gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ingestion of a Carbohydrate-Protein Supplement Improves Performance During Repeated Bouts of High Intensity Cycling (2007)

One problem that athletes face in maintaining performance during repeated bouts of short term, high intensity sprinting is the depletion of glucose/glycogen. A reduction in glucose and/or glycogen is well known to have adverse effects on an athlete's performance. Ingesting an exogenous source of CHO would help maintain blood glucose during exercise. Maintaining blood glucose would aid in maintaining higher levels of glucose oxidation throughout the sprinting and delay glycogen depletion, both leading to improved performance. It also is well established that energy supplementation enhances endurance performance. However, supplementation during high intensity, short duration performance is much less clear. PURPOSE: To determine whether a supplement with a carbohydrate-protein ratio of 4:1 (CHOP) would significantly improve sprint time in repeated bouts of high intensity cycling compared to placebo ingestion. METHODS: Testing was conducted on 17 aerobically trained subjects on two non-consecutive days. Subjects served as their own control as they completed both the CHOP and PL conditions. Subjects completed a series of four x 2 km time trials on a cycle ergometer at a load corresponding to their lactate threshold. They ingested 354 mL of either a CHOP (Accelerade®) or a flavored placebo 15 minutes prior to their first sprint, 472 mL after the second sprint, and 295 mL after the second and third sprint. A 60 minute rest interval was provided after the first sprint, while 30 minutes separated the remaining sprints. RESULTS: Time changes from the first to the fourth sprint were 2.4 +/− .7 sec for CHOP and 6.8 +/− 1.4 sec for PL. The CHOP condition had an average finishing time of 177+/− 12.1 sec while the PL group finished with an average of 181 +/− 10.5 sec. Blood glucose was greater (p<.05) for CHOP than PL at pre and post 3rd and 4th sprints. NSD was observed between conditions for blood lactate or urinary pH. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that sprint performance is significantly improved over a placebo when the carbohydrate/protein supplement is ingested during repeated bouts of short duration, high intensity cycling. If the 4.4 sec time differential was converted to distance it would mean finishing approximately 50 meters ahead of the next cyclist.
Estimating mutual information (2004)

We present two classes of improved estimators for mutual information M(X,Y), from samples of random points distributed according to some joint probability density mu(x,y). In contrast to conventional estimators based on binnings, they are based on entropy estimates from k -nearest neighbor distances. This means that they are data efficient (with k=1 we resolve structures down to the smallest possible scales), adaptive (the resolution is higher where data are more numerous), and have minimal bias. Indeed, the bias of the underlying entropy estimates is mainly due to nonuniformity of the density at the smallest resolved scale, giving typically systematic errors which scale as functions of k/N for N points. Numerically, we find that both families become exact for independent distributions, i.e. the estimator M(X,Y) vanishes (up to statistical fluctuations) if mu(x,y)=mu(x)mu(y). This holds for all tested marginal distributions and for all dimensions of x and y. In addition, we give estimators for redundancies between more than two random variables. We compare our algorithms in detail with existing algorithms. Finally, we demonstrate the usefulness of our estimators for assessing the actual independence of components obtained from independent component analysis (ICA), for improving ICA, and for estimating the reliability of blind source separation.
Toxicity of Cyanoacrylate Adhesives and Their Occupational Impacts for Dental Staff. (2004)

Cyanoacrylate (CA) and its homologues have a variety of medical, dental and commercial applications as adhesives. The increasing use of CA in dentistry, particularly as an adhesive and sealing glue, has raised concerns regarding its potential toxicity in humans. Reported toxicity of CA is uncommon in the dental workplace, but may manifest as conditions such as urticaria, contact dermatitis and other dermatoses. Dental staff using CA adhesives should avoid direct contact with CA and use appropriate personal protective measures. Maintaining higher levels of humidity, optimizing room ventilation and using special air conditioning filters in the working environment may be useful in minimising the toxicity of volatile CA adhesives.
Molecular architecture of a multifunctional MCM complex (2011)

DNA replication is strictly regulated through a sequence of steps that involve many macromolecular protein complexes. One of them is the replicative helicase, which is required for initiation and elongation phases. A MCM helicase found as a prophage in the genome of Bacillus cereus is fused with a primase domain constituting an integrative arrangement of two essential activities for replication. We have isolated this helicase-primase complex (BcMCM) showing that it can bind DNA and displays not only helicase and primase but also DNA polymerase activity. Using single-particle electron microscopy and 3D reconstruction, we obtained structures of BcMCM using ATPγS or ADP in the absence and presence of DNA. The complex depicts the typical hexameric ring shape. The dissection of the unwinding mechanism using site-directed mutagenesis in the Walker A, Walker B, arginine finger and the helicase channels, suggests that the BcMCM complex unwinds DNA following the extrusion model similarly to the E1 helicase from papillomavirus.
ADAPTIVE NOISE CANCELLATION FOR ROAD VEHICLES (1989)

A system for adaptive noise cancellation using multiple loudspeakers and microphones controlled by a digital signal processor to combat engine driven low frequency sound pressure 'booms' found in modern automobiles is described. Applications of the technique to control other resonant noise and vibration problems are outlined. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 850768.
Individual-Based Model Framework to Assess Population Consequences of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure in Bottlenose Dolphins (2005)

Marine mammals are susceptible to the effects of anthropogenic contaminants. Here we examine the effect of different polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) accumulation scenarios on potential population growth rates using, as an example, data obtained for the population of bottlenose dolphins from Sarasota Bay, Florida. To achieve this goal, we developed an individual-based model framework that simulates the accumulation of PCBs in the population and modifies first-year calf survival based on maternal blubber PCB levels. In our example the current estimated annual PCB accumulation rate for the Sarasota Bay dolphin population might be depressing the potential population growth rate. However, our predictions are limited both by model naivety and parameter uncertainty. We emphasize the need for more data collection on the relationship between maternal blubber PCB levels and calf survivorship, the annual accumulation of PCBs in the blubber of females, and the transfer of PCBs to the calf through the placenta and during lactation. Such data require continued efforts directed toward long-term studies of known individuals in wild and semiwild populations.
DNA Vaccine Encoding Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) Elicits Long-term T-cell Responses in Patients With Recurrent Prostate Cancer (2010)

Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) is a tumor antigen in prostate cancer and the target of several anti-tumor vaccines in earlier clinical trials. Ultimately, the goal of anti-tumor vaccines is to elicit a sustainable immune response, able to eradicate a tumor, or at least restrain its growth. We have investigated plasmid DNA vaccines and have previously conducted a phase 1 trial in which patients with recurrent prostate cancer were vaccinated with a DNA vaccine encoding PAP. In this study, we investigated the immunologic efficacy of subsequent booster immunizations, and conducted more detailed longitudinal immune analysis, to answer several questions aimed at guiding optimal schedules of vaccine administration for future clinical trials. We report that antigen-specific cytolytic T-cell responses were amplified after immunization in 7 of 12 human leukocyte antigen-A2-expressing individuals, and that multiple immunizations seemed necessary to elicit PAP-specific interferon-gamma-secreting immune responses detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay. Moreover, among individuals who experienced a >/=200% increase in prostate-specific antigen doubling time, long-term PAP-specific interferon-gamma-secreting T-cell responses were detectable in 6 of 8, but in only 1 of 14 individuals without an observed change in prostate-specific antigen doubling time (P=0.001). Finally, we identified that immune responses elicited could be further amplified by subsequent booster immunizations. These results suggest that future trials using this DNA vaccine, and potentially other anti-tumor DNA vaccines, could investigate ongoing schedules of administration with periodic booster immunizations. Moreover, these results suggest that DNA vaccines targeting PAP could potentially be combined in heterologous immunization strategies with other vaccines to further augment PAP-specific T-cell immunity.
Effect of alpha-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone on endotoxin toxemia in horses. (1997)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or endotoxin, is a component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and is toxic to humans and animals. The GI tract of horses contains large numbers of endotoxins which may cause disease if gut wall integrity is compromised. The objective of this study was to develop a unique therapeutic approach to the treatment of endotoxemia with a sulfonyl analog of the alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN) spin-trap molecule which may prevent the LPS-induced cytokine cascade. Following challenge with 55 mg/kg LPS, the survivability of ICR Swiss mice was significantly improved after treatment with 100 and 175 mg/kg PBN, although survivability of mice treated with 175 mg/kg PBN was significantly less than those treated with 100 mg/kg PBN. Challenged mice treated with 300 and 1000 mg/kg PBN survived for a significantly shorter period of time (vs control). Horses treated with a sublethal dose (1 microgram/kg) of endotoxin experienced 2 periods of distress at 1 and 6 h after challenge. Disulfonyl-PBN significantly reduced the increase in heart and respiratory rates 6 h after challenge. Analogs of PBN appeared to be more beneficial following near-lethal challenge with LPS. Dramatic benefits to horses may only be observed in life-threatening situations.
Output beam characteristics of 1.3 µm GaInAsP/InPSL-QW lasers with narrow and circular output beam (1995)

It is verified that the output beam for lasers with a mode-field converter is quite stable against output power up to 30 mW and operating temperature up to 70°C. The threshold current and differential quantum efficiency of an HR-coated device are 14 mA and 45%, respectively. The FWHMs of the FFPs parallel and perpendicular to the junction plane are as small as 10 and 11°, respectively.
The effect of C‐substitution of caprolactam on the ring‐opening polymerization reaction (1961)

Abstract Caprolactam was modified with alkyl groups of various sizes and in different positions on the ring. The resulting substituted caprolactams were polymerized and the comparative degree of polymerization was used as a measure of the inhibiting effect of the substituting group. There was less inhibition on substitutions in 5‐ and 7‐positions than in the 4‐ and 6‐positions. The order of increasing inhibition of alkyl groups was methyl, ethyl, n ‐propyl, isopropyl, cyclohexyl, tert ‐butyl and gem ‐dimethyl.
Enhanced field electron emission properties of hierarchically structured MWCNT-based cold cathodes (2014)

Hierarchically structured MWCNT (h-MWCNT)-based cold cathodes were successfully achieved by means of a relatively simple and highly effective approach consisting of the appropriate combination of KOH-based pyramidal texturing of Si (100) substrates and PECVD growth of vertically aligned MWCNTs. By controlling the aspect ratio (AR) of the Si pyramids, we were able to tune the field electron emission (FEE) properties of the h-MWCNT cathodes. Indeed, when the AR is increased from 0 (flat Si) to 0.6, not only the emitted current density was found to increase exponentially, but more importantly its associated threshold field (TF) was reduced from 3.52 V/μm to reach a value as low as 1.95 V/μm. The analysis of the J-E emission curves in the light of the conventional Fowler-Nordheim model revealed the existence of two distinct low-field (LF) and high-field (HF) FEE regimes. In both regimes, the hierarchical structuring was found to increase significantly the associated βLF and βHF field enhancement factors of the h-MWCNT cathodes (by a factor of 1.7 and 2.2, respectively). Pyramidal texturing of the cathodes is believed to favor vacuum space charge effects, which could be invoked to account for the significant enhancement of the FEE, particularly in the HF regime where a βHF as high as 6,980 was obtained for the highest AR value of 0.6.
Characterization of the New Metallo-β-Lactamase VIM-13 and Its Integron-Borne Gene from a <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Clinical Isolate in Spain (2008)

During a survey conducted to evaluate the incidence of class B carbapenemase (metallo-beta-lactamase [MBL])-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from hospitals in Majorca, Spain, five clinical isolates showed a positive Etest MBL screening test result. In one of them, strain PA-SL2, the presence of a new bla(VIM) derivative (bla(VIM-13)) was detected by PCR amplification with bla(VIM-1)-specific primers followed by sequencing. The bla(VIM-13)-producing isolate showed resistance to all beta-lactams (except aztreonam), gentamicin, tobramycin, and ciprofloxacin. VIM-13 exhibited 93% and 88% amino acid sequence identities with VIM-1 and VIM-2, respectively. bla(VIM-13) was cloned in parallel with bla(VIM-1), and the resistance profile conferred was analyzed both in Escherichia coli and in P. aeruginosa backgrounds. Compared to VIM-1, VIM-13 conferred slightly higher levels of resistance to piperacillin and lower levels of resistance to ceftazidime and cefepime. VIM-13 and VIM-1 were purified in parallel as well, and their kinetic parameters were compared. The k(cat)/K(m) ratios for the antibiotics mentioned above were in good agreement with the MIC data. Furthermore, EDTA inhibited the activity of VIM-13 approximately 25 times less than it inhibited the activity of VIM-1. VIM-13 was harbored in a class 1 integron, along with a new variant (Ala108Thr) of the aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme encoding gene aacA4, which confers resistance to gentamicin and tobramycin. Finally, the VIM-13 integron was apparently located in the chromosome, since transformation and conjugation experiments consistently yielded negative results and the bla(VIM-13) probe hybridized only with the genomic DNA.
Itch-Scratch Responses Induced by Lysophosphatidic Acid in Mice (2004)

The present investigation was conducted in order to determine whether lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) induces itch-scratch responses (ISRs) in mice. Intradermal administration of LPA induces ISRs; furthermore, the time course for LPA-induced ISRs was similar to that for histamine-induced responses. Comparative study of the pruritogenic activity revealed that histamine possessed a potent effect characterized by a dose-response relationship; however, prostaglandin D2 failed to induce this response. Pretreatment with ketotifen, a histamine H1 receptor antagonist, and capsaicin inhibited LPA-induced ISRs. Additionally, LPA-induced ISRs were abolished by Y-27632, an inhibitor of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK). These findings suggest that LPA-induced ISRs are attributable to histamine- and substance-P-mediated pathways. Moreover, the Rho/ROCK-mediated pathway may be involved.
Strong Orange Luminescence from a Novel Hexagonal ZnO Nanosheet Film Grown on Aluminum Substrate by a Simple Wet‐Chemical Approach (2007)

A novel hexagonal two‐dimensional ZnO nanosheet thin film was successfully synthesized on an aluminum substrate by a simple wet‐chemical approach, which exhibited very strong orange emission. It was concluded that ZnO nanosheets were induced to grow along 〈−1 1 0 0〉directions by the boehmite layer formed on the surface of the aluminum substrate. In addition, the orange photoluminescence of the ZnO nanosheet film has been discussed in detail.
PROGRESS IN MICROSTRUCTURED OPTICAL FIBERS (2006)

▪ Abstract The development of microstructured optical fibers has led to the realization of many optical properties in fiber form that were not previously attainable. This chapter reviews the background to this work and overviews both the fundamentals of and progress in fabricating and modeling these structures. Until relatively recently, most of the work in this field was based on silica glass; this chapter provides an update on progress in developing microstructured fibers from other materials such as soft glasses. Some of the key applications of microstructured fibers, including nonlinear fiber–based devices and fibers for high power light delivery, are also reviewed.
High susceptibility of a human breast epithelial cell type with stem cell characteristics to telomerase activation and immortalization. (1999)

We have recently characterized two types of normal human breast epithelial cells (HBECs) from reduction mammoplasty. Type I cells express estrogen receptor, luminal epithelial cell markers, and stem cell characteristics (i.e., the ability to differentiate into other cell types and to form budding/ductal structures on Matrigel), whereas Type II cells show basal epithelial cell phenotypes. In this study, we have examined whether Type I HBECs are more susceptible to telomerase activation and immortalization after transfection with SV40 large T-antigen. The results show that both types of cells acquire extended life span [(EL); i.e., bypassing senescence] at a comparable frequency. However, they differ significantly in the ability to become immortal in continuous culture, ie., 11 of 11 Type I EL clones became immortal compared with 1 of 10 Type II EL clones. Both parental Type I and Type II cells as well as their transformed EL clones at early passages [approximately 30 cumulative population doubling level (cpdl)] showed a low level of telomerase activity as measured by the telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay. For all 11 of the Type I EL clones and the single Type II EL clone that became immortal, telomerase activities were invariably activated at middle passages (approximately 60 cpdl) or late passages (approximately 100 cpdl). For the four Type II EL clones randomly selected from the nine Type II clones that did not become immortal, the telomerase activities were found to be further diminished at mid-passage, before the end of the life span. Thus, normal HBECs do have a low level of telomerase activity, and Type I HBECs with stem cell characteristics are more susceptible to telomerase activation and immortalization, a basis on which they may be major target cells for breast carcinogenesis.
Using Elliptic Curves on RFID Tags (2008)

Summary We present a concept for the realization of asymmetric cryptographic techniques in light-weight cryptographic devices and describe an implementation based on elliptic curve cryptography which can be used for authentication in mass applications of RFID tags. Our schemes offer advantages in large decentralized applications with many unobservable readers in the field over previous solutions. Moreover, using public key techniques cryptographic protocols that protect the privacy of the tag bearer can be easily implemented.
Analysis of SSL certificate reissues and revocations in the wake of heartbleed (2014)

Central to the secure operation of a public key infrastructure (PKI) is the ability to revoke certificates. While much of users' security rests on this process taking place quickly, in practice, revocation typically requires a human to decide to reissue a new certificate and revoke the old one. Thus, having a proper understanding of how often systems administrators reissue and revoke certificates is crucial to understanding the integrity of a PKI. Unfortunately, this is typically difficult to measure: while it is relatively easy to determine when a certificate is revoked, it is difficult to determine whether and when an administrator should have revoked.
Freie Enthalpie (1972)

Als Freie Enthalpie G α eines Bereiches α mit der Enthalpie H α, der Temperatur T α und der Entropie S α bezeichnet man die Größe [18.1] $${G^\alpha } \equiv {H^\alpha } - {T^\alpha }{S^\alpha },$$ die auch „Gibbs-Funktion“ heißt. Sie hängt offensichtlich nur von den inneren Zustandsvariablen ab und hat die Dimension einer Energie (SI-Einheit: J).
Photodynamic Therapy for Acne Vulgaris With Topical 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (2000)

A 24-year-old Japanese woman presented with a 10year history of intractable acne vulgaris lesion on her face.The lesions coincided with her menstrual cycle, and resisted various treatments including 1% nadifloxacin cream, clindamycin hydrochloride lotion, and chemical peeling with glycolic acid and other agents. THERAPEUTIC CHALLENGEOur aim was to find an effective and safe treatment for intractable acne vulgaris. SOLUTIONAfter obtaining informed consent, the patient was treated with topical 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT).Twenty percent ALA (A 7793; Sigma, St Louis, Mo) in an oil-in-water emulsion (Yoshida, Tokyo, Japan) was applied to a 5 ϫ 5-cm area of the right cheek for 4 hours with a light-shielded dressing.On Wood lamp examination, the affected lesion showed numerous dots of vivid red fluorescence corresponding to pilosebaceous units in a 5ϫ5-cm 2 square pinkish fluorescence area.The lesion was then exposed to a 635-nm laser light of 5 J/cm 2 total using a pulsed excimer-dye laser (PDT EDL.1; HAMAMATSU, Hamamatsu-shi, Japan) without anesthesia.The patient tolerated irradiation well.Immediately after treatment, the affected lesion demonstrated edematous erythema (Figure 1).Four days after the irradiation, the affected lesion showed a very thin crust formation, and was completely healed in 10 days.After healing, full face treatment of 30% to 40% wt/wt glycolic acid chemical peeling was performed every 3 to 4 weeks and 1% nadifloxacin cream was applied.In the lesions not treated by ALA-PDT, acne became aggravated 1 week before each menstrual cycle.However, the affected area did not present any new acne during a follow-up period of 8 months (Figure 2).The ALA-PDT was applied to the entire face at the patient's request.