gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reengineering the Hubble space telescope control center system (1997)

The Hubble Space Telescope was funded in the late 1970s, when mainframes still ruled the world. By the time the Hubble was launched in 1990, desktop computers were ubiquitous, powerful, and about to be hyperlinked through the Internet. Hubble's operations control center at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center reflects these profound changes in computing technology. It has dozens of computing platforms and a control system that evolved over the course of 15 years of project development and subsequent operations. Efforts to reengineer these operational systems are now under way in a project called Vision 2000. The engineers at Goddard are implementing a three-tiered system architecture to integrate the heterogeneous computing environments that have evolved over the years. The new system uses a Web-based graphical user interface, written in Java, to enable greater access to engineering data than has ever before been possible. This GUI represents a Java implementation that is both large-scale (1.5 million lines of code) and mission-critical.
Candida sepsis successfully treated by parenteral administration of 5-fluorocytosine. (1976)

Candida sepsis has become one of the most common and dangerous forms of hospital acquired infection. The recommended drug for parenteral treatment of Candida sepsis is amphotericin B, however, its toxic effects preclude its usage in many patients, particularly in the presence of renal failure. A less toxic antifungal agent is 5-fluorocytosine. A patient with Candida albicans sepsis was treated successfully with 5-fluorocytosine by intravenous administration. The fungal infection developed during the course of acute renal failure, repeated surgical intervention, intravenous hyperalimentation, gastrointestinal bleeding and five months of antibiotic therapy. The clinical symptoms receded rapidly and cultures became sterile after one week of intravenous treatment. The predisposing factors, difficulties in prevention and diagnosis of fungal infection are discussed.
Gaussian moments for noisy independent component analysis (1999)

A novel approach for the problem of estimating the data model of independent component analysis (or blind source separation) in the presence of Gaussian noise is introduced. We define the Gaussian moments of a random variable as the expectations of the Gaussian function (and some related functions) with different scale parameters, and show how the Gaussian moments of a random variable can be estimated from noisy observations. This enables us to use Gaussian moments as one-unit contrast functions that have no asymptotic bias even in the presence of noise, and that are robust against outliers. To implement the maximization of the contrast functions based on Gaussian moments, a modification of the fixed-point (FastICA) algorithm is introduced.
Sub-band coding of HDTV images using GQMF (1992)

The Letter describes a low complexity intraframe sub-band image coding algorithm suitable for video coding applications. A new class of quadrature mirror filter (QMF), called the generalised quadrature mirror filter (GQMF), with smaller overall delay, is introduced. In this approach, the spectra of the HDTV signals are first decomposed into smaller frequency bands where the baseband is DPCM encoded and the high bands are PCM encoded. For optimum performance, an efficient entropy coder is designed that significantly reduces the overall bit rate. It is shown that high quality HDTV images can be obtained at bit rates as low as 34Mbit/s with a considerable reduction in complexity.
ANTAGONISM OF THE THROMBOXANE‐SENSITIVE CONTRACTILE SYSTEMS OF THE RABBIT AORTA, DOG SAPHENOUS VEIN AND GUINEA‐PIG TRACHEA (1982)

1 The thromboxane-sensitive contractile systems in spirally-cut preparations of the rabbit aorta, dog saphenous vein and guinea-pig trachea have been compared. The full or partial agonist activities of a range of bicyclic ring analogues were found to be remarkably similar on the three preparations. In addition, EP 045, a prostanoid with a phenylsemicarbazone omega-chain, blocked the action of both thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)) and the bicyclic ring analogues. Using 11,9-epoxymethano prostaglandin H(2) as the agonist, linear Schild plots with slopes close to unity were obtained on each preparation; this suggests a competitive type of antagonism.2 Analogues of prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)), PGE(2) and PGF(2alpha) also contracted the three smooth muscle preparations; those analogues containing a 16-p-halophenoxy residue were highly active. On the rabbit aorta, EP 045 completely blocked the contractile actions of these agonists, perhaps indicating a single type of prostanoid receptor in this tissue. On the dog saphenous vein PGD(2), PGE(2) and 15-methyl PGE(2) exhibited relaxant activity when the tissue was partially contracted with either a thromboxane agonist or noradrenaline. On the guinea-pig trachea 16,16-dimethyl PGE(2) and the 16-p-chlorophenoxy analogue of PGE(2) were potent contractile agents whose action was not blocked by EP 045. PGE(2) and 15-methyl PGE(2) showed similar properties but exhibited relaxant activity with increasing concentrations in the organ bath. Our results indicate the presence of three types of prostanoid receptors in the guinea-pig trachea: thromboxane- and PGE-sensitive systems mediating contraction and a PGE-sensitive system mediating relaxation.3 The similarity of the thromboxane-sensitive systems in the three smooth muscle preparations is discussed with particular reference to the differences in the equilibrium dissociation constants for EP 045.
The Nasal Decongestant Effect of Xylometazoline in the Common Cold (2008)

Xylometazoline is an effective and well-tolerated decongestant nasal spray that significantly relieved nasal congestion compared with placebo in the common cold and provided long-lasting relief with just 1 spray, helping patients to breathe more easily for a longer period of time.
Synthesis, Characterization, Critical Micelle Concentration and Antimicrobial Activity of Two-headed Amphiphiles (2009)

This project is about the synthesis of homologous series of two-headed, long-chain amphiphiles (the 2CCbn series, where n = 16, 18, 20, 22, 30, 5α-cholestan-3Ã -ol). The 2CCbn series was synthesized in five steps. The first step involves a reaction of nitroethane and two equivalents of tert-butyl acrylate to form nitrodiester by successive Michael addition reaction. The second step is the reduction of nitrodiester with Raney nickel to form aminodiester. The third step involves a reaction of aminodiester with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate [(Boc)2O] to form isocyanatediester. The fourth step is addition of iscocyanatediester with aliphatic alcohol to give alkyl carbamate diester (2ECbn) series. The fifth step is the removal of the tert-butyl protecting group to give the 2CCbn series. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) were measured by the pyrene-based fluorescent probe method. The pyrene excited at 345 nm and fluoresces with maxima at 374 nm (I1) and 385 nm (I3). The stock solution and the dilution series for each amphiphiles were made in 0.9% triethanolamine solution. The CMCs were measured at two pH ~9.2 and 7.4. The CMCs were determined by plotting I1/I3 vs. concentrations. The CMCs were decreasing with increasing chain length. The CMCs for the 2CCbn series are lower than the 3CCbn series but higher than the fatty acids. The minimal inhibitory concentrations were measured against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. These strains were grown on BHIB+S with 5% triethanolamine. The MICs of the 2CCbn series amphiphiles were measured by using microtiter plate reader and by looking turbidity. The cutoff effect was found for the 2CCbn series. The MIC decreased up to C20 chain length and started rising for C22. The 2CCb18 (MICâ 2.2 µg/mL) of the 2CCbn series was the most effective amphiphile against S. aureus and MRSA. The CMC/MIC ratio was used to determine the safety of an amphiphile as a drug use. The amphiphile 2CCb18 has given the largest safety ratio (CMC/MIC = 273) against S. aureus and MRSA. It suggests that micelle formation is not a mechanism of action for anti-Staphylococcal activity.
Mechanisms of Resistance to Macrolides and Lincosamides: Nature of the Resistance Elements and Their Clinical Implications (2002)

Resistance to macrolides and lincosamides is increasingly reported in clinical isolates of gram-positive bacteria. The multiplicity of mechanisms of resistance, which include ribosomal modification, efflux of the antibiotic, and drug inactivation, results in a variety of phenotypes of resistance. There is controversy concerning the clinical relevance of in vitro macrolide resistance. Recent data, however, have shown that eradication of bacteria correlates with clinical outcome of acute otitis media in children and that macrolide therapy results in delayed eradication of macrolide-resistant pneumococci. These results support the need for in vitro detection of macrolide resistance and correct interpretation of susceptibility tests to guide therapy.
PLZT Electrooptic Ceramics and Devices (1981)

Approximately ten years ago, it was first reported by Haertling and Land (1) that optical transparency was achieved in a ferroelectric ceramic material. This material was, in reality, not just one composition but consisted of a series of compositions in the lanthanum modified lead zirconate-lead titanate (PLZT) solid solution region. The multiplicity of compositions, each with different mechanical, electrical and electrooptic properties; has led to a decade of study in defining the chemical and structural nature of these materials; in understanding the phenomena underlying their optical and electrooptic properties and in evaluating the practicality of the large number of possible applications (2-12). The purpose of this paper is to review the status of the PLZT materials, dealing particularly with specific compositions, processing and fabrication; and to demonstrate the application of these materials to practical devices. To date, these devices are largely confined to applications involving shutters and modulators, but PLZT
Restoration of the CCAAT Box or Insertion of the CACCC Motif Activate δ-Globin Gene Expression (1997)

Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2 ), which contains δ-globin as its non–α-globin, represents a minor fraction of the Hb found in normal adults. It has been shown recently that HbA2 is as potent as HbF in inhibiting intracellular deoxy-HbS polymerization, and its expression is therefore relevant to sickle cell disease treatment strategies. To elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the low-level expression of the δ-globin gene in adult erythroid cells, we first compared promoter sequences and found that the δ-globin gene differs from the β-globin gene in the absence of an erythroid Krüppel-like factor (EKLF ) binding site, the alteration of the CCAAT box to CCAAC, and the presence of a GATA-1 binding site. Second, serial deletions of the human δ-globin promoter sequence fused to a luciferase (LUC) reporter gene were transfected into K562 cells. We identified both positive and negative regulatory regions in the 5′ flanking sequence. Furthermore, a plasmid containing a single base pair (bp) mutation in the CCAAC box of the δ promoter, restoring the CCAAT box, caused a 5.6-fold and 2.4-fold (P < .05) increase of LUC activity in transfected K562 cells and MEL cells, respectively, in comparison to the wild-type δ promoter. A set of substitutions that create an EKLF binding site centered at −85 bp increased the expression by 26.8-fold and 6.5-fold (P < .05) in K562 and MEL cells, respectively. These results clearly demonstrate that the restoration of either an EKLF binding site or the CCAAT box can increase δ-globin gene expression, with potential future clinical benefit.
In Vitro Expression of <i>N</i>‐Acetyl Aspartate by Oligodendrocytes (2000)

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides a noninvasive means of assessing in vivo tissue biochemistry. N-Acetyl aspartate (NAA) is a major brain metabolite, and its presence is used increasingly in clinical and experimental MRS studies as a putative neuronal marker. A reduction in NAA levels as assessed by in vivo 1H MRS has been suggested to be indicative of neuronal viability. However, temporal observations of brain pathologies such as multiple sclerosis, mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), and hypothyroidism have shown reversibility in NAA levels, possibly reflecting recovery of neuronal function. A knowledge of the cellular localisation of NAA is critical in interpreting these findings. The assumption that NAA is specific to neurones is based on previous immunohistochemical studies on whole brain using NAA-specific antibodies. The neuronal localisation was further substantiated by cell culture experiments in which its presence in the oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocyte progenitors and immature oligodendrocytes, but not in the mature oligodendrocytes, was observed. More recently, studies on oligodendrocyte biology have revealed the requirement for trophic factors to promote the generation, maturation, and survival of oligodendrocytes in vitro. Here, we have used this new information to implement a more pertinent cell cultivation procedure and demonstrate that mature oligodendrocytes can express NAA in vitro. This observation brings into question whether the NAA changes observed in clinical in vivo 1H MRS studies reflect neuronal function alone. The data presented here support the hypothesis that oligodendrocytes may express NAA in vivo and contribute to the NAA signal observed by 1H MRS.
<title>Modeling the internal and external constraints of a flexible endoscope for calculating its workspace: application in transbronchial needle aspiration guidance</title> (2002)

In robotics, the term workspace denotes that volume of space which the end-effector of a robot can reach. Similarly we denote the workspace of a flexible endoscope as the volume of space that can be occupied by the entire endoscope. From the endoscope's perspective, the workspace is determined by its internal (mechanical) constraints, as well by its external constraints, like organ geometry and gravity. In this paper we show how to calculate the workspace of a given endoscope under insertion into a patient specific organ model. We propose a model of an endoscope that takes the internal constraints into account. We also propose an algorithm which simulates the insertion of an endoscope into an organ. This algorithm calculates the workspace by recursively building a spatial tree whose growth is constrained by a series of filter functions. As Kukuk et al. showed, knowing a real endoscope's workspace can be used to significantly increase the success rate of a blind biopsy. We have built an experimental setup (lung phantom) that allows us to assess the accuracy of our model by comparing it to a real endoscope.
Calculus in coinductive form (2002)

Coinduction is often seen as a way of implementing infinite objects. Since real numbers are typical infinite objects, it may not come as a surprise that calculus, when presented in a suitable way, is permeated by coinductive reasoning. What is surprising is that mathematical techniques, recently developed in the context of computer science, seem to be shedding a new light on some basic methods of calculus. We introduce a coinductive formalization of elementary calculus that can be used as a tool for symbolic computation, and geared towards computer algebra and theorem proving. So far, we have covered parts of ordinary differential and difference equations, Taylor series, Laplace transform and the basics of the operator calculus.
Newer Approaches to Antihypertensive Therapy (1996)

Despite the availability of many newer antihypertensive agents, hypertensive patients remain at higher risk of premature death than the general population. This persistence of morbidity and mortality may be accounted for by the frequent failure to achieve adequate blood pressure reduction despite an extensive array of available antihypertensive agents. Such considerations have led to reassessment of the potential role of fixed-dose combination agents in the antihypertensive armamentarium. The rationale for combination therapy relates to the concept that antihypertensive efficacy may be enhanced when 2 classes of agents are combined. In addition, combination therapy enhances tolerability-1 drug of a fixed combination can antagonize some of the adverse effects of the second drug. Fixed-dose combination therapy simplifies the treatment regimen, preventing treatment failures that might result from missed doses. An additional novel concept is the possibility of enhancing salutary effects on target organs, including regressing left ventricular hypertension and retarding progression of renal disease, by combination therapy over and above the effects expected from the fall in arterial pressure alone. The recent approval by the Food and Drug Administration of 2 fixed-dose angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/calcium antagonist combinations has focused attention on and prompted reexamination of this issue.
Farnesylation of Ras is important for the interaction with phosphoinositide 3‐kinase γ (1999)

The correct functioning of Ras proteins requires post-translational modification of the GTP hydrolases (GTPases). These modifications provide hydrophobic moieties that lead to the attachment of Ras to the inner side of the plasma membrane. In this study we investigated the role of Ras processing in the interaction with various putative Ras-effector proteins. We describe a specific, GTP-independent interaction between post-translationally modified Ha- and Ki-Ras4B and the G-protein responsive phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110gamma. Our data demonstrate that post-translational processing increases markedly the binding of Ras to p110gamma in vitro and in Sf9 cells, whereas the interaction with p110alpha is unaffected under the same conditions. Using in vitro farnesylated Ras, we show that farnesylation of Ras is sufficient to produce this effect. The complex of p110gamma and farnesylated RasGTP exhibits a reduced dissociation rate leading to the efficient shielding of the GTPase from GTPase activating protein (GAP) action. Moreover, Ras processing affects the dissociation rate of the RasGTP complex with the Ras binding domain (RBD) of Raf-1, indicating that processing induces alterations in the conformation of RasGTP. The results suggest a direct interaction between a moiety present only on fully processed or farnesylated Ras and the putative target protein p110gamma.
Smart battery analog front end architecture comparison-integrated voltage-to-frequency vs. analog-to-digital converters (2002)

The majority of state-of-charge based battery "fuel gauging" analog front end solutions are performed by either an analog-to-digital converter or a continuously integrated voltage-to-frequency converter. Comparable cost solutions are compared from the point of view of performance and difficulty of implementation. Laboratory results from both architectures are shown for common battery charge/discharge profiles.
Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism and Other Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms in the <i>MCC</i> Gene (1992)

The MCC gene is a candidate as a tumor suppressor gene for colorectal neoplasms. Further, MCC is tightly linked to the familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) locus by linkage and physical analysis. Hence, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of this gene might be very useful for presymptomatic diagnosis of individuals in families segregating mutant alleles of the APC gene. Here we report the identification of five polymorphic systems in MCC gene (both cDNA and genomic), one of which is an insertion/deletion polymorphism that is detectable by a polymerase chain reaction method. These five RFLP systems should be useful for linkage studies in FAP and for examining loss of heterozygosity at this locus in colonic polyps and tumors.
Respective roles of glucose, fructose, and insulin in the regulation of the liver-specific pyruvate kinase gene promoter. (1994)

The L-type pyruvate kinase (L-PK) is a key enzyme of the glycolytic pathway mainly expressed in the liver. Rat liver contains a regulatory protein that inhibits glucokinase (GK) activity. The effect of this protein is greatly reinforced by the fructose 6-phosphate and antagonized by the fructose 1-phosphate (Van Schaftingen, E. (1989) Eur. J. Biochem. 179, 179-184). In hepatocytes, fructose in low concentrations is phosphorylated into fructose 1-phosphate, and therefore is able to active GK in the absence of insulin via the regulatory protein in the liver. In primary culture of rat hepatocytes, 0.2 mM fructose in the presence of 20 or 40 mM glucose stimulated the activity of the L-PK gene promoter fused with the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene, regardless of the addition of insulin, through the glucose/insulin response element. A constitutive GK expression vector co-transfected with the L-PK/chloramphenicol acetyltransferase construct is also able to confer an insulin-independent glucose responsiveness in hepatocytes. Thus, the insulin effect on glucose-dependent activation of the L-PK promoter is, under these experimental conditions, to permit glucose phosphorylation through the stimulation of the GK synthesis. In the presence of glucose, the L-PK promoter can also be activated by a post-translational GK activation, mediated by a low concentration of fructose acting via the regulatory protein of glucokinase.
Relationship between the Oligomeric Status of HIV-1 Integrase on DNA and Enzymatic Activity (2006)

The 3'-processing of the extremities of viral DNA is the first of two reactions catalyzed by HIV-1 integrase (IN). High order IN multimers (tetramers) are required for complete integration, but it remains unclear which oligomer is responsible for the 3'-processing reaction. Moreover, IN tends to aggregate, and it is unknown whether the polymerization or aggregation of this enzyme on DNA is detrimental or beneficial for activity. We have developed a fluorescence assay based on anisotropy for monitoring release of the terminal dinucleotide product in real-time. Because the initial anisotropy value obtained after DNA binding and before catalysis depends on the fractional saturation of DNA sites and the size of IN.DNA complexes, this approach can be used to study the relationship between activity and binding/multimerization parameters in the same assay. By increasing the IN:DNA ratio, we found that the anisotropy increased but the 3'-processing activity displayed a characteristic bell-shaped behavior. The anisotropy values obtained in the first phase were predictive of subsequent activity and accounted for the number of complexes. Interestingly, activity peaked and then decreased in the second phase, whereas anisotropy continued to increase. Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy studies showed that the most competent form for catalysis corresponds to a dimer bound to one viral DNA end, whereas higher order complexes such as aggregates predominate during the second phase when activity drops off. We conclude that a single IN dimer at each extremity of viral DNA molecules is required for 3'-processing, with a dimer of dimers responsible for the subsequent full integration.
Hydroformylation of Simple Olefins using Dicobalt Octacarbonyl and Rhodium Tricarbonyl as Catalyst (1964)

コバルト,ロジウム両カルボニルを触媒とする単純オレフィンのオキソ反応で生成アルデヒドの分枝/直鎖比,反応のはやさおよびオキソ反応中に起るオレフィンの異性化を比較した。1-オレフィンから生成するアルデヒドの分枝/直鎖比は,コバルトで0.25,ロジウムでは0.85,2-オレフィンからはコバルトで0.6～0.4,ロジウムでは10～6となる。ロジウムカルボニル触媒で2-オレフィンのオキソ反応を低温で行なうと分枝アルデヒドだけが得られる。ロジウムカルボニルはコバルトカルボニルの102～103倍の反応速度を与え,またコバルトと逆に2-オレフィンの反応速度の方が1-オレフィンのそれより大きい。ブテンのオキソ反応中の異性化は瓢バルト触媒ではほとんど見られないのに対し同じ反応条件でロジウム触媒の場合にはかなりの量の異性化したブテンが認められた。