gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
157 nm Pellicles (Thin Films) for Photolithography:  Mechanistic Investigation of the VUV and UV-C Photolysis of Fluorocarbons (2005)

The use of 157 nm as the next lower wavelength for photolithography for the production of semiconductors has created a need for transparent and radiation-durable polymers for use in soft pellicles, the polymer films which protect the chip from particle deposition. The most promising materials for pellicles are fluorinated polymers, but currently available fluorinated polymers undergo photodegradation and/or photodarkening upon long term exposure to 157 nm irradiation. To understand the mechanism of the photodegradation and photodarkening of fluorinated polymers, mechanistic studies on the photolysis of liquid model fluorocarbons, including perfluorobutylethyl ether and perfluoro-2H-3-oxa-heptane, were performed employing UV, NMR, FTIR, GC, and GC/MS analyses. All hydrogen-containing compounds showed decreased photostability compared to the fully perfluorinated compounds. Irradiation in the presence of atmospheric oxygen showed reduced photostability compared to deoxygenated samples. Photolysis of the samples was performed at 157, 172, 185, and 254 nm and showed only minor wavelength dependence. Mechanisms for photodegradation of the fluorocarbons are proposed, which involve Rydberg excited states. Time-dependent density functional theory has been used to predict the excitation spectra of model compounds.
Correlation between Dislocation Pits in GaP LPE Layers and LEC Substrates (1978)

In order to improve the efficiency of a GaP green-emitting diode, one essential point is to decrease the D-pit density in the epitaxial layer. Two types of D-pits on the LPE (111) phosphorus surfaces characterized by their respective sizes were studied to determine their correlation with LEC crystal characteristics. Both types of D-pits were found to have origins in the LEC substrates. Small-size D-pits in the LPE layer originate from the substrate dislocations which from a `star' pattern on the LEC wafer. On the other hand, large-size D-pits have an origin whose distribution is very different from that of small D-pits. The large-size D-pit density correlates with the roughness of the RC etched LEC surfaces, and its density levels differ on a large scale among the LEC crystals used. As both types of D-pits act as a shunt path for minority carriers, both origins should be eliminated in the LEC crystals.
Stereoselective synthesis of an analog of podophyllotoxin by an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStereoselective synthesis of an analog of podophyllotoxin by an intramolecular Diels-Alder reactionMichael E. Jung, Patrick Yuk Sun Lam, Muzzamil M. Mansuri, and Laurine M. SpeltzCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 7, 1087–1105Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00207a034https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00207a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3066Altmetric-Citations60LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The geometric constraint solving based on memory particle swarm algorithm (2005)

Geometric constraint problem is equivalent to the problem of solving a set of nonlinear equations substantially. The constraint problem can be transformed to an optimization problem. PSO is an evolution computing method. It searches the solution space by creating a better next swarm. The new swarm is produced based on the new individuals. Memory particle swarm algorithm is a PSO algorithm that adds a memory influence. We introduce MPSO into geometric constraint solving. The purpose of the added memory feature is to maintain spread and therefore diversity by providing individual specific alternate target points to be used at times instead of the current local best position. The experiment indicates that the algorithm is effective.
Delay time studies and electron mobility measurement in a-Si:H TFT (1989)

The time delay in the drain current response to a step in the effective drive voltage was studied as one of the key parameters in characterizing the dynamic response of an a-Si:H thin-film transistor (TFT). It was determined that the a-Si:H delay time shows a similar behavior to that observed in a Si-MOSFET, i.e. it is directly proportional to the square of the channel length and inversely proportional to the effective drive voltage. A unique value of the channel field-effect electron mobility was measured by using the delay time results in the transmission line model. In amorphous semiconductors, the conventional methods of measuring mobility are inconvenient and complicated, whereas in this method the channel mobility is obtained by measuring only the delay time and the threshold voltage. Both of these parameters are obtained through electrical measurements on TFTs and hence require no special device structures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
STUDIES ON PRIMARY CULTURES OF DIFFERENTIATED FETAL LIVER CELLS (1972)

A method for culturing non- or slowly growing, differentiated fetal rat liver cells is described. It involves the use of collagenase as a digesting agent and of a selective medium deficient in arginine which suppresses the growth of nonparenchymal liver cells. Evidence is presented that surviving cells (a) retain liver-specific urea cycle functions measured by their capacity to transform ornithine into arginine, (b) synthesize DNA in glucose-deficient medium, and (c) synthesize and secrete albumin. This primary cell culture responds to partially hepatectomized rat serum and may be an appropriate assay system for the study of mechanisms which regulate liver regeneration.
Design and implementation of MPEG-4 authoring tool (2002)

Under an interactive broadcasting environment, viewers have been requesting additional and linked information of individual contents in TV programs. In order to satisfy these demands from viewers, first of all, it is required to develop a new authoring tool that can edit AV (Audio Visual) contents as independent objects and add related information of the contents. In this paper, we propose an MPEG-4 based authoring tool. The characteristics of our authoring tool are that it generates an XMT file for an object and a scene description, which is then coded into an mp4 file according to the MPEG-4 specification. In order to show the usefulness of the proposed authoring tool, rote show the authored AV contents rising the reference software (IM1 2D player) provided by MPEG.
A Multienzyme System for a One‐Pot Synthesis of Sialyl T‐Antigen (1995)

With a new multienzyme system with cofactor regeneration based on a sequential action of glycosidase and glycosyltransferase, a semipreparative scale synthesis of the cell epitope Neu5Acα(2 → 3)Galβ(1 → 3)GalNAc 1 was achieved. Although the participating enzymes have maximum activities at very different pH values, a satisfactory optimization of the synthesis was possible.
Risk and management of fungicide resistance in the Asian soybean rust fungus <i>Phakopsora pachyrhizi</i> . (2011)

Asian soyabean rust, caused by the biotrophic fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is considered the most damaging foliar disease of soyabean (Glycine max). This chapter describes the fungicides for soyabean rust control and the risk of resistance. The Asian soyabean rust in Brazil, the sensitivity monitoring programmes for this pathogen, and the management of its fungicide resistance are discussed.
A family of E. coliexpression vectors for laboratory scale and high throughput soluble protein production (2006)

The result is a set of four rationally designed vectors, which can be used for streamlined cloning, expression and purification of target proteins in the laboratory and have the potential for being adaptable to a high-throughput screening.
In vitro activation of urease apoprotein and role of UreD as a chaperone required for nickel metallocenter assembly. (1994)

The formation of active urease in Klebsiella aerogenes requires the presence of three structural genes for the apoprotein (ureA, ureB, and ureC), as well as four accessory genes (ureD, ureE, ureF, and ureG) that are involved in functional assembly of the metallocenter in this nickel-containing enzyme. Slow and partial activation of urease apoprotein was observed after addition of nickel ion to extracts of Escherichia coli cells bearing a plasmid containing the K. aerogenes urease gene cluster or derivatives of this plasmid with deletions in ureE, ureF, or ureG. In contrast, extracts of cells containing a ureD deletion derivative failed to generate active urease, thus highlighting a key role for UreD in the metallocenter assembly process. Site-directed mutagenesis methods were used to overexpress ureD in the presence of the other urease genes, and the UreD protein was found to copurify with urease. A molecule of native urease apoprotein is capable of binding 0, 1, 2, or 3 molecules of UreD, consistent with a trimeric structure of urease catalytic units. The UreD-urease apoprotein complexes are competent for activation by nickel, with the level of activity obtained being directly related to the number of UreD molecules bound per urease molecule. Activation of the UreD-urease complexes is rapid and accompanied by UreD dissociation. We propose that UreD is a chaperone protein which stabilizes a urease apoprotein conformation that is competent for nickel incorporation.
A novel graded antireflective coating with built-in hardmask properties enabling 65nm and below CMOS device patterning (2004)

Novel silicon carbide (Si:C:H) and silicon oxycarbide (Si:C:O:H) based materials, prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), have been developed with dual anti-reflective (ARC) and hardmask properties thus enabling the use of thin resists for high resolution device pattering. High quality 25 nm polysilicon gates and ultra-high aspect ratio (>65:1) 8 /spl mu/m deep trench (DT) features in Si have been fabricated with this ARC/hardmask technology.
Characterization and Performance of Ceria Based SOFCs (1995)

Alkaline earth doped ceria based electrolytes have been used for solid oxide fuel cells operating at 700°C–800°C with power densities between 250–400 mW / cm2. Cells with stable operating characteristics have been demonstrated on H2 + 3% H2O / air and agree well with the theoretical model by Riess for mixed conducting electrolytes. The characterization and performance of such cells have been evaluated using a mixed-conducting electrolyte model.
Highly sensitive optical fibre long period grating biosensor anchored with silica core gold shell nanoparticles (2015)

An optical fibre long period grating (LPG), modified with a coating of silica core gold shell (SiO2:Au) nanoparticles (NPs) deposited using the layer-by-layer method, was employed for the development of a biosensor. The SiO2:Au NPs were electrostatically assembled onto the LPG with the aid of a poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) polycation layer. The LPG sensor operates at the phase matching turning point to provide the highest sensitivity. The SiO2:Au NPs were modified with biotin, which was used as a ligand for streptavidin (SV) detection. The sensing mechanism is based on the measurement of the refractive index change induced by the binding of the SV to the biotin. The effect on sensitivity of increasing the surface area by virtue of the SiO2:Au nanoparticles' diameter and film thickness was studied. The lowest measured concentration of SV was 2.5nM, achieved using an LPG modified with a 3 layer (PAH/SiO2:Au) thin film composed of SiO2 NPs of 300nm diameter with a binding constant of k=1.7(pM)(-1), sensitivity of 6.9nm/ng/mm(2) and limit of detection of 19pg/mm(2).
Closed-transition switching of essential loads (1989)

The design and applications of closed-transition switching to improve performance in transferring all types of essential loads is presented. Application factors are discussed such as load characteristics, the need for periodic testing, anticipation of power failures, desired reliability, and required approvals. Transfer switch design as it applies to both the transfer switch itself and to the associated controls is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Special Issue on BIT CMOS Built-In Test Architecture for High-Speed Jitter Measurement (2005)

Timing measurements for gigahertz clock frequencies require high accuracy and resolution. This paper proposes a scalable built-in self-test (BIST) method that measures accumulated period jitter over a programmable number of periods, without using another reference clock. This on-chip method uses a charge pump to convert time to a voltage, which is digitized by an all-digital flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The ADC employs multiple chains of inverter strings composed of three series inverters instead of the popular analog comparators. The inverter thresholds set the reference voltages for triggering given an input dc value. The output is calibrated and converted to jitter measurement. The design using a 0.25 /spl mu/m BiCMOS process, with an input range of 625 MHz-1 GHz, shows that a resolution of 70 ps root mean square (rms) jitter can be achieved, while occupying 0.0575 mm/sup 2/ area with a very conservative layout style. The design has been fabricated and tested, and the test results are presented.
Specific Effects of Synthetic Oligopeptides on Cultured Animal Cells (2002)

Synthetic oligopeptides, tri- to pentaglycine and tri- and tetraalanine, were found to enhance viable cell density and culture viability when applied at concentrations higher than milllimolar to the cultures of a model hybridoma line. Oligoalanines, in addition, enhanced monoclonal antibody yields. Oligoglycines promoted solely the cell growth, unless the batch culture was fed with a medium concentrate. Examination of the effects of various tripeptides composed of glycine, alanine, serine, threonine, lysine, and histidine showed that some of the peptides promoted the growth of the culture, while other peptides suppressed the growth and enhanced the monoclonal antibody yield. Determination of the levels of amino acids and peptides in culture media indicated that the observed changes of culture parameters were caused by intact peptide molecules, rather than by amino acids liberated from the peptides by enzymic cleavage.
노인의 규칙적 신체활동이 심혈관 기능에 미치는 영향 고찰 (2014)

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review the relationship between physical activity and cardiovascular outcomesin the Korean elderly. Methods: Experimental studies were located using PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO,Cochrane, RISS, KISS, and KoreaMed. The selected studies for analysis were 20 articles of cardiovascular outcomes(total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), blood pressure, and pulserate) from 515 articles. Results: One-group pretest-posttest design was the most common. The main physical activitywas an aerobic exercise. Five of 14 studies reported a significant improvement of total cholesterol. Four of 14 studiesfound relationship between exercise and triglyceride. Eight of 12 studies reported a significant improvement of HDL,whereas 3 of 9 studies reported a significant improvement of LDL. In over 60% of selected studies, reported significantimprovement of blood pressure. Conclusion: Based on the review, it suggests that regular physical activity of theelderly may improve cardiovascular outcomes.
Deposition of oriented zinc oxide on an optical fiber (1986)

Techniques are described by which an oriented zinc oxide film is sputtered directly on one side of an 80-μm-diam fused silica single-mode optical fiber. A 4-GHz piezoelectric transducer incorporating this film demonstrates that the film is oriented. Evidence of acoustic waves in the fiber is given by the swept-frequency vector input impedance of the transducer. Acoustic transducers fabricated directly on a fiber produce fields focused on the fiber core for efficient acousto-optic interactions, making possible many new fiber-optic signal processing devices.
It's not what you say, it's that you say it : Speech, performance, and sense in Austin and Deleuze (1996)

In How to Do Things with Words (1972), John Austin explores the notions of both locutionary acts and illocutionary acts through the thematic of performance. These notions of speech acts roughly conform to Deleuze's distinctions between designation, manifestation, and signification outlined in The Logic of Sense (1989). However, it is important to note that Deleuze explores a fourth linguistic element, sense, which creâtes a complex dimension in language. It is through this concept of sense that I will explore both Austin's and Deleuze's understandings of the linguistic dimensions of speech acts. It is my contention that the Deleuzian notion of sense, used as a thematic in the understanding of speech acts, provides a more satisfactory understanding of speech acts than Austin's theory alone. Further, given recent discussions of the characteristics of speech acts and their deconstructive potential, I argue that Deleuze's notion of sense provides justification for division between constatives and perf ormati ves.1
Coordinated multi-robot exploration (2005)

In this paper, we consider the problem of exploring an unknown environment with a team of robots. As in single-robot exploration the goal is to minimize the overall exploration time. The key problem to be solved in the context of multiple robots is to choose appropriate target points for the individual robots so that they simultaneously explore different regions of the environment. We present an approach for the coordination of multiple robots, which simultaneously takes into account the cost of reaching a target point and its utility. Whenever a target point is assigned to a specific robot, the utility of the unexplored area visible from this target position is reduced. In this way, different target locations are assigned to the individual robots. We furthermore describe how our algorithm can be extended to situations in which the communication range of the robots is limited. Our technique has been implemented and tested extensively in real-world experiments and simulation runs. The results demonstrate that our technique effectively distributes the robots over the environment and allows them to quickly accomplish their mission.
Trends in oral health status: United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2004. (2007)

For most Americans, oral health status has improved between 1988-1994 and 1999-2004. For seniors, edentulism and periodontitis has declined; for adults, improvements were seen in dental caries prevalence, tooth retention, and periodontal health; for adolescents and youths, dental sealant prevalence has increased and dental caries have decreased; however, for youths aged 2-5 years, dental caries in primary teeth has increased.
Unusual Denitrohydrogenation of Allylic Tertiary Nitro Compounds During Hydrogenation (1995)

Abstract Unusual denitrohydrogenations of α, α-disubstituted nitromethylcycloalk-1-enes during their hydrogenation in the presence of Pd-C have been reported. The possible mechanism of action has been suggested.
Towards integration of Industrial Ethernet with 5G mobile networks (2018)

In contrast to the predecessors, the fifth generation of mobile networks (5G) will particularly address communication in production systems by providing machine-type communication and matching requirements regarding reliability and latency. However, 3GPP 5G will not be the one and only network technology that can be used to fulfill all the requirements raising from industrial applications at reasonable costs. It is more likely, that it complements other wired and wireless technologies, rather than replacing them. This paper presents different scenarios to combine 5G and Industrial Ethernet to a hybrid topology, it explains the characteristics and possible use cases for these scenarios and it sketches approaches to engineer and configure the hybrid network.
Transparent cross-technology communication over data traffic (2017)

Cross-technology communication (CTC) techniques are introduced in recent literatures to explore the opportunities of collaboration between heterogeneous wireless technologies, such as WiFi and ZigBee. Their applications include context-aware services and global channel coordination. However, state-of-the-art CTC schemes either suffer from channel inefficiency, low throughput, or disruption to existing networks. This paper presents the CTC via data packets (DCTC), which takes advantage of abundant existing data packets to construct recognizable energy patterns. DCTC features (i) a significant enhancement in CTC throughput while (ii) keeping transparent to upper layer protocols and applications. Our design also features advanced functions including multiplexing to support concurrent transmissions of multiple DCTC senders and adaptive rate control according to the traffic volume. Testbed implementations across WiFi and ZigBee platforms demonstrate reliable bidirectional communication of over 95% in accuracy while achieving throughput 2.3x of the state of the art. Meanwhile, experiment results show that DCTC has little and bounded impact on the delay and throughput of original data traffic.
Photochain scission of the soluble electronically conducting polymer: poly(3-hexylthiophene) (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotochain scission of the soluble electronically conducting polymer: poly(3-hexylthiophene)Steven HoldcroftCite this: Macromolecules 1991, 24, 8, 2119–2121Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00008a068https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00008a068research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views196Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts