gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic relationships among species of <i>Saccharomyces</i>, <i>Schizosaccharomyces</i>, <i>Debaryomyces</i> and <i>Schwanniomyces</i> determined from partial ribosomal RNA sequences (1991)

Species of the genera Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Debaryomyces and Schwanniomyces were compared from their extent of divergence in three regions from small (18S) and large (25S) subunit ribosomal RNAs comprising a total of 900 nucleotides. With the exception of the closely related Saccharomyces bayanus and S. pastorianus, which appear to have identical sequences, all other species could be distinguished by nucleotide differences in a variable region of the large subunit, and genus-specific nucleotides were discernible in all three regions. The taxon D. tamarii differed markedly from other species and is excluded from Debaryomyces. By contrast, Schwanniomyces occidentalis showed few nucleotide differences with Debaryomyces spp. and its transfer to Debaryomyces is proposed. Schizosaccharomyces proved to be somewhat more divergent than Saccharomyces and Debaryomyces, but species differences appear insufficient for dividing the genus. Some of the factors influencing estimates of phylogenetic distances from rRNA sequences are discussed.
MITOTIC ACTIVITY IN THE CAMBIAL ZONE OF PINUS STROBUS (1966)

Mitotic activity in the cambial zone of 20‐year‐old Pinus strobus L. trees was determined quantitatively, using mitotic counts from serial tangential sections of sample pieces. Counts from nine cores 1.6 mm in diameter from each sample piece were averaged and expressed as the number of mitoses per core with the sampling error. Estimation of the number of cambial zone cells per core permitted calculation of mitotic indices. In the fourth internode from the ground the first mitoses were observed on April 15 and the last on September 15. The number of mitoses per sample piece was comparable throughout each internode at any one sampling, but the number was higher in internodes within the crown than in those below it. Mitotic index was not appreciably higher within the crown, but it decreased from 3.7 in spring to 2.0 in fall. An internode in the crown sampled May 11–13 showed afternoon peaks in mitotic activity, but an internode below the crown showed no peaks, nor did other internodes sampled later in the season.
Combination of a polyaniline anode and doped charge transport layers for high-efficiency organic light emitting diodes (2007)

Up to now, most organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) have utilized inorganic materials as transport anodes. In this study, we show that conductive polymers are suitable for this purpose as well. Polyaniline anodes, with a conductivity of 200 S/cm, are used to inject holes into the adjacent organic layers. Due to electrical doping of the electron and hole transport layer with an intrinsic emission layer sandwiched in between (pin-OLED), the devices reach high luminance at low voltage. The phosphorescent emitters Ir(MDQ)2(acac) and Ir(ppy)3, as well as the fluorescent emitter Spiro-DPVBi, are implemented within pin-OLEDs using a polyaniline anode. By the use of different host materials, a green double-emitting OLED is demonstrated and compared to the corresponding single emission layer device. Furthermore, a white OLED combining fluorescent and phosphorescent emitting layers is presented, reaching 8.9 lm/W at 1000 cd∕m2. The results demonstrate an efficient charge carrier injection from the polymer into the p-type doped hole transport layer, leading to good power efficiencies of the OLEDs.
Evaluation of Five Methods for the Determination of Heparin (1975)

Heparin was added in vitro to plasma and the heparin content assayed by five clotting methods. The accuracy was lower in pathological than in normal plasma. At a heparin concentration of 0.5 U/ml plasma the coefficient of variation in eleven pathological plasmas was: Polybrene titration 3 per cent, method of Denson and Bonnar 15 per cent, method of Yin et al. 20 per cent, calcium thrombin time 40 per cent. With the APTT method the results ranged from 0.05 U/ml to above 0.6 U/ml (no clotting in five pathological plasmas). At a heparin concentration of 0.05 U/ml plasma, only the calcium thrombin time and the factor Xa methods were sensitive, but the coefficient of variation ranged from 61 to 78 per cent. The influence of the concentration of fibrinogen, antithrombin III and α1-acid glucoprotein was studied. It is concluded that of the methods tested, only polybrene titration gives accurate results in pathological plasmas. This method is, however, laborious and insensitive to heparin concentrations below 0.1 U/ml.
Development of CAD tools for nanomagnetic logic devices (2012)

ABSTRACT Single‐domain models are widely used for the approximate description of nanoscale magnetic switching. The goal of this article is to demonstrate them as a computationally efficient and physically established tool for the modeling and design of nanomagnetic logic (NML) devices. We introduce a systematic method for deriving single‐domain parameters from numerical magnetic field calculations and investigate the validity of the single‐domain description for lithographically fabricated nanomagnets in the sub‐100‐nm size range. We illustrate how a library of NML building blocks can be constructed and aid the design of complex circuitry. It will be demonstrated how single‐domain models can be used to understand error formation in NML structures. The methods described here serve as a theoretical framework for a Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE)‐like modeling tool for NML devices. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of creep constitutive equation by creep indentation test using cylindrical indenter (2020)

The creep exponent, n, and creep coefficient, k, in Norton’s law characterizes the creep deformation of a high-temperature material. For identifying the creep constants, the uniaxial creep test is generally conducted. However, it is required to prepare many round-type cylindrical specimens. As an alternative to the uniaxial creep test, we proposed the indentation creep test using a spherical ball. However, this creep test has to be interrupted to evaluate the progression of impression size with dwelling time. To prevent the need for such complicated procedure, a simple estimation method based on the indentation creep test using a cylindrical indenter was developed in this study. This method allows us to directly estimate the creep constants from the relationship between impression pressure and penetration rate, which can be continuously measured during testing. A fundamental formula was derived in this study based on a cavity model introduced by Johnson, and it was subsequently corrected using finite element analysis. To check verification of this method, the creep indentation test was conducted on pure aluminum A1050 plates using a cylindrical alumina indenter. It was confirmed that the creep constants estimated from the developed method perfectly coincide with those estimated by conventional methods such as the uniaxial creep and ball indentation tests. Furthermore, it was inferred that the testing procedure of the developed method is simpler than those of the other methods, which is an advantage of usage of this method.
Generation, Control, and Processing of Cellular Calcium Signals (2001)

In the course of evolution, Ca2+ has emerged as the most versatile intracellular messenger. Its concentration within cells is controlled by reversible binding to specific classes of proteins that act as Ca2+ sensors to decode its information before passing it on to targets. The decoding operation is based on specific conformational changes in the sensor proteins. Other proteins intrinsic to membranes simply control Ca2+ concentration without processing its message, by transporting it across membrane boundaries. They are located in the plasma membrane and in the membranes of the organelles (the endo(sarco)plasmic reticulum, the mitochondria, the nuclear envelope), which play distinctive roles in the cellular homeostasis of Ca2+. Ca2+ is an ambivalent signaling agent. It carries information to virtually all processes important to cell life (e.g., it couples excitation to contraction, secretion, gene transcription, and controls enzyme activity through protein phosphorylation-dephosphorylation), but also transmits signals that promote the programmed demise of cells. When escaping control, Ca2+ also precipitates toxic cell death.
The Tea Companion (1997)

The Tea Companion is an indispensable guide for the connoisseur. Authoritative, informative, and inspirational, it covers everything from how tea was first discovered to advice on where to buy it, how it should be stored, and how to make the perfect cup of tea. At the heart of the book is a country-by-country directory which is divided into four main parts. The first three sections look closely at 11 of the world's tea-producing nations. Profiles of recommended teas detail the essential brewing characteristics of flavor, aroma, and color, and also offer brewing hints and drinking recommendations so that you know how to make the most of your brew. The final section is a brief guide to the world's other tea-producing countries, from Argentina to Zimbabwe.
Application of C<SUB>60</SUB> Fullerene-Doxorubicin Complex for Tumor Cell Treatment <I>In</I> <I>Vitro</I> and <I>In</I> <I>Vivo</I> (2014)

Development of nanocarriers for effective drug delivery to molecular targets in tumor cells is a real problem in modern pharmaceutical chemistry. In the present work we used pristine C60 fullerene as a platform for delivery of anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) to its biological targets. The formation of a complex of C60 fullerene with Dox (C60 + Dox) is described and physico-chemical characteristics of such complex are presented. It was found that Dox conjugation with C60 fullerene leads to 1.5-2-fold increase in Dox toxicity towards various human tumor cell lines, compared with such effect when the drug is used alone. Cytotoxic activity of C60 + Dox complex is accompanied by an increased level of cell produced hydrogen peroxide at early time point (3 h) after its addition to cultured cells. At the same time, cellular production of superoxide radicals does not change in comparison with the effect of Dox alone. Cytomorphological studies have demonstrated that C60 + Dox complexes kill tumor cells by apoptosis induction. The results of in vivo experiments using Lewis lung carcinoma in mice confirmed the enhancement of the Dox toxicity towards tumor cells after drug complexation with C60 fullerene. The effect of such complex towards tumor-bearing mice was even more pronounced than that in the in vitro experiment with targeting human tumor cells. The tumor volume decreased by 2.5 times compared with the control, and an average life span of treated animals increased by 63% compared with control. The obtained results suggest a great perspective of application of C60 + Dox complexes for chemotherapy of malignant tumors.
The Bias of Estimators of Causal Spatial Autoregressive Processes (1993)

We study the asymptotic distribution of Yule-Walker and least squares estimators for twodimensional causal autoregressive processes observed on a rectangular part of a lattice. An explicit expression for the asymptotic bias of Yule-Walker estimators is obtained. It is shown that this bias disappears if we use the so-called unbiased sample autocovariance function or least squares estimators.
Performance and implementation of dynamic frequency hopping in limited-bandwidth cellular systems (2002)

We evaluate the performance of a previously proposed dynamic frequency hopping (DFH) when applied to cellular systems with a limited total bandwidth. We also illustrate a practical implementation for DFH deployment using network-assisted resource allocation (NARA). The performance evaluation is accomplished by system-level simulations of a system with 12 carriers and 1/1 frequency reuse, based on the EDGE-Compact specification. Voice-only circuit-switched operation is assumed. The fading channel, multicell interference, voice activity, and antenna sectorization are modeled. We present the performance of dynamic frequency hopping compared to random frequency hopping and fixed channel assignment by showing the distributions of the word error rates. The sensitivity to occupancy, Rayleigh fading assumptions, number of carriers, voice activity, and measurement errors are studied. We also compare the uplink and downlink performance. The results indicate that DFH can significantly improve the performance compared to random frequency hopping. For example, at a 2 % frame error rate with 90% coverage, the capacity improvement of DFH is almost 100% when compared with fixed channel assignment, and about 50% when compared to random frequency hopping. The amount of improvement for the uplink direction is smaller than the improvement for the downlink direction, especially for higher occupancies.
A Luminex Assay Detects Amyloid β Oligomers in Alzheimer’s Disease Cerebrospinal Fluid (2013)

Amyloid beta (aβ) protein assembles into larger protein aggregates during the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and there is increasing evidence that soluble aβ oligomers are a critical pathologic species. Diagnostic evaluations rely on the measurement of increased tau and decreased aβ42 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from AD patients and evidence for oligomeric aβ in patient CSF is conflicting. In this study, we have adapted a monoclonal single antibody sandwich ELISA assay to a Luminex platform and found that this assay can detect oligomerized aβ42 and sAPPα fragments. We evaluated oligomeric aβ reactivity in 20 patients with AD relative to 19 age matched controls and compared these values with a commercially available Alzbio3 kit that detects tau, phosphorylated tau and aβ42 on the same diagnostic platform. We found that CSF samples of patients with AD had elevated aβ oligomers compared to control subjects (p < 0.05) and the ratio of aβ oligomers to aβ42 was also significantly elevated (p < 0.0001). Further research to develop high sensitivity analytical platforms and rigorous methods of developing stable assay standards will be needed before the analysis of oligomeric aβ becomes a routine diagnostic assay for the evaluation of late onset AD patients.
User-driven automation for optimal thermal-zone layout during space programming phases (2015)

Although environmental performance-based methodologies are increasingly considered in the early design stages due to their potential for improving the final building performance, few studies have scrutinized the interoperation of floor-plan design and thermal zoning for the purpose of optimized building energy use and indoor comfort. The absence of effective tools, which aid designers incorporate an environmentally adapted thermal zoning into the space arrangement process, invokes the strong necessity for a new space layout design methodology based on optimal thermal zoning. Thus, this paper presents a highly practical decision support tool named EASL (Environmental Architecture Space Layout) optimizer to bridge the gap between thermal and spatial zoning within architectural workflows. In this software, performance evaluation using the whole building simulation tool (Ecotect) and zone-based layout creation techniques is integrated for the automated generation of an optimal geometry of space and envelope glazing, employing a simulated annealing algorithm. As a beta version, EASL uses typical office building space programmes and adopts four major performance criteria for evaluation such as annual energy use intensity, Predicted Mean Vote, daylight level, and room shading. Utilizing the tool provides two major strengths: (1) by introducing performance indicators to floor planning with an easy-to-use computerized interface during early design stages, architects can maximize the potential use of other sustainable strategies and technologies for later design decisions and (2) a time-efficient thermal zoning optimization process is achieved by exploring various scenarios that users are interested in testing. To this end, a case study was conducted of an office building located in South Korea using the developed simulation tool. The existing plan was tested to be rearranged and compared with the optimal layout obtained from EASL. The experimental findings demonstrate that this software can be implemented in practical operations, advancing early processes of design work, and be extended to embrace broader future applications to promote innovative environmental buildings.
Megakaryocytes possess a functional intrinsic apoptosis pathway that must be restrained to survive and produce platelets (2011)

It is believed that megakaryocytes undergo a specialized form of apoptosis to shed platelets. Conversely, a range of pathophysiological insults, including chemotherapy, are thought to cause thrombocytopenia by inducing the apoptotic death of megakaryocytes and their progenitors. To resolve this paradox, we generated mice with hematopoietic- or megakaryocyte-specific deletions of the essential mediators of apoptosis, Bak and Bax. We found that platelet production was unperturbed. In stark contrast, deletion of the prosurvival protein Bcl-x(L) resulted in megakaryocyte apoptosis and a failure of platelet shedding. This could be rescued by deletion of Bak and Bax. We examined the effect on megakaryocytes of three agents that activate the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in other cell types: etoposide, staurosporine, and the BH3 mimetic ABT-737. All three triggered mitochondrial damage, caspase activation, and cell death. Deletion of Bak and Bax rendered megakaryocytes resistant to etoposide and ABT-737. In vivo, mice with a Bak(-/-) Bax(-/-) hematopoietic system were protected against thrombocytopenia induced by the chemotherapeutic agent carboplatin. Thus, megakaryocytes do not activate the intrinsic pathway to generate platelets; rather, the opposite is true: they must restrain it to survive and progress safely through proplatelet formation and platelet shedding.
Basic Characterization of Suspended-core Microstrustured Polymer Optical Fiber (2007)

Microstructured polymer optical fibers are offering alternative approach to the conventional silica photonic crystal fibers. This kind of photonic crystal looks very promising in the field of telecommunications and sensing due to possible structure shapes and dopands, which are unreachable by more conventional techniques using silica. However this area is still in the beginning of research and we can only assume which properties will be useful and which will be necessary to restrain. Small part of this area hopefully uncovers this report focused on usability of suspended-core microstructured polymer optical fiber.
Increased fatty acid synthase is a therapeutic target in mesothelioma. (2001)

Many common human cancer tissues express high levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS), the primary enzyme for the synthesis of fatty acids, and the differential expression of FAS between normal and neoplastic tissues has led to the consideration of FAS as a target for anticancer therapy. To investigate the potential of targeting FAS for the treatment of pleural mesothelioma, we first determined whether FAS is overexpressed in human mesothelioma. By immunohistochemistry, we found 22 of 30 human mesothelioma tissue samples tested to express significantly increased levels of FAS compared with normal tissues, including mesothelium. To further explore FAS as a therapeutic target in mesothelioma, we established a nude mouse xenograft model for human mesothelioma using the H-Meso cell line. The i.p. xenografts of this cell line have high levels of FAS expression and fatty acid synthesis pathway activity and grow along mesothelial surfaces in a manner similar to the growth pattern of human mesothelioma. Growth of these tumor xenografts was essentially abolished in mice treated with weekly i.p. injections of C75, a synthetic, small molecule inhibitor of FAS, at levels that resulted in no significant systemic toxicity except for reversible weight loss. These results suggest that FAS may be an effective target for pharmacological therapy in a high proportion of human mesotheliomas.
Silicon dual-ring modulator (2009)

A silicon electro-optic modulator based on coupled microring resonators is proposed. The dual-ring modulator has wide optical bandwidth, high extinction ratio and low insertion loss. A simple integrated circuit connecting the two rings allows for fast modulation speed of >40 Gbit/s. This device has both improved optical and electrical performance over a single-ring modulator. The dual-ring modulator can provide a feedback signal for active control of the modulation wavelength.
The antibiotic W341C, its ion transport properties and inhibitory effects on mitochondrial substrate oxidation. (1987)

We have examined the ion transport properties and the inhibition of rat liver mitochondrial substrate oxidation by the antibiotic W341C. W341C was able to transport 22Na+ and 42K+ across a bulk carbon tetrachloride layer. A preference was shown for K+ transport. With equal molar antibiotic concentrations, W341C transported 42K+ at a greater rate than the K+-selective ionophore nigericin, but transported 22Na+ at a lesser rate than the Na+-selective ionophore monensin. Like nigericin, W341C was able to deplete mitochondrial K+, but not Mg2+ nor Ca2+. The inhibition of mitochondrial substrate oxidation by W341C paralleled the patterns obtained with nigericin. These data indicate that W341C is a K+-selective ionophore that inhibits mitochondrial substrate oxidation by a mechanism analogous to that of nigericin.
Is interstitial cystitis an allergic disorder?: A case of interstitial cystitis treated successfully with anti‐IgE (2006)

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic disorder diagnosed by symptomatology of pelvic pain and urinary frequency, which are extremely variable and unpredictable fluctuating among patients. IC has recently been found combined with some allergic disorders and histopathologic abnormalities resembling that of allergic disorders, including mast cell activation, histamine release and eosinophil infiltration. Therefore, it could be cautiously postulated that IC is one of the allergic disorders of the urogenital system. A 28-year-old Caucasian female patient, who was diagnosed with asthma and allergic rhinitis, suffered from bladder symptoms of frequency, urgency and pelvic pain for the past 3 years. The symptoms disturbed her every day and were intractable for treatment. Urologists concluded that she had interstitial cystitis. Specific immunotherapy (SIT) was recommended for her allergic symptoms. While taking specific immunotherapy, she had anaphylaxis. She still had the reaction even with the 1000-fold diluted shot of SIT. Omalizumab was used for her allergic symptoms and possible prevention of anaphylactic reaction to SIT. Interestingly, she reported that her urogenital symptoms had subsided since omalizumab had been started. According to the published literature, we postulate that interstitial cystitis might be one of the IgE mediated, mast cell driven allergic disorders of the urogenital system. Therefore, in this case, the patient's bladder symptoms are successfully controlled primarily by anti-IgE therapy and the improvement could be maintained by SIT. We report, for the first time, a case of interstitial cystitis with allergic rhinitis and asthma, successfully treated by anti-IgE therapy and specific immunotherapy.