gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ion projection lithography: Status of the MEDEA project and United States/European cooperation (1998)

Structure and targets of the European MEDEA project on ion projection lithography as well as related U.S./European cooperation are explained. By assuming 10 μm virtual source size and 1 eV (full width half maximum) energy spread calculations for a multielectrode electrostatic ion–optical system (1.25 m between ion source and stencil mask, ≈1.8 m between mask and wafer) we realize the possibility of 100 nm resolution (line and space) over an exposure field of 22×22 mm2 even when using the MONTEC model for calculating the stochastic blur and when running 3.3 μA He+ ion beam current through the ion–optical column, thus more than twice exceeding target specifications. Thus, for 100 nm resolution and 50% pattern density the raw throughput is ≈12 cm2/s corresponding to &gt;75 WPH (pattern within 80% of 300 mm wafer area).
Gasoline analysis and brand identification using a static Fourier-transform ultraviolet spectrometer (1999)

The ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectra of several gasoline samples are measured using a compact static Fourier-transform (FT) spectrometer. The FT-UV spectrometer is constructed from crystalline quartz Wollaston prisms and polarizers fabricated from beta barium borate to form an interferogram in the spatial domain. The interferogram is recorded with a UV-sensitive detector array and Fourier transformed to yield spectra. Investigation using principal component analysis enables the identification of important gasoline properties such as origin.
Effect of hydrogen on the surface-energy anisotropy of diamond and silicon (1998)

We have evaluated the surface free energies of hydrogen-covered (100), (111), and (110) surfaces of diamond and silicon as a function of the hydrogen chemical potential using first-principles methods. The change in surface-energy anisotropy and equilibrium crystal shape due to hydrogen adsorption is examined. The three low-index facets are affected differently by the presence of hydrogen and unexpected differences are found between diamond and silicon. Taking into account possible formation of local facets on the hydrogen-covered (100) surfaces, we find that the dihydride phase is not stable on both C(100) and Si(100), nor is the $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$ phase on C(100).
Our Experience With Photodynamic Diagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy for Lung Cancer (2012)

The diagnosis of lung cancer was significantly enhanced by the development of the fiberoptic bronchoscope in 1965. Since then, advances in photosensitizers and light sources have brought photodynamic medicine into the light. This article offers an historic overview of the emergence of photodynamic medicine through the perspective of a pioneer with more than 30 years' experience. Along with a discussion of photodynamic diagnosis of lung cancers via optical coherence tomography, the curative, palliative, and neoadjuvant roles of photodynamic therapy for early and advanced lung cancers are explored. An emerging strategy of using PDM to treat peripheral early-stage lung tumors is briefly discussed.
A stochastic killing system for biological containment of Escherichia coli (1995)

Bacteria with a stochastic conditional lethal containment system have been constructed. The invertible switch promoter located upstream of the fimA gene from Escherichia coli was inserted as expression cassette in front of the lethal gef gene deleted of its own natural promoter. The resulting fusion was placed on a plasmid and transformed to E. coli. The phenotype connected with the presence of such a plasmid was to reduce the population growth rate with increasing significance as the cell growth rate was reduced. In very fast growing cells, there was no measurable effect on growth rate. When a culture of E. coli harboring the plasmid comprising the containment system is left as stationary cells in suspension without nutrients, viability drops exponentially over a period of several days, in contrast to the control cells, which maintain viability nearly unaffected during the same period of time. Similar results were obtained with a strain in which the killing cassette was inserted in the chromosome. In competition with noncontained cells during growth, the contained cells are always outcompeted. Stochastic killing obtained by the fim-gef fusion is at present relevant only as a containment approach for E. coli, but the model may be mimicked in other organisms by using species-specific stochastic expression systems.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES ON REOVIRUS RNA (1964)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
The effects of nasal drops and their additives on human nasal mucociliary clearance. (1982)

A method for measurement of nasal mucociliary clearance in vivo is described. A drop, containing saccharine sodium and indigo carmine is placed on the edge of the ciliary epithelium in the entrance to the nose. The time between placement and the sensing of the sweet taste as well as the appearance of a blue line in the nasopharyngeal cavity is measured and called the transport time. Two preservatives, two nasal drops and one viscosity-increasing substance have been investigated and the results are compared with their effects on the ciliary beat frequency of chicken embryo tracheas in vitro. The more the transport time is increased by a compound the more the ciliary beat frequency is decreased. Chlorbutol 0.5% increases transport time more and decreases ciliary beat frequency more than benzalkonium chloride 0.006% + EDTA 0.1%. Otrivin 0.1% increases transport time more and decreases ciliary beat frequency more than Rhinoguttae xylometazolini 0.1% (F.N.A.). These results support those obtained with the photo-electric registration device applicated on chicken embryo tracheas and human adenoids as described in earlier publications.
Added value of diffusion‐weighted imaging in the MRI assessment of perilesional tumor recurrence after chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinomas (2009)

The addition of DWI has the potential to improve sensitivity, but not the overall diagnostic accuracy, in the assessment of perilesional recurrence of HCCs after chemoembolization.
Multigigabit/s 1.5 mu m lambda /4-shifted DFB OEIC transmitter and its use in transmission experiments (1990)

Optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) transmitters consisting of 1.5 mu m lambda /4-shifted distributed feedback (DFB) lasers and InGaAs-InAlAs MODFETs were fabricated for the first time. The entire processing requires only two organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy (OMVPE) growths, with the potential for high yield and low cost. Direct modulation of the OEIC transmitter is demonstrated for bit rates up to 10 Gb/s. A transmission experiment using the OEIC transmitter and a hybrid p-i-n/HEMT receiver is conducted at 5 Gb/s, with a sensitivity of -20 dBm and a bit-rate-distance product of 145 Gb/s-km.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
One-dimensional isentropic compression (1982)

The generation of nearly isentropic pressure-density states in a molecular fluid sample, e.g. H20 is examined by a series of onedimensional finite difference calculations.
놀이중심교육에 대한 장애유아 교사의 인식 (2021)

본 연구의 목적은 장애유아 교사들의 놀이중심교육에 대한 인식을 알아보기 위해, P시의 D장애전문어린이집 교사 5명을 대상으로 오지연(2020)이 개발한 면담 질문지를 활용하여 심층면담을 실시하였고, 이를 통해 수집한 자료를 질적 분석하였다. 본 연구결과 첫째, 개정 누리과정과 장애 유아 놀이의 중요성에 대한 인식은 높으나 일반 유아와는 달리 적용해야 한다고 하였다. 둘째, 장애유아들의 발달특성과 놀이상황에 따라 다양한 놀이지원과 교사역할수행을 하면서도 놀이중심교육에 대한 딜레마를 경험하였고 장애 특성에 따른 다양한 놀이 요구 및 지원 등의 어려움이 있었다. 셋째, 교사계획놀이 중심에서 장애유아 흥미중심의 놀이환경제공에 중점을 두었고 전문화된 장애유아 놀이중심 교육과정이 필요하다고 인식하였으며, 성공적인 놀이중심교육 실행을 위해 현장중심의 지원체계 강화 및 학부모를 위한 놀이이해교육, 특수보육교직원 인력충원, 다양한 체험활동을 위한 예산지원 등의 정책적 지원을 요구하였다. 본 연구는 장애유아 교육현장에서의 개정 누리과정의 현장 적용을 위한 기초자료 제공에 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.
Near-Field Energy Extraction with Hyperbolic Metamaterials (2015)

Although blackbody radiation described by Planck's law is commonly regarded as the maximum of thermal radiation, thermal energy transfer in the near-field can exceed the blackbody limit due to the contribution from evanescent waves. Here, we demonstrate experimentally a broadband thermal energy extraction device based on hyperbolic metamaterials that can significantly enhance near-field thermal energy transfer. The thermal extractor made from hyperbolic metamaterials does not absorb or emit any radiation but serves as a transparent pipe guiding the radiative energy from the emitter. At the same gap between an emitter and an absorber, we observe that near-field thermal energy transfer with thermal extraction can be enhanced by around 1 order of magnitude, compared to the case without thermal extraction. The novel thermal extraction scheme has important practical implications in a variety of technologies, e.g., thermophotovoltaic energy conversion, radiative cooling, thermal infrared imaging, and heat assisted magnetic recording.
Growth Inhibition of Estrogen-Sensitive Rat Mammary Tumors. Effect of an Alpha-Fetoprotein-Secreting Hepatoma<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN3">3</xref> (1980)

The growth and regression patterns of estrogen (E)-sensitive mammary tumors (SNMU) and autonomous mammary tumors (ANMU) were studied in normal, castrated, and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-secreting and nonsecreting hepatoma-bearing female BUF rats. Both SNMU and ANMU tumors had comparable amounts of E receptor. SNMU tumors grew faster in female hosts than in male hosts. The latency period of SNMU tumors was lengthened when the tumor was inoculated into newborn hosts. These E-sensitive tumors regressed after castration of the adult hosts. Tumor regression was also observed in SNMU-bearing rats inoculated with AFP-secreting hepatomas. The growth pattern of the ANMU tumor was not affected by the sex or age of the host. Castration and inoculation of hepatomas to ANMU tumor-bearing rats did not result in regression of the ANMU tumors. We suggest that AFP inhibited the growth of E-sensitive cells in newborn and hepatoma 7777-bearing hosts. This inhibitory effect of AFP could not be attributed to a "functional castration" resulting from the trapping of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) by AFP, because the plasma levels of E2 in these animals affect levels of gonadotropins. Moreover, castration of hepatoma 7777-bearing rats resulted in increased plasma follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormones levels. The results strongly suggested that a) the malignant properties of E2-sensitive cells in adult hosts can be controlled by AFP, and b) the mechanism by which AFP inhibits the growth of E2-sensitive cells is independent of the E2 "trapping" phenomenon. An ontogenetic approach to the mechanism of action of estrogens may account for available results.
The Special Ethicality of the Academy (2000)

Drawing on the recent works of Donald Kennedy, Robert Rosenzweig, and George Dennis O'Brian, Johnstone argues for a renewal of faith in the special ethicality of the academic profession, particularly within the research university, and urges a strengtheni ng of this quality rather than the current fascination with more governmental regulation or heightened market forces to assure the proper balance between the university's (appropriately) multiple, complex, and subtle missions.
Design-to-time real-time scheduling (1993)

Design-to-time is an approach to problem solving in resource-constrained domains where multiple solution methods are available for tasks. Those solution methods make tradeoffs in solution quality within the available time. The design-to-time approach is defined in detail, and contrasted to the anytime algorithm approach. A heuristic algorithm for design-to-time real-time scheduling is presented. The authors' blackboard architecture that implements the design-to-time approach is discussed, and an example problem and solution from the Distributed Vehicle Monitoring Testbed (DVMT) is described in detail. Experimental results, generated using simulation, show the effects of various parameters on scheduler performance. Future research goals and plans are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Analysis of Rebuild Processing in RAID5 Disk Arrays (2007)

RAID5 tolerates single disk failures by exclusive-ORing (XORing) the blocks corresponding to a requested block on the failed disk to reconstruct it. This results in increased loads on surviving disks and degraded disk response times with respect to normal mode operation. Provided a spare disk is available, a rebuild process systematically reads successive disk tracks, XORs them to recreate lost tracks and writes them onto a spare disk, thus returning the system to its original state. Rebuild time is important since RAID5 disk arrays with a single disk failure are susceptible to data loss if a second disk fails. According to the vacationing server model (VSM), rebuild read requests on surviving disks are given a lower priority than external user requests, so as to have less impact on their response time. Given that disk loads are balanced due to striping, rebuild time can be approximated by the time to read the contents of any one of the surviving disks. The analysis of the M/G/1 queueing model of VSM, given in this article, is more accurate and yet simpler than a previous analysis, but it also takes into account the effect of disk zoning explicitly. We also present a heuristic method to estimate rebuild time, which can be combined with the new analysis. The ability to quickly and accurately estimate rebuild time is useful in computing the reliability of RAID5 systems, especially during design tradeoff studies. The accuracy of the various analyses to estimate rebuild time are checked against detailed simulation results.
Clinical Evaluation of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (2002)

Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 is an osteoinductive protein that plays a pivotal role in bone growth and regeneration. Several hundred studies were conducted in the past 7 years in numerous animal models to establish unequivocally the efficacy, safety, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and surgical handling properties of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2, building a solid foundation for clinical development programs. Pilot clinical trials have shown the feasibility and safety of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 treatment, and defined the effective dose for its use in open long bone fractures and for augmentation or preservation of the alveolar bone in the dental ridge. Prospective observational clinical studies helped define clinical efficacy end points, identify significant variables, and estimate appropriate population sample size for pivotal clinical trials. Pivotal clinical trials of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 are underway in patients with open tibial shaft fractures and in patients with a deficiency of the alveolar ridge.
Magnetic recording read head sensor technology (2005)

Since the invention of the hard-disk drive in 1956, the technology of the magnetic head sensor has never ceased to evolve. Today's sensors are drastically different from those used in these early heads; they can detect and transmit information from recorded data at densities greater than 200 Gbit/in 2 and data rates approaching 1 GHz. Numerous advances in nanomagnetics, magnetic ultrathin films, magneto-electronics, as well as device processing, have fueled the remarkable progress of this technology. An overview of the science and technology behind magnetic read head sensors is presented. The dimensional, geometrical and magnetic requirements for the heads are first described, followed by a description of the state of the art giant-magnetoresistive read sensors. We then discuss characteristics and potential advantages of next-generation read sensors, including current-perpendicular-to-plane tunnel-magnetoresistance and giant magnetoresistive sensors. The interplay between sensor properties, size requirements, process limitations and head performance is emphasized.
Customization of a Commercially Available Prep Scale SFC System to Provide Enhanced Capabilities (2002)

Preparative Scale Supercritical Fluid Chromatography is emerging as a powerful alternative to HPLC for the purification and separation of complex chemical reaction mixtures. Advantages include greatly reduced solvent usage (and thus lower cost and environmental impact), higher throughput, and in some cases higher resolution. While there are commercially available prep SFC instruments, none currently offer all the features desired by many medicinal chemists engaged in the drug discovery process. These include: the ability to collect an unlimited number of fractions per sample with high recovery and negligible carryover, fully automated capacity to collect several hundred fractions, and the ability to collect fractions into the same disposable test tubes and racks which are already employed in HPLC. This article describes the customization of a preparatory scale SFC system purchased from Berger Instruments, Inc., Newark, DE. (a subsidiary Mettler-Toledo International, Inc., of Greifensee, Switzerland) in order to provide these capabilities.
The pH partition theory predicts the accumulation and toxicity of doxorubicin in normal and low-pH-adapted cells (1999)

The accumulation and toxicity of the weak base doxorubicin has been investigated as a function of extracellular pH, intracellular pH and the cellular pH gradient in cells previously cultured under normal (pH 7.4) and low-pH (6.8) conditions. Low-pH-adapted cells exhibit transmembrane pH gradients which substantially differ from normal cells at the same extracellular pH. No relationship was obtained between intracellular pH and the uptake or toxicity of doxorubicin in the two cell types. In contrast, doxorubicin accumulation and toxicity increased with increasing extracellular pH in both normal and low-pH-adapted cells. However, at the same extracellular pH, drug cytotoxicity was more pronounced in normal than in low-pH-adapted cells. The difference in doxorubicin accumulation and cytotoxicity at the same extracellular pH was found to be dependent on the difference in the transmembrane pH gradient of the two cell types. As the cellular pH gradient differs between tumour and normal tissue, this observation suggests a basis for enhancing cellular drug uptake in either tissue type.
Control of Polarization Phase Offset in Low Threshold Polarization Switching VCSELs (2010)

Both polarization switching and control over the angle between polarization states is demonstrated. A novel dual intracavity contacted vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser utilizing asymmetric current injection is tested. Large extinction ratios 21 dB and a record-low threshold current of 0.19 mA is achieved for such devices. Control over the phase offset between two polarization states is accomplished by rotating current injection direction relative to the axis. The phase offset between two polarization states is shown to follow a trigonometric function with maximum offsets along the and directions and minimum offsets along the and directions.
Using the Particle Level Set Method and a Second Order Accurate Pressure Boundary Condition for Free Surface Flows (2003)

In this paper, we present an enhanced resolution capturing method for topologically complex two and three dimensional incompressible free surface flows. The method is based upon the level set method of Osher and Sethian to represent the interface combined with two recent advances in the treatment of the interface, a second order accurate discretization of the Dirichlet pressure boundary condition at the free surface (2002, J. Comput. Phys.176, 205) and the use of massless marker particles to enhance the resolution of the interface through the use of the particle level set method (2002, J. Comput. Phys., 183, 83). Use of these methods allow for the accurate movement of the interface while at the same time preserving the mass of the liquid, even on coarse computational grids. Also, these methods complement the level set method in its ability to handle changes in interface topology in a robust manner. Surface tension effects can be easily included in our method. The method is presented in three spatial dimensions, with numerical examples in both two and three spatial dimensions.
Effect of Mansoa alliacea (Bignonaceae) leaf extract on embryonic and tumorigenic mouse cell lines (2015)

Mansoa alliacea contains high concentrations of chemicals thought to be associated with the suppression of tumor growth. Additionally, this plant has been reported to possess analgesic, anti-fungal, and anti-bacterial properties, thereby providing other potential benefits for cancer patients. Low doses of a water extract of M. alliacea were applied to a cancerous and non-cancerous cell line. Doses between 1.254 to 10.04 mg/ml of extract applied to T3-HA cancer cells inhibited cell growth, but higher doses of 29.92 to 89.6 mg/ml destroyed colonies of the cancer cells. Application of the extract to NIH Swiss mouse cell cultures resulted in the inhibition of growth at higher concentrations, but at a concentration of 10.14 mg/ml, cell growth began to increase after three days. However, cell death was less at lower concentrations than that of T3-HA cancer cells, thereby confirming that lower concentrations of Ajo de Monte will inhibit cancer cell growth as well as initially inhibit non-cancer cells. Thus, M. alliacea extract selectively targets T3-HA mouse cancer cells but not NIH Swiss embryonic mouse cells. Future research may consider the use of this plant for human cancer patients.   Key words: Mansoa alliacea, Garlic Vine, Ajo de Monte, cancer
Versatile Decoration of Glass Surfaces To Probe Individual Protein−Protein Interactions and Cellular Adhesion (2002)

The capability to durably link biological macromolecules to solid supports is fundamental for the development of biosensors and many diagnostic techniques, as well as for the investigation of biomolecular interactions such as adhesion of cells onto biomimetic substrates. Here, we describe two simple and reproducible chemical procedures to decorate glass surfaces with specific ligands at a variable and controlled surface density. The first method uses the streptavidin−biotin complex for further immobilization of biotinylated proteins, while the second method performs a direct covalent attachment of proteins to glass. Both procedures were characterized by optical interferometry to measure molecular-layer thickness, fluorescence flow cytometry to evaluate surface density, and qualitative adhesion/aggregation assays to assay protein functionality. Both routes were first applied to streptavidin as a model protein, and extended to an homotypic calcium-dependent adhesive protein, namely E-cadherin. We mainly discuss key issues that must be addressed when control of the protein surface density and passivation of the surface against nonspecific adsorption are required.
Laser Beam Shaping in Array-Type Laser Printing Systems (2018)

The optical systems that have been designed to work with the highly nontraditional light sources, which are both anamorphic in physical layout as well as in beam properties, are themselves nontraditional, and typically employ a variety of modern micro-optical components. In a variety of applications, including longitudinal solid-state laser pumping, fiber coupling for fiber lasers, and line printers, laser diode arrays have proven to be very effective light sources when combined with the appropriate beam shaping optics. More commonly, printing systems have been designed wherein a laser or laser diode array is used only as a continuous wave driven light source with the light incident on a spatial light modulator array, either as individual beams or as flood illumination. The laser thermal donor suited for continuous-tone applications is capable of transferring intermediate amounts of its coating of visible dye to a receiver when stimulated by the incident laser radiation.