gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of genes encoding receptor-like protein kinases as possible targets of pathogen- and salicylic acid-induced WRKY DNA-binding proteins in Arabidopsis (2000)

To understand how plant host genes are regulated during the activation of plant defence responses, we are studying a group of pathogen- and salicylic acid (SA)-induced DNA-binding proteins containing the novel WRKY domain. To identify downstream target genes of these WRKY proteins, we have searched the Arabidopsis genome and identified four closely linked genes on chromosome IV that contain an unusually large number of the W-box sequences [(T)TGAC(C/T)] recognized by WRKY proteins within a few hundred base pairs upstream of their coding regions. All four genes encode proteins characteristic of receptor-like protein kinases (RLK), each consisting of an N-terminal signal sequence, an extracellular receptor domain, a single transmembrane domain and a C-terminal cytoplasmic serine/threonine protein kinase domain. All four RLK genes were induced by treatment with SA or infection by a bacterial pathogen. Studies with one of the RLK genes (RLK4) indicated that a cluster of W-box elements in its promoter region were recognized by both purified WRKY proteins and SA-induced W-box binding activities from SA-treated Arabidopsis plants. Further analysis using the RLK4 gene promoter fused to a reporter gene in transgenic Arabidopsis indicated that the consensus WRKY protein-binding sites in the RLK4 gene promoter were important for the inducible expression of the reporter gene. These results indicate that pathogen- and SA-induced W-box binding proteins regulate not only genes encoding defence proteins with direct or indirect anti-microbial activities, but also genes encoding proteins with regulatory functions.
Dominant male sterility in mice caused by insertion of a transgene. (1991)

While examining a series of transgenic mouse lines carrying the HCK protooncogene, we encountered one line in which males hemizygous for the transgene were sterile. The sterile males mated normally but failed to impregnate females. Light and electron microscopy revealed that spermatogenesis proceeds normally until nuclear condensation, which occurs but gives rise to a variety of abnormally shaped nuclei. Expression of the transgene was not detectable. Thus, the insertion itself probably caused the abnormal phenotype by disrupting a gene (or genes) important in spermatogenesis. The mutation is genetically dominant, causing an abnormal phenotype even though the sterile mice carry an ostensibly normal counterpart of the disrupted locus. The mutant phenotype is completely penetrant only in some genetic backgrounds, suggesting a modifying influence from a second locus. Junctions between the inserted transgene and adjoining cellular DNA were cloned, allowing us to confirm the heterozygous nature of the genetic disruption and to detect and associated deletion. We have designated the mutation Lvs (lacking vigorous sperm) and presume that it may define a previously undescribed locus important in spermatogenesis.
Consensus of a modified time-delayed Vicsek model (2009)

A multi-agent system (MAS) is a system composed of multiple interacting intelligent agents. Over the past few years, the consensus (or synchronization) of MAS has received an increasing attention in various disciplines. It is well known that Vicsek model is a classical model for describing the collective behaviors of MAS. This paper further investigates the consensus of a modified time-delayed Vicsek model. It should be especially pointed out that the common connectivity assumption for the consensus of MAS has been removed in this paper. Moreover, two simple consensus criteria are then attained for the consensus of a modified time-delayed Vicsek model.
Effect of Age and Diet on Insulin Secretion and Insulin Action in the Rat (1983)

The effects of aging on various aspects of insulin secretion and action were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats, maintained from 1 1/2 to 12 mo of age on conventional rat chow, sucrose-rich, or calorie-restricted diets. In chow-fed rats, islet volume increased as the animals grew from 1 1/2 to 12 mo of age, but glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (per volume islet) declined over the same interval. In addition, in vivo insulin-stimulated glucose utilization fell in these rats. However, the plasma insulin response to an oral glucose challenge was sufficient to prevent frank decompensation of glucose tolerance (presumably due to an increase in total pancreatic endocrine cell mass). All these changes, with the exception of the decline in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion per volume islet, were accentuated by feeding sucrose. Thus, 12-mo-old sucrose-fed rats had larger islets and higher plasma insulin levels in response to an oral glucose challenge, and the rats were more insulin-resistant than chow-fed rats. However, glucose-stimulated insulin release per volume islet was similar in 12-mo-old chow-fed and sucrose-fed rats. In contrast, calorie restriction led to an amelioration in all but one of the age-related changes, i.e., islets from calorie-restricted rats were comparable in size to those of 2-mo-old rats, the animals had lower plasma insulin levels in response to an oral glucose load, and they were less insulin resistant than the other two groups of 12-mo-old rats. On the other hand, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion per volume islet was similar to that of the other 12-mo-old rats. These results suggest that aging leads to marked changes in both insulin secretion and insulin action. The decline in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion per unit endocrine pancreas appears to be an inevitable consequence of the aging process. In contrast, the age-related changes in islet size, insulin response to a glucose load, and in vivo insulin-stimulated glucose uptake are extremely responsive to variations in amount and kind of calories. DIABETES 32:175-180, February 1983.
Opicapone for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: A review of a new licensed medicine (2018)

Catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors are currently used as first-line add-on therapy to levodopa for the treatment of end-of-dose motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease patients, as they increase levodopa bioavailability. Several factors hamper the use of current available catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors, that is, the moderate efficacy and multiple dosing for entacapone and the risk of liver toxicity with tolcapone. Opicapone, a new long-acting, peripherally selective, once-daily catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitor, was recently licensed in Europe. Two phase 3 double-blind clinical trials demonstrated opicapone efficacy in reducing OFF time by an average of about 60 minutes daily compared with placebo, without increasing ON time with troublesome dyskinesias. These effects were also maintained during a subsequent open-label extension consisting of 1-year follow-up. Opicapone showed a good safety profile. From June 2016, Opicapone received the approval for marketing authorization from the European Commission as adjunctive therapy to levodopa/DOPA decarboxylase inhibitors in patients with PD and end-of-dose motor fluctuations. We aimed to review the clinical pharmacological data of opicapone, summarize its clinical efficacy and safety issues, and discuss its potential role in the management of Parkinson's disease. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Waveguide Engineering of Graphene Optoelectronics—Modulators and Polarizers (2018)

The concept of incorporating graphene into nanophotonic waveguides has pullulated into massive broadband optoelectronic applications with compact footprint. We theoretically demonstrate that by solely altering the dimension design of graphene-laminated silicon waveguides, the phase, amplitude, and polarization of the fundamental propagating modes can all be effectively tailored under different bias voltages. Different device functionalities, including optical amplitude/phase modulators and polarizers, are ascribed into the devising of the effective mode index. A comprehensive analysis and unified design scenarios upon waveguide geometries are summarized, with fabrication robustness and moderate process complexity. Moreover, design examples are manifested. We report a TM-mode-based phase modulator, achieving a π phase shift within an active length of 49.2 μm with dual graphene layers. A feasible polarization-independent amplitude modulator is also demonstrated, where the discrepancy of the imaginary parts of the effective mode index between the two fundamental modes is kept at an order of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup> over a broad wavelength range from 1.35 to 1.65 μm.
Surface Topology on the Wheels of a Generic Four-Wheel Landing Gear (2002)

The analysis of shear stress lines in surface oil flow can provide attachment and separation characteristics on three-dimensional configurations about which flowfield data are often difficult or time consuming to acquire. This technique, in conjunction with mean surface pressure data, was utilized to determine the surface topology on a fore and aft wheel of a generic four-wheel landing gear model. Tests were performed at a Reynolds number of 6 × 10 5 based on wheel diameter. Because noise is produced when fluid attaches to or separates from a surface, the detailed analysis highlights regions on the wheels where further investigation may be warranted. The surface characteristics on the wheels determined in this study correlate well with the mean flowfield data acquired in a previous study. A relationship is hypothesized between observed changes in the state of separation on the ground side of the fore wheel in the present study, with the changing streamwise location of a midwheel vortex discovered in a previous study
Detection of DNA looping due to simultaneous interaction of a DNA-binding protein with two spatially separated binding sites on DNA. (1988)

We describe different and relatively rapid biochemical techniques to detect protein-mediated DNA looping. These techniques, based on enhancement of DNA knotting and that of ligase-catalyzed cyclization, were used to show that the replication initiator protein of plasmid R6K can bring together two intramolecular gamma origin of replication sequences located as far apart as 2 kilobases. The site-site interaction causes looping out of the intervening DNA sequence as visualized by electron microscopy. Because the autoregulatory sequence of the initiator cistron also binds initiator protein, we investigated whether the gamma origin-bound protein can participate in autoregulation by interaction of the two sites through a protein bridge. We discovered that the two sites do not interact in vitro at their natural locations when on opposite faces of the double helix. Moving the two sites to the same face of the double helix by introducing a half turn into the intervening sequence allows protein-mediated site-site interaction to occur.
Developmental Expression of Sp1 in the Mouse (1991)

The expression of the trans-acting transcription factor Sp1 in mice was defined by a combination of RNA analysis and immunohistochemical localization of the Sp1 protein. Although ubiquitously expressed, there was an unexpected difference of at least 100-fold in the amount of Sp1 message in different cell types. Sp1 protein levels showed corresponding marked differences. Substantial variations in Sp1 expression were also found in some cell types at different stages of development. Sp1 levels appeared to be highest in developing hematopoietic cells, fetal cells, and spermatids, suggesting that an elevated Sp1 level is associated with the differentiation process. These results indicate that Sp1 has a regulatory function in addition to its general role in the transcription of housekeeping genes.
A Phase Separation Model for the Nanopatterning of Diatom Biosilica (2002)

Diatoms are encased in an intricately patterned wall that consists of amorphous silica. Species-specific fabrication of this ornate biomineral enables taxonomists to identify thousands of diatom species. The molecular mechanisms that control this nanofabrication and generate the diversity of patterns is not well understood. A simple model is described, in which repeated phase separation events during wall biogenesis are assumed to produce self-similar silica patterns in smaller and smaller scales. On the basis of this single assumption, the apparently complex patterns found in the valves of the diatom genus Coscinodiscus can be predicted. Microscopic analysis of valves in statu nascendi from three different Coscinodiscus species supports the conclusions derived from the model.
A critical systematic review of service concretization based on bio-inspired approaches (2014)

In service-oriented computing, Web service selection is an important part of Web service composition. QoS attributes are used to distinguish Web services with same functionality. QoS-aware Web service selection and composition have attracted much attention in the past years. The Web service composition is achieved by solving the Web service concretization problem. The literature has presented two Web service concretization approaches, namely, local optimization approach and global optimization approach. There are three types of algorithmic methods in the global optimization approaches: optimal methods, sub-optimal methods, and soft constraints-based methods. The bio-inspired algorithms are sub-optimal methods. The existing studies using bio-inspired algorithms apply different strategies to solve Web service concretization problems. This paper will firstly present a hierarchical taxonomy of Web service concretization approaches. Then we present a systematic review on the current research of Web service concretization based on bio-inspired algorithms. We will describe the applications of ant colony optimization algorithm, genetic algorithm, and particle swarm optimization algorithm to Web service concretization. In addition, this paper will compare ant colony optimization algorithm and genetic algorithm in details. By analyzing and comparing different applications of bio-inspired algorithms-Web service concretization, this paper also discusses the known outcomes and areas for potential future research.
The Complexity of Corruption: Nature and Ethical Suggestions (2006)

Corruption is a well-established research topic which increasingly attracts interest, as attested by a growing body of literature. Nevertheless, disagreements persist not only about how to curve it, but even about its definition, causes and consequences. Such a lack of consensus reflects the complexity of the problem, a feature which is often cited but rarely analyzed. This paper aims to fill that gap. In particular, we first address the nature of corruption?s complexity by offering and analyzing an inventory of ?generators of complexity? compiled from the available literature. Secondly, our paper draws from the key conclusions of that analysis to shed some light on the complex role played by corporations on corruption. Finally, we suggest that ethical aspects have to be considered in order to clarify many complex dilemmas around corruption and illuminate the corporate role in both domestic and foreign business activity.
Haptoglobin Groups in Acute Myocardial Infarction (1989)

In patients with acute myocardial infarction, the haptoglobin (HP) groups were found to be associated with serum cholesterol levels. Heterozygotes (HP 2-1) showed serum cholesterol levels significantly higher (p less than 0.0001) than those of patients with HP 1-1 or HP 2-2. Furthermore, an association between HP type and infarction size was observed, HP 2-2 being associated with smaller infarctions.
Socioeconomic burden of hereditary angioedema: results from the hereditary angioedema burden of illness study in Europe (2014)

HAE poses a considerable burden on patients and their families in terms of direct medical costs and indirect costs related to lost productivity. This burden is substantial at the time of attacks and in between attacks.
Effects of Garden Attributes on Ant (Formicidae) Species Richness and Potential for Pest Control (2016)

Urban vegetable gardens serve as sources of social, economic, and biodiversity conservation opportunities. Determining how gardens can be developed to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services is important for organic food production. This study investigated the diversity of ant (Formicidae) species in relation to various garden attributes in three distinct gardening sites in Ann Arbor, MI. Further, predation experiments were conducted to explore the potential bio‐control services of commonly encountered ant species on Cabbage Looper moths ( Trichoplusia ni ) and Squash Bugs ( Anasa tristis ). Results indicated that community gardens have the capacity to support a multitude of ant species; 19 species from 12 genera were sampled. However, soil texture, intense tilling, and distance from less disturbed areas significantly reduces species richness. Less intensively tilled garden plots averaged nearly double the number of ant species collected in tractor‐tilled plots. Plots bordered by grass lawns and closer to wooded areas had significantly more ant species than plots surrounded by other garden plots. Predation experiments indicated that ants consume Cabbage Looper moth eggs and larvae, although predation on Squash Bugs was less common. Some of the species that demonstrated levels of predation are rare in gardens due to sensitivity to disturbance. Thus, reducing disturbance within and around gardens can promote ant biodiversity and beneficial predators leading to increased predation on garden pests.
TDX-10 recorded announcement system using ADPCM coding technique (2003)

The interwork, hardware configuration, and design specification of a recorded announcement system are presented. The system, which is called the ready-made message announcement system (RMAS), has been developed for the TDX-10 electronic switching system. The main function of the system is to give the calling party an announcement message of why a call was not completed and what further action should be taken or to announce a message as a special service when a call was processed normally. RMAS consists of a software unit, an announcement primary-function software unit (APSU), and a hardware unit, called the announcement primary-function hardware unit (APHU), which is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Toll-like receptor-based adjuvants: enhancing the immune response to vaccines against infectious diseases of chicken (2014)

Huge productivity loss due to infectious diseases in chickens is a major problem and, hence, robust development of the poultry industry requires control of poultry health. Immunization using vaccines is routine practice; however, to combat infectious diseases, conventional vaccines as well as new-generation recombinant vaccines alone, due to relatively weak immunogenicity, may not be effective enough to provide optimum immunity. With this in mind, there is a need to incorporate better and more suitable adjuvants in the vaccines to elicit the elevated immune response in the host. Over last few decades, with the increase in the knowledge of innate immune functioning, efforts have been made to enhance vaccine potency using novel adjuvants like Toll-like receptor based adjuvant systems. In this review, we will discuss the potential use of toll-like receptor ligands as an adjuvant in vaccines against the infectious diseases of chickens.
Dynamic Vehicle Routing Problems: State Of The Art and Prospects (2010)

This scientific report summarizes the results of a literature review on dynamic vehicle routing problems. After a brief description of vehicle routing problems in general, a classification is introduced to distinguish between static and dynamic problems. Then a more precise definition of dynamism is presented, supported by example of real-world applications of such problems. Finally, a detailed study of the current state of the art in dynamic vehicle routing optimization is drawn. Résumé Ce rapport scientifique a été rédigé comme synthèse de travaux de recherche bibliographique sur les tournées de véhicules dynamiques. Après une brêve description des problèmes de tournées en général, nous proposons une classification permettant de distinguer les problèmes statiques et dynamiques. Par la suite, une description plus détaillée de ces derniers est présentée, se basant sur des exemples tirés d’applications réelles. Enfin, une étude de l’état de l’art sur les problèmes de tournées dynamiques est développée, puis complétée par une analyse des thématiques
File format for documents containing both logical structures and layout structures (1995)

SUMMARY A file format for documents containing both the logical and layout structures is presented. Unlike CONCUR of SGML, this format can represent a large class of WYSIWYG documents, such as documents containing footnotes. The key idea is to untangle the logical-layout relationship by introducing embedding nodes and mold nodes. Embedding nodes are nodes representing logical-layout correspondences; mold nodes are temporary dummy nodes, which will later be replaced by layout nodes. Once the logical-layout relationship is untangled, it becomes possible to represent a document by a sequential data stream which can be readily stored in a file. This file format has the following advantages: First, it is compact. No leaf nodes are duplicated; tags for embedding nodes and mold nodes do not require much space; the text formatting output can be omitted. Second, the depth-first traversal of logical structures and that of layout structures are efficient and easy to implement. Files are sequentially read only once, and neither logical structures nor layout structures need to be copied into the main memory. Third, the logical-layout correspondences are explicitly represented by tags for embedding nodes.
The art and science of the psychopharmacotherapy of African Americans. (1996)

Recent research and clinical experience has shown that African Americans may be at greater risk for inappropriate treatment. Such experiences can interact negatively with an existing distrust of the mental health system. Providers may show different prescribing patterns with racial and ethnic minorities: they may overuse antipsychotics, dispense higher dosages, and more commonly give involuntary treatment, which results in more side effects and a poorer outcome. Conversely, they may underuse other psychotropic medications, especially for anxiety and affective disorders, which are underdiagnosed in minorities. Recent research suggests that ethnic differences may exist in pharmacokinetics, and so different dosing strategies may be necessary. Not surprisingly African Americans in distress are more likely to seek initial treatment outside of the mental health system, seek treatment later in the course of the illness, complain more about side effects, and terminate treatment earlier. Cultural as well as socioeconomic factors must be considered. Newer pharmacological agents may be potentially more helpful for minorities because they are better tolerated, have better side effect profiles, and demonstrate better efficacy. However, African Americans have limited access to these agents. Education of providers and patients, policy changes in the public sector, wider implementation of research policies concerning inclusion of minorities, and different marketing strategies by pharmaceutical concerns are probably necessary to maximize pharmacotherapy of minorities.