gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>In Vitro</i> Activity of Omadacycline, a New Tetracycline Analog, and Comparators against Clostridioides difficile (2020)

Omadacycline is a potent aminomethylcycline with <i>in vitro</i> activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria. Preliminary data demonstrated that omadacycline has <i>in vitro</i> activity against <i>Clostridioides difficile</i>; however, large-scale <i>in vitro</i> studies have not been done. The purpose of this study was to assess the <i>in vitro</i> susceptibility of omadacycline and comparators on a large biobank of clinical <i>C. difficile</i> isolates. <i>In vitro</i><i>C. difficile</i> susceptibility to omadacycline and comparators (fidaxomicin, metronidazole, and vancomycin) was assessed using the broth microdilution method. Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) and time-kill assays were assessed for pharmacodynamics analysis, and whole-genome sequencing was performed in a subset of isolates to assess distribution of MICs and resistance determinants. Two hundred fifty clinical <i>C. difficile</i> isolates collected between 2015 and 2018 were tested for <i>in vitro</i> susceptibility of omadacycline and comparators. Ribotypes included F001 (<i>n</i> = 5), F002 (<i>n</i> = 56), F014-020 (<i>n</i> = 66), F017 (<i>n</i> = 8), F027 (<i>n</i> = 53), F106 (<i>n</i> = 45), and F255 (<i>n</i> = 17). Omadacycline demonstrated potent <i>in vitro</i> activity with an MIC range of 0.016 to 0.13 μg/ml, an MIC<sub>50</sub> of 0.031 μg/ml, and an MIC<sub>90</sub> of 0.031 μg/ml. No difference was observed for omadacycline MIC<sub>50</sub> and MIC<sub>90</sub> values stratified by ribotype, disease severity, or vancomycin susceptibility. Bactericidal activity was confirmed in time-kill studies. No difference was observed in MIC based on <i>C. difficile</i> phylogeny. Further development of omadacycline as an intravenous and oral antibiotic directed toward <i>C. difficile</i> infection is warranted.
Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Imaging of Individual Carbon Nanotubes with Subnanometer Resolution (2016)

Individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been investigated by tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) using silver tips on the Ag(111) substrate with a low-temperature ultrahigh-vacuum scanning tunneling microscope. Thanks to the strong and highly localized plasmonic field offered by the silver nanogap, the spatial resolution of TERS on CNTs is driven down to about 0.7 nm. Such a high spatial resolution allows to visualize in real space the spatial extent of the defect-induced D-band scattering, to track the strain-induced spectral evolution, and to resolve the spectral differences between the inner and the outer sides of a bent CNT, all at the nanometer scale.
Failure of Effector Function of Human CD8+ T Cells in NOD/SCID/JAK3−/− Immunodeficient Mice Transplanted with Human CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem Cells (2010)

Humanized mice, which are generated by transplanting human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells into immunodeficient mice, are expected to be useful for the research on human immune responses. It is reported that antigen-specific T cell responses occur in immunodeficient mice transplanted with both human fetal thymus/liver tissues and CD34+ fetal cells, but it remains unclear whether antigen-specific T cell responses occur in those transplanted with only human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Here we investigated the differentiation and function of human CD8+ T cells reconstituted in NOD/SCID/Jak3⁻/⁻ mice transplanted with human CD34+ HSCs (hNOK mice). Multicolor flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that human CD8+ T cells generated from the CD34+ HSCs comprised only 3 subtypes, i.e., CD27(high)CD28+CD45RA+CCR7+, CD27+CD28+CD45RA⁻CCR7+, and CD27+CD28+CD45RA⁻CCR7⁻and had 3 phenotypes for 3 lytic molecules, i.e., perforin(Per)⁻granzymeA(GraA)⁻granzymeB(GraB)⁻, Per⁻GraA+GraB⁻, and Per(low)GraA+GraB+. These CD8+ T cells failed to produce IFN-γ and to proliferate after stimulation with alloantigens. These results indicate that the antigen-specific T cell response cannot be elicited in mice transplanted with only human CD34+ HSCs, because the T cells fail to develop normally in such mice.
Transduction of hematopoietic cells by foamy virus vectors (1996)

Foamy viruses are retroviruses of the spumavirus family that are often isolated from primary cultures of primate cells. We previously constructed vectors based on human foamy virus (HFV) and found that they were able to transduce a wide variety of vertebrate cells by integration of the vector genome. Here we show that several types of hematopoietic cells are efficiently transduced by an HFV vector that encodes alkaline phosphatase (AP). These cell types include transformed cell lines and primary hematopoietic progenitors from mice, baboons, and humans. The transduction rates of HFV vectors compare favorably with those obtained by murine leukemia virus vectors, which suggests that HFV vectors may be effective in the treatment of hematologic diseases by gene therapy.
Cyclostationary Signatures for Rendezvous in OFDM-Based Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (2007)

Distributed coordination of operating frequencies and bandwidths is one of the key challenges in the development of dynamic spectrum access (DSA) technology. The spectrum efficiency of DSA networks is achieved through the use of spectrum white spaces, frequency bands which are unoccupied at a given time and place. The issue of frequency rendezvous arises as the availability of these white spaces may change dynamically in frequency, time and space. We propose a novel solution to the problem of distributed rendezvous in dynamic spectrum access networks using <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">cyclostationary</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">signatures</i> . By embedding a cyclostationary signature or watermark in a transmitted signal, the received signal can be uniquely detected, classified, and used for frequency acquisition by distributed dynamic spectrum access-enabled nodes in a network. This paper therefore makes three key contributions. First, a solution to the problem of distributed rendezvous in DSA networks using the novel concept of cyclostationary signatures is presented. Second, a low-complexity technique for generating these cyclostationary signatures in OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) waveforms is described. Finally, an initial performance analysis of an implemented test platform is discussed.
The Return to Israel (1951)

A world in transformation the rapidly changing scene in the new State of Israel probably presents a unique picture : A State is being established with the clearly stated goal of multiplying its population in the course of a few years. Immediately after its foundation in May, 1948 Israel had less than half of the present population of 1.3 million inhabitants. If immigration continues on the present scale, the new State will have reached the two million mark by 1953 or 1954. The demographic picture of Israel is in a state of complete flux; that is to say, it is undergoing profound changes with regard to the number, the composition and the location of its population. The absolute figures involved are perhaps not imposing ; but the problems and implications of such a revolutionary change on the economic, social and political plane, exceed by far the purely numerical dimension. There have been other mass migrations in recent history, some of them considerably larger in scope. But one aspect is quite peculiar to the scene in Israel: the ingathering of large numbers of people coming from vastly different regions with an extremely varied cultural, social and economic background. Their main ties are a common religious heritage and the hope of rebuilding a nation on the soil of the old homeland. It is a project of appalling magnitude, not only in terms of the tasks involved, but also because of the vast differences which characterize the various groups of newcomers. The term rehabilitation is meant here to include (a) acommodation, shelter and clothing of the newcomers during the first stage of their stay; and (b) their gradual integration into the economic, cultural and social life of the new nation as fully equal and productive citizens. It also includes the adjustment problems of the immigrants immediately on their arrival, and the problems involved in their gradual absorption. The experience gained during the first months is of crucial importance for the final successful of the newcomers. Yet even where the first contacts with the new surroundings have been favourable, the newcomers still have to go through numerous stages of adjustment before they become completely integrated and rooted in the country. Yet before dwelling on these problems we have to obtain a clearer notion of the numbers involved.
Calcium‐induced Ca<sup>2+</sup> release from sarcoplasmic reticulum of pigs susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (1983)

Calcium-induced calcium release and halothane-induced calcium release from pig sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) were studied. The SR prepared from pigs susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH) was shown to release calcium at a much lower level of calcium content than in normal pig SR. The concentration above which halothane can release calcium is 40 microM for both MH-SR and normal SR, although the latter required a high calcium content to demonstrate the calcium release. Dantrolene was shown to inhibit the halothane-induced calcium release. Results suggest that SR plays an important role in pathogenesis of MH.
II—Practical Considerations (1969)

Several practical aspects of the experimental study and discussion of Part 1 are considered further. Functions of padding assistants, and in particular the function of a migration inhibitor, are discussed, and the importance of time and temperature in thermofixation procedures is dealt with in practical terms.
Displacement of the Sulfur Atom in CdS by Electron Bombardment (1960)

The threshold for displacement of the sulfur atom from a lattice point in CdS has been measured to be 8.7 ev. This is accomplished with 115-kev electrons. This is also the threshold for the production of green edge emission centers and of centers for a red fluorescence band with a maximum intensity at about 7200 A. In crystals which show edge emission before bombardment, the edge emission is removed by electron bombardment in the energy range 2.5 to 200 kev. The red luminescence is not removed by electron bombardment but increases in intensity with bombardment above the threshold. The radiation ``annealing'' of the edge emission is accomplished even in crystals which do not thermally anneal. A model is proposed with the sulfur interstitial atom the center for edge emission, and the sulfur vacancy the center for the red emission band.
Three-dimensional photoacoustic imaging and inversion for accurate quantification of chromophore distributions (2017)

Photoacoustic tomography can, in principle, provide quantitatively accurate, high-resolution, images of chromophore distributions in 3D <i>in vivo</i>. However, achieving this goal requires not only dealing with the optical fluence-related spatial and spectral distortion but also having access to high quality, calibrated, measurements and using image reconstruction algorithms free from inaccurate assumptions. Furthermore, accurate knowledge of experimental parameters, such as the positions of the ultrasound detectors and the illumination pattern, is necessary for the reconstruction step. A meticulous and rigorous experimental phantom study was conducted to show that highly-resolved 3D estimation of chromophore distributions can be achieved: a crucial step towards in vivo implementation. The phantom consisted of four 580 <i>μ</i>m diameter tubes with different ratios of copper sulphate and nickel sulphate as hemoglobin analogues, submersed in a background medium of intralipid and india ink. The optical absorption, scattering, photostability, and Grüneisen parameter were characterised for all components independently. A V-shaped imaging scanner enabled 3D imaging with the high resolution, high sensitivity, and wide bandwidth characteristic of Fabry-Pérot ultrasound sensors, but without the limited-view disadvantage of single-plane scanners. The optical beam profile and position were determined experimentally. Nine wavelengths between 750 and 1110 nm were used. The images of the chromophore concentrations were obtained using a model-based, two-step, procedure, that did not require image segmentation. First, the acoustic reconstruction was solved with an iterative time-reversal algorithm to obtain images of the initial acoustic pressure at each of the nine wavelengths for an 18×17×13 mm<sup>3</sup> volume with 50<i>μ</i>m voxels. Then, 3D high resolution estimates of the chromophore concentrations were obtained by using a diffusion model of light transport in an iterative nonlinear optimisation scheme. Among the lessons to be drawn from this study, one is fundamental: in order to obtain accurate estimates of chromophores (or their ratios) it is not only necessary to model the light fluence accurately, but it is just as crucial to obtain accurate estimates of the initial acoustic pressure distributions, and to account for variations in the thermoelastic efficiency (Grüneisen parameter).
轻松一刻：趣味摄影技巧精选（补遗） (2010)

忘记了谁曾经说过一句话，前边的我忘记了，不过后面一句是：“我只是站在巨人的肩膀上”。呃，很显然，这句话的本意是谦虚，但我却可以让你真正地站在“巨人”的肩膀上。甚至，可以让你变成“巨人”。怎么做？别急，继续往下看……
Cloned Cytosine Deaminase Gene Expression of<i>Bifidobacterium longum</i>and Application to Enzyme/Pro-drug Therapy of Hypoxic Solid Tumors (2002)

Bifidobacterium longum is a nonpathogenic anaerobic bacterium among normal bacterial flora. Recently, it was reported that B. longum accumulated in hypoxic solid tumors. The gene of interest was expressed in transfected B. longum by the shuttle vector pBLES100 in solid tumors. In this report, we constructed pBLES100-S-eCD, which included the cytosine deaminase gene. We confirmed by western blotting that transfected B. longum produced cytosine deaminase. In addition, transfected B. longum produced cytosine deaminase that converted 5-fluorocytosine into 5-fluorouracil. B. longum could be useful for enzyme/pro-drug therapy of hypoxic solid tumors.
Detection Method of Skin Region by Near-IR Spectrum Multi-Band (2007)

Many active safety technologies for the driver support system are developing. Most of the traffic accidents are caused by driver's inattentive or drowsy. We are developing a driver support system that protects from traffic accidents by these causes. Our purpose is to detect the driver's face region by using a camera. A lot of face detection methods are proposed, but there is not a technique addressing every environment inside the car. For example, skin color segmentation can not detect the skin region in the night, because it has to light up the driver by bright light. In this paper, we propose a skin detection method by the unique reflection characteristics of the materials. Our method is very simple algorithm. We developed a skin detection system, and confirmed effectiveness by the evaluation experiment in indoor environment, and showed the effectiveness by a driving experiment in the night.
The broad host range pathogen <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> strain PA14 carries two pathogenicity islands harboring plant and animal virulence genes (2004)

The ubiquitous bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the quintessential opportunistic pathogen. Certain isolates infect a broad range of host organisms, from plants to humans. The pathogenic promiscuity of particular variants may reflect an increased virulence gene repertoire beyond the core P. aeruginosa genome. We have identified and characterized two P. aeruginosa pathogenicity islands (PAPI-1 and PAPI-2) in the genome of PA14, a highly virulent clinical isolate. The 108-kb PAPI-1 and 11-kb PAPI-2, which are absent from the less virulent reference strain PAO1, exhibit highly modular structures, revealing their complex derivations from a wide array of bacterial species and mobile elements. Most of the genes within these islands that are homologous to known genes occur in other human and plant bacterial pathogens. For example, PAPI-1 carries a complete gene cluster predicted to encode a type IV group B pilus, a well known adhesin absent from strain PAO1. However, >80% of the PAPI-1 DNA sequence is unique, and 75 of its 115 predicted ORF products are unrelated to any known proteins or functional domains. Significantly, many PAPI-1 ORFs also occur in several P. aeruginosa cystic fibrosis isolates. Twenty-three PAPI ORFs were mutated, and 19 were found to be necessary for full plant or animal virulence, with 11 required for both. The large set of "extra" virulence functions encoded by both PAPIs may contribute to the increased promiscuity of highly virulent P. aeruginosa strains, by directing additional pathogenic functions.
Wafer reuse for repeated growth of III–V solar cells (2010)

Abstract The epitaxial lift‐off (ELO) technique can be used to separate a III–V solar cell structure from its underlying GaAs or Ge substrate. ELO from 4‐inch Ge wafers is shown and 2‐inch GaAs wafer reuse after lift‐off is demonstrated without degradation in performance of the subsequent thin‐film GaAs solar cells that were retrieved from it. Since a basic wet chemical smoothing etch procedure appeared insufficient to remove all the surface contamination, wafer re‐preparation is done by a chemo‐mechanical polishing procedure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water Dynamics in the Hydration Layer around Proteins and Micelles (2005)

This review deals with dynamics of water molecules in the hydration layer that surrounds self-assemblies and proteins in aqueous solutions. This topic has not only seen a vigorous upsurge of interest in the past decade but also has been a subject of investigation for almost half a century now. The basic motivation behind such studies that they provide valuable information regarding the structure and dynamics of hydration layers and also about the dynamics of self-assemblies and biomolecules themselves. Perhaps the perception about this problem was aptly voiced by Robinson et al. a few years ago when they observed that this is the most important problem in science that hardly anyone wants to see solved. While one may certainly argue over the superlative used and the skepticism voiced, the need for a better understanding of this important problem was apparent. Fortunately, considerable progress has been made in recent years by the combination of a host of experimental, theoretical, and computer simulation techniques. We aim to review a part of this progress. Because the existing literature huge, my review may not be exhaustive but I hope to address at least some of the key issues.
Memory B Cells Encode Neutralizing Antibody Specific for Toxin B from the Clostridium difficile Strains VPI 10463 and NAP1/BI/027 but with Superior Neutralization of VPI 10463 Toxin B (2015)

Secreted toxin B (TcdB) substantially contributes to the pathology observed during Clostridium difficile infection. To be successfully incorporated into a vaccine, TcdB-based immunogens must stimulate the production of neutralizing antibody (Ab)-encoding memory B cells (Bmem cells). Despite numerous investigations, a clear analysis of Bmem cellular responses following vaccination against TcdB is lacking. B6 mice were therefore used to test the ability of a nontoxigenic C-terminal domain (CTD) fragment of TcdB to induce Bmem cells that encode TcdB-neutralizing antibody. CTD was produced from the historical VPI 10463 strain (CTD1) and from the hypervirulent strain NAP1/BI/027 (CTD2). It was then demonstrated that CTD1 induced strong recall IgG antibody titers, and this led to the development of functional Bmem cells that could be adoptively transferred to naive recipients. Bmem cell-driven neutralizing Ab responses conferred protection against lethal challenge with TcdB1. Further experiments revealed that an experimental adjuvant (Imject) and a clinical adjuvant (Alhydrogel) were compatible with Bmem cell induction. Reactivity of human Bmem cells to CTD1 was also evident in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), suggesting that CTD1 could be a good vaccine immunogen. However, CTD2 induced strong Bmem cell-driven antibody titers, and the CTD2 antibody was neutralizing in vitro, but its protection against lethal challenge with TcdB2 was limited to delaying time to death. Therefore, CTD from different C. difficile strains may be a good immunogen for stimulating B cell memory that encodes in vitro neutralizing Ab but may be limited by variable protection against intoxication in vivo.
Fluorine incorporation into HfSiON dielectric for V/sub th/ control and its impact on reliability for poly-Si gate pFET (2006)

F incorporation into HfSiON dielectric using channel implantation technique is shown to be highly effective in lowering V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> and improving NBTI in poly-Si gate pFET. Mobility degradation is not accompanied and drive current is increased by 180%. From analytical and electrical characterization, the V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> shift is attributed to change in trap density
Load Identification Through Structural Modification (1999)

A load identification problem in structural dynamics has in general multiple solutions. Therefore, additional information, such as the locations of the unknown forces, has to be supplied a priori in order to make a unique solution possible. The present study focuses on cases where such information is not readily available. First, it is shown that, given (tentatively) the spatial shape and position of the load, the Betti reciprocal theorem together with a reference load case may be used to calculate the required magnitude of the unknown load so that the response fits the measurement data as well as possible in a defined sense. In this manner a large number of trial loads may be evaluated with only little computational effort, since no equation system needs to be solved. Second, the situation where several loads, each reproducing the same measurement data, have been identified is investigated. An optimization problem with added discrete masses as design variables is suggested. The solution of this problem yields a structure such that each set of responses generated by each one of the previously identified loads is clearly distinguishable at the transducer positions. The proposed method is a novel approach and should be useful in the load identification problem for an existing structure. A numerical example illustrates the application of the method.
Synthesis of variable harmonic impedance in inverter-interfaced distributed generation unit for harmonic damping throughout a distribution network (2012)

This paper proposes a harmonic impedance synthesis technique for voltage-controlled distributed generation inverter in order to damp harmonic voltage distortion on a distribution network. The approach employs a multiloop control scheme, where a selective load harmonic current feedforward loop based on band-pass filter is developed in addition to the inner inductor current and the outer capacitor voltage control loops. Together with the use of multiple resonant integrators in the voltage control loop, the negative harmonic inductances and positive harmonic resistances are synthesized at dominant harmonic frequencies. Thus, the harmonic voltage drop and harmonic resonances throughout a distribution line with multiple shunt-connected capacitors can be effectively attenuated. Simulation and laboratory test results are shown to verify the performance of the proposed control method.
The World Land Use System and South Africa (1961)

(1961). The World Land Use System and South Africa. South African Geographical Journal: Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 19-27.