gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Introduction to Kolmogorov Complexity and Its Applications (1997)

Briefly, we review the basic elements of computability theory and prob ability theory that are required. Finally, in order to place the subject in the appropriate historical and conceptual context we
Is There a Role for Automated Eosinophil Count in Asthma Severity Assessment? (1999)

Advances in asthma clinical assessment help in categorizing patients based on their clinical severity. Eosinophilia is a common laboratory finding in asthmatics. This paper explores the correlation between the clinical severity of asthmatic children and the degree of total peripheral eosinophil count (TPEC). Eighty asthmatic children referred to pediatric and allergy clinics were selected. Their clinical severity levels were assessed using the recent Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention guidelines. Absolute TPEC was performed for all cases by the Cell-Dyne 3500 automated hematology counter. Correlation between clinical severity and TPEC was measured and their means in each severity group were compared for any significant association. Asthmatic children aged between 6 months and 15 years (mean = 5.9 years; 67.5% male) were studied. The clinical severity of their bronchial asthma was divided into four groups: intermittent (6, or 7.5%), mild-persistent (48, or 60%), moderate persistent (20, or 25%), and severe-persistent (6, or 7.5%). TPEC for the groups ranged between 10 and 2100 cells/mm3 (mean = 581.7 cells) and showed a very significant positive correlation with increased asthma severity (R = 0.61, p<0.001). A high linear trend of TPEC within each clinical group was found (F = 51.3, p<0.0001), and the means among each group also showed a significant increase as asthma severity level increased (F = 19.98, p<0.001). The study documents a significant positive correlation between the clinical severity of bronchial asthma and eosinophil counts. The authors advocate the use of this simple and sensitive laboratory test as a significant adjunct objective technique in the assessment of asthma severity and management.
Prolonged disturbances of<i>in vitro</i>cytokine production in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) treated with ribavirin and steroids (2004)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new disease which has spread rapidly and widely. We wished to know whether evaluation of in vitro cytokine production could contribute to improved understanding of disease pathogenesis and to better patient management. Numbers of unstimulated and mitogen-stimulated cytokine-secreting peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured repeatedly during and after hospitalization in 13 patients with SARS using enzyme-linked immunospot technology. Numbers of interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12 secreting cells induced by T cell activators were below normal in many or most patients before and during treatment with corticosteroids and ribavirin but returned essentially to normal after completion of treatment. Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 (SAC)-stimulated IL-10 secreting cells were increased in early SARS but fell during treatment. SAC-induced IL-12 secreting cells were deficient before, during and long after treatment. Numbers of cells induced to produce IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha by T cell or monocyte activators were higher than normal in many early SARS patients and were still increased in some during and after treatment. We conclude that prolonged dysregulated cytokine production occurs in SARS and that future studies should be directed at improving anti-inflammatory and antiviral therapies in order to limit cytokine impairment.
Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone peptide-targeted melanoma imaging (2007)

Melanocortin-1 (MC1) receptor is an attractive melanoma-specific target over-expressed on the surface of melanoma cells. Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) peptide analogues can specifically bind MC1 receptors with nanomolar binding affinities, making alpha-MSH peptide analogues very promising candidates for developing effective melanoma-specific imaging probes. This review highlights the strategies being used to design alpha-MSH peptide radiopharmaceuticals to target MC1 receptors and some recent developments of radiolabeled alpha-MSH peptide analogues for melanoma imaging.
Nervus intermedius and the surgical management of geniculate neuralgia (2018)

GN is rare, and diagnosis is confounded by symptomatic overlap with TN/GPN. Directed treatment of all possible neuralgias improved pain control in almost all primary operations. Repeat surgery seems a risk factor for an unfavorable outcome. NI is adherent to superomedial VIII at the brainstem; the intermediate/cisternal portion is optimal for visualization and sectioning.
Polypyrene Dendrimers (2008)

Branching out: Stiff, aromatic dendrimers made up of five and seventeen pyrene units, respectively, are synthesized, characterized, and compared with two model compounds. The rigid and strongly twisted structure allows a precise spatial arrangement in which each unit is a chromophore. The high extinction coefficients and fluorescence quantum yields make these dendrimers attractive candidates for use as fluorescence labels. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Cyclosporine‐A delays the end‐plate degeneration in denerved rat muscles (2002)

Abstract When an adult skeletal muscle is denervated, its end‐plates degenerate and their acethylcholinesterase (AChE) activity gradually decreases. However, if the proximal segment of the nerve is sutured to the distal segment, or if the nerve is implanted in a previous denerved muscle the axons regenerate and reconstitute new end‐plates over a variable period. This period depends on the time passed between the nerve cutting and the reimplantation suggesting that the degenerative processes are closely correlated to regeneration. It has been shown that cyclosporine‐A (CsA) is useful in nerve regeneration but their role in nerve degeneration is not well understand. We evaluated, using AChE histochemistry, the effects of CsA, on the degeneration of the end‐plates in an experimental model of gastrocnemius muscle denervation in the rat. CsA at a dose of 15 mg/kg/day did not cause any quantitative or qualitative alterations in the end‐plates on normal rat muscles. Moreover, our findings showed that CsA reduced the end‐plate degeneration and loss in the denerved rat muscles.
A Review on the Use of Rapid Small Scale Column Test (RSSCT) on Predicting Adsorption of Various Contaminants (2013)

The Rapid Small Scale Column Test (RSSCT) is a small-scale model of a pilot-scale system which is aimed to give performance equal to the full-scale system when loaded with small sized particle adsorbent such as Granular Activated Carbon (GAC). The RSSCT was developed to predict the exclusion of organic compounds on activated carbon adsorbers. The theory behind RSSCT is to scale down the hydrodynamic characteristics and mass transfer phenomena from a pilot scale reactor to a small scale flow test column as it is expected that the breakthrough curves would be similar for both of them. As compared to the pilot scale columns, the RSSCT requires only a portion of water and time to stimulate a several month's pilot scale study into a few days adsorption study under laboratory conditions. The RSSCT is used widely to predict the performance for various adsorption systems as they are inexpensive and gives a constant flow test results within few days which means that RSSCT are more representative as compared to the batch tests. Apart from these advantages RSSCT can be used to compare the efficiency of media and the quality of water. Usually the adsorbent used in RSSCT study is GAC which is first activated using different processes to increase the adsorptive capacity and surface reactivity and then it is grounded to a specific size fraction which can be used for RSSCT study. Sometimes grinding of adsorbents may be required if the sorption properties varies. This review study would give a detailed insight in designing a RSSCT model on a laboratory scale, scaling adsorption capacity of trace organic contaminant by various adsorbents and to predict a full scale breakthrough.
Induction of apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells by abrogation of integrin‐mediated cell adhesion (1997)

The survival, proliferation and differentiation of neuroblastoma (NB) cells are largely dependent on adhesion to extra-cellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Integrin occupancy seems to play a primary role. To elucidate the role of integrin heterodimers during neuronal cell death, we have analysed the changes in integrin expression in 2 human NB cell lines which represent different stages of neuronal maturation. Retinoic acid (RA) had different effects on the 2 NB cell lines: on LAN-5 cells it acted as a differentiation-promoting agent, while it had an anti-proliferative effect on GI-LI-N cells, driving them driving them to apoptosis. Indeed, this occurrence was evidenced by the visualization of a “DNA ladder” on gel electrophoresis, by propidium iodine staining, and by DNA flow cytofluorimetric analysis. RA treatment rapidly and drastically decreased integrin expression and cell adhesion on GI-LI-N cells. These findings were also obtained by treating both NB cell lines with the apoptotic agent fenretinide. Furthermore, treatment of NB cells with anti-sense oligonucleotides to β, integrin chain specifically induced chromatin condensation and nucleosomal DNA laddering. Moreover, blocking cell-matrix interations by means of perturbing antibody against β, subunit resulted in the induction of typical features of apoptotic cells. In conclusion, these findings incidate that abrogation of cell adhesion through down-modulation of integrin receptors plays a crucial role in the induction of neuroblastoma programmed cell death. Int. J. Cancer 70:688–698, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gene Expression Regulation in E-Cell Model Analog-Cell (2010)

Analog-Cell was proposed in 2007, which could be used to graphically simulate the processes of gene expression including transcription, translation and gene mutation on the molecule level and might be the first pattern model of E-Cell in China as what we know. Due to the importance in processes of gene expression regulation, some regulation factors, enzymes and their reaction mechanisms are integrated into Analog-Cell to simulate the life activities of biological cells more lively and more accurately, and discover new biological rules as well. Numerical experiment results indicate that the extended Analog-Cell could simulate gene expression regulation effectively. As one of the most important regulation elements, promoter and its predictions method are also introduced to our proposed model, which enables the functions of the extended Analog-Cell to be more reasonable and practical.
MINIATURIZED UWB BANDPASS FILTER WITH DUAL NOTCH BANDS AND WIDE UPPER STOPBAND (2013)

In this paper, a miniature ultrawideband (UWB) bandpass fllter with dual notch bands and wide upper stopband is presented. The ultrawide passband characteristic is achieved using a microstrip to slot line transition, and a wide upper stop band is realized using an elliptical lowpass fllter. The dual band notches at 5.46GHz and 8.04GHz are obtained by incorporating defected microstrip structure in the input and output sections. A prototype of the proposed UWB bandpass fllter is fabricated and measured. The equivalent circuit of the proposed fllter is also presented. A good agreement between the measured, EM simulated and circuit simulated responses is obtained.
Femtosecond Charge Transport in Polar Semiconductors (1999)

The transient current response of bulk GaAs and InP is investigated at ultrahigh electric fields. On ultrashort time scales, the electronic system is far from equilibrium and overshoot velocities as high as $8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm}/\mathrm{s}$ are observed. Our studies also lead to a detailed understanding of the ionic response of polar semiconductors. For the first time, carrier motion is determined with a resolution of 20 fs at fields up to $130\mathrm{kV}/\mathrm{cm}$. The dependence of the ultrafast dynamics on material and electric field provides new insights into the microscopic mechanisms governing nonequilibrium transport.
Hydrophilic Carotenoids: Recent Progress (2012)

Carotenoids are substantially hydrophobic antioxidants. Hydrophobicity is this context is rather a disadvantage, because their utilization in medicine as antioxidants or in food chemistry as colorants would require some water dispersibility for their effective uptake or use in many other ways. In the past 15 years several attempts were made to synthetize partially hydrophilic carotenoids. This review compiles the recently synthetized hydrophilic carotenoid derivatives.
Innovative techniques for Collective Detection of multiple GNSS signals in challenging environments (2016)

Collective Detection (CD) is an interesting technique for acquiring highly attenuated satellites signals in harsh environment. The idea of this approach is to process all signals in view collectively to take advantage of the spatial correlation between GNSS signals as vector acquisition. In this way, the acquisition of weak signals will be facilitated by the presence of stronger ones. Increasing the coherent integration time for acquisition of weak GNSS signals in challenging environments is limited by several sources which can increase the Doppler shift. In this study, we propose a new methodology for acquisition processing within the Collective Detection approach. The standard CD performs a coarse estimation of the user position in the position domain using a collective metric combining individual satellites correlations computed separately using the standard Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for parallel code search acquisition. In the proposed algorithm, we compute the Collective Detection metrics in function of both the code phase and the Doppler frequency for all visible satellites by applying an efficient technique to estimate the Doppler frequency. The new approach consists of applying the Spectral Peak Location (SPL) delta-correction technique within the CD algorithm using the Bi-dimensional Parallel Search (BPS) acquisition method. The proposed acquisition method allows improving the accuracy of the Doppler estimation through FFT, and therefore enhancing the correlation energy. The application of this proposition is tested and validated with real GPS signals to illustrate the increased sensitivity and the reduced complexity.
High-current, small parasitic capacitance MOS FET on a poly-Si interlayered (PSI: Ψ) SOI wafer (2002)

An ultra-thin SOI MOSFET capable of operations at a current 1.5 times that of conventional deep sub-micron devices at low voltage is presented. This device is fabricated by a conventional MOS process on novel multi-layered SOI wafers.
[In vitro and in vivo studies on the cardioprotective action of oligomeric procyanidins in a Crataegus extract of leaves and blooms]. (1997)

Cardioprotective effects of a standardized extract from leaves with flowers of Crataegus (WS-1442; content of oligomeric procyandins [OPC]: 18.75%) have recently been demonstrated in an ischemia-reperfusion model in rats. Further studies were now conducted to clarify the mechanism of action and to identify active constituents involved in these effects of WS-1442. Exhausting partitioning between ethyl acetate/water and successive ultrafiltration of the aqueous layer led to the quantitative recovery of three fractions, which were tested for their in vitro radical scavenging (RS) and human neutrophil elastase (HNE) inhibitory activity. The lipophilic ethylacetate-soluble fraction A, enriched in flavone derivatives and constituting 14.9% of WS-1442, was as active as WS-1442 in inhibiting HNE. However, its RS activity was only about half that of the primary extract. Although 67.9% of WS-1442 was recovered in a water-soluble low molecular weight fraction B, this fraction displayed only weak RS and HNE inhibiting activity. In contrast, the RS and HNE inhibiting potencies of an essentially flavone-free and OPC-rich fraction C (21.3% of WS-1442) were significantly higher (inhibition of lipid peroxidation: IC50 0.3 microgram/ml; inhibition of HNE: IC50 0.84 microgram/ml) as those of WS-1442. The RS and HNE inhibitory activities of the extract and those of its fractions correlated well with their OPC-content but not with their concentration of flavonols. These results demonstrate that OPCs of Crataegus extracts possess stronger radical scavenging activities than flavone derivatives or other constituents. In addition, the oligomeric components are potent inhibitors of HNE. Oral administration of 20 mg/kg/d of the OPC-rich fraction C to rats afforded similar protection against ischemia-reperfusion induced pathologies as treatment with WS-1442 at a dose of 100 mg/kg/d. These observations indicate that radical scavenging and elastase inhibitory activities could indeed be involved in the observed cardioprotective effects of WS-1442, and demonstrate that OPCs are major orally active constituents of WS-1442. Thus, Crataegus extracts used therapeutically for cardiovascular diseases should be analyzed and standardized for their OPC-content.
P2X<sub>7</sub>Receptor Expression after Ischemia in the Cerebral Cortex of Rats (2004)

Large amounts of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) released from cellular sources under pathological conditions such as ischemia may activate purinoceptors of the P2X and P2Y types. In the present study, the expression of the P2X7 receptor-subtype in the brain cortex of spontaneously hypertensive rats was investigated using a permanent focal cerebral ischemia model. Immunocytochemistry with antibodies raised against the intracellular C-terminus of the P2X7 receptor showed a time-dependent upregulation of labeled cells in the peri-infarct region after right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in comparison to controls. Double immunofluorescence visualized with confooal laser scanning microscopy indicated the localization of the P2X7 receptor after ischemia on microglial cells (after 1 and 4 days), on tubulin betaIII-labeled neurons (after 4 and 7 days), and on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes (after 4 days). In the following experiments, changes occurring 4 days after MCAO were investigated in detail. Western blot analysis of the cortical tissue around the area of necrosis indicated an increase in the P2X7 receptor protein. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed the receptor localization on synapses (presynaptically), on dendrites, as well as on the nuclear membrane of neurons (postsynaptically) and glial cells. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling in combination with P2X7 receptor immunocytochemistry indicated a co-expression on the apoptotic cells. Active caspase 3 was especially observed on GFAP-positive astrocytes. In conclusion, the present data demonstrate a postischemic, time-dependent upregulation of the P2X7 receptor-subtype on neurons and glial cells and suggest a role for this receptor in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia in vivo.
Gene and Stem Cell Therapies (2001)

Gene and stem cell therapies hold promise for the treatment of a wide variety of inherited and acquired human diseases. Identification of genes involved in human disease and development of novel vectors and devices for delivering therapeutic genes to different tissues in vivo have resulted in significant progress in the area of gene therapy. Isolation of stem cells from organs formerly thought to have no regenerative potential, the demonstration of stem cell plasticity, and the creation of human embryonic stem cells clearly demonstrate the feasibility of human stem cell therapy. Much additional work remains to be done in the areas of vector development and stem cell biology before the full therapeutic potential of these approaches can be realized. Of equal importance, the ethical issues surrounding gene- and cell-based therapies must be confronted.
Interaction of the Influenza Virus Nucleoprotein with the Cellular CRM1-Mediated Nuclear Export Pathway (2001)

Influenza virus transcription occurs in the nuclei of infected cells, where the viral genomic RNAs are complexed with a nucleoprotein (NP) to form ribonucleoprotein (RNP) structures. Prior to assembly into progeny virions, these RNPs exit the nucleus and accumulate in the cytoplasm. The mechanisms responsible for RNP export are only partially understood but have been proposed to involve the viral M1 and NS2 polypeptides. We found that the drug leptomycin B (LMB), which specifically inactivates the cellular CRM1 polypeptide, caused nuclear retention of NP in virus-infected cells, indicating a role for the CRM1 nuclear export pathway in RNP egress. However, no alteration was seen in the cellular distribution of M1 or NS2, even in the case of a mutant virus which synthesizes greatly reduced amounts of NS2. Furthermore, NP was distributed throughout the nuclei of infected cells at early times postinfection but, when retained in the nucleus at late times by LMB treatment, was redistributed to the periphery of the nucleoplasm. No such change was seen in the nuclear distribution of M1 or NS2 after drug treatment. Similar to the behavior of NP, M1 and NS2 in infected cells, LMB treatment of cells expressing each polypeptide in isolation caused nuclear retention of NP but not M1 or NS2. Conversely, overexpression of CRM1 caused increased cytoplasmic accumulation of NP but had little effect on M1 or NS2 distribution. Consistent with this, NP bound CRM1 in vitro. Overall, these data raise the possibility that RNP export is mediated by a direct interaction between NP and the cellular CRM1 export pathway.
The impact of technology scaling on ESD robustness and protection circuit design (1995)

The trends in ESD robustness as a function of technology scaling, for feature sizes down to 0.25 /spl mu/m, have been experimentally determined using single finger nMOS transistors and full ESD protection circuits. It is shown that as feature sizes are reduced, good ESD performance can be obtained provided the negative effects of the shallower junctions are offset by the positive effects of the reduction in the effective channel lengths. Hence, processes and protection circuits with feature sizes as small as 0.25 /spl mu/m can be developed without degrading ESD robustness.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Developing a theoretical relationship between electrical resistivity, temperature, and film thickness for conductors (2011)

Experimental evidence has made it clear that the size of an object can have an effect on its properties. The electrical resistivity of a thin film will become larger as the thickness of that film decreases in size. Furthermore, the electrical resistivity will also increase as the temperature increases. To help understand these relationships, a model is presented, and equations are obtained to help understand the mechanisms responsible for these properties and to give insight into the underlying physics between these parameters. Comparisons are made between experimental data and values generated from the theoretical equations derived from the model. All of this analysis provides validation for the theoretical model. Therefore, since the model is accurate, it provides insight into the underlying physics that relates electrical resistivity to temperature and film thickness. PACS: 73.61.At; 73.50.Bk; 72.15.Eb; 72.10.d; 63.20.kd.