gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Further Studies on Thonzylamine in Treatment of Experimental Tuberculosis (1951)

Thonzylamine caused a slight reduction in the extent of tuberculosis in experimentally infected guinea pigs and caused a slight but significant increase in the length of survival. It did not supplement the effects of streptomycin.
GAL2 codes for a membrane-bound subunit of the galactose permease in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1986)

The gene encoding the galactose permease of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (GAL2) was cloned. The clone restores galactose permease activity to gal2 yeasts and is regulated by galactose in a manner similar to other GAL gene products (GAL1, -7, and -10). Experiments with temperature-conditional secretory mutants indicated that transport of the GAL2 gene product to the cell surface requires a functional secretory pathway. In addition, gene fusions were constructed between the GAL2 gene and the Escherichia coli lacZ gene. The GAL2-lacZ gene fusions code for galactose-regulated beta-galactosidase activity in yeasts. The beta-galactosidase activity was found to be membrane bound.
Exploring one-state downhill protein folding in single molecules (2011)

A one-state downhill protein folding process is barrierless at all conditions, resulting in gradual melting of native structure that permits resolving folding mechanisms step-by-step at atomic resolution. Experimental studies of one-state downhill folding have typically focused on the thermal denaturation of proteins that fold near the speed limit (ca. 10(6) s(-1)) at their unfolding temperature, thus being several orders of magnitude too fast for current single-molecule methods, such as single-molecule FRET. An important open question is whether one-state downhill folding kinetics can be slowed down to make them accessible to single-molecule approaches without turning the protein into a conventional activated folder. Here we address this question on the small helical protein BBL, a paradigm of one-state downhill thermal (un)folding. We decreased 200-fold the BBL folding-unfolding rate by combining chemical denaturation and low temperature, and carried out free-diffusion single-molecule FRET experiments with 50-μs resolution and maximal photoprotection using a recently developed Trolox-cysteamine cocktail. These experiments revealed a single conformational ensemble at all denaturing conditions. The chemical unfolding of BBL was then manifested by the gradual change of this unique ensemble, which shifts from high to low FRET efficiency and becomes broader at increasing denaturant. Furthermore, using detailed quantitative analysis, we could rule out the possibility that the BBL single-molecule data are produced by partly overlapping folded and unfolded peaks. Thus, our results demonstrate the one-state downhill folding regime at the single-molecule level and highlight that this folding scenario is not necessarily associated with ultrafast kinetics.
Endovascular Stroke Therapy Trends From 2011 to 2017 Show Significant Improvement in Clinical and Economic Outcomes (2019)

Background and Purpose- The purpose of this study was to evaluate trends in length of stay, discharge status, and costs among patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent endovascular therapy (ET) between 2011 and 2017. Methods- Using a retrospective observational study design, acute ischemic stroke patients undergoing ET from 2011 to 2017 were identified in the Premier Healthcare Database. The Mann-Kendall trend test was performed to examine clinical and economic outcomes trends. Results- Among the 505 824 acute ischemic stroke patients, 11 811(2.3%) were treated with ET. Patients receiving ET had a significant increase in home discharge and a significant decrease in mortality (17.7% to 29.6%, P<0.01; 21.6% to 12.8%, P<0.01). There was a significant decline in length of stay from 11.7 days to 8.7 days ( P<0.01). Total index admission costs declined ≈17% from 2011 to 2017 ($50 516.5-$42 026.9, P<0.01). Conclusions- Clinical and economic indicators significantly improved for acute ischemic stroke patients undergoing ET from 2011 to 2017.
Viable cultured neurons in ambient carbon dioxide and hibernation storage for a month (1996)

Neurobasal is a bicarbonate-buffered medium optimized for the growth of embryonic rat hippocampal neurons at pH 7.3 in 5% CO2. Neurons die within hours in this or in other 26 mM bicarbonate buffers when transferred to ambient CO2 (0.2%). Death is associated with a rapid rise in medium pH to 8.1. A new CO2-independent modification of Neurobasal (Hibernate E), when supplemented with B27, can maintain neuron viability for at least 2 days in ambient CO2. This same medium can also be used to store viable brain tissue for up to a month with refrigeration. These advances should facilitate studies of neuron physiology outside the incubator as well as storing and transporting neuronal tissue.
Low-cost distributed solar-thermal-electric power generation (2004)

Due to their high relative cost, solar electric energy systems have yet to be exploited on a widespread basis. It is believed in the energy community that a technology similar to photovoltaic (PV), but offered at about $1/W would lead to widespread deployment at residential and commercial sites. This paper addresses the investigation and feasibility study of a low-cost solar thermal electricity generation technology, suitable for distributed deployment. Specifically, we discuss a system based on nonimaging solar concentrators, integrated with free-piston Stirling engine devices incorporating integrated electric generation. We target concentrator-collector operation at moderate temperatures, in the range of 125°C to 150°C. This temperature is consistent with use of optical concentrators with concentration ratios on the order of 1-2. These low ratio concentrators admit wide angles of radiation acceptance and are thus compatible with no diurnal tracking, and no or only a few seasonal adjustments. Thus, costs and reliability hazards associated with tracking hardware systems are avoided. Further, we note that in the intended application, there is no shortage of incident solar energy, but rather it is the capital cost of the solar-electric system that is most precious. Thus, we outline a strategy for exploiting solar resources in a cost constrained manner. The paper outlines design issues, and a specific design for an appropriately dimensioned free-piston Stirling engine. Only standard low-cost materials and manufacturing methods are required to realize such a machine.
Cofactor recycling for co-production of 1,3-propanediol and glutamate by metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum (2017)

Production of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) from glycerol is a promising route toward glycerol biorefinery. However, the yield of 1,3-PDO is limited due to the requirement of NADH regeneration via glycerol oxidation process, which generates large amounts of undesired byproducts. Glutamate fermentation by Corynebacterium glutamicum is an important oxidation process generating excess NADH. In this study, we proposed a novel strategy to couple the process of 1,3-PDO synthesis with glutamate production for cofactor regeneration. With the optimization of 1,3-PDO synthesis route, C. glutamicum can efficiently convert glycerol into 1,3-PDO with the yield of ~ 1.0 mol/mol glycerol. Co-production of 1,3-PDO and glutamate was also achieved which increased the yield of glutamate by 18% as compared to the control. Since 1,3-PDO and glutamate can be easily separated in downstream process, this study provides a potential green route for coupled production of 1,3-PDO and glutamate to enhance the economic viability of biorefinery process.
Dual targeting of androgen receptor and mTORC1 by salinomycin in prostate cancer (2016)

Androgen receptor (AR) and PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 are major survival signals that drive prostate cancer to a lethal disease. Reciprocal activation of these oncogenic pathways from negative cross talks contributes to low/limited success of pathway-selective inhibitors in curbing prostate cancer progression. We report that the antibiotic salinomycin, a cancer stem cell blocker, is a dual-acting AR and mTORC1 inhibitor, inhibiting PTEN-deficient castration-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancer in culture and xenograft tumors. AR expression, its transcriptional activity, and androgen biosynthesis regulating enzymes CYP17A1, HSD3β1 were reduced by sub-micro molar salinomycin. Estrogen receptor-α expression was unchanged. Loss of phosphorylated AR at serine-81, which is an index for nuclear AR activity, preceded total AR reduction. Rapamycin enhanced the AR protein level without altering phosphoAR-Ser81 and CYP17A1. Inactivation of mTORC1, evident from reduced phosphorylation of mTOR and downstream effectors, as well as AMPK activation led to robust autophagy induction. Apoptosis increased modestly, albeit significantly, by sub-micro molar salinomycin. Enhanced stimulatory TSC2 phosphorylation at Ser-1387 by AMPK, and reduced inhibitory TSC2 phosphorylation at Ser-939/Thr-1462 catalyzed by AKT augmented TSC2/TSC1 activity, which led to mTORC1 inhibition. AMPK-mediated raptor phosphorylation further reduced mTOR's kinase function and mTORC1 activity. Our novel finding on dual inhibition of AR and mTORC1 suggests that salinomycin is potentially active as monotherapy against advanced prostate cancer.
Toxic Alcohol Ingestions (2007)

Alcohol-related intoxications, including methanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and propylene glycol, and alcoholic ketoacidosis can present with a high anion gap metabolic acidosis and increased serum osmolal gap, whereas isopropanol intoxication presents with hyperosmolality alone. The effects of these substances, except for isopropanol and possibly alcoholic ketoacidosis, are due to their metabolites, which can cause metabolic acidosis and cellular dysfunction. Accumulation of the alcohols in the blood can cause an increment in the osmolality, and accumulation of their metabolites can cause an increase in the anion gap and a decrease in serum bicarbonate concentration. The presence of both laboratory abnormalities concurrently is an important diagnostic clue, although either can be absent, depending on the time after exposure when blood is sampled. In addition to metabolic acidosis, acute renal failure and neurologic disease can occur in some of the intoxications. Dialysis to remove the unmetabolized alcohol and possibly the organic acid anion can be helpful in treatment of several of the alcohol-related intoxications. Administration of fomepizole or ethanol to inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase, a critical enzyme in metabolism of the alcohols, is beneficial in treatment of ethylene glycol and methanol intoxication and possibly diethylene glycol and propylene glycol intoxication. Given the potentially high morbidity and mortality of these intoxications, it is important for the clinician to have a high degree of suspicion for these disorders in cases of high anion gap metabolic acidosis, acute renal failure, or unexplained neurologic disease so that treatment can be initiated early.
Boosting of DNA Vaccine-Elicited Gamma Interferon Responses in Humans by Exposure to Malaria Parasites (2005)

A mixture of DNA plasmids expressing five Plasmodium falciparum pre-erythrocyte-stage antigens was administered with or without a DNA plasmid encoding human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) as an immune enhancer. After DNA immunization, antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) responses were detected by ELISPOT in 15/31 volunteers to multiple class I- and/or class II-restricted T-cell epitopes derived from all five antigens. Responses to multiple epitopes (</=7) were detected simultaneously in some volunteers. By 4 weeks after challenge with P. falciparum parasites, 23/31 volunteers had positive IFN-gamma responses and the magnitude of responses was increased from 2- to 143-fold. Nonetheless, none was protected against malaria. Volunteers who received hGM-CSF had a reduced frequency of IFN-gamma responses to class I peptides compared to those who only received plasmids expressing P. falciparum proteins before challenge (3/23 versus 3/8; P = 0.15) or after parasite challenge (4/23 versus 5/8; P = 0.015) but not to class II peptides before or after challenge. The responses to one antigen (P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein [PfCSP]) were similar among volunteers who received the five-gene mixture compared to volunteers who only received the PfCSP DNA plasmid in a previous study. In summary, DNA-primed IFN-gamma responses were boosted in humans by exposure to native antigen on parasites, coadministration of a plasmid expressing hGM-CSF had a negative effect on boosting of class I-restricted IFN-gamma responses, and there was no evidence that immunization with PfCSP DNA in the mixture reduced T-cell responses to PfCSP compared to when it was administered alone.
New Genus of the Actinomycetales: Streptoalloteichus hindustanus gen. nov., nom. rev.; sp. nov., nom. rev. (1987)

Streptoalloteichus hindustanus was originally described in 1978 as a genus and species of the family Actinoplanaceae. However, the taxonomic position of this organism should be transferred to a taxon that includes the genera Nocardiopsis, Actinosynnema, and Saccharothrix, based on the lowering of the taxonomic significance of sporangiumlike vesicles bearing flagellate spores and on a cell chemistry profile comprising the following: cell wall type III; a whole-cell sugar composition that is a variant of pattern C (presence of galactose, mannose, and rhamnose); menaquinones MK9(H6) and MK10(H6) as the major menaquinones; and phospholipid type P-II (presence of phosphatidylethanolamine). Chemotaxonomically, this organism is related to Saccharothrix australiensis, while it is differentiated by its Streptomyces-type morphology; i.e., spore chain formation at the tip of aerial hyphae, formation of two distinct types of spore chains, lack of mycelial fragmentation, and the capricious formation of sporangiumlike vesicles bearing flagellate spores. The type strain is C677-91T (ATCC 31217).
Determination of Solvent Systems for Blade Coating Thin Film Photovoltaics (2015)

With lab‐scale solution‐processed thin film photovoltaic (TFPV) devices attaining market relevant efficiencies, the demand for environmentally friendly and scalable deposition techniques is increasing. Replacing toxic halogenated solvents is a priority for the industrialization of solution‐processed TFPV. In this work, a generalized five‐step process is presented for fabricating high‐performance devices from nonhalogenated inks. Resulting from this process, several new solvent systems are introduced based on thiophene, tetralin, 1,2,4‐trimethylbenzene, o ‐xylene, and anisole for blade coating of three different diketopyrrolopyrrole‐based (pDPP5T‐2, pPDPP5T‐2S, and P390) bulk heterojunctions applied in organic photovoltaic devices. Devices based on pDPP5T‐2S and P390 attain 5.6% and 6.1% efficiency, respectively, greater than the efficiency either material reached when processed from the halogenated solvent system commonly used. These processes are implemented without post‐deposition annealing treatments or additives. The Hansen solubility parameters of the pDPP5T‐2 material are obtained, and are used, along with wettability data on a variety of substrates, to determine optimum solvent combinations and ratios for deposition. This generalized five‐step process results in new nonhalogenated solvent pathways for the scalable deposition of thin film photovoltaic materials.
Mechanical Forces Accelerate Collagen Digestion by Bacterial Collagenase in Lung Tissue Strips (2016)

Most tissues in the body are under mechanical tension, and while enzymes mediate many cellular and extracellular processes, the effects of mechanical forces on enzyme reactions in the native extracellular matrix (ECM) are not fully understood. We hypothesized that physiological levels of mechanical forces are capable of modifying the activity of collagenase, a key remodeling enzyme of the ECM. To test this, lung tissue Young's modulus and a nonlinearity index characterizing the shape of the stress-strain curve were measured in the presence of bacterial collagenase under static uniaxial strain of 0, 20, 40, and 80%, as well as during cyclic mechanical loading with strain amplitudes of ±10 or ±20% superimposed on 40% static strain, and frequencies of 0.1 or 1 Hz. Confocal and electron microscopy was used to determine and quantify changes in ECM structure. Generally, mechanical loading increased the effects of enzyme activity characterized by an irreversible decline in stiffness and tissue deterioration seen on both confocal and electron microscopic images. However, a static strain of 20% provided protection against digestion compared to both higher and lower strains. The decline in stiffness during digestion positively correlated with the increase in equivalent alveolar diameters and negatively correlated with the nonlinearity index. These results suggest that the decline in stiffness results from rupture of collagen followed by load transfer and subsequent rupture of alveolar walls. This study may provide new understanding of the role of collagen degradation in general tissue remodeling and disease progression.
Real Time Imaging of Supramolecular Assembly Formation via Programmed Nucleolipid Recognition (2008)

Supramolecular assembly formation resulting from molecular recognition between complementary nucleolipids has been visualized in real time at the micrometer scale.
Comparison of intraocular acetylcholine and carbachol (1986)

Commercially available 1% acetylcholine chloride and 0.01% carbachol chloride, which are commonly used as miotics in intraocular surgery, have recently been reformulated. Comparative studies of these agents show similar miotic activity. However, in vitro perfusion of human corneas demonstrated that 1% acetylcholine chloride causes marked changes in endothelial function and ultrastructure as compared to carbachol or BSS Plus. This study showed that 0.01% carbachol chloride was less toxic to the corneal endothelium than 1% acetylcholine chloride and suggests that 1% acetylcholine should not be used in corneas with compromised endothelium as in primary corneal endotheliopathies.
Adaptive Cluster Expansion for Inferring Boltzmann Machines with Noisy Data (2011)

We introduce a procedure to infer the interactions among a set of binary variables, based on their sampled frequencies and pairwise correlations. The algorithm builds the clusters of variables contributing most to the entropy of the inferred Ising model and rejects the small contributions due to the sampling noise. Our procedure successfully recovers benchmark Ising models even at criticality and in the low temperature phase, and is applied to neurobiological data.
Quantitative measurements of ambient radiation, emissivity, and truth temperature of a greybody: methods and experimental results (1986)

By regarding the total ambient radiation falling on a greybody as an equivalent radiation of a blackbody at temperature TB and by using two standard reference plates, we are able to measure accurately the ambient radiation. In addition to the ambient radiation, there are two factors still affecting the self-radiation of a greybody, i.e., the emissivity ɛ and the truth temperature T. We point out theoretically that the emissivity could be determined by changing the ambient radiation. In this paper two simple methods are proposed for measuring the emissivity and good results are obtained for a variety of greybodies. These methods are not only practical in the laboratory but also in the field. The experimental results agree well with the data published by other investigators. After TB and ɛ are measured, the truth temperature T of the greybody can be obtained. Based on the theory presented here, we designed and produced a new infrared thermometer which can directly read out the truth temperature.
An automated subaperture stitching interferometer workstation for spherical and aspherical surfaces (2003)

Subaperture stitching is a well-known technique for extending the effective aperture and dynamic range of phase measuring interferometers. Several commercially available instruments can automatically stitch flat surfaces, but practical solutions for stitching spherical and aspherical surfaces are inherently more complex. We have developed an interferometer workstation that can perform high-accuracy automated subaperture stitching of spheres, flats, and mild aspheres up to 200 mm in diameter. The workstation combines a six-axis precision stage system, a commercial Fizeau interferometer of 4” or 6” aperture, and a specially developed software package that automates measurement design, subaperture data acquisition, and the mathematical reconstruction of a full-aperture phase map. The stitching algorithm incorporates a general constrained optimization framework for compensating for several types of errors introduced by the interferometer optics and stage mechanics. These include positioning errors, viewing system distortion, and the system reference wave. We present repeatability data, and compare stitched full-aperture measurements made with two different transmission spheres to a calibrated full-aperture measurement. We also demonstrate stitching’s ability to test larger aspheric departures on a 10 mm departure parabola, and compare the preliminary results with a full-aperture null test.
NK cells play a significant role in immunosurveillance at the early stage of MLL-AF9 acute myeloid leukemia via CD226/CD155 interactions (2015)

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematological malignancy, and the mechanism underlying immune system involvement in leukemia development is unclear. In the present study, we utilized a myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia; translocated to, 3 (MLLT3/MLL-AF9)-induced AML mouse model with or without exposure to irradiation. We found that the leukemia cells could survive and expand in hosts with intact immune systems, whereas leukemia progression was accelerated in mice with impaired immune systems. Moreover, the leukemia cells escaped from host immunosurveillance via editing their immunogenicity, including the up-regulation of an inhibitory antigen (i.e., CD47) and the down-regulation of active antigens (i.e., CD86, CD54, retinoic acid early transcript (RAE), histocompatibility 2, D region locus b (H2-Db) and H2-Dd). Natural killer (NK) cells were activated in the early phase of AML progression, whereas T cells were stimulated in the late phase. Furthermore, NK cell depletion showed that NK cells were necessary for the elimination of leukemia cells in our AML mouse model. Notably, CD155/CD226 primarily mediated the interaction between NK cells and leukemia cells and contributed to the antitumor effects of NK cells during the early phase of AML. Clinical data from patients with diverse hematological malignancies showed that CD155 expression was decreased in hematological malignancies. Taken together, our results demonstrate that NK cells play a pivotal role in immunosurveillance against leukemia cells during the early stage of AML primarily through the CD226/CD155 interaction; however, NK cells are not sufficient to eliminate leukemia cells.