gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CAN-LabView based Development Platform for fine-tuning Hybrid Vehicle Management Systems (2005)

Objective of this work is to point out the advantages of using a Lab VIEW/spl trade/ platform for the developing of the vehicle management system (VMS) and testing of the overall control system of a hybrid vehicle without the need of a hardware implementation of the VMS. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is shown by means of its application to two real-life examples.
ArF solutions for low-k 1 back-end imaging (2003)

The requirements stated in the ITRS roadmap for back-end-of-line imaging of current and future technology nodes are very aggressive. Therefore, it is likely that high NA in combination with enhancement techniques will be necessary for the imaging of contacts and trenches, pushing optical lithography into the low-k<sub>1</sub> regime. In this paper, we focus more specifically on imaging solutions for contact holes beyond the 90 nm node using high NA ArF lithography, as this is currently seen as one of the major challenges in optical lithography. We investigate the performance of various existing enhancement techniques in order to provide contact holes imaging solutions in a k<sub>1</sub> range from 0.35 to 0.45, using the ASML PAS5500/1100 0.75NA ArF scanner installed at IMEC. For various resolution enhancement techniques (RET), the proof of concept has been demonstrated in literature. In this paper, we propose an experimental one-to-one comparison of these RET’s with fixed CD target, exposure tool, lithographic process, and metrology. A single exposure through pitch (dense through isolated) printing solution is preferred and is the largest challenge. The common approach using a 6% attenuated phase-shifted mask (attPSM) with a conventional illumination fails. The advantages and drawbacks of other techniques are discussed. High transmission (17%) attenuated phase shift, potentially beneficial for part of the pitch range, requires conflicting trade-offs when looking for a single exposure through pitch solution. More promising results are obtained combining a BIM or a 6% attPSM with assist slots and off-axis illumination, yielding a depth of focus (DOF) at 8% exposure latitude (EL) greater than 0.31 μm from 200 nm pitch through isolated. Chromeless phase lithography (CPL) is also discussed with promising results obtained at the densest pitch. At a 0.4 k<sub>1</sub>, an experimental extrapolation to 0.85NA demonstrates that a pitch of 180 nm can be resolved with 0.4 μm DOF at 8% EL. For all of these imaging solutions, various metrics are studied to compare printing performance. In addition to process latitude, we consider forbidden pitches, sidelobes printability, and mask error enhancement factor (MEEF).
Dielectric Characteristics of Solid Insulation Materials With Respect to Surface Roughness (2014)

Three kinds of solid insulation materials, such as glass-fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP), Bakelite, and MC Nylon, are often used in high-voltage superconducting apparatuses as formers and insulation barriers to improve dielectric characteristics. GFRP, Bakelite, and MC Nylon are considered promising candidates as cryogenic solid insulation materials for developing a high-voltage superconducting apparatus due to their excellent dielectric characteristics and robust mechanical strength under cryogenic conditions. The surface roughness of solid insulation materials could differently vary depending on the machining processes. These effects may result in reduced dielectric characteristics. Currently, the details of any relationship between surface roughness and dielectric characteristics under cryogenic conditions have not been analyzed, and there are only a few reports. Thus, a study of the dielectric characteristics of solid insulation materials with respect to surface roughness in cryogenic conditions should be conducted when designing high-voltage superconducting apparatuses with high reliability. In this paper, we present a study on the dielectric characteristics of several materials, such as GFRP, Bakelite, and MC Nylon, used as formers and insulation barriers as a function of surface roughness to assess the effects of changes in surface roughness. Experiments with respect to surface roughness were performed with alternating-current voltages in gaseous nitrogen (GN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) and liquid nitrogen (LN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ). A barrier-type solid insulation material was installed between a rod-to-plane electrode system. Penetrating electrical breakdown, creep discharge, and sparkover voltage with a barrier system were observed in the experiments. It was found that the penetrating electrical breakdown, the creep discharge, and the sparkover voltage with a barrier were influenced by the surface roughness of the solid insulation barriers.
One-dimensional photonic crystal optical limiter (2003)

We explore a new passive optical limiter design using transverse modulation instability in the one-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) using x(3) materials. The performance of PC optical limiters strongly depends on the choice of the materials and the geometry and it improves as the duration of the incident pulse is extended. PC optical limiter performance is compared with that of a device made from homogeneous material. We identify three criteria for benchmarking the PC optical limiter. We also include a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of PC optical limiters for real world applications.
The Susceptibility of Starved, Stationary Phase, and Growing Cells of Enterococcus faecalis to Endodontic Medicaments (2005)

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the susceptibility of cells of Enterococcus faecalis during exponential growth, stationary phase and starvation phase to three endodontic medicaments. E. faecalis strains VP3-80 and A197A in different growth phases were exposed to saturated calcium hydroxide solution, 0.05% chlorhexidine digluconate and 0.0001% sodium hypochlorite. Cells in the exponential growth phase were the most sensitive to all three medicaments and were killed between 3 s and 10 min. Cells in stationary phase were more resistant and living cells could be recovered at 10 min. However, cells in starvation phase were the most resistant and were not totally eliminated by the medicaments during the 10-min test period. Number of surviving cells of E. faecalis cells to the tested medicaments increased 1000- to 10,000-folds in aging cultures.
Low-Temperature Synthesis and Magnetic Characterization of (2006)

The composition- and size-dependence properties of nano-structured dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) enable them to be considered as promising materials for spintronic and photoelectronic applications. Theoretical analyses suggest the possibility of room-temperature ferromagnetism in ZnS-based DMSs. The present work is focused on the synthesis and characterization of bare, Vand Cr-doped ZnS in order to get experimental evidence on the magnetic behavior of doped systems. Powders and thin films were produced by the chemical-bath deposition route at low temperature. The results evidenced the nanocrystalline nature and the homogeneous deposition of those materials onto glass and quartz substrates. Roomtemperature SQUID characterization of nanocrystalline powders verified the actual incorporation of dopant species into ZnS host structure. Ferromagnetic or paramagnetic behavior was observed, depending on the type and concentration of the dopant.
Comparative Metabolomics between <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and the MTBVAC Vaccine Candidate (2019)

MTBVAC is a live attenuated <i>M. tuberculosis</i> vaccine constructed by genetic deletions in the <i>phoP</i> and <i>fadD26</i> virulence genes. The MTBVAC vaccine is currently in phase 2 clinical trials with newborns and adults in South Africa, one of the countries with the highest incidence. Although MTBVAC has been extensively characterized by genomics, transcriptomics, lipidomics, and proteomics, its metabolomic profile is yet unknown. Accordingly, in this study we aim to identify differential metabolites between <i>M. tuberculosis</i> and MTBVAC. To this end, an untargeted metabolomics approach based on liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry was implemented in order to explore the main metabolic differences between <i>M. tuberculosis</i> and MTBVAC. As an outcome, we identified a set of 34 metabolites involved in diverse bacterial biosynthetic pathways. A consistent increase in the phosphatidylinositol species was observed in the vaccine candidate relative to its parental strain. This phenotype resulted in an increased production of phosphatidylinositol mannosides, a novel PhoP-regulated phenotype in the most widespread lineages of <i>M. tuberculosis</i>. This study represents a step ahead in our understanding of the MTBVAC vaccine, and some of the differential metabolites identified in this work might be used as potential vaccination biomarkers.
Security Concept for Distributed Service Execution Environments (2008)

This paper presents a concept to securely execute services on a distributed execution environment. The execution environment (SSEE), offers Interfaces In terms of Web Services (WS). Using these WS Interfaces a service developer can securely transfer service containers to SSEE or exchange other data with the SSEE, for example for the purpose of monitoring. The WS Interfaces employ WS-Security to enable confidentiality and Integrity of transfer as well as authenticity of Interacting subjects. The SSEE Is suited for providing services In a service-oriented architecture (SOA). The SSEE also allows executing multi-parted services. Thereby, each service might be executed on multiple, distributed nodes. The communication across distributed nodes is secured by IPsec tunnels established between the distributed nodes of SSEE. Certificates are deployed to each node for authenticating the IPsec peers.
NFV enabling network slicing for 5G (2017)

Network slicing is one of the most discussed concepts for designing 5G networks. It is intended to enable operators to slice a single physical network into multiple virtual networks optimized according to specific services and business goals. Network Functions Virtualization (NFV), a technology developed by the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI), will play a prominent role in implementing this concept. This paper reviews the options that the NFV technology offers to enable network slicing and highlights areas that may require further studies and standardization work.
Deficient metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine (1980)

Genetic deficiencies of alicyclic hydroxylation of debrisoquine and of sparteine oxidation are independently discovered entities, each of clinical significance in its sphere. This paper reports evidence to indicate that these 2 deficiencies have the same cause. Previous investigation of one of the affected subjects had revealed normal oxidative metabolism of amobarbital and antipyrine in terms of both metabolic rates and urinary metabolite patterns. Thus the genetic defect in the metabolism of sparteine and debrisoquine is not a generalized deficiency of drug oxidation or of the cytochrome P450 system.
Thermal transformations of synthetic allophane and imogolite as revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance (1988)

Abstract Imogolite, protoimogolite and two synthetic allophanes (A and B) with very different Si/Al ratios have been pyrolysed over a range of temperatures, and the reactions followed by high-resolution solid-state 27 AI and 29 Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The Si(OAl oct ) 3 OH groups of protoimogolite are destroyed at relatively low (∼ 200°C temperatures, whereas the same structures in imogolite are stable to ∼ 300°C. During pyrolysis of both materials there is little change in the observed coordination of AI at temperatures of < 500°C but at 500°C or higher, ∼25% of the NMR-visible Al is converted to tetrahedral coordination. The mechanism of decomposition of both protoimogolite and imogolite is shown to involve the formation of highly branched Si-O-Si chains. As far as can be discerned by 27 Al and 29 Si NMR, allophanes A and B both appear to produce products similar to protoimogolite on pyrolysis.
Measurement of Astigmatism by Automated Infrared Photoretinoscopy (1997)

Because it is fast, the technique may be suitable for screening in children. The refractions in the different meridians are performed in real time (25 to 30 Hz) and a single reading (the average from 4-6 refractions in each of the 6 meridians) is obtained in 1-2 s. It constitutes a major improvement to commercially available videorefractors which use measurements only in two meridians in conjunction with the formula by Wesemann et al., although it is still not precise enough to permit spectacle prescription.
Bias-plasma Assisted RF Magnetron Sputter Deposition of Hydrogen-less Amorphous Silicon (2015)

The execution of special hydrogen diffusion experiments requires an initially hydrogen-free drain layer. Hydrogen-free amorphous silicon (a-Si) deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputter deposition (RFSD) serves this purpose. RFSD yields a rough surface of the film but this can be flattened by an additional post-hydrogenation step. Weak Si-Si bonds are reorganized by hydrogen and the surface becomes smoother. However, by post-hydrogenation the a-Si layer loses its hydrogen-free characteristic. Bias-plasma assisted RFSD offers the possibility of a direct deposition of hydrogen-free a-Si films that exhibit a smooth surface. In this way an amorphous network with only few vacancies and related defects can be achieved as a consequence of the reorganization of weak Si-Si bonds during bias-plasma assisted deposition. Using a crystalline silicon wafer as base substrate for deposition the bias-plasma can additionally be used to prepare the c-Si surface whereby the HF-dip for removing native oxide can be omitted. The optimal deposition temperature of RFSD without bias-plasma, with respect to surface passivation, is ∼325 °C. Bias-plasma assisted RFSD leads to an additional interaction of atoms on the surface of the growing a-Si layer with atoms in the bias-plasma. This interaction decreases the optimal deposition temperature to ∼275 °C. Furthermore, the bias-plasma related flattening of the a-Si surface yields higher passivation quality of post-hydrogenated thin layers (≤ 40 nm) while the formation of additional ion induced defects decreases the passivation quality of thick (>> 40 nm) a-Si layers.
Purification, Metal Cofactor, N‐Terminal Sequence and Subunit Composition of a 5‐Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase from the Unicellular Green Alga <i>Scenedesmus obliquus</i>, Mutant C‐2A′ (1996)

5-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase was purified to apparent homogeneity from Scenedesmus obliquus, mutant C-2A', starting with serial affinity chromatography according to Wang et al., followed by separation on DEAE-Cellulose DE 52, TSKgel Toyopearl HW-55 and FPLC on Mono Q. The enzyme was purified 117-fold compared with the initial crude soluble enzyme preparation and showed a final specific activity of 9.17 microkat/kg protein at pH 8.2 at a total recovery of 7%. Mg2+ was determined to be the metal cofactor of the enzyme. It can, to a certain extent, be substituted by other divalent cations. From the purified enzyme the first 15 amino acids of the N-terminus could be determined, showing a moderate similarity to 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratases from spinach, pea, Escherichia coli and yeast. The molecular mass of the native protein was determined by gel filtration to be 282+/-5 kDa. 42+/-1 kDa were ascertained for the subunit size by SDS/PAGE. These investigations, supported by electron microscopy, revealed that the enzyme from Scenedesmus consists of six subunits arranged in a six-membered ring. Additionally, there is some evidence that two of the rings form a sandwich-like complex.
Joint link learning and cognitive radio sensing (2011)

Novel cooperative spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radios (CRs) are developed, which can blindly learn the channel gains between CRs and licensed primary users (PUs), while jointly detecting active PU transmitters at each time instant. A dictionary learning approach is taken to decompose the received signal energy samples per CR into linear combinations of channel gains and PU transmit-powers, up to scaling ambiguity. In addition to a batch baseline algorithm, an efficient online implementation that can track slow variation of channel gains is developed, as well as a distributed alternative, which requires only local message passing among neighbors in CR networks. Numerical tests verify the proposed design.
Pricing differentiated services in the GPRS environment (2001)

The General Packet Radio Service extends the existing GSM mobile communications technology by providing packet switching and higher data rates in order to efficiently access IP-based services in the Internet. Since no realization path for Quality-of-Service support has been proposed yet, we adapt the Differentiated Services framework and apply it over the GPRS air interface in order to provide various levels of service differentiation. We also focus on applying a charging technique so as to publish a unit price for each service class. These prices are designed to lead to the maximization of Social Welfare and the users' net benefit.
Synaptic Plasticity and Translation Initiation (2004)

It is widely accepted that protein synthesis, including local protein synthesis at synapses, is required for several forms of synaptic plasticity. Local protein synthesis enables synapses to control synaptic strength independent of the cell body via rapid protein production from pre-existing mRNA. Therefore, regulation of translation initiation is likely to be intimately involved in modulating synaptic strength. Our understanding of the translation-initiation process has expanded greatly in recent years. In this review, we discuss various aspects of translation initiation, as well as signaling pathways that might be involved in coupling neurotransmitter and neurotrophin receptors to the translation machinery during various forms of synaptic plasticity.
Regulation and regulatory parameters of histone modifications (1998)

Histone acetylation and phosphorylation destablizes nucleosome and chromatin structure. Relaxation of the chromatin fiber facilitates transcription. Coactivator complexes with histone acetyltransferase activity are recruited by transcription factors bound to enhancers or promoters. The recruited histone acetyltransferases may acetylate histone or nonhistone chromosomal proteins, resulting in the relaxation of chromatin structure. Alternatively, repressors recruit corepressor complexes with histone deacetylase activity, leading to condensation of chromatin.This review highlights the recent advances made in our understanding of the roles of histone acetyltransferases, histone deacetylases, histone kinases, and protein phosphatases in transcriptional activation and repression. Exciting reports revealing mechanistic connections between histone modifying activities and the RNA polymerase II machinery, the coupling of histone deacetylation and DNA methylation, the possible involvement of histone deacetylases in the organization of nuclear DNA, and the role of chromatin modulators in oncogenesis are discussed. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppls. 30/31:203-213, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaluating future microprocessors : The SimpleScalar tool set (1996)

1 This document describes the SimpleScalar tool set, a collection of publicly-available simulation tools that use detailed execution -driven to simulate modern processor architectures. In this report, we give an overview of the tool set, show how to obtain, install and use it. We also discuss details about the tools&apos; internals, and document the SimpleScalar architecture. 1 Overview Modern processors are extremely complex pieces of engineering. Researching aspects of processor and system design with these complicated beasts requires excellent simulation tools. Prototyping processors in hardware is expensive and timeconsuming, particularly during the initial phases of a research project. Mathematical performance models of current-generation processors can be inaccurate, given the aggressive use of caches, out-of-order execution, and speculation in these processors. However, the researcher does not always want to simulate at the same level of detail. Initial studies, or isolation of o...
Al Etching Characteristics Employing Helicon Wave Plasma (1993)

Characteristics of helicon wave plasma employing Cl 2 gas and its application to Al etching have been studied. Production of Cl ions dominates that of Cl atoms at 1200W RF power at 2 mTorr. Liberated oxygen from a quartz tube sputtered with Cl ions oxidizes Al and the probe surface. This is overcome by adding 10% BCl 3 to Cl 2 . Electron density, temperature and ion current in Cl 2 plasma at 2 mTorr are 5×10 10 cm -3 , 5.5 eV and 15 mA/cm 2 , respectively. Formation of negative chlorine is dominant at higher pressure. Although the Al etch rate is 5000 Å/min, selectivity to resist and SiO 2 is poor due to high substrate bias voltage. Initiation time depends strongly on bias voltage, while net etching time is not changed. This implies that Al etching follows a chemical reaction even at 2 mTorr. Considerably uniform etch rate was achieved in zero magnetic field in a reactor. Slight variation which may result in the helicon wave plasma was observed.
Wavelength converter placement under different RWA algorithms in wavelength-routed all-optical networks (2003)

Sparse wavelength conversion and appropriate routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) algorithms are the two key factors in improving the blocking performance in wavelength-routed all-optical networks. It has been shown that the optimal placement of a limited number of wavelength converters in an arbitrary mesh network is an NP-complete problem. There have been various heuristic algorithms proposed in the literature, in which most of them assume that a static routing and random-wavelength assignment RWA algorithm is employed. However, the existing work shows that fixed-alternate routing and dynamic routing RWA algorithms can achieve much better blocking performance. Our study further demonstrates that the wavelength converter placement and RWA algorithms are closely related in the sense that a well-designed wavelength converter placement mechanism for a particular RWA algorithm might not work well with a different RWA algorithm. Therefore, the wavelength converter placement and the RWA have to be considered jointly. The objective of this paper is to investigate the wavelength converter placement problem under the fixed-alternate routing (FAR) algorithm and least-loaded routing (LLR) algorithm. Under the FAR algorithm, we propose a heuristic algorithm called minimum blocking probability first for wavelength converter placement. Under the LLR algorithm, we propose another heuristic algorithm called weighted maximum segment length. The objective of the converter placement algorithms is to minimize the overall blocking probability. Extensive simulation studies have been carried out over three typical mesh networks, including the 14-node NSFNET, 19-node EON, and 38-node CTNET. We observe that the proposed algorithms not only outperform existing wavelength converter placement algorithms by a large margin, but they also can achieve almost the same performance compared with full wavelength conversion under the same RWA algorithm.