gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in metabolic homeostasis, diabetes, and obesity (2015)

There are fundamental aspects of the control of metabolic homeostasis that are regulated differently in males and females. This sex asymmetry represents an evolutionary paradigm for females to resist the loss of energy stores. This perspective discusses the most fundamental sex differences in metabolic homeostasis, diabetes, and obesity. Together, the role of genetic sex, the programming effect of testosterone in the prenatal period in males, and the activational role of sex hormones at puberty produce two different biological systems in males and females that need to be studied separately. These sex-specific differences in energy homeostasis and metabolic dysfunction represent an untested source of factors that can be harnessed to develop relevant sex-based therapeutic avenues for diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and obesity.
Localization of Phosphoglucose Isomerase in <i>Escherichia coli</i> and Its Relation to the Induction of the Hexose Phosphate Transport System (1972)

The localization of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) was studied in relation to the induction of hexose phosphate uptake in Escherichia coli. The uptake system is induced only by extracellular glucose-6-phosphate (G6P); there is no induction by intracellular G6P. Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) is an indirect inducer, and isomerization of F6P to G6P must occur before induction. PGI has been considered to be an internal enzyme; therefore, uptake of F6P by noninduced cells and leakage of the G6P formed would be required for induction. In this study, it was concluded that part of the PGI activity is located in the cell surface because: (i) uninduced, intact cells are able to convert F6P to G6P, whereas the activity of G6P dehydrogenase is not detectable; (ii) when cells are subjected to osmotic shock, about 10% of the PGI activity is found in the shock fluid; and (iii) sorbitol-6-phosphate (S6P) inhibits both PGI activity of whole cells and the induction of hexose phosphate transport system by F6P. S6P was not taken by intact cells. The data indicate that the isomerization of F6P to G6P can take place on the cell surface, and this explains the indirect induction of hexose phosphate transport by F6P.
Optical switching patterns using electrospun nanofiber array (2012)

Abstract This is a report on optical switching patterns textured by electrospun nanofibers according to the direction of the incident light. The effect of fiber size is also explained. Depending on the direction of the incident light, there should be two distinct reflective behaviors on the surfaces of the nanofibers: diffuse and specular reflections. The mechanism for this critical phenomenon is explained in terms of the cylindrical geometry of the fiber surface, and the “on–off” reflective behavior can be maximized when the diameters of the fibers are quite small, such as nanofibers. magnified image Switching the patterns of a nanofiber array according to the direction of light: north and east, respectively (scale bar = 1 mm). (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phase 2 trial of talabostat and cisplatin in patients with stage IV melanoma (2006)

8040 Background: Talabostat (TAL) is an oral inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidases such as fibroblast activation protein found on the stroma of tumors, draining lymph nodes, and in melanomas. TAL up-regulates cytokines and chemokines, leading to specific T-cell immunity and T-cell independent activity. TAL significantly enhances the activity of cisplatin (C) in mice, and reduces tumor size >60% in melanoma xenografts (A375, A2058). This trial evaluated the activity of TAL and C in patients with Stage IV melanoma. Methods: Open-label, single-arm, Phase 2 study of 4 x 3-week cycles of C-75mg/m 2 (Day 1) and TAL-300mcg BID orally on Days 2–15 with dose-escalation to TAL-400mcg BID depending on tolerability. Single-agent TAL could be continued beyond 4 cycles until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Eligibility criteria included: ≤1 prior bio- or chemotherapy regimen, ECOG 0–2, measureable disease per RECIST, no symptomatic CNS metastases, LDH, ALT, and AST <3X ULN. Primary endpoint was disease response; secondary endpoints included PFS, duration of response, and survival. Results: 74 patients (50 men, 24 women) entered the study; median age was 58 years (range 27 to 79); 94.6% were caucasian. Most patients (71.4%) were M1c, and the majority (64.3%) had received at least 1 prior regimen; 72.9% of these had received prior cytokine treatment. A PR was reported in 5/42 evaluable patients (11.9%), and SD for at least 4 cycles in an additional 21/42 (50%). Median PFS and survival are currently estimated at 2.6 months (95% CI 2.1, 3.4) and 8.5 months (95% CI 5.4, infinity), respectively in the ITT population. Most frequent AEs were nausea (46%), fatigue (35%), and vomiting (34%); the high unevaluability rate patients was due to non-compliance related to C-associated N/V (thus the dose of C was reduced mid-study from 100 to 75mg/m 2 ). Grade 3 toxicities were neutropenia, fatigue, and dehydration, all at 3.4%. Grade 4 toxicities were organ failure, renal failure, and PD (1 patient each). 4 patients died due to PD, and 1 each due to renal and organ failure. Conclusions: The combination of TAL and C is active in patients with Stage IV melanoma. Most AEs were related to C-associated nausea and vomiting, limiting the oral delivery of TAL. Additional studies of TAL in melanoma with other drug combinations are warranted. [Table: see text]
Flip chip assembly utilizing anisotropic conductive films: a feasibility study (2002)

There is a persistent effort to miniaturize, reduce costs and search for environmentally friendly alternatives in the semiconductor industry. With the many advantages of flip chip assembly technology, it is predicted to be utilized for a larger percentage of all semiconductor packaging in the future. Anisotropic conductive films (which are generally used to assemble die to glass for liquid crystal displays) are now being investigated as a replacement for traditional Pb-Sn solder bump flip chip assembly applications. In this study, the goal was to determine which parameters are critical to develop a robust and reliable assembly process of a die to an organic substrate (FR5). Design of Experiments was used to determine which process parameters were critical in meeting reliability requirements. Reliability testing included -55C to 125C liquid-liquid thermal shock and autoclave (121C 1 atm. Pressure). Additional parts were also assembled and subjected to multiple Sn-Pb and Sn-Ag reflow profiles to study the effect of BGA solder reflow on the ACF film. The results show that Ni bump thickness and bonding pressure are critical parameters (for assembly on organic substrates) in maintaining a robust product through extensive reliability testing. Experiments have shown that anisotropic conductive films may be a viable option as a cost effective, lead free flip chip assembly alternative.
Formation of Self-organized GaN Dots on Al<sub>0.11</sub>Ga<sub>0.89</sub>N by Alternating Supply of Source Precursors (2004)

The self-organized GaN dot structure is successfully grown on a slightly lattice-mismatched Al 0.11 Ga 0.89 N epilayer using flow-rate modulation epitaxy (FME) growth technique. From the variation of dot density with growth temperature, we can observe that the GaN dot growth is controlled predominately by the surface diffusion of Ga adatoms at substrate temperatures below 915°C and by re-evaporation at higher temperatures. Because of the special alternating gas supply feature in FME, during the Ga source step, it is the Ga metal that is deposited on the underlying Al 0.11 Ga 0.89 N layer. This is because of the large lattice mismatch of 41.8% between the Ga metal (4.51 Å) and Al 0.11 Ga 0.89 N (3.18 Å). We consider that the GaN dot growth in our study is mainly through the Volmer-Weber growth mode, not the commonly used Stranski-Krastanow growth mode.
Effects of the Nonapeptide SQ 20881 on Blood Pressure of Rats with Experimental Renovascular Hypertension (1973)

Summary1. SQ 20881, the synthetic nonapeptide < Glu-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro, when infused iv at total dose levels of 3 to 25 mg/kg, lowered arterial blood pressure in normotensive rats and in three models of experimental renal hypertension, namely, "2-kidney" Goldblatt rats, aortaligated rats and "unclamped" renal pedicle-clamped rats, each anesthetized with urethane or pentobarbital. Such activity was questionable or not seen in "1 -kidney" Goldblatt rats or Grollman rats.2. SQ 20881 inhibited the pressor activity of exogenous angiotensin I, but not of angiotensin II, in normotensive rats and in "1-kidney" and "2-kidney" Goldblatt rats.3. The pattern of the responses elicited by the administration of SQ 20881 suggests that when the peptide decreased blood pressure, it acted, at least in part, by inhibiting the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme.
Very High Daily Intraperitoneal Doses of Carbonyl Compounds Affect the Morphology, but Not the Exchange Characteristics, of Rat Peritoneum (2001)

Glucose degradation products (GDP) are carbonyl compounds, that are formed by heat sterilization of conventional peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluids. Carbonyl compounds are known to be toxic in vitro and potentially toxic also in vivo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of daily, short-term exposure of the peritoneum to very high concentrations of GDP in vivo on peritoneal transport parameters and on peritoneal morphology in a well-established rat model of PD. Rats were exposed to three daily intraperitoneal (IP) injections (10 ml) for 9 days of a largely neutral (pH 7.2) PD fluid containing 1.5% glucose and sterilized by filtration, with (n = 8) or without (n = 8) the presence of different carbonyl compounds in concentrations 100 times higher than those reported in commercial PD fluids. Seven rats, not subjected to any exposure, served as controls. After the exposure, the rats were subjected to acute PD in 4-hour dwells. Twenty milliliters of 4% glucose dialysis fluid were instilled into the rat peritoneal cavity. Blood and dialysate samples were taken during the dwell for measurements of dialysate sodium, and for assessments of the mass transfer area coefficient (PS) for glucose and 51Cr-EDTA and of transperitoneal clearance (Cl) or radiolabelled albumin (RISA). At the end of the dwell, parts of the liver, diaphragm and peritoneum were removed for measurements of tissue cell density and thickness of the submesothelial peritoneal tissue. The exposure of the peritoneum to very high doses of carbonyl compounds did not affect the peritoneal transport of fluid and small solutes significantly, but seemed to slightly reduce lymph flow and albumin clearance out of the peritoneal cavity. Assessed after a hypertonic dwell, and compared to the situation in nontreated rats after the same kind of dwell, there was a significant thinning of the submesothelial tissue, but no difference in tissue cell density. It is concluded that short-term exposure of the peritoneum in vivo to very high doses of GDP resulted in almost no signs of acute toxicity.
Prevention by melatonin of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats injected with <i>N</i>‐nitrosodiethylamine (2007)

N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) is a potent carcinogenic agent that induces liver cancer. To evaluate the chemopreventive function of melatonin in this experimental model, Wistar male rats received a single i.p. injection of NDEA or vehicle followed by weekly s.c. injections of carbon tetrachloride or vehicle for 6 weeks. Melatonin (5 mg/kg body weight) or its vehicle (0.5 mL saline) was given i.p. on a daily basis 2 hr before lights off for 20 wk. At the end of this period the rats were killed and liver and blood samples were taken for histological and biochemical studies. As markers for liver function, the activity of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) and the levels of alpha-fetoprotein were measured in serum. To assess lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant status in liver and blood, the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and of reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) was assessed in liver and erythrocyte fraction of NDEA-treated rats. NDEA administration inhibited body weight, macro- and microscopically detectable liver tumors and increased levels of plasma AST, ALT and alpha-fetoprotein. NDEA treatment decreased liver TBARS levels and CAT and SOD activities and increased liver GSH levels and GST and GPx activities. Plasma TBARS were augmented, while plasma GSH levels and the activities of erythrocyte CAT, SOD, GST and GPx decreased, in NDEA-treated rats. Melatonin administration significantly curtailed tumor development and counteracted all the biochemical effects.
Vortex wakes of two transports measured in 80 by 120 foot wind tunnel (1996)

Measurements are reported on the characteristics of the vortex wakes that trail from 0.03-scale models of a B-747 and a DC-10. Included are the downwash distributions obtained with a hot-film anemometer probe for the standard landing configurations, and the rolling moments induced on various following wings by the vortex wakes of several configurations of both wake-generating models. Both sets of data are presented for downstream distances of 81 and 162 ft, i.e., scale distances of 0.5 and 1.0 mile.
A randomized phase 2 study of the thrombospondin-mimetic peptide ABT-510 in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma (STS) (2005)

9013 Background: ABT-510 is a 9-amino acid peptide that mimics the antiangiogenic activity of the naturally occurring protein, thrombospondin-1. In phase 1, ABT-510 was tolerated at doses up to 260 mg by subcutaneous injection (SC) per day. The pharmacokinetic target of 100 ng/mL for >3 hours was achieved at doses ≥20 mg daily. 15 patients with STS were included, with one confirmed partial response and 4 additional patients with stable disease >6 months. A phase 2 study evaluating the activity of ABT-510 in patients with relapsed or refractory STS has completed accrual. Methods: 88 patients with locally advanced or metastatic STS were randomized to receive 20 mg ABT-510 QD or 100 mg ABT-510 BID SC. Dosing is continuous. The primary endpoint of the study is progression-free survival (PFS); secondary endpoints include response rate, overall survival, and performance status. Tumor progression (by RECIST) is assessed every 8 wks. Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) are evaluated at baseline, 4 wks, then every 8 weeks. Safety is evaluated at every visit. Patients may remain on study until tumor size increases by 50% from baseline if there is clinical benefit and no other therapeutic options exist. Results: 44 men and 44 women were enrolled; 19 are active. The median age was 53 years (range 23–79); the baseline ECOG Performance Score for all patients was 0 or 1. Preliminary data for patients with prior cytotoxic chemotherapy (n=57) indicate a 6-month progression-free rate (PFR) of 34.4% (95% CI=18.2, 50.6) and without prior cytotoxic chemotherapy (n=25), 35.0% (95% CI=12.9, 57.2). No confirmed partial responses have been observed. Therapy was extremely well tolerated. Injection site reactions were the most frequently observed adverse event. Blinded data suggest a correlation of CEC concentration with duration of therapy; analysis is ongoing. Conclusions: The PFR seen in patients treated with ABT-510 exceeds the 14% rate reported for active drugs in STS by the EORTC and is suggestive of drug activity. Given the excellent safety profile and known antiangiogenic properties of ABT-510, further study is warranted for its use in the treatment of STS as a single-agent therapy or in combination with other active drugs. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Abbott Laboratories Abbott Laboratories Abbott Laboratories Abbott Laboratories
Identification of Polyphenolic Compounds and Black Tea Extract as Potent Inhibitors of Lipid Membrane Destabilization by Aβ <sub>42</sub> Aggregates (2011)

Amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation is a recognized key process in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Misfolded Aβ peptides self-assemble into higher-order oligomers that compromise membrane integrity, leading to synaptic degeneration and neuronal cell death. The main aim of this study was to explore whether small-molecule compounds and black tea extract can protect phospholipid membranes from disruption by Aβ aggregates. We first established a robust protocol for aggregating Aβ₄₂ peptides into a range of oligomers that efficiently permeabilized small unilamellar liposomes. Next, 15 natural plant polyphenolic compounds, 8 N'-benzylidene-benzohydrazide (NBB) compounds and black tea extract were assessed for their ability to antagonize liposome permeabilization by the Aβ₄₂ oligomers. Our data indicates that black tea extract, the flavones apigenin and baicalein, and the stilbene nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) are indeed potent inhibitors. Taking into consideration the results of all the small-molecule polyphenols and NBB compounds, it can be proposed that a dihydroxyphenyl ring structure, alone or as part of a flavone scaffold, is particularly effective for protection against membrane damage by the Aβ₄₂ oligomers. Given the critical role of membrane perforation in the neurodegenerative cascade, these conclusions may guide the design and development of novel therapeutic drugs in AD.
A universal high performance digital performance television controller (1990)

A novel versatile and highly integrated display controller for consumer television sets is described. The device can be easily configured to support the three major television color standards existing today. The digital television controller is designed for channel tuning and video and audio controls. Other peripheral television functions, like keypad scanning, remote infrared sensing, LED, and on-screen display, are also incorporated onto the same chip. A superintegration design methodology, which significantly reduced the design cycle time, was used.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) in breast cancer of Indian women (2011)

Immunohistochemistry analysis has been shown to be a prognostic factor for patients with breast cancer; the major aim of determining the ER receptor status is to assess predictive response to hormonal therapy.
Utility of <scp>CT</scp> imaging in a novel form of high‐dose‐rate intraoperative breast radiation therapy (2018)

Computed tomography findings prompted treatment alterations in the majority of patients treated with PB-IORT to enhance tissue conformity and to sculpt the radiation dose away from normal tissues. CT imaging is unique to PB-IORT. These findings suggest the potential clinical superiority of PB-IORT given its allowance for patient-specific alterations.
Exon Exchange Approach to Repair Duchenne Dystrophin Transcripts (2010)

These results demonstrate the possibility to fix up mutated exons, refurbish deleted exons and introduce protein motifs, while keeping natural untranslated sequences, which are essential for mRNA stability and translation regulation. Conversely to the well-known exon skipping, exon exchange has the advantage to be compatible with almost any type of mutations and more generally to a wide range of genetic conditions. In particular, it allows addressing disorders caused by dominant mutations.
Unusual Reaction of <i>N</i>‐Arylimines of Hexafluoroacetone with <i>m</i>‐Chloroperoxybenzoic Acid. New Route to 2,2‐Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoxazolidines (1999)

Abstract Reaction of readily available N ‐arylimines of hexafluoroacetone with anhydrous m ‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid leads to the formation of substituted 2,2‐bis(trifluoromethyl)oxazolidines in 30–70% yield as a result of an oxidative cyclization reaction. This process is general and can be used as a synthetic route to the corresponding polyfluorinated oxazolidines.
Constrained nonlinear optimization approaches to color-signal separation (1995)

Separating a color signal into illumination and surface reflectance components is a fundamental issue in color reproduction and constancy. This can be carried out by minimizing the error in the least squares (LS) fit of the product of the illumination and the surface spectral reflectance to the actual color signal. When taking in account the physical realizability constraints on the surface reflectance and illumination, the feasible solutions to the nonlinear LS problem should satisfy a number of linear inequalities. Four distinct novel optimization algorithms are presented to employ these constraints to minimize the nonlinear LS fitting error. The first approach, which is based on Ritter's superlinear convergent method (Luengerger, 1980), provides a computationally superior algorithm to find the minimum solution to the nonlinear LS error problem subject to linear inequality constraints. Unfortunately, this gradient-like algorithm may sometimes be trapped at a local minimum or become unstable when the parameters involved in the algorithm are not tuned properly. The remaining three methods are based on the stable and promising global minimizer called simulated annealing. The annealing algorithm can always find the global minimum solution with probability one, but its convergence is slow. To tackle this, a cost-effective variable-separable formulation based on the concept of Golub and Pereyra (1973) is adopted to reduce the nonlinear LS problem to be a small-scale nonlinear LS problem. The computational efficiency can be further improved when the original Boltzman generating distribution of the classical annealing is replaced by the Cauchy distribution.
Energy-based Generative Adversarial Network (2016)

We introduce the "Energy-based Generative Adversarial Network" model (EBGAN) which views the discriminator as an energy function that attributes low energies to the regions near the data manifold and higher energies to other regions. Similar to the probabilistic GANs, a generator is seen as being trained to produce contrastive samples with minimal energies, while the discriminator is trained to assign high energies to these generated samples. Viewing the discriminator as an energy function allows to use a wide variety of architectures and loss functionals in addition to the usual binary classifier with logistic output. Among them, we show one instantiation of EBGAN framework as using an auto-encoder architecture, with the energy being the reconstruction error, in place of the discriminator. We show that this form of EBGAN exhibits more stable behavior than regular GANs during training. We also show that a single-scale architecture can be trained to generate high-resolution images.
On Delta Modulation (1972)

We show how the steady-state distribution and the mean squared error of a delta modulator with an ideal integrator can be computed exactly when the input signal to the modulator is a stationary Gaussian process with a rational power spectral density. Curves are presented for the mean squared error as a function of the quantizer step size and the sampling interval for several different input spectra. The mathematical development makes use of the Markov properties of the system and involves series ex-expansions in n-dimensional Hermite functions. The key integral equation is generalized to treat the case of a realizable filter in the feedback path, but an analytic method of solving this equation has not been found.
Increased collagen and aggrecan degradation with age in the joints of <i>Timp3</i><sup>−/−</sup> mice (2007)

These results indicate that TIMP-3 deficiency results in mild cartilage degradation similar to changes seen in patients with osteoarthritis, suggesting that an imbalance between metalloproteinases and TIMP-3 may play a pathophysiologic role in the development of this disease.