gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Continuous speech recognition by context-dependent phonetic HMM and an efficient algorithm for finding N-Best sentence hypotheses (1992)

A continuous speech recognition system 'niNja' (Natural language INterface in JApanese), is presented. Efficient search algorithms are proposed to get high accuracy and to reduce the required computations. First, an LR parsing algorithm with context-dependent phone models is proposed. Second, scores of the same phone models in different hypotheses at the phone-level are represented by the single score of the best hypotheses. The system is tested for the task with a 113 word vocabulary, with a word perplexity of 4.1. It produces a sentence accuracy of 97.3% for the 10 open speakers' 110 sentences and the error reduction is as much as 77% compared with using context independent phone models.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Automatic and semiautomatic methods for image annotation and retrieval in query by image content (QBIC) (1995)

Advances in technologies for scanning, networking, and CD-ROM, lower prices for large disk storage, and acceptance of common image compression and file formats have contributed to an increase in the number, size, and uses of on-line image collections. New tools are needed to help users create, manage, and retrieve images from these collections. We are developing QBIC (query by image content), a prototype system that allows a user to create and query image databases in which the image content -- the colors, textures, shapes, and layout of images and the objects they contain -- is used as the basis of queries. This paper describes two sets of algorithms in QBIC. The first are methods that allow `query by color drawing,' a form of query in which a user draws an approximate color version of an image, and similar images are retrieved. These are automatic algorithms in the sense that no user action is necessary during database population. Secondly, we describe algorithms for semi-automatic identification of image objects during database population, improving the speed and usability of this manually-intensive step. Once outlined, detailed queries on the content-properties of these individual objects can be made at query time.
Deep Brain Stimulation in Clinical Practice and in Animal Models (2010)

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has dramatically changed the landscape of neurosurgery. Overall, the technique consists of the delivery of current into the brain parenchyma through implanted electrodes (Figure 1). It is estimated that 60,000 patients worldwide have received DBS, with the rate of accrual currently approaching 8,000 to 10,000 new patients a year. Although electrical stimulation has been used for more than 50 years to treat psychiatric disorders and pain, the technique as conducted today reemerged some 25 years ago, in the field of movement disorders. The striking clinical effects of DBS in these conditions and the similarities in outcome between stimulation and lesions soon prompted the investigation of the technique for various diseases previously treated by functional neurosurgeons. Equally important for the development of the therapy were imaging and electrophysiological studies. Because DBS modulates local neuronal activity and influences regions at a distance from the stimulated site, dysfunctional anatomic circuits and structures have been regarded as potential targets. Animal research has provided the rationale for the use of DBS in some applications of the therapy, although most experimental studies have been conducted to explore potential mechanisms for the effects of stimulation. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2010) 88 4, 559–562. doi:10.1038/clpt.2010.133
Weiterentwicklung des Spiralwindsichters (Wirbelsichters) (1952)

Abstract Aus dem bei der Badischen Anilin‐& Soda‐Fabrik, Ludwigshafen, entwickelten Spiralwindsichter entstand durch die Einführung rotierender Sichtraumwände, einer sich automatisch der Trenngrenze anpassenden Grobgutspülung und nach sorgfältiger konstruktiver Durcharbeitung eine betriebsreife Maschine. Bei dieser Entwicklung wurden neue Erkenntnisse über die Definition der Korngröße und das Ansatzverhalten von Feinstäuben gewonnen. Die vermutliche Weiterentwicklung wird abschließend skizziert.
On the stopping of fast particles and on the creation of positive electrons (1934)

Abstract The stopping power of matter for fast particles is at present believed to be due to three different processes: (1) the ionization; (2) the nuclear scattering; (3) the emission of radiation under the influence of the electric field of a nucleus. The first two processes have been treated in quantum mechanics by Bethe, Møller, and Bloch in a very satisfactory way. A provisional estimation of the order of magnitude to be expected in the third process has been given by Heitler. The result obtained was that the cross-section ϕ for the energy loss by radiation for very fast particles (if the primary energy E0 ≫ mc2) is of the order ϕ ∽ Z2/137 (e2/mc2)2, (1) Where Z is the nuclear charge. It is the aim of the present paper to discuss in greater detain the rate of loss of energy by this third process and its dependence on the primary energy; in particular we shall consider the effect of screening. The results obtained for very high energies (&gt; 137 mc2) seem to be in disagreement with experiments made by Anderson (cf. 7).
AlGaAs growth by OMCVD using an excimer laser (1986)

AlGaAs has been grown on GaAs by laser assisted OMCVD using an excimer laser, wavelength 193 nm, and a Cambridge OMCVD reactor. Films were grown at temperatures of 450 and 500 C with the laser beam parallel to the surface and impinging onto the surface at 15 deg from parallel. The samples were heated by RF coils while the laser beam was perpendicular to the gas flow. Typical gas flow parameters are 12 slm of H2, 15 sccm of Ga(CH3)3, 13 sccm of Al(CH3)3, and a pressure of 250 mbar. The initial energy density of the beam at the surface was 40 mJ/sq cm, the pulse rate was 20 pps, and the growth time was 7 min. The films were analyzed by Auger electron spectroscopy for the aluminum concentration and by TEM for the surface morphology.
IROISE: a new QoS architecture for IEEE 802.16 and IEEE 802.11e interworking (2005)

This article proposes a new architecture, which once implemented, would help in achieving end-to-end quality of service (QoS) requirements of an application which is being served in an interworking system of IEEE 802.16/WiMAX and IEEE 802.11e/WiFi networks. Our approach strives at mapping the QoS requirements of an application originating in IEEE 802.11e network to a serving IEEE 802.16 network and assuring the transfer of data having appropriate QoS back to the application in IEEE 802.11e network. We discuss how an application flow specifies its QoS requirements, either in an IEEE 802.11e or IEEE 802.16 network and the mechanisms that ensure that these requirements are known to the serving network. We identify the necessary parameters, as per advice in the standards, that could stipulate the QoS requirements for an application depending upon traffic type it represents. We propose the mapping of various parameters for different kinds of flows which would ultimately make sure that an application receives the QoS it requested. The resulting architecture would work as a hybrid of two different kinds of networks
Mexico under Spain: 1521–1556, Society and Origins of Nationality (1975)

(1975). Mexico under Spain: 1521–1556, Society and Origins of Nationality. History: Reviews of New Books: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 36-37.
Palmitoylation is a sorting determinant for transport to the myelin membrane (2005)

Myelin is a specialized membrane enriched in glycosphingolipids and cholesterol that contains a restricted set of proteins. The mechanisms by which oligodendrocytes target myelin components to myelin are not known. To identify the sorting determinants for protein transport to myelin, we used a primary oligodendrocyte culture system in which terminal differentiation is synchronized and there is excessive deposition of myelin-like membranes (MLMs). Because several myelin proteins are palmitoylated, we explored the role of acylation in protein transport to MLMs. We found that palmitoylation-deficient mutants of a major myelin protein, proteolipid protein (PLP/DM20), were less efficiently targeted to MLMs. The N-terminal 13 amino acids of PLP/DM20, which are palmitoylated at three sites, were sufficient to direct a fluorescent fusion protein to MLMs. Mutagenesis of the N-terminal palmitoylation motif abolished the transport of the fusion protein to MLMs, indicating that palmitoylation is required for sorting to myelin. Similar results were obtained in myelinating co-cultures of oligodendrocytes and neurons. Furthermore, the combined farnesylation/palmitoylation signals from c-Ha-Ras and the N-terminal consensus sequence for dual palmitoylation from neuromodulin were sufficient for the transport of fluorescent fusion proteins to MLMs. Thus, we conclude that palmitoylation is a sorting determinant for transport to the myelin membrane.
Anti-oxidant levels in various tissues during the maturation of ‘Hass’ avocado (<i>Persea americana</i>Mill.) (2010)

SummaryAvocado is a fruit high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, with a high mineral content. However, no reports are available on how valuable avocado fruit could be as a source of anti-oxidants, depending upon their stage of maturity. Such a feature might become an important marketing tool in future. To evaluate the presence of anti-oxidant systems throughout avocado fruit development, various tissues were analysed for both their total and specific anti-oxidant compositions.Total anti-oxidant levels were found to be higher in the exocarp and in seed tissues than in the mesocarp, a possible reason for the susceptibility of avocado to post-harvest mesocarp disorders. While seed tissues contained predominantly ascorbic acid (AsA) and total phenolics (TP), the anti-oxidant composition of the mesocarp was characterised by the presence of the C7 sugar, D-mannoheptulose. Among the anti-oxidant enzymes assayed, peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT) were present in higher concentrations than superoxide dismutase (SOD) in mesocarp tissue. The low concentration of anti-oxidants in the mesocarp could be a major reason for the susceptibility of avocado fruit to physiological disorders.
Synthesis of Highly Substituted Indolines and Indoles via Intramolecular [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of Ynamides and Conjugated Enynes (2005)

Ynamides react with conjugated enynes in intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloadditions to afford substituted indolines that undergo oxidation with o-chloranil to furnish the corresponding indoles. The cycloaddition substrates are easily assembled from derivatives of 3-butynylamine by Sonogashira coupling with alkenyl halides followed by copper-catalyzed N-alkynylation with acetylenic bromides. Diynamides participate as particularly reactive 2pi components in the cycloaddition, providing access to indolines with carbon substituents at the C-7 position. Enynamides serve as 4pi components in a complementary version of the cycloaddition strategy which provides access to indoles and indolines substituted with carbon substituents at C-4. These enyne cycloadditions take place upon heating the substrates at 110-210 degrees C in toluene or 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol and in some cases can be achieved at 0 degrees C to room temperature in the presence of Lewis acids such as Me2AlCl.
Improved Diazotization‐coupling Technique for Analysis of Methyl Anthranilate in Grape Products (1990)

ABSTRACT Methyl anthranilate was determined in grape products by diazotizing with 1M HC1 and 1% sodium nitrite and coupling the diazonium salt with N‐1‐naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride in situ. The chromophore which formed had an extinction coefficient of 42,000 mole −1 L cm −1 and color formation correlated with concentration in accordance with Beer's Law up to about 100 μg methyl anthranilate. Grape essence samples with 3 to 124 μg mL −1 methyl anthranilate were used to evaluate the method against a gas chromatographic technique. The correlation coefficient was >0.99 between the two methods. Compared with existing methods, this new method has the advantage of not requiring stringent reaction times or conditions.
Supporting Secure Authentication and Privacy in Wireless Computing (2006)

The IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless LAN communications introduced the Wired Equivalent Privacy(WEP) protocol in an attempt to bring the security level of wireless systems closer to that of wired ones. Unfortunately, WEP falls short of accomplishing its security goals. Despite employing the well-known and believed-secure RC4 cipher, WEP contains several major security flaws. The flaws give rise to a number of attacks, both passive and active, that allow eavesdropping on, and tampering with, wireless transmissions. The IEEE 802.1x framework, what was known to have improved the IEEE 802.11b?s weakness in user authentication, is a port-based authentication protocol. The IEEE 802.1x does not specify an authentication method, although the most common approach for WLANs is EAP, which is a framework for a variety of authentication methods. However, the IEEE 802.1x is also vulnerable to Denial of service and session high-jacking attacks due to the lack of AP authentication and encryption mechanism. In this paper, we propose a Wireless LAN secure system that offers secure encrypted communication and user authentications. The purpose of the WLAN secure system that this study suggests is to improve the weakness in security of IEEE 802.1x and to guarantee a secure encrypted communication. The proposed system does not allow any faking of the identity by performing a thorough mutual authentication to all associated objects. Furthermore, it provides an integrity service by encrypting EAP-SUCCESS messages with distributed a new shared-key through the key distribution mechanism when an authentication process is executed, and securing the encrypted communication by using the 128 bit-length key.
Limited adhesion of biodegradable microspheres to E‐ and P‐selectin under flow (2001)

In a variety of disease settings the expression of the endothelial selectins E- and P-selectin appears to be increased. This feature makes these molecules attractive targets around which to design directed drug-delivery schemes. One possible approach for achieving such delivery is to use polymeric biodegradable microspheres bearing a humanized monoclonal antibody (MAb) for E- and P-selectin, MAb HuEP5C7.g2. Perhaps the simplest technique for "coupling" HuEP5C7.g2 to the microspheres is via nonspecific adsorption. Previous studies suggest, however, that the adsorption of proteins onto microspheres fabricated in the presence of a stabilizer such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is limited. It is unclear to what extent this limited level of adsorbed HuEP5C7.g2 would be able to support adhesion to E- and P-selectin under flow conditions. To explore this issue, we prepared microspheres from the biodegradable polymer, poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL), using a single emulsion process and PVA as a stabilizer. We then incubated the PCL microspheres with HuEP5C7.g2 and studied the adhesion of the resulting HuEP5C7.g2 microspheres to E- and P-selectin under in vitro flow conditions. We found that the HuEP5C7.g2 PCL microspheres exhibit specific adhesion to Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing P-selectin (CHO-P) and 4-h IL-1beta-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). In contrast, HuEP5C7.g2 PCL microspheres exhibit little adhesion to parental CHO cells or unactivated HUVEC. The attachment efficiency to the selectin substrates was quite low, with appreciable attachment occurring only at low shear (0.3 dyn/cm(2)). Other supporting data strongly suggest that the limited attachment efficiency is due to a low level of HuEP5C7.g2 adsorbed to the PCL microspheres. Although the attachment was limited, a significant percentage of the HuEP5C7.g2 PCL microspheres were able to remain adherent at relatively high shear (8 dyn/cm(2)). Combined, our data suggest that HuEP5C7.g2 PCL microspheres exhibit selective limited adhesion to cellular substrate expressing E- and P-selectin.
Polymer precursors from catalytic reactions of natural oils (2011)

Dimethyl 1,19-nonadecanedioate is produced from the methoxycarbonylation of commercial olive, rapeseed or sunflower oils in the presence of a catalyst derived from [Pd2(dba)3], bis(ditertiarybutylphosphinomethyl)benzene (BDTBPMB) and methanesulphonic acid (MSA). The diester is then hydrogenated to 1,19-nonadecanediol using Ru/1,1,1-tris-(diphenylphosphinemethyl)ethane (triphos). 1,19-Nonadecadienoic acid is hydrogenated to short chain oligoesters, which can themselves be hydrogenated to 1,19-nonadecanol by hydrogenation in the presence of water.
Analysis of Group Key Management Protocols for Secure Multicasting in Vehicular Software Distribution Network (2007)

In this paper we investigate the issues in designing key management architecture for secure multicasting in remote software distribution to advance vehicles. We consider the vehicular software distribution network (VSDN) as wireless network where vehicles are connected to the software distributors through roadside base stations (BSs). The large VSDN is divided into small regions and a Regional Group Manager (RGM) manages a region. Depending on the level of trust in the supporting BSs, we propose two group key management (GKM) protocols for the multicast groups (MGs) formed for software distribution. We categorize the VSDN as fully- trusted and semi-trusted systems. In a fully-trusted system the BSs have access to the multicast data and take part in GKM whereas in a semi-trusted system the BSs are not allowed to understand the multicast data, rather they act as proxies for the vehicles by honestly relaying the encrypted multicast data from the RGM to the vehicles. We compare the performance of these two protocols in terms of computation and communication overhead incurred on each entity involved during multicast session initialization, re-keying and handoff, storage overhead, security and scalability. Our analysis shows that the GKM protocol efficiency can be traded-off with the level of trust on the BSs.
FPGA-based hybrid accumulator architecture for digital chirp synthesis (1996)

The double accumulator architecture can be employed to generate chirp signals with the required linearity for both radar and sounder applications. However, all reported chirp generators use identical architecture for both accumulators. In this paper, a FPGA-based hybrid accumulator architecture with a dual clock suitable for HF radar and sounder applications is proposed. This design is shown to combine speed and flexibility.
Different <i>Babesia canis</i> isolates, different diseases (1997)

Using surface immunofluorescence isolate-specific antigens were detected on the membrane of erythrocytes infected with Babesia parasites. In addition, the strains reacted differently with Plasmagel in that the European isolate (B.c. canis) could be purified on Plasmagel effectively, whereas infected erythrocytes of the South-African isolate (B.c. rossi) could not. Experimental infection of dogs with Babesia canis isolates from geographically different areas revealed different pathology. The European isolate obtained from France exhibited transient parasitaemia, usually below 1%, associated with low PCV values and congestion of internal organs. Clinical disease was correlated with an effect on the coagulation system, and not with peripheral parasitaemia. Infection of dogs with South-African-derived isolate induced high parasitaemia usually much higher than 1%, which required chemotherapeutic treatment. In these animals clinical disease was correlated with peripheral parasitaemia and not with parameters of the coagulation system. The results show that the etiology of disease caused by these isolates of B.c. canis and B.c. rossi is different. This might have implications for the development of vaccines against these infections.
Abacavir in Combination With the Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase (IMPDH)–Inhibitor Mycophenolic Acid Is Active Against Multidrug-Resistant HIV-1 (1999)

Heredia, Alonso*; Margolis, David*†‡; Oldach, David*†; Hazen, Richard§; Le, Nhut*; Redfield, Robert*†‡ Author Information
Original article: Upregulation of caspase-3 expression in esophageal cancer correlates with favorable prognosis: an immunohistochemical study from a high incidence area in northern China (2010)

Caspase-3 plays an important role as the key effector during apoptosis, but there are very few studies of caspase-3 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression and prognostic significance of caspase-3 in ESCC from Linzhou City, a high incidence area in northern China. All 64 patients underwent esophagectomy for ESCC between January 2002 and December were enrolled in this study. Caspase-3 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in primary ESCC and paired normal esophageal epithelium. The positive rate of caspase-3 expression was higher in ESCC than in normal esophageal epithelium (79.7% vs. 50.0%, Chi-square = 12.372, P= 0.001). Caspase-3 expression was correlated with tumor cell differentiation (Phi = 0.717, P < 0.001), tumor infiltration depth (Phi =-0.334, P= 0.008), and pathologic TNM (pTNM) staging (rs =-0.268, P= 0.032). Patients in caspase-3 positive group had a significantly better 5-year overall survival than those in the negative group (77.4% vs. 35.9%, chi(2)= 7.344, P= 0.007). Our results showed that caspase-3 expression was upregulated in ESCC compared with normal esophageal epithelium in population of Chinese high incidence area, and patients with caspase-3 positive expression had better prognosis. Therefore, caspase-3 immunostaining could be a simple and useful tool for predicting survival in ESCC patients.
Monomer-Coated Very Small Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Particles as Contrast Medium for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2002)

The experiments indicate, that VSOP-C184 may be a well tolerated and safe contrast medium for MR imaging that can be effectively used for MR angiography including visualization of the coronary arteries.
Ice Cream Shrinkage: A Problem for the Ice Cream Industry (1997)

When ice cream is shipped from one altitude to another, a change in atmospheric pressure can contribute to shrinkage of the product. Although few recent references exist regarding the problem of shrinkage caused by changes in altitude or pressure, several pertinent articles were published in the 1940s and 1950s. Small air cells, heat shock, high overrun, small ice crystals, improper blending of ingredients, and a wide range of temperature changes during storage are some of the causes of shrinkage in ice cream. Factors reported to reduce shrinkage were 1) factors that tended to produce large air cells and large ice crystals, 2) use of caseinate as an ingredient, 3) higher pasteurization temperature, 4) use of corn syrup instead of cane sugar, 5) reduced milk solids and sugar, 6) higher draining temperature, and 7) use of mono- and diglycerides with polysorbate 80.