gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Failure of rapamycin to block proliferation once resting cells have entered the cell cycle despite inactivation of p70 S6 kinase (1993)

Rapamycin (RAP) has recently been shown to inhibit the phosphorylation and activity of p70 S6 kinase (p70s6k). In interleukin (IL)-2-induced cell activation of the human IL-2-dependent T-cell line, Kit225, RAP inhibited p70s6k phosphorylation and activation, but not the activation of MAP kinase, p90 S6 kinase (p90rsk), early tyrosine kinases, or the transcription of the c-fos and c-myc genes. Cell cycle progression induced by IL-2 was arrested by RAP prior to p110Rb phosphorylation and the major increase in total RNA synthesis, both of which were initiated around 6 h after addition of IL-2 and 9 h before the beginning of DNA synthesis. Interestingly, RAP could not inhibit DNA synthesis if addition of the drug was delayed for 6 h after addition of IL-2, despite the fact that even at this time, RAP rapidly induced the accumulation of the dephosphorylated form of p70s6k and that p70s6k was inactivated within 1 h of RAP addition. Furthermore, when RAP was added to continuously growing Kit225 cells, cell proliferation was maintained for at least two additional cell cycles, in the absence of apparent p70s6k activity. These results indicate that 1) among the earliest detectable signals after IL-2 treatment, RAP selectively inhibits p70s6k activation, 2) RAP inactivates p70s6k regardless of the stage of the cell cycle in which the drug is added, 3) RAP blocks resting T-cells from entering the cell cycle, but does not directly arrest cell cycle progression once cells have entered the cycle, and 4) inactivation of p70s6k does not cause immediate arrest of cell cycle progression once cells have entered the cycle.
The metabolic pathway of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation involves different families of tfdA and tfdB genes according to PCR-RFLP analysis (1996)

Twenty-five 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) degrading bacteria from geographically diverse locations and presenting various degrees of similarity or no similarity to the tfdA and tfdB genes from Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134 were analysed by PCR-RFLP (restriction length fragment polymorphism). Primers for the 2,4-D etherase gene were derived by sequence alignment of the tfdA genes from A. eutrophus JMP134 and Burkholderia sp. RASC. Primers for the 2,4-dichlorophenolhydroxylase gene were based on the tfdB gene sequence from A. eutrophus JMP134 by taking codon degeneration and variations in amino acid residue sequences into consideration. PCR amplification using the tfdA primer set produced fragments of 0.3 kb from 17 strains which showed varying degrees of similarity to the tfdA gene probe from A. eutrophus JMP134. Significant variations in the gene sequences were confirmed by PCR-RFLP analysis. DNA amplification using the tfdB primer set produced a 1.1 kb fragment from 19 strains. Amongst them, two did not show any similarity to the tfdB gene probe. The size and restriction pattern of the products obtained from A. eutrophus JMP134 were in accordance with the expected size calculated from the A. eutrophus tfdA and tfdB gene sequence and their theoretical PCR-RFLP patterns. Some strains which did not amplify using the tfdA primer set did however amplify with the tfdB primer set. These results suggest the independent evolution of these two genes in the construction of the 2,4-D metabolic pathway. Our tfdA and tfdB primer sets could be used for the detection of similar sequences in bacteria and soils. Moreover, PCR-RFLP patterns could also be used to select subsets of strains for sequencing to study the phylogeny of the tfdA and tfdB genes.
Salicylates Attached to Polymers (1974)

Abstract Several salicylate derivatives were attached to low molecular weight polyethylene oxides through an ether or carbonate linkage utilizing the respective halide or chlorocarbonate derivative of the polymers as reactive intermediates. Aspirin and 0‐salicoyl salicylic acid were attached to polyvinyl alcohol and cellulose acetate by ester linkage through melt esterification of the reactants. Preliminary pharmacological evaluation of some of the polymeric salicylates showed that they have a longer duration of antiinflammatory and analgesic activities as compared with aspirin.
Automatic test program generation from RT-level microprocessor descriptions (2003)

The paper addresses the issue of microprocessor and microcontroller testing, and follows an approach based on the generation of a test program. The proposed method relies on two phases: in the first, a library of code fragments (named macros) is generated by hand based on the knowledge of the instruction set, only. In the second phase, an optimization algorithm is run to suitably select macros and values for their parameters. The algorithm only relies on RT-level information, and exploits a suitable RT-level fault model to guide the test program generation. A major advantage of the proposed approach lies in the fact that it does not require any knowledge about the low level implementation of the processor. Experimental results gathered on an i8051 model using a prototypical implementation of the approach show that it is able to generate test programs whose gate-level fault coverage is higher than the one obtained by comparable gate-level ATPG tools, while the computational effort and the length of the generated test program are similar.
Preparation, characterization, and optical properties of nano- and submicron-sized Y2O3:Eu3+ phosphors (2009)

Ultrafine Y2O3:Eu3+ phosphors were prepared by a modified solution combustion method. The as-prepared samples with sizes of 17.6–80 nm (nanophosphors) and 300 nm (submicron phosphors) were characterized by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The emission spectra of the samples are unchanged in comparison with that of standard material. The excitation spectra show a redshift in the charge-transfer-state band and a blueshift in the host gap band. In relation to commercial sample, the relative luminescence intensities of nano- and submicron phosphors are increased sufficiently to 64.4% and 93.6%, respectively. Higher quenching concentration of the activator Eu3+ ion was observed in the nanophosphor than that in the phosphor synthesized by solid state reaction.
Engineering the microstructure of thin films for perpendicular recording (2005)

In this paper we discuss various microstructural features that control the recording properties of thin films used in perpendicular recording. These microstructure features include crystallographic texture, grain size, grain size distribution, grain to grain magnetic isolation, grain to grain composition variation and in the case of L1/sub 0/ materials the grain to grain variation in the degree of atomic order. We discuss recording media comprised of continuous thin films as well as granular thin films. We discuss media composed of either hcp Co alloys or FePt L1/sub 0/ alloys. Methods of controlling the microstructural parameters are discussed as is their effects on recording properties. Examples from our recent research will be used to illustrate these microstructural aspects of perpendicular recording media.
In situ preparation and fate of cis-4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and aldophosphamide: proton and phosphorus-31 NMR evidence for equilibration of cis- and trans-4-hydroxycyclophosphamide with aldophosphamide and its hydrate in aqueous solution (1984)

cis-4-Hydroxycyclophosphamide (2) and aldophosphamide (4) were generated in aqueous phosphate or cacodylate buffer by dimethyl sulfide reduction of cis-4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (8) and by sodium periodate cleavage of 3,4-dihydroxybutyl N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidate (9), respectively; the reactions of 2 and 4 were examined by 1H and 31P NMR. Within 30-60 min (pH or pD 7.0, 25 degrees C) the same pseudoequilibrium mixture was established in both reactions, with cis- and trans-4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (2 and 3), aldophosphamide (4), and its hydrate (5) present in the approximate ratio of 4:2:0.3:1. Structures of the intermediates were assigned unambiguously based upon analysis of the chemical shifts and coupling constants in the proton spectra determined in D2O buffers, and the 31P assignments followed by correlation of component ratios at equilibrium. Free energy differences of 0.4, 0.4, and 0.7 kcal/mol at 25 degrees C were estimated between 2, 3, 5, and 4, respectively, with 2 being the most stable. The aldehyde 4 reacted most rapidly with water to give hydrate 5; cyclization of 4 to 3 occurred faster than to 2, and the rate of cyclization to 2 was comparable to that for elimination to 6. Compound 5 is formed much faster than 3 from the diol cleavage, but 5 and 3 are produced at comparable rates from 2, suggesting that conversion of 2 to 3 can proceed by a mechanism other than ring opening. The rate of equilibration appears to be independent of buffer structure, indicating that bifunctional catalysis is not important in the ring-opening reaction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Synthesen mit Nitrilen, LXXIV. 3‐Amino‐4,4‐dicyan‐3‐butensäureester, ein Synthesebaustein aus der Reihe der Dimeren von Malononitril und Cyanessigester (1986)

Abstract Für die 3‐Amino‐4,4‐dicyan‐3‐butensäureester ( 4 ) (Codimeres aus Cyanessigester und Malononitril) wird eine verbesserte Synthese beschrieben. Die 13 C‐NMR‐Daten und der p K s ‐Wert von 4 werden mit denen des isomeren Codimeren 3 sowie der Dimeren 1 und 2 verglichen. Reaktion von 4 mit Säuren oder Basen führt zu den 2(1 H )‐Pyridonen 8 bzw. 9 . Umsetzungen von 4 mit Aldehyden, Ketonen und Nitrosoverbindungen liefern die Produkte 11, 14 und 15 , wobei mit 2‐Hydroxy‐ und 2‐Aminobenzaldehyden die Benzopyranderivate 12 bzw. das 2‐Oxochinolinderivat 13 entstehen. 4 liefert mit Formamidin das Dihydropyrimidinderivat 17 und mit Schwefel die 3,5‐Diamino‐4‐cyan‐2‐thiophencarbonsäureester ( 18 ).
Renin–Angiotensin Blockade Combined With Natriuretic Peptide System Augmentation (2013)

C ardiovascular diseases in general and heart failure (HF) in particular are major contributors to death and morbidity in the Western world, where they are also recognized as important drivers of healthcare expenditure. 5] Moreover, ACEi may prevent proteolysis of bradykinin, thus enhancing bradykinin-mediated vasodilatory effects that may counteract the profound vasoconstriction seen in patients with HF. However, despite encouraging results from many clinical trials, ACEiand ARBs-based pharmacotherapy is still far from optimal. ACEi may lose their efficacy over time because of redundant Ang-II-generating pathways and the so-called aldosterone escape, 8 whereas conventional ARBs do not possess the bradykinin-enhancing properties of ACEi and are considered less effective in HF compared with ACEi. he natriuretic peptides (NPs), consisting of atrial NP (ANP), B-type NP (BNP), C-type NP (CNP), and urodilatin, are predominantly generated by the heart, vasculature, kidney, and central nervous system in response to wall stress and number of other stimuli. Importantly the NPs, particularly ANP and BNP, represent the body's own blood pressure (BP)lowering system. Besides promoting vasodilation, NPs counteract pathological growth, fibrosis, and dysfunction of heart, kidneys, brain, and the vasculature. Current NP-augmenting strategies include the design of a number of synthetic NPs and inhibition of neprilysin, the key enzyme responsible for NP breakdown. Dual-acting angiotensin-receptor neprilysin inhibitors (ARNi) are under scientific scrutiny for the treatment of hypertension and HF.
The role of the scavenger receptor CD36 in regulating mononuclear phagocyte trafficking to atherosclerotic lesions and vascular inflammation (2009)

Our results support a role for CD36 signalling in the regulation of mononuclear phagocyte trafficking to atherosclerotic-prone sites and in the associated vascular wall inflammation.
Growth and superconducting properties of YBa2Cu3O7−δ films on conductive SrRuO3 and LaNiO3 multilayers for coated conductor applications (2000)

Conductive multilayers of YBa2Cu3O7−δ/SrRuO3/LaNiO3 (YBCO/SRO/LNO), YBCO/SRO, and YBCO/LNO were grown epitaxially on single-crystal LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 substrates. Property characterizations revealed that the YBCO films on SRO and SRO/LNO buffer structures have excellent structural and superconducting properties. The YBCO/LNO, however, suffers degradation in superconducting transition temperatures and critical current densities, despite a good crystalline structure. The SRO/LNO bilayer showed excellent electrical contact with YBCO. These results have demonstrated the structural and chemical compatibility of SRO/LNO multilayers with YBCO and their potential use as conductive buffer layers for YBCO-based coated conductors as well as for other high-temperature superconducting applications.
THE CHEMISTRY OF THE ACTINIDES (1967)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTTHE CHEMISTRY OF THE ACTINIDESDESPITE THE PROBLEMS OF WORKING WITH MINUTE, OFTEN RADIOACTIVE SAMPLES, MUCH IS KNOWN ABOUT THE METALLURGY, OXIDATION STATES, AND SEPARATION CHEMISTRY OF THE ACTINIDESL. B. ASPREY and R. A. PENNEMANView Author Information LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORYCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1967, 45, 32, 75–92Publication Date (Print):July 31, 1967Publication History Published online6 November 2010Published inissue 31 July 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v045n032.p075https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v045n032.p075newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1967 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views16Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Elements,Uranium Get e-Alerts
Separation of Transition Metals Using Inorganic Adsorbents Modified with Chelating Ligands (2002)

The extraction and separation of transition metals has been investigated using several inorganic adsorbents (silica gel, MCM-41, and aluminum oxide), modified with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) as chelating ligands. The metal ions in aqueous solution were coordinated successfully by the ligands on the surface of the adsorbents under moderate conditions. Metal−ligand complexes formed on the adsorbents effectively in the region of low pH (1−2) but scarcely formed at pH > 4. Silica gel modified with EDTA (silicaED) was shown to be the most effective adsorbent for the extraction of metals and to form specific metal−EDTA complexes, with stability constants lying in the order Cu2+ > Ni2+ > VO2+ > Zn2+ > Co2+ > Mn2+. The relatively good separation of these six adjacent metals was therefore also carried out using the silicaED. The metals coordinated on the silicaED could be desorbed completely by putting the material into contact with 1 mol/L aqueous HCl solution, such that the silicaED recovered could be reused for further separation.
11‐3: Overlooked Challenges for microLED Displays (2019)

MicroLED is a promising display technology. There are however still many technical challenges that need to be tackled before it is ready for consumer products. Mass transfer of the microLED chips is the elephant in the room, but many others could prove as challenging and possibly even derail the microLED roadmap.
Graphite-based x-ray masks for deep and ultradeep x-ray lithography (1998)

The cost-effective fabrication of high-aspect-ratio microstructures using x rays largely depends on the availability and quality of x-ray masks. The architecture of a mask is mainly determined by the photon energy of the synchrotron source, the x-ray flux, and the thickness of the resist. Typically, the mask membrane is made from a low-atomic-number material and can either be a frame-supported, several microns thin membrane (carbon, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, or silicon) or a bulk material (beryllium) with a thickness of up to 1 mm. The absorber pattern is formed from high atomic number materials such as gold, tungsten, or tantalum, and the final pattern geometry can be defined either with additive (electroplating) or subtractive (etching, milling) processes. One approach that is designed to reduce cost and turn-around time is the fabrication of x-ray masks using graphite sheet stock for the mask membrane. Rigid graphite offers unique properties, such as moderate x-ray transmission, relatively low cost, and the ability to be used with either subtractive or additive processes. This article will report details on the lithographic fabrication of graphite x-ray masks using intermediate x-ray masks for pattern transfer. First experimental results will be presented for synchrotron x-ray exposures performed at the Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices synchrotron in Baton Rouge and the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory.
Electrochemical synthesis of organosilicon compounds (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrochemical synthesis of organosilicon compoundsJunichi Yoshida, Katsuhiko Muraki, Hirokatsu Funahashi, and Nariyoshi KawabataCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 21, 3996–4000Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00371a016https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00371a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views951Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Selective biotransformation of the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor saquinavir by human small-intestinal cytochrome P4503A4: potential contribution to high first-pass metabolism. (1997)

Saquinavir is a HIV protease inhibitor used in the treatment of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, but its use is limited by low oral bioavailability. The potential of human intestinal tissue to metabolize saquinavir was assessed in 17 different human small-intestinal microsomal preparations. Saquinavir was metabolized by human small-intestinal microsomes to numerous mono- and dihydroxylated species with K(M) values of 0.3-0.5 microM. The major metabolites M-2 and M-7 were single hydroxylations on the octahydro-2-(1H)-isoquinolinyl and (1,1-dimethylethyl)amino groups, respectively. Ketoconazole and troleandomycin, selective inhibitors of cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4), were potent inhibitors for all oxidative metabolites of saquinavir. The cytochrome P450-selective inhibitors furafylline, fluvoxamine, sulfaphenazole, mephenytoin, quinidine, and chlorzoxazone had little inhibitory effect. All saquinavir metabolites were highly correlated with testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation and with each other. Human hepatic microsomes and recombinant CYP3A4 oxidized saquinavir to the same metabolic profile observed with human small-intestinal microsomes. Indinavir, a potent HIV protease inhibitor and a substrate for human hepatic CYP3A4, was a comparatively poor substrate for human intestinal microsomes and inhibited the oxidative metabolism of saquinavir to all metabolites with a Ki of 0.2 microM. In addition, saquinavir inhibited the human, small-intestinal, microsomal CYP3A4-dependent detoxication pathway of terfenadine to its alcohol metabolite with a Ki value of 0.7 microM. These data indicate that saquinavir is metabolized by human intestinal CYP3A4, that this metabolism may contribute to its poor oral bioavailability, and that combination therapy with indinavir or other protease inhibitors may attenuate its low relative bioavailability.
Enrichment of two glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, acetylcholinesterase and decay accelerating factor, in vesicles released from human red blood cells (1989)

Several proteins are attached to the cell membrane by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. In this report, we show that during vesiculation of human RBCs in vitro, two of these proteins, acetylcholinesterase and decay accelerating factor, redistribute on the cell surface and become enriched in the released vesicles. As a result, the remnant cells are depleted of these proteins. We suggest that alterations in the architecture of the RBC membrane that precede vesiculation lead to selective polarization of GPI-anchored proteins within the domain of the membrane destined to become a vesicle. Since vesiculation occurs in many cell types, and if the loss of GPI-anchored proteins accompanies this process, it may have important biologic significance.
Shrinkage modeling of polyester shrink film (1994)

Abstract A model was developed to quantify the thermal shrinkage behavior of polyester shrink film under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions. This model employs the straightforward first order reaction kinetics to an otherwise microscopically complex relaxation process. It offers three unique parameters for quality control and material specification of shrink film. In the isothermal condition, the induction time, the shrink constant, and the ultimate shrinkage are the three parameters used by the model to quantify the shrinkage of shrink film under an elevated but constant temperature. In the nonisothermal condition, the shrink film is heated using a constant heating rate. Three parameters, which are the onset shrink temperature, the shrink constant, and the ultimate shrinkage, characterize the shrinkage of shrink film. The model fits the experimental data very well. The thermal shrinkage of several polyester homopolymers, copolymers, and polyester blends was investigated and compared to that of poly(vinly chloride) (PVC) shrink film. Two polyester blends containing glycol modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETG) copolyester behave similar to PVC in shrinkage behavior. The effect of stretch temperature, stretch ratio, and stretch rate on the shrinkage characteristics of oriented PETG film was also studied. The stretch temperature has the highest influence on the shrinkage behavior of oriented film.