gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering: Past, Present, and Future (2006)

Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that brings together the principles of the life sciences and medicine with those of engineering. The increase in its development over the past decade has resulted from a variety of factors; advances in genomics and proteomics, the advent of new biomaterials as potential templates for tissue growth, improvements in bioreactor design, and increased understanding of healing processes. Possibly the greatest contribution has come from our increased knowledge and understanding of stem cell biology, which is paving the way for the generation of unlimited cells of specific phenotypes for incorporation into engineered tissue constructs. Thus, tissue engineering approaches for expanding and engrafting the differentiated progeny of embryonic, fetal, or adult stem cells have major potential for tissue repair and will make a major contribution to medicine in the 21st century.
<i>In</i> <i>situ</i> observations of optical emission spectra in the diamond deposition environment of arc discharge plasma chemical vapor deposition (1990)

In order to investigate the growth mechanism of diamond thin films, the in situ optical emission spectra of direct current (dc) arc discharge plasma, including the spatial distributions and different CH4/H2 ratios, have been measured during the growth processes of diamond thin films prepared by the dc arc discharge plasma chemical vapor deposition method. The results show that there are a great number of atomic hydrogens in the arc discharge plasma. This is the key factor for the growth of diamond films with a high rate and high quality. In addition, the effects of the CH4/H2 ratio on the quality of diamond films are discussed in detail in this letter.
Cloning and partial characterization of the mouse glutamine:fructose-6- phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) gene promoter (1997)

Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) is the enzyme that is rate limiting in the synthesis of glucosamine and hexosamines. Glucosamine has been proposed to contribute to the glucotoxicity of diabetes. Evidence that the gene encoding GFAT is transcriptionally regulated prompted us to clone and characterize its promoter. The position of the mouse GFAT promoter relative to the translational start site was located by primer extension and found to be 149 bp upstream of the translational start site. A 1.9 kb SacI fragment of the GFAT gene was found to contain the promoter and 88 bp of sequence downstream of the transcriptional start site. This promoter segment could drive expression of a luciferase reporter gene, could confer correct transcriptional initiation to the reporter and could confer the EGF-responsiveness previously observed in the native gene. The mouse GFAT promoter lacks a canonical TATA box and has several GC boxes within a highly GC-rich region. Deletional analysis of the promoter indicated that a proximal element extending to -120 relative to the transcriptional start site could confer reporter expression at a level of 57% of the 1.9 kb construct. Detailed analysis of this proximal region by DNase I footprinting, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and site-directed mutagenesis indicated that Sp1 binds to three elements in this proximal promoter segment and plays a vital role in regulation of transcription from this gene.
Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Protein Isolated from Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Seeds (2005)

We extracted the protein fraction (QP) from quinoa seeds. Mice were fed on 0.5% cholesterol diet, containing 0%, 2.5% and 5.0% of QP (control, QP 2.5% and QP 5.0%, respectively) for 4 weeks. Neither supplemental QP diet produced a difference in food intake and body weight gain. The QP supplementation significantly prevented the increase in plasma and liver total cholesterol levels. Fecal weight and excretion of bile acids in the QP groups was significantly higher than in the control group. QP showed bile acid-binding activity in vitro. Expression of mRNA of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in the liver, a key enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis, was suppressed by the QP diet, whereas the expression of cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase, a cholesterol catabolic enzyme, was found to be stimulated. These results suggest that the prevention of increases in plasma and liver cholesterol levels in mice fed the QP diet can be ascribed to the inhibition of the re-absorption of bile acids in the small intestine and control of cholesterol synthesis and catabolism.
<title>Achromatic Retardation Plates</title> (1982)

A waveplate is any optical device which retards one polarization component of an incident wave relative to the orthogonal component. This subject is much too general for our purposes so we will restrict the discussion to retardations of one quarter or one half of a wavelength. In particular, we will be concerned with phase retarders which are constant or nearly so over a significant spectral region.
Improving passive microwave sea ice concentration algorithms for coastal areas: applications to the Baltic Sea (2010)

Sea ice concentration can be retrieved from passive microwave data using the NASA Team algorithm or the Artist Sea Ice (ASI) algorithm, for example. The brightness temperature measurements obtained from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) instrument or the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) are commonly used for this purpose. Due to the coarse resolution of these instruments considerable systematic ice concentration errors in coastal regions occur. In the vicinity of the coast the instrument footprints usually contain both land and sea surfaces. Compared to sea surfaces, land surfaces are characterized by higher emissivities and lower polarization differences at the involved microwave channels. Thus, a systematic overestimation of coastal ice concentration is caused. In this paper, a method is developed to remove the land impact on the observed radiation. Combining a high-resolution data set for the shoreline and the antenna gain function the brightness temperature contribution originating from land surfaces can be identified. The brightness temperature related to the ocean fraction within the considered footprint can then be extracted. This separation technique is applied to SSM/I measurements in the Baltic Sea and the resulting ice concentration fields are compared to high-resolution satellite images. The highly complex shoreline of the Baltic Sea region provides an ideal area for testing the method. However, the presented approach can as well be applied to Arctic coastal regions. It is shown that the method considerably improves ice concentration retrieval in regions influenced by land surfaces without removing actually existing sea ice.
Electrical investigations on metal/ferroelectric/insulator/semiconductor structures using poly[vinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene] as ferroelectric layer for organic nonvolatile memory applications (2009)

Poly[vinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene] (P[VDF/TrFE]) is a ferroelectric polymer and a candidate for the application in a ferroelectric field effect transistor, which is considered as a nonvolatile and nondestructive readout memory cell. In this contribution the authors focus on metal/ferroelectric/insulator/semiconductor capacitor structures with P[VDF/TrFE] as ferroelectric layer. Measuring the capacitance of Al/P[VDF/TrFE]/SiO2/Si stacks in dependence of the applied bias and analyzing the oxide capacitance in dependence of the thickness of the ferroelectric layer, they observe a formation of an interfacial nonferroelectric layer. This layer is responsible for reduced values of polarization profound for thinner P[VDF/TrFE] layers in this system. Capacitance-time measurements at such stacks show the possibility to distinguish between a higher and a lower capacitance state for more than 5 days. Long-time measurements revealed imprint and fatigue-like behavior.
Coherence in two-photon down-conversion induced by a laser (1990)

We discuss the situation in which idler beams from two parametric down-converter crystals are allowed to interfere. We show that, when two mutually coherent signal beams derived from a common laser are injected into the down-converters, the two idler beams can become mutually coherent also. Moreover, the resulting interference pattern can, in principle, have 100% visibility when the number of injected photons per unit down-converter bandwidth is large. This is just the condition for stimulated down-conversion to dominate over spontaneous down-conversion.
Automated Test Code Generation Based on Formalized Natural Language Business Rules (2012)

Work done with Ingolstadt University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\nCopyright (c) IARIA, 2012.\nURL for paper: http://www.thinkmind.org/download.php?articleid=icsea_2012_7_10_10354 .\nThis is the original conference version of the article "Supporting test code generation with an easy to understand business rule language" in the International Journal on Advances in Software, vol. 6, no.1 & 2, 2013, pp. 69-79.
Development of forearm impedance plethysmography for the minimally invasive monitoring of cardiac pumping function (2011)

It is essential to continuously and non-invasively monitor the cardiac pumping function in clinical setting. Thus, the study aimed to explore a regional impedance phethysmographic method to assess the changes in stroke volume. To do this, we developed a plethysmographic device that was capable of delivering a single-frequency current with constant amplitude and of recording electrical impedance signals of biological tissue. The electrical impedance plethy- smographic waveform form the lower arm was measured with the impedance plethysmographic device, and simultaneously the end-systolic and end- diastolic volumes of the left ventricle were obtained with a two-dimension echocardiographic system in fourteen healthy subjects before and immediately after a thirty-second breath-hold maneuver. For the 14 subjects, a linear correlation coefficient of 0.79 (p < 0.001) was obtained between the changes in peak amplitude of the forearm impedance waveform and the changes in stroke volume before and just after the breath-hold test. In addition, the changes in the mean area under the impedance curve and the change in stroke volume were also correlated linearly (r = 0.71, p < 0.005). In summary, the forearm impedance plethysmography may be employed to evaluate the beat-to-beat alteration in cardiac stroke volume, suggesting its potential for long-term monitoring cardiac pumping performance.
New Flavonol−Phenylbutadiene Adducts from the Leaves of <i>Alpinia flabellata</i> (2002)

Two new flavonol-phenylbutadiene adducts, rel-5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxy-2' 'S-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-E-styryl)tetrahydrofuro[4' 'R,5' 'R:2,3]flavanonol (1) and rel-5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxy-3' 'S-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-E-styryl)tetrahydrofuro[4' 'R,5' 'R:2,3]flavanonol (2), were isolated from the leaves of Alpinia flabellata, along with three known compounds, 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid, 2,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid, and 5-hydroxy-3,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by spectroscopic interpretation.
Reconstruction of the female genitalia at molting in the isopod crustacean, Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille, 1804) (2002)

In Armadillidium vulgare, the female external genitalia (cuticular copulatory apparatus) consist of a copulatory opening and a spermathecal duct. Adult females change the structure of the genitalia at molting during a reproductive cycle. This study was done to investigate the relationship between the structural change of the genitalia and their reconstruction at the non-parturial (normal) and parturial (reproductive) molts. When females have immature ovaries at molting, they completely cast off the genitalia, together with the old exoskeleton, and reconstruct new genitalia of a non-reproductive type. On the other hand, females with mature ovaries cast off the copulatory openings together with the old exoskeleton at parturial molting. However, the old spermathecal ducts are retained in the oviducts through and after molting. In females with mature ovaries, new genitalia of a reproductive type are not reconstructed at the parturial molt. The present observations demonstrate that adult females change the structure of the genitalia at molting in accordance with the degree of ovarian maturation. The non-reproductive type genitalia are reconstructed at the nonparturial molt but the reproductive type genitalia are not reconstructed at the time of the parturial molt in A. vulgare.
Modification of Cys‐418 of pyruvate formate‐lyase by methacrylic acid, based on its radical mechanism (2000)

The recently determined crystal structure of pyruvate formate-lyase (PFL) suggested a new view of the mechanism of this glycyl radical enzyme, namely that intermediary thiyl radicals of Cys-418 and Cys-419 participate in different ways [Becker, A. et al. (1999) Nat. Struct. Biol. 6, 969-975]. We report here a suicide reaction of PFL that occurs with the substrate-analog methacrylate with retention of the protein radical (K(I)=0.42 mM, k(i)=0.14 min(-1)). Using [1-(14)C]methacrylate (synthesized via acetone cyanhydrin), the reaction end-product was identified by peptide mapping and cocrystallization experiments as S-(2-carboxy-(2S)-propyl) substituted Cys-418. The stereoselectivity of the observed Michael addition reaction is compatible with a radical mechanism that involves Cys-418 thiyl as nucleophile and Cys-419 as H-atom donor, thus supporting the functional assignments of these catalytic amino acid residues derived from the protein structure.
Prognostic factors for high‐risk early‐stage epithelial ovarian cancer (2008)

Age, stage, grade, and cytology are important prognostic factors in high-risk early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer. This information may be used in the design of future clinical trials.
The Role of iNOS in Chronic Inflammatory Processes In Vivo: Is it Damage-Promoting, Protective, or Active at all? (2004)

The expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is one of the direct consequences of an inflammatory process. Early studies have focused on the potential toxicity of the ensuing high-output NO-synthesis serving as a means to eliminate pathogens or tumor cells but also contributing to local tissue destruction during chronic inflammation. More recently, however, data are accumulating on a protective effect of high-output NO synthesis and - equally important - on a gene-regulatory function that helps to mount a protective stress response and simultaneously aids in down-regulating the proinflammatory response. These findings appear to contrast to the often observed sustained iNOS-expression during chronic inflammatory diseases, as for instance in Psoriasis vulgaris and other conditions with a chronic Th1-like reactivity. We here pose the question as to whether the iNOS is really active in these diseases. We review the data accumulated on iNOS expression in chronic diseases. We also report on the various factors that potentially interfere with proper NO formation by the expressed enzyme. We also highlight the recent findings of how, why and where evidences emerge that impeded NO formation contributes to chronic disease processes and finally present details on our current understanding of such abnormally low NO synthesis and its contribution to the pathophysiological processes of the human proinflammatory skin disease Psoriasis vulgaris.
Robust and high resolution hyperpolarized metabolic imaging of the rat heart at 7 t with 3d spectral‐spatial EPI (2015)

The proposed sequence was able to image in vivo metabolism with excellent spatial resolution in the rat heart. The field of view enabled the simultaneous multi-organ acquisition of metabolic information from the rat, which is of great utility for preclinical research in cardiovascular disease. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance.
Molecular Identification of the Urea Uptake System and Transcriptional Analysis of Urea Transporter- and Urease-Encoding Genes in <i>Corynebacterium glutamicum</i> (2004)

The molecular identification of the Corynebacterium glutamicum urea uptake system is described. This ABC-type transporter is encoded by the urtABCDE operon, which is transcribed in response to nitrogen limitation. Expression of the urt genes is regulated by the global nitrogen regulator AmtR, and an amtR deletion strain showed constitutive expression of the urtABCDE genes. The AmtR repressor protein also controls transcription of the urease-encoding ureABCEFGD genes in C. glutamicum. The ure gene cluster forms an operon which is mainly transcribed in response to nitrogen starvation. To confirm the increased synthesis of urease subunits under nitrogen limitation, proteome analyses of cytoplasmic protein extracts from cells grown under nitrogen surplus and nitrogen limitation were carried out, and five of the seven urease subunits were identified.
A distributed approach to computer virus detection and neutralization by autonomous and heterogeneous agents (2003)

Recent expansion of the computer network opened a possibility of explosive spread of computer viruses. We propose a distributed approach against computer virus using also the computer network that allows distributed and agent-based approach. Our anti-virus system consists of several heterogeneous agents similarly to the immune system. Among these agents, antibody agents use the information of "self" (files of host computer) rather than the information of "non-self" (computer viruses). After detection and neutralization of computer viruses, the anti-virus system tries to recover original files that are distributed over the uninfected hosts connected by LAN. This recovery is also done by several heterogeneous agents. As a whole, the proposed anti-virus system can be regarded a backup system with computer network. We implemented the antivirus system with JAVA, and tested against some existing viruses.
Effect of TBHQ on quality characteristics of RBD olein during frying (1986)

Abstract The changes in quality characteristics of refined, bleached and deodorized palm olein (RBD olein) during heating with intermittent frying for 5 hr/day for weight consecutive days in three systems were compared. The systems were (i) RBD olein without antioxidant (system 1); (ii) RBD olein to which 200 ppm of tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) had been added prior to frying on the first day (system 2), and (iii) RBD olein which had TBHQ added to a level of 200 ppm at the start of each day. The addition of TBHQ reduced the level of polar components and polymers in the oil, decreased the rates of change in iodine value and dielectric constant and decreased the rate of oxidation of C18:2. The reduction in the rates of these undesirable changes was more pronounced when the TBHQ was added to the system on each day of frying than when there was a single addition of TBHQ prior to frying on the first day. The undesirable effect of adding TBHQ was that it darkened the oil.
Lithium Chloride Reinforces the Regeneration-Promoting Effect of Chondroitinase ABC on Rubrospinal Neurons after Spinal Cord Injury (2004)

After spinal cord injury, enzymatic digestion of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans promotes axonal regeneration of central nervous system neurons across the lesion scar. We examined whether chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) promotes the axonal regeneration of rubrospinal tract (RST) neurons following injury to the spinal cord. The effect of a GSK-3beta inhibitor, lithium chloride (LiCl), on the regeneration of axotomized RST neurons was also assessed. Adult rats received a unilateral hemisection at the seventh cervical spinal cord segment (C7). Four weeks after different treatments, regeneration of RST axons across the lesion scar was examined by injection of Fluoro-Gold at spinal segment T2, and locomotor recovery was studied by a test of forelimb usage. Injured RST axons did not regenerate spontaneously after spinal cord injury, and intraperitoneal injection of LiCl alone did not promote the regeneration of RST axons. Administration of ChABC at the lesion site enhanced the regeneration of RST axons by 20%. Combined treatment of LiCl together with ChABC significantly increased the regeneration of RST axons to 42%. Animals receiving combined treatment used both forelimbs together more often than animals that received sham or single treatment. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that LiCl induced the expression of inactive GSK-3beta as well as the upregulation of Bcl-2 in injured RST neurons. These results indicate that in vivo, LiCl inhibits GSK-3beta and reinforces the regeneration-promoting function of ChABC through a Bcl-2-dependent mechanism. Combined use of LiCl together with ChABC could be a novel treatment for spinal cord injury.
IPv6 LoWPAN Neighbor Discovery and Addressing Choices (2010)

IETF 6LoWPAN working group defines IPv6 over low-power personal area
network (IEEE 802.15.4). IEEE 802.15.4 and other low-power wireless
networks have limited or no usage of broadcast or multicast signaling
due to energy conservation. Besides the wireless nodes may not
strictly follow traditional concept of IP subnet and IP-links while
connecting nodes and routers. This document describes simple
optimizations to IPv6 Neighbor Discovery protocol(RFC4861), and
addressing mechanisms that are useful for small scale 6LoWPAN networks
in star and mesh topologies. The optimizations include reducing the
amount of Neighbor Discovery multicast traffic and allowing for a
single subnet to span multiple routers in a route-over topology.
BANANAS (2003)

Today the Internet offers a single path between end-systems even though it intrinsically has a large multiplicity of paths. This paper proposes an evolutionary architectural framework "BANANAS" aimed at simplifying the introduction of multipath routing in the Internet. The framework starts with the observation that a path can be encoded as a short hash ("PathID") of a sequence of globally known identifiers. The PathID therefore has global significance (unlike MPLS or ATM labels). This property allows multipath capable nodes to autonomously compute PathIDs in a partially upgraded network without requiring an explicit signaling protocol for path setup. We show that this framework allows the introduction of sophisticated explicit routing and multipath capabilities within the context of widely deployed connectionless routing protocols (e.g. OSPF, IS-IS, BGP) or overlay networks. We establish these characteristics through the development of PathID encoding and route-computation schemes. The BANANAS framework also allows considerable flexibility in terms of architectural function placement and complexity management. To illustrate this feature, we develop an efficient variable-length hashing scheme that moves control-plane complexity and state over-heads to network edges, allowing a very simple interior node design. All the schemes have been evaluated using both sizable SSFNet simulations and Linux/Zebra implementation evaluated on Utah's Emulab testbed facility.
Repression of the Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Enhancer by the Adenovirus-2 E1A Products (1985)

The products of the adenovirus-2 (Ad2) immortalizing oncogene E1A repress the activity of the SV40, polyoma virus and E1A enhancers. Evidence is presented that Ad2 infection of MPC11 plasmocytoma cells results in an inhibition of transcription of both the gamma 2b heavy chain (IgH) and the kappa light chain immunoglobulin genes. This inhibition is caused by the Ad2 E1A products. Furthermore, the Ad2 E1A products repress transcription activated by the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer in chimeric recombinants, which are either stably integrated in the genome of lymphoid cells or are present as episomes. The implications of negative regulation of cellular enhancers are discussed.