gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation Of The Bragg-Snell Law In Photonic Crystals (2015)

We present an optical experiment on photonic crystals suitable for an advanced physics laboratory course or a senior capstone project. Photonic crystals are periodically ordered composite systems made of materials that have different dielectric constants, and can be arranged in one, two, or three dimensions. They are characterized by a bandgap that depends on the size, arrangement and dielectric constant of the microstructures that make up the crystal. In addition, the bandgap spectrally shifts with the angle of incident light. These observations are captured by the Bragg-Snell law. In this paper, we describe a vertical deposition method for growing photonic crystals from a water suspension of polystyrene microspheres, as well as a simple transmission experiment that students can perform using a USBspectrometer to explore the Bragg-Snell law.
选择国际油气勘探和开发（E＆P）投资机会的四个标准 (2000)

本文提出了选择国际油气勘探和开发（E&P)投资机会的四个标准。文章将证明这些标准是怎样促进勘探和开发的新商业发展机会的经济评估的。这些标准的效用将得以证实的两种类型的机会是勘探和发现储量的机会，这在各种财政制度中都是要求发展的。提出的四个标准是预期净现值（ENV），风险现值比率（RPVR），价值与买进成本的比率（VBR）以及每毛经营权益桶的收益（E／GwiB)。每净经营权益桶的收益（E／NwiB)由于不同财政制度下NWI（净经营权益）储量的计算差异较大这一事实造成的失真而未推荐为筛选的标准。建议使用的有三个XY曲线图：1）预期净现值与风险净成本的关系曲线，斜率为RPVR，2）预期净现值与买成成本的关系曲线，斜率为VBR，3）风险收益与毛经营权益储量的关系曲线，斜率为E／GwiB。一些例子将说明这些曲线图如何用于评估投资机会。一种WGI－桶数－划分方法也被证实有助于投资机会的比较。这一方法将项目的BOE（原油当量桶）价格划分为四种每毛经营权益桶比；发现和开发（F&B）成本／桶、作业经营／桶、政府收府取费用／桶及收益／桶。一幅显示这五个比率的对比曲线图提供了项目经济学的综合信息。
Variation of surfactant counterion and its effect on the structure and properties of Aerosol-OT-based water-in-oil microemulsions (1992)

The sodium salt of the di-chained anionic surfactant bis-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate [Aerosol-OT or Na(AOT)] stabilises essentially monodisperse, spherical water-in-oil microemulsion (w/o) droplets in alkanes over a wide range of pressure, temperature and composition. In order to investigate the effect of change in counterion charge and size on the microemulsion properties, we have replaced the Na+ counterion by doubly charged ions. The surfactant is then M2+(AOT)2·nH2O: M is from the series Mg2+, Ca2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+, and n is the number of water ligands associated with the surfactant molecule. The value of n was determined by FTIR and depends on M2+, but can be between 2 and 8 per molecule of M2+(AOT)2 depending on the nature of M. The ion replacement, assessed by UV–VIS spectrophotometry, is ca. 100% efficient. The effect of temperature on the phase stability of the single-phase M2+(AOT)2 water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsion systems is negligible, in contrast to that observed for the corresponding Na(AOT) system. The structure and properties of the microemulsion are found to be dependent on the counterion identity. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and viscosity measurements provide evidence for the existence of rod-shaped aggregates for Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ at low water constants given by w=[H2O]/[AOT]≈ 5, whilst for Mg2+ and Ca2+ spherical aggregates are present as for Na+. On further addition of water at constant surfactant concentration (w > 10) with Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ the aggregates undergo a shape change, and a more spherical structure is favoured. The results may be explained in terms of the interaction of the different counterions with the SO–3 head group of the surfactant.
Formate Dehydrogenase, an Enzyme of Anaerobic Metabolism, Is Induced by Iron Deficiency in Barley Roots1 (1998)

To identify the proteins induced by Fe deficiency, we have compared the proteins of Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Peptide sequence analysis of induced proteins revealed that formate dehydrogenase (FDH), adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, and the lds3 gene product (for Fe deficiency-specific) increased in Fe-deficient roots. FDH enzyme activity was detected in Fe-deficient roots but not in Fe-sufficient roots. A cDNA encoding FDH (Fdh) was cloned and sequenced. Fdh expression was induced by Fe deficiency. Fdh was also expressed under anaerobic stress and its expression was more rapid than that induced by Fe deficiency. Thus, the expression of Fdh observed in Fe-deficient barley roots appeared to be a secondary effect caused by oxygen deficiency in Fe-deficient plants.
<italic>In Vitro</italic> Multi-Functional Microelectrode Array Featuring 59 760 Electrodes, 2048 Electrophysiology Channels, Stimulation, Impedance Measurement, and Neurotransmitter Detection Channels (2017)

Biological cells are characterized by highly complex phenomena and processes that are, to a great extent, interdependent. To gain detailed insights, devices designed to study cellular phenomena need to enable tracking and manipulation of multiple cell parameters in parallel; they have to provide high signal quality and high spatiotemporal resolution. To this end, we have developed a CMOS-based microelectrode array system that integrates six measurement and stimulation functions, the largest number to date. Moreover, the system features the largest active electrode array area to date (4.48×2.43 mm<sup>2</sup>) to accommodate 59,760 electrodes, while its power consumption, noise characteristics, and spatial resolution (13.5 μm electrode pitch) are comparable to the best state-of-the-art devices. The system includes: 2,048 action-potential (AP, bandwidth: 300 Hz to 10 kHz) recording units, 32 local-field-potential (LFP, bandwidth: 1 Hz to 300 Hz) recording units, 32 current recording units, 32 impedance measurement units, and 28 neurotransmitter detection units, in addition to the 16 dual-mode voltage-only or current/voltage-controlled stimulation units. The electrode array architecture is based on a switch matrix, which allows for connecting any measurement/stimulation unit to any electrode in the array and for performing different measurement/stimulation functions in parallel.
Studies on green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) pulp extract having anticancer (in vitro) and antimicrobial applications (2015)

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were successfully synthesized using AgNO3 via an eco-friendly and simple green route using Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) pulp extract at room temperature. The phytochemicals present in A. esculentus (L.) pulp extract were used both as a reducing and a stabilizing agent for the synthesis of Ag NPs. The stabilization of Ag NPs with phytochemicals was justified using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The size of the as-synthesized Ag NPs was examined using dynamic light scattering and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The crystalline nature of Ag NPs had been identified using X-ray diffraction. The present study demonstrated the efficacy of Ag NPs against Jurkat cells in vitro. Our study also showed that the IC50 dose of Ag NPs leads to the increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species and significantly diminished mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating the effective involvement of apoptosis in cell death. The synthesized Ag NPs also exhibited good antimicrobial activity against different gram class bacteria.
Interaction of MHC Class I Molecules with the Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing (1994)

The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) delivers cytosolic peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where they bind to nascent class 1 histocompatibility molecules. Class 1-peptide complexes are then displayed at the cell surface for recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunoprecipitation of either TAP or class 1 molecules revealed an association between the transporter and diverse class 1 products. TAP bound preferentially to heterodimers of the class 1 heavy chain and beta 2-microglobulin, and the complex subsequently dissociated in parallel with transport of class 1 molecules from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. The TAP-class 1 complexes could also be dissociated in vitro by the addition of class 1-binding peptides. The association of class 1 molecules with TAP likely promotes efficient capture of peptides before their exposure to the lumen of the ER.
Investigation and diagnosis of a 184-MVA air-cooled generator heavily affected by slot partial discharge activity (2007)

For many years, partial discharge (PD) activity has been used in air-cooled generators as one of the important indicators of degradation mechanisms in stator winding insulation. Up to a certain level, these degradation processes are slow. Under normal operation, PD measurement and trending can generally indicate that not only electrical but also mechanical, thermal or ambient (contamination) degradation processes are occurring. Partial discharge activity in air-cooled generators also produces ozone so that the presence of ozone inside and around the generator enclosure is indicative of PD activity. In some cases, the ozone concentration produced by sustained PD activity can reach such levels that it becomes a health hazard for plant personnel. Hazardous levels were recorded in 1991, after 12 years of operation, inside the enclosure of the four 184-MVA hydro generators at BC hydro's peace canyon (PCN) generating station, revealing a situation that was probably active for some years. Results from annual PD measurement performed using PDA (partial discharge analysis) techniques showed an asymmetry in favor of positive discharges that can be the result of slot discharges. Phase resolved partial discharge (PRPD) measurements combined with ozone measurements taken all around the rear perimeter of the generator core were used to confirm the nature of the PDs. Since one of the generators was scheduled for a complete stator winding and core replacement in 2006, an exhaustive investigation was performed before and after replacing the stator. Some stator bars were removed from the slots for visual inspection and extensive laboratory testing. This paper presents results of the on-line PD and ozone measurements, together with findings from visual inspection and laboratory investigations of the retrieved bars. These results were analyzed collectively in order to establish the root cause of the insulation problem as well as the deterioration mechanism of the generator stator winding. Finally, a new pre-installation testing procedure is recommended to prevent such a costly insulation problem from occurring again.
An Improvement of the<i>N</i>-Arylation of Amides; Application to the Synthesis of Substituted 3-(<i>N</i>-Acetyl-<i>N</i>-phenylamino)-pyridines (1989)

In the presence of catalytic quantities of tris(3,6-dioxaheptyl)amine (TDA-1) and of copper(I) chloride, with azeotropic separation of the reaction water, the N-arylation of carboxamides has been simplified and can now be performed under rather mild conditions, using substituted bromobenzenes as arylating agents in quasi-stoichiometric quantities in boiling xylene, or using chlorobenzenes as arylating agents and as reaction solvents at reflux. The general applicability of the reaction to the preparation of various diarylamines is demonstrated.
Vehicle detection based on morphology from highway aerial images (2012)

Vehicle detection from high resolution aerial images has been studied for many years. However, a robust and efficient vehicle detection method is still challenging. In this paper, a novel and robust method for automatic vehicle detection from highway aerial image was presented. In this method, a GIS road vector map is used to constrain a vehicle detection system to the highway networks. After the structure element is identified, morphological preprocessing method is used to identify candidate vehicles. Experiment is conducted with 0.15 m resolution aerial image. And the result demonstrated that the novel method has an excellent detection performance, thus the method is very promising.
A charge-storage diode Vidicon camera tube (1967)

A theory is given for the design of junction diodes which can simultaneously exhibit high photosensitivity and a reverse-biased dark charge-storage time greater than 1/30 second with calculations specifically carried out for silicon and germanium photo-junctions. The charge-storage problem associated with the use of narrower bandgap materials as vidicon targets is thus overcome, and a microarray of such junctions can be used as the photosensitive target at room temperature. Experimental data are presented for single element photo junctions in silicon, constructed according to the theoretical specifications for obtaining long time dark state charge storage. It is established that present state-of-the-art microelectronic technology is applicable to the production of the mosaic junction arrays necessary for constructing a completed camera tube.
Lumazine synthase protein cage nanoparticles as antigen delivery nanoplatforms for dendritic cell-based vaccine development (2014)

Our data demonstrate the potential of lumazine synthase protein cage being used as a novel antigen delivery system for DC-based vaccine development in future clinical applications.
An efficient antialiasing technique (1991)

An intuitive concept of antialiasing is developed into very efficient antialiased line and circle generators that require even less amount of integer arithmetic than Bresenham's line and circle algorithms. Unlike its predecessors, the new antialiasing technique is derived in spatial domain (raster plane) under a subjectively meaningful error measure to preserve the dynamics of curve and object boundaries. A formal analysis of the new antialiasing technique in frequency domain is also conducted. It is shown that our antialiasing technique computes the same antialiased images as Fujimoto-Iwata's algorithm but at a fraction of the latter's computational cost. The simplicities of the new antialiased line and circle generators also mean their easy hardware implementations.
Recent advances in protein extraction and chiral separation of biomolecules (2006)

Reverse micelles create unique environment in organic media. They are capable of solubilizing hydrophilic biomolecules (e.g., proteins, peptides, amino acids, and DNAs) in their aqueous interior. This feature brings about the practical use of biomaterials in organic media because reverse micelles solubilize them with the intrinsic activity. In this paper, we focus on recent two topics concerning protein extraction and chiral separation of biomolecules using liquid membranes. In the first topic, we present recent attempts to extract proteins from an aqueous solution into isooctane using reverse micelles, and some important operational parameters to achieve an efficient protein transfer are discussed. Furthermore, novel function of reverse micelles as a protein activation medium is introduced. In the reverse micellar phase, denatured proteins were completely reactivated in the reverse micellar solution. The reverse micellar technique is found to be a useful tool not only for protein separation but also for protein refolding. Furthermore, we found that a cyclic ligand carixarene has an extraction ability to set up optimum conditions for protein transfer. In the second topic, we have found that a supported liquid membrane (SLM) encapsulating enzymes shows high enantioselectivity (enantioselective excess value is over 96%) in the transport of racemic pharmaceutical compound ibuprofen. A different experiment also suggests that the a-chymotrypsin-catalyzed reactions droved the enantioselective transport of L-phenylalanine based on the enantioselectivity of the enzyme. The SLM encapsulating the surfactant-enzyme complex enabled the highly enantioselective separation of racemic mixtures. It can be envisioned that arrangement of appropriate enzymes in the SLM system will allow enantioselective separation of various useful organic compounds.
Nonspecific activation of complement by leukemic cells (1978)

Non-specific activation of complement (NAC) on cell membranes via the alternative pathway was studied by using leukemic cells and cells from a generalized reticulohistiocytosis. The cells were treated with normal human serum in veronal-buffered saline containing ethyleneglycoltetraacetrate and MG++. Since human erythrocytes (HuE) are known to adhere to complement-reacted cell membranes in an immune adherence reaction, complement activation on the cell membrane was confirmed by the rosette formation of HuE which is due to the generation of C3b molecules on the cell membrane. Only cells from Schilling-type acute monocytic leukemias and cells from a generalized reticulohistiocytosis possessed NAC ability. All other leukemic cells tested, as well as normal hematopoietic and lymphoreticular cells, were NAC-negative. Furthermore, none of the mitogens tested generated NAC ability on normal peripheral blood lymphocytes.
New selective estrogen and androgen receptor modulators (2009)

Recent clinical trials indicate that SERMs are useful in treatment of disorders of bone and mineral metabolism and breast cancer and in reduction of cardiovascular risk factors. SARMs offer important benefits for management of prostate cancer at different stages, as well as other disorders.
Lysophosphatidylcholine Activates a Novel PKD2-Mediated Signaling Pathway That Controls Monocyte Migration (2009)

This study provides the first evidence that (1) lysoPC activates PKD, (2) PKD2 has a novel role in p38 activation, and (3) the PKD2-activated p38 pathway is responsible for lysoPC-induced migration of THP-1 cells and human monocytes. Thus, PKD is a novel and functional intracellular regulator in both lysoPC signaling and monocyte migration. These results suggest a new role for PKD2 in the development of atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases.
Tumor angiogenesis and prognosis in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (1995)

The findings suggest that in SCCHN the degree of vascularization might be used as a predictor of response to radiotherapy.
Identification of Plastoquinone-3 from Chloroplasts<sup>1</sup> (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIdentification of Plastoquinone-3 from Chloroplasts1Domenico Misiti, Harold W. Moore, and Karl FolkersCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 6, 1402–1403Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01084a058https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01084a058research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views82Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Increased expression of the interleukin-10 gene by alveolar macrophages in interstitial lung disease (1997)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP) are interstitial lung diseases of unknown pathogenesis. Alveolar macrophages play a major role in the regulation of the inflammatory response in these diseases through their ability to produce cytokines that modify the inflammatory response. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) exhibit proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory actions, respectively, and thus an imbalance in the expression of these cytokines may contribute to the pathogenesis of IPF and BOOP. Therefore, we quantified IL-10 and TNF-alpha mRNA levels in alveolar macrophages obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from patients with IPF and BOOP and in normal healthy volunteers. The level of TNF-alpha mRNA in macrophages obtained from IPF and BOOP patients was not significantly different from normal healthy subjects. However, macrophages from patients with IPF and BOOP expressed increased levels of IL-10 mRNA compared with healthy controls. In addition, stimulation of alveolar macrophages with lipopolysaccharide in the presence of a neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibody augmented the production of TNF-alpha over that seen in the absence of anti-IL-10 antibody, suggesting that the increased expression of IL-10 by alveolar macrophages may act to control the expression of TNF-alpha. Paradoxically, measurement of IL-10 protein in cell-free BAL fluid revealed lower amounts of the protein in patients with IPF and BOOP compared with healthy controls.
FIRM: Fair and High-Performance Memory Control for Persistent Memory Systems (2014)

Byte-addressable nonvolatile memories promise a new technology, persistent memory, which incorporates desirable attributes from both traditional main memory (byte-addressability and fast interface) and traditional storage (data persistence). To support data persistence, a persistent memory system requires sophisticated data duplication and ordering control for write requests. As a result, applications that manipulate persistent memory (persistent applications) have very different memory access characteristics than traditional (non-persistent) applications, as shown in this paper. Persistent applications introduce heavy write traffic to contiguous memory regions at a memory channel, which cannot concurrently service read and write requests, leading to memory bandwidth underutilization due to low bank-level parallelism, frequent write queue drains, and frequent bus turnarounds between reads and writes. These characteristics undermine the high-performance and fairness offered by conventional memory scheduling schemes designed for non-persistent applications. Our goal in this paper is to design a fair and high-performance memory control scheme for a persistent memory based system that runs both persistent and non-persistent applications. Our proposal, FIRM, consists of three key ideas. First, FIRM categorizes request sources as non-intensive, streaming, random and persistent, and forms batches of requests for each source. Second, FIRM strides persistent memory updates across multiple banks, thereby improving bank-level parallelism and hence memory bandwidth utilization of persistent memory accesses. Third, FIRM schedules read and write request batches from different sources in a manner that minimizes bus turnarounds and write queue drains. Our detailed evaluations show that, compared to five previous memory scheduler designs, FIRM provides significantly higher system performance and fairness.