gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reaction kinetics for solid‐state polymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (2001)

Abstract A simple kinetic model capable of describing the behaviors of solid‐state polymerization (SSP) of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been developed. According to this model, there are two types of end groups, namely active end groups and inactive end groups, and the solid‐state polycondensation reaction is a second‐order reaction with respect to the active end group concentration. The inactive end groups include chemically dead end groups and functional end groups that are immobilized by the crystalline structure. The inactive end group concentration determines the ultimate intrinsic viscosity (IV) or molecular weight achievable in the SSP—the lower the inactive end group concentration, the higher the ultimate IV. Four pulverized PET prepolymers with IV values ranging from 0.20 to 0.35 dL/g were solid‐state polymerized in a fluid‐bed reactor at temperatures between 200 and 230°C to generate data to test the model. The experimental results fit the proposed rate equations very well, confirming the adequacy of the proposed kinetic model. Under these SSP conditions, the activation energy is about 23.6 kcal/mol and the average SSP rate about doubles with each 10°C increase in temperature. The rate constant increases, while the inactive end group concentration decreases, with increasing temperature and prepolymer IV. This explains why the reaction rate and the ultimate IV increase with increasing prepolymer IV as well as temperature in the SSP of PET. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1748–1761, 2001
Effect of metformin on glucose metabolism in the splanchnic bed (1992)

1. Use of the antihyperglycaemic agent, metformin, is often associated with a small rise in circulating lactate. This study investigates the source of the lactate and examines the effect of metformin on glucose metabolism by the intestine and liver of rats. 2. Changes in plasma glucose and lactate were measured in the inferior vena cava (IVC), hepatic portal vein (HPV), hepatic vein (HV) and aorta (A) after intrajejunal administration of metformin (50 and 250 mg kg-1) without and with glucose (2 g kg-1). 3. Metformin 250 mg kg-1 reduced the hyperglycaemic response to a glucose challenge, associated with a greater reduction of glucose concentrations in the HPV (average decrease of 33% at 60 and 120 min) than at other sites. 4. Both doses of metformin increased lactate concentrations in the glucose-loaded state: the highest concentration (2.5 fold increase) was recorded in the HPV 60 min after administration of 250 mg kg-1 metformin, with a high lactate concentration persisting in the HV at 120 min. Metformin 250 mg kg-1 also increased lactate concentrations in the basal state, with highest concentrations (2 fold increase) in the HPV. 5. Two hours after intrajejunal administration of metformin, 50 mg kg-1, rings of tissue from the small intestine showed an average 22% decrease in glucose oxidation ([14C]-glucose conversion to 14CO2) and a 10% increase in lactate production. Since glucose metabolism in the gut is predominantly anaerobic, metformin caused an overall 9.5% increase of intestinal glucose utilization.6. Metformin, 10-6 and I0- mol 1', did not significantly alter glucose oxidation or lactate production by isolated hepatocytes, but a very high concentration of metformin (102 mol 1') increased lactate production by 60%.7. The results support the view that metformin increased intestinal glucose utilization and lactate production by the intestine. Under basal conditions there was net extraction of lactate by the liver but not after an enteral glucose load.
Enhancing Production by Removing Zinc Sulfide Scale From an Offshore Well: A Case History (2012)

Summary Deposition of mineral scales is the root cause of many production problems in oil and gas operations. These scale deposits have resulted in formation damage, production losses, significant rate and pressure reductions, and equipment failure because of corrosion issues. The most commonly encountered mineral scales in the oil field are carbonates and sulfate-based calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, and strontium sulfate scales. However, a more unusual form of these mineral scales, zinc sulfide, has recently been reported. This paper focuses on the systematic study of a zinc sulfide scale and the operation that removed it from a well in the Gulf of Mexico. Identifying the scale form and composition and the factors affecting its dissolution resulted in a treatment that successfully removed the scale, thereby enhancing gas production from the well. This scale was identified as wurtzite, a form of zinc sulfide scale. Extensive laboratory testing considered acid solubility and other scale-removal issues at downhole temperature and pressure conditions, as compared with the theoretical solubility of zinc sulfide in hydrochloric acid (HCl). The study also determined that other factors may affect the real-world dissolution efficiency of the acid: pressure changes, hydrogen sulfide scavenger concentration and type, the ratio of acid volume to scale weight, pre-treatment oxidizer use, and pH values that prevent reprecipitation of dissolved scale. This paper will describe the prejob testing process and a field case history of a coiled-tubing acid scale treatment that effectively removed the zinc sulfide scale from tubulars and the formation. Data will be presented showing the composition of the acid-flow-back samples as well as the treatment and production charts.
Nickel-Mediated Selective Carbonylation Routes to Thiocarbamates (2001)

The nickel complexes Ni(PPh3)2X2 (X = Cl, Br) have been found to be active for the selective oxidative coupling of aryl thiols with secondary amines and carbon monoxide to give thiocarbamates. With added oxygen, the reaction is catalytic, although competitive oxidation of the thiol is problematic.
Defining and Characterizing the Progression of Type 2 Diabetes (2009)

Type 2 diabetes is a progressive disease in which the risks of myocardial infarction, stroke, microvascular events, and mortality are all strongly associated with hyperglycemia (1). The disease course is primarily characterized by a decline in β-cell function and worsening of insulin resistance. The process is manifested clinically by deteriorations in multiple parameters, including A1C, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and postprandial glucose levels.

In this review, we will evaluate our current understanding of the role played by deteriorating β-cell function and other abnormalities linked with the progression of type 2 diabetes. An improved understanding of these abnormalities may provide the scientific groundwork for novel therapies that may help achieve and maintain good glycemic control.

### Progression from pre-diabetes to overt diabetes

Because glucose is a continuous variable, the use of thresholds to make a diagnosis is somewhat arbitrary. The term “pre-diabetes” has become well established and implies a risk of progression to overt diabetes. However, although such progression is well studied in prevention trials, little is known about the rate of progression and the characteristics of such progression in the population at large. Table 1 summarizes some of the factors associated with such progression. Nichols et al. (2) studied the progression of pre-diabetes to overt disease and observed that 8.1% of subjects whose initial abnormal fasting glucose was 100–109 mg/dl and 24.3% of subjects whose initial abnormal fasting glucose was 110–125 mg/dl developed diabetes over an average of 29.0 months (1.34 and 5.56% per year, respectively). A steeper rate of increasing fasting glucose; higher BMI, blood pressure, and triglycerides; and lower HDL cholesterol predicted diabetes development.

View this table:

Table 1 
Factors associated with progression of pre-diabetes to diabetes



The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (3) concluded that although phenotypic differences in rates of progression are partly a function of diagnostic thresholds, fasting and postchallenge hyperglycemia may represent phenotypes with distinct natural …
Double‐Layered 1,4‐Distyrylbenzene Chromophores–Synthesis, UV and Fluorescene Spectra (1993)

Abstract The reaction of [2.2]paracyclophane ( 1 ) with liquid bromine affords a 1:1 mixture of only two isomeric products, the pseudo‐para 2 and pseudo‐ortho tetrabromide 3 . The structure of the pseudo‐para isomer 2 has been determined by X‐ray structure analysis. Fourfold palladium‐catalyzed coupling with styrenes and with methyl acrylate converts 2 and 3 into double‐layered derivatives as e.g. 6a, 7a , and 7b , respectively. The molecular structure of 7a has been established by X‐ray structure analysis. The UV and fluorescence spectra of a variety of substituted products are reported and compared with those of the parent chromophors 2,5‐dimethyl‐1,4‐distyrylbenzene ( 16 ) and 2,5‐diethyl‐1,4‐bis(phenylethynyl)benzene ( 17 ), respectively.
A low voltage linearly tuned fully differential CMOS OTA and its applications in filter design (2003)

This paper presents an adaptation of a transconductor built around MOSFETs operating in saturation. The circuit operates off a 3.3 V single supply and has a fully differential output. A common mode feedback circuit maintains the output near midsupply. Simulation results show that the transconductor is linearly tunable over a wide range of bias voltages. The transconductor is used to realize a second order filter in TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation) 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. Tuned by a DC voltage V/sub fo/ the filter center frequency was measured to be almost linearly adjustable from 833 kHz up to 1.3 MHz. The common mode voltage at the filter output was also observed to vary by no more than 24 mV about the desired value. A maximum THD of -35 dB is guaranteed at V/sub out/=600 mV/sub pp/ within the tuning range of the filter.
Periodontal diseases in HIV‐infected patients (1994)

Periodontal diseases may be the first clinical sign of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection. Since the immunosuppression and subsequent susceptibility may alter the responses of the oral tissues as well as the microflora, both periodontal treatment and result of therapy may be modified. The periodontal diseases in HIV-seropositive patients include common as well as less conventional forms of gingivitis and periodontitis, and bacterial, mycotic and viral infections are seen. Neoplasias may also involve the periodontium; most common are Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Recent studies of unselected groups of patients indicate that periodontal health in at least some groups of HIV-seropositive patients is better than previously reported.
<i>FGFR1</i> Emerges as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Lobular Breast Carcinomas (2006)

Our findings suggest that receptor FGFR1 inhibitors may be useful as therapeutics in a subset of CLCs.
Using Low-Interaction Honeypots to Study the Abuse of Open Proxies to Send Spam (2008)

Abstract. One of the main problems in creating effective mechanisms to mitigate the spam problem is the lack of more precise data on it. This paper describes the design and implementation of a honeypotbased architecture to study the abuse of open proxies to send spam. The sensors were installed in Brazilian broadband networks and they captured more than 500 million emails over a period of 15 months. In this paper we present the analysis of these data and describe some contributions to the spam capture field that were implemented.
An improvement technique for the efficiency of high-frequency switch-mode rectifiers (2000)

A new technique for improving the efficiency of single-phase high-frequency switch-mode boost rectifiers is proposed. This rectifier includes an additional boost converter that follows the main high-frequency switching device. The additional converter, which is controlled at lower frequencies, bypasses almost all the current in the main switch and the high frequency switching loss is greatly reduced accordingly. Both switching devices are controlled by a simple method; each controller consists of a one-shot multivibrator, a comparator and an AND gate, and the maximum switching frequency can be limited without any clock generator. The rectifier works cooperatively in high efficiency and acts as though it were a conventional high-frequency switch-mode rectifier with one switching device. The proposed method is verified by experiment. This paper describes the rectifier configuration and design, and discusses the steady-state performance concerning the switching loss reduction and efficiency improvement. Transient performance is also included.
Modeling and Recognizing Driver Behavior Based on Driving Data: A Survey (2014)

In recent years, modeling and recognizing driver behavior have become crucial to understanding intelligence transport systems, human‐vehicle systems, and intelligent vehicle systems. A wide range of both mathematical identification methods and modeling methods of driver behavior are presented from the control point of view in this paper based on the driving data, such as the brake/throttle pedal position and the steering wheel angle, among others. Subsequently, the driver’s characteristics derived from the driver model are embedded into the advanced driver assistance systems, and the evaluation and verification of vehicle systems based on the driver model are described.
continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus (1980)

Low-volume, dual-rate, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) creates long periods of nearnormalization of blood glucose and major intermediary metabolites in most insulin-requiring diabetic patients. The technology and strategy of the system are discussed. We have observed encouraging clinical and fluorescein angiographic improvement in severe diabetic retinopathy after 3 mo of outpatient CSII; in the kidney, glomerular capillary permeability (microalbuminuria) is reduced or normalized in long-standing diabetic patients after a few days of CSII-induced strict control. Reduction in insulin dose during CSII treatment of newly diagnosed ketonuric diabetic patients may indicate improved B-cell function in this group. Although CSII must remain a research tool, undertaken only under close medical supervision, it is increasingly likely that the technique affords the conditions for testing the hypothesis that metabolic near-normalization of diabetes slows, arrests, or reverses the course of the microvascular disease associated with the syndrome.
A robust digital timing recovery with asymmetry compensator for high speed optical drive systems (2001)

This paper presents a new four-sampled zero crossing asymmetry compensation algorithm for high-speed DVD/CD applications. Simulations show 34% improvement of jitter performances, 50% reduction of compensation time and 2.0 dB gain of bit error rate (BER) compared with other algorithms. Simultaneously, a new digital timing recovery scheme for the optical drive system is presented. By comparative simulations using DVD patterns with marginal input conditions, the proposed timing recovery algorithm shows enhanced performances in jitter variance and SNR margin by 4 times and 3 dB respectively.
Deep Learning Automates the Quantitative Analysis of Individual Cells in Live-Cell Imaging Experiments (2016)

Live-cell imaging has opened an exciting window into the role cellular heterogeneity plays in dynamic, living systems. A major critical challenge for this class of experiments is the problem of image segmentation, or determining which parts of a microscope image correspond to which individual cells. Current approaches require many hours of manual curation and depend on approaches that are difficult to share between labs. They are also unable to robustly segment the cytoplasms of mammalian cells. Here, we show that deep convolutional neural networks, a supervised machine learning method, can solve this challenge for multiple cell types across the domains of life. We demonstrate that this approach can robustly segment fluorescent images of cell nuclei as well as phase images of the cytoplasms of individual bacterial and mammalian cells from phase contrast images without the need for a fluorescent cytoplasmic marker. These networks also enable the simultaneous segmentation and identification of different mammalian cell types grown in co-culture. A quantitative comparison with prior methods demonstrates that convolutional neural networks have improved accuracy and lead to a significant reduction in curation time. We relay our experience in designing and optimizing deep convolutional neural networks for this task and outline several design rules that we found led to robust performance. We conclude that deep convolutional neural networks are an accurate method that require less curation time, are generalizable to a multiplicity of cell types, from bacteria to mammalian cells, and expand live-cell imaging capabilities to include multi-cell type systems.
Aphasia in Relation to Mental Disease (1918)

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Partial Purification and Characterization of L-Lactate Dehydrogenase Isozymes from Sweet Potato Roots (1977)

Lactate dehydrogenase [L-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27] was isolated from sweet potato root tissues. Two species of the enzyme (isozymes I and II) were separated by DE-52 cellulose column chromatography from healthy, cut, and black-rot diseased tissues. Isozymes I and II were purified from healthy and diseased tissues, respectively. Reduction of pyruvate by NADH with either isozyme I or II was inhibited by pyruvate at high concentrations, by NAD+ and by several mononucleotides. Isozyme I was inhibited by a lower concentration of adenine nucleotide than isozyme II, and Km for pyruvate was increased markedly at acidic pH in the case of isozyme I, but only slightly in the case of isozyme II. The molecular weights of both isozymes were determined to be 150,000 and they were found to be charge isomers by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme activity increased in response to infection by black-rot fungus but decreased in response to cutting.
DIRECT OBSERVATION OF RYDBERG{--}RYDBERG TRANSITIONS IN CALCIUM ATOMS (2010)

Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
Broadband thermoelectric microwave power sensors using GaAs foundry process (2003)

The paper presents the first demonstration of an integrated MMIC compatible thermoelectric microwave power sensor for frequencies between 1 to 20 GHz using a standard GaAs foundry process. Two different types of sensors are described: an insertion sensor for the measurement of transmitted power through a coplanar waveguide and a termination sensor which measures the power dissipated in a 50 /spl Omega/ load. The transmission sensor has a very low insertion loss of less than 0.3 dB and VSWR lower than 1.2. Due to their low time constant of approximately 1 /spl mu/s, these sensors are well suited for pulsed applications. The sensor exhibits an inherent linearity for large power levels and does not require any bias.
Presence of Cathepsin B in the Human Pancreatic Secretory Pathway and Its Role in Trypsinogen Activation during Hereditary Pancreatitis (2002)

The lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin B is thought to play a central role in intrapancreatic trypsinogen activation and the onset of experimental pancreatitis. Recent in vitro studies have suggested that this mechanism might be of pathophysiological relevance in hereditary pancreatitis, a human inborn disorder associated with mutations in the cationic trypsinogen gene. In the present study evidence is presented that cathepsin B is abundantly present in the secretory compartment of the human exocrine pancreas, as judged by immunogold electron microscopy. Moreover, pro-cathepsin B and mature cathepsin B are both secreted together with trypsinogen and active trypsin into the pancreatic juice of patients with sporadic pancreatitis or hereditary pancreatitis. Finally, cathepsin B- catalyzed activation of recombinant human cationic trypsinogen with hereditary pancreatitis-associated mutations N29I, N29T, or R122H were characterized. In contrast to a previous report, cathepsin B-mediated activation of wild type and all three mutant trypsinogen forms was essentially identical under a wide range of experimental conditions. These observations confirm the presence of active cathepsin B in the human pancreatic secretory pathway and are consistent with the notion that cathepsin B-mediated trypsinogen activation might play a pathogenic role in human pancreatitis. On the other hand, the results clearly demonstrate that hereditary pancreatitis-associated mutations do not lead to increased or decreased trypsinogen activation by cathepsin B. Therefore, mutation-dependent alterations in cathepsin B-induced trypsinogen activation are not the cause of hereditary pancreatitis.
IMMUNIZATION AGAINST PERTUSSIS DURING THE FIRST FOUR MONTHS OF LIFE (1949)

Agglutinative reactions with H. pertussis were performed on 108 pairs of maternal and cord blood sera. A correspondence in titer within the range of experimental error was demonstrated in 77% of the pairs. Fifty per cent of the maternal sera contained demonstrable agglutinins. Transplacental transmission of antibody was demonstrated in 63% of the 54 sero-positive mothers. Saline-suspended H. pertussis vaccine was administered to infants on the fifth day of life and repeated at one and at two months of age. With total doses of 50 billion H. pertussis only 15% of 41 infants produced agglutinins in a titer of 1-320 or higher—the level which in older children has been found consonant with clinical immunity. When the total dose in a second group of infants was increased to 100 billion H. pertussis, the above titer was demonstrated in 25% of 145 infants. The serologic response of infants whose cord blood had contained no agglutinins was not superior to that of infants with agglutinins. Thus no depression of the immune response by transplacentally acquired antibody was demonstrable. In a third group of 134 slightly older infants, saline-suspended H. pertussis vaccine was administered in a total dose of 80 billion cells divided into three monthly injections. The first injection was given at four to eight weeks of age. Forty-eight per cent of these infants manufactured agglutinins in a titer of 1-320 or higher. However, three months later only 36% were carrying this high titer. General febrile reactions were not uncommon and one proved case of mild pertussis occurred in this group. In a fourth group of 151 infants, alum-precipitated H. pertussis vaccine was injected in a total dose of 40 billion cells divided into three injections at monthly intervals. The first injection was given at four to eight weeks of age. Only two febrile reactions, one associated with a local reaction which did not break down, occurred. Sixty-two per cent of 115 infants whose sera were tested four to eight weeks later developed H. pertussis agglutinins in a titer of 1-320 or higher. Twelve months later 60 per cent still carried these high titers. This satisfactory response at this age with this product is confirmatory of the studies of Sako, Treuting, Witt and Nichamin. It adds support to their thesis that active immunization with alum-precipitated vaccine can be accomplished before the sixth month of life. A schedule for immunizations during the first year of life, embodying H. pertussis immunization beginning at four to eight weeks of age, is described.
Traffic Flow Measurement: Architecture (1999)

This document provides a general framework for describing network traffic flows, presents an architecture for traffic flow measurement and reporting, discusses how this relates to an overall network traffic flow architecture and indicates how it can be used within the Internet.Table of Contents 1 Statement of Purpose and Scope 3 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . .