gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intra-Articular Injection of Bupivacaine in Knee-Replacement Operations. Results of Use for Analgesia and for Preemptive Blockade * (1996)

The effectiveness of an intra-articular injection of bupivacaine, administered before the incision or after closure of the wound, was studied in an effort to decrease the need for postoperative narcotics and to improve analgesia for patients who have elective knee replacement. Eighty-two patients received two intra-articular injections in a random, double blind fashion. Twenty-eight of them received thirty milliliters of 0.5 percent bupivacaine and 1:200,000 epinephrine in saline solution before the incision and an injection of thirty milliliters of plain saline solution after closure of the wound (Group 1). Twenty-seven patients received an injection of thirty milliliters of plain saline solution before the incision and thirty milliliters of 0.5 percent bupivacaine and 1:200,000 epinephrine in saline solution after closure of the wound (Group 2). Twenty-seven patients were given thirty milliliters of plain saline solution (a placebo) for both injections (Group 3). The patients who had received bupivacaine after closure of the wound (Group 2) used less morphine from the patient-controlled analgesia pumps than the patients who had received bupivacaine before the incision (Group 1) and the patients who had received the placebo (Group 3). In the first twenty-four hours after the operation, the administration of morphine (mean and standard deviation) was 59 +/- 27 milligrams for Group 2 compared with 68 +/- 30 milligrams for Group 1 (p = 0.26) and 81 +/- 30 milligrams for Group 3 (p = 0.006). At the time of discharge from the hospital, the patients in Group 2 also had a significantly greater mean range of motion (85.2 +/- 8.0 degrees) compared with that of the patients in Groups 1 (80.6 +/- 6.8 degrees, p = 0.02) and 3 (80.1 +/- 6.2 degrees, p = 0.009). However, there was no difference among the groups with respect to the effectiveness of the analgesia, as measured with use of either the visual-analog or the verbal pain-rating scale, or in the prevalence of side effects, including somnolence, urinary retention, nausea and vomiting, or pruritus. Serum concentrations of bupivacaine were well below toxic levels. It was our conclusion that that and intra-articular injection of thirty milliliters of 0.5 percent bupivacaine and 1:200,000 epinephrine in saline solution after closure of the wound decreases the need for narcotics and increases the range of motion after an elective knee replacement. The clinical importance of the amount of increased motion is questionable and needs long-term monitoring.
Mechanisms of airway epithelial damage: epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the pathogenesis of asthma (2003)

The aims of this article are to understand the shortfalls in thinking of asthma purely as an atopic disorder, to gain insight into the epithelial abnormalities of asthma and how these interface with the environment, and to view asthma as a disease of airway wall restructuring that engages activation of the epithelial mesenchymal trophic unit (EMTU). Furthermore, based on these developments, possible novel therapeutic targets for chronic asthma are identified.
Arrangement of radial actin bundles in the growth cone of<i>Aplysia</i>bag cell neurons shows the immediate past history of filopodial behavior (1999)

Filopodia that protrude forward from the lamellipodium, located at the leading edge of a neuronal growth cone, are needed to guide the extension of a nerve cell. At the core of each filopodium an actin bundle forms and grows into the lamellipodium. By using kymographs of time-lapse polarized light images we examined the relationship between the behavior of the filopodia, the actin bundles immediately proximal to the filopodia, and the shapes and composition of actin bundles in the whole lamellipodium. We find that the shapes of actin bundles, such as tilt, fork, and fused zones, originate at the leading edge and are surprisingly well preserved during retrograde transport of the actin cytoskeleton in the whole lamellipodium. The number of filaments that make up the radial actin bundles, as displayed by their birefringence retardation, also is preserved during retrograde flow over a distance of 4–8 μm from the leading edge into the lamellipodium. Thus, the disposition of the actin bundles in the lamellipodium frozen at any time point preserves and portrays a history of the past behavior of actin bundles proximal to the filopodia and the behavior of the filopodia themselves. These findings suggest that the arrangement of actin bundles in static image records, such as electron or fluorescence micrographs of fixed and stained specimens, can in fact reveal the sequence of the past history of filopodial behavior and the generation, density, fusion, etc. of the filaments in the actin bundles.
Groundwater Recharge and Discharge in the Urban-rural Composite Area (2012)

This study was conducted to identify groundwater recharge and discharge amounts of a representative urban-rural composite area located in Yongin city, Kyounggi-do, Korea. Groundwater recharge would be affected by mainly two processes in the study area: rainfall and leakage from public water pipelines including water-supply and sewage system. Groundwater recharge rate was estimated to be 13.5% by applying annual groundwater level data from two National Groundwater Monitoring Stations to the master regression curve method. Subsequently, the recharge amounts were determined to be <TEX>$13,253{\times}10^3m^3/yr$</TEX>. Leakage amounts from water-supply and sewage system were estimated to be <TEX>$3,218{\times}10^3$</TEX> and <TEX>$5,696{\times}10^3m^3/yr$</TEX>, respectively. On the whole, a total of the recharge amounts was <TEX>$22,167{\times}10^3m^3/yr$</TEX>, of which 60% covers rainfall recharge and 40% pipeline leakage. Groundwater discharge occurred through three processes in the composite area: baseflow, well pumping, and discharge from urban infrastructure including groundwater infiltration into sewage pipeline and artificial extraction of groundwater to protect underground facilities from submergence. Discharge amounts by baseflow flowing to the Kiheung agricultural reservoir and well pumping were estimated to be <TEX>$382{\times}10^3$</TEX> and <TEX>$1,323{\times}10^3m^3/yr$</TEX>, respectively. Occurrence of groundwater infiltration into sewage pipeline was rarely identified. Groundwater extraction amounts from the Bundang subway line as an underground facility were identified as <TEX>$714{\times}10^3m^3/yr$</TEX>. Overall, a total of the discharge amounts was determined to be <TEX>$2,419{\times}10^3m^3/yr$</TEX>, which was contributed by 29% of artificial discharge. Even though groundwater budget of the composite area was identified to be a surplus, it should be managed for a sound groundwater environment by changing deteriorated pipelines and controlling artificial discharge amounts.
Fabrication and characterization of photonic crystal slab waveguides and application to ultra-fast all-optical switching devices (2004)

Current status of two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D-PC) slab waveguide technologies and application to a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) has been reviewed. The emphasis is placed on our recent advancement on theoretical design, fabrication and characterization of the 2D-PC-based defect-waveguides such as straight, 60/spl deg/-bend, coupled-cavity waveguides and directional coupler, essential for the PIC application. A research scenario and technical key issues for application to an ultra-fast and ultra-small symmetrical Mach-Zehnder (SMZ)-type all-optical switch are also addressed.
Purification and Partial Characterization of Potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i>) Invertase and Its Endogenous Proteinaceous Inhibitor (1990)

Invertase plays an important role in the hydrolysis of sucrose in higher plants, especially in the storage organs. In potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers, and in some other plant tissues, the enzyme seems to be controlled by interaction with an endogenous proteinaceous inhibitor. An acid invertase from potato tubers (variety russet) was purified 1560-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity by consecutive use of concanvalin A-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography, DEAE-Sephadex A-50-120 chromatography, Sephadex G-150 chromatography, and DEAE-Sephadex A-50-120 chromatography. The enzyme contained 10.9% carbohydrate, had an apparent molecular weight of 60,000 by gel filtration, and was composed of two identical molecular weight subunits (M(r) 30,000). The enzyme had a K(m) for sucrose of 16 millimolar at pH 4.70 and was most stable and had maximum activity around pH 5. The endogenous inhibitor was purified 610-fold to homogeneity by consecutive treatment at pH 1 to 1.5 at 37 degrees C for 1 hour, (NH(4))(2)SO(4) fractionation, Sephadex G-100 chromatography, DEAE-Sephadex G-50-120 chromatography, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The inhibitor appears to be a single polypeptide (M(r) 17,000) without glyco groups. The purified inhibitor was stable over the pH range of 2 to 7 when incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 hour.
Conceptual modeling and code generation for rich internet applications (2006)

This paper addresses conceptual modeling and automaticcode generation for Rich Internet Applications, a variant ofWeb-based systems bridging desktop and thin-client Webinterfaces. We show how classical Web modeling conceptsare not enough to capture the specificity of RIAs, extend anexisting Web modeling language, and provide an implementationof a CASE tool for visual modeling and code generationfrom RIA-aware specifications. Experimentation of theproposed approach in real-world scenarios is also reported.
Evaluation of the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation System Using Polarography and Spectrophotometric Enzyme Assays (2009)

The oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system consists of five multimeric complexes embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane. They work in concert to drive the aerobic synthesis of ATP. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA mutations affecting the accumulation and function of these enzymes are the most common cause of mitochondrial diseases and have also been associated with neurodegeneration and aging. For this reason, several approaches for the assessment of the OXPHOS system enzymes have been developed. Based on the methods described elsewhere, the assays describe methods that form a biochemical characterization of the OXPHOS system in cells and mitochondria isolated from cultured cells or tissues.
Lithium: Potential Therapeutics Against Acute Brain Injuries and Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases (2005)

In addition to the well-documented mood-stabilizing effects of lithium in manic-depressive illness patients, recent in vitro and in vivo studies in rodents and humans have increasingly implicated that lithium can be used in the treatment of acute brain injuries (e.g., ischemia) and chronic neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, tauopathies, and Huntington's disease). Consistent with this novel view, substantial evidences suggest that depressive illness is not a mere neurochemical disease, but is linked to gray matter atrophy due to the reduced number/size of neurons and glia in brain. Importantly, neurogenesis, that is, birth/maturation of functional new neurons, continues to occur throughout the lifetime in human adult brains (e.g., hippocampus); the neurogenesis is impaired by multiple not-fully defined factors (e.g., aging, chronic stress-induced increase of glucocorticoids, and excitotoxicity), accounting for brain atrophy in patients with depressive illness and neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic treatment of lithium, in agreement with the delayed-onset of mood-stabilizing effects of lithium, up-regulates cell survival molecules (e.g., Bcl-2, cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Grp78, Hsp70, and beta-catenin), while down-regulating pro-apoptotic activities (e.g., excitotoxicity, p53, Bax, caspase, cytochrome c release, beta-amyloid peptide production, and tau hyperphosphorylation), thus preventing or even reversing neuronal cell death and neurogenesis retardation.
The quantification of unstructured information and its use in predictive modeling (2003)

Managing text-based information is crucial when trying to extract valuable information from documents. Assigning a numerical value to the text-based (unstructured) information is one of the ways to extract value. This research studied the quantification of unstructured text and its forecasting power. In order to examine unstructured information that related to predictive models, the Beige books were utilized to investigate and predict changes in the U.S. economy. The Beige books describe current economic conditions and discuss fluctuations in real gross domestic product (GDP). To quantify the text-based unstructured information, the direct scoring algorithm (DSA) was proposed. It utilized the keywords in the document and their subjectively-determined numerical weights to score individual sentence. Statistical analyses were then conducted to verify which sections of the Beige books contributed the most significant information to the prediction of GDP. Utilizing the significant sections, a linear regression model was constructed to predict future GDP growth. The adjusted-R/sup 2/ values of the DSA model were compared to the scoring of the same documents by an economic expert. The comparison demonstrated that the DSA model using the Beige book significantly contributed to the prediction of GDP, and it explained similar amounts of variance compared to the scores created by an economic expert. Also, a comparison between a structured predictive model and the DSA model was conducted to again prove the significance of text-based information.
Altered responses of human macrophages to lipopolysaccharide by hydroperoxy eicosatetraenoic acid, hydroxy eicosatetraenoic acid, and arachidonic acid. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor production. (1997)

The regulation of allergic and autoimmune inflammatory reactions by polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolic products (eicosanoids) continues to be of major interest. Our data demonstrate that arachidonic acid 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4n-6) and its hydroxylated derivatives 15(s)-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) and 15(s)-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HPETE) regulate agonist-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production, a cytokine that plays a role in inflammatory diseases. Although 20:4n-6 and 15-HETE caused a reduction in production of TNF in mononuclear leukocytes stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, concanavalin A, and Staphylococcus aureus, 15-HPETE was far more active. 15-HPETE was also found to dramatically depress the ability of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to induce TNF production in monocytes and the monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6. These fatty acids depressed the expression of TNF mRNA in Mono Mac 6 cells stimulated with LPS; 15-HPETE was fivefold more active than 20:4n-6 and 15-HETE. While 15-HPETE treatment neither affected LPS binding to Mono Mac 6 cells nor caused a decrease in CD14 expression, the fatty acid significantly reduced the LPS-induced translocation of PKC (translocation of alpha, betaI, betaII, and epsilon isozymes), suggesting that 15-HPETE acts by abrogating the early signal transduction events. The findings identify another molecule that could form the basis for development of antiinflammatory pharmaceuticals.
Three Maize Leaf Ferredoxin:NADPH Oxidoreductases Vary in Subchloroplast Location, Expression, and Interaction with Ferredoxin (2005)

In higher plants, ferredoxin (Fd):NADPH oxidoreductase (FNR) catalyzes reduction of NADP+ in the final step of linear photosynthetic electron transport and is also implicated in cyclic electron flow. We have identified three leaf FNR isoenzymes (LFNR1, LFNR2, and LFNR3) in maize (Zea mays) chloroplasts at approximately equivalent concentrations. Fractionation of chloroplasts showed that, while LFNR3 is an exclusively soluble enzyme, LFNR1 is only found at the thylakoid membrane and LFNR2 has a dual location. LFNR1 and LFNR2 were found to associate with the cytochrome b6f complex following its partial purification. We cloned LFNR3 and produced all three isoenzymes as stable, soluble proteins. Measurement of Fd reduction ability showed no significant differences between these recombinant enzymes. Column chromatography revealed variation between the interaction mechanisms of LFNR1 and LFNR2 with Fd, as detected by differential dependence on specific intermolecular salt bridges and variable sensitivity of interactions to changes in pH. A comparison of LFNR transcripts in leaves of plants grown on variable nitrogen regimes revealed that LFNR1 and LFNR2 transcripts are relatively more abundant under conditions of high demand for NADPH. These results are discussed in terms of the functional differentiation of maize LFNR isoenzymes.
<i>PIK3CA</i> Mutations in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2006)

These data provide evidence that oncogenic properties of PIK3CA contribute to the carcinogenesis of human head and neck cancers, especially in pharyngeal cancer. A specific kinase inhibitor to PIK3CA may potentially be an effective therapeutic reagent against HNSCC or pharyngeal cancer in particular.
Graph-based trace analysis for microservice architecture understanding and problem diagnosis (2020)

Microservice systems are highly dynamic and complex. For such systems, operation engineers and developers highly rely on trace analysis to understand architectures and diagnose various problems such as service failures and quality degradation. However, the huge number of traces produced at runtime makes it challenging to capture the required information in real-time. To address the faced challenges, in this paper, we propose a graph-based microservice trace analysis approach GMTA for understanding architecture and diagnosing various problems. Built on a graph-based representation, GMTA includes efficient processing of traces produced on the fly. It abstracts traces into different paths and further groups them into business flows. To support various analytical applications, GMTA includes an efficient storage and access mechanism by combining a graph database and a real-time analytics database and using a carefully designed storage structure. Based on GMTA, we construct analytical applications for architecture understanding and problem diagnosis, these applications support various needs such as visualizing service dependencies, making architectural decisions, analyzing the changes of services behaviors, detecting performance issues, and locating root causes. GMTA has been implemented and deployed in eBay. An experimental study based on trace data produced by eBay demonstrates GMTA's effectiveness and efficiency for architecture understanding and problem diagnosis. Case studies conducted in eBay's monitoring team and Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team further confirm GMTA's substantial benefits in industrial-scale microservice systems.
Photochemical cross-linking of yeast tRNAPhe containing 8-azidoadenosine at positions 73 and 76 to the Escherichia coli ribosome (1988)

The 3'-terminal -A-C-C-A sequence of yeast tRNA(Phe) has been modified by replacing either adenosine-73 or adenosine-76 with the photoreactive analogue 8-azidoadenosine (8N3A). The incorporation of 8N3A into tRNA(Phe) was accomplished by ligation of 8-azidoadenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate to the 3' end of tRNA molecules which were shortened by either one or four nucleotides. Replacement of the 3'-terminal A76 with 8N3A completely blocked aminoacylation of the tRNA. In contrast, the replacement of A73 with 8N3A has virtually no effect on the aminoacylation of tRNA(Phe). Neither substitution hindered binding of the modified tRNAs to Escherichia coli ribosomes in the presence of poly(U). Photoreactive tRNA derivatives bound noncovalently to the ribosomal P site were cross-linked to the 50S subunit upon irradiation at 300 nm. Nonaminoacylated tRNA(Phe) containing 8N3A at either position 73 or position 76 cross-linked exclusively to protein L27. When N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe) containing 8N3A at position 73 was bound to the P site and irradiated, 23S rRNA was the main ribosomal component labeled, while smaller amounts of the tRNA were cross-linked to proteins L27 and L2. Differences in the labeling pattern of nonaminoacylated and aminoacylated tRNA(Phe) containing 8N3A in position 73 suggest that the aminoacyl moiety may play an important role in the proper positioning of the 3' end of tRNA in the ribosomal P site. More generally, the results demonstrate the utility of 8N3A-substituted tRNA probes for the specific labeling of ribosomal components at the peptidyltransferase center.
Antibodies to watch in 2015 (2014)

The commercial pipeline of recombinant antibody therapeutics is robust and dynamic. As of early December 2014, a total of 6 such products (vedolizumab, siltuximab, ramucirumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, blinatumomab) were granted first marketing approvals in 2014. As discussed in this perspective on antibodies in late-stage development, the outlook for additional approvals, potentially still in 2014 and certainly in 2015, is excellent as marketing applications for 7 antibody therapeutics (secukinumab, evolocumab, mepolizumab, dinutuximab, nivolumab, blinatumomab, necitumumab) are undergoing a first regulatory review in the EU or US. Of the 39 novel mAbs currently in Phase 3 studies, a marketing application for one (alirocumab) may be submitted in late 2014, and marketing application submissions for at least 4 (reslizumab, ixekizumab, ocrelizumab, obiltoxaximab) are expected in 2015. Other 'antibodies to watch' are those in Phase 3 studies with estimated primary completion dates in late 2014 or 2015, which includes 13 for non-cancer indications (brodalumab, bimagrumab, bococizumab, MABp1, gevokizumab, dupilumab, sirukumab, sarilumab, tildrakizumab, guselkumab, epratuzumab, combination of actoxumab + bezlotoxumab, romosozumab) and 2 (racotumomab and clivatuzumab tetraxetan) undergoing evaluation as treatments for cancer. In addition to the novel antibody therapeutics mentioned, biosimilar infliximab and biosimilar trastuzumab are 'antibodies to watch' in 2015 because of their potential for entry into the US market and regulatory review, respectively.
Applications of nanoparticles in biology and medicine (2004)

Nanomaterials are at the leading edge of the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology. Their unique size-dependent properties make these materials superior and indispensable in many areas of human activity. This brief review tries to summarise the most recent developments in the field of applied nanomaterials, in particular their application in biology and medicine, and discusses their commercialisation prospects.