gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A preliminary genetic interpretation of the esterase isozymes of human tissues (1975)

1. The esterase isozymes of human tissues have been investigated using the technique of starch-gel electrophoresis. Conventional naphthyl-azo dye linked stains and new fluorogenic staining methods were used to detect the isozymes. 2. Multiple isozymes were identified in every tissue and they were characterized in terms of their electrophoretic mobility, tissue distribution, developmental changes in utero, substrate specificity, inhibition properties and molecular weight. On these criteria 13 sets of esterase isozymes were identified, in addition to the esterase isozymes due to cholinesterase and carbonic anhydrase. 3. The data suggest that the 13 sets of isozymes are determined by at least nine different structural gene loci. 4. No electrophoretic variants were identified in a limited population survey of post-mortem tissues from adults and foetuses, except for the previously described esterase D (ESD) phenotypes.
50 GHz velocity-matched broad wavelength LiNbO <sub>3</sub> modulator with multimode active section (1992)

A velocity-matched LiNbO3 modulator is described which achieves an electrical 3dB bandwidth of 44 GHz and an optical 3 dB bandwidth in excess of 50 GHz. The modulator also uses multimode waveguides in the active section to achieve excellent loss, drive voltage, and contrast ratio characteristics over a 1.3–1.55 μm wavelength range.
Disorders of Water Homeostasis (2009)

1. To understand that disorders of sodium balance are related to conditions that alter extracellular fluid volume. 2. To appreciate the physiologic influences of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the stimuli resulting in its release. 3. To gain an understanding of the differences between sodium status (which determines the volume of extracellular volume) and water status (which determines the serum sodium concentration). 4. To recognize clinical signs and symptoms of the different forms of dehydration. 5. To appreciate that the management of hypernatremic dehydration differs from that of isonatremic/hyponatremic dehydration.
Colloidal synthesis of silicon nanoparticles in molten salts (2017)

Silicon nanoparticles are unique materials with applications in a variety of fields, from electronics to catalysis and biomedical uses. Despite technological advancements in nanofabrication, the development of a simple and inexpensive route for the synthesis of homogeneous silicon nanoparticles remains highly challenging. Herein, we describe a new, simple and inexpensive colloidal synthetic method for the preparation, under normal pressure and mild temperature conditions, of relatively homogeneous spherical silicon nanoparticles of either ca. 4 or 6 nm diameter. The key features of this method are the selection of a eutectic salt mixture as a solvent, the identification of appropriate silicon alkoxide precursors, and the unconventional use of alkali earth metals as shape-controlling agents.
Cellular Location and Partial Purification of the 'Thiosulphate-oxidizing Enzyme' and 'Trithionate Hydrolyase' from Thiobacillus tepidarius (1988)

The enzyme oxidizing thiosulphate to tetrathionate (‘tetrathionate synthase’) has been purified: the native enzyme has a M r of 138000 and subunit M r of 45000, contains no haem and shows K m values for thiosulphate of 4 and 110 μm respectively with cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptor. Most of the enzyme was recovered from the periplasm of the cell. Evidence is also presented for a trithionate hydrolyase, catalysing the hydrolytic cleavage of trithionate to thiosulphate and sulphate. This activity was partially purified and assayed in a coupled system in which cytochrome c reduction by the purified tetrathionate synthase was measured. Tetrathionate oxidation by cell-free preparations could not be obtained, but a sulphite dehydrogenase (with ferricyanide as electron acceptor) was demonstrated and sulphite-dependent reduction of cytochrome c in T. tepidarius membrane preparations occurred. The latter was inhibited by HQNO (2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide), indicating the involvement of cytochrome b. Sulphite oxidation by APS reductase (adenylylsulphate reductase) could not be detected, which was consistent with the earlier demonstration of complete inhibition of ATP synthesis in intact organisms by FCCP (carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-hydrazone). A scheme is presented which is consistent with all the whole organism and enzyme data available to date.
Characteristics of Novel Triplet Spun Yarns Made from Fibers of Differing Fineness (2009)

In order to reduce the hairiness of ring spun yarns and to develop novel multilayered spun yarns, we investigated the properties of triplet spun yarns made from the same size of three rovings with different fiber fineness using an experimental ring spinning frame. The results were: (1) different fiber fineness triplet spun yarn, a new yarn made by combination staple fibers of three different fineness into one twisting process; (2) although triplet spun yarn had a side-by-side structure in the cross-section, the central angle made by the assembly of finer fibers was smaller than that of coarser fibers; and (3) in comparison with single yarn, triplet spun yarn had less hairiness and greater strength because of the lower spinning tension of each strand and the twist propagation in each strand.
[Risk factors of primary tuberculosis infection in children and adolescents]. (1990)

Characteristic features of subjects of the VIA registration group (500 children and adolescents) observed by one of the Moscow children's polyclinic from 1983 to 1987 are given. The rate of primary contamination amounted to an average of 0.75% a year. 92.8% of children and adolescents were infected as a result of an unknown contact, while 7.2% of them had contact with relatives suffering from tuberculosis. In case of conversion of tuberculin reactions, hypersensitivity to tuberculin was seen in 12.2% of the patients and a year later in 4.6% the subjects with persistent hyperergy who were then transferred to the VIB registration group. The following risk factors of contaminating and contacting tuberculosis were found: contact with tuberculosis patients; immunization of poor quality or its absence; hypersensitivity to tuberculin; frequent acute respiratory viral infections and chronic diseases; and unfavourable social and living conditions. The number of these factors should be taken into account since with their growth, the rate of hyperergy and risk of developing the disease are higher. More thorough examination and controlled preventive chemotherapy at a sanatorium are required when 2 or more risk factors are available.
Properties of TiO_2 and SiO_2 thin films deposited using ion assisted deposition (1985)

TiO2 and SiO2 films deposited using ion assisted deposition are investigated as a function of ion energy and current density. Optical constants, possible ion source contaminants, and optical scatter are examined for samples deposited at ambient (∼75°C) and elevated (∼250°C) substrate temperatures.
<i>N</i>-acetyl galactosamine is part of the receptor in insect gut epithelia that recognizes an insecticidal protein from<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (1991)

Proteins synthesized by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis are potent insecticides. When ingested by susceptible larvae they rapidly lyse epithelial cells lining the midgut. In vitro the toxins lyse certain insect cell lines and show saturable, high-affinity binding to brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) prepared from insect midguts. We observed that the sugar N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) specifically decreased the cytolytic activity of a CryIA(c) toxin towards Choristoneura fumiferana CF1 cells, completely abolished toxin binding to Manduca sexia BBMVs, partially inhibited binding to Heliothis virescens BBMVs and had no apparent effect on binding to Pieris brassicae BBMVs. In ligand blotting experiments the toxin bound proteins of 120 kDa in M. sexta, 125 kDa in P. brassicae and numerous proteins in H. zea. Toxin binding to these proteins was specifically inhibited by GalNAc. The toxin binding proteins of M. sexta and H. zea also bound the lectin soybean agglutinin. Taken together these findings suggest that N-acetyl galactosamine might be a component of a CryIA(c) toxin receptor of CF1 cells and of at least two of the insects tested.
Bacterial adherence to hydrocarbons and to surfaces in the oral cavity (1983)

L'hypothese selon laquelle cette adherence dependrait d'interactions hydrophobes est testee
Direct space-to-time pulse shaping at 1.5 μm (2003)

We present a novel direct space-to-time pulse shaper, operating in the 1.5-μm optical communications band which enables generation of continuous optical pulse sequences at a rate of ∼100 GHz. The apparatus includes several novel features, such as the use of a diffractive optical element for spatial patterning, fiber coupled input/output, and a telescopic configuration which collectively enable generation of nearly equal amplitude optical pulse sequences over a time aperture in excess of 100 ps. We also present a mathematical description of the temporal and frequency modulation behavior of our apparatus, in addition to continuous 100-GHz optical pulse sequences generated in our system.
Online dispute resolution in mediating EHR disputes: a case study on the impact of emotional intelligence (2019)

An Electronic Health Record (EHR) is an individual’s record of all health events that enables critical information to be documented and shared electronically amongst health care providers and patients. The introduction of an EHR, particularly a patient-accessible EHR, can be expected to lead to an escalation of enquiries, complaints and ultimately, disputes. Prevailing opinion is that Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) systems can help with the mediation of certain types of disputes electronically, particularly systems which deploy Artificial Intelligence (AI) to reduce the need for a human mediator. However, disputes regarding health tend to invoke emotional responses from patients that may conceivably impact ODR efficacy. This raises an interesting question on the influence of emotional intelligence (EI) in the process of mediation. Using a phenomenological research methodology simulating doctor–patient disputes mediated with an AI Smart ODR system in place of a human mediator, we found an association between EI and the propensity for a participant to change their previously asserted claims. Our results indicate participants with lower EI tend to prolong resolution compared to those with higher EI. Future research include trialling larger scale ODR systems for specific cohorts of patients in the area of health related dispute resolution are advanced.
Determination of phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine content in lung surfactant by high performance liquid chromatography. (1989)

A rapid isocratic method for determining the total phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine levels in lung surfactant preparations by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. The analysis was performed on a 3.9 x 300 mm mu-Porasil column with detection by refractive index. The lipids were eluted with a solvent system of chloroform-acetonitrile-methanol-water-85% phosphoric acid 650:650:500:130:2 (v/v/v/v/v). A 4.6 x 30 mm silica guard column was used in place of an injector loop which served as a sample concentrator and purifier. Phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol, all known components of lung surfactants, were eluted from the loop column and were prevented from reaching the analytical column. Sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine elute later than the phosphatidylcholines on the analytical column. The method was developed so that phosphatidylcholines elute as a single peak regardless of the fatty acid chain length (C12-C20). When the sample was first oxidized with a potassium permanganate-potassium metaperiodate solution, and potentially interfering oxidation products were removed by extraction into a basic aqueous phase, then only the disaturated phosphatidylcholines were analyzed.
Carbon Monoxide: An Endogenous Modulator of the Nitric Oxide–Cyclic GMP Signaling System (1996)

Carbon monoxide (CO) is an activator of soluble guanylyl cyclase and is implicated as a neuronal messenger. CO production, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, and guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) levels were quantitated in cerebellar granule cell cultures. Metabolic labeling experiments enabled the direct measurement of neuronal CO production in vitro. CO production is significant, and peaked during early stages of culture. NOS activity and cGMP levels synchronously increased as cells matured. Whereas inhibition of NOS depleted cGMP in mature cultures, inhibitors of CO production potentiated the nitric oxide (NO)-mediated cGMP increase. Exogenous CO at similar concentrations to endogenous levels blocked the NO-mediated cGMP increase. These results directly demonstrate that endogenous neuronal CO production is high and indicate that while NO is the major regulator of cGMP in these neurons, CO may modulate the NO-cGMP signaling system.
SU‐D‐BRCD‐03: Spectroscopic Characterization of a 6 MV Linear Accelerator Field Using Compton Spectrometry Measurements and Monte Carlo Techniques (2012)

This work demonstrates that the spectrum from a 6MV linac can be measured using Compton spectrometry. Further work is required to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and correct fordetector response. MC simulations indicate that the spectra were sensitive to variations in the parameters used to define the primary electron beam incident on the target.
Iron metabolism in Pseudomonas: salicylic acid, a siderophore of Pseudomonas fluorescens CHAO. (1992)

Under iron-starvation conditions of growth, Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0, a soil isolate involved in phytopathogenic fungi antagonisms, produced, together with pyoverdine, a second iron-chelating compound which was purified and identified by spectroscopy, HPLC and 1H-NMR to be salicylic acid. Mutants unable to synthesize pyoverdine overproduced this compound by a factor of 9-14. The biosynthesis of salicylic acid was under iron control; it was fully inhibited by 5 microM added iron in the growth medium. In contrast, salicylic acid of either bacterial or commercial origin facilitated labeled iron incorporation in iron-starved cells. Based on these two relationships observed with bacterial iron metabolism it is concluded that salicylic acid has a siderophore function for this strain.
The effect of tricyclic antidepressants on cutaneous melanoma cell lines and primary cell cultures (2011)

The tricyclic antidepressants have previously been shown to exert activity against glioma cells in vitro. Initial studies in cell lines suggested that this might extend to melanoma cells. We have therefore conducted a study in primary cell cultures from metastatic cutaneous melanoma deposits using a well established ATP-based tumour chemosensitivity assay to confirm and extend these findings. Two cell lines and eight primary cell cultures from metastatic melanoma deposits were exposed to three tricyclic drugs, amitriptyline, nortriptyline and clomipramine, at concentrations ranging from 200 to 6.25 µmol/l in the ATP-based tumour chemosensitivity assay. All three drugs showed activity, although nortriptyline was more active than clomipramine or amitriptyline in both cell lines and primary cell cultures, with an IC50 of 9, 27 and 33 µmol/l, respectively. Tricyclic agents show activity against melanoma in vitro. This could be related to the lysosomal effects based on their cationic amphiphilic properties, or effects at the mitochondrial membrane.
Integral-C—a practical environment for C programming (1987)

Integral C 1 is an industrial grade integrated programming environment for C programming on an engineering workstation. A single interactive tool replaces a syntax checking editor, a compiler, and a source-level debugger. Its multi-window user interface allows program editing and animated source level debugging, tailored to the needs of a C programmer. The compiler accepts standard C code and reacts to editing changes with function-level incremental compilation. Compilation is done without prompting to maintain the client program in a ready-to-run state. Emitted code is instrumented to catch run-time errors and to permit fine grained debugging. Debugging support code is written in C in a 'workspace', which grants it direct access to a local scope while keeping it separate from the client program.
Effect of etidronate disodium on the development of bone lesions in an animal model of bone metastasis using the human prostate cancer cell line PC‐3 (1991)

We have established an animal model of bone metastasis using the PC-3 human prostate tumor cell line. In order to assess whether inhibition of bone resorption would prevent the development of bone metastasis, the diphosphonate etidronate (EHDP) was administered to 20 mice at a dose of 30 mg/kg subcutaneously daily starting 2 days prior to injection of tumor cells. Control mice received daily injections of the saline vehicle. In the EHDP-treated mice, there was no significant reduction in the incidence of bone metastasis, the size of the lesions, or the number of bone lesions per mouse. Approximately 50% of the mice developed bone metastasis, which was similar to the control group and similar to what was observed in earlier studies with this animal model. Histomorphometric analysis of bones showed marked inhibition of mineralization in EHDP-treated mice, thus indicating biological effect on the bone. Therefore, the use of EHDP in biologically effective doses failed to reduce the incidence, size, or number of bone metastases in this animal model.
Using Zebra-speech to study sequential and simultaneous speech segregation in a cochlear-implant simulation (2013)

Previous studies have suggested that cochlear implant users may have particular difficulties exploiting opportunities to glimpse clear segments of a target speech signal in the presence of a fluctuating masker. Although it has been proposed that this difficulty is associated with a deficit in linking the glimpsed segments across time, the details of this mechanism are yet to be explained. The present study introduces a method called Zebra-speech developed to investigate the relative contribution of simultaneous and sequential segregation mechanisms in concurrent speech perception, using a noise-band vocoder to simulate cochlear implants. One experiment showed that the saliency of the difference between the target and the masker is a key factor for Zebra-speech perception, as it is for sequential segregation. Furthermore, forward masking played little or no role, confirming that intelligibility was not limited by energetic masking but by across-time linkage abilities. In another experiment, a binaural cue was used to distinguish the target and the masker. It showed that the relative contribution of simultaneous and sequential segregation depended on the spectral resolution, with listeners relying more on sequential segregation when the spectral resolution was reduced. The potential of Zebra-speech as a segregation enhancement strategy for cochlear implants is discussed.
The Presenilin-1 ΔE9 Mutation Results in Reduced γ-Secretase Activity, but Not Total Loss of PS1 Function, in Isogenic Human Stem Cells (2013)

Presenilin 1 (PS1) is the catalytic core of Î³-secretase, which\ncleaves type-1 transmembrane proteins including the amyloid precursor protein\n(APP). PS1 also has Î³-secretase independent functions and dominant PS1\nmissense mutations are the most common cause of familial Alzheimerâs\ndisease (FAD). Whether PS1 FAD mutations are gain or loss-of-function remains\ncontroversial, primarily because most studies have relied on overexpression in\nmouse and/or non-neuronal systems. We used isogenic euploid human iPSC lines to\ngenerate and study an allelic series of PS1 mutations including heterozygous\nnull mutations and homozygous and heterozygous FAD PS1 mutations. Rigorous\nanalysis of this allelic series in differentiated, purified neurons allowed us\nto resolve this controversy and to conclude that FAD PS1 mutations, expressed at\nnormal levels in the appropriate cell-type, impair Î³-secretase activity,\nbut do not disrupt Î³-secretase independent functions of PS1. Thus, FAD\nPS1 mutations do not act as simple loss of PS1 function, but instead dominantly\ngain an activity toxic to some, but not all PS1 functions.
Docking-Based Virtual Screening: Recent Developments (2009)

Virtual (database) screening (VS) of molecules promises to accelerate the discovery of new drugs and reduce costs by identifying molecules with high probabilities of binding to a target receptor. The large amount of available protein X-ray crystal structures, together with the development of more effective homology modelling techniques, has led recently to a steep increase in docking-based VS studies. This approach needs computational fitting of molecules into a receptor active site using advanced algorithms, followed by the scoring and ranking of these molecules to identify potential leads. In this review, the main published docking-based VS studies developed over the last eight years are investigated, and details are provided about the software used, the results achieved and the novel methods employed.
Nano-kirigami with giant optical chirality (2018)

Kirigami enables versatile shape transformation from two-dimensional (2D) precursors to 3D architectures with simplified fabrication complexity and unconventional structural geometries. We demonstrate a one-step and on-site nano-kirigami method that avoids the prescribed multistep procedures in traditional mesoscopic kirigami or origami techniques. The nano-kirigami is readily implemented by in situ cutting and buckling a suspended gold film with programmed ion beam irradiation. By using the topography-guided stress equilibrium, rich 3D shape transformation such as buckling, rotation, and twisting of nanostructures is precisely achieved, which can be predicted by our mechanical modeling. Benefiting from the nanoscale 3D twisting features, giant optical chirality is achieved in an intuitively designed 3D pinwheel-like structure, in strong contrast to the achiral 2D precursor without nano-kirigami. The demonstrated nano-kirigami, as well as the exotic 3D nanostructures, could be adopted in broad nanofabrication platforms and could open up new possibilities for the exploration of functional micro-/nanophotonic and mechanical devices.