gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Presentación: La Educación para el Desarrollo como respuesta a las desigualdades del siglo XXI (2012)

espanolEn este articulo describimos la sociedad actual como un sistema caracterizado por el cambio permanente en el que se acrecientan cada vez mas las diferencias sociales, que se han visto agravadas por la actual situacion de crisis economica. Para luchar contra estas desigualdades proponemos trabajar, en los diferentes niveles del sistema educativo, desde la mirada que ofrece la Educacion para el Desarrollo y que suscita un conjunto de practicas que se dirigen a transformar y a promover la toma de conciencia sobre esta realidad. En definitiva, se trata de una propuesta que se asienta en un ideal de justicia social y equidad y que trata de discutir ?como hacer posible un mundo mas justo e igualitario? EnglishThis article describes the current society as a system characterized by constant change in which social differences continuously increase; these have been exacerbated due to the current economic crisis. To fight against such inequalities we propose to work from the perspective offered by Development Education in the different educational levels, fostering practices that are aimed at transforming and promoting awareness of this reality. Overall, this is a proposal based on the ideal of social justice and equity and it seeks to discuss how to bring about a more just and egalitarian world. Is a more just and equal world possible?
Cathode- and Anode-Induced Electrical Breakdown in Vacuum (1967)

The problems considered are whether the breakdown that occurs between two parallel-plane electrodes in a vacuum is an anode-induced or cathode-induced breakdown and what conditions determine which type of breakdown is dominant. The critical anode power density for an anode-induced breakdown and the critical cathode current density for a cathode-induced breakdown were measured and the experimental results were compared with predictions from theory of heat conduction. An analysis of these experimental results led to a criterion for determining the type of breakdown that predominates as a function of separation between electrodes and of the thermal and electrical conductivities of the material of the electrodes. It was shown that there were four distinct regions of separation: two anode-induced regions, one cathode-induced region, and one transition region of both types.
Minor Injuries as a Risk Factor for Venous Thrombosis (2008)

Minor injuries in the leg are associated with greater risk of venous thrombosis. Because minor injuries are common, they could be major contributors to the occurrence of venous thrombosis.
Enhanced polarimetric radar signatures above the melting level in a supercell storm (2003)

The dataset analyzed is the first simultaneous in-situ and radar survey of phenomena associated with observed "columns" of differential reflectivity Z/sub dr/ and specific differential phase K/sub dp/ in a supercell storm. Further, no in situ measurements in regions of such enhanced Z/sub dr/ and K/sub dp/ have ever been reported. The measurements were made in an Oklahoma convective storm that formed in Kingfisher County, on May 17, 1995. Parcel and environmental freezing temperatures were near the 600 mb level (3.5 km AGL). Official observations of 2.5 cm hail were reported as well as a 40 m s/sup -1/ wind gust. Dual-polarization radar measurements were obtained with the NSSL's Cimarron radar. The in situ measurements are provided by the T-28 aircraft at a height of between 4.9 and 5.2 km (near 500 mb; about -5/spl deg/ C). These include temperature, vertical velocity and liquid water content (LWC), as well as hydrometeor size and concentration from the hail spectrometer and a foil impactor.
Development of &#x03BC;-PIC with resistive cathode (2010)

The Micro Pixel Chamber (μ-PIC) using resistive Kapton on the cathode electrodes was developed and tested. The cathode electrodes were covered with resistive foil. Discharge problems are expected to be reduced due to spontaneous electric field reduction around the electrodes only for large electron deposit. The first prototype of this detector was made and tested. The gas gain more than 6000 was observed.
Electroencephalographic Bicoherence Is Sensitive to Noxious Stimuli during Isoflurane or Sevoflurane Anesthesia (2004)

Noxious stimuli decreased the peak heights of electroencephalographic bicoherence, an effect that was counteracted by fentanyl analgesia.
BioMEMS –Advancing the Frontiers of Medicine (2008)

Biological and medical application of micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) is currently seen as an area of high potential impact. Integration of biology and microtechnology has resulted in the development of a number of platforms for improving biomedical and pharmaceutical technologies. This review provides a general overview of the applications and the opportunities presented by MEMS in medicine by classifying these platforms according to their applications in the medical field.
Protean Clinical Presentation of Antiphospholipid-Protein Antibodies (APA) (1995)

Antiphospholipid-protein antibodies (APA) are a family of immunoglobulins which have been defined by varying laboratory test systems. Lupus anticoagulants (LA) and anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) are the two most prominent members of this family of antibodies. LA are detected utilizing various phospholipid (PL) dependent tests of coagulation (e.g., activated partial thromboplastin time [APTT], Kaolin Clotting Time [KCT], dilute Russell Viper Venom Time [dRVVT]). Originally, LA were thought to be a laboratory nuisance since the vast majority of individuals with LA did not bleed. Paradoxically, patients with LA were found to have an increased incidence of thromboembolic events and also recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA). Thus, the laboratory detection of LA has become part of the work up of patients with thromboembolic disorders and RSA. ACA are detected using solid phase assay systems (radioimmunoassay or ELISA). The presence of ACA has the same clinical implications as that of LA. Although originally it was suggested ACA and LA were the same antibody, it is now well accepted that they, in many instances, are different antibodies. Therefore, it is critical for laboratories to evaluate patient samples for both LA and ACA. In approximately 60% of circumstances, both antibodies will be found. In the remaining cases, there will be discordance between the two test systems. The question of whether APA are causative, coincidental, or a consequence of the clinical complications of RSA and thrombosis remains controversial. Recent evidence based on prospective clinical studies and analysis of markers of in vivo coagulation suggests APA are causative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Toxicological, bacteriocidal and fungicidal properties of fatty acids and some derivatives (1979)

Abstract The LD 50 oral ingestion values for the common commercial fatty acids are in the range which are considered nontoxic; 24 hour primary skin irritation is considered positive for octanoic acid but negative for decanoic acid and upwards; 4 hour skin corrosivity is considered positive for decanoic acid and lower, negative for lauric acid and higher; eye irritation is considered positive for lauric acid and lower, negative for myristic acid and higher. Among the fatty acid derivatives that have well recognized bacteriocidal and fungicidal properties are undecanoic acid and its salts, sodium and zinc particularly, (athlete's foot fungus), fatty amine quaternary salts, (general bacteriocide properties), fatty amide derivatives, and sodium salts of common fatty acids. The highly purified monoglyceride prepared from high C‐12 fatty acid has unprecedented activity and sanitizing properties.
Information Structures of Capacity Achieving Distributions for Feedback Channels with Memory and Transmission Cost: Stochastic Optimal Control & Variational Equalities-Part I. (2015)

The Finite Transmission Feedback Information (FTFI) capacity is characterized for any class of channel conditional distributions $\big\{{\bf P}_{B_i|B^{i-1}, A_i} :i=0, 1, \ldots, n\big\}$ and $\big\{ {\bf P}_{B_i|B_{i-M}^{i-1}, A_i} :i=0, 1, \ldots, n\big\}$, where $M$ is the memory of the channel, $B^n = \{B_j: j=0,1, \ldots, n\}$ are the channel outputs and $A^n=\{A_j: j=0,1, \ldots, n\}$ are the channel inputs. The characterizations of FTFI capacity, are obtained by first identifying the information structures of the optimal channel input conditional distributions ${\cal P}_{[0,n]} =\big\{ {\bf P}_{A_i|A^{i-1}, B^{i-1}}: i=1, \ldots, n\big\}$, which maximize directed information $C_{A^n \rightarrow B^n}^{FB} = \sup_{ {\cal P}_{[0,n]} } I(A^n\rightarrow B^n), I(A^n \rightarrow B^n) = \sum_{i=0}^n I(A^i;B_i|B^{i-1}) . $ The main theorem states, for any channel with memory $M$, the optimal channel input conditional distributions occur in the subset ${\cal Q}_{[0,n]}= \big\{ {\bf P}_{A_i|B_{i-M}^{i-1}}: i=1, \ldots, n\big\}$, and the characterization of FTFI capacity is given by $C_{A^n \rightarrow B^n}^{FB, M} = \sup_{ {\cal Q}_{[0,n]} } \sum_{i=0}^n I(A_i; B_i|B_{i-M}^{i-1})$ . Similar conclusions are derived for problems with transmission cost constraints. 
The methodology utilizes stochastic optimal control theory, to identify the control process, the controlled process, and a variational equality of directed information, to derive upper bounds on $I(A^n \rightarrow B^n)$, which are achievable over specific subsets of channel input conditional distributions. For channels with limited memory, this implies the transition probabilities of the channel output process are also of limited memory.
Differential Inhibition of Renin mRNA Expression by Paricalcitol and Calcitriol in C57/BL6 Mice (2007)

<i>Background/Aims:</i> Vitamin D receptor activators (VDRAs) may suppress renin expression and VDR-mediated renin inhibitors may offer a novel mechanism to control the RAS. <i>Methods:</i> We delineated the effects of paricalcitol and calcitriol on PTH, renin, and iCa<sup>2+</sup> in C57/BL6 mice administered vehicle, paricalcitol, or calcitriol (0.01, 0.03, 0.10, 0.33, 1.0 µg/kg s.c.) 3 days/week for 9 days. <i>Results:</i> Paricalcitol produced PTH suppression from 0.03 to 1.0 µg/kg (values between 9.7 ± 3.3 and 20.7 ± 4.7 pg/ml; vehicle = 88.0 ± 16.9) and elicited dose-dependent reductions in renin/GAPDH expression at 0.33 and 1.0 µg/kg (0.037 ± 0.002, 0.027 ± 0.003; vehicle = 0.054 ± 0.003) but produced no increases iCa<sup>2+</sup> at any dose tested. Calcitrol produced PTH suppression at all doses tested (between 6.4 ± 1.2 and 29.5 ± 17.2 pg/ml) and renin suppression at 0.10, 0.33, and 1.0 µg/kg (0.029 ± 0.002, 0.031 ± 0.003, and 0.038 ± 0.02). However, at 0.33 and 1.0 mg/kg, calcitriol produced increases iCa<sup>2+</sup> (1.31 ± 0.03 and 1.48 ± 0.02 mmol/l; vehicle = 1.23 ± 0.02 mmol/l). <i>Conclusions:</i> Paricalcitol produces significant, dose-dependent suppression of renin expression in the absence of hypercalcemia at doses 10-fold above those necessary for PTH suppression. Calcitriol also produced suppression of renin at doses at least 10-fold above those required for PTH suppression, but increases in iCa<sup>2+</sup> were observed at doses only 3-fold above those necessary to elicit renin suppression.
A novel double slope analog-to-digital converter for a high-quality 640×480 CMOS imaging system (2003)

In this paper, a novel double slope ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) for imaging applications is proposed. With this conversion technique, the resolution of images can be increased especially for low illumination environments while maintaining wide dynamic range. The proposed double slope ADC is implemented with a parallel bank of 640 pseudo-l0b ADCs in a 3.3 V single chip digital CMOS image sensor with 640/spl times/480 (VGA) pixel array, 3.04 kB DRAM line buffer, and digital control block using a 0.5 /spl mu/m single poly, triple metal DRAM baseline.
Bit rate control for hybrid DPCM/DCT video codec (1994)

This paper presents a simple approach to regulating the bit stream generated by the hybrid DPCM/DCT video codec so that the compressed bit stream at a variable rate can be transmitted over a fixed rate channel. Bit rate regulation is accomplished by appropriately quantizing the DCT coefficients where the quantization stepsize is obtained by multiplying a fixed weighting matrix by a scaling factor. For each frame, a single quantization scaling factor is determined by iteratively comparing the output bit rate with a target bit rate which is based upon the desirable bit rate, same code mode, frame complexity and scene changes. The iterative comparison guarantees a quantization scaling factor which results in a minimum accumulated bit rate difference from the target bit rate for each frame. The simulation results demonstrate that the fluctuation of the output bit rate can be kept within a narrow margin while maintaining the quality of the reconstructed frames at a relatively stable level.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Legumain Protease‐Activated Auristatin Prodrugs Suppress Tumor Growth and Metastasis without Toxicity (2010)

Tumor exploitation: Novel monomethylauristatin E and didesmethylauristatin E prodrugs were prepared, and in vitro and in vivo evaluations of the prodrugs using human and mouse cancer cell lines showed that they are less toxic and more efficacious than the parent cytotoxins, as their activation was catalyzed selectively by the cysteine protease, legumain, which is overexpressed in the active form in tumor microenvironments.
Third-line rescue therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection (2006)

H pylori gastric infection is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide. The discovery that most upper gastrointestinal diseases are related to H pylori infection and therefore can be treated with antibiotics is an important medical advance. Currently, a first-line triple therapy based on proton pump inhibitor (PPI) or ranitidine bismuth citrate (RBC) plus two antibiotics (clarithromycin and amoxicillin or nitroimidazole) is recommended by all consensus conferences and guidelines. Even with the correct use of this drug combination, infection can not be eradicated in up to 23% of patients. Therefore, several second line therapies have been recommended. A 7 d quadruple therapy based on PPI, bismuth, tetracycline and metronidazole is the more frequently accepted. However, with second-line therapy, bacterial eradication may fail in up to 40% of cases. When H pylori eradication is strictly indicated the choice of further treatment is controversial. Currently, a standard third-line therapy is lacking and various protocols have been proposed. Even after two consecutive failures, the most recent literature data have demonstrated that H pylori eradication can be achieved in almost all patients, even when antibiotic susceptibility is not tested. Different possibilities of empirical treatment exist and the available third-line strategies are herein reviewed.
Path Planning Optimization for Teaching and Playback Welding Robot (2013)

Path planning for the industrial robot plays an important role in the intelligent control of robot. Tradition strategies, including model-based methods and human taught based methods, find it is difficult to control manipulator intelligently and optically. Thus, it is hard to ensure the better performance and lower energy consumption even if the same welding task was executed repeatedly. A path planning optimization method was proposed to add learning ability to teaching and playback welding robot. The optimization was divided into the welding points sequence improvement and trajectory improvement, which was done both on-line and off-line. Points sequence optimization was modeled as TSP and was continuously improved by genetic algorithm based strategy, while the trajectory between two welding points was on-line improved by an try-and-error strategy where the robot try different trajectory from time to time so as to search a better plan. Simulation results verified that this control strategy reduced the time and energy cost as compared with the man-made fix-order sequence. Our method prevents the robot from the computation-intensive model-based control, and offers a convenient way for self-improvement on the basis of human teaching.
Collaboard (2010)

In this paper we present a mixed presence groupware device called "CollaBoard". The device improves collaboration between co-located and remote partners by providing a high level of workspace awareness. This is achieved by superimposing a life-size video showing the entire upper body of remote collaborators atop the displayed shared workspace. By doing so, the CollaBoard enriches the shared workspace with embodiments of remote collaborators. It shows pose, gaze and gestures of collaborators to their remote partners, and preserves the meaning of deictic gestures when pointing at displayed shared artifacts. The separate transmission of video and data allows the shared artifacts to remain editable at both conference sites. The functionality of two interconnected CollaBoard prototypes was verified in a public demonstration, a usability test, and a comparative user study.
Observation of vortex structures in Josephson junctions by laser scanning (1983)

By scanning a focused laser beam (diameter <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\sim20 \mu</tex> m and < 1 mW) on Josephson tunnel junctions we observed variations in the zero-voltage current as a function of beam position. We believe that the laser beam at the appropriate power levels serves as a direct probe of the current distribution in the junction. Two types of factors contribute to the non-uniformity of the current distribution. The first is related to the intrinsic non-uniformity of the junction and the second is due to external parameters such as applied magnetic field and temperature. Using this technique, we have directly observed the formation of vortices in a junction in a magnetic field.
Cascade squarer (1965)

A novel squarer is described in which the required result is a linear combination of readily produced secondary variables.The square of a variable can be expanded in a series, where each term is derived from the preceding one by linear operations and the operations of maximum and minimum selection. ‘A converted’ variable is associated with each term of the expansion. The square is equal to a linear combination of the converted variables and the square of the last converted variable. The range of variation of successive converted variables decreases by half, and the series converges by a factor of one quarter per term.The expansion stands in direct correspondence to electronic squaring circuits which use linear elements and diode selection circuits in a cascade connection. When used in conjunction with any half squarer, the cascade squarer increases its accuracy by factors of 4, 16 … if 1, 2 … stages are used. Alternatively, a sufficient number of stages provides a complete squarer.Accuracies of ±0.1% are readily obtained in very simple circuits, and the speed of response is extremely fast.Several examples of circuits of cascade squarers are given.
Differential expression of the Xenopus laevis tadpole and adult beta-globin genes when injected into fertilized Xenopus laevis eggs. (1984)

Xenopus laevis tadpole and adult beta-globin genes were injected into fertilized X. laevis eggs. Both injected genes replicated and were retained in the developing embryos with equal efficiency. Transcripts of the injected adult gene were detectable at gastrulation and reached a maximum level shortly thereafter. In contrast, transcripts of the injected tadpole gene were not detected until much later stages of development. The level of expression of both the injected genes was low compared with the level of expression of the chromosomal genes during erythropoiesis.
A novel clinician interface to improve clinician access to up-to-date genetic results (2013)

Our study results demonstrate that health information technology systems have the potential effectively to assist providers in utilizing genetic information in patient care.
Segmentation of 3D medical image data sets with a combination of region-based initial segmentation and active surfaces (2003)

Segmentation is an essential step in the analysis of medical images. For segmentation of 3-D data sets in clinical practice segmentation methods are necessary which have a small user interaction time and which are highly flexible. For this purpose we propose a two-step segmentation approach. The first step results in a coarse segmentation using the Image Foresting Transformation. In the second step an active surface creates the final segmentation. Our segmentation method was tested for segmentation on real CT images. The performance was compared with the manual segmentation. We found our work method reliable.
Spin Hall torque magnetometry of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls (2014)

Spin-orbit coupling at a heavy-metal/ferromagnet interface can generate current-induced torques of several possible symmetries while simultaneously affecting the internal structure of domain walls driven by these torques. Disentangling these effects quantitatively is challenging but essential in order to understand the underlying physics of domain wall dynamics in ultrathin ferromagnets. By using in-plane magnetic fields one can isolate these effects based on symmetry. The authors show that in-plane fields, as well as current-induced torques, cause domain walls to rotate in the plane by up to 90 degrees. This new behavior also presents an important technological paradox: strong DMI is essential to achieve fast current-driven domain wall motion, but it simultaneously distorts domain walls dramatically, limiting their utility in applications. The authors propose a solution to this problem based on tuning spin Hall and Rashba torques at interfaces, whose feasibility is justified by recent measurements of these torques. They also show that in Pt/CoFe/MgO the DMI is surprisingly strong, close to the critical strength required for spontaneous skyrmion formation.
AMPHETAMINE ADDICTION (1961)

1New South Wales Division of Mental Hygiene, N.S.W., Australia. 2Department of Psychiatry, University of Sydney, Camperdown, N.S.W., Australia.
Temperature prediction using fuzzy time series (2000)

A drawback of traditional forecasting methods is that they can not deal with forecasting problems in which the historical data are represented by linguistic values. Using fuzzy time series to deal with forecasting problems can overcome this drawback. In this paper, we propose a new fuzzy time series model called the two-factors time-variant fuzzy time series model to deal with forecasting problems. Based on the proposed model, we develop two algorithms for temperature prediction. Both algorithms have the advantage of obtaining good forecasting results.
Scalable Evaluation of Quantum-Circuit Error Loss Using Clifford Sampling (2021)

A major challenge in developing quantum computing technologies is to accomplish high precision tasks by utilizing multiplex optimization approaches, on both the physical system and algorithm levels. Loss functions assessing the overall performance of quantum circuits can provide the foundation for many optimization techniques. In this Letter, we use the quadratic error loss and the final-state fidelity loss to characterize quantum circuits. We find that the distribution of computation error is approximately Gaussian, which in turn justifies the quadratic error loss. It is shown that these loss functions can be efficiently evaluated in a scalable way by sampling from Clifford-dominated circuits. We demonstrate the results by numerically simulating 10-qubit noisy quantum circuits with various error models as well as executing 4-qubit circuits with up to ten layers of 2-qubit gates on a superconducting quantum processor. Our results pave the way toward the optimization-based quantum device and algorithm design in the intermediate-scale quantum regime.