gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formation of free nitric oxide from l-arginine by nitric oxide synthase: direct enhancement of generation by superoxide dismutase. (1994)

Although nitric oxide (NO) appears to be one of the oxidation products of L-arginine catalyzed by NO synthase (NOS; EC 1.14.13.39), past studies on the measurement of NO in cell-free enzymatic assays have not been based on the direct detection of the free NO molecule. Instead, assays have relied on indirect measurements of the stable NO oxidation products nitrite and nitrate and on indirect actions of NO such as guanylate cyclase activation and oxyhemoglobin oxidation. Utilizing a specific chemiluminescence assay, we report here that the gaseous product of L-arginine oxidation, catalyzed by both inducible macrophage and constitutive neuronal NOS, is indistinguishable from authentic NO on the basis of their physicochemical properties. NO gas formation by NOS was dependent on L-arginine, NADPH, and oxygen and inhibited by NG-methyl-L-arginine and cyanide anion. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) caused a marked, concentration-dependent increase in the production of free NO by mechanisms that were unrelated to the dismutation of superoxide anion or activation of NOS. These observations indicate that free NO is formed as a result of NOS-catalyzed L-arginine oxidation and that SOD enhances the generation of NO without directly affecting NO itself. SOD appears to elicit a novel biological action, perhaps accelerating the conversion of an intermediate in the L-arginine-NO pathway such as nitroxyl (HNO) to NO.
Purification and characterization of an active human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNase H domain (1993)

We have expressed and purified from Escherichia coli a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNase H domain consisting of amino acids 400 to 560 of reverse transcriptase with either an N- or C-terminal polyhistidine tag. The native protease cleavage site of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is between amino acids 440 and 441. Purification on Ni(2+)-nitrilotriacetate agarose resulted in a highly active RNase H domain dependent on MnCl2 rather than MgCl2. Activity was unambiguously attributed to the purified proteins by an in situ RNase H gel assay. Residues 400 to 426, which include a stretch of tryptophans, did not contribute to RNase H activity, and the polyhistidine tag was essential for activity. Despite the requirement for a histidine tag, the recombinant RNase H proteins retained characteristics of the wild-type heterodimer, as determined by examining activity in the presence of several known inhibitors of HIV-1 RNase H, including ribonucleoside vanadyl complexes, dAMP, and a monoclonal antibody. Importantly, the isolated RNase H domain produced the same specific cleavage in tRNA(3Lys) removal as HIV-1 heterodimer, leaving the 3'-rA (adenosine 5' phosphate) residue of a model tRNA attached to the adjacent U5 sequence. This HIV-1 RNase H domain sedimented as a monomer in a glycerol gradient.
Cytomimetic Engineering of Hepatocyte Morphogenesis and Function by Substrate-Based Presentation of Acellular E-Cadherin (2005)

Although cadherin-mediated intercellular contacts can be integral to the maintenance of functionally competent hepatocytes in vitro, the ability to engineer hepatocellular differentiated function via acellular E-cadherin has yet to be thoroughly explored. To investigate the potential of substrate-presented, acellular E-cadherin to modulate hepatocellular self-assembly and functional fate, rat hepatocytes were cultured at sparse densities on surfaces designed to display recombinant E-cadherin/Fc chimeras. On these substrates, hepatocytes were observed to recognize microdisplayed E-cadherin/Fc and responded by modulating the spatial distribution of the intracellular cadherin-complexing protein beta-catenin. Substrate-presented E-cadherin/Fc was also found to markedly alter patterns of hepatocyte morphogenesis, as cellular spreading and two-dimensional reorganization were significantly inhibited under these conditions, leading to multicellular aggregates that were considerably more three-dimensional in nature. Increasing cadherin exposure was also associated with elevated levels of albumin and urea secretion, two markers of hepatocyte differentiation, over control cultures. This suggested that cell-substrate cadherin engagement established more functionally competent hepatocellular phenotypes, coinciding with the notion that E-cadherin is a differentiation-inducing ligand for these cells. The morphogenetic and function-promoting effects of substrate-bound E-cadherin/Fc were further enhanced under conditions in which protein A was utilized as an anchoring molecule to present cadherin molecules, suggesting that ligand mobility may play an important role in the effective establishment of cell-to-substrate cadherin interactions. Interestingly, the percent increase in function detected for conditions of high cadherin exposure versus control cultures was found to be substantially higher at extremely low cell densities. This observation indicated that hepatocytes respond to substrate-presented E-cadherin even in the absence of native intercellular interactions and associated juxtacrine signaling. The incorporation of acellular E-cadherin on biomaterial substrates may thus potentially present a means to prevent hepatocellular dedifferentiation by maintaining liver-specific function in otherwise severely functionally repressive culture conditions.
Ligand-targeted theranostic nanomedicines against cancer (2016)

Nanomedicines have significant potential for cancer treatment. Although the majority of nanomedicines currently tested in clinical trials utilize simple, biocompatible liposome-based nanocarriers, their widespread use is limited by non-specificity and low target site concentration and thus, do not provide a substantial clinical advantage over conventional, systemic chemotherapy. In the past 20years, we have identified specific receptors expressed on the surfaces of tumor endothelial and perivascular cells, tumor cells, the extracellular matrix and stromal cells using combinatorial peptide libraries displayed on bacteriophage. These studies corroborate the notion that unique receptor proteins such as IL-11Rα, GRP78, EphA5, among others, are differentially overexpressed in tumors and present opportunities to deliver tumor-specific therapeutic drugs. By using peptides that bind to tumor-specific cell-surface receptors, therapeutic agents such as apoptotic peptides, suicide genes, imaging dyes or chemotherapeutics can be precisely and systemically delivered to reduce tumor growth in vivo, without harming healthy cells. Given the clinical applicability of peptide-based therapeutics, targeted delivery of nanocarriers loaded with therapeutic cargos seems plausible. We propose a modular design of a functionalized protocell in which a tumor-targeting moiety, such as a peptide or recombinant human antibody single chain variable fragment (scFv), is conjugated to a lipid bilayer surrounding a silica-based nanocarrier core containing a protected therapeutic cargo. The functionalized protocell can be tailored to a specific cancer subtype and treatment regimen by exchanging the tumor-targeting moiety and/or therapeutic cargo or used in combination to create unique, theranostic agents. In this review, we summarize the identification of tumor-specific receptors through combinatorial phage display technology and the use of antibody display selection to identify recombinant human scFvs against these tumor-specific receptors. We compare the characteristics of different types of simple and complex nanocarriers, and discuss potential types of therapeutic cargos and conjugation strategies. The modular design of functionalized protocells may improve the efficacy and safety of nanomedicines for future cancer therapy.
Succinimide phosphoric acid esters as multipurpose additives (1994)

Abstract Succinimide phosphoric acid esters have been synthesised and evaluated as antioxidants and ashless dispersant additives for crankcase lubricating oils. The synthesis is based on reacting succinimides (as prepared by the reaction of polyisobutylene, maleic anhydride and tetraethylene pentamine) with phosphorus pentoxide in the presence of alcohols with different carbon numbers Results showed that the magnitude of the oils' oxidation stability, as well as their dispersive power, are both highly related to the chemical structure of the alcohol used.
Affiliations of the Alto Focus (1949)

The following discussions are necessarily abbreviated. The check-list method of showing trait presence or absence in other sites or cultures, while generally used to show “relationships,” will not be followed here. For one thing, these lists are almost always incomplete, the traits being followed only so far as the analyst has the time or the interest to follow them. For another, they are only inventories, with little if anything to do with culture processes such as selecting, development, and relative popularity; it is not the number of traits held in common by cultural entities, but the kind of traits, the way they cluster (or fail to) in the process of borrowing, and the use made of them that should occupy our attention. Third, a check-list made without thorough consideration of time factors is apt to throw together a miscellany of traits that show neither a direct relationship nor the direction of borrowing. Fourth, the mere number of traits in common between two groups is meaningless unless broken down into the more general or widely shared practices, and those special or specific traits which actually demonstrate a relationship between those two groups, and those alone . Thus, trait lists may be convenient for quick visualization of a given situation, but they are not studies in relationships.
Face Image Analysis with Convolutional Neural Networks (2009)

In this work, we present the problem of automatic appearance-based facial analysis with machine learning techniques and describe common specific sub-problems like face detection, facial feature detection and face recognition which are the crucial parts of many applications in the context of indexation, surveillance, access-control or human-computer interaction.<br>To tackle this problem, we particularly focus on a technique called Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) which is inspired by biological evidence found in the visual cortex of mammalian brains and which has already been applied to many different classification problems. Existing CNN-based methods, like the face detection system proposed by Garcia and Delakis, show that this can be a very effective, efficient and robust approach to non-linear image processing tasks such as facial analysis.<br>An important step in many automatic facial analysis applications, e.g. face recognition, is face alignment which tries to translate, scale and rotate the face image such that specific facial features are roughly at predefined positions in the image. We propose an efficient approach to this problem using CNNs and experimentally show its very good performance on difficult test images.<br>We further present a CNN-based method for automatic facial feature detection. The proposed system employs a hierarchical procedure which first roughly localizes the eyes, the nose and the mouth and then refines the result by detecting 10 different facial feature points. The detection rate of this method is 96% for the AR database and 87% for the BioID database tolerating an error of 10% of the inter-ocular distance.<br>Finally, we propose a novel face recognition approach based on a specific CNN architecture learning a non-linear mapping of the image space into a lower-dimensional sub-space where the di&#64256;erent classes are more easily separable.<br>We applied this method to several public face databases and obtained better recognition rates than with classical face recognition approaches based on PCA or LDA. Moreover, the proposed system is particularly robust to noise and<br>partial occlusions.<br>We also present a CNN-based method for the binary classification problem of gender recognition with face images and achieve a state-of-the-art accuracy.<br>The results presented in this work show that CNNs perform very well on various facial image processing tasks, such as face alignment, facial feature detection and face recognition and clearly demonstrate that the CNN technique is a versatile, efficient and robust approach for facial image analysis.
Characterizing the three‐dimensional organization of telomeres (2005)

In this study we present a quantitative method to characterize the organization of telomeres using three-dimensional imaging, image processing, and image analysis.
Measurement of the accurate mass of a 50 MDa infectious virus (2016)

At over 50 MDa, phage P22 is the largest object with a well-defined molar mass to be analyzed by mass spectrometry. The narrow measured mass distribution indicates that the virions survive the transition into the gas phase intact. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decoy-state quantum key distribution with two-way classical postprocessing (2006)

Decoy states have recently been proposed as a useful method for substantially improving the performance of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols when a coherent-state source is used. Previously, data postprocessing schemes based on one-way classical communications were considered for use with decoy states. In this paper, we develop two data postprocessing schemes for the decoy-state method using two-way classical communications. Our numerical simulation (using parameters from a specific QKD experiment as an example) results show that our scheme is able to extend the maximal secure distance from $142\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{km}$ (using only one-way classical communications with decoy states) to $181\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{km}$. The second scheme is able to achieve a 10% greater key generation rate in the whole regime of distances. We conclude that decoy-state QKD with two-way classical postprocessing is of practical interest.
Coking and activity of porous catalysts in supercritical reaction media (1992)

Abstract A mathematical model is presented to describe coking and activity characteristics of porous catalysts in supercritical reaction mixtures. These characteristics are determined by the way in which temperature and pressure affect the simultaneous physicochemical rate processes involving the effective diffusion of reactants in the pore, coke formation, and coke extraction. For a parallel coking reaction, the model predicts that when the reaction mixture density is isothermally increased from subcritical to low‐to‐moderate values, the ensuing higher reaction rates and restricted diffusion lead to pore‐mouth plugging and decreased catalyst effectiveness factors. At dense supercritical conditions, however, the enhanced coke solubilities in the reaction mixture alleviate pore‐mouth restrictions, resulting in a recovery of catalyst activity and increased effectiveness factors. The model predicts an optimum supercritical density at which catalyst activity is maintained at a maximum value. At smaller than optimum density values, the reaction rate is limited by coke extraction and at larger than optimum values, the rate is subject to pore diffusion limitations. These predictions are qualitatively consistent with reported experimental observations.
Synthesis of [carbonyl‐<sup>14</sup>C]‐ and (methoxy‐d<sub>3</sub>)‐labeled N‐[(2RS, 3RS)‐1‐benzyl‐2‐methyl‐3‐pyrrolidinyl] −5‐chloro‐2‐methoxy‐4‐(methylamino) benzamide (YM‐09151‐2). A new potent neuroleptic agent (1984)

Abstract A new potent neuroleptic agent YM‐09151‐2, N‐[(2RS, 3RS)‐1‐benzyl‐2‐methyl‐3‐pyrrolidinyl]‐5‐chloro‐2‐methoxy‐4‐ (methylamino) benzamide ( 10c ), was labeled with carbon‐14 and deuterium for biochemical studies such as metabolism and 14 pharmacokinetics. The synthesis of [carbonyl‐ 14 C]YM‐09151‐2 ( 10a ) from 4‐amino‐2‐hydroxy‐[carboxyl‐ 14 C] benzoic acid ( 1a ) in six stages is described. Overall radiochemical yield was 79.1% at a specific activity of 21.18 mCi/mmol. (Methoxy‐d 3 )YM‐09151‐2 ( 10b ) was prepared from methyl 2‐(methoxy‐d 3 )‐4‐(N‐methyl‐N‐tosylamido) benzoate ( 5b ) which was obtained by the reaction of methyl 2‐hydroxy‐4‐(N‐methyl‐N‐tosylamido) benzoate ( 4c ) with iodomethane‐d 3 . Overall yield of 10b was 60.8% from iodomethane‐d 3 .
Bcl2 overexpression rescues the hematopoietic stem cell defects in Ku70-deficient mice by restoration of quiescence (2014)

DNA repair is essential for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance. Ku70 is a key component of the nonhomologous end-joining pathway, which is the major pathway for DNA double-strand break repair. We find that HSCs from Ku70-deficient mice are severely defective in self-renewal, competitive repopulation, and bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic niche occupancy and that loss of quiescence results in a dramatic defect in the maintenance of Ku70-deficient HSCs. Interestingly, although overexpression of Bcl2 does not rescue the severe combined immunodeficiency phenotype in Ku70-deficient mice, overexpression of Bcl2 in Ku70-deficient HSCs almost completely rescued the impaired HSC quiescence, repopulation, and BM hematopoietic niche occupancy capacities. Together, our data indicate that the HSC maintenance defect of Ku70-deficient mice is due to the loss of HSC quiescent populations, whereas overexpression of Bcl2 rescues the HSC defect in Ku70-deficient mice by restoration of quiescence. Our study uncovers a novel role of Bcl2 in HSC quiescence regulation.
Three-beam <i>K</i>-edge imaging of iodine using differences between fluoroscopic video images: Theoretical considerations (1981)

Our lab has previously generated selective iodine images with an image intensifier fluoroscopic system using a three-beam K-edge approach. Logarithmically amplified video images Li were linearly combined to yield the final image k1L1 + k2L2 + k3L3. This paper discusses refinements of the K-edge technique. A study is made of the manner in which contrast-reducing effects such as x-ray scatter and image intensifier veiling glare enter into the final image. If such biases can be approximated as multiplicative and independent of the x-ray spectrum, and if the sum of the ki is zero, then the biases are canceled. Experimental data is presented which demonstrates that the inaccuracy due to such biases can be reduced by a factor as large as 10. The theorem that K1 + K2 + K3 is approximately equal to 0 is proven rigorously and discussed. Because the ki add to zero, the final image can be expressed as a linear combination of two of the differences between the Li. A difference-based algorithm which reduces biases and make allowance for nonlinearities such as beam hardening is proposed and discussed.
Design and characterization of downconversion mixers and the on-chip calibration techniques for monolithic direct conversion radio receivers (2002)

This thesis consists of eight publications and an overview of the research topic, which is also a summary of the work. The research described in this thesis is focused on the design of downconversion mixers and direct conversion radio receivers for UTRA/FDD WCDMA and GSM standards. The main interest of the work is in the 1-3 GHz frequency range and in the Silicon and Silicon-Germanium BiCMOS technologies. The RF front-end, and especially the mixer, limits the performance of direct conversion architecture. The most stringent problems are involved in the second-order distortion in mixers to which special attention has been given. The work introduces calibration techniques to overcome these problems. Some design considerations for front-end radio receivers are also given through a mixer-centric approach.\n\nThe work summarizes the design of several downconversion mixers. Three of the implemented mixers are integrated as the downconversion stages of larger direct conversion receiver chips. One is realized together with the LNA as an RF front-end. Also, some stand-alone structures have been characterized. Two of the mixers that are integrated together with whole analog receivers include calibration structures to improve the second-order intermodulation rejection. A theoretical mismatch analysis of the second-order distortion in the mixers is also presented in this thesis. It gives a comprehensive illustration of the second-order distortion in mixers. It also gives the relationships between the dc-offsets and high IIP2. In addition, circuit and layout techniques to improve the LO-to-RF isolation are discussed.\n\nThe presented work provides insight into how the mixer immunity against the second-order distortion can be improved. The implemented calibration structures show promising performance. On the basis of these results, several methods of detecting the distortion on-chip and the possibilities of integrating the automatic on-chip calibration procedures to produce a repeatable and well-predictable receiver IIP2 are presented.
Characterization of ground-state neutral and ion transport during laser ablation of Y1Ba2Cu3O7−<i>x</i> using transient optical absorption spectroscopy (1989)

Transient optical absorption spectroscopy has been utilized for the first time to study the transport of ground-state Y, Ba, Cu, and Ba+ following excimer laser ablation of Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x pellets. Spectral broadening of the atomic lines monitored in both absorption and emission is reported, indicating the existence of gas phase collisions in the plume of ejected material. Time-of-flight velocity distributions of the nonemitting neutrals and ions determined by the absorption technique are broadened and shifted to lower velocities than the velocity distributions inferred from excited-state fluorescence in the plume. Absorption by ground-state Y+, YO, BaO, and CuO also has been observed with this technique. The absorption technique, and its application as an in situ monitor of neutral and ion transport during deposition of superconducting thin films, is described.
Linear time recognition algorithms for topological invariants in 3D (2008)

In this paper, we design linear time algorithms to recognize and determine topological invariants such as genus and homology groups in 3D. These invariants can be used to identify patterns in 3D image recognition and medical image analysis. Our method is based on cubical images with direct adjacency, also called (6,26)-connectivity images in discrete geometry. According to the fact that there are only six types of local surface points in 3D and a discrete version of the well-known Gauss-Bonnett Theorem in differential geometry, we first determine the genus of a closed 2D-connected component (a closed digital surface). Then, we use the Alexander duality to obtain the homology groups of a 3D object in 3D space. This idea can be extended to general simplicial decomposed manifolds or cell complexes in 3D.
Analysis of lossy dielectric guides by transverse magnetic field finite elements method (1995)

Recently a transverse magnetic field formulation of the finite element method for solving lightwave propagation in lossless optical waveguides was demonstrated using only two components of the magnetic field. We extend this formulation to include loss in the waveguides, and compare the results from this formulation with those of other formulations for three different types of waveguides. Our results from the new approach show good agreement with those from previously published data. No perturbation technique is needed to arrive at these results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High-resolution planar dispersive element based on a surface polaritonic crystal (2006)

A new principle to achieve ultra-high spectral dispersion is reported using a surface plasmon polaritonic crystal. The approach is shown to increase the spectral dispersion by orders of magnitude compared to other integrated photonic devices.