gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Status and issues of electron projection lithography (2005)

Electron projection lithography (EPL) is a viable candidate for moderate-volume production of systems on a chip (SOC) for the 65-nm node and beyond. Making EPL a realistically applicable technology depends strongly on how well its infrastructure is developed. Many developments related to EPL, including those by Selete, are currently under way. The world's first full-field EPL exposure tool, the Nikon EB stepper, NSR-EB1A, was shipped to Selete. In the installation stage, the tool produced 70-nm line and space, 50-nm isolated line, and 80-nm contact hole resolution. EPL resist performance is approaching 50-nm resolution, 5-µC/cm2 sensitivity, and commercial availability. Sample EPL stencil masks are also available from three mask suppliers in Japan. Beta mask defect inspection and repair are also available, as is data processing software for EPL mask making. Such software has reduced processing time and data volume using PC clusters and hierarchical processing. The results of the first of EPL trial device fabrication showed good resolution for hole patterns at about 70 nm and the usefulness of EPL in hole delineation. EPL is thus being steadily improved and elements are commercially available, underscoring EPL's feasibility as a practical technology. Issues that remain to be solved include better EB stepper performance, faster resist, more accurate masks, the demonstration of practical inspection and repair tools, and verification software. These issues are, it should be noted, engineering issues rather than basic EPL issues. EPL remains the most promising candidate for the 65-nm node and beyond, especially for hole delineation. Selete is continuing EPL development, working with suppliers of exposure tools, resist, masks, inspection and repair tools, and software targeting lithography for 65-, 45-, and 32-nm nodes.
The Head Start Mental Health Research Consortium: New Directions for Research Partnerships (2000)

The Head Start Mental Health Research Consortium (HSMHRC) Is a research partnership between the Administration on Children, Youth and Families (ACYF) and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Funded jointly by these two agencies, a research consortium with five core sites brought together a range of disciplinary perspectives with three primary goals: (1) to develop assessment strategies for identifying young children's social and emotional development; (2) to assess Head Start families' access to mental health services; and (3) to investigate the effectiveness of both universal and targeted intervention models for Head Start children, including those with co-occurring language and behavioral problems. This collaborative mental health research will yield information about the types of mental health needs of children from low-income families, the optimal approaches for assessing these needs, and the impact of research-based intervention models delivered within a Head Start context.
The Role of Stem Cell Factor SALL4 in Leukemogenesis (2011)

SALL4, a member of the SALL gene family, is one of the most important transcriptional regulators of stem cells. It is of particular interest to stem cell biologists because it is linked to the self-renewal of both embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and it is involved in human leukemia. In ESCs, the Sall4/Oct4/Nanog core transcriptional network governs the self-renewal and pluripotent properties of human and murine ESCs. In normal HSCs and leukemic stem cells (LSCs), SALL4 is linked to three known pathways that are involved in self-renewal: Wnt/β-catenin, Bmi-1, and Pten. Despite the important shared role of SALL4 in self-renewal of HSCs and LSCs, our recent studies obtained through correlating global downstream target genes and unique functional studies in normal versus leukemic cells have demonstrated that SALL4 has differential effects on both pro- and anti-apoptotic pathways in normal and leukemic cells. Targeting SALL4, particularly when combined with the use of ABT-737, a BCL2 antagonist, could lead to leukemic cell-specific apoptosis. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the SALL gene family development, particularly on the role of SALL4 in stem cells, as well as tumorigenesis, especially leukemogenesis.
1,1′,8,8′-Tetramethoxy-10,10′-bianthrone (2004)

The title compound, 1,1′,8,8′-tetra­methoxy-9,9′-bianthracene-10,10′(9H,9′H)-dione, C32H26O6, was obtained by the reduction of 1,8-di­methoxy­anthra­quinone with sodium borohydride and tri­fluoro­acetic acid. In the anthrone dimers, the methoxy and carbonyl groups are attached to opposite sides of the anthracene rings. In the solid state, the mol­ecule has a crystallographically imposed centre of symmetry located at the mid-point of the C—C bond linking the two anthracene systems.
Sindbis virus membrane fusion is mediated by reduction of glycoprotein disulfide bridges at the cell surface (1993)

We have examined the role of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions during the penetration of cells by Sindbis virus. The protein-protein association that form the rigid icosahedral lattice of the Sindbis virus envelope have been shown to be stabilized by disulfide bridges, and reduction of these critical disulfide bridges during cell penetration may be the mechanism by which the rigid protein lattice is disrupted prior to fusion (R. Anthony and D. T. Brown, J. Virol. 65:1187-1194, 1991; R. Anthony, A. Paredes, and D. T. Brown, Virology 190:330-336, 1992). Reduction of disulfide bridges occurs at near neutral pHs via thiol-disulfide exchange reactions, and these reactions can be blocked by covalent modification of the thiol involved. In this study, the effects of the reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanol on Sindbis virus-mediated cell-cell fusion from without and the effects of the membrane-impermeable thiol-alkylating reagent 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) on Sindbis virus penetration were determined. The presence of exogenous reducing agent was found to induce fusion from without under conditions unfavorable to both typical Sindbis virus-mediated fusion from without and cysteine-mediated thiol-disulfide exchange reactions. In addition, the thiol-alkylating reagent was found to inhibit Sindbis virus entry when present during infection. These results are consistent with a model for Sindbis virus entry in which reduction of critical disulfide bridges at the cell surface disrupts the rigid protein-protein associations of the envelope, allowing membrane fusion and release of the viral genome into the cell.
Serologic IgG recognition of Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin-associated protein, peptic ulcer and gastroduodenal pathology in childhood (1993)

Objective To assess seropositivity to Heiicobacter pylori cytotoxin-associated proteins in a group of children with H. pylori gastritis and to correlate seropositivity to their disease characteristics, in a prospective study. Patients and methods Sera were collected from 68 children with H. pylori gastritis and IgG recognition of H. pylori cytotoxin-associated proteins was assessed by western blotting. Endoscopic and histologic findings, severity of antral inflammation, mucus gel layer thickness, symptom severity, serum pepsinogen I and gastrin levels of seropositive and seronegative children were compared. Results Forty-four children (64.7%) had serum IgC antibodies that recognized the 130 kDa cytotoxin-associated protein. In seropositive children, the antrum was more frequently nodular at endoscopy (P < 0.01) and duodenal ulcer was more common (P < 0.05). Gastritis was more frequently active (P < 0.01), inflammatory infiltrate was heavier (P < 0.02) and serum pepsinogen I levels were higher (P < 0.001). All children with duodenal ulcer, but only one out of five with gastric ulcer, were seropositive. Conclusions Infection with H. pylori strains which do or do not express the cytotoxin-associated protein may partly account for the difference in disease severity seen in H. pylori gastritis.
<i>enhancer of seizure</i>: A New Genetic Locus in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> Defined by Interactions With Temperature-Sensitive Paralytic Mutations (1987)

Mutations in the enhancer of seizure (e(sei] locus have been isolated on the basis of their ability to cause temperature-induced paralysis of alleles at the seizure (sei) locus at temperatures at which these mutations ordinarily do not paralyze. This enhancer is specific to the seizure locus and is without effect on other temperature-sensitive paralytic mutants including para, nap, tip-E and shi. This suggests that the enhancer responds specifically to the mechanism of paralysis mediated by the seizure mutations. The e(sei) is a recessive mutation which maps to 39.0 on the left arm of chromosome 3. Deficiency mapping has placed it at 69A4-B5 on the salivary gland polytene chromosome map. When a new enhancer allele was isolated following P-M hybrid dysgenesis, there was a concomitant P-element insertion at 69B. In the absence of seizure mutations, the enhancer mutation causes non-temperature dependent hyperactivity when agitated and interferes with the climbing response. Electrophysiological studies examined the effects of increasing temperature on electrical activity in the adult giant fiber/flight muscle system. Neuronal hyperactivity was seen in both e(sei) and sei single mutant homozygotes, but not in wild type. The hyperactivity was more severe in the sei;e(sei) double mutants. The correlation between the physiological effects and the mutant behavior suggests that both sei and e(sei) cause membrane excitability defects. Since previous work has shown that seizure mutants affect [3H]saxitoxin binding to the voltage-sensitive sodium channel, e(sei) may code for a gene product which interacts with this channel.
Edge Computing in Industrial Internet of Things: Architecture, Advances and Challenges (2020)

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a crucial research field spawned by the Internet of Things (IoT). IIoT links all types of industrial equipment through the network; establishes data acquisition, exchange, and analysis systems; and optimizes processes and services, so as to reduce cost and enhance productivity. The introduction of edge computing in IIoT can significantly reduce the decision-making latency, save bandwidth resources, and to some extent, protect privacy. This paper outlines the research progress concerning edge computing in IIoT. First, the concepts of IIoT and edge computing are discussed, and subsequently, the research progress of edge computing is discussed and summarized in detail. Next, the future architecture from the perspective of edge computing in IIoT is proposed, and its technical progress in routing, task scheduling, data storage and analytics, security, and standardization is analyzed. Furthermore, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of edge computing in IIoT in terms of 5G-based edge communication, load balancing and data offloading, edge intelligence, as well as data sharing security. Finally, we introduce some typical application scenarios of edge computing in IIoT, such as prognostics and health management (PHM), smart grids, manufacturing coordination, intelligent connected vehicles (ICV), and smart logistics.
Effect of Tin Crystal Orientation on the Corrosion of Tin Plate (1969)

For the purpose of improving the corrosion resistance of tin plate, the effect of tin crystal orientation onthe corrosion was investigated by electrochemical methods.The results obtained are as follows:1. In a 6g/l citric acid solution, the corrosion rate of tin depended on the exposed crystal plane, that is, .the rate decreased with orientation of the single crystal plane according to the order;(001)>(011)>(110), (010).2. When two single crystals of tin with different orientations were made a galvanic cell, the more closelypacked plane became a cathode and was protected by the other of more loosely packed crystal.3. In order to improve the corrosion resistance, it is necessary that the orientations of plated tin crystals. should be all alike and they should be those of more closely packed planes.
VEGF‐loaded mineral‐coated microparticles improve bone repair and are associated with increased expression of epo and RUNX‐2 in murine non‐unions (2019)

A poor vascular supply of the fracture gap is a key factor for the development of atrophic non-unions. Mineral-coated microparticles (MCM) represent a sophisticated carrier system for the delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Hence, we investigated whether VEGF-loaded MCM improve bone repair in non-unions. For this purpose, we analyzed binding and release kinetics of MCM for VEGF in vitro. Moreover, we applied VEGF-loaded or -unloaded MCM in a murine non-union model in vivo and studied the process of bone healing by means of biomechanical, radiological, histomorphometric, and Western blot techniques. MCM-free non-unions served as controls. The binding efficiency of MCM for VEGF was 46 ± 3% and the release profile revealed an initial minor burst release followed by a sustained release over a 50-day study period, thus, mimicking the physiological expression profile of VEGF during bone healing. In vivo, bone defects treated with VEGF-loaded MCM exhibited a higher bending stiffness, a higher fraction of bone volume/tissue volume and a larger callus area on days 14 and 70 when compared to the other groups. Western blot analyses on day 14 revealed a higher expression of VEGF, erythropoietin (EPO), and runt-related transcription factor 2, but not of EPO-receptor in bone defects treated with VEGF-loaded MCM. These findings demonstrate that the use of MCM for VEGF delivery shows great potential due to the ability to maintain protein stability and functionality in vivo. Moreover, the application of VEGF-loaded MCM represent a promising strategy for the treatment of non-unions. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res.
Kinetics of formation of hypoxanthine containing base pairs by HIV-RT: RNA template effects on the base substitution frequencies (2001)

Hypoxanthine (H), the deamination product of adenine, has been implicated in the high frequency of A to G transitions observed in retroviral and other RNA genomes. Although H.C base pairs are thermodynamically more stable than other H.N pairs, polymerase selection may be determined in part by kinetic factors. Therefore, the hypoxanthine induced substitution pattern resulting from replication by viral polymerases may be more complex than that predicted from thermodynamics. We have examined the steady-state kinetics of formation of base pairs opposite template H in RNA by HIV-RT, and for the incorporation of dITP during first- and second-strand synthesis. Hypoxanthine in an RNA template enhances the k(2app) for pairing with standard dNTPs by factors of 10-1000 relative to adenine at the same sequence position. The order of base pairing preferences for H in RNA was observed to be H.C >> H.T > H.A > H.G. Steady-state kinetics of insertion for all possible mispairs formed with dITP were examined on RNA and DNA templates of identical sequence. Insertion of dITP opposite all bases occurs 2-20 times more frequently on RNA templates. This bias for higher insertion frequencies on RNA relative to DNA templates is also observed for formation of mispairs at template A. This kinetic advantage afforded by RNA templates for mismatches and pairing involving H suggests a higher induction of mutations at adenines during first-strand synthesis by HIV-RT.
Progress in antiretroviral drug delivery using nanotechnology (2010)

There are currently a number of antiretroviral drugs that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). More recently, antiretrovirals are being evaluated in the clinic for prevention of HIV infection. Due to the challenging nature of treatment and prevention of this disease, the use of nanocarriers to achieve more efficient delivery of antiretroviral drugs has been studied. Various forms of nanocarriers, such as nanoparticles (polymeric, inorganic, and solid lipid), liposomes, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, cyclodextrins, and cell-based nanoformulations have been studied for delivery of drugs intended for HIV prevention or therapy. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the application of nanocarrier systems to the delivery of anti-HIV drugs, specifically antiretrovirals. For anti-HIV drugs to be effective, adequate distribution to specific sites in the body must be achieved, and effective drug concentrations must be maintained at those sites for the required period of time. Nanocarriers provide a means to overcome cellular and anatomical barriers to drug delivery. Their application in the area of HIV prevention and therapy may lead to the development of more effective drug products for combating this pandemic disease.
Analysis of Plasma Cell-Free DNA by Ultradeep Sequencing in Patients With Stages I to III Colorectal Cancer (2019)

Circulating tumor DNA analysis can potentially change the postoperative management of CRC by enabling risk stratification, ACT monitoring, and early relapse detection.
Small-size pulsed lasers in medical applications (2003)

The application of physics concepts to solve biological and medical problems are of growing interest. There are strong efforts to study the use of pulsed laser system in medical applications like dermatology, surgery, dental medicine and ophthalmology. Laser wavelengths cover a wide range from the ultraviolet to the far infrared. The most common radiation sources include all kind of lasers like solid-state lasers, semiconductor lasers and also gas discharge lasers. The important requirement on the choice of the type with regard to its wavelength is the biological response of the treated tissue. The presentation gives a short introduction about the principles of different pulsed laser systems for medical application. The following part of this presentation is devoted to discuss modulator design pulse shaping methods and applications of different laser systems mainly employed for ophthalmology. A lot of effort has gone into ophthalmology to adapt pulsed laser systems for applications like photo refractive ceractomy or LASIK for substituting glasses, retina coagulation and last but not least the cataract ablation as most common surgery.
Power requirements of gas‐liquid agitated systems (1962)

Abstract Power data for dispersion of air in liquids by means of a six‐bladed flat blade turbine are presented in the form of a logarithmic plot of actual power consumed against a function of speed, impeller diameter, gas flow rate, and impeller power characteristics. The data are those of Michel ( 7 ), Bimbenet ( 2 ), Sachs ( 12 ), and Oyama and Endoh ( 10 ). Turbines of from 3‐ to 8‐in. diameter were run in tanks of from 6.5‐ to 18‐in. diameter, with the D / T never exceeding 0.47. The fluids tested covered a density range of 0.8 to 1.65 g./ml. and a viscosity range of 0.9 to 100 centipoises. Data are also presented on dispersion of air in a 50% by volume batch of carbon tetrachloride in water and dispersion of air in a suspension of Alundum particles in water, and compared with data on water in a similar system. The qualitative effect of a surface active agent is demonstrated in a comparison of data for a 0.1% by weight mixture of Pluronic L‐62 in water with data for pure water with the same apparatus.
Classic Migraine and Intercalated Seizures in a Young Woman: Efficacy of Flunarizine (1988)

SYNOPSIS A case of a young woman suffering from both migraine and epilepsy is reported. Since the age of 28, she complained of classic migraine attacks and of generalized or partial seizures. The seizures often intercalated themselves between the visual prodrome and the painful phase of her attacks. She came to our observation at the age of 31. Neurological examination, laboratory work and CT‐scan were normal. The EEG showed an asymmetry of the background activity between the two hemispheres and medium‐voltage sharp waves, not blocking upon eye opening, in the left parieto‐temporel leads. Flunarizine was added to her anti‐convulsant therapy. It remarkably reduced the migraine attacks and controlled the intercalated seizures. After one year, flunarizine was discontinued and two intercalated seizures occurred four months later. The efficacy of flunarizine and its hypothetical mechanism of action in such a clinical condition is discussed.
C-Peptide Reverses Nociceptive Neuropathy in Type 1 Diabetes (2006)

We examined the therapeutic effects of C-peptide on established nociceptive neuropathy in type 1 diabetic BB/Wor rats. Nociceptive nerve function, unmyelinated sural nerve fiber and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cell morphometry, nociceptive peptide content, and the expression of neurotrophic factors and their receptors were investigated. C-peptide was administered either as a continuous subcutaneous replacement dose via osmopumps or a replacement dose given once daily by subcutaneous injection. Diabetic rats were treated from 4 to 7 months of diabetes and were compared with control and untreated diabetic rats of 4- and 7-month duration. Osmopump delivery but not subcutaneous injection improved hyperalgesia and restored the diabetes-induced reduction of unmyelinated fiber number (P < 0.01) and mean axonal size (P < 0.05) in the sural nerve. High-affinity nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor (NGFR-TrkA) expression in DRGs was significantly reduced at 4 months (P < 0.01). Insulin receptor and IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) expressions in DRGs and NGF content in sciatic nerve were significantly decreased in 7-month diabetic rats (P < 0.01, 0.05, and 0.005, respectively). Osmopump delivery prevented the decline of NGFR-TrkA, insulin receptor (P < 0.05), and IGF-IR (P < 0.005) expressions in DRGs and improved NGF content (P < 0.05) in sciatic nerve. However, subcutaneous injection had only marginal effects on morphometric and molecular changes in diabetic rats. We conclude that C-peptide exerts beneficial therapeutic effects on diabetic nociceptive neuropathy and that optimal effects require maintenance of physiological C-peptide concentrations for a major proportion of the day.
Applications of focused ion beam technique to failure analysis of very large scale integrations: A review (1991)

Focused ion beam (FIB) technique applications to very large scale integration (VLSI) failure analysis are reviewed. Three examples of microscopic cross sectioning and in situ observation on a VLSI chip are presented. One is a cross section of an electromigration-induced open circuit. Another shows a pinhole in the SiO2 layer between the metal layer and the substrate. The third shows an open circuit, caused by process anomalies. Five preparation methods for further failure analysis are presented: cutting and connecting metal lines, making holes at insulation layer for electron beam probing, probing pad formation for mechanical and electron beam probing, microscopic cross sectioning for secondary electron miscroscopy observation, and marking for transmission electron spectroscopy observation. FIB was shown to be useful, as an aluminum microstructure observation tool, not only for qualitative observation of aluminum grains, but also for quantitative measurement of aluminum grain orientation. Each example is shown in many photographs.