gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of cutting the zona pellucida on the pronuclear transplantation in the mouse (1986)

A new and reliable pronuclear transplantation procedure for the mouse egg has been developed by McGrath and Solter ('83). To overcome the technical difficulties of such a procedure, especially in uniformly preparing enucleation pipettes and in reducing damages during micromanipulation, we have examined the effect of cutting the zona pellucida of the eggs. By making a slit in the zona of an egg, the time for pipetting and exchange of pronuclei between eggs was shortened because the sharp tip of the pipette was not necessary. Although the proportion of pregnant recipients and young obtained after transfer of pronuclear transplanted eggs cultured for 1 day or 3 days was quite low, it was significantly increased (70% for pregnancy rate and 32% for the young) following transfer of eggs cultured for 4 days. These values were comparable with those after transfer of unoperated eggs cultured to morulae and blastocysts.
Supramolecular Chemistry and Self-Assembly in Organic Materials Design (2013)

Organic materials naturally lend themselves to the crafting of structure and function using the strategies of self-assembly and supramolecular chemistry employed so effectively by biological systems. This perspective illustrates progress over the past two decades on self-assembly in materials chemistry through research on systems where function is directly linked to noncovalent interactions among molecules. The genesis of this approach in chemistry of materials involves the design of relatively simple structures using hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, metal–ligand interactions, electrostatic forces, strong dipole–dipole association, hydrophobic forces, and steric repulsion. Gradually many new and exciting opportunities have emerged, such as supramolecular nanostructures that assemble into functional bulk materials and supramolecular polymers in which the motif of covalent connections among monomers is imitated by creating one-dimensional assemblies of an arbitrarily large set of molecules in both composition and size. Supramolecular polymers offer the opportunity to create structures that integrate unprecedented order in 1D assemblies with interesting dynamics through bond reversibility. Other fascinating systems are those in which intermolecular interactions and other forces can be used to create the hierarchical and highly functional structures ubiquitous in biology, such as bone and muscle, in which different types of order exist within the same structure at different length scales. Directions that have a bright future include nonequilibrium dynamic materials with the capacity to be adaptive, self-repairing, chemically alterable, and even replicative—all characteristics we see in living organic matter. Additional promising areas include 2D and 3D systems that are not necessarily classical crystals and the rational synthesis of functional organic–inorganic hybrid materials. The most exciting aspect of self-assembly and supramolecular chemistry is their open ended nature, and these are two areas of chemistry for which many new principles will be established in this century.
A New Synthesis of β-Keto Amides<i>via</i>Reaction of Ketone Lithium Enolates with Isocyanates (1987)

Abstract A series of ß-ketoamides was prepared by a convenient new method involving addition of various isocyanates to the lithium enolates of acetophenone propiophenone and pinacolone.
Baculovirus-Expressed Constructs Induce Immunoglobulin G That Recognizes VAR2CSA on<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>- Infected Erythrocytes (2006)

We raised specific antisera against recombinant VAR2CSA domains produced in Escherichia coli and in insect cells. All were reactive in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, but only insect cell-derived constructs induced immunoglobulin G (IgG) that was reactive with native VAR2CSA on the surface of infected erythrocytes. Our data show that five of the six VAR2CSA Duffy-binding-like domains are surface exposed and that induction of surface-reactive VAR2CSA-specific IgG depends critically upon antigen conformation. These findings have implications for the development of vaccines against pregnancy-associated Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
Digital techniques applied to phase-sensitive detection (1983)

A phase-sensitive detector, based on digital techniques, has been designed and tested. The main features of this instrument are presented and compared with those of a commercial analogue device.
A Study on the Ballistic Performance of Composites (2006)

Abstract The mechanical behaviour and ballistic performance of carbon, glass (E and S type), aramid and polyethylene fabric reinforced composites with different epoxy resins were studied. The specimens – produced by hand lay‐up method – were characterized by low velocity (Charpy and drop‐weight tests) and high velocity (two different calibre ballistic) impact tests. The energy absorption capacity of the composites was found to be strongly affected by the material properties of the reinforcing fiber, by the type of fabric structure and by the elasticity of resin.
Real-Time Multiplexing of Dispersed Spectra in Any Wavelength Region (1968)

A multiplex technique is described that is binary in nature and that can be used in the observation of a dispersed spectrum in any wavelength region for which a detector exists. The subsequent data processing involves the minimum possible number of operations and can easily be carried out in real time. The number of observations that must be made is also a minimum, equal to the number of spectral elements. Methods of generating the coding and decoding patterns, derived from the simple mathematical formulation of the multiplexing technique, are described.
Novel Nucleoside Analogues: First Synthesis of Pyridine-4-Thioglycosides and Their Cytotoxic Evaluation (2015)

The reaction of sodium 2,2-dicyanoethene-1,1-bis(thiolate) with 2-cyano-N-arylacetamides afforded sodium pyridine-4-thiolates, coupling of the latters with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-gluco- and D-galactopyranosyl bromides, respectively, afforded new pyridine-4-thioglycosides. Ammonolysis of the latter compounds afforded the free thioglycosides. The antitumor activities of the synthesized compounds were tested against human tumor cell lines; lung (A549), colon (HCT116), liver (HEPG2), and prostate (PC3).
Nonlinear optical spectroscopy of chiral molecules (2005)

We review nonlinear optical processes that are specific to chiral molecules in solution and on surfaces. In contrast to conventional natural optical activity phenomena, which depend linearly on the electric field strength of the optical field, we discuss how optical processes that are nonlinear (quadratic, cubic, and quartic) functions of the electromagnetic field strength may probe optically active centers and chiral vibrations. We show that nonlinear techniques open entirely new ways of exploring chirality in chemical and biological systems: The cubic processes give rise to nonlinear circular dichroism and nonlinear optical rotation and make it possible to observe dynamic chiral processes at ultrafast time scales. The quadratic second-harmonic and sum-frequency-generation phenomena and the quartic processes may arise entirely in the electric-dipole approximation and do not require the use of circularly polarized light to detect chirality. They provide surface selectivity and their observables can be relatively much larger than in linear optical activity. These processes also give rise to the generation of light at a new color, and in liquids this frequency conversion only occurs if the solution is optically active. We survey recent chiral nonlinear optical experiments and give examples of their application to problems of biophysical interest.
In situ chlorophyll and plankton measurements with the batfish vehicle (1977)

An in situ Variosens fluorometer and an electronic zooplankton counter (prototype) mounted on a towed vehicle 'Batfish' are in use for biological studies at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography. A method of calibration at sea and a procedure for instrument error measurements are given for the Variosens fluorometer. The interference of zooplankton with the chlorophyll signal is discussed. Test procedures and a method of laboratory calibration for a prototype zooplankton counter are presented. Preliminary data obtained with Batfish are shown.
Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Applied Physics (1979)

Useful maths vectors motion in a straight line motion in a vertical plane the laws of motion friction energy momentum circular motion and gravitation rotational motion equilibrium simple machines elasticity simple harmonic motion waves and sounds fluids at rest fluids in motion heat expansion of solids, liquids and gases kinetic theory of matter thermodynamics heat transfer electricity electric current direct current circuits capacitance magnetism electromagnetic induction alternating current circuits light spherical mirrors lenses physical and quantum optics atomic physics the solid state nuclear physics appendices.
Calcification of bovine pericardium used in cardiac valve bioprostheses. Implications for the mechanisms of bioprosthetic tissue mineralization. (1986)

Calcification of bioprosthetic heart valves fabricated from glutaraldehyde-pretreated bovine pericardium has not been investigated. The objectives of this study were to characterize pericardium before and after glutaraldehyde pretreatment and to study the pathophysiology of mineralization of glutaraldehyde-preserved pericardium. Pericardial protein was approximately 90% collagen, predominantly Type I. Glutaraldehyde incorporation was complete following 24 hours' incubation (151 X 10(-9) mol/mg). Bovine pericardium pretreated in buffered 0.6% glutaraldehyde, implanted subcutaneously in young rats for 24 hours to 112 days, was analyzed chemically (calcium and phosphorus) and morphologically. Mineralization, detected at 48 hours' implantation, was initially associated with pericardial connective tissue cells and later also collagen. Mean calcium content was 114 micrograms/mg at 21 days and 199 micrograms/mg at 112 days. The morphologic features and the kinetics and degree of mineral accumulation in glutaraldehyde-pretreated bovine pericardium were strikingly similar to those previously determined for porcine aortic valve. These results predict that calcification will critically limit the late durability of clinical pericardial bioprostheses and suggest generalized mechanisms of bioprosthetic tissue mineralization which are probably dependent on modification of implant microstructure by glutaraldehyde pretreatment.
Enhancing Eco‐efficiency in Agro‐ecosystems through Soil Carbon Sequestration (2010)

ABSTRACT Global cereal production must be increased by ∼50% by 2050. Crop yields in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia have either stagnated or declined since the 1990s because of the widespread use of extractive farming practices and problems of soil and environmental degradation. Yield potential of improved varieties and elite germplasm is not realized because of soil degradation. The concept of eco‐efficiency implies efficient and sustainable use of resources in agronomic production and soil management. However, it is not enough to merely minimize the environmental impact. It is also important to maximize agronomic production while enhancing ecosystem services. Most degraded and depleted soils of agro‐ecosystems contain a lower soil organic carbon (SOC) pool than in those under natural ecosystems. Thus, restoring the SOC pool is essential to improving soil quality, increasing eco‐efficiency, and enhancing numerous ecosystem services. Increasing the SOC pool in the root zone can enhance agronomic production (kg grains ha −1 Mg C −1 ) at the rate of 200 to 300 for maize ( Zea mays L.), 30 to 60 for bean ( Phaseolis vulgaris L.), 20 to 40 for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), 20 to 50 for soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and 20 to 50 for rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Not all improved management practices are applicable to all soil and ecological conditions. However, no‐till farming along with application of crop residue mulch, manuring, legume‐based complex rotations, and integrated nutrient management should be applicable under most conditions. Global food insecurity, affecting 1.02 billion people in 2009, can only be alleviated by improving soil quality and eco‐efficiency through restoration of degraded/depleted soils.
Understanding the Problem of Bridge and Tunnel Strikes Caused by Over-height Vehicles (2016)

A bridge or tunnel strike is an incident in which a vehicle that is taller than the clearance underneath the structure (over-height), typically a lorry or double-decker bus, collides with the structure causing damage. This can lead to injuries, fatalities and/or, in worst case scenario, train derailments. Bridge and tunnel strikes are costly and expensive. The annual maintenance costs to repair and service the structure have been reported to range in the tens-to-hundreds of thousands (£) while the average cost per strike ranges between £5,000 to £25,000. In this paper, we present a comprehensive synthesis of the nature and scope of the problem of bridge and tunnel strikes, followed by the current state of practice and current state of research. Bridge and tunnel strikes still occur with high frequency, and prevention systems (passive, sacrificial and active) available on the market are often too expensive. Bridge-owners are seeking an affordable yet reliable system that is cheap enough for widespread installation without compromising the accuracy and performance of such a system
Direct C≡C Triple Bond Formation from the C=C Double Bond and Direct Hydroxylation into the <i>o</i>-Position of a Nitro Group on the Benzene Nucleus with Potassium <i>t</i>-Butoxide in <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethylformamide in the Air (1995)

Abstract A novel and facile method for direct C≡C acetylenic bond formation from the C=C double bond by treatment with potassium t-butoxide (t-BuOK) in N,N-dimethylformamide in the air has been found in a 9,10-bis(4-substituted styryl)anthracene series, in 4-substituted 4′-nitrostilbene series, and in 1-(p-nitrophenyl)-4-(p-substituted phenyl)-1,3-butadiene series; its scope and limitations have been examined. The ESR spectrum of the reaction against 4-diethylamino-4′ -nitrostilbene was measured to identify an anion radical species expected for explanation of the mechanism of the dehydrogenation reaction. Further, cyclic voltammetric measurements of a series of stilbenes and diphenylacetylenes were carried out in connection with the above mechanism. In many cases, interestingly, the use of a large excess of t-BuOK brought about succeeding hydroxylation into the ortho-position of a nitro group on the benzene nucleus. The simple hydroxylation is useful for the synthesis of substituted 5-(arylethynyl)-2-nitrophenols, which are expected to function as non-linear optical materials with the corresponding non-hydroxy compounds. The ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence spectral properties were measured and discussed also with those of the related compounds.
A calculus based on the agent-place model (2002)

We introduce a new CCS-like process calculus for mobile agents called the AP (Agent and Place)-calculus. The calculus is based on the agent-place model which is a basis for mobility of an agent language Telescript by White (1996). A number of mobile calculi such as /spl pi/-calculus, Mobile Ambients have been proposed as foundational calculi which are intended to describe the canonical model of computation. However the AP-calculus is not developed as a foundational calculus, but rather as a practical formalism for specifying and verifying mobile applications such as electronic commerce. We present the AP-calculus and its operational semantics and give a simple example specification of an intelligent agent roaming about the network to find out the information in order to demonstrate its applicability.
Group theoretical description of artificial electromagnetic metamaterials (2007)

Point group theoretical methods are used to determine the electromagnetic properties of metamaterials, based solely upon the symmetries of the underlying constituent particles. From the transformation properties of an electromagnetic (EM) basis under symmetries of the particles, it is possible to determine, (i) the EM modes of the particles, (ii) the form of constitutive relations (iii) magneto-optical response of a metamaterial or lack thereof. Based upon these methods, we predict an ideal planar artificial magnetic metamaterial, and determine the subset of point groups of which particles must belong to in order to yield an isotropic 3D magnetic response, and we show an example.
Mass Murder, Suicide, and Moral Development: Can We Separate the Adults from the Juveniles? (1999)

Mass murder—the sudden, explosive killing of a group of people—when committed by adults often is followed by the offender committing suicide. Recently in the United States, frequent cases of mass murder are reported as committed by adolescents. However, among juvenile mass murderers, there are no reported suicides (or attempts) by the offenders. This article provides a typology of mass murderers and offers a dynamic interpretation of the development of conscience and moral decisional capacity in adult and juvenile offenders. Preventive measures are explored along with methodological techniques that may distinguish between adult and juvenile mass murderers in their propensity to commit suicide after the events.
Wideband 3 dB Branch Line Coupler Based on $\lambda/4$ Open Circuited Coupled Lines (2011)

This letter introduces a new 3 dB branch line coupler for wideband applications. The wideband matching property of the coupler with four λ/4 open circuited coupled lines is briefly derived. The coupler with a suspended microstrip and microstrip line structures has been simulated with HFSS and fabricated. Measurement results show insertion loss better than 3.6 dB with a power imbalance of 0.5 dB; return loss and isolation characteristics both better than 20 dB over 49% fractional bandwidth.
Aqueous two-phase systems for biotechnical use. (1990)

The different kinds of aqueous two-phase systems for accepted or potential use in biotechnology are summarized. Some properties of interest for the extractive use are discussed.
Recent Highlights in Hemicarcerand Chemistry (2001)

Since Donald J. Cram's first synthesis of a carcerand, which permanently entrapped a single guest molecule, many other carcerands and hemicarcerands have been synthesized and studied. Slowly, we begin to understand the role of the template in the formation of hemicarceplexes and carceplexes, why some hemicarceplexes are more stable than others, and how guests enter and exit the inner phases of molecular containers. In this Account we discuss our new insight in the chemistry of molecular containers, as well as recent highlights in through-shell chemistry and in the inner-phase stabilization of reactive intermediates.
Glutamine: clinical applications and mechanisms of action (2002)

Supplementation of the conditionally essential amino acid glutamine may be beneficial for individuals who are highly stressed and have minimal energy and protein reserves. This includes elderly individuals, postoperative patients, individuals with cancer and very low birthweight infants. Individuals who are undergoing treatment with catabolic glucocorticoids may also benefit. Unfortunately, confusion exists as to situations in which glutamine may be beneficial because a clearly defined "glutamine deficiency syndrome" has not been described as for some other nutrients. In this review, we will discuss how glutamine affects protein metabolism under certain stressful conditions, how it affects intestinal mucosal integrity and how this might relate to sepsis and systemic inflammation. We will also discuss nutrients that are closely related to glutamine such as glutamate, nucleotides, arginine, glucosamines, and ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate and how and why they might be used as substitutes for glutamine.
Evaluation of a root mean squared based ischemia detector on the long-term ST database with body position change cancellation (2005)

In this work we revisit an ischemia detector based on the root mean square (RMS) series of the repolarization interval developed and validated using the European Society of cardiology ST-T database (ESCDB). This detector, developed within this database framework, gets sensitivity (S)/positive predictivity (+P) performance figures of 85%/86%. Our aim now is to re-evaluate the detector in the much richer long-term ST database where ST episodes of different origin are present, making a much more challenging scenario for the detector. Just a straight forward adaptation of the RMS detector reduces its performance figures, S/+P, to 70%/68%. This, apart from other reasons, is a consequence of the presence in the database of ST episodes generated by body position changes (BPC) which can be misinterpreted. A BPC detector incorporated to the previous detector noticeably improves the figures up to 75%/71%
Efficient Multi-Reference Frame Selection Algorithm for Hierarchical B Pictures in Multiview Video Coding (2010)

Multiple reference frame prediction technology is adopted in Multiview Video Coding (MVC) to explore temporal and inter-view redundancies of multiview videos, resulting in extremely high encoding complexity by searching the best reference frame indices and the best reference directions for each macroblock (MB). In order to reduce MVC coding computations while keeping the coding efficiency and thus to advance MVC in real-time multimedia broadcasting applications, we propose a Fast Multi-reference Frame Selection Algorithm (FMFSA) for hierarchical B picture prediction structure in this paper. Due to high spatial correlations within a MB, there is a high probability for smaller MB partition modes selecting the same reference frame and direction as B16 16 does. Therefore, the reference information of latter checked MB partition modes can be directly set according to the reference information of previous examined mode. Experimental results on MVC show that the proposed FMFSA can achieve 68.34%~79.01% total encoding time reduction while the average bit rate increase and peak signal-to-noise ratio degradation are within 0.54% and 0.04 dB, respectively for test multiview sequences with various motion properties and camera arrangements.
Production of 3, 4-Dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (L-DOPA) and Its Derivatives by Vibrio tyrosinaticus (1973)

Six strains of bacteria belonging to Vibrio and Pseudomonas were selected as good producers of L-DOPA from L-tyrosine out of various bacteria. The condition for the formation of L-DOPA by Vibrio tyrosinaticus ATCC 19378 was examined and the following results were obtained. (1) Intermittent addition of L-tyrosine in small portions gave higher titer of L-DOPA than single addition of L-tyrosine. (2) Higher amount of L-DOPA was produced in stationary phase of growth than in logarithmic phase. (3) Addition of antioxidant, chelating agent or reductant such as L-ascorbic acid, araboascorbic acid, hydrazine, citric acid and 5-ketofructose increased the amount of L-DOPA formed. (4) L-Tyrosine derivatives such as N-acetyl-L-tyrosine amide, N-acetyl-L-tyrosine, L-tyrosine amide, L-tyrosine methyl ester and L-tyrosine benzyl ester were converted to the corresponding L-DOPA derivatives. In the selected condition about 4mg/ml of L-DOPA was produced from 4.3mg/ml of L-tyrosine.