gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sperm concentration dependency in the fertilization and zonae sperm binding properties of mouse eggs inseminated in vitro (1976)

Abstract Sperm penetration of zonae and fertilization of mouse eggs in vitro was studied as a function of sperm concentration over the range 10 3 −10 6 cells/ml. Maximal fertilization was obtained at 10 5 sperm/ml with markedly reduced levels seen at lower concentrations. Eggs inseminated at low sperm concentrations were, however, characterized by the absence of multiple sperm penetrations of their zonae and by the retention of an intact cumulus oophorus during culture. Penetration levels were similar in eggs inseminated with and without an intact cumulus, although increases in supernumerary and supplemental sperm were observed with partly denuded ova. The distribution of sperm found within eggs inseminated in vitro was compared with a distribution predicted by chance alone. The similarity in observed and expected distributions indicated that a functional zona reaction was absent in eggs inseminated in vitro. Sperm binding to zonae of cumulus‐free unfertilized mouse eggs was shown to be related to sperm concentration over the range 10 3 ‐10 6 cells/ml. Zonae sperm binding sites, while too numerous for accurate quantitation, exceeded 100 per zona. The interrelationships between sperm penetration of and sperm binding to the zonae of cumulus‐free eggs were examined. At low sperm concentrations, the ratio of sperm/zonae with bound sperm to sperm/penetrated egg approached one, although the total number of bound sperm exceeded the total number of penetrating sperm. That proportion of cells in a preincubated epididymal sperm suspension capable of binding to the zona was determined and employed in an estimation of the extent of sperm capacitation.
Fun, Cool...and Awkward (2015)

Cooperative photography allows two collocated users to collaborate in an image capture activity where one user acts as a photographer and the other acts as the subject. Prior work in digital photography focused on the sharing of photographic content rather than on the image capturing process itself even though the latter is, by nature, a collocated collaborative task. However, it may be challenging for the collaborating parties to attain the necessary degree of synchronized coordination in the image capturing process since they would need to establish visual contact but may not even recognize each other. An exploratory study based on Yousies, a prototype of the cooperative photography technology, revealed behavioral patterns in the user experiences with respect to usage strategy, patience, and motivating factors that can be applied to the interface design of such collocated collaborative applications.
Transition asymmetry in high density digital recording (1990)

The phase response of a tape-recording channel has been investigated from both theoretical and experimental aspects. A negative phase angle at short wavelengths corresponding to a playback pulse with the leading edge sharper than the trailing edge is usually observed in the experiment. This phase angle can be explained by asymmetric magnetic transitions in tape with a curved depth profile following the constant head field contour. Record current waveforms may alter the degree of transition asymmetry and change the phase response. Nonlinear distortion associated with the overshooting of record current waveforms has been found to be fairly insignificant. It is pointed out that tape interchange and compatibility in high-density digital recording require consideration of record head geometries, record current organization methods, and the shape of record current waveforms.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Porous media heat exchangers for cooling of high-power optical components (1995)

Technologies based on porous media can be used in several classes of heat exchangers that can be used to meet the cooling needs of high heat load optical components as well as other high heat flux applications. These include mechanically pumped single-phase and two-phase porous media heat exchangers, as well as capillary pumped (heat pipe) two-phase designs. A brief overview of each of these classes of heat exchangers is given, and several applications representative of the state of the art are described. Various specific technologies are discussed that have demonstrated the capability to dissipate heat fluxes greater than 1000 W/cm<sup>2</sup> over areas of interest in optics applications. Finally, an assessment is given of the capabilities of each approach to meet the needs of specific applications.
Steroid Hormones Modulate the Release of Immunoreactive Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone from Cultured Human Placental Cells* (1990)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether steroid hormones or opiate receptor agonists participate in the mechanisms regulating the release of immunoreactive GnRH (irGnRH) from cultured human placental cells. No significant changes in irGnRH concentrations were found in the culture medium after 48-h incubation of estradiol, estriol, or progesterone. Both estriol and estradiol augmented, while progesterone decreased, the irGnRH release induced by 8-bromo-cAMP. The stimulatory effect of estriol or estradiol was reversed by the concomitant addition of progesterone. The secretagogue effect of activin on irGnRH release from cultured placental cells was increased by the presence of estriol and reduced by the addition of progesterone. The action of estriol was counteracted by both tamoxifen, an estrogen antagonist, and progesterone. The inhibitory effect of progesterone was completely reversed by RU 486, a specific receptor antagonist. The addition of morphine, methionine-enkephalin, or UP50, 488H which preferentially bind mu-, delta-, and kappa-opiate receptors, respectively, did not decrease basal irGnRH release from cultured human placental cells. However, both morphine and UP50, 488H significantly inhibited 8-bromo-cAMP-induced GnRH release. The present results showed that steroid hormones and opiate receptor agonists influence irGnRH release from human cultured cells, suggesting that local interaction between steroids and peptides modulates irGnRH release from human placenta.
Mycobacterium Cell Wall: An Alternative to Intravesical Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) Therapy in Orthotopic Murine Bladder Cancer (1996)

Intravesical MCW appears to invoke a similar inflammatory response in the mouse bladder mucosa as the live BCG organism and retains an antitumor action. It deserves further evaluation as a potential antitumor agent against bladder cancer. A Phase II clinical trial is now underway.
Electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding of multiwalled carbon nanotube composites containing Fe catalyst (2004)

Thin and flexible composite films of raw or purified multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) with various mass fractions and poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) were synthesized for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material. From scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy photographs, we observed the formation of a conducting network through MWCNTs in an insulating PMMA matrix and the existence of an Fe catalyst in MWCNTs. The dc conductivity (σdc) of the systems increased with increasing MWCNT mass fraction, showing typical percolation behavior. The measured EMI shielding efficiency (SE) of MWCNT–PMMA composites by using the extended ASTM D4935-99 method (50 MHz–13.5 GHz) increased with increasing MWCNT mass fraction as σdc. The highest EMI SE for raw MWCNT–PMMA composites was ∼27 dB, indicating commercial use for far-field EMI shielding. The contribution of absorption to total EMI SE of the systems is larger than that of reflection. Based on magnetic permeability, we suggest raw MWCNTs and their composites can be used for near-field EMI shielding.
Tools for ubiquitous assessment in discussion-based pedagogy (2004)

Our research is founded on the idea that ubiquitous, non-intrusive, concept-centric student assessment is an important way for teachers to gain insight into the educational needs of their students. Ubiquitous assessment means that assessment is an integral part of students' everyday activities, thus allowing for a detailed temporal understanding of the students' progress. In order for ubiquitous assessment to work, it must also be non-intrusive. In most situations, it's unrealistic to have students take tests every day. Not only would it be onerous, but it detracts from time spent actually learning new material. Therefore, we argue for integrating assessment into learning activities. This allows teachers to understand what notions the students begin an activity with, and how the activity has helped them revise and improve upon that understanding. While ubiquitous assessment represents a fine-grained approach to assessment with respect to frequency, we believe that assessment should also be fine-grained with respect to the type of knowledge being assessed. While a homework assignment or test question might determine whether a student understands a concept well enough to accomplish.the assigned task, detailed knowledge of the concept may still be erroneous. In order to provide this type of continuous, detailed tracking of student knowledge, we have developed a set of tools, collectively called INFACT. These tools are particularly suited for use with an instructional methodology in which students to build knowledge through small group collaboration and group discussion. In this paper, we discuss this pedagogical technique, it's application to teaching math and computer programming concepts, and some of the computational methods that underly the tools.
Management of inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm. (1988)

Some of the pitfalls in the management of inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm are stressed in the presentation of six illustrative cases. Background data on the presumed etiology and common symptoms are provided. The diagnostic value of computed tomography for preoperative detection of the fibrosis surrounding these aneurysms and the differentiation from other conditions are also discussed.
Oxytocin- and vasopressin-induced growth of human small-cell lung cancer is mediated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (2004)

Malignant growth of small-cell lung carcinoma is promoted by various neuroendocrine autocrine/paracrine loops. Therefore, to interfere with this mitogenic process, it is crucial to elucidate the mechanisms involved. It is known that the oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) genes, normally transcriptionally restricted in their expression, are activated in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), concomitantly with expression of their receptors (OTR, V1aR, V1bR/V3R and V2R). The aim of the present study was to characterize, in concentrations close to physiological and pharmacological conditions, intracellular signalling events triggered by OT and VP binding to their specific receptors in SCLC cells and to identify factors mediating OT- and VP-induced mitogenic effects on SCLC. Known agonists for OTR ([Thr4,Gly7]OT) and V1aR (F180), in addition to OT and VP, were able to elicit increases in cytosolic Ca2+ levels and this effect could be blocked using an OTR antagonist (OVTA) or a V1aR antagonist (SR49059) respectively. There was no activation of the cAMP pathway detected after VP, dDAVP (a V2R agonist), or OT treatment. Stimulation of SCLC cells with OT and VP led to an increase of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation, maximal at 5 min, and the subsequent phosphorylation of its downstream target p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK). Pre-incubation with OVTA and SR49059, and with inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC), protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK) 1/2 and a Ca2+ chelator significantly reduced OT- and VP-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylations. OVTA, SR49059 as well as MEK1/2 and PKC inhibitors also downregulated OT- and VP-induced p90RSK phosphorylation. In [3H]thymidine-uptake experiments, we subsequently observed that PLC, Ca2+, PKC and ERK1/2 are absolutely required for the OT- and VP-stimulated SCLC cellular growth process. In conclusion, the results presented here indicate that OT- and VP-induced mitogenic effects on SCLC are respectively mediated by OTR and V1aR signalling and that this mitogenic signalling passes through the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p90RSK in a PLC-, Ca2+-, PKC- and MEK1/2-dependent pathway.
Btk levels set the threshold for B-cell activation and negative selection of autoreactive B cells in mice (2012)

On antigen binding by the B-cell receptor (BCR), B cells up-regulate protein expression of the key downstream signaling molecule Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk), but the effects of Btk up-regulation on B-cell function are unknown. Here, we show that transgenic mice overexpressing Btk specifically in B cells spontaneously formed germinal centers and manifested increased plasma cell numbers, leading to antinuclear autoantibody production and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like autoimmune pathology affecting kidneys, lungs, and salivary glands. Autoimmunity was fully dependent on Btk kinase activity, because Btk inhibitor treatment (PCI-32765) could normalize B-cell activation and differentiation, and because autoantibodies were absent in Btk transgenic mice overexpressing a kinase inactive Btk mutant. B cells overexpressing wild-type Btk were selectively hyperresponsive to BCR stimulation and showed enhanced Ca(2+) influx, nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation, resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis, and defective elimination of selfreactive B cells in vivo. These findings unravel a crucial role for Btk in setting the threshold for B-cell activation and counterselection of autoreactive B cells, making Btk an attractive therapeutic target in systemic autoimmune disease such as SLE. The finding of in vivo pathology associated with Btk overexpression may have important implications for the development of gene therapy strategies for X-linked agammaglobulinemia, the immunodeficiency associated with mutations in BTK.
Direct visualization of atomically precise nitrogen-doped graphene nanoribbons (2014)

We have fabricated atomically precise nitrogen-doped chevron-type graphene nanoribbons by using the on-surface synthesis technique combined with the nitrogen substitution of the precursors. Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy indicate that the well-defined nanoribbons tend to align with the neighbors side-by-side with a band gap of 1.02 eV, which is in good agreement with the density functional theory calculation result. The influence of the high precursor coverage on the quality of the nanoribbons is also studied. We find that graphene nanoribbons with sufficient aspect ratios can only be fabricated at sub-monolayer precursor coverage. This work provides a way to construct atomically precise nitrogen-doped graphene nanoribbons.
An improved efficiency/transparency trade-off for second-harmonic generation by extending the π-electron bridge of an optically nonlinear dye (2001)

The second-harmonic intensity from Langmuir–Blodgett films of 5-{4-[2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)vinyl]benzylidene}-2-octadecyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolinium octadecyl sulfate(1), interleaved with poly(tert-butyl methacrylate), increases quadratically with thickness to more than 100 bilayers. The susceptibility, molecular hyperpolarisability, thickness, refractive indices and chromophore tilt angle, relative to the substrate normal, are χzzz(2) = 45 ± 5 pm V−1 at 1064 nm, β = 8 × 10−38 m4 V−1, l = 3.65 ± 0.12 nm bilayer−1, nω = 1.53 ± 0.01, n2ω = 1.56 ± 0.01 and φ = 44 ± 2°. The moderately high susceptibility arises from an optimised transparency/efficiency trade-off, the alternate-layer LB film being transparent at 1064 nm and having a very slight absorbance of 3.5 × 10−4 bilayer−1 at 532 nm. In contrast, alternate-layer films of the corresponding 7-diethylamino-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-ylmethylene (2) and 3-(dimethylaminophenyl)prop-2-enylidene (3) derivatives, also reported, have absorbances of 1.1 × 10−3 and 1.5 × 10−3 bilayer−1 at 532 nm and resonantly enhanced susceptibilities of 60 and 95 pm V−1 respectively.
Relationship of a non-cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-mediated chloride conductance to organ-level disease in Cftr(-/-) mice. (1994)

Although loss of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-mediated Cl- channel function is common to all epithelia in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, the severity of disease varies in different organs. We hypothesized that differences in disease severity in CF relate to the expression of an "alternative" plasma membrane Cl- conductance. In CF mice [Cftr(-/-); mice homozygous for Ser-489 to Xaa mutation], which do not express cAMP CFTR-mediated Cl- secretion, we surveyed organs that exhibit a range of disease severity for a Ca(2+)-mediated apical membrane epithelial Cl- conductance. This alternative conductance (Cl-a) was detected in epithelia of organs from CF mice that exhibit a mild disease phenotype (airway, pancreas) but not in epithelia with a severe phenotype (small, large intestine). We conclude that (i) there is an intracellular Ca(2+)-regulated Cl- conductance that is molecularly distinct from CFTR; and (ii) the level of expression of this alternative Cl- conductance in the epithelium is an important determinant of the severity of organ-level disease in CF.
Growth of Heterodera schachtii with remarks on amounts of food consumed. (1981)

SUMMARY The development of the sugar-beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii on excised roots of Brassica napus, grown under gnotobiotic conditions in agar culture, was observed from root invasion of infective second-stage juveniles until death of females. Most of the observations were by time-lapse cinemicrography which revealed a characteristic growth pattern for al1 developmental stages. This pattern consisted of more or less regular alternations between gradual increases in body volume, followed by sudden collapses. The gradual increase in body volume was always associated with a continuous pumping action of the median oesophageal bulb. As soon as pumping stopped, growth ceased. The sudden collapse in body volume, about 20 min after cessation of bulb pumping, was most prohably due to defaecation, although the expulsion of faeces could not be seen. Growth.of female juveniles was arrested only during moulting which, at 25.0, occurred at rather regular intervals of 3-4 days. From the average data of continuous food ingestion and changes in body volume, the approximative amounts of daily and overall food consumption for the different developmental stages could be calculated. Total food consumption of males was about 29 times less than that of females.
Catalytic Aluminas: Surface Models and Characterization of Surface Sites (1978)

Abstract Aluminas have been used extensively as adsorbenu and active catalysrs and catalyst supponsm the pas. Already in 1197 the aluminadyzed dehydration of ettllnoi was dtscavered by Dutch chermsts: and S;rbatier [3] remewed the use of dumlnas as active cazaiysrs far vanous reacttons UI the second decade of thu century. She that time the applicazions of aluuuas m dycic pmcesses have mcreased tremendously. In tndustrral cualytic pmcesses, alumuus are mostiy used as catalyst suppons [4]. Oxides a d mued oxides ap well as tracuuion mauls and noble meare supported oa alumma. Thuscb. romaa-elumana catalysts are ktng used for the conversion of parafdns to olailnrc hydrocarbons, 10 hydrodealkplation of aromatics. and to a lesser exzm in catalyzic reforming. The larter process LS also caralyzed by molybdena-alumina, a cavlyst system whid is also active for malang toluene and ocher aromatics from satwed hydrocarc bons. It also dyzes the Isomerhation of pm. Great efions are presently be-made to nudy the surface chemlstry of these molybdena-alumma ysfs [5, 6]. The great mterest LD. ttuS catalyst and its detailed nature and properties are certadp reiated to the enormous imnortance of cobalt oxade-molybdenum omde-nlumlna as a widely u5ed Caulytic system for hydrodesuUunzaim, hydmdeoirrogemion, and hydmcracklng reacttans. Cenaialy one of the most imporrant appllcations of alumbas is its use as a support for nobie met tn cazalpzic reformtng, My, dunsinas may also be used as supports for the immobilt.? tioa of mommuclear complexes and of polynucieu me clusters, a fleld which hs recently begun to attraa the Wrest of cacaiytic chamlsts [7, 8].
Transforming set data types to power optimal data structures (1996)

In this paper, we present a novel approach to model the search space for the custom implementation of set data types, a data type that is commonly found in important application domains such as network component realizations and database applications. The main objective is to arrive at power efficient realizations of these data types in custom data structures, but the model can also be used with nonpower cost functions. Based on the model, we propose an efficient optimization method for finding the implementation with minimum power consumption without performing an exhaustive scan of the search space. The range of power costs for different solutions can easily span four orders of magnitude, so a near optimal solution is crucial. This paper also strongly contributes to our overall goal of a higher level of specification and shorter design cycles for table-based memory organizations for applications where these data types are frequently used. The proposed model and methodology are suited for both hardware and software realizations.
Emerging strategies in tumor vaccines (2002)

Reports of novel developments in tumor vaccines that have appeared in the year ending May 1, 2002 are reviewed here. Antigenic moieties were revealed for tumors previously considered nonimmunogenic. The use of peptides spanning mutations detected exclusively in tumor tissue avoids the common concern for autoimmune responses. Carbohydrate biology is revealing novel antigenic moieties. The search for helper epitopes from tumor antigens has come into full swing. Humoral immunity is regaining terrain, particularly through the development of antiidiotypic antibodies. Major steps forward have been made in optimizing modes and routes of antigen delivery and in the use of immune adjuvants. In the clinic, phase I/II trials support the notion that tumor vaccines are safe. Because these trials are conducted in patients in whom tumor remission is not a realistic endpoint, patient responses were established by immune monitoring strategies to detect subtle changes in antitumor reactivity. Both clinical and laboratory data stress the vast potential of tumor vaccines for the treatment of cancer.
Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities of the Essential Oil of <i>Tarchonanthus camphoratus</i> (2013)

The leaf essential oil of Tarchonanthuscamphoratus(As teraceae) was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Fifty-six components were characterized, representing 94.2% of the total oil with oxygenated monoterpenes (48.3%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (32.7%) as the major groups. The principal constituents were identified as endo-fenchol (21.2%), trans-pinene hydrate (8.8%), caryophyllene oxide (7.5%), α-terpineol (6.4%), τ-cadinol (6.4%), and α-cadinol (5.2%). The essential oil was evaluated for its antimicrobial activity using a disc diffusion assay resulting in the moderate inhibition of a number of common human pathogenic bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and the yeast Candida albicans. The inhibition zones varied from 10 to 14mm/disc. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of the essential oil was examined using an in vitroradical scavenging activity test. The T. camphoratus essential oil scavenged 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), resulting in an IC 50 value of 5.6 mg/mL. At concentrations of 100 and 50μg/mL, the oil showed cytotoxic activity, with growth inhibition of 59.1% (±4.2), and 16.2% (±8.7) against HT29 tumor cells (human colonic adenocarcinoma cells), respectively(IC 50 = 84.7 ± 7.5 μg/mL).