gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparing planar image quality of rotating slat and parallel hole collimation: influence of system modeling (2008)

The main remaining challenge for a gamma camera is to overcome the existing trade-off between collimator spatial resolution and system sensitivity. This problem, strongly limiting the performance of parallel hole collimated gamma cameras, can be overcome by applying new collimator designs such as rotating slat (RS) collimators which have a much higher photon collection efficiency. The drawback of a RS collimated gamma camera is that, even for obtaining planar images, image reconstruction is needed, resulting in noise accumulation. However, nowadays iterative reconstruction techniques with accurate system modeling can provide better image quality. Because the impact of this modeling on image quality differs from one system to another, an objective assessment of the image quality obtained with a RS collimator is needed in comparison to classical projection images obtained using a parallel hole (PH) collimator. In this paper, a comparative study of image quality, achieved with system modeling, is presented. RS data are reconstructed to planar images using maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) with an accurate Monte Carlo derived system matrix while PH projections are deconvolved using a Monte Carlo derived point-spread function. Contrast-to-noise characteristics are used to show image quality for cold and hot spots of varying size. Influence of the object size and contrast is investigated using the optimal contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR(o)). For a typical phantom setup, results show that cold spot imaging is slightly better for a PH collimator. For hot spot imaging, the CNR(o) of the RS images is found to increase with increasing lesion diameter and lesion contrast while it decreases when background dimensions become larger. Only for very large background dimensions in combination with low contrast lesions, the use of a PH collimator could be beneficial for hot spot imaging. In all other cases, the RS collimator scores better. Finally, the simulation of a planar bone scan on a RS collimator revealed a hot spot contrast improvement up to 54% compared to a classical PH bone scan.
Review: H. Wieleitner, Algebraische Kurven (1931)

This book contains four chapters on general considerations, infinite points and asymptotes, curves as envelopes of lines, and higher singularities.The classical methods of curve tracing are clearly presented, the examples are well chosen and illustrated by nearly one hundred accurate figures.Particularly illuminating are the discussion of the continuous variation of curves, the enumeration of the singularities of quartics, and the paragraphs on the form of curves of class four.There is a brief bibliography confined to German texts.
Metabolic engineering of microbes for branched-chain biodiesel production with low-temperature property (2015)

We propose new pathways of fatty acid ester biosynthesis and establish proof of concept through metabolic engineering of E. coli and P. pastoris yeast. We were able to produce advanced biodiesels with high proportions FABCEs and BFABCEs. Furthermore, this new strategy promises to achieve advanced biodiesels with beneficial low-temperature properties.
THE RATE OF SOLUTION OF SOLID SUBSTANCES IN THEIR OWN SOLUTIONS. (1897)

As far as we know, the effect of the concentration on the rate at which a solid substance dissolves in its own solution, has not heretofore been investigated. This is probably due to the experimental difficulties in the way of keeping the surface of the dissolving substance constant during the solution.
GPS-guided modular design mobile robot platform for agricultural applications (2013)

This paper outlines the development of a modular mobile robot platform that is designed to provide agricultural industries with improved capabilities around managing land and the plants/animals that are held on it. The system was designed to operate within a range of environmental conditions, as well as the idea of a modular system that could provide a range of capabilities while remaining small enough to minimize the impact on the land through soil compacting. A primary component of this robot is the navigation system, with an augmented GPS implemented to provide the local positioning for the robot. A range of on board sensors is required to provide the robot with an accurate description of its operating environment, as well as to prevent collisions with objects. To test the underlying navigation capabilities of this system, a prototype was developed using a Navman GPS module. The results of this testing indicated that the system was capable of recording a travelled path within a field and then re-navigating that path within the specified accuracies of the GPS module. Future prototype development will aid in proving the capabilities of the system, with the possibility for significant improvements within agricultural industries.
<tt>phydms</tt> : software for phylogenetic analyses informed by deep mutational scanning (2017)

It has recently become possible to experimentally measure the effects of all amino-acid point mutations to proteins using deep mutational scanning. These experimental measurements can inform site-specific phylogenetic substitution models of gene evolution in nature. Here we describe software that efficiently performs analyses with such substitution models. This software, phydms, can be used to compare the results of deep mutational scanning experiments to the selection on genes in nature. Given a phylogenetic tree topology inferred with another program, phydms enables rigorous comparison of how well different experiments on the same gene capture actual natural selection. It also enables re-scaling of deep mutational scanning data to account for differences in the stringency of selection in the lab and nature. Finally, phydms can identify sites that are evolving differently in nature than expected from experiments in the lab. As data from deep mutational scanning experiments become increasingly widespread, phydms will facilitate quantitative comparison of the experimental results to the actual selection pressures shaping evolution in nature.
Compiling Mercury to the .NET Common Language Runtime (2001)

The .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) offers a new opportunity to experiment with multi-language interoperation, and provides a relatively rare chance to explore deep interoperation of a wide range of programming language paradigms. This article describes how the logic/functional programming language Mercury is compiled to the CLR. We describe the problems we have encountered with generating code for the CLR, give some preliminary benchmark results, and suggest some possible improvements to the CLR regarding separate compilation, verifiability, tail calls, and efficiency.
Configuration management strategy for distributed and diverse software development environments (2002)

This paper intends to provide an overview of management of software development environments having multiple operating systems and hardware platforms. The paper addresses issues related to system integration as well as independence while fulfilling the need of a seamless software development environment. The article examines the elements necessary to provide efficient software development, integration and test environments that supports distributed execution of software programs across different hardware platforms. The issues related to dissimilar operating systems and hardware platforms are also presented. Requirements for initial and future configuration management needs of such dissimilar environments are discussed.
The Virtual Loudspeaker Cabinet (2003)

A method is presented for increasing the acoustic compliance of a loudspeaker cabinet by introducing activated carbon into the enclosure. The process is explained and working examples are discussed.
A Systematic Review of Community Opioid Overdose Prevention and Naloxone Distribution Programs (2014)

Community-based opioid overdose prevention programs (OOPPs) that include the distribution of naloxone have increased in response to alarmingly high overdose rates in recent years. This systematic review describes the current state of the literature on OOPPs, with particular focus on the effectiveness of these programs. We used systematic search criteria to identify relevant articles, which we abstracted and assigned a quality assessment score. Nineteen articles evaluating OOPPs met the search criteria for this systematic review. Principal findings included participant demographics, the number of naloxone administrations, percentage of survival in overdose victims receiving naloxone, post-naloxone administration outcome measures, OOPP characteristics, changes in knowledge pertaining to overdose responses, and barriers to naloxone administration during overdose responses. The current evidence from nonrandomized studies suggests that bystanders (mostly opioid users) can and will use naloxone to reverse opioid overdoses when properly trained, and that this training can be done successfully through OOPPs.
Growth conditions for complete substitutional carbon incorporation into Si1−yCy layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (1997)

To study the conditions for substitutional incorporation of carbon into Si layers, we grew pseudomorphic Si1−yCy/Si superlattices with absolute carbon concentrations between 0.3% and 2% and growth temperatures varying between 400 and 650 °C. We employed a novel technique to derive the amount of substitutional carbon, which is based on comparative x-ray rocking analyses of Si1−yCy/Si superlattices grown with constant and step-graded temperature profiles. At growth rates around 1 Å/s, we find complete substitutional incorporation of carbon up to growth temperatures of 550 °C and carbon concentrations of about 1%. At higher growth temperatures and/or higher carbon concentrations, the percentage of substitutional carbon drops significantly, concomitant with a thus far unnoticed morphological transition to island growth.
Automatic Monitoring and Control of Annulus Bottom Hole Pressure for Safe Oil Well Drilling Operations (2012)

Smart wells and real-time analysis are research tools that significantly increase robustness and safety, during oil well drilling operations. The major objective of this paper is monitoring and controlling an experimental drilling plant, through diagnosing and implementing decision making, for a desired operational window, despite the commonly observed disturbances that produce fluctuations in the well pressure. In fact, as the well is drilled, the hydrostatic pressure increases because of the well length grow. In addition, the reservoir fluid influx changes the well flow rate and density of the well fluid mixture. Finally, the pipe connection procedure, which requires stopping and starting of the drill fluid, produce severe fluctuations in the well flow rates. At deepwater and pre-salt layer environments, complex situations frequently occur, imposing a narrow operational window as a constraint. The main objective is under-balanced drilling implementations, that is, the well pressure is lower than the reservoir pore pressure and the reservoir fluids migrate into the well annulus (kick). During a blow-out (uncontrolled kick), large amounts of the reservoir fluids penetrate the well up to the surface, which may cause accidents and severe disasters. As a result, well construction is a complex process in which annular pressures must be kept within the operational window. In this scenario, this paper presents monitoring and control methodologies for annulus bottom-hole pressure, to avoid fluctuations outside the operational window limits, in order to guarantee safe conditions during the drilling operation.
Identifying User State using Electroencephalographic Data (2005)

In modern meeting environments people interact a lot with electronic communication devices such as computers, cellphones, PDAs etc. which notify their users of events like incoming phone calls, text messages or e-mails. Depending on the current user state (e.g. listening, talking, resting, reading e-mails etc.) a difierent behavior of such devices might be desirable. In this paper we investigate the possibility to detect the user’s state from his brain activity by measuring his electroencephalogram (EEG). Using neural networks and support vector machines for classiflcation an average accuracy for the discrimination of six user states of 94.1% in subject and session dependent and 58.9% in subject independent experiments is obtained. To make the application of EEG more realistic in meeting environments, we developed a comfortable headband with four build-in electrodes with which an average accuracy of 83.0% for discrimination of three user states in subject dependent experiments could be achieved.
Compensation for anamorphotic distortion in grazing-incidence interferometry testing planar specimens (2003)

One important feature of grazing-incidence interferometry is the anamorphotic distortion or the fore-shortened view of the interference pattern along the optical axis caused by the geometry of theinterferometer. To compensate for the consequential lower resolution along the optical axis, a setup was built in which the object plane is imaged onto a rectifying grating, ensuring sharp mapping of the whole specimen onto the detector. A volume hologram and a diffraction grating serve as rectifying elements and are applied to measure various types of planar objects such as mirrors and structured plastic samples. Accuracy, image sharpness, and residual distortion for both cases are discussed.
Muscular Subaortic Stenosis: Effect of Peripheral Vasodilatation (1963)

Amyl nitrite was administered on two occasions to a patient with muscular subaortic stenosis, to ascertain if selective peripheral vasodilatation would affect the degree of obstruction to left ventricular outflow in this condition. On each occasion there was a marked increase in the systolic pressure gradient across the left ventricular outflow tract prior to the onset of reflex tachycardia. Following the second amyl nitrite inhalation, the systolic cross-sectional area of the left ventricular outflow tract decreased to 1.0 sq. cm., from the control value of 2.6 sq. cm. It is believed that the increased degree of muscular subaortic stenosis, following peripheral vasodilatation, could be secondary to a decrease in the systolic size of the whole left ventricle, or to a selective decrease in the physical size of the left ventricular outflow tract.
Theoretical studies of surface enhanced hyper-Raman spectroscopy: The chemical enhancement mechanism (2010)

Hyper-Raman spectra for pyridine and pyridine on the surface of a tetrahedral 20 silver atom cluster are calculated using static hyperpolarizability derivatives obtained from time dependent density functional theory. The stability of the results with respect to choice of exchange-correlation functional and basis set is verified by comparison with experiment and with Raman spectra calculated for the same systems using the same methods. Calculated Raman spectra were found to match well with experiment and previous theoretical calculations. The calculated normal and surface enhanced hyper-Raman spectra closely match experimental results. The chemical enhancement factors for hyper-Raman are generally larger than for Raman (10(2)-10(4) versus 10(1)-10(2)). Integrated hyper-Raman chemical enhancement factors are presented for a set of substituted pyridines. A two-state model is developed to predict these chemical enhancement factors and this was found to work well for the majority of the molecules considered, providing a rationalization for the difference between hyper-Raman and Raman enhancement factors.
Dodecanucleotides Containing (<u>E</u>)-5-(2-Bromovinyl)-2′-Deoxyuridine: Influence of a Bulky Major Groove Substituent on Duplex Stability and Endodeoxyribonuclease Eco Ri Recognition (1988)

Abstract Self-complementary dodecanucleotides containing BVDU (1) have been prepared by solid-phase synthesis employing the phosphoramidite technique. The phosphoramidite of BVDU was obtained after 4, 4′-dimethoxytritylation and subsequent phosphitylation of the nucleoside 1. Melting experiments of the dodecamers containing one BVDU residue showed that the stability of such duplexes is only slightly affected by the bulky bromovinyl residue. The dodecamers d(GTAGAAbv5UTCTAC) (9) and d(GTAGAATbv5UCTAC) (10) were subject to hydrolysis experiments with the endodeoxyribonuclease Eco RI under star activity conditions. Whereas regioselective hydrolysis was decreased in case of the oligomer 10, compared to the non-modified oligomer 8, the oligomer 9-was not hydrolyzed at all under these conditions. This can be explained by a steric interference of the bulky bromovinyl substituent with the nitrogen-7 of the adjacent adenine moiety being a proton acceptor site during endonuclease binding. A complete assignment of 1H and 13C NMR spectra of BVDU (1) is also reported.
Moving Beyond Mass-Based Parameters for Conductivity Analysis of Sulfonated Polymers (2010)

The proton conductivity of polymer electrolytes is critical for fuel cells and has therefore been studied in significant detail. The conductivity of sulfonated polymers has been linked to material characteristics to elucidate trends. Mass-based measurements based on water uptake and ion exchange capacity are two of the most common material characteristics used to make comparisons between polymer electrolytes, but they have significant limitations when correlated to proton conductivity. These limitations arise in part because different polymers can have significantly different densities and because conduction occurs over length scales more appropriately represented by volume measurements rather than mass. Herein we establish and review volume-related parameters that can be used to compare the proton conductivity of different polymer electrolytes. Morphological effects on proton conductivity are also considered. Finally, the impact of these phenomena on designing next-generation sulfonated polymers for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is discussed.
Size‐exclusion chromatography as a stand‐alone methodology identifies novel markers in mass spectrometry analyses of plasma‐derived vesicles from healthy individuals (2015)

Plasma-derived vesicles hold a promising potential for use in biomedical applications. Two major challenges, however, hinder their implementation into translational tools: (a) the incomplete characterization of the protein composition of plasma-derived vesicles, in the size range of exosomes, as mass spectrometric analysis of plasma sub-components is recognizably troublesome and (b) the limited reach of vesicle-based studies in settings where the infrastructural demand of ultracentrifugation, the most widely used isolation/purification methodology, is not available. In this study, we have addressed both challenges by carrying-out mass spectrometry (MS) analyses of plasma-derived vesicles, in the size range of exosomes, from healthy donors obtained by 2 alternative methodologies: size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) on sepharose columns and Exo-Spin™. No exosome markers, as opposed to the most abundant plasma proteins, were detected by Exo-Spin™. In contrast, exosomal markers were present in the early fractions of SEC where the most abundant plasma proteins have been largely excluded. Noticeably, after a cross-comparative analysis of all published studies using MS to characterize plasma-derived exosomes from healthy individuals, we also observed a paucity of "classical exosome markers." Independent of the isolation method, however, we consistently identified 2 proteins, CD5 antigen-like (CD5L) and galectin-3-binding protein (LGALS3BP), whose presence was validated by a bead-exosome FACS assay. Altogether, our results support the use of SEC as a stand-alone methodology to obtain preparations of extracellular vesicles, in the size range of exosomes, from plasma and suggest the use of CD5L and LGALS3BP as more suitable markers of plasma-derived vesicles in MS.
Controlled closing on shunt reactor compensated transmission lines. I. Closing control device development (1997)

A control device for point-on-wave closing or autoreclosing of shunt reactor compensated transmission lines for the reduction of closing overvoltages is presented. The device is the first of its kind. It was put into field service successfully more than a year ago. Development aspects and basic investigations on the relevant transient switching phenomena are presented. The algorithm employed works independently of the shape of the voltage signal to be synchronized on by means of pattern recognition. Peculiarities of the hardware are high redundancy and a system to bypass the controller at any malfunction of the electronic circuits. The efficiency of the controller was verified by a combination of transient network analyser tests and EMTP simulations showing the ability of the device to suppress overvoltages. This procedure is generally recommended for future application of control devices as a type test procedure.
Radioimmunodetection of prostatic cancer. In vivo use of radioactive antibodies against prostatic acid phosphatase for diagnosis and detection of prostatic cancer by nuclear imaging (1983)

Radioimmunodetection (RAID) of prostatic cancer is done by injecting 131I-labeled rabbit antibody IgG against prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and performing total-body photoscans with a gamma scintillation camera. Of two patients tested, the PAP RAID scintiscans located the primary or recurrent prostatic cancers in both and showed no disease in the lungs of the patient shown subsequently to have lung cancer. The lung tumor nodules showing anti-PAP IgG accretion were assumed to be of prostatic cancer origin, since one of the original tumors removed from this patient's other lung a year earlier stained for PAP by immunohistochemistry. This study showed that PAP RAID can locate primary and metastatic tumors of prostatic origin.
pap-2-encoded fimbriae adhere to the P blood group-related glycosphingolipid stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 in the human kidney (1990)

A subtype of P fimbriae, encoded by the pap-2 gene cluster, has been analyzed for agglutination of erythrocytes and for binding to cryostat sections of the human kidney. We have demonstrated that pap-2-encoded fimbriae are capable of binding to erythrocytes from some animal species and to human erythrocytes which express globoside and the LKE (stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 [SSEA-4]) antigen. The pap-2 fimbriae bind to Bowman's capsule in the human kidney. Monoclonal antibodies directed against glycosphingolipids were used for the detection of specific P blood group-related antigens in the human kidney and on erythrocytes. Preincubation of kidney sections with monoclonal antibody MC813-70, which binds to the SSEA-4 antigen, inhibited adherence of purified pap-2-encoded fimbriae to Bowman's capsule. We suggest that one receptor for pap-2-encoded fimbriae is the antigen known as LKE (Luke) on human erythrocytes or SSEA-4 in the tissues.