gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic dual-energy chest radiography: a potential tool for lung tissue motion monitoring and kinetic study (2011)

Dual-energy chest radiography has the potential to provide better diagnosis of lung disease by removing the bone signal from the image. Dynamic dual-energy radiography is now possible with the introduction of digital flat-panel detectors. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using dynamic dual-energy chest radiography for functional lung imaging and tumor motion assessment. The dual-energy system used in this study can acquire up to 15 frames of dual-energy images per second. A swine animal model was mechanically ventilated and imaged using the dual-energy system. Sequences of soft-tissue images were obtained using dual-energy subtraction. Time subtracted soft-tissue images were shown to be able to provide information on regional ventilation. Motion tracking of a lung anatomic feature (a branch of pulmonary artery) was performed based on an image cross-correlation algorithm. The tracking precision was found to be better than 1 mm. An adaptive correlation model was established between the above tracked motion and an external surrogate signal (temperature within the tracheal tube). This model is used to predict lung feature motion using the continuous surrogate signal and low frame rate dual-energy images (0.1-3.0 frames per second). The average RMS error of the prediction was (1.1 ± 0.3) mm. The dynamic dual energy was shown to be potentially useful for lung functional imaging such as regional ventilation and kinetic studies. It can also be used for lung tumor motion assessment and prediction during radiation therapy.
The role of insulin in activation of two enhancers in the mouse GLUT1 gene. (1994)

We identified two enhancer elements of the mouse GLUT1 gene responsive to serum, growth factor, and oncogenes; the first enhancer element (enhancer-1) is located 2.7 kilobases upstream of the cap site of the gene, and the second one (enhancer-2) is located in the second intron of the gene (Murakami, T., Nishiyama, T., Shirotani, T., Shinohara, Y., Kan, M., Ishii, K., Kanai, F., Nakazuru, S., and Ebina, Y. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 9300-9306). In the present work, we describe the role of insulin in activation of these two enhancers. NIH/3T3 HIR3.5 cells, which express a large number of insulin receptors, were stably transformed by hybrid genes containing the enhancer(s) and promoter of GLUT1 gene and the coding region of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene as a reporter gene. In stable transformants of the reporter gene without the enhancers, the CAT mRNA was not induced by insulin; however, in clones containing the reporter gene with enhancer-1, the CAT mRNA was induced by insulin at 30 min and reached a maximum at 1 h. In clones transfected by the reporter gene with enhancer-2, the CAT mRNA was induced at 1 h and reached a maximum at 3 h. To determine the early response element to insulin in enhancer-1, transformants of hybrid reporter genes containing truncated or mutated enhancer-1 were examined. The homologous sequence with the serum response element in enhancer-1 is essential for an early response to insulin.
Control of Imprinting at the Gnas Cluster (2007)

Genomic imprinting is a form of epigenetic regulation in mammals whereby a small subset of genes is silenced according to parental origin. Early work had indicated regions of the genome that were likely to contain imprinted genes. Distal mouse chromosome 2 is one such region and is associated with devastating but ostensibly opposite phenotypes when exclusively maternally or paternally derived. Misexpression of proteins encoded at the Gnas complex, which is located within the region, can largely account for the imprinting phenotypes. Gnas is a complex locus with extraordinary transcriptional and regulatory complexity. It gives rise to alternatively spliced isoforms that show maternal-, paternal- and biallelic expression as well as a noncoding antisense transcript. The objective of our work at Harwell is to unravel mechanisms controlling the expression of these transcripts. We have performed targeted deletion analysis to test candidate regulatory regions within the Gnas complex and, unlike other imprinted domains, two major control regions have been identified. One controls the imprinted expression of a single transcript and is subsidiary to and must interact with, a principal control region that affects the expression of all transcripts. This principal region contains the promoter for the antisense transcript, expression of which may have a major role in controlling imprinting at the Gnas cluster.
Summary Abstract: Low-density polystyrene foam materials for direct-drive laser inertial confinement fusion targets (1988)

First Page
Accurate state estimation from uncertain data and models: an application of data assimilation to mathematical models of human brain tumors (2011)

This article was reviewed by Anthony Almudevar, Tomas Radivoyevitch, and Kristin Swanson (nominated by Georg Luebeck).
ON THE TOPOLOGY OF THE GENETIC FINE STRUCTURE (1959)

From the classical researches of Morgan and his school [1], the chromosome is known as a linear arrangement of hereditary elements, the "genes." These elements must have an internal structure of their own. At this finer level, within the "gene" the question arises again: what is the arrangement of the sub-elements? Specifically, are they linked together in a linear order analogous to the higher level of integration of the genes in the chromosome? \n\nUntil recently, the sensitivity of genetic analysis has been insufficient to answer this question. Mapping of a genetic structure is done by observing the recombination of its parts, and recombination involving parts of the structure that are very close together is a rare event. Observation of such rare events requires very many offspring and a selective trick for detecting the few individuals in which the event is recorded. It is for this reason that microorganism are the material of choice for studies of genetic fine structure, and have made it feasible to extend the fineness of genetic mapping by orders of magnitude. In favorable systems, the attainable resolution reaches the level of the molecular subunits of the hereditary material. and experimental testing of the linear arrangement of the finest structural details is therefore possible. \n\nA number of cases have been investigated on this level [2]. As a rule, closely linked mutations affecting the same characteristic can be seriated in an unambiguous way, suggesting a linear model. However, the "distances" (i.e., recombination frequencies) between mutations are not always strictly additive, and certain complexities ("negative interference" effects [3,4]) make quantitative analysis difficult. As pointed out by Muller [5] in regard to similar difficulties encountered in mapping on the chromosomal level, strict additivity of "distances" should not be taken as the criterion for the linear character of an array. A crucial examination of the question should be made from the point of view of topology, since it is a matter of how the parts of the structure are connected to each other, rather than of the distances between them. Experiments to explore the topology should ask qualitative questions (e.g., do two parts of the structure touch each other or not?) rather than quantitative ones (how far apart are they?). \n\nIn what follows, such an investigation is attempted for a small portion of the genetic structure of a virus, the "rII" region of phage T4. Using only qualitative tests, an examination is made of the topology of this structure at the molecular level.
Tracing network attacks to their sources (2002)

An IP traceback architecture in which routers log data about packets and adjacent forwarding nodes lets us trace IP packets to their sources, even when the source IP address is forged.
Gamma-Globin Gene Promoter Elements Required for Interaction With Globin Enhancers (1998)

Normal expression of the human β-globin domain genes is dependent on at least three types of regulatory elements located within the β-globin domain: the locus control region (LCR), globin enhancer elements (3′β and 3′Aγ), and the individual globin gene promoter and upstream regions. It has been postulated that regulation occurs through physical interactions between factors bound to these elements, which are located at considerable distances from each other. To identify the elements required for promoter-enhancer interactions from a distance, we have investigated the expression of the wild-type, truncated, and mutated γ-globin promoters linked to the 5′HS2 enhancer. We show that in K562 cells, 5′HS2 increases activity approximately 20-fold from both a wild-type and truncated (-135 → +25) γ promoter and that truncation or site-directed mutagenesis of the tandem CCAAT boxes eliminated the enhancement by 5′HS2. Mutation of the γ-globin gene promoter GATA-1 binding sites did not decrease either promoter strength or enhancement of activity by 5′HS2. To determine if enhanced expression of γ-globin gene promoters carrying mutations associated with hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) was due to greater interactions with enhancers, we linked these HPFH γ-globin gene promoters to 5′HS2 and demonstrated a twofold to threefold higher expression than the corresponding wild-type promoter plus enhancer in MEL cells. Addition of the Aγ-globin gene 3′ enhancer to a plasmid containing the γ-globin gene promoter and 5′HS2 did not further enhance promoter strength. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the previously identified core 5′HS2 enhancer (46-bp tandem AP-1/NF-E2 sites) increased expression only when located 5′, but not 3′, to the γ-globin-luciferase reporter gene, suggesting that its enhancer effect is not by DNA looping. Our results suggest that CCAAT boxes, but not GATA or CACCC binding sites, are required for interaction between the γ-globin promoter and the LCR/5′HS2 and that regulatory elements in addition to the core enhancer may be required for the enhancer to act from a distance.
Effects of wet etch processing on laser-induced damage of fused silica surfaces (1999)

Laser-induced damage of transparent fused silica optical components by 355 nm illumination occurs primarily at surface defects produced during the grinding and polishing processes. These defects can either be surface defects or sub-surface damage. Wet etch processing in a buffered hydrogen fluoride solution has been examined as a tool for characterizing such defects. A study was conducted to understand the effects of etch depth on the damage threshold of fused silica substrates. The study used a 355 nm, 7.5 ns, 10 Hz Nd:YAG laser to damage test fused silica optics through various wet etch processing steps. Inspection of the surface quality was performed with Nomarski microscopy and Total Internal Reflection Microscopy. The damage test data and inspection results were correlated with polishing process specifics. The result show that a wet etch exposes sub-surface damage while maintaining or improving the laser damage performance. The benefits of a wet etch must be evaluated for each polishing process.
Phase maps reveal cortical architecture (2007)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Color shift model-based image enhancement for digital multifocusing based on a multiple color-filter aperture camera (2010)

In this paper, we present a novel image enhancement approach using a color shift model-based multiple color-filter aperture (MCA) camera for digital multifocusing. The proposed image enhancement algorithm consists of three steps; (i) cluster-based region-of-interest (ROI) estimation, (ii) image registration using phase correlation matching (PCM) and fusion, and (iii) image enhancement using spatially adaptive noise smoothing based on the alpha map. The image acquired by the MCA configuration contains color misalignment, which provides additional depth information of objects at different distances. This color misalignment can also provide additional information for blur estimation. The proposed cluster-based image segmentation method can effectively classify ROIs according to the distance from the camera. The segmented regions are aligned by using PCM, and they are fused to generate an in-focused image. For further enhancement of the color-registered image, we use spatially adaptive noise smoothing based on the alpha map. Experimental results show the proposed image enhancement method can significantly enhance the visual quality of the MCA output image, and can be fully or partially incorporated into multifocusing or extended depth of field (EDoF) systems in the form of the finite impulse response (FIR) filter structure.
Indianmeal Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Resistance to Different Strains and Mixtures of Bacillus thuringiensis (1992)

Journal Article Indianmeal Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Resistance to Different Strains and Mixtures of Bacillus thuringiensis Get access W. H. McGaughey, W. H. McGaughey U.S. Grain Marketing Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D. E. Johnson D. E. Johnson U.S. Grain Marketing Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 85, Issue 5, 1 October 1992, Pages 1594–1600, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/85.5.1594 Published: 01 October 1992 Article history Received: 21 October 1991 Accepted: 27 April 1992 Published: 01 October 1992
ChemInform Abstract: ANODIC FUNCTIONALIZATION IN SYNTHESIS. PART 1. METHOXYLATION OF METHYL‐SUBSTITUTED BENZENE AND ANISOLE DERIVATIVES, AND THE SYNTHESIS OF AROMATIC ALDEHYDES BY ANODIC OXIDATION (1978)

Abstract Produktbildung und Reaktionsmechanismen bei der anodischen Oxidation der Verbindungen (I), (III), (VIII) und (X) in Methanol werden in Abhängigkeit von den Elektrolysebedingungen und der Beschaffenheit des Elektrolyten untersucht.
Method for transducer transient suppression. I: Theory (1992)

The problem of driving a transducer in such a way as to produce a tone burst of steady-state sound radiation in the surrounding fluid medium is considered. The goal is to determine the driving voltage waveform to apply to a transducer to produce an acoustic pressure waveform in the fluid that is a segment of a steady-state sine wave, beginning and ending at zero crossings of the sine, i.e., the usual turnon and turnoff transients are suppressed. The theoretical driving voltage waveform for a spherical transducer is shown to consist of a sum of a pedestal voltage, a ramp voltage, and a sinusoidal voltage that is phase shifted with respect to the sinusoid appearing in the fluid. Both theoretical and numerical calculations are given here. The following paper presents results of experimental measurements. The measurements were carried out on several spherical transducers (one of which was selected for presentation) and on an array of piezoelectric tubes. These experiments confirm the validity of the theory.
Quantization Effects in Digital Chaotic Communication Systems (2013)

Recent work in developing digital chaotic communication systems has validated the potential to increase low probability of interception/detection (LPI/D) performance levels over direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) comms, but at the expense of a multi-bit resolution spreading signal with relatively high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). This paper quantifies the LPI/D and communications performance trades that come from reducing the precision of the multi-bit resolution signal, with the objective of optimizing hardware utilization via reduced-precision chaotic signals and quantifying performance trades for disadvantaged platforms. Sensitivities of the digital chaos generation process, baseband transmitter processing, and matched filter reception are considered independently, preliminary measurements for compressed HPA distortion artifacts are also provided. All analyses leverage Matlab simulations and targeted measurements from four prototype hardware digital chaotic communication systems.
Lymphocyte blastogenesis and interferon production in adult human leukocyte cultures stimulated with cytomegalovirus antigens (1980)

Lymphocyte blastogenesis and interferon production were measured in adult human leukocyte cultures stimulated with purified or crude cytomegalovirus antigens. Leukocytes from seropositive adults underwent blastogenesis when stimulated with purified or crude Towne strain antigen, whereas neither antigen stimulated blastogenesis in cultures from seronegative donors. The concentrations of antigens yielding maximal blastogenesis varied among the individuals tested. When cultures from seropositive individuals were stimulated with antigens prepared from three different CMV strains--AD-169, Towne, and Davis--comparable levels of blastogenesis were detected. Type 1 interferon was detected in supernatants of cultures stimulated with crude antigens regardless of the immune status of the donor. In contrast, when purified antigen was used as the stimulant, only cultures obtained from seropositive individuals produced detectable levels of interferon, which appeared to be predominantly type 2 or immune interferon.
A low-voltage CMOS switch with a novel clock boosting scheme (2005)

There is a strong demand for an input switch in switched-capacitor circuits, covering rail-to-rail signal swing when low power-supply voltages are used. This brief proposes a novel clock-boosting scheme. The generated clock voltages of this new circuit are applied to a regular CMOS transmission gate to implement a simple and robust sampling switch when the supply voltages are very low. In this new approach, during the sampling phase, the gate-voltage of an nMOS switch is boosted up to V/sub dd/+k/spl middot/V/sub dd/, and the gate voltage of a pMOS switch is lowered to V/sub gnd/-k/spl middot/V/sub dd/, where k can be made programmable, and is usually smaller than 1. This allows sampling of the full signal swing, even when supply voltages are lower than |V/sub th/,p|+V/sub th/,n without applying extreme stress to the gate oxide of a transistor.
Building a smarter smart grid through better renewable energy information (2009)

ldquoSmart gridrdquo is a relatively new term that refers to the application of information technology to power systems. Due to the complexity of such systems; the possibilities have yet to be clearly defined. Drawing a clear distinction between one grid configuration being ldquosmartrdquo and another failing the criterion is not realistic. Instead, it is much more practical to consider the ldquosmart gridrdquo as a term defining opportunities to improve the operation of the power system. One of the key features of a smart grid is the ability to utilize information to make better operational decisions. This paper proposes that significant improvements can be made to the operations of a smart grid by providing information about the likely behavior of renewable energy - through both online short-term forecasting and longerterm assessments.
Four New Cytotoxic Germacranolides from <i>Carpesium divaricatum</i> (1997)

In a bioassay-guided search for cytotoxic compounds from higher plants of South Korea, four new sesquiterpenes of the germacranolide type, named cardivins A (1), B (2), C (3), and D (4), have been isolated from the aerial parts of Carpesium divaricatum. Structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic techniques. Compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 showed cytotoxicity to the human tumor cells, A-549 (nonsmall cell lung), SK-OV-3 (ovary), SK-MEL-2 (skin), XF-498 (central nervous system), and HCT-15 (colon).
Design and Optimization of Wide Angle Passivation and Antireflection Coating for N-Type High Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells (2011)

NA
High-index fluoride materials for 193-nm immersion lithography (2007)

BaLiF<sub>3</sub> single crystal has been studied as the lens material for the candidate of the next generation high index immersion lithography system. Although the refractive index of BaLiF<sub>3</sub> is 1.64 at 193nm which is not sufficient for the requirement, other optical properties such as 193nm transparency and laser durability might fulfill the requirement, and intrinsic birefringence is relatively lower than other candidate materials. It is estimated that the cause of scattering in the BaLiF<sub>3</sub> crystal is aggregation of excess LiF component. The special annealing process to eliminate excess LiF component was applied to improve the transparency. The internal transparency was improved to more than 97%/cm by optimizing growth conditions and annealing conditions.
POISON IVY (RHUS) DERMATITIS (1958)

To the Editor: In the article on poison ivy (Rhus) dermatitis, by A. M. Kligman (A. M. A.Arch. Dermat.77:149 [Feb.] 1958), the last conclusion (p. 177) reads as follows: The treatment of Rhus dermatitis by the administration of Rhus allergens during the acute attack is irrational and hazardous. This statement seems to be based mainly on the severe toxic effects encountered by Kligman, who gave intramuscular injections with enormous and heroic doses of 3-n-pentadecyl catechol (0.2 cc. of 10% solution or 20 mg.) to 11 patients having acute poison ivy dermatitis. Of these 11 patients, at least 2 had such severe reactions as to warrant hospitalization; the remainder had varying degrees of systemic and local reactions. These data do not show that it is hazardous or even irrational to administer Rhus allergens during an attack of poison ivy dermatitis unlesshigh concentrations of the allergens are given. This
A Retrospective and a Look Forward: Fifteen Years of Physical Unclonable Function Advancement (2017)

Severe security threats and alerts associated with the use of smart devices have drawn increasing public attentions since the inception of Internet of Things (IoT) in late 1990s. IoT devices pose a unique and challenging scenario for hardware security because of their ubiquity and area-power cost constraints. Traditional software techniques and established cryptographic methods are either inadequate or impractical due to the computational capacity and permanent storage required to process and maintain the privacy of the secret key. In this light, Physical Unclonable Function (PUF), a burgeoning technology rooted in 2002, comes in handy as an inexpensive and yet effective security primitive to overcome the forgery tagging problem by its radically different way of generating and processing secret keys in security hardware. PUFs are hardware structures or functions designed to utilize the physical disorder of random nanoscale phenomena for the derivation of keys without having to keep any security-critical information explicitly in hardware. As we usher PUF into its 15th anniversary in 2017, it is timely to review the advancements of PUF over the past decade. Specifically, this survey addresses three fundamental questions which are at all times relevant in the security arms race. These questions are: how secure can a PUF be? what differences have PUFs brought to security applications and how do these differences impact existing security protocols? how is hardware implementation research influenced by the opportunities of nanotechnologies and new discoveries of disorder-based physical phenomena? It is hoped that this retrospective study of problems and solutions encountered in the journey of developing PUF to its current state will foreshadow the challenges and opportunities for future sustainable activities in the field.