gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of fungiform papillae: Patterned lingual gustatory organs (2006)

The fungiform papilla is a gustatory organ that provides a specific tissue residence for taste buds on the anterior tongue. Thus, during development there must be a progressive differentiation to acquire papilla epithelium, then taste cell progenitor epithelium, and finally taste cells within the papilla apex. Arranged in rows, the patterned distribution of fungiform papillae requires molecular regulation not only to induce papillae, but also to suppress papilla formation in the between-papilla tissue. Intact sensory innervation is not required to initiate papilla development or pattern. However, members of several molecular families have now been identified with specific localization in developing papillae. These may participate in papilla development and pattern formation, and subsequently in taste progenitor and taste cell differentiation. This review focuses on development of fungiform papillae in embryonic rat and mouse. Basic morphology, cell biology and molecular phenotypes of developing papillae are reviewed. Regulatory roles for molecules in several families are presented, and a broad schema is proposed for progressive epithelial differentiation to form taste cell progenitors in parallel with the temporal course, and participation of lingual sensory innervation.
It takes two to tango (2012)

PROPPINs are a family of PtdIns3P and PtdIns(3,5)P 2-binding proteins. The crystal structure now unravels the presence of two distinct phosphoinositide-binding sites at the circumference of the seven bladed β-propeller. Mutagenesis analysis of the binding sites shows that both are required for normal membrane association and autophagic activities. We identified a set of evolutionarily conserved basic and polar residues within both binding pockets, which are crucial for phosphoinositide binding. We expect that membrane association of PROPPINs is further stabilized by membrane insertions and interactions with other proteins.
Netrin-4 Enhances Angiogenesis and Neurologic Outcome after Cerebral Ischemia (2008)

Functional recovery after cerebral ischemia is mediated by the regeneration of vascular networks and the restoration of synaptic architecture. Netrins have been implicated in neuronal pathfinding and angiogenesis. In this study, we investigated the expression of Netrin-4 and its putative receptors, deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC), Unc5A, and Unc5B after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Netrin-4 protein was also administered intracerebroventricularly to examine its effect on angiogenesis and behavioral recovery. Netrin-4 protein was highly upregulated in the ischemic core as soon as 1 day after cerebral ischemia, with subsequent downregulation after 1 week. Its expression was limited to the area of blood-brain barrier damage and was seen on both blood vessels and astrocytic foot processes. Although there was not a significant upregulation of the putative Netrin-4 receptor Unc5A and Unc5B, there was a significant increase in expression of the DCC receptor on neuronal processes in the peri-infarct cortex. Intracerebroventricular administration of Netrin-4 into the ischemic brain increased blood vessel density, endothelial proliferation, and improved behavioral recovery at 1 week after stroke, but did not have an effect on blood-brain barrier permeability or infarct size. These findings suggest that Netrin-4 may improve poststroke functional recovery by enhancing blood vessel proliferation.
The Development and Dynamics of the Root Apical Meristem (1984)

During the past ten years our concepts of the root apex and how it functions have expanded considerably. Through the use of several unique root tissue systems investigators have characterized the populations of cells which comprise the apex and have refined our views of the ways in which these populations interact to regulate aspects of root development. The aim of this paper is to present a summary of current thoughts on root development with emphasis on the activities of the cells comprising the root apex.
Scheduling Intervals for Reconfigurable Computing (2008)

The use of reconfigurable hardware to accelerate computing intensive part of the applications has long been shown to provide large execution speedups. However, the long configuration latency and the limited amount of reconfigurable hardware resources demands careful arbitration of those resources among the applications in the system. In past efforts, we demonstrated that effective allocation of reconfigurable hardware resources can boost overall system throughput in a multi-tasking system. For that work, we invoked reconfigurable hardware scheduling periodically with a fixed interval. In this work, we further examine the size of the static scheduling interval, and propose two adaptive interval approaches that use a phase tracking technique to reduce overall scheduling overhead by up to 85%.
Deep vein thrombosis following posterior lumbar spinal surgery. (1996)

Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolus are known complications of orthopaedic procedures, par- ticularly about the hip and knee. Spinal surgery has been associated with few thrombotic complications historically. Widespread use of instrumentation in adult patients has lead to a rise in complexity of adult spinal surgery. Length of operative procedures, level of difficulty, and bulk of instrumentation have all in- creased. We have noted an occasional pulmonary embolus in our center, as well as a small incidence of pul- monary embolus in recent reports of adult spine instrumented cases. A consensus conference through the National Institute of Health has estimated that between 300,000and 600,000hospitalized patients develop deep vein thrombosis each year with as many as 50,000 deaths per year occurring secondary to pulmonary embo- Ius.The incidence of thromboembolic disease appears to increase with age as well as with immobilization.' Prolonged rest and prone positioning on frames with compression of femoral veins and iliac veins have been indicated as possible risk factors during spinal surgery.
Differential equation based techniques (1995)

In this Chapter no special assumption are made with regard to the content of faulted current and voltage waveforms. The fundamental approach, which is common to all algorithms covered in this Chapter, is based on the fact that all protected equipment can be normally represented by differential equations of either first or second order. The methods are described by reference to transmission-line protection, since it is in this application that they are mainly used. However, the methods can easily be extended to other items of plant. For the purposes of this Chapter we shall assume the line length is such that shunt capacitance can either be neglected or can be lumped into a single 'equivalent' value.
Self-inductance of the elliptical loop (1963)

The paper states briefly how Maxwell's geometric mean distance is used to reduce the self-inductance of a thin conductor to that of a pair of equivalent filaments. It then develops a method for splitting the standard Neumann double integral, used for finding the inductance of such filaments, into two sets of infinite series. The idea is first used for the known case of the circular loop, taking only the first terms of the sets of series to demonstrate their rapid convergence, and is shown to give the standard result. It is then applied to the hitherto unsolved case of the elliptical loop to derive two formulae, each valid for ellipses of different proportions. The accuracy of the second, which is semi-empirical, is examined, and finally the results are summarized. As the formulae appear in terms of the elliptical integral of the second kind, a simple formula for calculating the numerical value of this function over the range of interest is given in the Appendix. The formula expresses this in terms of the parameter of shape appearing in the inductance formulae, and may thus be used in preference to performing an additional calculation for the modulus that would be required to find the figure in a table of elliptical integrals.
Induction of suppression by a murine nonspecific suppressor-inducer cell line (M1-A5). III. Partial purification of the suppressor cell-inducing factors. (1987)

The cause of the state of anergy which often accompanies advanced tumor growth has been attributed to several factors, including nonspecific suppressor cells capable of suppressing humoral and cell-mediated responses. Induction of suppressor cells in tumor-bearing hosts has been attributed to the release of immunoregulatory factors by the tumor, as well as by the host's own lymphoid cells. Several such "suppressor cell-inducing factors" have been described. However, in only a few cases has the inducing material been characterized. We have recently reported the existence of a suppressor cell inducing factor (SIF) in the 18 hr culture supernatant of spleen cells from mice bearing an advanced M-1 fibrosarcoma. Our aim was to characterize SIF, both biochemically and mechanistically. In order to purify the inducing factor, as well as to dissect the cellular and molecular events that occur as a result of suppressor cell activation, we isolated the M1-A5 cell line from the spleen cells of a mouse bearing an advanced M-1 fibrosarcoma. Induction of suppressor cells by supernatants from M1-A5 cells closely resembled the situation seen with the whole spleen cells. In both cases: 1) an inducing factor with an estimated Mr less than 12 kDa was found, and 2) the release, but not the effector function, of the inducing factor was prostaglandin-dependent. The 18 hr culture supernatant of M1-A5 cells was used as the source of the inducing factor and suppressor cells were activated by exposure of normal spleen cells to the inducing factor for 4 hr. The nature of the inducing factor was investigated by subjecting the M1-A5 culture supernatant to molecular weight sieving on Sephadex G-100 medium. The results showed that M1-A5 supernatants contained a high- (Mr 70 kDa) and a low- (Mr 5.5 kDa) molecular weight factor, which were termed SIF alpha and SIF beta, respectively. SIF alpha and SIF beta were further purified by ion exchange chromatography. SIF beta bound to QAE-Sephadex A-25 and was eluted in a single peak. However, SIF alpha displayed heterogeneity with respect to binding to DEAE-Sephacel, as SIF activity was seen in the void volume as well as in fractions eluted from the anionic exchanger. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the induction of suppressor cells by SIF alpha and SIF beta is genetically non-restricted. In addition, we show that SIF alpha and SIF beta suppress the in vivo antibody response to sheep red blood cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Thermal hologram fixing in pure and doped KNbO_3 crystals (1990)

We demonstrate holographic fixing by means of a thermal cycling procedure in pure and doped photorefractive KNbO3 crystals. At elevated temperatures (70–100°C) the photoinduced grating is compensated for by a secondary grating that is formed by charge carriers whose thermal activation energy is ~1.0 eV. The secondary carriers are stable at room temperature and form the fixed grating after cooling the crystal. They are believed to be represented by ions or ion vacancies. By using our fixing mechanisms the holographic storage time in KNbO3 can be increased by a factor of 106.
Prolonged low-dose methylprednisolone treatment is highly effective in reducing duration of mechanical ventilation and mortality in patients with ARDS (2018)

An updated meta-analysis incorporating nine randomized trials (<i>n</i> = 816) investigating low-to-moderate dose prolonged glucocorticoid treatment in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) show moderate-to-high quality evidence that glucocorticoid therapy is safe and reduces (i) time to endotracheal extubation, (ii) duration of hospitalization, and (iii) mortality (number to treat to save one life = 7), and increases the number of days free from (i) mechanical ventilation, (ii) intensive care unit stay, and (iii) hospitalization. Recent guideline suggests administering methylprednisolone in patients with early moderate-to-severe (1 mg/kg/day) and late persistent (2 mg/kg/day) ARDS (conditional recommendation based on moderate quality of evidence).
Soft x-ray scattering from rough surfaces: experimental and theoretical analysis (1987)

Specularly reflected and scattered radiation was measured at lambda = 50, 100, 200 A from artificially roughened flat mirrors and from thick vacuum evaporated Au samples. The results of the roughened samples are in reasonable agreement with Beckmann's scalar theory using an exponential autocorrelation function. The angle-dependent scattering distributions at different angles of incidence and different wavelengths are described with a unique mean roughness and autocorrelation length. Some small discrepancies remain because the scalar theory does not take into account the optical constants of the scattering surface. The use of vector theory in its simplest analytical form is not successful; however, it provides a means to qualitatively correct the scalar theory for the influence of the actual optical constants in agreement with our experiments. The thick Au films are roughened by surface crystallization and yield completely different scattering distributions. These results could not be fitted to scalar theory, either with an exponential or a Gaussian autocorrelation function.
Reinvestigation of the β-to-α Crystal Phase Transition of Poly(butylene adipate) by the Time-Resolved X-ray Scattering and FTIR Spectral Measurements in the Temperature-Jump Process (2017)

Poly(butylene adipate) (PBA) exhibits the two types of crystal modification, the α and β forms, depending on the sample preparation conditions. They show the different degree of biodegradability. A majority of papers published so far reported that the phase transition from the β-form to the α-form occurs as the direct solid-to-solid process when the sample is heated up to the high temperature of around 55 °C. We have reinvestigated this β-to-α phase transition by performing the temperature-jump time-resolved measurement of the FTIR, WAXD, and SAXS measurements. This transition has been found to be not a solid-to-solid phase transition but the combined phenomena of the melting of the β-phase followed by the recrystallization to the high-temperature α-phase.
Selection and Design of an Inverter-Driven Induction Motor for a Traction Drive System (1985)

The considerations and trade-offs involved in the selection and design of an inverter-driven induction motor for a traction drive system are described. The inverter is transistorized and operates in a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) mode in the constant torque region and in a six-step square wave mode in the constant power region. Drive system requirements establish the 50-hp peak motor rating and the motor voltage. The aspects of an induction motor designed to be driven from an inverter are presented. These include the number of poles and rotor bar shape of the motor. Expressions relating the motor performance to motor design parameters are derived. The aspects of the inverter power source are presented. These include the constant volt-ampere characteristics of the inverter and the relationship of motor inductance to the inverter design. A final motor design is reached, Contrary to previous expectations, the best design is a two-pole motor.
Kinetic study of COS with tertiary alkanolamine solutions. 1. Experiments in an intensely stirred batch reactor (1992)

The reaction between COS and various tertiary alkanolamines in aqueous solutions has been studied in an intensely stirred batch reactor. Experiments for TEA, DMMEA, and DEMEA were carried out at 303 K; the reaction between COS and aqueous MDEA has been studied at temperatures ranging from 293 to 323 K. A two-step reaction mechanism has been proposed which describes all observed phenomena. This mechanism can be regarded as the base-catalyzed analogue of the reaction mechanism for the hydrolysis of COS. The proposed reaction mechanism was confirmed by absorption experiments into nonaqueous solutions of tertiary alkanolamines.
Circular dielectric liquid iris (2010)

We demonstrate a liquid iris diaphragm using dielectric force, enabling its aperture to vary from 4 mm at the resting state to 1.5 mm at 160 V(rms). The liquid iris is a packaged optical component comprised of transparent oil, opaque ink, and a set of driving electrodes on a glass substrate. The iris aperture shrinks with the dielectric force, which is exerted on the interface between the two nonconductive liquids. The transmittance was measured to exceed 85% with no antireflection coatings over the spectrum of visible light. The maximum electric power consumed is measured to be 5.7 mW.
Integration of Weigh-in-Motion and Inductive Signature Technology for Advanced Truck Monitoring (2014)

Trucks have a significant impact on infrastructure, traffic congestion, energy consumption, pollution and quality of life. To better understand truck characteristics, comprehensive high resolution truck data is needed. Higher quality truck data can enable more accurate estimates of GHGs and emissions, allow for better management of infrastructure, provide insight to truck travel behavior, and enhance freight forecasting. Currently, truck traffic data is collected through limited means and with limited detail. Agencies can obtain or estimate truck travel statistics from surveys, inductive loop detectors (ILD) and weigh-in-motion (WIM) stations, or from manual counts, each of which have various limitations. Of these sources, WIM and ILD seem to be the most promising tools for capturing detailed truck information. Axle spacing and weight from existing WIM devices and unique inductive signatures indicative of body type from ILDs equipped with high sampling rate detector cards are complementary data sources that can be integrated to provide a synergistic resource that otherwise does not exist in practice, a resource that is able to overcome the drawbacks of the traditional truck data collection methods by providing data that is detailed, link specific, temporally continuous, up-to-date, and representative of the full truck population. This integrated data resource lends itself very readily toward detailed truck body classification which is presented as a case study. This body classification model is able to predict 35 different trailer body types for FHWA class 9 semi-tractors, achieving an 80 percent correct classification rate. In addition to the body classification model, the large data set resulting from the case study is itself a valuable and novel resource for truck studies.
A Tetramethyl Rhodamine (Tamra) Phosphoramidite Facilitates Solid-Phase-Supported Synthesis of 5‘-Tamra DNA (2000)

5-Carboxy Tamra 1 was conjugated to 4-hydroxypiperidine with BOP and N-methylmorpholine, and the resulting 5-(N-pipyridyl-4-hydroxy)-Tamra carboxamide 2 was treated with 2-cyanoethyl tetraisopropylphosphorodiamidite to give 5-[N-pipyridyl-4-O-(2-cyanoethyl diisopropylphosphoramidite)]-Tamra carboxamide 3. Solutions of 3 were coupled onto the 5'-hydroxyl of solid-phase-supported DNA fragments with standard amidite coupling techniques. Cleavage and deprotection with aqueous tert-butylamine cocktail gave 5-Tamra-functionalized DNA as well as an additional compound without the Tamra chromophore. A mass spectrum of this product showed the incorporation of tert-butylamine. The extra product was completely suppressed by including a 5 min acetylation step after coupling. A model study of 3 coupled onto thymidine-functionalized CPG showed similar results. NMR and mass spectra of cleaved products confirmed the addition of tert-butylamine to the minor product. Coupling a Tamra active ester onto T CPG which was previously coupled with N-(4-methoxytrityl)piperidyl-4-O-(2-cyanoethyl diisopropylphosphoramidite) 4 produced the same major Tamra-bearing product, which coeluted on reverse phase HPLC with the major product generated with 3.
Germ cells and germ cell sex (1995)

Whether germ cells succeed in making eggs or sperm depends both on their genetic constitution and on the tissue environment in which they develop. The decision as to whether it is oogenesis or spermatogenesis on which they initially embark depends only on their environment, however, and not at all on their own chromosomes. The foetal testis of the mouse produces an inhibitor of meiosis: germ cells that are exposed to it develop as prospermatogonia. Germ cells in the foetal ovary enter meiosis and develop as oocytes: this may represent the default pathway for germ cell sexual differentiation, or there may exist a meiosis-inducing substance. Experimental evidence suggests that any such substance must be present ubiquitously, not just in the ovary. The stage of foetal development at which meiosis is initiated may be programmed in the germ cell lineage.
Intelligent agents: a way to reduce the gap between applications and networks (2002)

Network management (NM) has been in some way an activity apart from any other carried on the networks. Monitoring networks and systems resources independently from how users and applications are using them, has proven to be an inadequate approach since in most of the situations it's impossible to trace the relationship between network or systems faults and the applications affected by them. Furthermore, the degradation of network and systems resources can be considered as a fault from an application point of view, and there aren't any form to be aware of this degradation/fault, since applications requirements are not known to the network management system (NMS), and even when it happens the network can apparently still be viewed as functioning. Currently, the management efforts are used mostly to diagnose the origin of the faults, or to notify the systems administrators of the presence of a fault which in our opinion could be perceived by the network manager at very late stage. In this article we propose a way to bring the management closer to application and user requirements. The approach relies on spreading intelligent agents through network segments or domains, these agents being the management front-ends responsible to: collect QoS requirements concerning application operation over the network monitor required resources, perform when possible corrective actions, or at least provide management staff with powerful data so that they can take the corrective actions faster than before. We expect to benefit from being aware of how network and systems are used to develop a proactive management in real time, without the burden of classical approaches.
Carbon-nitrogen bond formation in cyclisations by deoxygenation, thermolysis, or photolysis of phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine systems: access to pyrido[1′,2′ : 1,2]imidazo[4,5-b]indoles (1989)

Reductive cyclisation of 2-(2-nitrophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine with triethyl phosphite gives the indolic structures (5) and (6). The latter are of interest because of preferential C insertion rather than reaction of the nitrene at N-1 of the imidazole ring. 2D N.m.r. confirms structure (5). Both thermolysis or photolysis of the representative 2-(2-azidophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines (7) and (8) are also reported and shown to produce novel indole, cinnoline, and benzofuran structures in an extremely facile fashion.
Synthesis of Multiwalled Carbon Nanocoils Using Codeposited Thin Film of Fe–Sn as Catalyst (2008)

Multiwalled carbon nanocoils (CNCs) have been synthesized by a method of thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using a codeposited thin film consisting of Fe and Sn as catalysts. It has been found that the multiwalled CNCs are thinner and have a higher crystallinity than conventional CNCs. The catalyst particles are observed at the roots of CNCs, with diameters much larger than the line diameters of the coils. These large particles are formed by the aggregation of Sn and Fe reduced by the C2H2 gas in CVD. These results indicate that Sn plays a crucial role in the growth of the multiwalled CNCs, and a base growth mechanism that differs from conventional growth mechanisms has been experimentally observed and analyzed.