gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
150 μm pitch flipchip packaging with Pb-free solder and Cu/low-k interconnects (2005)

Low-k test vehicles with four Cu layers are fabricated using Cu dual damascene process. Polymer encapsulation and metal redistribution is applied using wafer integration technology to minimize the stress from the solder bump pad to low-k ILD (interlayer dielectric). Two different interconnections were studied; i) Pb-free solder bump and ii) copper column. Ti/NiV/Cu/Au UBM is deposited on the Cu/low-k wafers and Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu Pb-free solder are bumped for solder interconnection. For copper column interconnection, thick PR process is developed and optimized for electro Cu plating and solder is deposited on the top of Cu post. Bump shear test is carried out to evaluate the bump bonding and analyzed the failure. In order to investigate UBM and solder joint reliability, multiple reflows were carried out. Microstructure observation and failure analysis were performed and observed with optical and electron microscopy. The paper will also present the reliability and failure analysis studies carried out in characterizing the UBM structures.
Direct Correlation of External Systolic Time Intervals with Internal Indices of Left Ventricular Function in Man (1971)

Direct correlation of externally measured systolic time intervals with internally measured indices was obtained using catheter-tip micromanometers in six patients who had normal coronary arteriograms. Simultaneous recordings were made of central aorta and left ventricular pressure, maximum rate of rise in left ventricular pressure (dp/dt), external carotid pulse, external and internal sound, and electrocardiogram. Acute interventions were used to vary the indices by a variety of mechanisms including changes in contractility, preload, afterload, and heart rate. The initial values and the changes in these values produced by acute interventions are identical for left ventricular ejection time (LVET) whether measured externally (range 175 to 385 msec) or internally (range 169 to 392), r = 0.99. Although the absolute values differed for internally measured isovolumic contraction time (internal ICT), externally measured ICT, and preejection time (PEP), there was good linear correlation between the changes observed in these values following the interventions. Changes in PEP and internal ICT showed excellent linear correlation (r = 0.94) and were also alike in absolute value following the interventions. The interval from the Q wave of the electrocardiogram to rise in left ventricular pressure (electrical-mechanical delay) did not change significantly during these interventions. During a period of spontaneous isorhythmic dissociation there was close tracking between beat-to-beat changes in PEP and internal ICT and between externally and internally measured LVET. Following acute interventions PEP and left ventricular dp/dt changed inversely. Externally measured systolic time intervals have therefore been shown in man to correlate well with directly measured internal indices, both in steady-state conditions and during a series of acute interventions. This convenient and atraumatic method has been shown to be a valid and sensitive measure of myocardial performance.
Exosomes carrying mycobacterial antigens can protect mice against <i><scp>M</scp>ycobacterium tuberculosis</i> infection (2013)

Approximately 2 billion people are infected with M ycobacterium tuberculosis , the etiological agent of tuberculosis ( TB ), and an estimated 1.5 million individuals die annually from TB. Presently, M ycobacterium bovis BCG remains the only licensed TB vaccine; however, previous studies suggest its protective efficacy wanes over time and fails in preventing pulmonary TB . Therefore, a safe and effective vaccine is urgently required to replace BCG or boost BCG immunizations. Our previous studies revealed that mycobacterial proteins are released via exosomes from macrophages infected with M . tuberculosis or pulsed with M . tuberculosis culture filtrate proteins ( CFP ). In the present study, exosomes purified from macrophages treated with M . tuberculosis CFP were found to induce antigen‐specific IFN ‐γ and IL ‐2‐expressing CD 4 + and CD8 + T cells. In exosome‐vaccinated mice, there was a similar T H 1 immune response but a more limited T H 2 response compared to BCG ‐vaccinated mice. Using a low‐dose M . tuberculosis mouse aerosol infection model, exosomes from CFP ‐treated macrophages were found to both prime a protective immune response as well as boost prior BCG immunization. The protection was equal to or superior to BCG . In conclusion, our findings suggest that exosomes might serve as a novel cell‐free vaccine against an M . tuberculosis infection.
Environmental Sources of Prion Transmission in Mule Deer (2004)

Whether transmission of the chronic wasting disease (CWD) prion among cervids requires direct interaction with infected animals has been unclear. We report that CWD can be transmitted to susceptible animals indirectly, from environments contaminated by excreta or decomposed carcasses. Under experimental conditions, mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) became infected in two of three paddocks containing naturally infected deer, in two of three paddocks where infected deer carcasses had decomposed in situ =1.8 years earlier, and in one of three paddocks where infected deer had last resided 2.2 years earlier. Indirect transmission and environmental persistence of infectious prions will complicate efforts to control CWD and perhaps other animal prion diseases.
Transient Stability Improvement Using Thyristor Controlled Quadrature Voltage Injection (1981)

A thyristor controlled quadrature voltage injection transformer is used to improve the transient stability performance of a generator connected, through a transmission circuit, to a power-system. The paper discusses the effect of alternative control strategies and shows that not only can first swing maximum angle be reduced, but the subsequent transients can be damped.
The Acute Toxicity of Choline Hydrochloride in Mice and Rats. (1942)

SummaryThe analyses of the data indicate an L.D. 50 for choline hydrochloride of the order of 320 mg per kg for intraperitoneal injection in albino mice, and of 6.7 g per kg for stomach tube administration in albino rats.Tlic :iuthors acknowledge the assistance of Ray Kcscl.
New Design Approach for Spudcan Penetration in Nonuniform Clay with an Interbedded Stiff Layer (2015)

The paper describes a mechanism-based design approach for assessing spudcan penetration in soft nonuniform clay with an interbedded stiff layer. The proposed approach is developed on the basis of the results from a parametric study through large deformation finite-element analyses and validated against centrifuge test data. This can be taken as a “top-down” approach. Design formulas are proposed for assessing the limiting cavity depth and soil plug height. A direct comparison between the predicted profiles using the proposed design approach and the “bottom-up” approach recommended in an ISO standard confirms the benefit of using the former.
Synthesis of 8-Methoxy-1-methyl-1<i>H</i>-benzo[<i>d</i><i>e</i>][1,6]naphthyridin-9-ol (Isoaaptamine) and Analogues (2000)

8-Methoxy-1-methyl-1H-benzo[de][1,6]naphthyridin-9-ol, isoaaptamine, a PKC inhibitor isolated from sponge was synthesized. The synthesis parallels a synthesis of 8,9-dimethoxybenzo[de][1,6]naphthyridine, aaptamine, but uses a nitromethyl substituent as a precursor of the key 5-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-quinolin-4-one intermediate. The quinolone intermediates were prepared by thermolysis (220-240 degrees C) of anilinomethylene derivatives of Meldrum's acid. The quinolone intermediates were N-methylated prior to cyclization to the benzo[de][1,6]naphthyridine derivatives. Aaptamine and several analogues of aaptamine and isoaaptamine were prepared including 9-demethylaaptamine, 1-methyl-8-demethylaaptamine, 1-methylaaptamine, and the 8,9-methylenedioxy analogues of aaptamine and 1-methylaaptamine.
Changes in Solubility, Non-Enzymatic Glycation, and Fluorescence of Collagen in Tail Tendons from Diabetic Rats (1989)

The increase in acid-insoluble collagen (AIC) from tail tendons of streptozotocin-diabetic rats was measured and compared with that for control rats. AIC increased from 10% initially to 75% after 12 weeks of diabetes. It then increased slowly to 85% after 45 weeks. AIC for control rats was constant for the first 12 weeks and then increased slowly to 40% after 45 weeks. These data are consistent with an increase in the number of acid-stable cross-links in the collagen due to diabetes. The quantity of collagen solubilized by pepsin at 4 degrees C was unaltered due to diabetes, strong evidence that formation of diabetes-induced cross-links between helical regions of collagen molecules cannot explain the increase in AIC observed. Non-enzymatic glycation (NEG) increased linearly over 45 weeks, but the rate of NEG was much slower than the rate of increase in AIC observed for diabetics. The level of NEG for diabetics was about three times that for controls at a given time, but there was still less than 1 mol of glucose detected/mol of collagen at near maximum acid insolubility. Fluorescence associated with tail tendons was measured to test the hypothesis that fluorescent cross-links form as a consequence of NEG and result in decreased collagen solubility. Fluorescence (lambda ex 370; lambda em 430) increased slowly with age but was similar for control and diabetic tendons of the same age. Fluorescence was not increased in AIC compared with acid-soluble collagen derived from a given tendon sample. NEG of collagen reached near-diabetic levels in non-diabetic rats whose growth was inhibited by restricted feeding, but there was no associated increase in AIC. These data suggest that NEG and the subsequent formation of fluorescent cross-links do not contribute significantly to the rapid increase in AIC in the streptozotocin-rat model of diabetes.
Emerging role of Toll-like receptors in atherosclerosis (2008)

Atherosclerosis is inflammation of the vessel wall of the arterial tree. This inflammation arises at specific areas that experience disturbed blood flow such as bifurcations and the lesser curvature of the aortic arch. Although all endothelial cells are exposed to comparable levels of circulating plasma cholesterol, only endothelial cells overlaying lesions display an inflamed phenotype. This occurs even in the absence of any additional exacerbating disease factors because blood flow controls the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR), which are initiators of cellular activation and inflammation. TLR2- and 4-expression exert an overall proatherogenic effect in hyperlipidemic mice. TLR activation of the endothelium promotes lipid accumulation and leukocyte accumulation within lesions.
Inhibition of <i>N</i>-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced esophageal neoplasms by the Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (1991)

Model systems in which carcinogenesis by given agents can be prevented or reduced offer a means of gaining insight into the mechanism(s) of action of carcinogens and the feasibility of chemoprevention in humans. In the current study, the ability of the soy-bean derived Bowman-Birk protease (BBI) to suppress esophageal carcinogenesis induced by N-nitrosomethylbenylamine (NMBzA) was examined. Esophageal lesions were produced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by i.p. injection of 2 mg/kg NMBzA twice weekly for 3 weeks. Groups receiving BBI were fed three tablets a week containing 180 mg BBI each in a mixture of Witepsol H15 and peanut butter for the duration of the experiment. The frequency of papillomas and carcinomas was reduced 45% in groups receiving BBI. Furthermore, the frequency of appearance of five separate characteristics of preneoplastic lesions was significantly reduced in the esophagi of BBI-treated animals. The most significant reduction was in the total number of lesions with simple hyperplasia. Groups receiving NMBzA and placebo tablets, containing only Witepsol H15 and peanut butter, did not display statistically significant differences in the frequency of esophageal lesions as compared to animals receiving NMBzA alone. These results demonstrate that BBI can effectively inhibit NMBzA-induced esophageal tumors when given in tablet form separate from the regular diet.
Lipasen: Grenzflächen-Enzyme mit attraktiven Anwendungen (1998)

Bei der Fettverdauung im Magen und im Darm hydrolysieren sie Triacylglycerine, aber auch außerhalb ihres angestammten Wirkungsbereichs können Lipasen zur Hydrolyse von Estern und Amiden sowie zu Veresterungen eingesetzt werden. Dabei geht ihre breite Substratspezifizität einher mit einer hohen Stabilität in organischen Lösungsmitteln; zudem verlaufen die Reaktionen meist hoch regio- und enantioselektiv. So wurde der Ca2+-Antagonist Diltiazem 1 mit Lipase aus Serratia marcescens diastereomerenrein erhalten. In den letzten Jahren wurden über 30 Lipasen kloniert. Da von 12 Lipasen auch die räumliche Struktur bekannt ist, werden derzeit umfangreiche Versuche zum Protein-Design dieser Enzymklasse durchgeführt, um sie für Anwendungen – z. B. in Waschmitteln – zu optimieren.
The role of asymmetric rubbing in the generation of static electricity (1953)

Two independent types of contact electrification are discussed; the one requiring different surfaces, but not needing friction; the other requiring asymmetric rubbing, but not a difference in the surfaces. It is suggested that the combination of these two effects which occurs when different surfaces are rubbed together (usually asymmetrically) is a contributory factor to the notorious uncertainty of such experiments. It is shown that almost all rubbing processes involve local asymmetry, with the result that like surfaces rubbed together, though each neutral as a whole, are covered with a pattern of opposite charges. A similar effect accounts for the different triboelectric behaviour of surfaces of the same material but different degrees of roughness, and occurs as a complication in the rubbing together of different materials. The part played by asymmetric rubbing between two solids in observed transference of charges to the air is discussed.
The Exercise of Interfirm Power and Its Repercussions in U. S.-Japanese Channel Relationships (1993)

Jean L. Johnson, Tomoaki Sakano, Joseph A. Cote, Naoto Onzo, The Exercise of Interfirm Power and Its Repercussions in U. S.-Japanese Channel Relationships, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 57, No. 2 (Apr., 1993), pp. 1-10
A MILD AND STEREOSPECIFIC CONVERSION OF VICINAL DIOLS INTO OLEFINS VIA 2-METHOXY-1,3-DIOXOLANE DERIVATIVES (1986)

Abstract An efficient and practical method for the stereospecific synthesis of olefins from vicinal diols via the corresponding 2-methoxy-1,3-dioxolanes is reported.
Synthesis and antidepressant properties of novel 2-substituted 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole derivatives (1987)

A unique combination of alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist and serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitory activities has been identified in a series of 2-substituted 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole derivatives. This combination of blocking activities has provided one of these derivatives, napamezole hydrochloride (2), with potential as an antidepressant. A discussion of the syntheses of these compounds includes a convenient method for the conversion of nitriles to imidazolines with ethylenediamine and trimethylaluminum.
Erratum: ‘‘Electron Hall mobility of <i>n</i>-GaN’’ [Appl. Phys. Lett. <b>66</b>, 1972 (1995)] (1995)

First Page
House/Home: Dwelling in the New South Africa (2005)

Abstract For a country that endured decades of racial segregation, cultural freedom has a particular poignancy. Iain Low of the University of Cape Town takes his cultural barometer to the new South Africa to measure up the challenges of broadening ‘the new mix’ within a housing landscape that only 10 years ago was dictated by the politics of separation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of cerebral blood flow autoregulation (CBF AR) with rheoencephalography (REG): studies in animals (2013)

The ability of cerebral vasculature to regulate cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the face of changes in arterial blood pressure (SAP) or intracranial pressure (ICP) is an important guard against secondary ischemia in acute brain injuries, and official guidelines recommend that therapeutic decisions be guided by continuous monitoring of CBF autoregulation (AR). The common method for CBF AR monitoring, which rests on real-time derivation of the correlation coefficient (PRx) between slow oscillations in SAP and ICP is, however, rarely used in clinical practice because it requires invasive ICP measurements. This study investigated whether the correlation coefficient between SAP and the pulsatile component of the non-invasive transcranial bioimpedance signal (rheoencephalography, REG) could be used to assess the state and lower limit of CBF AR. The results from pigs and rhesus macaques affirm the utility of REG; however, additional animal and clinical studies are warranted to assess selectivity of automatic REG-based evaluation of CBF AR.
HEALTH ASPECTS OF COMMON CHEMICALS USED IN HAIR-WAVING PREPARATIONS (1949)

The use of chemicals for the production of curl in hair is of relatively recent origin. The first so-called permanent waves obtained by means of chemicals were produced with borax, water and heat. This process was developed shortly after the turn of the century. A significant advance in chemical processes for waving of hair was the discovery, shortly after World War I, that the use of ammonia with the borax could produce a more satisfactory curl and simultaneously reduce the "curling time."<sup>1</sup>Various chemicals have been explored for their adaptability to the production of curl in hair, with or without the application of heat. Heat may be applied in two ways, by some mechanical device, in the machine type of wave, or by the release of heat resulting from a chemical reaction, the machineless type. Solutions of ammonia or ammonium carbonate are the chemicals employed in this process, and
Measurement of the infrared complex Faraday angle in semiconductors and insulators (2011)

We measure the infrared (wavelength λ = 11 − 0.8 μm; energy E = 0.1 − 1.5 eV) Faraday rotation and ellipticity in GaAs, BaF2, LaSrGaO4, LaSrAlO4, and ZnSe. Since these materials are commonly used as substrates and windows in infrared magneto-optical measurements, it is important to measure their Faraday signals for background subtraction. These measurements also provide a rigorous test of the accuracy and sensitivity of our unique magneto-polarimetry system. The light sources used in these measurements consist of gas and semiconductor lasers, which cover 0.1 - 1.3 eV, as well as a custom-modified prism monochromator with a Xe lamp, which allows continuous broadband measurements in the 0.28 - 1.5 eV energy range. The sensitivity of this broadband system is approximately 10 μrad. Our measurements reveal that the Verdet coefficients of these materials are proportional to λ-2, which is expected when probing with photon energies below the band gap. Reproducible ellipticity signals are also seen, which is unexpected since the photon energy is well below the absorption edge of these materials, where no magnetic circular dichroism or magnetic linear birefringence should occur. We suggest that the Faraday ellipticity is produced by the static retardance of the photoelastic modulator and other optical elements such as windows, which convert the polarization rotation produced by the sample into ellipticity. This static retardance is experimentally determined by the ratio of the Faraday rotation and ellipticity signals, which are induced by either applying a magnetic field to a sample or mechanically rotating the polarization of light incident on the photoelastic modulator and/or other optical components.
Speed and intelligence in old age. (1993)

Past research suggests that age differences in measures of cognitive speed contribute to differences in intellectual functioning between young and old adults. To investigate whether speed also predicts age-related differences in intellectual performance beyond age 70 years, tests indicating 5 intellectual abilities--speed, reasoning, memory, knowledge, and fluency--were administered to a close-to-representative, age-stratified sample of old and very old adults. Age trends of all 5 abilities were well described by a negative linear function. The speed-mediated effect of age fully explained the relationship between age and both the common and the specific variance of the other 4 abilities. Results offer strong support for the speed hypothesis of old age cognitive decline but need to be qualified by further research on the reasons underlying age differences in measures of speed.
Spin effects of charged exciton states in electric field tunable quantum dot molecules (2011)

Tuning the relative energy levels in coupled quantum dots with an applied electric field results in controllable spin interactions of bound carriers. These interactions may provide new directions in engineering these systems for optical and spintronic applications. Using polarization resolved photoluminescence experiments we observe spin dependent effects in the spectra which vary as a function of applied field. As we tune the exciton emission we observe variations in circular polarization memory in the neutral exciton and in the singly charged exciton states. We propose possible mechanisms for externally manipulating the spin coupling.
Digital Cinema (2003)

While the process of distributing and exhibiting a film has changed little over the past century, Digital Cinema, the process of using digitally stored data instead of strips of acetate, has arrived. With technology continuing to develop it is expected that d-cinema will overtake the quality of conventional cinema has within the next two years. This paper considers how the film industry might effect the transition from film to digital product.
Palladium-catalyzed decarboxylation-dehydrogenation of allyl .beta.-oxo carboxylates and allyl enol carbonates as a novel synthetic method for .alpha.-substituted .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketones (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPalladium-catalyzed decarboxylation-dehydrogenation of allyl .beta.-oxo carboxylates and allyl enol carbonates as a novel synthetic method for .alpha.-substituted .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketonesIsao Shimizu and Jiro TsujiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 21, 5844–5846Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00385a075https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00385a075research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2674Altmetric-Citations101LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts