gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Succinate and its G-protein-coupled receptor stimulates osteoclastogenesis (2017)

The mechanism underlying bone impairment in patients with diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia and dysregulation in metabolism, is unclear. Here we show the difference in the metabolomics of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) derived from hyperglycaemic (type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2D) and normoglycaemic mice. One hundred and forty-two metabolites are substantially regulated in BMSCs from T2D mice, with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle being one of the primary metabolic pathways impaired by hyperglycaemia. Importantly, succinate, an intermediate metabolite in the TCA cycle, is increased by 24-fold in BMSCs from T2D mice. Succinate functions as an extracellular ligand through binding to its specific receptor on osteoclastic lineage cells and stimulates osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Strategies targeting the receptor activation inhibit osteoclastogenesis. This study reveals a metabolite-mediated mechanism of osteoclastogenesis modulation that contributes to bone dysregulation in metabolic disorders.
Enzymatic synthesis of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, a hypotensive and platelet-aggregating lipid. (1980)

1-Alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, derived chemically from choline plasmalogens of beef heart, has been shown to possess powerful antihypertensive activity (Blank, M. L., Synder, F., Byers, L. W., Brooks, B., and Muirhead, E. E. (1979) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 90, 1194-1200) and to be an extremely potent platelet-activating factor (Demopoulos, C. C., Pinckard, R. N., and Hanahan, D. J. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 9355-9358). In the present study, microsomal preparations of rat spleen were shown to synthesize 1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine by an acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetyltransferase reaction; the acetyltransferase appears to be different from the acyltransferase responsible for the transfer of palmitate to glycerolipids. The apparent Km for acetyl-CoA was 67 microM; the optimal concentration of 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine was 30 microM. Higher concentrations of the lyso substrate were inhibitory. When acetyl-CoA (100 microM) and 1-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (30 microM) were incubated wih spleen microsomes under optimal conditions, the specific activity was approximately 10 nmol of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/min/mg of protein. Although the reaction was inhibited by the addition of EDTA or EGTA to the incubation mixture, the acetyltransferase did not appear to require a divalent cation. An acyl analog, 1-palmitoyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, also served as a substrate for the acetyltransferase; however, the unnatural isomer, 3-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-1-phosphocholine, did not. The acetyltransferase activity was found in a variety of tissues, but the spleen had the highest activity of the tissues examined; lung, lymph nodes, and thymus also had high activities. Identification of the product and the possible physiological importance of the pathway are discussed.
FUNDAMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF LIQUID-METAL LUBRICATED JOURNAL BEARINGS. Quarterly Technical Report No. 1 (1964)

The objective of this program is to investigate the fundamentals of liquid-metal lubricated hydrodynamic bearings, leading to the development of design criteria and performance estimates.
Soybean Germplasm Resistant to Races 1 and 2 of <i>Heterodera glycines</i> (1997)

Heterodera glycines Ichinohe is a serious pest of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the USA. Several Races of H. glycines occur in the soybean growing areas. Soybean accessions with resistance to Races 3, 5, and 14 have been identified. Data on reaction of these accessions for Races 1 and 2 are not available. Our objective was to bioassay these accessions for resistance to H. glycines Races 1 and 2. Eighty‐six accessions, host differentials, and susceptible control were bioassayed during 1995 to 1996 for each of the two Races in thermoregulated water baths in the greenhouse. The results indicated that 52 accessions had resistance to H. glycines Race 1, and 24 accessions had resistance to Race 2, respectively. Soybean PIs 89772, 90763, 404166, 404198A, 437654, 437690, 438489B, 567491A, and 567516C were either resistant or moderately resistant to both Races. These are potential resistance sources to H. glycines Races 1, and 2 for developing resistant soybean cultivars. These PI lines are being fingerprinted by means of molecular markers to identify the unique lines to allow broadening the diversity of resistance gene utilization.
A HI-CMOSII 8K × 8b static RAM (1982)

A fully-static 8K×8b RAM using HICMOSII technology with a typical address access time of 65ns and power dissipation of 200mW will be discussed. To improve manufacturing yield a laser redundancy technique utilizing a N+ -i-N+ polysilicon structure was employed.
Sex Ratios, Divorce Laws and the Marriage Market (2010)

We show how an interaction between the skewness of the sex ratio and the jump in divorce rates after a liberalization in divorce laws can obtain in a model of marriage market matching with non-transferable utility. This model is partly motivated by a significant cross-country correlation between these two variables. We also find that men’s hopes or fears about women’s marriage market odds are self-confirming under mutual consent, resulting in multiple equilibria. The multiplicity vanishes with a more skewed sex ratio or a liberalization of divorce laws. Our work sheds some light on the possible implications of divorce liberalization and pro-marriage policies.
The Army Air Forces in World War II (1951)

Journal Article The Army Air Forces in World War II. Edited by Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate. Vol. IV, The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan, August 1942 to July 1944 Get access Charles Edward Smith Charles Edward Smith Louisiana State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 37, Issue 4, March 1951, Pages 746–747, https://doi.org/10.2307/1889418 Published: 01 March 1951
Iterative blind deconvolution in magnetic resonance brain perfusion imaging (2006)

In first pass magnetic resonance brain perfusion imaging, arterial input functions are used in the deconvolution of the observed contrast concentrations to obtain quantitative hemodynamic parameters. Ideally, arterial input functions should be measured in each imaged voxel to eliminate the effects of delay and dispersion of the contrast agent from the injection site. An approach based on iterative blind deconvolution with the Richardson-Lucy algorithm is proposed for the simultaneous estimation of voxel-specific arterial input functions and voxel-specific tissue residue functions. An extended contrast concentration model was used to separate the first pass bolus from additional recirculation and leakage signals. The extended model was evaluated using in vivo data. Computer simulations examined the feasibility of iterative blind deconvolution in perfusion imaging. Preliminary in vivo results from a patient with fibromuscular dysplasia showed territories with delayed/dispersed arterial input functions that coincided with the location of territories supplied by collateral circulation as described from the complete radiologic examination. Higher flow values and shorter mean transit times compared to conventional methods were obtained in these areas, suggesting that the effects of dispersion were minimized. The in vivo estimated arterial input functions visualized the patient's blood supply patterns as a function of time.
The Fundamental Role of Teletraffic in the Evolution of Telecommunications Networks: Proceedings of the 14th International Teletraffic Congress-ITC 14, Antibes Juan-Les-Pins, France, 6-10 June 1994 (1994)

Directions in teletraffic research ATM multiplexer performance (1) signalling and intelligent network performance analysis of queueing systems (1) B-ISDN traffic descriptors switch overload controls video and data traffic characteristics performance of new network services B-ISDN traffic and resource allocation ATM multiplexer performance (2) teletraffic analysis of mobile telecommunications performance of networks of queues worst case ATM traffic ATM switch design dynamic routing analysis of queueing systems (2) simulation techniques performance of data networks advances in teletraffic modelling B-ISDN network management and design performance of local and metropolitan area networks analysis of queueing systems adaptive connection admission control in B-ISDN B-ISDN network architecture traffic management and network dimensioning multirate traffic performance congestion control in B-ISDN design of circuit switched networks B-ISDN design issues peak rate policing in B-ISDN robust transmission network design data network protocols and routing.
Sodium channels and the neurobiology of epilepsy (2012)

Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are integral membrane proteins. They are essential for normal neurologic function and are, currently, the most common recognized cause of genetic epilepsy. This review summarizes the neurobiology of VGSCs, their association with different epilepsy syndromes, and the ways in which we can experimentally interrogate their function. The most important sodium channel subunit of relevance to epilepsy is SCN1A, in which over 650 genetic variants have been discovered. SCN1A mutations are associated with a variety of epilepsy syndromes; the more severe syndromes are associated with truncation or complete loss of function of the protein. SCN2A is another important subtype associated with epilepsy syndromes, across a range of severe and less severe epilepsies. This subtype is localized primarily to excitatory neurons, and mutations have a range of functional effects on the channel. SCN8A is the other main adult subtype found in the brain and has recently emerged as an epilepsy gene, with the first human mutation discovered in a severe epilepsy syndrome. Mutations in the accessory β subunits, thought to modulate trafficking and function of the α subunits, have also been associated with epilepsy. Genome sequencing is continuing to become more affordable, and as such, the amount of incoming genetic data is continuing to increase. Current experimental approaches have struggled to keep pace with functional analysis of these mutations, and it has proved difficult to build associations between disease severity and the precise effect on channel function. These mutations have been interrogated with a range of experimental approaches, from in vitro, in vivo, to in silico. In vitro techniques will prove useful to scan mutations on a larger scale, particularly with the advance of high-throughput automated patch-clamp techniques. In vivo models enable investigation of mutation in the context of whole brains with connected networks and more closely model the human condition. In silico models can help us incorporate the impact of multiple genetic factors and investigate epistatic interactions and beyond.
Novel prospective in colon specific drug delivery system. (2014)

This review deals with the targeting of drugs to the lower gastrointestinal tract i.e. colon. Colonic drug delivery becomes important for localized action as well as for improved systemic availability of peptide and proteins. Drugs which have absorption window in the colonic region have been targeted using different novel technologies. pH sensitive polymers and prodrug based formulation have been used for the delivery of drugs into the colon. Different natural polymers have been used successfully for the delivery of drugs into the colon. Natural polymers are less toxic, biodegradable and easily available with a wide range of molecular weight and varying chemical compositions. One of the supporting properties associated with these polymers is that natural polymers can be used as approved pharmaceutical excipient.
Root of the universal tree of life based on ancient aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase gene duplications. (1995)

Universal trees based on sequences of single gene homologs cannot be rooted. Iwabe et al. [Iwabe, N., Kuma, K.-I., Hasegawa, M., Osawa, S. & Miyata, T. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 9355-9359] circumvented this problem by using ancient gene duplications that predated the last common ancestor of all living things. Their separate, reciprocally rooted gene trees for elongation factors and ATPase subunits showed Bacteria (eubacteria) as branching first from the universal tree with Archaea (archaebacteria) and Eucarya (eukaryotes) as sister groups. Given its topical importance to evolutionary biology and concerns about the appropriateness of the ATPase data set, an evaluation of the universal tree root using other ancient gene duplications is essential. In this study, we derive a rooting for the universal tree using aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase genes, an extensive multigene family whose divergence likely preceded that of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. An approximately 1600-bp conserved region was sequenced from the isoleucyl-tRNA synthetases of several species representing deep evolutionary branches of eukaryotes (Nosema locustae), Bacteria (Aquifex pyrophilus and Thermotoga maritima) and Archaea (Pyrococcus furiosus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius). In addition, a new valyl-tRNA synthetase was characterized from the protist Trichomonas vaginalis. Different phylogenetic methods were used to generate trees of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetases rooted by valyl- and leucyl-tRNA synthetases. All isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase trees showed Archaea and Eucarya as sister groups, providing strong confirmation for the universal tree rooting reported by Iwabe et al. As well, there was strong support for the monophyly (sensu Hennig) of Archaea. The valyl-tRNA synthetase gene from Tr. vaginalis clustered with other eukaryotic ValRS genes, which may have been transferred from the mitochondrial genome to the nuclear genome, suggesting that this amitochondrial trichomonad once harbored an endosymbiotic bacterium.
On the secure degrees of freedom in the K-user Gaussian interference channel (2008)

This paper studies the K-user Gaussian interference channel with secrecy constraints. Two distinct network models, namely the interference channel with confidential messages and the one with an external eavesdropper, are analyzed. Using interference alignment along with secrecy pre-coding at each transmitter, it is shown that each user in the network can achieve non-zero secure Degrees of Freedoms (DoFs) in both scenarios. In particular, the proposed coding scheme achieves K−2/2K−2 secure DoFs for each user in the interference channel with confidential messages model, and K−2/2K secure DoFs in the case of an external eavesdropper. The fundamental difference between the two scenarios stems from the lack of channel state information (CSI) about the external eavesdropper. Remarkably, the results establish the positive impact of interference on the secrecy capacity of wireless networks.
Simultaneous amplification by Er ions and SRS in an Er-doped germano-silica fiber (2003)

A flat signal gain over in the entire C- and L-bands by erbium (Er) ions' radiative transition and stimulated Raman scattering in an Er-doped germano-silica fiber can be obtained if proper values of the concentration of Er and background loss in a fiber core are obtained during the fiber fabrication process. The optimized conditions for the flat C- and L-band gain are analyzed as functions of Er concentrations. Even for a low-gain value provided by a germano-silica core fiber with a low Er concentration and an optimum fiber length, a relatively low pump is required to obtain the flat gain band.
Data Mining for Climate Change and Impacts (2008)

Knowledge discovery from temporal, spatial and spatiotemporal data is critical for climate change science and climate impacts. Climate statistics is a mature area. However, recent growth in observations and model outputs, combined with the increased availability of geographical data, presents new opportunities for data miners. This paper maps climate requirements to solutions available in temporal, spatial and spatiotemporal data mining. The challenges result from long-range, long-memory and possibly nonlinear dependence, nonlinear dynamical behavior, presence of thresholds, importance of extreme events or extreme regional stresses caused by global climate change, uncertainty quantification, and the interaction of climate change with the natural and built environments. This paper makes a case for the development of novel algorithms to address these issues, discusses the recent literature, and proposes new directions. An illustrative case study presented here suggests that even relatively simple data mining approaches can provide new scientific insights with high societal impacts.
The Short-Term Compressive Properties of Adult Human Articular Cartilage (1994)

An apparatus and test method were developed to determine the elastic stiffness and damping coefficient of human cartilage in compression. An underdamped, counterbalanced beam applied a sudden compressive force to a full-thickness cylindrical specimen of articular cartilage. The initial oscillatory response decayed to steady state creep after approximately 10 cycles of oscillation. The results were consistent with a Voigt phenomenological model with linear stiffness and damping terms. Standard dynamics analysis of the transient oscillatory response enabled the elastic stiffness to be determined from the frequency and the damping coefficient to be derived from the logarithmic decrement of the decay of the oscillations. The relationship between the mechanical properties and structure of cartilage was determined by treating specimens with two specific proteolytic enzymes. Digestion and removal of proteoglycans alone with cathepsin D caused the damping coefficient to decrease with no change in elastic stiffness. The action of leukocyte elastase on collagen caused a decrease in both damping coefficient and elastic stiffness. It was concluded that the collagen fibrils in cartilage largely control the elastic response while the viscous response is controlled largely by the hydrated proteoglycans. The effects of cartilage thickness was also examined and found to be inversely proportional to the elastic stiffness. It is suggested that this method could be used to uncouple elastic and viscous properties of other viscoelastic materials.
Progress and future directions in chemical methods for the control of scale at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field (1980)

Using a pilot-sized brine handling system at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field, a series of field tests have been conducted in which various chemical compounds were examined as possible scale control agents. Results of these tests are mentioned with reference to publications on them. (MHR)
The behaviour of mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and water. Part 1.—Determination of the densities of mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and water (1952)

M. F. Easton, A. G. Mitchell and W. F. K. Wynne-Jones, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1952, 48, 796 DOI: 10.1039/TF9524800796
On the Need for Passive Monitoring in Sensor Networks (2008)

Debugging and analyzing wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are important tasks for improving the quality and performance of the network. In this paper, Pimoto is to be presented, which is a distributed passive monitoring system implemented for debugging and analyzing WSNs. It is based on a hierarchical structure allowing to monitor different networks simultaneously and to analyze the obtained information at a dedicated PC. The system relies on three components. The first element is the monitoring node. It intercepts the radio packets in the vicinity and sends received packet information to a gateway using a second radio interface in order to prevent intrinsic interactions with the sensor network operation. The gateway has the ability to communicate directly with the monitoring node and to transfer all the collected monitoring data to the third component, a dedicated PC (server), in the hierarchy using standard TCP/IP communication. The packets are analyzed and visualized on the server using the standard network monitoring and analyzing tool Wireshark. The most important characteristic of this monitoring concept is the passive operation, i.e. the normal operation in the WSN is not influenced by the analyzer.
9-Aminoacridine as a fluorescent probe of the electrical diffuse layer associated with the membranes of plant mitochondria (1981)

1. Mitochondria from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) tubers and Arum maculatum spadices caused a quenching of the fluorescence of 9-aminoacridine when mixed in a low-cation medium (approximately 1 mM-K+) and addition of chelators further decreased the fluorescence. Salts released the quenching of the 9-aminoacridine fluorescence and the efficiency of the release appeared to be mainly dependent on the valency of the cation (C3+ greater than C2+ greater than C+). 2. The results are consistent with the theory of charge screening and demonstrate that 9-aminoacridine is a convenient probe of the behaviour of cations on the membranes of mitochondria and in the diffuse layer associated with these membranes. 3. The concentration of salt required to achieve half-maximal release of quenching of 9-aminoacridine fluorescence was proportional to the concentration of mitochondria in the solution and theoretical considerations show this effect to be inherent in the Gouy-Chapman theory. 4. 9-Aminoacridine was removed from the bulk of the solution by the mitochondria to a far greater extent than was Na+ or K+, which is suggested to be due to the formation of bi- and poly-valent cations by aggregation of 9-aminoacridine molecules in the diffuse layer. This would have implications for the use of 9-aminoacridine to determine delta pH across membranes. 5. Jerusalem-artichoke mitochondria removed from 9-aminoacridine and Ca2+ from the bulk of the solution and required more ions to screen the membranes than did an equal concentration (mg of protein/ml) of Arum mitochondria, indicating that Jerusalem-artichoke mitochondria contain more negative charges per mg of protein.
High-Speed Scanning Electron Microscopy using Distributed-axis Electron Optics (2007)

In this paper, distributed-axis technology is applied to high-speed scanning electron microscopy for large scale inspection and metrology of nanostructures. Simulated results indicate that each aperture in the retarding electrode must be kept to less than 0.1mm diameter to avoid extra aberrations and that extra slots be provided to accommodate the spread in the trajectories of the secondary electrons with different energies (up to 10eV) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> . Experimental verification of these simulated results is underway.
On the Topological Derivative in Shape Optimization (1999)

In this paper the topological derivative for an arbitrary shape functional is defined. Examples are provided for elliptic equations and the elasticity system in the plane. The topological derivative can be used for solving shape optimization problems in structural mechanics.