gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hong Kong - The lessons of East Asia : a unique case of development (1993)

Hong Kong embarked on its export-led industrialization in the early 1950s. At the time, the economic outlook was not optimistic. With no natural resources or agriculture to fall back on, Hong Kong was not eligible for aid due to its status as a colony. Industrialization was a must, but affluent markets were thousands of miles away. Yet, after more than three decades of rapid growth, it has emerged as the richest economy in Asia after Japan. This report looks at various facets of its economic achievements, and identifies the main sources of its growth. The four Asian economies, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore, are often referred to collectively as the four Tigers, or Little Dragons, on the grounds that they share a common cultural heritage and have followed a common development strategy. While the role of the cultural factor is controversial, they certainly did not share a common development strategy. Hong Kong is particularly different because its government chose to play a small and passive role. The report also looks at Hong Kong's phases of economic development, each with its own leading edge activities and patterns of growth. From this, the authors deduce a Hong Kong model of growth. Specifically, they argue that the rapid growth was driven by a class of merchant entrepreneurs who specialized in finding and exploiting price discrepancies. In the context of this model, the report evaluates the role of policies and institutions. The authors conclude that local institutions and the policy mix were particulary conducive to commerce-based development. Government housing polices have also contributed, in an unintended and most unexpected manner, to rapid growth.
ING1 represses transcription by direct DNA binding and through effects on p53. (2003)

The ING family of proteins is involved in the regulation of diverse processes ranging from cell cycle and cellular senescence to apoptosis. These effects are most likely through activation of acetylation-dependent pathways that ultimately alter gene expression. Despite reports linking ING to p53 activation, the molecular basis of how ING activates p53 function has not been elucidated. In this study, we found that a subset of ING family members strongly repressed human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) promoter activity but stimulated the p21(WAF1) promoter in parallel experiments in the same cell type, similar to the effects of p53. The p47(ING1a) isoform also repressed AFP promoter activity, but in contrast to other ING isoforms, it repressed the p21(WAF1) promoter. p47(ING3) up-regulated p21(WAF1) promoter activity, but it did not have any effect on the AFP promoter. ING1b and ING2 also repressed the AFP promoter in Hep3B p53-null cell lines, and p53 coexpression enhanced this transcriptional repression. Suppression of AFP gene transcription by ING was strongly dependent on AT-motifs that bind to the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF1) transcription factor. Indeed, electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed that HNF1 binds to AT-motifs, but we found, surprisingly, that the ING1 complexes binding to these AT-motifs were devoid of HNF1 protein. Both ING1 and p53 were able to suppress AFP transcription and cause p21 induction; hSIR2, a negative regulator of the p53 protein, showed the opposite effects on the AFP promoter and, like HDAC1, repressed p21 promoter activity. In addition, we found that p33(ING1b) physically interacts with hSIR2, reverses its ability to induce the AFP promoter, and induces acetylation of p53 residues at Lys(373) and/or Lys(382). These findings provide novel evidence that p33(ING1b) represses AFP transcription by at least two mechanisms, one of which includes p53. The first is by binding to the AT-motif and excluding HNF1 binding while possibly targeting HAT activity to promoter regions, and the second is by increasing the levels of active, acetylated p53 via binding and inhibiting the ability of hSIR2 to deacetylate p53 protein.
Hierarchical optical path cross-connect node architecture using WSS/WBSS (2008)

We propose a new hierarchical optical cross-connect node architecture that utilizes 3D MEMS-based WSS and WBSS (Waveband Selective Switch). We evaluate the total number of MEMS mirrors necessary to implement the node, a key parameter in determining node reliability and cost. It is demonstrated that the proposed hierarchical architecture requires a lot less mirrors than conventional single-layer WSS based node architectures.
Giant Magnetoresistive Sensors for DNA Microarray (2008)

Giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors are developed for a DNA microarray. Compared with the conventional fluorescent sensors, GMR sensors are cheaper, more sensitive, can generate fully electronic signals, and can be easily integrated with electronics and microfluidics. The GMR sensor used in this work has a bottom spin valve structure with an MR ratio of 12%. The single-strand target DNA detected has a length of 20 bases. Assays with DNA concentrations down to 10 pM were performed, with a dynamic range of 3 logs. A double modulation technique was used in signal detection to reduce the 1/f noise in the sensor while circumventing electromagnetic interference. The logarithmic relationship between the magnetic signal and the target DNA concentration can be described by the Temkin isotherm. Furthermore, GMR sensors integrated with microfluidics has great potential of improving the sensitivity to 1 pM or below, and the total assay time can be reduced to less than 1 hour.
AlGaAs/GaAs visible ridge waveguide laser with multicavity structure (1987)

Ridge waveguide lasers of two different cavity configurations are described. First is the multisection ridge laser structure in which the longitudinal mode selection due to the coupled-cavity effect was observed and single-frequency operation was achieved. In this structure, stable single-transverse-mode operation was ensured by the central 5 μm wide section, and the beam waist and power output were enlarged by the outer 10 μm wide sections. Output power of more than 13 mW under pulsed excitation was obtained. The second configuration is the shallow groove ridge laser in which the 5 μm wide shallow groove terminates slightly above the active region and provides an index perturbation that contributes to mode selection. All the lasers are designed to emil in the visible range between 7600 and 7900 Å. The shortest observed wavelength is 7570 Å, and can be seen by the naked eye.
A perspective on DNA microarray technology in food and nutritional science (2005)

The potency of DNA microarray technology in food and nutrition science is broadly recognized. This technique will surely continue to provide researchers and the public with valuable information on the beneficial and adverse effects of food factors. It should also be acknowledged, however, that there remain problems such as standardization of the data and sharing of the results among researchers in this field.
Protection by Milk Immunoglobulin Concentrate against Oral Challenge with Enterotoxigenic<i>Escherichia coli</i> (1988)

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is a common cause of traveler's diarrhea. Prophylaxis against traveler's diarrhea has been associated with side effects from bismuth subsalicylate and the development of resistance to antimicrobial agents. We undertook a double-blind controlled trial in which a bovine milk immunoglobulin concentrate with high titers of antibodies against enterotoxigenic E. coli was used as prophylaxis against E. coli challenge in volunteers. Lyophilized milk immunoglobulins were prepared from the colostrum of cows immunized with several enterotoxigenic E. coli serotypes and fimbria types, E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin, and cholera toxin. As a control, an immunoglobulin concentrate with no anti-E. coli activity was prepared. Ten volunteers received buffered immunoglobulin concentrate against enterotoxigenic E. coli, and 10 received the control immunoglobulin concentrate, dissolved in water, three times a day. No side effects were observed. On the third day of immunoglobulin prophylaxis, the volunteers were given 10(9) colony-forming units of enterotoxigenic E. coli H10407 (O78:H11). This strain produces colonization factor antigen I and heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins. None of the 10 volunteers receiving the immunoglobulin concentrate against E. coli had diarrhea, but 9 of the 10 controls did (P less than 0.0001). All volunteers excreted E. coli H10407. We conclude from these preliminary results that milk immunoglobulin concentrate may be an effective prophylaxis against traveler's diarrhea.
Physical and geometric constraints shape the labyrinth-like nasal cavity (2018)

The nasal cavity is a vital component of the respiratory system that heats and humidifies inhaled air in all vertebrates. Despite this common function, the shapes of nasal cavities vary widely across animals. To understand this variability, we here connect nasal geometry to its function by theoretically studying the airflow and the associated scalar exchange that describes heating and humidification. We find that optimal geometries, which have minimal resistance for a given exchange efficiency, have a constant gap width between their side walls, while their overall shape can adhere to the geometric constraints imposed by the head. Our theory explains the geometric variations of natural nasal cavities quantitatively, and we hypothesize that the trade-off between high exchange efficiency and low resistance to airflow is the main driving force shaping the nasal cavity. Our model further explains why humans, whose nasal cavities evolved to be smaller than expected for their size, become obligate oral breathers in aerobically challenging situations.
Systems Performance: Enterprise and the Cloud (2013)

The Complete Guide to Optimizing Systems Performance Written by the winner of the2013 LISA Award for Outstanding Achievement in System Administration Large-scale enterprise, cloud, and virtualized computing systems have introduced serious performance challenges. Now, internationally renowned performance expert Brendan Gregg has brought together proven methodologies, tools, and metrics for analyzing and tuning even the most complex environments. Systems Performance: Enterprise and the Cloud focuses on Linux and Unix performance, while illuminating performance issues that are relevant to all operating systems. Youll gain deep insight into how systems work and perform, and learn methodologies for analyzing and improving system and application performance. Gregg presents examples from bare-metal systems and virtualized cloud tenants running Linux-based Ubuntu, Fedora, CentOS, and the illumos-based Joyent SmartOS and OmniTI OmniOS. He systematically covers modern systems performance, including the traditional analysis of CPUs, memory, disks, and networks, and new areas including cloud computing and dynamic tracing. This book also helps you identify and fix the unknown unknowns of complex performance: bottlenecks that emerge from elements and interactions you were not aware of. The text concludes with a detailed case study, showing how a real cloud customer issue was analyzed from start to finish. Coverage includes Modern performance analysis and tuning: terminology, concepts, models, methods, and techniques Dynamic tracing techniques and tools, including examples of DTrace, SystemTap, and perf Kernel internals: uncovering what the OS is doing Using system observability tools, interfaces, and frameworks Understanding and monitoring application performance Optimizing CPUs: processors, cores, hardware threads, caches, interconnects, and kernel scheduling Memory optimization: virtual memory, paging, swapping, memory architectures, busses, address spaces, and allocators File system I/O, including caching Storage devices/controllers, disk I/O workloads, RAID, and kernel I/O Network-related performance issues: protocols, sockets, interfaces, and physical connections Performance implications of OS and hardware-based virtualization, and new issues encountered with cloud computing Benchmarking: getting accurate results and avoiding common mistakes This guide is indispensable for anyone who operates enterprise or cloud environments: system, network, database, and web admins; developers; and other professionals. For students and others new to optimization, it also provides exercises reflecting Greggs extensive instructional experience.
Type 2 diabetes in childhood and adolescence : a global perspective (2003)

Preface Introduction - Global Evolution of Diabetes in Children and Adolescents, M. Silink, K. Kida, and A.L. Rosenbloom Diagnosis and Classification of Type 2 Diabetes in Childhood and Adolescence, A.L. Rosenbloom and M. Silink Type 2 Diabetes in Childhood and Adolescence in North America, G. Imperatore, D.E. Williams, and F. Vinicor Type 2 Diabetes in Childhood and Adolescence in Asia, K. Kida Childhood and Adolescent Obesity, L.A. Bauer and E. Denney-Wilson Insulin Resistance and Insulin Secretion in Childhood and Adolescence: Their Role in Type 2 Diabetes in Youth, S.A. Arslanian In-Utero Undernutrition and Glucose Homeostasis Later in Life, D. Jaquet, C. Levy-Marchal, and P. Czernichow Clinical Manifestations of the Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes in Childhood and Adolescence, J. Hamilton and D. Daneman Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescence, S.A. Phillips and K.L. Jones Long-Term Outcomes of Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescence, Y. Uchigata Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes, Maturity-Onset Diabetes in the Young (MODY) and Other Syndromes, W.E. Winter
Longitudinal density modulation and energy conversion in intense beams (2007)

Density modulation of charged particle beams may occur as a consequence of deliberate action, or may occur inadvertently because of imperfections in the particle source or acceleration method. In the case of intense beams, where space charge and external focusing govern the beam dynamics, density modulation may, under some circumstances, be converted to velocity modulation, with a corresponding conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy. Whether this will occur depends on the properties of the beam and the initial modulation. This paper describes the evolution of discrete and continuous density modulations on intense beams and discusses three recent experiments related to the dynamics of density-modulated electron beams.
RSU based efficient vehicle authentication mechanism for VANETs (2015)

Security and privacy are the two major concerns in VANETs. Due to highly dynamic environment in VANETs computation time for authentication is more. At the same time most of the privacy preserving schemes is prone to Sybil attacks. In this paper we propose a lightweight authentication scheme between vehicle to RSU, vehicle to vehicles and to build a secure communication system. In this method we make use of timestamps approach and also reduce the computation cost for authentication in highly dense traffic zones. The privacy of the vehicle is preserved by not disclosing its real identity.
Data Fusion Architectures for Sensor Platforms (2008)

The role of data fusion in sensor platforms is becoming increasingly important in various domains of science, technology and business. Fusion pertains to the merging or integration of information towards an enhanced level of awareness. Multi-sensor fusion can be applied to any system that must retrieve and synthesize data from numerous sources. Its applications can be found in a variety of technology settings, from robotics, structural and vehicle health monitoring to communications, space science and telemedicine. This work is a canonical overview of several major fusion architectures developed from the remote sensing and defense community. We present several types of architecture for managing multi-sensor data fusion, specifically as they relate to the tracking-correlation function and blackboard processing representations in knowledge engineering. Object-Process Methods are used to model the information fusion process and supporting subsystems. Finally, we discuss the importance of fusion to the concept and operation of the Semantic Web. Semantic networks offer powerful ways to exploit the synergy of multi-sensor data platforms. Their operation is based on synthesis of fusion with ontology models for knowledge representation. We discuss the importance of fusion as a reuse process in ontological engineering, and review key lifecycle models in ontology development. The evolutionary approach to ontology development is considered the most useful and adaptable to the complexities of semantic networks. Several potential applications for data fusion are screened and ranked according to the Joint Directors of Laboratories (JDL) process model for information fusion. Based on these predetermined criteria, the case of medical diagnostic imaging was found to offer the most promising applications for fusion, on which future product platforms can be built.
Nonlocal In-plane Resistance In High-tc Superconducting Films In The Vicinity Of A Kosterlitz-thouless-type Transition (1998)

We have measured the nonlocal in-plane resistance in high-Tcsuperconducting Yba2Cu3O7–dfilms. The results obtained in zero magnetic field show a negative nonlocal resistance in the vicinity of the Kosterlitz-Thouless-type vortex-antivortex unbinding transition, as it was predicted recently by Wortis and Huse [Phys. Rev. B54, 12413 (1996)]. We also found that the negative nonlocal resistance takes place within a certain domain of the current-temperature diagram. Our findings indicate that nonlocal measurements in “planar” geometry can be a new method to study vortex dynamics in superconductors.
Gene-For-Gene Relationships Specifying Disease Resistance in<i>Xanthomonas campestris</i>pv.<i>vesicatoria</i>- Pepper Interactions (1990)

In this study, we describe the cloning and characterization of three avirulence genes from X.c. pv. vesicatoria. We present evidence that these avirulence genes restrict the host range of X.c. pv. vesicatoria strains
Using Virtual Reality Technology to Visualize Management of College Assets in the Internet of Things Environment (2020)

This article studies the visual management of college assets under the changing environment of the Internet of Things, uses virtual reality technology to discuss the mechanism of its visualization, and studies the technical selection from the aspects of system architecture, database, and message middleware to provide reliable colleges and universities asset management, provide a complete authority distribution management mechanism, have a safe and reliable data storage mechanism and good scalability. And according to this goal, the overall architecture of the system is designed. Under this architecture, the main modules of the college asset management system divided into college asset information management, information release management, and other modules. To meet these functional modules, related diagrams are designed. The diagram creates a data table corresponding to it. The emphasis is on the systematic analysis of system performance and uses case modeling, static model, and dynamic model based on UML. The overall design of a three-tier logical structure including presentation layer, business logic layer, and data access layer, six functional modules including business process management, platform visualization management, application management, data storage, data processing, and data asset security control. Using the MySQL database and the database design method based on the E-R model, the definition of data entities was completed and the table structure design was carried out. It proved that the functions of the platform are in line with actual needs, and the performance can also meet the business requirements of the visualized management of college assets. It can manage data assets well and has high practical application value.
Ion composition measurement techniques for space plasmas (1990)

Plasmas found in space range from the solar wind with a typical temperature of 105–106 K, ∼400 km/s bulk flow speed, and high ionization (charge states) of ions, to the hot, slowly moving plasmas in the outer magnetospheres of the giant planets, to the cold, co-rotating plasmas in inner magnetospheres. While measurements of the distribution functions of protons and electrons, which have been available for several decades of space exploration, are providing important information about the heating and acceleration mechanisms producing these plasmas, knowledge of the elemental composition and charge states of ions in these plasmas is essential for establishing their sources of origin. We review space plasma instruments and techniques, with an emphasis on hot plasma composition measurements. Starting with Faraday Cup detectors some 30 years ago, plasma instruments have evolved to the present time-of-flight systems with excellent mass resolution and three-dimensional viewing capabilities.
Biomaterial adherent macrophage apoptosis is increased by hydrophilic and anionic substrates<i>in</i><i>vivo</i> (2002)

An in vivo rat cage implant system was used to identify potential surface chemistries that prevent failure of implanted biomedical devices and prostheses by limiting monocyte adhesion and macrophage fusion into foreign-body giant cells while inducing adherent-macrophage apoptosis. Hydrophobic, hydrophilic, anionic, and cationic surfaces were used for implantation. Analysis of the exudate surrounding the materials revealed no differences between surfaces in the types or levels of cells present. Conversely, the proportion of adherent cells undergoing apoptosis was increased significantly on anionic and hydrophilic surfaces (46 +/- 3.7 and 57 +/- 5.0%, respectively) when compared with the polyethylene terephthalate base surface. Additionally, hydrophilic and anionic substrates provided decreased rates of monocyte/macrophage adhesion and fusion. These studies demonstrate that biomaterial-adherent cells undergo material-dependent apoptosis in vivo, rendering potentially harmful macrophages nonfunctional while the surrounding environment of the implant remains unaffected.
Image encryption for secure Internet multimedia applications (2000)

Internet multimedia applications have become very, popular. Valuable multimedia content such as digital images, however, is vulnerable to unauthorized access while in storage and during transmission over a network. Streaming digital images also require high network bandwidth for transmission. For effective image transmission over the Internet, therefore, both security and bandwidth issues must be considered. We present a novel scheme, which combines the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for image compression and block cipher Data Encryption Standard (DES) for image encryption. The simulation results indicate that our proposed method enhances the security for image transmission over the Internet as well as improves the transmission rate.