gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Growth Parameters and Annealing Atmosphere on the Properties of Cu<sub><b>2</b></sub>ZnSnS<sub><b>4</b></sub>Thin Films Deposited by Cosputtering (2013)

Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) thin films were deposited using the cosputtering technique. The growth parameters, such as working pressure, target powers, and postannealing atmosphere, were optimized for CZTS films deposition. A comparative study between post annealing using sulfur vapor in a quartz tube furnace and sulfurization chamber using H 2 S gas was carried out to optimize the kesterite Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 phase. 10 min annealing at 530°C in the furnace in sulfur vapor eliminated all the secondary phases and formed kesterite Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 . The diffusion of sulfur in the film during the annealing process enhanced the crystallinity of the film. The kesterite Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 phase was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, and optical measurements. The film showed phonon peaks corresponding to the kesterite CZTS, high-absorption coefficient (1.1 × 10 5 cm −1 ), and desired optical direct band gap (1.5 eV).
Hysteresis modeling and compensation in a magnetostrictive actuator (2008)

Conventional electromechanical systems have some difficulty to adapt to the precise system, so there are many researches about smart actuators, which have great advantages in nano-position system and efficiency. However, they exhibit hysteresis nonlinearities that could affect to the precise control of actuators. So mathematical modeling of hysteresis is essential to apply smart materials to actuators. Hysteresis can be modeled mathematically for precise position control of smart actuator. Hysteresis is an analog phenomenon between input and output, and in classical Preisach model, hysteresis is presented by a summation of infinite sets of Preisach operator. The Preisach plane in actual system is expressed as a matrix. In other words, the Preisach model should be represented by a summation of finite sets of Preisach operator. All time-continuous characteristics of hysteresis phenomenon cannot be stored as data and used to model mathematically, therefore the mathematical model cannot avoid having error. By modification of Preisach model, the error can be reduced effectively.
Synthesis of Highly Porous Yttria‐Stabilized Zirconia by Tape‐Casting Methods (2003)

Porous ceramics of Y 2 O 3 ‐stabilized ZrO 2 (YSZ) were prepared by tape‐casting methods using both pyrolyzable pore formers and NiO followed by acid leaching. The porosity of YSZ wafers increased in a regular manner with the mass of graphite or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to between 60% and 75% porosity. SEM indicated that the shape of the pores in the final ceramic was related to the shape of the pore formers, so that the pore size and microstructure of YSZ wafers could be controlled by the choice of pore former. Dilatometry measurements showed that measurable shrinkage started at 1300 K, and a total shrinkage of 26% was observed, independent of the amount or type of pore former used. Temperature‐programmed oxidation (TPO) measurements on the green tapes demonstrated that the binders and dispersants were combusted between 550 and 750 K, that PMMA decomposed to methyl methacrylate between 500 and 700 K, and that graphite combusted above 900 K. The porosity of YSZ ceramics prepared by acid leaching of nickel from NiO–YSZ, with 50 wt% NiO, was studied as a function of NiO and YSZ particle size. Significant changes in pore dimension were found when NiO particle size was changed.
Automated cell nucleus segmentation using improved snake (2005)

Accurate cell nucleus segmentation is crucial for the development of automated cytological cancer diagnosis system. This paper presents a novel cell nucleus segmentation method for esophageal cell image. Firstly the ultimate erosion is used to detect the localizations of nuclei. Then we use an improved active contour model to isolate each cell nucleus. A growing energy based on region similarity is added to the energy function to overcome the initialization problem of conventional snake. During energy minimization, the contour points arc restricted to move along the radial directions, which reduces the computation cost. The presented method has been tested on a number of cell images obtained from esophageal smear slide and the results are encouraging. It has been shown that the proposed method performs well on both well-separated nuclei and some overlapped nuclei.
Face liveness detection under bad illumination conditions (2011)

Spoofing face recognition systems with photos or videos of someone else is not difficult. Sometimes, all one needs is to display a picture on a laptop monitor or a printed photograph to the biometric system. In order to detect this kind of spoofs, in this paper we present a solution that works either with printed or LCD displayed photographs, even under bad illumination conditions without extra-devices or user involvement. Tests conducted on large databases show good improvements of classification accuracy as well as true positive and false positive rates compared to the state-of-the-art.
Nonrandom X-inactivation patterns in normal females: lyonization ratios vary with age (1996)

The utility of X-inactivation based clonality assays for evaluation of human neoplasia is well-documented. However, excessive Lyonization is a potential limitation of these assays, because it mimics clonal derivation of cells. The incidence of excessive Lyonization in healthy females is controversial, with reported incidence varying from 4% to 33%. Several explanations have been offered for the observed variation, including different criteria for excessive Lyonization, diversity of X-linked clonality assays, small population sizes and more recently, tissue specificity of X-inactivation patterns. However, it is also possible that stem cell depletion, clonal hematopoiesis, or selection pressures on blood cells results in an increased incidence of excessive skewing. If any of the latter is true, then the incidence of excessive skewing should increase with age in blood cells. To test this hypothesis, we determined X-inactivation ratios at the human androgen receptor locus of 295 normal females from three age groups: (1) neonates, (2) females 28 to 32 years old and, (3) females aged > or = 60 years. The incidence of skewing (allele ratios > or = 3:1) was 8.6% (14 of 162) in neonates (P = .104 v 28 to 32); 16.4% (11/67) in 28 to 32 y.o. (P = .0064 v > or = 60), and 37.9% (25 of 66) in women > or = 60 y.o. (P < .0001 v neonates). When a more stringent criterion for skewing was used (allele ratios > or = 10:1), the incidence was 1.9% (3 of 162) in neonates (P = .362 v 28 to 32), 4.5% (3 of 67) in 28 to 32 y.o. (P = .0022 v > or = 60), and 22.7% (15 of 66) in > or = 60 y.o. group (P < .0001 v neonates). Results have been confirmed at the phosphoglycerate kinase locus for 48 heterozygous females. The incidence of excessive skewing increases with age. In neonates, the incidence is low and may correspond to true excessive Lyonization. Acquired skewing occurs with aging in normal females and is present in 38% of females over the age of 60. Further studies are needed to determine whether acquired skewing is a consequence of stem cell depletion, true clonal hematopoiesis, growth advantage conferred by parental-specific X-chromosomes, or other causes. These data provide an explanation for variation in reported incidence of excessive skewing in normal females. Furthermore, these findings suggest that any study of clonality using X-inactivation based assays should incorporate age-matched controls for Lyonization.
On the Continuity of Rotation Representations in Neural Networks (2018)

In neural networks, it is often desirable to work with various representations of the same space. For example, 3D rotations can be represented with quaternions or Euler angles. In this paper, we advance a definition of a continuous representation, which can be helpful for training deep neural networks. We relate this to topological concepts such as homeomorphism and embedding. We then investigate what are continuous and discontinuous representations for 2D, 3D, and n-dimensional rotations. We demonstrate that for 3D rotations, all representations are discontinuous in the real Euclidean spaces of four or fewer dimensions. Thus, widely used representations such as quaternions and Euler angles are discontinuous and difficult for neural networks to learn. We show that the 3D rotations have continuous representations in 5D and 6D, which are more suitable for learning. We also present continuous representations for the general case of the n-dimensional rotation group SO(n). While our main focus is on rotations, we also show that our constructions apply to other groups such as the orthogonal group and similarity transforms. We finally present empirical results, which show that our continuous rotation representations outperform discontinuous ones for several practical problems in graphics and vision, including a simple autoencoder sanity test, a rotation estimator for 3D point clouds, and an inverse kinematics solver for 3D human poses.
Multibit Delta-Sigma Modulator With Noise-Shaping Dynamic Element Matching (2008)

This paper describes a fifth-order multibit low-pass delta-sigma modulator employing a proposed noise-shaping dynamic element matching (NS-DEM) technique to remove DAC nonlinearity error. Unlike most existing DEMs that trade SNR for SFDR, the proposed technique improves both SFDR and SNR. The noise shaping is incorporated in the first integrator of the loop filter without any additional analog circuitry. The fabricated modulator chip achieves 94-dB SFDR and 78-dB DR in 2.2-MHz BW and meets the ADSL2+ specifications.
Automated wavelet denoising of photoacoustic signals for circulating melanoma cell detection and burn image reconstruction (2008)

Photoacoustic image reconstruction may involve hundreds of point measurements, each of which contributes unique information about the subsurface absorbing structures under study. For backprojection imaging, two or more point measurements of photoacoustic waves induced by irradiating a biological sample with laser light are used to produce an image of the acoustic source. Each of these measurements must undergo some signal processing, such as denoising or system deconvolution. In order to process the numerous signals, we have developed an automated wavelet algorithm for denoising signals. We appeal to the discrete wavelet transform for denoising photoacoustic signals generated in a dilute melanoma cell suspension and in thermally coagulated blood. We used 5, 9, 45 and 270 melanoma cells in the laser beam path as test concentrations. For the burn phantom, we used coagulated blood in 1.6 mm silicon tube submerged in Intralipid. Although these two targets were chosen as typical applications for photoacoustic detection and imaging, they are of independent interest. The denoising employs level-independent universal thresholding. In order to accommodate nonradix-2 signals, we considered a maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT). For the lower melanoma cell concentrations, as the signal-to-noise ratio approached 1, denoising allowed better peak finding. For coagulated blood, the signals were denoised to yield a clean photoacoustic resulting in an improvement of 22% in the reconstructed image. The entire signal processing technique was automated so that minimal user intervention was needed to reconstruct the images. Such an algorithm may be used for image reconstruction and signal extraction for applications such as burn depth imaging, depth profiling of vascular lesions in skin and the detection of single cancer cells in blood samples.
Quantitative comparison of inhibition of visceral and cutaneous spinal nociceptive transmission from the midbrain and medulla in the rat (1987)

1. The descending inhibition of neuronal responses by focal electrical stimulation or glutamate microinjections in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) or rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) was quantitatively studied on 61 spinal neurons in halothane-N2O-anesthetized paralyzed rats. Thirty-six neurons were located in the medial L6-S1 spinal cord and were consistently and reproducibly excited by distension of the descending colon and rectum (75 mmHg). Twenty-five other neurons were located in the dorsal horn of spinal segments L3-L5 and were consistently and reproducibly excited by radiant heating (50 degrees C) of the glabrous skin of the plantar surface of the left (ipsilateral) hind foot. 2. The inhibition of neuronal responses to colorectal distension by stimulation in the PAG or RVM differed quantitatively when examined on the same spinal neurons. Inhibition of neuronal responses to distension occurred at a lower mean threshold of stimulation in the RVM than in the PAG. The mean intensity of stimulation in the RVM producing an attenuation to 50% of the control response to colorectal distension (75 mmHg, 20 s) was significantly lower than the mean intensity of stimulation in the PAG producing a 50% attenuation of the same spinal units. The mean magnitude of inhibition produced by stimulation in the RVM was significantly greater than that produced on the same spinal units by the same intensity of stimulation in the PAG. However, stimulation in the RVM and PAG produced the same mean percent change in inhibition per 25-microA increase in the intensity of stimulation. Thus the slopes of the lines of recruitment of descending inhibition from the PAG and RVM as a function of increasing intensities of stimulation are the same; the lines of recruitment of inhibition are parallel. These findings are virtually identical to those found by others in studies of modulation of neuronal responses to noxious heating of the skin. 3. Neuronal intensity coding to both graded heating of the hindfoot and graded colorectal distension was montonus and accelerating and could be expressed as linear stimulus-response functions (SRFs) in the temperature and pressure ranges studied (46-52 degrees C, 25-100 mmHg). Stimulation in the PAG modulated the SRFs differently than did stimulation in the RVM. Stimulation in the PAG decreased the slope of the SRFs without affecting the units' thresholds of response, thus influencing the gain control of both cutaneous and visceral nociception in the spinal cord.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
SOLID-STATE QUANTUM COMPUTING (2002)

Quantum computers can provide much greater computing power than classical computers. It is widely believed that quantum computers will ultimately be realized in solid\|state systems. In this paper we describe three solid\|state quantum computer proposals, based, respectively, on solid\|state NMR, superconducting junctions and quantum dots.
A combined pattern of movement disorders resulting from posterolateral thalamic lesions of a vascular nature: A syndrome with clinico-radiologic correlation (2000)

We report a series of seven patients in whom a combined pattern of complex movement disorders restricted to one upper extremity emerged as a result of posterolateral thalamic lesions of vascular origin. This disorder was mainly characterized by choreiform and dystonic movements associated with variable, rhythmic, alternating movements of low frequency (myorhythmia). All cases showed, on computed tomography scan and/or magnetic resonance imaging, focal lesions involving the posterolateral quadrant of the thalamus. Review of similar cases reported with identical clinico-radiologic features allows us to conclude that it is possible to establish an accurate anatomoclinical correlation based on the clinical phenomenology, even before imaging studies are performed, in these cases. The opposite is not entirely possible, however, because lesions in the same quadrant of the thalamus are often associated with different patterns of abnormal movements or present without abnormal movements.
HOT-carrier degradation in undoped-body ETSOI FETS and SOI FINFETS (2010)

Hot-carrier degradation (HCI) in aggressively scaled undoped-body devices is carefully studied and compared for high-k/metal gate FINFETs and extremely thin silicon-on-insulator (ETSOI) transistors. We show that HCI involves different degradation mechanisms for silicon-on-insulator (SOI)-FINFETs and ETSOI devices though both are fabricated on undoped body. For FINFETs, the HC degradation correlated with interface trap generation in the channel region, whereas for ETSOI, trap generation and electron trapping in the spacer-nitride region were observed.
Iridium Complexes of CCC-Pincer N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Synthesis and Catalytic C−H Functionalization (2010)

A series of four meta-phenylene-bridged bis-benzimidazolium chlorides were synthesized as precursors to rigid, monoanionic, CCC-pincer N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. For ligands with mesityl, 3,5-xylyl, or 3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl side groups, reaction with [Ir(1,5-cyclooctadiene)Cl]2 in acetonitrile with either excess triethylamine or stoichiometric cesium fluoride as base gave neutral, iridium(III) pincer complexes of the formula Ir(CCC)HCl(MeCN), which were purified by chromatography on silica gel. Metalation failed under these conditions for a 2,6-diisopropylphenyl-substituted derivative. In combination with NaOtBu, these complexes form active catalysts for the acceptorless dehydrogenation of cyclooctane and for arene C−H borylation in neat arene solvent.
Virtual wired control networks: a wireless approach with Bluetooth (2003)

One of the most compelling challenges of the next few years is the integration of different types of wired and wireless networks into a system that enables the intercommunication between devices ranging from control and monitoring devices to consumer electronic equipment. This paper discusses the possibilities of integrating state-of-the-art wireless technology into common control networks. Given a suitable architecture an algorithm is proposed, that self-installs wireless control nodes into existing fieldbus networks. As a case study, the BlueLon project is presented. It tries to integrate Bluetooth technology into the distributed fieldbus system of LonWorks.
Identification of interferon-gamma as the lymphokine that mediates leukotriene B4-induced immunoregulation. (1987)

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) has been shown to modulate lymphocyte responses in both a positive and a negative way, depending on the particular cell subsets it interacts with. Recent evidence also indicates that LTB4 can directly affect the production of cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL 1) or interleukin 2 (IL 2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). In this report, we present evidence that human T cells pulsed with LTB4 modulate IL 1 production by human monocytes by secreting IFN-gamma. In fact, we found that LTB4-pulsed T cells were capable of inducing a suppression of lymphocyte proliferation if allowed to interact with monocytes, but that this suppression was reversed to an enhancing effect when monocytes were treated with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. Furthermore, LTB4-pulsed T cells released a soluble factor that would mediate both effects. This factor was found to be IFN-gamma, because affinity-purified IFN-gamma could reproduce the effects, and a rabbit polyclonal anti-serum to human IFN-gamma could block the activities of supernatants from LTB4-pulsed T cells. LTB4 was also shown to enhance IFN-gamma production by T4+ T cells and to inhibit IFN-gamma production by T8+ T cells. These results suggest that LTB4 may regulate immune cell functions by inducing IFN-gamma production by T4+ cells.
Study of complex coacervation of gelatin with sodium carboxymethyl guar gum: Microencapsulation of clove oil and sulphamethoxazole (2003)

Complex coacervation of gelatin with sodium carboxymethyl guar gum was studied. The coacervation was studied as a function of pH, colloid composition and concentration. The efficiency of coacervation was followed by measuring viscosity, coacervate yield and turbidity of test solutions. All the measurements suggest that, as the amount of sodium carboxymethyl guar gum (CMGG) in the colloids increases, the pH at which maximum coacervation happens decreases. Effective coacervation could be realized over the pH range of 2.5-4.0 using different compositions. The efficiency of the CMGG/gelatin system to encapsulate oils and solid particles is demonstrated by successful encapsulation of oil of cloves and sulphmethoxazole.
Link layer analysis of the General Packet Radio Service for GSM (2002)

The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is one of the services being standardized by ETSI for GSM Phase 2+. This paper briefly presents the status of the GPRS standard giving special attention to the link control/medium access control (RLC/MAC) protocol layer. Subsequently, an analytical evaluation of the GPRS downlink performance is presented. Faced with the increased use of Internet services, the downlink performance is an important metric as users-especially mobile users-will use the Internet mainly for consuming information, i.e. produce downlink traffic load.
X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach (2017)

Journal of Case reports is an international, peer reviewed open access journal, focussed on bringing out premium quality case reports in all areas of basic medical sciences and clinical specialities. ‘JOJCS’ aims to serve as a repository of medical case reports that can go a long way in enriching the professional knowledge of medical practitioners around the world.
Expression and Characterization of the <i>Trans</i> -Activator of HTLV-III/LAV Virus (1986)

The human T-lymphotropic retrovirus HTLV-III/LAV encodes a trans-activator that increases viral gene expression. We expressed this trans-activator in animal cells and studied its structural and functional characteristics. The putative trans-activator protein was immunoprecipitated from overproducing stable cell lines and shown to migrate as a 14-kilodalton polypeptide on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. S1 nuclease mapping experiments showed that the trans-activator increases the levels of steady-state messenger RNA transcribed from the viral long terminal repeat promoter. Sequences within the R region of the HTLV-III/LAV long terminal repeat are essential for trans-activation. Quantitations of messenger RNA and protein showed that the protein increase was greater than the messenger RNA increase in CV1 and HeLa cells, indicating that more than one mechanism was responsible for the trans-activation and that cell type-specific factors may determine the final level of trans-activation.
A Framework for Real-Time Face and Facial Feature Tracking using Optical Flow Pre-estimation and Template Tracking (2010)

This work presents a framework for tracking head movements and capturing the movements of the mouth and both the eyebrows in real-time. We present a head tracker which is a combination of a optical flow and a template based tracker. The estimation of the optical flow head tracker is used as starting point for the template tracker which fine-tunes the head estimation. This approach together with re-updating the optical flow points prevents the head tracker from drifting. This combination together with our switching scheme, makes our tracker very robust against fast movement and motion-blur. We also propose a way to reduce the influence of partial occlusion of the head. In both the optical flow and the template based tracker we identify and exclude occluded points.