gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A single mutation at Tyr143 of human <i>S</i>-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase renders the enzyme thermosensitive and affects the oxidation state of bound cofactor nicotinamide–adenine dinucleotide (2006)

Recently, we have described the first human case of AdoHcyase (S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase) deficiency. Two point mutations in the AdoHcyase gene, the missense mutation p.Y143C (AdoHcyase in which Tyr143 is replaced by cysteine) and the truncation mutation p.W112stop (AdoHcyase in which Trp112 is replaced by opal stop codon) were identified [Barić, Fumić, Glenn, Cuk, Schulze, Finkelstein, James, Mejaski-Bosnjak, Pazanin, Pogribny et al. (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 4234-4239]. To elucidate the molecular and catalytic properties of AdoHcyase, we have made recombinant wild-type and mutant p.Y143C (AdoHcyase in which Tyr143 is replaced by cysteine) enzymes for a comparative analysis. The catalytic rates of p.Y143C protein in the directions of S-adenosylhomocysteine synthesis or hydrolysis are decreased from 65% to 75%. Further, the oxidation states of coenzyme NAD differ between mutant and wild-type protein, with an increased NADH accumulation in the mutant p.Y143C enzyme of 88% NADH (wild-type contains 18% NADH). Quantitative binding of NAD is not affected. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed, that mutant p.Y143C subunits are able to form the tetrameric complex as is the wild-type enzyme. CD analysis showed that the p.Y143C mutation renders the recombinant protein thermosensitive, with an unfolding temperature significantly reduced by 7 degrees C compared with wild-type protein. Change of Glu115 to lysine in wild-type protein causes a change in thermosensitivity almost identical with that found in the p.Y143C enzyme, indicating that the thermosensitivity is due to a missing hydrogen bond between Tyr143 and Glu115. We emphasize involvement of this particular hydrogen bond for subunit folding and/or holoenyzme stability. In summary, a single mutation in the AdoHcyase affecting both the oxidation state of bound co-factor NAD and enzyme stability is present in a human with AdoHcyase deficiency.
Valuable Intellectual Property That Is Just Lying Around (2003)

Many organisations fail to properly protect their trademarks, trade secrets and patentable ideas. As a result much potentially valuable property is lost. This paper discusses the types of intellectual property that is commonly overlooked and presents some suggestions on how its value may be exploited.
Microcontroller Based Bank Locker Security System Using IRIS Scanner and Vein Scanner (2018)

Security Systems plays a very important role in today's modernized industrialized era. Throughout our life, the hard earned assets and valuables things are expected to be safeguarded under certain security features which meet the inquest of the requisite. It is basically designed in order to avoid the risk of vulnerabilities to our valuable items. In this technological world, the system includes biometrics along with digital code lock which response in the way for matching or mismatching the code. Any mismatch to the series of authentication during verification is done raises an alert sound. For biometrical analysis Iris scanner and vein detector is being used which will be monitored with the help of microcontroller through the sensors of the biometric sensors. A keypad will be used for the registered codes such as unique passwords and registered number followed by a wireless motion detector. Any movement occurs to the output of wireless motion detector will be easily sensed by the microcontroller resulting an alert sound. For best assurance, this process of secured authenticity will be active 24×7 that includes at night time as well.
Negative nonlinear absorption effects in erbium-yttrium aluminum garnets (1992)

Negative nonlinear absorption, which causes the transmission to decrease as the laser intensity increases, was observed in a 16 at. % Er:YAG crystal using a laser diode operating at 787 and 784 nm. This effect for 787 nm was strong because 787 nm was the center of an absorption peak that is related to the excited-state absorption from 4I13/2 to 2H11/2. It is suggested that these phenomena take place because the absorption cross section from 4I13/2 to 2H11/2 is larger than that from 4I15/2 to 4I9/2 using a double-absorption model.
Acoustic sensitivity of single-mode optical power dividers (1979)

The acoustic sensitivity of previously reported evanescent-field fiber couplers has been measured. The measured values were substantially larger than the values calculated from our theoretical model. A qualitative explanation of this discrepancy is presented.
Information capacity and fault tolerance of binary weights Hopfield nets (2002)

We define a measure for the fault-tolerance of binary weights Hopfield networks and relate it to a measure of information capacity. Using these measures, we compute results on the fault-tolerance and information capacity of certain Hopfield networks employing binary-valued weights. These Hopfield networks are governed by a single scalar parameter that controls their weights and biases. In one extreme value of this parameter, we show that the information capacity is optimal whereas the fault-tolerance is zero. At the other extreme, our results are inexact. We are only able to show that the information capacity is at least of the order of N log/sub 2/ N and N respectively, where N is the number of units. Our fault-tolerance results are even poorer, though nonzero. Nevertheless they do indicate a trade-off between information capacity and fault-tolerance as this parameter is varied from the first extreme to the second. We are also able to show that particular collections of patterns remain stable states as this parameter is varied, and fault-tolerance for them goes from zero at one extreme of this parameter to /spl Theta/(N/sup 2/) at the other extreme.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Antitumour Antibiotics (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Actinomycin Mitomycin C Bleomycin Anthracyclines Trabectedin (Ecteinascidin, ET-743) Camptothecins Podophyllotoxins References
A General Description of the Hail Problem in the Po Valley of Northern Italy (1973)

The Italian Po Valley hail problem is examined and a description is presented of its economic, dimensions, its climatology, and some of the meteorological factors which influence it. A brief history of hail prevention in Italy is presented, covering ancient beginnings and tracing the development of the use of explosives employed by farmers at the present time in the Po Valley. Italy has the worst hail problem in the world, the estimated average low being $1333 per square mile W annum, nationwide, with an average loss reaching $7106 per square mile on a smaller scale in the Po Valley of North Italy. The great crop loss to hail is not due to excessively frequent hall. Point and areal hail-day frequencies are lower than many other hail areas in the world. The great loss value is due to a combination of 1) high crop value, 2) high hall frequency during the growth season, 3) storms that are large in areal extent, 4) frequent large hail, 5) long hailfall durations, and 6) large numbers of hailstones per square foot. The meteorological cause is found in the unique terrain configuration of the Po Valley and the cyclonic development which it causes during the passage of synoptic systems.
Fluorescent staining of intracellular and extracellular bacteria in blood (1984)

The fluorescent dye ethidium bromide stains Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in whole blood. The staining is rapid, relatively specific, and does not require fixation of the sample. Furthermore, stained bacteria can be seen microscopically without the need for a final wash to remove unbound dye. By using lysostaphin, an S. aureus-specific lytic enzyme, we have demonstrated that S. aureus can be stained with ethidium bromide even after phagocytosis. After short periods of incubation with the dye (less than 5 min), bacteria, both intracellular and extracellular, were the predominant fluorescent particles. With increasing time of incubation, blood cell components, notably leukocyte nuclei, began to fluoresce.
Theoretical binding affinities and spectroscopy of complexes formed by cyclobis(paraquat-p-anthracene) with amino acids (2009)

The electronic structures and spectroscopy of the complexes formed by cyclobis(paraquat-p-anthracene) with amino acids have been studied using the semi-empirical AM1 method and density function theory. Based on the B3LYP/3-21G optimized geometries, the energies of the complexes have been calculated at B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. The binding energies of the complexes have been obtained after the correction of basis set superposition error. The energy gaps of the complexes are decreased due to the formation of hydrogen bonds. The stretching vibration frequencies of the C-H bonds in the IR spectra of the complexes calculated with AM1 method are red shifted as compared with those of the host. The chemical shifts of the carbon atoms adjacent to the hydrogen bonds, calculated at B3LYP/3-21G level, generally move downfield, whereas those of the carbon atoms next to the nitrogen atoms move upfield. Most of the complexes are less aromatic than the host, based on the nuclear independent chemical shifts calculated at B3LYP/3-21G level.
An Examination of Ultrasound Measured Tissue Perfusion on Breast Cancer (1998)

Abstract : Mammography has proven to be reliable as a screening tool for breast cancer. However, the specificity of mammography for breast cancer may be as low as 10% as evidenced by the number of biopsies recommended compared to the number of cancers confirmed (Moskowitz and Gartside, 1982). Therefore, of significant health care benefit would be a method used in conjunction with mammography which could reduce the number of biopsies required while maintaining or improving survival rates. In terms of health care costs, Adler et al. (1990) estimated that more than half of the mammographic screening costs for breast cancer are the result of required biopsies or excisions due to low specificity. Again, an alternative method for establishing the type of lesion present would be of great benefit. Any improvement in early detection of breast cancer is clearly important as survival is significantly improved when cancers are detected in the 0.5 to 1 cm diameter size range (Axtel et al, 1976).
Role of NLRs family member NLRC5 in immune response (2013)

Nod-like receptors (NLRs) are intracellular sensors that respond to a variety of pathogen and intracellular danger signals to induce innate immune responses.NLRC5,a number of NLRs family,has recently been identified to be an important regulator of nuclear factor-κB,type Ⅰ interferon,inflammation signaling pathways,and the expression of MHC class Ⅰ genes.It plays a pivotal role in the innate immune responses and adaptive immune responses.This paper summarizes the latest researches about NLRC5.

Key words: 
NLRC5; Immune responses
Optimizing phoneme-to-grapheme conversion for Out-of-vocabulary words in speech recognition (2001)

In this report, we present the results of further research on phoneme-to-grapheme (P2G) conversion for Out-Of-Vocabulary items (OOVs), recognized using phoneme recognition, in large vocabulary speech recognition. First, we summarize the results of previous research, and then we start with reporting on several optimization strategies for the Machine Learning technique we used to carry out P2G conversion, and we investigate spelling correction as a post-processing step. Next, as some further error analysis, we compare the Machine Learning technique to a statistical method for P2G conversion. Finally, we take a look at how our P2G converter interacts with the condence measures used in ESAT&apos;s speech recognizer.
The nucleotide switch in Cdc42 modulates coupling between the GTPase-binding and allosteric equilibria of Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (2005)

The GTP/GDP nucleotide switch in Ras superfamily GTPases generally involves differential affinity toward downstream effectors, with the GTP-bound state having a higher affinity for effector than the GDP-bound state. We have developed a quantitative model of allosteric regulation of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) by the Rho GTPase Cdc42 to better understand how GTPase binding is coupled to effector activation. The model accurately predicts WASP affinity for Cdc42, activity toward Arp2/3 complex, and activation by Cdc42 as functions of a two-state allosteric equilibrium in WASP. The ratio of GTPase affinities for the inactive and active states of WASP is appreciably larger for Cdc42-GTP than for Cdc42-GDP. The greater ability to distinguish between the two states of WASP makes Cdc42-GTP a full WASP agonist, whereas Cdc42-GDP is only a partial agonist. Thus, the nucleotide switch controls not only the affinity of Cdc42 for its effector but also the efficiency of coupling between the Cdc42-binding and allosteric equilibria in WASP. This effect can ensure high fidelity and specificity in Cdc42 signaling in crowded membrane environments.
Synthesis of surface-modifying macromolecules for use in segmented polyurethanes (1996)

Polyurethanes are one of the most important classes of thermoplastic elastomers and have been widely used in medical-device manufacturing as well as in other applications. However, their function can be limited, particularly under environmental conditions that render them susceptible to hydrolysis. Using polymeric additives that are hydrolytically stable may be one approach to modifying the surface of polyurethanes for the purpose of improving their hydrolytic resistance without compromising their structural features. In this paper, the development of a series of novel fluorine-containing polyurethane surface modifying macromolecules (SMMs) is described and their synthesis conditions are investigated. The material structure and mixing properties of the synthesized SMMs with base polyurethanes was dependent on the reactant stoichiometry and concentration for the SMM components, as well as the reaction temperature and the amount of catalyst used in the SMM synthesis. This study describes the use of low surface energy components (fluorinated tails) which showed selective migration towards the surface when added to a polyester-urea-urethane. These novel macromolecules generated a nonwettable surface while not significantly altering the apparent bulk structure of the base polymer. The advancing and receding contact angle results indicated that the surface of these modified polyurethanes showed wettability characteristics similar to that of Teflon. TM The differential scanning calorimetry thermograms for the mixtures of the SMM with the polyurethane showed that, at 5% w/w SMM in the base polyurethane, the thermal transitions were similar to that of the native base polyure-thane, indicating that the additives had no detectable effect on the polyurethane structure. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Démonstration (2008)

We designed ArcheoTUI on the demand of archeaologists and in a direct collaboration with them. Cultural objects of archeological findings are often broken and fractured into a large amount of fragments, and the archeologists are confronted by 3D puzzles when reassembling the fractured objects. We revealed that the tangible interface was accepted, and that all the users managed to solve simple assembly tasks.
Amphiphilic sugar metal carbenes : from fischer type to N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) : investigations on potential gelation and catalytic activities (2007)

The work presented herein describes in detail in four parts the synthesis of a new class of amphiphilic N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. <br /> The formal replacement of a Fischer type carbene, present in the structure on which the work is based, by a NHC moiety proved to be difficult. The problem could be solved by using different spacers. A complete new family of amphiphilic systems bearing NHC chromium carbenes could be accessed, using a protocol based on silver oxide. In an attempt to combine the known Fischer carbene chemistry that has led to the gelation of solvents and of NHC chemistry some new complexes incorporating these two types of carbenes could be synthesised. Finally, phenylene spacered complexes were synthesised and their gelation abilities have been investigated systematically.<br /> A structure that could gelate solvents and at the same time is versatile enough to be used in catalytical palladium chemistry is within reach.
An incidentally detected unruptured large abdominal aortic aneurysm with mural thrombosis and chronic heamatoma (2021)

This is a rare case report of a large abdominal aortic aneurysm with mural thrombosis and chronic haematoma with signs of impending rupture. Rupture of an aortic aneurysm is a catastrophic event with high mortality rate. Hence, knowledge of the signs of impending rupture are very crucial to know. Hyperdense crescent sign and focal discontinuation of intimal calcifications are one of the many signs.
Cleavage and Oligomerization of Gliomedin, a Transmembrane Collagen Required for Node of Ranvier Formation (2007)

Gliomedin, which has been implicated as a major player in genesis of the nodes of Ranvier, contains two collagenous domains and an olfactomedin-like domain and belongs to the group of type II transmembrane collagens that includes collagens XIII and XVII and ectodysplasin A. One characteristic of this protein family is that constituent proteins can exist in both transmembrane and soluble forms. Recently, gliomedin expressed at the tips of Schwann cell microvilli was found to bind axonal adhesion molecules neurofascin and NrCAM in interactions essential for Na(+)-channel clustering at the nodes of Ranvier in myelinating peripheral nerves. Interestingly, exogenously added olfactomedin domain was found to have the same effect as intact gliomedin. Here we analyze the tissue form of gliomedin and demonstrate that the molecule not only exists as full-length gliomedin but also as a soluble form shed from the cell surface in a furin-dependent manner. In addition, gliomedin can be further proteolytically processed by bone morphogenetic protein 1/Tolloid-like enzymes, resulting in release of the olfactomedin domain from the collagen domains. Interestingly, the later cleavage induces formation of higher order, insoluble molecular aggregates that may play important roles in Na(+)-channel clustering.
Structural and Enzymatic Characterization of ABgp46, a Novel Phage Endolysin with Broad Anti-Gram-Negative Bacterial Activity (2016)

The present study demonstrates the antibacterial potential of a phage endolysin against Gram-negative pathogens, particularly against multidrug resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. We have cloned, heterologously expressed and characterized a novel endolysin (ABgp46) from Acinetobacter phage vb_AbaP_CEB1 and tested its antibacterial activity against several multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains. LC-MS revealed that ABgp46 is an N-acetylmuramidase, that is also active over a broad pH range (4.0-10.0) and temperatures up to 50°C. Interestingly, ABgp46 has intrinsic and specific anti-A. baumannii activity, reducing multidrug resistant strains by up to 2 logs within 2 h. By combining ABgp46 with several organic acids that act as outer membrane permeabilizing agents, it is possible to increase and broaden antibacterial activity to include other Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. In the presence of citric and malic acid, ABgp46 reduces A. baumannii below the detection limit (>5 log) and more than 4 logs Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium strains. Overall, this globular endolysin exhibits a broad and high activity against Gram-negative pathogens, that can be enhanced in presence of citric and malic acid, and be used in human and veterinary medicine.
Template Synthesis of Multishelled Cu<sub>2</sub>O Hollow Spheres with a Single‐Crystalline Shell Wall (2007)

Shells within shells: Simply varying the concentration of the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactant in a template process leads to single-, double-, triple-, and quadruple-shelled Cu2O hollow spheres (see TEM image). Thus, the vesicle-directed synthesis of inorganic multishelled hollow spheres is feasible.
Preparation of Indigestible Pyrodextrins from Different Starch Sources (2003)

Starch-modifying processes, such as pyrodextrinization, are potential ways to alter the nutritional features of this polysaccharide. A widely used method for pyrodextrinizing maize starch was also applied to lentil, sorghum, cocoyam, sagu, and cassava starches, and the in vitro digestibility of the products was evaluated. Pyrodextrins were produced by heating starch at 140 degrees C for 3 h, with catalytic amounts of HCl. The enzymatically available starch content of all preparations decreased by 55-65% after modification. Thus, pyrodextrinization seems to be an effective way to produce indigestible glucans from different starches. Pyrodextrins obtained were complex mixtures of starch derivatives with a wide range of molecular weight as estimated by gel filtration chromatography. Both their molecular weight profiles and contents of indigestible fractions varied with starch source. Experiments with lentil and cassava starches showed that changing dextrinization conditions also affects the susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis of the product.
Comparative Product Analysis of Carbon Tetrachloride Dehalogenation Catalyzed by Cobalt Corrins in the Presence of Thiol or Titanium(III) Reducing Agents (1995)

Pathways of dehalogenation catalyzed by reduced Co corrins in the presence of various Co reductants are not well understood. Dehalogenation of CCl4 was determined in reaction systems containing a corrin (vitamin B12, cobinamide dicyanide, or aquocobalamin), reductant [Ti(III), dithiothreitol, or S2-/cysteine], buffer (pH 8.2), and CCl4. Transformation products in both the headspace and soluble reaction mixture were determined using GC/MS, HPLC, NMR, or TLC/autoradiography. Products in the presence of titanium(III) citrate, which yields the Co(I) form of the corrin, were mostly hydrogenolytic and included predominantly CH3Cl and CH4. More highly halogenated products were formed in the presence of thiol reducing agents, which yield the Co(II) form of the corrin. These products included CH2Cl2, CO, and formate in the case of dithiothreitol. Sulfide/cysteine reductants were least effective in promoting reductive dehalogenation with the major products identified as CHCl3, CS2, 2-oxothiazolidine carboxylic acid, and 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid. Unidentified water-soluble products were produced in all assays with highest concentrations found in the presence of cobinamide dicyanide and thiol reductants. A proposed pathway includes the formation of a trichloromethyl radical as the first intermediate. This radical forms an adduct with the reductant and, in the case of S2-/cysteine, ultimately produces CS2 or thiazolidines by way of thiophosgene. Alternatively, the radical can be further reduced to form CHCl3 and CH2Cl2 or CO and formate by way of a dichlorocarbene intermediate. Conjugation of thiol reductants with reactive intermediates is potentially important in remediation and in predicting abiotic dehalogenation pathways in reduced environments.