gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the presence of Inulin and Oligofructose as natural ingredients in the western diet (1995)

The classic definitions of inulin and oligofructose are constructively criticized. It is observed that inulin cannot unequivocally be described as a polydisperse 1-kestose-based (GFn) beta (2-->1) linear fructan chain, but that inulin always contains small amounts of Fm and branched molecules. This review article describes the presence of inulin and oligofructose in common foodstuffs. Historical data on human consumption add an extra dimension. Modern analytical techniques (HPLC, LGC, HPAEC-PAD) are used to check the variety of data mentioned in the literature throughout the past century. Methods to determine inulin and oligofructose in natural foodstuffs (cereals, fruit, and vegetables) are optimized and used to determine the loss of inulin during storage and during preparation of the food. These findings allow quantification of the amount of inulin and oligofructose in the average daily western diet. The daily per capita intake is estimated to range from 1 to 10 g, depending on geographic, demographic, and other related parameters (age, sex, season, etc.). Inulin and oligofructose are not measured by classic methods of dietary fiber analysis and consequently are often not mentioned in food tables. Their significant contribution (1 to 10 g/d/per capita) to the dietary fiber fraction (recommended at 25 g/d/per capita) is not taken into account in any nutritional recommendations. In view of this, inulin and oligofructose deserve more attention, both in food composition tables and in diet or nutrition studies.
Semi-supervised learning using randomized mincuts (2004)

In many application domains there is a large amount of unlabeled data but only a very limited amount of labeled training data. One general approach that has been explored for utilizing this unlabeled data is to construct a graph on all the data points based on distance relationships among examples, and then to use the known labels to perform some type of graph partitioning. One natural partitioning to use is the minimum cut that agrees with the labeled data (Blum & Chawla, 2001), which can be thought of as giving the most probable label assignment if one views labels as generated according to a Markov Random Field on the graph. Zhu et al. (2003) propose a cut based on a relaxation of this field, and Joachims (2003) gives an algorithm based on finding an approximate min-ratio cut.In this paper, we extend the mincut approach by adding randomness to the graph structure. The resulting algorithm addresses several short-comings of the basic mincut approach, and can be given theoretical justification from both a Markov random field perspective and from sample complexity considerations. In cases where the graph does not have small cuts for a given classification problem, randomization may not help. However, our experiments on several datasets show that when the structure of the graph supports small cuts, this can result in highly accurate classifiers with good accuracy/coverage tradeoffs. In addition, we are able to achieve good performance with a very simple graph-construction procedure.
Experimental Observation of Stimulated Thermal Brillouin Scattering (1968)

Stimulated thermal Brillouin scattering-a phenomenon which exists in absorbing media-has been experimentally investigated. The gain of a light amplifier was measured as a function of frequency, absorption coefficient, and time during the laser pulse. The striking difference between absorbing and nonabsorbing liquids was found to be in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions.
A 10-b 750µW 200MS/s fully dynamic single-channel SAR ADC in 40nm CMOS (2016)

This paper presents a 10-bit high-speed two-stage SAR ADC. Each bit uses a dedicated comparator to store its output and generate an asynchronous clock for the next comparison. By doing this, the SAR logic delay and power are significantly reduced. A modified bidirectional single-side switching technique is used to optimize the comparator speed and offset by controlling the input common mode voltage V cm . To suppress the comparator offset mismatch induced nonlinearity, redundancy and a shared pre-amplifier are employed in the second fine stage. The pre-amplifier is implemented using a dynamic latch to avoid static power consumption. The prototype ADC in 40-nm CMOS achieves 55dB peak SNDR at 200MS/s sampling rate without any calibration. It consumes 750µW from 1.1V power supply, leading to a Walden FOM of 8.6fJ/conversion-step.
Effect of Internal Maxillary Arterial Occlusion on Nasal Blood Flow in Swine (1999)

This study supports the rationale for performing distal IMA occlusion with transarterial particulate embolization, in order to provide a longer period of time of diminished NBF. This theoretically should promote hemostasis within an injured portion of the nasal mucosa by decreasing perfusion pressure within the capillary bed. However, the benefits of distal IMA embolization must be balanced against potential ischemic complications, as may be more commonly seen with high-grade particulate embolization.
Hierarchical task instance mining in interaction histories (2011)

Knowledge work at computer workplaces involves execution of multiple concurrent tasks with frequent task interruptions. The complexity of the resulting work processes makes task externalization a desired goal towards facilitating analysis and support of knowledge work, e.g. by extracting and disseminating best practices.
A Minimum Spanning Forest-Based Method for Noninvasive Cancer Detection With Hyperspectral Imaging (2015)

Hyperspectral imaging combined with the proposed classification technique has the potential to provide a noninvasive tool for cancer detection.
Carbon aerosol visibility vs particle size distribution (1978)

The optical properties of an aerosol of given mass concentration are derived from Mie theory. The visibility is calculated, via the optical extinction coefficient, for several log-normal distributions of carbon particles. Normalizing the optical cross sections of particles by their mass allows clear identification of the diameters at which scattering, absorption, and extinction are greatest. For highly absorbing particles this occurs in the 0.15-0.5-lambda diameter range.
Toward a definition of voice documents (1990)

This paper develops a definition of a voice document as a combination of information, structure , and affordances (or user-executable actions or utterances) for use in a voice-I/O hypermedia system. Voice documents in our experimental prototype environment, HyperPhone, are finely-grained hypermedia objects with rich interconnections of literal and virtual links, and with certain well-defined local structures. We explore issues related to navigating, managing, and authoring such documents, and outline a set of questions for further work.
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as mucosal adjuvants (2015)

Bacterial DNA comprising palindromic sequences and containing unmethylated CpG is recognized by toll-like receptor 9 of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and induces the production of interferon-α and chemokines, leading to the activation of a Th1 immune response. Therefore, synthetic equivalents of bacterial DNA (CpG oligodeoxynucleotides) have been developed for clinical applications. They are usually phosphorothioated for in vivo use; this approach also leads to adverse effects as reported in mouse models.Mucosal vaccines that induce both mucosal and systemic immunity received substantial attention in recent years. For their development, phosphodiester-linked oligodeoxynucleotides, including the sequence of a palindromic CpG DNA may be advantageous as adjuvants because their target pDCs are present right there, in the mucosa of the vaccination site. In addition, the probability of adverse effects is believed to be low. Here, we review the discovery of such CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and their possible use as mucosal adjuvants.
The Robust Control of Robot Manipulators (1985)

A new scheme is presented for the accurate tracking control of robot manipulators. Based on the more general suction control methodology, the scheme addresses the following problem: Given the extent of parametric uncertainty ( such as imprecisions or inertias, geometry, loads) and the frequency range of unmodeled dynamics ( such as unmodeled structural modes, neglected time delays) , design a nonlinear feedback controller to achieve optimal tracking performance, in a suitable sense. The methodology is compared with standard algorithms such as the computed torque method and is shown to combine in practice improved performance with simpler and more tractable controller designs.
New stable germylenes, stannylenes, and related compounds. 8. Amidogermanium(II) and ‐tin(II) chlorides R<sub>2</sub>N‐E<sup>14</sup>‐Cl (E<sup>14</sup> = Ge, R = Et; E<sup>14</sup> = Sn, R = Me) revealing new structural motifs (2007)

Abstract New stable amidogermanium(II) and ‐tin(II) chlorides R 2 NE 14 Cl [E 14 = Ge, R = Et ( 1 ), E 14 = Sn, R = Me ( 2 )] have been synthesized and their crystal structures have been determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Both 1 and 2 are dimers formed via the two intermolecular E 14 ← N dative interactions, with the bridged amido ligands and the terminal chloro ligands. The central E 14 2 N 2 four‐membered ring has a butterfly conformation in the germanium derivative 1 and a planar conformation in the tin derivative 2 . The chloride atoms are disposed in the trans ‐configuration relative to the four‐membered ring. Both structures 1 and 2 reveal new previously unobserved structural motifs for amidogermanium(II) and ‐tin(II) chlorides, respectively. The electronic structures of 1 and 2 were studied by quantum chemistry within the DFT approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acid−Base Equilibria in Nonpolar Media. Absolute p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> Scale of Bases in Tetrahydrofuran (2006)

The acidity constants (pKa) of 11 bases (amines, anilines, pyridines, pyrrolidines, and iminophosphoranes) have been determined in tetrahydrofuran by potentiometry, complemented by conductometric measurements. The pK(a) values of the studied bases cover a wide absolute pH range of acidity in tetrahydrofuran, from 7.4 to 21.7. From the pK(a) values obtained, a scale of absolute acidity in tetrahydrofuran has been established, which has allowed calculation of the absolute pKa values of 77 bases from literature relative pK(a) data.
Ultra‐low power current mode all‐ MOS ASK demodulator for radio frequency identification applications (2015)

An ultra‐low power amplitude shift keying (ASK) demodulator for radio frequency identification (RFID) tags is presented. On the basis of a fast averaging stage, the proposed ASK‐demodulator uses a current domain switching envelope amplifier which yields low‐power operation. More importantly, it removes the need for a conventional voltage comparator. Designed and fabricated in a 0.18 µm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor process on about 3000 µm 2 silicon area, the proposed demodulator consumes only 7.5 µA from a magnetically coupled induced power. Operating with a 13.56 MHz carrier frequency, the circuit supports modulation indices from 7 up to 100%. The demodulator may as well be used in passive biomedical devices where power efficiency is crucial.
Proactive behavioral effects of theta-driving septal stimulation on conditioned suppression and punishment in the rat. (1985)

In two experiments, a treatment phase of septal stimulation preceded the acquisition of free operant lever pressing on a random-interval 64-s reinforcement schedule. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, chronically implanted with a bilateral septal stimulating electrode and a unilateral bipolar hippocampal recording electrode, received (a) low-frequency (7.7-Hz) stimulation, which drove the hippocampal theta rhythm, or (b) random-pulse stimulation (average frequency = 7.7 Hz), which produced only nonregular waveforms in the hippocampus. Control animals were implanted but not stimulated. After 12 days of lever-press acquisition, animals were presented while lever pressing with an auditory signal associated with a particular schedule of shock delivery: In Experiment 1, shocks occurred despite the subject's response strategy; in Experiment 2, shocks were delivered only if the rat pressed the lever. In both experiments, lever pressing was suppressed by the auditory stimulus. Theta-driving but not random-pulse septal stimulation proactively increased behavioral tolerance to the effects of electric shock. These results reinforce the idea that proactive behavioral effects of septal stimulation are a consequence of the production of the hippocampal theta rhythm.
Size Control of Polyamic Acid Particles in Precipitation Polymerization by Using Solubility Parameters (2012)

ポリイミド粒子はジアミンとテトラカルボン酸二無水物のそれぞれの溶液を室温下で超音波照射しながら沈殿重合してポリアミド酸粒子を調製し，次にそれを加熱イミド化して得ることができる．この方法で得られるポリイミド粒子の特長は粒子径分布が比較的狭く，サイズや形態が前駆体のポリアミド酸粒子に依存することである．また，ポリアミド酸粒子は反応に用いる溶媒の種類によって生成するサイズが異なり，この現象を利用することによりサイズ制御が可能であると考えられる．しかし，反応溶媒が粒子サイズに影響を及ぼす因子についての検討はなされていない．そこで，本研究ではポリイミド粒子の前駆体であるポリアミド酸粒子のサイズ変化に及ぼす反応溶媒の影響について溶解パラメータ（Solubility Parameter）を用いて検討した．その結果，ポリアミド酸粒子のサイズは反応溶媒とポリアミド酸とのHansen 溶解度パラメータ（Hansen Solubility Parameters, HSP）距離と相関することがわかった．また，HSPを構成するエネルギー項の中で分散力に由来するエネルギーδdが粒子サイズに影響を及ぼす支配的な因子であることがわかった．これらより，ポリアミド酸粒子の沈殿重合法において，反応溶媒とポリアミド酸のそれぞれのHSPが粒子サイズの制御に利用できることがわかった．
Executing the DoD modeling and simulation strategy---making simulation systems of systems a reality (1997)

The widespread use of advanced modeling and simulation (M&S) is necessary if the Department of Defense (DOD) is to cost-effectively maintain readiness, accomplish its operational missions, make optimal investment decisions, and achieve dramatic acquisition savings.
Interactive beautification (2006)

We propose interactive beautification, a technique for rapid geometric design, and introduce the technique and its algorithm with a prototype system Pegasus. The motivation is to solve the problems with current drawing systems: too many complex commands and unintuitive procedures to satisfy geometric constraints. Interactive beautification system receives the user's freestroke and beautifies it by considering geometric constraints among segments. A single stroke is beautified one after another, preventing accumulation of recognition errors or catastrophic deformation. Supported geometric constraints includes perpendicularity, congruence, symmetry, etc., which were not seen in existing freestroke recognition systems. In addition, the system generates multiple candidates as a result of beautification to solve the problem of ambiguity. Using the technique, the user can draw precise diagrams rapidly satisfying geometric relations without using any editing commands.Interactive beautification is achieved by three sequential processes; 1) inferring underlining geometric constraints based on the spatial relationships among the input stroke and the existing segments, 2) generating multiple candidates combining inferred constraints appropriately, and 3) evaluating the candidates to find the most plausible candidate and to remove the inappropriate candidates. An user study was performed using the prototype system, a commercial CAD, and an OO-based drawing system. The result showed that the users can draw required diagrams more rapidly and more precisely using the prototype system.
6-Phosphogluconolactonase Mutants of <i>Escherichia coli</i> and a Maltose Blue Gene (1969)

Mutants lacking an enzyme of the oxidative branch of the hexose monophosphate shunt, 6-phosphogluconolactonase (pgl), have been selected as a new class of glucose-negative derivatives of a phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi) mutant. Glucose negativity is not as complete as in mutants lacking phosphoglucose isomerase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Pgi(+), pgl(-) strains have been constructed by transduction and grow almost normally on glucose. Genetic mapping shows that pgl lies between chlD and att-lambda, in the same position as and identical with a blu gene described by Adhya and Schwartz. These blu mutants grown on maltose were recognized by their property to turn blue after treatment with iodine. It is not known how phosphogluconolactonase deficiency causes this reaction; it might be related to accumulation of 6-phosphogluconolactone.
CMOS latch metastability characterization at the 65-nm-technology node (2008)

A new test structure utilizing a differential technique for measuring CMOS latch delay with sub-ps time resolution is described. The latch delay and error count in the metastability region are measured as a function of clock-data delay which can be incremented in 0.1 ps steps. This compact test structure is configured to be placed in the scribe line for characterizing different latch designs and correlating their behavior with model predictions.
Low parasitic resistance technologies with NES-SAC and SWT-CVD process for low supply voltage, high speed BiCMOS SRAMs (2002)

The nitride etch stop self align contact (NES-SAC) process, the single wafer type (SWT-CVD) process and the modified fabrication method of bipolar transistors suitable for low supply voltage, high performance BiCMOS SRAMs are presented. Using these technologies, very small resistance contacts, small resistance ground lines and high performance bipolar transistors with small emitter resistance are achieved. Hence, a 1 M (64k/spl times/18) TTL SRAM with stable cell operation at 1.8 V and high speed access time of 7.8 ns is realized. These technologies are effective for the sub-half micron low supply voltage BICMOS SRAMs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nonlinear programming strategies on high-performance computers (2015)

In this tutorial we discuss fundamental concepts that enable the solution of large-scale structured nonlinear programming problems on high-performance computers. We focus on linear algebra parallelization strategies and discuss how such strategies influence the choice of algorithmic frameworks capable of enforcing global convergence and deal with nonconvexities. We also discuss how the characteristics of different computing architectures influence the choice of algorithmic strategies.
Influences of Age and Sex on a Microencapsulated Odor Memory Test (2003)

While the influences of such variables as age and sex are well established for most standardized tests of odor identification and detection, this is not the case for tests of odor memory. In this study, 231 non-smoking men and women, ranging in age from 10 to 68 years, were administered a standardized 12-item match-to-sample microencapsulated odor memory test (OMT). Anosmics were excluded from the study. Each participant was asked to smell a target odorant after its release from a microencapsulated odorant pad and then, after a delay interval of 10, 30 or 60 s, to pick the target from a similarly presented set of four odors, three of which were foils. Backward counting by threes was required during the delay intervals in an effort to minimize semantic rehearsal. Overall OMT scores were higher for women than for men, and decreased, in each sex, as a function of age in a manner similar to the age-related decline observed in tests of odor identification and detection. Performance did not change as a function of delay interval. A significant correlation between the overall OMT test scores and scores on the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test was observed for women, but not for men, in accord with the notion that women may be more likely to employ semantic cues in their strategies to remember odors. The findings are discussed in light of the complexities of the construct of odor memory.
Serum Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Is Related to Focal Brain Injury and Outcome After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (2007)

s-GFAP provides information about brain injury severity and outcome after aSAH, which can be useful as a complement to clinical data.
Methanol Dehydrogenation by Iridium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes (2015)

A series of homogeneous iridium bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) catalysts are active for three transformations involving dehydrogenative methanol activation: acceptorless dehydrogenation, transfer hydrogenation, and amine monoalkylation. The acceptorless dehydrogenation reaction requires base, yielding formate and carbonate, as well as 2-3 equivalents of H2. Of the few homogeneous systems known for this reaction, our catalysts tolerate air and employ simple ligands. Transfer hydrogenation of ketones and imines from methanol is also possible. Finally, N-monomethylation of anilines occurs through a "borrowing hydrogen" reaction. Notably, this reaction is highly selective for the monomethylated product.
A general constant-frequency pulsewidth modulator and its applications (1998)

Constant-frequency pulsewidth modulation (PWM) is the most frequently used method in the control of switching converters. This paper proposes a general PWM modulator that realizes various control schemes with either trailing-edge or leading-edge modulation. Based on that a general double-edge modulator ran be constructed. The proposed modulator is applied to feedforward control of a family of converters, current-mode control with linear or nonlinear compensating slope, and a family of unity-power-factor rectifiers at continuous or discontinuous conduction mode to demonstrate its generality. Experimental and PSPICE verifications are provided.
Structural Analysis of the SH3 Domain of β-PIX and Its Interaction with α-p21 Activated Kinase (PAK)<sup>,</sup> (2005)

The PAK Ser/Thr kinases are important downstream effectors of the Rho family GTPases Cdc42 and Rac, partly mediating the role of these G proteins in cell proliferation and cytoskeletal rearrangements. As well as small G proteins, PAK interacts with the Cdc42/Rac exchange factor beta-PIX via the PIX SH3 domain and a nontypical Pro-rich region in PAK. This interaction is thought to affect the localization of PAK, as well as increased GTP/GDP exchange of Rac and Cdc42. We have determined the structure of the PIX-SH3/PAK peptide complex and shown that it differs from typical Src-like SH3/peptide complexes. The peptide makes contacts through the Pro-rich sequence in a similar way to standard SH3/peptide complexes, even though the Pro residue positions are not conserved. In addition, there are interactions with a Pro and Lys in the PAK, which are C-terminal to the conserved Arg found in all SH3-binding sequences. These contact a fourth binding pocket on the SH3 domain. We have measured the affinity of PIX-SH3 for the PAK peptide and found that it is of intermediate affinity. When PAK is activated, Ser-199 in the PIX-binding site is phosphorylated. This phosphorylation is sufficient to reduce the affinity for PIX 6-fold.