gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unifying Low-Level and High-Level Music Similarity Measures (2011)

Measuring music similarity is essential for multimedia retrieval. For music items, this task can be regarded as obtaining a suitable distance measurement between songs defined on a certain feature space. In this paper, we propose three of such distance measures based on the audio content: first, a low-level measure based on tempo-related description; second, a high-level semantic measure based on the inference of different musical dimensions by support vector machines. These dimensions include genre, culture, moods, instruments, rhythm, and tempo annotations. Third, a hybrid measure which combines the above-mentioned distance measures with two existing low-level measures: a Euclidean distance based on principal component analysis of timbral, temporal, and tonal descriptors, and a timbral distance based on single Gaussian Mel-frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) modeling. We evaluate our proposed measures against a number of baseline measures. We do this objectively based on a comprehensive set of music collections, and subjectively based on listeners' ratings. Results show that the proposed methods achieve accuracies comparable to the baseline approaches in the case of the tempo and classifier-based measures. The highest accuracies are obtained by the hybrid distance. Furthermore, the proposed classifier-based approach opens up the possibility to explore distance measures that are based on semantic notions.
Translating Electronic Currents to Precise Acetylcholine–Induced Neuronal Signaling Using an Organic Electrophoretic Delivery Device (2009)

A miniaturized organic electronic ion pump (OEIP) based on conjugated polymers is developed for delivery of positively charged biomolecules. Characterization shows that applied voltage can precisely modulate the delivery rate of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The capability of the device is demonstrated by convection-free, spatiotemporally resolved delivery of acetylcholine via a 10 µm channel for dynamic stimulation of single neuronal cells.
Synergic CSE1L/CAS, TNFR-1, and p53 apoptotic pathways in combined interferon-gamma/adriamycin-induced apoptosis of Hep G2 hepatoma cells. (2007)

Many cancers are chemotherapy-resistant. Chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy offers a potential avenue for the treatment of chemotherapy-resistant cancers. In this study, we investigated the apoptotic pathways induced by combined interferon-gamma/adriamycin treatment in Hep G2 cells. Our data showed that Hep G2 cells treated with combined interferon-gamma/adriamycin enhanced cell apoptosis in comparison with that of cells treated with adriamycin. Interferon-y increased TNFR-1, CSE1L/CAS (cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein), Bax, and Bad levels. Adriamycin increased p53 and Bax, but not TNFR- 1 and CAS levels. Interferon-y did not increase p53 accumulation; nevertheless it enhanced adriamycin-induced p53 accumulation. Overexpression of IRF-1 augmented the combined interferon-gamma/adriamycin-induced p53 accumulation. Interferon-gamma co-treatment increased the stability of p53 protein induced by adriamycin. Our data suggest that TNF-gamma may greatly enhance the combined interferon-gamma/chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis of cancers. Our findings also indicate that CAS, TN-FR-1, p53, Bax, and Bad may be the targets for the interferon-y-based chemo-immunotherapy of the chemotherapy-resistant cancers.
Prediction of DC load-rejection dynamic overvoltages using pattern recognition (1988)

Power systems DC load-rejection may result in system dynamic overvoltages sometimes followed by generator self excitation. These overvoltages may be unacceptably high. The paper introduces a new pattern-recognition-based algorithm to predict power system load-rejection overvoltages. Using a power system digital simulation, a training set of a wide range of system loading conditions is created. A discriminant hyperplane is then derived to identify overvoltages, i.e. insecure conditions. In addition, a least squares method is incorporated to derive the relationship between the voltage security indices and postcontingency voltage deviations in the training process. A corrective algorithm based on the sensitivity analysis is also developed so that power system operators can take appropriate action at the appropriate time.
S100B is increased in mood disorders and may be reduced by antidepressive treatment (2002)

Previous studies have reported alterations of glial cells and particularly astrocytes in mood disorders. Therefore, serum concentration of the astrocytic marker S100B was ascertained with an immunoluminometric assay in 20 patients with mood disorder and 12 healthy age-matched controls. Serum S100B was elevated in major depression (median after admission 410 ng/l, at discharge < 100 ng/l) and mania (130, 160 ng/l), when compared with controls (< 100 ng/l; rho< 0.01). Antidepressive treatment reduced S100B in conjunction with severity of depressive symptoms ( rho< 0.01). The severity of depression (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) was positively correlated with S100B (r(s) = 0.51, rho< 0.005). Elevated serum S100B during depressive and manic episodes of mood disorders may indicate alterations of astrocytes, which are reversed by antidepressive treatment.
Biofeedback Control of Skin Temperature and Cerebral Blood Flow in Migraine (1980)

SYNOPSIS Theoretical mechanisms offered to account for the therapeutic gains observed in migraine patients trained in hand warming via biofeedback techniques have been inconsonant and lack a sufficient data base. The effects of directional skin temperature self‐regulation upon regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were measured in two groups of migraine patients trained either to increase or decrease hand temperature. Following training, serial measurements of rCBF by 133 Xe inhalation were made during a steady‐state condition and another during skin temperature self‐regulation. Both mean hemispheric and regional CBF changes occurred during volitional alteration in skin temperature. Changes tended to differ in direction and/or magnitude, depending upon whether the hands were warmed or cooled. The hypothesis was supported that skin temperature control contributes to rCBF changes which may be responsible for the reduction of migraine symptoms. Comparison of rCBF changes measured in migraineurs and normal volunteers suggested that cerebral vasomotor reactivity was increased in migraineurs.
Taxonomic Position in the Genus<i>Brucella</i>of the Causative Agent of Canine Abortion (1968)

The gram-negative organism causing abortion in dogs was examined in parallel with cultures representative of the Brucella species and with Bordetella bronchiseptica. The organism fits into the genus Brucella and most closely resembles B. suis on the basis of its growth characteristics. It is of rough colonial morphology and is agglutinated by antisera prepared against rough Brucella. In mouse toxicity tests, no endotoxic activity could be demonstrated. In contrast to most Brucella cultures, it does not utilize erythritol. Electron microscopy showed a cell wall structure similar to that of other gram-negative organisms. The question of whether the organism should be designated Brucella canis, as proposed by Carmichael and Bruner, or Brucella suis biotype 5 is discussed. The authors favor the designation Brucella canis because the organism lacks the lipopolysaccharide antigen associated with the smooth agglutinogen and endotoxin, and it does not utilize erythritol.
Morphology of the pupal heart, adult heart, and associated tissues in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster (1999)

The early pupal heart of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has recently been the subject of intense physiological and molecular work, yet it has not been well described, nor has it been compared with the heart of the adult fly. In the work reported here, the hearts of adults and early pupae of D. melanogaster were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and by light microscopy. The hearts of adults and early pupae both consist of a tube of circular striated muscle one cell in thickness. The alary muscles, which suspend the heart, are more delicate in the adult compared to the early pupa. The pericardial cells in both early pupae and adults are connected to the heart by connective tissue radiating from the alary muscles or dorsal diaphragm. We confirm that four major changes occur in the heart during metamorphosis: 1) a conical chamber is formed de novo in the first and second abdominal segments; 2) the adult heart curves to conform to the contour of the abdomen; 3) a layer of longitudinal striated muscle appears on the ventral surface of the heart; 4) a fourth pair of ostia is added to the three already present in the early pupa; and note additionally that 5) the ostia appear as simple openings in the heart of the early pupa but are valve-like in the adult. J. Morphol. 240:225–235, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Development of electro‐optical PCBs with polymer waveguides for high‐speed intra‐system interconnects (2012)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study fabrication of optical‐PCBs on panel scale boards in a conventional modern PCB process environment. It evaluates impacts on board design and manufacturing with the developed optical board verifiers outlining challenges and requirements for manufacturing low‐loss waveguide structures and optical building blocks. The study aims to expand the current knowledge in the field by adding results obtained by utilizing industrial production infrastructure and developed scalable manufacturing processes to fabricate optical‐PCBs and board assemblies in high‐volumes and low‐cost manner. Design/methodology/approach Impacts on board design and manufacturing were studied with the developed optical technology verifiers. One verifier is optical‐PCB with embedded waveguides, integrated i/o couplers and optical vias. Another verifier is large size PCB with optical layer. A system‐level optical board assembly with 12.5 Gb/s Tx/Rx devices on surface mounted ball grid array (BGA) modules is designed for optical link analysis. Fabricated optical structures on verifiers are evaluated of their physical characteristics utilizing optical, SEM, LSCM analysis methods. Performance testing is conducted using standard optical transmission measurement methods and equipment. Findings The paper provides empirical results about fabrication of multimode optical waveguides with conventional PCB process equipment. Results suggest that current coating and imaging equipments are capable of producing optical waveguide patterns with high resolution and size accuracy. However, fabricators would require larger process window and defect tolerance for processing optical materials to obtain low‐loss waveguides with sufficient yields. Research limitations/implications Because of the limited amount of design variants in production verifiers evaluated in this paper, some impacts like effect of base material, board construction, optical layer location and beam coupling solution were not evaluated. Likewise, impacts on long‐term stability and cost were not addressed. These factors however require further investigation to address technical feasibility of optical PCBs technology prior commercial high volume production. Practical implications The paper includes implications for the development of a fabrication methods and testing procedures for optical polymer waveguide layers on PCBs. Originality/value This paper fulfils need to provide results on design, fabrication and characterization of optical PCBs and backplanes from industrial fabricator's perspective. The paper provides input for end‐user and developers to evaluate technical performance, robustness, and maturity of building blocks and supply chain to support polymer waveguide based technology for intra‐system optical links.
Murine pneumotropic virus chimeric Her2/<i>neu</i> virus‐like particles as prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against Her2/<i>neu</i> expressing tumors (2008)

Virus-like particles (VLPs) have increasingly attracted attention as DNA-free and safe antigen carriers in tumor immunotherapy, requiring only minute amounts of antigens. Previously, we have immunized with murine polyomavirus (MPyV) VLPs carrying human Her2/neu and prevented the outgrowth of a human Her2/neu expressing tumor in a transplantable tumor model as well as outgrowth of spontaneous rat Her2/neu carcinomas in BALB-neuT mice. Here, we examine if prophylactic and therapeutic protection could be obtained with murine pneumotropic virus (MPtV) VLPs, and study the cross-reactivity between human and rat Her2/neu. VLPs from MPyV and MPtV carrying human or rat Her2/neu were tested in two transplantable tumor models against a human Her2/neu positive (D2F2/E2) and a rat Her2/neu positive tumor cell line (TUBO). Rat Her2/neu-VLPs were also tested in BALB-neuT mice. Her2/neu-MPtVLPs were as efficient as prophylactic vaccines against D2F2/E2 and TUBO as those from MPyV. Homologous Her2/neu was better than heterologous, i.e. human Her2/neu-VLPs were better than rat Her2/neu-VLPs against D2F2/E2 and vice versa. Moreover, therapeutic immunization with human Her2/neu-VLPs together with CpG given up to 6 days after challenge protected against D2F2/E2. In BALB-neuT mice, rat Her2/neu-VLPs were less efficient than human Her2/neu-VLPs used in our previous study, implying that protection seen in that study was partly due to the use of human rather than rat Her2/neu. In conclusion, Her2/neu-MPtVLPs are effective both as prophylactic and therapeutic tumor vaccines. Homologous Her2/neu-VLPs are superior to heterologous in transplantable tumor models, while the opposite is true in BALB-neuT mice.
Plastic coating of microsphere substrates (1981)

Microsphere coating techniques and results are described together with the criteria that must be met for successful production of targets. An overview of the work at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, the University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, KMS Fusion, Inc., Sandia Laboratory, and Rockwell–Rocky Flats Division is presented. A detailed overview of Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory work describes thick coatings, smooth-surface coatings, organometallic, graded-density and graded-Z coatings; as well as difficult to deposit metal-upon-plastic coatings.
Autostereoscopic projector and display screens (2009)

Investigated H1-H2 transfer analogue and digitally printed reflection holograms suitability for autostereoscopic projection displays. Proved that reflection hologram, having part of replayed image in front of its surface may be used as autostereoscopic display. Assembled 3D streaming images projection device, incorporating digitally printed reflection hologram. Given recommendation for digitally printed holograms use as 3D projection screens.
New Approaches to Prophylactic Human Papillomavirus Vaccines for Cervical Cancer Prevention (2011)

The currently licensed human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are safe and highly effective at preventing HPV infection for a select number of papillomavirus types, thus decreasing the incidence of precursors to cervical cancer. It is expected that vaccination will also ultimately reduce the incidence of this cancer. The licensed HPV vaccines are, however, type restricted and expensive, and also require refrigeration, multiple doses and intramuscular injection. Second-generation vaccines are currently being developed to address these shortcomings. New expression systems, viral and bacterial vectors for HPV L1 capsid protein delivery, and use of the HPV L2 capsid protein will hopefully aid in decreasing cost and increasing ease of use and breadth of protection. These second-generation vaccines could also allow affordable immunization of women in developing countries, where the incidence of cervical cancer is high.
The eczema area and severity index (EASI): assessment of reliability in atopic dermatitis (2001)

This study demonstrated that the EASI can be learned quickly and utilized reliably in the assessment of severity and extent of AD. There was consistency among the evaluators between consecutive days of evaluation. These results support the use of the EASI in clinical trials of therapeutic agents for AD.
The role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in prostate, pancreatic and stomach cancers (2015)

The association of germline mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) and the breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2) with the development of breast and ovarian cancers have been widely researched and recognised. It is known that these genes function at multiple sites in the body. Research has subsequently evolved into the connection of BRCA1/2 with cancers at other sites within the body. This review examines the association of BRCA1/2 germline gene mutations with prostate, pancreatic and stomach cancers. An extensive literature search revealed conflicting findings regarding the association of BRCA1/2 gene mutations with these cancers. Most studies suggest that there is an association between BRCA1/2 mutations and carcinoma of the prostate, pancreas and stomach, but some reports propose that such a correlation may be due to factors other than possessing a mutated BRCA1/2 gene, and other associations may be revealed as further epidemiological information becomes available. The review concludes that as more knowledge arises about the mechanisms of BRCA1/2 gene mutations, it should pave the way for future screening programmes to be applied effectively.
Analysis of sirtuin 1 expression reveals a molecular explanation of IL-2–mediated reversal of T-cell tolerance (2012)

The type III histone deacetylase sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) is a suppressor of both innate and adoptive immune responses. We have recently found that Sirt1 expression is highly induced in anergic T cells. However, the transcriptional program to regulate Sirt1 expression in T cells remains uncharacterized. Here we report that the early responsive genes 2 and 3, which can be up-regulated by T-cell receptor-mediated activation of nuclear factor of activated T-cell transcription factors and are involved in peripheral T-cell tolerance, bind to the sirt1 promoter to transcript sirt1 mRNA. In addition, the forkhead transcription factor, FoxO3a, interacts with early responsive genes 2/3 on the sirt1 promoter to synergistically regulate Sirt1 expression. Interestingly, IL-2, a cytokine that can reverse T-cell anergy, suppresses sirt1 transcription by sequestering FoxO3a to the cytoplasm through activating the PI3K-AKT pathway. Expression of the constitutively active form of FoxO3a blocks IL-2-mediated reversal of T-cell tolerance by retaining sirt1 expression. Our findings here provide a molecular explanation of IL-2-mediated reversion of T-cell anergy.
<sup>123</sup>I-MIP-1072, a Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen, Is Effective at Monitoring Tumor Response to Taxane Therapy (2011)

Treatment of LNCaP cells or xenograft tumors with paclitaxel resulted in growth inhibition, which was detected with (123)I-MIP-1072. The high specificity of (123)I-MIP-1072 for prostate cancer may allow monitoring of tumor progression in patients before, during, and after chemotherapy.
Simultaneous Generation of Aptamers to Multiple Gamma-Carboxyglutamic Acid Proteins from a Focused Aptamer Library Using DeSELEX and Convergent Selection (2007)

By using the in vitro selection method SELEX against the complex mixture of GLA proteins and utilizing methods to deconvolute the resulting ligands, we were able to successfully generate 2'-ribo purine, 2'-fluoro pyrimidine aptamers to various individual targets in the GLA protein proteome that ranged in concentration from 10 nM to 1.4 microM in plasma. Perhaps not unexpectedly, the majority of the aptamers isolated following SELEX bind the most abundant protein in the mixture, prothrombin (FII), with high affinity. We show that by deselecting the dominant prothrombin aptamer the selection can be redirected. By using this DeSELEX approach, we were able to shift the selection toward other sequences and to less abundant protein targets and obtained an aptamer to Factor IX (FIX). We also demonstrate that by using an RNA library that is focused around a proteome, purified protein targets can then be used to rapidly generate aptamers to the protein targets that are rare in the initial mixture such as Factor VII (FVII) and Factor X (FX). Moreover, for all four proteins targeted (FII, FVII, FIX, and FX), aptamers were identified that could inhibit the individual protein's activitity in coagulation assays. Thus, by applying the concepts of DeSELEX and focused library selection, aptamers specific for any protein in a particular proteome can theoretically be generated, even when the proteins in the mixture are present at very different concentrations.
Cystatin SA, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor, induces interferon-γ expression in CD4-positive T cells (2004)

Recently, it has been demonstrated that family 2 cystatins upregulate interleukin-6 production by human gingival fibroblasts. In the present study, we investigated the effects of cystatin SA on cytokine production by helper T cells. Human CD4-positive T cells were cultured with phytohemagglutinin in the presence or absence of 0.1 microM recombinant cystatin SA1 or SA2. When the amounts of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) were analyzed in an ELISA system after stimulation with either cystatin, no significantly increased levels of IL-4 were detected. However, the amounts of IFNgamma were significantly increased after stimulation with the cystatins. Our results suggest that salivary family 2 cystatins are involved in immune responses through the cytokine network.
The Legal Framework (2000)

Much of the literature on the history of business organizations is the history of winners. It projects backward from the end of the story. The rise to dominance of the joint-stock limited corporation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries led many historians to focus their attention mostly on this form of organization from as early as the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. They neglected other forms of organization that did not win the day, assuming that the winning was in some sense inevitable from the outset. I argue that it is impossible to isolate the story of the business corporation from the stories of other forms of organization. Entrepreneurs employing these forms interacted and competed with one another in the commodities and financial markets. Lawyers, judges, and legislators shaping these forms copied features from others, and at times rejected features found to be problematic in relation to other forms. I further argue that the rise to dominance of the business corporation was not inevitable in any sense from the perspective of the year 1500 or even the year 1800. Its rise cannot be comprehended in a narrow context, by unfolding the story of the business corporation in a linear and deterministic manner.
Topological Index. A Newly Proposed Quantity Characterizing the Topological Nature of Structural Isomers of Saturated Hydrocarbons (1971)

Abstract A topological index Z is proposed for a connected graph G representing the carbon skeleton of a saturated hydrocarbon. The integer Z is the sum of a set of the numbers p(G,k), which is the number of ways in which such k bonds are so chosen from G that no two of them are connected. For chain molecules Z is closely related to the characteristic polynomial derived from the topological matrix. It is found that Z is correlated well with the topological nature of the carbon skeleton, i.e., the mode of branching and ring closure. Some interesting relations are found, such as a graphical representation of the Fibonacci numbers and a composition principle for counting Z. Correlation of Z with boiling points of saturated hydrocarbons is pointed out.