gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cannabinoid abuse and addiction: Clinical and preclinical findings (2015)

Cannabinoid abuse disorders represent a widespread public health issue, but there are no approved medications for their treatment. This review describes efforts to understand the mechanisms of cannabinoid abuse and its adverse effects, to identify molecular targets for pharmacotherapy, and to evaluate potential treatments in human volunteers and animal models of cannabinoid reward, withdrawal, and relapse.
Engineering Optimization (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Optimization Type of Optimization Optimization Algorithms Metaheuristics Order Notation Algorithm Complexity No Free Lunch Theorems
Crystalline and liquid crystal transitions of mesogenic polymer mixtures and random copolymers (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCrystalline and liquid crystal transitions of mesogenic polymer mixtures and random copolymersJ. Watanabe and W. R. KrigbaumCite this: Macromolecules 1984, 17, 11, 2288–2295Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1984https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00141a017Request reuse permissionsArticle Views226Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation by mechanical stretch is integrin-dependent and matrix-specific in rat cardiac fibroblasts. (1998)

Integrins, which connect the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix and mediate a variety of signaling cascades, may transduce mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals. We studied integrin- and matrix-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK2), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK1), and p38 in response to 4% static biaxial stretch in rat cardiac fibroblasts. ERK2 and JNK1, but not p38, were rapidly activated by stretch when the fibroblasts were allowed to synthesize their own matrices. When the cells were limited to specific matrix substrates, ERK2 and JNK1 were differentially activated: ERK2 was only activated when the cells were plated on fibronectin, while JNK1 was activated when the cells were plated on fibronectin, vitronectin, or laminin. Plating cells on collagen before stretching did not activate either kinase. Adhesion to all matrices was integrin-dependent because it could be blocked by inhibitors of specific integrins. ERK2 activation could be blocked with a combination of anti-alpha4 and -alpha5 antibodies and an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide, while the antibodies or peptide used separately failed to block ERK2 activation. This result suggests that at least two integrins, alpha4beta1 and an RGD-directed, non-alpha5beta1 integrin, activate ERK2 in response to mechanical stimulation. Activation of JNK1 could not be blocked with the inhibitors, suggesting that an RGD-independent integrin or integrins other than alpha4beta1 can activate JNK1 in cells adherent to fibronectin. This study demonstrates that integrins act as mechanotransducers, providing insight into potential mechanisms for in vivo responses to mechanical stimuli.
Optimal Dynamic Assortment Planning with Demand Learning (2013)

We study a family of stylized assortment planning problems, where arriving customers make purchase decisions among offered products based on maximizing their utility. Given limited display capacity and no a priori information on consumers' utility, the retailer must select which subset of products to offer. By offering different assortments and observing the resulting purchase behavior, the retailer learns about consumer preferences, but this experimentation should be balanced with the goal of maximizing revenues. We develop a family of dynamic policies that judiciously balance the aforementioned trade-off between exploration and exploitation, and prove that their performance cannot be improved upon in a precise mathematical sense. One salient feature of these policies is that they “quickly” recognize, and hence limit experimentation on, strictly suboptimal products.
Synthesis, Characterization and Ion Exchange Properties of 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid-Urea-Formaldehyde Copolymers (1991)

Copolymers were synthesized by the condensation of 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid woith urea and formaldehyde in the presence of 2 M HCI/HzS04 as a catalyst and varying molar proportions of reactants. The copolymers were characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectral studies, number average molecular weight determination, viscosity measurements and thermogravimetry. Ion exchange properties have been studied employing the batch equilibration method. The copolymer showed a higher selectivity for UO( 2+ 2 and Fe 3+ ions than for Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , Co 2+ and Zn 2+ ions.
Hypercupremia in a patient with multiple myeloma. (1967)

Abstract The laboratory and clinical investigation of a patient with marked hypercupremia and multiple myeloma is described. The majority of the copper was found to be associated with the IgG myeloma protein. This IgG myeloma protein showed normal immunological reactivity, no significant abnormality in amino acid composition, and no gross increase in copper-binding capacity. Penicillamine therapy did not produce a statistically significant increase in urinary copper excretion.
Effect of Age and Sex on <i>N</i> -Methyl- <scp>d</scp> -Aspartate Antagonist-Induced Neuronal Necrosis in Rats (1996)

The results indicate a major sex difference in neuronal cytotoxicity caused by NMDA antagonists and a minor increase in susceptibility with increasing age in females. The findings may be relevant to development of drugs with NMDA antagonist properties for use in human stroke.
GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and risk of lung cancer among never smokers: a population-based study (2004)

Glutathione S-transferases detoxify polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in tobacco smoke by glutathione conjugation. Polymorphisms within the GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 genes, coding for enzymes with deficient or reduced activity, have been studied as potential modifiers of lung cancer risk. It is hypothesized that risk associated with potential susceptibility gene polymorphisms might be most evident at low levels of exposure. Never smokers developing lung cancer represent a highly susceptible subset of the population, exposed to tobacco carcinogens only through environmental tobacco smoke. This population-based case-control study examines the association between GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 genotypes and lung cancer in one of the largest samples of never smokers to date. Cases (n = 166) were identified through the metropolitan Detroit Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program and age- and race-matched population-based controls (n = 181) were identified using random digit dialing. Overall, there was no significant association between single or combinations of genotypes at GSTM1, GSTT1 or GSTP1 and lung cancer risk after adjustment for age, race, sex and household ETS exposure in years. However, in never smokers exposed to 20 or more years of household ETS, carrying the GSTM1 null genotype was associated with a 2.3-fold increase in risk [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-5.13]. Individuals in this high ETS exposure category carrying the GSTM1 null and the GSTP1 Val allele were at over 4-fold increased risk of developing lung cancer (OR = 4.56, 95% CI: 1.21-17.21). These findings suggest that in the presence of ETS, the GSTM1 genotype both alone and in combination with the GSTP1 genotype alters the risk of developing lung cancer among never smokers.
Electrowetting Micro-prisms and Micro-mirrors (2007)

Electrowetting beam steering using prism refraction and mirror reflection is presented. Electrowetting at the sidewalls of a square liquid channel is able to tilt prism or mirror apex angles over +/- 55deg.
Carbohydrates: A Frontier in Medicinal Chemistry (2009)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPerspectiveNEXTCarbohydrates: A Frontier in Medicinal Chemistry2009 Claude S. Hudson Award in Carbohydrate ChemistryPierre Stallforth†, Bernd Lepenies†, Alexander Adibekian‡, and Peter H. Seeberger*†View Author Information† Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Telephone: 0049 331 567 9301. Fax: 0049 331 567 9302. E-mail: [email protected]‡Current address: The Scripps Research Institute, SR107, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037.Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 18, 5561–5577Publication Date (Web):August 24, 2009Publication History Received5 June 2009Published online24 August 2009Published inissue 24 September 2009https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm900819phttps://doi.org/10.1021/jm900819preview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2009 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views9765Altmetric-Citations139LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Antigens,Carbohydrates,Oligosaccharides,Peptides and proteins,Vaccination Get e-Alerts
Thermal processing of EVA encapsulants and effects of formulation additives (1996)

The authors investigated the in-situ processing temperatures and effects of various formulation additives on the formation of ultraviolet (UV) excitable chromophores in the thermal lamination and curing of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulants. A programmable, microprocessor-controlled, double-bag vacuum laminator was used to study two commercial as-formulated EVA films. A9918P and 15295P, and solution-cast films of Elvax{trademark} (EVX) impregnated with various curing agents and antioxidants. The results show that the actual measured temperatures of EVA lagged significantly behind the programmed profiles for the heating elements and were affected by the total thermal mass loaded inside the laminator chamber. The antioxidant Naugard P{trademark}, used in the two commercial EVA formulations, greatly enhances the formation of UV-excitable, short chromophores upon curing, whereas other tested antioxidants show little effect. A new curing agent chosen specifically for the EVA formulation modification produces little or no effect on chromophore formation, no bubbling problems in the glass/EVX/glass laminates, and a gel content of {approximately}80% when cured at programmed 155 C for 4 min. Also demonstrated is the greater discoloring effect with higher concentrations of curing-generated chromophores.
Biodegradation of acrylonitrile in soil (1992)

Abstract The aerobic biodegradation of [14Clacrylonitrile at concentrations ranging from 10 to 1,000 ppm was examined in a variety of surface soils. At concentrations up to 100 ppm, complete degradation of the compound occurred in &lt;2 d in a Londo soil. Greater than 50% of the radioactivity was recovered as [14C]carbon dioxide following 6 d of incubation. Because the soil had no known previous exposure to acrylonitrile, dissimilation did not appear to require acclimation of the microorganisms. Transient formation of acrylamide and acrylic acid as intermediates of degradation was also observed. These results appear to be consistent with previously published results of acrylonitrile transformation by axenic microbial cultures. Similar results were obtained in studies conducted with Tappan loam (10, 50, 100 ppm) and sand (10 and 50 ppm). Acclimation of the microorganisms was required before degradation of 100 ppm acrylonitrile in sand. Degradation of higher concentrations (500 and 1,000 ppm in Londo soil) was relatively slow and may be due to inhibitory effects of the parent compound.
DNA damage induced by furocoumarin hydroperoxides plus UV (360 nm) (1993)

When irradiated at 360 nm, furocoumarins with a hydroperoxide group in a side chain efficiently give rise to a type of DNA damage that can best be explained by a photo-induced generation of hydroxyl radicals from the excited photosensitizers. The observed DNA damage profiles, i.e. the ratios of single-strand breaks, sites of base loss (AP sites) and base modifications sensitive to formamidopyrimidine--DNA glycosylase (FPG protein) and endonuclease III, are similar to the DNA damage profile produced by hydroxyl radicals generated by ionizing radiation or by xanthine and xanthine oxidase in the presence of Fe(III)--EDTA. No such damage is observed with the corresponding furocoumarin alcohols or in the absence of near-UV radiation. The damage caused by the photo-excited hydroperoxides is not influenced by superoxide dismutase (SOD) or catalase or by D2O as solvent. The presence of t-butanol, however, reduces both the formation of single-strand breaks and of base modifications sensitive to FPG protein. The cytotoxicity caused by one of the hydroperoxides in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells is found to be dependent on the near-UV irradiation and to be much higher than that of the corresponding alcohol. Therefore the new type of photo-induced damage occurs inside cells. Intercalating photosensitizers with an attached hydroperoxide group might represent a novel and versatile class of DNA damaging agents, e.g. for phototherapy.
ECONOMIC BURDEN OF SALMONELLA INFECTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES (2004)

The aim of this study is to evaluate medical expenditures and lost productivity associated with burden of Salmonella infections. We used laboratory confirmed number of Salmonella cases and corresponding multipliers to estimate the burden of illness using the method adopted by Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The medical costs estimates are retrospective analysis of reimbursement records from MarketScan data. We identified patients with a diagnosis of salmonellosis using ICD-9 CM codes from the MarketScan 1993-2001 databases. Productivity loss from the nonfatal cases of Salmonella was calculated using the distributions of lost workdays and household services due to the illness. Statistical value of life approach was used to estimate the costs due to premature deaths. We also compared the costs for the gastrointestinal salmonellosis to the cost for the invasive salmonellosis. Confidence intervals around the cost estimates were calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation technique. Estimated average economic burden due to Salmonella was $210 per outpatient, $5,797 per inpatient with gastrointestinal infection, $16,441 per impatient with invasive infection and $4.63 million per premature death. Total economic buren due to Salmonella in the United States was estimated at $2.8 billion (95% CI: $1.6 to $5.3 billion) annually, which is approximately $2,472 per case of Salmonella infection. The cost estimate is largely driven by the number of premature deaths followed by average cost of hospitalization. Defining the risk factors for fatal outcomes may help target treatment and preventive strategies.
Possible involvement of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate and extracellular calcium ions in histamine stimulation of interleukin-1 release from macrophage-like P388D1 cells. (1990)

Culture of macrophage-like P388D1 cells led to a spontaneous increase in release of interleukin-1 (IL-1). Addition of histamine enhanced the process as a function of its dose; histamine was effective at a concentration of as low as 10(-6)M and maximally at a dose of 10(-3)M. The effect of histamine was partially blocked by an H1-antagonist, diphenhydramine, at 10(-6)M - 10(-4)M. Ranitidine, an H2-antagonist, had no appreciable effect on the histamine-stimulated IL-1 release, even at a dose of 10(-5)M. At 10(-4)M it attenuated the histamine effect. Combination of the H1- and H2- antagonists resulted in a larger magnitude of attenuation of the histamine effect than that caused by either the H1-antagonist or the H2-antagonist alone. An H1-agonist, 2-pyridylethylamine, markedly augmented IL-1 release, reaching a maximum at 10(-4)M. Dimaprit, an H2-agonist, also stimulated IL-1 release, but the effect was far less than that of the H1 agonist. Dibutyryl adenosine 3':5'cyclic monophosphate (DBc-AMP) caused a marked rise in IL-1 production by the cells. The effects of DBc-AMP were synergistic to the effects of histamine at all doses examined. Histamine significantly augmented the uptake of 45Ca2+ by the cell as a function of time and dose of the amine. Addition of Co2+ attenuated the histamine effect at doses between 10(-5)M and 10(-4)M. These results suggest that the histamine-stimulated IL-1 release from P388D1 cells is dependent on both H1- and H2-receptors and involves both influx of calcium ions to the cells and altered intracellular concentration of adenosine 3':5'cyclic monophosphate.
Mutation frequencies for glycogen storage disease Ia in the Ashkenazi Jewish population (2004)

Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSDIa) is a severe autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of the enzyme D-glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase). While numerous mutations have been found in cosmopolitan European populations, Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) patients appear to primarily carry the R83C mutation, but possibly also the Q347X mutation found generally in Caucasians. To determine the frequency for both these mutations in the AJ population, we tested 20,719 AJ subjects for the R83C mutation and 4,290 subjects for the Q347X mutation. We also evaluated the mutation status of 30 AJ GSDIa affected subjects. From the carrier screening, we found 290 subjects with R83C, for a carrier frequency for this mutation of 1.4%. This carrier frequency translates into a predicted disease prevalence of 1 in 20,000, five times higher than for the general Caucasian population, confirming a founder effect and elevated frequency of GSDIa in the AJ population. We observed no carriers of the Q347X mutation. Among the 30 GSDIa affected AJ subjects, all were homozygous for R83C. These results indicate that R83C is the only prevalent mutation for GSDIa in the Ashkenazi population.
Creation of Harmonic Structure Materials with Outstanding Mechanical Properties (2012)

Conventional material developments have emphasized ultrafine grain refinement and homogenization. However, “nano- and homo-” materials do not usually satisfy the need to be both strong but ductile, which are of course rather contradictory characteristics. To solve such a problem, we have succeeded in designing a “Harmonic Structure Material” that is both a “nano- and harmonic” material which has overcome that antinomy through use of one of the non-equilibrium powder metallurgy (PM) processes called the severe plastic deformation (SPD) PM process. In the present study, pure Ti, Ti-6Al-4V alloy and SUS316L stainless steel powders are subjected to mechanical milling (MM) for various periods of time. The MM powders have two kinds of microstructure, which can be controlled by the MM conditions. They include ultra fine and coarse grain structures known as “shell” and “core”, respectively. Subsequently, these MM powders are sintered using conventional sintering processes. The sintered materials with the shell and the core have a network structure of continuously connected shells, which we refer to as a harmonic structure. The sintered materials with the harmonic structure simultaneously demonstrate both high strength and elongation. These outstanding mechanical properties are influenced by harmonic structure characteristics such as shell and core grain sizes, shell area fraction and shell network size. Thus, the harmonic structure can be considered as a remarkable design for improving the mechanical properties of materials
Principles and Applications of Electrochemistry. Volume I. Principles. By H. Germain Creighton. Volume II. Applications. By W. A. Koehler (1944)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPrinciples and Applications of Electrochemistry. Volume I. Principles. By H. Germain Creighton. Volume II. Applications. By W. A. KoehlerI. M. KolthoffCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1944, 48, 4, 233–234Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1944Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1944https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j150436a015https://doi.org/10.1021/j150436a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views41Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Vesicular acetylcholine transport inhibitor suppresses REM sleep (1997)

The vesamicol-like compound (+/-)-4-aminobenzovesamicol (ABV) non-competitively inhibits vesicular packaging of acetylcholine (ACh) in presynaptic terminals. This study tested the hypothesis that microinjection of ABV into the medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) of intact, unanesthetized cats would inhibit rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Microinjection of ABV alone or before administration of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine was used to evaluate the effects of ABV on natural REM sleep and on the neostigmine-induced REM sleep-like state. ABV decreased (24.8%) REM sleep and significantly reduced (33.6%) the neostigmine-induced REM sleep-like state. The results show for the first time that REM sleep generation can be disrupted by blocking a synaptic vesicle protein that modulates ACh transport in localized regions of the mPRF.