gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Contact angle and biocompatibility of sol‐gel prepared TiO <sub>2</sub> thin films for their use as semiconductor‐based cell‐viability sensors (2008)

Abstract We have investigated the surface, biocompatibility, and H 2 O 2 sensitivity of TiO 2 thin films prepared by sol‐gel technique, from the viewpoints of aptitude for a gate‐oxide film on field‐effect transistors (FETs) for cell‐viability sensors. The surface of TiO 2 thin films had nanometer‐scale roughness (approximately 1 nm in height), but was uniform and flat in micrometer scale. The contact angle of the TiO 2 thin films increases with time, when the TiO 2 /GaAs samples were preserved in air at room temperature, probably because of hydrophobic contaminates. A stretched exponential dependence fits well to the temporal evolution of the TiO 2 contact angle. Scattered data obtained in cell‐adhesion experiments show that the cell adhesion is mostly independent of the contact angle of the TiO 2 surfaces. In order to evaluate TiO 2 thin films for biosensor use, TiO 2 thin films were formed on two‐dimensional electron‐gas (2DEG) FETs as the gate‐oxide film. TiO 2 /2DEG‐FETs exhibit a high H 2 O 2 sensitivity up to 4.5 mV/µ M , whereas conventional ISFET (Ta 2 O 5 /Si‐FET)is insensitive to H 2 O 2 . Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyperthermia Production for Cancer Therapy: A Rewien of Fundamentals and Methods (1981)

The commonly used electromagnetic and ultrasonic techniques for producing hyperthermia for cancer therapy are reviewed and compared. Advantages and disadvantages of various methods are explained in terms of fundamentals. Techniques for measuring tissue temperature during hyperthermia generation are also described.
In-situ chromium isotope measurement of chromium-rich fine grains in the Murchison CM2 chondrite (2011)

Isotopic anomalies of 54Cr have been reported in bulk chondrites. Stepwise dissolution experiments have suggested the presence of a carrier of the 54Cr anomaly, probably of presolar origin. Although stepwise dissolution experiments and ion microprobe studies of Cr-rich grains have revealed, to some extent, the carrier of anomalous 54Cr, the nature of the carrier is not yet well understood. In this study, we attempted to detect the carrier phases. We performed an in-situ measurement of Cr isotopic compositions of small (~1 μm or less in size) Cr-bearing grains in the Murchison CM2 chondrite using a NanoSIMS 50 ion microprobe. 54Cr has an isobaric interference of 54Fe, which makes the measurement of 54Cr/52Cr isotopic ratios difficult. In order to evaluate the contribution of 54Fe, the abundance of 56Fe was measured. Even after large corrections for 54Fe, δ54Cr values of Cr-rich grains were determined with a precision of ~30‰. No grain out of ~200 Cr-rich grains was confirmed to be a presolar grain with a large 54Cr anomaly. If the carrier of the 54Cr anomaly is Cr-rich, this result implies a low abundance and a huge isotopic anomaly of the carrier, and/or its extremely fine grain size. In the former case, the maximum abundance of the presolar Cr-rich grains is roughly estimated to be ~1 ppm. In that case the minimum isotopic anomaly would be ~90‰.
Decreased lung tumorigenesis in mice genetically deficient in cytosolic phospholipase A2 (2004)

Epidemiological investigations suggest that chronic lung inflammation increases lung cancer risk. Pharmacologic and genetic evidence in mouse models indicates that lipid mediators released during pulmonary inflammation enhance lung tumor formation. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) catalyzes arachidonic acid (AA) release from membrane phospholipids. AA can then lead to the synthesis of several classes of lipid mediators, including prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis through the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. We investigated a role for cPLA2 in mouse lung tumorigenesis by using mice genetically deficient in cPLA2. After multiple urethane injections into cPLA2 null mice and wild-type littermates, the number of lung tumors was determined. cPLA2 null mice developed 43% fewer tumors (from 16 +/- 2 to 9 +/- 2 tumors/mouse; P < 0.05) than wild-type littermates. cPLA2, COX-1, COX-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase (mPGES), examined by immunohistochemistry, are present in alveolar and bronchiolar epithelia and in alveolar macrophages in lungs from naive mice and tumor-bearing mice. Tumors express higher levels of each of these four enzymes than control lungs, as determined by immunoblotting. No differences were detected in the contents of COX-1, COX-2 and mPGES between wild-type and cPLA2 null mice. Although the steady-state levels of prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin I2 in lung tissue extracts prepared from wild-type or cPLA2 (-/-) mice were not significantly different, both prostaglandins markedly increased in tumors from wild-type mice, an increase that was significantly blunted in tumors from cPLA2 (-/-) mice. These results demonstrate a role for cPLA2 in mouse lung tumorigenesis that may be mediated by decreased prostaglandin synthesis.
Characteristics of fMRI responses to visual stimulation in anesthetized vs. awake mice (2020)

Abstract The functional characteristics of the mouse visual system have not previously been well explored using fMRI. In this research, we examined 9.4 T BOLD fMRI responses to visual stimuli of varying pulse durations (1 – 50 ms) and temporal frequencies (1 – 10 Hz) under ketamine and xylazine anesthesia, and compared fMRI responses of anesthetized and awake mice. Under anesthesia, significant positive BOLD responses were detected bilaterally in the major structures of the visual pathways, including the dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei, superior colliculus, lateral posterior nucleus of thalamus, primary visual area, and higher-order visual area. BOLD responses increased slightly with pulse duration, were maximal at 3 – 5 Hz stimulation, and significantly decreased at 10 Hz, which were all consistent with previous neurophysiological findings. When the mice were awake, the BOLD fMRI response was faster in all active regions and stronger in the subcortical areas compared with the anesthesia condition. In the V1, the BOLD response was biphasic for 5 Hz stimulation and negative for 10 Hz stimulation under wakefulness, whereas prolonged positive BOLD responses were observed at both frequencies under anesthesia. Unexpected activation was detected in the extrastriate postrhinal area and non-visual subiculum complex under anesthesia, but not under wakefulness. Widespread positive BOLD activity under anesthesia likely results from the disinhibition and sensitization of excitatory neurons induced by ketamine. Overall, fMRI can be a viable tool for mapping brain-wide functional networks.
Two Potent OXE-R Antagonists: Assignment of Stereochemistry (2014)

5-Oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) is formed by the oxidation of 5-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), which is a major metabolite of enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid (AA). 5-Oxo-ETE is the most potent lipid chemoattractant for human eosinophils. Its actions are mediated by the selective OXE receptor, which is therefore an attractive target in eosinophilic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and asthma. Recently, we have reported two excellent OXE receptor antagonists that have IC50 values at low nanomolar concentrations. Each of these antagonists has a chiral center, and the isolation of the individual enantiomers by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that in each case one enantiomer is over 300 times more potent than the other. To unambiguously assign the stereochemistry of these enantiomers and to provide access to larger amounts of the active compounds for biological testing, we report here their total synthesis.
A Preliminary Taxonomy of Crowdsourcing (2010)

\n\t\t\t\t\tMany firms are now asking how they can benefit from the new form of outsourcing labelled &ldquo;crowdsourcing&rdquo;. Like many other forms of outsourcing, crowdsourcing is now being &ldquo;talked up&rdquo; by a somewhat credulous trade press. However, the term crowdsourcing has been used to describe several related, but different phenomena, and what might be successful with one form of crowdsourcing may not be with another. In this paper the notion of crowdsourcing is decomposed to create a taxonomy that expands our understanding of what is meant by the term. This taxonomy focuses on the different capability levels of crowdsourcing suppliers; different motivations; and different allocation of benefits. The management implications of these distinctions are then considered in light of what we know about other forms of outsourcing.<br />\n\t\t\t\t
Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 (hENT1) in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Towards Individualized Treatment Decisions (2010)

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancers, where curative surgical resections are rare and less than 5% of patients experience long-term survival. Despite numerous clinical trials, improvements in the systemic treatment of this disease have been limited. Gemcitabine, a nucleoside analogue, is still considered the standard of care chemotherapy for most patients in the advanced disease setting. To exert its cytotoxic effects, gemcitabine must enter cells via nucleoside transporters, most notably human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1). Increasingly strong evidence suggests hENT1 is a prognostic biomarker in gemcitabine-treated pancreatic cancer, and may well be a predictive biomarker of gemcitabine efficacy. In this review, we synthesize the literature surrounding hENT1 in pancreatic cancer, identify the key outstanding questions, and suggest strategies to prospectively evaluate the clinical utility of hENT1 in future clinical studies.
Tx Leakage Impact on Analog-Digital Conversion in Zero-IF Receivers (2009)

Transmitter leakage has a significant impact on the system performance in mobile devices using zero-IF receivers and thus requires a suitable compensation. In contrast to analog approaches, digital Tx leakage compensation approaches can easily be reconfigured and therefore are highly attractive for future mobile devices, using software defined radios. In this contribution we show that Tx Leakage reduces the SNR at the ADC output. However, this SNR loss is negligibly weak in presence of moderate Tx leakage. This proves that compensating the Tx leakage in digital domain is a suitable approach to lower the requirements on the analog transceiver front end and to facilitate the design of software defined radios.
Self-organized Cu nanowires on glass and Si substrates from sputter etching Cu/substrate interfaces (2006)

We have fabricated self-organized ∼30-nm-wide Cu lines on glass and Si(100) substrates by Ar beam etching the Cu/substrate interfaces. We deposited thin Cu layers on the substrates and etched the deposited layer by a neutralized Ar ion beam at a grazing angle of incidence. At the stage when almost all Cu is removed by etching, we have observed Cu lines on the substrate. The lines orientation is entirely controllable through the experiment geometry and the lines are basically similar on glass and Si substrates. By atomistic Monte Carlo simulations, we have demonstrated that the Cu lines result from the self-organized morphologies that develop on Cu surfaces during sputter etching. To better understand ways to control the process we have investigated, by simulations, the line width as a function of the removed depth, surface diffusivity, and Ar beam flux. We have concluded that the sputter etch technique offers a unique opportunity to fabricate controlled arrays of Cu lines on substrates.
A Prospective Investigation of PTEN Loss and ERG Expression in Lethal Prostate Cancer (2015)

PTEN loss is independently associated with increased risk of lethal progression, particularly in the ERG fusion-negative subgroup. These validated and inexpensive IHC assays may be useful for risk stratification in prostate cancer.
Aerosolized antibiotics and ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis in the intensive care unit* (2008)

In critically ill patients with ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis, AA decrease VAP and other signs and symptoms of respiratory infection, facilitate weaning, and reduce bacterial resistance and use of systemic antibiotics.
Methionine metabolism in mammals. Adaptation to methionine excess. (1986)

We conducted a systematic evaluation of the effects of increasing levels of dietary methionine on the metabolites and enzymes of methionine metabolism in rat liver. Significant decreases in hepatic concentrations of betaine and serine occurred when the dietary methionine was raised from 0.3 to 1.0%. We observed increased concentrations of S-adenosylhomocysteine in livers of rats fed 1.5% methionine and of S-adenosylmethionine and methionine only when the diet contained 3.0% methionine. Methionine supplementation resulted in decreased hepatic levels of methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase and increased levels of methionine adenosyltransferase, betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase, and cystathionine synthase. We used these data to simulate the regulatory locus formed by the enzymes which metabolize homocysteine in livers of rats fed 0.3% methionine, 1.5% methionine, and 3.0% methionine. In comparison to the model for the 0.3% methionine diet group, the model for the 3.0% methionine animals demonstrates a 12-fold increase in the synthesis of cystathionine, a 150% increase in flow through the betaine reaction, and a 550% increase in total metabolism of homocysteine. The concentrations of substrates and other metabolites are significant determinants of this apparent adaptation.
Brk, Srm, Frk, and Src42A Form a Distinct Family of Intracellular Src-Like Tyrosine Kinases (2003)

The tyrosine kinases Brk/PTK6/Sik, Srm, Frk/Rak/Gtk/Iyk/Bsk, and Src42A/Dsrc41 have a low degree of sequence homology to other known kinases, including one another. We show here that the exon structure of these kinases, which we will call the Brk family, is highly conserved and distinct from each of the major families of intracellular kinases containing SH3, SH2, and tyrosine kinase domains, including c-Src and Fyn. Brk/Sik and Srm are 1.1 kb apart on human chromosome 20q13.3 and likely are the result of duplication in cis. Several Brk family kinases have an inhibitory effect on Ras pathway signaling from receptor tyrosine kinases. Members of this family can act either in the membrane or at the nucleus, and may change localization patterns depending on external stimuli. Brk has been shown to phosphorylate two proteins in vivo: Sam68. a substrate for Src in mitosis that can substitute for Rev in nuclear export of RNAs; and BKS, a novel adaptor molecule. Brk also functions as a rapid downstream signaling intermediate following calcium-induced differentiation in keratinocytes. It is possible that Brk family kinases may share common functions and interaction partners, which remain for the most part unexamined.
State of the Art Review: Intravenous Fat Emulsions: Current Applications, Safety Profile, and Clinical Implications (2010)

The results of this review demonstrate that IVFEs are well tolerated when administered in accordance with guideline recommendations.
FACTERA: a practical method for the discovery of genomic rearrangements at breakpoint resolution (2014)

http://factera.stanford.edu.
General scheme of the phosphotriester condensation in the oligodeoxyribonucleotide synthesis with arylsulfonyl chlorides and aryisulfonyl azolides (1984)

Phosphotriester condensation (RO)(R'O)PO-2 (PDE) + R"OH (RO)(R'O)(R"O)PO (PTE) in the presence of arylsulfonyl chloride (ArSO2Cl) as well as arylsulfonyl azolides proceeds in two steps as revealed by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Pyrophosphotetraester (PPTE) accumulates in over 80% yield in the first step and converts to PTE in the second one. Nucleophilic catalysts of pyridine type (Nu1) are necessary in the first step. The second step is catalyzed by Nu1 as well as by catalysts of the tetrazole type (Nu2H). Base catalysis operates in the latter case. With Nu1 catalysts (pyridine, 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, N-methylimidazole) the general scheme may be presented as follows: ArSO2Cl + Nu1 in equilibrium ArSO2Nu+1 + Cl-; ArSO2Nu+1 + PDE----(RO)(R'O)P(O)OSO2Ar (I); I + Nu+1----(RO)(R'O)P(O)Nu+1 (II); II + PDE in equilibrium [(RO)(R'O)PO]20; II + R"OH----(RO)(R'O)(R"O)PO. Catalysts of Nu2H type don't accelerate PPTE formation. In the second step they participate most probably in the process PPTE + Nu2H in equilibrium (RO)(R'O)P(O)Nu2 (III) + PDE; III + R"OH----(RO)(R'O)(R"O)PO + H+. The latter step is subjected to strong base catalysis.
Reducing the cost of IT operations: is automation always the answer? (2005)

The high cost of IT operations has led to an intense focus on the automation of processes for IT service delivery. We take the heretical position that automation does not necessarily reduce the cost of operations since: (1) additional effort is required to deploy and maintain the automation infrastructure; (2) using the automation infrastructure requires the development of structured inputs that have up-front costs for design, implementation, and testing that are not required for a manual process; and (3) detecting and recovering from errors in an automated process is considerably more complicated than for a manual process. Our studies of several data centers suggest that the up-front costs mentioned in (2) are of particular concern since many processes have a limited lifetime (e.g., 25 % of the packages constructed for software distribution were installed on fewer than 15 servers). We describe a process-based methodology for analyzing the benefits and costs of automation, and hence for determining if automation will indeed reduce the cost of IT operations. Our analysis provides a quantitative framework that captures several traditional rules of thumb: that automating a process is beneficial if the process has a sufficiently long lifetime, if it is relatively easy to automate (i.e., can readily be generalized from a manual process), and if there is a large cost reduction (or leverage) provided by each automated execution of the process compared to a manual invocation. 1
Synthesis and Characterization of Highly Water Soluble Ruthenium(II) and Osmium(II) Complexes Bearing Chelating Sulfonated N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands (2013)

The synthesis of highly water soluble ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) complexes based on chelating N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands bearing sulfonated side chains is reported. The complexes are easily accessible in very good yields via synthesis of silver-bis(NHC) complexes and subsequent reaction with [(p-cymene)MCl2]2 (M = Ru, Os). They express high thermal stability and are highly soluble in water (up to 400 mg/mL). The first structurally characterized Ru(II) complex bearing a chelating sulfonated ligand is presented.
Enzymic Pathways of Hyaluronan Catabolism (2007)

The enzymic degradation of hyaluronan in mammalian tissues takes place in two phases, encompassing breakdown of the polysaccharide to its monosaccharide constituents and subsequent utilization of the monosaccharide products. Degradation to the monosaccharide components is effected by the concerted action of three enzymes, hyaluronidase, beta-D-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidase. The relative contributions of hyaluronidase and the two exoglycosidases to the physiological catabolism of hyaluronan are not yet known but consideration of the kinetic properties of the three enzymes clearly indicates that hyaluronidase is best suited for the initial attack on the polysaccharide, inasmuch as its Km for hyaluronan is 1000- to 10,000-fold lower than that estimated for beta-D-glucuronidase. Recent investigations in the authors' laboratories have been focused on the catabolism of hyaluronan and other complex carbohydrates in liver, since the sinusoidal endothelial cells in this organ are the main sites for degradation of circulating hyaluronan. Assay of ten lysosomal hydrolases in isolated rat liver cells showed considerably higher activities in Kupffer cells and endothelial cells than in hepatocytes for nine of the enzymes, including beta-D-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidase. The activity of N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase, a key enzyme in the metabolism of the N-acetylglucosamine released by the lysosomal degradation of hyaluronan and other complex carbohydrates, has also been determined. High deacetylase activities were observed in both Kupffer cells and endothelial cells but, surprisingly, virtually no activity was detected in hepatocytes. This finding implies that N-acetylglucosamine cannot be degraded in hepatocytes and must be largely reutilized in the synthesis of new macromolecules. Further studies of the enzymes involved in hyaluronan degradation and N-acetylglucosamine utilization in the liver are under way.
Towards Optimal Electric Demand Management for Internet Data Centers (2011)

Electricity cost is becoming a major portion of Internet data center (IDC)'s operation cost and large-scale IDCs are becoming important consumers of regional electricity markets. IDC's energy efficiency is gaining more attention by data center operators and electricity market operators. Effective IDC electric demand management solutions are eagerly sought by all stakeholders. In this paper, a mixed-integer programming model based IDC electric demand management solution is proposed, which integrates both the impacts of locational marginal electricity prices and power management capability of IDC itself. Dynamic voltage/frequency scaling of individual server, cluster server ON/OFF scheduling, and dynamic workload dispatching are optimized while complying with all the IDC system-wide and individual heterogeneous servers' operation constraints according to the IDC applications' temporal variant workload. Reduced electricity cost can be achieved together with guaranteed QoS requirement and reliability consideration by using the proposed model. World Cup '98 data is utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed solution. According to the experimental evaluation, electricity cost could be cut by more than 20% in a peak workload period and by more than 80% in a light workload period. Besides, more than 6% electricity cost could be cut by considering the impact of electricity price difference. Experimental results also reveal that higher QoS requirement and reliability consideration could result in higher electricity cost.
Physical properties of multiferroic hexagonal HoMnO3 thin films (2007)

The authors investigated the magnetic and ferroelectric properties of hexagonally grown HoMnO3 thin films. The magnetic measurements revealed bulklike magnetic phase transitions with an additional spin-glass-like behavior feature below the Néel temperature. The ferroelectricity in the films was distinctly different from the suggested bulk behavior. Below 40K, the HoMnO3 films showed typical ferroelectric character: their remnant polarization and coercive field values at 20K were 3.7μC∕cm2 and 0.69MV∕cm. Above 40K, however, the films exhibited an unusual antiferroelectriclike behavior, with more pronounced features appearing at higher temperatures. These intriguing physical properties make HoMnO3 films a potential candidate material for numerous future applications.
Isolation of Human Clq as a by-Product of Routine Fractionation (1979)

Clq can be isolated as a by-product of large scale fractionation. The euglobulins of fraction III are submitted to chromatography on CM-cellulose in a batch-procedure. The active fraction being frequently contaminated by lysozyme the protein can be further purified by gel-filtration in the presence of carbohydrates. The purified Clq is suitable for the detection of immune complexes.