gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combustion and Co-combustion of Biomass:  Fundamentals, Technologies, and Primary Measures for Emission Reduction (2003)

Since biomass is the only carbon-based renewable fuel, its application becomes more and more important for climate protection. Among the thermochemical conversion technologies (i.e., combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis), combustion is the only proven technology for heat and power production. Biomass combustion systems are available in the size range from a few kW up to more than 100 MW. The efficiency for heat production is considerably high and heat from biomass is economically feasible. Commercial power production is based on steam cycles. The specific cost and efficiency of steam plants is interesting at large scale applications. Hence co-combustion of biomass with coal is promising, as it combines high efficiency with reasonable transport distances for the biomass. However, biomass combustion is related to significant pollutant formation and hence needs to be improved. To develop measures for emission reduction, the specific fuel properties need to be considered. It is shown that pollutant formation occurs due to two reasons: (1) Incomplete combustion can lead to high emissions of unburnt pollutants such as CO, soot, and PAH. Although improvements to reduce these emissions have been achieved by optimized furnace design including modeling, there is still a relevant potential of further optimization. (2) Pollutants such as NOX and particles are formed as a result of fuel constituents such as N, K, Cl, Ca, Na, Mg, P, and S. Hence biomass furnaces exhibit relatively high emissions of NOX and submicron particles. Air staging and fuel staging have been developed as primary measures for NOX reduction that offer a potential of 50% to 80% reduction. Primary measures for particle reduction are not yet safely known. However, a new approach with extensively reduced primary air is presented that may lead to new furnace designs with reduced particle emissions. Furthermore, assisting efforts for optimized plant operation are needed to guarantee low emissions and high efficiency under real-world conditions.
A CPU on a glass substrate using CG-silicon TFTs (2003)

A CPU is produced on a glass substrate using continuous-gain silicon TFTs. Corning 1737 glass with a distortion point of 640/spl deg/C forms the glass substrate and the process temperature never exceeds 550/spl deg/C. The 8b CPU contains 13,000 TFTs and the chip area is 13/spl times/13mm/sup 2/. Operation at a frequency of 3MHz was confirmed at 5V.
Carbon nanowalls: the next step for physical manifestation of the black body coating (2013)

The optical properties of carbon nanowall (CNW) films in the visible range have been studied and reported for the first time. Depending on the film structure, ultra-low total reflectance up to 0.13% can be reached, which makes the CNW films a promising candidate for the black body-like coating, and thus for a wide range of applications as a light absorber. We have estimated important trends in the optical property variation from sample to sample, and identified the presence of edge states and domain boundaries in carbon nanowalls as well as the film mass density variation as the key factors. Also we demonstrated that at much lower film thickness and density than for a carbon nanotube forest the CNWs yield one order higher specific light absorption.
Satisfying Service Level Objectices in a Self-Managing Resource Pool (2009)

We consider a self-managing, self-organizing pool of virtualized computer servers that provides infrastructure as a service (IaaS) for enterprise computing workloads. A global controller automatically manages the pool in a top down manner by periodically varying the number of servers used and re-assigning workloads to different servers. It aims to use as few servers as possible to minimize power usage while satisfying per-workload service level requirements. Each server is self-organizing. It has a local workload manager that dynamically varies the capacity allocated to each workload to satisfy per-workload service level objectives. This paper evaluates the impact of four alternative workload manager policies on the quality of service provided by the resource pool. The policies include: (i) a non-work-conserving feedback controller, (ii) a work-conserving feedback controller, (iii) a work-conserving feedback controller with fixed per-workload scheduling weights to support differentiated service, and (iv) a work-conserving feedback controller with dynamic per-workload weight to provide differentiated service while minimizing penalties. A case study involving three months of data for 138 SAP applications shows that the work-conserving policy significantly outperforms the non-work-conserving policy. The dynamic weight policy is better able to minimize penalties than the other policies while treating workloads fairly. Our study offers insights into the trade-offs between performance isolation, efficient resource sharing, and quality of service.
Colonic Immune Suppression, Barrier Dysfunction, and Dysbiosis by Gastrointestinal Bacillus anthracis Infection (2014)

Gastrointestinal (GI) anthrax results from the ingestion of Bacillus anthracis. Herein, we investigated the pathogenesis of GI anthrax in animals orally infected with toxigenic non-encapsulated B. anthracis Sterne strain (pXO1+ pXO2-) spores that resulted in rapid animal death. B. anthracis Sterne induced significant breakdown of intestinal barrier function and led to gut dysbiosis, resulting in systemic dissemination of not only B. anthracis, but also of commensals. Disease progression significantly correlated with the deterioration of innate and T cell functions. Our studies provide critical immunologic and physiologic insights into the pathogenesis of GI anthrax infection, whereupon cleavage of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in immune cells may play a central role in promoting dysfunctional immune responses against this deadly pathogen.
Carbon deposition on multi-layer mirrors by extreme ultra violet ray irradiation (2007)

Organic gases cause carbon depositions on the multi-layer mirrors by Extreme Ultra Violet (EUV) light irradiations in EUV lithography tool. The dependences on organic gas species, organic gas pressure and EUV light intensity in the carbon deposition were researched in order to understand this reaction. EUV light was irradiated on a (Si/Mo) multilayer mirror sample injecting organic gas like buthane, buthanol, methyl propionate, hexane, perfluoro octane, decane, decanol, methyl nonanoate, diethyl benzene, dimethyl phthalate and hexadecane. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements revealed that organic gases with heavier molecule weight or higher boiling temperature caused faster carbon deposition rates. Carbon deposition rates increased linearly with organic gas pressures. Dependence on EUV light intensity was estimated from comparisons between an EUV light profile and carbon distributions on irradiated samples. Carbon deposition rates increased rapidly, but became saturated at higher EUV light intensities. Three chemical reactions, an adsorption, a desorption and a carbon deposition by EUV light irradiation, were taken into account to explain the behavior of the carbon deposition. Electron irradiation on a mirror sample revealed that photoelectrons emitting from the mirror surface played an important role in carbon deposition.
Suggested Reporting Parameters for Investigations of Wastewater from Unconventional Shale Gas Extraction (2013)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVViewpointNEXTSuggested Reporting Parameters for Investigations of Wastewater from Unconventional Shale Gas ExtractionKyle J. Bibby†‡, Susan L. Brantley§, Danny D. Reible∥, Karl G. Linden⊥, Paula J. Mouser#, Kelvin B. Gregory▽, Brian R. Ellis○, and Radisav D. Vidic*†View Author Information† Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States‡ Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States§ Earth and Environmental Systems Institute and Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States∥ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States⊥ Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 428, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States# Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States▽ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States○ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States*(R.D.V.) E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 23, 13220–13221Publication Date (Web):November 19, 2013Publication History Received7 November 2013Accepted8 November 2013Published online19 November 2013Published inissue 3 December 2013https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es404960zhttps://doi.org/10.1021/es404960znewsACS PublicationsCopyright © 2013 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views1941Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (618 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Anions,Barium,Fluids,Shale,Water treatment Get e-Alerts
Molecular weight effects on gelation and rheological properties of konjac glucomannan–xanthan mixtures (2009)

Abstract Fractions of konjac glucomannan (KGM) with various viscosity‐average molecular weights ( M v ) ranging from 4.00 × 10 5 to 2.50 × 10 6 were prepared by hydrolysis degradation in hydrochloride acid/ethanol. Effect of M v of KGM on the critical gelation temperature ( T gel ) determined by Winter–Chambon criterion and the elasticity of KGM/xanthan mixed gels, a kind of binary gel formed by synergistic gelation, were investigated by dynamic viscoelastic measurements. It was shown that the value of T gel of the gel was shifted to a higher temperature and the gel strength was enhanced when M v of KGM was increased. The critical M v (1.91 × 10 6 ) was observed, above which the T gel and elasticity of the mixed gels showed no or slight increase. It was suggested that T gel and elasticity of KGM/xanthan mixed gels mainly depend on the structure of junction zones driven by the strong interaction between KGM and xanthan, which was gradually improved with increasing M v of KGM. It was found that the critical strain and yield stress of the mixed gels increased monotonically with the increasing M v of KGM. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 313–321, 2010
FUEL CELL CATALYSTS. (1964)

Abstract : Mathematical analysis of mass transport conditions to the catalyst pore walls showed wide and short pores to be the desirable geometric configuration. Optimum numerical values of length and radius are dependent on diffusivity and reaction rate constant. Carbonaceous carriers including carbon blacks, graphites and boron carbides, are suitable for anodic service but, in conjunction with precious metals, are oxidized at the cathode. The bulk density, surface area, particle size and shape, electrical conductivity and pore structure of carriers have been examined, as well as the state of dispersion and the adherence of deposited platinum or platinum-ruthenium catalysts at various metal to carrier and platinum to ruthenium ratios. Comparable metal crystallite size reduction can be obtained on all carriers despite large differences in surface areas. Crystallite size also decreases with decreasing metal to carrier ratios. Alloying with ruthenium reduces the platinum crystallite size, but to a lesser degree than in the case of unsupported metal. Lower metal to carrier ratios and higher carrier surface areas generally improve the uniformity of the metal dispersion. However, small crystallite size and uniform metal distribution do not always coincide. The oxidation of methanol, or propane, iso-octane and carbon monoxide containing hydrogen in sulfuric, or phosphoric acids is improved by the use of supported anode catalysts. Precious metal utilization increased up to four fold at practical current densities. Alloying suported platinum with ruthenium was beneficial for the oxidation of methanol, whereas unalloyed supported platinum is preferred for the oxidation of propane.
Multilayer Antenna-Filter Antenna for Beam-Steering Transmit-Array Applications (2012)

This paper presents a study on reconfigurable transmit-array (TA) antennas based on multilayer tunable elements. The proposed configuration can be referred to as a multilayer antenna–filter antenna (MAFA) and it can be viewed as an extension of the antenna-filter antenna concept. It consists of multiple antenna layers cascaded to form a spatially distributed bandpass filter. Phase agility is achieved by tuning the resonant frequency of each layer. The main objective of this paper is to introduce a new design technique for MAFA TA antennas. As will be shown, the key feature of the proposed approach is that it allows to simultaneously take into account three key design parameters: the phase tuning range, the maximum acceptable losses per unit cell, and the operating bandwidth. Simulations and experimental results for MAFAs based on varactor-loaded slot antennas will be illustrated to prove the validity of the proposed method. In particular, numerical results will demonstrate that MAFA cells can be designed to provide full phase agility over operating bandwidths of up to 10% with maximum insertion losses of 3 dB. Furthermore, a specific example will show how introducing an inter-layer medium with a higher dielectric permittivity it is possible to reduce the array longitudinal size. Finally, experimental results obtained using a waveguide simulator will be presented for a 1 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\,\times\, $</tex></formula> 3 five-layer MAFA cell.
Experimental and analytical characterization of the mechanical performance of disks (2000)

The need for achieving high areal density in data storage devices that are smaller, cheaper and have faster access time has led to a number of new data storage and read-write technologies. Alternate substrate materials are being evaluated in order to achieve these goals. Plastic substrates offer exciting new possibilities in this area. The present study focuses on the understanding of dynamic performance of disks under loads typically seen in data storage applications. The role of substrate material damping in enhancing the dynamic performance is clearly established both analytically and experimentally. Simple analytical models were developed to predict the frequency and displacement of disks under dynamic loading (including the effects of material damping). The loss modulus of the material was identified as the main parameter that controls the damping behavior of the substrate material. The predicted response of the dynamic performance of disks was verified successfully through experiments. Results indicated that the analytical predictions agree well with experiments. The models developed in this study were used to develop materials with enhanced damping characteristics. These materials showed greatly improved vibration response and were comparable to the current substrate (aluminum) material.
Suramin affects DNA synthesis in HeLa cells by inhibition of DNA polymerases. (1990)

Suramin, a polysulfonated naphthylurea widely used in the treatment of trypanosomiasis and onchocerciasis, is currently being investigated as an antitumor agent for the treatment of advanced cancer. Suramin exerts a wide variety of biological effects. We have shown that suramin inhibits cell proliferation and DNA synthesis in cultured HeLa cells. The replication in vitro of SV40 DNA is completely abolished by 40 microM suramin. The inhibition of DNA replication is due to inhibition of DNA polymerases alpha and delta, the replicative enzymes in eukaryotic cells. DNA polymerase alpha is sensitive to lower concentrations of suramin [concentration to achieve 50% inhibition (IC50) of 8 microM] than is DNA polymerase delta (IC50 36 microM), whereas DNA polymerase beta is relatively insensitive to the drug (IC50 of 90 microM). Suramin inhibits other replicative DNA polymerases such as Escherichia coli polymerase I (Klenow fragment) and Thermus aquaticus polymerase. Suramin is noncompetitive with both substrate deoxyribonucleotides and template-primers with respect to DNA polymerase inhibition. Much lower concentrations (8-30 microM) of the drug are required for 50% inhibition of DNA polymerases than for 50% inhibition of other enzymes such as protein kinase C and reverse transcriptase. These results show an important biological effect of this drug and indicate the need for more studies before its clinical use as an antitumor agent.
ROBODOC achieves pinless registration (2001)

The ROBODOC 1 Surgical Assistant System provides computer assisted planning and execution of bone milling for total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty procedures. One key aspect of the robotic procedure is registration, the process of transforming the robot’s milling instructions from the image coordinate system used for planning into the robot coordinate system in which the plan is executed. The first‐generation system performed registration using fiducial markers (pins) implanted in the patient. These markers present various disadvantages to patients, surgeons, and clinics. As a result, users asked for a “pinless” single surgery system. The resulting design, DigiMatch, achieves registration by matching points digitized from the bone anatomy to a three‐dimensional surface model developed from a CT scan of the bone. The DigiMatch system is currently in routine use in many clinics in Europe, and is under clinical evaluation in the USA.
A Linear Programming Approach for Multiple Object Tracking (2007)

We propose a linear programming relaxation scheme for the class of multiple object tracking problems where the inter-object interaction metric is convex and the intra-object term quantifying object state continuity may use any metric. The proposed scheme models object tracking as a multi-path searching problem. It explicitly models track interaction, such as object spatial layout consistency or mutual occlusion, and optimizes multiple object tracks simultaneously. The proposed scheme does not rely on track initialization and complex heuristics. It has much less average complexity than previous efficient exhaustive search methods such as extended dynamic programming and is found to be able to find the global optimum with high probability. We have successfully applied the proposed method to multiple object tracking in video streams.
Separation Cavitation; Solutions for the Infinite Width Cylinder-Plane and Journal-Bearing Configurations (1973)

Theoretical analysis of the infinite width cylinder-plane and journal-bearing configurations is undertaken using the separation cavitation boundary condition. The results could form the basis of experimental work designed to check the appropriateness of the boundary condition for low-load situations.
Mitigating Voltage Fade in Cathode Materials by Improving the Atomic Level Uniformity of Elemental Distribution (2014)

Lithium- and manganese-rich (LMR) layered-structure materials are very promising cathodes for high energy density lithium-ion batteries. However, their voltage fading mechanism and its relationships with fundamental structural changes are far from being well understood. Here we report for the first time the mitigation of voltage and energy fade of LMR cathodes by improving the atomic level spatial uniformity of the chemical species. The results reveal that LMR cathodes (Li[Li0.2Ni0.2M0.6]O2) prepared by coprecipitation and sol-gel methods, which are dominated by a LiMO2 type R3̅m structure, show significant nonuniform Ni distribution at particle surfaces. In contrast, the LMR cathode prepared by a hydrothermal assisted method is dominated by a Li2MO3 type C2/m structure with minimal Ni-rich surfaces. The samples with uniform atomic level spatial distribution demonstrate much better capacity retention and much smaller voltage fade as compared to those with significant nonuniform Ni distribution. The fundamental findings on the direct correlation between the atomic level spatial distribution of the chemical species and the functional stability of the materials may also guide the design of other energy storage materials with enhanced stabilities.
Automatic language recognition based on discriminating features in pitch contours (2002)

A study of linguistic literature proposed that prosodic features in the pitch contours of languages could be the basis of an efficient automatic language recognition (ALR) system. In order to extract the pitch contour from speech signals, an accurate event detection pitch detector has been introduced. The latter is based on a time-scale representation, the dyadic wavelet transform (D/sub y/ WT), which aims at extracting the transients in the signal, based on the dilation of the analysis window. The proposed pitch detector is suitable for both low pitched and high pitched speakers, for non-stationary pitch periods and it is robust to noise. A set of feasible, discriminating features were extracted from the pitch contour and were used in a "k-nearest neighbor" classification technique to classify three languages. Results indicated an excellent distinction between a tone and a stress language, Xhosa and Afrikaans.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Levels in Learning (1995)

Abstract In 1957, Van Hiele published his study on levels in learning mathematics. In this article we present an elaboration of the theory on levels in learning and an illustration of this theory based on empirical results. We distinguish between three levels: The first is the formation of an image out of a range of familiar examples or experiences. Second, on the basis of the image a schema can be built, which includes all kinds of interrelated details. Third, a theory can be developed with basic assumptions, definitions, and logical inferences. Before entering the next level, the learner should be sufficiently experienced on the actual level. It is shown that the theory on levels in learning can be integrated with other learning principles, such as notions from constructivism.