gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Genetic epidemiology of primary sclerosing cholangitis (2007)

The aetiology of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is not known. A more than 80-fold increased risk of PSC among first-degree relatives emphasizes the importance of genetic factors. Genetic associations within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex on chromosome 6p21 were detected in PSC 25 years ago. Subsequent studies have substantiated beyond doubt that one or more genetic variants located within this genetic region are important. The true identities of these variants, however, remain to be identified. Several candidate genes at other chromosomal loci have also been investigated. However, according to strict criteria for what may be denominated a susceptibility gene in complex diseases, no such gene exists for PSC today. This review summarises present knowledge on the genetic susceptibility to PSC, as well as genetic associations with disease progression and clinical subsets of particular interest (inflammatory bowel disease and cholangiocarcinoma).
LDPC code ensembles for incremental redundancy hybrid ARQ (2005)

An LDPC code based hybrid ARQ scheme with random transmission assignments is analyzed. The spectrum properties of LDPC code ensembles that are necessary for this analysis are derived. Very good estimates of maximum-likelihood decoding error rates after each transmission are provided. The results are tested on practical code examples by simulation
Nickel‐Catalyzed Csp<sup>2</sup>Csp<sup>3</sup> Bond Formation by CarbonFluorine Activation (2014)

We report herein a general catalytic method for Csp(2)-Csp(3) bond formation through C-F activation. The process uses an inexpensive nickel complex with either diorganozinc or alkylzinc halide reagents, including those with β-hydrogen atoms. A variety of fluorine substitution patterns and functional groups can be readily incorporated. Sequential reactions involving different precatalysts and coupling partners permit the synthesis of densely functionalized fluorinated building blocks.
[Studies on the chemical constituents from roots of Agastache rugosa]. (1991)

Eleven compounds were isolated from roots of Agastache rugosa and eight of them were identified as maslinic acid (I), oleanolic acid (II), 3-O-acetyl oleanolic aldehyde (III), acacetin (IV), tilianin (V), agastachoside (VI), daucosterol (VII) and beta-sitosterol (VIII). Compound IX is a new diterpenoid and its structure was proposed to be 19(4----3)abeo-11,14-dihydroxy-12-methoxy-abieta-8,11,13,15- tetraen-7-one based on spectral data, named dehydroagastol. The studies on X and XI are in progress.
Presence of Rhodopsin and Porphyropsin in the Eyes of 164 Fishes, Representing Marine, Diadromous, Coastal and Freshwater Species—A Qualitative and Comparative Study<sup>†</sup> (2008)

There are two types of visual pigments in fish eyes; most marine fishes have rhodopsin, while most freshwater fishes have porphyropsin. The biochemical basis for this dichotomy is the nature of the chromophores, retinal (A1) and 3-dehydroretinal (A2), each of which is bound by an opsin. In order to study the regional distribution of these visual pigments, we performed a new survey of the visual pigment chromophores in the eyes of many species of fish. Fish eyes from 164 species were used to examine their chromophores by high-performance liquid chromatography--44 species of freshwater fish, 20 of peripheral freshwater fish (coastal species), 10 of diadromous fish and 90 of seawater fish (marine species) were studied. The eyes of freshwater fish, limb freshwater fish and diadromous fish had both A1 and A2 chromophores, whereas those of marine fish possessed only A1 chromophores. Our results are similar to those of previous studies; however, we made a new finding that fish which live in freshwater possessed A1 if living near the sea and A2 if living far from the sea if they possessed only one type of chromophore.
Free-Form Object Reconstruction from Silhouettes, Occluding Edges and Texture Edges: A Unified and Robust Operator Based on Duality (2007)

In this paper, the duality in differential form is developed between a 3D primal surface and its dual manifold formed by the surface's tangent planes, i.e., each tangent plane of the primal surface is represented as a four-dimensional vector which constitutes a point on the dual manifold. The iterated dual theorem shows that each tangent plane of the dual manifold corresponds to a point on the original 3D surface, i.e., the dual of the dual goes back to the primal. This theorem can be directly used to reconstruct 3D surface from image edges by estimating the dual manifold from these edges. In this paper we further develop the work in our original conference papers resulting in the robust differential dual operator. We argue that the operator makes good use of the information available in the image data, by using both points of intensity discontinuity and their edge directions; we provide a simple physical interpretation of what the abstract algorithm is actually estimating and why it makes sense in terms of estimation accuracy; our algorithm operates on all edges in the images, including silhouette edges, self occlusion edges, and texture edges, without distinguishing their types (thus resulting in improved accuracy and handling locally concave surface estimation if texture edges are present); the algorithm automatically handles various degeneracies; and the algorithm incorporates new methodologies for implementing the required operations such as appropriately relating edges in pairs of images, evaluating and using the algorithm's sensitivity to noise to determine the accuracy of an estimated 3D point. Experiments with both synthetic and real images demonstrate that the operator is accurate, robust to degeneracies and noise, and general for reconstructing free-form objects from occluding edges and texture edges detected in calibrated images or video sequences.
M1078 Hybrid Hydraulic Vehicle Fuel Economy Evaluation (2012)

Abstract : The primary objective of this work is to demonstrate improved fuel economy of a M1078-A1R vehicle through the application of hybrid hydraulic technology. A secondary objective is to evaluate ways that hybrid hydraulic technology may be applied to benefit ancillary vehicle functions and enhance the mission usefulness of the vehicle. A hybrid hydraulic drivetrain was designed, developed, and integrated into a M1079-A1R vehicle.
<title>Optical monitoring of tissue viability using reflected spectroscopy in vivo</title> (2001)

Only few techniques that could provide real-time continuous multiparametric physiological data have been developed. Therefore, experimental and clinical monitoring devices for organ and tissue viability evaluation are still lacking. In this study, we present the new concept of tissue vitality defined as a product of a few parameters monitored in real- time by a combined measurement of tissue blood flow and volume as well as the oxidation reduction state of the mitochondria. The hypothesis behind the new approach is that in order to evaluate in real-time tissue vitality, it is necessary to monitor both microcirculatory blood flow and volume as well as the intracellular O<SUB>2</SUB> balance as reflected in the mitochondrial redox state.
Silicon Photomultipliers Electrical Model Extensive Analytical Analysis (2013)

The present work aims to address a comprehensive analytical analysis of a new accurate equivalent electrical model of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) detectors. The proposed circuit model allows to truthfully reproduce the output signal waveform generated by the light sensors apart from the specific technology adopted for the fabrication process, and can also be profitably exploited to perform reliable circuit-level simulations. A detailed and in-depth investigation of the functional parameters involved in the output pulse signals is here developed, and the most significant physical relationships are analytically derived as well. Experimental measurements are finally carried out on real devices, in order to validate the accuracy of the attained expressions, and good fittings are achieved between the analytical curve plots and the associated measurements results. The adopted analysis turns out to be particularly helpful when designing an optimum front-end architecture for SiPM detectors, since the performance of the entire detection system, especially in terms of dynamic range and timing resolution, can be accurately predicted as a function of the SiPM model parameters and the foremost features of the coupled front-end electronics.
Spoken language understanding for personal computers (1990)

Automatic speech recognition technology will soon allow users to converse with their computers. This paper describes an approach to improve the human interface through speech recognition; describes how our research benefits the DARPA Spoken Language Research program; and describes some research results in the area of merging Hidden Markov Models (HMM), and Artificial Neural Nets (ANN).We apply ANN techniques as a post-process to HMM recognizers such as Sphinx. We show that treating ANNs as a post-process to partially recognized speech from an HMM pre-processor is superior to using ANNs alone or to hybrid systems applying ANNs before HMM processing. A theory explaining the advantages of applying ANNs as a post-process is presented along with preliminary results.
Comparison of the performance of photonic band-edge liquid crystal lasers using different dyes as the gain medium (2010)

The primary concern of this work is to study the emission characteristics of a series of chiral nematic liquid crystal lasers doped with different laser dyes (DCM, pyrromethene 580, and pyrromethene 597) at varying concentrations by weight (0.5–2 wt %) when optically pumped at 532 nm. Long-wavelength photonic band-edge laser emission is characterized in terms of threshold energy and slope efficiency. At every dye concentration investigated, the pyrromethene 597-doped lasers exhibit the highest slope efficiency (ranging from 15% to 32%) and the DCM-doped lasers the lowest (ranging from 5% to 13%). Similarly, the threshold was found to be, in general, higher for the DCM-doped laser samples in comparison to the pyrromethene-doped laser samples. These results are then compared with the spectral properties, quantum efficiencies and, where possible, fluorescence lifetimes of the dyes dispersed in a common nematic host. In accordance with the low thresholds and high slope efficiencies, the results show that the molar extinction coefficients and quantum efficiencies are considerably larger for the pyrromethene dyes in comparison to DCM, when dispersed in the liquid crystal host.
Metabolic Pathway Promiscuity in the Archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus Revealed by Studies on Glucose Dehydrogenase and 2-Keto-3-deoxygluconate Aldolase (2003)

The hyperthermophilic Archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus metabolizes glucose by a non-phosphorylative variant of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. In this pathway glucose dehydrogenase and gluconate dehydratase catalyze the oxidation of glucose to gluconate and the subsequent dehydration of gluconate to 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate. 2-Keto-3-deoxygluconate (KDG) aldolase then catalyzes the cleavage of 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate to glyceraldehyde and pyruvate. The gene encoding glucose dehydrogenase has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli to give a fully active enzyme, with properties indistinguishable from the enzyme purified from S. solfataricus cells. Kinetic analysis revealed the enzyme to have a high catalytic efficiency for both glucose and galactose. KDG aldolase from S. solfataricus has previously been cloned and expressed in E. coli. In the current work its stereoselectivity was investigated by aldol condensation reactions between D-glyceraldehyde and pyruvate; this revealed the enzyme to have an unexpected lack of facial selectivity, yielding approximately equal quantities of 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate and 2-keto-3-deoxygalactonate. The KDG aldolase-catalyzed cleavage reaction was also investigated, and a comparable catalytic efficiency was observed with both compounds. Our evidence suggests that the same enzymes are responsible for the catabolism of both glucose and galactose in this Archaeon. The physiological and evolutionary implications of this observation are discussed in terms of catalytic and metabolic promiscuity.
Oblique Central Refraction in Tilted Spherocylindrical Lenses (2002)

Spectacle corrections worn in a frame with a faceform tilt should be used with effective spherocylindrical parameters. For the case of oblique central refraction, Keating presented a procedure to determine these parameters in a third-order approximation. The central equation of his approach, the effective dioptric power matrix, is partly the result of an educated guess. Based on the equations of wavefront tracing, an analytical derivation of his equation, slightly modified however, is given in this paper.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Pyrrolo[2,1-<i>b</i>]quinazolinones:  Lipase-Catalyzed Resolution of Vasicinone (2001)

A facile synthesis of bronchodilatory pyrrolo[2,1-b]quinazoline alkaloids by azidoreductive cyclization strategy employing TMSCl−NaI and bakers' yeast is described. Both the chemical and enzymatic methods are mild and take place at room temperature in good yields. Further, synthesis and resolution of vasicinone has been carried out by employing different lipases. It has been observed that lipase PS provides acetate of (S)-vasicinone in 98% ee.
Supporting people with learning disabilities in prison settings (2010)

A project undertaken in four prisons in Nottinghamshire has revealed how the needs of offenders with a learning disability are being overlooked, say Alison Courtney and Martine Lascelles
586. Olefin co-ordination compounds. Part III. Infra-red spectra and structure: attempted preparation of acetylene complexes (1953)

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.
Genetic dissection of susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in inbred mice. (1991)

Mice of some inbred strains, such as 21-day-old DBA/2J mice, have generalized convulsions when exposed to intense auditory stimulation. Analysis of susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in BXD recombinant inbred strains has demonstrated the influence of at least three loci. One locus, Asp-1, is located on chromosome 12 between Ah and D12Nyu1; another locus, Asp-2, is on chromosome 4, tightly linked to b. Here we report evidence that Asp-2 is located within an 8-centimorgan segment distal to b and that Asp-3 is linked to Mtv-1 on chromosome 7. We also present evidence that these three loci account for most of the heritable variation in susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in crosses of DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice and that susceptibility to audiogenic seizures is influenced by genomic imprinting. Thus, genomic imprinting may complicate linkage and mapping studies and should be considered in analyses of complex modes of inheritance.
Janus‐Faced, Dual‐Conductive/Chemically Active Battery Separator Membranes (2016)

Battery separators are supposed to be electrical insulators to prevent internal short‐circuit failure between electrodes as well as having porous channels to allow ion transport. Here, as a multifunctional membrane strategy to dispel this stereotypical belief about battery separators, a new class of Janus‐faced, dual (ion/electron)‐conductive/chemically active battery separators (denoted as “Janus separators”) based on a heterolayered nanofiber mat architecture is demonstrated. The Janus separator, which is fabricated through in‐series, concurrent electrospraying/electrospinning processes, consists of an ion‐conductive/metal ion‐chelating support layer (a mat of densely packed, thiol‐functionalized silica particles spatially besieged by polyvinylpyrrolidone/polyacrylonitrile nanofibers) and a dual‐conductive top layer (a thin mat of polyetherimide nanofibers wrapped with multi‐walled carbon nanotubes). The support layer acts as a chemical trap that can capture heavy metal ions dissolved in liquid electrolytes and the top layer serves as an upper current collector for cathodes to boost the redox reaction kinetics. Notably, the unusual porous microstructure of the top layer is theoretically elucidated using molecular dynamics simulation. Benefiting from such material/structural uniqueness, the Janus separator enables significant improvements in fast‐rate charge/discharge reactions (even for high‐mass loading cathodes) and in the high‐temperature cycling performance, which lie far beyond those achievable with conventional polyethylene separators.
An embeddable dashboard for widget-based visual analytics on scientific communities (2012)

The web hosts massive amounts of data about scientific communities, for instance in bibliographic databases, research project databases, and more recently on the social web. These data sets provide key information on the activities and artifacts relevant to the community. Due to the scattered nature and sheer size of Web 2.0 data sets it is currently difficult for stakeholders to comprehensively and effortlessly monitor key indicators hidden in that data. To address this issue, we developed an embeddable, personalizable dashboard, which can be populated with widgets that visualize the results of arbitrary queries over relational databases in real time. As a pilot case the dashboard was deployed at LearningFrontiers.eu, a service and support portal for the European Technology Enhanced Learning community, to provide access to pre-configured visualizations of queries over their data sources. Community stakeholders evaluated the dashboard and generally responded positively in regard to its usability and usefulness. From a technical perspective the main advantage of the proposed dashboard infrastructure is the simple and seamless integration with a community's existing data sources and web portals.
A Study of Lateral Vehicle Control Under a ‘Virtual’ Force Framework (2002)

Future automotive safety functions, such as lanekeeping and collision avoidance, link the vehicle dynami-cally to its environment. As a result, a combination of the mechanical system dynamics and the virtual link to the roadway or obstacles determines the vehicle motion. This paper looks at the combined influence of decoupling lateral and yaw modes, preview distance, and controller damping on the stability and performance of lateral controllers. The effects of these characteristics are studied using an intuitive ‘virtual ’ forces analogy where the control inputs are viewed as a single force acting on the vehicle. With the ability to influence the coupling between lateral and yaw modes, the ‘virtual ’ control force can be shifted along the length of the vehicle. For stability, this force must be applied in front of the neutral steer point. In addition, shifting this control force can give satisfactory system behavior with a minimal preview distance. The benefits of lookahead are also explored under this framework, giving well behaved responses without the addition of controller damping. The combination of lookahead and damping on the velocity states allows complete freedom in designing the system response.
Lapatinib, a dual inhibitor of EGFR and HER2, has synergistic effects with 5-fluorouracil on esophageal carcinoma (2012)

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification occurs in over 30% of esophageal carcinomas. Combination therapies with EGFR and HER2-targeting agents and cytotoxic agents are considered a potential therapeutic option for esophageal cancer. We evaluated the antitumor effects of lapatinib, a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor which simultaneously inhibits EGFR and HER2, 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) alone and in combination on esophageal cancer cells. The antiproliferative activity of lapatinib, 5-Fu and lapatinib plus 5-Fu was measured by MTT assay and the combination index (CI) values were calculated. Additionally, cell cycle distribution of lapatinib alone and the combination with 5-Fu were detected by flow cytometry analysis. Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide stain were used for analyzing the apoptotic cells after cells were treated with either agent alone or in combination. The EGFR and HER2 activated signaling pathways were monitored by western blotting. The combination of lapatinib and 5-Fu synergistically inhibited cell proliferation and exhibited an enhanced proapoptotic effect on esophageal cancer cells. The potentiation effect of combined treatment was associated with downregulation of EGFR and HER2 signaling pathways because data from western blot analysis showed that lapatinib in combination with 5-Fu markedly reduced the phosphorylation of EGFR and HER2, and inhibited the activation of downstream signaling molecules, such as AKT and ERK. A significant G1 arrest was also observed in cell cycle analysis after exposing cells to lapatinib, however, combination with 5-Fu did not enhance G1 arrest. These results indicate that the combination of the lapatinib and 5-Fu is a promising treatment option for esophageal carcinoma with HER2 amplification.
Integrating 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine into the Epigenomic Landscape of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2011)

Covalent modification of DNA distinguishes cellular identities and is crucial for regulating the pluripotency and differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells. The recent demonstration that 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) may be further modified to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in ES cells has revealed a novel regulatory paradigm to modulate the epigenetic landscape of pluripotency. To understand the role of 5-hmC in the epigenomic landscape of pluripotent cells, here we profile the genome-wide 5-hmC distribution and correlate it with the genomic profiles of 11 diverse histone modifications and six transcription factors in human ES cells. By integrating genomic 5-hmC signals with maps of histone enrichment, we link particular pluripotency-associated chromatin contexts with 5-hmC. Intriguingly, through additional correlations with defined chromatin signatures at promoter and enhancer subtypes, we show distinct enrichment of 5-hmC at enhancers marked with H3K4me1 and H3K27ac. These results suggest potential role(s) for 5-hmC in the regulation of specific promoters and enhancers. In addition, our results provide a detailed epigenomic map of 5-hmC from which to pursue future functional studies on the diverse regulatory roles associated with 5-hmC.
Regulation of DNA replication-coupled histone gene expression (2017)

The expression of core histone genes is cell cycle regulated. Large amounts of histones are required to restore duplicated chromatin during S phase when DNA replication occurs. Over-expression and excess accumulation of histones outside S phase are toxic to cells and therefore cells need to restrict histone expression to S phase. Misregulation of histone gene expression leads to defects in cell cycle progression, genome stability, DNA damage response and transcriptional regulation. Here, we discussed the factors involved in histone gene regulation as well as the underlying mechanism. Understanding the histone regulation mechanism will shed lights on elucidating the side effects of certain cancer chemotherapeutic drugs and developing potential biomarkers for tumor cells.
Thermal and heat-flow aspects of actuators for hard disk drives (2002)

Thermal, heat-flow, and airflow characteristics of actuators for hard disk drives (HDDs) were investigated. The major mode of actuator cooling comes from conductive heat transfer, which is caused by the close proximity of components in the actuator. The temperature data was used to deduce the thermal distortion in the actuator. Tracking errors predicted by the actuator model agreed reasonably well with those measured in a test HDD operated at a similar thermal condition. Because of the complicated construction and structure of the hard disk drive's actuator, it can interact with the thermal field causing distortions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>