gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory effect of calcium chloride on gastric carcinogenesis in rats after treatment with <i>N</i>-methyl-<i>N</i>′-nitro-<i>N</i>-nitrosoguanidine and sodium chloride (1992)

The effects of calcium chloride on glandular stomach carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and sodium chloride were investigated in male outbred Wistar rats. Animals were given MNNG solution (100 p.p.m.) as drinking water and simultaneously fed a diet supplemented with 5% sodium chloride for 8 weeks. Matched negative controls received neither MNNG nor sodium chloride. Rats were then fed basal diet and given calcium chloride solution (1 or 0.2%) or tap water for the following 52 weeks. The incidences and multiplicities of preneoplastic hyperplasias in the glandular stomachs of rats given MNNG/sodium chloride followed by 1 and 0.2% calcium chloride were significantly lower than those in rats given MNNG/sodium chloride alone. The inhibitory effects of calcium were exerted in a dose-dependent manner. Calcium treatment also showed a tendency to inhibit the development of gastric adenocarcinomas although this was not statistically significant. Rats without carcinogen treatment had neither carcinomas nor preneoplastic hyperplasias in the glandular stomach. Calcium intake also significantly reduced the levels of malondialdehyde, a measure of lipid peroxidation, in the gastric mucosa and urine, the former in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, calcium chloride exerted inhibitory effects when given during the post-initiation phase of two-stage glandular stomach carcinogenesis in rats.
Co-ordination compounds of indium. Part XXI. Some compounds derived from indium(III) acetate, including indium diacetate (1973)

Electrolysis of indium in acetic acid produces fine metallic crystals, which when set aside are converted into In(OAc)2. This compound has been compared with In(OAc)3, In(HCO2)3, and (Me)2In(OAc), all of which appear to have polymeric carboxylate-bridged lattices. The pyridine adduct of In(OAc)3, and the new compounds (Me4N)3In(OAc)3(ClO4)3 and (Et4N)3In(OAc)6, involve insertion of the appropriate species into the polymeric lattice of In(OAc)3. The structure of In(OAc)2 is believed to be a lattice of In(OAc)3+ InIOAc, similar to the other compounds, but unrelated to the indium ‘dihalides’.
Dr. C#: A pedagogic IDE for C# featuring a read-eval-print-loop (2003)

As the primary programming language of the Microsoft .NET platform, C# will play a significant role in software development for the foreseeable future. As the language rapidly gains popularity in industry, tools made for C# development focus on the professional programmer, while leaving the beginning computer science student behind.\nTo address this problem, we introduce Dr. C#, a simple lightweight development environment with an integrated, interactive Read-Eval-Print-Loop (REPL). Dr. C# helps flatten the learning curve of both the environment and the language, enabling students to quickly learn key elements of the language and focus more easily on concepts. Dr. C# thus serves not only as a learning tool for beginner students but also as a teaching tool for instructors. The editor is based on an open source IDE called SharpDevelop. This thesis describes the implementation of Dr. C# focusing primarily on building the REPL and integrating with SharpDevelop.
Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis in building performance simulation for decision support and design optimization (2009)

Building performance simulation (BPS) uses computer-based models that cover performance aspects such as energy consumption and thermal comfort in buildings. The uptake of BPS in current building design projects is limited. Although there is a large number of building simulation tools available, the actual application of these tools is mostly restricted to code compliance checking or thermal load calculations for sizing of heating, ventilation and air-conditions systems in detailed design. The aim of the presented work is to investigate opportunities in BPS during the later phases of the design process, and to research and enable innovative applications of BPS for design support. The research started from an existing and proven design stage specific simulation software tool. The research methods applied comprise of literature review, interviews, rapid iterative prototyping, and usability testing. The result of this research is a prototype simulation based environment that provides add-ons like uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, multi-criteria and disciplinary decision making under uncertainty, and multi-objective optimization. The first prototype addressing the uncertainties in physical, scenario, and design parameters provides additional information through figures and tables. This outcome helps the designer in understanding how parameters relate to each other and to comprehend how variations in the model input affect the output. It supports the design process by providing a basis to compare different design options and leads therefore to an improved guidance in the design process. The second approach addresses the integration of a decision making protocol with the extension of uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. This prototype supports the design team in the design process by providing a base for communication. Furthermore, it supports the decision process by providing the possibility to compare different design options by minimizing the risk that is related to different concepts. It reduces the influence of preoccupation in common decision making and avoids pitfalls due to alack of planning and focus. The third and last approach shows the implementation of two multi-objective algorithms and the integration of uncertainty in optimization. The results show the optimization of parameters for the objectives energy consumption and weighted over and underheating hours. It shows further how uncertainties impact the Pareto frontier achieved. The applicability and necessity of the three implemented approaches has further been validated with the help of usability testing by conducting mock-up presentations and an online survey. The outcome has shown that the presented results enhance the capabilities of BPS and fulfil the requirements in detailed design by providing a better understanding of results, guidance through the design process, and supporting the decision process. All three approaches have been found important to be integrated in BPS.
Synthesis of blue emitting InP/ZnS quantum dots through control of competition between etching and growth (2012)

Blue (<480 nm) emitting Cd-free quantum dots (QDs) are in great demand for various applications. However, their synthesis has been challenging. Here we present blue emitting InP/ZnS core/shell QDs with a band edge emission of 475 nm and a full width at half maximum of 39 nm (215 meV) from their quantum confined states. The drastic temperature drop immediately after mixing of the precursors and holding them at a temperature below 150 °C was the critical factor for the synthesis of blue emitting QDs, because the blue QDs are formed by the etching of ultra-small InP cores by residual acetic acid below 150 °C. Etching was dominant at temperatures below 150 °C, whereas growth was dominant at temperatures above 150 °C. ZnS shells were formed successfully at 150 °C, yielding blue emitting InP/ZnS QDs. The colour of the InP/ZnS QDs depicted on the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram is located close to the edge, indicating a pure blue colour compared to other InP-based QDs.
Side Looking Doppler Velocity Sensors (2000)

Recently, there has been considerable interest in using side-looking Doppler systems for velocity indexing and port operations. A brief discussion of the Doppler technique in comparison to traditional methods such as travel-time and point measurements is presented. The range limitations inherent in horizontal Doppler applications are also discussed, and several approaches for overcoming those limitations are described. SonTek offers both side-looking profilers and side-looking range-integrating current meters in extensive use. Results from a number of deployments where SonTek side-looking Doppler systems have been used for hydrology and port monitoring are presented.
Total Synthesis of Carba-<scp>d</scp>-fructofuranose via a Novel Metathesis Reaction (1999)

Carba-d-fructofuranose 2b was synthesized in 11 steps (45%), from 2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-d-arabinofuranose 5 using a ring closing metathesis. Schrock's catalyst was employed on the unique substituted diene synthon 4 to furnish the pentahydroxlated cyclopentene 3. Hydrogenation afforded 2b.
Effect of oxygen supply on L-lysine, L-threonine and L-isoleucine fermentations. (1979)

Effect of oxygen tension on L-lysine, L-threonine and L-isoleucine accumulation was investigated. Sufficient supply of oxygen to satisfy the cell's oxygen demand was essential for the maximum production in each fermentation. The dissolved oxygen level must be controlled at greater than 0.01 atm in every fermentation, and the optimum redox potentials of culture media were above -170 rnV in L-lysine and L-threonine and above -180 mV in L-isoleucine fermentations. The maximum concentrations of the products were 45.5mg/ml for L-lysine, 10.3mg/ml for L-threonine and 15.1mg/ml for L-isoleucine. The degree of the inhibition due to oxygen limitation was slight in the fermentative production of L-lysine, L-threonine and L-isoleucine, whose biosynthesis is initiated with L-aspartic acid, in contrast to the accumulation of L-proline, L-glutamine and L-arginine, which is biosynthesized by way of L-glutamic acid.
Isfahan Virus, A New Vesiculovirus Infecting Humans, Gerbils, and Sandflies in Iran (1977)

The characteristics and ecology of Isfahan virus, a new vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) serotype, are described. Two strains of the agent were isolated from pools of Phlebotomus papatasi collected in Iran in 1975. Its animal pathogenicity, growth rate, cytopathic effect, and plaque morphology are similar to those of the other VSV serotypes. Electron microscopic examination of the virus demonstrated a bullet shape, the presence of truncated particles and maturation at plasma membranes. Antigenic relationships between Isfahan virus and three other VSV serotypes (Cocal, Piry, and Chandipura) were demonstrated by complement fixation or neutralization tests. A high prevalence of Isfahan neutralizing antibodies was found in human sera from several regions of Iran, suggesting that the virus may be of some public health importance. All of the residents over 5 years of age in the village where the virus was isolated had been infected. Neutralizing antibodies to Isfahan virus were also found in sera of Iranian gerbils but not in domestic animals. Results of this study suggest that the ecology of Isfahan virus is distinct from the other VSV serotypes and involves chiefly humans, gerbils, and sandflies, a pattern also observed with cutaneous leishmaniasis and sandfly fever in Iran.
Reusable management frameworks for third-generation wireless networks (2002)

The software that supports telecommunications network elements encompasses a multitude of different functions. Besides the features and functionality that support service, call, and connection control, a vast amount of software is required to support network management functionality. Within a single network element, this support includes aspects of event management, performance management, and configuration/data management. This network management functionality, although frequently overlooked during initial system specification, often constitutes the majority of the effort during software design and construction. This paper describes recent progress in the analysis of common management functionality using design pattern and framework technology. This recurring functionality is abstracted and encapsulated into a set of reusable software assets. The paper describes how these assets are being used in the management of Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∗</sup> )- and simple network management protocol (SNMP)-based third-generation wireless networks, supporting both voice and high-speed data services.
Essential Layers, Artifacts, and Dependencies of Enterprise Architecture (2006)

After a period where implementation speed was more important than integration, consistency and reduction of complexity, architectural considerations have become a key issue of information management in recent years again. Enterprise architecture is widely accepted as an essential mechanism for ensuring agility and consistency, compliance and efficiency. Although standards like TOGAF and FEAF have developed, however, there is no common agreement on which architecture layers, which artifact types and which dependencies constitute the essence of enterprise architecture. This paper contributes to the identification of essential elements of enterprise architecture by (1) specifying enterprise architecture as a hierarchical, multilevel system comprising aggregation hierarchies, architecture layers and views, (2) discussing enterprise architecture frameworks with regard to essential elements, (3) proposing interfacing requirements of enterprise architecture with other architecture models and (4) matching these findings with current enterprise architecture practice in several large companies.
Development Problems in Advanced Countries in Comparison to Those of Underdeveloped Areas (1964)

Community/Rural/Urban Development
Coffee, Tea, and Cocoa: An Economic and Political Analysis. By V. D. Wickizer. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1951. Pp. xiii, 497. $5.00. (1952)

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The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium (1981)

This is the fourth edition of an established textbook of chemical thermodynamics used by university and technical college students of chemistry and chemical engineering. The text covers the same ground as previous editions, presenting the general theory of chemical equilibrium, including its statistical development, and illustrating its many applications in the laboratory and industry. This edition has been extensively revised in the light of recent contributions to the literature. Many new references have been added; the re-writing of certain passages, especially of those concerning the statistical interpretation of entropy and the present understanding of order-disorder transitions, also reflects changes of emphasis.
Upstream transmission in WDM PONs at 10Gbps using low bandwidth RSOAs assisted with optical filtering and electronic equalization (2008)

Upstream transmission at 10 Gbps over extended access fibre links is demonstrated using a low-bandwidth RSOA assisted by electronic equalization and optimum filter offset at the receiver (OLT) end.
Effects of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on the in vitro growth of explants (Clerodendron spp.) (2013)

Callus cultures and suspension cultures began with pieces of tissues and cells fromthe leaf but culture conditions were manipulated to create an unorganized state. Theinitiation of callus was induced from dicotyledonous tissue explants (Clerodendron spp.) firstby preparing MS basal medium and then by adding varying concentrations of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid or 2, 4-D. Growth was observed after each week for a period of3 weeks and observations were documented. After all the observations were noted down;subsequent analysis and interpretation of the results followed. This led to a valid scientificconclusion for the whole study process. Though there was disturbance due to heavy bacterialcontamination in majority of the petriplates, but the effect of plant-status and environmentalfactors on callus initiation cannot be fully ignored. Growth response studied was morevigorous in low concentrations of 2, 4-D as compared to higher levels.
Oligomeric Cholates:  Amphiphilic Foldamers with Nanometer-Sized Hydrophilic Cavities (2005)

The hydroxyl at the C-3 of cholic acid was converted to an amino group, and the resulting amino-functionalized cholic acid was used as a monomer to prepare amide-linked oligomeric cholates. These cholate oligomers fold into helical structures with nanometer-sized hydrophilic internal cavities in solvent mixtures consisting of mostly nonpolar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride or ethyl acetate/hexane and 2-5% of a polar solvent such as methanol or DMSO. The conformations of the foldamers were studied by UV, fluorescence, fluorescence quenching, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The nature of the polar/nonpolar solvents and their miscibility strongly influenced the folding reaction. Folding was cooperative, as evidenced by the sigmoidal curves in solvent denaturation experiments. The folded conformers became more stable with an increase in the chain length. The folding/unfolding equilibrium was highly sensitive toward the amount of polar solvent. One percent variation in the solvent composition could change the folding free energies by 0.5-1.4 kcal/mol.
Biological Vitreous Substitutes (1972)

Hyaluronic acid and collagen gel produced a mild inflammatory reaction in normal monkey eyes. Vitreous uptake of iodine I 131 labeled protein, however, remained abnormal for several months after other evidence of inflammation had resolved. Scleral diathermy or cryoapplication increased vitreous isotope uptake five to eight times in the absence of clinical signs of inflammation. The same vitreous substitutes in eyes with markedly abnormal vascular permeability produced a more severe inflammatory reaction at two days. Intensive corticosteroid therapy partly ameliorated this increased reaction.
Increased Oil Production and Reserves From Improved Completion Techniques in the Bluebell Field, Uinta Basin, Utah (1998)

The Bluebell field is productive from the Tertiary lower Green River and Colton (Wasatch) Formations of the Uinta Basin, Utah. The productive interval consists of thousands of feet of interbedded fractured clastic and carbonate beds deposited in the ancestral Lake Uinta. Wells in the Bluebell field are typically completed by perforating 40 or more beds over 1000 to 3000 vertical ft (300-900 m), then stimulating the entire interval with hydrochloric acid. This technique is often referred to as the shot gun completion. Completion techniques used in the Bluebell field were discussed in detail in the Second Annual Report (Curtice, 1996). The shot-gun technique is believed to leave many potentially productive beds damaged and/or untreated, while allowing water-bearing and low-pressure (thief) zones to communicate with the wellbore. A two-year characterization study involved detailed examination of outcrop, core, well logs, surface and subsurface fractures, produced oil-field waters, engineering parameters of the two demonstration wells, and analysis of past completion techniques and effectiveness. The study was intended to improve the geologic characterization of the producing formations and thereby develop completion techniques specific to the producing beds or facies instead of a shot gun approach to stimulating all the beds. The characterization did not identify predictable-facies or predictable-fracture trends within the vertical stratigraphic column as originally hoped. Advanced logging techniques can identify productive beds in individual wells. A field-demonstration program was developed to use cased-hole advanced logging techniques in two wells and recompletion the wells at two different scales based on the logging. The first well was going to be completed at the interval scale using a multiple stage completion technique (about 500 ft [150 m] per stage). The second well will be recompleted at the bed-scale using bridge plug and packer to isolate three or more beds for stimulation. These recompletion will show which logs are most effective in identifying productive beds and what scale of completion is most cost effective. The third demonstration will be the logging and completion of a new well using the logs and completion scale or technique, most effective in the previous demonstrations.
Malaria vaccines since 2000: progress, priorities, products (2020)

Malaria vaccine development entered a new era in 2015 when the pre-erythrocytic <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> candidate RTS,S was favorably reviewed by the European Medicines Agency and subsequently introduced into national pilot implementation programs, marking the first human anti-parasite vaccine to pass regulatory scrutiny. Since the first trials published in 1997, RTS,S has been evaluated in a series of clinical trials culminating in Phase 3 testing, while testing of other pre-erythrocytic candidates (that target sporozoite- or liver-stage parasites), particularly whole sporozoite vaccines, has also increased. Interest in blood-stage candidates (that limit blood-stage parasite growth) subsided after disappointing human efficacy results, although new blood-stage targets and concepts may revive activity in this area. Over the past decade, testing of transmission-blocking vaccines (that kill mosquito/sexual-stage parasites) advanced to field trials and the first generation of placental malaria vaccines (that clear placenta-sequestering parasites) entered the clinic. Novel antigen discovery, human monoclonal antibodies, structural vaccinology, and improved platforms promise to expand on RTS,S and improve existing vaccine candidates.
Novel Synthesis of Penta-<i>N</i>,<i>O</i>-Acetylvaliolamine (1988)

Abstract Penta-N,O-acetylvaliolamine (11), a derivative of microbial α-D-glucosidase inhibitor, was prepared from the chiral azido-containing cyclohexene derivative derived from D-glucose. Novel rearrangement of the C-C double bond accompanying reduction of the azido group vas a key step for the preparation.
Waking up to sleep problems: More attention focused on diagnosis, treatment of pediatric disorders (2005)

![Figure][1] 

Dr. Marcus 



The television audience chortled at the sight and sound of a baby snoring like a man, but Carole L. Marcus, M.D., FAAP, found nothing amusing about the infant on the screen.

She saw a child with sleep apnea — one whose parents should have been in contact with a
Design of a reflective pulse oximeter sensor and its evaluation in swine (2003)

A description is given of a series of tests to determine the repeatability and accuracy of a prototype reflectance pulse oximeter sensor on a swine model. Transcutaneous oxygen tension was measured as the animal's oxygenation was varied. The experimental results show that the prototype reflectance sensors measure repeatable red/infrared ratios from animal-to-animal for all three measurement sites. SaO/sub 2/(p) measurements calculated from the red/infrared reflectance ratios from all three locations generally overestimated the accuracy of SaO/sub 2/ of arterial blood samples, with the accuracy of SaO/sub 2/(p) decreasing as the animal became more hypoxic.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Goals for nutrition in the year 2000 (1999)

Ongoing research continues to support the hypothesis that dietary factors significantly influence the incidence of many human malignancies. Despite some conflicting and confusing studies reported over the past two decades, it is becoming increasingly clear that maintenance of a healthy adult weight, through proper balance of caloric intake and physical activity, is key to cancer prevention. Moreover, current nutritional recommendations for the prevention of cancer include increased consumption of fruits and vegetables; reduced consumption of red meat and animal fat; and avoidance of excessive alcohol use. For many individuals, a daily multivitamin that contains folic acid may also be part of a reasonable overall cancer prevention strategy.