gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal Tmax Threshold for Predicting Penumbral Tissue in Acute Stroke (2008)

Defining PWI lesions based on a stricter Tmax threshold than the standard >2 seconds delay appears to provide more a reliable estimate of the volume of the ischemic penumbra in stroke patients imaged between 3 and 6 hours after symptom onset. A threshold between 4 and 6 seconds appears optimal for early identification of critically hypoperfused tissue.
Parallel Genetic Algorithms with Schema Migration (2003)

Several main factors that affect the performances of several kinds of classic parallel genetic algorithms are analyzed in this paper to find some changes for improvements. On the basis of previous researches, authors take the decrease of the communication costs as the key this problem and present a new migration scheme based on schema theory. This schema migration scheme (SMS) uses the transmission mechanism of information in network for reference. Through the methods of module identification, it distills and compresses the good genetic information from one sub population and then spreads proportionately these schemas into another sub population. The validity of this new migration scheme is discussed according to schema theory, followed with the formalized measurements, in theory, of communication costs' decrease and the analysis on better scalability of the algorithms by use of SMS.
Rechargeable Biofilm-Controlling Tubing Materials for Use in Dental Unit Water Lines (2011)

A simple and practical surface grafting approach was developed to introduce rechargeable N-halamine-based antimicrobial functionality onto the inner surfaces of continuous small-bore polyurethane (PU) dental unit waterline (DUWL) tubing. In this approach, tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution of a free-radical initiator, dicumyl peroxide (DCP), flowed through the PU tubing (inner diameter of 1/16 in., or 1.6 mm) to diffuse DCP into the tubing's inner walls, which was used as initiator in the subsequent grafting polymerization of methacrylamide (MAA) onto the tubing. Upon chlorine bleach treatment, the amide groups of the grafted MAA side chains were transformed into acyclic N-halamines. The reactions were confirmed with attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR) spectra and iodometric titration. The mechanical properties of the tubing were not significantly affected by the grafting reactions. The biofilm-controlling function of the new N-halamine-based PU tubing was evaluated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), one of the most isolated water bacteria from DUWLs, in a continuous bacterial flow model. Bacteria culturing and SEM studies showed that the inner surfaces of the new N-halamine-based PU tubing completely prevented bacterial biofilm formation for at least three to four weeks. After that, bacteria began to colonize the tubing surface. However, the lost function was fully regenerated by exposing the tubing inner surfaces to diluted chlorine bleach. The recharging process could be repeated periodically to further extend the biofilm-controlling duration for long-term applications.
Prevention and Treatment of No-Reflow Phenomenon by Targeting the Coronary Microcirculation (2014)

Dyslipidemias are more common in the patient population with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced HIV-associated morbidity and mortality and has transformed HIV disease into a chronic, manageable condition. As a result, non-AIDS-related illnesses, including cardiovascular diseases, are now the leading causes of death in the HIV-infected population. Optimizing fasting lipid parameters plays an important role in reducing cardiovascular risk in this population. This review focuses on the management of dyslipidemia in HIV-infected individuals treated with combination ART.
Single I/O space for scalable cluster computing (1999)

In this paper, we propose a novel single I/O space architecture for achieving a single system image (SSI) at the I/O subsystem level. This is very much desired in a scalable cluster computing environment using commodity components. Our design achieves a single address space for all blocks of data in the cluster, which can tolerate all single disk failures. While traditional approaches focused on at user-level or at the distributed file subsystem level, we separate the I/O subsystem of a cluster into the file system and a set of distributed virtual device drivers (VDDs). All SSI services are provided by the VDDs with unmodified file systems. Compared to previous approaches, our approach has higher transparency, better performance, lower implementation cost, higher availability, and application compatibility for I/O intensive cluster computing.
High-speed picosecond pulse generation in semiconductor lasers with incoherent optical feedback (1991)

A novel method for producing high-speed picosecond optical pulses from semiconductor laser diodes that uses incoherent optical feedback is proposed. The incoherent optical feedback provides a successive pulselike modulation in carrier density and drives the system to a self-sustained pulsation state whose repetition rate is determined by relaxation oscillations.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antidepressants and Cytochrome P450 Genotyping in General Practice (2006)

In the psychiatric setting, therapeutic drug monitoring and genotyping for cytochrome P450 (CYP) polymorphisms help to ensure and maintain therapeutic drug levels. In this study, the authors extended the therapeutic drug monitoring and genotyping protocol routinely used in their psychiatric clinic to primary care patients treated with antidepressants. They examined the variation in serum concentrations and assessed the role of CYP polymorphisms, wrong dosing, and noncompliance in deviating serum concentrations. Of 227 serum concentrations obtained, 127 (56%) were more than 20% outside therapeutic ranges. Of these 127 cases, 64 (50%) were congruous with aberrant CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 genotypes, incorrect dosing, or a pharmacy record suggesting noncompliance. Prevalence of aberrant CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypes did not differ significantly between the investigated primary care patients and 751 secondary care users of antidepressants. The therapeutic drug monitoring and the genotyping findings resulted in recommendations to physicians to alter the medication strategy of 146 (64%) patients. These results strongly suggest that the rationale for therapeutic drug monitoring and CYP genotyping when prescribing antidepressants in secondary care also applies to the primary care setting.
Enhanced Arteriogenesis and Wound Repair in Dystrophin-Deficient <i>mdx</i> Mice (2004)

These results demonstrate that arteriogenesis is enhanced in mdx mice both after ischemia and skin wounding and in response to growth factors.
Quinolone antibacterials. <b>1.</b> 7‐(2‐substituted‐4‐thiazolyl and thiazolidinyl)quinolones (1991)

Abstract A series of 7‐(2‐substituted‐4‐thiazolyl and thiazolidinyl)‐1‐ethyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxoquinoline‐3‐carboxylic acids and their 6‐fluoro analogues were synthesized. The Hantzsch method was used for the preparation of the thiazolylquinolones. The thiazolidinylquinolones were synthesized by quaternization of the corresponding thiazolyl analogues, followed by reduction of the obtained thiazolium salts with sodium borohydride in aqueous solution. Antibacterial activity was tested in vitro. Most of the compounds were inactive against Gram‐negative bacteria but some of them showed however good activity against Gram‐positive bacteria and mycobacteria. This activity pattern is rarely found among the quinolone antibacterials.
Highly efficient predictive zonal algorithms for fast block-matching motion estimation (2002)

Motion estimation (ME) is an important part of any video encoding system since it could significantly affect the output quality of an encoded sequence. Unfortunately, this feature requires a significant part of the encoding time especially when using the straightforward full search (FS) algorithm. We propose two techniques, the generalized motion vector (MV) predictor and the adaptive threshold calculation, that can be used to significantly improve the performance of many existing fast ME algorithms. In particular, we apply them to create two new algorithms, named advanced predictive diamond zonal search and predictive MV field adaptive search technique, respectively, which can considerably reduce, if not essentially remove, the computational cost of ME at the encoder, while at the same time give similar, and in many cases better, visual quality with the brute force full search algorithm. The proposed algorithms mainly rely upon very robust and reliable predictive techniques and early termination criteria with parameters adapted to the local characteristics combined with the zonal based patterns. Our experiments verify the considerable superiority of the proposed algorithms versus the performance of possibly all other known fast algorithms, and FS.
Sensitivity of X-ray Phase Imaging Based on Talbot Interferometry (2008)

The sensitivity of X-ray phase imaging based on Talbot interferometry is discussed. In order to evaluate the superiority of the technique to the conventional absorption-contrast method, which relies on X-ray absorption, a criterion is proposed. An experimental result of X-ray phase imaging with a Talbot interferometer is compared with the criterion. The criterion is also available for X-ray phase imaging based on Talbot–Lau interferometry. The advantage of X-ray phase imaging based on Talbot(–Lau) interferometry is more prominent when smaller structures are observed with smaller pixels.
Temporal proof methodologies for real-time systems (1991)

We extend the specification language of temporal logic, the corresponding verification framework, and the underlying computational model to deal with real-time properties of reactive systems. The abstract notion of timed transition systems generalizes traditional transition systems conservatively: qualitative fairness requirements are replaced (and superseded) by quantitative lower-bound and upper-bound timing constraints on transitions. This framework can model real-time systems that communicate either through shared variables or by message passing and real-time issues such as time-outs, process priorities (interrupts), and process scheduling. We exhibit two styles for the specification of real-time systems. While the first approach uses bounded versions of temporal operators, the second approach allows explicit references to time through a special clock variable. Corresponding to the two styles of specification, we present and compare two fundamentally different proof methodologies for the verification of timing requirements that are expressed in these styles. For the bounded-operatoT style, we provide a set of proof rules for establishing bounded-invariance and bounded-response properties of timed transition systems. This approach generalizes the standard temporal proof rules for verifying invariance and response properties conservatively. For the explicit-clock style, we exploit the observation that every time-bounded property is a safety property and use the standard temporal proof rules for establishing safety properties.
STK33 Kinase Activity Is Nonessential in KRAS-Dependent Cancer Cells (2011)

Despite the prevalence of KRAS mutations in human cancers, there remain no targeted therapies for treatment. The serine-threonine kinase STK33 has been proposed to be required for the survival of mutant KRAS-dependent cell lines, suggesting that small molecule kinase inhibitors of STK33 may be useful to treat KRAS-dependent tumors. In this study, we investigated the role of STK33 in mutant KRAS human cancer cells using RNA interference, dominant mutant overexpression, and small molecule inhibitors. As expected, KRAS downregulation decreased the survival of KRAS-dependent cells. In contrast, STK33 downregulation or dominant mutant overexpression had no effect on KRAS signaling or survival of these cells. Similarly, a synthetic lethal siRNA screen conducted in a broad panel of KRAS wild-type or mutant cells identified KRAS but not STK33 as essential for survival. We also obtained similar negative results using small molecule inhibitors of the STK33 kinase identified by high-throughput screening. Taken together, our findings refute earlier proposals that STK33 inhibition may be a useful therapeutic approach to target human KRAS mutant tumors.
Grafting of commercially available amines bearing aromatic rings onto poly(vinylidene‐<i>co</i>‐hexafluoropropene) copolymers (2006)

Abstract The grafting of poly(VDF‐ co ‐HFP) copolymers with different amines containing aromatic rings, such as aniline, benzylamine, and phenylpropylamine, is presented. 19 F NMR characterization enabled us to show that the sites of grafting of aromatic‐containing amines were first difluoromethylene of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) in the hexafluoropropene (HFP)/VDF/HFP triad and then that of VDF adjacent to HFP. The kinetics of grafting of benzylamine, monitored by 1 H NMR spectroscopy, confirmed those sites of grafting and showed that all VDF units located between two HFPs were grafted in the first 150 min, whereas those adjacent to one HFP unit were grafted in the remaining 3000 min. Parameters such as the temperature or the molar percentage of HFP in the copolymer had an influence on the maximum rate of grafted benzylamine. The higher the temperature, the higher the molar percentage of grafted benzylamine. Furthermore, the higher the molar percentage of HFP in the copolymer, the higher the molar percentage of VDF in the HFP/VDF/HFP triad, and the higher the molar percentage of grafted benzylamine. The spacer length between the aromatic ring and the amino group had an influence on the kinetics of grafting: aniline (p K a = 4.5) could not add onto the polymeric backbone, whereas phenylpropylamine was grafted in the first 150 min, and benzylamine required 3000 min to reach the maximum amount of grafting. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1855–1868, 2006
The Effect of Water on Pavement Response Based on 3D FEM Simulation and Experiment Evaluation (2008)

It has been recognized that asphalt pavement performance will decrease with the presence of water within the pavement structure, while current pavement mechanics analysis has not taken into account the effect of moisture on dynamic response of pavement appropriately. Consequently, a 3D finite element simulation model was performed to study the mechanical response of saturated asphalt pavement based on Biot consolidation theory. Then, a laboratory test procedure was developed to analyze the attenuation of mixture performance induced by the coupled water/loading action. The result indicates that the presence of water changes stress distribution within pavement structure. What's more, it is interesting to find that the adverse position is in the middle and bottom HMA layer according to the distribution of pore pressure, which tallies with the raveling phenomenon of asphalt pavement caused by water. Another finding from the research is that the fatigue life of specimen subject to the coupled water/loading action decreases obviously. It is recommended to consider the effect of water when analyzing and designing flexible pavements.
A miniaturized reconfigurable broadband attenuator based on RF MEMS switches (2016)

Reconfigurable attenuators are widely used in microwave measurement instruments. Development of miniaturized attenuation devices with high precision and broadband performance is required for state-of-the-art applications. In this paper, a compact 3-bit microwave attenuator based on radio frequency micro-electro-mechanical system (RF MEMS) switches and polysilicon attenuation modules is presented. The device comprises 12 ohmic contact MEMS switches, π-type polysilicon resistive attenuation modules and microwave compensate structures. Special attention was paid to the design of the resistive network, compensate structures and system simulation. The device was fabricated using micromachining processes compatible with traditional integrated circuit fabrication processes. The reconfigurable attenuator integrated with RF MEMS switches and resistive attenuation modules was successfully fabricated with dimensions of 2.45 × 4.34 × 0.5 mm3, which is 1/1000th of the size of a conventional step attenuator. The measured RF performance revealed that the attenuator provides 10–70 dB attenuation at 10 dB intervals from 0.1–20 GHz with an accuracy better than ±1.88 dB at 60 dB and an error of less than 2.22 dB at 10 dB. The return loss of each state of the 3-bit attenuator was better than 11.95 dB (VSWR < 1.71) over the entire operating band.
DNA sequence determinant for Flp‐induced DNA bending (1998)

The Flp site-specific recombinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces DNA bending upon interaction with the Flp recognition target (FRT) site. The minimal FRT site comprises the inverted a and b binding elements, which flank a central 8 bp core region. The DNA bend in a complex of two Flp monomers bound to the FRT site is located in the middle of the core region. When the central AT basepair was replaced with a CG, the DNA bend was positioned at the outside end of the core region adjacent to the a binding element. The other basepairs surrounding the central AT basepair were not important to the position of Flp-induced bends. The change also decreased Flp-mediated cleavage of the top strand of the FRT site and increased Flp-mediated cleavage of the bottom strand. The overall recombination proficiency of the site was impaired. We conclude that the central AT basepair provides a point of flexure in the FRT site, which Flp uses to position the bend in dimeric Flp-DNA complexes, and that the structure of the core DNA influences the functionality of the site.
Multiple sclerosis: Distribution of inflammatory cells in newly forming lesions (2009)

Early loss of oligodendrocytes is a prominent feature in tissue bordering rapidly expanding MS lesions. Macrophage activity is largely an innate scavenging response to the presence of degenerate and dead myelin. Adaptive immune activity involving T and B cells is conspicuous chiefly in recently demyelinated tissue, which may show signs of oligodendrocyte regeneration. The findings suggest that plaque formation has some basis other than destructive cell-mediated immunity directed against a myelin or oligodendrocyte antigen.
Acquisition geometry requirements for generating virtual-source data (2008)

Using model and field data, this article reviews the virtual-source method and its acquisition geometry requirements. Before we go into the details of the acquisition geometry requirements, let us briefly review the basic concept and the advantages of the virtual-source method. A typical surface seismic experiment has sources on the surface to excite waves that propagate through the subsurface. Surface receivers record the reflected waves. In order to image the subsurface, we migrate the reflected wavefield recorded by the receivers, using an estimate of the subsurface velocity model. However, the near surface is usually complex, and the velocity is difficult to estimate. These near-surface inhomogeneities, if not represented in the migration velocity model, defocus the deeper image. In order to avoid the estimation of the near-surface velocity model, Bakulin and Calvert (2006) proposed the virtual-source method, a technique that uses cross-correlation of the wavefield recorded by a given pair of receivers to estimate the response between them.
Overview of principles and current uses of DNA probes in clinical and laboratory medicine. (1993)

Fundamental considerations of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probe hybridization reaction including concept of stringency is reviewed. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and its detection using DNA probes are discussed together with the importance of RFLP in genetic linkage analysis. Methodological considerations, such as limitations in sample preparation and improvements effected in techniques, cloning DNA, and labelling of DNA probes, are addressed. Principles of hybridization technology and blotting techniques are reviewed. Amplification of DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), labelling with PCR, detection of PCR products and separation procedures prior to use of PCR are discussed. Other amplification methods and in-situ hybridization (ISH) procedures are reviewed. Selected current applications of DNA probes in the area of infectious diseases, genetic diseases, HLA typing, paternity and forensic testing are briefly discussed. Emphasis is placed on the use of DNA probes in the area of oncology. Background on activation of proto oncogene, loss of tumor suppressor genes, chromosomal translocation, and chromosome analysis are provided for understanding DNA probe assays for ph1 positive leukemias and applications of Interphase cytogenetic technique in oncology. Finally, analytical strategies for detection of tumor suppressor genes are addressed.
DNA hybridization on microparticles: determining capture-probe density and equilibrium dissociation constants (1999)

Many DNA-probe assays utilize oligonucleotide-coated microparticles for capture of complementary nucleic acids from solution. During development of these assays, as well as in other particle-based nucleic acid applications, it is useful to know both the amount of duplex formation expected under various experimental conditions and the coating density of the capture oligonucleotide on the particle surface. We examined the simplest form of a DNA-probe microparticle assay: hybridization of a particle-bound capture oligonucleotide to its solution-phase complement. Fluorescein-labeled solution-phase oligonucleotide was hybridized to varying amounts of particles, and the amount of labeled oligonucleotide remaining in solution at equilibrium was measured. We present a simple two-state, all-or-none model for bimolecular hybridization of non-self-complementary sequences that can be used to calculate the equilibrium dissociation constant ( Kd ) from hybridization data. With experimental conditions where both the Kd value and the concentration of capture probe in the reaction are small relative to the concentration of labeled complementary oligonucleotide in the reaction, density of the capture probe on the particle's surface can also be determined. Kd values for particle-based hybridization were different from those obtained from solution-phase thermodynamic parameters. At higher temperatures, hybridization on particles was more efficient than hybridization in solution.
Absorption-Limited Generation of Coherent Ultrashort Soft-X-Ray Pulses (1999)

Coherent growth of high-order harmonic radiation has been extended to propagation lengths comparable to the XUV absorption length at wavelengths as short as 10 nm range for the first time. Absorption-limited production of high harmonics of sub-10-fs near-infrared laser pulses in gas jets gives rise to a harmonic conversion efficiency of $(3--4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ in the range of 10--13 nm in neon and some 2 orders of magnitude higher at about 30 nm in argon. This kHz-repetition-rate ultrafast soft-x-ray source emits approximately ${10}^{10}$ photons per sec within a 0.9-nm bandwidth of a typical Mo:Si mirror at 13.4 nm in a near-diffraction-limited beam and opens up the way to soft-x-ray nonlinear optics and the measurement of sub-fs soft-x-ray pulses.
Electronic music synthesis for recordings (1971)

Electronic music synthesis is a process whereby several parts or elements of a musical composition that are performed or produced as separate entities are combined to form the entire or rendered composition. Since the entire process can seldom be carried out in real time, the synthesis of music has not been a performing-type rendition; therefore, the final product takes the form of a record that can be reproduced at any given time. Electronic music synthesis includes the modification and combination of conventional and original sound sources, manual and programmed electronic music synthesizers, and digital computers.