gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acoustic emission-based fatigue crack growth prediction (2013)

Acoustic Emission (AE) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) with potential applications for locating and monitoring fatigue cracks during structural health management and prognosis. To do this, a correlation between acoustic emission signal characteristics and crack growth behavior should be established. In this paper, a probabilistic model of fatigue crack length distribution based on acoustic emission is validated. Using the results from AE-based fatigue experiments the relationship between AE count rates and crack growth rates is reviewed for the effect of loading ratio. Predictions of crack growth rates based on AE count rates model show reasonable agreement with the actual crack growth rates from the test results. Bayesian regression analysis is performed to estimate the marginal distribution of the unknown parameters in the model. The results of the Bayesian regression analysis shows that the results are consistent with respect to changes in loading ratio. Additional experimental evidence might be required to further reduce the uncertainties of the proposed model and further study the effects of the changes in loading frequency, sample geometry and material.
Discover Mojave Forever Earth Curriculum (2009)

The Discover Mojave Forever Earth program is more than a field trip to Lake Mead National Recreation Area (NRA). The program takes place aboard the Forever Earth, a floating environmental learning center. It is designed to give students the rare opportunity to study different facets of water in the desert—such as its characteristics and quality, the species that rely on it, its ability to change a landscape, and much more. This educational experience complements traditional classroom studies with engaging, participatory, on-site activities and support lessons based upon a solid framework for inquiry and discovery. On-site activities and the supporting lessons described herein align with Clark County School District curriculum and are correlated to Nevada State Science Standards and Clark County School District Curriculum Essentials Framework and Science Objectives. Pre-visit lessons prepare students for their trip, introducing important background concepts, key questions, and themes. Post-visit lessons follow up on and reinforce the on-site learning, and more importantly, encourage “big-picture” synthesis and options for stewardship.
Vibrations of strongly irregular or fractal resonators (1993)

It is shown on a specific example that fractal boundary conditions drastically alter the properties of wave excitations in space. The low-frequency part of the vibration spectrum of a finite-range fractal drum is computed using an analogy between the Helmoltz equation and the diffusion equation. The irregularity of the frontier is found to influence strongly the density of states at low frequency. The fractal perimeter generates a specific screening effect. Very near the frontier, the decrease of the wave form is related directly to the behavior of the harmonic measure. The possibility of localization of the vibrations is qualitatively discussed and we show that localized modes may exist at low frequencies if the geometrical structures possess narrow paths. Possible application of these results to the interpretation of thermal properties of binary glasses is briefly discussed.
Substrate and Enzyme Characteristics that Limit Cellulose Hydrolysis (1999)

The ability and, consequently, the limitations of various microbial enzyme systems to completely hydrolyze the structural polysaccharides of plant cell walls has been the focus of an enormous amount of research over the years. As more and more of these extracellular enzymatic systems are being identified and characterized, clear similarities and differences are being elucidated. Although much has been learned concerning the structures, kinetics, catalytic action, and interactions of enzymes and their substrates, no single mechanism of total lignocellulosic saccharification has been established. The heterogeneous nature of the supramolecular structures of naturally occurring lignocellulosic matrices make it difficult to fully understand the interactions that occur between enzyme complexes and these substrates. However, it is apparent that the efficacy of enzymatic complexes to hydrolyze these substrates is inextricably linked to the innate structural characteristics of the substrate and/or the modifications that occur as saccharification proceeds. This present review is not intended to conclusively answer what factors control polysaccharide biodegradation, but to serve as an overview illustrating some of the potential enzymatic and structural limitations that invariably influence the complete hydrolysis of lignocellulosic polysaccharides.
Role of emm and mrp Genes in the Virulence of Group A Streptococcal Isolate 64/14 in a Mouse Model of Skin Infection (1998)

The virulence of group A streptococcal isolate 64/14 and paired isogenic mutants in which either the emm or mrp gene had been insertionally inactivated was compared in mice. Loss of expression of the emm gene product resulted in a significant loss of virulence when the isolate was injected into the skin but had no significant difference when injected intraperitoneally. By contrast, inactivation of the mrp gene caused the organism to be more virulent in the skin, while having no significant effect intraperitoneally. An isogenic mutant, in which the mga gene was inactivated and neither the emm gene nor the mrp gene was expressed, demonstrated no significant difference in virulence from the wild type organism. Organisms recovered from the spleen of mice lethally infected with the mga mutant expressed all Mga-regulated IgG-binding gene products despite the presence of the spectinomycin-resistance cassette, which was used to inactivate the mga gene, in its original position.
Using case-based retrieval for customer technical support (1992)

Cascade, a case-based interactive system that helps technical support engineers solve the problems of customers whose hardware or software has stopped working, is discussed. Cascade has a case library of failures of VMS device drivers and suggests solutions to new failures. The system uses validated retrieval to address aspects of failure recovery that are specific to help desks. Cascade's implementation, which was accomplished by developing a seed case base, a knowledge base containing knowledge about similarities between surface-feature values, and a validation model containing the necessary probes and knowledge about them, is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A truncated mutant (residues 58-140) of the hepatitis B virus X protein retains transactivation function. (1996)

The hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) sequence (154 aa) has been divided into six regions (A-F) based on its sequence homology with X proteins of other mammalian hepadnaviruses. Regions A, C, and E are more conserved and include all the four conserved cysteines (C7, C61, C69, and C137). To localize the regions of HBx important for transactivation, a panel of 10 deletion mutants (X5-X14) and 4 single point mutants (X1-X4), each corresponding to a conserved cysteine residue, was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. A HBx-specific monoclonal antibody was developed and used to confirm the expression of mutants by Western blot. Transactivation property of the HBx mutants was studied on Rous sarcoma virus-long terminal repeat (RSV-LTR) in transient transfection assays. We observed that deletion of the most conserved region A or substitution of the N-terminal cysteine (C7) had no effect on transactivation. Deletion of the nonconserved regions B or F also had no deleterious effects. Deletions of regions C and D resulted in a significant loss of function. Substitution of both C61 and C69 present in region C, caused almost 90% loss of activity that could be partially overcome by transfecting more expression plasmid. The fully conserved 9 amino acid segment (residues 132 to 140) within region E including C137 appeared to be crucial for its activity. Finally, a truncated mutant X15 incorporating only regions C to E (amino acids 58-140) was able to stimulate the RSV-LTR quite efficiently, suggesting a crucial role played by this domain in transactivation function.
Simple compiler algorithms to reduce ownership overhead in cache coherence protocols (1994)

We study in this paper the design and efficiency of compiler algorithms that remove ownership overhead in shared-memory multiprocessors with write-invalidate protocols. These algorithms detect loads followed by stores to the same address. Such loads are marked and constitute a hint to the cache to obtain an exclusive copy of the block. We consider three algorithms where the first one focuses on load-store sequences within each basic block of code and the other two analyse the existence of load-store sequences across basic blocks at the intra-procedural level. Since the dataflow analysis we adopt is a trivial variation of live-variable analysis, the algorithms are easily incorporated into a compiler.
Linear Shallow Water Equations for Waves with Damping (2012)

선형의 천수방정식을 이용하여 에너지 감쇠가 있는 경우의 파랑특성을 분석하였다. 기하광학기법을 이용하여 위상속도 및 에너지속도를 이론적으로 유도하였으며 수치모형을 통하여 검증하였다. 에너지감쇠가 있는 경우 파고, 위상속도, 에너지속도 모두 변하면서 파랑변형에 영향을 끼쳤다. Euler 의 접근법에 의하여 복소수 형태의 파수를 사용할 경우 에너지 감쇠가 클수록 위상속도는 감소하는 반면에 에너지속도는 위상속도보다 큰 값을 가지면서 꾸준히 증가하는 결과가 나왔다. Lagrange의 접근법에 의하여 복소수 형태의 각주파수를 사용할 경우 에너지 감쇠가 발생하는 파군이 에너지속도로 전파하는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 파랑의 천수와 굴절이 발생하는 경우 두 경우 다 에너지속도의 영향을 받는 것을 이론으로 발견하였고, 경사면 위로 파랑이 전파하는 경우 이 사실을 수치실험으로 확인하였다. Wave characteristics in the presence of energy damping are investigated using the linear shallow water equations. To get the phase and energy velocities, geometric optics approach is used and then these values are validated through numerical experiments. Energy damping affects wave height, phase and energy velocities which result in wave transformation. When the complex wavenumber is used by the Eulerian approach, it is found that the phase velocity decreases as the damping increases while the energy velocity increases showing higher values than the phase velocity. When the complex angular frequency is used by the Lagrangian approach, the energy-damping wave group is found to propagate in the energy velocity. The energy velocity is found to affect shoaling and refraction coefficient which is verified through numerical experiments for waves on a plane slope.
Advance of the application of nano-controlled release system in ophthalmic drug delivery (2015)

The ocular prescription application of nanometer materials are mainly concentrated in controlled release systems. Due to the unique properties of nanometer materials such as higher bioavailability and less side effects, it has great advantages in carrying ocular drugs of eye diseases compared with the traditional dosing method. As a result, nano-controlled release system has good application prospect in eye diseases. At present, a variety of different types of nano-controlled release systems have been used to enhance the efficiency of the ocular drugs including nanomicelles, nanoparticles, nanosuspensions, liposomes and dendrimers. In this article, the research progress and the application of nano-controlled release system in ophthalmic drug delivery are reviewed.
Sjögren's syndrome: mechanisms of pathogenesis involve interaction of immune and neurosecretory systems (2002)

Although biopsies of salivary and lacrimal glands from patients with Sjo¨gren's syndrome (SS) have focal lymphocytic infiltrates and partial destruction of glandular secretory units (acinar and ductal structures), the degree of dryness is beyond that expected for the level of glandular destruction. The failure to exhibit adequate secretory function is not due simply to the destruction of neural innervation to the residual glandular elements or the absence of receptors for acetylcholine on the glandular cells. It is likely that release of cytokines by lymphocytes and glandular cells (especially interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha), autoantibodies and metalloproteinases lead to decreased release of neurotransmitters and decreased response of the residual glandular cells to available neurotransmitters. The ability to modulate immune response and stimulate residual glandular elements provides new therapeutic opportunities for Sjo¨gren's patients.
47% Power Reduction and 91% Area Reduction in Inductive-Coupling Programmable Bus for NAND Flash Memory Stacking (2010)

This paper presents a power reduction scheme and an area reduction scheme in inductive-coupling programmable bus for NAND flash memory stacking. A channel arrangement scheme using three coils enables random access for memory read and memory write. Transmit power is reduced by 47% compared to a previous design with shields. A coil layout style, herein noted as XY coil, allows for the coils to interleave with logic interconnections, resulting in area reduction of 91% relative to at the expense of only 17% transmit power increase. Relayed data transmission at 1.6 Gb/s and BER <; 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-12</sup> is achieved.
In socially isolated mice, the reversal of brain allopregnanolone down-regulation mediates the anti-aggressive action of fluoxetine (2003)

Social isolation (SI) of male mice lasting >4 weeks is associated with aggression toward intruders and a down-regulation of brain allopregnanolone (Allo) content. SI of female mice fails to down-regulate brain Allo content or to induce aggressiveness. Fluoxetine (Prozac in clinical use) is an S- and R-fluoxetine (FLX) mixture, which in mammals is metabolized into S- and R-norfluoxetine (NFLX). The S isomers of FLX and NFLX are more active than their respective R isomers in normalizing brain Allo down-regulation and in reducing the aggressiveness induced by SI. Thus, FLX stereospecifically reduces brain Allo down-regulation and the aggressiveness induced by SI, whereas serotonin (5-HT) uptake inhibition lacks stereospecificity. The doses of S-FLX and S-NFLX that reduce aggressiveness and Allo brain content down-regulation induced by SI are at least one order of magnitude lower than the doses that block 5-HT reuptake. Doses of imipramine that inhibit 5-HT uptake neither reduce aggressiveness nor normalize brain Allo down-regulation. We conclude that Allo brain content normalization is a better candidate than 5-HT reuptake inhibition to explain the reduction of aggressiveness elicited by S-FLX and S-NFLX.
Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (2006)

Diarrhoea is a common complication of antimicrobial therapy. The term antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) is often considered synonymous with Clostridium difficile. In fact, AAD can develop through a variety of mechanisms and manifest through a broad range of clinical signs and symptoms. For improved prevention and recognition of AAD, it is important to understand the pathophysiology and risk factors for AAD. Although Clostridium difficile continues to be the most common identifiable pathogen of AAD, many patients with AAD can be managed through a variety of conservative measures. This review focuses on some of the important distinctions between nonspecific AAD and antibiotic-associated colitis. In addition, the most recent data on important risk factors for the development of AAD are summarised. Given its pathogenicity, there will be an emphasis on the early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. AAD is a common clinical problem that can progress to severe, life-threatening disease if not recognised quickly. Better awareness of risk factors can lead to the most efficacious treatment of this disorder: primary prevention.
Colour segmentation with polynomial classification (2003)

An important step for image analysis is the reduction of colour levels to a small number of significant levels. This can be considered as a classification task. In this paper questions of suitable colour spaces are discussed, which have a strong correlation to the feature space used for classification. Furthermore polynomial classification as a method for colour segmentation with supervised learning is introduced. Finally results are shown coming from the application fields of traffic sign recognition and postal automation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The heterogeneity of bovine growth hormone. Extraction from the pituitary of components with different biological and immunological properties (1984)

Bovine growth hormone (somatotropin) was extracted from anterior pituitaries and fractionated into four protein peaks (A-D) by chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel. Analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis indicated that the homogeneity of the material increased from fraction A through to D. The properties of the fractions were examined in the following manner: immunological activity (radioimmunoassays for ruminant growth hormone and prolactin); growth-promoting activity (rat tibia test); lipolytic activity (release of glycerol from rat epididymal fat in the presence of dexamethasone); diabetogenic activity (rate of glucose transport in epididymal fat of hypophysectomized rats and intravenous insulin-tolerance tests in goats). None of the fractions contained immunoreactive prolactin and all were equally lipolytic. Although fraction A contained a small quantity of immunoreactive growth hormone it had no growth-promoting or diabetogenic activities. Both fractions B and C were diabetogenic and contained high concentrations of immunoreactive growth hormone, consistent with their growth-promoting activity. Although the growth-promoting activity of fraction D was higher than that of the other three fractions, it was not diabetogenic and was only weakly immunoreactive. These results for bovine growth hormone support the contention that growth hormone, as commonly extracted, is a mixture of different molecular forms and that these different metabolic properties of the hormone might be explained in terms of this heterogeneity.
Development of Rabbit Monoclonal Antibodies for Detection of Alpha-Dystroglycan in Normal and Dystrophic Tissue (2014)

Alpha-dystroglycan requires a rare O-mannose glycan modification to form its binding epitope for extracellular matrix proteins such as laminin. This functional glycan is disrupted in a cohort of muscular dystrophies, the secondary dystroglycanopathies, and is abnormal in some metastatic cancers. The most commonly used reagent for detection of alpha-dystroglycan is mouse monoclonal antibody IIH6, but it requires the functional O-mannose structure for recognition. Therefore, the ability to detect alpha-dystroglycan protein in disease states where it lacks the full O-mannose glycan has been limited. To overcome this hurdle, rabbit monoclonal antibodies against the alpha-dystroglycan C-terminus were generated. The new antibodies, named 5-2, 29-5, and 45-3, detect alpha-dystroglycan from mouse, rat and pig skeletal muscle by Western blot and immunofluorescence. In a mouse model of fukutin-deficient dystroglycanopathy, all antibodies detected low molecular weight alpha-dystroglycan in disease samples demonstrating a loss of functional glycosylation. Alternately, in a porcine model of Becker muscular dystrophy, relative abundance of alpha-dystroglycan was decreased, consistent with a reduction in expression of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex in affected muscle. Therefore, these new rabbit monoclonal antibodies are suitable reagents for alpha-dystroglycan core protein detection and will enhance dystroglycan-related studies.
Cytological mechanisms of thelytokous parthenogenesis in insects (1987)

The eight female parthenogenetic mechanisms recognized in insects are organized under the broad categories "ploidy restoration" and "ploidy stasis." Each term replaces three imprecise and inappropriate existing names. Of the eight mechanisms, two are given names for the first time, and a table brings together all mechanisms in a new manner that shows the exact point in meiosis during which the DNA is doubled. Key words: insect reproduction, parthenogenesis, parthenogenetic mechanisms.
Transcriptional Analysis of Biofilm Formation Processes in the Anaerobic, Hyperthermophilic Bacterium <i>Thermotoga maritima</i> (2004)

Thermotoga maritima, a fermentative, anaerobic, hyperthermophilic bacterium, was found to attach to bioreactor glass walls, nylon mesh, and polycarbonate filters during chemostat cultivation on maltose-based media at 80 degrees C. A whole-genome cDNA microarray was used to examine differential expression patterns between biofilm and planktonic populations. Mixed-model statistical analysis revealed differential expression (twofold or more) of 114 open reading frames in sessile cells (6% of the genome), over a third of which were initially annotated as hypothetical proteins in the T. maritima genome. Among the previously annotated genes in the T. maritima genome, which showed expression changes during biofilm growth, were several that corresponded to biofilm formation genes identified in mesophilic bacteria (i.e., Pseudomonas species, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus epidermidis). Most notably, T. maritima biofilm-bound cells exhibited increased transcription of genes involved in iron and sulfur transport, as well as in biosynthesis of cysteine, thiamine, NAD, and isoprenoid side chains of quinones. These findings were all consistent with the up-regulation of iron-sulfur cluster assembly and repair functions in biofilm cells. Significant up-regulation of several beta-specific glycosidases was also noted in biofilm cells, despite the fact that maltose was the primary carbon source fed to the chemostat. The reasons for increased beta-glycosidase levels are unclear but are likely related to the processing of biofilm-based polysaccharides. In addition to revealing insights into the phenotype of sessile T. maritima communities, the methodology developed here can be extended to study other anaerobic biofilm formation processes as well as to examine aspects of microbial ecology in hydrothermal environments.
Flagellasialin: a novel sulfated  2,9-linked polysialic acid glycoprotein of sea urchin sperm flagella (2006)

A novel alpha2,9-linked polysialic acid (polySia)-containing glycoprotein of sea urchin sperm flagella was identified and named "flagellasialin." Flagellasialin from Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus shows a diverse relative molecular mass on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of 40-80 kDa. Flagellasialin is a 96-amino acid, threonine-rich, heavily O-glycosylated (80-90% by weight) glycoprotein with a single transmembrane segment at its C-terminus and no apparent cytosolic domain. Of 12 extracellular Thr residues, eight are O-glycosylated and three are nonglycosylated. Flagellasialin is highly expressed in the testis but cannot be detected in the ovary. The amino acid sequences of flagellasialin from three sea urchin species (H. pulcherrimus, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) are identical, but some species differences exist in the three core glycan structures to which the sulfated alpha2,9-linked polyNeu5Ac chain is linked. Finally, the treatment of sperm with a specific antibody against the alpha2,9-linked polyNeu5Ac structure results in the elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) and inhibition of sperm motility and fertilization, implicating flagellasialin as a regulator of these critical processes.