gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suppression of RNA synthesis by a specific antiviral activity in Sindbis virus-infected Aedes albopictus cells (1988)

An antiviral protein is released by mosquito cells persistently infected with Sindbis virus. Differences in both sensitivity to and production of this virus-specific activity were apparent in three independently produced Aedes albopictus cell lines. This activity inhibits total viral RNA synthesis in a time-dependent manner. The antiviral effect is maximally realized when cells are treated with the activity 48 h before infections. These data suggest that the antiviral activity induces an antiviral state in treated cells which prevents the formation or efficient function of viral RNA-synthesizing complexes.
Predictions of ion energy distributions and radical fluxes in radio frequency biased inductively coupled plasma etching reactors (1996)

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) reactors are being developed for low gas pressure (&lt;10s mTorr) and high plasma density ([e]≳1011 cm−3) microelectronics fabrication. In these reactors, the plasma is generated by the inductively coupled electric field while an additional radio frequency (rf) bias is applied to the substrate. One of the goals of these systems is to independently control the magnitude of the ion flux by the inductively coupled power deposition, and the acceleration of ions into the substrate by the rf bias. In high plasma density reactors the width of the sheath above the wafer may be sufficiently thin that ions are able to traverse it in approximately 1 rf cycle, even at 13.56 MHz. As a consequence, the ion energy distribution (IED) may have a shape typically associated with lower frequency operation in conventional reactive ion etching tools. In this paper, we present results from a computer model for the IED incident on the wafer in ICP etching reactors. We find that in the parameter space of interest, the shape of the IED depends both on the amplitude of the rf bias and on the ICP power. The former quantity determines the average energy of the IED. The latter quantity controls the width of the sheath, the transit time of ions across the sheath and hence the width of the IED. In general, high ICP powers (thinner sheaths) produce wider IEDs.
The Science of Crystallization (1991)

This book, together with its companion volume The Science of Crystallization: Macroscopic Phenomena and Defect Generation, make up a complete course that will teach an advanced student how to understand and analyse scientifically any of the phenomena that are observed during natural or technological crystallization from any medium and via any technique of crystallization. It is an advanced text that goes into considerable detail concerning the many elements of knowledge needed to understand quantitatively a crystallization event. This particular volume deals with the important atomistic-level processes occurring at the interface between a crystal and its nutrient. It also provides the necessary scientific background of both thermodynamics and kinetics needed for the understanding of crystallization for both bulk crystals and thin film formation.
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF STRUCTURES SUPPORTED ON ELLIPTICAL ROLLING RODS (1999)

In this paper, effectiveness of a new base isolation system i. e. elliptical rolling rods between the base and the foundation of structure is investigated. Equations governing the motion of a multi-storey shear type building supported on the elliptical rolling rods are derived. The dynamic response of the system to both harmonic and real earthquake ground motions is obtained by integrating the incremental equations along with an iterative technique. The iterations are required due to non-linear force-deformation behaviour of the elliptical rolling rods. Effectiveness of the elliptical rolling rods is studied by comparing the response between isolated and corresponding fixed base system. In addition, a parameteic study is conducted to investigate the effects of important parameters on the effectiveness of elliptical rolling rods. The parameters considered are: the fundamental time period of the superstructure, the coefficient of rolling friction and the eccentricity of the elliptical rolling rods and the frequency content of ground motion. It is shown that the elliptical rolling rods are quite effective in reducing the dynamic response of the system without undergoing the large displacements or living the large residual base displacement.
AsyncHttpEvalRequest: A New Primitive for Downloading Web Applications Incrementally and Securely (2009)

The evolution of the World Wide Web has progressed from simple, classic Web pages with text and static images only to Web 2.0 pages with rich multimedia content, mashups and desktop-style applications. The cornerstone of Web 2.0 technologies is an API called XMLHttpRequest - an interface that allows network requests to be performed asynchronously without blocking the user interface of the Web browser. In this paper we introduce a new operation called AsyncHttpEvalRequest that is the logical extension of XMLHttpRequest for Web applications. The main benefit of the new operation is that it allows large Web applications to be downloaded incrementally and more securely.
<title>Electronic imaging aids for night driving: low-light CCD, uncooled thermal IR, and color-fused visible/LWIR</title> (1997)

MIT Lincoln Laboratory is developing new electronic night vision technologies for defense applications which can be adapted for civilian applications such as night driving aids. These technologies include (1) low-light CCD imagers capable of operating under starlight illumination conditions at video rates, (2) realtime processing of wide dynamic range imagery (visible and IR) to enhance contrast and adaptively compress dynamic range, and (3) realtime fusion of low-light visible and thermal IR imagery to provide color display of the night scene to the operator in order to enhance situational awareness. This paper compares imagery collected during night driving including: low-light CCD visible imagery, intensified-CCD visible imagery, uncooled long-wave IR imagery, cryogenically cooled mid-wave IR imagery, and visible/IR dual-band imagery fused for gray and color display.
Synthesis of 3′-Fluoro-3′-deoxyadenosine Starting from Adenosine (1990)

A new synthesis of 3′-fluoro-3′-deoxyadenosine is described. Start- ing from adenosine via a suitably protected intermediate by triflate activation and nucleophilic displacement with sodium acetate, the "xylo" epimer is obtained in two cases with different silyl groups protecting the 2′-position. Treatment of the xylo derivatives with diethylaminosulphur trifluoride gives the corresponding 3′-fluoro derivatives with inversion of the configuration. The reaction se- quence affords protected derivatives allowing selective deblocking of the 5′ or 2′-position.
RS and GIS based temporal-spatial variation and multi-factor spatial analysis on nonpoint source pollution (2010)

Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution has become one of the biggest challenges in maintaining water quality and aquatic ecosystems. However, the impacts of topography, land use change, human activities, precipitation etc., make the modeling and control of NPS pollution in temporal and spatial scales difficult. In recent years, the rapid development of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies provide a new research method to investigate into NPS pollution. Since the construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the water flow of the reservoir slows down and the capability of water body self-purification is decreasing, consequently water quality of this area is getting worse due to the NPS pollution. In this paper, a methodology which based on RS and GIS for evaluating the NPS pollution was described and tested on the Ruxi River basin, which is a branch of Yangtze River basin in Three Gorges Project area, Southwestern China. Multi-temporal remote sensing images were used to analyze the variety of long-term land use change. GIS was used to characterize the sub-basins throughout the watershed for changes in land use and analyze multi-factor spatial relationship in NPS pollution. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and a series of water quality data in the field were used to simulate the temporal-spatial features of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). Research results indicate that the impacts of anthropic activities on landscape are intensive to NPS pollution. There is a strong relationship between slope, land cover, distance to the stream channel and NPS pollution.
Prognosis and improved outcomes in major depression: a review (2019)

Treatment outcomes for major depressive disorder (MDD) need to be improved. Presently, no clinically relevant tools have been established for stratifying subgroups or predicting outcomes. This literature review sought to investigate factors closely linked to outcome and summarize existing and novel strategies for improvement. The results show that early recognition and treatment are crucial, as duration of untreated depression correlates with worse outcomes. Early improvement is associated with response and remission, while comorbidities prolong course of illness. Potential biomarkers have been explored, including hippocampal volumes, neuronal activity of the anterior cingulate cortex, and levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and central and peripheral inflammatory markers (e.g., translocator protein (TSPO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)). However, their integration into routine clinical care has not yet been fully elucidated, and more research is needed in this regard. Genetic findings suggest that testing for CYP450 isoenzyme activity may improve treatment outcomes. Strategies such as managing risk factors, improving clinical trial methodology, and designing structured step-by-step treatments are also beneficial. Finally, drawing on existing guidelines, we outline a sequential treatment optimization paradigm for selecting first-, second-, and third-line treatments for acute and chronically ill patients. Well-established treatments such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are clinically relevant for treatment-resistant populations, and novel transcranial stimulation methods such as theta-burst stimulation (TBS) and magnetic seizure therapy (MST) have shown promising results. Novel rapid-acting antidepressants, such as ketamine, may also constitute a paradigm shift in treatment optimization for MDD.
MP‐RAGE subtraction venography: A new technique (1995)

Preliminary evaluation of a new magnetic resonance (MR) venography technique was performed with data sets from five patients undergoing MR imaging of the brain before and after intravenous administration of gadopentetate dimeglumine. Before contrast agent injection, the patients were imaged with MP-RAGE (magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo) and axial turbo T2-weighted sequences. After contrast agent injection, the MP-RAGE sequence was repeated. Images were post-processed with an algorithm that calculates, on a pixel-by-pixel basis, the absolute value of signal intensity of each postcontrast MP-RAGE partition minus that of each precontrast MP-RAGE partition. These subtracted partitions were then subjected to a standard maximum-intensity-projection algorithm to obtain the venogram. In all cases, the new method afforded a high-resolution venogram with clear depiction of venous sinus anatomy. Cortical venous anatomy was also clearly depicted.
Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Activity Is a Marker of Small, Dense LDL Particles in Human Plasma (2005)

Lp-PLA(2) activity, but not the enzyme mass, is a marker of sdLDL in human plasma.
Serving Customers With Automatic Speech Recognition-Human-Factors Issues (1993)

This paper explores the human-factors issues in designing human/machine interfaces employing automatic speech recognition (ASR) technology. It describes how a designer of a product or service who uses this technology must ensure successful interactions between computers and end-users, leading to customer satisfaction and success of the product or service. The paper discusses how ASR technology can support human/machine interactions in telecommunications applications, if the human-factors issues that arise in ASR user-interface (UI) design can be appropriately addressed.
One‐Step Hydrotreatment of Vegetable Oil to Produce High Quality Diesel‐Range Alkanes (2012)

A one-step hydrotreatment of vegetable oil combining deoxygenation and isomerization to directly produce low cloud point, high quality diesel is devised. The Pt/zeolite bifunctional catalysts prepared by using SAPO-11 and ZSM-22 zeolites as supports are used in this process. Catalytic reactions are conducted in a fixed-bed reactor under a hydrogen atmosphere. Over the bifunctional catalyst, 100 % conversion of soybean oil is obtained at 357 °C, 4 MPa, and 1 h(-1), and 80 % organic liquid yield is achieved, which is close to the maximum theoretical liquid yield. In the organic products, the alkanes selectivity is 100 % with an i-alkanes selectivity above 63 %. NH(3)-temperature programmed desorption (TPD), pyridine IR spectroscopy, and other characterization techniques are used to study the effect of the support acidity on the reaction pathway. Over the Pt/zeolite bifunctional catalyst with less strong Lewis acid sites, the reaction proceeds via the decarboxylation plus decarbonylation pathway. This one-step method provides a new strategy to produce low cloud point, high quality diesel from biomass feedstock in a more economic and attractive way.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Physicochemical Properties of Fluorine‐ Graphite Intercalation Compounds (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Nanoscale electrical characterization of thin oxides with conducting atomic force microscopy (1998)

Atomic force microscopy using with a conductive tip and a highly sensitive preamplifier is used for Fowler-Nordheim (FN) current measurements in the sub-pA range on various thin MOS gate and EEPROM tunneling oxides. Simultaneously with the oxide topography, local oxide thinning and electrically weak spots are detected quantitatively on a nanometer scale length in two dimensions. From the FN-fits to the microscopic I-V measurements, the effective area involved in the tunneling process (50-250 nm/sup 2/) and the local oxide thickness can be determined. The microscopic behaviour agrees excellently with macroscopic I-V curves so that the method can be correlated with standard reliability tests. Since the measurements are performed on the bare oxide surface, the method is suitable for in-line monitoring.
Facing the challenge of human-agent negotiations via effective general opponent modeling (2009)

Automated negotiation agents capable of negotiating efficiently with people must deal with the fact that people are diverse in their behavior and each individual might negotiate in a different manner. Thus, automated agents must rely on a good opponent modeling component to model their counterpart and adapt their behavior to their partner. In this paper we present the KBAgent. The KBAgent is an automated negotiator that negotiates with each person only once, and uses past negotiation sessions of others as a knowledge base for general opponent modeling. The database is used to extract the likelihood of acceptance and proposals that may be offered by the opposite side. Experiments conducted with people show that the KBAgent negotiates efficiently with people and even achieves better utility values than another automated negotiator, shown to be efficient in negotiations with people. Moreover, the KBAgent achieves significantly better agreements, in terms of individual utility, than the human counterparts playing the same role.
TIB: A Time Management Algorithm of PDES for Automatically Detecting Concurrency (2009)

Exploiting concurrency is very important for improving the performance of parallel discrete event simulation. In order to exploit more concurrency, a new time management algorithm for parallel discrete event simulation running on multi-core computers is proposed in this paper. It is based on time-index-buffering variable data structure. This structure is used to buffer variable value to increase parallelism. Combined with control algorithm, it can capture before-and-after relationships and detect concurrent events automatically. The new algorithm is robust and with well-organized code. Theoretical analysis shows that in some situations it delivers more concurrent events than traditional conservative synchronization algorithms. The performance is evaluated on multi-core computers. Experimental results demonstrate that if most events in the simulation have heavy computations in contrast to interactions, the new algorithm outperforms the traditional conservative algorithms. A real world application exhibits that the new algorithm is very useful for irregular problems.
Strategic Implications of Global Health (2008)

"Strategic Implications of Global Health" responds to a request from the Undersecretary of State for Democratization and Global Affairs for an intelligence assessment on the connections between health and U.S. national interests. This study builds on a 2000 NIE, "The Global Infectious Disease Threat and its Implications for the United States," a pioneering Intelligence Community effort to identify infectious disease as an intelligence issue. This study diverges from that paper, however, in that it expands the field of inquiry to fully encompass all aspects of global health, including maternal mortality, malnutrition, chronic diseases, and other relevant noninfectious health issues. While these may not represent direct threats to U.S. interests in the way that acute infections do, these health determinants can also have wide-ranging -- if more slow-moving and subtle -- impacts on the global scene. This study places a greater focus on the strategic impacts of global health, with minimal discussion of disease pathologies. This discussion is based in part on case studies of countries in the developing, communist, and post-communist worlds that illustrate the nexus between health and other strategic issues. Many of the phenomena examined herein are occurring now, but are frequently unrecognized or unacknowledged outside the health community. Current WHO data indicate that three-quarters of all deaths by 2030 will be due to noncommunicable factors (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and traffic accidents), while deaths due to major infections such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria will decline sharply even in the poorest countries. Although this is in a way a good news story -- indicative of economic development worldwide -- it also requires new ways of thinking about both global health and its strategic implications. Case studies of Afghanistan, Brazil, China, Cuba, India, Iran, Iraq, Mexico, Nigeria, North Korea, Russia, and South Africa are included.
3-D shape recovery of hybrid reflectance surface using indirect diffuse illumination (2002)

To recover 3-D shapes, a new algorithm which is based on the hybrid reflectance model and the indirect diffuse illumination method is presented. The photometric stereo method (PSM) is modified with the indirect diffuse illumination method (IDIM). We derive the surface reflectance function for a disk-type light source and make the 3-D reference table generated by applying the derived surface reflectance function to the hemisphere. The slant and tilt angle at each point of the intensity images which are the inputs for the algorithm is determined from the 3-D reference table. Finally, the 3-D shape of objects is recovered from the needle map.
Form and Vision (2001)

This exhibition was the first public presentation and culmination of a consistent series of works made charting rigorous research in the studio between 1999-2001. It explored a systematic structuring and ordering of elements within and beyond the picture plane, investigation of colour in relation to two and three-dimensional structure, relationships between symmetrical and asymmetrical form, and illusion and reality in abstract pictorial representation of space. 

The exhibition marked a significant development in my work with the compression of real three-dimensional structures into a quasi two-dimensional form, allowing for interplay and experimentation between sculptural and pictorial form challenging preconceived notions of how we view surface, volume and void. Allowing the image to define its own edge rather than be prescribed by a picture-window frame imparts an architectonic quality to the work with light becoming a structural element within the reading of each piece.

The work in the exhibition also explored the relationship between monochromatic and polychromatic invention, and how this challenges perception of space with particular reference to depth and volume. 

The work is informed by a desire to make real that which is visually illusional, with conscious reference to Native American, African and Japanese abstraction but is ultimately formed by a synthesis of experience gained by the processes of looking, making, study and interpretation.
Effect of Enzyme Replacement Therapy With Imiglucerase on BMD in Type 1 Gaucher Disease (2006)

ERT with imiglucerase (Cerezyme) may increase BMD in patients with GD. Response to treatment with imiglucerase is slower for BMD than for hematologic and visceral aspects of GD. A normal (age- and sex-adjusted) BMD should be a therapeutic goal for patients with type 1 GD.
Dynamic association for load balancing and interference avoidance in multi-cell networks (2009)

Next-generation cellular networks will provide higher cell capacity by adopting advanced physical layer techniques and broader bandwidth. Even in such networks, boundary users would suffer from low throughput due to severe intercell interference and unbalanced user distributions among cells, unless additional schemes to mitigate this problem are employed. In this paper, we tackle this problem by jointly optimizing partial frequency reuse and load-balancing schemes in a multicell network. We formulate this problem as a network-wide utility maximization problem and propose optimal offline and practical online algorithms to solve this. Our online algorithm turns out to be a simple mixture of inter- and intra-cell handover mechanisms for existing users and user association control and cell-site selection mechanisms for newly arriving users. A remarkable feature of the proposed algorithm is that it uses a notion of expected throughput as the decision making metric, as opposed to signal strength in conventional systems. Extensive simulations demonstrate that our online algorithm can not only closely approximate network-wide proportional fairness but also provide two types of gain, interference avoidance gain and load balancing gain, which yield 20∼100% throughput improvement of boundary users (depending on traffic load distribution), while not penalizing total system throughput.We also demonstrate that this improvement cannot be achieved by conventional systems using universal frequency reuse and signal strength as the decision making metric.