gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mitigation of dynamic wavefront distortions using a modified simplex optimization approach (2006)

Laser beam propagating through the dynamically changing atmosphere is subjected to severe wavefront distortions caused by the optical turbulence. The resulting spatial and temporal fields of the refractive index lead to performance degradation in the form of reduced signal power and increased BER, even for short link ranges. An electrically addressed liquid crystal spatial light modulator (SLM) is proposed to perform correction of the optical path difference (OPD) pattern resulting from the atmospheric distortions. Controlling every individual pixel of the SLM is a rigorous and time-consuming task that calls for a stable and simple procedure that could be performed in real-time. This could be addressed by approximating the phase profile of the distorted beam using Zernike formalism, which provides efficient mapping between large number of SLM pixels and smaller number of coefficients of Zernike polynomials. A possible solution to the dynamic correction problem is the application of Simplex optimization by Nelder and Mead, which is well known for fast improvement of an optimization metric. As has been shown before, this approach presents a problem of locking up in local minima while correcting dynamic changes. This paper presents experimental results of different approaches to resolve this problem by modifying simplex procedure as well as modification in a previously presented experimental setup.
LEUPRORELIN ACETATE IN PROSTATE CANCER: A EUROPEAN UPDATE (2002)

SUMMARY This review provides an update on leuprorelin acetate, the world's most widely prescribed depot luteinising hormone‐releasing hormone analogue. Leuprorelin acetate has been in clinical use in the palliative treatment of prostate cancer for more than 20 years, but advances continue to be made in terms of convenience and flexibility of administration, and in the incorporation of leuprorelin acetate into novel treatment regimens. The drug is administered in the form of a depot injection containing leuprorelin acetate microspheres, and is at least as effective in suppressing testosterone secretion as orchiectomy. In patients with prostate cancer, serum testosterone levels are reduced to castrate levels (≤50 ng/dl) within 2–3 weeks of the first one‐month depot injection of 3.75 mg or three‐month depot injection of 11.25 mg. Both the one‐month and three‐month formulations are effective in delaying tumour progression and alleviating symptoms of locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer. Tolerability is generally good, with side‐effects reflecting effective testosterone suppression. Recent studies have investigated the place of leuprorelin acetate as part of continuous or intermittent maximal androgen blockade (MAB) and in neoadjuvant therapy (i.e. to reduce the size of the prostate and downsize the tumour before radiotherapy). Additional formulations and presentations are in development, including a six‐month injection, with the aim of adding to the clinical flexibility and patient acceptability of this important palliative treatment for prostate cancer.
Refractive-index measurement based on the effects of total internal reflection and the uses of heterodyne interferometry (1997)

A new method for measuring the refractive index is presented. First, the phase difference between s and p polarizations that is due to the total internal reflection is measured by heterodyne interferometry. Then, substituting this phase difference into the Fresnel equations, we can obtain the refractive index of the test medium.
Lower plasma-induced damage in SiO2/Si at lower temperatures (1990)

We found that the radiation damage induced in a SiO2/Si system during plasma processing depends strongly on the specimen temperature. The surfaces of the SiO2 have been exposed to a microwave plasma at different temperatures and the resultant damage has been evaluated by capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements. The flatband voltage shift (ΔVFB) for the specimen exposed to the plasma at 126 K has been found to be only 1/3 of that at 300 K. In case of vacuum ultraviolet photon irradiation through a thin Al film, the ΔVFB for the irradiation at 126 K has been only 1/5 of that at 300 K. It is believed that this lower plasma-induced damage at the lower temperature is due to the small mobility of hole in SiO2 at lower temperatures. Plasma etching at low temperature has the advantage of low damage generation in the SiO2/Si structures.
Growth mechanism of thin insulating layer in ferromagnetic tunnel junctions prepared using various oxidation methods (2002)

Tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio as a function of annealing temperature for ferromagnetic tunnel junctions prepared using different oxidation methods was measured. The junction with plasma oxidation showed a TMR ratio of 31% before heat treatment and it increased to 49% after annealing at 300°C. On the other hand, the TMR ratio for the junction with radical oxidation showed a maximum at 350°C. The difference of thermal stability originates from the different oxidation procedure. The initial oxidation process of thin aluminium films was investigated by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). The STM images revealed progression of oxygen penetration into an aluminium film composed of small grains. Oxygen first covered the aluminium grain surface homogeneously for the plasma-oxidized junction; then oxygen inserted into the aluminium grain boundaries selectively for the radical-oxidized junction.
Developmental changes in K+-selective channel activity during differentiation of the Purkinje neuron in culture (1988)

The cerebellar Purkinje neuron cultured from 20 d rat embryos is electrically inexcitable when immature, and acquires excitable membrane properties according to a programmed developmental sequence, thus providing a useful model for investigating mechanisms of CNS neuronal development. Using conventional patch-clamp techniques, we have characterized the the predominant classes of active K+-selective channels at a range of ages encompassing the entire developmental process from 5 to 29 d in vitro (DIV), and have shown pharmacologically that these channels are important contributors to the patterns of spontaneous activity generated by the Purkinje neurons. The 4 predominant classes of K+ channels that are active during steady-state depolarizing voltage commands are identified by unit conductances as the 27, 44, 70, and 100 pS channels, and show differences in several properties, including voltage dependence, sensitivity to tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA), mean open time, and time of appearance during development. Intracellular current-clamp recordings show that physiological maturation of the Purkinje neuron entails increases in the firing rate, the diversity of spike events that comprise spontaneous activity, and the sensitivity of spontaneous activity to disruption by the K+ channel blocker TEA. This increase in sensitivity to TEA correlates with the new expression of activity of the larger-conductance TEA-sensitive classes of K+ channel (70 and 100 pS types). These data show that developmental regulation of the activity of K+-selective channels contributes significantly to the ionic mechanisms that underlie the developmental transitions in spontaneous activity patterns in the Purkinje neuron.
The optimal extraction parameters and anti-diabetic activity of flavonoids from <i>Ipomoea batatas</i> leaf (2010)

Extraction parameters of flavonoids from Ipomoea batatas leaf (FIBL) and anti-diabetic activity of FIBL on alloxan induced diabetic mice were studied. The optimal extraction parameters of FIBL were obtained by single factor test and orthogonal test, as follows: ethanol concentration 60 %, ratio of solvent to raw material 30, extraction temperature 75 degrees and extraction time 1.5 h, while extraction yield of FIBL was 5.94 %. FIBL treatment (50, 100, and 150 mg/ kg body weight) for 28 days resulted in a significant decrease in the concentration of fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) in diabetes mellitus mice. Furthermore, FIBL significantly increased body weight (bw) and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) level. The data demonstrated FIBL at the dose of 100 mg/kg bw exhibited the optimal effect. The above results suggest that FIBL can control blood glucose and modulate the metabolism of blood lipid in diabetes mellitus mice.
Phosphorylation-Dependent Regulation of Cyclin D1 and Cyclin A Gene Transcription by TFIID Subunits TAF1 and TAF7 (2012)

The largest transcription factor IID (TFIID) subunit, TBP-associated factor 1 (TAF1), possesses protein kinase and histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activities. Both enzymatic activities are essential for transcription from a subset of genes and G(1) progression in mammalian cells. TAF7, another TFIID subunit, binds TAF1 and inhibits TAF1 HAT activity. Here we present data demonstrating that disruption of the TAF1/TAF7 interaction within TFIID by protein phosphorylation leads to activation of TAF1 HAT activity and stimulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin A gene transcription. Overexpression and small interfering RNA knockdown experiments confirmed that TAF7 functions as a transcriptional repressor at these promoters. Release of TAF7 from TFIID by TAF1 phosphorylation of TAF7 increased TAF1 HAT activity and elevated histone H3 acetylation levels at the cyclin D1 and cyclin A promoters. Serine-264 of TAF7 was identified as a substrate for TAF1 kinase activity. Using TAF7 S264A and S264D phosphomutants, we determined that the phosphorylation state of TAF7 at S264 influences the levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin A gene transcription and promoter histone H3 acetylation. Our studies have uncovered a novel function for the TFIID subunit TAF7 as a phosphorylation-dependent regulator of TAF1-catalyzed histone H3 acetylation at the cyclin D1 and cyclin A promoters.
Optical-absorption coefficient measurements in solids and liquids using correlation photoacoustic spectroscopy (1986)

The spectroscopic information related to the optical-absorption coefficients of solids and liquids, which is contained in the signal-magnitude and time-delay channels of cross-correlation photoacoustic spectroscopy (CPAS), has been investigated. Powders of holmium oxide and aqueous solutions of black India ink of variable concentrations were used as solid and liquid samples, respectively. The experimental results were found to be in general agreement with a one-dimensional theoretical model of the CPAS-signal generation.
Wireless Sensor Networks for Off-shore Oil and Gas Installations (2008)

Underwater development and production of oil and gas needs networked sensors and actuators to monitor the production process, to either prevent or detect oil and gas leakage or to enhance the production flow and yield of the wells. Sensors used today are large and expensive, both to manufacture and to deploy sub-sea. We suggest sensor networks created by inexpensive and small wireless sensor nodes in a redundant multi-hop topology. Preliminary designs and results are shown for two such nodes using ultrasound and infrared light as wireless commutation.
Vaccination to Conserved Influenza Antigens in Mice Using a Novel Simian Adenovirus Vector, PanAd3, Derived from the Bonobo Pan paniscus (2013)

Among approximately 1000 adenoviruses from chimpanzees and bonobos studied recently, the Pan Adenovirus type 3 (PanAd3, isolated from a bonobo, Pan paniscus) has one of the best profiles for a vaccine vector, combining potent transgene immunogenicity with minimal pre-existing immunity in the human population. In this study, we inserted into a replication defective PanAd3 a transgene expressing a fusion protein of conserved influenza antigens nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix 1 (M1). We then studied antibody and T cell responses as well as protection from challenge infection in a mouse model. A single intranasal administration of PanAd3-NPM1 vaccine induced strong antibody and T cell responses, and protected against high dose lethal influenza virus challenge. Thus PanAd3 is a promising candidate vector for vaccines, including universal influenza vaccines.
EEG in the diagnosis, classification, and management of patients with epilepsy (2005)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Wide-field retinal imaging (Optomap), used for detecting diabetic retinopathy (DR), has been shown to compare well with seven-field early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) photographs. An Optomap 200° image covers 80% of the retinal surface, compared with the standard seven-field, 30° images, covering 30% of the retinal surface. In England, DR screening is performed by grading two, 45° images per eye, by the DR screening service (DRSS). <h3>Purpose</h3> To assess how often retinal new vessels (NVs) are observed on Optomap imaging, outside the DRSS two fields and standard seven-field photography, in a cohort of patients referred by the DRSS. <h3>Method</h3> A consecutive series of treatment naïve patients with DR, referred from DRSS with pre-proliferative or proliferative DR or diabetic maculopathy, were imaged with Optomap colour images, within 3 months of DRSS referral. The incidence and distribution of NVs were recorded in relation to two-field and seven-field areas. <h3>Results</h3> NVs were found in 102 of 1562 treatment naïve eyes (6.5%) of 781 patients. Of these, 72 were referred from DRSS as having NVs, but an additional 30 eyes (29% of NVs detected) from 25 patients were referred with a lesser degree of DR. In 25 of the 30 eyes without NVs reported on referral, NVs were located outside the standard two fields taken at DRSS, and in 12, NVs were outside the area covered on seven-field imaging (11.7% of eyes with NVs). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Wide-field imaging with Optomap detected approximately 30% more NVs than standard two-field imaging in patients referred from a UK DRSS.
Non-Syndromic Hearing Loss and High-Throughput Strategies to Decipher Its Genetic Heterogeneity (2013)

Hearing loss (HL) is the most common sensory disorder, affecting all age groups, ethnicities, and genders. According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates in 2005, 278 million people worldwide have moderate to profound HL in both ears. Results of the 2002 National Health Interview Survey indicate that nearly 31 million of all non-institutionalized adults (aged 18 and over) in the United States have trouble hearing. Epidemiological studies have estimated that approximately 50% of profound HL can be attributed to genetic causes. With over 60 genes implicated in nonsyndromic hearing loss, it is also an extremely heterogeneous trait. Recent progress in identifying genes responsible for hearing loss enables otolaryngologists and other clinicians to apply molecular diagnosis by genetic testing. The advent of the $1000 genome has the potential to revolutionize the identification of genes and their mutations underlying genetic disorders. This is especially true for extremely heterogeneous Mendelian conditions such as deafness, where the mutation, and indeed the gene, may be private. The recent technological advances in target-enrichment methods and next generation sequencing offer a unique opportunity to break through the barriers of limitations imposed by gene arrays. These approaches now allow for the complete analysis of all known deafness-causing genes and will result in a new wave of discoveries of the remaining genes for Mendelian disorders. This review focuses on describing genotype-phenotype correlations of the most frequent genes including GJB2, which is responsible for more than half of cases, followed by other common genes and on discussing the impact of genomic advances for comprehensive genetic testing and gene discovery in hereditary hearing loss.
Purification, Molecular Cloning, and Enzymatic Properties of a Family 12 Endoglucanase (EG-II) from <i>Fomitopsis palustris</i> : Role of EG-II in Larch Holocellulose Hydrolysis (2008)

A family 12 endoglucanase with a molecular mass of 23,926 Da (EG-II) from the brown-rot basidiomycete Fomitopsis palustris was purified and characterized. One of the roles of EG-II in wood degradation is thought to be to loosen the polysaccharide network in cell walls by disentangling hemicelluloses that are associated with cellulose.
Synthesis of very thin Ag nanowires with fewer particles by suppressing secondary seeding (2016)

The synthesis of very thin Ag nanowires in the presence of Br− ions is typically accompanied by the generation of a huge amount of Ag nanoparticles. Herein, we report a method to suppress the homogeneous nucleation of Ag seeds in the growth process of Ag nanowires, hence dramatically enhancing the purity of the synthesized very thin Ag nanowires. These Ag nanowires having a diameter approaching 20 nm and an aspect ratio larger than 1500, as well as an ultra-low particle impurity level of 5.5% are directly used after simple water washing to form transparent conductive films with much improved optical and electrical properties, which have great potential for high-end applications including touch panels.
Integrating touch and near touch interactions for information visualizations (2011)

This paper proposes a novel interaction paradigm for multi-touch interfaces, that integrates both touch and near-touch interactions. The paper describes the hardware prototype that we have built, as well as the computer vision approach that we propose for real-time hand tracking and differentiation between near-touch and touch events. We also present a case study showing how near-touch and touch interactions can be successfully integrated in an information visualization application.
The effect of molecular association and tube dilation on the rotational viscosity and rotational diffusion in nematic liquid crystals (1995)

A combination of director reorientation experiments with dielectric relaxation spectroscopy was used to study the relation between the rotational viscosity γ1 and the rotational diffusion constants in nematic compounds with different association tendency. Increased values for γ1 were found for compounds showing strong association. This is explained by increased rotational friction of the associates due to the necessary translational motion of the molecules within these groups. For nonassociating compounds, γ1 was found to be described quantitatively by Marrucci’s theory, when, in addition, the tube dilation effect described by Doi for the rotational diffusion in an orientationally ordered environment is taken into account.
Diabetic retinopathy detection using deep convolutional neural networks (2016)

Diabetic retinopathy is when damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes, which affects up to 80 percent of all patients who have had diabetes for 10 years or more. The expertise and equipment required are often lacking in areas where diabetic retinopathy detection is most needed. Most of the work in the field of diabetic retinopathy has been based on disease detection or manual extraction of features, but this paper aims at automatic diagnosis of the disease into its different stages using deep learning. This paper presents the design and implementation of GPU accelerated deep convolutional neural networks to automatically diagnose and thereby classify high-resolution retinal images into 5 stages of the disease based on severity. The single model accuracy of the convolutional neural networks presented in this paper is 0.386 on a quadratic weighted kappa metric and ensembling of three such similar models resulted in a score of 0.3996.
New [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]‐cytectrene amine compounds as specific brain imaging agents (1995)

Abstract Lipophilic tertiary amines attached to cyclopentadienyl technetium‐99m tricarbonyl (cytectrene) have been prepared with high radiochemical yield and purity. Biodistribution studies in mice showed that [ 99m Tc]‐cytectrenes, containing in their structure an N‐methylpiperidine, were accumulated in the brain up to 2.8 % of injected dose with high brain‐to‐blood ratios at 15 min p.i. 1 . They therefore indicate some potential as brain imaging agents. It has to be pointed out that the N‐methylpiperidine ester showed similar biological behaviour as the keto derivative. This indicates that the conversion to polar metabolite(s) via hydrolysis of the ester group ‐ as described for [ 99m Tc]‐ECD ‐ is not essential for brain retention.
Method for Determination of Rotational Viscosity in Nematic Liquid Crystals (1994)

A simple method is proposed for the determination of the rotational viscosity of nematic liquid crystals. Theoretical expressions for the rotational viscosity from transient displacement current in nematic liquid crystals are derived. It is demonstrated that the values of the rotational viscosity measured with this method are in excellent agreement with the Merck data.
Traceability maintenance: factors and guidelines (2016)

Traceability is an important concern for numerous software engineering activities. Establishing traceability links is a challenging and cost-intensive task, which is uneconomical without suitable strategies for maintaining high link quality. Current approaches to Traceability Management (TM), however, often make important assumptions and choices without ensuring that the consequences and implications for traceability maintenance are feasible and desirable in practice.
New steroidal antiinflammatory agents: prednisolone derivatives with an isoxazoline fusion at the 16- and 17-carbons and an alkyl carboxylate at the 16 alpha-position. (1998)

In a continuing effort to synthesize potent antiinflammatory steroids without systemic side effects based on the antedrug concept, prednisolone derivatives with a carboxylate ester group at the C-16 and isoxazoline rings at the C-16 and C-17 were obtained by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides to 1,4,16-pregnatriene-3,20-diones. Most of the new steroids retained the antiinflammatory activities of their parent compounds as evidenced by the croton oil-induced ear edema assay. They also demonstrated substantial or almost complete reductions in systemic side effects as shown by the 5-day ear edema and cotton pellet bioassays. In the case of the new steroids with alkyl carboxylate groups, the improved pharmacological profile is ascribed to their metabolically labile ester function which should be readily hydrolyzed to inactive carboxylic acid, thus eliminating the systemic side effects. The pharmacological profiles of the isoxazoline derivatives remain to be explained, partly due to insufficient information on the metabolic fate of these compounds.
A novel nutritional supplement prevents muscle loss and accelerates muscle mass recovery in caloric-restricted mice (2019)

We demonstrate that Vital01 preserves muscle mass in a calorically restricted mouse model for muscle atrophy. Vital01 had preventive effects when administered during development of muscle atrophy. Furthermore, when administered in a therapeutic setting to mice with established muscle atrophy, Vital01 rapidly restored body weight and accelerated the recurrence of fat and lean body mass more efficiently than Fortisip Compact. Bioinformatics analysis of gene expression data identified regulatory pathways that were specifically influenced by Vital01 in muscle.
Arrays of nanowires on silicon wafers (2003)

Nanowires made of thermoelectric-relevant materials were grown in the pores of alumina templates fabricated on silicon wafers. This architecture combines the nanometer-scale, self-assembly nature of the anodic alumina with the micro-scale, versatile nature of integrated circuits processing. The nanowires can be made by the pressure injection technique, and even more conveniently by electrochemical deposition. The geometry is adequate for 2-point transport measurements on the nanowire arrays, and for fabrication of nanowire-based devices made of several materials and several components. In this context, a fabrication scheme for a thermoelectric device, containing both n-type and p-type legs, is suggested.