gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A speech labeling system based on knowledge processing (1992)

Abstract The segmentation of continuous speech into phonemes, i.e., labeling, is one of the most important procedures in constructing the speech database. At the present stage, the labeling is executed by the inspection of the time‐series of acoustic parameters by the human expert. Because of this procedure, a large amount of time and effort are required in the construction of the speech database. From such a viewpoint, the authors have developed an automatic speech labeling system aiming at the automatic labeling. In the proposed system, a correspondence is established between the phoneme symbol sequence and the characteristic changes in the time‐course of the acoustic parameters, and the rough position of the phonemes are determined. Then the boundaries between the phonemes are adjusted by the detailed observation of the change of acoustic parameters near the phoneme boundaries. Finally, the change of the acoustic parameters in each phoneme interval is examined to verify the match of the label. The system is evaluated by experiment. Eight sentences uttered by seven adult males, who participated in the development of rules, are used for evaluation; 6.7 percent of the phoneme boundaries are rejected. For the remaining phoneme boundaries, 99.1 percent of the boundaries are set within 30 ms of the position decided previously by the human expert. For 10 sentences uttered by four adult males, who did not participate in the rule development, the foregoing scores turned out to be 8.9 and 95.5 percent, respectively. Those results indicate the usefulness of the proposed system.
Travel Time Estimation Using Speed Predictions (2015)

Adanced traveler information systems (ATIS) use sensing, communication and data processing technologies to collect and disseminate real time road traffic information. Route guidance systems utilize this data to estimate and optimize travel times. Paths with the shortest travel times are then computed to suggest to the user, an optimal path to reach their destination. In this study, we examine the accuracy of popular travel time calculation techniques, that use historical, instantaneous and predictive data to calculate travel time. A dynamic time calculation technique that accounts for time varying road speeds is used and the driver is considered to experience changes in the traffic pattern as the journey progresses. We base our study on real world traffic data collected from Singapore. We calculate the travel times for trips on major routes based on these techniques and compare them with the true average travel time on the particular route. We also analyze the variability in travel time that can be experienced by the user when guided by different route guidance system. The results show that dynamic predictive routing using multiple prediction horizons provides a better estimate of actual travel times as opposed to routing algorithms that only utilize real-time data about current traffic conditions.
Multiple Robust Signatures for Detecting Lymph Node Metastasis in Head and Neck Cancer (2006)

Genome-wide mRNA expression measurements can identify molecular signatures of cancer and are anticipated to improve patient management. Such expression profiles are currently being critically evaluated based on an apparent instability in gene composition and the limited overlap between signatures from different studies. We have recently identified a primary tumor signature for detection of lymph node metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Before starting a large multicenter prospective validation, we have thoroughly evaluated the composition of this signature. A multiple training approach was used for validating the original set of predictive genes. Based on different combinations of training samples, multiple signatures were assessed for predictive accuracy and gene composition. The initial set of predictive genes is a subset of a larger group of 825 genes with predictive power. Many of the predictive genes are interchangeable because of a similar expression pattern across the tumor samples. The head and neck metastasis signature has a more stable gene composition than previous predictors. Exclusion of the strongest predictive genes could be compensated by raising the number of genes included in the signature. Multiple accurate predictive signatures can be designed using various subsets of predictive genes. The absence of genes with strong predictive power can be compensated by including more genes with lower predictive power. Lack of overlap between predictive signatures from different studies with the same goal may be explained by the fact that there are more predictive genes than required to design an accurate predictor.
Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System (2017)

Obstructive respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are currently treated by inhaled anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator drugs. Despite the availability of multiple treatments, both diseases are growing public health concerns. The majority of asthma patients are well controlled on current inhaled therapies but a substantial number of patients with severe asthma are not. Asthma affects an estimated 300 million people worldwide and approximately 20 percent have a severe form of the disease. In contrast to asthma, there are few effective therapies for COPD. An estimated 10% of the population has COPD and the trend in death rates is increasing for COPD while decreasing for other major diseases. Although developing drugs for inhaled delivery is challenging, the nose-only inhalation unit enables direct delivery of novel drugs to the lung of rodents for pre-clinical efficacy and safety/toxicology studies. Inhaled drug delivery has multiple advantages for respiratory diseases, where high concentration in the lung improves efficacy and minimizes systemic side effects. Inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators benefit from these advantages and inhaled delivery may also hold potential for future biologic therapies. The inhalation unit described herein can generate, sample for characterization, and uniformly deposit a drug aerosol in the lungs of rodents. This enables the pre-clinical determination of the efficacy and safety of drug doses deposited in the lungs of rodents, key data required before initiating clinical development.
Site-directed mutagenesis reveals a liver transcription factor essential for the albumin transcriptional enhancer. (1990)

A method based on the polymerase chain reaction is described for constructing a clustered set of basepair changes, deletions, or insertions at any site on a DNA fragment. Advantages of the procedure are that virtually every product has the desired sequence alteration and that only a single round of polymerase chain reaction is required. We used this method to demonstrate that the binding of a specific liver nuclear protein, which we call eH-TF, is essential for the function of the enhancer of the mouse albumin gene. The eH-TF binding activity is hepatocyte-specific; it binds to a functional region of the albumin promoter and is distinct from other albumin promoter factors, and part of the eH-TF binding sequence, TGTTTGC, occurs in functional regulatory sites of other liver-specific genes.
Synthesis and Charge-Carrier Transport Properties of Poly(phosphole<i>P</i>-alkanesulfonylimide)s (2013)

A new class of polyphospholes bearing alkanesulfonylimino moieties on the phosphorus(V) centers was prepared by the Pd-CuI-promoted Stille coupling reaction to investigate the charge-carrier transport properties of the π-networks of polyphospholes. Time-of-flight measurements have revealed that the poly(phosphole P-imide)s possess ambipolar charge-carrier mobilities of up to μ(electron) = 6 × 10(-3) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and μ(hole) = 4 × 10(-3) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1).
An electrostatic coaxial probe forming lens suitable for high-energy ion beams (1979)

A new class of ion beam lenses is described. The electrostatic coaxial field between a thin central rod and an outer cylinder is used as the focusing element. MeV ion beams may be focused in 100 mm using kilovolts on the lens. Both diverging and converging electrostatic lenses may be made and the two combined to reduce aberrations. An analysis of particle trajectories through these lenses is given and results for a 400 keV proton beam presented.
Modulation of the chopping frequency in DC choppers and PWM inverters having current-hysteresis controllers (1983)

In a dc chopper converter having its load current regulated by a feedback controller of the fixed hysteresis type, the chopping frequency is shown to depend on the square of the counter emf of the load. In a pulse width modulated (PWM) inverter, the counter emf is modulated at the output frequency, so the chopping frequency is modulated at twice the output frequency. For a 3-phase PWM inverter feeding a 3-wire load, the chopping frequency modulation is not smooth. This is explained to be a consequence of the fact that the three phase currents must sum to zero, rendering one of the three current controllers redundant.
Identification of Promiscuous Epitopes from the Mycobacterial 65-Kilodalton Heat Shock Protein Recognized by Human CD4<sup>+</sup>T Cells of the<i>Mycobacterium leprae</i>Memory Repertoire (1999)

By using a synthetic peptide approach, we mapped epitopes from the mycobacterial 65-kDa heat shock protein (HSP65) recognized by human T cells belonging to the Mycobacterium leprae memory repertoire. A panel of HSP65 reactive CD4(+) T-cell lines and clones were established from healthy donors 8 years after immunization with heat-killed M. leprae and then tested for proliferative reactivity against overlapping peptides comprising both the M. leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis HSP65 sequences. The results showed that the antigen-specific T-cell lines and clones established responded to 12 mycobacterial HSP65 peptides, of which 9 peptides represented epitopes crossreactive between the M. tuberculosis and M. leprae HSP65 (amino acids [aa] 61 to 75, 141 to 155, 151 to 165, 331 to 345, 371 to 385, 411 to 425, 431 to 445, 441 to 455, and 501 to 515) and 3 peptides (aa 343 to 355, 417 to 429, and 522 to 534) represented M. leprae HSP65-specific epitopes. Major histocompatibility complex restriction analysis showed that presentation of 9 of the 12 peptides to T cells were restricted by one of the 2 HLA-DR molecules expressed from self HLA-DRB1 genes, whereas 3 peptides with sequences completely identical between the M. leprae and M. tuberculosis HSP65 were presented to T cells by multiple HLA-DR molecules: peptide (aa 61 to 75) was presented by HLA-DR1, -DR2, and -DR7, peptide (aa 141 to 155) was presented by HLA-DR2, -DR7, and -DR53, whereas both HLA-DR2 and -DR4 (Dw4 and Dw14) were able to present peptide (aa 501 to 515) to T cells. In addition, the T-cell lines responding to these peptides in proliferation assays showed cytotoxic activity against autologous monocytes/macrophages pulsed with the same HSP65 peptides. In conclusion, we demonstrated that promiscuous peptide epitopes from the mycobacterial HSP65 antigen can serve as targets for cytotoxic CD4(+) T cells which belong to the human memory T-cell repertoire against M. leprae. The results suggest that such epitopes might be used in the peptide-based design of subunit vaccines against mycobacterial diseases.
Difference in the Gut Microbiome between Ovariectomy-Induced Obesity and Diet-Induced Obesity (2017)

During menopausal transition, the imbalance of estrogen causes body weight gain. Although gut microbiome dysbiosis has been reported in postmenopausal obesity, it is not clear whether there is any difference in the microbiome profile between dietary-induced obesity and postmenopausal obesity. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed intestinal samples from ovariectomized mice and compared them with those of mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. To further evaluate the presence of menopause-specific bacteria-gene interactions, we also analyzed the liver transcriptome. Investigation of the 16S rRNA V3-V4 region amplicon sequence profile revealed that menopausal obesity and dietary obesity resulted in similar gut microbiome structures. However, <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i> was exclusively observed in the ovariectomized mice, which indicated that menopausal obesity resulted in a different intestinal microbiome than dietary obesity. Additionally, several bacterial taxa (<i>Dorea</i> species, <i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i>, and <i>Desulfovibrio</i> species) were found when the ovariectomized mice were treated with a high-fat diet. A significant correlation between the above-mentioned menopause-specific bacteria and the genes for female hormone metabolism was also observed, suggesting the possibility of bacteria-gene interactions in menopausal obesity. Our findings revealed the characteristics of the intestinal microbiome in menopausal obesity in the mouse model, which is very similar to the dietary obesity microbiome but having its own diagnostic bacteria.
Engineering antibodies for improved targeting of solid tumors (2009)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biological Engineering, February 2010.
Mucins: structure, function, and role in pulmonary diseases (1992)

Mucins, major components of the extracellular mucus blanket that protect and lubricate mammalian epithelia, are high-molecular-mass glycoconjugates (154 to > or = 7,000 kDa) with hundreds of oligosaccharide chains in O-glycosidic linkages to a protein backbone. The apparent expression of more than one type of oligosaccharide core structure in mucins isolated from pathological material may reflect either inherent limitations in analysis, disease-related alterations in parameters affecting glycosylation and post-translational modifications (e.g., nucleotide-sugar concentrations, expression of specific glycosyltransferases, rates of transport through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi) or the activation of mucin protein genes that are more highly expressed in disease states with different glycosylation patterns. Recent studies have revealed the existence of a family of at least four human mucin proteins; MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, each of which contains a variable number of tandem repeats that differ in sequence and size. Full-length sequences of cDNA clones encoding human mucin proteins are currently available only for MUC1 which, in contrast to most airway and intestinal mucins, is membrane associated and not secreted. Current information on mucin oligosaccharides and proteins is reviewed herein. More detailed knowledge of the protein and oligosaccharide structures of mucins will be important in identifying specific role(s) in health and disease, i.e., in the physiological functions of mucus.
Fifth German Workshop on Artificial Life : abstracting and synthesizing the principles of living systems, March 18-20, 2002, Lübeck, Germany (2002)

In this work, the scope of Artificial Life encompasses evolution, multi-agent systems, autonomous systems, robotocs, neuro-informatics, cognition, and philosophy and epistemology. The session on Genetics, Regulation and Morphogenesis deserves special attention as it documents the growth of interdisciplinary links between Artificial Life and the relatively young fields of bioinformatics and system biology.
Communication complexity of group key distribution (1998)

Communication complexity has al~vays been an important issue Ivhen designing group key distribution systems. This paper systematically studies \vhat can be achieved for the most common measures of protocol complexity.
Update on Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS) and New Implants (2013)

Traditional glaucoma surgery has been challenged by the advent of innovative techniques and new implants in the past few years. There is an increasing demand for safer glaucoma surgery offering patients a timely surgical solution in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) and improving their quality of life. The new procedures and devices aim to lower IOP with a higher safety profile than fistulating surgery (trabeculectomy/drainage tubes) and are collectively termed "minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS)." The main advantage of MIGS is that they are nonpenetrating and/or bleb-independent procedures, thus avoiding the major complications of fistulating surgery related to blebs and hypotony. In this review, the clinical results of the latest techniques and devices are presented by their approach, ab interno (trabeculotomy, excimer laser trabeculotomy, trabecular microbypass, suprachoroidal shunt, and intracanalicular scaffold) and ab externo (canaloplasty, Stegmann Canal Expander, suprachoroidal Gold microshunt). The drawback of MIGS is that some of these procedures produce a limited IOP reduction compared to trabeculectomy. Currently, MIGS is performed in glaucoma patients with early to moderate disease and preferably in combination with cataract surgery.
Development of Direct Reduction Process and Smelting Reduction Processes for the Steel Production (2006)

Although the blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace are going to be primary routes for steel production in future, the steelmaking industry using the electric arc furnace route will continue to grow. The importance of high-quality steel products manufactured by direct reduction of iron ore and/or by smelting reduction processes has been increasing. In the past decade the world steel production by direct reduction rose by 140 per cent, from about 20 to about 49.5 Mt/year. In this paper major industrial processes involving direct reduction and smelting reduction of iron ore are described, and their development is analysed.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract: Precursors and Problematic Variants (2002)

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract: Precursors and Problematic Variants
An inexpensive scheme for calibration of a colour monitor in terms of CIE standard coordinates (1983)

The Commission Internationale d'Eclairage system of colorimetry is a method of measuring colours that has been standardized, and is widely used by industries involved with colour. Knowing the CIE coordinates of a colour allows it to be reproduced easily and exactly in many different media. For this reason graphics installations which utilize colour extensively ought to have the capability of knowing the CIE coordinates of displayed colours, and of displaying colours of given CIE coordinates. Such a capability requires a function which transforms video monitor gun voltages (RGB colour space) into CIE coordinates (XYZ colour space), and vice versa. The function incorporates certain monitor parameters. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the form that such a function takes, and to show how the necessary monitor parameters can be measured using little more than a simple light meter. Because space is limited, and because each user is likely to implement the calibration differently, few technical details are given, but principles and methods are discussed in sufficient depth to allow the full use of the system. In addition, several visual checks which can be used for quick verification of the integrity of the calibration are described.The paper begins with an overview of the CIE system of colorimetry. It continues with a general discussion of transformations from RGB colour space to XYZ colour space, after which a detailed step-by-step procedure for monitor calibration is presented.
Reliability of two new test kits for rapid diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection (1991)

Two new rapid enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for detecting respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Directigen (Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems) and TestPack (Abbott Diagnostics) were compared with virus isolation and direct immunofluorescence by using fresh specimens. The sensitivities of both EIAs were low (72 to 73%), but when initial specimens were used, TestPack had a high sensitivity (92%) in contrast to that of Directigen (76%). Because of its high sensitivity and specificity, TestPack can be used for diagnosis of RSV in acute disease.
Design and implementation of Internet-TV (1997)

Internet-TV was designed and implemented for home users to access the Internet easily using a remote control unit. An original browser suitable for remote control and a lower-resolution TV screen than PCs (personal computers) was developed. In cooperation with a specific Internet provider, a simplified on-line sign-up was implemented to start accessing the Internet immediately.
Confinement Sensing and Signal Optimization via Piezo1/PKA and Myosin II Pathways (2016)

Cells adopt distinct signaling pathways to optimize cell locomotion in different physical microenvironments. However, the underlying mechanism that enables cells to sense and respond to physical confinement is unknown. Using microfabricated devices and substrate-printing methods along with FRET-based biosensors, we report that, as cells transition from unconfined to confined spaces, intracellular Ca(2+) level is increased, leading to phosphodiesterase 1 (PDE1)-dependent suppression of PKA activity. This Ca(2+) elevation requires Piezo1, a stretch-activated cation channel. Moreover, differential regulation of PKA and cell stiffness in unconfined versus confined cells is abrogated by dual, but not individual, inhibition of Piezo1 and myosin II, indicating that these proteins can independently mediate confinement sensing. Signals activated by Piezo1 and myosin II in response to confinement both feed into a signaling circuit that optimizes cell motility. This study provides a mechanism by which confinement-induced signaling enables cells to sense and adapt to different physical microenvironments.
Improved estimation of supervision in unsupervised speaker adaptation (2002)

Unsupervised speaker adaptation plays an important role in "batch dictation", the aim of which is to automatically transcribe large amounts of recorded dictation using speech recognition. In the case of unsupervised speaker adaptation which uses recognition results of target speech as the means of supervision, erroneous recognition results degrade the quality of the adapted acoustic models. This paper presents a new supervision selection method. By using this method, correction of the first candidate is judged based on the likelihood ratio of the first and the second candidates. This method eliminates erroneous recognition results and corresponding speech data from the adaptive training data. We implemented this method in the iterative unsupervised speaker adaptation procedure. It is shown that the recognition errors are drastically reduced by 50% in a practical application of batch-style speech-to-text conversion of recorded dictation of Japanese medical diagnoses compared with speaker-independent recognition.
Note on the construction of models to illustrate theories of crystal structure (1911)

There are probably few subjects for the study of which models are more indispensable than the theories of crystal structure ; but the provision of any considerable series of such models is costly, and they require, moreover, a large amount of space for storage. Some interchangeable models, which the author has lately had constructed to illustrate the space-lattices and the regular point-systems of Sohncke, and which may be fitted up and taken to pieces as required, have been found so convenient, both for lectures and for private study, that a short description of them may be found useful, although they differ only in details of construction from those suggested by Sohncke.