gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bacterial genomics (1994)

During the last decade, great advances have been made in the study of bacterial genomes which is perhaps better described by the term bacterial genomics. The application of powerful techniques, such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of macro-restriction fragments of genomic DNA, has freed the characterisation of the chromosomes of many bacteria from the constraints imposed by classical genetic analysis. It is now possible to analyse the genome of virtually every microorganism by direct molecular methods and to construct detailed physical and gene maps. In this review, the various practical approaches are compared and contrasted, and some of the emerging themes of bacterial genomics, such as the size, shape, number and organisation of chromosomes are discussed.
Lipid-coated nanoscale coordination polymers for targeted delivery of antifolates to cancer cells (2011)

Nanoscale coordination polymers (NCPs) have been demonstrated as an interesting platform for drug delivery, as they possess many advantages over small-molecule chemotherapeutics, such as high payloads, lower systemic toxicity, tunability, and enhanced tumor uptake. Existing formulations for the delivery of methotrexate (MTX), an antifolate cancer drug, have very low drug loadings. Herein, we report the incorporation of MTX as a building block in an NCP formulation with exceptionally high drug loadings (up to 79.1 wt%) and the selective delivery of the NCP to cancer cells. Encapsulation of the NCP in a functionalized lipid bilayer allows for targeted delivery and controlled release to cancer cells. A phosphor can be doped into the NCPs for monitoring particle uptake by optical imaging. The lipid-coated and anisamide-targeted NCPs have superior <i>in vitro</i> efficacy against acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells when compared to free drug.
Effect of Renal Failure on Erythrocyte Purine Nucleotide, Nucleoside and Base Concentrations and Some Related Enzyme Activities (1981)

1. We have studied purine metabolism in renal failure using high-pressure liquid chromatography to determine metabolite concentrations in erythrocytes and plasma, and microradiochemical assays of enzyme activity in erythrocytes. 2. The mean activities of some of the enzymes involved in purine metabolism were raised in renal failure. Significant elevations of adenylate kinase (EC 2.7.4.3), purine nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8) and adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4) but not of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.7) and ribosephosphate pyrophosphokinase (phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase; EC 2.7.6.1) activities were demonstrated. However, there was an overlap between results from patients with renal failure and normal (control) subjects. Erythrocyte phosphoribosylpyrophosphate levels were also unchanged. 3. Erythrocyte nucleotide concentrations especially those of inosine were raised in renal failure. 4. The plasma inosine was reduced in renal failure. 5. The significance of these changes is discussed.
Interaction of hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl cellulose with various added surfactants (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInteraction of hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl cellulose with various added surfactantsR. Tanaka, J. Meadows, P. A. Williams, and G. O. PhillipsCite this: Macromolecules 1992, 25, 4, 1304–1310Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1992https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00030a016RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views824Altmetric-Citations132LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (802 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Indexing Uncoded Stripe Patterns in Structured Light Systems by Maximum Spanning Trees (2008)

Structured light is a well-known technique for capturing 3D surface measurements but has yet to achieve satisfactory results for applications demanding high resolution models at frame rate. For these requirements a dense set of uniform uncoded white stripes seems attractive. But the problem of relating projected and recorded stripes, here called the Indexing Problem, has proved to be difficult to overcome reliably for uncoded patterns. We propose a new algorithm that uses the maximum spanning tree of a graph defining potential connectivity and adjacency in recorded stripes. Results are significantly more accurate and reliable than previous attempts. We do however also identify an important limitation of uncoded patterns and claim that, in general, additional stripe coding is necessary. Our algorithm adapts easily to accommodate a minimal coding scheme that increases neither sample size nor acquisition time.
The Influence of the Diet of the Progression of Renal Insufficiency (1984)

Although dietary protein restriction will protect the residual renal function of rats with chronic renal failure (CRF), the mechanism for this beneficial effect is unknown. Since methods for measuring the progression of renal insufficiency in individual patients have become available, a similar protective effect of dietary manipulation has been sought in patients with CRF. Available evidence indicates that dietary manipulation can substantially slow the loss of renal function at early and late stages of CRF.
What is Adaptive Training? (1969)

Adaptive training is training in which the problem, the stimulus, or the task is varied as a function of how well the trainee performs. The concept and techniques of adaptive training are introduced and a comparison drawn between different methods of adaptation. The preferred method keeps measured performance constant by changing the difficulty of the task. Fundamental characteristics of adaptive trainers are enumerated and contrasted with fixed trainers. The implementation of an adaptive training system is then discussed under the following headings, (1) choosing an adaptive variable, (2) measuring performance, (3) the adaptive logic, (4) error standard and difficulty level, and (5) knowledge-of-results displays. A concluding section cautions against expecting adaptive techniques to correct training devices with inherently poor training validity.
MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF MODEL MISSOURIMATHEMATICS PROJECT (MMP) PADA SISWA KELAS VIIIA SMP NASIONAL MAKASSAR (2016)

Salah satu penyebab kurangnya minat siswa untuk belajar dipengaruhi dari banyaknya waktu yang dipergunakan untuk bermain, sehingga berpengaruh terhadap rendahnya hasil belajar. Oleh karena itu, seorang guru haruslah mewujudkan tujuan pembelajaran dengan menggunakan komponen, pendekatan, dan berbagai metode pengajaran. Dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran yang tepat dengan kondisi psikologi siswa, maka dapat membantu siswa untuk menggunakan waktu seefisien mungkin, sehingga siswa mudah memahami pelajaran matematika. Atas alasan diatas maka penulis mencoba untuk melakukan penelitian dengan menggunakan salah satu model pembelajaran matematika yaitu model Missouri Mathematics Project (MMP) yaitu model pembelajaran ini memuat hal-hal yang dapat mengefektifkan waktu siswa yaitu review tentang materi sebelumnya, pengembangan ide, dan pemberian latihan terkontrol, Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tidakan kelas (Classroom Action Research) yang dilakukan secara bersiklus dengan tujuan penelitian untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas VIIIA SMP Nasional Makassar melalui pembelajaran kooperastif model Missouri Mathematics Project (MMP). Adapun hasil penelitian dari penerapan model pembelajaran  pembelajaran Missouri Mathematics Project (MMP) telah memberi dampak yang positif yakni mampu meningkatkan hasil belajar belajar siswa. Rencana yang akan dilakukan  ialah melakukan tahapan penelitian pada Siklus III di SMP Nasional Makassar. Hal ini dilakukan agar hasil data penelitian yang diperoleh dapat lebih akurat agar semakin layak untuk dipublikasikan dan dipatenkan. Kemudian model MMP ini akan kembali diuji cobakan di sekolah lain dengan masalah sama yang dihadapi. Key Words : Hasil Belajar Matematika, Pembelajaran Kooperatif dan Model Missouri Mathematics Project (MMP)
Spatial solitons in photorefractive media (1992)

We show that photorefractive media can support a new type of spatial soliton, in which the diffraction is balanced by the self-scattering (two-wave mixing) of the beam spatial frequency components. This photorefractive soliton possessses some unique properties, such as independence of the absolute light intensity, and can experience absorption (or gain) with no change in its transverse structure.
Nitric oxide mediates glial-induced neurodegeneration in Alexander disease (2015)

Abstract Glia play critical roles in maintaining the structure and function of the nervous system; however, the specific contribution that astroglia make to neurodegeneration in human disease states remains largely undefined. Here we use Alexander disease, a serious degenerative neurological disorder caused by astrocyte dysfunction, to identify glial-derived NO as a signalling molecule triggering astrocyte-mediated neuronal degeneration. We further find that NO acts through cGMP signalling in neurons to promote cell death. Glial cells themselves also degenerate, via the DNA damage response and p53. Our findings thus define a specific mechanism for glial-induced non-cell autonomous neuronal cell death, and identify a potential therapeutic target for reducing cellular toxicity in Alexander disease, and possibly other neurodegenerative disorders with glial dysfunction.
Multidimensional SPC-based bit-interleaved coded-modulation for spectrally-efficient optical transmission systems (2013)

With the exponential growth of global internet traffic, it becomes important to increase spectral efficiency for optical transmission systems in order to meet the challenge of continuing capacity growth. Polarization-division multiplexing (PDM) and multi-level quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM) such as 16QAM allow spectral efficiencies beyond 4 bits/s/Hz. However, for long-haul optical transmission systems, performance is penalized by amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise and nonlinearity interference. Moreover, the decreased Euclidean distance between the signal constellation points in high-level QAM modulation formats reduces tolerance to phase noise and distortions. Such reduction in tolerance causes extra performance degradation and limits the transmission distance. In order to counteract this penalty, coded modulation can be used. In coded modulation, part of the redundancy that is usually assigned to forward-error correction (FEC) is moved into symbol modulation to increase the minimum Euclidean distance of a received sequence of symbols. Demodulation is done by a multi-symbol soft-decoder using either maximum likelihood or maximum a posteriori algorithm. In recent publications, LDPC-based bit-interleaved coded-modulation (BICM) with iterative soft-demapping and decoding is used to approach the capacity of AWGN channel, hence increase achievable transmission distance. We review different multidimensional single-parity check (SPC)-based BICM schemes suitable for high spectral efficiency transoceanic transmission systems, and their experimental verification.
Interference avoidance for in-device coexistence in 3GPP LTE-advanced: challenges and solutions (2012)

With the ever growing usage of various wireless technologies and services, more and more handheld devices are equipped with multiple radio transceivers (e.g., LTE, WiFi, Bluetooth, and GNSS). As a result, in-device coexistence interference has become a serious problem due to the extreme proximity of multiple radio transceivers within the same device. It has been shown by the studies of 3GPP that for some specific frequency bands, concurrent operations of LTE and ISM/GNSS radios working in adjacent or sub-harmonic frequencies will result in significant in-device coexistence interference that cannot be completely eliminated by filter technology. This motivates 3GPP to introduce signaling mechanisms and procedures, which enable the devices to effectively solve the indevice coexistence problems with help from the LTE network. This article first discusses the scenarios in which coexistence interference may happen, and then provides an overview of main solutions and related procedures specified in 3GPP Release-11 standards for LTE. In addition, some aspects of device-internal coordination and implementation to facilitate the coexistence scenarios are also discussed.
Comparison of the analgesic efficacy and safety of nonprescription doses of naproxen sodium and Ibuprofen in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. (2004)

Over-the-counter doses of naproxen sodium (440/660 mg) and ibuprofen (1200 mg) effectively relieve pain in patients with mild to moderate OA of the knee. Naproxen sodium provided more effective pain relief for most variables compared with placebo, and for night pain compared with ibuprofen. Efficacy was combined with good safety and tolerability.
Lymphocyte Activation and Regulation of Three Adhesion Molecules with Supposed Function in Homing: LECAM‐1 (MEL‐14 Antigen), LPAM‐1/2 (α<sub>4</sub>‐Integrin) and CD44 (Pgp‐1) (1992)

Directed migration of lymphocytes from blood into lymph nodes and gut-associated lymphatic tissue, also referred to as homing, is subject to change following activation. Lymphocyte migration into lymphoid organs in vivo and binding to high endothelial venules in vitro is largely suppressed after short-term stimulation with phorbol esters. The observed functional alterations were correlated with changes in the expression of three putative homing receptors, LECAM-1 (MEL-14 antigen), LPAM-1/2 (alpha 4-integrin) and the murine CD44 (Pgp-1, H-CAM, Hermes-antigen equivalent) upon different modes of cellular activation. Expression of LECAM-1 (gp90 MEL-14), a lymphocyte adhesion molecule implicated in targeting extravasation into lymph nodes, was found to be lost almost completely within minutes after protein kinase C activation. LECAM-1 re-expression occurred within less than 24 h. Rapid loss of LECAM-1 was also observed after calcium ionophores whereas anti-CD3 or concanavalin A elicited a gradual and heterogeneous loss of LECAM-1 becoming detectable after several hours only. A number of cytokines tested were not able to induce alterations in LECAM-1 expression. In contrast, expression of LPAM-1/2 (alpha 4-integrin) and CD44 (Pgp-1, H-CAM), two adhesion molecules supposed to direct extravasation into Peyer's patches, remained stable for hours after every stimulus tested; CD44 expression gradually increased 24 h after mitogenic activation, whereas a small reduction only was observed for the expression of the alpha 4-chain under certain conditions. Thus, reduced extravasation of lymphocytes into Peyer's patches after activation is not due to a decline in the surface density of LPAM-1/2 alpha-chain or CD44 whereas alterations in migration into lymph nodes parallel the expression of LECAM-1.
Improved method for immunoperoxidase detection of membrane antigens in frozen sections. (1989)

The visualisation of membrane antigens in frozen sections using metal-enhanced 3,3'diaminobenzidine (DAB) was investigated. Particular attention was paid to the degree of reaction enhancement, the disruptive effect on morphological detail, and the ease of the techniques. The best result was obtained using nickel-modified DAB at pH 6.0 to develop the peroxidase enzyme, with further enhancement in cobalt chloride at neutral pH. Silver methenamine enhancement is also possible but can give rise to non-specific or background staining.
Improved Adversarial Systems for 3D Object Generation and Reconstruction (2017)

This paper describes a new approach for training generative adversarial networks (GAN) to understand the detailed 3D shape of objects. While GANs have been used in this domain previously, they are notoriously hard to train, especially for the complex joint data distribution over 3D objects of many categories and orientations. Our method extends previous work by employing the Wasserstein distance normalized with gradient penalization as a training objective. This enables improved generation from the joint object shape distribution. Our system can also reconstruct 3D shape from 2D images and perform shape completion from occluded 2.5D range scans. We achieve notable quantitative improvements in comparison to existing baselines
Single-step electropolymerization patterning of a polypyrrole nanowire by ultra-short pulses via an AFM cantilever (2011)

Conducting polymers (CPs) have attracted a great deal of attention due to their unique properties; these properties are useful in implementing various functional devices, such as memory, and chemical and biological sensors. In particular, the nanopatterning of CPs is a key technology that will accelerate the adoption of CPs in fabricating nanoscaled multifunctional devices. This paper presents an innovative technique for forming polypyrrole nanowire (PPy-NW) patterns, without any additional pretreatment on the gold surface, using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ultra-short pulse voltage. Applying the ultra-short pulse voltage to the AFM tip has the following advantage: since the electrochemical current is extremely localized around the tip, the successful formation of CP nanowires results. This is because the pulse width is much shorter than the resistor-capacitor (RC) time constant of the equivalent electrochemical circuit of our experimental set-up. This paper provides systematic results regarding the dimensional variation of the PPy-NW patterns produced by varying the electrical conditions of the ultra-short pulse, such as the pulse amplitude, width, and frequency. The results show that use of an ultra-short pulse is essential in fabricating PPy-NW patterns. Additionally, an ultra-short pulse offers excellent pattern controllability for both width (353 nm ∼ 3.37 µm) and height (2.0 ∼ 88.3 nm).
Electronic Confinement and Coherence in Patterned Epitaxial Graphene (2006)

Ultrathin epitaxial graphite was grown on single-crystal silicon carbide by vacuum graphitization. The material can be patterned using standard nanolithography methods. The transport properties, which are closely related to those of carbon nanotubes, are dominated by the single epitaxial graphene layer at the silicon carbide interface and reveal the Dirac nature of the charge carriers. Patterned structures show quantum confinement of electrons and phase coherence lengths beyond 1 micrometer at 4 kelvin, with mobilities exceeding 2.5 square meters per volt-second. All-graphene electronically coherent devices and device architectures are envisaged.
The New Security (2014)

The old security, defined by the Cold War, was based on containment of communism. It was almost always described in military terms — the size of the defense budget, the range of nuclear missiles, the numbers of planes, ships, and tanks. And during that period, that definition made some sense…
Composite materials based on modified epoxy resin and carbon fiber (2006)

Epoxy resin networks have been modified with block copolymer of polybutadiene and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA)-based on epoxy resin. The epoxy resin modified with carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene presented improved impact resistance and outstanding mechanical performance in terms of flexural and tensile properties because of the presence of rubber particles homogeneously dispersed inside the epoxy matrix. This modified system also resulted in an improvement of mechanical properties of the corresponding carbon fiber based composites. The outstanding properties were attributed to a better interaction fiber-matrix, as indicated by SEM micrographs.
Design and Preparation of Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials for Supercapacitors: A Review (2018)

The synthesis and application of biomass-derived carbon in energy storage have drawn increasing research attention due to the ease of fabrication, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability of the meso/microporous carbon produced from various biological precursors, including plants, fruits, microorganisms, and animals. Compared to the artificial nanostructured carbons, such as fullerene, carbon nanotube and graphene, the biomass-derived carbons may obtain superior capacitance, rate performance and stability in supercapacitor applications ascribing to their intrinsic nanoporous and hierarchical structures. However, challenges remain in processing techniques to obtain biomass-derived carbons with high carbon yield, high energy density, and controllable graphitic microstructures, which may require a clear understanding over the chemical and elemental compositions, and the intrinsic microstructural characteristics of the biological precursors. Herein we present comprehensive analyses over the impacts of the chemical and elemental compositions of the precursors on the carbon yield of the biomass, as well as the mechanism of chemical activation on the nanoporous structure development of the biomass-derived carbons. The structure–property relationship and functional performance of various biomass-derived carbons for supercapacitor applications are also discussed in detail and compared. Finally, useful insights are also provided for the improvements of biomass-derived carbons in supercapacitor applications.
Detection and Identification of Microorganisms by Gene Amplification and Sequencing (2007)

Gene amplification and sequencing have led to the discovery of new pathogens as agents of disease and have enabled us to better classify microorganisms from culture. Sequence-based identification of bacteria and fungi using culture is more objective and accurate than conventional methods, especially for classifying unusual microorganisms that are emerging pathogens in immunocompromised hosts. Although a powerful tool, the interpretation of sequence-based classification can be challenging as microbial taxonomy grows more complex, without known clinical correlatives. Additionally, broad-range gene polymerase chain reaction and sequencing have emerged as alternative, culture-independent methods for detecting pathogens from clinical material. The promise of this technique has remained strong, limited mainly by contamination and inadequate sensitivity issues. This review explains sequence-based microbial classification, with emphasis on relating the complex world of microbial taxonomy to a clinical context. Additionally, this review discusses a rational approach to broad-range bacterial polymerase chain reaction and gene sequencing when applied directly to clinical samples.