gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Correction: The Induction of MicroRNA Targeting IRS-1 Is Involved in the Development of Insulin Resistance under Conditions of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Hepatocytes (2011)

Background: Mitochondrial dysfunction induces insulin resistance in myocytes via a reduction of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) expression. However, the effect of mitochondrial dysfunction on insulin sensitivity is not understood well in hepatocytes. Although research has implicated the translational repression of target genes by endogenous non-coding microRNAs (miRNA) in the pathogenesis of various diseases, the identity and role of the miRNAs that are involved in the development of insulin resistance also remain largely unknown.
Single-View Relighting with Normal Map Painting (2006)

This paper presents an interactive technique for changing the illumination of objects in a real photograph. 1 Because lighting effects are very sensitive to surface normal perturbations but hard to automatically analyze, we rely on a pen-based interface to quickly draw an approximate normal map over a photo. The photo and the approximate normal map are then given as input to a novel algorithm that refines the map and assigns reflectance to every pixel. We present relighting results for a variety of scenes, and use our technique to match the illumination of multiple photographs. 1.
The CXCR4 antagonist plerixafor is a potential therapy for myelokathexis, WHIM syndrome (2011)

Mutations in CXCR4 cause severe leukopenia in myelokathexis or WHIM syndrome. Plerixafor inhibits binding of CXCR4 to its ligand CXCL12. We investigated the effects of plerixafor (0.04 to 0.24 mg/kg) administered at 2-4 day intervals in 6 patients. Outcome measures were the patients' complete blood cell counts, CD34(+) cell counts and lymphocyte subtypes compared with 5 normal subjects similarly treated with plerixafor. All patients showed prompt leukocytosis with maximum blood neutrophils and lymphocytes at 6-12 hours. Blood neutrophils peaked at 6-12 hours, increasing from a mean baseline of 0.4 ± 0.1 × 10⁹/L, to mean peak of 4.5 ± 0.78 × 10⁹/L. Lymphocytes also increased; the greatest increase was in B cells (CD19(+) cells), a > 40-fold increase over baseline at the 0.08 mg/kg dose. None of the patients experienced any significant adverse effects. Plerixafor is a promising therapy for this condition.
The Non Invasive Brain Injury Evaluation, NIBIE – A New Image Technology for Studying the Mechanical Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury (2014)

The Non Invasive Brain Injury Evaluation, NIBIE – A New Image Technology for Studying the Mechanical Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury
5α-Reductase, Aromatase, and Androgen Receptor Levels in the Monkey Brain during Fetal Development* (1989)

To elucidate the metabolic fate and possible role of androgens and their derivatives during primate fetal development, aromatase (AROM), 5 alpha-reductase (5 alpha R), and androgen receptor (AR; cytosolic) levels were assessed in the brain, heart (HRT), lung (LNG), and skeletal muscle (MUS) of fetal rhesus monkeys. Analyses were performed on tissues taken on days 100 and 160 postconception. Five male and four or five female fetuses were examined at each stage. Brain tissues analyzed included medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), amygdala (AMG), cerebellum (CB), corpus callosum (CAL; splenial region), cerebral cortex (CTX), and cingulate cortex (CNG). In the following, enzyme activities are reported as picomoles per mg protein/h, while receptor levels are femtomoles per mg protein. 5 alpha R activity was measurable in all tissues. Analysis of variance revealed significant tissue differences [P less than 0.001, combined stages and sexes; CAL (2.05) greater than MBH (1.08) greater than AMG (0.63) greater than CB (0.4)-CNG-CTX-LNG-HRT-MUS (0.02); -indicates not significantly different]. A significant age x tissue interaction (P less than 0.001) was noted which could be explained by higher MBH and CAL levels in older vs. younger fetuses and higher AMG levels in younger vs. older fetuses. There was also a significant sex x tissue interaction which was attributed to higher female values in the MBH and CAL. AROM activity was detected in all tissues. Levels varied significantly among tissues [P less than 0.001, combined stages and sexes; MBH (0.80)-AMG (0.76) greater than CAL (0.4)-CNG-CB-CTX-LNG-HRT-MUS (0.07)]. Significant age (P less than 0.001) and age x tissue (P less than 0.001) effects were noted, which were due to higher MBH and AMG levels in younger vs. older fetuses. No sex difference in AROM levels was evident in any tissue. AR was measurable in all cases. Although stage and sex differences were not significant, tissue levels varied significantly [P less than 0.001; LNG (2.8)-MUS (2.6)-MBH (2.2) greater than HRT-AMG-CB-CTX-CAL-CNG (0.9)]. These findings indicate that neural and nonneural fetal primate tissues have the potential for transforming androgens to products that could have greater or lesser biological activity. AR were also noted through which dihydrotestosterone or testosterone could effect a genomic response. Since stage, tissue, and sex differences were evident in neural tissues, metabolic and receptor activities may be important for the normal differentiation of sexually dimorphic behavioral systems in monkeys as well as for potential teratogenic changes under abnormal metabolic or physiological conditions.
Characterization of the Activation Domains of AP-2 Family Transcription Factors (2000)

Despite sequence variation, all AP-2 isotypes are capable of activating transcription, which indicates a functional conservation. We used this property to gain a unique insight into the structure and function of the activation motifs of AP-2 family transcription factors. We have precisely localized the activation motif of human AP-2 alpha to amino acids 52-108. Our experiments indicate that similar sequence of amino acids in all AP-2 isotypes except Drosophila AP-2 alpha harbor their activation motifs. Within this sequence, fewer than 36 residues are critical for transcription activation. Our comparison studies and site-directed mutagenic analyses show that these critical amino acids are strategically placed within this sequence. These residues are interspersed with nonessential and influential residues that vary in composition and length, indicating a structural flexibility. The Drosophila AP-2 alpha has its partly conserved activation motif in an extended region about twice the length of other AP-2 isotypes. Our results reveal essential elements of the amino acid composition of activators in general and shed new light on the mechanism of transcription activation.
Enhancement of meta-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin-sensitized photodynamic treatment on human tumor xenografts using a water-soluble vitamin E analogue, Trolox (2000)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using meta-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (mTHPC) performed on HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma xenografts in nude mice was shown to be enhanced by Trolox, a water-soluble vitamin E analogue. Trolox, injected i.p. at 250 mg/kg body weight 90 min before PDT, delayed tumor doubling time from 13 (PDT only) to 19 days. Enhancement of the tumoricidal effect of PDT by Trolox required the presence of the drug at the photochemical stage since its injection after irradiation is ineffective. HPLC measurements indicated that 1 hr after injection the Trolox concentration in plasma was as high as 0.8 mM. In vivo measurements of mTHPC fluorescence in mice treated by PDT with or without Trolox injection showed that Trolox did not protect mTHPC from photodegradation. Laser flash photolysis studies performed in solution demonstrated that Trolox reduces triplet mTHPC efficiently (reaction rate constant 2 x 10(7) M(-1) * sec(-1)) leading to the formation of radical products. Kinetic considerations suggest that the Trolox-mediated radical pathway can work in relay with singlet oxygen in hypoxic conditions, providing a possible explanation for the observed enhancement of mTHPC-sensitized PDT by Trolox.
Approximating max-min fair rates via distributed local scheduling with partial information (2002)

Max-min fairness has been recognized as an optimal throughput-fairness definition. However, its realization in packet switching networks and its computational requirements have not yet been understood. We attempt to take a step in this direction, in the context of local area network (LAN) traffic. The max-min definition is given in terms of transmission rates of sources sending to their destinations (sessions). In order to realize max-min rates in a packet switching environment, transmission schedules of packets need to be realized. We first show that finding max-min fair schedules (with given rates) requires global state and timing information of all the nodes in the network. We then design a local scheduling algorithm for ring and bus networks with minimum transmission-delay, concurrent access, and spatial bandwidth reuse. This distributed algorithm uses only partial state information and is based on locally exchanging simple signals only between directly conflicting sessions (sessions which share at least one link) rather than collecting global information. The results of this algorithm are novel in various ways: (1) we prove that each session has an access-delay of at most twice its bottleneck link; (2) we show that the algorithm operates adaptively with an optimal access-delay in a dynamic environment (bursty traffic sources); and (3) by means of simulation experiments we further show that this algorithm achieves, in a steady-state, max-min fair rates for a vast majority of sessions and an average aggregate throughput which is 99 percent the throughput obtained by max-min fair rates.
New Treatment Strategies of Depression: Based on Mechanisms Related to Neuroplasticity (2017)

Major depressive disorder is a severe and complex mental disorder. Impaired neurotransmission and disrupted signalling pathways may influence neuroplasticity, which is involved in the brain dysfunction in depression. Traditional neurobiological theories of depression, such as monoamine hypothesis, cannot fully explain the whole picture of depressive disorders. In this review, we discussed new treatment directions of depression, including modulation of glutamatergic system and noninvasive brain stimulation. Dysfunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission plays an important role in the pathophysiology of depression. Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, has rapid and lasting antidepressive effects in previous studies. In addition to ketamine, other glutamatergic modulators, such as sarcosine, also show potential antidepressant effect in animal models or clinical trials. Noninvasive brain stimulation is another new treatment strategy beyond pharmacotherapy. Growing evidence has demonstrated that superficial brain stimulations, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, cranial electrotherapy stimulation, and magnetic seizure therapy, can improve depressive symptoms. The antidepressive effect of these brain stimulations may be through modulating neuroplasticity. In conclusion, drugs that modulate neurotransmission via NMDA receptor and noninvasive brain stimulation may provide new directions of treatment for depression. Furthermore, exploring the underlying mechanisms will help in developing novel therapies for depression in the future.
A graph approach to measuring text distance (2008)

Text comparison is a key step in many natural language processing (NLP) applications in which texts can be classified on the basis of their semantic distance (how similar or different the texts are). For example, comparing the local context of an ambiguous word with that of a known word can help identify the sense of the ambiguous word. Typically, a distributional measure is used to capture the implicit semantic distance between two pieces of text. In this thesis, we introduce an alternative method of measuring the semantic distance between texts as a combination of distributional information and relational/ontological knowledge. In this work, we propose a novel distance measure within a network-flow formalism that combines these two distinct components in a way that they are not treated as separate and orthogonal pieces of information. First, we represent each text as a collection of frequency-weighted concepts within a relational thesaurus. Then, we make use of a network-flow method which provides an efficient way of measuring the semantic distance between two texts by taking advantage of the inherently graphical structure in an ontology. We evaluate our method in a variety of NLP tasks. In our task-based evaluation, we find that our method performs well on two of three tasks. We introduce a novel measure which is intended to capture how well our network-flow method perform on a dataset (represented as a collection of frequency-weighted concepts). In our analysis, we find that an integrated approach, rather than a purely distributional or graphical analysis, is more effective in explaining the performance inconsistency. Finally, we address a complexity issue that arises from the overhead required to incorporate more sophisticated concept-to-concept distances into the network-flow framework. We propose a graph transformation method which generates a pared-down network that requires less time to process. The new method achieves a significant speed improvement, and does not seriously hamper performance as a result of the transformation, as indicated in our analysis.
ANTIPLATELET DRUGS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (2003)

Platelets play a key role in the pathogenesis of atherothrombotic conditions, e.g. acute coronary syndromes, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular events. Antiplatelet agents interfere with platelet activation and aggregation and, as such, would be expected to modify the natural history of cardiovascular disease. In this review we explore the evidence to support the use of such drugs, singly or in combination, in a variety of situations characterised by thrombosis and summarise some of the concerns inherent in their use.
Header hopping and packet mixers (2002)

We describe a steganographic protocol for packet switched networks that is based on the dynamic rewriting of packet headers. The protocol provides confidentiality without encryption based on Rivest's "chaffing and winnowing" technique ("Chaffing and winnowing", MIT Lab for Computer Science, March 1998). We identify new places in computer networks where this method can be applied and describe an alternative chaffing method that relies on unpredictable number sequences rather than the use of message authentication codes. Our approach requires far less chaffing bandwidth overhead. Moreover, thanks to the underlying active network, we can place packet stream repeaters and filters on intermediate (and untrusted) nodes. Header hopping is closely related to frequency hopping in wireless communications; we also link it to Chaum's work (Communications of the ACM, Feb. 1981) on anonymous routing.
Selective analysis of cancer-cell intrinsic transcriptional traits defines novel clinically relevant subtypes of colorectal cancer (2017)

Stromal content heavily impacts the transcriptional classification of colorectal cancer (CRC), with clinical and biological implications. Lineage-dependent stromal transcriptional components could therefore dominate over more subtle expression traits inherent to cancer cells. Since in patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) stromal cells of the human tumour are substituted by murine counterparts, here we deploy human-specific expression profiling of CRC PDXs to assess cancer-cell intrinsic transcriptional features. Through this approach, we identify five CRC intrinsic subtypes (CRIS) endowed with distinctive molecular, functional and phenotypic peculiarities: (i) CRIS-A: mucinous, glycolytic, enriched for microsatellite instability or KRAS mutations; (ii) CRIS-B: TGF-β pathway activity, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, poor prognosis; (iii) CRIS-C: elevated EGFR signalling, sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors; (iv) CRIS-D: WNT activation, IGF2 gene overexpression and amplification; and (v) CRIS-E: Paneth cell-like phenotype, TP53 mutations. CRIS subtypes successfully categorize independent sets of primary and metastatic CRCs, with limited overlap on existing transcriptional classes and unprecedented predictive and prognostic performances.
Bone marrow transplantation restores immune system function and prevents lymphoma in Atm-deficient mice (2004)

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a human autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). A-T is characterized by progressive cerebellar degeneration, variable immunodeficiency, and a high incidence of leukemia and lymphoma. Recurrent sino-pulmonary infections secondary to immunodeficiency and hematopoietic malignancies are major causes of morbidity and mortality in A-T patients. In mice, an introduced mutation in Atm leads to a phenotype that recapitulates many of the symptoms of A-T, including immune system abnormalities and susceptibility to malignancy. Here we show that the replacement of the bone marrow compartment in Atm knockout mice (Atm(-/-)) using a clinically relevant, nonmyeloablative host-conditioning regimen can be used to overcome the immune deficiencies and prevent the malignancies observed in these mice. Therefore, bone marrow transplantation may prove to be of therapeutic benefit in A-T patients.
Occurrence of <b> <i>satA</i> and <i>vgb</i> Genes in Streptogramin-Resistant <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> Isolates of Animal and Human Origins in The Netherlands </b> (1998)

Enteroccocci have emerged as an important cause of nosocomial infections. Infections caused by multiresistant enterococci are treated with vancomycin or another glycopeptide. In recent years the usage of vancomycin and the isolation rate of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have steadily increased in both Europe and the United States (8). Despite the fact that VRE infections are a hospital problem and the human usage of glycopeptides is in hospitals, VRE have been isolated from the fecal flora of healthy humans without a known hospital connection, from animals, and from the environment (1, 5, 9). One of the few options for treatment of vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus faecium infection is quinopristin-dalfopristin, a mixture (30:70 ratio) of two streptogramins: dalfopristin (streptogramin A) and quinopristin (streptogramin B) (6). A related mixed compound virginiamycin has been used in Europe for many years as a feed additive to enhance growth in food animals. High numbers of virginiamycin-resistant E. faecium have been isolated from the feces of food animals, and these were also resistant to quinopristin-dalfopristin, indicating cross-resistance between virginiamycin and quinopristin-dalfopristin (2, 13, 15).
A low cost wearable wireless sensing system for upper limb home rehabilitation (2010)

Monitoring and guiding real time body motion permits corrective measures to be implemented for more effective rehabilitation results. Taking the rehabilitation practice at home can help stroke patients with movement disability to regain the motor skill. Existing systems for rehabilitation is either too costly, or complicated and bulky to be efficiently employed for personal use at home. In this current work, an innovative and unobtrusive wearable system for home use is being proposed. This compact and cost effective system effectively captures human joint angles and does that hinder limb motion as commonly encountered in other existing systems. The paper details the design and implementation of the proposed sensor and sensing methodology. The tested wireless sensor is able to detect the posture and movement of the human arm with particular attention to its application in upper limb rehabilitation. Real time experimental data are collected from a subject using a hand exerciser and compared with a commercial motion capture system. The results demonstrate the feasibility and viability of the proposed sensing system in tracking human arm postures and movement.
Agent-based real-time fault diagnosis (2005)

Theory and applications of model-based fault diagnosis have progressed significantly in the last four decades. In addition, there has been increasing use of model-based design and testing in automotive industry to reduce design errors, perform real-time simulations for rapid prototyping, and hardware-in-the-loop testing. For vehicle diagnosis, a global diagnosis method, which collects the diagnostic information from all the subsystem electronic control units (ECUs), is not practical because of high communication requirements and time delays induced by centralized diagnosis. Consequently, an agent-based distributed diagnosis architecture is needed. In this architecture, each subsystem resident agent (embedded in the ECU) performs its own fault inference and communicate the diagnostic results to a vehicle expert agent. A vehicle expert agent performs cross-subsystem diagnosis to resolve conflicts among resident agents, and to provide an accurate vehicle-level diagnostic inference. In this paper, we propose a systematic way to design an agent-based diagnosis architecture. A hybrid model-based technique that seamlessly employs a graph-based dependency model and quantitative models for intelligent diagnosis is applied to each individual ECU. Diagnostic tests for each individual ECU are designed via model-based diagnostic techniques based on a quantitative model. The fault simulation results, in the form of a diagnostic matrix, are extracted into a dependency model for fast fault inference by a resident agent. The global diagnostic inference is performed through a vehicle expert agent that trades off computational complexity and communication load. This architecture is demonstrated on the engine air induction subsystem. The solution is generic and can be applied to a variety of distributed control systems.
AN ACOUSTICAL METHOD OF BURNING AND COLLECTING OIL SPILLS ON COLD OPEN WATER SURFACES (1983)

ABSTRACT A completely new method of controlled oil burning with a minimum environmental impact has been developed. Three macrosonic phenomena are combined in one device which is driven into an oil slick. These phenomena are: herding (moving the oil along the surface), levitating and collecting the oil, and atomizing and burning in situ. These functions are so combined as to assist each other. Briefly, two vessels tow a boom through the oil slick. Distributed along the boom are herding transducers which direct the oil away from the arms of the boom to the central line and also prevent the oil from down-draining at the apex in fast current situations. Atomizing and burning transducers as well as a collecting means also are located at the apex. The oil being atomized is ignited easily by a combination of propane torch and high voltage discharge. The unburned but heated oil is suctioned off from the collection area fed by oil levitation transducers. Thus extremely thin and patchy oil may be removed in virtually any environment. The burning may be carried on in populated areas as it is relatively non-polluting. This is due to the combined effect of primary atomization caused by the acoustic energy and secondary atomization caused by the micro-explosions of atomized water. Another advantage of this method is the prevention of the sludge formation which results when prevalent standard methods are used. In these in situ methods, the lighter and more volatile materials burn first, leaving a heavy sludge which is difficult or impossible to disperse. The method outlined here burns the volatile and non-volatile portions nonselectively. As a result, no residual sludge is formed. Another advantage of this method is that the prime motivating force applied to the oil is a lightweight transducer having such a low inertia that fast wave situations do not interfere, but serve to increase the burning rate.