gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal Resource Allocation in Coordinated Multi-Cell Systems (2013)

The use of multiple antennas at base stations is a key component in the design of cellular communication systems that can meet high-capacity demands in the downlink. Under ideal conditions, the gain of employing multiple antennas is well-recognized: the data throughput increases linearly with the number of transmit antennas if the spatial dimension is utilized to serve many users in parallel. The practical performance of multi-cell systems is, however, limited by a variety of nonidealities, such as insufficient channel knowledge, high computational complexity, heterogeneous user conditions, limited backhaul capacity, transceiver impairments, and the constrained level of coordination between base stations. This tutorial presents a general framework for modeling different multi-cell scenarios, including clustered joint transmission, coordinated beamforming, interference channels, cognitive radio, and spectrum sharing between operators. The framework enables joint analysis and insights that are both scenario independent and dependent. The performance of multi-cell systems depends on the resource allocation; that is, how the time, power, frequency, and spatial resources are divided among users. A comprehensive characterization of resource allocation problem categories is provided, along with the signal processing algorithms that solve them. The inherent difficulties are revealed: (a) the overwhelming spatial degrees-of-freedom created by the multitude of transmit antennas; and (b) the fundamental tradeoff between maximizing aggregate system throughput and maintaining user fairness. The tutorial provides a pragmatic foundation for resource allocation where the system utility metric can be selected to achieve practical feasibility. The structure of optimal resource allocation is also derived, in terms of beamforming parameterizations and optimal operating points. This tutorial provides a solid ground and understanding for optimization of practical multi-cell systems, including the impact of the nonidealities mentioned above. The Matlab code is available online for some of the examples and algorithms in this tutorial.
Noncontact Driving System Using Induction-Based Method and Integrated Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Transducers (2012)

Integrated Ultrasonic Transducers (IUTs) have been developed for high-temperature nondestructive evaluation applications. In many field, it would be helpful if a pipe covered by a protective layer of about 10 cm thickness, which is under operation at several hundred Celsius, could be inspected from above the protective layer by an IUT. As a first step toward achieving the inspection of such a pipeline, an induction-based method using coils is presented together with IUTs. This study focuses on the effects of the separation distance (liftoff) between the coils on the ultrasonic signal strength and bandwidth of the IUTs. Ultrasonic signals were generated and received by the IUTs on a steel plate with a sufficient strength for thickness measurements when the liftoff was 20 cm. It was also shown that a ferrite disc together with the coils enhanced the received signal strength even when the liftoff was over 10 cm.
Probing the phosphocholine-binding site of human C-reactive protein by site-directed mutagenesis. (1992)

Human C-reactive protein (CRP) can activate the classical pathway of complement and function as an opsonin only when it is complexed to an appropriate ligand. Most known CRP ligands bind to the phosphocholine (PCh)-binding site of the protein. In the present study, we used oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis to investigate structural determinants of the PCh-binding site of CRP. Eight mutant recombinant (r) CRP, Y40F; E42Q; Y40F, E42Q; K57Q; R58G; K57Q, R58G; W67K; and K57Q, R58G, W67K were constructed and expressed in COS cells. Wild-type and all mutant rCRP except for the W67K mutants bound to solid-phase PCh-substituted bovine serum albumin (PCh-BSA) with similar apparent avidities. However, W67K rCRP had decreased avidity for PCh-BSA and the triple mutant, K57Q, R58G, W67K, failed to bind PCh-BSA. Inhibition experiments using PCh and dAMP as inhibitors indicated that both Lys-57 and Arg-58 contribute to PCh binding. They also indicated that Trp-67 provides interactions with the choline group. The Y40F and E42Q mutants were found to have increased avidity for fibronectin compared to wild-type rCRP. We conclude that the residues Lys-57, Arg-58, and Trp-67 contribute to the structure of the PCh-binding site of human CRP. Residues Tyr-40 and Glu-42 do not appear to participate in the formation of the PCh-binding site of CRP, however, they may be located in the vicinity of the fibronectin-binding site of CRP.
Thermus thermophilus Glycoside Hydrolase Family 57 Branching Enzyme (2010)

Branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.18; glycogen branching enzyme; GBE) catalyzes the formation of α1,6-branching points in glycogen. Until recently it was believed that all GBEs belong to glycoside hydrolase family 13 (GH13). Here we describe the cloning and expression of the Thermus thermophilus family GH57-type GBE and report its biochemical properties and crystal structure at 1.35-Å resolution. The enzyme has a central (β/α)(7)-fold catalytic domain A with an inserted domain B between β2 and α5 and an α-helix-rich C-terminal domain, which is shown to be essential for substrate binding and catalysis. A maltotriose was modeled in the active site of the enzyme which suggests that there is insufficient space for simultaneously binding of donor and acceptor substrates, and that the donor substrate must be cleaved before acceptor substrate can bind. The biochemical assessment showed that the GH57 GBE possesses about 4% hydrolytic activity with amylose and in vitro forms a glucan product with a novel fine structure, demonstrating that the GH57 GBE is clearly different from the GH13 GBEs characterized to date.
Nanoscale covalent organic frameworks as smart carriers for drug delivery (2016)

Two porous covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with good biocompatibility were employed as drug nanocarriers, where three different drugs were loaded for subsequent drug release in vitro. The present work demonstrates that COFs are applicable in drug delivery for therapeutic applications.
Two-photon fluorescence correlation spectroscopy of lipid-encapsulated fluorescent nanodiamonds in living cells (2010)

Dynamics of fluorescent diamond nanoparticles in HeLa cells has been studied with two-photon fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Fluorescent nanodiamond (FND) is an excellent fluorescent probe for bioimaging application, but they are often trapped in endosomes after cellular uptake. The entrapment prohibits FCS from being performed in a time frame of 60 s. Herein, we show that the encapsulation of FNDs within a lipid layer enhances the diffusion of the particles in the cytoplasm by more than one order of magnitude, and particles as small as 40 nm can be probed individually with high image contrast by two-photon excited luminescence. The development of the technique together with single particle tracking through one-photon excitation allows probing of both short-term and long-term dynamics of single FNDs in living cells.
Intrinsic tryptophan phosphorescence as a marker of conformation and oxygen diffusion in purified cytochrome oxidase (1991)

Cytochrome oxidase exhibits phosphorescence from tryptophan in aqueous solution in the absence of oxygen. The lifetime for the resting reduced enzyme suspended in Tween-20 is around 30 ms at pH 8. The lifetime is longest between pH 7 and 8 and decreases with lowering of pH. Oxygen quenches the phosphorescence with a Stern-Volmer quenching constant of approximately 5 x 10(7) M-1.s-1 at 5 degrees C whereas cytochrome c has no effect. We interpret these results to indicate that room temperature tryptophan phosphorescence arises from tryptophan(s) in structured region(s) remote from the hemes and that the protein does not impose a significant barrier for the diffusion of oxygen.
THE OXIDATION OF XANTHATES AND SOME NEW DIALKYL SULPHUR- AND DISULPHUR- DICARBOTHIONATES (1930)

Sodium tetrathionate and cyanogen bromide in water have a specific oxidizing action on alkali xanthates, the latter being smoothly converted to xanthogen disulphides without the formation of by-products. Cyanogen bromide in alcohol converts xanthates into xanthogen monosulphides. Other new reagents for the oxidation of xanthates to xanthogen disulphides under certain conditions are—nitrous acid, nitrosyl chloride, chloramine-T, benzene sulphonyl chloride.The following new xanthogen disulphides, viz., n-hexyl (liquid), β-ethoxyethyl (liquid), β-phenylethyl (m.p. 49.5–50°), and the following new xanthogen monosulphides, viz., n-hexyl (liquid), benzyl (m.p., 82.5°), β-ethoxyethyl (liquid), are described. β-phenylethyl xanthogenamide (m.p., 79°) is also described.Pyrolysis of β-phenylethyl xanthogen disulphides yields styrene.
Sigmoidal kinetic model for two co-operative substrate-binding sites in a cytochrome P450 3A4 active site: an example of the metabolism of diazepam and its derivatives (1999)

Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) plays a prominent role in the metabolism of a vast array of drugs and xenobiotics and exhibits broad substrate specificities. Most cytochrome P450-mediated reactions follow simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics. These parameters are widely accepted to predict pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic consequences in vivo caused by exposure to one or multiple drugs. However, CYP3A4 in many cases exhibits allosteric (sigmoidal) characteristics that make the Michaelis constants difficult to estimate. In the present study, diazepam, temazepam and nordiazepam were employed as substrates of CYP3A4 to propose a kinetic model. The model hypothesized that CYP3A4 contains two substrate-binding sites in a single active site that are both distinct and co-operative, and the resulting velocity equation had a good fit with the sigmoidal kinetic observations. Therefore, four pairs of the kinetic estimates (KS1, kalpha, KS2, kbeta, KS3, kdelta, KS4 and kgamma) were resolved to interpret the features of binding affinity and catalytic ability of CYP3A4. Dissociation constants KS1 and KS2 for two single-substrate-bound enzyme molecules (SE and ES) were 3-50-fold greater than KS3 and KS4 for a two-substrate-bound enzyme (SES), while respective rate constants kdelta and kgamma were 3-218-fold greater than kalpha and kbeta, implying that access and binding of the first molecule to either site in an active pocket of CYP3A4 can enhance the binding affinity and reaction rate of the vacant site for the second substrate. Thus our results provide some new insights into the co-operative binding of two substrates in the inner portions of an allosteric CYP3A4 active site.
Cryogenic model materials (2001)

An overview and status of current activities seeking alternatives to 200 grade 18Ni Steel CVM alloy for cryogenic wind tunnel models is presented. Specific improvements in material selection have been researched including availability, strength, fracture toughness and potential for use in transonic wind tunnel testing. Potential benefits from utilizing damage tolerant life-prediction methods, recently developed fatigue crack growth codes and upgraded NDE methods are also investigated. Two candidate alloys are identified and accepted for cryogenic/transonic wind tunnel models and hardware.
Synthesis and Characterization of Vinyl Polymer−Silica Colloidal Nanocomposites (2000)

Colloidal dispersions of polymer−silica nanocomposite particles were synthesized in high yield by homopolymerizing 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) in the presence of an ultrafine silica sol using a free-radical initiator in aqueous media at 60 °C. Copolymerization of 4VP with methyl methacrylate and styrene also produced colloidally stable nanocomposite particles, in some cases for comonomer feeds containing as little as 6 mol % 4VP. However, homopolymerization of styrene or methyl methacrylate in the presence of the silica sol did not produce nanocomposite particles in control experiments. Thus a strong acid−base interaction between the silica sol and the (co)polymer appears to be essential for nanocomposite formation. Transmission electron microscopy studies confirmed the presence of the ultrafine silica sols within the nanocomposite particles, which typically exhibited “currant-bun” particle morphologies. This is in contrast to the “raspberry” particle morphologies previously reported for conducting polymer−silica nanocomposite particles. The average silica contents and mean particle diameters of the vinyl (co)polymer−silica nanocomposites were surprisingly insensitive to the synthesis conditions, as judged by thermogravimetric analysis and disk centrifuge photosedimentometry studies, respectively. The latter technique also indicated that some of the copolymer−silica dispersions were appreciably flocculated, although the degree of dispersion could be improved by redispersion in alkaline media. 1H NMR spectroscopy studies on the extracted nanocomposites confirmed incorporation of the 4VP comonomer, with reasonable agreement between copolymer compositions and comonomer feeds being obtained. Aqueous electrophoresis measurements confirmed that the surface of the 4VP−silica particles is polymer-rich, which is consistent with their currant-bun morphology. Time-resolved photon correlation spectroscopy studies during nanocomposite formation showed that particle growth occurred rapidly, with particles reaching their final size after approximately 1 h. Doubling the 4VP monomer concentration at a fixed 4VP/silica ratio led to an increase in particle size from 150 to 220 nm.
C ion-implanted TiO2 thin film for photocatalytic applications (2015)

Third-generation TiO2 photocatalysts were prepared by implantation of C+ ions into 110 nm thick TiO2 films. An accurate structural investigation was performed by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, Raman-luminescence spectroscopy, and UV/VIS optical characterization. The C doping locally modified the TiO2 pure films, lowering the band-gap energy from 3.3 eV to a value of 1.8 eV, making the material sensitive to visible light. The synthesized materials are photocatalytically active in the degradation of organic compounds in water under both UV and visible light irradiation, without the help of any additional thermal treatment. These results increase the understanding of the C-doped titanium dioxide, helpful for future environmental applications.
Copper Conversion into Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes for Positioning Cu<sub>3</sub>(BTC)<sub>2</sub> MOF Crystals: Controlling the Growth on Flat Plates, 3D Architectures, and as Patterns (2013)

A new approach for the fabrication of homogeneous HKUST‐1 [Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ] coatings on copper metal plates, 3D objects, and as patterns, is here proposed. The conversion can be performed at room temperature in approximately 30 minutes using an aqueous ethanolic mixture. The two step conversion mechanism occurs via the formation of Cu(OH) 2 nanotubes. Microscopic time‐course monitoring reveals the conversion steps. The adhesion of the metal organic‐framework (MOF) crystals, as well as the functional properties of the resulting supported catalyst, are successfully tested. The versatility of the conversion mechanism on different metal copper substrates is investigated as well; in particular, a photolithography protocol is proposed for the preparation of MOF patterns. This protocol offers several features (short processing time, applicability to any copper metal object, low cost of the equipment, room temperature conditions) that would make it favorable for basic research and industrial exploitation of MOF capabilities.
Contiguous Four‐guanosine Sequence in c‐myc Antisense Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides Inhibits Cell Growth on Human Lung Cancer Cells: Possible Involvement of Cell Adhesion Inhibition (1997)

A contiguous four‐guanosine (4G) sequence in c‐myc antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides caused an antiproliferative effect in smooth muscle cells. To investigate the antiproliferative effect of c‐myc antisense oligonucleotides on human lung cancer cell lines, we synthesized oligonucleotides of various lengths and sequences, focusing on the contiguous four‐guanosine (4G) sequence. While a c‐myc antisense oligonucleotide (20AS1 (4G)) targeted to the translation initiation codon of c‐myc mRNA inhibited cell growth of A549 cells by 69% at 10 μM, a scrambled oligonucleotide (20SCR1 (4G)) containing the contiguous four‐guanosine (4G) sequence also inhibited cell growth by 72% at the same dose. Although treatment with either 20AS1 (4G) or 20SCR1 (4G) inhibited cell adhesion by 70% at 10 μM, expression of c‐myc protein was significantly suppressed only by 20AS1 (4G) (62%), and was only weakly inhibited by 20SCR1 (4G) (32%). Furthermore, a small cell lung carcinoma cell line, Lu65, which can grow in suspension form, was highly resistant to 20AS1 (4G) treatment (IC 50 >20 μM). These results suggest that the cell growth inhibition by C‐myc antisense oligonucleotides containing the contiguous four‐guanosine (4G) sequence was possibly correlated with inhibition of cell adhesion, but not with inhibition of c‐myc protein expression, via a sequence‐specific non‐antisense mechanism.
A New One-Step Photographic Process (1947)

This paper describes a process which produces finished poisitive pictures, directly from the camera, in about one minute after the exposure. The camera is described as containing a strip of paper in addition to the negative material and as feeding this strip of paper, in contact with the exposed negative, through simple pressure rollers and thence out of the camera box. The process to be used with the camera is described as having but one step, instead of the many steps of conventional photography; and it is shown that this can be achieved by associating with the strips a reagent which, when spread between the two strips by the pressure of the rollers, is capable of developing the silver halide of the negative and forming the positive image at one and the same time. Several classes of processes are discussed, their characteristics explored and certain principles established for obtaining satisfactory picture quality, stability, speed of operation, etc. In one of these processes, the reagent spread between the negative and the positive strip consists of a small amount of viscous liquid containing, in rather high concentration, the necessary constituents for developing the negative image, for forming at the same time a silver complex with the unexposed grains in the negative, for transferring the soluble complex to the positive sheet, and there creating and stabilizing the positive silver image. This process runs to completion in about one minute. When the two strips are peeled apart, both are essentially dry. One strip is the finished positive picture. The process operates at temperatures from less than 30°F to over 100°F. The paper discusses the control of the rates of reduction, silver ion complex formation, and ion diffusion in the several reaction fronts; principles of stabilization of the positive picture; control of the relative rates of growth of density in negative and positive; conversion of the silver ions to particles of silver of adequate size and the control of the color of the image as a function of particle size; and various characteristic curves which have been obtained with different negative materials. These factors are then interpreted with relation to the photographic usefulness of the process.
Thymic hyperplasia following chemotherapy of a testicular germ cell tumor. Immunohistological evidence for a simple rebound phenomenon (1989)

Diffuse thymic hyperplasia after chemotherapy of a mixed testicular germ cell tumor is reported in a 16-year-old patient. The immunohistologic investigation of the enlarged thymus revealed a normal distribution and antigen expression of lymphocytes and epithelial cells. There was no evidence of selective proliferation of lymphocytic or nonlymphocytic subpopulations within the thymus. Thus, our data corroborate the identification of thymic enlargement after chemotherapy as a simple rebound phenomenon.
Smart Decentralized Control of DG for Voltage and Thermal Constraint Management (2012)

Active Network Management schemes are being developed to accommodate larger volumes of renewable generation within distribution networks. Approaches typically manage only single technical constraints or are highly complex with extensive sensing and communications needs that bring cost, deployment, and operational risks. This work offers an alternative, decentralized approach for real-time management of local voltage and thermal constraints that avoids extensive sensing and communications. It controls generator active and reactive power output to overcome voltage and thermal issues near the point of connection. Results from time-series analyses reveal its effectiveness in managing both constraints and allowing greater production. It represents a potentially effective and fast-to-deploy alternative to more complex, integrated solutions.
A New Triple-Balloon, Four-Channel Vascular Catheter for Use in Renal Transplantation (1994)

While current surgical techniques of renal transplantation afford excellent results, some steps of the operation are associated with potential morbidity. Application of vascular clamps on an atherosclerotic recipient artery can cause plaque fracture or atheroembolism. atheroembolism. Prolonged revascularization time may aggravate ischemic allograft damage. Based on the premise that arterial occlusion by an intraluminal balloon is less damaging to the vascular endothelium than an external vascular clamp, a new three-balloon, four-channel vascular catheter has been developed for use in renal transplantation. Catheters are inserted by the Seldinger technique, one catheter being positioned in each recipient external iliac artery and external iliac vein. Vascular control of the recipient vessels is obtained by inflation of the balloons. A pilot study in four dogs has confirmed the technical feasibility of using this catheter during renal transplantation. A description of the catheter, technique of surgical placement, advantages and potential uses is presented.
Absolute scale of thermoelectricity III (1985)

Abstract We have measured the Thomson coefficient μ of platinum and tungsten from 900 to 1600 K and calculated the absolute thermopower S of each. We describe a numerical technique for evaluating the temperature profile of a wire which is undergoing self-heating by direct current and discuss the experimental design problems associated with measuring μ at high temperatures. We develop a method in which the direction of the current through the specimen is reversed about once per second and observe the rates of heating and cooling at different places with an optical pyrometer. By changing the magnitude of the current at the same time as its reversal the change in the Joule heating is balanced with the change in the Thomson heating. We describe a technique for calibrating the pyrometer, report measurements of μPL and μW, calculate S Pt and S w, and test the results according to Kelvin's relation, S = f μ/T dT. The difference between our S Pt, and that given by Cusack and Kendall (1958) varies from −0·7μV K−1 at 900K to −0·4 μV K−1 at 1600K, whereas our estimated uncertainty varies from ± 0·05 to ± 0·2 μ V K−1 over the same range.
Constitución y dirección de la investigación oficial en el proceso penal por un juez o por el Ministerio Fiscal (2005)

This is the first known study to address individual and dyadic components of sexual communication using reports from both members of established adolescent dating couples. Findings suggest that open sexual communication between intimate partners is important to sexual decision-making. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.