gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Myasthenia gravis (2007)

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare, autoimmune neuromuscular junction disorder. Contemporary prevalence rates approach 1/5,000. MG presents with painless, fluctuating, fatigable weakness involving specific muscle groups. Ocular weakness with asymmetric ptosis and binocular diplopia is the most typical initial presentation, while early or isolated oropharyngeal or limb weakness is less common. The course is variable, and most patients with initial ocular weakness develop bulbar or limb weakness within three years of initial symptom onset. MG results from antibody-mediated, T cell-dependent immunologic attack on the endplate region of the postsynaptic membrane. In patients with fatigable muscle weakness, the diagnosis of MG is supported by: 1. pharmacologic testing with edrophonium chloride that elicits unequivocal improvement in strength; 2. electrophysiologic testing with repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) studies and/or single-fiber electromyography (SFEMG) that demonstrates a primary postsynaptic neuromuscular junctional disorder; and 3. serologic demonstration of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) or muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) antibodies. Differential diagnosis includes congenital myasthenic syndromes, Lambert Eaton syndrome, botulism, organophosphate intoxication, mitochondrial disorders involving progressive external ophthalmoplegia, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP), motor neuron disease, and brainstem ischemia. Treatment must be individualized, and may include symptomatic treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors and immune modulation with corticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil. Rapid, temporary improvement may be achieved for myasthenic crises and exacerbations with plasma exchange (PEX) or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). Owing to improved diagnostic testing, immunotherapy, and intensive care, the contemporary prognosis is favorable with less than five percent mortality and nearly normal life expectancy.
Fusion of 3D LIDAR and Camera Data for Object Detection in Autonomous Vehicle Applications (2020)

It is vital that autonomous vehicles acquire accurate and real-time information about objects in their vicinity, which fully guarantees the safety of the passengers and vehicle in various environments. Three-dimensional light detection and ranging (3D LIDAR) sensors can directly obtain the position and geometric structure of an object within its detection range, whereas the use of vision cameras is most suitable for object recognition. Accordingly, in this paper, we present a novel object detection and identification method that fuses the complementary information obtained by two types of sensors. First, we utilise 3D LIDAR data to generate accurate object-region proposals. Then, these candidates are mapped onto the image space from which regions of interest (ROI) of the proposals are selected and input to a convolutional neural network (CNN) for further object recognition. To precisely identify the sizes of all the objects, we combine the features of the last three layers of the CNN to extract multi-scale features from the ROIs. The evaluation results obtained on the KITTI dataset demonstrate that: (1) unlike sliding windows that produce thousands of candidate object-region proposals, 3D LIDAR provides an average of 86 real candidates per frame and the minimal recall rate is better than 95%, which greatly decreases the extraction time; (2) The average processing time for each frame of the proposed method is only 66.79 ms, which meets the real-time demand of autonomous vehicles; (3) The average identification accuracies of our method for cars and pedestrians at a moderate level of difficulty are 89.04% and 78.18%, respectively, which is better than those of most previous methods.
The 4X Source (1985)

Our Penning surface-plasma source (SPS) discharge chamber was enlarged 4X in two dimensions. To date, three pulsed discharge modes have been studied: two with noisy arc (#x02273;20% H- current fluctuations) and one with quiescent arc (≲1% H- current fluctuations). Lower arc magnetic field and higher H2 gas flow allow switching from the noisy to the quiescent mode. The noisy modes yield up to 120 mA of 29-keV H- beam; for 110 mA at 29 keV, the two-dimensional normalized rms emittance is 0.017 x 0.018 π·cm·mrad. The quiescent mode yields 75 mA of 29-keV H- beam; for 67 mA at 24 keV, the emittance is 0.011 x 0.012 π·cm·mrad.
Study and Development of "An Ad-hoc Tool" for Occurrence Reporting in Aviation Maintenance (2005)

This paper discusses the need of developing methods and tools for integrated mandatory and voluntary occurrence reporting. It then focuses on the design and development of a safety related occurrence reporting prototype, and its application to a near miss case study happened in a maintenance context.
Cost Improvement for Flexible CIGS-Based Product (2006)

Materials utilized in the back contact and absorber layer for CIGS-based cells are relatively expensive. A breakdown of relative material costs is presented and approaches to minimizing material costs are discussed. Investigations of the effects of reduced material amounts on production solar cell performance are detailed. Material utilization efficiencies of key components in the CIGS process are presented as well as investigations of several loss mechanisms
The immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer is stimulated by the adenovirus type 2 E1A products in mouse fibroblasts. (1986)

In contrast with our previous results (Hen, R., Borrelli, E. & Chambon, P. (1985) Science 230, 1391-1394), which demonstrated that the mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain transcriptional enhancer is repressed in lymphoid cells by the products of the adenovirus type 2 E1A transcription unit, we show here that these products activate the same enhancer in mouse fibroblast L cell lines that contain stably integrated copies of a recombinant in which the enhancer is inserted upstream from the chicken conalbumin promoter. In addition, competition experiments suggest that the activity of the heavy chain enhancer may be repressed by a trans-acting factor in mouse L cells. We speculate that the E1A products may prevent the action of this cellular repressor in these cells.
13C/31P NMR Assessment of Mitochondrial Energy Coupling in Skeletal Muscle of Awake Fed and Fasted Rats (2000)

To examine the relationship between mitochondrial energy coupling in skeletal muscle and change in uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) expression during the transition from the fed to fasted state, we used a novel noninvasive (31)P/(13)C NMR spectroscopic approach to measure the degree of mitochondrial energy coupling in the hind limb muscles of awake rats before and after a 48-h fast. Compared with fed levels, UCP3 mRNA and protein levels in the gastrocnemius increased 1.7- (p < 0.01) and 2.9-fold (p < 0.001), respectively, following a 48-h fast. Tricarboxylic acid cycle flux measured using (13)C NMR as an index of mitochondrial substrate oxidation was 212 +/- 23 and 173 +/- 25 nmol/g/min (p not significant) in the fed and 48-h fasted groups, respectively. Unidirectional ATP synthesis flux measured using (31)P NMR was 79 +/- 15 and 57 +/- 9 nmol/g/s (p not significant) in the fed and 48-h fasted groups, respectively. Mitochondrial energy coupling as expressed by the ratio of ATP synthesis to tricarboxylic acid cycle flux was not different between the fed and fasted states. To test the hypothesis that UCP3 may be involved in the translocation of long chain free fatty acids (FFA) into the mitochondrial matrix under conditions of elevated FFA availability, [U-(13)C]palmitate/albumin was administered in a separate group of rats with (+) or without (-) etomoxir (an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I). The ratio of glutamate enrichment ((+) etomoxir/(-) etomoxir) in the hind limb muscles was the same between groups, indicating that UCP3 does not appear to function as a translocator for long chain FFA in skeletal muscle following a 48-h fast. In summary, these data demonstrate that despite a 2-3-fold increase in UCP3 mRNA and protein expression in skeletal muscle during the transition from the fed to fasted state, mitochondrial energy coupling does not change. Furthermore, UCP3 does not appear to have a major role in FFA translocation into the mitochondria. The physiological role of UCP3 following a 48-h fast in skeletal muscle remains to be elucidated.
Synthese von 1,2,3,3,6,6‐Hexamethyl‐1‐cyclohexen – Eine Umlagerungskaskade von C<sub>12</sub>H‐Kationen (1983)

Abstract 6‐Chlor‐2,6,7,7‐tetramethyl‐2‐octen ( 4 ), das Prenylchlorid‐Additionsprodukt an 2,3,3‐Trimethyl‐1‐buten, geht bei Raumtemperatur in Gegenwart von Zinkchlorid und Chlorwasserstoff eine Cyclokondensation unter Bildung von 1,2,3,3,6,6‐Hexamethyl‐1‐cyclohexen ( 1 ) ein. Der Reaktionsmechanismus wird durch die Isolierung intermediär auftretender fünfgliedriger Ringe und durch Kraftfeldrechnungen aufgeklärt.
Synthesis and Characterization of Two New <i>fac</i>‐Tricarbonylrhenium(I) Biscarbene Complexes (2009)

Abstract fac ‐Bromidotricarbonylbis(1,3‐diisopropylimidazoline‐2‐ylidene)rhenium(I) ( 4a ) and fac ‐bromidotricarbonylbis(1,3‐dicyclohexylimidazoline‐2‐ylidene)rhenium(I) ( 4b ) with two coordinated 1,3‐dialkylsubstituted imidazoline‐2‐ylidenes were obtained by deprotonation of the corresponding imidazolium chloride salts. In this reaction two coordinated bromides of the metal precursor [NEt 4 ] 2 [ReBr 3 (CO) 3 ] were substituted by 1,3‐di‐R‐imidazoline‐2‐ylidene (R = i Pr, Cy) ligands to generate two stable rhenium(I) biscarbene complexes that have similar structures, as proven by X‐ray diffraction and DFT calculations.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
An Evolutionary Game Approach to Fundamentalism and Conflict (2002)

This paper investigates the evolutionary equilibria of a clash of cultures game
where conflict results from failures to share social power in individual pairings.
The model is based on a adaptation of Skyrm�s [1996] analysis of the evolution
of social justice within the ultimatum game. Members of a general population
are matched with those of a fundamentalist population, the latter being more
cohesive and insistent that its identity traits define the norms for, and outcomes
of, social, economic, and political interaction.
The underlying replicator dynamics are found to be a function of in the initial
extent of moderate behavior within the general population, and the level
of cohesion and intolerance within the fundamentalist population. Simulations
of the replicator dynamics reveal a tradeoff between the intolerance of fundamentalism
and the likelihood of a takeover. This tradeoff is reversed if fundamentalism
is falsifiable: affording non-fundamentalists the ability to signal
fundamentalist traits produces a bandwagon effect.
Gutless Adenoviral Vectors - Promising Tools for Gene Therapy (2002)

Summary: Background: Progress in gene therapy depends on establishing the appropriate gene transfer methods. The most efficient vehicles for the delivery of foreign genes to the target tissues are modified adenoviruses. Methods: Adenoviral vectors of the first generation despite the high infection efficiency, have an essential drawback: They induce a strong immune response, which excludes them from clinical trials. Results: In the past few years, there have been substantial efforts to improve adenoviral vectors with particular emphasis on reducing immunological effects in the host organism. Conclusions: In this review we describe the preparation and application of gutless vectors, the most advanced and promising type of adenoviral vehicles so far. Zusammenfassung: Grundlagen: Der Erfolg einer Gentherapie hängt von der Etablierung geeigneter Gentransfermethoden ab. Die effektivsten Transportmittel für Fremdgene zum Zielgewebe vermitteln modifizierte Adenoviren. Methodik: Die erste Generation von adenoviralen Vektoren haben ungeachtet der hohen Infektiosität einen essentiellen Nachteil: sie induzieren eine starke Immunantwort, die sie von klinischen Versuchen ausschließt. Ergebnisse: In den letzten Jahren gab es verstärkte Bemühungen, die adenoviralen Vektoren zu verbessern und im Besonderen die immunologischen Effekte an dem Empfängerorganismus zu reduzieren. Schlußfolgerungen: Hier beschreiben wir die Präparation und Applikation von „Gutless”-Vektoren, den bisher bestentwickelten und vielversprechendsten adenoviralen Vektoren.
Retrieval of land and sea brightness temperatures from mixed coastal pixels in passive microwave data (1998)

A technique is presented to separate uncontaminated land and sea brightness temperatures from mixed coastal pixels in 37-GHz vertically polarized passive microwave data from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) instrument. Combining a mathematical model of the instrument response over several neighboring footprints with a GIS representation of the coastline yields a relationship between land and sea brightness temperatures and radiation measurements made at the satellite. Inverting this relationship allows separate land and sea brightness temperature values to be derived for each mixed coastal pixel in the original image. The technique has been successfully applied to 37-GHz vertically polarized SSM/I imagery for test areas covering the Gulf of Aden and the British Isles. Errors in the retrieved brightness temperatures were estimated to be of the order of 1-2 K.
Coagulation testing in the perioperative period (2014)

Perioperative coagulation management is a complex task that has a significant impact on the perioperative journey of patients. Anaesthesia providers play a critical role in the decision-making on transfusion and/or haemostatic therapy in the surgical setting. Various tests are available in identifying coagulation abnormalities in the perioperative period. While the rapidly available bedside haemoglobin measurements can guide the transfusion of red blood cells, blood product administration is guided by many in vivo and in vitro tests. The introduction of newer anticoagulant medications and the implementation of the modified in vivo coagulation cascade have given a new dimension to the field of perioperative transfusion medicine. A proper understanding of the application and interpretation of the coagulation tests is vital for a good perioperative outcome.
eIF4G-driven translation initiation of downstream ORFs in mammalian cells (2020)

Abstract Comprehensive genome-wide analysis has revealed the presence of translational elements in the 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of human transcripts. However, the mechanisms by which translation is initiated in 3′ UTRs and the physiological function of their products remain unclear. This study showed that eIF4G drives the translation of various downstream open reading frames (dORFs) in 3′ UTRs. The 3′ UTR of GCH1, which encodes GTP cyclohydrolase 1, contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) that initiates the translation of dORFs. An in vitro reconstituted translation system showed that the IRES in the 3′ UTR of GCH1 required eIF4G and conventional translation initiation factors, except eIF4E, for AUG-initiated translation of dORFs. The 3′ UTR of GCH1-mediated translation was resistant to the mTOR inhibitor Torin 1, which inhibits cap-dependent initiation by increasing eIF4E-unbound eIF4G. eIF4G was also required for the activity of various elements, including polyU and poliovirus type 2, a short element thought to recruit ribosomes by base-pairing with 18S rRNA. These findings indicate that eIF4G mediates translation initiation of various ORFs in mammalian cells, suggesting that the 3′ UTRs of mRNAs may encode various products.
Assessment of the Radii of the Medial and Lateral Femoral Condyles in Varus and Valgus Knees with Osteoarthritis (2010)

As determined by imaging of the femoral condyles perpendicular to the primary femoral axis of the knee, the asymmetry between the radii of the medial and lateral femoral condyles in varus and valgus knees with end-stage osteoarthritis was < or =0.2 mm, which is small enough to be considered clinically unimportant when aligning a total knee prosthesis.
Mevalonate Pathway Blockade, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Autophagy: A Possible Link (2015)

The mevalonate pathway, crucial for cholesterol synthesis, plays a key role in multiple cellular processes. Deregulation of this pathway is also correlated with diminished protein prenylation, an important post-translational modification necessary to localize certain proteins, such as small GTPases, to membranes. Mevalonate pathway blockade has been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction: especially involving lower mitochondrial membrane potential and increased release of pro-apoptotic factors in cytosol. Furthermore a severe reduction of protein prenylation has also been associated with defective autophagy, possibly causing inflammasome activation and subsequent cell death. So, it is tempting to hypothesize a mechanism in which defective autophagy fails to remove damaged mitochondria, resulting in increased cell death. This mechanism could play a significant role in Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency, an autoinflammatory disease characterized by a defect in Mevalonate Kinase, a key enzyme of the mevalonate pathway. Patients carrying mutations in the MVK gene, encoding this enzyme, show increased inflammation and lower protein prenylation levels. This review aims at analysing the correlation between mevalonate pathway defects, mitochondrial dysfunction and defective autophagy, as well as inflammation, using Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency as a model to clarify the current pathogenetic hypothesis as the basis of the disease.
Abstract 3719: Using the Framingham Risk Score to Select Low-risk Men for CAC Screening (2007)

Background Although coronary artery calcium (CAC) is predictive of future CHD, screening for CAC in low risk populations is controversial. Criteria are needed to narrow the screening population to those in whom CAC measurement is most efficient (vs. unselected screening). In this analysis, we report the relationship between CAC and CHD outcomes across Framingham risk score (FRS) subgroups to test whether there is a differential relationship between CAC and outcomes across baseline risk. Methods In 1634 unselected male volunteers (mean age 42, mean 10 year CHD FRS 4.6%, CAC prevalence 22.4%), we evaluated the independent relationship between CAC and incident CHD over 5.6 years including hard events (hospitalized unstable angina, myocardial infarction and CHD death) and coronary revascularization. The cohort was stratified into tertiles of FRS to explore the relationship between CAC and CHD outcomes. Results FRS tertile cutpoints were 0 –3%, 3–5%, and >5% 10 year CHD risk. Over a mean 5.6 years ± 1.5 year of follow-up (range: 1.0 to 8.3 years), there were 22 total CHD events, including 14 hard events and 8 revascularizations. The majority of events occurred in the highest FRS tertile (n = 14), versus the middle (n= 6) and lowest risk tertiles (n=2; P = 0.005). Only in the highest FRS tertile was there a significant relationship between CAC and CHD outcomes. Conclusion Among asymptomatic low risk men, the presence of CAC demonstrates substantial discriminating power in predicting events, but appears to be most clinically useful when the 10-year FRS exceeds approximately 5%. If screening with CAC is pursued among low risk men, it should be preceded by a FRS and restricted to those with scores >5%.
Sites of Termination of<i>in Vitro</i>DNA Synthesis on Psoralen Phototreated Single-stranded Templates (1985)

Single-stranded DNA has been photochemically induced to react with 4'-hydroxymethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (HMT) and used as substrate for DNA replication with E. coli DNA polymerase I large fragment. By using the dideoxy sequencing procedure, it is possible to map the termination sites on the template photoreacted with HMT. These sites occur at the nucleotides preceding each thymine residue (and a few cytosine residues), emphasizing the fact that in a single-stranded stretch of DNA, HMT reacts with each thymine residue without any specificity regarding the flanking base sequence of the thymine residues. In addition, termination of DNA synthesis due to psoralen-adducted thymine is not influenced by the efficiency of the 3'-5'exonuclease proof-reading activity of the DNA polymerase.
Accounting frauds – review of advanced technologies to detect and prevent frauds (2016)

: In past decades, accounting fraud has adversely affected economies worldwide. Therefore, effective measures and methods ought to be employed in order to efficiently prevent and detect accounting fraud in a rapidly changing and technologybased business environment. Data mining methods can assist in prevention and detection of fraudulent transactions as it enables the use of past cases of fraud to build models that can recognize and spot the risk of fraud and can design new techniques for preventing fraudulent financial reporting. This article reviews the concept of accounting fraud, and focuses on some of the available data mining tools and methodologies , as well as other commuter-based techniques and tools that are available to order to assist in preventing accounting fraud and detecting if fraudulent acts have been committed. The article asserts the importance of using the available computer-based and data mining techniques as a prevention mechanism by detecting financial statement fraud, concluding that data mining software propose a good supporting procedure which offers an effective solution to the problem of detecting fraudulent transactions and accounting frauds.
Degradation of pathogen quorum-sensing molecules by soil bacteria: a preventive and curative biological control mechanism (2003)

Abstract The plasmid pME6863, carrying the aiiA gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus sp. A24 that encodes a lactonase enzyme able to degrade N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs), was introduced into the rhizosphere isolate Pseudomonas fluorescens P3. This strain is not an effective biological control agent against plant pathogens. The transformant P. fluorescens P3/pME6863 acquired the ability to degrade AHLs. In planta, P. fluorescens P3/pME6863 significantly reduced potato soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora and crown gall of tomato caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens to a similar level as Bacillus sp. A24. Little or no disease reduction was observed for the wild-type strain P3 carrying the vector plasmid without aiiA. Suppression of potato soft rot was observed even when the AHL-degrading P. fluorescens P3/pME6863 was applied to tubers 2 days after the pathogen, indicating that biocontrol was not only preventive but also curative. When antagonists were applied individually with the bacterial plant pathogens, biocontrol activity of the AHL degraders was greater than that observed with several Pseudomonas 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol-producing strains and with Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL1391, which relies on production of phenazine antibiotic for disease suppression. Phenazine production by this well characterized biological control strain P. chlororaphis PCL1391 is regulated by AHL-mediated quorum sensing. When P. chlororaphis PCL1391 was co-inoculated with P. fluorescens P3/pME6863 in a strain mixture, the AHL degrader interfered with the normally excellent ability of the antibiotic producer to suppress tomato vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Our results demonstrate AHL degradation as a novel biocontrol mechanism, but also demonstrate the potential for non-target interactions that can interfere with the biocontrol efficacy of other strains.