gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface plasmon sensor with enhanced sensitivity using top nano dielectric layer (2009)

Increasing the sensitivity of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors is important to enable controlling small concentrations of materials in liquid solutions or for gas sensing. Upon using a 10-15 nm top layer of dielectric film with a high value of the real part 'of the dielectric function, on top of an SPR sensor in the Kretschmann configuration, the sensitivity is improved by few times. The imaginary part "of the top nano layer permittivity needs to be small enough in order to reduce the losses and get sharper dips. The stability of the sensor is also improved because the nano layer is protecting the silver from interacting with the environment. In the near infrared range, the sensitivity is enhanced contrary to the standard SPR mode without top nanolayer. The calculated evanescent field is enhanced near the top layer - analyte interface, thus the enhancement is partially due to this fact and partially due to an increase of the interaction length as a waveguiding effect.
Ranking Reputation and Quality in Online Rating Systems (2014)

How to design an accurate and robust ranking algorithm is a fundamental problem with wide applications in many real systems. It is especially significant in online rating systems due to the existence of some spammers. In the literature, many well-performed iterative ranking methods have been proposed. These methods can effectively recognize the unreliable users and reduce their weight in judging the quality of objects, and finally lead to a more accurate evaluation of the online products. In this paper, we design an iterative ranking method with high performance in both accuracy and robustness. More specifically, a reputation redistribution process is introduced to enhance the influence of highly reputed users and two penalty factors enable the algorithm resistance to malicious behaviors. Validation of our method is performed in both artificial and real user-object bipartite networks.
Design and Determination of the Most Cost Effective PV Configuration Systems to Meet the Loads of a Household (2006)

A methodology to determine the most cost effective solution for an integrated hybrid PV system to meet the loads of a household is presented. The PV hybrid system consists of a photovoltaic generator backed up by a Diesel generator or by wind power. Such systems show greater reliability to meet the loads and it, often, represent the most effective solution, whenever wind potential is not adequately available. The primary objectives are: a) to size a PV hybrid system which meets the load demand of a household, b) to present a methodology to determine the most cost effective solution amongst the possible configurations and the various types of system’s components. Different scenarios about the loads have been studied and analyzed. A wide variety of tools, ranging from simple rules of thumb to sophisticated software packages, exist for the analysis and dimensioning of PV systems. The development of a friendly package to determine the most cost effective configuration out of several possible PV systems has been a matter of investigation in this paper. The approach followed considers the technical characteristics and power performance of the PV generator and its associated components, as well as the total daily load and each load profile. The sizing is based on the daily performance and the daily load profile requirements, introducing all possible corrections to PV performance and power transmission. The economic analysis takes into account the life cycle of the components, as well as the inflation rate and gives the most cost effective solution.
Antiproliferative effects of different plant parts of <i>Panax notoginseng</i> on SW480 human colorectal cancer cells (2008)

The chemical constituents and antiproliferative effects on SW480 human colorectal cancer cells of different plant parts of P. notoginseng were evaluated. The contents of saponins in extracts from root, rhizome, flower and berry of P. notoginseng were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. The contents and proportions of saponins were different among the four plant parts. Using the cell counting method, the antiproliferative effects were evaluated and the results indicated all four extracts, at 0.05-1.0 mg/mL, showed concentration-related antiproliferative effects on the cancer cells. The flower extract had stronger effects compared with the other three extracts; at 1.0 mg/mL, it inhibited the cell growth by 93.1% (p < 0.01). The antiproliferative effects of major saponins in notoginseng, notoginsenoside R1, ginsenosides Rb1, Rb3 and Rg1, were also evaluated, and the observed effects of major constituents support the pharmacological activities of extracts. The effects of notoginseng extracts on cell cycle and apoptosis of SW480 cells were determined using flow cytometry. Notoginseng extract can arrest the cells in S and G2/M phases. Remarkably apoptosis induction activities of notoginseng extracts were observed with the flower extract possessing the most potent effect, supporting the antiproliferative effect.
Gli3 acts as a repressor downstream of Ihh in regulating two distinct steps of chondrocyte differentiation (2005)

During endochondral ossification, the secreted growth factor Indian hedgehog (Ihh) regulates several differentiation steps. It interacts with a second secreted factor, parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), to regulate the onset of hypertrophic differentiation, and it regulates chondrocyte proliferation and ossification of the perichondrium independently of PTHrP. To investigate how the Ihh signal is translated in the different target tissues, we analyzed the role of the zinc-finger transcription factor Gli3, which acts downstream of hedgehog signals in other organs. Loss of Gli3 in Ihh mutants restores chondrocyte proliferation and delays the accelerated onset of hypertrophic differentiation observed in Ihh-/- mutants. Furthermore the expression of the Ihh target genes patched (Ptch) and PTHrP is reactivated in Ihh-/-;Gli3-/- mutants. Gli3 seems thus to act as a strong repressor of Ihh signals in regulating chondrocyte differentiation. In addition, loss of Gli3 in mice that overexpress Ihh in chondrocytes accelerates the onset of hypertrophic differentiation by reducing the domain and possibly the level of PTHrP expression. Careful analysis of chondrocyte differentiation in Gli3-/- mutants revealed that Gli3 negatively regulates the differentiation of distal, low proliferating chondrocytes into columnar, high proliferating cells. Our results suggest a model in which the Ihh/Gli3 system regulates two distinct steps of chondrocyte differentiation: (1) the switch from distal into columnar chondrocytes is repressed by Gli3 in a PTHrP-independent mechanism; (2) the transition from proliferating into hypertrophic chondrocytes is regulated by Gli3-dependent expression of PTHrP. Furthermore, by regulating distal chondrocyte differentiation, Gli3 seems to position the domain of PTHrP expression.
Preparation of Selenoinsulin as a Long‐Lasting Insulin Analogue (2017)

Synthetic insulin analogues with a long lifetime are current drug targets for the therapy of diabetic patients. The replacement of the interchain disulfide with a diselenide bridge, which is more resistant to reduction and internal bond rotation, can enhance the lifetime of insulin in the presence of the insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) without impairing the hormonal function. The [C7U<sup>A</sup> ,C7U<sup>B</sup> ] variant of bovine pancreatic insulin (BPIns) was successfully prepared by using two selenocysteine peptides (i.e., the C7U analogues of A- and B-chains, respectively). In a buffer solution at pH 10 they spontaneously assembled under thermodynamic control to the correct insulin fold. The selenoinsulin (Se-Ins) exhibited a bioactivity comparable to that of BPIns. Interestingly, degradation of Se-Ins with IDE was significantly decelerated (τ<sub>1/2</sub> ≈8 h vs. ≈1 h for BPIns). The lifetime enhancement could be due to both the intrinsic stability of the diselenide bond and local conformational changes induced by the substitution.
The accuracy of wind energy forecasts and prospects for improvement (2017)

Wind energy forecast errors, while modest when weighted by wind energy capacity, are quite large relative to the average level of actual wind energy generation. For example, while the capacity weighted root mean squared error (CWRMSE) of day-ahead wind energy forecasts for the 50Hertz control area in Germany over the period 1 January 2015 through 31 December 2015 is just 4.5 percent, the energy-weighted root-mean-squared-error (EWRMSE) is almost five times as large at 21.67 percent. Our analysis also indicates that the errors in 50Hertz's wind energy forecasts are statistically related to forecasted weather conditions. Based on this finding and the time-series attributes of the forecast errors, an ARCH/ARMAX model was formulated to predict wind energy generation. The model's forecasting accuracy was evaluated using out-of-sample data over the period 1 January 2015 through 31 December 2015. The out-of-sample period-ahead predictions have a EWRMSE of about 2.93 percent and CWRMSE of about 0.60 percent.
Thermostable farnesyl diphosphate synthase of Bacillus stearothermophilus: crystallization and site-directed mutagenesis. (1994)

The gene for thermostable farnesyl diphosphate synthase from Bacillus stearothermophilus was cloned, sequenced, and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The synthase was purified to homogeneity and crystallized. The enzyme carried only two cysteine residues in contrast to its counterparts from other sources, which have four to six cysteine residues. Either or both of the cysteine residues can be replaced with serine without causing a loss of the catalytic activity. The conserved arginine residue that occupies the third position from the C-terminus was also replaced with valine without significant loss of activity, but the valine mutant showed a weakened affinity for isopentenyl diphosphate.
Acute effect of meal glycemic index and glycemic load on blood glucose and insulin responses in humans (2006)

This study showed that foods of contrasting glycemic index induced a proportionally comparable difference in serum insulin response when provided in both small and large meals. The same was true for the serum glucose response but only in large meals. Glycemic load was useful in predicting the acute impact on blood glucose and insulin responses within the context of mixed meals.
Atlantic Salmon Reovirus Infection Causes a CD8 T Cell Myocarditis in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) (2012)

Heart and skeletal inflammation (HSMI) of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) is a disease characterized by a chronic myocarditis involving the epicardium and the compact and spongious part of the heart ventricle. Chronic myositis of the red skeletal muscle is also a typical finding of HSMI. Piscine reovirus (PRV) has been detected by real-time PCR from farmed and wild salmon with and without typical changes of HSMI and thus the causal relationship between presence of virus and the disease has not been fully determined. In this study we show that the Atlantic salmon reovirus (ASRV), identical to PRV, can be passaged in GF-1 cells and experimental challenge of naïve Atlantic salmon with cell culture passaged reovirus results in cardiac and skeletal muscle pathology typical of HSMI with onset of pathology from 6 weeks, peaking by 9 weeks post challenge. ASRV replicates in heart tissue and the peak level of virus replication coincides with peak of heart lesions. We further demonstrate mRNA transcript assessment and in situ characterization that challenged fish develop a CD8+ T cell myocarditis.
Spectral sensitivity of the circadian system (2004)

Light exposure regulates several circadian functions in normal humans including the sleep-wake cycle. Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) often do not have regular patterns of activity and rest, but, rather, experience random periods of sleep and agitation during both day and night. Bright light during the day and darkness at night has been shown to consolidate activity periods during the day and rest periods at night in AD patients. The important characteristics of bright light exposure (quantity, spectrum, distribution, timing and duration) for achieving these results in AD patients is not yet understood. Recent research has shown that moderate (~18 lx at the cornea) blue (~470 nm) light is effective at suppressing melatonin in normal humans. It was hypothesized that blue light applied just before AD patients retire to their beds for the night would have a measurable impact on their behavior. A pilot study was conducted for 30 days in a senior health care facility using four individuals diagnosed with mild to moderate levels of dementia. Four AD patients were exposed to arrays of blue light from light emitting diodes (max wavelength = 470 nm) in two-hour sessions (18:00 to 20:00 hours) for 10 days. As a control, they were exposed to red light (max wavelength = 640 nm) in two-hour sessions for 10 days prior to the blue light exposure. Despite the modest sample size, exposure to blue LEDs has shown to affect sleep quality and median body temperature peak of these AD patients. Median body temperature peak was delayed by approximately 2 hours after exposure to blue LEDs compared to exposure to red LEDs and sleep quality was improved. This pilot study demonstrated that light, especially LEDs, can be an important contribution to helping AD patients regulate their circadian functions.
Influence of isolate origin and presence of various genes on biofilm formation by<i>Enterococcus faecium</i> (2014)

Enterococcus faecium, a major cause of nosocomial infections, is often isolated from conditions where biofilm is considered to be important in the establishment of infections. We investigated biofilm formation among E. faecium isolates from diverse sources and found that the occurrence and amount of biofilm formation were significantly greater in clinical isolates than fecal isolates from community volunteers. We also found that the presence of the empfm (E. faecium pilus) operon was associated with the amount of biofilm formation. Furthermore, we analyzed the possible association between the distribution of 16 putative virulence genes and the occurrence of biofilm production. Even though the prevalence of these virulence genes was significantly higher in clinical isolates, we did not observe any correlation with the occurrence of biofilm formation.
Quality of service and denial of service (2003)

We argue that most forms of internet QoS must provide protection against DoS attacks. To date, the most cost-effective way of improving the treatment of some traffic has been to improve the treatment of all traffic. In a well-provisioned network, protection from DoS is essentially what defines QoS. QoS is not about the typical case; it is about the worst case.Researchers have all too often assumed "normal network conditions" and developed forms of QoS that do not take into account adversarial considerations.We argue that adversarial analysis needs to be performed on any QoS technique. The questions that need to be answered include: What are the consequences of a compromise of a host? A router? If no routers are compromised in a given domain, will it be always able to fulfill its QoS promises? If this is not the case, how many neighbors (and with what peering link capacities) does an adversary need to compromise to deny service to a specific pair of communicating hosts or, for a specific host, to deny service to some or all destinations? How can the operator control the possibility of DoS? How can it react to an ongoing attack?We call for more research on the security aspects of QoS, especially the prevention of DoS.
Efficient Rijndael Encryption Implementation with Composite Field Arithmetic (2001)

Abstract. We explore the use of subfield arithmetic for efficient imple-mentations of Galois Field arithmetic especially in the context of the Rijndael block cipher. Our technique involves mapping field elements to a composite field representation. We describe how to select a represen-tation which minimizes the computation cost of the relevant arithmetic, taking into account the cost of the mapping as well. Our method results in a very compact and fast gate circuit for Rijndael encryption. In conjunction with bit-slicing techniques applied to newly proposed par-allelizable modes of operation, our circuit leads to a high-performance software implementation for Rijndael encryption which offers significant speedup compared to previously reported implementations.
Some issues with ESGs and EPGs. Helping the consumer to navigate (1998)

Within the context of a digital television broadcast, the essence of a guide is that it should provide information to a viewer that he may choose what to watch (listen or take part in). Further, that it should be possible for a viewer to make a selection based on the composition of a program or event offered within a service. Of course the receiver has to capture the details of whatever is capable of being received and thus it must also have some native awareness of the environment in which it is placed. An ESG (event schedule guide) takes, as its reference, the fact that to a very large extent, this information can be readily provided by the service information which can accompany any DVB broadcast. This SI is quite efficient at providing this core data both in terms of bit-rate and in terms of the amount of data required. Outline calculations indicate that around 30 kbit/s will support a 7 day schedule for a single multiplex in which each event can be described using the short event descriptor and yet the requirements for repetition rate set out in ETR 211 can be maintained.
A Dynamic Decision Model for the Real-Time Control of Hybrid Renewable Energy Production Systems (2010)

The use of renewable energy sources can reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and the dependence on fossil fuels. The main problem of the installations based on renewable energy is that electricity generation cannot be fully forecasted and may not follow the trend of the actual energy demand. Hybrid systems (including different subsystems such as renewable energy plants, energy storage systems based on hydrogen or dam water reservoirs) can help in improving the economic and environmental sustainability of renewable energy plants. In addition, hybrid systems may be used to satisfy other user demands (such as water supply or hydrogen for automotive use). However, their use should be optimized in order to fulfill the user demand in terms of energy or other needs. In this paper, a model representing an integrated hybrid system based on a mix of renewable energy generation/conversion technologies (e.g., electrolyzer, hydroelectric plant, pumping stations, wind turbines, fuel cell) is presented. The model includes an optimization problem for the control of the different ways to store energy. The goal is to satisfy the hourly variable electric, hydrogen, and water demands. A specific application area in Morocco is considered and the results obtained are discussed in detail.
Chinese and Western Medicine 25 Cases of Menieres Disease (2010)

[Objective] Clinical observation on meniere's disease treated with mannitol assorted with Danshen injection and Huanglian Wendan decoction. [Methods]50 cases of meniere's patients are randomLy divided into treatment group (25 cases) and control group (25 cases), control group are treated with western medicine which are lidocaine,654-2, oral vitamin, treated group are treated with mannitol assorted with Danshen injection and Huanglian Wendan decoction., observating the trerapeutic effect of the 2 groups. [Results] The total effective rate in treatment group is 92% ,control group is 68%. The difference of the 2 group has statistically significants(P 0.05). [Conclusion] The treatment of Meniere's disease with mannitol assorted with Danshen injection and Huanglian wendan decotion has better clincal efficacy, which is worty of clinical application.
New striatal dopamine neurons in MPTP-treated macaques result from a phenotypic shift and not neurogenesis (2006)

We investigated whether there is neurogenesis in the striatum of aged monkeys, and whether dopamine (DA) depletion induces the genesis of new DA neurons in this structure. Six aged macaques received repeated intraperitoneal injections of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) over a 3 week period to label dividing cells. Three macaques were injected in parallel with the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to decrease dopaminergic innervation of the striatum. The brains were analysed 3 weeks after the last BrdU injection. In MPTP-treated aged macaques, the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive (ir) striatal neurons increased 2.3-fold compared with controls. These TH-ir striatal cells did not express dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) but the dopamine transporter (DAT), suggesting that they are functional DA neurons. They were also negative for calbindin (CB), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and parvalbumin (PV), and a small proportion expressed calretinin (CR). This suggests that these cells stained for TH are interneurons. All these cells also co-expressed glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). They thus resemble the small, aspiny, GABAergic interneurons. None of the BrdU-labelled cells in the striatum expressed the neuronal markers neuronal nuclei (NeuN), or GAD or TH, and none of TH-ir cells incorporated BrdU. These data indicate that neurogenesis did not occur in the striatum of aged macaques. The new striatal TH-ir neurons observed after DA depletion was therefore derived from pre-existing GABAergic interneurons. Understanding of the molecular signals mediating this phenotypic shift might help in developing novel and elegant strategies for a cell-based therapy for Parkinson's disease that would avoid many of the drawbacks of cell transplantation.
Phase and Rheological Behavior of Novel Gemini-Type Surfactant Systems (2004)

A novel anionic gemini-type surfactant with no spacer group, disodium 2,3-didodecyl-1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylate (GS), was investigated for its phase behavior in water, water/decane, and water/cosurfactant systems in a wide range of compositions. At low surfactant concentration in the GS−water binary system, a micellar solution phase is formed which transforms to a hexagonal (H1) phase, as in conventional ionic surfactant systems. At high GS concentration, however, the H1 phase transforms to the rectangular-ribbon (R1) liquid−crystal phase. Since the GS molecule has no spacer group, a small cross-sectional area of the headgroup and closely packed hydrophobic chain tend to increase the packing constraints of the lipophilic core with increasing surfactant concentration, thereby inducing the H1−R1 phase transition. In the presence of a normal hydrocarbon like decane, the H1 phase is changed to a micellar cubic phase. On the other hand, the surfactant layer curvature becomes less positive upon addition of a lipophilic amphiphile because it is solubilized in the palisade layer of the aggregate. Addition of short poly(oxyethylene) chain nonionic surfactant (CmEOn, where m, n = 12, 3; 12, 4; and 16, 4) to the aqueous GS solution in a dilute region increases the viscosity by several orders and forms a transparent and viscoelastic micellar solution showing the rheological properties of typical wormlike micelles, with Maxwellian behavior in low oscillatory frequency. In the GS−C12EO3 and also in the GS−C16EO4 systems, the viscosity values are significantly higher than the reported values for dimeric surfactants of similar chain length.