gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Public health in the undergraduate medical curriculum – can we achieve integration? (2000)

Public health is widely regarded by medical students as peripheral or even irrelevant to the acquisition of clinical knowledge and skills. This paper attempts to set out some of the reasons for this, to encourage innovative approaches to integrating public health with clinical teaching and to offer a theoretical framework of integrated public health education for curriculum development and evaluation. The points of convergence between public health and clinical practice should not be regarded as self-evident. A practical demonstration of the application of public health principles to clinical problem solving may be the most effective means of overcoming resistance. Almost anywhere that clinical services are provided is suitable for this purpose. Community clinics, health centres or general practices have obvious appeal but acute hospitals have important advantages arising from students' preoccupation with clinical medicine. The main aim of integrated public health teaching is to facilitate the students' acquisition of knowledge, skills and attitudes that promote the effective application of public health approaches to clinical practice. The interrelationships between clinical practice and public health may be represented in the form of a grid. The vertical headings are the clinical skills that relate to the different stages of the natural history of disease -- from the pre-disease state through diagnosis, treatment and follow up. The horizontal headings describe four key public health dimensions: epidemiology, behaviour/lifestyle, environment and health policy. The text in the boxes suggests appropriate topics for discussion. The grid is also potentially useful for course documentation and content evaluation.
Spacecraft potential control aboard Equator-S as a test for Cluster-II (1999)

Abstract. The payload of Equator-S was complemented by the potential control device (PCD) to stabilise the electric potential of the spacecraft with respect to the ambient plasma. Low potentials are essential for accurate measurements of the thermal plasma. The design of PCD is inherited from instruments for Geotail and Cluster and utilises liquid metal ion sources generating a beam of indium ions at several keV. The set-up of the instrument and its interaction with the plasma instruments on board is presented. When the instrument was switched on during commissioning, unexpectedly high ignition and operating voltages of some ion emitters were observed. An extensive investigation was initiated and the results, which lead to an improved design for Cluster-II, are summarised. The cause of the abnormal behaviour could be linked to surface contamination of some emitters, which will be monitored and cured by on-board procedures in future. The mission operations on Equator-S were not at all affected, because of the high redundancy built into the instrument so that a sufficient number of perfectly operating emitters were available and were turned on routinely throughout the mission. Observations of the effect of spacecraft potential control on the plasma remained limited to just one event on January 8, 1998, which is analysed in detail. It is concluded that the ion beam lead to the predicted improvement of the particle measurements even outside the low density regions of the magnetosphere where the effect of spacecraft potential control would have been much more pronounced, and that the similar instruments for the four Cluster-II spacecraft to be launched in 2000 will be very important to ensure accurate plasma data from this mission.Key words. Space plasma physics (active perturbation experiments; spacecraft sheaths · wakes · charging; instruments and techniques)
Ruminal Digestion and Microbial Utilization of Diets Varying in Type of Carbohydrate and Protein (1991)

Three ruminally and duodenally cannulated, lactating Holstein cows were used in a 3 x 3 Latin square experiment to study the effects of differing levels of nonstructural carbohydrate and degradable intake protein on ruminal digestibility and microbial protein production. Three diets were formulated to contain 1) 38 and 13.2%, 2) 31 and 11.8%, and 3) 24 and 9% nonstructural carbohydrate and degradable intake protein as percentages of the DM, respectively. Dry matter intakes were similar for all diets (21.9, 21.1, and 18.3 kg/d for diets 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Likewise, microbial efficiency, as estimated from purine analysis, was unaffected by diet and averaged 24 g of microbial N/kg of OM digested for all treatments. Ruminal digestion of OM averaged 66.6, 65.1, and 55.7% for diets 1, 2, and 3, respectively, resulting in lower microbial N flow per day for diet 3 (317, 333, and 202 g, respectively). Digestion of nonstructural carbohydrate and CP followed similar trends as did OM digestion, whereas NDF digestion remained similar across all diets. These results indicate that nonstructural carbohydrate greater than 24% and ruminally degradable protein greater than 9% of DM will enhance microbial protein flow from the rumen.
Estimation of Spectral Reflectance From Densitometric Measurements Using Printing Model Prior (2009)

Estimating the spectral reflectance of a printed patch is an important task in the printing industry for several purposes such as ICC profiling and maintaining color consistency. However, equipment for accurate spectral reflectance estimation (spectrophotometers) is expensive. In this work we suggest to use known characterization of the printer output in order to achieve accurate estimation of spectral reflectance from only three-channel measurement, such as provided by the standard status T densitometers.The mean estimation error we achieve on known substrates is 0.13ΔE. Further results indicate an estimation error below 1ΔE for a set of unknown substrates.
Copper and calcium complexes with the anionic O2-donor 4-tert-butylacetyl-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazol-5-onato (Q−). Influence of hydrogen-bond interactions on lattice architecture in the crystal structures of [CuQ2(H2O)] and [CaQ2(EtOH)2] (1998)

By interaction of 4-tert-butylacetyl-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazol-5-one (HQ) with Cu(O2CCH3)2·H2O in EtOH, the derivative [CuQ2(H2O)] 1 has been synthesized. It possesses a square-pyramidal structure with the asymmetric β-diketonate ligands arranged in an “anti” configuration to each other and with a molecule of H2O at the apex of polyhedron. Both protons of H2O are involved in an intermolecular hydrogen-bonding network with pyridinic nitrogen atoms of Q donors belonging to two neighbouring complexes. Compound 1 reacts with substituted phenanthrolines (2,9-Me2Phen with 4,7-Ph2Phen) in Et2O to give [CuQ2(2,9-Me2Phen)] and [CuQ2(4,7-Ph2Phen)] derivatives. During the reaction of 1 with an excess of 2,9-Me2Phen in EtOH reduction of copper(II) to copper(I) was observed with formation of the ionic diamagnetic copper(I) derivative [Cu(2,9-Me2Phen)]Q. Ethylenediamine (en) reacted with 1 affording the ionic complex [Cu(en)3]Q2·2H2O. By interaction of 1 with N-methylimidazole (N-MeIm) the compound [CuQ2(N-MeIm)2] has been isolated. Finally the P-donors triphenylphosphine and tricyclohexylphosphine (PCy3) reduced copper(II) affording the copper(I) derivatives [CuQ(PPh3)2] and [CuQ(PCy3)2]. The reaction between HQ and CaCl2 in basic (KOH) EtOH produced the derivative [CaQ2(EtOH)2]. It contains the calcium atom in an axially distorted octahedral environment with the two β-diketonate ligands in “anti” positions and the EtOH molecules trans to each other. The O–Ca–O axis is bent [172.86(6)°]. The protons of the solvent molecules are involved in a hydrogen-bonding network with the nitrogen atoms of Q donors of other molecular units, and the structure is constituted of infinite chains. The derivatives [CaQ2(ROH)2] have been obtained in alcoholic ROH solvents when R = Me, Et or Pri, whereas the [CaQ2(H2O)2] complex formed when R = But, HCCCH2 or Pri(But)CH. The interaction between [CaQ2(EtOH)2] and 1,10-phenanthroline afforded the adduct [Ca(Q)2(Phen)2].
Domain deletions in the human polymeric Ig receptor disclose differences between its dimeric IgA and pentameric IgM interaction (1999)

The human polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), or transmembrane secretory component, is basolaterally expressed on secretory epithelial cells; its function is to transport externally J chain-containing dimeric IgA and pentameric IgM. The ligand-binding extracellular part of this receptor contains five disulfide-stabilized domains which show considerable homology with the variable domains of Ig chains. The N-terminal domain 1 (D1) mediates the initial noncovalent ligand interaction. In this study we made deletions of the human pIgR D2 and D3 (pIgRDelta2,3), or D4 and D5 (pIgRDelta4,5), to investigate the influence of these domains in receptor binding and transport of dimeric IgA and pentameric IgM across MDCK cells transfected with the truncated receptors. Both mutants were found to bind pentameric IgM, but only pIgRDelta4,5 bound dimeric IgA. These results showed that the two ligands interact differently with human pIgR; binding of pentameric IgM apparently depends fully on strong interactions with D1, while binding of dimeric IgA in addition depends on elements within D2 and / or D3 to support the initial noncovalent binding to D1. Moreover, our studies imply that dimeric human IgA binds differently to pIgR from various species. This observation cautions against interpretation of functional studies performed with non-homologous receptor-ligand pairs.
Inhibition of Glutamine Synthetase: A Potential Drug Target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2014)

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Globally, tuberculosis is second only to AIDS in mortality and the disease is responsible for over 1.3 million deaths each year. The impractically long treatment schedules (generally 6-9 months) and unpleasant side effects of the current drugs often lead to poor patient compliance, which in turn has resulted in the emergence of multi-, extensively- and totally-drug resistant strains. The development of new classes of anti-tuberculosis drugs and new drug targets is of global importance, since attacking the bacterium using multiple strategies provides the best means to prevent resistance. This review presents an overview of the various strategies and compounds utilized to inhibit glutamine synthetase, a promising target for the development of drugs for TB therapy.
Potential Role of Invariant NKT Cells in the Control of Pulmonary Inflammation and CD8+ T Cell Response during Acute Influenza A Virus H3N2 Pneumonia (2011)

Influenza A virus (IAV) infection results in a highly contagious respiratory illness leading to substantial morbidity and occasionally death. In this report, we assessed the in vivo physiological contribution of invariant NKT (iNKT) lymphocytes, a subset of lipid-reactive αβ T lymphocytes, on the host response and viral pathogenesis using a virulent, mouse-adapted, IAV H3N2 strain. Upon infection with a lethal dose of IAV, iNKT cells become activated in the lungs and bronchoalveolar space to become rapidly anergic to further restimulation. Relative to wild-type animals, C57BL/6 mice deficient in iNKT cells (Jα18(-/-) mice) developed a more severe bronchopneumonia and had an accelerated fatal outcome, a phenomenon reversed by the adoptive transfer of NKT cells prior to infection. The enhanced pathology in Jα18(-/-) animals was not associated with either reduced or delayed viral clearance in the lungs or with a defective local NK cell response. In marked contrast, Jα18(-/-) mice displayed a dramatically reduced IAV-specific CD8(+) T cell response in the lungs and in lung-draining mediastinal lymph nodes. We further show that this defective CD8(+) T cell response correlates with an altered accumulation and maturation of pulmonary CD103(+), but not CD11b(high), dendritic cells in the mediastinal lymph nodes. Taken together, these findings point to a role for iNKT cells in the control of pneumonia as well as in the development of the CD8(+) T cell response during the early stage of acute IAV H3N2 infection.
A novel driver assist stability system for all-wheel-drive electric vehicles (2003)

A novel driver-assist stability system for all-wheel-drive electric vehicles is introduced. The system helps drivers maintain control in the event of a driving emergency, including heavy braking or obstacle avoidance. The system comprises a fuzzy logic system that independently controls wheel torque to prevent vehicle spin. Another fuzzy wheel slip controller is used to enhance vehicle stability and safety. A neural network is trained to generate the required reference for yaw rate. Vehicle true speed is estimated by a sensor data fusion method. The intrinsic robustness of fuzzy controllers allows the system to operate in different road conditions successfully. Moreover, the ease of implementing fuzzy controllers gives a potential for vehicle stability enhancement.
Behaviour of a bouncing ball (2015)

The bounce of a ball is a seemingly innocuous event that can be used to illustrate many aspects of elementary and even advanced mechanics. Both normal and oblique bounces on a rigid surface are considered in this article, emphasizing qualitative features of the bounce process. If the ball bounces at an oblique angle then it can slide throughout the bounce, or just at the start of the bounce, and may even slide backwards at the end of the bounce. A ball can also grip the surface after a short sliding phase, or it can grip right from the start. When the ball grips, static friction rather than sliding friction determines the rebound speed, spin and angle.
Molecular dynamics simulations of Ago silencing complexes reveal a large repertoire of admissible ‘seed-less’ targets (2012)

To better understand the recognition mechanism of RISC and the repertoire of guide-target interactions we introduced G:U wobbles and mismatches at various positions of the microRNA (miRNA) 'seed' region and performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of the resulting Ago-miRNA:mRNA ternary complexes. Our simulations reveal that many modifications, including combinations of multiple G:U wobbles and mismatches in the seed region, are admissible and result in only minor structural fluctuations that do not affect overall complex stability. These results are further supported by analyses of HITS-CLIP data. Lastly, introduction of disruptive mutations revealed a bending motion of the PAZ domain along the L1/L2 'hinge' and a subsequent opening of the nucleic-acid-binding channel. Our findings suggest that the spectrum of a miRNA's admissible targets is different from what is currently anticipated by the canonical seed-model. Moreover, they provide a likely explanation for the previously reported sequence-dependent regulation of unintended targeting by siRNAs.
The Western Aeronautical Test Range Chapter 10 Tools (2011)

ITC/USA 2011 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Seventh Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2011 / Bally's Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada
Effects of Microbial Phytase Supplementation in Corn Distiller's Dried Grain with Solubles on Nutrient Digestibility and Growth Performance of Rainbow Trout,<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i> (2004)

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of microbial phytase in corn distiller's dried grain with solubles (DDGS) on apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) and growth performance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. In experiment 1, DDGS was supplemented with phytase at 0,300,600,900, and 1200 FTU/kg diet. A total of 180 fish (129.1±9.3 g) were stocked into six 140-L tanks with 30 fish/tank. Fish were assigned randomly to a reference diet and each of the 5 diets containing DDGS. Yttrium oxide was used as an inert marker. Results showed that ADCs in DDGS supplemented with different dosages of phytase were: dry matter, 49.1-58.6%; crude fat, 78.9-88.9%; crude protein, 80.0-91.9%; gross energy, 50.5-66.6%; minerals, -7.3-99.7%; and amino acids: 73.9 to 96.8%. In experiment 2, abasal diet containing 15% DDGS supplemented with lysine and methionine was used to determine if trace mineral supplemental levels in rainbow trout diets could be reduced if microbial phytase was supplemented. Six diets were made with trace mineral premix supplementation at 0.1, 0.08, 0.06, 0.04, 0.02, and 0%. Phytase was not supplemented in the basal diet, but supplemented at 500 FTU/kg diet in all other diets. Ten-week results showed that there were no significant differences in fish weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and survival (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in fish body composition and apparent nutrient retention among fish fed all diets, except that fish fed a diet without trace mineral supplementation had the lowest zinc level and the highest manganese retention. Results indicated that phytase was effective in releasing most of minerals, and that trace mineral supplementation level could be reduced when phytase was used in rainbow trout diets.
Endothelin in human autoimmune diseases with renal involvement (2006)

Endothelin (ET)-1 is a potent renal vasoconstrictor with pro-inflammatory, profibrotic and mitogenic potential. Animal studies support a pathogenetic contribution of ET-1 and its cognate receptors in several renal manifestations of autoimmune disorders. However, data in humans are limited. The present minireview thus summarizes the observations available in humans. Similar to animal models, ET-1 is overexpressed in glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions, which is reflected by an increased urinary excretion of ET-1. Since antagonizing the ET system has beneficial effects in experimental models, this approach may be translated to the human kidney, thus counteracting vasoconstriction, inflammation and extracellular matrix deposition during the course of human autoimmune disease.
Structure of soybean lipoxygenase L3 and a comparison with its L1 isoenzyme (1997)

Soybean lipoxygenase isoenzyme L3 represents a second example (after L1) of the X-ray structure (R = 17% at 2.6 A resolution) for a member of the large family of lipoxygenases. L1 and L3 have different characteristics in catalysis, although they share 72% sequence identity (the changes impact 255 amino acids) and similar folding (average C alpha rms deviation of 1 A). The critical nonheme iron site has the same features as for L1:3O and 3N in pseudo C3v orientation, with two oxygen atoms (from Asn713 and water) at a nonbinding distance. Asn713 and His518 are strategically located at the junction of three cavities connecting the iron site with the molecule surface. The most visible differences between L1 and L3 isoenzymes occur in and near these cavities, affecting their accessibility and volume. Among the L1/L3 substitutions Glu256/ Thr274, Tyr409/His429, and Ser747/Asp766 affect the salt bridges (L1: Glu256...His248 and Asp490...Arg707) that in L1 restrict the access to the iron site from two opposite directions. The L3 molecule has a passage going through the whole length of the helical domain, starting at the interface with the Nt-domain (near 25-27 and 254-278) and going to the opposite end of the Ct-domain (near 367, 749). The substrate binding and the role of His513, His266, His776 (and other residues nearby) are illustrated and discussed by using models of linoleic acid binding. These hypotheses provide a possible explanation for a stringent stereo-specificity of catalytic products in L1 (that produces predominantly 13-hydroperoxide) versus the lack of such specificity in L3 (that turns out a mixture of 9- and 13-hydroperoxides and their diastereoisomers).
<i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i>and Its Role as a Human Pathogen (2004)

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a unique bacterium that does not always receive the attention it merits considering the number of illnesses it causes and the degree of morbidity associated with it in both children and adults. Serious infections requiring hospitalization, while rare, occur in both adults and children and may involve multiple organ systems. The severity of disease appears to be related to the degree to which the host immune response reacts to the infection. Extrapulmonary complications involving all of the major organ systems can occur in association with M. pneumoniae infection as a result of direct invasion and/or autoimmune response. The extrapulmonary manifestations are sometimes of greater severity and clinical importance than the primary respiratory infection. Evidence for this organism's contributory role in chronic lung conditions such as asthma is accumulating. Effective management of M. pneumoniae infections can usually be achieved with macrolides, tetracyclines, or fluoroquinolones. As more is learned about the pathogenesis and immune response elicited by M. pneumoniae, improvement in methods for diagnosis and prevention of disease due to this organism may occur.
Accurate Diffusion Coefficients of Organosoluble Reference Dyes in Organic Media Measured by Dual-Focus Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (2015)

Dual-focus fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (2fFCS) is a versatile method to determine accurate diffusion coefficients of fluorescent species in an absolute, reference-free manner. Whereas (either classical or dual-focus) FCS has been employed primarily in the life sciences and thus in aqueous environments, it is increasingly being used in materials chemistry, as well. These measurements are often performed in nonaqueous media such as organic solvents. However, the diffusion coefficients of reference dyes in organic solvents are not readily available. For this reason we determined the translational diffusion coefficients of several commercially available organosoluble fluorescent dyes by means of 2fFCS. The selected dyes and organic solvents span the visible spectrum and a broad range of refractive indices, respectively. The diffusion coefficients can be used as absolute reference values for the calibration of experimental FCS setups, allowing quantitative measurements to be performed. We show that reliable information about the hydrodynamic dimensions of the fluorescent species (including noncommercial compounds) within organic media can be extracted from the 2fFCS data.
Design and Construction of a Solar-Powered Fluidyne Test Bed (2011)

Liquid piston Stirling engines (sometimes termed “fluidynes”) have been studied extensively and applied in a variety of energy conversion applications. They are attractive for low capital costs and simplicity of construction. In addition, their operation as external combustion engines allows for flexibility in primary energy sources which is a distinct advantage when a low-cost or free source of heat can be paired with their minimal construction costs. Disadvantages of these devices include relatively low efficiency and low power density. A solar-powered fluidyne test bed was constructed and operated at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs. This test bed was composed of a fluidyne engine which was constructed from copper pipe and plastic tubing along with temperature and pressure instrumentation. The system was designed to be powered by a Fresnel lens concentrating solar energy. The concentrated solar energy from the Fresnel lens provided ample power to operate the test bed, and tests were run in a wide variety of conditions. Indicated work of this unloaded engine was shown to agree well with a simple theoretical model of a Stirling cycle.
Supramolecular hydrophobic guest transport system based on pillar[5]arene (2015)

A pillar[5]arene-based bioactive guest loading system has been developed, which can increase the solubility of the drug norharmane in aqueous medium, and also enable its pH-stimulated release. Furthermore, this supramolecular transport system reduces the toxicity of loaded guest.