gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and reliability of a micro-relay technology for zero-standby-power digital logic applications (2009)

Micro-electro-mechanical (MEM) relays recently have been proposed for ultra-low-power digital logic applications because their ideal switching behavior can potentially allow the supply voltage (V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</inf> ) to be scaled down further than for CMOS devices [1–3]. This paper describes design techniques to achieve reliable (high-endurance) MEM relay operation. Prototype relays fabricated using a CMOS-compatible process are demonstrated to operate with low surface adhesion force, adequately low on-state resistance (≪ 100kΩ) over a wide temperature range (20°C–200°C), and ≫10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">9</sup> on/off switching cycles in N <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> ambient without stiction- or welding-induced failure. Measured characteristics are well predicted by both ANSYS simulations and an analytical model. Using the calibrated analytical model, scaled relay technology is projected to achieve ≫10× energy savings over comparably sized CMOS technology at throughputs up to ∼100MHz.
Small metal particles (1992)

Термодинамика изотропных двухфазных систем.2.2.Термодинамика кристаллов в равновесии с расплавом или паром.2.3.Термодинамика малых частиц с сохраняющимся числом атомов.2.4.Атомная модель кристалла в вакууме и химический потенциал его атомов.2.5.Плавление и квазиплавление малых частиц.3. Плотность уровней и характерные энергии электронов проводимости .
Scrambling of Sequence Information in Collision-Induced Dissociation of Peptides (2006)

Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of protonated YAGFL-NH2 leads to nondirect sequence fragment ions that cannot directly be derived from the primary peptide structure. Experimental and theoretical evidence indicate that primary fragmentation of the intact peptide leads to the linear YAGFLoxa b5 ion with a C-terminal oxazolone ring that is attacked by the N-terminal amino group to induce formation of a cyclic peptide b5 isomer. The latter can undergo various proton transfer reactions and opens up to form something other than the YAGFLoxa linear b5 isomer, leading to scrambling of sequence information in the CID of protonated YAGFL-NH2.
Itanium - a system implementor's tale (2005)

Itanium is a fairly new and rather unusual architecture. Its defining feature is explicitly-parallel instruction-set computing (EPIC), which moves the onus for exploiting instruction-level parallelism (ILP) from the hardware to the code generator. Itanium theoretically supports high degrees of ILP, but in practice these are hard to achieve, as present compilers are often not up to the task. This is much more a problem for systems than for application code, as compiler writers' efforts tend to be focused on SPEC benchmarks, which are not representative of operating systems code. As a result, good OS performance on Itanium is a serious challenge, but the potential rewards are high. EPIC is not the only interesting and novel feature of Itanium. Others include an unusual MMU, a huge register set, and tricky virtualisation issues. We present a number of the challenges posed by the architecture, and show how they can be overcome by clever design and implementation.
Zeeman Effect of Impurity Levels in Silicon (1960)

Completely resolved Zeeman spectra for the bismuth donor in silicon including optical transitions from the $1s$ donor ground state to the excited states $2{p}_{0}$, $2{p}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, $3{p}_{0}$, $4{p}_{0}$, $3{p}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, $5{p}_{0}$, $4{p}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, and $5{p}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ are presented. The transitions were observed at liquid helium temperature, using linearly polarized radiation alternately parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field, and field intensities up to 38.9 kilogauss oriented along each of the three principal crystallographic axes. Both linear splitting of the ${p}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ states and a quadratic dependence on field were observed. The use of impurity Zeeman spectra is demonstrated for evaluating effective mass parameters, determining the nature of energy bands and finding and identifying impurity excited states. The transverse effective mass for the electron in silicon was found to be (0.186\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006) ${m}_{0}$ in agreement with recent cyclotron resonance results. From Zeeman splitting, electron effective masses up to 0.5 ${m}_{0}$ can be measured to within \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\textonehalf{}% at infrared frequencies in a field of 40 kilogauss. The behavior in a magnetic field of the first two donor excited states could be explained by treating the magnetic terms of the Hamiltonian as a perturbation to first order. Interactions among the higher closely-spaced Zeeman levels were observed above 20 kilogauss and were evaluated with a second-order treatment. The Zeeman structure for the aluminum acceptor reflected the complexity of the valence bands and the acceptor ground state and was in qualitative agreement with the theoretical results of Kohn and Schechter. Transitions were observed to eight excited states converging to the series limit. Evidence is given for the degeneracy of each state.
Printed wearable temperature sensor for health monitoring (2014)

We developed a printed high sensitive temperature sensor by synthesizing poly (3, 4-ethlenedioxythiophene) poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composition ink on a flexible substrate. There are two advantages of this flexible temperature sensor, which are (1) high sensitivity (~0.6%/°C) compared to other reported flexible temperature sensors, (2) fully-printable low-cost process on macroscale flexible substrates due to solution-based process. The key point to achieve the high sensitivity was a mixture of PEDOT:PSS and CNTs for the temperature sensor material. Based on the analyses, the mechanism of this high sensitivity is most likely due to electron hopping at the interface of PEDOT:PSS and CNTs. In addition to the sensor analyses, real-time human skin temperature was monitored by attaching on a human skin like a bandage as a proof-of-concept, and it was successfully conducted to observe small skin temperature change during activities.
Inverse Magnetostrictive Effect in Fe<sub>29</sub>Co<sub>71</sub> Wire/Polymer Composites (2016)

Wearable Internet of Things devices require innovatively designed electromagnetic materials and energy harvesting technology that is lightweight and able to withstand vigorous exercise and impact. In this study, magnetostrictive wire/polymer composites are developed for the first time by embedding Fe–Co wires in an epoxy matrix, and their inverse magnetostrictive characteristics are studied. The output voltage of this novel composite due to compression dramatically increases with increasing stress‐rate. Synthesis of the Fe–Co wire‐based composite may induce tensile prestress (rather than compressive prestress) during curing, leading to an extraordinary inverse magnetostriction enhancement. This work opens the door for development of lightweight, robust, and efficient energy harvesting devices.
Production of <i>N</i> -Acetyl- <scp>d</scp> -Neuraminic Acid by Use of an Efficient Spore Surface Display System (2011)

Production of N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) via biocatalysis is traditionally conducted using isolated enzymes or whole cells. The use of isolated enzymes is restricted by the time-consuming purification process, whereas the application of whole cells is limited by the permeability barrier presented by the microbial cell membrane. In this study, a novel type of biocatalyst, Neu5Ac aldolase presented on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores, was used for the production of Neu5Ac. Under optimal conditions, Neu5Ac at a high concentration (54.7 g liter⁻¹) and a high yield (90.2%) was obtained under a 5-fold excess of pyruvate over N-acetyl-D-mannosamine. The novel biocatalyst system, which is able to express and immobilize the target enzyme simultaneously on the surface of B. subtilis spores, represents a suitable alternative for value-added chemical production.
When Chinese cuisine meets western wine (2016)

This study explores the guiding principle for pairing common western table wines such as Chardonnay, Riesling, Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon with authentic Chinese cuisines. Sensory evaluation was carried out to measure the affective level on the pairing of food and wine. A five by eight (4 different wines and no wine pairing with 8 different cuisines) factorial experiment design was carried out to attain the sensory affection from the taste panel. Hedonic rating was adopted to assess the affective response of the cuisine and wine pairings. The results of affective test indicated that Riesling was the preferred wine to pair with most of the Chinese cuisines in question. The interaction was significant between different cuisines and wines (p=0.000), indicating that the hedonic sensory pattern of the cuisine can be influenced by the type of wine paired. In addition, Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) graph was proven to be an effective tool for visualizing the guiding principle of food and wine pairing.
New type of fiber optic sensor network for smart grid interface of transmission system (2010)

Smart Grid is aimed to incorporate monitoring, analysis, control and communication capabilities to improve reliability and energy efficiency. However, currently there is no enough sensor to provide information interface for the implementation of smart grid. Therefore, new types of sensors should be deployed to assist the implementation of smart grid. This paper proposes a novel scheme, in which new type of fiber optic sensors (as compared with traditional Farady effect based fiber optic sensor used in power system instrumentation) are used to provide multiple types of information for smart grid. The new Fiber Gragg Gratting (FBG) is advantageous in that it can collect variant types of information and can form a sensor network. A transmission line monitoring system with distributed fiber optic senor setwork is designed, and the procedures to evaluate the status of the overhead transmission line (such as sag, vibration, and galloping) are proposed. A testing setup is built at laboratory, and it is shown that the FBG sensor is capable of obtaining the comprehensive information for evaluating the status of the overhead transmission line.
Enzymatic removal of N‐glycans by PNGase F coated magnetic microparticles (2016)

Investigation of protein glycosylation is an important area in biomarker discovery and biopharmaceutical research. Alterations in protein N-glycosylation can be an indication of changes in pathological conditions in the medical field or production parameters of biotherapeutics. Rapid development of these disciplines calls for fast, high-throughput, and reproducible methods to analyze protein N-glycosylation. Currently used methods require either long deglycosylation times or large excess of enzymes. In this paper, we report on the use of PNGase F immobilization onto the surface of magnetic microparticles and their use in rapid and efficient removal of N-glycans from glycoproteins. The use of immobilized PNGase F also allowed reusability of the enzyme-coated beads as the magnetic microparticles can be readily partitioned from the sample by a magnet after each deglycosylation reaction. The efficiency and activity of the PNGase F coated magnetic beads was compared with in-solution enzyme reactions using standard glycoproteins possessing the major N-glycan types of neutral, high mannose, and highly sialylated carbohydrates. The PNGase F coated magnetic beads offered comparable deglycosylation level to the conventional in-solution based method in 10-min reaction times for the model glycoproteins of immunoglobulin G (mostly neutral carbohydrates), ribonuclease B (high mannose type sugars), and fetuin (highly sialylated oligosaccharides) with the special features of easy removal of the enzyme from the reaction mixture and reusability.
Lydicamycin, a new antibiotic of a novel skeletal type. II. Physico-chemical properties and structure elucidation. (1991)

The structure of a new antibiotic designated lydicamycin was elucidated as shown in Fig. 1 by NMR spectral analysis including a variety of 2D techniques. Lydicamycin possesses a novel skeleton containing tetramic acid and amidinopyrrolidine moieties.
Biomarker discovery by CE‐MS enables sequence analysis <b><i>via</i></b> MS/MS with platform‐independent separation (2006)

CE-MS is a successful proteomic platform for the definition of biomarkers in different body fluids. Besides the biomarker defining experimental parameters, CE migration time and molecular weight, especially biomarker's sequence identity is an indispensable cornerstone for deeper insights into the pathophysiological pathways of diseases or for made-to-measure therapeutic drug design. Therefore, this report presents a detailed discussion of different peptide sequencing platforms consisting of high performance separation method either coupled on-line or off-line to different MS/MS devices, such as MALDI-TOF-TOF, ESI-IT, ESI-QTOF and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, for sequencing indicative peptides. This comparison demonstrates the unique feature of CE-MS technology to serve as a reliable basis for the assignment of peptide sequence data obtained using different separation MS/MS methods to the biomarker defining parameters, CE migration time and molecular weight. Discovery of potential biomarkers by CE-MS enables sequence analysis via MS/MS with platform-independent sample separation. This is due to the fact that the number of basic and neutral polar amino acids of biomarkers sequences distinctly correlates with their CE-MS migration time/molecular weight coordinates. This uniqueness facilitates the independent entry of different sequencing platforms for peptide sequencing of CE-MS-defined biomarkers from highly complex mixtures.
Interferon-mediated inhibition of virus penetration. (1983)

Pretreatment of mouse L cells with mouse interferon (IFN) inhibits the penetration of vesicular stomatitis virus without affecting viral adsorption. The inhibition of virus uptake by IFN is dose dependent and, at the highest dose tested (1,000 units/ml), reaches 65%; 24 hr of treatment with IFN are required for maximal effect. A similar inhibition of uptake of virus occurs in human diploid fibroblasts and primary chicken embryo fibroblasts treated with homologous IFN. No significant inhibition occurs when cells are treated with heterologous IFN. These results document a previously unrecognized antiviral effect of IFN--namely, inhibition at the level of viral uptake.
Treatment of chlamydial genital infection (1997)

Effective treatment is available for most sexually transmitted bacterial diseases, although in many cases it still falls short of being ideal. A major problem is that symptoms of genital infection are non-specific, being variations on the themes of genital ulcer or genital discharge, and it is difficult to make a precise aetiological diagnosis. Furthermore, the underlying cause is frequently polymicrobial. The specific treatment of chlamydial genital infection is therefore inextricably entwined with the syndromic management of genital disease. Lower genital tract infection usually precedes infection of the upper genital tract, and it is the latter which is responsible for the more serious consequences of chlamydial genital infection, for example infertility, increased risk of ectopic pregnancy and persistent pelvic pain following pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women. Reactive arthritis may be a debilitating consequence of sexually acquired chlamydial infection in either sex. Because of the likelihood of further sexual transmission and the possibility of development of upper genital infection and its sequelae in patients with only minimal symptoms or signs, it is important to treat Chlamydia trachomatis infection whenever it is detected, and to ensure that treatment schedules for the management of all genital infections include adequate cover for possible C. trachomatis infection.
Resolution and Speckle Reduction in Cardiac Imaging (2020)

Cardiac imaging depends on clear visualization of several different structural and functional components to determine left ventricular and overall cardiac health. Ultrasound imaging is confounded by the characteristic speckle texture resulting from subwavelength scatterers in tissues, which is similar to a multiplicative noise on underlying tissue structure. Reduction of this texture can be achieved through physical means, such as spatial or frequency compounding, or through adaptive image processing. Techniques in both categories require a tradeoff of resolution for speckle texture reduction, which together contribute to overall image quality and diagnostic value. We evaluate this tradeoff for cardiac imaging tasks using spatial compounding as an exemplary speckle reduction method. Spatial compounding averages the decorrelated speckle patterns formed by views of a target from multiple subaperture positions to reduce the texture at the expense of active aperture size (and, in turn, lateral resolution). We demonstrate the use of a novel synthetic aperture focusing technique to decompose harmonic backscattered data from focused beams to their aperture-domain spatial frequency components to enable combined transmit and receive compounding. This tool allows the evaluation of matched data sets from a single acquisition over a wide range of spatial compounding conditions. We quantified the tradeoff between resolution and texture reduction in an imaging phantom and demonstrated improved lesion detectability with increasing levels of spatial compounding. We performed a cardiac ultrasound on 25 subjects to evaluate the degree of compounding useful for diagnostic imaging. Of these, 18 subjects were included in both qualitative and quantitative analysis. We found that compounding improved detectability of the endocardial border according to the generalized contrast-to-noise ratio in all cases, and more aggressive compounding made further improvements in ten out of 18 cases. Three expert reviewers evaluated the images for their usefulness in several diagnostic tasks and ranked four compounding conditions ("none," "low," "medium," and "high"). Contrary to the quantitative metrics that suggested the use of high levels of compounding, the reviewers determined that "low" was usually preferred (77.9%), while "none" or "medium" was selected in 21.2% of cases. We conclude with a brief discussion of the generalization of these results to other speckle reduction methods using the imaging phantom data.
Microscale three-dimensional polymeric platforms for in vitro cell culture systems (2001)

This paper describes fabrication schemes to create multidimensional polymeric platforms to study cell function. A key feature of these constructs is the replication of in vivo geometry and dimensional size scales that will aid in the understanding of fundamental cell-environment interactions. Advantages of these microtextured membranes include the high degree of reproducibility, optical clarity, and the ability to create multiple features on the micron and sub-micron size scale. We have demonstrated the creation of controlled microscale features on hydrogels as well as biodegradable materials such as poly(lactic-glycolic acid). These microtopographies selectively degrade under physiological conditions. Because of the flexibility of substrate material and the ease of creating micron size structures, this technique can be applied to a multitude of physiological and biological systems.
High resolution imaging microellipsometry of soft surfaces at 3 μm lateral and 5 Å normal resolution (1998)

We report on the design of an imaging microellipsometer enabling the generation of maps of the two ellipsometric angles Δ and Ψ. Areas of 60×200 μm2 are imaged at a rate of 1–2 images per minute. By working at angles (45°) much smaller than the Brewster angle (≈73° for Si/SiO2/air) a lateral resolution of 3 μm and a height resolution of 5 Å is achieved. The performance is demonstrated by thickness measurement of a laterally structured polymer film and a transient thickness measurement of dewetting fluid film of n-hexadecane on a Si/SiO2 wafer.
Influence of the nature of soil organics on the sorption of toluene and trichloroethylene (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInfluence of the nature of soil organics on the sorption of toluene and trichloroethyleneDoug R. Garbarini and Leonard W. LionCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1986, 20, 12, 1263–1269Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00154a013https://doi.org/10.1021/es00154a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views865Altmetric-Citations266LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Computer Evolution of Buildable Objects (1997)

Creating artificial life forms through evolutionary robotics faces a &quot;chicken and egg&quot; problem: learning to control a complex body is dominated by inductive biases specific to its sensors and effectors, while building a body which is controllable is conditioned on the pre-existence of a brain. The idea of co-evolution of bodies and brains is becoming popular, but little work has been done in evolution of physical structure because of the lack of a general framework for doing it. Evolution of creatures in simulation has been constrained by the &quot;reality gap&quot; which implies that resultant objects are usually not buildable. The work we present takes a step in the problem of body evolution by applying evolutionary techniques to the design of structures assembled out of parts. Evolution takes place in a simulator we designed, which computes forces and stresses and predicts failure for 2-dimensional Lego structures. The final printout of our program is a schematic assembly, which can then be b...
`Smart' Needle for Percutaneous Surgery: Influential Factor Investigation (2007)

Precise needle insertion is important for a number of percutaneous interventions. Yet it is difficult to achieve in practice due to target movement and needle deflection. Preliminary design and simulation of 'Smart Needle' are presented in this paper for active needle steering. This smart needle is designed to use piezoelectric actuators to adjust the needle tip position. Some simulations have been carried out to investigate the influences of the factors, such as input voltage, the length and thickness of the piezoelectric actuators etc. on the produced needle tip deflection. This information is useful in designing an effective smart needle that will need less electrical input in order to achieve certain needle displacement.