gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Comparison of Out of Pocket Payments for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Before and After the Health Sector Evolution Plan in the South of Iran (2019)

Background: One of the goals of the Health Sector Evolution Plan (HSEP) in Iran was to increase the fairness of the householdâs financial contribution in health systems with the aim of reducing out of pocket (OOP) payment. Objectives: The study was aimed to measure patientsâ OOP payment for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery before and after the implementation of HSEP in the south of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted as descriptive-analytic in Shiraz as the center of medical tourism in the south of Iran in 2017. The study population consisted of patients admitted to Namazi Hospital from which 316 patients were selected before and after implementation of HSPE according to census. Data was collected through a checklist and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and One-way ANOVA in SPSS 23. Results: The study results showed that the average of total cost has increased significantly from 1198.59$ to 3260.36$ after the plan (P < 0.001). The percentage of patientsâ contribution to the total cost decreased significantly from 17.78% to 7.46% after the plan. The ratio of patientsâ OOP payment has been reduced significantly after adding the planâs share in the patientsâ bill. The percentage of OOP payment to total cost has decreased for different insurance organizations from 5% in social security insurance to 13% in rural insurance. Conclusions: The ratio of patientsâ OOP payment has been reduced for CABG surgery after implementation of HSEP, which can be an indication of the effectiveness of the out-of-pocket reduction instructions. However, the average of patientsâ OOP payment has increased.
Resource-aware Very Fast K-Means for ubiquitous data stream mining (2005)

Developments in data streams, coupled with the growth in mobile and pervasive devices, have led to the emergence of Ubiquitous Data Mining (UDM). UDM aims to perform data stream mining in a ubiquitous environment with resource-constrained and/or mobile devices. Over the past few years, stream mining techniques have attracted the attention of the data mining community. However these techniques have not addressed the problems imposed by applying the mining technique in a ubiquitous environment. Algorithm Output Granularity (AOG) has been proposed as a generic approach to enable resource-awareness in data stream mining through adaptation. AOG has been applied to lightweight mining techniques and proved its efficiency. Due to the generality of the approach, we propose to apply AOG to an efficient stream clustering technique: Very Fast K-Means (VFKM). It is an extension of K-Means for data stream clustering. VFKM is able to deal with continuous data rather than a static dataset. In this paper, we propose and develop a resource-aware version of Very Fast K-Means to enable its operation for UDM applications. Our model for Resource-Aware Very Fast K-Means (RA-VFKM) is able to adapt to variations in memory availability on mobile devices. We have experimentally demonstrated that such an adaptation enables our RA-VFKM to converge and provide results in situations (such as critically low available memory) where VFKM tends to result in an execution failure.
Supporting ranking and clustering as generalized order-by and group-by (2007)

The Boolean semantics of SQL queries cannot adequately capture the "fuzzy" preferences and "soft" criteria required in non-traditional data retrieval applications. One way to solve this problem is to add a flavor of "information retrieval" into database queries by allowing fuzzy query conditions and flexibly supporting grouping and ranking of the query results within the DBMS engine. While ranking is already supported by all major commercial DBMSs natively, support of flexibly grouping is still very limited (i.e., group-by).
Peripheral Inflammatory Cytokines as Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment (2007)

These results agree with a persistent inflammatory status in AD, reinforcing the hypothesis of a progressive impairment of the immune response in this disorder and suggesting that monocytes may be good targets to study the progression from MCI to AD.
Enquiries and Offers (1989)

This section is based on terms and expressions contained in Section B of the MULTILINGUAL BUSINESS HANDBOOK.
Semiconductor characterization with the scanning surface harmonic microscope (1994)

The scanning surface harmonic microscope, in which a microwave signal is applied across a tip-sample tunneling gap and higher harmonics are detected, is sensitive to the capacitance/voltage characteristics of semiconductor samples on a nanometer scale. We demonstrate its sensitivity to a wide range of dopant concentrations on Si, and its applications as a dopant profiler. Depletion regions are delineated with remarkable sensitivity, and variations in dopant concentration over a 35-nm scale are discussed. Indications of a 5 nm resolution have been obtained.
Parameter study and CFD analysis of head on collision and dynamic behavior of two colliding ferrofluid droplets (2016)

In the present study a computational fluid dynamics approach is implemented to investigate the dynamic behavior of two freely suspended ferrofluid droplets under the effect of uniform magnetic field. The colliding droplets are tracked from their initial state to a new equilibrium state which will be obtained for the new produced droplet after the coalescence. During collision time the shape of each droplet and also the variations of their energies are investigated and discussed. For the simulation, a finite volume based solver is modified based on the open source solver library (OpenFOAM®) which is capable of coupling the flow field and magnetostatic equations. A coupled scheme of volume of fluid and level-set methods is applied for interface capturing. The simulation results are validated based on the available numerical and experimental results reported in the literature. In order to evaluate the effect of parameters on the magnetic induced coalescence of ferrofluid droplets a dimensional analysis based on the Buckingham π theorem is implemented. Based on the simulation results and dimensional analysis a new correlation is proposed which is capable to predict the collision time for two ferrofluid droplets in a relatively wide range of properties and operating conditions.
A single‐cell assay of β‐galactosidase activity in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1988)

A novel assay of single-cell exogenous beta-galactosidase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been developed. Intracellular fluorescence due to the hydrolysis of resorufin-beta-D-galactopyranoside attains a steady state between production of resorufin and its subsequent leakage from the cell. The cells are permeabilized with Triton X-100, and the assay is performed at 0 degrees C. These conditions were chosen to minimize intercellular fluorescence communication. Free resorufin in the extracellular space is bound by bovine serum albumin to prevent its uptake by cells. Two regimes of fluorescence accumulation are observed, one limited by the rate of diffusion of substrate into the cell, and one limited by the rate of enzymatic cleavage of the substrate. A quantitative correlation between fluorescence and beta-galactosidase activity is obtained under optimized assay conditions.
Distance measurement based on light field geometry and ray tracing (2017)

In this paper, we propose a geometric optical model to measure the distances of object planes in a light field image. The proposed geometric optical model is composed of two sub-models based on ray tracing: object space model and image space model. The two theoretic sub-models are derived on account of on-axis point light sources. In object space model, light rays propagate into the main lens and refract inside it following the refraction theorem. In image space model, light rays exit from emission positions on the main lens and subsequently impinge on the image sensor with different imaging diameters. The relationships between imaging diameters of objects and their corresponding emission positions on the main lens are investigated through utilizing refocusing and similar triangle principle. By combining the two sub-models together and tracing light rays back to the object space, the relationships between objects' imaging diameters and corresponding distances of object planes are figured out. The performance of the proposed geometric optical model is compared with existing approaches using different configurations of hand-held plenoptic 1.0 cameras and real experiments are conducted using a preliminary imaging system. Results demonstrate that the proposed model can outperform existing approaches in terms of accuracy and exhibits good performance at general imaging range.
Modelling in the planning process: A critique (1987)

Experience with respect to quantitative and formal modelling techniques in planning and the acceptance of these in the planning process tend to parallel experiences of business in general; both with respect to a commitment to the modelling process and a disillusionment as regards results.
Acute Infectious Nonbacterial Gastroenteritis: Etiology and Pathogenesis (1972)

Acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis is a common syndrome of obscure cause. Although widespread epidemiological and clinical data point to an infectious cause, etiologic agents have not been recovered in the laboratory despite extensive efforts. Recent studies, employing volunteers as the experimental host, indicate that the etiologic agent of one outbreak is a small, ether-stable, acid-stable, relatively heat-stable virus present in the stools of patients acutely ill with the disease. Preliminary evidence suggests that the agent will replicate in vitro in a newly devised culture medium, human fetal-intestinal organ culture. Experimental and naturally occurring cases remit spontaneously without sequels, but during the acute illness patients have transient malabsorption of D-xylose, lactose, and fat. The pathogenesis of infectious diarrheas, with respect to known bacterial pathogens and possible viral agents, is discussed.
Broadband, low-loss silicon photonic Y-junction with an arbitrary power splitting ratio (2019)

Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) often require broadband power splitters such as Y-junctions for signal monitoring, signal feedback, power distribution, etc., with various splitting ratios. Therefore, a parameterized Y-junction with an arbitrary power splitting ratio that can be selected in layout design is desired in a PIC library. Here, we propose an ultra-compact (1.4 μm × 2.3 μm) Y-junction on the 220-nm-thick silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform for an arbitrary splitting ratio with a programmable design. It applies smooth curvatures for a good tolerance to fabrication errors. Rigorous 3D-FDTD simulations predict an excess loss below 0.36 dB and a splitting-ratio variation of less than 1 dB over 100 nm. Experimental results achieved using a CMOS-compatible silicon photonics process show an excess loss of lower than 0.5 dB for a splitting ratio varied from 0 to -18 dB across the entire C band. Both numerical and experimental results show that the power splitting ratio of the proposed device is weakly wavelength dependent.
How the Options Markets Work (1990)

Designed to serve as a convenient source of basic information about options, one of the most misunderstood products in the investment world, this handbook offers the reader a practical explanation of how the option market works, covering equity options, index options, foreign currency options, interest rate options. It aims to give comprehensive guidance on the subject, concentrating principally on equity options, one of the most important - and popular - options instruments.
Aluminium-27 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of sulphato-complexes of the hexa-aquo aluminium ion (1972)

A sulphato-aluminium complex and a small amount of dimeric aluminium cation have been detected in aqueous aluminium sulphate solutions by means of 27Al n.m.r. spectroscopy. The sulphato-complex is probably formed from the SO42– rather than the HSO4– ion. The results emphasise the complexity of aluminium sulphate solutions and may throw light upon the old controversy over the exact proportion of water present in aluminium sulphate crystals.
Reducing idling at red lights based on probabilistic prediction of traffic signal timings (2012)

A predictive optimal velocity planning algorithm is proposed in this paper that uses traffic Signal Phase And Timing (SPAT) information to increase a vehicle's energy efficiency. Encouraged by positive results based on full SPAT information in [1], [2], this current paper focuses on benefits attainable with partial probabilistic information. Availability of signal phase data is categorized into none, real-time only, and full-future knowledge. Dynamic Programming (DP) with full future knowledge of SPAT provides an energy efficiency maximum. The case with no knowledge of phase or timing represents an uninformed driver, and provides an energy efficiency minimum. In between, a signal phase prediction model which could use historically-averaged timing data and real-time phase data is evaluated, as it represents a technology which is available today. Results from a multi-signal simulation indicate that energy efficiency can be increased with probabilistic timing data and real-time phase data.
Important influence of respiration on human R-R interval power spectra is largely ignored (1993)

Frequency-domain analyses of R-R intervals are used widely to estimate levels of autonomic neural traffic to the human heart. Because respiration modulates autonomic activity, we determined for nine healthy subjects the influence of breathing frequency and tidal volume on R-R interval power spectra (fast-Fourier transform method). We also surveyed published literature to determine current practices in this burgeoning field of scientific inquiry. Supine subjects breathed at rates of 6, 7.5, 10, 15, 17.1, 20, and 24 breaths/min and with nominal tidal volumes of 1,000 and 1,500 ml. R-R interval power at respiratory and low (0.06-0.14 Hz) frequencies declined significantly as breathing frequency increased. R-R interval power at respiratory frequencies was significantly greater at a tidal volume of 1,500 than 1,000 ml. Neither breathing frequency nor tidal volume influenced average R-R intervals significantly. Our review of studies reporting human R-R interval power spectra showed that 51% of the studies controlled respiratory rate, 11% controlled tidal volume, and 11% controlled both respiratory rate and tidal volume. The major implications of our analyses are that breathing parameters strongly influence low-frequency as well as respiratory frequency R-R interval power spectra and that this influence is largely ignored in published research.
Three-terminal noninverting optoelectronic logic device (1987)

A novel noninverting optoelectronic logic device using a GaAs/AlGaAs multiple-quantum-well modulator is demonstrated that combines electronic nonlinearity with optical input and output and is bistable. The device is bistable but displays hard limiting and an optical gain of 12.
DNA fingerprinting of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (1993)

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA was carried out on Streptococcus pneumoniae strains to determine its value in the epidemiological survey of pneumococcal infections. Twenty-one clinical strains were chosen to cover a broad range of diversity according to geographic location, penicillin susceptibility, serotype, and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) pattern. The restriction endonucleases ApaI and SmaI were used to digest intact chromosomes, and the fragments were resolved by field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE). Each digest produced 10 to 19 fragments for comparison between strains. All the strains, including strains of the same serotype and strains with the same MLEE profile, had different FIGE patterns. In some cases, the restriction patterns differed by only a few fragment bands, and two isolates differed only in the location of a single DNA fragment. The polymorphism obtained with FIGE was greater than those obtained with serotyping and MLEE analysis. The stability of the FIGE profiles was established by testing of two independent clones derived from pneumococcus strain R36A. These results indicated that pulsed-field gel electrophoresis should be an effective tool for the typing of S. pneumoniae strains, capable of subdividing serotypes or MLEE types and of tracing the origin of pneumococcal strains.
MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN SOIL CONDITIONING BY POLYMERS (1986)

We mixed three different soils (two sodic and calcareous and one very acid and serpentinelike) with polyanion and polycation polymers and with a polysaccharide in suspension and passed the flocculated particles through sieves of different size openings for measurement of components. Including (NH4)2SO4 in the suspension resulted in more compete flocculation with high pH soils and less with the acid soil. In contrast, with the polycation the (NH4)2SO4 resulted in less flocculation for all three soils. Liming the acid soil to pH 7 increased flocculation for both the polyanion and the polycation. The polyanion resulted in more flocculation on calcareous than on acid soil, and the reverse occurred for the polycation. These results indicate that the salt effect was that of bringing clay particles closely enough together so that several of them could be bound with a common polyanion. The binding then would occur many times with polyanions for each aggregate of clay particles. Ion bridging is an important phenomenon in which polyvalent cations may be shared with polymer and clay in the flocculation-aggregation process. The addition of a polysaccharide with the polyanion gives additive to synergistic responses, indicating that there is cross-linking between the two polymers. The total effect resembles a brush heap that secures stability for the flocculated particles.
SPLUNC1 Deficiency Enhances Airway Eosinophilic Inflammation in Mice (2012)

Short palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone 1 (SPLUNC1) is enriched in normal airway lining fluid, but is significantly reduced in airway epithelium exposed to a Th2 cytokine milieu. The role of SPLUNC1 in modulating airway allergic inflammation (e.g., eosinophils) remains unknown. We used SPLUNC1 knockout (KO) and littermate wild-type (C57BL/6 background) mice and recombinant SPLUNC1 protein to determine the impact of SPLUNC1 on airway allergic/eosinophilic inflammation, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. An acute ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenge protocol was used to induce murine airway allergic inflammation (e.g., eosinophils, eotaxin-2, and Th2 cytokines). Our results showed that SPLUNC1 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of OVA-challenged wild-type mice was significantly reduced (P < 0.05), which was negatively correlated with levels of lung eosinophilic inflammation. Moreover, SPLUNC1 KO mice demonstrated significantly higher numbers of eosinophils in the lung after OVA challenges than did wild-type mice. Alveolar macrophages isolated from OVA-challenged SPLUNC1 KO versus wild-type mice had higher concentrations of baseline eotaxin-2 that was amplified by LPS (a known risk factor for exacerbating asthma). Human recombinant SPLUNC1 protein was applied to alveolar macrophages to study the regulation of eotaxin-2 in the context of Th2 cytokine and LPS stimulation. Recombinant SPLUNC1 protein attenuated LPS-induced eotaxin-2 production in Th2 cytokine-pretreated murine macrophages. These findings demonstrate that SPLUNC1 inhibits airway eosinophilic inflammation in allergic mice, in part by reducing eotaxin-2 production in alveolar macrophages.
Pharmacokinetics of cefpirome administered intravenously or intramuscularly to rats and dogs (1992)

The pharmacokinetic profile of cefpirome was evaluated in rats and dogs after a single intravenous or intramuscular dose. A two-compartment open model was used for the calculation of the pharmacokinetic parameters for both routes of administration. The elimination half-lives after intravenous and intramuscular administration of 20 mg/kg cefpirome did not differ significantly and ranged from 0.4 h in rats to 1.1 h in dogs. Cefpirome was mainly excreted via the kidneys. After iv or im dosing of the compound, between 80% (dogs) and 90% (rats) was recovered in urine within 24 h. The bioavailability of cefpirome in rats and dogs after both routes of administration was almost identical when calculated either by the AUC or the urinary recovery rates.
Identification in the Mold <i>Hypocrea jecorina </i>of the First Fungal <scp>d</scp>-Galacturonic Acid Reductase (2005)

A d-galacturonic acid reductase and the corresponding gene were identified from the mold Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei). We hypothesize that the enzyme is part of a fungal d-galacturonic acid catabolic pathway which has not been described previously and which is distinctly different from the bacterial pathway. H. jecorina grown on d-galacturonic acid exhibits an NADPH-dependent d-galacturonic acid reductase activity. This activity is absent when the mold is grown on other carbon sources. The d-galacturonic acid reductase was purified, and tryptic digests of the purified protein were sequenced. The open reading frame of the corresponding gene was then cloned from a cDNA library. The open reading frame was functionally expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A histidine-tagged protein was purified, and the enzyme kinetics were characterized. The enzyme converts in a reversible reaction from d-galacturonic acid and NADPH to l-galactonic acid and NADP. The enzyme also exhibits activity with d-glucuronic acid and dl-glyceraldehyde.
Column parallel single-slope ADC with time to digital converter for CMOS imager (2010)

We propose a single-slop ADC with a time to digital converter (TDC) that uses a multi-phase clock. Single-slope ADCs have been used as column parallel ADCs for CMOS image sensors. When the TDC with resolution of n bits is adapted to the ADC, the conversion time is reduced by a factor of 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> . Applying the TDC that uses multi-phase-clock signal reduced the number of circuit elements, achieved consistency between the single-slope ADC and the TDC, and realized robust meta-stability. We designed a 12-bit ADC, which consists of the 3-bit TDC and the 9-bit-single-slope ADC, by using a 0.25-μm CMOS process. Through SPICE simulation, we confirmed our single-slop ADC to be more consistent, have more robust meta-stability, and achieve higher-speed ADC operation at 200-MHz clock than the conventional single-slope ADC. The simulated DNL and INL were ±0.25 LSB and ±0.43 LSB.
The role of gas adsorption in ion-beam-induced deposition of gold (1989)

Gold films were deposited on quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) by decomposing C7H7F6O2Au [dimethyl gold hexafluoroacetylacetonate, or DMG(hfac)] with a 5-keV argon-ion beam. A model for ion-beam-induced deposition is presented which relates the net deposition yield to the gas adsorption, the decomposition cross section, and the sputtering yield. The deposition rate was measured in situ as a function of ion current, gas pressure, and substrate temperature using the QCM. The deposition yield (mass deposited per incident ion) increased with increasing gas pressure and decreasing substrate temperature. The QCM was also used to measure the adsorption of DMG(hfac). The results demonstrated that the variation in deposition yield with temperature and pressure was proportional to the number of DMG(hfac) molecules adsorbed per cm2. Based on the observed correlation between deposition yield and adsorption, a decomposition cross section for 5-keV argon ions of 2×10−13 cm2 was estimated.