gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ca<sup>2+</sup>‐dependent proteolysis of junctophilin‐1 and junctophilin‐2 in skeletal and cardiac muscle (2012)

Excessive increases in intracellular [Ca(2+)] in skeletal muscle fibres cause failure of excitation-contraction coupling by disrupting communication between the dihydropyridine receptors in the transverse tubular system and the Ca(2+) release channels (RyRs) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), but the exact mechanism is unknown. Previous work suggested a possible role of Ca(2+)-dependent proteolysis in this uncoupling process but found no proteolysis of the dihydropyridine receptors, RyRs or triadin. Junctophilin-1 (JP1; ∼90 kDa) stabilizes close apposition of the transverse tubular system and SR membranes in adult skeletal muscle; its C-terminal end is embedded in the SR and its N-terminal associates with the transverse tubular system membrane. Exposure of skeletal muscle homogenates to precisely set [Ca(2+)] revealed that JP1 undergoes Ca(2+)-dependent proteolysis over the physiological [Ca(2+)] range in tandem with autolytic activation of endogenous μ-calpain. Cleavage of JP1 occurs close to the C-terminal, yielding a ∼75 kDa diffusible fragment and a fixed ∼15 kDa fragment. Depolarization-induced force responses in rat skinned fibres were abolished following 1 min exposure to 40 μm Ca(2+), with accompanying loss of full-length JP1. Supraphysiological stimulation of rat skeletal muscle in vitro by repeated tetanic stimulation in 30 mm caffeine also produced marked proteolysis of JP1 (and not RyR1). In dystrophic mdx mice, JP1 proteolysis is seen in limb muscles at 4 and not at 10 weeks of age. Junctophilin-2 in cardiac and skeletal muscle also undergoes Ca(2+)-dependent proteolysis, and junctophilin-2 levels are reduced following cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion. Junctophilin proteolysis may contribute to skeletal muscle weakness and cardiac dysfunction in a range of circumstances.
Interaction of the DNA‐binding domain of <i>Drosophila</i> heat shock factor with its cognate DNA site: A thermodynamic analysis using analytical ultracentrifugation (1994)

Heat shock transcription factor (HSF) mediates the activation of heat shock genes by binding to its cognate sites with high affinity and specificity. The high-affinity binding of HSF is dependent on the formation of an HSF homotrimer, which interacts specifically with the heat shock response element (HSE), comprised of 3 inverted repeats of the 5-bp sequence NGAAN. In order to investigate the thermodynamic basis of the interaction between HSF and HSE, we have overexpressed and purified a polypeptide (dHSF(33-163)) encompassing only the DNA-binding domain of HSF from Drosophila and analyzed its binding to DNA by equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation using a multiwavelength scan technique. We demonstrate that dHSF(33-163) can bind as a monomer with 1:1 stoichiometry to a synthetic 13-bp DNA containing a single NGAAN sequence. The values of the thermodynamic parameters obtained from the temperature dependence of the equilibrium binding constants indicate that the changes of free energy for the binding of dHSF(33-163) to the wild-type site and a mutant DNA site are predominantly characterized by substantial negative changes of enthalpy. Binding to the wild-type DNA is characterized by a significant positive change of entropy, whereas binding to the mutant DNA is distinguished by a negative change of entropy of comparable magnitude. The binding to the mutant DNA was also highly sensitive to increasing salt concentrations, indicating a dominance of ionic interactions. The sequence-specific, 1:1 binding of dHSF(33-163) to the NGAAN sequence provides a basis for the analysis of higher order interactions between HSF trimers and the HSE.
Effect of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Bone Healing (2010)

Nonspecific and COX-2 selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) function by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase isoenzymes and effectively reduce pain and inflammation attributed to acute or chronic musculoskeletal pathologies. However, use of NSAIDs as an analgesic is thought to negatively contribute to bone healing. This review strived to provide a thorough unbiased analysis of the current research conducted on animals and humans regarding NSAIDs and their effect on bone healing. Specifically, this review discusses the role of animal models, dosing regiments, and outcome parameters when examining discrepancies about NSAIDS and their effects on bone regeneration. The role of COX-2 in bone regeneration needs to be better defined in order to further elucidate the impact of NSAIDs on bone healing.
A Link to the IRS (1995)

Taxlink, the Internal Revenue Service program for collecting federal depository taxes electronically, is replacing the coupon (paper) system employers now use to make such deposits. In operation since December 1993, Taxlink allows employment, excise and corporate income taxes to be paid by electronic funds transfer (EFT). There are nearly 25,000 participants, including 800 mandated taxpayers. Neiland Cohen, a tax consultant and enrolled agent in Milwaukee, explains how the new system works. Under the terms of the North American Free Trade Agreement, the IRS was mandated to create a new EFT system so funds from a taxpayer's bank account could be transferred electronically to the U.S. Treasury's general account. The IRS developed Taxlink to meet this mandate. The current coupon system will be phased out through fiscal year 1999. Taxlink is similar to the EFT system already used for payroll checks, Social Security and veterans benefits and automatic loan payments. The IRS is using the same Automated Clearing House (ACH) network. Internal Revenue Code section 6302(h) has been revised to provide for a mandatory electronic federal tax payment system. Temporary regulations section 31.6302-1T(h) includes EFT deposit requirements. Details on how the IRS will accept and process EFT payments are explained in revenue procedure 94-48. Instructions on how to abate the penalty for failing to make a timely deposit are discussed in revenue ruling 94-46. The paper filing system requires taxpayers to fill out a federal depository taxes coupon (form 8109), write a check and take the paperwork to the bank. Taxlink eliminates trips to the bank, standing in line and the need to write checks and fill out coupons. Tax returns still must be filed on time. WHO MUST PARTICIPATE? The regulations require taxpayers meeting certain thresholds to begin paying federal depository taxes electronically by a certain date. The threshold amounts shown in the exhibit on page 36 are for employment taxes but trigger a requirement to pay all federal depository taxes electronically. Taxpayers can participate in Taxlink voluntarily before they are required to do so. This will help entities evaluate the new system's impact on their businesses and make any necessary adjustments. Early volunteers can revert to coupon payments, if necessary, until that date. Once a taxpayer is required to pay electronically, however, it cannot revert to coupons even if its deposits drop below the threshold amount. HOW IT WORKS EFT is accomplished either by telephone or by computer. Taxpayers can choose one of two payment options: ACH debit or ACH credit. Both methods require payments to be made one day before the tax payment due date. ACH debit. This option offers different reporting methods all through 800 telephone lines at the IRS financial agents. These agents initiate the debit after the taxpayer reports; funds are debited the following day. * Voice response system. Callers answer a sequence of recorded questions by pressing the appropriate numbers on a Touch-Tone telephone. …
Measurements of higher order mode in an X band accelerator (1998)

In this paper, a cage of metallic wires is used as a perturbing object to measure the longitudinal electric fields of higher order modes (HOMs) in an X-Band accelerating structure. The cage is made by sputtering copper film onto nylon thread through a specially designed fixture. The &quot;form factors &quot; of cage are calibrated in a pillbox cavity. By using of a cage and a cylinder, the longitudinal electrical fields on TM110 mode in an X-Band accelerating structure are determined by perturbation technique. This results are compared with the calculated ones from URMELT code. And the measurements with cage produce the true field profiles. 1.
Colour and Tolerance of Preferred Skin Colours (2010)

Skin tone has been an active research subject in preferred colour reproduction of photographic images. There is a consistent conclusion that preferred skin colours are different from actual skin colours. However, results about preferred skin colours from different reports are not consistent. To enhance skin colours of photographic images reliably, psychophysical experiments were conducted to determine preferred skin colours for preferred colour reproduction. Inter-observer variation and tolerance of preferred skin colours were analyzed as well.
The <i>Mycobacterium leprae</i> genome: systematic sequence analysis identifies key catabolic enzymes, ATP‐dependent transport systems and a novel <i>polA</i> locus associated with genomic variability (1995)

In the framework of the mycobacterial genome sequencing project, a continuous 37,049 bp sequence from the Mycobacterium leprae chromosome has been determined. Computer analysis revealed 10 complete open reading frames, and nine of their products show similarity to known proteins. Seven of these were identified as the enzyme isocitrate lyase, two P-type ATPase cation transporters, two AMP-binding proteins, the ribosomal protein S1, and DNA polymerase I. Interestingly, the polA gene, encoding DNA polymerase, is flanked by two inverted copies of a new class of the M. leprae specific repetitive sequence, RLEP, and this structure resembles a transposable element. A second copy of this element was found at another locus in the genome, but the two copies were not present in equal amounts and could not be found in all isolates of M. leprae. This is the first evidence for genomic variability in the leprosy bacillus and might ultimately be useful for developing a molecular test capable of distinguishing between strains of M. leprae.
The Measurement of Small Surface Areas by the B.E.T. Adsorption Method<sup>1</sup> (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Measurement of Small Surface Areas by the B.E.T. Adsorption Method1P. Chènebault and A. SchürenkämperCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1965, 69, 7, 2300–2305Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100891a027https://doi.org/10.1021/j100891a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views407Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Writing in the Air: Contributions of Finger Movement to Cognitive Processing (2015)

The present study investigated the interactions between motor action and cognitive processing with particular reference to kanji-culture individuals. Kanji-culture individuals often move their finger as if they are writing when they are solving cognitive tasks, for example, when they try to recall the spelling of English words. This behavior is called kusho, meaning air-writing in Japanese. However, its functional role is still unknown. To reveal the role of kusho behavior in cognitive processing, we conducted a series of experiments, employing two different cognitive tasks, a construction task and a stroke count task. To distinguish the effects of the kinetic aspects of kusho behavior, we set three hand conditions in the tasks; participants were instructed to use either kusho, unrelated finger movements or do nothing during the response time. To isolate possible visual effects, two visual conditions in which participants saw their hand and the other in which they did not, were introduced. We used the number of correct responses and response time as measures of the task performance. The results showed that kusho behavior has different functional roles in the two types of cognitive tasks. In the construction task, the visual feedback from finger movement facilitated identifying a character, whereas the kinetic feedback or motor commands for the behavior did not help to solve the task. In the stroke count task, by contrast, the kinetic aspects of the finger movements influenced counting performance depending on the type of the finger movement. Regardless of the visual condition, kusho behavior improved task performance and unrelated finger movements degraded it. These results indicated that motor behavior contributes to cognitive processes. We discussed possible mechanisms of the modality dependent contribution. These findings might lead to better understanding of the complex interaction between action and cognition in daily life.
CD24 knockout prevents colorectal cancer in chemically induced colon carcinogenesis and in APC<sup>Min</sup>/CD24 double knockout transgenic mice (2014)

Increased expression of CD24 is seen in a large variety of solid tumors, including up to 90% of gastrointestinal (GI) tumors. Stable derivatives of SW480 colorectal cancer (CRC) cells that overexpress CD24 proliferate faster, and increase cell motility, saturation density, plating efficiency, and growth in soft agar. They also produce larger tumors in nude mice as compared to the parental SW480 cells. Most significantly, even depletion of one copy of the CD24 allele in the APC(Min/+) mice of a transgenic mouse model led to a dramatic reduction in tumor burden in all sections of the small intestine. Homozygous deletion of both CD24 alleles resulted in complete abolishment of tumor formation. Moreover, CD24 knockout mice exhibited resistance to chemically induced inflammation-associated CRC. Finally, a new signal transduction pathway is suggested: namely, CD24 expression downstream to COX2 and PGE2 synthesis, which is directly regulated by β-catenin. CD24 is shown in vitro and in vivo as being an important oncogene in the gut, and one that plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of carcinogenesis.
Mitochondria as a Potential Regulator of Myogenesis (2013)

Recent studies have shown that mitochondria play a role in the regulation of myogenesis. Indeed, the abundance, morphology, and functional properties of mitochondria become altered when the myoblasts differentiate into myotubes. For example, mitochondrial mass/volume, mtDNA copy number, and mitochondrial respiration are markedly increased after the onset of myogenic differentiation. Besides, mitochondrial enzyme activity is also increased, suggesting that the metabolic shift from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation as the major energy source occurs during myogenic differentiation. Several lines of evidence suggest that impairment of mitochondrial function and activity blocks myogenic differentiation. However, yet little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of myogenesis by mitochondria. Understanding how mitochondria are involved in myogenesis will provide a valuable insight into the underlying mechanisms that regulate the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of mitochondria as a potential regulator of myogenesis.
Organotypic vasculature: From descriptive heterogeneity to functional pathophysiology (2017)

Blood vessels form one of the body's largest surfaces, serving as a critical interface between the circulation and the different organ environments. They thereby exert gatekeeper functions on tissue homeostasis and adaptation to pathologic challenge. Vascular control of the tissue microenvironment is indispensable in development, hemostasis, inflammation, and metabolism, as well as in cancer and metastasis. This multitude of vascular functions is mediated by organ-specifically differentiated endothelial cells (ECs), whose cellular and molecular heterogeneity has long been recognized. Yet distinct organotypic functional attributes and the molecular mechanisms controlling EC differentiation and vascular bed-specific functions have only become known in recent years. Considering the involvement of vascular dysfunction in numerous chronic and life-threatening diseases, a better molecular understanding of organotypic vasculatures may pave the way toward novel angiotargeted treatments to cure hitherto intractable diseases. This Review summarizes recent progress in the understanding of organotypic vascular differentiation and function.
Equihash: Asymmetric Proof-of-Work Based on the Generalized Birthday Problem (2017)

Proof-of-work is a central concept in modern cryptocurrencies and denial-ofservice protection tools, but the requirement for fast verification so far has made it an easy prey for GPU-, ASIC-, and botnet-equipped users. The attempts to rely on memory-intensive computations in order to remedy the disparity between architectures have resulted in slow or broken schemes. In this paper we solve this open problem and show how to construct an asymmetric proof-of-work (PoW) based on a computationally-hard problem, which requires a great deal of memory to generate a proof (called a ”memory-hardness” feature) but is instant to verify. Our primary proposal, Equihash, is a PoW based on the generalized birthday problem and enhanced Wagner’s algorithm for it. We introduce the new technique of algorithm binding to prevent cost amortization and demonstrate that possible parallel implementations are constrained by memory bandwidth. Our scheme has tunable and steep time-space tradeoffs, which impose large computational penalties if less memory is used. Our solution is practical and ready to deploy: a reference implementation of a proof-of-work requiring 700 MB of RAM runs in 15 seconds on a 2.1 GHz CPU, increases the computations by a factor of 1000 if memory is halved, and presents a proof of just 120 bytes long.
Speciation of arsenic compounds by ion-exchange HPLC-ICP-MS with different nebulizers (2000)

For the purpose of environmental biomonitoring analytical procedures for the sensitive and efficient speciation of the arsenic species As(III), As(V), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO), tetramethylarsonium ion (Tetra), arsenobetaine and arsenocholine have been optimized. The influence of different nebulizers, in particular cross flow and hydraulic high pressure, on the analytical performance and quality parameters such as limit of detection and reproducibility was investigated. LODs in the range of a few pg or even below were achieved. The HPLC-ICP-MS procedures were validated by using reference materials.
The College Viewpoint (2001)

Our changing health care environment presents new challenges to the surgical profession. This article examines those concerns, including strains on surgeons' professional values, financial pressures resulting from federal laws and regulations, the expansion of managed care, and demands for improved continuing education opportunities. This article illustrates how the American College of Surgeons has been helping surgeons cope with the shifts in balance taking place around them. It further highlights how the American College of Surgeons is moving forward in all areas of concern to surgeons by promoting standards for surgical care, educating third-party payors about the effects of financial constraints, expanding its educational programs, and seeking innovative methods to fulfill its mission.
On Local Spatial Outliers (2005)

We propose a measure, spatial local outlier measure (SLOM) which captures the local behaviour of datum in their spatial neighborhood. With the help of SLOM, we are able to discern local spatial outliers which are usually missed by global techniques like "three standard deviations away from the mean". Furthermore, the measure takes into account the local stability around a data point and supresses the reporting of outliers in highly unstable areas, where data is too heterogeneous and the notion of outliers is not meaningful. We prove several properties of SLOM and report experiments on synthetic and real data sets which show that our approach is scalable to large data sets.
<i>N</i> ‐acetylcysteine reduces disease activity by blocking mammalian target of rapamycin in T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial (2012)

This pilot study suggests that NAC safely improves lupus disease activity by blocking mTOR in T lymphocytes.
Mechanism by which a recently discovered allosteric inhibitor blocks glutamine metabolism in transformed cells (2014)

The mitochondrial enzyme glutaminase C (GAC) catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate plus ammonia, a key step in the metabolism of glutamine by cancer cells. Recently, we discovered a class of allosteric inhibitors of GAC that inhibit cancer cell growth without affecting their normal cellular counterparts, with the lead compound being the bromo-benzophenanthridinone 968. Here, we take advantage of mouse embryonic fibroblasts transformed by oncogenic Dbl, which hyperactivates Rho GTPases, together with (13)C-labeled glutamine and stable-isotope tracing methods, to establish that 968 selectively blocks the enhancement in glutaminolysis necessary for satisfying the glutamine addiction of cancer cells. We then determine how 968 inhibits the catalytic activity of GAC. First, we developed a FRET assay to examine the effects of 968 on the ability of GAC to undergo the dimer-to-tetramer transition necessary for enzyme activation. We next demonstrate how the fluorescence of a reporter group attached to GAC provides a direct read-out of the binding of 968 and related compounds to the enzyme. By combining these fluorescence assays with newly developed GAC mutants trapped in either the monomeric or dimeric state, we show that 968 has the highest affinity for monomeric GAC and that the dose-dependent binding of 968 to GAC monomers directly matches its dose-dependent inhibition of enzyme activity and cellular transformation. Together, these findings highlight the requirement of tetramer formation as the mechanism of GAC activation and shed new light on how a distinct class of allosteric GAC inhibitors impacts the metabolic program of transformed cells.
Application of the multilevel single-linkage method to one-dimensional electromagnetic inverse scattering problem (1999)

An inverse scattering method for the reconstruction of the permittivity and conductivity profiles of a multilayered medium and for that of the impedance profile of a nonuniform transmission line is proposed. The inversion is based on the global minimization of an objective function by the multilevel single-linkage method. The objective function is defined as the mean-square error between the measured data and the data obtained from the solution of the forward problem. An exact formulation for the gradient of the objective function in closed form is derived. The necessary condition for the unique solution of the inverse problem of a nonuniform transmission line is discussed. Reconstruction examples using both experimental and noisy synthetic data are presented.