gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-floor transit buses (1994)

This synthesis will be of interest to transit agency managers; operations, maintenance, and planning managers; and other personnel concerned with the operational experiences of low-floor transit buses in fixed route service and with the viability of this technology in meeting the transit industry's accessibility goals for the future. Information on low-floor transit buses operating in the United States and Canada, including technical specifications as well as status reports on buses manufactured in North America; buses under development; and buses in Europe, obtained from contacts with international organizations is included. It contains descriptions of standard low-floor buses, as well as another smaller bus used primarily in paratransit service. Transit agencies have chosen low-floor buses as a way of providing easier access for all passengers. In the United States, the enactment of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) has been a major force in the growing interest in low-floor buses. In Canada, several provinces have taken steps in the form of policy directives and funding incentives to encourage their use. This report of the Transportation Research Board describes, primarily, findings from four transit agencies with standard size, low-floor transit buses in service with respect to passengers, maintenance, operations, drivers, and planning and administration. Additionally, it presents some general insights from transit agencies operating smaller low-floor transit vehicles, and, in particular, describes concerns relative to road clearance, winter operations, operations in high water, and impacts on operating practices. It contains technical specifications from U.S., Canadian, and European manufacturers for all these buses.
Online domain adaptation of a pre-trained cascade of classifiers (2011)

Many classifiers are trained with massive training sets only to be applied at test time on data from a different distribution. How can we rapidly and simply adapt a classifier to a new test distribution, even when we do not have access to the original training data? We present an on-line approach for rapidly adapting a “black box” classifier to a new test data set without retraining the classifier or examining the original optimization criterion. Assuming the original classifier outputs a continuous number for which a threshold gives the class, we reclassify points near the original boundary using a Gaussian process regression scheme. We show how this general procedure can be used in the context of a classifier cascade, demonstrating performance that far exceeds state-of-the-art results in face detection on a standard data set. We also draw connections to work in semi-supervised learning, domain adaptation, and information regularization.
한국 성인 남녀에서 혈중 마그네슘 농도와 대사증후군의 관계 (2012)

연구배경: 대사증후군은 심혈관 질환의 위험인자로 알려져 있다. 이전 연구들에 의하면 낮은 혈중 마그네슘 농도는 고혈압, 당뇨 및 이상지질혈증의 독립적인 위험요인이다. 그러나 혈중 마그네슘 농도와 대사증후군의 연관성을 살펴본 연구는 드물다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이들의 관계에 대하여 알아보고자 한다. 방법: 2010년 1월부터 2011년 5월까지 대전 소재의 일개대학병원 건강증진센터를 방문한 한국인 524명을 대상으로 단면연구를 시행하였다. 대사증후군은 American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, Blood institute에서 제시한 진단 지침을 따랐다. 혈중 마그네슘 농도를 1.8~2.0 mg/dL, 2.1~2.2mg/dL, 2.3~2.8 mg/dL의 세 집단으로 나누었으며, 혈중 마그네슘 농도와 대사증후군의 연관성은 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하여 분석하였다. 결과: 혈중 마그네슘 농도가 2.3~2.8 mg/dL인 집단을 기준으로 대사증후군의 비교위험도는 혈중 마그네슘 농도 1.8-2.0mg/dL 집단에서 3.78 (95% CI = 1.48~9.69)이었고 혈중 마그네슘 농도 2.1~2.2 mg/dL 집단에서 1.53 (95% CI =0.63~3.70)이었다. 또한 대사증후군의 구성요소들 중 복부비만 및 고혈당의 비교위험도는 혈중 마그네슘 농도 1.8~2.0 mg/dL 집단과 2.1~2.2 mg/dL에서 각각 5.48 (95% CI =2.07~14.47), 2.41 (95% CI = 0.98~5.89)과 3.12 (95% CI =1.25~7.78), 0.99 (95% CI = 0.40~2.43)이었다. 결론: 본 연구에서는 한국인 성인 남녀를 대상으로 혈중 마그네슘 농도와 대사증후군의 연관성을 조사하였다. 그 결과 혈중 마그네슘 농도가 낮은 경우 높은 경우에 비해서 대사 증후군의 비교위험도가 증가하였음을 확인하였다.
In-vessel Type Control Rod Drive Mechanism Using Magnetic Force Latching for a Very Small Reactor. (2002)

A highly reliable control rod drive mechanism driven by an electric motor installed inside the reactor vessel (INV- CRDM) for a very small reactor has been designed. The INV-CRDM contributes to the compactness and simplicity of the reactor system, and can eliminate the possibility of a rod ejection accident. In the design, a new type of latch mechanism using an electromagnetic force to directly connect both of the shafts, one of which was the motor driven shaft and the other the control rod driving shaft, was applied so as to make the INV-CRDM very compact. The cable supplying current remained stationary, even when both of the shafts was moving. The required functions of the latch mechanism are to maintain an adequate latching force for the control rod shaft to move within a stroke of 370 mm, and to release the shafts in a shorter time than 0.2 s after a scram signal is received. A functional test with a model that approximately simulated the design was conducted to test the latching force and de-latching at room temperature. The test showed that the latching force increased with the current of the magnet coil, as did the de-latch time. The post-test analysis with a finite element analysis code revealed that the clearance between the two shafts greatly affected the latching force. With the same analysis method, the design analysis of the latch mechanism at a high temperature condition of 300°C was conducted, and it was confirmed that the latch mechanism contained enough latching force.
Overview of Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors in Organic Synthesis, Energy Storage and Environmental Applications (2019)

This paper presents an overview of recent reports on photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) in organic synthesis as well as water and wastewater treatment. A brief introduction to slurry PMRs and the systems equipped with photocatalytic membranes (PMs) is given. The methods of PM production are also presented. Moreover, the process parameters affecting the performance of PMRs are characterized. The applications of PMRs in organic synthesis are discussed, including photocatalytic conversion of CO2, synthesis of KA oil by photocatalytic oxidation, conversion of acetophenone to phenylethanol, synthesis of vanillin and phenol, as well as hydrogen production. Furthermore, the configurations and applications of PMRs for removal of organic contaminants from model solutions, natural water and municipal or industrial wastewater are described. It was concluded that PMRs represent a promising green technology; however, before the application in industry, additional studies are still required. These should be aimed at improvement of process efficiency, mainly by development and application of visible light active photocatalysts and novel membranes resistant to the harsh conditions prevailing in these systems.
Inhibition of Aβ aggregation and neurotoxicity by the 39‐kDa receptor‐associated protein (2009)

Aggregation of beta-amyloid protein (Abeta) to form oligomers is considered to be a key step in generating neurotoxicity in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Agents that bind to Abeta and inhibit oligomerization have been proposed as Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. In this study, we investigated the binding of fluorescein-labeled Abeta(1-42) (FluoAbeta(1-42)) to SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and examined the effect of the 39-kDa receptor-associated protein (RAP), on the Abeta cell interaction. FluoAbeta(1-42) bound to the cells in a punctate pattern. Surprisingly, when RAP was added to the incubations, FluoAbeta(1-42) and RAP were found to be co-localized on the cell surface, suggesting that RAP and Abeta may bind to each other. Experiments using the purified proteins confirmed that a RAP-Abeta complex was stable and resistant to sodium dodecyl sulfate. RAP also inhibited Abeta oligomerization. We next examined whether RAP could inhibit the neurotoxic effects of Abeta. Addition of Abeta(1-42) to SH-SY5Y cells caused an increase in intracellular Ca2+ that was inhibited by treatment of the Abeta peptide with RAP. RAP also blocked an Abeta-induced inhibition of long-term memory consolidation in 1-day-old chicks. This study demonstrates that RAP binds to Abeta and is an inhibitor of the neurotoxic effects of Abeta.
The Effect of Supports on the Catalytic Activity of Nickel (1931)

Those support materials which inhibit the catalytic activity of platinum and palladium have been found to affect nickel similarly. The behavior of the supports with relation to the hydrogenation of cottonseed oil by nickel can be classified as follows : Reducible heavy metal oxides completely inhibit the activity of nickel. The salts of those metals that decompose on heating in a stream of hydrogen, completely inhibit activity. Substances with corrosive properties retard but do not completely inhibit activity. The salts in every case have been found to yield more active supports than the corresponding oxides. The more inert the support becomes toward nickel, the greater is its tendency to enhance activity. The less inert the support becomes toward nickel, the greater is its tendency to retard activity. The oxides of silicon, aluminum, chromium, manganese, titanium, cerium, uranium and magnesium, and the phosphates and borates of aluminum, chromium, manganese, cerium, uranium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and lithium proved very beneficial as supports for nickel in hydrogenation.
New conformity indices based on the calculation of distances between the target volume and the volume of reference isodose (2014)

The evaluation of target conformity by the distances between the surface of the TV and the VRI could be more accurate than evaluation with volume information.
A ferroelectric image memory (1976)

Abstract The proposed ferroelectric image memory uses the FE-PC combination (PLZT 7-Se-Ge). Recording is achieved by creation of polarization patterns which can be observed by scattering effeets. Nondestructive readout is provided by measuring the current photoinduced by a deflected Argon Laser beam, in absence of applied field. Three components are found: intrinsic photocurrent, pyroelectric current and space charge current due to the ferroelectric field effect in the photoconductive layer. Readout rates of some microseconds per addressed point are demonstrated using the ferroelectric field effect.
Deep Ultraviolet Plasmon Resonance in Aluminum Nanoparticle Arrays (2013)

Small aluminum nanoparticles have the potential to exhibit localized surface plasmon resonances in the deep ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum, however technical and scientific challenges make it difficult to attain this limit. We report the fabrication of arrays of Al/Al2O3 core/shell nanoparticles with a metallic-core diameter between 12 and 25 nm that display sharp plasmonic resonances at very high energies, up to 5.8 eV (down to λ = 215 nm). The arrays were fabricated by means of a straightforward self-organization approach. The experimental spectra were compared with theoretical calculations that allow the correlation of each feature to the corresponding plasmon modes.
Signaling Through Integrin LFA-1 Leads to Filamentous Actin Polymerization and Remodeling, Resulting in Enhanced T Cell Adhesion (2002)

The integrins can activate signaling pathways, but the final downstream outcome of these pathways is often unclear. This study analyzes the consequences of signaling events initiated by the interaction of the leukocyte integrin LFA-1 with its ligand, dimeric ICAM-1. We show that the active form of LFA-1 regulates its own function on primary human T cells by directing the remodeling of the F-actin cytoskeleton to strengthen T cell adhesion to ICAM-1. Confocal microscopy revealed that both F-actin bundling and overall levels of F-actin are increased in the ICAM-1-adhering T cells. This increase in F-actin levels and change in F-actin distribution was quantitated for large numbers of T cells using the technique of laser scanning cytometry and was found to be significant. The study went on to show that clustering of conformationally altered LFA-1 is essential for the changes in F-actin, and a model is proposed in which clustered, high-avidity T cell LFA-1, interacting with multivalent ICAM-1, causes LFA-1 signaling, which results in F-actin polymerization and higher-order F-actin bundling. The findings demonstrate that LFA-1 acts not only as an adhesion receptor but also as a signaling receptor by actively initiating the F-actin reorganization that is essential for many T cell-dependent processes.
A fine-grain, high-throughput architecture using through-wafer optical interconnect (2002)

The author present a highly parallel, three-dimensionally interconnected system to process high-throughput stream data such as images. Optical interconnect at wavelengths to which silicon is transparent is used to create the 3D system. Thin film InP/InGaAsP-based emitters and detectors operating at 1.3 microns are bonded to the silicon circuitry, and emit through the silicon wafer to create the vertical optical interconnect. Foundry-fabricated Si circuits are post processed using standard, low cost, high yield microfabrication techniques to integrate the thin film devices with the circuits. In order to meet off-chip I/O requirements, a high-bandwidth, three-dimensional optical network is also being designed. Using through-wafer optical interconnect, a new offset cube topology has been created, and naming and routing schemes have been developed. Its performance is comparable to that of a three-dimensional mesh. A processing architecture has also been defined that minimizes overhead for basic parallel operations. A complete processing node for high-throughput, low-memory applications can be implemented using a fraction of a chip.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT 2): expression in specific brain nuclei (1994)

In the brain, certain neurons appear to be sensitive to changes in local and/or plasma glucose concentration. The alterations in the electrical activity of these neurons probably depend on the existence of 'glucose sensors', which may be one of the glucose transporters described so far. Because of suitable kinetic properties, we hypothesized that the glucose transporter 2 (GLUT 2) may well constitute one of the cerebral 'glucose sensors'. In this study, it was demonstrated, using the polymerase chain reaction, that GLUT 2 mRNAs are present in a limited number of brain nuclei, including the nucleus tractus solitarius, the motor nucleus of the vagus, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area, the arcuate nucleus and the olfactory bulbs. These localizations were confirmed by immunocytochemistry, but the cerebral distribution of GLUT 2-like immunoreactivity was far larger than initially expected. Furthermore, electron microscopic observations showed that, within the regions examined, GLUT 2 was localized to a restricted population of astrocytes. The localization of GLUT 2 in regions previously connected with feeding behavior supports an indirect role for GLUT 2 in 'glucose sensing' in these specific cerebral structures.
A genetic algorithm with a machine order-based representation scheme for a class of job shop scheduling problem (1999)

In this paper, we propose a genetic algorithm (GA) with a machine order-based representation scheme (MORS) and apply it to a class of job shop scheduling problems (JSSP), the n/m/J/C/sub max/ problems, where n/spl ges/3*m. The proposed approach uses a special genotype-to-phenotype decoding method which guarantees to generate feasible schedules for any chromosomes and aims at using genetic algorithm to solve some kind of large JSSP with reasonable solution and reasonable computation time. The approach has been tested with three sets of benchmark JSSP. Experimental results show that the GA with MORS (MORS-GA) can solve the benchmark JSSP of the type mentioned above to optimal or near-optimal with simple GA-operators and fewer objective evaluations. Compared with other GA methods, MORS-GA is shown to be a competitive and promising approach for solving this kind of JSSP.
A New Strategy for the Site-Specific Modification of Proteins <i>in Vivo</i> (2003)

We recently developed a method for genetically incorporating unnatural amino acids site-specifically into proteins expressed in Escherichia coli in response to the amber nonsense codon. Here we describe the selection of an orthogonal tRNA-TyrRS pair that selectively and efficiently incorporates m-acetyl-l-phenylalanine into proteins in E. coli. We demonstrate that proteins containing m-acetyl-l-phenylalanine or p-acetyl-l-phenylalanine can be selectively labeled with hydrazide derivatives not only in vitro but also in living cells. The labeling reactions are selective and in general proceed with yields of >75%. In specific examples, m-acetyl-l-phenylalanine was substituted for Lys7 of the cytoplasmic protein Z domain, and for Arg200 of the outer membrane protein LamB, and the mutant proteins were selectively labeled with a series of fluorescent dyes. The genetic incorporation of a nonproteinogenic "ketone handle" into proteins provides a powerful tool for the introduction of biophysical probes for the structural and functional analysis of proteins in vitro or in vivo.
Stereo- and Regioselective Hydroxylation of α-Ionone by <i>Streptomyces</i> Strains (1998)

A total of 215 Streptomyces strains were screened for their capacity to regio- and stereoselectively hydroxylate beta- and/or alpha-ionone to the respective 3-hydroxy derivatives. With beta-ionone as the substrate, 15 strains showed little conversion to 4-hydroxy- and none showed conversion to the 3-hydroxy product as desired. Among these 15 Streptomyces strains, S. fradiae Tü 27, S. arenae Tü 495, S. griseus ATCC 13273, S. violaceoniger Tü 38, and S. antibioticus Tü 4 and Tü 46 converted alpha-ionone to 3-hydroxy-alpha-ionone with significantly higher hydroxylation activity compared to that of beta-ionone. Hydroxylation of racemic alpha-ionone [(6R)-(-)/(6S)-(+)] resulted in the exclusive formation of only the two enantiomers (3R,6R)- and (3S, 6S)-hydroxy-alpha-ionone. Thus, the enzymatic hydroxylation of alpha-ionone by the Streptomyces strains tested proceeds with both high regio- and stereoselectivity.
Novel structural arrangement of nematode cystathionine β-synthases: characterization of <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> CBS-1 (2012)

CBSs (cystathionine β-synthases) are eukaryotic PLP (pyridoxal 5 *-phosphate)-dependent proteins that maintain cellular homocysteine homoeostasis and produce cystathionine and hydrogen sulfide. In the present study, we describe a novel structural arrangement of the CBS enzyme encoded by the cbs-1 gene of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The CBS-1 protein contains a unique tandem repeat of two evolutionarily conserved catalytic regions in a single polypeptide chain. These repeats include a catalytically active C-terminal module containing a PLP-binding site and a less conserved N-terminal module that is unable to bind the PLP cofactor and cannot catalyse CBS reactions, as demonstrated by analysis of truncated variants and active-site mutant proteins. In contrast with other metazoan enzymes, CBS-1 lacks the haem and regulatory Bateman domain essential for activation by AdoMet (S-adenosylmethionine) and only forms monomers. We determined the tissue and subcellular distribution of CBS-1 and showed that cbs-1 knockdown by RNA interference leads to delayed development and to an approximately 10-fold elevation of homocysteine concentrations in nematode extracts. The present study provides the first insight into the metabolism of sulfur amino acids and hydrogen sulfide in C. elegans and shows that nematode CBSs possess a structural feature that is unique among CBS proteins.
On-line lactate dehydrogenase substrate and activity determinations by capillary electrophoresis. (1997)

Capillary electrophoresis is used to perform both substrate and enzyme assays using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme system. Polymer mediated stabilization with polyethylene glycol (PEG) can extend the lifetime of enzyme activity, increasing the number of assays that can be performed at room temperature. For the determination of lactate, the reduction of the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is monitored at 340 nm, while the determination of pyruvate is accomplished by following the oxidation of the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form (NADH) at 280 nm. Sample throughput is 1 min, excluding both the wash and equilibrium steps. Linearity is obtained in the clinical range for both lactate and pyruvate standards. In addition, bovine serum with spiked lactate is analyzed with an average recovery of above 90%. For the enzyme assay, the pyruvate reaction is chosen for its more favorable kinetics. Linearity is also established in the clinical range and the examination of serum spiked enzyme samples was possible.
Computing the Lyapunov spectrum of a dynamical system from an observed time series (1991)

We examine the question of accurately determining, from an observed time series, the Lyapunov exponents for the dynamical system generating the data. This includes positive, zero, and some or all of the negative exponents. We show that even with very large data sets, it is clearly advantageous to use local neighborhood-to-neighborhood mappings with higher-order Taylor series, rather than just local linear maps as has been done previously. We give examples using up to fifth-order polynomials. We demonstrate this procedure on two familiar maps and two familiar flows: the H\'enon and Ikeda maps of the plane to itself, the Lorenz system of three ordinary differential equations, and the Mackey-Glass delay differential equation. We stress the importance of maintaining two dimensions for converting the scalar data into time delay vectors: one is a global dimension to ensure proper unfolding of the attractor as a whole, and the other is a local dimension for capturing the local dynamics on the attractor. We show the effects of changing the local and global dimensions, changing the order of the mapping polynomial, and additive (measurement) noise. There will always be some limit to the number of exponents that can be accurately determined from a given finite data set. We discuss a method of determining this limit by numerically obtaining the singularity spectra of the data set and also show how it is often appropriate to make this choice based on the fractal dimension of the attractor. If excessively large dimensions are used, spurious exponents will be generated, and in some cases the accuracy of the true exponents will be affected. We present methods of identifying these spurious exponents by determining the Lyapunov direction vectors at particular points in the data set. We can then use these to identify numerical problems and to associate data-set singularities with particular exponents. The behavior of spurious exponents in the presence of noise is also investigated, and found to be different from that of the true exponents. These provide methods for identifying spurious exponents in the analysis of experimental data where the system dynamics may not be known a priori.
Model-free off-policy reinforcement learning in continuous environment (2005)

We introduce an algorithm of reinforcement learning in continuous state and action spaces. In order to construct a control policy, the algorithm utilizes the entire history of agent-environment interaction. The policy is a result of an estimation process based on all available information rather than the result of stochastic convergence as in classical reinforcement learning approaches. The policy is derived from the history directly, not through any kind of a model of the environment. We test our algorithm in the cart-pole swing-up simulated environment. The algorithm learns to control this plant in about 100 trials, which corresponds to 15 minutes of plant's real time. This is several times shorter than the one required by other algorithms.