gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Physiological activity of derivatives of a modified component of transfer RNA, N-(nebularin-6-ylcarbamoyl)-L-threonine. (1971)

RossH.Hall,SyedN.Alam,C.M.Chen,WilliamH.Dyson,C.I.Hong,andGirishB.ChhedaDepartmentofBiochemistry,McMasterUniversity,Hamilton,Ontario,Canada[R.H.H.,S.N.A.,C.M.C.Âi,andRoswellParkMemorialInstitute,Buffalo,NewYork14203[C.I.H..G.B.CJWehavebeenstudyingthequestionofhowtRNArelatestocertainaspectsofthecontrolofdifferentiation,inparticularthecytokinin phenomena. A^-(A2-lsopentenyl)adenosine(Compound1)occursinthetRNAadjacenttothe3'endoftheanticodon.Moreover,itoccursonlyinthosetRNAmoleculesthatrespondtocodonsbeginningwiththeletterU(0-Thephysiologicalactivityofthiscompoundanditsderivativeshasattractedconsiderableattention.Briefly,itinitiatesorparticipatesintheinitiationofcelldivisionandcelldifferentiation inplantsystems.Thecytokininsystemrepresentsanexcellentexperimentalmodelforstudyingcertainquestionsondifferentation. Ourlaboratoryhasaddresseditselftothequestionofwhattherelationshipis,ifany,betweenthefactthatthiscompoundisacomponentoftRNAandthefactthatitexhibitsphysiologicalactivity.Onemightconsiderthesefactsaspurelycoincidental.ManycomponentsoftRNA,suchasuracilandadenine,appearascomponents ofcomplexcompounds incellssuchascoenzymestotallyunrelatedtotheirroleasstructuralcomponents of RNA. On the other hand,,/V*-(A2-isopentenyl)adenosineisamodifiedconstituentoftRNA,formedintRNAbytheattachment oftheA2-isopentenylsidechaintoanadenosineresidueinperformedtRNA(4).Therefore,ifA^-(A2-isopentenyl)adenosineshouldCH,HI?â€”CH,â€”CH=C HNâ€”Câ€”NHâ€”CH HCH,HNH20OHOH1
Apoptosis of human monocytes and macrophages by Mycobacterium avium sonicate (1997)

Mycobacterium avium is an intracellular organism which multiplies predominantly within human macrophages. This organism has previously been shown to induce apoptosis in human macrophages. With a view to identifying M. avium components that induce cell death in infected host cells, sonicated extracts of M. avium as well as individual components isolated from the M. avium sonicate were tested in various assays with a human monocytic cell line (THP-1). THP-1 cells incubated with M. avium sonicate showed significantly reduced viability after a 2-day exposure compared to control cells incubated with media alone. This effect was dose dependent, with only 6.6% +/- 5.2% and 48.8% +/- 10.3% of the cells being viable by trypan blue exclusion at 600 and 300 microg/ml, respectively. Control cells, on the other hand, exhibited a viability of 98.8% +/- 1.0%. In addition, an 80% ammonium sulfate fraction of the M. avium sonicate and the previously characterized 68-kDa protein were found to have similar effects on THP-1 cells. In both cases, the reduction in viability was due to apoptosis characterized by chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation by agarose gel electrophoresis, or terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated d-UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and release of nuclear matrix protein (NMP) into the culture medium. M. avium sonicate-induced apoptosis of THP-1 cells was completely inhibited by the commonly used antioxidants pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), indicating that the generation of free oxygen radicals may be responsible for inducing cell death. M. avium sonicate was found to induce apoptosis of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) as well. This effect was not reversed in the presence of PDTC and was not accompanied with DNA fragmentation when determined by agarose gel electrophoresis, as seen in the case of THP-1 cells. However, these MDMs were found to contain fragmented DNA by TUNEL. These findings suggest that the mechanism of cell death in MDMs may be different from that observed with THP-1 cells. Furthermore, these results provide new insight into the effect of M. avium components on host cell responses during M. avium infection.
Formaldehyde Treatment of Partially Swollen Cotton (1961)

Two processes for producing wash-wear cotton fabrics by treatment with formaldehyde are described. One of these processes consists of reacting the fabric in a wet swollen condition in an aqueous solution of formaldehyde and hydrochloric acid. This fabric has good wet wrinkle recovery only and is therefore referred to as the Form-W process. It has good strength retention and is suitable for line-drying after washing. The other process consists of reacting the fabric in a wet, partially swollen condition in a solution of acetic acid,. water, hydrochloric acid, and formaldehyde. It is referred to as the Form-D process because the fabrics have good dry (as well as wet) wrinkle recovery. These fabrics are suitable for either line-drying or tumble-drying. It is very important in both processes that the fabrics be well mercerized if adequate strength is to be re tained. Softeners also improve the tearing strength. Laboratory and pilot-plant appli cations are described, and data on the physical properties of the fabrics presented. Reaction rates of the Form-D process at various temperatures are given. Also, preliminary work on other solvents and catalysts is discussed briefly. Cross-linking with formaldehyde at various degrees of fiber swelling is discussed briefly from a theoretical standpoint.
BROADBAND COMPLEX PERMITTIVITY MEASUREMENT OF LOW LOSS MATERIALS OVER LARGE TEMPERATURE RANGES BY STRIPLINE RESONATOR CAVITY USING SEGMENTATION CALCULATION METHOD (2011)

A system has been developed for measuring the complex permittivity of low loss materials at frequencies from 500 MHz to 7 GHz and over a temperature range up to 1500 C using stripline resonator cavity method. Details of the design and fabrication of the cavity were discussed. Particular features related to high-temperature operation were described. An improved resonance method at high temperature for determining complex dielectric properties of low-loss materials was developed. The calculation process was given by a physical model of the stripline resonator cavity at high temperature. The paper brought forward the method of segmentation calculation according to the temperature changes over the cavity, which matched the actual situation of high temperature measurements. We have verified the proposed method from measurements of some typical samples with the available reference data in the literature.
The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP) receptor as a therapeutic target in Parkinson's disease: mechanisms of action (2016)

Growing evidence suggests that agonists of the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor provide neuroprotection across a range of experimental models of Parkinson's disease (PD) and, recently, a small proof-of-concept, open-label human trial of exenatide in the treatment moderate severity PD appeared to show persistent improvements in motor and cognitive function. The underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear, but as evidence for the potential use of GLP-1 agonists in treating several neurodegenerative disease mounts, and with several clinical trials of GLP-1 analogues in PD and Alzheimer's disease (AD) currently underway, here we review the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of GLP-1 analogues in the laboratory and their potential therapeutic utility with particular relevance to PD and PD dementia (PDD).
Polymers in Electronics (1984)

The recent development of several new classes of highly efficient photoinitiators for cationic polymerization makes possible their application in the design of novel photoresists. The concepts on which these imaging processes are based are set forth in this article.
Identification of epitope mimics recognized by CTL reactive to the melanoma/melanocyte-derived peptide MART-1(27-35). (1996)

CTL reactivity to the epitope MART-1(27-35), of the melanoma (self) antigen MART-1/melan A is frequently observed in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and may be readily elicited from the peripheral blood of melanoma patients that express HLA-A*0201. Available data suggest that these observations contrast with those made for other HLA-A*0201-presented melanoma self antigens regarding the regularity of observed CTL responses. Based on preliminary findings, we hypothesized that the CTL response to MART-1 might be augmented in part by T cell encounters with peptides derived from sources other than MART-1, which show sequence similarity to MART-1(27-35). To test this idea, a protein database search for potential MART-1 epitope mimics was done using criteria developed from analyses of effector recognition of singly-substituted peptide analogues of MART-1(27-35). Synthetic peptides were made for a portion of the sequences retrieved; 12/40 peptides tested were able to sensitize target cells for lysis by one or more anti-MART-1 effectors. The peptides recognized correspond to sequences occurring in a variety of proteins of viral, bacterial, and human (self) origin. One peptide derives from glycoprotein C of the common pathogen HSV-1; cells infected with recombinant vaccinia virus encoding native glycoprotein C were lysed by anti-MART-1 effectors. Our results overall indicate that sequences conforming to the A2.1 binding motif and possessing features essential to recognition by anti-MART-1 CTL occur frequently in proteins. These findings further suggest that T cells might encounter a variety of such sequences in vivo, and that epitope mimicry may play a role in modulating the CTL response to MART-1(27-35).
The <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> FAS‐II condensing enzymes: their role in mycolic acid biosynthesis, acid‐fastness, pathogenesis and in future drug development (2007)

Mycolic acids are very long-chain fatty acids representing essential components of the mycobacterial cell wall. Considering their importance, characterization of key enzymes participating in mycolic acid biosynthesis not only allows an understanding of their role in the physiology of mycobacteria, but also might lead to the identification of new drug targets. Mycolates are synthesized by at least two discrete elongation systems, the type I and type II fatty acid synthases (FAS-I and FAS-II respectively). Among the FAS-II components, the condensing enzymes that catalyse the formation of carbon-carbon bonds have received considerable interest. Four condensases participate in initiation (mtFabH), elongation (KasA and KasB) and termination (Pks13) steps, leading to full-length mycolates. We present the recent biochemical and structural data for these important enzymes. Special emphasis is given to their role in growth, intracellular survival, biofilm formation, as well as in the physiopathology of tuberculosis. Recent studies demonstrated that phosphorylation of these enzymes by mycobacterial kinases affects their activities. We propose here a model in which kinases that sense environmental changes can phosphorylate the condensing enzymes, thus representing a novel mechanism of regulating mycolic acid biosynthesis. Finally, we discuss the attractiveness of these enzymes as valid targets for future antituberculosis drug development.
Cyclodehydrogenation of Poly(perylene) to Poly(quaterrylene):  Toward Poly(<i>peri</i>-naphthalene) (2002)

Cyclodehydrogenation of soluble polyperylenes gives polymers containing predominantly quaterrylene units by spectral analysis. Evidence for larger rylene units is also seen. These polymers represent important intermediates toward a poly(peri-naphthalene) (PPN). Reactions on model compounds suggest that the insolubility of polymers with larger rylene units is predominantly due to the rigidity of the polymer backbone.
Multi-Task Self-Supervised Learning for Robust Speech Recognition (2020)

Despite the growing interest in unsupervised learning, extracting meaningful knowledge from unlabelled audio remains an open challenge. To take a step in this direction, we recently proposed a problem-agnostic speech encoder (PASE), that combines a convolutional encoder followed by multiple neural networks, called workers, tasked to solve self-supervised problems (i.e., ones that do not require manual annotations as ground truth). PASE was shown to capture relevant speech information, including speaker voice-print and phonemes. This paper proposes PASE+, an improved version of PASE for robust speech recognition in noisy and reverberant environments. To this end, we employ an online speech distortion module, that contaminates the input signals with a variety of random disturbances. We then propose a revised encoder that better learns short- and long-term speech dynamics with an efficient combination of recurrent and convolutional networks. Finally, we refine the set of workers used in self-supervision to encourage better cooperation. Results on TIMIT, DIRHA and CHiME-5 show that PASE+ significantly outperforms both the previous version of PASE as well as common acoustic features. Interestingly, PASE+ learns transferable representations suitable for highly mismatched acoustic conditions.
Combined Microfluidic–Microelectric Trap of Nanopolymeric Beading Conjugant in Continuous Flow (2008)

The selective sorting of biomolecules in biofluid has been carried out via coated beads selectively attached to the target molecules by an antigen–antibody reaction. Eventually, the conjugant must be trapped and separated from the mixture by applying other technologies. To obtain the nanopolymeric beading conjugant that can be trapped and separated from the biological mixture, a microfluidic component of a microchannel with electrodes has been designed and fabricated using a micro-electromechanical system technology. A local dielectrophoretic force obtained from nonuniform electric fields was used for manipulating and trapping a nanopolymeric beading conjugant in a continuous flow. The experimental studies show that the beads undergo positive dielectrophoresis when suspended in a continuous flow (Re=5.0) and exposed to AC fields at 100 kHz frequency. Using this device, the microelectrode provides a local dielectrophrosis field strong enough to manipulate and attract a nearby nanopolymeric beading conjugant in a continuous flow.
A high-frequency high-Q CMOS active inductor with DC bias control (2002)

The design of a very simple CMOS high-Q active inductor suitable for applications at low supply voltage and high frequencies is discussed. The inductor value, L, and the quality factor, Q, are independently adjustable by two PMOS varactors (variable capacitors). Alternatively, L can be tuned via a bias current. The inductor's DC level is set by a bias voltage. The self-resonance frequency, f/sub r/, is larger than 1GHz and very high values of Q, up to Q=/spl infin/, can be obtained so that circuit can be used for constructing high-frequency oscillators. The performance of the electronic inductor is demonstrated by simulation.
Classification trees with neural network feature extraction (2003)

The use of small multilayer nets at the decision nodes of a binary classification tree to extract nonlinear features is proposed. This approach exploits the power of tree classifiers to use appropriate local features at the different levels and nodes of the tree. The nets are trained and the tree is grown using a gradient-type learning algorithm in conjunction with a heuristic class aggregation algorithm. The method improves on standard classification tree design methods in that it generally produces trees with lower error rates and fewer nodes. It also provides a structured approach to neural network classifier design which reduces the problem associated with training large unstructured nets, and transfers the problem of selecting the size of the net to the simpler problem of finding the right size tree. Example concern waveform and handwritten character recognition.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Recent Development in the Distributed Fiber Optic Acoustic and Ultrasonic Detection (2016)

Distributed acoustic sensors provide a powerful instrumentation for ultrasound testing to identify the internal crack and deformation with the location for assessing structural conditions and predicting the potential structural failure. This paper provides a tutorial review of the milestones leading to the development of the distributed acoustic sensor based on Rayleigh back scattering. It offers discussion on basic principles, optical configurations and system design requirement, various detection schemes, performance limitations and applications for the maximum measurable frequency, minimum detectable strain and highest spatial resolution. A final comment on the prospects of the further developments is presented.
Studies on the transfer of phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar vesicles into plasma high density lipoproteins in the rat. (1980)

To investigate the metabolic disposition of phosphatidylcholine vesicles, unilamellar vesicles of egg phosphatidylcholine or cholesterol/phosphatidylcholine were injected intravenously into rats. Ten minutes after injection of 0.5 to 3.0 mg phosphatidylcholine vesicles, a major fraction of their radioactivity and mass had been incorporated into high density lipoproteins (HDL). Agarose gel chromatography showed that the phospholipid of vesicles was incorporated into the plasma HDL region, in association with release of a trapped marker, [3H]inulin. Density gradient ultracentrifugtion showed that the highest specific activity of phospholipid was present in HDL of d 1.08-1.12 g/ml, consisting of homogenous spherical particles by negative stain electron microscopy. With increasing cholesterol/phosphatidylcholine ratio of injected vesicles, there was progressively less incorporation of phospholipid into HDL and vesicles retaining [3H]inulin were re-isolated from plasma. Sixty minutes after injection of cholesterol/phosphatidylcholines vesicles, phospholipid appeared to be partly transferred into HDL and partly taken up by the liver. In summary, injection of unilamellar egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles results in a rapid incorporation of vesicle phospholipid into plasma HDL, primarily as a result of insertion of phospholipid into pre-existing HDL. This process is inhibited by a high content of vesicle unesterified cholesterol. These studies may have relevance to the mechanisms of transfer of phosphatidylcholine from chylomicrons into plasma.
Safety of Intranasally Administered Archaeal Lipid Mucosal Vaccine Adjuvant and Delivery (AMVAD) Vaccine in Mice (2008)

The safety profile of a recently described novel archaeal lipid mucosal vaccine adjuvant and delivery (AMVAD) system capable of eliciting robust antigen-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses was evaluated in female Balb/c mice (10/group) using ovalbumin (OVA) antigen. Mice were intranasally immunized (0, 7, and 21 days) with a vaccine comprising 1 microg OVA (0.05 mg/kg body weight) formulated in 0.04 mg total polar lipids extract (2.17 mg/kg body weight) of Methanobrevibacter smithii constituting the AMVAD system. Control groups were similarly immunized with 10-fold higher AMVAD vaccine dose (0.54 mg OVA and 21.7 mg lipid per kg), saline, 10 microg OVA in saline, or 0.04 or 0.4 mg lipid constituting empty AMVAD (no OVA) in saline, or were naive mice. Clinical signs, rectal temperature, and body weight were monitored once daily or as appropriate. Half the mice in each group were euthanized at 2 days after the first immunization. Blood was collected for clinical chemistry analyses. Major organs (heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, spleen, thymus, and brain) were examined macroscopically and histologically. The remaining mice were euthanized at 29 days and blood and organs collected for analyses as done at 2 days. Feces collected at 27 days, and sera, bile, and nasal lavage at 29 days, were assayed for antibody responses. Based on clinical symptoms, temperature, body weight changes, serum clinical chemistry, and tissue histopathology, there were no overt toxicities associated with OVA/AMVAD or empty AMVAD vaccines. There were no antibodies elicited against the lipids comprising the AMVAD system. These results demonstrate that at 10-fold excess dose of that required for vaccine efficacy, intranasally administered AMVAD vaccine appears to be relatively safe.
Isoform-dependent Differences in Feedback Regulation and Subcellular Localization of Serine Acetyltransferase Involved in Cysteine Biosynthesis from Arabidopsis thaliana (1998)

Serine acetyltransferase (SATase; EC 2.3.1.30), which catalyzes the formation of O-acetyl-L-serine (OAS) from acetyl-CoA and L-serine, plays a regulatory role in the biosynthesis of cysteine by its property of feedback inhibition by cysteine in bacteria and certain plants. Three cDNA clones encoding SATase isoforms (SAT-c, SAT-p, and SAT-m) have been isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the significance of the feedback regulation has not yet been clear in these different isoforms of SATase from A. thaliana. We constructed the overexpression vectors for cDNAs encoding three SATase isoforms of A. thaliana and analyzed the inhibition of SATase activity by cysteine using the recombinant SATase proteins. In the case of SAT-c, the activity was feedback-inhibited by a low concentration of cysteine (the concentration that inhibits 50% activity; IC50 = 1.8 microM). By contrast, SAT-p and SAT-m were feedback inhibition-insensitive isozymes. We also determined the subcellular localization of three SATase isozymes by the transient expression of fusion proteins of each SATase N-terminal region with jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP) in 4-week-old Arabidopsis leaves. The SAT-c-GFP fusion protein was stayed in cytosol, whereas SAT-p-GFP and SAT-m-GFP fusion proteins were localized in chloroplasts and in mitochondria, respectively. These results suggest that these three SATase isoforms, which are localized in the different organelles, are subjected to different feedback regulation, presumably so as to play the particular roles for the production of OAS and cysteine in Arabidopsis cells. Regulatory circuit of cysteine biosynthesis in the plant cells is discussed.
Manipulating the adhesion of electroless nickel-phosphorus film on silicon wafers by silane compound modification and rapid thermal annealing (2017)

In this study, the effect of 3-2-(2-aminoethylamino) ethylamino propyl trimethoxysilane (ETAS) modification and post rapid thermal annealing (RTA) treatment on the adhesion of electroless plated nickel-phosphorus (ELP Ni-P) film on polyvinyl alcohol-capped palladium nanoclusters (PVA-Pd) catalyzed silicon wafers is systematically investigated. Characterized by pull-off adhesion, atomic force microscopy, X-ray spectroscopy and water contact angle, a time-dependent, three-staged ETAS grafting mechanism including islandish grafting, a self-assembly monolayer (SAM) and multi-layer grafting is proposed and this mechanism is well correlated to the pull-off adhesion of ELP Ni-P film. In the absence of RTA, the highest ELP Ni-P film adhesion occurs when ETAS modification approaches SAM, where insufficient or multi-layer ETAS grafting fails to provide satisfactory results. On the other hand, if RTA is applied, the best ELP Ni-P film adhesion happens when ETAS modification is islandish owing to the formation of nickel silicide, where SAM or multi-layer ETAS modification cannot provide satisfactory adhesion because the interaction between ETAS and PVA-Pd has been sabotaged during RTA. Evidenced by microstructural images, we also confirmed that ETAS can act as an efficient barrier layer for nickel diffusion to bulk silicon.
Studies on pyrimidine derivatives. XXI. Nucleophilic substitution of 4-chloropyrimidines and related compounds with carbanions. (1981)

The reaction of 4-chloro-2, 6-dimethylpyrimidine 1-oxide (II) with ethyl cyanoacetate and malononitrile under basic conditions gave the expected condensation products, while the reaction of II with methylene ketones failed. On the other hand, 2, 6-dimethyl-4-phenylsulfonylpyrimidine (X) smoothyl reacted not only with the above active methyl compounds but also with methylene ketones such as acetone, acetophenone and cyclohexanone.