gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
C 4 GENE EXPRESSION (1999)

C4 plants, including maize, Flaveria, amaranth, sorghum, and an amphibious sedge Eleocharis vivipara, have been employed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that control C4 photosynthesis gene expression. Current evidence suggests that pre-existing genes were recruited for the C 4 pathway after acquiring potent and surprisingly diverse regulatory elements. This review emphasizes recent advances in our understanding of the creation of C4 genes, the activities of the C4 gene promoters consisting of synergistic and combinatorial enhancers and silencers, the use of 5 0 and 3 0 untranslated regions for transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulations, and the function of novel transcription factors. The research has also revealed new insights into unique or universal mechanisms underlying cell-type specificity, coordinate nuclear-chloroplast actions, hormonal, metabolic, stress and light responses, and the control of enzymatic activities by phosphorylation and reductive processes.
Glucosylceramide uptake protein from spleen cytosol. (1980)

Incubation of rat red cells with liposomes containing radioactive glucosylceramide, together with unlabeled phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, produced cells labeled with the glycolipid. Part of the bound cerebroside could be removed by further incubation with unlabeled liposomes. Both processes, uptake and release, were stimulated by adding a preparation obtained from bovine spleen. The active material was purified partially by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel permeation with a Sephadex G-75 column. The latter step indicated a molecular weight of about 22,000. The material lost much of its activity when treated with trypsin or N-ethylmaleimide, indicating that it is a protein. The "cerebroside uptake protein" was quite stable if stored in dithioerythritol at 4 degrees C. Tests with liposomes containing labeled phosphatidylcholine or cholesterol showed that the red cells took up these lipids as well, but the transfer protein exerted little effect on this. Ghosts prepared from rat red cells also took up the three lipids from the liposomes and here, as well, the uptake protein showed high specificity in facilitating the uptake of cerebroside. This appears to be the first demonstration of the existence of a glycolipid transfer protein. Possible physiological roles for the uptake protein in red cell metabolism and in the modulation of the glycosphingolipid composition of cell membranes are discussed.
H2 resonance fluorescence with Lyman-alpha (1978)

Lyman-alpha radiation may excite Lyman-band fluorescence from vibrationally excited H2. Because of the resonant nature of the process, pumping rates in various H2 lines are dependent both on temperature and on the L-alpha profile. Absolute and relative pumping rates in the resonances are computed. Applications to the recently observed sunspot H2 fluorescent emission and to interstellar gas are described.
Cause analysis of frost damage to winter wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai plain during 2004-2005 (2005)

Heavy frozen damage to winter wheat occurred in Huanghuanhai plain in 2004-2005.The cause analysis of the damage was conducted based on meteorological data of six representative stations in Huanghuaihai plain,including Beijing,Tianjin,Heze,Zhumadian,Shangqiu and Fuyang.In this study,winter in 2004-2005 was divided into two periods by 20th Dec.The accumulated temperatures from 1st Oct.to 20th Dec.at all stations were extremely higher as compared with the average annual values;however,the temperatures became extremely lower during period from 21st Dec.to 28th Feb.Under such excellent thermal condition before 20th Dec.,wheat plant developed rapidly and about 6-8 expanded leaves were obtained.In some areas,wheat plant even came in shoot elongating stage,and in this growing stage the ability of wheat seedling in resisting freeze became very low.On the other hand,the abrupt change in temperature after 20th Dec.induced low freeze-resistant ability due to lack of anti-freeze-exercise.Furthermore,the prevalence of spring-sown variety was also considered as an important reason for the heavy frozen damage in 2004-2005.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(?-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol) block copolymer (1997)

Poly(ϵ-caprolactone)–poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(ϵ-caprolactone) triblock copolymers (PECL) covering a wide range of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) lengths were synthesized with alkali metal alkoxide derivatives of poly(ethylene glycol). The effects of various factors, such as amount of the initiator, reaction time and temperature, polarity of solvent, length of PEG segment, and counterion on the polymerization were investigated. The copolymers were characterized by 1H-NMR, IR, GPC, and DSC. It was found that THF system is superior to toluene system. The conversion of the monomer increased with increase of the initiator concentration. High molecular weight of the copolymer and high conversion of the monomer was obtained at below 30°C within 5 min. The polymerization process was studied by GPC and the coexistence of propagation and transesterification reaction was found, which leaded to relatively broad molecular weight distribution of the copolymers. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Low loss 4x4 optical switching network (1980)

Abstract A 4 × 4 optical switching network was realized which has a low insertion loss and good switching repeatability. Practical optical switching networks are in great demand for optical fiber communication and information processing systems of higher grade and more versatility. This paper first classifies the application ranges of optical switches and then discusses the technical levels needed for realization of optical switches for each range. Also, the method for constructing the optical switching networks is discussed. Based on the discussions, the method is obtained for designing optical switches and switching networks which realize loss loss and high switching repeatability. Characteristics of the prototype 4 × 4 optical switching network are: (1) low insertion loss (0.3‐1.3 dB); (2) good switching repeatability (less than 0.06 dB); and (3) high cross‐talk attenuation (more than 55 dB). From the present results, it is found possible to realize a large‐scale optical switching network of 100 × 100.
Immunohistochemical assessment of Pax8 expression during pancreatic islet development and in human neuroendocrine tumors (2011)

The paired box transcription factor Pax8 is critical for development of the eye, thyroid gland as well as the urinary and reproductive organs. In adult, Pax8 overexpression is associated with kidney, ovarian and thyroid tumors and has emerged as a specific marker for these cancers. Recently, Pax8 expression was also reported in human pancreatic islets and in neuroendocrine tumors, identifying Pax8 as a novel member of the Pax family expressed in the pancreas. Herein, we sought to provide a comprehensive analysis of Pax8 expression during pancreogenesis and in adult islets. Immunohistochemical analysis using the most employed Pax8 polyclonal antibody revealed strong nuclear staining in the developing mouse pancreas and in mature human and mouse islets. Astonishingly, Pax8 mRNA in mouse islets was undetectable while human islets exhibited low levels. These discrepancies raised the possibility of antibody cross-reactivity. This premise was confirmed by demonstrating that the polyclonal Pax8 antibody also recognized the islet-enriched Pax6 protein both by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Thus, in islets polyclonal Pax8 staining corresponds mainly to Pax6. In order to circumvent this caveat, a novel Pax8 monoclonal antibody was used to re-evaluate whether Pax8 was indeed expressed in islets. Surprisingly, Pax8 was not detected in neither the developing pancreas or in mature islets. Reappraisal of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors using this Pax8 monoclonal antibody exhibited no immunostaining as compared to the Pax8 polyclonal antibody. In conclusion, Pax8 is not expressed in the pancreas and cast doubts on the value of Pax8 as a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor marker.
Use of QUASES™/XPS measurements to determine the oxide composition and thickness on an iron substrate (2004)

Abstract QUASES™ Analyze and Generate were used to model the extrinsic loss structures for XPS spectra of oxide films grown on iron in such a way that their thickness and structure could be determined. The Generate program used in conjunction with spectra of model iron oxides allowed for both magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) and maghaemite (γ‐Fe 2 O 3 ) structures to be identified in all films studied. These structures were identified as overlying layers in the oxide films and were usually intermixed at their interface. The absence of other iron oxide structures within the film could be tested based on their goodness of fit to the experimental spectrum. Comparison of the thickness values obtained using Generate with those found using nuclear reaction analysis suggested that the Generate results were higher by 20%. This difference likely resulted from the use of a calculated inelastic mean free path value for Fe 2p electrons in the Generate calculation rather than using the real attenuation length. For oxide films whose thickness approached 10 nm, the QUASES™ results for photoelectron spectra obtained with a Zr achromatic x‐ray source were compared with those from the standard Al monochromatic source. In this particular case, the oxide thicknesses obtained using Generate and Analyze were found to be more consistent when the Zr source was used. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel antifungal peptide from foxtail millet seeds (2011)

A novel antifungal peptide with high potency was isolated from foxtail millet seeds.
Induction of chondroitin sulfate lyase activity in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (1980)

Chondroitin sulfate lyase (EC 4.2.2.4) was present constitutively at low levels (0.06 to 0.08 U/mg of protein) in cells of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron which were growing on glucose or other monosaccharides. When these uninduced bacteria were incubated with chondroitin sulfate A (5 mg/ml), chondroitin sulfate lyase specific activity increased more than 10-fold within 90 min. Synthesis of ribonucleic acid and of protein was required for induction, and induction was sensitive to oxygen. The disaccharides which resulted from chondroitinase action did not act as inducers, nor did tetrasaccharides or hexasaccharides obtained by digestion of chondroitin sulfate with bovine testicular hyaluronidase. None of these substances was taken up by uninduced cells; they may not have been able to penetrate the outer membrane. The smallest oligomer capable of acting as an inducer was the outer membrane. The smallest oligomer capable of acting as an inducer was the octassacharide. Oligomers larger than the octassacharide induced chondroitin lyase activity nearly as well as intact chondroitin sulfate.
Reply: Characterizing the Burden of Occupational Injury and Disease (2006)

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati, Ohio
Reconstruction of the point-spread function of the human eye from two double-pass retinal images by phase-retrieval algorithms (1998)

In the double-pass technique used to measure the optical performance of the eye, the double-pass image is the cross correlation of the input spread function with the output spread function [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 195 (1995)]. When entrance and exit pupil sizes are equal, the information on the point-spread function is lost from the double-pass image, although the modulation transfer function of the eye is obtained. A modification of the double-pass technique that uses unequal-sized entrance and exit pupils allows a low-resolution version of the ocular point-spread function to be recorded [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 2358 (1995)]. We propose the combined use of these two double-pass measurements as input in a phase-retrieval procedure to reconstruct the ocular point-spread function. We use an adapted version of the iterative Fourier-transform algorithm consisting of two steps. In the first step, error-reduction iterations with expanding weighting functions in the Fourier domain yield an estimation of the phase that serves as an initial guess for the second step, which consists of cycles of hybrid input-output iterations. We tested the robustness and limitations of the retrieval algorithm by using simulated data with and without noise. We then applied the procedure to reconstruct the point-spread function from actual measurements of double-pass retinal images in the living eye.
Photodarkening of alumosilicate and phosphosilicate Yb-doped fibers (2007)

Photodarkening of ytterbium-doped laser fibers is an important problem, as it is directly associated with the fiber lasers and amplifiers durability. The phenomenon manifests itself as the growth of optical losses in the process of fiber usage under the action of pump radiation. In this paper the comparison of the parameters of this process for alumosilicate and phosphosilicate Yb-doped fibers is performed for the first time. And it was found that normalized phosphosilicate fibers are a good alternative to alumosilicate ones, especially for the operation in case of high value of upper level population.
Effects of inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase on the differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma cells. (1983)

(R, S)-alpha-Fluoromethylornithine (alpha-FMO), a catalytic irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17), induced the differentiation of N2a mouse neuroblastoma cells. The effect of alpha-FMO was concentration dependent; approximately 50% of the cell population exhibited neurite outgrowth in the presence of 1 mM alpha-FMO, while higher concentrations caused severe growth inhibition and cell death. The effect of 1 mM alpha-FMO on neuroblastoma differentiation was potentiated greatly by 0.1 to 0.2 mM N6,O2'-dibutyryl adenosine cyclic 3':5'-monophosphate (Bt2cAMP) causing more than 90% of the cell population to differentiate morphologically with thick and long processes; 0.1 to 0.2 mM Bt2cAMP, by itself, had no effect on cell growth and did not induce neurite outgrowth. The effect of alpha-FMO, either by itself or in combination with 0.1 to 0.2 mM Bt2cAMP, on the morphological differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma cells was reversed by the addition of exogenous putrescine or spermidine. The morphological differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma cells induced by 1 mM alpha-FMO plus 0.2 mM Bt2cAMP was accompanied by increases of the regulatory subunit of the type I cAMP-binding protein and acetylcholinesterase activity. These results indicate that the modulation of cellular polyamine contents may be important in neuroblastoma cell differentiation.
Using Slow Light to Enhance Acousto-optical Effects: Application to Squeezed Light (2000)

We propose a technique for achieving phase matching in Brillouin scattering in a dielectric fiber doped by three-level $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-type ions. This can lead to a dramatic increase of efficiency of ponderomotive nonlinear interaction between the electromagnetic waves and holds promise for applications in quantum optics such as squeezing and quantum nondemolition measurements.
Spectral domain polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography achieved by single camera detection (2007)

We present a spectral domain polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PSOCT) system that incorporates: 1) a spectrometer configured with a single line-scan camera for spectral interferogram detection, 2) a reference delay line assembly that provides a fixed optical pathlength delay between the lights of two orthogonal polarization states, and 3) a moving reference mirror that introduces a constant modulation frequency in the spatial spectral interferograms while the probe beam is scanned over the sample. The system utilizes the full range of complex Fourier plane for polarization sensitive imaging, where OCT images formed by the vertical and horizontal polarization beam components appear adjacent to each other. It is able to provide imaging of retardation, fast optic axis and backscattered intensity of the interrogated biological tissue. The system is experimentally demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo with an imaging rate at 10,000 A scans per second.
Laboratory Diagnostic Techniques for <i>Entamoeba</i> Species (2007)

The genus Entamoeba contains many species, six of which (Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba moshkovskii, Entamoeba polecki, Entamoeba coli, and Entamoeba hartmanni) reside in the human intestinal lumen. Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis and is considered a leading parasitic cause of death worldwide in humans. Although recent studies highlight the recovery of E. dispar and E. moshkovskii from patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, there is still no convincing evidence of a causal link between the presence of these two species and the symptoms of the host. New approaches to the identification of E. histolytica are based on detection of E. histolytica-specific antigen and DNA in stool and other clinical samples. Several molecular diagnostic tests, including conventional and real-time PCR, have been developed for the detection and differentiation of E. histolytica, E. dispar, and E. moshkovskii in clinical samples. The purpose of this review is to discuss different methods that exist for the identification of E. histolytica, E. dispar, and E. moshkovskii which are available to the clinical diagnostic laboratory. To address the need for a specific diagnostic test for amebiasis, a substantial amount of work has been carried out over the last decade in different parts of the world. The molecular diagnostic tests are increasingly being used for both clinical and research purposes. In order to minimize undue treatment of individuals infected with other species of Entamoeba such as E. dispar and E. moshkovskii, efforts have been made for specific diagnosis of E. histolytica infection and not to treat based simply on the microscopic examination of Entamoeba species in the stool. The incorporation of many new technologies into the diagnostic laboratory will lead to a better understanding of the public health problem and measures to control the disease.
Describing and Quantifying Growth Stages of Perennial Forage Grasses (1991)

Abstract A system for identifying and quantifying the stages of growth and development of perennial forage grasses was developed. The system consists of a universal set of morphological descriptors for forage and range grasses and a continuous numerical index. The life cycle of individual grass tillers is divided into five primary growth stages (i) germination, (ii) vegetative, (iii) elongation, (iv) reproductive, and (v) seed ripening. Substages corresponding to specific morphological events are defined within each primary stage. Each growth stage consists of a primary and secondary stage and has both a mnemonic code and numerical index associated with it. The codes were designed to be easily memorized and are useful for applying the system in the field. The numerical index is included so that the stages can be expressed quantitatively.
Optimizing maximal brightness and correlated color temperature for multi-primary color displays (2009)

Color temperature(CT) conversion of triprimary color display from one white point to another on the Planckian's locus with the maximal brightness has been proposed. However, whether converting an original white point to another white point on the isotemperature line will enlarge maximal brightness more than converting an original white point to another white point on the Planckian's locus needs to be determined. This paper proposes a new algorithm to enlarge maximal brightness by calling the center of gravity method of color mixing in the acceptable color difference range while the CT is converted. From the prior study, we find that the apexes of color gamut boundary move along the line of center gravity of primaries while the total brightness varies, where the line of center gravity of primaries is linked by the color points mixed by two or more full primary colors and one partial primary color. And in CIE 1931 color space, the color gamut boundary expanding from white point as total brightness decreasing will touch the isotemperature line with its apexes. Therefore, the best point of CT conversion of tri-primary color display with more maximal brightness is determined by the isotemperature line and the line of center gravity of primaries. Further, the theory extends to multi-primary color displays. Lastly, the simulations prove that converting a white point to another on the isotemperature line enlarges maximal brightness more than converting a white point to another on Planck's locus.
Reconstruction of compressed sensed ECG signals using patient specific dictionaries (2013)

In this paper we investigate the reconstruction of compressed sensed ECG signals using dictionaries specific for each patient. Two projection matrices, random and Bernoulli, have been tested. For 24 records from the MIH-BIH database and for a compression ratio (CR) of 10:1 an average percentage root-mean-square difference (PRD) of 0.81, a normalized PRD (PRDN) of 15.49 and a quality score (QS) of 12.34 have been obtained. For record 117, for CR = 15:1 the PRD, PRDN and QS were 0.96, 17.28 and 15.62 respectively.
A minimum principle for molecular systems allowing the use of discontinuous wave functions (1970)

Abstract In this paper the minimum principle proposed for atomic systems by Hall, Hyslop and Rees [1] is generalized to molecules. It is shown that this generalization retains the advantage of admitting the use of a larger class of trial wave functions, for example those with discontinuities, than is possible in the usual minimum energy principle. The further advantage that the upper bounds obtained by this treatment are always at least as good as those of the Rayleigh‐Ritz method is also preserved. The theory is applied to the H ion, potential energy curves are obtained for various “cut‐off” wave functions, and the equilibrium internuclear distance is calculated. The optimization of the “cut‐off” region so that the upper bound is minimized is also discussed.
Induction Therapy in Multiple Myeloma (2008)

In most hematologic malignancies the role of induction treatment is to achieve complete remission (CR). In multiple myeloma this has been possible only with the introduction of high-dose therapy plus autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT). In the context of ASCT there is a statistical relationship between CR or very good partial remission (VGPR) achievement and progression-free survival or overall survival. High-dose therapy consists of 3 to 6 courses of a dexamethasone alone or combined with vincristine-adriamycin (VAD) to reduce the tumor burden and the plasma cell infiltration followed by 1 or 2 courses of high-dose melphalan plus ASCT. This treatment induces 20% to 40% CR and 40% to 55% CR/VGPR. The introduction of novel agents in the induction treatment is changing this scenario. The combinations of dexamethasone with thalidomide, bortezomib or lenalidomide increase the CR/VGPR rates compared to dexamethasone or VAD. Triple combinations are currently being evaluated, but preliminary results with not more than 3 or 4 cycles show post-ASCT CR/VGPR rates of 60% to 75% In elderly patients who are not candidates for ASCT, combinations of melphalan-prednisone with a novel agent (thalidomide, bortezomib or lenalidomide) yield CR/VGPR rates that are quite comparable to those achieved in younger patients with ASCT. Prolonged treatment with the combination of lenalidomide plus dexamethasone can be administered safely and appears to induce very high (up to 70%) CR/VGPR rates as well.