gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES. XXI. COMPARISON OF TENDENCIES OF SATURATED AND UNSATURATED ALDEHYDES TOWARD CYCLIC ACETAL FORMATION (1929)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSTUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES. XXI. COMPARISON OF TENDENCIES OF SATURATED AND UNSATURATED ALDEHYDES TOWARD CYCLIC ACETAL FORMATIONHarold Hibbert, Edward O. Houghton, and K. Austin TaylorCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1929, 51, 2, 611–614Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1929Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1929https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01377a039https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01377a039research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views65Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Vernetzungs‐ und Oligomerisierungsreaktionen mit dem Bisketen 1.4‐Bis(carbonylen)‐cyclohexan (1972)

Abstract Es wird über die Bildungsgeschwindigkeit des Bisketens 1.4‐Bis‐(carbonylen)‐cyclohexan aus Cyclohexandicarbonsäure‐(1.4)‐dichlorid, seine Beständigkeit, die Eignung als Vernetzer und die Umwandlung in Oligomere berichtet. Bei der Oligomerisierung entstehen Dimere bis Pentamere, die spirocyclisch verknüpfte Cyclohexan‐ und Cyclobutandion‐Ringe enthalten.
Mechanism of Differential Utilization of the <i>his3</i> T <sub>R</sub> and T <sub>C</sub> TATA Elements (1995)

The yeast his3 promoter region contains two TATA elements, TC and TR, that are differentially utilized in constitutive his3 transcription and Gcn4-activated his3 transcription. TR contains the canonical TATAAA sequence, whereas TC is an extended region that lacks a conventional TATA sequence and does not support transcription in vitro. Surprisingly, differential his3 TATA-element utilization does not depend on specific properties of activator proteins but, rather, is determined by the overall level of his3 transcription. At low levels of transcription, the upstream TC is preferentially utilized, even though it is inherently a much weaker TATA element than TR. The TATA elements are utilized equally at intermediate levels, whereas TR is strongly preferred at high levels of transcription. This characteristic behavior can be recreated by replacing TC with moderately functional derivatives of a conventional TATA element, suggesting that TC is a collection of weak TATA elements. Analysis of promoters containing two biochemically defined TATA elements indicates that differential utilization occurs when the upstream TATA element is weaker than the downstream element. In other situations, the upstream TATA element is preferentially utilized in a manner that is independent of the overall level of transcription. Thus, in promoters containing multiple TATA elements, relative utilization not only depends on the quality and arrangement of the TATA elements but can vary with the overall level of transcriptional stimulation. We suggest that differential TATA utilization results from the combination of an intrinsic preference for the upstream element and functional saturation of weak TATA elements at low levels of transcriptional stimulation.
Secure data communication in mobile ad hoc networks (2006)

We address the problem of secure and fault-tolerant communication in the presence of adversaries across a multihop wireless network with frequently changing topology. To effectively cope with arbitrary malicious disruption of data transmissions, we propose and evaluate the secure message transmission (SMT) protocol and its alternative, the secure single-path (SSP) protocol. Among the salient features of SMT and SSP is their ability to operate solely in an end-to-end manner and without restrictive assumptions on the network trust and security associations. As a result, the protocols are applicable to a wide range of network architectures. We demonstrate that highly reliable communication can be sustained with small delay and small delay variability, even when a substantial portion of the network nodes systematically or intermittently disrupt communication. SMT and SSP robustly detect transmission failures and continuously configure their operation to avoid and tolerate data loss, and to ensure the availability of communication. This is achieved at the expense of moderate transmission and routing overhead, which can be traded off for delay. Overall, the ability of the protocols to mitigate both malicious and benign faults allows fast and reliable data transport even in highly adverse network environments.
Effect of reaction parameters on the dispersion polymerization of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (2000)

Nonporous hydrogel microspheres 0.1–1.3 μm in diameter were prepared by the dispersion copolymerization of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and ethylene dimethacrylate as a crosslinking agent. The crosslinking was evidenced by solid state 13C NMR and elemental analysis. The effect of various parameters including selection of solvent (cyclohexane, butyl acetate), initiator (4,4′-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid), 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, dibenzoyl peroxide) and stabilizer on the properties of resulting microspheres has been studied. Dynamic light scattering and photographic examination were used for determination of the diameter and polydispersity of microspheres. Increasing concentration of steric stabilizer in the initial polymerization mixture decreased the particle size. The particle size depended on the molecular weight of polystyrene-block-hydrogenated polyisoprene stabilizer, but not on the number of PS and polybutadiene blocks in the styrene–butadiene block copolymer stabilizers. Dibenzoyl peroxide used as an initiator resulted in agglomeration of particles. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 653–663, 2000
Nanostructured Carbon and Carbon Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Energy Storage Applications (2010)

Electrochemical energy storage is one of the important technologies for a sustainable future of our society, in times of energy crisis. Lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors with their high energy or power densities, portability, and promising cycling life are the cores of future technologies. This Review describes some materials science aspects on nanocarbon-based materials for these applications. Nanostructuring (decreasing dimensions) and nanoarchitecturing (combining or assembling several nanometer-scale building blocks) are landmarks in the development of high-performance electrodes for with long cycle lifes and high safety. Numerous works reviewed herein have shown higher performances for such electrodes, but mostly give diverse values that show no converging tendency towards future development. The lack of knowledge about interface processes and defect dynamics of electrodes, as well as the missing cooperation between material scientists, electrochemists, and battery engineers, are reasons for the currently widespread trial-and-error strategy of experiments. A concerted action between all of these disciplines is a prerequisite for the future development of electrochemical energy storage devices.
Dynamic Analysis in an Optimizing Monetary Model with Transaction Costs and Endogenous Investment (2001)

This paper analyzes the period-to-period changes that occur in an optimizing monetary model with uncertainty and sticky prices. Money is incorporate in its role as a medium of exchange through a time-cost transactions techonolgy. Another important characteristic of the model is that both capital and investment are obtained endogenously. In this regar, adjustment costs of installing investment are incorporated to smooth and delay capital movements over the economic cycle. We will focus attention on analyzing the consumption, investment, and real money demand functions resulting from the model. These three equations gives rise to the structural IS-LM economy as part of the general equilibrium described in the paper. Nominal prices are sticky, i. e., they do not adjust instantly thereby allowing departures from general equilibrium obtained when there is absence of nominal frictions. We chose to have the Fuhrer-Moore specification for nominal contract prices. The model is calibrated on quarterly observations from United States data. Four types of exogenous shocks are included in our setup: production technology shocks, consumption preference (demand) shocks, monetary policy shocks, and shopping time shocks. Hence, variability of output, consumption, investment, etc., may result from several sources. The impact of each shock in the economic cyce will be examined by plotting impulse-response fuctions implied by the solution of the model.
Diode-pumped high-efficiency Tm:YAG lasers (1999)

Eye-safe solid-state lasers that operate at 2 mm wavelength have many applications in medical, remote sensing and military technologies. With a 3-W CW laser-diode pumping, we obtained 760 mW 2.01 mm Tm:YAG laser under CW operation. The slope efficiency was 44% and the optical to optical efficiency reached 36%. In the acousto-optic Q-switched operation, laser pulses with the energy of 1.2mJ and 380 ns FWHM width have been achieved.
The molecular features of tongue epithelium treated with the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and alcohol as a model for HNSCC (2013)

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common type of cancer affecting humans worldwide. To determine the potential mechanisms by which chronic tobacco and alcohol abuse lead to HNSCC of the oral cavity, we have used both the 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) murine oral carcinogenesis and the Meadows-Cook alcohol models. In this study, we treated mice with 4-NQO in drinking water for 10 weeks and then administered 20% (w:v) ethanol (EtOH) for another 10 weeks. We observed increased levels and/or activation of signaling proteins [p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), β-catenin and Erk 1/2] that are typically altered during HNSCC initiation in humans. We found that EtOH administration alone increased the expression of p38 MAPK but not Erk 1/2 MAPK. Total β-catenin levels in the tongues increased by 2- to 3-fold after 4-NQO treatment, with or without EtOH. However, EtOH combined with 4-NQO reduced phosphorylated β-catenin levels, whereas 4-NQO treatment alone did not. These data implicate EtOH as a regulator of β-catenin signaling in this HNSCC model. We also utilized K14-CreER(TAM); ROSA26 mice to mark permanently stem/progenitor cells in the tongue epithelia. We found that 4-NQO alone and 4-NQO plus EtOH treatment resulted in massive, horizontal expansion of stem/progenitor cell populations arising from single stem cells in the basal layer of the epithelia. This expansion is consistent with carcinogen-associated, symmetric division of stem/progenitor cells. Our data suggest that specific therapeutic targets for prevention of HNSCC of the oral cavity associated with both alcohol and tobacco use are p38 MAPK and β-catenin.
Priming of human monocytes with PAF augments their production of tumor necrosis factor. (1990)

We have recently shown that platelet-activating factor (PAF) can markedly enhance the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) by human monocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Because inflammatory mediators may act sequentially in vivo, we studied the effect of preexposure of monocytes to PAF on their subsequent response to cytokines in terms of TNF production. Priming monocytes for 18-48 h with graded concentrations of PAF (10(-16)-10(-6) M) markedly enhanced their subsequent TNF production in response to MDP and MDP + cytokines, by two- to three-fold. Our data suggest that priming of monocytes by PAF may be an important step in augmenting their subsequent activities in inflammatory or immune responses.
Infrared Spectra of Complexes of L-Cysteine and Related Compounds with Zinc(II), Cadmium(II), Mercury(II), and Lead(II)<sup>1</sup> (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInfrared Spectra of Complexes of L-Cysteine and Related Compounds with Zinc(II), Cadmium(II), Mercury(II), and Lead(II)1Hideyo Shindo and Theodore L. BrownCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 9, 1904–1909Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01087a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01087a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2328Altmetric-Citations167LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Nuclear magnetic resonance determination of enantiomeric composition and absolute configuration of .gamma.-lactones using chiral 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)ethanol (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNuclear magnetic resonance determination of enantiomeric composition and absolute configuration of .gamma.-lactones using chiral 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)ethanolWilliam H. Pirkle, David L. Sikkenga, and Mark S. PavlinCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 2, 384–387Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00422a061https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00422a061research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1246Altmetric-Citations235LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Proteinase-sensitive regions in the heavy chain of low molecular weight kininogen map to the inter-domain junctions. (1988)

Low molecular weight kininogen from human plasma was subjected to limited proteolysis with trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and bromelain, and the resulting fragments of 20,000 or 40,000 Da were isolated. Amino-terminal sequence analysis of the fragments disclosed for the various proteinases eight independent cleavage sites distinct from the typical kallikrein cleavage sites flanking the kinin region. All the identified cleavage sites cluster in two stretches of 11-12 residues of the kininogen heavy chain. These short segments represent the primary attack sites for proteinases ("proteinase-sensitive regions") in the heavy chain portion of human low molecular weight kininogen. The amino acid sequences of the two proteinase-sensitive regions are mutually homologous; they are further characterized by the presence of a single copy each of the consensus tetrapeptide Cys-X-Gly-Cys known to form a narrow disulfide loop (Kellermann, J., Thelen, C., Lottspeich, F., Henschen, A., Vogel, R., and Müller-Esterl, W. (1987) Biochem. J. 247, 15-21). The proteinase-sensitive regions are located at the junctions of the three cystatin-like domains constituting the kininogen heavy chain. Proteolytic cleavage at the sensitive regions dissects the kininogen heavy chain and releases single domains of 20,000 Da and combined domains of 40,000 Da which can function as cysteine proteinase inhibitors. The presence of kininogen heavy chain domains in plasma samples under pathologic conditions suggests that cleavage of the proteinase-sensitive regions might also occur in vivo.
Metazoan tRNA introns generate stable circular RNAs in vivo (2015)

We report the discovery of a class of abundant circular noncoding RNAs that are produced during metazoan tRNA splicing. These transcripts, termed tRNA intronic circular (tric)RNAs, are conserved features of animal transcriptomes. Biogenesis of tricRNAs requires anciently conserved tRNA sequence motifs and processing enzymes, and their expression is regulated in an age-dependent and tissue-specific manner. Furthermore, we exploited this biogenesis pathway to develop an in vivo expression system for generating "designer" circular RNAs in human cells. Reporter constructs expressing RNA aptamers such as Spinach and Broccoli can be used to follow the transcription and subcellular localization of tricRNAs in living cells. Owing to the superior stability of circular vs. linear RNA isoforms, this expression system has a wide range of potential applications, from basic research to pharmaceutical science.
Energy-saving distillation designs in ethanol production (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEnergy-saving distillation designs in ethanol productionMichael A. Collura and William L. LuybenCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1988, 27, 9, 1686–1696Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00081a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00081a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1153Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Dynamic Study and Modeling of the Formation of Polyhydroxyalkanoates Combined with Treatment of High Strength Wastewater (2001)

Production of biodegradable thermoplastics, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), from organic wastes may provide multiple benefits to environmental conservation efforts. In this study, microfiltration-coupled reactors were set up to study the dynamic behavior of a typical PHA-producing bacteria, Ralstonia eutropha, fed with a real acidic solution from starch acidogenesis in a continuous flow system. The majorfermentation acids (butyric and acetic acids) were utilized by the PHA producers at a high conversion rate (>95%) when the cells were suspended in a small volume of mineral solution (pH 7), but at a low conversion rate (<10%) when the cells were suspended in an acidic solution (pH 4). The acids were consumed mainly for PHA synthesis and maintenance energy, which resulted in slow growth of PHA-producing cells and a washout of the cells in the continuous flow system. PHAs, however, were continuously synthesized and accumulated during the washout. A simple dynamic model is proposed for estimation of specific growth rates and PHA formation rates during the washout at two hydraulic retention times (HRT) or dilution rates. The net specific growth rate of PHA-producing cells was near zero at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of around 30 h, but it increased to 0.01 h(-1) when the HRT was reduced to 18 h. The model also reveals that PHA was synthesized faster based on the active biomass (ABM) during the short HRT (10.3 mg PHA/g ABM.h) than during the long HRT (3.4 mg PHA/g ABM.h).
Key role of the internal 5′-UTR segment in the transcription activity of the human L1 retrotransposon (2007)

The long 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) of the human L1 retrotransposon contains a unique internal promoter, allowing new L1 copies to be less dependent on the integration site at the transcriptional level. The mechanism of action of this promoter still remains unclear; however, some early studies have build up an opinion that the first 5′-UTR segment of 100–150 nt (known as the minimal promoter) is most crucial for the functioning of the full-length promoter. This study shows that the activity of the minimal promoter is rather low in comparison with the activity of the full-length 5′-UTR. Instead, 5′-UTR internal segment 390–662, containing numerous binding sites for various transcription factors, is indispensable for effective L1 transcription and can be considered as a transcriptional enhancer. Deletion of this segment dramatically reduces the level of transcription irrespective of the cell type, whereas deletion of the first 100 nt decreases the transcription level only by a factor of 1.5–2. Thus, the L1 regulatory region remains to be structurally similar to that of well-studied invertebrate LINEs. It is also possible that the internal 5′-UTR segment of L1 contains an alternative promoter, driving synthesis of a 5′-truncated L1 mRNA.