gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Synthesis of Maltol (1947)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Synthesis of MaltolM. A. Spielman and Morris FreifelderCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69, 11, 2908–2909Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1947Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1947https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01203a504https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01203a504research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views395Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Single-molecule biophysics: at the interface of biology, physics and chemistry (2007)

Single-molecule methods have matured into powerful and popular tools to probe the complex behaviour of biological molecules, due to their unique abilities to probe molecular structure, dynamics and function, unhindered by the averaging inherent in ensemble experiments. This review presents an overview of the burgeoning field of single-molecule biophysics, discussing key highlights and selected examples from its genesis to our projections for its future. Following brief introductions to a few popular single-molecule fluorescence and manipulation methods, we discuss novel insights gained from single-molecule studies in key biological areas ranging from biological folding to experiments performed in vivo.
Increased expression of the frontotemporal dementia risk factor TMEM106B causes C9orf72-dependent alterations in lysosomes (2016)

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions (FTLD-TDP) is an important cause of dementia in individuals under age 65. Common variants in the TMEM106B gene were previously discovered by genome-wide association to confer genetic risk for FTLD-TDP (p = 1 × 10<sup>-</sup><sup>11</sup>, OR = 1.6). Furthermore, TMEM106B may act as a genetic modifier affecting age at onset and age at death in the Mendelian subgoup of FTLD-TDP due to expansions of the C9orf72 gene. Evidence suggests that TMEM106B variants increase risk for developing FTLD-TDP by increasing expression of Transmembrane Protein 106B (TMEM106B), a lysosomal protein. To further understand the functional role of TMEM106B in disease pathogenesis, we investigated the cell biological effects of increased TMEM106B expression. Here, we report that increased TMEM106B expression results in the appearance of a vacuolar phenotype in multiple cell types, including neurons. Concomitant with the development of this vacuolar phenotype, cells over-expressing TMEM106B exhibit impaired lysosomal acidification and degradative function, as well as increased cytotoxicity. We further identify a potential lysosomal sorting motif for TMEM106B and demonstrate that abrogation of sorting to lysosomes rescues TMEM106B-induced defects. Finally, we show that TMEM106B-induced defects are dependent on the presence of C9orf72, as knockdown of C9orf72 also rescues these defects. In sum, our results suggest that TMEM106B exerts its effects on FTLD-TDP disease risk through alterations in lysosomal pathways. Furthermore, TMEM106B and C9orf72 may interact in FTLD-TDP pathophysiology.
Preparation of needle coke from petroleum by-products (2013)

Needle coke is an important material for graphite electrodes. Delayed coking is used to produce needle coke. Producing good quality needle coke is not simple because it is a multi-parameter controlled process. Apart from that, it is important to understand the mechanism responsible for the delayed coking process, which involves mesophase formation and uniaxial rearrangement. Temperature and pressure need to be optimized for the different substances in every feedstock. Saturate hydrocarbon, aromatic, resin and asphaltene compounds are the main components in the delayed coking process for a low Coefficient Thermal Expansion value. In addition, heteroatoms, such as sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen and metal impurities, must be considered for a better graphitization process that prevents the puffing effect and produces better mesophase formation.
Signal-to-noise analysis of task-based imaging systems with defocus (2006)

We analyze the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of arbitrary imaging systems in the presence of defocus. The modulation transfer function (MTF) and the mean SNR are combined to calculate the spatial-frequency spectrum of the SNR (the spectral SNR). Computational imaging methods are used for extending the depth of field (DOF) of the system. The DOF of a task-specific imaging system is defined as the range of defocus that causes the spectral SNR to drop below a minimum value within a band of spatial frequencies of interest. We introduce the polar-SNR plot as a tool for visualizing the spectral SNR of defocused imaging systems with asymmetric pupil functions. As an example, we perform the analysis of an imaging system used for biometric iris recognition.
A photon position sensor consisting of single-electron circuits (2009)

This paper proposes a solid-state sensor that can detect the position of incident photons with a high spatial resolution. The sensor consists of a two-dimensional array of single-electron oscillators, each coupled to its neighbors through coupling capacitors. An incident photon triggers an excitatory circular wave of electron tunneling in the oscillator array. The wave propagates in all directions to reach the periphery of the array. By measuring the arrival time of the wave at the periphery, we can know the position of the incident photon. The tunneling wave's generation, propagation, arrival at the array periphery, and the determination of incident photon positions are demonstrated with the results of Monte Carlo based computer simulations.
Kinetic study of chitosan-tripolyphosphate complex reaction and acid-resistive properties of the chitosan-tripolyphosphate gel beads prepared by in-liquid curing method (1999)

Chitosan gel beads were prepared using an in-liquid curing method by the ionotropic crosslinking with sodium tripolyphosphate. Crosslinking characteristics of the chitosan-TPP beads were improved by the modification of in-liquid curing mechanism of the beads in TPP solution. Chitosan gel beads cured in pH value lower than 6 were really ionic-crosslinking controlled, whereas chitosan gel beads cured in pH values higher than 7 were coacervation-phase inversion controlled accompanied with slightly ionic-crosslinking dependence. According to the result, significantly increasing the ionic-crosslinking density of chitosan beads could be achieved by transferring the pH value of the curing agent, TPP, from basic to acidic. The swelling behavior of various chitosan beads in acid appeared to depend on the ionic-crosslinking density of the chitosan-TPP beads that were deeply affected by the curing mechanism of the beads. The mechanism of chitosan-TPP beads swollen in weak acid was chain-relaxation controlled, while the mechanism of chitosan-TPP beads swollen in strong acid seem to be not only chain-relaxation but also chain-scission controlled. Chitosan-TPP beads prepared in acidic TPP solution decreased the chain-scission ability due to the increase of ionic crosslinking density of the beads. By the transition of curing mechanism, the swelling degree of chitosan-TPP beads was depressed, and the disintegration of chitosan-TPP beads would not occur in strong acid. The mechanism of ionic-crosslinking reaction of chitosan beads could be investigated by an unreacted core model, and the curing mechanism of the chitosan beads is mainly diffusion controlled when higher than 5% of chitosan was employed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 1551–1564, 1999
A neutralizing monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA for classical swine fever C-strain post–vaccination monitoring (2020)

This novel cELISA demonstrated excellent agreement and high level correlation with VNT. It is a reliable tool for sero-monitoring of C-strain vaccination campaign because it is a rapid, simple, safe and cost effective assay that can be used to monitor vaccination-induced immune response at the population level.
Randomized phase III trial of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT molecular imaging for prostate cancer salvage radiotherapy planning [PSMA-SRT]. (2019)

TPS136 Background: Salvage radiotherapy (SRT) for prostate cancer (PCa) biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP) is commonly initiated in patients with PSA < 1 ng/mL, a threshold at which standard-of-care imaging is insensitive for detecting recurrence. The purpose of this randomized phase 3 trial is to evaluate the success rate of SRT for PCa BCR after RP with and without planning based on 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT (PSMA). Here we present the study protocol. Methods: This is an interventional phase 3 randomized prospective open label clinical trial with parallel assignment designed for superiority. Patients who are planned to undergo SRT for PCa BCR with PSA > 0.1 ng/ml are eligible. The choice of treating the prostate bed with/without pelvic lymph nodes, with/without androgen deprivation therapy, is left to the discretion of the treating radiation oncologist (RO). RO may or may not change the RT plan depending on the PSMA findings. Any other imaging is allowed for SRT planning if done per routine care. The primary endpoint is the success rate of SRT measured as biochemical progression-free survival (PFS) after initiation of SRT. Biochemical progression is defined by PSA≥0.2 ng/mL and rising. Based on literature data we hypothesized that 1) the incorporation of PSMA to SRT planning will improve 5-year PFS by 20%, 2) the 5-year PFS will be 60% in standard Arm 1 and 80% in interventional Arm 2, and 3) 13% of subjects randomized to Arm 2 will have extra-pelvic metastasis detected by PSMA and will not be included in analysis of the primary endpoint. We will randomize 193 patients (1:1.13 ratio) to proceed with standard SRT (n = 90) or undergo PSMA scan (free of charge for patients) prior SRT planning (n = 103). Patients will be followed for 5 years after the date of initiation of SRT. Discussion: Main pitfalls in study design include 1) drop-out of patients randomized to the control arm and 2) potential FDA approval of PSMA PET imaging probes in the near future (no randomization to standard arm would be then acceptable). This is the first prospective randomized phase 3 trial designed to determine whether PET/CT can improve outcome of SRT in patients with BCR. Clinical trial information: NCT03582774.
Proof of Concept Test for Dual-Axis Resonant Phase-Locked Excitation (PhLEX) Fatigue Testing Method for Wind Turbine Blades (2014)

The installed capacity of wind turbines has grown steadily for the past decade with wind energy now providing 3.6-percent of the U.S.’s electricity supply [13]. This trend can be attributed to advancements in wind turbine technology and the ability to increase wind turbine sizes. As wind turbines grow in size, so do the loads experienced by the turbine. One of the most significant load increases is in the lead-lag direction of the wind turbine blades. The increase in lead-lag load is due to the increase in weight of the larger blades. Current wind turbine blades have lead-lag and flapwise loads on the same order of magnitude. The blades of wind turbines are critical components, and full-scale blade fatigue testing is a necessary step to validate blade designs. A collaborative effort between the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU) has resulted in the development of the dual-axis resonant Phase-Locked Excitation (PhLEX) fatigue test method. The PhLEX method fatigues wind turbine blades by loading both flapwise and lead-lag directions simultaneously at the leadlag fundamental frequency while controlling the phase between the directional loadings. The PhLEX method offers a load distribution that accurately resembles field operation loads while decreasing test duration. A proof-of-concept test of the PhLEX method was conducted at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) in July of 2012. It was found that a dual-axis resonant test running at the lead-lag fundamental frequency could be run in a controlled manner, with both the lead-lag and flapwise directions demonstrating first mode deflections. The PhLEX proof-of-concept test set-up and the results and conclusions of the proof-of-concept test are presented in this thesis.
A Relationship between the Refractive Index and the Infra-Red Threshold of Sensitivity for Photoconductors (1950)

It is shown that for photoconductive compounds the long wavelength `threshold' of sensitivity λ should be related to the refractive index n of the photoconductor, and analysis of the available data shows that for the more highly refractive compounds n4/λ always has a value close to 77. As a consequence of this relation, an explanation can be given for the change of the threshold wavelength with temperature which is observed for lead sulphide and similar materials. Suggestions are made as to what materials ought to be suitable for photoconductive detectors at longer wavelengths in the infra-red, and some confirmation of the ideas is shown by results obtained with cadmium arsenide, the properties of which are briefly described
Intravenous Catheter Placement (1992)

An Amazon from another collection died acutely and was brought in for necropsy. The proventriculus was markedly thickened, the proximal bowel showed gross evidence of bleeding and the ventriculus was full of crushed walnut shell bedding. The owner determined that the bird had access to the wanut shells for less than two hours approximately one month before it died. Another Amazon in the flock with access to the same walnut shell bedding had previously been presented to the clinic for and eating and on and off depression. Although the owner had declined radiographs at the time, the bird responded to treatment with Milk of Magnesia and piperacillin. Avian veterinarians need to be aware that ingestion of some bedding materials such as crushed corn cobs and walnut shells (in addition to kitty litter and excess grit) can result in gastrointestinal obstruction. I am not aware of problems with the use of Crown bedding paper pellets, which seem to be digestible if ingested.
Assessment of the sustainable offshore wind potential in Portugal (2006)

The sustainable offshore wind potential for the west and south coasts of Portugal is presented. Results were carried out using an atmospheric mesoscale model and GIS tools. Unlike previous common opinions, the preliminary results show the existence of interesting areas for the developing of offshore wind parks.
Preparation and <i>in Vivo</i> Evaluation of Liposomal Everolimus for Lung Carcinoma and Thyroid Carcinoma (2012)

Everolimus has demonstrated antitumor efficacy for various cancers as a result of its inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling cascade, which activates cell growth and cell proliferation. However, the low water solubility and low bioavailability of everolimus have prevented its clinical development as an anticancer drug. Therefore, to address the unsuitable characteristic of everolimus, we attempted to prepare liposomal everolimus as a viable drug delivery system, and then evaluated the anticancer efficacy of this system against a medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line (TT cells), a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7 cells) and a small lung carcinoma cell line (NCI-H446 cells). The particle size and entrapment efficacy of liposomal everolimus was ca. 80 nm and more than 90%, respectively. Liposomal everolimus showed higher cytotoxicity against NCI-H446 cells compared with TT cells. Against NCI-H446 tumors, significant suppression of the tumor volume was observed in liposomal everolimus-treated mice by intravenous injection, compared with free everolimus-treated mice by intraperitoneal injection, at a dose of 5 mg/kg without body weight loss. This study showed that liposomal everolimus could be a powerful formulation with anticancer efficacy for some cancers.
An approach to a solid polymer electrolyte by sol-gel condensation: preparation of a new class of poly(ethylene oxide)-polysiloxane hybrid (1989)

Traitement de bis(silyl-3 propyl) ethers de polyoxyde d'ethylene avec des polyalcoxysilanes en presence de LiClO 4 et d'un catalyseur acide
SATL MODEL LESSON IN CHEMICAL KINETICS (2013)

Studies in order to pursue kinetics and mechanism of chemical reactions are a vital component of chemical literature. SATL literature is still not available for promoting this vital aspect of chemistry teaching. A lesson pertaining to this important issue has been developed and various parameters of kinetic studies are explained therein. [AJCE, 3(1), January 2013]
Two classes of algorithms for asymptotically optimal simplified MLSD with application to digital radio (2003)

Two classes of simplified trellis decoding algorithms are defined and analyzed. Even with a significant simplification (several orders of magnitude) these algorithms yield an error probability which for large signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is asymptotically the same as the one for Viterbi decoding, apart from a small, insignificant factor. Even for moderate to low SNRs the simplified methods have error probabilities comparable to those of the Viterbi algorithm. This shows that there is a great freedom in designing simplified trellis decoding algorithms, where many kinds of tradeoffs (simplicity vs. performance) can be made.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds. 12. Phosphamidase studies. 2. N-alkylphosphoramidic acids (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhosphorus-nitrogen compounds. 12. Phosphamidase studies. 2. N-alkylphosphoramidic acidsLindley A. CatesCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1971, 14, 7, 647–649Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00289a027https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00289a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views154Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
New Vegetable Variety List 23 (1991)

Twenty-two prior lists of new vegetable varieties introduced since 1936 have been published by the American Society for Horticultural Science. This 23rd listing includes 376 varieties of vegetable crops released by public and private vegetable breeding programs.
Synthesis of 2,4-Diamino-6-[2‘-<i>O</i>-(ω-carboxyalkyl)oxydibenz[<i>b</i>,<i>f</i>]azepin-5-yl]methylpteridines as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of <i>Pneumocystis </i><i>c</i><i>arinii,</i> <i>Toxoplasma </i><i>g</i><i>ondii</i>, and <i>Mycobacterium </i><i>a</i><i>vium </i>Dihydrofolate Reductase (2004)

Six previously undescribed N-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)methyldibenz[b,f]azepines with water-solubilizing O-carboxyalkyloxy or O-carboxybenzyloxy side chains at the 2'-position were synthesized and compared with trimethoprim (TMP) and piritrexim (PTX) as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from Pneumocystis carinii (Pc), Toxoplasma gondii (Tg), and Mycobacterium avium (Ma), three of the opportunistic organisms known to cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients with AIDS and other disorders of the immune system. The ability of the new analogues to inhibit reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate by Pc, Tg, Ma, and rat DHFR was determined, and the selectivity index (SI) was calculated from the ratio IC(50)(rat DHFR)/IC(50)(Pc, Tg, or Ma DHFR). The IC(50) values of the 2'-O-carboxypropyl analogue (10), with SI values in parentheses, were 1.1 nM (1300) against Pc DHFR, 9.9 nM (120) against Tg DHFR, and 2.0 nM (600) against Ma DHFR. The corresponding values for the 2'-O-(4-carboxybenzyloxy) analogue (12) were 1.0 nM (560), 22 nM (21), and 0.75 nM (630). By comparison, the IC(50) and SI values for TMP were Pc, 13 000 nM (14); Tg, 2800 nM (65); and Ma, 300 nM (610). For the prototypical potent but nonselective inhibitors PTX and TMX, respectively, these values were Pc, 13 nM (0.26) and 47 nM (0.17); Tg, 4.3 nM (0.76) and 16 nM (0.50); Ma, 0.61 nM (5.4) and 1.5 nM (5.3). Thus 10 and 12 met the criterion for DHFR inhibitors that combine the high selectivity of TMP with the high potency of PTX and TMX.
Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Without <i>c-MYC</i> (2010)

Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) are ubiquitous, plentiful, and easily/safely obtainable cells derived from adipose tissue, regardless of the age and sex of the donor. However, the hASCs have limited proliferative and differentiation capabilities. In this study, we examined whether induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could be generated from hASCs. We transduced hASCs with three human transcription factors (OCT3/4, SOX2, and KLF4), and found that they formed human embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like colonies. Importantly, we did not transduce c-MYC, which is usually utilized to generate iPSCs but is considered an oncogene. These colonies expressed human ESC-specific surface antigens (stage-specific embryonic antigens SSEA-3 and SSEA-4, and tumor-related antigens TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81), endogenous transcription factors (OCT3/4, NANOG, and SOX2), and undifferentiated human ESC marker genes (REX1, UTF1, GDF3, DPPA2, DPPA4, and DPPA5). Further, the colonies were able to differentiate into the three germ layers both in vitro and in vivo. These results show that human iPSCs can be generated by the transduction of three factors (OCT3/4, SOX2, and KLF4) into hASCs.
Gold nanoisland structures integrated in a lab-on-a-chip for plasmonic detection of bovine growth hormone (2012)

Three-dimensional gold nanostructures fabricated through a novel convective assembly method are treated thermally to obtain a nanoisland morphology. The new structure is proved to be adequate for the detection of bovine growth hormone, by using an immunoassay method based on the localized surface plasmon resonance band of gold. The nanoisland structures are integrated into a microfluidic device and the spectral measurements are carried out by introducing the device directly in the light beam of a ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. The principal motivation for this work is the need for a simple and rapid method of detection of hormone levels in milk and milk products.