gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vertical distribution of fungus suggests… rigolen plowing for control of Verticillium wilt in cotton (1967)

Control of soil-borne plant diseases by the “rigolen” method of plowing means the careful inversion of the surface soil (usually about the first foot) with soil from below. Knowing that crops generally produced less and less when grown repeatedly without rotation in the same soil, but not knowing why, an unknown farmer developed the rigolen or soil-inversion technique over a century ago to counter diminishing yields. Thus, rigolen plowing (spades were used in the early days) was developed before the causes of soil-borne plant diseases were known. Actually, rigolen plowing is a method for controlling soil-borne diseases by rotation—but the soil, not the crop, is rotated. This three-year study was conducted to determine whether the rigolen method would control soil-borne diseases today—and especially Verticillium wilt of cotton.
Practical Electrochemical Anodic Oxidation of Polycyclic Lactams for Late Stage Functionalization (2015)

Electrochemistry provides a powerful tool for the late-stage functionalization of complex lactams. A two-stage protocol for converting lactams, many of which can be prepared through the intramolecular Schmidt reaction of keto azides, is presented. In the first step, anodic oxidation in MeOH using a repurposed power source provides a convenient route to lactams bearing a methoxy group adjacent to nitrogen. Treatment of these intermediates with a Lewis acid in dichloromethane permits the regeneration of a reactive acyliminium ion that is then reacted with a range of nucleophilic species.
RF Propagation in Mines and Tunnels: Extensive measurements for vertically, horizontally, and cross-polarized signals in mines and tunnels (2015)

This article reports measurement results on radiofrequency (RF) propagation in tunnels and mines for vertically, horizontally, and cross-polarized signals. Extensive measurements have been made in concrete tunnels, coal mines with rock dust and shotcrete, with and without conductive mesh, and hard-rock mines. The measurements include power attenuation over distances with and without line of sight (LOS) at four frequencies (455, 915, 2,450, and 5,800 MHz) that are common to underground radios, as well as swept wideband-frequency measurements from 30 MHz to 1 GHz at fixed separation distances to investigate the attenuation behavior as the waveguide cutoff frequency is approached. In addition, power loss associated with radio propagation around a 90? corner was measured for the four frequencies and two polarizations in an operational coal mine.
Thermal Pasteurization Effects on Color of Red Grapefruit Juices (1999)

ABSTRACT Changes in color due to thermal pasteurization of two cultivars of red grapefruit juice were studied. Juices were pasteurized at 91°C using a plate heat exchanger. Apparently, thermal pasteurization changed all three color parameters (CIE L*, a*, b*) in the juice, causing a slight color shift towards lighter and brighter. Thermal pasteurization especially affected CIE b* value and chroma in juice. The reflectance spectrum in the visible region (400 nm to 700 nm) clearly showed changes in spectral distribution of light reflected from juice after pasteurization. There were no changes (P>0.05) in major carotenoid pigments (β‐carotene and lycopene) in the juices after pasteurization.
Implementation of asymmetric multiprocessing framework in humanoid robot (2010)

The characteristics and implementation of a new asymmetric multiprocessing (AMP) framework in humanoid robot are discussed. This proposed framework is used to replace computer network as the high level processing unit for the humanoid robot that is designed to perform object localization based on visual and auditory information. In this AMP framework, a multi-core computer is divided into several smaller virtual machines that own a part of the physical resources including processing core, memory and input/output (I/O) devices. Each virtual machine executes a guest operating system (OS) and dedicated applications, including colored object localization, sound source localization and multisensory information fusion and motion control. Xen paravirtualization technology is used to conveniently manage these guest OSes.
Model of postural control system applied in Parkinson's disease patients (2010)

In this study a simple model of the postural control system is implemented and its parameters are adjusted to explain the differences between Parkinson's disease patient's measures and healthy young adult's measures by performing simulations of spontaneous sway with center-of-pressure traces. An optimization procedure was performed varying four parameters of the model. The best adjustment obtained was when the proportional and derivative factors where the same as for healthy young adults and noise level gain and force feedback gain varied independently. Differences in the latter parameter can be explained because of insufficient and slowed force production necessary to counteract perturbations in Parkinson's disease patients while the former may be due to noise in the sensory system that estimates the vertical deviation angle and/or perturbations in the execution of the movement.
Relating estimates of CaCO<sub>3</sub> production, export, and dissolution in the water column to measurements of CaCO<sub>3</sub> rain into sediment traps and dissolution on the sea floor: A revised global carbonate budget (2007)

The global CaCO 3 budget is constrained by new estimates of standing stocks, fluxes through the water column, and dissolution in the water column and on the sea floor. Previous estimates of carbonate production and export are indistinguishable within a large range of values, 0.4–1.8 Gt PIC yr −1 . Globally, excess alkalinity (TA*) and water mass tracers indicate dissolution of 1.0 Gt PIC yr −1 between 200 and 1500 m, suggesting production and export must at least equal this amount. Most water column dissolution occurs at high latitudes, and alkalinity fluxes from outer shelf and upper slope sediments (100–1500 m) only support 5–10% of the TA* inventory. Below 2000 m, the sinking flux of PIC (0.6 Gt PIC yr −1 ) is consistent with the rate of sea floor dissolution (0.4 Gt PIC yr −1 ) plus burial (0.1 Gt PIC yr −1 ). This rain rate constrains the export value to >1.6 Gt PIC yr −1 . Satellite‐based estimates of standing stocks of CaCO 3 indicate a decrease equatorward, which is opposite in trend to sediment trap fluxes. This observation may be explained by an equatorward decrease in sinking particle dissolution, systematic changes in PIC residence time with latitude, or satellite retrieval problems. Globally averaged euphotic zone standing stock (5.4 mmol m −2 ) and export estimates indicate PIC residence times of 5–18 days.
Field Evaluation of Repellents and Insecticidal Aerosol Compositions for Repelling and Control of Siphunculina funicola (Diptera: Chloropidae) on Aggregation Sites in Thailand (2008)

The oriental eye fly Siphunculina funicola, a small member (1.5-1.6 mm) of the family Chloropidae, is extremely annoying to humans and domestic animals, feeding on mucous membranes, secretions, and other moist surfaces of their hosts. In central Thailand heavy populations were detected during 2006-2007 in some rural, agricultural, and periurban areas of the region. They were noted to exhibit strong synanthropy and aggregation behavior, congregating on thin (1-5 mm diam) substrates hanging in or near human habitations and animal shelters and other structures open on one or more sides. We initiated studies on the repelling and control of this eye fly at their aggregation sites, the most vulnerable targets near or in human habitations. Four formulations of repellents consisting of Everside, 3 fatty acids (with 8, 9, and 10 carbons), permethrin, and the acids C8910 plus permethrin in Everside were diluted 1:3 in tap water and sprayed on to the aggregation sites. Prior to treatment all sites including controls were disturbed to dislodge eye flies, and then the blank sites were sprayed with the aqueous suspension of the repellents. Additionally, we evaluated 3 commercially available household insecticidal aerosol formulations by treating eye flies and their resting sites (without dislodging the flies) with puffs of the aerosols. Two treatments with permethrin alone and permethrin plus acids in Nakhorn Ratchasima Province caused a complete absence of flies from the sites up to 23 h. After treatment with the repellents, the repelled flies and others were found to congregate on untreated favorable sites close to the treated ones. The repellents tested against eye flies in Chonburi Province at 2 locations caused almost complete absence of this insect on aggregation sites up to 120 h. Three household insecticide aerosols applied to aggregation sites with resting and hovering eye flies produced high to complete mortality and reduction of eye flies for 48 h or possibly longer in the treated sites. This is the first time that procedures for the evaluation of repellents and insecticides against eye flies have been tested and developed. The use of commonly available insecticide aerosol products could provide a good source of materials for the elimination of eye flies from their domestic and peridomestic aggregation sites.
The Development of New Analgesics Over the Past 50 Years: A Lack of Real Breakthrough Drugs (2010)

Fifty-nine drugs identified as analgesics were introduced from 1960 to 2009 and remain in use. Seven can be regarded as having novel molecular targets; however, only one, sumatriptan, was sufficiently effective to motivate the introduction of many similar drugs acting at the same target (triptans). Publication productivity in the area of pain grew exponentially during this period. Pain-related publications on morphine were dominant among other analgesics. Very intensive research efforts directed at diverse molecular targets related to pain mechanisms produced thousands of publications, but those efforts have not yet yielded new analgesics with sufficient effectiveness to change the share of publications on opioids or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Morphine and aspirin, introduced for the treatment of pain more than a century ago, continue to dominate biomedical publications despite their limited effectiveness in many areas (e.g., neuropathic pain) and multiple serious adverse effects. The present assessment reveals the lack of real breakthroughs in analgesic drug development despite intense research efforts. Possible factors contributing to the apparent drought of novel analgesics are discussed.
Spatio-Spectral Color Filter Array Design for Optimal Image Recovery (2008)

In digital imaging applications, data are typically obtained via a spatial subsampling procedure implemented as a color filter array - a physical construction whereby only a single color value is measured at each pixel location. Owing to the growing ubiquity of color imaging and display devices, much recent work has focused on the implications of such arrays for subsequent digital processing, including in particular the canonical <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">demosaicking</i> task of reconstructing a full color image from spatially subsampled and incomplete color data acquired under a particular choice of array pattern. In contrast to the majority of the demosaicking literature, we consider here the problem of color filter array <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">design</i> and its implications for spatial reconstruction quality. We pose this problem formally as one of simultaneously maximizing the spectral radii of luminance and chrominance channels subject to perfect reconstruction, and - after proving sub-optimality of a wide class of existing array patterns - provide a constructive method for its solution that yields robust, new panchromatic designs implementable as subtractive colors. Empirical evaluations on multiple color image test sets support our theoretical results, and indicate the potential of these patterns to increase spatial resolution for fixed sensor size, and to contribute to improved reconstruction fidelity as well as significantly reduced hardware complexity.
Express Router Microarchitecture for Triplet-based Hierarchical Interconnection Network (2012)

Network-on-Chip (NoC) Router has an important impact on the network communication performance. High performance router will help to build a high-throughput, power-efficient and low-latency NoC. However, the existing baseline router of Triplet-based Hierarchical Interconnection Network (THIN) can not fully exert the potential performance of THIN because it does not consider the characteristic of THIN topology. This paper proposes a topology-related express router microarchitecture for THIN, named E-THIN. Four measures are taken to optimize the baseline router microarchitecture including simplified crossbar switch, express virtual channel for THIN, group-priority scheme and shared buffer organization. Simulation results using a cycle-accurate simulator Noxim show the E-THIN reduces up to 55% packet latency, improves up to 12% throughput, and reduces 8% energy consumption per packet over a baseline router microarchitecture.
Game Theory and Centrality in Directed Social Networks (2011)

In this paper we define a family of centrality measures for directed social networks
from a game theoretical point of view. We follow the line started with our
previous paper (G´omez et al. 2003) and besides the definition we obtain a characterization
of the measures and an additive decomposition in three measures that
can be interpreted in terms of emission, betweeness and reception centralities. Finally
we apply the obtained results to rank the importance of players in a simplified
version of a soccer game.
The association of meniscal pathologic changes with cartilage loss in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (2006)

This study highlights the importance of an intact and functioning meniscus in patients with symptomatic knee OA, since the findings demonstrate that loss of this function has important consequences for cartilage loss.
Multiobjective Optimization of Cyclone Separators Using Genetic Algorithm (2000)

Multiobjective optimization of a set of N identical reverse-flow cyclone separators in parallel was carried out by using the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA). Two objective functions were used: the maximization of the overall collection efficiency and the minimization of the pressure drop. Nondominated Pareto optimal solutions were obtained for an industrial problem in which 165 m3/s of air was treated. In addition, optimal values of several decision variables, such as the number of cyclones and eight geometrical parameters of the cyclone, are obtained. The study shows that the diameters of the cyclone body and the vortex finder, and the number of cyclones used in parallel, are the important decision variables influencing the optimal solutions. This study illustrates the applicability of NSGA in solving multiobjective optimization problems involving gas−solid separations.
Scalability port: a coherent interface for shared memory multiprocessors (2003)

The scalability port (SP) is a point-to-point cache consistent interface to build scalable shared memory multiprocessors. The SP interface consists of three layers of abstraction: the physical layer, the link layer and the protocol layer. The physical layer uses pin-efficient simultaneous bi-directional signaling and operates at 800 MHz in each direction. The link layer supports virtual channels and provides flow control and reliable transmission. The protocol layer implements cache consistency, TLB consistency, synchronization, and interrupt delivery functions among others. The first implementation of the SP interface is in the Intel/sup /spl reg// E8870 and E9870 chipset for the Intel Itanium/sup /spl reg//2 processor and future generations of the Itanium processor family.
Optimization of the use of small inexpensive side-window photomultiplier tubes for scintillator readout (1994)

The 931B is a small inexpensive side-window photomultiplier tube (PMT) which has recently been found to be useful for the readout of scintillators. We present the results of a study to obtain improved performance from the PMT by facilitating the transport of light to the reflection type photocathode. Particular attention is given for the use of these PMTs for the readout of light guides, waveshifting and scintillating fibers. A CCD camera was positioned behind a glass envelope to simulate the photocathode to aid in quantifying the optimum combination of optical coupling and aiming of the fiber. We will also report on tests comparing a similar side-window PMT, the Thorn EMI model 9781B to the 931B. Tests on the operation of the side-window PMT at several orientations in a uniform magnetic field will also be reported. Comparisons between the side-window PMT and a RCA 31000M head-on tube will also be reported.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Adopting a Third Gender in the United States (2016)

The United States should consider adopting a third gender in order accommodate all of its citizens comfortably. The concept of a third gender has existed in past societies such as the Inuit and the Yoruba, but has not been accepted in Western societal structures. By examining how the third gender was integrated into other societies, the United States will be able to learn how to properly adapt the idea for modern times including deciding which aspects are important for modern use. The United States must also consider how to classify its intersexed individuals, as they do not fit within either current sex or gender binaries.
Resonant humidity sensors using industrial CMOS-technology combined with postprocessing (1992)

The authors report a novel sensor for the detection of relative humidity (RH) in an industrial CMOS process. It is based on silicon-oxide resonators coated with thin polyimide films. The sensors have been postprocessed by micromachining and polyimide deposition. The resonators are excited electrothermally with polysilicon resistors; their vibrations are detected by the piezoresistive effect of the same material. The moisture uptake of the polyimide increases linearly the mass of the resonant system and lowers its resonance frequency. A sensitivity of 270 Hz/100% RH has been obtained for a resonating beam at 16 kHz. The hysteresis is below 2% and the non-linearity below 0.5%. The system is very sensitive to the driving power since a slight heating of the moisture absorbing area makes the sensor effect disappear. This phenomena has been investigated with an infrared camera.
Traffic Analysis Including Non-Conforming Behavior via Image Processing (1991)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In this paper an approach to traffic analysis is presented which employs image processing techniques to detect non-conforming behavior of vehicles on roadways in addition to providing the normal traffic statistics required for traffic monitoring. Traffic scenes recorded on video tape were used in the laboratory to test the approach. Binary images were obtained by subtracting each incoming sampled frame from a reference frame and thresholding the result. Centroids were calculated for each of the objects found in the binary images and were used to track the path of each vehicle on successive frames for its duration along the roadway in the region of interest. To minimize the computation time required to match objects from a given frame to the corresponding objects in the next frame, the velocity of each vehicle and inertial constraints on speed and angular deviation were used to predict each object's location in the next frame. The object nearest the target value was chosen as the appropriate match. The trajectory of each vehicle was checked for conformity. The implementation of the approach has been able to identify non-conforming vehicle behavior and issue a message on the monitor describing the detected behavior.</div>
Expression of Recombinant Enterotoxigenic<i>Escherichia coli</i>Colonization Factor Antigen I by<i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>Elicits a Biphasic T Helper Cell Response (1999)

Protective immunity to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is antibody (Ab) dependent; however, oral immunization with purified ETEC fimbriae fails to elicit protective immunity as a consequence of antigenic alteration by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Unless unaltered ETEC fimbriae can reach the inductive lymphoid tissues of the GI tract, immunity to ETEC cannot be induced. To produce immunity, live vectors, such as Salmonella typhimurium, can effectively target passenger antigens to the inductive lymphoid tissues of the GI tract. By convention, oral immunizations with Salmonella vectors induce CD4(+) T helper (Th) cell responses by gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-dominated pathways both to the vector and passenger antigen, resulting in serum immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) and modest mucosal IgA Ab responses. In the present study, mice orally immunized with a Salmonella vector engineered to stably express ETEC colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) showed initially elevated serum IgG1 and mucosal IgA anti-CFA/I Ab responses. As expected, mice orally immunized with an E. coli-CFA/I construct elicited poor anti-CFA/I Ab responses. In fact, the addition of cholera toxin during oral E. coli-CFA/I immunization failed to greatly enhance mucosal IgA Ab responses. Seven days after immunization with the Salmonella-CFA/I construct, cytokine-specific ELISPOT showed induction of predominant Th2-type responses in both mucosal and systemic immune compartments supporting the early IgG1 and IgA anti-CFA/I Abs. By 4 weeks, the Th cell response became Th1 cell dominant from the earlier Th2-type responses, as evidenced by increased mucosal and systemic IFN-gamma-producing T cells and a concomitant elevation of serum IgG2a Ab responses. This biphasic response offers an alternative strategy for directing Salmonella vector-induced host immunity along a Th2 cell-dependent pathway, allowing for early promotion of mucosal and systemic Abs.
Initial Subgingival Colonization of ‘Pristine’ Pockets (2005)

The treatment of periodontitis/peri-implantitis involves the reduction/eradication of periopathogens. After therapy, beneficial and pathogenic species recolonize the subgingival area. The dynamics of recolonization and especially the role of the supragingival environment in this process are still not well-understood. This prospective, split-mouth study followed the early colonization of 'pristine' pockets created during implant surgery (16 partially edentulous patients), to record the time needed before a complex subgingival flora could be established with the supragingival area as the single source. Four subgingival plaque samples were taken from shallow and medium pockets around implants (test), and neighboring teeth (undisturbed microbiota as reference) 1, 2, and 4 wks after abutment connection. Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization and culture data revealed a complex microbiota (including several pathogenic species) in the pristine pockets within a wk, with a minimal increase in counts up to 4 wks. Analysis of these data demonstrated that, even with the supragingival environment as the single source for colonizing bacteria, a complex subgingival microbiota can develop within 1 wk.