gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mutational Processes Molding the Genomes of 21 Breast Cancers (2012)

All cancers carry somatic mutations. The patterns of mutation in cancer genomes reflect the DNA damage and repair processes to which cancer cells and their precursors have been exposed. To explore these mechanisms further, we generated catalogs of somatic mutation from 21 breast cancers and applied mathematical methods to extract mutational signatures of the underlying processes. Multiple distinct single- and double-nucleotide substitution signatures were discernible. Cancers with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations exhibited a characteristic combination of substitution mutation signatures and a distinctive profile of deletions. Complex relationships between somatic mutation prevalence and transcription were detected. A remarkable phenomenon of localized hypermutation, termed "kataegis," was observed. Regions of kataegis differed between cancers but usually colocalized with somatic rearrangements. Base substitutions in these regions were almost exclusively of cytosine at TpC dinucleotides. The mechanisms underlying most of these mutational signatures are unknown. However, a role for the APOBEC family of cytidine deaminases is proposed.
Charge control: modeling, analysis, and design (1993)

There are many ways to use the inductor current of a PWM converter as part of its feedback control mechanism. A simple and widely used method is peak current-mode control which uses the instantaneous inductor current as part of the control signals. Charge control is a special type of current-mode control. It uses the integration of the on-time inductor current as the feedback control signal. The characteristics of charge control are studied. A complete small-signal analysis is performed for the control scheme. Subharmonic oscillation similar to that of peak current-mode control is found, and the relationship between subharmonic oscillation and the line/load condition of charge control is defined. Based on the analysis, design guidelines which guarantee the stability of the control system under given line and load ranges are proposed. The small-signal model was confirmed experimentally.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Female Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA Mice Exhibit Hyperactivity and a Reduced Sense of Danger in the Open Field Test (2011)

Reliable behavioural tests in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases allow us to study the natural history of disease and evaluate the efficacy of novel therapies. Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA (MPS IIIA or Sanfilippo A), is a severe, neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency in the heparan sulphate catabolising enzyme, sulfamidase. Undegraded heparan sulphate accumulates, resulting in lysosomal enlargement and cellular dysfunction. Patients suffer a progressive loss of motor and cognitive function with severe behavioural manifestations and premature death. There is currently no treatment. A spontaneously occurring mouse model of the disease has been described, that has approximately 3% of normal enzyme activity levels. Behavioural phenotyping of the MPS IIIA mouse has been previously reported, but the results are conflicting and variable, even after full backcrossing to the C57BL/6 background. Therefore we have independently backcrossed the MPS IIIA model onto the C57BL/6J background and evaluated the behaviour of male and female MPS IIIA mice at 4, 6 and 8 months of age using the open field test, elevated plus maze, inverted screen and horizontal bar crossing at the same circadian time point. Using a 60 minute open field, we have demonstrated that female MPS IIIA mice are hyperactive, have a longer path length, display rapid exploratory behaviour and spend less time immobile than WT mice. Female MPS IIIA mice also display a reduced sense of danger and spend more time in the centre of the open field. There were no significant differences found between male WT and MPS IIIA mice and no differences in neuromuscular strength were seen with either sex. The altered natural history of behaviour that we observe in the MPS IIIA mouse will allow more accurate evaluation of novel therapeutics for MPS IIIA and potentially other neurodegenerative disorders.
Inheritance of chromatin states (1994)

The packaging of regulatory DNA within the eukaryotic chromosome has considerable potential not only for modulating the transcriptional activity of genes, but also for propagating states that are permissive or restrictive for transcription. Sequence-specific transcription factors, histones and their modifications, chromodomain proteins and enzymes that modify histones, DNA methylation and proteins that recognize methylated DNA could all play independent or interrelated roles in regulating gene activity. They all also have the potential of propagating their interactions with nascent DNA following replication. However, observations on the phenomenon of X chromosome inactivation suggest that the formation and stability of specific histone-DNA interactions through replication may be central to the inheritance of chromatin states, and that other molecular mechanisms have supporting roles. The future offers the exciting prospect of reconstructing the propagation of stable active or repressed chromatin states in vitro, and consequently understanding the events occurring at the replication fork in molecular detail.
Percolation Analysis of Electrical Conductivity and Mechanical Properties for CNT-Dispersed Y-TZP Nanocomposites (2006)

Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with a diameter of 20-30 nm were dispersed as a conductive phase into yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (3Y-TZP) to add electrical conductivity. The 3Y-TZP/MWCNT nanocomposites were fabricated by pressureless sintering under inert atmosphere. Electrical conductive function was successfully introduced by small amount of CNT addition. Critical volume fraction of the conductive phase for the percolation was analyzed and was found to be 0.390 vol% of CNT, which was much smaller than that for nano-sized carbon black dispersed 3Y-TZP (2.55 vol%). Microstructural investigation revealed that dispersed CNTs formed continuous 3-dimensional nano-network within the 3Y-TZP matrix, that contributed to the excellent conductive properties. Fracture strength was not improved much, while fracture toughness was increased by the CNT addition, due mainly to its crack bridging and/or pull-out mechanisms. It was considered that the use of anisotropic nano-sized conductive phase is advantageous to obtain electrically functionalized nanocomposite ceramics.
An Electromotive Force Study of Lower Oxidation States of Lead, Cadmium, and Tin in Molten NaAlCl<sub>4</sub> (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAn Electromotive Force Study of Lower Oxidation States of Lead, Cadmium, and Tin in Molten NaAlCl4Theodore C. F. Munday and John D. CorbettCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1966, 5, 7, 1263–1268Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50041a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50041a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views117Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Deletion mapping of sequences essential for in vivo transcription of the iso-1-cytochrome c gene. (1981)

The 5' termini of yeast CYC1 RNA molecules have been mapped, by nuclease S1 digestion of mRNA . DNA duplexes, to seven locations from 29 to 93 base pairs upstream from the initiating ATG codon. When the CYC1 gene is introduced into yeast in plasmid YEp13, substantially the same transcripts are made. Using this system to study in vivo gene expression, we measured the capacity of enzymatically produced DNA deletions to form the normal set of RNAs. Four regions of 5'-flanking DNA were identified as functional. Sequences within the region -242 to -139 are required for maximal CYC1 transcript formation; their deletion reduces transcription by a factor of 15 but does not change the pattern of 5' ends observed. Deletion of the sequence between -242 and -99 does not further change the overall transcript level but does affect the specificity of CYC1 mRNA starting. A deletion that extends from -242 to -75 causes both an additional shift in the pattern of 5' ends observed and a further large decrease (factor of 10--20) in CYC1 RNA level. Deletions that extend from -242 to -43, and particularly two deletions that extend still closer to the initiating ATG, cause the appearance of an abundant transcript which starts upstream of position -1078 and of minor transcripts starting in the region -325 to -245.
Abnormalities of SNARE Mechanism Proteins in Anterior Frontal Cortex in Severe Mental Illness (2002)

A fundamental molecular component of neural connectivity is the SNARE (SNAP receptor) protein complex, which consists of three proteins, syntaxin, SNAP-25 and VAMP. Under appropriate conditions, the SNARE complex can be formed in vitro. To investigate the hypothesis that dysregulation of SNARE proteins or their interactions could be abnormal in severe mental disorders, the three SNARE proteins and the complex were studied in post-mortem anterior frontal cortex homogenates. An ELISA was used to quantify SNARE protein immunoreactivities in cortical homogenates from four groups: patients with schizophrenia who died of causes other than suicide (n = 6), patients with schizophrenia and suicide (n = 7), patients with depression and suicide (n = 11), and controls (n = 11). Differences between groups in patterns of SNARE protein immuno-reactivities were demonstrated [Wilks' Lambda F(9,68) = 3.57, P = 0.001]. Protein-by-protein analyses indicated a significant reduction in SNAP-25 immunoreactivity in the schizophrenia non-suicide group [28% decrease relative to controls, F(3,31) = 6.45, P = 0.002, Student-Newman-Keuls test, P < 0.01]. The intercorrelations between SNARE protein and synaptophysin immunoreactivities were high in controls, but lower in the other groups, further indicating disturbances in relationships between these proteins. The extent of SNARE complex formation in vitro was studied using immuno-blotting. Significant differences related to group membership were observed for the SNARE complexes identified by SNAP-25 [Wilks' Lambda F(3,31) = 4.76, P = 0.008] and by syntaxin immunostaining [Wilks' Lambda F(3,31) = 9.16, P = 0.0002]. In both groups with suicide as a cause of death, relatively more SNAP-25 and syntaxin was present in the heterotrimeric SNARE complex than in other molecular forms. These abnormalities in the SNARE complex could represent a molecular substrate for abnormalities of neural connectivity in severe mental disorders.
A System for the Separation of the Components of Human Blood: Quantitative Procedures for the Separation of the Protein Components of Human Plasma<sup>1a,b,c</sup> (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA System for the Separation of the Components of Human Blood: Quantitative Procedures for the Separation of the Protein Components of Human Plasma1a,b,cE. J. Cohn, F. R. N. Gurd, D. M. Surgenor, B. A. Barnes, R. K. Brown, G. Derouaux, J. M. Gillespie, F. W. Kahnt, W. F. Lever, C. H. Liu, D. Mittelman, R. F. Mouton, K. Schmid, and E. UromaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 1, 465–474Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01157a122https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01157a122research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1322Altmetric-Citations440LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
NREL/SNL photovoltaics program review, proceedings of the 14th conference - a joint meeting, Lakewood, Colorado, November 1996 (1997)

This volume, a NREL/SNL photovoltaics programme review, is intended for research and design engineers and physicists involved in alternate sources of energy, and materials scientists.
Preparation of thermostable poly(ethylene glycol) using thermal treatment in sealed system (2000)

A rapid method is described for preparation of support - bonded Carbowax 20M columns packing using a conventional furnace to heat the packing. Solvent extraction of the stationary phase removes the non-immobilized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) from the support and the difference between final and initial weight provides the total percent extracted and, consequently, the total percent immobilized. Treatment of the packing material at 250 °C for 10 h. reveals that the immobilization reduces the material activity and increases the plates number (N) and resolution (Rs) while the retention factor (k) is decreased. Thus, separations with this treated column are faster and display higher efficiency.
Low-loss, high-power, broadband GaAs MMIC multi-bit digital attenuators with on-chip TTL drivers (2002)

The design and performance of low-loss, high-power, multi-bit GaAs MMIC digital attenuators are presented. A four-bit digital attenuator with 1 dB steps, operating from DC to 6 GHz, has a maximum 2 dB insertion loss at 6 GHz and 85 degrees C. A two-bit digital attenuator covering DC to 2 GHz in 16 dB steps has 0.9 dB insertion loss at 2 GHz. The chip size for both of these attenuators is 48*48 mils including on-chip digital decoders. The attenuators are capable of handling greater than 23 dBm of input power at any attenuation level, and the return loss across the band is better than 18 dB.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Electron and energy transfer through bridged systems. 6. Molecular switches: the critical field in electric field activated bistable molecules (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectron and energy transfer through bridged systems. 6. Molecular switches: the critical field in electric field activated bistable moleculesNoel S. Hush, Adrian T. Wong, George B. Bacskay, and Jeffrey R. ReimersCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 11, 4192–4197Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00167a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00167a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views314Altmetric-Citations85LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Needleless Connectors (2010)

Within the past 20 years there has been an explosion of devices designed to allow connection of multiple intravenous sets and catheter hubs without the use of needles. Currently, the number of devices, their internal and external designs, and their functions can be quite confusing. There is a lack of clear definitions and terminology universally accepted by all professionals involved, leading to additional confusion. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the many types of technological designs, clarify the characteristics, and recommend clear and concise definitions.
Guanidine hydrochloride extraction and detection of prion proteins in mouse and hamster prion diseases by ELISA (2003)

Current detection of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) relies on the proteolytic generation of a protease-resistant core from the scrapie isoform of prion protein (PrP(Sc)) followed by immunoblotting. This process is non-quantitative, time-consuming, and technically demanding. Recently, an alternative in vitro test for TSE based on the differential extraction of brain homogenates using guanidine hydrochloride followed by DELFIA (Dissociation Enhanced Lanthanide FluoroImmunoAssay) has been developed. In the present study, this approach was adopted using a panel of anti-PrP monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in conventional sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to investigate hamster and two distinct strains of mouse prion diseases. Although PrP species were present in both soluble and insoluble fractions from normal as well as TSE samples, only the PrP species in the insoluble fractions from the latter samples were protease-resistant. In addition, certain anti-PrP MAb pairs could distinguish the PrP species in infected brains from those in the normal samples. The ability to differentiate disease-associated PrP isoforms without proteinase K digestion could serve as a panacea for developing a reliable and rapid diagnostic test for prion diseases.
DISSEMINATION (1967)

Clay, John L.1; Maretzki, Andrew2; Librarian, H. Bier3; Belcn-lndong, Minerva M.D4 Natl. Lending Lib. for Science and Technology Boston Spa, Yorkshire, England Author Information
Thermoelectromechanical refrigeration based on transient thermoelectric effects (1999)

This letter introduces the concept of a thermoelectromechanical cooler (TEMC), which modifies a traditional thermoelectric cooler (TEC) by using intermittent contact of a mechanical element synchronized with an applied pulsed current. Using Bi2Te3 as the thermoelectric material, it is predicted that the maximum temperature drop across a TEMC operated under zero applied heat flux is about 35% higher than that of a TEC. This effectively increases the thermoelectric figure of merit for maximum temperature differential applications by a factor of 1.8.
Cover Image, Volume 53, Number 8, August 2018 (2018)

The cover image, by Vered Nir MD et al., is based on the Original Article: Diagnostic Testing The effect of medical clowns on performance of spirometry among preschool aged children, DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24003.
Towards natural question guided search (2010)

Web search is generally motivated by an information need. Since asking well-formulated questions is the fastest and the most natural way to obtain information for human beings, almost all queries posed to search engines correspond to some underlying questions, which reflect the user's information need. Accurate determination of these questions may substantially improve the quality of search results and usability of search interfaces. In this paper, we propose a new framework for question-guided search, in which a retrieval system would automatically generate potentially interesting questions to users based on the search results of a query. Since the answers to such questions are known to exist in the search results, these questions can potentially guide users directly to the answers that they are looking for, eliminating the need to scan the documents in the result list. Moreover, in case of imprecise or ambiguous queries, automatically generated questions can naturally engage users into a feedback cycle to refine their information need and guide them towards their search goals. Implementation of the proposed strategy raises new challenges in content indexing, question generation, ranking and feedback. We propose new methods to address these challenges and evaluated them with a prototype system on a subset of Wikipedia. Evaluation results show the promise of this new question-guided search strategy.
Switching LMS linear turbo equalization (2004)

Turbo equalization using linear filters for data detection has been shown to perform nearly as well as those based on the original maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) detection approach. Such linear equalization methods have taken on many forms in the literature, from simple least-mean-square (LMS)-based adaptive filtering approaches, to minimum mean square error (MMSE)-based methods that are recursively computed for each output symbol for each iteration. In this paper, we consider a class of turbo equalization algorithms in which complexity requirements dictate that a fixed set of filter coefficients must be used for all symbols and for all iterations. By computing one such set of coefficients via the LMS algorithm assuming unreliable soft information, and another set assuming highly reliable soft information, we show that a switching strategy can be employed, nearly achieving the performance of recomputing the coefficients at each iteration.
T-Cell-Priming Characteristics of Modified Timothy Grass Pollen Antigen B (1980)

Previous studies demonstrated that antigen B (AgB), a major antigen of timothy grass pollen, modified by photooxidation (Ox-AgB), does not react with rabbit, human, or mouse antibodies directed against AgB and does not induce antibodies reactive with either native or modified AgB. In this paper we show that Ox-AgB retains an estimated 70% of the lymphocyte-activating properties and a significant amount of the T-cell-priming capabilities of AgB.
E-Beam Direct-Write in a Dry-Etched Recess Gate HEMT Process for GaAs/AlGaAs Circuits (1990)

We developed a technology to fabricate enhancement and depletion high electron mobility transistors (E- and D-HEMTs) with sub-0.5 µm gatelengths using e-beam direct-write lithography. The gates are recessed by dry etching. The recess is stopped on 30 Å AlGaAs layers for E- and D-field effect transistors (FETs) respectively. We have extensively investigated the double layer resist technique for direct-write to improve the reliability of 0.3 µm electron-beam (E-beam) lithography. Ring oscillators using direct coupled FET logic (DCFL) have been measured indicating delay times of 16 ps per stage.