gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
STRL33, A Novel Chemokine Receptor–like Protein, Functions as a Fusion Cofactor for Both Macrophage-tropic and T Cell Line–tropic HIV-1 (1997)

The chemokine receptors CXCR4, CCR2B, CCR3, and CCR5 have recently been shown to serve along with CD4 as coreceptors for HIV-1. The tropisms of HIV-1 strains for subgroups of CD4(+) cells can be explained, at least partly, by the selective use of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We have identified a novel human gene, STRL33, located on chromosome 3 that encodes a GPCR with sequence similarity to chemokine receptors and to chemokine receptor-like orphan receptors. STRL33 is expressed in lymphoid tissues and activated T cells, and is induced in activated peripheral blood lymphocytes. When transfected into nonhuman NIH 3T3 cells expressing human CD4, the STRL33 cDNA rendered these cells competent to fuse with cells expressing HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Envs). Of greatest interest, STRL33, in contrast with CXCR4 or CCR5, was able to function as a cofactor for fusion mediated by Envs from both T cell line-tropic and macrophage-tropic HIV-1 strains. STRL33-transfected Jurkat cell lines also supported enhanced productive infection with HIV-1 compared with control Jurkat cells. Despite the sequence similarities between STRL33 and chemokine receptors, STRL33-transfected cell lines did not respond to any in a panel of chemokines. Based on the pattern of tissue expression of the STRL33 mRNA, and given the ability of STRL33 to function with Envs of differing tropisms, STRL33 may play a role in the establishment and/or progression of HIV-1 infection.
Photochemical hole-burning study of 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone doped in amorphous silica prepared by alcoholate method (1985)

Preparation of amorphous silica doped with organic dye molecules, 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone, and the observation of the amorphous structure of this system by photochemical hole burning using the dye molecules as a spectral probe are reported. The various kinds of organic molecule-doped inorganic glassy materials are obtained with the alcoholate method. The appearance of the photochemical hole in this system shows the molecular dispersion of the dye molecules in the matrix without cracking or decomposition. The burning yield, 1.2×10−4, is the same as that observed in organic glasses. The intrinsic holewidth, 0.9 cm−1 at zero burning time limit, the burning-time dependence and the annealing effects on the hole profile were observed and compared with those in the alcoholic organic glass. It is suggested that the nearest-neighbor structures around quinizarin molecules consist of some hydroxyl groups. The matrix cages seem to be fairly tight and rigid in comparison with those of the alcoholic glass. The possibility that the quinizarin molecule or molecules are embedded within the pore of amorphous SiO2 with some amount of solvent molecules, mainly ethanol or water, seems to be excluded. The annealing effects of the burned hole indicate that there exist two kinds of mechanisms which dominate the temperature dependence of the holewidth in the present system. One is already dominant below about 27 K which gives rise to the reversible behavior in the holewidth with temperature, and the other becomes effective above 27 K and is irreversible with temperature cycling. Some discussions are given on the origin of these relaxation mechanisms in this system which are inherent in the structure of amorphous materials.
In vitro, but not in vivo, reversibility of peritoneal macrophages activation during experimental acute pancreatitis (2009)

Peritoneal macrophages adopt a pro-inflammatory activation early during acute pancreatitis. Treatment with M2 cytokines could revert in vitro the pancreatitis-induced activation of macrophages but fails to modulate its activation in vivo. This treatment has only a moderate effect in reducing the systemic inflammation associated to acute pancreatitis. Hydrolytic enzymes presents in ascitic fluid could be involved in the degradation of cytokines, strongly reducing its utility to modulate peritoneal macrophages in pancreatitis.
Production of interferon-alpha neutralizing antibvodies in patients with chronic viral hepatitis treated with recombinant interferon alpha (2000)

NA were detected in 39 of 312 (12.1%) patients after recelving the therapy, with 2 patients in 3 months 6 patients, in 4 months, 11 patients in 5 months, 12 patients in 6 month; and 8 patients in more than 6 months. The virus recrudescence rate and viral non-response rate were higher in NA positive group than in NA negative group (P<0.01). In 35 NA positive patients IFN@alpha@ was replaced by natural lymphoblastoid interferon (IFN@alpha@ N1) after NA development. 13 of 15 viral relapse patients and 8 of 18 patients without viral response became viral clearnce. The results indicated that the NA incidence was low in patients with chronic viral hepatitis treated with recombinant interferon alpha. NA reduced the effectiveness of IFN. IFN@alpha@N1 should be chosen to replace rIFN@alpha@ in order to improve the effectiveness of rIFN@alpha@ after NA development.
Diagnosis on the Molecular Vibrational Temperature of a Micro-Plasma Jet Operated at Atmospheric Pressure (2010)

In this paper, an optical diagnostic system is used to measure the molecular vibrational temperature of a micro-hollow cathode device. The micro-hollow cathode discharge setup can generate micro-plasma plume in the flowing mixture of Ar and N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> at atmospheric pressure. The characteristics of the micro-plasma jet have been investigated by means of optical method and electrical one. Optical emission spectrum from the micro-hollow discharge device is given. It has been found that breakdown occurs in the gas between the two electrodes when the input power of electric source is increased to a certain value. Plasma appears along the gas flow direction when the mixed gas flows from the aperture of the micro-hollow cathode, and the length of plasma reaches 4mm. The duration of discharge pulse is about 0.15μs. Molecular vibrational temperature has been estimated by Boltzmann plot method. It is found that, the molecular vibrational temperature is bout 4000K. It can also be found that, the molecular vibrational temperature is almost independent of power in the error range. A qualitative explanation to the phenomenon is given based on the gas discharge theory.
Four-Year Follow-up of Adrenal-to-Brain Transplants in Parkinson's Disease (1994)

Improvement was not sufficient to justify adrenal transplants as routine therapy but does point the way to the use of other dopamine tissue transplantation.
Hypercomplex Fourier transforms of color images (2002)

Hypercomplex Fourier transforms based on quaternions have been proposed by several groups for use in image processing, particularly of color images. So far, however, there has not been a coherent explanation of what the spectral domain coefficients produced by a hypercomplex Fourier transform represent and this paper attempts to present such an explanation for the first time making use of the polar form of a quaternion and a separation of a quaternion spectral coefficient into components parallel and perpendicular to the hypercomplex exponentials in the transform (the basis functions).
Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Update and Gap Analysis: 3 - Vaccines (2016)

This study assessed research knowledge gaps in the field of FMDV (foot-and-mouth disease virus) vaccines. The study took the form of a literature review (2011-15) combined with research updates collected in 2014 from 33 institutes from across the world. Findings were used to identify priority areas for future FMD vaccine research. Vaccines play a vital role in FMD control, used both to limit the spread of the virus during epidemics in FMD-free countries and as the mainstay of disease management in endemic regions, particularly where sanitary controls are difficult to apply. Improvements in the performance or cost-effectiveness of FMD vaccines will allow more widespread and efficient disease control. FMD vaccines have changed little in recent decades, typically produced by inactivation of whole virus, the quantity and stability of the intact viral capsids in the final preparation being key for immunogenicity. However, these are exciting times and several promising novel FMD vaccine candidates have recently been developed. This includes the first FMD vaccine licensed for manufacture and use in the USA; this adenovirus-vectored FMD vaccine causes in vivo expression of viral capsids in vaccinated animals. Another promising vaccine candidate comprises stabilized empty FMDV capsids produced in vitro in a baculovirus expression system. Recombinant technologies are also being developed to improve otherwise conventionally produced inactivated vaccines, for example, by creating a chimeric vaccine virus to increase capsid stability and by inserting sequences into the vaccine virus for desired antigen expression. Other important areas of ongoing research include enhanced adjuvants, vaccine quality control procedures and predicting vaccine protection from immune correlates, thus reducing dependency on animal challenge studies. Globally, the degree of independent vaccine evaluation is highly variable, and this is essential for vaccine quality. Previously neglected, the importance of evaluating vaccination programme effectiveness and impact is increasingly being recognized.
Estimate-maximize algorithms for multichannel time delay and signal estimation (1991)

Computationally efficient iterative algorithms are developed for the joint maximum-likelihood estimation of the time delays and the spectral parameters of stationary Gaussian signals radiated from a stationary source and observed in the presence of uncorrelated additive noise at two or more spatially distributed receivers. The first set of algorithms is based on the estimate-maximize approach, while the second set achieves superlinear performance by using a modified approach. These algorithms decouple the estimation of all the unknowns, separately estimating the signal, the signal spectral parameters, and each channel's delay, attenuation, and noise power. This decoupling considerably simplifies the estimator's structure and computation. Convergence is guaranteed to the set of stationary points of the likelihood function, and each iteration increases the likelihood. The convergence rates are analyzed theoretically, and the algorithm's performance demonstrated via simulation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A study on secure wireless networks consisting of home appliances (2003)

We propose a security system for a wireless home network, regarding which consumers need not be aware of configuration of IP address or wireless LAN protocol type. This system assumes that a server manages a connectivity of each appliance to the wireless home network. The server uses two kinds of keys. First is a master key which is unique to each appliance. Second is a shared network key, which is securely distributed to each appliance with encryption by the master key. The periodic distribution of the new shared network key through the application layer ensures the timely update of the key, and prevents unknown appliances from joining the home network. The distributed data on the home network are protected by the encryption function in the data link layer of for example, IEEE802.11 and Bluetooth protocols. This system ensures higher security for the wireless home network with small implementation cost.
Stability-Optimized Clearance Configuration of Fluid-Film Journal Bearings (2005)

A clearance configuration of fluid-film journal bearings is optimized in a sense of enhancing the stability of a full circular bearing at high rotational speeds. A performance index is chosen as the sum of the squared whirl-frequency ratios over a wide range of eccentricity ratios, and a Fourier series is used to represent an arbitrary configuration of fluid-film bearings. An optimization problem is then formulated to find the Fourier coefficients to minimize the index. The whirl-frequency ratio is inversely proportional to the stability threshold speeds of a Jeffcott rotor. The short bearing approximation is used to simplify a mathematical model that describes a pressure distribution developed in a fluid-film bearing. The designed bearing cannot destabilize the Jeffcott rotor at any high rotating speed subject to the short-bearing assumption and significantly reduces the size of the unstable region for a finite-length bearing with a small length-to-diameter ratio.
Incorporation of time delayed measurements in a discrete-time Kalman filter (2002)

In many practical systems there is a delay in some of the sensor devices, for instance vision measurements that may have a long processing time. How to fuse these measurements in a Kalman filter is not a trivial problem if the computational delay is critical. Depending on how much time there is at hand, the designer has to make trade offs between optimality and computational burden of the filter. In this paper various methods in the literature along with a new method proposed by the authors will be presented and compared. The new method is based on "extrapolating" the measurement to present time using past and present estimates of the Kalman filter and calculating an optimal gain for this extrapolated measurement.
Life-threatening influenza and impaired interferon amplification in human IRF7 deficiency (2015)

Severe influenza disease strikes otherwise healthy children and remains unexplained. We report compound heterozygous null mutations in IRF7, which encodes the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 7, in an otherwise healthy child who suffered life-threatening influenza during primary infection. In response to influenza virus, the patient's leukocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells produced very little type I and III interferons (IFNs). Moreover, the patient's dermal fibroblasts and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived pulmonary epithelial cells produced reduced amounts of type I IFN and displayed increased influenza virus replication. These findings suggest that IRF7-dependent amplification of type I and III IFNs is required for protection against primary infection by influenza virus in humans. They also show that severe influenza may result from single-gene inborn errors of immunity.
A comparison of Gaussian process regression, random forests and support vector regression for burn severity assessment in diseased forests (2014)

AbstractRemote sensing has been widely adopted to map post-fire burn severity over large forested areas. Statistical regression based on linear or simple non-linear assumptions is typically used to link post-fire forest reflectance with the degree of burn severity. However, this linkage becomes complicated if forests experienced severe mortality caused by pre-fire disease or insect outbreaks, which is likely to occur more frequently as a result of rapid climate change. In an effort to improve the understanding of the relationship between forest reflectance and fire-disease disturbances, this study explored the efficacy of three machine learning techniques, that is, Gaussian process regression (GPR), random forests (RF) and support vector regression (SVR), within a geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) framework to assess burn severity in a forest subject to pre-fire disease epidemics. MASTER [MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)/ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer)] airborne sensor was applied to collect relatively high spatial (4 m) and high spectral (50 bands) resolution reflectance data. Results show that RF, SVR and GPR models outperformed conventional multiple regression by 48%, 29% and 27%, respectively. Compared to SVR and GPR, RF not only achieved better performance in burn severity assessment, but also demonstrated lower sensitivity to the application of different combinations of remote sensing variables. In addition to Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR), this study further revealed the importance of image-texture (representing spectral variability within and between neighbourhood forest patches) in burn severity mapping over diseased forests. AcknowledgementsThe authors thank Drs Ross Meentemeyer and David Rizzo for providing field and remote sensing data. We also appreciate the insightful comments from the editor and two anonymous reviewers.
miR-335 and miR-34a Promote Renal Senescence by Suppressing Mitochondrial Antioxidative Enzymes (2011)

The molecular basis for aging of the kidney is not well understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to processes such as development, differentiation, and apoptosis, but their contribution to the aging process is unknown. Here, we analyzed the miRNA expression profile of young (3-month) and old (24-month) rat kidneys and identified the biologic pathways and genes regulated by differentially expressed miRNAs. We observed upregulation of 18 miRNAs with aging, mainly regulating the genes associated with energy metabolism, cell proliferation, antioxidative defense, and extracellular matrix degradation; in contrast, we observed downregulation of 7 miRNAs with aging, principally targeting the genes associated with the immune inflammatory response and cell-cycle arrest. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and thioredoxin reductase 2 (Txnrd2), located in the mitochondria, are potential targets of miR-335 and miR-34a, respectively. Aging mesangial cells exhibited significant upregulation of miR-335 and miR-34a and marked downregulation of SOD2 and Txnrd2. miR-335 and miR-34a inhibited expression of SOD2 and Txnrd2 by binding to the 3'-untranslated regions of each gene, respectively. Overexpression of miR-335 and miR-34a induced premature senescence of young mesangial cells via suppression of SOD2 and Txnrd2 with a concomitant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Conversely, antisense miR-335 and miR-34a inhibited senescence of old mesangial cells via upregulation of SOD2 and Txnrd2 with a concomitant decrease in ROS. In conclusion, these results suggest that miRNAs may contribute to renal aging by inhibiting intracellular pathways such as those involving the mitochondrial antioxidative enzymes SOD2 and Txnrd2.
Neural Networks Approach to Online Identification of Multiple Failures of Protection Systems (2005)

In complex emergency situations, failed protection relays and circuit breakers (CBs) have to be identified in order to begin the restoration process of a power system. This paper proposes a novel neural-network approach to identify multiple failures of protection relays and/or CBs. The approach uses information received from protection systems in the form of alarms and is able to deal with incomplete and distorted data. All possible emergencies are simulated and analyzed separately for each section of a power system. Taking into consideration supervisory control and data-acquisition system malfunctions, the corrupted patterns are used to train neural networks. The preliminary classification of emergencies into two different classes is applied to improve the system's performance. The evaluation of results shows that the overall error rate does not exceed 5%. The developed system was tested on a real power system.
Low toxicity and anticancer activity of a novel liposomal cisplatin (Lipoplatin) in mouse xenografts (2004)

Cisplatin has been one of the most widely used and most effective cytotoxic agents in the treatment of malignancies but causes severe adverse reactions including nausea/vomiting, renal toxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, peripheral neuropathy, asthenia, and ototoxicity. A liposomal formulation of cisplatin, Lipoplatin, was developed in order to reduce the systemic toxicity of cisplatin. A single treatment of rats with 30 mg/kg Lipoplatin resulted in no toxicity whereas 2 or 3 weekly administrations at 30 mg/kg to rats gave neutropenia but no nephrotoxicity. On the contrary, a single injection to rats of 5 mg/kg cisplatin resulted in severe nephrotoxicity. Thus, Lipoplatin is less toxic than cisplatin in rats. Intraperitoneal or intravenous injection of Lipoplatin to SCID (severe combined immunodeficient) mice with subcutaneous breast MCF-7 or prostate LNCaP human tumors resulted in size reduction of the tumors; histological examination of the treated tumors in xenografts was consistent with apoptosis in tumor cells; thus, Lipoplatin appears to exert its cytotoxic effects to tumors in a mechanism similar to that of cisplatin. The preclinical studies reported here set the foundation for the clinical use of Lipoplatin as an exciting new drug with lower toxicity than cisplatin, endowed with proapoptotic properties.
Application of enzyme assays for toxicological water testing (1988)

Abstract Two different criteria for biochemical toxicity testing are proposed: the effect of hazardous substances on the metabolic activity of the natural microflora and the determination of such substances by a standardized enzyme testing system. To measure effects on the microbial metabolic activity, there are various simple in vivo enzyme assays using chromogenic or fluorogenic substrates. To detect unknown substances with harmful effects, there exist some in vitro enzyme tests with commercial preparations of defined purity and sensitivity. The performance, sensitivity, and some data of the practical use of such tests are presented. The applicability of the two testing protocols is discussed.
Outcome measurement of effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A in children with cerebral palsy: an ICIDH‐2 approach (2001)

The ICIDH-2 serves as a useful framework for differentiating measurement by dimensions of the disabling process. Such differentiation is important to achieve more valid measurement of health related outcomes. We have attempted to examine one intervention, treatment with botulinum toxin type A, for one patient population, children with cerebral palsy, and to describe the outcome measures used in the evaluation of that intervention using this evolving classification system. This process supports the concept that measurement of health outcomes should focus on the nature and extent of functional limitations in physical, social and psychological domains. The selection of measurement outcomes must be determined not only by the requirements of the scientific process but also by the needs of the patients who are the intended beneficiaries of the intervention.
Effect of Wavelength and Intensity of Light on a-InGaZnO TFTs under Negative Bias Illumination Stress (2016)

We investigated degradation mechanism of a-IGZO TFTs under NBIS with different wavelengths and intensities I L of light. Negative gate bias was applied for 4000 s while drain and source were grounded, and illuminations with = 450, 530, or 700 nm were applied. Illumination with photon energy exceeding 2.3 eV (530 nm) induced noticeable change in threshold voltage shift V th , which can be interpreted in terms of ionization of oxygen vacancies V O . In addition, I L of blue illumination (450 nm) was varied from 6 to 200 lux and saturation in V th was observed after exceeding a certain I L . We suggest that the saturation occurs because V O -ionization rate is saturated by outward relaxation of metal atoms in the a-IGZO film.
Ultraviolet whispering-gallery-mode lasing in ZnO micro/nano sphere crystal (2012)

We report ultraviolet (UV) whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) lasing in a zinc oxide (ZnO) micro/nanosphere crystal fabricated by simply ablating a ZnO sintered target, which was much more productive method without any time-consuming crystal-growth process. The lasing spectral mode spacing was controlled by changing the diameters, and single-mode lasing was realized from a ZnO nanosphere. Experimental results were in good agreement with predictions from WGM theories. Since the ZnO sphere can operate as an active WGM refractometric sensor for small molecules in UV region, high sensitivity enhanced by high quality factor, refractive index, and wavelength dispersion can be expected.