gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates in<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>using intermediates of peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation (1998)

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a family of polymers composed primarily of R-3-hydroxyalkanoic acids. These polymers have properties of biodegradable thermoplastics and elastomers. Medium-chain-length PHAs (MCL-PHAs) are synthesized in bacteria by using intermediates of the beta-oxidation of alkanoic acids. To assess the feasibility of producing MCL-PHAs in plants, Arabidopsis thaliana was transformed with the PhaC1 synthase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa modified for peroxisome targeting by addition of the carboxyl 34 amino acids from the Brassica napus isocitrate lyase. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that the modified PHA synthase was appropriately targeted to leaf-type peroxisomes in light-grown plants and glyoxysomes in dark-grown plants. Plants expressing the PHA synthase accumulated electron-lucent inclusions in the glyoxysomes and leaf-type peroxisomes, as well as in the vacuole. These inclusions were similar to bacterial PHA inclusions. Analysis of plant extracts by GC and mass spectrometry demonstrated the presence of MCL-PHA in transgenic plants to approximately 4 mg per g of dry weight. The plant PHA contained saturated and unsaturated 3-hydroxyalkanoic acids ranging from six to 16 carbons with 41% of the monomers being 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid and 3-hydroxyoctenoic acid. These results indicate that the beta-oxidation of plant fatty acids can generate a broad range of R-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediates that can be used to synthesize MCL-PHAs.
Transformation in the methylotrophic yeast <i>Pichia methanolica</i> utilizing homologous <i>ADE1</i> and heterologous <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADE2</i> and LEU2 genes as genetic markers (1993)

Abstract Development of transformation systems for methylotrophic yeasts is the starting point for research aimed at developing molecular genetics of these genera and will be the key to their further successful use in biotechnology. We transformed Pichia methanolica using selector genes ADE2 and LEU2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and ADE1 (homologue of S. cerevisiae ADE2 gene) from P. methanolica which was cloned and sequenced in our laboratory (Hiep et al. , 1991). Lithium transformation of P. methanolica strains was inefficient with intact plasmids. Linearization of plasmids at a unique restriction site within the ADE1 gene prior to transformation substantially increased its frequency. Transformation with linear ADE1, ADE2 or LEU2 gene fragments was even more effective. Introduced DNA fragments either circularized in vivo , irrespective of the structures of their ends, giving unstable transformants; or integrated at different sites of the host genome. Using this transformation system, we obtained a disruption of the ADE1 gene on the chromosome by inserting the S. cerevisiae LEU2 gene. The disruption mutation ade1::LEU2 was used to study the mechanism of intragenic recombination in P. methanolica .
Bayesian signal processing (1999)

The application of Bayes' Theorem to signal processing provides a consistent framework for proceeding from prior knowledge to a posterior inference conditioned on both the prior knowledge and the observed signal data. The first part of the lecture will illustrate how the Bayesian methodology can be applied to a variety of signal processing problems. The second part of the lecture will introduce the concept of Markov Chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) methods which is an effective approach to overcoming many of the analytical and computational problems inherent in statistical inference. Such techniques are at the centre of the rapidly developing area of Bayesian signal processing which, with the continual increase in available computational power, is likely to provide the underlying framework for most signal processing applications.
Health Economics (1987)

Health economics is an applied field in which empirical research predominates. It draws its theoretical inspiration principally from four traditional areas of economics: finance and insurance, industrial organization, labour, and public finance. Some of the most useful work employs only elementary economic concepts but requires detailed knowledge of health technology and institutions. Policy-oriented research plays a major role, and many important policy-relevant articles are published in journals read by physicians and others with direct involvement in health (e.g. Enthoven 1978).
Nitric oxide amplifies interleukin 1-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in rat mesangial cells. (1996)

Interleukin 1 and nitric oxide (NO) from infiltrating macrophages and activated mesangial cells may act in concert to sustain and promote glomerular damage. To evaluate if such synergy occurs, we evaluated the effect if IL-1 beta and NO on the formation of prostaglandin (PG)E2 and cyclooxygenase (COX) expression. The NO donors, sodium nitroprusside and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, alone did not increase basal PGE2 formation. However, these compounds amplified IL-1 beta-induced PGE2 production. Similarly, sodium nitroprusside and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine by themselves did not induce mRNA and protein for COX-2, the inducible isoform of COX; however, they both potentiated IL-1 beta-induced mRNA and protein expression of COX-2. The stimulatory effect of NO is likely to be mediated by cGMP since (a) an inhibitor of the soluble guanylate cyclase, methylene blue, reversed the stimulatory effect of NO donors on COX-2 mRNA expression; (b) the membrane-permeable cGMP analogue, 8-Br-cGMP, mimicked the stimulatory effect of NO donors on COX-2-mRNA expression; and (c) atrial natriuretic peptide, which increases cellular cGMP by activating the membrane-bound guanylate cyclase, also amplified IL-1 beta-induced COX-2 mRNA expression. These data indicate a novel interaction between NO and COX pathways.
Proton relaxation enhancement associated with iodinated contrast agents in MR imaging of the CNS. (1992)

The observed T1/T2 effects suggest that administration of iodinated contrast media in the period immediately prior to MR scanning may be contraindicated in selected cases due to the demonstrated alteration of MR signal intensity that may lead to diagnostic inaccuracies.
Overwintering problems of newly established <i>Miscanthus</i> plantations can be overcome by identifying genotypes with improved rhizome cold tolerance (2000)

Miscanthus , a perennial rhizomatous C 4 grass, is a potential biomass crop in Europe, mainly because of its high yield potential and low demand for inputs. However, until recently only a single clone, M. × giganteus , was available for the extensive field trials performed across Europe and this showed poor overwintering in the first year after planting at some locations in Northern Europe. Therefore, field trials with five Miscanthus genotypes, including two acquisitions of Miscanthus × giganteus , one of M. sacchariflorus and two hybrids of M. sinensis were planted in early summer 1997 at four sites, in Sweden, Denmark, England and Germany. The field trials showed that better overwintering of newly established plants at a site was not apparently connected with size or early senescence. An artificial freezing test with rhizomes removed from the field in January 1998 showed that the lethal temperature at which 50% were killed (LT 50 ) for M. × giganteus and M. sacchariflorus genotypes was −3.4 °C. However, LT 50 in one of the M. sinensis hybrid genotypes tested was −6.5 °C and this genotype had the highest survival rates in the field in Sweden and Denmark. Although the carbohydrate content of rhizomes, osmotic potential of cell sap and mineral composition were not found to explain differences in frost tolerance adequately, moisture contents correlated with frost hardiness (LT 50 ) in most cases. The results obtained form a basis for identifying suitable Miscanthus genotypes for biomass production in the differing climatic regions of Europe.
A comparison of the presumptive luminol test for blood with four non‐chemiluminescent forensic techniques (2006)

Presumptive blood detection tests are used by forensic investigators to detect trace amounts of blood or to investigate suspicious stains. Through the years, a number of articles have been published on the popular techniques of the day. However, there is no single paper that critiques and compares the five most common presumptive blood detection tests currently in use: luminol, phenolphthalein (Kastle-Meyer), leucomalachite green, Hemastix and the forensic light source. The present authors aimed to compare the above techniques with regard to their sensitivity, ease of use and safety. The luminol test was determined to be the most sensitive of the techniques, while Hemastix is a suitable alternative when the luminol test is not appropriate.
New thorium and uranium monophosphates in the KTh2(PO4)3 family: structure and cationic non‐stoichiometry (1999)

A new uranium monophosphate KU 2 (PO 4 ) 3 has been synthesized. The structure of this phase, isotypic with KTh 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , has been determined using a single crystal. The analysis of this structure leads to a new description, in which the [U 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ] ∞ framework, built up of edge- and corner-sharing PO 4 tetrahedra and UO 9 polyhedra, forms eight-sided tunnels. New non-stoichiometric phosphates, A 0.5 Th 2 (PO 4 ) 3 with A = Ba, Sr, Pb, Ca, Cd and K 1–2x Ba x Th 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , have been synthesized, showing the great flexibility of this structure.
Cytoprotective Alginate/Polydopamine Core/Shell Microcapsules in Microbial Encapsulation (2014)

Chemical encapsulation of microbes in threedimensional polymeric microcapsules promises various applications, such as cell therapy and biosensors, and provides a basic platform for studying microbial communications. However, the cytoprotection of microbes in the microcapsules against external aggressors has been a major challenge in the field of microbial microencapsulation, because ionotropic hydrogels widely used for microencapsulation swell uncontrollably, and are physicochemically labile. Herein, we developed a simple polydopamine coating for obtaining cytoprotective capability of the alginate capsule that encapsulated Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The resulting alginate/ polydopamine core/shell capsule was mechanically tough, prevented gel swelling and cell leakage, and increased resistance against enzymatic attack and UV-C irradiation. We believe that this multifunctional core/shell structure will provide a practical tool for manipulating microorganisms inside the microcapsules.
Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Conjugates of Monomethoxy-Poly(Ethylene Glycol) End-Capped with Doxorubicin via Ester, Amide, or Schiffs Base Bond (1995)

Doxorubicin (adriamycin; ADR) which is one of the most clinically used antitumor agent, has undesirable side-effects. To reduce these side-effects, a macromolecular prodrug of ADR exhibiting high antitumor activity, the conjugate of PEG end-capped with ADR was developed. Tb effect intracellular release of ADR from the conjugate, ester, amide and Schiffs base bonds were employed as modes of bonding ADR to PEG. The MeO-PEG/Schiffs base/ADR conjugate readily released ADR under the lysosomal acidic conditions in vitro and very slowly ADR under physiological conditions. Moreover, the MeO-PEG/Schiffs base/ADR conjugate showed strong cytotoxic activity similar to free ADR against p388D 1 lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro. Fluorescence measurements suggest that the conjugate forms self-aggregates in aqueous solution.
ChemInform Abstract: Indole‐3‐acetic Acids and Hetero Analogues by One‐Pot Synthesis Including Heck Cyclization. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Reliability and field testing of distributed strain and temperature sensors (2006)

Distributed fiber optic sensing presents unique features that have no match in conventional sensing techniques. The ability to measure temperatures and strain at thousands of points along a single fiber is particularly interesting for the monitoring of large structures such as pipelines, flow lines, oil wells, dams and dikes. Sensing systems based on Brillouin and Raman scattering have been used for example to detect pipeline leakages, verify pipeline operational parameters, prevent failure of pipelines installed in landslide areas, optimize oil production from wells and detect hot-spots in high-power cables. The measurement instruments have been vastly improved in terms of spatial, temperature and strain resolution, distance range, measurement time, data processing and system cost. Analyzers for Brillouin and Raman scattering are now commercially available and offer reliable operation in field conditions. New application opportunities have however demonstrated that the design and production of sensing cables is a critical element for the success of any distributed sensing instrumentation project. Although standard telecommunication cables can be effectively used for sensing ordinary temperatures, monitoring high and low temperatures or distributed strain present unique challenges that require specific cable designs. This contribution presents three cable designs for high-temperature sensing, strain sensing and combined strain and temperature monitoring as well as the respective testing procedures during production and in the field.
Objective Analysis of Tomographic Ventilation–Perfusion Scintigraphy in Pulmonary Embolism (2007)

Objective analysis of SPECT scintigraphy has a high diagnostic accuracy in patients with suspected PE. Objective analysis has the potential to reduce the number of nondiagnostic scan results, and may be useful for quantifying V(.)/Q(.) mismatch in other pulmonary disorders.
Transfer function identification with filtering techniques (1996)

This paper addresses the problem of identifying the transfer function of a plant with the aid of filtering techniques. Conditions for obtaining fair estimates of a transfer function are derived. It is shown that, to be able to reduce the effect of noise and other stochastic effects, highly tuned filters are required. It is also found that proper excitation signals are necessary for effective implementation of the proposed scheme. Some methods for designing the required highly tuned filters are proposed. The relationship between the proposed scheme and existing methods is discussed. It is shown that for some specific cases the proposed scheme is, in effect, a computationally efficient implementation of existing methods. However, for some other cases the proposed scheme gives more accurate results. The theoretical predictions are substantiated with computer simulations.
On-Line Algorithms for Truck Fleet Assignment and Scheduling Under Real-Time Information (1999)

With greater availability of real-time information systems, algorithms are needed to support commercial fleet operators in their decisions to assign vehicles and drivers to loads in a dynamic environment. A rolling horizon framework for the dynamic assignment and sequencing of trucks to jobs consisting of picking up and delivering full truckloads when requests for service arise on a continuous basis is presented. A mathematical formulation of the problem faced at each stage is presented; its solution allows for the dynamic reassignment of trucks to loads, including diversion to a new load of a truck already en route to pick up another load, as well as for the dynamic resequencing of the order in which loads are to be served as new loads arrive and conditions unfold. Loads have associated time windows for pickup and delivery, and the objective function includes an explicit penalty cost for not serving a particular load. A solution algorithm is presented and implemented, and computational results are presented, yielding insight into various operational trade-offs in dynamic fleet operations. Because applicability of the solution algorithm is limited to relatively small problems, and given the stochastic dynamic nature of these systems, numerical experiments are performed to compare the quality of the solution obtained using this approach with the performance of simpler and less computationally demanding local rules.
Polymorphic mutations of the Mn-SOD gene in intact human lymphocytes and oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (2003)

Mutations of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes are associated with neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases. However, the existence of polymorphic mutations of manganese SOD (Mn-SOD) has not been explored in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells or in normal cells. In the present study, we examined mutations in the 5' flanking region of the Mn-SOD gene and Mn-SOD mRNA using 10 human oral SCC (OSC) cell lines and intact lymphocytes obtained from 10 healthy donors and one patient with OSC. The polymerase chain reaction products of DNA obtained from lymphocytes revealed insertions at many sites (-1833, -1575, -1093, -1056, -325, -318, and -310) in 10 of the 11 donors. Transitions and (or) transversions were also observed at -1638 and -216 in lymphocytes from six donors and one donor, respectively. In DNA obtained from OSC cells, insertions and transitions and (or) transversions were more frequent than those in DNA from lymphocytes. In addition, deletions at -1341 and -1288 were observed in all lines except for one line. In these mutations, the transcription factor binding sites were not involved except for the AP-2 binding site (-102) in three cell lines. In Mn-SOD mRNA, Val at -9 position was varied to Ala in lymphocytes from two donors and three OSC cell lines, respectively. In the remaining cell lines, Mn-SOD mRNA from lymphocytes and OSC cell lines revealed heterozygosity (Ala/Val) and homozygosity (Val/Nal), respectively. The Mn-SOD activities in lymphocytes were 3.8-5.8 x 10(-4) U/10(6) cells and the activities in OSC cell lines were 1.8-8.3 x 10(-4) U/10(6) cells. These Mn-SOD activities were not correlated with the mutations of DNA and mRNA. From these results, it is indicated that polymorphic mutations of Mn-SOD exist in human normal cells and that the deletions might be obtained in the course of malignant transformation of OSC although decrease in Mn-SOD activity is not involved in the transformation.
High efficiency and improved ESD characteristics of GaN-based LEDs with naturally textured surface grown by MOCVD (2006)

The following paper presents a study on GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with naturally textured surface grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The study utilizes a well-known approach of increasing light extraction efficiency. The approach is based on naturally formed V-shaped pits on surface that originate from low-temperature-growth (LTG) conditions of topmost p-GaN contact layer. In our experiment, the high-temperature-grown (HTG) p-GaN layer was inserted between the p-AlGaN electron-blocking layer and the LTG p-GaN contact layer, in order to suppress pit-related threading dislocations (TDs). These TDs may intersect the underlying active layer. The results of the experiment show that GaN-based LEDs with the HTG p-GaN insertion layer can effectively endure negative electrostatic discharge voltage of up to 7000 V. We also noted that application of 20-mA current injection yields output power of about 16 mW for the LEDs emitting around 465 nm. The output power results correspond to an external quantum efficiency of around 30%
Cyclic Peptides VII. The Synthesis and Characterization of Cyclic Peptides with Repeating Pro‐Gly Sequences (1974)

Abstract Four cyclic peptides of the type cyclo (Pro‐Gly) n were synthesized and characterized. The peptides are cyclo (L‐Pro‐Gly) 2 , cyclo (L‐Pro‐Gly) 3 , cyclo (L‐Pro‐Gly) 4 , and cyclo (D‐Pro‐Gly‐L‐Pro‐Gly). Aspects of the cyclization reactions leading to these peptides are discussed, particularly with respect to the choice of sequence of linear precursor peptides and effects of elevated temperatures. The cyclic octapeptide, cyclo (L‐Pro‐Gly) 4 , was isolated as a crystalline complex with sodium thiocyanate. Experimental details of the syntheses are provided.
[Basic symptoms in schizophrenia and alcoholism. A methodological comparative study]. (1995)

The results of a study on the subjective basic symptoms associated with schizophrenia and drug abuse (especially alcoholism) are presented. A total of 242 psychiatric inpatients (74 with a dual diagnosis of schizophrenia and drug consumption, 81 schizophrenics, and 87 alcoholics) were included. The three groups did not differ with regard to the general score of subjective basic symptoms measured by the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire (Frankfurter Beschwerde-Fragebogen, FBF). Further analyses showed that the FBF statements are only partly typical for schizophrenia; another part is connected with alcoholism. Two new scales ("FBF-S" and "FBF-A") were created from the schizophrenia-typical items and the alcoholism-typical items, respectively. In "FBF-S" schizophrenics (with and without alcoholism) had higher scores than patients suffering from alcoholism alone; in "FBF-A" alcoholics (with and without schizophrenia) reached higher scores than schizophrenic patients. Consistent correlations with independent parameters of psychosis and alcoholism confirm the validity of "FBF-S" and "FBF-A". It is concluded that the FBF's capacity to discriminate different diagnoses can be improved and that the model of basic disturbances must be re-evaluated.
FEASIBILITY OF MICROSCOPY FOR INVESTIGATING THE SILVER OXIDE ELECTRODE. (1968)

Abstract : A study of the silver oxide electrode was made with the optical microscope, using methods that had previously proven successful for the lead-acid battery. It was determined that Ag, Ag2O, and AgO could be easily distinguished from one another in the polished section of the electrode without resorting to any etching or staining. Crystals of the three phases were also found to be of a size that made it feasible to follow crystallographic changes that occurred during the course of a discharge. Although considerable variations occurred in different areas of the same electrode, results were in agreement with previously obtained x-ray data. (Author)
A health examination survey of morbidity in rural Nigeria. (1991)

A health survey to describe the morbidity pattern of a rural population in Nigeria was conducted among a 10% random sample of 1091 households in the Kainji Lake area of Nigeria. The diseases most frequently encountered were fevers, gastro-enteritis and chest infections, with prevalence rates of 50.2%, 37.1% and 10.0% respectively. Dental debris, conjunctival pallor, missing teeth and dental calculi were present in 65.8%, 59.1%, 32.2% and 24.1% respectively. The adult males were found to be significantly taller and heavier and with higher blood pressure than the females. Most of the health problems were attributed to various types of infection, but unhealthy social habits, lack of sanitation facilities and poor personal hygiene could have contributed to the overall morbidity in the population. Control of communicable diseases, community mobilization towards provision of basic sanitation facilities, good housing and dental hygiene were recommended to be included in health planning for the Kainji Lake area population.