gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Clifford group forms a unitary 3-design (2016)

Unitary k-designs are finite ensembles of unitary matrices that approximate the Haar distribution over unitary matrices. Several ensembles are known to be 2-designs, including the uniform distribution over the Clifford group, but no family of ensembles was previously known to form a 3-design. We prove that the Clifford group is a 3-design, showing that it is a better approximation to Haar-random unitaries than previously expected. Our proof strategy works for any distribution of unitaries satisfying a property we call Pauli 2-mixing and proceeds without the use of heavy mathematical machinery. We also show that the Clifford group does not form a 4-design, thus characterizing how well random Clifford elements approximate Haar-random unitaries. Additionally, we show that the generalized Clifford group for qudits is not a 3-design unless the dimension of the qudit is a power of 2.
Immobilized glucose oxidase used in the continuous-flow determination of serum glucose. (1976)

We used a tubular glucose-oxidase wall reactor in the "AutoAnalyzer II" continuous-flow analytical system to determine glucose in blood serum. Sensitivity was high and wash characteristics were satisfactory with use of a 30-cm tube containing immobilized glucose oxidase. Results compared favorably with those of the conventional free-enzyme method. More than 25000 such assays can be performed with a single enzyme tube, which also shows long-term storage stability. Because of the steady-state chemistry 60 samples can be analyzed per hour. The linearity of the method is excellent and sample interaction from 5.0 to 1.0 g/liter is less than 5%. Results correlate well (greater than 0.993) with those obtained with both the neocuproine method used in the "SMA 12/60" multichannel analytical system and the free glucose oxidase method used in the AutoAnalyzer.
Transferable Potentials for Phase Equilibria. 3. Explicit-Hydrogen Description of Normal Alkanes (1999)

Motivated by shortcomings of the available united-atom models for alkanes, a new explicit-hydrogen model for n-alkanes (TraPPE-EH, transferable potentials for phase equilibria-explicit hydrogen) is developed from fitting to one-component fluid phase properties. In addition to Lennard−Jones sites on carbon atoms, this model utilizes Lennard−Jones sites on the centers of carbon−hydrogen bonds. Configurational-bias Monte Carlo simulations in the Gibbs and canonical ensembles were carried out to calculate the one-component vapor−liquid phase equilibria for methane to n-dodecane, to determine the phase diagram of supercritical ethane and n-heptane mixtures, to obtain the Gibbs free energies of transfer for n-pentane and n-hexane between helium vapor and n-heptane liquid phases, and to study the high-pressure region of the equation of state for n-pentane and n-decane. The explicit-hydrogen representation with its more faithful description of the molecular shape of alkanes allows us to find a set of Lennard−Jones parameters that yields significantly better agreement with experiment for one- and multicomponent phase equilibria than our united-atom alkane model, but the price is higher computational cost.
Mesenchymal stem cells and their secreted molecules predominantly ameliorate fulminant hepatic failure and chronic liver fibrosis in mice respectively (2016)

Both MSCs and MSC-CM exert therapeutic effects by acting on various key cells during the pathogenesis of FHF and chronic fibrosis, stimulating hepatocyte proliferation and suppressing apoptosis, down-regulating infiltrating macrophages, converting CD4(+) T lymphocyte system into an anti-inflammatory state, and facilitating hepatic stellate cell death.
The Firm (1994)

Most of this chapter is descriptive. But do not be content with just learning facts. Continually ask yourself: Why do these institutions exist? Why do they take different forms? What are the advantages of each? Why do they raise so much capital by the issue of shares, and so much by debentures?
TEOS and Ozone Atmospheric Pressure CVD of Borophosphosilicate Glass Films Using Triethylborate and Trimethylphosphate (1993)

Borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) films were deposited using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), triethylborate (TEB), trimethylphosphate (TMOP), and ozone at atmospheric pressure. A uniform distribution of borate was obtained throughout the thickness of the film using TEB instead of trimethylborate (TMB). The deposition rates were characterized as functions of dopant gas flow rates, deposition temperature, and ozone concentration. Both dopants enhanced the deposition rates. The deposition rates did not show ozone concentration dependence. The typical deposition rate was as high as 0.2 μm/min. The borate and phosphate contents were characterized as functions of dopant gas flow rates, and deposition temperature. They ranged from 8 to 15 mole percent (m/o) for borate and from 3 to 8 m/o for phosphate. The film stress was as low as (tensile) when deposited at 400°C with 4% ozone and relaxed to a week after deposition. The film shrinkage was minimum (5%) at 400°C, and decreased with increasing ozone concentration. The step‐coverage of an as‐deposited film was superior, hence, the film reflowed smoothly even after the low temperature (850°C) annealing.
Diode pumped distributed Bragg reflector lasers based on a dye-to-polymer energy transfer blend (2006)

We report the demonstration of a compact, all-solid-state polymer laser system comprising of a Gallium Nitride (GaN) semiconductor diode laser as the pump source. The polymer laser was configured as a surface emitting, distributed Bragg reflector laser (DBR), based on a novel energy transfer blend of Coumarin 102 and the conjugated polymer poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene). In this configuration, diode pumping was possible both due to the improved quality of the resonators and the improved harvesting of the diode laser light.
Improving low‐temperature activity of <i>Sulfolobus acidocaldarius</i> 2‐keto‐3‐deoxygluconate aldolase (2009)

Sulfolobus acidocaldarius 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate aldolase (SacKdgA) displays optimal activity at 95 degrees C and is studied as a model enzyme for aldol condensation reactions. For application of SacKdgA at lower temperatures, a library of randomly generated mutants was screened for improved synthesis of 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate from pyruvate and glyceraldehyde at the suboptimal temperature of 50 degrees C. The single mutant SacKdgA-V193A displayed a threefold increase in activity compared with wild type SacKdgA. The increased specific activity at 40-60 degrees C of this mutant was observed, not only for the condensation of pyruvate with glyceraldehyde, but also for several unnatural acceptor aldehydes. The optimal temperature for activity of SacKdgA-V193A was lower than for the wild type enzyme, but enzymatic stability of the mutant was similar to that of the wild type, indicating that activity and stability were uncoupled. Valine193 has Van der Waals interactions with Lysine153, which covalently binds the substrate during catalysis. The mutation V193A introduced space close to this essential residue, and the increased activity of the mutant presumably resulted from increased flexibility of Lysine153. The increased activity of SacKdgA-V193A with unaffected stability demonstrates the potential for optimizing extremely thermostable aldolases for synthesis reactions at moderate temperatures.
Effective inhibition of melanosome transfer to keratinocytes by lectins and niacinamide is reversible (2005)

Skin pigmentation results in part from the transfer of melanized melanosomes synthesized by melanocytes to neighboring keratinocytes. Plasma membrane lectins and their glycoconjugates expressed by these epidermal cells are critical molecules involved in this transfer process. In addition, the derivative of vitamin B(3), niacinamide, can inhibit melanosome transfer and induce skin lightening. We investigated the effects of these molecules on the viability of melanocytes and keratinocytes and on the reversibility of melanosome-transfer inhibition induced by these agents using an in vitro melanocyte-keratinocyte coculture model system. While lectins and neoglycoproteins could induce apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner to melanocytes or keratinocytes in monoculture, similar dosages of the lectins, as opposed to neoglycoproteins, did not induce apoptosis to either cell type when treated in coculture. The dosages of lectins and niacinamide not affecting cell viability produced an inhibitory effect on melanosome transfer, when used either alone or together in cocultures of melanocytes-keratinocytes. Cocultures treated with lectins or niacinamide resumed normal melanosome transfer in 3 days after removal of the inhibitor, while cocultures treated with a combination of lectins and niacinamide demonstrated a lag in this recovery. Subsequently, we assessed the effect of niacinamide on facial hyperpigmented spots using a vehicle-controlled, split-faced design human clinical trial. Topical application of niacinamide resulted in a dose-dependent and reversible reduction in hyperpigmented lesions. These results suggest that lectins and niacinamide at concentrations that do not affect cell viability are reversible inhibitors of melanosome transfer.
Increased mRNA levels for components of the lysosomal, Ca2+-activated, and ATP-ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathways in skeletal muscle from head trauma patients. (1996)

The cellular mechanisms responsible for enhanced muscle protein breakdown in hospitalized patients, which frequently results in lean body wasting, are unknown. To determine whether the lysosomal, Ca2+-activated, and ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathways are activated, we measured mRNA levels for components of these processes in muscle biopsies from severe head trauma patients. These patients exhibited negative nitrogen balance and increased rates of whole-body protein breakdown (assessed by [13C]leucine infusion) and of myofibrillar protein breakdown (assessed by 3-methylhistidine urinary excretion). Increased muscle mRNA levels for cathepsin D, m-calpain, and critical components of the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway (i.e., ubiquitin, the 14-kDa ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, and proteasome subunits) paralleled these metabolic adaptations. The data clearly support a role for multiple proteolytic processes in increased muscle proteolysis. The ubiquitin proteolytic pathway could be activated by altered glucocorticoid production and/or increased circulating levels of interleukin 1beta and interleukin 6 observed in head trauma patients and account for the breakdown of myofibrillar proteins, as was recently reported in animal studies.
Modest but useful erasure technique for DPSK (1997)

A simple selective erasure forward error correction (FEC) technique for differential phase shift keyed (DPSK) data is presented. The method provides a modest coding gain and requires very little overhead and computation. It is very similar to the Wagner code and may be useful as a stand alone technique in some applications and as a preconditioner to more sophisticated FEC techniques in others.
New Summary Measures of the Foreign Exchange Value of the Dollar (1998)

The multilateral trade-weighted index of the foreign exchange value of the U.S. dollar against the currencies of the other countries in the Group of Ten (G-10), developed at the Federal Reserve Board in 1971, has played an important role in staff analysis of foreign influences on the U.S. economy for more than twenty-five years. However, changes in international trading relationships and in the structure of international financial markets have led to increased interest in the currencies of U.S. trading partners outside the G-10 countries. Furthermore, the establishment of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is bringing about significant changes inside the G-10 countries, with the euro, which will be introduced in January 1999, ultimately replacing five of the G-10 currencies. As a result, members of the Board&amp;amp;amp;#x27;s staff have developed several new indexes of the dollar&amp;amp;amp;#x27;s overall foreign exchange value.
Detection and Strain Typing of Ancient Mycobacterium leprae from a Medieval Leprosy Hospital (2013)

Nine burials excavated from the Magdalen Hill Archaeological Research Project (MHARP) in Winchester, UK, showing skeletal signs of lepromatous leprosy (LL) have been studied using a multidisciplinary approach including osteological, geochemical and biomolecular techniques. DNA from Mycobacterium leprae was amplified from all nine skeletons but not from control skeletons devoid of indicative pathology. In several specimens we corroborated the identification of M. leprae with detection of mycolic acids specific to the cell wall of M. leprae and persistent in the skeletal samples. In five cases, the preservation of the material allowed detailed genotyping using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Three of the five cases proved to be infected with SNP type 3I-1, ancestral to contemporary M. leprae isolates found in southern states of America and likely carried by European migrants. From the remaining two burials we identified, for the first time in the British Isles, the occurrence of SNP type 2F. Stable isotope analysis conducted on tooth enamel taken from two of the type 3I-1 and one of the type 2F remains revealed that all three individuals had probably spent their formative years in the Winchester area. Previously, type 2F has been implicated as the precursor strain that migrated from the Middle East to India and South-East Asia, subsequently evolving to type 1 strains. Thus we show that type 2F had also spread westwards to Britain by the early medieval period.
Group-delay ripple reduction in step-chirped fiber Bragg gratings by using laser-beam written step-chirped phase masks (2002)

Step-chirped phase masks for step-chirped fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) were fabricated by employing a new writing strategy, in which the beam is able to scan a step-chirped pattern all at once or continuously. This new writing strategy was realized by using a raster scan-type laser-beam writing system. Linearly and nonlinearly step-chirped FBGs, fabricated by using these masks, show very low group-delay ripple characteristics, which means that the masks have fewer stitching errors than conventional step-chirped masks.
A Review on Acrylate-Terminated Urethane Oligomers and Polymers: Synthesis and Applications (2017)

Polyurethane-acrylate oligomers are a new class of polyurethane which are produced by the reaction of polyols with diisocyanate and capped by acrylate. There is a growing demand for modification with improved properties of the polyurethane-acrylate. This review covers the following topic: structure, modification of polyurethane-acrylate backbone, reactive diluents, curing, mechanical, optical, thermal behavior, and applications presented herein. The basic understanding of the chemistry and mechanistic aspects of these oligomers has reached a level was tailor-made formulations suitable for a particular application may be selected.
Rapid calculation of terrain parameters for radiation modeling from digital elevation data (1990)

Digital elevation models are widely used to calculate terrain parameters to determine incoming solar and longwave radiation for use in surface climate models, interpretation of remote-sensing data, and parameters in hydrologic models. Because of the large number of points in an elevation grid, fast algorithms are useful to save computation time. A description is given of rapid methods for calculating slope and azimuth, solar illumination angle, horizons, and view factors for radiation from sky and terrain. Calculation time is reduced by fast algorithms and lookup tables.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Additions to the lichen flora of the Faroes (1985)

Volume: 22
CMOS Single Chip Gas Detection Systems — Part I (2002)

Abstract The current trend to control indoor air‐quality and to monitor environmental pollution has created a strong demand for miniaturized and inexpensive gas sensors for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Gas sensor arrays based on industrial CMOS‐processes combined with post‐CMOS micromachining (CMOS MEMS) are a promising approach to low‐cost sensor devices. In this article, the state of research of CMOS‐based gas sensor systems is reviewed, and a platform technology is described, which provides the possibility of monolithically integrating several different transducers on a single chip. A design environment, batch‐fabrication processes, and fast testing procedures were developed to realize an example single‐chip gas detection system. The chip includes the transducers, their biasing circuitry, reference elements, a digital interface, and a temperature sensor. The three polymer‐based transducers and their interface electronics will be detailed in the second part of this article [1].
Quantitative Determination of P-Coumaric Acid in Echinacea Purpurea Press Juice And Urgenin. A Validated Method (1994)

Abstract Echinacea purpurea species have been studied by various authors over the last decade. The starting material was the fresh or dried plant, or an ethanolic extract in which cichoric acid and derivatives were one of the major constituent groups. In our search for a suitable marker for the Echinacea press juice we found that cichoric acid was not the major compound but p-coumaric acid. The amount of p-coumaric acid was therefore determined in Echinacea press juice and Urgenin® and the method was validated.
Gradient-thickness thin-layer chromatography for the isolation and analysis of trace amounts of free fatty acids in large lipid samples (1970)

A thin-layer chromatographic method for quantitative isolation of free fatty acids is described. This method appears to be more satisfactory than existing methods in offering the combination of advantages of specificity, simplicity, rapidity, reproducibility, accuracy, high sensitivity, and applicability as a preparative technique. The method involves chromatography on a thin-layer plate on which the layer of Silica Gel G decreases linearly in thickness from 1000 micro at the base to 125 micro at the upper end. This gradient-thickness design allows the separation and densitometric quantitation of very small traces of free fatty acids from relatively large and complex lipid samples in a single chromatographic step. The method has been shown to be applicable directly to the crude total lipid extracts of several mammalian tissues. It appears to generate little if any artifactual free fatty acids from the breakdown of complex lipids, in contrast to the undesirable behavior of silicic acid columns in this respect. Gradient-thickness thin-layer chromatography promises to be useful for the quantitative isolation of trace amounts not only of other types of lipids but also of classes of compounds other than lipids.
Performance of menu-augmented soft keyboards (2004)

We report results on the performance of the combination of soft keyboards and marking menus. A model of expert user performance indicated an 11 - 37% (depending on the keyboard layout) improvement in text entry rate over the same keyboard without the menu. To verify the advantage in real usage, we conducted two experiments using the QWERTY keyboard layout with and without the menu. The first experiment imitated nearly perfect cognitive performance and measured motor performance. Using the menu saved time. The second experiment measured performance in a realistic text entry task. Initially using the menu slows down text entry. By the end of the 20-session experiment both conditions were equally fast. With continued practice text entry is likely to be faster with the menu.
Optically Directed Assembly of Continuous Mesoscale Filaments (2011)

We demonstrate irreversible continuous filament formation when a weak laser focus is positioned near the edge of an evaporating colloidal droplet containing carbon and gold nanoparticles. Optical trapping, hydrothermal, and chemical interactions lead to controlled colloidal synthesis of stable, irreversible mesoscale filaments of arbitrary shape and size. Mechanisms for this optically directed assembly are discussed with fluid dynamics, molecular dynamics, and lattice kinetic Monte Carlo calculations.
Complete Inversion of Enantioselectivity towards Acetylated Tertiary Alcohols by a Double Mutant of a <i>Bacillus Subtilis</i> Esterase (2008)

Simultaneous saturation mutagenesis at three amino acid residues of esterase BS2 followed by high-throughput screening identified a double mutant (E188W/M193C) with inverted enantiopreference, high E values, and broadened substrate range compared to the wild-type (WT) enzyme, while the single mutants lacked this property. The kinetic resolution of ester 1 with the enzymes is shown in the scheme.
The Repeatability of Automated and Clinician Refraction (1998)

Automated refraction is more repeatable than subjective refraction and therefore more appropriate for studies of myopia progression.
Comparative Analysis of Soil Microbiome Diversity using QIIME and CloVR Pipelines (2017)

The study of 16s rRNA sequences through Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) have revolutionized the understanding of the microbial community composition and its structure. The massive data production and substantial cost reduction in NGS technologies have led to rapid growth of metagenomic research both quantitatively and qualitatively. Soil Metagenomics is a discipline that enables the genomic study of uncultured organisms in the soil samples. Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) and Cloud Virtual Resource (CloVR) processes metagenomic data from a high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing platform, beginning with multiplexed sequence reads, then Operational taxonomic units picking, Summarizing taxonomies, phylogenetic relationships and analyzing the alpha and finally beta diversities through plots. The proposed study demonstrates the analysis of microbial composition present in the study sample using QIIME and CloVR metagenomic pipelines. The soil metagenomic Datasets applied for the present study are retrived from European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) under the sample ID ERP001958.The interrealtionships among the OTUs is studied through the network analysis. A comparative analysis of the metagenomic pipelines is also performed with the gene clustering algorithms for understanding the concept of OUT clustering in metagenomic analysis. This research underscores the usefulness of next-generation sequencing techniques both to understand the ecological impact of contamination and to identify potential molecular proxies for detection of natural attenuation.