gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Presence of pro-forms of decorin and biglycan in human articular cartilage (1996)

The proteoglycans decorin and biglycan in extracts of human articular cartilage were analysed by SDS/PAGE and immunoblotting, using antisera raised to peptide sequences present in the pro-regions and the mature core proteins. In adult cartilage, both pro-forms and mature processed forms of the proteoglycan core protein were observed for both decorin and biglycan. In the case of biglycan, it was also shown that additional proteolytic processing takes place after removal of the propeptide and that this accounts for the presence of non-glycanated forms of the molecule. For both decorin and biglycan, the relative abundance of the pro-forms was much less in the juvenile than the adult. Different adult connective tissues, including meniscus, tendon and intervertebral disc were also examined for the presence of pro-forms of the proteoglycans. While the mature form of decorin was present at a similar level in extracts of all tissues examined, the pro-form was only detected in the articular cartilage. In the case of biglycan, the abundance of the mature form was more varied, with high levels in articular cartilage, intermediate levels in meniscus and the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc, low levels in the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc, and non-detectable levels in the patellar tendon. The pro-form of biglycan was detected in the disc tissue extracts, albeit at a lower level than in articular cartilage, but was not detected in the meniscus or tendon. The proportion of the pro-form relative to the mature form of biglycan was, however, higher in the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc than in articular cartilage. Thus, the persistence of pro-forms of both decorin and biglycan is a feature of the extracellular matrix of some connective tissues, although their abundance is both tissue- and age-dependent, with adult articular cartilage being a particularly rich source.
Reactive Power and Voltage Control Issues in Electric Power Systems (2006)

This chapter was prepared primarily for “non power” engineers to introduce reactive power and voltage control concepts, and to identify several issues that remain as research challenges in this area. It begins with basic definitions and information on reactive power, and then focuses on problems that have been known for many years and have surfaced recently in power system operations. These problems are described in the framework of traditional security analysis used in control centers throughout the world. The research challenges identify areas where collaboration between power systems engineers and applied mathematicians could yield major advances in power system reliability.
Basal forebrain neurons in the dementia of Parkinson disease (1983)

Demented patients with Parkinson disease share certain neuropathological and neurochemical features with patients suffering from Alzheimer disease. Recently, loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, particularly the nucleus basalis of Meynert, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease. The present investigations of 12 patients with Parkinson disease demonstrates that the demented patients with this disease also show a selective loss of cells in the nucleus basalis of Meynert, thus providing an important link between the dementias of Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease.
Mechanics of Solids and Structures (1991)

The first part of this book deals with fundamental principles of the theoretical analysis of stress and strain, and applies these principles to common engineering problems. The chapter headings of Part 1 are: (1) Statically determinate frames and beams; (2) Statically determinate stress systems; (3) Stress-strain relations; (4) Displacements in statically determinate structures; (5) Statically indeterminate stress systems; (6) bending: stresses; (7) Bending: slope and deflection; (8) Elastic strain energy; (9) Theory of torsion; (10) Statically indeterminate beams and frames; (11) Buckling instability; (12) Stress and strain transformation and relationships; (13) Analysis of variation of stress and strain; (14) Some applications of the equilibrium and strain-displacement relationships; (15) Theories of yielding; (16) Thin plates and shells; (17) Stress concentration; (18) Elementary plastic and viscoelastic analyses. Part 2 deals with mechanical properties and testing of materials, and consists of the following chapters: (19) Tension, compression and torsion; (20) Hardness and other tests; (21) Toughness and unstable fracture; (22) Fatigue; (23) Creep; (24) Non-metallic materials. Part 3 covers some of the most common methods used in experimental analysis of stress and strain, and is presented under the following chapter headings: (25) Resistance strain gauges; (26) Photoelasticity; (27) Other methods of strain measurement. /TRRL/
Dissociation kinetics of hydrogen-passivated (111) Si-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">SiO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>interface defects (1990)

This paper is concerned with the chemical kinetics of the transformation of hydrogen-passivated interface defects (H${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$ centers) into paramagnetic ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$ centers (\ensuremath{\cdot}Si?${\mathrm{Si}}_{3}$) at the (111) Si-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ interface under vacuum thermal annealing. Float-zone (111) silicon substrates were oxidized in dry oxygen at 750 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to a thickness of 500 \AA{}, passivated with ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ (${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$) at 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C for 3 h (4 h), and then vacuum thermal annealed at temperatures ranging from 500 to 595 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The results of this analysis indicate that the kinetic process is described by a first-order rate equation d[H${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$]/dt=-${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{d}}$[H${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$] where ${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{d}}$=${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{d}0}$exp(-${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{d}}$/kT). An activation energy of 2.56\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06 eV with a preexponential factor ${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{d}0}$ of approximately 1.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{12}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ was obtained. The reaction rate is reduced if the samples are passivated with deuterium instead of hydrogen. These results suggest that the chemical process is due to the thermal decomposition of the H${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$ center into ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$ centers and atomic hydrogen. Although the activation energy for the diffusion of interstitial oxygen in silicon is also 2.56 eV, a rate-limiting step involving this mechanism is inconsistent with the hydrogen isotope effect as well as other considerations. Comparison of the activation energies for the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ passivation of the ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$ center and dissociation of the H${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$ center are shown to be chemically and energetically equivalent to the dissociation of the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecule as originally indicated by Myers and Richards. Thus, the reverse passivation reaction, H+H${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$+${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, and the reverse dissociation reaction, H+${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}H${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{b}}$, are exo- thermic reactions that proceed with very little thermal activation in the presence of atomic hydrogen.
Acoustic effects of variation in vocal effort by men, women, and children (2000)

The acoustic effects of the adjustment in vocal effort that is required when the distance between speaker and addressee is varied over a large range (0.3-187.5 m) were investigated in phonated and, at shorter distances, also in whispered speech. Several characteristics were studied in the same sentence produced by men, women, and 7-year-old boys and girls: duration of vowels and consonants, pausing and occurrence of creaky voice, mean and range of F0, certain formant frequencies (F1 in [a] and F3), sound-pressure level (SPL) of voiced segments and [s], and spectral emphasis. In addition to levels and emphasis, vowel duration, F0, and F1 were substantially affected. "Vocal effort" was defined as the communication distance estimated by a group of listeners for each utterance. Most of the observed effects correlated better with this measure than with the actual distance, since some additional factors affected the speakers' choice. Differences between speaker groups emerged in segment durations, pausing behavior, and in the extent to which the SPL of [s] was affected. The whispered versions are compared with the phonated versions produced by the same speakers at the same distance. Several effects of whispering are found to be similar to those of increasing vocal effort.
Standardized method for high-resolution 1H-NMR of cerebrospinal fluid (1995)

This study describes a standardized method for recording single-pulse 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Quantitative data for alanine, valine, threonine, and lactic acid correlated well with data obtained with conventional techniques. The pH of the samples is important for the reproducibility of the chemical shift of resonances, and should be standardized to improve recognition and assignment of resonances. A database of resonances from various metabolites is presented. Fifty compounds could be identified in CSF, 15 of which had not been observed earlier in NMR studies of CSF. We describe for the first time in the literature, to our knowledge, 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid as a regular component of many CSF samples. As examples of the diagnostic power of the technique, spectra are shown of CSF from patients with three different inborn errors of metabolism. We found high concentrations of N-acetylaspartic acid, citric acid, and succinic acid in CSF from a patient with Canavan disease. This is indirect evidence for the existence of a carrier mechanism that is shared by these di- and tricarboxylic acids.
Nitric Oxide Activates the Glucose-dependent Mobilization of Arachidonic Acid in a Macrophage-like Cell Line (RAW 264.7) That Is Largely Mediated by Calcium-independent Phospholipase A2 (1995)

Herein, we demonstrate that nitric oxide is a potent (> 20% release) and highly selective inducer of [3H]arachidonic acid mobilization in the macrophage-like cell line RAW 264.7. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with (E)-6-(bromomethylene)-3-(1-naphthalenyl)-2H-tetrahydropyran-2-one resulted in the inhibition of the large majority (86%) of nitric oxide-induced [3H]arachidonic acid release into the medium (IC50 < 0.5 microM) and the concomitant inhibition of in vitro measurable calcium-independent phospholipase A2 activity (92% inhibition) without demonstrable effects on calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 activity. Since nitric oxide is a potent stimulator of glycolysis (and therefore glycolytically derived ATP) and since cytosolic calcium-independent phospholipase A2 exists as a catalytic complex comprised of ATP-modulated phosphofructokinase-like regulatory polypeptides and a catalytic subunit, we examined the role of glucose in facilitating nitric oxide-mediated arachidonic acid release. Nitric oxide-induced release of [3H]arachidonic acid possessed an obligatory requirement for glucose, was highly correlated with the concentration of glucose in the medium, and was dependent on the metabolism of glucose. Thus, [3H]arachidonic acid release is coupled to cellular glucose metabolism through alterations in the activity of calcium-independent phospholipase A2. Collectively, these results identify a unifying metabolic paradigm in which the generation of lipid second messengers is coordinately linked to the signalstimulated acceleration of glycolytic flux, thereby facilitating integrated metabolic responses to cellular stimuli.
Magnetic properties of nanocrystalline γ-Fe–Ni–N nitride systems (1999)

Nanocrystalline γ-Fe0.75Ni0.25–N, γ-Fe0.5Ni0.5–N, and γ-Fe0.25Ni0.75–N nitrides have been synthesized by borohydride reduction followed by nitridation at 773 K using NH3(g). γ-Fe0.75Ni0.25–N, γ-Fe0.5Ni0.5–N and γ-Fe0.25Ni0.75–N nitrides crystallize in fcc cubic structures having unit cell parameters: a=3.588, 3.556 and 3.534 Å, respectively. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopic studies reveal the ultrafine nature of the particles. Chemisorption of atmospheric oxygen results in the formation of nonmagnetic oxide and/or a complex oxynitride layer at the surface of the ultrafine particles. The reduction of room temperature saturation magnetization is attributed to fine particle size effects and the formation of nonmagnetic oxide and/or an oxynitride layer at the surface of the ultrafine particles. The change in Curie temperature Tc in γ-Fe–Ni–N nitride systems compared to their corresponding bulk Fe–Ni alloys is related to the presence of concentration inhomogeneities in the nitride materials. Mössbauer study of γ-Fe0.75Ni0.25–N, γ-Fe0.5Ni0.5–N and γ-Fe0.25Ni0.75–N nitride particles exhibit the coexistence of ferromagnetic and superparamagnetic fractions and corroborate the observed magnetic properties.
Parsing sewing patterns into 3D garments (2013)

We present techniques for automatically parsing existing sewing patterns and converting them into 3D garment models. Our parser takes a sewing pattern in PDF format as input and starts by extracting the set of panels and styling elements (e.g. darts, pleats and hemlines) contained in the pattern. It then applies a combination of machine learning and integer programming to infer how the panels must be stitched together to form the garment. Our system includes an interactive garment simulator that takes the parsed result and generates the corresponding 3D model. Our fully automatic approach correctly parses 68% of the sewing patterns in our collection. Most of the remaining patterns contain only a few errors that can be quickly corrected within the garment simulator. Finally we present two applications that take advantage of our collection of parsed sewing patterns. Our garment hybrids application lets users smoothly interpolate multiple garments in the 2D space of patterns. Our sketch-based search application allows users to navigate the pattern collection by drawing the shape of panels.
Functionalyzed conducting polymer membranes. In pursuit of novel function of membrane. (1986)

Preparative method and application of functionalyzed conducting polymer membranes are described. These functionalyzed polymer membranes are obtained by electrolytic polymerizations of pyrrole, thiophene, furan and aniline in the presence of negatively-charged functional molecules. Incorporations of these anionic functional molecules are driven electrostatically by positive charges of a partially-oxidized polymer membrane matrices during in situ doping process. The resulting poymer membranes/electrodes show a wide variety of functions such as electrochromism, photoelectricity (photocurrent), electrogenerated chemiluminescence, peculier surface function by highly dispersed metal in conducting polymer matrix, membrane sensor and strong mechanical property, which are resulted from functions of incorporated (doped) anionic molecules. A negatively-charged polyelectrolyte incorporated in conducting polymer membrane shows charge-controllable property. In addition, chemically preparative methods for such conducting polymer membranes are described. Those functionalyzed conducting polymer membranes develop new fields of membrane science, with a novel concept of electron transport membrane.
Characterization of the blood lymphocyte population in cattle infected with the bovine leukemia virus. (1985)

Blood leukocytes of cattle characterized in terms of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection and persistent lymphocytosis (PL) were examined for the presence of lymphocyte subpopulation markers and viral antigens. The percentages of cells with surface and intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin M (IgM) and erythrocyte-antibody-rosetting cells agreed closely in all infected cattle. This correlation and the results of double labeling experiments indicate that virtually all the surface IgM-positive B-lymphocytes in the blood of these animals carry Fc receptors. In PL cattle, the percentages of surface IgM-positive cells were more than twice those of normal cells and accounted for all the increase in peripheral blood lymphocytes. B-cells accounted for most of the increase in peripheral blood lymphocytes seen in cattle with PL. In contrast, most BLV-infected, nonlymphocytotic cattle had normal percentages of B-cells. Thus, the expansion of the B-cell population in blood, while being a conspicuous characteristic of PL, is not necessarily a consequence of BLV infection per se. Comparisons of the percentages of IgM-positive and erythrocyte-antibody complement-rosetting cells, together with the results of double labeling experiments, indicate that about one-half the B-cells in the blood of cattle with PL lacked C-3 receptors. The proportion of these cells (most likely immature B-lymphocytes) was smaller in the blood of BLV-infected nonlymphocytotic cattle. Direct comparison showed that, in BLV-infected cattle with or without PL, and in BLV-free cattle, virtually all erythrocyte-rosetting blood cells had peanut agglutinin receptors. With only one exception, the numbers of erythrocyte-positive cells in the blood of BLV-infected cattle with or without PL were within normal values. The "null" blood cell population, estimated as the difference between the IgM-positive and erythrocyte-positive populations, was essentially unaffected in BLV-infected cattle without PL, but it was absent in PL cattle. The large majority of the B-lymphocytes present in the blood of cattle with PL were infected with BLV. The proportion of infected B-lymphocytes in the blood of BLV-positive nonlymphocytotic cattle was much lower. Even in cattle with low or moderate levels of BLV-infected blood lymphocytes, the percentages of these cells were remarkably constant during the 12-month period of the study. The data indicate that most of the BLV-infected B-lymphocytes of cattle with PL lack C-3 receptors.
From differentiating metabolites to biomarkers (2009)

The current developments in metabolomics and metabolic profiling technologies have led to the discovery of several new metabolic biomarkers. Finding metabolites present in significantly different levels between sample sets, however, does not necessarily make these metabolites useful biomarkers. The route to valid and applicable biomarkers (biomarker qualification) is long and demands a significant amount of work. In this overview, we critically discuss the current state-of-the-art of metabolic biomarker discovery, with highlights and shortcomings, and suggest a pathway to clinical usefulness.
Reactions of polyfluoro-arenols and -heteroarenols with activated dimethyl sulphoxide. Facile [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement reactions giving de-aromatised products (1987)

Pentafluorophenol reacted with the reagent dimethyl sulphoxide–dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide–orthophosphoric acid below room temperature to give the ether (1), the [2,3]-rearrangement product (2), and (3) a derivative of (2). Under similar conditions, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenol gave (7) and (8), and 1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptafluoro-2-naphthol gave (12) and (13). Reaction of polyfluoroarenols with dimethyl sulphoxide–trifluoroacetic anhydride at low temperatures followed by deprotonation with triethylamine resulted in more efficient rearrangement reactions; 4-bromo-3,5,6-trifluoropyridin-2-ol gave the ether (14) and the products of rearrangement both to carbon and nitrogen, (15)(after hydrolysis) and (16) respectively; 2,4,5,6-tetrafluoropyridin-3-ol resulted in the overall replacement of the 2-fluorine by CHO (17) and by CH(SMe)2(18); and with 2,5,6-trifluoropyrimidin-4-ol and 5-fluoro-4,6-dimethoxypyrimidine-2-ol, simple rearrangement products (21) and (22) were obtained. Hydrolysis of (21) gave the 5-fluorouracil derivative (23). Sodium borohydride reduction and Raney nickel desulphurisations of some of the rearrangement compounds gave phenolic products. Reaction of the sulphone from (13) with base (DBU) effected the overall efficient replacement of the 1-fluorine in the 2-naphthol by CHO (35) and by CH(SO2Me)2(36).
Low-density granulocytes activate T cells and demonstrate a non-suppressive role in systemic lupus erythematosus (2019)

Based on our results, SLE LDG display an activated phenotype, exert proinflammatory effects on T cells and do not exhibit MDSC function. These results support the concept that LDG represent a distinct proinflammatory subset in SLE with pathogenic potential, at least in part, through their ability to activate type 1 helper responses.
On the Oblivious-Transfer Capacity of Noisy Resources (2008)

In this paper, we deal with the task of obtaining oblivious transfer (OT) from noisy resources. We characterize which noisy channels/distributions are useful for obtaining OT. We also introduce the problem of computing the oblivious-transfer capacity of a noisy resource, which measures the optimal way of implementing OT from a noisy channel/distribution. We show that for honest-but-curious sender, the oblivious-transfer capacity of noisy resources is strictly positive. Several open questions are raised.
Quantities, Determinants, and Awareness of Households’ Food Waste in Italy: A Comparison between Diary and Questionnaires Quantities (2019)

Food waste at the household level accounts for a significant share of total food waste in developed economies, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization. Studies have shown that this share varies between 0.3 kg to 4.5 kg per person per week, depending on the definitions and methodologies applied. In Italy, quantities, behaviors, and attitudes regarding food waste have been solely explored through the use of questionnaires, typically leading to discrepant values of food waste. In this study, we estimate and analyse the determinants of food waste over a 388 units’ panel spread over the national territory, through a diary and questionnaire study. Moreover, by comparing food waste value that was declared in questionnaires and reported in diaries, we confirm that the awareness of food waste quantities is heavily biased. The results confirm that the average food waste value is significantly higher when gathered through diaries, while questionnaires are able to catch less than one-third of food waste determinants.
Synthesis of graft copolymer polyethylene‐ <i>graft</i>‐poly(ethylene oxide) by a new anionic graft‐from polymerization (2004)

Abstract A series of amphiphilic graft copolymers, PE‐ graft ‐PEO, containing hydrophobic polyethylene (PE) as the backbone and hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as the side‐chain, have been synthesized by a novel route. The graft structure and the molecular weight, as well as the molecular weight distribution of the graft copolymer can easily be controlled. The molecular weight of the side‐chain PEO is proportional to the reaction time and the monomer concentration, which indicates the ‘living’ character of the anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide. The produced copolymers PE‐ graft ‐PEO were characterized by 1 H NMR and DSC measurements. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry