gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Reduction of Nitric Oxide in Automobile Emissions—Stabilisation of catalysts containing ruthenium (1974)

Catalysts containing ruthenium are used to reduce nitric oxide in auto-mobile exhaust emissions but volatile oxides formed under transient oxidising conditions during operation can severely aJfect them. However, basic oxides such as alkaline earths or rare earths can stabilise the ruthenium by forming ruthenates, which have little tendency to volatilise. The ruthenates are synthesised either before the catalyst is made or in position on the catalyst support, which may be monolithic or pelleted. In the development of catalysts for the reduction of nitric oxide in the purification of automotive exhaust emissions one of the desired attributes of a catalyst is its ability to promote selectively the reduction of nitric oxide NO to molecular nitrogen (and not to ammonia as happens over a large majority of catalysts), in the presence of hydrogen-
Somatic mutation of immunoglobulin lambda chains: a segment of the major intron hypermutates as much as the complementarity-determining regions. (1994)

The rate and nature of hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes are of prime importance in the affinity maturation of antibodies. Although a considerable body of information has been gathered for kappa light chains, there is much less data for lambda chains. We have derived a large data base of somatic mutants of mouse lambda 1 light chains from Peyer's patches germinal center B cells. The endogenous lambda 1 genes mutate at a rate comparable to that previously found for a kappa transgene (V kappa ox1). There are intrinsic hot spots of mutation common to both in-frame and out-of-frame rearrangements; these hot spots cluster in hypermutating domains. In contrast to the pattern seen for V kappa Ox1, the hot spot clusters are found not only in complementarity-determining region (CDR)1 but also in CDR2 and CDR3; mutations also cluster in the joining/constant region intron. The differences between the pattern of mutations in V kappa Ox1 and lambda 1 light chains are discussed.
Synthesis of Carboxylic Acid from Aryl Halide and Carbon Monoxide Catalyzed by Nickel Carbonyl (1969)

Abstract In the reacion of aryl bromide with carbon monoxide in the presence of water and a catalytic amount of nickel carbonyl, it has been found that aromatic carboxylic acids (benzoic acid, polymethylbenzoic acid, α-naphthoic acid, etc.) are formed in very high yields when such salts of carboxylic acids as potassium acetate or sodium benzoate are added to the starting materials. The carbonylation reaction of aryl bromide is strongly inhibited by the hydrobromic acid formed, and the addition of the salt of carboxylic acid effectively decreases its concentration in the course of the reaction. When the amount of potassium acetate is larger than that of aryl bromide, the rate of the carbonylation reaction of bromobenzene to form benzoic acid is proportional to the amounts of bromo-benzene, nickel tetracarbonyl, and water and to the reciprocal of the carbon monoxide pressure. From these kinetic data, the effect of the salts of carboxylic acids and the course of the reaction are discussed.
The Type of DNA Glycosylase Determines the Base Excision Repair Pathway in Mammalian Cells (1999)

The base excision repair (BER) of modified nucleotides is initiated by damage-specific DNA glycosylases. The repair of the resulting apurinic/apyrimidinic site involves the replacement of either a single nucleotide (short patch BER) or of several nucleotides (long patch BER). The mechanism that controls the selection of either BER pathway is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the type of base damage present on DNA, by determining the specific DNA glycosylase in charge of its excision, drives the repair of the resulting abasic site intermediate to either BER branch. In mammalian cells hypoxanthine (HX) and 1,N6-ethenoadenine (epsilonA) are both substrates for the monofunctional 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase, the ANPG protein, whereas 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) is removed by the bifunctional DNA glycosylase/beta-lyase 8-oxoG-DNA gly- cosylase (OGG1). Circular plasmid molecules containing a single HX, epsilonA, or 8-oxoG were constructed. In vitro repair assays with HeLa cell extracts revealed that HX and epsilonA are repaired via both short and long patch BER, whereas 8-oxoG is repaired mainly via the short patch pathway. The preferential repair of 8-oxoG by short patch BER was confirmed by the low efficiency of repair of this lesion by DNA polymerase beta-deficient mouse cells as compared with their wild-type counterpart. These data fit into a model where the intrinsic properties of the DNA glycosylase that recognizes the lesion selects the branch of BER that will restore the intact DNA template.
The fate and effects of duodenally infused casein and urea nitrogen in sheep fed on a low-protein roughage (1965)

Urea and casein infused per duodenum into sheep fed on a low-protein cereal hay produced elevated blood urea and rurninal ammonia concentrations. Compared with casein infusion, urea treatment resulted in greater and more rapid rises in both blood urea and ruminal ammonia concentrations. Cellulose digestion rates were increased after infusion of either material, but casein tended to exert its effect at a later time. Of 10 g of nitrogen infused in each form, urinary excretion accounted for 5 g with urea treatment, but only 3 g when casein was given. Results are discussed in relation to mechanisms for conservation of urea nitrogen in sheep fed on low-protein diets. Attention is drawn to the implications of these findings in relation to the effect of casein infused per duodenum upon voluntary intake of low protein roughages.
A new secure session exchange key protocol for wireless communications (2004)

WAP architectures consist of several protocols, especially WTLS (wireless transport layer security) and SSL (secure sockets layer). Although both protocols secure data over an open network, they differ in their mode of operation. SSL secures end-to-end communications whereas WTLS defines connection-oriented and datagram transport protocols. As these two protocols are incompatible with each other, WTLS does not provide secure connections with SSL. Thus, WAP gateways break secure links. This paper proposes a new security protocol in order to ensure an end-to-end secure session key exchange between the client and the web server and thus would have an impact on new services independent of WAP gateways.
Industrial relations and the European Community* (1992)

The affairs of the European Community reached a major crossroads at the December 1991 summit in Maastricht. This article reviews the attempts of the Community to match the development of the internal market with a social dimension.
Serum bile acids in liver disease (1971)

Serum bile acids have been measured in patients with a wide variety of liver diseases using a technique which separates the major individual conjugated and free bile acids. Total serum bile acids may be elevated up to 100 times the normal concentration in patients with liver disease and this increase consists largely of conjugated bile acids. The ratio of glycine-conjugated to taurine-conjugated bile salts is low in all types of liver disease and this is found particularly in the serum of patients with obstructive jaundice. There is a decrease in the ratio of trihydroxy:dihydroxy cholanic acid in patients with cirrhosis.
Determinations of amylase isoenzymes in serum by use of a selective inhibitor. (1982)

A simple, rapid screening procedure for determining the relative amounts of pancreatic (P)- and salivary (S)-type amylase in serum is presented, involving incorporation of a selective inhibitor (from wheat-germ) into commercially available BMD Single-Vial Amylase and Beckman Enzymatic Amylase-DS procedures for manual and automated isoamylase measurements. Optimal concentrations of inhibitor inhibit the S-type amylase fraction by 87-88%. In contrast, the pancreatic fraction is inhibited by only 19% in either the manual or automated methods. The degree of inhibition is constant for amylase activities up to at least 520 U/L. Use of the ratio (P-amylase/total amylase activity) X 100 helps differentiate between hyperamylasemia caused by S-type or P-type amylase. In preliminary studies, patients with pancreatitis showed a ratio greater than 70%.
Nanoparticle PET/CT Imaging of Natriuretic Peptide Clearance Receptor in Prostate Cancer (2012)

Atrial natriuretic peptide has been recently discovered to have anticancer effects via interaction with cell surface natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPRA) and natriuretic peptide clearance receptor (NPRC). In a preclinical model, NPRA expression has been identified during tumor angiogenesis and may serve as a potential prognostic marker and target for prostate cancer (PCa) therapy. However, the presence of NPRC receptor in the PCa model has not yet been assessed. Furthermore, there is still no report using nanoparticle for PCa positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Herein, an amphiphilic comb-like nanoparticle was synthesized with controlled properties through modular construction containing C-atrial natriuretic factor (CANF) for NPRC receptor targeting and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) chelator for high specific activity Cu-64 radiolabeling. The pharmacokinetics of (64)Cu-CANF-Comb exhibited tuned biodistribution and optimized in vivo profile in contrast to the nontargeted (64)Cu-Comb nanoparticle. PET imaging with (64)Cu-CANF-Comb in CWR22 PCa tumor model showed high blood pool retention, low renal clearance, enhanced tumor uptake, and decreased hepatic burden relative to the nontargeted (64)Cu-Comb. Immunohistochemistry staining confirmed the presence of NPRC receptor in tumor tissue. Competitive PET receptor blocking study demonstrated the targeting specificity of (64)Cu-CANF-Comb to NPRC receptor in vivo. These results establish a new nanoagent for prostate cancer PET imaging.
Revisiting perioperative chemotherapy: the critical importance of targeting residual cancer prior to wound healing (2009)

Waiting for wound healing to occur before initiating adjuvant therapies may be seriously compromising their effectiveness, and patients subsequently rendered incurable as a result of this wait. Clinical trials to establish the safety and effectiveness of administering adjuvant therapies perioperatively are needed. These therapies should target not only the residual cancer cells, but also the wound healing pathway utilized by these cells to proliferate and metastasize.
Green composite films composed of nanocrystalline cellulose and a cellulose matrix regenerated from functionalized ionic liquid solution (2010)

By using the excellent selective solubility of the hydroxyl functionalized ionic liquid, 1-(2-hydroxylethyl)-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ([HeMIM]Cl), to the pretreated microcrystalline cellulose (PMCC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), a green all-cellulose nanocomposite film, in which both the fibers and the matrix are cellulose, was easily prepared via adding NCC to the cellulose ionic liquid solution. It was found that the PMCC can be efficiently dissolved in [HeMIM]Cl, whereas NCC slightly dissolved in it. The morphology, crystalline structure, thermal stabilities, mechanical and optical properties of the as-prepared film were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical transmittance and mechanical testing. The nanocomposite films showed good optical transparency, thermal stabilities and mechanical properties as the result of reinforcement by increasing the content of NCC. But, with the content of NCC increased from 5% to 25%, the decomposition temperature and elongation at break decreased obviously. This work demonstrated a promising route for the preparation of biodegradable green all-cellulose nanocomposites. In addition, this all-cellulose nanocomposite composite is composed of sustainable biodegradable resources, which give it to be benign to environment.
Coupling of astrocyte connexins Cx26, Cx30, Cx43 to oligodendrocyte Cx29, Cx32, Cx47: Implications from normal and connexin32 knockout mice (2003)

Oligodendrocytes in vivo form heterologous gap junctions with astrocytes. These oligodendrocyte/astrocyte (A/O) gap junctions contain multiple connexins (Cx), including Cx26, Cx30, and Cx43 on the astrocyte side, and Cx32, Cx29, and Cx47 on the oligodendrocyte side. We investigated connexin associations at A/O gap junctions on oligodendrocytes in normal and Cx32 knockout (KO) mice. Immunoblotting and immunolabeling by several different antibodies indicated the presence of Cx32 in liver and brain of normal mice, but the absence of Cx32 in liver and brain of Cx32 KO mice, confirming the specificity and efficacy of the antibodies, as well as allowing the demonstration of Cx32 expression by oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes throughout brain were decorated with numerous Cx30-positive puncta, which also were immunolabeled for both Cx32 and Cx43. In Cx32 KO mice, astrocytic Cx30 association with oligodendrocyte somata was nearly absent, Cx26 was partially reduced, and Cx43 was present in abundance. In normal and Cx32 KO mice, oligodendrocyte Cx29 was sparsely distributed, whereas Cx47-positive puncta were densely localized on oligodendrocyte somata. These results demonstrate that astrocyte Cx30 and oligodendrocyte Cx47 are widely present at A/O gap junctions. Immunolabeling patterns for these six connexins in Cx32 KO brain have implications for deciphering the organization of heterotypic connexin coupling partners at A/O junctions. The persistence and abundance of Cx43 and Cx47 at these junctions after Cx32 deletion, together with the paucity of Cx29 normally present at these junctions, suggests Cx43/Cx47 coupling at A/O junctions. Reductions in Cx30 and Cx26 after Cx32 deletion suggest that these astrocytic connexins likely form junctions with Cx32 and that their incorporation into A/O gap junctions is dependent on the presence of oligodendrocytic Cx32.
STUDIES OF EARLY HYDRATION REACTIONS OF PORTLAND CEMENT BY X -RAY DIFFRACTION (1964)

MONITORING BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION OF HYDRATION OF TRICALCIUM ALUMINATE IN PASTES CONTAINING CALCIUM HYDROXIDE AND GYPSUM HAS DEMONSTRATED SUCCESSIVE FORMATION OF THE HIGH-SULFATE FORM OF CALCIUM SULFOALUMINATE HYDRATE /ETTRINGITE/, THE LOW -SULFATED HYDRATE AND TETRACALCIUM ALUMINATE HYDRATE. THESE REACTIONS AND EFFECTS OF VARIOUS FACTORS ON THEM CORRESPOND VERY CLOSELY TO THE EARLY HYDRATION BEHAVIOR OF C3A IN PORTLAND CEMENT. DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF HYDRATING SINTERED TRICALCIUM ALUMINATE SLABS HAVE DEMONSTRATED THE RETARDING EFFECT OF THE INITIALLY FORMED ETTRINGITE FILM. X-RAY AND DILATOMETER STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT THE HYDRATING C3A PASTES UNDERGO LARGE INCREASES IN VOLUME BECAUSE OF A TENDENCY TO IMBIBE LARGE QUANTITIES OF WATER. THE INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS OF OTHER PORTLAND CEMENT CONSTITUENTS ON THESE HYDRATION REACTIONS HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED. A STUDY OF HYDRATION OF COMBINATIONS OF THE VARIOUS CONSTITUENTS HAS LED TO A FAIRLY COMPLETE PICTURE OF THE EARLY HYDRATION REACTIONS OF PORTLAND CEMENT. EXAMINATION OF A FEW WELL-KNOWN ACCELERATING AND RETARDING MATERIALS HAS SHOWN THEM TO AFFECT PRIMARILY THE HYDRATION RATE OF C3S. THEY MAY AFFECT THE RATES BUT NOT THE NATURE OF THE EARLY C3A REACTIMONS. RETARDERS CAN PRODUCE A LARGE INITIAL ACCELERATION OF C3A HYDRATION. WHEN CONSIDERED IN RELATION TO THE STATE OF THE CALCIUM SULFATE IN THE CEMENT, THIS PREVIOUSLY UNRECOGNIZED EFFECT CAN ACCOUNT FOR MANY INSTANCES OF ABNORMAL SETTING OF CONCRETE. OPTIMUM SO3 CONTENT IS CHARACTERIZED BY GYPSUM DEPLETION AT 18 TO 24 HR AFTER GAGING. HIGHER SO3 CONTENTS CAUSE WATER IMBIBITION TO PRODUCE EXCESSIVE EXPANSION AND LOWERED STRENGTH. THIS WATER IMBIBITION IS A MAJOR FACTOR IN THE BEHAVIOR OF SHRINKAGE- COMPENSATING AND EXPANSIVE CEMENTS. /AUTHOR/
Characterization of yeast strains with conditionally expressed variants of ribosomal protein genes tcm1 and cyh2. (1985)

We placed a regulatory sequence derived from the GAL10 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at various distances from the start sites of transcription of two yeast ribosomal protein genes, tcm1 and cyh2. The hybrid ribosomal protein genes were transcribed at wild-type levels in the presence of galactose. In the absence of galactose, the hybrid genes were transcribed either at a reduced level or essentially not at all. Yeast cells which transcribe the ribosomal protein genes at a reduced rate continued to grow, suggesting that enhanced translation of the ribosomal protein mRNA may permit an adequate rate of synthesis of the corresponding protein. Consistent with this suggestion is the finding that preexisting mRNA decayed at a reduced rate when transcription was halted abruptly by removal of galactose. Yeast cells unable to transcribe tcm1 or cyh2 without galactose did not grow. These conditional lethal strains demonstrate that the ribosomal proteins encoded by tcm1 and cyh2 are essential; furthermore, these strains are potentially useful for isolating mutations in the tcm1 and cyh2 proteins affecting their transport, assembly, or function.
Vitrification and curing studies of a photopolymerizable semi‐interpenetrating polymer network. II (1990)

Abstract The photopolymerizable semi‐interpenetrating polymer network‐II being studied consists of a linear copolyester, a crosslinked network of multifunctional acrylate monomers and a very efficient photoinitiator system. Using both Raman and dynamic mechanical spectroscopy (DMS), it has been determined that the polymerizing network vitrifies after a very low level of crosslinking is attained. This results in a sample that has a T g which is substantially lower than would be expected from knowledge of the values of T g for the individual components of the blend. The extent of reaction and, therefore, the glass transition temperature can be increased by heating the sample during photopolymerization. In addition, the glass transition temperature of the network can be increased by thermally curing the sample after photopolymerization. It has been found that once the network has been fully cured, the glass transition temperature is much higher than would be predicted. This has been interpreted in terms of synergistic effects; conceivably, the acrylates form a tight matrix around the linear copolyester and effectively reduce the molecular mobility of the components. The results also show that the acrylates and the copolyester are not inherently miscible. However, if a sufficient concentration of acrylates is present, it is possible to prevent the copolyester from phase separating. Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy data do indicate that these semi‐inter‐penetrating polymer networks‐II (semi‐IPN‐II) samples are somewhat heterogeneous; however, there does not seem to be any gross phase separation. Transmission, electron microscopy (TEM) results show that the most fully cured sample has domains on the order of 50–250 Å associated with the copolyester phase.
Probabilistic information retrieval as a combination of abstraction, inductive learning, and probabilistic assumptions (1994)

We show that former approaches in probabilistic information retrieval are based on one or two of the three concepts abstraction, inductive learning , and probabilistic assumptions , and we propose a new approach which combines all three concepts. This approach is illustrated for the case of indexing with a controlled vocabulary. For this purpose, we describe a new probabilistic model first, which is then combined with logistic regression, thus yielding a generalization of the original model. Experimental results for the pure theoretical model as well as for heuristic variants are given. Furthermore, linear and logistic regression are compared.
Programming a massively parallel, computation universal system: Static behavior (1986)

Massively parallel systems are presently the focus of intense interest for a variety of reasons. A key problem is how to control, or ‘‘program’’ these systems. In previous work by the authors, the ‘‘optimum finding’’ properties of Hopfield neural nets were applied to the nets themselves to create a ‘‘neural compiler.’’ This was done in such a way that the problem of programming the attractors of one neural net (called the Slave net) was expressed as an optimization problem that was in turn solved by a second neural net (the Master net). The procedure is effective and efficient. In this series of papers we extend that approach to programming nets that contain interneurons (sometimes called ‘‘hidden neurons’’), and thus we deal with nets capable of universal computation. Our work is closely related to recent work of Rummelhart et al. (also Parker, and LeChun), which may be viewed as a special case of this formalism and therefore of ‘‘computing with attractors.’’ In later papers in this series, we present the theory for programming time dependent behavior, and consider practical implementations. One may expect numerous applications in view of the computation universality of these networks.
High Resolution Electron Microscopy of Intergrowth and Modulated Structure in 110 K High-T<sub>c</sub> Superconductor Bi<sub>2</sub>(Sr, Ca)<sub>4</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>y</sub> (1988)

The high- T c superconductor Bi 2 (Sr, Ca) 4 Cu 3 O y with T c =110 K is examined by high resolution electron microscopy. Most of the perovskite-related layers are composed of three CuO 2 and four (Sr, Ca)O layers, separating two Bi 2 O 2 layers by 1.8 nm. Intergrowths of perovskite-related layers containing two, four and five CuO 2 layers are observed, where the Bi 2 O 2 layers are separated by 1.5, 2.1 and 2.4 nm, respectively. The structural modulation, similar to that reported in the 80 K low- T c superconductor Bi 2 (Sr, Ca) 3 Cu 2 O y (Y. Matsui et al. : Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 27 (1988) L372), is also observed.
Review ArticleNaphthalene Combretastatin Analogues: Synthesis, Cytotoxicity and Antitubulin Activity (2004)

Synthesis and evaluation of new combretastatin analogues with varied modifications on the bridge and the aromatic rings, have shown that the 2-naphthyl moiety is a good surrogate for the 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl (B-ring) of combretastatin A-4. Other bicyclic systems, such as 6(7)-quinolyl and 5-indolyl, can replace the B-ring, but they produce less potent analogues in the cytotoxicity and tubulin polymerization inhibition assays. Other modifications are detrimental for the potency of the studied analogues. The 2-naphthyl combretastatin 53 and the related 6-quinolyl combretastatin 106 analogues are the most potent among the derivatives of this type, whereas 92 and 95 are the most potent among the naphthalene derivatives with a heterocycle in the bridge. Previous and new results in this family of combretastatin analogues are discussed.