gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cost-Sensitive Learning vs. Sampling: Which is Best for Handling Unbalanced Classes with Unequal Error Costs? (2007)

The classifier built from a data set with a highly skewed class distribution generally predicts the more frequently occurring classes much more often than the infrequently occurring classes. This is largely due to the fact that most classifiers are designed to maximize accuracy. In many instances, such as for medical diagnosis, this classification behavior is unacceptable because the minority class is the class of primary interest (i.e., it has a much higher misclassification cost than the majority class). In this paper we compare three methods for dealing with data that has a skewed class distribution and nonuniform misclassification costs. The first method incorporates the misclassification costs into the learning algorithm while the other two methods employ oversampling or undersampling to make the training data more balanced. In this paper we empirically compare the effectiveness of these methods in order to determine which produces the best overall classifier—and under what circumstances.
Diels-Alder reactions between trans-1-N-acylamino-1,3-dienes and methyl acrylate. A correlation between diene photoelectron ionization potentials and reactivity, stereoselectivity, and regioselectivity (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDiels-Alder reactions between trans-1-N-acylamino-1,3-dienes and methyl acrylate. A correlation between diene photoelectron ionization potentials and reactivity, stereoselectivity, and regioselectivityLarry E. Overman, Garry F. Taylor, K. N. Houk, and L. N. DomelsmithCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 10, 3182–3189Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00478a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00478a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views777Altmetric-Citations54LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A theory of contamination in electron microscopes by surface diffusion (1978)

Contamination in electron microscopes can be a serious problem in STEM or in situations where a number of high resolution micrographs are required of the same area in TEM. In modern instruments the environment around the specimen can be made free of the hydrocarbon molecules, which are responsible for contamination, by means of either ultra-high vacuum or cryo-pumping techniques. However, these techniques are not effective against hydrocarbon molecules adsorbed on the specimen surface before or during its introduction into the microscope. The present paper is concerned with a theory of how certain physical parameters can influence the surface diffusion of these adsorbed molecules into the electron beam where they are deposited in the form of long chain carbon compounds by interaction with the primary electrons.
Use of the Roche LightCycler Instrument in a Real-Time PCR for <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i> in Urine Samples from Females and Males (2003)

Trichomonas vaginalis is the agent of a highly prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can result in vaginitis, urethritis, and preterm birth. Traditional methods of diagnosis, including wet preparation, can be unreliable. In this study, we describe the adaptation of an existing PCR method for specific detection of T. vaginalis DNA into a rapid real-time PCR assay based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe chemistry. The FRET-based assay described demonstrated high sensitivity with a detection limit of 1.06 organisms, as well as a high specificity. A total of 253 urine samples collected prospectively from both men and women were tested for T. vaginalis DNA with both the FRET-based assay and a previously validated PCR assay. When the validated PCR assay was used as the "gold standard" and after discrepancies had been resolved, our FRET-based assay demonstrated an analytical sensitivity and specificity of 90.1 and 100%, respectively. Overall results suggest that FRET-based assays can provide rapid, accurate, and high-throughput detection of T. vaginalis and may prove useful in clinical settings and for large-scale screening programs.
Human Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitory effect of flavonoids from roots of Glycine max(L.) Merr. (2006)

Isoflavones 1-3 and pterocarpans 4-8 were isolated from methanol extract of roots of Glycine max. In inhibitory effect against human acyl-CoA:cholesterol acytransferase (ACAT)-1 and ACAT-2, glyceollin I 5 showed potent hACAT-1 () and hACAT-2 () inhibitory activities.
[Nociceptive sensitivity of rabbits in varying localization of pain stimuli and naloxone administration]. (1993)

Study of the dynamics of changes of evoked potential (EP) amplitude in electrodental and electrocutaneous stimulation (EDS and ECS, respectively) as an index of the perceptual component of the nociceptive reaction showed that 0.2 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg doses of naloxone produce both a hyper- and an analgesic effect in rabbits. The effect of naloxone depended on the individual properties of the rabbits, while its degree was determined by the localization of the nociceptive stimulus. The animals' individual properties were manifested by the presence or absence of an analgesic effect of auricular electrostimulation--acupuncture-sensitive (AS) or acupuncture-resistant (AR) rabbits. Naloxone injection caused a dose-dependent hyperalgesic effect in AS animals and an analgesic effect in AR rabbits in EDS. Similar effects were recorded in ECS, but their degree differed: hyperalgesia in AS rabbits was demonstrated more clearly than analgesia in AR animals.
Simulation of color of port wine stain skin and its dependence on skin variables (1999)

Redness of PWS skin depends on both the concentration of dermal blood as well as on how it is distributed.
Roadmap to Smart Grid Technology: A Review of Smart Information and Communication System (2014)

The Smart Grid, observed as the next generation power grid, uses two-way flows of electricity and information to construct a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. We investigate three major systems, explicitly the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and the smart protection system. In this article, we concentrate on the smart information subsystem is used to prop up information generation, modeling, integration, analysis, and optimization in the circumstance of the Smart Grid. We also propose possible future guidelines in each system. Specifically, for the smart infrastructure system, we investigate the smart information subsystem and the smart communication subsystem. We finally outline some prospect research directions and challenges.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2 (SERCA2) reduces the migratory capacity of CCL21-treated monocyte-derived dendritic cells (2016)

The migration of dendritic cells (DCs) to secondary lymphoid organs depends on chemoattraction through the interaction of the chemokine receptors with chemokines. However, the mechanism of how lymphoid chemokines attract DCs to lymphoid organs remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate the mechanism of DC migration in response to the lymphoid chemokine CCL21. CCL21-mediated DC migration is controlled by the regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase 2 (SERCA2) expression rather than through the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases CCL21-exposed mature DCs (mDCs) exhibited decreased SERCA2 expression but not decreased phospholamban (PLB) or Hax-1 expression, which are known to be SERCA2-interacting proteins. In addition, CCL21 did not affect the mRNA levels of SERCA2 or its interacting protein Hax-1. Interestingly, SERCA2 expression was inversely related to DC migration in response to chemokine stimulation. The migratory capacity of CCL21-treated mDCs was decreased by the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 and by the protein kinase C inhibitor BAPTA-AM. The migratory capacities of mDCs were increased in response to SERCA2 siRNA expression but were decreased by SERCA2 overexpression. In addition, DCs treated with a SERCA2-specific inhibitor (cyclopiazonic acid) had significantly increased migratory capacities as mDCs regardless of SERCA2 expression. Moreover, SERCA2 expression was dependent on DC maturation induced by cytokines or Toll-like receptor agonists. Therefore, the migratory capacities differed in differentially matured DCs. Taken together, these results suggest that SERCA2 contributes to the migration of CCL21-activated DCs as an important feature of the adaptive immune response and provide novel insights regarding the role of SERCA2 in DC functions.
'Turbo' coding for deep space applications (2002)

The performance of the 'turbo' coding scheme is measured and an error floor is discovered. These residual errors are corrected with an outer BCH code. The complexity of the system is discussed, and for low data rates a realizable system operating at E/sub b//N/sub 0/ below 0.2 dB is presented.
Oxygen‐sensitive contrast in blood for steady‐state free precession imaging (2005)

Steady-state free precession (SSFP) methods have gained widespread recognition for their ability to provide fast scans at high signal-to-noise ratio. This paper demonstrates that such methods are also capable of reflecting functional information, particularly blood oxygenation state. It is well known that SSFP signals show substantial sensitivity to small off-resonance frequency variations. However, that mechanism cannot explain the oxygen-sensitive contrast in blood that was observed with steady-state methods using phase-cycled radiofrequency pulses. From theoretical and experimental models it is demonstrated that the mechanism responsible for such contrast originates from the motion of spins through local field inhomogeneities in and around deoxygenated red blood cells. In addition, this work shows that it is critical to choose the scan parameters carefully for robust oxygen-sensitive contrast. Finally, it is demonstrated that it is possible to build a quantitative model that incorporates the Luz-Meiboom model, which had been used in the past to estimate quantitative measures of vascular blood oxygen levels. It is envisioned that this method could be instrumental in real-time imaging focused on detecting diseases where the oxygen state of blood is impaired.
Toward a scary comparative corpus: The Werewolf Spoken Corpus (2015)

Despite the large number of corpora—both written and spoken—that are currently available, there is still a lack of corpora that document dialogues
involving more than two interlocutors. To our knowledge, there is no multilogue corpus recorded in different languages in order to perform comparative studies. This abstract describes the first steps in building such a multilogue comparable corpus for French and Mandarin languages.
Retrospective: RISC I (1998)

Article Free Access Share on Retrospective: RISC I: a reduced instruction set computer Authors: David A. Patterson Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, CA Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, CAView Profile , Carlo H. Séquin Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, CA Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, CAView Profile Authors Info & Claims ISCA '98: 25 years of the international symposia on Computer architecture (selected papers)August 1998 Pages 24–26https://doi.org/10.1145/285930.285941Published:01 August 1998Publication History 0citation685DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations0Total Downloads685Last 12 Months31Last 6 weeks5 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
5.ALPHA.-Reductase Inhibitory Effect of Triterpenoids Isolated from Ganoderma lucidum (2006)

5alpha-Reductase inhibitory activity-guided fractionation of the EtOH extract of the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum (LEYSS.:FR.) KARST. (Ganodermataceae), which is called Reishi, or Mannentake in Japan and Lingzhi in China, led to the isolation of two active compounds which were ganoderic acid DM and 5alpha-lanosta-7,9(11),24-triene-15alpha,26-dihydroxy-3-one with an IC(50) of 10.6 microM and 41.9 microM respectively. A carboxyl group of side chain of ganoderic acid DM is essential to elicit the inhibitory activity because of much less activity of its methyl ester.
A microstrip helmet coil for human brain imaging at high magnetic fields (2008)

Abstract A novel helmet coil for magnetic‐resonance (MR) investigations of the human brain is described. It is based on a pure microstrip transmission‐line (MTL) design. The coil consists of thin strip conductors (Cu) on a curved, low‐loss dielectric material (polypropylene) generating an overall domelike structure. The design concept exploits the combination of the field profile generated by the current distribution along each MTL that is modified by termination and the geometric profile due to the curved MTL shape. Because of the semiopen transmission‐line structure, most of the electromagnetic energy is stored in the dielectric material. Standing, quasi‐transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waves are created in a plane nearly perpendicular to the axis of the MTL leading to a reduced radiofrequency (RF) stray field outside the volume circumscribed by the helmet. Because of the symmetry of the assembly, a high degree of circularly polarized RF is obtained within the brain. A quadrature transmit/receive ( T / R ) coil and a four‐channel T / R array were built as initial prototypes for operation at 3 T. Computer simulations and imaging experiments verified that the MTL helmet coil permits imaging of the entire human brain including parallel‐imaging capabilities. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 33B: 94–108, 2008
Novel Presenilin 1 Mutations Associated With Early Onset of Dementia in a Family With Both Early-Onset and Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease (2000)

Two children of an adult with early-onset, autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer disease (AD) developed dementia in their late 20s and were subsequently found to have novel mutations in codon 434 of the presenilin 1 (PS1) gene on chromosome 14, a G-to-T substitution at nucleotide 1548 and a C-to-G substitution at nucleotide 1549. The younger of the 2 children had AD confirmed at postmortem examination. The disease course in these 3 individuals was characterized by cognitive and behavioral problems accompanied by myoclonus, seizures, and aphasia within 5 years after onset. Two grandparents had clinically diagnosed AD with stroke beginning at ages 78 and 66 years, but neither had a PS1 mutation. No other living family member was demented, nor did any other family member have the PS1 mutation. We conclude that the affected parent of the proband was a likely recent founder for these novel mutations in PS1. The family demonstrates the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of AD. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:1454-1457
Global Expression Analysis of Cancer/Testis Genes in Uterine Cancers Reveals a High Incidence of <i>BORIS</i> Expression (2007)

These data provide the first extensive survey of multiple CT genes in uterine cancers. Importantly, we detected a high frequency of BORIS expression in uterine cancers, suggesting its potential as an immunologic or diagnostic target for these cancers. Given the high incidence of BORIS expression and its possible regulatory role, an examination of BORIS function in the etiology of these cancers is warranted.
One-stage assay of heparin. (1975)

A simple and rapid one-stage plasma heparin assay based on the heparin-dependent neutralization of activated factor X (Xa) is described. Factor Xa is prepared in a concentration adjusted to produce a clotting time of 18 to 20 seconds when heparin-free plasma is tested in the system. The assay incubation mixture contains "standard human plasma", the heparinized test plasma, cephalin, and factor Xa. Clotting times are measured automatically after incugation and calcium addition. A linear relationship was found between the log of the clotting time and the heparin concentration for the standard curve from which the heparin level is determined. The lower limit of sensitivity is about 0.05 unit heparin per milliliter. Dilution of test plasma is required to bring the heparin level to between 0.05 and 0.2 unit per milliliter. The standard curve is reproducible with a coefficient of variation of 2 to 4 per cent. Ten different, nonheparinized samples had clotting times of 18.9 plus or minus 1.0 (plus or minus 2 S.D.) seconds. Theoretically calculated and experimentally determined heparin levels after pulse injection of heparin agreed well in 5 volunteer subjects with r values between 0.93 and 0.99. This assay is not affected by normal variation in the plasma levels of fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factor V or by the plasma defects induced by coumadin.
The oral anti‐volatile sulphur compound effects of zinc salts and their stability constants (2002)

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) produced in the oral cavity, are a major cause of oral malodour. Zinc (Zn) ions inhibit VSC formation. The objective of this study was to examine whether Zn salts with low stability constants were more suitable as sources of Zn in lozenges than salts with high stability constants. The former provide free Zn ions upon dissolution in water, whereas the latter provide almost no free Zn. Identical lozenges containing Zn-acetate and -gluconate, which have low stability constants, and Zn citrate and amino acid-chelated Zn, which have extremely high stability constants, were tested. All the lozenges contained 0.9% w/w Zn. Ten volunteers sucked the lozenges until dissolved, and oral VSC were measured by gas chromatography. Zn-acetate, -gluconate and -chelate had an impressive anti-VSC effect even 3 h after the lozenges were taken. Zn citrate had significantly less effect than the other lozenges except Zn acetate after 2 and 3 h. It was concluded that the anti-VSC effect was not related to the stability constants of the Zn compounds tested. Alternative ligands. with stronger affinity for Zn than the ligands in the lozenges, must be present in the oral cavity to explain these results. It is suggested that the sulphide ion may serve this function.
Low-Capacitance and Charge-Shared Match Lines for Low-Energy High-Performance TCAMs (2007)

Emerging high-speed lookup-intensive applications are demanding ternary content addressable memories (TCAMs) with large word-sizes, which suffer from lower search speeds due to larger match line capacitance. Therefore, low-energy high-performance design techniques are needed, which improve the search speeds of TCAMs without increasing their power consumption. In this paper, we present a cell-level comparison logic and a charge-shared match line scheme. Both schemes reduce search time and energy in TCAMs. Measurement results of the above schemes, implemented in 0.18-mum CMOS technology, show a search time reduction of 42% and 11%, and a search-energy reduction of 25% and 9%, respectively.
Integration Friendly Dual Metal Gate Technology Using Dual Thickness Metal Inserted Poly-Si Stacks (DT-MIPS) (2007)

We have successfully developed integration friendly dual metal gate process utilizing a dual thickness metal inserted poly-Si stacks (DT-MIPS) structure; poly-Si/TaN/HfON stacks for nMOS and poly-Si/capping metal layer(c-ML)/AlO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> /TaN/HfON stacks for pMOS. First, in spite of different metal thickness on n/pMOS, a high-selectivity gate etch process can completely remove metal and HfON layers from the S/D active regions with negligible Si recess in both n/pMOS. Consequently, in both short and long channel devices, n/pMOS V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</inf> values of ± 0.35V are obtained without counter channel doping. Moreover, excellent drive currents (620/250uA/um for n/pMOS at I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</inf> = 20pA/um and V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dd</inf> = 1.2V) are obtained without using any mobility enhancement technique. Finally, we confirm that the estimated operation voltages for 10 years lifetime for both nMOS PBTI and pMOS NBTI are well beyond the 1.2V.
Structural edge detection based on fractal analysis for image compression (2003)

Addresses the problem of structural edge detection and discusses the possibilities of application of this edge information to image compression. For the purpose of detecting an edge efficiently, the authors first divide the image into appropriate nonoverlapping blocks and estimate the fractal dimension of each block by using the blanket-covering method. Secondly, the edge points are efficiently detected by using a wavelet transform where the dilation parameter is controlled based on a fractal dimension. The proposed method was tested on a real image using two wavelet functions, and the results are shown.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Use of Diammonium Phosphate to Reduce Heavy Metal Solubility and Transport in Smelter‐Contaminated Soil (2001)

Phosphate treatments can reduce metal dissolution and transport from contaminated soils. However, diammonium phosphate (DAP) has not been extensively tested as a chemical immobilization treatment. This study was conducted to evaluate DAP as a chemical immobilization treatment and to investigate potential solids controlling metal solubility in DAP-amended soils. Soil contaminated with Cd, Pb, Zn, and As was collected from a former smelter site. The DAP treatments of 460, 920, and 2300 mg P kg-1 and an untreated check were evaluated using solute transport experiments. Increasing DAP decreased total metal transported. Application of 2300 mg P kg-1 was the most effective for immobilizing Cd, Pb, and Zn eluted from the contaminated soil. Metal elution curves fitted with a transport model showed that DAP treatment increased retardation (R) 2-fold for Cd, 6-fold for Zn, and 3.5-fold for Pb. Distribution coefficients (Kd) increased with P application from 4.0 to 9.0 L kg-1 for Cd, from 2.9 to 10.8 L kg-1 for Pb, and from 2.5 to 17.1 L kg-1 for Zn. Increased Kd values with additional DAP treatment indicated reduced partitioning of sorbed and/or precipitated metal released to mobile metal phases and a concomitant decrease in the concentration of mobile heavy metal species. Activity-ratio diagrams indicated that DAP decreased solution Cd, Pb, and Zn by forming metal-phosphate precipitates with low solubility products. These results suggest that DAP may have potential for protecting water resources from heavy metal contamination near smelting and mining sites.