gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent results from the HIT-SI experiment (2011)

New understanding and improved parameters have been achieved on the Helicity Injected Torus with Steady Inductive helicity injection current drive (HIT-SI) experiment. The experiment has a bowtie-shaped spheromak confinement region with two helicity injectors. The inductive injectors are 180° segments of a small, oval cross section toroidal pinch. Spheromaks with currents up to 38 kA and current amplification of 2 have been achieved with only 6 MW of injector power. The Taylor-state model is shown to agree with HIT-SI surface and internal magnetic profile measurements. Helicity balance predicts the peak magnitude of toroidal spheromak current and the threshold for spheromak formation. The model also accurately predicts the division of the applied loop voltage between the injector and spheromak regions. Single injector operation shows that the two injectors have opposing, preferred spheromak current directions. An electron locking relaxation model is consistent with the preferred direction, with ion Doppler data and with bolometric data. Results from higher frequency operation are given. The impact of the new understanding on the future direction of the HIT programme is discussed.
Fowl adenovirus-induced diseases and strategies for their control – a review on the current global situation (2017)

The stand-alone pathogenicity of fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) had long been disputed, given the ubiquity of the viruses versus sporadic outbreaks, and variation between experimental studies. However, a globally emerging trend of FAdV-associated diseases has marked the past two decades, with hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome mainly in Asia besides Arabian and Latin American countries, and geographically more disseminated outbreaks of inclusion body hepatitis. Finally, the appearance of FAdV-induced gizzard erosion (AGE) in Asia and Europe completed the range of diseases. Epidemiological studies confirmed serotype FAdV-4 as agent of hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome, whereas inclusion body hepatitis is related to FAdV-2, -8a, -8b and -11. Members of the biologically more distant serotype FAdV-1 induce AGE. Urged by increasing problems in the field, numerous pathogenicity studies with FAdVs from outbreaks substantiated the primary aetiologic role of particular strains for distinct clinical conditions. Developments in the poultry industry towards highly specialized genetic breeds and rigorous biosecurity additionally contribute to the growing incidence of FAdV-related diseases. Confirming field observations, recent studies connected a higher susceptibility of broilers with their distinct physiology, implying the choice of bird type as a factor to be considered in infection studies. Furthermore, elevated biosecurity standards have generated immunologically naïve breeding stocks, putting broilers at risk in face of vertical FAdV transmission. Therefore, future prevention strategies should include adequate antibodies in breeders prior to production and - if necessary - vaccination, in order to protect progenies. This review aims to deliver a detailed overview on the current global situation about FAdV-induced diseases, their reproduction in vivo and vaccination strategies.
Generation of vacuum-ultraviolet light by an optically contacted, prism-coupled KBe_2BO_3F_2 crystal (2003)

We have demonstrated the second harmonic of a frequency-tripled Nd:YVO4 laser with 2.5-mW quasi-cw output by using an optically contacted, prism-coupled KBe2BO3F2 crystal. We also achieved the second harmonic with a frequency-doubled single-mode Ti:sapphire laser at 172.5 nm and sum-frequency mixing with a dual-wavelength Ti:sapphire laser at 163.3 nm. These wavelengths are to our knowledge the shortest obtained by use of nonlinear crystals for second-harmonic generation and sum-frequency mixing, respectively.
Color Demosaicing Using Variance of Color Differences (2006)

This paper presents an adaptive demosaicing algorithm. Missing green samples are first estimated based on the variances of the color differences along different edge directions. The missing red and blue components are then estimated based on the interpolated green plane. This algorithm can effectively preserve the details in texture regions and, at the same time, it can significantly reduce the color artifacts. As compared with the latest demosaicing algorithms, the proposed algorithm produces the best average demosaicing performance both objectively and subjectively.
A Multi-Echelon Inventory Model for a Repairable Item with One-for-One Replenishment (1985)

The problem that we address is to determine the inventory stockage levels in a multi-echelon inventory system for a repairable item. In its simplest form the multi-echelon system consists of a set of operating sites supported by a centrally-located repair depot. Each operating site requires a set of working items and maintains an inventory of spare items. The repair depot also holds an inventory of spare items. Item failures are infrequent and are replaced on a one-for-one basis. In this paper we present an exact model for finding the steady-state distribution of the net inventory level at each site. This model assumes that the failures are generated by a compound Poisson process and that the shipment time from the repair depot to each site is deterministic. No assumptions are made with regard to the repair cycle at the depot. We contrast this model with existing models for these systems. Based on the exact model we present an approximation for the steady-state distribution for the case with ample servers at the repair depot. We show that this approximation is very accurate on a set of test problems.
NOTCH4 is a potential therapeutic target for triple-negative breast cancer. (2014)

NOTCH4 is a new potential therapeutic target for triple-negative breast cancer.
Intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus in premature newborns: a prospective study with CT (1979)

In a prospective study, 100 premature infants were studied with computed tomography (CT) brain scans within the first week of life. In 44 of these,hemorrhages originated from the subependymal germinal matrix, and ranged in severity from isolated germinal matrix hemorrhages to blood-filled, dilated ventricles with extension of hemorrhage into the brain parenchyma. A system of grading the severity of hemorrhage was developed. Grades I and II hemorrhages resolved spontaneously and grades III and IV were associated with progressive hydrocephalus. Asymptomatic hemorrhages that would not have been diagnosed on clinical grounds were detected by CT. This study offers a clearer understanding of the true incidence and natural history of cerebroventricular hemorrhage and associated hydrocephalus in premature neonates and may clarify etiologic factors and identify children at risk for subsequent neurologic abnormalities.
Goal-directed Intraoperative Fluid Administration Reduces Length of Hospital Stay after Major Surgery (2002)

Goal-directed intraoperative fluid administration results in earlier return to bowel function, lower incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, and decrease in length of postoperative hospital stay.
Cross-Layer Mixed Bias Scheduling for Wireless Mesh Networks (2010)

In this paper we propose a mixed bias approach which makes use of cross layer optimization. The cross-layer parameters are based on conditions in the network from multiple layers and are used to determine resource and time allocation for nodes in the network. Unlike existing proposals, we propose to bias against several parameters such as link quality and queue size in addition to node distance. We also propose a combined mixed bias approach which takes into account multiple parameters together. The scheme is evaluated using simulation experiments. The performance results are reported in this paper.
Adaptive Interpolation Filter for H.264/AVC (2008)

In order to reduce the bit-rate of video signals, current coding standards apply hybrid coding with motion-compensated prediction and transform coding of the prediction error. In former publications, it has been shown that aliasing components contained in an image signal, as well as motion blur are limiting the prediction efficiency obtained by motion compensation. In this paper, we show that the analytical calculation of an optimal interpolation filter at particular constraints is possible, resulting in total coding improvements of 20% at broadcast quality compared to the H.264/AVC High Profile. Furthermore, the spatial adaptation to local image characteristics enables further improvements of 0.15 dB for CIF sequences compared to globally adaptive filter or up to 0.6 dB, compared to the standard H.264/AVC. Additionally, we show that the presented approach is generally applicable, i.e., also motion blur can be exactly compensated, if particular constraints are fulfilled.
An Overview of Microsoft Academic Service (MAS) and Applications (2015)

In this paper we describe a new release of a Web scale entity graph that serves as the backbone of Microsoft Academic Service (MAS), a major production effort with a broadened scope to the namesake vertical search engine that has been publicly available since 2008 as a research prototype. At the core of MAS is a heterogeneous entity graph comprised of six types of entities that model the scholarly activities: field of study, author, institution, paper, venue, and event. In addition to obtaining these entities from the publisher feeds as in the previous effort, we in this version include data mining results from the Web index and an in-house knowledge base from Bing, a major commercial search engine. As a result of the Bing integration, the new MAS graph sees significant increase in size, with fresh information streaming in automatically following their discoveries by the search engine. In addition, the rich entity relations included in the knowledge base provide additional signals to disambiguate and enrich the entities within and beyond the academic domain. The number of papers indexed by MAS, for instance, has grown from low tens of millions to 83 million while maintaining an above 95% accuracy based on test data sets derived from academic activities at Microsoft Research. Based on the data set, we demonstrate two scenarios in this work: a knowledge driven, highly interactive dialog that seamlessly combines reactive search and proactive suggestion experience, and a proactive heterogeneous entity recommendation.
Mechanism of production of crackles after atelectasis during low-volume breathing. (1982)

We compared the effects of shallow breathing of air (LVB-air) and oxygen (LVB-O2) at low lung volumes (below closing capacity) and tidal breathing at FRC (FRC-air, FRC-O2) on the production of crackles in 5 normal volunteers. Two microphones were attached on the right posterior chest wall in the midclavicular line 10 and 20 cm from the apex of the right lung, respectively (M10 and M20), to record crackles during various breathing maneuvers. We found that after LVB-air and LVB-O2, there were changes in residual volume as measured by the body plethysmograph. Both inspiratory and expiratory limbs of the quasi-static pressure volume curve were shifted to the right. Occasionally, some subjects coughed after LVB-air and/or LVB-O2. Inspiratory crackles occurred mostly at the upper third of vital capacity (VC) after LVB-air and LVB-O2 and were confined almost exclusively to the dependent lung zones (M20). The inspiratory transpulmonary pressure at 25% (PL25) and 50% (PL50) of VC correlated with the volume of trapped gas that was absorbed (delta Vtg) (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.001, respectively). The quantity of crackles correlated with delta Vtg (p less than 0.01). We conclude that during low lung volume breathing airways in the dependent lung regions are closed. There is absorption of trapped oxygen which causes reversible atelectasis. Upon reinflation, inspired air will go to the lung regions with open airways first and subsequently to the closed dependent regions, producing crackles recorded by the M20 microphone at the upper third of VC. The crackles are produced by inflation of atelectatic lung.
A study on an Ultra Thin PoP using through mold via technology (2011)

This paper presents a study on an Ultra Thin PoP, Package on Package, using Through-Mold-Via Technology (TMV). The total height of the evaluated PoP is approximately 1.0 mm including both top and bottom packages. In recent years, package-on-package (PoP) has been rapidly adopted for 3D integration of logic and memory within mobile handsets and other portable multimedia devices. However, existing methods of making the PoP may not satisfy next generation applications that will require reduced memory interface pitches, higher memory interface pin-counts and reduced thickness. In this study, an existing 0.5mm pitch top package was utilized as a control. An Ultra Thin bottom PoP had to be developed to meet the 1.0mm stack height target which needs advanced thin material and process technologies. The stack height of 1.0mm requires higher warpage control challenge for the bottom package to support different die size applications. This Ultra Thin bottom PoP test vehicle was built in 12mm × 12mm body, 0.5mm top / bottom pitch, 0.15mm thick mold, and die sizes ranging from 5.0mmsq. to 8.7mmsq. This package was tested with 4-layer / 0.23mm thick and 2-layer / 0.17mm thick substrate. The total PoP height is expected to be approximately 1.0mm by SMT one pass reflow stacking of the top memory package on the bottom Ultra Thin logic package. The package warpage was compared for two package configurations. One is bare die structure with assumption of flip chip interconnect. The other is TMV, where the entire package is over molded, and through-mold vias are laser-drilled down to TMV pads for interface with a top memory package. Confirmation has been made that the TMV structure is capable of accommodating larger die compared to bare die structure. This is because CTE in the package can be controlled by both of the substrate and Epoxy Molding Compound (EMC). In addition, the TMV structure has a flatter and more stable warpage profile due to the over molded EMC structure and material properties selected. From the measurement result, warpage amount and direction greatly depend on substrate construction and die size. Based on warpage result, two test vehicle conditions were selected with TMV configuration to carry out Board Level Reliability (BLR) testing. The test vehicle was mounted on board with a typical package stacking process. After on-board reflow process, (i.e. top and bottom PoP packages were reflowed at one time), the yield for package stacking showed good results demonstrated even with the limited set up for this trial. The test vehicle passed Drop Test and TCT (Temperature Cycling Test) criteria.
10 rules for scalable performance in 'simple operation' datastores (2011)

Partition data and operations, keep administration simple, do not assume one size fits all.
On the mechanism of action of ribonuclease A: relevance of enzymatic studies with a p-nitrophenylphosphate ester and a thiophosphate ester. (1996)

It has been reported that His-119 of ribonuclease A plays a major role as an imidazolium ion acid catalyst in the cyclization/cleavage of normal dinucleotides but that it is not needed for the cyclization/cleavage of 3'-uridyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate. We see that this is also true for simple buffer catalysis, where imidazole (as in His-12 of the enzyme), but not imidazolium ion, plays a significant catalytic role with the nitrophenyl substrate, but both are catalytic for normal dinucleotides such as uridyluridine. Rate studies show that the enzyme catalyzes the cyclization of the nitrophenylphosphate derivative 47,000,000 times less effectively (kcat/kuncat) than it does uridyladenosine, indicating that approximately 50% of the catalytic free energy change is lost with this substrate. This suggests that the nitrophenyl substrate is not correctly bound to take full advantage of the catalytic groups of the enzyme and is thus not a good guide to the mechanism used by normal nucleotides. The published data on kinetic effects with ribonuclease A of substituting thiophosphate groups for the phosphate groups of normal substrates has been discussed elsewhere, and it was argued that these effects are suggestive of the classical mechanism for ribonuclease action, not the novel mechanism we have recently proposed. The details of these rate effects, including stereochemical preferences in the thiophosphate series, can be invoked as support for our newer mechanism.
Programmed cell death during flower senescence: isolation and characterization of cysteine proteinases from <i>Sandersonia aurantiaca</i> (2002)

Cysteine protease inhibitors delayed the senescence of Sandersonia aurantiaca Hook. flowers. Tepal fading and wilting occurred later in the 2,2´ -dipyridyl-treated flowers, and these flowers had a greater soluble protein content and less active endoproteases compared with control flowers that were held in water. Biochemical analysis revealed the presence of several protease-active bands in the soluble protein fraction of Sandersonia tepals. Activity of the polypeptides increased as flower senescence progressed. Western analysis with an antibody raised against the castor bean cysteine proteinase identified homologous proteins in Sandersonia flowers (ca 46, 41 and 31kDa). Three cDNAs encoding cysteine proteinases were isolated from Sandersonia tepals (PRT5, PRT15 and PRT22). Expression of all three increased in tepals as senescence progressed. mRNAs for PRT5 were detected only in senescing flower tissue, whereas PRT15 and PRT22 were expressed in leaf, stem and root tissue. PRT5 has significant homology to C-terminus KDEL proteins, which have a role in the degradation of plant cell contents during programmed cell death. PRT15 is most similar to cysteine proteinases with a long C-terminal extension, whereas PRT22 is homologous to stress-induced cysteine proteinases.
In vitro association of empty adenovirus capsids with double-stranded DNA (1979)

Several lines of evidence suggest that empty adenovirus capsids are preassembled intermediates in the pathway of virion assembly. We have observed that purified empty capsids of subgroup B adenoviruses have a remarkable affinity for DNA in vitro. The products of capsid-DNA association are sufficiently stable, once formed in low-salt solution, to permit purification and characterization in CsCl density gradients. Neither virions nor the DNA-containing incomplete particles of subgroup B adenoviruses can give rise to such in vitro reaction products. The average molecular weight of the empty adenovirus capsids is about 123 X 10(6), consistent with the absence of viral core peptides and a small deficiency of exterior shell polypeptides. Electron microscopy of negatively stained capsids and the capsids bound to DNA reveals a typical adenovirus size and architecture. The particles appear with a surface discontinuity that is presumed to expose the DNA binding site(s). The DNA molecules associated with the empty capsids are susceptible to the actions of DNase and restriction endonucleases. The dependence of rate of capsid-DNA association on DNA length suggests randomly distributed binding sites on the DNA molecules. Although the DNA molecules can successively acquire additional empty capsids, the empty particles themselves are restricted to interactionwith only one DNA molecule. Electron microscopy of the capsid-DNA complexes spread in cytochrome c films shows that the particles are bo-nd along the contour of extended duplex DNA. The amount of DNA within each bound particle appears to be less than 300 base pairs, as estimated by the length of the DNA molecules visible outside of the bound particle. The empty capsid-DNA association product described in this report provides an interesting substrate for further investigation of the DNA packaging process in a defined in vitro system, with extracts or purified components from infected cells.
Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Aggravates Rather than Regenerates Emphysematous Lungs in Mice (2006)

These results suggest that M-CSF administration does not support lung regeneration but rather aggravates the lung destruction associated with elastase injury.
The optical properties of organic compounds (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVBook and Media Revie...Book and Media ReviewNEXTThe optical properties of organic compoundsCarl R. Noller Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1955, 32, 4, 239Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1955Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 April 1955Published inissue 1 April 1955https://doi.org/10.1021/ed032p239.3RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views221Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
An Activin-A/C Chimera Exhibits Activin and Myostatin Antagonistic Properties (2005)

Activins are involved in many physiological and pathological processes and, like other members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, signal via type II and I receptor serine kinases. Ligand residues involved in type II receptor binding are located in the two anti-parallel beta strands of the TGF-beta proteins, also known as the fingers. Activin-A mutants able to bind ActRII but unable to bind the activin type I receptor ALK4 define ligand residues involved in ALK4 binding and could potentially act as antagonists. Therefore, a series of FLAG-tagged activin-A/C chimeras were constructed, in each of which eight residues in the wrist loop and helix region (A/C 46-53, 54-61, 62-69, and 70-78) were replaced. Additionally, a chimera was generated in which the entire wrist region (A/C 46-78) was changed from activin-A to activin-C. The chimeras were assessed for ActRII binding, activin bioactivity, as well as antagonistic properties. All five chimeras retained high affinity for mouse ActRII. Of these, only A/C 46-78 was devoid of significant activin bioactivity in an A3 Lux reporter assay in 293T cells at concentrations up to 40 nM. A/C 46-53, 54-61, 62-69, and 70-78 showed activity comparable with wild type activin-A. When tested for the ability to antagonize ligands that signal via activin type II receptors, such as activin-A and myostatin, only the A/C 46-78 chimera showed antagonism (IC(50), 1-10 nM). Additionally, A/C 46-78 decreased follicle-stimulating hormone release from the LbetaT2 cell line and rat anterior pituitary cells in primary culture in a concentration-dependent manner. These data indicate that activin residues in the wrist are involved in ALK4-mediated signaling. The activin antagonist A/C 46-78 may be useful for the study and modulation of activin-dependent processes.