gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Global Methylation Profiling of Lung Cancer Identifies Novel Methylated Genes (2001)

Epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation, are a common finding in cancer. In lung cancers methylation of cytosine residues may affect tumor initiation and progression in several ways, including the silencing of tumor suppressor genes through promoter methylation and by providing the targets for adduct formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in combustion products of cigarette smoke. Although the importance of aberrant DNA methylation is well established, the extent of DNA methylation in lung cancers has never been determined. Restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS) is a highly reproducible two-dimensional gel electrophoresis that allows the determination of the methylation status of up to 2000 promoter sequences in a single gel. We selected 1184 CpG islands for RLGS analysis and determined their methylation status in 16 primary non-small cell lung cancers. Some tumors did not show methylation whereas others showed up to 5.3% methylation in all CpG islands of the profile. Cloning of 21 methylated loci identified 11 genes and 6 ESTs. We demonstrate that methylation is part of the silencing process of BMP3B in primary tumors and lung cancer cell lines.
Eliminating Capillary Coalescence of Nanowire Arrays with Applied Electric Fields (2010)

Surface tension induces significant forces on wetted nanostructures, such as vertically oriented nanowire arrays, that can force them to aggregate when dried. This aggregation decreases the homogeneity and surface area of the array, often inhibiting their intended application. These aggregation forces are eliminated by introducing small electric fields ( approximately 100 V/m) during drying, providing a simple approach that is applicable to a broad range of nanowire materials, diameters, lengths, and spacing. A model based on the forces acting on two nanowires shows that electrostatic repulsion, rather than field-induced changes to the surface tension, provides the necessary forces to prevent aggregation. These calculations also highlight the substantial surface tension forces acting on nanostructures and the difficulties associated with preventing their aggregation.
A 45.6μ <sup>2</sup> 13.4μw 7.1v/v resolution sub-threshold based digital process-sensing circuit in 45nm CMOS (2011)

Process optimization and yield enhancement techniques rely on physical sensors to provide them with feedback to perform accurate process-characterization across the die. The increased susceptibility of circuit performance characteristics to parameter variations in deep sub-micron technologies motivates the need for low-overhead (area/power) and high-sensitivity process monitoring circuits which can be used by compensation schemes to tune the process and meet frequency targets or power-budgets. To this end, we have proposed and implemented in 45nm CMOS-SOI, a novel, digital, on-chip process sensing circuit with a high sensitivity of 7.1V per volt variation in NMOS Vth, low power dissipation of 13.4¼W and a compact layout occupying 45.6¼2. The design is robust towards temperature variations and supply induced noise incurring an accuracy loss of 5mV (worst-case) and 4mV (1-A) respectively of the NMOS threshold-voltage.
Effects of low-fluence rate PDT on glioma spheroids (2002)

The effectiveness of low-fluence rate PDT on human glioma spheroids incubated in 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or hexyl- ALA, is investigated. Spheroid survival is monitored following PDT at representative drug concentrations, light fluences and fluence rates. It is shown that, for above threshold fluences, significant PDT response can be obtained at a fluence rate of 5 mW cm-2. At this fluence rate, the response of human glioma spheroids to PDT with lipophilic ester derivatives, such as hexyl-ALA, is equivalent to that obtained with ALA, however, this equivalency is observed for ester concentrations 20 times lower than the parent compound. The efficacy of PDT is significantly reduced at a sub-threshold fluence of 25 J cm-2. Spheroid response appears to be somewhat fluence rate dependent at sub-threshold fluences - survival is marginally poorer at the higher fluence rate (25 mW cm-2) investigated. In addition, the efficacy of PDT at 25 J cm-2 depends significantly on photosensitizer concentration at the lowest fluence rate investigated (5 mW cm-2).© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ChemInform Abstract: TETRAZOLES. XXVI. SYNTHESES WITH TETRAZOLO(1,5‐A)QUINOXALINES (1978)

Abstract Die leicht zugänglichen 4‐Chlor‐Derivate (I) von Triazolo[4,3‐a]‐ und Tetrazolo[ 1 ,5‐a]chinoxalin setzen sich mit Thioharnstoff zu den Mercaptanen (II) um, deren Alkylierung mit entsprechenden Alkylhalogeniden zu den Alkylmercapto‐Derivaten (III) führt.
Simplification of radical expressions (1976)

In this paper we discuss the problem of simplifying unnested radical expressions. We describe an algorithm implemented in MACSYMA that simplifies radical expressions and then follow this description with a formal treatment of the problem. Theoretical computing times for some of the algorithms are briefly discussed as is related work of other authors.
Iodine(V) Reagents in Organic Synthesis. Part 4. <i>o</i>-Iodoxybenzoic Acid as a Chemospecific Tool for Single Electron Transfer-Based Oxidation Processes (2002)

o-Iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX), a readily available hypervalent iodine(V) reagent, was found to be highly effective in carrying out oxidations adjacent to carbonyl functionalities (to form alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds) and at benzylic and related carbon centers (to form conjugated aromatic carbonyl systems). Mechanistic investigations led to the conclusion that these new reactions are initiated by single electron transfer (SET) from the substrate to IBX to form a radical cation which reacts further to give the final products. Fine-tuning of the reaction conditions allowed remarkably selective transformations within multifunctional substrates, elevating the status of this reagent to that of a highly useful and chemoselective oxidant.
Canonical signed digit representation for FIR digital filters (2002)

It is shown that the use of a canonical signed digit (CSD) representation of the filter coefficients can significantly reduce the complexity of the hardware implementation of digital FIR filters. This paper presents an example filter design that shows the error involved in limiting the number of allowable non-zero CSD coefficients for a real FIR bandpass filter. If not done carefully, brute force limiting can lead to large errors in the frequency response. The error is evaluated for varying numbers of non-zero CSD coefficients. Lastly, a system level architecture with a multiplier utilizing the properties of the CSD number representation system is proposed.
Generating multiple new designs from a sketch (1996)

We describe a program called SketchIT that transforms a single sketch of a mechanical device into multiple families of new designs. It represents each of these families with a &quot;BEP-Model,&quot; a parametric model augmented with constraints that ensure the device produces the desired behavior. The program is based on qualitative configuration space (qc-space), a novel representation that captures mechanical behavior while abstracting away its implementation. The program employs a paradigm of abstraction and resynthesis: it abstracts the initial sketch into qc-space then maps from qc-space to new implementations. Introduction SketchIT is a computer program capable of taking a single sketch of a mechanical design and generalizing it to produce multiple new designs. The program takes as input a stylized sketch of the original design and a description of the desired behavior and from this generates multiple families of new designs. It does this by first transforming the sketch into a represent...
Selective Alterations in Biosynthetic and Endocytic Protein Traffic in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Epithelial Cells Expressing Mutants of the Small GTPase Rac1 (2000)

Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells expressing constitutively active Rac1 (Rac1V12) accumulate a large central aggregate of membranes beneath the apical membrane that contains filamentous actin, Rac1V12, rab11, and the resident apical membrane protein GP-135. To examine the roles of Rac1 in membrane traffic and the formation of this aggregate, we analyzed endocytic and biosynthetic trafficking pathways in MDCK cells expressing Rac1V12 and dominant inactive Rac1 (Rac1N17). Rac1V12 expression decreased the rates of apical and basolateral endocytosis, whereas Rac1N17 expression increased those rates from both membrane domains. Basolateral-to-apical transcytosis of immunoglobulin A (IgA) (a ligand for the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor [pIgR]), apical recycling of pIgR-IgA, and accumulation of newly synthesized GP-135 at the apical plasma membrane were all decreased in cells expressing Rac1V12. These effects of Rac1V12 on trafficking pathways to the apical membrane were the result of the delivery and trapping of these proteins in the central aggregate. In contrast to abnormalities in apical trafficking events, basolateral recycling of transferrin, degradation of EGF internalized from the basolateral membrane, and delivery of newly synthesized pIgR from the Golgi to the basolateral membrane were all relatively unaffected by Rac1V12 expression. Rac1N17 expression had little or no effect on these postendocytic or biosynthetic trafficking pathways. These results show that in polarized MDCK cells activated Rac1 may regulate the rate of endocytosis from both membrane domains and that expression of dominant active Rac1V12 specifically alters postendocytic and biosynthetic membrane traffic directed to the apical, but not the basolateral, membrane.
Stiffness Analysis of Linear Motion Guide System (1999)

This paper deals with the stiffness analysis of a linear motion guide system using in machine tool table considering the crowning shape of guide block end portions. At first, the Hertz constant between rolling body and raceway sufaces is discussed, then the equilibrium equations for the external forces and moments, acting on the origin of the coordinate system as the statically equivalents and the rolling body loads distributed in each guide block are derived in accordance with the radial and lateral displacement, pitching, rolling and yawing angle. As the result, 5 non-linear simultaneous equations with 5 unknowns which are solved by using Newton-Raphson method are introduced.
Colorimetry for HDTV (1991)

It is pointed out that high-definition television (HDTV) offers an opportunity to improve color rendition. It is suggested that there are three ways in which the colorimetry of future television systems can be improved. The first is to define the color characteristics of the system completely, making it possible to define quality transcoding into other systems, and correct for all possible displays. A second improvement is to extend the color gamut to take advantage of future display improvements and to fully exploit the color capability of feature films. A third improvement is to include constant luminance operation. The advantages of and problems involved in achieving these improvements are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Analysis of Heat Transfer Regulation and Modification Employing Intermittently Emplaced Porous Cavities (1994)

The present work forms a fundamental investigation on the effects of using intermittently porous cavities for regulating and modifying the flow and temperature fields and therefore changing the skin friction and heat transfer characteristics of an external surface. A general flow model that accounts for the effects of the impermeable boundary and inertial effects is used to describe the flow inside the porous region. Solutions of the problem have been carried out using a finite-difference method through the use of a stream function-vorticity transformation. Various interesting characteristics of the flow and temperature fields in the composite layer are analyzed and discussed in detail. The effects of various governing dimensionless parameters, such as the Darcy number, Reynolds number, Prandtl number, the inertia parameter as well as the effects of pertinent geometric parameters are thoroughly explored. Furthermore, the interactive effects of the embedded porous substrates on skin friction and heat transfer characteristics of an external surface are analyzed. The configuration analyzed in this work provides an innovative approach in altering the frictional and heat transfer characteristics of an external surface.
Thymus-dependent and -independent regulation of Ia antigen expression in situ by cells in the synovium of rats with streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis. Differences in site and intensity of expression in euthymic, athymic, and cyclosporin A-treated LEW and F344 rats. (1987)

Euthymic LEW rats, when injected with streptococcal cell walls, exhibited rapid onset development of acute exudative arthritis coincident with enhanced synovial expression of Ia antigen. By 21 d after injection, the expression of Ia was markedly increased compared with basal conditions and paralleled the severity of the later developing proliferative and erosive disease. Immunodeficient athymic and cyclosporin A-treated LEW rats developed only the early phase arthritis, which was again paralleled by synovial Ia expression. Chronic expression of high levels of Ia antigen was not observed. Histocompatible F344 rats, both athymic and euthymic, developed minimal, if any, clinically significant arthritis and did not exhibit the enhanced Ia expression demonstrated in the LEW rats. Our results indicate that enhanced synovial Ia expression parallels clinical disease severity and varies by rat strain, and that the rapid onset enhanced synovial Ia expression is thymus independent, whereas the markedly enhanced chronic phase Ia expression is thymus dependent.
Pitting of 18-8 Stainless Steel In Ferric Chloride Inhibited by Nitrates (1964)

Pitting of 18-8 stainless steel in 1-15 percent FeCl3 solutions is completely inhibited by NaNO3 additions. The critical activity of NO3− required for inhibition is related to Cl− activity by the relation: log(Cl−) = 1.92 log(NO3−) + 1.34. This equation can be derived on the view that competitive adsorption occurs between NO3− and Cl− for sites on the passive surface. Adsorbed NO3− increases anodic overvoltage for metal ion dissolution, but adsorbed Cl− reduces anodic overvoltage by displacing adsorbed oxygen of which the passive film is composed. The mechanism can also be viewed as one of NO3− shifting the critical potential for breakdown of passivity in the noble direction. When the critical potential reaches the oxidation-reduction potential of FeCl3 solutions, the operating potential is no longer sufficient to break down passivity, and FeCl3 + NaNO3 solutions are, therefore, unable to initiate pitting. Increasing chloride concentrations, on the other hand, shift the critical potential in the opposite or active direction, hence increased nitrate is required as FeCl3 concentration increases in order to return the critical potential to the value of the oxidation-reduction potential.
ID-Based Key Agreement for Dynamic Peer Groups in Mobile Computing Environments (2007)

In order to secure communications for dynamic peer groups in mobile computing environments, key agreement protocols are required. In this paper, we propose a new key agreement protocol based on identities of mobile users, composed of a basic protocol and a dynamic protocol, for dynamic peer groups. With the basic protocol, an initial secret group key can be achieved in a peer group. By the dynamic protocol, a new secret group key can be reached whenever member or mass join, group mergence, group division, member or mass quit occurs. Our protocol has security features, such as implicit group key authentication, key confirmation, forward secrecy, key independence, and etc. Because our protocol runs in parallel, it is more efficient than those running in series.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Targeted Therapeutics: Novel Compounds and Novel Treatment Strategies for Cancer Medicine (2008)

The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and its associated signalling system has provoked considerable interest over recent years as a novel therapeutic target in cancer. A brief outline of the IGF-1R signalling system and the rationale for its use in cancer medicine is given. This is followed by a discussion of the different possible targets within the IGF-1R system, and drugs developed to interact at each target. A systems-based approach is then used to review the in vitro and in vivo data in the published literature of the following compounds targeting IGF-1R components using specific examples: growth hormone releasing hormone antagonists (e.g. JV-1-38), growth hormone receptor antagonists (e.g. pegvisomant), IGF-1R antibodies (e.g. CP-751,871, AVE1642/EM164, IMC-A12, SCH-717454, BIIB022, AMG 479, MK-0646/h7C10), and IGF-1R tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g. BMS-536942, BMS-554417, NVP-AEW541, NVP-ADW742, AG1024, potent quinolinyl-derived imidazo (1,5-a)pyrazine PQIP, picropodophyllin PPP, Nordihydroguaiaretic acid Insm-18/NDGA). The following tumour types are specifically discussed: lung, breast, colorectal, pancreatic, NETs, sarcoma, prostate, leukaemia, multiple myeloma. Other tumour types are mentioned briefly: squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, melanoma, glioblastoma, ovary, gastric and mesothelioma. Results of early stage clinical trials, involving recently patented drugs. are included where appropriate. We then outline the current understanding of toxicity related to IGF-1R targeted therapy, and finally outline areas for further research.
Energetics of electrode reactions. II. The relationship between redox potentials, ionization potentials, electron affinities, and solvation energies of aromatic hydrocarbons (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEnergetics of electrode reactions. II. The relationship between redox potentials, ionization potentials, electron affinities, and solvation energies of aromatic hydrocarbonsVernon D. ParkerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 98, 1, 98–103Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00417a017https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00417a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1416Altmetric-Citations171LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Dynamic Effect of Discounting on Sales: Empirical Analysis and Normative Pricing Implications (1999)

Baseline sales measure what retail sales would be in the absence of a promotion (Abraham and Lodish 1993), and models that measure baseline sales are widely used by managers to assess the profitability of promotions (Bucklin and Gupta 1999–this issue). Estimates of baseline sales and promotional response are typically independent of past promotional activity, even though there is evidence to suggest that increased discounting reduces off-promotion sales and increases the percentage of purchases made on deal (e.g., Krishna 1994). As a result, models that do not consider dynamic promotional effects can mislead managers to overpromote. Given the widespread use of “static” models to evaluate the efficacy of promotions, it is particularly desirable to calibrate a dynamic brand sales model and use it to establish an optimal course of action. Accordingly, we develop a descriptive dynamic brand sales model and use it to determine normative price promotion strategies. Our descriptive approach consists of estimating a varying-parameter sales response model. Letting model parameters vary with past discounting activity accommodates the possibility that market response changes with firms' discounting policies. In the normative model, we use the estimates obtained in the descriptive model to determine optimal retailer and manufacturer prices over time. The results of the descriptive model indicate that promotions have positive contemporaneous effects on sales accompanied by negative future effects on baseline sales. The results of the normative model suggest that the higher-share brands in our data tend to overpromote while the lower-share brands do not promote frequently enough. We project that the use of our model could improve manufacturers' profits by as much as 7% to 31%. More generally, the normative results indicate that i) if deals become more effective in the current period, i.e., if consumers are more price sensitive, promotions should be used more frequently; and ii) as the negative dynamic effect of discounts on sales increases, the optimal level of discounting should go down. Without our approach, it would be difficult to make this trade-off exact. Finally, we demonstrate that these dynamic effects provide another perspective to the marketing literature regarding the existence of promotions.
Direct torque control of induction machine with variable amplitude control of flux and torque hysteresis bands (1999)

In this paper, effects of the hysteresis bands on the direct torque control (DTC) of an induction machine are investigated, and a method to control the switching frequency of inverter by a variable amplitude of the hysteresis band is proposed for DTC of an induction machine. A major drawback of the conventional DTC is an unpredictable inverter switching frequency which varies due to operating speed, load condition and parameters of the induction machine. Therefore the amplitude of the hysteresis band should be large enough to avoid excessive inverter switching at any operating region, which inevitably causes relatively large torque ripple especially in the low speed region. This paper proposes an effective switching frequency regulation method which consists of hysteresis band controller and switching frequency command generator. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is analyzed and compared with the conventional method.
Estimating directions and times of arrival of multipath signals using a calibrated space-time antenna array (2002)

We propose a new approach for joint estimation of directions and times of arrival of multipath channels parameterized by a finite number of path gains, directions and times of arrival. The proposed approach exploits a priori knowledge of the phase shaping filters and array manifold. The significance of this approach is that the directions of arrival (DOA) and times of arrival (TOA) of the multipath signals can be estimated directly from the oversampled channel outputs without assuming channel stationarity over the time-slot nor requiring a start-up sequence in each time-slot to obtain estimates of the channel.