gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pituitary‐Testicular Reserve in Men with Low Serum Testosterone and Normal Serum Luteinizing Hormone (1988)

Men with low serum testosterone levels who do not have elevated serum LH levels are generally thought to have hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. To evaluate this concept, seven men with a combination of low serum testosterone and normal serum LH underwent standard tests of hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular reserve. Pituitary reserve, tested with LHRH, showed exaggerated responses in two subjects, low-normal responses in one subject, and normal responses in the remaining four. Testing of hypothalamic-pituitary reserve with clomiphene showed normal gonadotropin responses in six subjects and blunted response in one (the same subject with the low LHRH response). Direct stimulation with hCG showed normal percentage increases in testosterone but low absolute levels, comparable to responses in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome. However, 17-OH-progresterone responses to hCG were lower in these subjects than in either controls or subjects with Klinefelter's syndrome. During follow-up, one subject developed frank primary testicular failure. It was concluded that men with low serum testosterone but normal serum LH are a heterogeneous group, and this pattern occasionally reflects early primary testicular failure rather than hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. Standard tests of pituitary-testicular reserve are generally not useful in defining abnormal hormonal output, although measurement of the 17-OH-progesterone response to hCG may improve their diagnostic utility.
The Human Genome Contains Seven Genes for the β-Subunit of Chorionic Gonadotropin but Only One Gene for the β-Subunit of Luteinizing Hormone (1983)

We have used restriction enzyme analysis to sample similarities and differences among eight cloned genes, isolated from two independent libraries, which hybridize to a cDNA for the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). We find that one of the cloned genes encodes the beta-subunit of the closely related hormone, human luteinizing hormone (hLH). Using differential hybridization of human DNA with beta hCG- and beta hLH-specific probes, we show that there are seven beta hCG genes but only a single beta hLH gene in the human genome. This single beta hLH gene is linked to at least three beta hCG genes. Our restriction analysis reveals that the seven beta hCG genes are extremely similar but not identical, and that there are no obvious structural rearrangements to indicate which, if any, are pseudogenes. These data also reveal that the beta hLH gene is far more homologous to the seven beta hCG genes than the beta hCG:beta hLH protein sequence homology of 82% might predict. We propose that the beta hCG gene arose by a duplication of an ancestral beta hLH gene and that, once the beta hCG function was established, the ancestral beta hCG gene itself duplicated and rearranged, creating the present organization of multiple beta hCG genes.
High-Reliability FPGA-Based Systems: Space, High-Energy Physics, and Beyond (2015)

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have been shown to provide high computational density and efficiency for many computing applications by allowing circuits to be customized to any application of interest. FPGAs also support programmability by allowing the circuit to be changed at a later time through reconfiguration. There is great interest in exploiting these benefits in space and other radiation environments. FPGAs, however, are very sensitive to radiation and great care must be taken to properly address the effects of radiation in FPGA-based systems. This paper will highlight the effects of radiation on FPGA-based systems and summarize the challenges in deploying FPGAs in such environments. Several well-known mitigation methods will be described and the unique ability of FPGAs to customize the system for improved reliability will be discussed. Finally, two case studies summarizing successful deployment of FPGAs in radiation environments will be presented.
Reduction of Cytochrome c by Ferrous Ions and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid in Acid Solution (1970)

Abstract Cytochrome c was reduced by ferrous EDTA over the pH range 0.7 to 5.5, but not by ferrous ions alone. A typical hemochromogen of the low spin type was observed between pH 2.2 and 5.5, but spectra of the high spin type were seen between pH 0.7 and 2.1. CO-Ferrocytochrome c was obtained over the pH range of 1.6 to 3.2 by this method. The spectrum was similar to that of alkaline CO-ferrocytochrome c and two bands in the Soret region were observed at 392 and 413 mµ. o-Phenanthroline, α,α'-dipyridyl, 8-hydroxyquinoline, or amino acids could not be substituted for EDTA for the reduction of cytochrome c at acid pH. At neutral pH, cytochrome c was fully reduced by a 2-fold molar excess of ferrous ions in the absence of EDTA.
Region‐specific reduction of Aβ‐degrading endopeptidase, neprilysin, in mouse hippocampus upon aging (2002)

Metabolism of amyloid-beta peptide (A beta) is closely associated with the pathology and etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neprilysin is the only rate-limiting catabolic peptidase proven by means of reverse genetics to participate in A beta metabolism in vivo. The aim of the present study is to assess whether possible spatial changes in neprilysin level in the brain with aging correlate to AD-vulnerable regions. When neprilysin levels in various brain regions of 10-, 80- and 132-week-old mice were evaluated by neprilysin-dependent endopeptidase activity assay and Western blot-based quantitative analysis, a clear change in neprilysin level with aging was observed in the hippocampal formation, in which the level was reduced by 20% at 132 weeks, compared to the 10-week group. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis confirmed a marked local reduction of neprilysin levels with aging at the outer molecular layer and polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus, and the stratum lucidum of the hippocampus, where the densities were reduced by 56%, 82% and 83%, respectively, at 132 weeks compared to the 10-week group. Thus, neprilysin was decreased selectively at the terminal zones and on axons of the lateral perforant path and the mossy fibers. These are the sites that show A beta pathology in mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice, and that show synaptic loss in AD. The immunoreactivities to synaptic vesicle protein-2 and synaptophysin in the stratum lucidum and the dentate gyrus were unchanged, suggesting that a loss or decrease of synapses was not responsible for the decrease in the neprilysin levels. These observations suggest that downregulation of neprilysin is likely to be related to AD pathology and to the A beta deposition associated with normal aging in humans.
Robust, Compliant Assembly with Elastic Parts and Model Uncertainty (2019)

In this paper, we present an approach to generate robot motions for robust parts assembly. The computation of motions for parts assembly usually requires an exact model of all relevant objects. Generating detailed object models, including friction and dynamics, is often complex and time-consuming, especially in the context of elastic parts. In addition, executing motions on real hardware will usually introduce further uncertainty. For this reason, we propose an approach that is inherently robust against model parameter uncertainties and unknown characteristics of elastic parts. Our planner explicitly takes into account the internal states of articulated objects, as well as uncertain model parameters, by constructing a search tree in the belief-parameter-space. It yields successful assembly motions from coarse object models and thus eliminates the need for detailed parameter tuning. We evaluated our approach with respect to four assembly tasks. Extensive simulations show that our planner significantly increases the success-rate compared to previous approaches. Numerous experiments on a real robot confirm the simulated results.
Relative and Absolute Interrater Reliabilities of a Hand-Held Myotonometer to Quantify Mechanical Muscle Properties in Patients with Acute Stroke in an Inpatient Ward (2017)

MyotonPRO demonstrated acceptable relative and absolute reliability in a ward setting for patients with acute stroke. However, results must be interpreted with caution, due to the varying level of consistency between different muscles, as well as between different parameters within a muscle.
Studies of spiroboloid millipeds. V. The correct identity of the genus Rhinocricus, based upon a study of its type species (1960)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
Synthesis of TACK, a New Chloromethyl Ketone Derivative of Arginine (1974)

Abstract A synthesis is described of TACK, the chloromethyl ketone derivative of Nα-tosyl-l-arginine, in which a crystalline intermediate NG-nitro-TACK is found to be converted into TACK with hydrogen fluoride without appreciable impairment of the chloromethyl ketone moiety.
Capillary gel electrophoresis separation of high‐mannose type oligosaccharides derivatized by 1‐aminopyrene‐3,6,8‐trisulfonic acid (1995)

In this paper we report the capillary gel electrophoresis separation of 1-aminopyrene-3,6,8-trisulfonic acid (APTS) labeled oligosaccharides, released enzymatically from bovine pancreatic ribonuclease B. The released and labeled high-mannose structures were identified by spiking the separated peaks with the appropriate commercially available individual oligosaccharides. Baseline separation of the three positional isomers of the mannose-7 and mannose-8 oligosaccharides was attained. Comparison of the electrophoretic mobilities of the high-mannose type branched carbohydrates to the linear molecules of maltooligosaccharides (glucose oligomers) have been shown using different gel concentrations in the running buffer system. We observed that increasing gel concentration in the running buffer causes an increase in the relative mobility values of the high-mannose type carbohydrate molecules compared to the linear glucose oligomers. Analysis of our data indicated that this increase in relative migration time was not due to sieving, but seemed to be related to the mannose content and hydrodynamic volume of the branched glycans as well as to the viscosity of the separation medium.
Recent developments in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (2017)

Over the past decade there have been significant advances in the molecular characterization of colorectal cancer (CRC) that are driving treatment decisions. Expanded <i>RAS</i> testing beyond <i>KRAS</i> exon 2 was established as crucial for identifying patients who will respond to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapies and low-frequency mutations in <i>RAS</i>/tumor heterogeneity are gaining recognition as potential mechanisms of resistance. Despite this progress, the fact that we do not understand why left-sided but not right-sided tumors have improved outcomes following anti-EGFR therapy highlights our superficial understanding of this disease. Even with few new targeted agents receiving approval in CRC, the incorporation of next-generation sequencing into clinical decision making represents an important step forward. Biomarkers such as <i>BRAF</i> mutations, microsatellite instability, and <i>HER2</i> amplification represent promising molecular aberrations with therapies in various stages of development, and highlight the importance of companion diagnostics in supporting targeted agents. In this review, we will discuss the importance of incorporating biomarkers into clinical decision making and regimen selection in CRC. We will particularly focus on the recent evidence suggesting an important role for tumor location in selecting first-line therapy, the importance of recent advances in biomarker development and molecular subtyping, as well as recently approved agents (regorafenib and TAS-102) and promising targeted agents that have the potential to change the standard of care.
Control of nanostructure and pinning properties in solution deposited YBa2Cu3O7−x nanocomposites with preformed perovskite nanoparticles (2019)

Solution deposited YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7-x</sub> (YBCO) nanocomposites with preformed nanoparticles represent a promising cost-effective approach for superior critical current properties under applied magnetic fields. Nonetheless, the majority of YBCO nanocomposites with high nanoparticle loads (>20%) suffer from nanoparticle coalescence and degraded superconducting properties. Here, we study the influence of nanoparticle concentration (0-25% mol), size (5 nm-10 nm) and composition (BaHfO<sub>3</sub>, BaZrO<sub>3</sub>) on the generation of structural defects in the epitaxial YBCO matrix, key parameter for vortex pinning. We demonstrate that flash-heated superconducting nanocomposites with 20 mol% preformed BaHfO<sub>3</sub> or BaZrO<sub>3</sub> perovskite secondary phases feature discrete and small (7 nm) nanoparticles and high density of YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>4</sub>O<sub>8</sub> (Y248) intergrowths. We identify a synergy between Y248 intergrowth density and small nanoparticles to increase artificial vortex pinning centers. Also, we validate the multideposition process to successfully increase film thickness of epitaxial nanocomposites with competitive critical currents I<sub>c</sub> at 77 K.
Rapid rumor ramification: approximating the minimum broadcast time (2002)

Given an undirected graph representing a network of processors, and a source node containing a message that must be broadcast to all the nodes, find a scheme that accomplishes the broadcast in the minimum number of time steps. At each time step, any processor that has received the message is allowed to communicate the message to at most one of its neighbors in the network, i.e. can communicate via a telephone call to a neighbor. This has been termed the minimum broadcast time problem under the telephone model and is known to be NP-complete. The minimum broadcast time in a graph is closely related to the poise of the graph. The poise of a tree is defined to be the quantity (maximum degree of any node in the tree+diameter of the tree). The poise of a graph is the minimum poise of any of its spanning trees. Computing the poise of a graph is shown to be NP-hard and an algorithm for computing a spanning tree of approximately minimum poise is derived. This algorithm is then used to derive an O(log/sup 2/n/log log n)-approximation for the minimum broadcast time problem on an n-node graph. Our algorithm extends to many generalizations of the problem such as the multicast problem, a telephone model allowing conference calls, and to the closely related minimum gossip time problem.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Continuous flash extraction of alcohols from fermentation broth (2009)

A new method of in situ extraction of alcohols from fermentation broth was investigated. The extraction method exploited the latent advantages of the non-equilibrium phase interaction of the fluid system in the flash tank to effectively recover the alcohol. Carbon dioxide gas ranging from 4.2L/min to 12.6L/min was used to continuously strip 2 and 12% (v/v) ethanol solution in a fermentor with a recycle. Ethanol and water in the stripped gas was recovered by compressing and then flashing into a flash tank that was maintained at 5 to 70bar and 5 to 55oC where two immiscible phases comprising CO2-rich phase (top layer) and H2O-rich phase (bottom layer) were formed. The H2O-rich bottom layer was collected as the Bottoms. The CO2-rich phase was continuously throttled producing a condensate (Tops) as a result of the Joule-Thompson cooling effect. The total ethanol recovered from the extraction scheme was 46.0 to 80% for the fermentor containing 2% (v/v) ethanol and 57 to 89% for the fermentor containing 12% (v/v) ethanol. The concentration of ethanol in the Bottoms ranged from 8.0 to 14.9 %(v/v) for the extraction from the 2 %(v/v) ethanol solution and 40.0 to 53.8 %(v/v) for the 12% (v/v) fermentor ethanol extraction. The Bottoms concentration showed a fourfold increase compared to the feed. The ethanol concentration of the Tops were much higher with the highest at approx. 90% (v/v) ethanol, however the yields were extremely low. Compression work required ranged from 6.4 to 20.1 MJ/kg ethanol recovered from the gas stream in the case of 12% (v/v) ethanol in fermentor. The energy requirement for the 2% (v/v) extraction was 84MJ/kg recovered ethanol. The measured Joule-Thompson cooling effect for the extraction scheme was in the range of 10 to 20% the work of compressing the gas. The lowest measured throttle valve temperature was -47oC at the flash tank conditions of 70bar and 25oC. Optimization of the extraction scheme showed that increasing the temperature of the flash tank reduced the amount of ethanol recovered. Increasing the pressure of the flash tank increased the total ethanol recovered but beyond 45bar it appeared to reduce the yield. The 12.6L/min carbon dioxide flow rate favored the high pressure(70bar) extraction whiles 4.2L/min appeared to favor the low pressure(40bar) extraction. The studies showed that the extraction method could potentially be used to recover ethanol and other fermentation products.
Fabrication of Through-Wafer Via Conductors in Si by Laser Photochemical Processing (1982)

A procedure for the fabrication of high-aspect-ratio through-wafer via conductors in Si is described. The technique is based on a rapid highly anistropic laser etching process followed by a two-step metallization. The surface area occupied by the via on the front, circuit side of the wafer, can be as small as 5 µm x 5 µm.
[Electroanatomic mapping system (CARTO) to perform catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation]. (2006)

Since the first report of radiofrequency catheter ablation curing atrial fibrillation (AF) nearly a decade ago, numerous techniques have evolved, from linear ablation to modify the reentrant sustrate for AF, to electrical isolation of pulmonary vein to eliminate triggers of AF, to hibrid approaches of circunferential ablation around and between the pulmonary veins and mitral valve annulus to modify both the triggers and sustrate for AF. We describe the electroanatomic mapping system (CARTO, Biosense Webster) and its use in patients undergoing catheter ablation for AF.
Human eye: visualization of perfluorodecalin with F-19 MR imaging. (1992)

Perfluorodecalin (PFD) was demonstrated in a human eye with fluorine-19 magnetic resonance (MR) imaging by employing a standard two-dimensional fast low-angle shot (FLASH) sequence. The presence and intraocular distribution of PFD were revealed despite the posterior eye segment being obscured by a narrow pupil, multiple small intraocular gas bubbles, and an intraocular hemorrhage. This examination can be performed with standard sequences on MR imaging systems equipped with a fluorine channel.
0.5V-V<inf>IN</inf>, 165-mA/mm<sup>2</sup> Fully-Integrated Digital LDO Based on Event-Driven Self-Triggering Control (2018)

In recent digital low-drop-out (LDO) regulator designs, event-driven (ED) control achieved significantly better scaling in the output capacitor and voltage droop over Time-Driven (TD) one. The state-of-the-art ED LDO design, however, still has several drawbacks including long settling time and low current density. This paper presents a new LDO based on novel self-triggering ED control and initialization. The 0.5V digital LDO in a 65 nm achieves the best-in-class performance in the droop voltage, output capacitor size, settling time, and current density over the prior ED and TD LDOs.
The Electricidal Effect: Reduction of <i>Staphylococcus</i> and <i>Pseudomonas</i> Biofilms by Prolonged Exposure to Low-Intensity Electrical Current (2008)

The activity of electrical current against planktonic bacteria has previously been demonstrated. The short-term exposure of the bacteria in biofilms to electrical current in the absence of antimicrobials has been shown to have no substantial effect; however, longer-term exposure has not been studied. A previously described in vitro model was used to determine the effect of prolonged exposure (i.e., up to 7 days) to low-intensity (i.e., 20-, 200-, and 2,000-microampere) electrical direct currents on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Dose- and time-dependent killing was observed. A maximum of a 6-log(10)-CFU/cm(2) reduction was observed when S. epidermidis biofilms were exposed to 2,000 microamperes for at least 2 days. A 4- to 5-log(10)-CFU/cm(2) reduction was observed when S. aureus biofilms were exposed to 2,000 microamperes for at least 2 days. Finally, a 3.5- to 5-log(10)-CFU/cm(2) reduction was observed when P. aeruginosa biofilms were exposed to electrical current for 7 days. A higher electrical current intensity correlated with greater decreases in viable bacteria at all time points studied. In conclusion, low-intensity electrical current substantially reduced the numbers of viable bacteria in staphylococcal or Pseudomonas biofilms, a phenomenon we have labeled the "electricidal effect."
An analysis of the effectiveness of interventions intended to help people stop smoking (1995)

In a systematic review of the efficacy of interventions intended to help people stop smoking, data have been analyzed from 188 randomized controlled trials. Following personal advice and encouragement to stop smoking given by physicians during a single routine consultation, an estimated 2% (95% confidence limits, 1%, 3%;<i>P</i><.001) of all smokers stopped smoking and did not relapse up to 1 year as a direct consequence of the advice. The effect is modest but cost-effective: the cost of saving a life is about $1500. Supplementary interventions (follow-up letters or visits, demonstration of spirometry, etc) have an additional effect—variable in extent. Advice and encouragement are particularly effective for smokers at special risk—pregnant women (efficacy, 8%) and patients with ischemic heart disease. Behavior modification techniques (relaxation, rewards and punishment, avoiding "trigger" situations, etc), in group or individual sessions led by a psychologist, have an effect that is statistically significant (<i>P</i>=.05) but no greater than simple advice by a physician (2%); yet, these techniques are several times more expensive. The effect of hypnosis is unproved (no trials have used biochemical markers). Nicotine replacement therapy is effective in an estimated 13% of smokers who seek help in cessation; the effect is greater in those who are nicotine-dependent. Other pharmacological treatments are not of proven efficacy, and acupuncture is ineffective. Sudden cessation or gradual reduction in smoking are similar in their efficacy on average. Physicians should take time to advise all their patients who smoke to quit. Smokers who are intent on stopping should be given additional support and encouraged to use nicotine replacement therapy. (Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:1933-1941)
Scalable routing technique using road hierarchy for vehicular networks (2009)

In this paper, we describe a new route discovery technique known as scalable routing technique. This technique enhances the performance of the routing protocol density aware routing using road hierarchy (DAR-RH), which involves a route discovery procedure using Dijkstra algorithm before transferring data from source to destination. When DAR-RH is used in large road network scenarios the time complexity increases as Dijkstra algorithm considers all road intersections for route discovery. The solution proposed in this paper minimizes the road intersections to be considered for route discovery by dividing the city in terms of road hierarchies. By restricting Dijkstra algorithm to act on necessary data instead of entire city data shows significant performance improvement and effectiveness of our proposed technique when incorporated in DAR-RH.