gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Victim Replication: Maximizing Capacity while Hiding Wire Delay in Tiled Chip Multiprocessors (2005)

In this paper, we consider tiled chip multiprocessors (CMP) where each tile contains a slice of the total on-chip L2 cache storage and tiles are connected by an on-chip network. The L2 slices can be managed using two basic schemes: 1) each slice is treated as a private L2 cache for the tile; 2) all slices are treated as a single large L2 cache shared by all tiles. Private L2 caches provide the lowest hit latency but reduce the total effective cache capacity, as each tile creates local copies of any line it touches. A shared L2 cache increases the effective cache capacity for shared data, but incurs long hit latencies when L2 data is on a remote tile. We present a new cache management policy, victim replication, which combines the advantages of private and shared schemes. Victim replication is a variant of the shared scheme which attempts to keep copies of local primary cache victims within the local L2 cache slice. Hits to these replicated copies reduce the effective latency of the shared L2 cache, while retaining the benefits of a higher effective capacity for shared data. We evaluate the various schemes using full-system simulation of both single-threaded and multi-threaded benchmarks running on an 8-processor tiled CMP. We show that victim replication reduces the average memory access latency of the shared L2 cache by an average of 16% for multi-threaded benchmarks and 24% for single-threaded benchmarks, providing better overall performance than either private or shared schemes.
Understanding Bossung curve asymmetry and focus shift effect in EUV lithography (2002)

As minimum semiconductor critical dimension feature sizes become smaller and smaller, many adverse effects in lithography printing due to mask topography start to stand out. These effects existed in the optical lithography in the past many generations. Usually, these effects contributed to a negligible depth of focus (DOF) consumption, and therefore, were neglected. In the case of Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL), due to the drastic reduction in wavelength, some of these adverse effects that related to the wavelength tend to magnify in the case of EUVL as compared to the deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography. For example, the asymmetry of Bossung curves and focus shift for semi-isolated to isolated lines is found to be much less in DUV optical lithography. However, in the case of EUVL, a maximum 40nm focus offset between the dense and the isolated lines exists. This focus shift effect in EUVL has been previously discussed by C. Krautschik, et al1 and explained via the complex phase behavior for the EUVL mask that is fundamentally different from the thin mask. In this paper, we will present a detailed and simpler explanation for the cause of the Bossung curve asymmetry and focus shift effect. Our simulation study indicated that the asymmetry and focus shift effect is simply due to a phase error at the mask pattern edge. This phase error is primarily caused by the interference of the reflected light from the reflective substrate with the diffracted light at the absorber edge or boundary and with the partially transmitted light from the absorber edge. This effect is not unique for the reflective masks; it exists in transmission masks as well. The analogy of this effect to the conventional thin transmission mask can be simply made and will also be discussed in detail.
Identification and functional characterization of a TIA-1-related nucleolysin. (1992)

We recently reported the molecular cloning of a cytotoxic granule-associated RNA-binding protein designated TIA-1. The ability of recombinant TIA-1 to induce DNA fragmentation in permeabilized cells suggested that this protein is the granule component responsible for inducing apoptosis in cytolytic lymphocyte (CTL) targets. Here we report the characterization of a cDNA encoding a TIA-1-related protein designated TIAR. The deduced amino acid sequence of TIAR reveals it to be a 42-kDa protein possessing three RNA-binding domains and a carboxyl-terminal auxiliary domain. Although the RNA-binding domains of TIA-1 and TIAR share greater than 85% amino acid homology, their carboxyl-terminal auxiliary domains are only 51% homologous. The carboxyl terminus of TIAR contains a lysosome-targeting motif, indicating that TIAR is probably a cytotoxic granule-associated protein. Like TIA-1, purified recombinant TIAR induced DNA fragmentation in permeabilized target cells. Although immunoblotting analysis of post-nuclear supernatants revealed TIA-1 protein to be restricted to CTLs, PCR analysis revealed the expression of TIA-1 and TIAR mRNA transcripts in a wide variety of cell types. Our data suggest that the granules of CTLs contain at least two candidate nucleolysins involved in CTL killing.
Applications of Higher Alcohols in Household Surfactants (1981)

The major derivatives of normal primary higher alcohols used in the detergent industry were discussed. These included alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol ether sulfates, and alkyl sulfates. The chemical reactions for preparation of each were also given. The applications of each of these derivatives were discussed with typical formulations and optimum carbon chain lengths presented. Usage of alcohol derivatives in laundry products, dishwashing liquids, and shampoos were highlighted.
Thin-Base Bipolar Technology by Low-Temperature Photo-Epitaxy (1987)

Due to the continuous reduction of pattern size in VLSIs, there is an urgent problem in vertical scaling for MOS and bipolar devices. Especially for high speed bipolar VLSIs, a very thin base with a high carrier concentration is required because the minimum delay at high power dissipation is predominantly determined by the intrinsic base width. A base region is conventionally fabricated by boron ion implantation into a collector region. The tailing of implanted boron distribution, channeling, prevents further reduction of base thickness and increase of boron concentration1), This paper presents a new bipolar transistor for high speed VLSIs. This transistor, called epitaxially-grown base transistor (EBT), is constructed with an epitaxial base layer photochemically-grown. This photo-epitaxy enables us to fabricate a very thin, highly-doped layer with little redistribution of dopants2). Therefore, a very thin base layer can be realized for shorter base transit time, still maintaining a reasonable base resistance and avoiding punchthrough.
Morningglory (<i>Ipomoea</i>spp.) and Large Crabgrass (<i>Digitaria sanguinalis</i>) Control with Glyphosate and 2,4-DB Mixtures in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>)<sup>1</sup> (2001)

Glyphosate effectively controls most weeds in glyphosate-resistant soybean. However, it is sometimes only marginally effective on Ipomoea spp. A field experiment was conducted at five locations in North Carolina to determine the effects of mixing 2,4-DB with glyphosate on Ipomoea spp. control and on soybean injury and yield. The isopropylamine salt of glyphosate at 560, 840, and 1,120 g ai/ha controlled mixtures of tall morningglory, entireleaf morningglory, and red morningglory at least 96% at two locations. Mixing the dimethylamine salt of 2,4-DB at 35 g ae/ha with glyphosate did not increase control but reduced soybean yield 6%. At two other locations, 2,4-DB increased control of tall morningglory and a mixture of entireleaf morningglory and ivyleaf morningglory 13 to 22% when mixed with glyphosate at 560 g/ha, but not when mixed with glyphosate at 840 or 1,120 g/ha. Soybean yield was reduced 31% at one location and was unaffected at the other. At the fifth location, 2,4-DB increased control of tall morningglory 25, 11, and 7% when mixed with glyphosate at 560, 840, and 1,120 g/ha, respectively. Soybean yield was increased 15%. In separate field experiments, glyphosate at 560, 840, and 1,120 g/ha controlled large crabgrass at least 99%. Mixing 2,4-DB at 35 g/ha with glyphosate did not affect control. In the greenhouse, mixing 2,4-DB at 35, 70, 140, or 280 g/ha with glyphosate at 70 to 560 g/ha did not affect large crabgrass control by glyphosate.Nomenclature: Glyphosate; 2,4-DB; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray #3 IPOHG; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. # IPOHE; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. # DIGSA; red morningglory, Ipomoea coccinea L. # IPOCC; tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth # PHBPU; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Hartz 5566 RR’.Additional index words: Herbicide combinations, herbicide interactions, herbicide-resistant crops.Abbreviations: WAT, weeks after treatment.
The synthesis of vicinal trimethoxyoctahydrophenanthrene derivatives (1971)

Diels–Alder condensation of 3,4-dihydro-5,6,7-trimethoxy-1-vinylnaphthalene with methyl acrylate gave two isomeric hexahydro-6,7,8-trimethoxyphenanthrene-2α-carboxylic acids (2) and (3). The acid (2) was readily isomerized under acidic conditions to the acid (3). Both compounds (2) and (3) gave the same octahydrophenanthrenecarboxylic acid (4) on reduction with a limited quantity of sodium and liquid ammonia. Reduction of either acid (2) or (3) with excess of sodium and liquid ammonia caused loss of the 7-methoxy-group.
Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice (2009)

Collaborations of physicians and researchers with industry can provide valuable benefits to society, particularly in the translation of basic scientific discoveries to new therapies and products. Recent reports and news stories have, however, documented disturbing examples of relationships and practices that put at risk the integrity of medical research, the objectivity of professional education, the quality of patient care, the soundness of clinical practice guidelines, and the public's trust in medicine. Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice provides a comprehensive look at conflict of interest in medicine. It offers principles to inform the design of policies to identify, limit, and manage conflicts of interest without damaging constructive collaboration with industry. It calls for both short-term actions and long-term commitments by institutions and individuals, including leaders of academic medical centers, professional societies, patient advocacy groups, government agencies, and drug, device, and pharmaceutical companies. Failure of the medical community to take convincing action on conflicts of interest invites additional legislative or regulatory measures that may be overly broad or unduly burdensome. Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice makes several recommendations for strengthening conflict of interest policies and curbing relationships that create risks with little benefit. The book will serve as an invaluable resource for individuals and organizations committed to high ethical standards in all realms of medicine.
Further Observations on Chloramphenicol Toxicosis in Cats (1980)

After a base-line period (14 days), five cats were orally given 50 mg of chloramphenicol every 12 hours for 21 days. Clinical signs of toxicosis were CNS depression, reduced intake of food and water, and weight loss. Changes in peripheral blood included lower platelet counts after treatment for 1 week and fewer neutrophils after treatment for 3 weeks; one cat developed lymphocytopenia after 1 week and neutropenia after 2 weeks. Changes in bone marrow at the end of treatment comprised vacuolation of early myeloid cells and lymphocytes, and reduced myeloid maturation ratio, and some cats also had reduced marrow cellularity, or increased myeloid:erythroid ratio, or both of these.
Sterilization of Chitosan: Implications (1995)

Chitosan, a biopolysaccharide having structural characteristics similar to glycosaminoglycans, seems to be an ideal non-toxic and bioabsorbable biopolymer. This study highlights the effects of some physical and chemical methods of sterilization on chitosan films, in retaining the original tensile strength besides the efficacy of sterility and degree of hemolysis of the finished films.
Hybrid Beamforming for dual-polarized antenna (2019)

Recently, dual-polarized antenna has attracted strong attention in Millimeter wave (mmWave) systems. It provides an additional degree-of-freedom in wireless communication, yielding higher throughput. Nowadays, with the development of antenna technology, dual-polarized large scale antenna arrays can be realized inexpensively. However, several challenges must be addressed when using dual-polarized antennas in practical transmission such as mobile phone rotation and non-ideal polarization isolation. We address these challenges in the frame of dual-polarized hybrid beamformers. In this paper, we analyze the performance of dual-polarized beamforming based on two popular techniques: Beam steering and Orthogonal Matching Pursuit. Three categories of dual-polarized beam steering are analyzed: (1) same ray: the two polarizations are sent on the same ray, (2) different ray - same polarization: the two polarizations are sent on different pathes, and the receiver uses the same polarization as the emitter, (3) different ray - different polarization: the receiver uses the orthogonal polarization w.r.t. the emitter. An algorithm to choose the rays and polarizations to use, taking the mobile rotation into account, is also developed. Moreover, we develop a hybrid beamforming algorithm inspired by Orthogonal Matching Pursuit that approaches the fully digital beamforming data-rate and outperforms beam steering. Its developed version - Orthogonal based Matching Pursuit - is also introduced to reduce the computational complexity and overcome the unavailability of the Angle of Arrival.
Specialized I/O and High-Speed CPU Yields Efficient Microcontroller for Automotive Applications (1985)

Due to increasing governmental demands for tighter exhaust emission standards, a greater fuel economy, and the contrasting consumer desire for higher performance and efficiency from smaller displacement power plants, the automotive industry is turning to electronics for a wider range of applications. Electronics, specifically in the form of the microcontroller, has evolved specialized on-chip peripheral functions to meet this need. Higher resolution analog-to-digital converters, high-speed inputs and outputs, timer/counters, and watchdog timers have been added on-board to augment standard digital I/O ports, make a more cost-effective solution, and to unburden the CPU.
Inactivation of Dicer1 in Steroidogenic factor 1-positive cells reveals tissue-specific requirement for Dicer1in adrenal, testis, and ovary (2010)

Dicer1 is dispensable for formation and differentiation of fetal tissues derived from the SF1-positive adrenogonadal primordium. Dicer1 is essential for maintaining cell survival in adrenal and testis; however, development of the ovary from fetal stages to postnatal day 5 does not require the presence of Dicer1. Our results reveal a tissue-specific requirement of Dicer1 and microRNAs. Future research is needed to understand how the tissue-specific role of Dicer1 is established.
Apo2 Ligand/Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Cooperates with Chemotherapy to Inhibit Orthotopic Lung Tumor Growth and Improve Survival (2004)

Apo2 ligand/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (Apo2L/TRAIL) is a tumor necrosis factor superfamily member that induces apoptosis through the death receptors DR4 and/or DR5 in various cancer cell types but not in most normal cells. Several lung cancer cell lines express DR4 and DR5 and undergo apoptosis in vitro in response to Apo2L/TRAIL. We investigated the efficacy of recombinant soluble human Apo2L/TRAIL and its interaction with chemotherapy in xenograft models based on human NCI-H460 non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. In vitro, Taxol enhanced caspase activation and apoptosis induction by Apo2L/TRAIL. In vivo, Apo2L/TRAIL or Taxol plus carboplatin chemotherapy partially delayed progression of established subcutaneous tumor xenografts, whereas combined treatment caused tumor regression and a substantially longer growth delay. Apo2L/TRAIL, chemotherapy, or the combination of both inhibited growth of preformed orthotopic lung parenchymal tumors versus control by 60%, 57%, or 97%, respectively (all P < 0.01; n = 8-10). Furthermore, combination treatment improved day-90 survival relative to control (7 of 15 versus 1 of 15; P = 0.0003 by Mantel-Cox) as well as to Apo2L/TRAIL (3 of 14; P = 0.031) or chemotherapy (3 of 15; P = 0.035). These studies provide evidence for in vivo activity of Apo2L/TRAIL against lung tumor xenografts and underscore the potential of this ligand for advancing current lung cancer treatment strategies.
CMOS-compatible lateral bipolar transistor for BiCMOS technology. I. Modeling (1992)

A CMOS-compatible lateral bipolar transistor having neither an epitaxial layer nor n/sup +/-buried layers is proposed. The simulation indicates that the BiCMOS gate delay time shows a weak dependence on the metallurgical base width W/sub B/, (and hence on f/sub Tmax/, since f/sub T/ varies as 1/W/sub B//sup 2/) and strong dependence on the effective base width W/sub B(eff)/, where W/sub B(eff)/ nearly equals the distance between the emitter and the n/sup +/ collector, d/sub E-C/. This is because bipolar transistors in BiCMOS circuits are operated in high-level injection during the switching transient. Therefore, it is possible to build a high-speed BiCMOS gate using lateral bipolar devices with short d/sub E-C/. The transistor has a structure similar to that of an n-channel MOSFET. The emitter and collector are formed simultaneously and self-aligned to a polysilicon base electron like the source and drain in a MOSFET.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to the Conformational Changes in Valinomycin during Complexation (1969)

Alkali ion complex formation by the cyclic depsipeptide, valinomycin, has been studied by means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Characteristic perturbations of the positions and fine structures of the resonances of the protons of specific groups were observed upon complextion of the valinomycin with KCNS and CsCNS in CDCI3. Small amounts of water did not affect the structure of the complexes as judged by nuclear magnetic resonance spectral criteria. Preliminary studies were carried out on the rates of complexation and decomplexation using the broadening of the lactate methyl proton resonances. A measurable rate of transfer of the complexed cation between valinomycin molecules in 80% CH3OH, 20% CDCl3, was observed while no measurable exchange rate was observed in pure CDCl3. These results are consistent with valinomycin functioning as a mobile ion carrier in biological membrane systems.
Dixon, J. B. & Schulze, D. G. (Editors) Soil Mineralogy with Environmental Applications. (2003)

As outlined in the Preface, this book is intended for students and all those professionally interested in soil mineralogy and, rather than comprehensively reviewing the subject matter, aims to synthesize and summarize it through selected recent reviews and original papers. The overall format in terms of chapter headings is similar, but not identical, to the earlier and rather larger SSSA publication ‘Minerals in Soil Environments’. Thus, the bulk of the book deals firstly with the general principles of mineral chemistry in soils and then with individual soil mineral groups in detail, using virtually the same chapter headings of the earlier volume, but with some important exceptions. A significant difference is that each chapter dealing with particular mineral groups has a unified structure, describing successively (a) structure, composition and morphology, (b) chemical and physical properties, (c) abundance, distribution and formation, (d) identification and quantification and (e) environmental significance. There are also sections on research needs, case studies and questions and exercises. The final six chapters of the book, except for a chapter on mineralogy and soil taxonomy, have no exact counterparts in the earlier volume and are devoted to selected applications of soil mineralogy, specifically involving soil tectonics, radionuclide-contaminated soils, reactions with pesticides, interactions of enzymes with clays in the context of bioremediation, and finally a preliminary view of charcoal in soils.

Other important differences may also be mentioned. There is a new chapter on methods for determination of mineralogy and environmental availability and two separate chapters on carbonates and evaporite minerals and on sulphide and sulphate …
A Novel Inhibitor of Amyloid β (Aβ) Peptide Aggregation (2012)

Compelling evidence indicates that aggregation of the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide is a major underlying molecular culprit in Alzheimer disease. Specifically, soluble oligomers of the 42-residue peptide (Aβ42) lead to a series of events that cause cellular dysfunction and neuronal death. Therefore, inhibiting Aβ42 aggregation may be an effective strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of disease. We describe the implementation of a high throughput screen for inhibitors of Aβ42 aggregation on a collection of 65,000 small molecules. Among several novel inhibitors isolated by the screen, compound D737 was most effective in inhibiting Aβ42 aggregation and reducing Aβ42-induced toxicity in cell culture. The protective activity of D737 was most significant in reducing the toxicity of high molecular weight oligomers of Aβ42. The ability of D737 to prevent Aβ42 aggregation protects against cellular dysfunction and reduces the production/accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Most importantly, treatment with D737 increases the life span and locomotive ability of flies in a Drosophila melanogaster model of Alzheimer disease.
Cross-Modal Processing in Early Visual and Auditory Cortices depends on Expected Statistical Relationship of Multisensory Information (2006)

Previous studies have shown that processing information in one sensory modality can either be enhanced or attenuated by concurrent stimulation of another modality. Here, we reconcile these apparently contradictory results by showing that the sign of cross-modal interactions depends on whether the content of two modalities is associated or not. When concurrently presented auditory and visual stimuli are paired by chance, cue-induced preparatory neural activity is strongly enhanced in the task-relevant sensory system and suppressed in the irrelevant system. Conversely, when information in the two modalities is reliably associated, activity is enhanced in both systems regardless of which modality is task relevant. Our findings illustrate an ecologically optimal flexibility of the neural mechanisms that govern multisensory processing: facilitation occurs when integration is expected, and suppression occurs when distraction is expected. Because thalamic structures were more active when the senses needed to operate separately, we propose them to serve gatekeeper functions in early cross-modal interactions.