gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Powder metallurgy processed Nb/sub 3/Sn(Ta) wire for high field NMR magnets (1995)

Powder metallurgy together with a multi-tin core approach was used to fabricate industrial scale lengths of Ta alloyed Nb/sub 3/Sn wire. The wire produced high critical currents (I/sub c/) along with high critical current densities (J/sub c/) at fields up to 20 tesla and 4.2 K. The wire was produced for a program funded by Battelle Pacific Northwest. One objective of the program was to compare various commercially available wires for applications in high field NMR magnets. The 1.5 mm diameter PM wire compares well with other wires tested in the program. More than 250 m of the 1.5 mm diameter wire was used to fabricate a superconducting model coil. The coil exhibited an I/sub c/ equal to that of a short sample. The performance of the Ta doped wire examined here was lower than those of similar PM wires which were produced earlier using Ti doping. Diffusion dynamics of the tin inside the wire was studied at various stages of heat treatment and was correlated to the properties of the wire.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Clean ships, clean ports, clean oceans: controlling garbage and plastic wastes at sea (1996)

Marine debris is a serious environmental problem. To do its part, the United States has agreed to abide by the international treaty for garbage control at sea, known as MARPOL 73/78 Annex V. Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans explores the challenge of translating Annex V into workable laws and regulations for all kinds of ships and boats, from cruise ships to fishing crafts and recreational boats. The volume examines how existing resources can be leveraged into a comprehensive strategy for compliance, including integrated waste management systems and effective enforcement. Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans describes both progress toward and obstacles to Annex V compliance. The book covers: how shipborne garbage originates and what happens to garbage discharged into the seas; effects of discharge on human health, wildlife safety, and aesthetics; and differences in perspective among military, industrial, and recreational seafarers and shoreside facilities. Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans will be important to marine policymakers, port administrators, ship operations officers, maritime engineers, and marine ecologists.
Neural Synchronization and Cryptography (2007)

Neural networks can synchronize by learning from each other. In the case of discrete weights full synchronization is achieved in a finite number of steps. Additional networks can be trained by using the inputs and outputs generated during this process as examples. Several learning rules for both tasks are presented and analyzed. In the case of Tree Parity Machines synchronization is much faster than learning. Scaling laws for the number of steps needed for full synchronization and successful learning are derived using analytical models. They indicate that the difference between both processes can be controlled by changing the synaptic depth. In the case of bidirectional interaction the synchronization time increases proportional to the square of this parameter, but it grows exponentially, if information is transmitted in one direction only. Because of this effect neural synchronization can be used to construct a cryptographic key-exchange protocol. Here the partners benefit from mutual interaction, so that a passive attacker is usually unable to learn the generated key in time. The success probabilities of different attack methods are determined by numerical simulations and scaling laws are derived from the data. They show that the partners can reach any desired level of security by just increasing the synaptic depth. Then the complexity of a successful attack grows exponentially, but there is only a polynomial increase of the effort needed to generate a key. Further improvements of security are possible by replacing the random inputs with queries generated by the partners.
Evaluating 3D Embodied Conversational Agents In Contrasting VRML Retail Applications (2000)

This paper discusses the results of an empirical evaluation assessing 3D male and female embodied conversational agents that were formally dressed and casually dressed in three interactive VRML retail environments ‐ a cinema box-office, a travel agency and a bank. Participants completed tasks in each application by conversing with the agents after which they completed questionnaires regarding their attitude toward the retail applications, the agent’s behaviour in the retail application and the agent’s voice, personality, trustworthiness and appearance. Results showed that participants enjoyed speaking to the agents in all three applications. The agents were rated similarly in all three applications and the claim that embodied agents have a role to play as assistants in retail applications is supported. However, qualitative results suggested that participants found it difficult to trust the agents in the banking application. Participants also expressed a desire for agents in the cinema application to be casually dressed and those agents in the banking application to be formally dressed.
Half‐Life Extension through HESylation® (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Hydroxyethyl Starch (HES) Clinical Use of HES HES Metabolism and Toxicology HESylation®–Conjugation of Hydroxyethyl Starch to Drug Substances HES–Protein Conjugates–Two Case Studies Summary and Conclusion References
Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers for generation of highly directional sound with a parametric array (2008)

Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) with vacuum-sealed cavities have been fabricated and used to project directional sound using parametric arrays. The wafer bonding approach used to fabricate the CMUTs provides good control over device dimensions, a single-crystal silicon membrane that has predictable mechanical properties, and the capability to fabricate CMUTs with large-diameter membranes and deep cavities. The fabricated CMUTs are about 8 cm in diameter and comprise 284 circular membranes, each 4 mm in diameter. Testing of CMUTs with 40-μm and 60-μm-thick membranes shows they have center frequencies of 46 kHz and 55 kHz and 3-dB bandwidths of 1.9 kHz and 5.3 kHz, respectively. With application of DC bias voltages of 380 V and 350 V and an AC excitation of 200 V peak-to-peak, the devices generate effective source levels of 139 dB and 131 dB (re 20 μPa), respectively. We used the CMUT design with a 60-μm-thick membrane to produce 5 kHz sound at 3 m with a 6-dB beamwidth of 8.7 deg and a sound pressure level of 58 dB. The results demonstrate that large-area CMUTs, which produce high pressure ultrasound, can be fabricated for transmitting directional sound with parametric arrays. [Work supported by DARPA.]
Perspectives of Two-dimensional Transition Metal DichalcogenideMonolayers (2015)

The discovery of graphene, a novel two-dimensional (2D) nanostructure, has triggered an extensive study on monolayers for diverse applications in Nano devices, optoelectronics, sensors, catalysts, and energy storage because of the easy fabrication, exceptional charge transport, thermal, optical, chemical, and mechanical properties [1]. As one of important members of 2D monolayers, 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) monolayers show a wide range of electronic, optical, mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties [2]. TMDs have a chemical formula of MX2, where M is a transition metal element from group IV, group V, or group VI, and X is a chalcogen (S, Se, or Te). They are layered materials with weakly van der Walls interaction holding together. Each layer is a sandwich structure (X–M–X), where a M-atom layer is enclosed within two X layers and the atoms in layers are hexagonally packed [3]. Depending to stacking orders and metal atom coordination, the overall symmetry of TMD can be hexagonal or rhombohedral, and the metal atoms have octahedral or trigonal prismatic coordination.
Active Inference: A Process Theory (2016)

This article describes a process theory based on active inference and belief propagation. Starting from the premise that all neuronal processing (and action selection) can be explained by maximizing Bayesian model evidence-or minimizing variational free energy-we ask whether neuronal responses can be described as a gradient descent on variational free energy. Using a standard (Markov decision process) generative model, we derive the neuronal dynamics implicit in this description and reproduce a remarkable range of well-characterized neuronal phenomena. These include repetition suppression, mismatch negativity, violation responses, place-cell activity, phase precession, theta sequences, theta-gamma coupling, evidence accumulation, race-to-bound dynamics, and transfer of dopamine responses. Furthermore, the (approximately Bayes' optimal) behavior prescribed by these dynamics has a degree of face validity, providing a formal explanation for reward seeking, context learning, and epistemic foraging. Technically, the fact that a gradient descent appears to be a valid description of neuronal activity means that variational free energy is a Lyapunov function for neuronal dynamics, which therefore conform to Hamilton's principle of least action.
Overcoming the effects of polishing induced stress when fabricating fused polished couplers (1993)

The tendency of the polished fibres to separate due to the thermal relaxation of polishing induced stress during the fabrication of fused polished couplers is overcome by depositing a thin layer of silica in the form of either a silica sol-gel or an aqueous suspension of silica powder on the parallel fibre assembly prior to the application of heat.
Temporally Coherent Irradiance Caching for High Quality Animation Rendering (2005)

In rendering of high quality animations that include global illumination, the final gathering and irradiance caching are commonly used. However, the computational cost they incur is high enough to discourage their wide use in production rendering. We introduce a data structure called anchor, which lets us permanently link cache locations to points intersected by their final gathering rays. Consequently, we can cheaply probe and transfer the (ir)radiance by exploiting the temporal coherence of successive animation frames, resulting in half an order of magnitude acceleration and reduced temporal artifacts. Additionally, our anchor structure lets us render moderately glossy surfaces at the cost much lower than the traditional importance sampling techniques. We also describe an efficient, perceptually motivated and independent scheme for limiting the growth in the number of irradiance caches. Finally, an implementation in a practical rendering system is demonstrated. Categories and Subject Descriptors (according to ACM CCS): I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism I.3.6 [Computer Graphics]: Methodology and Techniques 1.
An isolated DC-DC converter using two zero current switched IGBTs in a symmetrical topology (2002)

A symmetrical, current-fed DC-DC boost converter was investigated theoretically and experimentally on a 300 W prototype in the frequency range: 40 to 110 kHz. The converter is built around an L-type half-bridge IGBT inverter. Zero-current-switching is achieved by a series resonant LC-network placed between the collectors of the IGBTs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fine-structure map of the human ribosomal protein gene RPS14. (1992)

We have used polymerase chain reaction-mediated chemical mutagenesis (J.-J. Diaz, D. D. Rhoads, and D. J. Roufa, BioTechniques 11:204-211, 1991) to analyze the genetic fine structure of a human ribosomal protein gene, RPS14. Eighty-three DNA clones containing 158 random single-base substitution mutations were isolated. Mutant RPS14 alleles were tested for biological activity by transfection into cultured Chinese hamster cells. The resulting data permitted us to construct a map of the S14-coding sequence that is comparable to available fine-structure genetic maps of many prokaryotic and lower eukaryotic gene loci. As predicted from the multiplicity of protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions required for ribosomal protein transport and assembly into functional ribosomal subunits, the distribution of null mutations indicated that S14 is composed of multiple, functionally distinct polypeptide domains. Two of the protein's internal domains, designated domains B and D, were essential for S14 biological activity. In contrast, mutations which altered or deleted S14's amino-terminal 20 amino acid residues (domain A) had no observable effect on the protein's assembly and function in mammalian ribosomes. Interestingly, S14 structural domains deduced by in vitro mutagenesis correlate well with the RPS14 gene's exon boundaries.
Mapping of a gene for hypergammaglobulinemia to the distal region on chromosome 4 in NZB mice and its contribution to systemic lupus erythematosus in (NZB×NZW)F<sub>1</sub> mice (1994)

IgM class hypergammaglobulinemia develops spontaneously in the early life of NZB mice. To determine the chromosomal location of the NZB gene(s) linked to this hypergammaglobulinemia and possible contribution to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like autoimmune disease observed in (NZB x NZW)F1 hybrid mice, we examined (NZB x NZW)F1 x NZW backcross mice, using a mapping technique based on polymorphism in simple nucleotide sequence repeats. In light of our previous data, we directed attention to chromosome 4. A single NZB locus or tightly linked group of loci on the distal region (70-90 cM distal from the centromere), theoretically mapped to 14.3 cM distal from marker locus D4Mit48, had the strongest association with IgM hypergammaglobulinemia. The backcross progeny heterozygous for this locus on chromosome 4, in association with heterozygosity of the MHC haplotype (H-2d from NZB/H-2z from NZW) on chromosome 17, showed significantly higher serum levels of IgG anti-DNA antibodies and more severe lupus nephritis than did the progeny heterozygous for either one of the two loci or homozygous for both loci on chromosomes 4 and 17. The NZB gene in the distal region of chromosome 4 is likely to be responsible for terminal maturation of B cells and, in concert with the effect of H-2 heterozygosity, may predispose to the full expression of SLE in (NZB x NZW)F1 mice.
Distributed lock management for mobile transactions (2002)

We present a new lock management scheme which allows a read unlock for an item to be executed at any copy site of that item; the site may be different from the copy site on which the read lock is set. The scheme utilizes the replicated copies of data items to reduce the message costs incurred by the mobility of the transaction host. We demonstrate this idea in an optimistic locking algorithm called O2PL-MT (Optimistic Two Phase Locking for Mobile Transactions). Like its counterpart algorithm O2PL (Optimistic Two Phase Locking), O2PL-MT grants read locks immediately on demand and defers write locks until the commitment time. However, O2PL-MT requires the transmission of fewer messages than O2PL in a mobile environment in which data items are replicated.
Conditions for Purine Synthesis: Did Prebiotic Synthesis Occur at Low Temperatures? (1966)

The rate of polymerization of hydrogen cyanide to aminomalononitrile and the tetramer, diaminomalonodinitrile, is quadratic in the total cyanide concentration. Since the reactions form part of a plausible prebiotic purine synthesis and since they compete with hydrolysis, concentration of cyanide may have been important. This may be achieved usefully by cooling to separate out ice.
Analysis of Wild-Type and Mutant p21 <i> <sup>WAF-1</sup> </i> Gene Activities (1996)

The p21WAF-1 gene is positively regulated by the wild-type p53 protein. p21WAF-1 has been shown to interact with several cyclin-dependent kinase complexes and block the activity of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks). Mutational analysis with the p21WAF-1 gene localized a site, at amino acid residues 21 and 24 in the amino terminus of the protein, for p21WAF-1 binding to cyclins D and E. This region of the protein is conserved (residues 21 to 26) in other p21WAF-1 family members, p27kip-1 and p57kip-2. The same p21WAF-121,24 mutant also fails to bind to cyclin D1-cdk 4 or cyclin E-cdk 2 complexes in vitro, suggesting that amino acid residues 21 and 24 are important for p21WAF-1-cdk-cyclin trimeric complex interactions. The p21WAF-1 wild-type protein will suppress tumor cell growth in culture while p21WAF-1 mutant proteins with defects in residues 21 and 24 fail to suppress tumor cell growth. The overexpression of cyclin D or E in these cells will partially overcome the growth suppression of wild-type p21WAF-1 protein in cells. These results provide evidence that p21WAF-1 acts through cyclin D1-cdk4 and cyclin E-cdk2 complexes in vivo to induce the growth suppression. The p21WAF-1 binding sites for cyclins (residues 21 to 26), cdk2 (residues 49 to 71), and proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (residues 124 to 164) have all been mapped to discrete sites on the protein.
The complex and central role of interferon‐γ in graft‐versus‐host disease and graft‐versus‐tumor activity (2014)

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is increasingly being performed to treat patients with hematologic malignancies. However, separating the beneficial graft-versus-tumor (GVT) or graft-versus-leukemia effects from graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) has been difficult and remains a significant challenge toward improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing toxicity of allo-HCT. GVHD is induced by donor T cells that also mediate potent anti-tumor responses. However, despite the largely shared effector mechanisms, extensive animal studies have demonstrated the potential of dissociating the GVT effect from GVHD. Also in many clinical cases, long-term remission was achieved following allo-HCT, without significant GVHD. A better mechanistic understanding of the immunopathophysiology of GVHD and GVT effects may potentially help to improve allo-HCT as well as maximize the benefit of GVT effects while minimizing GVHD. In this article, we review the role of IFN-γ in regulation of alloresponses following allo-HCT, with a focus on the mechanisms of how this cytokine may separate GVHD from GVT effects.
Palliation of Malignant Gastric and Small Intestinal Strictures With Self-Expandable Metal Stents (1998)

Palliation of malignant gastric and small intestinal strictures with self-expandable metal stents is a feasible, effective, and safe alternative to operation.
Frontlines: Message Hits Home (2015)

The day before my 13-year-old cousin was scheduled to have corrective surgery for scoliosis, I called her mom, Kellie, to tell her about a new initiative at AAMI.The AAMI Foundation's Healthcare Technology Safety Institute (HTSI) is tackling the issue of continuous electronic monitoring of patients on opioids, I explained, sounding more like a salesperson than a concerned family member.It might seem strange for me to call Kellie and talk about AAMI and HTSI right before her daughter's surgery prep, but I felt obligated.I had just read the following chilling words on page 44 of this issue:"Too many patients have been harmed or died in their hospital beds due to undetected respiratory depression after receiving opioids for pain management over the past decade."Jill Williams' article, "Saving Lives, Saving Families: Continuous Monitoring for Patients on Opioids," tells the stories of five postoperative patients, four of whom died from respiratory distress while on opioids.Their families believe continuous electronic monitoring would have saved their lives.My young cousin was getting ready for a five-to seven-day hospital stay during which she would be hooked up to patient-controlled analgesia, or PCA pump, that would allow her to self-administer pain medication with the push of a button.I didn't want her to suffer the same fate as those patients in Williams' account.Thanks to HTSI's efforts to get the word out through the work of the new National Coalition to Promote the Continuous Monitoring of Patients on Opioids, I don't think she will.
Development of Smart Diaper with 3D Printed Sensor-Supporter for Elderly Care (2019)

The ultimate goal of this project is to implement a low-cost sensor-based approach to detect urine in the elderly's diapers through a wireless system. The sensors are metal electrodes, which simply measure the resistance change when urine exists in the diaper. We focused on the design of electrode sup-porter constructing with 3D printing technique, the electrical signal from electrodes and user's feedback.
Robust step detection method for pedestrian navigation systems (2007)

A robust step detection method for pedestrian navigation systems is presented. The method utilises a two-axis accelerometer and is based on an acceleration pattern of a step. Experimental results show that the method gives robust performance for ground surface variation and walking behaviour.
Side Polished Fiber Optic UV Sensor Using Evanescent Coupling of Photo-Functional Polymer (2002)

측면연마된 광섬유와 광기능성 색소가 분산된 평면도파로 결합기를 이용한 새로운 형태의 자외선 센서를 제작하여 그 특성을 측정하였다. 자외선 조사에 의해 유효굴절률이 변화하는 광변색성 색소가 분산된 폴리머를 평면 도파로 재료로 사용하였다. 박막 광도파로는 광변색성 색소인 스파이록사진을 사용하였다. 자외선 조사시간을 20초, 30초, 40초로 증가시켰을 경우 센서의 파장응답은 1.44nm/mW, 1.64nm/mW, 1.78nm/mW였고 1550nm 파장에서 센서의 90% 복귀시간은 100초로 나타났다. In this paper, we investigated a novel UV sensor using evanescent field coupling between the side polished fiber and photo-functional polymer waveguide. It was found that resonant wavelength shifts occur due to variation in the refractive index of polymer planar waveguide for its photo-functional properties on exposed UV. Spiroxazine (photochromic dye) was used as the planar waveguide. The resonant wavelength responses were exhibited at 1.44 nm/mW, 1.64 nm/mW, and 1.78 nm/mW when UV irradiations were exposed for 20 seconds, 30 seconds, and 40 seconds, respectively. The recovery time of sensor was independent of UV exposure power and 90% recovery time was 100 seconds.
Autocrine and/or paracrine growth of adult T‐cell leukaemia tumour cells by interleukin 15 (2002)

We previously demonstrated that interleukin 2 (IL-2) autocrine/paracrine growth in adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL) cells was closely correlated with clinical aggressiveness. In the present study, we compared the significance of IL-15 and IL-2 in growth of ATL cells and clinical aggressiveness. Thirty-seven patients with ATL were examined: 19 acute and 18 chronic. Autonomous growth and IL-2- or IL-15-responsive growth activities of ATL cells were measured by [3H]-thymidine incorporation after 24 h cultures in vitro. All of the autonomous, IL-15- and IL-2-responsive growth activities of acute-type cells were higher than those of chronic type (P = 0.04, P = 0.03 and P = 0.02 respectively). IL-15- and IL-2-responsive growth activities were highly correlated (P = 0.0001, R2 = 0.837). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed detectable serum levels of IL-15 and IL-2 in 18 out of 19 and 14 out of 17 patients respectively. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed IL-15 and IL-2 mRNA expression in 8 out of 11 patients' cells. Anti-IL-2 antibody partially inhibited autonomous growth of ATL cells; anti-IL-15 antibody was less effective. In situ immunochemistry detected IL-15 in cells of three patients and was consistent with the results of RT-PCR. These results suggest that ATL cells grow in an IL-15 autocrine/paracrine manner and that this growth is related to disease aggressiveness in a manner similar to IL-2.
Targeting Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Resistant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by Inducing Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Degradation <i>via</i> Methionine 790 Oxidation (2015)

Targeting EGFR by elevating ROS and redox imbalance is a potential new strategy to develop a new EGFR inhibitor for TKI-resistant patients with a wide therapeutic window between EGFR(T790M) and EGFR(WT).