gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stripping of Ion Implanted Photoresist by CO<sub>2</sub> Cryogenic Pre-Treatment Followed by Wet Cleaning (2009)

In FEOL processing, doping of active areas like source, drain, and extensions (NMOS and PMOS) is done by ion implantation. Un-doped regions are covered with photoresist to protect them from implantation. Ion implantation modifies the surface of the photoresist to generate a dehydrogenated amorphous carbon layer, the crust [1]. When the implant conditions are more aggressive (higher implant energy and implant dose), the hard crust becomes more and more challenging to be removed [2]. Conventionally, a plasma ashing process followed by a wet cleaning, typically SPM (Sulfuric acid/Hydrogen peroxide mixture) chemistry, can remove the implanted photoresist, but usually leads to damage and strong oxidation of the underlying semiconductor material and hence result in material or dopant loss. As the technology node migrates beyond 45nm, the photoresist removal process should also be compatible with novel materials such as high-k dielectric and metal-gate used in advanced gate stack integration. For these reasons, it is desirable to eliminate the plasma ash and SPM clean chemistry. Wet only PR removal process is studied using new chemistries like solvents that are compatible with the other FEOL process steps, however, the photoresist removal using solvents only still showed lower removal efficiency than conventional processes. It has been demonstrated that the CO2 cryogenic pre-treatment can improve the ion implanted photoresist stripping efficiency of the wet cleaning processes [3], and can also enhance the photoresist removal efficiency by the solvents.
Evaluation of the Delta<sup>4</sup>phantom for IMRT and VMAT verification (2009)

The Delta(4) diode array phantom (Scandidos, Uppsala, Sweden) was evaluated for verification of segmental intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) on an Elekta linear accelerator (Crawley UK). The device was tested for angular sensitivity by irradiating it from 36 different gantry angles, and the responses of the device to various step-and-shoot segment doses and dose rates were evaluated using an ionization chamber as a comparison. The phantom was then compared with ionization chamber and film results for two prostate and pelvic nodes IMRT plans, two head and neck IMRT plans and two lung VMAT plans. These plans were calculated using Pinnacle(3) (Philips Radiation Oncology Systems, Madison, WI). The uniformity of angular response was better than 0.5% over the range of gantry angles. The uniformity of response of the Delta(4) to different segment monitor units and dose rates was better than 0.5%. The assessment of the IMRT and VMAT plans showed that the Delta(4) measured a dose within 2.5% of the ionization chamber, and compared to film recorded a slightly larger region (range -2% to +7%) agreeing with the planned dose to within 3% and 3 mm. The Delta(4) is a complex device and requires careful benchmarking, but following the successful completion of these measurements, the Delta(4) has been introduced into clinical use.
Multi-Spectral Solar Telescope Array (1990)

The development of multilayer optics has profound implications for soft x-ray/extreme ultraviolet (XUV) astronomy. During the October 1987 flight of the Stanford/Marshall Space Flight Center Rocket X-Ray Spectroheliograph, narrow wavelength band, low scatter soft x-ray/extreme ultraviolet spectroheliograms were obtained with -1 arcsec spatial resolution at X - 173 A (Fe IX, Fe X) and at is. - 256 A (He II Ly-3). Although the Cassegrain telescopes used in this experiment were small (63.5 mm diameter) and utilized spherical rather than paraboloidal/hyperboloidal mirrors, the images produced exceed in quality any XUV spectroheliograms previously obtained with either normal or grazing incidence techniques. We describe a new rocket spectroheliograph instrument, the Multi- Spectral Solar Telescope Array (MSSTA), that is currently being prepared for launch in August 1990. This instrumentwill utilizetrue Ritchey-Chrétien optics of 127 mm diameter and parabolic Herschelian optics of 40 mm diameter, which will allow spectroheliograms to be obtained over the soft x-ray/extreme ultraviolet/far ultraviolet spectral range (40 to 1550 A). The performance of this new instrument should definitely demonstrate the unique combination of ultrahigh spatial resolution and spectral differentiation that multilayer optics afford for astronomical observations. The MSSTA will also represent the first astronomical use of an important new optical device, the multilayer grating. The MSSTA should obtain unprecedented information regarding the structure and dynamics of the solar atmosphere in the temperature range i04 to i07 K.
Material and Energy Flows in the Production of Cathode and Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries (2015)

The Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model has been expanded to include four new cathode materials that can be used in the analysis of battery-powered vehicles: lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (LiNi0.4Co0.2Mn0.4O2 [NMC]), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4 [LFP]), lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2 [LCO]), and an advanced lithium cathode (0.5Li2MnO3∙0.5LiNi0.44Co0.25Mn0.31O2 [LMR-NMC]). In GREET, these cathode materials are incorporated into batteries with graphite anodes. In the case of the LMR-NMC cathode, the anode is either graphite or a graphite-silicon blend. Lithium metal is also an emerging anode material. This report documents the material and energy flows of producing each of these cathode and anode materials from raw material extraction through the preparation stage. For some cathode materials, we considered solid state and hydrothermal preparation methods. Further, we used Argonne National Laboratory’s Battery Performance and Cost (BatPaC) model to determine battery composition (e.g., masses of cathode, anode, electrolyte, housing materials) when different cathode materials were used in the battery. Our analysis concluded that cobalt- and nickel-containing compounds are the most energy intensive to produce.
Anisotropic Etching of Semiconductor Nanocrystals (2011)

The size and shape of CdSe nanorods, CdSe tetrapods, and CdS nanowires were tailored by chemical and photochemical etchings in chloromethane solvents. Nanocrystals were synthesized by colloidal growth, and their sizes and shapes were visualized by transmission electron microscopy before and after etching. Crystal structures were confirmed by X-ray diffraction, and optical properties were monitored during etching. Chemical etching with tributylphosphine preferentially shortens the length of nanocrystals, whereas photochemical etching with both primary alkylamine and tributylphosphine reduces the diameter more than the length. The surface of etched nanocrystals was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the etching products dissolved in solvent were analyzed by matrix-free laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. Spectroscopic results suggest that the chloride ion is the active species: Chloride ions are generated either by chemical activation of chloromethane solvents with tributylphosphine or by photoinduced electron transfer from nanocrystals to chloromethane solvents adsorbed on the nanocrystal surface. Tributylphosphine increases the rate of both chemical and photochemical etching, whereas primary alkylamine inhibits chemical etching. Both chemical and photochemical etching processes can be combined together with organic-based colloidal synthesis to anisotropically reshape the quantum-size and aspect ratio of nanocrystals.
Bending-cantilever method for the study of moisture swelling in polymers (1984)

Self-induced bending of a bilayer strip is shown to be a simple but sensitive method for the study of water absorption and swelling in polymers. Expressions for both the time-dependent and equilibrium curvature of the strip have been derived, enabling both diffusional and dilatational parameters to be extracted from experimental data. To illustrate the technique, it is shown that a vacuum-dried epoxy swells linearly with water content, at a rate of 0.93% in volume per weight percent of water. Desorption into vacuum has been observed under diffusion-controlled conditions and the diffusion coefficient for water in the epoxy found to be 2.5×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−9</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /s at 295 K.
EFFECT OF <i>Penicillium bilaji</i> ON THE SOLUBILITY AND UPTAKE OF P AND MICRONUTRIENTS FROM SOIL BY WHEAT (1988)

Penicillium bilaji has previously been shown to increase wheat growth and P uptake by solubilizing phosphates under soil conditions. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine if P. bilaji was able to solubilize inorganic compounds of copper, iron and zinc. Greenhouse and field experiments were also conducted to determine if P. bilaji had an effect on uptake of copper, iron and zinc by wheat. Under pure culture conditions, P. bilaji was able to solubilize cuprous and cupric oxide, cupric carbonate and zinc metal and, to a lesser extent, ferrous and ferric oxides and pyrite. The soil studies showed increased wheat dry matter production and seed and P yields in response to P. bilaji inoculation, which was related to increased incidence of P-solubilizing fungi in the wheat rhizospheres. Penicillium-inoculated plants contained greater quantities of Cu and Zn under greenhouse conditions and more Cu and Fe under field conditions than treatments not receiving Penicillium inoculum. Cu and Fe concentrations in the plants, in most cases, were not affected; however, Zn concentrations were increased by P. bilaji under greenhouse conditions. It was concluded that P. bilaji is able to cause solubilization of relatively insoluble forms of Cu, Fe and Zn. It did not directly affect the uptake of Fe and Cu by wheat in the soils used in these experiments, but may increase the uptake of Zn by plants. Key words: Penicillium bilaji, rock phosphate, copper, zinc, iron, wheat
Methods to Estimate the Diversity in the Marine Photosynthetic Protist Community with Illustrations from Case Studies: A Review (2010)

We review the application of molecular methods to estimate biodiversity in the marine environment. All of the methods reviewed here, which are at the forefront of molecular research, can be applied to all organisms in all habitats, but the case studies used to illustrate the points are derived from marine photosynthetic eukaryotic protists. It has been accepted that we know less than 10% of the identified diversity in the marine microbial world and the marine micro- and pico-eukaryotes are no exception. Even the species that we think we can easily recognize are often poorly described, and even less is known of their life histories and spatial and temporal trends in their abundance and distribution. With new molecular and analytical techniques, we can advance our knowledge of marine biodiversity at the species level to understand how marine biodiversity supports ecosystem structure, dynamics and resilience. Biogeochemical reactions performed by marine photosynthetic microbial organisms constitute a major sustaining component of ecosystem functioning, and therefore, affect climate changes. New interpretations of how environmental, ecological and evolutionary processes control and structure marine ecosystem biodiversity can be made so that we can augment our understanding of biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics in especially the pico- and nano-fractions of the plankton as well as in the deep sea benthos, both of which are very difficult to study without good analytical methods.
Exploratory Study on Consumers’ Motive to Accept Mobile Marketing in the Emerging Market; Tanzania (2017)

The global communication revolution from traditional land line to mobile phone, has significantly give pace to the innovation of mobile marketing that reach large number of customers with less cost . The means that allow direct interaction and personalization to the target audience based on time and location, has been practiced in many countries as well as in Tanzania  in order to reach the target audience and increase efficiency in marketing strategies. The acceptance of the means is gradually low and not consistence to the countries practiced this form of advertising, due to the diverse motivating factors driving to the acceptance of this form of mobile marketing. To date there is scarce researches concerning the motivating factors of consumers’ willingness to acceptance and respond to the mobile marketing in Tanzania context, This exploratory study aim to fill this gap, focusing on investigating the driving factors for the acceptance of mobile marketing in this emerging market Tanzania, where this marketing communication channel is in its embryonic stage, and the success depend upon the acceptance of the consumer.  Theory of reasoned action (TRA) and Use and Gratification framework applied on examining the consumers’ behavioral intention to receive and use the SMS advertising. There were 336 valid responses analyzed via Liner Regression and Structural Equation Model in Amos version21. The results statistically confirms that social norms and attitude are the factors affecting behavioral intention, but social norms has much influence than attitude to influence behavioral intention to accept mobile marketing. Informative nature of the mobile marketing has strong influence on attitude toward the acceptance, perceived utility also is a significant driver on attitude. Incentive has weak motivation to attitude, but is a significant driver to behavioral intention to accept mobile marketing. Perceived risk and trust have insignificant relation to attitude. Shared content is a significant driver to behavioral intention through social norms. The effect of permission as the pre requisite in sending mobile advertisement, and cultural diversity within Tanzanian context has been ignored in this study. The study will provide insight to marketing practitioners in Tanzania on creating the SMS ads that characterized with motivating factors that will influence consumers’ behavioral intention to accept mobile marketing. Keywords: Mobile marketing: Attitude: SMS advertising: Behavior intention
The Microwave Debate (1987)

On the face of it the story of the continuing controversy over the safety and use of microwave and radio frequency radiation might appear a rather specialised debate. This book, however, deserves the attention of any scientist who is aware that his subject has applications.
Channel estimation-based equalization technique for 8-VSB DTV system in multi-path channel (2005)

A new channel estimation-based equalization technique for 8-VSB digital television system is proposed in order to perform fast initialization of the equalizer and minimize error propagation of the channel estimation and equalization. To overcome the shortage of the training sequence in the VSB DTV signal, we proposed a new scheme using the TS-length buffer. Also, the modified-stop-and-go algorithm (MSaG) is proposed to minimize error propagation. Simulation results show the LS (least-square) algorithm is adequate in broadcasting channels and the proposed scheme can quickly initialize the equalizer, while providing receiver performance comparable to that of conventional schemes.
Characterization of plasma damage in plasma nitrided gate dielectrics for advanced CMOS dual gate oxide process (2003)

A comprehensive study on plasma induced degradation of gate oxide integrity (GOI) in remote plasma nitridation (RPN) process for advanced CMOS technology is presented. It is observed that device performance degradation caused by plasma nitridation will limit further reduction of gate leakage, albeit more than one order gate leakage current reduction can be achieved. NFETs, compared with pFETs, exhibit more Ig reduction while they also suffer more severely in Idsat degradation. Such phenomenon is ascribed to plasma induced damage since it is controversial to general characteristics of nitrided oxides. Evidence reveals that nitrogen radical indeed penetrates to Si/SiO/sub 2/ interface and causes "radical-induced re-oxidation". Consequently, GOI of heavily nitrided oxides is degraded and such degradation is polarity dependent. Excessive electron trapping caused by plasma nitridation is believed to be responsible for the degradation. Therefore, plasma nitridation should be carefully treated for its further application in advanced CMOS technology.
Effect of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, <i>Glomus mosseae</i>, and a rock‐phosphate‐solubilizing fungus, <i>Penicillium thomii</i>, on <i>Mentha piperita</i> growth in a soilless medium (2005)

Rock phosphate effect on English mint (Mentha piperita L.) grown on steamed perlite:vermiculite (1:1, v:v) substrate, with and without rock phosphate, was evaluated in greenhouse experiments. Five treatments were carried out by inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and a phosphorus solubilizing microorganism Penicillium thomii. Plant aerial biomass, phosphorus concentration in plant tissue, and P available in the substrate, were evaluated upon two harvests. After the first harvest, plant aerial biomass did not show significant differences between treatments using rock phosphate as fertilizer, although P content in plants inoculated with P. thomii was higher. The second harvest revealed a higher biomass and plant tissue P content in treatments inoculated with G. mosseae. P. thomii increased P available in the substrate, whereas in the absence of G. mosseae, it did not enhance plant tissue P content. Mycorrhizal colonization was not affected by P. thomii. Microbial inoculation effect on English mint growth was also evaluated. The microbial effect was positive in all treatments when compared with the control without rock phosphate.
Pathogenesis of Tuberous Sclerosis Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytomas: Biallelic Inactivation of<i>TSC1</i>or<i>TSC2</i>Leads to mTOR Activation (2004)

In the central nervous system, tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is characterized by a range of lesions including cortical tubers, white matter heterotopias, subependymal nodules, and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGAs). Recent studies have implicated an important role for the TSC genes TSC1 and TSC2, in a signaling pathway involving the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase. We performed immunohistochemical and genetic analyses on SEGAs from 7 TSC patients, 4 with mutations in TSC1, and 3 with mutations in TSC2. SEGA cells show high levels of phospho-S6K, phospho-S6, and phospho-Stat3, all proteins downstream of and indicative of mTOR activation. Such expression is not seen in histologically normal control tissue. Five of 6 SEGAs also showed evidence of biallelic mutation of TSC1 or TSC2, suggesting that SEGAs develop due to complete loss of a functional tuberin-hamartin complex. We conclude that TSC SEGAs likely arise through a two-hit mechanism of biallelic inactivation of TSC1 or TSC2, leading to activation of the mTOR kinase.
The Nature of Lignin from Steam Explosion/Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Softwood (1999)

Effective utilization of the lignin by-product is a prerequisite to the commercial viability of ethanol production from softwood wastes using a steam explosion (SE)Jenzymatic hydrolysis (EH)Jfermentation process. Changes in the chemical composition of Douglas fir wood on SO2-catalyzed SE followed by EH were assessed using conventional analytical methods and new halogen-probe techniques. A significant solubilization of hemicelluloses was observed in the SE stage, the severity of which affected subsequent fermentation of cellulose and sorption of enzymes. SE of softwood resulted in dramatic changes in the chemical structure of lignin in the residual material involving chemical reactions via the benzyl cation. This leads to a more condensed lignin with partly blocked α-reaction centres. Possible uses for this lignin are discussed.
Filtering of Unnecessary Branch Predictor Lookups for Low-power Processor Architecture * (2008)

Efforts to reduce power consumption of processors have gained much attention recently. Dynamic branch predictor, including BTB, is exercised in every instruction cycle, yet branch instructions only constitute a small percentage of instructions during program execution. This study proposes a novel method to collect the next branch distances of the recent branch instructions at runtime, in order to eliminate unnecessary branch predictor lookups. Simulation results show that the proposed design reduces the energy consumption in the dynamic branch predictor by an average of 56.95% without performance degradation. The proposed method is fully compatible with BPP and SEPAS, and saves more energy than PPD, Lazy BTB, and EIB does.
Synthesis of new potential chelating agents: Catechol–bisphosphonate conjugates for metal intoxication therapy (2004)

Abstract In a quest for better chelating therapy drugs for the treatment of intoxication by Fe, Al, or actinides, three new series of bisphosphonates conjugated with catechol were synthesized. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 15:251–257, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20013
PERANCANGAN APLIKASI COMPANY PROFILE PT SARIGUNA PRIMATIRTA TBK BERBASIS ANDROID (2020)

Kemajuan teknologi saat ini sangatlah mempengaruhi berbagai segi bidang kehidupan, diantaranya dunia bisnis. Dengan adanya perubahan ini,menyebabkan perkembangan dunia usahapun semakin pesat yang menimbulkan persaingan yang ketat antar perusahaan dalam menjaring konsumen. Perkembangan teknologi informasi khususnya teknologi multimedia yang kini kian terasa penggunaannya khususnya dalam dunia bisnis seperti sebagai media presentasi, terasa sangat membantu produsen dalam mempromosikan perusahaannya. Sebab multimedia merupakan salah satu teknologi yang mendukung berbagai media interaksi untuk menghasilkan suatu system aplikasi yang menarik Penggunaan multimedia mampu membuat suatu terobosan baru dalam menciptakan dinamika kemasan data dan informasi dengan cara yang berbeda, bukan dengan teks statis tetapi dengan animasi teks, gambar, suara, serta video. Bagaimana penggunaan teknologi multimedia mampu membuat terobosan baru dalam penyampaian informasi sehingga dapat digunakan untuk membantru mempromosikan produk-produk PT SARIGUNA PRIMATIRTA Tbk agar mampu bersaing dengan perusahaan lain yang sejenis .
Fluorescently Labeled Cellulose Nanocrystals for Bioimaging Applications (2007)

Cellulose nanocrystals are promising candidates for applications in nanomedicine. To enable the use of fluorescence techniques in in vitro and in vivo studies, cellulose nanocrystals were labeled with fluorescein-5'-isothiocyanate (FITC) via a three-step reaction, involving epoxy activation of the nanocrystal surface, opening of the epoxy rings with ammonium hydroxide, and coupling of FITC molecules to the primary amino groups. The FITC content of the labeled cellulose nanocrystals was determined by UV/vis spectroscopy. A FITC content of 0.03 mmol/g of cellulose, equivalent to 5 FITC moieties per 1000 anhydroglucose units, was obtained using the described method.