gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Pyridazine Derivatives with Sulfur-Containing Substituent. II. A Novel Cyclization Furnishing the Concurrent Formation of 2, 7-Dibenzyldipyridazo-[4, 5-b : 4', 5'-e]-1, 4-dithiin-1, 6 (2H, 7H)-dione and 2, 8-Dibenzyldipyridazo [4, 5-b : 4', 5'-e]-1, 4-dithiin-1, 9 (2H, 8H)-dione. (1) (1970)

2-Benzyl-4-chloro-5-mercapto-3 (2H)-pyridazinone (1) was heated in ethanol under reflux for 10 hours to form concurrently 2, 7-dibenzyldipyridazo [4, 5-b : 4', 5'-e]-1, 4-dithiin-1, 6 (2H, 7H)-dione (Ia) (57% in yield) and 2, 8-dibenzyldipyridazo [4, 5-b : 4', 5'-e]-1, 4-dithiin-1, 9 (2H, 8H)-dione (IIa) (14% in yield). Assignment of the two products to the corresponding structures is established by their physico-chemical constants and chemical behaviors. The concurrent formation of the dipyridazo [4, 5-b : 4', 5'-e]-1, 4-dithiin-1, 6 (2H, 7H)-dione and the -1, 9 (2H, 8H)-dione were observed in, not only heating 4-chloro-5-mercapto-3 (2H)-pyridazinones (1-3) in polar solvent, but warming 4-mercapto-5-chloro-3 (2H)-pyridazinones (4-6) in the presence of potassium carbonate in DMF. For the interpretation of the reaction, keto-thioketo carbenes as active intermediate species and a reversible interconversion among them are suggested on the basis of the fact that there was nonexistence of an equilibrium between the two compounds, such as Ia and IIa, under the reaction condition and a trapping keto-thioketo carbene species as 2-phenylimino-5-benzylpyridazo [4, 5-d]-1, 3-dithiol-4 (5H)-one (IVa) (14% in yield) along with the major products, (Ia) and (IIa), was furnished by warming 1 with phenylisothiocyanate in the presence of triethylamine in dry benzene. On the contrary, participation of a reversible interconversion between Ia and IIa, to a considerable extent, with the concurrent formation of them in the case of benzylation of either Ib or IIb, by warming with benzylchloride in the presence of potassium carbonate in DMF at 80°, might not be neglected, because an attempted approach to an equilibrium between Ia and IIa in a similar reaction condition except the use of benzylchloride realized, whereas non-existence of an equilibrium between Ib and IIb in the similar reaction condition was observed.
Changes in corneal and lens autofluorescence and blood glucose levels in diabetics: parameters of blood glucose control (1997)

Results suggest that lens autofluorescence might represent the long-term control of diabetes, and corneal autofluorescence levels may represent short-term changes in the blood glucose level, because hyperglycemia accelerates with increasing corneal autofluorescence in PDR patients. Corneal and lens autofluorescence may be related to the breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier.
The Insecticidal Effects of Organic Compounds: 1 Toxicity of sulfur and nitrogen compounds to fleshfly larvae1 (1940)

Journal Article The Insecticidal Effects of Organic Compounds: 1 Toxicity of sulfur and nitrogen compounds to fleshfly larvae Get access W. M. Hoskins, W. M. Hoskins Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar H. P. Bloxham, H. P. Bloxham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Marian W. Van Ess Marian W. Van Ess Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 33, Issue 6, 1 December 1940, Pages 875–881, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/33.6.875 Published: 01 December 1940
Parents' Needs After Ultrasound Diagnosis of a Fetal Malformation (1995)

We studied 56 pregnant women and 24 partners after ultrasound examination in the 18–24th gestational week revealed a fetal malformation. The subjects were followed through the process of examination, information sharing and counselling about the option of terminating the pregnancy. Regardless of sociodemographic variables or attitude towards the pregnancy, the diagnosis was always traumatic. A detailed critique of the physician's behavior and function emphasized his important role in the process of coming to terms with the malformation and gave clear indications of the positive expectations parents had. The affected patients expected the role of the professionally competent expert to be combined with that of the empathetic approachable counsellor, whose step-by-step explanation would allow them to decide for themselves whether to terminate the pregnancy. The partner's participation was an essential aid to adjustment. It remains to be seen to what extent the functions of the doctor and the patient's expectations of the doctor are realistic and justified. Copyright © 1994 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Protocol for Optimal Detection and Exclusion of a Patent Foramen Ovale Using Transthoracic Echocardiography with Agitated Saline Microbubbles (2006)

Agitated saline bubble studies in conjunction with echocardiography, in particular transesophageal echocardiography, are currently the principal means in the diagnosis of patent foramen ovale (PFO). We describe techniques and guidelines for the detection and exclusion of a PFO. The potential for misinterpretation of these bubble studies exists and therefore, several false positive and false negative scenarios are illustrated and discussed.
Overview of Tumor Cell Chemoresistance Mechanisms (2005)

Drug resistance of tumor cells is recognized as the primary cause of failure of chemotherapeutic treatment of most human tumors. Although pharmacological factors including inadequate drug concentration at the tumor site can contribute to clinical resistance, cellular factors play a major role in chemoresistance of several tumors. Although manifestations of resistance are conventionally referred to as acquired or intrinsic on the basis of the initial response to the first therapy, a common feature is the development of a phenotype resistant to a variety of structurally and functionally distinct agents. In both manifestations, drug resistance is a multifactorial phenomenon involving multiple interrelated or independent mechanisms. A heterogeneous expression of involved mechanisms may characterize tumors of the same type or cells of the same tumor and may at least in part reflect tumor progression. The relevant mechanisms that can contribute to cellular resistance include: increased expression of defense factors involved in reducing intracellular drug concentration; alterations in drug-target interaction; and changes in cellular response, in particular increased cell ability to repair DNA damage or tolerate stress conditions, and defects in apoptotic pathways. This chapter presents an overview of the drug resistance mechanisms.
Safety and Efficacy of Ultraviolet-A Light-Activated Gene Transduction for Gene Therapy of Articular Cartilage Defects (2006)

These results provide what we believe is the first formal demonstration of an agent that can induce rAAV transduction in the complete absence of cytotoxicity and DNA modification. They also suggest that the mechanism by which long-wavelength ultraviolet light mediates site-specific gene expression is by means of the induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Finally, laser-derived ultraviolet A can be readily transferred through a fiberoptic cable to mediate light-activated gene transduction in vivo.
Large and small deflections of a cantilever beam (2002)

The classical problem of the deflection of a cantilever beam of linear elastic material, under the action of an external vertical concentrated load at the free end, is analysed. We present the differential equation governing the behaviour of this physical system and show that this equation, although straightforward in appearance, is in fact rather difficult to solve due to the presence of a non-linear term. In this sense, this system is similar to another well known physical system: the simple pendulum. An approximation of the behaviour of a cantilever beam for small deflections was obtained from the equation for large deflections, and we present various numerical results for both cases. Finally, we compare the theoretical results with the experimental results obtained in the laboratory.
Amplification properties of erbium-doped solid-core photonic bandgap fibers (2005)

A novel erbium-doped photonic bandgap fiber (PBGF) with honeycomb cladding and down-doped solid-core is proposed in this letter. This fiber is more practicable than reported erbium-doped air-core PBGF due to its Gaussian-like field distribution and low confinement loss. Theoretical analysis shows that it can largely improve pump efficiency (gain-to-pump-power ratio) for small pump power and reduce the optimum fiber length by 20%-50% for a wide range of pump powers, compared with erbium-doped step-index fiber.
Effects of Mosquito Genes on <i>Plasmodium</i> Development (2004)

Malaria parasites must complete a complex developmental cycle in an Anopheles mosquito vector before transmission to a vertebrate host. Sexual development of the parasite in the midgut is initiated in the lumen immediately after the mosquito ingests infected blood, and the resulting ookinetes must traverse the surrounding epithelial layer before transforming into oocysts. The innate immune system of the mosquito is activated during midgut invasion, but to date, no evidence has been published identifying mosquito immune genes that affect parasite development. Here, we show by gene silencing that an Anopheles gambiae leucine rich-repeat protein acts as an antagonist and two C-type lectines act as protective agonists on the development of Plasmodium ookinetes to oocysts.
Evaluation of Optimization Methods for Network Bottleneck Diagnosis (2007)

We consider the problem of localizing network performance bottlenecks and evaluate how various optimization techniques developed for reconstructing link delays perform on this decision problem. We provide some practical suggestions on which approach to use in different scenarios.
ChemInform Abstract: Research Progress of Hot Gas Filtration, Desulfurization and HCl Removal in Coal‐Derived Fuel Gas (2013)

Abstract Review: 81 refs.
Redox‐active bis‐cysteinyl peptides. I. Synthesis of cyclic cystinyl peptides by conventional methods in solution and on solid supports (1994)

Cyclic mono-cystinyl active-site fragments of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase were synthesized as N-acetyl and C-amide octapeptides by conventional methods of peptide synthesis in solution and on solid supports. Using a side-chain protection based on acid-labile tert-butanol-derived groups and on the S-tert-butylthio unsymmetric disulfide for the thiol functions, in combination with N alpha-Z- or N alpha-Nps derivatives in the chain elongation steps, the synthesis in solution was carried out in straightforward manner yielding the fully protected octapeptides as well characterized compounds. Upon deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid and reduction of the unsymmetrical disulfides with tri-butylphosphine, the resulting bis-cysteinyl-octapeptides were oxidized in dimethylformamide with azodicarboxylic acid di-tert-butyl ester to produce the desired cyclic compounds in good overall yields. For the synthesis on solid supports a similar acid-labile side-chain protection was applied in combination with the N alpha 9-flourenylmethyoxycarbonyl derivatives in the chain elongation steps. Thereby acylations were performed with the related amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (UNCAs) or by the O-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium-tetraf luoroborate/1- hydroxybenzotriazole (TBTU/HOBt) procedure. The solid phase synthesis of the two octapeptides led to unexpected difficulties in terms of recovery of peptidic material from the resins in the final acidolytic cleavage step as well as of racemization at the level of the cysteine residues by the TBTU/HOBt coupling method. Racemization was efficiently suppressed by employing the related pentafluorophenyl ester and this method led to crude octapeptide products of a degree of purity comparable to those obtained by the synthesis in solution. However, the recovery of the peptides from the resin, i.e., irreversible reattachment of cleaved peptidic material via alkylation of various side-chain functions, could not be avoided even using the most efficient scavengers or their cocktails.
Ambident reactivity of phenoxyl radicals in DNA adduction (2005)

Phenols are a class of compounds that can create beneficial effects in vivo owing to their antioxidant properties (through radical scavenging), or they can display hazardous effects owing to their pro-oxidant properties. The mechanism by which phenols act as pro-oxidants stems from their one-electron oxidation into reactive phenoxyl radicals by peroxidase enzymes or redox-active transition metals. In the presence of thiols and molecular oxygen, these reactive phenoxyl radicals stimulate an oxidative stress and cause oxidative damage to biomolecules, which is proposed to contribute to the occurrence of cancer in peroxidase rich tissues. Recent results from our laboratory show that certain phenoxyl radicals can also react directly with the C-8 site of deoxyguanosine to afford oxygen and carbon bonded adducts. This reactivity is consistent with the ambident (oxygen vs. C attachment) electrophilicity of phenoxyl radicals coupled with the susceptibility of the C-8 site of deoxyguanosine to radical attachment. Given that formation of covalent DNA adducts is regarded as the initiation event in the carcinogenic process, C-8 deoxyguanosine adducts of phenolic toxins are expected to contribute greatly to peroxidase driven toxic effects of phenolic xenobiotics. The focus of this review is the role of phenoxyl radicals in direct reactions with DNA and the use of Brown σ + values to predict their reactivity.Key words: DNA adduction, phenoxyl radicals, chlorophenols, ochratoxin A, deoxyguanosine.
Highly Sensitive Detection of Proteins Based on Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence with Novel Silver Nanostructures (2012)

We present a highly sensitive metal enhanced fluorescence (MEF) method based on a novel silver nanostructure fabricated with Cy5-functionalized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and AgNO(3). The analytical performance has been demonstrated by microarray detection of streptavidin (SA) and human IgE. The fluorescence intensity can be enhanced substantially with the combined use of AgNPs and fluorescence enhanced solution (FES). Aptamers have been used for the preparation of Tag-C, which demonstrate IgE detection from 0.5 ng/mL to 16 ng/mL, and the limit of detection is determined to be 0.25 ng/mL. SEM images show nanogaps exist in the aggregated silver nanoparticles and the nanogaps allow for the trap of fluorophores in the nanostructures that emit brighter light upon excitation. The silver nanostructures formed by Tags and FES proved to be an excellent platform for MEF of fluorophores whose excitation and emission occurred between 436 nm and 1000 nm. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation has been carried out to confirm the enhanced electromagnetic field inside silver nanostructures, leading to strong overlap/resonance coupling and eventual fluorescence enhancement.
Modelling Spatially Correlated Data via Mixtures: A Bayesian Approach (2002)

Summary The paper develops mixture models for spatially indexed data. We confine attention to the case of finite, typically irregular, patterns of points or regions with prescribed spatial relationships, and to problems where it is only the weights in the mixture that vary from one location to another. Our specific focus is on Poisson-distributed data, and applications in disease mapping. We work in a Bayesian framework, with the Poisson parameters drawn from gamma priors, and an unknown number of components. We propose two alternative models for spatially dependent weights, based on transformations of autoregressive Gaussian processes: in one (the logistic normal model), the mixture component labels are exchangeable; in the other (the grouped continuous model), they are ordered. Reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms for posterior inference are developed. Finally, the performances of both of these formulations are examined on synthetic data and real data on mortality from a rare disease.
Multi-timescale Parametric Electrical Battery Model for Use in Dynamic Electric Vehicle Simulations (2016)

Simulation of electric vehicles (EVs) over driving schedules within a fully dynamic EV simulator requires battery models capable of accurately and quickly predicting state of charge (SOC), <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$I$ </tex-math></inline-formula> – <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V$ </tex-math></inline-formula> characteristics, and dynamic behavior of various battery types. An electric battery model utilizing multiple time constants, to address ranges of seconds, minutes, and hours, is developed. The model parameters include open-circuit voltage, series resistance, and equivalent <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RC</i> circuits, with nonlinear dependence on battery SOC. The SOC captures effects from discharge and charge rate, temperature, and battery cycling. Thermal modeling predicting real-time battery temperature is introduced. One focus of this paper is presenting a systematic and generic methodology for parameter extraction as well as obtaining SOC factors through reasonable test work when evaluating any given lithium-ion (Li-ion), nickel-metal hydride, or lead-acid battery cell. In particular, data sets for a Panasonic CGR18650 Li-ion battery cell are tabulated for direct use. The Li-ion battery model is programmed into a MATLAB/Simulink environment and used as a power source within an existing comprehensive dynamic vehicle simulator. Validation of the Simulink model is through a battery testing apparatus with a hardware-in-the-loop driving schedule that cycles real batteries. Results from simulations and measurements of Li-ion battery packs show that the proposed battery model behaves well and interacts appropriately with other subcomponents of the vehicle simulator.
Prosody dependent speech recognition on radio news corpus of American English (2005)

Does prosody help word recognition? This paper proposes a novel probabilistic framework in which word and phoneme are dependent on prosody in a way that reduces word error rates (WER) relative to a prosody-independent recognizer with comparable parameter count. In the proposed prosody-dependent speech recognizer, word and phoneme models are conditioned on two important prosodic variables: the intonational phrase boundary and the pitch accent. An information-theoretic analysis is provided to show that prosody dependent acoustic and language modeling can increase the mutual information between the true word hypothesis and the acoustic observation by exciting the interaction between prosody dependent acoustic model and prosody dependent language model. Empirically, results indicate that the influence of these prosodic variables on allophonic models are mainly restricted to a small subset of distributions: the duration PDFs (modeled using an explicit duration hidden Markov model or EDHMM) and the acoustic-prosodic observation PDFs (normalized pitch frequency). Influence of prosody on cepstral features is limited to a subset of phonemes: for example, vowels may be influenced by both accent and phrase position, but phrase-initial and phrase-final consonants are independent of accent. Leveraging these results, effective prosody dependent allophonic models are built with minimal increase in parameter count. These prosody dependent speech recognizers are able to reduce word error rates by up to 11% relative to prosody independent recognizers with comparable parameter count, in experiments based on the prosodically-transcribed Boston Radio News corpus.
Origin of hardness in WB4 and its implications for ReB4, TaB4, MoB4, TcB4, and OsB4 (2008)

First-principles calculations were performed on the superhard material, WB4 (Vicker hardness exceeding 46GPa), to reveal the origin of its high hardness. Our simulated lattice parameters, bulk modulus, and hardness are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. A three-dimensional B network with a peculiar B2 dimer along the z-axis and a xy planar honeycomb B sublattice is uncovered to be mainly responsible for the high hardness. We further predicted that five other transition metal B compounds (TMB4, TM=Re, Mo, Ta, Os, and Tc) within the WB4 structure are potential superhard materials.
Phase I trial of gemcitabine and Wilms' tumor 1 peptide vaccine combination therapy in patients with advanced pancreatic or biliary tract cancer. (2010)

e13049 Background: WT1 is expressed in various kinds of cancers and serves as a potent antigen for cancer immunotherapy. Methods: We performed a clinical phase I trial of gemcitabine (GEM) and WT1 vaccine combination therapy for advanced pancreatic cancer or biliary tract cancer. Patients with HLA-A 0201, HLA-A 0206, and/or HLA-A 2402 positive inoperable advanced pancreatic or biliary tract cancer, who has not received GEM previously were eligible. Six doses of GEM and 4 doses of WT1 vaccination were administered with the following schedule in 2 months: GEM (1000 mg/m2) was administered intravenously on days 1, 8, and 15 with 1-week rest. WT1 peptide (1 mg or 3 mg) in Montanide adjuvant was injected intradermally on day 8 and day 22. Results: Between November 2007 and September 2009, 25 patients (13 male, 12 female) were enrolled in this study. Nine patients had inoperable advanced pancreatic cancer, 8 had gallbladder cancer, 4 had intrahepatic bile duct cancer, and 4 had extrahepatic bile duct cancer. Out of 18 patients who completed the study 15 had stable disease and 3 had progressive disease at the end of this study. Seven patients could not complete the study, because of rapid disease progression (6) or patient's preference (1). Grade 1 or 2 skin reaction at the site of vaccination was observed in all patients. Patients also experienced grade 1 to 4 cytopenia, which was considered to be caused by GEM. No other adverse events above grade 3 were seen. The median survival time and disease control rate at 2 months for overall patients, pancreatic cancer, gallbladder cancer, intrahepatic bile duct cancer, and extrahepatic bile duct cancer were 275 days, 193 days, 196 days, 374 days, 225 days, and 64%, 89%, 25%, 100%, 50%, respectively. Although WT1-specific T cells were not detectable in the fresh whole blood either by multimer assay or intracellular IFN-γ staining, tetramer analysis of peptide cultured cells showed an expansion of WT1 specific T cells in 59% (13/22) of the patients. Conclusions: GEM and WT1 vaccine combination therapy is safe enough to be applied to patients with advanced pancreatic or biliary tract cancer, and that may provide a long-term survival in some patients. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Critical Review of Microfixation in Pediatric Craniofacial Surgery (1995)

The migration or passive intracranial translocation of microplates and screws in the pediatric craniofacial patient has been reported. A retrospective review was undertaken to clarify the incidence of microplate translocation and identify potential clinical implications. Computed tomographic imaging demonstrated internalization of microfixation in 14 of 27 pediatric patients. Statistically significant factors for microplate translocation include longer plates (p < 0.05) and those placed in the temporal region (p < 0.001). Younger patients and those with syndromic craniofacial dysostosis also had a higher incidence of translocation. Specific complications relating to the translocation of microplates were not found in any patient. The direct effects of translocated microplates and screws on the underlying brain and dura remain unclear.