gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Morphine use in the last six days of life of patients with HIV / AIDS at the inpatient unit of a South African hospice implementing the ICHC model : original research (2006)

Background 
Seventy-five per cent of the world's HIV / AIDS population resides in Sub-Saharan Africa. South Africa, along with the rest 
of Sub-Saharan Africa, is experiencing an increasing disease and palliative care burden as a result of the HIV / AIDS pandemic. 
At present there is no cure for AIDS and access to antiretroviral treatment is limited. HIV / AIDS is the largest single cause of death in South Africa, accounting for 30% of deaths in 2000. An estimated 20 000 
of the approximately 5 350 000 infected South Africans receive antiretroviral treatment. To cope with the rising need for AIDS-related health services, a comprehensive, integrated approach to health care is 
advocated, with a shift in focus from hospital care to home-based care. The Department of Health supports a community 
home-based care (ICHC) model as one of five models of care. It is based on similar principles to palliative care and was 
piloted at seven hospices in South Africa. This study was conducted in the inpatient unit (IPU) of a hospice participating in 
the ICHC pilot project. This model requires that the hospice provide the overall management of the home-based care programme, as well as 
various forms of support. Care provision is shared between professional nurses and non-professional community-based 
caregivers, who are trained by Hospice. For challenging symptoms, respite or terminal care, the hospice has a six-bed IPU 
to which patients can be admitted for short periods. The AIDS patients admitted to the IPU of the study hospice were all 
cared for under the ICHC model. Method 
This study was a retrospective case-control study conducted in a hospice in South Africa. Cases were consecutive deaths 
related to AIDS. Controls were cancer patients matched for socioeconomic status. Results 
Five days before their death, morphine for pain control was given to three of the 29 (10%) AIDS patients and to 20 of 29 
(69%) cancer patients (p < 0.001). On the day of their death, morphine for pain control was given to 17 (59%) of the AIDS 
patients and 25 (86%) of the cancer patients (p < 0.05). Eleven (65%) of the 17 AIDS patients who were given morphine 
died within 48 hours of commencing with the treatment. The morphine starting dosages were within the lower therapeutic 
range. Conclusions 
The palliative care of dying cancer patients met internationally recognised standards. The results suggest that the pain of 
AIDS patients admitted to the IPU was under treated in terms of both dosage and duration. It is unlikely that the use of 
opiates or sedatives hastened death in dying AIDS (or cancer) patients. All the AIDS patients admitted to the IPU were 
cared for under the integrated community home-based care (ICHC) model. This raises the following questions: Is the ICHC 
model as implemented by this hospice achieving the symptom relief intended? And, is this typical of palliative care for AIDS 
patients in South Africa?
Characterization of a model of lethal dengue virus 2 infection in C57BL/6 mice deficient in the alpha/beta interferon receptor (2012)

Dengue virus (DENV) causes dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome, both considered major public-health problems worldwide. We generated a lethal DENV-2 strain (D220) by 10 additional cycles of subcutaneous inoculation of mice with supernatant from mosquito cells infected with the previously characterized strain D2S10, followed by harvesting of serum. D220 induces mortality at ten-fold lower doses than D2S10 in mice lacking only the alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) receptor in C57BL/6 or 129 backgrounds under both non-enhanced and antibody-enhanced conditions. Sequence analysis of the complete viral genome revealed five amino acid changes between D220 and D2S10, of which two (K122I in envelope and V115A in NS4B) appear to account for the observed phenotypic differences between the viruses. By causing mortality at lower doses in C57BL/6 mice lacking only the IFN-α/β receptor, D220 constitutes an improved tool for study of DENV-induced pathogenesis, as well as for testing potential vaccines and antiviral drugs against DENV.
The Library of Hong Kong Society for the Blind (2016)

The Information Accessibility Centre (IAC) of the Hong Kong Society for the Blind (HKSB) is the only library that provides information and library services to the visually impaired people in Hong Kong. It plays a vital role in helping its HKSB members to obtain information and reading materials, thereby fulfilling their recreational reading needs, as well as to explore the world, while the supports provided by the local public libraries are very limited. In the following interview, Fung-kam Chung (Senior Library Assistant, HKSB) explains in detail, the unique collections, services, as well as other recreational activities that are tailor-made for the visually impaired people, as well as the hard work and patience that is involved for working as a library professional for the HKSB.
Characterization of epoxy resin SU-8 film using thickness-shear mode (TSM) resonator (2004)

Characterization of an organic resin (commonly known as SU-8), being investigated as waveguiding layer in the guided shear-horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) sensor platforms, is presented. The impedance-admittance characteristics of the equivalent circuit models of both the unperturbed and coated resonators are analyzed to extract the storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G"). The accuracy of the extracted shear modulus parameters occurs at high thickness where viscoelastic contribution is substantial. Apparently the polymer film is in a glassy state due to the high value of G' and high ratio of G' to G". Device resistance is less than 20 /spl Omega/ when the thickness of film is less than 5 /spl mu/m, beyond which viscoelastic properties significantly contribute to the frequency response. The extraction of the storage and loss moduli as a function of temperature ranging from -75/spl deg/C to 40/spl deg/C is also shown in order to study the effects of temperature on the shear modulus. Below -60/spl deg/C, both the frequency shift and R/sub 2/ (the electrical resistance arising from the SU-8 film) are less dependent on temperature, which indicates that the polymer is almost totally elastic below -60/spl deg/C. Exposure of SU-8 film to water and solutions of organic solvents such as acetone and ethanol also indicates, through frequency shift and resistance change, some degree of change in G' and G". However, stability is rapidly reached with exposure to DI water, indicating relatively lower water absorption.
Development of a Patch-Type Flexible Oxygen Partial Pressure Sensor (2020)

Oxygen concentration in living organisms is one of the important vital indicators in emergency care and bedside medical settings. However, the oximetry method has limitations: the measurement site is limited to the tissue containing blood and the absolute value of oxygen concentration cannot be measured. To overcome these limitations, in this work, we develop a new oxygen sensor that can directly measure the oxygen particle pressure ([Formula: see text]) on the surface of the body and organs. A light emitting diode (LED) and a photodiode (PD) were embedded in a dimethylpolysiloxane substrate mixed with carbon nanotubes. The effectiveness of the device was evaluated using calibration, bending strain tests, time and frequency response, and finally <i>in vivo</i> assessments. The results reveal that the calibration experiment of the fabricated oxygen sensor device showed high sensitivity. The carbon nanotube electrode has a sufficient bending resistance and does not affect the response characteristics of the LED and PD, that is, it does not affect the oxygen measurement. <i>In vivo</i> assessment shows that the developed patch-type flexible oxygen sensor can accurately measure [Formula: see text] by attaching it to tissues or organs having irregularities or curved surfaces and actual measurements on rat liver surface demonstrated its feasibility.
The rodent preputial gland (1972)

Abstract Researches published in the last 2 years have advanced direct evidence for regarding the rodent preputial gland as a scent organ, confirming a speculation made at least as long ago as 1725. The gland is the source of olfactory stimuli which mediate behavioural responses in social and sexual interactions between conspecifics. Although the gland has received little direct attention from investigators, a considerable amount of information on it is available. Most of this was gained ancilliary to other, and very diverse, research objectives so that the literature is very scattered. These references are collated to present a comprehensive review of knowledge of the biology of the rodent preputial gland. Theoretical concepts of population structure and regulation, involving density‐dependent factors, require a sensory mechanism to activate the physiological effects attributed to social interactions. The preputial gland, as a source of olfactory cues, has all the biological characteristics required of such a sensory modulator.
Gene therapy for hemophilia: what does the future hold? (2018)

Recent phase I/II adeno-associated viral vector-mediated gene therapy clinical trials have reported remarkable success in ameliorating disease phenotype in hemophilia A and B. These trials, which highlight the challenges overcome through decades of preclinical and first in human clinical studies, have generated considerable excitement for patients and caregivers alike. Optimization of vector and transgene expression has significantly improved the ability to achieve therapeutic factor levels in these subjects. Long-term follow-up studies will guide standardization of the approach with respect to the combination of serotype, promoter, dose, and manufacturing processes and inform safety for inclusion of young patients. Certain limitations preclude universal applicability of gene therapy, including transient liver transaminase elevations due to the immune responses to vector capsids or as yet undefined mechanisms, underlying liver disease from iatrogenic viral hepatitis, and neutralizing antibodies to clotting factors. Integrating vectors show promising preclinical results, but manufacturing and safety concerns still remain. The prospect of gene editing for correction of the underlying mutation is on the horizon with considerable potential. Herein, we review the advances and limitations that have resulted in these recent successful clinical trials and outline avenues that will allow for broader applicability of gene therapy.
Ant colony optimization for multicast routing (2002)

Ant colony optimization (ACO) is a new optimization algorithm, and has the limitation of stagnation. In this paper, the performance of ACO is improved and the improved ACO is combined with heuristic algorithm to solve the multicast routing problem. Simulation shows that the results of this algorithm for multicast routing are better than the heuristic algorithms; this algorithm is also well suited for parallel implementation and execution.
Reducing Decay in Citrus Fruits with Borax (1935)

Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
Direct isolation and characterization of circulating exosomes from biological samples using magnetic nanowires (2019)

The nanowire-based method allows rapid isolation of homogeneous population of exosomes with relatively high yield and purity from even small amounts of sample. These results suggest that this method has the potential for clinical applications requiring highly purified exosomes for the analysis of protein, lipid, mRNA, and miRNA.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Silicon-Containing Materials (1992)

Abstract Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust and occurs widely in nature as silica (silicon dioxide) or as silicate minerals. Although these materials have many uses, the most extensive use of silicon is found in the materials which can be derived from these inorganic precursors. These derivatives include pure silicon metal, which forms the basis of the semiconductor industry and is also used as an alloying agent with other metals, and organic-like derivatives which comprise an important class of polymers, performance enhancing additives to polymers, and reagents for organic synthesis. These organiclike derivatives include commercially important materials such as silane (SiH4) and its derivatives, siloxanes (chains of alternating Si and 0 atoms), and silicones (organosiloxane polymers, polydimethylsiloxane being the most common).
Marco analítico-conceptual y metodologías para los estudios de país. Armonización de los donantes: Entre la eficacia y la democratización (2007)

Due to the inert redox activity and high triplet energy, radical chemistry of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds usually requires prefunctionalization substrates, external oxidant, and high-energy UV light. Here, we report a visible-light-driven photocatalyst/cobaloxime system composed of a photosensitized energy transfer reaction (PEnT) and photoinduced electron transfer reaction (PET) and with an interrupted 6π-photocyclization/dehydrogenative aromatization in one pot to synthesize 10-phenanthrenols. Preliminary mechanistic studies revealed that <i>fac</i>-Ir(ppy)<sub>3</sub> plays the dual roles of energy transfer catalysis for photocycloaddition <i>via</i> 1,2-biradical intermediates of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and photoredox/cobaloxime catalysis dehydrogenative aromatization of 1,4-biradical rather than the intermediates <i>via</i> 6π photocyclization in the tandem reaction. In contrast to previous well-established radical chemistry of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, we provide a new strategy for the activation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds under visible light catalysis, affording a novel cyclization strategy with extremely high atom economy for the synthesis of 10-phenanthrenols.
Wireless home entertainment center (2006)

Future digital entertainment services available to home users will share several characteristics: i) they will be deployed and delivered through the Internet, ii) a single media center will be exploited to orchestrate all parallel services, and iii) wireless technologies integrated within the home entertainment system will be massively utilized for the transmission of various data streams to networked devices. In this scenario, new effective strategies are needed to regulate the concurrent access to the wireless network when parallel applications generate different but simultaneous UDP/TCP-based flows. In this work, we present a novel technique aimed at guaranteeing a fast and smooth data delivery for real-time streams while maintaining a high throughput for TCP-based applications. Our approach is based on the utilization of a smart Access Point able to exploit available information about the ongoing traffic and existing features of the regular TCP. We compare the performance of our solution with an alternative one that makes use of an optimal setting of the 802-11 MAC layer parameters. Simulation results confirm that our smart Access Point represents an optimal candidate to be exploited in complex wireless scenarios for in-home entertainment.
Probing Domain Interactions in Soluble Guanylate Cyclase (2011)

Eukaryotic nitric oxide (NO) signaling involves modulation of cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels through activation of the soluble isoform of guanylate cyclase (sGC). sGC is a heterodimeric hemoprotein that contains a Heme-Nitric oxide and OXygen binding (H-NOX) domain, a Per/ARNT/Sim (PAS) domain, a coiled-coil (CC) domain, and a catalytic domain. To evaluate the role of these domains in regulating the ligand binding properties of the heme cofactor of NO-sensitive sGC, we constructed chimeras by swapping the rat β1 H-NOX domain with the homologous region of H-NOX domain-containing proteins from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis, Vibrio cholerae, and Caenorhabditis elegans (TtTar4H, VCA0720, and Gcy-33, respectively). Characterization of ligand binding by electronic absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopy indicates that the other rat sGC domains influence the bacterial and worm H-NOX domains. Analysis of cGMP production in these proteins reveals that the chimeras containing bacterial H-NOX domains exhibit guanylate cyclase activity, but this activity is not influenced by gaseous ligand binding to the heme cofactor. The rat-worm chimera containing the atypical sGC Gcy-33 H-NOX domain was weakly activated by NO, CO, and O(2), suggesting that atypical guanylate cyclases and NO-sensitive guanylate cyclases have a common molecular mechanism for enzyme activation. To probe the influence of the other sGC domains on the mammalian sGC heme environment, we generated heme pocket mutants (Pro118Ala and Ile145Tyr) in the β1 H-NOX construct (residues 1-194), the β1 H-NOX-PAS-CC construct (residues 1-385), and the full-length α1β1 sGC heterodimer (β1 residues 1-619). Spectroscopic characterization of these proteins shows that interdomain communication modulates the coordination state of the heme-NO complex and the heme oxidation rate. Taken together, these findings have important implications for the allosteric mechanism of regulation within H-NOX domain-containing proteins.
Adaptive Matrix Sketching and Clustering for Semisupervised Incremental Learning (2018)

Semisupervised incremental learning is the task of classifying data streams with partially labeled data when annotation information is difficult to obtain. Besides the sequential learning manner and lack of label information, multiple novel classes and concept drift may emerge from incremental learning. Most previous studies have only considered these problems in part. To tackle challenges involved in semisupervised incremental learning, an adaptive matrix sketching and clustering method is proposed in this letter, which cohesively and adaptively classifies known classes, identifies multiple novel classes, and updates the learning model. Experiments were conducted to evaluate this method on three benchmark datasets, containing various data types, including network attack analysis, the geospatial information of forests, and images of handwritten numbers. Results validated the effectiveness of our proposed method and its superiority over many previous studies.
Budding and Asymmetric Protein Microcompartmentation in Giant Vesicles Containing Two Aqueous Phases (2007)

We report the effect of external osmolarity on giant lipid vesicles containing an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS GVs). The ATPS, which is comprised of poly(ethyleneglycol) [PEG], dextran, and water, serves as a primitive model of the macromolecularly crowded environment of the cytoplasm. Coexisting PEG-rich and dextran-rich aqueous phases provide chemically dissimilar microenvironments, enabling local differences in protein concentration to be maintained within single ATPS GVs. The degree of biomolecule microcompartmentation can be increased by exposing the ATPS GVs to a hypertonic external solution, which draws water out of the vesicles, concentrating the polymers. Enrichment of a protein, soybean agglutinin, in the dextran-rich phase improves from 2.3-fold to 10-fold with an increase in external osmolarity from 100 to 200 mmol/kg. In some cases, budding occurs, with the bud(s) formed by partial expulsion of one of the two polymer-rich aqueous phases. Budding results in asymmetry in the internal polymer and biomolecule composition, giving rise to polarity in these primitive model cells. Budding is observed with increasing frequency as external ionic strength increases, when membrane elasticity permits, and can be reversed by decreasing external osmolarity. We note that the random symmetry-breaking induced by simple osmotic shrinkage resulted in polarity in both the structure and internal protein distribution in these primitive model cells. Budding in ATPS-containing GVs thus offers an experimental model system for investigating the effects of biochemical asymmetry on the length scale of single cells.
Mixed segregation of chromosomes during single-division meiosis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1990)

Normal meiosis consists of two consecutive cell divisions in which all the chromosomes behave in a concerted manner. Yeast cells homozygous for the mutation cdc5, however, may be directed through a single meiotic division of a novel type. Dyad analysis of a cdc5/cdc5 strain with centromere-linked markers on four different chromosomes has shown that, in these meioses, some chromosomes within a given cell segregate reductionally whereas others segregate equationally. The choice between the two types of segregation in these meioses is made individually by each chromosome pair. Different chromosome pairs exhibit different segregation tendencies. Similar results were obtained for cells homozygous for cdc14.
A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Novel and Functionally Related Susceptibility Loci for Kawasaki Disease (2009)

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a pediatric vasculitis that damages the coronary arteries in 25% of untreated and approximately 5% of treated children. Epidemiologic data suggest that KD is triggered by unidentified infection(s) in genetically susceptible children. To investigate genetic determinants of KD susceptibility, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 119 Caucasian KD cases and 135 matched controls with stringent correction for possible admixture, followed by replication in an independent cohort and subsequent fine-mapping, for a total of 893 KD cases plus population and family controls. Significant associations of 40 SNPs and six haplotypes, identifying 31 genes, were replicated in an independent cohort of 583 predominantly Caucasian KD families, with NAALADL2 (rs17531088, p(combined) = 1.13 x 10(-6)) and ZFHX3 (rs7199343, p(combined) = 2.37 x 10(-6)) most significantly associated. Sixteen associated variants with a minor allele frequency of >0.05 that lay within or close to known genes were fine-mapped with HapMap tagging SNPs in 781 KD cases, including 590 from the discovery and replication stages. Original or tagging SNPs in eight of these genes replicated the original findings, with seven genes having further significant markers in adjacent regions. In four genes (ZFHX3, NAALADL2, PPP1R14C, and TCP1), the neighboring markers were more significantly associated than the originally associated variants. Investigation of functional relationships between the eight fine-mapped genes using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified a single functional network (p = 10(-13)) containing five fine-mapped genes-LNX1, CAMK2D, ZFHX3, CSMD1, and TCP1-with functional relationships potentially related to inflammation, apoptosis, and cardiovascular pathology. Pair-wise blood transcript levels were measured during acute and convalescent KD for all fine-mapped genes, revealing a consistent trend of significantly reduced transcript levels prior to treatment. This is one of the first GWAS in an infectious disease. We have identified novel, plausible, and functionally related variants associated with KD susceptibility that may also be relevant to other cardiovascular diseases.