gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Combined Internal and External Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Gasoline Controlled Auto-Ignition (2005)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A combination of internal and external exhaust gas recirculation has been used to increase the attainable load in a multi-cylinder engine operated in gasoline controlled auto-ignition. The amount of residual gas trapped in the cylinder was adjusted via the negative valve overlap method. The flow of externally re-circulated exhaust gas was varied using a typical production level valve. Under stoichiometric fuelling conditions, the highest output achieved using internal exhaust gas was limited by excessive pressure rise and unacceptable levels of knock. Introducing additional external exhaust gas was found to retard ignition, reduce the rate of heat release and limit the peak knocking pressure. In turn, an increase in engine load of 20-65% was achieved, with greatest benefit governed by combustion stability limits and realised at lower engine speeds. Combined with lean burn controlled auto-ignition at lower loads, the technique has enabled reduced fuel consumption without the requirement of a NOx trap.</div>
Next Generation CFP Modules (2012)

The details of two next generation CFP MSA modules, CFP2 and CFP4 are described. This includes size evolution, front panel port density, electrical I/O, mechanics, MIS, power, and support of SMF and MMF applications.
Chlorin e6 Conjugated Interleukin-6 Receptor Aptamers Selectively Kill Target Cells Upon Irradiation (2014)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses the therapeutic properties of light in combination with certain chemicals, called photosensitizers, to successfully treat brain, breast, prostate, and skin cancers. To improve PDT, current research focuses on the development of photosensitizers to specifically target cancer cells. In the past few years, aptamers have been developed to directly deliver cargo molecules into target cells. We conjugated the photosensitizer chlorin e6 (ce6) with a human interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) binding RNA aptamer, AIR-3A yielding AIR-3A-ce6 for application in high efficient PDT. AIR-3A-ce6 was rapidly and specifically internalized by IL-6R presenting (IL-6R(+)) cells. Upon light irradiation, targeted cells were selectively killed, while free ce6 did not show any toxic effect. Cells lacking the IL-6R were also not affected by AIR-3A-ce6. With this approach, we improved the target specificity of ce6-mediated PDT. In the future, other tumor-specific aptamers might be used to selectively localize photosensitizers into cells of interest and improve the efficacy and specificity of PDT in cancer and other diseases.Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids (2014) 3, e143; doi:10.1038/mtna.2013.70; published online 21 January 2014.
Crystal Structure of an Elastase-Specific Inhibitor Elafin Complexed with Porcine Pancreatic Elastase Determined at 1.9 Å Resolution (1996)

The crystal structure of a stoichiometric complex between an elastase-specific inhibitor elafin and porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) has been determined and refined to a crystallographic R-factor of 19.7% at 1.9 A resolution. The polypeptide chain of elafin has a planar spiral shape with an exposed external part and an internal core part which resembles both the crystal structure of human seminal plasma inhibitor (HUSI-1) [Grütter, M. G., Fendrich, G., Huber, R., & Bode, W. (1988) EMBO J. 7, 345-351] and the solution structure of Na+,K(+)-ATPase inhibitor (SPAI-1) revealed by NMR analysis [Kozaki, T., Kawakami, Y., Tachibana, S., Hatanaka, H., & Inagaki, F. (1994) Pept. Chem., 405-408]. The external region containing the primary binding loop is interconnected by four disulfide bonds to the internal part composed of a beta-sheet and a hairpin loop. The scissile peptide bond Ala24i(P1)-Met25i(P1') in the primary binding site is intact, and its carbonyl carbon is in van der Waals contact with O gamma of the active site Ser195 of PPE. The seven residues of Leu20i(P5)-Leu26i(P2') of the primary binding loop and the three residues of Ser48i, Cys49i, and Ala52i of the adjacent hairpin loop are in contact with PPE by hydrogen bonds and/or van der Waals interactions in a manner similar to that observed for other serine protease-inhibitor complexes. Electron densities of the N-terminal residues Ala1i-Ser10i which are not responsible for the elastase inhibitory activity were not visible, probably due to disordered conformation. The guanido group (N eta 1, N eta 2) of Arg61 in the complex interacts with S delta of Met25i(P1') by possible hydrogen bonds between N and S atoms, accompanying a large positional shift of the side chain of Arg61-(S1') between the complexed and free forms of PPE. The primary binding site is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the guanido group (N eta 1, N eta 2) of Arg22i(P3) and the carbonyl group of Met25i(P1') across the scissile bond, as well as by a hydrogen bond between the amino group of Cys23i(P2) and the carbonyl group of Ser48i in the internal core. This intramolecular hydrogen bond network and the network of four disulfide bonds might play a significant role in stabilizing the conformation of the binding site for expressing the potent specific inhibitory activity.
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels in Nociceptors: Modulation by cGMP (2004)

In tissue or nerve injury, proinflammatory mediators are released that can modulate a variety of ion channels found in nociceptors. The changes in channel activity, which primarily occurs through changes in intracellular pathways, may lead to the pathological states of hyperalgesia and allodynia. To understand further the regulatory mechanisms underlying the changes in channel activity, we used whole cell patch-clamp recordings from capsaicin-sensitive nociceptive neurons in rat trigeminal ganglion neurons to examine how the cGMP-dependent pathways may regulate ion channel function. Addition of the 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-3',5' (CPT)-cGMP, a membrane permeant modulator of ion channels, decreased the number of evoked action potentials by 36% and inhibited the tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) sodium currents and IA potassium currents by 37 and 32%, respectively. Delayed rectifier potassium (IK) currents were unaffected, suggesting that the effects of CPT-cGMP are unlikely to arise from a nonspecific effect on channel activity as a consequence of the adsorption of amphipathic CPT-cGMP molecules to the membrane's bilayer component. This conclusion was reinforced by the lack of changes in gramicidin A channel function in the presence of CTP-cGMP. In summary, the activation of the cGMP-dependent pathways reduces nociceptor excitability, in part, by decreasing the activity of voltage-gated TTX-R sodium channels. This pathway may be a target for efforts to produce selective analgesics.
Description of the RACER System and its Applications. (2001)

RACER implements a TBox and ABox reasoner for the logic SHIQ. RACER was the first full-fledged ABox description logic system for a very expressive logic and is based on optimized sound and complete algorithms.
Regulation of Intracellular Calcium in the Mouse Egg: Evidence for Inositol Trisphosphate-Induced Calcium Release, but not Calcium-Induced Calcium Release1 (1994)

Fertilization of the mammalian egg initiates transient and repetitive release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. The mechanism by which these Ca2+ transients are produced is not completely known. We examined the role of two principal Ca2+ release mechanisms, inositol trisphosphate-induced Ca2+ release and Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release, in altering intracellular Ca2+ in the mouse egg. Microinjection of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) transiently elevated intracellular Ca2+ and, at higher concentrations, produced repetitive Ca2+ transients. Addition of 100 microM thimerosal, a sulfhydryl reagent, caused repetitive Ca2+ transients. IP3 and thimerosal responses were inhibited by prior injection of heparin, a competitive antagonist of IP3-induced Ca2+ release. Addition of caffeine or injection of caffeine, ryanodine, or cyclic ADP-ribose, which are known to initiate or modulate Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release in sea urchin eggs and other cells, produced no change in intracellular Ca2+. The response to injection of Ca2+ was not altered by prior injection of ryanodine. The magnitude of the Ca2+ transients produced by injection of IP3 was not changed by prior injection of cyclic ADP-ribose or external caffeine. We found no evidence of Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release from ryanodine- or caffeine-sensitive stores. It is most likely that release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores in the mouse egg is dependent on IP3-induced Ca2+ release.
Correlating Superlattice Polymorphs to Internanoparticle Distance, Packing Density, and Surface Lattice in Assemblies of PbS Nanoparticles (2013)

Assemblies of 3.5 nm PbS nanoparticles (NPs) nucleate in three dominant superlattice polymorphs: amorphous, body-centered-cubic (bcc) and face-centered-cubic (fcc) phase. This superlattice relationship can be controlled by the inter-NP distance without changing the NP size. Upon increase of inter-NP distance, the packing density decreases, and the capping molecules at NP surfaces change in structure and accordingly modify the surface energy. The driving force for NP assembly develops from an entropic maximization to a reduction of total free energy through multiple interactions between surface molecules and NPs and resulting variation of surface molecules. Upon long-term aging and additional thermal treatment, fcc undergoes a tetragonal distortion and subsequently transforms to bcc phase, and simultaneously, the NPs embedded in supercrystals reduce surface energy primarily in {200} facets. Linking molecule-NP interactions with a series of changes of packing density and surface lattice spacings of NPs allows for an interpretation of principles governing the nucleation, structure stability, and transformation of PbS NP-assembled supercrystals.
Investigation of Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate Assisted Dispersion and Debundling of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (2007)

The dispersion limit of HiPco single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) in 1% by weight sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) assisted dispersions in water is reported. The starting concentration of the tubes in water surfactant solution was 5 mg/mL which was diluted sequentially by a factor of 2 down to 1.2 × 10-3 mg/mL. Sonication and centrifugation were performed to obtain a homogeneous dispersion of HiPco SWCNTs in water surfactant solution. Concentration-dependent absorption and Raman spectroscopic studies were used to analyze the SWCNTs behavior in water-based solution, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to examine the aggregation state of the nanotubes over the concentration range. Both spectroscopic techniques demonstrate a clear concentration below which the nanotube bundles become significantly dispersed in the solution. The concentration limit at which debundling starts was found to be 0.07 ± 0.03 mg/mL. The dispersion behavior and optical parameters determined are compared with those established for other solvent media.
Securing wireless implantable devices for healthcare: Ideas and challenges (2009)

Implantable devices hold great potential for pervasive healthcare, enabling the identification, monitoring, and treatment of patients regardless of their location. To realize this goal, these devices must be able to communicate wirelessly with external devices. However, wireless communication presents many vulnerabilities: an attacker can eavesdrop on transmitted information, use implanted devices to track patients, or spoof an implanted device. An attacker even has the potential to cause direct physical harm to a patient, either by forcibly removing an implanted device from the patient or by maliciously sending commands that affect the operation of an implanted device. Addressing these security threats is crucial for implantable devices due to their permanent nature, but it is difficult because of the severe resource constraints facing such devices. This article details the threats that face wireless implantable devices, surveys the work addressing these threats, and identifies open issues for future research.
Multiplexed immunohistochemistry image analysis using sparse coding (2017)

Multiplexed immunohistochemical (IHC) methods have been developed to evaluate multiple protein biomarkers in a single formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue section. Since distinct populations of resident and recruited immune cells in tissues (and tumors) not only regulate progression of malignant disease, these also represent targets for novel immune-based therapies; thus, improved tissue biomarker assessment evaluating immune responses in situ are needed. To objectively identify distinct cell subsets in tissues and tumors, we adopted sparse coding approaches enabling modeling of data vectors as sparse linear combinations of basis elements, to audit cellular presence and phenotypes using image cytometry datasets with unbiased assessments. By doing comparative analyses between manual gating (ground truth) and sparse coding, we report that results are comparable as obtained by manual gating strategies, and demonstrate robustness and objectivity of this novel bioinformatics approach.
SPATIAL EQUALISATION OF SOUND SYSTEMS IN CARS BY DIGITAL INVERSE FILTERING (2024)

This paper describes the theory and an experimental application of digital inverse filtering applied to the correction of the response of sound systems in car compartments. The aim of this correction is not simply to equalise the frequency response of the system: by a proper implementation of the inverse filters, it is possible to create a transaural system, which makes it possible to move the “virtual position” of the sound sources. So the listening conditions for the driver are made similar to those originally intended for stereo reproduction, with the two sources at the same height of the ears and symmetrically located at +/30° from the frontal direction. Furthermore, it is possible to create a “virtual acoustics” system, which substitutes the original sound field inside the car with a very different one, coming from measurements taken in brilliant concert halls, or even from numerical simulations of non-existing spaces. This paper is divided in two sections: first a new set of measurement and signal processing software tools are presented, along with the theory which enables the creation of a virtual sound system through them. Then the possibility to implement in practice such a virtual sound system inside a car is evaluated, with a subjective listening test of the results.
Compensatory Plasticity in the Deaf Brain: Effects on Perception of Music (2014)

When one sense is unavailable, sensory responsibilities shift and processing of the remaining modalities becomes enhanced to compensate for missing information. This shift, referred to as compensatory plasticity, results in a unique sensory experience for individuals who are deaf, including the manner in which music is perceived. This paper evaluates the neural, behavioural and cognitive evidence for compensatory plasticity following auditory deprivation and considers how this manifests in a unique experience of music that emphasizes visual and vibrotactile modalities.
Pyrimidine reactions. VI. The amination of chloropyrimidines with n-alkylamines (1964)

The aminations of 2-chloro-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine and 4-chloro-2,6-dimethyl- pyrimidine by a series of n-alkylamines (3 moles) have been followed titrimetrically. Between 3° and 70° the rates of these apparently first-order reactions approximately double for each 10" rise. A simple experimental method for predicting optimum conditions of temperature and time for such aminations has been developed. Addition of cuprous chloride has little effect on rates. Fifteen new n-alkylaminopyrimidines have been prepared.
Development and characterization of an acellular porcine cartilage bone matrix for use in tissue engineering (2011)

The aim of this study was to develop a technique to decellularize a porcine cartilage bone construct with view to using this as a biological scaffold for cartilage substitution. The decellularization protocol applied freeze/thaw cycles; this was followed by cyclic incubation in hypotonic tris buffer and 0.1% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate in hypotonic buffer plus protease inhibitors. Nucleases (RNase and DNase) were used to digest nucleic acids followed by disinfection using 0.1% (v/v) peracetic acid. Histological analysis confirmed the absence of visible cells within the decellularized tissue. DNA analysis revealed the near-complete removal of genomic DNA from the decellularized tissues. The decellularization process had minimal effect on the collagen content of the cartilage. However, there was a significant reduction in the glycosaminoglycan content in the decellularized tissues. There was no evidence of the expression of the major xenogeneic epitope, galactose-α-1,3-galactose. Biomechanical indentation testing of decellularized tissues showed a significant change in comparison to the fresh cartilage. This was presumed to be caused by the reduction in the glycosaminoglycan content. Biocompatibility of the acellular scaffold was determined using contact cytotoxicity assays and a galactosyltransferase knockout mouse model. Decellularized porcine cartilage tissue was found to exhibit favorable compatibility in both in vitro and in vivo tests. In conclusion, this study has generated data on the production of an acellular cartilage bone matrix scaffold for use in osteochondral defect repair. To our knowledge, this is the first study that has successfully removed whole cells and α-gal from xenogeneic cartilage and bone tissue.
Knowledge Management Practices in Corporate Sectors in India: Special Reference to Tata Consultancy Service (TCS) (2015)

Knowledge Management to facilitate the creation, storage, transfer, and application of knowledge in organizations has received wide attention in practice and research in the past several years. As a significant challenge in Knowledge Management practices is the issue of organizational culture often cited. Although many studies raise the issue of organizational culture's influence on Knowledge Management success, few investigate the way in which this influence manifests itself. This paper aims to explore how organizational culture influences Knowledge Management practices. Using a case study method, attempts have been made to examine the cultural values and Knowledge Management approaches within a large information technology service provider company like Tata Consultancy Service (TCS). The purpose of this article is to find out TCS capacity to absorb and manage knowledge as a prior condition to the successful adoption of innovations and entrepreneurial growth. The findings highlight the influence of culture on the use of Knowledge Management technologies and the outcomes of such use.
Longitudinal evolution of compensatory changes in striatal dopamine processing in Parkinson's disease (2011)

Parkinson's disease is a relentlessly progressive neurodegenerative disease. Breakdown of compensatory mechanisms influencing putaminal dopamine processing could contribute to the progressive motor symptoms. We studied a cohort of 78 subjects (at baseline) with sporadic Parkinson's disease and 35 healthy controls with multi-tracer positron emission tomography scans to investigate the evolution of adaptive mechanisms influencing striatal dopamine processing in Parkinson's disease progression. Presynaptic dopaminergic integrity was assessed with three radioligands: (i) [(11)C](±)dihydrotetrabenazine, to estimate the density of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2; (ii) [(11)C]d-threo-methylphenidate, to label the dopamine transporter; and (iii) 6-[(18)F]fluoro-L-DOPA, to assess the activity of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase and storage of 6-[(18)F]-fluorodopamine in synaptic vesicles. The subjects with Parkinson's disease and the healthy controls underwent positron emission tomography scans at the initial visit and after 4 and 8 years of follow-up. Non-linear multivariate regression analyses with random effects were utilized to model the longitudinal changes in tracer values in the putamen standardized relative to normal controls. We found evidence for possible upregulation of dopamine synthesis and downregulation of dopamine transporter in the more severely affected putamen in the early stage of Parkinson's disease. The standardized 6-[(18)F]fluoro-L-DOPA and [(11)C]d-threo-methylphenidate values tended to approach [(11)C](±)dihydrotetrabenazine values in the putamen in later stages of disease (i.e. for [(11)C](±)dihydrotetrabenazine values <25% of normal), when the rates of decline in the positron emission tomography measurements were similar for all the markers. Our data suggest that compensatory mechanisms decline as Parkinson's disease progresses. This breakdown of compensatory strategies in the putamen could contribute to the progression of motor symptoms in advanced disease.
MonArch: Scalable Monitoring and Analytics for Visibility and Insights in Virtualized Heterogeneous Cloud Infrastructure (2015)

With rapid development of cloud computing technologies, cloud data centers continue to grow in scale and complexity. Monitoring and analytics are the key enablers to provide visibility and insights in a large-scale infrastructure. \nIn this thesis, we present a monitoring and analytics system, called MonArch, designed for monitoring data collection, storage and analytics in a virtualized heterogeneous cloud environment. MonArch provides high scalability and flexibility to enable multi-layer heterogeneous resources monitoring. Scalable anomaly detection, root cause analysis, and graph processing capabilities are offered in MonArch to simplify resource monitoring and support real-time identification of system anomalies. MonArch supports a wide variety of use cases including security detection, system diagnosis, resource allocation, and IoT sensor data storage and processing. MonArch is implemented and deployed in the SAVI Testbed. The evaluation results demonstrate MonArch's scalability and efficiency in data monitoring, as well as its effectiveness in anomaly detection and root cause analysis.
Vitamin C requirement in surgical patients (2010)

Vitamin C requirement is increased in surgical patients, and the potential advantage of supplementation is to increase the plasma and tissue levels of vitamin C and thereby reduce oxidative stress. Although some clinical benefits of high-dose vitamin C supplementation have been shown in the critically ill, the optimal dose for supplementation and the clinical benefits remain to be investigated in surgical patients.
Electric polarization as a bulk quantity and its relation to surface charge (1993)

A definition of the electric polarization of an insulating crystalline solid is given in terms of the centers of charge of the Wannier functions of the occupied bands. The change of this quantity under an adiabatic evolution of the Hamiltonian has previously been shown to correspond to the physical change in polarization. Here, we show that the polarization as defined above also has a direct and predictive relationship to the surface charge which accumulates at an insulating surface or interface.