gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Implementation and Analysis of New Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithm Suitable for Wireless Sensor Networks (2008)

Sensor devices have critical resource constraints such as processing speed, memory size and energy supply. Especially, energy consumption affects the network lifetime so that energy efficiency is an important requirement for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It means that it is a considerable matter to choose the energy- and memory-efficient cryptographic algorithm suitable for wireless sensor networks. Tiny Sec, de facto security architecture for wireless sensor networks, supports traditional cryptographic algorithms such as RC5 and Skipjack while the traditional cryptographic algorithms might be unsuitable for 8-bit computing devices of which wireless sensor networks consist. Accordingly, it is necessary to evaluate the traditional cryptographic algorithms and 8-bit oriented cryptographic algorithm in performance but there is no work in this area. In this paper, we consider another candidate HIGHT, designed to be proper to ubiquitous 8-bit computing devices (e.g. sensor node or RFID tag), for wireless sensor networks. After implementing new lightweight HIGHT on Mica! and analyzing the performance between HIGHT and the traditional cryptographic algorithms, we can conclude that HIGHT, outstanding in security and efficiency, is recommended for TinySec as like traditional cryptographic algorithms on TinySec. Hence, we recommend new lightweight candidate HIGHT to be added to security module in TinySec.
Integration of Advanced Probabilistic Analysis Techniques with Multi-Physics Models (2014)

An integrated simulation platform that couples probabilistic analysis-based tools with model-based simulation tools can provide valuable insights for reactive and proactive responses to plant operating conditions. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the benefits of a partial implementation of the Small Modular Reactor (SMR) Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) Detailed Framework Specification through the coupling of advanced PRA capabilities and accurate multi-physics plant models. Coupling a probabilistic model with a multi-physics model will aid in design, operations, and safety by providing a more accurate understanding of plant behavior. This represents the first attempt at actually integrating these two types of analyses for a control system used for operations, on a faster than real-time basis. This report documents the development of the basic communication capability to exchange data with the probabilistic model using Reliability Workbench (RWB) and the multi-physics model using Dymola. The communication pathways from injecting a fault (i.e., failing a component) to the probabilistic and multi-physics models were successfully completed. This first version was tested with prototypic models represented in both RWB and Modelica. First, a simple event tree/fault tree (ET/FT) model was created to develop the software code to implement the communication capabilities between the dynamic-link library (dll) and RWB. A program, written in C#, successfully communicates faults to the probabilistic model through the dll. A systems model of the Advanced Liquid-Metal Reactor–Power Reactor Inherently Safe Module (ALMR-PRISM) design developed under another DOE project was upgraded using Dymola to include proper interfaces to allow data exchange with the control application (ConApp). A program, written in C+, successfully communicates faults to the multi-physics model. The results of the example simulation were successfully plotted.
Clinical evaluation and management of myasthenia gravis (2004)

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a syndrome of fluctuating skeletal muscle weakness that worsens with use and improves with rest. Eye, facial, oropharyngeal, axial, and limb muscles may be involved in varying combinations and degrees of severity. Its etiology is heterogeneous, divided initially between those rare congenital myasthenic syndromes, which are genetic, and the bulk of MG, which is acquired and autoimmune. The autoimmune conditions are divided in turn between those that possess measurable serum acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies and a smaller group that does not. The latter group includes those MG patients who have serum antibodies to muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK). Therapeutic considerations differ for early-onset MG, late-onset MG, and MG associated with the presence of a thymoma. Most MG patients can be treated effectively, but there is still a need for more specific immunological approaches.
NF-kappaB mediates the survival of human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (2008)

The current study demonstrates that CSE activates NF-kappaB and up-regulates Bcl-XL through NF-kB activation in HBECs, and that CSE induces cell death in cells lacking p65. These results suggest that activation of NF-kappaB regulates cell survival following DNA damage by cigarette smoke in human bronchial epithelial cells.
Effect of Aquasorb and Organic Compost Amendments on Soil Water Retention and Evaporation with Different Evaporation Potentials and Soil Textures (2006)

Abstract Aquasorb PR3005A, a hydrophilic polymer (a salt copolymer polyacrylamide), and garden waste compost were added to a loamy sand and a loam soil in pots to assess their impact upon soil physical properties at two different evaporation potentials. Compost was mulched and incorporated, the Aquasorb was incorporated, and their effect on temperature and amelioration of soil water content and evaporation was investigated. Mulching with compost reduced evaporation and increased soil temperature. Maize (Zea mays var. single cross 704) was sown in the same pots later, and growth indicator factors (plant height, fresh and dry weight, root weight, and leaf area) were compared. It was concluded that compost mulch application is beneficial to soil water retention whereas compost incorporation did not show these benefits. Compost mulch advances seedling emergence and enhances early growth through hydrologic soil amelioration. High rates of Aquasorb were also beneficial in advancing the emergence and early growth of maize seeded in loamy sand. The hydration capacity of Aquasorb is reduced as the electrolyte concentration and electrical conductivity are increased. Increased electrolyte concentration in soil solution, through drying, may result in gel dehydration and water release at potentials greater than field capacity, which may be lost to drainage. Furthermore, it is concluded that pot experiments with amendments fail to simulate field conditions.
An adaptive selection algorithm of macroblock coding candidate modes (2010)

In the macroblock coding mode selection process, to improve the judging speed of intra macroblock refresh, the codec usually uses the previous frame temporal information and low-level SVC layer image information to prejudge to reduce the range of candidate macroblock coding modes. As the compressed bitstreams are particular sensitive to error, in order to enhance the error resilience of compressed bitstreams, you can select some inter macroblock mode as the intra macroblock refresh in order to enhance the error resilience performance, to prevent the temporal error propagation. This paper firstly optimizes macroblock level rate-distortion model, and then proposes a candidate modes selection method which compares the rate-distortion function value of intra macroblock mode and inter macroblock mode, to reduce the number of candidate patterns of the rate distortion optimization, to reduce the complexity of the algorithm in the macroblock level, meantime to improve the intra macroblock refreshment rate, effectively prevent t propagation. Under the same bit error rate conditions, the computational complexity is reduced by 15%, and decoded image quality is no significant degrade.
Program counter-based prediction techniques for dynamic power management (2006)

Reducing energy consumption has become one of the major challenges in designing future computing systems. This paper proposes a novel idea of using program counters to predict I/O activities in the operating system. It presents a complete design of program-counter access predictor (PCAP) that dynamically learns the access patterns of applications and predicts when an I/O device can be shut down to save energy. PCAP uses path-based correlation to observe a particular sequence of program counters leading to each idle period and predicts future occurrences of that idle period. PCAP differs from previously proposed shutdown predictors in its ability to: 1) correlate I/O operations to particular behavior of the applications and users, 2) carry prediction information across multiple executions of the applications, and 3) attain higher energy savings while incurring lower mispredictions. We perform an extensive evaluation study of PCAP using a detailed trace-driven simulation and an actual Linux implementation. Our results show that PCAP achieves lower average mispredictions and higher energy savings than the simple timeout scheme and the state-of-the-art learning tree scheme.
The Selvester QRS Scoring System for Estimating Myocardial Infarct Size (1985)

It is generally known that patient prognosis and cardiac function are related to the amount of the left ventricle (LV) infarcted; thus, reliable clinical methods that are able to estimate the extent of both acute and remote myocardial necrosis are needed. Additionally, the recent interest in the limitation of acute myocardial infarct (MI) size with therapeutic interventions has prompted the evaluation of many clinical methods aimed at estimating the size of an acute MI. For more than 50 years, the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) has remained the standard for determining the presence and location of MIs. Because it is universally available, noninvasive, inexpensive, and easily repeatable, it is important to know the extent to which the ECG could be implemented in the estimation of MI size. The quantitative Selvester QRS scoring system, which was designed from computer simulations, utilizes the information on the ECG to estimate MI size. The purposes of
A method for generating large datasets of organ geometries for radiotherapy treatment planning studies (2014)

These generated organ geometries are realistic and statistically representative.
Pharmacological and therapeutic secrets of plant and brain (endo)cannabinoids (2008)

Research on the chemistry and pharmacology of cannabinoids and endocannabinoids has reached enormous proportions, with approximately 15,000 articles on Cannabis sativa L. and cannabinoids and over 2,000 articles on endocannabinoids. The present review deals with the history of the Cannabis sativa L. plant, its uses, constituent compounds and their biogeneses, and similarity to compounds from Radula spp. In addition, details of the pharmacology of natural cannabinoids, as well as synthetic agonists and antagonists are presented. Finally, details regarding the pioneering isolation of the endocannabinoid anandamide, as well as the pharmacology and potential therapeutic uses of endocannabinoid congeners are presented.
Ethylene biosynthesis and action in tomato: a model for climacteric fruit ripening (2002)

Elucidating the mechanisms involved in ripening of climacteric fruit and the role that ethylene plays in the process are key to understanding fruit production and quality. In this review, which is based largely on research in tomato, particular attention is paid to the role of specific isoforms of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase in controlling ethylene synthesis during the initiation and subsequent autocatalytic phase of ethylene production during ripening. Recent information on the structure and role of six different putative ethylene receptors in tomato is discussed, including evidence supporting the receptor inhibition model for ripening, possible differences in histidine kinase activity between receptors, and the importance of receptor LeETR4 in ripening. A number of ethylene-regulated ripening-related genes are discussed, including those involved in ethylene synthesis, fruit texture, and aroma volatile production, as well as experiments designed to elucidate the ethylene signalling pathway from receptor through intermediate components similar to those found in Arabidopsis, leading to transcription factors predicted to control the expression of ethylene-regulated genes.
RNAi Screening Implicates a SKN-1–Dependent Transcriptional Response in Stress Resistance and Longevity Deriving from Translation Inhibition (2010)

Caenorhabditis elegans SKN-1 (ortholog of mammalian Nrf1/2/3) is critical for oxidative stress resistance and promotes longevity under reduced insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS), dietary restriction (DR), and normal conditions. SKN-1 inducibly activates genes involved in detoxification, protein homeostasis, and other functions in response to stress. Here we used genome-scale RNA interference (RNAi) screening to identify mechanisms that prevent inappropriate SKN-1 target gene expression under non-stressed conditions. We identified 41 genes for which knockdown leads to activation of a SKN-1 target gene (gcs-1) through skn-1-dependent or other mechanisms. These genes correspond to multiple cellular processes, including mRNA translation. Inhibition of translation is known to increase longevity and stress resistance and may be important for DR-induced lifespan extension. One model postulates that these effects derive from reduced energy needs, but various observations suggest that specific longevity pathways are involved. Here we show that translation initiation factor RNAi robustly induces SKN-1 target gene transcription and confers skn-1-dependent oxidative stress resistance. The accompanying increases in longevity are mediated largely through the activities of SKN-1 and the transcription factor DAF-16 (FOXO), which is required for longevity that derives from reduced IIS. Our results indicate that the SKN-1 detoxification gene network monitors various metabolic and regulatory processes. Interference with one of these processes, translation initiation, leads to a transcriptional response whereby SKN-1 promotes stress resistance and functions together with DAF-16 to extend lifespan. This stress response may be beneficial for coping with situations that are associated with reduced protein synthesis.
Prion infection impairs the cellular response to oxidative stress (2000)

The molecular mechanism of neurodegeneration in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies remains uncertain. In this study, it was demonstrated that prion-infected hypothalamic neuronal GT1 cells displayed a higher sensitivity to induced oxidative stress over noninfected cells. In addition, the infected cells presented an increased lipid peroxidation and signs of apoptosis associated with a dramatic reduction in the activities of the glutathione-dependent and superoxide dismutase antioxidant systems. This study indicates for the first time that prion infection results in an alteration of the molecular mechanisms promoting cellular resistance to reactive oxygen species. This finding is vital for future therapeutic approaches in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and the understanding of the function of the prion protein.
The pharmacology of betahistine in the context of the vestibular system. (2001)

The problem of deciding, which, of several drug actions is the 'true' mechanism of action is an ancient and difficult one in pharmacology. Sometimes the problem is that each investigator may see his described action as through a tunnel, his vision not encompassing other possibilities. To help with the process of deciding the 'true' mechanism of action, the pharmacologist Philip Seeman has offered some guidelines. A few of his guidelines apply in the case of betahistine (BH). One is--does the drug have access to the proposed site of action? A second is--are the concentrations at which the drug acts at the candidate mechanism achievable in the patient? The three candidate sites of BH action are vascular, central nervous system and inner ear. There is obvious evidence that a vascular site as well as a vestibular end organs site are possible. There is also evidence that BH gains access to the central nervous system albeit achieving lower concentrations there than in plasma. Whether BH crosses the blood-labyrinthine barrier is not known. Then there is the guideline of similarity of clinically-achievable and experimental concentrations. Implicit in this guideline, without data to the contrary, is the assumption that the plasma concentration of a drug is roughly the concentration at the active site. This may or may not be true.
An update on the use of laser technology in skin vaccination (2013)

Vaccination via skin often induces stronger immune responses than via muscle. This, in line with potential needle-free, painless delivery, makes skin a very attractive site for immunization. Yet, despite decades of effort, effective skin delivery is still in its infant stage and safe and potent adjuvants for skin vaccination remain largely undefined. We have shown that laser technologies including both fractional and non-fractional lasers can greatly augment vaccine-induced immune response without incurring any significant local and systemic side effects. Laser illumination at specific settings can accelerate the motility of antigen-presenting cells or trigger release of 'danger' signals stimulating the immune system. Moreover, several other groups including the authors explore laser technologies for needle-free transcutaneous vaccine delivery. As these laser-mediated resurfacing technologies are convenient, safe and cost-effective, their new applications in vaccination warrant clinical studies in the very near future.
Vehicle-to-Everything (v2x) Services Supported by LTE-Based Systems and 5G (2017)

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X), including vehicle- to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-network (V2N) communications, improves road safety, traffic efficiency, and the availability of infotainment services. Standardization of Long Term Evolution (LTE)-based V2X has been actively conducted by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to provide solutions for V2X communications, and has benefited from the global deployment and fast commercialization of LTE systems. LTE-based V2X was widely used as LTE-V in the Chinese vehicular communications industry, and LTE-based V2X was redefined as LTE V2X in 3GPP standardization progress. In this article, the overview of requirements and use cases in V2X services in 3GPP is presented. The up-to-date standardization of LTE V2X in 3GPP is surveyed. The challenges and detailed design aspects in LTE V2X are also discussed. Meanwhile, the enhanced V2X (eV2X) services and possible 5G solutions are analyzed. Finally, the implementations of LTE V2X are presented with the latest progress in industrial alliances, research, development of prototypes, and field tests.
Measuring multi-language software evolution (2011)

Characterising and measuring software developed in multiple languages is a problem for practitioners. Rather than a language-based approach, we avoid difficulties related to syntax, semantics and language paradigms by looking directly at relative shared information content to perform these tasks. Measuring, for each language, the relative number of bits of shared binary information between artefacts representative of consecutive releases of the project using a common tool permits the direct comparison of evolution results for the multiple languages. This paper presents a case study of the program suite called git, written in C, perl and Bourne shell. The study uses this method to show that, for git, code in scripting languages does not prototype later C, Bourne shell and C code are written together and that the languages' code contributions occur concurrently.
Involvement of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in carotid plaque growth and vulnerability (2016)

OBJECTIVE The roles of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in the development of carotid plaque are still obscure. This study aimed to clarify this by assessing the histological findings of specimens obtained from carotid endarterectomy. METHODS This study included 34 patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy. MR imaging was performed to semiquantitatively analyze the components of the carotid plaques in all patients. The surgical specimens were subjected to immunohistochemistry. The distributions of the CD34-, CD133-, VEGF-2R-positive cells in the carotid plaques were precisely analyzed, and their number was quantified. Simultaneously, the CD34-positive microvessels were localized. RESULTS The plaque component was judged as lipid-rich plaque in 19 patients, intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) in 11 patients, and fibrous plaque in 4 patients. The CD34-positive microvessels were densely distributed in the plaque shoulder and interface-to-media regions. The CD34-, CD133-, and VEGF-2R-positive cells were mainly localized around the CD34-positive microvessels. The number of CD34-positive microvessels significantly correlated with the number of CD34-, CD133-, and VEGF-2R-positive cells (R = 0.308, p = 0.009; R = 0.324, p = 0.006; and R = 0.296, p = 0.013, respectively). Vulnerable plaques (lipid-rich and IPH) had significantly higher numbers of the CD34-positive microvessels (p = 0.007) and CD34-, CD133-, and VEGF-2R-positive cells than fibrous plaques (p = 0.031, p = 0.013, and p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS These findings strongly suggest that neovascularization in the plaque shoulder and interface-to-media regions may play a key role in delivering EPCs from the peripheral blood to the carotid plaque, promoting the growth of carotid plaque. Furthermore, the invaded EPCs, especially the CD133-positive immature EPCs, may be related to plaque vulnerability.
Multilingual Hierarchical Attention Networks for Document Classification (2017)

Hierarchical attention networks have recently achieved remarkable performance for document classification in a given language. However, when multilingual document collections are considered, training such models separately for each language entails linear parameter growth and lack of cross-language transfer. Learning a single multilingual model with fewer parameters is therefore a challenging but potentially beneficial objective. To this end, we propose multilingual hierarchical attention networks for learning document structures, with shared encoders and/or attention mechanisms across languages, using multi-task learning and an aligned semantic space as input. We evaluate the proposed models on multilingual document classification with disjoint label sets, on a large dataset which we provide, with 600k news documents in 8 languages, and 5k labels. The multilingual models outperform strong monolingual ones in low-resource as well as full-resource settings, and use fewer parameters, thus confirming their computational efficiency and the utility of cross-language transfer.
FDSOI radiation dosimeters (2011)

We describe the fabrication of radiation dosimeters utilizing fully-depleted silicon-on insulator (FDSOI) substrates, and further demonstrate the detection of various ionizing radiation types including protons, a-particles, and X-rays by the threshold voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> ) changes caused by the radiation-induced charge trapped in the buried oxide. Our FDSOI dosimeter exhibits a sensitivity of ~3 mV/krad(SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) to 1 MeV protons and ~10 mV/krad(SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) to 8 keV X-rays, respectively. The comparison of FDSOI dosimeter with existing bulk-Si detectors shows comparable sensitivity, with the additional advantage of up to 90 days of BOX charge retention time. Our findings are encouraging and provide innovative implementation of SOI technology in microelectronics radiation dosimetry while maintaining CMOS process compatibility.