gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Temperature Variation of Diffusion Processes (1938)

The Eyring concept of holes in liquids and his theory of absolute reaction rates indicate that diffusion coefficients should vary exponentially with temperature. Data in the literature indicate that this is true. It is shown that empirical observations concerning the relation between diffusion velocity and its temperature coefficient, hitherto generally assumed to be linear, are readily explained upon the basis of holes in liquids as a controlling factor. As with viscosity, in liquids containing hydrogen bonds relatively high activation energies of diffusion are found. Data for small diffusing molecules should not show a constant diffusion-viscosity product as required by the Stokes-Einstein relation at constant temperature, but a product varying within restricted ranges with the dimensions of the solvent molecules. Data already available tend to confirm this conclusion.
Effects of SU101 in combination with cytotoxic agents on the growth of subcutaneous tumor xenografts. (2000)

SU101 (leflunomide, N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl] 5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamide), an inhibitor of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling, has shown promising clinical activity in Phase I and II studies. Currently, SU101 in combination with cytotoxic agents is in late-stage clinical development for the treatment of cancers. In previous reports, efficacy in vivo versus varied tumor xenografts was observed. As part of the preclinical development of SU101 as a cancer therapy, the combination of SU101 with cytotoxic agents was studied in athymic mice bearing small, established, s.c. human tumor cell xenografts of glioblastoma (SF763T cells), lung (Calu-6 cells), or head and neck (KB cells) origin. In the SF763T model, the combination of SU101 with carmustine resulted in a statistically significant growth inhibition of 74% compared with the vehicle control; this combination was more effective than either agent alone. In the Calu-6 model, the combination of SU101, cisplatin, and etoposide resulted in a growth inhibition of 75% that was statistically greater than that of the vehicle-treated control group and groups treated with one or two agents. In the KB model, the combination of SU101, 5-fluorouracil, and cisplatin resulted in a statistically significant growth inhibition of 69% compared with the vehicle control. Treatment with one or two agents did not significantly inhibit growth in this model. Importantly, in addition to enhanced efficacy resulting from combination therapies, the combination treatments tested were well tolerated, as evidenced by lack of mortality. These data suggest that SU101 in combination with cytotoxic agents may provide clinical benefit and warrant further clinical investigation.
Influence of CYP2D6 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tolterodine* (1998)

Tolterodine is extensively metabolized by CYP2D6 with high specificity. Despite the effect on pharmacokinetics, the CYP2D6 polymorphism does not appear to be of great importance in the antimuscarinic effect, probably because of the additive action of parent drug and active metabolite.
Lysolecithin-induced demyelination in primates: preliminary in vivo study with MR and magnetization transfer. (1995)

Preliminary results of this study indicated that magnetization transfer is a good technique to follow in vivo matrix destruction in brain parenchyma lesions. The results suggest also that phases of toxic demyelination in multiple sclerosis might not show gadolinium enhancement. Differentiation between demyelinating activity and associated inflammation in multiple sclerosis lesions should be considered in further in vivo work.
Protective and Immunochemical Activities of Monoclonal Antibodies Reactive with the<i>Bacillus anthracis</i>Polypeptide Capsule (2006)

Bacillus anthracis is surrounded by a polypeptide capsule composed of poly-gamma-d-glutamic acid (gammaDPGA). In a previous study, we reported that a monoclonal antibody (MAb F26G3) reactive with the capsular polypeptide is protective in a murine model of pulmonary anthrax. The present study examined a library of six MAbs generated from mice immunized with gammaDPGA. Evaluation of MAb binding to the capsule by a capsular "quellung" type reaction showed a striking diversity in capsular effects. Most MAbs produced a rim type reaction that was characterized by a sharp increase followed directly by a decrease in refractive index at the capsular edge. Some MAbs produced a second capsular reaction well beneath the capsular edge, suggesting complexity in capsular architecture. Binding of MAbs to soluble gammaDPGA was assessed by a fluorescence perturbation assay in which a change in the MAb intrinsic fluorescence produced by ligand binding was used as a reporter for antigen-antibody interaction. The MAbs differed considerably in the complexity of the binding curves. MAbs producing rim type capsule reactions typically produced the more complex binding isotherms. Finally, the protective activity of the MAbs was compared in a murine model of pulmonary anthrax. One MAb was markedly less protective than the remaining five MAbs. Characteristics of the more protective MAbs included a relatively high affinity, an immunoglobulin G3 isotype, and a complex binding isotherm in the fluorescence perturbation assay. Given the relatively monotonous structure of gammaDPGA, the results demonstrate a striking diversity in the antigen binding behavior of gammaDPGA antibodies.
Association between microorganism growth at the catheter insertion site and colonization of the catheter in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. (1982)

Catheter-related sepsis is one of the major complications of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) therapy. The relationship between microbial colonization of the skin at the site of catheter insertion and colonization of the central venous catheter was investigated in 74 catheters used to administer TPN therapy in 53 patients. Semiquantitative culture specimens were obtained from the insertion site and intravascular and subcutaneous catheter segments at the time of catheter removal. Bacteria and/or fungi were recovered from 19 catheters and 19 insertion sites; of the 19 colonized catheters, 6 had sterile insertion sites. Organisms isolated from the remaining 13 catheters were isolated concurrently from the insertion site. Catheter-associated bacteremia or fungemia was observed in 10 of the 19 patients with colonized catheters. The association between colonization of catheters and the presence of more than 10(3) bacterial or fungal colony-forming units at the insertion site was significant (P less than 0.005). These results demonstrated that colonization of catheters by organisms present on the skin at the site of catheter insertion occurred twice as frequently as colonization by the hematogenous route. The results also suggested that colonization of catheters by organisms present at the insertion site occurred only after a threshold number of organisms was reached.
Accidental Intake of Foreign Bodies in Orthodontic Patients: A Management Protocol (2016)

One of the common emergencies during dental treatment is accidental intake of dental materials. Dental patients being treated in supine position increases the risk of accidental ingestion during various dental procedures. Orthodontic patients are prone to such incidences because of the small size of materials used such as brackets, molar bands, tubes and archwire clips. Ingestion of a number of orthodontic materials such as retainers, sectional wires, hooks, bands, brackets, or expansion appliance keys have been reported. These materials may be ingested or aspirated and become lodged in the oropharyngeal or gastrointestinal tract. The response to such conditions may vary from no symptoms, mild irritation, to severe consequences such as choking or asphyxiation. A protocol must be available to avoid such untoward episodes and to ensure effective management in case of an occurrence. This article presents a literature review of accidental ingestion or aspiration of orthodontic materials and elucidates an effective management protocol for such emergencies.
DNAAlignEditor: DNA alignment editor tool (2008)

We anticipate that this software will be of general interest to biologists and population genetics in editing DNA sequence alignments and analyzing natural sequence variation regardless of species, and will be particularly useful for manual alignment editing of sequences in species with high levels of polymorphism.
Directed self-assembly of gold nanoparticles and gold thin films on micro- and nanopatterned templates fabricated from mixed phase-separated Langmuir-Blodgett films (2009)

We report a useful technique to immobilize Au nanoparticles (Au-NPs), double layers of Au-NPs and Au thin films on micro- and nanopatterns using directed self-assembly on templates fabricated from phase-separated mixed Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films. The patterns of the mixed LB films can be tuned by adjusting the intermolecular interactions between the film-forming molecules and the fabrication conditions of the films. We used mixed LB films containing a silane coupling agent for the fabrication of micro- and nanopatterned templates to immobilize Au-NPs of different sizes in the patterned regions. Atomic force microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy and scanning Auger electron mapping of the Au-NP-immobilized films showed that Au-NPs were immobilized in accordance with the patterns of the original mixed LB films. A layer of the immobilized Au-NPs was used as a catalyst for the succeeding Au electroless deposition or as a first layer for the stacking of a second layer using the layer-by-layer deposition method. We have also succeeded in controlling the thickness and density of the Au-NPs.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Approach to Spiroorthocarbonates and New Orthocarbonic Acid Derivatives. (1990)

Abstract Dichlorodiphenoxymethane (II) is coupled with the diols (Ia) ‐ (Ic) to give the orthocarbonates (IIIa) ‐ (IIIc).
Decomposition of the Adducts of Diethylamine and Isopropylamine with Nitrogen(II) Oxide (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDecomposition of the Adducts of Diethylamine and Isopropylamine with Nitrogen(II) OxideRonald O. Ragsdale, Bruce R. Karstetter, and Russell S. DragoCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1965, 4, 3, 420–422Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50025a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50025a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views189Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Spherical CNNs (2018)

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have become the method of choice for
learning problems involving 2D planar images. However, a number of problems of
recent interest have created a demand for models that can analyze spherical
images. Examples include omnidirectional vision for drones, robots, and
autonomous cars, molecular regression problems, and global weather and climate
modelling. A naive application of convolutional networks to a planar projection
of the spherical signal is destined to fail, because the space-varying
distortions introduced by such a projection will make translational weight
sharing ineffective. In this paper we introduce the building blocks for constructing spherical
CNNs. We propose a definition for the spherical cross-correlation that is both
expressive and rotation-equivariant. The spherical correlation satisfies a
generalized Fourier theorem, which allows us to compute it efficiently using a
generalized (non-commutative) Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm. We
demonstrate the computational efficiency, numerical accuracy, and effectiveness
of spherical CNNs applied to 3D model recognition and atomization energy
regression.
Voltage Driven Nondestructive Self-Reference Sensing Scheme of Spin-Transfer Torque Memory (2011)

Spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM) has demonstrated great potentials as a universal memory for its fast access speed, zero standby power, excellent scalability, and simplicity of cell structure. However, large process variations of both magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) and CMOS process severely limit the yield of STT-RAM chips and prevent the massive production from happening. In this paper, we analyze and compare the impacts of process variations on various sensing schemes of STT-RAM design. On top of it, we propose a novel voltage-driven nondestructive self-reference sensing scheme to enhance the STT-RAM chip yield by significantly improving sense margin. Monte Carlo simulations of a 16-Kb STT-RAM array shows that our proposed scheme can achieve the same yield as the previous nondestructive self-reference sensing scheme while improving the sense margin by five times with the similar access performance and power.
<i>N</i>‐Acetylaspartate: a literature review of animal research on brain ischaemia (2004)

The present review examines and discusses the changes in N-acetylaspartate (NAA) concentration in the ischaemic brain from the existing literature of animal research. By summarizing the current knowledge on NAA metabolic pathways and reviewing the data obtained in animal models of global and focal ischaemia, the following conclusions emerge from this compilation: (i) both magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and the absolute HPLC method of NAA quantification give converging information; (ii) decreases in brain NAA concentration in acute stroke can be considered as an index of neuronal loss or dysfunction, although NAA redistribution by glial cells and NAA trapping in cell debris restrict its use as a quantitative neuronal marker; (iii) further studies on NAA metabolism in pathologic brain are required before using NAA measurement in the chronic stage of ischaemia for evaluating neuroprotective strategies.
Ripe Tomato Recognition with Computer Vision (2015)

In order to realize the tomato harvest machinery automation, this paper presents a method for automatic recognition of ripe tomato with computer vision. First, the H color component in HSI color space is exploited as the color feature parameter for identification. The RGB tomato image acquired by computer vision is transformed into HIS image, we cut off ripe tomato region based on the gray distribution of H component using the threshold method. Then, Canny operator is used to edge detection, after corrosion expansion, the tomato centroid coordinates would be marked. Experiments proceed with the image taken by a CCD camera of tomato in different lighting conditions. The results show that, our algorithm can identify ripe tomato under natural light fast and ripe tomatoes in fields can be separated from each other with a very good recognition effect.
Investigation of medical 3D-rendering algorithms (1990)

An investigation of the quality of surface-shading algorithms using computer-simulated test objects is reported. Test results are presented for four algorithms: z-buffer gradient, gray-level gradient, adaptive gray-level gradient, and marching cubes with two extensions. It was found that gray-level gradient shading and marching cubes did not differ greatly, except for thin objects, where adaptive gray-level gradient shading was better. Transparent visualization using transparent gray-level gradient shading is examined. It is shown that although there is no way to assure the fidelity of transparent shading, it is useful when no other surface at all can be determined. Use of a combination of shading methods appears to yield the best visualization of the respective objects.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Functional evaluation of collagen fiber scaffolds for ACL reconstruction: Cyclic loading in proteolytic enzyme solutions (2004)

The mechanical properties of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction scaffolds were evaluated after exposure to functional challenges in vitro: cyclic loading combined with various proteolytic enzymes. Scaffolds were prepared from collagen fibers that were uncrosslinked (UNXL), crosslinked with ultraviolet irradiation (UV), or 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC; 10 or 25 mM). Structural properties of scaffolds were determined following 1-h exposure to saline, trypsin, or bacterial collagenase, with and without simultaneous cyclic tensile loading (0 to 50 g; 0.5 Hz) in vitro. The breaking load and stiffness of UNXL and UV crosslinked scaffolds were significantly reduced by exposure to either trypsin or collagenase. Cyclic loads interacted synergistically with enzymes, rendering UNXL scaffolds untestable and further decreasing the breaking load of UV crosslinked scaffolds by approximately 35%. In contrast, the breaking load and stiffness of EDC crosslinked scaffolds, which were greater than those of UNXL or UV crosslinked scaffolds, were virtually unaffected by the same load and enzyme treatments. These results suggest that EDC is more effective than UV for crosslinking and stabilizing load-bearing collagen fiber ACL reconstruction scaffolds. Application of cyclic loads and enzymes may lead to development of physiologically relevant in vitro test methods for load-bearing scaffolds.
Oligonucleotide Chip for Detection of Lamivudine-Resistant Hepatitis B Virus (2004)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major causes of liver disease worldwide. It is important to conduct antiviral therapy against chronic hepatitis B to minimize the amount of liver damage. Lamivudine has been known to be an effective antiviral agent for the treatment of HBV infection. However, the emergence of viral mutants resistant to lamivudine is the main concern during the treatment of HBV-infected patients. Therefore, the detection of lamivudine-resistant mutants is of clinical importance. We have developed an oligonucleotide chip for the detection of lamivudine-resistant HBV which is rapid and accurate. The oligonucleotide chip consists of quality control probes, negative control probes, and specific oligonucleotide probes for the detection of lamivudine-resistant HBV. The specific probes consist of five probes for the detection of wild-type rtL180, rtM204, and rtV207 sequences and seven probes for the detection of HBV mutations. We tested 123 serum samples from patients with chronic HBV infection who had received lamivudine therapy. Eighty samples contained mutants with YMDD mutations. Among these, 17 contained rtM204V (YVDD), 24 contained rtM204I3 (YIDD3), 3 contained rtM204I2 (YIDD2), and 36 contained mixed types. We compared the results obtained with our oligonucleotide chip with those obtained by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and sequencing. The rate of concordance between the assay with the oligonucleotide chip and PCR-RFLP analysis for detection of the YMDD motif was 96.7%. The rate of concordance between the results obtained with the oligonucleotide chip for the detection of rtL180 and rtV207 and the results obtained by sequencing was 100%. Thus, the oligonucleotide chip is a reliable and useful tool for the detection of antiviral-resistant HBV.
Control of ovarian cell growth in culture by serum and pituitary factors. (1975)

An ovarian cell line was developed that requires hormonal conditioning of the host for growth in vivo and that requires special factors for growth in vitro. It is necessary to prepare special culture media to demonstrate the effects of growth factors in vitro. To this end, methods were developed for removing from serum those essential factors required for the growth of ovarian cells in culture. Minimal growth occurred in medium containing fetal calf serum that had been passed through a porcelain filter. This method of depleting serum was replaced by a procedure involving passage through a carboxymethylcellulose column. Either pituitary extract or the eluate from the column restored growth in these depleted media. The eluate was more active than pituitary extract with regard to maximal growth enhancement. When the cells were incubated in the depleted media, viability, as measured by plating efficiency, decreased with incubation time. Either pituitary extract or the eluate from the column prevented such death of cells. Based on these findings, we postulate that the eluate contains both a survival factor and a growth-promoting factor for these ovarian cells, while pituitary extract contains only the survival factor.
Generalized bivariate copulas and their properties (2011)

Copulas are useful devices to explain the dependence structure among variables by eliminating the influence of marginals. In this paper, we propose a new class of bivariate copulas to quantify dependency and incorporate it into various iterated copul
LuxR-Type Proteins in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Quorum Sensing: Distinct Mechanisms with Global Implications (2014)

The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa provides one of the most intensely studied examples of acylhomoserine lactone (acyl-HSL)-controlled gene expression. In P. aeruginosa, quorum-sensing gene regulation is accomplished by two complete acyl-HSL systems, LasR-LasI and RhlR-RhlI, and by an orphan receptor, QscR. One microarray study provided additional insights into the signal requirements for the activation of individual quorum-controlled genes. LuxR-type polypeptides can be subdivided into two functional domains based on sequence conservation, genetic and biochemical analysis of representative members, and the crystal structure of TraR from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. LuxR-type proteins also contain a helix-turn-helix motif (HTH) in their carboxy-terminal domain that is required for DNA binding. Based on the recent biochemical characterization of other LuxR-type proteins, general patterns of acyl-HSL/receptor interaction emerge that allow us to distinguish three separate classes. The three P. aeruginosa receptors LasR, RhlR, and QscR each represent one such class: LasR is a class 1 receptor. In contrast, if LuxR-type proteins such as LasR and QscR require their ligand for proper folding, they should induce transcription of target genes relatively slowly because protein activation through translation would be slow. Once a quorum is reached, a change in the gene expression profile is triggered that leads to the formation of a mature biofilm, reminiscent of a developmental program in more complex systems.