gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
cAMP/PKA pathway activation in human mesenchymal stem cells <i>in vitro</i> results in robust bone formation <i>in vivo</i> (2008)

Tissue engineering of large bone defects is approached through implantation of autologous osteogenic cells, generally referred to as multipotent stromal cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Animal-derived MSCs successfully bridge large bone defects, but models for ectopic bone formation as well as recent clinical trials demonstrate that bone formation by human MSCs (hMSCs) is inadequate. The expansion phase presents an attractive window to direct hMSCs by pharmacological manipulation, even though no profound effect on bone formation in vivo has been described so far using this approach. We report that activation of protein kinase A elicits an immediate response through induction of genes such as ID2 and FosB, followed by sustained secretion of bone-related cytokines such as BMP-2, IGF-1, and IL-11. As a consequence, PKA activation results in robust in vivo bone formation by hMSCs derived from orthopedic patients.
In vitro susceptibility of Candida species to lactoferrin (1999)

Lactoferrin is an antimicrobial protein present in human mucosal secretions as well as saliva. As there is no information on the relative fungicidal activity of human and bovine lactoferrin, an oral isolate of Candida albicans was studied for its susceptibility to these two proteins. Exposure to a concentration of 20 micrograms ml-1 of either HLF or BLF at 37 degrees C inactivated the yeast to the same degree irrespective of the incubation time of 45, 90 or 150 min. A similar study, using 20 micrograms ml-1 BLF and an incubation time of 150 min, elicited varying anticandidal activity against 35 isolates belonging to six different Candida species. Thus, BLF was fungicidal for the six Candida species in the following decreasing order, C. tropicalis > C. krusei > C. albicans > C. guilliermondii > C. parapsilosis > C. glabrata; the latter being the most resistant. These Candida species also demonstrated significant intra-species variation in susceptibility to the protein (P < 0.05). When the yeast cells exposed to BLF were examined by cryo-scanning electron microscopy, profound cell wall changes such as cell surface blebs, swelling and cell collapse were noted. These findings suggest that lactoferrin, a constituent of saliva, may differentially modulate the carriage of Candida species in the oral cavity.
Synthesis of six specifically deuterted indoles of biological interest (1980)

Abstract Procedures for the preparation of N‐methyl‐(α,α,ß,ß‐ 2 H 4 )tryptamine, 5‐methoxy‐N‐methyl‐(α,α,ß,ß‐ 2 H 4 )tryptamine, 5‐hydroxy‐N‐methYl‐(α,α,ß,ß‐ 2 H 4 )tryptamine, (α,α,ß,ß‐ 2 H 4 )tryptophol, 5‐methoxy‐(α,α,ß,ß‐ 2 H 4 )tryptophol and 5‐hydroxy‐(α,α,ß,ß‐ 2 H 4 )tryptophol are described. Deuterium was introduced by treatment with lithium aluminium deuteride of the appropriate indole‐3‐(N‐methylglyoxylamide) or ethyl indole‐3‐glyoxalate. The isotopic purity of the products was greater than 97.3%.
The insecticidal activity of Cyanobacteria against four insects, two of medical importance and two agricultural pests with reference to the action on albino mice. (1999)

Acute lethal toxicity of Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) was investigated against 3rd larval stages of Musca domestica, and Culex pipiens, and 4th larval stages of Spodoptera littoralis and Agrotis ipsilon. The LD50s were 1.94, 2.33, 7.59 and 9.10 microg for M. domestica, C. pipiens, S. littoralis and A. ipsilon respectively. The slope functions were 4,045 +/- 0.332 (M. domestica), 4.122 +/- 0.336 (C. pipiens), 4.15 +/- 0.35 (S. littoralis) and 3.72 +/- 0.34 (A. ipsilon). These LD50s markedly affected the larval, pupal and adult time of durations as well as suppressed the oviposition of the survivor adults. The LD50 didn't show any marked effect as serum acetyl cholinesterase and gave nearly the same level of AchE activity. No doubt, Cyanobacteria are safe and promising agent for insect control.
Global trends in raw materials consumption (1991)

This paper reviews movements in raw materials consumption over the past 30 years. Included in this review are all base metals and steel, and important agricultural raw materials. These primary commodities share the common characteristic that they are used as inputs in manufacturing and construction. Some metals and minerals, energy commodities, and timber products are not included in this review for various reasons. The period reviewed is from 1961 to 1988. A prominent characteristic of the metals market during the past 15 years has been its very slow growth. In some years consumption of several raw materials has even declined. Explaining the causes of this slowdown, in the face of moderate economic growth, has become a topical issue. The slowdown has important implications for a number of developing countries that rely heavily on exports of these materials. The severity and persistence of post-1973 declines in metals intensity per unit of GNP, prompted the conjecture that it may have been structural. This paper reviews the debate on this issue, including results of statistical tests. It also summarizes the trends in raw materials consumption and reviews the technological developments relating to raw materials consumption.
Maximum Likelihood Set for Estimating a Probability Mass Function (2005)

We propose a new method for estimating the probability mass function (pmf) of a discrete and finite random variable from a small sample. We focus on the observed counts--the number of times each value appears in the sample--and define the maximum likelihood set (MLS) as the set of pmfs that put more mass on the observed counts than on any other set of counts possible for the same sample size. We characterize the MLS in detail in this article. We show that the MLS is a diamond-shaped subset of the probability simplex [0,1]k bounded by at most k x (k-1) hyper-planes, where k is the number of possible values of the random variable. The MLS always contains the empirical distribution, as well as a family of Bayesian estimators based on a Dirichlet prior, particularly the well-known Laplace estimator. We propose to select from the MLS the pmf that is closest to a fixed pmf that encodes prior knowledge. When using Kullback-Leibler distance for this selection, the optimization problem comprises finding the minimum of a convex function over a domain defined by linear inequalities, for which standard numerical procedures are available. We apply this estimate to language modeling using Zipf's law to encode prior knowledge and show that this method permits obtaining state-of-the-art results while being conceptually simpler than most competing methods.
Microbial factors in spondyloarthropathies: insights from population studies (2003)

Infections and genetics play a role in the development of reactive arthritis. The clinical manifestations and severity of the features depend on the triggering infections and the epidemiologic setting. Reports from hospital-based series show the lowest frequency of reactive arthritis, but often, patients have severe arthritis associated with a high frequency of HLA-B27. At the population level, reactive arthritis occur in 7 to 15% of the infected subjects. The disease is usually mild, affects small joints, can be polyarticular, often rapidly disappears, and has a low association with HLA-B27. There also seems to be a change in the spectrum of triggering infections. Reports of Yersinia arthritis are less common, whereas arthritis in association with Campylobacter or Salmonella infections seems to be increasing. The role of early antimicrobial chemotherapy for the prevention of reactive arthritis needs to be studied.
The Commodification of Trademarks: Some Final Thoughts on Trademark Dilution (2017)

After nearly 20 years of effectiveness, the Federal Trademark Dilution Act (FTDA) remains as controversial as ever. What the 20 years of jurisprudence has taught us is that academics have been right all along. Dilution is either unconstitutional, inappropriate, or simply misguided legislation. This article calls for its repeal. A thorough literature review shows that most academics oppose dilution. A study of all trademark litigation demonstrates that the cause of action of pure dilution never appears in reported cases anymore. The existence of the FTDA gives trademark holders the perverse incentive to claim that all marks are famous as “fame” has become the trademark gold standard to which every much should aspire, rather than identifying the source of the good or service. This perverse incentive has led to the commodification of trademarks — seeing trademarks primarily as an asset to be bought, sold, and hypothecated rather than an identifier of source. As this perverse incentive is not contemplated by the Lanham Act, the Common Law of trademarks or even the Constitution, the FTDA ought to be repealed so that trademarks can focus on identifying source, the purpose of their creation.
New Races and Novel Strains of the Spinach Downy Mildew Pathogen <i>Peronospora effusa</i> (2017)

Downy mildew disease, caused by Peronospora effusa (=P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae [Pfs]), is the most economically important disease of spinach. Current high-density fresh-market spinach production provides conducive conditions for disease development, and downy mildew frequently forces growers to harvest early owing to disease development, to cull symptomatic leaves prior to harvest, or to abandon the field if the disease is too severe. The use of resistant cultivars to manage downy mildew, particularly on increasing acreages of organic spinach production, applies strong selection pressure on the pathogen, and many new races of Pfs have been identified in recent years in spinach production areas worldwide. To monitor the virulence diversity in the Pfs population, downy mildew samples were collected from spinach production areas and tested for race identification based on the disease reactions of a standard set of international spinach differentials. Two new races (designated races 15 and 16) and eight novel strains were identified between 2013 and 2017. The disease reaction of Pfs 15 was similar to race 4, except race 4 could not overcome the resistance imparted by the RPF9 locus. Several resistance loci (RPF1, 2, 4, and 6) were effective in preventing disease caused by Pfs 15. The race Pfs 16 could overcome several resistance loci (RPF2, 4, 5, 9, and 10) but not others (RPF1, 3, 6, and 7). One novel strain (UA1014) could overcome the resistance of spinach resistant loci RPF1 to RPF7 but only infected the cotyledons and not the true leaves of certain cultivars. A new set of near-isogenic lines has been developed and evaluated for disease reactions to the new races and novel strains as differentials. None of the 360 U.S. Department of Agriculture spinach germplasm accessions tested were resistant to Pfs 16 or UA1014. A survey of isolates over several years highlighted the dynamic nature of the virulence diversity of the Pfs population. Identification of virulence diversity and evaluation of the genetics of resistance to Pfs will continue to allow for a more effective disease management strategy through resistance gene deployment.
A compact programmable array processor (1989)

The novel Data-Stream Array Processor (DSAP) recently developed furnishes complete programmability and easy code-generation, while obtaining the parallelism and pipelining advantages inherent in array operations. The DSAP encompasses multiple independently-programmable array-processing elements; each such element divides the array operation into separate, conceptually asynchronous computation and memory-address processes, greatly simplifying the code-generation process. A DSAP has been built for service aboard a robotic aircraft carrying a moving-target detection radar, using a custom radar interface that generates radar-timing signals and transmits digitized radar data on the external bus in real time.
[Nasal polyposis: long term functional results in 203 patients treated by ethmoidectomy combined with intranasal corticotherapy]. (2003)

Endoscopic endonasal ethmoïdectomy followed by intranasal corticotherapy represents a valuable protocol in treating patients with severe nasal polyposis.
Before the Altair (1993)

Imagine a modern personal computer. It has a direct-manipulation, WYSIWYG user interface, and programs for drawing, painting, writing, and other tasks. It is connected to a LAN with email, database, print, and other services. The LAN may be connected to other LANs, forming an internet, and it may be connected to a wide-area network like the Internet.
Correction for vol. 36, p. 819 (2000)

The following is a correction to the paper by Loukola et al ( J Med Genet 1999; 36 :819-22). An algorithm was introduced by Wijnen et al 1to predict the probability of finding a disease causing MLH1 or MSH2 mutation in patients with HNPCC or possible HNPCC. The variables of this formula are the mean age of colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis in the family, fulfilment of the so called Amsterdam criteria, and the presence of endometrial cancer in the family. In addition to this basic formula, an alternative formula to be used in small families was introduced. The variables of this alternative formula are the mean age of CRC diagnosis in the family, the number of patients with CRC in the family, and the number of patients with endometrial cancer in the family. Applying these algorithms, a probability (p1 …
Evaluation of slurry injection technology for management of drilling wastes. (2003)

Each year, thousands of new oil and gas wells are drilled in the United States and around the world. The drilling process generates millions of barrels of drilling waste each year, primarily used drilling fluids (also known as muds) and drill cuttings. The drilling wastes from most onshore U.S. wells are disposed of by removing the liquids from the drilling or reserve pits and then burying the remaining solids in place (called pit burial). This practice has low cost and the approval of most regulatory agencies. However, there are some environmental settings in which pit burial is not allowed, such as areas with high water tables. In the U.S. offshore environment, many water-based and synthetic-based muds and cuttings can be discharged to the ocean if discharge permit requirements are met, but oil-based muds cannot be discharged at all. At some offshore facilities, drilling wastes must be either hauled back to shore for disposal or disposed of onsite through an injection process.
Effects of Electrolyte and pH on the Behavior of Cross-Linked Films of Ferrocene-Modified Poly(ethylenimine) (2007)

Ferrocene redox polymers based on the coupling of ferrocenecarboxaldehyde to both linear and branched poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) have been prepared to investigate the effects of pH, electrolyte, and cross-linking on electron charge transport and film swelling. The redox behavior of both ferrocene-modified linear PEI and ferrocene-modified branched PEI was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, while electron diffusion coefficients reported for PEI-based redox polymers were determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In phosphate solutions at pH>7, cross-linked films of both redox polymers exhibited multiple redox wave behavior and were unstable. In contrast, in non-phosphate solutions, cross-linked films exhibited stable electrochemical behavior and fast electron transfer in solutions with pH<11. Gel swelling experiments suggested that the multiple wave behavior and instability exhibited in either phosphate solutions or at high pH in non-phosphate solutions were related to a combination of film collapse and electrolyte binding within the hydrogel. The electron diffusion coefficients for these polymers are on the order of 10-8 (mol cm(-2) s(-1/2)), which are approximately 40 times greater than other ferrocene-modified polymers. Incorporation of the enzyme, glucose oxidase, into these films demonstrated that these redox polymers were able to electrically communicate with the enzyme's flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) redox centers. Glucose sensors based on these films exhibited enzyme saturation current densities that ranged from 240 to 480 microA/cm2 in response to glucose, which were dependent upon the supporting electrolyte and pH. The sensitivity of these sensors at 5 mM glucose ranged from 10 to 48 microA.cm(-2).mM(-1).
Catalytic Olefin Hydroamidation Enabled by Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer (2015)

Here we report a ternary catalyst system for the intramolecular hydroamidation of unactivated olefins using simple N-aryl amide derivatives. Amide activation in these reactions occurs via concerted proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) mediated by an excited state iridium complex and weak phosphate base to furnish a reactive amidyl radical that readily adds to pendant alkenes. A series of H-atom, electron, and proton transfer events with a thiophenol cocatalyst furnish the product and regenerate the active forms of the photocatalyst and base. Mechanistic studies indicate that the amide substrate can be selectively homolyzed via PCET in the presence of the thiophenol, despite a large difference in bond dissociation free energies between these functional groups.
A Multi-Agent Service Framework for Context-Aware Elder Care (2006)

Advances in healthcare have led to longer life expectancy and the so-called aging population trend. The cost of caring for the elderly is rising progressively and threatens the economic well-being of many nations around the world. Instead of professional nursing facilities, many elderly people prefer living in their own homes independently. To enable successful aging in place, this research explores the roles of technology in improving the quality of life while reducing the cost of healthcare to the elder population. In particular, we propose a multi-agent service framework, called Context-Aware Service Integration System (CASIS), to integrate event-driven services with the OSGi service platform. This paper presents several context-aware service scenarios that have been developed on the proposed framework to demonstrate how context technologies and mobile web services can help enhance the quality of care for an elder&apos;s daily life.
Two fragments from fibrinolysin digests of ovine prolactin: characterization and recombination to generate full immunoreactivity. (1978)

The action of fibrinolysin (plasmin; EC 3.4.21.7) on ovine prolactin has been investigated. It was found that the enzyme selectively cleaves the bond between Met-53 and Ala-54. The two fragments, PRL-(1-53) and PRL-(54-199), have been purified and characterized. A recombinant molecule has been obtained by noncovalent interaction of PRL-(1-53) and PRL-(54-199). The recombined protein behaves nearly identically to the parent hormone in circular dichroism spectra and exclusion chromatography. The recombinant possesses full immunoreactivity, as revealed by gel double-diffusion and complement fixation. However, the recombined protein exhibits low prolactin activity in the pigeon crop-sac test.
The spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 protein, ataxin-1, has RNA-binding activity that is inversely affected by the length of its polyglutamine tract (2001)

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine tract within the SCA1 product, ataxin-1. Previously, using transgenic mice, it was demonstrated that in order for a mutant allele of ataxin-1 to cause disease it must be transported to the nucleus of the neuron. Using an in vitro RNA-binding assay, we demonstrate that ataxin-1 does bind RNA and that this binding diminishes as the length of its polyglutamine tract increases. These observations suggest that ataxin-1 plays a role in RNA metabolism and that the expansion of the polyglutamine tract may alter this function.
Thermal instability of Walters B' viscoelastic fluid permeated with suspended particles in hydromagnetics in porous medium (2004)

The effect of suspended particles on the thermal instability of Walters B' viscoelastic fluid in hydromantic in porous medium is considered. For stationary convection, Walters B' viscoelastic fluid behaves like a Newtonian fluid. The medium permeability and suspended particles has ten the onset of convection whereas the magnetic field postpones the onset of convection, for the case of stationary convection. The magnetic field and viscoelasticity intro duce oscillatory modes in the system which was non-existent in their absence.
Mutations of<i>CD40</i>gene cause an autosomal recessive form of immunodeficiency with hyper IgM (2001)

CD40 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, expressed on a wide range of cell types including B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. CD40 is the receptor for CD40 ligand (CD40L), a molecule predominantly expressed by activated CD4(+) T cells. CD40/CD40L interaction induces the formation of memory B lymphocytes and promotes Ig isotype switching, as demonstrated in mice knocked-out for either CD40L or CD40 gene, and in patients with X-linked hyper IgM syndrome, a disease caused by CD40L/TNFSF5 gene mutations. In the present study, we have identified three patients with an autosomal recessive form of hyper IgM who fail to express CD40 on the cell surface. Sequence analysis of CD40 genomic DNA showed that one patient carried a homozygous silent mutation at the fifth base pair position of exon 5, involving an exonic splicing enhancer and leading to exon skipping and premature termination; the other two patients showed a homozygous point mutation in exon 3, resulting in a cysteine to arginine substitution. These findings show that mutations of the CD40 gene cause an autosomal recessive form of hyper IgM, which is immunologically and clinically undistinguishable from the X-linked form.
Optimal flow bifurcation in networks with dual base station connectivity and non-ideal backhaul (2014)

In the dual connectivity architecture in 3GPP LTE-Advanced systems, a user equipment (UE) with multiple transceivers can be simultaneously connected to two eNBs that operate independently at the radio layer. One of them is designated as a master eNB (MeNB) which can choose to forward a portion of the UE traffic to the secondary eNB (SeNB) over a non-ideal backhaul link, and serve the remaining UE data by itself. In this work we examine how to optimally bifurcate the traffic flow when the MeNB has only statistical information of the SeNB channel state information. A fluid model approximation is used to derive individual and global myopic policies for flow splitting.
Prevalence, comorbidity and impact of irritable bowel syndrome in Norway (2006)

Symptoms of IBS were reported by 8% of Norwegian adults and had resulted in consultations with physicians for the majority in the long run. Subjects with IBS in the community were characterized by frequent somatic and psychiatric comorbidity. Their observed reduced health, working disability and increased use of health resources were largely explained by comorbid symptoms and disorders.
Controlling the wettability properties of polyester fibers using grafted functional nanomaterials (2011)

A simple method for controlling the wettability properties of poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) fibers is reported herein. Silica nanoparticles (silica NPs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) coated on PET fibers altered both the surface roughness and the surface energy of the fibers and endowed the PET fibers with opposite wettability properties. The morphology, composition and wettability of silica NPs and MWCNTs coated PET fibers are detected by a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements and the wet environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) technique. The possible mechanism and size effect of functional nanomaterials on the wettability property of PET fibers are also discussed.