gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Competitive Bidding and Personal Communications Services: A New Paradigm for FCC Licensing (1995)

In his inaugural address in 1993, President Clinton posited a rhetorical link between communications technology and American economic aspiration."Communications and commerce are global; investment is mobile; technology is almost magical; and ambition for a better life is now universal." 1 Less than a month later, the President's "Vision of Change for America" made a much more direct connection between communications technology and the economy.By auctioning Federal Communications Commission ("FCC" or "Commission") licenses to the highest bidder, the President wrote, the Treasury could bring in $4.1 billion in four years.'Thus the Administration pressed for legislation to authorize FCC license auctions, a goal valued by conservative economists since at least 1959 and by Republican administrations since 1980.' Congress responded in record time by crafting bipartisan legislation that has permitted the FCC to obtain bids totalling more than $4.0 billion by licensing new communications technologies through a competitive bidding processwith by far the largest results yet to come.The FCC, in turn, has embraced license auctions and has quickly established a regulatory regime that will issue thousands of li-* Mr. Wimmer and Ms. Tiedrich are attorneys in the Washington, D.C. office of Covington and Burling.They represent personal communications services companies, cellular companies, broadcasters, and others involved in competitive bidding issues.The views expressed in this paper represent solely the views of the authors.
Human Population Density and Prediction of Local Plant Extinction in Britain (1999)

Throughout the world, and particularly in densely populated countries like Britain, human activities exert a dominant influence on the abundance of both plants and animals. The commonness and rarity of plants in Britain has been plausibly linked to human land use. In Western Europe the identity of increasing and decreasing plants appears to depend on human population density, which is itself a crude measure of human impact on the landscape. The publication of new data on the changing distributions of scarce British plants allowed us to investigate the relationship between loss of scarce plants and human population density in Britain. Our results confirm that a direct effect of human population density on local plant extinctions can be detected at the regional scale in Britain. Although intensive agriculture is conventionally regarded as the greatest threat to British wildlife, our analysis suggests that urbanization may be at least as significant a danger.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes reveal maternal population genetic affinities of Sea Island Gullah-speaking African Americans (2004)

To better understand the population substructure of African Americans living in coastal South Carolina, we used restriction site polymorphisms and an insertion/deletion in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to construct seven-position haplotypes across 1,395 individuals from Sierra Leone, Africa, from U.S. European Americans, and from the New World African-derived populations of Jamaica, Gullah-speaking African Americans of the South Carolina Sea Islands (Gullahs), African Americans living in Charleston, South Carolina, and West Coast African Americans. Analyses showed a high degree of similarity within the New World African-derived populations, where haplotype frequencies and diversities were similar. Phi-statistics indicated that very little genetic differentiation has occurred within New World African-derived populations, but that there has been significant differentiation of these populations from Sierra Leoneans. Genetic distance estimates indicated a close relationship of Gullahs and Jamaicans with Sierra Leoneans, while African Americans living in Charleston and the West Coast were progressively more distantly related to the Sierra Leoneans. We observed low maternal European American admixture in the Jamaican and Gullah samples (m = 0.020 and 0.064, respectively) that increased sharply in a clinal pattern from Charleston African Americans to West Coast African Americans (m = 0.099 and 0.205, respectively). The appreciably reduced maternal European American admixture noted in the Gullah indicates that the Gullah may be uniquely situated to allow genetic epidemiology studies of complex diseases in African Americans with low European American admixture.
Damage detection in multi-wire cables using guided ultrasonic waves (2016)

Structural Health Monitoring systems are developed to cost-efficiently prevent failure of mechanical and civil structures, and to predict the structure’s residual life. In this work, a damage detection algorithm based on the Hilbert transform of the recorded signals from induced guided ultrasonic waves is presented. By means of this algorithm, damage localization in multi-wire cables is performed through a time-of-flight analysis of the wave packets. The algorithm is fully automated and distinguishes between wave packets from different waves independently. Its applicability is analyzed for laboratory experiments on a single cylindrical wire and on multi-wire cables. As an additional damage indicator, second harmonic waves are evaluated. Furthermore, the possibility to perform damage identification by evaluating the waves’ amplitudes is analyzed. The amplitudes are compared with reference data from a novel hybrid finite-boundary element method.
Compensation of ring artefacts in synchrotron tomographic images (2006)

Tomographic images are often superimposed by so called ring artefacts. Ring artefacts are concentric rings in the images around the center of rotation of the tomographic setup caused e.g. by differences in the individual pixel response of the detector. They complicate the post processing of the data, i.e. the segmentation of individual image information. Hence, for a quantitative analysis of the tomographic images a significant reduction of these artefacts is essential. In this paper, a simple but efficient method to eliminate such artefacts during the reconstruction is proposed.
Availability of Binaural Cues for Bilateral Implant Recipients and Bimodal Listeners with and without Preserved Hearing in the Implanted Ear (2013)

The purpose of this study was to examine the availability of binaural cues for adult, bilateral cochlear implant (CI) patients, bimodal patients and hearing preservation patients using a multiple-baseline, observational study design. Speech recognition was assessed using the Bamford-Kowal-Bench Speech-in-Noise (BKB-SIN) test as well as the AzBio sentences [Spahr AJ, et al: Ear Hear 2012;33:112-117] presented in a multi-talker babble at a +5 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Test conditions included speech at 0° with noise presented at 0° (S&#8320;N&#8320;), 90° (S&#8320;N<sub>90</sub>) and 270° (S&#8320;N<sub>270</sub>). Estimates of summation, head shadow (HS), squelch and spatial release from masking (SRM) were calculated. Though nonwwe of the subject groups consistently showed access to binaural cues, the hearing preservation patients exhibited a significant correlation between summation and squelch whereas the bilateral and bimodal participants did not. That is to say, the two effects associated with binaural hearing - summation and squelch - were positively correlated only for the listeners with bilateral acoustic hearing. This finding provides evidence for the supposition that implant recipients with bilateral acoustic hearing have access to binaural cues, which should, in theory, provide greater benefit in noisy listening environments. It is likely, however, that the chosen test environment negatively affected the outcomes. Specifically, the spatially separated noise conditions directed noise toward the microphone (mic) port of the behind-the-ear (BTE) hearing aid and implant processor. Thus, it is possible that in more realistic listening environments for which the diffuse noise is not directed toward the processor/hearing aid mic, hearing preservation patients have binaural cues for improved speech understanding.
<i>In Silico</i>Identification and Comparative Genomics of Candidate Genes Involved in Biosynthesis and Accumulation of Seed Oil in Plants (2012)

Genes involved in fatty acids biosynthesis, modification and oil body formation are expected to be conserved in structure and function in different plant species. However, significant differences in the composition of fatty acids and total oil contents in seeds have been observed in different plant species. Comparative genomics was performed on 261 genes involved in fatty acids biosynthesis, TAG synthesis, and oil bodies formation in Arabidopsis, Brassica rapa, castor bean and soybean. In silico expression analysis revealed that stearoyl desaturase, FatB, FAD2, oleosin and DGAT are highly abundant in seeds, thereby considered as ideal candidates for mining of favorable alleles in natural population. Gene structure analysis for major genes, ACCase, FatA, FatB, FAD2, FAD3 and DGAT, which are known to play crucial role in oil synthesis revealed that there are uncommon variations (SNPs and INDELs) which lead to varying content and composition of fatty acids in seed oil. The predicted variations can provide good targets for seed oil QTL identification, understanding the molecular mechanism of seed oil accumulation, and genetic modification to enhance seed oil yield in plants.
QoE-aware Traffic Shaping for HTTP Adaptive Streaming (2014)

HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) has become a prevailing technology for media delivery nowadays. It enables high quality streaming of media content over the internet delivered from conventional HTTP web servers. However, its on-off traffic pattern constructed by segmented transmission can lead to some performance problems, such as instability, inefficiency and unfairness, while multiple clients compete for limit bandwidth. And the reason caused these poor performance has been pointed out in the past studies. In this paper, we present a QoE-aware traffic shaping method that is based on two QoE maximization metrics. A key benefit of this approach is that it calculates optimal shaping rate to help clients to adjust its request for subsequent segment quality level. Additionally, this method can ensure optimal quality of experience toward end users. The simulation results show that this proposed approach improves the stability, utilization and provides the optimal quality of experience for large number of users.
A role for mouse sperm surface galactosyltransferase in sperm binding to the egg zona pellucida. (1982)

Past studies have suggested that mouse sperm surface galactosyltransferase may participate during fertilization by binding N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues in the zona pellucida. In this paper, we examined further the role of sperm surface galactosyltransferase in mouse fertilization. Two reagents that specifically perturb sperm surface galactosyltransferase activity both inhibit sperm-zona binding. The presence of the milk protein alpha-lactalbumin specifically modifies the substrate specificity of sperm galactosyltransferase away from GlcNAc and towards glucose and simultaneously inhibits sperm binding to the zona pellucida. Similarly, UDP-dialdehyde inhibits sperm binding to the zona pellucida and sperm surface galactosyl-transferase activity to identical degrees. Of five other sperm enzymes assayed, four are unaffected by UDP-dialdehyde, and one is affected only slightly. Covalent linkage of UDP-dialdehyde to sperm dramatically inhibits binding to eggs, while treatment of eggs with UDP-dialdehyde has no effect on sperm binding. Heat-solubilized or pronase-digested zona pellucida inhibit sperm-zona binding, and they can be glycosylated by sperm with UDP-galactose. Sperm are also able to glycosylate intact zona pellucida with UDP-galactose. Thus, solubilized and intact zona pellucida act as substrates for sperm surface GlcNAc:galactosyltransferases. Finally, pretreatment of eggs with beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase inhibits sperm binding by up to 86%, while under identical conditions, pretreatment with beta-galactosidase increases sperm binding by 55%. These studies, in conjunction with those of the preceding paper dealing with surface galactosyltransferase changes during capacitation, directly suggest that galactosyltransferase is at least one of the components necessary for sperm binding to the zona pellucida.
Self-Assembled Liquid Crystal Polymer Gels (2007)

The combination of liquid crystals (LCs) with polymer networks results in fascinating materials in which the elasticity of the polymer network is coupled to LC order, and they hold promise for a variety of applications which depend on an optical or a mechanical response to external stimuli. Unfortunately, the methods for preparing LC networks are limited. In this work, we present two types of LC gels with novel network architectures: a physical gel made by polymer self-assembly in an LC solvent and a chemical gel made by crosslinking telechelic side-group liquid crystalline polymers (SGLCPs). The physical gel thermoreversibly transitions to a liquid on heating, and it can be uniformly aligned using electric, magnetic, or flow fields. The gel exhibits a fast electro-optical response, making it potentially viable for display applications. The physical gel also reveals novel equilibrium and dynamic properties that arise due the coupling between LC order and the polymer network. When confined between cell substrates prohibiting macroscopic shape change, it exhibits a temperature-sensitive striped texture transition. We provide a theoretical model that captures the striped texture by accounting for the compromise between nematic rubber elasticity and LC elasticity. Dynamic light scattering studies reveal two distinct director relaxation modes, in contrast to covalent gels, which show a single relaxation mode. We argue that the slower dynamics arise from the coupling between the director and the physically associated network which restructures on long time scales. We also investigate the self-assembled micellar structure of the gel via neutron scattering and rheometry studies, and these studies reveal that the gels' structure changes dramatically across the nematic-to-isotropic phase transition. Finally, we investigate model LC networks made by crosslinking telechelic SGLCPs using click chemistry. These chemical networks can be swollen in a small-molecule LC, and they exhibit a low-threshold electro-optic response and a temperature dependent size. These novel physical and chemical LC gels provide insight into the role of network structure in determining the material properties of liquid crystalline elastomers and gels.
Ultrafast Dynamics of Massive Dirac Fermions in Bilayer Graphene (2014)

Bilayer graphene is a highly promising material for electronic and optoelectronic applications since it is supporting massive Dirac fermions with a tunable band gap. However, no consistent picture of the gap's effect on the optical and transport behavior has emerged so far, and it has been proposed that the insulating nature of the gap could be compromised by unavoidable structural defects, by topological in-gap states, or that the electronic structure could be altogether changed by many-body effects. Here, we directly follow the excited carriers in bilayer graphene on a femtosecond time scale, using ultrafast time- and angle-resolved photoemission. We find a behavior consistent with a single-particle band gap. Compared to monolayer graphene, the existence of this band gap leads to an increased carrier lifetime in the minimum of the lowest conduction band. This is in sharp contrast to the second substate of the conduction band, in which the excited electrons decay through fast, phonon-assisted interband transitions.
Inhibition of macrophage migration by a factor from ascites fluids of ovarian cancer patients. III. Generation of monoclonal antibody specific for human MIF. (1987)

Migration inhibition activity from ascitic fluids of ovarian cancer patients (OC-MIF) was used to develop monoclonal antibodies. The OC-MIF was purified about 10,000 fold by affinity chromatography on L-fucose-Sepharose 6B. Spleen cells from AB/Jena mice immunized with purified OC-MIF were hybridized with P3X63 Ag 8.653 myeloma cells. Supernatants of the hybridoma cultures were screened by solid-phase binding assay, direct neutralizing assay and solid-phase RIA. Several clones of these hybridomas secreted antibodies into the culture medium, which neutralized the biological activity of OC-MIF at dilutions as high as 10(-4) relative to the initial culture medium. After expansion and cloning one clone was selected for ascitic antibody production. This monoclonal antibody coupled to Sepharose 4B adsorbed OC-MIF. Most of the adsorbed biological activity could be eluted with 0.1 M acetic acid.
SELECTIVITY-STRUCTURE TRENDS IN THE EXTRACTION OF Co(II) AND Ni(II) BY DIALKYL PHOSPHORIC, ALKYL ALKYLPHOSPHONIC,AND DIALKYLPHOSPHINIC ACIDS∗ (1985)

Abstract The conditional equilibrium constants for the extraction reactions of Co(II) and Ni(ll) by toluene solutions of homologous series dialkyl phosphoric, alkyl alkylphosphonlc, and dialkyl-phosphlnic acids have been evaluated. From the equilibrium constants the Co/Ni selectivity factors were calculated. Absorption spectra and water extraction data for organic solutions of selected reagents which had extracted the metals were also obtained. The data have allowed us to establish correlations between the structure of the extractants and their selectivity for Co(II) over Ni(II). The two main features controlling the different extractive behavior of Co(II) and Nl(II) with the organo-phosphorus reagents appear to be the different degree of hydration of the extracted complexes and their different coordination geometry. Sterlc hindrance effects, introduced by branchings on the alkyl chains greatly reduce the extractability of Ni(II) which forms octahedral complexes in the organic phase, while the extraction of Co(II), which forms tetrahedral complexes, is less influenced by the structural variations of the extracting reagents. Notes ∗Work performed under the auspices of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, U. S. Department of Energy, under contract number W-31-109-ENG-38.
Geminin Deficiency Causes a Chk1-dependent G2 Arrest in<i>Xenopus</i> (2002)

Geminin is an unstable inhibitor of DNA replication that gets destroyed at the metaphase/anaphase transition. The biological function of geminin has been difficult to determine because it is not homologous to a characterized protein and has pleiotropic effects when overexpressed. Geminin is thought to prevent a second round of initiation during S or G2 phase. In some assays, geminin induces uncommitted embryonic cells to differentiate as neurons. In this study, geminin was eliminated from developing Xenopus embryos by using antisense techniques. Geminin-deficient embryos show a novel and unusual phenotype: they complete the early cleavage divisions normally but arrest in G2 phase immediately after the midblastula transition. The arrest requires Chk1, the effector kinase of the DNA replication/DNA damage checkpoint pathway. The results indicate that geminin has an essential function and that loss of this function prevents entry into mitosis by a Chk1-dependent mechanism. Geminin may be required to maintain the structural integrity of the genome or it may directly down-regulate Chk1 activity. The data also show that during the embryonic cell cycles, rereplication is almost entirely prevented by geminin-independent mechanisms.
[Phase I clinical study of 21-consecutive-day oral administration of etoposide]. (1994)

We conducted a multi-institutional phase I clinical study on a 21-consecutive-day oral administration of etoposide in 12 patients with malignant tumor. The initial dose was 25 mg/body/day and then raised to 50 mg/body/day and eventually to 75 mg/body/day. The dose limiting factor was leukopenia and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was 75 mg/body/day. Leukopenia was observed in all 4 patients registered at 75 mg/body/day. Two of 4 patients showed WBC count nadirs of less than 2,000/microliters. The two patients had less than 1.5 m2 body surface area. Thrombocytopenia and hemoglobin decrease were mild compared to leukopenia. Other adverse reactions were as follows; anorexia (75.0%), nausea/vomiting (58.3%) alopecia (46.1%). No sign of accumulation after 21-consecutive-day oral administration of etoposide was seen on pharmacokinetic parameters. As for anti-tumor efficacy, a partial response was noted in a patient with lung metastasis of cervical cancer at the 75 mg/body/day dose level. A recommended dose for phase II study was 75 mg/body/day for 21 consecutive days with a one-week interval. However, for a patient with a body surface area less than 1.5 m2 or with a severe prior chemotherapy, 50 mg/body/day would be considered appropriate.
Effect of Vitamin E on Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Activity in Colon Cancer Tissues (1999)

Purpose: Arylamine N-acetylation capacity by the N-acetyltransferase (NAT) may be an important causative factor in the initiation of colorectal cancer. Vitamin E (aipha-tocopherol) has been known for many years as an antioxidant and act as an important component of anticancer regimens. The activity of NAT and the effect of vitamin E on NAT activity in healthy colon and colon cancerous tissues (in vitro) were investigated. Materials and Methods： Forty human healthy colon and colon cancerous tissue cytosol (subcellular fraction) were investigated for NAT activity. The effect of vitamin E on the activity of NAT was also examined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using 2-aminofluorene and p-aminobenzoic acid as substrates in this study. Results: NAT activity are higher in colon cancerous tissue cytosol than in healthy colon tissue cytosol and vitamin E could decrease NAT activity in healthy colon and colon cancerous tissue cytosol. Conclusion: The results may suggest a clue to the use of vitamin E in treatment and prevention of human colon cancer. In future, in vivo study will be investigated.
“Switch-On” Fluorescent Sensing of Ascorbic Acid in Food Samples Based on Carbon Quantum Dots–MnO<sub>2</sub> Probe (2015)

This work describes a "switch-on" fluorescence approach for sensing of ascorbic acid (AA) in food samples. In the present method, the fluorescence intensity (FL) of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) was first quenched by addition of MnO2 nanosheets through an inner filter effect to form a CQDs-MnO2 probe. When reductive AA was introduced into the quenched CQDs solution, the added MnO2 was destroyed due to the redox reaction between AA and MnO2 nanosheets, and the FL of the system was recovered. Under the optimal conditions, the limit of detection for AA was 42 nM, with a wide concentration linear range of 0.18-90 μM. Furthermore, the as-fabricated fluorescent sensing system was successfully applied to the analysis of AA in fresh fruits, vegetables, and commercial fruit juices samples with satisfactory results.
Enaminones in the Synthesis of New Polyaza Heterocycles (1998)

A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of larger polyaza heterocyclic structures 6a, 6b and 8 with 1,3-pyrimidine units has been developed, based on the reaction of enaminones with appropriate guanidines or carboxamidines under basic conditions. Using this procedure, several new, optically active polyaza heterocycles 10, 12 and 13 have been prepared in good yields, from enantiomerically pure Nα-Boc-L-arginine as guanidine reagents.