gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Five commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kits for toxoplasma specific IgM antibody. (1989)

Five commercially available enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for the detection of specific IgM against Toxoplasma gondii were evaluated in a three centre study and results compared with those of the Public Health Laboratory Service ELISA for Toxoplasma IgM (PHL IgM ELISA). Fifty selected sera were tested by all the methods (Toxo-M, Captia Toxo-M EIA, Toxo Enz M EIA, Toxonostika IgM EIA, Sopazyme Toxo IgM EIA) at the three reference centres in England and Wales and 177 routine sera by all the methods in one or other of the centres. Ten of the 50 selected sera contained autoimmune antibodies but no specific IgM and 29 had toxoplasma specific IgM detectable by the PHL IgM ELISA. The kits were assessed for their specificity and sensitivity compared with the PHL IgM ELISA, and the percentage coefficient of variation for binding to the solid phases was determined. They were also rated subjectively by the staff performing the assays and an overall impression of each kit was gained by allocating scores of several criteria. There was quite close agreement among the results obtained with all five commercial assays and the PHL IgM ELISA, although some of the sera pre-selected as being potentially problematic showed the limitations of some of the assays.
Listwise approach to learning to rank (2008)

This paper aims to conduct a study on the listwise approach to learning to rank. The listwise approach learns a ranking function by taking individual lists as instances and minimizing a loss function defined on the predicted list and the ground-truth list. Existing work on the approach mainly focused on the development of new algorithms; methods such as RankCosine and ListNet have been proposed and good performances by them have been observed. Unfortunately, the underlying theory was not sufficiently studied so far. To amend the problem, this paper proposes conducting theoretical analysis of learning to rank algorithms through investigations on the properties of the loss functions, including consistency, soundness, continuity, differentiability, convexity, and efficiency. A sufficient condition on consistency for ranking is given, which seems to be the first such result obtained in related research. The paper then conducts analysis on three loss functions: likelihood loss, cosine loss, and cross entropy loss. The latter two were used in RankCosine and ListNet. The use of the likelihood loss leads to the development of a new listwise method called ListMLE, whose loss function offers better properties, and also leads to better experimental results.
Purification of the human <i>O</i><sup>6</sup>‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase and uracil‐DNA glycosylase, the latter to apparent homogeneity (1988)

Uracil-DNA glycosylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the release of free uracil from single-stranded and double-stranded DNA, has been purified 26,600-fold from HeLa S3 cell extracts. The enzyme preparation was essentially homogeneous as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The native enzyme is a small monomeric protein of molecular mass 29 kDa. A minor uracil-DNA glycosylase preparation was also obtained in the final chromatographic step. This preparation is homogeneous with a molecular mass of 29 kDa and may represent the mitochondrial enzyme. This report also presents a 700-fold purification of HeLa S3 cell O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. The glycosylase and methyltransferase showed very similar chromatographic properties. The report indicates that the lability of the methyltransferase upon purification may be a consequence of the total separation of the two DNA repair enzymes or of the possibility that some other stabilizing factor is involved.
Parkinsonism (1978)

While the etiology of the most common form of parkinsonism (idiopathic) remains elusive, studies of the regional biochemistry and pharmacology of the brain have led to recognition of the importance of certain pathways, such as the nigrostriatal system. This information evolved from the discovery that the neurotransmitter dopamine is depleted in parkinsonism and that restoration of dopamine by administration of its precursor, levodopa, induces a dramatic therapeutic response in many patients. Such studies have initiated and sustained a major surge in neuropharmacologic advances, but the tangible benefits, in the form of therapeutic results, have undergone some critical reappraisal with the appearance of late adverse reactions to levodopa. One practical approach to this problem is deliberate delay in starting levodopa therapy and the use of lower doses. Use of artificial dopaminergic agonists and selective inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B has also been investigated.
Collagen fibrillogenesis <i>in vitro:</i> interaction of types I and V collagen regulates fibril diameter (1990)

The small-diameter fibrils of the chick corneal stroma are heterotypic, composed of both collagen types I and V. This tissue has a high concentration of type V collagen relative to other type I-containing tissues with larger-diameter fibrils, suggesting that heterotypic interactions may have a regulatory role in the control of fibril diameter. The interactions of collagen types I and V were studied using an in vitro self-assembly system. Collagens were purified from lathyritic chick embryos in the presence of protease inhibitors. The type V collagen preparations contained higher molecular weight forms of the alpha 1(V) and alpha 2(V) chains constituting 60-70% of the total. Rotary-shadow electron micrographs showed a persistence of a small, pepsin-sensitive terminal region in an amount consistent with that seen by electrophoresis. In vitro, this purified type V collagen formed thin fibrils with no apparent periodicity, while type I collagen fibrils had a broad distribution of large diameters. However, when type I collagen was mixed with increasing amounts of type V collagen a progressive and significant decrease in both the mean fibril diameter and the variance was observed for D periodic fibrils. The amino-terminal domain of the type V collagen molecule was required for this regulatory effect and in its absence little diameter reducing activity was observed. Electron microscopy using collagen type-specific monoclonal antibodies demonstrated that the fibrils formed were heterotypic, containing both collagen types I and V. These data indicate that the interaction of type V with type I collagen is one mechanism modulating fibril diameter and is at least partially responsible for the regulation of collagen fibril formation.
Bringing a Blurry Frame Alive at High Frame-Rate with an Event Camera (2018)

Event-based cameras can measure intensity changes (called `{\it events}') with microsecond accuracy under high-speed motion and challenging lighting conditions. With the active pixel sensor (APS), the event camera allows simultaneous output of the intensity frames. However, the output images are captured at a relatively low frame-rate and often suffer from motion blur. A blurry image can be regarded as the integral of a sequence of latent images, while the events indicate the changes between the latent images. Therefore, we are able to model the blur-generation process by associating event data to a latent image. In this paper, we propose a simple and effective approach, the \textbf{Event-based Double Integral (EDI)} model, to reconstruct a high frame-rate, sharp video from a single blurry frame and its event data. The video generation is based on solving a simple non-convex optimization problem in a single scalar variable. Experimental results on both synthetic and real images demonstrate the superiority of our EDI model and optimization method in comparison to the state-of-the-art.
Pharmacological studies of Panacis Japonici Rhizoma. I. (1977)

Pharmacological properties of preparations from Panacis Japonici Rhizoma were studied by the screening methods consisting of 5 tests. CNS-depressant, tranquillizing, cholinergic, anticholinergic, histamine-like, antihistamine-like, antinicotinic, blood pressure elevating and lowering, and antiinflammatory activities were estimated. Chikusetsusaponin III whose aglycone is 20S-protopanaxadiol is especially remarkable as it has tranquillizing, anticholinergic, antihistamine-like, antinicotinic, and blood pressure elevating and lowering activities. Cholinergic, histamine-like and blood pressure elevating activities were found in the fraction which did not contain saponins. Antiinflammatory activity was estimated to chikesetsusaponin V.
Central venous access devices: current technologies, uses, and management strategies. (1993)

The use of central venous catheters (CVCs) for vascular access is now commonplace in a variety of care settings. Technological advances related to CVCs have introduced a multitude of catheter designs that are available to us through numerous manufacturers. To initiate the appropriate procedures for care, nurses involved in the maintenance of central venous access devices are now challenged with having to be familiar with a large variety of central venous access devices. They must be able to evaluate a CVC and determine its type, size, manufacturer, and specific characteristics as well as to initiate the appropriate management strategies related to that device. The nurse must also be able to recognize the indications, advantages and disadvantages associated with each device, and to assist the patient in making an informed decision regarding the appropriate device for his or her therapy needs. It is essential that care and maintenance procedures be delivered by those whose knowledge base and experience make them competent care providers with the expertise to initiate appropriate prevention and troubleshooting measures, as well as to evaluate and implement nursing actions related to complications.
The 30-kilodalton subunit of bovine mitochondrial complex I is homologous to a protein coded in chloroplast DNA (1991)

In cattle, 7 of the 30 or more subunits of the respiratory enzyme NADH:ubiquinone reductase (complex I) are encoded in mitochondrial DNA, and potential genes (open reading frames, orfs) for related proteins are found in the chloroplast genomes of Marchantia polymorpha and Nicotiana tabacum. Homologues of the nuclear-coded 49- and 23-kDa subunits are also coded in chloroplast DNA, and these orfs are clustered with four of the homologues of the mammalian mitochondrial genes. These findings have been taken to indicate that chloroplasts contain a relative of complex I. The present work provides further support. The 30-kDa subunit of the bovine enzyme is a component of the iron-sulfur protein fraction. Partial protein sequences have been determined, and synthetic oligonucleotide mixtures based on them have been employed as hybridization probes to identify cognate cDNA clones from a bovine library. Their sequences encode the mitochondrial import precursor of the 30-kDa subunit. The mature protein of 228 amino acids contains a segment of 57 amino acids which is closely related to parts of proteins encoded in orfs 169 and 158 in the chloroplast genomes of M. polymorpha and N. tabacum. Moreover, the chloroplast orfs are found near homologues of the mammalian mitochondrial genes for subunit ND3. Therefore, the plant chloroplast genomes have at least two separate clusters of potential genes encoding homologues of subunits of mitochondrial complex I. The bovine 30-kDa subunit has no extensive sequences of hydrophobic amino acids that could be folded into membrane-spanning alpha-helices, and although it contains two cysteine residues, there is no clear evidence in the sequence that it is an iron-sulfur protein.
Sympathetic hyperplasia and neuroblastomas in transgenic mice expressing polyoma middle T antigen. (1990)

Transgenic mice carrying a cDNA to the polyoma virus middle T (mT) antigen linked to the thymidine kinase promoter were generated to study the consequences of deregulated expression of mT-associated tyrosine kinase activity in a wide variety of tissues. Four independent transgenic founder animals were obtained, from one of which was established a transgenic line. This mouse and all its offspring developed multiple neuroblastomas between 2 and 3 months of age. Expression of the transgene (assayed by tyrosine kinase assay and in situ hybridization) was restricted to the neurons of the central and peripheral nervous tissue, probably because of a positional effect of the transgene integration. Characteristic preneoplastic lesions in the sympathetic ganglia and in the adrenal medulla were identified from which the neuroblastomas originated. The tumors arising in these mice show striking analogies to human neuroblastomas, including the sites of development of the tumors, their histological and ultrastructural appearance, and the expression of diagnostic markers, such as synaptophysin, and high expression of the N-myc oncogene. This animal model thus provides a unique tool for studying growth control in sympathetic neuroblasts and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma.
A Simplified Architecture of Type-2 TSK Fuzzy Logic Controller for Fuzzy Model of Double Inverted Pendulums (2012)

This paper proposes a novel inference mechanism for an interval type-2 Takagi-Sugeno-Kang fuzzy logic control system (IT2 TSK FLCS). This paper focuses on control applications for case both plant and controller use A2-C0 TSK models. The defuzzified output of the T2FLS is then obtained by averaging the defuzzified outputs of the resultant four embedded T1FLSs in order to reduce the computational burden of T2 TSK FS. A simplified T2 TSK FS based on a hybrid structure of four type-1 fuzzy systems (T1 TSK FS). A simulation example is presented to show the effectiveness of this method.
Elafin, an Elastase-specific Inhibitor, Is Cleaved by Its Cognate Enzyme Neutrophil Elastase in Sputum from Individuals with Cystic Fibrosis (2008)

Elafin is a neutrophil serine protease inhibitor expressed in lung and displaying anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties. Previous studies demonstrated that some innate host defense molecules of the cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease airways are impaired due to increased proteolytic degradation observed during lung inflammation. In light of these findings, we thus focused on the status of elafin in CF lung. We showed in the present study that elafin is cleaved in sputum from individuals with CF. Pseudomonas aeruginosa-positive CF sputum, which was found to contain lower elafin levels and higher neutrophil elastase (NE) activity compared with P. aeruginosa-negative samples, was particularly effective in cleaving recombinant elafin. NE plays a pivotal role in the process as only NE inhibitors are able to inhibit elafin degradation. Further in vitro studies demonstrated that incubation of recombinant elafin with excess of NE leads to the rapid cleavage of the inhibitor. Two cleavage sites were identified at the N-terminal extremity of elafin (Val-5-Lys-6 and Val-9-Ser-10). Interestingly, purified fragments of the inhibitor (Lys-6-Gln-57 and Ser-10-Gln-57) were shown to still be active for inhibiting NE. However, NE in excess was shown to strongly diminish the ability of elafin to bind lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its capacity to be immobilized by transglutamination. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that elafin is cleaved by its cognate enzyme NE present at excessive concentration in CF sputum and that P. aeruginosa infection promotes this effect. Such cleavage may have repercussions on the innate immune function of elafin.
DETROIT MAKES A U-TURN TO UPSIZING; SEES PLASTICS AS FUEL-EFFICIENT WAY TO GET THERE (1982)

This article discusses the possibility of mass production of cars made largely of plastics. Plastics are seen as the way to achieve larger, roomier cars without serious reduction in fuel economy. Plastics' virtually unlimited design versatility, parts consolidation, durability, and improving economics are equally important considerations. Current and future applications of plastics by the various auto manufacturers are discussed, along with the various materials available.
Use of Urine Volatile Organic Compounds To Discriminate Tuberculosis Patients from Healthy Subjects (2011)

Development of noninvasive methods for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis, with the potential to be administered in field situations, remains as an unmet challenge. A wide array of molecules are present in urine and reflect the pathophysiological condition of a subject. With infection, an alteration in the molecular constituents is anticipated, characterization of which may form a basis for TB diagnosis. In the present study volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human urine derived from TB patients and healthy controls were identified and quantified using headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). We found significant (p < 0.05) increase in the abundance of o-xylene (6.37) and isopropyl acetate (2.07) and decreased level of 3-pentanol (0.59), dimethylstyrene (0.37), and cymol (0.42) in TB patients compared to controls. These markers could discriminate TB from healthy controls and related diseases like lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. This study suggests a possibility of using urinary VOCs for the diagnosis of human TB.
Computerized Monitoring of Cardiac Output by Thermal Dilution (1972)

Determinations of cardiac output are essential to the management of patients in cardiogenic shock and those undergoing open-heart surgery. Because of this growing demand for better methods, the thermal dilution technique has been developed for clinical use. Saline at room temperature is injected via the subclavian vein, and the temperature change is recorded by the thermistor in the pulmonary artery and cardiac output is read off immediately. Cardiac outputs can be determined as frequently as every 20 seconds, using saline injections of 7 to 10 cc for each determination. Consistency is in the range of less than 100-cc differences between sequential determinations. Many seriously ill patients have had cardiac outputs determined with this method. This experience has demonstrated that the thermal dilution technique is very reliable, and that it can be used in acute clinical situations with ease and excellent reproducibility.
A Hybrid Reinforcement Learning Approach to Autonomic Resource Allocation (2006)

Reinforcement Learning (RL) provides a promising new approach to systems performance management that differs radically from standard queuing-theoretic approaches making use of explicit system performance models. In principle, RL can automatically learn high-quality management policies without an explicit performance model or traffic model and with little or no built-in system specific knowledge. In our original work [1], [2], [3] we showed the feasibility of using online RL to learn resource valuation estimates (in lookup table form) which can be used to make high-quality server allocation decisions in a multi-application prototype Data Center scenario. The present work shows how to combine the strengths of both RL and queuing models in a hybrid approach in which RL trains offline on data collected while a queuing model policy controls the system. By training offline we avoid suffering potentially poor performance in live online training. We also now use RL to train nonlinear function approximators (e.g. multi-layer perceptrons) instead of lookup tables; this enables scaling to substantially larger state spaces. Our results now show that in both open-loop and closed-loop traffic, hybrid RL training can achieve significant performance improvements over a variety of initial model-based policies. We also find that, as expected, RL can deal effectively with both transients and switching delays, which lie outside the scope of traditional steady-state queuing theory.
Molecular Genetics of the Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex (2020)

This chapter reviews the status of studies using molecular biologic and molecular genetic methods to study human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes and the HLA complex. It focuses on five areas of HLA research which have benefited greatly from the recent introduction of molecular methods. These include: HLA class I and class II gene structure, organization of HLA genes within the HLA complex, characterization of HLA polymorphism, control of HLA gene expression, and use of molecular methods to study HLA structure-function relationships. The genetic map of the HLA complex was being generated by studying the segregation of individual HLA determinants within a family. An important aspect of the application of molecular biologic methods to the study of the HLA antigens is the study of the relationship between the structure and the function of these proteins. Transfer of cloned HLA genes into cells makes it a relatively straightforward procedure to correlate the expression of an antigenic determinant with a specific gene.
Semi‐automatic grammar recovery (2001)

Abstract We propose an approach to the construction of grammars for existing languages. The main characteristic of the approach is that the grammars are not constructed from scratch but they are rather recovered by extracting them from language references, compilers and other artifacts. We provide a structured process to recover grammars including the adaptation of raw extracted grammars and the derivation of parsers. The process is applicable to possibly all existing languages for which business critical applications exist. We illustrate the approach with a non‐trivial case study. Using our process and some basic tools, we constructed in a few weeks a complete and correct VS COBOL II grammar specification for IBM mainframes. In addition, we constructed a parser for VS COBOL II, and were the first to publish a (Web‐enabled) grammar specification so that others can use this result to construct their own grammar‐based tools for VS COBOL II or derivatives. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equilibrium size of atmospheric aerosol sulfates as a function of the relative humidity (1989)

Size‐fractionated acid aerosols were collected, using a microorifice cascade impactor, during the summer of 1986 in Dunnville, Ontario, as part of the Canadian Children Acute Respiratory Effects Study (CARES), sponsored by the Department of National Health and Welfare, Canada. Sulfate and hydrogen ions showed similar size distributions. The molar ratio of H + /SO 4 2− varied little with particle size, but there was a considerable time‐dependent variation in aerosol acid content. It was also found that there is a distinct relationship between the geometric mean aerodynamic diameter of sulfate, d a , and ambient relative humidity (RH). Atmospheric sulfate particle sizes observed in this study were slightly higher than those found in laboratory experiments at corresponding humidities. However, considering the uncertainties involved, the agreement between the field and laboratory data was remarkable.