gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of new catalytic phosphate protecting groups for the highly efficient phosphotriester oligonucleotide synthesis (1986)

An effective procedure for the synthesis of oligonucleotides by the phosphotriester method has been developed. The procedure is based on the use of phosphate protecting groups enabling O-nucleophilic intramolecular catalysis in the reaction of internucleotide bond formation under the action of arylsulfonyl chlorides and their derivatives. Using this new procedure, the time needed to perform one elongation step on polymer support is 7-8 min. The effectiveness of the methodology has been demonstrated in the synthesis of many oligodeoxyribonucleotides of different length with high yields.
Investigating the Interfacial Properties of Electrochemically Roughened Platinum Electrodes for Neural Stimulation (2015)

Platinum electrodes have been electrochemically roughened (roughness factors up to 430) and evaluated for use as neural stimulation electrodes. The roughened electrodes show superior interfacial properties with increasing surface roughness. The roughened electrode (fR = 250) has a charge injection limit of 1.0 mC cm(-2) (400 μs pulse width), which is superior to that of titanium nitride (0.87 mC cm(-2)) but comparable to that of carbon nanotubes (1.0-1.6 mC cm(-2)). The surface roughness can also be optimized for different neural stimulation applications based on the available charge density at a particular pulse width of stimulation. The roughened platinum electrodes demonstrated good mechanical stability under harsh ultrasonication and electrochemical stability under continuous biphasic stimulation, indicating the potential of this biological interface to be safe and stable.
Effect of dietary N-carbamoylglutamate on milk production and nitrogen utilization in high-yielding dairy cows (2014)

The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of N-carbamoylglutamate (NCG) supplementation on milk production and nitrogen (N) utilization in Chinese Holstein dairy cows. Sixty multiparous cows (78±17.3 d in milk, 635±61.00kg of body weight, and 41.9±7.9kg/d milk yield; mean ± SD) were blocked by parity, days in milk, and milk yield and randomly allocated to 1 of 4 groups, each of which was fed a dietary treatment containing 0 (control), 10, 20, or 30g of NCG/d. Milk yield was recorded weekly. Dry matter intake, milk composition, plasma variables, and urea N contents in plasma, urine, and milk were determined every other week. Blood samples were collected from the coccygeal vein. Rumen microbial protein synthesis was estimated based on the purine derivatives in the urine. Dry matter intake was found to be similar between the treatments. Addition of 20g of NCG/d tended to increase milk yield (40.2 vs. 38.1kg/d) and increased the content (2.83 vs. 2.74%) and yield (1.12 vs. 1.02kg/d) of milk protein compared with the control. The yield and content of milk fat were similar between the treatments, whereas the contents of lactose and total solids increased linearly with an increase in NCG. Dietary supplementation of NCG linearly increased the plasma nitric oxide level and decreased the plasma ammonia N level. Compared with the control, the plasma Arg concentration in cows fed 10, 20, and 30g of NCG/d was increased by 1.1, 10.4, and 16.0%, respectively. The urea N concentrations in the milk, plasma, and urine decreased with the addition of NCG, although the lowest urea N concentrations were observed with the addition of 20g of NCG/d. The conversion of dietary crude protein to milk protein exhibited quadratic trends of improvement by NCG supplementation, with a peak at 20g of NCG/d. The rumen microbial protein synthesis was not altered by NCG supplementation, but the metabolizable protein tended to show a quadratic increase in cows fed 20g of NCG/d. In conclusion, supplementation of 20g of NVG/d may alter the plasma metabolites, optimize the AA profile, increase the metabolizable protein utilization, and thereby improve the lactation performance and N utilization of high-yielding dairy cows.
High-dimensionality shared-medium photonic switch (1993)

A space-division photonic switch which has the potential to achieve high dimensionality is presented. The proposed switch, which resembles a collapsed network, does not use optical crosspoints; rather a dedicated path is provided for all input/output port connections on a common high-bandwidth transmission medium. This eliminates the restrictions imposed by 2*2 switching elements in classical space-division switching fabrics. The demonstration of a fully connected 120*120 space-division time-multiplexed photonic switch is reported. The dimensionality and blocking performance of a shared-medium photonic switch that uses time-multiplexing is analyzed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Neutron fan beam source for neutron radiography purpose (1999)

The development of the DIANE neutron radiography system included a sealed-tube neutron generator for this purpose and the optimization of the system’s neutron beam quality in terms of divergence and useful thermal neutron yield for each 14-MeV neutron produced. Following this development, the concept of a DIANE fan beam source is herewith introduced. The goal which drives this design is one of economy: by simply increasing the aperture dimension of a conventional DIANE beam in one plane of its collimator axis to a small-angle, fan-shaped output, the useful beam area for neutron radiography would be substantially increased. Thus with the same source, the throughput, or number of objects under examination at any given time, would be augmented significantly. Presented here are the design of this thermal neutron source and the initial Monte Carlo calculations. Taking into account the experience with the conventional DIANE neutron radiography system, these result are discussed and the potential of and interest in such a fan-beam source are explored.
Phase transitions in hexane monolayers physisorbed onto graphite (2005)

We report the results of molecular dynamics simulations of a complete monolayer of hexane physisorbed onto the basal plane of graphite. At low temperatures the system forms a herringbone solid. With increasing temperature, a solid-to-nematic liquid-crystal transition takes place at ${T}_{1}=138\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ followed by another transition at ${T}_{2}=176\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ into an isotropic fluid. We characterize the different phases by calculating various order parameters, coordinate distributions, energetics, spreading pressure, and correlation functions, most of which are in reasonable agreement with available experimental evidence. In addition, we perform simulations where the Lennard-Jones interaction strength, corrugation potential strength, and dihedral rigidity are varied in order to better characterize the nature of the two transitions. We find that both phase transitions are facilitated by a ``footprint reduction'' of the molecules via tilting and to a lesser degree via creation of gauche defects in the molecules.
Stimulation of Entorhinal Cortex Promotes Adult Neurogenesis and Facilitates Spatial Memory (2011)

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established therapeutic modality for the treatment of movement disorders and an emerging therapeutic approach for the treatment of disorders of mood and thought. For example, recently we have shown that DBS of the fornix may ameliorate cognitive decline associated with dementia. However, like other applications of DBS, the mechanisms mediating these clinical effects are unknown. As DBS modulates neurophysiological activity in targeted brain regions, DBS might influence cognitive function via activity-dependent regulation of hippocampal neurogenesis. Using stimulation parameters analogous to clinical high-frequency DBS, here we addressed this question in mice. We found that acute stimulation of the entorhinal cortex (EC) transiently promoted proliferation in the dentate gyrus (DG). Cells generated as a consequence of stimulation differentiated into neurons, survived for at least several weeks, and acquired normal dentate granule cell (DGC) morphology. Importantly, stimulation-induced promotion of neurogenesis was limited to the DG and not associated with changes in apoptotic cell death. Using immunohistochemical approaches, we found that, once sufficiently mature, these stimulation-induced neurons integrated into hippocampal circuits supporting water-maze memory. Finally, formation of water-maze memory was facilitated 6 weeks (but not 1 week) after bilateral stimulation of the EC. The delay-dependent nature of these effects matches the maturation-dependent integration of adult-generated DGCs into dentate circuits supporting water-maze memory. Furthermore, because the beneficial effects of EC stimulation were prevented by blocking neurogenesis, this suggests a causal relationship between stimulation-induced promotion of adult neurogenesis and enhanced spatial memory.
Acoustical absorption spectroscopy of liquids between 0.15 and 3000 MHz. I. High resolution ultrasonic resonator method (1987)

A technique is described to determine the sound absorption coefficient of liquids by means of a sensitive resonator method. Details of the construction of high-precision sample cells are shown and the electronic circuit for computer-controlled measurements is presented. Also discussed are various possible sources of experimental errors and appropriate data recording and evaluation procedures. Results are given to illustrate the accuracy of this measurement technique.
Perturbation and differential Monte Carlo methods for measurement of optical properties in a layered epithelial tissue model (2007)

The use of perturbation and differential Monte Carlo (pMC/dMC) methods in conjunction with nonlinear optimization algorithms were proposed recently as a means to solve inverse photon migration problems in regionwise heterogeneous turbid media. We demonstrate the application of pMC/dMC methods for the recovery of optical properties in a two-layer extended epithelial tissue model from experimental measurements of spatially resolved diffuse reflectance. The results demonstrate that pMC/dMC methods provide a rapid and accurate approach to solve two-region inverse photon migration problems in the transport regime, that is, on spatial scales smaller than a transport mean free path and in media where optical scattering need not dominate absorption. The pMC/dMC approach is found to be effective over a broad range of absorption (50 to 400%) and scattering (70 to 130%) perturbations. The recovery of optical properties from spatially resolved diffuse reflectance measurements is examined for different sets of source-detector separation. These results provide some guidance for the design of compact fiber-based probes to determine and isolate optical properties from both epithelial and stromal layers of superficial tissues.
Phosphorus Diffusion Using Spin‐On Phosphosilicate‐Glass Source and Halogen Lamps (1985)

Formation of phosphorus‐diffused layers using spin‐on phosphosilicate glass (SOPSG) source and rapid isothermal halogen lamp annealing (HLA) were investigated with respect to sheet resistivities, junction depths, carrier concentrations, and contact resistances. Higher HLA temperature and SOPSG phosphorus weight percent results in lower average resistivities (sheet resistivity × junction depth). With a 1205°C, 2s HLA using 37.5 w/o SOPSG, a shallow junction with low resistivity (37.7 Ω/□) was achieved. Carrier concentration profiles of phosphorus‐diffused layers formed by 1205°C HLA using 37.5 w/o SOPSG have very abrupt shapes and can be expressed by a function of , where is the depth and is the HLA soak time. They have almost the same maximum carrier concentration and the same contact resistance as the phosphorus‐doped layer formed by 31P ion implantation and HLA.
Reconstruction of Intact γ-Globulin from S-Sulfonated γ-Globulin In Vivo (1976)

The conversion of the S-surfonate group in a peptide to a disulfide bond has been observed in vitro. This paper reports that the conversion of this group in human S-sulfonated gamma-globulin (S-GG) appeared to occur in vivo judging from the change in molecular weight of S-GG observed in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the restoration of hemolytic activity.
Effect of nimodipine on acute ischemic stroke. Pooled results from five randomized trials. (1990)

In a review of pooled data from five double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of nimodipine in acute ischemic stroke, we compared the effect of 120 mg nimodipine given orally with that of placebo. In the five studies, 871 patients were followed, and 781 adhered to entry and inclusion criteria. End points were mortality and outcome at the end of the treatment period (21 or 28 days). Outcome was assessed with Mathew's scale and the physician's clinical judgement. The treatment and control groups were well matched with respect to demographic data, risk factors, and baseline Mathew scores. In the treatment group, 34 patients (7.9%) died during the treatment period, whereas 54 (12.3%) in the control group died, corresponding with a mortality reduction of 36%. Significantly less neurologic impairment at the end of the treatment period was documented under nimodipine treatment, and this impairment improved more in patients with moderate-to-severe stroke (baseline Mathew score less than 66) if administration of nimodipine occurred within 12 hours after stroke onset or if the patient was more than 65 years old. The overall incidence of adverse reactions was relatively modest, and these were of minor severity; only a few appeared to have more than a remote relation to the study medication.
Comparison of the Single‐Dose Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Modafinil and Dextroamphetamine Administered Alone or in Combination in Healthy Male Volunteers (1998)

An open-label, randomized, crossover study was performed in healthy male volunteers to evaluate the potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions and tolerability of single oral doses of modafinil (200 mg) and dextroamphetamine (10 mg). Blood samples were collected for determination of plasma levels of modafinil, the acid and sulfone metabolites of modafinil, and dextroamphetamine at intervals through 48 hours after administration for each treatment. Vital signs (blood pressure and pulse rate) were measured through 48 hours, and electrocardiograms were measured through 24 hours after administration. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using noncompartmental methods. The data collected in this study of 24 healthy volunteers suggest that concomitant administration of single oral doses of modafinil and dextroamphetamine has no clinically significant effects on the pharmacokinetic profile of either agent. Although there was a slightly greater incidence of adverse events when modafinil and dextroamphetamine were administered together, the concomitant administration of the two drugs was well tolerated.
Treating Diastolic Heart Failure With Statins (2005)

iastolic heart failure (DHF) is a significant healthcare problem. Nearly 50% of all patients with chronic heart failure have DHF. Once hospitalized for heart failure, patients with DHF have a 50% chance of rehospitalization within 6 months. Patients with DHF have a 5% to 6% yearly mortality rate. It is estimated that treating patients with DHF costs in excess of $3.5 billion/year. Despite the significant impact that DHF has on heart failure incidence, prognosis, and cost, only 1 large randomized clinical trial has been completed that examined the treatment of patients with DHF, Candesartan cilexitil (Atacand) in Heart failure Assessment of Reduction Mortality and morbidity-Preserved (CHARM-Preserved).
Elimination of Age-Associated Hepatic Steatosis and Correction of Aging Phenotype by Inhibition of cdk4-C/EBPα-p300 Axis (2018)

The aging liver is affected by several disorders, including steatosis, that can lead to a decline of liver functions. Here, we present evidence that the cdk4-C/EBPα-p300 axis is a critical regulator of age-associated disorders, including steatosis. We found that patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have increased levels of cdk4 and that cdk4-resistant C/EBPα-S193A mice do not develop hepatic steatosis with advancing age. Underlying mechanisms include a block in C/EBPα activation and subsequent failure in activation of enzymes involved in the development of NAFLD. Inhibition of cdk4 in aged wild-type (WT) mice by a specific cdk4 inhibitor, PD-0332991, reduces C/EBPα-p300 complexes and eliminates hepatic steatosis. Moreover, the inhibition of cdk4 in aged mice reverses many age-related disorders. Mechanisms of correction include elimination of cellular senescence and alterations in the chromatin structure of hepatocytes. Thus, the inhibition of cdk4 might be considered as a therapeutic approach to correct age-associated liver disorders.
Ontogeny of Hepatic Drug Transporters as Quantified by LC‐MS/MS Proteomics (2016)

Protein expression of major hepatic uptake and efflux drug transporters in human pediatric (n = 69) and adult (n = 41) livers was quantified by liquid chromatography / tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). Transporter protein expression of OCT1, OATP1B3, P-gp, and MRP3 was age-dependent. Particularly, significant differences were observed in transporter expression (P < 0.05) between the following age groups: neonates vs. adults (OCT1, OATP1B3, P-gp), neonates or infants vs. adolescents and/or adults (OCT1, OATP1B3, and P-gp), infants vs. children (OATP1B3 and P-gp), and adolescents vs. adults (MRP3). OCT1 showed the largest increase, of almost 5-fold, in protein expression with age. Ontogenic expression of OATP1B1 was confounded by genotype and was revealed only in livers harboring SLCO1B1*1A/*1A. In livers >1 year, tissues harboring SLCO1B1*14/*1A showed 2.5-fold higher (P < 0.05) protein expression than SLCO1B1*15/*1A. Integration of these ontogeny data in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models will be a crucial step in predicting hepatic drug disposition in children.
Long-Term <i>In Vivo</i> Gene Expression via Delivery of PEI–DNA Condensates from Porous Polymer Scaffolds (2005)

Nonviral delivery vectors are attractive for gene therapy approaches in tissue engineering, but suffer from low transfection efficiency and short-term gene expression. We hypothesized that the sustained delivery of poly(ethylenimine) (PEI)-condensed DNA from three-dimensional biodegradable scaffolds that encourage cell infiltration could greatly enhance gene expression. To test this hypothesis, a PEI-condensed plasmid encoding beta-galactosidase was incorporated into porous poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) scaffolds, using a gas foaming process. Four conditions were examined: condensed DNA and uncondensed DNA encapsulated into PLG scaffolds, blank scaffolds, and bolus delivery of condensed DNA in combination with implantation of PLG scaffolds. Implantation of scaffolds incorporating condensed beta-galactosidase plasmid into the subcutaneous tissue of rats resulted in a high level of gene expression for the entire 15-week duration of the experiment, as exemplified by extensive positive staining for beta-galactosidase gene expression observed on the exterior surface and throughout the cross-sections of the explanted scaffolds. No positive staining could be observed for the control conditions either on the exterior surface or in the cross-section at 8- and 15-week time points. In addition, a high percentage (55-60%) of cells within scaffolds incorporating condensed DNA at 15 weeks demonstrated expression of the DNA, confirming the sustained uptake and expression of the encapsulated plasmid DNA. Quantitative analysis of beta-galactosidase gene expression revealed that expression levels in scaffolds incorporating condensed DNA were one order of magnitude higher than those of other conditions at the 2- week time point and nearly two orders of magnitude higher than those of the control conditions at the 8- and 15-week time points. This study demonstrated that the sustained delivery of PEI-condensed plasmid DNA from PLG scaffolds led to an in vivo long-term and high level of gene expression, and this system may find application in areas such as bone tissue engineering.
Visual Interface and Interaction Design for Self-Service Orders at a Restaurant (2016)

In this paper, we propose visual interface and interaction designs for self-ordering systems such as in conveyor belt sushi restaurants. We try to design an interaction in which all people can order foods from their seats at a time without touching any devices, but with a three-dimensions motion sensor, Leap Motion Controller. We design three kinds of interactions and have an experiment to compare them. As a result, it is hard to decide which interaction is best because of false recognition by Leap Motion Controller. However, we found a possibility of interaction for using a three-dimensions motion sensor. We discuss the result of the experiment in detail.
Neuromuscular Stimulation for Motor Relearning in Hemiplegia (1999)

The evolving basic science and clinical evidence support the use of active repetitive movement training to maximize motor relearning after stroke. However, because of the severity of hemiplegia among many stroke survivors and the changing health care environment that emphasizes compensatory strategies active repetitive movement training remains outside the realm of standard rehabilitation interventions. A potential solution is the use of neuromuscular stimulation mediated active repetitive movement training. Randomized clinical studies support the use of surface cyclic neuromuscular stimulation to facilitate the motor recovery of acute and chronic stroke survivors. Electromyography (EMG) triggered neuromuscular stimulation may be more effective in view of the coupling of intent with muscular contraction and afferent feedback, although there are fewer clinical studies. The evolving data support the use of neuromuscular stimulation for motor recovery for stroke survivors. Unfortunately, published reports to date suffer from significant methodological deficiencies, including small sample sizes and limitation of outcomes to motor impairment. Thus, prior to the formulation of broad recommendations on the use of neuromuscular stimulation for motor relearning, large, multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled studies should be carried out with short- and long-term assessments of motor impairment, physical activity, societal participation, and quality of life.