gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans (2020)

Animal experiments have shown that nonhuman primates, cats, ferrets, hamsters, rabbits, and bats can be infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In addition, SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been detected in felids, mink, and dogs in the field. Here, we describe an in-depth investigation using whole-genome sequencing of outbreaks on 16 mink farms and the humans living or working on these farms. We conclude that the virus was initially introduced by humans and has since evolved, most likely reflecting widespread circulation among mink in the beginning of the infection period, several weeks before detection. Despite enhanced biosecurity, early warning surveillance, and immediate culling of animals in affected farms, transmission occurred between mink farms in three large transmission clusters with unknown modes of transmission. Of the tested mink farm residents, employees, and/or individuals with whom they had been in contact, 68% had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Individuals for which whole genomes were available were shown to have been infected with strains with an animal sequence signature, providing evidence of animal-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within mink farms.
Flexible End-to-End Dialogue System for Knowledge Grounded Conversation (2017)

In knowledge grounded conversation, domain knowledge plays an important role in a special domain such as Music. The response of knowledge grounded conversation might contain multiple answer entities or no entity at all. Although existing generative question answering (QA) systems can be applied to knowledge grounded conversation, they either have at most one entity in a response or cannot deal with out-of-vocabulary entities. We propose a fully data-driven generative dialogue system GenDS that is capable of generating responses based on input message and related knowledge base (KB). To generate arbitrary number of answer entities even when these entities never appear in the training set, we design a dynamic knowledge enquirer which selects different answer entities at different positions in a single response, according to different local context. It does not rely on the representations of entities, enabling our model deal with out-of-vocabulary entities. We collect a human-human conversation data (ConversMusic) with knowledge annotations. The proposed method is evaluated on CoversMusic and a public question answering dataset. Our proposed GenDS system outperforms baseline methods significantly in terms of the BLEU, entity accuracy, entity recall and human evaluation. Moreover,the experiments also demonstrate that GenDS works better even on small datasets.
High-density ultrasmall epitaxial Ge islands on Si(111) surfaces with a<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">SiO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>coverage (2000)

Epitaxial Ge islands less than 7 nm in base diameter and 2.5 nm in height, and with a number density of about $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{12}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ were created on Si(111) surfaces covered with 0.3-nm-thick ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ films. The low- and high-temperature limits for the epitaxy were found to be dependent on the Ge deposition flux. The experimental results suggest that the island nuclei and the conditions for epitaxial growth appear through a reaction between individual Ge adatoms and ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2},$ and the mechanism of island formation corresponds to a growth model with the critical island size ${i}^{*}=0.$ The relationship between the rate of the nucleation reaction and the diffusion coefficient of Ge adatoms was used to estimate the island density.
High Voltage Circuit Breakers (2002)

This newly revised and updated reference presents sensible approaches to the design, selection, and usage of high-voltage circuit breakers-highlighting compliance issues concerning new and aging equipment to the evolving standards set forth by the American National Standards Institute and the International Electrotechnical Commission. This edition
Developmental Responses of Lilium longiflorum Bulblets to Constant or Alternating Temperatures in Vitro1 (1981)

Abstract Bulblets from bulb-scale explants of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. cvs. Ace and Nellie White cultured in darkness on a semisolid Linsmaier-Skoog medium supplemented with 0.03 mg/liter α-naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA) bore no leaves when produced in vitro at constant 30°C but often did when produced at constant 25°. In vitro temperature regimes involving both 25 and 30° resulted in the largest number of leaves per explant. Time in vitro in each temperature regime was calculated to provide equal heat units so that differences could not be explained by a linear relationship between development and temperature × time. Physiological state of explants, measured by time lily bulbs were stored at 4° before tissue culture, interacted with in vitro temperature. Explants from bulbs stored 110 days or less produced significantly fewer but significantly larger bulblets at constant 25° as compared to constant 30°. This difference was not apparent when explants were taken from bulbs stored at 4° more than 110 days. In an experiment with explants from bulbs stored 80 days, there was no significant difference between ‘Ace’ and ‘Nellie White’ in number of scales per bulblet at either 25 or 30° but bulblets of both cultivars contained significantly fewer scales if generated at 30°. Mean width of meristems in ‘Ace’ bulblets was significantly greater when produced in vitro at 30°. Neither initiation of bulblets nor bulblet development appeared controlled by apical dominance.
Verification of the findings of acrylamide in heated foods (2002)

We report here the first confirmation of the recent Swedish findings of acrylamide in heated foods. The verification exercise used an LC-MS/MS method developed for the purpose as well as an established GCMS method for acrylamide analysis. LC-MS/MS was suitable for the direct determination of acrylamide in aqueous extracts of foods by isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) using triply deuterated acrylamide. Some food matrices were not suited to the new method and mixed-mode solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used to clean these extracts. The foods tested included UK versions of some of the key food groups analysed in Sweden. Also tested were some foods heated under home-cooking conditions. There was good agreement between the LC-MS/MS results and the GC-MS results and the levels of acrylamide found here were similar to those reported for the corresponding foods analysed in the Swedish study. The analyses confirmed that acrylamide is absent from the raw or boiled foods but present at significant levels in fried, grilled, baked and toasted foods. The highest result was 12000 microg kg(-1) acrylamide in overcooked oil-fried chips.
Evidence of Phytoalexins in Cucumber Leaves Infected with Powdery Mildew following Treatment with Leaf Extracts of Reynoutria sachalinensis (1997)

Phenolic compounds extracted from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) leaves were separated and analyzed for their differential presence and fungitoxicity in relation to a prophylactic treatment with Milsana (Compo, Munster, Germany) against powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea). Based on our extraction and purification procedures, at least eight separate phenolic compounds with antifungal activity were identified as intrinsic components of cucumber plants. Of these compounds, six displayed a significant increase in concentration as a result of elicitation with Milsana, this being particularly evident when the plant was stressed by the pathogen. The combined amounts of these antifungal compounds in treated plants was nearly five times the level found in control plants. One week after Milsana application, some of the antifungal compounds obtained through hydrolysis of their glycosidic links were also detected in their free form, indicating that they are likely liberated from conjugated phenolics by enzymatic hydrolysis in planta. To our knowledge, these results provide the first direct evidence that cucumber plants produce elevated levels of phytoalexins in response to an eliciting treatment after infection.
URODYNAMIC AND CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF ACUTE INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF INTRAVESICAL NOCICEPTIN/ORPHANIN FQ ON DETRUSOR OVERACTIVITY IN HUMANS: A PILOT STUDY (2001)

Our results demonstrate that nociceptin/orphanin FQ is able to elicit a robust inhibitory effect on voiding reflex in group 2 but not 1. The ideal dosage, route of administration of nociceptin/orphanin FQ and treatment interval are not yet established.
Managed communication and consistency for fast data-parallel iterative analytics (2015)

At the core of Machine Learning (ML) analytics is often an expert-suggested model, whose parameters are refined by iteratively processing a training dataset until convergence. The completion time (i.e. convergence time) and quality of the learned model not only depends on the rate at which the refinements are generated but also the quality of each refinement. While data-parallel ML applications often employ a loose consistency model when updating shared model parameters to maximize parallelism, the accumulated error may seriously impact the quality of refinements and thus delay completion time, a problem that usually gets worse with scale. Although more immediate propagation of updates reduces the accumulated error, this strategy is limited by physical network bandwidth. Additionally, the performance of the widely used stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm is sensitive to step size. Simply increasing communication often fails to bring improvement without tuning step size accordingly and tedious hand tuning is usually needed to achieve optimal performance.
The effect of multidirectional bias magnetic fields on the converse magnetoelectric response of multiferroic concentric composite ring (2018)

A composite multiferroic ring was characterized under two orthogonal bias magnetic fields while electrically loaded near resonance to measure the circumferential converse magnetoelectric (CME) response. The composite multiferroic structure consisted of an inner magnetostrictive Terfenol-D ring with an axially aligned preferred magnetocrystalline axis bonded to a radially polarized outer piezoelectric poled lead zirconate titanate ring to form a concentric ring structure. A single uniform bias magnetic field was varied from zero to beyond magnetic saturation while the composite ring's axial alignment was changed from perpendicular to parallel with respect to the bias magnetic field direction. The change in the ring orientation thus subjected the ring to two orthogonal bias magnetic fields, whose strengths were calculated based on the orientation angle. The overall CME behavior was found to be largely correlated with the perpendicular magnetic field strength assisted with the shape anisotropy of the ring structure favoring magnetization along the longest axis. Nonetheless, the parallel magnetic field had a notable contribution to the CME response by enhancing the magnetization in the preferred axial direction and activating other unique magnetocrystalline axes. In all, the CME behavior with respect to two orthogonal bias magnetic fields is characterized by an interplay of magnetocrystalline and shape anisotropies bolstered by the parallel and perpendicular magnetic fields.
Intracellular mechanism of action of vasodilators (1988)

Vasodilators that act directly at the level of the vasculature may be classified as either endothelium-dependent or endothelium-independent agents. Endothelium-dependent agents stimulate the endothelium to produce endothelium-derived relaxing factor (recently identified as NO) which relaxes vascular smooth muscle and increases cGMP. Endothelium-independent vasodilators may be divided into calcium antagonists, alpha 1-adrenergic antagonists, cAMP-elevating agents and cGMP-elevating agents. It is generally accepted that calcium-dependent phosphorylation of myosin light chains initiates smooth muscle contraction. A variety of evidence suggests that certain vasodilators inhibit calcium-dependent phosphorylation of myosin light chains and smooth muscle contraction via activation of cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein phosphorylation. Since vascular smooth muscle cells and platelets have many properties in common, and since cAMP- and cGMP-elevating vasodilators inhibit both smooth muscle contraction and platelet aggregation, human platelets were used to study the effects of vasodilators on protein phosphorylation. It could be demonstrated that cAMP- and cGMP-regulated protein kinases are the intracellular mediators for prostaglandin-E1- and nitroprusside-induced protein phosphorylation, respectively. Furthermore, prostaglandin-E1- and nitroprusside-stimulated protein phosphorylation was found to be associated with an inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol cycle. Cyclic nucleotide-elevating vasodilators may inhibit smooth muscle contraction and platelet aggregation by regulating the flux through the phosphatidylinositol cycle, and the activity of myosin light-chain kinase and of calcium ATPases.
Dietary α-Lipoic Acid Supplementation Inhibits Atherosclerotic Lesion Development in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient and Apolipoprotein E/Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor–Deficient Mice (2007)

Our study shows that dietary LA supplementation inhibits atherosclerotic lesion formation in 2 mouse models of human atherosclerosis, an inhibition that appears to be due to the "antiobesity," antihypertriglyceridemic, and antiinflammatory effects of LA. LA may be a useful adjunct in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic vascular diseases.
Drug release from core-shell type nanoparticles of poly(<scp>DL</scp>-lactide-co-glycolide)-grafted dextran (2005)

This study prepared core-shell type nanoparticles of a poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) grafted-dextran. The synthesis of the PLGA-dextran conjugate was confirmed by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The PLGA grafted-dextran was able to form nanoparticles in water by self-assembly and their particle size was 245.3 +/- 95.1 nm. From fluorescence probe study using pyrene as a hydrophobic probe, critical association concentration (CAC) values were determined from the fluorescence excitation spectra and were found to be 0.006 g l(-1). Morphological observations using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the polymeric nanoparticles of the PLGA-dextran conjugate have uniformly spherical shapes. Their size and morphology provide them with acceptable properties for use as a drug-targeting carriers. Drug release from core-shell type nanoparticles was faster in the presence of dextranase, indicating that core-shell type nanoparticles of PLGA grafted-dextran can be used as an oral drug carriers.
Adenovirus-mediated transfer of p33ING1 with p53 drastically augments apoptosis in gliomas. (1999)

The p53 tumor suppressor gene is an important target for the gene therapy of cancers, and clinical trials targeting this gene have been conducted. Some cancers, however, are refractory to p53 gene therapy. Therefore, it has been combined with other therapies, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, to enhance the cytopathic effect of p53 induction. The p33ING1 gene cooperates with p53 to block cell proliferation. In this study, we investigated whether adenovirus (Adv)-mediated coinduction of p33ING1 and p53 enhances apoptosis in glioma cells (U251 and U-373 MG), which showed no genetic alterations but low expression levels of p33ING1. Although the single infection of Adv for p33ING1 (Adv-p33) at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100, or Adv for p53 controlled by myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter (Adv-MBP-p53), a glioma-specific promoter, at a MOI of 50, did not induce apoptosis in U251 and U-373 MG glioma cells; coinfection of Adv-p33 and Adv-MBP-p53 at the same MOIs induced drastically enhanced apoptosis in both cell lines. Apoptosis was not induced in NGF-treated PC-12 cells infected with a high MOI (300) of Adv-p33 nor in those coinfected with Adv-p33 (100) and Adv-MBP-p53 (50). Coinfection of Adv-p33 and Adv-MBP-p53 demonstrated morphological mitochondrial damage during the initial stage of apoptosis, which likely led to apoptotic cell death. Our results indicate that this coinfection approach can be used as a modality for the gene therapy of gliomas, sparing damage to normal tissues.
OPTIMISED NEURAL NETWORK CHANNEL EQUALIZER BASED ON IMPROVED HIERARCHICAL GENETIC ALGORITHM (2010)

Since the performance of hierarchical genetic algorithm is closely related to the fitness function used for evaluating the evolution process of individuals,in this paper we studied the parameters of fitness function,and proposed a new algorithm to set their values according to the distance between the zero point of channel and the unit circle of transition function.The new algorithm lowers function complexity and reduces the impact of artificial factors,thus improves the efficiency and performance of the algorithm in determining the structure of RBF neural network equalizer.Simulation results demonstrate the validity and stability of the new algorithm.
Cost-aware live migration of services in the cloud (2010)

Cloud computing is a paradigm in which dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources are provided as a service over the Internet. It is gaining popularity in a variety of domains such as web hosting, enterprise systems, and e-commerce sites. Each server can run one or more applications and application components may be distributed across multiple servers. In general, a cloud can contain several data centers in different geographical locations. Furthermore, each application sees dynamic workload affected by incremental growth, time of day, and flash crowds.
A new approach for meeting scheduler using A*-algorithm (2004)

The basic problem in meeting scheduling is to find a common free time for all participants for a particular meeting. Meeting scheduling is an important activity in many organizations, as most of the office workers spend much of their time in scheduling meetings. It is a time-consuming, iterative, and tedious task. There exist several solutions in the literature for centralized calendar management and meeting scheduling, but they are of limited success. We propose a new approach based on the A*-algorithm for meeting scheduling, which is expected to perform well, even in the case of large problem instances, compared to the existing algorithm.
BIOTIN. VIII. PENTHIANE-3,4-DICARBOXYLIC ACID (1947)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBIOTIN. VIII. PENTHIANE-3,4-DICARBOXYLIC ACIDB. R. BAKER and FRANK ABLONDICite this: J. Org. Chem. 1947, 12, 2, 328–332Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1947Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1947https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01166a019https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01166a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views80Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Fabrication and Magnetic Characterization of Embedded Permalloy Structures (2003)

Magnetic nanostructures embedded in silicon wafers were successfully fabricated by the damascene technique using electron beam lithography. The magnetic properties of embedded square dots (1μm in width and 100nm in height), rectangular dots (300nm×100nm in area and 100nm in height), and circular dots (100nm in diameter and 100nm in height) were investigated. Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements showed that the perpendicular anisotropy increased with the aspect ratio, due to a decrease in the areal size. Fine magnetic structures of the 300nm×100nm pattern were clearly resolved by using a special MFM with a low-moment tip.
Inhibition of formation of complex oligosaccharides by the glucosidase inhibitor bromoconduritol. (1982)

The alpha-glucosidase inhibitor bromoconduritol (6-bromo-3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohex-1-ene) inhibits trimming of the innermost glucose residue from the Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 precursor of high-mannose and complex oligosaccharides. This inhibition occurs both in intact cells and with a microsomal enzyme preparation. The formation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides was increased in glucosidase-inhibited cells. Inhibition of transfer of high-mannose oligosaccharides to protein was not observed. In bromoconduritol-treated virus-infected cells, trimming of mannose can occur despite incomplete removal of glucose. The glucosylated high-mannose oligosaccharides GlcMan9GlcNAc, GlcMan8GlcNAc, and GlcMan7GlcNAc were released from viral glycoproteins after digestion with Pronase and endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. The formation of complex oligosaccharides was concomitantly inhibited. The release of infectious fowl plague virus particles (an influenza virus) was inhibited from bromoconduritol-treated infected chicken-embryo cells.
Purification and assembly of thermostable Cy5 labeled γ-PNAs into a 3D DNA nanocage (2014)

PNA is hybrid molecule ideally suited for bridging the functional landscape of polypeptides with the structural diversity that can be engineered with DNA nanostructures. However, PNA can be more challenging to work with in aqueous solvents due to its hydrophobic nature. A solution phase method using strain promoted, copper free click chemistry was developed to conjugate the fluorescent dye Cy5 to 2 bifunctional PNA strands as a first step toward building cyclic PNA-polypeptides that can be arranged within 3D DNA nanoscaffolds. A 3D DNA nanocage was designed with binding sites for the 2 fluorescently labeled PNA strands in close proximity to mimic protein active sites. Denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is introduced as an efficient method for purifying charged, dye-labeled PNA conjugates from large excesses of unreacted dye and unreacted, neutral PNA. Elution from the gel in water was monitored by fluorescence and found to be more efficient for the more soluble PNA strand. Native PAGE shows that both PNA strands hybridize to their intended binding sites within the DNA nanocage. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) with a Cy3 labeled DNA nanocage was used to determine the dissociation temperature of one PNA-Cy5 conjugate to be near 50°C. Steady-state and time resolved fluorescence was used to investigate the dye orientation and interactions within the various complexes. Bifunctional, thermostable PNA molecules are intriguing candidates for controlling the assembly and orientation of peptides within small DNA nanocages for mimicking protein catalytic sites.