gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Challenges in Scaling-up the Control Interface of a Quantum Computer (2019)

Challenges at the quantum-classical interface are examined with the goal of architecting a scaled-up quantum computer comprising many thousands of qubits in the solid-state. Separating the distinct sub-systems of the interface that perform readout and control, general arguments are given for why distributing the components of these sub-systems over significant distances and across large temperature gradients presents a major challenge to scaling-up the technology. Largely addressing these issues, an architecture for the interface that leverages cryo-CMOS circuits proximal to the quantum plane is motivated in addition to protocols that enable massively parallel readout of qubits via frequency multiplexing.
A study of a class of detection waveforms having nearly ideal range-Doppler ambiguity properties (1983)

A special class of permutation matrices is considered. It is shown that these matrices may be beneficially used to determine the frequency-time pattern of a uniform pulse train. Proper choice of burst waveform parameters is shown to result in a detection waveform having range and doppler resolution properties consistent with the overall signal duration and bandwidth. The range- doppler sidelobe peaks are well-controlled so that the ideal 'thumbtack' ambiguity function behavior is closely approximated by the synthesis procedure presented.
Homeobox gene <i>Nkx6</i>.<i>1</i> lies downstream of <i>Nkx2</i>.<i>2</i> in the major pathway of β-cell formation in the pancreas (2000)

Most insulin-producing beta-cells in the fetal mouse pancreas arise during the secondary transition, a wave of differentiation starting at embryonic day 13. Here, we show that disruption of homeobox gene Nkx6.1 in mice leads to loss of beta-cell precursors and blocks beta-cell neogenesis specifically during the secondary transition. In contrast, islet development in Nkx6. 1/Nkx2.2 double mutant embryos is identical to Nkx2.2 single mutant islet development: beta-cell precursors survive but fail to differentiate into beta-cells throughout development. Together, these experiments reveal two independently controlled pathways for beta-cell differentiation, and place Nkx6.1 downstream of Nkx2.2 in the major pathway of beta-cell differentiation.
Use of 3,5-Disubstituted 1,2,4-Triazoles for the Synthesis of Peptidomimetics (2000)

Abstract The synthesis of 3-acylaminoalkyl-5-alkyloxycarbonyl-1,2,4-triazoles, designed as RGD peptidomimetics, is described and the reactivity of 1,2,4-triazoles under conditions of peptide chemistry is discussed.
The synthesis and characterization of side-chain liquid crystal polymers based on polystyrene and poly-α-methystyrene (1988)

Abstract The polymer analogous synthesis of new liquid-crystalline side-chain polymers having polystyrene and poly-α-methylstyrene backbones bearing pendant azo-benzene mesogenic groups is described. The effects of various spacer lengths on the mesophase types were examined. Several liquid-crystalline copolymers were also prepared and their mesophase types determined.
Bone quantitative susceptibility mapping using a chemical species–specific signal model with ultrashort and conventional echo data (2017)

The QSM of bone is feasible using UTE with a conventional echo time GRE acquisition and a bone-specific R2* signal model. Magn Reson Med 79:121-128, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
PHEV Cold Start Emissions Management (2013)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) operate predominantly as electric vehicles (EV) with intermittent assist from the engine. As a consequence, the engine can be subjected to multiple cold start events. These cold start events have a significant impact on tailpipe emissions due to degraded catalyst performance and starting the engine under less than ideal conditions. On current conventional vehicles, the first cold start of the engine dictates whether or not the vehicle will pass federal emissions tests. PHEV operation compounds this problem due to infrequent, multiple engine cold starts.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">ORNL, in collaboration with the University of Tennessee, developed an Engine-In-the-Loop (EIL) test platform to investigate cold start emissions on a 2.0l Gasoline Turbocharged Direct Injection (GTDI) Ecotec engine coupled to a virtual series hybrid electric vehicle. The end-goal of this project is to demonstrate the benefits of coordinating engine and powertrain supervisory control strategies to minimize cold start emissions.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">First, this paper provides a summary of the results obtained by optimizing engine cold start strategies on their own within the context of a PHEV application where the engine can be motored up to speed and supplemented with the electric machine. These specific operating modes open up new engine calibration opportunities. This study investigated the effect of different cranking injection, post-start load, idle speed and spark timing strategies.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The paper then reports on the second phase of the project which focuses on the coordination of engine control strategies and hybrid energy management strategies. Stand-alone optimization of each component's algorithms does not guarantee that the resulting hybrid powertrain will operate efficiently. Therefore cold start strategies have to be controlled and optimized as a system to minimize tailpipe emissions. Comparison results of different coordination algorithms are presented to demonstrate the benefit of system coordination and optimization.</div></div>
Protectant Activity of Hexarelin or Growth Hormone Against Postischemic Ventricular Dysfunction in Hearts from Aged Rats (1998)

The ability of hexarelin, a recently synthesized hexapeptide with a strong growth hormone (GH)-releasing activity, or of GH itself to display a protectant activity against postischemic ventricular dysfunction in senescent hearts was studied in 24-month-old male rats. Heart preparations from control (saline-treated) senescent rats, subjected to moderate ischemia, showed at reperfusion: (a) a low recovery of postischemic left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP; 37% of the preischemic values; from 90 +/- 5.7 to 33.5 +/- 3.8 mm Hg; p < 0.01; n = 10) coupled to a substantial increase in coronary perfusion pressure (CPP; 71% over baseline; from 68.3 +/- 5.2 to 116.8 +/- 4.6 mm Hg; p < 0.01; n = 10); (b) a marked increase of creatine kinase (CK) released in the perfusates (6.6-fold increase over preischemic values; from 45 +/- 4 to 298 +/- 25 mU/min/g wet tissue; p < 0.001; n = 10). In vivo administration of hexarelin (80 microg/kg, b.i.d., s.c.) for 21 days resulted in a striking heart protection against reperfusion stunning. In fact, the recovery of LVDP at reperfusion was almost complete (90% of the preischemic values; from 93 +/- 5.8 to 83.7 +/- 5.9 mm Hg; p > 0.05; n = 9), and the increase in coronary resistance was minimal (from 67 +/- 5.8 to 79.7 +/- 6.9 mm Hg; p > 0.05; n = 9). Furthermore, the concentration of CK in the perfusates was increased only twofold (from 45.8 +/- 5.5 to 90 +/- 7.2 mU/min/g wet tissue; p < 0.05; n = 9), with a gradual return toward basal values at the end of reperfusion. The protectant activity of hexarelin was divorced from any detectable alteration of the somatotropic function, as assessed by pituitary GH messenger RNA (mRNA) and plasma insulin-like growth factor I levels. In vivo administration of GH (400 microg/kg b.i.d., s.c.) for the same time lapse resulted in only a partial protectant activity: 55% of LVDP recovery (from 91.5 +/- 6.2 to 50 +/- 3.5 mm Hg; p < 0.01; n = 6); 65% increase of coronary resistance (from 68 +/- 4.3 to 112.2 +/- 5.2 mm Hg; p < 0.01; n = 6); 5.3-fold increase of CK concentrations in heart perfusates on reperfusion (from 43.8 +/- 3.8 to 232 +/- 16 mU/min/g wet tissue; p < 0.001; n = 6). Evaluation of the rate of release of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha (PGF1alpha), the stable metabolite of prostacyclin, in heart perfusates, and assessment of the vasopressor activity of angiotensin II on the coronary vasculature, did not show any change in these parameters among the three experimental groups. Collectively these data indicate that hexarelin displays a strong heart-protectant activity against myocardial stunning in senescent rats. The protection afforded by the peptide is likely due to a direct cardiotropic action and is far greater than that of GH. Neither compound appears able to interfere with the endothelium-dependent relaxant mechanism.
A Basis for Forecasting Peak Wind Gusts in Non-Frontal Thunderstorms (1954)

From sixty-two cases of non-frontal thunderstorms passing over reporting stations, a relation is found between peak wind gusts and the temperature difference between the surface air underneath and in advance of the thunderstorm. The temperature under the thunderstorm is forecast by lowering the wet-bulb temperature at the freezing level to the surface along a saturation adiabat on a pseudoadiabatic chart, permitting use of the relation as an aid to thunderstorm gust forecasting.
Large improvement of phosphorus incorporation efficiency in n-type chemical vapor deposition of diamond (2014)

Microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition is a promising way to generate n-type, e.g., phosphorus-doped, diamond layers for the fabrication of electronic components, which can operate at extreme conditions. However, a deeper understanding of the doping process is lacking and low phosphorus incorporation efficiencies are generally observed. In this work, it is shown that systematically changing the internal design of a non-commercial chemical vapor deposition chamber, used to grow diamond layers, leads to a large increase of the phosphorus doping efficiency in diamond, produced in this device, without compromising its electronic properties. Compared to the initial reactor design, the doping efficiency is about 100 times higher, reaching 10%, and for a very broad doping range, the doping efficiency remains highly constant. It is hypothesized that redesigning the deposition chamber generates a higher flow of active phosphorus species towards the substrate, thereby increasing phosphorus incorporation in diamond and reducing deposition of phosphorus species at reactor walls, which additionally reduces undesirable memory effects.
Virushemmung mit Echinacea purpurea (1978)

The cytopathogenicity of viruses can be measured by dye uptake method in mammalian cells according to N. B. Finter. By this method and the plaque reduction test several extracts of Echinacea purpurea were studied for their antiviral activities. To demonstrate an effect it is necessary to incubate the cells with the extract to be tested previous to virus infection for at least 4–6 hours. After treatment with juice of Herba recens Echinaceae purpureae and with methanolic and aqueous extracts from the roots of this plant, respectively, mouse L 929 cells are 50–80 % resistant to Influença, Herpes and Vesicular stomatitis viruses. This resistance remains for at least 24 hours. 48 hours later the cells are virus–sensitive again. Incubation of mammalian cells with Echinacea purpurea extracts in presence of hyaluronidase does not result in formation of viral resistance.
Sequence Analysis of the Genome of Piscine Orthoreovirus (PRV) Associated with Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation (HSMI) in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) (2013)

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is associated with heart- and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We have performed detailed sequence analysis of the PRV genome with focus on putative encoded proteins, compared with prototype strains from mammalian (MRV T3D)- and avian orthoreoviruses (ARV-138), and aquareovirus (GCRV-873). Amino acid identities were low for most gene segments but detailed sequence analysis showed that many protein motifs or key amino acid residues known to be central to protein function are conserved for most PRV proteins. For M-class proteins this included a proline residue in μ2 which, for MRV, has been shown to play a key role in both the formation and structural organization of virus inclusion bodies, and affect interferon-β signaling and induction of myocarditis. Predicted structural similarities in the inner core-forming proteins λ1 and σ2 suggest a conserved core structure. In contrast, low amino acid identities in the predicted PRV surface proteins μ1, σ1 and σ3 suggested differences regarding cellular interactions between the reovirus genera. However, for σ1, amino acid residues central for MRV binding to sialic acids, and cleavage- and myristoylation sites in μ1 required for endosomal membrane penetration during infection are partially or wholly conserved in the homologous PRV proteins. In PRV σ3 the only conserved element found was a zinc finger motif. We provide evidence that the S1 segment encoding σ3 also encodes a 124 aa (p13) protein, which appears to be localized to intracellular Golgi-like structures. The S2 and L2 gene segments are also potentially polycistronic, predicted to encode a 71 aa- (p8) and a 98 aa (p11) protein, respectively. It is concluded that PRV has more properties in common with orthoreoviruses than with aquareoviruses.
Recipient cell nuclear factors are required for reprogramming by nuclear transfer (2010)

Nuclear transfer allows the reprogramming of somatic cells to totipotency. The cell cycle state of the donor and recipient cells, as well as their extent of differentiation, have each been cited as important determinants of reprogramming success. Here, we have used donor and recipient cells at various cell cycle and developmental stages to investigate the importance of these parameters. We found that many stages of the cell cycle were compatible with reprogramming as long as a sufficient supply of essential nuclear factors, such as Brg1, were retained in the recipient cell following enucleation. Consistent with this conclusion, the increased efficiency of reprogramming when using donor nuclei from embryonic cells could be explained, at least in part, by reintroduction of embryonic nuclear factors along with the donor nucleus. By contrast, cell cycle synchrony between the donor nucleus and the recipient cell was not required at the time of transfer, as long as synchrony was reached by the first mitosis. Our findings demonstrate the remarkable flexibility of the reprogramming process and support the importance of nuclear transcriptional regulators in mediating reprogramming.
Suppression of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity by .BETA.-muricholic acid in mice fed a diet containing cholesterol and cholic acid. (1988)

A diet containing cholesterol and cholic acid (SID) is known to induce the formation of cholesterol fatty liver as well as cholesterol gallstones. The activity of HMG-CoA reductase, one of the key enzymes for cholesterol synthesis in the liver, is significantly lowered by addition of beta-muricholic acid to SID. The prevention of fatty liver formation by beta-muricholic acid was accompanied by the suppression of HMG-CoA reductase activity.
Purification to homogeneity and partial amino acid sequence of a fragment which includes the methyl acceptor site of the human DNA repair protein for O<sup>6</sup>-methylguanine (1990)

DNA repair by O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (O6-MT) is accomplished by removal by the enzyme of the methyl group from premutagenic O6-methylguanine-DNA, thereby restoring native guanine in DNA. The methyl group is transferred to an acceptor site cysteine thiol group in the enzyme, which causes the irreversible inactivation of O6-MT. We detected a variety of different forms of the methylated, inactivated enzyme in crude extracts of human spleen of molecular weights higher and lower than the usually observed 21-24kDa for the human O6-MT. Several apparent fragments of the methylated form of the protein were purified to homogeneity following reaction of partially-purified extract enzyme with O6-[3H-CH3]methylguanine-DNA substrate. One of these fragments yielded amino acid sequence information spanning fifteen residues, which was identified as probably belonging to human methyltransferase by virtue of both its significant sequence homology to three procaryote forms of O6-MT encoded by the ada, ogt (both from E. coli) and dat (B. subtilis) genes, and sequence position of the radiolabelled methyl group which matched the position of the conserved procaryote methyl acceptor site cysteine residue. Statistical prediction of secondary structure indicated good homologies between the human fragment and corresponding regions of the constitutive form of O6-MT in procaryotes (ogt and dat gene products), but not with the inducible ada protein, indicating the possibility that we had obtained partial amino acid sequence for a non-inducible form of the human enzyme. The identity of the fragment sequence as belonging to human methyltransferase was more recently confirmed by comparison with cDNA-derived amino acid sequence from the cloned human O6-MT gene from HeLa cells (1). The two sequences compared well, with only three out of fifteen amino acids being different (and two of them by only one nucleotide in each codon).
Toward Conformal Damage-Free Doping With Abrupt Ultrashallow Junction: Formation of Si Monolayers and Laser Anneal as a Novel Doping Technique for InGaAs nMOSFETs (2014)

New doping techniques are needed for the formation of abrupt, ultrashallow junctions with high doping concentration in the source/drain or source/drain extension regions of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) at advanced technology nodes. In addition, 3-D device structures, such as fin field-effect transistors, require a good doping conformality. In this paper, the formation of monolayers of silicon on InGaAs by disilane or silane treatment of the InGaAs surface is studied as a conformal dopant source that does not introduce ion implant damage into the InGaAs, and laser anneal is used to drive in and activate the dopants to form an ultrashallow and very abrupt n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">++</sup> -junction. This novel doping technique is first demonstrated in planar InGaAs MOSFETs.
Retinol metabolism in LLC-PK1 Cells. Characterization of retinoic acid synthesis by an established mammalian cell line. (1986)

Specific assays, based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography, were used to quantify the conversion of retinol and retinal into retinoic acid by the pig kidney cell line LLC-PK1. Retinoic acid synthesis was linear for 2-4 h as well as with graded amounts of either substrate to at least 50 microM. Retinoic acid concentrations increased through 6-8 h, but decreased thereafter because of substrate depletion (t1/2 of retinol = 13 h) and product metabolism (1/2 = 2.3 h). Retinoic acid metabolism was accelerated by treating cells with 100 nM retinoic acid for 10 h (t1/2 = 1.7 h) and was inhibited by the antimycotic imidazole ketoconazole. Feedback inhibition was not indicated since retinoic acid up to 100 nM did not inhibit its own synthesis. Retinol dehydrogenation was rate-limiting. The reduction and dehydrogenation of retinal were 4-8-fold and 30-60-fold faster, respectively. Greater than 95% of retinol was converted into metabolites other than retinoic acid, whereas the major metabolite of retinal was retinoic acid. The synthetic retinoid 13-cis-N-ethylretinamide inhibited retinoic acid synthesis, but 4-hydroxylphenylretinamide did not. 4'-(9-Acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide, an inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase, and ethanol did not inhibit retinoic acid synthesis. 4-Methylpyrazole was a weak inhibitor: disulfiram was a potent inhibitor. These data indicate that retinol dehydrogenase is a sulfhydryl group-dependent enzyme, distinct from ethanol dehydrogenase. Homogenates of LLC-PK1 cells converted retinol into retinoic acid and retinyl palmitate and hydrolyzed retinyl palmitate. This report suggests that substrate availability, relative to enzyme activity/amount, is a primary determinant of the rate of retinoic acid synthesis, identifies inhibitors of retinoic acid synthesis, and places retinoic acid synthesis into perspective with several other known pathways of retinoid metabolism.
Sudan (1996)

Trotz widriger Entwicklungen im Inland (Protestunruhen im Herbst; Niederlagen der Streitkräfte im Süden; fortgesetzte Wirtschaftsprobleme) und Ausland (Spannungen mit Ägypten, Eritrea, Äthiopien, Uganda; massive Vorwürfe von Menschenrechtsverletzungen durch internationale Gremien; Isolation wegen Verwicklung in Terrorismus) behauptete sich das Regime. Der Rückgriff auf massive Repressionsmaßnahmen gegen die sich im Inland artikulierende Opposition sowie die Fraktionierung und Schwäche der (Auslands-)Opposition und ihr mangelnder Einfluß auf die innere Entwicklung begünstigten den Fortbestand des islamistischen Regimes.
Parasitic Females of Strongyloides papillosus as a Pathogenetic Stage for Sudden Cardiac Death in Infected Lambs. (1994)

The present study was aimed at elucidating the responsibility of parasitic females for sudden cardiac death following Strongyloides papillosus infection in calves. A preliminary experiment demonstrated a percutaneous infection with S. papillosus infective larvae to cause sudden cardiac death in lambs as in calves, indicating lambs could serve as a model to study fatal stronglyloidiasis in calves. Parasitic females of S. papillosus were inoculated into the duodenum of lambs. Lambs given live worms developed continuous sinus tachycardia immediately after inoculation, and died of sudden cardiac arrest by ventricular fibrillation through a phase of the disease identical to the case of percutaneous larval infection. The lambs had high fecal egg counts at the time of death. Inoculation of homogenized worms did not produce fatal arrhythmias. These results demonstrate that live parasitic females of S. papillosus in the small intestine are responsible for cardiac dysfunction regardless of the presence or absence of migratory larvae.
Rapid Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Antibodies to Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (2005)

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious viral disease of small ruminants that is of economic importance in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. We developed a rapid competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (rapid c-ELISA) for the diagnosis and surveillance of PPR. This assay detects PPR virus (PPRV) antibodies in serum samples by quantifying the amount of monoclonal antibody (MAb) P-3H12 after 30 min of incubation of a serum-MAb conjugate mixture on plates coated with a PPRV recombinant nucleocapsid protein (rPPRV-N). We tested 249 PPRV-positive serum samples and 733 PPRV-negative serum samples from field ruminants. The threshold of percent inhibition (PI) was determined to be <50 on the basis of the mean PI plus 3 standard deviations for sera from PPRV-negative ruminants. The relative specificity and sensitivity of the rapid c-ELISA were 98.5% (722 of 733 serum samples) and 93.4% (234 of 249 serum samples), respectively. The rapid c-ELISA sensitively detected PPRV antibodies in hyperimmune sera (virus neutralization test [VNT] titer, >512), even at dilutions > or = 512 in normal goat serum, and as early as 6 to 13 days postinfection from 12 goats, each of which was infected with one of the four PPRV lineages. Hyperimmune sera from animals experimentally vaccinated with rinderpest virus gave positive results by the rapid c-ELISA when the rinderpest virus VNT titers were >512, although the rapid c-ELISA titers were very low (2 to 16). However, the rapid c-ELISA was negative when the rinderpest virus VNT titer was < or = 128. The rapid c-ELISA developed in the present work provides a short turnaround time and could be a useful tool for the diagnosis of PPR and screening for PPRV in the field.