gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Ring-Forming Methodology for the Synthesis of Bioactive Pyrroloquinoline Derivatives (2002)

A new, efficient, two-step method for the synthesis of bioactive pyrroloquinolines is described.Readily available nitroquinolines, bearing the nitro moiety in the carbocyclic ring, are treated with 4-chlorophenoxyacetonitrile in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide/THF to give the analogous vicarious nucleophilic substitution products (5, 8 and 11).These, in turn, are subjected to catalytic hydrogenation to produce 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinoline (6), 3Hpyrrolo[3,2-f]quinoline (9) and 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-h]quinoline (12) in good yields and relatively short reaction times.The differential activity of two N-alkylated 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinolines (1) in cisplatin resistant cell lines compared to the corresponding parent lines suggests that these might be useful leads for developing agents for use in drug resistant diseases.The cytotoxic properties of polycyclic aromatic compounds are well documented. 1 Previously, we and others have published 2-5 the synthesis of aromatic heterocycles which, by forming molecular complexes with DNA, inhibit its processing.In the course of our program directed towards the development of novel DNA interactive agents (e.g.1-3) (Figure 1), we were faced with the problem of preparing 1Hpyrrolo[2,3-f]quinoline (6) and its positional isomers 3H-pyrrolo[3,2-f]quinoline (9) and 1H-pyrrolo[3,2h]quinoline (12) (Scheme 1).
Immunoelectrodes for the Detection of Bacteria (1992)

This work describes a rapid and sensitive method for the determination of bacteria. The method is based on an enzyme-tagged immuno-electrochemical assay. Antibodies are immobilized on disposable carbon felt disc electrodes and are used to capture antigens in test solutions. After a short incubation with a second antibody, which is labeled with the enzyme alkaline phosphatase, the activity of the enzyme electrode thus formed is measured. This enzyme reacts with the substrate p-aminophenyl phosphate and the product of this enzymatic reaction, p-aminophenol, is detected amperometrically. The use of rotating electrodes significantly shortens the incubation times and, together with the computerized electrochemical system, results in extremely high sensitivity. The results obtained with Staphylococcus aereus and Escherichia coli cells show that the system can detect as low as 10 cell/ml in less than 10 minutes.
A Three-State Mechanism of Integrin Activation and Signal Transduction for Integrin αvβ3 (2002)

Calcium ion shifts appear to be important for integrin conformational changes in binding processes. Ligand binding and signal transduction of integrins are poorly understood. Here we present a three-state model of a signal transduction event (see figure) based on molecular modeling and docking studies of integrin αvβ3 that involves allosteric effects triggered by a ligand-induced shift of a Ca2+ ion.
Estimating cognitive load using remote eye tracking in a driving simulator (2010)

We report on the results of a study in which pairs of subjects were involved in spoken dialogues and one of the subjects also operated a simulated vehicle. We estimated the driver's cognitive load based on pupil size measurements from a remote eye tracker. We compared the cognitive load estimates based on the physiological pupillometric data and driving performance data. The physiological and performance measures show high correspondence suggesting that remote eye tracking might provide reliable driver cognitive load estimation, especially in simulators. We also introduced a new pupillometric cognitive load measure that shows promise in tracking cognitive load changes on time scales of several seconds.
Studies on the “Diffusion Effect” upon Ionic Distribution. Some Theoretical Considerations (1935)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
High-quality audio transform coding at 64 kbps (1994)

This paper presents a transform coding algorithm devoted to high quality audio coding at a bit rate of 64 kbps per monophonic channel. It enables the transmission of a high quality stereo sound through the basic access (2B channels) of ISDN. Although a complete system including framing, synchronization and error correction has been developed, only the bit rate compression algorithm is described here. A detailed analysis of the signal processing techniques such as the time/frequency transformation, the pre-echo reduction by adaptive filtering, the fast algorithm computations, etc., is provided. The use of psychoacoustical properties is also precisely reported. Finally, some subjective evaluation results and one real time implementation of the coder using the ATT DSP32C digital signal processor are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Primer on Neural Network Models for Natural Language Processing (2016)

Over the past few years, neural networks have re-emerged as powerful machine-learning models, yielding state-of-the-art results in fields such as image recognition and speech processing. More recently, neural network models started to be applied also to textual natural language signals, again with very promising results. This tutorial surveys neural network models from the perspective of natural language processing research, in an attempt to bring natural-language researchers up to speed with the neural techniques. The tutorial covers input encoding for natural language tasks, feed-forward networks, convolutional networks, recurrent networks and recursive networks, as well as the computation graph abstraction for automatic gradient computation.
Oxide Heterostructure Resistive Memory (2013)

Resistive switching devices are widely believed as a promising candidate for future memory and logic applications. Here we show that by using multilayer oxide heterostructures the switching characteristics can be systematically controlled, ranging from unipolar switching to complementary switching and bipolar switching with linear and nonlinear on-states and high endurance. Each layer can be tailed for a specific function during resistance switching, thus greatly improving the degree of control and flexibility for optimized device performance.
Sodium Hydroxide (2011)

Abstract Alkali and chlorine products are a group of commodity chemicals which includes sodium hydroxide (caustic soda). Electrolysis of sodium chloride accounts for nearly all of today's installed capacity for sodium hydroxide. Electrolysis is done in one of the three types of cells: mercury cell; diaphragm cell; and membrane cell. Phase‐out of the mercury cell is recommended. New installations call for the membrane cell since they give good performance with low energy requirements. Caustic soda is classified as a corrosive material. Dow is the largest producer of caustic soda in the world. Caustic soda is corrosive to all body tissue. The main environmental concern is for producers that use mercury cells. The pulp and paper industry, producers of inorganic and organic chemicals and aluminum manufacturers are the primary users. Other significant end uses include textiles, soaps and detergents, and water treatment.
Photochemistry of Phenyl-Substituted 1-Methylpyrazoles (1997)

Direct irradiation of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyrazole (2) in methanol results in regiospecific phototransposition to 1-methyl-4-phenylimidazole (4) and in photocleavage to (E)/(Z)-3-(N-methylamino)-2-phenylpropenenitrile (5) and (E)/(Z)-2-(N-methylamino)-1-phenylethenyl isocyanide (6). Deuterium labeling confirms that the phototransposition occurs via the P(4) permutation pathway. Separate experiments show that 5 and 6 undergo (Z) --> (E) isomerization and photocyclization to imidazole 4. Quantum yields for these reactions show that the sequence 2 --> 6 --> 4 is a major pathway for the P(4) phototransposition of 2 --> 4. Isocyanides were also detected as intermediates in the P(4) phototransposition of a variety of other pyrazoles confirming the generality of this pathway in pyrazole photochemistry. Direct irradiation of 1-methyl-5-phenylpyrazole (3) resulted in the formation of 1-methyl-5-phenylimidazole (7), 1-methyl-2-phenylimidazole (8), and 1-methyl-4-phenylimidazole (4). Deuterium labeling revealed that these products were formed by P(4), P(6), and P(7) permutation pathways, respectively. (E)/(Z)-3-(N-methylamino)-3-phenylpropenenitrile (9) and (E)/(Z)-2-(N-methylamino)-2-phenylethenyl isocyanide (10) photocleavage products were also formed in this reaction. Irradiation of 3 in furan solvent did not result in phototransposition but led to the formation of endo and exo adducts formed by Diels-Alder reaction of furan with 4-phenyl-5-methyl-1,5-diazabicyclo[2.1.0]pent-2-ene. This constitutes the first direct evidence for the formation of a 1,5-diazabicyclo[2.1.0]hex-2-ene from photolysis of a pyrazole and is consistent with the electrocyclic ring closure-heteroatom migration mechanism suggested for the P(6) and P(7) phototranspositions.
Transition from initiation to elongation in protein-primed phi 29 DNA replication: salt-dependent stimulation by the viral protein p6 (1988)

The transition step from the p3-dAMP initiation complex to the first elongated products, p3-(dAMP)2 and p3-(dAMP)3, requires a dATP concentration higher than that needed for the initiation reaction or for the further elongation of the p3-(dAMP)3 complex. The elongation in phi 29 DNA-protein p3 replication in vitro was strongly inhibited by salt. Under inhibitory salt concentration, the viral protein p6 greatly stimulated phi 29 DNA-protein p3 replication. The effect of protein p6 was not on the rate of elongation but on the amount of elongated product, stimulating the transition from initiation to formation of the first elongation products.
Organic chemistry of dichlorosilane. Additions to conjugated and unconjugated diene systems followed by intramolecular cyclizations (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOrganic chemistry of dichlorosilane. Additions to conjugated and unconjugated diene systems followed by intramolecular cyclizationsRobert A. Benkeser, Edward C. Mozdzen, Wayne C. Muench, Robert T. Roche, and Michael P. SiklosiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 9, 1370–1376Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01323a002https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01323a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views813Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Crystal Structures of Novel Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGF) from Snake Venoms (2004)

Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A(165)) exerts multiple effects upon binding to the fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (Flt-1) and the kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR). We recently identified two novel snake venom VEGFs (vammin and VR-1) having unique properties. These VEGFs, designated VEGF-Fs, are highly specific ligands for the kinase insert domain-containing receptor and exhibit potent biological activity both in vitro and in vivo when compared with VEGF-A(165). Here, we solved the crystal structures of vammin and VR-1 at 1.9 and 2.0 A resolutions, respectively. Both structures are very similar to each other, and these structures exhibit similar but significantly different features from the known structures of other VEGFs. These differences include a conformational difference in receptor-binding loop 3 caused by an amino acid residue insertion and a difference in surface potential on the possible binding surface for domain 3 of the receptor. These structural differences may be related to the highly selective ligand properties of VEGF-F.
Improved Watershed Transform for Medical Image Segmentation Using Prior Information (2004)

The watershed transform has interesting properties that make it useful for many different image segmentation applications: it is simple and intuitive, can be parallelized, and always produces a complete division of the image. However, when applied to medical image analysis, it has important drawbacks (oversegmentation, sensitivity to noise, poor detection of thin or low signal to noise ratio structures). We present an improvement to the watershed transform that enables the introduction of prior information in its calculation. We propose to introduce this information via the use of a previous probability calculation. Furthermore, we introduce a method to combine the watershed transform and atlas registration, through the use of markers. We have applied our new algorithm to two challenging applications: knee cartilage and gray matter/white matter segmentation in MR images. Numerical validation of the results is provided, demonstrating the strength of the algorithm for medical image segmentation.
Charge-imaging field-effect transistor (2001)

Charge-imaging field-effect transistors (FETs) were fabricated from a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure containing a near-surface two-dimensional electron gas. These FETs have quantum point contact geometries to minimize the size of the channel and to improve the spatial resolution. The charge noise at T=4.2 K has a 1/f behavior and reaches values ≪1e/Hz1/2 at 30 kHz. The spatial resolution of the FET was measured at liquid He temperatures using a scanned probe microscope with a charged tip. The charge sensitivity of the FET is confined to a disk with full width at half maximum 340 nm. These FETs are suitable for integration onto a GaAs/AlGaAs scanned probe microscopy cantilever.
Superconducting quantum interference device based on MgB2 nanobridges (2001)

The superconductor MgB2, with a transition temperature of 39 K, has significant potential for future electronics. An essential step is the achievement of Josephson circuits, of which the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) is the most important. Here, we report Josephson quantum interference in superconducting MgB2 thin films. Modulation voltages of up to 30 μV are observed in an all-MgB2 SQUID, based on focused-ion-beam patterned nanobridges. These bridges, with a length scale &lt;100 nm, have outstanding critical current densities of 7×106 A/cm2 at 4.2 K.
A phase I, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of sorafenib (S), a multi-targeted kinase inhibitor in combination with temsirolimus (T), an mTOR inhibitor in patients with advanced solid malignancies (2007)

3512 Background: The combination of S and T is hypothesized to maximize pathway inhibition by concurrently targeting parallel signaling mechanisms and will abrogate potential resistance mechanisms directed towards the MAPK pathway through increased signaling via the survival pathway involving PI3K/Akt. Methods: Eligible patients (pts) were treated with escalating continuous oral doses of S (200 and 400 mg BID) and weekly T IV (15 mg, 25 mg). S began on day 8 of course 1 to permit PK evaluations of T. PD studies in PBMCs were performed serially in pts. Results: To date, 24 evaluable pts have received 85 courses [median 3;range1–12] in the following S/T dose cohorts; cohort 1: 200 mg/15 mg (n=6), cohort 2: 400 mg/15 mg (n=11), cohort 3: 400 mg/25 mg (n=6), and cohort 4: 200 mg/25 mg (n=1). Patients demographics were males/female 11/13, median age 54.5 [range 27–71] and PS of 0/1/2 : n=9/13/2. Dose limiting toxicities (DLT) were grade 3 typhlitis in 1/6 pts in cohort 1, and mucositis in 1/6 pts in cohort 2. Expansion of cohort 2 to 11 patients resulted in 4 additional DLTs (hand foot syndrome (HFS) x 2 pts, thrombycytopenia/rash x 1 pt, creatinine elevation x 1 pt). 3 of 6 pts in cohort 3 experienced DLT (HFS x 2 pts, thrombocytopenia x 1 pt). PK analyses show no evidence of S effect on T kinetics while C ss,min values of S are consistent with those reported in single-agent studies (S 200mg BID median C ss,min 4.42 μg/mL [SD 3.05], S 400 mg BID median C ss,min 5.11 μg/mL [SD 4.35]). Apparent downregulation of 4E-BP1 and activated forms of p70S6 kinase and ERK was observed in some patients following treatment. Partial responses have occurred in NHL (1 pt) and papillary thyroid cancer (1 pt) and prolonged SD (> 12 mo) has been observed in RCC (1 pt). Conclusions: The combination of S and T demonstrate significant mucocutaneous toxicity at full doses of S, however preliminary PK analyses show no evidence of drug-drug interactions. Characterization of an intermediate dose of S 200 mg BID/T 25 mg IV is ongoing. [Table: see text]
Development Of A Quartz Envelope Heater (1989)

The design of the Quartz Envelope Heater(QEH) has progressed dramatically. We originally developed the QEH for application in MOCVD and other gas phase epitaxial technology. The present design expands its capabilities to include ultra high vacuum applications and possibly to applications in which other ceramics or refractory metals are substituted for the outer quartz envelope. The heater consists of an evacuated quartz outer envelope which supports the sample and an internal resistance heater, which is below the sample and up against the, upper, inner surface of the quartz envelope. The configuration of the QEH enables the construction of a high temperature resistance heater with an inert outer surface exposed to the process environment and functional parts which are shielded from that environment. We include a detailed description of several older models along with a description the the newest version of the QEH to give insight into its design.
Optical absorption and modulation behavior of strained In<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As/GaAs(100)(<i>x</i>≤0.25) multiple quantum well structures grown via molecular beam epitaxy (1990)

We report on the optical absorption and modulation characteristics of strained InxGa1−xAs/GaAs(0.1≤x≤0.25) multiple quantum well (MQW) structures grown on GaAs (100) substrates which also included regions of prepatterned mesas. Sharp excitonic features were realized in samples optimally grown by employing reflection high-energy electron diffraction. High optical quality MQW structures as thick as 1.5 μm are realized. To date, the highest modulation per unit field at low fields (&lt;50 kV/cm) in this system is achieved.
Dual Integrin and Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Targeted Tumor Imaging Using <sup>18</sup>F-labeled PEGylated RGD-Bombesin Heterodimer <sup>18</sup>F-FB-PEG<sub>3</sub>-Glu-RGD-BBN (2008)

Radiolabeled RGD and bombesin peptides have been extensively investigated for tumor integrin alpha(v)beta(3) and GRPR imaging, respectively. Due to the fact that many tumors are both integrin and GRPR positive, we designed and synthesized a heterodimeric peptide Glu-RGD-BBN, which is expected to be advantageous over the monomeric peptides for dual-receptor targeting. A PEG(3) spacer was attached to the glutamate alpha-amino group of Glu-RGD-BBN to enhance the (18)F labeling yield and to improve the in vivo kinetics. PEG(3)-Glu-RGD-BBN possesses the comparable GRPR and integrin alpha(v)beta(3) receptor-binding affinities as the corresponding monomers, respectively. The dual-receptor targeting properties of (18)F-FB-PEG(3)-Glu-RGD-BBN were observed in PC-3 tumor model. (18)F-FB-PEG(3)-Glu-RGD-BBN with high tumor contrast and favorable pharmacokinetics is a promising PET tracer for dual integrin and GRPR positive tumor imaging. This heterodimer strategy may also be an applicable method to develop other molecules with improved in vitro and in vivo characterizations for tumor diagnosis and therapy.
Chirality in Nonlinear Optics and Optical Switching (1993)

Chirality in molecular opto-electronics is limited sofar to the use of optically active liquid crystals and a number of optical phenomena are related to the helical macroscopic structure obtained by using one enantiomer, only. In this paper, the use of chirality in nonlinear optics and optical switching is demonstrated. The additional options offered by the combination of circularly polarized light and chiral molecules gives rise to the observation of Second Harmonic Generation from centrosymmetric crystals of a racemic mixture. This phenomenon is due to the existence of optical activity in the hyperpolarizability. Chiroptical switching is observed in inherently dissymmetric molecules, that can undergo a photochemical isomerization of a strongly dextrorotatory isomer into a strongly laevorotatory isomer. Using circular dichroism the switching between these two pseudo-enantiomers can be monitored accurately.
Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid Nematodes for Control of Larval European Chafers and Japanese Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Potted Yew (1988)

Four species of entomogenous nematodes [Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) [=Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiserl (‘All’ strain), S. glaseri (Steiner), Heterorhabditis heliothidis (Khan, Brooks & Hirschmann), and Heterorhabditis sp. (‘Holland’ strain)] were compared with two insecticides (chlorpyrifos and isofenphos) for control of third- (last-) instar larval Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica Newman) and European chafers [Rhizotrogus majalis (Razoumowsky)] in potted Japanese yew (Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zuccarini). Efficacy was evaluated 17-21 d after treatment. Heterorhabditis sp. (‘Holland’ strain) at 92 nematodes per cm2 of soil surface and H. heliothidis at 192 nematodes per cm2 provided >90% control of Japanese beetles compared with 71% for chlorpyrifos (9.0 kg [AI]/ha) and 84% for isofenphos (4.5 kg [AI]/ha). S. glaseri provided 84 and S. feltiae 29% control (both at 385 nematodes per cm2). Both nematodes and insecticides were less effective in controlling European chafer larvae. Control with nematodes ranged from 46 to 59% with S. glaseri, H. heliothidis, and Heterorhabditis sp. at 385 nematodes per cm2, whereas S. feltiae at 385 nematodes per cm2 did not significantly reduce larval survival compared with the untreated control. Chemical control of European chafer larvae resulted in reductions of 44 and 62% with isofenphos and chlorpyrifos, respectively.
Submillisecond response of a photorefractive polymer under single nanosecond pulse exposure (2006)

Individual nanosecond pulses at 532nm are applied to record gratings in photorefractive composite. At 4mJ∕cm2 illumination, maximum diffraction efficiencies of 56% have been reached with a build-up time of only 300μs (t1) demonstrating one order of magnitude faster recording compared to writing with continuous wave beams. This fast response enables applications in optical processing requiring frame rates of 100Hz or more. Due to the short duration of the writing pulses, the recording is insensitive to vibrations.