gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia induced periventricular white matter damage in the developing brain (2010)

Normal development and maturation of the brain are affected by hypoxia. The white matter peripheral to the lateral ventricles, called periventricular white matter (PWM), is selectively vulnerable to hypoxic damage in premature infants. PWM damage (PWMD) contributes significantly to neonatal mortality and long‐term neurodevelopmental deficits such as cerebral palsy, impaired vision, hearing impairments and mental retardation. This study investigated the hypoxic damage to the PWM in the neonatal brain and the potential of melatonin in ameliorating the damage. PWM of 1‐day old rats was examined at 3 hours to 7days after hypoxic exposure. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the PWM was examined following the hypoxic exposure. VEGF, NO and MDA concentration was increased whereas that of GSH was reduced in the PWM after the hypoxic exposure. Along with the above, degenerating axons, apoptotic and necrotic cells and vacuolation of capillary endothelial cells was observed. The neighbouring ependymal and choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles also appeared to undergo structural alteration. Increased vascular permeability in the PWM of hypoxic rats was evidenced by the leakage of rhodamine isothiocyanate (RhIC) which was taken up by the amoeboid microglial cells. Hypoxic rats treated with melatonin showed decreased VEGF, NO and MDA concentration, increased GSH content and reduced RhIC leakage in the PWM. The ultrastructure of axons, endothelial, ependymal and choroid plexus cells appeared relatively normal in the hypoxic animals treated with melatonin. The results of this study suggest that melatonin has the potential to protect the developing white matter against hypoxic damage and its protective effect was possibly due to its antioxidant properties.
Loss of merlin expression in sporadic meningiomas, ependymomas and schwannomas (1997)

Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) is an inherited disorder in which affected individuals develop schwannomas and meningiomas. NF2 is mapped to chromosome 22q in a region where frequent loss of heterozygosity also occurs in sporadic meningiomas, ependymomas, and schwannomas. Using NF2 protein (merlin or schwannomin)-specific antibodies, 11 of 14 sporadic schwannomas, three of eight sporadic ependymomas, and 16 of 19 sporadic meningiomas demonstrated significantly reduced or absent merlin expression, suggesting that NF2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of these sporadic tumors.
AAV-Mediated Gene Transfer to Skeletal Muscle (2004)

Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors are derived from a nonpathogenic, replication-deficient virus with a small (~4.7-kb) single-stranded DNA genome. AAV vectors are devoid of viral-coding sequences and may efficiently transfer genes to nondividing cells such as muscle fibers or hepatocytes following in vivo transduction. Recombinant AAV can be administered to skeletal muscle of experimental animals and, as recently documented in a Phase I clinical trial, to humans at high vector doses without local or systemic toxicity (8,9). The potential of the vector to activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes is greatly reduced compared with some other viral vectors, thereby reducing the risk of inflammation at the site of gene transfer (7,10,11). Sustained expression of therapeutic transgenes such as coagulation factor IX (F.IX), erythropoietin, leptin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), sarcoglycans, mini-dystrophin genes, alpha1-antitrypsin, and others have been demonstrated (2,12-18). Efficient gene transfer to myofibers by intramuscular (im) injection has been shown in several species including mice, hamsters, dogs, and nonhuman primates (6-8,13,19). These studies resulted in various levels of correction of the disease phenoypes in small and large animal models of hemophilia B (F.IX deficiency), muscular dystrophy, obesity, age-related atrophy, and beta-thalassemia (8,12,13,15,17,18,20-25).
Patterning of Porous Silicon by Electron-Beam Lithography (2003)

Electron-beam (E-beam) lithography has been applied to porous silicon substrates. In contrast with optical lithography, the whole process is fully compatible with the material, without any need for particular previous treatments. Porous silicon behaves as a low density substrate, allowing fine writing even at moderate electron energies, with a negligible proximity effect. High quality structures are expected if films deposited on porous silicon are defined by the E-beam, as in the case of freestanding membranes. Patterns written at lower resolution have been successfully transferred to porous silicon using plasma etching techniques. This allows the possibility of direct lateral structuring of porous silicon, a key factor in the realization of high quality devices for photonics. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Improving the cost-efficiency of small-diameter energy wood harvesting from early thinnings in Finland. (2011)

In studies carried out by Metsateho Oy, Metsahallitus and TTS Research, the total removal of integrated wood harvesting was found to have increased significantly compared to that of conventional, separate roundwood harvesting. When the total removal from the harvesting site increased considerably, there was a significant increase in the productivity of cutting work in integrated wood harvesting compared to that of separate pulpwood harvesting. In addition, the delimbing quality and bucking accuracy of the pulpwood poles obtained in multi-tree processing were comparable to those produced in single-tree handling. The measurement of work output was conducted with a crane scale, attached to the boom of the forwarder. The studies indicated very promising results in integrated wood cutting and suggest integrated harvesting is likely to continue to increase in both first and later thinnings in Finland.
Preparation of Human Serum Albumin Microspheres by a Novel Acetone-Heat Denaturation Method (1994)

Human serum albumin (HSA) microspheres have been produced in the size range of 200 nm to 10 microns by the controlled addition of acetone to an aqueous solution of HSA, followed by stabilization of the formed microspheres at an elevated temperature. Microspheres produced by this acetone-heat denaturation method could be stabilized at relatively low temperatures (75 degrees C) over a short time period (15-30 min). The acetone-heat denaturation method is different from the traditional oil/water technique for preparation of HSA microspheres, both in terms of production method and the avoidance of high temperatures (> 100 degrees C) and extended heating times (> 30 min) for stabilization. This paper describes the influence of process conditions, such as volumes of acetone and HSA concentration, on the formation of the microspheres and their morphological characteristics. A loading efficiency of 8 per cent was achieved for the HSA microspheres when using rose bengal as a model compound. The release of rose bengal from the microspheres in phosphate buffered saline at 37 degrees C was dependent on the presence of the surfactant Tween 80, and varied from a 5 per cent release in 14 days in the absence of surfactant to a 50 per cent release in 8 h in the presence of surfactant.
Reproducibility of Quantitative Proteomic Analyses of Complex Biological Mixtures by Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (2003)

If quantitative proteomic technologies are to be of widespread use to the biological community, the reproducibility of each method must be investigated and determined. We have analyzed the reproducibility of complex quantitative proteomic analyses of metabolically labeled S. cerevisiae analyzed via multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT). Three independent cell growths of S. cerevisiae grown in rich and minimal media and independent MudPIT analyses of each were compared and contrasted. Quantitative MudPIT was found to be intra- and interexperimentally reproducible at both the peptide and protein levels. Proteins of potential low abundance were detected, identified, and quantified by identical peptides from three independent samples. In addition, when multiple peptides were matched to a protein, the relative abundance of each peptide was in agreement across the three samples. Despite the reproducibility, errors in the experimental determination of protein expression levels occurred, but the impact of the variation was minimized by replicate experiments. Last, quantitative MudPIT analyses will likely be improved by increasing the number of peptide hits per protein in a given analysis, which will provide for greater intraexperimental reproducibility.
Chromosomal localization and racial distribution of the polymorphic human dihydrofolate reductase pseudogene (DHFRP1). (1988)

The human dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene family comprises one functional gene and at least four intronless processed pseudogenes. The functional DHFR gene is on chromosome 5, and DHFRP4 is on chromosome 3. Using in situ hybridization, we have now localized the functional DHFR gene to the region q11.1-q13.3 on chromosome 5. By genomic DNA analysis of a panel of human X rodent somatic-cell hybrids, we determined the chromosomal assignment of the DHFRP1 pseudogene to chromosome 18 and that of the DHFRP2 pseudogene to chromosome 6. The DHFRP1 pseudogene exhibits a novel form of polymorphism in humans in that it is present in the DNA of some individuals and absent in that of others. We investigated the racial distribution of this pseudogene in five racial groups. The allelic frequency as defined by analysis of 180 chromosomes was found to be 94% in Mediterraneans, 77% in Asian Indians, 67% in Chinese, 57% in Southeast Asians, and 32% in American blacks. These data suggest that the transposition of this "perfect" pseudogene occurred prior to the inception of the human racial groups.
Research on the energy-saving technology of concrete mixer truck (2009)

A forward simulation model of the energy- saving concrete mixer with hydraulic technology based on Matlab/Simulink is established in this paper. Parallel connection of hydraulic brake module and mechanical brake module is presented, which realizes the high recovery efficiency of brake energy on the premise of ride comfort and safety of the braking process. The simulation results show the effectiveness of this control strategy in improving the fuel economy by making full use of the high power density and the large charge/discharge property of the hydraulic accumulator.
Isoflurano em emulsão lipídica por via venosa promove estabilidade cardiovascular respiratória em modelo experimental (2004)

Intravenous isoflurane in lipid emulsion has promoted bispectral index decrease, hemodynamic and respiratory stability and direct correlation with its expired fraction. Intravenous isoflurane in lipid emulsion may be a safe modality for this anesthetic delivery.
[Effect of periostin on the function of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in acidic environment]. (2011)

In acidic environment, the HUVECs' abilities of proliferation and migration were lower; while, the apoptotic value was raised. The recombinant periostin protein could counteract the acidic influence by enhancing the cellular abilities of proliferation and migration. Periostin could make endothelial cells reisist acidosis and keep growing to form blood vessels so that the local histiocytes could get enough nutrients for survival.
Resistance to Pyrethroid, Carbamate, and Organophosphate Insecticides in Field Populations of Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in 1990 (1992)

Responses of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), to several classes of insecticides were determined using four types of laboratory bioassays. Topical application bioassays on third instars showed 13- to IS-fold resistance to cypermethrin, 7- to 12-fold resistance to profenofos, and 7- to 10-fold resistance to sulprofos in strains collected from Louisiana in 1990. A bioassay with neonate larvae showed 139- to 173-fold resistance levels to cypermethrin in the Louisiana strains. An adult vial test showed 9- to 12-fold resistance to cypermethrin. Resistance to pyrethroid, carbamate, and organophosphate insecticides was found in strains from Louisiana and Mississippi using a spray chamber bioassay. Multiple resistance to insecticides has not been reported in H. virescens since the late 1970s. Implications for control of tobacco budworm with currently available insecticides are discussed.
Memorandum on Widening the Field of Camera Lenses and on the Use of Normal Films for the Panoramic Screen<!--<xref ref-type="other" rid="fn1-10.5594_J08987">*</xref>--> (1932)

The following article was transmitted to the Projection Theory Committee subsequently to the appearance of the report of that Committee in the Journal of July, 1931. It is to be understood that publication of this article does not carry with it the implication that the Committee is in entire accord with the argument contained in it. The paper deals with several questions that have been raised concerning the properties and characteristics of anamorphosing optical systems.
Phytic acid increases mucin and endogenous amino acid losses from the gastrointestinal tract of chickens (2008)

The influence of the form of phytic acid on the regulation of mucin and endogenous losses of amino acids, nitrogen and energy in chickens was investigated. Forty-eight 10-week-old male broilers were grouped by weight into eight blocks of six cages with one bird per cage. Birds received by intubation six dextrose-based combinations of phytic acid and phytase arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial consisting of phytic acid form (no phytic acid, 1.0 g free phytic acid or 1.3 g magnesium-potassium phytate) and phytase (0 or 1000 units). Each bird received the assigned combination added to 25 g dextrose at each of the two feedings on the first day of experimentation. All excreta were collected continuously for 54 h following feeding and frozen until analysed. Frozen excreta were thawed, pooled for each bird, lyophilised, ground, and analysed for DM, energy, nitrogen, amino acids, mucin, and sialic and uric acids. Chickens fed either magnesium-potassium phytate or free phytic acid showed increased (P < 0.05) loss of crude mucin and sialic acid. The amount of crude mucin lost was significantly greater (P < 0.05) with magnesium-potassium phytate than with free phytic acid treatment. Both phytic acid treatments also increased (P < 0.05) endogenous loss of threonine, proline and serine. In conclusion, the form of phytic acid fed to chickens affects the extent of mucin and endogenous amino acid losses from the gastrointestinal tract.
Synaptic Tau Seeding Precedes Tau Pathology in Human Alzheimer's Disease Brain (2018)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is defined by the presence of intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates as well as extracellular amyloid-beta plaques. The presence and spread of tau pathology through the brain is classified by Braak stages and thought to correlate with the progression of AD. Several <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies have examined the ability of tau pathology to move from one neuron to the next, suggesting a "prion-like" spread of tau aggregates may be an underlying cause of Braak tau staging in AD. Using the HEK293 Tau<sup>RD</sup>-P301S-CFP/YFP expressing biosensor cells as a highly sensitive and specific tool to identify the presence of seed competent aggregated tau in brain lysate-i.e., tau aggregates that are capable of recruiting and misfolding monomeric tau-, we detected substantial tau seeding levels in the entorhinal cortex from human cases with only very rare NFTs, suggesting that soluble tau aggregates can exist prior to the development of overt tau pathology. We next looked at tau seeding levels in human brains of varying Braak stages along six regions of the Braak Tau Pathway. Tau seeding levels were detected not only in the brain regions impacted by pathology, but also in the subsequent non-pathology containing region along the Braak pathway. These data imply that pathogenic tau aggregates precede overt tau pathology in a manner that is consistent with transneuronal spread of tau aggregates. We then detected tau seeding in frontal white matter tracts and the optic nerve, two brain regions comprised of axons that contain little to no neuronal cell bodies, implying that tau aggregates can indeed traverse along axons. Finally, we isolated cytosolic and synaptosome fractions along the Braak Tau Pathway from brains of varying Braak stages. Phosphorylated and seed competent tau was significantly enriched in the synaptic fraction of brain regions that did not have extensive cellular tau pathology, further suggesting that aggregated tau seeds move through the human brain along synaptically connected neurons. Together, these data provide further evidence that the spread of tau aggregates through the human brain along synaptically connected networks results in the pathogenesis of human Alzheimer's disease.
XVIII.—On the Functions which are represented by the Expansions of the Interpolation-Theory (1915)

Let ƒ(x) be a given function of a variable x . We shall suppose that ƒ(x) is a one-valued analytic function, so that its Taylor's expansion in any part of the plane of the complex variable x can be derived from its Taylor's expansion in any other part of the plane by the process of analytic continuation.
Synthesis of Duocarmycin SA by Way of Methyl 4-(Methoxycarbonyl)oxy-3H-pyrrolo[3,2-f] quinoline-2-carboxylate as a Tricyclic Heteroaromatic Intermediate. (1998)

Formal syntheses of (±)-duocarmycin SA, natural (+)-duocarmycin SA and unnatural (-)-duocarmycin SA were accomplished by way of a tricyclic heteroaromatic compound 10b. For the preparation of 10, an N-oxide route aiming at a process 20 in Chart 3 was first investigated by synthesizing 19, derived from Stille coupling products 13 between bromopyrrole 7a and 3-(tributylstannyl)pyridines 12, but without success. As the second approach, Stille coupling products 9a-c were prepared by condensation between 7a and 2-substituted 3-(trialkylstannyl)pyridines 8a-f. Both 9b and 35, derived from 9c, were converted to their silyl enol ethers and then subjected to a palladium-catalyzed methyl ketone-arylation reaction in the presence of tributyltin fluoride and lithium chloride, affording 10a and 10b in excellent yields, especially from 35. Application to 10b of three successive operations, i.e., i) partial reduction of 10b to dihydropyridine derivatives 11a and 11b, ii) dihydroxylation of the double bonds formed to give 58 and 59, and iii) reductive elimination of the hydroxy groups adjacent to the nitrogen function and the aromatic ring, afforded 6 in fairly good yield. Compound 6 was readily converted to relay compounds 64 and 67, completing total syntheses of (±)-, (+)-, and (-)-duocarmycin SA. Both Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation (AD) and Jacobsen's asymmetric epoxidation were applied to 11a and 11b. At the best, 81% ee was observed in the AD reaction of 11a using 2, 5-diphenyl-4, 6-bis(9-O-dihydroquinyl)pyrimidine [(DHQ)2PYR], but the resulting 58 possessed an unnatural absolute configuration.
Automatic age and gender classification using supervised appearance model (2016)

Age and gender classification are two important problems that recently gained popularity in the research community, due to their wide range of applications. Research has shown that both age and gender information are encoded in the face shape and texture, hence the active appearance model (AAM), a statistical model that captures shape and texture variations, has been one of the most widely used feature extraction techniques for the aforementioned problems. However, AAM suffers from some drawbacks, especially when used for classification. This is primarily because principal component analysis (PCA), which is at the core of the model, works in an unsupervised manner, i.e., PCA dimensionality reduction does not take into account how the predictor variables relate to the response (class labels). Rather, it explores only the underlying structure of the predictor variables, thus, it is no surprise if PCA discards valuable parts of the data that represent discriminatory features. Toward this end, we propose a supervised appearance model (sAM) that improves on AAM by replacing PCA with partial least-squares regression. This feature extraction technique is then used for the problems of age and gender classification. Our experiments show that sAM has better predictive power than the conventional AAM.
Time-optimal sorting and applications on n*n enhanced meshes (2003)

Time-optimal sorting and convex hull algorithms are proposed for two classes of enhanced meshes, the mesh with multiple broadcasting and the reconfigurable mesh. The authors show that the fundamental problem of sorting n items can be solved in O(log n) time on a mesh with multiple broadcasting of size n*n, which leads to an O(log n) time algorithm to compute the convex hull of an arbitrary set of n points in the plane. Based on the constant-time sorting algorithm on reconfigurable meshes, it is suggested that the convex hull problem of size n can be solved in constant time on a reconfigurable mesh of size n*n. All these algorithms can achieve time lower bounds for their respective models of computation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ga(OTf)<sub>3</sub>-Catalyzed Direct Substitution of Alcohols with Sulfur Nucleophiles (2010)

It is reported that Ga(OTf)(3) catalyzes the direct displacement of alcohols with sulfur nucleophiles. The products are versatile intermediates that can be utilized in carbon-carbon, carbon-sulfur bond formation or used in modified Julia olefination reactions. The only byproduct generated is water.