gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Grating-Based X-ray Phase Imaging Using Multiline X-ray Source (2009)

Differential phase-contrast X-ray imaging has been performed in a Talbot–Lau configuration, where a multiline X-ray source was used instead of a combination of a hard-X-ray multiple slit and a normal focus X-ray generator. When the multiple slit is used, a high aspect ratio structure is needed and slit width should be below 10 µm for its function. The fabrication and use of such a multislit can be omitted using the presented configuration. The multiline X-ray source was developed by making grooves on a tungsten rotating anode, which was irradiated by an electron beam to generate X-rays. An array of 10 µm line sources with a pitch of 30 µm was formed and combined with a 4.5 µm pitch phase grating and a 5.3 µm pitch amplitude grating to generate differential phase contrast. With a total exposure time of 40 s, a differential phase image depicting cartilages was obtained.
β‐Adrenoceptor blockers and the blood‐brain barrier (1981)

1 This study on 21 neurosurgical patients was set up to investigate the extent to which four chronically administered beta-adrenoceptor blockers, propranolol, oxprenolol, metoprolol and atenolol, cross and blood-brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain tissue. The concentration in the CSF of the three lipophilic beta-adrenoceptor blockers, propranolol, oxprenolol and metoprolol, approximated to the free drug concentration in the plasma, and was a poor predictor of brain concentration. These three lipophilic beta-adrenoceptor blockers appeared in brain tissue at concentrations 10-20 times greater than that of hydrophilic atenolol. The approximate brain/plasma ratio for propranolol was 26, for oxprenolol 50, for metoprolol 12 and for atenolol 0.2. 2 The low concentration of atenolol in brain tissue is possibly responsible for the low incidence of central nervous system-related side effects in patients on this agent compared to lipophilic beta-adrenoceptor blockers.
Using mixed-initiative human-robot interaction to bound performance in a search task (2008)

Mobile robots are increasingly used in dangerous domains, because they can keep humans out of harmpsilas way. Despite their advantages in hazardous environments, their general acceptance in other less dangerous domains has not been apparent and, even in dangerous environments, robots are often viewed as a ldquolast-possible choice.rdquo In order to increase the utility and acceptance of robots in hazardous domains researchers at the Idaho National Laboratory have both developed and tested novel mixed-initiative solutions that support the human-robot interactions. In a recent ldquodirtybombrdquo experiment, participants exhibited different search strategies making it difficult to determine any performance benefits. This paper presents a method for categorizing the search patterns and shows that the mixed-initiative solution decreased the time to complete the task and decreased the performance spread between participants independent of prior training and of individual strategies used to accomplish the task.
Resistant Starch and Health — <i>Himalaya 292</i>, a Novel Barley Cultivar to Deliver Benefits to Consumers (2003)

Abstract Dietary and lifestyle change is a recognised strategy for the management and prevention of socio‐economically important non‐infectious diseases. Dietary fibre is composed largely of non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP), and greater consumption of NSP‐rich foods relieves simple constipation very effectively. Starch (as resistant starch, RS) is also receiving attention for its potential role in promoting colonic function. Resistant starch is that fraction of starch which escapes human small intestinal digestion and enters the large bowel where (together with a variable fraction of NSP) it is fermented by the resident microflora. The resulting short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are taken up by the large bowel and metabolised. SCFA mediate many of the health benefits ascribed to NSP and RS. Starch consumption is low in affluent westernised countries, despite recommendations by health agencies. In Australia, foods enriched in RS as a high amylose maize starch have gained consumer acceptance. However, scope remains for additional products and ingredients and a company, Ascentia Pty Ltd, has been established to develop a novel barley cultivar ( Hordeum vulgare var. himalaya 292 ) for this purpose. This cultivar has a specific gene alteration leading to a loss of starch synthetase lla activity resulting in a grain which is low in starch but disproportionately higher in amylose and also NSP. Animal and human studies have shown that Himalaya 292 is high in RS relative to existing products and has a low glycaemic index and the cultivar offers promise as a vehicle to deliver health benefits to consumers.
Baseline Selenium Status and Effects of Selenium and Vitamin E Supplementation on Prostate Cancer Risk (2014)

Selenium supplementation did not benefit men with low selenium status but increased the risk of high-grade PCa among men with high selenium status. Vitamin E increased the risk of PCa among men with low selenium status. Men should avoid selenium or vitamin E supplementation at doses that exceed recommended dietary intakes.
Weld integrity and performance : a source book adapted from ASM international handbooks, conference proceedings, and technical books (1997)

Key articles from over 10 separate ASM publications are brought together as a practical reference on weld integrity crack prevention. This book thoroughly covers the essentials of weld solidification and cracking, weldability and material selection, process control and heat treatment, failure analysis, and fatigue and fracture mechanics weldments. Contents also include an appendix for quick reference of tabular data on weldability of alloys, process selection, recommended interpass and heat treatment temperatures, and qualification codes and standards.
Spatially resolved pump-probe second harmonic generation study of multilayer semiconductor heterostructures (2007)

The transient electric-field-induced second harmonic generation change (TEFISHGC) signals from GaAs∕GaSb∕InAs heterostructures measured in pump-probe configuration have been applied to monitor the interfacial electric fields arising from the charge separation of pump-induced carriers at the interfaces. The total intensity of the TEFISHGC signal is determined by the interference of contributions from both of the heterointerfaces. By changing the photon energy of the laser light over the GaAs absorption edge, the depth spatial resolution can be achieved allowing the ultrafast dynamics of interfacial electric field at each of the interfaces to be monitored separately.
<title>Automatic Evaluation Of Holographic Interferograms By Reference Beam Phase Shifting</title> (1983)

In most cases experimental investigations in fracture mechanics using holographic interferometry demand a spatial resolution better than a fraction of the wavelength of light. High accuracy can be achieved by phase measurements rather than mere fringe counting. A variation of the phase is performed by heterodyne techniques using a frequency shift of the reference waves or by phase shifting of the reference waves during reconstruction. A method was proposed to determine the three dimensional deformation field of object surface points by solving three systems of equations, each one defined by the data of four phase shifted fringe patterns. By means of this method fringe pattern disturbances can be eliminated, an accurate determination of interference phases, even between fringe maxima, is performed, and the sign of the deformation vector can be achieved. Furthermore, this method is well suitable to be automated in the data generation, recording, and evaluation processes, respectively. These aspects will be discussed and for the first time results of an experimental application of this method in practice, containing all the necessary intermediate steps, are presented.
A synchronization scheme with less complexity on MC-CDMA systems (2002)

Multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) technology, which combines advantages of both OFDM and CDMA, has superior performance when transmitting high rate data in wireless fading channels. However, synchronization performance plays a key role on MC-CDMA systems. Based on the analysis of present synchronization technologies, a new synchronization algorithm is proposed. Theoretical analysis and computer simulation show that this algorithm has superior synchronization performance and less system complexity.
Elektronendonator‐Akzeptor‐Komplexe von Diazonium‐Ionen und die Struktur von stabilisierten Diazonium‐Salzen. 20. Mitteilung zur Kenntnis der Azokupplungsreaktion (1970)

Abstract 1. In 0.1N HCl/H 2 O, o ‐ and p ‐nitrobenzenediazonium ions rapidly form a complex with 2‐naphthol‐6, 8‐disulphonic acid anions. Visible and NMR, spectra show that it has the structure of a charge‐transfer complex (π‐complex). The latter is probably an intermediate in the electrophilic aromatic substitution (diazo coupling reaction). 2. Diazonium ions form charge‐transfer complexes with naphthalene, 1‐methylnaphthalene, naphthalene‐1‐sulphonic acid, 1‐naphthyl‐methanesulphonic acid and also 2‐naphthol‐1‐sulphonic acid. The equilibrium constants of all these complexes have been determined. 3. The stabilisation of diazonium salts by arylsulphonic acids with regard to decomposition is due to charge‐transfer complex formation and not to formation of diazosulphonates as assumed by former investigators. The sulphonic group is not essential for the stabilisation. 4. Charge‐transfer complex formation decreases the electrophilicity of the diazonium ion (rate of diazo coupling reaction) only slightly.
Laser release process to obtain freestanding multilayer metal-polyimide circuits (1997)

Some applications in microelectronics call for freestanding polyimide films with fine metallic wiring patterns that are thinner than commercially available copper-clad polyimide sheets, which are typically greater than 25 µm in thickness. This work describes a laser-assisted technique to fabricate freestanding multilayer thin-film wiring with polyimide dielectric insulating layers that are less than 10 µm thick. A release layer consisting of a thin polymeric film is first deposited on an optically transparent carrier and the multilayer thin-film structure is then fabricated on this substrate, with the polymeric release layer sandwiched between the transparent carrier and the multilayer structure. Excimer laser light passes through the transparent carrier and ablates the polymeric layer at the transparent carrier/polymer interface, resulting in separation of the sacrificial carrier from the multilayer structure. The optimal release process is carried out using a 308-nm XeCl excimer laser operati ng at a fluence of about 100 mJ/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup>
Using targeted symbolic execution for reducing false-positives in dataflow analysis (2015)

Static data flow analysis is an indispensable tool for finding potentially malicious data leaks in software programs. Programs, nowadays often consisting of millions of lines of code, have grown much too large to allow for a complete manual inspection. Nevertheless, security experts need to judge whether an application is trustworthy or not, developers need to find bugs, and quality experts need to assess the maturity of software products. Thus, analysts take advantage of automated data flow analysis tools to find candidates for suspicious leaks which are then further investigated. While much progress has been made in the area with a broad variety of static data flow analysis tools proposed in academia and being offered commercially, the number of false alarms raised by these tools is still a concern. Many of the false alarms are reported because the analysis tool detects data flows along paths which are not realizable at runtime, e.g., due to contradictory conditions on the path. Still, every single report is a potential issue and must be reviewed by an expert which is labor-intensive and costly. In this work, we therefore propose TASMAN, a post-analysis based on symbolic execution that removes such false data leaks along unrealizable paths from the result set. Thus, it greatly improves the usefulness of the result presented to the human analyst. In our experiments on DroidBench examples, TASMAN reduces the number of false positives by about 80% without pruning any true positives. Additionally, TASMAN also identified false positives in real-world examples which we confirmed by hand. With an average execution time of 5.4 seconds per alleged leak to be checked on large real-world applications, TASMAN is fast enough for practical use.
A 16-channel flex circuit for cryogenic microwave signal transmission (2014)

Heterodyne focal plane arrays used in the terahertz (THz) regime currently require a discrete set of rigid coaxial cables for the transmission of individual intermediate frequency (IF) signals. Consequently, the size of an array is limited to ~10s of pixels due to limited physical space and the complexity of assembly. In order to achieve an array with ~1000 pixels or greater, new interconnections must be developed capable of carrying multiple IF signals on a single carrier which is flexible, robust to noise, and terminated with a high density RF connector. As an intermediate step to the development of a ~1000 pixel heterodyne focal plane array, the Kilopixel Array Pathfinder Project (KAPPa) has developed a 16 channel IF flex circuit. Initially, design simulations were performed to evaluate various means of high-frequency (1~10 GHz) signal transmission, including microstrip, stripline and coplanar waveguides. The method allowing for the closest signal spacing and greatest resistance to radio frequency interference (RFI) was determined to be stripline. Designs were considered where stripline transitioned to microstrip in order to terminate the signal. As microstrip transmission lines are sensitive to RFI, a design featuring just stripline was evaluated. In both the stripline-to-microstrip and stripline-only designs, a three-layer copper-coated polyimide substrate was used. Signal transitions were accomplished by a signal carrying “hot” via passing through a series of three conductive pads, similar to work by Leib et al. (2010). The transition design essentially mimics a coaxial line, where the radial distance between the pads and the ground plane is optimized in order to achieve desired impedances. In simulation, 50 Ohm impedances were achieved throughout, with crosstalk and return loss limited to -30dB. Terminations are made via an array of Corning Gilbert G3PO blind mate connectors, which are small enough to match the 6mm pixel pitch of the KAPPa focal plane unit. In addition, circuits with SMA terminations were designed to enable straightforward testing with a vector network analyzer (VNA). Initial designs use ½ oz. (18 microns thickness) copper conductors. In the KAPPa application, the copper conductor is still suitable for cryogenic applications because of the very small cross section presented by the copper conductor. The stripline design allows the interconnect to be clamped securely for heat sinking with a copper clamp at 10K and 60K. Heat load to the 4K stage is limited to 10 mW if the circuit is heat sunk at 10K 150mm from the 4K focal plane. Future designs could be implemented with phosphor bronze as the conductor to further limit heat load at the expense of added loss.
The Role of Internet and Personal Digital Assistant in Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (2004)

Internet usage for dentistry and medicine is growing. Using search engines available on the Internet, websites for oral pathology and oral medicine information resources are explored and evaluated. A framework, whereby the personal digital assistant is used in conjunction with the Internet to enhance the practice and education of oral pathology, is proposed.
Syntheses and Antimicrobial Activity of 2-Acylaminothiazole-carboxylic Acid and its Related Compounds (1959)

With the idea of introducing a hydrophobic group into thiazole-carboxylic acid, possessing a hydrophilic carboxyl group, and thiazolidine-carboxylic acid, forming a part of penicillin structure, 2-acylamino-4-carboxythiazole, 2-acylamino-4-ethoxycarbonylthiazole, 2-acylamino-5-carboxythiazole, 2-acylamino-5-ethoxycarbonylthiazole, and 2-(2-acylaminoethoxycarbonylmethyl)-4-carboxythiazolidine were synthesized and their antimicrobial activity was examined. As a result, there was only one compound which could inhibit the growth of tuberclebacilli in 10-4M concentration. The compounds of this series were found to show antiviral activity and some compounds showed significant in vivo effect against Japanese B encephalitis virus.
Functional and structural mapping of Chlamydia trachomatis species-specific major outer membrane protein epitopes by use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (1991)

Three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), E4, L1-4, and L1-24, to the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis were identified that neutralized in vitro the infectivity of members of the B- and C-related complex as well as the mouse pneumonitis strain. MAbs L1-4, L1-24, and E4 gave a strong signal in an indirect immunofluorescence assay and/or Western immunoblot with all serovars of the lymphogranuloma venereum and trachoma biovars and a weak signal with the mouse biovar. In addition, C. psittaci and C. pneumoniae were also weakly recognized by MAbs L1-4 and L1-24. As determined by the technique of pneumoniae were also weakly recognized by MAbs L1-4 and L1-24. As determined by by the technique of overlapping peptides, all three MAbs showed reactivity to variable domain (VD) IV of MOMP. While all three MAbs had different recognition patterns, all strongly bound to the peptides TLNPTI and LNPTIA within the species-conserved region of VD IV. MAb E4 also recognized the peptide SATAIF in the subspecies region of VD IV. Peptides corresponding to VD IV of MOMP were synthesized and used in competitive inhibition experiments to determine the functional location of the epitope recognized by these three MAbs. Both the serological and neutralizing activities of MAb E4 were inhibited by the peptides ATAIFDTTTLNPTIAG and FDTTTLNPTIAG; however, none of the peptides made to the VD IV region blocked the neutralizing activity of MAbs L1-4 and L1-24. Therefore, the neutralizable domain of the epitope recognized by MAb E4 is contiguous and may be an important candidate for inclusion in a subunit vaccine.
The MRP gene encodes an ATP-dependent export pump for leukotriene C4 and structurally related conjugates. (1994)

The multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) is the product of an ATP-binding cassette transporter gene overexpressed in some tumor cells resistant to antineoplastic agents. We studied the transport function of MRP in membrane vesicles prepared from HeLa cells transfected with an MRP expression vector and overexpressing this 190-kDa membrane glycoprotein. ATP-dependent primary-active transport into the vesicles was demonstrated for leukotriene C4 (LTC4), LTD4, LTE4, and S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione with relative rates, at a substrate concentration of 50 nM, of 1.0, 0.27, 0.14, and 0.16, respectively. The endogenous glutathione conjugate LTC4 had the highest affinity for this transporter with a Km of 97 nM. The Km for ATP was 19 microM. Direct photoaffinity labeling with [3H]LTC4 labeled a 190-kDa membrane protein predominantly in the MRP-transfected HeLa cells. ATP-dependent LTC4 transport was effectively inhibited by the LTD4 receptor antagonist MK 571, whereas cyclosporin A and, particularly, its analog PSC 833 were much less potent. The respective Ki values were 0.6, 5, and 27 microM, respectively. In addition, MK 571 preferentially inhibited photoaffinity labeling of the 190-kDa protein in the MRP transfectants. Our results provide direct evidence that the MRP gene encodes a primary-active ATP-dependent export pump for conjugates of lipophilic compounds with glutathione and several other anionic residues. We conclude that the biosynthetic release of LTC4 from cells is mediated by the 190-kDa product of the MRP gene.
Next-Generation Regeneration: The Hope and Hype of Lung Stem Cell Research (2012)

Research discoveries in the fields of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine are beginning to advance and refine our understanding of lung injury and repair. Although these emerging studies offer unprecedented opportunities to develop novel therapies for a variety of lung diseases, the quickening pace of work in this nascent field also makes it difficult to discern hope from hype when addressing the pleas of patients eager for clinical translation or when seeking information on the risk versus reward of participation in clinical trials. This perspective provides an overview of the latest advances in lung-related stem cell research and places the new discoveries in a historical context. Established, lineage-restricted epithelial progenitors of the conducting airways and gas-exchanging alveoli are briefly reviewed, and controversial, newly proposed tissue-specific candidate lung stem/progenitor cells with broader differentiation repertoire are introduced. Exogenous derivation of lung epithelia from embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells is also presented as an alternative method for engineering lung tissue de novo in culture.
Estimating total urea removal and protein catabolic rate by monitoring UV absorbance in spent dialysate (2005)

The study demonstrates that TRU, and consequently PCR, can be estimated by on-line measurement of the UV absorption in the spent dialysate.
Acetaminophen and the U.S. acute liver failure study group: Lowering the risks of hepatic failure (2004)

Acetaminophen overdose is the leading cause for calls to Poison Control Centers (>100,000/year) and accounts for more than 56,000 emergency room visits, 2,600 hospitalizations, and an estimated 458 deaths due to acute liver failure each year. Data from the U.S. Acute Liver Failure Study Group registry of more than 700 patients with acute liver failure across the United States implicates acetaminophen poisoning in nearly 50% of all acute liver failure in this country. Available in many single or combination products, acetaminophen produces more than 1 billion US dollars in annual sales for Tylenol products alone. It is heavily marketed for its safety compared to nonsteroidal analgesics. By enabling self-diagnosis and treatment of minor aches and pains, its benefits are said by the Food and Drug Administration to outweigh its risks. It still must be asked: Is this amount of injury and death really acceptable for an over-the-counter pain reliever?
Trade Execution Costs and Market Quality after Decimalization (2003)

This study assesses trade execution costs and market quality for NYSE and Nasdaq stocks before and after the 2001 change to decimal pricing. Several theoretical predictions are confirmed. Quoted bid-ask spreads declined substantially on each market, with the largest declines for heavily traded stocks. The percentage of shares receiving price improvement increased on the NYSE, but not on Nasdaq. However, those trades completed at prices within or outside the quotes were improved or disimproved by smaller amounts after decimalization, and trades completed outside the quotes saw the largest reductions in trade execution costs, as a class. Effective bid-ask spreads as a percentage of share price, arguably the most relevant measure of execution costs for smaller trades, averaged 0.33% on a volume-weighted basis after decimalization for both NYSE and Nasdaq stocks. There is no evidence of systematic intraday reversals of quote changes on either market, as would be expected if decimalization had damaged liquidity supply.