gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New frontiers in the management of type 2 diabetes. (2007)

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic, debilitating disease characterized by insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and hyperglycaemia, and afflicting at least 171 million people worldwide (31.7 million in India). This chronic disease is not benign and patients with diabetes suffer from numerous microvascular and macrovascular complications which cause a lot of morbidity and mortality. Results from the UKPDS (United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study) clearly demonstrate that tight glucose and blood pressure control in patients with type 2 diabetes prevents the development of and delays the progression of microvascular complications and possibly macrovascular disease. In addition, results from the UKPDS and other studies like the Heart Protection Study (HPS) have also shown that treatment of concomitant risk factors like lipids and blood pressure and the use of aspirin have favourable effects on cardiovascular complications and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. In order to achieve glycaemic goals, we have several anti-hyperglycaemic agents in our therapeutic armamentarium today. However, despite their availability, we have not been able to achieve glycaemic goals in our patients with diabetes due to a variety of reasons. However, there appears to be hope for the future. The progress of research in all fields of diabetes therapeutics from diabetes treatment to continuous glucose monitoring systems to novel insulin delivery systems has been spectacular. These advances have resulted in newer pharmacologic agents, implantable glucose sensors and inhaled insulin. There is also hope that large scale implementation of intensive lifestyle programmes and education efforts may help to prevent diabetes in high risk individuals. Indeed, the repertoire of options and strategies currently available (and in the pipeline) to treat and prevent/delay diabetes and its complications is impressive. In this review, we will discuss the evolving cardiovascular benefits of the thiazolidinediones (TZDs); describe in detail the newer glucose lowering gut hormones with novel mechanisms of action; delineate the recent advances in non invasive insulin delivery systems (including inhaled insulin); review the ongoing developments in continuous glucose measuring devices and finally present an update on the prevention of diabetes.
Exceptional Activity for Methane Combustion over Modular Pd@CeO <sub>2</sub> Subunits on Functionalized Al <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> (2012)

There is a critical need for improved methane-oxidation catalysts to both reduce emissions of methane, a greenhouse gas, and improve the performance of gas turbines. However, materials that are currently available either have low activity below 400°C or are unstable at higher temperatures. Here, we describe a supramolecular approach in which single units composed of a palladium (Pd) core and a ceria (CeO(2)) shell are preorganized in solution and then homogeneously deposited onto a modified hydrophobic alumina. Electron microscopy and other structural methods revealed that the Pd cores remained isolated even after heating the catalyst to 850°C. Enhanced metal-support interactions led to exceptionally high methane oxidation, with complete conversion below 400°C and outstanding thermal stability under demanding conditions.
Subspace pursuit embedded in Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (2012)

Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) is a popular greedy pursuit algorithm widely used for sparse signal recovery from an undersampled measurement system. However, one of the main shortcomings of OMP is its irreversible selection procedure of columns of measurement matrix. i.e., OMP does not allow removal of the columns wrongly estimated in any of the previous iterations. In this paper, we propose a modification in OMP, using the well known Subspace Pursuit (SP), to refine the subspace estimated by OMP at any iteration and hence boost the sparse signal recovery performance of OMP. Using simulations we show that the proposed scheme improves the performance of OMP in clean and noisy measurement cases.
Placement of digital microfluidic biochips using the t-tree formulation (2006)

Droplet-based microfluidic biochips have recently gained much attention and are expected to revolutionize the biological laboratory procedure. As biochips are adopted for the complex procedures in molecular biology, its complexity is expected to increase due to the need of multiple and concurrent assays on a chip. In this paper, we formulate the placement problem of digital microfluidic biochips with a tree-based topological representation, called T-tree. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first work that adopts a topological representation to solve the placement problem of digital microfluidic biochips. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach is much more efficient and effective, compared with the previous unified synthesis and placement framework.
Cloning and Characterization of Vitis viniferaUDP-Glucose:Flavonoid 3-O-Glucosyltransferase, a Homologue of the Enzyme Encoded by the Maize Bronze-1Locus That May Primarily Serve to Glucosylate Anthocyanidins in Vivo (1998)

We report here the cloning and optimized expression at 16 degrees C and the characterization of a Vitis vinifera UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase, an enzyme responsible for a late step in grapevine anthocyanin biosynthesis. The properties of this and other UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferases, homologues of the product encoded by the maize Bronze-1 locus, are a matter of conjecture. The availability of a purified recombinant enzyme allowed for the unambiguous determination of the characteristics of a flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase. Kinetic analyses showed that kcat for glucosylation of cyanidin, an anthocyanidin substrate, is 48 times higher than for glucosylation of the flavonol quercetin, whereas Km values are similar for both substrates. Activity toward other classes of substrates is absent. Cu2+ ions strongly inhibit the action of this and other glucosyltransferases; however, we suggest that this phenomenon in large part is due to Cu2+-mediated substrate degradation rather than inhibition of the enzyme. Additional lines of complementary biochemical data also indicated that in the case of V. vinifera, the principal, if not only, role of UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferases is to glucosylate anthocyanidins in red fruit during ripening. Other glucosyltransferases with a much higher relative activity toward quercetin are suggested to glucosylate flavonols in a distinct spatial and temporal pattern. It should be considered whether gene products homologous to Bronze-1 in some cases more accurately should be referred to as UDP-glucose:anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferases.
Performance of disk arrays in transaction processing environments (2003)

Analytical models for evaluating the performance of arrayed disk subsystems in normal, degraded, and rebuild mode are developed. Models for estimating rebuild time under the assumption that user requests get priority and can preempt rebuild activity are also developed. It is found that uncached disk arrays perform much worse than uncached nonarrays. It is determined that caches are necessary in arrayed subsystems. Furthermore, in degraded and rebuild modes, large building blocks minimize the worst response time seen by any user, whereas small building blocks minimize the average response time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Role of the α3(VI) Chain in Collagen VI Assembly (1998)

Collagen VI is a microfibrillar protein found in the extracellular matrix of virtually all connective tissues. Three genetically distinct subunits, the alpha1(VI), alpha2(VI), and alpha3(VI) chains, associate intracellularly to form triple-helical monomers, which then assemble into disulfide-bonded dimers and tetramers before secretion. Although sequence considerations suggest that collagen VI monomers composed of all three chains are the most stable isoform, the precise chain composition of collagen VI remains controversial and alternative assemblies containing only alpha1(VI) and alpha2(VI) chains have also been proposed. To address this question directly and study the role of the alpha3(VI) chain in assembly, we have characterized collagen VI biosynthesis and in vitro matrix formation by a human osteosarcoma cell line (SaOS-2) that is deficient in alpha3(VI) production. Northern analysis showed an abundance of alpha1(VI) and alpha2(VI) mRNAs, but no detectable alpha3(VI) mRNA was apparent in SaOS-2 cells. By day 30 of culture, however, small amounts of alpha3(VI) mRNA were detected, although the level of expression was still much less than alpha1(VI) and alpha2(VI). Collagen VI protein was not detected in SaOS-2 medium or cell layer samples until day 30 of culture, demonstrating that despite the abundant synthesis of alpha1(VI) and alpha2(VI), no stable collagen VI protein was produced without expression of alpha3(VI). The alpha1(VI) and alpha2(VI) chains produced in the absence of alpha3(VI) were non-helical and were largely retained intracellularly and degraded. The critical role of the alpha3(VI) chain in collagen VI assembly was directly demonstrated after stable transfection of SaOS-2 cells with an alpha3(VI) cDNA expression construct that lacked 4 of the 10 N-terminal type A subdomains. The transfected alpha3(VI) N6-C5 chains associated with endogenous alpha1(VI) and alpha2(VI) and formed collagen VI dimers and tetramers, which were secreted and deposited into an extensive network in the extracellular matrix. These data demonstrated that alpha3(VI) is essential for the formation of stable collagen VI molecules and subdomains N10-N7 are not required for molecular assembly.
Novel indoor navigation system for visually impaired and blind people (2015)

Visual impairment or vision loss is the main reason for reduced mobility in humans. Visually Impaired (VI) people require continuous assistance during their movement. Researchers and scientists have put many solutions to assist those people in the activities of their daily living (ADL). The current research delivers a novel indoor navigation system for visually impaired people. The proposed solution is designed for indoor use only (house, office, companies, etc.). It provides the visually impaired person the ability to navigate without any other hardware assistance. The proposed system architecture uses a network of IP cameras installed at the ceiling of each room. A remote processing system analyzes-by computer vision algorithms-photos taken from the environment in order to inform the subject about his location and reacts accordingly to deliver the adequate assistance. A guidance algorithm helps him reach his destination using a simple interactive mobile application installed on his smart phone. The proof of concept prototype was designed with one camera on top of a wooden floor model to simulate the system. Results showed good reliability in indoor navigation and obstacles avoidance.
Integral‐Color Plastic Liquid Crystal Display The Ultimate Flat Panel Display (1999)

Abstract An all‐plastic direct‐view liquid crystal display with light weight, high contrast, saturated colors, and wide viewing‐angle is proposed. The display combines three controllable liquid crystal cells with intermediate coated‐polymer liquid crystal retarder stacks to provide full‐color pixels. Prototype structures indicate that each pixel will have a wide color gamut, and optical efficiency over six times that of current DSTN displays.
Wet etching processes for recycling crystalline silicon solar cells from end-of-life photovoltaic modules (2014)

Chemical wafer recovering processes fabricate virgin-like c-Si wafers from degraded c-Si solar cells.
Immune-mediated Modulation of Breast Cancer Growth and Metastasis by the Chemokine Mig (CXCL9) in a Murine Model (2007)

Current immunotherapies are limited by several factors, including the failure to recruit sufficient numbers of immune effector cells to tumors. The chemokine monokine induced by gamma-interferon (Mig; CXCL9) attracts activated T cells and natural killer (NK) cells bearing the chemokine receptor CXCR3. We investigated Mig as an immunotherapeutic agent in a syngeneic murine model of metastatic breast cancer. We transfected the highly malignant murine mammary tumor cell line 66.1 to stably express murine Mig cDNA. Immune-competent mice injected with Mig-expressing tumor cells developed smaller local tumors and fewer lung metastases, and they survived longer than mice injected with vector-control tumor cells. Mig-mediated inhibition of local tumor growth was lost in the absence of host T cells. Mig-transduced tumors had increased numbers of CD4 T cells compared with vector-control tumors, consistent with the T-cell chemoattractant property of Mig, and many tumor-infiltrating host cells expressed CXCR3. NK cells had not been examined previously as a possible effector cell in Mig-based therapies. Our studies now show that NK cells are critical to the mechanism by which Mig limits metastasis. Inhibition of angiogenesis was not implicated as a mechanism of Mig-mediated therapy in this model. These studies support the hypothesis that by manipulating the Mig-CXCR3 gradient, it is possible to direct host immune effector cells to tumors, curtailing both local tumor growth and metastasis. These studies also implicate host NK cells as an additional effector cell critical for Mig-mediated control of metastasis.
Computer-assisted interpretation of pyrolysis mass spectra of two oil shales and their corresponding kerogens (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTComputer-assisted interpretation of pyrolysis mass spectra of two oil shales and their corresponding kerogensTanmoy Chakravarty, Willem Windig, Koli Taghizadeh, Henk L. C. Meuzelaar, and Lawrence J. ShadleCite this: Energy Fuels 1988, 2, 2, 191–196Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ef00008a016https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00008a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views60Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Induced polarization of shaly sands (1984)

Abstract Equations have been developed that relate induced polarization (IP) in shaly sands to measurable petrophysical parameters. The induced-polarization process has been modeled in terms of two mechanisms: clay counterion displacement and membrane blockage. The resulting equations can be used to determine shaliness, brine conductivity, and oil saturation from in-phase and out-of-phase conductivities. Laboratory measurements have confirmed the IP dependence on these variables, as well as on temperature.
Saw chirp filter technology for satellite on‐board processing applications (1989)

Abstract Market growth in the area of thin route satellite communications services has led to consideration of non‐traditional system architectures requiring sophisticated on‐board processing functions. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology exists today which can provide implementation of key on‐board processing subsystems by using multicarrier demodulators. This paper presents a review of this signal processing technology, along with a brief review of dispersive SAW device technology as applied to the implementation of multicarrier demodulators for on‐board signal processing.
Parametric Effects on Particle Deposition in Abrasive Waterjet Surface Treatments (2004)

Abstract The abrasive waterjet (AWJ) has primarily been used for net-shape sectioning of engineering materials. In this study an AWJ was adopted for the surface treatment of commercially pure titanium (cpTi) and the contribution of treatment parameters to material removal and the deposition of particles within the substrate were examined. The surface texture and material removal rate were analyzed using conventional techniques whereas the quantity of abrasive particles embedded within the cpTi surfaces was determined using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). Parametric effects related to particle hardness were distinguished from a comparison of surfaces treated with Aluminum oxide, garnet, and crushed glass abrasives. According to an analysis of variance (ANOVA), treatment responses were found to be primarily dependent on the abrasive size, abrasive hardness, angle of incidence, and jet pressure. The minimum and maximum concentration of particles embedded in the AWJ treated cpTi (in percent surface area covered) was 2.5 and 21.6%, respectively. Particle concentration and mean particle size in the cpTi increased with abrasive size, angle of incidence and jet pressure; the particle concentration reached saturation at an angle of incidence near 80°. Although abrasive hardness was important to the treatment responses, an increase in hardness beyond 800 on the Rosiwal scale resulted in minimal changes in material removal or other features of the process. Keywords: AbrasivesAWJPeeningSurface textureSurface treatment Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge partial support for this investigation from the OMAX Corporation in the form of an equipment grant. The authors are also grateful to Dr. Robert Reno of the Physics Department at UMBC for help with interpretation of the EDXA. Notes aK.O. Lee S3818EL, Aberdeen, SD.
Cytotoxic activity of a recombinant chimaeric protein between <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> exotoxin A and <i>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</i> diphtheria toxin (1992)

A segment of the exotoxin A gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coding for the N-terminal end of domain I and domain II of the toxin (ETA), was genetically fused to the diphtheria toxin gene of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, coding for the N-terminal end of A fragment of diphtheria toxin (DT). The resulting hybrid protein (termed CED1) was produced in large amounts and exported to the periplasm in Escherichia coli. This chimaeric protein reacted with both anti-ETA and anti-DT antisera. Furthermore, the chimaeric protein displayed ADP-ribosylation activity and exhibited cytotoxicity to mouse 3T6 fibroblasts. These results demonstrated that the chimaeric protein is cytotoxic, and that the toxic potential of DTA can be selectively internalized and translocated via domains I and II of exotoxin A, which are thus sufficient to direct and translocate an enzymatically active heterologous polypeptide segment into the cytosol of sensitive cells.
A Glycine Site Associated with N‐Methyl‐<scp>d</scp>‐Aspartic Acid Receptors: Characterization and Identification of a New Class of Antagonists (1989)

Membranes from rat telencephalon contain a single class of strychnine-insensitive glycine sites. That these sites are associated with N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors is indicated by the observations that [3H]glycine binding is selectively modulated by NMDA receptor ligands and, conversely, that several amino acids interacting with the glycine sites increase [3H]N-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine ([3H]TCP) binding to the phencyclidine site of the NMDA receptor. The endogenous compound kynurenate and several related quinoline and quinoxaline derivatives inhibit glycine binding with affinities that are much higher than their affinities for glutamate binding sites. In contrast to glycine, kynurenate-type compounds inhibit [3H]TCP binding and thus are suggested to form a novel class of antagonists of the NMDA receptor acting through the glycine site. These results suggest the existence of a dual and opposite modulation of NMDA receptors by endogenous ligands.
SiH Bond Activation: Bridging Lewis Acid Catalysis with Brookhart’s Iridium(III) Pincer Complex and B(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub> (2013)

Different but almost equal: The striking similarities between Brookhart's iridium(III) pincer complex and the electron-deficient tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane in transformations involving SiH bond activation are highlighted. Coordination of the SiH bond to either Lewis acid enhances the electrophilicity of the silicon atom, thereby enabling its transfer to various Lewis basic groups (see scheme, Do=acetone).
Reduced effective misfit in laterally limited structures such as epitaxial islands (1995)

Numerical finite element calculations have been reported to determine a correction function Φ that describes the reduction of the misfit that occurs when laterally limited structures such as faceted islands or mesa structures are grown on a substrate. The reduction of the average strain energy density is calculated in these three-dimensional islands and compared to the constant strain energy density in a continuous layer. Ratios Φ are obtained from the calculation of different island geometries, i.e., different facet angles γ and different aspect ratios island width l to island height h. These discrete values are fitted by a function which can easily be applied to the full range of aspect ratios (l/h≳0) and facet angles (0°&lt;γ&lt;90°). Faceted Ge(Si) islands on Si(001) substrate, grown from the solution in the Stranski–Krastanov growth mode, serve as an example for the calculation. Experimental and theoretical values for the critical thickness of these islands agree well. This result demonstrates the drastic influence of islanding on misfit strain distribution in island and substrate as well and, consequently, on the strong increase of the critical thickness as determined by the mechanical equilibrium theory of Matthews and Blakeslee.
Consistency in Non-Transactional Distributed Storage Systems (2015)

Over the years, different meanings have been associated to the word consistency in the distributed systems community. While in the '80s "consistency" typically meant strong consistency, later defined also as linearizability, in recent years, with the advent of highly available and scalable systems, the notion of "consistency" has been at the same time both weakened and blurred. In this paper we aim to fill the void in literature, by providing a structured and comprehensive overview of different consistency notions that appeared in distributed systems, and in particular storage systems research, in the last four decades. We overview more than 50 different consistency notions, ranging from linearizability to eventual and weak consistency, defining precisely many of these, in particular where the previous definitions were ambiguous. We further provide a partial order among different consistency predicates, ordering them by their semantic "strength", which we believe will reveal useful in future research. Finally, we map the consistency semantics to different practical systems and research prototypes. The scope of this paper is restricted to non-transactional semantics, i.e., those that apply to single storage object operations. As such, our paper complements the existing surveys done in the context of transactional, database consistency semantics.