gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The invasive assessment of coronary atherosclerosis and stents using optical coherence tomography: a clinical update (2013)

Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) remains one of the leading causes of death. Atherosclerosis has been intensely researched given the IHD prevalence and the financial impacts on healthcare systems. More recently, in vivo characterisation of coronary atherosclerotic plaque and tissue responses following stent implantation in a coronary artery has been made possible by a novel technology called optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT is a light-based, invasive, intracoronary imaging modality long applied to the field of ophthalmology and now in clinical use worldwide. It gives a unique view of within the coronary artery using near-infrared light with a resolution of 15 microns, 10 times higher than other invasive coronary imaging techniques like intravascular ultrasound. The technology is being adopted to comprehensively detect features that make plaques 'vulnerable' (eg, large lipid pool, thin, fibrous-cap atheroma), whether stents are implanted optimally within the artery, and visualise the small layers of tissue that form over stent metal surfaces over time, which in turn may provide surrogate markers for long-term stent safety and help guide the optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy, a topic of big discussion at the current point of time.
Scalable video streaming in wireless peer-to-peer networks (2008)

The problems related to the video transmission in wireless peer-to-peer networks arise from the decentralized and dynamic behavior of these networks, drawbacks of wireless environment and diversity of user bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. Scalable video coding is a popular technique that offers simple and highly flexible solutions for video transmission over heterogeneous networks. User cooperation is a technique in which users coordinate to mitigate the system insufficiencies. In this paper we investigated the effects of scalable video coding and user cooperation on the video transmission in wireless peer-to-peer networks and found that both methods improve the quality of the received video.
Fused Aryl-Phenazines: Scaffold for the Development of Bioactive Molecules (2014)

Fused aryl phenazine derivatives (benzo[a]phenazine, pyrido[a]phenazine, benzo[a]phenazine diones, tetrahydropyrido[a]phenazine (dermacozines), etc) are important heterocyclic compounds, which exhibit various pharmacological activities, prominently in cancer cell lines. These compounds significantly intercalate between DNA base pairs and inhibit the activities of topoisomerase I and II enzymes (Topo I and II). XR11576, XR5944, NC-190 and NC-182 belong to phenazine/fused aryl phenazine category and are under clinical studies. Several fused aryl phenazine dione compounds such as pyridazino[4,5-b]phenazine-5,12-diones, 6,11-dihydro-pyrido[2,3-b]phenazine-6,11-diones, 6,11-dihydrobenzo[2,3-b]phenazine-6,11-diones, tetrahydropyrido[a]phenazine, etc possessed anticancer activities on various cancer cell lines. Benzo[a]phenazine diimine and various other fused aryl phenazine compounds form coordination complex with the metal ions (Ru, Rh, Zn and Pt) that intercalate with the DNA and are used for the treatment of cancer. These molecules have influence on MDR cancer cells and serve as anticancer agents in MDR cancer cells. The structure activity relationship of the fused aryl phenazine derivatives revealed that the occurrence of four or more nitrogen atoms in the compounds has better anticancer activity than those molecules with less number of nitrogen atoms. Phenazine antibiotics derived from marine microbes are used for the treatment of microbial and worm diseases. Recent patents on these scaffolds showed that the benzo[a]phenazine derivatives have inhibitory activity on topoisomerase enzymes (Topo I and II) and that act as anticancer agents.
Occurrence of QoI Fungicide Resistance in <i>Cercospora sojina</i> from Mississippi Soybean (2015)

Frogeye leaf spot, caused by Cercospora sojina Hara, is a foliar disease affecting soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), often managed by applications of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides. In 2013 and 2014, 634 C. sojina monoconidial isolates were collected from soybean fields throughout Mississippi. Initially, in vitro bioassays were performed to evaluate the sensitivity of 14 of 634 isolates plus a baseline. Resistant and sensitive isolates were characterized by determining the effective fungicide concentrations at which 50% of conidial germination was inhibited (EC<sub>50</sub>). The molecular mechanism of resistance was determined for all 634 isolates, using a PCR-RFLP method and comparing nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b gene. The state of Mississippi was divided into five distinct geographical regions (the Hills, Delta, Pines, Capital, and Coast) based on estimates of total soybean hectares. The greatest proportion (16.7%) of QoI-sensitive isolates was collected in the Hills while the Coast had no QoI-sensitive isolates. QoI-sensitive isolates from the Pines, Capital, and Delta ranged from 1.6 to 7.0%. Results of this study determined that more than 93% of C. sojina isolates collected in Mississippi carried the G143A amino acid substitution, indicating a shift to a QoI-resistant population throughout Mississippi soybean fields.
Determination of chemotherapeutic activity in vivo by luminescent imaging of luciferase-transfected human tumors (2003)

Human DU-145 prostate and MCF-7 breast tumor cell lines were stably transfected with plasmid pcDNA3.1-Luc expressing firefly luciferase. Studies were performed with the transfected cell lines to evaluate luminescent imaging for measuring the efficacy of anti-cancer agents. In vitro experiments demonstrated a dose response of both cell lines to topotecan (Hycamtin) with an IC50 of 0.013 microM for MCF-7 Luc cells and 0.002 microM for DU-145 Luc cells. In vivo imaging experiments were performed using athymic nude mice inoculated i.p. with 5 x 10(6) MCF-7 cells or s.c. with 5 x 10(6) DU-145 cells and then treated with topotecan at 2.5 mg/kg body weight. Tumor progression and regression were monitored for 27 days. Animals inoculated s.c. with DU-145 Luc cells and then treated with topotecan demonstrated significant tumor growth and regression as measured with calipers and luminescent imaging. High correlation was observed between caliper and imaging results. The correlation coefficient was 0.75 for the control untreated group and 0.93 for the topotecan-treated group. Similarly, tumor progression and regression were measurable using luminescent imaging for untreated and topotecan-treated mice inoculated i.p. with MCF-7 Luc cells. These data indicate that luminescent imaging is a useful tool for evaluating anti-cancer drugs in vivo and may prove to be particularly useful for the development of novel agents. Luminescent imaging could also be used to locate and harvest residual tumors in drug-treated animals in order to study mechanisms of drug resistance.
Defect passivation in HfO2 gate oxide by fluorine (2006)

The authors have calculated that fluorine substituting for oxygen gives no gap states in HfO2. This accounts for the good passivation of oxygen vacancies by F seen experimentally. Bonding arguments are used to account for why F may be the most effective passivant in ionic oxides such as HfO2, whereas hydrogen is effective in covalent solids. General principles of defect passivation in ionic oxides are discussed. Vacancies are more detrimental in ionic oxides than in SiO2 because they are more likely to be charged in the presence of a gate electrode.
Calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate for the treatment of psoriasis (2006)

The two-compound product calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate is arising as a first-line treatment for mild-to-moderate plaque psoriasis. Its beneficial action is attributed to the synergistic effect of its components on keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, and on inflammation. The good tolerability of the two-compound product is thought to be due to the anti-inflammatory effect of betamethasone. Evidence from short-term (4-12 weeks) and long-term use (> 1 year) has shown a good safety profile. Areas such as the face or skin folds, which are sensitive to the components of the combination, should be avoided. Finally, it is unsuitable for use in unstable psoriasis, in which potent steroids may lead to an increased inflammatory response.
Effect of Ni doping on stabilization of Sm(Co <sub> 1− <i>x</i> </sub> Fe <sub> <i>x</i> </sub> ) <sub>5</sub> compound: thermodynamic calculation and experiment (2020)

The calculation of the heat of formation of Sm(Co<sub>1-<i>x</i>-<i>y</i></sub>Fe<sub><i>x</i></sub>Ni<sub><i>y</i></sub>)<sub>5</sub>compound using homemade software in the framework of Miedema's model was carried out. In addition we investigated the influence of the probability of occupation the transition metals sites by 3d-ions, in particular, equiprobable distribution of 3d-ions among 2c and 3g sites and selective distribution Co/Ni-(2c), Fe-(3g). The maximal Fe and Ni doping ranges, where Sm(Co<sub>1-<i>x</i>-<i>y</i></sub>Fe<sub><i>x</i></sub>Ni<sub><i>y</i></sub>)<sub>5</sub>phase with the CaCu<sub>5</sub>-type crystal structure stable, were estimated for both types of distribution. The corresponding values of the number of 3d-electrons per atom were 7.23 (Fe/Co/Ni-(2c, 3g)) and 7.3 (Co/Ni-(2c), Fe-(3g)). Based on calculation the Sm(Co<sub>1-<i>x</i>-<i>y</i></sub>Fe<sub><i>x</i></sub>Ni<sub><i>y</i></sub>)<sub>5</sub>(<i>x</i>= 0.15, 0.3, 0.45;<i>y</i>= 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) melt-spun ribbons were synthesized. The maximal doping level of<i>x</i>= 0.5 and<i>y</i>= 0.2 was experimentally determined for Fe and Ni atoms, respectively. These values are in good agreement with the theoretical prediction, assumed equiprobable distribution of 3d-ions among transition metal sites. The best among the series in terms of energy product Sm(Co<sub>0.6</sub>Fe<sub>0.3</sub>Ni<sub>0.1</sub>)<sub>5</sub>sample possesses a coercivity of 10.9 kOe and remanent magnetization of 51 emu g<sup>-1</sup>.
When cationic cell‐penetrating peptides meet hydrocarbons to enhance in‐cell cargo delivery (2015)

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short sequences often rich in cationic residues with the remarkable ability to cross cell membranes. In the past 20 years, CPPs have gained wide interest and have found numerous applications in the delivery of bioactive cargoes to the cytosol and even the nucleus of living cells. The covalent or non-covalent addition of hydrocarbon moieties to cationic CPPs alters the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity balance in their sequence. Such perturbation dramatically influences their interaction with the cell membrane, might induce self-assembling properties and modifies their intracellular trafficking. In particular, the introduction of lipophilic moieties changes the subcellular distribution of CPPs and might result in a dramatically increase of the internalization yield of the co-transported cargoes. Herein, we offer an overview of different aspects of the recent findings concerning the properties of CPPs covalently or non-covalently associated to hydrocarbons. We will focus on the impact of the hydrocarbon moieties on the delivery of various cargoes, either covalently or non-covalently bound to the modified CPPs. We will also provide some key elements to rationalize the influence of the hydrocarbons moieties on the cellular uptake. Furthermore, the recent in vitro and in vivo successful applications of acylated CPPs will be summarized to provide a broad view of the versatility of these modified CPPs as small-molecules and oligonucleotides vectors.
Characterization of the <i>trans</i> -Activation Properties of Equine Herpesvirus 1 EICP0 Protein (2000)

The EICP0 protein of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is an early, viral regulatory protein that independently trans-activates EHV-1 immediate-early (IE), early, gamma1 late, and gamma2 late promoters. To assess whether this powerful trans-activator functions in conjunction with three other EHV-1 regulatory proteins to activate expression of the various classes of viral promoters, transient cotransfection assays were performed in which effector plasmids expressing the EICP22, EICP27, and IE proteins were used either singly or in combination with an EICP0 effector construct. These analyses revealed that (i) independently, the EICP0 and IE proteins are powerful trans-activators but do not function synergistically, (ii) the IE protein inhibits the ability of the EICP0 protein to trans-activate the IE, gamma1 late, and gamma2 late promoters, (iii) the EICP22 and EICP0 proteins do not function together to significantly trans-activate any EHV-1 promoter, and (iv) the EICP27 and EICP0 proteins function synergistically to trans-activate the early and gamma1 late promoters. A panel of EICP0 truncation and deletion mutant plasmids was generated and used in experiments to define the domains of the 419-amino-acid (aa) EICP0 protein that are important for the trans-activation of each class of EHV-1 promoters. These studies revealed that (i) carboxy-terminal truncation mutants of the EICP0 protein exhibited a progressive loss of trans-activating ability as increasing portions of the carboxy terminus were removed, (ii) the amino terminus of the EICP0 protein containing the RING finger (aa 8 to 46) and the acidic region (aa 71 to 84) was necessary but not sufficient for activation of all classes of EHV-1 promoters, (iii) the RING finger was absolutely essential for activation of EHV-1 promoters, since deletion of the entire RING finger motif (aa 8 to 46) or a portion of it (aa 19 to 30) completely abrogated the ability of these mutants to activate any promoter tested, (iv) the acidic region contributed to the ability of the EICP0 protein to activate the early and gamma1 late promoters, and deletion of the acidic region enhanced the ability of this mutant to activate the IE promoter, (v) the carboxy terminus (aa 325 to 419), which is rich in glutamine residues, was dispensable for the EICP0 trans-activation function, (vi) a motif resembling a nuclear localization signal (aa 289 to 293) was unnecessary for the EICP0 protein to trans-activate promoters of any temporal class, and (vii) the EICP0 protein was phosphorylated during infection, and deletion of the serine-rich region (aa 210 to 217), a potential site for phosphorylation, reduced by more than 70% the ability of the EICP0 protein to activate the gamma2 late class of promoters.
The research of the inclusive cache used in multi-core processor (2008)

Multi-core processor is becoming popular today. As the number of the core increase, the communications among cores also become complex and difficult. Caches are used in multi-core processors for sharing data and increasing performance. It becomes a channel for cores to communicate with each other. Intelpsilas next generation multi-core processor Nehalem which using an inclusive L3 cache to enhances the performances. This paper describes the function of the inclusive cache in the Nehalem and analyzes advantage of the MESIF cache coherence protocol by comparing with the standard MESI protocol. This paper also gives a structure of the cache that can be used to implement. The control flow is analyzed in order to ensure the operation of read/write cache will accord with the MESIF protocol.
On the asymptotic performance of iterative decoders for product codes (2005)

We consider hard-decision iterative decoders for product codes over the erasure channel, which employ repeated rounds of decoding rows and columns alternatingly. We derive the exact asymptotic probability of decoding failure as a function of the error-correction capabilities of the row and column codes, the number of decoding rounds, and the channel erasure probability. We examine both the case of codes capable of correcting a constant amount of errors, and the case of codes capable of correcting a constant fraction of their length
A new data processing method to determine accurate density and size distribution of defects by bright field infrared laser interferometer <b>(</b>optical precipitate profiler<b>)</b> (1998)

We have addressed essential problems for the determination of the size distribution and volume density of crystal defects by bright field infrared laser interferometer [optical precipitate profiler (OPP)]. By taking into consideration the influences of the intensity profile and phase shift of the incident laser beam along the optical axis, we developed a new statistical data processing method to determine the true size distribution and volume density of the crystal defects from the raw OPP data. Using this method we evaluated the size distribution and volume density of oxygen precipitates introduced in a CZ–Si wafer and the validity of the new method was confirmed by comparing the obtained results with those obtained by the etching method and transmission electron microscopy.
Energy determination of corn co-products in finishing pigs and the use of an in vitro organic matter digestibility assay to predict in vivo energy (2009)

Twenty corn co-products from various wetand dry-grind ethanol plants were fed to finishing pigs to determine DE and ME and to generate equations to predict energy based upon each ingredient’s chemical analysis. Co-products included: DDGS (7), HP-DDG (3), bran (2), germ (2), gluten meal and feed, dehulled, degermed corn, dried solubles, starch, and corn oil. The control diet was based on corn (97.1%), limestone, dicalcium phosphate, salt, vitamins, and trace minerals. All but two test diets were formulated by mixing the control diet with 30% of a co-product. Dried solubles and oil were included at 20% and 10%, respectively. Eight groups of 24 finishing gilts (n=192, 112.7 final BW ± 7.9 kg) were randomly assigned to a test diet and each diet was fed to a total of 8 pigs. Gilts were placed in metabolism crates and fed an amount equivalent to 3% BW daily for 9 d followed by separately collecting feces and urine for 4 d. Ingredients were analyzed for moisture, GE, CP, crude fat (EE), crude fiber, NDF, ADF, total dietary fiber (TDF), and ash. Gross energy was determined on the feed, feces, and urine to calculate DE and ME for each ingredient. 1 Supported in part by grants from the National Pork Board (No. 08-107). The authors acknowledge Howard Tyler and Leo Timms, Associate Professors in the Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011. We are also thankful for help from Tom Webber, Cheri Ziemer, Jennifer Cook, Erin Conrad, Kristin Hard, Tricia Wolfswinkle, Tonya Huenink, Chris Olsen, Joel Johnson, Brandy Jacobs, Alisha Hoffman and staff at the Iowa State University Swine Nutrition and Research Farm. 2 These authors contributed equally to the work. 3 Corresponding author: brian.kerr@ars.usda.gov
The SBus: Sun's high performance system bus for RISC workstations (2002)

An overview of the design of SBus, Sun's SPARCstation 1 memory and input/output (I/O) expansion bus, is presented. In creating the SBus, the foremost goal was that overall system performance should not suffer because of the SBus design. The next most important goal was that I/O devices, including Ethernet and FDDI, be able to rely on the same high-performance, low-latency access to memory that is available to the central processor. Another goal was that it is possible to implement the interface between an I/O device and the SBus in a low-cost CMOS gate array, without having to use external buffers or drivers. A final goal was for the SBus to be the interface for I/O expansion. Raw SBus performance is provided by allowing a system clock of up to 25 MHz, represents a nice balance between ultimate performance and ease of system design and integration when boards are built by different manufacturers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Reaction of reduced metronidazole with guanosine to form an unstable adduct (1988)

Metronidazole, which is known to react with DNA under certain conditions, forms an adduct with guanosine in the presence of the reducing agent, sodium dithionite. This product has been purified by HPLC, characterized by UV and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and tentatively identified as 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-(N2-guanosinylamino)imidazole. This adduct is very unstable and decomposes to a variety of products including guanosine. Formation of this and similar DNA adducts from metronidazole in vivo, and the decomposition of these products, are probably both strongly dependent on details of intracellular metabolism.
Indentation Thermal Shock Test for Ceramics (1996)

This paper presents an indentation‐quench method to determine the resistance of ceramics to thermal cycling. The method defines a critical quench temperature difference, Δ T c , based on a criterion which includes a minimum amount of crack growth and a minimum fraction of growing cracks. The method is applied to three different materials, which are ranked according to the individual values of Δ T c . The variation of ΔT c with different indentation loads and indentation positions is investigated. This technique uses a small number of specimens, avoids subsequent mechanical testing, and provides information about the ΔT C of the materials. The effect of repeated cycling on crack extension is also discussed.
Cytometric and biochemical characterization of human breast cancer cells reveals heterogeneous myoepithelial phenotypes (2012)

To determine whether cell cultures maintain the cellular heterogeneity of primary tissues and may therefore be used for in vitro modeling of breast cancer subtypes, we evaluated the expression of a cell surface marker panel in breast cancer cell cultures derived from various subtypes of human breast carcinoma. We used a four-color flow cytometry strategy to immunophenotype seven human breast cancer cell cultures and four reference breast cancer cell lines. We analyzed 28 surface markers selected based on their potential to distinguish epithelial or mesenchymal lineage, to identify stem cell populations, and to mediate cell adhesion and migration. We determined their ability to form mammospheres and analyzed luminal cytokeratins CK18, CK19, and myoepithelial/basal CK5, SMA (alpha-smooth muscle actin), and vimentin expression by western blot. All cell surface markers showed a unimodal profile. Ten/28 markers were homogenously expressed. Four (CD66b, CD66c, CD165, CD324) displayed negative/low expression. Six (CD29, CD55, CD59, CD81, CD151, CD166) displayed homogenous high expression. Eighteen (CD9, CD10, CD24, CD26, CD44, CD47, CD49b, CD49f, CD54, CD61, CD90, CD105, CD133, CD164, CD184, CD200, CD227, CD326) were heterogeneously expressed. Spearman's rank test demonstrated a significant correlation (p< 0.001) between mesenchymal phenotype and breast cancer cell cultures. Breast cancer cell cultures, all CD44+, displayed concomitant high expression of only three antigens (CD10, CD54, CD90), and low expression of CD326; cell cultures formed mammospheres and expressed CK5, SMA and vimentin, and were weakly CK19-positive. We demonstrate that breast cancer cell cultures preserve inter-tumor heterogeneity and express stem/progenitor markers that can be identified, quantified and categorized by flow cytometry. Therefore, cell cultures can be used for in vitro modeling of breast cancer subtypes; immunophenotyping may mirror breast cancer heterogeneity and reveal molecular characteristics of individual tumors useful for testing target therapy.