gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cuff-free blood pressure estimation using pulse transit time and heart rate (2014)

It has been reported that the pulse transit time (PTT), the interval between the peak of the R-wave in electrocardiogram (ECG) and the fingertip photoplethysmogram (PPG), is related to arterial stiffness, and can be used to estimate the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). This phenomenon has been used as the basis to design portable systems for continuously cuff-less blood pressure measurement, benefiting numerous people with heart conditions. However, the PTT-based blood pressure estimation may not be sufficiently accurate because the regulation of blood pressure within the human body is a complex, multivariate physiological process. Considering the negative feedback mechanism in the blood pressure control, we introduce the heart rate (HR) and the blood pressure estimate in the previous step to obtain the current estimate. We validate this method using a clinical database. Our results show that the PTT, HR and previous estimate reduce the estimated error significantly when compared to the conventional PTT estimation approach (p<0.05).
Emerging Fuel Cell Technology Being Developed: Offers Many Benefits to Air Vehicles (2004)

Fuel cells, which have recently received considerable attention for terrestrial applications ranging from automobiles to stationary power generation, may enable new aerospace missions as well as offer fuel savings, quiet operations, and reduced emissions for current and future aircraft. NASA has extensive experience with fuel cells, having used them on manned space flight systems over four decades. Consequently, the NASA Glenn Research Center has initiated an effort to investigate and develop fuel cell technologies for multiple aerospace applications. Two promising fuel cell types are the proton exchange membrane (PEM) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). PEM technology, first used on the Gemini spacecraft in the sixties, remained unutilized thereafter until the automotive industry recently recognized the potential. PEM fuel cells are low-temperature devices offering quick startup time but requiring relatively pure hydrogen fuel. In contrast, SOFCs operate at high temperatures and tolerate higher levels of impurities. This flexibility allows SOFCs to use hydrocarbon fuels, which is an important factor considering our current liquid petroleum infrastructure. However, depending on the specific application, either PEM or SOFC can be attractive. As only NASA can, the Agency is pursuing fuel cell technology for civil uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAVs) because it offers enhanced scientific capabilities, including enabling highaltitude, long-endurance missions. The NASA Helios aircraft demonstrated altitudes approaching 100,000 ft using solar power in 2001, and future plans include the development of a regenerative PEM fuel cell to provide nighttime power. Unique to NASA's mission, the high-altitude aircraft application requires the PEM fuel cell to operate on pure oxygen, instead of the air typical of terrestrial applications.
Marketing Intelligence & Planning (1990)

Are nations successful because of their national characteristics or because of the characteristics of the companies located there? The subject is discussed in a new book review. Secondly, an article is reviewed, offering a number of research propositions, which ideally should be observed if an organisation is to gain competitive superiority and a third review focuses on marketing planning, in which theoretical planning tools are shown actually to work in practice (i.e. from concept to operation).
One‐pot Sequential Reactions Featuring a Copper‐catalyzed Amination Leading to Pyrido[2′,1′:2,3]imidazo[4,5‐ <i>c</i> ]quinolines and Dihydropyrido[2′,1′:2,3]imidazo[4,5‐ <i>c</i> ]quinolines (2015)

Tetracyclic skeletons combining an imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine moiety with a quinoline framework such as pyrido[2',1':2,3]imidazo[4,5-b]quinoline are stimulating increasing interests since they are close isosteres of a series of powerful antiproliferative compounds. In this paper, we report a novel methodology for the synthesis of pyrido[2',1':2,3]imidazo[4,5-c]quinolines through one-pot sequential reactions of commercially available or readily obtainable 2-aminopyridines, 2-bromophenacyl bromides, aqueous ammonia, and aldehydes. Moreover, dihydropyrido[2',1':2,3]imidazo[4,5-c]quinolines could also be obtained in a similar manner by using various ketones as the substrates in place of aldehydes. Notably, the whole procedure combines condensation/amination/cyclization reactions in one pot to give complex compounds in a simple and practical manner. Compared with literature methods, the synthetic strategy reported herein has the advantages of readily available starting materials, structural diversity of products, good functional group tolerance, and obviation of step-by-step operations.
Membrane Separation of Raw and Anaerobically Digested Pig Manure (1992)

Manure ought to be controlled and handled environmentally soundly. Volume reduction of surplus manure by reverse osmosis (RO) is a viable and economic option in certain areas where another alternative is to reduce the number of animals. This membrane separation project arose out of an urgent need to re-establish an ecological balance between farming and the natural environment without necessarily having to decrease the number of livestock. The suggested technical solutions should not significantly reduce the standard of living of the farmers. Dewatering of manure makes it easier to store and transport the nutrients. RO coupled to anaerobic digestion as pretreatment with inherent production of biogas energy leads to on-site production and use of biological fertilizer and humus. Such treatment will improve the hygienic conditions and general health of the farming communities compared to purchase and sole use of chemical fertilizers. Mechanical dewatering of raw as well as anaerobically digested pig manure yields a cake of 25 % solids and a liquid fraction containing 1 % solids. The solid cake contained virtually all the phosphorous, whereas nitrogen was dissolved equally in water in both fractions. A tubular RO membrane plant separated 95 % of the total nitrogen in the liquid fraction. The particle free permeate met the effluent criteria for direct discharge to the neighbouring fjord. The concentrate approached one tenth of the original manure volume and is considered a liquid fertilizer. Cleaning of the membranes was performed with nitric acid and the alkaline detergent Ultrasil 11. The membrane flux was fully recovered after each chemical cleaning.
Positive and Negative Transcriptional Regulation of the <i>Escherichia coli</i> Gluconate Regulon Gene <i>gntT</i> by GntR and the Cyclic AMP (cAMP)-cAMP Receptor Protein Complex (1998)

The gntT gene of Escherichia coli is specifically induced by gluconate and repressed via catabolite repression. Thus, gluconate is both an inducer and a repressor of gntT expression since gluconate is a catabolite-repressing sugar. In a gntR deletion mutant, the expression of a chromosomal gntT::lacZ fusion is both high and constitutive, confirming that GntR is the negative regulator of gntT. Indeed, GntR binds to two consensus gnt operator sites; one overlaps the -10 region of the gntT promoter, and the other is centered at +120 with respect to the transcriptional start site. The binding of GntR to these sites was proven in vitro by gel redardation assays and in vivo by site-directed mutagenesis of the binding sites. Binding of GntR to the operators is eliminated by gluconate and also by 6-phosphogluconate at a 10-fold-higher concentration. Interestingly, when gntR deletion strains are grown in the presence of gluconate, there is a twofold decrease in gntT expression which is independent of catabolite repression and binding of GntR to the operator sites. This novel response of gntR mutants to the inducer is termed ultrarepression. Transcription of gntT is activated by binding of the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-cAMP receptor protein (CRP) complex to a CRP binding site positioned at -71 upstream of the gntT transcription start site.
Porous Polymer Membranes via Selectively Wetted Surfaces (2012)

Here, we show that porous polymeric membranes can be prepared using the principles of offset printing: an offset printing plate is structured into hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions with the help of photolithography and is selectively wetted with a solution of calcium chloride in water at the hydrophilic regions. Then, a polymer solution (poly(methyl methacrylate) in chloroform) is applied to this surface and forms a hydrophobic layer that is structured by the aqueous droplets. Deviating from standard offset printing, this layer is not transferred to another surface in its liquid state but is solidified and subsequently is separated from the printing plate. The thickness of the polymer film is chosen in such a way that the aqueous droplets on the surface protrude from the film. Thus, we obtain polymer membranes with pores in the size of the protruding aqueous droplets. These membranes are then characterized by the filtration of model dispersions.
Optimized Hash Tree for Authentication in Sensor Networks (2007)

Authentication based on the Merkle tree has been proposed as an energy efficient approach in a resource constrained sensor network environment. It replaces complicated certificate verification with more power efficient hash computations. While previous works assumed complete binary Merkle tree structures, which can be used efficiently only in sensor networks with a specific number of sensor nodes, we investigate incomplete Merkle trees to support any number of sensors. For the incomplete Merkle tree, we demonstrate that an optimal structure can be found through mathematical analysis and simulation. A novel tree indexing scheme is also proposed to reduce communication overhead and save sensors resources during authentication
Electron-poor N-substituted imide-fused corannulenes (2012)

N-Substituted imide-fused corannulenes can be generated from the corresponding tetramethylfluoranthenes. Syntheses, crystal structure and electronic properties are reported. The solid state structure of the pentafluorophenyl derivative shows nearly perfect π-stacking in a convex-concave fashion and is expected to possess useful electronic properties.
Investigating antibody neutralization of lyssaviruses using lentiviral pseudotypes: a cross-species comparison (2008)

Cross-neutralization between rabies virus (RABV) and two European bat lyssaviruses (EBLV-1 and -2) was analysed using lentiviral pseudotypes as antigen vectors. Glycoprotein (G-protein) cDNA from RABV challenge virus standard-11 (CVS-11) and EBLV-1 and -2 were cloned and co-expressed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or murine leukemia virus (MLV) gag-pol and packageable green fluorescent protein (GFP) or luciferase reporter genes in human cells. The harvested lentiviral (HIV) vector infected over 40% of baby hamster kidney (BHK) target cells, providing high-titre pseudotype stocks. Tests on blinded antibody-positive (n=15) and -negative (n=45) sera, predetermined by the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (FAVN) test approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Office International des Epizooties (OIE), revealed that the CVS-11 pseudotype assay had 100% concordance with FAVN and strongly correlated with neutralization titres (r2=0.89). Cross-neutralization tests using sera from RABV-vaccinated humans and animals on pseudotypes with CVS-11, EBLV-1 and EBLV-2 envelopes showed that the relative neutralization titres correlated broadly with the degree of G-protein diversity. Pseudotypes have three major advantages over live-virus neutralization tests: (i) they can be handled in low-biohazard-level laboratories; (ii) the use of reporter genes such as GFP or beta-galactosidase will allow the assay to be undertaken at low cost in laboratories worldwide; (iii) each assay requires <10 microl serum. This robust microassay will improve our understanding of the protective humoral immunity that current rabies vaccines confer against emerging lyssaviruses, and will be applicable to surveillance studies, thus helping to control the spread of rabies.
Inheritance of alternative states of the fused gene in mice (1981)

The genetics of the fused (Fu) gene in the house mouse, Mus musculus, was studied by use of the closely linked recessive marker, tufted (tf). Evidence was obtained indicating that Fu passes from a phenotypically active state to inactive: Fu in equilibrium with [Fu]. These alternative states may be genetically transmitted. It is suggested that the activation of a "dormant" Fu gene may underlie this passage.
In vitro Infection of Tree Shrew Immunocytes with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I (2001)

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by HIV 1 is spreading all over the world.The slow progress in AIDS therapy and vaccine partially imputes to be lack of appropriate animal models used to study AIDS pathogenesis and to evaluate vaccines.To find an animal model is an imperative task in HIV research.Tree shrew is widely used in biomedical research,and is susceptible to many medically important viruses.Whether tree shrew ( Tupaia belangeri ) can be infected by HIV 1 is a valuable approach.In present study,wild tree shrews from Yunnan Province were maintained in laboratory animal facility for more than 2 weeks before sacrifice.Tree shrew spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages and human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes were separately infected by 5 HIV 1 strains (HIV 1 ⅢB ,HIV 1 JR FL ,HIV 1 Ada M ,HIV 1 Ba L ,HIV 1 SF162 ),which use different coreceptors after the cells were activated by allogeneic lymphocytes,PHA and IL 2 for 72 h.The HIV 1 infected cells were then cultured in vitro for 15 days.The proliferation rates and viability of HIV 1 infected human immunocytes obviously dropped on day 15,but those of tree shrew immunocytes did not despite either infected or not infected by HIV 1.HIV 1 particles in the infected culture supernatant and proviral DNA in the cells were respectively detected by RT PCR using primer sk145/431 and by PCR using primer sk68/69 on days 1,3,5,7,9,12,15 after infection with HIV 1.In addition,the expression of HIV 1 specific antigens on the tree shrew and human immunocytes after infection were detected by flow cytometry,for which an AIDS patient plasma was used as the first antibody,and FITC conjugated sheep anti human IgG as the second antibody.HIV 1 RNA and proviral DNA were respectively found in the culture supernatant of the HIV 1 infected human immunocytes and in the infected cells.Using flow cytometry,HIV 1 specific antigens were also measurable on the surface of these cells.However,neither HIV 1 RNA in the supernatant from the infected HIV 1 tree shrew immunocytes nor the proviral DNA from the infected tree shrew immunocytes could be detected.The HIV 1 specific antigens were not demonstrated on the surface of the HIV 1 infected tree shrew immunocytes.Taken together,these experimental results suggested that the tree shrew immunocytes can not be in vitro infected by these HIV 1 strains.It seems to be caused by the structure differences of the HIV 1 receptors (CD4) and coreceptors (CCR5 or CXCR4) between human and tree shrew immunocytes.
Structural and Serological Characterisation of the O‐Antigenic Polysaccharide of the Lipopolysaccharide from <i>Acinetobacter Haemolyticus</i> Strain ATCC 17906 (1997)

A polysaccharide containing 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galacturonic acid (GalNAcA), 2.4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-D-glucose (QuiNAc4NAc), and D-alanine (Ala) was isolated from the water-soluble lipopolysaccharide (LPS) originating from the reference strain for Acinetobacter haemolyticus (DNA group 4) strain ATCC 17906. The polysaccharide, characterised by means of monosaccharide analyses and NMR studies, was shown to be based on a linear trisaccharide repeating unit, as shown below, with the alanine group amide-bound to position 6 of one GalNAcA residue. It was specifically recognised in western blots by polyclonal rabbit antisera. [structure: see text]
Paenibacillus sabinae sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing species isolated from the rhizosphere soils of shrubs (2007)

Five novel endospore-forming, nitrogen-fixing bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere soils of plants of the species Sabina squamata, Weigela florida and Zanthoxylum simulans. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the five strains formed a distinct cluster within the genus Paenibacillus. These novel strains showed the highest levels (96.2-98.2 %) of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Paenibacillus azotofixans. However, the DNA-DNA relatedness between these novel strains and P. azotofixans was 12.9-29.5 %. The DNA G+C contents of the five strains were found to be 51.9-52.9 mol%. Phenotypic analyses showed that a significant feature of the novel strains (differentiating them from P. azotofixans and other Paenibacillus species) is that all of them were unable to produce acid and gas from various carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, lactose and fructose. Anteiso-branched C(15 : 0) was the major fatty acid present in the novel type strain. On the basis of these data, the five novel strains represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus sabinae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T27(T) (=CCBAU 10202(T)=DSM 17841(T)).
The Efficiency of an Enzyme Treatment in Reducing Wool Shrinkage (1998)

The influence of different experimental conditions, chosen according to a central rotatable plan (Box–Hunter) at three levels of treatment time, on the shrink-resistance properties of wool treated with serine proteinase Bactosol SI is investigated. The independent variables in the central rotatable design were the concentration of Bactosol SI and the pH value of the treatment bath. The percentage area shrinkage, degree of whiteness, loss of weight, and ball-penetration-resistance loss were the responses. The results showed that the enzyme concentration and the pH value of the treatment bath had a large influence on reducing the wool shrinkage and on the degree of whiteness. The treatment time also had a marked influence, mainly on changes to the mechanical characteristics of the knitted wool fabric as expressed by the loss of weight and the ball-penetration-resistance loss. An optimization diagram at a treatment time of 90 minutes and with the optimal experimental conditions of an enzyme concentration of between 4.8 and 7.2 g/L and pH values of between 8.6 and 9.75, for particular combinations, or of between 5.4 and 6.8 g/L of enzyme and pH values of between 8.75 and 9.40 for any combination, is presented. Finally, the effects obtained after enzymatic treatment were compared with the results for a Basolan DC-treated sample.
ALMI: An Application Level Multicast Infrastructure (2000)

The IP multicast model allows scalable and efficient multi-party communication, particularly for groups of large size. However, deployment of IP multicast requires substantial infrastructure modifications and is hampered by a host of unresolved open problems such as reliability, flow and congestion control, security and access control. Motivated by these problems, we have designed and implemented ALMI, an application level group communication middleware, which does not rely on network infrastructure support and thus, allows accelerated deployment and simplified configuration at the cost of a relatively small increase in traffic load. ALMI is tailored toward support of multicast groups of relatively small size (several 10s of members) with many to many semantics. Participants of a multicast session are connected via a virtual multicast tree, i.e., a tree that consists of unicast connections between end hosts. The tree is formed as a minimum spanning tree (MST) where the cost of each link is an application-specific performance metric. The shift of multicast to end systems introduces certain performance penalties, such as duplicate packets on physical links and larger end-to-end delay than IP multicast. Using simulation, we show that the performance tradeoff is quite small and that ALMI multicast trees approach the efficiency of IP multicast trees. We have also implemented ALMI as a Java based middleware package and performed experiments over the Internet. The experimental results show that ALMI is able to cope with network dynamics and keep the multicast tree efficient.
Anodic aluminum isolation (1974)

In anodic aluminum isolation the selective N+ sub collector is replaced by a blanket N+ epi layer. The P+ isolation is replaced by a silicon-etch, aluminum-evap-oration and partial-anodization. The aluminum down in the etched moats is electrically continuous and is partially anodized swelling to fill the moats, but still retaining a core of aluminum which can be used for a ground buss. The aluminum up on the active areas is electrically isolated, not anodized and stripped in a selective-etch leaving a reasonably planar structure. A <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> I gives higher yields and better performance in less space at lower costs.
Program interference in MLC NAND flash memory: Characterization, modeling, and mitigation (2013)

As NAND flash memory continues to scale down to smaller process technology nodes, its reliability and endurance are degrading. One important source of reduced reliability is the phenomenon of program interference: when a flash cell is programmed to a value, the programming operation affects the threshold voltage of not only that cell, but also the other cells surrounding it. This interference potentially causes a surrounding cell to move to a logical state (i.e., a threshold voltage range) that is different from its original state, leading to an error when the cell is read. Understanding, characterizing, and modeling of program interference, i.e., how much the threshold voltage of a cell shifts when another cell is programmed, can enable the design of mechanisms that can effectively and efficiently predict and/or tolerate such errors. In this paper, we provide the first experimental characterization of and a realistic model for program interference in modern MLC NAND flash memory. To this end, we utilize the read-retry mechanism present in some state-of-the-art 2Y-nm (i.e., 20-24nm) flash chips to measure the changes in threshold voltage distributions of cells when a particular cell is programmed. Our results show that the amount of program interference received by a cell depends on 1) the location of the programmed cells, 2) the order in which cells are programmed, and 3) the data values of the cell that is being programmed as well as the cells surrounding it. Based on our experimental characterization, we develop a new model that predicts the amount of program interference as a function of threshold voltage values and changes in neighboring cells. We devise and evaluate one application of this model that adjusts the read reference voltage to the predicted threshold voltage distribution with the goal of minimizing erroneous reads. Our analysis shows that this new technique can reduce the raw flash bit error rate by 64% and thereby improve flash lifetime by 30%. We hope that the understanding and models developed in this paper lead to other error tolerance mechanisms for future flash memories.
Unified analysis of half-bridge converters with current-doubler rectifier (2002)

This paper presents a unified analysis of half-bridge converters with current-doubler rectifier using an averaged circuit model. The model is applicable for both symmetrical and asymmetrical control. Different approaches to integrating the transformer with the inductors are discussed and their equivalent circuit models for use with the averaged converter model are developed. In addition, an inductor loop formed by the transformer and the two filter inductors is identified, and its effects on converter operation and control design are discussed. Numerical simulation and experimental results from a prototype converter are also reported.