gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Knowing and governing cities through urban indicators, city benchmarking and real-time dashboards (2015)

Since the mid-1990s a plethora of indicator projects have been developed and adopted by cities seeking to measure and monitor various aspects of urban systems. These have been accompanied by city benchmarking endeavours that seek to compare intra- and inter-urban performance. More recently, the data underpinning such projects have started to become more open to citizens, more real-time in nature generated through sensors and locative/social media, and displayed via interactive visualisations and dashboards that can be accessed via the internet. In this paper, we examine such initiatives arguing that they advance a narrowly conceived but powerful realist epistemology – the city as visualised facts – that is reshaping how managers and citizens come to know and govern cities. We set out how and to what ends indicator, benchmarking and dashboard initiatives are being employed by cities. We argue that whilst these initiatives often seek to make urban processes and performance more transparent and to improve decision making, they are also underpinned by a naive instrumental rationality, are open to manipulation by vested interests, and suffer from often unacknowledged methodological and technical issues. Drawing on our own experience of working on indicator and dashboard projects, we argue for a conceptual re-imaging of such projects as data assemblages – complex, politically-infused, socio-technical systems that, rather than reflecting cities, actively frame and produce them.
373. Sulphonates of higher alkyl phenolic ethers (1939)

G. S. Hartley, J. Chem. Soc., 1939, 1828 DOI: 10.1039/JR9390001828
Lung Infection Quantification of COVID-19 in CT Images with Deep Learning (2020)

CT imaging is crucial for diagnosis, assessment and staging COVID-19 infection. Follow-up scans every 3-5 days are often recommended for disease progression. It has been reported that bilateral and peripheral ground glass opacification (GGO) with or without consolidation are predominant CT findings in COVID-19 patients. However, due to lack of computerized quantification tools, only qualitative impression and rough description of infected areas are currently used in radiological reports. In this paper, a deep learning (DL)-based segmentation system is developed to automatically quantify infection regions of interest (ROIs) and their volumetric ratios w.r.t. the lung. The performance of the system was evaluated by comparing the automatically segmented infection regions with the manually-delineated ones on 300 chest CT scans of 300 COVID-19 patients. For fast manual delineation of training samples and possible manual intervention of automatic results, a human-in-the-loop (HITL) strategy has been adopted to assist radiologists for infection region segmentation, which dramatically reduced the total segmentation time to 4 minutes after 3 iterations of model updating. The average Dice simiarility coefficient showed 91.6% agreement between automatic and manual infaction segmentations, and the mean estimation error of percentage of infection (POI) was 0.3% for the whole lung. Finally, possible applications, including but not limited to analysis of follow-up CT scans and infection distributions in the lobes and segments correlated with clinical findings, were discussed.
Visual position recovery for an automated guided vehicle (1992)

The authors present a visual method which allows an automated guided vehicle to recover its absolute position anywhere on a guide-path represented by a pseudorandom binary sequence whose terms are marked as distinct graphical symbols. An onboard image-processing system recognizes these symbols and finally recovers the pseudorandom code identifying the position.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Abstract 072: Protein Kinase A prevents cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through abhydrolase domain containing 5 (ABHD5)-mediated proteolysis of Histone deacetylase 4(HDAC4) (2013)

Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) regulates numerous gene expression programs through its signal-dependent repression of the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2). Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) signaling promotes pathological cardiac remodeling by phosphorylating HDAC4, with consequent stimulation of MEF2 activity. Recently, we described a novel mechanism whereby protein kinase A (PKA) overcomes CaMKII-mediated activation of MEF2 by regulated proteolysis of HDAC4. PKA induces the generation of an N-terminal HDAC4 cleavage product (HDAC4-NT). HDAC4-NT inhibits MEF2 activity, thereby antagonizing the pro-hypertrophic actions of CaMKII signaling. However, the individual protease mediating HDAC4 proteolysis remains unknown. Using a number of group specific chemical protease inhibitors, we found that the PKA-dependent HDAC4 protease belongs to the family of serine proteases. To further identify the individual serine protease, we screened a human serine protease siRNA library and found abhydrolase domain containing 5 (ABHD5) to be required for PKA-induced HDAC4 proteolysis. The screening result was validated using three different siRNAs. Remarkably, forced adenoviral expression of ABHD5 led to robust production of HDAC4-NT in isolated neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) even in the absence of PKA. Furthermore, adenoviral expression of ABHD5 in NRVMs inhibited MEF2 transcriptional activity and attenuated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Interestingly, ABHD5 was initially described to be involved in lipid metabolism. Taken together, we show that ABHD5 is required for PKA-dependent HDAC4 proteolysis and sufficient for HDAC4-NT production as well as inhibition of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. These data imply a so far unknown link between lipid metabolism and epigenetic regulation of cardioprotection.
Adaptive Access Class Barring for Machine-Type Communications in LTE-A (2016)

In LTE-A networks, massive MTC (Machine-Type Communication) devices may request RACH (Random Access Channel) access simultaneously. The concurrent requests bring about the congestion of the channel. To solve the problem, 3GPP has adopted overload resolution mechanisms like ACB (Access Class Barring) and EAB (Extended Access Barring). In the mechanisms, barring parameters need to be set dynamically to reshape the access intensity of MTC devices. This paper proposes how to determine a barring parameter in ACB mechanism adaptively as an overload resolution mechanism. The experimental results show that our mechanism improves system performances including access success probability, collision probability, and access delay.
Synthesis of Molecular Brushes with Gradient in Grafting Density by Atom Transfer Polymerization (2002)

Macromolecular brushes with a gradient of side-chain spacing along the backbone have been synthesized by the "grafting from" approach using atom transfer radical polymerization. A macroinitiator was prepared in two steps, first by conducting a gradient copolymerization of MMA and HEMA-TMS followed by transformation of the resulting poly(MMA-grad-HEMA-TMS) to poly(MMA-grad-BPEM). The gradient composition of the macroinitiator was a forced gradient formed by continuous feeding of HEMA-TMS during MMA polymerization. The gradient structure was characterized by monitoring monomer conversion (GC) and molecular weight evolution (GPC) during copolymerization. AFM measurements demonstrated the characteristic anisotropy of the molecular structure by resolving individual brush molecules with a bulky head and a thin tail.
Weisfeiler and Leman Go Neural: Higher-Order Graph Neural Networks (2019)

In recent years, graph neural networks (GNNs) have emerged as a powerful neural architecture to learn vector representations of nodes and graphs in a supervised, end-to-end fashion. Up to now, GNNs have only been evaluated empirically—showing promising results. The following work investigates GNNs from a theoretical point of view and relates them to the 1-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman graph isomorphism heuristic (1-WL). We show that GNNs have the same expressiveness as the 1-WL in terms of distinguishing non-isomorphic (sub-)graphs. Hence, both algorithms also have the same shortcomings. Based on this, we propose a generalization of GNNs, so-called k-dimensional GNNs (k-GNNs), which can take higher-order graph structures at multiple scales into account. These higher-order structures play an essential role in the characterization of social networks and molecule graphs. Our experimental evaluation confirms our theoretical findings as well as confirms that higher-order information is useful in the task of graph classification and regression.
<title>Electrolog: an online logsheet</title> (1998)

This paper describes an electronic logsheet designed to be easily connected to both existing and new instruments for the Lick and Keck Observatories. The primary motivation for such a log is to automate the recording of basic observing parameters in a form that preserves the best characteristics of paper logs: columns that can be readily annotated with text or sketches, and user choice of what data form the log. To these capabilities, Electrolog adds simultaneous viewing/editing by local and/or remote observers, who can share annotations and emendations, if desired. The log can be written out in plain text, in 'pretty-printed' PostScript, as a FITS ASCII table extension, or as a native- format dump. Either the FITS file or the dump format can be read back in by another instance of the logsheet. It is simple to splice the logsheet into existing data-taking programs. It accepts data in a variety of formats, including raw FITS image headers. As a useful side-effect, a dozen- line Tcl script can generate 'retrospective' logs form a set of FITS image files.
A 2.9–33.0 TOPS/W Reconfigurable 1-D/2-D Compute-Near-Memory Inference Accelerator in 10-nm FinFET CMOS (2020)

A 10-nm compute-near-memory (CNM) accelerator augments SRAM with multiply accumulate (MAC) units to reduce interconnect energy and achieve 2.9 8b-TOPS/W for matrix-vector computation. The CNM provides high memory bandwidth by accessing SRAM subarrays to enable low-latency, real-time inference in fully connected and recurrent neural networks with small mini-batch sizes. For workloads with greater arithmetic intensity, such as large-batch convolutional neural networks, the CNM reconfigures into a 2-D systolic array to amortize memory access energy over a greater number of computations. Variable-precision 8b/4b/2b/1b MACs increase throughput by up to 8× for binary operations at 33.0 1b-TOPS/W.
Effect Of Various Spectral Formulations In Predicting Responses Of Marine Vehicles And Ocean Structures (1977)

ABSTRACT In order to examine the effect of wave spectral formulations on the magnitude of responses of marine vehicles and ocean structures, several wave spectra, including Pierson-Moskowitz, Bretschneider, Six-parameter, JONSWAP, etc., are selected, and computations of responses in a seaway are carried out. Responses to several hundred available wave spectra measured at various locations in the world are also included in order to provide guide lines for use of spectral formulations in design evaluations. Computations are made for four different ship types and one ocean platform, and the effect of heading to waves and speed are included in some examples. INTRODUCTION Responses of marine vehicles and structures in a seaway, such as motions, accelerations, and wave induced forces and moments, etc., can be predicted at an early design stage by applying the modern probabilistic approach. The prediction method most commonly used considers a linear system, and the responses in a random seaway are evaluated through spectral analysis in the frequency domain. In practice, to predict responses, an idealized spectral formulation is used as a representative of the variety of shapes of wave spectra which may be present at the desired sea severity. In reality, the shapes of wave spectra measured in the ocean vary considerably (even though the significant wave heights are the same) depending on environmental conditions such as geographic location, duration and fetch of the prevailing wind, stage of growth and decay of a storm, existence of swell, etc. References [1] and [2] show examples of the variability of spectral shape for groups of specific wave heights. Since a marine vehicle (or ocean platform) encounters an infinite variety of wave situations, and since the magnitude of responses is significantly influenced by the shape of the wave spectra for a given sea severity, it is highly desirable to examine the limit of application of various idealized spectral formulations in design consideration. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a study on the effect of various wave spectral formulations on the magnitude of responses of marine vehicles and ocean structures. For this, a computer study to evaluate the responses is carried out on four ships of different types and one ocean platform using (i) several spectral formulations, and (ii) several hundred spectra measured in various locations in the world. The comparison between responses predicted in (i) and (ii) is then used to clarify which spectral formulation(s) is(are) suitable for design consideration for the various types of marine vehicles and structures considered. The paper consists of three sections. The first section presents the spectral formulations with a brief background of each, as well as outlines the measured spectra used in the computation. The second section gives a brief discussion on prediction of responses of marine vehicles and structures in a seaway.
Inhibitory Phosphorylation Site for Rho-associated Kinase on Smooth Muscle Myosin Phosphatase (1999)

It is clear from several studies that myosin phosphatase (MP) can be inhibited via a pathway that involves RhoA. However, the mechanism of inhibition is not established. These studies were carried out to test the hypothesis that Rho-kinase (Rho-associated kinase) via phosphorylation of the myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) inhibited MP activity and to identify relevant sites of phosphorylation. Phosphorylation by Rho-kinase inhibited MP activity and this reflected a decrease in V(max). Activity of MP with different substrates also was inhibited by phosphorylation. Two major sites of phosphorylation on MYPT1 were Thr(695) and Thr(850). Various point mutations were designed for these phosphorylation sites. Following thiophosphorylation by Rho-kinase and assays of phosphatase activity it was determined that Thr(695) was responsible for inhibition. A site- and phosphorylation-specific antibody was developed for the sequence flanking Thr(695) and this recognized only phosphorylated Thr(695) in both native and recombinant MYPT1. Using this antibody it was shown that stimulation of serum-starved Swiss 3T3 cells by lysophosphatidic acid, thought to activate RhoA pathways, induced an increase in Thr(695) phosphorylation on MYPT1 and this effect was blocked by a Rho-kinase inhibitor, Y-27632. In summary, these results offer strong support for a physiological role of Rho-kinase in regulation of MP activity.
Benefits of Sharing Information from Commercial Airborne Forward-Looking Sensors in the Next Generation Air Transportation System (2012)

The air transportation system of the future will need to support much greater traffic densities than are currently possible, while preserving or improving upon current levels of safety. Concepts are under development to support a Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) that by some estimates will need to support up to three times current capacity by the year 2025. Weather and other atmospheric phenomena, such as wake vortices and volcanic ash, constitute major constraints on airspace system capacity and can present hazards to aircraft if encountered. To support safe operations in the NextGen environment advanced systems for collection and dissemination of aviation weather and environmental information will be required. The envisioned NextGen Network Enabled Weather (NNEW) infrastructure will be a critical component of the aviation weather support services, providing access to a common weather picture for all system users. By taking advantage of Network Enabled Operations (NEO) capabilities, a virtual 4-D Weather Data Cube with aviation weather information from many sources will be developed. One new source of weather observations may be airborne forward-looking sensors, such as the X-band weather radar. Future sensor systems that are the subject of current research include advanced multi-frequency and polarimetric radar, a variety of Lidar technologies, and infrared imaging spectrometers.
A gate-quality dielectric system for SiGe metal-oxide-semiconductor devices (1991)

The authors present a high-quality dielectric system for use with Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ alloys. The system employs plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited (PECVD) SiO/sub 2/ on a thin (6-8-nm) layer of pure silicon grown epitaxially on the Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ layer. The buffer layer and the deposited oxide prevent the accumulation of Ge at the oxide-semiconductor interface and thus keep the interface state density within acceptable limits. The Si cap layer leads to a sequential turn-on of the Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ channel and the Si cap channel as is clearly observed in the low-temperature C-V curves. The authors show that this dual-channel structure can be designed to suppress the parasitic Si cap channel. The MOS capacitors are also used to extract valence-band offsets.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Video Relighting Using Infrared Illumination (2008)

Abstract Inappropriate lighting is often responsible for poor quality video. In most offices and homes, lighting is not designed for video conferencing. This can result in unevenly lit faces, distracting shadows, and unnatural colors. We present a method for relighting faces that reduces the effects of uneven lighting and color. Our setup consists of a compact lighting rig and a camera that is both inexpensive and inconspicuous to the user. We use unperceivable infrared (IR) lights to obtain an illumination bases of the scene. Our algorithm computes an optimally weighted combination of IR bases to minimize lighting inconsistencies in foreground areas and reduce the effects of colored monitor light. However, IR relighting alone results in images with an unnatural ghostly appearance, thus a retargeting technique is presented which removes the unnatural IR effects and produces videos that have substantially more balanced intensity and color than the original video.
c-Jun Can Mediate Androgen Receptor-induced Transactivation (1996)

The proto-oncoprotein c-Jun forms as a heterodimer with c-Fos, the transcription factor AP-1. AP-1 regulates transcription through transactivation, a process requiring DNA binding. Here we report an indirect mechanism by which c-Jun can regulate transcription via the androgen receptor. In this process, c-Jun is able to support androgen receptor-mediated transactivation in the absence of an interaction with c-Fos or any apparent DNA binding. This positive effect of c-Jun was dose-dependent. Both exogenously added and endogenously induced c-Jun are able to act on the androgen receptor. Transactivation by the androgen receptor can undergo self-squelching, and this was relieved by transfected c-Jun. Using a time-course experiment, we provide evidence that the c-Jun effect is primary. c-Fos is able to block human androgen receptor activity in both the absence and presence of transfected c-Jun. Using a modified form of the yeast two-hybrid system, we show in Cos cells that c-Jun can interact with the DNA binding domain/hinge region (CD regions) of the androgen receptor. Therefore, we propose that c-Jun functions as a mediator for androgen receptor-induced transactivation.
Quantification of  -Adrenoceptors and  -Adrenoceptor Kinase on Protein and mRNA Levels in Heart Failure (1994)

The alterations of the beta-adrenoceptor adenylyl cyclase are reviewed. In failing myocardium, the down-regulation of beta 1-adrenoceptors is accompanied by a decrease in steady state mRNA levels, as studied with quantitative polymerase chain reactions in dilated and ischaemic cardiomyopathy. The density of beta 2-adrenoceptors and beta 2-adrenoceptor mRNA was unchanged in both pathological conditions compared to non-failing myocardium. In addition to down-regulation of beta 1-receptor protein and mRNA, an increased activity of the beta-adrenoceptor kinase (beta-ARK) was observed. Correspondingly, quantification of beta-ARK mRNA by a 5' and a middle portion PCR-product suggests that increased enzyme activity could be due to increased transcription. In summary, decreased steady state levels of beta 1-adrenoceptor mRNA could contribute to reduced beta-adrenoceptor density in failing myocardium. The known uncoupling of beta-adrenoceptors could be due to an increased mRNA expression and activity of beta-ARK.
Structured null space problem (1998)

We present a new algorithm for finding specially structured vectors that span a null space. These vectors arise in direction finding applications for uniform rectangular antenna arrays.
What is a seismic reflector like? (2008)

Abstract The spatial region that is in the vicinity of an interface and actually affects the interface response, and hence the reflected wavefield, is of particular interest for the characterization of reflectors from a seismic viewpoint. This region is represented by a volume of integration of medium properties above and below the interface whose maximum lateral extent corresponds to the lateral extent of the interface Fresnel zone, and whose maximum vertical extent is equal to a thickness we evaluate approximately for subcritical incidence angles for a plane interface as well as for curved interfaces of anticline and syncline type. The maximum vertical extent might be larger than the seismic wavelengths for subcritical incidence angles close to the critical angle and for a strong impedance contrast at the interface. Although the part of the reflector volume lying below the interface and affecting traveltime measurements actually is smaller than described in previous studies, the whole part of the reflector volume that affects the amplitude of the reflected wavefield is larger than estimates in previous studies, which considered only the spatial region below the interface. For a syncline (respectively, an anticline), it is larger (respectively, smaller) than described for a plane interface. In addition to providing more physical insights into the wave reflection process, this study might have significant implications for seismic interpretation using amplitude-variation-with-angle methodologies.
Chaos time‐domain reflectometry for distributed diagnosis of complex topology wired networks (2016)

A new reflectometry‐based wire diagnosis method using chaotic signals is presented. It shows excellent potential for the diagnosis of live wires (i.e. during their operational usage) and complex topology networks. The use of chaotic signals for distributed diagnosis and the detection of defects in wires is investigated. Chaos time‐domain Reflectometry (CTDR) using low auto‐correlation sidelobes signals, shows high performances in very noisy environment: the detection and location of hard defects are possible, even if several reflectometers inject their signals concurrently with the diagnosis and the normal operation of the cable. This enables using CTDR for distributed diagnosis of complex topology networks.