gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and properties of small band gap thienoisoindigo based conjugated polymers (2012)

Using Stille and Suzuki polymerization reactions we incorporate thienoisoindigo (TII) as an acceptor co-monomer into a series of alternating π-conjugated copolymers with combinations of benzene, thiophene and carbazole as donor co-monomers. By changing the nature and length of the donor segments, the optical band gap of these soluble TII copolymers can be varied over a large range from 1.52 eV down to 0.87 eV. The semiconducting properties of the TII copolymers were established in bottom-gate bottom-contact field-effect transistors that provide hole mobilities for these materials in the range of 10−3 to 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Background and Principles of Tacan Data Link (1959)

The integration of Tacan with very-high-frequency omnidirectional range (VOR) to provide one common air-navigation and air-traffic-control system requires, for full usefulness, a method of automatic air-surface communication. Such a method, called the Tacan data link, has been devised, and is being flight-tested. Using this data link, messages can be received and sent to each of 120 aircraft every 2.67 seconds. Such messages would consist of navigational, aircraft-status, and traffic-control information. The data link employs the Tacan Surface Beacon to carry both analog and digitallycoded messages, interpolating the coded pulse bursts, which last approximately 3 msec, 45 times every second. No additional transmitters or receivers are needed.
Dynamic Simulation and Control System Design for Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone Separators (1998)

Abstract Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (GLCC) separator performance can be considerably improved by adopting a suitable control strategy to reduce liquid carry-over into the gas stream or gas carry-under into the liquid stream. A dynamic model for control of GLCC liquid level and pressure using classical control techniques is developed in this paper for the first time. Detailed analysis of the GLCC control system stability and transient response indicates that liquid level control could be achieved effectively by a control valve in the liquid outlet for gas dominated systems or by a control valve in the gas outlet for liquid dominated systems. Based on the proposed linear control system model, the system performance is simulated using a suitable software design tool. The novel control system design approach presented in this paper forms a framework for the GLCC active control system optimization. P. 545
Multi-path Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network for Accurate Detection of Unconstrained "Hard Faces" (2017)

Large-scale variations still pose a challenge in unconstrained face detection. To the best of our knowledge, no current face detection algorithm can detect a face as large as 800 × 800 pixels while simultaneously detecting another one as small as 8 × 8 pixels within a single image with equally high accuracy. We propose a two-stage cascaded face detection framework, Multi-Path Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (MP-RCNN), that seamlessly combines a deep neural network with a classic learning strategy, to tackle this challenge. The first stage is a Multi-Path Region Proposal Network (MP-RPN) that proposes faces at three different scales. It simultaneously utilizes three parallel outputs of the convolutional feature maps to predict multi-scale candidate face regions. The "atrous" convolution trick (convolution with up-sampled filters) and a newly proposed sampling layer for "hard" examples are embedded in MP-RPN to further boost its performance. The second stage is a Boosted Forests classifier, which utilizes deep facial features pooled from inside the candidate face regions as well as deep contextual features pooled from a larger region surrounding the candidate face regions. This step is included to further remove hard negative samples. Experiments show that this approach achieves state-of-the-art face detection performance on the WIDER FACE dataset "hard" partition, outperforming the former best result by 9.6% for the Average Precision.
Interactive level set segmentation for image-guided therapy (2009)

Image-guided therapy procedures require the patient to remain still throughout the image acquisition, data analysis and therapy. This imposes a tight time constraint on the over-all process. Automatic extraction of the pathological regions prior to the therapy can be faster than the customary manual segmentation performed by the physician. However, the image data alone is usually not sufficient for reliable and unambiguous computerized segmentation. Thus, the oversight of an experienced physician remains mandatory. We present a novel segmentation framework, that allows user feedback. A few mouse-clicks of the user, discrete in nature, are represented as a continuous energy term that is incorporated into a level-set functional. We demonstrate the proposed method on MR scans of uterine fibroids acquired prior to focused ultrasound ablation treatment. The experiments show that with a minimal user input, automatic segmentation results become practically identical to manual expert segmentation.
Deep Reinforcement Learning Based 3D UAV Trajectory Design and Frequency Band Allocation (2020)

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-assisted communication is a promising technique for future communication. In this paper, the UAV serves as base station (BS) to provide energy-efficient and fair communication service for ground users (GUs). We first derive the energy consumption model of a quad-rotor UAV as a function of UAV's 3D movement. Then we formulate the problem where UAV aims to maximize the defined fair throughput within limited on-board energy through 3D trajectory and frequency band allocation. The formulated problem is hard to deal with for the GUs' movement and complicated nonconvex objective function. Then we propose a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based method to transform the original problem into maximizing accumulative reward. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms two baselines in terms of fairness and total throughput.
Managing Livestock Wastes to Preserve Environmental Quality (2000)

Potential impact of unmanaged livestock wastes on the environment Public response to environmental quality impact of livestock production Waste characterization relative to environmental quality impacts Livestock and poultry production schemes Solid-liquid separation Anaerobic treatment Aerobic treatment Composting Manure application to crop and pastureland Alternatives to manure application to crop and pastureland Odour control.
Speed of free convective fingering in porous media (2011)

Previous studies have examined free convection and the development of fingers in variable‐density groundwater environments, but the penetration rates of fingering processes (i.e., fingering speeds) have not been systematically investigated. Unlike common groundwater processes driven by advection and whose flow rates may be computed using Darcy's law, fingering speeds are far less intuitive. In this study, fingering speeds are analyzed in a natural convection system using two measurable diagnostics: deepest plume front (DPF, providing upper bounds on plume speeds) and vertical center of solute mass (COM, providing global speeds). The permeability, porosity, and dispersion (longitudinal and transverse dispersivities) were varied using a perturbation‐based stochastic approach to investigate their effects on fingering speeds. Modeling results show that the characteristic convective velocity, commonly used to represent theoretical fingering speeds, needs to incorporate effective porosity in a similar fashion to hydraulically driven average linear velocity and needs to be further adjusted by multiplying by a corrective factor f for predicting various fingering behaviors (approximately f = 0.115 for DPF and f = 0.034 for COM) in this study. A stochastic analysis demonstrates small variability in the time‐varying speed of both DPF and COM between model realizations. This indicates that reproducing fingering speeds is likely to be achieved and that one single realization can adequately produce f for the characteristic convective velocity. This study also identifies that f for speeds of DPF is most likely to be constrained by (0.115, 1.000), which is extremely useful in the design of laboratory and field experimentation.
Impact-Induced Tensile Waves in a Rubberlike Material (2002)

This paper concerns the propagation of impact-generated tensile waves in a one-dimensional bar made of a rubberlike material. Because the stress-strain curve changes from concave to convex as the strain increases, the governing quasi-linear system of partial differential equations, though hyperbolic, fails to be "genuinely nonlinear" so that the standard form of the boundary-initial value problem corresponding to impact is not well-posed at all levels of loading. When the problem fails to be well-posed, it does so by exhibiting a massive loss of uniqueness, even though an entropy-like dissipation inequality is in force. Because the breakdown in uniqueness is reminiscent of a similar phenomenon that occurs in continuum-mechanical models for impact-induced phase transitions, a mathematically suitable, though physically unmotivated, supplementary selection mechanism fordetermining the solution naturally suggests itself. We describe in detail the solutions determined by two special forms of this selection mechanism, and we show that these two solutions provide bounds on the impact response, regardless of the selection principle used.
Electrochemical Synthesis of Trifluoromethane Sulfinic Acid Salt From CF<sub>3</sub>Br and SO<sub>2</sub> (1988)

Abstract The electroreduction of a mixture of SO2 and CF3Br in DMF, in an undivided cell with a soluble anode (Mg or Zn) lead to salt of trifluoromethane sulfinic acid in high yield.
A Structural Model of Pestivirus E <sup>rns</sup> Based on Disulfide Bond Connectivity and Homology Modeling Reveals an Extremely Rare Vicinal Disulfide (2002)

E(rns) is a pestivirus envelope glycoprotein and is the only known viral surface protein with RNase activity. E(rns) is a disulfide-linked homodimer of 100 kDa; it is found on the surface of pestivirus-infected cells and is secreted into the medium. In this study, the disulfide arrangement of the nine cysteines present in the mature dimer was established by analysis of the proteolytically cleaved protein. Fragments were obtained after digestion with multiple proteolytic enzymes and subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The analysis demonstrates which cysteine is involved in dimerization and reveals an extremely rare vicinal disulfide bridge of unknown function. With the assistance of the disulfide arrangement, a three-dimensional model was built by homology modeling based on the alignment with members of the Rh/T2/S RNase family. Compared to these other RNase family members, E(rns) shows an N-terminal truncation, a large insertion of a cystine-rich region, and a C-terminal extension responsible for membrane translocation. The homology to mammalian RNase 6 supports a possible role of E(rns) in B-cell depletion.
Characterisation of Gold Particles of Various Size Distributions in Low Density Foams for Radiation Transport Experiments (2004)

AbstractAn overview on the development, production and the necessary characterisation of particulate loaded lowdensity polymer foams are described. The techniques used for the characterisation of the polymer foams, Low Vacuum Scanning Electron Microscopy (LVSEM), Point Projection Microradiography and White light Interferometry, will be detailed along with a discussion on the foam production and development techniques.
Molecular cloning of the NK1.1 antigen, a member of the NKR-P1 family of natural killer cell activation molecules (1992)

In mice, the NK1.1 alloantigen is expressed on all NK cells and it initiates transmembrane signals that activate cytotoxicity. NK1.1 has been mapped to a chromosomal region that encodes two families of receptor-like molecules, the NKR-P1 family and the Ly-49 family. Both of these gene families encode type II integral membrane proteins whose extracellular domains are homologous with known C-type lectins. We have isolated and expressed a member of the NKR-P1 gene family (mNKR-P1.9) and have demonstrated both by immunofluorescence and by immunoprecipitation that this cDNA encodes NK1.1. These findings, which demonstrate the receptor-like structure of NK1.1, will facilitate studies regarding the role of NK1.1 in natural killing and regarding the identification of possible NK1.1 ligands.
A single-chip x-band chirp radar MMIC with stretch processing (2012)

A single-chip X-band chirp radar transceiver with direct digital synthesis (DDS) for chirp generation is presented. The radar chip, including receiver, transmitter, quadrature DDS, phase-locked loop (PLL) and analog to digital converter (ADC), has been implemented in a 0.13μm BiCMOS technology. The stretch processing technique is employed to translate the time interval between the received and the transmitted chirp signals to a single tone at the baseband output with greatly reduced bandwidth, which allows for the use of a low-cost ADC with a reduced input bandwidth of 10MHz for digitizing the received RF chirp with a bandwidth of 150MHz. A Weaver receiver with a dc-offset is employed in order to use a single ADC for detecting the received quadrature signals with image rejection. A quadrature 1GHz DDS with an inverse sinc function for zero-order hold correction is implemented to provide the chirp signals for both receiver and transmitter. A wide-tuning PLL frequency synthesizer is integrated to generate the local oscillator (LO) signals as well as the clock signal for the DDS and ADC. The implemented radar-on-chip (RoC) MMIC occupies a die area of 3.5 × 2.5mm. With a 2.2V supply voltage for analog/RF and a 1.5V supply for digital, the chip consumes 326mW in the receive mode and 333mW in the transmit mode.
Electrophoretic Photoresist Application for High Topography Wafer Surfaces (2003)

As wafer surfaces become topographically more challenging, achieving uniform resist coatings in deep vias, over high mesas, and three-dimensional (3-D) features may no longer be possible using conventional, solvent based, spin-coated liquid photoresist (LPR). Thinning of the resist on the high areas and pooling of the resist in the deep areas are common problems. Electrophoretic photoresist (EPR) may be used to achieve conformal 3-D resist coverage over high topography regions, while maintaining the high resolution and wet etch resistance properties of spin-coated LPR. Also, EPR may offer a higher throughput than spin-coated LPR. This presentation will describe two distinct applications where conformal masking of high topography wafer surfaces is needed and achieved by using EPR. The first application involves a silicon-on-glass (SOG) device technology that requires conformal masking of retrograde silicon pedestal structures up to 170 Pm high. The second application is for GaAs wafer through substrate via holes. For high power GaAs devices, a solder-stop metal needs to be masked inside the via to prevent Au-Sn eutectic solder from wicking into the hole during the solder die attach step.1, 2
Porous 0.2Li₂MnO₃·0.8LiNi₀.₅Mn₀.₅O₂ nanorods as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries (2014)

Porous 0.2Li₂MnO₃·0.8LiNi₀.₅Mn₀.₅O₂ nanorods (LLNMO PNRs) assembled with nanoparticles have been prepared and investigated as cathode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. The LLNMO PNRs were obtained through solid-state Li and Ni implantation of porous Mn₂O₃ nanowires. Without surface modification, the as synthesized LLNMO PNRs exhibited superior capacity and rate capability to the counterpart bulk samples. An initial discharge capacity of 275 mA h g⁻¹ could be delivered at 0.2 C rates, with about 90% capacity retention after 100 cycles. The remarkable performance was attributed to the porous 1D nanostructures that could buffer against the local volume change and shorten the Li-ion diffusion distance.
A new method of PWM control for forced commutated cycloconverters using microprocessors (2003)

A real-time method for generating PWM (pulsewidth modulation) patterns is proposed. The method realizes sinusoidal input and output currents, controllable input displacement factor regardless of load power factor, and maximum output voltage range. The method is effective for reducing higher and fractional harmonic components in the output voltages and the input currents, since it uses three phases of the input voltage sources, which can be connected to the output at the same time. The higher harmonic oscillation in the input filters is reduced by changing the switching sequence of the PWM patterns adequately, and the distortion of the input current is improved. An output current feedback control based on the proposed switching pattern realizes an exact and quick response of the output current. The feasibility of the method is confirmed by simulation and experiments.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
New instrumentation for advanced turbine research (1983)

Discusses developments in radiation thermometry (pyrometry), which is now being used for precise and continuous noncontact thermal mapping of stationary and rotating components. Examines laser-optical blade-tip clearance instrumentation and the laser-Doppler anemometer, which are noninvasive and optical arrangements for measuring structural and fluid dynamic properties of rotating components of turbomachines, particularly those of the aero machine. Emphasizes that advanced aircraft gas turbines promise improved fuel efficiency and greater operational reliability, but only if there is a significant improvement of the basic information about flow and heat transfer in the principal components of this engine. Predicts that future turbine instrumentation research will focus on gas temperature, static strain and air flow in turbine blading. Presents table featuring an Energy Efficient Engine (E/sup 3/).
Combinations of dominant-negative class II transactivator, p300 or CDK9 proteins block the expression of MHC II genes (2001)

The class II transactivator (CIITA) regulates not only the transcription of HLA-DR, -DQ, -DP, but also invariant chain, DMA and DMB genes. A hybrid mutant CIITA protein, which contained residues from positions 302 to 1130 in CIITA fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EdCIITA), inhibited the function of the wild-type protein. EdCIITA extinguished the inducible and constitutive expression of MHC II genes in epithelial cells treated with IFN-gamma and B lymphoblastoid cells respectively. Also, it blocked T cell activation by superantigen. This inhibition correlated with the localization of EdCIITA but not CIITA in the cytoplasm of cells. However, when EdCIITA was co-expressed with a dominant-negative form of the nucleoporin Nup214/CAN, it also accumulated in the nucleus. These data suggest that EdCIITA not only competes with the wild-type protein for the binding to MHC II promoters but sequesters a critical co-factor of CIITA in the cytoplasm. CIITA also recruits the histone acetyltransferase cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) binding protein and positive transcription elongation factor b (p-TEFb) for the transcription of MHC II genes. Dominant-negative p300 (DNp300) or CDK9 (DNCDK9) proteins inhibited the function of CIITA and of the DRA promoter. Thus, combinations of EdCIITA and DNp300 and/or DNCDK9 proteins extinguished the transcription of MHC II genes. They might become useful for future genetic therapeutic approaches in organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
Regulating the regulators: How ribonucleases dictate the rules in the control of small non-coding RNAs (2008)

Gene regulation was long thought to be controlled almost entirely by proteins that bind to DNA and RNA. Over the last years, it has become clear that small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) are important in almost every facet of gene regulation. Understanding how they are matured and degraded has therefore become of maximum importance, in order to know how to "regulate the regulators." Ribonucleases perform a key role in the biogenesis and processing of sRNAs, as well as in controlling their cellular levels through regulation of their turnover. Accordingly, RNases can have a major impact on sRNAs regulatory pathways. In this review, we present an overview of what is presently known about the main RNases, as well as other factors involved in sRNA processing and turnover, in essence contributing to the assembly of the increasing number of pieces in the puzzling global mechanism of sRNA regulation. Although the primary focus will be on bacterial sRNAs, parallels will be made with the siRNAs and miRNAs in eukaryotes.
Individual functions of the HAK and TRK potassium transporters of <i>Schwanniomyces occidentalis</i> (2000)

We have cloned the gene encoding the TRK transporter of the soil yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalis and obtained the HAK1 trk1 delta and the hak1 delta TRK1 mutant strains. Analyses of the transport capacities of these mutants have shown that (i) the HAK1 and the TRK1 potassium transporters are the only transporters operating at low and medium K+ concentrations (< 1 mM); (ii) the HAK1 transporter is functional at low pH but fails at high pH; and (iii) the TRK1 transporter functions at neutral and high pH and fails at low pH. At neutral pH, both transporters are functional, but HAK1 is not expressed, except at very low K+ concentrations (< 50 microM) where HAK1 is very effective. TRK1 is also involved in the control of the membrane potential.
A New Synthesis of ω-Hydroxyalkanoic Acids via Copper Catalysis (1984)

Synthese a partir de l'acide ω-hydroxy alcadiyne-10,12oique (I). Obtention de (I) par copulation d'ω-bromo alcynols-1 avec l'acide undecyne-10oique en presence de CuCl
A Quasi Yagi Antenna Backed by a Metal Reflector (2008)

A quasi Yagi antenna is presented that provides off-axis radiation when backed by a metal reflector. The off-axis radiation pattern is achieved by an increase in the substrate thickness beneath the antenna elements. At 2.4 GHz the antenna demonstrated a bandwidth of 190 MHz, beam tilt towards the end fire direction (thetas = 42 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">deg</sup> ) , maximum gain of 4.5 dB, and a radiation efficiency of 87%. The results of a study on bandwidth, gain and radiation pattern versus substrate thickness are presented herein. To the best of the authors' knowledge previous realization of this antenna over a ground plane has not been investigated.
Effective 3D face depth estimation from a single 2D face image (2016)

In this paper, we proposed an efficient framework for depth estimation from a single 2D face image to apply in 3D face reconstruction. The proposed framework consists of three components. Firstly, we recover the corresponding 2D images from 3D face models of database, and the feature points of these images will be extracted to form the 2D-3D database. Secondly, the same feature points extraction steps are executed to the test 2D image. Finally, according to the similarity of the triangles of the feature points between the test image and 2D-3D database, the depth of the test 2D face will be recovered. The experimental results show that the proposed method can estimate depth from a single 2D face image efficiently and robustly.