gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Front-to-back ratio improvement of a microstrip patch antenna by ground plane edge shaping (2010)

In a microstrip patch antenna design on the finite size of ground plane, it shows significant performance degradation by surface waves. It is well known that the smaller ground plane size, the gain is decreased and the back lobe is increased. As the size of the ground plane is reduced, currents distribution of the ground plane edge is increased. These currents results in diffraction of both leaky and surface waves and the front-to-back ratio of a patch antenna is decreased due to the increased backward wave level. In this paper, ground plane edge shaping method is used to reduce these edge currents effect. By cutting out the edges of the ground plane of the patch antenna and forming the meandering edges, the front-to-back ratio of a patch antenna significantly improved.
Thin Film Piezoelectric Energy Scavenging Systems for Long Term Medical Monitoring (2006)

For small, inexpensive, ubiquitous wireless sensors to be realized, all constituents of the device, including the power source, must be directly integratable. For long term application the device must be capable of scavenging power from its surrounding environment. An apparent solution lies in conversion of mechanical energy to electrical output via the growth and direct integration of piezoelectric thin film unimorphs with the wireless electronics
Mechanisms for low-frequency oscillations in GaAs FET's (1987)

Low-frequency oscillations in GaAs MESFET's were observed under back-gating conditions. The FET oscillations are directly related to oscillations in leakage currents in the semi-insulating GaAs substrate. The occurrence of these oscillations in the substrate is strongly dependent upon GaAs material. It is proposed that oscillating substrate leakage currents modulate the FET current in two ways; first, by modulating the active channel-substrate junction and second, by inducing periodic voltage fluctuations on the gate via gate pad contacts on the semi-insulating substrate. The latter mechanism is dominant and dependent upon gate bias and gate impedance.
M2M facilitated wireless network coverage management and real-time monitoring (2014)

A main challenge to wireless network performance management is how to estimate and monitor the wireless network coverage. In this paper a novel Machine to Machine (M2M) facilitated wireless network coverage prediction and real-time monitoring method is proposed. This method uses the telematics devices in connected vehicles to measure the wireless network performance with an auto-adaptive scheduling and reporting mechanism to minimize the impact to the performance. Then the wireless network coverage prediction model is set up and adjusted real-timely with the M2M measurements using improved algorithms to get a higher accuracy. The verification and estimation of this method based on simulations are presented, result shows that this M2M facilitated method is feasible and has obvious advantage in accuracy compared with traditional approach.
The Flaws and Future of Islet Volume Measurements (2018)

When working with isolated islet preparations, measuring the volume of tissue is not a trivial matter. Islets come in a large range of sizes and are often contaminated with exocrine tissue. Many factors complicate the procedure, and yet knowledge of the islet volume is essential for predicting the success of an islet transplant or comparing experimental groups in the laboratory. In 1990, Ricordi presented the islet equivalency (IEQ), defined as one IEQ equaling a single spherical islet of 150 μm in diameter. The method for estimating IEQ was developed by visualizing islets in a microscope, estimating their diameter in 50 μm categories and calculating a total volume for the preparation. Shortly after its introduction, the IEQ was adopted as the standard method for islet volume measurements. It has helped to advance research in the field by providing a useful tool improving the reproducibility of islet research and eventually the success of clinical islet transplants. However, the accuracy of the IEQ method has been questioned for years and many alternatives have been proposed, but none have been able to replace the widespread use of the IEQ. This article reviews the history of the IEQ, and discusses the benefits and failings of the measurement. A thorough evaluation of alternatives for estimating islet volume is provided along with the steps needed to uniformly move to an improved method of islet volume estimation. The lessons learned from islet researchers may serve as a guide for other fields of regenerative medicine as cell clusters become a more attractive therapeutic option.
Quantitative Analysis of Endogenous Gibberellins in Normal and Dwarf Cultivars of Rice (1989)

Endogenous levels of gibberellins in shoots and ears of two dwarf rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, Tan-ginbozu (dx mutant) and Waito-C (dy mutant), were analyzed and compared with those of normal rice cultivar, Nihonbare. The endogenous levels of 13-hydroxylated gibberellins in Tan-ginbozu were much lower than those in Nihonbare. In Waito-C, the levels of GA19 and GA20 in the shoots were higher but that of GA1 was lower than the levels of these gibberellins in Nihonbare. These results support the hypothesis that the dy gene controls the 3β-hydroxylation of GA20 to GA1 while the dx gene controls a much earlier step in the gibberellin biosynthesis. Our results indicate that GA1 is the active gibberellin that regulates the vegetative growth of rice. The endogenous levels of GA4 in the ears of the two dwarf cultivars of rice were higher than the level of GA4 in the ears of the normal cultivar, Nihonbare suggesting that the biosynthesis of gibberellin is not blocked in the anthers of the dwarf rice.
Polymorphisms and the Antiviral Property of Porcine Mxl Protein. (2002)

We determined the cDNA sequences of the type I interferon-inducible proteins, pig Mx1 from PK(15) and LLC-PK1 cells, and compared the antiviral activities of both Mx proteins, including Mx1 polymorphisms against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Mx1 cDNA derived from PK(15) cells had an 11 bp-deletion in the 3' end of the coding region, and was estimated to encode 8 amino acid substitutions and a 23 amino acid extension compared to that from LLC-PK1 cells. VSV replication was inhibited in the 3T3 cells expressing Mx1 mRNA after the cDNA was transfected. However, the efficiency of this inhibition was not different between the cells expressing Mx1 mRNA from both PK and LLC. These results indicate that pig Mx1 protein confers resistance to VSV.
The tolerance inducing properties in rats of bacterial flagellin cleaved at the methionine residues. (1969)

Flagellin (molecular weight 40,000) from Salmonella adelaide was reacted with CNBr to give mainly four peptide fragments, A, B, C and D, the largest of which (fragment A, molecular weight 18,000) retained all the serological activity of flagellin itself. Mixtures of the fragments or individual fragments were injected into neonatal or adult rats, either as a single dose in saline or in adjuvant, or in multiple doses in saline. Antibody titres, measured by bacterial immobilization, were compared with those given after an injection of flagellin. Fragment A and the complete CNBr digest of flagellin (the `digest') were both immunologically active whereas fragments B, C and D were inactive.

When given as a single injection in saline into adult rats, the `digest' or fragment A was much less efficient than flagellin at inducing either a primary antibody response or the production of primed cells for a secondary antibody response. In contrast, the `digest' or fragment A was effective at triggering primed cells to give a secondary antibody response. These findings were consistent with an interpretation given in detail elsewhere relating to `in vivo' localization of labelled flagellin and fragment A in rat lymph nodes to the immune response. Fragment A and flagellin were equally immunogenic when injected in Freund's complete adjuvant.

Rats given a course of injection of the `digest' starting on the day of birth became almost completely tolerant to either flagellin or polymerized flagellin. Daily injections of the `digest' or fragment A for 4 weeks or longer into adult rats resulted in a significant degree of tolerance to flagellin and to polymerized flagellin. Adult rats made tolerant in this way responded normally to BSA injected in Freund's complete adjuvant and to a slightly decreased extent to sheep RBC.

It was concluded that by a process of partial degradation, a highly immunogenic substance, polymerized flagellin, had been converted into a preparation with strong tolerance-inducing properties. The relevance of this approach to transplantation antigens was discussed.
Preparation of Long TiO2 Nanotubes from Ultrafine Rutile Nanocrystals (2002)

Abstract The morphological dependence of TiO2 nanotubes on the particle size and crystalline phase of raw materials was observed, and long and uniform TiO2 nanotubes with lengths up to 500 nm were prepared from rutile TiO2 nanoparticles (7.2 nm).
Green Chemical Processing Using CO<sub>2</sub> (2003)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommentaryNEXTGreen Chemical Processing Using CO2Eric J. BeckmanView Author Information Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, 1249 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261Cite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2003, 42, 8, 1598–1602Publication Date (Web):March 12, 2003Publication History Published online12 March 2003Published inissue 1 April 2003https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie0300530https://doi.org/10.1021/ie0300530brief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 2003 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1258Altmetric-Citations57LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Coating materials,Deposition,Materials,Polymers,Solvents Get e-Alerts
PyHIST: A Histological Image Segmentation Tool (2020)

The development of increasingly sophisticated methods to acquire high-resolution images has led to the generation of large collections of biomedical imaging data, including images of tissues and organs. Many of the current machine learning methods that aim to extract biological knowledge from histopathological images require several data preprocessing stages, creating an overhead before the proper analysis. Here we present PyHIST (https://github.com/manuel-munoz-aguirre/PyHIST), an easy-to-use, open source whole slide histological image tissue segmentation and preprocessing command-line tool aimed at tile generation for machine learning applications. From a given input image, the PyHIST pipeline i) optionally rescales the image to a different resolution, ii) produces a mask for the input image which separates the background from the tissue, and iii) generates individual image tiles with tissue content.
Microcomputer image processing in gastrointestinal endoscopy. (1990)

A computer-based system was developed to handle information and endoscopic images in a clinical setting. The system is based on an 80286 AT computer whose topology includes a 16-bit color image capture/display graphics adapter and a 256 gray scale 8-bit digital image analysis processor. Using its color capabilities, one may initiate a picture database of patient's endoscopic images, x rays, and relevant clinical data. The computer-based imaging system allows instant access to this information and minimizes subjective evaluation, improving comparison and follow-up of treatments in a more objective manner. The image analysis components permit digital characterization of lesions, which allows online measurements and image enhancement. This is a cost-effective method of handling information and images in the clinical setting, facilitating endoscopic management and follow-up of the patient with gastrointestinal disease, as well as an effective research and teaching tool.
Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (2016)

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Occurrence and characterization of peptaibols from Trichoderma citrinoviride, an endophytic fungus of cork oak, using electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2009)

A cork oak endophytic strain of Trichoderma citrinoviride, previously selected for its antagonistic potential against various fungal pathogens involved in oak decline, was screened for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites. From liquid culture a mixture of polypeptide antibiotics (peptaibols) belonging to the paracelsin family was isolated and characterized. This peptide mixture was purified by column chromatography and preparative TLC on silica gel, and separated by analytical HPLC. It was analysed by MALDI-TOF MS and nano-ESI-QTOF MS. Tandem mass experiments were performed to determine the amino acid sequences based on the fragmentation pattern of selected parent ions. The mixture comprised 20-residue peptides with C-terminal phenylalaninol and N-terminal acetylation. Twenty-eight amino acid sequences were identified, and amino acid exchanges were located in positions 6, 9, 12 and 17. Among them, seven sequences are new as compared to those reported in the database specifically for peptaibols and in the literature. In addition, we obtained experimental evidence suggesting the existence of non-covalent dimeric forms (homo- and hetero-) of the various peptaibol species. The peptide mixture showed strong antifungal activity toward seven important forest tree pathogens, and it was highly toxic in an Artemia salina (brine shrimp) bioassay. These results emphasize the cryptic role of endophytic fungi as a source of novel bioactive natural products and biocontrol agents.
Approximate option pricing (2002)

As increasingly large volumes of sophisticated options are traded in world financial markets, determining a "fair" price for these options has become an important and difficult computational problem. Many valuation codes use the binomial pricing model, in which the stock price is driven by a random walk. In this model, the value of an n-period option on a stock is the expected time-discounted value of the future cash flow on an n-period stock price path. Path-dependent options are particularly difficult to value since the future cash flow depends on the entire stock price path rather than on just the final stock price. Currently such options are approximately priced by Monte Carlo methods with error bounds that hold only with high probability and which are reduced by increasing the number of simulation runs. In this paper we show that pricing an arbitrary path-dependent option is #-P hard. We show that certain types of path-dependent options can be valued exactly in polynomial time. Asian options are path-dependent options that are particularly hard to price, and for these we design deterministic polynomial-time approximate algorithms. We show that the value of a perpetual American put option (which can be computed in constant time) is in many cases a good approximation to the value of an otherwise identical n-period American put option. In contrast to Monte Carlo methods, our algorithms have guaranteed error bounds that are polynomially small (and in some cases exponentially small) in the maturity n. For the error analysis we derive large-deviation results for random walks that may be of independent interest.
Customized mandibular orthotics in the prevention of concussion/mild traumatic brain injury in football players: a preliminary study (2009)

The preliminary results of this study suggest that a customized mandibular orthotic may decrease the incidence of concussion/mild traumatic brain injuries in high- school football athletes, but a comprehensive study is required to confirm these initial findings. Furthermore, additional research is necessary to indicate the possible mode(s) of action of a customized mandibular orthotic in the prevention of concussion/mild traumatic brain injuries.
Small molecule inhibition of cGAS reduces interferon expression in primary macrophages from autoimmune mice (2017)

Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is essential for innate immunity against infection and cellular damage, serving as a sensor of DNA from pathogens or mislocalized self-DNA. Upon binding double-stranded DNA, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase synthesizes a cyclic dinucleotide that initiates an inflammatory cellular response. Mouse studies that recapitulate causative mutations in the autoimmune disease Aicardi-Goutières syndrome demonstrate that ablating the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase gene abolishes the deleterious phenotype. Here, we report the discovery of a class of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase inhibitors identified by a high-throughput screen. These compounds possess defined structure-activity relationships and we present crystal structures of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase, double-stranded DNA, and inhibitors within the enzymatic active site. We find that a chemically improved member, RU.521, is active and selective in cellular assays of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-mediated signaling and reduces constitutive expression of interferon in macrophages from a mouse model of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. RU.521 will be useful toward understanding the biological roles of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase and can serve as a molecular scaffold for development of future autoimmune therapies.Upon DNA binding cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) produces a cyclic dinucleotide, which leads to the upregulation of inflammatory genes. Here the authors develop small molecule cGAS inhibitors, functionally characterize them and present the inhibitor and DNA bound cGAS crystal structures, which will facilitate drug development.
Stimulation of protein synthesis and glucose utilization in the hypoglossal nucleus induced by axotomy (1984)

The metabolic responses of rat hypoglossal nuclei to unilateral section of the 12th cranial nerve have been studied. Changes in the rates of protein synthesis and glucose utilization in the regenerating nucleus were determined with two quantitative autoradiographic techniques, the L-[1-14C]leucine method and the [14C] deoxyglucose method, respectively. The results show that both of these processes increase in the nucleus ipsilateral to the sectioned nerve and are unaffected in the contralateral nucleus as compared with sham-operated animals. The time courses of these metabolic changes have been compared with that of the return of functional innervation of the tongue. An increase in glucose utilization is first detected 24 hr postaxotomy. It is maximal between 1 and 3 days postaxotomy and constitutes an 84% increase over the rate in the contralateral control nucleus. The increase in protein synthesis is of smaller magnitude than that of glucose utilization. It is maximal at 48 hr after axotomy and constitutes a 25% increase over the rate in the contralateral nucleus. The increases in both of these metabolic processes persist even after functional recovery of the tongue at 21 days postaxotomy. Protein synthesis and glucose utilization return to normal levels between 24 and 35 days postaxotomy. Although the time courses of the changes in protein synthesis and glucose utilization are similar, the magnitude of the increase in glucose utilization is too large to be accounted for by the energy requirements of the relatively small increase in protein synthesis and probably reflects other processes as well, including altered function of the soma-dendritic membrane of regenerating neurons.
[Nuclear localization of heterochromatic regions varies in hyperplastic and preneoplastic lesions of the breast]. (2005)

Previous molecular cytogenetic studies in breast cancer revealed numerous chromosomal changes and identified alterations involving the chromosomes 1 and 16 as early incidents in mammary carcinogenesis. Since both chromosomes reveal pericentromeric heterochromatic areas, these chromosomal alterations might result from instable heterochromatin caused by DNA hypomethylation. In the present study, we investigated whether hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the breast differ regarding the distance between the heterochromatic areas of chromosomes 1 and 16 within the nuclei. We hybridized differently fluorescence-labeled DNA samples specific for the heterochromatic regions of chromosomes 1 and 16 to formalin-fixed tissue sections. Histological classification of the lesions was supported by immunohistochemical staining using cytokeratin-specific antibodies. The methylation state of the heterochromatic regions was tested by staining with an antibody specific for methylated cytidin. Our results revealed an increased frequency of paired intranuclear signals specific for chromosomes 1 and 16 in neoplastic lesions (atypical ductal hyperplasia, ductal carcinoma in situ) compared to ductal hyperplasia and normal glandular epithelium. Staining with the methylation-specific antibody reavealed a weaker staining in neoplastic lesions compared to hyperplastic lesions and normal cells. We conclude that atypic ductal hyperplasia represents the histomorphological equivalent for the beginning of tumor genome evolution that progresses in ductal carcinoma in situ and infiltrating carcinoma.
Cognitive and hybrid model of human driver (2002)

The purpose of this model is to allow simultaneous simulation of vehicles controlled by drivers and semi-automated systems for comparisons between automated vehicles and human drivers. The method discussed here fused a cognitive model with the existing simulation tool, SmartAHS. The contribution of the cognitive approach relies on the formation of a driver's knowledge database and the modeling of the cognitive processes underlying the driving activity. At the current state of development, a perception module provides information on range and range-rate with a leading vehicle. This information allows the simulated driver to choose a behavior among a set of possible behaviors, such as following or overtaking. The thresholds for choice behavior were initially chosen through a literature review and then tuned with microscopic driving data. The feasibility of the model is also discussed, as well as the application of the model to other simulations.
cw operation of distributed-feedback GaAs-GaAlAs diode lasers at temperatures up to 300 K (1975)

Distributed-feedback GaAs-GaAlAs diode lasers with separate optical and carrier confinement have been successfully operated under dc bias up to room temperature. They lased in a single longitudinal mode with a threshold current density of 0.94 kA/cm2 at 170 K and 3.5 kA/cm2 at 300 K.