gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Strain-based scanning probe microscopies for functional materials, biological structures, and electrochemical systems (2015)

Strain and electromechanical coupling are ubiquitous in nature, and exist in many processes involved in information technology, energy conversion, and biological phenomena. Strain-based scanning probe microscopy (s-SPM) techniques, especially piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM), have emerged as powerful tools to probe and manipulate materials, structures, and systems at the nanoscale. In this review, we will present the fundamentals of s-SPM and a variety of its operational modes, introduce its applications in scientifically or technologically important functional materials, electrochemical systems, and biological structures, and discuss some of its challenges and potential opportunities. By detecting dynamic strains associated with underlying microscopic processes excited by a scanning probe, high sensitivity and unprecedented spatial resolution can be obtained, though caution must be exercised to distinguish different microscopic mechanisms, and quantitative interpretation of the s-SPM data remains challenging. We expect that s-SPM will continue to provide great insight into functional materials and structures, and will play a valuable role in the emerging field of materiomics.
Inhibition of 5α-reductase blocks prostate effects of testosterone without blocking anabolic effects (2004)

We studied the effect of the 5alpha-reductase inhibitor MK-434 on responses to testosterone (T) in orchiectomized (ORX) male Brown Norway (BN) rats aged 13 mo. At 4 wk after ORX or sham surgery, a second surgery was performed to implant pellets delivering 1 mg T/day or placebo pellets. During the second 4 wk of the study, rats received injections of MK-434 (0.75 mg/day) or vehicle injections. Treatment with T elevated serum T to 75% above that for sham animals (P = 0.002) and did not affect serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or serum estradiol. T treatment also caused an elevation of prostate T and a marked elevation of prostate DHT. During the second half of the study, ORX rats lost an average of 18.86 +/- 4.62 g body wt. T completely prevented weight loss, and the effect was not inhibited by MK-434 (P < 0.001). ORX produced a nonsignificant trend toward a small (5%) decrease in the mass of the gastrocnemius muscle (P = 0.0819). This trend was also reversed by T, and the effect of T was not blocked by MK-434. T caused a significant 16% decrease in subcutaneous fat that was not blocked by MK-434 (P < 0.05). Finally, T caused a 65% decrease in urine excretion of deoxypyridinoline, a marker of bone resorption, and again the effect was not blocked by MK-434 (P < 0.0001). In contrast, T caused a greater than fivefold increase in prostate mass, and the effect was almost completely blocked by MK-434 (P < 0.0001). This study demonstrates that 5alpha-reductase inhibitors may block the undesirable effects of T on the prostate, without blocking the desirable anabolic effects of T on muscle, bone, and fat.
Mapping of a Gene Causing Familial Mediterranean Fever to the Short Arm of Chromosome 16 (1992)

The gene that causes familial Mediterranean fever in non-Ashkenazi Jews maps to the short arm of chromosome 16.
Content-addressable memory for VLSI pattern inspection (1988)

In the template-set approach to VLSI pattern inspection, all patterns in a local window (i.e. a 5*5 array of pixels) that are allowed by the design rules are collected as a template set, and an image in the window centered at each pixel position is compared to the templates to determine whether the pattern is defective. To make this method practical, the number of acceptable templates must be reasonably small and template matching must be fast. By introducing don't-care conditions into the templates, the number of required templates was reduced. A maskable content-addressable memory was used to implement templates with don't-care conditions and to permit parallel comparison of an incoming pattern with all templates in the set. A custom VLSI chip was designed with a 2- mu m double-metal CMOS technology, which can perform parallel template matching at the rate of 1.6*10/sup 7/ local images per second.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fluvastatin Inhibits Hepatitis C Replication in Humans (2008)

FLV used as monotherapy in vivo showed suppressive effects of HCV clinically that are modest, variable, and often short-lived. These findings support "proof-of-concept" for pilot trials combining fluvastatin with standard therapy. Statins and fluvastatin, in particular, appear to be safe for use in hepatitis C.
Effects of phase of underlying W film on chemical vapor deposited-W film growth and applications to contact-plug and bit line processes for memory devices (2007)

This article presents the effects of phases of underlying nucleation layers prepared using two different reaction schemes, one is with B2H6 and WF6 and the other with SiH4 and WF6, on the properties of chemical vapor deposited (CVD)-tungsten (W) thin film. From the x-ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy analysis, the B2H6-based nucleation layer was found to form as a poorly crystallized metastable β-phase W while SiH4-based one as a well-crystallized equilibrium α phase. The subsequently grown CVD-W film, as deposited with α phase, has significantly larger grains and, consequently, mitigated the increase of CVD-W resistivity due to size effect as well as lower resistivity on the B2H6-based nucleation layer than on SiH4-based one. CVD-W film on the B2H6-based nucleation layer integrated on memory devices disclosed the improved electrical properties of interconnection such as lowered contact resistance at the metal line to bit line contact, lowered bit line resistance, and reduced parasitic capacitance. These improved electrical properties are explained with the enlarged grain size of CVD-W film on the B2H6-based nucleation layer compared to that on the SiH4-based one, which is determined by the nucleation and growth behaviors on each nucleation layer.
Swine dust induces cytokine secretion from human epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages (1999)

Exposure to swine dust causes airway inflammation with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and inflammatory cells in nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in healthy subjects. Earlier studies have suggested that lipopolysaccharides (LPS) might be an important proinflammatory factor in swine dust. Since respiratory epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages are target cells for the inhaled dust, we therefore compared the release of proinflammatory cytokines from normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE), an epithelial cell line (A549) and from human alveolar macrophages obtained from BALF from healthy subjects in vitro after incubation with dust collected in swine houses or LPS. Swine dust or LPS was added to the wells with A549 cells or macrophages and incubated for 8 h at concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 microg/ml. NHBE cells were incubated with swine dust at a concentration of 25, 50 or 100 microg/ml or with LPS at a concentration of 50 or 100 microg/ml and incubated for 24 h. The supernatants were collected, centrifuged, and IL-6, IL-1beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production was measured using an ELISA method and expressed per 106 cells. Swine dust and LPS caused a dose-dependent increase of IL-6 production in NHBE cells, swine dust being more potent than LPS. In A549 cells, only swine dust, but not LPS caused an increase of IL-6 production. Neither swine dust nor LPS induced IL-1beta or TNF-alpha release from A549 cells. Both swine dust and LPS caused a dose-dependent increase of IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in alveolar macrophages. Swine dust which contained 2.2 (0.2) ng endotoxin/100 microg swine dust (0.02 per thousand) was almost as potent as LPS in inducing cytokine release from alveolar macrophages in vitro. We conclude that both epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages have the capability to contribute to the release of proinflammatory cytokines following exposure to swine dust. Some agent(s) other than LPS in the dust contribute to the marked airway inflammatory reaction.
Heat Transfer Augmentation Technologies for Internal Cooling of Turbine Components of Gas Turbine Engines (2013)

To provide an overview of the current state of the art of heat transfer augmentation schemes employed for internal cooling of turbine blades and components, results from an extensive literature review are presented with data from internal cooling channels, both with and without rotation. According to this survey, a very small number of existing investigations consider the use of combination devices for internal passage heat transfer augmentation. Examples are rib turbulators, pin fins, and dimples together, a combination of pin fins and dimples, and rib turbulators and pin fins in combination. The results of such studies are compared with data obtained prior to 2003 without rotation influences. Those data are comprised of heat transfer augmentation results for internal cooling channels, with rib turbulators, pin fins, dimpled surfaces, surfaces with protrusions, swirl chambers, or surface roughness. This comparison reveals that all of the new data, obtained since 2003, collect within the distribution of globally averaged data obtained from investigations conducted prior to 2003 (without rotation influences). The same conclusion in regard to data distributions is also reached in regard to globally averaged thermal performance parameters as they vary with friction factor ratio. These comparisons, made on the basis of such judgment criteria, lead to the conclusion that improvements in our ability to provide better spatially-averaged thermal protection have been minimal since 2003. When rotation is present, existing investigations provide little evidence of overall increases or decreases in overall thermal performance characteristics with rotation, at any value of rotation number, buoyancy parameter, density ratio, or Reynolds number. Comparisons between existing rotating channel experimental data and the results obtained prior to 2003, without rotation influences, also show that rotation has little effect on overall spatially-averaged thermal performance as a function of friction factor.
Renal and systemic hemodynamic effects of synthetic atrial natriuretic peptide in the anesthetized rat. (1986)

To characterize the hemodynamic events responsible for alterations in renal function during administration of atrial natriuretic peptide, we studied the systemic, renal, and glomerular circulatory effects of intravenous rANP[126-149], administered as a 4 micrograms/kg prime and 0.5 microgram/kg per minute continuous infusion in anesthetized, euvolemic rats. With this protocol, a small decline in mean systemic arterial blood pressure occurred in the context of markedly enhanced urinary sodium excretion, hemoconcentration, and reduced left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and +dP/dt. However, despite a significant decrement in renal vascular resistance, total peripheral resistance remained constant, thereby denoting a preferential renal vasodilatory effect of this peptide in vivo. Whole kidney and single nephron GFR increased by approximately 20%, while effective renal and glomerular plasma flow rates remained stable, resulting in a substantial rise in filtration fraction. Of all the parameters potentially capable of augmenting single nephron GFR, only glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure increased significantly and therefore accounted entirely for the hyperfiltration observed during ANP infusion. This rise in glomerular capillary pressure, in turn, resulted from afferent arteriolar vasodilatation and concurrent efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction, findings that proved independent of both endogenous angiotensin II activity and ANP-induced reductions in renal perfusion pressure. These renal hemodynamic effects are unique when compared with actions of previously studied renal vasodilatory agents.
Face detection:a survey (2006)

The study of face detection has been made great progress in past twenty years.And,face detection has been widely used in the fields such as security,human-machine interface,human expression and so on.The purpose of this paper is to categorize and evaluate face detection algorithms.These algorithms are categorized in three aspects,respectively,based on geometrical feature,skin color,and statistic theory.After analyzing merits and limitations of these algorithms,this paper discusses promising directions for future research.
Ideas Tried, Lessons Learned, and Improvements to Make: A Journey in Moving a Spreadsheet- Intensive Course Online (2012)

Using information systems to solve business problems is increasingly required of everyone in an organization, not just technical specialists. In the operations management class, spreadsheet usage has intensified with the focus on building decision models to solve operations management concerns such as forecasting, process capability, and inventory management. This paper presents an experience in moving the course to full online delivery. Of particular concern was maintaining the impact that the in-class workshop approach to spreadsheet activities and exams had when converted to the online setting. The LMS used by the university proved inadequate to handle a fully online spreadsheet intensive course such as this one, so new capabilities had to be found or developed. This proved to be non-trivial as it required designing custom solutions. This paper covers what was tried, how it worked, and ideas for improvements. Links to resources developed and used are provided in the appendices for others to improve upon.
Simplified quantification of labile proton concentration‐weighted chemical exchange rate (<i>k</i><sub>ws</sub>) with RF saturation time dependent ratiometric analysis (QUESTRA): Normalization of relaxation and RF irradiation spillover effects for improved quantitative chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI (2011)

Chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI is an emerging imaging technique capable of detecting dilute proteins/peptides and microenvironmental properties, with promising in vivo applications. However, chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI contrast is complex, varying not only with the labile proton concentration and exchange rate, but also with experimental conditions such as field strength and radiofrequency (RF) irradiation scheme. Furthermore, the optimal RF irradiation power depends on the exchange rate, which must be estimated in order to optimize the chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI experiments. Although methods including numerical fitting with modified Bloch-McConnell equations, quantification of exchange rate with RF saturation time and power (QUEST and QUESP), have been proposed to address this relationship, they require multiple-parameter non-linear fitting and accurate relaxation measurement. Our work extended the QUEST algorithm with ratiometric analysis (QUESTRA) that normalizes the magnetization transfer ratio at labile and reference frequencies, which effectively eliminates the confounding relaxation and RF spillover effects. Specifically, the QUESTRA contrast approaches its steady state mono-exponentially at a rate determined by the reverse exchange rate (k(ws) ), with little dependence on bulk water T(1) , T(2) , RF power and chemical shift. The proposed algorithm was confirmed numerically, and validated experimentally using a tissue-like phantom of serially titrated pH compartments.
Induced Osteogenesis for Repair and Construction in the Craniofacial Region (1980)

Boston, Mass. From the Laboratory of the Division of Plastic Surgery at Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Peter Bent Brigham Hospital.
Sequential Introduction of Cations Deriving Large‐Grain Cs<i><sub>x</sub></i>FA<sub>1−</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>PbI<sub>3</sub> Thin Film for Planar Hybrid Solar Cells: Insight into Phase‐Segregation and Thermal‐Healing Behavior (2016)

Composition engineering of perovskite materials has been demonstrated to be important for high-performance solar cells. Recently, the energy favorable hybridization of formamidinium (FA) and cesium (Cs) in three dimension lead halide perovskites has been attracting increasing attention due to its potential benefit on durability. Herein, we reported a simple and effective method to produce phase-pure CsxFA1-xPbI3 thin film via sequential introduction of cations, in which the FA cation was introduced by interdiffusion annealing in the presence of N-methylimidazole (NMI). NMI was employed as an additive to slow down the crystallization and thus drive the formation of CsxFA1-xPbI3 with micrometer grain size, which probably facilitate the charge dissociation and transportation in photovoltaic devices. More importantly, composition dependent phase-segregation has been revealed and investigated for the first time during the phase-pure mixed-cation perovskites CsxFA1-xPbI3. The present findings demonstrated that suppressing phase-segregation of mixed-cation perovskites by meticulous composition engineering is significant for further development of efficient photovoltaics. It also suggested that phase-pure Cs0.15FA0.85PbI3 may be a promising candidate with superior phase-durability, which performed an efficiency over 16% in planar perovskite solar cells.
Operation of a Self-Controlled Synchronous Motor Without a Shaft Position Sensor (1983)

The starting operation of a self-controlled synchronous motor without a shaft position sensor is studied. A method which permits the determination of the rotor position at a standstill by voltage sensing is explained. Various forced commutation techniques and starting, strategies are considered. Torque characteristics for natural commutation operation are studied, providing simple formulas with good precision. Experimental results obtained with a prototype drive system are given.
Speech Enhancement using Convolutional Neural Network with Skip Connections (2018)

Eliminating the negative effect of adverse environmental noise has been an intriguing but challenging research topic for speech enhancement and speech recognition. Numerous techniques using neural networks have achieved favorable denoising performance in recent years. This paper presents a denoising architecture of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and its derivates with skip connection(s) for speech denoising. The skip connection forces the CNN to learn the residual error between the noisy speech and the clean speech and the clean speech is finally estimated by subtracting the learned residual error from the noisy input. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CNN structure provides better denoising ability than Wiener filtering in noise reduction even when the model was tested using the data and noise set not included in the training set. It is also shown that the proposed model with single skip connection achieves considerably better performance under several real noise conditions even at lower Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR).
Performance and reliability driven clock scheduling of sequential logic circuits (2002)

It is known that the clock-period in a sequential circuit can be shorter than the maximum signal delay between registers if the clock arrival time to each register is controlled. We propose an algorithm to find the minimum clock-period of a circuit whose signal propagation delays are given. Experimental results on LGSynth93 benchmarks show that this technique achieves as much as about 16% reduction of clock-period compared with the conventional maximum signal delay based methods. An application of this technique to improve the reliability of circuits is considered.
Online Learning and Chinese Students: Still Searching for the Right Blend (2014)

This paper has emerged from ongoing research into the policy, behavioral and curricular issues associated with the online educational experience of Chinese university students studying onshore in Australia. It examines these international students' attitudes toward online learning, covering both positive and negative perspectives. It also provides an insight into methods that are being explored to provide greater engagement with these students, allowing them to feel more confident within the online learning environment. Earlier, preliminary research by the authors indicated that many Chinese students are uncomfortable with learning in online mode, and achieve more satisfactory results when participating in face-to-face classes. Arguably, these concerns are symptoms of a broader problem. To some extent, these concerns are exacerbated by cultural and behavioral considerations in both Australia and the home country. This is hardly surprising and is well-documented in the literature. However, the study described here identified another and perhaps more significant dimension to the problem: that issues of online versus face-to-face learning were in fact secondary to the core activity and outcomes of learning. The research findings suggest that a more considered and consultative approach that takes account of both cultural issues and ‘learning as learning' could help provide a more meaningful learning experience not only for Chinese students but for other Asian students in Australia, which would manifest itself, in all likelihood, as a blend of online and face-to-face modes.
Field Trials of the First RA-D (Rig Automation—Drilling) Automated Drilling Rig (1992)

Abstract The only fully convincing way to overcome doubts and concerns over a new technology is to build a first-off and demonstrate the functional and performance capabilities to those who have the need and the authority to introduce new and operationally safe equipment. Strachan & Henshaw have designed, built and works tested a full scale "Proof-of-Concept" RA-D rig and are now carrying out field trails by performing drilling operations. The drilling industry has been awaiting early release of these results. The 454 tonne (1,000,0001bs) hook load, modular singles rig using hydraulic power and programmable logic control, has been constructed as a response to a call from the industry for improved safety, low manning, minimum weight, consistent performance and reliability. RA-D is the result of technology transfer from several industries and represents a significant change in the way drilling facilities and operations can be planned, and managed in the future. The project is producing results that confirm the concept and the paper discusses these in detail. It will be seen that the project has crossed boundaries and overcome technical difficulties to produce marketable technology. The paper also shows how this RA-D technology can be applied to a variety of applications and give short and long term cost benefits. This first-build programme demonstrates co-operation between Operators, Drilling Contractors, Equipment Suppliers and Government agencies. Each regard the result as a major contribution to the developing technology of drilling from platforms, jack-ups, semi's and on land.
GnRH agonist and antagonist: Options for endometriosis pain treatment (2006)

Basic science research into the mechanism of the development of endometriosis, its persistence and resulting pain has begun to improve our understanding of how various therapeutic options work. While none of the available treatments resolves the underlying disease process, there are a growing number of alternatives. One of the more recent classes of medical options includes the GnRH agonist and antagonists. While at present this class of medical options is the most expensive and involved in implementation, they prove invaluable in terms of offering an aggressive, successful alternative for many patients. Furthermore, they may act directly on endometrial lesions in a therapeutic manner. This discussion will be oriented toward endometriosis pain management, but many of the medical manipulations may be therapeutic for infertility treatment as well if only by preventing the need for aggressive or emergency surgical management of endometriosis, especially in young women.