gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Decision-Theoretic Model of Assistance (2014)

There is a growing interest in intelligent assistants for a variety of applications from sorting email to helping people with disabilities to do their daily chores. In this paper, we formulate the problem of intelligent assistance in a decision-theoretic framework, and present both theoretical and empirical results. We first introduce a class of POMDPs called hidden-goal MDPs (HGMDPs), which formalizes the problem of interactively assisting an agent whose goal is hidden and whose actions are observable. In spite of its restricted nature, we show that optimal action selection for HGMDPs is PSPACE-complete even for deterministic dynamics. We then introduce a more restricted model called helper action MDPs (HAMDPs), which are sufficient for modeling many real-world problems. We show classes of HAMDPs for which efficient algorithms are possible. More interestingly, for general HAMDPs we show that a simple myopic policy achieves a near optimal regret, compared to an oracle assistant that knows the agent's goal. We then introduce more sophisticated versions of this policy for the general case of HGMDPs that we combine with a novel approach for quickly learning about the agent being assisted. We evaluate our approach in two game-like computer environments where human subjects perform tasks, and in a real-world domain of providing assistance during folder navigation in a computer desktop environment. The results show that in all three domains the framework results in an assistant that substantially reduces user effort with only modest computation.
Treatment of quinine overdosage with repeated oral charcoal. (1989)

In five symptomatic patients with acute quinine poisoning the mean admission plasma concentration was 11.1 mg l-1. After treatment with repeated oral charcoal 50 g 4 hourly, plasma quinine concentrations fell rapidly with a mean half-life of 8.1 +/- 1.1 h (s.d.) compared with more than 24 h in a previous report in similarly poisoned patients. The visual impairment which was expected in a patient with cardiotoxicity and a plasma quinine concentration of 12.6 mg l-1 did not occur, but late treatment with charcoal was of no obvious benefit in another patient who was already blind. Repeated oral charcoal has been shown to increase the rate of elimination of a therapeutic dose of quinine in healthy volunteers. It appears to be the only practical means of enhancing the removal of this drug after overdosage and should reduce the risk of potentially disastrous complications.
One-dimensional transport and the quantisation of the ballistic resistance (1988)

The authors present experimental results, and a supporting theory, showing that a one-dimensional system in which transport is ballistic possesses a quantised resistance, h/2ie2, where i is the number of occupied 1D sub-bands and the spin degeneracy is two. A short narrow channel is defined in the 2DEG of a GaAs-AlGaAs heterojunction and as the width of the system is changed, the sub-bands pass through the Fermi energy and the resistance jumps between quantised values. The value of the quantised resistance is derived and the accuracy of the quantisation is discussed. The effect can be strong at temperatures approximately 0.1 K, with up to 17 sub-bands being observed. The action of a transverse magnetic field is to depopulate the sub-bands and form hybrid levels; a parallel field lifts the spin degeneracy and brings about a further quantisation of resistance at values h/2(i+1/2)e2.
ECOLE: A Look-ahead Editor for a Controlled Language (2003)

This paper presents ECOLE, a look-ahead text editor that supports authors writing seemingly informal specifications in PENG, a computer-processable controlled natural language. ECOLE communicates via a socket interface with the controlled language processor of the PENG system. After each word form entered the look-ahead editor displays appropriate look-ahead categories. These syntactic hints tell the author what kind of word or syn-tactic structure can follow the current in-put string and reduce thereby the cogni-tive burden to learn and remember the controlled language. While the author types the text word by word and adds un-known content words on the fly to the lex-icon, a discourse representation structure and a paraphrase is built up dynamically for the text in a completely compositional manner. The arising specification can be checked automatically for consistency and informativity with the help of third-party reasoning services. 1
Casq2 deletion causes sarcoplasmic reticulum volume increase, premature Ca2+ release, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (2006)

Cardiac calsequestrin (Casq2) is thought to be the key sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ storage protein essential for SR Ca2+ release in mammalian heart. Human CASQ2 mutations are associated with catecholaminergic ventricular tachycardia. However, homozygous mutation carriers presumably lacking functional Casq2 display surprisingly normal cardiac contractility. Here we show that Casq2-null mice are viable and display normal SR Ca2+ release and contractile function under basal conditions. The mice exhibited striking increases in SR volume and near absence of the Casq2-binding proteins triadin-1 and junctin; upregulation of other Ca2+ -binding proteins was not apparent. Exposure to catecholamines in Casq2-null myocytes caused increased diastolic SR Ca2+ leak, resulting in premature spontaneous SR Ca2+ releases and triggered beats. In vivo, Casq2-null mice phenocopied the human arrhythmias. Thus, while the unique molecular and anatomic adaptive response to Casq2 deletion maintains functional SR Ca2+ storage, lack of Casq2 also causes increased diastolic SR Ca2+ leak, rendering Casq2-null mice susceptible to catecholaminergic ventricular arrhythmias.
Effectiveness of a herbal supplement (Zotrim™) for weight management (2007)

Purpose There are many herbal supplements on the market claiming to aid weight loss but few are evidence‐based. This study aims to test one such formulation. Design/methodology/approach An over‐the‐counter herbal supplement containing yerba maté, guarana and damiana (YGD) was tested in 73 overweight health professionals for six weeks. Subjects were not asked to make any lifestyle changes. Findings Self‐reported weight, waist circumference and hip circumference reduced significantly, while 22 per cent of subjects experienced a clinically significant weight loss. The anthropometric changes were in line with other commercial diet and exercise programmes. Reported between‐meal hunger, and consumption of snacks reduced across the six weeks. Reported satiety after meals increased and subjects claimed to be more in control of snacking, emotional eating and portion sizes. A follow‐up at week ten, when 82 per cent of subjects had stopped taking YGD, revealed no additional reductions in weight or hip circumference. Fullness ratings had stabilised, while hunger ratings had increased. There were no consistent adverse effects that could reasonably be related to YGD. Research limitations/implications Taken alongside a 2001 randomised, placebo‐controlled trial, this study provides evidence that a YGD supplement can aid weight loss and reduce waist and hip circumference, probably by increasing satiety. Originality/value The growing market in weight management products brings with it a responsibility for manufacturers to provide evidence that their products work. This paper adds to the evidence base.
Small molecules: an overview of emerging therapeutic options in the treatment of psoriasis. (2015)

Psoriasis is a chronic condition which requires ongoing management with therapies that have demonstrated favorable safety and efficacy profiles in long-term use. While biologics changed the way psoriasis is treated by providing effective targeted therapy, they are not without limitations. However, small molecules are emerging therapeutic options for the treatment of psoriasis. Several oral and topical small molecules, spanning different therapeutic classes, are proving to be promising treatment options in psoriasis. While studies to date have yielded positive results, further investigation of these agents are warranted for both safety and efficacy.
Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors as potential cancer chemopreventives. (1996)

Among the most important targets for chemopreventive intervention and drug development are deregulated signal transduction pathways, and protein tyrosine kinases are key components of these pathways. Loss of tyrosine kinase regulatory mechanisms has been implicated in neoplastic growth; indeed, many oncogenes code for either receptor or cellular tyrosine kinases. Because of its deregulation in many cancers (bladder, breast, cervix, colon, esophagus, head and neck, lung, and prostate), the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been selected as a potential target for chemoprevention. Because growth factor networks are redundant, selective inhibition of signaling pathways activated in precancerous and cancerous cells should be possible. Requirements for specific EGFR inhibitors include specificity for EGFR, high potency, activity in intact cells, and activity in vivo. Inhibition of autophosphorylation is preferred, because it should result in total blockade of the signaling pathway. Inhibitors that compete with substrate rather than at the ATP-binding site are also preferable, because they are not as likely to inhibit other ATP-using cellular enzymes. Several classes of specific EGFR inhibitors have been synthesized recently, including structures such as benzylidene malononitriles, dianilinophthalimides, quinazolines, pyrimidines, [(alkylamino)methyl]-acrylophenones, enollactones, dihydroxybenzylaminosalicylates, 2-thioindoles, aminoflavones, and tyrosine analogue-containing peptides. A possible testing strategy for the development of these and other EGFR inhibitors as chemopreventive agents includes the following steps: (a) determine EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity in vitro; (b) evaluate EGFR specificity and selectivity (relative to other tyrosine kinases and other protein kinases); (c) determine inhibition of EGFR-mediated effects in intact cells; (d) determine inhibition of EGFR-mediated effects in vivo (e.g., in nude mouse tumor xenografts); and (e) determine chemopreventive efficacy in vivo (e.g., in the hamster buccal pouch or mouse or rat bladder).
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Topics in Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones (2014)

Abstract Review: 52 refs.
A Multi-Wavelength Spectrophotometric Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Five Haemoglobin Derivatives (1981)

A method is described by which the concentration of deoxyhaemoglobin, oxyhaemoglobin, carboxyhaemoglobin, haemoglobin and sulfhaemoglobin in a human blood sample is determined by passing the haemolysate without air contact through a coarse filter and subsequently measuring the absorbance at lambda = 500, 569, 577, 620 and 760 nm. The ensuing set of equations is solved by matrix calculation with the aid of a simple computer program. The method has been tested by comparing it with conventional methods for the determination of the various haemoglobin derivatives separately.
Oral Administration of a Unicellular Green Algae,<i>Chlorealla vulgaris</i>, Prevents Stress-Induced Ulcer (1997)

Oral administration of dry powder of Chlorella vulgaris (CVP) showed clear prophylactic effects in water-immersion restraint stress-induced and in cysteamine-induced peptic ulcer models, but not in Shay's rat model. Drugs that enhance the protective factors of ulcer formation are effective in the first two models. CVP may prevent ulcer formation mainly through the "immune-brain-gut" axis and protection of gastric mucosa by its own characteristics.
HPRT mutant T cells in the peripheral blood and synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (1998)

Objective To investigate the frequency and characteristics of hprt- mutant T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and synovium of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients compared with controls, and to correlate these findings with disease parameters. Methods An hprt- T cell assay was performed on blood and synovial samples from 93 RA patients, 8 osteoarthritis (OA) patients, and 19 control subjects. T cell clones were studied by flow cytometry and evaluated for fibronectin adhesion. Results RA patients showed a 5-fold increase in the frequency of mutant T cells in the peripheral blood compared with that in control peripheral blood, and a further 10-fold increase in the mutant T cell frequency in synovial tissue. In OA patients, the synovium also had a significantly higher frequency of hprt- mutant T cells compared with the peripheral blood, but at a lower level than in the rheumatoid synovium. RA peripheral blood mutant T cell clones displayed elevated fibronectin adhesion and β1 integrin expression, similar to that observed in the RA synovial T cell lines. Conclusion The origin of the mutated T cells in the peripheral blood of these patients appears to be the inflamed synovium of RA, and to a lesser extent, of OA, where the cells are exposed to a mitogenic and genotoxic environment.
Novel band-pass filter utilizing S-shaped slot line resonators (2003)

A novel band-pass filter is designed and verified experimentally. The filter consists of five S-shaped slot-line resonators, which are aligned to form an array of coupled slots. The simulated filter pass-band is centered at 1.77 GHz with a 0.5% bandwidth and, with the exception of small frequency shift (20 MHz), shows rather good agreement with measured data. A high-temperature superconducting (YBCO) film on a 1 mm thick LaAlO/sub 3/ substrate is used to achieve low insertion loss (-0.6 dB at 77 K). The filter design is based on a full-wave model of coupled slots, which enables the possibility of quick and accurate circuit simulations using the duality principle.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer as a Probe for the Folding Behavior of Dimethylsilylene-Spaced Alternating Donor–Acceptor Oligomers and Polymers (2013)

A series of oligomers and polymers having dimethylsilylene-spaced alternating 4-aminostyrene donor and stilbene acceptor chromophores (two to one) are regioselectively synthesized, and the two donor chromophores are separated by different bridges between two donors. Photophysical tools have been used to examine the folding behavior of these copolymers. Both steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic measurements were examined. The relative intensities (ICT/ILE) between emission from charge-separated state (CT emission) and local excited emission of acceptor chromophore (LE emission) increase with increasing number of repeating units, and reach a plateau, when the linkers between the two aminostyrene chromophores are trimethylene bridges. Replacements of these by dimethylene or tetramethylene linker reduce the relative intensities of CT emission of the polymers, owing to the different folding behavior of these polymers. The CT emission intensity of the polymer with rigid piperazine linkers is much lower than that with trimethylene-bridged copolymer of the same degree of polymerization. Slight conformational change of these polymers would lead to slight variation of the distance between donor and acceptor chromophores so that the nonadiabatic interactions in the excited state between donor–acceptor pairs in these oligomers and polymers would be perturbed by such change of conformations.
Inhibition of the mitogenic, angiogenic and tumorigenic activities of pleiotrophin by a synthetic peptide corresponding to its C‐thrombospondin repeat‐I domain (2007)

Pleiotrophin (PTN), is a heparin-dependent growth factor involved in angiogenesis and tumor growth. PTN contains a thrombospondin repeat-I (TSR-I) motif in its two beta-sheet domains that are involved in its binding to heparin and its neurite outgrowth activity. Based on the importance of the binding of PTN to heparin in its dimerization and biological activities, we have designed two synthetic peptides, P(13-39) and P(65-97) corresponding to a part of the N-terminal and C-terminal TSR-I motif of PTN, respectively. P(65-97) inhibited the mitogenic, tumorigenic and angiogenic activities of PTN, as well as the mitogenic and an angiogenic activity of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). However, P(65-97) had no effect on the mitogenic activity of epidermal growth factor, which does not bind heparin. P(65-97) but not P(13-39) inhibited the binding of PTN and to a lesser extent of FGF-2 to heparin using an immunoassay and an optical biosensor assay and bound directly to heparin with a K(d) of 120 nM. These findings suggest that P(65-97), containing amino acids 65-97 of the TSR-I motif of the C-terminal domain of PTN, inhibits the activities of PTN and FGF-2 by virtue of its ability to bind heparin very effectively and so compete with the growth factors for their polysaccharide co-receptor.
Signal-To-Noise-Ratio Measurements On Two High-Resolution Screen-Film Systems (1985)

Measurements of the performance of two high-resolution radiographic screen-film systems at 50 and 30 kVp are given in terms of the noise equivalent number of recorded x-ray quanta (NEQ) and the detective quantum efficiency (DQE). Additionally, the MTF, contrast transfer function (CTF), and noise power spectra (NPS) of these imaging systems are presented. The NEQ, DQE, CTF, and NPS are shown to be strong functions of both spatial frequency and exposure. The shapes of these surfaces are significantly different from those published for general-purpose radiographic systems; these data provide a useful context within which screen-film system performance can be interpreted.
High versus low dosing of oral colchicine for early acute gout flare: Twenty‐four–hour outcome of the first multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group, dose‐comparison colchicine study (2010)

Low-dose colchicine yielded both maximum plasma concentration and early gout flare efficacy comparable with that of high-dose colchicine, with a safety profile indistinguishable from that of placebo.
Enzyme-linked immunoassay of ursodeoxycholic acid in serum. (1979)

A sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunoassay for the measurement of ursodeoxycholic acid in human serum was developed. Ursodeoxycholic acid conjugated to alkaline phosphatase (from calf intestine) was used as a tracer. An antiserum to ursodeoxycholic acid serum was raised in rabbits using ursodeoxycholic acid--bovine serum albumin conjugate as an antigen. The binding required 1 hr at 42 degrees C; separation of the bound tracer was achieved by addition of a second antibody, and alkaline phosphatase activity of this bound complex was measured colorimetrically. The ratio of bound to total enzyme activity decreased linearly with a logarithmic increase in ursodeoxycholic acid concentration from 20 to 900 pmol. The specificity and sensitivity of this enzyme-linked immunoassay were similar to those of a radioimmunoassay reported previously. The serum ursodeoxycholic acid levels measured by this method correlated well with those determined by gas--liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Based on these findings, this enzyme-linked immunoassay of bile acid might be useful as a tool for the routine clinical analysis of serum bile acids.
Certification of optical data storage tape - performance improvement from direct read after write (1994)

ICI has extended the technique which certifies the performance of a Terabyte optical tape to include applications with direct-read-after-write verification. The tape quality is guaranteed as a statistical upper limit on the probability of uncorrectable errors. This applies when the optimum verification strategy is used. Different strategies have been modelled and compared. The optimum strategy in practice is to rewrite records in which 4 or more bytes per codeword are in error (out of 8 maximum for full error correction). In the tape which is 35 mm wide, at least 99% of defective regions over 1 mm diameter are eliminated. This reduces uncorrectable errors by up to 3 orders of magnitude, and adds typically 10 years to service life.
Specific β1 Integrin Site Selectively Regulates Akt/Protein Kinase B Signaling via Local Activation of Protein Phosphatase 2A (2003)

Integrin transmembrane receptors generate multiple signals, but how they mediate specific signaling is not clear. Here we test the hypothesis that particular sequences along the beta(1) integrin cytoplasmic domain may exist that are intimately related to specific integrin-mediated signaling pathways. Using systematic alanine mutagenesis of amino acids conserved between different beta integrin cytoplasmic domains, we identified the tryptophan residue at position 775 of human beta(1) integrin as specific and necessary for integrin-mediated protein kinase B/Akt survival signaling. Stable expression of a beta(1) integrin mutated at this amino acid in GD25 beta(1)-null cells resulted in reduction of Akt phosphorylation at both Ser(473) and Thr(308) activation sites. As a consequence, the cells were substantially more sensitive to serum starvation-induced apoptosis when compared with cells expressing wild type beta(1) integrin. This inactivation of Akt resulted from increased dephosphorylation by a localized active population of protein phosphatase 2A. Both Akt and protein phosphatase 2A were present in beta(1) integrin-organized cytoplasmic complexes, but the activity of this phosphatase was 2.5 times higher in the complexes organized by the mutant integrin. The mutation of Trp(775) specifically affected Akt signaling, without effects on other integrin-activated pathways including phosphoinositide 3-kinase, MAPK, JNK, and p38 nor did it influence activation of the integrin-responsive kinases focal adhesion kinase and Src. The identification of Trp(775) as a specific site for integrin-mediated Akt signaling supports the concept of specificity of signaling along the integrin cytoplasmic domain.
Dynamic timeslot allocation algorithms suitable for asymmetric traffic in multimedia TDMA/TDD cellular radio (2002)

Mobile communication systems are increasingly required to accommodate not only voice traffic, but also various types of data traffic. Generally speaking, voice traffic is symmetric between uplink and downlink, while data traffic can be highly asymmetric. It is therefore inefficient to accommodate data in a conventional TDMA/TDD system with fixed TDD boundary. In this paper, focusing on the continuous data traffic which requires multi-slots in a circuit based TDMA/TDD system, two algorithms are proposed in which the TDD boundaries are moved adaptively to accommodate data traffic efficiently. One moves the TDD boundaries of all carriers simultaneously, while the other moves the TDD boundary of each carrier independently and allocate the timeslot after considering the adjacent carrier interference. Comparing with the fixed-boundary conventional algorithm, computer simulations confirm that the proposed algorithms have superior performance in the transmission delay of data while maintaining the performance of voice.
Becoming a Young Party Member: Inheritance, Paths to Membership, and Political Socialisation (2009)

The previous chapter enabled us to sketch and colour the ‘world’ of young party members — what makes them unique in terms of participation and institutional commitment — it now seems essential to understand how and why they embarked upon their road to party membership.