gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alloying of Ni/In/Ni/<i>n</i>-GaAs ohmic contacts induced by Ga-Ni-As ternary eutectic reactions (1990)

The alloying behavior of Ni and Ni/In/Ni thin-film contacts to GaAs was studied using scanning electron microscopy and scanning Auger microscopy. A liquid was observed to form in both contacts upon annealing at 820 °C for three min. The cause of this behavior was postulated to be the presence of a ternary eutectic reaction in the gallium-nickel-arsenic system. Differential thermal analysis confirmed the existence in this system of the reaction L→NiGa+NiAs+GaAs at 810 °C. It was speculated that the liquid phase observed in the Ni/In/Ni contacts was due to the rapid segregation of indium metal to the contact surface and the subsequent melting of the nearly ternary interfacial region. These results demonstrated the inadequacy of rationalizing reactions between metals and compound semiconductors in terms of constituent binary phase equilibria.
Tumor-associated macrophages: function, phenotype, and link to prognosis in human lung cancer. (2012)

Macrophages are the dominant leukocyte population found in the tumor microenvironment. Accumulating evidence suggests that these tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) actively promote all aspects of tumor initiation, growth, and development. However, TAMs are not a single uniform population; instead, they are composed of multiple distinct pro- and anti-tumoral subpopulations with overlapping features depending on a variety of external factors. Defining and differentiating these subsets remains a challenging work-in-progress. These difficulties are apparent in prognostic studies in lung cancer that initially demonstrated conflicting evidence regarding the significance of TAMs but which have more recently clarified and confirmed the clinical importance of these subsets through improved phenotypic capabilities. Thus, these cells represent potential targets for cancer therapeutic initiatives through translational approaches. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how the tumor microenvironment takes advantage of macrophage plasticity to mold an immunosuppressive population, the phenotypic heterogeneity of TAMs, and their link to prognosis in human lung cancer.
Reforma urbanística i modernització pedagògica en la Mallorca d'inicis del segle XX (2002)

Basandonos en algunos estudios realizados, asi como en documentacion de la epoca, podemos decir que los proyectos de reforma urbanistica de principios del siglo XX, motivados por corrientes higienistas de influencia internacional, mantuvieron una estrecha relacion con la modernizacion escolar. El caso de Palma de Mallorca puede servirnos como ejemplo: en 1901 se aprobo el Proyecto de Ensanche de la Ciudad de Mallorca, iniciandose el derribo de las viejas murallas medievales de la ciudad, que permitieron el crecimiento urbano. Pero la planificacion de este crecimiento urbano estaba ligada a la reforma escolar. Sobre los terrenos de las antiguas murallas, y en los puntos mas estrategicos, se proyecto la construccion de centros educativos que deberian servir como modelo de modernizacion y de progreso. En este articulo se analiza la planificacion de la primera escuela publica graduada de Baleares y su relacion con la reforma urbanistica.
Transvenous Pacemaker Lead Removal Is Safe and Effective Even in Large Vegetations: An Analysis of 53 Cases of Pacemaker Lead Endocarditis (2006)

This study demonstrates that transvenous lead removal is a safe and highly effective procedure for the removal of infected pacemaker and ICD leads, even in patients with large vegetations. Embolism to the lung proceeds mainly without further complications; however, patients with vegetations that might obstruct a main stem of the pulmonary artery should undergo ECC removal.
Autologous Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytotoxicity Against Monocytes in Canine Ehrlichiosis (1977)

The 51Cr-release technique for detecting cytotoxicity had been adapted to immunologic studies of canine ehrlichiosis. Lymphocytes from dogs infected with Ehrlichia canis, cause of canine ehrlichiosis, were shown to be cytotoxic for autologous monocytes. The effect was dependent on the concentraton of lymphocytes, being optimal at 100:1 lymphocyte:monocyte ratio. Neither immune serum and complement, nor anti-canine globulin had any observable effect on cytotoxicity. The monocytotoxicity bore a temporal relationship to the thrombocytopenia. It is suggested that T lymphocyte activation accompanying ehrlichiosis contributes to pathogenesis of the disease and that the specific immune elimination of parasitized monocytes is antibody independent.
Performance characteristics of high power CW, 1 cm wide monolithic AlGaAs laser diode arrays with a 2 mm total aperture width (1990)

1 cm wide monolithic laser diode arrays emitting around 810 nm with a 2 mm total aperture width have been characterised under CW conditions. CW operation up to 16 W has been achieved at a heatsink temperature of 70°C. Several arrays have been lifetested at 10 W CW at a 20°C heatsink temperature for a few thousand hours and have projected lifetimes of between 5000 and 17000 hours. The temperature dependence of the degradation rate was characterised, from which data an activation energy of 0.2 eV was obtained.
Off seasonal and pre-seasonal assessment of circulating energy sources during prolonged running at the anaerobic threshold in competitive triathletes (2004)

Free fatty acid and TG concentrations were much higher than expected, and the two training seasons showed significantly different patterns of TG concentration during prolonged running. These responses may be related to aerobic capacity of prolonged exercise.
<title>Trajectory estimation of closely spaced objects (CSO) using infrared focal plane data of an STSS (space tracking and surveillance system) platform</title> (2004)

A major challenge in tracking midcourse objects by means of an infrared (IR) sensor is that during a significant part of the trajectory they are closely spaced (Closely Spaced Objects, or CSO). The imprints of the CSOs on the IR focal plane create blurred unresolved clusters where the number, the coordinates, and the radiant intensities of the objects are not immediately apparent. This paper presents two methods for solving the problem of midcourse CSO resolution using IR focal plane data in the context of the Space Tracking and Surveillance System (STSS). Both approaches are based on dynamics/radiant intensity models of the focal plane objects, and use least squares-based minimization procedures. The first and more traditional baseline approach estimates the focal plane coordinates of the objects and their intensities on a frame-by-frame basis. The object tracks are then established by associating and fitting the estimates of all the frames to the postulated models. An alternative, multi-frame approach explored in this paper, uses the focal plane information from an entire sequence of frames, and, using least squares criteria over space and time and matched filtering, estimates the model parameters directly. With this "track-before-detect" approach, the association problem of objects to tracks is embedded in the estimation procedure.
BrainTorrent: A Peer-to-Peer Environment for Decentralized Federated Learning (2019)

Access to sufficient annotated data is a common challenge in training deep neural networks on medical images. As annotating data is expensive and time-consuming, it is difficult for an individual medical center to reach large enough sample sizes to build their own, personalized models. As an alternative, data from all centers could be pooled to train a centralized model that everyone can use. However, such a strategy is often infeasible due to the privacy-sensitive nature of medical data. Recently, federated learning (FL) has been introduced to collaboratively learn a shared prediction model across centers without the need for sharing data. In FL, clients are locally training models on site-specific datasets for a few epochs and then sharing their model weights with a central server, which orchestrates the overall training process. Importantly, the sharing of models does not compromise patient privacy. A disadvantage of FL is the dependence on a central server, which requires all clients to agree on one trusted central body, and whose failure would disrupt the training process of all clients. In this paper, we introduce BrainTorrent, a new FL framework without a central server, particularly targeted towards medical applications. BrainTorrent presents a highly dynamic peer-to-peer environment, where all centers directly interact with each other without depending on a central body. We demonstrate the overall effectiveness of FL for the challenging task of whole brain segmentation and observe that the proposed server-less BrainTorrent approach does not only outperform the traditional server-based one but reaches a similar performance to a model trained on pooled data.
Successful and safe use of 2 min cold atmospheric argon plasma in chronic wounds: results of a randomized controlled trial (2012)

A 2-min treatment with either of two cold atmospheric argon plasma devices is a safe, painless and effective technique to decrease the bacterial load in chronic wounds.
Protective antibodies in human sera against encapsulated strains of <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> (1987)

Passive protective antibodies in 100 samples of normal human sera against challenge with three representative capsular type strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis in mice were examined. Six of them passively protected mice against capsular type I; 17 protected against capsular type II; one against capsular type III; and one against both capsular types I and II. The activities were sensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol and were absorbed out either with rabbit anti-human IgG serum, rabbit anti-human IgA serum or rabbit anti-human IgM serum. Also, the sera activities absorbed out with cell surface polysaccharide extracted from three representative capsular type strains. These results indicate that the protective activities were specifically related to three major immunoglobulins against the above cell surface polysaccharides.
Improving classification accuracy of youtube videos by exploiting focal points in social tags (2013)

Past literature [1] has shown that problems involving tacit communication among humans and agents are better solved by identifying communication “focal” points based on domain specific human biases. Cast differently, classification of user-generated content into generalized categories is the equivalent of automated programs trying to match human adjudged labels. It seems logical to suspect that identification and incorporation of features generally found salient by humans or “focal points”, can allow an automated agent to better match human adjudged labels in classification tasks. In this paper, we leverage this correspondence, by using domain-specific focal points to further inform the classification algorithms of the inherent human biases. We empirically evaluate our method, by classifying YouTube videos using user-annotated tags. Improvements in classification accuracy over the state-of-the-art classification techniques on using our transformed (using focal points) and highly reduced feature space reveals the value of the approach in subjective classification tasks.
Capsaicin: A novel radio-sensitizing agent for prostate cancer (2014)

Our findings suggest that capsaicin acts as a radio-sensitzing agent for PCa through the inhibition of NFκB signalling.
Integrating visual and semantic contexts for topic network generation and word sense disambiguation (2009)

To support more effective searches in large-scale weakly-tagged image collections, we have developed a novel algorithm to integrate both the visual similarity contexts between the images and the semantic similarity contexts between their tags for topic network generation and word sense disambiguation. First, a topic network is generated to characterize both the semantic similarity contexts and the visual similarity contexts between the image topics more sufficiently. By organizing large numbers of image topics according to their cross-modal inter-topic similarity contexts, our topic network can make the semantics behind the tag space more explicit, so that users can gain deep insights rapidly and formulate their queries more precisely. Second, our word sense disambiguation algorithm can integrate the topic network to exploit both the visual similarity contexts between the images and the semantic similarity contexts between their tags for addressing the issues of polysemes and synonyms more effectively, thus it can significantly improve the precision and recall rates for image retrieval. Our experiments on large-scale Flickr and LabelMe image collections have provided very positive results.
Schottky-gate bulk effect digital devices (1971)

Using the n-GaAs planar device with a Schottky barrier gate, a high-field dipole domain could be triggered from the high-field region under the Schottky gate by applying a negative pulse to the gate. The figure of trigger capability was obtained to be 24 mA/V for the sample used in experiments, and is possible to get up to 150 mA/V for a suitably designed device. Some fundamental experiments including a pulse regenerator were performed.
Schizophrenia: Diverse Approaches to a Complex Disease (2002)

Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental illness that affects 1% of the population. Despite intensive study, its molecular etiology remains enigmatic. Like many common diseases, schizophrenia is multifactorial in origin, with both genetic and environmental contributions likely playing an important role in the manifestation of symptoms. Recent advances based on pharmacological studies, brain imaging analyses, and genetic research are now converging on tantalizing leads that point to a central role for several neurotransmitters, including dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin, that may interface with neurodevelopmental defects reflecting disease-related genetic aberrations. Here, we provide a brief overview of the parallel approaches being used to identify the molecular causes of schizophrenia and discuss possible directions for future research.
Growth and characterization of epitaxial films of tungsten-doped vanadium oxides on sapphire (110) by reactive magnetron sputtering (1999)

Epitaxial films of W-doped vanadium oxides including W–V2O3, W–VO2 and W–V2O5 were deposited on sapphire (110) by reactive magnetron sputtering of a V–W (1.6 at. % W) alloy target in a range of oxygen partial flows. The deposited films were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, atomic force microscopy and resistance-temperature measurement. The W-to-V ratio in the oxide films showed values higher than that in the target, and the ratio increased with increasing oxygen flows. With precise control of the oxygen partial, flow, not only the W–V2O3, W–VO2 and W–V2O5, but also a series of epitaxial films with lattice parameters varying between those of W–V2O3 and W–VO2 were formed. It was found from an XRD pole figure study that the W–VO2 exhibited a triple-domain structure with the three domains correlated by 120° in the in-plane orientation. The W–VO2 epitaxial films clearly showed a semiconductor-to-metal phase transition with a reduced Tc by 23 °C/at. % W, whereas the phase transition of W–V2O3 seemed to be suppressed due, presumably, to the W-doping effect.
Quantitative Blood Velocity Mapping in Glomerular Capillaries by in vivo Observation with an Intravital Videomicroscope (2000)

We have evaluated rat glomerular microcirculation under in-vivo condition with an intravital videomicroscope. To measure erythrocyte velocities, a line segment was set along the glomerular capillaries in time-sequential videotaped images and then a spatiotemporal image was constructed along that segment. The angle of striped pattern in the spatiotemporal image which reflects the erythrocyte velocity, was estimated to compute erythrocyte velocity vector mapping. We found that erythrocyte velocities in rat glomeruli were significantly faster in diabetic rats than in control rats (p < 0.05). In conclusion, we have succeeded in quantitatively evaluating the in-vivo renal microcirculation with our videomicroscope system and by spatiotemporal image analyzing method.
Robust Extraction of Respiratory Activity From PPG Signals Using Modified MSPCA (2013)

The pulse oximeter's photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals can be well utilized for extracting the vital respiratory activity, in addition to saturation and heart rate estimations, avoiding the usage of additional sensor for recording respiratory signal, in turn reducing the number of sensors connected to the patient's body for recording vital signals. In this paper, we present a robust algorithm called modified multi scale principal component analysis (MMSPCA), for extraction of respiratory activity embedded in the PPG signals. The PPG signals are more commonly corrupted by motion artifacts (MA) due to voluntary or involuntary movements of the patients, making it difficult for the algorithms to extract respiratory signals. The problem of extracting respiratory signals from PPGs in the presence of MA is addressed for the first time in this paper. The problem gets aggravated when PPGs are severely afflicted with MAs in situations such as the MA frequency band (usually below 0.2 Hz) overlapping on to the band of respiratory frequencies (0.2-0.4 Hz). In the presented algorithm, the kurtosis and energy contribution levels (ECL) of approximate and detail coefficients are calculated for each wavelet sub-band matrix, generating a modified wavelet sub-band matrix. This makes the presented algorithm based on MMSPCA more robust in the sense that it is made motion resistant by suitably modifying the MSPCA. Functioning of the proposed algorithm is tested on the data recorded from 15 healthy subjects. Each data set consists of intentionally created possible MA noises, viz., vertical, horizontal, waving, and pressing MAs with different breathing patterns. The method is also applied on the recordings available with MIMIC database of Physionet archive. The statistical and error analysis, performed to test the efficacy of the presented MMSPCA algorithm, revealed a very good acceptance for derived respiratory signal, when compared with the originally recorded respiratory signals using classical method. The MMSPCA method clearly outperformed the conventional MSPCA-based method in the presence of MA.
Adaptive Array Bandwidth with Tapped Delay-Line Processing (1979)

The bandwidth of adaptive arrays with tapped delay lines behind the elements is examined. Such processing offers improved bandw over that attainable with quadrature hybrid processing. The performance of a two-element array with four types of processing (equarature hybrids, single delay lines, 3-tap delay lines, and 5-tap delay lines) is compared. It is shown that with half-wavelength element spacing, a quadrature hybrid and single delay-line processor are inadequate at 10-percent bandwidth. A 3-tap processor is adeq however, up to 40-percent bandwidth.
Reaserch on the Measurement for Quantum State of Microwave Single Photon in Superconducted Joseph Junction (2015)

The microwave single-photon detector circuit constructed of Josephson junction is introduced in the state of superconduction.The system state of quantum is measured,and the quantum characteristic of Josephson junction is quantitatively analyzed and discussed,as a new measuring system for solid-state qubits.The research will provide obvious assistance for quantum information theory and qubit study in the future.
Hydroclimatic variability drives episodic expansion of a floating peat mat in a North American kettlehole basin (2010)

The coming century is predicted to feature enhanced climatic variability, including increased frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme climatic events. Ecologists are faced with the critical challenge of anticipating potentially nonlinear ecosystem responses to these changes. High-resolution paleoecological data sets that capture past ecosystem responses to climate variability provide valuable long-term perspectives on the sensitivity of ecosystems to climate-forced state shifts. We used a suite of paleoecological analyses at Titus Bog in northwestern Pennsylvania, USA, to test the hypothesis that the development and expansion of floating peatlands in kettlehole basins represents a threshold response to hydroclimate variability. In contrast with expectations of gradual autogenic peat mat expansion, our results indicate that peat mat expansion at Titus Bog was highly episodic and occurred in three distinct pulses centered on 800, 650, and 400 cal yr BP. Each of these expansion events coincided with or immediately followed decadal-to-mutlidecadal droughts recorded in regional paleoclimate reconstructions. These patterns indicate that peatland development in kettlehole basins can follow nonlinear trajectories, with episodes of rapid advancement triggered by climatic forcing. Future climate changes may increase the likelihood of peatland expansion in kettlehole basins, potentially leading to abrupt changes in adjacent lake ecosystems.
Proteoglycans and Brain Repair (2004)

Proteoglycans are complex molecules composed of long, unbranched sugar chains attached to a protein core. In the mammalian central nervous system, they are a major component of the extracellular matrix and of the cellular surface. After a central nervous system injury, their expression in the lesion area changes strongly and contributes to the inhibition of axon regrowth and brain repair.
Temporal data management systems: a comparative view (1991)

Characteristics and requirements of systems for temporal data management in the areas of data and knowledge bases, artificial intelligence, and software engineering are investigated and discussed on the basis of a case study. Six representative approaches were selected for this analysis, with the goal of identifying particular features of systems proposed in different areas. The six approaches are: Allen's interval-based logic, Dean and McDermott's time map management, Kowalski and Sergot's event calculus, Maiocchi and Pernici's TSOS. Snodgrass' TQuel, and Hagelstein's ERAE. The characteristics of each system are classified and compared. On the basis of this analysis, a framework for the evaluation of temporal systems and for the specification of temporal data management systems is proposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
DRAM failure analysis with the force-based scanning Kelvin probe (1995)

A fabrication induced failure in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor dynamic random access memory (CMOS DRAM) cells has been imaged successfully with a novel combination of atomic force and scanning Kelvin probe microscopes. The imaging system was used to verify the presence, and subsequent removal of, ionic contaminants on a sub-micron scale.
Relative messenger RNA expression profiling of collagenases and aggrecanases in human articular chondrocytes in vivo and in vitro (2002)

Our expression data clearly support MMP-13 as the major collagenase in OA cartilage. The most strongly expressed aggrecanase was ADAM-TS5. ADAM-TS4 was expressed only at a very low level in normal cartilage and was only slightly up-regulated in OA cartilage, casting doubt on this enzyme being the relevant aggrecanase of articular cartilage. Results of our study show that expression of many enzymes is significantly different in vitro and in vivo and suggest that IL-1beta stimulation of articular chondrocytes might not be a good model for the matrix catabolism in OA cartilage.