gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Broad Bean Leaf Polyphenol Oxidase Is a 60-Kilodalton Protein Susceptible to Proteolytic Cleavage (1992)

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in leaves is generally considered to be a 45-kilodalton protein. PPO purified to homogeneity from broad bean (Vicia faba L.) leaves in the presence of protease inhibitors had an apparent molecular mass of 60 kD determined by denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Under partially denaturing conditions, the protein had an apparent molecular mass of 43 kilodaltons, but this was shifted to 60 kilodaltons in the presence of sulfhydryl reductants, suggesting the presence of disulfide bonding. The purified protein was totally latent; i.e. PPO activity was only detected when assayed with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Treatment with proteases in the presence of 0.1% SDS inhibited enzyme activity, but in the absence of SDS the 60-kilodalton PPO was proteolytically cleaved with no loss of PPO activity. This yielded a 42-kilodalton peptide that had PPO activity and inactive peptides of 12 to 18 kilodaltons. Amino acid sequencing established that the 42-kilodalton protein was derived from the N-terminal end of the 60-kilodalton form of PPO. By comparison with the sequence of a cDNA clone for broad bean leaf PPO, the 18-kilodalton peptide was located at the C-terminal end of the 60-kilodalton protein. Northern analysis of mRNA from broad bean leaves probed with a cDNA clone of PPO identified a transcript of 2.2 kilobase pairs, which is more than sufficient to encode the 60-kilodalton protein. It is concluded that PPO is a 60-kilodalton protein in broad bean leaves but that it is susceptible to proteolysis during extraction, removing a peptide of 15 to 18 kilodaltons from the C-terminal end without decreasing enzyme activity.
Two-dimensional Copper Coordination Polymers Based on Paddle-Wheel Type Secondary Building Units of Cu<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>2</sub>R)<sub>4</sub>: [Cu(1,3-BDC)(H<sub>2</sub>O)]·2H<sub>2</sub>O and [Cu<sub>2</sub>(OBC)<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>]·H<sub>2</sub>O (1,3-BDC = 1,3-benzenedicarboxylate; OBC = 4,4'-oxybis(benzoate)) (2004)

In designing extended porous coordinationpolymers, the selection of appropriate ligands is crucial todetermining the structural outcome of target polymers. Inthis context, the concept of “node-spacer”, in which the nodecorresponds to a metal (or a metal complex) and the spacerto a linking ligand, has become a fundamental tool in therational design of crystalline architectures.
Nanoscale Ultraviolet‐Light‐Emitting Diodes Using Wide‐Bandgap Gallium Nitride Nanorods (2003)

The fabrication of p–n junctions in individual GaN nanorods has been realized using hydride vapor phase epitaxy. Application of the resulting heterostructures as wide bandgap current rectifiers with a high breakdown voltage and for near UV light‐emitting diodes is demonstrated. The Figure is a luminescence image of the light emitted from a forward‐biased nanorod p–n junction at 3 V.
Phosphonitrilic Compounds. VII. High Molecular Weight Poly(diaminophosphazenes) (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhosphonitrilic Compounds. VII. High Molecular Weight Poly(diaminophosphazenes)H. R. Allcock and R. L. KugelCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1966, 5, 10, 1716–1718Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50044a017https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50044a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views747Altmetric-Citations171LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Water distribution system calibration: Manual versus optimization-based approach (2015)

The water distribution system hydraulic model for an Ontario, Canada town has been calibrated by engineers familiar with the system. Their calibration procedure was mainly an expert-based approach using judgment and trial-and-error and did not rely on optimization. The purpose of this study is to resolve the corresponding calibration problem with optimization tools and compare the calibration solutions in terms of quality (closeness to measured data) and calibration parameter values. The calibration problem is posed as a multi-objective optimization problem and solved with the PA-DDS algorithm described in [1]. The precise calibration objectives are roughly matched to the manual calibration objectives specified by the engineers who calibrated the model. Multi-objective optimization results are compared with the current solution to determine if the current solution is non-dominated.
A unifying framework for the theory of iterative arrays of machines (1969)

A mathematical framework is defined in which many questions concerning uniform arrays of finite-state machines can be formulated and studied. An outline is then presented that informally describes some research areas that have been under investigation. Some of the results uncovered to date are described and many open problems are stated.
Structural Optimization of Metallic Infrared Filters Based on Extraordinary Optical Transmission (2013)

A subwavelength hole array, which consists of a thin metallic film and a dielectric, enables to transmit a certain wavelength caused by surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). SPPs exist at the interface between the metal and the dielectric, which means that the transmission spectrum strongly depends on the propagation of SPPs across the material interface. SPPs propagation is influenced by the array periodicity and hole shape. The relationship between the periodicity and the transmission spectra can be obtained from a band diagram of the energy and wavenumber of the SPPs. However, determining the hole shape that will provide a desired transmission spectra is difficult. For the systematic design of hole shape, a level set method based on topological optimization can be used to perform an accurate electromagnetic analysis. In the level set method, the material interface is clearly defined using a finite element mesh. Therefore, the physical properties of the boundary interface can be calculated precisely. By comparing experimental and simulated results, we confirmed that the proposed method is effective for the systematic design of hole shape.
NAD<sup>+</sup> auxotrophy is bacteriocidal for the tubercle bacilli (2010)

The human tubercle bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis can synthesize NAD(+) using the de novo biosynthesis pathway or the salvage pathway. The salvage pathway of the bovine tubercle bacillus Mycobacterium bovis was reported defective due to a mutation in the nicotinamidase PncA. This defect prevents nicotinic acid secretion, which is the basis for the niacin test that clinically distinguishes M. bovis from M. tuberculosis. Surprisingly, we found that the NAD(+)de novo biosynthesis pathway (nadABC) can be deleted from M. bovis, demonstrating a functioning salvage pathway. M. bovisDeltanadABC fails to grow in mice, whereas M. tuberculosisDeltanadABC grows normally in mice, suggesting that M. tuberculosis can acquire nicotinamide from its host. The introduction of M. tuberculosis pncA into M. bovisDeltanadABC is sufficient to fully restore growth in a mouse, proving that the functional salvage pathway enables nicotinamide acquisition by the tubercle bacilli. This study demonstrates that NAD(+) starvation is a cidal event in the tubercle bacilli and confirms that enzymes common to the de novo and salvage pathways may be good drug targets.
Redox-Mediated Mechanisms Fuel Monocyte Responses to CXCL12/HMGB1 in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis (2018)

Chemokine synergy-inducing molecules are emerging as regulating factors in cell migration. The alarmin HMGB1, in its reduced form, can complex with CXCL12 enhancing its activity on monocytes via the chemokine receptor CXCR4, while the form containing a disulfide bond, by binding to TLR2 or TLR4, initiates a cascade of events leading to production of cytokines and chemokines. So far, the possibility that the CXCL12/HMGB1 heterocomplex could be maintained in chronic inflammation was debated, due to the release of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, we have assessed if the heterocomplex could remain active in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and its relevance in the disease assessment. Monocytes from RA patients with active disease require a low concentration of HMGB1 to enhance CXCL12-induced migration, in comparison to monocytes from patients in clinical remission or healthy donors. The activity of the heterocomplex depends on disease activity, on the COX2 and JAK/STAT pathways, and is determined by the redox potential of the microenvironment. In RA, the presence of an active thioredoxin system correlates with the enhanced cell migration, and with the presence of the heterocomplex in the synovial fluid. The present study highlights how, in an unbalanced microenvironment, the activity of the thioredoxin system plays a crucial role in sustaining inflammation. Prostaglandin E2 stimulation of monocytes from healthy donors is sufficient to recapitulate the response observed in patients with active RA. The activation of mechanisms counteracting the oxidative stress in the extracellular compartment preserves HMGB1 in its reduced form, and contributes to fuel the influx of inflammatory cells. Targeting the heterocomplex formation and its activity could thus be an additional tool for dampening the inflammation sustained by cell recruitment, for those patients with chronic inflammatory conditions who poorly respond to current therapies.
Incorporating soy protein into a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet (2000)

The US Food and Drug Administration recommends including four servings of at least 6.25 g each (25 g/day) of soy protein into a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol to reduce the risk of heart disease. Patients are more likely to comply with this dietary change if they have their physician's support. The author discusses how the clinician can help patients incorporate soy protein into a low-cholesterol, low-fat diet. A meta-analysis found that soy protein consumption achieved an average 9.3% decrease in total cholesterol, a 12.9% decrease in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and a 10.5% decrease in triglycerides. Soy pills and supplements such as isoflavone are not recommended. The cholesterol-lowering benefit has only been observed when the intact soy protein is used. Soy milk can be used in place of milk in coffee or over breakfast cereal, as well as in milkshakes and other blended drinks. Soy milk can be substituted for milk in many recipes.
How individual cells develop from a syncytium: merogony in <i>Theileria parva</i> (Apicomplexa) (1992)

The central problem for Theileria parva during merogony is how to form numerous individual, uninucleate merozoites from a syncytial schizont so that each merozoite contains a single nucleus and a prescribed assortment of organelles. The way T. parva packages all the requisite organelles into free merozoites is by binding these organelles to the nuclear envelope, which in turn becomes associated, both directly and through the rhoptry complex, with the schizont plasma membrane. Formation of the merozoites occurs in a synchronous manner by a budding process. The merozoites develop with the rhoptry complex at the apical end by the progressive, outward evagination of the schizont plasma membrane. This evagination of the plasma membrane is associated with, and presumably induced by, the development of an orderly array of tubules that originate from the apical end and progressively form a longitudinal basket enclosing first the rhoptry complex, then the mitochondria and ribosomes, and finally the nucleus. The process of merogony is compared to sporogony within the tick salivary gland and with the differentiation of the intra-erythrocytic piroplasm stage. Because all three processes occur by a morphologically similar mechanism, the possibility that the parasite uses a single cassette of genes to perform each of these similar processes is discussed.
Making Memories: Brain Activity that Predicts How Well Visual Experience Will Be Remembered (1998)

Experiences are remembered or forgotten, but the neural determinants for the mnemonic fate of experience are unknown. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to identify specific brain activations that differentiated between visual experiences that were later remembered well, remembered less well, or forgotten. During scanning of medial temporal lobe and frontal lobe regions, subjects viewed complex, color photographs. Subjects later received a test of memory for the photographs. The magnitudes of focal activations in right prefrontal cortex and in bilateral parahippocampal cortex predicted which photographs were later remembered well, remembered less well, or forgotten.
Comparison of antibody functionality using different immobilization methods (2003)

This study investigates the influence of antibody immobilization methods on antigen capture. Adsorption and two surface chemistries, an aminosilane chemistry and a common heterobifunctional crosslinker (N-gamma-maleimidobutyryloxy-succinimide ester, GMBS), were compared and evaluated for their ability to immobilize antibodies and capture antigen. The role of protein A as an orienting protein scaffold component in each of these techniques was also evaluated. Through experimentation it was determined that the GMBS technique immobilized the highest amount of antibody and minimized nonspecific binding. For all techniques, the most functional antibodies were found to be those immobilized with protein A. Interestingly, the aminosilane technique demonstrated the highest antigen capture with antibody alone but also exhibited the highest level of nonspecific binding.
Differentiation of Field Isolates of Pasteurella multocida Serotype 3,4 from Live Vaccine Strain by Genotypic Characterization (1990)

Fifty-five serotype 3,4 isolates of Pasteurella multocida, isolated from turkeys dead from fowl cholera, were characterized (fingerprinted) genotypically for comparison with the serotype 3,4 live fowl cholera vaccine principally used in turkeys in California. Twenty-three isolates were obtained from turkeys vaccinated with the M9 live vaccine, and 32 additional isolates were from turkeys not vaccinated for fowl cholera. Methods of characterization included restriction endonuclease analysis of chromosomal DNA and ribotyping, a technique for highlighting restriction site heterogeneity of highly conserved ribosomal RNA genes and associated sequences using a radiolabeled rRNA probe. Eight different genotypes or ribotypes were detected in these isolates by the above methods. Of 23 isolates from M9-vaccinated turkeys flocks, 19 were the same ribotype as M9. Thirty of 32 isolates recovered from unvaccinated turkeys were different ribotypes from M9. The remaining two isolates resembled M9 and were recovered from two different flocks placed in succession on a turkey farm where a flock placed previously had been vaccinated with M9, suggesting interflock transmission. Ribotyping and restriction endonuclease analysis appear to be useful tools to aid in the determination of the role that the live vaccine plays in fowl cholera epidemiology.
Single-dose isotope injection for both preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative sentinel lymph node identification in melanoma patients (1997)

For patients with melanoma the 'sentinel' lymph node biopsy technique, although simple in concept, has the potential to provide misleading information if great care is not taken to ensure accurate sentinel node (SN) identification. The method initially reported involved lymphatic mapping by injection of blue dye around the primary melanoma site. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy was subsequently shown to improve both the speed and accuracy of SN identification. More recently, intraoperative use of a hand-held gamma probe has been recommended, and it is likely that maximum reliability of SN biopsy will be achieved if all three manoeuvres are undertaken. As originally described, use of a gamma probe intraoperatively followed injection of tracer a short time before the surgical procedure. We report a simpler method of confirming SN identity with a gamma probe, using residual activity in the node following lymphoscintigraphy the previous day. In 21 patients close concordance with preoperative lymphoscintigram results and intraoperative findings after blue dye injection confirmed the reliability of the technique. Avoiding the need for repeat isotope administration on the day of surgery simplifies logistics, reduces costs, minimizes inconvenience and radiation dose for patients, and eliminates potential health and safety problems for operating theatre staff.
<i>Escherichia coli</i>‐based cell free production of flagellin and ordered flagellin display on virus‐like particles (2013)

Bacterial flagellin has been explored as a potential vaccine adjuvant for enhancing immune responses. In this article, we describe Escherichia coli-based cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) as a method to rapidly produce soluble phase 1 flagellin (FliC) protein from Salmonella typhimurium. The yield was about 300 µg/mL and the product had much higher affinity for the TLR5 receptor (EC50 = 2.4 ± 1.4 pM) than previously reported. The flagellin coding sequence was first optimized for cell-free expression. We then found that the D0 domain at the C-terminus of flagellin was susceptible to proteolytic degradation in the CFPS system. Proteolysis was reduced by protease inhibitors, the use of protease-deficient cell extracts or deletion of the flagellin D0 domain. A human Toll-Like Receptor 5 (hTLR5)-specific bioactivity analysis of purified flagellin demonstrated that, although the D0 domain is far from the TLR5 recognition region, it is important for flagellin bioactivity. We next incorporated a non-natural amino acid displaying an alkyne moiety into flagellin using the CFPS system and attached flagellin to hepatitis B core virus-like particles (VLPs) using bioorthogonal azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions. The ordered and oriented VLP display of flagellin increased its specific TLR5 stimulation activity by approximately 10-fold.
Synthesis and in Vivo Biodisposition of [<sup>14</sup>C]-Quaternary Ammonium−Melphalan Conjugate, a Potential Cartilage-Targeted Alkylating Drug (2003)

For the purpose of developing more selective anticancer drugs that would concentrate in the malignant cartilaginous tumors (chondrosarcomas), and so improve therapeutic index through a reduction of side effects, a quaternary ammonium (QA) conjugate of melphalan was synthesized and labeled with (14)C by linking the QA moiety to nitrogen mustard via an amide bond. Comparative pharmacokinetic study of [(14)C]-melphalan and its [(14)C]-QA conjugate conducted on rats showed that the two compounds were principally excreted by the urinary way. The blood elimination of the QA conjugate was faster than that of the melphalan. In the other hand a higher rate of radioactivity derived of [(14)C]-MQA was found in feces. In the biodisposition for most organs, no striking differences were found between melphalan and its QA conjugate except for cartilages which exhibited more higher radioactivity level. Amounts of radioactivity derived from [(14)C]-QA conjugates measured in cartilaginous tissues until 1 h after injection demonstrate that the introduction of a QA moiety on melphalan allows the molecule to be carried selectively to cartilaginous tissues. As the [(14)C]-QA conjugate is radiolabeled on the chloroethyl alkylating moiety, levels of radioactivity measured in the cartilaginous tissues results from unchanged compound or metabolite having kept the active group.
Groove- and sequence-selective alkylation of DNA by sulfonate esters tethered to lexitropsins (1993)

A series of sulfonate esters that are attached to a noncationic minor-groove-binding N-methylpyrrole dipeptide (Lex) related to netrospin have been synthesized. The compounds prepared differ in two respects: (1) the length [(CH2)2 vs (CH2)8] of the tether between the DNA affinity binding portion of the molecule and the sulfonate ester and (2) whether a methyl group [MeOSO2(CH2)n-Lex] or the dipeptide including the aliphatic tether [MeSO2O(CH2)n-Lex] is covalently transferred to the DNA. The DNA-cleavage patterns of these bimolecular alkylating compounds have been mapped in 32P-end-labeled restriction fragments using neutral thermal hydrolysis and alkali treatment to expose single-strand breaks at bases with thermally labile modifications. In contrast to the alkylation of DNA by simple alkyl alkanesulfonate esters, that predominantly yield major-groove alkylation at N7-guanine, the modification of DNA by MeOSO2(CH2)n-Lex and MeSO2O(CH2)n-Lex occurs primarily at N3-adenine residues associated with previously footprinted Lex DNA affinity binding regions. The ratio for the formation of N3-methyladenine (minor groove) to N7-methylguanine (major groove) in calf thymus DNA is 1:7 for dimethyl sulfate, while only the former adenine product is observed with MeSO2O(CH2)n-Lex indicating the change in groove specificity. DNA cleavage by MeOSO2(CH2)n-Lex and MeSO2O(CH2)n-Lex is efficiently inhibited by the coaddition of distamycin; however, only the DNA damage generated by the latter is blocked by NaCl. As expected, increasing the length of the (CH2)n tether from n = 2 to n = 8 moves the alkylation site by 1-2 base pairs further from the affinity binding domain. Finally, a comparison of the methylation patterns of MeOSO2(CH2)n-Lex as a function of tether length provides an insight into Lex sequence and orientational preferences.
Breath of fresh air (2000)

A team of nurses from liverpool has set up a COPD service from scratch - and improved patients' quality of life. Mary Hampshire talks to the winners of nursing standard's Nursing 2000 respiratory nursing award
Anatomic segmentation and volumetric calculations in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (1989)

A comprehensive methodology for image segmentation is presented. Tools for differential and intensity contouring, and outline optimization are discussed, as well as the methods for automating such procedures. After segmentation, regional volumes and image intensity distributions can be determined. The methodology is applied to nuclear magnetic resonance images of the brain. Examples of the results of volumetric calculations for the cerebral cortex, white matter, cerebellum, ventricular system, and caudate nucleus are presented. An image intensity distribution is demonstrated for the cerebral cortex.