gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Retrieval of forest spatial pattern from SAR images (2002)

The spatial structure presented by forest stands and openings is of interest to scientists studying forest ecosystem dynamics. The ability to characterize forest spatial properties in terms of patch size and surface type is useful for initializing ecosystem models as well as, understanding the processes contributing to forest development. In this study, forest units with low biomass were classified from synthetic aperture radar images into several categories based on their spatial structure and different scattering mechanisms. In addition to non-forest classes several classes were identified with varying tree heights and/or tree densities that reflect natural and anthropogenic induced conditions. Optimal variables derived from Stokes matrices of P, L and C-band AIRSAR images were selected based on the separabilities between designated classes. After image classification, the number, area, and perimeter of each patch for these categories were calculated. The spatial patterns were also categorized in terms of simple spatial statistics including fractal dimensions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effect of medicinal herbs on primary dysmenorrhoea- a systematic review. (2014)

Conventional treatment for primary dysmenorrhoea has a failure rate of 20% to 25% and may be contraindicated or not tolerated by some women. Herbal medicine may be a suitable alternative. To determine the efficacy and safety of Iranian herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhea when compared with placebo, no treatment, and other treatment. Electronic searches of the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Dysmenorrhoea Group Register of controlled trials, Scopus, Google Scholar, Medline, Pubmed were performed to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The study abstraction and quality assessment of all studies were undertaken following the detailed descriptions of these categories as described in the JADAD Criteria for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 25 RCTs involving a total of women were included in the review. The review found promising evidence in the form of RCTs for the use of herbal medicine in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea compared with pharmacological treatment. However, the results were limited by methodological flaws. Further rigorous no penetrating placebo-controlled RCTs are warranted. The review found promising evidence supporting the use of herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhoea; however, results are limited by the poor methodological quality of the included trials.
Synthesis, characterization and properties of novel highly oxygen permeable amphiphilic membranes (2006)

Abstract The objective of this research was to develop new strategies for the synthesis of novel optically clear highly oxygen permeable membranes exhibiting appropriate water uptake and mechanical properties for possible ophthalmic applications. Thus a series of bicontinuous amphiphilic conetworks containing well‐defined poly‐ (ethylene glycol) and polydimethylsiloxane segments crosslinked by three novel crosslinking/modifying agents were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated. This paper concerns the design and synthesis of the crosslinking/modifying agents (see Fig. 2 ), and their use for the synthesis of clear, highly oxygen permeable amphiphilic membranes. Select membranes exhibit outstanding oxygen permeabilities (>200 barrers) far superior to contemporary commercial soft contact lenses, together with mechanical properties and water uptake appropriate for extended wear soft contact lens application. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 308–316, 2007
Expression of the Cyclin-dependent Kinase cdk4 in Perinatal and Adult Rat Lung (1993)

The identification of numerous cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk) and G1 cyclins suggests that cell cycle progression through G1/S may be controlled in a tissue-specific manner by various cdk/cyclin complexes. In situ hybridization was used to characterize expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase cdk4 in prenatal and postnatal rat lung and other tissues and to determine whether cdk4 expression is limited to proliferating cells, identified by BrdU incorporation and cdk1 mRNA expression. cdk4 co-localized with cdk1 in proliferating cells of both prenatal and postnatal lung and other tissues, consistent with an SPF function that is not tissue-specific. The distribution of cdk1 and cdk4 expression was identical in fetal rat tissues and was detected in lung parenchyma and throughout the airway. Pulmonary cell proliferation declined with increasing postnatal age and could be found only in focal areas of day 21 terminal and respiratory bronchiolar epithelium. Proliferation was undetectable in adult lung. Postnatal cdk4 expression was not restricted to cells expressing cdk1: cdk4 was evenly distributed in bronchiolar epithelium and was present throughout the airway and alveolar septae of day 21 lung. Expression of cdk4 was also maintained in adult bronchiolar epithelium. These studies demonstrate that although the expression of cdk1 is tightly correlated with proliferative capacity, the expression of cdk4 is not limited to proliferating cells, suggesting that cdk4 may have additional cell-specific functions unrelated to cell cycle progression.
Coherent laser radar in Europe (1996)

European work in coherent laser radar with 10 /spl mu/m and shorter wavelength lasers is reviewed. Fundamental aspects include heterodyne studies of signal statistics and fluctuations, and detailed experimental and theoretical work on signal amplification and autodyne arrangements with light reinjected into the laser cavity. Progress with lasers, detectors, and modulators has led to the development of several compact robust field systems both continuous-wave and pulsed. Various ground-based programs are described including local wind field measurement and wake vortex investigation at airfields, and study of range, image, and Doppler shift of hard targets. Airborne systems have investigated avionics problems of true airspeed, pressure error, and wind shear warning. Other airborne studies include ground imaging, obstacle warning, terrain following, and a compendium of atmospheric backscattering over the North and South Atlantic. In recent years, the European Space Energy has supported studies and technology development for a space-borne wind lidar in the Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument (ALADIN) program.
Expression of c-fos and AP-1 activity in senescent human fibroblasts is not sufficient for DNA synthesis. (1992)

Human fibroblasts have a limited replicative life span when maintained in culture after which they become unresponsive to treatment with mitogens, a phenomenon most commonly called senescence. Experiments indicating that serum does not induce expression of the c-fos proto-oncogene in senescent fibroblasts raised the issue of a potential central role for c-fos in the phenotype of sustained growth arrest. This was directly tested by microinjection of oncogenic c-Ha-ras protein into senescent fibroblasts. While ras injection was found to induce marked nuclear c-fos expression and functional AP-1 transcription activity, this did not lead to DNA synthesis. These results suggest that the senescence phenotype cannot be solely attributed to the absence of c-fos expression and that the proliferative block in these cells is either independent of AP-1 transcriptional activity, downstream of it, or involves multiple molecular mechanisms.
A rapid HPLC method for the measurement of ultra-low plasma methionine concentrations applicable to methionine depletion therapy. (2005)

A rapid, sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the separation and quantification of L-methionine in plasma has been developed. After derivatization of plasma amino acids with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA), a 50 microl sample was loaded on a reversed-phase Supelcosil LC-18-DB column (particle size 5 microm, 25 cm x 4.6 mm, 120A pores). A customized gradient program using tetrahydrofuran/methanol/0.1 M sodium acetate, pH 7.0, v/v/v=5/95/900 and methanol was used with detection by fluorescence. The elution time was 15 minutes, a 3-fold improvement over existing methods. The linearity was 1-100 microM. The limit of detection was 0.5 micromol/L, a 10-fold improvement over existing methods. The inter-assay CVs were 2-5%, and the intra-assays CVs were 4-8%. The sensitivity and rapidity of this HPLC method is particularly applicable to determine the efficacy of methionine depletion therapy of cancer.
Synthetic Biology: Engineering Biological Systems (2009)

Recent advancements in molecular biology and biochemistry allow for a new field of bioengineering known as synthetic biology. Using biological parts discovered in the last thirty years and mathematical models grounded in physical principles, synthetic biology seeks to create biological systems with user-defined be haviors. The major focus of research in this emerging field is the characterization of genetic regulation and the abstraction of biological systems to clearly defined logic circuits. With the abstraction of individual DNA sequences to known biological functions, synthetic biologists seek to create a standard list of interchange able biological parts as the foundation of this emerging field. Through genetic manipulation, these parts are expected to be useful for programming biological machines that process information, synthesize chemicals, and fabricate complex biomaterials that improve our quality of life.
Efficiently Determine the Starting Sample Size for Progressive Sampling. (2001)

Given a large data set and a classification learning algorithm, Progressive Sampling (PS) uses increasingly larger random samples to learn until model accuracy no longer improves. It is shown that the technique is remarkably efficient compared to using the entire data. However, how to set the starting sample size for PS is still an open problem. We show that an improper starting sample size can still make PS expensive in computation due to running the learning algorithm on a large number of instances (of a sequence of random samples before achieving convergence) and excessive database scans to fetch the sample data. Using a suitable starting sample size can further improve the efficiency of PS. In this paper, we present a statistical approach which is able to efficiently find such a size. We call it the Statistical Optimal Sample Size (SOSS), in the sense that a sample of this size sufficiently resembles the entire data. We introduce an information-based measure of this resemblance (Sample Quality) to define the SOSS and show that it can be efficiently obtained in one scan of the data. We prove that learning on a sample of SOSS will produce model accuracy that asymptotically approaches the highest achievable accuracy on the entire data. Empirical results on a number of large data sets from the UCIKDD repository show that SOSS is a suitable starting size for Progressive Sampling.
The Kronig-Penney Model: A Single Lecture Illustrating the Band Structure of Solids (1996)

A simple model of a crystalline solid that leads to an electronic band structure is presented. The development requires no quantum mechanics beyond that taught in most physical chemistry courses and can be taught in a single one-hour lecture.
A Facile, Water-Based Synthesis of Highly Branched Nanostructures of Silver (2008)

We report a facile and environmentally friendly method of preparing highly branched silver nanostructures. By reducing AgNO 3 with l-ascorbic acid in an aqueous solution, silver particles having a coral-like morphology were formed in a few minutes. A mechanistic study of the growth process revealed that the silver branches grew from a bulbous seed formed through aggregation, and that by changing the concentrations of the reagents, the degree of particle branching could be altered. With their potentially high surface areas, these branched structures could find use as catalysts or as substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering applications.
Taking liberties: four decades in the struggle for rights (2003)

A penetrating memoir on forty years of fighting for civil liberties, human rights, and justice by the former executive director of the ACLU and Human Rights Watch and the current President of the Open Society Institute. . Since joining the staff of the American Civil Liberties Union in 1963 and becoming its youngest executive director, Aryeh Neier has been at the forefront of efforts to fight for civil liberties, human rights, and social justice. Whether he was confronting police abuse, defending draft opponents or defending free speech, as he did at the ACLU; out-maneuvering the Reagan administration over military abuses in El Salvador, promoting accountability for political crimes in Argentina and Chile or supporting dissidents in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, as he did at Human Rights Watch; or trying to eradicate landmines, promote stability in the Balkans or establish an International Criminal Court, as he has at the Open Society Institute; Aryeh Neier has been methodical, relentless, and unusually successful. In this look back at an amazing career, Neier both reflects on the unintended consequences of some of his victories and why, if he had anticipated them, he might have done things differently; and reveals that some of the various movements of which he was a part had their greatest triumphs under the most adverse circumstances.
Feature based visualization of geophysical data (2002)

Our goal is to develop a feature based framework for data mining and forecasting from geophysical data fields. These data may be generated from either numerical simulation models or space based platforms. This paper focuses on pertinent features from sea surface temperature (SST) fields that are observed with the AVHRR satellite. Our contribution consist of three components: (1) A method for tracking feature velocities from from fluid motion with incompressibility constraint, (2) a method for localizing singular events such as vortices and saddle points from underlying feature velocities, and (3) application of our protocol to 12 years of high resolution real data to reveal novel seasonal and inter-annual trends based on computed events.
Endpoint prediction for polysilicon plasma etch via optical emission interferometry (1997)

In semiconductor manufacturing, the completion or “endpoint” of a plasma etch is typically controlled as a timed process, or monitored by use of optical emission spectroscopy. As etch process requirements and complexity increase (sequences of discrete recipe changes during the etch), consistency in timing changes is becoming an important issue. Newly developed full wafer interferometry sensors enable real-time monitoring of the entire wafer surface during an etch. In this article, endpoint prediction (or film thickness estimation) for etching polysilicon is considered. For the etch of a specific film structure, the interferometric signal is cyclical with a known number of cycles. Similar to the phase angle of a cosine function, data points of an interferometric curve can be associated with a linear phase function. If the phase at endpoint is known, in situ film thickness can be obtained by determining the phase of the incoming signal in real-time. Simulations show that the proposed film thickness estimation algorithm has good accuracy in the face of etch rate drift and variation in film structure. We also find that estimation is more robust if shorter wavelength signals are used. Finally, experimental data verifies that remaining film thickness can be estimated within reasonable accuracy, and endpoint effectively predicted for blanket and patterned films. These methods provide the critical information needed to make control decisions (e.g., when to switch to a more selective chemistry) based on reaching a desired known film thickness.
<title>High-aperture zoom optics employing diffractive surfaces in the 3-to-5-um infrared waveband</title> (1997)

The continued development of focal plane arrays of increasing size provides new challenges in the design of the associated imaging optics. The main aim must be to achieve an acceptable balance amongst a range of conflicting requirements, principally, optical performance, mass, space envelope and low cost. In this case the development of a high relative aperture zoom optic, operating in the 3 to 5 µm waveband, is described. The basic configuration is that of a mechanically compensated zoom objective with additional pupil relay optics. The relatively long focal length and high aperture of the optical system combined with the need for compactness presents particular problems regarding chromatic correction over this waveband. Whilst the conventional silicon/germanium combination is employed, this alone proved to be inadequate, hence the inclusion of diffractive surfaces, also the use of an additional high dispersion material. In order to maintain useful optical performance over the temperature range, a multi-sensor athermalization algorithm is derived to re-position the moving zoom groups. The design process is described, through to component testing.
Neural Codes for Image Retrieval (2014)

It has been shown that the activations invoked by an image within the top layers of a large convolutional neural network provide a high-level descriptor of the visual content of the image. In this paper, we investigate the use of such descriptors (neural codes) within the image retrieval application. In the experiments with several standard retrieval benchmarks, we establish that neural codes perform competitively even when the convolutional neural network has been trained for an unrelated classification task (e.g.\ Image-Net). We also evaluate the improvement in the retrieval performance of neural codes, when the network is retrained on a dataset of images that are similar to images encountered at test time. We further evaluate the performance of the compressed neural codes and show that a simple PCA compression provides very good short codes that give state-of-the-art accuracy on a number of datasets. In general, neural codes turn out to be much more resilient to such compression in comparison other state-of-the-art descriptors. Finally, we show that discriminative dimensionality reduction trained on a dataset of pairs of matched photographs improves the performance of PCA-compressed neural codes even further. Overall, our quantitative experiments demonstrate the promise of neural codes as visual descriptors for image retrieval.
Effect of the Diode Laser on Bacteremia Associated with Dental Ultrasonic Scaling: A Clinical and Microbiological Study (2007)

Application of DL energy can reduce bacteria in gingival crevices which may reduce bacteremia following US. The use of DL did not show additional clinical influence on gingival healing after treatment of gingivitis with US.
<title>Individual 3D region-of-interest atlas of the human brain: neural-network-based tissue classification with automatic training point extraction</title> (2000)

The purpose of individual 3D region-of-interest atlas extraction is to automatically define anatomically meaningful regions in 3D MRI images for quantification of functional parameters (PET, SPECT: rMRGlu, rCBF). The first step of atlas extraction is to automatically classify brain tissue types into gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), scalp/bone (SB) and background (BG). A feed-forward neural network with back-propagation training algorithm is used and compared to other numerical classifiers. It can be trained by a sample from the individual patient data set in question. Classification is done by a 'winner takes all' decision. Automatic extraction of a user-specified number of training points is done in a cross-sectional slice. Background separation is done by simple region growing. The most homogeneous voxels define the region for WM training point extraction (TPE). Non-white-matter and nonbackground regions are analyzed for GM and CSF training points. For SB TPE, the distance from the BG region is one feature. For each class, spatially uniformly distributed training points are extracted by a random generator from these regions. Simulated and real 3D MRI images are analyzed and error rates for TPE and classification calculated. The resulting class images can be analyzed for extraction of anatomical ROIs.
Molecular paleontology: a biochemical model of the ancestral ribosome (2013)

Ancient components of the ribosome, inferred from a consensus of previous work, were constructed in silico, in vitro and in vivo. The resulting model of the ancestral ribosome presented here incorporates ∼20% of the extant 23S rRNA and fragments of five ribosomal proteins. We test hypotheses that ancestral rRNA can: (i) assume canonical 23S rRNA-like secondary structure, (ii) assume canonical tertiary structure and (iii) form native complexes with ribosomal protein fragments. Footprinting experiments support formation of predicted secondary and tertiary structure. Gel shift, spectroscopic and yeast three-hybrid assays show specific interactions between ancestral rRNA and ribosomal protein fragments, independent of other, more recent, components of the ribosome. This robustness suggests that the catalytic core of the ribosome is an ancient construct that has survived billions of years of evolution without major changes in structure. Collectively, the data here support a model in which ancestors of the large and small subunits originated and evolved independently of each other, with autonomous functionalities.
Efficiently prepared ephedrine alkaloids-free Ephedra Herb extract: a putative marker and antiproliferative effects (2016)

Ephedrine alkaloids (EAs) have been considered the main pharmacologically active substances in Ephedra Herb (, Mao; EH) since they were first identified by Prof. N. Nagai, and are known to induce palpitation, hypertension, insomnia, and dysuria as side effects. Therefore, the administration of drugs containing EH to patients with cardiovascular-related diseases is severely contraindicated. While our previous studies suggest that some of the effects of EH may not be due to EAs, considering their side effects would be expedient to develop a new EAs-free EH extract (EFE). Here, we established a preparation method for EFE and revealed its chemical composition, including the content of herbacetin, a flavonoid aglycon present in EH and a potential putative marker for EFE quality control. In addition, we showed the antiproliferative effects of EFE against the H1975 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line. EFE was prepared from EH extract using the ion exchange resin SK-1B. LC/Orbitrap MS analysis revealed the removal of EAs, 6-methoxykynurenic acid, and 6-hydroxykynurenic acid from the original extract. Quantitative analysis of herbacetin using LC/MS in acid-hydrolyzed EFE showed that its content was 0.104 %. Although several alkaloidal constituents were removed from EH extract, the antiproliferative effect of EFE against H1975 cells was comparable to that of EH extract. These results indicate that EFE retained the anticancer effect of EH and demonstrated its potential for future development as a new herbal medicine with reduced side effects.