gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An update on eicosanoids and inhibitors of cyclooxygenase enzyme systems. (1997)

There are 3 main enzymatic pathways for synthesis of eicosanoids from arachidonic acid, however, some compounds are also formed non-enzymatically. Among the enzymatic pathways, cyclooxygenase (COX) also known as prostaglandin synthase (PGHS), generates endoperoxides (PGG/H). These are converted into prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes (TXs). The second pathway involves lipooxygenase (LOX) group of enzymes to provide hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HpETEs) which in turn can be converted into leukotrienes (LTs), hepoxilins (HXs), trioxilins and lipoxins (LXs). The third pathway involves cytochrome P-450 which catalyses the formation of a number of monohydroxy fatty acids (hydroxyeicostetraenoic acids or HETEs) dihydroxy fatty acids (dihydroxyeicostetrienoic acids or DiHETrEs) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EpETrEs: formerly called EETs). This system also provides leukotoxins. The non-enzymatic pathway leads to the formation of isoprostanes by free radical catalysed peroxidation of arachidonic acid. In addition, brain cells also convert arachidonic acid into arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide) which have the ability to bind to cannabinoid receptors. Most of these eicosanoids are either biologically active or are converted into metabolites which have biological activities. Cyclooxygenase is now known to exist in two separate isoforms which are called COX-1 and COX-2. While both isoforms catalyse the same reactions, the former is a constitutive enzyme and its activity is not markedly changed once the cell is fully grown. The later isoform is however inducible and its activity is several fold increased following the exposure of body cells to a number of stimuli and its contribution in the process of inflammation is now well documented. It is now believed that eicosanoids produced by COX-1 activity are essential for the physiological (house keeping) functions while those produced by COX-2 lead to various pathological changes in body tissues. Older nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs like aspirin and indomethacin are non selective inhibitors of COX activity and therefore, in addition to inhibiting COX-2 activity, inhibit the formation of eicosanoids by COX-1. The later are required for normal house keeping functions such as secretion of mucus for protection of gastrointestinal mucosa, maintenance of renal function and control of haemostasis. Use of older non-selective NSAIDs has been associated with a number of gastrointestinal, renal and other side effects. Recently drugs such as nimesulide and meloxicam with selective action on COX-2 have been discovered and introduced into medicine. Evidence available so far has indicated the low incidence of side effects with these drugs. While being useful for various arthritic and other conditions, it is unlikely that these drugs will replace aspirin for the cardiovascular disease.
Topology Optimization Of Aircraft Fuselage Structure (2013)

Topology Optimization is a defined as the method of determining optimal distribution of material for the assumed design space with functionality, loads and boundary conditions [1]. Topology optimization can be used to optimize shape for the purposes of weight reduction, minimizing material requirements or selecting cost effective materials [2]. Topology optimization has been implemented through the use of finite element methods for the analysis, and optimization techniques based on the method of moving asymptotes, genetic algorithms, optimality criteria method, level sets and topological derivatives. Case study of Typical "Fuselage design" is considered for this paper to explain the benefits of Topology Optimization in the design cycle. A cylindrical shell is assumed as the design space and aerospace standard pay loads were applied on the fuselage with wing attachments as constraints. Then topological optimization is done using Finite Element (FE) based software. This optimization results in the structural concept design which satisfies all the design constraints using minimum material.
The design principles of PlanetLab (2006)

PlanetLab is a geographically distributed platform for deploying, evaluating, and accessing planetary-scale network services. PlanetLab is a shared community effort by a large international group of researchers, each of whom gets access to one or more isolated slices of PlanetLab's global resources. Because we deployed PlanetLab and started supporting users before we fully understood what its architecture would be, being able to evolve the system became a requirement. This paper examines the set of design principles that guided this evolution. Some of these principles were explicit at the project outset, and others have become crystallized as the platform has developed.
Out-of-vocabulary word recognition using a hierarchical language model based on multiple Markov models (2005)

In this paper we propose a language model to solve the issue of task-dependent out-of-vocabulary words in speech recognition. Language model adaptation is a standard method to enable the application of a language model to a new task; however, this approach is not able to deal with the issue of out-of-vocabulary proper names that appear in a task-dependent fashion. In this paper we attempt to solve this issue using a hierarchical language model. In the hierarchical model we use two independent Markov models to constrain the transition probabilities and phonetic sequence emission probabilities of out-of-vocabulary words. In this way we express the emission probabilities of out-of-vocabulary words in the form of a double Markov model that combines both sets of probabilities. We have conducted speech recognition experiments using Japanese dialogue data in the appointments domain. The results show that for sentences containing one or more out-of-vocabulary words, this approach gives a word accuracy rate of 86.7% compared to word accuracy rate of 78.2% when no strategy for out-of-vocabulary words is employed. This corresponds to an elimination of 34.4% of the baseline errors and confirms the effectiveness of the approach. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(12): 55–64, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20238
Self-assembled polyion complex micelles for sustained release of hydrophilic drug (2011)

Graft copolymer polyethylenimine-graft-poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PEI-g-PVP) was prepared by coupling mono carboxyl-terminated PVP (PVP-COOH) with PEI using N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) as coupling agents. In aqueous medium, PVP-g-PEI can self-assemble into stable polyion complex micelles with an oppositely charged block copolymer, poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-block-poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulphonic acid) (PVP-b-PAMPS). Transmission electron microscopy images showed that these micelles were regularly spherical in shape. The micelle size determined by size analysis was around 142 nm. To estimate their feasibility as vehicles for drugs, the model drug folic acid (FA) was incorporated into the cores of the micelles via electrostatic interactions. In vitro release test of FA showed that the drug-release rates are dependent on the pH value of the release media. Based on these results, we can conclude that the polyion complex micelles prepared from the PEI-g-PVP/PVP-b-PAMPS copolymers have great potential as drug delivery nanocarriers.
Method to Connect Nonconforming Mesh in 3-D With the Overlapping Method (2009)

The overlapping method is a very convenient method to connect nonconforming meshes. It has been already developed in 2-D and in 3-D with hexahedron meshes. In this paper, we propose an extension to 3-D tetrahedron meshes. This extension is not obvious because the elements do not overlap on hedrahedra anymore but on polyhedra. In this paper, we propose a method to overcome that issue. First, the overlapping method is presented and the implementation in a finite-element method calculation code as well. Then, the overlapping method is tested successfully on two examples.
THE ALKALOIDS OF PAPAVERACEOUS PLANTS: LIV. THE STRUCTURE OF ESCHSCHOLTZINE (1965)

Eschscholtzine, a new alkaloid from Eschscholtzia californica, has been shown to be the bismethylenedioxy analogue of N-methylpavine (argemonine). The mass spectrometric fragmentation of alkaloids of the pavine type is discussed.
Automated atomic absorption determination of arsenic, antimony, and selenium in natural waters (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAutomated atomic absorption determination of arsenic, antimony, and selenium in natural watersP. D. Goulden and Peter. BrooksbankCite this: Anal. Chem. 1974, 46, 11, 1431–1436Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60347a049https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60347a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views251Altmetric-Citations80LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Soft-transition three-phase PWM conversion technology (2002)

By recognizing common topological properties of PWM converters and of available semiconductor switches, a new generalized soft-switching principle (soft-transition (ST) principle) is developed for the elementary PWM switching cell. Application of the ST principle opens a way of implementing many different new soft-switching PWM topologies. Its application is especially valuable in three-phase converters where the circuit complexity and presence of AC variables can often obscure possible ways of applying the ST technique. The generalized ST principle was successfully used for the development of two novel ZVT rectifier topologies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Feature extraction as a tool for computer input (2005)

This paper describes a versatile human-machine interface designed to achieve an important balance between human factors and flexibility. It incorporates attributes of keypads, tablets and 'mice' and possesses freedom of keyshape, size and function. The system uses a TV camera focused on a 'keyboard' area to generate electrical signals in response to optical inputs. Additional optical and electronic feature extraction result in an input device capable of processing discrete and continuous input simultaneously.
Eine alte satirische Verordnung, die Gicht betreffend (1901)

Drug Prescribing for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in General Practice: a Cross-Sectional Study
Soft Graphoepitaxy of Block Copolymer Assembly with Disposable Photoresist Confinement (2009)

We demonstrate soft graphoepitaxy of block copolymer assembly as a facile, scalable nanolithography for highly ordered sub-30-nm scale features. Various morphologies of hierarchical block copolymer assembly were achieved by means of disposable topographic confinement of photoresist pattern. Unlike usual graphoepitaxy, soft graphoepitaxy generates the functional nanostructures of metal and semiconductor nanowire arrays without any trace of structure-directing topographic pattern. Our novel approach is potentially advantageous for multilayer overlay processing required for complex device architectures.
Intraepidermal nerve fibre density in cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. (2011)

During chemotherapy, results from patients revealed different evolutionary patterns of IENF density, but symptoms and IENF density were not related.
Investigation of Gasoline Compression Ignition in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (2021)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to explore gasoline compression ignition (GCI) combustion. Results were validated with single-cylinder engine (SCE) experiments. It was shown that the CFD model captured experimental results well. Cylinder pressure, heat release and emissions from the CFD model were also used to analyze the performance of GCI combustion with a current heavy-duty diesel engine platform. This work also provides detailed analysis on in-cylinder combustion and emissions using CFD. It was found that multiple injection strategy can deliver desirable fuel stratification profile that benefits both engine and emissions performance. A wave contoured piston was compared with a stepped-lip type piston for both GCI and Diesel combustion scenarios on the same engine platform. Stepped-lip pistons offer an opportunity to use multiple injection strategies to overcome high UHC emissions of GCI combustion when compared to wave pistons. On the other hand, wave pistons, offer more mixing enhanced combustion in traditional diesel combustion systems. Emphasis on these different combustion concepts show that simultaneous optimization of engine and fuel property could really overcome the efficiency and emissions trade-off that conventional diesel combustion performance has been known for.</div></div>
Isolation and identification of novel entomopathogenic fungal strains of the Beauveria and Metarhizium generous (2012)

In this work, the isolation, morphological and molecular identification of new entomopathogenic fungal strains were performed. The fungal strains were isolated from12 soils samples collected at three agriculturalMexican regions: Saltillo and Torreon, Coahuila and Mexico City using Tenebrio molitor larvae as host. Only four of all isolates strains were identified as entomophatogenic according to the morphological characterization. In addition, 11 entomopathogenic fungal strains were isolated directly from dead insects, in addition as control were used 5 fungal strains belonging to theAppliedMicrobiology Center (CEMAP) GreenCorp Biorganiks de Mexico SA de CV. All fungal strains were identified through the 18S rRNA sequencing and comparing with those deposited in the NCBI database through BLAST tool. Three 3 strains fromagricultural soilswere identified as Metarhizium anisopliae and only one as Cordyceps brongniartii. From dead insects, 7 strains were identified as Beauveria bassiana, 2 as C. brongniartii and 2 more as M. anisopliae. The phylogenetic analyses confirmed the close relationship among the strains identified as B. bassiana and among those M. anisopliae strains and shows that some of these entomopathogenic fungi are novel strains which may have potential as biological insecticides for different insect pests.
Backhauling solutions for LTE networks (2014)

LTE and LTE advanced mobile technologies impose quite new requirements to backhauling network and may call for revolutionary approaches, like fronthauling, in order to exploit the full potential of the technology. In this paper we synthesize main requirements for LTE and LTE advanced backhauling and fronthauling, along with the underlining rationale, and describe to some extent possible different network designs, both at L1 (fronthauling) and L2 / L3 (backhauling), comparing them against those requirements.
Preparation of N-doped TiO2 by oxidizing TiN and its application on phenol degradation (2013)

Incomplete oxidation of titanium nitride (TiN) to prepare nitrogen-doped TiO2 was verified by calcining TiN at different temperatures in air for 30 min. The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results confirmed that oxidizing TiN incompletely is an effective and simple method to prepare nitrogen-doped TiO2. Photocatalytic degradation of phenol was conducted to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of as-prepared samples. The results showed that phenol can be degraded efficiently by the as-prepared samples under visible light; low phenol concentration was conducive to degradation; the optimum calcination temperature and photocatalyst dosage are 650 °C and 0.5 g/L, respectively. The effects of different light sources on phenol degradation were compared. The reusability of nitrogen-doped TiO2 was tested and the results indicated a relatively good reusability under laboratory conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: ANTICONVULSANTS PART 3, PHENOBARBITAL AND MEPHOBARBITAL DERIVATIVES (1973)

Abstract Phenobarbital (I) bildet mit den sek.‐ Aminen (II) und Formaldehyd (III) die Mannichbasen (IV), die in Form der Alkoholate bzw. Hydrochloride isoliert werden.
Simultaneous Detection and Segmentation (2014)

We aim to detect all instances of a category in an image and, for each instance, mark the pixels that belong to it. We call this task Simultaneous Detection and Segmentation (SDS). Unlike classical bounding box detection, SDS requires a segmentation and not just a box. Unlike classical semantic segmentation, we require individual object instances. We build on recent work that uses convolutional neural networks to classify category-independent region proposals (R-CNN [16]), introducing a novel architecture tailored for SDS. We then use category-specific, top- down figure-ground predictions to refine our bottom-up proposals. We show a 7 point boost (16% relative) over our baselines on SDS, a 5 point boost (10% relative) over state-of-the-art on semantic segmentation, and state-of-the-art performance in object detection. Finally, we provide diagnostic tools that unpack performance and provide directions for future work.
Kynurenic Acid Is a Potent Endogenous Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligand that Synergistically Induces Interleukin-6 in the Presence of Inflammatory Signaling (2010)

Inflammatory signaling plays a key role in tumor progression, and the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important mediator of protumorigenic properties. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) with exogenous ligands coupled with inflammatory signals can lead to synergistic induction of IL6 expression in tumor cells. Whether there are endogenous AHR ligands that can mediate IL6 production remains to be established. The indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase pathway is a tryptophan oxidation pathway that is involved in controlling immune tolerance, which also aids in tumor escape. We screened the metabolites of this pathway for their ability to activate the AHR; results revealed that kynurenic acid (KA) is an efficient agonist for the human AHR. Structure-activity studies further indicate that the carboxylic acid group is required for significant agonist activity. KA is capable of inducing CYP1A1 messenger RNA levels in HepG2 cells and inducing CYP1A-mediated metabolism in primary human hepatocytes. In a human dioxin response element-driven stable reporter cell line, the EC(25) was observed to be 104nM, while in a mouse stable reporter cell line, the EC(25) was 10muM. AHR ligand competition binding assays revealed that KA is a ligand for the AHR. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with interleukin-1beta and a physiologically relevant concentration of KA (e.g., 100nM) leads to induction of IL6 expression that is largely dependent on AHR expression. Our findings have established that KA is a potent AHR endogenous ligand that can induce IL6 production and xenobiotic metabolism in cells at physiologically relevant concentrations.
Long-term progestin contraceptives (LTPOC) induce aberrant angiogenesis, oxidative stress and apoptosis in the guinea pig uterus: A model for abnormal uterine bleeding in humans (2010)

LTPOC exposure alters endometrial vascular and tissue morphology consistent with oxidative stress and apoptosis in a complex interplay with endogenous estrogens. These findings are remarkably similar to in vivo change observed in the human uterus following LTPOC administration. Hence, the GP is an excellent model for the study of LTPOC effects on the uterus and will be extremely useful in determining the mechanistic pathways involved in this process which cannot be conducted on humans.
Current and future approaches for the therapeutic targeting of metastasis (Review) (2006)

Metastasis is the process whereby cancer cells disseminate and establish secondary tumors at distant sites from the primary tumor and is estimated to be responsible for approximately 90% of all cancer deaths. Cancers with metastatic spread are frequently resistant to conventional chemotherapeutic approaches, underlining the urgent need for novel treatments in these diseases. Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms underlining both the intrinsic cellular and extrinsic micro-environmental factors contributing to the metastatic process have resulted in the identification of a number of molecular targets for the development of specific anti-metastatic therapeutic strategies. These targets include intracellular enzymes such as the protein tyrosine kinases, cell surface receptors and their ligands, and elements of the extracellular matrix such as pro-angiogenic factors, protease enzymes and cytokines. Many of these pathways interact with each other, with the possibility of multiple downstream antineoplastic consequences as well as the potential for synergistic effects by targeting more than one of these factors. This review outlines several of the promising targets, and provides examples, of how these targets are being exploited as anti-metastatic therapies in conjunction with conventional treatments.
Kinetics of the decomposition of 1,1,1-trimethyldisilane and of trimethylsilylgermane and of relative rates of silylene insertion into silicon-hydrogen bonds (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKinetics of the decomposition of 1,1,1-trimethyldisilane and of trimethylsilylgermane and of relative rates of silylene insertion into silicon-hydrogen bondsD. P. Paquin and M. A. RingCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 6, 1793–1797Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00448a019https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00448a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views54Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts