gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New Glid-ARc Plasmatron device for on-board plasma-assisted reforming of JP-8 fuels for auxiliary power units (2009)

The Glid-Arc Plasmatron is a well known non-equilibrium plasma-assisted fuel reforming device. In this investigation, it has been modified to operate as part of an integrated system with a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) to create a complete plasma-assisted on-board auxiliary power unit (APU). The GA-Plasmatron utilizes part of the SOFC exhaust stream, which includes CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O, and an internal heat exchanger recuperates heat at temperatures near 850 C. By recycling heat and a portion of the SOFC exhaust, it is possible to promote endothermic steam reforming reactions and boost hydrogen yields above what is possible in the partial oxidation (POX) regime. The composition of the SOFC exhaust stream was 5.7% H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , 34.5% H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O, 6.8% CO, 36.3% CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , 16.7% N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and was created under laboratory conditions using several mass flow controllers and a water evaporation system. The total recycle stream flow rate was varied as was the oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio and the H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O/C ratio. Low sulfur Diesel fuel was evaporated and premixed with the preheated SOFC recycle stream just before it entered the plasma reaction chamber. Preliminary results show some improvement over traditional POX results; however, traditional catalysts may be employed in future experiments to satisfy the high-quality reformate requirement for current SOFCs. The GA Plasmatron On-board APU system has both military and commercial applications where personnel with electrical equipment are stationed in remote areas with limited or restricted access to fuel. The successful application of this technology is estimated to reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions as compared to traditional internal combustion-based APU systems.
Substrate-Integrated-Waveguide Power Dividers: An Overview of the Current Technology (2019)

Power dividers are important components of microwave/millimeter wave (mm-wave) circuit design. This article provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art substrate-integrated-waveguide (SIW) power dividers/combiners. SIW technology converts waveguide-like structures into planar form, compensates for the drawbacks of microstrip structures at higher-frequency circuit designs, and minimizes production complexity and costs compared to conventional waveguide structures. An overview of how traditional dividers have progressive adopted the SIW technique is presented and a comparative performance analysis of the divider types and practical paradigm show the future potential of SIW technology.
Dynamic Optimization of a Dual Pressure Swing Adsorption Process for Natural Gas Purification and Carbon Capture (2016)

With an increased emphasis on reduced carbon emissions, many research efforts focused on various carbon capture techniques have concurrently expanded in application. Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) is one of the key processes for carbon capture and storage (CCS). During the natural gas sweetening operation of PSA processes, a high volume of carbon dioxide is included in the waste flow (heavy product). To improve the CO2 purity of the waste flow, this work first performs the dynamic optimization of a general four-step dual PSA process. The objective of the rectifying unit is to maximize methane recovery while the objective of the stripping unit is to maximize carbon dioxide purity for CCS. In brief, decision variables for the rectifying unit are the step times, P/F ratios, and feeding velocities of each unit; the length of the bed is added as a decision variable for the stripping unit. Optimization results indicate that carbon dioxide purity increases from 41.4% to 76.3% and methane recovery increases from 78.5% to 95.4%.
Validating real-time systems by history-checking TRIO specifications (1994)

We emphasize the importance of formal executable specifications in the development of real-time systems, as a means to assess the adequacy of the requirements before a costly development process takes place. TRIO is a first-order temporal logic language for executable specification of real-time systems that deals with time in a quantitative way by providing a metric to indicate distance in time between events and length of time intervals. We summarize the language and its model-parametric semantics. Then we present an algorithm to perform history checking, i.e., to check that a history of the system satisfies the specification. This algorithm can be used as a basis for an effective specification testing tool. The algorithm is described; an estimation of its complexity is provided; and the main functionalities of the tool are presented, together with sample test cases. Finally, we draw conclusions and indicate directions of future research.
Branched‐Chain‐Enriched Amino Acid Solutions in Patients with Liver Failure: An Early Example of Nutritional Pharmacology (1990)

The use of BCAA in the treatment of hepatic failure has been controversial. Even in retrospect, it is difficult to know why this controversy existed and why it has been so emotional, except for the fact that such a treatment modality has flown in the face of conventional therapy of hepatic encephalopathy, and also, probably more importantly, directly attacked some of the cherished notions of the nature of hepatic encephalopathy. Time and distance have allowed some of the controversy to die down, and as time has elapsed it has become clear that at least in the area of nutritional support of patients with hepatic failure, BCAA are the preferred alternative to treat patients who are otherwise protein intolerant. A recent unbiased review using the techniques of meta-analysis has concluded that the BCAA are efficacious for the treatment of patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Since this manuscript was completed another study has been reported. In this study, it was notable that those patients treated with oral BCAA became neurologically normal, a finding which the authors found very striking.
PicAChoo (2009)

Although documents have hundreds of thousands of unique words, only a small number of words are significantly useful for intelligent services. For this reason, feature extraction has become an important issue to be addressed in various fields, such as information retrieval, text mining, pattern recognition, etc. Numerous supporting tools for feature extraction are available, but most of them deal with text as a simple literal. Unfortunately, text is not just a literal, but a semantically significant unit including linguistic characteristics. So, we need customized extraction methods that consider the characteristics of source documents. PicAChoo stands for 'Pick And Choose', and it provides an environment which enables feature extraction methods using the structure of sentences and the part-of-speech information of words. Moreover, we suggest dynamic composition of different extraction methods without hard-coding.
The development of botanical methods of prospecting for uranium on the Colorado Plateau (1960)

Botanical methods of prospecting for uranium on the Oolorado Plateau have been developed by the U.S. Geological Survey.Detailed investigation has shown that a relation exists between the distribution of mineralized ground and ot specific herbaceous plants.The distribution of these plants is controlled by the presence of selenium, sulfur, and other trace elements available in the environment of the uranium deposit.Investigation also has shown that the uranium content of trees rooted in ore is significantly higher than that of trees rooted in barren ground.On the :flat-lying sediments at lower altitudes of the Colorado Plateau there is a definite correlation between major plant zones and stratigraphic units.Chemical differences that occur in a mineralized area within a formation produce, on the other hand, recognizable changes in the plant societies, which may l•e useful as indicators in prospecting.Information concerning the availability of ions in an ore environment and the absorption of these ions by plant species is important in the development of botanical prospecting techniques.Plants that act as indicators of uranium ore on the Colorado Plateau are controlled by the increased availability of selenium, sulfur, calcium, or phosphorus in the vicinity of ore deposits.The most useful plant species is Astragalus pat-tersOfii; the distribution of this plant has led to the discovery of ore deposits in several districts.Prospecting by mapping the distribution of indicator plants is moHt effective at altitudes below about 7,000 feet where the ore horizon is less than 40 feet below the surface and where the ore contains 0.001 percent or more selenium.Plants of the mustard family excel in the absorption of uranium but are not as us.~ful in prospecting by plant analysis as coniferous species of deep-root habit and wide distribution.The average uranium content of coniferous trees growing in barren areas is 0.5 ppm (parts per million) compared to 1.5 ppm in mineralized ground.Tree samples may be collected on a grid pattern, analy~1ed for uranium content by a recently devised chromatographic field test or thE! older fluorimetric laboratory method, and the values contoured to indicate mineralized ground.The method is applicable in areas of thick forest cover where the ore horizon is at a depth of 70 feet. 2BOTANICAL PROSPECTING FOR URANIUM, COLORADO PLATEAU Botanical methods of prospecting have been studied and evaluated in 10 districts of the Colorado Plateau.Nearly 11,000 tree samples have been analyzed for uranium, and indicator plants have been mapped along 50 miles of outcrop.Both methods are useful in delineating the extent of mineralized ground.A number of ore bodies were found during the period of appraisal.
A cleavable N-terminal signal peptide is not a prerequisite for the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. (1994)

During the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins, an N-terminal signal peptide is used to direct biosynthesis to the endoplasmic reticulum. It was previously unknown whether or not this signal must be removed during the biosynthesis of GPI-anchored proteins. Using neutral endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.11), a well characterized type II membrane protein that is attached to the membrane via an uncleaved N-terminal signal peptide, we extended its C terminus with 33 of the 37 amino acids of the GPI anchor signal sequence of decay-accelerating factor. When expressed in COS-1 and Chinese hamster fibroblast (CHW) cells, the protein was shown to possess both transmembrane and GPI anchors, indicating that a cleavable N-terminal signal peptide is not a prerequisite for the biosynthesis of GPI-anchored proteins.
SNDR Limits of Oscillator-Based Sensor Readout Circuits (2018)

This paper analyzes the influence of phase noise and distortion on the performance of oscillator-based sensor data acquisition systems. Circuit noise inherent to the oscillator circuit manifests as phase noise and limits the SNR. Moreover, oscillator nonlinearity generates distortion for large input signals. Phase noise analysis of oscillators is well known in the literature, but the relationship between phase noise and the SNR of an oscillator-based sensor is not straightforward. This paper proposes a model to estimate the influence of phase noise in the performance of an oscillator-based system by reflecting the phase noise to the oscillator input. The proposed model is based on periodic steady-state analysis tools to predict the SNR of the oscillator. The accuracy of this model has been validated by both simulation and experiment in a 130 nm CMOS prototype. We also propose a method to estimate the SNDR and the dynamic range of an oscillator-based readout circuit that improves by more than one order of magnitude the simulation time compared to standard time domain simulations. This speed up enables the optimization and verification of this kind of systems with iterative algorithms.
Improved impedance-pattern generation for automatic noise-parameter determination (1998)

The correlation between the impedance pattern for automatic noise-parameter determination and the accuracy of extracted parameters is investigated using a statistical approach. Selection criteria for near-optimal patterns are given, and a new method is proposed for automatic generation of these patterns. Simulations prove this method outperforms others using random or cross-shaped patterns.
Detecting unknown massive mailing viruses using proactive methods (2004)

Abstract. The detection of unknown viruses is beyond the capability of many existing virus detection approaches. In this paper, we show how proactive customization of system behaviors can be used to improve the detection rate of unknown malicious executables. Two general proactive methods, behavior skewing and cordoning, and their application in BESIDES, a prototype system that detects unknown massive mailing viruses, are presented.
Improving the Success of First Term General Chemistry Students at a Liberal Arts Institution (2018)

General Chemistry is a high impact course at Benedictine University where a large enrollment of ~250 students each year, coupled with low pass rates of a particularly vulnerable student population from a retention point of view (i.e., first-year college students), make it a strategic course on which to focus innovative pedagogical development. Although our institution is not alone in the challenges that this particular course presents, we have prioritized implementing interventional strategies targeting academically underprepared students to increase their success by providing a preparatory course prior to this gateway course. Focusing on the persistence framework to guide curricular decisions, progress towards aligning our general chemistry curriculum to the academic profile of our students has afforded much higher pass rates than even two years ago.
Minimum mean square error approximation of unknown probability distribution functions (1968)

In many applications it is desirable to approximate an unknown probability distribution by a finite expansion in terms of known functions. In this paper, a double stochastic approximation algorithm is presented which recursively computes the optimal coefficients to minimize the mean square error in the approximation. The only required data are independent samples from the unknown probability distribution function. The procedure is derived in a straightforward manner and is computationally very simple in comparison to the results of others. A simulation was performed and the results are presented for both one sample run and for an average over several runs. The convergence rate appears to be comparable with that obtained by more complicated procedures that were previously proposed.
Catalytic steam reforming of n-butane at high pressure (1967)

A study has been made of the reaction of n-butane with steam at a total pressure of 30 atm in the temperature range 425–475°C over a co-precipitated nickel-alumina catalyst. The main object was to elucidate the primary and secondary reactions of the process. The reaction products, viz., methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water, were at equilibrium at all conversions of the butane. The order of reaction was zero with respect to butane and approximtely first with respect to water. The rate-determining step involved the initial reaction of the butane with steam.
[Single photon emission tomography (SPECT). Cerebral function diagnosis for the clinical routine. Indications and radiotracers]. (1993)

Nuclear medicine techniques have been powerful tools in neurology since their introduction. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and newer techniques, i.e. MR spectroscopy and angiography, sonography, Doppler sonography and EEG mapping with squid elements have overtaken most earlier nuclear medicine techniques for neurological diagnosis. Positron emission tomography is the gold standard for in vivo research in neurophysiology and pathology. The introduction of SPECT and the development of such tracers as 99mTc-HMPAO (99mTc-d,l-hexamethylpropylenaminoxim) and, more recently, 123I-iomazenil and 123I-IBZM (123I-3-iodo-6-methoxybenzamide) allowed closer examination of the perfusion of the brain and neuroreceptor density mapping in more than the few institutions that can afford PET and the production of special tracers marked with a positron emitting nucleus. Nuclear medicine's future will be based on neuroreceptor density mapping, as further tracers will become commercially available and no other technique can probably show such low concentrations of the receptors. Probably MR techniques will be used for brain's perfusion measurement in future. For examination of a limited cerebral region xenon-enhanced CT is an alternative to perfusion measurements with HMPAO, or a very interesting supplement. Of the old techniques in nuclear medicine, examination of the liquor dynamics is still feasible and well supplemented by SPECT.
Nimblewill Threatens Iowa Lawns (1963)

Nimblewill is a perennial grass. Its thickly matted foliage is gray-green during summer and light gray to straw colored during late fall and winter. To date, Zytron liquid offers the best chemical control.
Functional Characterization of T Cell Populations in a Mouse Model of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2012)

Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure is the primary risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is characterized by chronic peribronchial, perivascular, and alveolar inflammation. The inflammatory cells consist primarily of macrophage, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. Although myeloid cells are well studied, the role of lymphocyte populations in pathogenesis of COPD remains unclear. Using a mouse model of CS-induced emphysema, our laboratory has previously demonstrated that CS exposure causes changes in the TCR repertoire suggestive of an Ag-specific response and triggers a pathogenic T cell response sufficient to cause alveolar destruction and inflammation. We extend these findings to demonstrate that T cells from CS-exposed mice of the BALB/cJ or C57B6 strain are sufficient to transfer pulmonary pathology to CS-naive, immunosufficient mice. CS exposure causes a proinflammatory phenotype among pulmonary T cells consistent with those from COPD patients. We provide evidence that donor T cells from CS-exposed mice depend on Ag recognition to transfer alveolar destruction using MHC class I-deficient recipient mice. Neither CD4(+) nor CD8(+) T cells from donor mice exposed to CS alone are sufficient to cause inflammation or pathology in recipient mice. We found no evidence of impaired suppression of T cell proliferation among regulatory T cells from CS-exposed mice. These results suggest that CS exposure initiates an Ag-specific response that leads to pulmonary destruction and inflammation that involves both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells. These results are direct evidence for an autoimmune response initiated by CS exposure.
Pricing network resources for adaptive applications in a differentiated services network (2002)

The differentiated services framework (DiffServ) has been proposed to provide multiple quality of service (QoS) classes over IP networks. A network supporting multiple classes of service also requires a differentiated pricing structure. We propose a pricing scheme in a DiffServ environment based on the cost of providing different levels of quality of service to different classes, and on long-term demand. Pricing of network services dynamically based on the level of service, usage, and congestion allows a more competitive price to be offered, allows the network to be used more efficiently, and provides a natural and equitable incentive for applications to adapt their service contract according to network conditions. We develop a DiffServ simulation framework to compare the performance of a network supporting congestion-sensitive pricing and adaptive service negotiation to that of a network with a static pricing policy. Adaptive users adapt to price changes by adjusting their sending rate or selecting a different service class. We also develop the demand behavior of adaptive users based on a perceptually reasonable user utility function. Simulation results show that a congestion-sensitive pricing policy coupled with user rate adaptation is able to control congestion and allow a service class to meet its performance assurances under large or bursty offered loads, even without explicit admission control. Users are able to maintain a stable expenditure. Allowing users to migrate between service classes in response to price increases further stabilizes the individual service prices. When admission control is enforced, congestion-sensitive pricing still provides an advantage in terms of a much lower connection blocking rate at high loads.
Polyol metabolism of Rhodobacter sphaeroides: biochemical characterization of a short-chain sorbitol dehydrogenase (1995)

A sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH; L-iditol:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.14) was isolated from the phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain M22, a transposon mutant of R. sphaeroides Si4 with the transposon inserted in the mannitol dehydrogenase (MDH) gene. SDH was purified 470-fold to apparent homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, chromatography on Phenyl-Sepharose, Q-Sepharose and Matrex Gel Red-A, and by gel filtration on Superdex 200. The relative molecular mass (M(r)) of the native SDH was 61000 as calculated from its Stokes' radius (rs = 3.5 nm) and sedimentation coefficient (S20,w = 4.23S). SDS-PAGE resulted in one single band representing a polypeptide with a M(r) of 29,000, indicating that the native protein is a dimer. The isoelectric point of SDH was determined to be pH 4.8. The enzyme was specific for NAD+ and catalysed the oxidation of D-glucitol (sorbitol) to D-fructose, galactitol to D-tagatose and of L-iditol. The apparent Km values were NAD+, 0.06 mM; D-glucitol, 6.2 mM; galactitol, 1.5 mM; NADH, 0.13 mM; D-fructose, 160 mM; and D-tagatose, 13 mM. The pH-optimum of substrate oxidation was 11.0 and that of substrate reduction 6.0-7.2. It was demonstrated that SDH is expressed in the wild-type strain R. sphaeroides Si4 together with MDH during growth on D-glucitol. Forty-four amino acids of the SDH N terminus were sequenced. This sequence exhibited 45-55% identity to the N-terminal sequence of 10 enzymes belonging to the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase family.