gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Separation of Hydrogen Isotopes (1978)

Hundreds of methods have been proposed for the production of heavy water, but only a few show any real promise. This paper will discuss the important characteristics which define relative process attractiveness and will compare several chemical exchange and distillation processes. In this way it will show why the GS (Girdler-Sulfide) process has dominated heavy water production for 25 years. It will also review the current status of several promising alternatives.
Isolation and Structure Elucidation of the New Fungal Metabolite (−)-Xylariamide A (2005)

Chemical investigations of the terrestrial microfungus Xylaria sp. have afforded the new natural product (-)-xylariamide A (1). The gross structure of 1 was determined by interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR, and MS data. Confirmation of the structure and the absolute stereochemistry of 1 were determined by the total synthesis of (+)-xylariamide A (2). Synthetic 2 was produced by N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide-induced coupling of 3-chloro-L-tyrosine (3) with (E)-but-2-enedioic acid 2,5-dioxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl ester methyl ester (4). Optical rotation comparison of 1 with 2 indicated that the natural product (1) contained 3-chloro-D-tyrosine. Both enantiomers of xylariamide A were tested in a brine shrimp lethality assay, and only the natural product (1) showed toxicity.
Augmented Reality and Machine Learning based Product Identification in Retail using Vuforia and MobileNets (2020)

Interactive retail is one of the biggest technology trends in recent years. Machine Learning based object detection and Aug mented Reality have proven as major technological advancements in the retail industry. This proposed research work aims at overcoming several setbacks in the present scenario such as high labor costs, time consuming process of purchasing the products, helping the customers to maintain their specified budgets and language barriers while selling products to groups with different linguistic backgrounds and by combining the real-world interaction of Augmented Reality and Machine Learning-based product identification. The proposed work provides customers with a futuristic shopping experience while maintaining their allowed budgets. The Machine Learning-based product identification approach detected objects with around 96% accuracy and Vuforia-based Augmented Reality approach detected objects with maximum accuracy.
Unsupervised Generation of Context-Relevant Training-Sets for Visual Object Recognition Employing Multilinguality (2015)

Image based object classification requires clean training data sets. Gathering such sets is usually done manually by humans, which is time-consuming and laborious. On the other hand, directly using images from search engines creates very noisy data due to ambiguous noun-focused indexing. However, in daily speech nouns and verbs are always coupled. We use this for the automatic generation of clean data sets by the here-presented TRANSCLEAN algorithm, which through the use of multiple languages also solves the problem of polyesters (a single spelling with multiple meanings). Thus, we use the implicit knowledge contained in verbs, e.g. in an imperative such as "hit the nail", implicating a metal nail and not the fingernail. One type of reference application where this method can automatically operate is human-robot collaboration based on discourse. A second is the generation of clean image data sets, where tedious manual cleaning can be replaced by the much simpler manual generation of a single relevant verb-noun tuple. Here we show the impact of our improved training sets for several widely used and state-of-the-art classifiers including Multipath Hierarchical Matching Pursuit. All tested classifiers show a substantial boost of about +20% in recognition performance.
Dynamic Base Station Switching-On/Off Strategies for Green Cellular Networks (2013)

In this paper, we investigate dynamic base station (BS) switching to reduce energy consumption in wireless cellular networks. Specifically, we formulate a general energy minimization problem pertaining to BS switching that is known to be a difficult combinatorial problem and requires high computational complexity as well as large signaling overhead. We propose a practically implementable switching-on/off based energy saving (SWES) algorithm that can be operated in a distributed manner with low computational complexity. A key design principle of the proposed algorithm is to turn off a BS one by one that will minimally affect the network by using a newly introduced notion of network-impact, which takes into account the additional load increments brought to its neighboring BSs. In order to further reduce the signaling and implementation overhead over the air and backhaul, we propose three other heuristic versions of SWES that use the approximate values of network-impact as their decision metrics. We describe how the proposed algorithms can be implemented in practice at the protocol-level and also estimate the amount of energy savings through a first-order analysis in a simple setting. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the SWES algorithms can significantly reduce the total energy consumption, e.g., we estimate up to 50-80% potential savings based on a real traffic profile from a metropolitan urban area.
Long-Term Outcome after Ischaemic Stroke/Transient Ischaemic Attack (2003)

During the first 30 days after a stroke, the case fatality is about 25% and the major cause of death is the index stroke and its sequelae. The most consistent predictor of 30-day mortality after stroke is stroke severity. Other predictors include increasing age, a history of previous stroke, cardiac failure, and a high blood glucose concentration and white blood cell count. Other less common, but important, causes of early mortality are recurrent ischaemic stroke and a coronary event. The risk of a recurrent cerebrovascular event is highest in the first month (4%) and year (12%) after a stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA), probably reflecting the presence of active, unstable atherosclerotic plaque. Thereafter, the risk of a recurrent cerebrovascular event falls to about 5% per year, similar to the risk of a coronary event. During years 1-5 after a TIA and ischaemic stroke, cardiovascular disease increasingly becomes the major cause of death, reflecting the generalized nature of atherothrombosis, the most common cause of the index stroke. The most robust predictor of death within 1-5 years after stroke is increasing age, closely followed by cardiac failure. Additional baseline predictors of longer-term mortality include a history of previous symptomatic atherothrombosis (TIA, ischaemic stroke, peripheral arterial disease, and early-onset ischaemic heart disease), risk factors for atherothrombosis (smoking), other heart diseases (cardiac failure, atrial fibrillation) and increasing stroke severity. Lacunar syndromes can be predictive of relative longevity. At 5 years after stroke, survival is about 40%, and about half of survivors are disabled and dependent. The most robust predictors of disability at 5 years after stroke are increasing age, stroke severity, and recurrent stroke. The most powerful predictor of early recurrent stroke (within 30 days after stroke) is an atherosclerotic ischaemic stroke caused by large-artery atherosclerosis with >50% stenosis, whereas the strongest predictor of stroke recurrence over 5 years is diabetes. Other predictors of recurrent stroke include increasing age, previous TIA, atrial fibrillation, high alcohol consumption, haemorrhagic index stroke, and hypertension at discharge. The clinical implication of these findings is that strategies for optimizing long-term outcome after TIA and stroke should be directed toward reducing the high risk of recurrent stroke and coronary events by removing/recanalizing the symptomatic atherosclerotic plaque, controlling the underlying causal vascular risk factors, and administering long-term, effective antiplatelet therapy.
Functional Freeform Fabrication for Physical Artificial Life (2004)

Solid freeform fabrication (SFF) allows 3D-printing of arbitrarily shaped structures, directly from computer-aided design (CAD) data. SFF has traditionally focused on printing passive mechanical parts. Advances in this technology and developments in materials science make it feasible to begin the development of a single, compact, robotic SFF system – including a small set of materials which can produce complete, active, functional electromechanical devices mobile robots, for instance. We are advancing steadily toward this goal, and successes thus far have included the freeform fabrication of zinc-air batteries, conductive wiring, flexure joints, and combinations of these with thermoplastic structures. Several essential functionalities – actuation, sensing, and control electronics still remain to be realized before complete electromechanical systems can be produced via SFF. Conducting polymers (CP) are a class of materials which can be used to produce all of these remaining functionalities. Successful adaptation of CP materials to SFF and their integration with our existing multi-materialSFF system is the next step in this research. When coupled in a closed-loop with an evolutionary design system, this technology becomes a bridge between the physical and the simulated, giving artificial evolution a complete physical substrate of enormous richness to explore with little or no human involvement.
Explosive crystallization of amorphous substances (1989)

This review provides an analysis of the theoretical and experimental aspects of explosive crystallization of amorphous substances (glasses). Quantitative criteria are formulated for thermal bistability of quasisteady crystallization of glasses and for the absence of explosive crystallization. Expressions are derived for the critical parameters and the velocity of an explosive crystallization front allowing for the heat transfer conditions and for the geometry of the crystallization front (which may be plane, spherical, or circular). A systematic account is given of thermophysical characteristics and of the parameters governing the thermal stability of practically all the materials in which explosive crystallization has been discovered so far. Data on the velocity of propagation and temperature in an explosive crystallization front are also given. A classification of glasses is proposed on the basis of their stability against explosive crystallization and a quantitative analysis is made of the published experimental data on explosive crystallization of metallic, semiconducting, and insulating glasses. It is shown that there is a satisfactory qualitative and quantitative agreement between the theory and experiment.
Similar replication capacities of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates derived from a wide range of clinical sources (1992)

Numerous studies have suggested that there are significant differences in replication capacities and cytopathicities among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates and that these differences correlate with the clinical status and geographical origin of infected individuals. However, it has been difficult to assess whether reported distinctions could be attributed to the methods used or whether they imply a true disparity between viral isolates. We thus attempted to characterize the replication properties of HIV-1 isolates directly recovered from infected patients (primary isolates) by using a standardized infection assay. Viruses were isolated from patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by a single coculture with normal donor PBMC stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. Replication curves and cytopathic effect of a standard inoculum (1 ng of p24) of 66 primary HIV-1 isolates were similar regardless of clinical stage of the patient (asymptomatic, AIDS-related complex, or AIDS) and evolutive feature (rate of progression to AIDS). There was no difference between viruses derived from patients sensitive to zidovudine and those derived from patients resistant to zidovudine. Moreover, no difference was found among viral isolates of different geographical origins (Central Africa, Zaire, Brazil, or France). Similarly, the replication patterns and cytopathicities of isolates from bronchoalveolar lymphocytes did not differ from those of isolates derived from PBMC. In contrast, the same amount of viral inoculum of five laboratory HIV-1 strains (HIV-1, EL1, SF, MN, and RF) produced different replication curves and were much less cytopathic. In contrast to laboratory viral strains, it appears that the primary HIV-1 isolates tested, whatever their clinical status and source, exhibited similar replication capacities and cytopathicities in allogeneic donor PBMC.
Conformational Studies of Ortho- and Meto-Isomers and Methyl, Dimethyl, and Chloro Ortho-Substituted Analogues of Dantrolene Using Ab Initio SCF-MO Procedures (1995)

The conformation of the nitro group of nitroaromatic compounds relative to the aromatic ringsystem is suggested to affect their metabolic activation and mutagenicity. We have recently showed the nitrophenylfuran skeletal muscle relaxant, dantrolene, tobe a potent mutagen inSalmonella. Synthesis of or^o-substituted analogues of dantrolene was achieved in an effort to alter the conformation of the nitro group ina manner that willdecrease the mutagenicity. Using ab initio techniques we investigated the minimum energy conformation of the nitro group of dantrolene (/mitro) and its o-and mnitro isomers as well as the nitro group conformation of dantrolene's ortho- mono- and di- substituted analogues. The most stable conformer for each isomer and analogue was found by optimizing the bond lengths and bond angles for each molecule and rotating about bonds ofinterest using the STO-3G basis set in the Gaussian-92 program at the Hartree-Fock level.
Reviews and future prospects of low-voltage embedded RAMs (2004)

Low-voltage high-density embedded (e-) RAMs, focusing on RAM cells and peripheral circuits, are described. First, challenges and trends in low-voltage e-RAMs are described based on the S/N issue of RAM cells, and leakage and speed-variation issues of peripheral circuits. Next, state-of-the-art low-voltage e-DRAMs and e-SRAMs are investigated, focusing on leakage-reduction circuits. Finally, future prospects for e-RAM cells and peripheral circuits are discussed in terms of low-voltage designs.
Analysis and design of a new race-free four-phase CMOS logic (1993)

A four-phase dynamic logic, called the high-speed precharge-discharge CMOS (HS-PDCMOS) logic, is proposed and analyzed. Basically, the HS-PDCMOS logic uses two different units to implement the logic function and to drive the output load separately. Thus, a complex function can be implemented within a single gate and form the pipelined structure as well. The HS-PDCMOS logic needs four operation clocks and has three different versions. An experimental chip has been designed and measured to partly verify the results of circuit analysis and simulation. It is shown that the HS-PDCMOS logic has an operation speed about 2.5 to 3 times higher than the conventional four-phase dynamic logic. Moreover, the logic has no clock skew, race, and charge redistribution problems. These advantages make the HS-PDCMOS logic very promising in high-speed complex VLSI design.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
LncRNA <i>MALAT1</i> enhances oncogenic activities of EZH2 in castration-resistant prostate cancer (2015)

The Polycomb protein enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is frequently overexpressed in advanced human prostate cancer (PCa), especially in lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the signaling pathways that regulate EZH2 functions in PCa remain incompletely defined. Using EZH2 antibody-based RNA immunoprecipitation-coupled high throughput sequencing (RIP-seq), we demonstrated that EZH2 binds to MALAT1, a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that is overexpressed during PCa progression. GST pull-down and RIP assays demonstrated that the 3' end of MALAT1 interacts with the N-terminal of EZH2. Knockdown of MALAT1 impaired EZH2 recruitment to its target loci and upregulated expression of EZH2 repressed genes. Further studies indicated that MALAT1 plays a vital role in EZH2-enhanced migration and invasion in CRPC cell lines. Meta-analysis and RT-qPCR of patient specimens demonstrated a positive correlation between MALAT1 and EZH2 expression in human CRPC tissues. Finally, we showed that MALAT1 enhances expression of PRC2-independent target genes of EZH2 in CRPC cells in culture and patient-derived xenografts. Together, these data indicate that MALAT1 may be a crucial RNA cofactor of EZH2 and that the EZH2-MALAT1 association may provide a new avenue for development new strategies for treatment of CRPC.
Properties of a Si doped GaN/AlGaN single quantum well (1995)

Quantization of band-to-band transition in a Si doped GaN/AlGaN quantum well was investigated. A good fit to the room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the GaN quantum well studied was obtained using values 0.3me and 0.19me for the heavy hole and conduction electron effective masses, respectively, and a 67:33 conduction to valence band offset.
Prokaryotic Expression and Identification of the NS3 Protein of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (2014)

This study aimed to provide pure NS3 protein as antigen for ELISA,which could distinguish BVDV vaccinated from infected cattle.A pair of primers were designed according to the major antigenic region of bovine virus diarrhea NS3 gene derived form GenBank.The NS3 gene with a size of 1 206bp was amplified by PCR and subcloned in to prokaryotic vector pET-32a.The recombinant plasmid pET-32a-NS3 was transformed in to E.coli Transetta(DE3)and then expressed by IPTG induction.The NS3 recombinant protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot.The result showed that the NS3 recombinant protein was mainly expressed in the form of inclusion body and the molecular weight of the fusion protein was about 61ku.The result of the Western blot showed that the NS3 recombinant protein could be specifically recognized by positive serum to BVDV,and may be used as the coating antigen to develop a diagnosis kit against BVDV.
Motilides, macrolides with gastrointestinal motor stimulating activity. II. Quaternary N-substituted derivatives of 8,9-anhydroerythromycin A 6,9-hemiacetal and 9,9-dihydroerythromycin A 6,9-epoxide. (1989)

A series of quaternary ammonium derivatives of 8,9-anhydroerythromycin A 6,9-hemiacetal (1) and 9,9-dihydroerythromycin A 6,9-epoxide (2) has been prepared and tested for antimicrobial activity and gastrointestinal motor stimulating (GMS) activity in the dog (in vivo). The GMS activity is enhanced markedly when small alkyl halides and unsaturated alkyl halides such as allyl bromide and propargyl bromide are added to the dimethylamino group of 1. Among them, N-propargyl-8,9-anhydroerythromycin A 6,9-hemiacetal bromide (3) exhibits GMS activity 2890 times stronger than that of erythromycin A and is completely devoid of antimicrobial activity. The potency of 3 is comparable to that of synthetic motilin both in vitro and in vivo.
Preparation of syndiotactic poly(4-tert-butyldimethyl-silyloxystyrene) and poly(4-hydroxystyrene) (2000)

Syndiospecific silyloxy-functionalized polystyrene with high molecular weight was prepared using a (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)titanatrane/MMAO catalyst system. The resulting polymer is soluble in polar organic solvents such as THF and shows good thermal stability. In addition, the compound Ni(acac)2 was used as a catalyst in preparing authentic atactic polymer of 4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxystyrene under the same conditions. The chemical transformation of syndiospecific poly(4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxystyrene) also gave a new polar polymer, namely syndiotactic poly(4-hydroxystyrene) which is unattainable by traditional synthetic methods.
The effects of growth regulators, temperature, and drying on Vitis vinifera buds (2017)

BA at 1,000 ppm hastenecl termination of bucl rest in 'St. Emilion' cuttings, but ethephon at 2,000 ppm ancl morphactin at 20, 200, and 2,000 ppm markedly clelayecl rest. With nonresting buds, SADH at 20 and 200 ppm hastened time of bud break, but ABA at 1,000 ppm clelayed bucl break. A basal treatment of the cuttings with ABA was less effective than immersion of entire cuttings. BOA, ethephon, KGA3 , ancl a morphactin all clelayed bud break of nonresting bucls, at least when used at high concentrations. BOA was effective in clelaying bud break. When resting cuttings were subjectecl to temperatures ranging from 38 to 49 °C for 6 to 24 hr, many of the treatments hastened termination of rest. Drying resting cuttings for 5 clays at 24-27 °C was very effective in breaking rest; but after 20 days of clrying, no cuttings grew. Die Wirkung von Wachstumsregulatoren, Temperatur und Trocknen auf Knospen von Vitis vinifera 1.000 ppm BA beschleunigte die Beendigung der Knospenruhe von Stecklingen der Sorte „St. Emilion", während 2.000 ppm Ethephon und 20, 200 oder 2.000 ppm Morphaktin die Knospenruhe merklich verzögerten. Bei Knospen außerhalb der Dormanz beschleunigten 20 oder 200 ppm SADH die Zeit des Austriebs, 1.000 ppm ABA dagegen verzögerte den Austrieb. Basale Behandlung des Holzes mit ABA war weniger wirksam als das Tauchen ganzer Stecklinge. BOA, Ethephon, KGA3 und ein Morphaktin verzögerten alle den Austrieb nichtruhender Knospen, zumindest in hohen Konzentrationen. BOA war bei der Verzögerung des Austriebs wirksam. Wenn dormante Stecklinge 6 bis 24 Stunden lang Temperaturen von 38 bis 49 °C ausgesetzt wurden, beschleunigten viele Behandlungen die Beendigung der Knospenruhe. 5 Tage dauerndes Trocknen ruhender Stecklinge bei 24-27 °C brach sehr wirksam die Ruhe; nach 20tägigem Trocknen jedoch wuchsen keine Stecklinge mehr.
Investigation of Additive Manufacturing Processes for the Manufacture of Parts With Designed Mesostructure (2005)

PROCEEDINGS PAPER Investigation of Additive Manufacturing Processes for the Manufacture of Parts With Designed Mesostructure Christopher B. Williams, Christopher B. Williams Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Farrokh Mistree, Farrokh Mistree Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar David W. Rosen David W. Rosen Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Author Information Christopher B. Williams Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA Farrokh Mistree Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA David W. Rosen Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA Paper No: DETC2005-84832, pp. 353-364; 12 pages https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC2005-84832 Published Online: June 11, 2008
Mechanisms of Drug Toxicity and Relevance to Pharmaceutical Development (2010)

Toxicity has been estimated to be responsible for the attrition of approximately one-third of drug candidates and is a major contributor to the high cost of drug development, particularly when not recognized until late in clinical trials or post-marketing. The causes of drug toxicity can be classified in several ways and include mechanism-based (on-target) toxicity, immune hypersensitivity, off-target toxicity, and bioactivation/covalent modification. In addition, idiosyncratic responses are rare but can be one of the most problematic issues; several hypotheses for these have been advanced. Although covalent binding of drugs to proteins was described almost 40 years ago, the significance to toxicity has been difficult to establish; recent literature in this field is considered. The development of more useful biomarkers and short-term assays for rapid screening of drug toxicity early in the drug discovery/development process is a major goal, and some progress has been made using "omics" approaches.