gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives. IV. On 1-methyl- and 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine 5-oxide. (1976)

Various reactions usually carried out on heterocyclic N-oxides were examined on 1-methyl-(IIm-0) and 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo [3, 4-d] pyrimidine 5-oxide (IIp-0) prepared from the condensation-cyclization of 1-methyl-(IIIm-1) or 1-phenyl-5-amino-4-hydroxyiminomethyl-1H-pyrazole (IIIp-1) and ethyl orthoformate. The reaction of IIp-0 with alkaline solution gave the ring fission product between the 5- and 6-position such as 5-formamido- (IIIp-5) and 5-amino-4-hydroxyiminomethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole (IIIp-1). Application of the Reissert reaction to II-0 resulted in the formation of the ring fission products such as O-benzoyl derivative of IIIp-1 (IIIp-6) and 5-amino-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile (IIIm-3). Acetic anhydride and IIm-0 gave 1-methyl-1H-pyrazolo [3, 4-d] pyrimidin-4-ol-(Im-4). But the reaction with IIp-0 gave both 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo [3, 4-d] pyrimidine-4-ol (Ip-4) and 5-acetamido-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile (IIIp-8). Ip-4 was also obtained from the reaction of IIp-0 with tosyl chloride. The thermal decomposition of II-0 afforded 4, 4'-bis [1-methyl-1H-pyrazolo [3, 4-d] pyrimidine] (IXm) and 4, 4'-bis [1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo [3, 4-d] pyrinidime] (IXp) together with 1-methyl-(Im-0) and 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo [3, 4-d] pyrimidine (Ip-0). The Grignard reaction of II-0 gave 1-Methyl-(IIm-7-9) and 1-phenyl-4-alkyl-1H-pyrazolo-[3, 4-d] pyrimidine 5-oxide (IIp-5-9). Im-0 and II-0 were transformed into 1-methyl-(XIXm) and 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo [3, 4-b] pyridines (XIXp) by the reaction with some active methylene compounds or ketone such as malononitrile (A-1), ethyl cyanoacetate (A-2), ethyl acetoacetate (A-3), acetylacetone (A-4) and cyclohexanone (A-5). Thus, in the presence of ethoxide ion Im-0 reacted with A-1 to give 6-amino-1-methyl-1H-pyrazolo [3, 4-d] pyridine-5-carbonitrile (XIXm-1). The direct reaction of IIm-0 with A-1 and A-2 gave 4, 5-dihydro-5-hydroxy-1-methyl-1H-pyrazolo [3, 4-d] pyrimidine-4-malononitrile (XXm) and ethyl α-cyano-4, 5-dihydro-5-hydroxy-1-methyl-1H-pyrazolo [3, 4-d] pyrimidine-4-acetate (XXm-2). But the direct reaction with A-3, 4 and 5 afforded the corresponding XIXm (XIXm-3, 4, and 5), respectively. The reaction of IIp-0 with A-1, 3, and 4 formed the corresponding XIXp (XIXp-1, 3, and 4) together with IXp (in the case of A-3 and 4), Ip-0 (in the case of A-4) and the ring fission product such as ethyl 2-(4-cyano-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ylaminomethylene)-3-oxobutyrate (XXIp-3) and ethyl 2-(4-hydroxy-iminomethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ylaminomethylene)-3-oxobutyrate (XXIp-3') (in the case of (A-3).
A frequency-tunable mode-locked CW Nd:Glass laser (1973)

Mode locking and frequency tuning of a CW light-focusing Nd : glass laser called the SELFOC Nd : glass laser were achieved. Using an acoustooptic modulator having a modest degree of modulation (about 3 percent), almost perfectly mode-locked pulses as short as 49 ps were obtained. Pulsewidth was measured with an intensity-correlation method using the second-harmonic generation in KDP. Most of the observed shapes of the intensity-correlation curves were in agreement with theories previously presented by several authors. When the laser was mode locked, the long-term averaged optical spectrum was observed to narrow considerably. Some experimental evidence that the CW SELFOC Nd:glass laser could be considered to have a homogeneously broadened line was also found. Frequency tuning was achieved by using a tilted etalon in a cavity. When a 50-μm-thick etalon was used, the tuning range was more than 40 Å. Pulses obtained from a frequency-tuned mode-locked laser were as short as about 100 ps.
<title>Wavelet-transform-based videoconferencing system with spatio-temporal scalability</title> (1999)

In this paper, the design of a video conference system is outlined. The proposed scheme allows the various attendees to access the multipoint video distribution center via channels of different nature and capacity without resorting to parallel bank of coders or multiple decoding-coding conversions. This approach allows to obtain a scalability of the user profile which is not present in DCT based video codecs, where the distribution of the encoded video to different attendees is performed by using a unique bit rate adjusted according to the capacity of the worst connection. In this contribution a video coder based on spatio-temporal multiresolution pyramid generated by a 3D separable Wavelet transform is proposed. Experimental results show the capability of the proposed method.
Impact of Arc Flash Events With Outward Convective Flows on Worker Protection Strategies (2011)

Recent research into arc flash test configurations suggests that some equipment may have the potential for greater arc flash incident energy than that predicted by IEEE 1584 due to outward convective flows associated with electrode orientation and configuration. This research suggests that lower arcing currents could lead to longer clearing time of protective devices and higher incident energies. Additional research also suggests that flame-resistant materials used in electrical personal protective equipment (PPE) may not provide the same protection levels as predicted by their arc rating when placed within these convective flows. The possible impact on protection requirements, work procedures, and mitigation strategies of these findings is discussed. This paper looks at the impact of adjusting the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Cf</i> factor of the IEEE 1584 incident energy equation to accommodate test data from alternate configuration, using lower <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ARC</sub> and derating the arc rating of PPE.
Ensemble samplers with affine invariance (2010)

We propose a family of Markov chain Monte Carlo methods whose performance is unaffected by affine tranformations of space. These algorithms are easy to construct and require little or no additional computational overhead. They should be particularly useful for sampling badly scaled distributions. Computational tests show that the affine invariant methods can be significantly faster than standard MCMC methods on highly skewed distributions.
Clinical, Immunologic, and Genetic Features of an Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Associated With Abnormal Lymphocyte Apoptosis (1997)

Programmed cell death (apoptosis) of activated lymphocytes is critical to immune homeostasis. The cell surface protein Fas (CD95) and its ligand play a pivotal role in regulating lymphocyte apoptosis, and defective expression of either Fas or Fas ligand results in marked over accumulation of mature lymphocytes and autoimmune disease in mice. The results of recent studies suggest that defective lymphocyte apoptosis caused by mutations of the Fas gene can result in a severe autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) in humans. To define the clinical, genetic, and immunologic spectrum of ALPS, 9 patients and their families were extensively evaluated with routine clinical studies, lymphocyte phenotyping, genotyping, and in vitro assays for lymphocyte apoptosis. Individual patients were followed up for 3 months to 6 years. ALPS was identified in 9 unrelated children as manifested by moderate to massive splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy, hypergammaglobulinemia, autoimmunity, B-cell lymphocytosis, and the expansion of an unusual population of CD4- CD8- T cells that express the alpha/beta T-cell receptor (TCR). All patients showed defective lymphocyte apoptosis in vitro. Heterozygous mutations of the Fas gene were detected in 8 patients. One ALPS patient lacked a Fas gene mutation. Healthy relatives with Fas mutations were identified in 7 of 8 ALPS kindreds. These relatives also showed in vitro abnormalities of Fas-mediated lymphocyte apoptosis, but clinical features of ALPS were not present in the vast majority of these individuals. ALPS is a unique clinical syndrome in which in vitro abnormalities of lymphocyte apoptosis are associated with abnormal lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity. These findings provide evidence that apoptosis of activated lymphocytes is an important mechanism for maintaining immunologic homeostasis and self-tolerance in humans. Fas gene mutations account for impaired lymphocyte apoptosis in only a subset of patients with ALPS.
Measurement of Venous Blood Flow in the Lower Limbs: Prevention of Deep Vein Thrombosis during Prolonged Sitting (2004)

The venous blood flow during stretching and deep breathing in the sitting posture was examined in the present study. First, an inguinocrural venous blood flow was measured using the Doppler method. It was confirmed that the blood flow velocity significantly increased during stretching with deep breathing. Second, the peripheral blood circulation in the lower limbs was evaluated during a 60 min sitting session using a near infrared spectroscopy method. It was confirmed that stretching while sitting restrained the reduction of blood flow. These results effectively showed an increase in the venous return. Therefore, we suggest that stretching and deep breathing can be used sometimes as preventive measures for deep vein thrombosis during prolonged sitting.
Overlapping-image multimode interference couplers with a reduced number of self-images for uniform and nonuniform power splitting (1995)

Overlapping-image multimode interference (MMI) couplers, a new class of devices, permit uniform and nonuniform power splitting. A theoretical description directly relates coupler geometry to image intensities, positions, and phases. Among many possibilities of nonuniform power splitting, examples of 1 × 2 couplers with ratios of 15:85 and 28:72 are given. An analysis of uniform power splitters includes the well-known 2 × N and 1 × N MMI couplers. Applications of MMI couplers include mode filters, mode splitters-combiners, and mode converters.
Data Mining in Electronic Commerce (2006)

Modern business is rushing toward e-commerce. If the transition is done properly, it enables better management, new services, lower transaction costs and better customer relations. Success depends on skilled information technologists, among whom are statisticians. This paper focuses on some of the contributions that statisticians are making to help change the business world, especially through the development and application of data mining methods. This is a very large area, and the topics we cover are chosen to avoid overlap with other papers in this special issue, as well as to respect the limitations of our expertise. Inevitably, electronic commerce has raised and is raising fresh research problems in a very wide range of statistical areas, and we try to emphasize those challenges.
Molecular Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Homing to Peripheral Lymph Nodes (1998)

To characterize the adhesion cascade that directs lymphocyte homing to peripheral lymph nodes (PLNs), we investigated the molecular mechanisms of lymphocyte interactions with the microvasculature of subiliac lymph nodes. We found that endogenous white blood cells and adoptively transferred lymph node lymphocytes (LNCs) tethered and rolled in postcapillary high endothelial venules (HEVs) and to a lesser extent in collecting venules. Similarly, firm arrest occurred nearly exclusively in the paracortical HEVs. Endogenous polymorphonuclear (PMNs) and mononuclear leukocytes (MNLs) attached and rolled in HEVs at similar frequencies, but only MNLs arrested suggesting that the events downstream of primary rolling interactions critically determine the specificity of lymphocyte recruitment. Antibody inhibition studies revealed that L-selectin was responsible for attachment and rolling of LNCs, and that LFA-1 was essential for sticking. LFA-1-dependent arrest was also abolished by pertussis toxin, implicating a requirement for G alpha i--protein-linked signaling. alpha 4 integrins, which play a critical role in lymphocyte homing to Peyer's Patches, made no significant contribution to attachment, rolling, or sticking in resting PLNs. Velocity analysis of interacting LNCs revealed no detectable contribution by LFA-1 to rolling. Taken together, our results suggest that lymphocyte- HEV interactions within PLNs are almost exclusively initiated by L-selectin followed by a G protein-coupled lymphocyte-specific activation event and activation-induced engagement of LFA-1. These events constitute a unique adhesion cascade that dictates the specificity of lymphocyte homing to PLNs.
In vitro and in vivo susceptibility of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, to four antimicrobial agents (1987)

The antimicrobial susceptibility of Borrelia burgdorferi isolated from human spinal fluid was determined in vitro and in vivo. A broth dilution technique was used to determine the MBCs of four antimicrobial agents. The Lyme disease spirochete was most susceptible to ceftriaxone (MBC, 0.04 microgram/ml) and erythromycin (MBC, 0.05 microgram/ml), then tetracycline (MBC, 0.8 microgram/ml), and finally penicillin G (MBC, 6.4 micrograms/ml). Syrian hamsters were used to determine the 50% curative doses (CD50s) of the four antimicrobial agents. Ceftriaxone and tetracycline had the highest activities, with CD50s of 24.0 and 28.7 mg/kg [corrected], respectively. Both erythromycin and penicillin G possessed low activities. The CD50 of erythromycin was 235.3 mg/kg [corrected], and the CD50 of penicillin G was greater than 197.5 mg/kg [corrected].
Stability of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Maize under Different Environmental Conditions (2009)

ABSTRACT Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally transmitted trait, whereby a plant is unable to produce viable pollen. Studies have revealed that this trait is a tool for enabling efficient and reliable coexistence between genetically modified (GM) and non‐GM cultivation by biocontainment of GM maize ( Zea mays L.) pollen. Maize has three types of male‐sterile cytoplasm (T, S, and C), the fertility of which can be restored by nuclear rf genes or by interactions with the environment. Twenty‐two CMS versions of modern European maize hybrids were evaluated in 17 environments in Switzerland, France, and Bulgaria, with two or three sowing dates, in 2005 and 2006. Stable and unstable male sterility occurred in all three CMS types. T‐cytoplasm hybrids were the most stable, while S‐cytoplasm hybrids often showed partial restoration of fertility. C‐cytoplasm was similar to T‐cytoplasm with regard to maintaining male sterility. Climatic factors, especially air temperature, evapotranspiration, and water vapor, during the 10 d before anthesis as well as during anthesis, were correlated positively or negatively with the partial reversion to male fertility of CMS hybrids, indicating an interaction between genetic and climatic factors. This study illustrates that T‐ and C‐cytoplasm in particular open up viable prospects for containing transgenic pollen, especially for Bt‐maize.
Solution Processing of Semiconducting Organic Molecules for Tailored Charge Transport Properties (2011)

We studied the charge transport characteristics of the organic semiconductor 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS-PEN) deposited by dip-coating of a solution in an azeotropic solvent mixture. Arrays of crystalline ribbons were obtained with a morphology controllable by variation of the coating speed U. The charge carrier mobility µ exhibited a systematic and reproducible dependence on the coating speed U and maximum values as high as µ ˜ 1.0 cm2/(V s).
Topical Dermatological Vehicles: A Holistic Approach (2002)

The broad spectrum of topical preparations in use today vary in their physicochemical nature from powders to liquids to semisolids. While early topical formulations were often crude mixtures of chemicals, the drug delivery vehicles commonly used today attempt to achieve a balance between the physicochemical requisites for stability, preservation against microbial spoilage, and release of the active ingredient to the stratum corneum; in addition to ensuring the esthetics and user-acceptability of the formulation.
A Synchrophasor-Based Decision Tree Approach for Identification of Most Coherent Generating Units (2018)

Identifying coherent generating units in power systems is an important step toward development of a reduced model for bulk electricity grid aiming at wide-area analysis and controlled islanding practices. In this paper, an approach for identification of the most coherent generating units is proposed which exploits a decision tree (DT) algorithm based on synchronized data measured by phasor measurement units (PMUs). Such DTs should be trained so as to provide accurate decisions for almost all possible disturbances in power systems. Three probabilistic parameters are, therefore, taken into account in a training stage including fault type, fault location, and the system load level at the time fault occurs. In order to generate the training dataset, different scenarios are simulated and appropriate attributes are extracted from voltage phasors. Furthermore, the most coherent generating units, which are the DT target, are determined in each scenario by evaluating the similarity between the frequency components existing in their speed variation signals. The effectiveness of the suggested approach is verified by its application to the 68-bus, 16-machine test system through which it reveals high accuracy in recognizing the most coherent generating units under various prevailing conditions in power grid.
Development of multistage algorithm for text objects recognition in images (2016)

The relevance of this study is stipulated by the necessity of designing algorithms allowing to improve the efficiency of characters recognition on images with complex backgrounds subjected to noise, affine and projective transformations. Purpose: Development of algorithms and software system allowing to improve the efficiency of characters recognition on images with complex backgrounds subjected to noise, affine and projective transformations. Experimental research to be carried out into the efficiency of developed algorithms and their comparison to their existing analogs. Findings: Viola-Jones object detection algorithm is suggested to detect the area of character location on images with complex background. The image normalization includes the following operations: boundary identification, Hough transformation, search for closed loops, image leveling. The structure of convolutional neural network (CNN) is suggested for characters recognition. The implementation of the developed algorithms is presented by characters recognition on images of vehicle number plates.
A blueprint for automatic indexing (1997)

This note summarizes some of the currently available insights in automatic indexing. The emphasis is on aspects that are expected to be useful in practical automatic indexing applications. The discussion is necessarily cursory, but the references will lead interested readers to a deeper treatment of the indexing problem.
Topical 5-FU—A New Approach to Skin Cancer (1971)

From the Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital and the Jacksonville Hospital Education Program, Jacksonville, Florida
A Heterogeneous Auto-offloading Framework Based on Web Browser for Resource-Constrained Devices (2009)

Web applications are becoming increasingly popular. More and more types of multimedia data have been embedded into Web pages for providing abundant information and user interface. However, these complex Web pages could not be smoothly presented on devices without adequate functionalities or resource. An alternative approach is shifting tasks from resource-constrained device to surrogate with rich resource. In this paper, we present a heterogeneous auto-offloading framework based on Web browser, and implement plug-in proxy to offload multimedia processing tasks to heterogeneous surrogate automatically. The plug-in proxy works transparently with existing browser, and does not require modifying, recompiling or relinking. We perform several plug-in proxies of Firefox by offloading multimedia data and execution logic to surrogate, and merging remote display seamlessly with Web browser interface. The experimental results show that the proposed framework and plug-in proxies could enrich browser functionalities, reduce resource consumed by client, or improve performance of multimedia tasks.
Noise in flat‐panel displays with subpixel structure (2004)

Subpixel structures found in medical monochrome active-matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCDs) affect noise estimates measured with conventional methods. In this work, we discuss methods that identify sources of noise and permit the comparison of luminance noise estimates across technologies independent of pixel design and device technology. We used a three-million pixel AMLCD with a pixel structure consisting of three color stripes, each in a two-domain, in-plane switching mode. Images of uniform fields displayed on the AMLCD were acquired using a low-noise, high-resolution CCD camera. The camera noise and flat-field response were characterized using a uniform light source constructed for this purpose. We show results in terms of spatial luminance noise and noise power spectrum for high-resolution images and for the same images processed with a pixel-aligned aperture. We find that the pixel-aligned aperture eliminates almost all the noise found in the high-resolution images, suggesting that most of the luminance noise in AMLCDs comes from the subpixel structure and less-than-100% aperture ratio, rather than from interpixel variations.
The Mosaic Test: Benchmarking Colour-based Image Retrieval Systems Using Image Mosaics (2011)

BACKGROUND: A rapid microtiter plate based sandwich hybridization assay was developed for detection and quantification of single RNA species using magnetic beads. Following solution hybridization target RNA molecules were collected by biotin-streptavidin affinity binding and detected by fluorescence signal generated by alkaline phosphatase. The 18S rRNA and SUC2 mRNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used as model RNA target molecules. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the assay was approximately 1.2 x 109 (2 fmol) molecules of target RNA. The developed method was feasible with crude cell lysates of S. cerevisiae carlsbergensis and was evaluated by measuring the levels of 18S rRNA during cell growth and SUC2 mRNA under repressive and inductive conditions. The 18S rRNA expression level followed the changes in the specific growth rate. SUC2 mRNA levels were in good correlation with the measured invertase enzyme activities. CONCLUSIONS: The here presented sandwich hybridisation method was succefully applied for monitoring the amounts of ribosomal RNA and mRNA with high expression level in shake flask cultivation conditions. Sandwich hybridisation method offers a fast and convenient tool for following single key RNA species of interest in the production conditions.