gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase improves the efficiency of protein disulfide isomerase as a catalyst of protein folding. (1992)

The cis-trans isomerization of prolyl peptide bonds and the formation of disulfide bonds are both slow steps in protein folding. By using ribonuclease T1 as a model system, we show that these two processes can become linked in the oxidative folding of reduced proteins and that the formation of the correct disulfide bonds is facilitated in the presence of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase. In particular, the efficiency of protein disulfide isomerase (EC 5.3.4.1) as a catalyst of disulfide bond formation in the course of oxidative folding is markedly improved when peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase is present simultaneously. Possibly, unfolded or partially folded protein chains with correct prolyl isomers are better substrates for catalysis by protein disulfide isomerase. The interdependence of the two enzymatic activities detected during in vitro folding experiments could be of importance for the de novo folding and disulfide bond formation of nascent proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.
The sporicidal activity and inactivation of chlorhexidine gluconate in aqueous and alcoholic solution (1987)

The sporicidal activity of chlorhexidine gluconate in aqueous and alcoholic solution against spores of Bacillus subtilis was examined over a broad temperature range. Activity was not observed at 20 degrees C even with concentrations as high as 10% chlorhexidine. Temperatures of 37 degrees-70 degrees C in combination with such high concentrations were required for reductions in spore viability. No viable spores were recoverable after 4 h contact at 55 degrees C with 10% aqueous chlorhexidine and none after 3 h contact with the alcoholic solution. Because of the high concentrations necessary for activity and the possibility of sporostasis occurring from inefficient chlorhexidine inactivation, existing inactivation systems were examined and modified to obtain satisfactory results. The spores of other Bacillus species examined (B. cereus, B. megaterium and B. stearothermophilus) proved to be considerably less resistant than those of B. subtilis. Presence of organic matter had little effect on the activity.
Type and characteristic analysis of fault current limiter (2011)

With the development of power system, the capacity has been increasing. So configuring large power supply in high load density grids and interconnections between power grids will cause enormous short circuit current, which will put forward a more stringent requirement for electrical equipment. If the short circuit current rating of the equipment in system is exceeded, the equipment must be replaced, which is a very cost- and time-intensive procedure. A fault current limiter (FCL) offers an alternative in such case. The purpose of this paper is to offer a reference of choosing FCL by analyzing the characteristics of several typical FCL and comparing the advantages and disadvantages between them. First, this paper attempts to give an overview of fault current limiting measures for medium and high voltage applications. Then several representative FCL are examined with an emphasis upon the solid-state fault current limiter (SSFCL). Finally, the demonstration of the FCL based on coupling autotransformer is introduced. The main circuit diagram and control strategy used are also presented.
Visualizing Energy Information in Commercial Buildings: A Study of Tools, Expert Users, and Building Occupants (2011)

The overarching goal of this research is to identify the optimal methods for visualizing building performance information in commercial buildings. The current phase consists of three research activities: (1) product reviews of building visualization software products; (2) a study of expert users regarding attitudes and practices regarding visualization of energy and other building metrics; and (3) a survey of workplace occupants to understand how they use building energy information, and whether improved access to this information will encourage energy conservation behaviors in the workplace.
Extreme sarcoplasmic reticulum volume loss and compensatory T-tubule remodeling after <i>Serca2</i> knockout (2012)

Cardiomyocyte contraction and relaxation are controlled by Ca(2+) handling, which can be regulated to meet demand. Indeed, major reduction in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) function in mice with Serca2 knockout (KO) is compensated by enhanced plasmalemmal Ca(2+) fluxes. Here we investigate whether altered Ca(2+) fluxes are facilitated by reorganization of cardiomyocyte ultrastructure. Hearts were fixed for electron microscopy and enzymatically dissociated for confocal microscopy and electrophysiology. SR relative surface area and volume densities were reduced by 63% and 76%, indicating marked loss and collapse of the free SR in KO. Although overall cardiomyocyte dimensions were unaltered, total surface area was increased. This resulted from increased T-tubule density, as revealed by confocal images. Fourier analysis indicated a maintained organization of transverse T-tubules but an increased presence of longitudinal T-tubules. This demonstrates a remarkable plasticity of the tubular system in the adult myocardium. Immunocytochemical data showed that the newly grown longitudinal T-tubules contained Na(+)/Ca(2+)-exchanger proximal to ryanodine receptors in the SR but did not contain Ca(2+)-channels. Ca(2+) measurements demonstrated a switch from SR-driven to Ca(2+) influx-driven Ca(2+) transients in KO. Still, SR Ca(2+) release constituted 20% of the Ca(2+) transient in KO. Mathematical modeling suggested that Ca(2+) influx via Na(+)/Ca(2+)-exchange in longitudinal T-tubules triggers release from apposing ryanodine receptors in KO, partially compensating for reduced SERCA by allowing for local Ca(2+) release near the myofilaments. T-tubule proliferation occurs without loss of the original ordered transverse orientation and thus constitutes the basis for compensation of the declining SR function without structural disarrangement.
The divided visual field paradigm: Methodological considerations (2006)

The divided visual field methodology has been used to examine a wide variety of lateralised processes. When conducting such studies it is important to employ a number of strict controls in order to maximise the effectiveness of the paradigm for examining the processing of stimuli by each hemisphere. The use of these controls is discussed in this paper. The following issues are discussed: selection of participants; methods of fixation control; presenting stimuli unilaterally; methods of responding; and measures that can be taken. The use of the divided visual field paradigm to examine interhemispheric cooperation is also discussed. Employing the recommended controls provides an effective and relatively easy method of examining the role of each hemisphere in the processing of stimuli.
Strategy for achieving spatial coherent output from laboratory x-ray lasers (1986)

Current plasma-medium laboratory x-ray laser amplifiers are far from fully spatially coherent. For future applications, such as holography, full coherence will be required. We present a strategy for achieving this by appealing to an analogy with current high-power glass laser systems, namely, a single-mode low-power low-divergence amplifier drives a full-power amplifier into fully coherent single-mode output.
An architecture for faster than Nyquist Turbo broadcasting (2012)

Recently [16], we have proposed using faster than Nyquist (FTN) signaling to achieve transmission over continuous-time broadcast channels and shown that it can achieve the capacity region of the two-user Gaussian broadcast channel. Benefits of FTN broadcasting include separate encoding and explicit transmission of all users' data, i.e., unlike the previously proposed broadcast coding schemes, no joint encoding is needed. This paper presents a design of a Turbo-coded broadcast transmitter based on the FTN signaling. The proposed receiver architecture has a low implementation complexity and is based on Turbo decoding and successive cancellation of FTN-induced intersymbol interference. The presented simulation results indicate that the designed FTN broadcast architecture can be superior to the time-sharing broadcasting used in practice, and shows the potential to perform close to the capacity boundaries of the Gaussian broadcast channel.
Use of Ethephon as a Plant Growth Regulator in Corn Production (1988)

Ethephon (2‐chlorethylphosphonic acid), a plant growth regulator used widely on horticultural and agronomic crops, may reduce lodging and enhance yield in field corn ( Zea mays L.). Field research was conducted in 1985 near Evansville, WI on a Seweba silt loam (fine loamy over sandy or sandy‐skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Argiaquoll) and in 1986 at the Arlington Research Station near Arlington, WI on a Plano silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Typic Argiudoll) to determine ethephon application parameters influencing corn yield, kernel breakage, plant and ear height, lodging, and harvesting time. Four rates (0, 140, 280, and 560 g ha −1 ) of ethephon were applied at three application times [tassel elongation (TE), TE + 7 d, and ear elongation (EE)] to four corn hybrids each year. Pioneer Brand hybrid 3377 showed increased yields with increasing ethephon rates up to 280 g ha −1 while all others (Pioneer hybrids 3737,3732,3475, and two single crosses LH74 ✕ LH51 and LH145 ✕ LH182) showed decreased yields. A 0.77 Mg ha −1 (7.6%) yield increase using 280 g ha −1 occurred with Pioneer Brand hybrid 3377 in 1985. Early application showed less yield decrease than later timings. Grain yield per ear was increased 3% on hybrid 3377 and decreased 12% on hybrid 3737 by the high rate of ethephon. Plant and ear height were decreased up to 20% both years with the high rate of ethephon. In 1986, high rates of ethephon decreased lodging 63% and harvesting time 20% on corn harvested late in the season. Under conditions conducive to lodging, ethephon used at the high rate and early application time may preserve yields and allow for easier harvesting. If lodging is not a problem, ethephon applied to certain hybrids at high rates and late application times may reduce yields.
The German 2-Carrier-System for Terrestrial TV-Sound Transmission Systems and Integrated Circuits for 'High Quality' TV-Receivers (1982)

With the increasing spread of High-Fidelity audio equipment there is in Gemany a strong demand for 'High Quality' TV-sound.
Neutrophil elastase induces inflammation and pain in mouse knee joints via activation of proteinase‐activated receptor‐2 (2015)

Neutrophil elastase induced acute inflammation and pain in knee joints of mice. These changes are PAR2-dependent and appear to involve activation of a p44/42 MAPK pathway. Blocking neutrophil elastase, PAR2 and p44/42 MAPK activity can reduce inflammation and pain, suggesting their utility as therapeutic targets.
Extracting reflectivity response from point‐receiver ambient noise (2011)

We introduce a workflow that allows subsurface imaging using the upcoming body‐wave arrivals extracted from ambient noise land data. Rather than using the conventional seismic interferometry approach (based on correlation), we propose a specific deconvolution technique to extract the earth response from the observed periodicity in the seismic traces. This technique consists of iteratively applying a gapped spiking deconvolution, providing sharper images, with higher resolution than conventional correlation. Our workflow is validated with simple synthetic data and real data recorded during a small point‐receiver land seismic survey.
Spatial Mode Side Channels in Free-Space QKD Implementations (2014)

The quantum key distribution protocol uses one degree of freedom of a single quantum system to encode information. If this information has correlations with the system's other degrees of freedom, or if the measurement efficiencies on the receiver side depend on them, a security loophole called side channel is created. An eavesdropper can exploit it to gain information without disturbing the system, and thus, without revealing the attack. Here, we analyze side channels in a free-space QKD sender and receiver implementation and focus especially on the dependencies and side channels for the spatial degree of freedom.
Reconstructive Surgery (2007)

Reconstructive surgery is defined as surgery that takes something that is abnormal and tries to make it as normal as possible, which is in contrast to aesthetic surgery, in which one takes something “normal” and tries to improve upon it. Burn reconstruction addresses the deformities and dysfunction resulting from burn injury. These pathologic conditions typically develop from hypertrophic scars, contractures, disorders of pigment, and loss of anatomic parts. Although the purpose of burn reconstruction is to attempt to make the burn survivor appear and function as normal as possible, the current state of the art is that we can only approach normalcy. There is a clear need to identify novel approaches and management strategies for burn deformities so that we can achieve better results. As Dr. Glenn Warden stated in his American Burn Association presidential address, burn reconstruction is the “last frontier” in burn treatment.1 The unprecedented survival after severe burn injury has emphasized the importance of reconstructive surgery in the ultimate outcome of the burn patient. In addition, burn patients today are surviving more extensive and severe burn injuries and, consequently, have more severe sequelae that require management over time. Although acute postinjury patient care efforts focus on survival, wound closure, and abrogating the negative effects of the hypermetabolic response, the long-term care provided by the reconstructive surgeon seeks to optimize the aesthetic and functional outcomes of each patient. Despite the greatest attention to matters of function and appearance during the period of acute burn management, the healing process, including scar deposition and contraction, as well as individual patient motivation and other psychosocial factors, may conspire to compromise outcome.
Evidence for graphene growth by C cluster attachment (2008)

Using low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM), we have measured the local concentration of mobile carbon adatoms from which graphene sheets form on a Ru(0001) surface, and simultaneously, the growth rates of individual graphene islands. Graphene crystal growth on Ru differs strikingly from that of two-dimensional metal islands on metals: (i) C adatoms experience a large energy barrier to attaching to graphene step edges, so adatom diffusion does not limit growth. (ii) The supersaturations needed for appreciable growth rates are comparable to those required to nucleate islands. (iii) The growth rate is a highly nonlinear function of supersaturation, with a large activation energy (2.0±0.1 eV). Our analysis suggests that graphene grows by adding rare clusters of about five atoms rather than adding the abundant monomers (adatoms). Knowing the growth mechanism and monitoring the supersaturation, we can control the pattern of growing graphene sheets.
Repeatability of Click-Evoked Otoacoustic Emission-Based Medial Olivocochlear Efferent Assay (2013)

The present study is the first to elucidate the intrasubject variability of absolute and normalized indices of the MOC inhibitory effect. Although the measurements were conducted under realistic conditions resembling the clinical setting, repeatability was generally good in NH adults. For MOC reflex test, the signal to noise ratio of 6 dB for recording CEOAEs seems to be a recommendable criterion when considering practicability and measurement quality in clinical conditions. The present findings exemplify the suitability of CEOAE-based MOC assay as a monitoring tool of medial efferent status over time. The data are intended to assist clinicians and scientists alike in the accurate interpretation of CAS-induced CEOAE changes in the test-retest situation.
Understanding Student Language: An Unsupervised Dialogue Act Classification Approach (2015)

Within the landscape of educational data, textual natural language is an increasingly vast source of learning-centered interactions. In natural language dialogue, student contributions hold important information about knowledge and goals. Automatically modeling the dialogue act of these student utterances is crucial for scaling natural language understanding of educational dialogues. Automatic dialogue act modeling has long been addressed with supervised classification techniques that require substantial manual time and effort. Recently, there is emerging interest in unsupervised dialogue act classification, which addresses the challenges related to manually labeling corpora. This paper builds on the growing body of work in unsupervised dialogue act classification and reports on the novel application of an information retrieval technique, the Markov Random Field, for the task of unsupervised dialogue act classification. Evaluation against manually labeled dialogue acts on a tutorial dialogue corpus in the domain of introductory computer science demonstrates that the proposed technique outperforms existing approaches to education-centered unsupervised dialogue act classification. Unsupervised dialogue act classification techniques have broad application in educational data mining in areas such as collaborative learning, online message boards, classroom discourse, and intelligent tutoring systems.
Therapeutic Effects of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in <i>Ex Vivo</i> Human Lungs Injured with Live Bacteria (2013)

In E. coli-injured human lungs, mesenchymal stem cells restored alveolar fluid clearance, reduced inflammation, and exerted antimicrobial activity, in part through keratinocyte growth factor secretion.
Expression of membrane-associated human chorionic gonadotropin, its subunits, and fragments by cultured human cancer cells (1992)

The expression of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), its subunits, and fragments on the cell membrane of cultured human cancer cells was investigated using a flow cytometric method. This method uses living cells; a double-antibody reaction; a flow cytometer with an argon laser, standard settings, and filters for fluorescein isothiocyanate; commercially available software; the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) CCL 2 HeLa cell line as cell control and overall quality control; polyclonal rabbit antisera raised against the hCG dimer, its alpha subunit (hCG alpha), and its beta subunit (hCG beta); and a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) recognizing different epitopes on the intact hCG molecule, its subunits, and fragments. The purified immunoglobulin G fractions from the polyclonal antisera were used to estimate the total expression of the membrane-associated glycoproteins; the MoAb were used to detect the expression of epitopes of the hCG dimer, its subunits, and fragments. The results of the analyses done on cells from 74 established cancer cell lines of different types and origins (including 52 carcinomas, 10 sarcomas, 4 leukemias, 6 lymphomas, and 2 retinoblastomas) showed variable degrees of reactivity in a great percentage of cells in all cell lines studied with MoAb directed against different conformational epitopes of intact hCG (hCG-holo), hCG beta, hCG beta-free, the carboxy terminal peptide (CTP) of hCG beta, and an epitope of hCG alpha. The expression of the membrane-associated epitopes of hCG and its subunits was found to be a phenotypic marker characteristic of all evaluated cultured human cancer cell lines, irrespective of their type or origin. There were, however, quantitative and qualitative differences in the expression of the different epitopes. Thus, hCG beta, free and as part of hCG-holo, recognized by the MoAb against hCG beta-CTP, was expressed by a high percentage of cells of most cell lines. There was great variability in the expression of hCG-holo, recognized by MoAb B109. For this reason some groups of cancers expressed larger amounts of incompetent hCG alpha and/or hCG beta than others. Cell lines derived from adenocarcinomas of the lung were the only exception to this general finding; the expression of small amounts of hCG-holo was caused by a low degree of hCG alpha synthesis.
Two-in-one: Au nanocages with a highly open architecture and “hotspot” effect as SERS-active substrates (2017)

We report a facile route for the successful synthesis of urchin-like Au nanocages via galvanic displacement reaction, which can be used as excellent SERS-active substrates.
Ablation of Osteopontin Improves the Skeletal Phenotype of <i>Phospho1</i> <i>−/−</i> Mice (2014)

PHOSPHO1 and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) have nonredundant functions during skeletal mineralization. Although TNAP deficiency (Alpl(-/-) mice) leads to hypophosphatasia, caused by accumulation of the mineralization inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi ), comparably elevated levels of PPi in Phospho1(-/-) mice do not explain their stunted growth, spontaneous fractures, bowed long bones, osteomalacia, and scoliosis. We have previously shown that elevated PPi in Alpl(-/-) mice is accompanied by elevated osteopontin (OPN), another potent mineralization inhibitor, and that the amount of OPN correlates with the severity of hypophosphatasia in mice. Here we demonstrate that plasma OPN is elevated and OPN expression is upregulated in the skeleton, particularly in the vertebrae, of Phospho1(-/-) mice. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry showed an increased proportion of phosphorylated OPN (p-OPN) peptides in Phospho1(-/-) mice, suggesting that accumulation of p-OPN causes the skeletal abnormalities in Phospho1(-/-) mice. We also show that ablation of the OPN gene, Spp1, leads to improvements in the skeletal phenotype in Phospho1(-/-) as they age. In particular, their scoliosis is ameliorated at 1 month of age and is completely rescued at 3 months of age. There is also improvement in the long bone defects characteristic of Phospho1(-/-) mice at 3 months of age. Mineralization assays comparing [Phospho1(-/-) ; Spp1(-/-) ], Phospho1(-/-) , and Spp1(-/-) chondrocytes display corrected mineralization by the double knockout cells. Expression of chondrocyte differentiation markers was also normalized in the [Phospho1(-/-) ; Spp1(-/-) ] mice. Thus, although Alpl and Phospho1 deficiencies lead to similar skeletal phenotypes and comparable changes in the expression levels of PPi and OPN, there is a clear dissociation in the hierarchical roles of these potent inhibitors of mineralization, with elevated PPi and elevated p-OPN levels causing the respective skeletal phenotypes in Alpl(-/-) and Phospho1(-/-) mice.
Pressure Derivatives of the Sound Velocities of Polycrystalline Alumina (1966)

The sound velocities and the pressure derivatives of the sound velocities were measured on a small specimen of polycrystalline alumina by the method of “pulse superposition”. The pressure derivatives found from experiments up to 4 kbars at 25°C are: image These values lead to the variation of Poisson's ratio with pressure of dσ/dP = 1.02 × 10 −4 / kbar and to the variation of (isothermal) bulk modulus with pressure of dB T /dP = 3.99. Using the above values the compression is computed up to 400 kbars and compares well with shock wave measurements. Consequently, the measured pressure derivatives may hold up to several hundred kilobars.
Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum Alloy for Heat Exchanger in an Exhaust Gas Recirculation System of Diesel Engine (2013)

This study examines the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloys in condensed water containing different concentrations of anions for a heat exchanger in an automotive exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system of a diesel engine. Electrochemical measurements and bulk analyses revealed that the aluminum alloy is protected by the adsorption of increased nitrite and nitrate ions contained in condensed water, despite increased detrimental sulfate ions at high EGR rates. The mechanism of the beneficial anions, which are nitrite and nitrate on aluminum alloy in condensed water, was spontaneous physical adsorption (physisorption).