-to-Everything (V2X) communications it is paramount that 5G mobile networks be resilient, highly reliable, and secure in the delivery and reception of information to and from the vehicle. There are several concerted efforts underway in 3GPP and oneM2M to enhance the end-to-end transmission and forwarding of data packets through the 5G System for assuring a successful deployment and provisioning of IoT/M2M real-time vertical services. This paper provides an analysis of the 3GPP work in this area and its timescales, with focus on V2X. In addition, standards activities in oneM2M to enable interworking V2X services between 3GPP and IoT/M2M service layer are introduced providing a comprehensive overview.
Measurement of aqueous cells and flare in normal eyes. (1991)

(abstractThe Kowa laser cell flare meter has been recently introduced to quantify the assessment of aqueous cells and flare in vivo by measurement of light scattering from a low power HeNe beam. Computer analysis of this scattered light can distinguish cells (expressed as cell count) from protein (expressed as photon count/ms), and in-vitro work with albumin solutions has shown that the photon count/ms is linearly related to protein concentration. This study of 106 normal eyes (53 subjects) assesses the accuracy and sensitivity of the instrument and the factors affecting the interpretation of its results. Using in-vitro solutions of human albumin we found a highly significant linear correlation (r = 1, p = 0.0001) between photon count and protein concentration. The results show that the instrument has a photon count/ms reproducibility of 8.26% and that there is a within-subject variability in photon count/ms (aqueous flare) of 12.2% in normal eyes. No significant difference in photon count/ms (aqueous flare) was found to exist between right and left eyes (p greater than 0.4), between sexes (p greater than 0.5), or between irides of different colour (p greater than 0.8). There was also no statistically significant variation in photon counts/ms with time of day over the period of measurement (1000-1900 h) (p = 0.4). There was, however, an increase in photon count/ms with age (r = 0.57, p less than 0.001) and a decrease with pupillary dilatation at both 30 and 60 minutes after instillation of tropicamide 1% (p less than 0.05). An occasional cell was found in only 10.4% of normal eyes, and there was no significant increase in the cell counts on mydriasis (p>0.05). These findings indicate that the Kowa laser flare meter is an accurate and sensitive instrument with potential application in the investigation of blood-aqueous barrier.
The effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I and growth hormone on body composition in elderly women. (1995)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of recombinant human GH (rhGH; 0.025 mg/kg.day) and one of two doses of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (rhIGF-I; 0.015 and 0.060 mg/kg, twice daily) on body composition in elderly women. Sixteen healthy elderly women (mean age +/- SEM, 71.9 +/- 1.3 yr) were randomly assigned to receive either rhGH (GH; n = 5), low dose rhIGF-I (n = 6), or high dose rhIGF-I (n = 5). A 2-week predrug baseline period was followed by 4 weeks of hormone treatment, with a standardized diet fed throughout. All groups experienced a significant increase in serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels over the treatment period, accompanied by significant decreases in IGF-II (P < 0.05). Fat mass decreased in all groups, with significant increases in lean body mass and nitrogen retention occurring in the high dose IGF and GH groups. Total body water did not change, whereas increases observed in intracellular fluid approached significance (P = 0.06). These anabolic changes were accompanied by numerous negative side-effects in the GH and high dose IGF groups, including headaches, lethargy, joint swelling/pain, and bloatedness. The low IGF dose was well tolerated. These results demonstrate that the administration of rhGH and rhIGF-I for 4 weeks results in anabolic changes in body composition in elderly women.
An optimization problem in adaptive virtual environments (2005)

A virtual execution environment consisting of virtual machines (VMs) interconnected with virtual networks provides opportunities to dynamically optimize, at run-time, the performance of existing, unmodified distributed applications without any user or programmer intervention. Along with resource monitoring and inference and application-independent adaptation mechanisms, efficient adaptation algorithms are key to the success of such an effort. In previous work we have described our measurement and inference framework, explained our adaptation mechanisms, and proposed simple heuristics as adaptation algorithms. Though we were successful in improving performance as compared to the case with no adaptation, none of our algorithms were characterized by theoretically proven bounds. In this paper, we formalize the adaptation problem, show that it is NP-hard and propose research directions for coming up with an efficient solution.
Big data analytics with small footprint (2013)

This paper describes the BID Data Suite, a collection of hardware, software and design patterns that enable fast, large-scale data mining at very low cost. By co-designing all of these elements we achieve single-machine performance levels that equal or exceed reported cluster implementations for common benchmark problems. A key design criterion is rapid exploration of models, hence the system is interactive and primarily single-user. The elements of the suite are: (i) the data engine, a hardware design pattern that balances storage, CPU and GPU acceleration for typical data mining workloads, (ii) BIDMat, an interactive matrix library that integrates CPU and GPU acceleration and novel computational kernels (iii), BIDMach, a machine learning system that includes very efficient model optimizers, (iv) Butterfly mixing, a communication strategy that hides the latency of frequent model updates needed by fast optimizers and (v) Design patterns to improve performance of iterative update algorithms. We present several benchmark problems to show how the above elements combine to yield multiple orders-of-magnitude improvements for each problem.
Method of improving switching speed (1970)

The saturation characteristic of a switching transistor can be improved by using gold doping, buried layers, or clamp circuits. However, some important factors such as switching speed, loading capability, cost, and reliability may have to be sacrificed. The author describes a new technique to significantly improve not only the saturation characteristic, but also the switching speed by utilizing a two-collector-terminal transistor. The TCT structure and theory are presented. Results of experiments using the TCT and the conventional transistor are compared.
Oral butyrate for mildly to moderately active Crohn's disease (2005)

Oral butyrate is safe and well tolerated, and may be effective in inducing clinical improvement/remission in Crohn's disease. These data indicate the need for a large investigation to extend the present findings, and suggest that butyrate may exert its action through downregulation of NF-kappaB and IL-1beta.
Enhancing network quality using baseband frequency hopping, downlink power control and DTX in a live GSM network (2002)

Baseband frequency hopping in the combination with downlink power control and discontinuous transmission has been investigated as a quality improving feature in a live GSM network. Using the dropped call rate and the frame erasure rate to measure the network quality, the use of frequency hopping proves a powerful network quality enhancement feature. By optimising the frequency plan and the handover algorithm a reduction in dropped calls is achieved. Along with frequency hopping, downlink discontinuous transmission has been investigated. In this situation an increase in bad quality, partly due to the statistical inaccuracy with discontinuous transmission in GSM and maybe due to poor performance of the mobile stations, was encountered. The current status is therefore to reject the use of downlink discontinuous transmission until more information about the performance of the mobile stations is found. The combination of baseband frequency hopping and downlink power control has also been investigated. Even with a maximum dynamic range of 6 dB a large average base station transmitting power reduction is achieved. However no quality improvements in terms of dropped calls could be found.
Central Role of Oxidative Stress in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Evidence from a Review of the Molecular Mechanisms and Animal Models (2020)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of visual impairment in the elderly. There are very limited therapeutic options for AMD with the predominant therapies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the retina of patients afflicted with wet AMD. Hence, it is important to remind readers, especially those interested in AMD, about current studies that may help to develop novel therapies for other stages of AMD. This study, therefore, provides a comprehensive review of studies on human specimens as well as rodent models of the disease, to identify and analyze the molecular mechanisms behind AMD development and progression. The evaluation of this information highlights the central role that oxidative damage in the retina plays in contributing to major pathways, including inflammation and angiogenesis, found in the AMD phenotype. Following on the debate of oxidative stress as the earliest injury in the AMD pathogenesis, we demonstrated how the targeting of oxidative stress-associated pathways, such as autophagy and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling, might be the futuristic direction to explore in the search of an effective treatment for AMD, as the dysregulation of these mechanisms is crucial to oxidative injury in the retina. In addition, animal models of AMD have been discussed in great detail, with their strengths and pitfalls included, to assist inform in the selection of suitable models for investigating any of the molecular mechanisms.
Enzyme Immunoassay Validation for the Detection of Buprenorphine in Urine (2003)

A solid-phase enzyme immunoassay involving microtiter plates was proposed by Microgenics to screen buprenorphine in urine. The intra-assay precision at 10 ng/mL was 7.7% (coefficient of variation). The immunoassay was determined to have no cross-reactivity with codeine, dihydrocodeine, morphine, ethylmorphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, methadone, pholcodine, propoxyphene, dextromoramide, and dextromethorphan at 1 and 10 mg/L. A low cross-reactivity (3% at 1 ng/mL) was observed at low concentrations of norbuprenorphine. After comparing this new immunological test (Singlestep ELISA) for 76 urine specimens with our validated high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-ES-MS) procedure, an optimum cutoff concentration of 2 ng/mL was determined for the kit. At this cutoff, the screening assay was able to determine more than 90% of true results with 43.4% true positives and 48.7% true negatives. Four positive urines (5.3%) were not confirmed by HPLC-ES-MS. In only one case, the negative urine test was confirmed as positive by HPLC-ES-MS (buprenorphine: 62.5 ng/mL). Buprenorphine concentrations determined by HPLC-ES-MS ranged from 1.2 to 1052 ng/mL. Of the four potential adulterants (hypochloride 50 mL/L, sodium nitrite 50 g/L, liquid soap 50 mL/L, and sodium chloride 50 g/L) that might be added to a positive urine specimen, none were able to cause a false-negative response by the immunoassay. The results of this study support the concept that the Singlestep ELISA for buprenorphine determination in urine should be considered as a new, valided screening procedure.