gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Medical treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta (2000)

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) comprises a group of disorders principally affecting type I collagen which result in increased bone fragility. Children with severe OI suffer recurrent fractures, resulting in severe deformity and growth stunting in many cases, with loss of independent ambulation by the teenage years in over 50% of cases. Recently, cyclical intravenous treatment with pamidronate has proven of benefit to children with severe forms of OI. Bone mineral density (BMD) and physical activity increased markedly in these patients and fracture rate decreased. In our experience with more than 160 children with OI treated with pamidronate, BMD increases dramatically and the incidence of radiologically confirmed fractures falls. The treatment does not alter fracture healing, growth rate, or growth plate appearances. Dependence on mobility aids is reduced and all subjects able to communicate reported substantial relief of chronic pain and fatigue. No adverse side effects were noted apart from the well-known acute phase reaction during the first infusion cycle. In our group of patients, pamidronate did not have a detrimental effect on growth. It is unclear at present how long pamidronate treatment should be continued, and which is the optimal treatment schedule and dosage. There were no significant side effects after 7 years of treatment, but longer surveillance is warranted. New bisphosphonates are under investigation to compare their effects to those of pamidronate. Although this form of therapy does not address the basic abnormalities that underlie the OI syndromes, it allows, for the first time, to significantly alter the natural course of the disease and improve patients' clinical status and quality of life. Drug Dev. Res. 49:141–145, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Role of local Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Isoforms in the Pathophysiology of Skeletal Muscle (2002)

The prolongation of skeletal muscle strength in aging and neuromuscular disease has been the objective of numerous studies employing a variety of approaches. To date however, efforts to prevent or attenuate age- or disease-related muscle degeneration have been largely unsuccessful. Cell-based therapies have been stalled by the difficulty in obtaining sufficient numbers of autologous myoblasts and by inefficient incorporation into host muscle. Administration of growth hormone prevents age-related loss of muscle mass, but has failed to increase muscle strength. In this context, where direct therapeutic approaches to redress the primary disease are still suboptimal, it may be more effective to focus on strategies for improving skeletal muscle function. Experimental models of muscle growth and regeneration have implicated Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) as an important mediator of anabolic pathways in skeletal muscle cells. Two major IGF-1 transcripts are characterized: the locally acting isoform wi th an autocrine / paracrine action and the circulating isoform with endocrine effects. The physiological differences between the function of local and circulating isoform of IGF-1 are not completely established. However the selective expression of the muscle-specific IGF-1 isoform avoids hypertrophic effects on distal organs such as the heart, and eliminates risk of possible neoplasms induced by inappropriate high expression levels of circulating IGF-1. In this review we discuss the roles of IGF-1 isoforms in myogenesis and the potential therapeutic role of local IGF-1 isoform on muscle aging and diseases. Keywords: igf-1, igf-1 isoform, igf-1 gene
Oxide Scale Adherence Mechanisms and the Effects of Yttrium, Oxide Particles and Externally Applied Loads on the Oxidation of NiCrAl and CoCrAl Alloys (1975)

Studies have been performed to examine the effects of yttrium, oxide dispersions, fabrication conditions and externally applied loads on the oxidation of Ni-15Cr-6Al (wt. %) and Co-25Cr-6Al (wt. %) alloys at 1000-1200 degrees Celsius in air. External layers of alumina were developed on all of the alloys during oxidation and growth of these scales was controlled by diffusion of oxygen along their grain boundaries. The growth rates and mechanism for the alumina scales were not dependent upon alloy fabrication condition, yttrium, or oxide dispersions. Alumina scales spalled, during cooling, from alloys which did not contain yttrium or oxide dispersions. Voids were developed at the alumina-alloy interfaces during oxidation but they did not substantially influence spallation since the stresses generated during cooling exceeded the interfacial bond strengths. Yttrium and oxide dispersions improved the adhesion of alumina by providing vacancy sinks and by causing the development of macro- and micropegs at the alumina-alloy interfaces which mechanically keyed the scales to the alloys. Fabrication conditions which produced the most homogeneous distribution of yttrium or oxide dispersions within the alloys were the most effective procedures for improving the alumina scale adherence. Externally applied loads did not affect the growth rates of the alumina scales. (Author)
Attenuation of Slat Trailing Edge Noise Using Acoustic Liners (2006)

Noise generated by high-lift devices such as the slats on the leading edge of a wing is a major contributor to the overall airframe noise during the landing approach of a commercial aircraft. In this work the concept of attenuating noise sources located at the trailing edge of a slat using absorptive acoustic liners in the slat gap is explored using a time-domain computational aeroacoustic (CAA) scheme. The aim of the computational modelling is to demonstrate the feasibility of controlling slat noise using acoustic liners, and to optimize the design for a future experiment. A model scale three-element high-lift airfoil is modelled; the slat and flap deflection angles are 23 deg and 32 deg respectively and the slat has a blunt trailing edge. The freestream Mach number is 0.2 and the main element angle of attack is 5 deg, corresponding to a typical approach condition. The Reynolds number is 3.6 million, based on the airfoil chord with the high-lift devices retracted. The computational results are divided into three parts: (1) an unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulation using high-order spatial and temporal schemes is conducted for a wing without acoustic liners; the computed flow shows the presence of vortex shedding and acoustic sources behind the slat trailing edge; (2) a calculation of the radiated sound field is made for a range of liner impedance values by solving the linearised Euler equations (LEE) for a modelled acoustic source located at the trailing edge of the slat; (3) URANS computations for the wing with liner treatment are conducted. The results show that acoustic liners on the slat cove and on the main element can provide useful attenuation of slat trailing edge noise.
New proteomic approaches for biomarker discovery in inflammatory bowel disease (2010)

There is an increasing interest in the discovery of new inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) biomarkers able to predict the future patterns of disease and to help in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. A biomarker is a substance that can be measured biologically and is associated with an increased risk of the disease. Biomarkers can be a genetic testing factor or proteins in biological samples such as serum, plasma, and cellular subpopulations. All of them should be studied to find out their utility in the management of IBD. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are relapsing and remitting chronic IBDs characterized by a global immune defect. The gold standard of their diagnosis is histological evaluation performed during endoscopic procedures. Several studies have focused on the identification and combination of less invasive diagnostic serum biomarkers. Nowadays, diagnostic serum tests are not able either to determine whether and when the relapse will occur once the disease is in remission state or to select a patient phenotype more responsive to a specific therapy and more susceptible to different types of complication. In this review we analyze and report the current understanding in IBD biomarkers and discuss potential future biomarkers and new developments of proteomics, such as subproteomics, as an innovative approach for the classification of patients according to their pattern of protein expression.
High temperature capacitor performance in a high power, high frequency converter (2012)

Evolutionary increases in the demand on aircraft electrical power systems have resulted in the need to develop the next generation of compact, power dense, electrical systems. These systems will utilize robust and efficient high voltage power devices that are operable over an extended temperature range (-55°C to 250°C). Recent advances in SiC power devices and high temperature magnetic and insulation materials have stimulated the development of compact, high switch rate power system components that can operate at higher temperatures. These efforts have highlighted the need to develop capacitor technology for high power, high frequency power filter applications, which can cycle over a wide range of temperatures. Stacked ceramic and wound polymer capacitors are evaluated as output filter capacitors in a high power, high frequency DC-DC converter from 25°C to 200°C. Experimental data are compared with SPICE simulations and thermal modeling to provide a basic understanding of how the capacitor architecture, its electrical and thermal properties, and thermal stability affect its performance.
Novel Alternatively Spliced Exon in the Extracellular Ligand-binding Domain of the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Type 1 Receptor (PAC1R) Selectively Increases Ligand Affinity and Alters Signal Transduction Coupling during Spermatogenesis (2001)

The expression of the paracrine signaling hormone pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is regulated in a cyclical fashion during the 12-day spermatogenic cycle of the adult rat testis. The precise functions of PACAP in the development of germ cells are uncertain, but cycle- and stage-specific expression may augment cAMP-regulated gene expression in germ cells and associated Sertoli cells. Here we report the existence of a heretofore unrecognized exon in the extracellular domain of the PACAP type 1 receptor (PAC1R) that is alternatively spliced during the spermatogenic cycle in the rat testis. This splice variant encodes a full-length receptor with the insertion of an additional 72 base pairs encoding 24 amino acids (exon 3a) between coding exons 3 and 4. The PAC1R(3a) mRNA is preferentially detected in seminiferous tubules and is expressed at the highest levels in round spermatids and Sertoli cells. Analyses of ligand binding and signaling functions in stably transfected HEK293 cells expressing the two receptor isoforms reveals a 6-fold increase in the affinity of the PAC1R(3a) to bind PACAP-38, and alterations in its coupling to both cAMP and inositol phosphate signaling pathways relative to the wild type PAC1R. These findings suggest that the extracellular region between coding exons 3 and 6 of PAC1R may play an important role in the regulation of the relative ligand affinities and the relative coupling to G(s) (cAMP) and G(q) (inositol phosphates) signal transduction pathways during spermatogenesis.
Soybean oil triacylglycerol analysis by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (1995)

Abstract Soybean oil triacylglycerols from genetically modified soybean lines were conclusively identified by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization is a soft ionization technique which gives simple spectra for triacylglycerols. Spectral identification of the triacylglycerols was based on the molecular [M+1] + ion and the 1(2)‐, 2(3)‐ and 1(3)‐diacylglycerol fragments. Triacylglycerols identified in high‐stearic and high‐palmitic soybean varieties were quantitated by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with flame‐ionization detection. There was excellent agreement between the fatty acid composition calculated from the triacylglycerol composition and the fatty acid composition obtained by gas chromatography of the transmethylated oils. The oils of the modified soybean varieties, compared to typical soybean oil, contained increased content of triacylglycerols known to be more oxidatively stable, such as linoleoyloleoylstearoyl, linoleoylpalmitoylstearoyl, and linoleoyldipalmitoyl glycerols, and less triacylglycerols like trilinoleoylglycerol, known to decrease oxidative stability. This study showed that the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization technique is suitable for mass spectral identification of neutral molecules, such as triacylglycerols, which do not contain a chargeable functional group.
X-SRAM: Enabling In-Memory Boolean Computations in CMOS Static Random Access Memories (2018)

Silicon-based static random access memories (SRAM) and digital Boolean logic have been the workhorse of the state-of-the-art computing platforms. Despite tremendous strides in scaling the ubiquitous metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor, the underlying von-Neumann computing architecture has remained unchanged. The limited throughput and energy-efficiency of the state-of-the-art computing systems, to a large extent, result from the well-known von-Neumann bottleneck. The energy and throughput inefficiency of the von-Neumann machines have been accentuated in recent times due to the present emphasis on data-intensive applications such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cryptography. A possible approach towards mitigating the overhead associated with the von-Neumann bottleneck is to enable in-memory Boolean computations. In this paper, we present an augmented version of the conventional SRAM bit-cells, called the X-SRAM, with the ability to perform in-memory, vector Boolean computations, in addition to the usual memory storage operations. We propose at least six different schemes for enabling in-memory vector computations, including NAND, NOR, IMP (implication), XOR logic gates, with respect to different bit-cell topologies - the 8T cell and the 8 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> T Differential cell. In addition, we also present a novel `read-compute-store' scheme, wherein the computed Boolean function can be directly stored in the memory without the need of latching the data and carrying out a subsequent write operation. The feasibility of the proposed schemes has been verified using the predictive transistor models and detailed Monte-Carlo variation analysis. As an illustration, we also present the efficacy of the proposed in-memory computations by implementing advanced encryption standard algorithm on a non-standard von-Neumann machine wherein the conventional SRAM is replaced by X-SRAM. Our simulations indicated that up to 75% of memory accesses can be saved using the proposed techniques.
Highly efficient universal coding with classifying to subdictionaries for text compression (2002)

Describes a practical, locally adaptive data compression algorithm of the LZ78 class. According to the Lempel-Ziv incremental parsing rule, the boundary of a string is not related to the statistical history modeled by finite-state sources. The authors have already reported an algorithm classifying to subdictionaries (CSD), which uses multiple subdictionaries and conditions the current string by using the previous one to obtain a higher compression ratio for image compression. They present a practical implementation of this method for any kind of data, and show that CSD was more efficient than LZC when the UNIX facility for compression. The compression performance of CSD was about 10% better than the LZC with the practical dictionary size, an 8K-entry dictionary when the test data were used form Calgary Compression Corpus. Using hashing, the processing speed of the CSD became as fast as the LZC, though the CSD algorithm was more complicated than the LZC.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A step in the right direction (2001)

John Turnbull, formerly a nursing officer for learning disability at the DOH, gauges the reactions to the new white paper
The role of a conserved guanosine residue in the hammerhead‐type RNA enzyme (1990)

We have designed a hammerhead-type RNA system which consists of three RNA fragments for normal and modified complexes which contain a non-cleavable substrate with 2'-O-methylcytidine and a guanosine-to-inosine replaced enzyme. Examination of the RNA-cleaving activity and conformational properties of the complexes suggests that the 2-amino group of a conserved guanosine residue in the loop region plays an important role for maintaining both the activity and loop conformation.
<i>Just in Time</i>-Selection: A Rapid Semiautomated SELEX of DNA Aptamers Using Magnetic Separation and BEAMing (2014)

A semiautomated two-step method for in vitro selection of DNA aptamers using magnetic separation and solid-phase emulsion polymerase chain reaction has been developed. The application of a magnetic separator allows the simultaneous processing of up to 12 SELEXs (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) with different targets or buffer conditions. Using a magnetic separator and covalent target immobilization on magnetic beads, the selection process was simplified and the substeps of aptamer/target incubation, washing, and elution of the aptamers were merged into one automated procedure called "FISHing". Without further processing the resulting FISHing eluates are suitable for BEAMing (beads, emulsion, amplification, and magnetics), which includes the amplification by emPCR (emulsion polymerase chain reaction) and strand separation by the implementation of covalently immobilized reverse primers on magnetic beads. The novel selection process has been proved and validated by selecting and characterization of aptamers to the wine fining agent lysozyme.
Cyclic polymers (1981)

The possibility of a cyclic polymer rather than a linear polymer being produced in a polymerization reaction is discussed with reference to the poly(l,3-dioxolane) system.
Scalable QoS-aware disk-scheduling (2003)

A new quality of service (QoS) aware disk scheduling algorithm is presented. It is applicable in environments where data requests arrive with different QoS requirements such as real-time deadline, and user priority. Previous work on disk scheduling has focused on optimizing the seek times and/or meeting the real-time deadlines. A unified framework for QoS disk scheduling is presented that scales with the number of scheduling parameters. The general idea is based on modeling the disk scheduler requests as points in the multi-dimensional space, where each of the dimensions represents one of the parameters (e.g., one dimension represents the request deadline, another represents the disk cylinder number and a third dimension represents the priority of the request, etc.). Then the disk scheduling problem reduces to the problem of finding a linear order to traverse these multi-dimensional points. Space-filling curves are adopted to define a linear order for sorting and scheduling objects that lie in the multi-dimensional space. This generalizes the one-dimensional disk scheduling algorithms (e.g., EDF SATF, FIFO). Several techniques are presented to show how a QoS-aware disk scheduler deals with the progressive arrival of requests over time. Simulation experiments are presented to show a comparison of the alternative techniques and to demonstrate the scalability of the proposed QoS-aware disk scheduling algorithm over other traditional approaches.
SOCIAL SECURITY AND LABOR SUPPLY INCENTIVES (1983)

Many provisions of the Social Security program distort an individual's labor supply incentives. In particular, the payroll tax, the earnings test, the offsetting actuarial adjustment, and the dependence of the size of future benefits on the level of current earnings all affect the net return to extra work. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the size of the net tax rate on labor income in a variety of circumstances, taking into account all these provisions, as well as the personal income tax. We find that the Social Security Program on net in the past has provided a large subsidy to labor supply, which for many people effectively offset the personal income tax. This subsidy rate, however, has been declining steadily over time
Thermocharge and Discharge Characteristics of Thermochargeable Galvanic Cells (1996)

Athermochargeable galvanic cell with a ferro-and ferricyanide ion redox couple incorporating a cation-exchange membrane and an extra pair of electrodes on each side of the membrane was fabricated and its thermocharge and discharge characteristics were investigated. The thermoelectric power of the experimental cells was more dependent on the distance between the main electrodes than on the ferro- and ferricyanide ion concentrations in the electrolyte. The thermocharge and discharge capacities increased with an increase in the ion concentrations. The ratio of the measured capacity to the capacity calculated from the ion concentrations also increased with an increase in the concentrations, although it was only at most 13%. The cell showed good thermocharge and discharge cycling performance: cycling at 0.5mA/cm2 repeated 226 times until the capacity reached half of the maximum. This means that the ferro-and ferricyanide ions were used 10.5 times for 226 cycles.
Fusarium oxysporum Fatty-acid Subterminal Hydroxylase (CYP505) Is a Membrane-bound Eukaryotic Counterpart of Bacillus megaterium Cytochrome P450BM3 (2000)

The gene of a fatty-acid hydroxylase of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum (P450foxy) was cloned and expressed in yeast. The putative primary structure revealed the close relationship of P450foxy to the bacterial cytochrome P450BM3, a fused protein of cytochrome P450 and its reductase from Bacillus megaterium. The amino acid sequence identities of the P450 and P450 reductase domains of P450foxy were highest (40.6 and 35.3%, respectively) to the corresponding domains of P450BM3. Recombinant P450foxy expressed in yeast was catalytically and spectrally indistinguishable from the native protein, except most of the recombinant P450foxy was recovered in the soluble fraction of the yeast cells, in marked contrast to native P450foxy, which was exclusively recovered in the membrane fraction of the fungal cells. This difference implies that a post (or co)-translational mechanism functions in the fungal cells to target and bind the protein to the membrane. These results provide conclusive evidence that P450foxy is the eukaryotic counterpart of bacterial P450BM3, which evokes interest in the evolutionary aspects concerning the P450 superfamily along with its reducing systems. P450foxy was classified in the new family, CYP505.