gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ménage-à-trois of bariatric surgery, bile acids and the gut microbiome (2015)

Bariatric surgeries have emerged as highly effective treatments for obesity associated type-2 diabetes mellitus. Evidently, the desired therapeutic endpoints such as rates of weight loss, lower levels of glycated hemoglobin and remission of diabetes are achieved more rapidly and last longer following bariatric surgery, as opposed to drug therapies alone. In light of these findings, it has been suspected that in addition to causing weight loss dependent glucose intolerance, bariatric surgery induces other physiological changes that contribute to the alleviation of diabetes. However, the putative post-surgical neuro-hormonal pathways that underpin the therapeutic benefits of bariatric surgery remain undefined. In a recent report, Ryan and colleagues shed new light on the potential mechanisms that determine the salutary effects of bariatric surgery in mice. The authors demonstrated that the improved glucose tolerance and weight loss in mice after vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) surgery were likely to be caused by post-surgical changes in circulating bile acids and farnesoid-X receptor (FXR) signaling, both of which were also mechanistically linked to changes in the microbial ecology of the gut. The authors arrived at this conclusion from a comparison of genome-wide, metabolic consequences of VSG surgery in obese wild type (WT) and FXR knockout mice. Gene expression in the distal small intestines of WT and FXR knockout mice revealed that the pathways regulating bile acid composition, nutrient metabolism and anti-oxidant defense were differentially altered by VSG surgery in WT and FXR(-/-) mice. Based on these data Ryan et al, hypothesized that bile acid homeostasis and FXR signaling were mechanistically linked to the gut microbiota that played a role in modulating post-surgical changes in total body mass and glucose tolerance. The authors' data provide a plausible explanation for putative weight loss-independent benefits of bariatric surgery and its relationship with metabolism of bile acids.
Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis and Glutamate Excretion in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1968)

Cultures of Escherichia coli excreted glutamate into the medium when protein synthesis was blocked in RC(rel) strains or when it was blocked with chloramphenicol in either RC(str) or RC(rel) strains. Both of these conditions resulted in continued ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis in the absence of protein synthesis. Glutamate was also excreted by both RC(str) and RC(rel) strains when RNA synthesis was inhibited by uracil starvation or by treatment with actinomycin D. It is proposed that, in each of these cases, glutamate excretion resulted from an increase in the permeability of the cell membrane.
Harmonic variations of arterial pulse during dying process of rats (2005)

"Death" is often the largest issue people must face, but it is even more so in the medical field. Accurate forecasting of death not only has positive significance in treatment but also great helps the doctor-patient relationship and the economics of medical treatment. However, accurate forecasting is not easy, so many studies to generate forecasting systems have been conducted. In this experiment, a fatal dose of anesthetics, urethane, was injected into the abdomen of rats. Blood pressure waves in the rats' caudate arteries were then recorded during the dying process, and an analysis was conducted on the harmonics of the Fourier transform obtained. Of the 24 rats used in the experiment, 18 died and 6 survived. When a Kappa test was performed on the coefficient variation of the fourth harmonic magnitude (C.V.4) for the two groups of rats, it was found that when C.V.4 exceeded 1.7, the Kappa value was 0.75. This shows that during the death process the coefficiency variation of the fourth harmonic magnitude clearly increases.
T2‐weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (2007)

Technical advances in T2-weighted cardiovascular MR (CMR) imaging allow for accurate identification and quantification of tissue injuries that alter myocardial T2 relaxation. Of these, myocardial edema is of special relevance. Increased myocardial water content is an important feature of ischemic as well as nonischemic cardiomyopathies, which are often associated with acute myocardial inflammation. In this article, we review technical considerations and discuss clinical indications of myocardial T2-weighted imaging.
Measuring the<sup>13</sup>C/<sup>12</sup>C isotope ratio in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>by means of laser absorption spectrometry: a new perspective based on a 2.05-μm diode laser (2006)

The potential use of high sensitivity laser absorption spectroscopy for measuring the 13C/12C isotope ratio in atmospheric CO2 has been demonstrated, using a GaSb-based diode laser at 2.05 microm. In this spectral region, the overlapping between relatively strong 12CO2 and 13CO2 absorption features gives rise to several line pairs which are well suitable for a spectroscopic determination of the isotope ratio. Preliminary results have demonstrated that a short-term precision better than 1 per thousand can be easily obtained, for a CO2 concentration of 1000 ppm. We extensively discuss the influence of a possible non-linearity in the detectors' response on the delta-value and suggest an instrumental development that would allow to eliminate this effect.
A comparative study using manual and automatic transcriptions for diarization (2005)

This paper describes recent studies on speaker diarization from automatic broadcast news transcripts. Linguistic information revealing the true names of who speaks during a broadcast (the next, the previous and the current speaker) is detected by means of linguistic patterns. In order to associate the true speaker names with the speech segments, a set of rules are defined for each pattern. Since the effectiveness of linguistic patterns for diarization depends on the quality of the transcription, the performance using automatic transcripts generated with an LVCSR system are compared with those obtained using manual transcriptions. On about 150 hours of broadcast news data (295 shows) the global ratio of false identity association is about 13% for the automatic and the manual transcripts
Language and Gesture (2000)

This landmark study examines the role of gestures in relation to speech and thought. Leading scholars, including psychologists, linguists and anthropologists, offer state-of-the-art analyses to demonstrate that gestures are not merely an embellishment of speech but are integral parts of language itself. Language and Gesture offers a wide range of theoretical approaches, with emphasis not simply on behavioural descriptions but also on the underlying processes. The book has strong cross-linguistic and cross-cultural components, examining gestures by speakers of Mayan, Australian, East Asian as well as English and other European languages. The content is diverse including chapters on gestures during aphasia and severe stuttering, the first emergence of speech-gesture combinations of children, and a section on sign language. In a rapidly growing field of study this volume opens up the agenda for research into a new approach to understanding language, thought and society.
Comparison of the concentrations of pentosidine in the synovial fluid, serum and urine of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis (1999)

These results demonstrate that pentosidine levels in body fluids correlated with each other, and pentosidine in serum and in synovial fluid is associated with the systemic inflammatory activity of RA. Higher or similar concentrations of pentosidine in serum compared with synovial fluids indicate that the elevated pentosidine levels in serum in RA are not derived from the synovial fluid, but from an increase in the formation of pentosidine in the whole body in RA. Among body fluids, serum pentosidine was the superior indicator for RA disease status.
Measurements of Mechanical Properties of Polyisobutylene at Audiofrequencies by a Twin Transducer (1950)

Apparatus has been developed for measuring the dynamic viscosity and rigidity of soft rubber-like solids in small oscillating deformations. A plate rigidly attached between two identical coils in two permanent magnets shears a pair of disk-shaped samples when a driving current is passed through one coil. The open circuit voltage from the other coil is compared in amplitude and phase with the driving current by a method in which all measurements are in the form of settings of a potential divider. The apparatus has two advantages over the more familiar resonance devices: (a) the amplitudes of motion, which need not be measured directly, are extremely small, thus minimizing any non-linear effects, or temperature change due to heat dissipation; (b) a continuous range of frequencies, spaced as closely as desired, is available without adjusting masses. The dynamic rigidity and viscosity of two samples of polyisobutylene, of molecular weights 1.2 and 0.47 million, have been measured at 15, 25, and 35°C at frequencies from 20 to 600 cycles/ sec., with a reproducibility of five percent or better. The rigidity increases and the viscosity decreases with increasing frequency. Both decrease with increasing temperature, and are almost independent of molecular weight. The temperature dependence is quantitatively explained by the assumption that stresses relax by flow processes whose apparent activation energies are all identical with that characterizing the steady flow viscosity.
A Novel Method for the Preparation of Octyl Bonded Styrene-divinylbenzene HPLC Packings (2005)

Monodisperse octyl bonded poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) (C8-PS-DVB) beads were prepared via a single-step swelling and polymerization method. Fourier transform infrared and chromatographic evaluation were used to confirm the reaction between the octene and divinylbenzene.
Hemodynamic Exercise Testing (1996)

Both CO response to exercise and peak exercise Vo2 provide valuable independent prognostic information in ambulatory patients with heart failure. These variables should be used in combination to select potential heart transplantation candidates.
Functional mapping and annotation of genetic associations with FUMA (2017)

A main challenge in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) is to pinpoint possible causal variants. Results from GWAS typically do not directly translate into causal variants because the majority of hits are in non-coding or intergenic regions, and the presence of linkage disequilibrium leads to effects being statistically spread out across multiple variants. Post-GWAS annotation facilitates the selection of most likely causal variant(s). Multiple resources are available for post-GWAS annotation, yet these can be time consuming and do not provide integrated visual aids for data interpretation. We, therefore, develop FUMA: an integrative web-based platform using information from multiple biological resources to facilitate functional annotation of GWAS results, gene prioritization and interactive visualization. FUMA accommodates positional, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and chromatin interaction mappings, and provides gene-based, pathway and tissue enrichment results. FUMA results directly aid in generating hypotheses that are testable in functional experiments aimed at proving causal relations.
High power green laser with PPMgLN intracavity doubled (2009)

The quasiphase matched PPMgLN crystal is used intracavity frequency doubled to obtain high power green laser, with a pump power of 20 W at 808 nm, 6.67 W output power at 532 nm is achieved.
Synthesis and O-phosphorylation of 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoroaryl-C-nucleoside analogues (2010)

Enantioenriched tetrafluorinated aryl-C-nucleosides were synthesised in four steps from 1-benzyloxy-4-bromo-3,3,4,4-tetrafluorobutan-2-ol. The presence of the tetrafluorinated ethylene group is compatible with O-phosphorylation of the primary alcohol, as demonstrated by the successful preparation of the tetrafluorinated naphthyl-C-nucleotide.
Human MUC2 Mucin Gene Is Transcriptionally Regulated by Cdx Homeodomain Proteins in Gastrointestinal Carcinoma Cell Lines (2003)

In intestinal metaplasia and 30% of gastric carcinomas, MUC2 intestinal mucin and the intestine-specific transcription factors Cdx-1 and Cdx-2 are aberrantly expressed. The involvement of Cdx-1 and Cdx-2 in the intestinal development and their role in transcription of several intestinal genes support the hypothesis that Cdx-1 and/or Cdx-2 play important roles in the aberrant intestinal differentiation program of intestinal metaplasia and gastric carcinoma. To clarify the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of the MUC2 mucin gene in gastric cells, pGL3 deletion constructs covering 2.6 kb of the human MUC2 promoter were used in transient transfection assays, enabling us to identify a relevant region for MUC2 transcription in all gastric cell lines. To evaluate the role of Cdx-1 and Cdx-2 in MUC2 transcription we performed co-transfection experiments with expression vectors encoding Cdx-1 and Cdx-2. In two of the four gastric carcinoma cell lines and in all colon carcinoma cell lines we observed transactivation of the MUC2 promoter by Cdx-2. Using gel shift assays we identified two Cdx-2 binding sites at -177/-171 and -191/-187. Only simultaneous mutation of the two sites resulted in inhibition of Cdx-2-mediated transactivation of MUC2 promoter, implying that both Cdx-2 sites are active. Finally, stable expression of Cdx-2 in a gastric cell line initially not expressing Cdx-2, led to induction of MUC2 expression. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that Cdx-2 activates the expression of MUC2 mucin gene in gastric cells, inducing an intestinal transdifferentiation phenotype that parallels what is observed both in intestinal metaplasia and some gastric carcinomas.
A remote surgery experiment between Japan-Korea using the minimally invasive surgical system (2006)

Several robotic surgical systems have been developed for MIS (minimally invasive surgery) including commercialized products such as da Vinci and ZEUS. We have developed a minimally invasive surgical system, which have carried out remote surgery experiments for five times at the writing time. In this paper, a remote surgery experiment, which was conducted between Japan and Korea by using the developed minimally invasive surgical system is described. Research & Development (R & D) Internet testbet, APII (Asia-Pacific Information Infrastructure), which consists of an optical submarine cable network KJCN (Korea-Japan Cable Network), was used. In the experiment, a laparoscopic cholecystectomy was successfully carried out on a pig. The network time-delays of control signal and images were 6.5 msec and 435.5 msec respectively. A comparison of remote surgery experiments using ISDN and the Internet was studied
Influence of litho patterning on DSA placement errors (2014)

Directed self-assembly of block copolymers is currently being investigated as a shrinking technique complementary to lithography. One of the critical issues about this technique is that DSA induces the placement error. In this paper, study of the relation between confinement by lithography and the placement error induced by DSA is demonstrated. Here, both 193i and EUV pre-patterns are created using a simple algorithm to confine two contact holes formed by DSA on a pitch of 45nm. Full physical numerical simulations were used to compare the impact of the confinement on DSA related placement error, pitch variations due to pattern variations and phase separation defects.
Real time data mining-based intrusion detection (2002)

We present an overview of our research in real time data mining-based intrusion detection systems (IDSs). We focus on issues related to deploying a data mining-based IDS in a real time environment. We describe our approaches to address three types of issues: accuracy, efficiency, and usability. To improve accuracy, data mining programs are used to analyze audit data and extract features that can distinguish normal activities from intrusions; we use artificial anomalies along with normal and/or intrusion data to produce more effective misuse and anomaly detection models. To improve efficiency, the computational costs of features are analyzed and a multiple-model cost-based approach is used to produce detection models with low cost and high accuracy. We also present a distributed architecture for evaluating cost-sensitive models in real-time. To improve usability, adaptive learning algorithms are used to facilitate model construction and incremental updates; unsupervised anomaly detection algorithms are used to reduce the reliance on labeled data. We also present an architecture consisting of sensors, detectors, a data warehouse, and model generation components. This architecture facilitates the sharing and storage of audit data and the distribution of new or updated models. This architecture also improves the efficiency and scalability of the IDS.
Tissue transglutaminase contributes to disease progression in the R6/2 Huntington's disease mouse model via aggregate‐independent mechanisms (2004)

Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expansion of CAG repeats within the huntingtin gene and is characterized by intraneuronal mutant huntingtin protein aggregates. In order to determine the role of tissue transglutaminase (tTG) in HD aggregate formation and disease progression, we cross-bred the R6/2 HD mouse model with a tTG knockout mouse line. R6/2 mice that were tTG heterozygous knockouts (R6/2 : tTG+/-) and tTG homozygous knockouts (R6/2 : tTG-/-) showed a very similar increase in aggregate number within the striatum compared with R6/2 mice that were wild-type with respect to tTG (R6/2 : tTG+/+). Interestingly, a significant delay in the onset of motor dysfunction and death occurred in R6/2 : tTG-/- mice compared with both R6/2 : tTG+/+ and R6/2 : tTG+/- mice. As aggregate number was similarly increased in the striatum of both R6/2 : tTG+/- and R6/2 : tTG-/- mice, whereas only R6/2 : tTG-/- mice showed delayed disease progression, these data suggest that the contribution of tTG towards motor dysfunction and death in the R6/2 mouse is independent of its ability to negatively regulate aggregate formation. Moreover, the combined results from this study suggest that the formation of striatal huntingtin aggregates does not directly influence motor dysfunction or death in this HD mouse model.
Standard endoscopy with random biopsies versus narrow band imaging targeted biopsies in Barrett's oesophagus: a prospective, international, randomised controlled trial (2012)

NBI targeted biopsies can have the same IM detection rate as an HD-WLE examination with the Seattle protocol while requiring fewer biopsies. In addition, NBI targeted biopsies can detect more areas with dysplasia. Regular appearing NBI surface patterns did not harbour high-grade dysplasia/cancer, suggesting that biopsies could be avoided in these areas.
CityMobil (2009)

There are several human factor concerns with highly autonomous or semiautonomous driving, such as transition of control, loss of skill, and dealing with automated system errors. Four CityMobil experiments studied the eLane concept for dual-mode cars, and the results of one are described. The open eLane concept brings together road infrastructure and technical developments in vehicle automation to allow automated driving. The goal for the driving simulator experiment was to design and test the difference between a vocal and an acoustic user interface for a dual-mode vehicle driven both manually and automatically. In the experiment ( n = 24), driver behavior was observed with a focus on the transition of control and the occurrence of system errors. Performance of transition of control was adequate for both interfaces at the beginning and end of an eLane. In the case of system failure, 15% of drivers failed to take control of the car in time for both interfaces. However, of those who did regain control, drivers with the vocal interface were faster. Moreover, a subjective questionnaire showed that the vocal interface was perceived as more positive than the acoustic interface. The study suggests that the vocal interface was preferred by participants and can be recommended for the human–machine interface of dual-mode vehicles, especially for providing warnings about system malfunctioning.
A novel approach for modeling cracking furnace severity (2004)

Due to the strong nonlinear and dynamic behavior of the naphtha cracking furnace, the ordinary feed forward neural network was not suitable to model its severity index. Principal component analysis (PCA) method and dynamic neural network structure were therefore employed at this situation. The model was built on the industrial process data instead of simulation data, and the process operation condition selected for modeling cross over the normal operation range. Comparison with the models based on other algorithms was conducted. The relative parameters that affect the furnace severity were analyzed. The results show that the model based on this approach is suitable in a wide range of operation conditions, and can be used to supervise the process dynamic.
Design of Very High-Strength Aligned and Interconnected Carbon Nanotube Fibers Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulations (2010)

The principal objective of this work is to implement a new material development paradigm using atomistic simulations to guide the molecular design of materials. Traditional empirical macroscopic material development studies omit the fundamental insight needed to understand material behavior at the atomic and molecular levels where material response begins. The new paradigm relies heavily on a tight integration between simulation and experimental efforts to design and process new materials with nanometer-scale precision. Exploiting nanotechnology requires atomic-molecular-level material design and the ability to process these materials with atomic-molecular-level precision. Processing materials with nanoscale precision poses formidable theoretical, computational, and experimental challenges to developing advanced materials. High performance computers and advanced physics-based simulations can complement experimental efforts to design, test, synthesize, and analyze novel materials and innovative structural designs. This method can be applied to a wide range of material designs. As a proof of concept, we began our work on the design of novel carbon nanotube-based materials. The mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes such as low-density, high-stiffness, and exceptional strength make them ideal candidates for reinforcement material in a wide range of high performance composites. Molecular dynamics simulations are used to predict the tensile response of fibers composed of aligned carbon nanotubes with intermolecular bonds of interstitial carbon atoms. The effects of bond density and carbon nanotube length distribution on fiber strength and stiffness are investigated. Results indicate that including cross link atoms between the carbon nanotubes in the strands significantly increases the load transfer between the carbon nanotubes and prevents them from slipping. This increases the elastic modulus and yield strength of the fibers by an order-of-magnitude. Carbon nanotube-based materials appear poised to affect civil and military engineering significantly over the next two decades by providing materials with an order-of- magnitude improvement in strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios over existing materials.
경골 간부 골절 시 국소 마취 하에서 엔더정 고정술 (2006)

목적: 전신 및 척추마취의 위험이 높았던 경골 간부 골절 환자에게서의 환자에게의 국소 마취하에 엔더정 내고정술을 시행하고 임상적 결과를 비교 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1997년 1월부터 2002년 12월까지 경골 간부 골절에 대해 엔더정 고정술을 시행하였던 20예 중 전신 및 척추 마취가 불가능하여 국소 마취하에 엔더정 고정술을 시행하였던 10예를 대상으로 하였다. 각각의 환자에 대해서 수술 중 및 수술 후 전신 및 척추 마취하에 발생 혹은 악화 가능한 심장 및 간장 질환, 혈전 색전증 및 폐질환의 발생 여부에 대해서 평가하였으며, 골유합에 대해서는 방사선학적 및 임상적 평가를 하였다. 결과: 국소 마취제에 대한 부작용은 없었으며 모든 예에서 골유합을 얻을 수 있었다. 평균 골유합 기간은 18주였으며 굴곡 변형, 하지 단축 및 관절 구축 등의 합병증은 발생하지 않았다. 결론: 국소 마취하의 엔더정 고정술은 비관혈적 도수 정복 후 골수강내 금속정 삽입술의 장점을 얻을 수 있으며 수술 중이나 수술 후 환자 관리가 용이하고 골유합에 문제가 없어 전신 및 척추 마취가 불가능한 경우 유용한 수술법 중 하나로 생각된다.