gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cartography, GIS and the World Wide Web (1998)

For this, my initial cartography and GIS report, I have selected a theme external to, but with implications for, both ± the World Wide Web (WWW, or simply `the web'). According to its primary architect, the WWW `was developed to be a pool of human knowledge, which would allow collaborators in remote sites to share their ideas and all aspects of a common project' (Berners-Lee et al., 1994: 76). Conceived in 1989 as an extension of the Internet, five years later the web was responsible for only 3% of Internet traffic. Between spring 1994 and spring 1995, however, the web jumped to first place in web traffic and continues to retain that position. As both a technology and a cultural phenomenon, this new vehicle for information exchange has implications for all facets of science and society, and has attracted attention in many disciplines (see, for example, Batty and Barr, 1994; Berners-Lee et al., 1994; Nielsen, 1995; Pitkow and Kehoe, 1995; Computing Research Association, 1996; Doheny-Farina, 1996; Gunkel and Gunkel, 1997). Web-based cartography and GIS is at an early stage of development. Even so, the nature of maps and of spatial information access is undergoing profound change. Taylor (1997: 2) contends that `the half life of knowledge in the field is probably down to a matter of months'. Web sites featuring mapping and GIS are added daily ± and the sites are being used (some generating hundreds of maps per day). I could fill the space intended for this essay with a list of web addresses (URLs) to sites `serving' maps and spatial data (for two such lists, see Chang, 1997; MacLennan, 1997). The web allows information `objects' of many forms (maps, images, sounds, text, etc.) to be linked to any number of other information objects. A global database of information is evolving in which every information object is related to all other objects. As a consequence, the web has the potential to facilitate change in cartography and GIS through at least three fundamental mechanisms: 1) by dramatically increasing the applications of mapping and GIS ± through greater access to tools and data; 2) through integration of mapping, GIS and nonspatial information technologies (and associated spatial and nonspatial data) to create new forms of representation and new ways to address problems important to society; and 3) by creating new virtual `worlds' to be mapped, analyzed and manipulated (and, like the physical world, exploited).
A Physiological Model Of Glucose-insulin Interaction (2005)

A physiological model of glucme-insulin interaction in diabetes mellitus has been developed for patient and medical staff education. The model’s predictions also allow a 24 hour simulation of blood glucose profiles to be generated. The model attempts to reflect the underlying @atho)physiology of insulin action and carbohydrate absorption in quantitative terms such as insulin sensitivity, volume of distribution and maximal absorption rate. An overview of the model is presented and its operation illustrated by a case study from a 24 year old insulin-treated diabetic patient.
Mass Determination, Subunit Organization and Control of Oligomerization States of Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) (1997)

Analytical dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) of freeze-dried unstained specimens of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH; from Megathura crenulata, a prosobranch gastropod) gave a molecular mass of 400 kDa for the subunit of KLH1 and of 345 kDa for the subunit of KLH2, which confirms our published values from SDS/PAGE. Within the 400-kDa KLH1 subunit we identified, by limited proteolysis, isolation of fragments and N-terminal sequencing, eight distinct 45-60 kDa functional domains (termed 1a through 1h) and determined their sequential arrangement. The KLH1 domains differ biochemically and immunologically from each other and from the previously characterized seven domains of KLH2 (termed 2a through 2g). Our partial amino acid sequences suggest that a domain, equivalent to the C-terminal domain 1h, is missing in KLH2. This deficiency is believed to be genuine and not an artifact of the subunit preparation procedure, since STEM measurements of the native didecamers yielded a mass difference of about 800 kDa between KLH1 and KLH2 (8.3 MDa versus 7.5 MDa), correlating with 20 copies of a functional 1h domain. It was also shown that the KLH1 didecamer can be rapidly split (minutes) into an almost homogeneous population of stable decamers by increasing the pH of the Tris/saline stabilizing buffer (routinely pH 7.4), which contains 5 mM CaCl2 and 5 mM MgCl2, to pH 8.5. Reformation of the didecamers occurred more slowly (days) upon dialysis against the pH 7.4 stabilizing buffer. Addition of 100 mM calcium and 100 mM magnesium ions to the pH 7.4 stabilizing buffer leads to the more rapid (overnight) formation of didecamers together with a significant number of previously unobserved KLH1 multidecamers, which could be structurally distinguished from the established multidecamers of KLH2.
Data Management At The Southern African Large Telescope (2015)

PySALT is the python/PyRAF-based data reduction and analysis pipeline for the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), a modern 10m class telescope with a large user community consisting of 13 partner institutions. The suite of tools developed as part of PySALT include: (1) science quality reductions for the major operational modes of SALT include high-time resolution and spectroscopic reductions, (2) quick-look capabilities for the observers and real-time data delivery for the investigators, and (3) management of the data archive and regularly processing of SALT observations. In addition to presenting the overall framework, we also highlight some of the lessons learned since the start of SALT scientific observations in 2011.
Production of toxins (enterotoxins, verotoxins, and necrotoxins) and colicins by Escherichia coli strains isolated from septicemic and healthy chickens: relationship with in vivo pathogenicity (1997)

Since the mechanism of virulence of Escherichia coli strains pathogenic to birds is not fully understood, the prevalence of toxic factors produced by E. coli strains pathogenic to other animals was investigated. A total of 625 E. coli strains isolated from visceral organs of chickens with colisepticemia and from feces of healthy chickens in Spain were tested for production of enterotoxins (heat labile [LT] and heat stable [STa]), verotoxins (VT1, VT2, and VT2v), cytotoxic necrotizing factors (CNF1 and CNF2), alpha-hemolysin (Hly), enterohemolysin (EntHly), colicin V (Col V) and other types of colicins, and necrotic and lethal activities. Only 45 (7%) of avian E. coli strains were toxigenic: 20 strains produced a cytotoxic response in HeLa but not in Vero cells, indicating the production of a cytotoxin not related to the VTs; 16 were EntHly+; 5 produced a new cytotonic product that causes the appearance of whitish vacuola in Vero and HeLa cells; 3 synthesized soluble factors that cause lethal activity in mice; and 1 elaborated LT. None of 625 avian E. coli strains was positive for production of VTs or CNFs. In contrast, colicinogenicity occurred in 335 (73%) of the 458 septicemic strains and 97 (58%) of 167 fecal isolates (P < 0.01), and this property was correlated with in vivo pathogenicity of strains. Thus, 80% (P < 0.001) and 66% (P < 0.001) of strains producing Col V and other types of colicins were characterized as being of high pathogenicity, whereas only 15% of the noncolicinogenic strains were classified as highly pathogenic. Our results clearly support the special pathogenicity theory, because 60% of the E. coli strains belonging to 18 serogroups (O1, O2, O5, O8, O12, O14, O15, O18, O20, O53, O78, O81, O83, O102, O103, O115, O116, and O132) most frequently identified among clinical septicemic strains were classified as highly pathogenic in in vivo assays, whereas only 24% of the strains with O serogroups less prevalent among diseased chickens were considered highly pathogenic (P < 0.01).
Influence of the water content in dental enamel and dentin on ablation with erbium YAG and erbium YSGG lasers (2006)

The theory of the ablation of dental hard tissue with erbium lasers is based on a process of thermomechanical interaction, which is explained by the absorption of the radiation in the water component of the tissue. The abrupt evaporation of the water is the cause of tissue fragments being blasted out of the tooth structure. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of the water contained in dental hard tissues on the efficiency of ablation. 192 specimens of both bovine dental enamel and bovine dentin are irradiated with an Er:YAG and an Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Half of the specimens are dehydrated beforehand. Irradiation is carried out in subgroups: without water spray and with water spray at flow rates of 0.8 and 3 mls. The ablated volume is determined following histological preparation. Only in dentin, and then only with irradiation with the Er:YAG laser, is the water contained in the tissue found to have a significant influence (p < 0.0001) on the ablated volume. The water content has no effect on the efficiency of laser ablation in any of the other test groups. In contrast, the externally supplied water always has a significant influence on the effectiveness of the ablation process.
Cardiovascular and Craniofacial Defects in <i>Crk-</i> Null Mice (2006)

The Crk adaptor protein, which is encoded by two splice variants termed CrkI and CrkII, contains both SH2 and SH3 domains but no catalytic region. It is thought to function in signal transduction processes involved in growth regulation, cell transformation, cell migration, and cell adhesion. Although the function of Crk has been studied in considerable detail in cell culture, its biological role in vivo is still unclear, and no Crk-knockout mouse model has been available. Therefore, we generated a complete null allele of Crk in mice by using the Cre-loxP recombination approach. The majority of Crk-null mice die at late stages of embryonic development, and the remainder succumb shortly after birth. Embryos lacking both CrkI and CrkII exhibited edema, hemorrhage, and cardiac defects. Immunohistochemical examination suggested that defects in vascular smooth muscle caused dilation and rupturing of blood vessels. Problems in nasal development and cleft palate were also observed. These data indicate that Crk is involved in cardiac and craniofacial development and that it plays an essential role in maintaining vascular integrity during embryonic development.
Continuous Glucose Monitoring (2012)

Continuous glucose monitoring holds promise to help behavioral researchers unravel the complex relationships among glucose and intrapersonal, interpersonal, and contextual factors. However, the uptake of CGM for this purpose is limited, and the possibilities for its use are largely unmet. We encourage behavioral researchers to implement CGM in their protocols and to do so in a way that maximizes its explanatory power.
A design of current-mode analog circuits for fuzzy inference hardware systems (2002)

Current-mode analog circuits, i.e., a maximum (MAX) circuit, a minimum (MIN) circuit, and a defuzzified circuit, for fuzzy inference hardware systems, are proposed. The design of the proposed MAX and MIN circuits is based on simple bounded-difference equations. The defuzzifier circuit is synthesized using multipliers/dividers based on the translinear principle. The design considerations and the simulation results of a 2 /spl times/ 2 fuzzy controller using the proposed circuits are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Organoboron compounds. Part X. The reaction of lithium with trialkyl borates (1970)

Lithium reacts with boiling tributyl borate to form dilithium hexabutoxydiborate Li2[(BuO)3B·B(OBu)3], which loses tributyl borate on treatment with Lewis acids, giving the salts Li2[(BuO)3B·X] where X = BF3, B(OMe)3, or SiCl4. Dilithium hexabutoxydiborate is also prepared from tetrabutoxydiboron and lithium butoxide. Tripropyl borate reacts with lithium to form the analogous compound Li2[(PrO)3B·B(OPr)3].
Incidence and Risk Factors of Insomnia in a Population-Based Sample (2009)

The one-year insomnia incidence rate was very high and several psychological and health factors were associated with new onset insomnia. Improved knowledge about the nature of these predisposing factors would be helpful to guide the development of effective public health prevention and intervention programs to promote better sleep quality.
Metal and Inflammatory Targets for Alzheimers Disease (2004)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become linked to inflammation and metal biology. Metals (copper, zinc and iron) and inflammatory cytokines are significant factors that increase the onset of sporadic late onset forms of the dementia. The genetic discovery that alleles in the hemochromatosis gene accelerate the onset of disease by five years has certainly validated interest in the metallobiology of AD as originally described by biochemical criteria. Also the presence of an Iron-Responsive Element (IRE) in the 5'UTR of the Amyloid Precursor Protein transcript (APP 5'UTR) provided the first molecular biological support for the current model that APP of AD is a metaloprotein. At the biochemical level, copper, zinc and iron were shown to accelerate the aggregation of the Abeta peptide and enhance metal catalyzed oxidative stress associated with amyloid plaque formation. These amyloid associated events remain the central pathological hallmark of AD in the brain cortex region of AD patients. The involvement of metals in the plaque of AD patients and the demonstration of metal dependent translation of APP mRNA have encouraged the development of chelators as a major new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD, running parallel to the development of a vaccine. The other notable pathological feature of AD discussed here is inflammation. The presence of neuro-inflammatory events during AD was supported by clinical trials wherein use of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was shown to reduce the risk of developing AD. Drug targets that address inflammation include the use of small molecules that prevent Abeta peptide from activating microglia, the use of cytokine suppressive anti-inflammatory drugs (CSAIDS), and the continued search for a vaccine directed to Abeta sub-fragments (even though the full-length Abeta immunogen generated brain-inflammation and encephalitis in some patients). Our laboratory currently uses a transfection-based assay to screen for small molecule drugs that selectively suppress the capacity of the APP 5'UTR to confer expression to a downstream reporter gene. Based on the presence of both an Interleukin-1 (IL-1) responsive acute box domain and an IRE in the APP 5'UTR, we predict that our APP 5'UTR directed drug screens will identify both novel metal chelators and novel NSAIDS. These lead drugs are readily testable to measure APP holoprotein expression in a cell based secondary assay, and by use of an APP transgenic mouse model to test potential beneficial effects of lead drug treatments on amyloid burden.
Approaches to the Synthesis of 5-Benzylidene-2-imidazolin-4-ones (1990)

Aromatic aldehydes , but not ketones, can be condensed with glycocyamidine . The corresponding alkylbenzylideneglycocyamidines may be made from glycidic esters by reaction with guanidine, followed by cyclization with acetic anhydride. A number of mono- and di -acetylated derivatives of 6,7-dihydropyrrolo[2,3-c]azepine-4,8(1H,5H)- dione have been prepared, but failed to undergo the Darzens reaction. Bromo- and iodo-2-arylazoimidazoles, protected on nitrogen by the methoxyethoxymethyl group, failed to undergo clean lithiation.
Fuzzy Running Average and Fuzzy Background Subtraction: Concepts and Application (2008)

Running average method and its modified version are two simple and fast methods for background modeling. In this paper, some weaknesses of running average method and standard background subtraction are mentioned. Then, a fuzzy approach for background modeling and background subtraction is proposed. For fuzzy background modeling, fuzzy running average is suggested. Background modeling and background subtraction algorithms are very commonly used in vehicle detection systems. To demonstrate the advantages of fuzzy running average and fuzzy background subtraction, these methods and their standard versions are compared in vehicle detection application. Experimental results show that fuzzy approach is relatively more accurate than classical approach. Key words:
Structure of monensic acid, a new biologically active compound (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure of monensic acid, a new biologically active compoundAmelia. Agtarap, James W. Chamberlin, M. Pinkerton, and Larry K. SteinraufCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 22, 5737–5739Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00998a062https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00998a062research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views630Altmetric-Citations239LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Intracellular Pharmacokinetics of Tenofovir Diphosphate, Carbovir Triphosphate, and Lamivudine Triphosphate in Patients Receiving Triple-Nucleoside Regimens (2005)

An intracellular drug interaction does not explain the suboptimal viral response in patients treated with the nucleoside-only regimen of TDF, ABC, and 3TC.
Induction of Hepatic Mitochondrial Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase in Rats by Dehydroepiandrosterone1 (1991)

Feeding the thermogenic steroid, 5-androsten-3 beta-ol-17-one (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA) in the diet of rats induced the synthesis of liver mitochondrial sn-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase to levels three to five times that of control rats within 7 days. The previously reported enhancement of liver cytosolic malic enzyme was confirmed. The induction of both enzymes was detectable at 0.01% DHEA in the diet, reached plateau stimulation at 0.1 to 0.2%, and was completely blocked by simultaneous treatment with actinomycin D. Feeding DHEA caused smaller, but statistically significant increases of liver cytosolic lactate, sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, and isocitrate (NADP(+)-linked) dehydrogenases but not of malate or glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenases. The capability of DHEA to enhance mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme was influenced by the thyroid status of the rats; was smallest in thyroidectomized rats and highest in rats treated with triiodothyronine. 5-Androsten-3 beta,17 beta-diol and 5-androsten-3 beta-ol-7,17-dione were as effective as DHEA in enhancing the liver mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme. Administering compounds that induce the formation of cytochrome P450 enzymes enhanced liver malic enzyme activity but not that of mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Arochlor 1254 and 3-methylcholanthrene also increased the response of malic enzyme to DHEA feeding.
Real Time in Situ Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Studies of the Photocatalytic Oxidation of Stearic Acid on Titania Films (2000)

We used in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry to measure the photocatalytic activity of titania films on fused silica and glass substrates. Amorphous and anatase TiO2 films with a variety of microstructures were prepared by reactive sputtering and pyrolytic deposition. The titania films were coated with thin, spin-cast films of stearic acid [CH3(CH2)16COOH] to represent an organic contaminant. Photooxidation rates were determined from ellipsometric measurements of the reduction in stearic acid film thickness during exposure to UV irradiation at 313 or 365 nm. The photooxidation rate was found to be proportional to Iα, where I is the irradiance. The exponent α correlated with the TiO2 crystallinity, having values of approximately 0.7 and 0.8 for amorphous and anatase films, respectively. The largest photooxidation rate was observed for the pyrolytically deposited anatase sample on which X-ray reflectometry and spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements detected the presence of a low-density TiO2 surface layer. To assess the performance of these films in practical applications, the specimens were exposed to wavelength and irradiance conditions that simulated a solar UV spectrum. The most photocatalytically active sample had a stearic acid film removal rate of 22 nm/h, which would be suitable for self-cleaning window applications.
Improvement of Resistive Switching Properties in $ \hbox{ZrO}_{2}$-Based ReRAM With Implanted Ti Ions (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In this letter, the resistive switching properties of a <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{ZrO}_{2}$ </tex></formula>-based memory film with implanted Ti ions are investigated. The testing results demonstrate that doping Ti in <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{ZrO}_{2}$</tex></formula> can remove the electroforming process and reduce the variations of switching parameters such as Set voltage and resistance in <emphasis emphasistype="smcaps">off</emphasis> state. Furthermore, the Ti-doped <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$ \hbox{ZrO}_{2}$</tex></formula> resistive switching memory also exhibits high device yield (nearly 100%), low operating voltage, fast speed, large on/off ratio <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$( ≫ \hbox{10}^{4})$</tex> </formula>, and long retention time <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$( ≫ \hbox{10}^{7}\ \hbox{s})$</tex> </formula>. The formation and rupture of conducting filaments are suggested to be responsible for the resistive switching phenomenon. The doped Ti impurities can improve the formation of conducting filaments and switching behaviors. </para>
A stable blood product for pH-blood-gas quality control. (1978)

We describe how to prepare, store, and use a hemolyzed blood product for simultaneous pH, pCO2, and pO2 quality control. Tonometry of the blood product with two oxygen and two carbon dioxide concentrations resulted in consistent and reproducible values during 38 weeks. The resulting pH values were consistent and reproducible, demonstrating the metabolic acid-base stability of the blood product. We conclude that the proper preparation, storage, and use of the product results in consistent, reproducible, and economical quality control for pH, pCO2 and pO2 blood measurements.