gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Through-focus scanning optical microscopy (2011)

Through-focus scanning optical microscopy (TSOM) is another 'scanning' based method that provides threedimensional information (i.e. the size, shape and location) about micro- and nanometer-scale structures. TSOM, based on a conventional optical microscope, achieves this by acquiring and analyzing a set of optical images collected at various focus positions going through focus (from above-focus to under-focus). The measurement sensitivity is comparable to what is possible with typical light scatterometry, SEM and AFM. One of the unique characteristics of the TSOM method is its ability to separate different dimensional differences (i.e. ability to distinguish, for example, linewidth difference from line height difference), and hence is expected to reduce measurement uncertainty. TSOM holds the promise of high-throughput, through comparative measurement applications for wide variety of application areas with potentially significant savings and yield improvements.
Fiber print-through mitigation technique for composite mirror replication (2006)

The quickest method for generating a lightweight composite optic is to replicate an optical-quality glass tool onto a carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP). However, fiber print-through creates an unacceptable sinusoidal surface roughness on replicated CFRP mirrors; chemical and thermal shrinkage during cure are commonly hypothesized to be the dominant causes. In order to mitigate fiber print-through, two methods of generating a polishable resin layer were investigated. The first method employs the application of a resin film to the CFRP surface. The second method, which is a more unconventional approach, generates a cocured resin layer using magnetic fibers. The latter approach is being developed to eliminate the application of additional resin layers to the CFRP surface, since additional layers present structural disadvantages.It was found that the magnetic fiber technique is comparable to the conventional approach in mitigating fiber print-through. Due to the presence of a 0.25-mm-thick buffer above the reinforcing phase, a final polishing step was used to attain optical quality features on all of the replicated specimens. CFRP and magnetic fiber samples were polished to within 50-Å rms roughness (1-µm to 1-mm bandwidth).
Vitronectin regulates the synthesis and localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in HT-1080 cells. (1992)

The effect of extracellular matrix composition on the location, amount, and activity of cell-associated urokinase-type plasminogen activator was tested using HT-1080 cells adherent to either fibronectin or vitronectin. Specific immunoprecipitation of newly synthesized urokinase indicated that cells adherent to fibronectin synthesized 2-3-fold more urokinase than cells adherent to vitronectin. Complexes of urokinase and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) were detected in cell layers of vitronectin-adherent but not fibronectin-adherent cells. Inhibition of PAI-1 using a neutralizing monoclonal antibody resulted in a 3-fold increase in urokinase enzymatic activity on vitronectin adherent cells. Urokinase activity on fibronectin adherent cells was only slightly increased following PAI-1 neutralization. Examination of both HT-1080 and normal human fibroblast cells by immunofluorescent microscopy localized urokinase-type plasminogen activator to discrete, focal areas underneath cells adherent to vitronectin. Urokinase was not detectable by immunofluorescence on cells adherent to fibronectin. The addition of exogenous prourokinase to locate urokinase receptors on adherent HT-1080 cells indicated that the focal localization of cell-surface urokinase resulted from the clustering of urokinase receptors following adhesion to vitronectin but not fibronectin-coated substrates. These results suggest that vitronectin can contribute to the control of cell-surface plasmin activity by regulating the synthesis of urokinase and directing the localization of urokinase receptors.
The role of the substantia nigra in posture control (2014)

Disorders implicating the basal ganglia are often characterized by postural deficits, but little is known about the role of the basal ganglia in posture control. Using wireless multi-electrode recording, we measured single unit activity from GABAergic and dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra as unrestrained mice stood on an elevated platform while introducing continuous postural disturbances in the roll plane. We found two major types of neurons - those activated by tilt to the left side of the body and suppressed by tilt to the right side, and others activated by tilt to the right side and suppressed by tilt to the left side. Contrary to the prevailing view that the basal ganglia output from the substantia nigra pars reticulata either inhibits or disinhibits downstream structures in an all or none fashion, we showed that it continuously sends anti-phase signals to their downstream targets. We also demonstrated for the first time that nigrostriatal dopaminergic transmission is modulated by postural disturbances.
DIAZO COUPLING FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SELEXIPAG BY VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (2018)

Aim and Objective: The aim and objective of this study were to develop a spectrophotometric method for the assay of selexipag (selective IP prostacyclin receptor agonist indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension) in pure and pharmaceutical formulations so that it will be an alternative quantitative method to chromatographic methods which require large quantities of organic solvents, where some are with hazardous and toxic properties. Materials and Methods: The method is based on the diazo coupling of selexipag with diazotized p-nitroaniline in alkaline medium to form a stable green-colored and water-soluble azo dye with a maximum absorption at 510 nm. Optimization of reaction conditions was carried out to get highly sensitive and stable colored complex. Results and Discussion: Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration range of 2–12 μg/mL with a molar absorptivity of 3.33 × 104 L/mol/cm. The limit of detection was 0.35 μg/mL and limit of quantification was 1.0 μg/mL. The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise, and reproducible (relative standard deviation <2%). Conclusions: This method was tested and validated for various parameters according to the current ICH guidelines.
Nonlinear partial differential equations for scientists and engineers (1998)

Preface to the Third Edition.- Preface.- Linear Partial Differential Equations.- Nonlinear Model Equations and Variational Principles.- First-Order, Quasi-Linear Equations and Method of Characteristics.- First-Order Nonlinear Equations and Their Applications.- Conservation Laws and Shock Waves.- Kinematic Waves and Real-World Nonlinear Problems.- Nonlinear Dispersive Waves and Whitham's Equations.- Nonlinear Diffusion-Reaction Phenomena.- Solitons and the Inverse Scattering Transform.- The Nonlinear Schroedinger Equation and Solitary Waves.- Nonlinear Klein--Gordon and Sine-Gordon Equations.- Asymptotic Methods and Nonlinear Evolution Equations.- Tables of Integral Transforms.- Answers and Hints to Selected Exercises.- Bibliography.- Index.
Influenza Virus–Cytokine‐Protease Cycle in the Pathogenesis of Vascular Hyperpermeability in Severe Influenza (2010)

The influenza virus-cytokine-protease cycle is one of the key mechanisms of vascular hyperpermeability in severe influenza.
Association study between the Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) gene and bipolar disorder (2008)

These results suggest the possible contribution of DSCAM gene in bipolar disorder, and warrant further investigations.
Role of traditional Islamic and Arabic plants in cancer therapy (2016)

This review strongly supports the fact; Arabic and Islamic traditional plants have emerged as a good source of complementary and alternative medicine in treating cancer. Traditional Arab-Islamic herbal-based medicines might be promising for new cancer therapeutics with low toxicity and minimal side effects. The plants used are mostly in crude form and still needs advance research for the isolation of phytochemicals and establishing its cellular and molecular role in treating cancer.
The in vivo antitumor activity of a humanized anti-CD26 monoclonal antibody (2007)

C70 CD26 is a 110 kDa type II cell surface glycoprotein that has multiple biological functions relevant to cancer and inflammatory diseases. It serves as a receptor, a T-cell co-stimulatory factor, an adhesion molecule, and exhibits ecto-dipeptidyl peptidase (DDPIV) activity. It is constitutively expressed in many cell types such as epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, B-cells, NK-cells, and macrophages; yet its expression is tightly regulated on T-cells. High levels of CD26 are detected in many cancer cell lines, and its expression in hematological malignancies is associated with a low survival rate. Functionally, the adhesion property of CD26 is involved in the metastasis of breast and lung cancers. Based on these observations, CD26 may serve as a marker and potential treatment target for selected hematological and other CD26+ malignancies.  We have developed a humanized anti-CD26 monoclonal antibody, YS110, and have been evaluating it for antitumor activity in nonclinical in vivo studies. YS110 was evaluated as a single agent against the human CD26+ T-cell lymphoma cell line, Karpas 299, and the human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line, IGROV1, in Nude and SCID mouse xenograft models. Significant endpoints for these experiments included mean tumor growth inhibition (TGI), tumor regression, delay in tumor growth, and agent toxicity as manifested by weight loss. The Karpas 299 studies show that YS110 was well tolerated as no weight loss was observed in the YS110 cohort versus the vehicle control cohort and no drug-related toxicities or deaths were noted. YS110 was also highly efficacious at the dose studied (10 mg/kg, intravenously (IP), 2 times per week for 5 weeks) with 6 out of 9 (66.7%) of the YS110-treated mice showing a complete response. Additionally, across the treatment cohort, an average inhibition of tumor growth of 91.7% was measured, which was statistically significant when compared with the control group (P
Development of a data acquisition system for ophthalmological instruments (2016)

Objective
To realize the storage of examination results, remote access, centralized management, a data collection scheme of digital inspection instrument which is in accordance with the clinical requirements of the Ophthalmology Department was developed.


Methods
According to the common clinical examination method in ophthalmology medical process, more than 20 different models, and different manufacturers of digital inspection instrument was selected to analysis, extraction and induction of the source data format, instrument interface and target data format. The general data collection model is abstracted finally.


Results
In practice, according to the design model, the digital acquisition system of ophthalmology department was constructed successfully. It was deployed more than 5 years in Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical Universtiy which has good effect on the collection and has good generality and expansibility. The system can meet the requirement of data collection of digital inspection instruments in the ophthalmology department, and support the flexible expansibility of the new varieties of instruments.


Conclusion
The output method and data format of the instruments in ophthalmology department was summarized in the scheme. There is a universal data collection scheme was established to improve the efficiency of construction in ophthalmology department. The result of data meet majority of the requirement of the clinical diagnosis, then effectively solve the problem of information island. Examination in a place was shared in whole hospital is achieved.


Key words: 
Diagnostic techniques, ophthalmological; Equipment and supplies; Data collection; Information island
Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Heparin Oligosaccharides and Low Molecular Weight Heparin (2015)

Heparins, highly sulfated, linear polysaccharides also known as glycosaminoglycans, are among the most challenging biopolymers to analyze. Hyphenated techniques in conjunction with mass spectrometry (MS) offer rapid analysis of complex glycosaminoglycan mixtures, providing detailed structural and quantitative data. Previous analytical approaches have often relied on liquid chromatography (LC)-MS, and some have limitations including long separation times, low resolution of oligosaccharide mixtures, incompatibility of eluents, and often require oligosaccharide derivatization. This study examines the analysis of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides using a novel electrokinetic pump-based capillary electrophoresis (CE)-MS interface. CE separation and electrospray were optimized using a volatile ammonium bicarbonate electrolyte and a methanol-formic acid sheath fluid. The online analyses of highly sulfated heparin oligosaccharides, ranging from disaccharides to low molecular weight heparins, were performed within a 10 min time frame, offering an opportunity for higher-throughput analysis. Disaccharide compositional analysis as well as top-down analysis of low molecular weight heparin was demonstrated. Using normal polarity CE separation and positive-ion electrospray ionization MS, excellent run-to-run reproducibility (relative standard deviation of 3.6-5.1% for peak area and 0.2-0.4% for peak migration time) and sensitivity (limit of quantification of 2.0-5.9 ng/mL and limit of detection of 0.6-1.8 ng/mL) could be achieved.
Influence of Fluorine Implant on Threshold Voltage for Metal Gate FDSOI and MuGFET (2007)

The origin of the large Vt shift observed in planar FDSOI is the creation of negative charge states in the BOX by F implant. F implant is a suitable approach for planar FDSOI SoC integration with single WF metal gate, but NOT for MuGFETs. F implant degrades electron mobility and the degradation is a function of F dose. The hole mobility is unaffected by F implant.
Dynamic response of magneto-rheological fluid channel flow with fluid-wall interactions (2009)

The objective of this study is to provide the fundamental data for the novel application of MR fluid plugging(MRF plugging) to a medical or safety devices for flow control. Experimental evaluation on dynamic response of MRF plugging in pressure mode was conducted to clarify the effect of piston velocity, magnetic flux intensity and wall surface roughness to its plugging performance. MRF plugging performance has been discussed through the evaluation of the endurance pressure of MRF plugging and flow rate. It is shown that the endurance pressure of MRF plugging is increased by the piston velocity, the magnetic flux intensity, and the adoption of wall surface structure. Furthermore, the endurance pressure is decreased for the circular and elastic tube, assuming a biological tube.
RE-ENGINEERING THE BOTTOM LINE. (1993)

AREDESIGNING WORK PROCESSES FOCUSING ON CUSTOMER SERVICE, WITH EXAMPLES FROM U.S. CONTAINER SHIPPING COMPANIES.
Lithium Aluminum Hydride Reduction of Diethyl 2,6-Dimethyl-3,4-pyridinedicarboxylate (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLithium Aluminum Hydride Reduction of Diethyl 2,6-Dimethyl-3,4-pyridinedicarboxylateEdmund C. KornfeldCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 16, 4425Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01621a080https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01621a080research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views52Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Sulfur-Free Penicillin Derivatives. V. Preparation, Hydrolysis, and Oxidative Rearrangement Of Fused Oxazoline–Azetidinones (1975)

Chlorinolysis of an anhydropenicillin affords a 2-(2′-chloro-3′S-amino, -acylamino or -phthalimido-4′-oxo)azetidinyl-3-methyl-2-butenoyl chloride, as a mixture of 2′R (cis) and 2′S (trans) epimers in which the 2′R epimer usually predominates. Hydrolysis of the acid chloride and treatment of the carboxylic acid with aqueous bicarbonate causes cyclization, in the case of a 3′-acylamino substituent, to a 2R-6-(1′-carboxy-2′-methyl-prop-1-enyl)-1-oxa-3,6-diaza-4S,5R-bicyclo[3,2,0]hept-2-ene-7-one. The mechanisms of these transformations are discussed, and alternative routes to such fused oxazoline–azetidinones are also presented.The oxazolines undergo ready hydrolysis to sulfonic acid salts of 2-(2′R-acyloxy-3′S-amino-4′-oxo)azetidinyl-3-methyl-2-butenoates upon treatment with the hydrate of a sulfonic acid in acetone solvent. Neutralization of these salts proceeds without O → N acyl transfer, because acylation yields a diacylated azetidinone in which the new acyl substituent is attached to nitrogen. Monobromination of the allylic methyl groups of these salts, followed by treatment with 2 molar-equiv. of triethylamine, leads to a deep-seated rearrangement, in high yield, to an oxazinone. The mechanism of this rearrangement and, in particular, the role of acylimines in this and related reactions, including the biosynthesis of penicillin, are discussed.
Studies in the heterocyclic series. 22. New chemistry of azaphenothiazine and its precursors (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies in the heterocyclic series. 22. New chemistry of azaphenothiazine and its precursorsCharles O. OkaforCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 3, 592–594Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00342a050https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00342a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views511Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A novel self-aligned double-gate TFT technology (2001)

In this letter, a novel self-aligned double-gate (SADG) thin-film transistor (TFT) technology is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for the first time. The self-alignment between the top-gate (TG) and bottom-gate (BG) is realized by a noncritical chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) step. An ultrathin channel and a thick source/drain, that allow better device performance and lower source/drain resistance, are also automatically achieved. N-channel poly-Si TFTs are fabricated with maximum processing temperature below 600/spl deg/C. Metal induced unilateral crystallization (MIUC) is used for poly-Si grain size enhancement. The fabricated SADG TFT exhibits symmetrical bidirectional transfer characteristics when the polarity of source/drain bias is interchanged. The on-current under double-gate operation is more than two times the sum of that under TG and BG operation.
Self-Organization, Embodiment, and Biologically Inspired Robotics (2007)

Robotics researchers increasingly agree that ideas from biology and self-organization can strongly benefit the design of autonomous robots. Biological organisms have evolved to perform and survive in a world characterized by rapid changes, high uncertainty, indefinite richness, and limited availability of information. Industrial robots, in contrast, operate in highly controlled environments with no or very little uncertainty. Although many challenges remain, concepts from biologically inspired (bio-inspired) robotics will eventually enable researchers to engineer machines for the real world that possess at least some of the desirable properties of biological organisms, such as adaptivity, robustness, versatility, and agility.
Influenza Drug Resistance (2011)

Influenza viruses are major human pathogens with a global distribution, accounting for more than 500,000 annual deaths worldwide and with considerable impact on the quality of life and productivity of the society. Due to the limited efficacy of vaccination, antiviral drugs constitute a complementary approach in the control and prevention of influenza infections and thus play an important role in the management of influenza outbreaks and pandemics. Currently, adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are the only two classes of anti-influenza agents approved for clinical use. However, the worldwide emergence and high prevalence of adamantane-resistant virus variants has discouraged the use of the former drugs. NAIs have proved to be very effective against influenza A and B viruses. Nevertheless, oseltamivir-resistant strains have also been reported quite frequently, as in the case of seasonal H1N1 viruses that circulated between 2007 and 2009. Indeed, the emergence of drug-resistant virus variants is always a matter of concern because it could significantly compromise the usefulness of such intervention. This highlights the need for continuous monitoring of resistance markers, as well as the development of new anti-influenza drugs and combination therapies.
Using concepts in literature‐based discovery: Simulating Swanson's Raynaud–fish oil and migraine–magnesium discoveries (2001)

Abstract Literature‐based discovery has resulted in new knowledge. In the biomedical context, Don R. Swanson has generated several literature‐based hypotheses that have been corroborated experimentally and clinically. In this paper, we propose a two‐step model of the discovery process in which hypotheses are generated and subsequently tested. We have implemented this model in a Natural Language Processing system that uses biomedical Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) concepts as its unit of analysis. We use the semantic information that is provided with these concepts as a powerful filter to successfully simulate Swanson's discoveries of connecting Raynaud's disease with fish oil and migraine with a magnesium deficiency.
A descriptive analysis of children's playground injuries in the United States 1990-4. (1997)

NEISS playground injury statistics contribute to our understanding of playground injuries. By identifying where and how children are injured, suggestions can be made in an attempt to make playgrounds safer.