gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heat Denaturation Profiles of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (Rubisco) and Rubisco Activase and the Inability of Rubisco Activase to Restore Activity of Heat-Denatured Rubisco (1997)

We compared the heat-denaturation profiles of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and Rubisco activase and further examined the ability of Rubisco activase to restore the activity of heat-denatured Rubisco originally reported (E. Sanchez de Jimenez, L. Medrano, and E. Martinez-Barajas [1995] Biochemistry 34: 2826-2831). Rubisco was heat-treated in both the carbamylated and uncarbamylated forms and in the presence and absence of 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT). Both forms were highly resistant to heat denaturation and further protection was gained in the presence of DTT. A 50% loss in total activity occurred after 1 h at 57.5 and 55.2[deg]C for uncarbamylated Rubisco and at 60.2 and 59.6[deg]C for carbamylated Rubisco, in each case with and without DTT, respectively. In contrast, Rubisco activase lost 50% activity after only 5 min at 33[deg]C and the loss in activity was not affected by the presence of Rubisco. When Rubisco, heat-denatured to various extents, was incubated at room temperature with Rubisco activase or bovine serum albumin as a control, Rubisco activase did not have a significant specific ability to restore Rubisco activity. We conclude that Rubisco activase alone does not have the ability to restore the activity of heat-denatured Rubisco and is unlikely to protect or restore Rubisco activity from heat denaturation in vivo because it is more heat-labile than Rubisco.
Expression of 16 Nitrogenase Proteins within the Plant Mitochondrial Matrix (2017)

The industrial production and use of nitrogenous fertilizer involves significant environmental and economic costs. Strategies to reduce fertilizer dependency are required to address the world's increasing demand for sustainable food, fibers, and biofuels. Biological nitrogen fixation, a process unique to diazatrophic bacteria, is catalyzed by the nitrogenase complex, and reconstituting this function in plant cells is an ambitious biotechnological strategy to reduce fertilizer use. Here we establish that the full array of biosynthetic and catalytic nitrogenase (Nif) proteins from the diazotroph <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> can be individually expressed as mitochondrial targeting peptide (MTP)-Nif fusions in <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i>. We show that these are correctly targeted to the plant mitochondrial matrix, a subcellular location with biochemical and genetic characteristics potentially supportive of nitrogenase function. Although Nif proteins B, D, E, F, H, J, K, M, N, Q, S, U, V, X, Y, and Z were all detectable by Western blot analysis, the NifD catalytic component was the least abundant. To address this problem, a translational fusion between NifD and NifK was designed based on the crystal structure of the nitrogenase MoFe protein heterodimer. This fusion protein enabled equimolar NifD:NifK stoichiometry and improved NifD expression levels in plants. Finally, four MTP-Nif fusion proteins (B, S, H, Y) were successfully co-expressed, demonstrating that multiple components of nitrogenase can be targeted to plant mitochondria. These results establish the feasibility of reconstituting the complete componentry for nitrogenase in plant cells, within an intracellular environment that could support the conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonia.
3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine prevents induction of murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in C57BL/10 mice infected with LP-BM5 murine leukemia viruses, a possible animal model for antiretroviral drug screening (1990)

Adult C57BL/10 mice (H-2b Fv-1b) inoculated with LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus develop a disease which has many features in common with human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), in particular abnormal lymphoproliferation and severe immunodeficiency. In the present study, we examined the possibility that this murine AIDS (MAIDS) model would be useful for evaluating antiretrovirus drugs in vivo through the use of a well-defined antiretrovirus drug, the reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor (H. Mitsuya, K.J. Weinhold, P.A. Furman, M.H. St. Claire, S. Nusinoff-Lehrman, R.C. Gallo, D. Bolognesi, D.W. Barry, and S. Broder, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:7096-7100, 1985) 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT). We evaluated the effect of AZT treatment on de novo virus infection as well as on the induction of immunodeficiency by various parameters, including RT activity in serum, splenomegaly, proliferative responses against alloantigens and mitogens, soluble-antigen-presenting cell activity, and immunoglobulin G levels in serum. Our results demonstrated that AZT treatment of C57BL/10 mice infected with LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus efficiently prevented the induction of immunodeficiency if started at the time of virus inoculation. Starting AZT treatment 1 week later provided only a partial protective effect. Starting AZT treatment 2 weeks later was associated with suppression of RT activity in serum but no prevention of immunosuppression. This MAIDS model may allow rapid and cost-effective screening for antiretrovirus drugs targeted against retroviral functions shared between human AIDS and MAIDS, such as those encoded by gag, pol, or env.
The Life Cycle of Rules (1979)

This article examines rules from the organizational perspective and also discusses their impact on organization members. The authors address three areas that are traditionally studied when examining rules, which are, rule making, rule adherence and rule deviation. In examining these areas the authors discuss how rules fulfill individual as well as organizational needs. They also suggest that rules serve the organization by reducing the variability of human behavior and by making it easier to predict the results of organizational activities. They examine instances where rule adherence is high as well as instances that lead to rule deviation. The authors suggest that deviation usually occurs when rules become outdated and a change in necessary.
Recent Optimization Highlights of the Georgywood Process (2006)

Alternative procedures to the industrial process by which Georgywood® is presently prepared on a multiton scale have been investigated. These give the crucial homomyrcene precursor 5a and target compound 1 with greatly improved selectivities. Homomyrcene 5a was prepared with much better yield and selectivity by converting methylgeraniol 4 into an allylic carbonate, followed by a solvent-free palladium-catalyzed 1,4-elimination. In the final 1,5-diene cyclization, excellent selectivities were achieved by replacing Brønsted acid H3PO4 by meAlcl2. This requires preparation, safety measures and an in-situ conversion of stoichiometric amounts of the pyrophoric Lewis acid. Recently, an in situ preparation of MeAICI2 from AIMe3 and its catalytic use became possible.
Bitmap algorithms for counting active flows on high speed links (2003)

This paper presents a family of bitmap algorithms that address the problem of counting the number of distinct header patterns (flows) seen on a high speed link. Such counting can be used to detect DoS attacks and port scans, and to solve measurement problems. Counting is especially hard when processing must be done within a packet arrival time (8 nsec at OC-768 speeds) and, hence, must require only a small number of accesses to limited, fast memory. A naive solution that maintains a hash table requires several Mbytes because the number of flows can be above a million. By contrast, our new probabilistic algorithms take very little memory and are fast. The reduction in memory is particularly important for applications that run multiple concurrent counting instances. For example, we replaced the port scan detection component of the popular intrusion detection system Snort with one of our new algorithms. This reduced memory usage on a ten minute trace from 50 Mbytes to 5.6 Mbytes while maintaining a 99.77% probability of alarming on a scan within 6 seconds of when the large-memory algorithm would. The best known prior algorithm (probabilistic counting) takes 4 times more memory on port scan detection and 8 times more on a measurement application. Fundamentally, this is because our algorithms can be customized to take advantage of special features of applications such as a large number of instances that have very small counts or prior knowledge of the likely range of the count.
Malignant lymphomas in transplantation patients. (1969)

Malignant lymphomas developed in 5 renal homograft recipients treated at 3 widely separated transplantation centers. The development of these tumors appears to be an indirect complication of organ transplantation and/or the measures taken to prevent rejection.
Seed Storage Protein Transcription and mRNA Levels in <i>Brassica napus</i> during Development and in Response to Exogenous Abscisic Acid (1989)

Transcription rates and mRNA levels for Brassica napus seed storage protein families, cruciferin and napin, have been determined in embryos developing in the seed, as well as in embryos cultured with and without abscisic acid. Cruciferin and napin mRNAs are high during the cell expansion phase of embryo development, representing as much as 11 and 8%, respectively, of the total embryo mRNA. During the same time cruciferin and napin gene transcription rates, as measured in isolated nuclei, are also high. The data indicate that cruciferin mRNA is more stable than napin mRNA because while the napin transcription rate is higher than the cruciferin transcription rate, the cruciferin mRNA accumulates to higher levels. However, late in embryo development, both cruciferin and napin mRNAs seem to be less stable than earlier because comparable transcription rates result in lower mRNA levels. When embryos are cultured in the presence of abscisic acid, the levels of cruciferin and napin mRNAs are two- to threefold higher than in embryos cultured on basal medium. The transcription rates show a similar increase in the presence of abscisic acid, suggesting that abscisic acid is responsible for the increased mRNA level at least in part through an increase in the transcription rate of the two genes.
Edge-based split-and-merge superpixel segmentation (2015)

Superpixels are an oversegmentation of an image and popularly used as a preprocessing in many computer vision applications. Many state-of-the-art superpixel segmentation algorithms rely either on minimizing special energy functions or on clustering pixels in the effective distance space. While in this paper, we introduce a novel algorithm to produce superpixels based on the edge map by utilizing a split-andmerge strategy. Firstly, we obtain the initial superpixels with uniform size and shape. Secondly, in the splitting stage, we find all possible splitting contours for each superpixel by overlapping the boundaries of this superpixel with the edge map, and then choose the best one to split it which ensure the superpixels produced by this splitting are dissimilarity in color and similarity in size. Thirdly, in the merging stage, the Bhattacharyya distance between two color histograms in the RGB space for each pair of adjacent superpixels is computed to evaluate their color similarity for merging superpixels. At last, we iterate the split-and-merge steps until no superpixels have changed. Experimental results on the Berkeley Segmentation Dataset (BSD) show that the proposed algorithm can achieve a good performance compared with the state-of-the-art superpixel segmentation algorithms.
Rapid kinetic characterization of hammerhead ribozymes by real-time monitoring of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) (1999)

In established methods for analyzing ribozyme kinetics, radiolabeled RNA substrates are primarily used. Each data point requires the cumbersome sampling, gel electrophoretic separation, and quantitation of reaction products, apart from the continuous loss of substrate by radioactive decay. We have used stable, double fluorescent end-labeled RNA substrates. Fluorescence of one fluorophore is quenched by intramolecular energy transfer (FRET). Upon substrate cleavage, both dyes become separated in two RNA products and fluorescence is restored. This can be followed in real time and ribozyme reactions can be analyzed under multiple (substrate excess) and under single (ribozyme excess) turnover conditions. A detailed comparison of unlabeled, single, and double fluorescent-labeled RNAs revealed moderate kinetic differences. Results with two systems, hammerhead ribozymes in I/II (small ribozyme, large substrate) and in I/III format (large ribozyme, small substrate), are reported.
Automatic Assessment of Infants' Levels-of-Distress from the Cry Signals (1996)

It has long been an attractive prospect to monitor and assess infants' physical and emotional well-being by analyz- ing their cries. The feasibility of such an approach depends on the introduction of modern computer signal processing technology into infant cry research. In this paper, we first discuss the issue of quantifying the distress level of infants. We propose the use of a single item-the level of distress (L0D)-to describe parents' perceptual assess- ment of infants' distress situation from cry sounds. Then, we introduce the concept of cry modes and cry mode sequences to efficiently represent the time-frequency characteristics of infant cries. With the introduction of the cry mode representation scheme, a composite parameter-the H -value-is established as a descrip- tor of the LOD. The H-value can be derived from the cry sound signal. In our experiment, the H-value showed strong consistency with the parents' LOD rating. Finally, an automatic cry analysis system based on hidden Markov models (HMM's) is explained. This system automatically estimates the W-value from a cry sound signal. Testing with 58 different cries uttered by infants under various degrees of stimulation has shown that this HMM-based system is able to give assessments of the distress level of infants consistent with the perceptions of experienced parents. This work provides the basis for the design of automated devices for the monitoring and evaluation of cries of normal and sick infants.
Lithium Storage Mechanism of Disordered Mesophase Carbon Fibers Studied by [sup 7]Li-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (2002)

To clarify the lithium storage states in disordered carbon materials for Li-ion secondary batteries -nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of mesophase carbon fibers were measured. The CV obtained with mesophase carbon fibers fired at 800°C showed two peaks positioned in different potential regions. A sharp peak appearing at about 0.03-0.2 V vs. is attributed to lithium accommodation in the crystallites having a graphite structure and a broad one in the range of 0.2 to 1.2 V is attributed to the disorder site. In contrast, spectra of the 800°C sample gave only a single peak, which shifted from 0 ppm at 0.8 V to 16 ppm at 30 mV depending on the charging level of lithium. Similar aspects of the spectra shift were also observed in a series of fully charged mesophase carbon fibers prepared at different firing temperatures. These results indicate that the rate of the exchange of lithium between the two different sites, the edge/surface site and intercalated site, is too fast to differentiate the different states. This suggests that there is a possibility of realizing a high capacity and high power anode for Li-ion secondary batteries based on a low-temperature mesophase carbon. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Development of Novel Quaternary Ammonium Linkers for Antibody–Drug Conjugates (2016)

A quaternary ammonium-based drug-linker has been developed to expand the scope of antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) payloads to include tertiary amines, a functional group commonly present in biologically active compounds. The linker strategy was exemplified with a β-glucuronidase-cleavable auristatin E construct. The drug-linker was found to efficiently release free auristatin E (AE) in the presence of β-glucuronidase and provide ADCs that were highly stable in plasma. Anti-CD30 conjugates comprised of the glucuronide-AE linker were potent and immunologically specific in vitro and in vivo, displaying pharmacologic properties comparable with a carbamate-linked glucuronide-monomethylauristatin E control. The quaternary ammonium linker was then applied to a tubulysin antimitotic drug that contained an N-terminal tertiary amine that was important for activity. A glucuronide-tubulysin quaternary ammonium linker was synthesized and evaluated as an ADC payload, in which the resulting conjugates were found to be potent and immunologically specific in vitro, and displayed a high level of activity in a Hodgkin lymphoma xenograft. Furthermore, the results were superior to those obtained with a related tubulysin derivative containing a secondary amine N-terminus for conjugation using previously known linker technology. The quaternary ammonium linker represents a significant advance in linker technology, enabling stable conjugation of payloads with tertiary amine residues. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 938-45. ©2016 AACR.
Selective Solubilization of Polynuclear Aromatics (PNA's) in Aqueous Media (1988)

Abstract The use of 2,4,7-trinitrofluoren-9-one (TNF) or a TNF derivative, 9-dicyanomethylene-2,4,7-trinitrofluorene (DTF), as an agent for complexing various aromatics has been well documented (1–4).
High-speed and low-power interconnect technology for sub-quarter-micron ASIC's (1997)

The optimum interconnect structure for high-speed and low-power sub-quarter-micron Application Specified Integrated Circuits (ASIC's) is investigated. High-speed and low-power scaling rules for the interconnect structures are extracted statistically from the wiring data in actual ASIC's. Adopting the scaling rule for a 0.25-/spl mu/m ASIC enables us to reduce the gate delay by 23% and the gate power by 31% compared to conventional (horizontal only) scaling rule. A low-dielectric-constant interlayer insulator further reduces both the gate delay and power by reducing wiring capacitance. A 0.25-/spl mu/m interconnect structure was fabricated by adopting the "high-speed and low-power interconnect scaling rule" and using organic spin-on-glass (SOG) as a low-dielectric-constant interlayer insulator. According to equivalent-circuit calculation using the measured interconnect parameters, the gate delay was reduced by 39% and the gate power was reduced by 47% compared to a conventional interconnect structure.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SOME BENZOTHIAZOLE DERIVATIVES OF EXPECTED BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY (1984)

Abstract Aus dem Benzthiazolylmalonaldehyd werden die Heterocyclen (III) und (‐V‐) hergestellt.
Gated capacitor store for t.c.m. transmission (1964)

In time-compression multiplex (t.c.m.) transmission, the signals of the channels are scanned and the samples are stored before being transmitted at high speed. A store that can be used in t.c.m. systems is described in the paper. Each channel sample is stored as charge on a capacitor. These capacitors are connected to common input and output leads through diode gates.A theoretical analysis is made of the operation of the store. It is shown that its frequency response is adversely affected by residual charges left by previous samples. These can be removed by using erase pulses. The theory was confirmed by experiments on a model store with 32 storage elements per channel. The leakage current of the diodes used was found to limit the noise performance of the store.
Stable Ultraviolet Light Absorbers (1957)

It has been found that many substituted benzophenones are very effective as ab sorbing agents for ultraviolet light. Unlike most organic compounds which have been used for this purpose, this new class of absorbers is quite resistant to degradation. The physical properties and uses of these ultraviolet absorbers are discussed in detail. The ultraviolet component of solar radiation extends from 400 down to about 290 mμ. A major objective in the development of stable organic absorbers has been to achieve a maximum of ultraviolet absorbing power with a minimum of visible color. A variety of interesting applications have been found for these absorbers. They may be used in protective coatings or filters to protect substrates from ultraviolet light. They are usually quite effective as stabilizers when incorporated in ultraviolet sensitive materials. There are many potential applications of ultraviolet absorbers in the textile industry. They could be incorporated in fabric coatings or in finishes applied to yarns or fabrics that are known to degrade in outdoor exposure because of ultraviolet light. They can improve markedly the light fastness of those dyes which are faded by ultra violet light. Some of the problems involved in these applications are discussed.
AUTONOMOUS UNMANNED HELICOPTER SYSTEM FOR REMOTE SENSING MISSIONS IN UNKNOWN ENVIRONMENTS (2012)

Abstract. This paper presents the design of an autonomous unmanned helicopter system for low-altitude remote sensing. The proposed concepts and methods are generic and not limited to a speciﬁc helicopter. The development was driven by the need for a dependable, modular, and affordable system with sufﬁcient payload capacity suitable for both research and real-world deployment. The helicopter can be safely operated without a backup pilot in a contained area beyond visual range. This enables data collection in inaccessible or dangerous areas. Thanks to its terrain following and obstacle avoidance capability, the system does not require a priori information about terrain elevation and obstacles. Missions are speciﬁed in state diagrams and ﬂight plans. We present performance characteristics of our system and show results of its deployment in real-world scenarios. We have successfully completed several dozen infrastructure inspection missions and crop monitoring missions facilitating plant phenomics studies.
Thermal stability of hafnium–silicate and plasma-nitrided hafnium silicate films studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (2005)

Structure and bonding changes in ultrathin hafnium–silicate (HfSiO) and plasma-nitrided HfSiO (HfSiON) films as a result of thermal annealing are presented. To track these changes, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy were used. It is shown that for films with a given Si content, HfSiON films have superior thermal stability compared to the corresponding HfSiO films. It is also demonstrated that besides giving chemical state changes for the thin-film constituents, FTIR can also be used to track interfacial SiO2 growth as well as phase separation in ultrathin high-κ films resulting from thermal annealing.
Analysis and characterization of an electrostatically actuated in-plane parylene microvalve (2011)

This paper presents analysis and implementation of a simple electrostatic microvalve designed for use in parylene-based lab-on-a-chip devices. The microvalve utilizes an in-plane collapsing diaphragm. To investigate the pull-in behavior of the diaphragm and flow characteristics, a thorough analysis is carried out using the finite element method. Microvalves with different diaphragm radii are fabricated using surface micromachining techniques. Pull-in tests are carried out under the no-flow condition with air, oil and water as the working fluid. Test results show that the pull-in occurs around 20 V for 450 mu m radius diaphragms with oil and air. However, it is not possible to observe pull-in up to 100 V (both ac and dc) for the case of water as the working fluid, due to its relatively high dielectric constant and conductivity. The flow tests show that no leakage flow was observed up to 4 kPa inlet pressure under 85 V actuation potential. The leakage ratio becomes 17% at 10 kPa inlet pressure. It is observed that the leakage can be reduced controllably by increasing the actuation potential, enabling the precise control of the flow rate.