gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CollapsABEL: an R library for detecting compound heterozygote alleles in genome-wide association studies (2016)

CollapsABEL provides a computationally efficient solution for screening general forms of CH alleles in densely imputed microarray or whole genome sequencing datasets. The GCDH test provides an improved power over single-SNP based methods in detecting the prevalence of CH in human complex phenotypes, offering an opportunity for tackling the missing heritability problem. Binary and source packages of CollapsABEL are available on CRAN ( https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/CollapsABEL ) and the website of the GenABEL project ( http://www.genabel.org/packages ).
Reliable protocol for robot communication on Web services (2005)

This paper describes the requirements for the reliability of robot communication, which is an important issue for a practical use, especially in a loosely coupled environment, the wireless network and WAN, and explains how to resolve these issues using Web services based protocol "RoboLink Protocol". In order to achieve reliability under these communication conditions, this paper proposes to solve them by combining two solutions: one for the transport layer is adopting the standard reliable messaging technology, and the other for the application layer implements a transaction behavior, with a recovery process for fatal failures. And, it also provides a guideline for developers how to implement these recovery process easily in their application. And more, it reports the implementation strategy and the success of the verification for this solution using our proof of concept implementation developed as a plug-in handler of the Web server, and also provides the test cases
Ehlers-Danlos syndromes: Revised nosology, Villefranche, 1997 (1998)

Categorization of the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes began in the late 1960s and was formalized in the Berlin nosology. Over time, it became apparent that the diagnostic criteria established and published in 1988 did not discriminate adequately between the different types of Ehlers-Danlos syndromes or between Ehlers-Danlos syndromes and other phenotypically related conditions. In addition, elucidation of the molecular basis of several Ehlers-Danlos syndromes has added a new dimension to the characterization of this group of disorders. We propose a revision of the classification of the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes based primarily on the cause of each type. Major and minor diagnostic criteria have been defined for each type and complemented whenever possible with laboratory findings. This simplified classification will facilitate an accurate diagnosis of the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes and contribute to the delineation of phenotypically related disorders.
Ruggedizing infrared integrated Dewar-detector assemblies for harsh environmental conditions (2014)

Cryogenically cooled infrared electro-optical payloads have to operate and survive frequent exposure to harsh vibrational and shock conditions typical of the modern battlefield. This necessitates the development of special approaches to ruggedizing their sensitive components. The ruggedization requirement holds true specifically for Integrated Dewar-Detector Assemblies (IDDA), where the infrared Focal Plane Array (FPA) is usually supported by a thin-walled cold finger enveloped by an evacuated tubular Dewar. Without sufficient ruggedization, harsh environmental vibration may give rise to structural resonance responses resulting in spoiled image quality and even mechanical fractures due to material fatigue. The authors present their approach for the ruggedization of the IDDA by attaching the FPA to a semi-rigid support extending from the dynamically damped Dewar envelope. A mathematical model relies on an experimentally evaluated set of frequency response functions for a reference system and a lumped model of a wideband dynamic absorber. By adding only 2% to the weight of the IDDA, the authors have managed to attenuate the relative deflection and absolute acceleration of the FPA by a factor of 3. The analytical predictions are in full agreement with experiment.
The Ability of Integrin α<sub>v</sub>β<sub>3</sub>To Function as a Receptor for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Is Not Dependent on the Presence of Complete Subunit Cytoplasmic Domains (2001)

The integrin alpha(v)beta(3) has been shown to function as one of the integrin receptors on cultured cells for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), and high-efficiency utilization of the bovine homolog of this integrin is dependent on the cysteine-rich repeat region of the bovine beta(3) subunit. In this study we have examined the role of the cytoplasmic domains of the alpha(v) and beta(3) subunits in FMDV infection. We have found that truncations or extensions of these domains of either subunit, including deletions removing almost all of the cytoplasmic domains, had little or no effect on the ability of the integrin to function as a receptor for FMDV. The lysosomotropic agent monensin inhibited viral replication in cells transfected with either intact or cytoplasmic domain-truncated alpha(v)beta(3). In addition, viral replication in transfected cells was inhibited by an alpha(v)beta(3) function-blocking antibody but not by function-blocking antibodies to three other RGD-directed integrins, suggesting that these integrins are not involved in the infectious process. These results indicate that alterations to the cytoplasmic domains of either subunit, which lead to the inability of the integrin receptor to function normally, do not abolish the ability of the integrin to bind and internalize this viral ligand.
Comparison of the function of the tight junctions of endothelial cells and epithelial cells in regulating the movement of electrolytes and macromolecules across the cell monolayer (1990)

In cell culture, both endothelial and epithelial cell monolayers have been found to generate structurally similar tight junctional complexes, as assessed by thin complexes of the two cell types are, at least in part, responsible for the very different permeability characteristics of native endothelial and epithelial cell monolayers. The purpose of this work was to compare cultured endothelial and epithelial cells with respect to the function of their tight junctional complexes in regulating the movement of macromolecules and ions across the cell monolayers, and define functional parameters to characterize the tight junctional complexes. Bovine aorta endothelial cells and T84 colonic carcinoma epithelial cells were cultured on a microporous membrane support. The permeability coefficients of inulin, albumin, and insulin were determined with the cell monolayers and compared with the permeability coefficients obtained with 3T3-C2 fibroblasts, a cell line that does not generate tight junctions. Electrical resistance measurements across the monolayer-filter systems were also compared. The permeability coefficient of albumin across the endothelial cell monolayer compared favorably with other reported values. Likewise, the electrical resistance across the T84 cell monolayer was in good agreement with published values. Utilizing permeability coefficients for macromolecules as an index of tight junction function, we found that a distinction between a lack of tight junctions (fibroblasts), the presence of endothelial tight junctions, and the presence of epithelial tight junctions was readily made. However, when utilizing electrical resistance as an index of tight junction function, identical measurements were obtained with fibroblasts and endothelial cells. This indicates that more than one index of tight junction function is necessary to characterize the junctional complexes. Although structurally similar, epithelial cell and endothelial cell tight junctions perform very different functions, and, from our data, we conclude that the demonstration of tight junctional structures by electron microscopy is not relevant to the functional nature of the junction: structure does not imply function. A minimal assessment of tight junction function should rely on both the determination of the electrical resistance across the cell monolayer, and the determination of the permeability coefficients of selected macromolecules.
The Role of Microbiota and Probiotics in Stress-Induced Gastrointestinal Damage (2008)

Stress has a major impact on gut physiology and may affect the clinical course of gastro-intestinal diseases. In this review, we focus on the interaction between commensal gut microbiota and intestinal mucosa during stress and discuss the possibilities to counteract the deleterious effects of stress with probiotics. Normally, commensal microbes and their hosts benefit from a symbiotic relationship. Stress does, however, reduce the number of Lactobacilli, while on the contrary, an increased growth, epithelial adherence and mucosal uptake of gram-negative pathogens, e.g. E. coli and Pseudomonas, are seen. Moreover, intestinal bacteria have the ability to sense a stressed host and up-regulate their virulence factors when opportunity knocks. Probiotics are "live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host", and mainly represented by Lactic Acid Bacteria. Probiotics can counteract stress-induced changes in intestinal barrier function, visceral sensitivity and gut motility. These effects are strain specific and mediated by direct bacterial-host cell interaction and/or via soluble factors. Mechanisms of action include competition with pathogens for essential nutrients, induction of epithelial heat-shock proteins, restoring of tight junction protein structure, up-regulation of mucin genes, secretion of defensins, and regulation of the NFkappaB signalling pathway. In addition, the reduction of intestinal pain perception was shown to be mediated via cannabinoid receptors. Based on the studies reviewed here there is clearly a rationale for probiotic treatment in patients with stress-related intestinal disorders. We are however far from being able to choose the precise combination of strains or bacterial components for each clinical setting.
Structure Properties of Dextran. 2. Dilute Solution (2000)

Dilute solution properties of 13 dextrans with different molar masses in water and 0.5 M NaOH were investigated. Seven of these samples were products of Sigma prepared by bacteria from Leuconostoc mesenteroides, one was obtained by fractionation of the dextran with the highest molar mass, and five samples were obtained by degradation via controlled acid hydrolysis. Static and dynamic light scattering, viscometry and analysis of the reducing end group were applied. The molar mass dependencies of the radius of gyration Rg, the hydrodynamic radius Rh, the second virial coefficient A2 and the intrinsic viscosity [η] for the nonfractionated samples were determined. The results are compared with data from the literature. Size exclusion chromatography in on-line combination with multiple-angle laser light scattering and viscosity detection revealed different calibration curves Mi vs Ve for the studied samples. The molar mass dependencies of the radii and intrinsic viscosities could be measured. The data of the radii of gyration from four fractionated samples were found to form one common curve. The intrinsic viscosities, on the other hand, gave two curves, one for the Sigma sample and another one for the acid-degraded samples. These findings are discussed in comparison with the nonfractionated samples. The polydispersity of dextrans, like those for other hyperbranched polysaccharides, increased strongly with Mw but weaker than predicted by theory. Generalized ratios ρ = Rg/Rh and Vr= A2Mw/[η] are considered and discussed in comparison with data from other laboratories and compared with predicted values. The coil−coil interpenetration function Ψ and the solvent-coil draining function Φ were found to increase with the molar mass as a result of increasing branching density.
SAS: Symmetric Analysis of Z-Spectra, a Method to Evaluate B0 Correction Techniques for CEST Data in Clinical Systems Using Non-Exchanging Phantoms (2015)

Presentation of a method for the comparison of B0 correction methods. This method is based on non-exchanging phantoms to remove CEST effects. SAS method proposed to inform studies.
Fast, sensitive magnetic-field sensors based on the Faraday effect in YIG (1990)

Magnetic-field sensors based on the Faraday effect in ferrimagnetic iron garnets are investigated in terms of their sensitivity, speed, and directionality. Signal-to-noise measurements at 80 Hz on small (typically 5-mm-diameter*3-mm-long) samples of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) yield noise equivalent magnetic fields of 10 nT/ square root Hz. Frequency-response measurements exhibit virtually flat response to approximately 700 MHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Comparison of Lateral Column Lengthening and Medial Translational Osteotomy of the Calcaneus for the Reconstruction of Adult Acquired Flatfoot (2007)

The lateral column lengthening group achieved greater realignment initially and maintained correction better over time than the calcaneal osteotomy group while having a lower reoperation rate despite a higher incidence of nonunion and radiographic progression of adjacent joint arthritis.
Overview: Choosing a Method for Epitope Mapping (2003)

For most practical purposes, an epitope is easy to define as that part of an antigen involved in its recognition by an antibody (or, in the case of T-cell epitopes, by a T-cell receptor). Although simple chemical molecules, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates can all act as antigens, the term “epitope mapping” is usually applied to protein antigens, and is the process of locating the epitope on the protein surface or in the protein sequence. The simplicity is deceptive, however, and conceptual problems soon make their practical consequences felt. A considerable understanding of the principles of protein structure and protein folding, and some knowledge of the nature of the immune response may quickly become necessary for the correct interpretation of experimental epitope mapping results. The term “epitope mapping” has also been used to describe the attempt to determine all the major sites on a protein surface that can elicit an antibody response, at the end of which one might claim to have produced an “epitope map” of the protein antigen (1). This information might be very useful, for example, to someone wishing to produce antiviral vaccines. Implicit in this view of epitopes is that they are fixed and concrete structures on protein surfaces, which are few in number and uniquely capable of stimulating the immune system. Even if this is true for proteins in their native conformation, it is a limitation imposed by protein structure rather than the immune system, since additional immunogenic determinants are readily revealed by protein unfolding. This kind of “epitope map” also confuses the important distinction between antigenicity (the ability to recognize a specific antibody) and immunogenicity (the ability to produce antibodies in a given animal species). Most people would agree that epitopes should be defined by their antigenicity.
DYSMENORRHEA DURING ADOLESCENCE (1979)

Different aspects of the menstrual pattern including dysmenorrhea, premenstrual tension and working performance during menstruation was studied in three different investigations. The first study includes 5458 adolescent girls aged 10 to 20. The incidence of invariably painful menstruation was 7.2 per cent during the first gynecological year and 26 per cent five years later. A correlation was found between mothers and daughters for dysmenorrhea as well as for premenstrual tension. In a second study including 331 girls aged 13 to 20 years the overall absence from school due to pain was 23.4 per cent. The frequency of dysmenorrhea increased from 36 per cent to 56.5 per cent between 13--14 years and 17--20 years. Socio-medical aspects of menstrual pattern were studied in 865 adult women. Approximately 88 per cent had premenstrual tension and almost 45 per cent had menstrual pain. Thus the treatment of menstrual distress during adolescence is of great importance and the use of modern prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors may be very useful.
Modes of Subwavelength Plasmonic Slot Waveguides (2007)

We investigate the properties of the modes that are supported by 3-D subwavelength plasmonic slot waveguides. We first show that the fundamental mode that is supported by a symmetric plasmonic slot waveguide, which is composed of a subwavelength slot in a thin metallic film embedded in an infinite homogeneous dielectric, is always a bound mode for any combination of operating wavelength and waveguide parameters. Its modal fields are highly confined over a wavelength range extending from zero frequency to the ultraviolet. We then show that for an asymmetric plasmonic slot waveguide, in which the surrounding dielectric media above and below the metal film are different, there may exist a cutoff slot width and/or a cutoff metal film thickness above which the mode becomes leaky, and there always exists a cutoff wavelength above which the mode becomes leaky. We investigate in detail the effect of variations of the parameters of the symmetric and asymmetric plasmonic slot waveguides. We also consider related alternative 3-D plasmonic waveguide geometries, such as a plasmonic slot waveguide, in which the two metal film regions that form the slot have a finite width, and a plasmonic strip waveguide, which is formed between a metallic strip and a metallic substrate. We show that for a specific modal size, the fundamental mode of the standard plasmonic slot waveguide has a larger propagation length compared with the corresponding modes of these plasmonic waveguides.
A basic introduction to minor burns : clinical (2011)

In South Africa almost half of the population reside in informal settlements and make use of paraffin stoves for cooking, heating and lighting. Because of the high number of informal settlements in South Africa, approximately 40 000 households are affected by burns every year (National Injury Mortality Statistics, 2002).
Conflict of Laws (2010)

For 2010, there are 15 cases which will be examined in this review. As in previous years, it is useful to note that conflict of laws cases sometimes relate to other areas of law. In these situations, this review will only examine those parts of the case that are relevant to the field of conflict of laws.
Simultaneous multiview capture and fusion improves spatial resolution in wide-field and light-sheet microscopy (2016)

Most fluorescence microscopes are inefficient, collecting only a small fraction of the emitted light at any instant. Besides wasting valuable signal, this inefficiency also reduces spatial resolution and causes imaging volumes to exhibit significant resolution anisotropy. We describe microscopic and computational techniques that address these problems by simultaneously capturing and subsequently fusing and deconvolving multiple specimen views. Unlike previous methods that serially capture multiple views, our approach improves spatial resolution without introducing any additional illumination dose or compromising temporal resolution relative to conventional imaging. When applying our methods to single-view wide-field or dual-view light-sheet microscopy, we achieve a twofold improvement in volumetric resolution (~235 nm × 235 nm × 340 nm) as demonstrated on a variety of samples including microtubules in <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>, SpoVM in sporulating <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, and multiple protein distributions and organelles in eukaryotic cells. In every case, spatial resolution is improved with no drawback by harnessing previously unused fluorescence.
Concluding Remarks (1977)

PREVIOUS ARTICLEEffect of D-penicillamine Treatment on Certain Humoral Immunological Parameters in Clinical and Experimental Arthritis [Abstract]
[Clinical usefulness of rheumatoid factor in synovial fluid. Re-evaluation]. (1993)

The aim of this work is to analyze the usefulness of rheumatoid factor determination in synovial fluid. One hundred twenty nine patients (29 with rheumatoid arthritis), in whom rheumatoid factor was simultaneously determined in serum and synovial fluid, were retrospectively analyzed. Serum rheumatoid factor had a 48% sensitivity, 98% specificity, 88% positive predictive value and 87% negative predictive value for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. These numbers were 76, 79, 51 and 92% respectively for synovial fluid rheumatoid factor. In rheumatoid arthritis of less than one year of evolution, serum and synovial rheumatoid factor have a sensitivity of 15% and 62% respectively, a positive predictive value of 50 and 28% respectively and a negative predictive value of 90 and 94% respectively. It is thus concluded that the absence of rheumatoid factor in serum and synovial fluid in a patient with arthritis of less than one year of evolution, renders the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis very unlikely. Likewise the simultaneous presence of rheumatoid factor in both fluids has a high diagnostic certainty. Among other studied variables, leukocyte count, C3 and C4 levels in synovial fluid are the best discriminators within the different diagnostic groups.
Neoplastic development in plasma cells (2003)

An increasing number of model systems of plasma cell tumor (PCT) formation have been and are being developed. Discussed here are six models in mice and multiple myeloma (MM) in humans. Each model illustrates a unique set of biological factors. There are two general types of model systems: those that depend upon naturally arising mutagenic changes (pristane-induced PCTs, 5TMM, and MM) and those that are associated with oncogenes (Emu-v-abl), growth factors [interleukin-6 (IL-6)], and anti-apoptotic factors (Bcl-xL/Bcl-2). PCTs develop in several special tissue microenvironments that provide essential cytokines (IL-6) and cell-cell interactions. In mice, the activation and deregulation of c-myc by chromosomal translocations is a major feature in many of the models. This mechanism is much less a factor in MM and the 5T model in mice. Genetically determined susceptibility is involved in many of the mouse models, but only a few genes have been implicated thus far.
The Role of MRI in Breast Cancer Screening (2009)

The 2009 NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology for Breast Cancer Screening and Diagnosis include significant updates for the role of MRI in screening women at increased risk for breast cancer. The NCCN now recommends considering breast MRI as an adjunct to annual mammography and clinical breast examination for women who have a BRCA1 or -2 mutation or who have a first-degree relative who has a BRCA1 or -2 mutation but who have not undergone genetic testing themselves; those who are determined to have a lifetime risk greater than 20% based on models that are highly dependent on family history; and those with a history of lobular carcinoma in situ. MRI is also recommended for patients who underwent radiation treatment to the chest between 10 and 30 years of age, and in those who carry or have a first-degree relative who carries a genetic mutation in the TP53 or PTEN genes (Li-Fraumeni, Cowden, and Bannahyan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndromes). MRI is specifically not recommended for screening women at average risk for breast cancer. This article describes the peer-reviewed, published clinical research trials evaluating breast MRI in high-risk patients, on which the NCCN guidelines were based, and provides suggestions for future research.
Lithium fluoride nanowires via vapor-liquid-solid growth (2006)

Lithium fluoride (LiF) nanowires with diameter of 100nm–500nm and length of tens of microns were synthesized via vapor-liquid-solid growth. Cubic-structured single-crystalline LiF nanowires grew along the ⟨001⟩ and ⟨110⟩ crystallographic directions, respectively. The growth of the LiF nanowires was proposed by the catalysis of Zn droplets decomposed from the ZnO. The LiF nanowire could be a potential candidate for the room-temperature tunable color center nanolaser.