gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enzyme and Nonenzyme Hydrolyses of End Ester Group in Polyethylene Glycol Esters (1984)

Abstract The enzyme and nonenzyme hydrolyses of the end ester group in polyethylene glycol (PEG) esters were studied. The end monoester in PEG ester is known to be easily hydrolyzed by alkaline or acidic solution. 2-Methyl-ω-benzoyloxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)(Bz-PEG) and 2-methyl-ω-4-nitrobenzoyloxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) were found to be hydrolyzed by lipase and esterase in Tris buffer solution (pH 7.7) but 2-methyl-ω-acetoxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) was not. The parameters of enzyme reaction in the hydrolysis of ester bonds in Bz-PEG by esterase were estimated to be as follows: Vmax = 6.09 × 10−7 mol/dm3.s, Km = 7.63 × 10−4 mol/dm3.
On the Stability and Followability of the Semi-Trailer Vehicle with an Automatic Steering System (1979)

(1979). On the Stability and Followability of the Semi-Trailer Vehicle with an Automatic Steering System. Vehicle System Dynamics: Vol. 8, No. 2-3, pp. 206-211.
Generating Medical Hypotheses Based on Evolutionary Medical Concepts (2017)

Literature based discovery (LBD) is a task that aims to uncover hidden associations between non-interacting scientific concepts by rationally connecting independent nuggets of information. Broadly, prior approaches to LBD include use of: a) distributional statistics and explicit representation, b) graph-theoretic measures, and c) supervised machine learning methods to find associations. However, purely distributional approaches may not necessarily entail semantically meaningful association and graph-theoretic approaches suffer from scalability issues. While supervised machine learning based approaches have the potential to elucidate associations, the training data required is too expensive to generate. In this paper we propose a novel dynamic Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) embedding model which is able to model the evolutionary behavior of medical concepts to uncover latent associations between them. The proposed model allows us to learn the evolutionary trajectories of MeSH embeddings and detect informative terms. Hence, based on the dynamic MeSH embeddings, meaningful medical hypotheses can be efficiently generated. To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed model, we perform both qualitative and quantitative evaluation. The results demonstrate that leveraging the evolutionary features of MeSH concepts is an effective way for predicting novel associations.
The role of butyrate in surgical and oncological outcomes in colorectal cancer (2021)

Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid produced by colonic gut bacteria as a result of fermentation of dietary fibers. In the colon, butyrate is a major energy substrate and contributes to the nutritional support and proliferation of a healthy mucosa. It also promotes the intestinal barrier function by enhancing mucus production and tight junctions. In addition to its pro-proliferative effect in healthy colonocytes, butyrate inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells. The antineoplastic effect of butyrate is associated with the inhibitory effect of butyrate on histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes, which promote carcinogenesis. Due to the metabolic shift of cancer cells toward glycolysis, unused butyrate accumulates and inhibits procarcinogenic HDACs. In addition, recent studies suggest that butyrate may improve the healing of colonic tissue after surgery in animal models, specifically at the site of reconnection of colonic ends, anastomosis, after surgical resection. Here, we review current evidence on the impact of butyrate on epithelial integrity and colorectal cancer and present current knowledge on data that support its potential applications in surgical practice.
Novel filter providing human eye and optical sensors protection from the visible into the IR (2008)

We introduce into optical systems, susceptible to be interrupted or damaged from laser, novel passive solid-state threshold-triggered Wideband Protection Filter (WPF) that blocks the transmission only if the power exceeds a certain threshold. We present new protection capabilities of our latest filter composed of improved technology. The WPF can be readily used for protection of detectors, cameras, or eye safety.
Imaging individual retroviral fusion events: From hemifusion to pore formation and growth (2005)

Viral fusion proteins catalyze merger of viral and cell membranes through a series of steps that have not yet been well defined. To elucidate the mechanism of virus entry, we have imaged fusion between single virions bearing avian sarcoma and leukosis virus (ASLV) envelope glycoprotein (Env) and the cell membrane. Viral particles were labeled with a lipophilic dye and with palmitylated enhanced YFP that was incorporated into the inner leaflet of the viral membrane. When individual virions were bound to target cells expressing cognate receptors, they transferred their lipids and contents only when exposed to low, but not neutral, pH. These data are consistent with the proposed two-step mechanism of ASLV entry that involves receptor-priming followed by low pH activation. Most importantly, lipid mixing commonly occurred before formation of a small fusion pore that was quickly and sensitively detected by pH-dependent changes in palmitylated enhanced YFP fluorescence. Nascent fusion pores were metastable and irreversibly closed, remained small, or fully enlarged, permitting nucleocapsid delivery into the cytosol. These findings strongly imply that hemifusion and a small pore are the key intermediates of ASLV fusion. When added before low pH treatment, a peptide designed to prevent Env from folding into a final helical-bundle conformation abolished virus-cell fusion and infection. Therefore, we conclude that, after receptor-activation, Env undergoes low pH-dependent refolding into a six-helix bundle and, in doing so, sequentially catalyzes hemifusion, fusion pore opening, and enlargement.
Biology and Genetics of Crown Rust Disease in Ryegrasses (2010)

ABSTRACT The most serious foliar disease of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) is crown rust (caused by Puccinia coronata Corda f.sp. lolii Brown). Progress in resistance breeding using recurrent selection has been slow, due to lack of genetic knowledge. Puccinia coronata is a basidiomycete fungus with a complex life‐cycle involving both asexual and sexual reproductive modes. Pathotype variation may exist, but confirmation is complicated by the outbreeding nature of the host grass and consequent intrapopulation diversity. Qualitative and quantitative resistance mechanisms may hence be due to either major resistance genes responding to mixed pathogen populations, or minor (quantitative) resistance genes. Advances in molecular biology have permitted analysis of both host and pathogen genetics. Development of pathogen‐derived simple sequence repeat (SSR) genetic markers allowed detailed analysis of genetic variation, as well as generation of homogenized inoculum for detailed trait‐dissection studies. Multiple genomic regions were identified as containing quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for pathogen resistance, and specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for defense response (DR) and disease resistance (R) genes have been evaluated for QTL co‐location. The current knowledge status of the crown rust pathogen and genetics of host resistance is reviewed, as well as future prospects for facilitated rust resistance breeding.
Temperature-Dependent Refractive Index Determination from Critical Angle Measurements:  Implications for Quantitative SPR Sensing (1999)

Temperature-dependent measurements of surface coverage and interfacial kinetics remain relatively unexploited in thin-film sensing applications that rely on optical surface-sensitive techniques such as surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR). These techniques are inherently sensitive to the optical properties of the bulk solution in contact with the thin film; therefore, quantitative thin-film sensing requires accurate refractive index data for bulk solutions at the conditions of interest. The refractive index for bulk solutions depends strongly on temperature, solution composition, and optical excitation wavelength. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of critical angle measurements for accurate, independent determination of the refractive index of bulk solutions and present results for different experimental conditions of solution temperature, solution concentration, and excitation wavelength. We also examine the implications of incorrect accounting of the bulk solution for the case of two-color SPR sensing of ultrathin organic films. This sensing technique, which depends inherently on the contrast in the dispersion of the refractive index of the film and the bulk solution, can be over 1 order of magnitude more sensitive than single-color SPR measurements. Critical angle measurements can be implemented in conjunction with SPR measurements and will be invaluable for thin film sensing application in which the bulk refractive index varies during the experiment, for example, in temperature-dependent SPR measurements, or for applications in which the solution refractive index is not known.
Effect of SR49059, an orally active V<sub>1a</sub> vasopressin receptor antagonist, in the prevention of dysmenorrhoea (2000)

This study showed for the first time a therapeutic effect of an orally active vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist in the prevention of dysmenorrhoea. Further studies are required to examine effect mechanisms and determine effective doses.
Holographic incoherent optical transfer function synthesis: analysis and optimization (1986)

Holographic incoherent optical transfer function (OTF) synthesis offers many of the advantages of coherent holographic spatial filtering, yet it can use spatially incoherent (but quasi-monochromatic) light. Thus CRT images, as well as light from diffuse objects, can be processed with no need for spatial light modulators. We show that paraxial analysis of holographic incoherent OTF synthesis is often inadequate. Carelessly designed systems may exhibit intolerable levels of aberrations and distortions. Specifically, incoherent holographic OTF synthesis systems may exhibit partial loss of space variance as well as aberrations that affect the resolution of the output pattern. One must apply nonparaxial analysis to the design of holographic incoherent OTF synthesis systems in order to exploit their full potential. Typical results and some optimization approaches are presented.
A type and effect system for atomicity (2003)

Ensuring the correctness of multithreaded programs is difficult, due to the potential for unexpected and nondeterministic interactions between threads. Previous work addressed this problem by devising tools for detecting race conditions , a situation where two threads simultaneously access the same data variable, and at least one of the accesses is a write. However, verifying the absence of such simultaneous-access race conditions is neither necessary nor sufficient to ensure the absence of errors due to unexpected thread interactions.We propose that a stronger non-interference property is required, namely atomicity . Atomic methods can be assumed to execute serially, without interleaved steps of other threads. Thus, atomic methods are amenable to sequential reasoning techniques, which significantly simplifies both formal and informal reasoning about program correctness.This paper presents a type system for specifying and verifying the atomicity of methods in multithreaded Java programs. The atomic type system is a synthesis of Lipton's theory of reduction and type systems for race detection.We have implemented this atomic type system for Java and used it to check a variety of standard Java library classes. The type checker uncovered subtle atomicity violations in classes such as <tt>java.lang.String</tt> and <tt>java.lang.String-Buffer</tt> that cause crashes under certain thread interleavings.This paper proposes that a stronger non-interference property is required, namely atomicity , and presents a type system for verifying the atomicity of methods in multithreaded Java programs. Methods in a class can be annotated with the keyword <tt>atomic</tt>. Clients of a well-typed class can then assume that each atomic method is executed in one step, thus significantly simplifying both formal and informal reasoning about the client's correctness.
A novel fast DRR generation method by reassembling previously generated projection blocks (2016)

Digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) is vital to 2D/3D image registration, but computationally expensive to generate. Introduced in this paper is a novel fast DRR generation method that reuses building blocks of DRRs previously generated for known poses. The Slab algorithm is presented for illustration of the principle where projections of multiple slices for known poses are combined to form bigger slabs that are subsequently re-projected as unities and added together to compute DRRs for new poses. As there are only a small number of slabs to process, DRRs can be computed for new poses efficiently. Preliminary results showed that on a computer with an Intel Core2 Duo 2.8 GHz CPU, the algorithm generated full content DRRs of size 512×512 in 62 ms, with peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) greater than 50 dB and high sensitivity to pose change, representing speedup in computation by a factor of 60 and demonstrating its potential to be a fast high quality DRR generation algorithm suited for image registration.
Photon-emission scanning tunneling microscopy of silver films in ultrahigh vacuum: A spectroscopic method (1993)

We describe photon-emission scanning-tunneling-microscopy experiments on polycrystalline silver surfaces. By performing a method of simultaneous photon emission and tunneling spectroscopy measurements, we are able to show that the photon emission process and, in particular, the intergranular contrast in the photon maps depend upon interactions between individual grains in the silver film. Factors known to affect photon emission, such as grain shape and surface morphology, are shown to be inconsistent with the detailed structure of the photon maps. We observe that certain grains behave as isolated entities while others radiate in a more collective manner. This is indicative that for these materials the photon emission behavior is strongly affected by grain-boundary effects and we discuss a recent model which takes these into account.
Oil Reservoir Characterization via Crude Oil Analysis by Downhole Fluid Analysis in Oil Wells with Visible−Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and by Laboratory Analysis with Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (2006)

In the first study of its kind, we analyze heavy ends of crude oils to characterize oil reservoirs by both in situ downhole fluid analysis (DFA) in oil wells along with heavy-end fingerprinting utilizing ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. One of the biggest problems in the exploitation of oil reservoirs in high-cost settings is the difficulty of characterizing flow connectivity or compartmentalization of the various permeable zones. Standard industry methods to determine compartmentalization either fail or are prohibitively expensive. A relatively new method of performing DFA on crude oils has identified compartmentalization on a regular basis and is rapidly becoming an industry standard. Here, compartmentalization is established in an oil-containing vertically stacked sand−shale sequence by performing visible−near-infrared spectroscopy on crude oils in situ in the oil well. These crude oils are then fingerprinted by electrospray ionization−Fourier-transform ion-cyclotron-resonance mass spectroscopy. This novel analysis protocol can lead to a more detailed understanding of the reservoir and provides a new utility for advanced methods of analytical chemistry; this charter fits within the new field of petroleomics.
Wnt signaling and cancer development: therapeutic implication. (2008)

Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that activate signal transduction pathways to control a wide variety of cellular processes such as determination of cell fate, proliferation, migration, and polarity. Wnts are capable of signaling through several pathways, the best-characterized being the canonical beta-catenin/Tcf-mediated pathway. Canonical Wnts stabilize beta-catenin protein, which has implications in the genesis of many human cancers like non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal carcinoma, prostate cancer, breast cancer and many others. In all of these cancers the common denominator is the activation of target genes. Although detailed mechanisms are not well understood of why Wnts are overexpressed in one tumor and down regulated in another, the pleiotropism of Wnt signaling is evident. The pathway itself offers ample targeting nodal points for cancer drug development. The identification of many important regulatory genes and the mechanism of their function offer an opportunity to develop new therapies targeting this pathway. In this review, we describe the roles of several oncogenes of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in the development of tumorigenesis and discuss few strategies that are already developed or can be explored to target key components of the Wnt/ beta-catenin signaling pathway in finding of anti-cancer drugs.
A New Compact Broadband Radial Power Combiner (2012)

Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit beschreibt das Design und den Aufbau eines neu entwickelten N-Wege Radial-Power-Combiners in Mikrostreifenleitungstechnik. Die Verwendung von Mikrostreifenleitungen auf dünnen Substraten führt zu einem kompakten Aufbau, geringem Gewicht und niedrigen Herstellungskosten und damit zu signifikanten Vorteilen gegenüber axialen Leistungsummierern. Der N-Wege Radial- Power-Combiner summiert die Leistung der N-Eingangsports ohne Zwischenstufen direkt in einem Schritt. Hieraus resultiert ein hoher Wirkungsgrad und eine sehr kompakte Bauweise. Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurde ein vollständiges analytisches Modell für einen 8-Wege-Breitband-Combiner entwickelt und die Ergebnisse für den Frequenzbereich 2-17GHz vorgestellt. Zum Vergleich wurde eine numerische Simulation mit der Software HFSS durchgeführt und die ursprünglichen Ergebnisse für den Frequenzbereich 2-17GHz auf beste Performance optimiert. Zwei 8-Wege Radial-Power-Combiner wurden aufgebaut und vermessen. Über die gesamte Bandbreite war die erzielte Rückflussdämpfung besser als 10dB und die Einfügedämpfung kleiner als 1.5dB. Als Funktionstest wurde mit diesen Combinern die Leistung von 8 Breitbandverstärkern zu je 0.12W zu einer Gesamtausgangsleistung von 0.7W summiert. Die Ergebnisse sind auf Gesamtausgangsleistungen bis 100W übertragbar. Die durchgeführten Messungen stimmten mit den theoretischen Ergebnissen überein und bestätigten somit die Genauigkeit des Design- und Optimierungsprozesses.
Low-complexity maximum-likelihood decoding of shortened enumerative permutation codes for holographic storage (2001)

Volume holographic memories (VHM) are page-oriented optical storage systems whose pages commonly contain on the order of one million pixels. Typically, each stored data page is composed of an equal number of binary pixels in either a low-contrast ("off") state or a high-contrast ("on") state. By increasing the number of "off" pixels and decreasing the number of "on" pixels per page, there is an associated gain in VHM system storage capacity. When grayscale pixels are used, a further gain is possible by similarly controlling the fraction of pixels at each gray level. This paper introduces a constant-weight, nonbinary, shortened enumerative permutation modulation block code to produce pages that exploit the proposed capacity advantage. In addition to the code description, we present an encoder and a low-complexity maximum-likelihood (ML) decoder for the shortened permutation code. A proof verifies our claim of ML decoding. Applying this class of code to VHMs predicts a 49% increase in storage capacity when recording modulation coded 3-bit (eight gray level) pixels compared with a VHM using a binary signaling alphabet and equal-probable (unbiased) data.
Transverse fingernail curvature in adults: a quantitative evaluation and the influence of gender, age, and hand size and dominance (2011)

The nail plate's convex shape in both the longitudinal and transverse directions is thought to contribute to its mechanical rigidity, and overcurvature can be a symptom of local and/or systemic disorders. Although a number of methods to measure the longitudinal nail curvature have been proposed, evaluation of the transverse nail curvature has been largely limited to visual estimation of overcurved nail plates. The aim of this study was therefore to measure the transverse curvature of healthy adult fingernail plates and thereby provide a baseline range for 'normal curved' nail plates. In addition, the influence of gender, age, hand size and hand dominance on the transverse fingernail curvature was investigated. The transverse fingernail curvature in 92 men and 90 women (aged 21-90 years) was measured using a set of radius gauges, and the nail plate curvature was expressed as the radius of a circle whose curve most closely approximated that of the nail plate. ANOVA was used to investigate the influence of digit nature on curvature, whereas general linear model was used to assess the influence of gender, age, and hand length, breadth and dominance on transverse nail curvature. Subsequently, the influence of hand dominance and age was further examined by paired t-test and ANOVA, respectively. In this study, baseline values for the transverse nailplate curvature of the thumb, index, middle, ring and little fingers are presented. The thumbnail is the flattest, followed jointly by the index and middle fingernails, then the ring fingernail and finally the little fingernail. Transverse nail curvature is influenced by a person's gender, age, hand dominance and hand width, but not by hand length. Thus, nails are flatter in the dominant hand, in men, in older individuals and in those with wider hands.
Optical Decoherence in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msup><mml:mi>Er</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math>-Doped Silicate Fiber: Evidence for Coupled Spin-Elastic Tunneling Systems (2006)

We measured the optical decoherence times ${T}_{2}$, or, equivalently, the homogeneous line width, in an Er-doped optical fiber at low temperature as a function of external magnetic field and temperature using two-pulse photon echoes. The decoherence times were up to 230 ns at fields above 3 T. The magnitude of the line narrowing induced by a magnetic field of 3 T is 2.5 MHz, which is anomalously large compared to that typical for oxide crystals with similar ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ concentration. This is interpreted as evidence for dephasing by coupled spin-elastic tunneling modes where the normal glass tunneling modes acquire a magnetic character by coupling to the ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ spin.