gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Meta-learning with neural networks and landmarking for forecasting model selection an empirical evaluation of different feature sets applied to industry data (2016)

Although artificial neural networks are occasionally used in forecasting future sales for manufacturing in industry, the majority of algorithms applied today are univariate statistical time series methods for level, seasonal, trend or trend-seasonal patterns. With different statistical methods created for different time series patterns, large scale applications on 10,000s of times series require automatic method selection, often done manually by human experts based on various time series characteristics, or automatically using error metrics of past performance. However, the task of selecting adequate forecasting methods can also be viewed as a supervised learning problem. For instance, a neural network can be trained as a meta-learner relating characteristic time series features to the ex post accuracy of forecasting methods for each time series. Past research has proposed different sets of time series features for meta-learning including simple statistical or information-theoretic as well as model-based features, but have neglected the use of past forecast errors. This paper studies the predictive accuracy of using different feature sets for a neural network meta-learner selecting between four statistical forecasting models, introducing error-based features (landmarkers) and statistical tests as time series meta-features. A large-scale empirical study on NN3 industry data shows promising results of including error-based feature sets in meta-learning for selecting time series forecasting models.
CIDEr: Consensus-based Image Description Evaluation (2014)

Automatically describing an image with a sentence is a long-standing challenge in computer vision and natural language processing. Due to recent progress in object detection, attribute classification, action recognition, etc., there is renewed interest in this area. However, evaluating the quality of descriptions has proven to be challenging. We propose a novel paradigm for evaluating image descriptions that uses human consensus. This paradigm consists of three main parts: a new triplet-based method of collecting human annotations to measure consensus, a new automated metric (CIDEr) that captures consensus, and two new datasets: PASCAL-50S and ABSTRACT-50S that contain 50 sentences describing each image. Our simple metric captures human judgment of consensus better than existing metrics across sentences generated by various sources. We also evaluate five state-of-the-art image description approaches using this new protocol and provide a benchmark for future comparisons. A version of CIDEr named CIDEr-D is available as a part of MS COCO evaluation server to enable systematic evaluation and benchmarking.
The Case for Mathematical Realism (1999)

Abstract The application of mathematics to science and the enormous success that derives from it is, perhaps, the strongest evidence in favour of mathematical realism. Quine and Putnam have taken the indispensability of mathematics in doing science as the main premise in an argument for both the truth of mathematics and the existence of mathematical objects. This argument has been criticized, among other things, for presupposing a realist position with regard to science. In this chapter, I propose a new argument, the pragmatic indispensability argument that avoids the problem by failing to presuppose that our best scientific theories are true. I argue that the justification for doing science also justifies our accepting as true, the mathematics that science uses.
Monte Carlo simulations of enhanced visible radiance in clear‐air satellite fields of view near clouds (2000)

Monte Carlo techniques are used to examine a potential error in the interpretation of satellite measurements for broken cloud fields. Solar radiation reflected from clouds and scattered by the atmosphere will enhance observed visible radiances, when clouds lie on the antisolar side of a cloud‐free satellite field of view (FOV). Results of the simulation show that the assumption of a plane‐parallel, cloud‐free atmosphere in atmospheric correction in a common retrieval algorithm introduces a bias in the inferred surface reflectivity and biological concentrations in the ocean from space. The biases arise because the radiation scattered from the adjacent cloud into the FOV is not correctly determined by calculations with a one‐dimensional radiative transfer model assuming a cloud‐free atmosphere. It is a function of the optical properties of the atmosphere, the distance of the adjacent cloud from fields of view, the solar zenith angle, etc. Optically thicker and closer clouds to the fields of view lead to a larger enhanced radiance. The bias is up to more than 10% at a nadir viewing angle for a cloud optical thickness of 9, a solar zenith angle of 30°, and a surface albedo of 0.1. The enhanced radiance overestimates retrieved surface albedo by only 0.01, which may be negligible for a study of the surface radiation budget. The bias is, however, significant in the estimation of biological pigment concentration in the ocean. Because water‐leaving radiance is only a small part of radiance detected at a spaceborne sensor, at most 10–20%, a small error in measured radiance causes a large error in retrieved pigment concentrations. Accurate atmospheric correction therefore is needed for the retrieval of phytoplankton concentrations from space. Assuming an improvement of satellite sensor technology in the near future, the issue shown in the present study will become significant because real clouds are often broken.
Study of uptake of cell penetrating peptides and their cargoes in permeabilized wheat immature embryos (2008)

The uptake of five fluorescein labeled cell-penetrating peptides (Tat, Tat(2), mutated-Tat, peptide vascular endothelial-cadherin and transportan) was studied in wheat immature embryos. Interestingly, permeabilization treatment of the embryos with toluene/ethanol (1 : 20, v/v with permeabilization buffer) resulted in a remarkably higher uptake of cell-penetrating peptides, whereas nonpermeabilized embryos failed to show significant cell-penetrating peptide uptake, as observed under fluorescence microscope and by fluorimetric analysis. Among the cell-penetrating peptides investigated, Tat monomer (Tat) showed highest fluorescence uptake (4.2-fold greater) in permeabilized embryos than the nonpermeabilized embryos. On the other hand, mutated-Tat serving as negative control did not show comparable fluorescence levels even in permeabilized embryos. A glucuronidase histochemical assay revealed that Tat peptides can efficiently deliver functionally active beta-glucuronidase (GUS) enzyme in permeabilized immature embryos. Tat(2)-mediated GUS enzyme delivery showed the highest number of embryos with GUS uptake (92.2%) upon permeabilization treatment with toluene/ethanol (1 : 40, v/v with permeabilization buffer) whereas only 51.8% of nonpermeabilized embryos showed Tat(2)-mediated GUS uptake. Low temperature, endocytosis and macropinocytosis inhibitors reduced delivery of the Tat(2)-GUS enzyme cargo complex. The results suggest that more than one mechanism of cell entry is involved simultaneously in cell-penetrating peptide-cargo uptake in wheat immature embryos. We also studied Tat(2)-plasmid DNA (carrying Act-1GUS) complex formation by gel retardation assay, DNaseI protection assay and confocal laser microscopy. Permeabilized embryos transfected with Tat(2)-plasmid DNA complex showed 3.3-fold higher transient GUS gene expression than the nonpermeabilized embryos. Furthermore, addition of cationic transfecting agent Lipofectamine 2000 to the Tat(2)-plasmid DNA complex resulted in 1.5-fold higher transient GUS gene expression in the embryos. This is the first report demonstrating translocation of various cell-penetrating peptides and their potential to deliver macromolecules in wheat immature embryos in the presence of a cell membrane permeabilizing agent.
Polymorphisms in immunoregulatory genes, smoky coal exposure and lung cancer risk in Xuan Wei, China (2007)

We conducted a population-based case-control study in Xuan Wei, China, where lung cancer rates are among the highest in China due to exposure to indoor coal combustion products, to evaluate the association between polymorphisms in immunoregulatory genes and lung cancer risk. A total of 122 incident primary lung cancer cases and 122 individually matched controls were enrolled in Xuan Wei, China. Fifty single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 23 immunoregulatory genes involved in inflammation were genotyped and analyzed by logistic regression to assess the risk of lung cancer. A global test of association for 42 SNPs, which excluded eight SNPs that were in very tight linkage disequilibrium with other SNPs, was statistically significant (P = 0.01), suggesting that overall genetic variation in this pathway contributes to lung cancer risk. In addition, the IL1B -1060TT (i.e. -511TT) genotype was associated with increased lung cancer risk compared with the CC genotype [odds ratio (OR) = 2.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-4.91]. The IL8RA Ex2+860 GC or CC (OR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.11-0.67), ICAM1 Ex2+100 AT or TT (OR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.18-0.88) and IL12A Ex7+277 GA or AA (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.22-0.84) genotypes were associated with decreased lung cancer risk. The protective effect of the IL8RA variant was stronger among subjects with high cumulative smoky coal use (> or = 130 tons) (OR = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.03-0.44; P(interaction) = 0.03). In conclusion, genetic variation in immunoregulatory genes may play an important role in the development of lung cancer in this population.
Ultradeep Hydrodesulfurization and Adsorptive Desulfurization of Diesel Fuel on Metal-Rich Nickel Phosphides (2009)

Three materials containing Ni2P, Ni12P5, and Ni3P phases on silica gel with surface area 320 m2/g at loadings of 32−37 wt % and the crystal size of NixP phases 30, 9, and 13 nm, respectively, were prepared by a combination of impregnation and TPR methods and tested in hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and adsorptive desulfurization (ADS) of diesel fuel. There were established opposite trends in changing the DS efficiency in two processes: The HDS rate constant decreased while the ADS sulfur capacity (breakthrough at 1 ppmw) increased with increasing the Ni to P ratio in NixP from 2 to 3. The observed behavior was attributed to the specific features of the densities of states (DOS) obtained from the density functional theory calculations of total and partial DOS for Ni and P in NixP phases and revealed in XPS measurements of binding energy of Ni 2p3/2- and P 2p-electrons. This attribution was consistent with the analysis of the relative part of d-electrons of Ni participating in bonding with p-electrons of phosphorus in these phases.
Interet Du Suivi Des Bruits Respiratoires Tracheaux Dans Le Diagnostic De Dysrythmies Respiratoires Nocturnes (1991)

Twenty-six patients underwent a polysomnigraphic study allowing sleep staging and respiratory events scoring with the use of the oronasal flow, abdominal, thoracic and total displacement (Respitracet), and ear oximetry. Moreover the patients were also equipped with a tracheal microphone giving a power rectified envelope (sonospirogram). Eleven patients showed abnormal respiratory events that were scored by visual lecture using all respiratory parameters (excluding the sonospirogram) and were classified as obstructive central and mixed apneas-hypopneas. Periodic breathing was also appreciated. Detection of the same events was tried with the sonospirogram alone. The sonospirogram could accurately detect snoring and periodic breathing and finally central obstructive mixed apnea (the apneic index being well correlated: p less than 0.001 as well as the mean apnea duration: p less than 0.005). In contrast hypopneic events related to snoring could not be accurately appreciated. We conclude that a sonospirogram may be useful for the detection of abnormal respiratory events when used alone (screening) as when added to other respiratory signals.
Prophylactic colchicine therapy of intercritical gout. A placebo‐controlled study of probenecid‐treated patients (1974)

Abstract The serum urate‐lowering effect of probenecid was used to monitor compliance in a placebo‐controlled study of prophylactic colchicine therapy for intercritical gout. Although all patients included in the analysis had satisfactory control of hyperuricemia, 20 patients receiving 1.5 mg of colchicine daily averaged 2.3 attacks of acute gout per year of therapy, compared to 18 placebo‐treated patients who averaged 6 attacks per year (P < 0.05), confirming the effectiveness of prophylactic colchicine in this situation.
Object-oriented Bayesian networks for detection of lane change maneuvers (2011)

In this paper we introduce a novel approach towards the recognition of typical driving maneuvers in structured highway scenarios and identify some of the key benefits of traffic scene modeling with object-oriented Bayesian networks (OOBNs). The approach exploits the advantages of an introduced lane-related coordinate system together with individual occupancy grids for all vehicles. This combination allows for an efficient classification of the existing vehiclelane and vehicle-vehicle relations in a traffic scene and thus substantially improves the understanding of complex traffic scenes. We systematically propagate probabilities and variances within our network which results in probabilistic sets of the modeled driving maneuvers. Using this generic approach, we are able to classify a total of 27 driving maneuvers including merging and object following.
Polymorphisms and rare sequence variants at the <i>ROM1</i> locus (1993)

Journal Article Polymorphisms and rare sequence variants at the ROM1 locus Get access Roger A. Bascom, Roger A. Bascom 1Department of Genetics, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, Ontano2Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Lin Liu, Lin Liu 1Department of Genetics, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, Ontano Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Peter Humphries, Peter Humphries 3Department of Genetics, Tnrity College DublinDublin, Ireland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Gerald A. Fishman, Gerald A. Fishman 4Deparment of Ophthalmology, University of IllinoisChicago, IL Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jeffrey C. Murray, Jeffrey C. Murray 5Department of Pediatincs, University of IowaIowa City, IA, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Roderick R. Mcinnes Roderick R. Mcinnes * 1Department of Genetics, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, Ontano2Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada * To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Genetics, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Human Molecular Genetics, Volume 2, Issue 11, November 1993, Pages 1975–1977, https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/2.11.1975 Published: 01 November 1993 Article history Received: 19 June 1993 Revision received: 07 September 1993 Accepted: 07 September 1993 Published: 01 November 1993
Empirical Results for the Use of Meta-language in Dialog Management (2004)

As is well known, dialog partners manage the uncertainty inherent in conversation by continually providing and eliciting feedback, monitoring their own comprehension and the apparent comprehension of their dialog partner, and
Increased expression of ornithine decarboxylase messenger RNA in human esophageal carcinoma. (1999)

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyamines, which are essential for cell proliferation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ODC expression in human esophageal cancer at the mRNA level. Sixty-four pairs of primary esophageal cancers and normal esophageal epithelia were examined by reverse transcription-PCR for ODC mRNA expression. The ODC mRNA levels were higher in primary esophageal carcinoma than in adjacent normal esophageal epithelium in 58 (90.6%) of 64 cases. The tumor:normal (T:N) ratio of ODC mRNA expression in esophageal specimens has a significant correlation with tumor-node-metastasis staging (P = 0.043), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.039), vascular vessel invasion (P = 0.035), and histology (P = 0.034) of the tumor. In well- and moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, the patients with a higher T:N ratio showed a significantly poorer prognosis (P = 0.027), and multivariate analysis also confirmed that the T:N ratio has a significant correlation with poor prognosis (P = 0.043). The steady-state of ODC mRNA overexpression in esophageal carcinoma implies that the ODC gene may play an important role in tumorgenesis in squamous epithelium. Furthermore, ODC mRNA expression may be used as a prognostic marker, especially for well- and moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.
Hedge Fund Fundamentals (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Hedge Fund Mechanics and Statistics History of Hedge Funds Media Portrayal of Hedge Funds Hedge Fund Ecosystem Future of the Hedge Fund Industry Chapter Summary Review Questions
Size control of magnetite nanoparticles by organic solvent-free chemical coprecipitation at room temperature (2010)

This study provides a facile single-step coprecipitation method for preparing size-controlled high crystalline magnetite nanoparticles in water system without using any organic solvents. In this method, an iron ions solution and an alkaline solution are simply mixed at room temperature without using any additional heating treatment. The size of obtained magnetite nanoparticles greatly depended on the coexisting anionic species in the starting solution because the coexisting anions greatly influenced both the formation of crystal nuclei and the dispersion stabilisation of formed precipitates. The size control of magnetite nanoparticles having high crystallinity and ferromagnetic property could be successfully achieved by using the effects of coexisting anions. For synthesising finer magnetite nanoparticles, the presence of lactate ion in the starting solution was effective, and coarser ones could be synthesised under higher ferrous/ferric ions molar ratios.
Synthesis and Investigation of Submicrometer Spherical Indium Oxide Particles (2008)

Spherical indium (In) oxide in submicrometer size is considered as a practical material in photonic bandgap applications. To obtain narrow size distribution, systematic studies of different conditions such as precursor concentration, reaction temperature, and other parameters have been carried out and are reported here. Tri‐ or dicarboxylic acid of citric acid (CA), malic acid, and tartaric acid were introduced into the reaction system and In‐precipitates of spherical shape were produced. The particle size and internal morphology were observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. X‐ray diffraction and thermal analysis were performed. The reaction kinetics analysis shows that the reaction rate depends on the reaction temperature, urea, and In concentration rather than on CA.
Leukaemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) is a Treg cytokine (141.35) (2009)

Abstract Priming of the T lymphocyte results in either regulatory (Treg), or effector (Teff), lineage development. During priming the immediate micro-environment contributes to outcome and LIF, a pluripotent cytokine of the IL6 family, appears to be linked to Treg: in contrast IL6 is associated with Teff. Here we ask, is LIF a Treg cytokine? We found in vitro (i) exogenous LIF (10ng/ml) increased transcription of both Foxp3 - the Treg lineage transcription factor - and LIF: and (ii) when naive CD4+ Foxp3- T cells were activated by anti-CD3/anti-CD28, the presence of exogenous LIF enhanced numbers of Foxp3+ cells. We therefore asked, can LIF be used as a tolerogenic therapy? To avoid LIF’s rapid degradation by serum proteases we developed a delivery system wherein LIF was encapsulated within nanoparticles and targeted to CD4+ T cells by surface-attached anti-CD4. In vitro LIF-nano proved efficacious, increasing Foxp3+CD4+ T cell numbers. In vivo, donor-specific Foxp3 Treg expansion was promoted by LIF-nano therapy in recipients of an allogeneic spleen cell transfusion. Confirmation of LIF’s involvement in Treg differentiation in vivo was sought by removal of LIF: anti-LIF therapy significantly inhibited antigen-specific nTreg expansion. We conclude that LIF is a Treg cytokine, able to support the Treg lineage and Foxp3 expression during antigen-specific T cell responses. Funding Support: BHF, NIHR, NIH, JDRF, NSFCA.
Joint inversion of transient pressure and dc resistivity measurements acquired with in-situ permanent sensors: A numerical study (2004)

Abstract We develop a quantitative methodology to interpret jointly in-situ transient pressure and dc resistivity measurements acquired in a hypothetical water injection experiment, with the goal of displacing oil in a hydrocarbon-bearing formation. The assumed measurement acquisition system consists of enforcing time-variable flow rates while injecting water into the surrounding rock formations, thereby producing a sequence of repeated transient pressure pulses. In-situ dc resistivity measurements are acquired at the end of every flow-rate pulsing sequence. The objective of the experiment is to estimate the spatial distributions of absolute fluid permeability and electrical resistivity. Geophysical inverse theory is used to account for the presence of noisy measurements. Synthetic data with noise are inverted to assess the relative benefits of different types of sensor geometries in axisymmetric models of permeability and electrical resistivity. Results strongly suggest that cooperative inversion of in-situ transient pressure and dc resistivity measurements reduces nonuniqueness in the estimation of resistivity and absolute permeability governed by dynamic fluid-flow phenomena. This leads to a more accurate estimate of permeability and resistivity compared to separate inversion of each data type.