gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New functional assignment of the carotenogenic genes<i>crtB</i>and<i>crtE</i>with constructs of these genes from<i>Erwinia</i>species (1992)

The role of carotenoid genes crtB and crtE has been functionally assigned. These genes were cloned from Erwinia into Escherichia coli or Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Their functions were elucidated by assaying early isoprenoid enzymes involved in phytoene formation. In vitro reactions from extracts of E. coli carrying the crtE gene or a complete carotenogenic gene cluster in which crtB was deleted showed an elevated conversion of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) into geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). These results strongly indicate that the crtE gene encodes GGPP synthase. Introduction of the crtB gene into A. tumefaciens led to the conversion of GGPP into phytoene. This activity was absent in similar transformants with the crtE gene. Thus, the crtB probably encodes phytoene synthase, which was further supported by demonstration that phytoene accumulated in E. coli harboring both the crtB genes.
Studies in Tetrazole Chemistry. IV. Tetrazolylacetic Acids and Esters<sup>1</sup> (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies in Tetrazole Chemistry. IV. Tetrazolylacetic Acids and Esters1C. R. JACOBSON and E. D. AMSTUTZCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1956, 21, 3, 311–315Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1956https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01109a013https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01109a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views267Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Understanding the Dynamics of Signal Transduction for Adsorption of Gases and Vapors on Carbon Nanotube Sensors (2005)

Adsorption dynamics and their influence on signal transduction for carbon nanotube-based chemical sensors are explored using continuum site balance equations and a mass action model. These sensors are shown to possess both reversible and irreversible binding sites that can be modeled independently. For the case of irreversible adsorption, it is shown that the characteristic response time scales inversely with analyte concentration. It is inappropriate to report a detection limit for this type of sensor since any nonzero analyte concentration can be detected in theory but at a cost of increasing transduction time with decreasing concentration. The response curve should examine the initial rate of signal change as a function of analyte concentration. Conversely, a reversible sensor has a predefined detection limit, independent of the detector geometry with a characteristic time scaling that becomes constant in the zero analyte concentration limit. A simple analytical test is presented to distinguish between these two mechanisms from the transient response of a nanotube sensor array. Two systems appearing in the literature are shown to have an irreversible component, and regressed surface rate constants for this component are similar across different sensor geometries and analytes.
A varying pulse width 5<sup>th</sup>-derivative gaussian pulse generator for UWB transceivers in CMOS (2008)

A fully integrated, ultra low-power, varying pulse width fifth-order derivative Gaussian pulse generator designed and fabricated in a commercial 0.18 mum CMOS technology is reported for 3-10 GHz impulse ultra wideband (UWB) transceivers. The fifth-order derivative Gaussian pulse generator circuit consists of four parallel Gaussian pulse formation blocks and an output stage. It can generate UWB pulse signals with adjustable pulse width ranging from 240 picoseconds to a few nanoseconds. Measurement results show very short UWB pulses with amplitude of 51 mV and an ultra low power consumption of 3.6 mW at 100 MHz pulse repeating frequency (PRF) with 1.8 V power supply voltage. This pulse generator fully complies with FCC UWB power mask.
Production and characterization of a monomeric form and a single-site form of Aleuria aurantia lectin (2010)

Lectins have widely been used in structural and functional studies of complex carbohydrates. They usually bind carbohydrates with relatively low affinity, but compensate for this by multivalency. This multivalent nature of lectins can sometimes produce unwanted reactions such as agglutination or precipitation of target glycoproteins, when using them in different biological and analytical assays. The mushroom lectin Aleuria aurantia binds to fucose-containing oligosaccharides. It is composed of two identical subunits, and each subunit contains five binding sites for fucose. In this study, two forms of recombinant AAL were produced using site-directed mutagenesis. A monomeric form of AAL was produced by exchanging Tyr6 with Arg6, and a single-site fragment of AAL was produced by insertion of an NdeI restriction enzyme cleavage site and a stop codon in the coding sequence. The AAL forms were expressed as His-tagged proteins in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography. Binding properties of the two AAL forms were performed using surface plasmon resonance, enzyme-linked lectin assay analyses and isothermal titration calorimetry. Both the monomeric AAL (mAAL) and the single-site AAL (S2-AAL) forms retained their capacity to bind fucosylated oligosaccharides. However, both constructs exhibited properties that differed from the intact recombinant AAL (rAAL). mAAL showed similar binding affinities to fucosylated oligosaccharides as rAAL, but had less hemagglutinating capacity. S2-AAL showed a lower binding affinity to fucosylated oligosaccharides and, in contrast to rAAL and mAAL, S2-AAL did not bind to sialylated fuco-oligosaccharides. The study shows that molecular engineering is a highly useful tool for producing lectins with more defined properties such as decreased valency and defined specificities and affinities. Thus, this approach has high potential in developing reliable diagnostic and biological assays for carbohydrate analysis.
Reaction network and mechanism of the synthesis of methylenedianiline over dealuminated Y-type zeolites (2010)

The reaction network and mechanism of the synthesis of methylenedianiline (MDA) from the condensation product of aniline and formaldehyde (aminal) on microporous acidic materials has been elucidated. The first step of the reaction, the decomposition of the aminal to N-benzylanilines, is limited by film diffusion, and the second and significantly slower step, the acid catalyzed rearrangement of these intermediates to MDA, is controlled by microkinetics on mesoporous dealuminated Y-type zeolites. This second step of the reaction network is limited by pore diffusion on zeolite BEA as an example for non-mesoporous materials. Based on time-concentration profiles, we were able to determine the reaction orders of the initial decomposition of the aminal to one and two for the following rearrangement of para-aminobenylaniline to 4,4′-MDA. From the kinetic data we deduced an SN2-type reaction mechanism and a complex reaction network, which is able to simulate the observed concentration profiles. The aniline to formaldehyde ratio in the starting mixture had a negligible influence on the final product distribution.
Evaluation of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> C186 as a potential biological control of sapstain and mould on unseasoned lumber (1987)

Bacillus subtilis C186 was evaluated as a potential biological control agent for sapstain and mould growth on unseasoned lumber. The strain produces antibiotics that are fungistatic to many pine-inhabiting fungi. Although pine blocks precolonized with C186 and subsequently inoculated with staining fungi were generally less discoloured than blocks inoculated only with fungi, discolouration was not sufficiently prevented to warrant further consideration of this strain as a biological control agent. The disappointing performance of C186 is traced to its poor colonization of wood.
panOULU conqueror (2010)

We present the design, implementation and evaluation of a novel pervasive location-aware multiplayer game. In the game teams of players try to score points by conquering the real-world access points of a large municipal wireless network. The game is implemented as a web service so that playing the game does not require any dedicated game software or hardware, but a general purpose WLAN device such as a laptop or a smart phone equipped with a web browser is sufficient. The game was empirically evaluated with a four-week long tournament involving 96 players in 31 teams. The players found pervasiveness, location-awareness, social interaction and addictivity as the best parts of the game. The main finding of our study is that location-awareness combined with a rather modest level of pervasiveness can go a long way in creating engaging gaming experiences.
An alternative low resistance MOL technology with electroplated rhodium as contact plugs for 32nm CMOS and beyond (2007)

This paper addresses a critical CMOS challenge of increasing parasitic resistance by introducing electroplated rhodium (Rh) as an alternative middle-of-line (MOL) metallurgy to replace the conventional CVD tungsten (W) processes for lower contact resistance and better extendibility to 32 nm technology and beyond. Electroplating of Rh is shown to have similar to Cu superconformal filling capability, allowing us to successfully fill high aspect ratio vias (40 nm times 240 nm). Plating of 300 mm wafers with 60 nm times 290 nm vias was demonstrated using CVD or ALD ruthenium (Ru) as the seed layer. An annealing process was developed to obtain a thin Rh film resistivity of 6.5 muOmega-cm, which is 1.5 to 3X lower than the resistivity of CVD W films. Since Rh is stable in Si environment, when compared to a fast diffusing Cu, a very thin Ti/Ru layer can be implemented. Therefore we propose to use PVD Ti/ALD Ru/electroplated Rh as the alternative MOL metallurgy. With this simple liner/seed/fill stack, the overall MOL resistance is calculated to be 2x lower than the overall MOL resistance of the conventional W stacks, and slightly lower than Cu fill stacks. In addition, the ability to use a thinner liner layer than that used for Cu-base fill process, provides a greater potential for extendibility of Rh fill into future CMOS MOL generations.
THE INFLUENCE OF HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NORMALLY FERTILIZED <i>ARBACIA</i> AND <i>ASTERIAS</i> EGGS (1924)

The effect of acid and alkaline sea water on the rate of cell division in normally fertilized Arbacia and Asterias eggs was observed as far as the 128-cell stage. In Arbacia, the velocity of division is reduced to 50 per cent. of the velocity in sea water (pH 8.15) at pH 5.2 and 9.4. Between pH 5.8 and 8.2 these eggs divide normally both in respect to velocity and quality of cell division. Between pH 8.2 and 9.2 the velocity of division is increased from 15 to 25 per cent. Asterias eggs are more sensitive to both acid and alkaline sea water during the precleavage period than at any subsequent time. When these eggs are transferred to the acid and alkaline sea water immediately after fertilization, the velocity of division is reduced to 50 per cent. at pH 5.6 and 9.2; when transferred in the two cell stage the corresponding limits are pH 5.4 and 10.2. There is a slight decrease in the mean velocity of division between pH 8.2 and 5.8, but no significant increase in solutions more alkaline than sea water. In both species, when the developmental velocity is reduced below 50 per cent. by either acid or alkali, the nucleus tends to divide without division of the cytoplasm, and abnormal multinuclear cells are formed.
Lidar in television (2005)

This paper discusses three application areas for depth map creation using laser radar (LADAR); synthetic interocular distances (SIOD) and convergence, virtual set merging of live action and dynamic re-lighting of content in post. Any one of these applications brings considerable value to the video production process and each will be discussed in turn. Additionally, the problem of merging multiple LADAR views into an integrated model is discussed. Such large scale multi-view LADAR system are just now emerging and promise to create synthetic video environments more complex than dual cameras mixed with depth maps, resulting in the ability to adjust camera position via synthesis.
Money resources, time demands, and situational factors as predictors of shopping time (1989)

Shopping is a major household activity; time spent shopping has opportunity costs. Linder proposed that, as income rose, time would be allocated away from shopping to more productive activities, resulting in purchase deciriom being made with less information. This paper tests money resources, time demands and situational and demographic factors as predictors of shopping time. Data from 420 family time schedules and accompanying questionnaires were analysed using Tobit analysis. Findings indicated that situational factors were the best predictors of shopping time; money resources and time‐demand factors had limited predictive power; and time allocated to shopping was quite inelastic. Conclusions and implications are drawn.
A Short History of Television Recording: Part II (1973)

This is a survey of television recording from 1955 to 1970. The history begins with the kinescope recording era, both in monochrome and color, and continues with the introduction of the first commercial magnetic videotape recorder by Ampex in April 1956. It describes the first helical-scan videotape recorder introduced by Toshiba in Japan in Sept. 1959, and it details progress made to improve videotape quality culminating in the adoption of new “high-band” recording standards in 1964. The field of stop-, slow- and reverse-motion magnetic disc recorders is surveyed. The history describes progress made in thermoplastic and electron-beam recording in a vacuum; high-speed magnetic contact printing is discussed. The resurgence of color kinescope recording as a means of producing electronic motion pictures is narrated. The cassette/cartridge revolution is covered from the introduction of the CBS EVR system to the Teldec method of video playback from a phonograph disc.
Band Structure Engineering and Thermoelectric Properties of Charge-Compensated Filled Skutterudites (2015)

Thermoelectric properties of semiconductors are intimately related to their electronic band structure, which can be engineered via chemical doping. Dopant Ga in the cage-structured skutterudite Co4Sb12 substitutes Sb sites while occupying the void sites. Combining quantitative scanning transmission electron microscopy and first-principles calculations, we show that Ga dual-site occupancy breaks the symmetry of the Sb-Sb network, splits the deep triply-degenerate conduction bands, and drives them downward to the band edge. The charge-compensating nature of the dual occupancy Ga increases overall filling fraction limit. By imparting this unique band structure feature, and judiciously doping the materials by increasing the Yb content, we promote the Fermi level to a point where carriers are in energetic proximity to these features. Increased participation of these heavier bands in electronic transport leads to increased thermopower and effective mass. Further, the localized distortion from Ga/Sb substitution enhances the phonon scattering to reduce the thermal conductivity effectively.
High-power Er-Yb-doped fiber amplifier with multichannel gain flatness within 0.2 dB over 14 nm (1996)

A high-power Er-Yb fiber amplifier for WDM applications has been constructed using a matched mid-stage gain shaping filter. Using precise measurements and careful design considerations, excellent gain flatness, with less than 0.2-dB variation, was obtained over a 14-nm spectral bandwidth. By simply adjusting the pump power to the amplifier, it was possible to maintain the flattened amplifier gain shape over a wide input signal power range from -11 dBm to 1 dBm. A low external noise figure of 5.2 dB at 1-dBm signal input and a high-output power up to 24.6 dBm has been measured.
Transfer of Spatial Chromaticity-Contrast at Threshold in the Human Eye* (1967)

Color-discrimination data are compared with the predictions of a generalized fluctuation theory for visual threshold behavior. Our observations for the tritanopic component of vision at low luminances are in good agreement with the expectations from this theory. We measured just-noticeable differences of hue with equiluminous square-wave test objects, which were modulated only in chromaticity. A chromaticity-contrast sensitivity function was introduced for the description of these results, in analogy of the luminance-contrast sensitivity function. Observations were made for different spatial frequencies at four reference wavelengths and at several luminance levels. The results do not show an attenuation of the low frequencies such as appears in the luminance-threshold contrast modulation. We infer from this that spatial interactions are different in the chromaticness and brightness channels of the visual system. Furthermore a decrease of the luminance level causes an increase of the neural integrative interaction of the color signals. We divided the measured chromaticity-contrast sensitivity function into an optical and a nervous component. A calculation for the optical part is given.
The Taste for Bringing the Outside in’: Nationalism, Gender and Landscape Wallpaper (1700-1825) (2007)

Panoramic landscape wallpapers were introduced into domestic interior spaces as one of many markers of taste, a concept used to legitimate social distinctions important to class differentiation in England during the eighteenth century. According to Pierre Bourdieu, taste confers on the individual a cultural competence necessary to developing myriad distinctions of class strata in any given society.1 An investigation of the decorative arts of the period in general, and wallpaper specifically in this essay, helps to illuminate the subtle differences distinguishing these multiple social divisions.KeywordsEighteenth CenturyChinese PaperNationalist DiscourseScenic LandscapeColonial EncounterThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Synthesis of [1,2‐<sup>3</sup>H]ethylamine hydrochloride and [<sup>3</sup>H]‐labeled apadenoson for a human ADME study (2008)

Abstract Tritium‐labeled [1,2‐ 3 H]ethylamine hydrochloride was prepared through a multiple‐step sequence in high radioactive specificity. The labeled amine was isolated in high purity following cartridge filtration and used subsequently in the synthesis of [ N ‐ethyl‐1,2‐ 3 H]apadenoson, an adenosine A 2a receptor agonist. The overall yield for this transformation was 56% and the radiochemical purity of the final product was greater than 99%. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Experimental Method for Measuring Force on the Spinal Facet Joint: Description and Application of the Method (1991)

A technique is described for measuring load magnitude and resultant load contact location in the facet joint in response to applied loads and moments, and the technique applied to the canine lumbar spine motion segment. Due to the cantilever beam geometry of the cranial articular process, facet joint loads result in surface strains on the lateral aspect of the cranial articular process. Strains were quantified by four strain gages cemented to the bony surface of the process. Strain measured at any one gage depended on the loading site on the articular surface of the caudal facet and on the magnitude of the facet load. Determination of facet loads during in vitro motion segment testing required calibration of the strains to known loads of various magnitudes applied to multiple sites on the caudal facet. The technique is described in detail, including placement of the strain gages. There is good repeatability of strains to applied facet loads and the strains appear independent of load distribution area. Error in the technique depends on the location of the applied facet loads, but is only significant in nonphysiologic locations. The technique was validated by two independent methods in axial torsion. Application of the technique to five in vitro canine L2-3 motion segments testing resulted in facet loads (in newtons, N) of 74+ / -23 N (mean + / -STD) in 2 newton-meter, Nm, extension, to unloaded in flexion. Lateral bending resulted in loads in the right facet of 40+ / -32 N for 1 Nm right lateral bending and 54+ / -29 N for 1 Nm left lateral bending. 4 Nm Torsion with and without 100 N axial compression resulted in facet loads of 92+ / -27 N and 69+ / -19 N, respectively. The technique is applicable to dynamic and in vivo studies.
Reactive Oxygen Species: A Breath of Life or Death? (2007)

New insights into cancer cell-specific biological pathways are urgently needed to promote development of rationally targeted therapeutics. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their role in cancer cell response to growth factor signaling and hypoxia are emerging as verdant areas of exploration on the road to discovering cancer's Achilles heel. One of the distinguishing and near-universal hallmarks of cancer growth is hypoxia. Unregulated cellular proliferation leads to formation of cellular masses that extend beyond the resting vasculature, resulting in oxygen and nutrient deprivation. The resulting hypoxia triggers a number of critical adaptations that enable cancer cell survival, including apoptosis suppression, altered glucose metabolism, and an angiogenic phenotype. Ironically, recent investigations suggest that oxygen depletion stimulates mitochondria to elaborate increased ROS, with subsequent activation of signaling pathways, such as hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha, that promote cancer cell survival and tumor growth. Because mitochondria are key organelles involved in chemotherapy-induced apoptosis induction, the relationship between mitochondria, ROS signaling, and activation of survival pathways under hypoxic conditions has been the subject of increased study. Insights into mechanisms involved in ROS signaling may offer novel avenues to facilitate discovery of cancer-specific therapies. Preclinical and clinical evaluation of agents that modify ROS signaling in cancer offers a novel avenue for intervention. This review will cover recent work in ROS-mediated signaling in cancer cells and its potential as a target for developmental therapeutics.