gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lateral Clustering of Platelet GP Ib-IX Complexes Leads to Up-regulation of the Adhesive Function of Integrin αIIbβ3 (2002)

Binding of von Willebrand factor (VWF) to GP Ib-IX mediates initial platelet adhesion and increases the subsequent adhesive function of alpha(IIb)beta(3). Because these responses are promoted most effectively by large VWF multimers, we hypothesized that receptor clustering modulates GP Ib-IX function. To test this, GP IX was fused at its cytoplasmic tail to tandem repeats of FKBP, and GP Ib-IX(FKBP)(2) and alpha(IIb)beta(3) were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Under flow conditions at wall shear rates of up to 2000 s(-1), GP Ib-IX(FKBP)(2) mediated cell tethering to immobilized VWF, just as in platelets. Conditional oligomerization of GP Ib-IX(FKBP)(2) by AP20187, a cell-permeable FKBP dimerizer, caused a decrease in cell translocation velocities on VWF (p < 0.001). Moreover, clustering of GP Ib-IX(FKBP)(2) by AP20187 led to an increase in alpha(IIb)beta(3) function, manifested under static conditions by increased cell adhesion to fibrinogen (p < 0.01) and under flow by increased stable cell adhesion to VWF (p < 0.04). Clustering of GP Ib-IX(FKBP)(2) also stimulated rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of ectopically expressed Syk, a putative downstream effector of GP Ib-IX in platelets. These studies establish that GP Ib-IX oligomerization, per se, affects the interaction of this receptor with VWF and its ability to influence the adhesive function of alpha(IIb)beta(3). By extrapolation, GP Ib-IX clustering in platelets may promote thrombus formation.
Halogenation with <i>N</i>-haloamines in strong acids. I. The nature of the chain propagating radical (1970)

The N-haloamine halogenation of 1-chlorobutane in 4 M sulfuric acid in acetic acid as solvent is a radical chain process in which aminium radicals are the principal hydrogen atom abstracting species. With N-chloroamines, a concurrent chlorine atom chain is promoted by impurities such as molecular chlorine, hydrogen chloride, and chloride ion.
Fabrication of scalable and structured tissue engineering scaffolds using water dissolvable sacrificial 3D printed moulds (2015)

One of the major challenges in producing large scale engineered tissue is the lack of ability to create large highly perfused scaffolds in which cells can grow at a high cell density and viability. Here, we explore 3D printed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a sacrificial mould in a polymer casting process. The PVA mould network defines the channels and is dissolved after curing the polymer casted around it. The printing parameters determined the PVA filament density in the sacrificial structure and this density resulted in different stiffness of the corresponding elastomer replica. It was possible to achieve 80% porosity corresponding to about 150 cm(2)/cm(3) surface to volume ratio. The process is easily scalable as demonstrated by fabricating a 75 cm(3) scaffold with about 16,000 interconnected channels (about 1m(2) surface area) and with a channel to channel distance of only 78 μm. To our knowledge this is the largest scaffold ever to be produced with such small feature sizes and with so many structured channels. The fabricated scaffolds were applied for in-vitro culturing of hepatocytes over a 12-day culture period. Smaller scaffolds (6×4 mm) were tested for cell culturing and could support homogeneous cell growth throughout the scaffold. Presumably, the diffusion of oxygen and nutrient throughout the channel network is rapid enough to support cell growth. In conclusion, the described process is scalable, compatible with cell culture, rapid, and inexpensive.
An Outbreak Involving Extensive Transmission of a Virulent Strain of<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (1998)

In this outbreak of tuberculosis, the growth characteristics of the strain involved greatly exceeded those of other clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis. The extensive transmission of tuberculosis may have been due to the increased virulence of the strain rather than to environmental factors or patient characteristics.
Optimizing the Electrical Energy Conversion Cycle of Dielectric Elastomer Generators (2014)

A strategy to control the electrical charge is developed to achieve high energy density of soft dielectric elastomer generators for energy harvesting. The strategy is analytically shown and experimentally demonstrated to produce the highest energy density ever reported for a soft generator.
(1) THE PERMANGANATE ABSORPTION-SPECTRUM: A CLAIM FOR PRIORITY. (2) A FORMULA FOR CALCULATING THE URANIUM SPECTRUM (1922)

(1922). (1) THE PERMANGANATE ABSORPTION-SPECTRUM: A CLAIM FOR PRIORITY. (2) A FORMULA FOR CALCULATING THE URANIUM SPECTRUM. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 33-34.
Semantics of transactional memory and automatic mutual exclusion (2008)

Software Transactional Memory (STM) is an attractive basis for the development of language features for concurrent programming. However, the semantics of these features can be delicate and problematic. In this paper we explore the tradeoffs between semantic simplicity, the viability of efficient implementation strategies, and the flexibilityof language constructs. Specifically, we develop semantics and type systems for the constructs of the Automatic Mutual Exclusion (AME) programming model; our results apply also to other constructs, such as atomic blocks. With this semantics as a point of reference, we study several implementation strategies. We model STM systems that use in-place update, optimistic concurrency, lazy conflict detection, and roll-back. These strategies are correct only under non-trivial assumptions that we identify and analyze. One important source of errors is that some efficient implementations create dangerous 'zombie' computations where a transaction keeps running after experiencing a conflict; the assumptions confine the effects of these computations.
Host-Pathogen Interactions (1989)

This paper describes the effect of a plant-derived polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) on the activity of endopolygalacturonases isolated from fungi. PGIP's effect on endopolygalacturonases is to enhance the production of oligogalacturonides that are active as elicitors of phytoalexin (antibiotic) accumulation and other defense reactions in plants. Only oligogalacturonides with a degree of polymerization higher than nine are able to elicit phytoalexin synthesis in soybean cotyledons. In the absence of PGIP, a 1-minute exposure of polygalacturonic acid to endopolygalacturonase resulted in the production of elicitor-active oligogalacturonides. However, the enzyme depolymerized essentially all of the polygalacturonic acid substrate to elicitor-inactive oligogalacturonides within 15 minutes. When the digestion of polygalacturonic acid was carried out with the same amount of enzyme but in the presence of excess PGIP, the rate of production of elicitor-active oligogalacturonides was dramatically altered. The amount of elicitor-active oligogalacturonide steadily increased for 24 hours. It was only after about 48 hours that the enzyme converted the polygalacturonic acid into short, elicitor-inactive oligomers. PGIP is a specific, reversible, saturable, high-affinity receptor for endopolygalacturonase. Formation of the PGIP-endopolygalacturonase complex results in increased concentrations of oligogalacturonides that activate plant defense responses. The interaction of the plant-derived PGIP with fungal endopolygalacturonases may be a mechanism by which plants convert endopolygalacturonase, a factor important for the virulence of pathogens, into a factor that elicits plant defense mechanisms.
Maximum likelihood estimation of a GARCH‐stable model (1995)

Abstract Maximum likelihood is used to estimate a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (GARCH) process where the residuals have a conditional stable distribution (GARCH‐stable). The scale parameter is modelled such that a GARCH process with normally distributed residuals is a special case. The usual methods of estimating the parameters of the stable distribution assume constant scale and will underestimate the characteristic exponent when the scale parameter follows a GARCH process. The parameters of the GARCH‐stable model are estimated with daily foreign currency returns. Estimates of characteristic exponents are higher with the GARCH‐stable than when independence is assumed. Monte Carlo hypothesis testing procedures, however, reject our GARCH‐stable model at the 1% significance level in four out of five cases.
B7–CD28 Costimulatory Signals Control the Survival and Proliferation of Murine and Human γδ T Cells via IL-2 Production (2012)

γδ T cells play key nonredundant roles in immunity to infections and tumors. Thus, it is critical to understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for γδ T cell activation and expansion in vivo. In striking contrast to their αβ counterparts, the costimulation requirements of γδ T cells remain poorly understood. Having previously described a role for the TNFR superfamily member CD27, we since screened for other nonredundant costimulatory receptors in γδ T cell activation. We report in this article that the Ig superfamily receptor CD28 (but not its related protein ICOS) is expressed on freshly isolated lymphoid γδ T cells and synergizes with the TCR to induce autocrine IL-2 production that promotes γδ cell survival and proliferation in both mice and humans. Specific gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments demonstrated a nonredundant function for CD28 interactions with its B7 ligands, B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86), both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, γδ cell proliferation was significantly enhanced by CD28 receptor agonists but abrogated by B7 Ab-mediated blockade. Furthermore, γδ cell expansion following Plasmodium infection was severely impaired in mice genetically deficient for CD28. This resulted in the failure to mount both IFN-γ-mediated and IL-17-mediated γδ cell responses, which contrasted with the selective effect of CD27 on IFN-γ-producing γδ cells. Our data collectively show that CD28 signals are required for IL-2-mediated survival and proliferation of both CD27(+) and CD27(-) γδ T cell subsets, thus providing new mechanistic insight for their modulation in disease models.
Expression of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor, CX3CR1, during acute and chronic inflammation in the rodent CNS (2002)

In this study, we investigate the expression of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) in the naive rat and mouse central nervous system (CNS). We determine if the expression of this chemokine and its receptor are altered during chronic or acute inflammation in the CNS. In addition, we determine if CX3CL1, which has been reported to be chemoattractant to leukocytes in vitro, is capable of acting as a chemoattractant in the CNS in vivo. Immunohistochemistry was performed using primary antibodies recognizing soluble and membrane-bound CX3CL1 and the N-terminus of the CX3CR1. We found that neurons in the naive rodent brain are immunoreactive for CX3CL1 and CX3CR1, both showing a perinuclear staining pattern. Resident microglia associated with the parenchyma and macrophages in the meninges and choroid plexus constituitively express CX3CR1. In a prion model of chronic neurodegeneration and inflammation, CX3CL1 immunoreactivity is upregulated in astrocytes and CX3CR1 expression is elevated on microglia. In surviving neurons, expression of CX3CL1 appears unaltered relative to normal neurons. There is a decrease in neuronal CX3CR1 expression. Acute inflammatory responses in the CNS, induced by stereotaxic injections of lipopolysaccharide or kainic acid, results in activation of microglia and astrocytes but no detectable changes in the glial expression of CX3CL1 or CX3CR1. The expression of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 by glial cells during inflammation in the CNS may be influenced by the surrounding cytokine milieu, which has been shown to differ in acute and chronic neuroinflammation. GLIA 37:314–327, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A ten-stage cold-cathode stepping tube (1952)

Developments in the art of transferring a gas discharge from one point to another in a multi∗∗∗-electrode tube have led to the design of a 10-stage counting tube operating up to about 2,000 pulses per second. Such a tube can be used for pulse counting, frequency division, time measurements, and similar functions.
Methods for transport and long-term maintenance of spiny dogfish sharks. (1983)

Spiny dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) embryos were transported from Maine to the Maryland laboratory where they were maintained for 20 months. During this maintenance period, these sharks progressed from a yolk-sac stage to feeding stage. Animals were maintained at 10 degrees C in artificial seawater containing penicillin and streptomycin and were fed frozen brine shrimp and krill. The ease with which these animals could be maintained in the laboratory for an extended period of time greatly enhanced their usefulness as an experimental animal in a variety of studies.
Dynamic Control and Optimization of Distributed Energy Resources in a Microgrid (2015)

As we transition toward a power grid that is increasingly based on renewable resources like solar and wind, the intelligent control of distributed energy resources (DERs) including photovoltaic (PV) arrays, controllable loads, energy storage, and plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) will be critical to realizing a power grid that can handle both the variability and unpredictability of renewable energy sources as well as increasing system complexity. Realizing such a decentralized and dynamic infrastructure will require the ability to solve large scale problems in real-time with hundreds of thousands of DERs simultaneously online. Because of the scale of the optimization problem, we use an iterative distributed algorithm previously developed in our group to operate each DER independently and autonomously within this environment. The algorithm is deployed within a framework that allows the microgrid to dynamically adapt to changes in the operating environment. Specifically, we consider a commercial site equipped with on-site PV generation, partially curtailable load, EV charge stations and a battery electric storage unit. The site operates as a small microgrid that can participate in the wholesale market on the power grid. We report results for simulations using real-data that demonstrate the ability of the optimization framework to respond dynamically in real-time to external conditions while maintaining the functional requirements of all DERs.
Neurodevelopmental abnormalities and lactic acidosis in a girl with a 20‐bp deletion in the X‐linked pyruvate dehydrogenase E1α subunit gene (1993)

We describe a girl with developmental abnormalities of the CNS and a lactic acidosis whose cultured fibroblasts showed a profound deficiency of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) activity (patient = 0.14 nmol/mg protein per minute, controls = 0.7 to 1.1 nmol/mg protein per minute). Immunocytochemistry demonstrated the fibroblast culture to be mosaic, with 14% of cells expressing the PDHC E1 alpha subunit protein in normal amounts and the remaining 86% having no detectable immunoreactive activity. Direct sequencing of cDNA for the X-linked PDHC E1 alpha subunit established that the patient was heterozygous for a 20-bp deletion beginning in the codon for Ser300 of the derived amino acid sequence. The pattern of methylation at the DXS255 locus suggested predominant expression of the X chromosome carrying the mutant allele in the fibroblast culture. There was a good correlation between the residual PDHC activity, the proportion of cells with immunoreactive E1 alpha protein, and the X chromosome inactivation ratio, demonstrating the importance of X-inactivation for expression of this X-linked neurometabolic disease in females.
Surface Stress and Electrocapillarity of Solid Electrodes (2001)

There are two fundamental excess thermodynamic parameters that characterize a surface, the surface free energy and the surface stress. The surface free energy is the reversible work per unit area to form new surface while maintaining a constant equilibrium density of surface atoms. The surface stress is the reversible work per unit area required to form new surface by elastic deformation of a preexisting surface, and thus the atom density is altered. For a fluid surface the surface free energy is equal to the surface stress, but for a solid this is in general not true. We develop thermodynamic arguments that describe proper interpretations of wafer curvature experiments that are typically used in electrocapillarity experiments of solid electrodes. Additionally, we consider stress evolution during underpotential deposition. The sources of stress relate to electrocapillarity differences between overlayer and substrate, interface stress, and coherency stress. Experimental results are presented for the systems Pb2+/Au(111), Pb2+/ Ag(111), and Ag+/Au(111). We show how it is possible to use the experimental data to extract results for the interface stresses in each of these systems. The following values of interface stress were determined: for the incommensurate Pb/Au(111) interface, 1.76 ± 0.04 N/m; for the incommensurate Pb/Ag(111) interface, 0.9 ± 0.04 N/m; and for the coherent Ag/Au(111) interface, −0.08 ± 0.04 N/m. Finally, we employ the thermodynamic arguments developed to consider two important problems in the electrocapillarity of solids. The first is a comparison of the magnitude of the change in surface free energy and surface stress that result from pure double − layer effects. The second is the potential-induced 23 × √3 ⇔ (111) reconstruction that occurs on Au surfaces. Here, we calculate the difference in surface stress between the reconstructed and unreconstructed surface, obtaining −0.43 N/m, which compares favorably with recently published experimental results.
Evaluation of a new bicolored latex agglutination test for immunological diagnosis of hepatic amoebiasis (1990)

A new bicolored latex agglutination amoeba test (BLA) for detection of antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica was evaluated for its practicability and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. BLA is rapid (5 min) and simple to perform. It requires only 20 microliters of a 1/3-diluted serum, 17 microliters of reagent, and a glass slide. Reading of the test is easy because a positive result shows a green spot with a red surrounding edge. This bicolored pattern is easily distinguishable from the negative test result, which shows a homogeneous dark-brown spot. By using serum samples from 348 individuals, BLA was compared with immunofluorescence assay, indirect hemagglutination, and counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, and positive and negative predictive values of the four methods were almost identical. The results of this study indicate that BLA could be very useful both as a screening method for the diagnosis of invasive amoebiasis and for epidemiological purposes.
Design and Development of a Flexible Strain Sensor for Textile Structures Based on a Conductive Polymer Composite (2007)

The aim of this work is to develop a smart flexible sensor adapted to textile structures, able to measure their strain deformations. The sensors are “smart” because of their capacity to adapt to the specific mechanical properties of textile structures that are lightweight, highly flexible, stretchable, elastic, etc. Because of these properties, textile structures are continuously in movement and easily deformed, even under very low stresses. It is therefore important that the integration of a sensor does not modify their general behavior. The material used for the sensor is based on a thermoplastic elastomer (Evoprene)/carbon black nanoparticle composite, and presents general mechanical properties strongly compatible with the textile substrate. Two preparation techniques are investigated: the conventional melt-mixing process, and the solvent process which is found to be more adapted for this particular application. The preparation procedure is fully described, namely the optimization of the process in terms of filler concentration in which the percolation theory aspects have to be considered. The sensor is then integrated on a thin, lightweight Nylon fabric, and the electromechanical characterization is performed to demonstrate the adaptability and the correct functioning of the sensor as a strain gauge on the fabric. A normalized relative resistance is defined in order to characterize the electrical response of the sensor. Finally, the influence of environmental factors, such as temperature and atmospheric humidity, on the sensor performance is investigated. The results show that the sensor’s electrical resistance is particularly affected by humidity. This behavior is discussed in terms of the sensitivity of the carbon black filler particles to the presence of water.
Heterogeneity in Red Wine Polyphenolic Contents Differentially Influences Alzheimer's Disease-type Neuropathology and Cognitive Deterioration (2009)

We recently found that moderate consumption of two unrelated red wines generate from different grape species, a Cabernet Sauvignon and a muscadine wine that are characterized by distinct component composition of polyphenolic compounds, significantly attenuated the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-type brain pathology and memory deterioration in a transgenic AD mouse model. Interestingly, our evidence suggests that the two red wines attenuated AD phenotypes through independent mechanisms. In particular, we previously found that treatment with Cabernet Sauvignon reduced the generation of AD-type amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides. In contrast, evidence from our present study suggests that muscadine treatment attenuates Abeta neuropathology and Abeta-related cognitive deterioration in Tg2576 mice by interfering with the oligomerization of Abeta molecules to soluble high-molecular-weight Abeta oligomer species that are responsible for initiating a cascade of cellular events resulting in cognitive decline. Collectively, our observations suggest that distinct polyphenolic compounds from red wines may be bioavailable at the organism level and beneficially modulate AD phenotypes through multiple Abeta-related mechanisms. Results from these studies suggest the possibility of developing a "combination" of dietary polyphenolic compounds for AD prevention and/or therapy by modulating multiple Abeta-related mechanisms.
Simple Synthesis Route to Monodispersed SBA-15 Silica Rods (2004)

A simple, flexible, reproducible, high-yielding (ca. 100%) synthesis of hexagonally facetted SBA-15 straight rods with uniform sizes (ca. 1.5 x 0.4 mum) under static conditions without using inorganic salts is provided. This method affords rodlike particles with temperature-dependent pore sizes ranging from 5.8 to 12.5 nm but with similar external dimensions. This work shows that in order to prepare short monodispersed SBA-15 rods, (i) the absence of stirring is essential, (ii) the temperature of the first stage should not exceed 60 degrees C, and (iii) addition of inorganic salts is not required.
Image deblurring using maps of highlights (2013)

In deblurring an image, we seek to recover the original sharp image. However, without knowledge of the blurring process, we cannot expect to recover the image perfectly. We propose a deblurring method of a single-image where the blur kernel is directly estimated from highlight spots or streaks with high intensity value. These highlighted points can be represented by specular reflection of light that may appear in the eye, on a shiny surface, or in small light sources present in the image. In this work, we detect automatically these high-lighted points in a blurred image. Therefore, creating a map of highlight, which is used as a guide to extract automatically a single highlight from the blurred image. Due to its unique nature, it is demosntrated that the highlighted points are a good estimation of the blur kernel and a sharp image is restored using these kernel. The experimental results show the performance of this method in comparison to several other deblurring methods.