gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving the Fatigue Response of Aerospace Structural Joints (2005)

Abstract. The effect of various surface treatments on the fretting fatigue and joint fatigue performance of a 7xxx series aluminum alloy was investigated with the objective to reduce the nucleation and growth of fretting cracks and enhance the fatigue life of aerospace joints. The results indicate that anodizing does not influence the fretting fatigue performance and the type of anodizing does not affect the joint fatigue life. UltraCem coating inhibited fretting crack nucleation in the fretting specimen, increasing the fatigue life. Shot peening increased the fretting fatigue life significantly due to the compressive residual stresses it imparts; however, the stresses were not deep enough to influence the fretting cracks which nucleated in the hole bore of the joint specimens. Laser peening and low plasticity burnishing induce deeper compressive residual stresses than shot peening, which appear to inhibit the growth of fretting cracks in both the fretting and joint specimens, resulting in a significant fatigue life improvement.
Continuous-wave operation of a room-temperature, diode-laser-pumped, 946-nm Nd:YAG laser (1987)

Single-stripe diode-laser-pumped operation of a continuous-wave 946-nm Nd:YAG laser with less than 10-mW threshold has been demonstrated. A slope efficiency of 16% near threshold was shown with a projected slope efficiency well above a threshold of 34% based on results under Rhodamine 6G dye-laser pumping. Nonlinear crystals for second-harmonic generation of this source were evaluated. KNbO(3) and periodically poled LiNbO(3) appear to be the most promising.
Human Bocavirus in Children Hospitalized for Acute Gastroenteritis: A Case‐Control Study (2008)

A single genetic lineage of HBoV was revealed in persons in China. Despite its high prevalence in stool samples, our study does not support a causative role of HBoV in gastroenteritis.
Adaptive Iterative Learning Control of Switched Reluctance Motors for Minimizing Energy Conversion Loss and Torque Ripple (2007)

In this paper, an adaptive iterative learning control based on the accurate magnetization characteristics of the SRM is proposed to minimize the torque ripple and electromagnetic energy conversion losses by tuning the energization parameters of commutation angles and duty ratio. The electromagnetic energy conversion and torque in SRM are functions of the flux-linkage, current, and rotor angle. The optimal excitation current profile will result in optimal speed response, co- energy generation, and minimum torque ripple. An automatic characterizing system is developed to identify the SRMs' static magnetization curves accurately and take the nonlinearity of the magnetic circuit into account. The dSPACE DS1104 controller is utilized to setup the drive system for simulation and implementation. Experimental tests of a 4-phase 8/6 pole SRM at different operation conditions are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and performance of the proposed method.
Aminolytic Reactions of α‐Bromo‐γ‐Butyrolactone with Aniline (1963)

Abstract Activation of γ‐butyrolactone by α‐halogenation enhanced acyl‐oxygen fission with an aromatic amine. The dependence on reaction temperature of α‐amination, and of oxygen‐acyl or of oxygen‐alkyl aminolytic cleavage was studied. Heating of α‐phenylamino‐γ‐hydroxybutyranilide in aniline led to γ‐lactam formation through an intermediary γ‐lactonization and subsequent alkyl‐oxygen γ‐aminolytic fission. The preparation of N‐phenylhomoserine and derivatives, and a direct conversion of an α‐halogeno‐γ‐hydroxy acid lactone into an α, γ‐diaminobutyric acid derivative (1‐phenyl‐3‐phenylaminopyrrolidin‐2‐one) are described.
Specific Method for the Determination of Genomic DNA Methylation by Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2004)

Herein we report a novel method for determining genomic DNA methylation that utilizes liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) to measure 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine levels following enzymatic hydrolysis of genomic DNA. LC separation of 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine from the four deoxyribonucleosides, the four ribonucleosides, and 5-methyl-2'-cytidine, a RNA methylation product, has been achieved within 15 min. In combination with ESI-MS/MS detection, the reported method is highly specific and extremely sensitive with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.2 fmol and a quantification linearity range from 1 fmol to 20 pmol. Genomic DNA methylation was expressed as the ratio of 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine to 2'-deoxyguanosine and was determined directly using 2'-deoxyguanosine as the internal standard. Because deoxycytidine methylation typically ranges from 2 to 6% in mammalian genomes, and pharmacological or genetic manipulations have not achieved levels lower than 0.1%, we validated the assay for methylation levels ranging from 0.05 to 10%. Importantly, both RNA contamination and incomplete DNA hydrolysis had no appreciable effect on 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine quantification. LOD studies indicate that only 4 ng of DNA is required for this assay. This LOD should permit the use of this method for applications having limiting amounts of DNA that were not previously candidates for global genomic DNA methylation analysis, e.g., clinical trial samples, or cells collected by laser capture microdissection.
Using Stem Cells to Model Diseases of the Outer Retina (2015)

Retinal degeneration arises from the loss of photoreceptors or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). It is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide with limited effective treatment options. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cell (IPSC)-derived retinal cells and tissues from individuals with retinal degeneration is a rapidly evolving technology that holds a great potential for its use in disease modelling. IPSCs provide an ideal platform to investigate normal and pathological retinogenesis, but also deliver a valuable source of retinal cell types for drug screening and cell therapy. In this review, we will provide some examples of the ways in which IPSCs have been used to model diseases of the outer retina including retinitis pigmentosa (RP), Usher syndrome (USH), Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), gyrate atrophy (GA), juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), Best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BVMD) and age related macular degeneration (AMD).
Challenging the Internet, the Predator of Libraries (2018)

The internet with its growing wings is slowly shadowing the library. It is true that the internet has brought a revolutionary change in the way information is dealt with, but the internet has also brought some perils with it. Throughout the ages, libraries have been considered as the bank of knowledge. But nowadays this faith has been challenged quite unreasonably. The evil side of the internet has manifested itself in the form of fake, false, manufactured news and information. At this juncture, it is important to burst the myth of the internet as the sole distinguished source of information and repose our trust in libraries to shun the malicious side of the internet from doing any harm to our society. In this piece, the areas where internet appears to be more attractive than library has been analyzed, and simultaneously, it has been shown that the library is still better than the internet in these areas. Further, some suggestions have been provided so that libraries can combat the current situation and regain their trust.
Pharmacological probes of Ras function. (1992)

Numerous approaches toward anti-ras drugs are being explored. Efforts range from cell-based assays which screen fermentation products to more structural or mechanism-based in vitro screening and design. For the mechanism-based approaches, extensive research efforts on the function and regulation of the ras oncogene protein have identified potential points of intervention, including protein expression, membrane localization, guanine nucleotide activation, and interaction with effector systems.
Faults on its sleeve (1993)

Most of the effort that goes into improving the quality of software paradoxically does not lead to quantitative, measurable quality. Software developers and quality-assurance organizations spend a great deal of effort preventing, detecting, and removing “defects”—parts of software responsible for operational failure. But software quality can be measured only by statistical parameters like hazard rate and mean time to failure, measures whose connection with defects and with the development process is little understood.
Structure and Properties of Poly(butyl acrylate‐<i>block</i>‐sulfone‐<i>block</i>‐butyl acrylate) Triblock Copolymers Prepared by ATRP (2004)

Abstract Summary: A series of telechelic OH polysulfones (PSU) were converted to atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) macroinitiators by reaction with 2‐bromoisobutyryl bromide. Three macroinitiators with different chain lengths were extended with poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) to form ABA triblock copolymers. The structure and dynamics of the ABA triblock copolymers with PSU central segments and various molecular weight PBA side chains were investigated by small‐angle X‐ray scattering and rheology. The block copolymers form micelles with a PSU core and PBA corona. The length of each block has an important effect on the structure and resulting dynamics of the copolymers. Dynamic mechanical measurements indicate three relaxation modes: (i) PBA segmental relaxation at high frequency; (ii) PBA relaxation of the corona block at intermediate frequency; (iii) an additional relaxation process related to structural rearrangement of the micelles at low frequency. The shear modulus plateau corresponding to a soft rubbery state extends over a very broad time or temperature range because of this slow additional relaxation. Schematic illustration of the structural elements and the bulk supramolecular structure for a symmetric triblock copolymer with a stiff central segment strongly incompatible with the other constituent. magnified image Schematic illustration of the structural elements and the bulk supramolecular structure for a symmetric triblock copolymer with a stiff central segment strongly incompatible with the other constituent.
Performance analysis of an electric vehicle in faulty inverter mode (2008)

This paper presents a new approach for operation of an AC motor in electric vehicle due to fault occurrence in the motor drive system. By using the new topology after finding the fault type and rearranging the control method, the motor can operate with lower performance. This paper shows the electric vehicle performance in a faulty mode in comparison with its healthy one for a designed electric vehicle. A field oriented control method is used to control the induction motor in two modes of operation, the healthy and the faulty modes. The results show that with this control method, the electric vehicle is able to continue its operation with an acceptable performance.
USE OF ADAPTIVE CONTROL ALGORITHMS FOR AUTOMATIC CALIBRATION OF ELECTROHYDRAULIC ACTUATOR CONTROL (2001)

Load and flow dependent nonlinear characteristics of opencenter hydraulic systems are some of the majordifficulties in electrohydraulic (E/H) actuator control. Proportionalintegralderivative (PID) control algorithms, widelyused in other applications, cannot effectively deal with such hydraulic nonlinearity. Fuzzy and neural networkbasedadaptive control algorithms were developed for improving the performance of E/H control systems, especially thecompensation of hydraulic nonlinearity caused by the load and flow dependent characteristics. Those adaptive algorithmswere also capable of calibrating the controllers automatically. This article presents the comparisons of the experimentalresults from a fuzzy adaptive controller and a neural networkbased adaptive controller to those from a classical PIDcontroller in terms of velocity tracking accuracy on an opencenter E/H actuator. Evaluations on a laboratory test bed showedthat both the adaptive algorithms were capable of compensating the system nonlinearity effectively, and calibrating thecontroller accurately and promptly. Both the adaptive controllers resulted in satisfactory velocity tracking accuracy andstable dynamic performance.
Self-beam steering array antenna by digital beam forming for mobile satellite communications (1997)

With a view to application to array antennas for mobile stations in a mobile satellite communication system, a method is proposed for configuration of a receiving diversity array antenna acquiring a communication beam quickly and tracking with stability by means of the digital beam forming (DBF). In this method, an active array is assumed. The receiving phase difference between the antenna elements is detected by digital complex operation for the received baseband signal. Based on this phase difference, the phases of the antenna elements are made in phase in a relative sense so that equal gain or maximal ratio combining is accomplished. As a result, the main beam can be formed in the direction of the arriving wave. In addition, in the case of maximal ratio combining the radiation pattern is oriented toward the multipath arriving waves so that communication quality is improved as the beams are further combined in phase. In this paper, the effectiveness of the present method is demonstrated by the numerical simulation assuming a mobile communication environment with band-limited QPSK signals. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 80(10): 88–100, 1997
The binding of monoclonal antibodies to cell-surface molecules. A quantitative analysis with immunoglobulin G against two alloantigenic determinants of the human transplantation antigen HLA-A2 (1983)

Monoclonal IgG1 (immunoglobulin G1) PA2.1 and MA2.1 antibodies recognize polymorphic sites of the human transplantation antigen HLA-A2. They are distinguishable because MA2.1 binds HLA-A2 and HLA-B17, whereas PA2.1 binds HLA-A2 and HLA-A28. The affinities of PA2.1-Fab for HLA-A2, three HLA-A2 variants and HLA-A28 are similar and relatively low (1.9 X 10(7) M-1). The affinities of MA2.1-Fab for HLA-A2, three HLA-A2 variants and HLA-B17 are similar and high (1.2 X 10(9) M-1). The difference in affinity is due to the rates of dissociation, which give half-times of dissociation of 290 min for MA2.1-Fab and 4 min for PA2.1-Fab. For both Fab, equilibrium measurements and kinetic determinations gave consistent estimates for affinity. When PA2.1-F(ab)2 or IgG is incubated with cells it reaches equilibrium within 3 h, with most molecules bound bivalently to the cell. Under similar conditions, MA2.1-F(ab)2 does not reach equilibrium and a significant proportion of molecules bound with one and two sites are found. For the lower-affinity antibody (PA2.1), estimates of the binding constants for one- and two-site interactions could be made. By simple Scatchard analysis the avidity of F(ab)2 or IgG is 1.3 X 10(9) M-1, giving an enhancement factor of 68 between bivalent and univalent binding. This is a measure of the equilibrium constant for the interchange between bivalent and univalent binding. Analysis of the results with more realistic models indicates that the actual value is larger (10(3)-10(4) M-1) than 68 M-1. The avidities of F(ab)2 and IgG for HLA-A2 are identical, showing the Fc does not interfere with bivalent binding to cells.
Dynamically Controlling Node-Level Parallelism in Hadoop (2015)

Hadoop is a widely used large scale data processing framework. Applications run in Hadoop as containers, the concurrency of which affects completion time of an application as well as system resource usage. When there are too many concurrent containers, resource bottlenecks occur and when there too few, system resources are underutilized. The default and best practice settings underutilize resources which results in longer application completion times. In this work, we develop an approach to dynamically change the parallelism for concurrent containers to suit an application. Our approach ensures efficient utilization of resources and avoids bottlenecks for all types of MapReduce applications. Our approach improves performance of MapReduce applications by as much as 28% and 60% respectively when compared to the best practice and default settings.
Improved yogurt physical properties using ultrafiltration and very-high temperature heating (1995)

Nonfat yogurt milk was prepared by either ultrafiltration of skim milk and by addition of low-heat, nonfat dry milk powder to skim milk. These fortification procedures resulted in yogurt milks with 5% total protein. The yogurt milks were heat-treated from 100° to 140°C for 4 and 16 s. The milks were also vat-heated at 82°C for 20 min. Following yogurt culture inoculation, incubation, and cooling, the yogurts were tested for gel strength and stirred viscosity after 21 d storage. Yogurt prepared from ultrafiltered skim milk had greater gel strength and stirred viscosity values than yogurt prepared with nonfat dry milk-fortified skim milk. These higher values occurred despite the lower average total solids in ultrafiltered skim milk (11.43%) than in nonfat dry milk-fortified skim milk (12.98%). Heat-treating yogurt milk at 100°. 110°, or 120°C for 4 or 16 s resulted in yogurts with significantly higher gel strength and viscosity values than yogurt milk heated to 140°C for 4 or 16 s. Preparing yogurt milk by ultrafiltration and using heat treatments between 110 and 120°C can produce a yogurt that has lower toal solids and yet has acceptable physical properties without using a stabilizer
Biochemical Diversity of 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Oxygenases (2015)

This chapter summarizes the diverse array of biochemical transformations that are catalysed by Fe(ii)- and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenases. One group of these enzymes utilizes protein substrates and functions in structural stabilization, oxygen sensing, histone-dependent regulation, or other roles. A second set of 2OG-dependent oxygenases acts on polynucleotides with functions that include DNA/RNA repair, regulation of transcription, biosynthesis of unique bases, and demethylation of 5-methylcytosine. A third assemblage of enzymes in this family is involved in lipid-related metabolism and function in carnitine biosynthesis, degradation of phytanic acids, and modification of various lipids. A fourth collection of these oxygenases catalyses reactions related to synthesis of flavonoids, anthocyanins, gibberellins, alkaloids and other metabolites found predominantly in plants. A fifth group of these enzymes acts on a variety of small molecules including free amino acids, nucleobases/nucleosides, herbicides, sulfonates/sulfates and phosphonates. A sixth compilation of 2OG-dependent oxygenases is utilized for antibiotic biosynthesis, including several halogenating enzymes. Finally, a seventh set of these enzymes is related in structure or mechanism to the 2OG-dependent oxygenases, but do not utilize 2OG, and include isopenicillin N synthase, a plant-specific ethylene-forming enzyme, and two enzymes that use 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. This introduction to the biochemical diversity of these amazing enzymes provides a foundation for appreciating the specific aspects detailed in the remaining chapters of this text.
Clusterization, Electrophoretic Deposition, and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Fullerene‐Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Composites (2008)

We have successfully developed a new methodology for the self-organization of C(60) molecules on the sidewall of carbon nanotubes for use in photoelectrochemical devices. Novel nanocarbon composites of fullerene (e.g., C(60)) and highly soluble, chemically functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (f-SWNT) have been prepared by the rapid injection of a poor solvent (e.g., acetonitrile) into a mixed solution of C(60) and f-SWNT in o-dichlorobenzene. Measurements by using scanning electron microscopy of cast samples revealed that the composites are categorized into three groups; i) f-SWNT bundles covered with layers of C(60) molecules, ii) round, large C(60) clusters (sizes of 500-1000 nm) containing f-SWNT, and iii) typical, round C(60) clusters (sizes of 150-250 nm). The electrophoretic deposition of the composites onto a nanostructured SnO(2) electrode yielded the hierarchical film with a gradient composition depending on the difference in the mobilities of C(60) and f-SWNT during the electrophoretic process. The composite film exhibited an incident photon-to-photocurrent efficiency as high as 18 % at lambda=400 nm under an applied potential of 0.05 V vs. SCE. The photocurrent generation efficiency is the highest value among carbon nanotube-based photoelectrochemical devices in which carbon nanotubes are deposited electrophoretically, electrostatically or covalently onto semiconducting electrodes. The highly aligned structure of C(60) molecules on f-SWNT can rationalize the efficient photocurrent generation. The results obtained here will provide valuable information on the design of carbon nanotube-based molecular devices.
The Effects of Maternal Phlebotomy and Orally-Administered Erythropoietin (Ep) on Erythropoiesis in the Suckling Rat (1978)

Erythropoiesis was stimulated in 2- to 5-day-old neonatal rats suckled by phlebotomized mothers. This was established by increases in: hemoglobin levels, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and percentages of peripheral reticulocytes. The oral administration of cow milk containing 4 IU human erythropoietin (Ep) to 10-day-old normal neonates for 4 days induced a reticulocytosis. Significant amounts of Ep appeared in the plasma of 1-day-old rats nursed by mothers bled 3 days prior to delivery as compared to nondetectable levels in 1-day-old control rats of normal mothers. The data suggest that Ep is transmitted to neonatal rats via maternal milk, and escapes inactivation, at least to some extent, in the process of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract with consequent stimulation of erythropoiesis in these animals.
Ellipsoidal mirror reflectometer (1966)

s ma ll ave ragin g s ph e re pl aced ove r th e d e tector.
Adaptive interference suppression for DS-CDMA (2002)

We propose an adaptive scheme to reject multiuser interference using as little as 20-30 taps in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access systems employing arbitrary processing gains (31-400 considered here). We demonstrate that our receiver using this scheme does not require training signals, either initially when the desired user powers on in the presence of several strong interferers, or during transmission, as other users (possibly near-far interferers) gain access to the system. Moreover, knowledge of interfering users spreading codes, timing, or phase information is not required with our adaptive receiver.
Field evaluation of the establishment potential of wmelpop Wolbachia in Australia and Vietnam for dengue control (2015)

These findings highlight challenges associated with releasing Wolbachia-Ae. aegypti combinations with low fitness, albeit strong virus interference properties, as a means of sustainable control of dengue virus transmission.
Congestion control through input rate regulation (1993)

An approach to congestion control based on open-loop regulation of the input is investigated. The input rate regulation schemes are studied from the viewpoint of their smoothing and regulating effects on the incoming traffic. The smoothing effect is characterized by the variance of the interdeparture time of the packet departure process from the input rate regulation mechanism. Under the assumption of Poisson arrivals the characteristics of this departure process are explicitly derived in terms of the particular scheme's parameters, and the tradeoff between the smoothness of the departure process and packet waiting time is studied. Results for both finite- and infinite-buffer pool sizes are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>