gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Morphology and Chlorophyll Contents of Leaf and Wood Anatomical Characteristics of Three Schisandraceae Species in Korea (2010)

Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon 441-350, KoreaAbstract - It was investigated that morphological characteristics of leaf and stomata, chlorophyll contents and wood anatomy characteristics in Schisandra chinensis, Schisandra nigra and Kadsura japonica. Leaf morphological charac-teristics were significant at 5% levels within the species and within the individuals as a male, a female and monoecious. K. japonica was the longest in the leaf length, followed by S. chinensis and S. nigra. For the leaf length among S. nigra indi-viduals, the female was longer than male and monoecious. As for the Petiole length, S. nigra was twicelonger than S. chinensis and K. japonica. Stomata length was ranged from 92.5 ㎛ to 105.9 ㎛ for S. nigra, 79.9 ㎛ for S. chinensis, 76.2 ㎛ for K. japonica. S. nigra was longer than the others in length and width, while its stomata density was lower than the others. The size of vessel elements and xylem fiber showed a similar tendency to stomata, significant at 5% levels within S. nigra individuals (male, female and monoecious). Chlorophyll contents were also variable in inter and intra species and in general K. japonica showed higher levels of chlorophyll contents than Schisandra spp. plants.Key words - Schisandra chinensis, Schi sandra nigra, Kadsura japonica, Morphological characteristics, Chlorophyll contents*
Preparation and antitumor evaluation of water-soluble derivatives of dichloro(1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II). (1977)

The structure of the antitumor agent, dichloro(1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II) (NSC-194814), was modified by replacing the chlorides with organic or inorganic anions. Eighteen new platinum complexes were so isolated and their antitumor properties against the L1210 leukemia in C57BL/6 X DBA/2 mice were evaluated. Most of the complexes were readily soluble in water and some had enhanced antitumor activity compared to the parent dichloro complex. In addition, increased solubility with retention of significant antitumor activity was obtained by oxidizing the parent dichloroplatinum(II) complex with halogen or peroxide to give two platinum(IV) complexes. Some previously reported platinum complexes with phosphorus, selenium, or tellurium electron donor ligands were also synthesized and assessed for antitumor action, but these did not show appreciable activity.
On the exact solution of a class of stackelberg games (2005)

This paper presents a mixed-integer linear reformulation for a subclass of two-level nonlinear discrete-continuous decision problems also known as Stackelberg strategic games. Solving the original (two-level and nonlinear) model is algorithmically challenging. In fact, even global solvers for standard (or single-level) mixed-integer nonlinear programs are difficult to implement and relatively inaccessible. The proposed transformation allows solving this class of Stackelberg games using mixed-integer linear programming theory for which optimized solvers with large-scale computational capabilities have been reported. Furthermore, the proposed reformulation is achieved without adding any new integer variables to the original model, a desired computational property in case a large portion of the search tree has to be enumerated.
Rhodium Catalyzed [4 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition and Alkyne Insertion: A New Route to Eight-Membered Rings (2002)

A novel variation of the rhodium catalyzed [4 + 2] reaction is reported. A catalyst system that forms an eight-membered ring product from the incorporation of an alkyne into a dienyne is discussed. The products are formed with high diastereoselectivity and in good yield. The highest yields are obtained with alkynes that possess either an oxygen or nitrogen in the propargyl position. Examples are presented where the tether between the alkyne and the diene contains three or four atoms.
Reinforcement Learning for Fair Dynamic Pricing (2018)

Unfair pricing policies have been shown to be one of the most negative perceptions customers can have concerning pricing, and may result in long-term losses for a company. Despite the fact that dynamic pricing models help companies maximize revenue, fairness and equality should be taken into account in order to avoid unfair price differences between groups of customers. This paper shows how to solve dynamic pricing by using Reinforcement Learning (RL) techniques so that prices are maximized while keeping a balance between revenue and fairness. We demonstrate that RL provides two main features to support fairness in dynamic pricing: on the one hand, RL is able to learn from recent experience, adapting the pricing policy to complex market environments; on the other hand, it provides a trade-off between short and long-term objectives, hence integrating fairness into the model's core. Considering these two features, we propose the application of RL for revenue optimization, with the additional integration of fairness as part of the learning procedure by using Jain's index as a metric. Results in a simulated environment show a significant improvement in fairness while at the same time maintaining optimisation of revenue.
Grouped Black hole Attacks Security Model (GBHASM) for wireless Ad-hoc networks (2010)

In current research self-security management is of high interest. Wireless Ad hoc networks use mobile nodes to enable communication outside wireless communication zone. Attacks on wireless ad hoc network routing protocols disrupt network performance and reliability. In active black hole attacks on wireless networks; malicious nodes advertise the shortest path through the, between source and destination, which leads to modifications in routing table and packet loss. The proposed Grouped Black Hole Attack Security Model (GBHASM) stops grouped malicious nodes to advertise the shortest path through them to source and destination hence eliminating routing table modifications and packet loss.
Dehydration of Heat-Sensitive Materials (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDehydration of Heat-Sensitive MaterialsH. W. SchwarzCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1948, 40, 11, 2028–2033Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50467a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50467a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views54Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Backward compatible MIMO techniques in a massive MIMO test-bed for long term evolution (LTE) mobile systems (2015)

This paper proposes a virtual antenna mapping method for backward compatible massive or large-scale antenna multiple input multiple output (MIMO) base stations that provide communication services for legacy user equipment (UE) that can recognize only two or four base station antennas. The proposed method adopts and improves the omnidirectional beamforming that has been pioneered in previous works. The computer simulation results provide four important findings; the most important is that the actual number of virtually mapped physical antennas is inversely proportional to the transmit power per antenna.
Monoclonal Antibodies to <i>Escherichia coli</i> -Expressed P46 and P65 Membranous Proteins for Specific Immunodetection of <i>Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae</i> in Lungs of Infected Pigs (2003)

The P46 and P65 proteins of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae are two membranous proteins carrying species-specific antigenic determinants. Based on the genomic sequence of the reference strain ATCC 25934, primers were designed for PCR amplification of the genes encoding entire P46 (1,260 bp) and P65 (1,803 bp) and N-terminally truncated P65(c) (1,200 bp). These primers were shown to be specific to M. hyopneumoniae since no DNA amplicons could be obtained with other mycoplasma species that commonly colonize the porcine respiratory tract. Both amplified genes were then cloned into the pGEX-4T-1 vector to be expressed in Escherichia coli cells as recombinant fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST). Prior to generation of expression constructs, TGA nonsense codons, exceptionally used for tryptophan residues by M. hyopneumoniae, had been converted to TGG codons by PCR-directed mutagenesis. Following induction by IPTG (isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside), both GST-P46 and GST-P65(c) recombinant fusion proteins were recovered by disrupting transformed cells by sonication, purified by affinity chromatography, and then cut with thrombin to release the P46 and P65(c) moieties. The enriched E. coli-expressed P46 and P65c proteins were used to immunize female BALB/c mice for the generation of anti-P46 and anti-P65(c) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). The polypeptide specificities of MAbs obtained was confirmed by Western blotting with cell lysates prepared from the homologous strain. Cross-reactivity study of the anti-P46 and anti-P65(c) MAbs towards two other M. hyopneumoniae reference strains (ATCC 25095 and J strains) and Quebec field strains that had been isolated in culture, suggested that the MAbs obtained against both membranous proteins were directed against highly conserved species-specific epitopes. No reactivity to other mycoplasma species tested was demonstrated. Clinical signs and lesions suggestive of enzootic pneumonia were reproduced in specific-pathogen-free pigs that had been inoculated intratracheally with a virulent Quebec field strain (IAF-DM9827) of M. hyopneumoniae. Both anti-P46 and anti-P65(c) MAbs permitted effective detection by indirect immunofluorescence and indirect immunoperoxidase assay of M. hyopneumoniae in, respectively, frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung sections from pigs that were killed after the 6- to 7-week observation period.
Rapid enhancement of two-step wiring plasticity by estrogen and NMDA receptor activity (2008)

Cortical information storage requires combined changes in connectivity and synaptic strength between neurons, but the signaling mechanisms underlying this two-step wiring plasticity are unknown. Because acute 17beta-estradiol (E2) modulates cortical memory, we examined its effects on spine morphogenesis, AMPA receptor trafficking, and GTPase signaling in cortical neurons. Acute E2 application resulted in a rapid, transient increase in spine density, accompanied by temporary formation of silent synapses through reduced surface GluR1. These rapid effects of E2 were dependent on a Rap/AF-6/ERK1/2 pathway. Intriguingly, NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activation after E2 treatment potentiated silent synapses and elevated spine density for as long as 24 h. Hence, we show that E2 transiently increases neuronal connectivity by inducing dynamic nascent spines that "sample" the surrounding neuropil and that subsequent NMDAR activity is sufficient to stabilize or "hold" E2-mediated effects. This work describes a form of two-step wiring plasticity relevant for cortical memory and identifies targets that may facilitate recovery from brain injuries.
Mast cell activation by pedicellarial toxin of sea urchin, <i>Toxopneustes pileolus</i> (1993)

Pedicellarial toxin, partially purified from the sea urchin Toxopneustes pileolus, dose-dependently and time-dependently caused histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Pedicellarial toxin induced a rapid initial rise in [Ca2+]i within several seconds which was followed by a further slower increase of [Ca2+]i (second rise). The toxin induced a dose-dependent formation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) as well as the histamine release in mast cells. Furthermore, the toxin stimulated phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity in mast cell membranes. 2-Nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-N,N-diphenylcarbamate (NCDC), a PLC inhibitor, inhibited the activation of PI-PCL induced by pedicellarial toxin. Cholera toxin inhibited pedicellarial toxin-induced histamine release, whereas pretreatment of pertussis toxin failed to inhibit it. These results suggest that pedicellarial toxin from T. pileolus activates PI-PCL and the stimulation of PI turnover may lead to the release of IP3 into the cytoplasm, resulting in histamine release from rat mast cells.
Metasurface Reconfiguration through Lithium‐Ion Intercalation in a Transition Metal Oxide (2016)

Tuning the phase and amplitude response of achiral and chiral metasurfaces is a key operation in optical science and technology, since it lies at the heart of devices like wavefront shapers, beam steerers, and many others. The concept of ion intercalation is bridged from the domain of electrochemistry to that of photonics, paving the way for a new class of reconfigurable optical devices. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Long-term caloric restriction in ApoE-deficient mice results in neuroprotection via Fgf21-induced AMPK/mTOR pathway (2016)

Caloric restriction (CR) decelerates the aging process, extends lifespan and exerts neuroprotective effects in diverse species by so far unknown mechanisms. Based on known neuroprotective effects of fibroblastic growth factor 21 (Fgf21) we speculate that CR upregulates Fgf21, which phosphorylates neuronal AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), leading to a decrease of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling activity and an inhibition of tau-hyperphosphorylation. This in turn reduces the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer´s disease. <i>ApoE</i>-deficient mice (<i>ApoE-/-</i>), serving as a model of neurodegeneration, showed upon CR vs. ad libitum feeding increased Fgf21 levels in both, plasma and brain as well as higher phosphorylation of fibroblastic growth factor receptor 1c (Fgfr1c), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and AMPK in brain, lower activity of mTOR and decreased Tau-phosphorylation. Finally, CR in <i>ApoE-/-</i> mice caused neuroprotection as indicated by a higher synaptic plasticity shown by immunohistochemical analysis with increased numbers of PSD95-positive neurons and a better cognitive performance as analyzed with Morris water maze test. These data provide substantial evidence that neuroprotection upon CR seems to be Fgf21-dependent. Further experiments are necessary to evaluate Fgf21 as a therapeutic tool to treat tauopathy for improvement of cognitive performance.
Queue-Aware Optimal Resource Allocation for the LTE Downlink With Best <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$M$</tex-math></inline-formula> Subband Feedback (2015)

We address the problem of optimal downlink resource allocation in an OFDMA system, in a scenario where very limited channel quality information (CQI) is available at the base station. This paper is particularly applicable in the context of the LTE downlink since the feedback mechanism that we consider closely resembles one of the CQI reporting modes in LTE. Specifically, the users only report the indices of their best M subbands and an effective CQI corresponding to these best M bands. Our policy simultaneously performs optimal subband assignment and rate allocation, by taking into account channel quality and the queue backlogs of each user. The technical novelty of our work lies in exploiting a limit theorem on the best SNRs reported by the users, and combining it within a Lyapunov stability framework. We show that our policy is throughput maximizing among all policies, which are constrained to the CQI mechanism considered. Numerical results indicate that, in terms of throughput and average delay, our policy compares favorably to existing resource allocation policies such as proportional fair.
Chemical control of plaque. (1990)

Plaque is generally accepted as the prime agent in the aetiology of gingivitis and caries. However, it has been estimated that the oral microbial load must be reduced by some 99.9% in order to produce a significant effect on plaque formation--and mechanical tooth cleaning alone is unlikely to achieve this. Considerable effort has therefore been put into researching chemical means of controlling plaque. In the final article of this eight-part series, the author reviews the efficacy and modes of action of the chemical agents currently available.
Liability Limitations of Warsaw Convention Applicable to the Carrier's Employees (Reed v. Wiser) (2012)

The Warsaw Convention' (the Convention), adopted in 1929,2 was designed to provide a uniform body of law to govern certain aspects of international air transportation. 3Perhaps the most important objective of the Warsaw signatories, however, was to limit the potential liability of an air carrier and thereby minimize the crippling effects of large accident-claim recoveries upon the infant commercial aviation industry.'Accordingly, Article 22(1) of the I The Warsaw Convention Treaty (the Convention), which was promulgated as a result of two international conferences, is formally known as the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Transportation by Air, opened for signature Oct. 12
Comparison of heat-treated and tetraploid blastocysts for the production of completely ES-cell-derived mice (2001)

The present study compared the production efficiency and incidence of postnatal death in mice derived by injecting embryonic stem (ES) cells into either heat-treated blastocysts or tetraploid blastocysts. The proportion of completely ES-cell-derived mice from the tetraploid blastocyst group (3.3%) was significantly higher than that obtained from the heat-treated blastocyst group (1.5%). The incidence of postnatal death was the same between the two groups: 10 of 15 young (67%) in the heat-treated group and 21 of 34 young (62%) in the tetraploid group died within 13 days of birth. The remaining young grew to adulthood, had normal fertility, and their germ cells were of ES cell origin. There was no clear correlation, however, between the postnatal lethality of ES-cell-derived mice and the genetic background of the ES cells. The causes of postnatal death are discussed.
Analysis of nonlinear synchronization dynamics of oscillator networks by Laplacian spectral methods (2007)

We analyze the synchronization dynamics of phase oscillators far from the synchronization manifold, including the onset of synchronization on scale-free networks with low and high clustering coefficients. We use normal coordinates and corresponding time-averaged velocities derived from the Laplacian matrix, which reflects the network's topology. In terms of these coordinates, synchronization manifests itself as a contraction of the dynamics onto progressively lower-dimensional submanifolds of phase space spanned by Laplacian eigenvectors with lower eigenvalues. Differences between high and low clustering networks can be correlated with features of the Laplacian spectrum. For example, the inhibition of full synchoronization at high clustering is associated with a group of low-lying modes that fail to lock even at strong coupling, while the advanced partial synchronization at low coupling noted elsewhere is associated with high-eigenvalue modes.
Limestone dissolution in flue gas desulfurization processes. Final report Mar 79-Apr 83 (1983)

The report gives results of the measurement of dissolution rates of reagent CaCO3 and commercial limestones (9 types/19 grinds) at constant pH and solution composition by batch titration with HC1. Conditions were selected to simulate flue gas desulfurization. A mass transfer model has been developed which includes theoretical effects of particle size and equilibrium acid/base reactions. The cumulative rate of mass transfer is calculated by integrating over a particle size distribution obtained by Coulter Counter and screening measurements.
Discriminant factor analysis of <sup>31</sup>p nmr spectroscopic data in myopathies (1990)

Discriminant factor analysis (DFA) enables one to distinguish among diagnostic groups using diagnostic variables. It provides discriminant functions that are linear combinations of the diagnostic variables and that optimally separate diagnostic groups. It was used to enhance the accuracy of 31P NMR data in the diagnosis of myopathies. DFA allowed a good separation of normal subjects, congenital neuromuscular disorders with type I fiber predominance, and McArdle's diseases. It elicited an unexpected homogeneity of idiopathic rhabdomyolyses, the metabolic origin of which is unknown, and suggested that the abnormality could involve the mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in some of them. In mitochondrial myopathies, an expected heterogeneity is shown by DFA. It may allow an automatic diagnosis of some myopathies from 31P NMR data or guide biochemists by comparing biochemical features of a new patient to those of previously established groups.
Relationship Between Host Acidification and Virulence of <i>Penicillium</i> spp. on Apple and Citrus Fruit (2004)

ABSTRACT Penicillium expansum, P. digitatum, and P. italicum acidify the ambient environments of apple and citrus fruit during decay development. They use two mechanisms for this: the production of organic acids, mainly citric and gluconic, and NH(4)(+) utilization associated with H(+) efflux. Exposure of P. expansum and P. digitatum hyphae to pH 5.0 increased their citric acid production, compared with the production of organic acids at acidic ambient pH. In decayed fruit, both pathogens produced significant amounts of citric and gluconic acids in the decayed tissue and reduced the host pH by 0.5 to 1.0 units. Ammonium depletion from the growth medium or from the fruit tissue was directly related to ambient pH reduction. Analysis of transcripts encoding the endopolygalacturonase gene, pepg1, from P. expansum accumulated under acidic culture conditions from pH 3.5 to 5.0, suggesting that the acidification process is a pathogenicity enhancing factor of Penicillium spp. This hypothesis was supported by the finding that cultivars with lower pH and citric acid treatments to reduce tissue pH increased P. expansum development, presumably by increasing local pH. However, organic acid treatment could not enhance decay development in naturally acidic apples. Conversely, local alkalinization with NaHCO(3) reduced decay development. The present results further suggest that ambient pH is a regulatory cue for processes linked to pathogenicity of postharvest pathogens, and that specific genes are expressed as a result of the modified host pH created by the pathogens.