gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of tissue trace elements in liver cancers and non-cancerous liver parenchyma. (2005)

The role of trace elements in liver fibrosis, carcinogenesis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not yet been clarified. The aim of this study is to analyze the characteristics of trace elements in liver cancers and non-cancerous liver and to discuss their role in hepatic fibrosis, hepatocarcinogenesis and progression of HCC.The amount of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) in 20 HCCs, 2 cholangiocellular carcinomas (CCC), 7 metastatic liver cancers (Meta) and their non-tumorous liver parenchyma were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.The amounts of Zn and Fe in non-tumorous liver parenchyma were reduced by liver fibrosis, and the amounts were lower in HCC tissue compared to non-tumorous liver parenchyma. The amounts of Zn and Cu were higher in HCC than the amounts found in CCC and Meta. The amount of Zn in HCC tissue decreased, but the amount of Fe increased in tumors more than 4cm in diameter.These results suggest that the decrease in the amount of Zn and Fe found in non-tumorous liver parenchyma correlates with liver fibrosis leading to cirrhosis and hepatocarcinogenesis. Also that decreases in Zn and increases of Fe in HCC tissue correlates with HCC tumor progression.
Effects of diazepam on cerebral metabolism and mood in normal volunteers. (1991)

The effects of diazepam on regional cerebral metabolism were examined in eight healthy volunteers using positron emission tomography with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose as the tracer. Each subject was tested three times, at 1-week intervals, with placebo, a low oral dose of diazepam (0.07 mg/kg), and a moderate dose of diazepam (0.14 mg/kg). Subjects completed mood questionnaires before and at regular intervals after taking the drug, and performed a vigilance task during the 60-minute period of tracer uptake. The effects of the drug on cerebral metabolism were examined alone and in relation to the subjective and behavioral effects of the drug. Both doses of diazepam decreased global (whole brain) metabolic rate but did not affect specific regions differentially. Subjects experienced sedative like effects during all three scans (placebo as well as drug). Compared to placebo, both doses of diazepam decreased anxiety, and neither dose produced significant impairment of task performance. Neither the subjective nor behavioral drug effects were correlated with the changes in metabolic rate. Thus, diazepam decreased whole brain metabolic rate at doses that produced only modest subjective or behavioral effects. The changes in metabolic rate were not clearly related to other observable drug effects.
First trimester screening with free β‐hCG, PAPP‐A and nuchal translucency in pregnancies conceived with assisted reproduction (2002)

Patients undergoing assisted reproduction techniques should be counseled about the possibility of increased false-positive rates. Larger studies are needed to confirm this observation and to develop appropriate adjustment factors to reduce false-positive rates.
Forces on bins: The effect of random friction (1998)

The $q$ model of Coppersmith et al. [Phys. Rev. E 53, 4673 (1996)] has renewed interest in understanding the forces generated along the walls and at the bottom of a silo filled with a granular material. Fluctuations in the mean stress have been characterized for the $q$ model, and related to experimental work on stress chains. The classical engineering approach to bin loads follows from Janssen's analysis [Z. Ver. Dtsch. Ing. 39, 1045 (1895)], predicting a saturation of stress, as a function of depth, in a tall silo. In this paper we reexamine the Janssen theory, introducing randomness into the important parameters in the theory. The Janssen analysis relies on assumptions not met in practice. For this reason, we numerically solve the partial differential equations governing the equilibrium of forces in a bin, again including randomness in parameters. We show that the most important of these parameters is a coefficient of friction at the wall of the bin. This random friction model combines some features of fluctuations as seen in experiments, with a classical continuum mechanics approach to describing granular materials.
Hipikat: recommending pertinent software development artifacts (2003)

A newcomer to a software project must typically come up-to-speed on a large, varied amount of information about the project before becoming productive. Assimilating this information in the open-source context is difficult because a newcomer cannot rely on the mentoring approach that is commonly used in traditional software developments. To help a newcomer to an open-source project become productive faster, we propose Hipikat, a tool that forms an implicit group memory from the information stored in a project's archives, and that recommends artifacts from the archives that are relevant to a task that a newcomer is trying to perform. To investigate this approach, we have instantiated the Hipikat tool for the Eclipse open-source project. In this paper we describe the Hipikat tool, we report on a qualitative study conducted with a Hipikat mock-up on a medium-sized in-house project, and we report on a case study in which Hipikat recommendations were evaluated for a task on Eclipse.
Moving from data modeling to process modeling in CIM (2005)

This paper proposes to enhance the modeling capabilities of DMTFs common information model (CIM). Currently CIM is used to represent a conceptual view of the IT environment, by modeling concepts related to elements to be managed. However, CIM object manager (CIMOM) implementations can utilize these models in no more capacity than as a passive database. We observe that a lot more management functionality could be incorporated into CIMOM middleware by enriching CIM so that it is able to represent process models in addition to data models. Using this representation CIMOM can be empowered to take on the role of an active decision-making entity, rather than just being a repository of management data. This enables embedding of powerful functionality in the middleware, which is currently custom-built by management applications instead. We demonstrate our approach by embedding an accounting process model into CIM, to realize an accounting system that can be customized for different scenarios.
Advances in macrophage and dendritic cell biology in HIV-1 infection stress key understudied areas in infection, pathogenesis, and analysis of viral reservoirs (2006)

The continued quest to intervene in HIV-1 infection by halting transmission, suppressing replication, or eradicating disease in infected subjects stresses the significance of dendritic cell and macrophage biology as early and persistent players in the relationship between infection and disease. As highlighted by new data and presentations at the Sixth International Workshop on HIV and Cells of Macrophage/Dendritic Lineage and Other Reservoirs, a greater emphasis is currently underway in studying the potential of targeting these cell types by intervention early in infection, better defining viral phenotypes and entry mechanisms with a more precise nomenclature system, identifying new, intrinsic cellular factors that may restrict infection within these cell types, and pursuing novel roles for macrophage activation and trafficking. Other key areas include examination of these cells as sources of viral persistence in patients, their roles in coinfection, and their metabolic function in HIV pathogenesis and drug toxicity. This issue of JLB contains reviews and original research reports from the workshop, which highlight new findings, current research questions, and key areas in need of future investigation as a result of their significance to HIV prevention and pathogenesis.
Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Thiols in Biological Samples with a New Fluorescent Probe 3‐Maleimidylbenzanthrone (2005)

Abstract A new thiol weak‐fluorescence probe, 3‐maleimidylbenzanthrone (3‐MB), has been developed for the spectrofluorimetric determination of thiols in biological samples. The maximal fluorescence for the reagent and the adduct were both at excitation and emission wavelengths of 401 and 496 nm, respectively. When 3‐MB conjugated to a thiol, a strong fluorescent derivative formed at 35°C. The relative fluorescence intensity (RF) was linear in the range of 1.0×10−8 mol·l−1–6.0×10−7 mol·l−1 for cysteine (Cys) and 6.0×10−9 mol·l−1–4.0×10−7 mol·l−1 for glutathione (GSH). The detection limit was 5.71×10−9 mol·l−1 (S/N=3) for Cys and 5.64×10−9 mol·l−1 (S/N=3) for GSH. The proposed method has been applied to the determination of GSHs in human serum, plasma, and Cys in urine with recoveries of 96.2–103.0%.
Ferroelectric properties of liquid-crystalline S<sub>C</sub>* phases induced by optically active cyanocyclohexylcyclohexanone derivatives (1992)

Abstract Derivatives of optically active cyanocyclohexylcyclohexanone have been synthesized and used as dipolar chiral dopants to induce ferroelectric SC* phases in an achiral host phase. The dopant molecules are the first examples in which the chiral centres are incorporated into a rigid core with transverse dipoles directly attached. The spontaneous polarization P s and the tilt angle θ of the induced SC* phases have been measured. P s is strongly influenced by the relatively small changes of the molecular structure of the cyclohexanones, for example a change of the sign of P s or a vanishing value of P s. These effects are discussed in terms of a sterically hindered rotation of the dopant molecules around their long axes and explained by the assumption that the transverse dipole must not be necessarily parallel to P s in the equilibrium state of rotation.
Correlation of the cytotoxic effects of cationic lipids with their headgroups (2018)

As effective non-viral vectors of gene therapy, cationic lipids still have the problem of toxicity, which has become one of the main bottlenecks for their applications. The toxicity of cationic lipids is strongly connected to the headgroup structures. In this article, we studied the cytotoxicity of two cationic lipids with a quaternary ammonium headgroup (CDA14) and a tri-peptide headgroup (CDO14), respectively, and with the same linker bond and hydrophobic domain. The IC<sub>50</sub> values of CDA14 and CDO14 against NCI-H460 cells were 109.4 μg mL<sup>-1</sup> and 340.5 μg mL<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. To determine the effects of headgroup structures of cationic lipids on cytotoxicity, apoptosis related pathways were investigated. As the lipids with a quaternary ammonium headgroup could induce more apoptotic cells than the ones with a peptide headgroup, the enzymatic activity of caspase-9 and caspase-3 increased obviously, whereas the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) decreased. At the same time, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels also increased and the cell cycle was arrested at the S phase. The results showed that the toxicity of the cationic lipid had a close relationship with its headgroup structures, and the cytotoxic mechanism was mainly <i>via</i> the caspase activation dependent signaling pathway and mitochondrial dysfunction. Through this study, we hope to provide the scientific basis for exploiting safer and more efficient cationic lipids for gene delivery.
Method for Measuring Diaminopimelic Acid in Total Rumen Contents and Its Application to the Estimation of Bacterial Growth (1966)

Diaminopimelic acid (DAP) was measured in rumen samples for which growth rate had previously been estimated from changes in fermentation capacity. The growth measurements by the two methods agreed within the experimental error. Agreement between the rate of bacterial growth (DAP) and total microbial growth (fermentation capacity) suggests that the protozoa also grow at about this rate.
Managing plug-loads for demand response within buildings (2011)

Detailed and accurate energy accounting is an important first step in improving energy efficiency within buildings. Based on this information, building managers can perform active energy management, especially during demand response situations that require load shedding over short time scales. While individual plug-loads are an important target for demand response, they pose significant challenges due to their distributed nature and the significant diversity of devices that are deployed.
The effect of acteoside on puromycin nephropathy and podocyte injury model (2018)

Objective
To explore the effect of acteoside (one of the ingredients of Total Glycosides Extracted from Rehmannia capsules) on treatment of proteinuria and protection of podocytes.


Methods
In this study, puromycin nephropathy rat model was successfully established. After detecting the degree of proteinuria, the expression of podocyte injury markers and the degree of podocyte foot process fusion were investigated by electron microscope. In addition, puromycin treated podocyte injury model was also successfully established in vitro. Podocyte viability, migration, cytoskeleton and injury marker were detected.


Results
In vivo study showed that acteoside could effectively reduce proteinuria (P<0.05), restore the expression of podocyte injury markers such as nephrin and synaptopodin (all P<0.05), and alleviate the degree of podocyte foot process fusion. In vitro study showed that acteoside could effectively restored podocyte viability (P<0.05), reduce abnormal migration ability (P<0.05), protecte cytoskeleton and restore the expression of podocyte injury marker nephrin (P<0.05).


Conclusions
This study confirms that acteoside can reduce the degree of proteinuria in puromycin nephropathy rat model in vivo and alleviate the degree of podocyte injury in vitro as well as enrich the molecular mechanism of Total Glycosides Extracted from Rehmannia capsules in treatment of proteinuria.


Key words: 
Podocytes; Proteinuria; Glucosides; Acteoside
Design und Herstellung eines planar integrierten Mikromassenspektrometers mit Micro-Channel-Plate-Detektor (2010)

Die genannte Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung eines Mikromassenspektrometers in Mikrosystemtechnik. Es werden alle Komponenten des Massenspektrometers planar auf einem 7 x 10 mm² großen Chip aus Glas und Silizium gefertigt. Diese Arbeit befasst sich im Schwerpunkt mit der Prozessentwicklung der für die Herstellung notwendigen Prozesse sowie mit dem Einsatz einer Mico-Channel-Plate (MCP) in einer selbstjustierenden Halterung, die aus Silizium geätzt wird.
Circulating Adrenomedullin Does Not Regulate Systemic Blood Pressure but Increases Plasma Prolactin after Intravenous Infusion in Humans: A Pharmacokinetic Study<sup>1</sup> (1997)

Adrenomedullin has been proposed to be a circulating hormone regulating systemic and pulmonary blood pressure. A potential therapeutic role in the management of pulmonary hypertension has been suggested based on animal studies, but the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in human subjects have not been studied. We have infused adrenomedullin into volunteers at 3.2 pmol/kg.min, which more than quadrupled (52 pmol/L) normal circulating concentrations. At this dose no change in heart rate or blood pressure was noted. When infused at 13.4 pmol/kg.min to achieve a concentration over 40 times normal circulating levels (448 pmol/L), there was a significant fall in diastolic blood pressure from 69 +/- 2 to 53 +/- 2 mm Hg and a significant increase in pulse rate from 57 +/- 3 to 95 +/- 4 beats/min. Circulating PRL concentrations rose from 197 +/- 46 to 372 +/- 64 IU/L (mean +/- SEM; P < 0.01). No effect was seen on ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, or cortisol. When the infusion was discontinued, baseline pulse and blood pressure were reestablished after 20 min. Adrenomedullin has a MCR of 27.4 +/- 3.6 mL/kg.min, with a circulating half life of 22 +/- 1.6 min and an apparent volume of distribution of 880 +/- 150 mL/kg. Column chromatography of plasma taken during infusion and decay of adrenomedullin showed no evidence of the production of additional molecular forms. These results are consistent with a peptide that is markedly tissue bound. Plasma adrenomedullin concentrations were increased in patients with renal impairment (14.1 +/- 0.9 pmol/L) compared to those in healthy volunteers (8.1 +/- 0.7 pmol/L), with a good correlation (r = 0.86) between circulating adrenomedullin and plasma creatinine. The circulating concentration of adrenomedullin necessary to affect blood pressure greatly exceeds that observed in healthy volunteers and in patients with a range of pathological conditions. Thus, adrenomedullin may be a paracrine regulator of vascular smooth muscle in humans.
Über den sterischen Verlauf der Umsetzung von Enaminen aus offenkettigen Aldehyden und Ketonen mit Nitroolefinen zu 2,3‐disubstituierten 4‐Nitroketonen (1985)

On the Steric Course of the Reaction of Enamines Derived from Open‐Chain Aldehydes and Ketones with Nitro‐olefins Yielding 2,3‐Disubstituted 4‐Nitroketones The relative configuration of the nitro‐ketone 12 obtained by the title reaction has been proved by a Baeyer ‐ Villiger degradation and subsequent reduction to the amino‐alcohol (±)‐( u )‐ 20 , the relative configuration of which is identical with a sample prepared from 2‐methyl‐3‐hydroxybutyrate of known configuration ( Scheme 1 ). The stereochemical course of the title reaction is thus as predicted by our topological rule . It is assumed that the other nitro‐ketones 13–18 described here are also formed by ( lk )‐combination of the trigonal centers of the educts (diastereoselectivity > 90%, see Formulae and Fig. 1 ). It is not possible to reverse this relative topicity by employing ( Z )‐ instead of ( E )‐components of the starting materials, due to the reversibility of the primary step of these Michael additions ( Schemes 2 and 3 , and Fig. 2 ).
Water‐Soluble Carbon Nanotubes by Redox Radical Polymerization (2007)

Abstract Water‐soluble single‐ and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared by grafting polyacrylamide chains from the graphitic surface via ceric ion‐induced redox radical polymerization. The reducing functionalities were covalently attached to the tubes by peroxide‐assisted radical reaction. The results showed that polymer chains were grafted onto CNTs by the redox process. The redox radical polymerization initiated by carbon nanotube‐bearing functionalities not only provides a powerful strategy for modifying the carbon nanostructures but also gives us the knowledge of their sidewall chemistry. magnified image
Soluble arsenic removal at water treatment plants (1995)

Conventional treatment steps can be extremely effective at removing arsenic. Arsenic “profiles” were obtained from full‐scale conventional treatment (coagulation, Fe–Mn oxidation, or softening) plants, facilitating testing of theories regarding arsenic removal. Soluble As(V) removal efficiency was controlled primarily by pH during coagulation, by Fe +2 oxidation and Fe(OH) 3 precipitation during Fe–Mn oxidation, and by Mg(OH) 2 formation during softening. Insignificant soluble As(V) removal occurred during calcite precipitation at softening plants or during Mn +2 oxidation–precipitation at Fe–Mn oxidation plants. The extent of soluble As(V) removal during coagulation and softening treatments was lower than expected. Somewhat surprisingly, during coagulation As(V) removal efficiencies were limited by particulate aluminum formation and removal, because much of the added coagulant was not removed by 0.45‐μm‐pore‐size filters. At one utility, reducing the coagulation pH from 7.4 to 6.8 (at constant alum dose) improved removal of particulate aluminum, thereby enhancing soluble As(V) removal during treatment.
Generalized language identification (2014)

Language identification is the task of determining the natural language that a document or part thereof is written in.The central theme of this thesis is generalized language identification, and deals with eliminating the assumptions that limit the applicability of language identification techniques to specific settings that may not be representative of real-world use cases for automatic language identification techniques.Research to date has treated language identification as a supervised machine learning problem, and in this thesis I argue that such a characterization is inadequate, showing how standard document representations do not take into account the variation in a language between different sources of text, and developing a representation that is robust to such variation.I also develop a method that allows for language identification of multilingual documents, i.e. documents that contain text in more than one language.Finally, I investigate the robustness of existing off-the-shelf language identification methods on a novel and challenging domain.This thesis was a substantial undertaking, and took a little longer and came out a little thicker than I would have liked.It would not have been possible without the support and understanding of those close to me.First and foremost I have to thank my wife Nicole, who celebrated successes with me and and tolerated me through failures and disappointments.I also want to thank my parents for giving me the possibity to become who I am today.I most definitely need to thank my supervisor Tim, for mentoring me from a naive undergraduate through to being a more complete and hopefully marginally wiser person.
Infiltration Characteristics of Carbon Fiber Reinforced MMCs (2010)

Carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composite blocks and a pipe (as semi-product) were produced by pressure infiltration technique. In this paper the authors deal with the production method and investigations of the blocks and the pipe. In our composites AlSi12 eutectic aluminium-silicon alloy was used as matrix material. The reinforcements were ‘A’ and ‘B’ type carbon fibers (‘A’ having lower amorphous carbon content than ‘B’). The volume fraction of the fibers was outstanding – at least 55 vol%. Scanning electron microscopic investigations were done in order to observe the rather rough surface of the carbon fibres. X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectrometry was done in order to estimate the quantity of Al4C3 intermetallic phase at the carbon fiber/matrix interface region. The measurements showed that the quantity of Al4C3 strongly depends on the amorphous carbon quantity in carbon fibers. Much more Al4C3 was formed in the case of ‘A’ type reinforcement (less amorphous carbon), than in the case of ‘B’ type reinforcement (more amorphous carbon). The presence of Al4C3 crystals caused large scatter in the mechanical properties, the UTS was decreased, while the compressive strength was increased. Fracture surfaces were investigated: the composite showed rigid fracture.