gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A guide to the limits of resolution imposed by scattering in ray tomography (1991)

Abstract Tomographic imaging is now in widespread use in geophysical inversion. Most early work in this field used the ray approximation to wave propagation, but more recently scattering effects have been addressed via the formalism of diffraction tomography. However, if the correct image cannot be adequately represented as a perturbation of a simple background, this may demand considerably more computational resources than ray tomography. Therefore it is of some interest to determine the scalelength of variation below which scattering cannot be neglected, so that ray tomography is no longer reliable.In the hypothetical case of monochromatic illumination of a region consisting of small perturbations to a homogeneous background, the way in which the two reconstruction algorithms map the data into the Fourier components of the object may be directly compared to reveal the effect of neglecting scattering. These mappings begin to differ significantly at a wavenumber corresponding to the first Fresnel zone radius; it seems reasonable to expect that a similar result should apply to cases with more general background velocities, and so to iterative (nonlinear) inversions. Therefore some kind of inverse scattering approach must be employed to ensure accurate imaging beyond this wavenumber to the limit of twice that of the illuminating radiation.
Cutting Edge: Gut Microenvironment Promotes Differentiation of a Unique Memory CD8 T Cell Population (2006)

Whether tissue microenvironment influences memory CD8 T cell differentiation is unclear. We demonstrate that virus-specific intraepithelial lymphocytes in gut resemble neither central nor effector memory CD8 T cells isolated from spleen or blood. This unique phenotype arises in situ within the gut, suggesting that anatomic location plays an inductive role in the memory differentiation program. In support of this hypothesis, memory CD8 T cells changed phenotype upon change in location. After transfer and in vivo restimulation, gut or spleen memory cells proliferated, disseminated into spleen and gut, and adopted the memory T cell phenotype characteristic of their new environment. Our data suggests that anatomic location directly impacts the memory T cell differentiation program.
Differential Androgen Regulation of the Murine Genes for Cysteine‐Rich Secretory Proteins (CRISP) (1997)

The androgen dependency of the genes coding for the cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP) was analysed in their main sites of expression. Male mice were treated with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist Ac-DNapAla-DClPhAla-DPyrAla-Ser-Tyr-DCtl-Leu-Lys (Mor)-Pro-DAla-NH2 [DNapAla, D-2-naphthyl-Ala; DClPhAla, D-4-chlorphenyl-Ala; DPyrAla, D-pyridyn-3-yl-Ala; DCtl, D-citrulline; Lys(Mor), L-2-amino-6-(morpholin-4-yl)-hexanoic acid], and CRISP RNA levels were assessed by northern blot and competitive reverse transcriptase-mediated (RT)-PCR. In the salivary gland, CRISP-1 and to a lesser extent CRISP-3 expression was markedly reduced, in spite of an up-regulation of androgen receptor transcript levels. A down-regulation of CRISP-1 expression was also observed in the epididymis. Conversely, the levels of the testicular CRISP-2 transcripts were hardly affected at all. Female mice were ovariectomised and treated with testosterone propionate, and their salivary gland RNAs analysed. CRISP-1 and CRISP-3 RNA levels were significantly increased, and these effects were prevented by a concomitant treatment with the antiandrogen flutamide. Androgen receptor transcript levels were not affected by androgen administration but increased following antiandrogen treatment. CRISP expression during postnatal development was monitored by northern blot analysis. CRISP-1 and CRISP-2 transcripts were detected as early as 22 days after birth in the epididymis and testis, respectively, whereas CRISP-3 mRNA was visible only from day 30 in the salivary gland. A sharp increase of all CRISP levels was noted on day 40, coincident with the onset of sexual maturity. Altogether these results indicate that despite their high similarity, the CRISP genes are differentially regulated by androgens.
WAVE EQUATION MIGRATION WITH THE ACCURATE SPACE DERIVATIVE METHOD* (1980)

A bstract A stacked seismic section represents a wave‐field recorded at regularly spaced points on the surface. The seismic migration process transforms this recorded data into a reflectivity display. In recent years, Jon F. Claerbout and his co‐workers developed migration techniques based on the numerical approximation of the wave equation by finite difference methods. This paper describes an alternative method, termed ASD (for Accurate Space Derivative), and its application to the wave equation migration problem. In this approach to the numerical solution of partial differential equations, partial derivatives are computed by finite Fourier transform methods. This migration method can accommodate media with vertical as well as horizontal velocity variations.
Ames Award Lecture 1972. An Investigation of the Determination of Serum Cholesterol by an Enzymatic Method (1973)

The enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol is described. The source of the enzyme cholesterol dehydrogenase is the bacterium Nocardia erythropolis. A comparison is made between the enzymatic assay and an automated Liebermann-Burchard serum cholesterol determination.
Antimicrobial Effect of Extracts from Chinese Chive, Cinnamon, and Corni Fructus (2000)

Extracts were prepared from Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia), and corni fructus (Cornus officinalis) and used to evaluate their antimicrobial activity on common foodborne microorganisms, alone and in combination. The mixed extract, consisting of three extracts in equal volumes, showed an entire antimicrobial spectrum and had excellent stability to heat, pH, and storage. The mixed extract exhibited better inhibition on growth of Escherichia coli than potassium sorbate at 2-5 mg/mL. The mixed extract inhibited the growth of Pichia membranaefaciens at levels as low as 2 mg/mL. When the mixed extract was used in foods, the expected antimicrobial effect in orange juice, pork, and milk was observed. After gel filtration chromatography, each extract was partially purified into fractions, and one fraction in each extract showed enhanced antimicrobial activity. Overall, the mixed extract was of promising potential for incorporation into various food products for which a natural antimicrobial additive is desired.
Improved energy density homopolar generator (1986)

The preliminary design of a self excited, air-core (SEAC) homopolar generator (HPG) which stores about 250 MJ inertially and is4 capable of delivering 3.2 MA current pulses is presented. In aiming for maximum energy density in an HPG and inductor power supply for electromagnetic (EM) accelerators, the improved energy density (IED) machine uses its self-excited field coils as energy storage inductors and a lightweight graphite reinforced flywheel for inertial energy storage. Weighing approximately 5,000 kg, the design represents a twenty-fold increase in mass energy density over the state of the art and addresses the problem of trapping flux in the rotor during discharge by separating the voltage generating and energy storage functions. Voltage is generated across a squirrel-cage rotor armature by an opposed pair of five-turn cryogenically cooled field Coils/inductors. Inertial energy is stored in a graphite-reinforced epoxy flywheel which will operate at a maximum tip speed of 1,100 m/s. Current collection is accomplished at the smaller radius of the squirrel-cage armature which implies brush slip speeds of no more than 300 m/s at the design speed. The machine is expected to develop about 500 V at half speed while charging the coils to 130 MJ at 3.2 MA. Peak output voltage during discharge of coils will be roughly 10 kV.
The Reciprocal Relationship Between Alliance and Symptom Improvement Across the Treatment of Childhood Anxiety (2013)

This study examined changes in the therapeutic alliance and in self-reported anxiety over the course of 16 weeks of manual-based family treatment for child anxiety disorders. Eighty-six children (51.3% female; aged 7.15-14.44; 86.2% Caucasian, 14.8% minority) with a principal diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and/or social phobia, and their parents, received family treatment for anxiety disorders in youth. Child, therapist, and parent ratings of therapeutic alliance and child ratings of state anxiety were measured each session. Latent difference score growth modeling investigated the interacting relationship. Therapeutic alliance change, as rated by the mother and by the therapist, was a significant predictor (medium effect) of latter change in child anxiety (with greater therapeutic alliance leading to later reduction in anxiety). However, changes in child-reported anxiety also predicted latter change in father- and therapist-reported alliance (small-to-medium effect). Prospective relationships between child-reported therapeutic alliance and child-reported symptom improvement were not significant. Results provide partial support for a reciprocal model in which therapeutic alliance improves outcome, and anxiety reduction improves therapeutic alliance.
Full-Scale ISA Dipoles (1975)

After the life test of the two 8-cm (diameter) aperture one-meter long magnets (ISA I and II) had been satisfactorily concluded, the next logical step is the construction of a full-scale (12-cm aperture 4.25-meter long) dipole. The 12-cm magnet is essentially a larger version of ISA I and II with the exceptions of conductor and structural material refinements that have evolved in the 5 and 8-cm aperture model magnet series and comparable programs in other laboratories. The magnet windings will have a 23% higher packing density than ISA I and II. The rate of magnetic field sweep at which the magnetization of the magnet doubles, is an order of magnitude faster, due to improved conductor geometry. The peak magnetic field is approximately 5% greater than the central field 'B(0,0)' in the new design which has 85% usable aperture (≈ 67% actually required). The design field 'B(0,0)' is 4.0 T at 4.5 °K. The coil parameters are ID = 12.05 cm, OD = 15.538 cm, length = 427 cm and 80 turns/pole. The magnet is presently under construction and only prototype data and computed characteristics are presently available.
Vapor–and Liquid–Phase Reactions between Nitrogen Dioxide and Water (1955)

Knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the aqueous absorption of nitrogen oxides is limited, and no definite evidence has been available to indicate if the major chemical reactions involved occur in the gas phase or in the liquid phase. This work was undertaken to determine in which phases the chemical reactions occur and to obtain additional information on the over-all mechanism of the removal process. The results of this investigation show that the rate of absorption of nitrogen oxides decreases significantly as the operating temperature is increased. The major portion of the chemical reactions occurs in the liquid film and the gas film, with an appreciable amount of the reactions occurring in each.
Magnetic properties of Sm-Fe-N bulk magnets produced from Cu-plated Sm-Fe-N powder (2016)

In this study, Cu-plated Sm-Fe-N powder was prepared for consolidation by the SPS method. The structures and magnetic properties of Sm-Fe-N bulk magnets produced from the Cu-plated Sm-Fe-N powder were examined. It was found that the powder could be consolidated into bulk materials at low temperatures of 473–673 K. The Sm-Fe-N magnet produced at a temperature of 473K from the Cu-plated Sm-Fe-N powder showed a high coercivity of 9.5 kOe, close to that of the Sm-Fe-N powder.
Progresses in study of pipeline robot (2012)

In-pipe robots are mostly applied to exploration and maintenance of pipelines in the industry where is hard to perform by manual operation. As their study involves many disciplines and it is one of the important development directions in the field of robot research, and has important research value and wide application foreground. This paper presents the significance and prospects, and comprehensively analyzes the typical pipeline robot developed at home and abroad. On the basis of characteristic and performance analysis of different kinds of pipeline robot locomotion pattern, the paper points out the key issues such as energy supply. that the research of pipeline robot is encountering.
Swedish snus and the GothiaTek® standard (2011)

Some smokeless tobacco products, such as Swedish snus, are today considered to be associated with substantially fewer health hazards than cigarettes. This risk differential has contributed to the scientific debate about the possibilities of harm reduction within the tobacco area. Although current manufacturing methods for snus build on those that were introduced more than a century ago, the low levels of unwanted substances in modern Swedish snus are largely due to improvements in production techniques and selection of raw materials in combination with several programs for quality assurance and quality control. These measures have been successively introduced during the past 30-40 years. In the late 1990s they formed the basis for a voluntary quality standard for Swedish snus named GothiaTek®. In recent years the standard has been accepted by the members of the trade organization European Smokeless Tobacco Council (ESTOC) so it has now evolved into an industrial standard for all smokeless tobacco products in Europe.The initial impetus for the mentioned changes of the production was quality problems related to microbial activity and formation of ammonia and nitrite in the finished products. Other contributing factors were that snus came under the jurisdiction of the Swedish Food Act in 1971, and concerns that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s about health effects of tobacco, and the significance of agrochemical residues and other potential toxicants in food stuffs.This paper summarizes the historical development of the manufacture of Swedish snus, describes the chemical composition of modern snus, and gives the background and rationale for the GothiaTek® standard, including the selection of constituents for which the standard sets limits. The paper also discusses the potential future of this voluntary standard in relation to current discussions about tobacco harm reduction and regulatory science in tobacco control.
Anti-Fibrotic Effects of Class I HDAC Inhibitor, Mocetinostat Is Associated with IL-6/Stat3 Signaling in Ischemic Heart Failure (2015)

Anti-fibrotic effects of Mocetinostat in CHF are associated with the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. In addition, our study demonstrates in vivo regulation of cardiac fibroblasts via HDAC inhibition.
Electrolyte Electroreflectance Study of Surface Optimization of n ‐ CuInSe2 in Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells (1986)

Electrolyte electroreflectance is used to show that the main effect of etching of is to remove the pinning of the Fermi level, which is due to a monolayer of states located 0.17V positive to the potential of the solution. The flatband potential of in polysulfide solution was found to be −0.62V vs. the solution potential, while in polyiodide solution it is shifted to −0.70V vs. the potential of that solution. This shift can explain some of the improvement in performance in polyiodide compared to polysulfide. The bandgap of was found to be a direct transition at 1.01 eV with a three‐dimensional critical point.
Optical properties of gold and silver nanoclusters investigated by liquid chromatography (2001)

We report high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and transmission electron microscopy studies of the size-dependent absorbance properties of Au and Ag nanoclusters dispersed in organic solvents. These nanosize metal clusters are synthesized by an inverse micelle synthetic technique at room temperature in inert oils and those investigated range in diameter from 1.3–8 nm. HPLC allows us to separate the clusters from all other chemicals and size select to a resolution of ±2 Å. We use an on-line photodiode array to study the size-dependent absorbance properties of these clusters. For both Au and Ag clusters in the size range d=8 to d=1.5 nm, the plasmon linewidth broadens following a 1/R linewidth size dependence whose slope is greatest for Au. The peak asymmetry in the plasmon band shape is greatest for Au and increases with decreasing size for both Au and Ag clusters. The plasmon peak energy blue shifts with decreasing size for Au clusters while in the case of Ag nanoclusters a red shift is observed.
Aspect-oriented requirements engineering for component-based software systems (2003)

Developing requirements for software components, and ensuring these requirements are met by component designs, is very challenging, as very often application domain and stakeholders are not fully known during component development. The author introduces a new methodology, aspect-oriented component engineering, that addresses some difficult issues of component requirements engineering by analysing and characterising components based on different aspects of the overall application a component addresses. He gives an overview of the aspect-oriented component requirements engineering process, focus on component requirements analysis specification and reasoning, and briefly discuss tool support.
Preparative chromatographic purification of cyclosporine metabolites (1993)

Polar and primary metabolites of cyclosporin A (CsA) have successfully been isolated by a novel separation protocol. An efficient, easy-to-scale-up chromatographic adsorption/desorption operation recovers polar and primary CsA metabolite pools from large volumes of urine; purified CsA metabolites are subsequently obtained by high-resolution preparative elution chromatography of the semipurified metabolite pools. Separations performed on a semipreparative scale [with a 250 x 9.4 mm (i.d.) reversed-phase HPLC column] yielded microgram quantities of CsA metabolites at > 97% purity, as determined by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. These separations also yielded two previously unreported CsA metabolites, similar to AM1A but with an additional hydroxylation. The yield of metabolites was increased to several milligrams by performing the separations with a preparative-scale [250 x 21.2 mm (i.d.)] reversed-phase column. The production rate of purified primary CsA metabolites was greatly increased by performing the separation with the preparative-scale column under conditions of severe mass overloading. In a single chromatographic run, we successfully isolated 11.0 and 5.0 mg of AM1 and AM1c, respectively, at a purity of > 97%. As expected, this increase in the yield of purified metabolites was accompanied by a decrease in the overall recovery. This separation scheme enables the rapid processing of large volumes of urine for isolation of the milligram quantities of CsA metabolites necessary to assess their biological activity. The procedure is applicable to small- or large-scale metabolite isolation and provides a ready source of purified metabolites for in vitro and whole-animal studies.
Reliability of the Questionnaire for Verifying Stroke-Free Status (2003)

The QVSS is a reliable instrument for telephone interviews in stroke research when applied to adult populations without severe deficits of cognition or verbal communication.
INTRODUCTION: RELIGION AND CHANGE (1982)

Religion has long been seen as a conservative force in society. This view has informed the rhetoric and theory of many reformers and social philosophers in Europe in recent centuries, where religious institutions often historically developed a rather too comfortable accommodation with the state and ruling class. Religion came, therefore, to be viewed as essentially supportive of the status quo and hostile to change. Marx was one of the reformers and social philosophers to voice just such a view. For him, religion was primarily an ideological tool by means of which the ruling class legitimated its position, and mystified those whom it exploited by conveying the conception that the prevailing social order was not simply a product of the ruthless exercise of a monopoly of power and profit in the interest of a particular social group, but rather a divinely ordained order. Religion, then, further undermined the capacity for protest and rebellion among the disadvantaged, by promising equity and justice in a life hereafter, contingent in part upon accepting the injustice and inequality of the life here below.
Effects of Starch on Latex Migration and on Paper Coating Properties (2011)

With increasing awareness of environmental protection and the surging cost of petroleum chemicals, eco-friendly polymer starches are being increasingly used as cobinders to partly replace synthetic polymer latex in the production of high quality coated papers. In this work, the influences of starch on latex migration and on properties of model clay coatings were investigated, in order to better understand interactions between starch and latex and their effects on coating structure development. The results showed that surface carbon content determined from XPS measurements decreased significantly with increasing starch content. This unexpected finding of lower surface carbon content for coatings of higher binder content was explained by assuming that water-soluble starch migrated to the surface would move back into the coating pores as an integral part of the aqueous phase, as the air–water interfaces recede from the coating surface into the capillaries during drying. It has also been found that gloss and porosity of the coatings decreased with starch addition, as expected. However, the K and N ink absorbency values increased with increasing binder content, contradicting literature results for coatings of sole binder systems. This finding was attributed to reduced binder migration to the surface, resulting in a more open surface structure, since surface carbon content decreased with increasing starch addition.
Replacement of Secondary Clarification by Membrane Separation—Results with Tubular, Plate and Hollow Fibre Modules (1999)

Membrane separation systems can replace the final clarification step to separate mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) in the activated sludge processes. Mixed liquor suspended solids concentrations as high as 20 g/l can be obtained compared with the typical 3-4 g/l for conventional activated sludge/secondary clarifier systems. This leads to much smaller reactor volumes. In addition, excellent, solids free effluent qualities can be achieved with this process technology. This paper reports about the parallel investigation of three membrane systems installed within or outside bioreactors of 7 to 9 m3 volume and flow rates from 1 to 3 m3/h. The different membrane modules were investigated: plate module (80 m2 membrane surface), hollow fibre module (80 m2) and tubular module (45 m2). At MLSS concentrations up to 25 g/l and water temperatures from 10 to 25°C a stable operation of the membrane systems was achieved for a period of more than one year. The energy consumption was approximately 1.5 kWh/m3 for the plate and hollow fibre and 3.0 kWh/m3 for the tubular module system.
Meconium aspiration in South Africa. (1995)

This retrospective study of 569 cases of meconium aspiration from 11 institutions in South Africa reveals a high incidence varying from 4 to 11/1,000 and a mortality rate of 12%. Mortality was significantly related to the degree of asphyxia at birth. Twenty-five per cent of the babies (136/569) required intensive care and 36% died. Of the mothers 18-25% were unbooked and most of the babies were inborn (87%). Babies born to primiparous mothers and to mothers over 35 years of age were at greater risk of death. In order to reduce mortality and the numbers admitted to the intensive care unit simple measures for the reduction in the incidence of this disease need to be emphasised in all teaching and training programmes.