gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Requirements of the e-beam shot quality for mask patterning of the sub-1X device (2016)

As the integration node becomes smaller in 193nm ArF immersion optical lithography, the complexity of optical proximity correction (OPC) has been increased continuously. Moreover, pattern design should be changed by more aggressive transformation technique such as inverse lithography technique (ILT). The greater fidelity to the target design on wafers is achieved by the application of these OPC techniques and results in the greater complexity level of the mask patterns. Complicated mask pattern consists of many corners and assist features, which raises the fraction of small shots in e-beam data. To get more accurate mask pattern, the dose stability of small shots becomes more important in a complicated mask pattern. In this paper, we present the evaluation results of the small shot handling capabilities of e-beam machines. According to the results, the information of small shots generated during data fracturing should be considered as a factor that defines the complexity of patterns in e-beam writing. It shows that the small shot printing in e-beam machines need to be improved in order to guarantee mask pattern quality.
Translating the A1C Assay (2008)

In the clinical management of diabetes, the A1C assay has become indispensable. Used worldwide to monitor chronic glycemia, the assay is an essential tool to determine whether a patient has achieved the core goal of therapy for diabetes: a marked and sustained reduction in plasma glucose to achieve as close to a normal level as can be safely attained. With the publication of the A1c-Derived Average Glucose (ADAG) study in this issue of Diabetes Care (1), the evolution of the A1C assay continues and an important milestone has been reached. To better appreciate this recent report, a brief and admittedly incomplete historical perspective may be useful.

It was 60 years ago that Allen et al. (2) showed that hemoglobin A (which makes up about 97% of total hemoglobin) contains three minor components, designated HbA1a, HbA1b, and HbA1c (A1C). In the decades that followed, we learned that a hexose molecule is attached to these components (3) and that hemoglobin A actually has two more minor glycated derivatives. The five altogether comprise ∼5–7% of the HbA molecule (4).

In the early course of the biochemical dissection of hemoglobin, Huisman and Dozy (5) noted, virtually in passing, that the level of glycated hemoglobin components was increased in a few individuals they studied who happened to have diabetes. It took 4 more years, however, for Rahbar and colleagues (6,7) to document that diabetes is clearly associated with an elevation in glycated hemoglobin. The Rahbar reports stimulated other investigators to confirm these initial findings and to seek an explanation for how glucose binds to hemoglobin. It was not for another few years, in 1972, that Bunn et al. (8) elegantly showed that the cause of the increased glycated hemoglobin in diabetes, which was predominantly the A1C component, …
NF-κB Is the Transcription Factor for FGF-2 That Causes Endothelial Mesenchymal Transformation in Cornea (2012)

These data suggest that IL-1β signaling combines the canonical pathway and the PI 3-kinase signaling to upregulate FGF-2 production through NF-κB, which plays a key role as a transcription factor of FGF-2 gene.
Asymmetric Induction. A Model for Additions to Carbonyls Directly Bonded to Asymmetric Carbons (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAsymmetric Induction. A Model for Additions to Carbonyls Directly Bonded to Asymmetric CarbonsGerasimos J. KarabatsosCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 6, 1367–1371Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00982a015https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00982a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views736Altmetric-Citations135LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A reliable multiplex genotyping assay for <scp>HCV</scp> using a suspension bead array (2014)

The genotyping of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) plays an important role in the treatment of HCV because genotype determination has recently been incorporated into the treatment guidelines for HCV infections. Most current genotyping methods are unable to detect mixed genotypes from two or more HCV infections. We therefore developed a multiplex genotyping assay to determine HCV genotypes using a bead array. Synthetic plasmids, genotype panels and standards were used to verify the target-specific primer (TSP) design in the assay, and the results indicated that discrimination efforts using 10 TSPs in a single reaction were extremely successful. Thirty-five specimens were then tested to evaluate the assay performance, and the results were highly consistent with those of direct sequencing, supporting the reliability of the assay. Moreover, the results from samples with mixed HCV genotypes revealed that the method is capable of detecting two different genotypes within a sample. Furthermore, the specificity evaluation results suggested that the assay could correctly identify HCV in HCV/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infected patients. This genotyping platform enables the simultaneous detection and identification of more than one genotype in a same sample and is able to test 96 samples simultaneously. It could therefore provide a rapid, efficient and reliable method of determining HCV genotypes in the future.
Optical second-harmonic generation in laterally asymmetric quantum dots (1992)

We investigate laterally asymmetric quantum dots (LAQDs) as second-order nonlinear optical elements in which symmetry-forbidden intersubband transitions become allowed due to lateral asymmetry. The susceptibility for second-harmonic generation (χ2ω(2)) of a two-dimensional LAQD with three equispaced energy levels was studied by calculating the product of the intersubband transition dipole moments. The product was as large as 0.95×10−3 Lx3 for a dot of length Lx confined by an infinite-potential barrier. The product was increased to 3.0×10−3 Lx3 by varying the aspect ratio (Ly/Lx) of the LAQD and decreasing the barrier height. The lateral asymmetry can be controlled by a gate electrode in semiconductor devices, leading to a device with tunable wavelength and nonlinear coefficients, suitable for quasi-phase matching in nonlinear optical waveguides.
ATP Modulates Cell Proliferation and Elicits Two Different Electrophysiological Responses in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2007)

Bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have the potential to differentiate into several cell lines. Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) acts as a potent signaling molecule mediating cell-to-cell communication. Particular interest has been focused in recent years on the role of ATP in stem cell proliferation and differentiation. In the present work, we demonstrate that hMSCs at early stages of culture (P0-P5) spontaneously release ATP, which decreases cell proliferation. Increased hMSC proliferation is induced by the unselective P2 antagonist pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonate (PPADS) and by the selective P2Y1 antagonist 2'-deoxy-N6-methyladenosine3',5'-bisphosphate (MRS 2179). A functional role of extracellular ATP in modulating ionic conductances with the whole-cell and/or perforated patch-clamp techniques was also investigated. Exogenous ATP increased both the voltage-sensitive outward and inward currents in 47% of cells, whereas, in 31% of cells, only an increase in inward currents was found. Cells responding in this dual manner to ATP presented different resting membrane potentials. Both ATP-induced effects had varying sensitivity to the P2 antagonists PPADS and MRS 2179. Outward ATP-sensitive currents are carried by potassium ions, since they are blocked by cesium replacement and are Ca2+ -dependent because they are eliminated in the presence of 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid. On the basis of different electrophysiological and pharmacological characteristics, we conclude that outward ATP-sensitive currents are due to Ca2+ -dependent K+ -channel activation following stimulation of P2Y receptors, whereas inward ATP-sensitive currents are mediated by P2X receptor activation. In summary, ATP released in early life stages of hMSCs modulates their proliferation rate and likely acts as one of the early factors determining their cell fate. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Genetic evidence that the XylS regulator of the Pseudomonas TOL meta operon controls the Pm promoter through weak DNA-protein interactions (1994)

The activation of the Pm promoter of the meta operon of the TOL plasmid of Pseudomonas putida by its cognate XylS activator protein in the presence and absence of benzoate inducers has been examined in specialized Escherichia coli strains carrying Pm-lacZ fusions and the xylS gene in different configurations in which all controlling elements are present in near native conditions and stoichometry. Expression of a chromosomal Pm-xylX::lacZ fusion was primarily dependent on the addition of an effector at a low xylS gene dosage, but such dependency decreased with increasing levels of the regulator, to the point that hyperproduced XylS could, in the absence of any aromatic effector, raise expression to a level 10(4)-fold higher than normal basal levels. Pm activity never reached a defined saturation level within the range of intracellular concentrations permitted by the intrinsic solubility of the protein, thus suggesting a low degree of occupancy of the OmR and OmL (Om right and left half-sites, respectively) operator sequences by XylS. This was confirmed by transcription interference experiments, which indicated that the frequency of occupation of Pm by active XylS is low. This property permits a fine tuning of Pm activity in vivo through changes in intracellular XylS concentrations, as is predicted in current models to account for the coordinated regulation of TOL operons.
The determination of di-n-alkyl phthalates in cosmetic preparations by gas-liquid chromatography (1973)

An improved gas-chromatographic method for the direct determination of C1—C4 di-n-alkyl phthalates in toiletry samples that contain ethanol is described and a range of perfume essential oils and perfume synthetic chemicals is examined for possible interference.
The effects of acetate and of pyruvate on the pathways of glucose catabolism in lactating mammary tissue. II. Sheep tissue (1969)

Summary A study was made of the changes in the rates of oxidation of the C (1) , C (2) and C (6) atoms of glucose and in the pathways of glucose catabolism in sheep udder tissue in vitro which occurred when acetate and pyruvate were added. Whereas in rat mammary tissue the rate of oxidation of the C (1) atom of glucose was very much greater than that of the C (6) atom, the ratio of the rates of oxidation of these 2 atoms in sheep tissue was less than 2 when glucose was the only substrate. The addition of acetate resulted in an unequal stimulation of the oxidation of these 2 atoms, with the result that the ratio of their rates of oxidation was about doubled. The rate of oxidation of the C (2) atom was also increased. Acetate also increased the participation of the pentose phosphate pathway in glucose catabolism as measured by the incorporation of the C (1) and C (6) atoms of glucose into fatty acids, lactic acid and glycerol. Pyruvate produced little effect on the rate of oxidation of the C (1) atom but somewhat depressed that of the C (6) atom of glucose. At the same time, it caused a large increase in the participation of the pentose phosphate pathway. These results are discussed with reference to re-cycling of glucose carbon in the pentose phosphate pathway and to the relationship between that pathway and fatty acid synthesis. It is noted that the incorporation of glucose carbon into the 3 intermediates used gave values for the participation of that pathway which were in better agreement than was obtained in rat tissue. It is concluded that triose phosphates are more nearly in equilibrium in sheep than in rat mammary tissue.
Good Housekeeping: Ensuring the Basis for Sustained Poverty Reduction (2007)

Reducing levels of child poverty (as well as poverty in general) in a way that can be sustained over time requires not only policy measures that create opportunities and future capabilities. It also depends on having a social protection system that keeps pace with economic and social change and is appropriate across all communities, and which does not itself preclude individual risk-taking and initiative. Some conflict is inevitable between the goal of providing adequate social protection for those unable to support themselves and that of maintaining incentives to work and to save for those who have the potential to do so. Nevertheless, there are aspects of the design and evolution of cash benefits (and associated policies) that can improve the terms of the trade-off between the two goals. This paper draws on the experience of the United Kingdom’s child poverty agenda over the last eight years, and on assessments of the prospects for a sustained reduction in child poverty in the future, to explore what these features might be. It also considers evidence from international comparisons of poverty and social protection systems.
Carry on camping?: How the Romans invaded Scotland (2012)

These results suggest the importance of shoot-root signaling in plants, emphasizing that physiological processes are not necessarily restricted to single organs. The idea that herbivores that damage leaf veins may affect a plant's ability to selectively forage in high-nutrient patches is novel, with implications for natural and managed systems.
What errors can be identified by Pharmacy led medicines reconciliation? A prospective study (2011)

Pharmacy staff identified several unintentional discrepancies in prescribing of medications at admission to hospital. Doctors should ensure that intentional changes to patient prescriptions are clearly documented.
Mmm1p Spans Both the Outer and Inner Mitochondrial Membranes and Contains Distinct Domains for Targeting and Foci Formation (2003)

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the integral membrane protein Mmm1p is required for maintenance of mitochondrial morphology and retention of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Mmm1p localizes to discrete foci on mitochondria that are adjacent to mtDNA nucleoids in the matrix, raising the possibility that this protein plays a direct role in organizing, replicating, or segregating mtDNA. Although Mmm1p has been shown to cross the outer membrane with its C terminus facing the cytoplasm, the location of the N terminus has not been resolved. Here we show that Mmm1p spans both the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes, exposing its N terminus to the matrix. Surprisingly, deletion of the N-terminal extension decreased steady-state levels of the Mmm1 protein but did not affect mitochondrial morphology or mtDNA maintenance. Moreover, expression of Neurospora crassa MMM1, which naturally lacks a long N-terminal extension, substituted for loss of Mmm1p in budding yeast. These results indicate that the matrix-exposed portion of Mmm1p is not essential for mtDNA nucleoid maintenance. Additional studies revealed that the transmembrane segment and C-terminal domain of Mmm1p are required for foci formation and mitochondrial targeting, respectively. Our data suggest that the double membrane-spanning topology of Mmm1p at the membrane contact site is critical for formation of tubular mitochondria.
Origin of<i>p</i>-type doping difficulty in ZnO: The impurity perspective (2002)

We investigate the p-type doping difficulty in ZnO by first-principles total-energy calculations. The dopants being considered are group-I elements Li, Na, and K and group-V elements N, P, and As. We find that substitutional group-I elements are shallow acceptors, while substitutional group-V elements such as P and As are deep acceptors. The AX centers that convert acceptors into deep donors are found to be unstable except for P and As. Without compensation by intrinsic defects, the most likely cause for doping difficulty is the formation of interstitials for group-I elements and antisites for group-V elements. Among all the dopants studied here, N is a relatively better candidate for p-type ZnO.
High-resolution hyperspectral imaging with cascaded liquid crystal cells (2017)

International audience
BYNET-SR: Image super resolution with a bypass connection network (2017)

This paper proposes a deep residual network, ByNet, for the single image super resolution task. The main innovation is the introduction of two effective components, bypass connections and a feature scaling layer. Bypass connections are formed either by skip connections that jump multiple layers or by adding a convolution layer in such a jump. The final feature scaling layer enables more robust convergence. Experiments on standard benchmarks show that the proposed method achieves state of the art results over multiple scales in terms of PSNR and structural similarity (SSIM).
Micromachining using ultrasonic impact grinding (2005)

Although largely unknown in the MEMS community, micromachining using ultrasonic impact grinding (UIG) is a fascinating yet easy fabrication scheme to achieve virtually any shape, such as a shallow or deep reservoir, a channel, a via, etc, in silicon, glass and other commonly used ceramic and semiconductor materials in the MEMS field. Because of the patterning and masking issues, etching even shallow channels or vias in a pre-processed silicon/glass/ceramic substrate is somewhat difficult, if not impossible. However, by using UIG one can achieve such structures, up to millimeters in depth in virtually no time. Furthermore, in silicon substrates, the orientation or any other physical dimension of the feature will no longer be constrained as in anisotropic etching by the crystallographic planes and directions; and in amorphous glass or ceramic substrates, features with vertical walls can be achieved, otherwise usually accomplished only by expensive laser ablation. Thus, the authors believe that this UIG process could open up many avenues to easily and quickly achieve the larger MEMS structures as well as packaging for both prototype and for production in silicon, glass and ceramic.
Pediatric Training and Job Market Trends: Results From the American Academy of Pediatrics Third-Year Resident Survey, 1997–2002 (2003)

Experiences of graduating residents over the past 6 years provide insights into changes in pediatric residency education and the pediatric workforce. Efforts by pediatric educators and academic leaders to increase community experiences and child advocacy and to encourage greater interest in pediatric subspecialty careers seem to be succeeding. Unfortunately, demand for general pediatricians is weakening, and residents are experiencing increasing debt burdens.
The Abnormal Hydrolysis of Cyclic Diphosphonium Salts (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Abnormal Hydrolysis of Cyclic Diphosphonium SaltsAdam M. Aguiar, Harriet Aguiar, and Donald DaigleCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 3, 671–673Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01081a061https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01081a061research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views93Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Quasi-ML detectors with soft output and low complexity for PSK modulated MIMO channels (2003)

We propose a quasi-maximum-likelihood (quasi-ML) detection scheme with soft output and low decoding complexity for multiple antenna wireless channels modulated with phase-shift keying (PSK). These detectors, which we refer to as quasi-ML PSK decoders, deploy a nonlinear programming relaxation and are able to achieve the performance of exact ML detection in a wide variety of coded or uncoded and PSK modulated multiple-antenna channels. Yet, the decoding complexity or the soft quasi-ML PSK decoders is much less than of ML detectors using exhaustive search. We also demonstrate that the quasi-ML PSK decoders possess favorable complexity properties compared to the existing sphere decoders.
Synthesis of Quinolines, 2-Quinolones, Phenanthridines, and 6(5<i>H</i>)-Phenanthridinones via Palladium[0]-Mediated Ullmann Cross-Coupling of 1-Bromo-2-nitroarenes with β-Halo-enals, -enones, or -esters (2004)

Palladium[0]-mediated Ullmann cross-coupling of 1-bromo-2-nitrobenzene (1 R = H) and its derivatives with a range of beta-halo-enals, -enones, or -esters readily affords the corresponding beta-aryl derivatives, which are converted into the corresponding quinolines, 2-quinolones, phenanthridines, or 6(5H)-phenanthridinones on reaction with dihydrogen in the presence of Pd on C or with TiCl(3) in aqueous acetone. [reaction: see text]