gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear flows near polarized disperse particles (1996)

A theory is proposed describing the mechanism of the appearance of nonlinear flows of a liquid near dielectric or ideally polarizable particles under the action of the external electric field. These flows represent a new kind of electrokinetic phenomena. The velocity of these flows caused by polarization of particles increases as a square of the electric field intensity. The theory generalizes the previous concepts of the mechanism of the appearance of such flows in the case of the alternating electric field.
Adaptive-optics system with liquid-crystal phase-shift interferometer (2006)

We develop an adaptive-optics system based on a Mach-Zehnder radial shearing interferometer with liquid-crystal-device (LCD) phase-shift interferometry (PSI). Using accurate phase calibration and transient nematic driving of the LCD, the developed three-step PSI procedure can be achieved in a time of 5 ms. The proposed Mach-Zehnder radial shearing PSI method reconstructs the phase information using a digital signal processor (DSP). The DSP then computes appropriate control signals to drive a deformable mirror in such a way as to eliminate the wavefront distortion. The current adaptive-optics system is capable of suppressing low-frequency thermal disturbances with a signal-to-noise ratio improvement of more than 20 dB and a steady-state phase error of less than 0.02π root mean square when the control loop is operated at a frequency of 30 Hz.
Poly(halo)styrene Thin-Film Dosimeters for High Doses (1973)

A useful thin-film passive dosimeter system has been developed through use of a poly(halo)styrene matrix doped with malachite green methoxide as an indicator. Extensive characterization studies of the chlorostyrene dosimeters have been completed and the range of conditions under which they are useful has been defined. Exposure to radiation causes development of a blue color (absorption at 630 and 430 nm) which has an optical density proportional to dose over the range 104−107 rad and may be calibrated to above 3×107 rad. No effects of dose rate have been observed between 102 and 1015 rad/sec, and no effects of photon energy between 2 keV x-rays and 1 MeV gamma rays. Of the environmental parameters studied, only extraneous uv light, temperature, and a few noxious gases have a significant effect on the performance of the dosimeters. Oxygen has only a small effect (a few percent) at low dose rates, but acidic gases such as NO2, SO2, and HCl will first color, then bleach the films. The rate and ultimate amount of coloration are dependent on temperature, but this effect is negligible from 0 to 35°C. These films have an indefinite shelf life at room temperature in the absence of light and corrosive gases, and the small effects of oxygen and temperature can be compensated for in the calibration for a particular application.
Time and Dose-related Changes in the Thickness of Pig Skin after Irradiation with Single Doses of<sup>90</sup>Sr/<sup>90</sup>Y β-rays (1994)

Time-related changes in pig skin thickness have been evaluated using a non-invasive ultrasound technique after exposure to a range of single doses of 90Sr/90Y beta-rays. The reduction in relative skin thickness developed in two distinct phases: the first was between 12 and 20 weeks postirradiation. No further changes were then seen until 52 weeks postirradiation when a second phase of skin thinning was observed. This was complete after 76 weeks and no further changes in relative skin thickness were seen in the maximum follow up period of 129 weeks. The timings of these phases of damage were independent of the radiation dose, however, the severity of both phases of radiation-induced skin thinning were dose related.
Branched‐Tail Lipid Nanoparticles Potently Deliver mRNA In Vivo due to Enhanced Ionization at Endosomal pH (2019)

Abstract The potential of mRNA therapeutics will be realized only once safe and effective delivery systems are established. Unfortunately, delivery vehicle development is stymied by an inadequate understanding of how the molecular properties of a vehicle confer efficacy. Here, a small library of lipidoid materials is used to elucidate structure–function relationships and identify a previously unappreciated parameter—lipid nanoparticle surface ionization—that correlates with mRNA delivery efficacy. The two most potent materials of the library, 306O 10 and 306O i10 , induce substantial luciferase expression in mice following a single 0.75 mg kg −1 mRNA dose. These lipidoids, which have ten‐carbon tails and identical molecular weights, vary only in that the 306O 10 tail is straight and the 306O i10 tail has a one‐carbon branch. Remarkably, this small difference in structure conferred a tenfold improvement in 306O i10 efficacy. The enhanced potency of this branched‐tail lipidoid is attributed to its strong surface ionization at the late endosomal pH of 5.0. A secondary lipidoid library confirms that O i10 materials ionize more strongly and deliver mRNA more potently than lipidoids containing linear tails. Together, these data highlight the exquisite control that lipid chemistry exerts on the mRNA delivery process and show that branched‐tail lipids facilitate protein expression in animals.
Inhibition of human ovarian carcinoma cell- and hexosaminidase- mediated degradation of extracellular matrix by sugar analogs. (1992)

Human ovarian carcinoma (HOC) cell beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (beta-NAG, EC 3.2.1.30) was found to be present in three isoenzymatic forms. All three forms were capable of degrading ECM. Therefore, inhibitors of beta-NAG were sought as potential anti-invasive agents. Two sugar analogs, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-1,5-gluconolactone (CD80110) and 2-acetamido-1,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-D-glucitol (CD 86022), were evaluated for their ability to inhibit 1) human ovarian carcinoma beta-NAG isoenzyme activities, 2) degradation of radiolabeled ECM mediated by HOC cells and beta-NAG, and 3) cell growth. Both compounds were found to be competitive inhibitors of beta-NAG isoenzyme activities, with Ki values similar for all isoenzymes (2-8 microM). CD 80110 and CD 86022 inhibited HOC cell-mediated degradation of [3H]glucosamine labeled ECM without notable effect on cell growth. Enzyme-mediated degradation of ECM was also inhibited by both sugar analogs. Analysis of degradation products after cell- or enzyme-mediated digestion of ECM revealed a decrease in the amount of both free aminosugars and high molecular material caused by inhibitors. These results support a role for beta-NAG in degradation of extracellular matrix components and suggest the usefulness of hexosaminidase inhibitors as potential antiinvasive agents.
Identification of Medicinal <i>Ganoderma</i> Species Based on PCR with Specific Primers and PCR-RFLP (2008)

Ganoderma lucidum is an interesting shelf fungus that is also of medical importance in East Asian countries such as China, Japan and Korea. The fruit bodies of different Ganoderma species have similar colors and shapes, but are different regarding their medicinal properties. In order to provide molecular evidence for the genuine origin of G. lucidum, G. sinense and G. tsuga, fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP) genes were cloned using genomic walker technology and their sequences were then determined. Based on the sequences of cloned FIP genes, we designed three pairs of species-specific primers for amplification and sequencing of FIP genes. These new primers allowed an effective amplification and sequencing of FIP genes from representative species of G. lucidum, G. sinense and G. tsuga. Phylogenetic relationships were resolved quite efficiently by the FIP gene sequences, which proved to be more useful than other genetic marker techniques in phylogenetic reconstruction of G. lucidum, G. sinense and G. tsuga.
Dietary Cod Protein Restores Insulin-Induced Activation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt and GLUT4 Translocation to the T-Tubules in Skeletal Muscle of High-Fat-Fed Obese Rats (2003)

Diet-induced obesity is known to cause peripheral insulin resistance in rodents. We have recently found that feeding cod protein to high-fat-fed rats prevents the development of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. In the present study, we have further explored the cellular mechanisms behind this beneficial effect of cod protein on skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Rats were fed a standard chow diet or a high-fat diet in which the protein source was either casein, soy, or cod proteins for 4 weeks. Whole-body and muscle glucose disposal were reduced by approximately 50% in rats fed high-fat diets with casein or soy proteins, but these impairments were not observed in animals fed cod protein. Insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins were similar in muscle of chow- and high-fat-fed rats regardless of the dietary protein source. However, IRS-1-associated phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase activity was severely impaired (-60%) in muscle of high-fat-fed rats consuming casein or soy protein. In marked contrast, feeding rats with cod protein completely prevented the deleterious effect of fat feeding on insulin-stimulated PI 3-kinase activity. The activation of the downstream kinase Akt/PKB by insulin, assessed by in vitro kinase assay and phosphorylation of GSK-3beta, were also impaired in muscle of high-fat-fed rats consuming casein or soy protein, but these defects were also fully prevented by dietary cod protein. However, no effect of cod protein was observed on atypical protein kinase C activity. Normalization of PI 3-kinase/Akt activation by insulin in rats fed high-fat diets with cod protein was associated with improved translocation of GLUT4 to the T-tubules but not to the plasma membrane. Taken together, these results show that dietary cod protein is a natural insulin-sensitizing agent that appears to prevent obesity-linked muscle insulin resistance by normalizing insulin activation of the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway and by selectively improving GLUT4 translocation to the T-tubules.
Kinetic aspects of dye addition in continuous integration dyeing (1989)

Following on from previous papers by the authors concerning the integration dyeing method, this paper studies the kinetic behaviour of the dye when integrated continuously in an isothermal solution over a period of 60 min. The dyeing systems selected were acid dyes on wool and cationic dyes on Leacril 16 fibre. Curves of the kinetics of dye absorption by the fibres were similar to those of the addition of dye to the dyebath. At low exhaustion the systems followed an Arrhenius law, contrary to the behaviour at high exhaustion where the dye absorption was almost independent from temperature. A mathematical method is described to assess the total amount of the dye to be added in relation with the desired temperature and exhaustion.
Conditional Augmentation for Aspect Term Extraction via Masked Sequence-to-Sequence Generation (2020)

Aspect term extraction aims to extract aspect terms from review texts as opinion targets for sentiment analysis. One of the big challenges with this task is the lack of sufficient annotated data. While data augmentation is potentially an effective technique to address the above issue, it is uncontrollable as it may change aspect words and aspect labels unexpectedly. In this paper, we formulate the data augmentation as a conditional generation task: generating a new sentence while preserving the original opinion targets and labels. We propose a masked sequence-to-sequence method for conditional augmentation of aspect term extraction. Unlike existing augmentation approaches, ours is controllable and allows us to generate more diversified sentences. Experimental results confirm that our method alleviates the data scarcity problem significantly. It also effectively boosts the performances of several current models for aspect term extraction.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS BY SOLID SUPERACIDS. PART 12. FRIEDEL CRAFTS ALKYLATION OF BENZENE, ALKYLBENZENES AND HALOBENZENES WITH ALKYL HALIDES OVER A PERFLUORINATED RESINSULFONIC ACID (NAFION‐H) CATALYST (1979)

Abstract Die Alkylierung der Aromaten (I) bis (IV) mit den Alkylhalogeniden (V)‐(IX) wird in Gegenwart von Nafion‐H (perfluorierte, polymer gebundene Sulfonsäuren) durchgeführt.
Tonal Pitch Space (2001)

Models of pitch space have been developed in music psychology to account for perceived proximity among pitches, chords, or regions. This article introduces a different model that (1) treats pitches, chords, and regions within one framework, (2) correlates with the experimental data, and (3) connects in interesting ways with a variety of music theories.
Bile acid synthesis in the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: effects of dehydrocholesterols on cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and 27-hydroxylase activities in rat liver (1999)

The Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a congenital birth defect syndrome caused by a deficiency of 3beta-hydroxysterol Delta(7)-reductase, the final enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. The patients have reduced plasma and tissue cholesterol concentrations with the accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol and 8-dehydrocholesterol. Bile acid synthesis is reduced and unnatural cholenoic and cholestenoic acids have been identified in some SLOS patients. To explore the mechanism of the abnormal bile acid production, the activities of key enzymes in classic and alternative bile acid biosynthetic pathways (microsomal cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase) were measured in liver biopsy specimens from two mildly affected SLOS patients. The effects of 7- and 8-dehydrocholesterols on these two enzyme activities were studied by using liver from SLOS model rats that were treated with the Delta(7)-reductase inhibitor (BM15.766) for 4 months and were comparable with more severe SLOS phenotype in plasma and hepatic sterol compositions. In the SLOS patients, cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 27-hydroxylase were not defective. In BM15.766-treated rats, both enzyme activities were lower than those in control rats and they were competitively inhibited by 7- and 8-dehydrocholesterols. Rat microsomal cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase did not transform 7-dehydrocholesterol or 8-dehydrocholesterol into 7alpha-hydroxylated sterols. In contrast, rat mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase catalyzed 27-hydroxylation of 7- and 8-dehydrocholesterols, which were partially converted to 3beta-hydroxycholestadienoic acids. Addition of microsomes to the mitochondrial 27-hydroxylase assay mixture reduced 27-hydroxydehydrocholesterol concentrations, which suggested that 27-hydroxydehydrocholesterols were further metabolized by microsomal enzymes. These results suggest that reduced normal bile acid production is characteristic of severe SLOS phenotype and is caused not only by depletion of hepatic cholesterol but also by competitive inhibition of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 27-hydroxylase activities by accumulated 7- and 8-dehydrocholesterols. Unnatural bile acids are synthesized mainly by the alternative pathway via mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase in SLOS.
Safety, tolerability, and systemic absorption of dapivirine vaginal microbicide gel in healthy, HIV-negative women (2009)

Twice daily administration of dapivirine vaginal gel for 42 days was safe and well tolerated with low systemic absorption in healthy, HIV-negative women suggesting that continued development is warranted.
Dynamic Logic (2000)

From the Publisher:
Among the many approaches to formal reasoning about programs, Dynamic Logic enjoys the singular advantage of being strongly related to classical logic. Its variants constitute natural generalizations and extensions of classical formalisms. For example, Propositional Dynamic Logic (PDL) can be described as a blend of three complementary classical ingredients: propositional calculus, modal logic, and the algebra of regular events. In First-Order Dynamic Logic (DL), the propositional calculus is replaced by classical first-order predicate calculus. Dynamic Logic is a system of remarkable unity that is theoretically rich as well as of practical value. It can be used for formalizing correctness specifications and proving rigorously that those specifications are met by a particular program. Other uses include determining the equivalence of programs, comparing the expressive power of various programming constructs, and synthesizing programs from specifications. 
This book provides the first comprehensive introduction to Dynamic Logic. It is divided into three parts. The first part reviews the appropriate fundamental concepts of logic and computability theory and can stand alone as an introduction to these topics. The second part discusses PDL and its variants, and the third part discusses DL and its variants. Examples are provided throughout, and exercises and a short historical section are included at the end of each chapter.
Studies on the epidemiology of <i>Alternaria brassicicola</i> in <i>Brassica oleracea</i> seed production crops (1982)

SUMMARY Alternaria brassicicola lesions present on overwintered leaf litter of Brassica oleracea seed production crops produced high concentrations of spores in the spring, these were able to initiate new infections on foliage and subsequently on inflorescences and pods. A vertical disease gradient developed in maturing crops, the lowest pods becoming infected first and infection spreading slowly upwards. Spores were produced abundantly after 20 h leaf wetness at a mean temperature of 13°C or more. Their release was stimulated by a fall in relative humidity but inhibited at a constant high relative humidity resulting in a daily cycle in air spore concentrations with minimum numbers occurring in the early morning and maximum numbers in the early afternoon. For most of the growing season spore movement was restricted to within the crop, however, massive release of spores and subsequent distribution over a wide area occurred when the crop was cut and later threshed. Using semi‐selective agar traps spores released at these times were detected up to 1800 m downwind of the parent crop and were instrumental in infecting nearby young crops destined for seed production in the following season.
The TMS320C30 floating-point digital signal processor (1988)

The 320C30 is a fast processor with a large memory space and floating-point-arithmetic capabilities. The authors describe the 320C30 architecture in detail, discussing both the internal organization of the device and the external interfaces. They also explain the pipeline structure, addressing software-related issues and constructs, and examine the development tools and support. Finally, they present examples of applications. Some of the major features of the 320C30 are: a 60-ns cycle time that results in execution of over 16 million instructions per second (MIPS) and over 33 million floating-point operations per second (Mflops); 32-bit data buses and 24-bit address buses for a 16M-word overall memory space; dual-access, 4 K*32-bit on-chip ROM and 2 K*32-bit on-chip RAM; a 64*32-bit program cache; a 32-bit integer/40-bit floating-point multiplier and ALU; eight extended-precision registers, eight auxiliary registers, and 23 control and status registers; generally single-cycle instructions; integer, floating-point, and logical operation; two- and three-operand instructions; an on-chip DMA controller; and fabrication in 1- mu m CMOS technology and packaging in a 180-pin package. These facilitate FIR (finite impulse response) and IIR (infinite impulse response) filtering, telecommunications and speech applications, and graphics and image processing applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Behavior of metals in soils (1992)

Metals added to soil will normally be retained at the soil surface. Movement of metals into other environmental compartments, i.e. groundwater, surface water, or the atmosphere, should be minimal as long as the retention capacity of the soil is not exceeded. The extent of movement of a metal in the soil system is intimately related to the solution and surface chemistry of the soil and to the specific properties of the metal and associated waste matrix. The retention mechanisms for metals added to soil include absorption of the metal by the soil solid surfaces and precipitation. In addition to soil properties, consideration must be given to the type of metal and its concentration and to the presence of competing ions, complexing ligands, and the pH and redox potential of the soil-waste matrix. Because of the wide range of soil characteristics and various forms by which metals can be added to soil, evaluating the extent of metal retention by a soil is site/soil/waste specific. Laboratory methods for evaluating the behavior of metals in soils are available in the literature. Thermodynamic equilibrium computer models are also available to assist with the evaluation. The advantages and disadvantages of some of the available proceduresmore » and models have been presented in the document.« less
Metamorphic GaInP/GaInAs/Ge solar cells (2002)

High-efficiency, metamorphic multijunction cells have been fabricated by growing GaInP/GaInAs subcells that are lattice-mismatched to an active Ge substrate, resulting in GaInP/GaInAs/Ge 3-junction (3J) cells. The efficiency dependence of this 3J cell on lattice-constant of the top two cells and on sublattice ordering in the GaInP top cell is presented. A variety of composition-graded buffers have been explored through X-ray diffraction reciprocal space mapping to measure strain in the cell layers, and transmission electron microscopy to minimize misfit and threading dislocations. Quantum efficiency is measured for metamorphic 1.3-eV Ga/sub 0.92/In/sub 0.08/As (8%-ln GaInAs) cells and 1.75-eV Ga/sub 0.43/In/sub 0.57/P cells grown on a Ge substrate, as well as for the 3J cell based on 4%-in GaInAs. Three-junction Ga/sub 0.43/In/sub 0.57/P/Ga/sub 0.92/In/sub 0.08/As/Ge cells with 0.50% lattice-mismatch to the Ge substrate are measured to have AMO efficiency of 27.3% (0.1353 W/cm/sup 2/, 28/spl deg/C), similar to high-efficiency, conventional GaInP/GaAs/Ge 3-junction cells based on the GaAs lattice constant.
Electrostatic deflection aberrations revisited: Solution proposed to an old problem (1997)

The deflection of charged particle beams into large angles is more often done with magnetic fields than with electric fields. One reason is that magnetic deflection aberrations are two to three times lower than electrostatic deflection aberrations. Electrostatic deflection aberrations have been re-examined in an attempt to design a 4 k by 5 k pixel cathode ray tube display suitable for digital mammography workstations. Using a novel ray trace program, it has been determined that electrostatic deflection aberrations can be reduced ten-fold by injecting the electron beam at an optimized offset position into a conventional deflection plate assembly. The surprising result is that the “sweet spot” is not near the center where it would be expected based upon looking at the fringe fields. The optimum injection position is offset almost halfway towards the attracting plate. This result has been confirmed in one test configuration. While the mammography application provided the initial motivation to reduce deflection aberrations, the technology may be useful in electron or ion beam lithography, especially so since the design readily accommodates four discrete beams.
Roles in Online Collaborative Problem Solving (2010)

The growth of online social networking has created new opportunities for collaboration in problem solving. How can we ensure that everyone is able to make use of it? In my work, I will explore the use of user role assignments as a way to encourage participation in online collaborative problem solving and design. I propose a design for such a roles system to be built into CoSolve, an online collaborative environment that uses the idea of state-space search as a model for problem solving.