gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cellar Oil (1961)

Introduction Small, steeply inclined reservoirs without natural water drives often are found associated with salt domes or other highly faulted structures. Frequently, only one well may be economically justified in these reservoirs, from which oil is produced by an expanding gas-cap drive or by a dissolved-gas drive. Although a large fraction of the oil upstructure from the well may be recovered during primary depletion, only a small fraction of the downdip oil can be produced because of gravity effects. This downdip oil has been defined as "cellar oil"' in contradistinction to "attic oil" which is the oil above the structurally highest well in reservoirs where a natural water drive is present. In this study, two methods of producing cellar oil by water flooding a one-well reservoir were investigated by means of a laboratory model. This model was scaled to represent a prototype reservoir having an area of 30 acres, a permeability of 500 md, and a thickness and dip of 30 ft and 30, respectively. One method considered, the simultaneous injection of water and production of oil from a single well, would require that the lower portion of the productive interval of a well be completed for water injection and the upper portion for oil production. The other method considered, intermittent injection, would involve alternate injection of water into and production of oil from a single well. Injection of water into the formation would repressure the reservoir, causing gas to go back into solution. Since some of the injected water would flow updip from the well, water injection usually would be followed by a waiting period during which the water could drain from above the wellbore. Production of oil by gravity drainage and gas-cap drive could be initiated when water drainage became sufficiently complete. The amount of water produced along with the oil would naturally depend on how soon after water injection ceased that production was started. This process could be repeated in cycles until oil could no longer be produced economically. Of these two methods, the intermittent injection technique would be simpler to put into operation since it does not require a dual completion. Also, it is probably more generally applicable than the simultaneous injection-production method. It is to be expected that in some reservoirs the rock and fluid properties would be such that practical oil-production rates could not be achieved by the simultaneous technique. However, in reservoirs where the simultaneous method will result in practical rates of oil production, it does have the advantage of permitting immediate, continuous oil production; whereas in the intermittent method, oil production is interrupted by periods of water injection and drainage. It was the objective of this study to determine whether these two methods of cellar oil production are practical for the representative prototype investigated and to evaluate their relative merits.
Correlation between Faecal Excretion of Indium-111-Labelled Granulocytes and Calprotectin, a Granulocyte Marker Protein, in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (1999)

The results suggest that faecal calprotectin reflects the granulocyte migration through the gut wall in patients with IBD and hence might serve as a simple, inexpensive alternative to the indium-111 technique.
Gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens: broad-spectrum immunity with combinations of rickettsial strains (1979)

Scrub typhus immunogens were prepared from Rickettsia tsutsugamushi strains Karp, Kato, Gilliam, Kostival, and Buie by exposing frozen infected yolk sac suspensions to 300 krad of gamma radiation. Mouse protection tests showed that each of the irradiated immunogens protected C3H/HeDub mice against high challenge levels of Karp and Gilliam, but that none of these single-strain immunogens were capable of protecting against all five of the challenge strains. Broad-spectrum protection was achieved by using combinations of three strains of irradiated rickettsiae in a vaccination regimen of three injections at 5-day intervals. A comparison of vaccination efficacy employing three such combinations (Karp-Gilliam-Kato, Karp-Kostival-Kato, and Buie-Kostival-Kato) indicated that both sequential administration of strains on successive vaccination days and multiple injections of trivalent mixtures produced protective responses superior to those obtained with single-strain immunogens. Trivalent mixtures of rickettsiae exhibited a striking synergistic effect on the immune response of C3H/HeDub mice and elicited a protective response against Kato challenge that could not be obtained with any single-strain immunogen. Mice vaccinated with the trivalent Karp-Gilliam-Kato immunogen resisted challenge with more than 10(3) 50% mouse lethal doses of Karp and Gilliam for 12 months, and were resistant to similar levels of challenge with Kato and Buie for 6 months.
Timing Chain Wear Assessment with Different Type of Oils (2009)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">One of the commonly used torque transfer elements used on internal combustion engines is the chain, due to its high strength to wear ratio. Chain is an assembly of a number of sub-components that consists of pins, bushes, rollers and plates. There are two primary failure modes with a base engine chain drive system. The first is a progressive failure which results from an apparent elongation of the chain due to wear. Elongation of the chain results with engine timing deviation and performance loss at early stages. In particular cases, when design limit for chain elongation is exceeded, the chain begins to skip over sprocket teeth. The second, which is a hard failure, is a catastrophic failure of the chain due to tensile fatigue loading of the weakest components of the chain (mainly bush or plate) [<span class="xref">1</span>].</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In this study, accelerated dynamometer durability with a unique test cycle to simulate the engine running lifetime has been used to distinguish the performances of different types of lubricant (a mineral, semi-synthetic and fully-synthetic) on a standard type endless bushing chain. Chains have been regularly measured during tests in order to build up the wear elongation trend. They have also been applied to teardown inspections at the end of tests that are supported with SEM investigations.</div>
Using a gargle (2014)

A sore throat, medically known as pharyngitis, is a common condition that may be due to a viral or bacterial infection.

The majority of throat infections with which patients present in the pharmacy are usually caused by a viral infection with only one in 10 due to a bacterial infection. The most common viruses associated with a sore throat are those that cause upper respiratory infections, such as common cold viruses. Most minor sore throat infections are self-limiting, and the symptoms usually improve within 7-10 days.
Alcohol‐dehydrogenase‐catalyzed production of chiral hydrophobic alcohols. A new approach leading to a nearly waste‐free process (1996)

Abstract The enantioselective enzyme‐catalyzed reduction of ketones in an enzyme membrane reactor coupled to a membrane‐based extractive product separation was developed for the production of chiral hydrophobic alcohols. Enantiomerically pure ( S )‐1‐phenylpropan‐2‐ol, ( S )‐4‐phenylbutan‐2‐ol and ( S )‐6‐methylhept‐5‐en‐2‐ol (sulcatol) were obtained with high purities. In spite of low substrate concentrations (9‐12 mM) space‐time yields higher than 100 g/(l·d) and concentrated product solutions were obtained. Formate‐dehydrogenase‐catalyzed regeneration of cofactor, together with process‐integrated recycling of cofactor, led to total‐turnover numbers for NAD + of up to 1350 mol P /mol NAD , which means a 25‐fold increase in comparison with standard techniques without cofactor retention. Because of the closed‐loop design of the reactor the process can be run almost without waste, yielding the pure chiral alcohol and CO 2 .
Optimised and Rapid Pre-clinical Screening in the SOD1G93A Transgenic Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (2011)

The human SOD1(G93A) transgenic mouse has been used extensively since its development in 1994 as a model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In that time, a great many insights into the toxicity of mutant SOD1 have been gained using this and other mutant SOD transgenic mouse models. They all demonstrate a selective toxicity towards motor neurons and in some cases features of the pathology seen in the human disease. These models have two major drawbacks. Firstly the generation of robust preclinical data in these models has been highlighted as an area for concern. Secondly, the amount of time required for a single preclinical experiment in these models (3-4 months) is a hurdle to the development of new therapies. We have developed an inbred C57BL/6 mouse line from the original mixed background (SJLxC57BL/6) SOD1(G93A) transgenic line and show here that the disease course is remarkably consistent and much less prone to background noise, enabling reduced numbers of mice for testing of therapeutics. Secondly we have identified very early readouts showing a large decline in motor function compared to normal mice. This loss of motor function has allowed us to develop an early, sensitive and rapid screening protocol for the initial phases of denervation of muscle fibers, observed in this model. We describe multiple, quantitative readouts of motor function that can be used to interrogate this early mechanism. Such an approach will increase throughput for reduced costs, whilst reducing the severity of the experimental procedures involved.
Prevalence of dementia subtypes in United States Medicare fee‐for‐service beneficiaries, 2011–2013 (2016)

This study is the first to document concurrent prevalence of primary dementia subtypes among this US population. The findings can assist in prioritizing dementia research, clinical services, and caregiving resources.
Heme-Based Sensors, Exemplified by the Kinase FixL, Are a New Class of Heme Protein with Distinctive Ligand Binding and Autoxidation (1994)

FixL's are chimeric heme protein kinases from symbiotic nitrogen-fixing Rhizobia. We have overexpressed three FixL variants in Escherichia coli. Bradyrhizobium japonicum FixL, a soluble dimeric protein, is the first full-length FixL to be purified. The other two proteins are soluble truncations of Rhizobium meliloti FixL, which is a membrane protein. One contains both heme and kinase domains and is dimeric; the other has only the heme domain and is monomeric. We find that all the FixL's bind oxygen and carbon monoxide non-cooperatively, with very low affinities due entirely to slow association rates. FixL P50's for oxygen are 17-76 mmHg. FixL's may sense nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in addition to oxygen, especially at the low oxygen pressures encountered in vivo. Autoxidation rates are about 50 times faster than that of sperm whale myoglobin. The carbon monoxide affinity of FixL's is about 300 times lower than that of myoglobin, resulting in the unusually low values of 7.5-17 for the partition constant, M = P50(O2)/P50(CO), between carbon monoxide and oxygen. Met-FixL's have their Soret absorption maximum at 395 nm instead of the typical 408 nm and a steep hydroxymet transition at pH > or = 9.3; these properties indicate a pentacoordinated high-spin ferric heme and suggest a sterically hindered hydrophobic heme pocket lacking a distal (E7) histidine. FixL is the first member of a new class of heme proteins, the heme-based sensors, distinct from the oxygen carriers and electron transporters. We expect that some of the novel properties of FixL will be characteristic of the class.
Residual Life Time at Great Age (1974)

The asymptotic behaviour of the residual life time at time $t$ is investigated (for $t \rightarrow \infty$). We derive weak limit laws and their domains of attraction and treat rates of convergence and moment convergence. The presentation exploits the close similarity with extreme value theory.
Phased array of switched-beam elements and its applications (2009)

This paper describes principle of a phased array of switched-beam elements (PASE). Variety of radiation patterns can be produced using four one-bit phase shifters and beam-switchable array elements. Some interesting applications of this antenna are illustrated.
Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: Report of Consensus Meeting in the 45th Annual Meeting of the Japan Society of Hepatology (2009) (2010)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is responsible for approximately 600 000-700 000 deaths worldwide. It is highly prevalent in the Asia-Pacific region and Africa, and is increasing in Western countries. The evidence-based guideline for HCC in Japan was published in 2005 and revised in 2009. Apart from this guideline, a consensus-based practice manual proposed by the HCC expert panel of the Japan Society of Hepatology (JSH), which reflects widely accepted daily practice in Japan, was published in 2007. At the occasion of the 45th Annual meeting of the JSH in Kobe 4-5 June 2009, a consensus meeting of HCC was held. Consensus statements were createdbased on 67% agreement of 200 expert members.This article describes the up-to-date consensus statements which largely reflect the real world HCC practice in Japan. We believe readers of this article will gain the newest knowledge and deep insight on the management of HCC proposed by consensus of the HCC expert members of JSH.
The structural development of masonry domes in India (2003)

development and construction of masonry domes in India. It investigates where the structural engineering knowledge of the original builders carne from and how successfully that knowledge was applied. We will also look at the choices that had to be made with materials and methods of construction. The period under review covers Islamic rule over northern and central India fram the late 12th century to the mid 18th century. New types of buildings and structural forms carne with the new rulers in particular, for this study, the domed tambo How Hindu masons, experienced only in trabe ate construction, responded to these new structural forms is a key part the synthesis of sty les that created a wholly new and original architecture. The choice here of a particular building has be en made on the basis of it marking an important structural development in terms of form, scale or technical achievement. Many of the key building s in the evolution and development of domes are in Delhi and 1 have concentrated on these along with the monuments in Agra and Bijapur. Apart fram the buildings themselves, the other sources of information are discussions with Indian architects and engineers and study of 16th century paintings. Where no information is available, such as to how the domes were constructed, assumptions have been made based on comparisons with the building of modern masonry structures in India, The structural development of masonry domes in India
2B4 (CD244)-CD48 interactions provide a novel MHC class I-independent system for NK-cell self-tolerance in mice (2005)

Natural killer (NK) cells must be able to eliminate infected and transformed cells while remaining tolerant of normal cells. NK-cell self-tolerance is thought to be maintained by self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I recognition; however, there are examples where NK cells are not regulated by MHC class I and yet remain self-tolerant. Here, we show that 2B4 (CD244) and CD48 represent a second system for murine NK-cell self-recognition. 2B4 and MHC class I receptors act nonredundantly to inhibit NK lysis of syngeneic tumor cells. NK cells from beta2 microglobulin (beta2m)-deficient mice and NK cells that lack expression of self-MHC-binding inhibitory receptors are inhibited by 2B4. Moreover, we provide the first in vivo evidence for MHC-independent NK self-recognition in a bone marrow rejection assay. These data suggest that NK-cell self-tolerance can be mediated by molecules other than MHC.
Stabilization of mutant p53 via alkylation of cysteines and effects on DNA binding (2010)

Oncogenic mutations inactivate the tumor suppressor p53 by lowering its stability or by weakening its binding to DNA. Alkylating agents that reactivate mutant p53 are currently being explored for cancer therapy. We have discovered ligands containing an α,β-unsaturated double bond, characteristic of Michael acceptors, that bind covalently to generic cysteine sites in the p53 core domain. They raised the melting temperature of the core domain of wild-type p53 and the hotspot mutants R175H, Y220C, G245S, R249S, and R282 by up to 3°C. Analysis of the relative reactivity of the cysteines in p53 by mass spectrometry found that C124 and C141 react first, followed by C135, C182, and C277, and eventually C176 and C275. Post-translational modifications of cysteines are known to be involved in regulation of other transcription factors. Modification of C277, which sits on the DNA-binding surface, may, for example, play a role in regulating p53 activity in cells in response to environmental cues. We found that the modifications progressively reduced DNA-binding activity of full-length p53. In light of these results, it is likely that the anticancer activity of the alkylating drugs works via a nontranscriptional activity of p53.
The ram-tortoise of hegetor of byzantium in the treatise on machines by atheneaus mechanicus.: Some remarks on its reconstruction (2012)

In this paper I present a war-machine, the huge ram-tortoise by Hegetor of Byzantium, whose description is to
be found in three ancient sources: Athenaeus Mechanicus, Vitruvius and the Anonymous Byzantine. Because of
the general difficulty and obscurity of all these texts, reconstructions of the machine have raised a variety of
conflicting interpretations. Basing on a new philological analysis of the text of Athenaeus Mechanicus, which is
in my opinion the most reliable source about this machine, I present here a new and more authentic
reconstruction.
Tunneling Cracks in Constrained Layers (1993)

A thin, brittle layer bonded between tougher substrates is susceptible to cracking under residual and applied stresses. Such a crack initiates from an equi-axed flaw, confined by the substrates, tunneling in the brittle layer. Although tunneling is a three-dimensional process, the energy release rate at the front of a steady-state tunnel can be computed using plane strain fields. Several technically important problems are analyzed, including tunnels in adhesive joints, shear fracture, and kinked tunnels in a reaction product layer. The concept is finally applied to microcracking in brittle matrix composites caused by thermal expansion mismatch.
Self-calibrating differential predictive floating-point analog-to-digital converter (2004)

Various architectures for floating-point analog-to-digital converters (FP-ADC) have been conceived. The highest conversion rates were achieved, to the precision's detriment, by employing flash analog-to-digital converters as basic building blocks. This paper proposes a new architecture that contains a high-precision, low-rate, analog-to-digital converter that periodically performs calibration cycles to compensate for the inaccuracies introduced in the measurement process by the components' parameters drift. Besides a better accuracy, the proposed solution provides a higher reliability of FP-ADC operation.
The synthesis and binding of N-terminal derivatives of vancomycin to a bacterial cell wall analogue (1999)

We report the synthesis of novel derivatives of the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin, modified at the N-terminus. Binding constants were measured for the association of these derivatives with the tripeptide analogue N,N-diacetyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine. Replacement of the sp3 centre of the leucine residue of vancomycin with an sp2 centre resulted in weaker binding in all cases. These findings contrast with the relatively strong binding of some of the analogous derivatives previously obtained from ristocetin A. The reduction in the binding affinities of the vancomycin derivatives is attributed to a conformational change in the antibiotic which is not possible in the analogous derivatives of the aglycone of ristocetin.
Electroreduction Activity of Hydrogen Peroxide on Pt and Au Electrodes (2005)

Hydrogen peroxide electroreduction on both catalytically active Pt and inactive Au surfaces are studied by using both surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. SERS measurements on Pt show the presence of Pt-OH at negative potentials, which suggests that hydroxide is formed as an intermediate during the electroreduction process. Additionally, the O-O stretch mode of H(2)O(2) is observed on Pt, which shifts to lower energy as potential is swept negatively, indicating that the O-O bond is elongated. For comparison, there is no variation in the energy of the same O-O mode on Au surfaces, and there is no observation of Au-OH. DFT calculations show that H(2)O(2) adsorption on Pt(110) results in the dissociation of O-O bond and the formation of Pt-OH bond. On Au, O-O bond elongation is calculated to occur only on the (110) face. However, the magnitude of the elongation is much smaller than that found on Pt(110).
Structural basis for nicotinamide cleavage and ADP-ribose transfer by NAD <sup>+</sup> -dependent Sir2 histone/protein deacetylases (2004)

Sir2 enzymes are broadly conserved from bacteria to humans and have been implicated to play roles in gene silencing, DNA repair, genome stability, longevity, metabolism, and cell physiology. These enzymes bind NAD(+) and acetyllysine within protein targets and generate lysine, 2'-O-acetyl-ADP-ribose, and nicotinamide products. To provide structural insights into the chemistry catalyzed by Sir2 proteins we report the high-resolution ternary structure of yeast Hst2 (homologue of Sir two 2) with an acetyllysine histone H4 peptide and a nonhydrolyzable NAD(+) analogue, carba-NAD(+), as well as an analogous ternary complex with a reaction intermediate analog formed immediately after nicotinamide hydrolysis, ADP-ribose. The ternary complex with carba-NAD(+) reveals that the nicotinamide group makes stabilizing interactions within a binding pocket harboring conserved Sir2 residues. Moreover, an asparagine residue, N116, strictly conserved within Sir2 proteins and shown to be essential for nicotinamide exchange, is in position to stabilize the oxocarbenium intermediate that has been proposed to proceed the hydrolysis of nicotinamide. A comparison of this structure with the ADP-ribose ternary complex and a previously reported ternary complex with the 2'-O-acetyl-ADP-ribose reaction product reveals that the ribose ring of the cofactor and the highly conserved beta1-alpha2 loop of the protein undergo significant structural rearrangements to facilitate the ordered NAD(+) reactions of nicotinamide cleavage and ADP-ribose transfer to acetate. Together, these studies provide insights into the chemistry of NAD(+) cleavage and acetylation by Sir2 proteins and have implications for the design of Sir2-specific regulatory molecules.