gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep-UV Conformable-Contact Photolithography for Bubble Circuits (1976)

The techniques of deep-ultraviolet (UV) conformable-contact photolithography are described and some preliminary work reported on their application to the fabrication of high-density bubble memory circuits by single-level masking. A quantitative analysis of tolerance requirements for linewidth, mask-to-wafer gap, and exposure is made for printing with conventional UV and deep-UV, for feature sizes in the range 2.5 µm to 0.1 µm. A new type of mask-to-wafer holder is described, utilizing a diaphragm to achieve contact. The holder can be used for either a conformable wafer or a conformable mask, or for both conformable wafer and mask, and for the liquid gap technique. Developmental bubble memory circuits on amorphous and garnet materials have been fabricated using deep-UV conformable-contact photolithography, electroplating, liftoff, and ion milling.
<i>Iroquois</i> Homeodomain Transcription Factors in Heart Development and Function (2012)

Numerous cardiac transcription factors play overlapping roles in both the specification and proliferation of the cardiac tissues and chambers during heart development. It has become increasingly apparent that cardiac transcription factors also play critical roles in the regulation of expression of many functional genes in the prenatal and postnatal hearts. Accordingly, mutations of cardiac transcription factors cannot only result in congenital heart defects but also alter heart function thereby predisposing to heart disease and cardiac arrhythmias. In this review, we summarize the roles of Iroquois homeobox (Irx) family of transcription factors in heart development and function. In all, 6 Irx genes are expressed with distinct and overlapping patterns in the mammalian heart. Studies in several animal models demonstrate that Irx genes are important for the establishment of ventricular chamber properties, the ventricular conduction system, as well as heterogeneity of the ventricular repolarization. The molecular mechanisms by which Irx proteins regulate gene expression and the clinical relevance of Irx functions in the heart are discussed.
Rat Liver Cytosolic Retinal Dehydrogenase: Comparison of 13-cis-, 9-cis-, and all-trans-Retinal as Substrates and Effects of Cellular Retinoid-Binding Proteins and Retinoic Acid on Activity (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRat Liver Cytosolic Retinal Dehydrogenase: Comparison of 13-cis-, 9-cis-, and all-trans-Retinal as Substrates and Effects of Cellular Retinoid-Binding Proteins and Retinoic Acid on ActivityZeyad El Akawi and Joseph L. NapoliCite this: Biochemistry 1994, 33, 7, 1938–1943Publication Date (Print):February 22, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 22 February 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00173a042https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00173a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views95Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Measurement of maximum time interval error for telecommunications clock stability characterization (1996)

Maximum time-interval error (MTIE) is historically one of the main time-domain quantities considered for the specification of clock stability requirements in telecommunications standards. In this paper, MTIE is first introduced according to its formal definition. Then, the main issue of its experimental measurement is pointed out: the heavy computational effort in most cases of practical interest. Therefore, two suitable methods to face up to this issue are herein discussed, summarizing the state of the art of MTIE measurement techniques in telecommunications. A new effective technique is proposed, with the aim to provide an easy but accurate way to test the compliance of telecommunications clocks with MTIE standard masks. Several results, measuring clocks deployed in telecommunications networks, are provided.
Intertemporal Disequilibrium in an Open Economy (1984)

The binding of this item renders some marginal text unreadable. A hard copy is available in UCD Library at GEN 330.08 IR/UNI
Melting behavior of polyethylene/α‐olefin copolymers: Narrow composition distribution copolymers and fractions from Ziegler–Natta and single‐site catalyst products (2004)

Abstract The melting temperature and heat of fusion were measured for an extensive series of compositionally uniform copolymers of ethylene with butene‐1, hexene‐1, and octene‐1. Fractions and whole polymers that exhibited minimal interchain compositional heterogeneity were from commercial copolymers made with either Ziegler–Natta (ZN) or single‐site metallocene catalysts. The present results do not support recent claims that ZN and corresponding metallocene catalyst copolymers melt at significantly different temperatures, nor the implication that comonomer incorporation is “blocky” in ZN copolymers. In five of the six comonomer/catalyst systems the dependencies of the melting temperature on comonomer type and amount were scarcely distinguishable. This common behavior is the same as that for a model random copolymer, so we conclude that most ethylene/α‐olefin copolymers have random distributions of ethylene sequences. The exception in the present study is a metallocene ethylene/butene‐1 copolymer that melts at lower temperatures and apparently has perceptibly alternating sequence distributions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3416–3427, 2004
On the relationship between thermal emissivity and the normalized difference vegetation index for natural surfaces (1993)

Abstract The spatial variation of both the thermal emissivity (8–14/mu;m) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was measured for a series of natural surfaces within a savanna environment in Botswana. The measurements were performed with an emissivity-box and with a combined red and near-infrared radiometer, with spectral bands corresponding to NOAA/AVHRR. It was found that thermal emissivity was highly correlated with NDVI after logarithmic transformation, with a correlation coefficient of R = 0·94. This empirical relationship is of potential use for energy balance studies using thermal infrared remote sensing. The relationship was used in combination with AVHRR (GAC), AVHRR (LAC), and Landsat (TM) data to demonstrate and compare the spatial variability of various spatial scales.
Applying Reinforcement Learning to Packet Scheduling in Routers (2003)

An important problem for the Internet is how to provide a guaranteed quality of service to users, in contrast to the cur-rent “best-effort ” service. A key aspect of this problem is how routers should share network capacity between different classes of traffic. This decision needs to be made for each in-coming packet, and is known as the packet scheduling prob-lem. A major challenge in packet scheduling is that the be-haviour of each traffic class may not be known in advance, and can vary dynamically. In this paper, we describe how we have modelled the packet scheduling problem as an appli-cation for reinforcement learning (RL). We demonstrate how our RL approach can learn scheduling policies that satisfy the quality of service requirements of multiple traffic classes un-der a variety of conditions. We also present an insight into the effectiveness of two different RL algorithms in this context. A major benefit of this approach is that we can help network providers deliver a guaranteed quality of service to customers without manual fine-tuning of the network routers.
A Review on Quantum Computing: Qubits, Cryogenic Electronics and Cryogenic MOSFET Physics (2019)

Quantum computing (QC) has already entered the industrial landscape and several multinational corporations have initiated their own research efforts. So far, many of these efforts have been focusing on superconducting qubits, whose industrial progress is currently way ahead of all other qubit implementations. This paper briefly reviews the progress made on the silicon-based QC platform, which is highly promising to meet the scale-up challenges by leveraging the semiconductor industry. We look at different types of qubits, the advantages of silicon, and techniques for qubit manipulation in the solid state. Finally, we discuss the possibility of co-integrating silicon qubits with FET-based, cooled front-end electronics, and review the device physics of MOSFETs at deep cryogenic temperatures.
Multilocus Sequence Typing of<i>Lactobacillus casei</i>Reveals a Clonal Population Structure with Low Levels of Homologous Recombination (2007)

Robust genotyping methods for Lactobacillus casei are needed for strain tracking and collection management, as well as for population biology research. A collection of 52 strains initially labeled L. casei or Lactobacillus paracasei was first subjected to rplB gene sequencing together with reference strains of Lactobacillus zeae, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and other species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all 52 strains belonged to a single compact L. casei-L. paracasei sequence cluster, together with strain CIP107868 (= ATCC 334) but clearly distinct from L. rhamnosus and from a cluster with L. zeae and CIP103137(T) (= ATCC 393(T)). The strains were genotyped using amplified fragment length polymorphism, multilocus sequence typing based on internal portions of the seven housekeeping genes fusA, ileS, lepA, leuS, pyrG, recA, and recG, and tandem repeat variation (multilocus variable-number tandem repeats analysis [MLVA] using nine loci). Very high concordance was found between the three methods. Although amounts of nucleotide variation were low for the seven genes (pi ranging from 0.0038 to 0.0109), 3 to 12 alleles were distinguished, resulting in 31 sequence types. One sequence type (ST1) was frequent (17 strains), but most others were represented by a single strain. Attempts to subtype ST1 strains by MLVA, ribotyping, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat characterization, and single nucleotide repeat variation were unsuccessful. We found clear evidence for homologous recombination during the diversification of L. casei clones, including a putative intragenic import of DNA into one strain. Nucleotides were estimated to change four times more frequently by recombination than by mutation. However, statistical congruence between individual gene trees was retained, indicating that recombination is not frequent enough to disrupt the phylogenetic signal. The developed multilocus sequence typing scheme should be useful for future studies of L. casei strain diversity and evolution.
Adverse Drug Reactions in United States Hospitals (2006)

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were examined in 8,208,960 hospitalized Medicare patients in 1998. A database was constructed from the 1998 MedPAR database. The study population was composed of 141,398 Medicare patients who experienced an ADR (rate of 1.73%). The most common drug classes associated with ADRs were cardiotonic glycosides, adrenal corticosteroids, antineoplastic agents, anticoagulants, and analgesics. The most common associated diagnoses were hypertension, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, volume depletion disorders, and atherosclerotic heart disease. In patients who experienced an ADR, death rates were 19.18% higher with 1971 excess deaths (odds ratio 1.208, 95% confidence interval 1.184-1.234), and length of hospital stay was 8.25% higher with 77,769 excess patient-days (Mann-Whitney U test [U]=200078720610, p<0.0001). Charges for patients with an ADR were increased as follows: total Medicare 19.86% (339,496,598 US dollars, U=200,089,611,739, p<0.0001), drugs 9.15% (24,744,650 US dollars, U=208,719,928,502, p<0.0001), and laboratory charges 2.82% (6,221,512 US dollars, U=195,143,498,450, p<0.0001). We developed a list of high-risk diagnoses and drug classes to help pharmacists target patients who are more likely to experience ADRs. This is the first study to evaluate the ADRs in a large population of hospitalized Medicare patients. These findings will enable pharmacists to develop better management programs for ADRs.
Isolation of 45 exon-like fragments from 8p22→p21.3, a region that is commonly deleted in hepatocellular, colorectal, and non-small cell lung carcinomas (1996)

The loss of heterozygosity that is frequently observed at chromosome 8p22-->p21.3 in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), colorectal cancers (CRC), prostate cancers (PRC). and non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), suggests the presence there of one or more tumor suppressor genes associated with development and/or progression of these types of carcinomas. We have constructed a cosmid contig map of the target region by means of Southern hybridization and have isolated 45 exon-like fragments by exon amplification, using cosmid clones derived from three yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). The map and the exon-like fragments reported here will be useful resources for isolation of the putative tumor suppressor gene(s) as well as other novel genes located in the 8p22-->p21.3 region.
A review of the efficacy of human Q fever vaccine registered in Australia (2007)

Despite the shortcomings of efficacy studies, the Q fever vaccine available in Australia has considerable protective benefit in established high-risk environments, particularly of an occupational nature.
Regulation of innate immune signalling pathways by the tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins (2011)

The innate immune system recognizes microbial components through pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), including membrane-bound Toll-like receptors and cytosolic receptors such as RIG-I-like receptors and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sensors. These PRRs trigger distinct signal transduction pathways that culminate in induction of an array of cytokines and other mediators required for host defense. The tripartite motif (TRIM) family is a diverse family of RING finger domain-containing proteins, which are involved in a variety of cellular functions. Importantly, recent studies have shown that they are also involved in the regulation of innate immune responses through the modulation of PRR signalling pathways.
Effects of limit equalizer in blu-ray disc format (2003)

In 2002, the "limit equalizer" which we developed was utilized in the Blu-ray disc format. The limit equalizer improves signal-to-noise ratio without increasing inter-symbol interference and improves jitter and error rates during operation. The limit equalizer is a nonlinear equalizer and deterioration of individual data patterns had to be verified. We used two methods of computer simulation to study behavior of every data patterns of modulation code. We calculated jitter and error rates on individual data patterns in the case of adding low frequency noise as the degradation factor, and in the case of adding random noise or defocus as the degradation factors. We derived the characteristics of both jitter and error rates on combinations of neighboring run-lengths (preceding and succeeding run-lengths). The results confirmed that both jitter and error rates were improved by the use of a limit equalizer throughout the series of data pattern combinations.
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Rev Protein Shuttles between the Cytoplasm and Nuclear Compartments (1994)

A retroviral regulatory protein, Rev (regulator of virion protein expression), is made in cells infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Rev is essential for the completion of the retroviral life cycle and interacts with the host cell at some posttranscriptional step in order to express the incompletely spliced HIV mRNAs from which HIV structural proteins are translated. Neither the host cell components nor the mechanisms responsible for this important regulation have been defined. We now report that Rev is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttle protein which is continuously transported between the cytoplasm, the nucleoli, and nucleoplasmic speckles enriched in RNA splicing and processing factors. The results show that Rev has the potential to interfere specifically with the splicing of the HIV pre-mRNA in the nucleoplasm and, next, guide such mRNAs to the cytoplasm for translation.
Alternative Combustion Systems for Piston Engines Involving Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Concepts - A Review of Studies Using Methanol, Gasoline and Diesel Fuel (1996)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In addition to the Spark Ignited and Compression Ignited modes of reciprocating internal combustion engine operation, a third option exists. In this class of engine, elevated charge temperatures and (in some cases) active chemical species are employed to achieve a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) mode of operation. This is typically accomplished using copious amounts of charge dilution by exhaust gases, which can elevate charge temperatures into autoignition regimes, yet simultaneously temper runaway combustion rates which would otherwise lead to destructive knocking.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Engine operation in the HCCI mode has been described as efficient, stable, and low in the production of engine-out emissions. However, with the large amounts of charge dilution required, such engines to date suffer from relatively low energy density, and are difficult to control over wide ranging speed/load conditions. Realization of this mode of operation has been reported using methanol, gasoline, and diesel fuels. The available experimental data suggests that methanol is particularly well suited for HCCI applications, providing a relatively wider operating range and faster heat release rates. This work provides a review of major efforts to date on this controlled combustion concept.</div>
Modulatory Actions of Activin-A and Follistatin on the Developmental Competence of In Vitro-Matured Bovine Oocytes1 (1998)

The presence of activin receptors on oocytes and granulosa cells suggests that activin and its binding protein, follistatin, may regulate oocyte maturation. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether activin-A and follistatin can influence the in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes as assessed by their competence to form blastocysts after in vitro fertilization. Bovine cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were cultured for 22-24 h at 38.5 degrees C in tissue culture medium-199 supplemented with 10% estrous cow serum, eCG (2.5 IU/ml), and either no treatment (control), activin-A (0.1 or 0.5 microg/ml), follistatin (0.1, 1, or 10 microg/ml), or activin-A (0.5 microg/ml) in combination with follistatin (0.5 or 5 microg/ml). In separate experiments, the same treatments were also tested on cumulus-free oocytes, which had a much reduced developmental capacity when compared to COCs. Neither activin-A nor follistatin affected the postfertilization cleavage rate of either COCs (approximately 60%) or cumulus-free oocytes (approximately 40%). Activin increased (p < 0.05) the proportion of cleaved oocytes that reached the blastocyst stage when added to both COCs (38% increase) and cumulus-free oocytes (160% increase), with the magnitude of response much greater with the latter. Follistatin had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on blastocyst yield from COCs (67% reduction, p < 0.05) and opposed the stimulatory effect of activin (p < 0.05). With cumulus-free oocytes, however, follistatin did not further decrease the low developmental potential of oocytes. A positive correlation (r = 0.57, p < 0.001) was found between endogenous levels of activin-A produced by COCs and their postcleavage development to the blastocyst stage. No such correlation was found between endogenous follistatin level and postcleavage development (r = 0.10, p = 0.46). Endogenous levels of activin-A and follistatin secreted by cumulus-free oocytes were undetectable. These in vitro observations support the hypothesis that activin-A and follistatin, both secretory products of cumulus cells, contribute to the regulation of oocyte maturation in vivo.
“Optimum Linear Preview Control With Application to Vehicle Suspension”—Revisited (1976)

Preview control of vehicle suspension as proposed by Bender is studied from the viewpoint of discrete optimal control. Improvements of the suspension system similar to those observed by Bender (reduction of acceleration and suspension clearance space) are rediscovered. The structure of the preview controller derived in this paper is clear, and is suited for practical use. The formulation and solution of a class of discrete optimal finite preview problems are given in a general form. Thus they apply not only to the suspension problem but also to other problems in which preview is possible. A comparison of Bender’s solution with the present solution is provided along with acceleration versus clearance space tradeoff information.
Improvements to an Operational Clear-Air Turbulence Diagnostic Index by Addition of a Divergence Trend Term (2009)

Abstract An operational clear-air turbulence (CAT) diagnostic index has been modified to improve its performance. The Ellrod–Knapp turbulence index (TI) was developed in the early 1990s and is in use at many aviation forecasting facilities worldwide. It has been recognized, however, that TI often does not sufficiently account for situations where anticyclonic shear or curvature is present. The proposed modification to TI is based on the addition of a proxy term for divergence tendency, appropriate for both anticyclonic flow and gravity wave generation in cyclonic regions. Examples show how the modified index [referred to as the divergence-modified turbulence index (DTI)] leads to better anticipation of significant CAT for two scenarios where rapid divergence changes were occurring. Preliminary objective evaluation of the 6-h forecast DTI derived from the Rapid Update Cycle-2 (RUC-2) was completed for 2 months in 2007 (using more than 1100 pilot reports). Results showed significant improvements over TI, based on verification metrics such as the probability of detection of turbulence (PODy) and the true skill statistic (TSS). Further evaluation is planned using a larger database of pilot reports, as well as forecast data from additional state-of-the-art prediction models, altitude ranges, and forecast times.