gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High Rate Aluminum Sputtering in Compact Disc Production (1995)

Abstract Eine etwa 55 nm dicke Aluminiumschicht verleiht der Compact Disc (CD) ihr typisch „silbriges”︁ Aussehen. Die Schicht dient als Reflektor für den Laserstrahl des Abspielgerätes. Heute können diese Schichten in Single Disc Coatern in nur 1,1 s durch einen DC‐Magnetron Sputterprozeß aufgebracht werden, obwohl das Polycarbonat, aus dem die CD im wesentlichen besteht, nur beschränkt temperaturbelastbar ist. Forderungen der Industrie nach Produktivität, Zuverlässigkeit, geringem Energieverbrauch, hoher Targetausnutzung und stets gleichbleibender Schichtqualität stellen besondere Anforderungen an das Design von Sputterquellen.
The impact of substrate bias on a remote plasma sputter coating process for conformal coverage of trenches and 3D structures (2015)

With the progression towards higher aspect ratios and finer topographical dimensions in many micro- and nano-systems, it is of technological importance to be able to conformally deposit thin films onto such structures. Sputtering techniques have been developed to provide such conformal coverage through a combination of coating re-sputtering and ionised physical vapour deposition (IPVD), the latter by use of a secondary plasma source or a pulsed high target power (HiPIMS). This paper reports on the use of an alternate remote plasma sputtering technique in which a high density (>10<sup>13</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup>) magnetised plasma is used for sputter deposition, and additionally is shown to provide IPVD and a re-sputtering capability. From the substrate I-V characteristics and optical emission spectroscopy (OES) data, it is shown that remote plasma sputtering is an inherently continuous IPVD process (without the need of a secondary discharge). Through the reactive deposition of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> onto complex structures, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) results demonstrate that applying a negative substrate bias during film growth can result in re-sputtering of deposited material and film growth on surfaces obscured from the initial sputter flux. Using 5 : 1 (height : width) aspect ratio trenches, the substrate bias was set to 0,-245 and -334 V. At 0 V substrate bias, the alumina coating is predominantly deposited on the horizontal surfaces; at -344 V, it is predominantly deposited onto the side walls and at -245 V a more uniform layer thickness is obtained over the trench. The process was optimised further by alternating the substrate bias between -222 and -267 V, with a 50% residence time at each voltage, yielding a more uniform conformal coverage of the 5 : 1 aspect ratio structures over large areas.
Use of the paracellular way for the intestinal absorption of sugars. (1990)

Passive absorption of D-Galactose (in the presence of 0.5 mM phlorizin), 2-deoxy-D-glucose and D-Mannitol by rat jejunum has been measured in vivo by perfusion of an intestinal segment with recirculation, along successive absorption periods of 5 or 10 min duration. In the range of 1 to 40 mM concentrations, the three solutes were absorbed at a very similar rate that varied as a lineal function of the concentrations in the perfusion solution. Absorption of 1 mM solute was not modified by the presence of 40 mM glucose or galactose. Passive absorption kinetics suggests processes of simple diffusion or solvent drag. The use of paracellular way for the passive absorption is supported by the fact that triaminopyrimidine (TAP) and protamine, which decrease the permeability through the tight junctions, also inhibit the absorption, with similar characteristics for both actions: TAP inhibition (53%) is very rapid and can be easily reversed, while that of protamine (30%) requires some time of previous exposure, lasts longer and can be reversed by heparin. The same analogy is shown by two actions that enhance the paracellular permeability: theophylline increases (30%) the passive absorption with lasting effect, while luminal hypertony enhances absorption transitorily. The passive absorption of the assayed solutes could be estimated to take place by the paracellular way in at least 50% and probably 70% or even more. The measure of net fluid fluxes reveals that solute fluxes must be prevailingly explained by simple diffusion, as the solvent drag can only play a very minor role.
Road-vehicle cooperation driving system (2002)

The road-vehicle cooperative driving system is a system for supporting the operation of vehicles. It uses the technology of mobile continuous telecommunication between vehicles and the road by way of continuous communication media placed along the road side. As the system is currently conceived, there are different levels of support that will provide information, warnings, operational support, and ultimately automatic driving in accordance with the development stage. In this paper, we describe the prerequisites for the introduction of the system, the functions that are expected from each level of development, and the component technologies that are necessary for building the system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Efficient Nd:YAG laser frequency doubling with periodically poled KTP (1998)

Periodically poled flux-grown KTiOPO(4) was used for efficient extracavity 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser frequency doubling. A conversion efficiency exceeding 65% was obtained in Q-switched operation, and 1.34 W of average frequency-doubled power was generated with 2.2 W of mode-locked laser output. The conversion efficiency is approximately two times higher for periodically poled KTP than for conventional type II phase-matched KTP. The measurements indicate that periodically poled KTP is less susceptible to optical damage than type II KTP.
One‐pot synthesis of a new hyperbranched polyester containing 3,6‐di‐acceptor‐substituted carbazole chromophores for nonlinear optics (1996)

Abstract The preparation of a new AB 2 monomer and a precursor of AB 2 monomer bearing carbazole chromophores is described. A new hyperbranched polymer containing carbazole substituted with two acceptor groups for nonlinear optical materials has been synthesized starting from the precursor of AB 2 monomer 3,6‐diformyl‐9‐(11‐hydroxyundecyl)carbazole via Knoevenagel condensation and ester exchange condensation in a one‐pot reaction. This hyperbranched polymer with a mass‐average molar mass of about 20000 g/mol is soluble in common organic solvents. The thin polymer films could be obtained from chloroform solution by spin coating. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed no crystalline transitions for this hyperbranched polymer and the glass transition temperature of the polymer is about 97,6°C. The resulting thin and glassy polymer films were shown to exhibit reasonably second harmonic generation efficiencies ( d 33 = 7 pm/V) after electric corona poling at about 100°C.
Handover criteria for city microcellular radio systems (2002)

1700 MHz attenuation and bit error rate (BER) measurements were conducted at the center of a major urban area in southern England in order to compile a radio propagation and BER database for handover criteria study in city microcellular radio systems. The focus of the experiments was to provide realistic data for handover simulation in typical city microcell environments, thus minimizing inaccuracies due to the inadequacies in propagation modeling. Results revealed the path loss followed the inverse third to fourth power law in majority of the cases using simple regression fitting. The short-term signal fading statistics varied with Rice factors in excess of ten down to zero, as the distance between the mobile unit and the microcellular base station increased. Computer simulation indicated that both RSSI (received signal strength indicator) and BER could be used as handover criteria. The optimal threshold level for handover request, however, differed from location to location.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activities of Two Disaccharide Dipeptides Corresponding to the Repeating Units of Bacterial Peptidoglycan (1986)

Abstract Two disaccharide dipeptides, i.e., O-(N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminyl)-(1→4)-N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine (2) and O-(N-acetyl-β-muramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine)-(1→4)-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (3), which correspond to partial structures of cell wall peptidoglycan were synthesized via the same glucosamine disaccharide as a common intermediate. Thus, selective introduction of lactic acid moiety on either one of the sugar moieties of the intermediate gave two disaccharides respectively which contain muramic acid on either reducing or nonreducing side. Coupling of the peptide moiety followed by deprotection afforded 2 and 3. The results of biological tests showed that both 2 and 3 have the same magnitude of immunostimulating activities as those of N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine which is the minimum structure required for expression of the activities.
Local Ablative Strategies for Ductal Pancreatic Cancer (Radiofrequency Ablation, Irreversible Electroporation): A Review (2016)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has still a dismal prognosis. Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) accounts for the 40% of the new diagnoses. Current treatment options are based on chemo- and radiotherapy regimens. Local ablative techniques seem to be the future therapeutic option for stage-III patients with PDAC. Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) and Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) are actually the most emerging local ablative techniques used on LAPC. Initial clinical studies on the use of these techniques have already demonstrated encouraging results in terms of safety and feasibility. Unfortunately, few studies on their efficacy are currently available. Even though some reports on the overall survival are encouraging, randomized studies are still required to corroborate these findings. This study provides an up-to-date overview and a thematic summary of the current available evidence on the application of RFA and IRE on PDAC, together with a comparison of the two procedures.
Hormone-related Factors and Risk of Breast Cancer in Relation to Estrogen Receptor and Progesterone Receptor Status (2000)

Risk factors were examined for subgroups of breast cancer characterized by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status. Data from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a population-based, North Carolina case-control study of 862 breast cancer cases aged 20-74 years diagnosed during 1993-1996 and 790 controls frequency matched on race and age, were obtained by personal interview. ER and PR status was retrieved from medical records (80%) or was determined in the authors' laboratory (11%) but was missing for 9% of cases. The receptor status distribution was as follows: 53% ER+PR+, 11% ER+PR-, 8% ER-PR+, and 28% ER-PR-. Several hormone-related factors were associated with stronger increased risks for ER+PR+ than for ER-PR- breast cancer: the elevated odds ratios were strongest for ER+PR+ breast cancer among postmenopausal women who had an early age at menarche (odds ratio (OR) = 1.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0, 2.4), nulliparity/late age at first full-term pregnancy (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 0.9, 3.2 and OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.0, 2.7, respectively), or a high body mass index (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 0.9, 3.0) and among pre-/perimenopausal women who had a high waist-hip ratio (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.1). In contrast, family history of breast or ovarian cancer and medical radiation exposure to the chest produced higher odds ratios for ER-PR- than for ER+PR+ breast cancer, especially among pre-/perimenopausal women.
Injectable hydrogels as unique biomedical materials (2008)

A concentrated fish soup could be gelled in the winter and re-solled upon heating. In contrast, some synthetic copolymers exhibit an inverse sol-gel transition with spontaneous physical gelation upon heating instead of cooling. If the transition in water takes place below the body temperature and the chemicals are biocompatible and biodegradable, such gelling behavior makes the associated physical gels injectable biomaterials with unique applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering etc. Various therapeutic agents or cells can be entrapped in situ and form a depot merely by a syringe injection of their aqueous solutions at target sites with minimal invasiveness and pain. This tutorial review summarizes and comments on this soft matter, especially thermogelling poly(ethylene glycol)-(biodegradable polyester) block copolymers. The main types of injectable hydrogels are also briefly introduced, including both physical gels and chemical gels.
Test evaluation for complex mixed-signal ICs by introducing layout dependent faults (1993)

This paper has two aims. Firstly, to give an insight into the techniques used in writing and implementing accurate behavioural models, showing that simple modelling techniques are adequate. Secondly, how these models can be used to implement a fault simulation methodology using IFA techniques for analogue circuits. The test vehicle is a Philips-designed phase-locked-loop (PLL) IC which has a high gate count, is of a mixed signal design, and is unsimulatable in a layout-extracted netlist form. Defect simulation using high-level subcircuit descriptions of the PLL enable standard and novel testing strategies to be evaluated, indicating which method will achieve the highest defect coverage.
Enzymatic enrichment of conjugated linoleic acid isomers and incorporation into triglycerides (1999)

Abstract A method was developed for the enrichment of either the cis 9, trans 11 or the trans 10, cis 12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) from a synthetic CLA mixture consisting predominantly of these isomers in equal amounts. Lipases were screened for their ability to selectively esterify one isomer at a significantly greater rate than the other isomer. An immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei was nonselective, but a lipase from Geotrichum candidum esterified the cis 9, trans 11 isomer more rapidly than the trans 10, cis 12 isomer. This selectivity was exploited at the kilogram scale to prepare an ester fraction with a content of 91% cis 9, trans 11 CLA and an unreacted free fatty acid fraction consisting of 82% trans 10, cis 12 CLA, based on total CLA content. The components of the reaction mixture were separated by molecular distillation. Each enriched fraction was then incorporated into palm oil triglycerides by interesterification with the non‐selective lipase from R. miehei . Two triglyceride fats resulted, which were enriched in either cis 9, trans 11 CLA (26.5% cis 9, trans 11 and 1.7% trans 10, cis 12) or trans 10, cis 12 CLA (3.5% cis 9, trans 11 and 22.9% trans 10, cis 12).
Chloroplast Genetic Engineering Via Organogenesis or Somatic Embryogenesis (2006)

Chloroplast genetic engineering offers a number of unique advantages, including high-level transgene expression, multigene engineering in a single transformation event, transgene containment via maternal inheritance, lack of gene silencing, position and pleiotropic effects and undesirable foreign DNA. More than 40 transgenes have been stably integrated and expressed via the tobacco chloroplast genome to confer desired agronomic traits or express high levels of vaccine antigens and biopharmaceuticals. Despite such significant progress, this technology has not been extended to other important plant species. For example, Arabidopsis may be an ideal model system for chloroplast functional genomics. The employment of chloroplast transformation technology in Arabidopsis has been hampered by the lack of an efficient and reproducible protocol that provides fertile chloroplast transgenic plants. Transformation of the Arabidopsis chloroplast genome was achieved via organogenesis but the efficiency was at least a 100-fold lower than in tobacco and had the drawback of polyploidy in the leaf tissue that resulted in sterile transgenic plants. This problem can be overcome by adapting procedures that are now available to regenerate plants from both diploid and tetraploid explants via callus. In addition, it is feasible to regenerate Arabidopsis via somatic embryogenesis. Recent breakthroughs in highly efficient plastid transformation of recalcitrant crops such as cotton and soybean have opened the possibility of engineering Arabidopsis plastid genome via somatic embryogenesis. Therefore, protocols of recent improvements in tissue culture, DNA delivery, and the novel vector designs are provided here in order to achieve highly efficient plastid transformation in Arabidopsis.
Percent of Prostate Needle Biopsy Cores With Cancer is Significant Independent Predictor of Prostate Specific Antigen Recurrence Following Radical Prostatectomy: Results From SEARCH Database (2003)

Percent of positive cores in the prostate needle biopsy was a significant predictor of adverse pathology and biochemical failure following radical prostatectomy, and the cut points of less than 34%, 34% to 50% and greater than 50% can be used to risk stratify patients preoperatively. The finding that percent of positive cores from the most involved side of the biopsy was a stronger predictor of PSA failure than the total percent of cores involved suggests that multiple positive biopsies from a single side might be a better predictor of a larger total cancer volume and thus correlate with clinical outcome.
Killing of Proteus mirabilis by polymorphonuclear leukocyte granule proteins: evidence for species specificity by antimicrobial proteins (1988)

Low-molecular-weight (Mr, ca. 3,800) polypeptides containing human defensins HNP-1 and HNP-2 (T. Ganz, M. S. Selsted, D. Szlarek, S. L. Harwig, K. Daher, D. F. Bainton, and R. I. Lehrer, J. Clin. Invest. 76:1427-1434, 1985) prepared in our laboratory from acid extracts of human polymorphonuclear granulocyte granules and purified human defensins were found to exert potent bactericidal action against Proteus mirabilis. The antimicrobial action of the extracts of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes granules against P. mirabilis appears to be due to the presence of the defensins. Because P. mirabilis resists the antimicrobial action of other granule proteins, we interpret the present results to mean that the various antimicrobial proteins display species specificity in their microbicidal action.
Optimal conditions and specific characteristics of <i>Vent</i> exo– DNA polymerase in ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction protocols (2005)

An optimized procedure for the ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique using Thermococcus litoralis exo- DNA polymerase (Vent exo-) was developed. The optimal dosage of Vent exo- at the primer extension and PCR amplification steps as well as the optimal DNA quantity to use were established. We showed that Vent exo- can efficiently create the blunt-ended termini required for subsequent linker ligation. Vent exo- proves to be more efficient than Pyrococcus furiosus exo- (Pfu exo-) for this task. Vent exo- resolves highly GC-rich sequence substantially better than Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase (Taq) and with a similar efficiency as Pfu exo-. The DNA/DNA polymerase activity ratio is significantly higher for Vent exo- than for Pfu exo-, which is reflected by the sensibility of Vent exo- in efficiently amplifying genomic DNA. Furthermore, the range of efficiency of Vent exo- demonstrates the importance of conducting evaluative testing to identify the optimal dosage of use of this polymerase to obtain successful PCR amplification. Optimal MgSO4 concentrations to use with Vent exo- were established. Our results show that Vent exo- DNA polymerase produces bands of uniform and strong intensity and can efficiently be used for the analysis of DNA in living cells by ligation-mediated PCR.
Structured versus Semistructured versus Unstructured Interviews (2015)

Abstract The clinical diagnostic interview is used in the mental health field to help clinicians assign reliable and valid psychiatric diagnoses. This diagnostic process has significant applications in both clinical and research settings. Clinical interviews vary with respect to how much structure they have, ranging from completely unstructured to completely structured. This entry reviews three types of clinical diagnostic interview (unstructured, semistructured, and fully structured interviews) and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each. The entry also includes a brief review of popular semistructured and structured diagnostic interviews for clinical and personality disorders.
The Vision and Technical Foundations of Ubiquitous Computing (2001)

esources. Objects and appliances could thus react and operate in a context-sensitive manner and appear to be &quot;smart,&quot; without actually being &quot;intelligent&quot;. Due to the continuing advances in the fields of computer science, microelectronics, communication technology, and materials science, this vision of a comprehensive computerization and interconnection of everyday objects could become a reality in the not-too-distant future. Since ubiquitous computing could trigger a completely new set of applications where, for example, cooperating objects created new emergent functionalities, this vision could in time also be successful from a business point of view. This would doubtless have enormous economic and social implications. It would also raise issues relating to technology acceptance and the creation of a world in which reality gets closely coupled to -- and in some respects even merges with -- our information-based cyberspace. Moore&apos;s Law and Weiser&apos;s Vision Constant a
The Phylogeny of Acetic Acid Bacteria Based on the Partial Sequences of 16S Ribosomal RNA: The Elevation of the Subgenus<i>Gluconoacetobacter</i>to the Generic Level (1997)

Thirty-six strains of acetic acid bacteria classified in the genera Acetobacter, Gluconobacter, and Acidomonas were examined for their partial base sequences in positions 1220 through 1375, 156 bases, of 16S rRNA. The strains of the Q10-equipped Gluconobacter species examined were divided into two subgroups, which included the type strains of Gluconobacter oxydans, the type species of the genus Gluconobacter, and of a second species, Gluconobacter cerinus, respectively. The base differences numbered four between the two type strains. The strains of the Q9-equipped species examined classified in the type subgenus Acetobacter of the genus Acetobacter were not very distant phylogenetically from those of the genus Gluconobacter. The calculated number of base differences was 9-6 between the type strains of G. oxydans and G. cerinus and the type strains of Acetobacter aceti and Acetobacter pasteurianus. In contrast, the strains of the Q10-equipped species examined classified in the subgenus Gluconoacetobacter of the genus Acetobacter were very distant phylogenetically from those of the Acetobacter and Gluconobacter species mentioned above. The number of base differences was calculated to be 14-8. Furthermore, the strains of the methanol-assimilating, Q10-equipped species of the genus Acidomonas examined were located in phylogenetically isolated positions. The type strain of Acidomonas methanolica (identical to Acetobacter methanolicus), the type species of the genus Acidomonas, had 16-9 base differences. The data obtained here indicated that the members of the subgenus Gluconoacetobacter of the genus Acetobacter can be distinguished at the generic level. The new genus Gluconoacetobacter was proposed with the type species, Gluconoacetobacter liquefaciens, in recognition of the genus Acidomonas along with the genera Acetobacter and Gluconobacter in the classification of the acetic acid bacteria.