gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: Revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance (2014)

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) comprise a group of neurodevelopmental abnormalities that begin in early childhood and are characterized by impairment of social communication and behavioral problems including restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. Several genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ASD, most of them are involved in neuronal synaptogenesis. A number of environmental factors and associated conditions such as gastrointestinal (GI) abnormalities and immune imbalance have been linked to the pathophysiology of ASD. According to the March 2012 report released by United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the prevalence of ASD has sharply increased during the recent years and one out of 88 children suffers now from ASD symptoms. Although there is a strong genetic base for the disease, several associated factors could have a direct link to the pathogenesis of ASD or act as modifiers of the genes thus aggravating the initial problem. Many children suffering from ASD have GI problems such as abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, gastroesophageal reflux, and intestinal infections. A number of studies focusing on the intestinal mucosa, its permeability, abnormal gut development, leaky gut, and other GI problem raised many questions but studies were somehow inconclusive and an expert panel of American Academy of Pediatrics has strongly recommended further investigation in these areas. GI tract has a direct connection with the immune system and an imbalanced immune response is usually seen in ASD children. Maternal infection or autoimmune diseases have been suspected. Activation of the immune system during early development may have deleterious effect on various organs including the nervous system. In this review we revisited briefly the GI and immune system abnormalities and neuropeptide imbalance and their role in the pathophysiology of ASD and discussed some future research directions.
A [2]Pseudorotaxane‐Based Molecular Machine: Reversible Formation of a Molecular Loop Driven by Electrochemical and Photochemical Stimuli (2003)

Den Faden aufnehmen: Eine große und reversible Änderung sowohl der Größe als auch der Form bewirkt eine externe Stimulierung bei einer auf einem [2]Pseudorotaxan basierenden molekularen Funktionseinheit aus Cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8], Perle) und einem Hexamethylen-verbrückten Bisviologen (Faden, siehe Bild). Das zentrale Merkmal des machinenartigen Verhaltens ist die reversible Bildung einer molekularen Schleife durch intramolekulares Paaren der terminalen Viologen-Radikalkation-Einheiten im CB[8]-Innern bei elektrochemischer oder photochemischer Reduktion. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2003/z51925_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Aerial 3D LED display by use of retroreflective sheeting (2013)

We propose a new optical configuration to form aerial 3D LEDs by use of retroreflective sheeting. The proposed configuration is composed of LEDs, a half mirror, and retroreflective sheeting. A half of the LED lights are reflected by the half mirror and impinge on the retroreflective sheeting. The retroreflective sheeting reflects the lights back to their sources. On the way to the sources, a half of the lights transmit through the half mirror and form the real images of LEDs. Although less than 25 % of the output lights are contributed to the aerial image, recent LED panels have enough luminance to enjoy the aerial image with a quarter of the luminance. We have made a prototype of the proposed aerial LED display. An aerial image of the LED panel has been successfully formed in free space. Its viewing angle was significantly improved compared to the aerial display by use of crossed mirrors, which limit the viewing angle by aperture size and height of mirror walls. The viewing angle in the proposed configuration is mainly limited by the size of the retroreflective sheeting. Furthermore, by using LEDs in different depths, we realized an aerial 3D display in free space.
Fiber backbone trunking in cable television networks: an evolutionary adoption of new technology (1990)

The competitive forces that are motivating the cable industry to change are examined. The prominent sources of competition discussed are direct broadcast satellite, multichannel multiport distribution service, and the telephone companies. The characteristics of the two transmission media offering realistic choices for the delivery of video over a terrestrial network, namely, coaxial cable and optical fiber, are described. Fiber-optic supertrunks used in the cable television industry for point-to-point delivery of video signals and the tree-and-branch architecture used in current cable systems are also described. An evolutionary concept for the integration of fiber into cable systems, called fiber backbone, is presented. It consists of overlaying most of the existing trunk system with optical fiber cables. A direct passive optical fiber path is established from the headend to a number of feed points in the cable television distribution network. At these points, broadband multichannel information is converted from the optical back to the RF broadband domain, and, from that point on, the existing coaxial plant is utilized. The design and implementation of such a hybrid system are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Preliminary investigations with adapted rumen microorganisms (ARM) for fattening beef cattle (1970)

The use of rumen microorganisms is not new but neither is it a common practice. We used a product developed by W.R. Grace and Company in an attempt to reduce the "adaptation period" of cattle placed on a finishing ration. The adaptation response is believed to correlate with changes in microbial populations in the cattles rumen. Microbes that efficiently metabolize one type of diet, like forage, do not survive on a high grain diet. However, the multitude of microbes in the rumen includes types that help digest grain. When they increase until they dominate the rumen population, the adaptation period is complete.
Glass Transitions of Ethylene Oxide Polymers (1966)

Glass transition temperatures of a very wide molecular-weight range of ethylene oxide polymers were measured by mechanical loss and by broadline NMR. Starting at about −95°C for ethylene glycol, the glass transition rises to a maximum of −17° for molecular weight 6000 and then drops off to −53° for polymers with molecular weights greater than 200 000. This unusual behavior is probably caused by the high crystallinity of the intermediate molecular-weight polymers.
Immunohistochemical Staining in the Diagnosis of Pancreatobiliary and Ampulla of Vater Adenocarcinoma (2005)

Pancreatobiliary and ampulla of Vater adenocarcinomas frequently metastasize to regional lymph nodes, liver, or lung and are difficult to diagnose because they lack specific immunohistochemical markers. We studied the expression of cytokeratin 7 (CK7), cytokeratin 17 (CK17), cytokeratin 20 (CK20), CDX2, mucin 1 (MUC1), mucin 2 (MUC2), and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) in 46 cases of pancreatic ductal carcinoma, 18 ampulla of Vater adenocarcinomas, and 24 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. The expression of MUC1 and CK17 was restricted to pancreatic ductal carcinoma (41 of 46, 89%; 38 of 46, 83%, respectively), the ampullary carcinoma of pancreatobiliary origin (6 of 6, 100%; 5 of 6, 83%, respectively), and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (20 of 24, 83%; 17 of 24, 71%, respectively). More than 50% of cases of pancreatobiliary adenocarcinomas showed diffuse cytoplasmic CK17 positivity. In contrast, less than 5% cases (8 of 184) of extra-pancreatobiliary nonmucinous adenocarcinomas expressed CK17, and only 3 of them showed diffuse CK17 positivity. The expression of MUC2 and CDX2 was restricted to the intestinal, mucinous, and signet-ring cell-type adenocarcinomas of duodenal papillary origin (9 of 11, 82%; 11 of 11, 100%, respectively). MUC2 was rarely expressed in pancreatic ductal carcinoma (1 of 46, 2%) and was negative in the ampullary carcinoma of pancreatobiliary origin and in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. A heterogeneous CDX2 staining pattern was seen in 1 of 6 cases of the ampullary carcinoma of pancreatobiliary origin (17%), 5 of 24 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (21%), and 10 of 46 (22%) pancreatic ductal carcinomas. In contrast, all 11 cases of the intestinal, mucinous, and signet-ring cell-type adenocarcinomas of duodenal papillary origin showed homogeneous CDX2 nuclear positivity. We concluded that CK17 is a useful marker in separating pancreatobiliary adenocarcinomas from extra-pancreatobiliary nonmucinous adenocarcinomas, including adenocarcinomas from the colon, breast, gynecologic organs, stomach, lung, prostate, thyroid, kidney, and adrenal gland, and malignant mesothelioma. MUC1+/CK17+ can be used as positive markers for pancreatic ductal carcinomas, the ampullary carcinoma of pancreatobiliary origin, and cholangiocarcinomas with positive predictive values of 76%, 83%, and 58%, respectively. MUC2+/CDX2+ can be used as positive markers for the intestinal-type adenocarcinoma of duodenal papillary origin with a positive predictive value of 82%.
Brain Metabolic Alterations in Medication-Free Patients With BipolarDisorder (2004)

Gray matter lactate and Glx elevations in medication-free BD patients suggest a shift in energy redox state from oxidative phosphorylation toward glycolysis. The possibility of mitochondrial alterations underlying these findings is discussed and may provide a theoretical framework for future targeted treatment interventions.
Measuring and Suppressing the Oxidative Damage to DNA During Cu(I)-Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition (2016)

We have used the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to measure the extent of oxidative DNA damage under varying reaction conditions used for copper(I)-catalyzed click chemistry. We systematically studied how the damage depends on a number of key reaction parameters, including the amounts of copper, ascorbate, and ligand used, and found that the damage is significant under nearly all conditions tested, including those commonly used for bioconjugation. Furthermore, we discovered that the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide, a known radical scavenger, into the aqueous mixture dramatically suppresses DNA damage during the reaction. We also measured the efficiency of cross-linking two short synthetic oligonucleotides via click chemistry, and found that the reaction could proceed reasonably efficiently even with DMSO present. This approach for screening both DNA damage and reactivity under a range of reaction conditions will be valuable for improving the biocompatibility of click chemistry, and should help to extend this powerful synthetic tool for both in vitro and in vivo applications.
In-Flight Radiation: Counseling Patients About Risk (1999)

The analysis shows that for the passenger who travels only occasionally, the risks are extremely small. For business frequent flyers the risks are still small, but not negligible.
Ubiquitin conjugation by the yeast RAD6 and CDC34 gene products. Comparison to their putative rabbit homologs, E2(20K) AND E2(32K). (1991)

The recombinant yeast RAD6 and CDC34 gene products were expressed in Escherichia coli extracts and purified to apparent homogeneity. The physical and catalytic properties of RAD6 and CDC34 were similar but distinct from their putative rabbit reticulocyte homologs, E2(20k) and E2(32k), respectively. Like their reticulocyte counterparts, RAD6 and CDC34 are bifunctional enzymes competent in both ubiquitin:protein ligase (E3)-independent and E3-dependent conjugation reactions. RAD6 and E2(20k) exhibit marked specificity for the conjugation of core histones and catalyze the processive ligation of up to three ubiquitin moieties directly to such model substrates. RAD6 differed from its putative E2(20k) homolog in exhibiting simple saturation behavior in the kinetics of histone conjugation and in being unable to distinguish kinetically between core histones H2A and H2B, yielding identical values of kcat (1.9 min-1) and Km (20 microM). A slow rate of multiubiquitination involving formation of extended ubiquitin homopolymers on the histones was also observed with RAD6 and E2(20k). Comparison of conjugate patterns among native, reductively methylated, and K48R ubiquitin variants demonstrated that the linkage between ubiquitin moieties formed by E2(20k) and RAD6 was not through Lys-48 of ubiquitin, the site previously demonstrated as a strong signal for degradation of the target protein. In contrast, CDC34 differs from its putative homolog, E2(32k), in showing a specificity for conjugation to bovine serum albumin rather than to core histones. Both CDC34 and E2(32k) exhibit a marked kinetic selectivity for processive multiubiquitination via Lys-48 of ubiquitin. Calculations based on a model ubiquitin conjugation reaction indicated that E2(32k) and CDC34 preferentially catalyzed multiubiquitination over ligation of the polypeptide directly to target proteins. Formation of such multiubiquitin homopolymers by E2(32k) and CDC34 suggests these enzymes may commit their respective target proteins to degradation via an E3-independent pathway.
Axonal degeneration in paraplegin-deficient mice is associated with abnormal mitochondria and impairment of axonal transport (2004)

In several neurodegenerative diseases, axonal degeneration occurs before neuronal death and contributes significantly to patients’ disability. Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by selective degeneration of axons of the corticospinal tracts and fasciculus gracilis. HSP may therefore be considered an exemplary disease to study the local programs mediating axonal degeneration. We have developed a mouse model for autosomal recessive HSP due to mutations in the SPG7 gene encoding the mitochondrial ATPase paraplegin. Paraplegin-deficient mice are affected by a distal axonopathy of spinal and peripheral axons, characterized by axonal swelling and degeneration. We found that mitochondrial morphological abnormalities occurred in synaptic terminals and in distal regions of axons long before the first signs of swelling and degeneration and correlated with onset of motor impairment during a rotarod test. Axonal swellings occur through massive accumulation of organelles and neurofilaments, suggesting impairment of anterograde axonal transport. Retrograde axonal transport is delayed in symptomatic mice. We speculate that local failure of mitochondrial function may affect axonal transport and cause axonal degeneration. Our data suggest that a timely therapeutic intervention may prevent the loss of axons.
Phosphoglucose Isomerase/Autocrine Motility Factor Promotes Melanoma Cell Migration through ERK Activation Dependent on Autocrine Production of Interleukin-8 (2009)

It is well known that phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor (AMF) promotes cell migration in an autocrine manner in various tumor cells. However, it remains unclear whether certain cytokines modulate the effects of AMF on tumor cell migration. Because interleukin (IL)-8, a proinflammatory cytokine, is produced by melanoma cells and has been correlated with melanoma migration, the migratory ability of melanoma cells induced by AMF may also involve induction of IL-8 expression. In the present study, we assessed whether AMF promotes melanoma cell migration through autocrine production of IL-8. We found that AMF stimulation increased IL-8 production through up-regulation of IL-8 mRNA transcription, especially in biologically early stage melanoma cells. AMF-induced migration of these cells was inhibited by a specific neutralizing antibody against IL-8. The IL-8 production induced by AMF was mediated by the ERK1/2 pathways. These findings suggest that melanoma migration induced by AMF is mediated by autocrine production of IL-8 as a novel downstream modulator of the AMF signaling pathway.
Memory suppression trades prolonged fear and sleep-dependent fear plasticity for the avoidance of current fear (2013)

Sleep deprivation immediately following an aversive event reduces fear by preventing memory consolidation during homeostatic sleep. This suggests that acute insomnia might act prophylactically against the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) even though it is also a possible risk factor for PTSD. We examined total sleep deprivation and memory suppression to evaluate the effects of these interventions on subsequent aversive memory formation and fear conditioning. Active suppression of aversive memory impaired retention of event memory. However, although the remembered fear was more reduced in sleep-deprived than sleep-control subjects, suppressed fear increased, and seemed to abandon the sleep-dependent plasticity of fear. Active memory suppression, which provides a psychological model for Freud's ego defense mechanism, enhances fear and casts doubt on the potential of acute insomnia as a prophylactic measure against PTSD. Our findings bring into question the role of sleep in aversive-memory consolidation in clinical PTSD pathophysiology.
Cerebrospinal fluid and serum biomarkers of cerebral malaria mortality in Ghanaian children (2007)

The parasite-induced local cerebral dysregulation in the production of IP-10, 1L-8, MIP-1beta, PDGFbb, IL-1ra, Fas-L, sTNF-R1, and sTNF-R2 may be involved in CM neuropathology, and their immunoassay may have potential utility in predicting mortality in CM.
Capsicum: practical capabilities for UNIX (2010)

Capsicum is a lightweight operating system capability and sandbox framework planned for inclusion in FreeBSD 9. Capsicum extends, rather than replaces, UNIX APIs, providing new kernel primitives (sandboxed capability mode and capabilities) and a userspace sandbox API. These tools support the compartmentalization of monolithic UNIX applications into logical applications. We demonstrate our approach by adapting core FreeBSD utilities and Google’s Chromium web browser to use Capsicum primitives, and compare the complexity and robustness of Capsicum with other sandboxing techniques. 1
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical Behavior of Thioketenes in Solution: Reaction from S<sub>2</sub>. (1986)

Abstract Di‐tert.‐butyl‐thioketen (I) liefert bei der Photolyse in Gegenwart von Alkoholen (II) die Produkte (III)‐(V).
Compensation of Fabry–Pérot Resonances in Homogenization of Dielectric Composites (2010)

The classic scattering parameter (S-parameter) method for retrieving the medium parameters of a slab illuminated by a normally incident plane wave is generalized using new formulations when the oblique incidence and anisotropic model are considered. More importantly, a compensation method is presented for lossless or low-loss dielectric-composite slabs to remove the distortion of the retrieval results arisen from the Fabry-Pérot resonances.
Adaptive control of uncertain systems with gain scheduled reference models (2014)

This paper develops a new model reference adaptive control approach for uncertain systems with gain scheduled reference models in a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) setting. Specifically, adaptive state feedback for output tracking control problem of MIMO nonlinear systems is studied and gain scheduled reference model system is used for generating desired state trajectories. Using convex optimization tools a single Lyapunov matrix is computed for multiple linearizations near equilibrium and non-equilibrium points of the nonlinear closed loop gain scheduled reference system. This approach guarantees stability of the closed-loop gain scheduled system. Adaptive state feedback control scheme is then developed, and its stability is proven. The resulting closed-loop system is shown to have bounded solutions with bounded tracking error, with the proposed stable gain scheduled reference model. Simulation results show that the developed adaptive controller can be used effectively to control a degraded turboshaft engine for large thrust commands, with guaranteed stability and proper tracking performance.
Silicon diffusion at polycrystalline-Si/GaAs interfaces (1985)

Polycrystalline-Si/GaAs interfaces have been prepared by depositing hydrogenated amorphous Si (a-Si:H) onto GaAs in a silane plasma at 450 °C and annealing at temperatures between 600 and 1020 °C. Rutherford backscattering, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy show that the resulting polycrystalline-Si/GaAs interface is metallurgically stable when the Si is undoped while significant interdiffusion occurs when 12 at. % As is added to the Si. The data are consistent with the Greiner/Gibbons theory [Appl. Phys. Lett. 44, 750 (1984)] that high concentrations of Si diffuse in GaAs in the form of Si-Si substitutional pairs via Ga and As vacancies.
Human chromosome 6- and 11-encoded factors support human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev function in A9 cells (1996)

The precise mechanism of Rev-mediated expression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) late genes is not well characterized. We recently proposed a requirement for HIV-1 Rev responsive element (RRE) RNA binding host nuclear proteins in Rev function. In this report, using a transient transfection assay of Rev function, we further demonstrate the role of host cell factors in HIV-1 Rev function. Murine A9 cells, which are inefficient in forming RRE-host protein ribonucleoprotein complexes, are also inefficient in supporting Rev function. We also show that host cell factor(s) encoded by human chromosomes 6 and 11 can support HIV-1 Rev-mediated expression of unspliced viral mRNAs in murine A9 cells.
Robust Antitumor Responses Result from Local Chemotherapy and CTLA-4 Blockade (2018)

Clinical responses to immunotherapy have been associated with augmentation of preexisting immune responses, manifested by heightened inflammation in the tumor microenvironment. However, many tumors have a noninflamed microenvironment, and response rates to immunotherapy in melanoma have been <50%. We approached this problem by utilizing immunotherapy (CTLA-4 blockade) combined with chemotherapy to induce local inflammation. In murine models of melanoma and prostate cancer, the combination of chemotherapy and CTLA-4 blockade induced a shift in the cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment, with infiltrating CD8<sup>+</sup> and CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells increasing the CD8/Foxp3 T-cell ratio. These changes were associated with improved survival of the mice. To translate these findings into a clinical setting, 26 patients with advanced melanoma were treated locally by isolated limb infusion with the nitrogen mustard alkylating agent melphalan followed by systemic administration of CTLA-4 blocking antibody (ipilimumab) in a phase II trial. This combination of local chemotherapy with systemic checkpoint blockade inhibitor resulted in a response rate of 85% at 3 months (62% complete and 23% partial response rate) and a 58% progression-free survival at 1 year. The clinical response was associated with increased T-cell infiltration, similar to that seen in the murine models. Together, our findings suggest that local chemotherapy combined with checkpoint blockade-based immunotherapy results in a durable response to cancer therapy. <i>Cancer Immunol Res; 6(2); 189-200. ©2018 AACR</i>.