gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Impaired growth and neurological abnormalities in branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase-deficient mice (2006)

The BCKDH (branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex) catalyses the rate-limiting step in the oxidation of BCAAs (branched-chain amino acids). Activity of the complex is regulated by a specific kinase, BDK (BCKDH kinase), which causes inactivation, and a phosphatase, BDP (BCKDH phosphatase), which causes activation. In the present study, the effect of the disruption of the BDK gene on growth and development of mice was investigated. BCKDH activity was much greater in most tissues of BDK-/- mice. This occurred in part because the E1 component of the complex cannot be phosphorylated due to the absence of BDK and also because greater than normal amounts of the E1 component were present in tissues of BDK-/- mice. Lack of control of BCKDH activity resulted in markedly lower blood and tissue levels of the BCAAs in BDK-/- mice. At 12 weeks of age, BDK-/- mice were 15% smaller than wild-type mice and their fur lacked normal lustre. Brain, muscle and adipose tissue weights were reduced, whereas weights of the liver and kidney were greater. Neurological abnormalities were apparent by hind limb flexion throughout life and epileptic seizures after 6-7 months of age. Inhibition of protein synthesis in the brain due to hyperphosphorylation of eIF2alpha (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha) might contribute to the neurological abnormalities seen in BDK-/- mice. BDK-/- mice show significant improvement in growth and appearance when fed a high protein diet, suggesting that higher amounts of dietary BCAA can partially compensate for increased oxidation in BDK-/- mice. Disruption of the BDK gene establishes that regulation of BCKDH by phosphorylation is critically important for the regulation of oxidative disposal of BCAAs. The phenotype of the BDK-/- mice demonstrates the importance of tight regulation of oxidative disposal of BCAAs for normal growth and neurological function.
Conclusion (2009)

"The world had narrowed," wrote journalist Hanson W. Baldwin in January 1940. "Airplanes span oceans and continents, leap the seas that once were barriers."1 The stunning fall of France four months later seemed to confirm this new reality; Americans no long felt secure behind their oceanic moats. Writing again in the New York Times, Baldwin observed that the airplane had "modified not only tactics but strategy; in the past the British Empire knit by sea power, was built upon the stepping stones of fuelling stations and naval bases; in the future the world struggle may be for air bases, stepping stones to new empires."2 Sea power was by no means obsolete, but it had been eclipsed by the power of the skies. The "plane can span narrow seas, halve space and massacre time."3KeywordsSenior OfficialRace IssuePrevailing WageBritish EmpireNaval BasisThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Targeting MLL-AF4 with Short Interfering RNAs (siRNAs) Induces Apoptosis Related Genes APAF-1 and SEPT4 in t(4;11)-Positive Human Leukemic Cells. (2005)

Abstract The chromosomal translocation t(4;11) marks infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with a particularly dismal prognosis. We have recently shown that transfection of leukemic cells with MLL-AF4 siRNAs reduces leukemia-associated morbidity and mortality in xenotransplanted SCID mice suggesting that MLL-AF4 depletion negatively affects leukemia-initiating cells. In cell culture, transient suppression of MLL-AF4 expression impairs the proliferation of both t(4;11) cell lines SEM and RS4;11 more than tenfold. Clonogenicity of SEM cells was reduced fivefold and of RS4;11 cells more than twofold. One major reason for the antiproliferative consequences is the induction of apoptosis associated with caspase-3 activation and diminished BCL-XL expression. Caspase-3 was induced 3-fold and BCL-xL showed a 60% reduction after siRNA treatment compared to Mock-transfected controls in SEM cells. Analysis of intrinsic signaling pathways of apoptosis showed that MLL-AF4 depletion induces the expression of the proapoptotic genes APAF-1 and SEPT4 (ARTS). In both cell lines APAF-1 was induced more than twofold and SEPT4 more than fourfold. Our findings demonstrate that MLL-AF4 negatively interferes with an intrinsic apoptotic response and is, thus, important for the survival of these highly aggressive and chemoresistant leukemic cells. SiRNA-mediated MLL-AF4 inhibition may sensitize these cells for apoptosis-inducing agents. Therefore, complementing existing treatment strategies with a targeted inhibition of MLL-AF4 expression may lead to an improved and more specific treatment of this therapy-resistant leukemia.
120 Gb/s PAM-8 and 80 Gb/s PAM-4 Optical Interconnect with a Sub-Volt Driven EAM (2015)

A record 40 Gbaud PAM-8 optical interconnect link is demonstrated using a bandwidth-limited Electro-Absorption Modulator, driven with sub-volt electrical swing. Employing digital equalization, transmission of PAM-4 and PAM-8 over 2000 m of SMF is achieved.
Studies of adhesion of metal films to polyimide (1991)

Bonding of Cu/Cr films to several polyimides has been studied as a function of polymer surface modification by ion beam and chemical pretreatment. The effects of the metal deposition method and parameters have also been examined. The materials of interest include a low thermal expansion polyimide derived from 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyl tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride-p-phenylene diamine (BPDA-PDA) polyamic acid, and pyromellitic dianhydride-4,4′-oxydianiline (PMDA-ODA) polyimide, formed from polyamic acid or polyamide ethyl ester precursors. The metal/polyimide adhesive strength was determined by the 90° peel test, while the interfacial regions were examined using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ellipsometry. It is found that for PMDA-ODA systems, exposure to low energy Ar+ and/or O+2 ions improves adhesion of the metal overlayer, while for BPDA-PDA polyimide, the role of O+2 is more significant. The fracture location is found to lie 20–300 Å within the polymer, depending upon the ion beam dose and the specific polyimide employed.
HLA antigens and neural reversal reactions in Ethiopian borderline tuberculoid leprosy patients. (1987)

Reversal reactions (RR) or acute neuritis episodes are frequently observed in borderline tuberculoid (BT) leprosy patients during the first year of treatment, and are associated with a rapid increase in cell-mediated immunity. Because HLA-linked genes have been shown to be an important factor in determining the type of leprosy that develops in susceptible individuals and because HLA molecules regulate cellular interactions in the immune system, we have investigated whether RR are associated with HLA antigens in Ethiopian patients. The data reported here indicate that this is not the case: no significant differences in the distribution of HLA class I and class II antigens were observed among three groups: 28 BT patients with a history of RR, 27 BT patients with no history of RR, and 33 healthy individuals. In contrast to these negative results, we observed that HLA-DR3 was associated with high skin-test responsiveness against Mycobacterium leprae antigens among RR patients. Since DR3 was not associated with RR per se, the observed DR3-associated high responsiveness to M. leprae may not be primarily related to the development of RR.
Direct Economic Impact of Fish Diseases on the East Mississippi Catfish Industry (2019)

Abstract The objectives of this effort were to identify basic descriptors of the east Mississippi (MS) catfish industry, identify prevalent diseases affecting this region, and determine the direct economic impacts of these diseases representing the 2016 production season. Data from east MS catfish operations were collected over a 3-month period during the late spring through early summer of 2017. A 95% confidence interval (CI) with finite correction was used to make inferences on the population. The number of operations (115) and number of hectares used for catfish production (4,900 ha) were identified by personal communications and confirmed by satellite imagery. Producers were surveyed a second time by e-mail (29.6% response) to identify basic industry descriptors, the most predominant catfish diseases of east MS, and their respective direct economic impact. The top-three diseases, as reported by producers, were virulent Aeromonas hydrophila, the “other” disease category, and Flavobacterium columnare. Producers were surveyed a third time by e-mail (34% response) to identify the mean (±95% CI) of regional catfish production (8,070 ± 783 kg/ha). Foregone sales loss attributed to catfish disease was reported as the sum of fish loss ($10 million) and production loss ($4.3 million). Foregone income loss resulted from the increased expenditures associated with catfish disease and included medicated feed ($1.9 million), chemical applications ($0.6 million), and miscellaneous ($0.1 million). The total direct economic impact of catfish diseases for the 2016 east MS production season was reported as the sum of foregone sales and foregone income and totaled $16.9 million.
Seismic geomorphology-based facies classification (2004)

Seismic facies analysis is a powerful, yet largely subjective, methodology for hydrocarbon exploration and development. The term “seismic facies” means different things to different people. For this study, however, seismic facies is defined as a seismic description of depositional facies confined in a seismically thin bed at a normal seismic sampling rate (e.g., 4 ms), making this study's seismic facies analysis different from classical seismic facies analysis of much thicker depositional sequences. As a subjective interpretation of seismic attributes, seismic facies analysis is often laborious and inconsistent, especially if multiple mapping units are involved. How to automate the process via computer pattern recognition so that consistency could be improved and the 3D cycle time reduced has been a hot topic in recent years.
Prostate cancer: progress and perplexity. (1998)

So much and yet so little is known about prostate cancer. The basic fact confronting us is that the disease is so common. It is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer in Canadian men and, after lung cancer, the most common cause of cancer-related death. The lifetime risk of prostate cancer for men born in this country has been estimated as 1 in 8, and in 1997 its incidence exceeded that of breast cancer. Postmortem studies indicate that almost 70% of men have malignant cells in their prostates by the time they reach the age of 80. 1
La enseñanza universitaria de las Ciencias Naturales durante la Restauración y su reforma en los primeros años del siglo XX (1992)

The structure of the Science Faculty, specially of the Natural Sciences Sections, during the last years of the 19 th century was based on the Moyano's Law of 1857. In this work it studies the uneven
Ocular delayed hypersensitivity: a pathogenetic mechanism of chlamydial-conjunctivitis in guinea pigs. (1986)

We used a naturally occurring, Chlamydia psittaci-caused eye disease in guinea pigs, guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis, as an animal model to understand both the immune response and the pathogenesis of chlamydial eye infections. When instilled into the conjunctival sac of guinea pigs that had been previously infected and were immune, viable chlamydiae or a Triton X-100-soluble extract of them produced a short-lived (12-48 hr) eye disease indistinguishable clinically and histologically from that observed during primary chlamydial eye infection. The clinical and histologic findings were consistent with those of ocular delayed hypersensitivity. Ocular delayed hypersensitivity was induced by primary chlamydial infection at mucosal sites other than conjunctival, such as vaginal and intestinal. Preliminary characterization of the hypersensitivity allergen shows that it is heat sensitive and common to the genus Chlamydia. The allergen is apparently not surface-exposed on chlamydiae and requires viable but not replicating organisms for activity. Our observation should be useful in understanding pathogenetic mechanisms of Chlamydia trachomatis-caused infections in humans, in particular those that produce chronic inflammatory diseases, such as blinding trachoma and urogenital diseases.
A Convenient and Concise Synthesis of 2,4-Diaryl-Δ2-thiazolines (1995)

The reaction of 1,3-diaryl-2-azaallyl anions with O-alkyl thiocarboxylates provides a simple and straightforward method for the synthesis of 2,4-diaryl-5-aryl, heteroaryl and alkyl-2-thiazolines.
Ovary is necessary to the health of uterus (2016)

We would like to express great thanks for the interest and comments on our review. We agree with Dr. Martinelli et al.'s opinion about the importance of the uterus with regards to pregnancy outcomes following radiation treatment Total body irradiation (TBI) or pelvic radiation can indeed affect the uterus, causing side effects like reduced uterine volume, endometrial injury, vascular impairment and myometrial fibrosis and thinning, as well as permanent damage dependent on dosage Therefore, it may ultimately affect the status of the uterus and lead to decreased pregnancy rates and complications during pregnancy. Currently, there is no clinically applicable way to protect the function of the uterus. Emerging options include uterus transplantation [3] or surrogacy for patients who have pregnancy complications after pelvic irradiation. Concern for uterine health and function as it relates to pregnancy is part of the current oncofertility discussion at National Physician Cooperative and Global Partner sites Thus we concur with the authors that personalized counseling for woman should include a multidisciplinary oncofertility team that discusses all aspects of treatment-related issues. We also agree that the goal of oncofertility interventions is the ability to protect as many reproductive functions as possible (pituitary, ovarian, fallopian tube, uterus, cervix) and that biological parenting with high quality gametes.
Isolation of Ribosome-like Structures from Pichinde Virus (1975)

Three classes of mamalian ribosome-like structures were found to be associated with purified Pichinde virus preparations. These structures, possessing sedimentation coefficients of 80S, 60S and 40S, were sensitive to EDTA dissociation and possessed a buoyant density in caesium chloride of 1-61 g/ml, a value analogous to that displayed by BHK21 cell ribosomes. Analyses of RNA components associated with ribosomal particles of Pichinde virus established that 28S and 18S RNAs could be extracted from 80S monosomes. Similarly, 28S and 18S RNAs were derived, respectively, from 60S and 30S ribosomal subunits. Virus-specific 31S and 22S RNAs, as well as 28S and 18S RNAs, could be isolated from the heavy region of sucrose gradients. An additional 15S type of RNA, which was subsequently shown to be a component of intact virus particles, was also isolated from the heavy region.
Integration of magneto-optical active bismuth iron garnet on nongarnet substrates (2008)

For optical communication, high quality magneto-optical active iron garnet films such as Y3Fe5O12 are important ceramic systems with extensive applications, e.g., as optical isolators [H. Dötsch et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 22, 240 (2005)], optical modulators, etc. Thereby, garnets stand out due to their high Faraday rotation and low optical losses in the near infrared. Currently, it is desirable to integrate such macroscopic optical components on a single chip (Si, SiO2, etc.) to build up optical circuits as in the case of microelectronics (integrated optics) or the use for magneto-optical imaging. Up to now, Bi3Fe5O12 shows the highest Faraday rotation over 20°∕μm. Unfortunately, Bi3Fe5O12 forms in a nonthermodynamical way. Thus, it can only be grown on garnet substrates which prevent it from direct deposition on substrates such as Si or SiO2. In our present work, we studied the integration of Bi3Fe5O12 on different SiO2 substrates using the pulsed laser deposition method. Therefore, we deposited an Y3Fe5O12 buffer first which was optimized in a postannealing step above 900°C in order to form a polycrystalline garnet phase, which is needed for further Bi3Fe5O12 growth. We measured the Faraday rotation of the double layered films and intensely studied them with x-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The attained Faraday rotation can be compared with epitaxial Bi3Fe5O12 films grown on Gd3Ga5O12 substrates or even overcome them due to interference effects in the double layer. So they are highly attractive for magneto-optical imaging. For the determination of the film thicknesses which is usually done by Rutherford backscattering or profilometry, we used another approach. We measured the transmission spectra of the stack which we also derived from a theoretical model that uses a transfer matrix formalism. The thickness of the multilayer can be gained by fitting the spectra.
High-gain fiber power amplifier tandem-pumped by a 3-W multistripe diode (1992)

Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) capable of a high-output saturation power (>+ 20 dBm) are needed to compensate splitting losses in large-scale subscriber networks. To obtain the requisite high pump power, the only practical means reported to date involves the use of multiple 1480-nm diodes1 or a miniature diode-pumped Nd+3:YAG laser.2 We report here a new all-fiber tandem-pumping approach which permits the use of readily available high-power (up to 30 W). multistripe AlGaAs diode lasers operating at 808 nm. The light from the high-power diode is efficiently (~45%) converted into sin le-mode radiation at 1.053 pm using a new cladding-pumped Nd+3-doped fiber laser fabricated from compound glass. The 1.053-μm radiation is then used to pump an EDFA co-doped3 with Yb+3 to give a small-signal gain of 45dB and an output power in excess of +20 dBm.
Microstrip antenna array controlled with active phase shifter (1986)

Abstract A two‐element microstrip antenna array controlled with active phase shifters has been fabricated and tested. The phase and amplitude of the active phase shifter output can be continuously changed by controlling the gate voltages of the dual gate FET. This array can be mounted on aircraft or missiles and be used in the direction finder or adaptive array systems. The mutual couplings between microstrip patches are also experimentally studied. It is found that the self‐impedance and resonant frequencies depend highly on the separation if the patches are separated less than 0.4 wavelength and become constant as the separation is greater than 0.5 wavelength. The effect of mutual coupling in the E‐plane is less prominent than that in the H‐plane. In array patterns synthesis, the mutual coupling can be neglected if the separation is greater than 0.5 wavelength. However, if the separation becomes smaller, the mutual coupling must be considered such that the calculated patterns are in good agreement with the experimental results.
The efficiency of propulsion by a rotating flagellum (1997)

At very low Reynolds number, the regime in which fluid dynamics is governed by Stokes equations, a helix that translates along its axis under an external force but without an external torque will necessarily rotate. By the linearity of the Stokes equations, the same helix that is caused to rotate due to an external torque will necessarily translate. This is the physics that underlies the mechanism of flagellar propulsion employed by many microorganisms. Here, I examine the linear relationships between forces and torques and translational and angular velocities of helical objects to understand the nature of flagellar propulsion.
Graded corneal sensitivity for screening of diabetic retinopathy. (1996)

Several alternative approaches to screen diabetics followed by referral of patients with retinopathy changes, are being investigated. The intent is to demonstrate usefulness of a cost effective, easy and valid screening test. We investigated in this report the efficacy of graded corneal sensitivity for screening presence of diabetic retinopathy. In 105 randomly chosen subjects with (70 subjects) and without (35 subjects) diabetes mellitus, corneal aesthesiometry and status of retinopathy was determined independently. Corneal sensitivity in subjects of diabetes mellitus without retinopathy (1.17 +/- 0.29 gm/mm2) was significantly different when compared to healthy controls (0.99 +/- 0.04 gm/mm2) (p < 0.01). Also corneal sensitivity in eyes with any type of retinopathy was significantly worse (1.94 +/- 1.33 gm/mm2) when compared to eyes without retinopathy. At a cut off value of 1.20 gm/mm2 the sensitivity and specificity of corneal hypoesthesia as a test to detect diabetic retinopathy was 86% and 74%, respectively. For detecting presence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy at a cut off value of 1.49 gm/mm2 the sensitivity and specificity were 89% and 80% respectively. These observations indicate that corneal hypoesthesia may be a reasonable indication of the presence of diabetic retinopathy and could be used to screen diabetic populations for retinopathy, after its validity is confirmed in larger studies.
Inhibition of lysophosphatidic acid receptors 1 and 3 attenuates atherosclerosis development in LDL-receptor deficient mice (2016)

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a natural lysophospholipid present at high concentrations within lipid-rich atherosclerotic plaques. Upon local accumulation in the damaged vessels, LPA can act as a potent activator for various types of immune cells through its specific membrane receptors LPA<sub>1/3.</sub> LPA elicits chemotactic, pro-inflammatory and apoptotic effects that lead to atherosclerotic plaque progression. In this study we aimed to inhibit LPA signaling by means of LPA<sub>1/3</sub> antagonism using the small molecule Ki16425. We show that LPA<sub>1/3</sub> inhibition significantly impaired atherosclerosis progression. Treatment with Ki16425 also resulted in reduced CCL2 production and secretion, which led to less monocyte and neutrophil infiltration. Furthermore, we provide evidence that LPA<sub>1/3</sub> blockade enhanced the percentage of non-inflammatory, Ly6C<sup>low</sup> monocytes and CD4<sup>+</sup> CD25<sup>+</sup> FoxP3<sup>+</sup> T-regulatory cells. Finally, we demonstrate that LPA<sub>1/3</sub> antagonism mildly reduced plasma LDL cholesterol levels. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of LPA<sub>1/3</sub> receptors may prove a promising approach to diminish atherosclerosis development.