gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GABAA Receptor-Mediated Acceleration of Aging-Associated Memory Decline in APP/PS1 Mice and Its Pharmacological Treatment by Picrotoxin (2008)

Advanced age and mutations in the genes encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin (PS1) are two serious risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Finding common pathogenic changes originating from these risks may lead to a new therapeutic strategy. We observed a decline in memory performance and reduction in hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in both mature adult (9-15 months) transgenic APP/PS1 mice and old (19-25 months) non-transgenic (nonTg) mice. By contrast, in the presence of bicuculline, a GABA(A) receptor antagonist, LTP in adult APP/PS1 mice and old nonTg mice was larger than that in adult nonTg mice. The increased LTP levels in bicuculline-treated slices suggested that GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibition in adult APP/PS1 and old nonTg mice was upregulated. Assuming that enhanced inhibition of LTP mediates memory decline in APP/PS1 mice, we rescued memory deficits in adult APP/PS1 mice by treating them with another GABA(A) receptor antagonist, picrotoxin (PTX), at a non-epileptic dose for 10 days. Among the saline vehicle-treated groups, substantially higher levels of synaptic proteins such as GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit, PSD95, and NR2B were observed in APP/PS1 mice than in nonTg control mice. This difference was insignificant among PTX-treated groups, suggesting that memory decline in APP/PS1 mice may result from changes in synaptic protein levels through homeostatic mechanisms. Several independent studies reported previously in aged rodents both an increased level of GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit and improvement of cognitive functions by long term GABA(A) receptor antagonist treatment. Therefore, reduced LTP linked to enhanced GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibition may be triggered by aging and may be accelerated by familial AD-linked gene products like Abeta and mutant PS1, leading to cognitive decline that is pharmacologically treatable at least at this stage of disease progression in mice.
In contrast to specific B cells, human basophils are unaffected by the toxic activity of an allergen toxin due to lack of internalization of immunoglobulin E‐bound allergen (2006)

According to our data, basophils are pure effector cells in the context of IgE-bound allergen and not involved in classical antigen presentation.
The Data Vortex Optical Packet Switched Interconnection Network (2008)

A complete review of the data vortex optical packet switched (OPS) interconnection network architecture is presented. The distributed multistage network topology is based on a banyan structure and incorporates a deflection routing scheme ideally suited for implementation with optical components. An implemented 12-port system prototype employs broadband semiconductor optical amplifier switching nodes and is capable of successfully routing multichannel wavelength-division multiplexing packets while maintaining practically error-free signal integrity (BER < 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-12</sup> ) with median latencies of 110 ns. Packet contentions are resolved without the use of optical buffers via a distributed deflection routing control scheme. The entire payload path in the optical domain exhibits a capacity of nearly 1 Tb/s. Further experimental measurements investigate the OPS interconnection network's flexibility and robustness in terms of optical power dynamic range and network timing. Subsequent experimental investigations support the physical layer scalability of the implemented architecture and serve to substantiate the merits of the data vortex OPS network architectural paradigm. Finally, modified design considerations that aim to increase the network throughput and device-level performance are presented.
Fluorescence protein complementation in microscopy: applications beyond detecting bi-molecular interactions (2018)

Conventional fragments of fluorescent proteins used in bimolecular fluorescence complementation technique (BiFC), form light-emitting species only when they are kept in close proximity by interacting proteins of interest. By contrast, certain fluorescent protein fragments complement spontaneously, namely those corresponding to the 1st to 10th beta-strands (GFP1-10) and the 11th beta-strand of superfolder GFP (GFP11). They were designed as folding reporters for high throughput expression and structure biology. Besides, for light microscopy, self-associating fluorescent protein fragments constitute a valuable and sometimes unique tool. The GFP11 tag is very advantageous when a full-length fluorescent protein cannot be fused to a protein of interest, namely for live imaging of certain pathogens. Self-associating GFP fragments enable live labelling of specific synapses, visualization of proteins topology and their exposure to particular subcellular compartments. Present review aims to attract attention of scientific community to these tools and to inspire their further development and applications.
Soyacystatin, a Novel Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitor in Soybean, is Distinct in Protein Structure and Gene Organization from Other Cystatins of Animal and Plant Origin (1996)

Cystatins, cysteine proteinase inhibitors, deserve note because of their regulatory and protective functions in plant tissues. We isolated both genomic DNA and cDNA clones from soybean that encode a cystatin consisting of 245 amino acid residues (soyacystatin). It is, while basically similar in sequence to known cystatins that are generally in the range of 12-15 kDa, characterized by having extremely large extension sequences in both its amino and carboxyl termini. The genomic DNA encoding soyacystatin is also unique in that it consists of four exons with three introns in its coding regions. The mRNA for soyacystatin is distinctly expressed in soybean seeds 2 weeks after flowering. Soyacystatin purified from mature soybean seeds had a molecular mass of about 26 kDa on SDS/PAGE which suggests that it contains the extension sequences. Papain-inhibition experiments demonstrate that this endogenous soyacystatin has almost the same inhibitory activity as that of its deletion mutant (102 amino acid residues) recombinantly produced by truncation of the amino and carboxyl terminal extensions, indicating that the occurrence of the extensions does not affect the cystatin activity. Immunohistochemical experiments reveal that soyacystatin is expressed nearly uniformly in the cotyledons. These results also suggest the possible occurrence of a cysteine proteinase as the target enzyme of soyacystatin.
The Mechanism of Catalysis in the Crosslinking of Cotton with Formaldehyde (1976)

Crosslinking of cotton cellulose with formaldehyde by the pad-dry-cure process has been studied kinetically. The reaction is catalyzed by hydroxonium ions, and this catalytic reaction accounts for more than 98% of all crosslinks formed. MgCl 2 and mixtures of MgCl 2 and tartaric acid have no detectable, direct catalytic effect but owe their activity to the fact that they bring about an increase in the concentration of hydroxonium ions under curing conditions.
Microfluidics for food, agriculture and biosystems industries (2011)

Microfluidics, a rapidly emerging enabling technology has the potential to revolutionize food, agriculture and biosystems industries. Examples of potential applications of microfluidics in food industry include nano-particle encapsulation of fish oil, monitoring pathogens and toxins in food and water supplies, micro-nano-filtration for improving food quality, detection of antibiotics in dairy food products, and generation of novel food structures. In addition, microfluidics enables applications in agriculture and animal sciences such as nutrients monitoring and plant cells sorting for improving crop quality and production, effective delivery of biopesticides, simplified in vitro fertilization for animal breeding, animal health monitoring, vaccination and therapeutics. Lastly, microfluidics provides new approaches for bioenergy research. This paper synthesizes information of selected microfluidics-based applications for food, agriculture and biosystems industries.
A Comparative Study of Hedges Use Between American and Chinese Students’ Writing (2015)

In college-level academic writings, the appropriate use of hedges is an important skill to mark a writer's stances pragmatically. This skill is not easy for English as Foreign Language (EFL) students to acquire, especially for Chinese students whose first language (L1) is dramatically different from English. This study compared writings by Chinese students and American students to pinpoint the similarities and differences between the two groups in their uses of various hedging devices. A set of first-year writings by the two groups was collected at Northern Arizona University (NAU). In their writings, five types of hedges were investigated respectively, namely model auxiliary type, lexical verb type, adjective/adverb type, phrase type, and sentence structure type. The results show that Chinese students use as many hedges as American students in general, but the two populations differ from each other in their use of lexical verbs in particular.
Theory of switching in polysilicon- <i>n-p</i> <sup>+</sup> silicon structures (1981)

A simple theory is proposed for observed switching in polysilicon-n-p+ devices using a single grain for the polysilicon layer. The switching mechanism is similar to that in the tunnel oxide device but differs in that the conduction mechanism in the polysilicon is by thermionic emission rather than tunnelling. Alternative implementations are suggested using ion implantation, or molecular beam epitaxial gallium arsenide.
Exploring and exploiting the limited utility of captions in recognizing intention in information graphics (2005)

This paper presents a corpus study that explores the extent to which captions contribute to recognizing the intended message of an information graphic. It then presents an implemented graphic interpretation system that takes into account a variety of communicative signals, and an evaluation study showing that evidence obtained from shallow processing of the graphic's caption has a significant impact on the system's success. This work is part of a larger project whose goal is to provide sight-impaired users with effective access to information graphics.
Review of hybrid pixel detector readout ASICs for spectroscopic X-ray imaging (2016)

Semiconductor detector readout chips with pulse processing electronics have made possible spectroscopic X-ray imaging, bringing an improvement in the overall image quality and, in the case of medical imaging, a reduction in the X-ray dose delivered to the patient. In this contribution we review the state of the art in semiconductor-detector readout ASICs for spectroscopic X-ray imaging with emphasis on hybrid pixel detector technology. We discuss how some of the key challenges of the technology (such as dealing with high fluxes, maintaining spectral fidelity, power consumption density) are addressed by the various ASICs. In order to understand the fundamental limits of the technology, the physics of the interaction of radiation with the semiconductor detector and the process of signal induction in the input electrodes of the readout circuit are described. Simulations of the process of signal induction are presented that reveal the importance of making use of the small pixel effect to minimize the impact of the slow motion of holes and hole trapping in the induced signal in high-Z sensor materials. This can contribute to preserve fidelity in the measured spectrum with relatively short values of the shaper peaking time. Simulations also show, on the other hand, the distortion in the energy spectrum due to charge sharing and fluorescence photons when the pixel pitch is decreased. However, using recent measurements from the Medipix3 ASIC, we demonstrate that the spectroscopic information contained in the incoming photon beam can be recovered by the implementation in hardware of an algorithm whereby the signal from a single photon is reconstructed and allocated to the pixel with the largest deposition.
Decision problems for propositional linear logic (2002)

It is shown that, unlike most other propositional (quantifier-free) logics, full propositional linear logic is undecidable. Further, it is provided that without the model storage operator, which indicates unboundedness of resources, the decision problem becomes PSPACE-complete. Also established are membership in NP for the multiplicative fragment, NP-completeness for the multiplicative fragment extended with unrestricted weakening, and undecidability for certain fragments of noncommutative propositional linear logic.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Neonatal secretion of secretin. (1975)

The plasma levels of secretin have been measured in mothers after labour, and in their babies at birth and on day 4 of life. The mean cord venous level was higher than the maternal level, and there was a significant correlation between the individual maternal and cord values. The level had again increased by day 4, and at this time the secretin level was inversely proportional to the blood glucose level.
Performance Evaluation of Body Fluid Cellular Analysis Using the Beckman Coulter UniCel DxH 800, Sysmex XN-350, and UF-5000 Automated Cellular Analyzers (2019)

The three automated analyzers showed good analytical performances. Application of reflex analysis guidelines is recommended for eosinophils and HF-BFs, and manual confirmation is warranted.
The A<sub>2A</sub>‐adenosine receptor: a GPCR with unique features? (2008)

The A(2A)-adenosine receptor is a prototypical G(s)-coupled receptor. However, the A(2A)-receptor has several structural and functional characteristics that make it unique. In contrast to the classical model of collision coupling described for the beta-adrenergic receptors, the A(2A)-receptor couples to adenylyl cyclase by restricted collision coupling and forms a tight complex with G(s). The mechanistic basis for this is not clear; restricted collision coupling may arise from the interaction of the receptor with additional proteins or due to the fact that G protein-coupling is confined to specialized membrane microdomains. The A(2A)-receptor has a long C-terminus (of >120 residues), which is for the most part dispensable for coupling to G(s). It was originally viewed as the docking site for kinases and the beta-arrestin family to initiate receptor desensitization and endocytosis. The A(2A)-receptor is, however, fairly resistant to agonist-induced internalization. Recently, the C-terminus has also been appreciated as a binding site for several additional 'accessory' proteins. Established interaction partners include alpha-actinin, ARNO, USP4 and translin-associated protein-X. In addition, the A(2A)-receptor has also been reported to form a heteromeric complex with the D(2)-dopamine receptor and the metabotropic glutamate receptor-5. It is clear that (i) this list cannot be exhaustive and (ii) that all these proteins cannot bind simultaneously to the receptor. There must be rules of engagement, which allow the receptor to elicit different biological responses, which depend on the cellular context and the nature of the concomitant signal(s). Thus, the receptor may function as a coincidence detector and a signal integrator.
Automated small-cell deployment for heterogeneous cellular networks (2013)

Optimizing the cellular network's cell locations is one of the most fundamental problems of network design. The general objective is to provide the desired QoS with the minimum system cost. In order to meet a growing appetite for mobile data services, heterogeneous networks have been proposed as a cost- and energy-efficient method of improving local spectral efficiency. While unarticulated cell deployments can lead to localized improvements, there is a significant risk posed to network-wide performance due to the additional interference. The first part of the article focuses on state-of-the-art modelling and radio planning methods based on stochastic geometry and Monte Carlo simulations, and the emerging automatic deployment prediction technique for low-power nodes, or LPNs, in heterogeneous networks. The technique advises an LPN where it should be deployed, given certain knowledge of the network. The second part of the article focuses on algorithms that utilize interference and physical environment knowledge to assist LPN deployment. The proposed techniques can not only improve network performance, but also reduce radio planning complexity, capital expenditure, and energy consumption of the cellular network. The theoretical work is supported by numerical results from system-level simulations that employ real cellular network data and physical environments.
GuidedTracker: Track the victims with access logs to finding malicious web pages (2014)

Malicious web pages have become a malignant tumour for the Internet, which spread malicious code, steal people's private information, and deliver spamming advertisements. And how to distinguish them from the huge number of normal web pages effectively remains a huge challenge in the era of big data. To detect malicious pages, one needs to first collect candidate web pages that are live on the web; then filter massive legitimate pages using fast filters and finally examine the remaining pages using precisely but slow analyzer. However, there are new challenges recently for these conventional techniques, including large scale, imbalance data and the usage of cloaking techniques. To cope with these challenges, the malicious URL detection system should perform more efficiently. In this paper, we propose a system, named GuidedTracker, to search for suspicious malicious pages. GuidedTracker starts from the seed set which includes known malicious pages. Then, it automatically figures out those victims based on the seed set and the visit relation database. Finally, the access records of these victims are used to identify other malicious pages. In this way, GuidedTracker increase the percentages of malicious URLs in the input URL stream submitted to the precisely analyzer. To our best knowledge, GuidedTracker is the first to introduce visit relations to tackle the malicious URL detection problem. The introduction of visit relations limits the scope of URL inspection and enables this approach to have the ability of self-learning. Experimental results show that the overall "toxicity" can be improved by 6.97%-50.38% compared with full inspection of access logs.
A 1.5-V 900-MHz monolithic CMOS fast-switching frequency synthesizer for wireless applications (2002)

A new architecture for phase-locked loop frequency synthesizers which employs a switchable-capacitor array to tune the output frequency and a dual-path loop filter operating in the capacitance domain is proposed. It provides many advantages, including simplified analog circuitry, low supply voltage, low power consumption, small chip area, fast frequency switching, and high immunity of substrate noise. Implemented in a standard 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS process, a fully integrated fractional-N synthesizer prototype with a third-order sigma-delta modulator is designed for 1.5 V and consumes 30 mW. The total chip area is, 0.9 /spl times/ 1.1 mm/sup 2/. The settling time is less than 100 /spl mu/s and the phase noise is -118 dBc/Hz at 600-kHz offset.
Characterization of a second cleavage site and demonstration of activity in trans by the papain-like proteinase of the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 (1997)

The 21.7-kb replicase locus of mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV-A59) encodes several putative functional domains, including three proteinase domains. Encoded closest to the 5' terminus of this locus is the first papain-like proteinase (PLP-1) (S. C. Baker et al., J. Virol. 67:6056-6063, 1993; H.-J. Lee et al., Virology 180:567-582, 1991). This cysteine proteinase is responsible for the in vitro cleavage of p28, a polypeptide that is also present in MHV-A59-infected cells. Cleavage at a second site was recently reported for this proteinase (P. J. Bonilla et al., Virology 209:489-497, 1995). This new cleavage site maps to the same region as the predicted site of the C terminus of p65, a viral polypeptide detected in infected cells. In this study, microsequencing analysis of the radiolabeled downstream cleavage product and deletion mutagenesis analysis were used to identify the scissile bond of the second cleavage site to between Ala832 and Gly833. The effects of mutations between the P5 and P2' positions on the processing at the second cleavage site were analyzed. Most substitutions at the P4, P3, P2, and P2' positions were permissive for cleavage. With the exceptions of a conservative P1 mutation, Ala832Gly, and a conservative P5 mutation, Arg828Lys, substitutions at the P5, P1, and P1' positions severely diminished second-site proteolysis. Mutants in which the p28 cleavage site (Gly247 / Val248) was replaced by the Ala832 / Gly833 cleavage site and vice versa were found to retain processing activity. Contrary to previous reports, we determined that the PLP-1 has the ability to process in trans at either the p28 site or both cleavage sites, depending on the choice of substrate. The results from this study suggest a greater role by the PLP-1 in the processing of the replicase locus in vivo.
Critical Role of SAP in Progression and Reactivation but Not Maintenance of T Cell-Dependent Humoral Immunity (2013)

Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP) is a small adaptor molecule mutated in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease, a human immunodeficiency. SAP plays a critical role in the initiation of T cell-dependent B cell responses leading to germinal center reaction, the production of high-affinity antibodies, and B cell memory. However, whether SAP has a role in these responses beyond their initiation is not known. It is important to address this matter not only for mechanistic reasons but also because blockade of the SAP pathway is being contemplated as a means to treat autoimmune diseases in humans. Using an inducibly SAP deficient mouse, we found that SAP was required not only for the initiation but also for the progression of primary T cell-driven B cell responses to haptens. It was also necessary for the reactivation of T cell-dependent B cell immunity during secondary immune responses. These activities consistently correlated with the requirement of SAP for full expression of the lineage commitment factor Bcl-6 in follicular T helper (T(FH)) cells. However, once memory B cells and long-lived antibody-secreting cells were established, SAP became dispensable for maintaining T cell-dependent B cell responses. Thus, SAP is pivotal for nearly all phases, but not for maintenance, of T cell-driven B cell humoral immunity. These findings may have implications for the treatment of immune disorders by targeting the SAP pathway.