gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Micro-scale fusion in dense relativistic nanowire array plasmas (2018)

Nuclear fusion is regularly created in spherical plasma compressions driven by multi-kilojoule pulses from the world's largest lasers. Here we demonstrate a dense fusion environment created by irradiating arrays of deuterated nanostructures with joule-level pulses from a compact ultrafast laser. The irradiation of ordered deuterated polyethylene nanowires arrays with femtosecond pulses of relativistic intensity creates ultra-high energy density plasmas in which deuterons (D) are accelerated up to MeV energies, efficiently driving D-D fusion reactions and ultrafast neutron bursts. We measure up to 2 × 10<sup>6</sup> fusion neutrons per joule, an increase of about 500 times with respect to flat solid targets, a record yield for joule-level lasers. Moreover, in accordance with simulation predictions, we observe a rapid increase in neutron yield with laser pulse energy. The results will impact nuclear science and high energy density research and can lead to bright ultrafast quasi-monoenergetic neutron point sources for imaging and materials studies.
Optical Nanoantenna for Single Molecule-Based Detection of Zika Virus Nucleic Acids without Molecular Multiplication (2017)

Because of the limited signal-to-background ratio, molecular diagnostics requires molecular amplification of the target molecules or molecular signal amplification after target recognition. For direct molecular detection, we demonstrate a purely physical fluorescence enhancement process which can elevate the fluorescence signal of single fluorescent dyes by several orders of magnitude. To this end, DNA origami-based optical antennas with a height of around 125 nm are used, which utilize metallic nanoparticles to create a hotspot where fluorescence signals are enhanced by plasmonic effects. By equipping the hotspot with a molecular beacon-like structure, we combine the plasmonic signal enhancement with a specific signal generation, leading to an enhanced and therefore easy to detect signal only in the presence of the specific target nucleic acid. Exemplified with Zika virus detection, we show the applicability of this approach by detecting Zika-specific artificial DNA and RNA both in buffer and in heat-inactivated human blood serum. We show the sensitivity against small nucleotide variations of this approach, allowing the discrimination of closely related pathogens. Furthermore, we show how the modularity offered by DNA nanotechnology enables multiplexing by incorporating orthogonal fluorescent labels for the simultaneous detection of different sequences. The achieved signal enhancement will allow technically simplified signal detection, paving the way for single molecule-based point-of-care diagnosis.
NIR Measurement of Moisture Content in Wood under Unstable Temperature Conditions. Part 1. Thermal Effects in near Infrared Spectra of Wood (2000)

Thermal effects in near infrared (NIR) spectra of solid wood samples of Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.) were studied between −20 and +25°C. When the temperature increases, the two main hydroxyl absorbance bands at approximately 1450 and 1930nm (here denoted bands A and B) shift by about 0.4nm°C −1 towards shorter wavelengths. For sapwood, there is a marked peak shift of both peaks of about 25nm (band A) and 20nm (band B) when part of the moisture in the wood freezes/thaws at 0°C. For heartwood, which has a much lower moisture content, the shifts are only about 5 and 3nm, respectively. If ice crystals form on the sample surface, a light scattering effect is also seen in the spectra, causing a multiplicative difference between spectra of samples with and without surface ice. It was demonstrated that it is possible to predict the moisture content even of frozen wood using partial least squares (PLS) regression models. It is, however, necessary to take the temperature into account, especially if the temperature fluctuates around 0°C.
TileTrack: Capacitive human tracking using floor tiles (2009)

Accurate, simple and affordable methods for passive indoor tracking of human beings are still missing. In this article, we describe the development of an unobtrusive two-dimensional human positioning system based on low-frequency electric fields. The system's operation is based on measuring the capacitance between multiple floor tiles and a receiving electrode. The presented system is invisible to the user and uses a single-chip solution to measure the capacitances. The implemented system is evaluated with two different types of receiving electrodes and the results are presented. With the used tiles, the system can locate a standing human with at least 15 cm accuracy and track a walking person with at least 41 cm accuracy. The update rate of the system is 10 Hz.
The thermal decomposition of poly(vinylidene chloride) in the solid state (1972)

The rate of decomposition of PVDC is sensitive to differences in the method of preparation of the polymer. Polymers prepared by mass polymerization of very pure monomer were most stable. Emulsion polymerized PVDC degraded the fastest. The activation energy for the latter was 34.4 kcal/mole. Over the range of 130°–190°C, the rate of decomposition increases with reaction time to ∼10% HCl evolved. Beyond this point, the reaction follows first-order kinetics. The first-order rate is independent of molecular weight. Lamellar crystals of PVDC degrade at a higher rate than “as polymerized” powders. This may be due in part to annealing of the crystals in the degradation temperature range; but it also results from a sensitization of the polymer to thermal degradation from exposure to the polar solvents used for recrystallization. A mechanism is proposed to account for these observations.
Technological advances in ethanol production. (2005)

The United States ethanol industry has historically received support, as the output is a domestic, renewable fuel that can displace imported petroleum. The reduction of US dependence on foreign petroleum has long been recognized as a primary benefit, which has underlined the fortification and growth of ethanol production and its use in the US as a renewable fuel. While production of fuel ethanol from grain has continued to expand at double-digit growth rates', the use of energy in the process is a major cost component. A significant portion of the energy cost is associated with the cooking of the grain to aid in enzymatic digestion. The recent introduction to market of STARGEN, a new enzyme technology, which is capable of directly hydrolyzing granular starch to fermentable glucose without the need for cooking the grain, promises to transform the fuel ethanol industry by increasing plant yield and throughput while reducing energy consumption, capital costs and overall process costs.
Detection of alphaII-spectrin and breakdown products in humans after severe traumatic brain injury. (2006)

The present work provides the first evidence that protein degradation of alphaII-spectrin is a reliable marker of severe TBI in humans and that both necrotic and apoptotic cell death mechanisms are activated in humans following a severe TBI. Moreover, the temporal profile of degradation may be an important indicator of clinical outcome.
MPEG-2 video satellite transmission using ATM technology (1996)

This paper examines the practical use of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology to transmit a Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG)-2 video signal, as well as other traffic, over a satellite link. The results of a multimedia field demonstration during which the MPEG-2 video signal was transmitted, along with videoconferencing and Internet access, over an INTELSAT Ku-band satellite link, are presented. These three applications were multiplexed together using an ATM switch, and connected to COMSAT's ATM link accelerator via a DS3 wide area network. The ATM link accelerator was utilized to provide fiber optic-equivalent quality and performance over a satellite link, with bit error rates of 1×10-9 or less. The ATM link accelerator extracted the 8-Mb/s demonstration traffic from the DS3 signal, and routed it to the earth station. This paper illustrates the use of ATM technology to enable multiplexed traffic, including MPEG-2 digital video, to be transmitted over a satellite link, forming a hybrid transmission system consisting of local and wide area networks.
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins protects A549 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress via the Nrf2-ARE pathway (2017)

Oxidative signaling and oxidative stress contribute to aging, cancer and diseases resulting from lung fibrosis. In this study, we explored the anti-oxidative potential of oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs), natural flavonoid compounds. We examined the protective effects of OPCs against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in non-small cell lung cancer cells (A549). We demonstrated that OPC markedly attenuated H2O2-induced A549 cell viability, as shown by by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. At the same time, OPC inhibited H2O2-induced oxidative stress by significantly increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione, and reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Treatment of the A549 cells with OPC significantly promoted the nuclear translocation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and significantly enhanced the expression of its target genes [heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) and thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1)] with different fold change values at both the mRNA and protein level. The knockout of Nrf2 using CRISPR/Cas9 technology attenuated OPC-mediated ARE gene transcription, and almost abolished the OPC-mediated protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. On the whole, our study suggests that OPC plays an important role in controlling the antioxidant response of A549 cells via the Nrf2-ARE pathway.
Wearable Electro-Textiles for Battlefield Awareness (2004)

This summary describes efforts to develop wearable electronic textiles and connectors to support body worn networking, communications, and battlefield awareness for future service members of the U.S. Army. Products developed include textile-based Universal Serial Bus (USB) and radiating antenna, body conformal spiral bus, fastex connector, and universal snap fastener. All products have been tested and successfully demonstrated in a laboratory setting.
Rhenium(V) Oxo Complexes of Novel N<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub> Dithiourea (DTU) Chelate Ligands:  Synthesis and Structural Characterization (1996)

The compounds RNHC(=S)NH(CH(2))(n)()NHC(=S)NHR were prepared in a search for new, relatively small N(2)S(2) ligands. These dithiourea (DTU) ligands are the first chelates containing two potentially bidentate thiourea moieties. A one-step reaction of 1,3-diaminopropane (1) with aryl or alkyl isothiocyanates or of 1,2-diaminoethane (2) with phenyl isothiocyanate afforded the target ligands in excellent yields (95-98%). The Re(V)=O complexes of RNHC(=S)NH(CH(2))(3)NHC(=S)NHR ligands were obtained through ligand exchange reactions with Re(V) precursors. The chemistry required neither protection of the sulfur atoms for ligand synthesis nor deprotection prior to metal complexation. The structure of (1-phenyl-3-(3-phenylthioureido)propyl]thioureato)oxorhenium(V) (7a), determined by X-ray diffraction methods, revealed the expected pseudo-square-pyramidal geometry with an N(2)S(2) basal and an apical oxo donor set. Both coordinated N's (N(c)) were deprotonated. One uncoordinated N (N(u)) was deprotonated, producing a neutral complex containing an unexpected new type of dianionic, four-membered N,S chelate. In the crystal, the N(u) atoms, N(3)H and N(4), of one complex each formed an H-bond with N(4) and N(3)H, respectively, of a symmetry-related complex. The N(c)-C-S bond angles (106.1(6) and 101.5(6) degrees ) were severely distorted from the 120 degrees expected for an sp(2)-hybridized C. However, these small bite angles and the large N-Re-N bond angle (86.1(3) degrees ) allowed for the formation of two four-membered chelate rings with normal Re-N and Re-S bond distances. Attempts to prepare complexes with the PhNHC(=S)NH(CH(2))(2)NHC(=S)NHPh ligand were unsuccessful. These results suggest that a central five-membered chelate ring is too small to accommodate bidentate coordination of both thiourea moieties. NMR studies in methanol established that the neutral complex with one uncoordinated N deprotonated was the favored form in neutral and basic solutions. However, under acidic conditions, a cationic form with both uncoordinated N's protonated was favored.
Treatment of Perifolliculitis Capitis Abscedens et Suffodiens with the Carbon Dioxide Laser (1989)

We describe the successful use of the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser for localized surgical therapy in a patient with perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens that was refractory to conservative treatment.
Macrocyclic Budmunchiamine Alkaloids from <i>Albizia lebbek</i> (1997)

A MeOH extract of the seeds of Albizia lebbek gave three new macrocyclic alkaloids, named as budmunchiamines L4, L5, and L6 (1−3). The known budmunchiamines A, B, C, and F have also been found. The structures of 1−3 have been determined, by the use of spectroscopic methods and by comparison with budmunchiamines L1−L3, reported earlier from this plant.
The parasitic life-cycle of Haemonchus Placei (Place) Ransom (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) (1956)

The parasitic life-cycle of Haemonchus placei (Place 1893) Ransom 1911 is described and compared with that of H. contortus (Rudolphi 1803) Cobb 1898. The third ecdysis of H. placei larvae occurred 36-76 hr after infestation, and the fourth and final moult occurred 11-14 days after infestation in the majority of larvae. Many third- and fourth-stage larvae penetrated deeply into the gastric glands of the mucosa. A small proportion of larvae did not develop beyond the early fourth stage, even after the majority had become adult. The pre-patent period of H. placei was estimated to be about 11 days longer than that of H. contortus.
A theoretical framework and competency-based approach to improving handoffs (2008)

Using this conceptual framework, recommendations are made for formal education based on the core competencies of communication and professionalism. Opportunities to educate trainees in acquiring these skills are described in the context of handoffs of patient care.
Enantiomeric analysis of amino acids by using comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography (2007)

The chiral separation of amino acids (AA) derivatised with ethyl chloroformate by using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography is reported. A commercially available enantioselective capillary column (Chirasil-l-Val) has been tested as first-dimension column. Two nonenantioselective stationary phases (BPX50 and BP1) with different column lengths were combined with the enantioselective column, which represent chiral/polar and chiral/low-polarity column sets, respectively. These column sets were evaluated to determine the most useful column combination to provide improved separation efficiency of enantioselective AA analysis. Separations of AA mixtures derivatised either as their N-trifluoroacetyl methyl esters or with methyl chloroformate, performed on a chiral/low-polarity column set, are also shown. The method was demonstrated for chiral analysis of AAs in different beer samples. The major AA in the beer samples was proline with amounts ranging from around 65-95% with minor contents of glycine and the l-enantiomers of alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Small amounts of d-alanine, at about 1, 1.5, and 15% were detected in the three samples.
Attitudes and actions of asthma patients on regular maintenance therapy: the INSPIRE study (2006)

Previous studies of this nature have also reported considerable patient morbidity, but in those studies approximately three-quarters of patients were not receiving regular maintenance therapy and not all had a physician-confirmed diagnosis of asthma. This study shows that patients with asthma receiving regular maintenance therapy still have high levels of inadequately controlled asthma. The study also shows that patients recognise deteriorating asthma control and adjust their medication during episodes of worsening. However, they often adjust treatment in an inappropriate manner, which represents a window of missed opportunity.
Eflornithine concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of 63 patients treated for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness (1993)

Eflornithine (difluoromethylornithine, DFMO) has recently been approved for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis. Treatment failures have been infrequent but have occurred among patients treated with oral DFMO only, and among children. To investigate the higher frequency of failures observed in young patients, DFMO trough concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured at the end of treatment in 13 children and 50 adults who had received 200 mg/kg intravenously every 12 h for 14 d. Mean DFMO concentration in CSF was significantly lower among children aged less than 12 years when compared to older patients (25.1 vs 68.9 nmol/mL, P < 0.001). Mean serum concentration was also lower in children (49.2 vs 87.5 nmol/mL, P = 0.03). Among patients who received DFMO as initial therapy for sleeping sickness, the mean CSF/serum ratio was lower in children (0.41 vs 0.91, P < 0.005). The 3 patients who failed DFMO treatment had CSF trough concentrations around or below 50 nmol/mL. Convulsions and anaemia were associated with higher drug levels and previous therapy with melarsoprol. The lower CSF drug concentrations observed in children could result from higher renal clearance and different CSF pharmacokinetics of DFMO in that age group. To avoid treatment failures, a 6-hourly regimen as well as higher DFMO dosage based on body surface area rather than on weight are recommended for children.
Axiom (2017)

This article presents Axiom, a DTLS-based approach to efficiently secure multicast group communication among IoT-constrained devices. Axiom provides an adaptation of the DTLS record layer, relies on key material commonly shared among the group members, and does not require one to perform any DTLS handshake. We made a proof-of-concept implementation of Axiom based on the tinyDTLS library for the Contiki OS and used it to experimentally evaluate performance of our approach on real IoT hardware. Results show that Axiom is affordable on resource-constrained platforms and performs significantly better than related alternative approaches.
Epitaxial P-Type Germanium and Silicon Films by the Hydrogen Reduction of GeBr[sub 4], SiBr[sub 4], and BBr[sub 3] (1963)

Epitaxial p‐type films of germanium or silicon with controlled thicknesses and resistivities have been grown on parent substrates using the hydrogen reduction of or , respectively, doped with . The thermochemistry and kinetics related to the growth of these films are discussed, and some comparisons with film growth from or are presented.
Integrated Response Time Evaluation Methodology for the Nuclear Safety Instrumentation System (2017)

Safety analysis for a nuclear power plant establishes not only an analytical limit (AL) in terms of a measured or calculated variable but also an analytical response time (ART) required to complete protective action after the AL is reached. If the two constraints are met, the safety limit selected to maintain the integrity of physical barriers used for preventing uncontrolled radioactivity release will not be exceeded during anticipated operational occurrences and postulated accidents. Setpoint determination methodologies have actively been developed to ensure that the protective action is initiated before the process conditions reach the AL. However, regarding the ART for a nuclear safety instrumentation system, an integrated evaluation methodology considering the whole design process has not been systematically studied. In order to assure the safety of nuclear power plants, this paper proposes a systematic and integrated response time evaluation methodology that covers safety analyses, system designs, response time analyses, and response time tests. This methodology is applied to safety instrumentation systems for the advanced power reactor 1400 and the optimized power reactor 1000 nuclear power plants in South Korea. The quantitative evaluation results are provided herein. The evaluation results using the proposed methodology demonstrate that the nuclear safety instrumentation systems fully satisfy corresponding requirements of the ART.
The avalanche drift diode: a new detector concept for single photon detection (2005)

A concept for single optical photon detection promises high quantum efficiency and large area sensitivity while restricting the avalanche region to a very narrow ("point-like") region of the device. This is accomplished by combining the principle of drift diode with an avalanche structure situated close by the electron collection electrode on the wafer surface opposite to the large area radiation entrance window placed on the fully depleted bulk. Extensive simulations demonstrate the validity of this concept.
Measuring tissue deformation with interventional MR (2000)

The increasing use of image guided surgery systems for neurosurgery has lead to considerable recent interest in quantifying brain deformation during neurosurgery. Traditional image guided neurosurgery systems determine the rigid body transformation between pre-operative images and an intraoperative coordinate system (eg.: defined by an optical localiser). These systems can be very accurate, espacially if bone-implanted fiducial markers are used, provided the rigid body assumption is valid. However, recent studies have shown that the brain surface can deform by 10mm or more underneath a craniotomy even before any resection take place. Such significant tissue deformation invalidates the rigid body assumption. Since the recent work quantifying brain deformation has concentrated on surface features, the deformation of the structures below the surface of the brain remains unknown. We demonstrate that we can quantify brain deformation throughout the brain using an automatic non-rigid registration algorithm, and that the volume change per voxel can be calculated and displayed using the Jacobian of the calculated 3D deformation field. We demonstrate this on a series of 8 resection cases carried out in the interventional MR suite at the University of Minnesota.
Current perspectives on acid-sensing ion channels: new advances and therapeutic implications (2010)

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) form a family of voltage-independent cation channels that predominantly conduct Na+ ions, and were identified at the molecular level a little more than a decade ago. ASICs are activated by extracellular acidification within the physiological range, and they form effective proton sensors in both central and peripheral sensory neurons. A combination of genetic and pharmacologic approaches has revealed their implication in an increasing number of physiological and pathophysiological processes--most of them associated with extracellular pH fluctuations, ranging from synaptic plasticity, learning, memory, fear, depression, seizure termination and neuronal degeneration to nociception and mechanosensation. ASICs, therefore, emerge as new potential therapeutic targets in the management of psychiatric disorders, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases and pain.
A new synthetic route to 2<i>H</i>‐benzo[<i>g</i>]chromene‐5,10‐diones involving ring closing metathesis (2009)

Abstract magnified image A simple synthesis of several 2 H ‐benzo[ g ]chromene‐5,10‐diones via the ring closing metathesis reaction of prerequisite bisolefins, prepared from the α‐vinylnaphthoquinones, is described. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 46 , 207 (2009).