gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scavenger Receptor BI Transfers Major Lipoprotein-associated Phospholipids into the Cells (2000)

The phospholipids of lipoproteins can be transferred to cells by an endocytosis-independent uptake pathway. We analyzed the role of scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) for the selective cellular phospholipid import. Human monocytes rapidly acquired the pyrene (py)-labeled phospholipids sphingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine from different donors (low and high density lipoproteins (LDL, HDL), lipid vesicles). The anti-SR-BI antibody directed against the extracellular loop of the membrane protein lowered the cellular import of the phospholipids by 40-80%. The phospholipid transfer from the lipid vesicles into the monocytes was suppressed by LDL, HDL, and apoprotein AI. Transfection of BHK cells with the cDNA for human SR-BI enhanced the cellular import of the vesicle-derived py-phospholipids by 5-6-fold. In the case of the LDL donors, transfer of py-SM to the transfected cells was stimulated to a greater extent than the uptake of the other py-phospholipids. Similar differences were not observed when the vesicles and HDL were used as phospholipid donors. The concentration of LDL required for the half-maximal phospholipid import was close to the previously reported apparent dissociation constant for LDL binding to SR-BI. The low activation energy of the SR-BI-mediated py-phospholipid import indicated that the transfer occurs entirely in a hydrophobic environment. Disruption of cell membrane caveolae by cyclodextrin treatment reduced the SR-BI-catalyzed incorporation of py-SM, suggesting that intact caveolae are necessary for the phospholipid uptake. In conclusion, SR-BI mediates the selective import of the major lipoprotein-associated phospholipids into the cells, the transfer efficiency being dependent on the structure of the donor lipoprotein.
Glottic Closure Reflex: Control Mechanisms (1980)

Reflex glottic closure is a dominant and stable reflex produced by stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve. Its precise execution is basic to successful sphincteric protection of the lower airway. In exaggerated form, it produces life-threatening laryngospasm. Clearly, reflex glottic closure and laryngospasm are facilitated by: a) expiratory phase; b) decreased arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2); c) increased arterial partial presure of oxygen (pO2); and d) negative intrathoracic pressure. On the other hand, both reflex glottic closure and laryngospasm are inhibited by; a) inspiratory phase; b) increased arterial pCO2; c) decreased arterial pO2; and d) positive intrathoracic pressure. A clear understanding of laryngeal adductor control is an essential first step in the therapeutic modification of abnormal laryngeal closure and laryngospasm.
Methods For Electronic 3-D Moving Pictures Without Glasses (1987)

This paper describes implementation approaches in image acquisition and playback for 3-D computer graphics, 3-D television and 3-D theatre movies without special glasses. Projection lamps, spatial light modulators, CRT's and dynamic scanning are all eliminated by the application of an active image array, all static components and a semi-specular screen. The resulting picture shows horizontal parallax with a wide horizontal view field (up to 360 de-grees) giving a holographic appearance in full color with smooth continuous viewing without speckle. Static component systems are compared with dynamic component systems using both linear and circular arrays. Implementation of computer graphic systems are shown that allow complex shaded color images to extend from the viewer's eyes to infinity. Large screen systems visible by hundreds of people are feasible by the use of low f-stops and high gain screens in projection. Screen geometries and special screen properties are shown. Viewing characteristics offer no restrictions in view-position over the entire view-field and have a "look-around" feature for all the categories of computer graphics, television and movies. Standard video cassettes and optical discs can also interface the system to generate a 3-D window viewable without glasses. A prognosis is given for technology application to 3-D pictures without glasses that replicate the daily viewing experience. Super-position of computer graphics on real-world pictures is shown feasible.
Power quality challenges and mitigation measures in grid integration of wind energy conversion systems (2018)

Wind energy generation is a promising renewable energy source harvested through Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS). Since WECS have different characteristics from conventional power plants, their integration into the power system grid results in significant technical problems in terms of power quality. This paper reviews the challenges in power quality that are associated with integration of grid connected WECS in power systems and existing approaches to mitigate against these challenges. The paper focuses on control based mitigation techniques. Recommendations on future research areas to address power quality challenges resulting from integration of WECS are given.
Bioflavonoid effects on the mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain and cytochrome<i>c</i>redox state (1999)

The polyphenolic structure common to flavonoids enables them to donate electrons and exert antioxidant activity. Since the mitochondrial electron transport chain consists of a series of redox intermediates, the effect of flavonoids in a complex mixture of polyphenols, as well as related pure flavonoids, was evaluated on the rat liver mitochondrial electron transport chain. A French maritime pine bark extract (PBE), a complex mixture of polyphenols and related pure flavonoids, was able to reduce cytochrome c reversibly, possibly by donation of electrons to the iron of the heme group; the donated electrons can be utilized by cytochrome c oxidase. Among single flavonoids tested, (-)-epicatechin gallate had the greatest ability to reduce cytochrome c. In addition, PBE competitively inhibited electron chain activity in both whole mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. A 3.5-fold increase in the apparent Km value for succinate was calculated from reciprocal plots. Among the flavonoids tested, taxifolin and (-)-epicatechin gallate showed minor inhibitory effects, while (+/-)-catechin and (+)-epicatechin were ineffective. Activities of NADH-ubiquinone, succinate-ubiquinone, and ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductases were inhibited by low concentrations of PBE to a similar extent. However, inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase activity required 4-fold higher PBE concentrations. These results suggest that flavonoids reduce cytochrome c and that PBE inhibits electron transport chain activity mainly through NADH-ubiquinone, succinate-ubiquinone, and ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductases.
Tuberculin Jelly Patch Test (1944)

BRMICsA53J1APRIL~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~EIA 15,U1944 interstitial type and the rare condition of sarcoidosis both give pictures which may be confused with those found in tubercle.The time which elapses between the exposure of susceptible persons to an open case of tuberculosis and the first radiological evidence of tuberculous disease is frequently three years or more in adults.This is the period of the Ghon lesion.During this interval the earliest evidence that a tuberculous focus is present in the body is the change in the allergic response to tuberculin.Another point of importance illustrated by the above case is that throughout the first few years of infection there is a ten- dency to bacillaemia, with resultant metastatic foci in various organs such as meninges, bone, kidney, and epididymis.It is remarkable how often necropsies are performed on cases of miliary tuberculosis without the pathologist being able to assign to one particular lesion the role of primary focus of infection, the fact being that it is a minute primary focus of the type indicated.We are inclined to agree with Dr. Fawcitt (Journal, 1943, 2, 692) that there is no such thing as x-ray diagnos s but there is x-ray evidence, and that this fact is not yet fully appreciated.Nevertheless, mass radiography of recruits, schools, and nursing personnel is wonderfully reliable in spite of the occasional false negative and false positive.
Apoptosis inhibition by anti-M(r) 23,000 (Thy-1) monoclonal antibodies without inducing bcl-2 expression. (1995)

Mouse malignant T-lymphoma CS-21 cells grow in vitro in the presence of CA-12 stromal cells, but they undergo apoptotic cell death with DNA fragmentation when cultured alone. Because apoptosis of CS-21 cells was not inhibited by soluble factors secreted from CA-12 stromal cells, cell-cell interactions between the two seemed to be important to inhibit apoptosis. We found that CS-21 cell adhesion was mediated by M(r) 168,000 and M(r) 23,000 proteins and that apoptosis-inhibitory signals were transmitted through these proteins. In this study, we identified the M(r) 23,000 cell adhesion molecule as a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Thy-1 (CD90) glycoprotein. Cross-linking of M(r) 23,000 protein with anti-M(r) 23,000 mAb and a second antibody transiently raised the [Ca2+]i and activated calcineurin in CS-21 cells, as has been observed in normal T lymphocytes stimulated by cross-linking anti-Thy-1 mAbs. However, differing from normal T lymphocytes, CS-21 cells could grow either by the transient increase in [Ca2+]i or by the activation of protein kinase C. Furthermore, M(r) 23,000 protein-mediated cell survival of CS-21 cells was not accompanied by expression of the apoptosis-inhibiting protein bcl-2, although protein kinase C-activated cell survival was attended by bcl-2 expression. These results indicate that the M(r) 23,000 protein (Thy-1) of CS-21 lymphoma cells functions as a cell adhesion molecule capable of transducing signals of cell survival and growth that are not followed by bcl-2 expression.
Distributed PCA and Network Anomaly Detection (2006)

We consider the problem of network anomaly detection given the data collected and processed over large distributed systems. Our algorithmic framework can be seen as an approximate, distributed version of the well-known Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method, which is concerned with continuously tracking the behavior of the data projected onto the residual subspace of the principal components within error bound guarantees. Our approach consists of a protocol for local processing at individual monitoring devices, and global decision-making and monitoring feedback at a coordinator. A key ingredient of our framework is an analytical method based on stochastic matrix perturbation theory for balancing the tradeoff between the accuracy of our approximate network anomaly detection, and the amount of data communication over the network
Spinel-Supported Oxygen Carriers for Inherent CO<sub>2</sub> Separation during Power Generation (2007)

Chemical looping combustion potentially offers inherent CO2 capture during power generation. Implementation of the process, however, is hindered by the lack of suitable materials to function as oxygen carriers. In this context, spinel-supported nickel oxides were investigated, using modified TGA to study the redox characteristics of NiO/NiAl2O4 and (NiO)1-y(MgO)y/Ni(1-x)MgxAl2O4, prepared by solution combustion synthesis using varying precursor ratios. The long-term performance of the promising stable oxide (NiO)0.79(MgO)0.21/Ni0.62Mg0.38Al2O4 was tested by cycling the oxidant/reductant gases 100 times at 1000 °C, where it exhibited excellent reactivity and stability. Finally, attrition resistance of the oxygen carriers was determined via a modified ASTM test, which indicated mechanical strength superior to that of commercially available iron oxide.
Preventing Irrigation Furrow Erosion with Small Applications of Polymers (1992)

Abstract Soil erosion is a serious problem threatening sustainability of agriculture globally and contaminating surface waters. The objective of this study was to determine whether low concentrations of anionic polymers in irrigation water would appreciably reduce irrigation furrow erosion on Portneuf silt loam (coarse‐silty, mixed, mesic Durixerollic Calciorthid), a highly erodible soil. Furrow slope was 1.6%, furrow length was 175 m, and irrigation rates ranged from 15 to 23 L min −1 . Inflow during the first 1 to 2 h of the first 8‐h irrigation was treated. Subsequent irrigations were untreated. Polyacrylamide (PAM) or starch copolymer solutions were injected into irrigation water entering furrows at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 20 g m −3 . Sediment loss from polymer‐treated furrows was significantly less than that of control furrows in the first (treated) and second (untreated) irrigations, but not in the fourth (untreated). The PAM provided better erosion control than the starch copolymer. Efficacy of PAM treatments varied depending on its concentration, duration of furrow exposure, and water flow rate. In the initial (treated) irrigation and at low flow rates, 10 g m −3 PAM reduced mean sediment load by 97% compared with untreated furrows. Residual erosion abatement in a subsequent irrigation, without further addition of PAM, was approximately 50%. The PAM increased net infiltration and promoted greater lateral infiltration. Effective erosion control was achievable for a material cost below $3 ha −1 irrigation −1 .
Steric-blocking by Tropomyosin Visualized in Relaxed Vertebrate Muscle Thin Filaments (1995)

Although widely accepted, the steric-blocking model of vertebrate skeletal muscle regulation has not been confirmed. Previous attempts to directly visualize tropomyosin in relaxed skeletal muscle and demonstrate that it interferes with the crossbridge-thin filament contractile cycle were unsuccessful. In the work reported here, tropomyosin was resolved in electron micrographs of native thin filaments isolated from relaxed vertebrate striated muscle. Three-dimensional helical reconstructions of these filaments showed continuous narrow strands of density, representing tropomyosin, which followed the outer domains of successive actin monomers. The results obtained from fitting the atomic model of filamentous actin to these reconstructions illustrate, and are consistent with, the mechanism of steric-blocking, since tropomyosin was found to be positioned on the actin surface of thin filaments over clusters of identifiable amino acids required for myosin crossbridge docking.
Six-Month Daily Administration of Parathyroid Hormone and Parathyroid Hormone—Related Protein Peptides to Adult Ovariectomized Rats Markedly Enhances Bone Mass and Biomechanical Properties: A Comparison of Human Parathyroid Hormone 1–34, Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein 1–36, and SDZ-Parathyroid Hormone 893 (2000)

Daily administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) peptides has been shown to increase bone mass and strength in animals and, for PTH, to increase bone mass in humans. Long-term direct comparison of multiple members of the PTH/PTHrP family in vivo has not been reported. We therefore selected three PTH/PTHrP molecules for direct comparison in vivo in an adult rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis: PTH(1-34), PTHrP(1-36), and the PTH analog, SDZ-PTH 893 ¿Leu8, Asp10, Lys11, Ala16, Gln18, Thr33, Ala34 human PTH 1-34 [hPTH(1-34)]¿. A 6-month study was performed in which adult (6-month-old) vehicle-treated ovariectomized (OVX) and sham OVX rats were compared with OVX rats receiving 40 micrograms/kg per day of either PTH(1-34), PTHrP(1-36), or PTH-SDZ-893. Bone mass, as assessed by ash weight and densitometry, bone histomorphometry, biomechanical properties at trabecular and cortical sites, and indices of bone formation markedly increased in all three PTH/PTHrP peptide-treated groups as compared with controls. In general, this improvement followed a rank order of SDZ-PTH-893 > PTH > PTHrP. The adverse effect profile also was greatest with SDZ-PTH-893; these rats developed moderate hypercalcemia, marked renal calcium accumulation, and displayed a 13% mortality. These studies show that PTH(1-34), PTHrP(1-36), and PTH-SDZ-893 significantly and progressively increase bone mass and bone strength in this rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The adverse effect profile correlates in general terms with efficacy. All three peptides show promise as skeletal anabolic agents. Further studies in humans will be required to define optimal efficacy-to-adverse effect ratios and relative efficacy for each peptide in human osteoporosis.
Improved methods for the detection of Bacillus anthracis spores by the polymerase chain reaction (1994)

Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) for the capsule and oedema factor genes of Bacillus anthracis were used to assess methods for detecting B. anthracis spores. Untreated spore preparations were found to contain significant amounts of extracellular template DNA which probably accounted for observed amplification from these preparations without spore lysis. Germination of spores with suitable media allowed the detection of less than 10 spores in a PCR test. Mechanical disruption of spores with glass or zirconia beads yielded similar results to germination but in a much shorter time. The techniques described should improve the detection by PCR of B. anthracis and other sporulating bacteria.
Characterization and performance evaluation of differential shielded cables for multi-Gb/s data-rates (2002)

This paper compares several differential cable characteristics that were evaluated for multi-Gb/s data-rates for both data and clock paths for 1-10 m lengths. Time-domain measurements are shown for the unassembled and connectorized cables and for representative card-plus-cable signal paths and the performance limiting factors are highlighted. Techniques are shown for developing coupled-line models for odd and even excitations for all the components in a full chip-to-chip path in order to make realistic data-rate predictions.
Follicular delivery of spironolactone via nanostructured lipid carriers for management of&nbsp;alopecia (2014)

Spironolactone (SL) is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for the treatment of hypertension and various edematous conditions. SL has gained a lot of attention for treating androgenic alopecia due to its potent antiandrogenic properties. Recently, there has been growing interest for follicular targeting of drug molecules for treatment of hair and scalp disorders using nanocolloidal lipid-based delivery systems to minimize unnecessary systemic side effects associated with oral drug administration. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to improve SL efficiency and safety in treating alopecia through the preparation of colloidal nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for follicular drug delivery. SL-loaded NLCs were prepared by an emulsion solvent diffusion and evaporation method using 23 full factorial design. All of the prepared formulations were spherical in shape with nanometric size range (215.6-834.3 nm) and entrapment efficiency >74%. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms and X-ray diffractograms revealed that SL exists in amorphous form within the NLC matrices. The drug release behavior from the NLCs displayed an initial burst release phase followed by sustained release of SL. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed the potential of delivering the fluorolabeled NLCs within the follicles, suggesting the possibility of using SL-loaded NLCs for localized delivery of SL into the scalp hair follicles.
Effect of copolymer composition on the solubility and diffusivity of water and methanol in a series of polyether amides (1997)

Sorption and diffusion of water and methanol in polydimethylsiloxane and a series of PEBAX™ copolymers (polyether block amide copolymers) were measured over a wide range of activities near room temperature. The goal was to identify a membrane material for separation of the hazardous air pollutant methanol from wet air streams in the pulp and paper industry. The PEBAX™ copolymer series used here allows a unique insight into transport of small molecules, because solubilities are virtually constant, while diffusion coefficients vary. This is due to the similar chemical structure, but different chain mobility of the homopolymers. The grade PEBAX™ 2533 is most promising for the separation process due to high solubility and diffusivity. The unwanted simultaneous highly selective separation of methanol and water from the targeted air/vapor streams will be addressed in future work. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65: 1983–1993, 1997
The Effect of Radiofrequency Current and Heat on Peripheral Nerve Action Potential in the Cat (1968)

T HE use of radiofrequency (rf) current to produce cord lesions in percutaneous cordotomy 1~ prompted this study. The purpose was to see if the diameter of nerve fibers determined their sensitivity to rf current. Such differential sensitivity of nerve fibers to other forms of energy and manipulat ion is documented. Compression, 4,~'~'~~ cold/' '7 and anodal polarization ~1 all block the large A fibers first. By contrast, high voltage alternating current ~ and local anesthetics ';,s,', depress C fibers before the A group. Evidence indicates that peripheral nerve fibers maintain their size ranges in post-synaptic spinal cord projections? Thus, it is probable that any demonstrable relationship between fiber size and sensitivity to rf current in peripheral nerve would hold true for spinal cord. Since the effect of rf current is due to the heat that is generated, 1 the effect of graded hyper themia was also examined.
Alloantigen–induced specific immunological unresponsiveness (2001)

When the immune system encounters alloantigen it can respond in any one of a number of different ways. The choice that is made will take into account factors such as where, when and how the contact with the alloantigen takes place, as well as the environmental conditions that prevail at the time the alloantigen is encountered. Alloantigen administration before transplantation either alone or in combination with therapeutic agents that modulate the functional activity of the responding leucocytes can be a powerful way of inducing specific unresponsiveness to alloantigens in vivo. The molecular mechanisms that influence the way the outcome of the immune response to alloantigen develops, either activation or unresponsiveness to the triggering antigen, hold the key to our ability to manipulate the immune system effectively by exposing it to donor antigen for therapeutic purposes. This review will focus on alloantigen-induced immunological unresponsiveness and how insights into the mechanisms of unresponsiveness have driven the development of novel tolerance-induction strategies that show promise for translation into the clinic in the future.
Cardiac cell networks on elastic microgrooved scaffolds (2003)

We tested the potential of elastic topographically-modified (EM) scaffolds to serve as an atrophy countermeasure for engineered cardiac cell constructs. We compared the structural and electromechanical characteristics of cardiac syncytia on flat rigid and elastic microgrooved scaffolds, cultured and tested under identical conditions. Our paired test analysis demonstrated a significant increase (with respect to control) in sustained synchronous contractile activity, diastolic Ca/sup 2+/ (>115%), systolic Ca/sup 2+/ levels (>200%), maximum upstroke velocity (>440%) and maximum recovery velocity (>600%) in the EM-grown cell constructs (n=9 pairs, p<0.005 for all parameters). 3D reconstructions of confocal immunocy-to-chemistry images of cell cytoskeleton and gap junctional proteins (Connexin 43) confirmed a more mature in vivo-like intra- and inter-cellular organization for the EM case. Our results suggest that self-organized cell activity in response to the supporting matrix might effectively mimic anti-atrophy effects reported for external electrical or mechanical stimulation. We conclude, that topographically-modified elastic scaffolds might serve as strong positive inotropic effectors, can promote self-organized synchronous mechanical and electrical activity, and therefore produce structurally and functionally superior cardiac tissue equivalents with improved viability.