gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
More than efficacy revealed by single-cell analysis of antiviral therapeutics (2019)

Because many aspects of viral infection dynamics and inhibition are governed by stochastic processes, single-cell analysis should provide more information than approaches using population averaging. We have developed a microfluidic device composed of ~6000 wells, with each well containing a microstructure to capture single, infected cells replicating an enterovirus expressing a fluorescent reporter protein. We have used this system to characterize enterovirus inhibitors with distinct mechanisms of action. Single-cell analysis reveals that each class of inhibitor interferes with the viral infection cycle in a manner that can be distinguished by principal component analysis. Single-cell analysis of antiviral candidates not only reveals efficacy but also facilitates clustering of drugs with the same mechanism of action and provides some indication of the ease with which resistance will develop.
독일의 사회보장체계와 민간 복지단체 (2006)

이 글은 이른바 ``사회 국가``(social state)로 불리는 독일에서 민간복지단체의 역할과 의미를 규명하는 데에 지향되어 있다. 독일은 세계에서 아주 독특한 근대 복지국가를 발전시켰다. 그것은 ``사회 국가``라고 불리는 특이한 사회보장 체계로 세계사적 의미를 갖고 있다. 독일의 사회보장체계는 사회보험에 그 중점이 놓여있는 반면에 대표적인 복지국가인 영국의 경우는 공적 부조에 있다고 할 수 있다. 독일 사회국가는 사회정책과정에 민간복지단체를 자본가 집단, 노동자 집단 외에 제 3의 사회 정책적 파트너로서 공식적인 지위를 부여하여 개입시켰다. 독일 사회국가는 사회보장체계를 조성하는 과정에 ``보충성원리``를 채택함으로써 강제적 사회보험이 가지고 있는 억압적 경향을 방지했다. 초기에 다양한 부정적 반작용에도 불구하고 사회보험은 독일에서 성공을 거두었는데, 그 주된 원인은 강제보험의 원칙을 견제하는 ``자치운영의 원칙``에 있었다. 독일 정부는 사회보험의 관리행정 과제를 자치운영조직체인 공공단체에게 위임했다. 정부는 이들 단체의 활동을 감독하는 역할만을 했다. 이로써 사회국가의 대 전제인 사회의 자율성을 유지할 수 있게 했다. 1880년대 독일 제국은 복지 서비스 영역에서 제기되는 거대한 사회문제를 장악하여 해결할 수 있는 충분한 역량을 갖추고 있지 못했다. 이 때문에 기독교 진영이 과거의 복지서비스 제공자와는 완전히 구분되는 새로운 기독교의 민간복지단체들을 구성하여 왔을 때, 이를 승인하여 문제의 사회적 서비스 영역에 일차적으로 투입하지 않을 수 없었다. 다른 한편 당시의 기독교 진영은 자기 유지본능으로 인하여 사회복지서비스 영역에의 진입을 시도할 수밖에 다른 도리가 없었다. 왜냐하면 산업화의 진전과 더불어 나타난 반종교적인 사회주의 사상의 확산 등으로부터 제도로서 교회의 존립 자체가 위태롭게 되었기 때문이다. 사회부조 영역에 대한 민간복지단체의 진입은 보충성 원리에 대한 정부 측의 분명한 이해 없이 허술하게 시작되었다. 그렇지만 이는 보충성 원리에 따른 민간복지단체의 우선권이 1960년대 독일연방공화국에서 헌법적 권리로까지 발전되는 계기를 제공했던 것이다. 독일 사회국가는 민간복지단체협의회가 사회부조 영역에서 국가를 대신해서 질 높은 서비스를 성공적으로 제공해 오고 있다는 사실에 대한 보답 차원에서 이들에게 대단히 포괄적인 보조금을 지급함과 아울러 독점적 대표권을 보장하고 있다.
Development of curved belt conveyor in China (2009)

This paper studies development of theoretical researches and applications on horizontal curve, spatial curve and vertical curve belt conveyors in China. Researches on how to establish geometric model of those types of curves, how to design curve parameters and how to realize the curves are shown. Photos are given to show various type of curved belt conveyor in operation in China these years. Problems on curve design theory and applications are also pointed out for future research.
Anisotropic Thermal Expansion Behavior of Thin Films of Polymethylsilsesquioxane, a Spin-on-Glass Dielectric for High-Performance Integrated Circuits (2004)

Thin films of poly(methylsilsesquioxane) (PMSSQ) are candidates for use as interdielectric layers in advanced semiconductor devices with multilayer structures. We prepared thin films of PMSSQ with thicknesses in the range 25.0-1151.0 nm by spin-casting its soluble precursor onto Si and GaAs substrates with native oxide layers and then drying and curing the films under a nitrogen atmosphere at temperatures in the range 250-400 degrees C. The out-of-plane thermal expansion coefficient alpha(perpendicular) of each film was measured over the temperature range 25-200 degrees C using spectroscopic ellipsometry and synchrotron X-ray reflectivity, while the in-plane thermal expansion coefficient alpha(parallel) of each film was determined over the temperature range 25-400 degrees C by residual stress analysis. PMSSQ films cured at higher temperatures exhibited reduced thermal expansion, which is attributed to the denser molecular packing and higher degree of cross-linking that arises at higher temperatures. Surprisingly however, all the PMSSQ films were found to exhibit very strong anisotropic thermal expansion; alpha(perpendicular) and alpha(parallel) of the films were in the ranges 140-329 ppm/ degrees C and 12-29 ppm/ degrees C respectively, depending on the curing temperature. This is the first time that cured PMSSQ thin films have been shown to exhibit anisotropic thermal expansion behavior. This anisotropic thermal expansion of the PMSSQ thin films might be due to the anisotropy of cross-link density in the films, which arises because of a combination of factors: the preferential orientation of methyl groups toward the upper film surface and the preferential network formation in the film plane that occurs during curing of the confined film. In addition, the film electron densities were determined using synchrotron X-ray reflectivity measurements and the film biaxial moduli were obtained using residual stress analysis.
Electroplating on zirconium and zirconium-tin (1952)

Methods are described for electroplating nickel on zirconium and zirconium-tin alloys with as-plated adhesion greater than 6,000 psi, and heat treating to produce alloy-diffusion bonds of 50,000 psi. This supplements the results previously reported (BMI-707). Other metals can be electroplated over nickel, diffusion bonded to the zirconium or zirconium alloy. A method of preparing zirconium for tin, lead-tin-solder, and silver-solder coating is also described. Other metals can be electrodeposited on these coatings.
Mitochondria‐Targeting Oxidovanadium(IV) Complex as a Near‐IR Light Photocytotoxic Agent (2013)

Oxidovanadium(IV) complexes [VO(L(1))(phen)]·Cl (1) and [VO(L(2))(L(3))]·Cl (2), in which HL(1) is 2-{[(benzimidazol-2-yl)methylimino]-methyl}phenol (sal-ambmz), HL(2) is 2-[({1-[(anthracen-9-yl)methyl]-benzimidazol-2-yl}methylimino)-methyl]phenol (sal-an-ambmz), phen is 1,10-phenanthroline and L(3) is dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz) conjugated to a Gly-Gly-OMe dipeptide moiety, were prepared, characterized, and their DNA binding, photoinduced DNA-cleavage, and photocytotoxic properties were studied. Fluorescence microscopy studies were performed by using complex 2 in HeLa and HaCaT cells. Complex 1, structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography, has a vanadyl group in VO2N4 core with the VO(2+) moiety bonded to N,N-donor phen and a N,N,O-donor Schiff base. Complex 2, having an anthracenyl fluorophore, showed fluorescence emission bands at 397, 419, and 443 nm. The complexes are redox-active exhibiting the V(IV)/V(III) redox couple near -0.85 V versus SCE in DMF 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP). Complex 2, having a dipeptide moiety, showed specific binding towards poly(dAdT)2 sequence. The dppz-Gly-Gly-OMe complex showed significant DNA photocleavage activity in red light of 705 nm through a hydroxyl radical ((.) OH) pathway. Complex 2 showed photocytotoxicity in HaCaT and HeLa cells in visible light (400-700 nm) and red light (620-700 nm), however, the complex was less toxic in the dark. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the localization of complex 2 primarily in mitochondria. Apoptosis was found to occur inside mitochondria (intrinsic pathway) caused by ROS generation.
Regioisomers of Perylenediimide: Synthesis, Photophysical, and Electrochemical Properties (2012)

A series of conjugation extended donor-acceptor 1,6- and 1,7-regiomers of perylenediimide were synthesized, separated, and characterized. The photophysical, electrochemical, and thermal properties of these compounds were investigated and compared. The absorption spectra of 1,6-substituted PDI showed blue shift as compared to its 1,7-substituted PDI. At the same time, the emission spectrum showed no significant differences among the regiomers. Both 1,6- and 1,7-regiomers were thermally stable up to 450 °C and showed different melting and crystallization transitions. The electrochemical studies did not show significant differences in oxidation and redox potentials owing to similar HOMO/LUMO gap of 1,6- and 1,7-regiomers, which is also supported by theoretical calculations. Comparison of properties of a series of 1,6- or 1,7-substituted PDIs showed significant differences. Such regiomerically pure compounds can offer certain advantages in applications, which are currently being investigated.
Watershed-based multiscale segmentation method for color images using automated scale selection (2005)

An automated multiscale segmentation approach for color images is presented. The scale-space stack is generated using the Perona-Malik diffusion approach and the watershed algorithm is employed to produce the regions at each scale. A minima-linking process by downward projection is carried out over the successive scales, and a region dissimilarity measure—combining scale, contrast, and homogeneity—is subsequently estimated on the finer scale (localization scale). The dissimilarity measure is estimated as a function of two different features, i.e., the dynamics of contours and the relative entropy of color region distributions, combined by means of a fuzzy-rule-based system. A region-merging process is also applied to the localization scale to produce the final regions. To validate the performance of the proposed multiscale segmentation, qualitative and quantitative results are provided in comparison to its single-scale counterpart. We also deal with the topic of localization scale selection. This stage is critical for the final segmentation results and can be used as a preprocessing step for higher level computer vision applications as well. A preliminary study of localization scale selection techniques is carried out. A scale selection method that originates from the evolution of the probability distribution of a region homogeneity measure across the generated scales is proposed next. The proposed algorithm is finally compared to a previously reported approach to indicate its efficiency.
Development of TRACER: tissue roll for analysis of cellular environment and response (2016)

The tumour microenvironment is heterogeneous and consists of multiple cell types, variable extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and contains cell-defined gradients of small molecules, oxygen, nutrients and waste. Emerging in vitro cell culture systems that attempt to replicate these features often fail to incorporate design strategies to facilitate efficient data collection and stratification. The tissue roll for analysis of cellular environment and response (TRACER) is a novel strategy to assemble layered, three-dimensional tumours with cell-defined, graded heterogeneous microenvironments that also facilitates cellular separation and stratification of data from different cell populations from specific microenvironments. Here we describe the materials selection and development of TRACER. We find that cellulose fibre scaffolding is an ideal support to generate tissue constructs having homogenous cell seeding and consistent properties. We explore ECM remodeling and long-term cell growth in the scaffold, and characterize the tumour microenvironment in assembled TRACERs using multiple established analysis methods. Finally, we confirm that TRACERs replicate small molecule gradients of glucose and lactate, and explore cell phenotype associated with these gradients using confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and quantitative PCR analysis. We envision this technology will provide a platform to create complex, yet controlled tumour microenvironments that can be easily disassembled for snapshot analysis of cell phenotype and response to therapy in relation to microenvironment properties.
Pungency and Sugars of Short-day Onions as Affected by Sulfur Nutrition (1993)

Sixteen short-day onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars with high (4.0 meq·liter -1 ) and low S (0.1 meq·liter -1 ) fertility were evaluated for several characteristics associated with bulb flavor. Sulfur levels interacted with cultivars in influencing bulb pungency and concentrations of S and individual sugars, except for fructose. Enzymatically formed pyruvic acid correlated poorly with bulb S concentration, which suggests differential partitioning of S into flavor and nonflavor compounds among cultivars. Bulb percent dry weight correlated negatively with bulb S concentration. Since poor correlations were found between enzymatically formed pyruvic acid and water-soluble carbohydrates, we postulate that pungency and sweetness function independently in bulbs of fresh-market short-day onion cultivars.
Characterisation of modulation doped quantum dot lasers (2006)

Self-assembled In(Ga)As quantum dot (QD) lasers incorporating p-type modulation doping have generated much interest recently due to reports of a temperature insensitive threshold current and increased modulation bandwidth. The mechanism by which p-type doping improves the performance of QD lasers is thought to be similar to that envisaged for quantum well lasers, where increased gain is expected for a given quasi-Fermi level separation due to a shift in both quasi-Fermi levels towards the valence states. However, the benefits may be much more pronounced in quantum dot structures since the population of the smaller number of dot states can be dramatically affected using relatively low doping levels, which may incur less penalty with regard to increased non-radiative recombination and internal optical mode loss. We present results of direct measurements of the modal gain measured as a function of the quasi-Fermi level separation for samples with different degrees of doping, which demonstrate unambiguously the increased gain that can be obtained at a fixed quasi-Fermi level separation. In addition, we have measured the internal optical mode loss and radiative and non-radiative recombination currents for samples containing 0, 15 and 50 dopant atoms per dot and show that, although the internal optical mode loss is similar for all three samples, the non-radiative recombination current increases for samples containing p-doping. We show that our experimental results are consistent with a simple computer simulation of the operation of our structures.
Validation of Size Estimation of Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis on Polydisperse Macromolecule Assembly (2019)

As the physicochemical properties of drug delivery systems are governed not only by the material properties which they are compose of but by their size that they conform, it is crucial to determine the size and distribution of such systems with nanometer-scale precision. The standard technique used to measure the size distribution of nanometer-sized particles in suspension is dynamic light scattering (DLS). Recently, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) has been introduced to measure the diffusion coefficient of particles in a sample to determine their size distribution in relation to DLS results. Because DLS and NTA use identical physical characteristics to determine particle size but differ in the weighting of the distribution, NTA can be a good verification tool for DLS and vice versa. In this study, we evaluated two NTA data analysis methods based on maximum-likelihood estimation, namely finite track length adjustment (FTLA) and an iterative method, on monodisperse polystyrene beads and polydisperse vesicles by comparing the results with DLS. The NTA results from both methods agreed well with the mean size and relative variance values from DLS for monodisperse polystyrene standards. However, for the lipid vesicles prepared in various polydispersity conditions, the iterative method resulted in a better match with DLS than the FTLA method. Further, it was found that it is better to compare the native number-weighted NTA distribution with DLS, rather than its converted distribution weighted by intensity, as the variance of the converted NTA distribution deviates significantly from the DLS results.
Her4 and Her2/neu Tyrosine Kinase Domains Dimerize and Activate in a Reconstituted in Vitro System (2009)

Her4 (ErbB-4) and Her2/neu (ErbB-2) are receptor-tyrosine kinases belonging to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family. Crystal structures of EGFR and Her4 kinase domains demonstrate kinase dimerization and activation through an allosteric mechanism. The kinase domains form an asymmetric dimer, where the C-lobe surface of one monomer contacts the N-lobe of the other monomer. EGFR kinase dimerization and activation in vitro was previously reported using a nickel-chelating lipid-liposome system, and we now apply this system to all other members of the EGFR family. Polyhistidine-tagged Her4, Her2/neu, and Her3 kinase domains are bound to these nickel-liposomes and are brought to high local concentration, mimicking what happens to full-length receptors in vivo following ligand binding. Addition of nickel-liposomes to Her4 kinase domain results in 40-fold activation in kinase activity and marked enhancement of C-terminal tail autophosphorylation. Activation of Her4 shows a sigmoidal dependence on kinase concentration, consistent with a cooperative process requiring kinase dimerization. Her2/neu kinase activity is also activated by nickel-liposomes, and is increased further by heterodimerization with Her3 or Her4. The ability of Her3 and Her4 to heterodimerize and activate other family members is studied in vitro. Her3 kinase domain readily activates Her2/neu but is a poor activator of Her4, which differs from the prediction made by the asymmetric dimer model. Mutation of Her3 residues (952)ENI(954) to the corresponding sequence in Her4 enhanced the ability of Her3 to activate Her4, demonstrating that sequence differences on the C-lobe surface influence the heterodimerization and activation of ErbB kinase domains.
英国喜剧泰斗：罗温·艾金森 (2012)

如果世界上有人能把英式幽默表现得如此淋漓尽致，那非憨豆先生莫属!他是用卓别林的万式来表演喜剧的“英国金·凯瑞”；他冲破了语言的障碍，通过丰富的肢体动作与面部表情创造了一种英国式的无厘头。即便在2012年伦敦奥运会开幕式这种重大场舀，憨豆先生也一如既往地搞怪出糗，用他那招牌式的英式幽默给全球观众带来了欢笑，使他成为开幕式中最抢眼的明星之一。
Improving wafer level CD uniformity for logic applications utilizing mask level metrology and process (2013)

Critical Dimension Uniformity (CDU) is one of the key parameters necessary to assure good performance and reliable functionality of any integrated circuit (IC). The extension of 193nm based lithography usage combined with design rule shrinkage makes process control, in particular the wafer level CDU control, an extremely important and challenging task in IC manufacturing. In this study the WLCD-CDC closed loop solution offered by Carl Zeiss SMS was examined. This solution aims to improve the wafer level intra-field CDU without the need to run wafer prints and extensive wafer CD metrology. It combines two stand-alone tools: The WLCD tool which measures CD based on aerial imaging technology while applying the exact scanner-used illumination conditions to the photomask and the CDC tool which utilizes an ultra-short femto-second laser to write intra-volume shading elements (Shade-In Elements™) inside the photomask bulk material. The CDC process changes the dose going through the photomask down to the wafer, hence the wafer level intra-field CDU improves. The objective of this study was to evaluate how CDC process is affecting the CD for different type of features and pattern density which are typical for logic and system on chip (SOC) devices. The main findings show that the linearity and proximity behavior is maintained by the CDC process and CDU and CDC Ratio (CDCR) show a linear behavior for the different feature types. Finally, it was demonstrated that the CDU errors of the targeted (critical) feature have been effectively eliminated. In addition, the CDU of all other features have been significantly improved as well.
An optimal anti-windup strategy for repetitive control systems German (2011)

Repetitive Control includes an Internal Model
with high gain and slow time response characteristics which
make it prone to the windup effect. A solution to this problem
is the inclusion of an Anti-Windup compensator. Although
there exist many general Anti-Windup synthesis methods in
literature, some problems can arise as a result of a straightforward
application of them in Repetitive Control. This paper
presents the analysis and adaptation of the Model Recovery
Anti-Windup strategy in the Repetitive Control frame. Thus, an
optimal LQ design is proposed that looks for a deadbeat recover
behaviour after saturation and a global asymptotic stability for
the closed loop system. Through simulation it is shown that the
propounded scheme achieves better tracking performance than
other similar LQ designs.
Addition of Infliximab to Standard Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease Prophylaxis following Allogeneic Peripheral Blood Cell Transplantation (2008)

Infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody (mAb) against tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, has shown activity against steroid refractory acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). We conducted a prospective trial of infliximab for the prophylaxis of aGVHD. Patients older than 20 years undergoing myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) for hematologic malignancies were eligible. GVHD prophylaxis consisted of infliximab given 1 day prior to conditioning and then on days 0, +7, +14, +28, and +42, together with standard cyclosporine (CSA) and methotrexate (MTX). Nineteen patients with a median age of 53 years were enrolled. All patients received peripheral blood allografts from matched sibling (n = 14) or unrelated donors (n = 5). Results were compared with a matched historic control group (n = 30) treated contemporaneously at our institution. The cumulative incidences of grades II-IV aGVHD in the infliximab and control groups were 36.8% and 36.6%, respectively (P = .77). Rates of chronic GVHD were 78% and 61%, respectively (P = .22). Significantly more bacterial and invasive fungal infections were observed in the infliximab group (P = .01 and P = .02, respectively). Kaplan-Meier estimates of 2-year overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) for patients receiving infliximab were 42% and 36%, respectively. The corresponding numbers for patients in the control group were 46% and 43%, respectively. The addition of infliximab to standard GVHD prophylaxis did not lower the risk of GVHD and was associated with an increased risk of bacterial and invasive fungal infections.
Molecular and Genetic Evidence for Abnormalities in the Nodes of Ranvier in Schizophrenia (2011)

These results point to abnormalities in the expression of genes and protein associated with the integrity of the NOR and suggest them as substrates for the disconnectivity syndrome in SZ. The association of ANK3 with lower brain mRNA expression levels implicates a molecular mechanism for its genetic, clinical, and cognitive associations with SZ.
An Interworking Architecture for Heterogeneous IP Wireless Networks (2007)

A major trend in next generation or 4G wireless networks (NGWN/4G) is the coexistence of diverse but complementary architectures and wireless access technologies. In this context, an appropriate integration and interworking of existing wireless systems are crucial. Interworking architectures have been proposed for 3G cellular networks and wireless local area networks (WLAN) by both third generation wireless initiatives, 3GPP and 3GPP2. However, proposed interworking architectures still to be hindered by some drawbacks, the most significant being the absence of quality of service (QoS) guarantee and seamless roaming. This paper proposes a novel architecture, called <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Integrated</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">InterSystem</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Architecture</i> (USA), based on 3GPP/3GPP2 proposal, which enables the integration and interworking of various wireless networks and hide their heterogeneities from each other. The USA architecture aims at providing guaranteed seamless roaming and service continuity across different access networks. Numerical results show that USA with its supported handoff management scheme provides better performance than existing interworking architectures when they use traditional IPv6-based handoff management schemes.