gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wave impedances of drill strings and other periodic media (2002)

It is commonly known that wave reflections are caused by abrupt spatial variations in the physical parameter called wave impedance. When a material contains a spatially periodic distribution of wave impedances some very interesting and complex wave propagation phenomena will occur. Two examples of such periodic structures immediately come to mind: the first is a sandwiched structure of two types of plates, say for example, identical layers of thin steel plates interspersed with identical thick aluminum plates; and the second is a large number of identical long thin pipes that are connected from end to end with identical short heavy threaded couplings. The pipe assembly is our primary concern here because it represents the drill string, used worldwide to drill for natural energy resources. We want to understand how waves propagate through drill strings because we want to use them as a means of communication. But while the second structure is our primary concern, it is the study of the first structure, composed of layers, that is the truly historical problem and the source of much of our understanding of this rich set of wave physics. Traditionally, wave propagation in periodic media has been studied as an eigenvalue problem. The eigenvalues themselves yield information about phase velocities, group velocities, passbands, and stopbands. Most often the analysis has stopped there and the eigenvectors have been ignored. Here we turn our attention to the eigenvectors, using them to evaluate the impedance of the periodic structure with particular emphasis on the periodic drill string. As you might expect the impedance of the drill string is a complex number, which is evaluated from a very complicated expression. However, we have discovered that the impedance at two physical locations along the length of each piece of drill pipe in the drill string always reduces to a real number. This is immensely important because it allows us to match the impedance of the drill string to our communication devices. We show how this leads to the effective design of repeaters, noise cancelers, wave terminators, and quarter-wave transformers for a drill-string communication system.
Industrial production of soy sauce (1995)

Soy sauce is a seasoning agent with a salty taste and a distinct aroma suggestive of meat extracts. The sauce is made by fermentation of a combination of soy beans and wheat in water and salt. This paper covers the method for production of fermented soy sauce, and that for acid-hydrolysis of defatted soy bean proteins. The microorganisms involved in soy sauce production, and biochemical and chemical changes in soy bean and wheat during fermentation influence greatly the sensory attributes and quality of soy sauce. Recent progress in industrialization of soy sauce manufacture is discussed.
Development of Fasudil Hydrochloride (Eril): A New Protein Kinase Inhibitor. (1996)

A series of isoquinolinesulfonamide derivatives were synthesized and shown to possess vasodilatory action. 1- (5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl) homopiperazine hydrochloride (fasudil) had more potent vasodilatory effect to vertebral artery than diltiazem. Fasudil inhibits protein kinase and dilates spastic cerebral arteries in the canine two-hemorrhage model. In clinical studies with fasudil administered by intravenous injection in patients who had undergone sugery for subarachnoid hemorrhage, fasudil significantly reduced the occurrence of vasospasm. In Japan, fasudil was approved in june, 1995.
Targeted Gene Correction: Gene Therapy Promoted by Meganucleases (2011)

Targeted gene correction is an especially powerful strategy for gene therapy because it uses molecules and mechanisms optimized over billions of years of evolution to correct deleterious mutations in human cells. Cleavage by a meganuclease at a site near the disease mutation initiates repair by homologous recombination, using an exogenous template for gene correction. We are working to increase the efficacy and safety of targeted gene correction. We have shown that a nick effectively initiates correction, without creating the DNA damage associated with DNA double-strand breaks. We are now optimizing nick-initiated cleavage. Our strategy is to apply fundamental understanding of recombination mechanisms to improving gene correction, by modulating repair pathways and chromatin structure and epigenetics of the repair target and template.
Loss of atrial contractility is primary cause of atrial dilatation during first days of atrial fibrillation (2004)

Atrial fibrillation (AF) induces a progressive dilatation of the atria which in turn might promote the arrhythmia. The mechanism of atrial dilatation during AF is not known. To test the hypothesis that loss of atrial contractile function is a primary cause of atrial dilatation during the first days of AF, eight goats were chronically instrumented with epicardial electrodes, a pressure transducer in the right atrium, and piezoelectric crystals to measure right atrial diameter. AF was induced with the use of repetitive burst pacing. Atrial contractility was assessed during sinus rhythm, atrial pacing (160-, 300-, and 400-ms cycle length), and electrically induced AF. The compliance of the fibrillating right atrium was measured during unloading the atria with diuretics and loading with 1 liter of saline. All measurements were repeated after 6, 12, and 24 h of AF and then once a day during the first 5 days of AF. Recovery of the observed changes after spontaneous cardioversion was also studied. After 5 days of AF, atrial contractility during sinus rhythm or slow atrial pacing was greatly reduced. During rapid pacing (160 ms) or AF, the amplitude of the atrial pressure waves had declined to 20% of control. The compliance of the fibrillating atria increased twofold, whereas the right atrial pressure was unchanged. As a result, the mean right atrial diameter increased by approximately 12%. All changes were reversible within 3 days of sinus rhythm. We conclude that atrial dilatation during the first days of AF is due to an increase in atrial compliance caused by loss of atrial contractility during AF. Atrial compliance and size are restored when atrial contractility recovers after cardioversion of AF.
Interaction of histidine-rich glycoprotein with human T lymphocytes (1989)

Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRGP), a human plasma and platelet protein, interacts with multiple ligands in vitro, including heparin, plasminogen, thrombospondin, and fibrinogen/fibrin. In this study, the binding of HRGP to human T lymphocytes was characterized. The binding was specific, concentration-dependent, saturable, and reversible. Scatchard plot analysis revealed two classes of binding sites: the high affinity class had an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 1.92 X 10(-8) M, with 0.92 X 10(4) sites/cell, and the low affinity class had a Kd of 4.97 X 10(-7) M, with 3.7 X 10(4) sites/cell. HRGP binding to T cells in the presence of HRGP-depleted serum was comparable to that observed in buffer. Dot-blot analysis showed that HRGP bound to specific T cell proteins. Using both HRGP affinity chromatography and immunoprecipitation with affinity-purified anti-HRGP IgG, a major 56-kDa HRGP-binding protein in surface labeled T cell lysates was demonstrated. The 56-kDa protein was shown not to be related to the CD2 molecule on T cells. The binding characteristics of HRGP to T lymphocytes indicate a specific ligand-receptor interaction. This is the first demonstration of HRGP binding to a cell surface, and its binding to human T cells may play an important role in T lymphocyte biology.
pNovo: <i>De novo</i> Peptide Sequencing and Identification Using HCD Spectra (2010)

De novo peptide sequencing has improved remarkably in the past decade as a result of better instruments and computational algorithms. However, de novo sequencing can correctly interpret only approximately 30% of high- and medium-quality spectra generated by collision-induced dissociation (CID), which is much less than database search. This is mainly due to incomplete fragmentation and overlap of different ion series in CID spectra. In this study, we show that higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) is of great help to de novo sequencing because it produces high mass accuracy tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectra without the low-mass cutoff associated with CID in ion trap instruments. Besides, abundant internal and immonium ions in the HCD spectra can help differentiate similar peptide sequences. Taking advantage of these characteristics, we developed an algorithm called pNovo for efficient de novo sequencing of peptides from HCD spectra. pNovo gave correct identifications to 80% or more of the HCD spectra identified by database search. The number of correct full-length peptides sequenced by pNovo is comparable with that obtained by database search. A distinct advantage of de novo sequencing is that deamidated peptides and peptides with amino acid mutations can be identified efficiently without extra cost in computation. In summary, implementation of the HCD characteristics makes pNovo an excellent tool for de novo peptide sequencing from HCD spectra.
Performance Drilling: A Practical Solution to Drillstring Vibration (1994)

ABSTRACT Recent research has greatly enhanced the industry's appreciation of drillstring dynamic behaviour but, as is often the case, this work has raised more questions than it has answered. Now that the inherent limitations of rotary drilling are better understood, the search is on for a means of closing the ‘efficiency gap’, ie, the shortfall between the performance levels that should be achievable with sophisticated modern bits and the uncertain, frequently disappointing, results that are seen in the field. This paper describes how contemporary mud motor technology can be applied to drastically reduce the efficiency gap by the simple expedient of providing the bit with the operating conditions for which it was designed, rather than the harsh and destructive environment imposed by rotary drillstring vibration.
Laser wakefield acceleration using wire produced double density ramps (2013)

A novel approach to implement and control electron injection into the accelerating phase of a laser wakefield accelerator is presented. It utilizes a wire, which is introduced into the flow of a supersonic gas jet creating shock waves and three regions of differing plasma electron density. If tailored appropriately, the laser plasma interaction takes place in three stages: Laser self-compression, electron injection, and acceleration in the second plasma wave period. Compared to self-injection by wave breaking of a nonlinear plasma wave in a constant density plasma, this scheme increases beam charge by up to 1 order of magnitude in the quasimonoenergetic regime. Electron acceleration in the second plasma wave period reduces electron beam divergence by $\ensuremath{\approx}25%$, and the localized injection at the density downramps results in spectra with less than a few percent relative spread.
A Fast Model-Free Morphology-Based Object Tracking Algorithm (2002)

This paper describes the multiple object tracking component of an automated CCTV surveillance system. The system tracks objects, and alerts the operator if unusual trajectories are discovered. Objects are detected by background differencing. Low contrast levels can present problems, leading to poor object segmentation and fragmentation, particularly on older analogue surveillance networks. The model-free tracking algorithm described in this paper addresses object fragmentation, and the object merging that occurs when proximate objects segment to the same connected component. 1
DeepFense: Online Accelerated Defense Against Adversarial Deep Learning (2017)

Recent advances in adversarial Deep Learning (DL) have opened up a largely unexplored surface for malicious attacks jeopardizing the integrity of autonomous DL systems. With the wide-spread usage of DL in critical and time-sensitive applications, including unmanned vehicles, drones, and video surveillance systems, online detection of malicious inputs is of utmost importance. We propose DeepFense, the first end-to-end automated framework that simultaneously enables efficient and safe execution of DL models. DeepFense formalizes the goal of thwarting adversarial attacks as an optimization problem that minimizes the rarely observed regions in the latent feature space spanned by a DL network. To solve the aforementioned minimization problem, a set of complementary but disjoint modular redundancies are trained to validate the legitimacy of the input samples in parallel with the victim DL model. DeepFense leverages hardware/software/algorithm co-design and customized acceleration to achieve just-in-time performance in resource-constrained settings. The proposed countermeasure is unsupervised, meaning that no adversarial sample is leveraged to train modular redundancies. We further provide an accompanying API to reduce the non-recurring engineering cost and ensure automated adaptation to various platforms. Extensive evaluations on FPGAs and GPUs demonstrate up to two orders of magnitude performance improvement while enabling online adversarial sample detection.
Cermet for Interconnection of SOFC (1993)

The density of sintered body, the coefficient of thermal expansion and the electrical conductivity of alumina/alloy cermets were measured. A cermet of 60 vol% alumina and 40 vol% alloy fitted best to the requirements of the interconnector for planar SOFC. The cells with cermet interconnectors were equal in performance to the cells using metallic interconnectors.
The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Agonist Rosiglitazone Decreases Bone Formation and Bone Mineral Density in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Controlled Trial (2007)

Short-term therapy with rosiglitazone exerts detrimental skeletal effects by inhibiting bone formation. Skeletal end points should be included in future long-term studies of thiazolidinedione use.
The effect of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) on trophoblast differentiation: a potential role in human implantation. (1996)

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a multifunctional glycoprotein strongly associated with normal implantation in the mouse. We have recently determined that LIF is expressed in the human endometrium in a menstrual cycle dependent manner. Maximal expression is observed between days 19 and 25 of the menstrual cycle, coinciding with the time of human implantation. In this study we have utilized purified cultures of human cytotrophoblasts to examine the effects of LIF on several morphologic and biochemical markers of the trophoblastic differentiation. We purified human cytotrophoblasts from term placentae and cultured them with and without LIF (10 ng/mL). The secretion of human CG, oncofetal fibronectin, and progesterone were measured at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Northern blot analysis was used to assess messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of beta hCG and oncofetal fibronectin. We found that LIF markedly decreased trophoblast production of hCG protein at 72 and 96 h, as well as expression of beta hCG mRNA. LIF also significantly increased the expression of oncofetal fibronectin mRNA and secretion of the protein. LIF did not affect steroidogenic activity of cultured trophoblasts, as determined by progesterone production. These biochemical changes are characteristic of cytotrophoblast differentiation toward an anchoring extravillous phenotype. Thus, LIF appears to be an important regulator of human embryonic implantation by directly modulating trophoblast differentiation.
Real-time modulated nanoparticle separation with an ultra-large dynamic range (2015)

Nanoparticles exhibit size-dependent properties which make size-selective purification of proteins, DNA or synthetic nanoparticles essential for bio-analytics, clinical medicine, nano-plasmonics and nano-material sciences. Current purification methods of centrifugation, column chromatography and continuous-flow techniques suffer from particle aggregation, multi-stage process, complex setups and necessary nanofabrication. These increase process costs and time, reduce efficiency and limit dynamic range. Here, we achieve an unprecedented real-time nanoparticle separation (51-1500 nm) using a large-pore (2 μm) deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) device. No external force fields or nanofabrication are required. Instead, we investigated innate long-range electrostatic influences on nanoparticles within a fluid medium at different NaCl ionic concentrations. In this study we account for the electrostatic forces beyond Debye length and showed that they cannot be assumed as negligible especially for precise nanoparticle separation methods such as DLD. Our findings have enabled us to develop a model to simultaneously quantify and modulate the electrostatic force interactions between nanoparticle and micropore. By simply controlling buffer solutions, we achieve dynamic nanoparticle size separation on a single device with a rapid response time (<20 s) and an enlarged dynamic range (>1200%), outperforming standard benchtop centrifuge systems. This novel method and model combines device simplicity, isolation precision and dynamic flexibility, opening opportunities for high-throughput applications in nano-separation for industrial and biological applications.
Efficient Solar Water Splitting with a Composite “<i>n</i>-Si/<i>p</i>-CuI/<i>n-i-p</i> a-Si/<i>n-p</i> GaP/RuO<sub>2</sub>” Semiconductor Electrode (2009)

A composite semiconductor electrode with the structure "n-Si/p-CuI/ITO/n-i-p a-Si/n-p GaP/ITO/RuO2" was fabricated for the purpose of achieving efficient solar water splitting. The electrode showed a stable photoanodic current due to oxygen evolution with a large negative photoshift (Vp) of about 2.2 V from an anodic current at a RuO2 electrode. The photoshift was large enough for full water splitting. A photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell, composed of the composite electrode, a Pt counter electrode, and 0.10 M Na2SO4 (pH 6.3), generated a photocurrent density of 1.88 mA cm−2 under simulated solar illumination (AM 1.5 G, 100 mW cm−2), yielding a solar to chemical conversion efficiency of 2.3% as calculated from the photocurrent value. The result has shown that the combination of "crystalline Si/a-Si/GaP" is suitable for efficient solar water splitting. It is shown that the efficiency can be increased by use of GaP with a well-regulated p-n junction.
Fucoidan derived from<i>Cladosiphon okamuranus Tokida</i>ameliorates murine chronic colitis through the down-regulation of interleukin-6 production on colonic epithelial cells (2004)

Our previous study indicated that the interleukin (IL)-6/STAT-3 signal was up-regulated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in both humans and animal models. We also discovered phosphorylated STAT-3 in the nucleus of the colonic epithelial cells in IBD mice. Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) have been shown to secrete IL-6. Therefore, the secretion of IL-6 from IEC may be one of the mechanisms of STAT-3 phosphorylation in IEC during the pathogenesis of IBD, and inhibition of IL-6 production by IEC may be beneficial in preventing IBD. We examined the preventative effect of various types of fucoidans on IL-6 production in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine colonic epithelial cells line, CMT-93, in vitro. We also determined in vivo the effect of fucoidans on murine chronic colitis induced with dextran sodium sulphate. Among fucoidans, those from Cladosiphon okamuranus Tokida and Kjellmaniella crassifolia inhibited IL-6 production in CMT-93 cells with the down-regulation of NF-kappaB nuclear translocation. Analysis of the effect of fucoidan on murine colitis in vivo showed that the disease activity index and myeloperoxidase activity decreased in mice fed Cladosiphon fucoidan, but not Fucus fucoidan. Cytokine profiles in colonic lamina propria indicated that the synthesis of interferon (IFN)-gamma and IL-6 decreased and that of IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta increased in mice fed Cladosiphon fucoidan, compared with mice fed a standard diet or Fucus fucoidan. The levels of IL-6 mRNA in colonic epithelial cells was lower in colitis-induced Balb/c mice fed Cladosiphon fucoidan than those fed a standard diet. Fucoidan improves murine chronic colitis by down-regulating the synthesis of IL-6 in the colonic epithelial cells. Fucoidan derived from C. o. Tokida may be useful as a dietary substance for the patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Spontaneous Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunodeficient mutant scid mice. Natural history and pathobiology. (1990)

The opportunistic pathogen Pneumocystis carinii (Pc) poses a major clinical health problem in individuals with immune deficiency, including those patients with human immunodeficiency (HIV)-associated acquired immune deficiency disease (AIDS). Heretofore, in vivo investigations of the biology of Pc and pathogenesis of pneumocystosis have generally employed steroid-induced immune suppression with antibiotic prophylaxis and protein deprivation. This approach has many drawbacks, chief among them being the widespread, multiple interacting effects caused by the inducing agents. Athymic (nude) mice and rats have been used, but are less than ideal, as the immune defect primarily affects T lymphocytes. This article describes the natural history, pathobiology, and environmental effects on Pc pneumonitis in nonaxenically housed mice homozygous for the autosomal recessive mutation 'severe combined immunodeficiency' (scid), which almost totally lack both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune functions. The predictability, unequivocal expression, high morbidity, and well-defined genetic basis make scid/scid mutant mice the model of choice for in vivo studies of spontaneous pneumocystosis.
Sandwich-like NiCo layered double hydroxide/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite cathodes for high energy density asymmetric supercapacitors (2019)

Nanocomposites with a well-defined sandwich-like nanostructure were prepared via in situ growing NiCo-layered double hydroxide nanosheets with tunable Ni/Co ratios on reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Electrochemical impedance spectra and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms confirmed that these sandwich nanostructures effectively promoted charge transport and enlarged the specific surface area. The nanocomposites with Ni : Co = 2 : 1 exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 2130 F g-1 at 2 A g-1, excellent rate capability (72.7% retention at 15 A g-1), and cycling stability. Asymmetric supercapacitors were assembled with these nanocomposite cathodes and rGO as a negative electrode (anode), and demonstrated an energy density of 34.5 W h kg-1 at a power density of 772 W kg-1, while maintaining a capacity retention of 86.7% after 10 000 cycles at 5 A g-1. The robust electrochemical properties indicate the composites as promising electrodes for electrochemical energy storage devices.
Leading Edge Atomic Layer Deposition Applications (2008)

The growing adoption of Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), as a means of producing highly uniform, and conformal thin films, has paved the way for its use in an array of extremely important emergent technologies. This in turn has influenced the design and capabilities of commercially available ALD systems. In this paper we will discuss aspects of the ALD system design, and explore a few select applications developed by the Savannah ALD users. Examples of these include the use of ALD for graphene-based devices with specific emphasis on different functionalization methods (NO2, and ozone) which result in the uniform deposition of ALD gate oxide material on Graphene, and the use of low vapor pressure precursors for the growth of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC).