gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assembly and integration of thin bare die using laser direct-write (2007)

Laser-based direct-write (LDW) processes offer unique advantages for the transfer of unpackaged semiconductor bare die for microelectronics assembly applications. Using LDW it is possible to release individual devices from a carrier substrate and transfer them inside a pocket or recess in a receiving substrate using a single UV laser pulse, thus per-forming the same function as pick-and-place machines currently employed in microelectronics assembly. However, conventional pick-and-place systems have difficulty handling small (< 1mm<sup>2</sup>) and thin (< 100 μm) components. At the Naval Research Laboratory, we have demonstrated the laser release and transfer of intact 1 mm<sup>2</sup> wafers with thicknesses down to 10 microns and with high placement accuracy using LDW techniques. Furthermore, given the gentle nature of the laser forward transfer process it is possible to transfer semiconductor bare die of sizes ranging from 0.5 to 10 mm<sup>2</sup> without causing any damage to their circuits. Once the devices have been transferred, the same LDW system can then be used to print the metal patterns required to interconnect each device. The implementation of this technique is ideally suited for the assembly of microelectronic components and systems while allowing the overall circuit design and layout to be easily modified or adapted to any specific application or form factor including 3-D architectures. This paper describes how the LDW process can be used as an effective laser die transfer tool and will present analysis of the laser-driven release process as applied to various types of silicon bare dies.
The effects of compression upon conduction in myelinated axons of the isolated frog sciatic nerve. (1991)

1. Action potential conduction along frog sciatic nerve fibres has been monitored during compression of a mid-portion of the nerve. 2. The effects of compressing a 24 mm length of nerve with a pressure of 250 mmHg applied pneumatically were investigated by recording unitary action potentials. A plot of time before conduction failure (survival time) against initial conduction velocity revealed that the faster myelinated axons tend to fail before the slower myelinated axons. A large degree of scatter was evident in the pooled data as well as in the data from individual experiments. 3. When the compression was made more severe by increasing the applied pressure to 750 mmHg, the order of block was reversed, i.e. the slower myelinated axons tended to block first. Similar scatter in the order of conduction block was observed. 4. The average survival time of units following application of compression was considerably different between these two series of experiments. When 750 mmHg pressure was applied, units survived for, on average, 10.9 min (n = 246). When 250 mmHg pressure was applied units survived for, on average, 50.4 min (n = 148). 5. The results are discussed in relation to the underlying causes of conduction failure as a result of compression and in relation to results from previous investigations.
Abstract 695: LA480, a c-Met antibody with neutralization and internalization properties, inhibits HGF-dependent and HGF-independent c-Met pathway activation and tumor growth (2010)

Abstract c-Met is a receptor tyrosine kinase that binds hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and has been implicated in human cancer. Inappropriate activation of c-Met can be induced by ligand-independent mechanisms such as gene amplification, specific genetic mutations, and transcriptional upregulation, or by ligand-dependent autocrine or paracrine mechanisms. Indeed, amplification of the c-Met gene, with consequent protein overexpression and constitutive kinase activation, has been reported in a number of human cancers, including gastric, esophageal and non-small-cell lung carcinomas. Activating mutations of the c-Met gene have been found in a subset of patients with hereditary and sporadic papillary renal cancer, lung cancer, childhood hepatocellular carcinoma and gastric carcinoma. Another common constitutive c-Met activation in human tumors is increased protein expression as a consequence of transcriptional upregulation, in the absence of gene amplification. c-Met expression level has been correlated with poor prognosis in multiple tumor types. In addition, cMet activation by an elevated level of HGF has also been described in gliobastoma, breast carcinomas, rhabdomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma. We report here that LA480, a humanized monoclonal c-Met antibody, inhibits HGF-dependent and HGF-independent c-Met pathway activation and tumor growth. Our data demonstrate that LA480 blocks binding of HGF to c-Met as shown by ELISA, blocks HGF stimulation of phospho-Met in HCT116 cells, and blocks HGF stimulation of primary human hepatocyte proliferation. Moreover, LA480 internalizes and depletes cell surface c-Met, significantly reduces phospho-c-Met and total c-Met in multiple tumor cell lines, and inhibits proliferation of tumor cell lines that have c-Met gene amplification. In addition, LA480 does not stimulate biological activities that are elicited by HGF. Furthermore, LA480 reduces total c-Met and phospho-Met in xenograft tumors and significantly inhibits tumor growth in both ligand-independent and ligand-dependent mouse xenograft models. These findings suggest that LA480 may be a promising therapy for treatment of cancers driven by ligand-dependent and ligand-independent c-Met activation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 695.
Estimate of minimum measurable voltage in the SEM (1977)

The minimum measurable voltage in the SEM is estimated for a voltage contrast linearization scheme with restricted- and unrestricted-aperture analysers, using approximations for the shapes of the energy distribution curves and assuming that the only significant source of noise is on the collected electrons. A similar estimate is also made for Auger electron voltage measurement schemes. A numerical example shows that the hemispherical retarding-potential analyser system (unrestricted aperture) provides the lowest measurable voltage.
Pharmacology : examination & board review (1993)

Basic principles autonomic drugs cardiovascular-renal drugs drugs with important actions on smooth muscle drugs that can act in the central nervous system drugs used to treat diseases of the blood, inflammation and gout endocrine drugs chemotherapeutic drugs toxicology special topics.
Characterization of ESE-2, a Novel ESE-1-related Ets Transcription Factor That Is Restricted to Glandular Epithelium and Differentiated Keratinocytes (1999)

Epithelial cell differentiation is tightly controlled by distinct sets of transcription factors that regulate the expression of stage-specific genes. We recently isolated the first epithelium-specific Ets transcription factor (ESE-1). Here we describe the characterization of ESE-2, a second epithelium-restricted ESE-1-related Ets factor. Like ESE-1, ESE-2 is induced during keratinocyte differentiation. However, whereas ESE-1 is expressed in the majority of epithelial cell types, ESE-2 expression is restricted to differentiated keratinocytes and glandular epithelium such as salivary gland, prostate, mammary gland, and kidney. In contrast to ESE-1, full-length ESE-2 binds poorly to DNA due to the presence of a negative regulatory domain at the amino terminus. Furthermore, although ESE-1 and the amino-terminally deleted ESE-2 bind with similar affinity to the canonical E74 Ets site, ESE-2 and ESE-1 differ strikingly in their relative affinity toward binding sites in the c-MET and PSMA promoters. Similarly, ESE-1 and ESE-2 drastically differ in their ability to transactivate epithelium-specific promoters. Thus, ESE-2, but not ESE-1, transactivates the parotid gland-specific PSP promoter and the prostate-specific PSA promoter. In contrast, ESE-1 transactivates the keratinocyte-specific SPRR2A promoter Ets site and the prostate-specific PSMA promoter significantly better than ESE-2. Our results demonstrate the existence of a unique class of related epithelium-specific Ets factors with distinct functions in epithelial cell gene regulation.
Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Boosters Combined With Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoid Boosters for Adolescents: Safety and Immunogenicity Assessment When Preceded by Different 5-Dose DTaP/DTwP Schedules (2006)

A sixth dose of tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine in adolescents might produce a differing reactogenicity and/or immunogenicity response depending on the composition of the 5 prior doses of DTaP or DT-whole cell pertussis (DTwP) vaccine. Reactions and immune responses following receipt of the Sanofi Pasteur (Adacel) and GlaxoSmithKline (Boostrix) Tdap vaccines were assessed in 229 adolescents. No differences were observed for reactions to either Tdap vaccine regardless of the prior DTaP/DTwP vaccination history. Seroprotective levels and antibody concentrations were comparable regardless of prior DTaP/DTwP vaccine history. A sixth sequential dose of Tdap after 5 doses of DTaP appears safe and immunogenic.
Ion energy distribution near a plasma meniscus for multielement focused ion beams (2009)

The axial ion energy spread near a plasma meniscus for multielement focused ion beams is investigated experimentally in atomic and molecular gaseous plasmas of krypton, argon, and hydrogen by tailoring the magnetic field in the region. In the case of magnetic end plugging, the ion energy spread reduces by ∼50% near the meniscus as compared to the bulk plasma, thereby facilitating beam focusing. A quadrupole filter can be used to control the mean energy of the ions. Comparison with standard Maxwellian and Druyvesteyn distributions with the same mean energy indicates that the ion energy distribution in the meniscus is deficient in the population of low and high energy tail ions, resulting in a Gaussian-like profile with a spread of ∼4 and ∼5 eV for krypton and argon ions, respectively. By carefully tuning the wave power, plasma collisionality, and the magnetic field in the meniscus, the spread can be made lower than that of liquid metal ion sources, for extracting focused ion beams of other elements with adequate current density, for research and applications in nanosystems
Syntheis of Zeaxanthin- and Cryptoxanthin-b-D-glucopyranosides (2000)

Abs t ract -β-Glucosidation of (3R)-3-hydroxy-β-ionone (6) was achieved in a reasonable yield by use of tetra-O-benzoyl-α-Dglucopyranosyl bromide (8c) as a glycosyl donor and silver triflate as an activator.The resulting glucoside (9) was transformed into the β-apo-12'-carotenal (18), which was condensed with the Wittig salt (19) or ( 20) to provide zeaxanthin-mono-β-D-glucopyranoside (3) or cryptoxanthin-β-D-glucopyranoside (4).
Carbohydrate characterization of recombinant glycoproteins of pharmaceutical interest (1990)

Carbohydrate characterization of recombinant glycoproteins entails determination of the primary structures and points of attachment of the oligosaccharide moieties. This article reviews several methods for oligosaccharide- and glycosylation-site characterization. A major recent advance in carbohydrate analysis has been the use of high-pH anion exchange (HPAE) chromatography for separation of glycoprotein-derived oligosaccharides. These separations are sensitive to molecular size, carbohydrate composition, linkage positions, and anomeric configurations. As a result, HPAE chromatography is a powerful technique for glycoprotein characterization and can serve as the basis of an "oligosaccharide map." Characterization of potential N-glycosylation sites involves determining whether each potential site is glycosylated, the extent of oligosaccharide processing at each site, and ideally, a detailed description of the distribution of oligosaccharides at each site. Several approaches to characterizing glycosylation sites are described, including peptide mapping and mass spectrometry. Treatment of a glycoprotein with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H (endo H) followed by peptide:N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) can be used to distinguish sites that are not glycosylated from those carrying high-mannose structures and from those containing attached complex oligosaccharides. After individual glycosylation sites have been labeled by this series of reaction, the resulting peptides are characterized by automated Edman degradation. This technique is particularly valuable for characterizing peptides that contain more than one potential N-glycosylation site. An example is also given in which HPAE chromatography is used in conjunction with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography tryptic mapping to obtain detailed information on the distribution of oligosaccharides at individual glycosylation sites.
Negative luminescence from InAsSbP-based diodes in the 4.0- to 4.3-μm range (2001)

Negative luminescence (NL) operation at ∼4 µm for p-InAsSbP/n-InAs and 4÷5 µm for p-InAsSb/n-InAsSb(P) diodes with FWHM∼0.1⋅λmax is reported for a reverse bias operation mode. NL output at 180oC is as high as 3÷5 µW and negative apparent temperature contrast is as strong as ∆T= - (6÷10°C) which show advantages of InAs and InAsSb based NL devices for high temperature applications. The remarkable feature is the uniformity of spatial NL output distribution, which is a confirmation of the existence of a potential barrier in narrow band p-n junction at elevated temperatures.
Conserved T and B cell epitopes on the M protein of group A streptococci. Induction of bactericidal antibodies (1992)

To identify conserved T and B cell epitopes on the M protein of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, overlapping synthetic peptides that span the conserved carboxyl-terminal segment of the M-5 protein were constructed and used to immunize a panel of H-2 congenic mice. Proliferative T cell epitopes were identified and, in many cases, mice immunized with these peptides produced high titer antibodies to the same peptides indicating that these proliferative epitopes could also stimulate Th cells. Peptide-specific T cells and antisera were tested for their reactivity with porcine myosin, tropomyosin, human heart myosin synthetic peptides, and extracts of human pericardial and atrial heart tissue. Although there was minimal response of M peptide-specific T cells to any of these Ag, certain M peptide-specific antisera reacted to immunoblotted porcine myosin and to an immunoblotted extract of human atrial heart tissue. However, two conserved peptides, LRRDLDASREAKKQVEKALE and KLTEKEKAELQAKLEAEAKA, stimulated peptide-specific antibodies in B10.BR and B10.D2 mice respectively, which reacted minimally if at all with human atrial heart tissue extract. Furthermore, antisera to the former peptide, in a bactericidal assay involving human monocytes, could mediate killing of streptococci (82% of bacteria). Although this level of killing is less than that produced by antisera to the highly polymorphic type-specific aminoterminus (up to 100% killing), it provides evidence that conserved epitopes can be the targets of bactericidal antibodies. These conserved epitopes may be useful in a vaccine because they also stimulate T cells, thus allowing development of immunologic memory and natural boosting of an immune response after natural exposure.
The reduction of Alamar Blue by peripheral blood lymphocytes and isolated mitochondria. (2006)

Alamar Blue is a widely used nontoxic indicator of cell proliferative activity, which penetrates quickly through the biological membranes and can be easily reduced by intracellular enzymes. Accumulation of reduced fluorescent form of Alamar Blue during short-term culture of human peripheral blood lymphocytes may be used as a cell viability test since it was prevented by disruption of plasma membrane by digitonin. The inhibition of Alamar Blue reduction by NaN3 indicates that its metabolism is associated with mitochondrial activity. A compaative study of Alamar Blue reduction and oxygen consumption on isolated rat liver mitochondria shows, that the Alamar Blue reduction is not associated with the activity of specific complex of respiratory chain and it seems to be an integral indicator of oxidation-reduction activity of respiratory chain components.
Computer networked scanning electron microscope for teaching, research, and industry applications (1995)

A laboratory designed for teaching the operation of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been developed. The laboratory makes use of a computer network to allow remote operation of the SEM. Movable teaching stations, consisting of a computer, TV monitor, and joystick control, enable students to view the image on the SEM screen, move the sample, control the basic operating parameters of the microscope, and acquire X-ray spectra. Images can also be stored on the computers for image analysis or incorporation into reports. The great advantage of the system is that it has been designed to be flexible enough to allow operation from any location that has access to the Internet. The system is relatively inexpensive and uses nonproprietary computer technology available at any computer store. While the laboratory has been designed for teaching, the concept of a multiuser SEM facility that is inexpensive and easy to install should have applications in both industrial and research settings.
Ti-Added Al Electrodes on LiTaO<sub>3</sub> 36° Y-X Substrates for High Power Surface Acoustic Wave Devices I (1993)

The influences of the internal stress of the film, annealing treatment and a sputtered Ti-added Al electrode on 36° rotated Y-X LiTaO 3 substrates were investigated. Higher activation energy of the time to failure (TF) was obtained when the amount of internal stress was decreased. The annealing temperature is limited to below 400°C because of discoloration and phase change of the substrate. TF with Al-0.6 wt%Ti electrodes in IIDT filters became ten times that obtained with Al-0.2 wt%Ti electrodes. By the increase of the amount of Ti, the grain size and the standard deviation were decreased.
Controlling cancer through the autotaxin–lysophosphatidic acid receptor axis (2012)

LPA (lysophosphatidic acid, 1-acyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate), is a growth factor-like lipid mediator that regulates many cellular functions, many of which are unique to malignantly transformed cells. The simple chemical structure of LPA and its profound effects in cancer cells has attracted the attention of the cancer therapeutics field and drives the development of therapeutics based on the LPA scaffold. In biological fluids, LPA is generated by ATX (autotaxin), a lysophospholipase D that cleaves the choline/serine headgroup from lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylserine to generate LPA. In the present article, we review some of the key findings that make the ATX-LPA signalling axis an emerging target for cancer therapy.
Lateral oxidation of buried AlxGa1−xAs layers in a wet ambient (1997)

The lateral oxidation of buried AlxGa1−xAs layers with high Al content (x=0.8–1) is investigated, using an oxidation process in a wet N2+H2O ambient at 370–450 °C. The oxidation is clearly selective and significantly affected by process temperature, material composition, AlxGa1−xAs layer thickness, and the geometry of the oxidized structures. An asymptotic oxide growth with constant activation energies for the reactive process and for the transport mechanism is observed. The experimental oxidation behavior coincides well with a model of self-blocking pores.
Communication Strategy Guidelines - Department of Health - NSW Department of Health (2005)

Communication Strategy Guidelines - Department of Health , Guidelines to assist NSW Health Department officers to assess the need for and begin to plan a Communication Strategy.
AN EVALUATION OF ALL-ULTRA-HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE UNICOMPARTMENTAL TIBIAL COMPONENT CEMENT-FIXATION MECHANISMS (2002)

Rosa, Richard A. MD; Bert, Jack M. MD; Bruce, Warwick MD; Gross, Michael MD, FRCS, FAOrthA; Carroll, Mike BS; Hartdegen, Vernon MS Author Information
A study of 3-way image fusion for characterizing acoustic properties of breast tissue (2008)

A novel clinical prototype, CURE (Computed Ultrasound Risk Evaluation), is used to collect breast tissue image data of patients with either benign or malignant masses. Three types of images, reflection, sound speed and attenuation, are generated from the raw data using tomographic reconstruction algorithms. Each type of image, usually presented as a gray scale image, maps different characteristics of the breast tissue. This study is focused on fusing all three types of images to create true color (RGB) images by assigning a different primary color to each type of image. The resulting fused images display multiple tissue characteristics that can be viewed simultaneously. Preliminary results indicate that it may be possible to characterize breast masses on the basis of viewing the superimposed information. Such a methodology has the potential to dramatically reduce the time required to view all the acquired data and to make a clinical assessment. Since the color scale can be quantified, it may also be possible to segment such images in order to isolate the regions of interest and to ultimately allow automated methods for mass detection and characterization.
Spectrum: A visual analytics tool to explore movement logs (2015)

We present a visual analytics tool, called Spectrum, to analyze the movement and communication log data from VAST Challenge 2015. Spectrum has two views: MoveView and SpectrumView. MoveView gives an overview of the movement logs at a certain timestamp by synthesizing time, location and identity information. It replays movement logs over time and demonstrates communication logs with dynamic links. SpectrumView shows the status of all visitors' activities within a period of time. Each stay of visitors in a location is visualized as a line segment. The duration and location type of the stay are encoded by the length and color of the segment. Accumulating segments of the same visitor horizontally and aligning sequences of segments from different visitors form a general view of all visitors' activities. In our attempt to solve the VAST Challenge 2015, we find that Spectrum provides an intuitive overview of the log data and helps to discover movement patterns from a large number of log records.
Type I Interferons as Anti-Inflammatory Mediators (2007)

The type I interferons (IFNs), IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, are cytokines that have antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activities. Data are now emerging that suggest that type I IFNs are also important mediators of anti-inflammatory responses. These findings, largely driven by studies to explain the beneficial effects of IFN-beta in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, offer a number of mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory properties of type I IFNs. Type I IFNs, through their ability to induce the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10), mediate the inhibition of proinflammatory gene products. In addition, type I IFNs induce other immunosuppressive mediators such as suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1) and tristetrapolin (TTP), which act by divergent mechanisms to restore homeostasis to the immune system. Furthermore, type I IFNs mediate anti-inflammatory and protective effects in a variety of autoimmune disease models such as experimental colitis, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, experimental arthritis, and neonatal inflammation. Here, we discuss the molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory properties of type I IFNs and their therapeutic potential in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.