gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Ionization of Hydrogen by Electron Impact as Interpreted by Positive Ray Analysis (1925)

Ions produced in hydrogen by electron impact.---Using an apparatus previously described in which positive ions formed by impact of electrons of definite energy (${V}_{1}+{V}_{2}$) are accelerated and then deflected magnetically around a semi-circle into a Faraday cylinder, the relative numbers of ions of types ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$ were measured as a function of pressure from 0.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ mm to.006 mm, and also as a function of impact energy (${V}_{1}+{V}_{2}$) to 60 volts. At low pressures only ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ ions are formed; as the pressure is increased the percentage of ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$ increases in proportion to the pressure. In the apparatus used, the percentage of ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ increased with pressure but did not exceed 4 percent, while the percentage of ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$ ions reached 60. These results confirm the conclusions of Dempster and Smyth that the primary process in the ionization of hydrogen is the ionization of the molecule without dissociation. The previously measured ionization potential at 16 volts (confirmed in this work) is that for the formation of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$. ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$ also appears at this potential, but as a result of a secondary process. It appears that the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ ion is readily dissociated by collision and that the ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ ion formed may unite with the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecule collided with or with some other molecule to form ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$. The interpretation of ionization potentials reported by other observers is discussed in the light of these results.Ions produced in helium containing hydrogen, by electron impact.---The percentage of ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ ions found was greater even than the percentage of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$, while no ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$ ions were observed. Evidently the primary ions ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ are readily dissociated by impact with He atoms. Evidence was found for the ions He${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ and also for an ion with $\frac{m}{e}=6$, perhaps He${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$.
The Contrasting Character of Early and Late Transition Metal Fluorides as Hydrogen Bond Acceptors (2015)

The association constants and enthalpies for the binding of hydrogen bond donors to group 10 transition metal complexes featuring a single fluoride ligand (trans-[Ni(F)(2-C5NF4)(PR3)2], R = Et 1a, Cy 1b, trans-[Pd(F)(4-C5NF4)(PCy3)2] 2, trans-[Pt(F){2-C5NF2H(CF3)}(PCy3)2] 3 and of group 4 difluorides (Cp2MF2, M = Ti 4a, Zr 5a, Hf 6a; Cp*2MF2, M = Ti 4b, Zr 5b, Hf 6b) are reported. These measurements allow placement of these fluoride ligands on the scales of organic H-bond acceptor strength. The H-bond acceptor capability β (Hunter scale) for the group 10 metal fluorides is far greater (1a 12.1, 1b 9.7, 2 11.6, 3 11.0) than that for group 4 metal fluorides (4a 5.8, 5a 4.7, 6a 4.7, 4b 6.9, 5b 5.6, 6b 5.4), demonstrating that the group 10 fluorides are comparable to the strongest organic H-bond acceptors, such as Me3NO, whereas group 4 fluorides fall in the same range as N-bases aniline through pyridine. Additionally, the measurement of the binding enthalpy of 4-fluorophenol to 1a in carbon tetrachloride (-23.5 ± 0.3 kJ mol(-1)) interlocks our study with Laurence's scale of H-bond basicity of organic molecules. The much greater polarity of group 10 metal fluorides than that of the group 4 metal fluorides is consistent with the importance of pπ-dπ bonding in the latter. The polarity of the group 10 metal fluorides indicates their potential as building blocks for hydrogen-bonded assemblies. The synthesis of trans-[Ni(F){2-C5NF3(NH2)}(PEt3)2], which exhibits an extended chain structure assembled by hydrogen bonds between the amine and metal-fluoride groups, confirms this hypothesis.
Purification of 6-phosphogluconolactonase from bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)liver. (1988)

The enzyme 6-phosphogluconolactonase (EC 3.1.1.31) is present at high levels in bass liver. The enzyme has been purified 1253-fold with an overall yield of 78% in a procedure involving dye-ligand and gel filtration chromatographies. The purified enzyme which is homogenous by all the usual criteria has a molecular weight of about 30,000. It exhibits a considerably high catalytic efficiency with Kcat/Km of 8.5 x 10(7) M-1.s-1 at 22 degrees C. Its activity illustrates the importance of glucose oxidation via the pentose phosphate pathway relative to glycolysis in this organism.
3D inversion of potential field data using a marginalizing probabilistic method (2018)

Probabilistic inversion methods have proven effective in solving many geophysical inverse problems. Structural orientation and spatial extent information can be efficiently incorporated the probabilistic inversion by the use of parameter covariances to produce a geologically realistic model. However, the use of a single model covariance matrix, with the underlying assumption of the presence of only one type of feature (e.g., similar size, shape, and orientation) in the subsurface, limits the ability of probabilistic inversions to recover geologically sound models. An approach based on marginalizing the probabilistic inversion is presented, which makes it possible to partition the inverse domain into various zones, each of which can have its own covariance matrix depending upon the features and/or depths of the sources. Moreover, a spatial gradient weighting function is introduced to enhance or attenuate the structural complexity in different zones. Thus, sources with different shapes, sizes, depths, and densities (or magnetic susceptibilities) can be simultaneously reconstructed. The sensitivity of the solutions to uncertainties in the a priori information, including the orientation, depth, and horizontal position as well as subdivision of the inversion domain, is analyzed. We found through synthetic examples and field data that the developed inversion method was a valid tool for exploration geophysics in presence of a priori geologic information.
Judiciary and Penal Law Contempt in New York: A Critical Analysis (1994)

Judiciary and Penal Law Contempt proceedings in New York have markedly increased in recent years.'However, courts have imprecisely expressed the nature of contempt, 2 inaccurately cited precedent, 3 reluctantly imposed contempt sanctions 4 and reflected improvident policy-making in their actions and opinions pertaining to contempt.As a result, contemnors who go unpunished appear to be above the law, and the public's confidence in justice suffers accordingly." The author is presently Deputy Director of the New York City Regional Office of the New
JAVA in a Nutshell - A Desktop Quick Reference (1997)

With more than 700,000 copies sold to date, Java ina Nutshellfrom O'Reilly is clearly the favorite resource amongst the legion ofdevelopers and programmers using Java technology. And now, with therelease of the 5.0 version of Java, O'Reilly has given the book thatdefined the "in a Nutshell" category another impressive tune-up. In this latest revision, readers will find Java in aNutshell,5th Edition, does more than just cover the extensive changes implicit in5.0, the newest version of Java. It's undergone a complete makeover--inscope, size, and type of coverage--in order to more closely meet
Clinical Significance of Intranodal and Extranodal Growth in Lymph Node Metastases of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (1994)

In non-small cell lung cancer with mediastinal lymph node metastasis, intranodal growth is regarded as prognostically more favourable than extranodal growth. We evaluated the clinical implications. Mediastinal lymph node metastases removed at mediastinoscopy and/or surgery were classified as intranodal, extranodal or indefinite. "Minimal N2 disease" denoted a solitary, intranodal metastasis, "extranodal" at least one extranodal lymph node metastasis, and "indefinite" more than one intranodal or at least one indefinite metastasis. Although in patients with resected N2 disease, c. 21% of the nodal metastases were "indefinite", survival was significantly better in minimal N2 disease than in the combined groups with extranodal and indefinite lymph node metastases. Of the metastatic nodes removed at mediastinoscopy, 75% were unsuitable for definite classification as only intranodal or extranodal. Only 1 of 49 patients had purely intranodal N2 disease. Thus, it was seldom feasible to classify mediastinoscopic lymph node involvement as intranodal or extranodal, and this classification is unhelpful as regards decisions on thoracotomy. However, when nodal involvement in resected N2 disease was limited to a single node with intranodal growth, the prognosis was better than in patients with extranodal disease or more than one intranodal metastasis or indefinite nodes.
Viroid processing: a model involving the central conserved region and hairpin I. (1986)

A model is proposed for the processing of oligomeric viroid replication intermediates into monomeric, circular progeny viroids. The model identifies a thermodynamically extremely stable base-paired configuration that partially or completely dimeric, as well as higher, viroid oligomers can assume and postulates that this structure, which involves structural features common to all viroids (the central conserved region and secondary hairpin I), is essential for precise cleavage and ligation. The model explains why recombinant plasmids containing tandem repeats of two or more viroid sequence equivalents are highly infectious when inoculated into viroid-susceptible plants, why certain plasmids containing partially duplicated viroid-specific inserts are less infectious, and why plasmids containing monomeric inserts are noninfectious or at best marginally infectious. The model also accounts for the fact that vector-derived sequences on either or both sides of the viroid sequence(s) of a restriction fragment are precisely excised and are lacking in progeny viroids.
Phase Relationships in the Calcium Chloride – Calcium Carbide System (1972)

The system calcium chloride – calcium carbide has been examined by thermal analysis. The depression of the freezing point of CaCl 2 by CaC 2 is ideal. The system is a eutectic one, with a eutectic point at 90 mol% CaCl 2 at 740 °C. Carbon is believed to be present in the electrolyte as the so called acetylide ion [Formula: see text] The melting point of pure CaCl 2 was found to be 775.2 ± 0.6 °C.
Antibodies to human squamous cell carcinoma (1983)

We are studying membrane antigens of human squamous cell cancer with the use of naturally occurring autologous antibodies from patients’ sera, along with a set of other serologic reagents and monoclonal antibodies raised against cultured squamous cell lines. Twenty‐eight squamous cell carcinoma cell lines have been established in our laboratory from tissues obtained from 23 patients. Antibody reactivity has been found against the autologous tumor cell line in 13 of 23 patients. One of these is of sufficient titer for detailed analysis. Four cell lines are available from this patient. UM‐SCC‐17A is derived from the primary laryngeal carcinoma, and UM‐SCC‐17B is derived from a lymph node metastasis removed during the same surgical procedure. Fibroblasts have been cultured from normal mucosa, and a B‐lymphoblastoid line has been developed by Epstein‐Barr virus transformation of the patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes. Antibody from this patient reacts with the UM‐SCC‐17A and ‐17B tumor cell lines but does not react with the normal fibroblasts (UM‐NF‐17).
Sputtering process design of PZT capacitors for stable FeRAM operation (2002)

PZT capacitors of Zr/Ti=0.35/0.65 show wide operational margin in FeRAM devices, due to the low coercive voltage and the low dielectric constant. The sputtering of top electrodes, Ir/IrO/sub 2/, in high O/sub 2/ pressure and at low temperature avoids damage to the PZT surface. Optimization of the composition and sputtering conditions for the top electrodes achieved a highly reliable capacitor for FeRAM.
Factor Effect Study for the High Cyclic Bending Fatigue of Thin Films on PET Substrate for Flexible Displays Applications (2010)

Flexible displays is an emerging technology in which devices are mounted on flexible substrates, generally plastic substrates rather than glass ones. Flexible displays have a compliant structure, very-thin profile, low weight, and ultimately low cost. However, although this technology shows a great promise, it is still nascent and therefore faces many challenges. One of the main challenges that results in performance degradation is sensitivity to ambient conditions. Flexible displays are susceptible to many types of stresses during processing and usage including mechanical, thermal, and chemical stresses. Tension, compression, and bending are examples of mechanical stresses that might cause failures when applied repeatedly during processing. In this work, design of experiments (DOE) methods were used to study the factors affecting the high cyclic bending fatigue of uniform copper thin films forming the back planes of flexible displays on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. A 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k-1</sup> fractional factorial design was implemented to investigate the significant parameter effect. The parameters investigated were temperature, humidity, bending radius, film thickness, and frequency. Initial results showed a great effect of temperature and bending radius on the bending fatigue life of such structures.
Effect of adenovirus infection on transgene expression under the adenoviral MLP/TPL and the CMVie promoter/enhancer in CHO cells (2017)

The adenovirus major late promoter (MLP) and its translational regulator - the tripartite leader (TPL) sequence - can actively drive efficient gene expression during adenoviral infection. However, both elements have not been widely tested in transgene expression outside of the adenovirus genome context. In this study, we tested whether the combination of MLP and TPL would enhance transgene expression beyond that of the most widely used promoter in transgene expression in mammalian cells, the cytomegalovirus immediate early (CMVie) promoter/enhancer. The activity of these two regulatory elements was compared in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Although transient expression was significantly higher under the control of the CMVie promoter/enhance compared to the MLP/TPL, this difference was greater at the level of transcription (30 folds) than translation (11 folds). Even with adenovirus infection to provide additional elements (<i>in trans</i>), CMVie promoter/enhancer exhibited significantly higher activity relative to MLP/TPL. Interestingly, the CMVie promoter/enhancer was 1.9 folds more active in adenovirus-infected cells than in non-infected cells. Our study shows that the MLP-TPL drives lower transgene expression than the CMVie promoter/enhancer particularly at the transcription level. The data also highlight the utility of the TPL sequence at the translation level and/or possible overwhelming of the cellular translational machinery by the high transcription activity of the CMVie promoter/enhancer. In addition, here we present data that show stimulation of the CMVie promoter/enhancer by adenovirus infection, which may prove interesting in future work to test the combination of CMVie/TPL sequence, and additional adenovirus elements, for transgene expression.
Fault Detection Threshold Determination Technique Using Markov Theory (1979)

A method for determining time-varying Failure Detection and Identification (FDI) thresholds for singlesample decision functions is described in the context of a triplex system of inertial platforms. A cost function consisting of the probability of vehicle loss due to FDI decision errors is minimized. A discrete Markov model is constructed from which this cost can be determined as a function of the decision thresholds employed to detect and identify the first and second failures. Optimal thresholds are determined through the use of parameter optimization techniques. The application of this approach to threshold determination is illustrated for the Space Shuttle's inertial measurement instruments.
First Report of <i>Zucchini yellow mosaic virus</i> in Argentina (2000)

In August 1996, a severe viral disease occurred in squash produced in the subtropical Province of Salta, Argentina. Plants of Cucurbita pepo L. (zucchini) and Cucurbita maxima L. 'Any' were affected. Approximately 50% of the plants showed prominent yellow mosaic, necrosis, and foliar distortion. Most of the fruits on infected plants were small, with scattered glossy yellow knobs over a green background, and some showed additional fruit malformation. A potyvirus was isolated from infected plants by mechanical transmission. Filamentous particles were associated with symptomatic inoculated squash and cucumber plants in leaf-dip preparations with an electron microscope (Elmisckop I, Siemens, Germany). The particles were flexuous rods ≈755 nm long. The host range of the isolated virus was mostly limited to the cucurbits (systemic infection) but also included Gomphrena globosa (local and systemic symptoms) and Chenopodium quinoa and Chenopodium amaranticolor, which showed only local chlorotic lesions. Twenty species in the Compositae, Leguminosae, and Solanaceae were not infected (2). In agar double-diffusion tests with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-degraded virus particles, no reactions were observed with Papaya ringspot virus, Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), and WMV-Mo antisera, but a strong precipitin line was obtained with the antiserum prepared by Purcifull (1) for isolate 1119 of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). Isolate 1119 and our isolate appeared serologically indistinguishable in SDS immunodiffusion tests. Both gave fused precipitin bands without spur formation. The results (field symptoms, transmissibility, host range, particle morphology, and serology) lead to the conclusion that ZYMV is present in Argentina. Since 1996, outbreaks have occurred every year in Salta, devastating squash crops. In 1998, ZYMV also was found in the provinces of Mendoza and San Juan, infecting zucchini squash and melons (Cucumis melo L.). A survey of crops indicates that disease incidence and severity were lower than in Salta. References: (1) D. E. Purcifull et al. Plant Dis. 68:230, 1984. (2) H. L. Wang. Plant Dis. 76:530, 1992.
Targeting TNF-α with a tetravalent mini-antibody TNF-TeAb (2007)

Anti-TNF-alpha [anti-(tumour necrosis factor-alpha)] therapy is widely considered to be among the most efficient treatments available for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. In the present study a tetravalent mini-antibody, named 'TNF-TeAb', was constructed by fusing the tetramerization domain of human p53 to the C-terminus of an anti-TNF-scFv [anti-(TNF-alpha-single-chain variable fragment)] via a long and flexible linking peptide derived from human serum albumin. TNF-TeAb was overexpressed as inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity by immobilized- metal affinity chromtaography under denaturing conditions and produced in functional form by using an in vitro refolding system. In vitro bioactivity assays suggested that tetramerization of TNF-scFv resulted in an enormous gain in avidity, which endowed TNF-TeAb with a stronger ability to inhibit both receptor binding and cytolytic activity of TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha targeting therapy in rats with collagen-induced arthritis demonstrated that TNF-TeAb provided a much more significant therapeutic effect than did TNF-scFv in suppressing arthritis progression, attenuating inflammation and destruction in joints, and down-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-(type II collagen) antibody. The conclusions are therefore (i) that multimerization of the antibody fragment by a self-association peptide is an efficient way to increase its avidity and (ii) that TNF-TeAb has potential applicability for anti-TNF-alpha therapy.
Gender identity, culture and ideology in George Eliot’s The Mill on the Floss (2006)

This paper closely examines George Eliot’s response to cultural and ideological perspectives of the Victorian English society based on gender polarisation and her attempt to transcend this segregation in The Mill on the Floss. In terms of culture and ideology, the paper ﬁrst focuses upon the issue of education, which was used by patriarchy as one of ideological state apparatuses to construct and categorise gender identity in the Victorian England. Secondly, the paper deals with a girl’s attempt to ﬁnd out her own voice and way of life beyond what is culturally and ideologically decided for her, yet the paper illustrates how women are crippled, silenced and forced to obey the norms of patriarchal society.
Deep complementary bottleneck features for visual speech recognition (2016)

Deep bottleneck features (DBNFs) have been used successfully in the past for acoustic speech recognition from audio. However, research on extracting DBNFs for visual speech recognition is very limited. In this work, we present an approach to extract deep bottleneck visual features based on deep autoencoders. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that extracts DBNFs for visual speech recognition directly from pixels. We first train a deep autoencoder with a bottleneck layer in order to reduce the dimensionality of the image. Then the autoencoder's decoding layers are replaced by classification layers which make the bottleneck features more discriminative. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) features are also appended in the bottleneck layer during training in order to make the bottleneck features complementary to DCT features. Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) networks are used to model the temporal dynamics and the performance is evaluated on the OuluVS and AVLetters databases. The extracted complementary DBNF in combination with DCT features achieve the best performance resulting in an absolute improvement of up to 5% over the DCT baseline.
[The expression, purification and characterization of human His-ATG4B protein]. (2015)

The prokaryotic expression protein of His-ATG4B has been obtained successfully, which lays a foundation for further research on the function of ATG4B in autophagy.
Alectinib Shows Potent Antitumor Activity against <i>RET</i> -Rearranged Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2014)

Alectinib/CH5424802 is a known inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and is being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of ALK fusion-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recently, some RET and ROS1 fusion genes have been implicated as driver oncogenes in NSCLC and have become molecular targets for antitumor agents. This study aims to explore additional target indications of alectinib by testing its ability to inhibit the activity of kinases other than ALK. We newly verified that alectinib inhibited RET kinase activity and the growth of RET fusion-positive cells by suppressing RET phosphorylation. In contrast, alectinib hardly inhibited ROS1 kinase activity unlike other ALK/ROS1 inhibitors such as crizotinib and LDK378. It also showed antitumor activity in mouse models of tumors driven by the RET fusion. In addition, alectinib showed kinase inhibitory activity against RET gatekeeper mutations (RET V804L and V804M) and blocked cell growth driven by the KIF5B-RET V804L and V804M. Our results suggest that alectinib is effective against RET fusion-positive tumors. Thus, alectinib might be a therapeutic option for patients with RET fusion-positive NSCLC.