gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of the Simulated Dynamics of Various Models Used to Predict Undeformed Chip Thickness in High-Speed Low-Radial-Immersion Milling Processes (2013)

Various models have been proposed to estimate the undeformed thickness of chips produced by a CNC milling tool, in order to calculate the forces acting on the tool. The choice of model significantly affects the simulated dynamics of the tool, thereby affecting the dynamic stability of the simulated process and whether or not chatter occurs in a given cutting scenario. Simulations of the dynamics of the milling process can be used to determine the conditions at which chatter occurs, which can lead to poor surface finish and tool damage. The dynamics of a traditional model and a more detailed numerical model are simulated here with particular emphasis on the differences in their chatter bifurcation points. High-speed, low-radial-immersion milling processes are simulated because of their application in industrial high-precision machining.
COMBINING EVIDENCE IN PROBABILISTIC RELAXATION (1989)

We present a specification of the problem of combining evidence that arises in the approach to consistent object-labelling known as probabilistic relaxation. This specification differs from others in several important respects. Firstly, we ensure internal consistency by distinguishing between directly and indirectly interacting objects. Secondly, we avoid certain problems of interpretation and meaning by regarding the iterative updating of probabilities as a filtering process on the measurements for objects. Finally, we overcome the problem of the exponential complexity of the resulting evidence combining formula by deriving practical support functions of at most polynomial complexity. The computational realisation of the advocated approach to combining evidence is demonstrated for the application of edge labelling. This application includes details of how both the measurement generation process and the world-model may be expressed probabilistically and what the advantages are to be gained from using different forms of support-function.
Grain Refinement and Superplasticity of Reaction Sintered TiC Dispersed Ti Alloy Composites Using Hydrogenation Treatment (2001)

The purpose of this study is to develop TiC dispersed Ti-6Al-4V alloy composites with useful mechanical properties by using reaction sintered fine TiC dispersion technique in the powder metallurgy method and the hydrogenation treatment due to grain refinement of matrix material. Mo 2 C and Ti-6Al-4V prealloyed powder were mechanically blended in a high energy ball mill. The mixed powder was pressed into dies and consolidated by reaction sintering following HIP treatment. The dispersed particles Mo 2 C produced reactive TiC in the matrix during sintering. In grain refining treatments, hydrogenation, hot roll forming and heat treatment to cause fine dispersed Ti hydride precipitation, and dehydrogenation process were introduced. The result of this fabrication process for controlled grain refinement demonstrate the following: 1) The microstructure of dehydrogenated and recrystallized specimen indicated very fine grain size, less than 3 μ m in diameter. Then, the reacted TiC particles became smaller by hot roll forming after hydrogenation. 2) In Ti-6Al-4V alloy composite with 3vol% Mo 2 C, tensile strength and elongation at room temperature were increased more than 14% in comparison with those of non-hydrogenation. 3) Wear resistance of the developed composite had the tendency to increase as blended Mo 2 C content increased and its superplasticity was confirmed.
XCVIII.<i>The potential distribution across the cathode dark space</i> (1929)

(1929). XCVIII. The potential distribution across the cathode dark space. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 8, Supplement, pp. 918-942.
A modified leaky integrator network for temporal pattern processing (1989)

A modified leaky integrator, that is, a neuron model that generates continuous output according to its activation history, is proposed for temporal pattern processing. A modified leaky integrator network is described, and its applicability to temporal pattern processing is discussed theoretically. The learning algorithm for the modified leaky integrator network is presented, and the efficiency in temporal pattern processing is shown through simulations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Suppressed IL-2 production and response in AA rats: role of suppressor cells and the effect of auranofin treatment. (1985)

The marked suppression of mitogenic responses to concanavalin A observed in adjuvant arthritic (AA) rats during the development and progression of the clinical disease is mediated primarily by splenic adherent cell population. The suppressed mitogenic response of spleen cells from AA rats was in part due to suppressed production of and response to interleukin 2 (IL-2). Unfractionated spleen cells from AA rats did not produce or respond to IL-2. However, IL-2 production and response were normalized after removal of adherent cells. Reconstitution experiments demonstrated that adherent cells from AA rats suppressed both the mitogenic response and IL-2 production by normal spleen cells. The low IL-2 levels was not a result of degradation or consumption of endogenously produced interleukin. In vitro treatment of suppressor adherent cells from AA rats with micromolar concentrations of auranofin (AF), but not gold sodium thiomalate, totally abolished the suppression of both mitogenesis and IL-2 production. Our studies demonstrate that the suppressed lymphocyte mitogenic responses, IL-2 response and IL-2 production of AA rat spleen cells are due to the presence of suppressor adherent cells, and that treatment with AF inhibited suppressor cell activity and restored to normal levels lymphocyte mitogenic responses and IL-2 production.
Characterizing Drainage Multiphase Flow in Heterogeneous Sandstones (2018)

Abstract In this work, we analyze the characterization of drainage multiphase flow properties on heterogeneous rock cores using a rich experimental data set and mm‐m scale numerical simulations. Along with routine multiphase flow properties, 3‐D submeter scale capillary pressure heterogeneity is characterized by combining experimental observations and numerical calibration, resulting in a 3‐D numerical model of the rock core. The uniqueness and predictive capability of the numerical models are evaluated by accurately predicting the experimentally measured relative permeability of N 2 —DI water and CO 2 —brine systems in two distinct sandstone rock cores across multiple fractional flow regimes and total flow rates. The numerical models are used to derive equivalent relative permeabilities, which are upscaled functions incorporating the effects of submeter scale capillary pressure. The functions are obtained across capillary numbers which span four orders of magnitude, representative of the range of flow regimes that occur in subsurface CO 2 injection. Removal of experimental boundary artifacts allows the derivation of equivalent functions which are characteristic of the continuous subsurface. We also demonstrate how heterogeneities can be reorientated and restructured to efficiently estimate flow properties in rock orientations differing from the original core sample. This analysis shows how combined experimental and numerical characterization of rock samples can be used to derive equivalent flow properties from heterogeneous rocks.
Analysis of the backscattered energy in terrestrial laser scanning data (2025)

Terrestrial laser scanning provides a point cloud, but usually also the “intensity” values are available. These values are mainly influenced by the distance from sensor to object and by the object’s reflection properties. We demonstrate that it is possible to retrieve these reflection properties from the observed range and the intensity value. An experiment with targets of known reflectivity behaviour is described. Retrieving object reflectivity is also demonstrated for these targets in another experiment, which was not used to determine the functional relationship between range, reflectivity, and intensity. The Lidar equation describes the received optical power in terms of the emitted power, range, and target properties. Nonetheless, the intensity values do not follow this prescribed behaviour. Therefore, data driven approaches are used, allowing a better prediction of the observed intensity from the range and reflectivity of the targets. For a Riegl LMS-Z420i and an Optech ILRIS 3D these experiments were performed. Both scanners measure range by the travel time of a pulse. In our experiments, the reflectivity can be estimated from the laser scanning data with a standard deviation of 6% or better. This demonstrates the potential for retrieving material properties of natural surfaces, too.
A denotational semantics for continuous queries over streams and relations (2004)

Continuous queries over data streams are an important new class of queries motivated by a number of applications [BBD<sup>+</sup>02, Geh03, GO03], and several languages for continuous queries have been proposed recently [ABW03, CC<sup>+</sup>02, CC<sup>+</sup>03, WZL03]. To date the semantics of these languages have been specified fairly informally, sometimes solely through illustrative examples.
A shut‐down in expression of an insulin‐like peptide, ILP‐1, halts ovarian maturation during the overwintering diapause of the mosquito <i>Culex pipiens</i> (2009)

Short day-length is used to programme adult diapause in the mosquito, Culex pipiens. The downstream endocrine event that halts ovarian maturation is a shut-down in juvenile hormone (JH) production, and recent evidence suggests that the insulin signalling pathway may be a key upstream player in executing this developmental arrest. Genes encoding insulin-like peptides-1, -2 and -5 were identified in C. pipiens, and we report that transcript levels of insulin-like peptides-1 and -5 were significantly lower in diapausing females than in their nondiapausing counterparts. Genes encoding both insulin-like peptides-1 and -5 were suppressed using RNA interference in mosquitoes programmed for nondiapause, and ovarian maturation was monitored. Knocking down insulin-like peptide-1 with RNAi in nondiapausing mosquitoes resulted in a cessation of ovarian development akin to diapause, and this arrest in development could be reversed with an application of JH. Knocking down insulin-like peptide-5 did not alter ovarian development. These results are consistent with a role for insulin-like peptide-1 in the signalling pathway leading from the perception of short day-lengths to the shut-down in JH production that characterizes adult diapause in C. pipiens.
Stromelysin generates a fibronectin fragment that inhibits Schwann cell proliferation. (1992)

Our previous report (Muir, D., S. Varon, and M. Manthorpe. 1990. J. Cell Biol. 109:2663-2672) described the isolation and partial characterization of a 55-kD antiproliferative protein found in Schwann cell (SC) and schwannoma cell line-conditioned media and we concluded that SC proliferation is under negative autocrine control. In the present study the 55-kD protein was found to possess metalloprotease activity and stromelysin immunoreactivity. The SC-derived metalloprotease shares many properties with stromelysin isolated from other sources including the ability to cleave fibronectin (FN). Furthermore, limited proteolysis of FN by the SC-derived protease generated a FN fragment which itself expresses a potent antiproliferative activity for SCs. The active FN fragment corresponds to the 29-kD amino-terminal region of the FN molecule which was also identified as an active component in SC CM. Additional evidence that a proteolytic fragment of FN can possess antiproliferative activity for SCs was provided by the finding that plasmin can generate an amino-terminal FN fragment which mimicked the activity of the SC metalloprotease-generated antiproliferative FN fragment. Both the 55-kD SC metalloprotease and the 29-kD FN fragment could completely and reversibly inhibit proliferation of SCs treated with various mitogens and both were largely ineffective at inhibiting proliferation by immortalized or transformed SC lines. Normal and transformed SC types do secrete the proform of stromelysin, however, transformed cultures do not produce activated stromelysin and thus cannot generate the antiproliferative fragment of FN. These results suggest that, once activated, a SC-derived protease similar to stromelysin cleaves FN and generates an antiproliferative activity which can maintain normal SC quiescence in vitro.
[The localization of primordial germ cells in Japanese quail embryos using a technic of ultraviolet irradiation]. (1976)

In the Japanese quail embryo at the stage of 6 pairs of somites, ultraviolet irradiation of the extraembryonic crescent-shaped area anterior to the level of the first somites does not lead to total sterilization of the developing gonads. There are always subsisting primordial germ cells which apparently can restore the population of gonocytes. On the contrary, complete sterilization can be obtained by irradiating the area extending posteriorly to the level of the Hensen node.
Dispersion and Attenuation of Elastic Waves in a Cylindrical Bar (1960)

In the interests of determining the complex elastic constants of a given material (aluminum alloy) over a wide frequency range, the frequency and Q of a large multitude of overtones of a long (3-m), thin (12-in. diameter) bar were measured. These include the longitudinal mode and torsional mode. The frequency range covered was from about 0.5 kc to 100 kc. The elastic constants λ and μ are found to be relatively independent of frequency. The dispersion curve is in reasonable agreement with the Pochhammer-Chree equations for an infinite bar. The Q of the longitudinal mode decreases from about 260 000 at the lowest frequency to 140 000 at the highest.
Novel Sequence-Based Mapping of Recently Emerging H5NX Influenza Viruses Reveals Pandemic Vaccine Candidates (2016)

Recently, an avian influenza virus, H5NX subclade 2.3.4.4, emerged and spread to North America. This subclade has frequently reassorted, leading to multiple novel viruses capable of human infection. Four cases of human infections, three leading to death, have already occurred. Existing vaccine strains do not protect against these new viruses, raising a need to identify new vaccine candidate strains. We have developed a novel sequence-based mapping (SBM) tool capable of visualizing complex protein sequence data sets using a single intuitive map. We applied SBM on the complete set of avian H5 viruses in order to better understand hemagglutinin protein variance amongst H5 viruses and identify any patterns associated with this variation. The analysis successfully identified the original reassortments that lead to the emergence of this new subclade of H5 viruses, as well as their known unusual ability to re-assort among neuraminidase subtypes. In addition, our analysis revealed distinct clusters of 2.3.4.4 variants that would not be covered by existing strains in the H5 vaccine stockpile. The results suggest that our method may be useful for pandemic candidate vaccine virus selection.
Asthma and the unified airway (2007)

Inflammatory processes of the upper and lower airway commonly co-exist. Patients with upper respiratory illnesses such as allergic rhinitis and acute and chronic rhinosinusitis often present to both otolaryngologists and primary care physicians for treatment of their symptoms of nasal and sinus disease. These patients often have concurrent lower respiratory illnesses such as asthma that may be contributing to their overall symptoms and quality of life. Unfortunately, asthma frequently remains undiagnosed in this population. It was the objective of this paper to examine the relationship between upper respiratory illnesses such as rhinitis and rhinosinusitis and lower respiratory illnesses such as asthma, and to provide a framework for primary care and specialty physicians to approach these illnesses as a spectrum of inflammatory disease. The present manuscript was developed by a multidisciplinary workgroup sponsored by the American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy. Health care providers in various specialties contributed to the manuscript through preparation of written materials and through participation in a panel discussion held in August 2006. Each author was tasked with reviewing a specific content area and preparing a written summary for inclusion in this final document. Respiratory inflammation commonly affects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, often concurrently. Physicians who are treating patients with symptoms of allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis must be vigilant to the presence of asthma among these patients. Appropriate diagnostic methods should be used to identify individuals with concurrent respiratory illnesses, and comprehensive treatment should be instituted to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.
Review of Superconducting Generator Topologies for Direct-Drive Wind Turbines (2013)

Wind energy, as a clean and renewable energy, is now being widely developed to reduce carbon dioxide production and mitigate the energy crisis. The urgent needs for wind energy motivate larger generators with lower cost, lower weight, and higher reliability. A popular solution is the direct-drive generator concept, such as a permanent magnet generator and superconducting (SC) generator. When referring to weight, volume, and cost, SC generators are superior to permanent magnet generators for wind turbines with rated power of 8 MW or more according to a report from the American National Renewable Energy Laboratory. In order to find out the suitable topology for megawatt-class direct-drive wind turbine generators, various designs of SC machines in literatures are carefully reviewed; advantages and disadvantages are discussed and a few ways to benefit from their advantages are pointed out. Electromagnetic, mechanical, and thermal structures, including excitation system, SC support system, cryogenic cooling system etc., are reviewed for wind SC machines. Design challenges and possible solutions are also summarized.
Accurate Quantification of Grassland Cover Density in an Alpine Meadow Soil Based on Remote Sensing and GPS (2005)

The principles of remotely estimating grassland cover density in an alpine meadow soil from space lie in the synchronous collection of in situ samples with the satellite pass and statistically linking these cover densities to their image properties according to their geographic coordinates. The principles and procedures for quantifying grassland cover density from satellite image data were presented with an example from Qinghai Lake, China demonstrating how quantification could be made more accurate through the integrated use of remote sensing and global positioning systems (GPS). An empirical model was applied to an entire satellite image to convert pixel values into ground cover density. Satellite data based on 68 field samples was used to produce a map of ten cover densities. After calibration a strong linear regression relationship (r2 = 0.745) between pixel values on the satellite image and in situ measured grassland cover density was established with an 89% accuracy level. However, to minimize positional uncertainty of field samples, integrated use of hyperspatial satellite data and GPS could be utilized. This integration could reduce disparity in ground and space sampling intervals,and improve future quantification accuracy even more.
Identification of inhibitors that dually target the new permeability pathway and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase in the blood stage of Plasmodium falciparum (2016)

Plasmodium parasites are responsible for the devastating disease malaria that affects hundreds of millions of people each year. Blood stage parasites establish new permeability pathways (NPPs) in infected red blood cell membranes to facilitate the uptake of nutrients and removal of parasite waste products. Pharmacological inhibition of the NPPs is expected to lead to nutrient starvation and accumulation of toxic metabolites resulting in parasite death. Here, we have screened a curated library of antimalarial compounds, the MMV Malaria Box, identifying two compounds that inhibit NPP function. Unexpectedly, metabolic profiling suggested that both compounds also inhibit dihydroorotate dehydrogense (DHODH), which is required for pyrimidine synthesis and is a validated drug target in its own right. Expression of yeast DHODH, which bypasses the need for the parasite DHODH, increased parasite resistance to these compounds. These studies identify two potential candidates for therapeutic development that simultaneously target two essential pathways in Plasmodium, NPP and DHODH.
Mitochondrial localization of DJ‐1 leads to enhanced neuroprotection (2008)

Mutations in DJ-1 (PARK7) cause recessively inherited Parkinson's disease. DJ-1 is a multifunctional protein with antioxidant and transcription modulatory activity. Its localization in cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nucleus is recognized, but the relevance of this subcellular compartmentalization to its cytoprotective activity is not fully understood. Here we report that under basal conditions DJ-1 is present mostly in the cytoplasm and to a lesser extent in mitochondria and nucleus of dopaminergic neuroblastoma SK-N-BE(2)C cells. Upon oxidant challenge, more DJ-1 translocates to mitochondria within 3 hr and subsequently to the nucleus by 12 hr. The predominant DJ-1 species in both mitochondria and nucleus is a dimer believed to be the functional form. Mutating cysteine 106, 53, or 46 had no impact on the translocation of DJ-1 to mitochondria. To study the relative neuroprotective activity of DJ-1 in mitochondria and nucleus, DJ-1 cDNA constructs fused to the appropriate localization signal were transfected into cells. Compared with 30% protection against oxidant-induced cell death in wild-type DJ-1-transfected cells, mitochondrial targeting of DJ-1 provided a significantly stronger (55%) cytoprotection based on lactate dehydrogenase release. Nuclear targeting of DJ-1 preserved cells equally as well as the wild-type protein. These observations suggest that the time frame for the translocation of DJ-1 from the cytoplasm to mitochondria and to the nucleus following oxidative stress is quite different and that dimerized DJ-1 in mitochondria is functional as an antioxidant not related to cysteine modification. These findings further highlight the multifaceted functions of DJ-1 as a cytoprotector in different cellular compartments.
Introduction (2011)

This chapter is an overview of the world of the Catholic orphanage system into which Ed Rohs was placed. It opens with a comparison between the fantasies of Hollywood's orphans and the reality of life in an orphanage. The chapter describes how, until the 1960s, the Catholic orphanage system operated a silo system of childcare, separating boys and girls by age and gender. Children lived in an institution until they aged out and were sent on to the next home. Although in some ways their experiences were similar to the experiences of so-called “army brats” who endured frequent dislocations with their families, the important difference between the population of orphans who were moved and those of children born and raised by army personnel lay in the absence of consistent parent figures. With each move, institutionalized children were assigned to be supervised by different individuals—strangers to whom they had to adjust. After being discharged from the system at 18 (Ed Rohs remained until 19) some succumbed to a life of drugs and drug-related crimes but others, like Ed, overcame adversities.