gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxidation of silicon by ion implantation and laser irradiation (1981)

Q-switched laser irradiation has been used to anneal O+-implanted silicon to form SiO2 layers. Results of differential Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirm the formation of oxide layers. Segregation of oxygen toward the surface was observed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy and correlated with resolidification velocities, which vary as a function of laser energy densities.
Acrylamide Polymers (2000)

Abstract Acrylamide polymerizes in the presence of free‐radical initiators to form polyacrylamide chains. Acrylamide polymers include functionalized polymers prepared from polyacrylamide by postreaction and copolymers prepared by polymerizing acrylamide (2‐propenamide, C 3 N 5 NO) with one or more comonomers. Completely dry polyacrylamide is a brittle white solid. Polyacrylamide is soluble in water, and high molecular weight polyacrylamide forms viscous homogeneous solutions in it. Reactions include hydrolysis, sulfomethylation, methylol formation, and reaction with other aldehydes. Most uses for high molecular weight polyacrylamides in water treating, mineral processing, and paper manufacture are based on the ability of these polymers to flocculate small suspended particles by charge neutralization and bridging. Low molecular weight polymers are employed as dispersants, crystal growth modifiers, or selective mineral depressants.
High-Throughput Microfabricated CE/ESI-MS:  Automated Sampling from a Microwell Plate (2001)

A new design for high-throughput microfabricated capillary electrophoresis/electrospray mass spectrometry (CE/ ESI-MS) with automated sampling from a microwell plate is presented. The approach combines a sample-loading port, a separation channel, and a liquid junction, the latter for coupling the device to the MS with a miniaturized subatmospheric electrospray interface. The microdevice was attached to a polycarbonate manifold with external electrode reservoirs equipped for electrokinetic and pressure-fluid control. A computer-activated electropneumatic distributor was used for both sample loading from the microwell plate and washing of channels after each run. Removal of the electrodes and sample reservoirs from the microdevice structure significantly simplified the chip design and eliminated the need both for drilling access holes and for sample/buffer reservoirs. The external manifold also allowed the use of relatively large reservoirs that are necessary for extended time operation of the system. Initial results using this microfabricated system for the automated CE/ESI-MS analysis of peptides and protein digests are presented.
Scalable intersample interpolation architecture for high-channel-count beamformers (2011)

Modern ultrasound scanners utilize digital beamformers that operate on sampled and quantized echo signals. Timing precision is of essence for achieving good focusing. The direct way to achieve it is through the use of high sampling rates, but that is not economical, so interpolation between echo samples is used. This paper presents methods for combining a high quality interpolation algorithm with the dynamic delay-and-sum focusing of a digital beamformer in a resource-efficient way. The approach allows building high channel count beamformers while maintaining high image quality due to the use of sophisticated intersample interpolation.
MDCT domain parametric stereo audio coding (2012)

Parametric coding of multichannel audio has gained popularity for low bit rate audio coding applications such as digital audio broadcasting. Most of the existing algorithms use MDCT domain techniques for compressing the audio, while the spatialization parameter estimation is done in a different time-frequency domain. An MDCT domain parametric stereo coding algorithm which represents the stereo channels as the linear combination of the ‘sum’ channel derived from the stereo channels and a reverberated channel generated from the ‘sum’ channel has been reported in literature. Spatialization parameters are estimated at the encoder by taking the scaled sub-band projections of stereo channels on ‘sum’ and reverberated channel. This model is inadequate to represent the stereo image since only four parameters per sub-band are used as spatialization parameters. In this work we improve the perceptual quality of this MDCT domain parametric coder with an augmented parameter extraction scheme using an additional reverberated channel. Subjective evaluation using MUSHRA test illustrates that the new algorithm has increased the perceptual audio quality of the encoded audio signal significantly.
The Dynamic Capsid Structures of the Noroviruses (2019)

Noroviruses are responsible for almost a fifth of all cases of gastroenteritis worldwide. New strains evolve every 2⁻4 years by escaping herd immunity and cause worldwide epidemics. In the US alone, noroviruses are responsible for ~20 million cases and more than 70,000 hospitalizations of infected children, annually. Efforts towards a vaccine have been hindered by a lack of detailed structural information about antibody binding and the mechanisms of antibody escape. Caliciviruses have 180 copies of the major capsid protein (VP1; ~58 kDa), that is divided into the N-terminus (N), the shell (S) and C-terminal protruding (P) domains. The S domain forms a shell around the viral RNA genome, while the P domains dimerize to form protrusions on the capsid surface. The P domain is subdivided into P1 and P2 subdomains, with the latter containing the binding sites for cellular receptors and neutralizing antibodies. There is increasing evidence that these viruses are extremely dynamic and this flexibility is critical for viral replication. There are at least two modes of flexibility; the entire P domain relative to the shell and within the P domain itself. Here, the details and possible roles for this remarkable flexibility will be reviewed.
Interleukin-4- and -13-induced hypercontractility of human intestinal muscle cells-implication for motility changes in Crohn's disease (2004)

Crohn's disease is an idiopathic inflammatory condition. However, little is known about the changes that occur in the muscularis externa, despite the fact that this tissue contributes to motility changes and stricture formation. We characterized immune activity in the muscularis externa from intestinal segments of Crohn's disease patients and evaluated the role of IL-4 and -13 as well as signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)6 in the contractility of the cultured human intestinal smooth muscle cells. CD3+ve cells (P < 0.01) and IL-4 protein (P < 0.01) were significantly increased in the muscularis externa of Crohn's disease patients compared with noninflamed controls. Preincubation of human cultured smooth muscle cells with IL-4 (P < 0.001) or IL-13 (P < 0.05) significantly enhanced carbachol-induced contraction, and this was significantly inhibited by the STAT6 inhibitor leflunomide (P < 0.0001). A similar profile was observed in muscle cells isolated from Crohn's disease patients. Both IL-4 and IL-13 increased specific STAT6-DNA binding in control cells, and this was inhibited by anti-STAT6 Ab (P < 0.05) or leflunomide (P < 0.05). IL-4 and IL-13 mediate the hypercontractility of intestinal muscle via a STAT6 pathway at the level of the smooth muscle cell. The STAT6 pathway may contribute to the hypercontractility of intestinal muscle in Crohn's disease.
Striatal D1 and D2 dopamine receptor loss in asymptomatic mutation carriers of Huntington's disease (1996)

We have investigated striatal dopamine D1 and D2 receptor binding in asymptomatic subjects from Huntington's disease (HD) families using positron emission tomography. Nineteen adult subjects at risk of developing HD were scanned with 11C-SCH 23390 and 11C-raclopride to calculate the D1 and D2 receptor binding potential, respectively. Eight of the 19 were shown to have the HD mutation; of these, 4 subjects had significant reductions in striatal dopamine receptor binding. Abnormalities were more common in older subjects and were not correlated with the size of the HD mutation. There was a strong coefficient of correlation between individual levels of striatal D1 and D2 binding in subjects with the mutation. Of 6 other cases with a 50% risk of carrying the HD gene, 1 showed subclinical loss of caudate and putamen D2 binding. Our study suggests that both striatal D1 and D2 dopamine receptors are lost in parallel from both caudate and putamen in presymptomatic HD and that dopamine receptor binding provides a sensitive means of detecting subclinical striatal dysfunction.
Challenges in the Accurate Identification of the Ideal Catheter Tip Location (2011)

Abstract The chest radiograph has been the primary tool to identify the catheter tip location after bedside placement of central venous access devices (CVADs), especially with peripherally inserted central catheters. The targeted ideal landing zone for a CVAD has evolved over time to the lower third of the superior vena cava, near the juncture of the right atrium. This article will discuss the evolution in the narrowing of the ideal targeted zone for landing the CVAD tip, and the issues around perception of “seeing” the catheter tip in the chest radiograph that can be imprecise and inaccurate. A brief overview of emerging technologies that capitalize on individual patient's internal physiologic characteristics to better identify this ideal landing zone will be presented.
A New Modular Flux-Switching Permanent-Magnet Drive for Large Wind Turbines (2014)

A new modular drivetrain for large wind turbines currently under development is presented. The electromechanicaldrivetrain has a direct-drive configuration with a modular flux-switching permanent-magnet generator. The full-powerconverter consists of 12 parallel back-to-back two-level voltage source converter modules. A novel method of modulationis used to improve harmonic quality while maintaining a low switching frequency. Benefits of the new design includesimplified manufacturing and transport, increased system availability due to fault tolerance and redundance, andavoidance of an LCL filter. Measurement results are shown from a 500-kW test rig.
Mesoporous Silica Beads Embedded with Semiconductor Quantum Dots and Iron Oxide Nanocrystals:  Dual-Function Microcarriers for Optical Encoding and Magnetic Separation (2006)

Mesoporous beads are promising materials for embedding functional nanoparticles because of their nanometer-sized pores and large surface areas. Here we report the development of silica microbeads embedded with both semiconductor quantum dots (QD) and iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanocrystals as a new class of dual-function carriers for optical encoding and magnetic separation. The embedding (doping) process is carried out by either simultaneous or sequential addition of quantum dots and iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanocrystals in solution. The doping process is fast and quantitative, but the incorporated iron oxide strongly attenuates the signal intensity of QD fluorescence. We find that this attenuation is not due to conventional fluorescence quenching but is caused by the broad optical absorption spectrum of mixed-valence Fe3O4. For improved biocompatibility and reduced nonspecific binding, the encoded beads are further coated with amphiphilic polymers such as octylamine poly(acrylic acid). The results indicate that the polymer-coated beads are well suited for target capturing and enrichment, yielding magnetic separation efficiencies higher than 99%. By combining the multiplexing capability of QDs with the superparamagnetic properties of iron oxide nanocrystals, this class of encoded beads is expected to find broad applications in high-throughput and multiplexed biomolecular assays.
Design of the monoblock duplexer for the application of cellular band repeater (2002)

In wireless communication the demand for handsets is increasing. A duplexer is the critical component of a handset for mobile communication, to separate the transmitting and receiving signals. Thus the need of the duplexer for a repeater is also increasing. In this paper the design of a duplexer for a repeater is presented. We present a transmission line Chebyshev filter which is referred to as a uniform impedance resonator (UIR). By using conventional filter theory, we extract the equivalent circuit. The paper presents a simple pattern that is easy for mapping one to one with circuit components. A duplexer for cellular band (824 - 849 MHz for tx band and 869 - 894 MHz for rx band) is designed and fabricated. The design procedure is presented and validated by simulation results and the performance of the fabricated duplexer.
Four-wave mixing and direct terahertz emission with two-color semiconductor lasers (2004)

We have observed four-wave mixing in a semiconductor laser configured to emit on two wavelengths simultaneously. The four-wave mixing sidebands exist up to 4 THz stemming from a modulation of the carrier plasma at the difference frequency of the two laser modes. In addition, we were able to generate and detect tunable THz radiation at this difference frequency from the laser device itself suggesting a scheme for a tunable THz source.
A high-performance multichannel dual-gate poly-Si TFT fabricated by excimer laser irradiation on a floating a-Si thin film (2003)

A new excimer laser annealing (ELA) process that uses a floating amorphous-Silicon (a-Si) thin film with a multichannel structure is proposed for high-performance poly-Si thin-film transistors (TFTs). The proposed ELA method produces two-dimensional (2-D) grain growth, which can result in a high-quality grain structure. The dual-gate structure was employed to eliminate the grain boundaries perpendicular to the current flow in the channel. A multichannel structure was adapted in order to arrange the grain boundary to be parallel to the current flow. The proposed poly-Si TFT exhibits high-performance electrical characteristics, which are a high mobility of 504 cm/sup 2//Vsec and a low subthreshold slope of 0.337 V/dec.
New millennium ultralow power microsystems (2002)

Mixed-signal electronics form the core of spacecraft avionics systems. Low-power operation is a key design objective to reduce dependence on stored energy or energy extraction systems. To facilitate low-power operation. The supply voltage of mixed-signal systems has progressively diminished to typical present values of 3.5 V to 3.6 V. Low voltage design, however, increases susceptibility to noise interference and reduces the range of analog linear gain. Moreover, as transistor density and circuit complexity increase, traditional power minimization methods are inadequate. In this paper we present results of several approaches to enable low-power mixed-signal electronics for spacecraft avionics and commercial telecommunications. First, at the architectural level we analyze a dynamic voltage scaling approach that delivers local isolation of bus noise and a power reduction of 50% to 95%. Next, to enable in-situ, real-time power sensing we introduce two sensors that monitor di/dt and dv/dt events. Their design, scaling, and sensitivity are discussed in detail. Finally, as an example of a low-voltage compatible analog circuit we present results of a low-noise differential analog-to-digital comparator. It operates at speeds to over 50 MHz, has per-comparator power dissipation under 1 mW, and can operate at supply voltages down to 1.9 V. All circuits have been designed and analyzed for a 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS, and analytical and experimental results are given.
Large scale production, purification and a study of some spectral properties of Penitrem A∗ (1976)

A large scale production of the tremorgenic toxin, Penitrem A, from the cultures of Penicillium (P.) palitans and P. crustosum for studying its spectral characteristics was attained. From several fermentation runs using Czapex-Dox medium, P. crustosum was shown to produce nearly 80% more toxic metabolite than P. palitans. A method involving silica-gel column chromatography for a single step isolation of the toxin from the crude extract of the mycelial mats was developed. Some spectral properties of Penitrem A were discussed.
Control strategy for multiple input DC-DC power converters devoted to hybrid vehicle propulsion systems (2002)

Customer demands for greater acceleration, performance, and vehicle range in pure EVs plus mandated requirements to further reduce emissions in HEVs increase the appeal for combined on-board energy storage systems and generators. This paper deals with the control system of an original HEV propulsion system that includes fuel cell generator and storage energy system combining ultracapacitor tank and battery. The three on-board power sources supply the vehicle traction drive through a multi-input DC-to-DC power converter which provides the desired management of the power flows. In particular, in the proposed arrangement the ultracapacitor tank is used for leveling the battery load current during transients resulting from either acceleration or braking operation of the vehicle. The paper outlines the features of the control unit of the DC-to-DC power converter being used in the proposed propulsion system and describes the main characteristics of a 35 kW prototype developed to conduct laboratory experiments and validate the control strategy.
GPR133 (ADGRD1), an adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor, is necessary for glioblastoma growth (2016)

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a deadly primary brain malignancy with extensive intratumoral hypoxia. Hypoxic regions of GBM contain stem-like cells and are associated with tumor growth and angiogenesis. The molecular mechanisms that regulate tumor growth in hypoxic conditions are incompletely understood. Here, we use primary human tumor biospecimens and cultures to identify GPR133 (ADGRD1), an orphan member of the adhesion family of G-protein-coupled receptors, as a critical regulator of the response to hypoxia and tumor growth in GBM. GPR133 is selectively expressed in CD133+ GBM stem cells (GSCs) and within the hypoxic areas of PPN in human biospecimens. GPR133 mRNA is transcriptionally upregulated by hypoxia in hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (Hif1α)-dependent manner. Genetic inhibition of GPR133 with short hairpin RNA reduces the prevalence of CD133+ GSCs, tumor cell proliferation and tumorsphere formation in vitro. Forskolin rescues the GPR133 knockdown phenotype, suggesting that GPR133 signaling is mediated by cAMP. Implantation of GBM cells with short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of GPR133 in the mouse brain markedly reduces tumor xenograft formation and increases host survival. Analysis of the TCGA data shows that GPR133 expression levels are inversely correlated with patient survival. These findings indicate that GPR133 is an important mediator of the hypoxic response in GBM and has significant protumorigenic functions. We propose that GPR133 represents a novel molecular target in GBM and possibly other malignancies where hypoxia is fundamental to pathogenesis.
Computerized ultrasound B‐scan texture analysis of experimental diffuse parenchymal liver disease: Correlation with histopathology and tissue composition (1991)

By means of statistical pattern recognition procedures, a quantitative description of the ultrasound B-scan images of experimental diffuse liver disease has been carried out. Fatty livers, fatty fibrosis/cirrhosis, and cirrhosis without fatty infiltration of the liver were studied in female Wistar rats. Separation accuracies of more than 80% between the tissue classes "normal" vs "fatty infiltration," or "normal" vs "fatty cirrhosis," using only two statistical image parameters were found. A subclassification of the diffuse parenchymal liver disease was not possible. It is shown by multiple linear regression analysis that the image parameter "mean grey level" correlates better with total lipid content than with the amount of connective tissue. Furthermore it is demonstrated that connective tissue leads only to a weak increase in "mean grey level," whereas the addition of connective tissue to a given tissue lipid can lead to a reduction in image brightness.
Accountability as a service (2007)

We propose that accountability be a first-class network ser-vice, independent of addressing and routing. We design a scheme for allowing accountability services, rather than connectivity-providing ISPs, to vouch for traffic, allowing victims to report abuse, filter abusive traffic, and isolate ma-licious senders. We discuss how accountability services may evolve, how they may facilitate new applications, and the implications of shifting the burden of network policing to a dedicated service. 1
Pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer. Gastric hyperacidity caused by propionitrile and cysteamine in rats. (1977)

Cysteamine and propionitrile, experimental duodenal ulcerogens, stimulated gastric acid secretion in the rat. Gastric acid secretion was measured by two separate methods, the conventional pylorus ligation technique and a non-invasive technique based on the pH dependent liberation of azure A from azuresin in the stomach with subsequent excretion of the liberated dye in the urine. Volume, acid concentration and acid content of gastric fluids aspirated immediately before the pylrous ligation were markedly increased 1,4 and 7 hours after a single dose of either cysteamine or propionitrile. Both acid concentration and acid output of gastric contents collected 30 minutes after pylorus ligation were also significantly elevated 1.5 hours after propionitrile and 4.5 hours after cysteamine. Significant increases in gastric acid secretion after these chemicals were also measured by the non-invasive technique which demonstrated a 4 to 6 fold increase in 24 hour urinary azure A output in rats injected with either propionitrile or cysteamine. Enhanced gastric acid output may play an important role in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer produced by propionitrile and cysteamine.
An Exploratory Study of Interface Redundancy in Code Repositories (2016)

An important property of software repositories is their level of cross-project redundancy. For instance, much has been done to assess how much code cloning happens across software corpora. In this paper we study a much less targeted type of replication: Interface Redundancy (IR). IR refers to the level of repetition of whole method interfaces - return type, method name, and parameters types - across a code corpus. Such type of redundancy is important because if two non-trivial methods ever share the same interface it is very likely that they implement analogous functions, even though their code, structure, or vocabulary might be diverse. A certain level of IR is a requirement for approaches that rely on the recurrence of interfaces to fulfill a given task (e.g., interface-driven code search - IDCS). In this paper we report on an experiment to measure IR in a large-scale Java repository. Our target corpus contains more than 380,000 methods from 99 Java projects extracted randomly from an open source repository. Results are promising as they show that the chances of an interface from a non-trivial method to repeat itself across a large repository is around 25% (i.e., approximately 1/4 of such interfaces are redundant). Also, more than 80% of the target projects contained IR (with the average percentage of redundant interfaces for these projects being above 30%). As additional analyses we investigated the distribution of the different types of redundant interfaces (e.g., intra-vs inter-project), characterized the redundant interfaces and show that such a knowledge can help improve IDCS, and provided evidence that only a very small part of IR refers to method cloning (around 0.002%).