gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Activation of pancreatic-duct-derived progenitor cells during pancreas regeneration in adult rats (2010)

The adult pancreas has considerable capacity to regenerate in response to injury. We hypothesized that after partial pancreatectomy (Px) in adult rats, pancreatic-duct cells serve as a source of regeneration by undergoing a reproducible dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. We support this hypothesis by the detection of an early loss of the ductal differentiation marker Hnf6 in the mature ducts, followed by the transient appearance of areas composed of proliferating ductules, called foci of regeneration, which subsequently form new pancreatic lobes. In young foci, ductules express markers of the embryonic pancreatic epithelium - Pdx1, Tcf2 and Sox9 - suggesting that these cells act as progenitors of the regenerating pancreas. The endocrine-lineage-specific transcription factor Neurogenin3, which is found in the developing embryonic pancreas, was transiently detected in the foci. Islets in foci initially resemble embryonic islets in their lack of MafA expression and lower percentage of beta-cells, but with increasing maturation have increasing numbers of MafA(+) insulin(+) cells. Taken together, we provide a mechanism by which adult pancreatic duct cells recapitulate aspects of embryonic pancreas differentiation in response to injury, and contribute to regeneration of the pancreas. This mechanism of regeneration relies mainly on the plasticity of the differentiated cells within the pancreas.
PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN TITANIUM AND ITS ALLOYS (1963)

Interest in titanium-base alloys as structural materials has inspired many studies of their phase relationships. These have provided the background essential to the development of commercial alloys, but have also revealed some unexpected, and still to some extent unexplained, aspects that are of considerable scientific interest. The purpose of the present review is to indicate the present state of knowledge, and to point out some of the more interesting implications of the observations made.
Lessons from animal experiments in myocarditis. (1992)

We have developed murine models of viral myocarditis induced by encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus in which severe myocarditis, congestive heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy occur in high incidence. From these models, we have learned the natural history and pathogenesis and assessed new diagnostic methods and therapeutic and preventive interventions. Mural thrombi in the atria and ventricles, ventricular aneurysms, conduction disturbance and various arrhythmias were seen in these models. Anti-heart antibody were found in sera of mice and myosin isoenzyme were changed during the course of EMC virus myocarditis. Atrial natriuretic polypeptide was markedly increased in the ventricles in these mice. Successive infection with coxsackievirus and EMC virus developed lesions similar to chronic myocarditis. The myocardial uptake of antimyosin antibody was proved to be a useful method of diagnosis of myocarditis. Treatment with the nucleoside analogue, ribavirin and recombinant alpha interferon effectively inhibited myocardial virus replication and reduced myocardial damage. Passive immunization and virus-specific vaccine prevented development of myocarditis. The use of immunosuppressive therapy was associated with greater mortality when administered early in illness and beneficial effects were not seen by later administration. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor improved myocardial injury and congestive heart failure. A nonselective beta-adrenergic blocker with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, carteolol, prevented the development of myocardial lesions similar to those in dilated cardiomyopathy after myocarditis in the chronic stage.
Treatment of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (2011)

A 20-year-old otherwise healthy male, with a known family history of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) presents with acute visual loss in one eye. He is accompanied at his appointment by his elder brother who lost vision in both eyes 3 years earlier and by his sister who is asymptomatic. They all ask you what can possibly be done.

The past two decades have witnessed remarkable advances in our understanding of the clinical presentation, genetics and even the pathophysiology of LHON, a maternally inherited cause of usually blinding bilateral visual loss caused by point mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (Newman, 2005; Yu-Wai-Man et al ., 2009, 2011; Fraser et al ., 2010). However, investigations into potential therapies for LHON and other mitochondrial disorders are still in their nascency. In this issue of Brain , Klopstock et al. (2011) report on the first randomized placebo-controlled treatment trial of any agent in patients with LHON. This trial also represents one of the first adequately powered randomized controlled treatment trials for any mitochondrial DNA disease.

In most patients with LHON, visual loss is devastating and permanent, with acuities typically worse than 20/200 in both eyes (Newman, 2005; Yu-Wai-Man et al ., 2009, 2011; Fraser et al ., 2010). Approximately 50% of patients with visual loss from LHON will experience sequential eye symptoms, with intervals between affected eyes ranging from days to months, but typically at an interval of 2–4 months (Newman et al ., 1991; Riordan-Eva et al ., 1995). At least 97% of patients with visual loss in one eye will have the second eye involved within 1 year (Newman et al. , 2005). In some patients, visual recovery may occur after acute visual loss, sometimes manifested as a ‘fenestration’ within a visual field defect …
Global water footprint of industrial hemp textile (2015)

Since time immemorial there is no product group that is closer to our skin than clothes. Nowadays 36% of the worldwide clothes are produced from cotton lint. The disadvantage to the use of cotton for the production of textile is cotton’s adverse on natural water flows and water quality on water basins.
Using other natural crops for the production of textiles may decrease the impact on the environment given the lower water requirements of many other fibre crops. One of these is hemp, which was already used in the distant past. The water footprint (WF) of industrial hemp, based on earlier studies, is less than one third of the WF of cotton (10,000 l/kg vs. 2,719 l/kg).
For a more detailed understanding of the WF of industrial hemp a deeper investigation was needed. Therefore the goal of this study is to determine the global average WF of industrial hemp textiles. The global average WF is divided in the green, blue and grey WF. Based on the top-ten industrial hemp producing countries in the world the global average WF is calculated.
 The global average green WF refers to the consumption of rainwater. For this study this is determined by implementing industrial hemp in AquaCrop. This model is able to simulate the yield and evapotranspiration of crops under various conditions. The global average green WF of industrial hemp in the growing stage is calculated at 1,922.1 m3/ton.
 The global average blue WF depends on the amount of irrigation. Industrial hemp, however, is generally not irrigated, so the global average blue WF in the growing stage is zero.
 The global average grey WF depends on the use of fertilizers. With an application rate of 150 kg/ha of N, nitrogen is generally the dominant fertilizer component. This results in a global average grey WF of industrial hemp of 644.6 m3/ton.
 The total global average WF of industrial hemp in the growing stage is the sum of the green, blue and grey WF’s; the global average WF is 2,566.7 m3/ton.
The WF of industrial hemp based products depends on product and value fractions and the required processing steps from crop to product of the industrial hemp. The textile from industrial hemp comes from the bast fibre of the stalk of the crop. With the equation to calculate the WF of industrial hemp based products the WF of industrial hemp textile are determined; WF of industrial hemp textiles is 2,819.9 m3/ton.
It can be concluded that earlier studies on the WF of industrial hemp textile had already drawn the right conclusion. The WF of cotton textile is more than three times larger than the WF of industrial hemp textile. Besides, the production areas of cotton are often in water scarce regions in the world. Industrial hemp is mainly grown in parts of the world where a little or no water scarcity is, so production of industrial hemp is less impactful on water resources.
Synergistic Effect of Bacillus Calmette Guerin and a Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine in Cationic Liposomes: Increased Immunogenicity and Protection (2007)

In the present work, we evaluated a new TB vaccine approach based on a combination of the Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine and a subunit vaccine consisting of the proteins Ag85B and ESAT-6. We demonstrate that in addition to its vaccine efficacy BCG is an immune modulator that can potentiate a Th1 immune response better than the well-known adjuvant mono phosphoryl lipid A, leading to enhanced recognition of the subunit vaccine Ag85B-ESAT-6. Importantly, adding a vehicle to the vaccine, such as the cationic liposome dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA), significantly increased the potentiating effect of BCG. This synergistic effect between BCG and Ag85B-ESAT-6/liposome required drainage to the same lymph node of all vaccine components but did not require direct mixing of the components and was therefore also observed when BCG and Ag85B-ESAT-6/liposome were given as separate injections at sites draining to the same lymph node. The resulting optimized vaccine protocol consisting of BCG and subunit in liposomes (injected side by side) followed by boosting with the subunit in conventional adjuvant resulted in an impressive increase in the protective efficacy of up to 7-fold compared with BCG alone and 3-fold compared with unaugmented BCG boosted by the subunit vaccine. Thus, these studies suggest an immunization strategy where a novel TB subunit vaccine is administered as part of the child vaccination program together with BCG in neonates and followed by subunit boosting.
Competition in Australian Defence Procurement (2006)

For more than 30 years, successive Australian governments have grappled with defence industry policy. In more or less chronological order, they've used mandatory offsets, corporatisation, privatisation, subsidisation, premiums for local content and a straight-out preference to have work done onshore. The result has been impressive; a ponderously inefficient publicly owned defence industry has been transformed into a diverse local industry, which today employs around 19,000 people and has an annual turnover in excess of $4.7 billion. Throughout this transition the underlying trend has been towards greater competition, both within Australia and from foreign suppliers. Yet, in recent years the effectiveness of open competition for defence contracts has been called into question, and the government has been actively experimenting with alternative approaches. This chapter explores the role of competition in Australian defence procurement, past and future. It concludes that, with few exceptions, open competition represents the best option for equipping the Australian Defence Force (ADF) at minimum pain to the taxpayer.
Long-Term Results of the Viable Cryopreserved Allograft Aortic Valve: Continuing Evidence for Superior Valve Durability (1988)

From December 1969 to May 1975, 124 patients underwent aortic valve replacement with an allograft aortic valve sterilized by incubation in a low dose antibiotic solution and stored by refrigeration at 4 degrees C (4 degrees C stored valve group). From June 1975 to December 1987, 231 patients received an allograft aortic valve, sterilized by the same low dose antibiotic solution, but stored by cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen at -196 degrees C (cryopreserved valve group). The 4 degrees C stored valves were essentially nonviable, whereas the cryopreserved valves were viable at implantation. Of the 355 aortic valve replacements, associated procedures were performed in 127 patients. The 30-day mortality was 8.9% (confidence limits [C.L.] 6.2% ... 12.3%) (4 degrees C stored) and 4.8% (C.L. 3.3% ... 6.7%) (cryopreserved). Actuarial survival was similar in both groups, being 71% and 67% at 10 years in the 4 degrees C stored and cryopreserved valve groups, respectively (P = .18). The probability of a thromboembolic event was low, but appeared higher in the 4 degrees C stored valve group (actuarial freedom at 10 years, 90%) than the cryopreserved valve group (actuarial freedom at 10 years, 98%) (P = .01) probably related to associated mitral valve surgery. The actuarial freedom from allograft valve endocarditis at 10 years was 94% and 95% for the 4 degrees C stored and cryopreserved valve groups, respectively (P = .23). Reoperation was undertaken in 34 patients in the 4 degrees C stored group and 12 patients in the cryopreserved valve group for leaflet degeneration, endocarditis, or technical reasons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Selection of Yeast Starter Culture Strains for the Production of Marula Fruit Wines and Distillates (2002)

Juice of the Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra (marula) fruit was fermented by indigenous microflora and different commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains at different temperatures, namely, 15 and 30 degrees C. Volatile acids, esters, and higher alcohols were quantified in the wine and distillates, and the results were interpreted using a multivariate analysis of variance and an average linkage cluster analysis. Significant differences between 15 and 30 degrees C and also among yeasts with respect to volatile compounds were observed. Yeast strains VIN7 and FC consistently produced wines and final distillates significantly different from the other strains. A panel of tasters and marula and brandy producers was asked to select wines and distillates that had an acceptable and typical marula "nose". They were also asked to detect the differences among wines and distillates fermented with the same yeast strain at different temperatures.
Multilayer high density flex technology (2003)

The industrial trend of shrinking microelectronic devices while increasing the density of interconnections places great demands on the substrates upon which these devices are packaged. Multilayer flex circuits will provide the interconnection densities needed to meet these demands in a wide range of packaging and interconnection technologies. This paper discusses the development of ultra-high density flexible circuits. Processes and materials to fabricate fine line pitches from 12.5 /spl mu/m to 40 /spl mu/m are examined. Various microvia structures, through hole and blind via, are demonstrated. A test vehicle was designed and built for BGA packages to illustrate the density capability. A four-layer structure is demonstrated by using Z-connection to connect two layer pairs. Electrical, mechanical, and reliability test results are presented to show the selection of flex substrate material, Z-connection methodology and fabrication processes. A cost comparison of high-density flex to alternative substrates is discussed to identify potential.
Unblocking the brain (2019)

Neuroscience
Although cerebral blood flow reductions have been observed in Alzheimer's disease and linked to impaired cognition, the precise mechanism is unclear. We know that circulating cells, such as neutrophils, can block brain capillaries and reduce blood flow in the cortex. Cruz Hernandez et al. used in vivo microscopy in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model to investigate this phenomenon. They injected mice with a neutrophil-specific antibody and observed a direct reduction in the amount of neutrophils that stuck to and blocked the capillaries in the brain. This, in turn, increased cerebral blood flow and enhanced memory performance in these mice.

Nat. Neurosci. 10.1038/s41593-018-0329-4 (2019).
Purification and Characterisation of Different Active Forms of Pork Trypsin (1973)

1 Pork trypsin has been separated into several active forms by chromatography on sulphoethyl-Sephadex. 2 Two of these forms have been characterised by end-group determinations as a single chain form (the β-form) and a form (the α-form) with a single internal split in its peptide chain between a lysine and a serine residue. 3 The two peptide chains of the α-form have been separated by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate under reducing conditions and their molecular weights appear to be approximately 11000 and 13000. 4 At a substrate concentration of 0.56 mM the β-form is 25% more active than the α-form against α-N-benzoyl-dl-arginine-p-nitroanilide.
The CPMG Pulse Sequence in Strong Magnetic Field Gradients with Applications to Oil-Well Logging (1995)

It is shown that transverse relaxation measurements obtained from CPMG echo trains are valid even in the presence of strong, static magnetic field gradients. In the context of in situ measurements for water or oil exploration, low magnetic fields and short echo spacings are utilized to minimize diffusional effects. Under these conditions, it is shown that, for T1 = T2, the inverse Laplace transformation of the echo train is essentially independent of field homogeneity. For T1 ≠ T2, the error in determining T2 does not exceed ∼12%, even for high T1/T2 ratios. In most porous media, T1/T2 is less than 3, in which case the error is below 8%. Analytical expressions for the echo amplitudes including relaxation are derived based on the density-matrix formalism. We define recursion relations that give the density matrix at echo i by a simple multiplication of the density matrix at echo i − 1 with a set of operators describing the evolution between consecutive echoes. The echo intensity is shown to be a function of the ratio between the radiofrequency strength and the receiver bandwidth. The optimal signal-to-noise ratio is obtained when this ratio is unity. The paper provides the theoretical framework for interpreting data obtained in situ by a modern NMR logging instrument. Furthermore, the results are directly applicable to magnetic resonance imaging.
Application of electric cell-substrate impedance sensing toward personalized anti-cancer therapeutic selection (2018)

Cell-based analysis may have the potential for using patient-derived tissues/cells as a basis for a more direct prediction of therapeutic outcomes. This study focused on the application of the Real Time Cell Electronic Sensing (RT-CES) system for screening effective anticancer drugs to different types of prostate cancers. The goal was to demonstrate the potential application of such technology toward the suitability in selection of personalized medicine. Three prostate cancer cell lines, DU145, LNCaP, and PC-3, and a normal prostate cell line were used. Docetaxel, Carboplatin, Abiraterone Acetate, Mitoxantrone, Sunitinib Malate were used as testing drugs. Cellular adhesion, proliferation and drug induced cellular responses were monitored by the RTCES system, and the results were correlated to the well-established cell viability tests. Identification of an effective drug from a panel of available anticancer drugs to a specific cancer cell line, or testing the effectiveness of a certain drug to a panel of prostate cancer cell lines was demonstrated. Cellular resistance to a drug at single dose and multiple dose challenges was monitored by RT-CES measurement, while such resistance was not detectable by endpoint cell viability assays. The results of this study highlighted the advantages of such real-time impedance-based sensing system for applications in chemotherapy reagent selection.
Electrical properties of spin coated PMMA for OFETs applications (2011)

Poly (methy-methacrylate) (PMMA) thin films were deposited by sol-gel spin coating method on glass substrates. PMMA powder was dissolved in 60ml Toluene with the concentration of the PMMA in the solution was varied from 30 ∼ 120 mg. Besides the PMMA concentration, we also studied the effect of the thin films thickness on the electrical properties. The results for electrical properties showed that there is a difference of the I–V, resistivity, conductivity and the dielectric constant with different thickness. Conductivity of the PMMA thin film was found to ∼ 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−6</sup> Ωcm and continue to decrease as the PMMA concentration increased. Pinholes were identified to be formed on the films with the higher density due to the increasing PMMA concentration.
Immunohistochemical Identification of Factor VIII-Related Antigen in Endothelial Cells of Cutaneous Lesions of Alleged Vascular Nature (1981)

Immunohistochemical staining for factor VIII-related antigen (FVIIIRAG) with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technic was used as a marker for endothelial cells in a variety of nevoid, reactive, and malignant vascular cutaneous proliferations. The endothelial cells of small normal cutaneous vessels gave the strongest reaction. The cells of hemangioma and angiokeratoma generally were stained, but with less consistency. In lymphangioma, pyogenic granuloma, and pigmented purpuric dermatosis, positivity was either patchy or of lesser intensity. Numerous strongly positive endothelial cells lining well-formed blood vessels were present in lesions of Kaposi’s sarcoma, but the proliferating spindle cells forming “vascular slits” were uniformly negative. The cells of angiosarcoma were essentially negative, except for isolated elements in the better-differentiated areas. Plasma was also strongly positive; this may aid in distinguishing vascular from lymphatic channels. Anti-FVIIIRAG immunoperoxidase staining is a helpful aid in evaluating cutaneous vascular proliferations.
Transchlorination of <i>o</i>-Dichlorobenzene and Benzene into Chlorobenzene (1987)

Abstract The transchlorination of o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) and benzene into chlorobenzene (CB) was carried out in the presence of catalyst at 400 °C. o-C6H4Cl2 + C6H6 = 2 C6H5Cl Noble metal chloride supported on activated charcoal promoted remarkably the transchlorination.
ANTIGOITROGENIC AND CALORIGENIC ACTIVITIES OF THYROXINE ANALOGUES IN RATS<sup>1</sup> (1959)

The relative potencies of more than forty thyroxinc analogues and a soluble hog thyroglobulin extract were established in parallel goiter-prevention and calorigenic assays against the same thyroxine standard. By both methods of assay twelve of the preparations had activities ranging from 5% to 800% of that of thyroxine. The activities, if any, of the remaining analogues were less than 3% of that of the standard. Analysis of area-under-curve and speed of response in calorigenic assays indicated that all the active analogues and soluble thyroglobulin were qualitatively similar with respect to this parameter of thyromimetic function in normal adult male rats. Thyroglobulin was characteristically more active than expected when its potency, relative to thyroxine, was calculated on the assumption that its thyronine-bound iodine, as determined by the Blau, 1935, procedure, was in the form of thyroxine.
High speed wide bandwidth optical encryption and decryption system using spatial codes (2002)

For security systems that use optical technology, users are issued 2-D spatially coded ID cards. This paper introduces optical encryption and decryption systems that use several features of optical technology to provide highly secure ID verification. In particular, these systems use high speed electronically controlled optical scanning of ID cards. The optical transmitter is a coherent interferometric system that includes the scanning system and the transmit/receive fiber-optics with only one fiber input/output port. In short, these systems are very sensitive to unwanted external tampering.