gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE WAR IN THE WEARABLE DEVICE MARKET: THE ANALYSIS FROM ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE (2014)

Given the scarcity of data on the development of the cerebral cortex and its connections in man, four brains of human fetuses at 25, 26, 30, and 32 weeks postovulation were used to investigate the following: 1) the radial distribution of callosal neurons in the cingulate cortex at the immediate postmigratory period; 2) the existence of callosally projecting neurons in the cortical subplate; and 3) the dendritic morphology of developing callosal neurons. The carbocyanine dye (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate) (DiI) was used as a fluorescent postmortem tracer for the identification and morphological description of callosal neurons, 4-6 months after the insertion of DiI crystals at the callosal midplane. Sixty-one completely labeled neurons were selected for microscopical analysis, drawn by use of a camera lucida and photographed. The main findings were the following: 1) the human cingulate cortex at 25-32 weeks postovulation contains callosally projecting neurons both in the cortical plate and in the subplate; 2) callosal cells in the plate are mostly spiny pyramids with somata distributed uniformly throughout the depth of the plate, irrespective of rostrocaudal position. They have well-differentiated basal dendrites and apical dendrites that consistently ramify within layer 1; 3) subplate callosal cells are smooth neurons of diverse dendritic morphology, distributed widely throughout the subplate depth. They were classified into four cell types according to the dendritic morphology: radially oriented, horizontally oriented, multipolars, and inverted pyramids. These findings extend to the human brain some of the evidence obtained in animals concerning the development of the cerebral cortex, especially those that are relevant to the formation of a transitory circuitry in the subplate.
High Hemoglobin A1c and Diabetes Predict Memory Decline in the Health and Retirement Study (2017)

Diabetes accelerated memory loss and higher HbA1c predicted memory decline even in nondiabetics.
Confirmation of the cellular targets of benomyl and rapamycin using next-generation sequencing of resistant mutants in <i>S. cerevisiae</i> (2014)

Investigating the mechanisms of action (MOAs) of bioactive compounds and the deconvolution of their cellular targets is an important and challenging undertaking. Drug resistance in model organisms such as S. cerevisiae has long been a means for discovering drug targets and MOAs. Strains are selected for resistance to a drug of interest, and the resistance mutations can often be mapped to the drug's molecular target using classical genetic techniques. Here we demonstrate the use of next generation sequencing (NGS) to identify mutations that confer resistance to two well-characterized drugs, benomyl and rapamycin. Applying NGS to pools of drug-resistant mutants, we develop a simple system for ranking single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) based on their prevalence in the pool, and for ranking genes based on the number of SNPs that they contain. We clearly identified the known targets of benomyl (TUB2) and rapamycin (FPR1) as the highest-ranking genes under this system. The highest-ranking SNPs corresponded to specific amino acid changes that are known to confer resistance to these drugs. We also found that by screening in a pdr1Δ null background strain that lacks a transcription factor regulating the expression of drug efflux pumps, and by pre-screening mutants in a panel of unrelated anti-fungal agents, we were able to mitigate against the selection of multi-drug resistance (MDR) mutants. We call our approach "Mutagenesis to Uncover Targets by deep Sequencing", or "MUTseq", and show through this proof-of-concept study its potential utility in characterizing MOAs and targets of novel compounds.
Attacks Meet Interpretability: Attribute-steered Detection of Adversarial Samples (2018)

Adversarial sample attacks perturb benign inputs to induce DNN misbehaviors. Recent research has demonstrated the widespread presence and the devastating consequences of such attacks. Existing defense techniques either assume prior knowledge of specific attacks or may not work well on complex models due to their underlying assumptions. We argue that adversarial sample attacks are deeply entangled with interpretability of DNN models: while classification results on benign inputs can be reasoned based on the human perceptible features/attributes, results on adversarial samples can hardly be explained. Therefore, we propose a novel adversarial sample detection technique for face recognition models, based on interpretability. It features a novel bi-directional correspondence inference between attributes and internal neurons to identify neurons critical for individual attributes. The activation values of critical neurons are enhanced to amplify the reasoning part of the computation and the values of other neurons are weakened to suppress the uninterpretable part. The classification results after such transformation are compared with those of the original model to detect adversaries. Results show that our technique can achieve 94% detection accuracy for 7 different kinds of attacks with 9.91% false positives on benign inputs. In contrast, a state-of-the-art feature squeezing technique can only achieve 55% accuracy with 23.3% false positives.
The Neuropathologic Basis of Different Clinical Subgroups of Parkinson's Disease (1991)

Clinical and neuropathologic data in 45 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) were compared. Twenty-seven patients suffered from marked akinesia and rigidity (AR-type) and 18 patients from predominant resting tremor (T-type). Dementia, depression, and psychosis occurred in 26, 18, and 18 patients, respectively. Neuronal counts were performed in defined areas of the medial and lateral substantia nigra (SNM, SNL), locus ceruleus (LC), and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). The AR-type (compared with the T-type) showed higher neuronal loss of LC, SNL, SNM, and more severe gliosis, extraneuronal melanin deposits, and neuroaxonal dystrophy in substantia nigra. Demented PD patients showed more intense cortical Alzheimer lesions and higher neuronal depletion in the SNM, whereas PD subjects with moderate or marked dementia differed from mildly or not demented ones only in the higher degree of cortical Alzheimer lesions. More severe neuronal cell loss of DRN was observed in PD patients with depression. Occurrence of psychosis was not associated with any pathologic feature. Our findings indicate that some major clinical features of PD are related to distinct neuropathologic lesions.
Big Data Analytics in E-commerce for the U.S. and China Through Literature Reviewing (2021)

Abstract Big data analytics (BDA) in e-commerce, which is an emerging field that started in 2006, deeply affects the development of global e-commerce, especially its layout and performance in the U.S. and China. This paper seeks to examine the relative influence of theoretical research of BDA in e-commerce to explain the differences between the U.S. and China by adopting a statistical analysis method on the basis of samples collected from two main literature databases, Web of Science and CNKI, aimed at the U.S. and China. The results of this study help clarify doubts regarding the development of China’s e-commerce, which exceeds that of the U.S. today, in view of the theoretical comparison of BDA in e-commerce between them.
An electrically tunable focusing liquid crystal lens with a built-in planar polymeric lens (2011)

An electrically tunable focusing liquid crystal (LC) lens with a built-in planar polymeric lens with a short focal length (∼4.41 to 8.82 cm) is demonstrated. The focal length of the LC lens is contributed by two parts: one is the LC layer and the other is planar polymeric layer. In the image system, the object can be continuously imaged by the LC lens when the object is at the objective distance from 360 to 17 cm as the voltage is switched from 0 to 35 Vrms. The image performance is also demonstrated. The applications are cell phones, and cameras
Nonlinear oscillators for vibration energy harvesting (2009)

Vibration to electricity energy conversion strategies are discussed by using nonlinear stochastic dynamics. General principles for the exploitation of nonlinear oscillators in energy harvesting that provide useful leads for the realization of micropower generators of practical interest are presented.
Methodology for Evaluation of Melanin Content and Production of Pigment Cells <i>in Vitro</i><sup>†</sup> (2007)

Melanin has a photo-screening, a biophysical/biochemical and a cosmetic effect. Melanin content of cultured pigmented cells can be measured by spectrophotometry and expressed either as melanin content per cell or melanin content per culture (area). Melanin production can be calculated from melanin content and cell number at the beginning and at the end of a culture using various formulas and expressed as melanin production per cell per day or melanin production per culture per day. Melanin content or production per cell have been used widely to compare melanin content in various cell lines or to compare the melanin content during different stages in the culture (e.g. growing stage and senescent stage). For the evaluation of changes in melanin content and production in a given pigment cell line after treatment with a special chemical, physical or biological stimulator or inhibitor, different parameters used for the evaluation of experimental data can lead to conflicting results. Melanin content per area is determined by melanin content per cell and the number of cells in this area. The biological and cosmetic effects of melanin in vivo are determined mainly by melanin content per area, not melanin content per cell. For example, if melanin content per cell is the same, but the number of cells in a given area is increased after the treatment, then the melanin content per area is also increased. Under this circumstance, the color of skin turns darker and the total antioxidant activity provided by melanin in this area is increased even though the melanin content per cell measured remains the same; therefore, melanin content or production per culture is more important than melanin content or production per cell under this circumstance.
In vitro formation of short RNA polymerase II transcripts that terminate within the HIV-1 and HIV-2 promoter-proximal downstream regions. (1989)

Trans-activation of HIV-1 transcription by the viral regulatory protein Tat has been proposed recently to overcome a block to RNA polymerase II elongation in vivo imposed by 5'-untranslated leader sequences. Interestingly, however, only full-length transcripts, rather than prematurely terminated HIV RNAs, are synthesized in most cell-free transcription extracts. Here, we describe an in vitro system in which induction of a highly efficient RNA polymerase II termination or cotranscriptional RNA processing event creates short HIV RNAs with 3' ends that map to a region immediately downstream of the HIV-1 or HIV-2 promoters. Termination in vitro is sequence dependent, generating short HIV-1 RNAs of 58-61 nucleotides that resemble in vivo transcripts observed in the absence of Tat, and a distinct, longer transcript of approximately 125-130 nucleotides from the HIV-2 promoter. Deletion of promoter-proximal HIV-2 downstream sequences results in the loss of a discrete RNA but also fails to restore wild-type transcription, indicating that termination actually is specified at the promoter and occurs at a site positioned by one or more elements located immediately upstream of the 3' end of the short RNAs. Experiments with recombinant HIV-2 promoters and nucleoside analogs indicate that this event involves a concerted interaction between the promoter and orientation-dependent leader sequences and that RNA secondary structure formation may also be required. These data provide direct evidence for abbreviated HIV transcripts and an in vitro approach to understanding the roles of cellular and viral regulatory proteins that mediate this process at the HIV promoters.
The endosome–lysosome pathway and information generation in the immune system (2011)

For a long time the lysosomal pathway was thought to be exclusively one for catabolism and recycling of material taken up by endocytosis from the external milieu or from the cytosol by autophagy. At least in the immune system it is clear now that endo/lysosomal proteolysis generates crucially important information, in particular peptides that bind class II MHC molecules to create ligands for survey by the diverse antigen receptors of the T lymphocyte system. This process of antigen processing and presentation is used to display not only foreign but also self peptides and therefore is important for 'self' tolerance as well as immunity to pathogens. Some cells, macrophages and particularly dendritic cells can load peptides on class I MHC molecules in the endosome system through the important, though still not fully characterised, pathway of cross-presentation. Here I try to provide a brief review of how this area developed focussing to some extent our own contributions to understanding the class II MHC pathway. I also mention briefly recent work of others showing that proteolysis along this pathway turns out to regulate immune signalling events in the innate immune system such as the activation of some members of the Toll-like receptor family. Finally, our recent work on the endo/lysosome targeted protease inhibitor cystatin F, suggests that auto-regulation of protease activity in some immune cells occurs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis 50 years after the discovery of lysosome.
An integrated analog CMOS Viterbi detector for digital magnetic recording (1993)

An analog Viterbi detector has been fabricated in a 2- mu m double-poly p-well CMOS process. The detector takes a continuous-time analog input equalized to a class-IV partial response and produces the corresponding digital output at over 40 Mb/s while consuming less than 100 mW from a single 5-V supply. Measured performance is close to theoretical expectations and the performance is demonstrated to be robust with respect to changes in bias.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<i>Escherichia coli</i> Clone Sonnei ( <i>Shigella sonnei</i> ) Had a Chromosomal O-Antigen Gene Cluster Prior to Gaining Its Current Plasmid-Borne O-Antigen Genes (1998)

O antigen is part of the lipopolysaccharide present in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. The surface-exposed O antigen is subject to selection by the host immune system, which may account for the maintenance of many different O-antigen forms. Characteristically, all genes specific to O-antigen synthesis are clustered in a region close to the his and gnd genes on the chromosome of Escherichia coli and related species. Shigella sonnei, essentially a clone of E. coli (E. coli clone Sonnei), is an important human pathogen and is unusual in that its O-antigen gene cluster is located on a plasmid. Our results suggest that it once had a normal chromosomal O-antigen gene cluster which has been largely deleted. We suggest that the O antigen encoded by the plasmid-borne genes offered a selective advantage in adapting to a new environment and that the chromosomal O-antigen genes were eventually inactivated. We also identified, by PCR and sequencing, a potential ancestor of E. coli Sonnei among the 166 known E. coli serotype strains.
Multiple communication protocols for software defined radio (2003)

We present an inexpensive multi-protocol communication system implemented entirely in software comprised of Global Positioning System (GPS), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and Bluetooth (BT). All three communications protocols share the same Analog to Digital converter and are sampled at the same hardware sampling rate. The hardware sampling clock is provided by a high stability crystal oscillator at a sampling frequency suited for the GPS receiver. For the WLAN and BT systems, the sampling rate is modified with an interpolation filter and a Phase Lock Loop (PLL) both implemented in software. The communication system is able to execute simultaneously in software the physical layer processing and data sample timing for GPS, WLAN, and BT employing Sandbridge Technologies’ multithreaded Sandblaster SB9600 Processor.
Decreased parvalbumin immunoreactivity in surviving Purkinje cells of patients with spinocerebellar ataxia-1 (1996)

The distribution of two calcium-binding proteins, calbindin D28k (CaBP) and parvalbumin (PV), was investigated by immunohistochemistry in the brains of three individuals dying of nonneurologic illness and three patients with spinocerebellar ataxia-1 (SCA-1). SCA-1 has recently been proven to be due to an unstable CAG repeat mutation on chromosome 6. In the cerebellum of control individuals the Purkinje cells showed strong immunoreactivity to CaBP. Other cells were CaBP-negative. Parvalbumin was highly localized to Purkinje, basket, stellate, and Golgi cells. All surviving Purkinje cells in SCA-1 were strongly immunoreactive to CaBP. The number of PV-immunoreactive Purkinje cells was markedly reduced in SCA-1. In addition, there was a significant decrease in the intensity of PV immunostaining within the individual Purkinje cells compared with controls. However, in the hippocampus, temporal cortex, and lateral geniculate scattered PV-positive neurons were seen in SCA-1 patients, similar to those in controls. The present results suggest that the decreased PV-immunoreactivity in the surviving Purkinje cells in SCA-1 may reflect biochemical alterations preceding Purkinje cell degeneration.
Un desarrollo ambientalmente viable (2005)

Un 80 por cien de la energia procede de combustibles fosiles, generadores del CO2 causante del efecto invernadero. Un desarrollo ambientalmente viable exige repartir mejor lo mucho que sobra.
Error Probability Performance of Unbalanced QPSK Receivers (1978)

A simple technique for calculating the error probability performance and associated noisy reference loss of practical unbalanced QPSK receivers is presented. The approach is based on expanding the error probability conditioned on the loop phase error φ in a power series in φ and then, keeping only the first few terms of this series, averaging this conditional error probability over the probability density function of φ. Doing so results in an expression for the average error probability which is in the form of a leading term representing the ideal (perfect synchronization references) performance plus a term proportional to the mean-squared crosstalk. Thus, the additional error probability due to noisy synchronization references occurs as an additive term proportional to the mean-squared phase jitter <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\sigma_{\phi}^{2}</tex> directly associated with the receiver's tracking loop. Similar arguments are advanced to give closed-form results for the noisy reference loss itself.
SCADS: Scale-Independent Storage for Social Computing Applications (2009)

Collaborative web applications such as Facebook, Flickr and Yelp present new challenges for storing and querying large amounts of data. As users and developers are focused more on performance than single copy consistency or the ability to perform ad-hoc queries, there exists an opportunity for a highly-scalable system tailored specifically for relaxed consistency and pre-computed queries. The Web 2.0 development model demands the ability to both rapidly deploy new features and automatically scale with the number of users. There have been many successful distributed key-value stores, but so far none provide as rich a query language as SQL. We propose a new architecture, SCADS, that allows the developer to declaratively state application specific consistency requirements, takes advantage of utility computing to provide cost effective scale-up and scale-down, and will use machine learning models to introspectively anticipate performance problems and predict the resource requirements of new queries before execution.
Cancer chemoprotective effects of <i>Curcuma xanthorrhiza</i> (2008)

Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) is a medicinal plant widely spread in South East Asia. In particular, it is commonly used not only for food and medicinal purposes in Indonesia, but also for the topical treatment of acne and skin inflammations as Thai traditional medicine. It was found that the methanol extract of C. xanthorrhiza inhibited significantly 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced bacterial mutagenesis of Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 in the presence of S9, and the mutagenesis induced by H2O2 and tert-butylhydroperoxide in S. typhimurium TA102, respectively. In addition, 12-O-tetradecanolyphorbol-13-acetate(TPA)-induced mouse ear edema was markedly inhibited by pretreatment with C. xanthorrhiza extract. C. xanthorrhiza extract dose-dependently reduced ODC expression in mouse skin with TPA-induced acute inflammation. Furthermore, repeated treatment with 0.1% C. xanthorrhiza extract reduced the average number of tumors per mouse and the percentage of tumor-bearing mice in a multistage mouse skin carcinogenesis induced by DMBA and TPA. These results demonstrate that the methanol extract of C. xanthorrhiza possesses cancer chemopreventive potential.
EpCAM Immunotherapy versus Specific Targeted Delivery of Drugs (2018)

The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), or CD326, was one of the first cancer associated biomarkers to be discovered. In the last forty years, this biomarker has been investigated for use in personalized cancer therapy, with the first monoclonal antibody, edrecolomab, being trialled in humans more than thirty years ago. Since then, several other monoclonal antibodies have been raised to EpCAM and tested in clinical trials. However, while monoclonal antibody therapy has been investigated against EpCAM for almost 40 years as primary or adjuvant therapy, it has not shown as much promise as initially heralded. In this review, we look at the reasons why and consider alternative targeting options, such as aptamers, to turn this almost ubiquitously expressed epithelial cancer biomarker into a viable target for future personalized therapy.
The role of the AT2 receptor in hypertension (2000)

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is integrally involved in maintaining the healthy body's hemodynamic status. It is also involved in many pathogenic situations. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the major effector hormone of this system. Ang II subtype 1 receptor blockers (ARB), like angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, modulate the potent vasoconstricting and growth-promoting effects of Ang II. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that ACE inhibitors and ARB provide similar benefits in patients with hypertension and other diseases. There are salient differences, however, in that ARB antagonize Ang II at its AT1 receptor subtype but spare its AT2 receptor subtype, which has unique-and largely oppositional- effects on the blood vessels, kidneys, and adrenals. ACE inhibitors decrease the amount of Ang II available to its AT1 and AT2 receptors alike without totally suppressing its formation. This article reviews recent findings about the role of the AT2 receptor in both health and disease and the actions of ARB mediated by this receptor.