gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of an apparatus for deposition coating with a high purity magnesium and evaluation on adhesion and corrosion resistance of the coated AZ31B magnesium alloys (2006)

In order to improve corrosion resistance on magnesium alloys, coating the surfaces of magnesium alloys with high purity magnesium by applying a vapor deposition technique has been proposed by the authors. For practical application of this technique to engineering products, a new apparatus has been developed, which enables one to carry out the coating on a relatively large substrate with 250×250 mm in size. The apparatus has two vacuum chambers for evaporation and deposition, which are separated by a gate valve. For an evaporation source and a substrate, 3N–Mg and AZ31B magnesium alloy were used, respectively, which were put into the evaporation chamber and the deposition chamber, respectively. The evaporation source was heated at 823∼973 K, while the substrate was held at 323∼523 K, deposition time was 1.8 ks. The resulting substrate was coated with high purity magnesium with about 20 to 25 μm in thickness. In this study, the fundamental conditions of coating for the apparatus, microstructures of the coated layer, corrosion resistance, and adhesion between the coated layer and the matrix are described.
Picosecond semiconductor lasers based on regenerative feedback schemes (2002)

We describe the generation of ultrashort pulses in semiconductor lasers by means of novel regenerative feedback techniques. These new techniques require only relatively simple off-the-shelf electronic components, and circumvent the need for any external RF oscillators for successful picosecond pulse operation of the semiconductor lasers. Pulsewidths as short as /spl sim/10 ps have been obtained by regenerative mode-locking, and repetition rate tunability of /spl sim/200 MHz has been demonstrated (with pulses of /spl sim/35 ps pulsewidth) by regenerative gain switching, as elaborated below.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Acoustic properties of tungsten–tin composites (1981)

The acoustic properties of tungsten–tin powder based composites are described. These materials have high values of acoustic impedance and of sound damping and can be used as backing for ultrasonic transducers. The material is simple to fabricate and its properties are rather satisfactorily reproducible.
Molecular dynamics simulations of growth and properties of FeCl2–NaCl-nanoparticles in supercritical water (2009)

Nanoparticle formation in supercritical water containing Fe(2+), Na(+), and Cl(-) ions at different state points between temperatures of 798 K and 873 K and system densities of 0.24 g cm(-3) and 0.14 g cm(-3) has been studied by molecular dynamics simulations. A fixed amount of FeCl(2) and different amounts of NaCl content have been used to study the effect of system composition on particle growth and the time development of particle composition from single ions dissolved in aqueous solutions. Certain stable cluster sizes are observed during the particle growth. The salt particle structure at the end of the simulation runs is described by means of radial distribution functions. We find that clusters with disordered crystal structure form during the very fast formation and growth process. As the clusters grow very fast, the growth proceeds via non-equilibrium cluster structures.
A GUIDE FOR NEW DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL STRATEGIES FOR SERVICE FIRMS (1986)

Service firms that successfully develop new methods for distributing their products will have a clear competitive advantage. This article provides a guide for firms exploring uncharted territory.
Cyclin A <sub>1</sub> Is Essential for Setting the Pluripotent State and Reducing Tumorigenicity of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (2012)

The proper differentiation and threat of cancer rising from the application of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are major bottlenecks in the field and are thought to be inherently linked to the pluripotent nature of iPS cells. To address this question, we have compared iPS cells to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), the gold standard of ground state pluripotency, in search for proteins that may improve pluripotency of iPS cells. We have found that when reprogramming somatic cells toward pluripotency, 1%-5% of proteins of 5 important cell functions are not set to the correct expression levels compared to ESCs, including mainly cell cycle proteins. We have shown that resetting cyclin A(1) protein expression of early-passage iPS cells closer to the ground state pluripotent state of mouse ESCs improves the pluripotency and reduces the threat of cancer of iPS cells. This work is a proof of principle that reveals that setting expression of certain proteins correctly during reprogramming is essential for achieving ESC-state pluripotency. This finding would be of immediate help to those researchers in different fields of iPS cell work that specializes in cell cycle, apoptosis, cell adhesion, cell signaling, and cytoskeleton.
Low-threshold ablation of enamel and dentin using Nd:YAG laser assisted with chromophore with different pulse shapes (2004)

Neodimium laser treatment has several drawbacks when used in the hard tissue cutting, because of the low absorption of the dental tissues at its wavelength. This investigation proved that the Nd:YAG radiation is a powerful ablation tool if it is used with the dye assisted method. Several in vitro tests on enamel and dentin were accomplished changing some laser parameters to have different pulse shapes and durations from 125μs up to 1.4ms. The importance of short time high power peaks, typical of crystal lasers, in the ablation process was investigated. The pulse shapes were analyzed by their intensity in space and time profiles. A first set of results found the optimum dye concentration be used in all the following tests. Furthermore the ablation threshold for this technique was found for each different pulse shapes and durations. A low energy ablation method was found to avoid temperature increase and surface cracks formation. In vitro temperature analysis was reported comparing the differences between no dye application laser treatment and with a dye spray applied. A strong reduction of the temperature increase was found in the dye assisted method. A discussion on the general findings and their possible clinical applications is presented.
Statistical Characterization of a World Wide Web Browsing Session (1997)

The growing availability of Internet access has led to a sharp increase in\nthe use of the World Wide Web(WWW). In the near future, a significant\ncomponent of the Internet traffic into and out of the home is expected to be\nWWW related traffic. If we are to design broadband access systems to carry\nthis traffic, it is important to be able to model it accurately, with the\nhope that we can track and predict the impact of this relatively new type of\ntraffic. The upstream packets presented by a subscriber engaged in a web\nbrowsing session, cannot be modelled as an independant one-way source since\nthe actual inter-arrival between the packets depends on the feedback\nmechanisms and restrictions imposed by the transport/application layer\nprotocols. We need to model the complete packet exchange between the WWW\nClient/Server to generate realistic source traffic for such systems. In this\npaper we report statistics on different parameters of the WWW browsing\nsession obtained from actual WWW traces. We also present empirically derived\nanalytical models for the different parameters . The statistical\ncharacterization of the different parameters directly lends itself to the\ndevelopment of a more realistic WWW-browser packet generator the basic\ndetails of which are addressed in this paper. This WWW traffic generator\nwill be very useful in testing the performance of media access protocols and\nresource reservation algorithms in broadband access networks.
Some Reactions of p-Toluenesulfonyl Isocyanate (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSome Reactions of p-Toluenesulfonyl IsocyanateC. KINGCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1960, 25, 3, 352–356Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1960https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01073a010Request reuse permissionsArticle Views1198Altmetric-Citations81LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (526 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A multiresolution work space, multiresolution configuration space approach to solve the path planning problem (2002)

The algorithm SCOUT is proposed to solve the path-planning problem for robots moving between stationary obstacles. The configuration space of a robot is represented as a binary tree of blocks, each of which can be efficiently tested for collisions using a hierarchy of bubbles in work space. The configuration space is explored independently from start and goal until a contiguous path of free blocks connecting the two is found. The algorithm finds a first path quickly, then improves on the length of the path by testing more parts of the configuration space, and finally converges to the optimal path for any imposed metric. The tradeoff between the length of the path and time/memory usage is explicit and can be used to the advantage of integrated systems. The method is applicable to mobile robots as well as to manipulators. Results are shown for a 2 d.o.f. planar arm and a 5 d.o.f industrial manipulator.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evaluation of signal peptide prediction algorithms for identification of mycobacterial signal peptides using sequence data from proteomic methods (2009)

Secreted proteins play an important part in the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and are the primary source of vaccine and diagnostic candidates. A majority of these proteins are exported via the signal peptidase I-dependent pathway, and have a signal peptide that is cleaved off during the secretion process. Sequence similarities within signal peptides have spurred the development of several algorithms for predicting their presence as well as the respective cleavage sites. For proteins exported via this pathway, algorithms exist for eukaryotes, and for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. However, the unique structure of the mycobacterial membrane raises the question of whether the existing algorithms are suitable for predicting signal peptides within mycobacterial proteins. In this work, we have evaluated the performance of nine signal peptide prediction algorithms on a positive validation set, consisting of 57 proteins with a verified signal peptide and cleavage site, and a negative set, consisting of 61 proteins that have an N-terminal sequence that confirms the annotated translational start site. We found the hidden Markov model of SignalP v3.0 to be the best-performing algorithm for predicting the presence of a signal peptide in mycobacterial proteins. It predicted no false positives or false negatives, and predicted a correct cleavage site for 45 of the 57 proteins in the positive set. Based on these results, we used the hidden Markov model of SignalP v3.0 to analyse the 10 available annotated proteomes of mycobacterial species, including annotations of M. tuberculosis H37Rv from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI). When excluding proteins with transmembrane regions among the proteins predicted to harbour a signal peptide, we found between 7.8 and 10.5% of the proteins in the proteomes to be putative secreted proteins. Interestingly, we observed a consistent difference in the percentage of predicted proteins between the Sanger Institute and JCVI. We have determined the most valuable algorithm for predicting signal peptidase I-processed proteins of M. tuberculosis, and used this algorithm to estimate the number of mycobacterial proteins with the potential to be exported via this pathway.
Static bipolar 11 GHz SiGe divider with 1V power supply (2003)

A low-voltage static 1:2 divider using CML gates with a single-transistor switching stack was designed in a 0.18 /spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS technology. The divider operates at 11 GHz from 1.0V supply and 16.2 GHz from 1.4 V supply.
Intersubband electroluminescence using X−Γ carrier injection in a GaAs/AlAs superlattice (2000)

We report midinfrared electroluminescence originated from an intersubband transition in a GaAs/AlAs superlattice consisting of asymmetric double quantum wells. It is confirmed from interband photoluminescence properties under applied bias voltages that electrons populate at the second Γ (Γ2) subband in the GaAs layer. The electron population results from the carrier injection into the Γ2 subband from the adjacent X1 subband in the AlAs layer, which is initiated by the X1–Γ2 resonance. The energy of the intersubband electroluminescence, 190 meV, agrees with the energy spacing between the Γ2 and Γ1 subbands. This demonstrates that the carrier injection into the higher Γ subband using X–Γ scattering is useful for the design of intersubband-emission devices.
A Survey of Accelerator Architectures for Deep Neural Networks (2020)

Recently, due to the availability of big data and the rapid growth of computing power, artificial intelligence (AI) has regained tremendous attention and investment. Machine learning (ML) approaches have been successfully applied to solve many problems in academia and in industry. Although the explosion of big data applications is driving the development of ML, it also imposes severe challenges of data processing speed and scalability on conventional computer systems. Computing platforms that are dedicatedly designed for AI applications have been considered, ranging from a complement to von Neumann platforms to a “must-have” and stand-alone technical solution. These platforms, which belong to a larger category named “domain-specific computing,” focus on specific customization for AI. In this article, we focus on summarizing the recent advances in accelerator designs for deep neural networks (DNNs)—that is, DNN accelerators. We discuss various architectures that support DNN executions in terms of computing units, dataflow optimization, targeted network topologies, architectures on emerging technologies, and accelerators for emerging applications. We also provide our visions on the future trend of AI chip designs.
Pattern duplication by retinoic acid treatment in the regenerating limbs of Korean salamander larvae, <i>Hynobius leechii</i>, correlates well with the extent of dedifferentiation (1994)

In the regenerating limbs of Korean salamanders, Hynobius leechii, retinoic acid (RA) induces duplication of skeletal structures in the proximodistal (PD) axis and often in the transverse axes. In the present study, the stage-dependent effects of RA for the duplication of limb skeletal structures at two amputation levels, the distal stylopodium and the distal zeugopodium, were studied using larval limbs of Korean salamanders. The results showed that the mean level of proximalization (MLP) by RA treatment increased during the stages of dedifferentiation and early bud formation while the MLP declined thereafter in both amputation levels. The decline of the MLP at the later stages of regeneration was due to the high frequency of hypomorphic regeneration or blocked regeneration. When the effects of RA treatment at two amputation levels were compared, the overall trends were similar but the actual timing was delayed for 2-4 days in the proximal level of amputation. Furthermore, the peak level of proximalization was achieved earlier and the peak level remained longer in the distal stylopodial level of amputation compared to the distal zeugopodial level of amputation. Since the histological observations revealed that the dedifferentiation period was also extended up to 2-4 days in the proximal level of amputation, the acid phosphatase activity during the course of regeneration was measured to look for a quantitative relationship between the enzyme activity and the states of dedifferentiation. The results show that the level and the duration of acid phosphatase activity in the upper arm regenerates are both higher and longer than those in the lower arm regenerates. Furthermore, RA treatment caused an increase in acid phosphatase activity. Thus our results suggest that the state of dedifferentiation might be closely linked to the extent of proximalization of regenerating limbs by RA treatment.
A profile of successful US manufacturers: (1995)

Examines the relationship between business strategy, organizational performance and manufacturing techniques and practices among 130 US companies. The research supports the notion that innovative strategies, which stress customer orientation and differentiation through the careful manipulation of the operating systems to achieve higher levels of quality, flexibility and dependability, form the basis for strategic success.
Periodontitis and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease (2016)

Periodontitis is common in the elderly and may become more common in Alzheimer's disease because of a reduced ability to take care of oral hygiene as the disease progresses. Elevated antibodies to periodontal bacteria are associated with an increased systemic pro-inflammatory state. Elsewhere raised serum pro-inflammatory cytokines have been associated with an increased rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. We hypothesized that periodontitis would be associated with increased dementia severity and a more rapid cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. We aimed to determine if periodontitis in Alzheimer's disease is associated with both increased dementia severity and cognitive decline, and an increased systemic pro inflammatory state. In a six month observational cohort study 60 community dwelling participants with mild to moderate Alzheimer's Disease were cognitively assessed and a blood sample taken for systemic inflammatory markers. Dental health was assessed by a dental hygienist, blind to cognitive outcomes. All assessments were repeated at six months. The presence of periodontitis at baseline was not related to baseline cognitive state but was associated with a six fold increase in the rate of cognitive decline as assessed by the ADAS-cog over a six month follow up period. Periodontitis at baseline was associated with a relative increase in the pro-inflammatory state over the six month follow up period. Our data showed that periodontitis is associated with an increase in cognitive decline in Alzheimer's Disease, independent to baseline cognitive state, which may be mediated through effects on systemic inflammation.
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) regulates α-synuclein clearance in microglia (2016)

LRRK2 negatively regulates the clearance of αSYN accompanied by down-regulation of the endocytosis pathway. Our findings reveal a new functional role of LRRK2 in microglia and offer a new insight into the mechanism of PD pathogenesis.
An efficient chromatographic system for lipoprotein fractionation using whole plasma (1998)

We have validated a semi-automatic procedure for the efficient isolation of plasma lipoproteins from 300 microl of whole plasma (actual injection volume 200 microl) by Fast Phase Liquid Chromatography (FPLC). Modified enzymatic assays were established to allow the determination of low concentrations (1-20 mg/dl) of triglycerides and cholesterol using the Beckman CX-5 Autoanalyzer. The sum of the cholesterol contents in the fractions corresponding to low density (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) can be demonstrated to be highly correlated to values obtained with dextran sulfate/MgCl2 precipitation for HDLc (slope = 0.98, r2 = 0.997) and ultracentrifugation (beta-quant) for LDLc (slope = 1.03, r2 = 0.988). Using pure lipoprotein fractions isolated by ultracentrifugation, linear ranges of detection for HDLc and HDL apoA-I were performed at 18-95 mg/dl and 59-262 mg/dl, respectively. The ranges for LDLc were 41-435 mg/dl and 21-280 mg/dl for LDL apoB. The mean (range) fractional standard deviations for quadruplicate runs for 15 individual plasma samples ranging widely in lipoprotein concentrations were 0.97 (0.29-2.86%) for LDLc (range: 101.5-258.5 mg/dl), 3.67 (0.62-14.11%) for HDLc (range: 27.1-85.1 mg/dl) and 2.19 (0.16-6.56%) for VLDL-TG (range: 6.1-515.0 mg/dl).
Use of Bacteriophage λ Recombination Functions To Promote Gene Replacement in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1998)

Replacement of Escherichia coli's RecBCD function with phage lambda's Red function generates a strain whose chromosome recombines with short linear DNA fragments at a greatly elevated rate. The rate is at least 70-fold higher than that exhibited by a recBC sbcBC or recD strain. The value of the system is highlighted by gene replacement with a PCR-generated DNA fragment. The deltarecBCD::Plac-red kan replacement allele can be P1 transduced to other E. coli strains, making the hyper-Rec phenotype easily transferable.
Predicting spectral regrowth of nonlinear power amplifiers (2002)

Power amplifiers (PAs) are important elements in communications systems and they are inherently nonlinear. Nonlinearity generates spectral regrowth (i.e., spectral broadening) in digitally modulated signals which causes adjacent channel interference. In this paper, we present a closed-form expression for the auto-covariance function of the PA output, whose Fourier transform yields the output power spectral density (PSD). The PA input does not need to be Gaussian and the PSD calculation can be carried out using common PA descriptions such as the AM/AM and AM/PM characteristics. We assume that the input is narrow-band, thus PA memory effects, on the order of a symbol period, are not present. The analytical results allow us to predict spectral regrowth without running expensive or time-consuming time-domain simulations; they also lead to a variety of optimization possibilities in transmitter design that includes the PAs.
Discovery of 1-Methyl-1<i>H</i>-imidazole Derivatives as Potent Jak2 Inhibitors (2013)

Structure based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a novel series of 1-methyl-1H-imidazole, as potent Jak2 inhibitors to modulate the Jak/STAT pathway, are described. Using the C-ring fragment from our first clinical candidate AZD1480 (24), optimization of the series led to the discovery of compound 19a, a potent, orally bioavailable Jak2 inhibitor. Compound 19a displayed a high level of cellular activity in hematopoietic cell lines harboring the V617F mutation and in murine BaF3 TEL-Jak2 cells. Compound 19a demonstrated significant tumor growth inhibition in a UKE-1 xenograft model within a well-tolerated dose range.