gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<scp>CADASIL</scp> and <scp>CARASIL</scp> (2014)

CADASIL and CARASIL are hereditary small vessel diseases leading to vascular dementia. CADASIL commonly begins with migraine followed by minor strokes in mid-adulthood. Dominantly inherited CADASIL is caused by mutations (n > 230) in NOTCH3 gene, which encodes Notch3 receptor expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Notch3 extracellular domain (N3ECD) accumulates in arterial walls followed by VSMC degeneration and subsequent fibrosis and stenosis of arterioles, predominantly in cerebral white matter, where characteristic ischemic MRI changes and lacunar infarcts emerge. The likely pathogenesis of CADASIL is toxic gain of function related to mutation-induced unpaired cysteine in N3ECD. Definite diagnosis is made by molecular genetics but is also possible by electron microscopic demonstration of pathognomonic granular osmiophilic material at VSMCs or by positive immunohistochemistry for N3ECD in dermal arteries. In rare, recessively inherited CARASIL the clinical picture and white matter changes are similar as in CADASIL, but cognitive decline begins earlier. In addition, gait disturbance, low back pain and alopecia are characteristic features. CARASIL is caused by mutations (presently n = 10) in high-temperature requirement. A serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1) gene, which result in reduced function of HTRA1 as repressor of transforming growth factor-β (TGF β) -signaling. Cerebral arteries show loss of VSMCs and marked hyalinosis, but not stenosis.
Characterization of random anti-reflecting surface structures and their polarization response at off-normal angles of incidence (2016)

Random anti-reflecting surface structures (rARSS) are fabricated on fused silica substrates, for broadband and omnidirectional applications. These structures are fabricated using dry reactive ion etching. Etching parameters, such as RF power, flow ratio of etching gases, and etching time, determine the surface morphology of the random structures. The surface roughness of the random structures induces a gradient index transition over the boundary, yielding transmission enhancement compared to plain polished fused silica. We present variable angle-of-incidence (AOI) and polarization transmission measurements, through rARSS on fused silica at 633nm, and compare the results with conventional AR coating simulations. We tested a number of different samples, all with optimized transmission near 633nm, but different surface characteristics, and found that rARSS have structural characteristics which affect transmission at non-normal angles of incidence. We show that rARSS on fused silica substrates outperform conventional BBAR and SLAR thin film coatings in transmission enhancement, for incident light with AOI from 0° to 55°. We measured rARSS with zero degree of polarization in transmission, for AOI ranging from 0° to 60° in certain cases. A figure of merit that includes both the transmission degree of polarization and transmission enhancement is formulated in order to quantify rARSS performance for both effects. We found that rARSS measured performance is better than SLAR and BBAR, for transmission with AOI greater than 30° and up to 70°, especially for p-polarized incident light, which is the stricter criterion. Applications requiring polarization insensitivity and AR performance can be positively impacted by these surface structures.
Digitalis-like activity in human plasma (1989)

A factor having digitalis-like characteristics has been isolated from human plasma and its mechanism of action compared with the commonly used cardenolide, ouabain. The purification scheme involved dialysis of human plasma, lyophilization of dialysate, extraction of methanol-soluble components, and flash evaporation, followed by preparative, semipreparative, and analytical scale reverse-phase chromatography. One peak of biologically active material was obtained and shown to possess digitalis-like activity in assays of sodium pump activity, receptor binding, and Na,K-ATPase activity. Results from (i) the determination of the ligand conditions supporting binding, (ii) kinetics of association and dissociation from the Na,K-ATPase, (iii) affinity titration, (iv) selectivity, and (v) competition studies, when taken together, show that the endogenous digitalis-like factor is a specific inhibitor of the sodium pump that stabilizes the E2P form of the enzyme in a manner analogous to ouabain. The endogenous digitalis-like factor binds competitively in or near the receptor site for cardiac glycosides with an apparent affinity 8-20-fold greater than any known cardioactive steroid. The presence of digitalis-like activity in the circulation of individuals with no known intake of these compounds suggests that the material characterized here is an endogenous counterpart to the cardenolides. This factor may regulate sodium pump activity and provide a rationale for the existence of gene and tissue-specific forms of the Na,K-ATPase having distinct sensitivity to the cardenolides.
Plato's alleged self-criticism in the <i>Parmenides</i>: some recent views (1953)

During the course of some work on the Parmenides , I found I was coming to a conclusion about the First Part of the dialogue which was at variance with what I supposed to be the traditional and commonly accepted view. It therefore seemed advisable to ascertain precisely what this traditional view was, and what were the arguments in favour of it; and the contents of this paper represent some part of an attempt to do this. As it happens, they also tend to make the writer appear as one playing the part of a Zeno to his own Parmenides, showing that even stranger results follow from the hypotheses of those from whom he differs than from his own.
Novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides isolated from Alcalase hydrolysate of mung bean protein (2006)

Mung bean protein isolates were hydrolyzed for 2 h by Alcalase. The generated hydrolysate showed angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity with the IC(50) value of 0.64 mg protein/ml. Three kinds of novel ACE inhibitory peptides were isolated from the hydrolysate by Sephadex G-15 and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). These peptides were identified by amino acid composition analysis and matrix assisted-laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS/MS), as Lys-Asp-Tyr-Arg-Leu, Val-Thr-Pro-Ala-Leu-Arg and Lys-Leu-Pro-Ala-Gly-Thr-Leu-Phe with the IC(50) values of 26.5 microM, 82.4 microM and 13.4 microM, respectively.
Interface-based programming assignments and automatic grading of java programs (2007)

AutoGrader is a framework developed at Miami University for the automatic grading of student programming assignments written in the Java programming language. AutoGrader leverages the abstract concept of interfaces, as implemented by the Java interface language construct, in both the assignment and grading of programming assignments. The use of interfaces reinforces the role of procedural abstraction in object-oriented programming and allows for a common API to all student code. This common API then enables automatic grading of program functionality. AutoGrader provides a simple instructor API and enables the automatic testing of student code through the Java languagefeatures of interfaces and reflection. AutoGrader alsosupports static code analysis using PMD [4] to detect possible bugs, dead code, suboptimal, and overcomplicated code. While AutoGrader is written in and only handles Java programs, this style of automated grading is adaptable to any language that supports (or can mimic) named interfaces and/or abstract functions and that also supports runtime reflection.
Kinetic Study of Aluminization of Iron by Using the Pack Cementation Technique (1988)

The kinetics of the aluminization of pure iron using the pack cementation technique at 900°C under both argon and 5% atmosphere have been studied. A low Al‐activity master alloy with a composition of 60 atom percent (a/o) Al‐40 a/o Fe was used to avoid the formation of intermetallic phases at the substrate surface. The substrate was wrapped with an alumina fiber sheath to achieve a particle‐free surface and to superimpose a constant porous diffusion barrier for gaseous species. The pack was continuously rotated to tumble the pack contents and eliminate any chemically depleted zone near the substrate. In this simplified system, the rate limiting step for the aluminizing process was series control by gaseous transport from the pack to the substrate surface and solid‐state diffusion in the substrate. , , and activators were studied in the coating processes. Based on the properties of the activators, models were proposed and used to predict the Al uptake as a function of time. Reasonable agreement between the theoretical calculations and the experimental data was demonstrated for the activator where the model was satisfied experimentally. The lack of agreement for and activators occurred for readily demonstrated reasons.
Cell Death Induced in a Murine Mastocytoma by 42–47°C Heating<i>in Vitro</i>: Evidence that the Form of Death Changes from Apoptosis to Necrosis Above a Critical Heat Load (1990)

The pathogenesis of heat-induced cell death is controversial. Categorizing the death occurring after various heat loads as either apoptosis or necrosis might help to elucidate this problem, since it has been shown that these two processes differ in their mode of initiation as well as in their morphological and biochemical features. Log-phase cultures of mastocytoma P-815 x 2.1 were heated at temperatures ranging from 42 to 47 degrees C for 30 min. After 42 degrees C heating a slight increase in apoptosis was observed morphologically. However, after heating at 43, 43.5 and 44 degrees C, there was marked enhancement of apoptosis, and electrophoresis of DNA showed characteristic internucleosomal cleavage. With heating at 45 degrees C both apoptosis and necrosis were enhanced, whereas at 46 and 47 degrees C only necrosis was produced. DNA extracted from the 46 and 47 degrees C cultures showed virtually no degradation, which contrasts with the random DNA breakdown observed in necrosis produced by other types of injury; lysosomal enzymes released during heat-induced necrosis may be inactivated at the higher temperatures. It is suggested that apoptosis following heating may be triggered either by a limited increase in cytosolic calcium levels resulting from mild membrane changes or by DNA damage. Necrosis, on the other hand, is likely to be a consequence of severe membrane disruption.
Immunolocalization of tumor necrosis factor‐α expressing cells in recurrent aphthous ulcer lesions (RAU) (2000)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and crucial mediator in many aspects of immunity. Although several studies have shown that recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) can be prevented by treatment that prevents the synthesis of endogenous TNF-alpha little is known about the location and distribution of TNF-alpha-expressing cells at disease sites. The aim of the present work is, therefore, to investigate TNF-alpha and its cellular distribution in RAU lesions compared with those in induced oral traumatic ulcers (TUs). Twelve biopsies of RAU lesions of oral mucosa were obtained from 12 patients with RAU. They were compared to a control group consisting of ten samples of induced TUs. All samples were analyzed for TNF-alpha expression by using monoclonal mouse anti-human TNF-alpha antibody in avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) staining. Results were quantified by a semi-automatic VIDAS image analysis system. TNF-alpha immunoreactivity was contained mainly in monocyte/macrophages and lymphocytes within the mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates. TNF-alpha was often seen in mast cells and vascular endothelial cells in connective tissue lateral to the inflammatory infiltrates. Interestingly, 32%-60% of the mononuclear cells were found to be TNF-alpha immunoreactive in RAU lesions. TNF-alpha containing cells were more numerous in aphthae (188+/-46 cells/0.2 mm2) compared with controls (52+/-14 cells/0.2 mm2, P<0.001). These findings suggest that RAU lesions are characterized by high expression of TNF-alpha. Because such expression occurred in the mononuclear inflammatory cells, mast cells and vascular endothelial cells, TNF-alpha, which is a major inflammatory mediator, may contribute to the activation and recruitment of leukocytes that are found in RAU lesions.
Aqueous Extract of Chrysanthemum morifolium Enhances the Antimelanogenic and Antioxidative Activities of the Mixture of Soy Peptide and Collagen Peptide (2014)

The possible synergistic effect between the aqueous extract of Chrysanthemum morifolium (菊花 Jú Huā) (AECM) and the peptide mixture (PM) containing soy peptide and collagen peptide was investigated in an ultraviolet (UV) irradiation–induced skin damage mouse model. The irradiated mice were treated with the PM or PM + AECM (containing PM and AECM), respectively. Both PM and PM + AECM groups displayed an apparent photoprotective effect on the UV-irradiated skin damage of mice. Histological evaluation demonstrated that the epidermal hyperplasia and melanocytes in the basal epidermal layer of the UV-irradiated skin in mice decreased when treated with either PM or PM + AECM. Further study showed that soy peptide, collagen peptide, and AECM also inhibited the activities of mushroom tyrosinase with IC50 values of 82.3, 28.2, and 1.6 μg/ml, respectively. Additionally, PM + AECM reduced melanogenesis by 46.2% at the concentration of 10 mg/ml in B16 mouse melanoma cells. Meanwhile, the UV-induced increase of antioxidative indicators, including glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA), was reduced significantly after treatment with 1.83 g/kg/dbw of PM + AECM. This evidence supported the synergistic antioxidative effect of AECM with PM. These results demonstrated that oral intake of PM and AECM had synergistic antimelanogenic and antioxidative effects in UV-irradiated mice.
Prioritization of Molecular Targets for Antimalarial Drug Discovery (2021)

There is a shift in antimalarial drug discovery from phenotypic screening toward target-based approaches, as more potential drug targets are being validated in <i>Plasmodium</i> species. Given the high attrition rate and high cost of drug discovery, it is important to select the targets most likely to deliver progressible drug candidates. In this paper, we describe the criteria that we consider important for selecting targets for antimalarial drug discovery. We describe the analysis of a number of drug targets in the Malaria Drug Accelerator (MalDA) pipeline, which has allowed us to prioritize targets that are ready to enter the drug discovery process. This selection process has also highlighted where additional data are required to inform target progression or deprioritization of other targets. Finally, we comment on how additional drug targets may be identified.
A distinct vagal anti-inflammatory pathway modulates intestinal muscularis resident macrophages independent of the spleen (2013)

The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAIP) has been proposed as a key mechanism by which the brain, through the vagus nerve, modulates the immune system in the spleen. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) reduces intestinal inflammation and improves postoperative ileus. We investigated the neural pathway involved and the cells mediating the anti-inflammatory effect of VNS in the gut. The effect of VNS on intestinal inflammation and transit was investigated in wild-type, splenic denervated and Rag-1 knockout mice. To define the possible role of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), we used knockout and bone marrow chimaera mice. Anterograde tracing of vagal efferents, cell sorting and Ca(2+) imaging were used to reveal the intestinal cells targeted by the vagus nerve. VNS attenuates surgery-induced intestinal inflammation and improves postoperative intestinal transit in wild-type, splenic denervated and T-cell-deficient mice. In contrast, VNS is ineffective in α7nAChR knockout mice and α7nAChR-deficient bone marrow chimaera mice. Anterograde labelling fails to detect vagal efferents contacting resident macrophages, but shows close contacts between cholinergic myenteric neurons and resident macrophages expressing α7nAChR. Finally, α7nAChR activation modulates ATP-induced Ca(2+) response in small intestine resident macrophages. We show that the anti-inflammatory effect of the VNS in the intestine is independent of the spleen and T cells. Instead, the vagus nerve interacts with cholinergic myenteric neurons in close contact with the muscularis macrophages. Our data suggest that intestinal muscularis resident macrophages expressing α7nAChR are most likely the ultimate target of the gastrointestinal CAIP.
Potential antitumor applications of a monoclonal antibody specifically targeting human papilloma virus 16 E7<sub>49–57</sub> peptide (2012)

Our study aims to evaluate whether the approach of TCRm mAb has therapeutic potential against HPV-induced tumors. In the present study, we generated a murine IgG2a mAb 6C10 specifically recognizing HPV-16-E7(49-57) epitope (RAHYNIVTF) in the polypeptides and in complex with a MHC class I molecule. Analysis of the primary structure shows that the 6C10 Ab displays a novel sequence in the CDR of the heavy chain, compared to the sequences in the Kabat database, which suggests the Ab has completed its affinity maturation. The 6C10 Ab can specifically recognize E7 and Trx-E7(30-67) protein in ELISA, and can also specifically bind to T2 cell carrying HPV-16-E7(49-57) peptide. In the TC-1 cell tumor-bearing mouse model, 6C10 exhibits tumor suppression activity when compared to the isotype control Ab. 6C10 Ab has showed tumor-inhibition potency in a mouse model and this Ab may have the prospect of cancer therapy.
Skeletal Muscle: in vitro Growth with Applications to Tissue Engineering (2006)

Skeletal Muscle: in vitro Growth with Applications to Tissue Engineering Striated muscle structural anomalies, whether they evolve as the result of an accident or from removal of a tumor, can affect physiological performance as well as the psychological health of a patient. In this study, satellite cells were isolated from neonatal rat hind limbs by protease digestion in order to tissue engineer skeletal muscle. The released cells were harvested by centrifugation and plated on the aligned collagen gels. Over the next four to five days the myoblasts fuse and a series of uniformly arrayed, densely packed myotubes with morphology reflective of skeletal muscle develop. Confocal microscopy of a phalloidin stained culture demonstrates parallel‐aligned skeletal muscle cells with uniformly spaced sarcomeres. Located between the skeletal muscle cells are a population of fibroblast‐like cells that are a mixture of myoblasts and fibroblasts that appear in some cases to be producing what appears to be collagen. To increase the thickness of the skeletal muscle cultures to form a tissue like construct, we applied an additional layer of collagen gel to the aligned layer of cells after a week and add more satellite cells to the preparation. Cross sections cut perpendicular to the long axis of the surface cells indicate that multiple layers of skeletal muscle cells were achieved. The tissue engineer skeletal muscle possesses many of the characteristics of intact muscle. Supported by NIH grant DE014599 to LT.
Low distortion feedback voltage-current conversion technique (1981)

A bilateral voltage-current convertor (VCCS) using modified Wilson current mirrors in a feedback configuration is presented that produces substantially lower distortion than previous open loop arrangements.
<title>Continuous media filters for heterogeneous internetworking</title> (1996)

There is now a huge variety of multimedia applications, network technologies and end-system architectures. Within this new and challenging environment, the importance of Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms to allocate and monitor system resources has been recognized. A key goal of our research is how to manage the QoS requirements of heterogeneous receivers in applications that depend on multipeer communications. This paper presents results of our recent work on QoS filter mechanisms that operate on compressed video and audio streams. These filter mechanisms adapt the QoS of continuous media streams allowing diverse qualities of media to be delivered to a number of receivers in the same multipeer dissemination tree. The paper focuses particularly on filter operations applied to bandwidth-demanding video services in order to allow low capability clients, primarily connected via mobile and other low-bandwidth links, to participate in these dissemination services. This is performed without detriment to existing high capability clients. The results presented show the feasibility of providing individual QoS to individual clients.
Method of Measuring <i>Bacillus </i><i>anthracis</i> Spores in the Presence of Copious Amounts of <i>Bacillus </i><i>thuringiensis</i> and <i>Bacillus </i><i>cereus</i> (2006)

A sensitive and reliable method for the detection of Bacillus anthracis (BA; Sterne strain 7702) spores in presence of large amounts of Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) and Bacillus cereus (BC) is presented based on a novel PZT-anchored piezoelectric excited millimeter-sized cantilever (PAPEMC) sensor with a sensing area of 1.5 mm2. Antibody (anti-BA) specific to BA spores was immobilized on the sensing area and exposed to various samples of BA, BT, and BC containing the same concentration of BA at 333 spores/mL, and the concentration of BT + BC was varied in concentration ratios of (BA:BT + BC) 0:1, 1:0, 1:1, 1:10, 1:100, and 1:1000. In each case, the sensor responded with an exponential decrease in resonant frequency and the steady-state frequency changes reached were 14 +/- 31 (n = 11), 2742 +/- 38 (n = 3), 3053 +/- 19 (n = 2), 2777 +/- 26 (n = 2), 2953 +/- 24 (n = 2), and 3105 +/- 27 (n = 2) Hz, respectively, in 0, 27, 45, 63, 154, and 219 min. The bound BA spores were released in each experiment, and the sensor response was nearly identical to the frequency change during attachment. These results suggest that the transport of BA spores to the antibody immobilized surface was hindered by the presence of other Bacillus species. The observed binding rate constant, based on the Langmuir kinetic model, was determined to be 0.15 min-1. A hindrance factor (alpha) is defined to describe the reduced attachment rate in the presence of BT + BC and found to increase exponentially with BT and BC concentration. The hindrance factor increased from 3.52 at 333 BT + BC spores/mL to 11.04 at 3.33 x 105 BT + BC spores/mL, suggesting that alpha is a strong function of BT and BC concentration. The significance of these results is that anti-BA functionalized PEMC sensors are highly selective to Bacillus anthracis spores and the presence of other Bacillus species, in large amounts, does not prevent binding but impedes BA transport to the sensor.
Arithmetic and Fourier transform for the PYXIS multi-resolution digital Earth model (2009)

Abstract This paper investigates a multi-resolution digital Earth model called PYXIS, which was developed by PYXIS Innovation Inc. The PYXIS hexagonal grids employ an efficient hierarchical labeling scheme for addressing pixels. We provide a recursive definition of the PYXIS grids, a systematic approach to the labeling, an algorithm to add PYXIS labels, and a discussion of the discrete Fourier transform on PYXIS grids.