gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Realtime adaptive imaging (2002)

Sound speed variations within the human body degrade contrast and resolution in ultrasound images. Many algorithms have been proposed to compensate for these variations, but few have been tested on human subjects. We describe a programmable, adaptive imager that allows the realtime implementation of a wide class of algorithms, those which modify the imager's beamforming based upon individual transducer signals. A GE LOGIQ 700 imager is connected to a commercial multiprocessor system. The imager's channel data are captured in the multiprocessor system, which calculates arrival time errors for each beamforming channel. These errors are used to correct the imager's beamforming time delays at the acoustic frame rate. We describe an algorithm which iteratively estimates time-delay errors by correlating the signal from each element in a multirow transducer with the beamsum signal. The system successfully corrects for two-dimensional model aberrations during realtime scanning of tissue-mimicking phantoms and human subjects.
Transcription Factor Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 Promotes Growth of Human Prostate Cancer Cells <i>In vivo</i> (2008)

We show here that inhibition of Stat5a/b by antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference, or adenoviral expression of dominant-negative Stat5a/b effectively kills prostate cancer cells. Moreover, we show that Stat5a/b is critical for human prostate cancer xenograft growth in nude mice. The effects of Stat5a/b on the viability of prostate cancer cells involve Stat5a/b regulation of Bcl-X(L) and cyclin D1 protein levels but not the expression or activation of Stat3. This work establishes Stat5a/b as a therapeutic target protein for prostate cancer. Pharmacologic inhibition of Stat5a/b in prostate cancer can be achieved by small-molecule inhibitors of transactivation, dimerization, or DNA binding of Stat5a/b.
B Cell Induction of IL-13 Expression in NK Cells: Role of CD244 and SLAM-Associated Protein (2006)

NK cells are an important component of the innate immune system that can also interact with B cells in a mutually productive manner. We have previously shown that activated B cells can induce NK cells to up-regulate their secretion of IFN-gamma. In this study, we show that B cells, and, particularly, marginal zone B cells, can, in addition, induce NK cells via direct cell-cell interactions to express mRNA encoding the Th2 cytokine IL-13. The induction of NK cell IL-13 mRNA expression requires the ligation of the CD244 receptor by the CD48 ligand on B cells via signaling pathways that depend upon expression of the X-linked lymphoproliferative disease gene product, SH2D1A/DSHP/SAP (SLAM-associated protein, or SAP) in NK cells. Thus, the positive signals attributed to the B cell activation of CD244 on murine NK cells appears to be more similar to the activity of CD244 on human cells. The induction of IL-13 mRNA by B cells may account for the effect of NK cells on the generation of Th2-type responses in the presence of some adjuvants.
Role of transforming growth factor-beta in the development of the mouse embryo. (1987)

Using immunohistochemical methods, we have investigated the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in the development of the mouse embryo. For detection of TGF-beta in 11-18-d-old embryos, we have used a polyclonal antibody specific for TGF-beta type 1 and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Staining of TGF-beta is closely associated with mesenchyme per se or with tissues derived from mesenchyme, such as connective tissue, cartilage, and bone. TGF-beta is conspicuous in tissues derived from neural crest mesenchyme, such as the palate, larynx, facial mesenchyme, nasal sinuses, meninges, and teeth. Staining of all of these tissues is greatest during periods of morphogenesis. In many instances, intense staining is seen in mesenchyme when critical interactions with adjacent epithelium occur, as in the development of hair follicles, teeth, and the submandibular gland. Marked staining is also seen when remodeling of mesenchyme or mesoderm occurs, as during formation of digits from limb buds, formation of the palate, and formation of the heart valves. The presence of TGF-beta is often coupled with pronounced angiogenic activity. The histochemical results are discussed in terms of the known biochemical actions of TGF-beta, especially its ability to control both synthesis and degradation of both structural and adhesion molecules of the extracellular matrix.
Visual Coreference Resolution in Visual Dialog using Neural Module Networks (2018)

Visual dialog entails answering a series of questions grounded in an image, using dialog history as context. In addition to the challenges found in visual question answering (VQA), which can be seen as one-round dialog, visual dialog encompasses several more. We focus on one such problem called visual coreference resolution that involves determining which words, typically noun phrases and pronouns, co-refer to the same entity/object instance in an image. This is crucial, especially for pronouns (e.g., `it'), as the dialog agent must first link it to a previous coreference (e.g., `boat'), and only then can rely on the visual grounding of the coreference `boat' to reason about the pronoun `it'. Prior work (in visual dialog) models visual coreference resolution either (a) implicitly via a memory network over history, or (b) at a coarse level for the entire question; and not explicitly at a phrase level of granularity. In this work, we propose a neural module network architecture for visual dialog by introducing two novel modules - Refer and Exclude - that perform explicit, grounded, coreference resolution at a finer word level. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our model on MNIST Dialog, a visually simple yet coreference-wise complex dataset, by achieving near perfect accuracy, and on VisDial, a large and challenging visual dialog dataset on real images, where our model outperforms other approaches, and is more interpretable, grounded, and consistent qualitatively.
Nonprestressed and prestressed FRP sheets as external reinforcement of wood members (1992)

The paper presents a summary of an analytical and experimental investigation of a new form of wood construction involving external bonding of thin fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) sheets on the tension zones of wood elements using epoxy resins. First, the effect of external composite reinforcement on the strength, the stiffness and the curvature ductility of hybrid FRP-wood members under a combination of bending moments and axial forces is examined. Then, the method of reinforcing wood with composite sheets is extended by prestressing the FRP before applying them on the wood surface, and a design methodology for this new concept is highlighted.
Knowledge-Assisted Reconstruction of the Human Rib Cage and Lungs (2010)

Computer-aided disease detection software effectively helps medical professionals use PA (posterior-anterior) and lateral (side) x-ray images to detect diseases such as lung cancer at early stages, which can be quite difficult. Typically, such software focuses only on PA x-ray images and uses image-processing and soft-computation techniques to identify potentially diseased areas. There's been little focus on extracting knowledge from the x-rays and using knowledge of human anatomy to generate 3D reconstructions. Such reconstructions could help the detection process by providing a different way of visualizing the x-ray data to better investigate hard-to-diagnose regions.
Discrimination between ricin and sulphur mustard toxicity<i>in vitro</i>using Raman spectroscopy (2004)

A Raman spectroscopy cell-based biosensor has been proposed for rapid detection of toxic agents, identification of the type of toxin and prediction of the concentration used. This technology allows the monitoring of the biochemical properties of living cells over long periods of time by measuring the Raman spectra of the cells non-invasively, rapidly and without use of labels (Notingher et al. 2004 doi:10.1016/j.bios.2004.04.008). Here we show that this technology can be used to distinguish between changes induced in A549 lung cells by the toxin ricin and the chemical warfare agent sulphur mustard. A multivariate model based on principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used for the analysis of the Raman spectra of the cells. The leave-one-out cross-validation of the PCA-LDA model showed that the damaged cells can be detected with high sensitivity (98.9%) and high specificity (87.7%). High accuracy in identifying the toxic agent was also found: 88.6% for sulphur mustard and 71.4% for ricin. The prediction errors were observed mostly for the ricin treated cells and the cells exposed to the lower concentration of sulphur mustard, as they induced similar biochemical changes, as indicated by cytotoxicity assays. The concentrations of sulphur mustard used were also identified with high accuracy: 93% for 200 microM and 500 microM, and 100% for 1,000 microM. Thus, biological Raman microspectroscopy and PCA-LDA analysis not only distinguishes between viable and damaged cells, but can also discriminate between toxic challenges based on the cellular biochemical and structural changes induced by these agents and the eventual mode of cell death.
STUDIES ON THE PRAWN FISHERY OF COCHIN AND ALLEPPEY COAST (1961)

IN the marine fisheries of the Indian coast prawns occupy an important position. The major portion of the marine prawn catches is from the west coast. According to Panikkar and Menon (1955) certain areas, especially on the west coast, the catches of prawns as a group may be more than those of any other single group of fishes. In order to obtain a clear picture of the fishery along this coast detailed study has been initiated by the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute at a number of centres, viz., Kandla, Bombay, Mangalore, Kozhikode, Cochin (Ernakulam) and Colachel. From the Ernakulam centre the middle part of Kerala coast has been covered selecting three points, Alleppey, Chellanam and Narakkal, about 22 miles apart. Alleppey situated about 35 miles south of Cochin is one of the heaviest prawn-landing centres. Here in some months of the peak season the catches at one landing centre alone has exceeded 1000 m. tons. The presence of mud banks, locally called chakara is one of the reasons attributed to the magnitude of the prawn fishery here. Chellanam, situated at about 14 miles south and Narakkal 8 miles north of Cochin harbour are also prawn fishing centres.
A comparison of essential oil constituents of bark, leaf, root and fruit of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blum) grown in Sri Lanka (2001)

The essential oils of the bark, leaf, root and fruit of Cinnamon were analyzed by capillary GC and GCIMS. The major constituents of Cinnamon fruit oil, were 6and y-cadinene (36.0%) and T-cadinol (7.7%) and 8caryophyllene (5.6%). About 84% of Cinnamon fruit oil comprised sesquiterpenes while other parts of Cinnamon contained less than 9% of this group of compounds. Phenyl propanoids were the major constituents of Cinnamon bark and leaf oils while root oil had monoterpenes as the major constituents (95%).
Model-based prediction of human hair color using DNA variants (2011)

Predicting complex human phenotypes from genotypes is the central concept of widely advocated personalized medicine, but so far has rarely led to high accuracies limiting practical applications. One notable exception, although less relevant for medical but important for forensic purposes, is human eye color, for which it has been recently demonstrated that highly accurate prediction is feasible from a small number of DNA variants. Here, we demonstrate that human hair color is predictable from DNA variants with similarly high accuracies. We analyzed in Polish Europeans with single-observer hair color grading 45 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 12 genes previously associated with human hair color variation. We found that a model based on a subset of 13 single or compound genetic markers from 11 genes predicted red hair color with over 0.9, black hair color with almost 0.9, as well as blond, and brown hair color with over 0.8 prevalence-adjusted accuracy expressed by the area under the receiver characteristic operating curves (AUC). The identified genetic predictors also differentiate reasonably well between similar hair colors, such as between red and blond-red, as well as between blond and dark-blond, highlighting the value of the identified DNA variants for accurate hair color prediction.
Insights into root development from <i>Arabidopsis</i> root mutants (1994)

ABSTRACT The root provides a useful system for the analysis of plant organ formation. Mutations that affect root development and physiology have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. Affected processes include embryonic root formation, cell expansion, cell differentiation and response to environmental stimuli. Analysis of these mutations is providing insight into fundamental questions of plant development.
A novel numerical approach to interpret images obtained by magnetic force microscope (1998)

Images obtained using a magnetic force microscope (MFM) used for analyzing magnetic recording head field and calculated force derivatives are compared and the interpretation of the images are investigated. The relationship between the MFM image and the calculated magnetization distribution of the ferromagnetic tip is discussed. It is found that careful consideration of the magnetization distribution of the ferromagnetic tip is necessary to evaluate the MFM images properly.
Very deep learning for ship discrimination in Synthetic Aperture Radar imagery (2016)

Efficient and effective ship discrimination across multiple Synthetic Aperture Radar sensors is becoming more important as access to SAR data becomes more widespread. A flexible means of separating ships from sea is ideal and can be accomplished using machine learning. Newer, advanced deep learning techniques offer a unique solution but traditionally require a large dataset to train effectively. Highway Networks allow for very deep networks that can be trained using the smaller datasets typical in SAR-based ship detection. A flexible network configuration is possible within Highway Networks due to an adaptive gating mechanism which prevents gradient decay across many layers. This paper presents a very deep High Network configuration as a ship discrimination stage for SAR ship detection. It also presents a three-class SAR dataset that allows for more meaningful analysis of ship discrimination performances. The proposed method was tested on a this SAR dataset and had the highest mean accuracy of all methods tested at 96.67%. The proposed ship discrimination method also provides improved false positive classification compared to the other methods tested.
Free exciton emission in GaN (1996)

We present a detailed study of the free exciton emission in GaN. Photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation techniques are employed to show the dominant role of exciton-phonon interaction in the creation of the free exciton states and the free exciton emission cascade in GaN. Up to six longitudinal optical (LO) phonon replicas are observed in both photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation spectra. From an analysis of the free exciton line shape we are able to conclude that free exciton emission and the interaction of free excitons with LO phonons have to be described within the framework of the momentum conservation law. The exciton kinetic energy distribution is found to be a Maxwellian one having the temperature of the lattice. This suggests an enhanced rate of free exciton scattering on the acoustic phonons, in contrast to other wurzite-type semiconductors. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A high-sensitivity magnetoresistive sensor (1990)

A magnetic sensor technology that addresses both higher sensitivity and lower power is described. The sensor is based on the magnetoresistive effect exhibited in a thin film of ferromagnetic material. The basics of the magnetoresistive transducer and the concept, design, fabrication, and characterization of a single-axis, thin-film magnetometer are presented. Minimum sensor noise is balanced with minimum sensor power dissipation to provide a sensor with a minimum noise of 2 mu G/ square root Hz at a power dissipation of 800 mu W. A discussion of the use of this sensor in magnetic anomaly detection applications is also included. The improvements in increased sensitivity and lower power of this magnetoresistance sensor technology open new possibilities for magnetic anomaly detection applications. The goal is to develop a system that maximizes the capability of the sensor and minimizes compromises due to background noise.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
In vivo multiphoton nanosurgery on cortical neurons (2007)

Two-photon microscopy has been used to perform high spatial resolution imaging of spine plasticity in the intact neocortex of living mice. Multiphoton absorption has also been used as a tool for the selective disruption of cellular structures in living cells and simple organisms. In this work, we exploit the spatial localization of multiphoton excitation to perform selective lesions on the neuronal processes of cortical neurons in living mice expressing fluorescent proteins. Neurons are irradiated with a focused, controlled dose of femtosecond laser energy delivered through cranial optical windows. The morphological consequences are then characterized with time lapse 3-D two-photon imaging over a period of minutes to days after the procedure. This methodology is applied to dissect single dendrites with submicrometric precision without causing any visible collateral damage to the surrounding neuronal structures. The spatial precision of this method is demonstrated by ablating individual dendritic spines, while sparing the adjacent spines and the structural integrity of the dendrite. The combination of multiphoton nanosurgery and in vivo imaging in mammals represents a promising tool for neurobiology and neuropharmacology research.
Tracer gas technique for measurement of air infiltration and natural ventilation: case studies and new devices for measurement of mechanical air ventilation in ducts (2013)

In buildings without mechanical ventilation, the fresh air needed by the occupants is supplied only by air infiltration or natural ventilation. Its quantification by analytical methods is difficult, and so experimental methods such as the tracer gas technique are very useful. In this work, several case studies are presented, where one may see the potential of this technique to detect small differences in building air tightness, due to different envelope elements, namely the type of window frames and location of blinds' boxes. The applicability of this technique to other spaces rather than buildings can also be analyzed. When dealing with mechanical ventilation, it is difficult to measure the duct air flow rate precisely, because of the minimum duct length necessary to obtain a good mixing of the tracer gas with the air, when conventional probes are used. Research was carried out with the development of new probes to overcome this situation, and results are also shown. With accurate measurements of air flow rates, it is possible to reduce CO 2 emissions due to air heating or cooling in buildings.
Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I induces its own specific carrier protein in hypophysectomized and diabetic rats. (1989)

The physiology of the specific serum binding proteins which constitute the main storage pool for insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in mammals is still incompletely understood. We have, therefore, investigated the regulation of these proteins in (i) hypophysectomized (hypox) rats infused with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) or recombinant human IGF 1 (rhIGF I) and (ii) streptozotocin-diabetic rats infused with insulin or rhIGF I. The main carrier protein, a GH-dependent complex of apparent molecular mass 200 kDa, contains N-glycosylated IGF-binding subunits (42, 45, and 49 kDa) that differ in their glycosyl but not in their protein moiety. These subunits are lacking in hypox and diabetic rats. They are induced by GH and insulin, respectively, and appear in the 200-kDa complex. Infusion of rhIGF I induces the subunits in both states; however, only in diabetic, not in hypox, rats do they form the 200-kDa complex. Glycosylated carrier protein subunits do not appear before 8 hr of rhIGF I infusion. During that period, hypox rats may become severely hypoglycemic. After 16 hr, glycosylated subunits are clearly induced, and blood sugar values are normal. We conclude: (i) The N-glycosylated subunits of the 200-kDa complex reflect the IGF I status. (ii) IGF I may mediate the induction of these subunits by GH. (iii) Significant association to the 200-kDa complex occurs only in the presence of GH. It is likely that GH, but not IGF I, induces a component, which itself does not bind IGF, but associates with the glycosylated IGF-binding subunits. (iv) The glycosylated subunits protect against IGF-induced hypoglycemia and may be involved in tissue-specific targeting of IGFs.
A multi-criteria model for electronic auctions (2004)

In this paper we present a multi-criteria model for electronic auctions, which is based on reference points. According to the model, the buyer must specify an aspiration point that expresses his desired values on the attributes of the item to be purchased and a reservation point that represents the minimal values required. Negotiation takes place between software agents that negotiate on behalf of their human owners. The multi-criteria model allows the buyer agent to control the negotiation process on each attribute of the deal. We illustrate the use of this model by providing an auction mechanism based on an English reverse auction protocol.
Retrograde tracheal intubation (2009)

Summary Successful management of difficult tracheal intubation by retrograde intubation has been reported for almost 50 years and can be used whether or not it is anticipated. There are numerous reports of variations to the basic technique to enhance reproducibility of this guided blind procedure. A review and analysis of the equipment and techniques provides a better understanding of this effective technique.
Predicting Search Intent Based on Pre-Search Context (2015)

While many studies have been conducted on query understanding, there is limited understanding on why users start searches and how to predict search intent. In this paper, we propose to study this important but less explored problem. Our key intuition is that searches are triggered by different pre-search contexts, but the triggering relations are often hidden. For example, a user may search "bitcoin" because of a news article or an email the user just read, but the system does not know which of the pre-search contexts (the news article or the email) is the triggering source. Following this intuition, we conduct an in-depth analysis of pre-search context on a large-scale user log, which not only verifies the hidden triggering relations in the real world but also identifies a set of important characteristics of pre-search context and their triggered queries. Since the hidden triggering relations make it challenging to directly use pre-search context for intent prediction, we develop a mixture generative model to learn without any supervision how queries are triggered by different types of pre-search context. Further, we discuss how to apply our model to improve query prediction and query auto-completion. Our experiments on a large-scale of real-world data show that our model could accurately predict user search intent with pre-search context and improve upon the state-of-the-art methods significantly.