gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laboratory studies of double-diffusive sources in closed regions (2000)

Various observations of layering and intrusions in the ocean strongly suggest that such structures and motions are produced and driven by horizontal and vertical gradients of temperature and salinity, i.e. by double-diffusive processes. Much of the laboratory work in this field has concentrated on one-dimensional problems, with the neglect of two-dimensional phenomena. The latter are addressed explicitly in the present paper, using the salt–sugar analogue system in a simple geometry, but with the aim of establishing some more widely applicable general principles. Two sources of salt or sugar solution were fed in at opposite ends of a 750 mm long tank, with an overflow tube drawing fluid from a point at the centre of the tank. With two salt sources of different concentrations and densities, a stratification built up through the ‘filling box’ process, and the total density range lay within that of the input solutions. For one salt and one sugar source, a much larger density gradient could be set up, with the range lying outside that of the inputs. The flows were monitored using various experimental techniques: photographs of dye streaks with still and video cameras; a polarimeter to monitor sugar concentration; and the withdrawal of samples for the measurement of density and refractive index, from which the separate contributions of salt and sugar to the density could be calculated. Three related experiments with simple input conditions were particularly instructive, and these will be described first. Both inputs and the withdrawal tube were located at mid-depth, and the tank fluid and the salt and sugar supplies had the same density. The only difference between runs was the initial composition of the solution in the tank: pure salt, pure sugar, and a 50[ratio ]50 mixture of the two. Following an initial transient response which was different in the three experiments, they all tended to the same asymptotic distributions of salt, sugar and density after about 100 h, with a sharp central interface and weakly stratified upper and lower layers. This state corresponded approximately to the one-dimensional ‘rundown’ of a layer of salt solution above sugar solution, with a slightly higher, unstable concentration of salt in the top layer compared to the bottom and a very stable sugar distribution, with a much larger concentration in the bottom layer than in the top one. This distribution cannot be produced by ‘finger’ rundown, and it corresponds to the maximum release of potential energy. It was, however, achieved through the action of many intrusions, which remained active in the dynamic final state, and maintained a strong communication between the two ends of the tank. A comparable experiment was carried out using a tank 1820 mm long. With this larger aspect ratio there was a predominantly local influence of the sources at each end of the tank. Other runs have explored a variety of geometries of the sources and sinks, and the final state has been shown to be sensitive to these boundary conditions.
Insulin-like growth factor I stimulates lipid oxidation, reduces protein oxidation, and enhances insulin sensitivity in humans. (1993)

To elucidate the effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on fuel oxidation and insulin sensitivity, eight healthy subjects were treated with saline and recombinant human (IGF-I (10 micrograms/kg.h) during 5 d in a crossover, randomized fashion, while receiving an isocaloric diet (30 kcal/kg.d) throughout the study period. On the third and fourth treatment days, respectively, an L-arginine stimulation test and an intravenous glucose tolerance test were performed. A euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp combined with indirect calorimetry and a glucose tracer infusion were performed on the fifth treatment day. IGF-I treatment led to reduced fasting and stimulated (glucose and/or L-arginine) insulin and growth hormone secretion. Basal and stimulated glucagon secretion remained unchanged. Intravenous glucose tolerance was unaltered despite reduced insulin secretion. Resting energy expenditure and lipid oxidation were both elevated, while protein oxidation was reduced, and glucose turnover rates were unaltered on the fifth treatment day with IGF-I as compared to the control period. Enhanced lipolysis was reflected by elevated circulating free fatty acids. Moreover, insulin-stimulated oxidative and nonoxidative glucose disposal (i.e., insulin sensitivity) were enhanced during IGF-I treatment. Thus, IGF-I treatment leads to marked changes in lipid and protein oxidation, whereas, at the dose used, carbohydrate metabolism remains unaltered in the face of reduced insulin levels and enhanced insulin sensitivity.
Spectral Gamma Ray Measurement on Cuttings: An Alternative to MWD (1999)

Abstract Conventional mud logging techniques cannot reliably distinguish the organic-rich, micro-porous Athel silicilyte reservoir cuttings from shale. Yet, a simple gamma ray log resolves most uncertainties in this respect. Spectral Gamma Ray logging on cuttings was introduced in South Oman in 1995 as a practical and cost effective means to optimise operational decisions on Athel wells. Target applications included picking casing setting depth, selecting coring points, and confirming TD. Equipment was designed and constructed, procedures were created, and personnel were trained. The "Cuttings Spectral Gamma Ray" has since become an integral component of the mud logging suite on many exploration wells in South Oman. In this environment, the technique proves technically and economically more attractive than alternative solutions involving wireline or MWD logging. The original objectives were met, and new applications evolved as experience and confidence in the system grew. They include: depth-matching mud logs to wireline logs; correcting driller's depth; logging to the deepest point in the well; data assurance in case of hole problems; logging after completion or abandonment (where cuttings have been stored); and, in hindsight, a qualitative hole cleaning efficiency indicator. The paper reviews design considerations, operating procedures, and aspects of data processing. Using field data and comparisons with wireline logs, the discussion then focuses on current capabilities and inherent limitations of the system, to conclude with a brief assessment of the potential for a cuttings-based wellsite formation evaluation package.
Programming Amazon Web Services: S3, EC2, SQS, FPS, and SimpleDB (2008)

With this book, you'll learn how companies can take advantage of Amazon Web Services (AWS) to rent" computing power, data storage and bandwidth on Amazon's vast network infrastructure. Programming Amazon Web Services gives developers the background and technical detail they need for using Amazon's subscription-based Simple Storage Service (S3), Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Simple Queue Service (SQS), Flexible Payments Service (FPS), and SimpleDB to build web-scale business applications. "
111-V Compound Semiconductor MOSFETs Using Ga,O,(Gd,O,) As Gate Dielectric (1997)

We report a ItI-V based metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSF'ET) technology using G%0,(Gd20,) as the gate insulator. Enhancement-mode p- and n-channel, depletion-mode n-channel GaAs MOSFETs, and enhancementmode n-channel Ino.,Gao.,,As MOSFETs were demonstrated.
Re-feedback: Freedom with Accountability for Causing Congestion in a Connectionless Internetwork (2009)

This dissertation concerns adding resource accountability to a simplex internetwork such as the Internet,\nwith only necessary but sufficient constraint on freedom. That is, both freedom for applications to evolve\nnew innovative behaviours while still responding responsibly to congestion; and freedom for network\nproviders to structure their pricing in any way, including flat pricing.\nThe big idea on which the research is built is a novel feedback arrangement termed ‘re-feedback’.\nA general form is defined, as well as a specific proposal (re-ECN) to alter the Internet protocol so that\nself-contained datagrams carry a metric of expected downstream congestion.\nCongestion is chosen because of its central economic role as the marginal cost of network usage.\nThe aim is to ensure Internet resource allocation can be controlled either by local policies or by market\nselection (or indeed local lack of any control).\nThe current Internet architecture is designed to only reveal path congestion to end-points, not networks.\nThe collective actions of self-interested consumers and providers should drive Internet resource\nallocations towards maximisation of total social welfare. But without visibility of a cost-metric, network\noperators are violating the architecture to improve their customer’s experience. The resulting fight\nagainst the architecture is destroying the Internet’s simplicity and ability to evolve.\nAlthough accountability with freedom is the goal, the focus is the congestion metric, and whether\nan incentive system is possible that assures its integrity as it is passed between parties around the system,\ndespite proposed attacks motivated by self-interest and malice.\nThis dissertation defines the protocol and canonical examples of accountability mechanisms. Designs\nare all derived from carefully motivated principles. The resulting system is evaluated by analysis\nand simulation against the constraints and principles originally set. The mechanisms are proven to be\nagnostic to specific transport behaviours, but they could not be made flow-ID-oblivious.
Low Threshold Voltage Transistors Based on Individual Single‐Crystalline Submicrometer‐Sized Ribbons of Copper Phthalocyanine (2005)

Single-crystalline submicrometer-sized ribbons of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) have been synthesized (see Figure). Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) fabricated using individual ribbons of CuPc exhibit high mobilities and low threshold voltages. These characteristics are highly reproducible and stable, indicating the high quality of the transistors. Moreover, CuPc submicrometer-sized ribbons show excellent flexibility, which may lead to their application in flexible electronics. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2006/c1654_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Bootstrapping Chord over MANETs - All Roads Lead to Rome (2007)

This paper presents a novel approach on bootstrapping chord and other ring-based peer-to-peer (P2P) systems over mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Only inter-neighbor communication is used to build the ring topology in node ID space of structured P2P systems. Upon this ring entire chord could be put into normal operation without lengthy stabilization. RAN protocol suite is proposed. It includes three patterns: distributed exhaustive, virtual centralized exhaustive, and random. Two exhaustive patterns adapt well to the disturbance caused by mobility. Simulation results show that the distributed exhaustive pattern has optimal overall performance. Once again the superiority of decentralization is demonstrated.
Assembly with Conductive Adhesives (1995)

The electronics assembly industry has fortunately rediscovered conductive adhesives as the search for lead‐free joining materials and improved performance intensifies. Although these intrinsically clean bonding agents are often first sought for their favourable environmental attributes, many are surprised to find that conductive adhesives can solve old and new problems. Today, new polymer solders for SMT allow low temperature processing, finer pitch assembly and wider processing latitude while providing compatibility with a very much larger range of materials than solder. State‐of‐the‐art adhesives are oxide‐tolerant and absolutely no fluxing or cleaning is required. Adhesives work where solder cannot be used. What's more, polymer‐based solder alternatives can run on existing SMT lines — no new equipment is needed. Z‐axis , or anisotropic, bonding agents are uni‐directional conductive materials that solve fine pitch interconnect problems in several areas. The anisotropics now dominate the flat panel interconnect field. Nearly every LCD and other flat panel display is connected with a polymer adhesive. The Z‐axis adhesives are also beginning to enable high density multilayer circuits and MCMs to be built more effectively. Finally, Z‐axis appears to offer the simplest and most cost‐effective means for flip chip bonding. However, special equipment is required. The paper compares the metallurgical solder joint, the present de facto standard, with the polymer composite bond to highlight similarities and important differences. All types of conductive adhesives are discussed including the latest — Area Array Z‐axis types. Bonding materials, assembly processes and performance are also covered.
Cobalt supported on alumina and silica-doped alumina: Catalyst structure and catalytic performance in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (2009)

The paper addresses the structure and catalytic performance in fixed bed reactor at 20 bars of cobalt Fischer–Tropsch catalysts supported by commercial alumina (Puralox) and silica-doped alumina (Siralox). The cobalt loading varied between 8 and 15 wt.%; both alumina and silica-doped alumina supports had similar textural properties. Cobalt dispersion in both supports was principally affected by support pore diameter; at high cobalt loadings, cobalt particle size slightly increased with cobalt content. The presence of small amounts of silica in alumina (5 wt.% SiO 2 ) enhanced cobalt reducibility and hindered formation of hardly reducible cobalt aluminate species. Higher Fischer–Tropsch reaction rate over cobalt catalysts supported on silica-doped alumina was attributed to a better cobalt reducibility.
Moving Object Segmentation Using Improved Running Gaussian Average Background Model (2008)

Moving object segmentation using Improved Running Gaussian Average Background Model (IRGABM) is proposed in this paper. Background subtraction for a relatively static background is a popular method for moving object segmentation in image sequences. However, there are some problems for the background subtraction method, such as the varying luminance effect, the background updating problem, and the noise effect. IRGABM has the advantages of fast computational speed and low memory requirement. Our study also shows its improvements on the above-mentioned problems. For the purpose of moving object segmentation, background updating time, auto-thresholding and shadow detection are also discussed in this paper.
Mechanical Alloying And Milling (2004)

This book surveys the broad field of mechanical alloying from a scientific and technological perspective to form a timely and comprehensive resource valuable to both students and researchers. The treatment progresses from the historical background through a description of the process, the different metastable effects produced, and the mechanisms of
Deep Gate Recurrent Neural Network (2016)

This paper introduces two recurrent neural network structures called Simple Gated Unit (SGU) and Deep Simple Gated Unit (DSGU), which are general structures for learning long term dependencies. Compared to traditional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), both structures require fewer parameters and less computation time in sequence classification tasks. Unlike GRU and LSTM, which require more than one gates to control information flow in the network, SGU and DSGU only use one multiplicative gate to control the flow of information. We show that this difference can accelerate the learning speed in tasks that require long dependency information. We also show that DSGU is more numerically stable than SGU. In addition, we also propose a standard way of representing inner structure of RNN called RNN Conventional Graph (RCG), which helps analyzing the relationship between input units and hidden units of RNN.
Magnetic thermal stability of Mn and Co volume-doped acicular iron oxide particles (1994)

The magnetic thermal stability of Mn and Co volume-doped acicular /spl gamma/-Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ particles was studied. These MnCo-/spl gamma/-Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ particles with a coercivity about 950 Oe and Co content about 3.5 wt.% have been prepared by high temperature ion diffusing and step annealing. The MnCo-/spl gamma/-Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ particles exhibit a much higher transverse field stability than that of Co-/spl gamma/-Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ particles. The induced effective uniaxial anisotropy constant, K/sub u/ and the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant, K/sub 1/ of the particles were determined by the analysis of torque curves. The high magnetic thermal stability of these particles is mainly due to the higher and more stable induced uniaxial anisotropy, which is the result of the anisotropic arrangements of cobalt ions promoted by the presence of manganese ions during the step annealing. The MnCo-/spl gamma/-Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ particles show a smaller irreversible decrease of uniaxial anisotropy with temperature and time in a magnetic field.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
NMR Solution Structure of α-Conotoxin ImI and Comparison to Other Conotoxins Specific for Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors<sup>,</sup> (1999)

Alpha-Conotoxins, peptides produced by predatory species of Conus marine snails, are potent antagonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), ligand-gated ion channels involved in synaptic transmission. We determined the NMR solution structure of the smallest known alpha-conotoxin, ImI, a 12 amino acid peptide that binds specifically to neuronal alpha7-containing nAChRs in mammals. Calculation of the structure was based on a total of 80 upper distance constraints and 31 dihedral angle constraints resulting in 20 representative conformers with an average pairwise rmsd of 0.44 A from the mean structure for the backbone atoms N, Calpha, and C' of residues 2-11. The structure of ImI is characterized by two compact loops, defined by two disulfide bridges, which form distinct subdomains separated by a deep cleft. Two short 310-helical regions in the first loop are followed by a C-terminal beta-turn in the second. The two disulfide bridges and Ala 9 form a rigid hydrophobic core, orienting the other amino acid side chains toward the surface. Comparison of the three-dimensional structure of ImI to those of the larger, 16 amino acid alpha-conotoxins PnIA, PnIB, MII, and EpI-also specific for neuronal nAChRs-reveals remarkable similarity in local backbone conformations and relative solvent-accessible surface areas. The core scaffold is conserved in all five conotoxins, whereas the residues in solvent-exposed positions are highly variable. The second helical region, and the specific amino acids that the helix exposes to solvent, may be particularly important for binding and selectivity. This comparative analysis provides a three-dimensional structural basis for interpretation of mutagenesis data and structure-activity relationships for ImI as well other neuronal alpha-conotoxins.
Self-seeding of Fabry-Perot laser diode for generating wavelength-tunable chirp-compensated single-mode pulses with high-sidemode suppression ratio (2000)

We report an effective technique for generating wavelength-tunable chirp-compensated single-mode pulses with a high sidemode suppression ratio (SMSR) based on self-seeding a Fabry-Perot laser diode. This technique relies on the use of a tunable linearly-chirped fiber Bragg grating to provide wavelength-selective feedback, output filtering, and chirp compensation. With this technique, we have generated chirp-compensated picosecond pulses with a SMSR higher than 40 dB over a tuning range of 11.5 nm.
Octane boosting potential of catalytic processing of reformate over shape selective zeolites (1980)

Conversion of 1:1 by wt blends of benzene with n-pentane, n-octane, n-dodecane, or n-hexadiene at 600/sup 0/F and 700 psi demonstrated the efficiency with which the shape-selective ZSM-5 zeolite can produce alkylaromatics from mixed n-paraffin/aromatic feeds by selectively admitting aromatics into its ten-ring pore structure and efficiently combining them with the olefinic fragments of paraffin cracking. The efficiency increased with paraffin molecular weight, so that with hexadecane, almost 80% of the paraffin converted was consumed in alkylation. With n-octane, the main products were C/sub 3/-C/sub 5/ paraffins (23.7% by wt) and C/sub 9/+ alkylaromatics (41%). Processing of an actual C/sub 5/-C/sub 7/ mid-continent light reformate at 651/sup 0/F and 500 psi increased the C/sub 6/+ research octane number of the feed from 85.7 to 98.5. Normal paraffins were preferentially converted, particularly those of highest molecular weight. The gaseous products were mainly C/sub 3/-C/sub 4/ paraffins. Benzene was alkylated more rapidly than toluene.
Comments on "New dynamic flip-flops for high-speed dual-modulus prescaler" (2000)

For the original paper see ibid., vol. 33, no. 10, p. 1568-1571 (1998). In the aforementioned paper a fast true single-phase clocking (TSPC) ratioed D-flip-flop is proposed by C. Yang et al. It is claimed by the commenters that the proposed flip-flop violates the edge-triggering characteristic. However, it is shown that high clock frequency and the propagation delay of the transistor enable the flip-flop to operate normally in the dual-modulus prescaler.
Genotypic and Environmental Variation in Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content, and Anthocyanin Content among Blueberry Cultivars (2002)

Dietary antioxidants may have a role in preventing some of the chronic diseases in humans resulting from free radical oxidation of lipids and other cellular components. Blueberries ( Vaccinium L. sp.) are considered one of the best fresh fruit sources of antioxidants, and there is the potential to increase the antioxidant activity further through breeding. Thus, the variability of fruit antioxidant activity (AA) was examined among a set of 16 highbush and interspecific hybrid cultivars grown at locations in Minnesota (MN), Michigan (MI), and Oregon (OR) over 2 years (1998 and 1999) to determine effects of genotype, year, and location. Nine cultivars were common to all three locations in both years. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPH), and total anthocyanin content (ACY), were determined in triplicate samples from each genotype. Cultivars differed significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) in AA, TPH, and ACY both within and over locations. The single location mean AA for all cultivars changed significantly between the 2 years in OR and in MI, while the single location mean for TPH differed between the 2 years in MN and MI. Changes in cultivar rank were significant for AA, TPH, and ACY between years within each location. Significant changes in rank for TPH and ACY were also noted between pairs of locations as well. Pearson's correlation for AA (based on cultivar means) appeared highest between MN and OR ( r = 0.90) and MN and MI ( r = 0.69) in 1998; correlations between locations for the combined years were 0.74 for MN and OR, 0.55 for MN and MI and 0.45 for MI and OR. For the group of nine cultivars, AA correlated well with TPH within each location, with r ranging from 0.67 to 0.95 for data from individual and combined years. Correlation of AA with ACY at each location was lower than that for AA with TPH, in both individual and combined years. This study demonstrates significant genotype× environment interaction for AA in blueberry.