gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sublingual buprenorphine used postoperatively: ten hour plasma drug concentration analysis. (1982)

1 A 10 h study of plasma drug concentrations of the opiate buprenorphine after use was designed because a previous 3 h study had shown that peak plasma drug concentrations in some patients had not occurred by 3 h after the sublingual dose. 2 Fifteen postoperative patients were studied: at 3 h after a 0.3 mg intravenous dose five patients received a sublingual preparation of 0.4 mg of buprenorphine, five 0.8 mg of buprenorphine and five placebo. Plasma drug concentrations of buprenorphine were measured by specific radioimmuno-assay. 3 Plasma drug concentrations after sublingual buprenorphine were significantly higher than those in the placebo group by 1 h. They remained significantly higher over the succeeding nine hours. The mean time to peak plasma drug concentration was about 200 min in both the 0.4 mg and 0.8 mg groups (range 90-360 min). The plasma drug concentrations in the 0.8 mg group were approximately twice those in the 0.4 mg group; the ratio of the relative systemic availabilities was similarly 1.8:1. The absolute systemic availability was estimated at about 55% for both groups. Uptake of buprenorphine from the sublingual site was essentially complete by 5 h after the dose was given. 4 The implications for the timing of sublingual doses in clinical use are discussed.
Sensing Mechanism of a Carbon Monoxide Sensor Based on Anatase Titania (1997)

This paper reports results on a (anatase)‐based CO sensor and proposes a possible surface‐controlled sensing mechanism. The complex plane analysis of the ac electrical data provides quantitative evidence supporting the mechanism. The grain‐boundary capacitance and conductance, extracted from the impedance plane, were observed to increase with the CO concentration. This effect is attributed to a change in the depletion region thickness and barrier height at the intergranular contact. The analysis of the electrical data combined with x‐ray diffraction and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy observations support the proposed sensing mechanism involving CO adsorption and ionization on the titania surface, and not an oxidation‐reduction type reaction as observed in most oxide‐based sensors.
Microstructure of Nanocrystalline Yttria‐Doped Zirconia Thin Films Obtained by Sol–Gel Processing (2008)

Nano‐ and microcrystalline yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thin films with a dopant concentration of 8.3±0.3 mol% Y 2 O 3 were prepared with a variation in grain size by two orders of magnitude. A sol–gel‐based method with consecutive rapid thermal annealing was applied to fabricate YSZ films, resulting in about 400 nm YSZ on sapphire substrates. The average grain sizes were varied between 5 nm and 0.5 μm by heat treatment in the temperature range of 650°–1350°C for 24 h. High‐resolution (HRTEM) and conventional transmission electron microscopy analyses confirmed specimens—irrespective of the thermal treatment—consisting of cubic ( c ‐)ZrO 2 grains with nanoscaled tetragonal precipitates coherently embedded in the cubic matrix. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and HRTEM on a large number of specimens yielded a homogeneous yttria concentration within the grains and at the grain boundaries with the absence of impurities, i.e. silica at the grain boundaries.
Interactions of Schwann cells with neurites and with other Schwann cells involve the calcium‐dependent adhesion molecule, N‐cadherin (1991)

During embryogenesis, Schwann cells interact with axons and other Schwann cells, as they migrate, ensheath axons, and participate in organizing peripheral nervous tissues. The experiments reported here indicate that the calcium-dependent molecule, N-cadherin, mediates adhesion of Schwann cells to neurites and to other Schwann cells. Cell cultures from chick dorsal root ganglia and sciatic nerves were maintained in media containing either 2 mM Ca++ or 0.2 mM Ca++, a concentration that inactivates calcium-dependent cadherins. When the leading lamellae of Schwann cells encountered migrating growth cones in medium with 2 mM Ca++, they usually remained extended, and the growth cones often advanced onto the Schwann cell upper surface. In the low Ca++ medium, the frequency of withdrawal of the Schwann cell lamella after contact with a growth cone was much greater, and withdrawal was the most common reaction to growth cone contact in medium with 2 mM Ca++ and anti-N-cadherin. Similarly, when motile leading margins of two Schwann cells touched in normal Ca++ medium, they often formed stable areas of contact. N-cadherin and vinculin were co-concentrated at these contact sites between Schwann cells. However, in low Ca++ medium or in the presence of anti-N-cadherin, interacting Schwann cells usually pulled away from each other in a behavior reminiscent of contact inhibition between fibroblasts. In cultures of dissociated cells in normal media, Schwann cells frequently were aligned along neurites, and ultrastructural examination showed extensive close apposition between plasma membranes of neurites and Schwann cells. When dorsal root ganglia explants were cultured with normal Ca++, Schwann cells migrated away from the explants in close association with extending neurites. All these interactions were disrupted in media with 0.2 mM Ca++. Alignment of Schwann cells along neurites was infrequent, as were extended close apposition between axonal and Schwann cell plasma membranes. Finally, migration of Schwann cells from ganglionic explants was reduced by disruption of adhesive contact with neurites. The addition of antibodies against N-cadherin to medium with normal Ca++ levels had similar effects as lowering the Ca++ concentration, but antibodies against the neuronal adhesive molecule, L1, had no effects on interactions between Schwann cells and neurites.
Influence of Ethanol-Blended Fuels on the Emissions from Three Pre-1985 Light-Duty Passenger Vehicles (1996)

Tailpipe and evaporative emissions from three pre-1985 passenger motor vehicles operating on an ethanol oxygenated and on a nonoxygenated (base) fuel were characterized. Emission data were collected for vehicles operating over the Federal Test Procedure at 90 °F, 75 °F, and 40 °F to simulate ambient driving conditions. The two fuels tested were a commercial summer-grade regular gasoline (the nonoxygenated base fuel) and an oxygenated fuel containing 8.8% ethanol, more paraffins and olefins, and less aromatics than the base fuel. The Reid vapor pressure (RVP) was adjusted to correspond to that of the base fuel. The emissions measured were total hydrocarbons (THCs), speciated hydrocarbons, spedated aldehydes, carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOX). This study showed a general reduction in tailpipe emissions of THC, CO, benzene, and 1,3-butadiene when tested with the ethanol fuel. The ethanol fuel significantly reduced these emissions from the high emitting vehicle, MU098, at 90 °F, 75 °F, and 40 °F test temperatures. Additionally, the ethanol fuel reduced CO emissions from vehicle BU950, with and without catalyst, and from vehicle CI415 at 40 °F. Both formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions generally increased when tested with the oxygenated fuel. The acetaldehyde emissions were about double with this fuel. The limited data indicate that most emissions, including toxics, occur during the first 124 seconds of vehicle start-up. Diurnal evaporative emissions were less from the oxygenated fuel, while hot-soak evaporative emissions were greater from the oxygenated fuel (for all vehicles except MU098). Evaporative emissions were generally greatest at the 90 °F test temperature.
A strategy for facilitating reading and discussion in the university classroom (1998)

University students and faculty often struggle from two different sideds of curricular issues. For example, instructors struggle to find ways to encourage students to read and discuss information from textbooks. Students on the other hand, often require incentives to read textbooks and to contribute to class discussions. A teaching tactic that I call an IQI addresses both these concerns. This acronym stands for an Interesting Point, a Question to Ponder, and an Important Issue to Discuss. The intent of this activity is to encourage active interaction with the textbook and among classmates.
Highly Stable SrZrO<sub>3</sub> Bipolar Resistive Switching Memory by Ti Modulation Layer (2010)

In this paper, the resistive switching characteristic of the SrZrO 3 (SZO)-based resistance random access memory (RRAM) composed of Pt/Ti/SZO/LaNiO 3 (LNO) are investigated. The electrical testing results show that the device has lower operation voltage, lower compliance current, long retention behavior, and stable resistance ratio over 10 4 s under 0.3 V reading voltage. It is demonstrated that the active metal Ti as an oxygen getter can modify the resistive switching property of the SZO based RRAM. After depositing all stack films, the post annealing (PA) treatment with various conditions was carried out to form the interfacial layer (TiO x ) between Ti and SZO. By using X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer (XPS) analysis, the Ti layer as an oxygen getter is confirmed. The better SZO based RRAM device can be made with the proper TiO x film formed by suitable annealing temperature and thickness of Ti layer.
Multicomponent mapping of boron chemotypes furnishes selective enzyme inhibitors (2017)

Heteroatom-rich organoboron compounds have attracted attention as modulators of enzyme function. Driven by the unmet need to develop chemoselective access to boron chemotypes, we report herein the synthesis of α- and β-aminocyano(MIDA)boronates from borylated carbonyl compounds. Activity-based protein profiling of the resulting β-aminoboronic acids furnishes selective and cell-active inhibitors of the (ox)lipid-metabolizing enzyme α/β-hydrolase domain 3 (ABHD3). The most potent compound displays nanomolar in vitro and in situ IC<sub>50</sub> values and fully inhibits ABHD3 activity in human cells with no detectable cross-reactivity against other serine hydrolases. These findings demonstrate that synthetic methods that enhance the heteroatom diversity of boron-containing molecules within a limited set of scaffolds accelerate the discovery of chemical probes of human enzymes.
Time in neural networks (1994)

After the revival of interest in connectionism in the eighties and its successful application to pattern recognition problems, the time has come to consider its role in the field of temporal processing. We present here a general overview of the field of temporal neural networks. In order to give a broad framework to this presentation, we first present general properties of time that are used by AI models. This sets out the properties of time: - on its own, - with respect to a problem, - with respect to a model. We then present a short summary of time processing in symbolic AI. The main part of this article, a classification of temporal neural models, is introduced by a short presentation of basic connectionist models. This classification is then made and several relevant examples are presented. We conclude the article with underlining the difference between temporal reasoning and neural temporal processing, and give an introduction to the following papers of this Sigart special section.
Implementation of a virtual environment for traffic accident simulation (2003)

This Part II of a two-part paper presents the development of a prototype of the INtelligent TRaffic Evaluator for Prompt Incident Diagnosis using a Reality Engine (INTREPID-RE), a system that simulates a traffic accident site using virtual reality. While Part~I emphasizes the construction of the user interface control panel and the 3D objects, this paper describes the development of the virtual reality algorithm, environment and models. During the simulation process, novice highway patrol officers wear a head-mounted display and a cyberglove to enter and view an accident scene that they create, and assess the magnitude and severity of the traffic accident. Based on their assessments, patrol officers establish an on-site traffic control strategy and coordinate parking of emergency vehicles that minimizes unnecessary traffic congestion. Officers use INTREPID-RE to secure a safe area for on-site patrol officers, create a channel to permit other drivers to pass the site, and dispatch highway patrol and emergency vehicles to the accident site. The interactive positioning function allows a virtual hand to simulate the positioning of emergency vehicles and clearing of accident vehicles on the road. Six domain experts who evaluated INTREPID-RE rated the system as good and agree that it has the potential to become a promising tool for training novice police officers.
Objective classification of motion- and direction-sensitive neurons in primary somatosensory cortex of awake monkeys (1987)

S. Warren, H. A. Hamalainen, and E. P. Gardner, “Objective classification of motion- and direction-sensitive neurons in primary somatosensory cortex of awake monkeys.” It was incorrectly stated that Orban and co-workers(J. Neurophysiol. 45: 1059–1073, 1981) attributed direction selectivity to cortical neurons having a direction index (DI) ge 20. Orban et al. actually used a weighted average of DIs and defined cells with a mean DI (MDI) above 50 as direction selective. Their criterion for direction selectivity was stricter and not less stringent, as stated in the paper. This error does not alter any of the data or conclusions of Warren et al.
Mapping the autoepitopes of thyroglobulin. (1990)

Chronic thyroiditis is currently the best available model of an organ-restricted autoimmune disease, because the principle antigen Tg is a well-characterized protein and the disease can be reproduced by experimental immunization. The pattern of autoantigenic determinants of Tg that is recognized by sera from subjects without detectable thyroid disease is clearly different from that seen with thyroiditis patients. Both sets of sera react with the evolutionary conserved portions, the hormonogenic regions containing the T3 and T4 moieties. Sera of thyroiditis patients, however, also react with the evolutionary variable, species-specific portions of the Tg molecule. Mice immunized with human Tg respond to the same, immunodominant sites. Mice injected with mouse Tg preferentially recognize the analogous, mouse-specific sites of Tg. Mice are not restricted, however, in their use of V-(D)-J genes for Ig production, even when the same antigenic determinant is involved.
Red and Blue Photons Can Enhance the Production of Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluviatis (2009)

The unicellular green alga, Haematococcus pluvialis, accumulates the highest level of astaxanthin among known astaxanthin-producing organisms. Light is the most important factor to induce astaxanthin by H. pluvialis. Blue and red LEDs, whose max 's are 470 and 665 nm, respectively, were used for internally illuminated light sources. Fluorescent lamps were also used for both internal and external illumination sources. The astaxanthin levels in these various lighting systems were analyzed and compared each other. The cultures under internally illuminated LEDs accumulated 20% more astaxanthin than those under fluorescent lamp. Furthermore, LEDs generated much less heat than the fluorescent lamps, which gives one more reason for the LEDs being a suitable internal light source for astaxanthin induction. The results reported here would lead novel designs of photobioreactors with improvements of illumination methods for high level of astaxanthin production. The maximum astaxanthin concentrations as well as the astaxanthin yield per supplied photon were increased by at least 20% when blue or red LEDs were supplied.
Purification and properties of a keratinolytic metalloprotease from Microbacterium sp. (2006)

This keratinolytic enzyme offers an interesting potential for the hydrolysis of keratin wastes to be used as feed supplement or bioconversion to added-value products.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA is located within Alzheimer's disease amyloid plaques (2008)

The brains of Alzheimer's disease sufferers are characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. However, the cause(s) of these features and those of the disease are unknown, in sporadic cases. We previously showed that herpes simplex virus type 1 is a strong risk factor for Alzheimer's disease when in the brains of possessors of the type 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE-epsilon4), and that beta-amyloid, the main component of plaques, accumulates in herpes simplex virus type 1-infected cell cultures and mouse brain. The present study aimed to elucidate the relationship of the virus to plaques by determining their proximity in human brain sections. We used in situ polymerase chain reaction to detect herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA, and immunohistochemistry or thioflavin S staining to detect amyloid plaques. We discovered a striking localization of herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA within plaques: in Alzheimer's disease brains, 90% of the plaques contained the viral DNA and 72% of the DNA was associated with plaques; in aged normal brains, which contain amyloid plaques at a lower frequency, 80% of plaques contained herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA but only 24% of the viral DNA was plaque-associated (p < 0.001). We suggest that this is because in aged normal individuals, there is a lesser production and/or greater removal of beta-amyloid (Abeta), so that less of the viral DNA is seen to be associated with Abeta in the brain. Our present data, together with our finding of Abeta accumulation in herpes simplex virus type 1-infected cells and mouse brain, suggest that this virus is a major cause of amyloid plaques and hence probably a significant aetiological factor in Alzheimer's disease. They point to the usage of antiviral agents to treat the disease and possibly of vaccination to prevent it.
Study of Internal Finishing of Austenitic Stainless Steel Capillary Tubes by Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (2006)

This paper studies the internal finishing of capillary tubes using a magnetic abrasive finishing process. Such tubes are used with nanoscale technologies and meet the demands of the present age in medical and chemical equipment. The finishing characteristics are influenced by the magnetic abrasive behavior against the inner surface of the capillary, which is controlled by the supplied amount of magnetic abrasive and the magnetic force acting on it. The development of the finishing unit identifies the characteristics of the magnetic field, which controls the magnetic force, required for the necessary magnetic abrasive behavior. Finishing experiments using SUS304 austenitic stainless steel capillary tube with 800μm inner diameter demonstrate the effects of the supplied amount of the magnetic abrasive on the finishing characteristics, and the results suggest a standard method to determine the amount to achieve sufficient finishing. The run-out of the capillary while rotating at high speed under the cantilever tube support method causes instability of the magnetic abrasive behavior. The effects on the finishing characteristics are discussed, and a method to diminish the run-out is applied. Accordingly, this paper presents the conditions required for the internal finishing of capillary tubes and proposes methods to realize them. The internal finishing of 400μm inner diameter capillary tubes conveys an understanding of the mechanisms involved and demonstrates the usefulness of the proposed methods.
Normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells mobilized with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor have increased osteoclastogenic potential compared to nonmobilized blood (1996)

Single-cell suspensions of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G- CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (G-PBMC) cultured in alpha minimal essential medium (alphaMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum formed multicellular aggregates within 24 hours. In six separate experiments, formation of aggregates appeared to be dependent on cell density per surface area, so that 5.8 +/- 1.3 aggregates formed per 1 x 10(5) cells when G-PBMC were cultured at densities greater than or equal to 1 x 10(5) cells/cm2. The frequency of aggregate formation was less than 1 per 10(5) cells when G-PBMC were cultured at densities less than 1 x 10(5) cells/cm2. Once formed, aggregates became adherent within 72 hours, and then, over the course of 21 days, released CD3/CD4/CD25-positive cells into the supernatant. This T-cell production peaked between days 7 and 14, reaching a total of 1,269 +/- 125.9 cells released per aggregate by day 21. Between days 14 and 21, the aggregates also generated macroscopic clusters of adherent mononuclear and giant multinucleated cells that stained positive for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). At 4 weeks, the macroscopic foci coalesced into monolayers. Multinucleated TRAP-positive cells were distinguished from macrophage polykaryons by the absence of CD14 expression and the presence of osteoclast-specific membrane receptors for calcitonin and alphavbeta3-vitronectin. The osteoclast nature of these cells was further demonstrated by their ability to form resorption lacunae on dentine slices. Comparable osteoclast formation was not detected in cultures of normal marrow or normal nonmobilized peripheral blood.
Two amino acid substitutions in the tomato mosaic virus 30-kilodalton movement protein confer the ability to overcome the Tm-2(2) resistance gene in the tomato (1993)

The Tm-2(2) resistance gene is used in most commercial tomato cultivars for protection against infection with tobacco mosaic virus and its close relative tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). To study the mechanism of this resistance gene, cDNA clones encompassing the complete genome of a ToMV strain (ToMV-2(2)) that was able to break the Tm-2(2) resistance were generated. Chimeric full-length viral cDNA clones were constructed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter, combining parts of the wild-type virus and ToMV-2(2). Using these clones in cDNA infection experiments, we showed that the 30-kDa movement protein of ToMV-2(2) is responsible for overcoming the Tm-2(2) resistance gene in the tomato. DNA sequence analysis revealed four amino acid exchanges between the 30-kDa proteins from wild-type ToMV and ToMV-2(2), Lys-130 to Glu, Gly-184 to Glu, Ser-238 to Arg, and Lys-244 to Glu. To clarify the involvement of the altered amino acid residues in the resistance-breaking properties of the ToMV-2(2) movement protein, different combinations of these amino acid exchanges were introduced in the genome of wild-type ToMV. Only one mutant strain which contained two amino acid substitutions, Arg-238 and Glu-244, was able to multiply in Tm-2(2) tomato plants. Both amino acid exchanges are found within the carboxy-terminal region of the movement protein, which displays a high variability among different tobamoviruses and has been shown to be dispensable for virus transport in tobacco plants. These observations suggest that the resistance conferred by the Tm-2(2) gene against ToMV depends on specific recognition events in this host-pathogen interaction rather than interfering with fundamental functions of the 30-kDa protein.