gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Objective Measurement of Sperm Motility (1973)

An experiment was designed to develop an objective technique for measuring rooster sperm motility. A Beckman Spectronic 20 spectrophotometer was used to measure optical densities of sperm suspensions while they were flowing through the spectrophotometer. A motility index (MI) based on the decrease in optical density after the flow was stopped was calculated. The MI was found to be highly significantly correlated (P < .01) with three subjective sperm motility scoring systems: motility of whole semen rated from 0 to 5 (r = 0.732); vigor scored from 0 to 5 (r = 0.769); and the approximate percent motility (r = 0.670). It was also found that the MI was not more variable than the percent motility or the vigor. There were no correlations between the three motility measurements and fertility. It was concluded that the technique provides a rapid and totally objective measure of the motility of rooster sperm.
High‐throughput proteomic analysis of formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue microarrays using MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (2008)

A novel method for high-throughput proteomic analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue microarrays (TMA) is described using on-tissue tryptic digestion followed by MALDI imaging MS. A TMA section containing 112 needle core biopsies from lung-tumor patients was analyzed using MS and the data were correlated to a serial hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained section having various histological regions marked, including cancer, non-cancer, and normal ones. By correlating each mass spectrum to a defined histological region, statistical classification models were generated that can sufficiently distinguish biopsies from adenocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma biopsies. These classification models were built using a training set of biopsies in the TMA and were then validated on the remaining biopsies. Peptide markers of interest were identified directly from the TMA section using MALDI MS/MS sequence analysis. The ability to detect and characterize tumor marker proteins for a large cohort of FFPE samples in a high-throughput approach will be of significant benefit not only to investigators studying tumor biology, but also to clinicians for diagnostic and prognostic purposes.
Control of the Heterogeneous Azeotropic <i>n</i>-Butanol/Water Distillation System (2008)

The interest in n-butanol as a biofuel has increased in recent years because of its superior fuel qualities compared to ethanol: higher octane number, lower heat of vaporization, higher energy density (energy/volume), and lower vapor pressure. However, the concentration of n-butanol coming from the fermenter is lower than that achieved in ethanol fermentation. In addition, acetone and ethanol are also produced. Recent studies to improve yield and increase n-butanol concentration have explored fed-batch systems with stripping, adsorption, liquid−liquid extraction, distillation, and/or pervaporation to recover products. The production of n-butanol involves removing the acetone and ethanol and separating the n-butanol from the water. This separation is made difficult by the presence of an azeotrope. Fortunately, unlike the homogeneous azeotrope found in the ethanol/water system, the n-butanol/water azeotrope is heterogeneous; thus, two liquid phases occur in the decanter. Therefore, a simple two-column distillation system can be used. This paper studies the control of the n-butanol/water azeotropic distillation system and develops a simple effective control structure that is capable of handling very large disturbances in throughput and feed composition. The control system is very robust and is demonstrated to be applicable for systems that are designed for a wide range of feed compositions.
Image Correlation to Evaluate the Influence of Hygrothermal Loading on Wood (2014)

ABSTRACT Many wooden objects from cultural heritage consist in wooden panels, painted on one face. Some of these panels show permanent cupping, micro‐cracks of the painted layer, and cracks of the painted support itself. Different physical and mechanical phenomena are at the origin of these damages: wood is a hygroscopic material (its dimensions vary with humidity), it is highly anisotropic, the paint layer on one face has properties of permeability different from those of raw wood of the back face, and a rigid frame possibly restrained the deformation of the panel. Experimentations on our mock‐up panels combined with numerical simulations of these panels in real situations of hygrothermal fluctuations will allow us to test specific situations and eventually to make suggestions to conservators and restorers and guide them in their interventions. Hygrothermal treatments are often used to improve wood durability thanks a reduction of its hygroscopicity. They have been considered as means to reproduce the physical properties of ancient wood. We intend to model the mechanisms involved in mechanical and chemical effects of wooden painted panels exposed to climatic variations. To develop such conservation tool, we need to work on mock‐up, which replicate panel painting. So we will investigate the process of hygroscopic ageing and compression set generation of the back of painted panels to explain their permanent cupping and replicate their ageing state. For this purpose, digital image correlation is used to evaluate the strain field of the section of a wood piece submitted to variations of relative humidity.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Reduction Regulates Adiposity and Expression of Genes Involved in Lipogenesis (2002)

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has been implicated as a negative regulator of insulin action. Overexpression of PTP1B protein has been observed in insulin-resistant states associated with obesity. Mice lacking a functional PTP1B gene exhibit increased insulin sensitivity and are resistant to weight gain. To investigate the role of PTP1B in adipose tissue from obese animals, hyperglycemic obese (ob/ob) mice were treated with PTP1B antisense oligonucleotide (ISIS-113715). A significant reduction in adiposity correlated with a decrease of PTP1B protein levels in fat. Antisense treatment also influenced the triglyceride content in adipocytes, correlating with a downregulation of genes encoding proteins involved in lipogenesis, such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 and their downstream targets spot14 and fatty acid synthase, as well as other adipogenic genes, lipoprotein lipase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. In addition, an increase in insulin receptor substrate-2 protein and a differential regulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit (p85alpha) isoforms expression were found in fat from antisense-treated animals, although increased insulin sensitivity measured by protein kinase B phosphorylation was not observed. These results demonstrate that PTP1B antisense treatment can modulate fat storage and lipogenesis in adipose tissue and might implicate PTP1B in the enlargement of adipocyte energy stores and development of obesity.
An Integrated Strategy for Implementation of Dried Blood Spots in Clinical Development Programs (2016)

Dried blood spot (DBS) sample collection has gained increased interest across the pharmaceutical industry as a potential alternative to plasma for pharmacokinetic (PK) evaluations. However, regulatory guidelines and examples of late-stage clinical trial applications in the literature are lacking. This paper communicates Merck's strategy for the implementation of DBS exemplified by experience on a late-stage program (MK-8931). In this program, DBS was proposed as the sole matrix for phase 3 studies to decrease logistical burden in an aging target patient population (Alzheimer's disease). In vitro and bioanalytical tests demonstrated initial method feasibility and suitability for further evaluations in the clinic. An in vivo dataset was developed initially in healthy subjects (phase 1 study) and then in patients (phase 2/3 study) to establish a quantitative relationship between the blood and plasma concentrations (bridging dataset) using descriptive and population PK analyses. This allowed for PK conclusions to be seamlessly drawn across the clinical program without impact from the choice of matrix. This integrated information package (in vitro, bioanalytical and clinical) was presented to major regulatory agencies (FDA and EMA) for regulatory input. Based on this package, regulatory concurrence was gained on accepting DBS as the sole matrix in late-stage clinical trials.
Accumulation and continuous removal of impurities in fuel cells: I. One‐dimensional model (1971)

Abstract A mode of operation and a design technique have been developed which permit the attainment of continuous purging of impurities directly from the gas compartments of a fuel cell—either anode, cathode, or both—with the realization of minimum reactant loss, most stable voltage and current output, and operating conditions with respect to reactant gas flow and electrolyte inventory. We have found a way to eliminate the complex periodic purge valves and attendant electronics by a fuel cell system which is both simple in structure and operation and which has a high degree of reliability. The technique was suggested by the observation that in dead‐ended fuel cell gas compartments, the inert impurities present in reactant gases tend to accumulate at the dead‐ended portion of the cell. Hence a small amount of bleed should be placed there. This observation has been made analytically by solving numerically a system of two partial differential equations simultaneously.
Flexible Frequency-Band Reallocation MIMO Networks for Real Signals (2007)

In this paper, a low-complexity approach to implement a class of flexible frequency-band reallocation (FFBR) multi-input multi-output (MIMO) networks, which use variable oversampled complex-modulated filter banks, is introduced. Two alternatives in processing real signals using real input/output and complex input/output FFBR networks (or simply, real and complex FFBR networks, respectively) are considered. It is shown that to process each sample, the real case requires less number of real operations compared to its complex counterpart. Furthermore, the real case has a smaller growth rate in the number of real operations with respect to the prototype filter order. In addition, the real FFBR network eliminates the need for two Hilbert transformers whereas in the complex FFBR case, to achieve high efficiency in FBR, there is a need for high-order Hilbert transformers.
Type I Interferon Is the Primary Regulator of Inducible Ly-6C Expression on T Cells (2001)

Ly-6C has been proposed as a marker of memory CD8+ T cells. Reports have indicated that Ly-6C is upregulated after T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation or exposure to proinflammatory cytokines. This study examined the relative roles of proinflammatory cytokines and TCR engagement in Ly-6C induction. In vitro experiments tested the effects of cytokines on Ly-6C expression and confirmed interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) as a primary cytokine that induces Ly-6C expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The amount and duration of Ly-6C expression were examined on T cells after in vivo induction of proinflammatory cytokines (CpG oligodeoxynucleotides [ODN]) or TCR activation (staphylococcal enterotoxin B [SEB]). In vivo, proinflammatory cytokines transiently upregulated Ly-6C on T cells in the absence of TCR stimulation. TCR stimulation by SEB transiently upregulated Ly-6C expression on antigen-specific and antigen-nonspecific T cells but did not cause long-term upregulation of Ly-6C expression in either population. IFN-alpha was confirmed as a primary inducer of Ly-6C in vivo, as CpG ODN were unable to induce Ly-6C expression in IFN-alphaRI(-/-) mice. Thus, inducible Ly-6C expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is largely due to IFN-alpha in the environment and appears not to be directly correlated with the development of T cell memory.
The muscle protein dysferlin accumulates in the Alzheimer brain (2006)

Dysferlin is a transmembrane protein that is highly expressed in muscle. Dysferlin mutations cause limb-girdle dystrophy type 2B, Miyoshi myopathy and distal anterior compartment myopathy. Dysferlin has also been described in neural tissue. We studied dysferlin distribution in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and controls. Twelve brains, staged using the Clinical Dementia Rating were examined: 9 AD cases (mean age: 85.9 years and mean disease duration: 8.9 years), and 3 age-matched controls (mean age: 87.5 years). Dysferlin is a cytoplasmic protein in the pyramidal neurons of normal and AD brains. In addition, there were dysferlin-positive dystrophic neurites within A beta plaques in the AD brain, distinct from tau-positive neurites. Western blots of total brain protein (RIPA) and sequential extraction buffers (high salt, high salt/Triton X-100, SDS and formic acid) of increasing protein extraction strength were performed to examine solubility state. In RIPA fractions, dysferlin was seen as 230-272 kDa bands in normal and AD brains. In serial extractions, there was a shift of dysferlin from soluble phase in high salt/Triton X-100 to the more insoluble SDS fraction in AD. Dysferlin is a new protein described in the AD brain that accumulates in association with neuritic plaques. In muscle, dysferlin plays a role in the repair of muscle membrane damage. The accumulation of dysferlin in the AD brain may be related to the inability of neurons to repair damage due to A beta deposits accumulating in the AD brain.
Scaling of wet granular flows in a rotating drum (2017)

In this work, we investigate the effect of capillary forces and particle size on wet granular flows and we propose a scaling methodology that ensures the conservation of the bed flow. We validate the scaling law experimentally by using different size glass beads with tunable capillary forces. The latter is obtained using mixtures of ethanol-water as interstitial liquid and by increasing the hydrophobicity of glass beads with an ad-hoc silanization procedure. The scaling methodology in the flow regimes considered (slipping, slumping and rolling) yields similar bed flow for different particle sizes including the angle of repose that normally increases when decreasing the particle size.
Multiband retardation control using multi-twist retarders (2014)

We introduce and demonstrate an approach to create highly chromatic retardation spectra across various wave­ lengths. The design approach is based on Multi-Twist Retarder (MTR) principle where multiple liquid crystal polymer layers are coated on top of each other on a single substrate. Previous MTRs have been applied to develop broadband achromatic retarders, but here we show that MTRs are quite flexible, and their retardation spectrum can be tuned to create arbitrary profiles. As a representative example, we show this tailorability by creating a retarder which produces approximately zero retardation in visible (500-900 nm) and half-wave retardation in near- infrared (1-2.7 <i>μ</i>m) wavelength region. This would provide enhancement in remote sensing, telecom, and spectroscopy systems where it is advantageous to have an optical element which affects only one band, but is largely transparent otherwise.
Analog reconstruction methods for transaxial tomography (1977)

Transaxial tomography is a radiographic technique that provides an image of an isolated two-dimensional section of a three-dimensional object. The basic principles of this technique are reviewed here and the equivalence of various mathematical formulations is shown. The properties of the resulting image for various filter functions are described and the limitations imposed by the quantum statistics of the radiation source are briefly discussed. Then various optical approaches to implementing the reconstruction process are described. The distortions arising from the use of a diverging beam of X-rays are detailed, and some simple modifications of the optical systems are shown to substantially eliminate them.
HDAC6 controls the development and progression of cardiac mal-adaptive hypertrophy (2017)

Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) are considered as central regulators of cardiac mal-adaptive hypertrophy. In particular, enzymatic activity of HDAC6 is strongly upregulated in different models of pressure-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Therefore, the effects of a general HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) Trichostatin A (TSA) and a HDAC6 specific inhibitor (HDAC6i) Tubacin were investigated in the development and progression of mal-adaptive cardiac hypertrophy in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we explored the effect of Tubacin in a mice model of isoproterenol (Iso)-induced cardiac dysfunction to investigate fibrosis and inflammation. In vitro pharmacological effects of both inhibitors TSA and Tubacin were tested in HL-1 cells. The hypertrophic response of the murine HL-1 cardiomyocytes to endothelin 1 (ET-1) stimulation led to the induction of mRNA expression of pathological markers such as atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and beta-myosin heavy chain (beta-MHCH). Treatment with Tubacin and TSA significantly reduced the hypertrophic effect of ET-1. The in vitro study was complemented by immunostaining experiments in HL-1 cardiomyocytes confirming the anti-hypertrophic effects of Tubacin und TSA. Furthermore, we performed the Transverse Aortic Constriction (TAC) mouse model to investigate the functional importance of the specific HDAC6i Tubacin in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. This in vivo study demonstrated for the first time that treatment with the selective HDAC6i Tubacin significantly reduces cardiac hypertrophic response in the TAC mouse model. The treatment did not reduce the development of cardiac inflammation and cardiac fibrosis in model of Iso-induced cardiac dysfunction. In summary, HDAC6 specific inhibitors may be promising pharmacological tools to prevent mal-adaptive hypertrophy in the future. Although the underlying mechanism remains elusive, beneficial anti-hypertrophic effects of Tubacin were associated with its ability to regulate the cardiac tubulin-acetylation status.
Left-to-Right Atrial Inward Rectifier Potassium Current Gradients in Patients With Paroxysmal Versus Chronic Atrial Fibrillation (2010)

Our results support the hypothesis that a left-to-right gradient in inward rectifier background current contributes to high-frequency sources in LA that maintain pAF. These findings have potentially important implications for development of atrial-selective therapeutic approaches.
Implementation of neural networks using quantum well based excitonic devices-device requirement studies (1988)

The authors examine experimentally and theoretically two devices based on III-V technology, which are critical in the implementation of the Hopfield model as well as other neural type networks for associative memories. The devices are based on Stark effect of excitonic transitions. P-i (multiquantum wells)-n structures using GaAs/AlGaAs provide a controller-modulator device which has the integrating-thresholding properties required of neurons. The p-i-n structures also provide programmable modulators which can serve as a synaptic mask. Using Monte Carlo techniques, the authors examine an all-optical architecture to implement the Hopfield network. No external feedback-thresholding circuitry is required in this implementation due to special design of the controller-modulator device. Speed and stability issues of this architecture are also addressed. The computer simulation results provide insight into how the controller-modulator device should be improved for better network implementation. The basic technology now exists for such an implementation. >
Exploitation of pre-sortedness for sorting in query processing: the TempTris-algorithm for UB-trees (2002)

Bulk loading is used to efficiently build a table or access structure if a large data set is available at index time, e.g., the spool process of a data warehouse or the creation of intermediate results during query processing. The authors introduce the TempTris algorithm that creates a multidimensional partitioning from a one-dimensionally sorted stream of tuples. In order to achieve that, TempTris exploits the fact that a one-dimensional order can be used as a partial multidimensional order for the creation of a multidimensional partitioning. In this way, TempTris avoids external sorting for the creation of a multidimensional index. In combination with the Tetris sort algorithm, TempTris can be used to create intermediate query processing results that can (without external sorting), be reused to generate various sort orders. As an example of this new processing technique we propose an efficient algorithm for computing an aggregation lattice. Thus, TempTris can also be used to speed up the processing of CUBE operators that frequently occur in OLAP applications.
Treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with verapamil. (1979)

Twenty-two patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy were treated with the calcium inhibitor, verapamil, which was administered in a mean oral dose of 480 mg per day. After an average of 15 months of treatment (4 to 24 months), the QRS amplitude in the electrocardiogram was significantly reduced from 4.2 to 3.8 mV. Heart volume calculated from chest x-ray films in the supine position decreased significantly from 858 to 766 ml per 1.73 m2. In 10 patients, follow-up heart catheterisation showed a decrease in left ventricular muscle mass in 7 patients and a slight increase in 3 patients. Coronary artery diameter decreased in 7 patients, increased in 1, and was unchanged in 2. The reduction in coronary artery diameter is considered to be a consequence of a reduced heart muscle mass. From all available clinical data it is concluded that verapamil treatment is superior to beta-blocker therapy.
Adaptive Optimization of Aircraft Engine Performance Using Neural Networks (1995)

Antibody levels to outer surface proteins C and F (OspC and OspF, respectively) in sera collected from laboratory Beagle dogs at 1, 2, and 4 months after challenge with infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) were determined. Each dog was confirmed by culture to harbor Borrelia burgdorferi in the skin (n = 10) or the skin and joints (n = 14). Significant levels of immunoglobulin M (Ig)M or IgG anti-OspC antibodies were detected in single serum samples from only 3 (13%) dogs. Similarly, IgM anti-OspF antibodies were detected in only 1 (4%) serum sample collected from a dog with B. burgdorferi in the skin and joints. In contrast, 4 (29%) dogs with skin and joint infections produced IgG anti-OspF antibodies after 2 months, and the response expanded to include 2 (20%) dogs with skin infection and 4 additional dogs with skin and joint infections (overall sensitivity = 62%) after 4 months. The findings failed to support the utility of OspC-based antibody tests for diagnosing canine Lyme disease, but demonstrated that dogs with B. burgdorferi colonizing joint tissue most often produced significant levels of IgG anti-OspF antibodies. Therefore, additional studies to more thoroughly evaluate the clinical utility of OspF-based antibody tests are warranted.