gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A novel statistical method for segmentation of brain MRI (2004)

The expectation maximization (EM) algorithm has been used widely for computing the maximum likelihood (ML) parameters in the statistical segmentation of brain magnetic resonance (MR) images. As the standard EM algorithm is time and computer memory consuming, the segmentation is impractical in many real-world situations. In order to overcome this, an improved EM algorithm is presented. A novel statistical method is developed by combining the improved EM algorithm with a region growing algorithm, which is used to provide the a priori knowledge for the segmentation. The experimental results show that the proposed method can largely reduce the computing time and computer memory.
Signaling and Monitoring in Public-Sector Accounting (1987)

John H. Evans III, James M. Patton, Signaling and Monitoring in Public-Sector Accounting, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 25, Studies on Stewardship Uses of Accounting Information (1987), pp. 130-158
Application of Thin-Layer Chromatographic Zonal 14C-Profile Scans to the Analysis of Urinary Constituents Derived from Lipids (1968)

Abstract Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) has been a useful tool in the analysis of numerous urinary constituents; as in most applications of adsorption TLC, it is best used in conjunction with other chromatographic processes. The application of TLC to the resolution of polar urinary products derived from lipids is shown for the metabolism of a 14C-labeled fatty acid and a 14C-labeled glyceryl thioether. An automatic system, including fraction collection of adsorbent, pipetting, data transmission, and computer calculations, was used to obtain the TLC zonal 14C profiles.
THERMALLY STABLE NLO MATERIALS BASED ON ORGANOSOLUBLE POLYIMIDES AND AN ALKOXYSILANE DYE VIA SOL-GEL PROCESS (2001)

Abstract A series of organic-inorganic materials based on organosoluble polyimides and an alkoxysilane dye for second-order nonlinear optics have been developed. A sol-gel reaction of a nonlinear optically active alkoxysilane dye (ASD) is utilized to grow a network in polymer matrices or create an interpolymer network among polyimide chains. SEM results indicate that the inorganic networks are distributed uniformly throughout the polymer matrices on the molecular scale. The silica particle sizes are well under 1 μm. Second harmonic coefficients, d33 of 8.4 to 47.6 pm/V have been obtained for the poled/ cured polyimide/ASD samples. Excellent temporal stability was obtained for these NLO materials at 100°C. The composition effect on the second order nonlinearity is also reported. Keywords: Nonlinear opticsPolyimideSol-gel processOrganic-inorganic ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors thank the National Science Council of Taiwan, ROC, for financial support (Grant NSC89-2216-E-005-002).
Large-scale Clinical-grade Retroviral Vector Production in a Fixed-Bed Bioreactor (2015)

The successful genetic engineering of patient T cells with γ-retroviral vectors expressing chimeric antigen receptors or T-cell receptors for phase II clinical trials and beyond requires the large-scale manufacture of high-titer vector stocks. The production of retroviral vectors from stable packaging cell lines using roller bottles or 10- to 40-layer cell factories is limited by a narrow harvest window, labor intensity, open-system operations, and the requirement for significant incubator space. To circumvent these shortcomings, we optimized the production of vector stocks in a disposable fixed-bed bioreactor using good manufacturing practice-grade packaging cell lines. High-titer vector stocks were harvested over 10 days, representing a much broader harvest window than the 3-day harvest afforded by cell factories. For PG13 and 293Vec packaging cells, the average vector titer and the vector stocks' yield in the bioreactor were higher by 3.2- to 7.3-fold, and 5.6- to 13.1-fold, respectively, than those obtained in cell factories. The vector production was 10.4 and 18.6 times more efficient than in cell factories for PG13 and 293Vec cells, respectively. Furthermore, the vectors produced from the fixed-bed bioreactors passed the release test assays for clinical applications. Therefore, a single vector lot derived from 293Vec is suitable to transduce up to 500 patients cell doses in the context of large clinical trials using chimeric antigen receptors or T-cell receptors. These findings demonstrate for the first time that a robust fixed-bed bioreactor process can be used to produce γ-retroviral vector stocks scalable up to the commercialization phase.
Spermidine coupled with exercise rescues skeletal muscle atrophy from D-gal-induced aging rats through enhanced autophagy and reduced apoptosis via AMPK-FOXO3a signal pathway (2017)

The quality control of skeletal muscle is a continuous requirement throughout the lifetime, although its functions and quality present as a declining trend during aging process. Dysfunctional or deficient autophagy and excessive apoptosis may contribute to the atrophy of senescent skeletal muscle. Spermidine, as a natural polyamine, can be involved in important cellular functions for lifespan extension and stress resistance in several model organisms through activating autophagy. Similarly, cellular autophagic responses to exercise have also been extensively investigated. In the present study, in order to confirm the mitigation or amelioration of skeletal muscle atrophy in aging rats through spermidine coupled with exercise intervention and explore corresponding mechanisms, the rat model with aging-related atrophy of skeletal muscle was established by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactose (D-gal) (200 mg/kg∙d), and model rats were subjected to the intervention with spermidine (5 mg/kg∙d)) or swimming (60 min/d, 5 d/wk) or combination for 42 days. Spermidine coupled with exercise could attenuate D-gal-induced aging-related atrophy of skeletal muscle through induced autophagy and reduced apoptosis with characteristics of more autophagosomes, activated mitophagy, enhanced mitochondrial quality, alleviated cell shrinkage, and less swollen mitochondria under transmission scanning microscopic observation. Meanwhile, spermidine coupled with exercise could induce autophagy through activating AMPK-FOXO3a signal pathway with characterization of increased Beclin1 and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, up-regulated anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, down-regulated pro-apoptotic Bax and caspase-3, as well as activated AMPK and FOXO3a. Therefore, spermidine combined with exercise can execute the prevention or treatment of D-gal-induced aging-related skeletal muscle atrophy through enhanced autophagy and reduced apoptosis mediated by AMPK-FOXO3a signal pathway.
A Full Version of Vision-Based Structural Identification (2020)

Most of the vision-based structural identification research focus either on structural input (vehicle location) or output (structural responses) estimation. Combining the vision-based structural input and output from conventional sensors, though gives a normalized response irrespective of the type or load of the vehicles, cost, time, and labor force, are necessary and tedious. Bridge closure is essential and may cause severe problems such as traffic jam of critical urban routes. In this study, a completely non-contact structural identification framework is proposed. Both the structural input and output are obtained by just using cameras and computer vision techniques. The proposed system is verified with a laboratory experiment on a two-span bridge under a moving load. The unit influence line of the two-span bridge is successfully identified and can be used for damage detection.
Hydrophobic properties of carbon fabric with Teflon AF 2400 fluoropolymer coating deposited from solutions in supercritical carbon dioxide (2011)

A method for uniform deposition of a hydrophobizing polymer from a solution in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) onto the surface of carbon fabric used for manufacturing gas diffusion layers of fuel cells is developed. This approach, based on using Teflon AF 2400, a SC-CO2-soluble copolymer, is compared to the traditional method for hydrophobization of the gas diffusion layer of a fuel cell, based on the use of an aqueous dispersion of Teflon 30N. Hydrophobizing polymers were deposited on the surface of a highly rough carbon fabric (Saati), an electrically conductive gas diffusion layer material with good mechanical and resource characteristics. In one of the versions of the method of deposition from SC-CO2, the hydrophobic film was subjected to additional annealing at a temperature above the glass transition temperature of Teflon AF 2400 amorphous copolymer. It is shown that this approach makes it possible to form a uniform thin fluoropolymer film on carbon fibers, which imparts the most stable superhydrophobic properties to the surface of the gas diffusion layer at very low amounts of deposited polymer. In this case, the contact angle reaches a value much greater than that previously reported in the literature for similar methods. Prolonged immersion in water (for 1000 h) or wash in the presence of detergent does not impair the superhydrophobicity of the gas diffusion layer. The developed gas-diffusion layer was used to prepare an electrode for phosphoric fuel cell, the current-voltage characteristic of which indicates a satisfactory performance. The results obtained show that adopted approach is promising for developing gas diffusion layers for fuel cell electrodes.
Infiltration of Carbide Structures (2015)

Abstract This article provides information on the infiltration mechanism of carbide structures. It reviews the basic techniques used for metal infiltration, including dip infiltration, contact filtration, gravity feed infiltration, and external-pressure infiltration. The article highlights various applications of contact infiltration in oil, gas, and blast-hole drilling such as fixed-cutter drill bits and diamond-impregnated coring bits. It also discusses the applications of infiltrated carbide material in erosion-resistant cladding.
SINGLE AND TANDEM JUNCTION CuInSe2 CELL AND MODULE TECHNOLOGY (1988)

The performance of CuInSe2 (CIS) cells and modules continues to advance. A 14.1%, 3.5 cm2 active area efficient ZnO/thin CdS/CIS cell and a 10.5 watt, 938 cm2 55-cell CIS module with a 11.2% aperture area efficiency are reported. Other progress includes 10% efficient ZnO/thin ZnSe/CIS and 7.3% efficient ZnO/thin CdS/CuInS2 cells. A 4-terminal 15.6% efficient semitransparent thin film si1icon:hydrogen alloy (TFS)/CIS tandem cell and a 12.3% aperture area efficient TFS/CIS module are demonstrated. Modeling and analysis of modules and test structures provide insight into the factors affecting their performance.
SOME PROPERTIES OF SELENIUM OXYCHLORIDE. II (1922)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSOME PROPERTIES OF SELENIUM OXYCHLORIDE. IIVictor LenherCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1922, 44, 8, 1664–1667Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1922Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1922https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01429a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01429a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views71Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Influence of Day of Estrous Cycle at Treatment on Response to Estrous Cycle Regulation by Norethandrolone Implants and Estradiol Valerate Injections (1974)

Two experiments were conducted to explore the effect of day of initiation of treatment on estrous cycle regulation by subcutaneous implants of norethandrolone and injection of estradiol valerate (EV). In Experiment I, 24 dairy heifers were assigned in lots of four to be implanted with 250 mg norethandrolone and injected with 5 mg EV on one of 6 days in the estrous cycle; 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 or 17 days after an estrus. The implants were removed 9 days later and the average intervals to estrus were, respectively: 6.6, 5.2, 7.5, 2.1, 3.0 and 2.2. Those implanted prior to 10 days postestrus had longer (P < .01) return intervals than did those implanted after 10 days postestrus. In Experiment II, 35 Holstein heifers were allotted to six groups: (1) implanted 2 days postestrus, injected with 5 mg EV, implant removed 9 days later; (2) implanted 14 days postestrus, injected with 5 mg EV, implant removed 9 days later; (3) implanted 2 days postestrus, no EV, implant removed 9 days later; (4) implanted 14 days postestrus, no EV, implant removed 9 days later; (5) implanted 2 days postestrus, no EV, implant removed 16 days later; and (6) implanted 14 days postestrus, no EV, implant removed 16 days later. The numbers in estrus between 1 and 5 days after implant removal were two of six, five of five, none of six, five of six, six of six and five of six. In comparing those implanted for 9 days, more were in heat when implanted 14 days postestrus than 2 days postestrus (P < .05) and in those injected with EV than those not injected (P < .05). The interaction was not significant. In comparing 9- and 16-day implant periods without EV, more were in heat when implanted for 16 days than nine days (P < .01) and there was an interaction (P < .01) of implant insertion day (2 or 14 days postestrus) and implant period (9 or 16 days) caused by a failure of any heifers implanted for 9 days beginning 2 days postestrus, without EV, to show estrus within 5 days, while nearly all heifers in the other three groups not injected with EV did so. The numbers of heifers conceiving to first service ranged from three of six to four of five for the first five groups, but none of six conceived when implanted 14 days postestrus for 16 days.
Structural stability of unsupervised learning in feedback neural networks (1991)

Structural stability is proved for a large class of unsupervised nonlinear feedback neural networks, adaptive bidirectional associative memory (ABAM) models. The approach extends the ABAM models to the random-process domain as systems of stochastic differential equations and appends scaled Brownian diffusions. It is also proved that this much larger family of models, random ABAM (RABAM) models, is globally stable. Intuitively, RABAM equilibria equal ABAM equilibria that vibrate randomly. The ABAM family includes many unsupervised feedback and feedforward neural models. All RABAM models permit Brownian annealing. The RABAM noise suppression theorem characterizes RABAM system vibration. The mean-squared activation and synaptic velocities decrease exponentially to their lower hounds, the respective temperature-scaled noise variances. The many neuronal and synaptic parameters missing from such neural network models are included, but as net random unmodeled effects. They do not affect the structure of real-time global computations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
2-[(3a<i>R</i>,4<i>R</i>,5<i>S</i>,7a<i>S</i>)-5-{(1<i>S</i>)-1-[3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-hydroxyethoxy}-4-(2-methylphenyl)octahydro-2<i>H</i>-isoindol-2-yl]-1,3-oxazol-4(5<i>H</i>)-one: A Potent Human NK<sub>1</sub> Receptor Antagonist with Multiple Clearance Pathways (2013)

Hydroisoindoline 2 has been previously identified as a potent, brain-penetrant NK1 receptor antagonist with a long duration of action and improved profile of CYP3A4 inhibition and induction compared to aprepitant. However, compound 2 is predicted, based on data in preclinical species, to have a human half-life longer than 40 h and likely to have drug-drug-interactions (DDI), as 2 is a victim of CYP3A4 inhibition caused by its exclusive clearance pathway via CYP3A4 oxidation in humans. We now report 2-[(3aR,4R,5S,7aS)-5-{(1S)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-hydroxyethoxy}-4-(2-methylphenyl)octahydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl]-1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one (3) as a next generation NK1 antagonist that possesses an additional clearance pathway through glucuronidation in addition to that via CYP3A4 oxidation. Compound 3 has a much lower propensity for drug-drug interactions and a reduced estimated human half-life consistent with once daily dosing. In preclinical species, compound 3 has demonstrated potency, brain penetration, and a safety profile similar to 2, as well as excellent pharmacokinetics.
Patch-clamp and amperometric recordings from norepinephrine transporters: Channel activity and voltage-dependent uptake (1998)

Transporters for the biogenic amines dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine and serotonin are largely responsible for transmitter inactivation after release. They also serve as high-affinity targets for a number of clinically relevant psychoactive agents, including antidepressants, cocaine, and amphetamines. Despite their prominent role in neurotransmitter inactivation and drug responses, we lack a clear understanding of the permeation pathway or regulation mechanisms at the single transporter level. The resolution of radiotracer-based flux techniques limits the opportunities to dissect these problems. Here we combine patch-clamp recording techniques with microamperometry to record the transporter-mediated flux of norepinephrine across isolated membrane patches. These data reveal voltage-dependent norepinephrine flux that correlates temporally with antidepressant-sensitive transporter currents in the same patch. Furthermore, we resolve unitary flux events linked with bursts of transporter channel openings. These findings indicate that norepinephrine transporters are capable of transporting neurotransmitter across the membrane in discrete shots containing hundreds of molecules. Amperometry is used widely to study neurotransmitter distribution and kinetics in the nervous system and to detect transmitter release during vesicular exocytosis. Of interest regarding the present application is the use of amperometry on inside-out patches with synchronous recording of flux and current. Thus, our results further demonstrate a powerful method to assess transporter function and regulation.
Application Collusion Attack on the Permission-Based Security Model and its Implications for Modern Smartphone Systems (2010)

We show that the way in which permission-based mechanisms are used on today's mobile platforms enables attacks by colluding applications that communicate over overt and covert communication channels. These attacks allow applications to indirectly execute operations that those applications, based on their declared permissions, should not be able to execute. Example operations include disclosure of users private data (e.g., phone book and calendar entries) to remote parties by applications that do not have direct access to such data or cannot directly establish remote connections. We further show that on todayâ€™s mobile platforms users are not made aware of possible implications of application collusion--quite the contrary--users are implicitly lead to believe that by approving the installation of each application independently, based on its declared permissions, they can limit the damage that an application can cause. In this work, we show that this is not correct and that application permissions should be displayed to the users differently (e.g., in their aggregated form), reflecting their actual implications. We demonstrate the practicality of application collusion attacks by implementing several applications and example covert channels on an Android platform and an example channel on a Windows Phone 7 platform. We study free applications from the Android market and show that the potential for application collusion is significant. Finally, we discuss countermeasures that can be used to mitigate these attacks.
Evaluation of Two Forms of Sustained Release Nifedipine Using 24 h Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (1997)

Therapeutic interchange between the available forms of sustained release nifedipine (osmotic-pump and coat-core forms of nifedipine) is a matter of controversy. This study was initiated to determine whether there is a difference in clinical outcomes when there is interchange between the two forms of sustained release nifedipine when used for the treatment of hypertension. A total of 43 patients with a history of stage I hypertension who were receiving stable doses of the osmotic-pump form of nifedipine for > 3 months with controlled blood pressures (< 150/90 mm Hg) were enrolled. Patients were then switched to the same dose of the coat-core form of nifedipine and were followed for 3 months. In the 36 patients who completed the study, mean trough serum nifedipine concentrations were significantly higher with the osmotic-pump from (46.5 +/- 35.0 ng/mL) of nifedipine compared with the coat-core form (27.2 +/- 20.4 ng/mL) (P < .05). However, blood pressure control as determined by the indices of 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, trough blood pressures and load blood pressures were similar between the osmotic-pump and coat-core forms of nifedipine. The coat-core form of nifedipine was discontinued in four patients for possible side effects. In this group of patients with mild hypertension, there were no clinically relevant differences in blood pressure control between the two forms of nifedipine. Some patients on the coat-core form of nifedipine may need to discontinue therapy due to intolerable side effects.
Occurrence of 9-deoxy-delta 9,delta 12-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin D2 in human urine. (1988)

We have developed a highly sensitive and specific solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for 9-deoxy-delta 9,delta 12-dihydroprostaglandin D2 (delta 12-PGJ2) and studied the occurrence of this novel PGD2 metabolite in human urine. The assay detected delta 12-PGJ2 over the range of 2-200 pg, and the antiserum showed 2% cross-reaction with PGJ2 and less than 0.2% with other PGs. We used this assay and purified the delta 12-PGJ2-like immunoreactive substance from human urine. Purification consisted of chromatographies on a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge, a silicic acid column, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and finally an affinity column of anti-delta 12-PGJ2 antibody. As a result, about 850 ng of delta 12-PGJ2-like immunoreactive substance were recovered from 60 liters of human urine. The purified material was identified as delta 12-PGJ2 by gas chromatography/high resolution-selected ion monitoring using the molecular ion m/z 448[M]+. and ions [M - 15]+, [M - 43]+, [M - 100]+., and [M - 143]+. The amounts of delta 12-PGJ2 in the urine from normal, volunteer men and women were 151.5 +/- 20.0 and 65.6 +/- 5.4 ng/24 h (mean +/- S.E., n = 5), respectively. The delta 12-PGJ2 amount in urine did not alter significantly during storage for at least 24 h or by the addition of authentic PGD2 to urine samples, suggesting that the delta 12-PGJ2 we determined was not derived from the decomposition of PGD2 in the urine during storage or purification. Moreover, when a single dose of PGD2 (1 mg/kg) was injected intravenously into cynomolgus monkeys, the urinary level of delta 12-PGJ2 increased 20- to 180-fold over the normal levels, whereas the delta 12-PGJ2 level decreased by 40-50% of the normal levels, following the administration of indomethacin at a dose of 1 mg/kg. These results indicate that delta 12-PGJ2 is formed naturally in the body and excreted as a urinary PGD2 metabolite.