gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An experimental investigation of the effect of medium thickness and transducer spacing on the read-back signal in magnetic recording systems (1973)

An experimental investigation has been made of the dependence of the read-back signal on medium thickness and read transducer spacing for magnetic recording particulate disk file systems using saturation recording. The novel technique employed permits the study of the effects of transducer spacing and medium thickness without the need for changing either the medium specimen or the read transducer. For the ranges of transducer spacing (1.25-6.0 μm) and medium thickness (0.0- 1.75 μm) investigated, excellent agreement with theoretical predictions was found for peak signal amplitudes and half-pulsewidths of isolated pulses. It was also found that the -6 dB pulse packing density, calculated from half-pulsewidth measurements of isolated pulses, agrees well with experimental results.
Direct Network Prototype Leveraging Light Peak Technology (2010)

Light Peak is a new optical interconnect technology developed by Intel and targeted at connecting computing and consumer electronic devices. It provides bandwidth of 10Gbps and higher using optical fiber technology, but at extremely low cost. This paper investigates whether Light Peak technology can be leveraged to form the basis of a low-cost, high performance, scalable network. This paper presents our feasibility analysis, supported by a prototype network we constructed. The prototype consisted of a number of Light Peak PCI-Express cards, each with one host interface, an integrated switch, and transceiver pair with four optical ports. With very small forwarding delays, Light Peak supports direct networks with topologies that have interesting traffic characteristics suitable for small-scale clusters (containers with 1,000-10,000 servers).
Effects of Pd-bacteriopheophorbide (TOOKAD)-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Canine Prostate Pretreated with Ionizing Radiation (2004)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a novel palladium bacteriopherophorbide photosensitizer TOOKAD (WST09) on canine prostate that had been pretreated with ionizing radiation. To produce a physiological and anatomical environment in canine prostate similar to that in patients for whom radiotherapy has failed, canine prostates (n = 4) were exposed to ionizing radiation (54 Gy) 5 to 6 months prior to interstitial TOOKAD-mediated PDT. Light irradiation (763 nm, 50-200 J/cm at 150 mW/cm from a 1-cm cylindrical diffusing fiber) was delivered during intravenous infusion of TOOKAD at 2 mg/kg over 10 min. Interstitial measurements of tissue oxygen profile (pO(2)) and of local light fluence rate were also measured. The prostates were harvested for histological examination 1 week after PDT. The baseline pO(2) of preirradiated prostate was in the range 10-44 mmHg. The changes in relative light fluence rate during PDT ranged from 12 to 43%. The acute lesions were characterized by hemorrhagic necrosis, clearly distinguishable from the radiotherapy-induced pre-existing fibrosis. The lesion size was correlated with light fluence and comparable to that in unirradiated prostate treated with a similar TOOKAD-PDT protocol. There was no noticeable damage to the urethra, bladder or adjacent colon. The preliminary results obtained from a small number of animals indicate that TOOKAD-PDT can effectively ablate prostate pretreated with ionizing radiation, and so it may provide an alternative modality for those prostate cancer patients for whom radiotherapy has failed.
Über Reaktionen der Diazoalkane, II<sup>1)</sup> Darstellung von α‐[2‐Alkoxycarbonyl‐anilino]‐ und α‐[2‐Acyl‐anilino]‐carbonsäureamiden (1968)

Abstract Anthranilester ( 1a , b ) reagieren mit Isocyanaten ( 2 ) in Gegenwart von Diazoalkanen ( 3a – f ) zu α‐[2‐Alkoxycarbonyl‐anilino]‐carbonsäureamiden ( 4a – i ) [Gl. (1)]. Milde Verseifung dieser Produkte führt zu den α‐[2‐Carboxy‐anilino]‐carbonsäureamide, energische Verseifung zu den α‐[2‐Carboxy‐anilino‐carbonsäuren]. Nebenprodukte der Reaktion sind O ‐Alkoxycarbonyl‐phenylharnstoffe ( 8 ) und substituierte 2.4‐Dioxo‐1.2.3.4‐tetrahydro‐chinazoline ( 9 ). – O ‐Amino‐acetophenon ( 1c ) bildet ähnlich mit Phenylisocyanat und Diazomethan 2‐Acetyl‐anilino‐essigsäure‐anilid ( 4j ), das durch Schmelzen mit Natriumhydroxid in Skatol‐carbonsäure‐(2) übergeführt wurde.
Irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and the microbiome (2013)

The microbiome represents 'the other genome', and to appreciate its role in health and disease will be as challenging as with our own genome. Intestinal diseases occur at the front line of our interaction with the microbiome and their future treatment will be shaped as we unravel our relationship with it.
A computational study of flow separation characteristics and wake profiles behind a flapping airfoil (1999)

© 1999 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.Unsteady, viscous flowfields over a NACA0012 airfoil oscillated in plunge and/or pitch at various reduced frequency, amplitude and phase shift are computed. Vortical wake formations, boundary layer flows at the leading edge, the formation of leading edge vortices and their downstream convection are presented in terms of unsteady particle traces. Flow separation characteristics and thrust producing wake profiles are identified. Computed results compare well with the water tunnel flow visualization and force data, and other computational data. It is shown that the maximum propulsive efficiency is obtained for cases where the flow remains mostly attached over the airfoil oscillated in a combined pitch and plunge.
Anteversion of the Acetabular Cup Determined by Digital Radiographic Software as Compared to CT-Based Measurement (2016)

AIM: Precision in determining cup positioning in patients after total hip arthroplasty (THA) is critical, especially in seek for the cause of symptoms in cases of postoperative pain, excessive wear and instability. Computed tomography scans (CT) were found to be superior at measuring the anteversion of the acetabular cup as compared to measurements performed on printed radiographs. The purpose of the present study was to compare acetabular anteversion measured on digital radiographs with dedicated software to measurements carried out via CT. METHODS: CT scans and radiograph exams were obtained from 62 patients after THA. Acetabular cup anteversion was measured from CT by CT-based image analysis software (Amira©) and from digital radiographs using dedicated measurement tool of a digital software (TraumaCAD©). Anteversion angles of the acetabular cup were calculated and compared. RESULTS: Radiographic calculated acetabular anteversion angles were significantly lower than CT measurements (average difference of -13.8, p < 0.001), with a moderate correlation between methods (r = 0.534; p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between radiographic error and anteversion angle (r = 0.910; p < 0.001), with the radiographs showing greater underestimation of the angle at greater angles. CONCLUSIONS: Digital radiographic shows imprecision in measuring acetabular cup anteversion. Clinicians must consider this when making clinical decisions based on these radiographs.
Providing Surround Sound with Loudspeakers: A Synopsis of Current Methods (2012)

Available methods for room-related sound presentation are introduced and evaluated. A focus is put on the synthesis side rather than on complete transmission systems. Different methods are compared using common, though quite general criteria. The methods selected for comparison are: INTENSITY STEREOPHONY after Blumlein, vector-base amplitude panning (VBAP ), 5.1-SURROUND and its discrete-channel derivatives, synthesis with spherical harmonics (AMBISONICS, HOA), synthesis based on the boundary method, namely, wave-field synthesis (WFS ), and binaural-cue selection methods (e.g., DIRAC ). While VBAP, 5.1-SURROUND and other discrete-channel-based methods show a number of practical advantages, they do, in the end, not aim at authentic sound-field reproduction. The so-called holophonic methods that do so, particularly, HOA and WFS, have specific advantages and disadvantages which will be discussed. Yet, both methods are under continuous development, and a decision in favor of one of them should be taken from a strictly application-oriented point of view by considering relevant application-specific advantages and disadvantages in detail.
Protecting Your Children from Inappropriate Content in Mobile Apps (2015)

Mobile applications (Apps) could expose children or adolescents to mature themes such as sexual content, violence and drug use, which results in an inappropriate security and privacy risk for them. Therefore, mobile platforms provide rating policies to label the maturity levels of Apps and the reasons why an App has a given maturity level, which enables parents to select maturity-appropriate Apps for their children. However, existing approaches to implement these maturity rating policies are either costly (because of expensive manually labeling) or inaccurate (because of no centralized controls). In this work, we aim to design and build a machine learning framework to automatically predict maturity levels for mobile Apps and the associated reasons with a high accuracy and a low cost.
Documentation of Machine Learning Software (2020)

Machine Learning software documentation is different from most of the documentations that were studied in software engineering research. Often, the users of these documentations are not software experts. The increasing interest in using data science and in particular, machine learning in different fields attracted scientists and engineers with various levels of knowledge about programming and software engineering. Our ultimate goal is automated generation and adaptation of machine learning software documents for users with different levels of expertise. We are interested in understanding the nature and triggers of the problems and the impact of the users' levels of expertise in the process of documentation evolution. We will investigate the Stack Overflow Q&As and classify the documentation related Q/As within the machine learning domain to understand the types and triggers of the problems as well as the potential change requests to the documentation. We intend to use the results for building on top of the state of the art techniques for automatic documentation generation and extending on the adoption, summarization, and explanation of software functionalities.
CRISPR-typing PCR (ctPCR), a new Cas9-based DNA detection method (2018)

This study develops a new method for detecting and typing target DNA based on Cas9 nuclease, which was named as ctPCR, representing Cas9-sgRNA- or CRISPR-typing PCR. The technique can detect and type target DNA easily, rapidly, specifically, and sensitively. This technique detects target DNA in three steps: (1) amplifying target DNA with PCR by using a pair of universal primers (PCR1); (2) treating PCR1 products with a process referred to as CAT, representing Cas9 cutting, A tailing and T adaptor ligation; (3) amplifying the CAT-treated DNA with PCR by using a pair of general-specific primers (gs-primers) (PCR2). This method was verified by detecting HPV16 and HPV18 L1 gene in 13 different high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) subtypes. This method was also verified by detecting the L1 and E6-E7 genes of two high-risk HPVs (HPV16 and 18) in cervical carcinoma cells and many clinical samples. In this method, PCR1 was performed to determine if the detected DNA sample contained the target DNA (such as virus infection), while PCR2 was performed to discriminate which genotypic target DNA was present in the detected DNA sample (such as virus subtypes). Based on these proof-of-concept experiments, this study provides a new CRISPR/Cas9-based DNA detection and typing method.
Early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction based on assay for subforms of creatine kinase-MB. (1990)

Thrombolytic therapy for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has produced the need for an accurate early diagnostic marker. We previously developed and assessed an assay for the creatine kinase (CK)-MB subforms; assay time is 25 minutes. Plasma MB2 (tissue subform) activity, MB1 (plasma-modified subform) activity, and MB2/MB1 ratio in 56 healthy individuals were 0.61 +/- 0.33 units/l, 0.63 +/- 0.33 units/l, and 0.94 +/- 0.39, respectively. Only one individual had both an MB2 activity greater than 1.0 units/l and an MB2/MB1 ratio of more than 1.5. Similar results were obtained in 50 hospitalized patients without cardiac disease; two of these patients had both an MB2 activity and an MB2/MB1 ratio greater than the cutoff values. Among 49 patients with AMI, MB2 activity and the MB2/MB1 ratio began to increase 2 hours after AMI; the ratio reached a plateau of 3.1 by 4-6 hours. The first available plasma sample was abnormal by the subform assay in 67% of patients and by a conventional MB assay in 27% of patients. Assay sensitivities in samples collected at 2-4, 4-6, and 6-8 hours after AMI were 59%, 92%, and 100% for the subform assay and 23%, 50%, and 71% for the conventional assay (p less than 0.03 versus subform assay at each time interval). False-negative results were obtained by the subform and conventional assays in 15 and 45 samples at a mean of 2.3 and 5.8 hours, respectively. Subform assay provides rapid and reliable diagnosis of AMI within 4-6 hours after the onset of symptoms, which is 6 hours before conventional CK-MB assays are accurate.
Friction and Lubrication of Synthetic Fibers (1973)

Methods and instrumentation are desnibed for determining the frictional properties of continuous filament textile yarns over a wide speed range and for the measurement of antistatic properties. The effect of guide and fiber surface roughness and speed on friction are presented. A discussion of the stick-slip phenomenon is included. It is concluded that in analogy with metal lubrication distinct differences in the frictional behavior of synthetic fibers exist under boundary, semi boundary, and hydrodynamic conditions. The data support the contention that intermittent contacts between fiber and substrate exist in the houndary region, whereas a continuous fluid film separates fiber from substrate in the hydrodynamic region.
Challenges and Perspectives for Biosensing of Bioaerosol Containing Pathogenic Microorganisms (2021)

As an important route for disease transmission, bioaerosols have received increasing attention. In the past decades, many efforts were made to facilitate the development of bioaerosol monitoring; however, there are still some important challenges in bioaerosol collection and detection. Thus, recent advances in bioaerosol collection (such as sedimentation, filtration, centrifugation, impaction, impingement, and microfluidics) and detection methods (such as culture, molecular biological assay, and immunological assay) were summarized in this review. Besides, the important challenges and perspectives for bioaerosol biosensing were also discussed.
Well‐defined thermosensitive, water‐soluble polyacrylates and polystyrenics with short pendant oligo(ethylene glycol) groups synthesized by nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization (2006)

Abstract We report the synthesis and thermosensitive properties of well‐defined water‐soluble polyacrylates and polystyrenics with short pendant oligo(ethylene glycol) groups. Four monomers, methoxydi(ethylene glycol) acrylate (DEGMA), methoxytri(ethylene glycol) acrylate (TEGMA), α‐hydro‐ω‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)tris(oxyethylene) (HTEGSt), and α‐hydro‐ω‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)tetrakis(oxyethylene) (HTrEGSt), were prepared and polymerized by nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization with 2,2,5‐trimethyl‐3‐(1‐phenylethoxy)‐4‐phenyl‐3‐azahexane as an initiator. Kinetics and gel permeation chromatography analysis showed that the polymerizations were controlled processes yielding polymers with controlled molecular weights and narrow polydispersities. All polymers could be dissolved in water, forming transparent solutions, and undergo phase transitions when the temperature was above a critical point. The thermosensitive properties were studied by turbidimetry and variable‐temperature 1 H NMR spectroscopy. The cloud points of the polymers of DEGMA, TEGMA, HTEGSt, and HTrEGSt were around 38, 58, 13, and 64 °C, respectively. For all four polymers, the cloud point increased with decreasing concentration and increasing molecular weight in the studied molecular weight range of 5000–30,000 g/mol. The removal of the nitroxide group from the polymer chain end resulted in a higher cloud point. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2454–2467, 2006
Phylogenetic Origin and Diversification of RNAi Pathway Genes in Insects (2016)

RNA interference (RNAi) refers to the set of molecular processes found in eukaryotic organisms in which small RNA molecules mediate the silencing or down-regulation of target genes. In insects, RNAi serves a number of functions, including regulation of endogenous genes, anti-viral defense, and defense against transposable elements. Despite being well studied in model organisms, such as Drosophila, the distribution of core RNAi pathway genes and their evolution in insects is not well understood. Here we present the most comprehensive overview of the distribution and diversity of core RNAi pathway genes across 100 insect species, encompassing all currently recognized insect orders. We inferred the phylogenetic origin of insect-specific RNAi pathway genes and also identified several hitherto unrecorded gene expansions using whole-body transcriptome data from the international 1KITE (1000 Insect Transcriptome Evolution) project as well as other resources such as i5K (5000 Insect Genome Project). Specifically, we traced the origin of the double stranded RNA binding protein R2D2 to the last common ancestor of winged insects (Pterygota), the loss of Sid-1/Tag-130 orthologs in Antliophora (fleas, flies and relatives, and scorpionflies in a broad sense), and confirm previous evidence for the splitting of the Argonaute proteins Aubergine and Piwi in Brachyceran flies (Diptera, Brachycera). Our study offers new reference points for future experimental research on RNAi-related pathway genes in insects.
Substrate binding mode and reaction mechanism of undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase deduced from crystallographic studies (2004)

Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase (UPPs) catalyzes eight consecutive condensation reactions of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) with isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) to form a 55-carbon long-chain product. We previously reported the crystal structure of the apo-enzyme from Escherichia coli and the structure of UPPs in complex with sulfate ions (resembling pyrophosphate of substrate), Mg(2+), and two Triton molecules (product-like). In the present study, FPP substrate was soaked into the UPPs crystals, and the complex structure was solved. Based on the crystal structure, the pyrophosphate head group of FPP is bound to the backbone NHs of Gly29 and Arg30 as well as the side chains of Asn28, Arg30, and Arg39 through hydrogen bonds. His43 is close to the C2 carbon of FPP and may stabilize the farnesyl cation intermediate during catalysis. The hydrocarbon moiety of FPP is bound with hydrophobic amino acids including Leu85, Leu88, and Phe89, located on the alpha3 helix. The binding mode of FPP in cis-type UPPs is apparently different from that of trans-type and many other prenyltransferases which utilize Asprich motifs for substrate binding via Mg(2+). The new structure provides a plausible mechanism for the catalysis of UPPs.
High performance materials for artificial muscles and energy storage devices (2017)

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017.
Quantitative <i>In situ</i> Analysis of β-Catenin Expression in Breast Cancer Shows Decreased Expression Is Associated with Poor Outcome (2006)

Abstract The role of β-catenin in breast cancer and its prognostic value is controversial. The prognostic value had been assessed previously in a series of nonquantitative immunohistochemical studies with conflicting results. In efforts to clarify the relationship between β-catenin protein expression and breast cancer prognosis, we have assessed a retrospective 600 case cohort of breast cancer tumors from the Yale Pathology archives on tissue microarrays. They were assessed using automated quantitative analysis (AQUA) with a series of array-embedded cell lines for which the β-catenin concentration was standardized by an ELISA assay. The expression levels of the standard clinical markers HER2, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Ki-67 were also assessed on the same cohort. X-tile software was used to select optimal protein concentration cutpoints and to evaluate the outcome using a training set and a validation set. We found that low-level expression of membranous β-catenin is associated with significantly worse outcome (38% versus 76%, 10-year survival, validation set log-rank P = 0.0016). Multivariate analysis of this marker, assessed in a proportional hazards model with tumor size, age, node status, nuclear grade, ER, PR, HER2, and Ki-67, is still highly significant with a hazard ratio of 6.8 (P &lt; 0.0001, 95% confidence interval, 3.1-15.1). These results suggest that loss of β-catenin expression at the membrane, as assessed by objective quantitative analysis methods, may be useful as a prognostic marker or may be part of a useful algorithm for prognosis in breast cancer. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(10): 5487-94)
Intravenous Microinjections of Zebrafish Larvae to Study Acute Kidney Injury (2010)

In this video article we describe a zebrafish model of AKI using gentamicin as the nephrotoxicant. The technique consists of intravenous microinjections on 2 dpf zebrafish. This technique represents an efficient and rapid method to deliver soluble substances into the bloodstream of zebrafish larvae, allowing for the injection of 15-20 fish per hour. In addition to AKI studies, this microinjection technique can also be used for other types of experimental studies such as angiography. We provide a detailed protocol of the technique from equipment required to visual measures of decreased kidney function. In addition, we also demonstrate the process of fixation, whole mount immunohistochemistry with a kidney tubule marker, plastic embedding and sectioning of the larval zebrafish. We demonstrate that zebrafish larvae injected with gentamicin show morphological features consistent with AKI: edema, loss of cell polarity in proximal tubular epithelial cells, and morphological disruption of the tubule.