gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient Clifford+T approximation of single-qubit operators (2012)

We give an efficient randomized algorithm for approximating an arbitrary element of $SU(2)$ by a product of Clifford+$T$ operators, up to any given error threshold $ε>0$. Under a mild hypothesis on the distribution of primes, the algorithm's expected runtime is polynomial in $\log(1/ε)$. If the operator to be approximated is a $z$-rotation, the resulting gate sequence has $T$-count $K+4\log_2(1/ε)$, where $K$ is approximately equal to $10$. We also prove a worst-case lower bound of $K+4\log_2(1/ε)$, where $K=-9$, so that our algorithm is within an additive constant of optimal for certain $z$-rotations. For an arbitrary member of $SU(2)$, we achieve approximations with $T$-count $K+12\log_2(1/ε)$. By contrast, the Solovay-Kitaev algorithm achieves $T$-count $O(\log^c(1/ε))$, where $c$ is approximately $3.97$.
Regulation of Dual-specificity Phosphatases M3/6 and hVH5 by Phorbol Esters (2000)

Treatment of leukemic cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induces a short-lived phosphorylation and activation of stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and cellular differentiation. To investigate whether the rapid deactivation of SAPK results from dephosphorylation by dual-specificity phosphatases (DSPs), we studied regulation of the DSP hVH5 and its murine orthologue M3/6 in K562 human leukemia cells. PMA treatment rapidly induced hVH5 transcripts in these cells, and induced expression of M3/6 completely inhibited PMA-stimulated phosphorylation of SAPK, suggesting a feedback loop to control SAPK activity. Using both stable cell lines and transient transfection we demonstrate that activation of SAPK rapidly stimulated phosphorylation of M3/6. This phosphorylation did not regulate the half-life of total cellular M3/6. hVH5 and M3/6 shares with all sequenced mammalian DSPs an amino acid motif, XILPXLXL, located approximately 80 amino acids from the active site. The hVH5-M3/6 sequence, RILPHLYL, shares significant homology with the SAPK binding site of the c-Jun protein, called the delta domain. This motif was found to be important for DSP function, because deletion of RILPHLYL inhibits SAPK-mediated phosphorylation of M3/6, and deletion of this sequence or mutation of the LYL portion blocks the ability of this phosphatase to dephosphorylate SAPK.
Neuroblastoma 4S (1997)

The data presented here suggest an important role for age as a prognostic factor. The very young NBL 4S patient (age < 4 weeks at diagnosis) was at high risk of dying of (respiratory) complications as a result of massive hepatomegaly. In contrast, disease progression to Stage 4 appears to be unrelated to age, but is strongly related to the presence of biologic markers in the tumor. The authors propose a therapeutic approach for very young patients and for those with unfavorable biology.
Analysis of EOL prediction methodology for triple-junction solar cells in actual radiation environment (2005)

We investigated an optimal methodology for predicting end-of-life performance of triple-junction space solar cells using two major prediction methods (JPL and NRL produced). Neither prediction method could be applied to proton degradation after the current-limiting cell change, while electron degradation can be predicted using both methods even if the change occurred. The prediction methodology for an actual radiation environment was proposed based on the combinational irradiations by protons and electrons.
Cyclic Borehole Effects in Deviated Wells (1996)

Abstract Highly deviated wellbores sometimes suffer from a cyclic variation in borehole size. Even though the caliper oscillations may be relatively small, a salty mud can combine with the periodic hole size variation to produce wireline data that has been severely compromised. Interestingly, it may be the deepest reading tool (resistivity) which suffers the largest degradation A straight-forward solution, calibrated to specific wellbore conditions, has been developed which facilitates a much more representative formation evaluation.
Synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts with well shaped platinum particles to control reaction selectivity (2008)

Colloidal and sol-gel procedures have been used to prepare heterogeneous catalysts consisting of platinum metal particles with narrow size distributions and well defined shapes dispersed on high-surface-area silica supports. The overall procedure was developed in three stages. First, tetrahedral and cubic colloidal metal particles were prepared in solution by using a procedure derived from that reported by El-Sayed and coworkers [Ahmadi TS, Wang ZL, Green TC, Henglein A, El-Sayed MA (1996) Science 272:1924-1926]. This method allowed size and shape to be controlled independently. Next, the colloidal particles were dispersed onto high-surface-area solids. Three approaches were attempted: (i) in situ reduction of the colloidal mixture in the presence of the support, (ii) in situ sol-gel synthesis of the support in the presence of the colloidal particles, and (iii) direct impregnation of the particles onto the support. Finally, the resulting catalysts were activated and tested for the promotion of carbon-carbon double-bond cis-trans isomerization reactions in olefins. Our results indicate that the selectivity of the reaction may be controlled by using supported catalysts with appropriate metal particle shapes.
Small chirp and wide bandwidth integrated modulator-laser at zero offset-bias operation (1997)

An integrated electro-absorption modulator-distributed feedback laser with a very low carrier-concentration active layer has been developed. It exhibits excellent chirp characteristics and a 20 GHz bandwidth even at zero offset-bias operation.
A Model of the Transition State in the Alkaline Phosphatase Reaction (1999)

A high resolution crystal structure of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase in the presence of vanadate has been refined to 1.9 A resolution. The vanadate ion takes on a trigonal bipyramidal geometry and is covalently bound by the active site serine nucleophile. A coordinated water molecule occupies the axial position opposite the serine nucleophile, whereas the equatorial oxygen atoms of the vanadate ion are stabilized by interactions with both Arg-166 and the zinc metal ions of the active site. This structural complex supports the in-line displacement mechanism of phosphomonoester hydrolysis by alkaline phosphatase and provides a model for the proposed transition state in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
Human Genetics: Lessons from Quebec Populations (2001)

The population of Quebec, Canada (7.3 million) contains approximately 6 million French Canadians; they are the descendants of approximately 8500 permanent French settlers who colonized Nouvelle France between 1608 and 1759. Their well-documented settlements, internal migrations, and natural increase over four centuries in relative isolation (geographic, linguistic, etc.) contain important evidence of social transmission of demographic behavior that contributed to effective family size and population structure. This history is reflected in at least 22 Mendelian diseases, occurring at unusually high prevalence in its subpopulations. Immigration of non-French persons during the past 250 years has given the Quebec population further inhomogeneity, which is apparent in allelic diversity at various loci. The histories of Quebec's subpopulations are, to a great extent, the histories of their alleles. Rare pathogenic alleles with high penetrance and associated haplotypes at 10 loci (CFTR, FAH, HBB, HEXA, LDLR, LPL, PAH, PABP2, PDDR, and SACS) are expressed in probands with cystic fibrosis, tyrosinemia, beta-thalassemia, Tay-Sachs, familial hypercholesterolemia, hyperchylomicronemia, PKU, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, pseudo vitamin D deficiency rickets, and spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay, respectively) reveal the interpopulation and intrapopulation genetic diversity of Quebec. Inbreeding does not explain the clustering and prevalence of these genetic diseases; genealogical reconstructions buttressed by molecular evidence point to founder effects and genetic drift in multiple instances. Genealogical estimates of historical meioses and analysis of linkage disequilibrium show that sectors of this young population are suitable for linkage disequilibrium mapping of rare alleles. How the population benefits from what is being learned about its structure and how its uniqueness could facilitate construction of a genomic map of linkage disequilibrium are discussed.
Strontium-89 as an adjuvant to external beam radiation improves pain relief and delays disease progression in advanced prostate cancer: results of a randomized controlled trial. (1993)

In a multicenter, randomized controlled trial involving 126 patients with endocrine-resistant advanced prostate cancer, all of whom received external beam radiotherapy, additional treatment with a single injected dose of 400 MBq strontium-89 (Metastron) significantly improved overall pain control. Adjuvant therapy with strontium-89 also significantly reduced analgesia requirements compared with placebo and delayed disease progression, as indicated by the requirement for further external beam radiotherapy. On certain measures, patients receiving strontium-89 also showed enhanced quality of life. Accompanying these changes, levels of prostate tumor markers were significantly reduced by strontium-89 treatment. The benefits resulting from adjuvant strontium therapy were associated with tolerable hematologic toxicity. The addition of strontium-89 to external beam radiation had no effect on survival. However, it has clear implications for improved palliation in advanced prostate cancer and may also impact positively on treatment costs.
Optimization of alkyl β‐<scp>D</scp>‐galactopyranoside synthesis from lactose using commercially available β‐galactosidases (1993)

Commercially available lactase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) enzymes produced from Kluyveromyces fragilis and Kluyveromyces lactis were accessed as catalysts for use in the production of beta-galactopyranosides of various alcohols using lactose as galactosyl donor. The yield of galactoside was enhanced by using the highest practical concentrations of both lactose and alcohol acceptor. The concentrations and thus yield, were limited by the solubility of the substrates. The increase in galactoside yield with increasing lactose concentration appeared to be specific to the lactose substrate and not due to water activity alterations, because addition of maltose to a fixed concentration of lactose had no effect. During the course of the reaction, the yield of galactoside peaked after around 70% to 80% of the lactose was consumed, due to hydrolysis of the product by the enzyme. A wide variety of compounds with primary or secondary hydroxyl groups could act as acceptors, the essential requirement being at least some water solubility. Addition of organic cosolvents had little effect on galactoside yield except when it increased the water solubility of sparingly soluble alcohols. Some galactosides were synthesized on a gram scale to determine practical product recoveries and improve purification methods for large-scale synthesis. Initial purification by hydrophobic chromatography (for galactosides of hydrophobic alcohols) or strong anion-exchange chromatography (for galactosides of hydrophilic alcohols) separated galactosides, galactobiosides, and higher oligomers from reducing sugars. A facile separation of the galactoside and galactobioside could then be effected by flash chromatography on silica gel.
A Peroxovanadium Compound Stimulates Muscle Glucose Transport as Powerfully as Insulin and Contractions Combined (2003)

Stimulation of glucose transport by insulin involves tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor (IR) and IR substrates (IRSs). Peroxovanadates inhibit tyrosine phosphatases, also resulting in tyrosine phosphorylation of the IRSs. Muscle contractions stimulate glucose transport by a mechanism independent of the insulin-signaling pathway. We found that the peroxovanadate compound bis-peroxovanadium,1,10-phenanthrolene [bpV(phen)] stimulates glucose transport to the same extent as the additive effects of maximal insulin and contraction stimuli. Translocation of GLUT4 to the cell surface mediates stimulation of glucose transport. There is evidence suggesting there are separate insulin- and contraction-stimulated pools of GLUT4-containing vesicles. We tested the hypothesis that bpV(phen) stimulates both the insulin- and the contraction-activated pathways. Stimulation of glucose transport and GLUT4 translocation by bpV(phen) was completely blocked by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K) inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002. The combined effect of bpV(phen) and contractions was no greater than that of bpV(phen) alone. Activation of the IRS-PI 3-K signaling pathway was much greater with bpV(phen) than with insulin. Our results suggest that the GLUT4 vesicles that are normally translocated in response to contractions but not insulin can respond to the signal generated via the IRS-PI 3-K pathway if it is sufficiently powerful.
Characterization of the Binding of Spike H Protein of Bacteriophage  X174 with Receptor Lipopolysaccharides (2000)

The spike H protein of bacteriophage phiX174 was prepared as a hexa histidine-tagged fusion (HisH). On enzyme-linked plate assaying, HisH was found to bind specifically to the lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of phiX174-sensitive strains, Escherichia coli C and Salmonella typhimurium Ra chemotype, having the complete oligosaccharide sequence of the R-core on the LPSs. In sharp contrast, HisH bound weakly to the LPSs of phiX174-insensitive strains, i.e. E. coli F583 (Rd(2)) lacking some terminal saccharides and E. coli O111: B4 (smooth strain) having additional O-repeats on the R-core. The fluorescence spectra of HisH changed dose-dependently in the case of the LPS of E. coli C, the intensity increasing and the emission peak shifting to the shorter wavelength side, which was attributable to the hydrophobic interaction of HisH with the LPS. The binding equilibrium was analyzed by fluorometric titration to determine the dissociation constant K(d), 7.02 +/- 0.37 microM, and the Gibbs free energy change DeltaG(0), -29.1 kJ mol(-1) (at 22 degrees C, pH 7.4). Based on the temperature dependence of (K)d in a van't Hoff plot, the standard enthalpy change DeltaH(0) and the entropy change DeltaS(0) were calculated to be +23.7 kJ mol(-1) and 179 J mol(-1) K(-1) at 22 degrees C, respectively, and this binding was thereby concluded to be an entropy-driven reaction.
Cloning of an insecticidal toxin gene of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis and its expression in Escherichia coli cells (1987)

A structural gene of a crystal protein toxic for coleoptera larvae was cloned from plasmid DNA of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis (BTT). The DNA was partially digested with restriction enzyme BamHI and fragments were inserted into cosmid pHC79. In Western blot analysis extracts from infected Escherichia coli cells revealed expression of the BTT crystal protein in antibiotic-resistant cells. Cell lysates from a selected E. coli clone were toxic for larvae of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). The electrophoretic mobility in SDS gels of crystal protein from E. coli cells was 68 kDa and 74 kDa as observed for BTT-toxin in B. thuringiensis extracts. The cosmids obtained were unstable during cellular propagation. The deletion product still carried the δ-endotoxin gene.
Tissue welding with biodegradable polymer films–demonstration of acute strength reinforcement <i>in vivo</i> (2002)

Polymer film patches may be a viable method to increase acute breaking strengths of welds using topically applied solder.
Sleep Homeostasis and Models of Sleep Regulation (1999)

According to the two-process model of sleep regulation, the timing and structure of sleep are determined by the interaction of a homeostatic and a circadian process. The original qualitative model was elaborated to quantitative versions that included the ultradian dynamics of sleep in relation to the non-REM-REM sleep cycle. The time course of EEG slow-wave activity, the major marker of non-REM sleep homeostasis, as well as daytime alertness were simulated successfully for a considerable number of experimental protocols. They include sleep after partial sleep deprivation and daytime napping, sleep in habitual short and long sleepers, and alertness in a forced desynchrony protocol or during an extended photoperiod. Simulations revealed that internal desynchronization can be obtained for different shapes of the thresholds. New developments include the analysis of the waking EEG to delineate homeostatic and circadian processes, studies of REM sleep homeostasis, and recent evidence for local, use-dependent sleep processes. Moreover, nonlinear interactions between homeostatic and circadian processes were identified. In the past two decades, models have contributed considerably to conceptualizing and analyzing the major processes underlying sleep regulation, and they are likely to play an important role in future advances in the field.
Monolithically Integrated E-mode GaN-on-SOI Gate Driver with Power GaN-HEMT for MHz-Switching (2018)

This paper presents the design of a gate driver, monolithically integrated with power p-gate Gallium Nitride High Electron Mobility Transistor (p-GaN HEMT). It is implemented by an enhancement mode GaN-on-SOI (Silicon on Insulator) technology. Circuit-level simulations considering parasitic components in the integrated circuit (IC) verify the switching operation at 10 MHz, 50 V of off-state V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> and 10 A of on-state I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</sub> . GaN-HEMT model has been calibrated by experimental results. The simulation results shows that the proposed gate driver realizes 3.8/3.4 ns of turn on/turn off time, which are 89.0/78.9% smaller than a discrete gate driver.
Carbon clusters revisited: The ‘‘special’’ behavior of C6 and large carbon clusters (1988)

We have performed a series of experiments in which the conditions necessary for synthesis and detection of carbon clusters have been systematically investigated. The effects of ionizing laser intensity and frequency, vaporization and condensation conditions, and graphite substrate composition (pure and metal loaded) on the carbon cluster ion signals show that ‘‘special’’ conditions are needed to observe locally enhanced ion signals on particular clusters (e.g., a large C+60 signal). We present evidence for two sources of carbon clusters, one source which produces mostly smaller (n&lt;32) and the other which leads to mostly larger (n&gt;32) carbon clusters. In addition we find that several, not just one, metal atom can be attached to C60. Lastly we propose that large variations in ion signals may be explained in terms of the electronic properties of the carbon clusters.
Intracavity gain shaping in millijoule-level, high gain Ho:YLF regenerative amplifiers (2016)

We demonstrate intracavity gain shaping inside a 2 μm Ho:YLF regenerative amplifier with a spectral bandwidth of 2.9 nm broadened to 5.4 nm, corresponding to Fourier-limited pulses of 1 ps duration. The intracavity gain shaping is achieved by using a simple etalon, which acts as a frequency-selective filter. The output of the regenerative amplifier is amplified by a single-pass amplifier, and we achieve total energy of 2.2 mJ and pulse duration of 2.4 ps at 1 kHz with pulse fluctuations <1%. The amplifier chain is seeded by a home-built mode-locked holmium-doped fiber oscillator.
Third Party Logistics (2012)

Third party logistics (3PL) has been gaining importance in most places in the world. In India the implementation of 3PL practices has made its beginning and it is emerging as one of the fastest growing sectors. It is still a relatively new concept and not well understood among industry or academic professionals in India. This paper examines the Indian 3PL Supply Chain Management and practices with respect to the key success factors and growth strategies. After identifying the critical success factors SERVQUAL is applied to reveal the gap between their achievement and expectation. Respondents to the survey are categorized based on their rating of the key growth strategies on the basis of AHP.
High-speed switching of nanoscale ferroelectric domains in congruent single-crystal LiTaO3 (2003)

The nanodomain reversal characteristics of congruent LiTaO3 (CLT) single crystal are investigated. It is found that fast nanosecond domain switching can be achieved by reducing the sample thickness, even for CLT, which contains many Li vacancy defects that pin domain-wall movement. As an example, the authors obtain a polarization inverted domain dot with a radius of 7.9 nm by application of a 4 ns 10 V pulse. These results demonstrate that the speed of polarization reversal is closely related to the thickness of the medium.
Extraction of iron(III), gold(III), gallium(III), thallium(III), antimony(V) and antimony(III) from hydrochloric acid solution with crown ethers (1986)

Chloroform solutions of dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 (DC18C6), dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) and 18-crown-6 (18C6) efficiently extracted iron(III), gold(III), gallium(III), thallium(III) and antimony(V) from solution in hydrochloric acid. Extraction with 15-crown-5 (15C5) and 12-crown-4 (12C4) was poor. Antimony(III) in the presence of titanium(III) chloride was efficiently extracted only with DC18C6. When tervalent iron, gold, gallium and thallium were extracted from acidic lithium chloride solution, even 15C5 and 12C4 gave good extractabilities. The molar ratio of crown ether to the metal ions, except antimony(III), in the extracted species is probably 1 : 1, and the metals are probably extracted as chloro complexes, e.g., HFeCl4 and LiFeCl4. Iron and gallium in aluminium-base alloys were determined after their separation by DC18C6 extraction.
Effect on thermostability and catalytic activity of introducing disulfide bonds into Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase (1998)

Two additional disulfide bonds and three combined thermostabilizing mutations were introduced into Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase to test their effects on enzyme thermostability and catalytic properties. The single cysteine mutations N20C, A27C, T72C and A471C were made and combined to produce the double cysteine mutations N20C/ A27C and T72C/A471C. The double cysteine mutants were expressed efficiently in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and disulfide bonds formed spontaneously after fermentation. At 50 degrees C, the single mutants N20C and A27C had decreased specific activity, whereas the specific activity of the double mutants N20C/A27C and T72C/A471C were similar to wild-type glucoamylase. The N20C/A27C mutation increased thermostability, with an increased activation free energy of 1.5 kJ/mol at 65 degrees C, while the single mutation A27C only slightly increased thermostability and N20C decreased it. The other disulfide bond-forming mutation T72C/A471C did not affect thermostability at pH 4.5. The N20C/A27C mutation was separately combined with two other thermostabilizing mutations, G137A and S436P. Thermostabilities of all of the combined mutated glucoamylases were additive. N20C/A27C/G137A glucoamylase had higher specific activity than wild-type glucoamylase from 45 to 67.5 degrees C. The disulfide bond between positions 20 and 27 connects the C-terminus of helix 1 and the following beta-turn, suggesting that this region is important for glucoamylase thermostability.