gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Color constancy in diagonal chromaticity space (2002)

Simple constraints on the sets of possible surface reflectances and illuminants are exploited in a new color constancy algorithm that builds upon Forsyth's (1990) theory of color constancy. The goal defined for a color constancy algorithm is to discount variations in the color and intensity of the incident illumination and thereby extract illumination-independent descriptors of surface colors from images. Forsyth's method is based on two constraints: first, the surface colors under a canonical illuminant all fall within an established maximal convex gamut of possible colors and second that a diagonal matrix accurately maps colors between illuminants. These constraints taken together turn out to be very effective in solving for color constancy; however, other strong assumptions about the scenes are required for the method to work-the illumination must be uniform, the surfaces must be planar, and there can be no specularities. We show that these restrictions are necessary only because Forsyth sets out to recover the intensity of descriptors. At the outset we abandon 3-dimensional descriptor recovery in favor of recovering only orientation (i.e. 2 dimensions). Intensity information is factored out of the problem by mapping 3-dimensional (r, g, b) camera responses onto 2-dimensional chromaticities; specifically (r/b, g/b). We show that this "diagonal chromaticity space" has two important properties: first, gamut convexity is preserved and second illumination change is still described by a diagonal matrix. It follows that Forsyth's algorithm can be directly applied to the recover chromaticity descriptors and from these the 3D descriptor orientations can be derived. The basic algorithm is then extended to include a maximal gamut constraint on the set of illuminants that is analogous to the gamut constraint on surface colors. The diagonal chromaticity space facilitates the expression of the illumination constraint in the algorithm. Tests on real images show that the algorithm provides good color constancy.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
In Vitro Activities of Benzimidazole <scp>d</scp> - and <scp>l</scp> -Ribonucleosides against Herpesviruses (2003)

Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) are responsible for a number of clinical manifestations in both normal and immunocompromised individuals. The parent benzimidazole ribonucleosides evaluated in this series, 2-bromo-5,6-dichloro-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (BDCRB) and maribavir (1263W94), are potent and selective inhibitors of human CMV replication. These nucleosides act by two different mechanisms. BDCRB blocks the processing and maturation of viral DNA, whereas 1263W94 inhibits the viral enzyme pUL97 and interferes with DNA synthesis. In the present study, we have evaluated the in vitro antiviral activity of BDCRB, an analog, GW275175X (175X), and 1263W94 against the replication of HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, CMV, EBV, HHV-6, and HHV-8. By using various methodologies, significant activity was observed against human CMV and EBV but not against HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, HHV-6, or HHV-8. Plaque reduction assays performed on a variety of laboratory and clinical isolates of human CMV indicated that all strains, including those resistant to ganciclovir (GCV) and foscarnet, were sensitive to all three benzimidazole ribonucleosides, with mean 50% effective concentration values of about 1 to 5 microM compared to that of GCV at 6 microM. The toxicity of these compounds in tissue culture cells appeared to be similar to that observed with GCV. These results demonstrate that the benzimidazole ribonucleosides are active against human CMV and EBV and suggest that they may be useful for the treatment of infections caused by these herpesviruses.
Large-Scale Self-Catalyzed Spongelike Silicon Nano-Network-Based 3D Anodes for High-Capacity Lithium-Ion Batteries (2019)

Here, we report on the large-scale one-step preparation, characterization, and application of three-dimensional spongelike silicon alloy composite anodes, based on the catalyst-free growth of porous silicon nanonetworks directly onto highly conductive and flexible open-structure stainless steel current collectors. By the use of a key hydrofluoric-acid-based chemical pretreatment process, the originally noncatalytic stainless steel matrix becomes nanoporous and highly self-catalytic, thus greatly promoting the formation of a silicon spongelike network at unexpectedly low growth temperatures, 380-460 °C. Modulation of this unique chemical pretreatment allows control over the morphology and loading properties of the resulting silicon network. The spongelike silicon network growth is capable of completely filling the openings of the three-dimensional stainless steel substrates, thus allowing full control over the active material loading, while conserving high mechanical and chemical stabilities. Furthermore, extremely high silicon loadings are reached because of the supercatalytic nanoporous nature of the chemically treated stainless steel substrates (0.5-20 mg/cm<sup>2</sup>). This approach leads to the realization of highly electrically conductive Si-stainless steel composite anodes, due to the formation of silicon-network-to-stainless-steel contact sections composed of highly conductive metal silicide alloys, thus improving the electrical interface and mechanical stability between the silicon active network and the highly conductive metal current collector. More importantly, our one-step cost-effective growth approach allows the large-scale preparation of highly homogeneous ultrathin binder-free anodes, up to 2 m long, using a home-built CVD setup. Finally, we made use of these novel anodes for the assembly of Li-ion batteries exhibiting stable cycle life (cycled for over 500 cycles with <50% capacity loss at 0.1 mA), high gravimetric capacity (>3500 mA h/g<sub>Si</sub> at 0.1 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>), low irreversible capacity (<10%), and high Coulombic efficiency (>99.5%). Notably, these Si spongelike composite anodes of novel architecture meet the requirements of lithium batteries for future portable and electric-vehicle applications.
Synthetic study on <i>N</i>-hydroxyaspartic acid (1985)

The synthesis of N-acyl derivatives of N-hydroxyaspartic acid was achieved by use of N-benzyloxyaspartic acid esters as starting material. The preparation of N-benzyloxyaspartic acid is described.
The Ribosomal Database Project (1992)

The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) complies ribosomal sequences and related data, and redistributes them in aligned and phylogenetically ordered form to its user community. It also offers various software packages for handling, analyzing and displaying sequences. In addition, the RDP offers (or will offer) certain analytic services. At present the project is in an intermediate stage of development.
Heat-labile toxin-producing isolates of Pasteurella multocida from rabbits. (1991)

Five of one hundred forty seven isolates of Pasteurella multocida from rabbits were found to produce heat-labile toxin. Each isolate was assayed for the ability of potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) extracts to cause dermonecrosis in guinea pig skin, ability of bacteria or filtrates to cause cytotoxicity in cell cultures, and reactivity with monoclonal antibodies to heat-labile P. multocida toxin. Five capsular type D isolates produced dermonecrosis and reacted with monoclonal antibodies to toxin. Filtrates of all five of these isolates were cytotoxic for cell cultures. Potassium thiocyanate extracts of all five isolates caused pleuritis and pneumonia in rabbits after intranasal inoculation. Turbinate atrophy was seen in 5 of 19 rabbits inoculated intranasally with toxic extracts. Heat-labile toxin was not produced by 109 capsular type A isolates or 19 nontypable isolates.
High-Affinity Target Binding Engineered via Fusion of a Single-Domain Antibody Fragment with a Ligand-Tailored SH3 Domain (2012)

Monoclonal and recombinant antibodies are ubiquitous tools in diagnostics, therapeutics, and biotechnology. However, their biochemical properties lack optimal robustness, their bacterial production is not easy, and possibilities to create multifunctional fusion proteins based on them are limited. Moreover, the binding affinities of antibodies towards their antigens are suboptimal for many applications where they are commonly used. To address these issues we have made use of the concept of creating high binding affinity based on multivalent target recognition via exploiting some of the best features of immunoglobulins (Ig) and non-Ig-derived ligand-binding domains. We have constructed a small protein, named Neffin, comprised of a 118 aa llama Ig heavy chain variable domain fragment (VHH) fused to a ligand-tailored 57 aa SH3 domain. Neffin could be readily produced in large amounts (>18 mg/L) in the cytoplasm of E. coli, and bound with a subpicomolar affinity (K(d) 0.54 pM) to its target, the HIV-1 Nef protein. When expressed in human cells Neffin could potently inhibit Nef function. Similar VHH-SH3 fusion proteins could be targeted against many other proteins of interest and could have widespread use in diverse medical and biotechnology applications where biochemical robustness and strong binding affinity are required.
The Information Content of Forward and Futures Prices: Market Expectations and the Price of Risk (2004)

Forward and futures rates are frequently used as measures of market expectations. In this paper we apply standard forecast efficiency tests, and some newer exact sign and rank tests, to a wide range of forward and futures rates, and in this way test whether these are in fact rational expectations of future actual prices. The forward and futures rates that we study under a common methodology include foreign exchange forward rates, U.S. and foreign interest rate futures and forward rates, oil futures and natural gas futures. For most, but not all, of these instruments, we find that we can reject the hypothesis that the forward or futures rates are rational expectations of actual future prices. It is well known that foreign exchange forward rates give less accurate forecasts than a random walk, but we show that this is also true for some interest rate futures and forward rates. We conclude that forward and futures prices are not generally pure measures of market expectations: they are also heavily affected by the market price of risk.
Scrap Tire Disposal (1974)

Abstract Our overall objective in presenting this review is to call attention to the very complicated nature of the entire disposal problem. The whole field of scrap-tire disposal is full of alternatives, compromises, legislation, and conflicting reports on technological success. We will present a brief historical section explaining why the disposal of scrap-tires is now a problem (challenge) and the events that lead to it. Statistics on the annual volume of scrap-rubber generated and the volume disposed of by major processes will be reviewed. Existing and proposed legislation will be presented, and the probable impact on the rubber industry discussed. We will state what we believe to be the characteristics of an ideal solution. The technical aspects of scrap-tire disposal will not be neglected. The physical, thermal, and chemical values of a scrap-tire will be presented as a basis of defining potential uses for scrap-tires. The existing and proposed uses of scrap-tires as well as processes for disposal are extremely varied. We have decided to discuss processes for scrap-tire disposal under three general categories: physical applications, recovery of fuel value, and chemical processes. Certainly there are processes which overlap these artificial categories. We have concentrated on literature published in the last five years as a means of updating the reader. Private communications are liberally referred to in our review simply because this is the only way some information is available. We have also concentrated on large-volume uses or processes which have the potential for large volume. These uses or processes may be an immediate solution. However, we have also endeavored to record or comment on all ideas for scrap-tire disposal. Finally, we have expressed our opinion as to future trends.
High-Throughput Sequencing Enhanced Phage Display Identifies Peptides That Bind Mycobacteria (2013)

Bacterial cell wall components have been previously used as infection biomarkers detectable by antibodies. However, it is possible that the surface of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), also possesses molecules which might be non-antigenic. This makes the probing of biomarkers on the surface of M. tb cell wall difficult using antibodies. Here we demonstrate the use of phage display technology to identify peptides that bind to mycobacteria. We identified these clones using both random clone picking and high throughput sequencing. We demonstrate that random clone picking does not necessarily identify highly enriched clones. We further showed that the clone displaying the CPLHARLPC peptide which was identified by Illumina sequencing as the most enriched, binds better to mycobacteria than three clones selected by random picking. Using surface plasmon resonance, we showed that chemically synthesised CPLHARLPC peptide binds to a 15 KDa peptide from M.tb H37Rv whole cell lysates. These observations demonstrate that phage display technology combined with high-throughput sequencing is a powerful tool to identify peptides that can be used for investigating potential non-antigenic biomarkers for TB and other bacterial infections.
Benefits in Cognitive Function, Blood Pressure, and Insulin Resistance Through Cocoa Flavanol Consumption in Elderly Subjects With Mild Cognitive Impairment (2012)

Flavanol consumption is favorably associated with cognitive function. We tested the hypothesis that dietary flavanols might improve cognitive function in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. We conducted a double-blind, parallel arm study in 90 elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment randomized to consume once daily for 8 weeks a drink containing ≈990 mg (high flavanols), ≈520 mg (intermediate flavanols), or ≈45 mg (low flavanols) of cocoa flavanols per day. Cognitive function was assessed by Mini Mental State Examination, Trail Making Test A and B, and verbal fluency test. At the end of the follow-up period, Mini Mental State Examination was similar in the 3 treatment groups (P=0.13). The time required to complete Trail Making Test A and Trail Making Test B was significantly (P<0.05) lower in subjects assigned to high flavanols (38.10±10.94 and 104.10±28.73 seconds, respectively) and intermediate flavanols (40.20±11.35 and 115.97±28.35 seconds, respectively) in comparison with those assigned to low flavanols (52.60±17.97 and 139.23±43.02 seconds, respectively). Similarly, verbal fluency test score was significantly (P<0.05) better in subjects assigned to high flavanols in comparison with those assigned to low flavanols (27.50±6.75 versus 22.30±8.09 words per 60 seconds). Insulin resistance, blood pressure, and lipid peroxidation also decreased among subjects in the high-flavanol and intermediate-flavanol groups. Changes of insulin resistance explained ≈40% of composite z score variability through the study period (partial r(2)=0.4013; P<0.0001). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first dietary intervention study demonstrating that the regular consumption of cocoa flavanols might be effective in improving cognitive function in elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment. This effect appears mediated in part by an improvement in insulin sensitivity.
Large-Volume Foam-Gel Treatments to Improve Conformance of the Rangely CO2 (1998)

Abstract Large-volume foam-gel treatments can provide a cost-effective method to achieve in-depth conformance improvement in fractured reservoirs. The applicability and cost-effectiveness of the approach depends on the availability of a cheap source of gas, the efficiency with which the foam can be placed into the high permeability thief zone(s) and the effectiveness of the gelled foam barrier in diverting reservoir drive fluids to improve oil recovery. This paper reviews progress in the application of large- volume CO2-foam-gel treatments to improve conformance in the Rangely Weber Sand Unit (RWSU), Colorado. The design, implementation, and evaluation of a series of 35,000-45,000 bbl injector well treatments is described. The first treatment was reported in SPE paper 38837. The objectives of this paper are to provide an update on the production response of the first treatment, to report on the status of the second and third treatments, and to describe new developments which increase the cost-effectiveness of the system. We emphasize the importance of candidate well/pattern selection and evaluation to characterize the conformance problem and the main rapid communication trends between the injector and its associated producer wells. Prior to implementing the main treatment, a program of injector well tests is used to evaluate the flow characteristics of the thief zone(s), and the optimum foam injection strategy. The delayed gelation kinetics of the system are designed to optimize foam generation and placement, to ensure foam stabilization before the end of the pump period and to generate a strong and robust gelled foam barrier after placement. The procedures used to determine treatment effectiveness are described. From the injector well viewpoint, changes in water and CO2 injectivity, and the extent and longevity of near well bore diversion after the treatment is given by a series of injection profile surveys and pressure fall-off tests. High frequency pre- and post-treatment production data are used to evaluate production response and incremental oil recovery. Finally, we discuss the cost-effectiveness of foam-gel treatments relative to polymer gels. P. 445
An IIP2 calibration technique for CMOS multi-standard mixers (2008)

Meeting the linearity required by GSM and UMTS receivers in CMOS technology is challenging. A new IIP2 calibration technique based on canceling the second order nonlinearities of mixer, generated in the input RF transistors, is introduced in this paper. By using this technique about 22 dB IIP2 improvement in a mixer supporting UMTS standard is achieved. The proposed calibration technique can be used in multi-standard mixers because of high bandwidth of the calibration circuitry. Moreover it can work with voltage supplies as low as IV. The design is done in CMOS 65 nm technology with 1.2 V supply while it consumes about 7 mA current.
Measuring and visualizing attention in space with 3D attention volumes (2012)

Knowledge about the point of regard is a major key for the analysis of visual attention in areas such as psycholinguistics, psychology, neurobiology, computer science and human factors. Eye tracking is thus an established methodology in these areas, e. g., for investigating search processes, human communication behavior, product design or human-computer interaction. As eye tracking is a process which depends heavily on technology, the progress of gaze use in these scientific areas is tied closely to the advancements of eye-tracking technology. It is thus not surprising that in the last decades, research was primarily based on 2D stimuli and rather static scenarios, regarding both content and observer.
RELATIONSHIP OF ELECTRICALLY INDUCED PAIN TO THE AMPERAGE AND THE WATTAGE OF SHOCK STIMULI (1952)

The present paper deals with the development of an apparatus for delivering controlled electric stimuli, and with an attempt to discover which physical aspect of 60 cycle alternating current (voltage, amperage, or wattage) is most closely related to discrimination of shock stimuli in psychological experiments.' Shock, of course, has been the most widely used, and the most type of noxious stimulus for many psychological studies. However, convenient should be italicized for, while shock is usually rather simple to apply, accurate control of the most effective physical aspect of this stimulus is difficult. A survey of the literature indicates that control of voltage alone in psychological studies is quite unsatisfactory. This is frequently the case even when considerable physical resistance is added to the circuit in series with the biological materials. Problems relating to the use of electric shock stimuli were considered in a round-table discussion of the American Psychological Association (2, 3). Although there was no close agreement among members, the general opinion seemed to be that amperage was the physical aspect of shock which should be controlled. Muenzinger and Walz (4) developed a method for controlling D.C. current (to a great extent) despite variations in skin resistance. This technic has proved quite satisfactory for a number of purposes. However, the few psychophysical experiments that have been performed with control of amperage have yielded disparate results. Thus, Dalziel and Lagen (5) found that the integumental threshold for 60 cycle alternating current was 1.1 milliamperes (ma.), while Forbes and Bernstein (6) found great fluc-
Variation of Lumbar Spine Stiffness With Load (1987)

Mechanical studies of the Functional Spinal Unit (FSU) in-vitro have shown that the slopes of the load-displacement curves increase with load. This nonlinearity implies that the stiffness of the FSU is not constant over the range of physiologic loads, and that measurements obtained for FSU specimens through the application of individual loads cannot be summed to predict the response of the specimens to combined loads. Both experimental and analytical methods were developed in the present study to better quantify the nonlinear FSU load-displacement response and to calculate the coupled stiffness of FSU specimens at combined states of load reflecting in-vivo conditions. Results referenced to the center of the vertebral body indicate that lumbar FSU specimens are stiffer in flexion than in extension, and that FSU specimens loaded in flexion are stiffer at high loads than at low loads. The importance of combined load testing and a nonlinear interpretation of load-displacement data is demonstrated.
Molecular Dynamics of Carbohydrate Aqueous Solutions. Dielectric Relaxation as a Function of Glucose and Fructose Concentration (2001)

At some solute concentrations c between 1 and 5.4 mol/L, the complex (electric) permittivity of aqueous solutions of d-glucose and d-fructose has been determined as a function of frequency υ between 300 kHz and 40 GHz. The permittivity spectrum of the 5.4 mol/L d-fructose solution has been measured at six temperatures between 10 and 35 °C, and the other spectra have been taken at 25 °C. All dielectric spectra revealed one dispersion/dielectric loss region, which indicated a rather homogeneous relaxation of the solute and solvent dipole moments. Analytically, the measured spectra were represented by the Cole−Cole relaxation spectral function, which corresponds with a continuous, symmetrically bell shaped relaxation time distribution. The parameters of the spectral function are discussed to show that the monosaccharides exhibit unusual hydration properties. Particularly, when treated in terms of a wait-and-switch model of dipole reorientation, the principal dielectric relaxation time is indicative of the extraordinary hydration behavior of the saccharides. It is suggested that this behavior reflects the compatibility of the ring molecule's −OH group topology with the water structure.