gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measuring variations of δ <sup>18</sup> O and δ <sup>2</sup> H in atmospheric water vapour using laser spectroscopy: an instrument characterisation study (2012)

Abstract. Variations of stable water isotopes in water vapour have become measurable at a measurement frequency of about 1 Hz in recent years using novel laser spectroscopic techniques. This enables us to perform continuous measurements for process-based investigations of the atmospheric water cycle at the time scales relevant for synoptic meteorology. An important prerequisite for the interpretation of data from automated field measurements lasting for several weeks or months is a detailed knowledge about instrument properties and the sources of measurement uncertainty. We present here a comprehensive characterisation and comparison study of two commercial laser spectroscopic systems based on cavity ring-down spectroscopy (Picarro) and off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (Los Gatos Research). The uncertainty components of the measurements were first assessed in laboratory experiments, focussing on the effects of (i) water vapour mixing ratio, (ii) measurement stability, (iii) uncertainties due to calibration and (iv) response times of the isotope measurements due to adsorption-desorption processes on the tubing and measurement cavity walls. Based on the experience from our laboratory experiments we set up a one-week field campaign for comparing measurements of the ambient isotope signals of the two laser spectroscopic systems. The optimal calibration strategy determined for both instruments was applied as well as the correction functions for water vapour mixing ratio effects. The root mean square difference between the isotope signals from the two instruments during the field deployment was 2.3‰ for δ2H, 0.5‰ for δ18O and 3.1‰ for deuterium excess. These uncertainty estimates from field measurements compare well to those found in the laboratory experiments. The present quality of measurements from laser spectroscopic instruments combined with a calibration system opens new possibilities for investigating the atmospheric water cycle and the land-atmosphere moisture fluxes.
Regiospecific glycosidase‐assisted synthesis of lacto‐<i>N</i>‐biose I (Galβ1–3GlcNAc) and 3′‐sialyl‐lacto‐<i>N</i>‐biose I (NeuAcα2–3Galβ1–3GlcNAc) (2000)

The all-transglycolytic synthesis of lacto-N-biose I (Galbeta1-3GlcNAc) and 3'-sialyl-lacto-N-biose I (NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-3GlcNAc) was performed. The disaccharide lacto-N-biose I was obtained by use of p-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside as the donor, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose as the acceptor and Xanthomonas manihotis beta-D-galactosidase as the catalyst. The reaction was shown to be regiospecific, with a high molar yield (about 55%) with respect to the donor. Lacto-N-biose I obtained by this method was used as the acceptor for a subsequent enzymatic reaction catalyzed by Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase in which 2'-(4-methylumbellyferyl)-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic was used as the donor of the N-acetylneuraminil moiety. The reaction generated the product, 3'-sialyl-lacto-N-biose I, regiospecifically and with a molar yield of about 35%.
Fast learning in artificial neural systems: multilayer perceptron training using optimal estimation (1988)

The author reports on how information can be loaded in a multilayer perceptron using methods of optimal estimation theory. Initial results indicate that optimal estimate training (OET) is a supervised learning technique that is faster and more accurate than backward error propagation. Further, because optimal estimation is well-characterized mathematically, the information content loaded into a set of network interconnection weights is also characterized well. Starting with a multilayer network and a set of (input/desired output) correlation vectors, the data is expressed in matrix form. Training occurs as a simultaneous calculation where an optimal set of interconnection weights are determined, using a least-squares criterion, by standard pseudoinverse matrix techniques. This technique has been applied previously on a single-layer network. The author has extended the pseudoinverse method to multiple-layer networks and the results are insignificant. Initial results show that optimal estimation methods are promising techniques for loading information in perceptrons.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Paranuclear blue inclusions in metastatic undifferentiated small cell carcinoma in the bone marrow. (1992)

Paranuclear blue inclusions (PBIs) are frequently identified within metastatic undifferentiated small cell carcinoma (SCC) cells on air-dried bone marrow aspirates stained with Wright's stain. To determine the sensitivity and specificity of this finding, 116 bone marrow aspirates containing metastatic neoplasms were evaluated for the presence and frequency of PBIs. Bone marrow specimens included 47 cases of metastatic SCC of the lung, 13 cases of large cell lymphoma, 19 cases of neuroblastoma, five cases of small, noncleaved cell lymphoma, seven cases of rhabdomyosarcoma, three cases of Ewing's sarcoma, three cases of other sarcomas, and 19 cases of non-small cell carcinoma (adenocarcinoma). PBIs were identified in 40 of 47 (85%) cases of SCC and their frequency varied from 0 to 24% of tumor cells among different cases. In approximately half the cases of SCC, PBIs were identified in 1 to 4% tumor cells; and in eight cases, PBIs were present in 5% or more of tumor cells. PBIs were also identified in two of seven (29%) cases of rhabdomyosarcoma and one case of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, but they were not seen in Ewing's sarcoma, small non-cleaved cell lymphoma, large cell lymphoma, neuroblastoma, or non-small cell carcinoma. In addition, PBIs were not seen in alcohol-fixed, Papanicolaou-stained cytology specimens containing SCC. Ultrastructurally, PBIs may represent phagocytized nuclear/cellular material. PBIs are a feature of small cell carcinoma on air-dried, cytologic material stained with Romanowsky type stains. Their presence may provide diagnostic information with regard to the differential diagnosis of metastatic SCC in the bone marrow. Future studies evaluating non-bone marrow Wright's stained fine-needle aspiration specimens are needed to determine if PBIs are useful in distinguishing SCC from other poorly differentiated tumors in the cytology laboratory.
Characterizing Hydraulic Fracturing with a Tendency for Shear Stimulation Test (2013)

Abstract The classical concept of hydraulic fracturing is that a single, planar, opening mode fracture propagates through the formation. In recent years, there has been a growing consensus that natural fractures play an important role during stimulation in many settings. There is not universal agreement on the mechanisms by which natural fractures affect stimulation, and these mechanisms may vary depending on formation properties. One potentially important mechanism is shear stimulation, where increased fluid pressure induces slip and permeability enhancement on preexisting fractures. We propose a tendency for shear stimulation (TSS) test as a direct, relatively unambiguous method for determining the degree to which shear stimulation contributes to stimulation in a formation. In a TSS test, fluid is injected at a bottomhole pressure that is maintained below the minimum principal stress. Under these conditions, shear stimulation is the only possible mechanism for permeability enhancement (except perhaps thermally induced tensile fracturing). Standard pressure transient tests could be performed before and after the TSS test to estimate formation permeability. The flow rate transient during injection may also be interpreted to identify shear stimulation. Numerical simulations of shear stimulation were performed with a discrete fracture network (DFN) simulator that couples fluid flow with the stresses induced by fracture deformation. These simulations were used to qualitatively investigate how shear stimulation and fracture connectivity affect the results of a TSS test. Two specific field projects are discussed as examples of a TSS test, the Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) projects at Desert Peak, Nevada and Soultz-sous-Forêts, France.
Transfer learning for ECG classification (2021)

Remote monitoring devices, which can be worn or implanted, have enabled a more effective healthcare for patients with periodic heart arrhythmia due to their ability to constantly monitor heart activity. However, these devices record considerable amounts of electrocardiogram (ECG) data that needs to be interpreted by physicians. Therefore, there is a growing need to develop reliable methods for automatic ECG interpretation to assist the physicians. Here, we use deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) to classify raw ECG recordings. However, training CNNs for ECG classification often requires a large number of annotated samples, which are expensive to acquire. In this work, we tackle this problem by using transfer learning. First, we pretrain CNNs on the largest public data set of continuous raw ECG signals. Next, we finetune the networks on a small data set for classification of Atrial Fibrillation, which is the most common heart arrhythmia. We show that pretraining improves the performance of CNNs on the target task by up to [Formula: see text], effectively reducing the number of annotations required to achieve the same performance as CNNs that are not pretrained. We investigate both supervised as well as unsupervised pretraining approaches, which we believe will increase in relevance, since they do not rely on the expensive ECG annotations. The code is available on GitHub at https://github.com/kweimann/ecg-transfer-learning .
System integration issues in Apollo 11 (2010)

“Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed.” Two obscure errors almost prevented these words from being spoken. The errors were not made by the crew of Apollo 11 or by the controllers in Houston, nor were they made during the mission. Rather, they were made by engineers and managers, years before the flight. How they happened, and how they went substantially undetected and effectively ignored, is a pair of lessons in system integration that avionics engineers must never forget. The Apollo Program is justly famed as a giant leap for the techniques of management of complex system design and implementation. Nonetheless, these tools were used by human beings and so, necessarily, imperfectly. One of the most challenging tasks in any complex system is controlling and testing the interfaces between major components that are developed by different organizations. Among the management tools deployed by NASA were ICDs (Interface Control Documents). The author has not been able to determine whether this phrase was first coined for the Apollo program or the Mercury and Gemini programs that preceded it, but it was certainly a major tool in Apollo. One of the errors under discussion here was caused by a blatant failure to update an ICD in response to an engineering change, which can be classed as a management error of omission. The other is much subtler, involving a question of how previously unsuspected vulnerabilities (to crew procedures, in this case) should be communicated when they fall outside the scope of an ICD, yet turn out to have relevance to the way the interface is used. This becomes a problem because an ICD is a top-level document limited to specifying the design parameters of one subsystem insofar as they are of concern to one other subsystem. It's not surprising that the symptoms caused by the latter problem have been totally misunderstood by almost everyone from President Nixon on down, and only partially understood even by Buzz Aldrin, who along with Neil Armstrong had to deal with them at the time. This misunderstanding is so widespread that almost everyone with any acquaintance with the Program Alarms during the Apollo 11 landing believes that the LM's Primary Guidance Navigation System (PGNS) “failed” in some way and had to be rescued by human intervention. That is the exact opposite of the truth, which is that performance margins built into this very robust system quarantined the effects of the errors so that the landing could proceed with the designed level of human involvement, specifically dodging the “field of boulders” that the PGNS could know nothing about. This paper is largely a retelling of the higherlevel parts of a paper, Tales from the Lunar Module Guidance Computer by the author's colleague Don Eyles [1], but with the orientation changed from a historical narrative to a cautionary tale with recommendations for modern avionics development management. Results of more recent research by the author and two colleagues are also incorporated.
Study on the Effect of Duoxiaoshudaosu on Rice Seedling Character and Yield (2004)

Effect of Duoxiaoshudaosu on rice seedling character and yield was studied. Results of the experiment showed that spraying of Duoxiaoshudaosu solution at optimum concentration (1%) improved seedling character significantly and increased yield of rice by 8.0% compared with the control. Spraying at very high concentration inhibited the growth of rice seedling and caused crop loss.
The Endotracheal Cuff (1974)

A simple model was developed to estimate the transtracheal pressure exerted by cuffed endotracheal tubes. In-vitro experiments on excised human trachea indicate that cuffs constructed of silicone exert lower transtracheal pressures than cuffs constructed of polyvinyl chloride or latex.
Drug-induced lupus associated with COL-3: report of 3 cases. (2001)

COL-3 is the second tetracycline derivative to be implicated in the development of drug-induced lupus. A sunburnlike eruption immediately preceded or accompanied the systemic and serologic changes in these 3 patients. The rapid onset and the phototoxic appearance of the accompanying eruptions might suggest that damage to the keratinocytes caused the formation of neoantigens to which autoantibodies formed.
Evaluation of a two-hour method for screening pathogens from stool specimens (1984)

The 2-h stool-screening test (SST) (API System S.A., Montalieu-Vercieu, France) was used to screen 231 organisms yielding suspicious colonies on stool differential agars for potential pathogens. All 54 salmonellae yielded correct screens. Of 14 shigellas, 9 keyed as possible Shigella spp.-Yersinia enterocolitica-rare Salmonella spp. (SYS), and 5 (all Shigella sonnei) keyed as possible S. sonnei-Y. enterocolitica-Arizona spp. (SYA). Three Arizona strains were identified as probable Salmonella spp., two were identified as SYA, and one was identified as SYS. Seven Y. enterocolitica strains keyed as SYS, and two keyed as SYA; one strain was screened out as a nonpathogen. The two Aeromonas hydrophila strains keyed as SYA, and the two Plesiomonas shigelloides strains keyed as SYS. All 63 Proteus, Morganella, Providencia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were screened out as nonpathogens. Among 80 coliforms, 37 were screened as SYA, 32 were screened as SYS, and 11 were screened as nonpathogens. On the basis of the SST, 69/80 coliforms would have been tested further. However, only 1/88 potential pathogens would have been missed, and all Proteus, Morganella, Providencia, and P. aeruginosa strains would have been excluded. The capability of the SST (when combined with a rapid identification method) of providing same-day identification of potential stool pathogens must be weighed against its inability to effectively screen out coliforms. The cost of this method is equivalent to that of a three-tube conventional screening method. The suitability of the SST for individual laboratories must be predicated on the incidence of stool pathogens and commensals in the specific setting as well as on factors related to work flow, technologist acceptability, and turnaround time.
Fast Spanning Tree Reconnection for Resilient Metro Ethernet Networks (2009)

Ethernet is becoming a preferred technology to be deployed in metro domain due to its low cost, simplicity and ubiquity. However, spanning tree based Ethernet protocol does not meet the requirement for Metro Area Networks in terms of network resilience, despite the advancement of Ethernet standardization and commercialization. In this paper, we propose a fast spanning tree reconnection (FSTR) mechanism for Metro Ethernet networks to handle any single link failure, which has features of fast recovery, backup capacity guarantees and ease of implementation. Upon failure of a link on a spanning tree, a distributed failure recovery protocol is activated to reconnect the broken spanning tree using a reconnect-link not on the spanning tree. We present the details of the protocol, including failure notification and forwarding table reconfiguration procedures. The pre-configuration of the reconnect-links to reconnect each spanning tree is formulated as an integer linear programming (ILP) problem. The optimization results show that with lower implementation cost, fast spanning tree reconnection mechanism can achieve comparative or considerably better performance than other resilient mechanisms for Metro Ethernet networks.
A clinically oriented video-based system for quantification of eyelid movements (2000)

A field-worthy system was developed to quantify the eyelid movements in clinical sites. The system consists of a home-use charge-coupled device video camera, a processing unit, and a personal computer. A white marker of 4-mm diameter and 30-mg weight is attached to the lower margin of the upper eyelid. The processing unit automatically detects the vertical displacement of the upper edge of the marker. One marker is attached to each eye so that the movements of the both eyelids are measured with one camera simultaneously. The measurement error of the system was evaluated in experiments on eight healthy subjects and eight patients with eyelid paralysis. The mean of the absolute error of peak amplitudes occurring in 2 min was 0.81 mm, with the worst error being +1.7 mm. The reproducibility of the mean peak amplitude measured on five consecutive days was within 1 mm. The mean peak amplitudes of both eyes were measured preoperatively and postoperatively for approximately three months for three patients who were operated on to remove vestibular schwannoma. The results demonstrated basic clinical utility of the system.
The Preparation of Some Organic Mercurials from Diazonium Borofluorides (1936)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation of Some Organic Mercurials from Diazonium BorofluoridesMelvin F. W. Dunker, Edgar B. Starkey, and Glenn L. JenkinsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1936, 58, 11, 2308–2309Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1936Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1936https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01302a065https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01302a065research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1190Altmetric-Citations70LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Magnetostriction of polycrystalline Co-Pd alloys (1994)

Magnetostriction of polycrystalline Co100−xPdx alloys was measured by the strain gauge method from 4 to 300 K. The saturation magnetostriction λs=(2/3)[(ΔL/L)s∥−(ΔL/L)s⊥], where (ΔL/L)s∥ and (ΔL/L)s⊥ are the saturated values (when HE≳5 kG) of ΔL/L in fields parallel and perpendicular to sample’s length (L). λs at 4 K is found to change sign from positive to negative value as x is increased from below x0=50 at. % Pd to above. This phenomenon can be understood from the split-band theory for Co-Pd alloy. However, since some experimental facts indicate that unquenched orbital moments may exist in the x≳50 at. % Pd alloys it is necessary to consider λs = λsband+ λsion, where λsband is due to the split-band theory and λsion is from the one-ion mechanism. Under this proposal, it is possible to explain why λs(4 K) is not antisymmetric with respect to x0. Finally, two different origins of temperature dependence of λs are discussed.
5′ tRNA halves are present as abundant complexes in serum, concentrated in blood cells, and modulated by aging and calorie restriction (2013)

We demonstrate that 5' tRNA halves circulate in the blood in a stable form, most likely as part of a nucleoprotein complex, and their serum levels are subject to regulation by age and calorie restriction. They may be produced by blood cells, but their cellular targets are not yet known. The characteristics of these circulating molecules, and their known function in suppression of translation initiation, suggest that they are a novel form of signaling molecule.
The New Open-air Drama in France: Rediscovery and Renascence (1961)

IN 1924, Jacques Copeau, seeking new ways to repurify the drama in France, was weary of plays performed in confined theaters before limited strata of spectators. He asked a close associate, Leon Chancerel, to rediscover "the beautiful sites of France, places of architectural nobility totally impregnated with a long history offering to the imagination and skill of a dramatic creator the opportunity for renewal and aeration, as well as a way to meet and commune in seasonal dramatic celebrations-exactly as in ancient Greece and in the medieval epoch." In such noble sites, Copeau told his friend, it was possible to rebuild "the true, authentic theater of the people."
Surface-plasmon polariton scattering from a finite array of nanogrooves∕ridges: Efficient mirrors (2005)

The scattering of surface-plasmon polaritons (SPP) by finite arrays of one-dimensional nanodefects on metal surfaces is theoretically investigated on the basis of the reduced Rayleigh equation. Numerical calculations are carried out that rigorously account for all the scattering channels: SPP reflection and transmission, and radiative leakage. We analyze the range of parameters (defect size and number) for which high SPP reflection efficiency (low radiative losses) is achieved within a SPP band gap (negligible SPP transmission), neglecting ohmic losses (justified for array lengths significantly shorter than the SPP inelastic length): Smaller defects play better as SPP mirrors (e.g., efficiency &gt;90% at λ∼650nm for Gaussian ridges∕grooves with sub-30nm height and half-width) than larger defects, since the latter yield significant radiative losses.
An Automatically Recording Magnetic Balance (1952)

An automatically recording magnetic balance is described which uses an electromagnetic feedback to balance the force on a sample placed in a non-uniform magnetic field. This apparatus has been used for the quantitative determination of the ferromagnetic phases present in iron hydrocarbon synthesis catalysts and for studying the reactions of gases with iron compounds. Typical data are presented.