gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hybrid l 1 /l 2 minimization with applications to tomography (1997)

Abstract Least squares or l 2 solutions of seismic inversion and tomography problems tend to be very sensitive to data points with large errors. The l p minimization for 1&lt; or =p&lt;2 gives more robust solutions, but usually with higher computational cost. Iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS) gives efficient approximate solutions to these l p problems. We apply IRLS to a hybrid l 1 /l 2 minimization problem that behaves like an l 2 fit for small residuals and like an l 1 fit for large residuals. The smooth transition from l 2 to l 1 behavior is controlled by a parameter that we choose using an estimate of the standard deviation of the data error. For linear problems of full rank, the hybrid objective function has a unique minimum, and IRLS can be proven to converge to it. We obtain a robust efficient method. For nonlinear problems, a version of the Gauss-Newton algorithm can be applied. Synthetic crosswell tomography examples and a field-data VSP tomography example demonstrate the improvement of the hybrid method over least squares when there are outliers in the data.
The chemistry of coumarin derivatives. Part 3. Synthesis of 3‐alkyl‐4‐hydroxycoumarins by reductive fragmentation of 3,3′‐alkyiidene‐4,4′‐dihydroxybis[coumarins] (1991)

Abstract Treatment of 3,3′‐alkylidene‐4,4′‐dihydroxybis[coumarins] 1 with NaBH 3 CN in refluxing MeOH affords 3‐alkyl‐4‐hydroxycoumarins 2 and 4‐hydroxycoumarin ( 3 ; Scheme 1 ). The reaction might take place via hydride trapping of alkylidenechromandiones C formed from 1 in a retro‐Michael reaction. Such a retro‐Michael reaction of 1 might be biologically relevant. The presence of C during the reductive fragmentation 1 → 2 is suggested by Diels‐Alder and nucleophilic trapping of the alkylidenechromandiones C as well as from cross‐over experiments with coumarins other than 3 ( see Scheme 2 ). The reductive fragmentation of 1 allows the chemo‐ and regioselective synthesis of a variety of 3‐alkyl‐4‐hydroxycoumarins 2 (see Table ).
Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA for human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) from a glioblastoma multiforme cell line and localization of the G-CSF gene to chromosome band 17q21. (1987)

The conditioned media (CM) of the glioblastoma multiforme cell line, U87 MG, contains abundant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) activity (Tweardy et al., 1987). An oligonucleotide encoding the amino acids -11 to -4 of G-CSF detected a single abundant G-CSF mRNA of 1.6 kilobases (Kb) produced by U87 MG cells. Screening of a U87 MG cDNA library with the oligonucleotide identified cDNA clones of 1.3-1.4 Kb. Sequencing of one clone (pG-CSF6) confirmed that it encoded G-CSF and was derived from G-CSFb mRNA encoding a protein with a three amino acid deletion at positions 36-38. Only a single base substitution was observed at the third position of the codon for leu 152 indicating that G-CSF is highly conserved in cells of widely different origin. Somatic cell hybridization studies and chromosomal in situ hybridization localized the G-CSF gene to the long arm of chromosome 17 in band 17q21, proximal to the 17q breakpoint characteristic of acute promyelocytic leukemia.
Astrocyte‐specific activation of TNFR2 promotes oligodendrocyte maturation by secretion of leukemia inhibitory factor (2013)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and its receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2 have pleiotropic effects in neurodegenerative disorders. For example, while TNFR1 mediates neurodegenerative effects in multiple sclerosis, TNFR2 is protective and contributes to remyelination. The exact mode of TNFR2 action, however, is poorly understood. Here, we show that TNFR2-mediated activation of the PI3K-PKB/Akt pathway in primary astrocytes increased the expression of neuroprotective genes, including that encoding the neurotrophic cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). To investigate whether intercellular signaling between TNFR2-stimulated astrocytes and oligodendrocytes plays a role in oligodendrocyte maturation, we established an astrocyte-oligodendrocyte coculture model, composed of primary astrocytes from huTNFR2-transgenic (tgE1335) mice and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) from wild-type mice, capable of differentiating into mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. In this model, selective stimulation of human TNFR2 on astrocytes, promoted differentiation of cocultured OPCs to myelin basic protein-positive mature oligodendrocytes. Addition of LIF neutralizing antibodies inhibited oligodendrocyte differentiation, indicating a crucial role of TNFR2-induced astrocyte derived LIF for oligodendrocyte maturation.
Recurrent Neural Network-Based Frequency-Domain Channel Prediction for Wideband Communications (2019)

Outdated channel state information (CSI) severely degrades the performance of adaptive transmission systems that adapt their transmissions to channel fading. In contrast with mitigation methods that sacrifice scarce wireless resources to compensate for such a performance loss, channel prediction provides an efficient solution. A few predictors for frequency-flat channels were by far proposed, whereas those suited to frequency-selective channels are seldom explored. In this paper, therefore, we propose to apply a recurrent neural network to build a frequency-domain channel predictor for wideband communications. As an application example, integrating a predictor into a multi-input multi-output orthogonal frequency- division multiplexing system to improve the correctness of antenna selection is provided. Performance assessment is carried out in multi-path fading channels defined by 3GPP Extended Vehicular A and Extended Typical Urban models. Results reveal that this predictor is effective to combat the outdated CSI with reasonable computational complexity. It outperforms the Kalman filter-based predictor notably and has intrinsic flexibility to enable multi-step prediction.
Reliability Modeling and Analysis of General Modular Redundant Systems (1975)

Hardware redundancy has been used in the design of fault-tolerant digital systems. A synthesis of protective hardware redundancy techniques is proposed and a generalized reliability model suitable for many fault-tolerant configurations is developed. This model, to be called General Modular Redundancy (GMR), yields as particular cases several known models of redundant structures.
Biodistribution of X-Ray Iodinated Contrast Agent in Nano-Emulsions Is Controlled by the Chemical Nature of the Oily Core (2014)

In this study, we investigated the role of the chemical nature of the oil droplet core of nano-emulsions used as contrast agents for X-ray imaging on their pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. To this end, we formulated PEGylated nano-emulsions with two iodinated oils (i.e., iodinated monoglyceride and iodinated castor oil) and compared them with another iodinated nano-emulsion based on iodinated vitamin E. By using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy, the three iodinated nano-emulsions were found to exhibit comparable morphologies, size, and surface composition. Furthermore, they were shown to be endowed with very high iodine concentration, which leads to stronger X-ray attenuation properties as compared to the commercial iodinated nano-emulsion Fenestra VC. The three nano-emulsions were i.v. administered in mice and monitored by microcomputed tomography (micro-CT). They showed high contrast enhancement in blood with similar half-life around 6 h but very different accumulation sites. While iodinated monoglycerides exhibited low accumulation in liver and spleen, high accumulation in spleen was observed for iodinated castor oil and in liver for vitamin E. These data clearly highlighted the important role of the oil composition of the nano-emulsion core to obtain strong X-ray contrast enhancement in specific targets such as liver, spleen, or only blood. These differences in biodistribution were partly attributed to differences in the uptake of the nanodroplets by the macrophages in vitro. Another key feature of these nano-emulsions is their long half-elimination time (several weeks), which offers sufficient retention for micro-CT imaging. This work paves the way for the design of nanoparticulate contrast agents for X-ray imaging of selected organs.
Failure recovery solutions using cognitive mechanisms for Software Defined Optical Networks (2016)

Fault tolerance is one of the most desirable properties in optical networks. Meanwhile, the Software Defined Optical Network (SDON) is an innovative network paradigm that separates the control plane from the underlying data forwarding plane. Therefore, in this paper, we focus on the restoration mechanism for SDONs, and the out-of-band control is achieved for the communication between the controller and forwarding elements. Finally, we demonstrate the implementation of proposed resilience solutions mainly including failure detection scheme, dynamic routing algorithm and failure recovery application based on the SDON controller. Experimental results show the overall feasibility and efficiency of our method.
Expression and function of inducible costimulator on peripheral blood T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (2005)

Hyperexpression of ICOS on peripheral blood CD4 and CD8 T cells from patients with SLE contributed to the dysregulated T-cell proliferation, T-cell activation and pathogenic autoantibody production, which showed that the abnormality of ICOS costimulation may play an immunopathological role(s) in the pathogenesis of SLE.
IDT: an intelligent diagnostic tool (1982)

IDT is an intelligent hardware diagnostic tool that has been successfully used to identify faults in PDP 11103 computers. It selects and executes tests, and interprets the results. IDT is able to modify its test selection strategy on the basis of results of previous tests as well as opinions offered to it by the user. Symbolic formulas are used to represent the relationship between the test results and the broken equipment. If we assume that there is only one broken component, then set operations can be shown to be sufficiently general for combining the results of multiple tests. I INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW The diagnosis of broken computing equipment is an
Comparison of the Nucleotide Sequences of Viroid-like Satellite RNA of the Canadian and Australasian Strains of Lucerne Transient Streak Virus (1988)

Summary A complete cDNA copy of the viroid-like satellite RNA of the Canadian strain of lucerne transient streak virus (LTSV) has been cloned and the nucleotide sequence of the RNA has been determined using this and other clones. The sequence comprises 322 residues and shares 80% homology with satellite RNAs (stRNAs) of the Australasian isolates of LTSV. A proposed secondary structure for the RNA is highly base-paired and thermodynamically stable, and consists of a rod-like structure interspersed with single-stranded loops, an arrangement similar to that proposed for circular stRNA of other strains of LTSV and other sobemoviruses as well as for viroids. Whereas certain regions of the sequence are very similar or identical to those of stRNA from Australasian LTSV, including the putative self-cleavage sites on both the positive and negative sense forms of the RNA, other regions of the sequence are quite dissimilar between the Canadian and Australasian strains.
Mannose-Substituted Conjugated Polyelectrolyte and Oligomer as an Intelligent Energy Transfer Pair for Label-Free Visual Detection of Concanavalin A (2010)

Mannose-substituted blue-fluorescent cationic conjugated polyelectrolyte (P1) and yellow-fluorescent neutral conjugated oligomer (6) are synthesized via the combination of Suzuki coupling polymerization and click chemistry. The spectral overlap between the emission of P1 and the absorption of 6 allows one to blend them to form an intelligent fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) pair for multicolor protein sensing. Despite the nonspecific-interaction-induced perturbation in the polymer emission, strong specific binding between mannose and Concanavalin A (ConA) is able to result in protein-selective FRET from P1 to 6. The fluorescence of 6/P1 blend in the presence of ConA is dominated by yellow emission, while it remains blue in the presence of other six nonspecific proteins. The 6/P1 blend thus serves as a multicolor bicomponent FRET probe for label-free visual detection of ConA in a high-contrast and convenient manner. In addition, its linear ratiometric fluorescence response toward ConA enables effective protein quantification with a low limit of detection of ∼1.5 nM. This study demonstrates the importance of molecular engineering in conjugated polyelectrolyte based label-free chemical and biological sensing.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OFγ-Al_2O_3/POLYIMIDE NANOCOMPOSITE FILMS (2009)

Y-Al_2O_3 sol with awormhole-likepore structure was prepared from aluminum alkoxide precursor by a hydrothermal process andγ-Al_2O_3/ polyimide(PI) nanocomposite films with a network structure were synthesized by an in situ synthesis process. The sol was characterized by the transmission electron microscope,X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphologies of the nanocomposite films were characterized by the scanning electron microscope,and the corona resistance time of the nanocomposite films was measured.The results show that theγ-Al_2O_3 sol is a porous molecular sieve with awormhole-likepore structure and there are many hydrogen bonds in the chemical structure ofγ-Al_2O_3 particles.A continuous network of inorganic phase is clearly observed in the nanocomposite films when theγ-Al_2O_3 mass fraction(the same below) exceeds 12%.With increasing doping content,the corona resistance time of the composite films increases obviously.The corona resistance time of the film with 25% doping concentration is 25.4 times longer than that of the pure PI film.Based on the results,the effects of the morphology and chemical structure of the sol on the morphology and corona resistance time of the composite films were also analyzed.
The family of human Na<sup>+</sup>,K<sup>+</sup>‐ATPase genes No less than five genes and/or pseudogenes related to the α‐subunit (1987)

Five different nucleotide sequences have been found in the human genome homologous to the gene of the alpha-subunit of Na+,K+-ATPase. A comparative analysis of the primary structure of these genes in the region 749-1328 (in coordinates of cDNA from the pig alpha-subunit) is presented.
The Bipolar Kinesin, KLP61F, Cross-links Microtubules within Interpolar Microtubule Bundles of <i>Drosophila</i> Embryonic Mitotic Spindles (1999)

Previous genetic and biochemical studies have led to the hypothesis that the essential mitotic bipolar kinesin, KLP61F, cross-links and slides microtubules (MTs) during spindle assembly and function. Here, we have tested this hypothesis by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy (immunoEM). We show that Drosophila embryonic spindles at metaphase and anaphase contain abundant bundles of MTs running between the spindle poles. These interpolar MT bundles are parallel near the poles and antiparallel in the midzone. We have observed that KLP61F motors, phosphorylated at a cdk1/cyclin B consensus domain within the BimC box (BCB), localize along the length of these interpolar MT bundles, being concentrated in the midzone region. Nonphosphorylated KLP61F motors, in contrast, are excluded from the spindle and display a cytoplasmic localization. Immunoelectron microscopy further suggested that phospho-KLP61F motors form cross-links between MTs within interpolar MT bundles. These bipolar KLP61F MT-MT cross-links should be capable of organizing parallel MTs into bundles within half spindles and sliding antiparallel MTs apart in the spindle midzone. Thus we propose that bipolar kinesin motors and MTs interact by a "sliding filament mechanism" during the formation and function of the mitotic spindle.
Active Site Residues of Glutamate Racemase (2001)

Glutamate racemase, MurI, catalyzes the interconversion of glutamate enantiomers in a cofactor-independent fashion and provides bacteria with a source of D-Glu for use in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. The enzyme uses a "two-base" mechanism involving a deprotonation of the substrate at the alpha-position to form an anionic intermediate, followed by a reprotonation in the opposite stereochemical sense. In the Lactobacillus fermenti enzyme, Cys73 is responsible for the deprotonation of D-glutamate, and Cys184 is responsible for the deprotonation of L-glutamate; however, very little is known about the roles of other active site residues. This work describes the preparation of four mutants in which strictly conserved residues containing ionizable side chains were modified (D10N, D36N, E152Q, and H186N). During the course of this research, the structural analysis of a crystallized glutamate racemase indicated that three of these residues (D10, E152, and H186) are in the active site of the enzyme [Hwang, K. Y., Cho, C.-S., Kim, S. S., Sung, H.-C., Yu, Y. G., and Cho, Y. (1999) Nat. Struct. Biol. 6, 422-426]. Two of the mutants, D10N and H186N, displayed a marked decrease in the values of k(cat), but not K(M), and are therefore implicated as important catalytic residues. Further analysis of the primary kinetic isotope effects observed with alpha-deuterated substrates showed that a significant asymmetry was introduced into the free energy profile by these two mutations. This is interpreted as evidence that the mutated residues normally assist the catalytic thiols in acting as bases (D10 with C73 and H186 with C184). An alternate possibility is that the residues may serve to stabilize the carbanionic intermediate in the racemization reaction.
Silicon-on-insulator eight-channel optical multiplexer based on a cascade of asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometers (2008)

A monolithically integrated eight-channel optical multiplexer (Mux) with a 400 GHz channel spacing ~1550 nm is presented based on a silicon-on-insulator rib waveguide and an asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer. All channels were optimized independently with integrated heaters. The fully tuned Mux shows an adjacent channel isolation of ~13 dB, an excess loss of ~2.6 dB, and a channel uniformity of ~1.5 dB over a 25 nm wavelength span. In addition, the phase tuning efficiency for different interlevel dielectric layer thicknesses and thermal crosstalk were investigated.
Dental Flossing and Its Relationship to Transient Bacteremia (1980)

This study was designed to determine the role of dental flossing in producing transient bacteremias. An improved protocol that provides for repeated samplings of blood was developed. Four patients had 32 blood cultures taken (16 before flossing and 16 after). Two of the patients had no periodontal disease and two had only marginal gingivitis. The results showed that the patients who flossed daily developed no bacteremias but that patients who delayed flossing from 1 to 4 days developed bacteremias 86% of the time. It is important that patients who have a history of rheumatic fever and those who have internal prosthetic devices be cautioned regarding sporadic flossing. While gingival bleeding was not significantly related to bacteremias in this study, further investigation is needed to ascertain how flossing in various types of periodontal disease relates to bacteremias.
Visual processing for autonomous driving (2003)

Describes a visual processing algorithm that supports autonomous road following. The algorithm requires that lane markings be present and attempts to track the lane markings on both lane boundaries. There are three stages of computation: extracting edges; matching extracted edge points with a geometric model of the road, and updating the geometric road model. All processing is confined to the 2-D image plane. No information about the motion of the vehicle is used. This algorithm has been implemented and tested using video taped road scenes. It performs robustly for both highways and rural roads. The algorithm runs at a sampling rate of 15 Hz and has a worst case latency of 139 milliseconds (ms). The algorithm is implemented under the NASA/NBS Standard Reference Model for Telerobotic Control System Architecture (NASREM) architecture and runs on a dedicated vision processing engine and a VME-based microprocessor system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
DISTRIBUTION AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF <i>SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA</i> (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) IN SPRING WHEAT (1999)

Abstract The wheat midge Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) occurred in all wheat-growing areas of Manitoba during 1993–1997, with 95% of spring wheat fields having some seeds infested by larvae. The level of infestation varied, but each year in excess of 20% of seeds were infested in some fields. Infestation levels in adjacent fields were more similar than in fields separated by a few kilometres. Within fields, the infestation was similar at the edge and near the centre. Wheat midge larvae also overwintered in, and adults emerged from, fields in all wheat-growing areas of Manitoba. Adults emerged from the end of June to the end of July most years, and the peak period for adult flight was mid-July, about 1 month later than in parts of Europe where winter wheat predominates. The timing of the emergence was similar from place to place and year to year. Females constituted 95% of insects caught in a flight trap. The first 10% and 50% of the flight occurred on 9 and 16 July, respectively, and the timing of the flight was not related to growing degree-days. In early August, mature larvae began dropping from wheat heads. The timing of infestation of spring wheat was variable among years because of differences in timing between midge flights and the susceptible heading stage of the crop. Nevertheless, the wheat midge flight usually coincided with the susceptible stage of the spring wheat crop.
Gemini Surfactants as New, Low Molecular Weight Gelators of Organic Solvents and Water (1998)

As many as 1200 solvent molecules can be entrapped by one molecule of the cationic dimeric surfactants 1 to form a gel in CHCl<sub>3</sub> . These new gelators contain chiral counterions and form gels with both organic solvents and water upon their assembly into helical aggregates, which have similar structures in both media.