gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Vitamin E and Beta Carotene on the Incidence of Lung Cancer and Other Cancers in Male Smokers (1994)

We found no reduction in the incidence of lung cancer among male smokers after five to eight years of dietary supplementation with alpha-tocopherol or beta carotene. In fact, this trial raises the possibility that these supplements may actually have harmful as well as beneficial effects.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type-1. (1994)

A 38-year-old man with multiple endocrine neoplasia type-1 (Wermer's syndrome) is described. The patient had refractory duodenal ulcers and raised basal acid output (55 mmol/hour) and fasting serum gastrin (1190 pg/ml). Abdominal CT scan revealed mass lesions (gastrinomas) in the head of the pancreas. He also had persistent hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, right ureteric calculi, increased urinary calcium and phosphorus and enlarged parathyroids on ultrasound and CT of the neck. Parathormone level was raised, but the pituitary gland was normal on CT scan of the head. The patient was managed initially with histamine H2-blockers, omeprazole and parathyroidectomy; enucleation of the tumor masses in the pancreas was done subsequently.
Steroidal aglycones from acid-hydrolyzed products of Ophiopogon japonicus (2013)

Four steroidal aglycones were isolated from acid-hydrolyzed products of Ophiopogon japonicus. The spectral analysis and chemical evidence revealed their chemical structures to be prazerigenin A (1), 1-O-sulfateruscogenin (2), ophiogenin (3) and rugcogenin (4).Among themcompound 1 was isolated fromO. japonicus for the first timeyand compounds 1 and 4 exerted significant anti-inflammatory activity. In this paper, we first focus on the acid-hydrolyzed products of fibrous roots in O. japonicus. These steroidal aglycones in fibrous roots of O. japonicus would be promising sources to explore and utilize
Self-Restoring of the Active Surface in the Hydrogen Sponge La<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ni</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1978)

Photoemission studies combined with measurements of the magnetic susceptibility show that La segregates to the surface of La${\mathrm{Ni}}_{5}$ in the presence of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ or ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O, and the Ni precipitations are formed during hydrogenation. This represents a self-restoring mechanism of the active surface, since the highly reactive La removes the oxygen and keeps the Ni metallic. Dissociative adsorption of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ may then occur at the Ni atoms.
Development of an Expert System To Assist With Complex Fluid Design (1993)

Summary The design of fluid systems for well completion has always been a perplexing problem for engineers and chemists. Material incompatibilities, chemical interaction, physical restrictions, and cost considerations build a great deal of complexity into the designs. Many engineers do not have the theoretical background needed to evaluate the numerous available additives. Others may not have the practical experience required to optimize a fluid treatment. Expert systems, with their unique structure and knowledge representation, can be used efficiently as tools to advise engineers of the proper base fluids and additives to be selected for a given set of well conditions. Valuable resources and operation costs can be saved by providing good material recommendations. In addition, use of expert systems can help centralize and retain expertise within the organization. The fundamental elements of expert systems—namely, the knowledge base, inference engine, and user interface—are addressed in this paper, along with knowledge acquisition and system implementation. Acid Expert, an expert system designed for matrix-acidizing-treatment recommendation that has been released to locations worldwide, is used as an example for much of the discussion.
Mechanical design of a module for reconfigurable robots (2002)

The goal of the Conro project is to build deployable self-reconfigurable robots, i.e., small homogeneous modular robots that can be reconfigured into different shapes such as snakes or hexapods. In this paper we describe the mechanical design of the first generation of Conro modules: the philosophy of their design, their parts and functionality and derive two inequalities that relate the design parameters of a module. Each module is fully self-contained in every sense; it carries its own CPU, power supply, and actuators. The modules were designed to work in groups, as robots, and thus, they also support inter-module communication. We conclude the paper describing a Conro hexapod as an example of the robots that can be built using these modules.
Bcl-3-Regulated Transcription from Major Immediate-Early Promoter of Human Cytomegalovirus in Monocyte-Derived Macrophages (2009)

Monocytes/macrophages are key cells in the pathogenesis of human CMV (HCMV) infection, but the in vitro rate of viral production in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) is considerably lower than in fibroblasts. Considering that the NF-kappaB signaling pathway is potentially involved in the replication strategy of HCMV through efficient transactivation of the major immediate-early promoter (MIEP), efficient viral replication, and late gene expression, we investigated the composition of the NF-kappaB complex in HCMV-infected MDMs and fibroblasts. Preliminary studies showed that HCMV could grow in primary MDM culture but that the viral titer in culture supernatants was lower than that observed in the supernatants of more permissive MRC5 fibroblasts. EMSA and microwell colorimetric NF-kappaB assay demonstrated that HCMV infection of MDMs increased p52 binding activity without activating the canonical p50/p65 complex. Moreover, Bcl-3 was up-regulated and was demonstrated to associate with p52, indicating p52/Bcl-3 complexes as the major component of the NF-kappaB complex in MDMs. Luciferase assays in promonocytic U937 cells transfected with an MIEP-luciferase reporter construct demonstrated MIEP activation in response to p52 and Bcl-3 overexpression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that p52 and Bcl-3 bind the MIEP in acutely HCMV-infected MDMs. In contrast, HCMV infection of MRC5 fibroblasts resulted in activation of p50/p65 heterodimers. Thus, activation of p52/Bcl-3 complexes in MDMs and p50/p65 heterodimers in fibroblasts in response to HCMV infection might explain the low-level growth of the virus in MDMs vs efficient growth in fibroblasts.
SLT Device Metallurgy and its Monolithic Extension (1969)

The glass-passivated, face-down semiconductor chip joining technology employed in IBM's SLT (Solid Logic Technology), has become not only a fundamental element in the hybrid circuitry of System/360 but also the basis for later metallurgical designs. The “flip-chip,” copper ball terminal, solder reflow technique is comprehensively reviewed and a discussion is given of its extension, through the use of ductile, all-solder terminals, to monolithic applications.
El río minero: matagente, ladrón y fantasmal (2008)

Desde una perspectiva émica, este artículo constituye una aproximación etnográfica al mundo de la explotación de esmeraldas en el occidente de Boyacá. Examina el complejo espectro de representaciones sociales asociadas al río Minero, cuyo carácter es el mismo de la zona y de sus gentes. El río Minero es un minero en efervescencia; reproduce los principios terribles de la lógica de la violencia y las economías extractivas en Colombia: es ladrón, es fantasmal y mata gente. Todas las narrativas que el autor explora redundan en el miedo, la fortuna, la desgracia, la riqueza y la crueldad. Así, de la mano de la experiencia de un visitante, concluye que la zona esmeraldera es el mismo infierno.
Memory CD4 T Cells Induce Antibody-Mediated Rejection of Renal Allografts (2016)

Despite advances in immunosuppression, antibody-mediated rejection is a serious threat to allograft survival. Alloreactive memory helper T cells can induce potent alloantibody responses and often associate with poor graft outcome. Nevertheless, the ability of memory T cells to elicit well characterized manifestations of antibody-mediated rejection has not been tested. We investigated helper functions of memory CD4 T cells in a mouse model of renal transplantation. Whereas the majority of unsensitized C57Bl/6 recipients spontaneously accepted fully MHC-mismatched A/J renal allografts, recipients containing donor-reactive memory CD4 T cells rapidly lost allograft function. Increased serum creatinine levels, high serum titers of donor-specific alloantibody, minimal T cell infiltration, and intense C4d deposition in the grafts of sensitized recipients fulfilled all diagnostic criteria for acute renal antibody-mediated rejection in humans. IFNγ neutralization did not prevent the renal allograft rejection induced by memory helper T cells, and CD8 T cell depletion at the time of transplantation or depletion of both CD4 and CD8 T cells also did not prevent the renal allograft rejection induced by memory helper T cells starting at day 4 after transplantation. However, B cell depletion inhibited alloantibody generation and significantly extended allograft survival, indicating that donor-specific alloantibodies (not T cells) were the critical effector mechanism of renal allograft rejection induced by memory CD4 T cells. Our studies provide direct evidence that recipient T cell sensitization may result in antibody-mediated rejection of renal allografts and introduce a physiologically relevant animal model with which to investigate mechanisms of antibody-mediated rejection and novel therapeutic approaches for its prevention and treatment.
Efficiently Synchronizing Virtual Machines in Cloud Computing Environments (2011)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), a form of cloud computing, is gaining attention for its ability to enable efficient server administration in dynamic workload environments. In such environments, however, updating the software stack or content files of virtual machines (VMs) is a time-consuming task, discouraging administrators from frequently enhancing their services and fixing security holes. This is because the administrator has to upload the whole new disk image to the cloud platform via the Internet, which is not yet fast enough that large amounts of data can be transferred smoothly. Although the administrator can apply only incremental updates directly to the running VMs, he or she has to carefully consider the type of update and perform operations on all the running VMs, such as application restarts and operating system reboots. This is a tedious and error-prone task. This paper presents a technique for synchronizing VMs with less time and lower administrative burden. We introduce the Virtual Disk Image Repository, which runs on the cloud platform and automatically updates the virtual disk image and the running VMs with only the incremental update information. We also show a mechanism that performs necessary operations on the running VM such as restarting server processes, based on the types of files that are updated. We implemented a prototype on Linux 2.6.31.14 and Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud. The experimental results show that our technique can synchronize VMs in an order-of-magnitude shorter time than the conventional disk-image-based VM cloning method. Although our system imposes about 30% overhead on the developer's environment, it imposes no observable overhead on public servers and correctly performs necessary operations to put updates into effect.
Control-Relevant Parameter Estimation: A Systematic Procedure for Prefilter Design (1991)

The objective of this paper is to develop a systematic procedure for deriving control-relevant parameter estimation algorithms for linear models represented via the prediction-error model structure. The key element in the design procedure is the prefiltering of the input and output time series obtained from the plant. The prefiltering step insures that the estimated model retains those plant characteristics that are most significant with regards to the user's control requirements. In this paper we employ linear fractional representations of the closed-loop system to obtain a general statement of the control-relevant parameter estimation problem which applies to different types of models and control structures. The prefilters obtained via this technique incorporate explicitly the model structure, the desired closed-loop transfer functions, and the setpoint/disturbance characteristics of the control problem. The proposed procedure is then applied to obtain prefilters for models to be used to design feedback, feedforward, and decentralized controllers.
The role of antiandrogen monotherapy in the treatment of prostate cancer (2003)

The mainstay of hormonal therapy in prostate cancer has been medical or surgical castration, both of which are associated with loss of libido and impotence, and may not always be acceptable to the patient. Antiandrogen monotherapy is an alternative treatment option to castration. There are two types of antiandrogen, i.e. steroidal (cyproterone acetate, CPA), and nonsteroidal (bicalutamide, flutamide and nilutamide). Data comparing survival outcome with CPA and castration are limited and conflicting. Furthermore, CPA is associated with loss of libido and erectile dysfunction. Large phase III trials have established that monotherapy with bicalutamide 150 mg once daily provides a survival outcome that is not significantly different to that after castration in men with locally advanced, non-metastatic disease, while conferring significant advantages for sexual interest and physical capacity. Current data are inadequate to draw conclusions on the comparative efficacy of flutamide and castration, while nilutamide is not licensed for monotherapy. Recent data reveal that bicalutamide 150 mg given once daily in addition to standard care (radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy or 'watchful waiting') significantly delays the progression of early (localized or locally advanced) prostate cancer. Bicalutamide has a more favourable side-effect profile than the other antiandrogens and is more likely to promote compliance.
Comparative Study of the First Heterogeneous Deacetylation of α- and β-Chitins in a Multistep Process (2004)

Heterogeneous deacetylation of alpha- and beta-chitins from shrimp shells and squid pens were comparatively studied. Each deacetylated sample, recovered after neutralization, was fractionated according to a water-soluble and insoluble fraction (pH 8.5). The systematic study of DAs, crystallinity changes, and distribution of N-acetylglucosamine residues were performed on the two kinds of fractions. For the two fractions resulting from a deacetylation in the presence of 50% (w/v) NaOH, for temperatures ranging from 80 to 110 degrees C, the activation energies of the reactions were found close to 39.9 +/- 1.0 and 42.8 +/- 1.8 kJ mol(-1) and the frequency factors of collision were of 7.2 +/- 2.4 and 54.4 +/- 18.5 10(3) min(-1), for alpha- and beta-chitins, respectively. Deacetylations of water-soluble and insoluble fractions were compared, and the major role played by the crystallinity level during deacetylation was evidenced and, thereafter, the role of the nature of the starting chitins on the chemical behavior. Thus, in some conditions, we observed critical values of DDA where the structures were becoming fully amorphous.
Sampling-Rate Conversion of Video Signals (1991)

Encoding analog component video to a composite signal is an established practice. Improvements are constantly being made in encoding techniques, with the result that the quality of the encoded video is closer to that of the component source. Encoding digital components to digital composite signals involves an additional step besides coding: the sampling-rate conversion. The sampling rates of component video signals (CCIR Rec. 601) are 13.5 Msamples/sec and 6.75 Msamples/sec, for the luminance and the color-difference signals, respectively. The sampling rates for NTSC and PAL composite video signals are 14.3181818 Msamples/sec and 17.734475 Msamples/sec, respectively. Clearly, decoding digital composite signals into digital component signals (CCIR 601) will also involve the sampling-rate conversion. This task of sampling-rate conversion further complicates the issues related to the quality of the output video. It introduces a new class of distortions, called linear time varying distortions, in the output signal. This article explores the techniques necessary to convert between digital signals with different sampling rates and presents a qualitative comparison of the two approaches, analog and digital, to the sampling-rate conversion.
Bcl-xl antisense oligonucleotides induce apoptosis and increase sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine (2001)

Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in Western countries. Bcl-x(L) is an anti-apoptotic factor of the Bcl-2 family, which is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer and its presence correlates with shorter patient survival. In this study, sequence-specific antisense oligonucleotides targeting the coding region of Bcl-x(L) were designed to examine whether apoptosis could be induced and chemosensitivity could be increased in pancreatic cancer cells. Five pancreatic cancer cell lines, Panc-1, MIA-PaCa-2, Capan-1, ASPC-1 and T3M4, were treated with Bcl-x(L) sense or antisense oligonucleotides and gemcitabine and the cell viability was examined by the SRB method. Apoptosis was determined using DAPI staining. In all examined pancreatic cancer cells, Bcl-x(L) expression was reduced after transfection of the antisense oligonucleotides. Cell death analysis using DAPI staining revealed that antisense, but not sense oligonucleotides caused apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, Bcl-x(L) antisense oligonucleotides enhanced the cytotoxic effects of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells. Our results indicate that Bcl-x(L) antisense oligonucleotides effectively inhibited pancreatic cancer cell growth and caused apoptosis by reducing Bcl-x(L) protein levels. Bcl-x(L) antisense oligonucleotides also increased the chemosensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells, suggesting that Bcl-x(L) antisense therapy might be a potential future approach in this disease.
Role of MutS homolog 2 (MSH2) in intestinal myofibroblast proliferation during Crohn's disease stricture formation (2008)

Tissue remodeling and mesenchymal cell accumulation accompanies chronic inflammatory disorders involving joints, lung, vasculature, and bowel. Chronic inflammation may alter DNA-mismatch repair (MMR) systems in mesenchymal cells, but is not defined in Crohn's disease (CD) and its associated intestinal remodeling and stricture formation. We determined whether DNA-MMR alteration plays a role in the pathogenesis of CD tissue remodeling. Control and CD bowel tissues were used to generate primary cultures of muscularis mucosa myofibroblasts, which were assessed directly or following stimulation with TNF-alpha/LPS or H2O2. MutS homolog (MSH)2, MSH3, and MSH6 expression in tissues and myofibroblasts was determined. Immunohistochemical staining revealed an increased expression of MSH2 in CD muscularis mucosa and submucosal tissues compared with controls or uninvolved CD tissue, and MSH2 expression was increased in CD myofibroblasts compared with control cells. TNF-alpha/LPS and H2O2 further enhanced MSH2 expression in both control and CD cells, which were decreased by simvastatin. There were no significant changes in MSH3 and MSH6 expression. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki67 staining of CD tissue revealed increased proliferation in the muscularis mucosa and submucosa of chronically inflamed tissues, and enhanced proliferation was seen in CD myofibroblasts compared with controls. Simvastatin reversed the effects of inflammatory stress on the DNA-MMR and inhibited proliferation of control and CD myofibroblasts. Gene silencing with MSH2 siRNA selectively decreased CD myofibroblast proliferation. These data demonstrate a potential role for MSH2 in the pathogenesis of nonneoplastic mesenchymal cell accumulation and intestinal remodeling in CD chronic inflammation.
OCR Post-processing Using Weighted Finite-State Transducers (2010)

A new approach for Stochastic Error-Correcting Language Modeling based on Weighted Finite-State Transducers (WFSTs) is proposed as a method to post-process the results of an optical character recognizer (OCR). Instead of using the recognized string as an input to the transducer, in our approach the complete set of OCR hypotheses, a sequence of vectors of a posteriori class probabilities, is used to build a WFST that is then composed with independent WFSTs for the error and language models. This combines the practical advantages of a de-coupled (OCR + post-processor) model with the full power of an integrated model.
Development of High-Frequency WBG Power Modules with Reverse-Voltage-Blocking Capability for an Integrated Motor Drive using a Current-Source Inverter (2018)

Integrated motor drives (IMDs) can provide high power density, simplified installation, and easier retrofits for fixed-speed motors with adjustable speed drives (ASDs) in pump/fan applications. This paper proposes a new IMD based on a current-source inverter (CSI) topology that offers several performance improvements over existing IMD configurations. Attention is focused on development of suitable power electronics modules that have reverse-voltage-blocking (RB) and high switching frequency capabilities. Several candidate hybrid switch configurations using MOSFETs, IGBTs and HEMTs for RB switches are examined. Test results for three prototype hybrid RB switch power modules using discrete GaN-HEMTs and SiC-MOSFETs are presented that exhibit promising performance characteristics including low conduction loss and fast switching capabilities in a high-temperature (Tj=125 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C) environment. Mechanical and thermal design issues are also addressed that are keys to achieving reliable operation of the power modules. Simulation and experimental results are used to estimate the CSI efficiency in an IMD configuration, yielding rated efficiency values as high as 97.7% using the hybrid WBG-based RB switches.
Inflammation, Sanitation, and Consternation (2010)

Measured exposure to the old friends or their antigens may offer promise for the prevention and treatment of MDD in modern industrialized societies.