gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cryogenic GaAs FET amplifiers and their use in NMR detection (1986)

The noise properties of GaAs FET devices have been measured in the frequency range 0.2–20 MHz at temperatures 300, 77, and 4.2 K. Significant reduction in all contributions to noise parameters was found on cooling the devices. Cooled GaAs FETs were found to be suitable for use in the preamplifier of a pulsed NMR spectrometer. An amplifier noise temperature of 0.9 K was found at 1.16 MHz and the observed signal-to-noise ratio using a 3He gas sample was found to agree with calculation. Precise expressions for signal size are obtained using a spherical receiver coil, and employment of these facilitates the calculations and provides a basis for comparing sensitivities of different NMR spectrometers.
Tarifs hospitaliers et vérité des prix (1971)

Ramond Maurice. Tarifs hospitaliers et verite des prix. In: Statistiques et etudes financieres, n°4, 1971. pp. 3-16.
Wire ordering for detailed routing (1989)

In many automatic routing systems, the wiring area is broken into a number of regions. A detailed router, such as a channel or switch-box router, routes each region separately. A junction pin is placed on a region boundary whenever the path of a wire crosses to another region. The way these junction pins are placed can be either a boon or a detriment to the economy of the routing. An algorithm that determines a consistent order for the junction pins that avoids unnecessary wire twisting is presented. If wires have to cross, the algorithm selects the intersection that would least affect the chip area and places the pins in the corresponding position. Experimental results obtained by using the algorithm in a macrocell placement and routing system that uses a contour-based, gridless channel router to perform detailed routing in the regions are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An optimal algorithm for configuring delivery options of a one-dimensional intensity-modulated beam (2003)

The problem of generating delivery options for one-dimensional intensity-modulated beams (1D IMBs) arises in intensity-modulated radiation therapy. In this paper, we present an algorithm with the optimal running time, based on the 'rightmost-preference' method, for generating all distinct delivery options for an arbitrary 1D IMB. The previously best known method for generating delivery options for a 1D IMB with N left leaf positions and N right leaf positions is a 'brute-force' solution, which first generates all N! possible combinations of the left and right leaf positions and then removes combinations that are not physically allowed delivery options. Compared with the brute-force method, our algorithm has several advantages: (1) our algorithm runs in an optimal time that is linearly proportional to the total number of distinct delivery options that it actually produces. Note that for a 1D IMB with multiple peaks, the total number of distinct delivery options in general tends to be considerably smaller than the worst case N!. (2) Our algorithm can be adapted to generating delivery options subject to additional constraints such as the 'minimum leaf separation' constraint. (3) Our algorithm can also be used to generate random subsets of delivery options; this feature is especially useful when the 1D IMBs in question have too many delivery options for a computer to store and process. The key idea of our method is that we impose an order on how left leaf positions should be paired with right leaf positions. Experiments indicated that our rightmost-preference algorithm runs dramatically faster than the brute-force algorithm. This implies that our algorithm can handle 1D IMBs whose sizes are substantially larger than those handled by the brute-force method. Applications of our algorithm in therapeutic techniques such as intensity-modulated arc therapy and 2D modulations are also discussed.
Poly(ethylene glycol)-lipase complexes that are highly active and enantioselective in ionic liquids (2004)

Lipase-catalyzed alcoholysis between vinyl acetate and 2-phenyl-1-propanol was investigated in dialkylimidazolium-based ionic liquids. Although native lipase powder exhibited very low activity in an ionic liquid, forming a poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)-lipase complex improved the lipase activity in the ionic liquid. The activity of the PEG-lipase complex was higher in ionic liquids than in common organic solvents (n-hexane, isooctane and dimethylsulfoxide). Fluorescence measurements using 4-aminophthalimide revealed that the ionic liquids were more hydrophilic than the organic solvents used for non-aqueous enzymology. A kinetic study of lipase-catalyzed alcoholysis in an ionic liquid ([Bmim][PF6]) revealed that the Michaelis constant (Km) for 2-phenyl-1-propanol in the ionic liquid was half that in n-hexane, suggesting that the ionic liquid stabilized the enzyme-substrate complex. Finally, we carried out enantioselective alcoholysis of 1-phenylethanol in ionic liquids employing the PEG-lipase complex, and obtained high enantioselectivity, comparable to that in n-hexane.
Ligature: Component Architecture for High Performance Applications (2000)

The increasing feasibility of developing applications spanning nationwide supercomputing resources makes possible the creation of simulations composed of multiple interdisciplinary components and capable of modeling natural and social phenomena of national importance with unprecedented speed and accuracy. However, the potential offered by hardware technology often fails to be fully realized due to the lack of software environments supporting such efforts. Furthermore, the complexity of combining within one application components with different performance characteristics often prevents such applications from achieving required performance levels. The Ligature project at Los Alamos National Laboratory addresses the issue of designing a software infrastructure enabling fast and efficient development of multicomponent applications and that of providing performance guidance to the programmer using this infrastructure. Ligature allows the programmer to define component interfaces specifying how heterogeneous, distributed components can interact within a larger system and provides a reusable infrastructure capable of connecting these components. These interfaces, as well as information about component performance, are accessible through a database. Within this framework, we are trying to understand how information about the performance of individual components and information about performance of the framework can be combined to develop a performance-aware multicomponent application.
Energy Harvesting from Piezoelectric Textile Fibers (2014)

In the present paper, energy harvesting properties of a recently developed piezoelectric textile bi-component fiber were investigated. This study covers fiber manufacturing, weaving of the textile, high voltage polarization, addition of outer electrode, modeling and measurement of the piezoelectric textile ability to convert mechanical strain to electrical energy. The results show that it is possible to scavenge around 0.7 mW of power from the fibers in the textile.
Oxygen etching of thick MoS<sub>2</sub>films (2014)

Oxygen annealing of thick MoS2 films results in randomly oriented and controllable triangular etched shapes, forming pits with uniform etching angles. These etching morphologies differ across the sample based on the defect sites situated on the basal plane surface, forming numerous features in different bulk sample thicknesses.
Waiting-Time Estimation in Bank Customer Queues using RPROP Neural Networks (2018)

In daily banking customer queues, unknown waiting-time could lower customer experience. Little’s Law formula in Queue Theory provides a generic formula for waiting-time, but it cannot be implemented directly to give finite wait-time estimation in real-life. This study aims to investigate predictive variables that explain waiting-time duration. This paper uses Fast Artificial Neural Network engine to implement Artificial Neural Networks method. To train Artificial Neural Networks, Resilient Propagation was used. Time-series approach and structural approach for input neuron was compared. Average duration from previous interval and number of server was proposed to increase structural variable like Queue Length and Head of Line Duration estimator variable. To determine the best configuration for number of neuron in input and hidden layer, experimental method was used. The results of this study show that structural approach provides better estimation than time-series approach. Furthermore, modified helper variable combination provides a more refined result.
The effect of surface aluminum oxide films on thermally induced hillock formation (1993)

Al films were vapor deposited onto oxidized silicon wafers in high vacuum (HV) and ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). The as-deposited HV films showed large numbers of hillocks while the as-deposited UHV films showed no hillocks even after in-situ vacuum annealing. The evidence indicates that compressive intrinsic stresses are responsible for hillock formation during HV film growth. Moreover the present study on UHV deposited films shows that in this case one needs both a surface Al oxide layer and compressive differential thermal expansion stresses in order to form hillocks. In the absence of the oxide layer on the UHV films, the application of compressive differential thermal expansion strains causes stress relief via surface-diffusion-produced grain boundary grooving rather than hillock formation.
Airway Responsiveness to Methacholine Does Not Change during Chemotherapy in Patients with Chronic Bronchitis and Bronchial Carcinoma (1989)

To investigate the role of leukocytes and neutrophils in the peripheral blood on airway responsiveness, we studied nine patients with chronic bronchitis and histologically proved bronchial carcinoma before and after chemotherapy. The concentration of methacholine (in mg/ml) necessary to increase specific airway resistance by 100%, PC100SRaw, and the number of leukocytes and neutrophils (in cells x 10(6)/ml) were measured before, and 8 and 16 days after chemotherapy. Mean (SEM) total number of leukocytes decreased significantly (p less than 0.001) from 9.0 (0.8) to 4.4 (0.6) and 3.4 (0.4), and mean (SEM) number of neutrophils decreased significantly (p less than 0.005) from 5.1 (0.7) to 2.8 (0.5) and 1.0 (0.4), respectively. Mean (SEM) PC100SRaw was 3.3 (0.9) at baseline and 3.5 (1.2) and 3.8 (1.0) mg/ml at Days 8 and 16, respectively, without significant differences. These data suggest that a significant chemotherapy-induced leukocyte depletion in the peripheral blood does not influence airway responsiveness in patients with chronic bronchitis and bronchial carcinoma.
RNF43 frameshift mutations contribute to tumourigenesis in right-sided colon cancer (2019)

The truncating mutations of RNF43 frequently occur in CRC, we aimed to clarify the relationship between RNF43 frameshift mutations and MS status, BRAF V600E mutation, distant metastasis, TNM stage and location of CRC. RNF43 frameshift mutations R117.fs and G659.fs and BRAF V600E mutation were detected in 392 sporadic CRC samples from our tissue bank. We integrated our original study with the TCGA database and five published datasets to analyse the relationship between RNF43 frameshift mutation and tumour location, distant metastasis, TNM stage and BRAF V600E mutation in 2396 CRC samples when controlling for MS status. RNF43 frameshift mutation was correlated with MSI-H (OR = 122.27) [31.82, 469.92], BRAF V600E mutation (OR = 7.92 [3.45, 18.18]), distant metastasis (OR = 0.30 [0.17, 0.53]), advanced TNM stage (OR = 0.34)[0.23, 0.51], and right colon site (OR = 8.32 [2.98, 23.22]). After controlling for the effect of MS status, there was no correlation of RNF43 frameshift mutation with distant metastasis (OR = 1.57 [0.75, 3.28]) and advanced TNM stages (OR = 0.98 [0.58, 1.67]), but RNF43 frameshift mutations still occur more frequently in right colon (OR = 2.58 [1.49, 4.47]) and with BRAF V600E mutation (OR = 1.94 [1.22, 3.10]). RNF43 frameshift mutations were related to distant metastasis and TNM-stage in an MS status-dependent manner, but they contributed to tumourigenesis in right-sided colon cancer independent of MS status.
Diagnosis of X-linked Adrenal Hypoplasia Congenita by Mutation Analysis of the DAX1 Gene (1995)

Molecular genetic and molecular cytogenetic techniques represent rapid and complementary approaches to the diagnosis of mutations in the DAX1 gene responsible for AHC and the associated HH. Specific diagnosis of the cause of adrenal insufficiency in these boys permits anticipatory management of the HH and prenatal counseling for parents of the affected child and other members of their families.
Video analysis of trunk and knee motion during non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: lateral trunk and knee abduction motion are combined components of the injury mechanism (2009)

Lateral trunk and knee abduction motion are important components of the ACL injury mechanism in female athletes as observed from video evidence of ACL injury.
Efficiency improvement opportunities for personal computer monitors: implications for market transformation programs (2013)

Displays account for a significant portion of electricity consumed in personal computer (PC) use, and global PC monitor shipments are expected to continue to increase. We assess the market trends in the energy efficiency of PC monitors that are likely to occur without any additional policy intervention and estimate that PC monitor efficiency will likely improve by over 40 % by 2015 with saving potential of 4.5 TWh per year in 2015, compared to today's technology. We discuss various energy-efficiency improvement options and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of three of them, at least one of which improves efficiency by at least 20 % cost effectively beyond the ongoing market trends. We assess the potential for further improving efficiency taking into account the recent development of universal serial bus-powered liquid crystal display monitors and find that the current technology available and deployed in them has the potential to deeply and cost effectively reduce energy consumption by as much as 50 %. We provide insights for policies and programs that can be used to accelerate the adoption of efficient technologies to further capture global energy saving potential from PC monitors which we estimate to be 9.2 TWh per year in 2015.
Computational efficiency of ultrasonic guided wave imaging algorithms (2011)

Guided wave imaging techniques employed for structural health monitoring (SHM) can be computationally demanding, especially for adaptive techniques such as minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) imaging, which requires a matrix inversion for each pixel calculation. Instantaneous windowing has been shown in previous work to improve guided wave imaging performance. The use of instantaneous windowing has the additional benefit of significantly reducing the computational requirements of image generation. This paper derives a formulation for MVDR imaging using instantaneous windowing and shows that the matrix inversion associated with MVDR imaging can be optimized, reducing the computational complexity to that of conventional delay-and-sum imaging algorithms. Additionally, a vectorized approach is presented for implementing guided wave imaging algorithms, including delay-and-sum imaging, in matrix-based software packages. The improvements in computational efficiency are quantified by measuring computation time for different array sizes, windowing assumptions, and imaging methods.
Effects of operating conditions on the fast-decay component of the retained polarization in lead zirconate titanate thin films (1994)

The fast-decay component of the retained polarization in lead zirconate titanate ferroelectric capacitors was examined as a function of write/read voltage, number of cycles (fatigue), and temperature. The percentage of polarization loss within 1 s after the write pulse was found to be independent of the write/read voltage and only somewhat dependent upon the number of read/write cycles and temperature. A preliminary model is presented based on depolarizing fields within the ferroelectric due to nonswitching layers at the top and bottom interfaces.
Annotation of Novel Proteins Utilizing A Functional Genome Shotgun Coupled with High-Throughput Protein Interaction Mapping (2003)

*Agencourt Bioscience Corporation, Beverly, Massachusetts 01915; †Centers for Disease Control and Prevention...
Flow-directed assembly of nanostructured thin films from suspensions of anisotropic titania particles (2010)

Nanostructured thin films are fabricated by directing the assembly of anisotropic titanium dioxide particles from a colloidal suspension by fixed blade flow coating. The titania particles (equatorial radius a = 24 ± 4 nm, polar radius b = 130 ± 31 nm, aspect ratio b/a = 5.4 ± 0.9) undergo an isotropic-nematic (I-N) transition at a volume fraction ϕ* ≈ 0.40. For ϕ > ϕ* the deposited film has three structures depending on the substrate velocity, v. At a blade angle α = 25° and a gap d = 200 μm, nanoparticles orient either isotropically in the direction of the coating flow (v≥ 350 μm s(-1)), exhibit partially oriented "wavy" structures (100 < v < 300 μm s(-1)), or are isotropically oriented (v < 100 μm s(-1)). Below the I-N transition (ϕ < ϕ*), nanoparticles assemble into domains of uniform orientation with dimensions that increase with increasing v. Increasing the blade angle shifts these structural transitions to lower substrate velocities, consistent with an increasing extensional component of the flow. Established scaling relationships describe the film height dependence on ϕ and v. Overall, these results enable nanostructured films to be deposited with desired thickness and structure.
Portable applications in current computing [Java] (2002)

In 1996, a new phenomenon in computer programming emerged-the Java language and its system support. The language was originally designed by Sun developers for small embedded applications. The idea behind it was to create an object-oriented language, simpler than C++, that would be more reliable and provide higher portability. Although its current success is bound to the specific application (viz. programming of Web applets), Java opened a wide area of portable distributed applications to end users. Java is based on considerable experience with programming in C++. Java has a neater object-oriented structure than C++ had. Some programming constructions have been dropped (pointers, multiple inheritance, operator overloading), which improved the reliability. Some other constructions have been added to support multithreading and thread synchronization, exception handling and communication. The main issue of the Java design was portability: the method used to eliminate differences between target processors is a particular intermediate language called bytecode. Bytecode has a well-documented format, independent of any target machine. Although bytecode can serve as a machine code for a specialized stack-oriented processor, it can be interpreted by an interpreter running on a target machine (the virtual machine), or translated into the machine code of a target machine by a just-in-time compiler.
<title>Impact of optical absorption on process control for sub-0.15-nm device patterning using 193-nm lithography</title> (2000)

The significant optical absorption of most currently available commercial single layer 193 nm resists, even at a coating thickness of 0.4 micrometer, implies increased sensitivity to process control fluctuations of the kind that negatively impact critical dimension (CD) uniformity, process latitude, resist sidewall profile, and line edge roughness. These problems, although less severe on reflective substrates, are particularly acute on wafers with bottom anti-reflection coatings (BARCs), which are useful in CD control. With different intensity of light reaching different levels in the resist film on a BARC, a gradient is thus established in the extent of the chemical amplification reactions on which semiconductor lithography is based. The result is the familiar sloped sidewall profile and poor CD uniformity after the resist is developed. Further, with most of the photoacid generators and the polymer resins in the 193 nm resists having very low quantum efficiencies and significant absorption at 193 nm, respectively, most of the absorbed light in the resist is used up in energy dissipative processes, instead of in generating photoacids which catalyze the chemical amplification chemistry of these resists. One approach to overcome this absorption problem is to use significantly thinner resist films, but etch considerations preclude such option as these materials do not have very good etch stability. The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively assess the impact of absorption on the process control of sub- 0.15 micrometer features patterned on a full field ASML 193 nm scanner, interfaced to a TEL MARK-8 track. Optical properties of different resist films/BARC stack combinations are characterized by UV spectroscopic ellipsometry and broad band spectrometry, and sidewall profiling is done by atomic force microscopy.
Sc <sup>3+</sup> -Catalyzed Aldol-Type Additions of <i>N</i> -Benzoylcyclopropanecarboxamides via Iodide-Mediated Ring-Opening:  Stereoselective Synthesis of γ-Lactams (2008)

A new catalytic aldol-type addition of cyclopropanecarboximides to aldehydes via iodide-mediated ring-opening is presented. The reaction was found to be catalyzed at 0 degrees C using either a Sc(OTf)3/NaI system or ScI3. Stereoselective formation of alpha,alpha-disubstituted enolates occurred in situ. gamma-Lactams bearing alpha-carbonyl quaternary stereocenters were obtained in 97-57% yield and dr = 90:10-80:20 after ring closure.
Support for Edge Computing in the 5G Network (2018)

Networks beyond 2020 are required to support diverse use cases. Among the emerging services, support of delay critical mobile applications require network enhancements to natively offer low latency and high mobility. In this regard, the 5G network needs to be flexible for new service scenarios, and MEC can be supported to reduce the latency. In this paper, we present the feature of support for MEC in the 5G network and explain working mechanisms for application allocation, user plain selection, traffic local routing and steering.
A Middleware Architecture for Enhancing Web Services Infrastructure for Distributed Coordination of Workflows (2008)

This paper discusses a layered workflow software architecture for distributed coordination of workflows over Web services and proposes fundamental enhancements to the web services infrastructure that facilitate the layered workflow software architecture. We verify our layered approach using a detailed simulation and a proof-of-concept prototype implementation. Our proposed architecture for Web service coordination management middleware (WSCMM) is a simple but powerful enhancement to the web service infrastructure enabling the services to locally manage their dependencies and to handle messages resulting from multiple workflows. We have carried out a detailed simulation to identify key components of our middleware architecture. We also compare and contrast our architecture with the current web service technologies. Our experiments demonstrate that we can develop both centralized and distributed workflows over the architecturally enhanced web services with relative simplicity. In addition, our lightweight coordination components with footprint no larger than 150 KB allow these workflows to be executed even on a handheld.