gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatially regularized region-based perfusion estimation in peripherals using angiographic C-arm systems (2012)

The outcome assessment of endovascular revascularization procedures in the lower limbs is currently carried out by x-ray digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Due to the two-dimensional nature of this technique, only visual assessment of arterial blood flow is possible and no tissue blood flow information (i.e. perfusion) is available to assess the effective restoration of blood supply to the tissue. In this work, we propose a method for interventional perfusion estimation in peripherals using C-arms which is based on DSA and two additional 3D images reconstructed from rotational scans. The method assumes spatial homogeneity of contrast within multiple regions identified by segmentation of the reconstructed 3D images. A dedicated segmentation method which relies on local contrast homogeneity and connectivity of anatomical structures is introduced. Region-based perfusion is obtained by mapping the 2D blood flow information from DSA to the 3D segments by solving an inverse problem. Instability of the solution due to the spatial overlap of the regions is addressed by applying spatial and temporal regularizations. The method was evaluated on data simulated from CT perfusion scans of the lower limb. Blood flow values estimated with the optimal number of segmented regions exhibited errors of 1 ± 4 and 2 ± 11 ml/100 ml min(-1) for the two analyzed cases, respectively, which showed to be sufficient to differentiate hypoperfused and normally perfused areas. The use of spatial and temporal regularization proved to be an effective way to limit inaccuracies due to instability in the solution of the inverse problem. Results in general proved the feasibility of C-arm interventional perfusion imaging by a combination of temporal information derived from DSA and spatial information derived from 3D reconstructions.
Very thin silicon epitaxial layers grown using rapid thermal vapor phase epitaxy (1989)

A new technique has been developed for the growth of epitaxial silicon layers thin enough to be used as active regions of highly scaled transistors. The method, referred to as rapid thermal vapor phase epitaxy, is an extension of standard dichlorosilane vapor phase epitaxy (VPE) to an appropriate time/temperature regime. To do this unique wafer heating and cooling arrangements have been developed and combined with a high-vacuum/low-temperature growth environment. The films grown with this technique are selective without the addition of HCl for thicknesses below 1500 Å. X-ray and electron channeling results indicate that they are single crystal.
Learning WCF (2007)

This easy-to-use introduction to Microsoft Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) is ideal for developers who want to learn to build services on a company network or as part of an enterprise system. Built into Windows Vista and Longhorn, and available for Windows XP and Windows 2003, WCF provides a platform for service-oriented architecture (SOA) that enables secure and reliable communication among systems within an organization or across the Internet. With WCF, software developers can focus on their business applications and not the plumbing required to connect them. Furthermore, with WCF developers can learn a single programming API to achieve results previously provided by ASMX, Enterprise Services and .NET Remoting. Learning WCF removes the complexity of using this platform by providing detailed answers, explanations and code samples for the most common questions asked by software developers. Windows Communication Foundation (or WCF, formerly code name Indigo) provides a set of programming APIs that make it easy to build and consume secure, reliable, and transacted services. This platform removes the need for developers to learn different technologies such as ASMX, Enterprise Services and .NET Remoting, to distribute system functionality on a corporate network or over the Internet. The first truly service-oriented platform, WCF provides innovations that decouple service design and development from deployment and distribution - creating a more flexible and agile environment. WCF also encapsulates all of the latest web service standards for addressing, security, reliability and more.
Structured parallel programming (2002)

Parallel programming is a difficult task involving many complex issues such as resource allocation, and process coordination. We propose a solution to this problem based on the use of a repertoire of parallel algorithmic forms, known as skeletons. The use of skeletons enables the meaning of a parallel program to be separated from its behaviour. Central to this methodology is the use of transformations and performance models. Transformations provide portability and implementation choices, whilst performance models guide the choices by providing predictions of execution time. We describe the methodology and investigate the use and construction of performance models by studying an example.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Precise and Efficient Evaluation of the Proximity Between Web Clients and Their Local DNS Servers (2002)

Content Distribution Networks (CDNs) attempt to improve Web performance by delivering Web content to end-users from servers located at the edge of the network. An important factor contributing to the performance improvement is the ability of a CDN to select servers in the proximity of the requesting clients. Most CDNs today use the Domain Name System (DNS) to make such server selection decisions. However, DNS provides only the IP address of the client&apos;s local DNS server to the CDN, rather than the client&apos;s IP address. Therefore, CDNs using DNS-based server selection assume that clients are &quot;close&quot; to their local DNS servers.
Expression of G-Protein Signaling Components in Adult Mammalian Neurons by Microinjection (2004)

Although methods for expressing foreign proteins in clonal cell lines are well established, mature neurons remain a difficult preparation for the introduction of foreign genes. Microinjection is a reliable method for producing robust targeted expression in neurons that has advantages over conventional transfection/infection methodologies. Here, I describe procedures for expressing signaling proteins in adult rat sympathetic neurons by direct microinjection of cRNA and cDNA into the cytoplasm and nucleus, respectively. The methods are applicable to a wide variety of peripheral and central neuron preparations, as well as clonal cell lines.
Role of lipids in the progression of renal disease in chronic renal failure: evidence from animal studies and pathogenesis. (1993)

The purpose of this review has been to summarize the effects of lipids on the progression of renal disease in chronic renal failure. Animal studies show that hypercholesterolemia as induced by a high cholesterol diet can aggravate the progression of renal disease in experimental models of chronic renal failure. Hypolipidemic treatment, when given to animals with chronic nephropathy associated with endogenous hyperlipidemia such as in reduced renal mass, obese Zucker rat, PAN nephrosis and the Dahl salt-sensitive rat, results in a reduction in serum lipids levels concomitant with a decrease in the renal damage. Enrichment of the diet with omega-6 PUFA given to rats with reduced kidney mass leads to a reduction in renal damage, probably due to beneficial changes in renal fatty acid composition, while supplementation of a fish oil diet to rats with immune complex nephritis resulted in a similar beneficial effect, probably due to a suppression in the local immunologic processes. The pathogenesis of this effect is still only partially understood. Lipid deposition and oxidation in the renal mesangium, migration of circulatory monocytes into the renal mesangium and their transformation to foam cell, and alterations in renal PUFA metabolism and composition are the main known alterations that accompany lipid-induced renal damage. These alterations, which are similar to those observed in atherosclerosis, lead to alterations in the normal biologic processes in the renal mesangium and terminate in glomerulosclerosis. Extrapolating the data from experimental studies to human renal diseases, it may be assumed that lipid metabolism has a significant impact on the gravity and progression of renal disease in a selected patient population, namely in patients with chronic renal disease. If so, hypolipidemic treatment or administration of certain types of PUFA can be important in the prevention of progression of the renal disease in these patients. Clinical studies are needed to elucidate this issue.
Photo Lewis acid generators: photorelease of B(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub> and applications to catalysis (2015)

A series of molecules capable of releasing of the strong organometallic Lewis acid B(C6F5)3 upon exposure to 254 nm light have been developed. These photo Lewis acid generators (PhLAGs) can now serve as photoinitiators for several important B(C6F5)3-catalyzed reactions. Herein is described the synthesis of the triphenylsulfonium and diphenyliodonium salts of carbamato- and hydridoborates, their establishment as PhLAGs, and studies aimed at defining the mechanism of borane release. Factors affecting these photolytic reactions and the application of this concept to photoinduced hydrosilylation reactions and construction of siloxane scaffolds are also discussed.
Single trial detection of hand poses in human ECoG using CSP based feature extraction (2014)

Decoding brain activity of corresponding highlevel tasks may lead to an independent and intuitively controlled Brain-Computer Interface (BCI). Most of today's BCI research focuses on analyzing the electroencephalogram (EEG) which provides only limited spatial and temporal resolution. Derived electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals allow the investigation of spatially highly focused task-related activation within the high-gamma frequency band, making the discrimination of individual finger movements or complex grasping tasks possible. Common spatial patterns (CSP) are commonly used for BCI systems and provide a powerful tool for feature optimization and dimensionality reduction. This work focused on the discrimination of (i) three complex hand movements, as well as (ii) hand movement and idle state. Two subjects S1 and S2 performed single `open', `peace' and `fist' hand poses in multiple trials. Signals in the high-gamma frequency range between 100 and 500 Hz were spatially filtered based on a CSP algorithm for (i) and (ii). Additionally, a manual feature selection approach was tested for (i). A multi-class linear discriminant analysis (LDA) showed for (i) an error rate of 13.89 % / 7.22 % and 18.42 % / 1.17 % for S1 and S2 using manually / CSP selected features, where for (ii) a two class LDA lead to a classification error of 13.39 % and 2.33 % for S1 and S2, respectively.
Introduction (2003)

The crossing of thresholds is often laden with symbolism and portent. When Julius Caesar led his army across the Rubicon in 49 BC, the act marked a declaration of war - a military breach of a recognised territorial border. More than two millennia later, the event is preserved for posterity as a figure of speech. The 1st of January 2000, of course, represented a more recent (and peaceful) traversal, as well as an item of discursive rumination.
Confirming Moral Agency (2020)

Chapter 6 considers a conception of the self that is especially conducive, if not essential, to becoming aware of and sensitive to one's obligation to care for others. It argues that awareness of and sensitivity to the ethical imperative of caring for others requires the confirmation of an enriched version of oneself grounded in a personal sense of moral agency. This sense of agency entails the realisation that, within reasonable limits, one is free to choose a life path, understand the consequences of the path one has chosen, and adjust it as one sees fit. Such a deepened sense of self (and self-responsibility) is necessary in order to receive and attend to the needs and feelings of others. To pursue ethical education conceived in this way, both faith-based and common schools of those societies that initiate into particular traditions and those that educate believers and non-believers from a diversity of worldviews ought to nurture moral agency. Pedagogies of the sacred, which initiate students into intelligent spiritualties that give expression to particular identities, and pedagogies of difference, which teach and learn from and about a variety of worldviews, embody educational processes critical to that end.
Effects of the Pulsed Electron Avalanche Knife on Retinal Tissue (2002)

The PEAK is capable of precise cutting through retinal tissue, and there are no demonstrable retinal toxic effects from its use. The precision and tractionless nature of PEAK cutting offers advantages over mechanical tools and laser-based instrumentation. We believe this new device will prove useful in a variety of vitreoretinal surgical applications.
Analysis of the measurement uncertainty associated with 1/R extrapolation of radiated emission measurements on an open area test site (OATS) (2002)

Radiated emission measurements made on an open area test site (OATS) are often made at distances other than that associated with the specification limit. In such cases, the measured value is extrapolated to the limit distance using an inverse linear-distance extrapolation factor, 1/R. However, this extrapolation is not accurate on an OATS, where the ground plane introduces reflections that result in distance losses that do not follow a 1/R relationship. In such cases, the linear extrapolation introduces a measurement error that affects the overall accuracy of the measurement. This paper analyzes the sources of these errors, and shows that this error is dependent on the frequency, polarization, and height of the source above the ground plane. Based on the analysis, an estimate of the measurement uncertainty associated with distance extrapolation is derived.
A high-resolution burst-mode laser transmitter with fast and accurate level monitoring for 1.25 Gb/s upstream GPONs (2005)

An innovative burst-mode laser transmitter (BM-TX) is presented for gigabit-capable passive optical network (GPON) upstream transmission at 1.25 Gb/s. The laser bias and modulation current each can reach 80 mA with a resolution of 0.1 mA providing a total drive current up to 160 mA. Both currents are generated by 10-bit current steering digital-to-analog converters (DACs), the architecture of which is specially adapted to yield a monotonic current setting at settling times below 12.8 ns. Tests show that fast automatic power control (APC) can stabilize and track the launched optical power with a tolerance of less than 1 dB over a wide temperature range for outdoor operation. The APC only requires a straightforward calibration of the "0" and the "1" level at room temperature. Optical level monitoring on strings of four consecutive "0" bytes and two consecutive "1" bytes at 1.25 Gb/s is demonstrated. APC based on such short strings of data has not been shown before. The circuits have been designed in a 0.35 /spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS process. Experimental results show that this dc-coupled BM-TX meets the specifications of the recently approved ITU-T Recommendation G.984.2 supporting an intelligent power leveling mechanism (PLM).
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae spindle pole body duplication gene MPS1 is part of a mitotic checkpoint. (1996)

M-phase checkpoints inhibit cell division when mitotic spindle function is perturbed. Here we show that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MPS1 gene product, an essential protein kinase required for spindle pole body (SPB) duplication (Winey et al., 1991; Lauze et al., 1995), is also required for M-phase check-point function. In cdc31-2 and mps2-1 mutants, conditional failure of SPB duplication results in cell cycle arrest with high p34CDC28 kinase activity that depends on the presence of the wild-type MAD1 checkpoint gene, consistent with checkpoint arrest of mitosis. In contrast, mps1 mutant cells fail to duplicate their SPBs and do not arrest division at 37 degrees C, exhibiting a normal cycle of p34CDC28 kinase activity despite the presence of a monopolar spindle. Double mutant cdc31-2, mps1-1 cells also fail to arrest mitosis at 37 degrees C, despite having SPB structures similar to cdc31-2 single mutants as determined by EM analysis. Arrest of mitosis upon microtubule depolymerization by nocodazole is also conditionally absent in mps1 strains. This is observed in mps1 cells synchronized in S phase with hydroxyurea before exposure to nocodazole, indicating that failure of checkpoint function in mps1 cells is independent of SPB duplication failure. In contrast, hydroxyurea arrest and a number of other cdc mutant arrest phenotypes are unaffected by mps1 alleles. We propose that the essential MPS1 protein kinase functions both in SPB duplication and in a mitotic checkpoint monitoring spindle integrity.
CATIONS AND ACTIVATED SLUDGE FLOC STRUCTURE (2002)

This research was designed to investigate the effect of cations on activated sludge characteristics and also to determine their influence on digestion performance. For this purpose, cations in solution and in floc were evaluated along with various activated sludge characteristics and the collected waste activated sludge underwent both anaerobic and aerobic digestion. It was found that large amounts of biopolymer (protein + polysaccharide) remained in the effluent of WWTP that received high influent sodium but had low iron and aluminum in floc. However, sludges from plants with high sodium and high iron and aluminum dewatered well and produced high quality effluents, suggesting that iron and aluminum have significant positive effects on floc properties. Following anaerobic digestion, a significant increase in solution protein occurred and correlations between solution protein, ammonium production, percentile volatile solids reduction and iron in floc were obtained. These data indicate that iron-linked protein is released to solution when iron is reduced and its degradation is responsible for volatile solids reduction in anaerobic digestion. In aerobic digestion, polysaccharide in solution increased along with calcium, magnesium and inorganic nitrogen. This implies that divalent cation-bound biopolymer might be
Targeted Vault Nanoparticles Engineered with an Endosomolytic Peptide Deliver Biomolecules to the Cytoplasm (2011)

Vault nanoparticles were engineered to enhance their escape from the endosomal compartment by fusing a membrane lytic peptide derived from adenovirus protein VI (pVI) to the N-terminus of the major vault protein to form pVI-vaults. We demonstrate that these pVI-vaults disrupt the endosomal membrane using three different experimental protocols including (1) enhancement of DNA transfection, (2) co-delivery of a cytosolic ribotoxin, and (3) direct visualization by fluorescence. Furthermore, direct targeting of vaults to specific cell surface epidermal growth factor receptors led to enhanced cellular uptake and efficient delivery of vaults to the cytoplasm. This process was monitored with fluorescent vaults, and morphological changes in the endosomal compartment were observed. By combining targeting and endosomal escape into a single recombinant vault, high levels of transfection efficiency were achieved using low numbers of vault particles. These results demonstrate that engineered vaults are effective, efficient, and nontoxic nanoparticles for targeted delivery of biomaterials to the cell cytoplasm.
An Industrial Process for Selective Synthesis of 7‐Methyl Guanosine 5′‐Diphosphate: Versatile Synthon for Synthesis of mRNA Cap Analogues. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cooperative positioning with multiple robots (2002)

A number of positioning identification techniques have been used for mobile robots. Dead reckoning is a popular method, but is not reliable when a robot travels long distances or over an uneven surface because of variations in wheel diameter and wheel slippage. The landmark method, which estimates the current position relative to landmarks, cannot be used in an uncharted environment. The authors propose a new method called "cooperative positioning with multiple robots". For cooperative positioning, the authors divide the robots into two groups, A and B. One group, say A, remains stationary and acts as a landmark while group B moves. The moving group B then stops and acts as a landmark for group A. This "dance" is repeated until the target robot position are reached. Cooperative positioning has a far lower accumulated positioning error than dead reckoning, and can work in three-dimensions which is not possible with dead reckoning. Also, this method has inherent landmarks and therefore works in uncharted environments. This paper discusses the positioning accuracy of the authors' method with error variances for an example with three mobile robots.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Making Arms in the Machine Age: Philadelphia's Frankford Arsenal, 1816-1870 (1996)

Making Arms in the Machine Age traces the growth and development of the United States Arsenal at Frankford, Pennsylvania, from its origin in 1816 to 1870. During this period, the arsenal evolved from a small post where skilled workers hand-produced small arms ammunition to a full-scale industrial complex employing a large civilian workforce. James Farley uses the history of the arsenal to examine larger issues including the changing technology of early nineteenth-century warfare, the impact of new technology on the United States Army, and the reactions of workers and their families and communities to the coming of industrialization. Shortly after the War of 1812, the U. S. Army founded several new arsenals, including Frankford, to build up supplies of arms and ammunition then in short supply. At that time, the Army was held in low regard because of its perceived poor performance in the war, so the arrival of arsenals was not welcomed. By 1870, however, the arsenal at Frankford had integrated itself into the community and become a valued and respected member of it. Farley argues that the Ordnance Department of the U. S. Army created an industrial system of manufacture at Frankford well in advance of private industry. He also contends that the evolution of the Army into an employer of a large-scale civilian workforce helped to end the isolation and anti-militarism that plagued it after the War of 1812. Farley's study joins recent work in the history of technology, such as Judith McGaw's That Wonderful Machine, that seeks to understand technological change in its social and cultural context.
Tofacitinib in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19 Pneumonia (2021)

Among patients hospitalized with Covid-19 pneumonia, tofacitinib led to a lower risk of death or respiratory failure through day 28 than placebo. (Funded by Pfizer; STOP-COVID ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04469114.).