gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of interfacial thermal stresses in a trimaterial assembly (2001)

The interfacial stresses in, and the curvature of, an elongated trimaterial assembly, subjected to the change in temperature, are predicted based on an approximate structural analysis (strength-of-materials) model. The obtained results can be helpful in stress–strain evaluations and physical design of trimaterial assemblies in microelectronic and photonic packaging.
Chaos in Neuronal Networks with Balanced Excitatory and Inhibitory Activity (1996)

Neurons in the cortex of behaving animals show temporally irregular spiking patterns. The origin of this irregularity and its implications for neural processing are unknown. The hypothesis that the temporal variability in the firing of a neuron results from an approximate balance between its excitatory and inhibitory inputs was investigated theoretically. Such a balance emerges naturally in large networks of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal populations that are sparsely connected by relatively strong synapses. The resulting state is characterized by strongly chaotic dynamics, even when the external inputs to the network are constant in time. Such a network exhibits a linear response, despite the highly nonlinear dynamics of single neurons, and reacts to changing external stimuli on time scales much smaller than the integration time constant of a single neuron.
Experimental Investigation of Electromagnetic Obstacle Detection for Visually Impaired Users: A Comparison With Ultrasonic Sensing (2012)

The use of electromagnetic (EM) fields for obstacle detection to aid mobility of visually impaired people is presented in this paper. The method proposed is based on the launch of EM pulses and on the measurement of the reflected signal which explores a region in front of the user of about 3 m. A laboratory system is set up, its performances (detecting the presence and the distance of obstacles) are investigated, and the measurements are compared with the data measured by an ultrasonic obstacle detection system. Results show that, with the EM system, all the obstacles tested (up to a minimum size of 3 cm <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\times$</tex></formula> 3 cm, at a distance of 3 m) are correctly detected, as well as some specific targets (a chain, a pole, etc.) that are not visible by the ultrasonic system. The EM system has been tested in indoor and outdoor cluttered scenarios at the presence of real obstacles (single and multiple), and in all cases, it detects their presence with a signal-to-noise ratio ranging from 10 to 23 dB. Despite the use of a laboratory system, still not specifically designed for daily use, this paper demonstrates the possibility of adopting EM field pulses for obstacle detection, highlighting advantages with respect to ultrasonic systems and addressing future research activity to design an improved ad hoc EM system.
Discovery and characterization of a high-affinity and high-specificity peptide ligand LXY30 for in vivo targeting of α3 integrin-expressing human tumors (2016)

Our data support further investigating the role of LXY30 as a human tumor-targeting peptide ligand for systemic and intracranial delivery of imaging agents and cancer therapeutics.
Augmented Reality-based factory planning - an application tailored to industrial needs (2007)

Over the past years, a variety of augmented reality (AR)-based applications were created, to support industrial processes. Although these first demonstrator applications or prototypes cover all parts of the industrial product process (design, planning and production, service and maintenance), only a few of them actually turned into established and applied solutions. In the automotive industry, one successful field for AR-based applications is factory design and planning, metaio and Volkswagen Group Research have concerted their research work to continuously enhance a first prototype in order to create a serviceable and accepted software tool, which is tailored to the needs of AR-based factory planning processes. This paper presents the developing process of this application, the requirements analysis and the realization as a complete system. A concrete example in industry describes the usage of the system for factory planning and an outlook on future work in this area closes the document.
Electrical and optical characteristics of InAs junction lasers (1970)

Electrical and light emission characteristics of pulsed InAs p-n junction lasers, prepared by diffusing Zn into Sn-doped n-type crystals with a substrate concentration of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">18</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> , were studied at 4.2, 20.4, and 77°K. Data of variation of capacitance with bias showed these to be abrupt junctions. At injection currents below threshold, the temperature independence of the slopes of the I-V characteristics and the observed variation of the integrated light intensity with current suggest the injection mechanism be photon-assisted tunneling. The peak of the spontaneous radiation shifts with the applied voltage in the expected manner. The time-resolved laser spectra are seen to shift to longer wavelengths during pulsed operation of the laser. The line shift results from joule heating of the junction, and follows the variation of bandgap with temperature. From a plot of threshold current density as a function of reciprocal length gain and loss factors have been calculated. An independent value of the gain factor was obtained from the observed variation with current of the superradiantly narrowed linewidth from a nonlasing structure. Mode-confinement studies indicate that the mode confinement is due to the optical gain in the junction region.
A Planar Wideband Balanced Crossover (2018)

A planar wideband balanced crossover is presented in this paper. It consists of four balanced ports and two connected microstrip rings. Owing to its bisymmetry, even-odd mode analysis is utilized to derive the design equations. The property of transmission zeros of the differential-mode isolation is studied to facilitate the design of bandwidth. Explicit design equations and methodology are proposed and validated by measurement. A 2-GHz prototype has been fabricated and measured. For differential mode, the measured bandwidth of 15-dB return loss (RL), 1.3-dB insertion loss, and 20-dB isolation is 20%, which is four times of the bandwidth of the published balanced crossover. The bandwidth of 20-dB cross-mode isolation is 35%, which is almost triple of the bandwidth of the prior work. The presented crossover exhibits a bandwidth of 46.5% for 1-dB common-mode RL and shows wideband common-mode rejection as well.
Age‐associated increases in the size of the infrapatellar fat pad in knee osteoarthritis as measured by 3T MRI (2010)

Obesity, as a primary risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA), has been shown to alter joint loading, but may also result in metabolic changes characterized by chronic, low-level inflammation due to increased circulating levels of adipose-derived cytokines, or "adipokines." The presence of the infrapatellar fat pad in the knee suggests that local changes in adipokine concentrations may influence knee OA. This study examined the hypotheses that the volume of the infrapatellar fat pad is correlated to the body mass index (BMI) of OA patients, and that fat pad volume is greater in subjects with OA. Fat pad volume was measured in sequential magnetic resonance (MR) images taken over one year in a cohort of 15 control and 15 knee OA subjects. No differences were observed in the fat pad volume between the two groups at baseline, 3, 6, or 12 months. In control subjects, no significant correlations were present between any parameters (age, BMI, weight, volume of fat pad at any time point). However, in the osteoarthritic group, fat pad volume was correlated with age at every time point. One possible explanation is that local factors related to knee OA may also induce enlargement of the fat pad with age. Alternatively, subjects who are prone to growth or enlargement of the fat pad may also be more prone to symptomatic OA. These findings provide intriguing preliminary data on the potential role of the infrapatellar fat pad in OA, although additional study is required to better understand the mechanisms of this relationship.
Acylation of Melamine by Substituted Benzoyl Chlorides (1972)

Acylation of melamine (M) by substituted benzoyl chlorides (S-BC XC6H4COCl X : H, ο-, m- and p-NO2 m- and p-Cl, ο- and p-CH3COO, ο-, m- and p-CH3O) in dioxane was investigated.The condensation of M and S-BC in molar ratios 2 : 1-1.5 in dioxane under ref lux gave N-substituted benzoylmelamines in good yields except ο-acetoxy derivative. When triethylamine was added and molar ratios were changed to (a) 1 : 2.2-3 and (b) 1 : 4, (a) N, N'-bis (substituted benzoyl) melamines and (b) N, N', N″-tris (substituted benzoyl) melamines were obtained respectively. In the triacylation by benzoyl chloride and its p-methoxyl derivative, corresponding N, N, N'-tris (substituted benzoyl) melamines were obtained together with N, N', N″-isomers.
A Glucose Electrode Using High-Stability Glucose-Oxidase Collagen Membranes (1982)

A very sensitive glucose electrode was developed using a glucose-oxidase membrane and an anodically polarized platinum disk. Calibration curves were linear over 4.5 concentration decades. It was adapted for human blood samples. The lifetime of glucose-oxidase collagen membranes was greater than 3 yr at 4 degrees C and was approximately 6 mo at 20-30 degrees C.
Synthetic Modification of Carboxymethylcellulose and Use Thereof to Prepare a Nanoparticle Forming Conjugate of Docetaxel for Enhanced Cytotoxicity against Cancer Cells (2011)

A nanoparticle formulation of docetaxel (DTX) was designed to address the strengths and limitations of current taxane delivery systems: PEGylation, high drug conjugation efficiency (>30 wt %), a slow-release mechanism, and a well-defined and stable nanoparticle identity were identified as critical design parameters. The polymer conjugate was synthesized with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), an established pharmaceutical excipient characterized by a high density of carboxylate groups permitting increased conjugation of a drug. CMC was chemically modified through acetylation to eliminate its gelling properties and to improve solvent solubility, enabling high yield and reproducible conjugation of DTX and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The optimal conjugate formulation (Cellax) contained 37.1 ± 1.5 wt % DTX and 4.7 ± 0.8 wt % PEG, exhibited a low critical aggregation concentration of 0.6 μg/mL, and formed 118-134 nm spherical nanoparticles stable against dilution. Conjugate compositions with a DTX degree of substitution (DS) outside the 12.3-20.8 mol % range failed to form discrete nanoparticles, emphasizing the importance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic balance in molecular design. Cellax nanoparticles released DTX in serum with near zero order kinetics (100% in 3 weeks), was internalized in murine and human cancer cells, and induced significantly higher toxic effects against a panel of tumor cell lines (2- to 40-fold lower IC50 values) compared to free DTX.
Plasma Urate Measurements and Fetal Outcome in Preeclampsia (1981)

The relation of fetal birth weight to plasma urate concentrations and blood pressure was studied in 71 pregnant women with hypertension. The tendency to low birth weight was markedly increased when maternal plasma urate concentrations were over the normal level, generally in association with preeclampsia. Plasma urate showed a better correlation than either edema or proteinuria by itself with low fetal birth weight. Hypertension in association with elevated levels of plasma urate showed the lowest birth weight. Hyperuricemia in normotensive pregnancies showed similar fetal birth weights as maternal hypertension without other preeclamptic symptoms. These findings suggest that, in terms of fetal development, changes in renal retention of urate may be an additional predicting factor for fetal development as important as hypertension alone.
Drug candidates in clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease (2017)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major form of senile dementia, characterized by progressive memory and neuronal loss combined with cognitive impairment. AD is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide, affecting one-fifth of those aged over 85 years. Recent therapeutic approaches have been strongly influenced by five neuropathological hallmarks of AD: acetylcholine deficiency, glutamate excitotoxicity, extracellular deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ plague), formation of intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NTFs), and neuroinflammation. The lowered concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh) in AD result in a progressive and significant loss of cognitive and behavioral function. Current AD medications, memantine and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) alleviate some of these symptoms by enhancing cholinergic signaling, but they are not curative. Since 2003, no new drugs have been approved for the treatment of AD. This article focuses on the current research in clinical trials targeting the neuropathological findings of AD including acetylcholine response, glutamate transmission, Aβ clearance, tau protein deposits, and neuroinflammation. These investigations include acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, agonists and antagonists of neurotransmitter receptors, β-secretase (BACE) or γ-secretase inhibitors, vaccines or antibodies targeting Aβ clearance or tau protein, as well as anti-inflammation compounds. Ongoing Phase III clinical trials via passive immunotherapy against Aβ peptides (crenezumab, gantenerumab, and aducanumab) seem to be promising. Using small molecules blocking 5-HT<sub>6</sub> serotonin receptor (intepirdine), inhibiting BACE activity (E2609, AZD3293, and verubecestat), or reducing tau aggregation (TRx0237) are also currently in Phase III clinical trials. We here systemically review the findings from recent clinical trials to provide a comprehensive review of novel therapeutic compounds in the treatment and prevention of AD.
Fault Coverage in Digital Integrated Circuits (1978)

A theoretical expression is derived in this paper that evaluates the effectiveness of a set of logic tests for digital integrated circuits. The validity of the proposed figure of merit is examined with experimental data from CMOS integrated circuits. In addition, the importance of simulating the nonclassical stuck-open/stuck-on CMOS logic faults is also studied.
Influence of sewage sludge application on soil properties and on the distribution and availability of heavy metal fractions (1995)

Abstract The influence of sewage sludge application on some soil properties and on the growth of wheat and corn plants were studied with pot experiments. The distribution of heavy metals among the various soil fractions and their availability to plants were also investigated in relation to soil pH. The results showed that sewage sludge application significantly ifluenced pH, organic matter content, electrical conductivity and available phosphorus. Soil pH increased and tended to hold steady near neutrality while organic matter content, electrical conductivity and available phosphorus (P) increased. For the heavy metals investigated, only total copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) increased but were below the limits set by the EC. A significant increase was observed in the concentrations of cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), Cu, and Zn extracted by DTPA while iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) were reduced showing a strong relationship to soil pH. For the metals sequentially extracted it was observed that chromium (Cr), Ni, Cu, and lead (Pb) extracted by NaOH, EDTA, and HNO3 increased significantly with the increase of sludge application, while the respective forms of Zn and Pb were not affected. NaOH‐Cr, NaOH‐Cu, and NaOH‐Pb were significantly related to organic matter content but KNO3‐Cr and KNO3‐Pb were significantly related to soil pH. Wheat and corn clearly responded to sludge application. All metals except Fe showed increased concentrations in dry matter with increasing sludge rate, but were below toxicity levels. In contrast, K concentration in corn plants was reduced with increasing sludge rate. All metals, except Fe, extracted by DTPA were significantly correlated with the metal concentration in wheat dry matter while for the com the results were variable.
Phase I clinical trial and pharmacokinetics of carboplatin (nsc 241240) by single monthly 30-minute infusion (1986)

Carboplatin (diammine [1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylate(2-)-O,o']platinum) is a second generation platinum coordination complex. It has a spectrum of activity that is similar to that of cisplatin and is less nephrotoxic and emetogenic in experimental animals. Fifty-two 30-minute infusions of carboplatin were given to 20 evaluable patients with a variety of solid tumors. Maximum tolerated dose was 440 mg/m2. Thrombocytopenia (less than 100,000/mm3) occurred in six of seven patients; two patients experienced a leukocyte count less than 2000/mm3. Platelet and leukocyte count nadirs occurred on day 21. No nephrotoxicity was seen. Blood urea nitrogen, serum creatine levels, and creatinine clearances remained normal, and no consistent elevation of urinary beta 2-microglobulin, leucine aminopeptidase, or N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase occurred. Nausea and vomiting were mild to moderate. A single patient developed mild peripheral neuropathy. No auditory toxicity was noted. The recommended dose for Phase II studies is 400 mg/m2 every 28 days for good risk patients; heavily pretreated patients should receive 320 mg/m2.
Submicrometer MOSFET structure for minimizing hot-carrier generation (1982)

This paper reports on investigation of channel hot-carrier generation for various device structures. The dependences of channel hot-carrier generation on MOSFET structure are characterized by measuring the gate current and the substrate current as low as on the order of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-15</sup> A. The measured gate current due to hot-electron injection into the oxide is modeled numerically as thermionic emission from heated electron gas over the Si-SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> energy barrier. The substrate current due to hot-hole injection into the substrate is also modeled analytically. On the basis of the experiments and analyses, two device structures are proposed for minimizing hot-carrier generation and associated problems in submicrometer MOSFET: a graded drain junction structure and an offset gate structure. The proposed device structures provide remarkable improvements, raising by 2 V the highest applicable voltages as limited by hot-electron injection, as well as raising by 1-3 V the drain sustaining voltages as determined by the substrate hot-hole current. The influence of electron-beam radiation on the gate oxide is also discussed in relation to the trapping of hot electrons.
Calculation of spin-dependent interface resistance (2000)

A simple expression for the interface resistance between two materials has been derived by Schep et al. [J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 177, 1166 (1998)] in terms of the transmission probability for electrons at the interface. This approximation is tested for a simple model interface and good agreement is found with solutions of the Boltzmann equation. Previously calculated values of the transmission probability are used with this simple expression to evaluate the spin-dependent interface resistances of a number of ferromagnetic-normal metal interfaces. The agreement between the calculated results and the results extracted from experiments on Cu/Co argue that the interface resistance may not be dominated by defect scattering as is often assumed.
Bird's-eye view of nosocomial infections in medical ICU (1999)

University Hospital Utrecht; Utrecht, The Netherlands (Bonten). Cook County Hospital and Rush Medical College; Chicago, IL (Weinstein).
Dynamical Analysis of Heartbeat Interval Time Series After Cardiac Transplantation (1998)

Functional re-innervation of the transplanted human heart by the autonomic nervous system has not yet been demonstrated and lack of autonomic control of the transplanted allograft is reflected by an increased resting heart rate, a sluggish heart rate response to dynamical exercise and a reduced heart rate variability. Recent evidence suggests that a measure of deterministic chaos in the heartbeat interval time series, the point correlation dimension (PD2), is superior to the conventional power spectrum analysis which is based on the assumption of stochastic dynamics and limited by the requirements of stationarity in the data stream. In the PD2 analysis, dimensional changes of the system, i.e. the number of variables involved in the generation of its output (heartbeat interval time series), are determined within small “points” of time (beat-by-beat) irrespective of whether the system is stochastic or deterministic and nonstationary. PD2 was determined from heartbeat interval time series of digitized 40 min electrocardiograms (sampling rate 1200 Hz; supine posture) in 23 heart transplant recipients (HTR; 9 adults, 14 children; 0.07–7.7 yrs after transplantation) and 21 healthy control subjects (CTL; 13 adults, 8 children). PD2 (±SD) averaged 5.4±0.7 (adults) and 5.4±0.6 (children), respectively. The noninteger number of the dimensional estimate suggests that the normal heartbeat exhibits low-dimensional chaotic dynamics. In the HTR group, irrespective of age, PD2 was reduced to ∼1 early after transplantation but would not seem to attain normal control values within the time interval studied in long-term survivors (6–7 yrs). The initial breakdown of nonlinear chaotic dynamics along with the recurrence of low-dimensional deterministic dynamics with time after transplantation would suggest a recovery of cardiac control and heartbeat fluctuations that would be attributable to reorganization of the viable intrinsic cardiac nervous system or re-innervation of the extrinsic autonomic nervous system.
Function of <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> Aquaporins as Chloroplast Gas Pores Challenges the Concept of Membrane CO <sub>2</sub> Permeability (2008)

Photosynthesis is often limited by the rate of CO(2) diffusion from the atmosphere to the chloroplast. The primary resistances for CO(2) diffusion are thought to be at the stomata and at photosynthesizing cells via a combination resulting from resistances of aqueous solution as well as the plasma membrane and both outer and inner chloroplast membranes. In contrast with stomatal resistance, the resistance of biological membranes to gas transport is not widely recognized as a limiting factor for metabolic function. We show that the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plasma membrane and inner chloroplast membranes contain the aquaporin Nt AQP1. RNA interference-mediated decreases in Nt AQP1 expression lowered the CO(2) permeability of the inner chloroplast membrane. In vivo data show that the reduced amount of Nt AQP1 caused a 20% change in CO(2) conductance within leaves. Our discovery of CO(2) aquaporin function in the chloroplast membrane opens new opportunities for mechanistic examination of leaf internal CO(2) conductance regulation.