gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
18세기 독일문학시장의 작가, 출판인 그리고 독자 (2009)

Bis Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts konnten nur bestimmte Stande lesen und schreiben. Bisher wurde die Dichtung uberhaupt von Hofdichtern gefuhrt. Fur gewohnlich ubten sie das Amt eines Zeremonienmeisters oder Sekretares aus, waren gewissermasen das Sprachrohr des Hofes und hatten die Aufgabe, bei geeigneten Anlassen wie Geburtstagen, Hochzeiten und Siegesfeiern den Ruhm des Fursten und seiner Dynastie zu verkunden, Hoffeste dichterisch auszugestalten und zu beschreiben. Gelegenheitsdichtung, die in dieser Zeit geschrieben wurde, beschrankte sich auf Themen der hofischen Welt. Das Auftreten des Burgertums und die Anderung des hofischen Literaturgeschmacks fuhrten zur Auflosung der Hofdichtung und Entlassung der Hofdichter. Die Auflosung der hofisch gepragten Literatur gab jedem, der lesen und schreiben konnte, die Gelegenheit, eine literarische Tatigkeit zu beginnen. Viele der Gebildeten schrieben Bucher und versuchten Schriftsteller zu werden, um als Autor bekannt zu werden. Wenn ein Autor bekannt geworden war, konnte er materielle Unterstutzung erwarten, z.B. hohere Honorare von einem Verleger und oknomische Fundierung der Literatur. Die Verleger haben durch die Worter der Hauptfigur die Schriftsteller verurteilt, die in den geheiligten Bereich der Wahrheit und der Ideen mit kommerziellen Absichten eindringen. Die Schriftsteller konnten sowohl Honorare, als auch Amter oder andere Anstellung bekommen. Dabei versuchten die Schriftsteller durch ihre Schriften, Wissen und Information einer burgerlichen Offentlichkeit anzubieten, die eine wichtige Funktion fur die Bildung gehabt hat. Die Bucher und das Lesen soll nutzlich sein fur das Haus, Hof, Landwirtschaft ganz allgemein, ja fur die Wirtschaft des Landes. Die Zahl der Schriftsteller stieg bestandig und wurde unubersehbar. Seit Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts burgert es sich zwar ein, dem Autor fur das Manuskript ein Honorar zu geben, aber vom weiteren wirtschaftlichen Gewinn aus der Herausgabe seines Werkes blieb er ausgeschlossen. Und auch das Honorar wurde nicht als kalkuliertes Entgelt fur eine Tatigkeit betrachtet, aus der ein vermarktungsfahiger und in irgendeiner Weise berechenbarer Wert entstanden war. Der Verleger erhielt zuweilen durch das ewige Verlagsrecht einen grosen Gewinn. Aber manchmal wurde sein Absatz vom Nachdrucker beschadigt. Die Vorstellung uber das Werk als Eigentum des Autors bildeten sich im deutschen Recht erst aus, als infolge einer Autorsforderung auf die Verteilung des Verlagsgewinns und der verbreiteten Praxis des Buchernachdrucks wachsende Rechtsunsicherheit eintrat, die durch feudale Privilegien nicht mehr behoben werden konnte.
Protein Engineering Allows for Mild Affinity-based Elution of Therapeutic Antibodies (2018)

Presented here is an engineered protein domain, based on Protein A, that displays a calcium-dependent binding to antibodies. This protein, Z<sub>Ca</sub>, is shown to efficiently function as an affinity ligand for mild purification of antibodies through elution with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Antibodies are commonly used tools in the area of biological sciences and as therapeutics, and the most commonly used approach for antibody purification is based on Protein A using acidic elution. Although this affinity-based method is robust and efficient, the requirement for low pH elution can be detrimental to the protein being purified. By introducing a calcium-binding loop in the Protein A-derived Z domain, it has been re-engineered to provide efficient antibody purification under mild conditions. Through comprehensive analyses of the domain as well as the Z<sub>Ca</sub>-Fc complex, the features of this domain are well understood. This novel protein domain provides a very valuable tool for effective and gentle antibody and Fc-fusion protein purification.
In vitro and in vivo activities of sparfloxacin against Mycoplasma pneumoniae (1994)

The in vitro and in vivo activities of sparfloxacin against Mycoplasma pneumoniae were compared with those of erythromycin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and minocycline. The MICs of sparfloxacin, erythromycin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and minocycline for 90% of the 43 M. pneumoniae strains tested were 0.063, 0.016, 0.5, 1, and 0.5 microgram/ml, respectively. In the experimental pulmonary M. pneumoniae infection model in Syrian golden hamsters, sparfloxacin was as effective as erythromycin when orally administered at 15 mg/kg twice daily for 5 days and more effective than erythromycin when orally administered at 10 mg/kg once daily for 5 days. Sparfloxacin was more effective than levofloxacin and ofloxacin in both dosing regimens. The peak concentrations of sparfloxacin in hamster sera after administration of single oral doses of 15 mg/kg were almost the same as those in human sera after administration of single oral doses of 200 mg (the usual clinical dose), and the half-life of sparfloxacin in hamster serum was shorter than that in human serum after administration of a single oral dose of 200 mg. These results suggest that sparfloxacin may be clinically useful for the treatment of M. pneumoniae infections.
Comparative evaluation of serological tests in diagnosis of kala azar. (1989)

Four serological tests, viz., counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and dot-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA) were compared for their sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis and epidemiological studies of kala azar. Sera from patients who were parasite positive (58), parasite negative (16), clinically diagnosed (53), treated (31) and from healthy controls (42) were tested for presence of antibodies by these techniques. Antibodies were detected in treated patients even after 18-24 months by ELISA (77.4%) and dot-ELISA (74.19%). In clinically diagnosed patients antibodies were present in 90.56 per cent by both the tests. The sensitivity and specificity of CIEP was 0.77 and 1.0, for IFA 0.87 and 0.95 respectively and for ELISA and dot-ELISA 0.92 and 0.9 respectively. Due to the requirement of small quantity of reagents and simplicity of the test, dot-ELISA is found to be more suitable for use in peripheral laboratories both for diagnosis and seroepidemiology.
Alkylgold complexes by the intramolecular aminoauration of unactivated alkenes (2010)

Alkylgold(I) complexes were formed from the gold(I)-promoted intramolecular addition of various amine nucleophiles to alkenes. These experiments provide the first direct experimental evidence for the elementary step of gold-promoted nucleophilic addition to an alkene. Deuterium-labeling studies and X-ray crystal structures provide support for a mechanism involving <i>anti</i>-addition of the nucleophile to a gold-activated alkene, which is verified by DFT analysis of the mechanism. Ligand studies indicate that the rate of aminoauration can be drastically increased by use of electron-poor arylphosphines, which are also shown to be favored in ligand exchange experiments. Attempts at protodeauration lead only to recovery of the starting olefins, though the gold can be removed under reducing conditions to provide the purported hydroamination products.
Defining a Threshold Surface Density of Vitronectin for the Stable Expansion of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2010)

Current methodology for pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) expansion relies on murine sarcoma basement membrane substrates (Matrigel™), which precludes the use of these cells in regenerative medicine. To realize the clinical efficacy of hESCs and their derivatives, expansion of these cells in a defined system that is free of animal components is required. This study reports the successful propagation of hESCs (HES-3 and H1) for > 20 passages on tissue culture-treated polystyrene plates, coated from 5 μg/mL of human plasma-purified vitronectin (VN) solution. Cells maintain expression of pluripotent markers Tra1-60 and OCT-4 and are karyotypically normal after 20 passages of continuous culture. In vitro and in vivo differentiation of hESC by embryoid body formation and teratoma yielded cells from the ecto-, endo-, and mesoderm lineages. VN immobilized on tissue culture polystyrene was characterized using a combination of X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and quantification of the VN surface density with a Bradford protein assay. Ponceau S staining was used to measure VN adsorption and desorption kinetics. Tuning the VN surface density, via the concentration of depositing solution, revealed a threshold surface density of 250 ng/cm², which is required for hESCs attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Cell attachment and proliferation assays on VN surface densities above this threshold show the substrate properties to be equally viable.
Multimode pumped continuous-wave solid-state Raman laser (2004)

We demonstrate the continuous-wave operation of a solid-state Raman laser containing a barium nitrate crystal as the Raman medium. The Raman laser, which has a singly resonant cavity, is pumped by multimode radiation. The Raman oscillation threshold is reached at approximately 2 W of pump power. As much as 500 kW/cm2 of Stokes power density at 60-kW/cm2 pump power density is obtained in the cavity.
Interferometer and analysis methods for the <italic>in vitro</italic> characterization of dynamic fluid layers on contact lenses (2012)

The anterior refracting surface of the eye when wearing a contact lens is the thin fluid layer that forms on the surface of the contact lens. Under normal conditions, this fluid layer is less than 10 μm thick. The fluid layer thickness and topography change over time and are affected by the material properties of the contact lens and may affect vision quality and comfort. An in vitro method of characterizing dynamic fluid layers applied to contact lenses mounted on mechanical substrates has been developed by use of a phase-shifting Twyman-Green interferometer. This interferometer continuously measures light reflected from the surface of the fluid layer, allowing precision analysis of the dynamic fluid layer. Movies showing this fluid layer behavior can be generated. Quantitative analysis beyond typical contact angle or visual inspection methods is provided. Different fluid and contact lens material combinations have been evaluated, and variations in fluid layer properties have been observed. This paper discusses the interferometer design and analysis methods used. Example measurement results of different contact lens are presented.
Review Article. Technical aspects of oxygen level regulation in primary cell cultures: A review (2016)

Oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) is an essential element for aerobic respiration. Atmospheric concentration of O<sub>2</sub> is approximately 21%. Mammalian cells, however, are generally adapted to O<sub>2</sub> levels much lower than atmospheric conditions. The pericellular levels of O<sub>2</sub> must also be maintained within a fairly narrow range to meet the demands of cells. This applies equally to cells in vivo and cells in primary cultures. There has been growing interest in the performance of cell culture experiments under various O<sub>2</sub> levels to study molecular and cellular responses. To this end, a range of technologies (<i>e.g</i>. gas-permeable technology) and instruments (<i>e.g</i>. gas-tight boxes and gas-controlled incubators) have been developed. It should be noted, however, that some of these have limitations and they are still undergoing refinement. Nevertheless, better results should be possible when technical concerns are taken into account. This paper aims to review various aspects of O<sub>2</sub> level adjustment in primary cell cultures, regulation of pericellular O<sub>2</sub> gradients and possible effects of the cell culture medium.
Alternans and higher-order rhythms in an ionic model of a sheet of ischemic ventricular muscle (2000)

Life-threatening arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation often occur during acute myocardial ischemia. During the first few minutes following coronary occlusion, there is a gradual rise in the extracellular concentration of potassium ions ([K(+)](0)) within ischemic tissue. This elevation of [K(+)](0) is one of the main causes of the electrophysiological changes produced by ischemia, and has been implicated in inducing arrhythmias. We investigate an ionic model of a 3 cmx3 cm sheet of normal ventricular myocardium containing an ischemic zone, simulated by elevating [K(+)](0) within a centrally-placed 1 cmx1 cm area of the sheet. As [K(+)](0) is gradually raised within the ischemic zone from the normal value of 5.4 mM, conduction first slows within the ischemic zone and then, at higher [K(+)](0), an arc of block develops within that area. The area distal to the arc of block is activated in a delayed fashion by a retrogradely moving wavefront originating from the distal edge of the ischemic zone. With a further increase in [K(+)](0), the point eventually comes where a very small increase in [K(+)](0) (0.01 mM) results in the abrupt transition from a global period-1 rhythm to a global period-2 rhythm in the sheet. In the peripheral part of the ischemic zone and in the normal area surrounding it, there is an alternation of action potential duration, producing a 2:2 response. Within the core of the ischemic zone, there is an alternation between an action potential and a maintained small-amplitude response ( approximately 30 mV in height). With a further increase of [K(+)](0), the maintained small-amplitude response turns into a decrementing subthreshold response, so that there is 2:1 block in the central part of the ischemic zone. A still further increase of [K(+)](0) leads to a transition in the sheet from a global period-2 to a period-4 rhythm, and then to period-6 and period-8 rhythms, and finally to a complete block of propagation within the ischemic core. When the size of the sheet is increased to 4 cmx4 cm (with a 2 cmx2 cm ischemic area), one observes essentially the same sequence of rhythms, except that the period-6 rhythm is not seen. Very similar sequences of rhythms are seen as [K(+)](0) is increased in the central region (1 or 2 cm long) of a thin strand of tissue (3 or 4 cm long) in which propagation is essentially one-dimensional and in which retrograde propagation does not occur. While reentrant rhythms resembling tachycardia and fibrillation were not encountered in the above simulations, well-known precursors to such rhythms (e.g., delayed activation, arcs of block, two-component upstrokes, retrograde activation, nascent spiral tips, alternans) were seen. We outline how additional modifications to the ischemic model might result in the emergence of reentrant rhythms following alternans. (c) 2000 American Institute of Physics.
Chloroplast Import of Four Carotenoid Biosynthetic Enzymes <i>In Vitro</i> Reveals Differential Fates Prior to Membrane Binding and Oligomeric Assembly (1997)

The precursor proteins of the carotenogenic enzymes geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase and lycopene cyclase were imported into isolated pea chloroplasts. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase remained soluble in the stroma in a free form and phytoene synthase associated to thylakoid membranes upon import, both as expected. Surprisingly, phytoene desaturase and lycopene cyclase, which strongly depend on membrane association for enzymatic activity, also remained soluble in the chloroplast stroma. The soluble forms of these enzymes were, however, still competent for membrane-association, e.g. with protein-free liposomal membranes. Indeed the soluble forms of phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase and lycopene cyclase occurred as ATP- and cold-sensitive high-molecular-mass complexes. Gel-filtration experiments and blue native-PAGE plus autoradiography and western blot analysis indicated a participation of the chloroplast 60-kDa chaperonin (Cpn60) in the soluble high-molecular-mass complexes of imported carotenogenic enzymes. Finally, it was inferred that a membrane-bound regulatory factor plays a decisive role in membrane-binding.
Rock image classification based on k-nearest neighbour voting (2006)

Image classification is usually based on various visual descriptors extracted from the images. The descriptors characterising, for example, image colours or textures are often high dimensional and their scaling varies significantly. In the case of natural images, the feature distributions are often non-homogenous and the image classes are also overlapping in the feature space. This can be problematic, if all the descriptors are combined into a single feature vector in the classification. A method is presented for combining different visual descriptors in rock image classification. In our approach, k-nearest neighbour classification is first carried out for each descriptor separately. After that, the final decision is made by combining the nearest neighbours in each base classification. The total numbers of the neighbours representing each class are used as votes in the final classification. The experimental results with rock image classification indicate that the proposed classifier combination method is more accurate than the conventional plurality voting.
Improving the performance of mems imu/gps pos systems for land based mms utilizing tightly coupled integration and odometer (2010)

Integrated GPS/INS systems provide an enhanced navigation system that has superior performance in comparison with either system operating in stand-alone mode as it can overcome each of their limitations. The high cost and government regulations prevent the wider inclusion of high quality IMUs to augment GPS as a commercialized navigation system in many navigation applications. The progress in MEMS technology enables complete inertial units on a chip, composed of multiple integrated MEMS accelerometers and gyroscopes. In addition to their compact and portable size, the price of MEMS based is far less than those high quality IMUs as well, however, due to the lightweight and fabrication process, MEMS sensors have large bias instability and noise, which consequently affect the obtained accuracy from MEMS-based IMUs. Many research works have been conducted to improve the performance of low cost MEMS-based INS/GPS integrated systems. In this study, LC and TC integration are provided to analyse the performance of these two integration schemes for land based MMS applications.
Effect of Folate Supplementation on Clinical Chemistry and Hematologic Changes Related to Bidisomide Administration in the Rat (1995)

In a chronic toxicity study in the rat, bidisomide administered as a dietary admixture produced a dose-related lowering of reticulocytes and leucocytes. Plasma alanine aminotransferase activity was increased at 300 mg/kg and decreased at 900 mg/kg. The potential mechanisms of these effects were investigated by comparing the responses in groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats receiving a control diet, or 300 or 1200 mg/kg/day bidisomide. Subsets of these groups were co-treated subcutaneously with folinic acid or with a vitamin B1, B6, B12 complex. Subsets of control and 300 mg/kg groups were maintained on a 20-25% feed restriction regimen for 3 months, to mimic the depression in body weight gain observed in animals receiving 1200 mg/kg. Body weight gains were significantly reduced at 1200 mg/kg and in all feed-restricted animals. Plasma and liver alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were also reduced at this dose level. At 300 mg/kg, plasma transaminases, glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activities were increased. These changes were prevented in animals receiving folinic acid supplementation. Plasma glucose, triglycerides, and unsaturated and total iron binding capacities were decreased, while plasma iron levels tended to increase, mainly at the high dose. Vitamin supplementation prevented a decrease in reticulocyte counts at 300 mg/kg. Bidisomide increased urinary formimino-glutamic acid (FIGLU) excretion but did not affect methylmalonic acid (MMA) or taurine excretion. The effect on FIGLU at 1200 mg/kg was prevented by folinic acid co-treatment. Absolute liver weight was lowered at both dose levels and in feed-restricted animals. However, the relative liver weights were unaffected. Thymidine kinase and thymidylate synthase activity of the bone marrow cells were not altered by the bidisomide treatment. Except for the increase in plasma transaminase, GLDH and SDH levels at 300 mg/kg, changes in clinical chemistry parameters are considered to result mainly from nutritional restrictions. Changes in hematologic parameters appear to be related to the combination of decreased feed consumption (leukocytes) and decreased availability or utilization of folates (reticulocytes). This alteration, however, did not affect DNA synthesis in bone marrow. The prevention by folinic acid, but not by feed restriction, of the elevation of liver enzymes at 300 mg/kg is an intriguing, yet unexplained finding. There was no evidence that bidisomide affected B6 and B12 availability.
D-Area Sulfate Reduction Studty Comprehensive Final Report (2005)

An acidic/metals/sulfate, groundwater contaminant plume emanates from the D-Area Coal Pile Runoff Basin (DCPRB) at the Savannah River Site (SRS), due to the contaminated runoff the basin receives from the D-Area coal pile. A Treatability Study Work Plan (TSWP) (WSRC 2001) was implemented to evaluate the potential for the sulfate reduction remediation of the DCPRB acidic/metals/sulfate, groundwater contaminant plume. The following studies, implemented as part of the TSWP, are documented herein: Bacteria Population and Organic Selection Laboratory Testing; DTT-1 Trench Evaluation; DIW-1 Organic Application Field Study-Part 1; and DIW-1 Organic Application Field Study-Part 2. Evaluation of sulfate reduction applicability actually began with a literature search and feasibility report in mid 2001, which fed into the TSWP. Physical completion of TSWP work occurred in late 2004 with the completion of the DIW-1 Organic Application Field Study-Part 2. The following are the primary conclusions drawn based upon this 3-year effort: (1) Pure soybean oil provides a long-term, indirect, SRB carbon source that floats on top of the water table (by indirect it means that the soybean oil must be degraded by other microbes prior to utilization by SRB) for the promotion of sulfate reduction remediation. Soybean oil produces no known SRB inhibitory response and therefore large quantities can be injected. (2) Sodium lactate provides a short-term, immediately available, direct, SRB carbon source that is miscible with the groundwater and therefore flows with the groundwater until it has been completely utilized for the promotion of sulfate reduction remediation. Lactate at elevated concentrations (greater than 6 g/L) does produce a SRB inhibitory response and therefore small quantities must be injected frequently. (3) The use of limestone to buffer the contaminated groundwater facilitates sulfate reduction remediation through the injection of organic substrate. Additionally conclusions and recommendations are made in Sections 8 and 9 regarding continuation of this study, the potential for an interim action, and the final remediation once discharge to the DCPRB has been discontinued.
Identification of Rat Targets of Anti-Soluble Liver Antigen Autoantibodies by Serologic Proteome Analysis (2003)

Possible antigens for anti-SLA antibodies include a sulfotransferase, alpha-enolase(s), and catalase(s). Two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry offers a versatile tool to identify molecular targets of autoantibodies and thus to improve diagnostic tools and the understanding of the immune process.