gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Estimation bias from using nonlinear Fourier plane correlators for sub-pixel image shift measurement and implications for the binary joint transform correlator (2007)

When using Fourier plane digital algorithms or an optical correlator to measure the correlation between digital images, interpolation by center-of-mass or quadratic estimation techniques can be used to estimate image displacement to the sub-pixel level. However, this can lead to a bias in the correlation measurement. This bias shifts the sub-pixel output measurement to be closer to the nearest pixel center than the actual location. The paper investigates the bias in the outputs of both digital and optical correlators, and proposes methods to minimize this effect. We use digital studies and optical implementations of the joint transform correlator to demonstrate optical registration with accuracies better than 0.1 pixels. We use both simulations of image shift and movies of a moving target as inputs. We demonstrate bias error for both center-of-mass and quadratic interpolation, and discuss the reasons that this bias is present. Finally, we suggest measures to reduce or eliminate the bias effects. We show that when sub-pixel bias is present, it can be eliminated by modifying the interpolation method. By removing the bias error, we improve registration accuracy by thirty percent.
Targeting FtsZ for Antituberculosis Drug Discovery:  Noncytotoxic Taxanes as Novel Antituberculosis Agents (2005)

Screening of 120 taxanes identified a number of compounds that exhibited significant antituberculosis activity. Rational optimization of selected compounds led to the discovery that the C-seco-taxane-multidrug-resistance (MDR) reversal agents (C-seco-TRAs) are noncytotoxic at the upper limit of solubility and detection (>80 microM), while maintaining MIC(99) values of 1.25-2.5 microM against drug-resistant and drug-sensitive strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Treatment of MTB cells with TRA 3aa and 10a at the MIC caused filamentation and prolongation of the cells, a phenotypic response to FtsZ inactivation.
Critical nodes detection in mobile ad hoc network (2006)

Large numbers of applications and technical mechanisms in wireless ad hoc networks requiring that the network is connected, so critical nodes, whose removal will disconnect the network into two or more separate components, will play an important role in wireless ad hoc networks. In this paper, a novel critical node detection algorithm-DMCC (detection algorithm based on midpoint coverage circle ) is presented. DMCC is a distributed algorithm which adapts the dynamic topology adaptively, detects the critical node faster and more reliably, and decreases the detection overheads efficiently.
Security Evaluation of Apple Pay at Point-of-Sale Terminals (2016)

Apple introduced its mobile payment service "Apple Pay" in 2014. It allows customers to pay contactless at point-of-sale (POS) terminals and online. In this paper we will describe the components needed for Apple Pay and evaluate the security of Apple Pay for transactions at POS terminals. We will show that relay attacks cannot be avoided, in general. However, particular security features of Apple Pay prevent that relay attacks can be practically exploited. Our security analysis demonstrates that the security level of Apple Pay is comparable with the security level of payments with traditional credit cards. In contrast to the mobile payment service Google Wallet, no serious security vulnerabilities exist.
Effect of Dietary Energy on Hepatic Glycogen Metabolism in the Turkey Hen (1978)

An experiment was conducted with turkey hens to investigate the effect of substituting 30% of the carbohydrate calories with corn oil, 1,3-butanediol, or glycerol. Birds fed additional corn oil had the lowest liver glycogen concentration. Corn oil increased phosphorylase, a total phosphorylase, and glycogen synthetase I in comparison to the controls. Also, additional corn oil resulted in the highest specific activity of glucose-6-phosphatase. Dietary glycerol caused the highest concentration of liver glycogen. Glycerol increased glycogen synthetase I, but had little effect upon total activity in comparison to butanediol in the diet. Both butanediol and glycerol gave similar phosphorylase a activity, but butanediol increased total activity. The fat-fed and control-fed hens regulated hepatic glycogen concentration through phosphorylase, while glycerol and butanediol-fed hens regulated glycogen through glycogen synthetase. In vitro activation of glycogen synthetase I was deficient in hens fed additional corn oil, indicating a lack of glycogen synthetase phosphatase activity. The order of activation (glycerol greater than butanediol greater than control greater than corn oil) corresponds to the rank of glycogen concentrations
Chemosensitization of solid tumor cells by alteration of their susceptibility to apoptosis. (2002)

Chemosensitization strategies use the administration of one drug or agent to render cancer cells more susceptible to a second agent. Usually this involves enhanced drug metabolism, improvement of drug uptake or blockage of resistance mechanisms. Alteration of the susceptibility of cancer cells to apoptosis, the process of individual cell death by which many chemotherapeutic drugs act, shows particular promise for therapy in the future, and is the focus of this review. The dependence of cancer cells on non-neoplastic cells to form solid tumors allows anti-angiogenic therapy to be used in conjunction with chemotherapy to increase the therapeutic index. Chemosensitization strategies are set to become increasingly important in cancer therapy, allowing rational design of synergistic drug combinations at an earlier stage in drug development.
Immunological analysis of host and agent effects on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and scrapie prion proteins (1988)

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and scrapie are degenerative neurological diseases caused by unusual infectious pathogens. The term prion has been introduced to underscore the apparent distinctness of these agents from viruses and viroids. The only macromolecule shown to be associated with the infectious agent, the CJD or scrapie prion protein (PrPCJD or PrPSc, respectively), is encoded by the same gene as a normal cellular protein. In several studies biochemical differences have been reported in PrPScs derived from a common host species infected with different putative strains of the scrapie agent, suggesting agent-specific characteristics independent of the host. We analyzed various agent-host combinations by Western blotting of PrPs that were separated by size or charge. The profile of immunoreactive proteins for CJD prions isolated from mice, guinea pigs, and humans appeared distinct. Importantly, PrPCJDS purified from a human brain and from the corresponding first-passage mouse brains were clearly distinguishable. PrPCJDs isolated from CJD prions propagated in NAMRU or B10.Q mice, which are homozygous for a short-incubation-time gene; from the short-incubation-time backcross progeny of (B10.Q x I/LnJ)F1 x B10.Q; or from NAMRU mice inoculated with I/LnJ prions were identical to each other but distinguishable from those of I/LnJ mice, which are homozygous for the long-incubation-time gene. The PrPs from human CJD and ovine scrapie propagated in the same mouse strain appeared the same, but they were distinct from the same isolate of scrapie passaged in hamsters. Lastly, PrPScs purified from five different strains of scrapie propagated in C57BL mice were identical, including strains, ME7 and 139A, which were previously reported to be distinct. This evidence does not support, although it does not exclude, agent-mediated characteristics independent of host-mediated ones for scrapie and CJD.
Grid cells in rat entorhinal cortex encode physical space with independent firing fields and phase precession at the single-trial level (2012)

When a rat moves, grid cells in its entorhinal cortex become active in multiple regions of the external world that form a hexagonal lattice. As the animal traverses one such "firing field," spikes tend to occur at successively earlier theta phases of the local field potential. This phenomenon is called phase precession. Here, we show that spike phases provide 80% more spatial information than spike counts and that they improve position estimates from single neurons down to a few centimeters. To understand what limits the resolution and how variable spike phases are across different field traversals, we analyze spike trains run by run. We find that the multiple firing fields of a grid cell operate as independent elements for encoding physical space. In addition, phase precession is significantly stronger than the pooled-run data suggest. Despite the inherent stochasticity of grid-cell firing, phase precession is therefore a robust phenomenon at the single-trial level, making a theta-phase code for spatial navigation feasible.
Calculated spin-orbit splitting of all diamondlike and zinc-blende semiconductors: Effects of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>∕</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>local orbitals and chemical trends (2004)

We have calculated the spin-orbit $(\mathrm{SO})$ splitting ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{SO}=ϵ({\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8v})\ensuremath{-}ϵ({\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7v})$ for all diamondlike group IV and zinc-blende group III-V, II-VI, and I-VII semiconductors using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave method within the local density approximation. The $\mathrm{SO}$ coupling is included using the second-variation procedure, including the ${p}_{1∕2}$ local orbitals. The calculated $\mathrm{SO}$ splittings are in very good agreement with available experimental data. The corrections due to the inclusion of the ${p}_{1∕2}$ local orbital are negligible for lighter atoms, but can be as large as $\ensuremath{\sim}250\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$ for $6p$ anions. We find that (i) the $\mathrm{SO}$ splittings increase monotonically when anion atomic number increases; (ii) the $\mathrm{SO}$ splittings increase with the cation atomic number when the compound is more covalent such as in most III-V compounds; (iii) the $\mathrm{SO}$ splittings decrease with the cation atomic number when the compound is more ionic, such as in II-VI and the III-nitride compounds; (iv) the common-anion rule, which states that the variation of ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{SO}$ is small for common-anion systems, is usually obeyed, especially for ionic systems, but can break down if the compounds contain second-row elements such as $\mathrm{BSb}$; $(\mathrm{v})$ for IB-VII compounds, the ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{SO}$ is small and in many cases negative and it does not follow the rules discussed above. These trends are explained in terms of atomic $\mathrm{SO}$ splitting, volume deformation-induced charge renormalization, and cation-anion $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ couplings.
Clones from the human gene complex coding for salivary proline-rich proteins. (1984)

The salivary protein gene complex consists of a series of loci coding for related but distinct proline-rich proteins (PRPs) found chiefly in saliva. We have screened a library of human genomic DNA fragments in bacteriophage lambda Charon 4A with a PRP cDNA synthesized and cloned from rat parotid gland mRNA. Two phages (PRP1 and PRP2) hybridizing to the rat probe under moderately stringent conditions contain related but not identical DNAs. Preliminary nucleotide sequence data indicate that both DNAs include regions comprised of nearly identical tandemly repeated sequences, each able to code for about 21 amino acids. The decoded consensus repeat sequence is homologous to the repeating amino acid units found by others in human PRPs. This and other features demonstrate that these two clones are members of the PRP gene family. Polymorphic differences between the DNAs of different individuals were observed after probing digests of human genomic DNA with a HinfI fragment from PRP1. These DNA polymorphisms reflect size differences, possibly caused by frequent unequal crossing-over between the repeated units in the PRP genes.
Thermoeffector neuronal pathways in fever: a study in rats showing a new role of the locus coeruleus (2004)

It is known that brain noradrenaline (norepinephrine) mediates fever, but the neuronal group involved is unknown. We studied the role of the major noradrenergic nucleus, the locus coeruleus (LC), in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever. Male Wistar rats had their LC completely ablated electrolytically or their catecholaminergic LC neurones selectively lesioned by microinjection of 6-hydroxydopamine; the controls were sham-operated. Both lesions resulted in a marked attenuation of LPS (1 or 10 microg kg(-1), i.v.) fever at a subneutral (23 degrees C) ambient temperature (Ta). Because electrolytic and chemical lesions produced similar effects, the role of the LC in fever was further investigated using electrolytic lesions only. The levels of prostaglandin (PG) E2, the terminal mediator of fever, were equally raised in the anteroventral third ventricular region of LC-lesioned and sham-operated rats during the course of LPS fever, indicating that LC neurones are not involved in febrigenic signalling to the brain. To investigate the potential involvement of the LC in an efferent thermoregulatory neuronal pathway, the thermoregulatory response to PGE(2) (25 ng, i.c.v.) was studied at a subneutral (23 degrees C, when fever is brought about by thermogenesis) or neutral (28 degrees C, when fever is brought about by tail skin vasoconstriction) Ta. The PGE2-induced increases in metabolic rate (an index of thermogenesis) and fever were attenuated in LC-lesioned rats at 23 degrees C, whereas PGE2-induced skin vasoconstriction and fever normally developed in LC-lesioned rats at 28 degrees C. The LC-lesioned rats had attenuated PGE2 thermogenesis despite the fact that they were fully capable of activating thermogenesis in response to noradrenaline and cold exposure. It is concluded that LC neurones are part of a neuronal network that is specifically activated by PGE2 to increase thermogenesis and produce fever.
GWAS for Interleukin-1β levels in gingival crevicular fluid identifies IL37 variants in periodontal inflammation (2018)

There is no agnostic GWAS evidence for the genetic control of IL-1β expression in periodontal disease. Here we report a GWAS for "high" gingival crevicular fluid IL-1β expression among 4910 European-American adults and identify association signals in the IL37 locus. rs3811046 at this locus (p = 3.3 × 10<sup>-22</sup>) is associated with severe chronic periodontitis (OR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.12-2.00), 10-year incident tooth loss (≥3 teeth: RR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.09-1.62) and aggressive periodontitis (OR = 1.12; 95% CI = 1.01-1.26) in an independent sample of 4927 German/Dutch adults. The minor allele at rs3811046 is associated with increased expression of IL-1β in periodontal tissue. In RAW macrophages, PBMCs and transgenic mice, the IL37 variant increases expression of IL-1β and IL-6, inducing more severe periodontal disease, while IL-37 protein production is impaired and shows reduced cleavage by caspase-1. A second variant in the IL37 locus (rs2708943, p = 4.2 × 10<sup>-7</sup>) associates with attenuated IL37 mRNA expression. Overall, we demonstrate that IL37 variants modulate the inflammatory cascade in periodontal disease.
A 15mW 3.125GHz PLL for serial backplane transceivers in 0.13μm CMOS (2005)

A 3.125GHz PLL fabricated in a 0.13 /spl mu/m CMOS process in a area of 0.064mm/sup 2/ is described. The PLL uses an architecture optimized for low noise, low power and small die area. In steady-state operation, the PLL forces the up and down currents in the charge pump to match one another. The total measured jitter is 1.3ps rms when operating at 3.125GHz and the chip consumes 15mW.
A 1.8-GHz monolithic LC voltage-controlled oscillator (1992)

A new monolithic LC voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is described. The circuit does not require any external components and an experimental version realized a 200-MHz tuning range at 1.8 GHz. On-chip inductors are used to fabricate the LC tuned circuits used in the oscillator.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<i>exo</i>-Imino to <i>endo</i>-Iminocyclitol Rearrangement. A General Route to Five-Membered Antiviral Azasugars (2006)

A facile synthesis is reported for five-membered iminocyclitols which allows for variation in stereochemistry at all the chiral centers, diverse C1- and N-substitution, and the potential for a three-component combinatorial process. The key step is inversion at the C4 stereocenter (L-lyxo sugar --> D-ribono azasugar). The exo-imino to endo-iminocyclitol process was extended to the D-lyxo and the D- and L-hexose series. Some analogues were found to be more potent than N-butyl DNJ and N-nonyl DNJ in antiviral activity.
Performance Challenges in Object-Relational DBMSs. (1999)

XML is rapidly becoming a popular data format. It can be expected that soon large volumes of XML data will exist. XML data is either produced manually (like html documents today), or it is generated by a new generation of software tools for the WWW and/or electronic data interchange (EDI). The purpose of this paper is to present the results of an initial study about storing and querying XML data. As a first step, this study was focussed on the use of relational database systems and on very simplistic schemes to store and query XML data. In other words, we would like to study how the simplest and most obvious approaches perform, before thinking about more sophisticated approaches. In general, numerous different options to store and query XML data exist. In addition to a relational database, XML data can be stored in a file system, an object-oriented database (e.g., Excelon), or a special-purpose (or semi-structured) system such as Lore (Stanford), Lotus Notes, or Tamino (Software AG). It is still unclear which of these options will ultimately find wide-spread acceptance. A file system could be used with very little effort to store XML data, but a file system would not provide any support for querying the XML data. Object-oriented database systems would allow to cluster XML elements and sub-elements; this feature might be useful for certain applications, but the current generation of object-oriented database systems is not mature enough to process complex queries on large databases. It is going to take even longer before special-purpose systems are mature. Even when using an RDBMS, there are many different ways to store XML data. One strategy is to ask the user or a system administrator in order to decide how XML elements are stored in relational tables. Such an approach is supported, e.g., by Oracle 8i. Another option is to infer from the DTDs of the XML documents how the XML elements should be mapped into tables; such an approach has been studied in [4]. Yet another option is to analyze the XML data and the expected query workload; such an approach has been devised, e.g., in [2]. In this work, we will only study very simple ad-hoc schemes; we think that such a study is necessary before adopting a more complex approach. The schemes that we analyze require no input by the user, they work in the absence of DTDs or if DTDs are meaningless, and they do not involve any analysis of the XML data. Due to their simplicity, the approaches we study will not show the best possible performance, but as we will see, some of them will show very good query performance in most situations. Also, there is no guarantee that any of the more sophisticated approaches known so far will perform better than our simple schemes; see [3] for some experimental results in this respect. Furthermore, the results of our study can be used as input for more sophisticated approaches.
How an Earth Orbiting Tether Makes Possible an Affordable Earth-Moon Space Transportation System (1994)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The Earth orbiting tether, is based in part on the elevator into space idea that was described by Arthur C. Clark in his book, <i>The Fountains of Paradise</i>. That particular space transportation concept consisted of hanging a cable from geostationary orbit down to the surface of the Earth and moving people and freight from the Earth into space on an elevator which would ascend and descend along the cable.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The tether concept used in this transportation system is an intermediate version of that idea which can be built with existing materials. It works by starting from a much lower altitude orbit and hanging the tether down to just above the Earth's atmosphere. The length of the lower half of the tether is selected such that a suborbital shuttle, built using existing technology, can fly to the lower end of the tether without the need for any additional stages or drop-off external propellant tanks. The length of the upper half of the cable is chosen so that its endpoint is traveling at slightly less than escape velocity for its altitude. This is done so that an Earth-Moon transfer vehicle, upon being released from the upper end of the tether, can be placed in a lunar bound orbit with only minimal use of its onboard propellant.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The transportation system consists of 4 major components:</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"> <ol class="list nostyle"> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">1.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">a reusable single-stage suborbital shuttle that carries people and cargo to the lower end of the tether.</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">2.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">a vertically-oriented, Earth-orbiting tether with a lower endpoint terminal for receiving cargo from the suborbital shuttle, and an upper endpoint terminal for launching and receiving the Earth-Moon Transfer Vehicles.</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">3.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">an Earth-Moon Transfer Vehicle that carries people and cargo back and forth between the tether and lunar orbit.</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">4.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">and a reusable, single-stage Lunar Lander that transfers people and cargo between the lunar surface and lunar orbit.</div> </li> </ol> </div>
Determining Configuration Probabilities of Safety-Critical Adaptive Systems (2007)

This article presents a novel technique to calculate the probability that an adaptive system assumes a configuration. An important application area of dynamic adaptation is the cost-efficient development of dependable embedded systems. Dynamic adaptation exploits implicitly available redundancy, reducing the need for hardware redundancy, to make systems more available, reliable, survivable and, ultimately, more safe. Knowledge of configuration probabilities of a system is an essential requirement for the optimization of safety efforts in development. In perspective, it is also a prerequisite for dependability assessment. Our approach is based on a modeling language for complex reconfiguration behavior. We transform the adaptation model into a probabilistic target model that combines a compositional fault tree with Markov chains. This hybrid model can be evaluated efficiently using a modified BDD-based algorithm. The approach is currently being implemented in an existing reliability modeling tool.