gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>P</i> element insertion-dependent gene activation in the <i>Drosophila</i>  eye (1997)

Insights into the function of a gene can be gained in multiple ways, including loss-of-function phenotype, sequence similarity, expression pattern, and by the consequences of its misexpression. Analysis of the phenotypes produced by expression of a gene at an abnormal time, place, or level may provide clues to a gene's function when other approaches are not illuminating. Here we report that an eye-specific, enhancer-promoter present in the P element expression vector pGMR is able to drive high level expression in the eye of genes near the site of P element insertion. Cell fate determination, differentiation, proliferation, and death are essential for normal eye development. Thus the ability to carry out eye-specific misexpression of a significant fraction of genes in the genome, given the dispensability of the eye for viability and fertility of the adult, should provide a powerful approach for identifying regulators of these processes. To test this idea we carried out two overexpression screens for genes that function to regulate cell death. We screened for insertion-dependent dominant phenotypes in a wild-type background, and for dominant modifiers of a reaper overexpression-induced small eye phenotype. Multiple chromosomal loci were identified, including an insertion 5' to hid, a potent inducer of apoptosis, and insertions 5' to DIAP1, a cell death suppressor. To facilitate the cloning of genes near the P element insertion new misexpression vectors were created. A screen with one of these vectors identified eagle as a suppressor of a rough eye phenotype associated with overexpression of an activated Ras1 gene.
Shaping of Natural Killer Cell Antitumor Activity by Ex Vivo Cultivation (2017)

Natural killer (NK) cells are a promising tool for the use in adoptive immunotherapy, since they efficiently recognize and kill tumor cells. In this context, <i>ex vivo</i> cultivation is an attractive option to increase NK cells in numbers and to improve their antitumor potential prior to clinical applications. Consequently, various strategies to generate NK cells for adoptive immunotherapy have been developed. Here, we give an overview of different NK cell cultivation approaches and their impact on shaping the NK cell antitumor activity. So far, the cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and IL-21 are used to culture and expand NK cells. The selection of the respective cytokine combination is an important factor that directly affects NK cell maturation, proliferation, survival, distribution of NK cell subpopulations, activation, and function in terms of cytokine production and cytotoxic potential. Importantly, cytokines can upregulate the expression of certain activating receptors on NK cells, thereby increasing their responsiveness against tumor cells that express the corresponding ligands. Apart from using cytokines, cocultivation with autologous accessory non-NK cells or addition of growth-inactivated feeder cells are approaches for NK cell cultivation with pronounced effects on NK cell activation and expansion. Furthermore, <i>ex vivo</i> cultivation was reported to prime NK cells for the killing of tumor cells that were previously resistant to NK cell attack. In general, NK cells become frequently dysfunctional in cancer patients, for instance, by downregulation of NK cell activating receptors, disabling them in their antitumor response. In such scenario, <i>ex vivo</i> cultivation can be helpful to arm NK cells with enhanced antitumor properties to overcome immunosuppression. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on NK cell modulation by different <i>ex vivo</i> cultivation strategies focused on increasing NK cytotoxicity for clinical application in malignant diseases. Moreover, we critically discuss the technical and regulatory aspects and challenges underlying NK cell based therapeutic approaches in the clinics.
SOME INHIBITORS OF HISTAMINE‐INDUCED AND FORMALDEHYDE‐INDUCED INFLAMMATION IN MICE (1961)

The swelling and capillary hyperpermeability of the mouse foot in response to an injection of formaldehyde, and the increased capillary permeability to an intradermal injection of histamine, have been investigated. Cortisone, mepyramine and sodium salicylate were effective in reducing histamine-induced inflammation, sodium salicylate being less active in the adrenalectomized animal. In formaldehyde-induced inflammation, however, cortisone was ineffective whereas sodium salicylate was effective in the intact mouse, but not in the adrenalectomized animal. Certain aryloxypropionates and anti-esterases were also active in reducing the severity of the formaldehyde-induced inflammation.
Partial substitution of cellulose by ring‐opening esterification of cyclic esters in a homogeneous system (2006)

Abstract Partially substituted cellulose derivatives were prepared by the regioselective derivatization of cellulose with cyclic esters (CEs), L ‐lactide (LA), and ε‐caprolactone (CL), in a lithium chloride (LiCl)/ N,N ‐dimethylacetamide solvent. They were characterized by spectroscopic analyses, calorimetry, solvent solubility inspection, and an enzymatic degradability test. Fourier transform Raman spectra of the cellulose derivatives confirmed that the CE moieties were covalently introduced into cellulose molecules at their hydroxyl groups via ring‐opening esterification through the catalysis by LiCl. The 13 C‐NMR analysis indicated that the ring‐opened CEs were regioselectively combined with cellulose C6‐OH. The CE portions were partially grafted on the cellulose backbone; the degree of substitution was ca. 0.5–0.7 and the degree of polymerization of grafted CEs was less than 3. Both cellulose derivatives were highly soluble in dimethylsulfoxide, which allows material fabrication. Some of the cellulose‐LA was soluble or swollen in water, while cellulose‐CL had poor affinity for water. Enzymatic degradation of cellulose‐CEs occurred immediately on cellulase treatment, even under mild conditions which are not able to hydrolyze commercial cellulose diacetate at all. Some cellulose derivatives displayed endothermic changes. The cellulose derivatives prepared in this study are expected to be used as cellulose‐based biomaterials with environmentally friendly features. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4358–4364, 2006
Synthesis and biological evaluation of some phosphate triester derivatives of the anti-cancer drug AraC (1989)

A number of novel phosphate triester derivatives of the anti-cancer nucleoside analogue araC have been prepared by a rapid 2-step procedure, not necessitating prior sugar protection. Spectroscopic and lipophilicity data have been collected on these compounds. An in vitro assay indicated inhibition of thymidine incorporation by mammalian epithelial cells, by each of these compounds, in the range 3–300μM. Moreover, the degree of inhibition showed a close correlation to chemical structure; in particular, there was a clear relationship between inhibition of thymidine incorporation and log(P). These results are consistent with cellular penetration by the intact phosphate triesters and intracellular action by an unspecified mechanism. Triethyl phosphate is inactive under the conditions of the test
Skiing in Austria? We Did That! (1986)

This article evaluates a winter sports holiday project undertaken by a group of six patients who were supervised by an occupational therapist, a clinical assistant and a ski instructor from a younger disabled unit at Clatterbridge Hospital, Merseyside. It describes the planning and preparation, the selection of patients, the successes and problems, and the values both staff and patients gained from the trip.
Recent developments in the production of thin-film magnetic media by electron beam evaporation (1987)

The design and operation of an electron beam roll coating machine, utilizing oblique angle incidence of the evaporant, for the production of magnetic tape is outlined. The use of a magnetic bending system and backscattered electron confinement is discussed with respect to the particular problems associated with the coating of thin polymer films. Preliminary results are reported for magnetic tape produced on such a machine with respect to magnetic and structural properties which indicate that the product exhibits characteristics suitable for video recording.
Perceptually relevant ringing region detection method (2008)

A novel approach towards automatic detection of perceived ringing regions is presented. The algorithm takes into account both the physical structure and the human visual perception of the ringing artifacts. All perceived ringing regions are explicitly captured by means of a newly proposed edge detector, followed by an efficient analysis of ringing visibility around each detected edge segment. Determining visibility is based on luminance masking and texture masking as typical for the human visual system. The proposed detection method is validated by comparing its performance with the ringing regions resulting from a psychovisual experiment. copyright by EURASIP.
p53 induces transcriptional and translational programs to suppress cell proliferation and growth (2013)

We delineate a bimodal tumor-suppressive regulatory program activated by p53, in which cell-cycle arrest is imposed mainly at the transcriptional level, whereas cell growth inhibition is enforced by global repression of the translation machinery.
Pseudomonas putida KT2440 Strain Metabolizes Glucose through a Cycle Formed by Enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff, Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas, and Pentose Phosphate Pathways (2015)

The soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440 lacks a functional Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway, and glycolysis is known to proceed almost exclusively through the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) route. To investigate the raison d'être of this metabolic arrangement, the distribution of periplasmic and cytoplasmic carbon fluxes was studied in glucose cultures of this bacterium by using (13)C-labeled substrates, combined with quantitative physiology experiments, metabolite quantification, and in vitro enzymatic assays under both saturating and non-saturating, quasi in vivo conditions. Metabolic flux analysis demonstrated that 90% of the consumed sugar was converted into gluconate, entering central carbon metabolism as 6-phosphogluconate and further channeled into the ED pathway. Remarkably, about 10% of the triose phosphates were found to be recycled back to form hexose phosphates. This set of reactions merges activities belonging to the ED, the EMP (operating in a gluconeogenic fashion), and the pentose phosphate pathways to form an unforeseen metabolic architecture (EDEMP cycle). Determination of the NADPH balance revealed that the default metabolic state of P. putida KT2440 is characterized by a slight catabolic overproduction of reducing power. Cells growing on glucose thus run a biochemical cycle that favors NADPH formation. Because NADPH is required not only for anabolic functions but also for counteracting different types of environmental stress, such a cyclic operation may contribute to the physiological heftiness of this bacterium in its natural habitats.
Energy Efficiency of Desalination: Fundamental Insights from Intuitive Interpretation (2019)

Desalination has become an essential toolset to combat the worsening water stress resulting from population and industrial growth and exacerbated by climate change. Various technologies have been developed to desalinate feedwater with a wide spectrum of salinity. While energy consumption is an important consideration in many desalination studies, it is challenging to make (intuitive) sense of energy efficiency due to the different mechanisms of various desalination processes and the very different separations achieved. This perspective aims to provide an intuitive, thermodynamics-based interpretation of energy efficiency by illustrating how energy consumption breaks down into minimum energy of separation and the irreversible energy dissipation. The energy efficiencies of different desalination processes are summarized and rationalized based on their working mechanisms. Notably, a new concept called the <i>minimum mean voltage</i> is proposed as a convenient tool to evaluate the energy efficiency of electrochemical desalination processes. Lastly, the intrinsic trade-off between energy efficiency and desalination rate and the relevance of energy efficiency in different desalination applications are discussed.
A new telephone carrier system for medium-haul circuits (1951)

Low terminal costs and single cable operation make this the first economically practical carrier system for medium-haul telephone circuits. Performance is not sacrificed for economy.
Adenosine acts through an A<sub>3</sub> receptor to prevent the induction of murine anti‐CD3‐activated killer T cells (2002)

Adenosine, a purine nucleoside found at high levels in solid tumors, is able to suppress the recognition/adhesion and effector phases of killer lymphocyte-mediated tumor cell destruction. Here, we demonstrate that adenosine, at concentrations that are typically present in the extracellular fluid of solid tumors, exerts a profound inhibitory effect on the induction of mouse cytotoxic T cells, without substantially affecting T-cell viability. T-cell proliferation in response to mitogenic anti-CD3 antibody was impaired in the presence of 10 microM adenosine (plus coformycin to inhibit endogenous adenosine deaminase). Antigen-specific T-cell proliferation was similarly inhibited by adenosine. Anti-CD3-activated killer T (AK-T) cells induced in the presence of adenosine exhibited reduced major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted cytotoxicity against P815 mastocytoma cells in JAM and (51)Cr-release assays. Diminished tumoricidal activity correlated with reduced expression of mRNAs coding for granzyme B, perforin, Fas ligand and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), as well as with diminished Nalpha-CBZ-L-lysine thiobenzylester (BLT) esterase activity. Interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma synthesis by AK-T cells was also inhibited by adenosine. AK-T cells express mRNA coding for A(2A), A(2B) and A(3) receptors, but little or no mRNA coding for A(1) receptors. The inhibitory effect of adenosine on AK-T cell proliferation was blocked by an A(3) receptor antagonist (MRS1191) but not by an A(2) receptor antagonist (3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine [DMPX]). The A(3) receptor agonists (N(6)-2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyladenosine [APNEA] and N(6)-benzyl-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine [N(6)-benzyl-NECA]) also inhibited AK-T cell proliferation. Adenosine, therefore, acts through an A(3) receptor to prevent AK-T cell induction. Tumor-associated adenosine may act through the same mechanism to impair the development of tumor-reactive T cells in cancer patients.
Therapeutic vaccines in HIV. 1 infection (1999)

In this review we address questions which must be considered if better attempts are to be made to treat all persons presently infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There are thirty million people in the world presently living with HIV, only 10% of whom are likely to be able to access currently available drug therapy. Even when available, such therapy causes considerable inconvenience and undesirable clinical side effects, and fails to eradicate virus from a small reservoir of latently infected cells. Thus, we must ask what forms of alternative therapy might be used. One strategy that may be considered is to reduce virus levels as low as possible using highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), followed by modulation of host immunity with immunotherapy in order to effect an appropriate and efficient response mimicking that found in long-term asymptomatic patients, with the aim of indefinitely maintaining the asymptomatic period following discontinuation of chemotherapy, or even of eradicating the virus from the latent reservoirs. In 1987, long before the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy, J. Salk proposed the use of a 'suitable potent non-infectious (HIV) immunogen' to delay or prevent the development of AIDS in infected individuals (1). The objective of administering such an agent was to 'enhance and prolong the presence of (immunologically) protective factors'. The stated aim at that time was 'to destroy virus and viral antigen producing cells by the induction of the immune system's cytotoxic mechanisms known to rid the host of virus and virus producing cells'. Twelve years later, and after a quarter of a century living with HIV, and with the advent of HAART, is it time to use our knowledge of the host's own immune system to fight this seemingly intractable invader?
Auto-destruction or auto-reproduction? (2019)

This article addresses the literary aesthetics of extreme violence in Yasmina Khadra’s A quoi rêvent les loups. In Khadra’s descriptions of violence a flood of words erupt which graphically detail the horrors of the war in Algeria in the 1990s. Literary criticism on African literary violence has largely focused on the notions of the ‘unspeakability’ or ‘unrepresentability’ of violence in Africa. Khadra’s linguistic excess, though, by its very nature writes against these notions through a surplus of representability in order to counter the idea that violence has become endemic and banal in Africa. Khadra’s writing further shows that the war’s carnage is and must be representable in order to confront an historical legacy of violence which is flowing back and forth in time to underscore the (anti-)colonial roots of violence in postcolonial Algeria.
The “Chimera”: An Off-The-Shelf CPU/GPGPU/FPGA Hybrid Computing Platform (2012)

The nature of modern astronomy means that a number of interesting problems exhibit a substantial computational bound and this situation is gradually worsening. Scientists, increasingly fighting for valuable resources on conventional high-performance computing (HPC) facilities—often with a limited customizable user environment—are increasingly looking to hardware acceleration solutions. We describe here a heterogeneous CPU/GPGPU/FPGA desktop computing system (the “Chimera”), built with commercial-off-the-shelf components. We show that this platform may be a viable alternative solution to many common computationally bound problems found in astronomy, however, not without significant challenges. The most significant bottleneck in pipelines involving real data is most likely to be the interconnect (in this case the PCI Express bus residing on the CPU motherboard). Finally, we speculate on the merits of our Chimera system on the entire landscape of parallel computing, through the analysis of representative problems from UC Berkeley’s “Thirteen Dwarves.”
Obtaining Structural and Stratigraphic Dip Information Using Segmentation Trees and Optimization (1988)

Summary A new method of dipmeter computation is described that is based on formalizing and implementing some of the rules of optical dipmeter correlation. The new techniques used for this are segmentation trees and hierarchical, multilevel optimization. Use of this method results in precise definition of dip information on both structural and stratigraphic levels.
The immunochemical approach for studies of structure tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase from bovine liver (1991)

В данной работе нами показано, что антигенная детерминанта для мАт T3 против тирозил-тРНК синтетазы (КФ 6.1.1.1) из печени быка расположена вне активного центра фермента. С помощью мАт T3 показано, что антигенная детерминанта сохраняется и для функционально активной протеолитически модифицированной формы фермента, в которой отщеплен фрагмент полипептидной цепи длиной 20 000. Тирозил-тРНК синтетазы млекопитающих (печень быка, печень кроля) имеют общую антигенную детерминанту линейного типа, которая отсутствует у низших эукариот (дрожжей) и бактерий, т. е. является эволюционно приобретенной только тирозил-тРНК синтетазой высших эукариот.
New logic circuits based on SFQ signals (1999)

We propose new logic circuits based on Single Flux Quantum logic with Resettable Latch (SFQ-RL). This new logic enables us to initialize the whole circuit and realize an inverter easily. This initialization function is needed for general state machines, in addition, suppressing the failed operation caused by a trapped flux in storage loops. SFQ-RL logic consists of three primitives of gates, "Latch (L)-gate", "Copy(C)-gate" and "OR (O)-gate". L-gate is a kind of flip-flop gate. The difference from a conventional RSFQ latch, "RS-FF" is that L-gate can be reset without emitting an output pulse using "Initialize" pulse. Our numerical simulation shows that the bias margin of L-gate is /spl plusmn/8%. C-gate and O-gate correspond to "Splitter" and "Confluence Buffer" in RSFQ logic, respectively. Every logic function can be realized by only the three primitives. We confirmed the operations, "AND" and "OR" with reasonable margins and speeds by the numerical calculation. We have experimentally demonstrated the logic function such as OR based on SFQ-RL logic. We confirmed the normal operation of the gate with the bias margin of /spl plusmn/25.9%.
Characterization of the muscarinic receptor subtype mediating vasodilation in the rat perfused mesenteric vascular bed preparation (1992)

1. The nature of the muscarinic receptor subtype mediating endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation was investigated in the perfused mesenteric vascular bed preparation which is a model for resistance vessels. 2. After methoxamine-induced vasoconstriction the vessels were dilated with acetyl-beta-metacholine (MCh). 3. The potency of the M1-selective antagonist pirenzepine, the M2-selective antagonists AF-DX 116 and AQ-RA 741, the M3-selective antagonists 4-DAMP and p-FHHSiD to block the MCh-induced vasodilation was quantified by means of pA2-values. Atropine was used for comparison. 4. The rank order of potency for the various muscarinic receptor antagonists appears to be: atropine > 4-DAMP > p-FHHSiD > pirenzepine > AQ-RA 741 > AF-DX 116 which is similar to findings in conduit arteries. 5. The high potency of the M3-selective antagonists 4-DAMP and p-FHHSiD and the low potency of the M1- and M2-selective antagonists suggest a major role of M3-receptors in the cholinergic vasodilatation in the perfused mesenteric vascular bed.
Advances in Trifluoromethylating Phosphorus Compounds (1996)

Abstract The System CF3I/Me3P is re-investigated and Me2PCF3, Me4P+γ, (CF3)2PMe3, Me3PI2, [Me3(CF3)P]+γ are found as products. Using CF3Br/P(NEt2)3 the phosphines R1 2PCF3 and R1P(CF3)2 (e.g. R1 = Me, iPr, NEt2) can be obtained which are precursors either for phosphoranes (e.g. 1,2λ5σ5-oxaphosphetanes) or phosphonium salts (e.g. [R1 2(Me)PCF3]+X− or [R1(Me)P(CF3)2X−]. The latter are deprotonated to furnish methylene phosphoranes R1 2(CH2=)PCF3 or R1(CH2=)P(CF3)2, reactive synthons. From CF3Br/P(NEt2)3/P(OPh)3 the phosphine P(CF3)3 is available, which turned out to be a potent electrophile. Amido phospites ROP(NEt2)2 and halides R2X (R2=CCl2CF3, X=Cl; R2=CF=CFCF3, X=F; R2=C6F5, X=Br, I; R2=C(CF3)3, X=Br; R2=SCF3, X=CF3) undergo an ARBUZOV reaction.
New horizons: infant cardiac transplantation. (1989)

Cardiac transplantation has become firmly established as a modality of therapy for end-stage heart disease. Application of this procedure to the neonatal and infant age group is a relatively recent innovation. In this article we describe nursing experience with neonates and infants under 6 months of age who have undergone cardiac transplantation at one university-affiliated medical center. Preparation for infant cardiac transplantation, donor and recipient selection criteria, donor resources, and the transplant process are discussed. Issues in postoperative management are reviewed.