gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Hypnotic and Analgesic Effects of 2-Bromomelatonin (2003)

2-bromomelatonin is an analog of melatonin with a higher melatonin receptor affinity. We tested the hypnotic and analgesic properties of 2-bromomelatonin and compared them with those of propofol. Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to receive 2-bromomelatonin or propofol IV, or morphine intraperitoneally. Righting reflex and response to tail clamping were assessed. Both 2-bromomelatonin and propofol caused a dose-dependent increase in the percent of rats displaying loss of both the righting reflex and the response to tail clamping. 2-Bromomelatonin was comparable to propofol in terms of its rapid onset and short duration of hypnosis. The 50% effective dose (95% confidence interval) for loss of righting reflex for propofol and 2-bromomelatonin were 3.7 (3.4-4.0) and 38 (35-41) mg/kg, respectively. Corresponding values for loss of response to tail clamp were 2.9 (3.5-4.0) and 21 (15-30) mg/kg, respectively. 2-bromomelatonin is approximately 6-10 times less potent than propofol depending on the end-point used. Intraperitoneal 30 mg/kg morphine did not affect the righting reflex, but resulted in loss of response to tail clamping in all animals. 2-bromomelatonin can exert hypnotic and antinocifensive effects similar to that observed with propofol. Unlike propofol, the reduced nocifensive behavior persisted after the animals had regained their righting reflex. This study provides evidence that 2-bromomelatonin has properties that are desirable in anesthetics or anesthetic adjuvants.
Nitrogen removal in seawater using nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria immobilized in porous cellulose carrier (1996)

Nitrogen compounds in seawater are now contributing to serious water pollution problems. In this study, continuous removal of nitrogen in seawater using nitrifiers and denitrifiers immobilized in macro-porous cellulose carrier “AQUACEL” was examined. In nitrification, the nitrite oxidation step becomes the rate limiting step unless an influent inorganic carbon (g) / influent NH4-N (g) ratio (IC/NH4-N) of 7.23 is maintained. This is equivalent to an influent alkalinity (g) / influent NH4-N (g) ratio (ALK/NH4-N) of 8.25. Nitrite oxidizers were also sensitive to change in NH4-N loading. Unlike other biological removal systems used for seawater, trace element solution (containing Mo, Cu, Mn, Co, Fe, etc.) was added only at a high NH4-N loading rate of 0.65 kg-N/m3/carrier/d (at NH4-N concentration of 40 g/m3) and acclimatizing period was short, i.e., about a week. The maximum NH4-N loading rate obtained which removed 99 to 100% of the nitrogen compounds, was 1.30 kg-N/m3/carrier/d. For completion of denitrification, an influent phosphorus (g) per influent NO3-N(g) ratio (P/NO3-N) of 0.03 was required. Trace element solution (containing Fe, Mn, Mo, etc.) was doubled to 0.02% at NO3-N concentration of 560 g/m3. In addition, methanol concentration must be maintained at 30% more of the theoretical value of carbon concentration requirements. Copper enhanced nitrite reduction at an influent Cu(g) per influent NO3-N(g) ratio (Cu/NO3-N) of 0.002. The maximum allowable NO3-N loading rate necessary to remove about 99 to 100% of the nitrogen compounds was 20.79 kg-N/m3/carrier/d. This study reveakls that the AQUACEL system has high nitrifying and denitrifying capacities. The nitrogen loading capacity of denitrification is about ten times that of nitrification and is comparable to that of freshwater which also employed the AQUACEL system. In contrast, nitrogen loading capacity of nitrification is about six times less than that of freshwater, which indicates a higher sensitivity of nitrifiers to salinity. This indficates high sensitivity of the immobilized nitrifying bacteria to salinity. Morphological observations show that the ammonia oxidizers are a mixed culture ofNitrosomonas spp . and Nitrosovibrio spp., while the nitrite oxidizer is a Nitrobacter spp. The immobilized denitrifying bacteria showed similar morphological characteristics to the Hyphomicrobium spp.
Cell Biology and Histology (1993)

This edition combines the areas of cell biology with histology. Review examinations are included at the end of each section and there is a comprehensive review at the end of the text. Annotated answers are provided for all examination questions.
The Oligomeric Nature of Na/K-Transport ATPase (2001)

Since the discovery of Na/K-ATPase, evidence has accumulated to suggest that 1 mol of ATP hydrolysis occurs via the Na+-occluded ADP-sensitive phosphoenzyme, the K+-sensitive phosphoenzyme and the K+-occluded enzyme accompanying active transport of 3Na+ and 2K+ according the Post-Albers scheme. However, some controversial issues have arisen concerning whether the functional unit of the enzyme is an αβ-protomer or a much higher oligomer, which would be related to the mechanism of transport, either sequential or simultaneous. Detailed studies of oligomer interaction and the reactivity of the enzyme and a comparison of the extent of phosphorylation with ligand-binding capacities in the presence or absence of ATP hydrolysis and others strongly suggest that the functional unit of the enzyme in the membrane is a tetraprotomer, (αβ)4. They also suggest that each reaction intermediate of the Post-Albers scheme, respectively, reflects half of the site property of the intermediate and that another half binds ATP. These data may be useful not only to answer the long-standing question of whether the mechanism functions in the presence of both Na+ and K+ but also contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of P-type pump ATPase in general.
Islet Transplantation in Type 1 Diabetic Patients Using Calcineurin Inhibitor-Free Immunosuppressive Protocols Based on T-Cell Adhesion or Costimulation Blockade (2010)

These two novel immunosuppressive regimens are effective, well tolerated, and the first calcineurin inhibitor/steroid-sparing islet protocols resulting in long-term insulin independence. Although EFA is no longer available for clinical use, these early results demonstrate that a regimen using BELA may be an effective alternative to improve graft function and longevity while minimizing renal and β-cell toxicity.
Spatial Distribution of Synaptically Activated Sodium Concentration Changes in Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons (1997)

The spatial distribution of Na(+)-dependent events in guinea pig Purkinje cells was studied with a combination of high-speed imaging and simultaneous intracellular recording. Individual Purkinje cells in sagittal cerebellar slices were loaded with either fura-2 or the Na+ indicator sodium binding benzofuran isophthalate (SBFI) with sharp electrodes or patch electrodes on the soma or dendrites. [Na+]i changes were detected in response to climbing fiber and parallel fiber stimulation. These changes were located both at the anatomically expected sites of synaptic contact in the dendrites and in the somatic region. The variation in time course of these [Na+]i changes in different locations implies that Na+ enters at the synapse and diffuses rapidly to locations of lower initial [Na+]i. The synaptically activated somatic [Na+]i changes probably reflect Na+ entry through voltage-sensitive Na+ channels because they were detected only when regenerative potentials were recorded in the soma. [Na+]i changes in response to antidromically or intrasomatically evoked Na+ action potentials also were confined to the cell body. These observations are in agreement with other evidence that Na+ spikes are generated in the somatic region of the Purkinje neuron and spread passively into the dendrites. Plateau potentials, evoked by depolarizing pulses to the soma or dendrites, caused [Na+]i changes only in the soma, indicating that the noninactivating Na+ channels contributing to this potential also were concentrated in this region. The climbing fiber-activated [Na+]i changes were blocked by the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, indicating that these changes were not due to direct stimulation of the Purkinje neuron or activation of metabotropic receptors. Direct depolarization of the soma or dendrites never caused dendritic [Na+]i increases, suggesting that the climbing fiber-activated [Na+]i changes in the dendrites are due to Na+ entry through ligand-gated channels. A climbing fiber-like regenerative potential could be recorded in the soma after anode break stimulation, parallel fiber activation, or depolarizing pulses to the soma. The [Na+]i changes evoked by all of these potentials were confined to the cell body region of the Purkinje cell. [Ca2+]i changes in the dendrites evoked by the anode break potential were small relative to climbing fiber-activated changes, suggesting that a Ca2+ spike was not evoked by this response. The anode break and directly responses were blocked by tetrodotoxin. These results suggest that the somatically recorded climbing fiber response is predominantly a Na(+)-dependent event, consisting of a few fast action potentials and a slower regenerative response activating the same channels as the Na+ plateau potential.
“Pesticides Protect the Fruit, but Not the People”: Using Community-Based Ethnography to Understand Farmworker Pesticide-Exposure Risks (2009)

We elucidated farmworkers' pesticide-relevant beliefs regarding perceived danger and susceptibility to pesticides, the need to put safety second to financial considerations, and reasons for delaying decontamination. Researchers and policymakers should incorporate these data in study designs and legislation concerned with farmworker exposure to pesticides.
POFA-Engineered Alkali-activated Cementitious Composite Performance in Acid Environment (2017)

The durability performance of palm oil fuel ash engineered alkali-activated cementitious composite (POFA-EACC) mortar exposed to different acid solutions is assessed in this study. 50 mm cubic specimens used for the study were prepared from 100% POFA, alkali-activator (Na2SiO3(aq)/NaOH(aq)) ratios of 2.5, different molarities (10, 12 and 14 M) of NaOH(aq) and 2% volume fraction of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibres. Specimens were exposed to 10% H2SO4(aq), 10% HNO3(aq) and 10% HCl(aq) at pH of 0.56, 0.52 and 0.42 respectively for 3, 6 and 9 months, with unexposed specimens as control. Small changes in compressive strength were identified with POFA mortar specimens during exposure to H2SO4(aq), while exposure to HNO3(aq) and HCl(aq) greatly reduced the strength of the POFA mortar specimens. The results were supported through microstructural examinations using SEM, while the characterization was done using XRD and FTIR. The high resistance of POFA-EACC mortar to H2SO4(aq) is the contribution received through the formation of gypsum, which hinders the infiltration of more acids into the matrix microstructure.
Liquid Thermoelectrics: Review of Recent And Limited New Data of Thermogalvanic Cell Experiments (2013)

Experimental studies on thermogalvanic cells (or thermo-electrochemical cells or simply thermocells) have shown promising results in the past two decades since being introduced in 1825. Recent literature on this topic ranging from aqueous redox couple cells to nonaqueous and molten salt thermogalvanic cells is reviewed and compared. Some limited new experimental data on power generation for the underdeveloped Cu-CuSO4 system are also reported. The Seebeck coefficient values of these experiments fit with a characteristic model extracted from a 1959 paper by deBethune et al. (Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 106, 1959). The power generation results are compared with the few previously reported values of the Cu-CuSO4 system by Holeschovsky (Analysis of Flooded Flow Fuel Cells and Thermogalvanic Generators, 1994) and Tester et al. (Evaluation of Thermogalvanic Cells for the Conversion of Heat to Electricity, 1992), including those published by Kuzminskii et al. (Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 52, 1994) and Quickenden and Mua (Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 142, 1995). Condensing the recently published literature, this article presents recent trends and identifies future possibilities or directions for realizing this attractive concept, which has been around for a long time.
Browsing Large Image Datasets through Voronoi Diagrams (2010)

Conventional browsing of image collections use mechanisms such as thumbnails arranged on a regular grid or on a line, often mounted over a scrollable panel. However, this approach does not scale well with the size of the datasets (number of images). In this paper, we propose a new thumbnail-based interface to browse large collections of images. Our approach is based on weighted centroidal anisotropic Voronoi diagrams. A dynamically changing subset of images is represented by thumbnails and shown on the screen. Thumbnails are shaped like general polygons, to better cover screen space, while still reflecting the original aspect ratios or orientation of the represented images. During the browsing process, thumbnails are dynamically rearranged, reshaped and rescaled. The objective is to devote more screen space (more numerous and larger thumbnails) to the parts of the dataset closer to the current region of interest, and progressively lesser away from it, while still making the dataset visible as a whole. During the entire process, temporal coherence is always maintained. GPU implementation easily guarantees the frame rates needed for fully smooth interactivity.
Optimal organizations for pipelined hierarchical memories (2002)

In a recent paper (SPAA'01), we have established that the Pipelined Hierarchical Random Access Machine (PH-RAM) is a powerful model of computation, where most of the memory latency can be hidden by concurrency of accesses. In the present work, we explore the physical feasibility of PH-RAMs.A pipelined hierarchical memory of size $S$ is characterized by two metrics: the access function α(χ), denoting the time required by an access to location $x$, and the pipeline period $p(S)$, denoting the minimum time between subsequent accesses that can be sustained. Physical constraints on minimum device size and maximum signal speed imply that, for a memory laid out in $d$ dimensions, a(χ)= Ω(χ1/d)$. We propose a novel memory organization scheme that can be specialized to yield optimal performance α(χ)=O(χ^1/d)$ and $p(S)=O(1)$, for any $d \geq 1$.Managing a large number of concurrent load and store instructions would pose a significant burden on a traditional RISC processor, requiring both a large register file and complex logic to properly synchronize instructions. We show how these obstacles can be circumvented by introducing the Scalable transPORT (SPORT) computer where a simple processor drives a version of our pipelined hierarchical memory capable of servicing memory-to-memory instructions. We show that SPORT provides a feasible, scalable implementation of the PH-RAM model.
Blockchains as a Path to a Network of Systems - An Emerging New Trend of the Digital Platforms in Industry and Society (2015)

At the beginning of the 1990s, the Internet’s various fragmented information networks were combined into one integrated network of systems. As a result, the commercial utilization of the Internet boomed, creating com- pletely new business models and economic structures in the process. A similar reaction is now anticipated from the digitalization of industry and society at large. However, the main question is: “How can all the separately structured, isolated systems be fused into one seamless network of systems?” So far, the problem has mainly been addressed from the standpoint of centralized and decentralized system architectures. Our analysis shows, however, that completely new and innovative technological approaches, such as the blockchain technology, are emerging to address this problem. These new distributed architecture solu- tions may completely revolutionize the anticipated structures and business models of the digitalization current- ly in progress, as they allow machines to autonomously share much more than just data, e.g. computing power, storage capacity or even electric power. As a result, understanding digitalization in its full capacity requires a systems approach and a new kind of higher-level thinking on the scale of a network of systems.
Doping of sputtered amorphous-silicon solar cells (1978)

The paper describes the progress that has so far been made in the sputtering of amorphous silicon for solar-cell applications. An alternative form of doping to doping from the gas phase is described. The results obtained are compared with those found for glow-discharge silicon. Finally, a discussion of the relative advantages of sputtering techniques emphasises their considerable potential for commercial exploitation in the production of thin-film solar cells.
High resolution transmission electron microscopy nanostructure of condensed-silica aerogels (1995)

High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was used to study the morphology of ultralow-density transparent condensed-silica (CS) aerogels. Silica aerogels were synthesized by two slightly different two-step polymerization processes and they were supercritically dried in a high temperature autoclave. Aerogel CS1 had a density of 9 kg/m3 and a BET surface area of 574 m2/g; aerogel CS2 had a density of 30 kg/m3 and a specific surface area of 630 m2/g. Both samples were fractured, vertically replicated with 0.95 nm Pt-C and backed with approximately 12 nm of rotary evaporated carbon. The silica aerogel was then removed from the replica with dilute HF acid and the replicas were studied by HRTEM. The stereoscopic HRTEM images reveal that connectors in both CS aerogels are extended filaments which resemble bottlebrushes, having microporosity. This morphology results from side-chain formation on a nearly linear CS stem. The slightly different chemistry leads to different morphologies for the two aerogels. For CS1, the connectors between stems have diameters ranging from 1.7 to 14.2 nm with an average of 6.4 ± 0.5 nm and connector lengths averaged 62 ± 21 nm with some as long as 132 nm. Pore sizes ranged from 13 to 240 nm with an average of 74 ± 43 nm. The pores were slightly larger than those in CS2 which ranged from 12 to 277 nm and averaged 61 ± 56 nm. For CS2, the connectors had diameters ranging from 1.5 to 16.5 nm and averaging 9.7 ± 0.5 nm. The connector lengths in the CS2 aerogel averaged 58 ± 27 nm with some as long as 127 nm. The connector diameters in CS2 (9.7 ± 0.5 nm) were the only important aerogel feature significantly different and greater than those in CS1 (6.4 ± 0.5 nm). The CS1 and CS2 connectors had side-chain diameters of 2 ± 0.7 and 0.95 ± 0.5 nm, respectively, and a similar microporosity of approximately 2.0 ± 1 nm.
Nanoengineering of Structural, Functional and Smart Materials (2005)

In chapters contributed by 24 university & government laboratories, Nanoengineering of Structural, Functional, and Smart Materials combines wide-ranging research aimed at the development of multifunctional materials that are strong, lightweight, and versatile. This book explores promising and diverse approaches to the design of nanoscale
Orbital State Manipulation of a Diamond Nitrogen-Vacancy Center Using a Mechanical Resonator (2018)

We study the resonant optical transitions of a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center that is coherently dressed by a strong mechanical drive. Using a gigahertz-frequency diamond mechanical resonator that is strain coupled to a NV center's orbital states, we demonstrate coherent Raman sidebands out to the ninth order and orbital-phonon interactions that mix the two excited-state orbital branches. These interactions are spectroscopically revealed through a multiphonon Rabi splitting of the orbital branches which scales as a function of resonator driving amplitude and is successfully reproduced in a quantum model. Finally, we discuss the application of mechanical driving to engineering NV-center orbital states.
Natural Products as a Source for Treating Neglected Parasitic Diseases (2013)

Infectious diseases caused by parasites are a major threat for the entire mankind, especially in the tropics. More than 1 billion people world-wide are directly exposed to tropical parasites such as the causative agents of trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis, which represent a major health problem, particularly in impecunious areas. Unlike most antibiotics, there is no "general" antiparasitic drug available. Here, the selection of antiparasitic drugs varies between different organisms. Some of the currently available drugs are chemically de novo synthesized, however, the majority of drugs are derived from natural sources such as plants which have subsequently been chemically modified to warrant higher potency against these human pathogens. In this review article we will provide an overview of the current status of plant derived pharmaceuticals and their chemical modifications to target parasite-specific peculiarities in order to interfere with their proliferation in the human host.
Activation of proPHBSP, the Zymogen of a Plasma Hyaluronan Binding Serine Protease, by an Intermolecular Autocatalytic Mechanism (2000)

The hyaluronic acid binding serine protease (PHBSP), an enzyme with the ability to activate the coagulation factor FVII and the plasminogen activator precursors and to inactivate factor VIII and factor V, could be isolated from human plasma in the presence of 6M urea as a single-chain zymogen, whereas under native conditions only its activated two-chain form was obtained. The total yield of proenzyme (proPHBSP) was 5-6 mg/l, corresponding to a concentration of at least 80-100nM in plasma. Upon removal of urea, even in the absence of charged surfaces a rapid development of amidolytic activity was observed that correlated with the appearance of the two-chain enzyme. The highest activation rate was observed at pH 6. ProPHBSP processing was concentration-dependent following a second order kinetic and was accelerated by catalytic amounts of active PHBSP, indicating an intermolecular autocatalytic activation. Charged macromolecules like poly-L-lysine, heparin, and dextran sulfate strongly accelerated the autoactivation, suggesting that in vivo proPHBSP activation might be a surface-bound process. The intrinsic activity of the proenzyme was determined to be 0.25-0.3%, most likely due to traces of PHBSP. The presence of physiological concentrations of known plasma inhibitors of PHBSP, like alpha2 antiplasmin and C1 esterase inhibitor, but not antithrombin III/heparin, slowed down zymogen processing. Our in vitro data suggest that the autoactivation of proPHBSP during plasma fractionation is induced by the removal of inhibitors of PHBSP and is accelerated by charged surfaces of the chromatographic resins.
Transposable elements are stable structural components of Drosophila melanogaster heterochromatin. (1995)

We determined the distribution of 11 different transposable elements on Drosophila melanogaster mitotic chromosomes by using high-resolution fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) coupled with charge-coupled device camera analysis. Nine of these transposable elements (copia, gypsy, mdg-1, blood, Doc, I, F, G, and Bari-1) are preferentially clustered into one or more discrete heterochromatic regions in chromosomes of the Oregon-R laboratory stock. Moreover, FISH analysis of geographically distant strains revealed that the locations of these heterochromatic transposable element clusters are highly conserved. The P and hobo elements, which are likely to have invaded the D. melanogaster genome at the beginning of this century, are absent from Oregon-R heterochromatin but clearly exhibit heterochromatic clusters in certain natural populations. Together these data indicate that transposable elements are major structural components of Drosophila heterochromatin, and they change the current views on the role of transposable elements in host genome evolution.