gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Toughening of epoxy resin blended with thermotropic hydroxyethyl cellulose acetate (1998)

Thermotropic hydroxyethyl cellulose acetate (HECA) was totally miscible with uncured epoxy resin, and the miscibility was not influenced by the degree of substitution (DS) of HECA. When the epoxy resin was cured with diamine (DDA), HECA became immiscible with the epoxy resin matrix, and a heterogeneous system was formed. Epoxy resin existed as a constant phase, and HECA-rich domains were dispersed in the matrix with dimensions of about 0.2–0.5 μm. Epoxy resin could be toughened by HECA, and the impact strength of the epoxy resin blends with 10 wt % HECA was the maximum. HECA exhibited the highest toughening ability when the epoxy resin was cured at the temperature at which the HECA existed as a liquid crystalline state. The toughening ability was also influenced by the degree of substitution for acetyl of HECA, and the impact strength of the epoxy resin blends decreased with increasing the DS for acetyl of HECA. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70: 1159–1163, 1998
4 – La première personne de l’irréel du présent (Christian Boltanski et ses identités photographiques) (2009)

De la vie d’artiste… Les entassements, les amoncellements d’objets, l’infatigable souci d’étiqueter les parcelles d’un territoire en arrière de soi qui s’effrite, sont le lot (le lieu ?) commun de Georges Perec et de Christian Boltanski, le plus connu sans doute de nos artistes-photographes-peintres contemporains. Le plus connu ? Tout dépend de quoi… ou plutôt de qui l’on parle ! Côté Boltanski comme côté Perec, il s’agit en effet toujours de rassembler les preuves d’une existence qui craint,...
Comparative study of microsatellite and cytogenetic markers for detecting the origin of the nondisjoined chromosome 21 in Down syndrome. (1992)

Nondisjunction in trisomy 21 has traditionally been studied by cytogenetic heteromorphisms. Those studies assumed no crossing-over on the short arm of chromosome 21. Recently, increased accuracy of detection of the origin of nondisjunction has been demonstrated by DNA polymorphism analysis. We describe a comparative study of cytogenetic heteromorphisms and seven PCR-based DNA polymorphisms for detecting the origin of the additional chromosome 21 in 68 cases of Down syndrome. The polymorphisms studied were the highly informative microsatellites at loci D21S215, D21S120, D21S192, IFNAR, D21S156, HMG14, and D21S171. The meiotic stage of nondisjunction was assigned on the basis of the pericentromeric markers D21S215, D21S120, and D21S192. Only unequivocal cytogenetic results were compared with the results of the DNA analysis. The parental and meiotic division origin could be determined in 51% of the cases by using the cytogenetic markers and in 88% of the cases by using the DNA markers. Although there were no discrepancies between the two scoring systems regarding parental origin, there were eight discrepancies regarding meiotic stage of nondisjunction. Our results raise the possibility of recombination between the two marker systems, particularly on the short arm.
Efficient spatial-temporal chaotic mixing in microchannels (2003)

A chaotic micro mixer with multiple side channels is designed and investigated, in which fluid can be stirred by pumps through the side channels. By stretching and folding fluid in the main and side channels, chaotic mixing can be achieved. A simple mathematic model is derived to understand the movement of particles in the microchannel. Spatial trajectories of fluid particles are projected to Poincar sections by mapping. The route from the quasi-period to chaos is revealed to be destruction of KAM curves and shrinkage of the quasi-periodic areas. Lyapunov exponents (LE) are used as the mixing index and the criteria to evaluate the chaotic behavior of the system. We found that LE is closely related to the amplitude and frequency of stirring and can be used to optimize our design and operation. From the relationship of LE and striation thickness, the minimal mixing length required can be estimated, which is much shorter than that needed in passive mixer design.
High force linear actuator for an aeronautical application. Association with a fault tolerant converter. (2007)

Electric actuators are replacing hydraulic actuators in the new aircrafts. A direct drive multi-airgap linear actuator has been designed and developed in order to replace a hydraulic actuator for a landing gear system application. The advantage of using a direct drive solution is to remove the mechanical transmission and consequently to increase the reliability. The experimental results show the high performances of this technology which reaches about 1000 N/kg and 5000 N/dm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . This article reports a special fault tolerant converter connected to the machine. This converter is also adapted to the constraints of reliability of the application.
Antagonistic Effects of Human Cyclic MBP<sub>87-99</sub>Altered Peptide Ligands in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis and Human T-Cell Proliferation (2001)

The immunodominant myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide comprising residues 87−99 is a self-antigen in multiple sclerosis (MS). In Lewis rats this epitope induces experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, and is a model of MS. Structure−activity studies have shown that Lys91 and Pro96 residues are important for encephalitogenicity. Replacement of Lys and/or Pro residues with Arg and/or Ala, respectively, results in suppression of EAE. A potent linear altered peptide ligand of the immunodominant sequence MBP83-99 has been selected for clinical trial (Nat. Med. 2000, 6, 1167, 1176). In the present report, two cyclic analogues, cyclo(91−99)[Ala96]MBP87-99 and cyclo(87−99)[Arg91, Ala96]MBP87-99 were designed by NMR and molecular modeling data on human MBP87-99 epitope (Val87-His-Phe-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ile-Val-Thr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Pro99) and its linear antagonist peptide analogue [Arg91, Ala96]MBP87-99. These analogues (altered peptide ligands) inhibited EAE in Lewis rats and decreased inflammation in the spinal cord. In addition, the analogue cyclo(87−99)[Arg91, Ala96]MBP87-99 induced proliferation of human peripheral blood T-cells. These cyclic MBP87-99 peptide analogues may lead to the design of potent antagonist mimetics for treating MS.
Bronchial Inflammation and Colonization in Patients with Clinically Stable Bronchiectasis (2001)

To evaluate the bronchial inflammatory response and its relationship to bacterial colonization in bronchiectasis, we performed a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in 49 patients in stable clinical condition and in nine control subjects. BAL was processed for differential cell count, quantitative bacteriologic cultures, and measurement of inflammatory mediators. An increase was observed in the percentage of neutrophils (37 [0 to 98]) (median[range]) versus 1[0 to 4]%, p = 0.01), in the concentration of elastase (90.5 [8 to 2,930] versus 34 [9 to 44], p = 0.03), myeloperoxidase (9.1 [0 to 376] versus 0.3 [0.1 to 1.4], p = 0.01), and in the levels of TNF-alpha (4 [0 to 186] versus 0 [0 to 7], p = 0.03), IL-8 (195 [0 to 5,520] versus 3 [0 to 31], p = 0.001), and IL-6 (6 [0 to 115] versus 0 [0 to 3], p = 0.001) in patients with bronchiectasis compared with control subjects. Noncolonized patients showed a more intense bronchial inflammatory reaction than did control subjects. This inflammatory reaction was exaggerated in patients colonized by microorganisms with potential pathogenicity (MPP), with a clear relationship with the bronchial bacterial load. Patients with bronchiectasis showed a slight systemic inflammatory response, with poor correlations between systemic and bronchial inflammatory mediators, suggesting that the inflammatory process was mostly compartmentalized. We conclude that patients with bronchiectasis in a stable clinical condition present an active neutrophilic inflammation in the airways that is exaggerated by the presence of MPP, and the higher the bacterial load the more intense the inflammation.
Structural phase diagram of H<sub>x</sub>/Li<sub>1-x</sub>NbO<sub>3</sub> waveguides: The correlation between optical and structural properties (1996)

We show that proton exchanged H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> /Li <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> NbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> single-crystalline solid solutions exhibit very complex structural chemistry, which is different from those known for powders. Seven crystallographic phases have been identified in H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> /Li <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> NbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> layers. Correlation between the crystal structure and the ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices has been experimentally determined which allows us to explain some of the observed optical phenomena and to predict the characteristics of the great variety of proton exchanged waveguides.
Modeling of Multi-Dimensional Relational Constraints Between Point Objects (2001)

Most of the approaches in the spatio-temporal reasoning area use a relational algebraic framework where the domains of variables are typically not given an explicit considerations (for the purlyo ~ of constraint processing) ill favor of tile relational constraints between those variables. l lowever, some recent works have shown tile deficiency of those apircoaches in finding a globally consistent solution. For exmnple, in cyclic time-interval problems even path-consistent singleton models are not globally consistent. In this article, we have developed a domain-theoretic approach, wlfich is routinely deployed in the traditional discrete-domain constraint satisfaction problems (CSP), for point-based relations in multi-dimensional Cartesian-space. Our algoritluns are also develoix~d for the insertion problem (insert an object in a set of existing ones), which is at the core of any incremental approach for checking lobal consistolcy (Mitra, 2001). The results might be useful in a real-life modeling activities in any relevant area (e.g., visualization or data-medeling).
A telescope for soft gamma ray astronomy. (1972)

Abstract A gamma ray telescope using the double Compton process is described, which measures extraterrestrial gamma ray fluxes in the energy range 1–10 MeV. The detector consists of two large plastic scintillator blocks, 1.20 m apart. A gamma ray event is identified by a Compton collision in the upper detector, followed by a second scattering in the lower crystal, the sequence being verified by a time of flight measurement. The properties of the telescope were measured in the laboratory using the gamma ray sources 60Co and 24Na. The telescope has an opening half angle of 15° (hwhm) with an energy resolution of ±20% and an absolute detection efficiency of about 0.5%. Also, it has an especially low sensitivity to undesired background gamma rays. A slightly modified version of the telescope will be used in balloon flights to measure the spectrum of diffuse primary gamma rays.
Test generation for ultra-high-speed asynchronous pipelines (2006)

We propose a methodology for testing ultra-high-speed asynchronous pipelines, the latest and most promising asynchronous circuit design style. Unlike traditional delay-insensitive asynchronous micro-pipelines, which use slow capture-pass latches, these circuits employ aggressive handshaking protocols and transparent latches between fine-grain pipeline stages, in order to achieve high performance. Their functional robustness, however, relies on certain timing constraints that need to be satisfied. As a result, these circuits are no longer delay-insensitive, which means that stuck-at faults are not always leading to pipeline stalling. In addition, delay faults may result in violation of these timing constraints, thus affecting not only performance, as in delay-insensitive micro-pipelines, but also functional correctness. To address these new challenges, we develop a test method for both stuck-at and timing constraint violation faults in fine-grain ultra-high-speed asynchronous pipelines. The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated on MOUSETRAP, a recently developed pipeline for high-speed applications
Cut Redistribution and Insertion for Advanced 1-D Layout Design via Network Flow Optimization (2018)

Given a 1-D layout with horizontal wires, cut redistribution technique is used for sliding the line-end cuts in order to merge them vertically or resolve spacing conflicts. A pair of movable cuts could have three possible relations, left-of, right-of, and merge-into. We observe that if the left-right-merge orderings of cuts are fixed, the cut redistribution can be formulated as a network flow problem, which can be solved efficiently. We also find that inserting cuts can resolve the spacing conflicts in some circumstances. According to the observations, we proposed a network-flow-based cut redistribution and insertion method for 1-D layout design. First, the orderings of the cuts are generated according to a predefined distribution. The hyperparameters of the distribution are tuned with Bayesian optimization. In order to resolve the conflicts, the cuts are redistributed and extra cuts are also inserted with network-flow-based method. Afterward, we adopt the complementary e-beam lithography to eliminate the unresolved conflicts. Finally, two wire length reduction techniques have been proposed for two different processes of e-beam, respectively. Experimental results show that compared with the existing integer linear programming-based method that does not consider the cut insertion, our method can achieve 132× speedup and higher quality.
A 2 GHz - 8.7 GHz Wideband Balun-LNA with Noise Cancellation and Gain Boosting (2012)

A wideband Balun-LNA covering the operation frequency range of magnetic tunnel junction Spin Torque Oscillator is presented. The LNA is a combination of common-source and cross-coupled common-gate stages, which provides wideband matching and noise cancellation, as well as gain boosting. The internal feedback introduced by the cross-coupling allows an additional degree of freedom to select transistor sizes and bias by decoupling the impedance matching, noise, and gain imbalance trade-offs which are present in similar topologies. Two LNAs using the proposed technique are designed in 65nm CMOS. The LNAs have a simulated bandwidth of 2 GHz - 8.7 GHz, gain of 16 dB, IIP3 of -3.5 dBm, and NF &lt; 3.8 dB while consuming 3.72 mW from a 1.2 V power supply.
A Low-Noise High Intrascene Dynamic Range CMOS Image Sensor With a 13 to 19b Variable-Resolution Column-Parallel Folding-Integration/Cyclic ADC (2011)

A low temporal noise and high dynamic range CMOS image sensor is developed. A 1Mpixel CMOS image sensor with column-parallel folding-integration and cyclic ADCs has 80μV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rms</sub> (1.2e <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> ) temporal noise, 82 dB dynamic range using 64 samplings in the folding-integration ADC mode. Very high variable gray-scale resolution of 13b through 19b is attained by changing the number of samplings of pixel outputs. The implemented CMOS image sensor using a 0.18-μm technology has the sensitivity of 10- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> /lx·s, the conversion gain of 67- μV/e <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> , and linear digital code range of more than 4 decades.
Characterization of dielectric layers for passivation of 4H-SiC devices (2006)

Silicon carbide rectifiers and MESFET switches are commercially available since 2001 and 2005 respectively. Moreover, three inch SiC wafers can be purchased nowadays without critical defects for the device performance, four inch wafers are available and the next step of technology is set to be the six inch substrate wafers. Despite this tremendous development in SiC technology the reliability issues, like bipolar device degradation, passivation, or low MOSFET channel mobility still remain to be solved. This thesis focuses on SiC surface passivation and junction termination, a topic which is very important for the utilisation of the full potential of this semiconductor. Five dielectrics with high dielectric constants, Al2O3, AlN, AlON, HfO2 and TiO2 have been investigated. The layers were deposited directly on SiC, or on the thermally oxidized SiC surfaces with several different techniques. The structural and electrical properties of the dielectrics were measured and the best insulating layers were then deposited on fully processed and well characterised 1.2 kV 4H SiC PiN diodes. For the best Al2O3 layers, the leakage current was reduced to half its value and the breakdown voltage was extended by 0.7 kV, reaching 1.6 kV, compared to non passivated devices. Furthermore, AlON deposited on 4H SiC at room temperature provided interface quality comparable to that obtained with the thermally grown SiO2/SiC system. As important as the proper choice of dielectric material is a proper surface preparation prior to deposition of the insulator. In the thesis two surface treatments were tested, a standard HF termination used in silicon technology and an exposure to UV light from a mercury or deuterium lamp. The second technique is highly interesting since a substantial improvement was observed when UV light was used prior to the dielectric deposition. Moreover, UV light stabilized the surface and reduced the leakage current by a factor of 100 for SiC devices after 10 Mrad γ ray exposition. The experiments show also that the measured leakage currents of the order of pA are dominated by surface leakage.
Gender and the Fate of Julian’s Short Text (2013)

Gender and the Fate of Julian’s Short Text Most studies of Julian of Norwich’s Showings juxtapose her Short and Long texts, with a marked lack of enthusiasm for the Short Text in contrast to its longer, revised form thought to be textually and theologically superior. This essay asks what is at stake in the rigorous defense of Julian’s Long Text and argues that the issue of gender is central both to its revisions and to its favorable reception. The most noted revision related to gender in the Long Text is the addition of its maternal Jesus, characterized as redemptive of femininity. Concurrently, many scholars remark on the removal of references to women and Julian's sexual identity--changes troubling for an author thought of as a proto-feminist, but either minimized as irrelevant or rationalized as integral to Julian's expanded theology, thus rendering its diminished female presence proof of the Long Text's superiority. While discussions tend to address one or two revisions related to gender, this study presents a comprehensive interrogation, ultimately suggesting that our preference for the Long Text (and disregard for the Short) has been shaped by our desire to promote Julian as a woman ahead of her time, but paradoxically perpetuates the very gender hierarchy and biases that likely compelled Julian's revisions and that we wish for her Showings to challenge.
The in vivo proliferation kinetics of human solid tumours (1990)

The study of tissue and tumour cell kinetics is one approach to better understanding of human tumour biology and to the formulation of better treatment strategies. Past efforts to measure in vivo the duration of cell cycle phases has been severely handicapped by the need to use radioisotopes and to take sequential biopsies. The drug 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BRdU) is a safe, ethical alternative to tritiated thymidine for in vivo labelling of DNA during the S phase of the cell cycle. The label can be detected by conventional histochemistry, and by multiparameter flow cytometry. The latter provides measurements of ploidy, phase related DNA labelling, and the duration of the S phase and of the potential doubling time (Tpot) of the tumour or tissue. These parameters have not been characterised in many types of tumour, nor have their relationships to prognosis or to treatment strategies been explored.
The X6 “Thermostabilizing” Domains of Xylanases Are Carbohydrate-Binding Modules:  Structure and Biochemistry of the <i>Clostridium thermocellum </i>X6b Domain<sup>,</sup> (2000)

Many polysaccharide-degrading enzymes display a modular structure in which a catalytic module is attached to one or more noncatalytic modules. Several xylanases contain a module of previously unknown function (termed "X6" modules) that had been implicated in thermostability. We have investigated the properties of two such "thermostabilizing" modules, X6a and X6b from the Clostridium thermocellumxylanase Xyn10B. These modules, expressed either as discrete entities or as their natural fusions with the catalytic module, were assayed, and their capacity to bind various carbohydrates and potentiate hydrolytic activity was determined. The data showed that X6b, but not X6a, increased the activity of the enzyme against insoluble xylan and bound specifically to xylooligosaccharides and various xylans. In contrast, X6a exhibited no affinity for soluble or insoluble forms of xylan. Isothermal titration calorimetry revealed that the ligand-binding site of X6b accommodates approximately four xylose residues. The protein exhibited K(d) values in the low micromolar range for xylotetraose, xylopentaose, and xylohexaose; 24 microM for xylotriose; and 50 microM for xylobiose. Negative DeltaH and DeltaS values indicate that the interaction of X6b with xylooligosaccharides and xylan is driven by enthalpic forces. The three-dimensional structure of X6b has been solved by X-ray crystallography to a resolution of 2.1 A. The protein is a beta-sandwich that presents a tryptophan and two tyrosine residues on the walls of a shallow cleft that is likely to be the xylan-binding site. In view of the structural and carbohydrate-binding properties of X6b, it is proposed that this and related modules be re-assigned as family 22 carbohydrate-binding modules.
COLD-CATHODE ELECTRON EMISSION FROM SILICON (1971)

Cold-cathode electron emission has been obtained from forward-biased silicon p-n junctions whose surfaces were activated to a state of negative electron affinity. Currents as high as 7.3 mA were obtained with current densities in excess of 1 A/cm2. Efficiencies as high as 2% were measured, and currents of tens of microamperes were drawn for several hours.
Enzymatic synthesis of alkyl .BETA.-xylosides from xylobiose by application of the transxylosyl reaction of Aspergillus niger .BETA.-xylosidase. (1988)

The enzymatic synthesis of alkyl β-xylosides from xylobiose and alcohols through the transxylosyl reaction of Aspergillus niger IFO 6662 enzyme was studied. Various alkyl β-xylosides were effectively synthesized from xylobiose and water miscible alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol. The molar ratios of the products, respective β-xylosides and xylose, were approximately 1:1, indicating a theoretical yield for the transfer reaction. Various water insoluble alcohols, such as 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, benzyl alcohol and 2-butanol, were also acted as effective acceptors for the transxylosyl reaction, where a great part of the synthesized β-xylosides was found in the insoluble alcohol layer, only xylose and a trace of xylobiose being found in the water layer. Therefore, the synthesized β-xylosides, such as 1-hexyl β-xyloside, could be readily separated from the reaction mixture and crystallized after evaporation of the insoluble alcohol.