gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New PLL Frequency Synthesis Structure (1978)

In a PLL frequency synthesizer, the reference and VCO frequencies are divided down to their greatest common divisor frequency prior to phase comparison. We replace the dividers by a simplified form of digital frequency synthesizer, and examine the spectrum of the phase comparator outputs to show that the loop bandwidth can be dramatically increased, thereby improving the pull-in range and acquisition time.
Yeast PPA2 gene encodes a mitochondrial inorganic pyrophosphatase that is essential for mitochondrial function (1991)

We have cloned a gene encoding a mitochondrial inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by low stringency hybridization to PPA1, the yeast gene for cytoplasmic PPase. The new gene, PPA2, is located on chromosome 13 and encodes a protein whose sequence is 49% identical to the cytoplasmic enzyme. The protein differs from cytoplasmic PPase in that it has a leader sequence enriched in basic and hydroxylated residues, which is typically found in mitochondrial proteins. Yeast cells overproducing PPA2 had a 47-fold increase in mitochondrial PPase activity. This activity was further stimulated 3-fold by the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, which suggests that PPA2 is part of an energy-linked enzyme. Using gene disruptions, we found that PPA1 is required for cell growth. In contrast, cells disrupted for PPA2 are viable, but unable to grow on respiratory carbon sources. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that these cells have lost their mitochondrial DNA. We conclude that the mitochondrial PPase encoded by PPA2 is essential for mitochondrial function and maintenance of the mitochondrial genome.
A Single-Culture Bioprocess of<i>Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus</i>to Upgrade Digester Biogas by CO<sub><b>2</b></sub>-to-CH<sub><b>4</b></sub>Conversion with H<sub><b>2</b></sub> (2013)

We optimized and tested a postbioprocessing step with a single-culture archaeon to upgrade biogas (i.e., increase methane content) from anaerobic digesters via conversion of CO(2) into CH(4) by feeding H(2) gas. We optimized a culture of the thermophilic methanogen Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus using: (1) a synthetic H(2)/CO(2) mixture; (2) the same mixture with pressurization; (3) a synthetic biogas with different CH(4) contents and H(2); and (4) an industrial, untreated biogas and H(2). A laboratory culture with a robust growth (dry weight of 6.4-7.4 g/L; OD600 of 13.6-15.4), a volumetric methane production rate of 21 L/L culture-day, and a H(2) conversion efficiency of 89% was moved to an industrial anaerobic digester facility, where it was restarted and fed untreated biogas with a methane content of ~70% at a rate such that CO(2) was in excess of the stoichiometric requirements in relation to H(2). Over an 8-day operating period, the dry weight of the culture initially decreased slightly before stabilizing at an elevated level of ~8 g/L to achieve a volumetric methane production rate of 21 L/L culture-day and a H(2) conversion efficiency of 62%. While some microbial contamination of the culture was observed via microscopy, it did not affect the methane production rate of the culture.
Dithered timing spread spectrum clock generation for reduction of electromagnetic radiated emission from high-speed digital system (2002)

In modern digital systems, the most amount of radiation from the system is caused by the high-speed digital clock signal. As a method to reduce the electromagnetic radiation from the system clock, a spread spectrum clock technique that modulates the system clock frequency had been introduced. The conventional spread spectrum clock is realized by controlling the period or the frequency using a phase locked loop. Because of the inherent jitter of the phase locked loop, the attenuation of the spectrum decreased and the realization is very difficult at the higher clock frequency near the GHz. In this paper, the authors propose a dithered timing spread spectrum clock. The proposed dithered timing spread spectrum clock is realized by controlling the transition timing-difference using a delayer. The proposed dithered timing spread spectrum clock has more effective suppression of the electromagnetic radiation from the high-speed digital system than the conventional spread spectrum clock.
Two closely‐related left‐right asymmetrically expressed genes, <i>lefty‐1</i> and <i>lefty‐2</i>: their distinct expression domains, chromosomal linkage and direct neuralizing activity in <i>Xenopus</i> embryos (1997)

There are two lefty genes in mice (lefty-1 and lefty-2), both of which are expressed in a L-R asymmetric fashion and are downstream of iv and inv. Lefty-1 and Lefty-2 possess direct neuralizing activity in Xenopus embryos, resembling the activities of BMP antagonists.
Electrically Controlled Plasmonic Switches and Modulators (2014)

Plasmonic modulators and switches have recently attracted considerable attention because they offer ultracompact size, high bandwidths, and potentially low-power consumption. In this paper, we review and compare the current state of the art of plasmonic switches and discuss the various physical phenomena that are used to perform efficient switching. More precisely, we discuss plasmonic devices based on the thermal effect, the free carrier dispersion effect, the Pockels effect, phase change materials and switching caused by electrochemical metallization.
Mapping Octahedral Tilts and Polarization Across a Domain Wall in BiFeO<sub>3</sub> from Z-Contrast Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Image Atomic Column Shape Analysis (2010)

Oxygen octahedral tilts underpin the functionality of a large number of perovskite-based materials and heterostructures with competing order parameters. We show how a precise analysis of atomic column shapes in Z-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy images can reveal polarization and octahedral tilt behavior across uncharged and charged domain walls in BiFeO(3). This method is capable of visualizing octahedral tilts to much higher thicknesses than phase contrast imaging. We find that the octahedral tilt transition across a charged domain wall is atomically abrupt, while the associated polarization profile is diffuse (1.5-2 nm). Ginzburg-Landau theory then allows the relative contributions of polarization and the structural order parameters to the wall energy to be determined.
Nuevos métodos de obtención de cotas inferiores para una función lineal: Aplicaciones a la detección de infactibilidad y fijación de variables en problemas de programación 0-1 (2001)

En este trabajo se presenta un procedimiento de obtencion de cotas inferiores para una funcion lineal a partir de ciertas familias de ciclados, cubrimientos y conjuntos ordenados especiales. Ademas, se describen algunos metodos de deteccion de infactibilidad y fijacion de variables en problemas de programacion lineal 0-1 basados en dichas cotas que permiten considerar conjuntamente varias restricciones, y se muestran algunas situaciones que son detectadas por estos metodos, pero no por los metodos tradicionales, los cuales consideran las restricciones individualmente
Intraoperative aberrometry-assisted toric IOL exchange following unexpected surgically induced astigmatism (2014)

A 74-year-old man with a preoperative manifest refraction of −3.00 +1.00 × 25 had cataract extraction and implantation of a toric intraocular lens (IOL). Although the IOL power was chosen according to the surgical records and accurately aligned on the target axis at the follow-up examination, the incision apparently induced enough surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) to make the cornea spherical. The patient was dissatisfied with the resulting flipped axis and 20/60 uncorrected acuity. Intraoperative aberrometry confirmed that the cornea was now spherical. An IOL exchange was performed with placement of a 22.0 diopter nontoric IOL. The second surgery was complicated by early capsule phimosis. Because it can measure true aphakic corneal astigmatism intraoperatively, intraoperative aberrometry can be useful in preventing IOL exchanges due to anomalous SIA. The author has no financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Annealing with Ni for ohmic contact formation on ICP-etched p-GaN (2008)

The effects of annealing with Ni films on ohmic contacts to ICP-etched p-GaN have been investigated. ICP-etched p-GaN samples were annealed with Ni films on the surface. Ni/Au ohmic contacts were realised on these samples after removing the Ni film. The specific contact resistance, as low as 0.492 Ωcm2, was obtained at 525°C in oxygen ambient. This has been the lowest value reported so far without regrowth process.
Hello, Android: Introducing Google's Mobile Development Platform (2009)

is a new software toolkit for mobile phones, created by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. In a few years, it's expected to be found inside millions of cell phones and other mobile devices, making a major platform for application developers. That could be your own program running on all those devices. Getting started developing with is easy. You don't even need access to an phone, just a computer where you can install the SDK and the phone emulator that comes with it. Within minutes, Hello, Android will get you creating your first working application: Android's version of Hello, World. From there, you'll build up a more substantial example: an Sudoku game. By gradually adding features to the game throughout the course of the book, you'll learn about many aspects of programming including user interfaces, multimedia, and the life cycle. If you're a busy developer who'd rather be coding than reading about coding, this book is for you. To help you find what you need to know fast, each chapter ends with Fast forward section. These sections provide guidance for where you should go next when you need to read the book out of order.
On the Effects of Noise on Parameter Identification Optimization Problems (2005)

The calibration of model parameters is an important step in model development. Commonly, system output is measured, and model parameters are iteratively varied until the model output is a good match to the measured system output. Optimization algorithms are often used to identify the model parameter values. The presence of noise is difficult to avoid when physical processes are used to calibrate models due to measurement error, model structure error, and errors arising from numerical techniques and approximate solutions. Our study focuses on the effects of noise in parameter identification optimization problems. We generate six test problems, including five perturbations of a smooth problem. A previously studied groundwater parameter identification problem serves as our seventh test problem. We test the Nelder-Mead Algorithm, a combination of the Nelder-Mead Algorithm and Simulated Annealing, and the Shuffled Complex Evolution Method on these test problems. Comparison of optimization results for these problems reveals the effects of noise on optimization performance, including an increase in fitness values and a decrease in the number of fit evaluations. We vary the values of the internal algorithmic parameters to determine the effects of different values and present numerical results that indicate that changing the values of the algorithmic parameters can cause profound differences in optimization results for all three algorithms. A variation of the generally accepted parameter values for the Nelder-Mead Algorithm is recommended, and we determine that the Nelder-Mead/Simulated Annealing Hybrid and Shuffled Complex Evolution Method are too problem dependent for general recommendations for parameter values. Finally, we prove new convergence results for the Nelder-Mead/Simulated Annealing Hybrid in both smooth and noisy cases.
Turbulence measurements with a nano-scale thermal anemometry probe (2010)

A nanoscale thermal anemometry probe (NSTAP) has been developed for high Reynolds number turbulence measurements. NSTAP has working principles similar to conventional hot-wire anemometry, at the same time having greatly improved spatial and temporal resolution.\nFabrication of NSTAP has been conducted, using several semiconductor and MEMS (microelectromechanical system) techniques. Sensing element of NSTAP is a nano-scale\nwire with dimensions 100 nm x 2 micron x 60 micron or 100 nm x 300 nm x 30 microns. Measurements in grid turbulence were conducted in order to validate the performance of these new sensors. NSTAP was compared to hot-wires with wire lengths 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5 mm.\nResults showed NSTAP having good agreement with conventional hot-wire sensors and demonstrated faster temporal response, as well as better spatial resolution. This marks the first time that a micro-scale velocity sensor free of end- or substrate-conduction has been\nconstructed and successfully tested in a turbulent flow.
Increased Integration of Transplanted CD73-Positive Photoreceptor Precursors into Adult Mouse Retina (2011)

PURPOSE. Retinal degeneration initiated by loss of photoreceptors is the prevalent cause of visual impairment and blindness in industrialized countries. Transplantation of photoreceptor cells represents a possible replacement strategy. This study determined that identification of cell surface antigens can assist in enriching photoreceptor precursors for transplantation. METHODS. The expression profile of rod photoreceptors at postnatal day 4 was investigated by microarray analysis to identify photoreceptor-specific cell surface antigens. For enrichment of transplantable photoreceptors, neonatal retinas from rod photoreceptor-specific reporter mice were dissociated, and the rods were purified by magnetic associated cell sorting (MACS) with CD73 antibodies. MAC-sorted cell fractions were transplanted into the subretinal space of adult wild-type mice. The number of rod photoreceptors contained in unsorted, CD73-negative, and CD73-positive cell fractions were quantified in vitro and after grafting in vivo. RESULTS. Microarray analysis revealed that CD73 is a marker for rod photoreceptors. CD73-based MACS resulted in enrichment of rods to 87%. Furthermore, in comparison with unsorted cell fractions, CD73-positive MAC-sorted cells showed an approximately three-fold increase in the number of integrated, outer segment-forming photoreceptors after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS. CD73-based MACS is a reliable method for the enrichment of integrating photoreceptors. Purification via cell surface markers represents a new tool for the separation of transplantable photoreceptor precursors from a heterogeneous cell population, avoiding the need of reporter gene expression in target cells.
In Vitro Exposure Systems for RF Exposures at 900 MHz (2004)

In the context of European research programs, a reference setup based on waveguides (WGs) has been developed for the conduct of standardized in vitro experiments at the mobile frequency bands of 835 and 935 MHz. Its performance is compared to apparatus that are widely applied to expose cells settled as a monolayer on the bottom of a Petri dish, as well as for cells cultivated in homogenous suspension. The key figures-of-merit are uniformity of the specific absorption rate (SAR), induced temperature rise, SAR and volume efficiency, as well as the ability to ensure tight exposure and environmental control. For the exposure of cell monolayers, the WG setup with Petri dishes in the H-field maximum is superior in all respects. Reasonable performance is achieved with the resonator and transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell. The best performance for cell suspensions is provided by the TEM cell for flasks in k-polarization. Acceptable performance is also achieved with the WG system and resonator. The temperature rise is an issue of concern for all setups. Measures to suitably control the temperature rise and to maintain equal temperature profiles between exposure and sham have been implemented for the WG and TEM cell setups. Localized temperature "hot spots" in the cell medium can be excluded for all investigated systems.
Inhibition of Bacterial U(VI) Reduction by Calcium (2003)

The rapid kinetics of bacterial U(VI) reduction and low solubility of uraninite (UO2,cr) make this process an attractive option for removing uranium from groundwater. Nevertheless, conditions that may promote or inhibit U(VI) reduction are not well-defined. Recent descriptions of Ca-UO2-CO3 complexes indicate that these species may dominate the aqueous speciation of U(VI) in many environments. We monitored the bacterial reduction of U(VI) in bicarbonate-buffered solution in the presence and absence of Ca. XAFS measurements confirmed the presence of a Ca-U(VI)-C03 complex in the initial solutions containing calcium. Calcium, at millimolar concentrations (0.45-5 mM), caused a significant decrease in the rate and extent of bacterial U(VI) reduction. Both facultative (Shewanella putrefaciens strain CN32) and obligate (Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Geobacter sulfurreducens) anaerobic bacteria were affected by the presence of calcium. Reduction of U(VI) ceased when the calculated system Eh reached -0.046 +/- 0.001 V, based on the Ca2UO2(CO3)3 --> UO2,cr couple. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that U is a less energetically favorable electron acceptor when the Ca-UO2-CO3 complexes are present. The results do not support Ca inhibition caused by direct interactions with the cells or with the electron donor as the reduction of fumarate or Tc(VII)O4- under identical conditions was unaffected by the presence of Ca.
Noninvasive evaluation of left ventricular performance based on peak aortic blood acceleration measured with a continuous-wave Doppler velocity meter. (1986)

Peak aortic blood acceleration is recognized to be a sensitive index of global left ventricular performance. In the present study peak acceleration was assessed noninvasively in patients with a continuous-wave Doppler velocity meter. Peak aortic blood velocity and peak blood acceleration were measured by placing the ultrasonic transducer at the suprasternal notch. Measurements were obtained in 36 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Peak velocity and acceleration were measured at rest just before left ventriculography. In patients with ejection fractions greater than 60%, peak acceleration was 19 +/- 5 m/sec/sec. In patients with ejection fractions of 41% to 60%, peak acceleration was lower, at 12 +/- 2 m/sec/sec (p less than .001). In patients with ejection fractions of 40% or less, peak acceleration (8 +/- 2 m/sec/sec) was markedly lower than in patients with ejection fractions greater than 60% (p less than .001). Peak acceleration showed a good linear correlation with ejection fraction (r = .90), and a better power fit (r = .93). These results indicate that peak acceleration, measured noninvasively with a continuous-wave Doppler velocity meter, is a useful indicator of global left ventricular performance.
Efficient Reversible Watermarking Based on Adaptive Prediction-Error Expansion and Pixel Selection (2011)

Prediction-error expansion (PEE) is an important technique of reversible watermarking which can embed large payloads into digital images with low distortion. In this paper, the PEE technique is further investigated and an efficient reversible watermarking scheme is proposed, by incorporating in PEE two new strategies, namely, adaptive embedding and pixel selection. Unlike conventional PEE which embeds data uniformly, we propose to adaptively embed 1 or 2 bits into expandable pixel according to the local complexity. This avoids expanding pixels with large prediction-errors, and thus, it reduces embedding impact by decreasing the maximum modification to pixel values. Meanwhile, adaptive PEE allows very large payload in a single embedding pass, and it improves the capacity limit of conventional PEE. We also propose to select pixels of smooth area for data embedding and leave rough pixels unchanged. In this way, compared with conventional PEE, a more sharply distributed prediction-error histogram is obtained and a better visual quality of watermarked image is observed. With these improvements, our method outperforms conventional PEE. Its superiority over other state-of-the-art methods is also demonstrated experimentally.
Recombinant interferon-<i>gamma</i> induces interleukin 2 receptors on human peripheral blood monocytes. (1986)

The present report describes the inducibility of IL 2 receptors on human peripheral blood monocytes. Although freshly isolated monocytes are IL 2 receptor negative, approximately one-third of the cells react with the anti-Tac antibody within 18 hr of culture. IFN-gamma is found to double both the number of positive cells and the number of binding sites, whereas IL 2 has no influence on the IL 2 receptor expression on monocytes. Anti-Tac precipitates from monocyte lysates several protein bands of similar m.w. to those previously found with activated T and B cells. Finally, IFN-gamma-induced, but not resting, monocytes are found to bind recombinant IL 2. We conclude that IFN-gamma induces peripheral blood monocytes to express IL 2 receptors similar in structure to those found on activated T and B lymphocytes.
Investigations of the Properties of Corrugated Diaphragms (1957)

Abstract The pressure-deflection characteristics of corrugated diaphragms are correlated by methods of dimensional analysis. Experimental results for various sizes, materials, thicknesses, and shapes of diaphragms indicate that the performance for diaphragms of any given shape may be computed from a dimensionless formula derived from experimental data on other diaphragms of that shape. Linear shell equations are derived for combined bending and stretching effects with lateral loading terms for rotationally symmetrical shells in appropriate independent and dependent variations suitable for complicated meridial shapes, and with boundary conditions associated with practical diaphragm applications. The method used for solving this system of equations on an electronic digital computer is described and numerical solutions are presented for a specific diaphragm subjected to uniform pressure loading. Suggestions are presented for future research, both theoretical and experimental, on diaphragm properties and performance.
In vitro and in vivo release of albumin from an electrostatically crosslinked in situ-forming gel (2010)

Delivery systems capable of maintaining a sustained release of protein drugs at specific sites can potentially circumvent problems of toxicity and subtherapeutic local dosing levels associated with systemic administration. Here, we used bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a test protein to explore the potential utility of an in situ-forming gel consisting of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a depot for protein drugs. BSA-FITC-loaded CMC/PEI solutions were easily prepared and remained liquid at room temperature. When these solutions were subcutaneously injected into rats, they immediately gelled, forming an electrostatically crosslinked three-dimensional network structure that showed sustained release of BSA-FITC for 15 days in vitro and in vivo. No BSA-FITC remained in CMC/PEI gels after this time, indicating complete release of protein cargo. The sustained release of BSA-FITC was also monitored by real-time molecular imaging, which showed that BSA-FITC bioavailability in BSA-FITC-loaded CMC/PEI gels was more than twice that of BSA-FITC-only solutions. CMC/PEI gels provoked only a modest inflammatory response. Collectively, our results show that the CMC/PEI gel described here could serve as a minimally invasive therapeutics depot with numerous benefits compared to orally or intravenously administered drugs.
Continuous-flow chemistry for the determination of comonomer reactivity ratios (2018)

Continuous-flow chemistry provides an operationally simple and reproducible method for the determination of comonomer reactivity ratios in a single afternoon.
Imaging Astrocyte Activity (2008)

Astrocytes, like neurons, respond to visual stimuli, affecting vascular dynamics in the brain that provide the basis for imaging techniques.