gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthetic Membrane-Targeted Antibiotics (2010)

Antimicrobial resistance continues to evolve and presents serious challenges in the therapy of both nosocomial and community-acquired infections. The rise of resistant strains like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) suggests that antimicrobial resistance is an inevitable evolutionary response to antimicrobial use. This highlights the tremendous need for antibiotics against new bacterial targets. Agents that target the integrity of bacterial membrane are relatively novel in the clinical armamentarium. Daptomycin, a lipopeptide is a classical example of membrane-bound antibiotic. Nature has also utilized this tactic. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are found in all kingdoms, function primarily by permeabilizing the bacterial membrane. AMPs have several advantages over existing antibiotics including a broad spectrum of activity, rapid bactericidal activity, no cross-resistance with the existing antibiotics and a low probability for developing resistance. Currently, a small number of peptides have been developed for clinical use but therapeutic applications are limited because of poor bioavailability and high manufacturing cost. However, their broad specificity, potent activity and lower probability for resistance have spurred the search for synthetic mimetics of antimicrobial peptides as membrane-active antibiotics. In this review, we will discuss the different classes of synthetic membrane-bound antibiotics published since 2004.
Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of clonidine (1976)

A 300-mug oral dose of clonidine was administered to 5 normal volunteers and measurements of plasma concentration and effects upon blood pressure, heart rate, circulatory reflexes, sedation, and dry mouth were made for the following 8 hr. The plasma concentration rose to a peak of 1.02 +/- 0.52 ng/ml (SD) at 90 min and fell with a mean half-life of 12.7 hr. Blood pressure of the group fell from 111.0/77.0 to 87.2/60.4 after 3 hr and was 95.2/62.2 mm Hg at 8 hr. Heart rate in recumbency was slowed. Marked sedation and a fall in salivary flow followed the same time-course as the plasma concentration. The cold pressor response was reduced but the Valsalva overshoot was little affected.
Reduction of hysteresis loss and large magnetic entropy change in the NaZn13-type LaPrFeSiC interstitial compounds (2007)

Magnetic properties and magnetic entropy change of the NaZn13-type La0.5Pr0.5Fe11.5Si1.5Cx compounds have been investigated. Both the lattice parameter and the Curie temperature increase linearly with increasing carbon concentration. The maximum hysteresis loss at TC reduces remarkably from 94.8J∕kg for x=0to23.1J∕kg for x=0.3 because of the weakening of the itinerant electron metamagnetic transition. However, the magnetic entropy change remains at the large values of 32.4J∕kgK for x=0 and 27.6J∕kgK for x=0.3 under a field change of 0–5T, which implies that a large magnetocaloric effect and a small hysteresis loss have been simultaneously achieved in the La0.5Pr0.5Fe11.5Si1.5Cx carbides.
Natural Genetic Transformation of <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> Growing in Biofilms (2001)

Streptococcus mutans is a bacterium that has evolved to be dependent upon a biofilm "lifestyle" for survival and persistence in its natural ecosystem, dental plaque. We initiated this study to identify the genes involved in the development of genetic competence in S. mutans and to assay the natural genetic transformability of biofilm-grown cells. Using genomic analyses, we identified a quorum-sensing peptide pheromone signaling system similar to those previously found in other streptococci. The genetic locus of this system comprises three genes, comC, comD, and comE, that encode a precursor to the peptide competence factor, a histidine kinase, and a response regulator, respectively. We deduced the sequence of comC and its active pheromone product and chemically synthesized the corresponding 21-amino-acid competence-stimulating peptide (CSP). Addition of CSP to noncompetent cells facilitated increased transformation frequencies, with typically 1% of the total cell population transformed. To further confirm the roles of these genes in genetic competence, we inactivated them by insertion-duplication mutagenesis or allelic replacement followed by assays of transformation efficiency. We also demonstrated that biofilm-grown S. mutans cells were transformed at a rate 10- to 600-fold higher than planktonic S. mutans cells. Donor DNA included a suicide plasmid, S. mutans chromosomal DNA harboring a heterologous erythromycin resistance gene, and a replicative plasmid. The cells were optimally transformed during the formation of 8- to 16-h-old biofilms primarily consisting of microcolonies on solid surfaces. We also found that dead cells in the biofilms could act as donors of a chromosomally encoded antibiotic resistance determinant. This work demonstrated that a peptide pheromone system controls genetic competence in S. mutans and that the system functions optimally when the cells are living in actively growing biofilms.
The Best Case for TCP Management. (2000)

Malformation of the porus acusticus externus causes severe stenosis of the proximal ear canal in brachycephalic dogs. A connection between stenosis of the external auditory canal and OE could not be confirmed.
Software for Applied Semantics (1993)

This paper recommends an approach to the implementation of semantic representation languages (SRLs) which exploits a parallelism between SRLs and programming languages (PLs). The design requirements of SRLs for natural language are similar to those of PLs in their goals. First, in both cases we seek modules in which both the surface representation (print form) and the underlying data structures are important. This requirement highlights the need for general tools allowing the printing and reading of expressions (data structures). Second, these modules need to cooperate with foreign modules, so that the importance of interface technology (compilation) is paramount; and third, both compilers and semantic modules need &quot;inferential&quot; facilities for transforming (simplifying) complex expressions in order to ease subsequent processing. But the most important parallel is the need in both fields for tools which are useful in combination with a variety of concrete languages---general purpose par...
VirEn : A virtual endoscopy system (1999)

Virtual endoscopy systems are promising tools for the simplification of daily clinical procedures. In this paper, a conceptual framework for a virtual endoscopy system (VirEn) is proposed, which is intended to be a highly interactive system. Research efforts have concentrated on the generation of an optimal path for the automated navigation of the data set. Extensions to existing thinning algorithms used to generate the optimal path are presented and discussed. First results produced with VirEn are shown. Keywords: Volume Visualization, Virtual Endoscopy, Navigation, Thinning 1 Introduction In recent years, the importance of medical imaging in patients care systems is increasing due to the evolution of 3D imaging modalities, like CT or MRI. Computer graphics techniques for the visualization of the acquired 3D imaging data sets are topics of research. Virtual endoscopy is a promising new technique to explore hollow organs and anatomical cavities. The fields of application are manifold...
A priority queue based approach to service subscriber profile: queries in cellular networks (2002)

To maintain a subscriber record in a cellular network, we must look at distributed database mechanism and call processing procedures. The overall system performance can be improved by prioritizing database accesses according to the nature of the query. By selectively altering the priority of the query, we can reduce the call set up time. A prioritized access approach is presented here and the numerical results are compared with the non-prioritized one.
Further Studies of the Germ-Tube Test for<i>Candida albicans</i>Identification (1971)

An evaluation of the optimal incubation time for the germ-tube test used in the rapid identification of Candida albicans revealed that a 2-hr. incubation will identify 78% of the strains, whereas a 3-hr. incubation will identify 94% of the strains tested. Extending the incubation to 4 hr. increases the strains identified by only 1%. A study of the comparative efficiency of human and sheep sera in producing germ tubes revealed that both were equally effective. However, the cost of commercially obtained sheep serum is about one third that of human serum; thus, it is more economical to use sheep serum.
Functional Analysis of Three <i>Arabidopsis</i> ARGONAUTES Using Slicer-Defective Mutants  (2012)

In RNA-directed silencing pathways, ternary complexes result from small RNA-guided ARGONAUTE (AGO) associating with target transcripts. Target transcripts are often silenced through direct cleavage (slicing), destabilization through slicer-independent turnover mechanisms, and translational repression. Here, wild-type and active-site defective forms of several Arabidopsis thaliana AGO proteins involved in posttranscriptional silencing were used to examine several AGO functions, including small RNA binding, interaction with target RNA, slicing or destabilization of target RNA, secondary small interfering RNA formation, and antiviral activity. Complementation analyses in ago mutant plants revealed that the catalytic residues of AGO1, AGO2, and AGO7 are required to restore the defects of Arabidopsis ago1-25, ago2-1, and zip-1 (AGO7-defective) mutants, respectively. AGO2 had slicer activity in transient assays but could not trigger secondary small interfering RNA biogenesis, and catalytically active AGO2 was necessary for local and systemic antiviral activity against Turnip mosaic virus. Slicer-defective AGOs associated with miRNAs and stabilized AGO-miRNA-target RNA ternary complexes in individual target coimmunoprecipitation assays. In genome-wide AGO-miRNA-target RNA coimmunoprecipitation experiments, slicer-defective AGO1-miRNA associated with target RNA more effectively than did wild-type AGO1-miRNA. These data not only reveal functional roles for AGO1, AGO2, and AGO7 slicer activity, but also indicate an approach to capture ternary complexes more efficiently for genome-wide analyses.
The RF Transmission Systems Handbook (2010)

Applications of RF Technology Electromagnetic Spectrum Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation Pulse Modulation Digital Modulation High-Power Vacuum Devices Microwave Vacuum Devices Bipolar Junction and Junction Field-Effect Transistors Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors Solid-State Amplifiers Coaxial Transmission Lines Waveguides RF Combiner and Diplexer Systems Radio Wave Propagation Antenna Principles Practical Antenna Systems Preventing RF System Failures Troubleshooting RF Equipment RF Voltage and Power Measurement Spectrum Analysis Testing Coaxial Transmission Line The Smith Chart Tower Construction and Maintenance Safety Issues for RF Systems Index
A family study of Tourette syndrome in Japan (2001)

Although the mode of inheritance remains in doubt, twin and family studies conducted mostly in the United States and western Europe suggest that genetic factors play an important role in the transmission and expression of Tourette syndrome (TS). In an effort to evaluate population-based genetic differences, we generated risk estimates for first-degree relatives of TS probands in Japan using methods similar to those utilized in recent Western studies. The subjects were 52 TS probands seen at an outpatient clinic of Tokyo University Hospital and their 165 first-degree relatives. All probands and one or more first-degree relatives in each family were interviewed concerning the presence of tic and obsessive-compulsive symptoms by expert clinicians. The age-corrected rates of TS, chronic motor tics, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and subclinical obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the first-degree relatives were 2.0%, 12.0%, 1.6%, and 7.0%, respectively. Rates of TS and related disorders in Japan appear to be much lower than those in recent Western family studies. If replicated, these data suggest that there may be differences in the nature and frequency of vulnerable alleles for TS and related disorders in the Japanese compared to European populations.
Crusading warfare and its adaptation to eastern conditions in the twelfth century (2000)

This article examines the development of warfare and military methods in Europe and the Middle East in the twelfth century and suggests why they developed as they did. It analyses the styles of war in both areas and examines the way in which the Europeans who settled in the Holy Lands adapted their style of war to suit local conditions. Its conclusion is that the Europeans of the Holy Lands adapted their style of war considerably. It suggests that this has been concealed from us because we have misunderstood much about European warfare — in particular we have overestimated the role of cavalry and failed to recognize the way it was used in Europe.
Transforming the Initial Marketing Education Experience (2009)

Marketing education today is facing significant challenges in attracting and retaining high-quality students. The focus of this article is to advocate engaging 1st-year students in the practice of marketing to help develop their identity as a marketing major, to see the relevance of their studies, and to enhance their thinking and self-regulating learning skills. Action Learning is offered as a pedagogy capable of transforming the initial introduction to marketing experience into a highly motivating and engaging course. An innovative Marketing 101 course is described in which freshman undertake multiple cycles of analyzing, planning, implementing, and controlling marketing strategies in an on-campus coffee house.
Recovery of iron and manganese values from metallurgical slags by the oxidation route (2010)

In the modern practice, a sustainable development strategy in a domain of wasteutilization is shifting its focus from a general completeness of recycling to a morespecific attention to efficiently utilize elements in the wastes. This is well-illustrated bythe steelmaking slag industries. The major waste product from the steelmaking practiceis slag and its main constituents are: CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, MnO, FeO and so on. The mainfield of application for the steelmaking slags is civil engineering, especially for road andwaterway construction. However, a significant amount of the slag remains in the dumps,damaging the environment as well as requiring a land for secure storage. Efficientrecycling of these materials is of increasing interest worldwide as a result of increasingsustainability in processes with respect to increasing raw material costs and wastereduction.In order to find a practical solution, joint efforts are currently made at the RoyalInstitute of Technology, Sweden and National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine. Theconcept is based on transformation of non-magnetic wüstite (FeO) to magneticmagnetite (Fe3O4) using an oxidizing atmosphere was proposed.In order to verify the feasibility of the proposed way of slag utilization, experiments onthe ternary CaO-FeO-SiO2 and quaternary CaO-FeO-SiO2-MnO slags systems,accompanied by thermodynamic and kinetic modelling, were performed. The crystalprecipitation during synthetic slag oxidation was observed by Confocal Scanning LaserMicroscopy (CSLM). Precipitated phases were found to be magnetite and manganeseferrite in the spinel form.Obtained magnetite and manganese ferrite can be separated from the slag by magneticseparation.The formation of nanosize manganese ferrite from the CaO-FeO-SiO2-MnO slag systemduring oxidation was investigated. Experiments were conducted in a horizontalresistance furnace in an oxidizing atmosphere (air). The final product was analysed by Xraydiffraction (XRD). The particles size of the manganese ferrite was estimated by theScherrer formula and was found to be of the order of 23-25 nm. In order to get anunderstanding of the magnetic properties of the manganese ferrite recovered from slagtreatment, it was necessary to synthesize a reference compound from pure precursors.The MnFe2O4 nanopowder was synthesized by the oxalate route. The size effects on themagnetic properties of manganese ferrite particles were investigated.IIThe potential way of the magnetite particles separation from liquid slags was investigatedby cold model studies. The experimental technique of mobilising non-conducting,nonmagnetic particles in conducting liquid in crossed electric and magnetic fields wasinvestigated in order to find the way of the particle separation from the liquidsteelmaking slags. The effects of the current density, magnetic field, size and shape ofthe particle on the particle velocity under action of the electromagnetic buoyancy force(EBF) in the electrolyte were analyzed.
Viscoplastic‐elastic modeling of tubular blown film processing (1990)

Abstract The blown film process has been modeled through the transition from liquidlike to solidlike behavior at the freeze line. A new constitutive equation has been developed that, when incorporated into the the kinematic and dynamic equations that describe the process, for the first time yields qualitatively correct predictions of all process variables. It is suggested that the demarcation between liquidlike behavior and solidlike behavior be altered from the conventional, kinematically based constraint, dr / dz = O, to a rheologically based constraint, the plastic‐elastic transition (PET). The results are qualitive in nature since the material is modeled as an elastic solid above the PET instead of as a viscoelastic material. The model is tested using the polystyrene data of Gupta (1981).
Prion strain discrimination in cell culture: The cell panel assay (2007)

Prions are thought to consist mainly or entirely of misfolded PrP, a constitutively expressed host protein. Prions associated with the same PrP sequence may occur in the form of different strains; the strain phenotype is believed to be encoded by the conformation of the PrP. Some cell lines can be persistently infected by prions and, interestingly, show preference for certain strains. We report that a cloned murine neuroblastoma cell population, N2a-PK1, is highly heterogeneous in regard to its susceptibility to RML and 22L prions. Remarkably, sibling subclones may show very different relative susceptibilities to the two strains, indicating that the responses can vary independently. We have assembled four cell lines, N2a-PK1, N2a-R33, LD9 and CAD5, which show widely different responses to prion strains RML, 22L, 301C, and Me7, into a panel that allows their discrimination in vitro within 2 weeks, using the standard scrapie cell assay (SSCA).
Surface-based bedload transport relation for gravel rivers (1990)

Bedload transport in gravel-bed rivers is accomplished by means of the mobilization of grains exposed on the bed surface. This mobilization is due to the action of fluid forces on the exposed grains. Substrate particles can participate in the bedload only to the extent that local or global scour results in their exposure on the surface. It follows that a calculation of the bedload transport rate of mixtures should be based on the availability of each size range in the surface layer. Herein an existing empirical substrate-based bedload relation for gravel mixtures, developed solely with reference to field data, is transformed into a surface-based relation.
The Action of a Synthetic Pentasaccharide on Thrombin Generation in Whole Plasma (1989)

We investigated the effect on thrombin generation in plasma of the pentasaccharide that represent the AT III/binding site in heparin. This compound has no effect on the breakdown of thrombin in plasma. It dose-dependently inhibits the formation of thrombin in both the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathway. If coagulation is triggered by the complete prothrombinase complex (phospholipid--factor Va--factor Xa) under conditions in which the large majority of factor Xa is bound to the complex, the inhibition of prothrombinase activity is only minor. If no factor Va is present or if the prothrombinase activity is triggered by adding complete tenase (PL-FVIIIa-FIXa) or incomplete tenase (PL-FIXa) to the plasma the inhibition by pentasaccharide is of the same magnitude as that in the intrinsic or extrinsic system. We conclude that the pentasaccharide inhibits blood coagulation by catalysing the inactivation of free factor Xa. In contrast to classical heparin it does inhibit the peak of thrombin formation in platelet rich plasma, probably because it is less subject to inactivation by heparin binding proteins from platelets than classical heparin is.
Status Epilepticus–Induced Neuronal Loss in Humans Without Systemic Complications or Epilepsy (2000)

In the absence of systemic complications or preexisting epilepsy, SE produces neuronal loss in a distribution similar to that from domoic acid-induced SE in humans and from kainic acid- and pilocarpine-induced SE in rats.
Omnidirectional color filters capitalizing on a nano-resonator of Ag-TiO2-Ag integrated with a phase compensating dielectric overlay (2015)

We present a highly efficient omnidirectional color filter that takes advantage of an Ag-TiO2-Ag nano-resonator integrated with a phase-compensating TiO2 overlay. The dielectric overlay substantially improves the angular sensitivity by appropriately compensating for the phase pertaining to the structure and suppresses unwanted optical reflection so as to elevate the transmission efficiency. The filter is thoroughly designed, and it is analyzed in terms of its reflection, optical admittance, and phase shift, thereby highlighting the origin of the omnidirectional resonance leading to angle-invariant characteristics. The polarization dependence of the filter is explored, specifically with respect to the incident angle, by performing experiments as well as by providing the relevant theoretical explanation. We could succeed in demonstrating the omnidirectional resonance for the incident angles ranging to up to 70°, over which the center wavelength is shifted by below 3.5% and the peak transmission efficiency is slightly degraded from 69%. The proposed filters incorporate a simple multi-layered structure and are expected to be utilized as tri-color pixels for applications that include image sensors and display devices. These devices are expected to allow good scalability, not requiring complex lithographic processes.
Magnet design optimization using variable metrics (1995)

The optimal design of a magnet assembly is approached using a three step process. First, the key parameters within the objective performance index are computed for the variation range of the problem. Second, the performance index is fitted to a smooth polynomial involving products of the powers of all variables. Third, a constrained optimization algorithm is employed to predict the optimal choice for the variables. An assessment of the integrity of the optimization program is obtained by comparing the final optimized solution with that predicted by the field analysis in the final configuration. Additional field analysis is recommended around the final solution to fine tune the solution.
Visual Instrumentation: Optical Design and Engineering Principles (1999)

From the Publisher:
Visual Instrumentation: Optical Design and Engineering Principles details design techniques beginning with the eye itself. Authored by a team of top experts in the field, this volume provides the information needed to design and evaluate optical instruments.