gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extending the lifetime of NAND flash memory by salvaging bad blocks (2012)

Flash memory is widely utilized for secondary storage today. However, its further use is hindered by the lifetime issue, which is mainly impacted by wear leveling and bad block management (BBM). Besides initial bad blocks resulting from the manufacturing process, good blocks may eventually wear out due to the limited write endurance of flash cells, even with the best wear leveling strategy. Current BBM tracks both types of bad blocks, and keeps them away from regular use. However, when the amount of bad blocks exceeds a threshold, the entire chip is rendered non-functional. In this paper, we reconsider existing BBM, and propose a novel one that reuses worn-out blocks, utilizing them in wear leveling. Experimental results show that compared to a state-of-the-art wear leveling algorithm, our design can reduce worn-out blocks by 46.5% on average with at most 1.2% performance penalties.
Surface and Pore Structures of CMK-5 Ordered Mesoporous Carbons by Adsorption and Surface Spectroscopy (2003)

Ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) were synthesized in the pore system of SBA-15 aluminosilicates with different Si/Al ratios ranging from 5 to 80. Nitrogen adsorption was used to characterize the pore structure of the aluminosilicates and of the OMCs, whereas the OMC surface chemistry was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and static secondary ion mass spectroscopy. The results indicate that the physicochemical properties of the OMCs depended significantly on the acid catalytic activity of the aluminosilicate frameworks, which comes along with the variation of Si/Al ratios. The OMC pore widths and order of the graphene layers followed the same trend as the catalytic activity of the aluminosilicates, whereas the concentration of extraframework species in the aluminosilicates indirectly influenced the mechanical properties of the OMCs. The reasons for this behavior are discussed.
Mitigating heat dissipation and thermo-mechanical stress challenges in 3-D IC using thermal through silicon via (TTSV) (2010)

Thermal modeling of a 3-D IC stack consists of three IC layers bonded back-to-face (or face up) is performed. Significant temperature rise in the top layers is projected with the presence of dielectric isolation films between the IC layers. It is found that by inserting electrically isolated thermal through silicon via (TTSV) having Cu core and oxide liner that extends across the layers to the silicon substrate, significant temperature reduction can be achieved in the maximum temperature. The temperature profile of the 3-D IC stack depends strongly on materials selection for TTSV liner and conductor core, as well as TTSV dimensions. Thermo-mechanical stress induced by TTSV is also discussed and several approaches are proposed to control this stress. Simulation data also suggest that TTSV is useful in mitigating heat dissipation challenges in face-to-face bonding orientation and logic-on-memory stacking.
Cluster-Assembled Nanophase Materials (1991)

▪ Abstract The phase-field method has recently emerged as a powerful computational approach to modeling and predicting mesoscale morphological and microstructure evolution in materials. It describes a microstructure using a set of conserved and ...Read More
Cocarcinogenic and Tumor-Promoting Agents in Tobacco Carcinogenesis2 (1976)

A series of 21 tobacco smoke components and related compounds werere applied to mouse skin (50 female ICR/Ha Swiss mice/group) three times weekly with a low dose (5 mug/application) of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). The test compounds were of five classes: aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, and long-chain acids and alcohols. The following compounds enhanced remarkably the carcinogenicity of B[a]P: catechol, pyrogallol, decane, undecane, pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, and fluoranthene. The following compounds inhibited B[a]P carcinogenicity completely: esculin, quercetin, squalene, and oleic acid. Phenol, eugenol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, hexadecane, and limonene partially inhibited B[a]P carcinogenicity. Six of the 21 compounds were also tested as tumor promoters im two-stage carcinogenesis. No direct correlation existed between tumor-promoting activity and cocarcinogenic activity. The cocarcinogens pyrogallol and catechol did not show tumor-promoting activity. Decane, tetradecane, anthralin, and phorbol myristate acetate showed both types of activity. Structure-activity relationships and possible modes of action were described.
Phorbol ester-induced down modulation of tailless CD4 receptors requires prior binding of gp120 and suggests a role for accessory molecules (1995)

The entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 into cells proceeds via a fusion mechanism that is initiated by binding of the viral glycoprotein gp120-gp41 to its cellular receptor CD4. Species- and tissue-specific restrictions to viral entry suggested the participation of additional membrane components in the postbinding fusion events. In a previous study (H. Golding, J. Manischewitz, L. Vujcic, R. Blumenthal, and D. Dimitrov, J. Virol. 68:1962-1968, 1994), it was found that phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope-mediated cell fusion by inducing down modulation of an accessory component(s) in the CD4-expressing cells. The fusion inhibition was seen in a variety of cells, including T-cell transfectants expressing engineered CD4 receptors (CD4.401 and CD4.CD8) which are not susceptible to down modulation by PMA treatment. In the current study, it was found that preincubation of A2.01.CD4.401 cells with soluble monomeric gp120 for 1 h at 37 degrees C primed them for PMA-induced down modulation (up to 70%) of the tailless CD4 receptors. The gp120-priming effect was temperature dependent, and the down modulation may have occurred via clathrin-coated pits. Importantly, nonhuman cell lines expressing tailless CD4 molecules did not down modulate their CD4 receptors under the same conditions. The gp120-dependent PMA-induced down modulation of tailless CD4 receptors could be efficiently blocked by the human monoclonal antibodies 48D and 17B, which bind with increased avidity to gp120 that was previously bound to CD4 (M. Thali, J. P. Moore, C. Furman, M. Charles, D. D. Ho, J. Robinson, and J. Sodroski, J. Virol. 67:3978-3988, 1993). These findings suggest that gp120 binding to cellular CD4 receptors induces conformational changes leading to association of the gp120-CD4 complexes with accessory transmembrane molecules that are susceptible to PMA-induced down modulation and can target the virions to clathrin-coated pits.
Human bronchial epithelial cell transcriptome: gene expression changes following acute exposure to whole cigarette smoke in vitro (2007)

Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of more than 4,000 constituents. Its effects on cell biology are poorly understood, partly because whole smoke exposure in vitro is technically challenging. To investigate the effects of smoke on cell signaling and function, a three-dimensional air-liquid interface model of tracheobronchial epithelium, grown from primary human lung epithelial cells, was exposed to air or whole mainstream cigarette smoke for 1 h in a purpose-designed chamber. Gene expression profiles were then determined at 1, 6, and 24 h postexposure using Affymetrix HGU133-2 Plus microarrays. Cells from three different donors were used in the study, and the experiment was performed in triplicate for each donor. Genes significantly regulated by smoke, compared with the air control, in all experiments were determined. Genes exhibiting differential expression were assigned to functional categories and mapped to signaling pathways. Effects were observed on many cellular processes including xenobiotic metabolism, oxidant/antioxidant balance, and DNA damage and repair. Notably, there was marked downregulation of the transforming growth factor-beta pathway, which has not been previously reported. This study provides important data on the acute effects of whole cigarette smoke on mucociliary epithelium and may be used to gain a greater understanding of smoke toxicity.
Rapid Acoustooptic Tuning of a Dye Laser (1974)

Rapid tuning of a dye laser over a large wavelength range has been achieved by inserting an acoustooptic deflector between the dye cell and a diffraction grating. The deflector and grating combination serve as the tuning element. TeO(2), which has an anomalously low sound velocity, has been used to demonstrate acoustooptical tuning over a broad spectral range. Theoretically, tuning rates greater than 100 nm/microsec can be achieved over a wavelength range of up to 35 nm. The experimental data have been used to verify the analytical aspects of the beam deflector and diffraction grating configuration.
Immobilization of Redox-Active Ligands on an Electrode: The Dendrimer Route (2001)

Electrodeposition of dendrimers containing redox-active tetrathiafulvalene units and coordinating crown ether moieties provides a novel strategy for producing modified electrodes that respond to the presence of a particular metal cation. Application of the third-generation dendrimer (see schematic diagram) to platinum gave an electrode whose first oxidation potential is a function of Ba2+ concentration in the range (1–8)×10−4 M.
Difficult stent delivery: Use of an aspiration catheter as a “sheath” (2008)

This is a report of a case in which stent delivery to the lesion location proved difficult because of severely calcified and tortuous proximal vasculature. Efforts to deliver a stent using a buddy wire, anchoring technique and five-in-seven guiding system were unsuccessful, whereas an aspiration catheter enabled stent delivery to the target lesion. This technique offers a potential alternative for cases in which some stent delivery methods are problematic. In addition, this technique may also prevent potential injury to drug-eluting polymer during stent delivery.
Induction and Maintenance of Ethanol Self‐Administration in Cynomolgus Monkeys (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>): Long‐Term Characterization of Sex and Individual Differences (2001)

Cynomolgus monkeys displayed a wide intersubject range of oral ethanol self-administration with a procedure that used a uniform and prolonged induction that restricted early exposure to ethanol and subsequently allowed unlimited access to ethanol. There were sex and stable individual differences in the propensity of monkeys to consume ethanol, indicating that this species will be important in characterizing risk factors associated with heavy-drinking phenotypes.
The Complete Genome Sequence of Mycoplasma bovis Strain Hubei-1 (2011)

Infection by Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) can induce diseases, such as pneumonia and otitis media in young calves and mastitis and arthritis in older animals. Here, we report the finished and annotated genome sequence of M. bovis strain Hubei-1, a strain isolated in 2008 that caused calf pneumonia on a Chinese farm. The genome of M. bovis strain Hubei-1 contains a single circular chromosome of 953,114 bp with a 29.37% GC content. We identified 803 open reading frames (ORFs) that occupy 89.5% of the genome. While 34 ORFs were Hubei-1 specific, 662 ORFs had orthologs in the M. bovis type strain PG45 genome. Genome analysis validated lateral gene transfer between M. bovis and the Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides, while phylogenetic analysis found that the closest M. bovis neighbor is Mycoplasma agalactiae. Glycerol may be the main carbon and energy source of M. bovis, and most of the biosynthesis pathways were incomplete. We report that 47 lipoproteins, 12 extracellular proteins and 18 transmembrane proteins are phase-variable and may help M. bovis escape the immune response. Besides lipoproteins and phase-variable proteins, genomic analysis found two possible pathogenicity islands, which consist of four genes and 11 genes each, and several other virulence factors including hemolysin, lipoate protein ligase, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, extracellular cysteine protease and 5'-nucleotidase.
Estudio de la Relación Entre el Liderazgo Organizacional y la Gestión de una Empresa Educativa Peruana (2019)

El estudio responde a un diseño no experimental de tipo transversal. Se ha tomado en cuenta las opiniones de los maestrantes de los Programas de Maestría de una empresa educativa a través de dos cuestionarios. La muestra fue de 280 maestrantes de los diferentes programas que ofrece la empresa educativa. Se concluyó que el liderazgo organizacional se relaciona de manera directa y moderadamente significativa (R=0.419) con la gestión de la organización.
Trypsinogen IV, serotonin transporter transcript levels and serotonin content are increased in small intestine of irritable bowel syndrome patients (2008)

Colorectal and small intestinal visceral hypersensitivity has been demonstrated in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Serine protease signalling via protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 promotes hyperalgesia to mechanical distension. Furthermore, serotonergic pathways are involved in gastrointestinal visceral sensitivity. Abnormalities of serine protease and serotonergic signalling components have been identified in IBS colorectal mucosal biopsies. We determined the role of altered mucosal serine protease and serotonergic signalling in small intestine of IBS patients. Duodenal mucosal biopsies of 34 IBS patients (10 constipation-,11 diarrhoea-predominant and 13 alternating) and 20 healthy subjects (HS) were collected. Gene transcripts of PAR-2, trypsinogen IV, TPH-1, SERT (serotonin transport protein) and serotonin (5-HT(3)) subunits were quantified using real-time PCR and 5-HT content was measured by ELISA. Irritable bowel syndrome patients showed 1.5-fold higher trypsinogen IV mRNA level compared to HS (P = 0.016). SERT expression was 1.8-fold higher in IBS compared to HS (P = 0.007). Mucosal 5-HT content was 1.7-fold higher in IBS compared to HS (P = 0.015). The increase was 2.1-fold in IBS-C relative to HS (P = 0.018). Transcript levels of PAR-2, TPH-1 and 5-HT(3) receptor subunits did not differ between IBS and HS. In conclusion enhanced trypsinogen IV expression in IBS may cause increased PAR-2 activation. Increased SERT expression and mucosal 5-HT content in IBS suggest higher 5-HT availability. Both may contribute to small intestinal visceral hypersensitivity in IBS patients.
A Bayesian Super-Resolution Approach to Demosaicing of Blurred Images (2006)

Most of the available digital color cameras use a single image sensor with a color filter array (CFA) in acquiring an image. In order to produce a visible color image, a demosaicing process must be applied, which produces undesirable artifacts. An additional problem appears when the observed color image is also blurred. This paper addresses the problem of deconvolving color images observed with a single coupled charged device (CCD) from the super-resolution point of view. Utilizing the Bayesian paradigm, an estimate of the reconstructed image and the model parameters is generated. The proposed method is tested on real images.
BREX system of <i>Escherichia coli</i> distinguishes self from non-self by methylation of a specific DNA site (2018)

Prokaryotes evolved numerous systems that defend against predation by bacteriophages. In addition to well-known restriction-modification and CRISPR-Cas immunity systems, many poorly characterized systems exist. One class of such systems, named BREX, consists of a putative phosphatase, a methyltransferase and four other proteins. A Bacillus cereus BREX system provides resistance to several unrelated phages and leads to modification of specific motif in host DNA. Here, we study the action of BREX system from a natural Escherichia coli isolate. We show that while it makes cells resistant to phage λ infection, induction of λ prophage from cells carrying BREX leads to production of viruses that overcome the defense. The induced phage DNA contains a methylated adenine residue in a specific motif. The same modification is found in the genome of BREX-carrying cells. The results establish, for the first time, that immunity to BREX system defense is provided by an epigenetic modification.
Microstructure of a Molybdenum Nitride Layer Formed by Nitriding Molybdenum Metal (2001)

For pure molybdenum nitrided at 1373 K in NH 3 gas, microstructural observations of a molybdenum nitride layer were conducted through a transmission electron microscope. The molybdenum nitride layer consisted of two molybdenum nitrides: an outer one of γ‐Mo 2 N and an inner one of β‐Mo 2 N. A great number of (011)[01] type twins were observed in the β‐Mo 2 N phase, whereas the microstructure of the γ‐Mo 2 N phase was almost free from lattice defects except for slightly observed {111}〈112〉 type twin.
Sensing and Control of Combustion Instabilities in Swirl-Stabilized Combustors Using Diode-Laser Absorption (2007)

** † ‡ Thermoacoustic instability and lean blowout (LBO) are monitored in propane/air flames in a swirl-stabilized combustor using a novel tunable diode laser (TDL) sensor for gas temperature using wavelength-scanned laser absorption of two neighboring water vapor transitions near 1.4 μm. Although the gas composition and temperature are not uniform along the sensor line-of-sight, temperature oscillations and fluctuations are clearly identified in the FFT power spectra of the time-resolved data. Detailed experiments are conducted to optimize the position of the sensor line-of-sight in the flame for thermoacoustic instability and LBO sensing. The output of the sensor is used to suppress the thermoacoustic oscillations in a phase-delay feedback control system, and acoustic modulation of the intake air flow suppresses the temperature oscillations by more than 7dB. The low-frequency temperature fluctuations measured by the TDL sensor increase sharply as the flame approaches LBO. The intensity of these low-frequency fluctuations is used to detect the proximity to LBO, and can be used as a control variable for active LBO suppression without knowing the LBO fuel/air ratio limit. The TDL sensor results are compared with traditional pressure and emission sensors, and the TDL sensor is found to offer several advantages including better spatial resolution and insensitivity to background acoustic noise and flame emissions.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)‐Vittatalactone (2011)

Abstract An enantioselective asymmetric total synthesis of (+)‐vittatalactone has been accomplished employing enzymatic desymmetrization approach to create two methyl chiral centres. Other key steps involved are Wittig reaction, Evan's asymmetric alkylation, hydroboration, TEMPO‐BAIB‐mediated selective oxidation of 1,3‐diol and lactonization mediated by p ‐toluenesulfonyl chloride. The total synthesis was achieved by a linear synthetic sequence with an overall yield of 11.8 %.
Mistakes, too many to mention (1989)

Philip. Yes, I knew Philip. I was one of the women who had their hearts broken by him. Or broke their hearts over him, a distinction that did not escape the notice of a famous Australian woman writer in a recent short story of hers. You might have read it. Some critics rave over this writer, saying she is Tolstoy and Jane Austen rolled into one, an awesome combination. Then there are those who think she is merely a passable short-story writer. Trust Australian critics to have opinions that diverge like railway branch lines...
An Oxidized Derivative of Phosphatidylcholine is a Substrate for the Platelet-Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase from Human Plasma (1989)

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a glycerophospholipid that has diverse potent biological actions. A plasma enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 acetoyl group of PAF and thereby abolishes its bioactivity. This PAF acetylhydrolase is specific for phospholipids, such as PAF, with a short acyl group at the sn-2 position. The majority of it (60-70%) is associated with low density lipoprotein (LDL), and the remainder is with high density lipoprotein (HDL). LDL also has a phospholipase A2 activity that is specific for oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids, which may be important in determining how LDL is recognized by cellular receptors. We previously have purified and characterized the PAF acetylhydrolase from human plasma. We now have found that the purified PAF acetylhydrolase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the oxidized fragments of arachidonic acid from the sn-2 position of phosphatidylcholine. One of the preferred substrates appeared by mass spectrometry to have 5-oxovalerate at the sn-2 position. We synthesized 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and found that the PAF acetylhydrolase had the same apparent Km for it (11.3 microM) as for PAF (12.5 microM), with Vmax values of 100 and 167 mumol/h/mg of protein, respectively. We also conclude that the PAF acetylhydrolase is the sole activity in LDL that degrades oxidized phospholipids since we found co-localization of the activity against both substrates to LDL and HDL, and precipitation of enzyme activity with an antibody to the PAF acetylhydrolase. Thus, the PAF acetylhydrolase in human plasma degrades oxidized phospholipids, which may be involved in the modification of apolipoprotein B100 and other pathological processes.
Loss of expression of Dpc4 in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia: evidence that DPC4 inactivation occurs late in neoplastic progression. (2000)

Infiltrating adenocarcinomas of the pancreas are believed to arise from histologically identifiable intraductal precursors [pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs)] that undergo a series of architectural, cytological, and genetic changes. The role of DPC4 tumor suppressor gene inactivation in this progression has not been defined. Immunohistochemistry for the Dpc4 protein in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue is a sensitive and specific marker for DPC4 gene status, providing a tool to examine DPC4 status in these putative precursor lesions. A total of 188 PanINs were identified in 40 pancreata, 38 (95%) of which also contained an infiltrating adenocarcinoma. Sections containing these 188 duct lesions were labeled with a monoclonal antibody to Dpc4. All 82 flat (PanIN-1A), all 54 papillary (PanIN-1B), and all 23 atypical papillary (PanIN-2) intraductal lesions expressed Dpc4. In contrast, 9 of 29 (31%) severely atypical lesions (PanIN-3 lesions, carcinomas in situ) did not. The difference in Dpc4 expression between histologically low-grade (PanIN-1 and -2) and histologically high-grade (PanIN-3) duct lesions was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). In three cases, the pattern of Dpc4 expression in the PanIN-3 lesions did not match the pattern of expression in the associated infiltrating carcinomas, indicating that these high-grade lesions did not simply represent infiltrating carcinoma growing along benign ducts. Loss of Dpc4 expression occurs biologically late in the neoplastic progression that leads to the development of infiltrating pancreatic cancer, at the stage of histologically recognizable carcinoma.
Structural Change Brings New Challenges to Soybean Price Forecasts (2004)

Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis