gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detecting Anomaly Node Behavior in Wireless Sensor Networks (2007)

Wireless sensor networks are usually deployed in a way "once deployed, never changed". The actions of sensor nodes are either pre-scheduled inside chips or triggered to respond outside events in the predefined way. This relatively predictable working flow make it easy to build accurate node profiles and detect any violation of normal profiles. In this paper, traffic patterns observed are used to model node behavior in wireless sensor networks. Firstly, selected traffic related features are used to translate observed packets into different events. Following this, unique patterns based on the arriving order of different packet events are extracted to form the normal profile for each sensor node during the profile learning stage. Finally, real time anomaly detection can be achieved based on the profile matching.
Cyclopropane chemistry. Part I. Thermal isomerisation of gem-dichlorocyclopropanes to olefins (1969)

A series of 1,1-dichlorocyclopropanes containing various ring substituents has been prepared and the compounds have been pyrolysed in a flow system at 500–670°. This pyrolysis is a useful route to olefins. 1,1-Dichlorocyclopropane gives 2,3-dichloropropene in high yield. Cyclopropanes containing more chlorine substituents also give, in each case, a high yield of a single olefin isomeric with the cyclopropane; for instance 1,1,2-trichlorocyclopropane gives 1,1,3-trichloropropene, the 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-compound gives 1,1,2,3-tetrachloropropene, and 1,1,2-trichloro-2-chloromethylcyclopropane gives 1,1,3-trichloro-2-chloromethylpropene. Cyclopropanes which contain other substituents give mixtures of isomeric olefins. For instance 1,1-dichloro-2-methylcyclopropane gives 2,3-dichlorobut-1-ene and 1,2-dichlorobut-2-ene. The results are interpreted in terms of a unimolecular concerted chlorine-atom migration and ring-opening mechanism.
The Cyclic Depsipeptide Backbone of the Didemnins (1995)

An X-ray crystal analysis of phi-lactone N-¿1-¿N-¿4-¿[3- hydroxy-5-methyl-1-oxo-4-(N-L-threonylamino)heptyl]- oxy¿-2,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxohexyl¿-L-leucyl¿-L-prolyl¿- N,O-dimethyl-L-tyrosine hydrobromide hydrate (1a), C42H66N5O11+.Br-.H2O, was obtained in order to determine the backbone folding of the macrocycle and to compare the results obtained with those reported previously for the natural product didemnin B (1b). Some differences were noted in the torsion angles of the two conformers of the hydrobromide salt, denoted (1a) and (1a'). The conformation of (1a') resembled the conformation of (1b) more closely than did that of (1a). Certain regions of both crystal backbones were more flexible than those in didemnin B; however, the transannular hydrogen bonds in both (1a) and (1a') were somewhat stronger than in (1b).
Coded aperture projection (2010)

Coding a projector's aperture plane with adaptive patterns together with inverse filtering allow the depth-of-field of projected imagery to be increased. We present two prototypes and corresponding algorithms for static and programmable apertures. We also explain how these patterns can be computed at interactive rates, by taking into account the image content and limitations of the human visual system. Applications such as projector defocus compensation, high-quality projector depixelation, and increased temporal contrast of projected video sequences can be supported. Coded apertures are a step towards next-generation auto-iris projector lenses.
Molecular Cloning of a Novel Bone-Forming Compound: Osteoinductive Factor (1990)

cDNA clones encoding osteoinductive factor (OIF) have been isolated from a bovine osteoblast library. Sequence analysis of these clones indicated that the 105-amino-acid OIF is synthesized as a larger 299-amino-acid precursor, the carboxyl terminus of which is cleaved to yield the mature protein. Northern blot analysis of bovine osteoblast mRNA revealed two OIF-specific transcripts of 1.9 and 2.4 kb. The polymerase chain reaction was used to obtain clones coding for human OIF from the osteosarcoma cell line, MG-63. The human OIF cDNA encodes a precursor of 298 amino acids that exhibits 94% identity to the bovine protein. Northern blot analysis of various cell lines and tissues indicated that expression of OIF transcripts is limited and may be restricted to cells of bone lineage.
A system for specification and rapid prototyping of application command languages (1988)

The XS-2 system that integrates specification, rapid prototyping, and the actual use of application dialogs is described. The XS-2 command language grammar, a nonprocedural description language based on regular expressions, is used to specify commands for any application program. The syntax of the command specification is visible to the user: command names and their activation rules are displayed as a command tree. Since a small set of tools is provided for the development of the command specification and its automatic translation into a prototype application module in Modula-2, no programming work is necessary to design and evaluate the commands. Experience shows that an advanced end user can develop his or her own prototype application without a programmer's assistance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Internet traffic classification demystified (2008)

Recent research on Internet traffic classification algorithms has yield a flurry of proposed approaches for distinguishing types of traffic, but no systematic comparison of the various algorithms. This fragmented approach to traffic classification research leaves the operational community with no basis for consensus on what approach to use when, and how to interpret results. In this work we critically revisit traffic classification by conducting a thorough evaluation of three classification approaches, based on transport layer ports, host behavior, and flow features. A strength of our work is the broad range of data against which we test the three classification approaches: seven traces with payload collected in Japan, Korea, and the US. The diverse geographic locations, link characteristics and application traffic mix in these data allowed us to evaluate the approaches under a wide variety of conditions. We analyze the advantages and limitations of each approach, evaluate methods to overcome the limitations, and extract insights and recommendations for both the study and practical application of traffic classification. We make our software, classifiers, and data available for researchers interested in validating or extending this work.
Adaptive Calibration of Channel Mismatches in Time-Interleaved ADCs Based on Equivalent Signal Recombination (2013)

In this paper, we present an adaptive calibration method for correcting channel mismatches in time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters (TIADCs). An equivalent signal recombination structure is proposed to eliminate aliasing components when the input signal bandwidth is greater than the Nyquist bandwidth of the sub-ADCs in a TIADC. A band-limited pseudorandom noise sequence is employed as the desired output of the TIADC and simultaneously is also converted into an analog signal, which is injected into the TIADC as the training signal during the calibration process. Adaptive calibration filters with parallel structures are used to optimize the TIADC output to the desired output. The main advantage of the proposed method is that it avoids a complicated error estimation or measurement and largely reduces the computational complexity. A four-channel 12-bit 400-MHz TIADC and its calibration algorithm are implemented by hardware, and the measured spurious-free dynamic range is greater than 76 dB up 90% of the entire Nyquist band. The hardware implementation cost can be dramatically reduced, especially in instrumentation or measurement equipment applications, where special calibration phases and system stoppages are common.
Wide-angle and ultrathin camera module using a curved hexagonal microlens array and all spherical surfaces (2014)

In this paper, we propose a wide-angle and thin camera module integrating the principles of an insect's compound eye and the human eye, mimicking them with a curved hexagonal microlens array and a hemispherical lens, respectively. Compared to typical mobile phone cameras with more than four lenses and a limited full field of view (FFOV), the proposed system uses only two lenses to achieve a wide FFOV. Furthermore, the thickness of our proposed system is only 2.7 mm. It has an f-number of 2.07, an image diameter of 4.032 mm, and a diagonal FFOV of 136°. The results showed good image quality with a modulation transfer function above 0.3 at a Nyquist frequency of 166 cycles/mm.
Commodity Overview: Prospects for Commodity Prices (2001)

Following a weakening world economic outlook, a crucial question facing commodity producers and exporters is whether commodity prices will decline sharply on world markets, leading to significantly lower export revenues and returns. World economic growth, which is of critical importance to the direction of world commodity prices, is assumed to ease in 2001, but to strengthen in 2002. Toward 2006, world economic growth is assumed to moderate gradually to a more sustainable pace. Reflecting a relatively low Australian dollar, Australia's commodity exports are forecast to rise to $86 billion in 2000-01 and $89 billion in 2001-02, but then to trend downward in real terms over the reminder of the outlook period (to 2005-06).
Salicylic Acid Interferes with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Replication via a Novel Salicylhydroxamic Acid-Sensitive Mechanism (1997)

Stephen Chivasa, Alex M. Murphy, Martin Naylor, John P. Carr, Salicylic Acid Interferes with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Replication via a Novel Salicylhydroxamic Acid-Sensitive Mechanism, The Plant Cell, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Apr., 1997), pp. 547-557
Preparation and characterization of polyimide‐<i>g</i>‐nylon 6 copolymers from nonfunctionalized polyimides (2005)

Abstract In this research, the anionic polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactam was carried out in the presence of small amounts of several different polyimides to generate polyimide‐ g ‐nylon 6 copolymers. The polyimides, which were prepared from 2,2′‐bis[4‐(3,4‐dicarboxyphenoxy)phenyl]propane dianhydride and commercially available diamines with a one‐step method, were first dissolved in molten ϵ‐caprolactam. Phenylmagnesium bromide was then added at 120°C. Under these conditions, caprolactam anions were formed that attacked the five‐membered imide rings to form N ‐acyllactam moieties, which activated the anionic polymerization of caprolactam. In essence, nylon 6 chains grew from the polyimide backbones. Probably because of a high activation energy, the process was relatively slow, requiring 1 h at 120°C. The introduction of 5 wt % polyimide into the graft copolymers produced significant increases in the tensile modulus and tensile strength in comparison with those of low‐ and high‐molecular‐weight nylon 6. The elongation to break, however, was reduced. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 292–299, 2006
Intravenous pharmacokinetics, local tolerability, and hemolysis of an SBE7‐β‐cyclodextrin formulation of the neurokinin‐1 receptor antagonist vestipitant (2014)

Vestipitant is a potent and selective neurokinin 1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist that was investigated as a potential treatment for post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV). A previous mannitol-based formulation of vestipitant was associated with hemolytic activity in preclinical studies. In an effort to reduce the hemolytic potential and develop an IV formulation of vestipitant that could be administered more rapidly, an IV formulation containing sulfobutylether-7-beta-cyclodextrin (SBE7-β-CD, Captisol™) was developed and tested in a phase 1 clinical study. This was a randomized, single-blind (subjects and investigator-blinded, sponsor-unblinded), placebo controlled, dose escalation study in healthy subjects in which 7 cohorts of 8 subjects per cohort received SBE7-β-CD -based vestipitant (2 mg/mL) or placebo (saline) in a 3:1 ratio (active:placebo) at different doses and infusion rates. The results demonstrated the ability to infuse up to 48 mg vestipitant in a 2 mg/mL formulation over 30 seconds with no evidence of hemolytic effects. Cohorts of subjects at lower doses and longer infusion duration (>1 minute) reported more AEs related to the infusion site than those at the higher doses and faster infusion rates.
Aeroelastic Modeling, Analysis and Testing of a Morphing Wing Structure (2007)

NextGen Aeronautics, Inc., of Torrance, CA, has been involved in all aspects of the design, development and testing of morphing aircraft structures, much of this in conjunction with NASA Langley Research Center. The single most substantial effort in this area has been the DARPA Next-Generation Morphing Aircraft Structures project, in which NextGen has been one of two prime contractors tasked with advancing the state of technology of morphing aircraft. NextGen developed an in-plane morphing geometry concept with mechanized four-bar linkages, and motion imparted by computer-controlled linear actuators. Flexible elastomeric skins with out-of-plane stiffeners accommodated the wing motion while transmitting air pressure loads to the wing substructure. The development process involved wind tunnel testing of a full-scale wing for a 2400-lb vehicle and flight testing of a subscale unmanned air vehicle. Among the more critical challenges has been that of addressing wing design for aeroelasticity, given the unique features of morphing wings. Specific relevant issues include: the need to address multiple geometries and flight envelopes to account for morphing shape changes; in-plane flexibility of the wing resulting from its mechanisms and soft (relative to typical fixed wing structure) restraint by linear actuators; nonlinearity and equivalent loss of stiffness in the wing’s out-of-plane direction as a result of multiple revolute joints in the structure. These unfamiliar features required, in some cases, the development of new analytical or testing approaches. In addition, due to a somewhat untried approach to mounting the half-span wind tunnel model of its size at the NASA Transonic Dynamics Tunnel, particular considerations of support structure dynamics had to be given particular attention prior to wind-on testing there. Ultimately, all of these challenges were overcome, and successful wind tunnel and flight demonstrations were completed.
A Novel Penetration System for in <i>situ</i> Astrobiological Studies (2005)

Due to ultraviolet flux in the surface layers of most solar bodies, future astrobiological research is increasingly seeking to conduct subsurface penetration and drilling to detect chemical signature for extant or extinct life. To address this issue, we present a micro-penetrator concept (mass < 10 kg) that is suited for extraterrestrial planetary deployment and in situ investigation of chemical and physical properties. The instrumentation in this concept is a bio-inspired drill to access material beneath sterile surface layer for biomarker detection. The proposed drill represents a novel concept of two-valve-reciprocating motion, inspired by the working mechanism of wood wasp ovipositors. It is lightweight (0.5 kg), driven at low power (3 W), and able to drill deep (1-2 m). Tests have shown that the reciprocating drill is feasible and has potential of improving drill efficiency without using any external force. The overall penetration system provides a small, light and energy efficient solution to in situ astrobiological studies, which is crucial for space engineering. Such a micro-penetrator can be used for exploration of terrestrial-type planets or other small bodies of the solar system with the minimum of modifications.
Revealing −1 Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting Mechanisms by Single-Molecule Techniques and Computational Methods (2012)

Programmed ribosomal frameshifting (PRF) serves as an intrinsic translational regulation mechanism employed by some viruses to control the ratio between structural and enzymatic proteins. Most viral mRNAs which use PRF adapt an H-type pseudoknot to stimulate -1 PRF. The relationship between the thermodynamic stability and the frameshifting efficiency of pseudoknots has not been fully understood. Recently, single-molecule force spectroscopy has revealed that the frequency of -1 PRF correlates with the unwinding forces required for disrupting pseudoknots, and that some of the unwinding work dissipates irreversibly due to the torsional restraint of pseudoknots. Complementary to single-molecule techniques, computational modeling provides insights into global motions of the ribosome, whose structural transitions during frameshifting have not yet been elucidated in atomic detail. Taken together, recent advances in biophysical tools may help to develop antiviral therapies that target the ubiquitous -1 PRF mechanism among viruses.
InGaAs/InGaAlAs/InAlAs/InP SCH-MQW laser diodes grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (1984)

InGaAs/InGaAlAs/InAlAs/InP separate-confinement hetero-structure-multiquantum-well (SCH-MQW) laser diodes have been fabricated by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE), and room-temperature pulsed operation at 1.57 μm has been achieved. This SCH-MQW laser is composed of InGaAs well layers, InGaAlAs quaternary barrier layers, and InAlAs and InP cladding layers.
Studies on Imidazole Derivatives as Chelating Agents. III. Syntheses of Schiff Bases and 4 (5)-Aminomethyl Derivatives and Their Reactions with Metal Ions. (1967)

The Schiff bases from 4 (5)-imidazolecarboxaldehyde and aromatic amines (type [A]), those from 4 (5)-amino-5 (4)-methylimidazole and aromatic aldehydes (type [B]), and 4 (5)-aminomethylimidazoles (type [C]) were prepared. The compounds [A] and [C] react with Fe (III), Cu (II), Pd (II), Pt (IV), Au (III), ect. to give green∼brown colors, whereas the compounds [B] give only faint colors with Cu (II), Pt (IV), and Au (III). The copper chelates of type Cu (ligand)2Br2, where the ligands are the compounds [A] and [C], were isolated, and the binding site of the imidazole nucleus was determined to be the pyridine nitrogen by comparing the IR spectra with those of the deuteration products and of the copper chelate of type Cu (ligand)2. The reactivities of the compounds [A] and [C] suggest that they behave as bidentate ligands.
Evolutionary transitions to new DNA methyltransferases through target site expansion and shrinkage (2012)

DNA-binding and modifying proteins show high specificity but also exhibit a certain level of promiscuity. Such latent promiscuous activities comprise the starting points for new protein functions, but this hypothesis presents a paradox: a new activity can only evolve if it already exists. How then, do novel activities evolve? DNA methyltransferases, for example, are highly divergent in their target sites, but how transitions toward novel sites occur remains unknown. We performed laboratory evolution of the DNA methyltransferase M.HaeIII. We found that new target sites emerged primarily through expansion of the original site, GGCC, and the subsequent shrinkage of evolved expanded sites. Variants evolved for sites that are promiscuously methylated by M.HaeIII [GG((A)/(T))CC and GGCGCC] carried mutations in 'gate-keeper' residues. They could thereby methylate novel target sites such as GCGC and GGATCC that were neither selected for nor present in M.HaeIII. These 'generalist' intermediates were further evolved to obtain variants with novel target specificities. Our results demonstrate the ease by which new DNA-binding and modifying specificities evolve and the mechanism by which they occur at both the protein and DNA levels.
Silicon Oxidation Studies: Analysis of SiO2 Film Growth Data (1976)

This study is aimed toward identifying the reasons why large discrepancies exist in the literature relative to the kinetic constants which are supposed to describe the thermal oxidation of single crystal silicon (Si) in pure oxygen. In order to obtain sufficient quality and quantity of silicon dioxide film growth thickness‐time data, an automated ellipsometer was used to measure the thickness in situ. The resulting data was fitted to the generally accepted linear‐parabolic model by several commonly used methods and the results compared. Careful attention was given to eliminating trace amounts of and Na so that the data are representative of oxidation in pure ; the oxidation data was compiled in the temperature range of 780°– 980°C. Calculated standard deviation values were used to evaluate the quality of the fit of the data to the model. From this analysis an initial regime of rapid oxidation was identified which does not conform to linear‐parabolic kinetics. This regime extends up to about 350Å. A best fit of the data to the model was achieved using data above 350Å. By using either data below 350Å or only data greater than about 1100Å, large curve‐fitting errors (∼50% in terms of rate constants) were obtained. It was concluded that this source of error in combination with impurity effects, insufficient data, and the specific form of the curve‐fitting equation could yield the large reported discrepancies. The activation energy calculated from the linear rate constants of this study (1.5 eV) indicates that 0‒0 bond breaking is important for linear kinetics and the activation energy for the parabolic rate constants (2.3 eV) is too large to be correlated with a reported value (1.2 eV) for the diffusion of through .
Increased Plasma Apolipoprotein C-III Concentration Independently Predicts Cardiovascular Mortality: The Hoorn Study (2008)

In this general population cohort, a high apoC-III concentration in plasma, independently of fasting triglycerides and other traditional risk factors, predicts cardiovascular mortality.
Miscibility Improvement in PP and EPDM Blends via Introducing Specific Interaction (2000)

Miscibility improvement between polypropylene(PP) and ethylene-propylene-diene-terpolymer (EPDM) was studied by introducing specific interaction into both polymers. PP was modified by grafting maleic anhydride(MAH) onto backbone, leading to MAH-grafted PP(PP-g-MAH). Sulfonated EPDM ionomer neutralized with bivalent zinc cation(ZnSEPDM) was used as one component. The blends of PP-g-MAH and ZnSEPDM were prepared at in Brabender Roller Mixer. Fourier transform-infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopic and dynamic mechanical studies have been performed to investigate the miscibility. FT-IR spectral peak corresponding to carbonyl group in PP-g-MAH and that to sulfonate group in ZnSEPDM were shifted to lower and higher frequency with increasing ZnSEPDM content, respectively, in the blends. Glass transition temperature of ZnSEPDM was increased up to 70wt.% of ZnSEPDM, and again decreased above 70wt.%. It can be concluded from the shift of FT-IR characteristic peaks and the changes of glass transition temperatures that the miscibility between PP and EPDM was improved via introducing specific interaction, i.e., dipole-ion interaction.
Wavelet vector quantization of images (2003)

A scheme for very low bit rate coding of images is presented. A pyramidal structure, constructed from the wavelet decomposition of the original image on successive dyadic resolutions, serves as the basic representation of the image. Entropy-constrained vector quantization (ECVQ) is adopted to quantize various subimages lying on the pyramid levels. Optimal entropy coding of the resulted indices can yield very low bit rates at appreciably high objective quality.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Human Cytomegalovirus Major Immediate-Early Gene (1996)

Immediate-early genes function to regulate viral and cellular gene expression during the course of virus replication. The major immediate-early gene region of human cytomegalovirus plays a key role in affecting activation and repression of viral and cellular genes. These proteins intimately associate and/or interact with viral and cellular proteins during this process. Herein, we will discuss the current understanding of this complex gene region.