gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
1H-NMR Metabolite Fingerprinting Analysis Reveals a Disease Biomarker and a Field Treatment Response in Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca-Infected Olive Trees (2019)

<i>Xylella fastidiosa</i> subsp. <i>pauca</i> is a xylem-limited bacterial phytopathogen currently found associated on many hectares with the "olive quick decline syndrome" in the Apulia region (Southern Italy), and the cultivars Ogliarola salentina and Cellina di Nardò result in being particularly sensitive to the disease. In order to find compounds showing the capability of reducing the population cell density of the pathogen within the leaves, we tested, in some olive orchards naturally-infected by the bacterium, a zinc-copper-citric acid biocomplex, namely Dentamet®, by spraying it to the crown, once per month, during spring and summer. The occurrence of the pathogen in the four olive orchards chosen for the trial was molecularly assessed. A <sup>1</sup>H NMR metabolomic approach, in conjunction with a multivariate statistical analysis, was applied to investigate the metabolic pattern of both infected and treated adult olive cultivars, Ogliarola salentina and Cellina di Nardò trees, in two sampling periods, performed during the first year of the trial. For both cultivars and sampling periods, the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) gave good models of separation according to the treatment application. In both cultivars, some metabolites such as quinic acid, the aldehydic form of oleoeuropein, ligstroside and phenolic compounds, were consistently found as discriminative for the untreated olive trees in comparison with the Dentamet®-treated trees. Quinic acid, a precursor of lignin, was confirmed as a disease biomarker for the olive trees infected by <i>X. fastidiosa</i> subsp. <i>pauca.</i> When treated with Dentamet®, the two cultivars showed a distinct response. A consistent increase in malic acid was observed for the Ogliarola salentina trees, whereas in the Cellina di Nardò trees the treatments attenuate the metabolic response to the infection. To note that in Cellina di Nardò trees at the first sampling, an increase in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was observed. This study highlights how the infection incited by <i>X. fastidiosa</i> subsp. <i>pauca</i> strongly modifies the overall metabolism of olive trees, and how a zinc-copper-citric acid biocomplex can induce an early re-programming of the metabolic pathways in the infected trees.
Cytochalasan synthesis: macrocycle synthesis using intramolecular Diels–Alder reactions. X-Ray crystal structure of 10-phenyl[11]cytochalasa-6(7),13<sup>t</sup>-diene-1,21-dione (1989)

An approach to the total synthesis of cytochalasans has been developed which makes use of an intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction to close the large ring simultaneously forming the hydrogenated isoindolone unit with the desired stereochemistry. Conjugated trienes were found to be more efficient than dienes as the diene components for these reactions. Thus the long chain 3-(1-oxotrienyl)pyrrol-2(5H)-one (36) gave a useful yield of the [11]cytochalasan (37) when heated in toluene at 100 °C. The structure of 10-phenyl[11]cytochalasa-6(7),13t-diene-1,21-dione (38) was established by X-ray crystallography.
Sporulation during Growth in a Gut Isolate of Bacillus subtilis (2014)

Sporulation by Bacillus subtilis is a cell density-dependent response to nutrient deprivation. Central to the decision of entering sporulation is a phosphorelay, through which sensor kinases promote phosphorylation of Spo0A. The phosphorelay integrates both positive and negative signals, ensuring that sporulation, a time- and energy-consuming process that may bring an ecological cost, is only triggered should other adaptations fail. Here we report that a gastrointestinal isolate of B. subtilis sporulates with high efficiency during growth, bypassing the cell density, nutritional, and other signals that normally make sporulation a post-exponential-phase response. Sporulation during growth occurs because Spo0A is more active per cell and in a higher fraction of the population than in a laboratory strain. This in turn, is primarily caused by the absence from the gut strain of the genes rapE and rapK, coding for two aspartyl phosphatases that negatively modulate the flow of phosphoryl groups to Spo0A. We show, in line with recent results, that activation of Spo0A through the phosphorelay is the limiting step for sporulation initiation in the gut strain. Our results further suggest that the phosphorelay is tuned to favor sporulation during growth in gastrointestinal B. subtilis isolates, presumably as a form of survival and/or propagation in the gut environment.
Electronic structure, stability and bonding of the Li-N-H hydrogen storage system (2006)

The Li-N-H system holds great promise for on-board hydrogen storage applications, particularly due to reversible interactions among lithium amide $(\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{2})$, imide $({\mathrm{Li}}_{2}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H})$, and hydride (LiH). However, practical applications of the system are hindered by the relatively high stabilities of the compounds and uncertainty of their reaction paths. Understanding the mechanism of hydrogen interactions with the host structures is essential for further development. Here, we calculated the electronic structures and total energies of lithium hydride (LiH), lithium imide $({\mathrm{Li}}_{2}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H})$, and lithium amide $(\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{2})$ using a first-principles full potential approach. The estimated formation enthalpies for the two-step reactions, ${\mathrm{Li}}_{3}\mathrm{N}+2{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{\mathrm{Li}}_{2}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H}+\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{H}+{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}+2\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{H}$ are $\ensuremath{-}162.05$ and $\ensuremath{-}40.94\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kJ}∕\mathrm{mol}$, comparable to the experimental values of $\ensuremath{-}165$ and $\ensuremath{-}45.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kJ}∕\mathrm{mol}$, respectively. The bonding interaction characteristics and the stability of these materials were further analyzed from the electronic structures. It is noted that the N atom bonds unequally with the two H atoms in lithium amide. As a result, the amide $\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ can dissociate in two almost equivalent transient steps: ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}+{(\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{2})}^{\ensuremath{-}}$; and ${(\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H})}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\mathrm{H}}^{+}$. The reaction of the relevant species may evolve $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ as a transient gas in the $(\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}+\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{H})$ system.
All-plasmonic switching based on thermal nonlinearity in a polymer plasmonic microring resonator (2011)

We experimentally investigated thermal nonlinear effects in a hybrid Au/SiO(2)/SU-8 plasmonic microring resonator for nonlinear switching. Large ohmic loss in the metal layer gave rise to a high rate of light-to-heat conversion in the plasmonic waveguide, causing an intensity-dependent thermo-optic shift in the microring resonance. We obtained 30 times larger resonance shift in the plasmonic microring than in a similar SU-8 dielectric microring. Using an in-plane pump-and-probe configuration, we also demonstrated all-plasmonic nonlinear switching in the plasmonic microring with an on-off switching contrast of 4 dB over 50 mW input power.
First Isolation of Reddish-Pigmented <i>Candida</i> ( <i>Torulopsis</i> ) <i>glabrata</i> from a Clinical Specimen (2002)

Reddish-pigmented yeast isolates from human specimens generally belong to the genus Rhodotorula and are usually regarded as contaminants. Recently, we isolated a reddish-pigmented yeast from a surveillance culture of stool of an immunocompromised patient (culture collection no. GHP 1911, Institute
Control of the Stereochemical Impact of the Lone Pair in Lead(II) Tris(pyrazolyl)methane Complexes. Improved Preparation of Na{B[3,5-(CF<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>]<sub>4</sub>} (2001)

The reaction of Pb(acac)2 with 2 equiv of [H(Et2O)2][B[3,5-(CF3)2C6H3]4] (HBAr(f)) in CH2Cl2 followed by addition of 2 equiv of either HC(pz)3 or HC(3,5-Me2pz)3 (pz = pyrazolyl ring) leads to the formation of [Pb[HC(pz)3]2][B[3,5-(CF3)2C6H3]4]2 (1) and [Pb[HC(3,5-Me2pz)3]2][B[3,5-(CF3)2C6H3]4]2 (2), respectively. The cation in 1 has a distorted octahedral structure with a stereochemically active lone pair on lead(II). In contrast, the cation in 2 is trigonally distorted octahedral with the lone pair on the lead(II) clearly stereochemically inactive. The driving force for this cation to have a stereochemically inactive lone pair is that in this geometric arrangement the interligand distances between adjacent 3-position methyl groups are close to 4.0 A, the sum of the van der Waals radii of two methyl groups. To facilitate this chemistry, the synthesis of Na[B[3,5-(CF3)2C6H3]4], needed to prepare HBAr(f), has been dramatically improved. The main change is to add NaBF4 to the reaction mixture before forming the Grignard from the reaction of magnesium and 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3Br. The Grignard reacts with the NaBF4 as it forms, reducing the danger of explosion and leading to a higher isolated yield of the product. Crystallographic information: 1 is triclinic, P1, a = 13.0133(6) A, b = 17.2210(7) A, c = 24.7634(11) A, alpha = 71.7300(10) degrees, beta = 82.3630(10) degrees, gamma = 70.5120(10) degrees, Z = 2; 2 is triclinic, P1, a = 12.756(4) A, b = 13.469(4) A, c = 17.160(5) A, alpha = 82.454(7) degrees, beta = 89.904(8) degrees, gamma = 72.995(7) degrees, Z = 1.
Thermoelasticity of olivine to 8 GPa 1073K (2006)

In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements have been carried out on San Carlos olivine (Mg0.9Fe0.1)2SiO4 up to 8 GPa and 1073 K. Data analysis using the high-temperature Birch-Murnaghan (HTBM) equation of state (EoS) yields the temperature derivative of the bulk modulus ({partial_derivative}KT/{partial_derivative}T)P = -0.019 {+-} 0.002 GPa K-1. The thermal pressure (TH) approach gives aKT = 4.08 {+-} 0.10 x 10-3 GPa K-1, from which ({partial_derivative}KT/{partial_derivative}T)P = -0.019 {+-} 0.001 GPa K-1 is derived. Fitting the present data to the Mie-Grueneisen-Debye (MGD) formalism, the Grueneisen parameter at ambient conditions 0 is constrained to be 1.14 {+-} 0.02 with fixed volume dependence q = 1. Combining the present data with previous results on iron-bearing olivine and fitting to MGD EoS, we obtain 0 = 1.11 {+-} 0.01 and q = 0.54 {+-} 0.36. In this study the thermoelastic parameters obtained from various approaches are in good agreement with one another and previous results.
Functional fluids and additives based on vegetable oils and natural products: A review of the potential (1998)

Abstract Functional fluids and additives normally have an ‘R — P’ type of linear chemical structure, where ‘R’ is a linear or isoalkyl chain, and ‘P’ is a mild‐to‐strong polar group. For functional fluids ‘P’ is non‐polar to mildly polar, and for additive molecules it is mild to highly polar. The additive activity depends upon the degree of polarity. Some natural products also have predominantly linear structures in their constituents. Many of these are available in commercial quantities and some even occur as waste. These could be used for the synthesis of functional fluids and additives. This paper covers three groups of such natural products. These are non‐edible vegetable oils, terpenes, and cashew nut shell liquid. The synthesis and characteristics of functional fluids and a variety of possible additives are described. Besides being an alternative non‐petroleum resource, such products have a high degree of biodegradability, as they are derivatives of natural products.
Antisecretory (Antidiarrhoeal) Activity of Indian Medicinal Plants Against Escherichia Coli Enterotoxin-Induced Secretion in Rabbit and Guinea Pig Ileal Loop Models (1993)

Alcohol, Hexane, Chloroform, Butanol and Aqueous Extracts Of Different Parts Of 31 Indigenous Medicinal Plants Of India Were Screened For Their Antisecretory Activity Against Escherichia Coli Enterotoxin (Lt, St and Lt/St)-Induced Secretory Responses In Rabbit and Guinea Pig Ileal Loop Models. The Extracts Of 5 Plants, Andrographis Panic Ulata, Cassiafistula, Coleusforskohlii, Tridex Procumbens and Papaver Somniferum, Showed Highly Significant Antisecretory Activity.
Evaluation of Intravenous Immunoglobulin as an Agent to Lower Allosensitization and Improve Transplantation in Highly Sensitized Adult Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease (2004)

Reported are the reduction of anti-HLA antibody levels and improvement of transplant rates by intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Between 1997 and 2000, a total of 101 adult patients with ESRD who were highly sensitized to HLA antigens (panel reactive antibody [PRA] > or =50% monthly for 3 mo) enrolled onto an NIH-sponsored trial (IG02). Patients received IVIG or placebo. Subjects received IVIG 2 g/kg monthly for 4 mo or an equivalent volume of placebo with additional infusions at 12 and 24 mo after entry if not transplanted. If transplanted, additional infusions were given monthly for 4 mo. Baseline PRA levels were similar in both groups. However, IVIG significantly reduced PRA levels in study subjects compared with placebo. Sixteen IVIG patients (35%) and eight placebo patients (17%) were transplanted. Rejection episodes occurred in 9 of 17 IVIG and 1 of 10 placebo subjects. Seven graft failures occurred (four IVIG, three placebo) among adherent patients with similar 2-yr graft survival rates (80% IVIG, 75% placebo). With a median follow-up of 2 yr after transplant, the viable transplants functioned normally with a mean +/- SEM serum creatinine of 1.68 +/- 0.28 for IVIG versus 1.28 +/- 0.13 mg/dl for placebo. Adverse events rates were similar in both groups. We conclude that IVIG is better than placebo in reducing anti-HLA antibody levels and improving transplantation rates in highly sensitized patients with ESRD. Transplant rates for highly sensitized patients with ESRD awaiting kidney transplants are improved with IVIG therapy.
Full-wave electromagnetic and thermal modeling for the prediction of heat-dissipation-induced RF-MEMS switch failure (2005)

We propose an extended finite element-boundary integral method (EFE-BI) to model the electromagnetic (EM) behavior of RF-MEMS switches over a wide frequency range from UHF to terahertz. Our new method integrates EM with finite element heat transfer analysis to extract heat dissipation on the micrometer-scale switch beam due to the non-uniform radio frequency (RF) current distribution. The developed EFE-BI technique is an extension of the standard finite element-boundary integral (FE-BI) method to allow for accurate characterization of RF-MEMS structures whose entire size is a small fraction of a wavelength (/250 or less) and may contain dimensions in the order of /50 000 or less. Our model predictions exhibit good agreement with experimental results obtained independent of the current study.
Metabolism of the failing heart. (1993)

Our understanding of the pathogenesis and therapy of heart failure has evolved through three paradigms. Organ physiology, the first paradigm, focused therapy of heart failure on salt and water retention and vasoconstriction, which represent major circulatory responses to, cardiac pumping. The second paradigm of cell biochemistry led to the development of powerful inotropic agents designed to increase myocardial contractility. The third paradigm, gene expression (molecular biology), describes regulatory mechanisms that are both primitive and complex; in the setting of heart failure, this paradigm focuses on the roles of altered myocardial cell growth and composition in explaining the accelerated deterioration of the hypertrophied, failing heart. This review focuses on one aspect of the second paradigm: factors that contribute to a state of energy-starvation and the resulting functional consequences in the failing heart.
Effect of High Pressure Shift Freezing Process on Microbial Inactivation in Dairy Model Food System (2008)

This study was carried out to investigate the microbial inactivation in dairy model system by high pressure shift freezing (HPSF). The UHT milk and broths were inoculated with Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus KCCM 11335 and Listeria monocytogenes HTCC 19115, respectively. The samples were pressurized to 200 MPa under different holding time at -18ºC. Inactivation effects of both E. coli ATCC 25922 and L. monocytogenes HTCC 19115 were significantly shown by the increment of pressure holding time (p<0.05) for not only in broth, but also UHT milk. The highest value of log reduction in NB media was observed as 6.1 after HPSF. However, inactivation effects of S. aureus KCCM 11335 were not significantly shown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) and UHT milk.
Neuronal precursor cells with dopaminergic commitment in the rostral migratory stream of the mouse (2019)

Neuroblasts born in the subventricular zone of adult mammals migrate via the rostral migratory stream into the granular cell layer or periglomerular layer of the olfactory bulb to differentiate into interneurons. To analyze if new neurons in the granular cell layer or periglomerular layer have different origins, we inserted a physical barrier into the rostral migratory stream, depleted cell proliferation with cytarabine infusions, labeled newborn cells with bromodeoxyuridine, and sacrificed mice after short-term (0, 2, or 14 days) or long-term (55 or 105 days) intervals. After short-term survival, the subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream rapidly repopulated with bromodeoxyuridine<sup>+</sup> cells after cytarabine-induced depletion. Nestin, glial fibrillary acidic protein and the PAX6 were expressed in bromodeoxyuridine<sup>+</sup> cells within the rostral migratory stream downstream of the physical barrier. After long-term survival after physical barrier implantation, bromodeoxyuridine<sup>+</sup> neurons were significantly reduced in the granular cell layer, but bromodeoxyuridine<sup>+</sup> and dopaminergic neurons in the periglomerular layer remained unaffected by the physical barrier. Thus, newborn neurons for the granular cell layer are mainly recruited from neural stem cells located in the subventricular zone, but new neurons for the periglomerular layer with dopaminergic predisposition can rise as well from neuronal stem or precursor cells in the rostral migratory stream.
Insulin-Resistant Prediabetic Subjects Have More Atherogenic Risk Factors Than Insulin-Sensitive Prediabetic Subjects (2000)

Our data suggest that atherogenic changes in the prediabetic state are mainly seen in insulin-resistant subjects and that strategies to prevent type 2 diabetes might focus on insulin-sensitizing interventions rather than interventions that increase insulin secretion because of potential effects on cardiovascular risk.
Ocular effects of ultraviolet radiation from 295 to 365 nm. (1977)

A 5,000 watt Xe-Hg source and a double monochromator were used to produce 6.6 nm. full band-pass ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Pigmented rabbit eyes were exposed to the 6.6 nm. band-pass UV radiant energy in 5 nm. steps from 295 to 320 nm. and at random intervals above 320 nm. Corneal and lenticular damage was assessed and classified with a biomicroscope. Corneal threshold radiant exposure (Hc) rose very rapidly from 0.022 Jcm.-2 at 300 nm. to 10.99 Jcm.-2 at 335 nm. Radiant exposures exceeding 2 x Hc resulted in irreversible corneal damage. Lenticular damage was limited to wavebands above 295 nm. The action spectrum for the lens began at 295 nm. and extended to about 315 nm. Permanent lenticular damage occurred at radiant exposure levels approximately twice the threshold for lenticular radiant exposure. The importance in establishing both corneal and lenticular damage criteria is emphasized.
High-efficiency blue generation by frequency doubling of femtosecond pulses in a thick nonlinear crystal (1998)

We have demonstrated highly efficient frequency doubling of femtosecond pulses in a thick, noncritically phase-matched KNbO3 crystal under conditions of large group-velocity mismatch. At low power we observed a slope efficiency of ?300% nJ-1 for harmonic conversion, and at higher powers we generated 170 mW of second-harmonic blue output for 300 mW of input light. Furthermore, we have shown that the focusing dependence for our conditions of large group-velocity mismatch is considerably different from that obtained for frequency doubling of continuous-wave light. We have also demonstrated that one can tune the spectral width of the generated blue light by varying the focusing conditions.
Involvement of<i>gacS</i>and<i>rpoS</i>in enhancement of the plant growth-promoting capabilities of<i>Enterobacter cloacae</i>CAL2 and UW4 (2001)

The plant growth-promoting bacteria Enterobacter cloacae CAL2 and UW4 were genetically transformed with a multicopy plasmid containing an rpoS or gacS gene from Pseudomonas fluorescens. The transformed strains were compared with the nontransformed strains for growth, indoleacetic acid (IAA) production, antibiotic production, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity, siderophore production, cell morphology, and the ability to promote canola root elongation. All transformed strains had a longer lag phase, were slower in reaching stationary phase, and attained a higher cell density than the nontransformed strains. Transformation resulted in cells that were significantly shorter than the nontransformed cells. The transformed strains also produced significantly more IAA than the nontransformed strains. Introduction of rpoS or gacS from Pseudomonas fluorescens was associated with a reduction in the production of both antibiotics, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and mono-acetylphloroglucinol, produced by Enterobacter cloacae CAL2. With Enterobacter cloacae CAL2, plasmid-borne rpoS, but not gacS, increased the level of ACC deaminase activity, while introduction of rpoS in Enterobacter cloacae UW4 caused a decrease in ACC deaminase activity. Neither gacS nor rpoS significantly affected the level of siderophores synthesized by either bacterial strain. Overproduction of either GacA or RpoS in Enterobacter cloacae CAL2 resulted in a significant increase in the root lengths of canola seedlings when seeds were treated with the bacteria, and overproduction of RpoS caused an increase in canola shoot as well as root lengths.