gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
RETRIEVABLE, REPLACEABLE, MACROENCAPSULATED PANCREATIC ISLET XENOGRAFTS LONG-TERM ENGRAFTMENT WITHOUT IMMUNOSUPPRESSION (1995)

Prevention of rejection and prolongation of graft survival are critical to achieving successful islet cell transplantation. Various techniques have been utilized to prolong graft survival. Recently, protection of pancreatic islets from host immune mechanisms by isolating the islets in artificial membranes has emerged as an attractive alternative to the use of immunosuppression. In this Rapid Communication, we describe a novel method for macroencapsulation of rat islets in hydrophilic macrobeads made with various combinations of agarose, collagen, and Gelfoam. Encapsulated xenotypic islets were placed intraperitoneally in mice in which diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. The encapsulated xenografts maintained normoglycemia > 170 days. Recipients mice had normal glucose tolerance tests, which indicates that the islets in the macrobeads were functioning as they would in an intact pancreas. Macrobeads retrieved up to 103 days after transplantation showed no evidence of tissue reaction or local inflammation. These retrieved macrobeads could also be retransplanted and replaced. Our studies indicate that the agarose-collagen/Gelfoam macrobeads we have developed serve both to protect islet xenografts from rejection and to provide a microenvironment in which the islets maintain and support their normal function in vivo. Because they may be retrieved after implantation and replaced, these macrobeads may be suitable for human clinical islet cell xenotransplantation.
Adsorption of a Cationic Polyacrylamide onto the Surface of a Nafion Ionomer Membrane (2001)

Time-dependent adsorption of a high-molecular-weight cationic polyacrylamide (acrylamide/β-methacryloxyethyltrimethylammonium methyl sulfate copolymer) from sulfuric acid solution onto a perfluorosulfonate ionomer (Nafion) membrane was characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy (UV/vis), and dynamic contact angle measurements in water. Flourine and nitrogen atomic surface concentrations determined from XPS were well correlated to the adsorbed polymer surface coverage from water contact angle analysis via the Cassie relationship and the adsorbed polymer concentration from UV/vis, respectively. Cationic polyacrylamide surface coverage remained constant at about 60% for all immersion times investigated. On the other hand, the adsorbed polymer concentration increased with immersion time, approaching a plateau after about 9 min. Such behavior was attributed to the transition from an expanded, two-dimensional, adsorbed polymer chain configuration at early times to a three-dimensional configuration composed of either coils or multilayers as immersion time increased.
A tag complexity reduction approach for code-based cooperative ranging systems (2013)

Cooperative wireless distance measurement based on PN-sequences requires a complex transponder tag. We present in this paper a novel approach to reduce the tag complexity and compensate the introduced errors. The compensation scheme is based on a dithering like approach, which profits from the error repetition along the ranging signal. Simulations and measurements were conducted to prove the approach.
Extracellular signal‐regulated kinase activation and endothelin‐1 production in human endothelial cells exposed to vibration (2004)

Hand-arm vibration syndrome is a vascular disease of occupational origin and a form of secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. Chronic exposure to hand-held vibrating tools may cause endothelial injury. This study investigates the biomechanical forces involved in the transduction of fluid vibration in the endothelium. Human endothelial cells were exposed to direct vibration and rapid low-volume fluid oscillation. Rapid low-volume fluid oscillation was used to simulate the effects of vibration by generating defined temporal gradients in fluid shear stress across an endothelial monolayer. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) phosphorylation and endothelin-1 (ET-1) release were monitored as specific biochemical markers for temporal gradients and endothelial response, respectively. Both vibrational methods were found to phosphorylate ERK1/2 in a similar pattern. At a fixed frequency of fluid oscillation where the duration of each pulse cycle remained constant, ERK1/2 phosphorylation increased with the increasing magnitude of the applied temporal gradient. However, when the frequency of flow oscillation was increased (thus decreasing the duration of each pulse cycle), ERK1/2 phosphorylation was attenuated across all temporal gradient flow profiles. Fluid oscillation significantly stimulated ET-1 release compared to steady flow, and endothelin-1 was also attenuated with the increase in oscillation frequency. Taken together, these results show that both the absolute magnitude of the temporal gradient and the frequency/duration of each pulse cycle play a role in the biomechanical transduction of fluid vibrational forces in endothelial cells. Furthermore, this study reports for the first time a link between the ERK1/2 signal transduction pathway and transmission of vibrational forces in the endothelium.
The electrical resistivity and deviations from Matthiessen's rule of single-crystal pure Cd and dilute Cd-Mg alloys (1978)

The authors have measured the electrical resistivities from 2K to 300K for eight Cd single crystals and eight Cd-Mg single crystals of two different concentrations. The measured densities of their specimens were typically 21/2% below the accepted X-ray densities. This is attributed to small bubbles in the specimens and the authors have made an appropriate correction to obtain the resistivity values. The ice point resistivities for Cd were found to be rho i//=7.81(+or-0.03) mu Omega cm and rho i perpendicular to =6.30(+or-0.03) mu Omega cm. Deviations from Matthiessen's rule Delta which were calculated from these measurements both confirm and clarify earlier experimental results for polycrystalline specimens and agree qualitatively with a theoretical calculation for single crystals.
A transcriptionally controlled trans-processing assay: putative identification of a vaccinia virus-encoded proteinase which cleaves precursor protein P25K (1994)

Vaccinia virus maturation into infectious particles appears to be dependent on the proteolytic processing of at least five viral proteins, each containing a conserved AG*X cleavage motif and each requiring proper association with the previrion particle. To identify the responsible proteinase, a transcriptionally controlled trans-processing assay was developed to monitor cleavage at the permissive AG*S site of the P25K core protein precursor. This assay led to the putative identification of a VV proteinase encoded by open reading frame G1L. The predicted protein contains an HXXEH sequence which is a direct inversion of the active site consensus sequence present in thermolysin and other metalloendopeptidases. Site-directed mutation of this consensus sequence suggests that the G1L protein may be a novel, virus-encoded metalloendoproteinase, although confirmation of this activity must await the development of a suitable cell-free processing assay.
Optical measurement with direct traceability to the primary standards of length and time: toward a system of metrology based entirely on the properties of the photon (1993)

It is proposed that the primary standards of length and time have now reached a sufficient level of maturity that they may be removed from the standards laboratories and used directly for measurement calibration with minimal recourse to the use of intermediate secondary standards. In particular, if a measurement can be configured to give a time-related output such as decay time, time of flight (TOF), frequency, or phase shift, then direct traceability to the primary atomic clock standard can be realized through use of the LORAN C or global position satellite systems. Twelve illustrative examples are considered covering a wide range of optical and spectroscopic measurements. This approach is then extended to mass, the remaining primary standard that is not currently photon based. An optical definition of mass is realizable in terms of length and time through the angular momentum properties of the photon measured using the torsion balance. The constant 2π/h gives the circularly polarized photon flux required to produce a torque of 1 N . m from which mass may be derived in terms of the mechanical moment of inertia. The need to distinguish the sign as well as the magnitude ofthe photon angular momentum then suggests that the unit of time should also have a sign. This sign distinguishes the roles of left and right circularly polarized light for matter and antimatter.
An Endogenous Digoxin-Like Substance in Patients with Renal Impairment (1983)

Digoxin concentrations were measured in serum samples from 102 patients with renal impairment who were receiving digoxin therapy. Many patients had values that differed widely on several currently available immunoassays, with differences as great as 2.9 ng/mL. In contrast, patients with normal renal function who were receiving digoxin had few discrepant results, with the largest difference being 0.5 ng/mL. We also assayed serum samples from 54 patients with renal impairment not on digoxin therapy and found that more than 60% of these digoxin-free patients had false-positive digoxin values on most assays. Our data suggest that a substance with digoxin-like immunoactivity is present in many patients with renal insufficiency. This substance may seriously compromise the accuracy and interpretation of digoxin concentration measurements.
Radiation dose reduction to the breast in thoracic CT: Comparison of bismuth shielding, organ‐based tube current modulation, and use of a globally decreased tube current (2011)

Organ-based TCM produces dose reduction to the breast similar to that achieved with bismuth shielding for both pediatric and adult phantoms. However, organ-based TCM does not affect image noise or CT number accuracy, both of which are adversely affected by bismuth shielding. Alternatively, globally decreasing the tube current can produce the same dose reduction to the breast as bismuth shielding, with a similar noise increase, yet without the streak artifacts and CT number errors caused by the bismuth shields. Moreover, globally decreasing the tube current reduces the dose to all tissues scanned, not simply to the breast.
Vaccination and Protection of Pigs against Pleuropneumonia with a Vaccine Strain of <i>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae</i> Produced by Site-Specific Mutagenesis of the ApxII Operon (1999)

The production of toxin (Apx)-neutralizing antibodies during infection plays a major role in the induction of protective immunity to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae reinfection. In the present study, the gene encoding the ApxII-activating protein, apxIIC, was insertionally inactivated on the chromosome of a serovar 7 strain, HS93. Expression of the structural toxin, ApxIIA, and of the two genes required for its secretion, apxIB and apxID, still occurs in this strain. The resulting mutant strain, HS93C- Ampr, was found to secrete the unactivated toxin. Pigs vaccinated with live HS93C- Ampr via the intranasal route were protected against a cross-serovar challenge with a virulent serovar 1 strain of A. pleuropneumoniae. This is the first reported vaccine strain of A. pleuropneumoniae which can be delivered live to pigs and offers cross-serovar protection against porcine pleuropneumonia.
High Finesse Opto-Mechanical Cavity with a Movable Thirty-Micron-Size Mirror (2006)

We report on the demonstration of a high finesse micro-optomechanical system and identify potential applications ranging from optical cooling to weak force detection to massive quantum superpositions. The system consists of a high quality diameter flat dielectric mirror cut from a larger substrate with a focused ion beam and attached to an atomic force microscope cantilever. Cavity ring-down measurements performed on a 25 mm long Fabry-Pérot cavity with the 30 microm mirror at one end show an optical finesse of 2100. Numerical calculations show that the finesse is not diffraction limited and that orders of magnitude higher finesse should be possible. A mechanical quality factor of more than 10(5) at pressures below 10(-3) mbar is demonstrated for the cantilever with a mirror attached.
Design of hybrid optical networks with waveband and electrical TDM switching (2004)

We propose a hybrid optical-electrical switch architecture which integrates all-optical waveband switching and electrical time-division-multiplexed (TDM) switching. By grouping pass-through traffic into wavebands and switching them all-optically, the hybrid architecture can significantly reduce the size of electrical switch and number of associated transponders. As a result, it provides tens of terabits per second switch throughput with a small footprint. The proposed architecture is capable of TDM switching, wavelength conversion, and multicasting. In this paper, we investigate the network-optimization problem with static traffic to minimize the overall network switch cost. A mathematical formulation of the optimization problem and its solutions are presented. Fast heuristic approaches for near-optimal solutions are also proposed and evaluated.
Resuscitation: experience without feedback increases confidence but not skill. (1990)

aged 65-74 Subjects aged k75 (mean 68-7 years) (meani 78-4 years)
Modulation of Signaling Mediated by TSLP and IL-7 in Inflammation, Autoimmune Diseases, and Cancer (2020)

Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) and Interleukin-7 (IL-7) are widely studied cytokines within distinct branches of immunology. On one hand, TSLP is crucially important for mediating type 2 immunity at barrier surfaces and has been linked to widespread allergic and inflammatory diseases of the airways, skin, and gut. On the other hand, IL-7 operates at the foundations of T-cell and innate lymphoid cell (ILC) development and homeostasis and has been associated with cancer. Yet, TSLP and IL-7 are united by key commonalities in their structure and the structural basis of the receptor assemblies they mediate to initiate cellular signaling, in particular their cross-utilization of IL-7Rα. As therapeutic targeting of TSLP and IL-7 via diverse approaches is reaching advanced stages and in light of the plethora of mechanistic and structural data on receptor signaling mediated by the two cytokines, the time is ripe to provide integrated views of such knowledge. Here, we first discuss the major pathophysiological roles of TSLP and IL-7 in autoimmune diseases, inflammation and cancer. Subsequently, we curate structural and mechanistic knowledge about receptor assemblies mediated by the two cytokines. Finally, we review therapeutic avenues targeting TSLP and IL-7 signaling. We envision that such integrated view of the mechanism, structure, and modulation of signaling assemblies mediated by TSLP and IL-7 will enhance and fine-tune the development of more effective and selective approaches to further interrogate the role of TSLP and IL-7 in physiology and disease.
Optical diffraction tomography for latent image metrology (1997)

Optical diffraction tomography (ODT) attempts to reconstruct the complex refractive index profile of an object by inverting its backscattered and/or transmitted fields. Owing to its integral formulation of the diffracted plane, the inverse scattering problem in ODT, i.e., reconstructing the object from its diffracted field, can be linearized via the Born approximation. The validity range of the Born approximation is limited to weakly scattering objects, or objects whose refractive index distributions are slowly varying and comparable in magnitude to their background. Such constraints are easily met in microlithography when considering the area of latent image metrology. Indeed, latent images are generally characterized by their relatively small and slowly varying refractive indices. An algorithm is presented for reconstructing the refractive index distribution of latent images from their first (+1) and second (+2) reflected diffraction orders at the Bragg angle.
DeepPavlov: Open-Source Library for Dialogue Systems (2018)

Mikhail Burtsev, Alexander Seliverstov, Rafael Airapetyan, Mikhail Arkhipov, Dilyara Baymurzina, Nickolay Bushkov, Olga Gureenkova, Taras Khakhulin, Yuri Kuratov, Denis Kuznetsov, Alexey Litinsky, Varvara Logacheva, Alexey Lymar, Valentin Malykh, Maxim Petrov, Vadim Polulyakh, Leonid Pugachev, Alexey Sorokin, Maria Vikhreva, Marat Zaynutdinov. Proceedings of ACL 2018, System Demonstrations. 2018.
Major changes in human ocular UV protection with age. (2001)

Results are consistent with a predominantly nuclear origin for both 4-(2-amino-3-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid glucoside and glutathionyl-3-hydroxykynurenine glucoside. This is in accord with their proposed mechanism of formation, which involves an initial deamination of 3-hydroxykynurenine glucoside. This process is more pronounced in older lenses, possibly because of the barrier to diffusion. The barrier may also explain the increase in nuclear oxidized glutathione that is observed with age.
Die Hemmung der Saccharase‐Aktivität als Maß für die physiologische Verträglichkeit anionaktiver Tenside (1963)

Abstract Die Reaktionskinetik der Rohrzucker‐Hydrolyse durch Saccharase wird studiert. Nach einer Beschreibung der Versuchsdurchführung der weiterentwickelten Methodik des Saccharase‐Testes werden die Beziehungen zwischen dem Saccharase‐Test und der physiologischen Verträglichkeit von Tensiden diskutiert.
X and Gamma Dose Measurement Using Electrets (1982)

A Teflon electret of 5 cm diameter loaded into a perspex chamber of 63 ml formed a simple electret dosemeter. Such a dosemeter showed a decrease of charge which was linear with dose (like an ionisation chamber) over a certain range of charge of the electret. The measured change in charge was used to calculate the dose received by the dosemeter. The calculated value agreed well with the actual dose received by the dosemeter. Using an electret of 0.31 cm thickness, the dosemeter could cover a range of 5.6 mGy (560 mrad) with a resolution of 0.004 mGy (0.4 mrad). The performance was found to be independent of photon energy and dose rate. Such dosemeters are particularly useful for long-term measurement of dose because of the permanent nature of the dose information retained by the electret, and also due to their insensitivity to variations in temperature and relative humidities normally encountered in the environment. The paper describes a liquid contact method for preparation of electrets. The details of a capacitive probe method for measurement of charge are given and a set of theoretical expressions needed for designing a dosemeter to meet a particular requirement are also presented.
Modeling and control of charge-pumped reboost converter for pv applications (2010)

Two-stage, grid-tied Photovoltaic (PV) systems commonly use boost-type converters at the front end. The charge-pumped reboost converter is a high-step-up dc-dc converter with continuous input-current which is suitable for this purpose. Using a tapped-inductor boost topology for the small-signal model, a high-bandwidth input-voltage loop can be designed which rapidly tracks reference changes, source transients, and can reject disturbances from the load. The practicality of this model is verified experimentally with frequency response analysis, transient response, and system-level testing.
Social Policy On Dangerous Drugs: A Study Of Changing Attitudes In New York And Overseas (2012)

Narcotic addiction is, of course, not new to New York State.From 1850 to 1920 it was dealt with as a medical problem and from 1920 as a criminal problem.What is new, since World War II, is its relative prevalence, its association with the abuse of other drugs, the youthfulness of addicts, and the development of a criminal-drug subculture.What is unique is that for 25 years (1945-1970) New York's policy on this admittedly socio-medical problem was formulated primarily by the U.S. Treasury Department. Early HistoryMorphine, an opiate alkaloid, was isolated from opium in 1805.With the invention of the hypodermic syringe in 1853, injectable morphine became the major analgesic of the 19th century.Its use for the pain of wounds was so extensive during the Civil War that morphine addiction was known as "the Army Disease."Heroin was first synthesized in 1874 and in 1898 was introduced into medical practice and actively promoted as a substitute for morphine on the grounds that it did not repress respiration and would be less likely to produce addiction.Patent medicines containing narcotics were widely consumed in the latter half of the 19th century and by the 1890's Sears, Roebuck's catalog advertised Sears' "Cure of the Opium and Morphine Habit."Until 1903, cocaine was one of the ingredients in a highly popular soft drink.
Tryptophan Catabolism in Brevibacterium linens as a Potential Cheese Flavor Adjunct (2001)

Attempts to develop a desirable reduced fat Cheddar cheese are impeded by a propensity for flavor defects such as meaty-brothy, putrid, fecal, and unclean off-flavors in these products. Recent studies suggest aromatic amino acid catabolism of starter, adjunct, and nonstarter lactic acid bacteria significantly impact off-flavor development. The objective of this study was to delineate pathways for catabolism of tryptophan (Trp) in Brevibacterium linens, a cheese flavor adjunct, and to determine the potential for this organism to contribute to this defect. Growth and production of aromatic compounds from Trp by B. linens BL2 were compared in two incubated conditions (laboratory and a cheese-like environment). A chemically defined medium was used to determine the cellular enzymes and metabolites involved in Trp catabolism. Trp was converted to kynurenine, anthranilic acid, and three unknown compounds in laboratory conditions. The accumulation of other unknown compounds in the culture supernatant in laboratory conditions indicated that B. linens BL2 degraded Trp by various routes. Up to 65% of Trp was converted to anthranilic acid via the anthranilic acid pathway. To assess this potential before cheese making, the cells were incubated in cheese-like conditions (15 degrees C, pH 5.2, no sugar source, 4% NaCl). Trp was not utilized by BL2 incubated in this condition. Enzyme studies using cell-free extracts of cells incubated in laboratory conditions and assayed at optimal and nonoptimal enzyme assay conditions revealed Trp transaminase (EC 2.6.1.27) was active before enzymes of the anthranilic acid pathway were detected. The products of Trp transaminase activity were not, however, found in the culture supernatant, indicating these intermediates were not exported nor accumulated by the cells. Enzymes assayed in nonoptimal conditions had considerably lower enzyme activities than found in laboratory incubation conditions. Based on these results, we hypothesize that these enzymes are not likely to be involved in the formation of compounds associated with off-flavors in Cheddar cheese.
CD200/CD200R Paired Potent Inhibitory Molecules Regulating Immune and Inflammatory Responses; Part II : CD 200/CD200R Potential Clinical Applications (2012)

CD200 and its receptor were recognized as having the multiple immunoregulatory functions. Their immunoregulatory, suppressive, and tolerogenic potentials could be very effectively exploited in the treatment of many diseases, e.g. Alzheimer disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and allergy to name only some. Many research projects are aimed to develop clinically valuable methods being based on the structure and function of these paired molecules. In this review, we would like to introduce CD200/CD200R functions in a clinical context.