gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel functions of clathrin light chains: clathrin heavy chain trimerization is defective in light chain-deficient yeast (1997)

Clathrin is a major coat protein involved in sorting and retention of proteins at the late Golgi and in endocytosis from the cell surface. The clathrin triskelion contains three heavy chains, which provide the structural backbone of the clathrin lattice and three light chains, which are thought to regulate the formation or disassembly of clathrin coats. To better understand the function of the clathrin light chain, we characterized yeast strains carrying a disruption of the clathrin light chain gene (CLC1). Light chain-deficient cells showed phenotypes similar to those displayed by yeast that have a disruption in the clathrin heavy chain gene (CHC1). In clc1-delta cells, the steady state level of the clathrin heavy chain was reduced to 20%-25% of wild-type levels and most of the heavy chain was not trimerized. If CHC1 was overexpressed in clc1-delta cells, heavy chain trimers were detected and several clc1-delta phenotypes were partially rescued. These results indicate that the light chain is important for heavy chain trimerization and the heavy chain still has some function in the absence of the light chain. In yeast, deletion of CHC1 is lethal in strains carrying the scd1-i allele, while strains carrying the scd1-v allele can survive without the heavy chain. In previous studies we isolated several multicopy suppressors of inviability of chc1-delta scd1-i cells. Surprisingly, one of these suppressors, SCD4, is identical to CLC1. Overexpression of CLC1 in viable chc1-delta scd1-v strains rescued some but not all of the phenotypes displayed by these cells. In the absence of the heavy chain, the light chain was not found in a high molecular mass complex, but still associated with membranes. These results suggest that the light chain can function independently of the clathrin heavy chain in yeast.
CGP7930: A Positive Allosteric Modulator of the GABA<sub>B</sub> Receptor (2007)

CGP7930 (3-(3',5'-Di-tert-butyl-4'-hydroxy)phenyl-2,2-dimethylpropanol) is a positive allosteric modulator of the metabotropic GABAB receptor. CGP7930 has been found to modulate the GABAB receptor in the open, or high affinity, state increasing agonist affinity for the receptor and signal transduction efficacy following agonist stimulation. The GABAB heteromeric subunit B2, involved in signal transduction but not ligand binding, seems to be the site of action of CGP7930 and similar allosteric modulators. When administered alone in naïve animals, CGP7930 acts as an anxiolytic in rodents without other overt behavioral effects and has also been demonstrated to reduce self-administration of nicotine, cocaine, or alcohol in rodents, suggesting that "fine tuning" of the GABAB receptor by positive allosteric modulators may be able to regulate abuse of these drugs. Baclofen, the GABAB agonist, is currently finding use in treating addiction and various other disorders, but this can result in off-target effects and tolerance. CGP7930 when co-administered with baclofen enhances its potency, which could in theory minimize deleterious effects. Further study of CGP7930 is required, but this compound, and others like it, holds potential in a clinical setting.
Ordered Polyelectrolyte “Multilayers”. 1. Mechanisms of Growth and Structure Formation:  A Comparison with Classical Fuzzy “Multilayers” (2001)

The growth and structuring of polyelectrolyte self-assemblies (so-called “multilayers”) made from a lyotropic ionene and a strong polyelectrolyte are examined in depth using X-ray reflectometry among other techniques. We show that highly ordered polyelectrolyte films may be obtained, consisting of a regular lamellar nanostructure extending over considerable distances in the films, with preferential orientation of chain fragments occurring in the films. This is in marked contrast with classical, “fuzzy” multilayers, for which no internal structure was reported so far. From our set of results, including a comparison of the structures of “multilayers” and bulk complexes, we propose that three mechanisms govern film growth and structuring: adsorption of the polyelectrolyte (governed by electrostatic balance), diffusion of the polyelectrolyte into the previously adsorbed film (which is the blurring step), and surface-constrained complexation between the polyanion and the polycation resulting from the mixing due to diffusion. Depending on whether the polyelectrolytes are capable of forming structured complexes or not, the self-assembled film will present different levels of internal organization. These findings have important implications for the general understanding of electrostatic self-assembly and for possible applications therefrom.
Molecular Analysis of an Echovirus 3 Strain Isolated from an Individual Concurrently with Appearance of Islet Cell and IA-2 Autoantibodies (2006)

Growing evidence has implicated members of the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae in the etiology of some cases of type 1 diabetes (T1D). To contribute to an understanding of the molecular determinants underlying this association, we determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a strain of echovirus 3 (E3), Human enterovirus B (HEV-B) species, isolated from an individual who soon after virus isolation developed autoantibodies characteristic of T1D. The individual has remained positive for over 6 years for tyrosine phosphatase-related IA-2 protein autoantibodies and islet cell autoantibodies, indicating an ongoing autoimmune process, although he has not yet developed clinical T1D. The sequence obtained adds weight to the observation that recent enterovirus isolates differ significantly from prototype strains and provides further evidence of a role for recombination in enterovirus evolution. In common with most HEV-B species members, the isolate exhibits 2C and VP1 sequences suggested as triggers of autoimmunity through molecular mimicry. However, comparisons with the E3 prototype strain and previously reported diabetogenic and nondiabetogenic HEV-B strains do not reveal clear candidates for sequence features of PicoBank/DM1/E3 that could be associated with autoantibody appearance. This is the first time a virus strain isolated at the time of commencement of beta-cell damage has been analyzed and is an invaluable addition to enterovirus strains isolated previously at the onset of T1D in the search for specific molecular features which could be associated with diabetes induction.
Technetium Radiopharmaceuticals—Fundamentals, Synthesis, Structure, and Development (1994)

Abstract Technetium‐99m radiopharmaceuticals are increasingly finding application in nuclear medicine for scintigraphic and emission tomographic imaging, morphologic description and functional testing of organs. Over 80% of the radiopharmaceuticals currently clinically used are labeled with the short‐lived, metastable nuclide 99m Tc, whose nuclear properties are almost optimal with regard to a low radiation exposure of the patient and an effective detection of the emitted γ quanta. 99m TcO can be easily prepared without the use of accelerator systems through generator columns. Most of the 99m Tc radiopharmaceuticals are complexes which are synthesized by reduction of 99m TcO in the presence of suitable ligands. To achieve a high organ specificity, some understanding of the relationship between the structure of the diagnostic agent and its organ distribution is necessary. Structure analyses can be carried out on analogous compounds of the long‐lived nuclide technetium‐99g; these compounds are obtainable in weighable quantities. The development of new 99m Tc radiopharmaceuticals is a challenge to coordination chemists. The syntheses, molecular structures, and applications of the most important 99m Tc radiopharmaceuticals will be described in this review, and current directions and tendencies of the development will be shown.
MDR1‐P‐Glycoprotein (ABCB1) Mediates Transport of Alzheimer’s Amyloid‐β Peptides—Implications for the Mechanisms of Aβ Clearance at the Blood–Brain Barrier (2007)

Amyloid-beta (Abeta) is the major component of the insoluble amyloid plaques that accumulate intracerebrally in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been suggested that MDR1-P-glycoprotein (ABCB1, P-gp) plays a substantial role in the elimination of Abeta from the brain. In the present study, MDR1-transfected LLC cells growing in a polarized cell layer were used to characterize the interaction of Abeta1-40/1-42 with P-gp. In this system, P-gp-mediated transport can be followed by the efflux of the fluorescent dye rhodamine-123, or of Abeta itself from the cells into the apical extracellular space. Abeta significantly decreased the apical efflux of rhodamine-123, and the transcellular transport of Abeta1-40 and Abeta1-42 into the apical chamber could be demonstrated using both ELISA and fluorescence (FITC)-labeled peptides. This transport was inhibited by a P-gp modulator. Furthermore, ATP-dependent, P-gp-mediated transport of the fluorescence-labeled peptides could be demonstrated in isolated, inside-out membrane vesicles. Our data support the concept that P-gp is important for the clearance of Abeta from brain, and thus may represent a target protein for the prevention and/or treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD.
Interfacial polycondensation. XI. Ordered copolymers (1959)

Abstract An alternating copolyurea was prepared by the interfacial polycondensation of 1,4‐piperazinedicarbonyl chloride with hexamethylenediamine. Comparison of this alternating copolyurea with the corresponding copolyurea having a random distribution showed that the alternating copolymer had a higher melting point, greater crystallinity, and was somewhat less soluble than the random copolymer. A series of copolyamideurethanes was prepared by the interfacial polycondensation of 2,5‐dimethylpiperazine with terephthaloyl chloride and ethylene bis(chloroformate), various modes of addition of the two diacid chlorides being used. The degree of order developed in these copolyamide–urethanes was postulated from the probable mechanism of the reaction. The directional “crystallinity” or lattice order of the copolymers, as determined from x‐ray diffraction patterns, was cited to support these postulated structures.
Microstrip antenna feeds (1989)

In the present discussion covering the most important types, those aspects which are of particular practical interest to the designer will be covered, emphasising available options and including references to the latest advances in feed design. For the sake of descriptive economy and consistency, it will be assumed, unless otherwise stated, that the antenna is radiating rather than receiving energy.
High Pressure Hydrogenations with Adams Catalyst (1947)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHigh Pressure Hydrogenations with Adams CatalystRobert H. Baker and Robert D. SchuetzCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69, 6, 1250–1252Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1947Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1947https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01198a005https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01198a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views611Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Directed lithiation of chlorobenzenes. Regioselectivity and application to a short synthesis of benzocyclobutenes (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDirected lithiation of chlorobenzenes. Regioselectivity and application to a short synthesis of benzocyclobutenesMasatomo IwaoCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 11, 3622–3627Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00298a045https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00298a045research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1111Altmetric-Citations58LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
A novel approach to enhance the bandwidth of miniaturized microstrip-fed dielectric resonator antennas (2009)

This paper presents the concept and implementation of microstrip-fed, miniaturized broadband dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs). Miniaturization and the possibility of utilizing microstrip line as a feed are achieved by the high permittivity of the resonator; wideband operation is attained by merging the resonances of two appropriate modes of DRA. The approach enforces stable radiation patterns as well as low cross polarization levels over the entire bandwidth.
GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH INTESTINAL TRANSPLANTATION IN THE RAT HOST IMMUNE FUNCTION AND GENERAL HISTOLOGY (1989)

Graft-versus-host disease was studied on the 10th and 14th postoperative days in Lewis x Brown Norway F1 rats (LBN-F1) receiving Lewis accessory heterotopic intestinal allografts. LBN-F1 isograft recipients and LBN-F1 rats were used as controls. The rats were injected with sheep erythrocytes five days before sacrifice. Rats with graft-versus-host disease had progressive loss of the normal architecture of the lymphoid organs. Skin, liver, colon, and salivary glands were infiltrated with immunoblasts and had patchy areas of necrosis. Concurrent with these changes, there were significant, progressive reductions in hemolytic titers, splenocyte plaque-forming counts, viable splenocytes, and the in-vitro splenocyte response to stimulation with concanavalin A. Graft-versus-host disease following intestinal allotransplantation damages the host's lymphoid tissues, producing profound immunosuppression. This finding has implications for clinical intestinal transplantation.
Differential requirement for c‐Jun NH <sub>2</sub> ‐terminal kinase in TNF‐α‐and Fas‐mediated apoptosis in hepatocytes (2004)

The c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) is involved in the regulation of cell death, but its role in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha- and Fas-mediated apoptosis in primary cells is not well defined. In primary rat hepatocytes expressing an IkappaB superrepressor, the JNK inhibitor SP600125 strongly decreased TNF-alpha-induced cell death, caspase 3 activation, and DNA laddering. In contrast, SP600125 did not rescue mouse hepatocytes from Fas-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis in mouse hepatocytes, induced by human TNF-alpha, was blocked by SP600125, indicating that TNF-receptor (TNF-R) 1-mediated JNK activation is important for TNF-alpha-induced death. However, mouse TNF-alpha was more efficient than human TNF-alpha in activating JNK and killing mouse hepatocytes, suggesting that TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 cooperate in JNK activation and apoptosis. SP600125 rescued actinomycin D-pretreated hepatocytes and hepatocytes expressing a dominant negative c-Jun from TNF-alpha, indicating that JNK exerts its proapoptotic effect independently of transcription and c-Jun. SP600125 delayed the mitochondrial permeability transition, inhibited cytochrome c release and prevented bid degradation after TNF-alpha, suggesting that JNK-regulated proapoptotic factors act upstream of the mitochondria. Moreover, overexpression of JNK1 activated a mitochondrial death pathway in hepatocytes, albeit less efficiently than TNF-alpha. This study demonstrates that JNK augments TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes through a signaling pathway that is distinct from the pathway by which it regulates proliferation.
Performance evaluation of a 32‐element head array with respect to the ultimate intrinsic SNR (2009)

The quality of an RF detector coil design is commonly judged on how it compares with other coil configurations. The aim of this article is to develop a tool for evaluating the absolute performance of RF coil arrays. An algorithm to calculate the ultimate intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was implemented for a spherical geometry. The same imaging tasks modeled in the calculations were reproduced experimentally using a 32-element head array. Coil performance maps were then generated based on the ratio of experimentally measured SNR to the ultimate intrinsic SNR, for different acceleration factors associated with different degrees of parallel imaging. The relative performance in all cases was highest near the center of the samples (where the absolute SNR was lowest). The highest performance was found in the unaccelerated case and a maximum of 85% was observed with a phantom whose electrical properties are consistent with values in the human brain. The performance remained almost constant for 2-fold acceleration, but deteriorated at higher acceleration factors, suggesting that larger arrays are needed for effective highly-accelerated parallel imaging. The method proposed here can serve as a tool for the evaluation of coil designs, as well as a tool to guide the development of original designs which may begin to approach the optimal performance.
Remote quality monitoring in the banana chain (2014)

Quality problems occurring during or after sea transportation of bananas in refrigerated containers are mainly caused by insufficient cooling and non-optimal atmospheric conditions, but also by the heat generated by respiration activity. Tools to measure and evaluate these effects can largely help to reduce losses along the banana supply chain. The presented green life model provides a tool to predict the effect of deviating temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 and O2 gas concentrations on the storage stability of bananas. A second thermal model allows evaluation of the cooling efficiency, the effect of changes in packaging and stowage and the amount of respiration heat from the measured temperature curves. Spontaneous ripening causes higher respiration heat and CO2 production rate. The resulting risk for creation of hot spots increases in positions in which the respiration heat exceeds the available cooling capacity. In case studies on the transport of bananas from Costa Rica to Europe, we validated the models and showed how they can be applied to generate automated warning messages for containers with reduced banana green life or with temperature problems and also for remote monitoring of the ripening process inside the container.
Surface-wave analysis for building near-surface velocity models — Established approaches and new perspectives (2010)

Abstract Today, surface-wave analysis is widely adopted for building near-surface S-wave velocity models. The surface-wave method is under continuous and rapid evolution, also thanks to the lively scientific debate among different disciplines, and interest in the technique has increased significantly during the last decade. A comprehensive review of the literature in the main scientific journals provides historical perspective, methodological issues, applications, and most-promising recent approaches. Higher modes in the inversion and retrieval of lateral variations are dealt with in great detail, and the current scientific debate on these topics is reported. A best-practices guideline is also outlined.
Interactive mining and semantic retrieval of videos (2007)

With the wide use of monitoring systems, there emerges an ever increasing amount of surveillance videos. Sequential browsing of such videos from the database is time consuming and tedious for users, and thus cannot take full advantage of the rich information contained in video data. In this paper, a general framework for semantic video mining and retrieval is proposed. The framework detects and retrieves semantic events from surveillance videos. It starts by tracking and modeling the trajectories of semantic objects in videos. After that, some general user-interested semantic events are modeled. The goal is to retrieve these semantic events by analyzing the spatiotemporal trajectory sequences. However, since individual users may have their own subjective query targets, these event models may be too general to capture the subjectivity of each individual user. Therefore, in this paper, the mining and retrieval phase is designed to dynamically learn the user's interest by interacting with the user. This technique is called the Relevance Feedback (RF) which is commonly used for Content-based Image Retrieval, but seldom applied to the field of semantic video mining. Due to the spatiotemporal nature of video events, substantial extensions to RF, especially its associated learning mechanisms, are needed to apply it to semantic video mining. The learning framework proposed in this paper bases its structure on the neural network for time series data, which is usually adopted for prediction purposes, and we tailor it to suit the specific needs of spatiotemporal video event mining. In this paper, transportation surveillance videos are used to demonstrate the design details.
Viscous Fingering of Miscible Liquids in Porous and Swellable Media for Rapid Diagnostic Tests (2018)

In lateral flow and colorimetric test strip diagnostics, the effects of capillary action and diffusion on speed and sensitivity have been well studied. However, another form of fluid motion can be generated due to stresses and instabilities generated in pores when two miscible liquids with different densities and viscosities come into contact. This study explored how a swellable test pad can be deployed for measuring urea in saliva by partially prefilling the pad with a miscible solution of greater viscosity and density. The resultant Korteweg stresses and viscous fingering patterns were analyzed using solutions with added food color through video analysis and image processing. Image analysis was simplified using the saturation channel after converting RGB image sequences to HSB. The kinetics of liquid mixing agreed with capillary displacement results for miscible liquids undergoing movement from Korteweg stresses. After capillary filling, there was significant movement of liquid due to these fluidic effects, which led to mixing of the saliva sample with an enzyme test solution. Owing to the simplicity and speed of this test method, urea can be analyzed with an electronic nose over a useful range for detecting salivary urea concentration for rapid and early detection of dehydration.