gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antagonist antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) as anti-angiogenic agents (2016)

Interaction of numerous signaling pathways in endothelial and mesangial cells results in exquisite control of the process of physiological angiogenesis, with a central role played by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) and its cognate ligands. However, deregulated angiogenesis participates in numerous pathological processes. Excessive activation of VEGFR-2 has been found to mediate tissue-damaging vascular changes as well as the induction of blood vessel expansion to support the growth of solid tumors. Consequently, therapeutic intervention aimed at inhibiting the VEGFR-2 pathway has become a mainstay of treatment in cancer and retinal diseases. In this review, we introduce the concepts of physiological and pathological angiogenesis, the crucial role played by the VEGFR-2 pathway in these processes, and the various inhibitors of its activity that have entered the clinical practice. We primarily focus on the development of ramucirumab, the antagonist monoclonal antibody (mAb) that inhibits VEGFR-2 and has recently been approved for use in patients with gastric, colorectal, and lung cancers. We examine in-depth the pre-clinical studies using DC101, the mAb to mouse VEGFR-2, which provided a conceptual foundation for the role of VEGFR-2 in physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Finally, we discuss further clinical development of ramucirumab and the future of targeting the VEGF pathway for the treatment of cancer.
IX. The approximate arithmetical solution by finite differences of physical problems involving differential equations, with an application to the stresses in a masonry dam (1911)

Abstract 1. Introduction.— 1·0. The object of this paper is to develop methods where by the differential equations of physics may be applied more freely than hitherto in the approximate form of difference equations to problems concerning irregular bodies. Though very different in method, it is in purpose a continuation of a former paper by the author, on a “Freehand Graphic Way of Determining Stream Lines and Equipotentials” (‘Phil. Mag.,’February, 1908; also ‘Proc. Physical Soc.,’ London, vol. xxi.). And all that was there said, as to the need for new methods, may be taken to apply here also. In brief, analytical methods are the foundation of the whole subject, and in practice they are the most accurate when they will work, but in the integration of partial equations, with reference to irregular-shaped boundaries, their field of application is very limited.
Compound semiconductor SPAD arrays (2013)

Single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are revolutionizing ultra-sensitive photodetection applications, providing single photon sensitivity, high quantum efficiency and low dark noise at or near room temperature. When aggregated into arrays, these devices have demonstrated the ability to operate as photon number resolving detectors with wide dynamic range, or as single-photon imaging detectors. SPAD array performance has reached a point where replacing vacuum tube based MCP and PMT photodetectors for most applications is inevitable. Compound semiconductor SPAD arrays offer the unique proposition to tailor performance to match application specific wavelength, speed and radiation hardness requirements. We present a theoretical framework describing performance limits to compound semiconductor SPAD arrays and our latest experimental results detailing the performance of GaAs SPAD arrays. These devices achieve nanosecond rise and fall times, excellent photon number resolving capability, and low dark count rates. Single photon number resolving is demonstrated with 4% single photon detection efficiency at room temperature with dark count rates below 7 Mcps/mm<sup>2</sup>. Compound semiconductor SPAD arrays have the opportunity to provide orders of magnitude improvement in dark count rate and radiation hardness over silicon SPAD arrays, as well as the ability to detect wavelengths where silicon is blind.
Process-based service integration for zero latency supply chains in virtual enterprises (2002)

Supply chains provide composite services or products by utilizing autonomous, heterogeneous and/or conversational services provided by independent enterprises. In this paper, we propose a service-oriented process (SOP) model that can model and construct efficient multi-enterprise supply chains as multi-enterprise processes (MEPs). In particular, the SOP model supports service activities for modeling the services themselves, primitives for composing supply chains from services, and primitives for automating service coordination as required by a supply chain. One of the most important aspects of service modeling in SOP is decoupling the service interface from the service implementation. This enables MEPs and the corresponding supply chains to include placeholders, i.e. activities specified only by an abstract interface. These placeholders are substituted at run-time with one of the available services that implement the specified abstract interface. The SOP service selection policy uses a semantic broker that has knowledge about the service capabilities and quality. Therefore, a MEP (and hence its supply chain) is capable of on-the-fly choice of the service providers that are best suited to its objectives (e.g. cheapest, fastest, or just available).
Inside Microsoft® SQL Server™ 2005: The Storage Engine (2006)

This practical, hands-on book offers deep, thorough coverage of the internals of architecture and resource management in SQL Server 2005, focusing on the Storage Engine. The book features extensive code samples and table examples.
Computational Technique of Volumetric Object Reconstruction in Integral Imaging by Use of Real and Virtual Image Fields (2005)

We propose a computational reconstruction technique in large-depth integral imaging where the elemental images have information of three-dimensional objects through real and virtual image fields. In the proposed technique, we reconstruct full volume information from the elemental images through both real and virtual image fields. Here, we use uniform mappings of elemental images with the size of the lenslet regardless of the distance between the lenslet array and reconstruction image plane. To show the feasibility of the proposed reconstruction technique, we perform preliminary experiments and present experimental results.
Blade Shaving (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Hair biology basics Shaving and the razor explored The shaving process References
Modeling of Ambient‐Meniscus Melt Interactions Associated with Carbon and Oxygen Transport in EFG of Silicon Ribbon (1982)

Impurity transport processes associated with interaction of reactive ambient gases and meniscus melt during growth of silicon ribbon by the edge‐defined film‐fed growth (EFG) technique have been investigated with the help of numerical solution of mass and momentum transport equations. The transport of oxygen and carbon is examined in detail. It is shown that oxygen transport from meniscus sources can account for the interstitial oxygen observed to be introduced into ribbon grown with in the meniscus ambient. Growth speed is the process parameter that has the most pronounced influence on ribbon impurity levels when a source or sink for the impurity is present on the meniscus surface.
Effect of Weekly Adefovir (PMEA) Infusions on HIV-1 Virus Load: Results of a Phase I/II Study (1999)

The compound 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (adefovir; PMEA) is a potent inhibitor of a number of viruses in vitro, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 and 2, herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2, human papillomavirus virus (HBV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Adefovir also proved to be effective in vivo against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in cats and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in rhesus monkeys. In an open, non-placebo-controlled trial the antiviral activity of weekly doses of adefovir in nine patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex was studied for a period of 11 weeks. CD4 cell counts at baseline were between 10 and 450 cells/mm3, HIV-1 RNA levels at baseline were between 24,210 copies/ml and 406,197 copies/ml. The drug was administered intravenously at a dose of 1000 mg every week and plasma viral load was assessed at multiple points during the study. Administration of adefovir was tolerated well and no severe side effects were seen. The response to adefovir treatment differed widely between patients. The increase in CD4 cell count at end point ranged from -40 to 120 cell/mm3. The lowest HIV RNA levels were measured after 3-5 days, showing an increase thereafter. The nadir in viral load was achieved after 2 weeks, with a mean viral load decline of 0.7 from baseline. The decrease of the HIV RNA level at end point ranged from -0.3 log10 to 1.8 log10 with a mean decrease of 0.4 log10. Our results indicate that adefovir given intravenously once weekly has a short-lasting initial antiviral effect. The effect of more frequent dosing requires further evaluation. If adefovir is to be useful clinically, it needs to be combined with other antiviral agents.
Water snel-weg (2004)

Een van de meest sturende factoren in het golfbaanbeheer is het waterbeheer. Onvoldoende aandacht hiervoor kan leiden tot kwaliteitsverlies van het gras, wat uiteindelijk de bespeelbaarheid negatief zal beinvloeden. Om tot een goed watermanagement te komen, moet je weten hoe water onder natuurlijke omstandigheden zich over en door golfbanen kan verplaatsen. Dit is nogal eens anders dan dat je zou denken
DSCarver (2018)

We present an automatic algorithm for subtractive manufacturing of freeform 3D objects using high-speed machining (HSM) via CNC. A CNC machine operates a cylindrical cutter to carve off material from a 3D shape stock, following a tool path, to "expose" the target object. Our method decomposes the input object's surface into a small number of patches each of which is fully accessible and machinable by the CNC machine, in continuous fashion, under a fixed cutter-object setup configuration. This is achieved by covering the input surface with a minimum number of accessible regions and then extracting a set of machinable patches from each accessible region. For each patch obtained, we compute a continuous, space-filling, and iso-scallop tool path which conforms to the patch boundary, enabling efficient carving with high-quality surface finishing. The tool path is generated in the form of connected Fermat spirals , which have been generalized from a 2D fill pattern for layered manufacturing to work for curved surfaces. Furthermore, we develop a novel method to control the spacing of Fermat spirals based on directional surface curvature and adapt the heat method to obtain iso-scallop carving. We demonstrate automatic generation of accessible and machinable surface decompositions and iso-scallop Fermat spiral carving paths for freeform 3D objects. Comparisons are made to tool paths generated by commercial software in terms of real machining time and surface quality.
Characterization of ZnO-based FBAR devices for RF applications (2002)

This paper reports a two-step sputtering deposition technique for piezoelectric ZnO film formation and its successful application for film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) devices. The proposed two-step deposition resulted in a strongly preferred orientation toward the c-axis. Furthermore, the FBAR devices with the ZnO films showed a large return loss of 35/spl sim/50 dB at 1.5/spl sim/2 GHz. It was also found that the impedance matching of the FBAR could be easily achieved simply by controlling the resonance area of the resonator.
Evaluation of subjective video quality of mobile devices (2005)

Subjectively perceived video quality is a critical factor when adopting new mobile video applications. When video is used in mobile networks the most important requirements are related to low bitrates, framerates and the screen size of mobile device. In two tests we investigated the effects of codecs and combinations of audio and video streams with low bitrates and different contents on the perceived video quality of mobile devices. The first test showed that the codec H.264 produced the most satisfying video quality, but the quality was not high enough for the presentation of textual information. In the second test, the audio-video ratio 32/128kbps was found to be the most pleasant, but there were content dependent variations.
A Text Abstraction Summary Model Based on BERT Word Embedding and Reinforcement Learning (2019)

As a core task of natural language processing and information retrieval, automatic text summarization is widely applied in many fields. There are two existing methods for text summarization task at present: abstractive and extractive. On this basis we propose a novel hybrid model of extractive-abstractive to combine BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) word embedding with reinforcement learning. Firstly, we convert the human-written abstractive summaries to the ground truth labels. Secondly, we use BERT word embedding as text representation and pre-train two sub-models respectively. Finally, the extraction network and the abstraction network are bridged by reinforcement learning. To verify the performance of the model, we compare it with the current popular automatic text summary model on the CNN/Daily Mail dataset, and use the ROUGE (Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation) metrics as the evaluation method. Extensive experimental results show that the accuracy of the model is improved obviously.
Network MIMO techniques (2013)

As the demand for high-rate wireless services increases, new techniques and architectures have emerged to increase their spectral efficiency and improve their reliability. During the last decade, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) or multiple-antenna technology has attracted much attention due to its ability to provide fast and reliable transmission without bandwidth expansion or increase in transmit power. For point-to-point MIMO systems, it has been shown that the capacity of an MIMO channel grows linearly with the minimum number of antennas at both ends [1]. For multi-user systems, MIMO can support space-division multiple access (SDMA) and provide multi-user diversity gain. MIMO has been a key to most modern wireless communication standards such as the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and IEEE 802.11n Wireless Fidelity (WiFi).
Control of Inflammatory Responses: a New Paradigm for the Treatment of Chronic Neuronal Diseases (2015)

The term 'inflammation' was first introduced by Celsus almost 2000 years ago. Biological and medical researchers have shown increasing interest in inflammation over the past few decades, in part due to the emerging burden of chronic and degenerative diseases resulting from the increased longevity that has arisen thanks to modern medicine. Inflammation is believed to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of degenerative brain diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Accordingly, researchers have sought to combat such diseases by controlling inflammatory responses. In this review, we describe the endogenous inflammatory stimulators and signaling pathways in the brain. In particular, our group has focused on the JAK-STAT pathway, identifying anti-inflammatory targets and testing the effects of various anti-inflammatory drugs. This work has shown that the JAK-STAT pathway and its downstream are negatively regulated by phosphatases (SHP2 and MKP-1), inhibitory proteins (SOCS1 and SOCS3) and a nuclear receptor (LXR). These negative regulators are controlled at various levels (e.g. transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational). Future study of these proteins could facilitate the manipulation of the inflammatory response, which plays ubiquitous, diverse and ambivalent roles under physiological and pathological conditions.
On the distribution function of the spread-spectrum code acquisition time (1992)

By using the direct approach to the analysis of the serial-search spread-spectrum code acquisition, the author presents the approximate analysis of the cumulative probability density function (CDF) of the acquisition time. This approach is based on the binomial approximation to the distribution of the partial acquisition times, instead of the Gaussian one used previously. The binomial approximation gives very accurate results but, more importantly, it shows that the analysis of the arbitrary detection/verification scheme can be reduced to the much simpler analysis of the equivalent single-dwell system, whose parameters depend only on the mean test times and not on their distribution. Based on the exact results, simple closed-form approximations are derived for the CDF in the case of the straight-line serial search with uniform a priori distribution, which might be useful in practice.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Surfactant Vesicles for High-Efficiency Capture and Separation of Charged Organic Solutes (2007)

We demonstrate the unique ability of catanionic vesicles, formed by mixing single-tailed cationic and anionic surfactants, to capture ionic solutes with remarkable efficiency. In an initial study (Wang, X.; Danoff, E. J.; Sinkov, N. A.; Lee, J.-H.; Raghavan, S. R.; English, D. S. Langmuir 2006, 22, 6461) with vesicles formed from cetyl trimethylammonium tosylate (CTAT) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), we showed that CTAT-rich (cationic) vesicles could capture the anionic solute carboxyfluorescein with high efficiency (22%) and that the solute was retained by the vesicles for very long times (t1/2 = 84 days). Here we expand on these findings by investigating the interactions of both anionic and cationic solutes, including the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin, with both CTAT-rich and SDBS-rich vesicles. The ability of these vesicles to capture and hold dyes is extremely efficient (>20%) when the excess charge of the vesicle bilayer is opposite that of the solute (i.e., for anionic solutes in CTAT-rich vesicles and for cationic solutes in SDBS-rich vesicles). This charge-dependent effect is strong enough to enable the use of vesicles to selectively capture and separate an oppositely charged solute from a mixture of solutes. Our results suggest that catanionic surfactant vesicles could be useful for a variety of separation and drug delivery applications because of their unique properties and long-term stability.
Hierarchical networks of redox-active reduced crumpled graphene oxide and functionalized few-walled carbon nanotubes for rapid electrochemical energy storage (2016)

Crumpled graphene is known to have a strong aggregation-resistive property due to its unique 3D morphology, providing a promising solution to prevent the restacking issue of graphene based electrode materials. Here, we demonstrate the utilization of redox-active oxygen functional groups on the partially reduced crumpled graphene oxide (r-CGO) for electrochemical energy storage applications. To effectively utilize the surface redox reactions of the functional groups, hierarchical networks of electrodes including r-CGO and functionalized few-walled carbon nanotubes (f-FWNTs) are assembled via a vacuum-filtration process, resulting in a 3D porous structure. These composite electrodes are employed as positive electrodes in Li-cells, delivering high gravimetric capacities of up to ∼170 mA h g(-1) with significantly enhanced rate-capability compared to the electrodes consisting of conventional 2D reduced graphene oxide and f-FWNTs. These results highlight the importance of microstructure design coupled with oxygen chemistry control, to maximize the surface redox reactions on functionalized graphene based electrodes.
An Introduction to Corrosion Protection Using Electroactive Polymers (2003)

An introduction to the chemistry and corrosion properties of electroactive polymers (EAPs) will be presented. This chapter will focus on both the synthesis of several classes of EAPs and the processes by which the insulating form is converted to the conducting form. The book chapter will present a compelling argument for the use of EAPs as corrosion protecting materials for metals in both acidic and alkaline aqueous environments. The corrosion inhibiting properties of EAPs and the proposed mechanisms by which EAPs perform will also be discussed.
Antibacterial activity of copper coating electrodeposited on 304 stainless steel substrate (2017)

The utilization of copper as antimicrobial touch surfaces offers a solution that can serve as an additional line of defense against hospital acquired infections. In order to make use of the antimicrobial ability of copper, touch surfaces should compose of copper either solid copper or copper coating. In general, cost considerations favor copper coating over solid copper. In this study, copper coating was deposited on 304 stainless steel substrate using chronoamperometry technique performed in a typical three-electrode cell. Electrodeposition process was obtained in pH 8 EDTA solution containing 0.01 M Cu2+ ions at -1.1 V vs Ag/AgCl for 15 min. A uniform, compact and dense nano-sized (38-66 nm) coating was deposited on 304 stainless steel surface, as observed by FESEM. EDX analysis showed a high percentage of copper (97.95 wt.%) with uniform distribution on the entire surface of 304 stainless steel. Surface topography and roughness of the sample were investigated by AFM. Numerous 3D copper clusters can be recognized on 304 stainless steel surface with the average roughness of 24.23 nm. The antibacterial result indicated that the copper coating has excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli (100 % reduction within 5 min of exposure) and S. aureus (100 % reduction within 10 min of exposure) compared to 304 stainless steel (no reduction even after 30 min of exposure).
Nonstretching NMO correction of prestack time-migrated gathers using a matching-pursuit algorithm (2012)

ABSTRACT Wide-azimuth, long-offset surveys are becoming increasingly common in unconventional exploration plays where one of the key routine processes is maintaining data fidelity at far offsets. The conventional NMO correction that processes the data sample-by-sample results in the well-known decrease of frequency content and amplitude distortion through stretch, which lowers the seismic resolution and hinders λρ-μρ and amplitude variation with offset and azimuth (AVAz) analysis of the long-offset signal. To mitigate the stretch typically associated with large offsets, we use a matching-pursuit-based normal moveout correction (MPNMO) to reduce NMO-stretch effects in long-offset data. MPNMO corrects the data wavelet-by-wavelet rather than sample-by-sample, thereby avoiding stretch. We apply our technique (1) to a set of synthetic gathers and (2) as part of a residual velocity analysis workflow to a prestack time-migrated data volume acquired over the Northern Chicontepec Basin, Mexico. Test results show that MPNMO can produce relatively nonstretched events and generate higher temporal resolution prestack gathers.