gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Capacitive extensometry for transient strain analysis of dielectric elastomer actuators (2008)

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are promising structural units for artificial muscles and robotic elements. Understanding the safe and failure mode regimes of such DEAs is essential for controlling the actuator. We develop an electrical characterization technique for obtaining information on the transient strain in the actuator and analyze the behavior of the actuator in safe and failure operation regimes, in particular in the pull-in instability mode. Additionally, the technique allows the strain-dependent measurement of the electrode resistance. The current measurement based technique can be also applied for actuator control with feedback loops.
XVIII. Contributions to the physiology of vision. —Part the first. On some remarkable, and hitherto unobserved, phenomena of binocular vision (1838)

Abstract When an object is viewed at so great a distance that the optic axes of both eyes are sensibly parallel when directed towards it, the perspective projections of it, seen by each eye separately, are similar, and the appearance to the two eyes is precisely the same as when the object is seen by one eye only. There is, in such case, no difference between the visual appearance of an object in relief and its perspective projection on a plane surface; and hence pictorial representations of distant objects, when those circumstances which would prevent or disturb the illusion are carefully excluded, may be rendered such perfect resemblances of the objects they are intended to represent as to be mistaken for them; the Diorama is an instance of this. But this similarity no longer exists when the object is placed so near the eyes that to view it the optic axes must converge; under these conditions a different perspective projection of it is seen by each eye, and these perspectives are more dissimilar as the convergence of the optic axes becomes greater. This fact may be easily verified by placing any figure of three dimensions, an outline cube for instance, at a moderate distance before the eyes, and while the head is kept perfectly steady, viewing it with each eye successively while the other is closed. Plate XI. fig. 13. represents the two perspective projections of a cube; b is that seen by the right eye, and a that presented to the left eye; the figure being supposed to be placed about seven inches immediately before the spectator. The appearances, which are by this simple experiment rendered so obvious, may be easily inferred from the established laws of perspective; for the same object in relief is, when viewed by a different eye, seen from two points of sight at a distance from each other equal to the line joining the two eyes. Yet they seem to have escaped the attention of every philosopher and artist who has treated of the subjects of vision and perspective. I can ascribe this inattention to a phenomenon leading to the important and curious consequences, which will form the subject of the present communication, only to this circumstance; that the results being contrary to a principle which was very generally maintained by optical writers, viz. that objects can be seen single only when their images fall on corresponding points of the two retinæ, an hypothesis which will be hereafter discussed, if the consideration ever arose in their minds, it was hastily discarded under the conviction, that if the pictures presented to the two eyes are under certain circumstances dissimilar, their differences must be so small that they need not be taken into account.
University of Hagen at CLEF 2008: Answer Validation Exercise (2008)

MAVE (Multinet-based Answer VErification) is an answer validation system based on deep linguistic processing and logical inference originally developed for AVE 2006. Robustness of the entailment check is obtained by embedding the theorem prover in a constraint relaxation loop. The system can also be used for answer selection, which is then guided by the joint evidence of all available text passages supporting a considered answer. Recent improvements of the basic MAVE system target at boosting answer selection. In order to profit from redundancy, the validation set is actively extended by additional supporting text passages. Three question-answering (QA) systems developed in our group were used to generate such candidates which were then filtered by methods for spotting answer-answer relationships. A novel technique called evidence reassignment (ERA) restructures the validation set by assigning each piece of evidence to all answers potentially supported by it. Further changes to MAVE comprise the integration of large lexical-semantic resources; backing the main logic-based features with overlap-based methods which are robust against parsing failure; implementation of two additional sanity checks (assessing the usefulness of an answer to a definition question, and compatibility of expected and actual answer types for factual questions); and finally the use of separate thresholds for selecting/rejecting the best answer
Strangers, enemies, terms and taxonomies (2007)

It may be apocryphal, but I have been told that in some spoken languages the word for "stranger" is also the word for "enemy" -- to fail to make such a distinction must constrain one's behavior toward strangers. Likewise, our thinking on educational issues is constrained when we unaware of important distinctions. In the following paragraphs, I provide a potpourri of some my favorite terms and taxonomies that make important educational distinctions. I make no claim that these are the most useful distinctions. Instead, I merely seek to illustrate the importance of making distinctions.
The adipose organ: morphological perspectives of adipose tissues (2001)

Anatomically, an organ is defined as a series of tissues which jointly perform one or more interconnected functions. The adipose organ qualifies for this definition as it is made up of two tissue types, the white and brown adipose tissues, which collaborate in partitioning the energy contained in lipids between thermogenesis and the other metabolic functions. In rats and mice the adipose organ consists of several subcutaneous and visceral depots. Some areas of these depots are brown and correspond to brown adipose tissue, while many are white and correspond to white adipose tissue. The number of brown adipocytes found in white areas varies with age, strain of animal and environmental conditions. Brown and white adipocyte precursors are morphologically dissimilar. Together with a rich vascular supply, brown areas receive abundant noradrenergic parenchymal innervation. The gross anatomy and histology of the organ vary considerably in different physiological (cold acclimation, warm acclimation, fasting) and pathological conditions such as obesity; many important genes, such as leptin and uncoupling protein-1, are also expressed very differently in the two cell types. These basic mechanisms should be taken into account when addressing the physiopathology of obesity and its treatment.
A Short Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Potent and Nontoxic Antimalarial Bridged Bicyclic β-Sulfonyl-Endoperoxides (2003)

The syntheses and in vitro antimalarial screening of 50 bridged, bicyclic endoperoxides of types 9-13 are reported. In contrast to antimalarial trioxanes of the artemisinin family, but like yingzhaosu A and arteflene, the peroxide function of compounds 9-13 is contained in a 2,3-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane system 6. Peroxides 9 and 10 (R(1) = OH) are readily available through a multicomponent, sequential, free-radical reaction involving thiol-monoterpenes co-oxygenation (a TOCO reaction). beta-Sulfenyl peroxides 9 and 10 (R(1) = OH) are converted into beta-sulfinyl and beta-sulfonyl peroxides of types 11-13 by controlled S-oxidation and manipulation of the tert-hydroxyl group through acylation, alkylation, or dehydration followed by selective hydrogenation. Ten enantiopure beta-sulfonyl peroxides of types 12 and 13 exhibit in vitro antimalarial activity comparable to that of artemisinin (IC(50) = 6-24 nM against Plasmodium falciparum NF54). In vivo testing of a few selected peroxides against Plasmodium berghei N indicates that the antimalarial efficacies of beta-sulfonyl peroxides 39a, 46a, 46b, and 50a are comparable to those of some of the best antimalarial drugs and are higher than artemisinin against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium yoelii ssp. NS. In view of the nontoxicity of beta-sulfonyl peroxides 39a, 46a, and 46b in mice, at high dosing, these compounds are regarded as promising antimalarial drug candidates.
Enrichment of hydrophobic proteins via Triton X-114 phase partitioning and hydroxyapatite column chromatography for mass spectrometry (2000)

Membrane proteins are the starting point of several signal transduction pathways. Therefore, the separation and identification of these proteins are of great interest in proteome analysis. However, the specific properties of membrane proteins seriously impede their analysis. We present an effective and highly reproducible method for the two-dimensional separation of extremely hydrophobic proteins and demonstrate the advantages of special preseparation procedures for the identification of proteins which have very similar Mr and pI. Using the example of the integral membrane protein very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor (NCBI Acc. # 1730111) and the soluble heat shock protein (HSP) 90 (NCBI Acc. # 386786) we present the applicability of a phase-separation system with Triton X-114. Using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) of the protein spots after 2-D separation of the hydrophilic and the strongly hydrophobic protein fraction of human endothelial cells (ECV cell line), we were able to distinguish both proteins.
Addition of phenyl areneselenosulphonates to acetylenes:a route to acetylenic sulphones (1982)

Treatment of phenyl areneselenosulplonates (1) with terminal acetylenes resulted in the formation of β-(phenylseleno)vinyl sulphones (2), which on treatment with excess of hydrogen peroxide in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature gave acetylenic sulphones (3) in good yields.
Observations on the Effect of Constitutional Interpretation on American Life (1959)

LAW JOURNALS had an early beginning in America and have grown amazingly ,in number as their value has been recognized by bench and bar.One thinks of them now as peculiarly a product of the modern law school.Naturally in a center of legal learning where the law is an art with time for its history and theory, rather than a business, law reviews flourish.As the years go by they become increasingly useful as expositors of legal research THE AUTHOR served for nineteen years as Asand trends, and as aids to sociate Justice of the United States Supreme postgraduate legal educa-Court.tion.They keep their readers current with present legislation and decisions.
Importance of enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 in acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children (1984)

In a prospective 1-year study of acute infantile gastroenteritis, adenoviruses were detected in the stools or by seroconversions, or both, in 56 of 416 (13.5%) ill children. By use of DNA restriction enzyme analysis, enzyme immunoassay, and culture techniques, 33 of 56 (59%) adenovirus specimens were identified as enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 (Ad40 and Ad41). They were found as the sole recognizable cause of diarrhea in 30 of 416 (7.2%) ill children and in 0 of 200 controls. Three additional ill children had enteric adenoviruses as a part of a dual infection. Evidence for established adenoviruses (Ad1 through Ad39) in gastroenteritis was found in 15 of 416 (3.6%) ill children but also in 3 of 200 (1.5%) controls. Eight adenovirus specimens remained untyped. Seroconversions were demonstrated in 17 of 18 (94%) paired serum samples from patients shedding enteric adenoviruses. The predominant symptom of infections with enteric adenoviruses was diarrhea, with a mean duration of 8.6 days (Ad40) and 12.2 days (Ad41). One-third of the children with Ad41 infections had prolonged symptoms (greater than or equal to 14 days). The frequency of respiratory symptoms was low (21%). The established adenoviruses presented a different clinical picture, characterized by diarrhea of shorter duration, higher fever, and significantly increased occurrence of respiratory symptoms (79%). In conclusion, enteric adenoviruses appear to be an important cause of acute infantile gastroenteritis, second only to rotaviruses in this study.
A Simulation Method of Eyes Movements and Expressions (2010)

Realistic facial animation is a hotspot in computer graphics.In order to obtain a delicate simulation of eyes movements,an animation method based on the theory of mechanism and the muscle model is presented in this paper.The 3D grid model of the eyelids is divided into two parts,the border points and the non-border points.The border points are controlled by the mechanism model,the non-border points and the other parts of the eyes are controlled by the muscle model.Some simulation examples are proposed,and the results show that this method can well simulate the eyes movements and expressions.
Provenance Services for Distributed Workflows (2008)

Scientific experiments using workflows benefit from mechanisms to trace the generation of results. As workflows start to scale it is fundamental to have access to their underlying processes, parameters and data. Particularly in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, a study of the interatomic interactions in proteins must use distributed high performance computing environments to produce timely results. Scientist's trust in experiments produced by gathering distributed partial results may be limited without provenance information. This paper presents a service architecture that captures and stores provenance data from distributed, autonomous, replicated and heterogeneous resources. Such provenance data can be used to trace the history of the distributed execution process. These services can be coupled to workflow management systems. The Kepler system was used as a basis to manage a grid workflow application. Experimental results regarding cluster and grid MD simulations were evaluated using the provenance services architecture.
The role of van der Waals interactions in the adsorption of noble gases on metal surfaces (2012)

Adsorption of noble gases on metal surfaces is determined by weak interactions. We applied two versions of the nonlocal van der Waals density functional (vdW-DF) to compute adsorption energies of Ar, Kr, and Xe on Pt(111), Pd(111), Cu(111), and Cu(110) metal surfaces. We compared our results with data obtained using other density functional approaches, including the semiempirical vdW-corrected DFT-D2. The vdW-DF results show considerable improvements in the description of adsorption energies and equilibrium distances over other DFT based methods, giving good agreement with experiments. We also calculated perpendicular vibrational energies for noble gases on the metal surfaces using vdW-DF data and found excellent agreement with available experimental results. Our vdW-DF calculations show that adsorption of noble gases on low-coordination sites is energetically favored over high-coordination sites, but only by a few meV. Analysis of the two-dimensional potential energy surface shows that the high-coordination sites are local maxima on the two-dimensional potential energy surface and therefore unlikely to be observed in experiments; this provides an explanation of the experimental observations. The DFT-D2 approach with the standard parameterization was found to overestimate the dispersion interactions, and to give the wrong adsorption site preference for four of the nine systems we studied.
The Use of Spraying Methods and of Volatile Suspending Media in the Preparation of Specimens for Electron Microscopy (1950)

Developments have been made in the use of spraying methods in the preparation of specimens for examination in the electron microscope. At the same time, two wholly volatile diluents, containing electrolytes and adjusted to normal pH, have been developed for use in forming the spray drops. The use of volatile electrolytes makes it unnecessary to wash the specimen after the droplet patterns have been formed on the specimen screens. There are several qualitative and quantitative uses and advantages of the spray technique as described. The qualitative ones are these: (1) the brief drying time of the droplets helps to preserve the shapes of particles upon drying, and also allows studies to be made of rapidly reacting systems; (2) since the drop patterns are reproducibly representative samples of the suspension under investigation, qualitative assays of the particulate composition of the suspension can be made, and a comparison of the particulate composition of two closely similar suspensions can be made under ideal control conditions; (3) the droplet patterns are discretely bounded by blank areas of substrate film, and this fact makes practicable the detection of small and subtle differences between the fine structure of the specimen material and that of the substrate. The quantitative uses of the spray technique are: (1) by use of reference particles of known numbers in a suspension it is readily possible to determine the volumes of droplets issuing from a spray-making device; (2) by use of reference particles it is also possible to make an assay of the number of other particles, such as a virus, per unit volume of mixed suspension; (3) if a suspension is highly purified, the particle weight of the material in suspension can be determined. Experiments involving the counting of about 10,000 particles show that the quantitative precision is as good as would be expected from the statistics of random sampling. The construction and use of a spray gun are described, as well as the characteristics of two volatile diluents: ammonium acetate and ammonium carbonate.
Endoscopy offers valuable adjunct in cataract surgery (2014)

Endoscopy during cataract surgery improves visualization during nearly all steps of the procedure in eyes with an opaque cornea.
Suppression of aluminum hillock growth by overlayers of silicon dioxide chemically-vapor-deposited at low temperature (1986)

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Synthesis of Single-Crystalline TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes (2002)

In this work, we demonstrate experimentally that the classification of “inorganic fullerene-like structures” can be extended from transition metal sulfides to include metal oxides. Single-crystalline TiO2 nanotubes have been synthesized for the first time with an unconstrained solution growth method by hydrolyzing TiF4 under acidic condition at 60 °C. With SEM/HRTEM/XRD methods, it is found that the walls of TiO2 tubes are formed with stacking of {101} planes (anatase polymorph). Both HRTEM and XRD indicate an interplanar spacing of d101 = 0.36 ± 0.01 nm in the wall structure. Although the {101} planes can be curved into concentric cylinders, straight segments of {101} planes are also observed. The inner diameters of the tubes are in the range of 2.5−5 nm, and outer diameters are in the range of 20−40 nm with lengths up to a few hundred nanometers. Similar to the well-known fullerene-like nanotubes formed from layered materials (graphite, MoS2, and WS2), spherical and polyhedral closings for the TiO2 nanotubes are observed. Anodic aluminum oxide nanochannels and alumina nanoparticles have been used to differentiate growth modes and to address the role of solid substances in TiF4 hydrolysis. It is revealed that TiO2 can still be synthesized in the form of fullerene-like inorganic nanotubes, although it is not a layered compound. Future directions in this research area are also discussed.
The Spinach RNA Aptamer as a Characterization Tool for Synthetic Biology (2013)

Characterization of genetic control elements is essential for the predictable engineering of synthetic biology systems. The current standard for in vivo characterization of control elements is through the use of fluorescent reporter proteins such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). Gene expression, however, involves not only protein production but also the production of mRNA. Here, we present the use of the Spinach aptamer sequence, an RNA mimic of GFP, as a tool to characterize mRNA expression in Escherichia coli. We show how the aptamer can be incorporated into gene expression cassettes and how co-expressing it with a red fluorescent protein (mRFP1) allows, for the first time, simultaneous measurement of mRNA and protein levels from engineered constructs. Using flow cytometry, we apply this tool here to evaluate ribosome binding site sequences and promoters and use it to highlight the differences in the temporal behavior of transcription and translation.
Tone-burst modulated color-center-laser spectroscopy (1983)

A new modulation technique useful for high-resolution spectroscopy with tunable infrared lasers is described. The high sensitivity of this method is demonstrated by measurements of NOupsilon = O? 2 overtone transitions and of transitions in the fundamental band of OH with a color-center laser operating near 2.7 microm.
Studies on analgesic oligopeptides. VI. Further studies of synthesis and biological properties of tripeptide alkylamides, Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-X. (1990)

Nine analogs based on a structure of Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-X (X = alkylamides or alkylhydrazide containing electron-withdrawing atoms or groups) were newly synthesized and their biological properties were examined by the opioid receptor binding properties of mu-, delta- and kappa-receptors, guinea-pig ileum (GPI) assay and analgesic activity in the tail pinch test after subcutaneous administration in mice. Analogs with X = NHCF2CF3, Sar-ol, or NH(CH2)2CN showed potent activities in the GPI and analgesic assays and high affinity for mu-receptor. An analog with X = taurinamide was found to possess 4-fold higher mu-receptor selectivity than that of [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly-ol5]enkephalin (DAGO). The receptor binding properties of previously reported analogs [Chem. Pharm. Bull., 33, 1528 (1985); ibid., 33, 4865 (1985); ibid., 36, 4834 (1988)] were also examined for overall discussion of the structure-activity relationships of this series of tripeptide amides.
Epitaxial Growth and Electrical Characteristics of β-SiC on Si by Low-Pressure Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition (1995)

The structural and electrical properties of β-SiC thin films grown on a (100) Si substrate by low pressure rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (LP-RTCVD) at as low as 2.5 Torr are reported. SiC growth was achieved by the reaction of SiH 4 (5% in H 2 ) and C 3 H 8 (5% in H 2 ) from 1100 to 1250° C. The structural properties of SiC thin films were investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The X-ray diffraction shows that the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) is 0.34-0.35° for Si/C ratio of 0.4-0.7. An epitaxial SiC thickness up to 8 µ m was also observed by SEM. The unintentionally doped SiC film is n-type with electron mobility of 132-254 cm 2 /V·s for carrier concentration around 10 17 cm -3 and resistivity 0.08-0.3 Ω· cm, based on both four-point probe and Hall measurements. To our knowledge, the measured mobility is the highest of those reported for low-pressure CVD-grown β-SiC epilayers. The optimum growth temperature and Si/C ratio were 1150° C and 0.6, respectively.