gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-resolution hyperspectral imaging via matrix factorization (2011)

Hyperspectral imaging is a promising tool for applications in geosensing, cultural heritage and beyond. However, compared to current RGB cameras, existing hyperspectral cameras are severely limited in spatial resolution. In this paper, we introduce a simple new technique for reconstructing a very high-resolution hyperspectral image from two readily obtained measurements: A lower-resolution hyper-spectral image and a high-resolution RGB image. Our approach is divided into two stages: We first apply an unmixing algorithm to the hyperspectral input, to estimate a basis representing reflectance spectra. We then use this representation in conjunction with the RGB input to produce the desired result. Our approach to unmixing is motivated by the spatial sparsity of the hyperspectral input, and casts the unmixing problem as the search for a factorization of the input into a basis and a set of maximally sparse coefficients. Experiments show that this simple approach performs reasonably well on both simulations and real data examples.
Applications of scaling to problems in high-field electronic transport (1981)

Utilizing changes in the carrier distribution function by magnitude and momentum scaling of scattering rates, the author a number of interesting results concerning ionization coefficients and transient drift and diffusion. Starting with a general definition of the ionization coefficient which includes nonlocal effects, the behavior of this coefficient under scaling is determined and used to find a simple analytical expression in terms of physical parameters valid for all field strengths. When fit to data for silicon, surprisingly large but consistent high-field, effective ionization energies are found for electrons (3.6 eV) and holes (5.0 eV). This expression can also relate ionization near an interface to that in the bulk. Rate scaling is also used to predict changes in velocity overshoot and diffusion-limited rise times between bulk and interface behavior. These comparisons are facilitated by a novel relationship between the time dependence of the spacial diffusion of a carrier pulse and it spacial displacement in an applied field. A classification of scattering rates suggested by momentum scaling as well as alternative scaling procedures applicable in special cases are briefly included. The former provides information on the behavior under momentum scaling of the positional-displacement correlation factor of surface-roughness scattering. The latter shows how scattering-rate scaling and momentum scaling can be made to transform into each another.
The Power of Authority: Challenging Educational Theory and Practice (2010)

In the modern pedagogical tradition, ‘authority’ refers to the educator's duty to make decisions and take responsibility when the child cannot yet do so. In this article, the author argues that this notion of authority is difficult not only because of the precarious balance Kant noted between freedom and constraint within education, but also because authority implies social references and measures, and therefore power structures and domination. Focusing on a pedagogical scene from the French documentary Être et avoir, this article analyzes the logic of power with reference to the works of Foucault, Bourdieu, and Derrida. The article closes with reflections on the role of educational philosophy concerning the ‘power of authority’.
Polarization switching in semiconductor lasers driven via injection from an external radiation (1987)

Switching between transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarization states in the output from a semiconductor laser is experimentally obtained through injection locking from an external TM polarized radiation. Switching, which is connected to the loss reduction of the TM modes caused by the injection-locking mechanism, is faster than a few nanoseconds, the resolution limit of our apparatus.
The Engineering of Mind (1996)

While the mind remains a mysterious and inaccessible phenomenon, many of the components of mind, such as perception, behavior generation, knowledge representation, value judgment, reason, intention, emotion, memory, imagination, recognition, learning, attention, arid intelligence are becoming well defined and amenable to analysis. Progress is rapid in the cognitive and neurosciences as well as in artificial intelligence, control theory, and many other fields related to the engineering of mind. A reference model architecture for intelligent systems is suggested to tie together concepts from all these separate fields into a unified framework that includes both biological and machine embodiments of the components of mind. It is argued that such a referen model architecture will facilitate the development of scientific models of mind.
Contoured, prefabricated foot orthoses demonstrate comparable mechanical properties to contoured, customised foot orthoses: a plantar pressure study (2009)

There was a similar change in loading with both the semi-rigid customised and the semi-rigid prefabricated orthoses when compared to the shoe alone condition. However, while customised devices offered minor differences over prefabricated orthoses in some variables, these were not statistically significant. The results suggest that there may be only minor differences in the effects on plantar pressures between the customised and the less expensive prefabricated orthoses tested in this study, however further research is warranted.
Emerging mutations in spike and other structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 (2021)

The structural proteins, spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M), and envelope (E), of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) play a critical role from attachment to replication and virulency. Recently a bulk of genomes have been sequenced from different geographical regions with significant number of variations. Therefore, the current study was aimed to find variations in the structural proteins. This is the first comprehensive study in which we screened 2,95,000 complete genomes in global initiative on sharing all influenza data (GISAID), submitted from December 2019 to December 2020. We detected 4725 non-synonymous mutations in S, 627 in M, 259 in E, and 1631 mutations in N protein, among which the most frequently occurring mutations in S protein are D614G (n=2,66,513), A222V (n=59,697), L18F (n=28,015) and that of M protein are; T175M (n=1286), D3G (n=968), L17I (n=621), A2V (n=463), and A2S (n=460). The most commonly circulating variants in E includes, S68F (n=419), P71S (n=264), and L73F (n=218). Similarly, the N protein also harbored the most common variants which include; R203K (n=82,570), G204R (n=81,858), and A220V (n=39,729). The frequency of N501Y (n=4362) in S is determining a tight interaction of CoV-2 RBD with ACE2. These wide range of mutations in structural proteins may not only affect the therapeutic efforts but also the vaccines efficacy and diagnostics specificity. We suggest that geographically strain specific variations should be investigated for effective drugs, vaccine, and the antibodies combinations. Alternatively, immune boosting compounds might be very useful for successful eradication of CoV-2 infections.
The Influence of Interaural Phase on Interaural Summation and Inhibition (1948)

The difference between the binaural and monaural thresholds varies within fairly large limits. Although this binaural-monaural difference does not vary as a function of frequency when pure-tone thresholds are measured in the quiet, the difference does vary with frequency when pure tones are presented against a background of noise. Binaural summation, a term which has been used in the past to refer to the phenomenon in which the binaural threshold is lower than the monaural, obtains for masked thresholds only when the phase angles between the the two earphones are opposite for the tones and the noise. If the tones and the noise have the same interaural phase angle the binaural threshold is higher than the monaural. This phenomenon, called interaural inhibition, as well as its antipode, interaural summation, is most marked at low frequencies and increases as the intensity of the masking noise is increased. The discussion considers some implications of these findings for the theory of masking and of interaural summation.
Malathion for treatment of Pediculus humanus var capitis infestation. (1982)

One hundred fifteen subjects took part in a double-blind study comparing the efficacy and safety of 0.5% malathion lotion (Prioderm lotion) and the alcoholic vehicle of the lotion as pediculicides in the treatment of head lice. The subjects, with a mean age of 9 years, had long-standing lice infestations and at least 20 viable ova. The subjects were treated with the test preparation, which was allowed to remain on the hair for 12 hours. Ovicidal and pediculicidal efficacy for the malathion lotion was significant; overall clinical evaluation by the investigators showed a significant number of moderate to marked therapeutic responses to malathion lotion. Only one adverse reaction (in the malathion lotion group) was reported, the stinging of pyodermal lesions in reaction to the alcoholic vehicle. Other concomitant scalp diseases were unchanged or improved at the end of the study.
Preliminary communication Multilayer light emitting diodes based on columnar discotics (1997)

Abstract Columnar discotics were used as the hole transporting layer in single layer, two layer and three layer light emitting diodes because of the unusually large hole mobility of such materials. The observations are that the onset fields are small compared with most devices using nondiscotic hole transporting layers, that these values are strongly reduced with increasing number of layers, that the orientation of the columns along the layer film normal causes a further decrease of the onset voltage and finally that the quantum efficiencies increase significantly as the number of layers is increased.
Real-time complexity constrained encoding (2016)

Complex software appliances can be deployed on hardware with limited available computational resources. This computational boundary puts an additional constraint on software applications. This can be an issue for real-time applications with a fixed time constraint such as low delay video encoding. In the context of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), a limited number of publications have focused on controlling the complexity of an HEVC video encoder. In this paper, a technique is proposed to control complexity by deciding between 2N×2N merge mode and full encoding, at different Coding Unit (CU) depths. The technique is demonstrated in two encoders. The results demonstrate fast convergence to a given complexity threshold, and a limited loss in rate-distortion performance (on average 2.84% Bjontegaard delta rate for 40% complexity reduction).
Evaluation of thermal and pain sensitivity in type I diabetic patients. (1991)

Thermal sensitivity was studied in 280 type I diabetic patients and in 75 control subjects. Warm and cool thresholds, temperature sensitivity limen (difference between warm and cold thresholds, TSL), and hot and cold pain thresholds were quantitated on the skin of the index finger, hand, foot and medial calf. The diabetic group had mean values that were significantly different from controls in all variables except the pain thresholds in the upper extremity. TSL was the most sensitive parameter, being abnormal in 57, 63, 79 and 78% of patients in the four skin sites tested. Hot pain sensitivity was abnormal in 37, 21, 39 and 26% of patients in the same sites. Thermal sensitivity abnormalities were more frequently observed than abnormalities in motor and sensory nerve conduction studies. Thermal tests correlated with the duration of the diabetes, although there were abnormalities at all stages of the disease. The results show that diabetic neuropathy has a variable presentation in different types of nerve fibres.
Managing Derived Data in the Gaea Scientific DBMS (1993)

One important aspect of scientific data management is metadata management. Metadata is information about data (e.g., content, source, processing applied, precision). One kind of metsdata which needs special attention is the data derivation information, i.e., how data are generated. In our application domain of geographical information sys-tems (GIS) and global change research, we view scientific objects according to three different extents: spatial, tempo-ral, and derivation. While the spatial and temporal extents have been studied and formal semantics to those extents proposed, derivation semantics have been ignored. This paper presents a framework for capturing and managing scientific data derivation histories as implemented in the Gaea scientific database management system. We focus on how Gaea handles metadata and propose to extend current semantic modeling and object-oriented technology with special constructs: concepts, processes, and tasks. Concepts are used to capture entity sets with imprecise definitions. A process captures the derivation procedure of a specific scientific object class, while a task is the instance representing the derivation of a scientific data object. We believe that this framework,.useful for GIS and global change studies, generalizes well to other scientific fields.
Computational Study of Injection Rate-Shaping for Emissions Control in Diesel Engines (2011)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Present paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of fuel injection rate shaping for a medium-duty diesel engine using computational analysis. The analysis was performed using three-dimensional (3D) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code KIVA-3V. Fuel injection rate-shape is parameterized and a Design of Experiments (DoE) is constructed. CFD simulations are performed at discrete DoE points to construct a statistical model, which is then used to predict the engine response for variation in injection shape parameters. Trends of NOx, soot, noise and Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP) are investigated to understand the impact and potential of injection rate-shaping on engine performance. It is found that slow increase in injection rate leads to reduction in NOx and IMEP, but has almost no effect on soot emissions. Effect of rate shaping during fall of injection rate does not show strong influence on emissions and performance. Effects of injection rate-shaping are found to be more significant at advanced injection timings compared to the retarded injection timings. Also, engine performance is more affected when rate-shaping is performed at higher injection pressures.</div></div>
Platelet Responses to Compound Interactions with Thrombin (1999)

Catalytic and noncatalytic interactions of thrombin with platelets are investigated with use of thrombin variants with altered specificities and with ligands of thrombin receptors on platelets. Both alpha-thrombin and weakly coagulant meizothrombin-des-fragment-1 (mu-thrombin) hydrolyze proteolytically activated receptor 1 for thrombin (rPAR1(T), recombinant) with catalytic efficiencies of >10(7) M(-)(1) s(-)(1), whereas rPAR1(T) is not a substrate for weakly coagulant beta-thrombin. In contrast, both mu-thrombin and beta-thrombin are weak agonists of platelet dense body (ATP) secretion. Antibodies that block rPAR1(T) cleavage strongly inhibit the secretory reaction to alpha- and mu-thrombins but not to beta-thrombin or to thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP). However, catalytically inactive FPR-thrombin, which binds glycoprotein Ib but does not inhibit rPAR1(T) cleavage, inhibits responses to TRAP as well as those to alpha- and mu-thrombins, which indicates that binding of the inactive enzyme to platelets influences the function of PAR1(T). An antibody that inhibits binding of thrombin to platelet glycoprotein Ib inhibits secretory responses to thrombin but not to TRAP, so occupancy of glycoprotein Ib per se accounts for only part of the attenuation. All three thrombins stimulate a rise in cytosolic Ca(II), and the dose response to beta-thrombin is congruent with that for ATP secretion. However, the response of cytosolic Ca(II) is 10-100 times more sensitive to mu-thrombin and alpha-thrombin than ATP secretion is, and is inhibited by neither anti-PAR1(T) Ig nor FPR-thrombin. Thus, alpha-thrombin appears to have an activity not shared by either mu- or beta-thrombins. This activity is owed to more than coupling of independent signals from cleavage of two proteolytically activated receptors, as there is no synergism when mu-thrombin and beta-thrombin costimulate secretion. It is concluded either that alpha-thrombin has a third interaction site on platelets with which neither mu-thrombin nor beta-thrombin interacts or that dual receptors are coordinately cleaved. In either case, the strong secretory response to thrombin appears to be moderated, independently of cytosolic Ca(II), by occupancy of a noncatalytic interaction site such as glycoprotein Ib.
Handover implementation in a 5G SDN-based mobile network architecture (2016)

Requirements for 5G mobile networks includes a higher flexibility, scalability, cost effectiveness and energy efficiency. Towards these goals, Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Functions Virtualization have been adopted in recent proposals for future mobile networks architectures because they are considered critical technologies for 5G. In this paper, we propose an X2-based handover implementation in an SDN-based and partially virtualized LTE architecture. Moreover, the architecture considered operates at link level, which provides lower latency and higher scalability. In our implementation, we use MPLS tunnels for user plane instead of GTP-U protocol, which introduces a significant overhead. To verify the correct operation of our system, we developed a simulator. It implements the messages exchange and processing of the primary network entities. Using this tool we measured the handover preparation and completion times, whose estimated values were roughly 6.94 ms and 8.31 ms, respectively, according to our experimental setup. These latencies meet the expected requirements concerning control plane delay budgets for 5G networks.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging: imaging techniques and contrast mechanisms (1999)

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a widely used technique for generating images or maps of human brain activity. The applications of the technique are widespread in cognitive neuroscience and it is hoped they will eventually extend into clinical practice. The activation signal measured with fMRI is predicated on indirectly measuring changes in the concentration of deoxyhaemoglobin which arise from an increase in blood oxygenation in the vicinity of neuronal firing. The exact mechanisms of this blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast are highly complex. The signal measured is dependent on both the underlying physiological events and the imaging physics. BOLD contrast, although sensitive, is not a quantifiable measure of neuronal activity. A number of different imaging techniques and parameters can be used for fMRI, the choice of which depends on the particular requirements of each functional imaging experiment. The high-speed MRI technique, echo-planar imaging provides the basis for most fMRI experiments. The problems inherent to this method and the ways in which these may be overcome are particularly important in the move towards performing functional studies on higher field MRI systems. Future developments in techniques and hardware are also likely to enhance the measurement of brain activity using MRI.
Power system frequency response from fixed speed and doubly fed induction generator‐based wind turbines (2004)

Abstract Throughout Europe there is an increasing trend of connecting high penetrations of wind turbines to the transmission networks. This has resulted in transmission system operators revising their grid code documents for the connection of large wind farms. These specifications require large MW capacity wind farms to have the ability to assist in some of the power system control services currently carried out by conventional synchronous generation. These services include voltage and frequency control. It is now recognized that much of this new wind generation plant will use either fixed speed induction generator (FSIG)‐ or doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)‐based wind turbines. The addition of a control loop to synthesize inertia in the DFIG wind turbine using the power electronic control system has been described. The possibility of deloading wind turbines for frequency response using blade pitch angle control is discussed. A pitch control scheme to provide frequency response from FSIG and DFIG wind turbines is also described. A case study of an FSIG wind turbine with frequency response capabilities is investigated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nuclear Progestin Receptors in Guinea Pig Brain Measured by an<i>in Vitro</i>Exchange Assay after Hormonal Treatments that Affect Lordosis* (1980)

An assay was developed for the measurement of progestin receptors in purified cell nuclei of the central nervous system after progesterone injection. The affinity of the nuclear progestin receptor in the hypothalamus-preoptic area-septum of female guinea pigs for [3H]17α,21-dimethyl-19-nor-pregna-4,9- diene-3,20-dione (Kd ≧ 0.16 nm) is similar to that previously reported for the cytosol receptor in this tissue. Although all brain areas studied (hypothalamus, preoptic area-septum, midbrain, and cerebral cortex) accumulated some nuclear progestin receptor after progesterone injection, the hypothalamus had the highest concentration. Guinea pigs primed with a large dose (10 μg) of estradiol benzoate accumulated more nuclear progestin receptor after an injection of progesterone than animals primed with a low dose (1.6 μg) of estradiol benzoate. This is consistent with our previous finding that estradiol benzoate induces cytoplasmic progestin receptors in a dose-dependent manner. By 2–4 h after progesterone injection (0.5 mg) in estrogen-primed guinea pigs, the concentration of nuclear progestin receptors in the hypothalamus-preoptic area-septum peaked as did plasma levels of progesterone. There was a concurrent depletion of progestin receptors from the cytoplasm. By 24 h after progesterone injection, there was no longer any accumulation of nuclear progestin receptors, and the level of cytoplasmic progestin receptors remained low. A second progesterone injection at this time resulted in a 61% lower concentration of nuclear progestin receptors than animals that had received only oil vehicle 24 h earlier. The results are consistent with the notion that the neural progestin receptor system is involved in progesterone’s effects on lordosis in guinea pigs. (Endocrinology106: 1061, 1980)
Non-conventional Fe3C-based nanostructures (2011)

Novel Fe3C-based nanostructures with an inner layered structure have been synthesized by a simple medium-temperature (T = 700 °C) process based on carbothermal reduction. In this process, the iron precursor reacts with a selected nitrogen rich carbon source (namely, 4,5-dicyanoimidazole) to form wrapped nano-sheets of Fe3C@C(N). The nanosheets are composed of 5 nm crystalline Fe3C nanoparticles, which are integrated into a nitrogen-doped carbon phase giving rise to the wrapped morphology. By variation of reaction parameters (such as initial concentration, temperature, reaction time), the typical accompanying side products of iron carbide such as metallic iron and amorphous carbon can be kept very low or even avoided. Contrary to simple expectations, those nanostructures are surprisingly robust against oxidation in air and could have potential applications in nanomagnetism and catalysis.