gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of the High-intensity Dual X-ray Source (2008)

We improved the present X-ray photoelectron diffraction apparatus for Differential Photoelectron Holography (DPH) in a laboratory scale experiment. The new rotating anode (Dual target) of which surface is covered with stripes of Mg and Al and two new artificial multi-layer toroidal mirrors realized the high-intensity and dual energy X-ray source.
10-nm SRAM Design Using Gate-Modulated Self-Collapse Write-Assist Enabling 175-mV <i>V</i> <sub>MIN</sub> Reduction With Negligible Active Power Overhead (2020)

A 21-Mb/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> SRAM design using 0.0367-um <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> HCC bitcell on a 10-nm CMOS technology is presented. Gate-modulated selfcollapse (GSC) write-assist is utilized to enable 175 mV VMIN reduction with negligible active energy overhead, and a modest 5.5% array area overhead on a 256-Kb instance. Compared to NBL and TVC write-assist techniques, GSC delivers comparable VMIN improvement across a wide frequency range with 31%-108% write energy reduction.
The diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infections (2010)

A host of technical and operative improvements have seen the rates of infection associated with joint replacement reach historic lows. However, the increasing number of operations being performed means that the absolute number of such infections remains significant. Diagnosis may be challenging and delaying appropriate treatment can lead to reduced joint function and the need for more complex, perhaps multiple, procedures. Individual centres tend to see small numbers of such cases, and in the absence of large clinical trials management varies. Early diagnosis, selection of an appropriate surgical strategy, accurate identification of the responsible microorganisms and construction of an appropriate antibiotic regimen are essential elements of any management strategy. Such packages of care are best delivered by a multidisciplinary team composed of orthopaedic and plastic surgeons, microbiologists, infectious disease physicians, specialist nurses, physiotherapists and occupational therapists. Each treatment plan must be developed in consultation with the patient, taking into account their aims and realistic goals. This review provides an overview of current understanding regarding diagnosis and treatment of prosthetic joint infections and suggests a treatment algorithm.
Convenient preparation of esters of testosterone and 19-norethisterone with hindered acids (1978)

A. A. L. Gunatilaka and S. Sotheeswaran, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1978, 980 DOI: 10.1039/C39780000980
Synthesis and characterization of soluble hyperbranched polymer via initiator‐fragment incorporation radical polymerization of divinylbenzene with dimethyl 2,2′‐azobisisobutyrate (2006)

Abstract The homopolymerization of divinylbenzene (DVB) as an excellent crosslinker (0.20 mol/L) with dimethyl 2,2′‐azobisisobutyrate (MAIB) proceeded homogeneously without any gelation at 80°C in benzene when the MAIB concentrations as high as 0.30–0.50 mol/L were used, yielding soluble polymers. In the polymerization at the concentrations of [DVB] = 0.20 mol/L and [MAIB] = 0.50 mol/L, the polymer yield increased with time and leveled off over 90 min. The molecular weight and molecular weight distribution increased with polymer yield. The vinyl groups of DVB were observed to be almost completely consumed in about 80 min, by FT near‐IR spectroscopic analysis. The homogeneous polymerization system involved ESR‐observable polymer radical, the concentration of which increased with time up to 3.4 × 10 −5 mol/L. The polymer formed in the polymerization for 2 h consisted of 46 mol % of DVB unit and 54 mol % of the methoxycarbonylpropyl group as MAIB fragment, indicating that an initiator‐fragment incorporation radical polymerization proceeds in the present polymerization. The polymer was soluble in benzene, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, chloroform, acetone, and N , N ‐dimethylformamide, while it was insoluble in n ‐hexane, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, and water. The results of the multiangle laser light scattering and viscometric measurements revealed that the individual polymer molecules were formed as hyperbranched polymer nanoparticles. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 664–670, 2006
A Scalable Synthesis of a Histamine H<sub>3</sub> Receptor Antagonist (2004)

Starting from 1-methylimidazole, a concise, scalable, three-step synthesis of the title compound is described. The required 2-chloroimidazole was prepared in very good yield by halogen-metal exchange between the 2-lithio derivative and hexachloroethane.
Purification and Some Properties of Sucrose Phosphorylase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides. (1991)

Sucrose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.7) was purified to homogeneity from Leuconostoc mesenteroides cells with a specific activity of 173.8 units per nig protein by ammonium sulfate fractionation, anion exchange HPLC on TSKgel DEAE-5PW, and hydrophobic HPLC on TSKgel Ether-5PW. The purified enzyme was an acidic protein having an isoelectric point of pH 4.6 and sO2O, W of 4.34 S. The molecular weight of this enzyme was estimated to be 56, 400 by sedimentation equilibrium, 55, 000 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and HPLC gel filtration on TSKgel G3000SW, suggesting that the enzyme is a monomeric protein. With regard to molecular weight, amino acid composition, and N-terminal amino acid sequence of 30 residues, this enzyme is close to the glucosyltransferase A of Streptococcus mutans.
A distributed hash table (2006)

DHash is a new system that harnesses the storage and network resources of computers distributed across the Internet by providing a wide-area storage service, DHash. DHash frees applications from re-implementing mechanisms common to any system that stores data on a collection of machines: it maintains a mapping of objects to servers, replicates data for durability, and balances load across participating servers. Applications access data stored in DHash through a familiar hash-table interface: put stores data in the system under a key; get retrieves the data. 
DHash has proven useful to a number of application builders and has been used to build a content-distribution system [31], a Usenet replacement [115], and new Internet naming architectures [130, 129]. These applications demand low-latency, high-throughput access to durable data. Meeting this demand is challenging in the wide-area environment. The geographic distribution of nodes means that latencies between nodes are likely to be high: to provide a low-latency get operation the system must locate a nearby copy of the data without traversing high-latency links. Also, wide-area network links are likely to be less reliable and have lower capacities than local-area network links: to provide durability efficiently the system must minimize the number of copies of data items it sends over these limited capacity links in response to node failure. 
This thesis describes the design and implementation of the DHash distributed hash table and presents algorithms and techniques that address these challenges. DHash provides low-latency operations by using a synthetic network coordinate system (Vivaldi) to find nearby copies of data without sending messages over high-latency links. A network transport (STP), designed for applications that contact a large number of nodes, lets DHash provide high throughput by striping a download across many servers without causing high packet loss or exhausting local resources. Sostenuto, a data maintenance algorithm, lets DHash maintain data durability while minimizing the number of copies of data that the system sends over limited-capacity links. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Cellular adaptive changes in AKI: mitigating renal hypoxic injury (2012)

Hypoxia plays a role in ischemic, toxic and sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Evolving hypoxia triggers renal adaptive responses that may mitigate the insult, leading to sublethal forms of cell injury. The unique capability of the kidney to downregulate oxygen consumption for tubular transport could represent one such adaptive response which promotes maintenance of renal oxygenation, thereby preserving cellular integrity. Tran et al. recently explored a novel mechanism that might prevent tubular damage by downregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxygen consumption. Using expression profiling of kidney RNA in endotoxemic rodents and complementary studies in vitro and in PGC-1α knockout mice, they found a sepsis-related decline in PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) expression and of PGC-1α-dependent genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. This response may explain their observation of a paradoxical preservation of kidney oxygenation and structural integrity in sepsis, despite reduced renal blood flow and oxygen delivery. Thus, resetting of mitochondrial respiration and oxygen consumption during sepsis might be added to the growing list of adaptive responses that occur during hypoxic stress. This review will focus on these mechanisms that mitigate evolving hypoxic injury, even at the expense of transient renal dysfunction.
Frequency memory in multi-mode oscillators (1955)

THE BASIC idea of frequency memory is conveniently illustrated by Fig. 1 in which it is assumed that the antiresonant circuits are of comparable selectivity and impedance and are tuned to frequencies that are unrelated but of the same order of magnitude. Oscillation at either f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> or f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> can be initiated by supplying to the input a signal of suitable magnitude and the desired frequency. An input of short duration suffices, for once started the oscillation persists without change until the other frequency is injected or the power is turned off. That is, the circuit remembers the frequency of the last input. The output may be taken from other points, but the plate node is particularly convenient.
Resting-state functional reorganization of the rat limbic system following neuropathic injury (2014)

Human brain imaging studies from various clinical cohorts show that chronic pain is associated with large-scale brain functional and morphological reorganization. However, how the rat whole-brain network is topologically reorganized to support persistent pain-like behavior following neuropathic injury remains unknown. Here we compare resting state fMRI functional connectivity-based whole-brain network properties between rats receiving spared nerve injury (SNI) vs. sham injury, at 5 days (n = 11 SNI; n = 12 sham) and 28 days (n = 11 SNI; n = 12 sham) post-injury. Similar to the human, the rat brain topological properties exhibited small world features and did not differ between SNI and sham. Local neural networks in SNI animals showed minimal disruption at day 5, and more extensive reorganization at day 28 post-injury. Twenty-eight days after SNI, functional connection changes were localized mainly to within the limbic system, as well as between the limbic and nociceptive systems. No connectivity changes were observed within the nociceptive network. Furthermore, these changes were lateralized and in proportion to the tactile allodynia exhibited by SNI animals. The findings establish that SNI is primarily associated with altered information transfer of limbic regions and provides a novel translational framework for understanding brain functional reorganization in response to a persistent neuropathic injury.
Overexpression of focal adhesion kinase, a protein tyrosine kinase, in ovarian carcinoma (1999)

FAK is significantly overexpressed in ovarian carcinoma, implying that FAK may play an important role in ovarian carcinogenesis. FAK expression may be useful as a screening tool to identify newly developed disease or as a tumor marker in confirmed cases of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. FAK may also serve as a potential target for therapeutic disruption of ovarian carcinoma progression.
Estimation of Distribution Algorithms for Job Schedule Problem (2009)

Well known job schedule problem is NP-hard in management and operating system. A few of evolution algorithms such as GA have been proposed to approach this kind of problems. At present estimation of distribution algorithms are the leading heuristic algorithms which overcome the defect of tradition GA and reflex more excellent property than others. In this paper effective of EDA are tested by the job scheduling problem and the simulation results are analyzed in details.
A file service mechanism for distributed systems (1990)

Experimental file service mechanisms are introduced for distributed systems. The implementation as a prototype in a computer network is presented. In this prototype there exist multiple server processes, client processes, and one server manager process. According to the user request, a file server process is assigned to a client process and activated by the server manager process. A file server has various operational modes. The mode is determined by the server manager to meet various application requirements. This process can also perform some functions for security enhancement. The file service mechanism helps network users to select any file server with its most efficient mode and ensures data integrity and security. This mechanism is combined with a high-level programming language provided by a client process and therefore offers high seviceability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Monodisperse Metal Clusters 10 Angstroms in Diameter in a Polymeric Host: The "Monomer as Solvent' Approach (1995)

A general methodology is presented for the dispersion of an inorganic compound within an organic polymer host through the use of solubilizing and polymerizable ligands. The dispersion of metal cluster cations 10 angstroms in diameter within a polymer host is achieved by free-radical polymerization of the hexafunctional metal cluster [Mo(6)Cl(8)(NVI)(6)](triflate)(4) with bound polymerizable ligands in N-vinylimidazole (NVI) solutions. Copolymerization of the activated cluster-bound ligands with the surrounding medium probably plays a key role in preventing aggregation and produces near monodisperse molecular clusters within the polymer matrix.
Cytokine-dependent and–independent gene expression changes and cell cycle block revealed in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected host cells by comparative mRNA profiling (2009)

Metabolic pathways and cellular processes were identified as significantly altered at the transcriptional level in response to T. cruzi infection in a cytokine-independent manner. Several of these alterations are supported by previous studies of T. cruzi metabolic requirements or effects on the host. However, our methods also revealed a T. cruzi-dependent block in the host cell cycle, at the level of cytokinesis, previously unrecognized for this pathogen-host cell interaction.
The Novel Sequence-Specific DNA Cross-Linking Agent SJG-136 (NSC 694501) Has Potent and Selective <b> <i>In vitro</i> </b> Cytotoxicity in Human B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells with Evidence of a p53-Independent Mechanism of Cell Kill (2004)

SJG-136 (NSC 694501) is a novel DNA cross-linking agent that binds in a sequence-selective manner in the minor groove of the DNA helix. It is structurally novel compared with other clinically used DNA cross-linking agents and has exhibited a unique multilog differential pattern of activity in the NCI 60-cell line screen (i.e., is COMPARE negative to other cross-linking agents). Given this profile, we undertook a preclinical evaluation of SJG-136 in primary tumor cells derived from 34 B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patients. SJG-136 induced apoptosis in all of the B-CLL samples tested with a mean LD50 value (the concentration of drug required to kill 50% of the cells) of 9.06 nmol/L. Its cytotoxicity was undiminished in B-CLL cells derived from patients treated previously, those with unmutated VH genes, and those with p53 mutations (P=0.17; P=0.63; P=0.42, respectively). SJG-136-induced apoptosis was associated with the activation of caspase-3 that could be partially abrogated by the caspase-9 inhibitor Z-LEHD-FMK. Furthermore, SJG-136 did not trigger the phosphorylation of p53 or the up-regulation of GADD45 expression in B-CLL cells whereas the cross-linking agent chlorambucil elicited both of these effects. This suggests that SJG-136 cross-linking adducts are not subject to p53-mediated DNA excision repair mechanisms in B-CLL cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate a novel mechanism of action for SJG-136 that appears to circumvent the effects of poor prognostic markers. This unique cytotoxicity profile warrants further investigation and supports the evaluation of this agent in Phase I clinical trials for patients with B-CLL.
MFS: a modular text formatting system (1982)

This paper presents the design goals and architecture of the Modular Formatting System, currently being developed at West Virginia University. MFS applies to formatters the principles of separation of function used in many successful program systems. A small central kernel forms the basis for a family of formatting systems, tailored to specific applications and environments.MFS is intended to support a wide spectrum of applications drawn from the experience of commercial composition, word processing, and research systems. It does not rely on any specialized terminal or input source characteristics. Output devices from line printers through high resolution typesetters are handled in a uniform manner. Users can exercise detailed control over document appearance, or work exclusively with styles predefined through macros.
Optical System Design Using Holographic Optical Elements (1985)

Holographic Optical Elements (HOEs) are being currently used in an increasing number of applications as components of optical systems, although their use is still relatively rare. HOEs are invaluable for selected optical system applications, inappropriate for most, and potentially useful for others. The most successful applications use one or more of the HOEs' unique attributes to obtain optical system performance not possible with conventional optical elements alone. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the basic concepts involved in the use of HOEs in optical systems, to present several system examples illustrating successful applications of HOEs, and to highlight HOE attributes which are crucial to overall optical system performance.
Xenopus homolog of the mos protooncogene transforms mammalian fibroblasts and induces maturation of Xenopus oocytes. (1989)

The oncogene v-mos transforms mammalian fibroblasts and encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase. Expression of the c-mos protooncogene is most abundant in germ cells, suggesting a normal role for c-mos in meiosis. Here we describe the isolation of cDNA clones containing the complete coding region of the Xenopus laevis homolog of c-mos (mosxe). The mosxe gene is transforming when introduced into murine NIH 3T3 cells, and transformation is abrogated by a lysine-to-arginine mutation in the canonical ATP-binding site. Microinjection of in vitro transcribed mosxe RNA into prophase-arrested Xenopus oocytes causes a resumption of meiosis, leading to germinal vesicle breakdown and oocyte maturation. Oocyte maturation was not observed after microinjection of in vitro transcribed mosxe RNA encoding the lysine-to-arginine mutation. These results demonstrate that the mosxe-encoded protein can induce progression through the cell cycle for both meiotic and mitotic cells and that this property is dependent on the presumptive ATP-binding domain in the protein kinase.
GaN power electronics for automotive application (2012)

Gallium Nitride power devices are poised to replace silicon-based MOSFETs and IGBTs in automotive power switching applications. With its projected 100× performance advantage over silicon, GaN is a game changing technology for power electronics. This paper reviews the advantages of GaN material and devices, the performance of these devices in power circuits, and the remaining challenges facing the technology.
Ionic Liquids as Dispersants of Petroleum Asphaltenes (2009)

The objective of this work was to investigate the mechanism of the inhibition of aggregation of petroleum asphaltenes using new ionic liquids (IL). The ionic liquids conjugate a good solubility in nonpolar environment with strong electron donor−acceptor properties. In this study, 1-propyl boronic acid-3-alkylimidazolium bromides and 1-propenyl-3-alkylimidazolium bromides were tested. A lateral chain containing either the boronic acid or the propenyl moiety was substituted for the classical 1-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium bromide. The boronic acid is a weak acid but a very efficient Lewis acid. It was demonstrated that the presence of the boronic acid moiety enhances interactions between asphaltenes and ionic liquids and limits considerably asphaltene aggregation. The length of the side alkyl chain of the ionic liquid is an important parameter also. The minimum length of eight carbons was necessary to obtain sterical stabilization of IL−asphaltene complexes.
6,6â²-Dimycoloyl trehalose from a rapidly growing<i>Mycobacterium</i>: an alternative antigen for tuberculosis serodiagnosis (2003)

Mycobacterial O-acyltrehaloses have been described as highly specific and sensitive reagents for tuberculosis immunodiagnosis. An O-acyltrehalose-containing lipid fraction from the rapidly growing Mycobacterium fortuitum was found to include additional antigens, which presented high cross-reactivity with sera from tuberculosis-infected patients. Based on a combination of selective chemical degradations, thin-layer-chromatography analyses and (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the antigenic by-product was identified as 6,6'-dimycoloyl trehalose, the so-called cord factor. The lipid was purified and tested in ELISA for pulmonary tuberculosis serodiagnosis. Sensitivity and specificity of the test were found to be 66.6-74.1% and 95.2-99.0%, respectively, showing a slightly higher efficiency as compared to the ELISA performed using 6,6'-dimycoloyl trehalose from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. No cross-reactivity was found with sera from Nocardia-infected individuals.
Micro Cell Counter Using a Fixed Control Volume Between Double Electrical Sensing Zones (2005)

We present a novel flow-rate independent cell counter using a fixed control volume between double electrical sensing zones. The previous device based on the single electrical cell sensing in a given flow-rate requires an accurate fluid volume measurement or precision flow rate control. The present cell counter, however, offers the flow-rate independent method for the cell concentration measurement with counting cells in a fixed control volume of 22.9±0.98 ㎕. In the experimental study, using the RBC (Red Blood Cell), we have compared the measured RBC concentrations from the fabricated devices with those from Hemacytometer. The previous and present devices show the maximum errors of 20.3% and 16.1%, which are in the measurement error range of Hemacytometer (about 20%). The present device also shows the flow-rate independent performance at the constant flow-rates (5 ㎕/min and 10 ㎕/min) and the varying flow-rate (4, 2, and 4 ㎕/min). Therefore, we demonstrate that the present cell counter is a simple and automated method for the cell concentration measurement without requiring an accurate fluid measurement and precision flow-rate control.