gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermosonic Gold to Gold Intermetallic Advantages for CSP Packaging (2010)

Flip chip thermosonic back end assembly method is a low cost clean gold to gold interconnection method. The advancement of flip chip thermosonic process for CSP packaging of HBLED and CMOS image sensors is occurring due to the precision intermetallic clean interconnection properties and ability to provide a small form factor packaging to consumer products. This paper will investigate thermosonic metal to metal interconnection process for these high growth assembly markets. Thermosonic bonding uses a micro weld interconnection die attach method at lower bonding temperature (150°C). The thermosonic metal to metal interconnection method is lead free and the process does not use flux or solder alloys. Thermosonic flip chip die attach process uses a robust individual die “scrubbing” process which reduces assembly steps and eliminates the mass reflow oven used commonly in C4 solder process. The metal to metal interconnection method provides excellent thermal performance for HBLEDs which require the Tj peak temperature to be controlled to maximize device MTBF and overall color temperature performance. The uses of metal to metal interconnection method provide superior thermal performance when compared to solder alloys. The metal to metal interconnection method provides high precision with low particle generation for high performance bonding of CMOS image die using a low-k dielectric wafer. The line spacing for the substrate is 50 μm / 50 μm. Stud bumping machines have a ball placement accuracy of +/− 2.5 μm. Thermosonic GGI die bonders have a mounting accuracy of +/−7 μm. Thermosonic bonding has fast process bonding times of &lt; 500 msec which is important productivity factor in cost sensitive cell phone camera and flash modules.
Endophyte: The Evolution of a Term, and Clarification of Its Use and Definition (1995)

For many terms in biology, giving ironclad definition which is robust over biological time, is like trying to present single, immutable, measurement for the length of the femur bone of horse. You can say how long it is now, and how long is was at different stages in the evolutionary history of the animal, but you probably can not predict what it will be millennium from now. Definitions of many biological terms are the same, they evolve over time. Just as our knowledge evolves, so we change the meaning of terms to better describe what we need to say. This is very apparent when one compares terms in the scientific literature, or the unabridged Oxford dictionary of the English language, from several decades ago, to the meaning we give to the same terms today. So what about the term Endophyte? Wennstrdm (1994) argues that it is abused and misused term to the extent that its use is no longer meaningful. He further suggests that we should either use the term with its original definition, or redefine the term, but argues against the latter. Wennstrdm (1994) used Ainsworth (1971) as example of the original definition and incorrectly stated it as an organism that lives in another organism. Ainsworth (1971) actually defines endophyte as a plant living inside another organism. Endophyte owes its origin to De Barry (1866) who first coined the term. Since then it has become deeply embedded in the literature. Within the last decade, different authors have proposed range of similar, but more complex definitions (e.g., Carroll 1986, Petrini 1991, Wilson 1993). However, endophyte does not stand alone as term whose definition has changed over time, or as term whose definition biologists might not agree over. What about the definition of species? There are probably many definitions of this term. They have changed over time. Darwins concept of species is quite different to the biologists of today, and biologists might not all agree on the concept of species (Moore 1990). But does this make the term meaningless? I would argue that it does not. I will propose useful working definition of endophyte which is meaningful at our current level of understanding about the microorganisms to which we have applied the term. In addition, I will identify areas where the term has been erroneously used as synonym, and show why it is valuable term whose meaning has simply evolved to keep up with our increasing understanding of the biology.
Neutralizing TIMP1 Restores Fecundity in a Rat Model of Endometriosis and Treating Control Rats with TIMP1 Causes Anomalies in Ovarian Function and Embryo Development1 (2010)

Human and rat endometriotic lesions synthesize and secrete tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1). More TIMP1 localizes in the ovarian theca in an established rat model for endometriosis (Endo) when compared to surgical controls (Sham). We hypothesized that endometriotic TIMP1 secreted into peritoneal fluid (PF) negatively affects ovarian function and embryogenesis by altering the balance of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and TIMPs. Three experiments were performed modulating TIMP1 in vitro and in vivo to investigate ovarian and embryonic anomalies. The first experiment demonstrated control embryos treated in vitro with endometriotic PF concentrations of TIMP1 developed abnormally. In the second experiment where TIMP1 was modulated in vivo, TIMP1-treated Sham rats had fewer zygotes, ovarian follicles, and corpora lutea (CLs) and poorer embryo quality and development, which is analogous to the findings in Endo rats. Importantly, Endo rats treated with a TIMP1 function-blocking antibody had zygote, follicle, and CL numbers and embryo quality similar to Sham rats. In addition, more TIMP1 inhibitory activity was found in ovaries from Endo and TIMP1-treated Sham rats than in ovaries from Sham or TIMP1 antibody-treated Endo rats. In experiment three, control rats (no surgery) treated with Endo PF had fewer follicles and CLs and increased TIMP1 localization in the ovarian theca whereas treatment with Endo PF stripped of TIMP1 or with Sham PF had no effect, providing further evidence that endometriotic TIMP1 sequesters in the ovary and inhibits MMPs necessary for ovulation. Collectively, these results showed that excessive TIMP1 was deleterious to ovulation and embryo development. Thus, novel TIMP1-modulating therapies may be developed to alleviate infertility in women with endometriosis.
Microfabricated Gas Chromatography Columns With Monolayer-Protected Gold Stationary Phases (2010)

This paper reports the first microelectromechanical-systems (MEMS)-based stationary phase coating technique called monolayer-protected gold for ultranarrow single-capillary (SCC) and multicapillary (MCC) microfabricated gas chromatography (¿GC) columns, yielding the highest separation performance reported to date. The conventional coating methods are mainly based on the solvent evaporation of a polymeric solution. These methods, which are developed for fused silica capillary tubing, cannot afford conformal coating in the rectangular-shaped ¿GC columns with high-aspect-ratio structures. The proposed wafer-level coating technique overcomes this traditional challenge by merging MEMS and nanotechnology. This new ¿ GC stationary phase is achieved by electrodepositing a uniform functionalized gold layer with an adjustable thickness (250 nm-2 ¿m) in 25-¿m-wide SCCs as well as in four-capillary MCCs. The electrodeposition process is optimized to achieve uniform and conformal coverage in high-aspect-ratio ¿GC columns. In order to predict the optimized electroplating conditions for different column dimensions, the theoretical model based on the experimental results is developed and introduced in this paper. The separation performance, stability, reproducibility, and bleeding of the stationary phase are evaluated over time by separating n-alkanes as nonpolar and alcohols as polar gas mixtures.
Relationship Between the Structures of Fatty Acid Amide Derivatives and Their Antimicrobial Activities (1974)

The structure-activity relationships of derivatives of the antibiotic cerulenin were investigated by chemically modifying dodecanoic acid, its skeletal back-bone. The dimethylamide derivatives were active against both gram-positive and -negative bacteria, and fungi. Among the compounds having modified groups at positions C2 and C4, the most active were those with a carbonyl group at C4 and a double bond at C2. The dimethylamide and pyrrolidine amide derivatives of this structure type were the most active. Activity against bacteria and yeast increased with the number of carbon atoms in the skeleton, with the maximum activity being observed at C=12. No significant differences in activity against fungi were observed with change in chain length.
A Bootstrap Assessment of Variability in Pedigree Reconstruction Based on Genetic Markers (2001)

The problem of assessing the variability in pedigree reconstruction using DNA markers is considered for the special case of single generation samples with no parents present. Error in pedigree reconstruction is measured through a metric imposed on the space of partitions of the individuals into family groups. A confidence set can therefore be taken to be a neighborhood of a point estimate, analogous to the estimation of a parameter in Euclidean space. The coverage probability is estimated using bootstrap techniques. Although the distributional properties of the sample depend on the population genotype frequencies, these are in practice usually unknown. Confidence sets conditioned on a statistic approximately sufficient for these frequencies are compared with confidence sets obtained by substituting frequency estimates directly into the sampling distribution. In two simulation studies, the difference is found to be of some consequence.
Microbial Fuel Cells, A Current Review (2010)

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are devices that can use bacterial metabolism to produce an electrical current from a wide range organic substrates. Due to the promise of sustainable energy production from organic wastes, research has intensified in this field in the last few years. While holding great promise only a few marine sediment MFCs have been used practically, providing current for low power devices. To further improve MFC technology an understanding of the limitations and microbiology of these systems is required. Some researchers are uncovering that the greatest value of MFC technology may not be the production of electricity but the ability of electrode associated microbes to degrade wastes and toxic chemicals. We conclude that for further development of MFC applications, a greater focus on understanding the microbial processes in MFC systems is required.
Correlation of Inclusion Size and Chemistry with Weld Metal Composition and Microstructure Arc Weldments of High Strength Steels. (1994)

Non-metallic inclusions are crucial to the development of acicular ferrite, the desired microstructure for optimal strength and toughness in weld metal. This study focused on obtaining correlation between the size and chemistry of inclusions and weld metal properties, especially the amount of acicular ferrite, in Gas Metal Arc (GMA) and Submerged Arc (SA) weldments in HY-100 and HSLA-100 steel. A strong correlation was found between the amount of acicular ferrite, flux basicity and inclusion composition and volume fraction in SAW weld metal samples. An index developed to consider the effect of chemistry and volume fraction of inclusions on acicular ferrite showed good correlation. The GMA weld samples were found to contain less acicular ferrite than the SAW samples, principally because of their lower oxygen content. However, it was again found possible to correlate inclusion chemistry and volume fraction with acicular ferrite formation. Unfortunately, the large amount of data scatter precluded the development of an index in this case.
Air‐to‐Air Path Loss Prediction Based on Machine Learning Methods in Urban Environments (2018)

Recently, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) plays an important role in many applications because of its high flexibility and low cost. To realize reliable UAV communications, a fundamental work is to investigate the propagation characteristics of the channels. In this paper, we propose path loss models for the UAV air‐to‐air (AA) scenario based on machine learning. A ray‐tracing software is employed to generate samples for multiple routes in a typical urban environment, and different altitudes of Tx and Rx UAVs are taken into consideration. Two machine‐learning algorithms, Random Forest and KNN, are exploited to build prediction models on the basis of the training data. The prediction performance of trained models is assessed on the test set according to the metrics including the mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE). Meanwhile, two empirical models are presented for comparison. It is shown that the machine‐learning‐based models are able to provide high prediction accuracy and acceptable computational efficiency in the AA scenario. Moreover, Random Forest outperforms other models and has the smallest prediction errors. Further investigation is made to evaluate the impacts of five different parameters on the path loss. It is demonstrated that the path visibility is crucial for the path loss.
Photochemical Site-specific Mutation of 5-Methylcytosine to Thymine (2007)

Abstract In this study, we report that the coupling of 5-methylcytosine with 5-carbamoylvinyl-deoxyuridine-mediated photoligation caused the heat-induced transition from 5-methylcytosine to thymine. Deamination of 5-methylcytosine to thymine proceeded via the formation of cyclobutane dimer.
Binomial Semivalues, the Inverse Problem and the Gas Routing (2018)

In earlier works, we discussed the Inverse Problem for Binomial Semivalues, with coalitional rationality, and the use of Flow Games in the Gas Routing Problem. In the present paper, we apply the techniques shown in connection with the first problems, to the second class of practical problems of cooperation in the gas routing activity.
Free Radical Activity and Hemostatic Factors in NIDDM Patients With and Without Microalbuminuria (1992)

In non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients, microalbuminuria predicts early mortality, predominantly from cardiovascular disease. Increased free radical activity and abnormalities in hemostasis have been implicated in the development of vascular disease. Therefore, we measured markers of free radical activity (nonperoxide-conjugated diene isomer of linoleic acid [PL-9,11-LA'] and lipid peroxides expressed as malondialdehyde [MDA]) along with the hemostatic variables: fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor (vWf), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), and plasmin activity (B beta 15-42) in 24 NIDDM patients (12 patients with microalbuminuria and 12 without microalbuminuria) and in 12 age-matched control subjects. There were no differences in linoleic acid (PL-9,12-LA) concentrations between the three groups. PL-9,11-LA' was elevated in the microalbuminuric patients compared with control subjects (P less than 0.05), but there was no difference between the two diabetic groups. MDA was elevated in the microalbuminuric diabetic patients compared with those patients without microalbuminuria (P less than 0.05) and control subjects (P less than 0.001). MDA was also increased in the patients without microalbuminuria compared with control subjects (P less than 0.01). Except for B beta 15-42, all the hemostatic variables were increased (P less than 0.05) in the diabetic patients compared with control subjects. The microalbuminuric diabetic patients had further increases in vWf (P less than 0.03) and t-PA (P less than 0.03) compared with patients with microalbuminuria. Our study suggests that there is an increase in free radical activity and abnormalities in hemostatic variables favoring a hypercoagulable state in NIDDM, especially in those with microalbuminuria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Peritonitis in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis {CAPD): A Multi-Centre Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing the Y Connector Disinfectant System to Standard Systems (1989)

sixty-one new continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients were allocated to a Y connector disinfectant (Amuchina, Italy) and 63 to standard systems (Baxter Systems II & III) in a randomized clinical trial addressing peritonitis rates in 8 CAPD programs in 6 Canadian cities. In the Y connector-disinfectant group, 15 patients experienced 21 episodes of peritonitis in 452 patient-months or 1 per 21.53 patient-months. In the standard systems group, 30 patients experienced 47 episodes of peritonitis in 467 patient-months or 1 per 9.93 patient-months ( p = 0.009). The peritonitis risk reduction was 61% (95% confidence limits 27–79%). Exit-site infections occurred in 36% of each group. Prior to the development of exit -site infection, the monthly risk for peritonitis was 3.12% for the Y connector disinfectant system and 7.37% for the standard system. After an exit -site infection, these probabilities increased to 6.15% and 15.47%, respectively. Skin organisms were responsible for peritonitis in 8/21 (38%) in the Y connector-disinfectant group and 30/47 (64%) in the standard group. There were 75 days hospitalized for peritonitis in the Y connector-disinfectant group compared to 257 days for the standard group. The Y connector disinfectant system decreases the peritonitis rate through its effect on skin organisms. Exit -site infections are a major source of organisms responsible for peritonitis.
Data-Driven Subtyping of Executive Function–Related Behavioral Problems in Children (2018)

In sum, data-driven classification of EF-related behavioral difficulties identified stable groups of children, provided a good account of interindividual differences, and aligned closely with underlying neurobiological substrates.
Prediction of image partitions using Fourier descriptors: application to segmentation-based coding schemes (1998)

This paper presents a prediction technique for partition sequences. It uses a region-by-region approach that consists of four steps: region parameterization, region prediction, region ordering, and partition creation. The time evolution of each region is divided into two types: regular motion and shape deformation. Both types of evolution are parameterized by means of the Fourier descriptors and they are separately predicted in the Fourier domain. The final predicted partition is built from the ordered combination of the predicted regions, using morphological tools. With this prediction technique, two different applications are addressed in the context of segmentation-based coding approaches. Noncausal partition prediction is applied to partition interpolation, and examples using complete partitions are presented. In turn, causal partition prediction is applied to partition extrapolation for coding purposes, and examples using complete partitions as well as sequences of binary images--shape information in video object planes (VOPs)--are presented.
The Poor Man's Nitrogen Laser (1970)

A small, simple, pulsed ultraviolet N2 laser is described with wavelength 3371 Å, peak power 103 W, pulse duration 6×10−9 sec, and pulse-repetition rate 120 Hz.
Rheumatoid arthritis does not share most of the newly identified systemic lupus erythematosus genetic factors (2009)

None of the 9 recently identified SLE risk factors showed association with RA. Therefore, common genetic factors affecting the pathogenesis of these 2 disorders seem to be limited, revealing that the genetic component contributes to the different expression of these diseases.
Targeted disruption of the V<sub>H</sub> 81X gene: Influence on the B cell repertoire (1997)

We have generated a mutant mouse in which the most D-proximal V(H) gene (V(H)81X) has been disrupted by introducing a neomycin-resistance gene into the V(H)81X exon by means of gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. The mutant mice generated are unable to express the V(H)81X gene but appear to display a normal pattern of B cell differentiation as well as normal numbers of bone marrow and peripheral B cells from fetal life all through ontogeny. They mount normal immune responses to several different antigens tested. In contrast, the distribution of V(H) gene rearrangements in the V(H)7183 family is altered in homozygous mutant mice. Thus, the antibody repertoire of the targeted mice is modified, at least as far as the expression of V(H)7183 genes is concerned.
Radiative properties of ash and slag (1989)

Thermal radiation plays a key role in the operation and efficiency of combustion systems, accounting for over 90% of the heat transfer. The analysis of radiative heat transfer in coal-fired boilers, combustion chambers and other energy systems requires accounting for the effects of inorganic deposits on bounding surfaces and of entrained particulates, such as pulverized coal, char and fly-ash. These effects can be predicted; however, the accuracy in predicting the radiative properties of entrained particles (ash) and deposit layers (slag) is limited by inaccurate knowledge of the physical/chemical properties of the materials over a range of material temperatures and radiative wavelengths that is representative of conditions in practical combustion systems. The objective of this project is to make laboratory measurements of the radiative properties of extracted ash deposit samples. During this quarter, technique validation measurements were performed on several test samples. Technique validation has been achieved for infrared opaque and semi-transparent materials that exhibit a high degree of specular reflection (i.e. having a negligible diffuse reflectance component). Validation has not been achieved for non-specular reflecting surfaces, but work is progressing on modifying the present system to accommodate these materials.
High gain two-stage amplification with erbium-doped fibre amplifier (1990)

Unsaturated net gain of 51 dB is obtained for 1.551μm signal light by using two-stage erbium-doped fibre amplifiers pumped by 1.48μm laser diodes. This is achieved by using both an optical bandpass filter to suppress amplified spontaneous emission from the first stage amplifier and a bidirectional pumping scheme in the second amplifier to increase saturation output power.
Systemic IFN-Alpha Treatment of Multiple Bladder Papilloma Grade I or II Patients: Pilot Study (1982)

Bladder papillomatosis offers a good target to evaluate IFN-α systemic treatment. We carried out a pilot study on eight multiple bladder papilloma patients under the same treatment scheme (1 × 106 IU/amp. every 48 h over six months), and they were followed-up for over two years after treatment. Recurrent patients underwent a similar second treatment. IFN-α therapy showed the following variations of effects: total disappearance, size decrease or persistence of papillomas, neither size increase nor appearance of new ones, remarkable valuable recurrence frequency rate decrease in all cases, and recurrences with smaller papillomas. This IFN-α treatment scheme would be fit to carry out broader controled studies to show frequencies of the different kinds of responses. The inclusion of a minimum (dose-frequency-period) IFN-α treatment period after the first six months' therapy is proposed in order to achieve total disappearance of recurrences.