gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis in a Day-Care Center (1986)

An outbreak of diarrhea due to infection with Cryptosporidium occurred in a day-care center. During a period of 2 months, 23 of 53 (43%) children attending the day-care center and 15 of 104 (14%) household contacts had diarrhea. Cryptosporidium oocysts were identified in 13 of 20 (65%) symptomatic children tested compared with three of 27 (11%) asymptomatic children (chi 2 = 12.56, P less than .001). Enteropathogenic bacteria, enteroviruses, rotavirus, and other protozoan parasites were ruled out as the cause of the diarrhea. A history of diarrhea in household contacts was associated with excretion of Cryptosporidium oocysts by the children. Human-to-human transmission of the infection was suggested by the epidemiology.
Cloning and Transfer of the <i>Salmonella</i> Pathogenicity Island 2 Type III Secretion System for Studies of a Range of Gram-Negative Genera (2007)

The engineering of bacterial strains with specific phenotypes frequently requires the use of blocks or "cassettes" of genes that act together to perform a desired function. The potential benefits of utilizing type III secretion systems in this regard are becoming increasingly realized since these systems can be used to direct interactions with host cells for beneficial purposes such as vaccine development, anticancer therapies, and targeted protein delivery. However, convenient methods to clone and transfer type III secretion systems for studies of a range of different types of bacteria are lacking. In addition to functional applications, such methods would also reveal important information about the evolution of a given type III secretion system, such as its ability to be expressed and functional outside of the strain of origin. We describe here the cloning of the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) type III secretion system onto a vector that can be easily transferred to a range of gram-negative bacterial genera. We found that expression of the cloned SPI-2 system in different Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria (as monitored by SseB protein levels) is dependent on the bacterial strain and growth medium. We also demonstrate that the cloned system is functional for secretion, can direct interactions with macrophages, and can be used as a novel tool to analyze the predicted interaction of SseB with host cells. This work provides a foundation for future applications where the cloned SPI-2 region (or other cloned type III systems) can provide a desired function to an engineered gram-negative strain.
Extractive acetonobutylic fermentation by coupling ultrafiltration and distillation (1990)

An extractive acetonobutylic fermentation process is developed by integrating bioproduction, Ultrafiltration, and distillation, providing simultaneous retention of biomass, selective removal of inhibitors from the permeate, as well as separation and purification of acetone-butanol-ethanol solvents. Successive batch fermentations were performed with normal pressure distillation (98 degrees C), which permitted prolonging and enhancing (by a factor of 3) solvent production, with very few volume exchanges of medium (average dilution rate ws 0.002 h(-1)), and recovering on-line concentrated solvents. Different operating conditions were also tested in order to study the presence of extracellular autolytic enzymes as inhibition factors: It was shown that, (1) extracellular autolytic activity remains low during the larger part of fermentations, even without enzyme-inactivating thermotreatment in the distillation boiler, and (2) high-temperature distillation causes deleterious effects to the culture medium for long duration treatments. Progressive improvements of the process were achieved, first, by managing continuous runs, providing a minimum renewal of the culture medium and, mainly, by decreasing temperature and pressure of distilation. Solvent productivity then reached 2.6 g/L h for a 0.036 h(-1) average dilution rate, corresponding to a feed concentration of 156 g/L glucose actually consumed.
Isotopically engineered semiconductors (1995)

Scientific interest, technological promise, and increased availability of highly enriched isotopes have led to a sharp rise in the number of experimental and theoretical studies with isotopically controlled semiconductor crystals. This review of mostly recent activities begins with an introduction to some past classical experiments which have been performed on isotopically controlled semiconductors. A review of the natural isotopic composition of the relevant elements follows. Some materials aspects resulting in part from the high costs of enriched isotopes are discussed next. Raman spectroscopy studies with a number of isotopically pure and deliberately mixed Ge bulk crystals show that the Brillouin-zone-center optical phonons are not localized. Their lifetime is almost independent of isotopic disorder, leading to homogeneous Raman line broadening. Studies with short period isotope superlattices consisting of alternating layers of n atomic planes of 70Ge and 74Ge reveal a host of zone-center phonons due to Brillouin-zone folding. At n≳40 one observes two phonon lines at frequencies corresponding to the bulk values of the two isotopes. In natural diamond, isotope scattering of the low-energy phonons, which are responsible for the thermal conductivity, is very strongly affected by small isotope disorder. Isotopically pure 12C diamond crystals exhibit thermal conductivities as high as 410 W cm−1 K−1 at 104 K, leading to projected values of over 2000 W cm−1 K−1 near 80 K. The changes in phonon properties with isotopic composition also weakly affect the electronic band structures and the lattice constants. The latter isotope dependence is most relevant for future standards of length based on crystal lattice constants. Capture of thermal neutrons by isotope nuclei followed by nuclear decay produces new elements, resulting in a very large number of possibilities for isotope selective doping of semiconductors. This neutron transmutation of isotope nuclei, already used for homogeneous doping of floating zone Si with P, holds perhaps the biggest promises for isotopically controlled semiconductors and is discussed in some detail. Local vibrational modes of low-mass impurities are sensitive to the mass of the impurity as well as the masses of the host atoms neighboring the impurity. High-resolution infrared-absorption studies of O in Ge crystals of different isotopic composition demonstrate the extreme simplification in such spectra which is achieved by isotope control. Interdiffusion of GaAs and Ge isotope superlattices with 0.1–1 μm thick layers have been studied with secondary-ion-mass spectroscopy. This kind of internal diffusion avoids the problems with surface effects and can produce accurate data without the need for radioactive tracers. The review closes with an outlook on the exciting future possibilities offered through isotope control of a wide range of semiconductor materials.
TREM-1 orchestrates angiotensin II–induced monocyte trafficking and promotes experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm (2020)

The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) drives inflammatory responses in several cardiovascular diseases but its role in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) remains unknown. Our objective was to explore the role of TREM-1 in a mouse model of angiotensin II-induced (AngII-induced) AAA. TREM-1 expression was detected in mouse aortic aneurysm and colocalized with macrophages. Trem1 gene deletion (Apoe-/-Trem1-/-), as well as TREM-1 pharmacological blockade with LR-12 peptide, limited both AAA development and severity. Trem1 gene deletion attenuated the inflammatory response in the aorta, with a reduction of Il1b, Tnfa, Mmp2, and Mmp9 mRNA expression, and led to a decreased macrophage content due to a reduction of Ly6Chi classical monocyte trafficking. Conversely, antibody-mediated TREM-1 stimulation exacerbated Ly6Chi monocyte aorta infiltration after AngII infusion through CD62L upregulation and promoted proinflammatory signature in the aorta, resulting in worsening AAA severity. AngII infusion stimulated TREM-1 expression and activation on Ly6Chi monocytes through AngII receptor type I (AT1R). In human AAA, TREM-1 was detected and TREM1 mRNA expression correlated with SELL mRNA expression. Finally, circulating levels of sTREM-1 were increased in patients with AAA when compared with patients without AAA. In conclusion, TREM-1 is involved in AAA pathophysiology and may represent a promising therapeutic target in humans.
Oxymatrine therapy for chronic hepatitis B: A randomized double-blind and placebo-controlled multi-center trial (2003)

Oxymatrine is an effective and safe agent for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.
THE EQUIVALENT CONDITIONS FOR THE HOMOMORPHISM OF MINIMAL SETS TO BE REGULAR (2011)

In this paper we study some properties on regular homomorphisms. In particular, we investigate the equivalent conditions for the homomorphism of minimal sets to be regular
A limited comparative study of dimension reduction techniques on CAESAR (2010)

Understanding and organizing data is the first step toward exploiting sensor phenomenology. What features are good for distinguishing people and what measurements, or combination of measurements, can be used to classify people by demographic characteristics including gender? Dimension reduction techniques such as Diffusion Maps that intuitively make sense [1] and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) have demonstrated the potential to aid in extracting such features. This paper briefly describes the Diffusion Map technique and PCA. More importantly, it compares two different classifiers, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and Adaptive boost (Adaboost), for gender classification using these two dimension reduction techniques. The results are compared on the Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource Project (CAESAR) database, provided by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Human Effectiveness Directorate and SAE International. We also compare the results described herein with those of other classification work performed on the same dataset, for completeness.
The encapsulation of particles and bubbles by an advancing solidification front (2006)

An insoluble particle, a solid sphere or a spherical bubble, submerged in a liquid and approached by an advancing solidification front, may be captured by the front or rejected. The particle behaviour is determined by an interplay among van der Waals interactions, thermal conductivity differences between the particle and the melt, solid–liquid interfacial energy, the density change caused by the liquid–solid phase transition, and in the case of a bubble, the Marangoni effect at the liquid–gas interface. We calculate the particle velocity and the deformation of the front when the particle is close to the front, using the lubrication approximation, and investigate how the particle speed, relative to the front, depends on the parameters that characterize the described effects.
Identification of a novel neuronal C-SRC exon expressed in human brain. (1990)

Neuronal cells are known to express at least two different forms of the C-SRC proto-oncogene as a consequence of alternative splicing events which add an 18-nucleotide exon (the NI exon) between C-SRC exons 3 and 4. Here we report that a second neuronal exon of C-SRC is also present between C-SRC exons 3 and 4. This neuronal exon (the NII exon) of C-SRC was isolated from human adult and fetal brain-derived cDNAs and contains 33 nucleotides capable of encoding 11 amino acids (Gln-Thr-Trp-Phe-Thr-Phe-Arg-Trp-Leu-Gln-Arg). The human NI exon was located approximately 390 nucleotides from the end of C-SRC exon 3, whereas the NII exon was approximately 1,000 nucleotides from the beginning of C-SRC exon 4. Analysis of human brain RNA revealed that the NII exon is utilized primarily in conjunction with the NI exon to yield transcripts capable of encoding C-SRC products possessing 17 additional amino acids. These splicing events, which occur between the NI and NII exons, are predicted to alter the sixth amino acid encoded by the NI exon from an arginine to a serine residue, producing a potentially novel phosphorylation site. Analysis of the different C-SRC RNA transcripts revealed that the level of C-SRC RNA containing both NI and NII exons is similar in adult and fetal brain tissue, whereas the level of C-SRC RNA containing only the NI exon or the nonneuronal form of C-SRC RNAs is significantly higher in fetal brain tissues. These results indicate that the expression and splicing pattern of the C-SRC gene are developmentally regulated in the human brain.
A Comparison Study of Rhodamine B Photodegradation over Nitrogen‐Doped Lamellar Niobic Acid and Titanic Acid under Visible‐Light Irradiation (2009)

A solid-state reaction method with urea as a nitrogen precursor was used to prepare nitrogen-doped lamellar niobic and titanic solid acids (i.e., HNb(3)O(8) and H(2)Ti(4)O(9)) with different acidities for visible-light photocatalysis. The photocatalytic activities of the nitrogen-doped solid acids were evaluated for rhodamine B (RhB) degradation and the results were compared with those obtained over the corresponding nitrogen-doped potassium salts. Techniques such as XRD, BET, SEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were adopted to explore the nature of the materials as well as the characteristics of the doped nitrogen species. It was found that the intercalation of the urea precursor helped to stabilize the layered structures of both lamellar solid acids and enabled easier nitrogen doping. The effects of urea intercalation were more significant for the more acidic HNb(3)O(8) sample than for the less acidic H(2)Ti(4)O(9). Compared with the nitrogen-doped KNb(3)O(8) and K(2)Ti(4)O(9) samples, the nitrogen-doped HNb(3)O(8) and H(2)Ti(4)O(9) solid acids absorb more visible light and exhibit a superior activity for RhB photodegradation under visible-light irradiation. The nitrogen-doped HNb(3)O(8) sample performed the best among all the samples. The results of the current study suggest that the protonic acidity of the lamellar solid-acid sample is a key factor that influences nitrogen doping and the resultant visible-light photocatalysis.
Retrograde Degeneration of the Cochlear Nerve (1975)

Retrograde degeneration of the cochlear neurons has been studied in different types and degrees of peripheral cochlear damage such as acoustic trauma, intoxication, heredodegenerative deafness and others. It starts only when the peripheral dendrites to the inner hair cells are irreversibly damaged. About 10% of the neurons are not affected by retrograde degeneration. They correspond to the type II and III neurons, which also survive after transection of the cochlear nerve and are mainly associated with the outer hair cells. Cochlear damage due to vascular impairment usually leads to a complete loss of cochlear neurons. In hereditary abiotrophic deafness, neuronal degeneration is slower and its extent varies considerably according to the various genetic syndromes.
DNA Polymerase β and DNA Synthesis in <i>Xenopus</i> Oocytes and in a Nuclear Extract (1992)

The identities of the DNA polymerases required for conversion of single-strand (ss) M13 DNA to double-strand (ds) M13 DNA were examined both in injected Xenopus laevis oocytes and in an oocyte nuclear extract. Inhibitors and antibodies specific to DNA polymerases alpha and beta were used. In nuclear extracts, inhibition by the antibody to polymerase beta could be reversed by purified polymerase beta. The polymerase beta inhibitors, dideoxythymidine triphosphate (ddTTP) and dideoxycytidine triphosphate (ddCTP), also blocked DNA synthesis and indicated that polymerase beta is involved in the conversion of ssDNA to dsDNA. These results also may have particular significance for emerging evidence of an ssDNA replication mode in eukaryotic cells.
[Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in leucocytes of primary hepatocarcinoma using polymerase chain reaction]. (1992)

The detection of HBV DNA in sera and leucocytes of 30 primary hepatocarcinoma patients whom were negative for HBsAg by reverse passive hemagglutination using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were reported. The detectable rates of HBV DNA in leucocytes and sera were 86.7% and 70% respectively and the serological indexes, 43.4%. These indicated that HBV DNA may existent in blood of the patients with negative serological indexes. It was common that HBV DNA presented in peripheral leucocytes of primary hepatocarcinoma, indicated that extrahepatic sites of the HBV genome, and perhaps replication of HBV virus, existed. It was of great importance for the role of HBV DNA in lemology and epidemiology, etiology of hepatocarcinoma, diagnosis and treatment of infection as well as standard of cure.
Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (2004)

Changes in plasma creatinine (Pl-Creat), glucose, total proteins (Pl-TP), creatine kinase (Pl-CK), lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and packed cell volume were evaluated in untrained Beagle dogs before, during and after a 60 min race at an average speed of 9 km/h. There was no major effect of exercise on those parameters except, when phases are compared, a slight increase of Pl-TP during exercise (max. + 6.4%), a moderate but after exercise (delayed increase of Pl-CK max. + 245%) and a slight decrease of Pl-Creat after exercise (max. -9.6%). It was therefore concluded that strenuous exercise in sedentary dogs did not induce major variations in any of routine plasma variables measured and would not lead to clinically relevant misinterpretation. However, for Pl-CK, the interpretation of repeated measures may be misleading if two samples are collected in the same animal before and after exercise.
Minimum-Cost Cattle Feed Under Probabilistic Protein Constraints (1963)

The optimal composition of cattle feed, which can be formulated as a linear programming problem in the case of certainty, is considered when compositions of inputs vary. In the corresponding linear programming formulation the coefficients of the constraints are not constant but can be considered as stochastic. Reformulating the constraints as chance constraints, a nonlinear programming problem results. For an illustrative example this problem is solved using one of Zoutendijk's methods of feasible directions.
Data Compression with Prime Numbers (2005)

A compression algorithm is presented that uses the set of prime numbers. Sequences of numbers are correlated with the prime numbers, and labeled with the integers. The algorithm can be iterated on data sets, generating factors of doubles on the compression.
Plasmon Resonance Shifts of Au-Coated<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Au</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi>S</mml:mi></mml:math>Nanoshells: Insight into Multicomponent Nanoparticle Growth (1997)

In this Letter we present a coherent description of the optical properties of a unique type of nanoparticle, metal-coated dielectric nanoparticles. These structures occur naturally in the form of Au-coated ${\mathrm{Au}}_{2}\mathrm{S}$ nanoparticles. During the course of nanoparticle growth, the plasmon-related absorption peak undergoes very large shifts in wavelength, from $\ensuremath{\sim}650$ to $\ensuremath{\sim}900\mathrm{nm}$. We show that this plasmon peak shift is purely classical in origin and is determined solely by the relative thickness of the Au shell and the ${\mathrm{Au}}_{2}\mathrm{S}$ core diameter. This understanding of the optical properties of these nanoparticles is used to elucidate the nanoparticle growth kinetics.
Colour calibration for colour reproduction (2002)

Due to the proliferation of low-cost colour devices (digital colour cameras, scanners, printers etc.) during the last few years, colour calibration has become an important issue. Such devices should faithfully reproduce colour images, but experience shows they don't. Among the main reasons, we note the diversity of acquisition, display and printing technologies which makes standardization difficult. Each device has a different gamut, i.e. a different set of colours that it can acquire or reproduce. Furthermore, the characteristics of the devices often vary with time. Hence a calibration procedure is unavoidable for high quality colour reproduction. We give a brief overview of the colour calibration standard proposed by the International Colour Consortium (ICC), and then we present new approaches based on colour prediction models. Instead of using a large number of colour samples which must be produced and measured, only a few characteristic parameters are measured. The data corresponding to all samples are computed by a colour prediction software. This allows a quick recalibration when, for instance, the paper or the ink cartridge of a printer is changed.
Enhanced-latex-agglutination assay for C-reactive protein in serum, with use of a centrifugal analyzer. (1987)

This is an improved assay of C-reactive protein in serum, for use with the Baker "Encore" centrifugal analyzer. Features of this assay include: 250-specimen throughput per hour, within-batch CV 2.2%, between-batch CV 2.7%, no antigen-excess problems up to 1000 mg/L, negligible interference from rheumatoid factor, and good correlation (r = 0.99) with radial immunodiffusion. The method is inexpensive and automated, involving no predilution steps. It can be adapted for use in a wide range of systems and can be used for single urgent estimations.
Protection of superconducting magnets (2002)

The protection of superconducting magnets can be narrowly considered as the problem of rapidly detecting an irreversible loss of superconductivity (quench) and converting the magnetic stored energy to thermal energy (dump) without permanent damage (protection). It can also be broadly considered as a method for avoiding all structural and electrical failure mechanisms through design, fabrication, and operation of a magnet. Energy dump and quench detection methods are reviewed. General magnet failure is surveyed historically.
Streptomyces scabies sp. nov., nom. rev. (1989)

Revival of the name Streptomyces scabies is proposed for the predominant species causing common scab of potato. Common scab strains from the northeastern United States, Atlantic Canada, and Hungary were differentiated by a phenotypic analysis of 42 criteria from six atypical pathogen strains, three saprophytic streptomycetes isolated from scab lesions, and reference strains of Streptomyces griseus and Streptomyces tendae. The 12 S. scabies strains formed a homogeneous group characterized by smooth grey spores borne in spiral chains, melanin production, and usage of all International Streptomyces Project sugars. Most S. scabies isolates did not degrade xanthine and were susceptible to 25 µg of oleandomycin per ml, 10 IU of penicillin G per ml, 20 µg of streptomycin per ml, 10 µg of thallous acetate per ml, and 0.5 µg of crystal violet per ml. The type strain of S. scabies is strain RL-34 (= ATCC 49173).