gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum Cryptography Based on Orthogonal States (1995)

All existing quantum cryptosystems use nonorthogonal states as the carriers of information. Nonorthogonal states cannot be cloned (duplicated) by an eavesdropper. As a result, any eavesdropping attempt must introduce errors in the transmission, and, therefore, can be detected by the legal users of the communication channel. Orthogonal states are not used in quantum cryptography, since they can be faithfully cloned without altering the transmitted data. We present a cryptographic scheme based on orthogonal states, which also assures the detection of any eavesdropper.
Molecular chemistry of organic aerosols through the application of high resolution mass spectrometry (2011)

Understanding the molecular composition and fundamental chemical transformations of organic aerosols (OA) during their formation and aging is both a major challenge and the area of great uncertainty in atmospheric research. Particularly, little is known about fundamental relationship between the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of OA, their atmospheric history, evolution, and the impact on the environment. Ambient soft-ionization methods combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) analysis provide detailed information on the molecular content of OA that is pivotal for improving the understanding of their complex composition, multi-phase aging chemistry, direct (light absorption and scattering) and indirect (aerosol-cloud interactions) effects on atmospheric radiation and climate, health effects. The HR-MS methods can detect thousands of individual OA constituents at once, provide their elemental formulae from accurate mass measurements and structural information based on tandem mass spectrometry. Integration with additional analytical tools, such as chromatography and UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, makes it possible to further separate OA compounds by their polarity and ability to absorb solar radiation. The goal of this perspective is to describe contemporary HR-MS methods, review recent applications in field and laboratory studies of OA, and explain how the information obtained from HR-MS methods can be translated into an improved understanding of OA chemistry.
Transition-metal-oxide-based resistance-change memories (2008)

We provide a status report on the development of perovskite-based transition-metal-oxide resistance-change memories. We focus on bipolar resistance switching observed in Cr-doped SrTiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> memory cells with dimensions ranging from bulk single crystals to CMOS integrated nanoscale devices. We also discuss electronic and ionic processes during electroforming and resistance switching, as evidenced from electron-parametric resonance (EPR), x-ray absorption spectroscopy, electroluminescence spectroscopy, thermal imaging, and transport experiments. EPR in combination with electroluminescence reveals electron trapping and detrapping processes at the Cr site. Results of x-ray absorption experiments prove that the microscopic origin of the electroforming, that is, the insulator-to-metal transition, is the creation of oxygen vacancies. Cr-doped SrTiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> memory cells exhibit short programming times (≤100 ns) and low programming currents (<100 µA) with up to 105 write and erase cycles.
A Dual-Level Analysis of Capability Development Process: A Case Study of TTNT (2006)

The resource-based view suggests that organizations achieve and maintain competitive advantage through effective deployment of firm-specific resources and capabilities. Because of volatile market conditions, researchers now focus on the development of dynamic capabilities that allow firms to react and create change in these dynamic environments. Despite the growing acceptance of the dynamic capabilities perspective in information systems research, the process of how organizations develop capabilities to influence the overall process of strategy formation and implementation in a dynamic and volatile environment (e.g., the information communication technology industry) is still underexplored. To address the knowledge gap, this article draws on an in-depth case study of the capability development experience of a call center in strategic transformation from an in-house customer service department to an outsourced customer service provider.We use Montealegre’s (2002) process model of capability development as our analytical framework and extend it beyond the organizational perspective to include a project-level (business unit) perspective. By adopting a dual-level analysis, researchers and practitioners may obtain a more detailed and complete view of an organization’s capability development, hence allaying criticism of the resource-based view as a vague and tautological concept.
Inhibition of integrin α<sub>5</sub>β<sub>1</sub> function with a small peptide (ATN‐161) plus continuous 5‐FU infusion reduces colorectal liver metastases and improves survival in mice (2003)

Integrin alpha(5)beta(1) is expressed on activated endothelial cells and plays a critical role in tumor angiogenesis. We hypothesized that a novel integrin alpha(5)beta(1) antagonist, ATN-161, would inhibit angiogenesis and growth of liver metastases in a murine model. We further hypothesized that combining ATN-161 with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy would enhance the antineoplastic effect. Murine colon cancer cells (CT26) were injected into spleens of BALB/c mice to produce liver metastases. Four days thereafter, mice were given either ATN-161 (100 mg/kg, every 3rd day) or saline by intraperitoneal injection, with or without combination of continuous-infusion 5-FU (100 mg/kg/2 weeks), which was started on day 7. On day 20 after tumor cell inoculation, mice were killed and liver weights and number of liver metastases were determined. A follow-up study on survival was also conducted in which mice were randomized to receive ATN-161, 5-FU or ATN-161+5-FU. Combination therapy with ATN-161+5-FU significantly reduced tumor burden (liver weight) and number of liver metastases (p<0.02). Liver tumors in the ATN-161 and ATN-161+5-FU groups had significantly fewer microvessels (p<0.05) than tumors in the control or 5-FU-treated groups. Unlike treatment with either agent alone, ATN-161+5-FU significantly increased tumor cell apoptosis and decreased tumor cell proliferation (p<0.03) and improved overall survival (p<0.03, log-rank test). Targeting integrin alpha(5)beta(1) in combination with 5-FU infusion reduced liver metastases formation and improved survival in this colon cancer model. The enhancement of antineoplastic activity from the combination of anti-angiogenic therapy and chemotherapy may be a promising approach for treating metastatic colorectal cancer.
Molecular Structure and Enzymatic Function of Lycopene Cyclase from the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp Strain PCC7942 (1994)

Francis X. Cunningham, Jr., Zairen Sun, Daniel Chamovitz, Joseph Hirschberg, Elisabeth Gantt, Molecular Structure and Enzymatic Function of Lycopene Cyclase from the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp Strain PCC7942, The Plant Cell, Vol. 6, No. 8 (Aug., 1994), pp. 1107-1121
Rheology of polyphosphate coacervates (2015)

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Arash Momeni, Mark Joseph Filiaggi; Rheology of polyphosphate coacervates. J. Rheol. 1 January 2016; 60 (1): 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.4935127 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentThe Society of RheologyJournal of Rheology Search Advanced Search |Citation Search
Calibration of Two Difrerent Types of Modulators for an Application in Spectroscopic Phase Modulated Ellipsometry (1995)

In order to choose a photoelastic modulator for an application in spectroscopic phase modulated ellipsometry a complete calibration of two different types of photoelastic modulators is achieved. First the model that describes the behavior of each of them is accurately determined since the calibration procedure depends on it. Both modulators behave as a static strain model with a phase shift of the form $\delta = \delta_0 + {\cal A}\sin \omega t$. Using the suitable procedures, the driving voltage Vmod and the static strain δ0 of both devices are accurately determined as a function of the wavelength from 0.25 μm to 0.75 μm. A method to reduce the errors due to incorrect settings of the modulation voltage and the static birefringence is also proposed. An accuracy check of the calibration done by comparing the indexes of refraction of two silica prisms obtained with our ellipsometer and with the high precision goniometer method shows a very good agreement.
Microscopic optical fields in diamond and germanium: Molecular-orbital approach (1974)

Using the bonding and antibonding orbitals for the valence and conduction bands in germanium and diamond, the nonresonant part of the microscopic dielectric matrix, the local dielectric function, and the microscopic fields induced by a transverse optical field are calculated self-consistently. It is found that the secondary fields are appreciable in both germanium and diamond.
Systematic Peptide Engineering and Structural Characterization to Search for the Shortest Antimicrobial Peptide Analogue of Gaegurin 5 (2004)

As part of an effort to develop new, low molecular mass peptide antibiotics, we searched for the shortest bioactive analogue of gaegurin 5 (GGN5), a 24-residue antimicrobial peptide. Thirty-one kinds of GGN5 analogues were synthesized, and their biological activities were analyzed against diverse microorganisms and human erythrocytes. The structural properties of the peptides in various solutions were characterized by spectroscopic methods. The N-terminal 13 residues of GGN5 were identified as the minimal requirement for biological activity. The helical stability, the amphipathic property, and the hydrophobic N terminus were characterized as the important structural factors driving the activity. To develop shorter antibiotic peptides, amino acid substitutions in an inactive 11-residue analogue were examined. Single tryptophanyl substitutions at certain positions yielded some active 11-residue analogues. The most effective site for the substitution was the hydrophobic-hydrophilic interface in the amphipathic helical structure. At this position, tryptophan was the most useful amino acid conferring favorable activity to the peptide. The introduced tryptophan played an important anchoring role for the membrane interaction of the peptides. Finally, two 11-residue analogues of GGN5, which exhibited strong bactericidal activity with little hemolytic activity, were obtained as property-optimized candidates for new peptide antibiotic development. Altogether, the present approach not only characterized some important factors for the antimicrobial activity but also provided useful information about peptide engineering to search for potent lead molecules for new peptide antibiotic development.
Plants from Test Tubes: An Introduction to Micropropagation (1983)

Originally published in 1983, Plants from Test Tubes was one of the first how-to books on plant tissue culture or "cloning." It continues to be an internationally popular primer. New to this third edition is in-depth information on culture contaminants, a tutorial on the use of the microscope, and a discussion of the role of tissue culture as an indispensable tool in modern biotechnology. Plants from Test Tubes remains the most accessible and practical book on the subject. The book is divided into two sections. The first, "The Basics of Tissue Culture," begins with a discussion of the historical and botanical background of micropropagation. A short course in chemistry lays the foundation for media preparation instructions. Sterile technique and culture care are described in detail. Advice is offered on how to deal with possible problems with cultures, including such topics as vitrification, lack of growth, and contamination
Use of Tissue Culture and Protoplasts in Plant Pathology (1984)

Use of tissue culture and protoplasts in plant pathology , Use of tissue culture and protoplasts in plant pathology , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
C-Reactive Protein and Outcome After Ischemic Stroke (1999)

CRP concentration is an independent predictor of survival after ischemic stroke. These findings are consistent with a role for inflammation in acute ischemic stroke, as well as with the hypothesis that elevated CRP may predict future cardiovascular mortality.
A bilberry drink with fermented oatmeal decreases postprandial insulin demand in young healthy adults (2011)

a fermented oat meal drink added with bilberries induced a lower insulin response than expected from the glycaemic response. The mechanism for the lowered acute insulin demand is still unclear, but may be related to some bio-active component present in the bilberries, or to the fermented oat meal base.
Looking Ahead to Select Tutorial Actions: A Decision-Theoretic Approach (2004)

We propose and evaluate a decision-theoretic approach for selecting tutorial actions by looking ahead to anticipate their effects on the student and other aspects of the tutorial state. The approach uses a dynamic decision network to consider the tutor's uncertain beliefs and objectives in adapting to and managing the changing tutorial state. Prototype action selection engines for diverse domains ?calculus and elementary reading?illustrate the approach. These applications employ a rich model of the tutorial state, including attributes such as the students knowledge, focus of attention, affective state, and next action(s), along with task progress and the discourse state. For this study, neither of our action selection engines had been integrated into a complete ITS, so we used simulated students to evaluate their capabilities to select rational tutorial actions that emulate the behaviors of human tutors. We also evaluated their capability to select tutorial actions quickly enough for real-world tutoring applications.
Phase I clinical study of a peptide vaccination for hepatitis C virus‐infected patients with different human leukocyte antigen‐class I‐A alleles (2009)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has a high risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma at later stages. We recently identified a peptide derived from the HCV core protein capable of inducing both cellular and humoral responses to nearly all HCV-positive patients in Japan with different human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-class I-A alleles. To assess the safety and immune responses to this novel peptide, we conducted a phase I dose-escalation study of the vaccination for 26 HCV-positive patients who were either non-responders to the interferon-based therapy (n = 23) or refused it (n = 3). The regimen was well tolerated, with no severe vaccine-related toxicity. Twenty-five and 22 patients completed the first and second cycle vaccination (6 and 12 vaccine injections), respectively. After a series of six vaccine injections, peptide-specific CTL activity was augmented in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 15 of 25 patient samples, with an expected optimal dose of 1 mg peptide. After 12 vaccine injections, peptide-specific IgG production was augmented in plasma from the majority of patients (15 of 22 patients) tested, but not in a dose-dependent fashion. There were two HCV RNA responders with >1 log declines. Among patients whose pre-vaccination levels of alanine aminotransferase and alpha feto-protein exceeded the normal ranges, a <30% decrease was found in 7 of 24 and three of six patients, respectively. Because of its tolerability and higher rate of immune boosting, this protocol is recommended for a phase II study to investigate its clinical efficacy.
Transradial Intervention of Iliac and Superficial Femoral Artery Disease is Feasible (2008)

TRI is a feasible and safe alternative for percutaneous treatment of IA and SFA disease in carefully selected patients.
A Cooperative Retransmission Scheme in Wireless Networks with Imperfect Channel State Information (2009)

A transmitted packet that fails to reach its intended destination may be correctly received by neighbor nodes due to the broadcast nature of the wireless medium. In a cooperative retransmission scheme, these neighbor nodes, known as relays, can retransmit the failed packet on behalf of the original source node. The challenge is that multiple concurrent transmissions may lead to collision at the destination, and thus the problem is to decide which relay should help in retransmitting the failed packet so that the destination can successfully receive it. This paper proposes a decentralized partially observable Markov decision process (DEC-POMDP) model for selecting the relays to perform the cooperative retransmission. The proposed DEC- POMDP model does not require global channel state information (CSI). In addition, it is robust to noise in CSI measurements. Furthermore, the proposed DEC-POMDP scheme utilizes the gradient descent learning method to eliminate the need for a wireless channel model. We show that the proposed learning method based on the DEC-POMDP model can perform near optimally in the absence of a channel model and despite its implementation simplicity.
The Role of Gadd45a in Suppression of Autoimmunity (2009)

The growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene 45 (Gadd45) proteins mediate inflammatory cytokine production by regulating kinases upstream of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in T helper type 1 (Th1) and dendritic cells. The phenotype of Gadd45a-deficient mice, which develop lupus-like autoimmunity, led to the description of a p38 activation pathway independent of the p38 upstream MAPK cascade; this pathway is triggered by phosphorylation of the non-canonical p38 residue Tyr323 in response to T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. Gadd45a is a natural inhibitor of TCR signaling-induced p38 activation in T cells, which acts by binding p38 and blocking Tyr323p38 phosphorylation. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that the TCR signaling pathway controls the maintenance of central and peripheral tolerance as well as interferon gamma (IFNγ) production in response to TCR activation. The discovery of the TCR signaling pathway and the role of Gadd45a as a T cell-specific inhibitor of p38 allow development of a new class of p38 inhibitors. Selective inhibition of the TCR signaling pathway with small molecule inhibitors that block Tyr323p38 phosphorylation might cause fewer side effects than currently available inhibitors of p38, and could be especially useful for the treatment of human Th1-type autoimmune disease.
A characterization of log-space computable functions (1973)

article Free Access Share on A characterization of log-space computable functions Authors: John Lind Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyView Profile , Albert R. Meyer Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyView Profile Authors Info & Claims ACM SIGACT NewsVolume 5Issue 3July 1973 pp 26–29https://doi.org/10.1145/1008293.1008295Published:01 July 1973Publication History 7citation204DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations7Total Downloads204Last 12 Months4Last 6 weeks1 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
M1 and M2 Macrophages: Oracles of Health and Disease (2012)

The purpose of immunology is simple. Cure or prevent disease. M1/M2 is useful because it is simple. M1/M2 describes the two major and opposing activities of macrophages. M1 activity inhibits cell proliferation and causes tissue damage while M2 activity promotes cell proliferation and tissue repair. Remarkably, the molecules primarily responsible for these "Fight" (NO) or "Fix" (Ornithine) activities both arise from arginine, and via enzymatic pathways (iNOS and arginase) that down regulate each other. The names M1 and M2 were chosen because M1 and M2 macrophages promote Th1 and Th2 responses, respectively. Products of Th1 and Th2 responses (e.g., IFN-γ, IL-4) also down regulate M2 and M1activity, respectively. Thus, M1/M2 demonstrated the importance of Innate Immunity and how it is linked to Adaptive Immunity in a beautifully counterbalanced system. "Civilization" and increased longevity present new disease challenges such as cancer and atherosclerosis that do not display classical "foreign" antigens. And, these diseases are often associated with (or caused by) M1- or M2- type responses that were formerly useful for fighting infections, but now are inappropriate in our increasingly "germ-free" societies. In turn, there is considerable potential for modulating M1 or M2 Innate responses in modern diseases to achieve better health. Finally, since M1 and Th1 (or M2 and Th2) often work in concert to produce characteristic immune responses and disease pathologies, it is recommended that Immune Type 1 or 2 (IT1, IT2) would be a simpler and unifying terminology going forward.
Pyrido[4′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[2,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazines, a new class of Temozolomide heteroanalogues (2009)

A series of derivatives of new ring system pyrido [4',3':4,5]pyrrolo [2,1-d] [1,2,3,5]tetrazine was obtained from moderate to excellent yields by reaction of 2-diazo-3-ethoxycarbonyl-pyrrolo[2,3c]pyridine with alkyl-or aryl-isocyanates in dichlorometane at room temperature or at 50 °C under microwave irradiation.
Adaptation of the mayo primary biliary cirrhosis natural history model for application in liver transplant candidates (2000)

The Mayo natural history model has been used widely as a tool to estimate prognosis in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), particularly liver transplant candidates. We present an abbreviated model in which a tabular method is used to approximate the risk score, which may be incorporated in the minimal listing criteria for liver transplant candidates. Data used in the development and validation of the original Mayo model were derived from 418 patients with well-characterized PBC. To construct an abbreviated risk score in a format similar to that of Child-Turcotte-Pugh score, 1 to 3 cut-off criteria were determined for each variable, namely age (0 point for <38, 1 for 38 to 62 and 2 for >/=63 years), bilirubin (0 point for <1, 1 for 1 to 1.7, 2 for 1.7 to 6.4, and 3 for >6.4 mg/dL), albumin (0 point for >4.1, 1 for 2.8 to 4.1, and 2 for <2.8 g/dL), prothrombin time (1 point for normal and 2 for prolonged) and edema (0 point for absent and 1 for present). The intervals between these criteria were chosen in a way to enable a meaningful classification of patients according to their risk for death. This score is highly correlated with the original risk score (r = 0.93; P <.01). The Kaplan-Meier estimate at 1 year was 90.6% in patients with a score of 6. The abbreviated risk score is a convenient method to quickly estimate the risk score in patients with PBC. An abbreviated score of 6 may be consistent with the current minimal listing criteria in liver transplant candidates.