gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
γ‐Ray‐induced degradation: A comparative study for homo‐ and copolymers of polypropylene (1997)

Disposable medical supplies are currently made of polypropylene, which are conveniently sterilized by exposure to γ-rays. However, the homopolymers (HP) and random copolymer (CP) of polypropylene, when exposed to high-energy γ-irradiation, undergo oxidative degradation and loss in mechanical properties. In the current article, a comparative study of the effect of γ-irradiation at different irradiation doses and the postirradiation oxidation on both the polymers is reported. The loss in mechanical properties was monitored by the bend angle and tensile measurements. The yellowness index measurements were carried out as a function of the irradiation dose and postirradiation storage time. The changes in the molecular weight (MW) and molecular weight distribution (MWD) were monitored using melt index (MI) measurements. The changes in chemical structure was determined using infrared spectroscopy. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65: 2715–2720, 1997
Development of a hydro kinetic river turbine with simulation and operational measurement results in comparison (2014)

The development of a hydro-kinetic prototype was shown including the compound structure, guide vanes, runner blades and a draft tube section with a steeply sloping, short spoiler. The design process of the hydrodynamic layout was split into three major steps. First the compound and the draft tube section was designed and the best operating point was identified using porous media as replacement for the guide vane and runner section (step one). The best operating point and the volume flux as well as the pressure drop was identified and used for the design of the guide vane section and the runner section. Both were designed and simulated independently (step two). In step three, all parts were merged in stationary simulation runs detecting peak power and operational bandwidth. In addition, the full scale demonstrator was installed in August 2010 and measured in the St. Lawrence River in Quebec supporting the average inflow velocity using ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) and the generator power output over the variable rotational speed. Simulation data and measurements are in good agreement. Thus, the presented approach is a suitable way in designing a hydro kinetic turbine.
AC Power Theory From Poynting Theorem: Accurate Identification of Instantaneous Power Components in Nonlinear-Switched Circuits (2010)

This paper contributes to narrowing the long-standing theoretical gap with power theory (or “power definitions”) for nonlinear ac switching circuits. The true instantaneous energy transformation and storage components of ac circuits are identified from the Poynting Theorem. This paper tackles the problem of power identification from the most general form of energy conservation. Therefore, it is no longer necessary to mathematically “define” powers to fit the engineering solution of a problem. The identification technique does not present problems with physical meaning since it is in full agreement with Maxwell's Equations. In this paper, the method is applied to the identification of the power components of single-phase switched circuits. Instantaneous energy is decomposed only into energy transformed (related to active power) and energy stored (related to reactive power). Examples that have caused physical interpretation problems with other power theories are presented for illustration and validation.
An organic <i>p-i-n</i> homojunction as ultra violet light emitting diode and visible-blind photodiode in one (2011)

Organic p-i-n homojunctions that function both as ultra violet light emitting diode (peak wavelengths around 375 nm and 415 nm) and visible-blind photodiode are reported. They are considered as the organic counterpart to what has exclusively been known from inorganic semiconductors, as yet. The diodes are based on the ambipolar material 4,4′-Bis(carbazol-9-yl)-biphenyl (CBP) which is p- and n-type doped adjacent to the electrodes. We study the emission characteristics of the p-i-n homojunction for varied doping concentrations and subsequently focus on its characteristics as photodiode. A superlinear relation of photocurrent and incident light intensity is found and attributed to an intensity-dependent photoconductivity.
A Tractable Algorithm for Diagnosing Multiple Diseases (1990)

We examine a probabilistic model for the diagnosis of multiple diseases. In the model, diseases and findings are represented as binary variables. Also, diseases are marginally independent, features are conditionally independent given disease instances, and diseases interact to produce findings via a noisy or-gate. An algorithm for computing the posterior probability of each disease, given a set of observed findings, called quickscore, is presented. The time complexity of the algorithm is O(nm−2m+), where n is the number of diseases, m+ is the number of positive findings and m− is the number of negative findings. Although the time complexity of quickscore is exponential in the number of positive findings, the algorithm is useful in practice because the number of observed positive findings is usually far less than the number of diseases under consideration. Performance results for quickscore applied to a probabilistic version of Quick Medical Reference (QMR) are provided.
Efficient, room temperature cascade laser action at 1.4 µm and 3.9 µm in Ho:BaY 2 F 8 (1999)

Ho3+ ions are known to produce stimulated emission at several wavelengths across the infrared through sequential transitions between intermediate energy levels. For example, cascade laser action has been observed in Ho3+-dopcd YLF using short pulse resonant pumping of the 5S2 manifold by frequency-doubled Nd:glass1 and a dye2 lasers.
CD28 is not required for rejection of unmanipulated syngeneic and autologous tumors (1997)

To gain a better understanding of the requirement of CD28 co-stimulation in different types of T cell-dependent tumor rejection responses, we performed a series of syngeneic and autologous tumor rejection experiments on CD28 knockout mice. In a preimmunization-challenge model, virally-induced ALC lymphoma and methylcholanthrene-induced MC57X fibrosarcoma transplants were rejected similarly by syngeneic CD28 knockout and immunocompetent controls. ALC-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and MC57X-specific tumor necrosis factor (TNF) release were induced in CD28 knockouts, although at a reduced level in the latter case. Secondly, the spontaneous regression of Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MMSV)-induced primary tumors in the autologous hosts occurred equally in CD28 knockouts and in immunocompetent control mice. A comparable virus-specific CTL response was generated in both, as revealed in cytolytic assays against RBL-5 targets. Thirdly, the spontaneous rejection of the B7-transfected EL-4 lymphoma by immunocompetent hosts was abrogated in CD28 knockout mice, since more than 82% CD28 knockouts developed tumors after inoculation with B7-transfected EL-4 cells. Our results therefore show that CD28 co-stimulatory molecules are not required for the rejection of unmanipulated syngeneic tumors in hyperimmunized hosts and the regression of MMSV-induced sarcoma in autochthonous hosts.
Excitonic luminescence from locally grown SiGe wires and dots (1994)

SiGe quantum wells with finite lateral size have been fabricated using local molecular beam epitaxy through shadowing masks. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope micrographs show good quality of the mesas and an effective in situ passivation by overgrowth of the buried SiGe quantum wells at the sidewalls of the mesa due to the applied growth technique. Photoluminescence measurements show clear excitonic emission from the SiGe wires and dots with lateral widths down to 2 μm. Intensities per area from the mesas are comparable to intensities from reference areas, suggesting very effective protection of the carriers against possible nonradiative recombination at the sidewalls of the mesa.
Insight into the 6-Thiopurine-Mediated Termination of the Invasive Motility of Tumor Cells Derived from Inflammatory Breast Cancer (2011)

Our study showed that a combination of 6-thiopurine (6-TP) drugs and a redox agent effectively inhibits the motility of SUM cells derived from human inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) cells and RhoC-overexpressed mammary epithelium cells. This 6-TP-mediated inhibition of cell motility occurs because the treated 6-TPs target and inactivate RhoC. A molecular mechanism for inactivation by the 6-TP-mediated RhoC is proposed by which treated TPs are converted in cells into 6-thioguanosine phosphate (6-TGNP). This 6-TGNP in turn reacts with the Cys(20) side chain of the redox-sensitive GXXXCGK(S/T)C motif of RhoC to produce a 6-TGNP-RhoC disulfide adduct. A redox agent synergistically enhances the formation process of this disulfide. The adduct that is formed impedes RhoC guanine nucleotide exchange, which populates an inactive RhoC. Our results suggest that 6-TGNP can also react with the redox-sensitive GXXXCGK(S/T)C and GXXXXGK(S/T)C motif of RhoA and Rac, respectively, to produce a 6-TGNP-RhoA and 6-TGNP-Rac disulfide adduct. However, given that RhoC has been shown to be overexpressed in ∼90% of IBC lesions, the populated RhoC but not other Rho proteins is likely to be a primary target for 6-TPs and a redox agent to terminate the metastasis of IBC.
Polarization mode dispersion and polarization dependent loss for a pulse in single-mode fibers (2001)

Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and polarization dependent loss (PDL) for a pulse in optical fibers are calculated with a model of two concatenated fibers. Each of the two fibers has both elliptical birefringence and PDL. The results show that the PMD and PDL for a short pulse can be very different from those for a narrow-band pulse in optical fibers. Two anomalous results are reported: (1) the effective PDL for a pulse can be smaller than the PDL difference of the two fibers and (2) the effective PMD for a pulse can be either larger than the sum of the differential group delays (DGDs) of the two fibers or less than the DGD difference of the two fibers, depending on the input pulsewidth. The pulse distortions when the pulses are launched into the two principal states of polarization (PSPs) are discussed.
Radio Interference Modeling and Prediction for Satellite Operation Applications (2015)

Abstract : This report describes an innovative radio frequency interference evaluation and prediction framework. This report presents associated modeling and prediction tools to: (1) detect the presence of radio frequency interference using receiver s synchronizer, (2) estimate the radio frequency interference characteristics, (3) evaluate effectiveness of the existing unified S-band command waveforms employed by civil, commercial and military satellite operations ground stations, and (4) predict the impacts of radio frequency interference on unified S-band command systems. The proposed framework and radio frequency interference prediction tools allow a communication designer to estimate the optimum transmitted signal power to maintain a required satellite operations quality-of-service in the presence of both friendly and unfriendly radio frequency interference sources.
CityMomentum (2015)

Human movements are difficult to predict, especially, when we consider rare behaviors that deviate from normal daily routines. By tracing the behavior of a person over a long period, we can model their daily routines and predict periodical behaviors, whereas rare behaviors, such as participating in the New Year's Eve countdown, can hardly be predicted readily and thus they have usually been treated as outliers of the daily routines in most existing studies. However, for scenarios such as emergency management or intelligent traffic regulation, we are more interested in rare behaviors than daily routines. Using human mobility Big Data, the rare behavior of each individual in a social crowd is no longer rare and thus it may be predicted when we analyze the crowd behavior at a citywide level. Therefore in this study, instead of predicting movement based on daily routines, we make short-term predictions based on the recent movement observations. We propose a novel model called CityMomentum as a predicting-by-clustering framework for sampling future movement using a mixture of multiple random Markov chains, each of which is a Naive Movement Predictive model trained with the movements of the subjects that belong to each cluster. We apply our approach to a big mobile phone GPS log dataset and predict the short-term future movements, especially during the Comiket 80 and New Year's Eve celebration. We evaluate our prediction by a Earth Mover Distance (EMD) based metric, and show our approach accurately predicts the crowd behavior during the rare crowd events, which makes an early crowd event warning and regulation possible in the emergent situations.
The ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects hippocampal neurons against cell death induced by β‐amyloid (2000)

Substantial evidence suggests that the accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta)-derived peptides, and to a lesser extent free radicals, may contribute to the aetiology and/or progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) is a well-defined plant extract containing two major groups of constituents, i.e. flavonoids and terpenoids. It is viewed as a polyvalent agent with a possible therapeutic use in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases of multifactorial origin, e.g. AD. We have investigated here the potential effectiveness of EGb 761 against toxicity induced by (Abeta)-derived peptides (Abeta25-35, Abeta1-40 and Abeta1-42) on hippocampal primary cultured cells, this area being severely affected in AD. A co-treatment with EGb 761 concentration-dependently (10-100 microg/mL) protected hippocampal neurons against toxicity induced by Abeta fragments, with a maximal and complete protection at the highest concentration tested. Similar, albeit less potent protective effects were seen with the flavonoid fraction of the extract (CP 205), while the terpenes were ineffective. Most interestingly, EGb 761 (100 microg/mL) was even able to protect (up to 8 h) hippocampal cells from a pre-exposure to Abeta25-35 and Abeta1-40. EGb 761 was also able to both protect and rescue hippocampal cells from toxicity induced by H2O2 (50-150 microM), a major peroxide possibly involved in mediating Abeta toxicity. Moreover, EGb 761 (10-100 microg/mL), and to a lesser extent CP 205 (10-50 microg/mL), completely blocked Abeta-induced events, e.g. reactive oxygen species accumulation and apoptosis. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of EGb 761 are partly associated with its antioxidant properties and highlight its possible effectiveness in neurodegenerative diseases, e.g. AD via the inhibition of Abeta-induced toxicity and cell death.
Diagnostic ability of B-type natriuretic peptide and impedance cardiography: Testing to identify left ventricular dysfunction in hypertensive patients (2005)

In this high-risk hypertensive population, BNP, NT-BNP, and ICG were useful to identify the presence of LVD. The use of ICG with natriuretic peptide testing may improve the ability to detect LVD.
In vitro expression of chloroplast genes in lysates of higher plant chloroplasts. (1985)

A DNA-dependent in vitro-coupled transcription-translation system has been prepared from lysates of isolated chloroplasts. These lysates are comparable to those of Escherichia coli in transcriptional and translational fidelity and efficiency in response to a given template DNA. When Nicotiana tabacum chloroplast DNA is used as template with chloroplast lysates (N. tabacum or spinach) or E. coli lysates, NaDodSO4 gel analysis reveals similar polypeptide patterns that are distinct from the patterns obtained with E. coli DNA. Genes in recombinant plasmids containing chloroplast DNA are also expressed in these in vitro systems. DNA . RNA hybridization experiments show that transcripts are synthesized from most of the chloroplast genome. Newly synthesized large subunit of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenate and a transcript of the large subunit gene (rbcL) are observed in chloroplast lysates using as template chloroplast DNA or cloned fragments of tobacco chloroplast DNA that contain the large subunit gene. Results suggest that differential expression of chloroplast genes occurs in vitro. By using cloned chloroplast DNA templates in this homologous system, it is possible to identify and map structural genes for chloroplast proteins.
Molecular-dynamics studies of grain-boundary diffusion. II. Vacancy migration, diffusion mechanism, and kinetics (1984)

Vacancy jumps in a bicrystal model of $\ensuremath{\Sigma}=5$ (36.9\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}) [001] tilt boundary in bcc Fe have been simulated at temperatures of 1300, 1400, and 1500 K by molecular dynamics with the use of the empirical Johnson potential. The results confirm the dominance of a vacancy mechanism in grain-boundary diffusion. An activation energy of 0.51 eV for vacancy migration has been obtained along with a reasonable value of the jump-attempt frequency. Analysis of the jump directions shows a preferential bias along the tilt axis. The relation between diffusivity and atomic mean-square displacement is examined. It is suggested that the structure dependence of grain-boundary diffusion may be expressed through a matrix of transition probability for vacancy jumps among the various discrete sites.
Performance Calculation for a High-Speed Solid-Rotor Induction Motor (2011)

The paper deals with analytical method of design and prediction of performance characteristics for induction motors with solid steel rotor coated with copper layer. On the basis of the distribution of the 2-D electromagnetic field, the equivalent impedance of the rotor has been derived. The edge effect and nonlinear magnetic permeability of solid steel have been included. The presented analytical method has been verified with laboratory test results. A 300 kW, 60 000-rpm, three-phase solid-rotor induction motor for the next generation air compressor has been investigated. The accuracy of analytical approach is acceptable and can be recommended for rapid design of solid-rotor induction motors.
A New Approach to Direct Torque Control of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (2006)

This paper presents an approach to direct self-control of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). This method is based on neural networks. The neural network is used to select the switching state of the inverter. In order to reduce the training patterns and increase the execution speed of the training process, the inputs of switching table is converted to digital signals, i.e., one bit represent the flux error, one bit the torque error and three bits the region of stator flux. The proposed three-layer neural network controller contains only twelve neurons in an attempt to minimize computational requirements of the digital signal processor. Computer simulations of the permanent magnet synchronous motor and neural network system are presented. The simulations results show that it is possible to replace switching table of the direct self-control (DSC) for permanent magnet synchronous motor by a neural network controller and the system using this neural networks controller has quickly parallel speed and high torque response.
Experimental arterial dissemination of tumor cells (1968)

The timing of metastases to the host from the AMel 4 hamster melanoma was determined by amputation of the tumor-inoculated extremity at periodic intervals after implantation. Comparisons were made with parabiotic experiments where the parabionts were separated 1 to 9 days after inoculation of the tumor into one member. Lethal metastases occurred to the host within 6 hours in 67% of the animals. A 3-day delay occurred before lethal metastases were transported regularly to the non-tumor-inoculated parabiont. Direct arterial injection of tumor resulted in prompt transmission of tumor across the parabiotic junction. The results indicated that pulmonary trapping caused a significant delay in arterial transfer of lethal metastases. The filtering action was not complete because lethal amounts of tumor in the arterial circulation were preceded by amounts sufficient to induce immunity. The results suggested that pulmonary metastases may themselves metastasize.
Prospects for Noninvasive Imaging of Brain Amyloid β in Alzheimer's Disease (2000)

The brain in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) contains large amounts of fibrillary amyloid beta protein. Studies attempting to use levels of amyloid beta protein in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid or skin as diagnostic tests for the disease have not been fruitful. A method for the noninvasive detection of cerebral amyloid beta would be valuable for dementia differential diagnosis, pathophysiology and monitoring of anti-amyloid therapies. Anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody 10H3 has been evaluated as an amyloid-imaging ligand, without success. Important considerations in the development of amyloid-imaging ligands include choice of radiolabel and physical and biological half-lives, route of administration, protein binding, use of control molecules, and imaging techniques. It is important that imaging studies be designed to reflect the slow nature of the process of amyloid deposition. We used a transgenic mouse model overexpressing beta protein precursor (beta PP) to assess the binding of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and serum amyloid P component (SAP) to amyloid beta (A beta) plaques in mouse brain. Although the binding of these ligands is similar to AD, neither is found endogenously associated with A beta deposits. Because SAP is a component of mouse serum, these findings suggest the blood-brain barrier in transgenic mice is not affected as it is in AD. These findings suggest that the transgenic mouse may be used as a model for evaluation of A beta imaging methods.
Large fanout optical interconnects using thick holographic gratings and substrate wave propagation (1992)

Substrate wave propagation and Bragg diffraction by multiplexed holographic gratings have been used to demonstrate a new 1-to-30 fanout optical interconnect having an overall diffraction efficiency of 87.8% at 514.5 nm and an individual channel efficiency of approximately 3.0 +/- 0.8%. The device configuration utilizes the large multiplexing capability of dichromated gelatin polymer films and substrate total internal reflection to realize large channel fanouts within the plane of a soda-lime glass substrate. A simplified theoretical formulation is presented to treat the corresponding three-dimensional holographic diffraction problem in the Bragg regime for slanted phase gratings. Results are compared with experimentally measured quantities for singly exposed phase gratings in different polarization conditions and incident angle orientations. The limitations of using multiplexed holograms in multiplanar substrate interconnection applications are also discussed.
Large and Tunable Photothermoelectric Effect in Single-Layer MoS<sub>2</sub> (2013)

We study the photoresponse of single-layer MoS(2) field-effect transistors by scanning photocurrent microscopy. We find that, unlike in many other semiconductors, the photocurrent generation in single-layer MoS(2) is dominated by the photothermoelectric effect and not by the separation of photoexcited electron-hole pairs across the Schottky barriers at the MoS(2)/electrode interfaces. We observe a large value for the Seebeck coefficient for single-layer MoS(2) that by an external electric field can be tuned between -4 × 10(2) and -1 × 10(5) μV K(-1). This large and tunable Seebeck coefficient of the single-layer MoS(2) paves the way to new applications of this material such as on-chip thermopower generation and waste thermal energy harvesting.