gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A brief history of the J. Class submarines (1990)

Britain presented Australia with a fleet of six submarines and six destroyers on 13 February 1919, the total value of this gift being estimated at the time as 1.5 million. In this paper I am only interested in the six submarines of this gift fleet. These submarines were of course the J class submarines and at that time comprised the largest fleet of submarines that Australia had possessed. They were not, however, the fIrst submarines that the Australian Navy had owned (History of RAN Submarines, MP 1049, File No. 2026/5/71, Australian Archives, Brighton). During the First World War Australia had two submarines, the AE1 and AE2. Both submarines being lost during the war with AE1 lost without trace (Evans, 1986). In 1914 and 1915 the British Admiralty were experimenting with steam-powered turbine submarines (these later beeame known as the K type) which supposedly had a 20 knots plus surface speed. At about this time the Admiralty received a report that the German Navy were about to produce a submarine capable of20 knots.
Non-contact eye gaze tracking system by mapping of corneal reflections (2003)

In this paper, we suggest a new system to estimate the direction of a user's eye gaze. Our system consisted of five IR LEDs and a CCD camera. The IR LEDs, which are attached to the corners of a computer monitor, make glints on the surface of the cornea of the eye. If the user sees the monitor, the center of a pupil is always in a polygon that is made by the glints. Consequently, the direction of the user's eye gaze can be computed without computing the geometrical relation between the eye, the camera and the monitor in 3D space. Our method is comparatively simple and fast. We introduce the method and show some experimental results.
Effect of Residual Elements and Molybdenum Additions on Annealed and Welded Mechanical Properties of 18Cr Ferritic Stainless Steels (1980)

The annealed and welded mechanical properties of titanium-stabilized 18 percent chromium (18Cr) ferritic steels were studied as functions of molybdenum content (0, 1, and 2 percent) and residual levels. The residual elements carbon, nitrogen, manganese, silicon, nickel, copper, and molybdenum were evaluated at low levels typical of virgin-charge, vacuum melt practice and at moderate levels typical of electric-arc furnace melt practice. It was found that the residual elements manganese, silicon, nickel, and copper and excess titanium [defined as total titanium minus that necessary for stabilization of carbon plus nitrogen (C + N)] influenced annealed and welded tensile properties to the greater degree, whereas titanium, (C + N), and molybdenum additions of 1 and 2 percent were more influential on as-welded toughness. Impact transition temperatures of welds were lowered by as much as 100 deg F (55 deg C) in 18Cr alloys by decreasing residual, titanium, and (C + N) levels from typical to very low levels. Titanium was found to be the most potent solid solution strengthening element. Titanium was approximately twice as effective as molybdenum and slightly more effective than the combined effects of other substitutional residual elements. For light-gage applications such as sheet, strip, or welded tubing, a good combination of strength, ductility, and toughness was found with a low (C + N), low-titanium, low-residual analysis at all molybdenum levels studied. For heavier-gage applications such as plate or piping, where ductility and toughness are probably more sensitive to grain size and annealing and welding variables, it is also implied that a low-residual, low-titanium, low (C + N) analysis would be beneficial for a good combination of toughness and ductility.
Diphenylene iodonium as an inhibitor of the NADPH oxidase complex of bovine neutrophils (1992)

Diphenylene iodonium (Ph2I), a lipophilic reagent, is an efficient inhibitor of the production of O2- by the activated NADPH oxidase of bovine neutrophils. In a cell-free system of NADPH oxidase activation consisting of neutrophil membranes and cytosol from resting cells, supplemented with guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate, MgCl2 and arachidonic acid, or in membranes isolated from neutrophils activated by 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, addition of a reducing agent, e.g. NADPH or sodium dithionite, markedly enhanced inhibition of the NADPH oxidase by Ph2I. The membrane fraction was found to contain the Ph2I-sensitive component(s). In the presence of a concentration of Ph2I sufficient to fully inhibit O2- production (around 10 nmol/mg membrane protein), addition of catalytic amounts of the redox mediator dichloroindophenol (Cl2Ind) resulted in a by-pass of the electron flow to cytochrome c, the rate of which was about half of that determined in non-inhibited oxidase. A marked increase in the efficiency of this by-pass was achieved by addition of sodium deoxycholate. The Cl2-Ind-mediated cytochrome c reduction was negligible in membranes isolated from resting neutrophils. At a higher concentration of Ph2I (100 nmol/mg membrane protein), the Cl2Ind-mediated cytochrome c reductase activity was only half inhibited, which indicated that, in the NADPH oxidase complex, there are at least two Ph2I sensitive components, differing by their sensitivity to the inhibitor. At low concentrations of Ph2I (less than 10 nmol/mg protein), the spectrum of reduced cytochrome b558 in isolated neutrophil membranes was modified, suggesting that the component sensitive to low concentrations of Ph2I is the heme binding component of cytochrome b558. Higher concentrations of Ph2I were found to inhibit the isolated NADPH dehydrogenase component of the oxidase complex. A number of membrane and cytosolic proteins were labeled by [125I]Ph2I. However, the radiolabeling of a membrane-bound 24-kDa protein, which might be the small subunit of cytochrome b558, responded more specifically to the conditions of activation and reduction which are required for inhibition of O2- production by Ph2I. The O2(-)-generating form of xanthine oxidase was also inhibited by Ph2I. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase, a non-heme iron flavoprotein, by Ph2I had a number of features in common with that of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase, namely the requirement of reducing conditions for inhibition of O2- production by Ph2I and the induction of a by-pass of electron flow to cytochrome c by Cl2Ind in the inhibited enzyme, suggesting some similarity in the molecular organization of the two enzymes.
Reactive acyl dipeptides as potential penicillin analogues. Part I. α-(Acylaminosuccinimido)-carboxylic acids (1968)

A number of esters of α-(acylaminosuccinimido)-carboxylic acids were prepared from diesters of N-acyl-α-aspartyl- or N-acyl-β-aspartyl-α-amino-acids; cyclisation occurred either spontaneously or on heating with triethylamine in ethanol. α-(Acylaminosuccinimido)-carboxylic acids were prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of the benzyl esters or, in less pure form, by heating a dry mixture of the appropriate N-acyl aspartic anhydride and α-amino-acid in vacuo. Like penicillin, the α-(acylaminosuccinimido)-carboxylic acids could be regarded as acyl dipeptides containing a reactive peptide bond, but they displayed little or no antibacterial activity.
The New York City-HIP contract. (1979)

With the signing of a contract not to exceed $25 million, the Health Insurance Plan of New York (HIP) and the City of New York applied the concept of the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) on a scale never before attempted. Beginning in January 1978, as many as 100,000 Medicaid eligible individuals and families were enrolled in a prepaid group medical plan as participants in an experiment whose success or failure depended largely upon the City health system's ability to adapt to change. It also depended upon the support of the major health interests in this unique effort at rational, systemwide health planning.
Design and fabrication of 1.3 μm buried ridge stripe lasers on semi-insulating InP substrate (1989)

The achievement of a monolithic integrated transmitter imposes specific requirements on the laser device, such as low threshold current, and demands complex processes, namely several epitaxial growth, steps etching, and fine lithography to be used alternatively. Thus, it is especially desirable to benefit from techniques such as MOVPE or MBE which allow the growth of high quality material in terms of uniformity and morphology. The laser structure we have developed, the so-called buried ridge (BRS) structure fulfills all these requirements. To integrate later this laser structure with electronic devices, it is grown on an InP semi-insulating substrate. Such lasers exhibit characteristics very similar to lasers with the same structure but grown on an n+ substrate, with threshold current around 20 mA and output power of 10 mW. Also, we have set up an accurate equivalent electrical model of the BRS structure to optimise its modulation properties. BRS lasers with different current injection configurations have been investigated, and comparison with experimental modulation responses shows a good agreement with this model.
Challenges in Quantum Key Distribution (2016)

Quantum computing is essentially exploiting and harnessing the laws of quantum mechanics to process information. With it, rise the era of a new cryptosystem that has the potential to be unconditionally secure which is known as quantum cryptography. Quantum cryptography uses the properties of quantum mechanics to develop an unbreakable cryptosystem that can never be compromised. Quantum key distribution (QKD), which is an area in quantum cryptography, provides a way for distribution of secure key between two parties. Some of the existing QKD protocols include BB84 protocol, B92 protocol, SARG04 protocol, E91 protocol and many more. In this paper, the trends and challenges in Quantum Key Distribution is reviewed.
The dielectrophoretic movement and positioning of a biological cell using a three-dimensional grid electrode system (1998)

We describe a three-dimensional grid electrode system, in which a biological cell can be precisely moved or positioned by positive and negative dielectrophoresis. The electrode system consists of two glass plates, on which parallel strip electrodes are fabricated, placed together with a spacer between them so that their electrodes face each other and cross at right angles to form the grid. The microelectrodes of width and spacing have been fabricated using two different materials and methods. For one method, electrodes of thin gold-on-chrome film on a glass substrate were fabricated using photolithography, whilst the other method employed excimer laser ablation of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films on glass. The ITO electrodes have the advantage over conventional metal electrodes of higher optical transparency, which allows visual observation of cells' behaviour in three dimensions. It has been demonstrated that a plant protoplast, whose diameter was almost identical to the electrode's size, could be continuously moved between grid intersections by controlling the magnitude and frequency of the ac signals applied to the electrodes.
THE EFFECTS OF INSULIN INJECTION UPON THE BODY AND ORGANS OF THE WHITE RAT (1927)

The hypodermic administration to young white rats of a daily dose of insulin insufficient to produce convulsions has no effect upon the rate of growth of the body in either the male or the female. The injection of insulin has little effect, if any, upon the weights of the thyroids, pituitary body, and suprarenals. The thyroids of the rats injected with insulin, however, present histological changes which are interpreted as suggestive of a decreased activity of these glands. The islets of Langerhans of the pancreas are increased in size and stain more deeply with eosin in the rats injected with insulin. No definite distinction between the α and β cells of the islets is recorded, although this was looked for, but the granular content of most of the cells of the islets is increased. The thymus, spleen, heart, kidneys, liver, testes, and ovaries show no alterations. The experiments indicate that the continued use of insulin does not upset the general balance maintained by the endocrine glands. This work was done under a grant from the Medical Research Council.
Realtime lane tracking of curved local road (2006)

A lane detection system is an important component of many intelligent transportation systems. We present a robust realtime lane tracking algorithm for a curved local road. First, we present a comparative study to find a good realtime lane marking classifier. Once lane markings are detected, they are grouped into many lane boundary hypotheses represented by constrained cubic spline curves. We present a robust hypothesis generation algorithm using a particle filtering technique and a RANSAC (random sample concensus) algorithm. We introduce a probabilistic approach to group lane boundary hypotheses into left and right lane boundaries. The proposed grouping approach can be applied to general part-based object tracking problems. It incorporates a likelihood-based object recognition technique into a Markov-style process. An experimental result on local streets shows that the suggested algorithm is very reliable
Reciprocal regulation of G <sub>sα</sub> by palmitate and the βγ subunit (1996)

Hormonal activation of Gs, the stimulatory regulator of adenylyl cyclase, promotes dissociation of alpha s from G beta gamma, accelerates removal of covalently attached palmitate from the G alpha subunit, and triggers release of a fraction of alpha s from the plasma membrane into the cytosol. To elucidate relations among these three events, we assessed biochemical effects in vitro of attached palmitate on recombinant alpha s prepared from Sf9 cells. In comparison to the unpalmitoylated protein (obtained from cytosol of Sf9 cells, treated with a palmitoyl esterase, or expressed as a mutant protein lacking the site for palmitoylation), palmitoylated alpha s (from Sf9 membranes, 50% palmitoylated) was more hydrophobic, as indicated by partitioning into TX-114, and bound beta gamma with 5-fold higher affinity. beta gamma protected GDP-bound alpha s, but not alpha s-GTP[gamma S], from depalmitoylation by a recombinant esterase. We conclude that beta gamma binding and palmitoylation reciprocally potentiate each other in promoting membrane attachment of alpha s and that dissociation of alpha s.GTP from beta gamma is likely to mediate receptor-induced alpha s depalmitoylation and translocation of the protein to cytosol in intact cells.
Cytokine ranking via mutual information algorithm correlates cytokine profiles with presenting disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (2021)

Although the range of immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is variable, cytokine storm is observed in a subset of symptomatic individuals. To further understand the disease pathogenesis and, consequently, to develop an additional tool for clinicians to evaluate patients for presumptive intervention, we sought to compare plasma cytokine levels between a range of donor and patient samples grouped by a COVID-19 Severity Score (CSS) based on the need for hospitalization and oxygen requirement. Here we utilize a mutual information algorithm that classifies the information gain for CSS prediction provided by cytokine expression levels and clinical variables. Using this methodology, we found that a small number of clinical and cytokine expression variables are predictive of presenting COVID-19 disease severity, raising questions about the mechanism by which COVID-19 creates severe illness. The variables that were the most predictive of CSS included clinical variables such as age and abnormal chest x-ray as well as cytokines such as macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-inducible protein 10, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a plethora of changes in cytokine profiles and that particularly in severely ill patients, these changes are consistent with the presence of macrophage activation syndrome and could furthermore be used as a biomarker to predict disease severity.
An Efficient Synthesis of <scp>d</scp>-<i>e</i><i>rythro</i>- and <scp>d</scp>-<i>t</i><i>hreo</i>-Sphingosine from <scp>d</scp>-Glucose:  Olefin Cross-Metathesis Approach (2005)

[reaction: see text] The D-erythro- and D-threo-sphingosine were synthesized via E-selective olefin cross-metathesis using a D-glucose-derived building block and long-chain terminal alkene.
A Single-Point Slight Alteration Set as a Tool for Structure−Activity Relationship Studies of Ovine Corticotropin Releasing Factor (1996)

In order to determine which amino acid side chains of ovine corticotropin releasing factor (oCRF) are most sensitive to alterations with respect to receptor binding and activation, we synthesized a single-point replacement set by replacing each residue by a similar, preferably proteinogenic amino acid, maintaining a minimal change of character at each position (Ser by Thr, Gln by Asn, Glu by Asp, Arg by Lys, and vice versa, Pro by N-MeAla, Ile by Leu, Leu by Nle, Phe by Trp, His by Ala, Val by Leu, Met by Nle, Ala by Leu). In general, any loss in the biological potency by a single-point substitution in oCRF parallels a decrease in receptor binding, indicating that, in contrast to previous suggestions, there is no specific side chain in the peptide that is more responsible for receptor activation than for receptor binding. In addition to Arg(16), Ala(31), and Arg(35), amino acid residues in the N-terminal sequence (5-14) were found to be sensitive to alteration, demonstrating their particular importance for the receptor interaction of CRF agonists. Most of the analogs tested exhibited agonistic potencies in an in vitro pituitary cell culture assay at a concentration of 0.3 nM, and all analogs showed full agonistic potency at 1 microM. In contrast to the results of an alanine replacement study, the strongest decrease in receptor binding and biological potency was observed for analogs with substitutions of hydrophilic amino acids Ser(7), Arg(16), Glu(17), or Asn(34). In the case of Ser(7) and Arg(16), side chain specific interactions with the receptor may be required for high affinity. Alanine replacements at positions 17 or 34 resulted in analogs that were as potent as oCRF, while replacement of Glu(17) by Asp or Asn(34) by Gln caused a dramatic loss in potency, thereby suggesting an important effect at sterically or conformationally sensitive positions. In contrast to corresponding alanine analogs which exhibited a significant loss in biological potency, slight alterations of lipophilic side chains at positions 6, 12, or 38 did not cause a significant reduction of receptor binding and activation, indicating that it is not specific side chains but rather lipophilicity which is essential at these positions. Indeed, replacement of Phe(12) by Trp provides an agonist with significantly increased receptor binding and biological potency.
Infrared microspectroscopy and artificial neural networks in the diagnosis of cervical cancer. (1998)

Infrared spectra of 88 normal and 32 abnormal (mild to severe dysplasia) cervical smear samples were used as a databank to investigate the usefulness of artificial neural networks (ANN) in the diagnosis of cervical smears. The spectra were first reduced, using principal component analysis (PCA), to seven wavenumber components that are the major contributors to the variance. A number of different ANN architectures were investigated that could differentiate between normal and abnormal cervical smears. Although the ANNs were trained to differentiate only normal from abnormal smears, the results using an independent test data set indicated that within the abnormal category mild dysplasia could be distinguished from severe dysplasia. The results using this restricted data set indicate that neural networks coupled to infrared microspectroscopy could provide an alternative automated means of screening for cervical cancer.
Power generation from the interaction of a liquid droplet and a liquid membrane (2019)

Triboelectric nanogenerators are an energy harvesting technology that relies on the coupling effects of contact electrification and electrostatic induction between two solids or a liquid and a solid. Here, we present a triboelectric nanogenerator that can work based on the interaction between two pure liquids. A liquid-liquid triboelectric nanogenerator is achieved by passing a liquid droplet through a freely suspended liquid membrane. We investigate two kinds of liquid membranes: a grounded membrane and a pre-charged membrane. The falling of a droplet (about 40 μL) can generate a peak power of 137.4 nW by passing through a pre-charged membrane. Moreover, this membrane electrode can also remove and collect electrostatic charges from solid objects, indicating a permeable sensor or charge filter for electronic applications. The liquid-liquid triboelectric nanogenerator can harvest mechanical energy without changing the object motion and it can work for many targets, including raindrops, irrigation currents, microfluidics, and tiny particles.
ChemInform Abstract: Heck Cross‐Coupling Reaction of 3‐Iodoindazoles with Methyl Acrylate: A Mild and Flexible Strategy to Design 2‐Azatryptamines. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Microcin E492, a channel-forming bacteriocin from <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> , induces apoptosis in some human cell lines (2002)

The cytotoxic effect of microcin E492, a low-molecular-mass channel-forming bacteriocin (7,887 Da) produced by a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae, was characterized in HeLa cells. At low (5 microg/ml) and intermediate (10 microg/ml) concentrations, microcin E492 induced biochemical and morphological changes typical of apoptosis, such as cell shrinkage, DNA fragmentation, extracellular exposure of phosphatidylserine, caspase activation, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Treatment with zVAD-fmk, a general caspase inhibitor, completely blocked the cytotoxic effect of this bacteriocin. At higher microcin concentrations (>20 microg/ml) a necrotic phenotype was observed. Induction of apoptosis by microcin E492 was associated with the release of calcium from intracellular stores, probably after microcin-triggered ion channel formation. Microcin E492 also presented a cytotoxic effect on Jurkat and RJ2.25 cells, but had no effect on KG-1 cells nor on a primary culture of human tonsil endothelial cells, suggesting that there is a specific interaction of the bacteriocin with components of the target cell surface. This report describes a bacteriocin that has the capacity to induce apoptosis in human cell lines.
[Influence of HPV16 on expression of Rb, p16 and cyclin D1 in oral epithelial cell]. (2002)

HPV16E7 plays an important role in the immortalization of oral epithelial cells induced by HPV16.
Ru/FeCoB double layered film with high in-plane magnetic anisotropy field of 500 Oe (2009)

FeCoB layers prepared on Ru underlayer possess a high saturation magnetization Ms and a high in-plane magnetic anisotropy filed Hk. Effects of preparation conditions were investigated. Low Ar gas pressure condition and thicker film thickness were effective to attain distortion of FeCo crystallite. As the crystallinity of Ru underlayer became higher, higher Hk was induced. The accumulation of anisotropic stress in the film caused by the oblique incidences of depositing atoms with high energy seems to be one of the important effects to attain high anisotropy field. It was succeeded to prepare the Ru/FeCoB film with high Hk of 500 Oe.