gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of switching transitions on switched capacitor converters losses (2012)

The contribution of the rise and fall times of switches to the losses of Switched Capacitors Converters was evaluated by an approximate analysis applying the equivalent resistance concept. It was found that switch turn-on and turn-off durations increase the equivalent resistance of the converter and, consequently, the losses, except in the case of complete charge/discharge of the flying capacitors within the switching phase. Loss increase is related to the fact that during the current rise/fall state, the instantaneous losses are much higher than when the switch is in a constant `on' state. Theoretical predictions were validated by full circuit simulations and experimental results. The present study integrates the switching losses into the generic equivalent resistance loss model, enabling the calculation and/or simulation of the total losses in switched capacitor converters.
Heme uptake across the outer membrane as revealed by crystal structures of the receptor–hemophore complex (2009)

Gram-negative bacteria use specific heme uptake systems, relying on outer membrane receptors and excreted heme-binding proteins (hemophores) to scavenge and actively transport heme. To unravel the unknown molecular details involved, we present 3 structures of the Serratia marcescens receptor HasR in complex with its hemophore HasA. The transfer of heme over a distance of 9 A from its high-affinity site in HasA into a site of lower affinity in HasR is coupled with the exergonic complex formation of the 2 proteins. Upon docking to the receptor, 1 of the 2 axial heme coordinations of the hemophore is initially broken, but the position and orientation of the heme is preserved. Subsequently, steric displacement of heme by a receptor residue ruptures the other axial coordination, leading to heme transfer into the receptor.
Nontypeable Pneumococci Can Be Divided into Multiple <i>cps</i> Types, Including One Type Expressing the Novel Gene <i>pspK</i> (2012)

Although virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae is associated with its capsule, some pathogenic S. pneumoniae isolates lack capsules and are serologically nontypeable (NT). We obtained 64 isolates that were identified as NT "pneumococci" (i.e., bacteria satisfying the conventional definition but without the multilocus sequence typing [MLST]-based definition of S. pneumoniae) by the traditional criteria. All 64 were optochin sensitive and had lytA, and 63 had ply. Twelve isolates had cpsA, suggesting the presence of a conventional but defective capsular polysaccharide synthesis (cps) locus. The 52 cpsA-negative isolates could be divided into three null capsule clades (NCC) based on aliC (aliB-like ORF1), aliD (aliB-like ORF2), and our newly discovered gene, pspK, in their cps loci. pspK encodes a protein with a long alpha-helical region containing an LPxTG motif and a YPT motif known to bind human pIgR. There were nine isolates in NCC1 (pspK(+) but negative for aliC and aliD), 32 isolates in NCC2 (aliC(+) aliD(+) but negative for pspK), and 11 in NCC3 (aliD(+) but negative for aliC and pspK). Among 52 cpsA-negative isolates, 41 were identified as S. pneumoniae by MLST analysis. All NCC1 and most NCC2 isolates were S. pneumoniae, whereas all nine NCC3 and two NCC2 isolates were not S. pneumoniae. Several NCC1 and NCC2 isolates from multiple individuals had identical MLST and cps regions, showing that unencapsulated S. pneumoniae can be infectious among humans. Furthermore, NCC1 and NCC2 S. pneumoniae isolates could colonize mice as well as encapsulated S. pneumoniae, although S. pneumoniae with an artificially disrupted cps locus did not. Moreover, an NCC1 isolate with pspK deletion did not colonize mice, suggesting that pspK is critical for colonization. Thus, PspK may provide pneumococci a means of surviving in the nasopharynx without capsule. IMPORTANCE The presence of a capsule is critical for many pathogenic bacteria, including pneumococci. Reflecting the pathogenic importance of the pneumococcal capsule, pneumococcal vaccines are designed to elicit anticapsule antibodies. Additional evidence for the pathogenic importance of the pneumococcal capsule is the fact that in pneumococci all the genes necessary for capsule production are together in one genetic locus, which is called the cps locus. However, there are occasional pathogenic pneumococci without capsules, and how they survive in the host without the capsule is unknown. Here, we show that in these acapsular pneumococci, the cps loci have been replaced with various novel genes and they can colonize mouse nasopharynges as well as capsulated pneumococci. Since the genes that replace the cps loci are likely to be important in host survival, they may show new and/or alternative capsule-independent survival mechanisms used by pneumococci.
The Tragic Hero and Chapman's <i>Bussy D'Ambois</i> (1949)

In seeking to describe and delimit the nature of the tragic hero, Aristotle made an admirable beginning. The hero, he said, must be neither so bad that we accept his fall with indifference nor so good that we recoil from his fate with a sense of gross injustice. The hero was to be not only eminent socially but in general a superior person; for Aristotle held that tragedy pictures men as better than in actual life. Although we no longer think social distinction necessary to the tragic hero, we have to recognize that he should be, in a wide ethical sense, considerably above average. If the twentieth century is the century of the common man, it is not the tragic century, unless the commonness of this man be taken to mean his broad and deep humanity, his essential equality with uncommon men.
The mechanical behaviour of nano-particle modified thermoplastics (2010)

Hybrids made up of polymers and nano-particles have received great interest both in academia and industry. The uniformly dispersed nano-sized particles create a large interfacial area per unit volume and could result in a remarkable improvement in thermal and mechanical properties when compared with virgin polymer or conventional micron-sized particle modified composites. This thesis presents and discusses the effects of adding rigid nano-sized ZnO particles into four thermoplastic systems at 23 °C and 80 °C. The matrix materials include two styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymers, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyamide 6 (PA 6). Three types of ZnO particles were used as fillers, denoted A, B and C. The ZnO-A and ZnO-B are cylindrical, while the ZnO-C particles are spherical. The microstructures and the thermal and fracture behaviour of the resulting systems under quasi-static and fatigue loadings were investigated using various techniques. The microstructure studies showed that ZnO nano-particles could be uniformly dispersed into the matrices up to about 0.30% by volume fraction, above which they tended to cluster into agglomerates. The addition of ZnO nano-particles had only a marginal effect on the glass transition temperature and yield stress of the modified thermoplastics. A notable increase in Young’s modulus was observed when the nano-particles were well bonded with the matrices. Remarkable improvements in toughness and fatigue threshold were also observed for some ZnO modified thermoplastic systems. However, the toughness decreased at relatively high concentrations of reinforcement. Microscopy studies showed that debonding of the nano-particles and subsequent plastic void growth in the matrix and multiple crazing initiated by the nano-particles were the main toughening mechanisms identified. At high volume fractions, the ZnO agglomerates acted as stress concentration sites, and the voids nucleated at lower stress levels, which led to a reduction in the toughness of the modified composites.
A practical method for measuring the complex polarization ratio of arbitrary antennas (1973)

A technique for measuring the complex polarization ratio of an arbitrary antenna is presented. The technique requires the use of two antennas which are not circularly polarized but are otherwise arbitrary. Only reciprocity and linearity are assumed. Six amplitude and phase measurements are performed, two measurements for each pair of antennas. The complex polarization ratio of each antenna is then calculated from the six measurements. The specific details of the measurement technique are described and some measurement results presented.
Journalism (1977)

To many young people seeking what path to follow after leaving school or college, the phrase ‘a career in journalism’ has a rich relish about it. It can conjure up visions of being a roving foreign correspondent, chatting with statesmen on equal terms, taking drinks with stars of the entertainment world or with leading sportsmen or sportswomen. Or maybe the aspiring journalist already sees his or her name as a by‐line above a newspaper column devoted to personal opinions on various subjects in the news, or becoming a big‐name TV reporter in world‐trotting Alan Whicker style.
Synthesis and characterization of sintering-resistant silica-encapsulated Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>magnetic nanoparticles active for oxidation and chemical looping combustion (2010)

A nanocomposite catalyst composed of ferromagnetic magnetite cores (15.5 +/- 2.0 nm) and silica shells with a thickness of 4.5 +/- 1.0 nm (Fe(3)O(4)@SiO(2)) was prepared by a two-step microemulsion-based synthesis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy after oxidation support the presence of a stable Fe(3)O(4) core and a surface phase of gamma-Fe(2)O(3). The nanocomposite structure exhibited 100% conversion of CO in oxygen at a residence time of 0.1 s at 310 degrees C. When pre-oxidized, the Fe(3)O(4)@SiO(2) catalyst is shown to be a suitable solid oxygen carrier for chemical looping combustion of methane at 700 degrees C. The nanocomposites retain their magnetism following the reaction which provides the potential for use of magnetic separation and capture in moving bed reactor applications. The core magnetite within the silica shell is resistant to sintering and a bulk phase transition to temperatures as high as 700 degrees C. These catalysts can be of use in applications of high temperature applications where catalyst recovery by magnetic separation may be required.
The Degradation of dG Phosphoramidites in Solution (2015)

The reaction of 2'-deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites with water is an important degradation reaction that limits the lifetimes of reagents used for chemical deoxyoligonucleotide synthesis. The hydrolysis of nucleoside phosphoramidites in solution has therefore been investigated. The degree of degradation depends not only on the presence of water but also on the specific nucleoside, 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) being especially susceptible. Additionally, the nature of the group protecting the exocyclic amine on the nucleoside base strongly influences the rate of hydrolysis. For dG, the degradation is second order in phosphoramidite concentration, indicating autocatalysis of the hydrolysis reaction. Comparison of the degradation rates of dG phosphoramidites with different protecting groups as well as with phosphoramidites containing bases that are structurally similar to dG affords clues to the nature of how dG catalyzes its own destruction and indicates a direct correlation between ease of protecting group removal and propensity to undergo autocatalytic degradation.
Parallel operation of high power IGBTs (1995)

The paper shows third generation IGBTs behaviour and matching when connected in parallel. Test results give the actual current sharing between modules with different case temperature, Vcesat and wiring inductances. In the case of strong Vcesat or temperature differences it can be seen there is no catastrophic current mismatching. For inductive loads, the paper presents IGBT switching waveforms and summarises recommendations for parallelling.
Inhibition of tRNA Aminoacylation by 2‘-<i>O</i>-Methyl Oligonucleotides (1996)

A 2'-O-methyl oligonucleotide complementary to 18 nucleotides in the dihydrouridine stemloop of Escherichia coli tRNA(Cys) has been shown to stably bind to the tRNA. The binding inhibits aminoacylation of the tRNA by cysteine tRNA synthetase. The same oligonucleotide sequence but with the DNA deoxy backbone does not bind to the tRNA. This provides the basis for the design and test of a series of 2'-O-methyl oligonucleotides for their ability to bind to E. coli tRNA(Cys) and inhibit aminoacylation. We show here that different regions of the tRNA have different sensitivities to oligonucleotides. A 10-mer that targets G15 forms a stable complex with the tRNA. The Kd of the complex is several orders of magnitude lower than that of the tRNA-synthetase complex. Measurements of dissociation rate constants indicate that the stronger affinity of the 10-mer to tRNA(Cys) is due to a significantly slower rate of dissociation (by a factor of 10(6)) than that of the synthetase from the tRNA. Only a stoichiometric amount of the 10-mer is necessary to completely inhibit aminoacylation. Because tRNA aminoacylation is fundamental to cell growth, these results provide the rationale for the 10-mer and its derivatives as pharmaceutical agents that target specific cell growth.
Machine Learning on Otoneurological Data: Decision Trees for Vertigo Diseases (2012)

Asiantuntijajärjestelmät ovat tietokoneohjelmia, jotka ratkaisevat asiantuntijatason tietämystä vaativia reaalimaailman ongelmia. Niiden suorituskyky perustuu sovellusalueen tietämykseen, joka on upotettu tietämyskantaan, sekä tietämystä hyödyntäviin päättelymenetelmiin.\n\nTarkastelen väitöskirjatyössäni otoneurologisen asiantuntijajärjestelmä ONEn (Otoneurological Expert System ONE) tietämyskannan jalostamista ja laajentamista. Tutkimusryhmässämme kehitetty asiantuntijajärjestelmä ONE on tarkoitettu tukemaan huimaussairauksien diagnostiikkaa. Sen tietämyskanta sisältää huimaussairauksien kuvauksia, joista päättelymenetelmä hakee diagnosoitavan potilaan oireita parhaiten vastaavan kuvauksen. Tietämys ONEn ensimmäistä, 90-luvulla rakennettua, versiota varten hankittiin lääketieteellisiltä asiantuntijoilta sekä alan kirjallisuudesta.\n\nTietämyksen hankinta haastattelemalla asiantuntijoita ja tutkimalla kirjallisuutta ja muita tietämyslähteitä on hidasta ja työlästä. Väitöskirjassani tutkitaan koneoppimismenetelmien hyödyntämistä tietämyksen hankinnassa. Koneoppimismenetelmät muodostavat yleisiä malleja tutkimalla yksittäisistä esimerkkitapauksista koostuvia aineistoja. Niiden avulla tietämyksen hankintaa voidaan osin automatisoida.\n\nTutkimuksessa sovelletaan erityisesti päätöspuumenetelmää huimauspotilasaineistoon diagnostisen tietämyksen hankkimiseksi huimaussairauksille. Erityistä huomiota kiinnitetään aineiston esikäsittelyyn eli toimenpiteisiin, jotka aineistolle tehdään ennen sen syöttämistä varsinaiselle koneoppimismenetelmälle. Mielenkiinnon kohteena ovat kysymykset, mitä attribuutteja käytetään kuvaamaan esimerkkitapauksia ja mitä tapauksia otetaan opetusaineistoon mukaan. Työn tuloksena syntyy muuttujien ryhmittelymenetelmä, joka auttaa käyttäjää muodostamaan käsityksen aineistosta. Lisäksi sitä voidaan hyödyntää attribuuttien valitsemisessa koneoppimismenetelmää varten. Työssä osoitetaan, että tilanteet, joissa esimerkkitapauksilla on sekoittavia arvoja, ovat mallinnettavissa, mikäli opetusaineisto sisältää tällaisia tapauksia riittävästi.\n\nPäätöspuumenetelmällä hankittua tietämystä hyödynnetään asiantuntijajärjestelmä ONEn tietämyskannan jalostamisessa ja laajentamisessa. Työssä tutkitaan myös menetelmiä tietämyskuvausten oppimiseksi aineistosta. Työn tuloksena syntyy tietämyskanta, joka toimii aiempaa tietämyskantaa paremmin reaalimaailman tilanteissa.
Open Microphone Speech Understanding: Correct Discrimination of in Domain Speech (2006)

An ideal spoken dialogue system listens continually and determines which utterances were spoken to it, understands them and responds appropriately while ignoring the rest. This paper outlines a simple method for achieving this goal which involves trading a slightly higher false rejection rate of in domain utterances for a higher correct rejection rate of out of domain (OOD) utterances. The system recognizes semantic entities specified by a unification grammar which is specialized by explanation based learning (EBL), so that it only uses rules which are seen in the training data. The resulting grammar has probabilities assigned to each construct so that overgeneralizations are not a problem. The resulting system only recognizes utterances which reduce to a valid logical form which has meaning for the system and rejects the rest. A class N-gram grammar has been trained on the same training data. This system gives good recognition performance and offers good out of domain discrimination when combined with the semantic analysis. The resulting systems were tested on a space station robot dialogue speech database and a subset of the OGI conversational speech database. Both systems run in real time on a PC laptop and the present performance allows continuous listening with an acceptably low false acceptance rate. This type of open microphone system has been used in the Clarissa procedure reading and navigation spoken dialogue system which is being tested on the International Space Station
Tolerance induction by molecular mimicry: prevention and suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with the milk protein butyrophilin (2004)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Although the etiology of MS remains unknown, studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) have suggested that foreign molecules, which show molecular mimicry with myelin antigens, may play an important role as causative agents of the human disease. In this study, we investigate the molecular mimicry between the extracellular Ig-like domain of the cow's milk protein butyrophilin (BTN) and the extracellular domain of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a candidate autoantigen in MS. Interestingly, we found that as a result of a non-pathogenic cross-reactivity that is localized to a subdominant region of MOG, treatment of C57BL/6 mice with BTN either before or after immunization with MOG was shown to prevent and also suppress the clinical manifestations of EAE. BTN treatment resulted in a significant reduction in both proliferation and production of Th1-related cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-12 and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor) in response to MOG. This specific inhibition was consistently associated with an up-regulation in IL-10 secretion. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of BTN-specific T cells prior to active immunization with MOG resulted in a transitory reduction of the clinical symptoms. Our results suggest that the clinical improvement associated with BTN treatment involved the combination of both anergy and regulatory cells secreting high levels of IL-10. In conclusion, we show that despite the traditional link between molecular mimicry and pathogenic immune response, environmental agents that share homology with autoantigens may also represent a source of cells with a protective phenotype.
Designing with z-pins : locally reinforced composite structures (2008)

This thesis describes specific new applications of Z-Fibre\n®\npinning and focuses the\nattention onto the failure modes of locally reinforced (z-pinned) structures. Design\nimplications of the use of localised reinforcement on structures, rather than laboratory\ncoupons, are considered.\nZ-pinning reinforcement is applied to cylindrical crash tubes and I-section patch joints\nmanufactured from woven carbon / epoxy pre-pregs. Z-pinning is shown to improve the\nSpecific Energy Absorption (SEA) of the crash tubes by up to 76 %, the exact amount\ndepending on the tube geometry. For the I-section patch joints, an initial increase in\nultimate load carrying capability due to z-pin use is observed and, as the quantity of z-\npins increases, a change in failure mode is induced. Z-pinning is also shown to enhance\nthe damage tolerance of these. The ability to predict major changes to the structural\nresponse due to use of z-pins, and design for them accordingly, is the next step in the\nunderstanding of the technology.\nThe design element of this study is contained in the development of a new Finite\nElement model using cohesive interface elements. The provision of mode II input data\nfor this model comes from End Loaded Split (ELS) testing of the woven laminates and\ncontinued development of the Z-shear test. A new analysis for quantifying the crack\nsliding displacement, based on the ELS test, is developed. Z-shear testing has shown\nthat the z-pin ‘mode II’ fracture energy is strongly affected by the amount of mode I\nopening of the shear surfaces. Here, new data are obtained for a fully constrained, pure\nmode II case. Using this modelling tool, changes in failure mode due to z-pin use can be\npredicted. Verification is provided by a new simulation of the I-section patch joint\ngeometry.
Serum Growth Hormone-Binding Protein (GHBP) Activity is Decreased by Administration of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I in Three Laron Syndrome Siblings with Normal GHBP (1994)

Three Laron Syndrome (LS) siblings with a post growth hormone (GH) receptor defect for insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) synthesis were found to have serum GH-binding protein (GHBP) levels normal for age. Treatment with recombinant IGF-I (150 micrograms/kg/day) decreased serum GHBP activity to 62% of the basal value (P < 0.001) in two of the sibs in 1 week and in the third sib after 3 months of therapy. Scatchard analysis of the binding of [125I]human GH (hGH) to GHBP in patients' sera before and during therapy revealed affinity constants Ka = 1.55-1.80 x 10(9) M-1, similar to that of sera from healthy subjects. Variations in binding are due to changes in the binding capacity. IGF-I may be a regulatory factor for serum GHBP activity in man.
Indigenous Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis) in California (1984)

CHAGAS' disease (American trypanosomiasis) is an infection caused by the protozoan parasite<i>Trypanosoma</i><i>cruzi</i>. Despite the presence of the parasite in<i>Triatoma</i>insects (the vector of T<i>cruzi</i>) and mammals across the southern United States,<sup>1</sup>only two patients with indigenous Chagas' disease have been described<sup>2,3</sup>; both were infants from Texas in 1955. We report herein the first recognized case of indigenous Chagas' disease in California and the first case reported in the United States since 1955. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> In August 1982, a 56-year-old woman from Lake Don Pedro, Calif, 120 miles east of San Francisco, was admitted to the hospital after 16 days of fever. The patient had lived in east-central California for 19 years. She had traveled outside the United States only once, when she visited the California-Mexico border town of Mexicali for an afternoon in 1978. She had never received blood transfusions, nor did
The accuracy of family physicians' dementia diagnoses at different stages of dementia: a systematic review (2011)

Many individuals with dementia are not recognised or not diagnosed as such; particularly mild dementia is under-diagnosed. Collaboration within primary care and education focussing both on knowledge and attitude are recommended to improve the accuracy of family physicians' dementia diagnosis.