gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Endogenous and exogenous adenosine inhibit granulocyte aggregation without altering the associated rise in intracellular calcium concentration (1988)

Abstract The effects of adenosine, adenosine deaminase (ADA), and an irreversible ADA inhibitor 2′-deoxycoformycin (DCF) on granulocyte aggregation in response to four different stimuli: the synthetic chemotaxin N-formyl-met-leu-phe (FMLP), zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP), the calcium ionophore A23187, and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) were studied. Adenosine inhibited granulocyte aggregation in response to 10(- 7) mol/L FMLP in a dose-dependent fashion; inhibition in the presence of 1 mumol/L adenosine was 25% +/- 3% (SD) and was 50% (the maximal inhibition observed) with 1 mmol/L adenosine. Quantitatively similar results were obtained when ZAP or A23187 was used as the aggregant but the response to PMA was not affected. ADA not only reversed the inhibition due to adenosine but actually augmented the aggregation to FMLP by 118% +/- 9%. Similar results were obtained with ZAP and A23187 but not with PMA. These effects of ADA depended on its enzymatic activity as they could be blocked by preincubation with DCF. Fluorescent measurement of intracellular calcium in fura-2 loaded granulocyte suspensions established that neither adenosine nor ADA affected subsequent FMLP-stimulated calcium responses. Adenosine, therefore, may inhibit granulocyte responsiveness by blocking signal transduction at a point after calcium entry/mobilization but before activation of protein kinase C. Furthermore, the augmentation of responses seen with ADA suggests that endogenous adenosine may be a physiologic autocrine regulator of granulocyte function.
Sensor Applications Using Sol-Gel Technique (2015)

We prepared sol-gel samples by hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). FTIR studies are done on the samples heated at different temperatures to confirm the glassy network. Porosity studies confirmed the pore size of around 22nm. Acid /Alkali indicators like methyl orange, phenolphthalein and universal indicator doped sol-gel glasses are prepared. These glasses can be used as acid/alkali reversible solid indicators. V-I characteristics are drawn for these glasses using a diode laser photo detector set up. These glasses find application as a solid-pH sensor. Samples are also prepared by doping them with suitable chemicals which find application as a sensor for industrial chemical leakage.
Preparation and Characterization of Poly(vinyl alcohol)- and Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub>−Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Intercalated Graphite Oxides (1998)

Poly(vinyl alcohol)- (PVA) and Cu(OH)2−PVA-intercalated graphite oxide (GO) were prepared and characterized in detail. The Ic values of PVA-intercalated GO varied widely in the range 1.32−2.24 nm. In the case of PVA-intercalated GO, a stepwise increase of the Ic value of ∼0.5 nm was observed along with the increase of amount of intercalated PVA, which suggests that two types of orientation of PVA occur in GO layer, that is, PVA chains lie in the layer as a single layer or as double layers. In the case of Cu(OH)2−PVA-intercalated GO, the Ic values changed in very wide range between 1.66 and 4.96 nm, strongly depending on the pH value of the solution. The formation of intercalation compound with about ∼2.0 nm indicated that the PVA−Cu(OH)2 complex that was observed only in aqueous solution was isolated in the form of solid by means of intercalation into the GO layer for the first time. The change of the Ic values over a wide range suggests that the Cu(OH)2−PVA complex can take on various kinds of conformation in the layer of GO.
Iron(i) complexes of 2,9-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (H2dophen) as electrocatalysts for carbon dioxide reduction. X-Ray crystal structures of [Fe(dophen)Cl]2·2HCON(CH3)2 and [Fe(dophen)(N-MeIm)2]ClO4 (N-MeIm = 1-methylimidazole) (2002)

The crystal structure of two iron complexes of 2,9-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (H2dophen) [Fe(dophen)Cl]2·2HCON(CH3)2 [1·2HCON(CH3)2] and [Fe(dophen)(N-MeIm)2]ClO4 [2] (N-MeIm = 1-methylimidazole) have been determined: 1·2HCON(CH3)2, monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 11.141(4), b = 15.519(4), c = 13.387(3) Å, β = 93.76(2)°, Z = 4; 2, triclinic, space group P, a = 10.293(1), b = 12.395(3), c = 12.400(6) Å, α = 105.04(4), β = 90.54(4), γ = 99.93(1)°, Z = 2. The cyclic voltammograms of 1 and 2 in dimethylformamide show that the iron complexes undergo three successive reversible reductions with E1/2 = −0.80 V, −2.02 V, −2.45 V for 1 and −0.75 V, −2.03 V and −2.45 V for 2vs. the ferrocenium/ferrocene couple (Cp2Fe+/0) respectively. The first two couples are assigned as the Fe(III)/Fe(II) and Fe(II)/Fe(I) couples, whereas the couple at −2.45 V is assigned to the reduction of the dophen ligand. The Fe(I) species are active towards CO2 reduction. Electrolysis of CO2 in the presence of 1 or 2 at −2.0 V vs. Cp2Fe+/0 gave a mixture of carbon monoxide, formate and oxalate, with formate being the major product. The rate of CO2 reduction was enhanced by the addition of 1,1,1-trifluoroethanol or methanol as the proton source to the electrolyte. Iron carbonyl and iron formato species were detected as intermediates by in-situ FTIR spectroelectrochemistry.
An Experimental Study of Multiphase Behavior for <i>n</i>-Butane/Bitumen/Water Mixtures (2016)

Summary Steam/solvent coinjection has been studied and pilot tested as a potential method to improve steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) for bitumen recovery. Reliable design of coinjection requires reliable pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) data for bitumen/solvent/water mixtures, which are scarce and fragmentary in the literature. The main objective of this research was to present a new set of PVT and multiphase data for n-butane/Athabasca-bitumen/water mixtures at pressures up to 10 MPa and temperatures up to 160°C. Experiments were conducted with a conventional PVT apparatus. The data presented include multiphase equilibria up to four coexisting phases and liquid densities for 100% bitumen, two mixtures of n-butane/bitumen, and one mixture of n-butane/bitumen/water. Liquid/liquid separation of hydrocarbons was experimentally observed at the n-butane concentration of 97 mol% in the n-butane/bitumen system with/without water, for a wide range of temperatures at operating pressures for expanding-solvent SAGD (ES-SAGD). This may indicate the limited solubility of n-butane in bitumen even when a high level of accumulation of n-butane takes place near a chamber edge in ES-SAGD for Athabasca bitumen. The multiphase transition that involves appearance/disappearance of the vapor phase was observed to occur near the vapor pressure of n-butane or its extension. Such phase transition occurs at a higher pressure in the presence of water, because of its vapor pressure, than in the absence of water at a given temperature. This is the first time four coexisting phases are reported for n-butane/Athabasca-bitumen/water mixtures at temperature/pressure conditions relevant to ES-SAGD.
Longitudinal Evaluation of Retinal Ganglion Cell Function and IOP in the DBA/2J Mouse Model of Glaucoma (2007)

Results indicate that inner retina function in DBA/2J mice progressively decreases after 3 months of age, and it is nearly abolished by 10 to 11 months, whereas outer retina function shows little change and the RNFL thickness is relatively spared. This result suggests that surviving RGCs may not be functional. Progression of inner retinal dysfunction is strongly associated with increased IOP.
Application of multistatic inversion algorithms to landmine detection (2006)

Multi-static ground-penetrating radar (GPR) uses an array of antennas to conduct a number of bistatic operations simultaneously. The multi-static GPR is used to obtain more information on the target of interest using angular diversity. An entirely computer controlled, multi-static GPR consisting of a linear array of six resistively-loaded vee dipoles (RVDs), a network analyzer, and a microwave switch matrix was developed to investigate the potential of multi-static inversion algorithms. The performance of a multi-static inversion algorithm is evaluated for targets buried in clean sand, targets buried under the ground covered by rocks, and targets held above the ground (in the air) using styrofoam supports. A synthetic-aperture, multi-static, time-domain GPR imaging algorithm is extended from conventional mono-static back-projection techniques and used to process the data. Good results are obtained for the clean surface and air targets; however, for targets buried under rocks, only the deeply buried targets could be accurately detected and located.
Radioimmunoguided surgery challenges traditional decision making in patients with primary colorectal cancer. (1992)

In conclusion, the RIGS system provides immediate staging information that impacts on therapeutic interventions, challenging the adequacy of traditional procedures alone for primary colorectal cancer exploration.
Temperature-Induced Changes in the Optical and Material Characteristics of HAMR Media COC and Its Effect on Recording Performance (2017)

The carbon overcoat (COC) on heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) media was deposited at increasing temperature. The optical extinction (k) of this media was measured with ellipsometry and found to increase with temperature from 0.2 to 0.9 over the temperature range from 220 °C to 360 °C. Raman spectroscopy of these COC surfaces had an increasing G-peak position and decreasing G-peak width along with an increasing I(D)/I(G). An increasing sp <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ring/chain and aromatic cluster size and decreasing optical gap were inferred from these changing parameters. HAMR writing on this media was found to require incrementally less laser power (from 100% to 92%) with increasing optical extinction to attain a fixed track width. This was determined to be due to the increased imaginary component of the dielectric function in this film (2nk). The SNR of these written tracks was observed to improve by approximately 0.65 dB with deposition temperature. A finite-element method model of the head and media showed that the thermal gradient of the hot spot in the media increases with optical extinction and increases the SNR. A small decrease in the COC density with temperature was observed and was calculated to further decrease the COC thermal conductivity and thus enhance the increased thermal gradient.
Increased Transcription Levels Induce Higher Mutation Rates in a Hypermutating Cell Line (2001)

Somatic hypermutation, in addition to V(D)J recombination, is the other major mechanism that generates the vast diversity of the Ab repertoire. Point mutations are introduced in the variable region of the Ig genes at a million-fold higher rate than in the rest of the genome. We have used a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based reversion assay to determine the role of transcription in the mutation mechanism of the hypermutating cell line 18-81. A GFP transgene containing a premature stop codon is transcribed from the inducible tet-on operon. Using the inducible promoter enables us to study the mutability of the GFP transgene at different transcription levels. By analyzing stable transfectants of a hypermutating cell line with flow cytometry, the mutation rate at the premature stop codon can be measured by the appearance of GFP-positive revertant cells. Here we show that the mutation rate of the GFP transgene correlates with its transcription level. Increased transcription levels of the GFP transgene caused an increased point mutation rate at the premature stop codon. Treating a hypermutating transfection clone with trichostatin A, a specific inhibitor of histone deacetylase, caused an additional 2-fold increase in the mutation rate. Finally, using Northern blot analysis we show that the activation-induced cytidine deaminase, an essential trans-factor for the in vivo hypermutation mechanism, is transcribed in the hypermutating cell line 18-81.
Coupling Method for Making Space Light into Single-Mode Fiber Based on Laser Nutation (2016)

Based on the theory of mode-field matching, the relationship between coupling efficiency and jitter amplitude, radius ratio of Airy disk and single-mode fiber mode field is analyzed. In order to reduce the effect of random angle jitter on coupling efficiency, an automatic coupling scheme for making space light into single-mode fiber based on laser nutation is designed. The miss distance is calculated by data acquisition card and the offset voltage is output. The influence factors of algrithm precision and the relationship between laser nutation signal frequency and jitter frequency are analyzed. The feasibility of the algorithm is verified by Matlab simulation and experiments. Accuracy of miss distance angle is about 3 murad obtained by experiment. The system feasibility is verified by space laser communication system. The coupling efficiency of the system is 67% when there is no disturbance, and it is improved by 6.5% when the disturbance is introduced and the control system is used to compensate the disturbance. The system response speed reaches 40 Hz. The coupling system is simple in structure and accurate in control algorithm. The controller signal processing speed is fast, and it has a great significance on the coupling of space light to single mode optical fiber.
<title>Micromechanically controlled diffraction: a new tool for spectroscopy</title> (2000)

The control of optical wavefronts can be accomplished in many ways and a wide array of static optical components have been developed to address this task. However, for many applications, the use of static optics limits the usefulness of the system. With the recent development of advanced micromachining methods, a new degree of flexibility has been introduced. The application of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technologies to the field of optics has opened new doors for reconfigurable surfaces which can control the reflection, transmission or diffraction of light. This paper will present one such class of devices based on the patented MEMS Compound Grating (MCG) in which a mechanical structure is created that can alter the diffractive behavior of the device through the active reconfigurration of the surface. The rulings of the MCG consist of doubly constrained beams with a custom electrode structure for controlled electrostatic adjustment. Using this ability to actively influence the diffraction of incoming light, increased information can be extracted without the addition of extra optical components. For example, this unique feature can resolve the order- wavelength uncertainty in as spectral instrument thus removing the limitation of free spectral range typical of spectrometers based on conventional diffraction gratings. This ability has implications for a wide variety of optically based sensor systems. The current status of the MCG development will be presented including materials and performance issues and initial integration into both commercial and custom, prototype spectrometers.
Adaptive image scaling based on local edge directions (2010)

An image scaling process is necessary when the resolution of a stream image is different from the screen resolution of a digital display device. Image scaling addresses the problem of generating an image of new resolution from a source image. Conventional image interpolation methods suffer blurring problems in edge regions, so it is hard to produce sharp and clear visual effects. In this paper, we propose an adaptive image interpolation algorithm which keeps the edges sharp and provides good image quality. In the region around a pixel to be interpolated this algorithm checks whether there is an edge or not. An interpolation method is then selected according to the existence and the direction of an edge in that region. Experimental results demonstrate that good image quality can be achieved.
Low-Noise Millimeter-Wave Receivers (1977)

Over the past several years, significant improvements have been made in solid-state devices (that is, avalanche diodes, Gunn diodes, varactors, mixer diodes, etc.) that have enhanced the overall capability and low-noise performance of millimeter-wave receivers. With these improved devices, it is now possible to configure completely solid-state low-noise millimeter-wave receivers. As is similar in the microwave region, low-noise parametric amplifiers, broad-band low-conversion-loss mixers, and solid-state local oscillators are now available. Furthermore, cryogenically cooled parametric amplifiers and mixers are also being developed that will result in achieving the ultimate in system sensitivity. With the flexibility offered by these completely solid-state millimeter-wave components, it is now possible to design the optimum system configuration for the intended application whether it be an advanced communication system, a sophisticated EW application, a RADAR system, a radiometric system, or satisfying any of the numerous receiver requirements that are being evolved. This paper explores the trends that are being developed in the millimeter-wave region and their application to system design. The performance criterion of various receiver systems and their sensitivity requirements are presented. A review of the system operating noise temperature concept and the method by which it can be determined and its applicability to low-noise components is demonstrated. A review of the state-of-the-art of low-noise systems and experimental data obtained in the millimeter-wave region is also presented.
Applications of vibrational tags in biological imaging by Raman microscopy (2017)

As a superb tool to visualize and study the spatial-temporal distribution of chemicals, Raman microscopy has made a big impact in many disciplines of science. While label-free imaging has been the prevailing strategy in Raman microscopy, recent development and applications of vibrational/Raman tags, particularly when coupled with stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, have generated intense excitement in biomedical imaging. SRS imaging of vibrational tags has enabled researchers to study a wide range of small biomolecules with high specificity, sensitivity and multiplex capability, at a single live cell level, tissue level or even in vivo. As reviewed in this article, this platform has facilitated imaging distribution and dynamics of small molecules such as glucose, lipids, amino acids, nucleic acids, and drugs that are otherwise difficult to monitor with other means. As both the vibrational tags and Raman instrumental development progress rapidly and synergistically, we anticipate that this technique will shed light onto an even broader spectrum of biomedical problems.
Monolithic integration of a nuclear radiation sensor and transistors on high-purity silicon (1990)

The physical operation of nuclear radiation sensors is briefly reviewed. A description is given of a typical experimental measurement-system setup, which can be divided into two parts: the application-specific part (including the detector and its associated electronics) and the computer-interfaced part (consisting of a multichannel analyzer). A number of recent improvements in the system design are discussed, and an extended description and a physical example are given of one of the most promising new ideas-the monolithic integration of both the radiation sensor and its associated electronics on one high-ohmic silicon substrate. The results proved to be a stimulus for making nuclear radiation sensors smart enough for direct digital input into computer systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Spontaneous oscillation in cell adhesion and stiffness measured using atomic force microscopy (2018)

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an attractive technique for studying biomechanical and morphological changes in live cells. Using real-time AFM monitoring of cellular mechanical properties, spontaneous oscillations in cell stiffness and cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) have been found. However, the lack of automated analytical approaches to systematically extract oscillatory signals, and noise filtering from a large set of AFM data, is a significant obstacle when quantifying and interpreting the dynamic characteristics of live cells. Here we demonstrate a method that extends the usage of AFM to quantitatively investigate live cell dynamics. Approaches such as singular spectrum analysis (SSA), and fast Fourier transform (FFT) were introduced to analyze a real-time recording of cell stiffness and the unbinding force between the ECM protein-decorated AFM probe and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The time series cell adhesion and stiffness data were first filtered with SSA and the principal oscillatory components were isolated from the noise floor with the computed eigenvalue from the lagged-covariance matrix. Following the SSA, the oscillatory parameters were detected by FFT from the noise-reduced time series data sets and the sinusoidal oscillatory components were constructed with the parameters obtained by FFT.
Interleukin-18 Primes the Oxidative Burst of Neutrophils in Response to Formyl-Peptides: Role of Cytochrome b558 Translocation and N-Formyl Peptide Receptor Endocytosis (2005)

Using flow cytometry, we observed that interleukin-18 (IL-18) primed human neutrophils (PMNs) in whole blood to produce superoxide anion (O2 degrees-) in response to N-formyl peptide (fMLP) stimulation, whereas IL-18 alone had no significant effect. In contrast to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), which is a cytokine known to strongly prime O2 degrees- production, IL-18 did not induce either p47phox phosphorylation or its translocation from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. However, IL-18 increased PMN degranulation, as shown by increased levels of cytochrome b558 and CD11b expression at the PMN surface. Moreover, addition of IL-18 to whole blood for 45 min reduced the ability of PMNs to bind to fMLP, suggesting endocytosis of fMLP receptors, as visualized by confocal microscopy. 2,3-Butanedione 2-monoxime, which inhibits endosomal recycling of plasma membrane components back to the cell surface, concomitantly accentuated the diminution of fMLP binding at the PMN surface and increased IL-18 priming of O2 degrees- production by PMNs in response to fMLP. This suggests that fMLP receptor endocytosis could account, at least in part, for the priming of O2 degrees- production. In addition, genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and SB203580, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) inhibitor, completely reversed the decreased level of fMLP binding and increased the level of CD11b expression after IL-18 treatment. Flow cytometric analysis of intact PMNs in whole blood showed that IL-18 increased p38MAPK phosphorylation and tyrosine phosphorylation. In particular, IL-18 induced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (p125FAK), which has been implicated in cytoskeleton reorganization. Taken together, our findings suggest several mechanisms that are likely to regulate cytokine-induced priming of the oxidative burst in PMNs in their blood environment.
High-throughput fabrication of compact and flexible bilayer nanowire grid polarizers for deep-ultraviolet to infrared range (2014)

The authors present the design and fabrication of a bilayer metallic wire-grid polarizer with a period of 80 nm on a flexible polymeric substrate optimized for broadband operation ranging from the infrared down to the deep-ultraviolet range. Their high-throughput fabrication over large areas is realized by nanoimprint lithography by producing the imprint master stamps using extreme ultraviolet interference lithography. Optical measurements show that the fabricated bilayer polarizer covers a broad spectral range, starting from wavelength of 280 nm. Transverse magnetic transmission of 70% and an extinction ratio of 30 dB were realized.