gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Model-Based Hierarchical Optimal Control Design for HVAC Systems (2011)

A hierarchical control architecture for balancing comfort and energy consumption in buildings is presented. The control design is based on a simplified, yet accurate model of the temperature within each room of the building. The model is validated against real measurements. The control architecture comprises a first level that regulates low level quantities such as air flow, and a second level that balances comfort (i.e. distance between the desired and actual temperature) and energy consumption (i.e. total energy consumed for the required level of comfort). We show the effectiveness of our approach by simulation using validated models.
Heat Transfer between Bubbles and Liquid during Cold Gas Injection. (1992)

In the steelmaking and refining processes, bottom gas blowing is a widely-used method. In these systems, the gas is blown into liquid from the bottom of the vessel at a temperature lower than liquid temperature. The mechanism of heat transfer between bubbles and liquid and the effect of heat transfer on the formation of bubbles and the rising characteristics of the bubbles were investigated, using air and helium in a water model. The injection temperature of the gases was about -11 O'C. Heat transfer between bubbles and liquid was almost fully completed near the nozzle. Bubble expansion due to the heat transfer resulted in the increase of gas holdup in the radial direction. In the region far from the nozzle, the bubble characteristics accompanyingcold gas injection were the same as those initiated by an ambient temperature gas injection at the samemass flow rate.
A Phosphate-Dependent Requirement for Transcription Factors IPD3 and IPD3L During Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in <i>Medicago truncatula</i> (2019)

During arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, activation of a symbiosis signaling pathway induces gene expression necessary for accommodation of AM fungi. Here, we focus on pathway components <i>Medicago truncatula INTERACTING PROTEIN OF DOES NOT MAKE INFECTIONS 3</i> (<i>IPD3)</i> and <i>IPD3 LIKE</i> (<i>IPD3L</i>), which are potential orthologs of <i>Lotus japonicus CYCLOPS</i>, a transcriptional regulator essential for AM symbiosis. In the double mutant <i>ipd3 ipd3l</i>, hyphal entry through the epidermis and overall colonization levels are reduced relative to the wild type but fully developed arbuscules are present in the cortex. In comparison with the wild type, colonization of <i>ipd3 ipd3l</i> is acutely sensitive to higher phosphate levels in the growth medium, with a disproportionate decrease in epidermal penetration, overall colonization, and symbiotic gene expression. When constitutively expressed in <i>ipd3 ipd3l</i>, an autoactive DOES NOT MAKE INFECTIONS 3 induces the expression of transcriptional regulators <i>REDUCED ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA 1</i> and <i>REQUIRED for ARBUSCULE DEVELOPMENT 1</i>, providing a possible avenue for arbuscule development in the absence of IPD3 and IPD3L. An increased sensitivity of <i>ipd3 ipd3l</i> to GA<sub>3</sub> suggests an involvement of DELLA. The data reveal partial redundancy in the symbiosis signaling pathway, which may ensure robust signaling in low-phosphorus environments, while IPD3 and IPD3L maintain signaling in higher-phosphorus environments. The latter may buffer the pathway from short-term variation in phosphorus levels encountered by roots during growth in heterogeneous soil environments.
The P66Shc/Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Pathway Determines Neurodegeneration (2013)

Mitochondrial-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis play a crucial role in neurodegenerative disease and aging. Both mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) and swelling of mitochondria have been involved in neurodegeneration. Indeed, knockout mice for cyclophilin-D (Cyc-D), a key regulatory component of the PT pore (PTP) that triggers mitochondrial swelling, resulted to be protected in preclinical models of multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, how neuronal stress is transduced into mitochondrial oxidative stress and swelling is unclear. Recently, the aging determinant p66Shc that generates H2O2 reacting with cytochrome c and induces oxidation of PTP and mitochondrial swelling was found to be involved in MS and ALS. To investigate the role of p66Shc/PTP pathway in neurodegeneration, we performed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) experiments in p66Shc knockout mice (p66Shc-/-), knock out mice for cyclophilin-D (Cyc-D-/-), and p66Shc Cyc-D double knock out (p66Shc/Cyc-D-/-) mice. Results confirm that deletion of p66Shc protects from EAE without affecting immune response, whereas it is not epistatic to the Cyc-D mutation. These findings demonstrate that p66Shc contributes to EAE induced neuronal damage most likely through the opening of PTP suggesting that p66Shc/PTP pathway transduces neurodegenerative stresses.
Adamantyl Retinoid-Related Molecules Induce Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells by Inhibiting IGF-1R and Wnt/<i>β</i>-Catenin Pathways (2012)

Pancreatic carcinoma has a dismal prognosis as it often presents as locally advanced or metastatic. We have found that exposure to adamantyl-substituted retinoid-related (ARR) compounds 3-Cl-AHPC and AHP3 resulted in growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in PANC-1, Capan-2, and MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cell lines. In addition, AHP3 and 3-Cl-AHPC inhibited growth and induced apoptosis in spheres derived from the CD44(+)/CD24(+) (CD133(+)/EpCAM(+)) stem-like cell population isolated from the pancreatic cancer cell lines. 3-Cl-AHPC-induced apoptosis was preceded by decreasing expression of IGF-1R, cyclin D1, β-catenin, and activated Notch-1 in the pancreatic cancer cell lines. Decreased IGF-1R expression inhibited PANC-1 proliferation, enhanced 3-Cl-AHPC-mediated apoptosis, and significantly decreased sphere formation. 3-Cl-AHPC inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as indicated by decreased β-catenin nuclear localization and inhibited Wnt/β-catenin activation of transcription factor TCF/LEF. Knockdown of β-catenin using sh-RNA also induced apoptosis and inhibited growth in pancreatic cancer cells. Thus, 3-Cl-AHPC and AHP3 induce apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells and cancer stem-like cells and may serve as an important potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
PLZT ceramic display devices for slow-scan graphic projection displays (1973)

A projection display device for slow-scan graphics has been developed using the scattering properties of PLZT ferroelectric ceramics. The device consists of a ferroelectric-photoconductor sandwich in which a Cd <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</inf> Zn <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> S mixture is used as a photoconductive film. The composition of the film is controlled to provide peak photosensitive response at 441.6 nm, corresponding to the blue line from a He-Cd laser. Any image can be written into the device with a combination of steered laser beam (less than 1 mW) and electrically applied pulses, held for an indefinite time without sustaining power and erased electrically. Because of the properties of the photoconductive film, selective erase and simultaneous reading and writing are possible. The all-solid-state structure of the device combined with the scattering properties of the ceramic permit the device to be used as a slide in a conventional 35-mm projector.
Patently innovative (2007)

Wind energy has now become a major scientific discipline with significant potential for research and education. And as legislation drives the uptake of wind, ways to improve efficiency and yield are top of many company's R&D action plans. George Marsh looks at some recent commercial developments in wind turbine technology.
Using engineered defects to study laser-induced damage in optical thin films with nanosecond pulses (2011)

By creating nodules from artificial seeds, the damage behaviors of engineered nodules were systematically studied from experimental approaches. The seed diameters, seed absorption and film absorption were varied independently to uncover a single factor's influence on the damage behavior of nodules. First, non-absorbing monodisperse SiO<sub>2</sub> microspheres with five different sizes were used to create engineered nodules in 1.053 μm HfO<sub>2</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> high reflectors that were prepared by EB process. Laser damage test results showed that the ejection fluences of nodules monotonically decreased with the increase of silica microsphere diameters. And to our surprise, nodules initiating from 0.3 and 0.6 μm silica seeds survived the maximum fluence of 170 J/cm<sup>2</sup> (10 ns). Film absorption also has big influence on the damage behaviors of nodules. Compared to the nodules in low absorbing reflectors that were prepared by EB process, the nodules in high absorbing reflectors that were prepared by IAD process exhibited a much lower ejection fluences, although the seed diameters for the comprising nodules were same. Moreover, aluminum seeds were also used to create engineered nodules. Laser damage test results showed that the ejection fluences of nodules initiating from aluminum seeds were around 2 J/cm<sup>2</sup> (10 ns), which is more than an order of magnitude less than the ejection fluences of nodules created from nonabsorbing silica seeds. This result revealed that the seed absorption played a very important role in the laser damage of nodules.
An experimental analysis of an annular-averaging flow sensor (1978)

Modem engineering practice and research frequently require the measurement of a fluid velocity at a given point in a flow field. In most industry, the average flow velocity of any fluid is required, as accurate as possible, to obtain flow rate. Devices such as nozzles, venturi tube, etc. have been used for this purpose. Recently, there has been a velocity-head sensor known as the Annubar primary sensor which measures the average velocity of flow directly. It has been used by some industry due to its simplicity in installation. The present report is an attempt to study the characteristics of the Annubar flow sensor by way of experimentation. As the design of the Annubar employs the same principle as the pitot tube, a state-of-the-art in the measurement of fluid flow by pitot tube and the related pipe flow theory are given.
Synthetic Posttranslational Modifications: Chemical Catalyst-Driven Regioselective Histone Acylation of Native Chromatin (2017)

Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of histones play an important role in the complex regulatory mechanisms governing gene transcription, and their dysregulation can cause diseases such as cancer. The lack of methods for site-selectively modifying native chromatin, however, limits our understanding of the functional roles of a specific histone PTM, not as a single mark, but in the intertwined PTM network. Here, we report a synthetic catalyst DMAP-SH (DSH), which activates chemically stable thioesters (including acetyl-CoA) under physiological conditions and transfers various acyl groups to the proximate amino groups. Our data suggest that DSH, conjugated with a nucleosome ligand, such as pyrrole-imidazole-polyamide and LANA (latency-associated nuclear antigen)-peptide, promotes both natural (including acetylation, butyrylation, malonylation, and ubiquitination) and non-natural (azido- and phosphoryl labeling) PTMs on histones in recombinant nucleosomes and/or in native chromatin, at lysine residues close to the DSH moiety. To investigate the validity of our method, we used LANA-DSH to promote histone H2B lysine-120 (K120) acylation, the function of which is largely unknown. H2BK120 acetylation and malonylation modulated higher-order chromatin structures by reducing internucleosomal interactions, and this modulation was further enhanced by histone tail acetylation. This approach, therefore, may have versatile applications for dissecting the regulatory mechanisms underlying chromatin function.
A fast method for monitoring the colonization rate of lactobacilli in a meat model system (1999)

A random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay coupled to a fast and reproducible cell lysis method from Lactobacillus colonies were developed to type lactobacilli of different strains and species, with the aim of precisely enumerating each of the different Lactobacillus strains inoculated in a nutrient-rich environment, such as sausage meat batter. Colonization assays were carried out in an aseptic meat fermentation system for up to 14 d and the inoculated strains were challenged with mixtures of wild lactobacilli. The proportion of inoculated strains remaining at different times was compared with the total number of lactobacilli grown on MRS agar by RAPD. The colonization rate of the different strains tested was very different. The RAPD-fast lysis method developed is simple and, with a low cost per assay, could also be applied to other food fermentations.
RNA Expression of Cytochrome P450 in Mexican Women with Breast Cancer (2012)

Involvement of cytochrome P450 genes (CYPs) in breast cancer (BCa) may differ between populations, with expression patterns affected by tumorigenesis. This may have an important role in the metabolism of anticancer drugs and in the progression of cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the mRNA expression patterns of four cytochrome P450 genes (CYP2W1, 3A5, 4F11 and 8A1) in Mexican women with breast cancer. Real- time PCR analyses were conducted on 32 sets of human breast tumors and adjacent non-tumor tissues, as well as 20 normal breast tissues. Expression levels were tested for association with clinical and pathological data of patients. We found higher gene expression of CYP2W1, CYP3A5, CYP4F11 in BCa than in adjacent tissues and only low in normal mammary glands in our Mexican population while CYP8A1 was only expressed in BCa and adjacent tissues. We found that Ki67 protein expression was associated with clinicopathological features as well as with CYP2W1, CYP4F11 and CYP8A1 but not with CYP3A5. The results indicated that breast cancer tissues may be better able to metabolize carcinogens and other xenobiotics to active species than normal or adjacent non-tumor tissues.
Vortex flaps - Advanced control devices for supercruise fighters (1984)

Prompted by the extensive experience obtained with vortex lift-generating leading edges in the SR-71, Concorde and F-16 supersonic aircraft, development efforts have recently been made toward the use of variable incidence angle delta wing leading edge 'vortex flaps' for supersonic cruise and maneuvering performance improvements in fighter aircraft. Vortex lift flaps have been wind tunnel tested on scale models, and it has been noted that a variety of effects can be obtained through the use of folding, hinged, and tabbed flap designs. Flap planforms can, moreover, be varied in length and in total area, as well as segmented, to yield unique combinations of drag reduction, vortex generation, longitudinal stability, and vortex flow reattachment. It is speculated that the vortex flap may be applicable to multimission fighters, and promote STOL performance.
Enforcing Data Integrity in Very Large Ad Hoc Networks (2007)

Ad hoc networks rely on nodes forwarding each other's packets, making trust and cooperation key issues for ensuring network performance. As long as all nodes in the network belong to the same organization and share the same goal (in military scenarios, for example), it can generally be expected that all nodes can be trusted. However, as wireless technology becomes more commonplace, we can foresee the appearance of very large, heterogeneous networks where the intentions of neighboring nodes are unknown. Without any security measures in place, any node is capable of compromising the integrity of the data it forwards. Our goal in this paper is to ensure the integrity of the data being disseminated without resorting to complex and expensive solutions. We achive this by discouraging malicious behavior in two ways: a) enforcing integrity checks close to the source and b) refusing to communicate with obviously malicious nodes. We find that by having nodes sample their traffic for corrupted messages, malicious nodes can be identified with high accuracy, in effect transforming our collection of nodes into a self-policing network.
A general probabilistic framework for worst case timing analysis (2002)

The traditional approach to worst-case static-timing analysis is becoming unacceptably conservative due to an ever-increasing number of circuit and process effects. We propose a fundamentally different framework that aims to significantly improve the accuracy of timing predictions through fully probabilistic analysis of gate and path delays. We describe a bottom-up approach for the construction of joint probability density function of path delays, and present novel analytical and algorithmic methods for finding the full distribution of the maximum of a random path delay space with arbitrary path correlations.
Comparison of the Antioxidant and Transmembrane Permeative Activities of the Different <i>Polygonum cuspidatum</i> Extracts in Phospholipid-Based Microemulsions (2011)

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the transmembrane permeability of polyphenol-containing Polygonum cuspidatum extracts (PCE) encapsulated in phospholipid-based o/w microemulsion system. First, preparations of several PCEs using solid- or liquid-phase extraction or a combination of both, as well as evaluation of their antioxidant activities, were conducted and compared. In the antioxidant study, results indicated that PC-1 with the least extraction process exhibited the best antioxidant activity. By comparing the permeability coefficient (K(p)) among all tested PCEs in microemulsions (ME-PCs), ME-PC1 also possessed the largest permeability coefficients of both resveratrol and emodin. In addition, comparison of the transmembrane permeability of several polyphenol-encapsulated microemulsions showed that resveratrol had the most competitive advantage in the microemulsion formula for the control-release process. Taken together, it can be concluded that the matrix removed from the solid-phase extraction in PC-1 not only possesses antioxidant activity but also acts as an enhancer in transmembrane permeation. The structure specificity of the polyphenol plays important roles in the mechanism of the transmembrane permeation process. These findings might provide scientific evidence for the value of developing polyphenol-containing PCEs as nutraceuticals and cosmoceutical products.
Effect of 2-Ethylhexyl Nitrate Cetane Improver on NO<sub><i>x</i></sub>Emissions from Premixed Low-Temperature Diesel Combustion (2009)

Production implementation of premixed low-temperature diesel combustion (LTC) is highly attractive because it can lead to low engine-out particulate matter (PM) and NOx emissions. It is important for LTC strategies to yield acceptable emissions while consuming commercially available fuel, whose properties vary substantially and which contains various additives. The chemical reactions of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN), an additive used to increase the cetane number of a diesel fuel, show potential to increase the NOx emissions of a diesel engine. While 2-EHN has been widely shown to not affect the emissions of conventional diesel combustion, few results are available for LTC, which features different combustion characteristics and significantly lower NOx emissions. This paper demonstrates the effect of using a fuel doped with 2-EHN cetane improver in a direct-injection, diesel-fueled LTC operating mode. Testing was conducted at a light-load condition on a modern single-cylinder engine, fueled with two sets of test fuels at matching cetane numbers (47 and 53), with some test fuels using 2-EHN cetane improver. The addition of 2-EHN to the fuel increases the engine-out NOx for the tested LTC operating condition. Decomposition of the nitrate cetane improver forms NO and NO2 in significant quantities relative to the low engine-out NOx emissions from LTC.
Electromigration in Copper-Core Solder Ball Joints During Thermal Cycle Tests (2011)

Electromigration current densities in Cu and Al lines on a silicon die exceed 1.0 × 106 A/cm2. However, solder joints can only withstand electromigration current densities below about 1.0 × 104 A/cm2. Thus, electromigration in solder joints will become a problem in semiconductor packages in the near future. Previous studies demonstrated that Cu-core solder balls increased the electromigration lifetime and led to better current stability at temperatures below 423K. This is because electrons flow through the Cu cores, reducing the current density on the cathode side, which is where electromigration occurs. In the present study, we forcused on the reliability of solder joints in a combined environment by examining the effect of thermal cycle tests on the current in a new test sample. A new test sample for the evaluation of joining reliability by using Cu-core solder balls in a combined enbironment was made. In initial tests, this test sample exhibited similar results to those observed in previous studies. Cu-core solder balls subjected to cyclic testing at 233/398K and a current density of 1.0 × 104 A/cm2 exhibited lower reliabilities than when there was no current. Examination of cross-sections of the solder balls after reliability testing revealed that the combined environment accelerated growth of intermetallic compounds and cracks in the joining region. In a combined environment, Cu-core balls were converted into intermetallic compounds on the anode side. This phenomenon is thought to occur due to the different electrical resistivities of Cu-Sn intermetallic compounds.
Ondansetron Pharmacokinetics in Pregnant Women and Neonates: Towards a New Treatment for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (2014)

Ondansetron is the drug of choice to prevent nausea in women undergoing cesarean surgery and can be used to prevent neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). The pharmacokinetics of ondansetron have not been characterized in pregnant women or in newborns. A nonlinear mixed-effects modeling approach was used to analyze plasma samples obtained from 20 nonpregnant and 40 pregnant women following a single administration of 4 or 8 mg ondansetron, from umbilical cord blood at delivery, and from neonates after birth. The analysis indicates that: ondansetron disposition is not affected by pregnancy (P > 0.05), but influenced by dose (P < 0.05), and is characterized by rapid transplacental transfer and longer elimination half-life in neonates compared to their mother. A dosing regimen for prevention of NAS was designed based on the model. The regimen involves IV administration of 4 mg to the mothers shortly before cord clamping, or oral administration of 0.07 mg/kg (or equivalently 0.04 mg/kg IV) to neonates.