gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Si nano-pillars for measuring traction force exerted by filopodia (2011)

This paper describes a Si nano-pillars array for measuring traction forces of one singular filopodium (100-300 nm in diameter). We fabricated the Si nano-pillar which was 110 nm in diameter and 1.5 μm in length. Fibroblasts were cultured on the Si nano-pillar array. The filopodium of fibroblast adhered to pillar and dragged it. We calculated the traction force from the deflection of the pillar. When spring constants of Si nano-pillars were 1.7 N/m, 4.1 N/m and 6.6 N/m, averaged traction forces were 580 nN, 1 μN and 2.3 μN, respectively. The cells exerted the large forces with an increase in the stiffness of the pillar. We confirmed that the Si nano-pillar array was able to be used for measuring the traction forces of filopodium.
NMDA receptor hypofunction produces concomitant firing rate potentiation and burst activity reduction in the prefrontal cortex (2004)

Cognitive deficits associated with frontal lobe dysfunction are a determinant of long-term disability in schizophrenia and are not effectively treated with available medications. Clinical studies show that many aspects of these deficits are transiently induced in healthy individuals treated with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists. These findings and recent genetic linkage studies strongly implicate NMDA receptor deficiency in schizophrenia and suggest that reversing this deficiency is pertinent to treating the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Despite the wealth of behavioral data on the effects of NMDA antagonist treatment in humans and laboratory animals, there is a fundamental lack of understanding about the mechanisms by which a general state of NMDA deficiency influences the function of cortical neurons. Using ensemble recording in freely moving rats, we found that NMDA antagonist treatment, at doses that impaired working memory, potentiated the firing rate of most prefrontal cortex neurons. This potentiation, which correlated with expression of behavioral stereotypy, resulted from an increased number of irregularly discharged single spikes. Concurrent with the increase in spike activity, there was a significant reduction in organized bursting activity. These results identify two distinct mechanisms by which NMDA receptor deficiency may disrupt frontal lobe function: an increase in disorganized spike activity, which may enhance cortical noise and transmission of disinformation; and a decrease in burst activity, which reduces transmission efficacy of cortical neurons. These findings provide a physiological basis for the NMDA receptor deficiency model of schizophrenia and may clarify the nature of cortical dysfunction in this disease.
Surface and Interface of Double Oxides. Characterization and Application of the Ultrasmooth Surface Nanostructure of Metal Oxides. (2000)

Nano-scale surface structures of single crystal metal oxides, especially the perovskite oxides were examined by coaxial impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy (CAICISS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). CAICISS measurements enabled us to determine the terminating atomic species and their arrangements of single-crystal perovskite oxide substrates and epitaxial oxide films. Through thermal-annealing of the single crystal oxide substrates, atomically flat terrace and stepped structures were developed on the surface. The atomic-scale substrate engineering made it possible to attain the novel heteroepitaxial growth such as step-decoration epitaxy resulting in the nanowire structures and diamond epitaxy on the ultrasmooth sapphire substrate. The novel application of the ultrasmooth oxide substrate to the AFM observation stage for DNA molecules was also presented.
Trading in risk (2008)

With the increasing need to securely share information, current access control systems are proving too in flexible and difficult to adapt. Recent work on risk-based access control systems has shown promise at resolving the inadequacies of traditional access control systems, and promise to increase information sharing and security. We consider some of the core open problems in risk-based access control systems, namely where and how much risk to take. We propose the use of market mechanisms to determine an organization's risk tolerance and allocation. We show that with the correct incentives, an employee will make optimal choices for the organization. We also comment on how the market can be used to ensure employees behave honestly and detect those who are malicious. Through simulations, we empirically show the advantage of risk-based access control systems and market mechanisms at increasing information sharing and security.
Hsp90 chaperonins possess ATPase activity and bind heat shock transcription factors and peptidyl prolyl isomerases. (1993)

Heat shock proteins of the 82-90 kDa class (hsp82 and hsp90) are abundant, conserved, and ubiquitous from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Although proposed to be chaperones, they had not been reported to possess enzymatic activity until our recent observation that pure trypanosomatid hsp83 had potent ATPase activity (Nadeau, K., Sullivan, M., Engman, D., and Walsh, C. T. (1992) Protein Sci. 1, 970-979). We have now purified the hsp90 homolog from Escherichia coli (HtpG) and from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (hsp82) to homogeneity and observe ATPase activity with kcat values of 3 min-1 and 140 min-1. In addition, examinations of purified rat hsp90 and human hsp90 detect ATPase activity with a kcat of 0.6 min-1 and 10 min-1. Each of these hsp90s undergoes autophosphorylation on serine or threonine residues. In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the induction of hsps during heat shock is controlled, respectively, by the binding of an alternate sigma 32 or a transcriptional activator (heat shock factor or HSF) at heat shock promoter elements. Here we show that E. coli HtpG immobilized to Affi-Gel beads selectively retains sigma 32 while the yeast hsp90 and rat hsp90 retain HSF. The peptidyl prolyl isomerase hsp59 of the FK506 binding class is known to bind to hsp90. We also detect binding of the other family of PPIases, the cyclophilins, to immobilized hsp90, consistent with a functional convergence of protein foldases.
Xenobiotic Metabolism: In Vitro Methods (1979)

Whole plants have been used for xenobiotic metabolism and "terminal" residue studies. However, in vitro techniques using isolated leaves or roots, leaf discs or sections, and separated mesophyll cells have proven to be more useful for short-term investigations on xenobiotic metabolism, mechanism of action and selectivity. The in vitro techniques allow the treatment of large amounts of plant material with a minimum of chemical and facilitate rapid uptake of the chemical into plant tissues. The influence of root and leaf surface absorption is also circumvented by the use of in vitro techniques. Quantitative differences in xenobiotic metabolism between whole plants and isolated plant systems have been observed, but qualitative differences are not common. Results from isolated plant systems must be carefully evaluated before extrapolation to intact plants because of the unknown influence of senescence, absorption, and translocation on in vitro systems.
Services via mobility portals (2001)

This paper examines the importance of mobility portal services and the technologies that will be essential in delivering content over next generation network technologies. A broad range of related issues is discussed, from the devices the service user can employ and the underlying technology and infrastructure required, through to the challenges faced by the providers of such services.
Control of slugs with contact‐action molluscicides (1990)

Summary A number of iron and aluminium compounds were compared as contact‐acting poisons against the slug Deroceras reticulatum, by confining slugs on treated surfaces of glass and wet soil in laboratory tests. Simple metal salts were effective poisons when applied to a glass surface, but were rapidly inactivated when applied to wet soil. Chelation of both metals with organic ligands retarded the rate of attenuation on wet soil. In a field trial D. reticulatum and Arion spp. slugs were killed by a broadcast application of the chelate iron (III) 2,4‐pentanedionate applied at 40 kg a.i. ha ‐1 .
Fault-tolerant quantum computation with local gates (2000)

Abstract The performance of fault-tolerant quantum computation with concatenated codes using local gates in small numbers of spatial dimensions is discussed. It is shown that a threshold result still exists in three, two, or one spatial dimensions when next-to-nearest-neighbour gates are available, and explicit constructions are presented. In two or three dimensions, it is also shown how nearest-neighbour gates can give a threshold result. In all cases, it is simply demonstrated that a threshold exists, and no attempt to optimize the error correction circuit or to determine the exact value of the threshold is made. The additional overhead due to the fault-tolerance in both space and time is polylogarithmic in the error rate per logical gate.
MODELLING UNCERTAINTY OF SINGLE IMAGE INDOOR LOCALISATION USING A 3D MODEL AND DEEP LEARNING (2019)

Abstract. Many current indoor localisation approaches need an initial location at the beginning of localisation. The existing visual approaches to indoor localisation perform a 3D reconstruction of the indoor spaces beforehand, for determining this initial location, which is challenging for large indoor spaces. In this research, we present a visual approach for indoor localisation that is eliminating the requirement of any image-based reconstruction of indoor spaces by using a 3D model. A deep Bayesian convolutional neural network is fine-tuned with synthetic images generated from a 3D model to estimate the camera pose of real images. The uncertainty of the estimated camera poses is modelled by sampling the outputs of the Bayesian network fine-tuned with synthetic images. The results of the experiments indicate that a localisation accuracy of 2 metres can be achieved using the proposed approach.
Pilot symbol assisted modulation for powerline communications (2004)

Power lines provide medium for high data rate communications. Experimental results point out that the channel is stationary piecewise with sudden variations. Moreover, the channel is frequency selective in the range 0-25 MHz. Pilot symbol assisted modulation, which consists in a discrete multitone modulation associated with pilot tone, can he adapted to indoor power line communications. Pilot tones provide information for the detection of the sudden variation of the channel, the estimation of the noise power spectral density and the frequency response of the channel. For stationary slates, simulations show that PSAM with 4096 subcarriers and simple interpolation techniques, such as DFT or spline cubic for the estimation of the frequency response, generate low bit error rate degradations with a high data rate.
Reengineering reports (2005)

This contribution to the subject of software reengineering is focused on the reengineering of legacy system reports. The object is to extract the contents of existing print files for the purpose of creating new system interface files in XML. These new XML files can then be used both for system testing and system integration. The XML Schema Language XSD and a subset of the XML Transformation Language XSLT are used as a basis for describing and processing the existing reports. The conversion tool Repo2XML was developed within the context of an IBM mainframe to MS-DotNet migration project at the Austrian Chamber of Commerce in Vienna. There, the main use of the converted XML files was to act as a test baseline for the XML reports produced by the new system.
A Novel 3D Ring-Based Flapper Valve for Soft Robotic Applications (2021)

In this paper, the design and testing of a novel valve for the intuitive spatial control of soft or continuum manipulators are presented. The design of the valve is based on the style of a hydraulic flapper valve, but with simultaneous control of three pressure feed points, which can be used to drive three antagonistically arranged hydraulic actuators for positioning soft robots. The variable control orifices are arranged in a rotationally symmetric radial pattern to allow for an inline mounting configuration of the valve within the body of a manipulator. Positioning the valve ring at various 3D configurations results in different pressurizations of the actuators and corresponding spatial configurations of the manipulator. The design of the valve is suitable for miniaturization and use in applications with size constraints such as small soft manipulators and surgical robotics. Experimental validation showed that the performance of the valve can be reasonably modeled and can effectively drive an antagonistic arrangement of three actuators for soft manipulator control.
I. The Geological Factors Affecting the Strategy of the War and the Geology of the Potash Salts (1916)

The use of war, said Disraeli, is to teach people geography. It may also be used, though its lessons are terribly expensive, to teach geology, for many wars are occasioned and settled by geological factors. That geographical conditions control international relations is well understood; but the political effects of geological influences are less widely recognised. Nevertheless it is in consequence of the geological structure of the Continent that Belgium has again suffered as the cockpit of Europe, that Poland is threatened with a fourth partition, that the Russian advance was directed toward the fields of Kutusov’s struggles with Napoleon and the Italian towards the war-worn route of the Brenner, that France is struggling so heroically to repeat her achievement of 1794 by again expelling the Prussians from the Vosges, and that once more the East and West have renewed their conflict on former battlefields in our effort to wrest the Dardanelles from the impracticable but chivalrous Turk.

When the Peace Congress assembles, its meeting-room might be appropriately provided with a geological map of Europe and Western Asia, since the resettlement of the frontiers will be largely dependent on geological influences, of which the diplomatists may have no conscious knowledge. It is the geological structure of Europe, supplemented by climatic influences, that has fixed the sites of the chief industrial centres, settled the main routes of international communications, determined the distribution and moulded the characters of the European peoples. Geological factors are the ultimate reason why— On the old battleground, Where 

This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract
Orexin Receptor Antagonists: Historical Perspectives and Future Opportunities (2015)

The orexin receptors OX1 and OX2 play important roles in the regulation of sleep-wake cycles, feeding, reward and energy homeostasis. Since these G protein-coupled receptors were deorphanised in 1998, more than 200 patents containing orexin receptor antagonists have been filed and, in 2014, suvorexant (Belsomra®) became the first of these compounds to receive approval from the FDA. Suvorexant is a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) which is available for the treatment of insomnia. This review provides a historical perspective on the discovery and development of DORAs as well as selective OX1 receptor antagonists (1-SORAs) and selective OX2 receptor antagonists (2-SORAs). 2-SORAs are under clinical evaluation for their ability to modulate sleep, and 1-SORAs have shown promise for the treatment of addiction in pre-clinical animal models. Detailed medicinal chemistry case studies are presented and future opportunities for orexin receptor antagonists are considered.
The structure of the ice Ih by neutron diffraction (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe structure of the ice Ih by neutron diffractionW. F. Kuhs and M. S. LehmannCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1983, 87, 21, 4312–4313Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100244a063https://doi.org/10.1021/j100244a063research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1415Altmetric-Citations140LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Chemoenzymatic Syntheses of Optically Active Polyacrylates (1999)

Different primary alcohols were transesterified using Mucor meihei lipase. 2,3-Butanedione monoxime acrylate was used efficiently as an acrylating agent to synthesize optically active acrylates. The effects of substrate substituition and solvent on the reaction rate were studied. The results showed that the reaction rates in nonpolar solvents were the fastest for acryloylating reactions reported until now. The enantiomeric excess (ee) and enantiomeric purity (E value) of all the acrylate monomers were evaluated and compared. The synthesized optically active acrylate monomers were polymerized by the free-radical initiation technique.
A telephonic lipreading device for the hearing impaired (1989)

The authors discuss the design of a pattern recognition system to extract appropriate lip-shapes from a speech waveform where no other cues are available. The principle of the system depends on there being an intimate relationship between lip-shapes and the corresponding state of the vocal tract. Because of this association at the articulatory level, it is believed that many of the problems associated with speech recognition systems are avoided in this instance. Careful consideration of the training procedures has been required, because of the problem of storing large amounts of visual and spoken data. The self organising property of the Kohonen map was seen as a key feature of the system design. In addition, the use of linear prediction in the pre-processor stage ensures that the data presented to the pattern recogniser is representative of those features of the vocal tract relevant to the association with the lip-shape. The design of archetypal lip-shapes has been presented and may be seen as a quantisation of the visual speech domain.
Violet cw neodymium upconversion laser (1988)

Continuous-wave laser operation in the violet at 380 nm has been achieved on the 4D3/2 → 4/11//2 transition in LaF3:Nd3+ at temperatures of <90 K. Two different upconversion pumping mechanisms resulted in laser action: (a) sequential two-step absorption of an IR (790-nm) photon and a yellow (590-nm) photon by the Nd3+ ions; (b) cooperative energy transfer upconversion following the absorption of one yellow (578-nm) photon per Nd3+ ion. At temperatures near 20 K up to 12-mW power at 380 nm was obtained using pump powers of several hundred milliwatts from two cw dye lasers and conservative 1 % output coupling. At 77 K, the output power decreased to ~4 mW.
Demand-based Document Dissemination for the World-Wide Web (1995)

We analyzed the logs of our departmental HTTP server http://cs-www.bu.edu as well as the logs of the more popular Rolling Stones HTTP server http://www.stones.com. These servers havevery different purposes# the former caters primarily to local clients, whereas the latter caters exclusively to remote clients all over the world. In both cases, our analysis showed that remote HTTP accesses were confined to a very small subset of documents. Using avalidated analytical model of server popularity and file access profiles, we showthatby disseminating the most popular documents on servers (proxies) closer to the clients, network traffic could be reduced considerably, while server loads are balanced. We argue that this process could be generalized so as to provide for an automated demand-based duplication of documents. We believe that such server-based information dissemination protocols will be more effective at reducing both network bandwidth and document retrieval times than client-based caching protocols [2].
A hierarchical image matching scheme based on the dynamic detection of interesting points (2002)

This paper presents a parallel approach to a hierarchical image matching scheme using the Hausdorff distance for object recognition and localization in aerial images. Unlike the conventional matching methods in which edge pixels are considered as image feature pixels, the distance transform and the blind pointwise comparison procedure is simplified and extended in terms of the Hausdorff distance, and a guided image matching system is developed by the hierarchical detection of interesting points via a dynamic thresholding scheme for the search of the best matching between two image sets. Furthermore, the concept of remote procedure call (RPC) in distributed systems is introduced for the parallel implementation to achieve the speedup without specific software and hardware requirements.
Novel change in rate-determining step within an E1cB mechanism during aminolysis of a sulfamate ester in acetonitrile (1998)

The observation of biphasic Brønsted plots (β1ca. 0.7 and β2ca. 0) in the aminolysis (alicyclic amines, pyridines) of 4-nitrophenyl N-benzylsulfamate 1a in MeCN is interpreted as being due to a mechanistic change from (ElcB)irrev to (ElcB)rev; the change in rate-determining step occurs at approximately the pKa of 1a and other more basic substrates give straight line plots; an entropy study supports the change from a bimolecular to a unimolecular mechanism.
Plasmonic Waveguide Modes of Film-Coupled Metallic Nanocubes (2013)

A metallic nanoparticle positioned over a metal film offers great advantages as a highly controllable system relevant for probing field-enhancement and other plasmonic effects. Because the size and shape of the gap between the nanoparticle and film can be controlled to subnanometer precision using relatively simple, bottom-up fabrication approaches, the film-coupled nanoparticle geometry has recently been applied to enhancing optical fields, accessing the quantum regime of plasmonics, and the design of surfaces with controlled reflectance. In the present work, we examine the plasmon modes associated with a silver nanocube positioned above a silver or gold film, separated by an organic, dielectric spacer layer. The film-coupled nanocube is of particular interest due to the formation of waveguide cavity-like modes between the nanocube and film. These modes impart distinctive scattering characteristics to the system that can be used in the creation of controlled reflectance surfaces and other applications. We perform both experimental spectroscopy and numerical simulations of individual nanocubes positioned over a metal film, finding excellent agreement between experiment and simulation. The waveguide mode description serves as a starting point to explain the optical properties observed.