gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Compartmentalization of λ subtype expression in the B cell repertoire of mice with a disrupted or normal C<sub>χ</sub>gene segment (1994)

The establishment of the B cell repertoire depends on two major parameters. The first is determined by mechanistic processes that give rise to a great diversity of B cell receptors from a combination of multiple gene segments. The second is dominated by selective processes that recruit B cell clones via their immunoglobulin receptors. To assess the impact of these parameters on the composition of B cell repertoire, we constructed a mouse model displaying a B cell repertoire limited in its diversity. To this end, we disrupted the C kappa segment by gene targeting. B cells from such mutant mice do not express the kappa light chain. Their light chain repertoire is therefore limited by the expression of only four main lambda light chains: lambda 1, lambda 2(V2), lambda 2(Vx) and lambda 3. In this study we described the proportions of each lambda subtype in various lymphoid compartments. Our results show that the lambda 1 subtype is dominant in the spleen and the bone marrow. Moreover, lambda 1 prevalence is independent of the wild or mutant C kappa genotype. These results suggest that the mechanistic processes are mainly responsible for the bias in lambda subtype expression. On the other hand, the lambda 2(V2) and/or lambda 3 subtypes are expressed at higher levels in the peritoneal cavity. Their prevalence is again observed regardless of the C kappa genotype and seems to be due to B1 cells. These results suggest that different mechanistic processes could control lambda subtype expression in B1 and B2 cell lineages.
The Reaction of Tetrahydrofuran and 2,5-Dimethyltetrahydrofuran with Acyl Halides (1939)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Reaction of Tetrahydrofuran and 2,5-Dimethyltetrahydrofuran with Acyl HalidesJohn B. Cloke and Frederick J. PilgrimCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 10, 2667–2669Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1939Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1939https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01265a026https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01265a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views662Altmetric-Citations71LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Metamaterial near-field sensor for deep-subwavelength thickness measurements and sensitive refractometry in the terahertz frequency range (2012)

We present a metamaterial-based terahertz (THz) sensor for thickness measurements of subwavelength-thin materials and refractometry of liquids and liquid mixtures. The sensor operates in reflection geometry and exploits the frequency shift of a sharp Fano resonance minimum in the presence of dielectric materials. We obtained a minimum thickness resolution of 12.5 nm (1/16 000 times the wavelength of the THz radiation) and a refractive index sensitivity of 0.43 THz per refractive index unit. We support the experimental results by an analytical model that describes the dependence of the resonance frequency on the sample material thickness and the refractive index.
Lyapunov-based distributed control of systems on lattices (2005)

We investigate the properties of systems on lattices with spatially distributed sensors and actuators. These systems arise in a variety of applications such as the control of vehicular platoons, formation of unmanned aerial vehicles, arrays of microcantilevers, and constellations of satellites. We use a Lyapunov-based framework as a tool for stabilization/regulation/asymptotic tracking of both linear and nonlinear systems. We first present results for nominal design and then describe the design of adaptive controllers in the presence of parametric uncertainties. These uncertainties are assumed to be temporally constant, but are allowed to be spatially varying. We show that, in most cases, the distributed design yields controllers with architecture similar to that of the original plant.
Design optimization of planar-type write head for high density magnetic recording (2003)

Summary form only given. The density of magnetic recording has been increasing at a very fast rate for the last several decades. A further increase of the density becomes more and more difficult because of the thermal fluctuation problem, among many others. One way to avoid this problem is to use media with high magnetocrystalline anisotropy. This requires a write head which can generate a high write field.
Long wavelength GaAsP/GaAs/GaAsSb VCSELs on GaAs substrates for communications applications (2003)

Room-temperature continuous-wave operation of antimonide-based long wavelength VCSELs is demonstrated, with 1.2 mW power output at 1266 nm, the highest figure reported so far using this material system. Singlemode powers of 0.3 mW at 10°C and 0.1 mW at 70°C and sidemode suppression ratios up to 42 dB are also achieved.
Preparation of gold tips suitable for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and light emission by electrochemical etching (2004)

We describe a method of preparing gold scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) tips by direct current electrochemical etching in concentrated HCl and ethanol solution. Gold tips with tip apex radius lower than 30 nm can be reproducibly prepared by this method. The influence of the solution composition, etching voltage on the surface structure, and sharpness has been investigated. These tips can be efficiently used for STM imaging, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and light emission investigations on the same sample.
The study of the black persimmon in China (2012)

\n Black persimmon in the literature.\nThe persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) is a deciduous\nfruit tree originating in China. One type consisting of a group\nof similar cultivars is the black persimmon, which is a precious\ngermplasm resource of China. Black persimmon is mainly distributed\nin the south of the Taihang Mountains in northern China. Black persimmon\nis astringent, though this astringency can now be removed easily\nvia normal maturity of the fruit. The skin of the fruit is black\nand the flesh has abundant nutritional value, with vitamin C and\ncarotene. Information given by a black persimmon orchard.\nA trial on black persimmon was carried out from 2003 to 2009 in\nZhengzhou, Henan province, China. Plant growth, yields and phenological\ncharacteristics were studied. The fruit has a thick skin which assists\nin storage and transportation; it has excellent flavor and quality,\nmaking the fruit highly valued by producers, marketers and consumers. \nKey cultivation techniques. Practices to achieve high\nquality are reviewed such as the proper plant environment, tree planting\nand pruning, the soil management, the wintering and protection of\nyoung trees, and pest control.\n
The Therapeutic Potential of LNA-modified siRNAs: Reduction of Off-target Effects by Chemical Modification of the siRNA Sequence (2008)

Post-transcriptional gene silencing mediated by double-stranded RNA represents an evolutionarily conserved cellular mechanism. Small dsRNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), are part of the main regulatory mechanisms of gene expression in cells. The possibilities of harnessing this intrinsic natural mechanism of gene silencing for therapeutic applications was opened up by the discovery by Tom Tuschl's team a few years ago that chemically synthesized small 21-mers of double-stranded RNA (small interfering RNA, siRNA) could inhibit gene expression without induction of cellular antiviral-like responses, siRNAs are especially of interest for cancer therapeutics because they allow specific inhibition of mutated oncogenes and other genes that aid and abet the growth of cancer cells. However, recent insights make it clear that siRNA faces some major hurdles before it can be used as a drug. Some of these problems are similar to those associated with classic antisense approaches, such as lack of delivery to specific tissues (other than the liver) or tumors, while other problems are more specific for siRNA, such as stability of the RNA molecules in circulation, off-target effects, interference with the endogenous miRNA machinery, and immune responses toward dsRNA. Chemical modifications of siRNA may help prevent these unwanted side effects. Initial studies show that minimal modifications with locked nucleic acids (LNA) help to reduce most of the unwanted side effects. In this chapter we will explore the limitations and possibilities of LNA-modified siRNA that may be used in future therapeutic applications.
Coronary angiography using fast selective inversion recovery (1991)

Using a fast version of selective inversion recovery, we have obtained coronary angiograms of normal volunteers showing the proximal portions of the left coronary artery. Blood is tagged in the aortic root at end systole using a 2D inversion pulse. After a wash-in time of 300-600 ms, the coronary vessels are imaged with a 2- to 3-cm-thick slab in either axial or oblique projection. The scan is completed within a breathhold in 24 heartbeats.
Corrections for vol. 85, p. 822, and vol. 85, p. 921 (2001)

In a paper published by Minassian et al in the July issue of the BJO (2001; 85 :822–9) two authors who made …
Non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis stimulate DNA synthesis and their withdrawal induces apoptosis, but in different hepatocyte populations (1995)

Non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis may involve suppression of the hepatocyte apoptosis that would normally remove damaged or initiated cells. These protected hepatocytes could then remain as preferential targets for promotion by this class of compounds. Here we demonstrate clearly that the non-genotoxic liver carcinogens and hepatomitogens cyproterone acetate (CPA) and nafenopin, a peroxisome proliferator, both suppress the basal level of rat liver apoptosis in vivo. After 10 days of dosing with CPA (120 mg/kg/day) or nafenopin (25 mg/kg/day) there were 0.005 +/- 0.010 and 0.002 +/- 0.021 apoptotic bodies/100 hepatocytes respectively, compared with 0.031 +/- 0.008 per 100 in controls. Concomitant with this suppression of apoptosis, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labelling indices and mitotic figures rose, confirming a perturbation of both sides of the growth equation between cell death and replication. Withdrawal of CPA or nafenopin resulted in a 100- to 200-fold elevation in apoptosis. This was inhibited by the re-administration of either compound. To investigate if cells protected from apoptosis by non-genotoxic carcinogens are targets for replication, we examined the replicative history of the apoptotic bodies generated upon withdrawal of CPA or nafenopin. Rats were administered BrdU during the hyperplastic phase of compound administration (0-10 days). Livers were examined 5 days after compound withdrawal. With both CPA and nafenopin, apoptotic bodies and S phase were predominantly in the periportal region. However, despite this zonal co-localization, very few (< 10%) of the apoptotic bodies were labelled with BrdU. Overall, our data provide in vivo evidence to support the hypothesis that non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens such as CPA and the peroxisome proliferators suppress apoptosis. Surprisingly, the majority of the hepatocytes generated during compound-induced hyperplasia were protected from apoptosis during liver regression. These data contribute to our understanding of clonal selection and promotion during non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis.
Silicon-on-Insulator Microfluidic Device With Monolithic Sensor Integration for<tex>$murm TAS$</tex>Applications (2006)

A novel concept for the integration of liquid phase charge sensors into microfluidic devices based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology is reported. Utilizing standard silicon processing we fabricated basic microfluidic cross geometries comprising of 5-10-mm-long and 55-/spl mu/m-wide channels of 3 /spl mu/m depth by wet sacrificial etching of the buried oxide of an SOI substrate. To demonstrate the feasibility of fluid manipulation along the channel we performed electroosmotic pumping of a dye-labeled buffer solution. At selected positions along the channel we patterned the 205-nm thin top silicon layer into freely suspended, 10-/spl mu/m wide bars bridging the channel. We demonstrate how these monolithically integrated bars work as thin-film resistors that sensitively probe changes of the surface potential via the field effect. In this way, a combination of electrokinetic manipulation and separation of charged analytes together with an on-chip electronic detection can provide a new basis for the label-free analysis of, for example, biomolecular species as envisaged in the concept of micrototal analysis systems (/spl mu/TAS) or Lab-on-Chip (LOC).
A rectangular tem waveguide with photonic crystal walls for excitation of quasi-optical amplifiers (1999)

Thin photonic crystal substrates are used to produce a TEM mode in a rectangular waveguide. Hexagonal pads arranged in honeycomb lattice and connected to the ground plane by substrate vias form the photonic crystal waveguide walls. Measurements on a Ku-band waveguide with two photonic crystal sidewalls showed a Field Flatness Efficiency (FFE) of better than 80% between 14.9 and 15.4 GHz, a substantial increase compared to the 50% of conventional rectangular waveguide. Simulations of a striped photonic crystal show similar behavior with additional property that it is also possible to use the crystal on top and bottom walls. Such a waveguide could support dual cross-polarized TEM modes by preventing only the longitudinal magnetic fields at the crystal surface.
A549 Lung Epithelial Cells Grown as Three-Dimensional Aggregates: Alternative Tissue Culture Model for<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>Pathogenesis (2005)

A three-dimensional (3-D) lung aggregate model was developed from A549 human lung epithelial cells by using a rotating-wall vessel bioreactor to study the interactions between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and lung epithelial cells. The suitability of the 3-D aggregates as an infection model was examined by immunohistochemistry, adherence and invasion assays, scanning electron microscopy, and cytokine and mucoglycoprotein production. Immunohistochemical characterization of the 3-D A549 aggregates showed increased expression of epithelial cell-specific markers and decreased expression of cancer-specific markers compared to their monolayer counterparts. Immunohistochemistry of junctional markers on A549 3-D cells revealed that these cells formed tight junctions and polarity, in contrast to the cells grown as monolayers. Additionally, the 3-D aggregates stained positively for the production of mucoglycoprotein while the monolayers showed no indication of staining. Moreover, mucin-specific antibodies to MUC1 and MUC5A bound with greater affinity to 3-D aggregates than to the monolayers. P. aeruginosa attached to and penetrated A549 monolayers significantly more than the same cells grown as 3-D aggregates. Scanning electron microscopy of A549 cells grown as monolayers and 3-D aggregates infected with P. aeruginosa showed that monolayers detached from the surface of the culture plate postinfection, in contrast to the 3-D aggregates, which remained attached to the microcarrier beads. In response to infection, proinflammatory cytokine levels were elevated for the 3-D A549 aggregates compared to monolayer controls. These findings suggest that A549 lung cells grown as 3-D aggregates may represent a more physiologically relevant model to examine the interactions between P. aeruginosa and the lung epithelium during infection.
Effects of extracts from Valeriana officinalis L. in pharmacological studies (2006)

Though several clinical studies revealed sleep improving properties of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from Valeriana officinalis L., neither the mode of action is known nor the active constituents are identified. A sedative effect, which predominantly is assumed to be responsible for efficacy, could not be demonstrated in most clinical studies or pharmacological investigations.
Crystallization of polymorphs: the effect of solvent (1993)

The effect of solvent in crystallization of polymorphs has been studied using the drug sulphathiazole as a model compound. The solubilities of the four polymorphic forms of sulphathiazole were determined as a function of temperature in various solvents. Within the temperature ranges studied, the rank order of solubility of the polymorphs was the same in all solvent systems. On the basis of this knowledge of the temperature dependence of the solubilities, recrystallization experiments, in which the supersaturation was systematically varied, were carried out in an endeavour to isolate each of the polymorphic forms from each solvent system. These recrystallization experiments reveal that not all of the know polymorphic forms can be crystallized from any given solvent by varying the supersaturation. Indeed some solvents selectively favour the crystallization of a particular form of forms. The authors conclude that thermodynamic effects are not responsible for the selective behaviour of a solvent. A kinetic mechanism is proposed. It is considered that the solvent acts by selective adsorption to certain faces of some of the polymorphs, and thereby either inhibits their nucleation or retards their growth to the advantage of others.
Abstract A28: A murine model for cancer treatment-related fatigue (2009)

Abstract Objectives: Among patients being treated for cancer, cancer treatment-related fatigue (CTRF) remains a poorly understood condition with a profound effect on quality of life. Our objective was to develop a murine model of CTRF, independent of anemia, in order to further understand its pathogenesis and provide a conduit for the development of mechanistically-based therapeutic approaches. Methods: To determine the optimal dose of ionizing radiation to produce fatigue, female BALB/c mice were irradiated with 10 doses of fractionated total body irradiation (fTBI, 8, 9, and 10 Gy, cumulative dose) or 15 doses (fTBI, 10.5 and 13.5 Gy, cumulative dose). In a separate experiment, mice received 70, 60 or 50 mg/kg of etoposide sulfate to determine the optimal dose of chemotherapy to induce CTRF. Cage-top activity sensors (Phillips Respironics) were used to evaluate daily activity patterns in animals up to 4 weeks following the completion of radiation or 12 weeks following etoposide sulfate administration. CTRF was induced by 15 doses of fractionated total body irradiation (fTBI, 10.5 Gy, cumulative dose) in female BALB/c mice or 60mg/kg etoposide sulfate administered as a single dose. Total daily animal activity and changes in wake/sleep cycles were compared to baseline levels. Systemic levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were measured and anemia and leukopenia were assessed using specimens obtained in the weeks following the last dose of radiation or etoposide sulfate administration. Results: fTBI resulted in animals with a significantly lower cumulative daily activity, disrupted sleep/wake cycles that continued up to forty days following the last dose of radiation. Administration of etoposide sulfate resulted in a significantly lower cumulative daily activity three weeks following chemotherapy administration and continued for the duration of the study. Reduced activity levels were not associated with laboratory parameters suggestive of anemia. Changes in the measured hematological parameters demonstrated a temporal, dose-dependent and reversible pattern; consistent with those previously reported in human patients. Conclusions: Despite its frequency and impact, CTRF has been accepted as a cost of successful cancer treatment. This conclusion was largely based on the supposition that, aside for symptom control, there was no opportunity to develop an effective intervention. We report the development a novel mouse model of CTRF in which administration of fractionated TBI or etoposide sulfate was able to induce behaviors consistent with fatigue reported in humans. Our data supports the hypothesis that TBI and chemotherapy induce systemic effects that result in changes in daily activity patterns and sleep/wake cycles in the absence of anemia. Consistent with reports in humans with fatigue syndromes, radiation-induced CTRF correlated with increased levels of TNF and IL-6. Additional work is ongoing to further characterize the model. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):A28.
Measurements and Modelling of Delay Lines on Printed Circuit Boards (2000)

Traces on printed circuit boards (PCBs) are often turned into meandering lines to introduce an additional delay. This technical report explores the electrical parasitics involved in that practice by reporting measurements of traces fabricated on a test board. Traces that meander have shorter propagation delays than expected due to coupling between segments. Calculations of the time delay reduction are presented and a model is proposed.
Demonstration of an ultra-wideband optical fiber inline polarizer with metal nano-grid on the fiber tip (2009)

Dramatic increase in the bandwidth of optical fiber inline polarizer can be achieved by using metal nano-grid on the fiber tip. However, high extinction ratio of such fiber polarizer requires high spatial frequency metal nano girds with high aspect ratio on the small area of optical fiber tip. We report the development of a nano-fabrication process on the optical fiber tip, and the design and realization of the first ultra-wideband fiber inline polarization device with Au nano gird fabricated on a single mode optical fiber end face.
Loudness uniformity and dynamic range control for digital multichannel audio broadcasting (1995)

High quality digital multichannel sound is now becoming available to consumers in their homes by means of a variety of both broadcast and packaged media which employ the AC-3 bit-rate reduction system. The initial implementation of AC-3 was for the cinema application where the goal was to encode a 5.1 channel film soundtrack specifically for reproduction in a cinema. In order to apply the AC-3 coder to domestic consumer applications several desirable features were added. The goal for the consumer application was to provide an encoded bit stream which could easily be used by a wide variety of consumers, ranging from those who wish to reproduce the cinema experience in the home, to those who simply wish to enjoy the audio program content with a limited dynamic range reproduction, free from unwanted loudness variations. The features of AC-3 which make this possible will be described.