gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Corticostriatal circuitry (2016)

Corticostriatal connections play a central role in developing appropriate goal-directed behaviors, including the motivation and cognition to develop appropriate actions to obtain a specific outcome. The cortex projects to the striatum topographically. Thus, different regions of the striatum have been associated with these different functions: the ventral striatum with reward; the caudate nucleus with cognition; and the putamen with motor control. However, corticostriatal connections are more complex, and interactions between functional territories are extensive. These interactions occur in specific regions in which convergence of terminal fields from different functional cortical regions are found. This article provides an overview of the connections of the cortex to the striatum and their role in integrating information across reward, cognitive, and motor functions. Emphasis is placed on the interface between functional domains within the striatum.
Massachusetts Medical Society (1951)

CHANGE IN THE RESTRICTIONS ON THE REFILL OF PRESCRIPTIONSAdditional Report from the Committee on Pharmaceutical ProblemsOn December 5, 1950, Mr. Oscar R. Ewing, federal security administrator, proposed a new regulation intended to eliminate misunderstandings about the restrictions on the refill of prescriptions.Mr. Ewing's statement implied that the new regulation would relax the restriction on the refill of so-called over-the-counter drugs — those that may be freely sold without prescriptions. There will be no relaxation in regard to "prescription drugs," including those classified as dangerous drugs (for example, barbiturates, sulfa drugs and thyroid tablets), and preparations labeled by . . .
Improvement on the dynamic ID-based remote user authentication scheme (2008)

In 2004, Das et al. proposed a dynamic ID-based remote user authentication scheme. Their scheme allows users to select and update their passwords freely, and the server needs not maintain a verifier table. In this paper, we show that their scheme is not secure. Though there are several improvement schemes proposed to fix the flaws. However, we show that all improvement schemes have deficiency on dynamic merit. Finally, we propose an improvement scheme to enhance the security. The improvement scheme has dynamic merit such that adversary cannot trace the users.
Sensory and chemical studies of lipid oxidation in raw and heat-treated oat flours (1996)

Cereal Chem. 73(5):579-587 The storage stability of oat flours (Avena sativa L.) was investigated by sensory and chemical methods. Raw and heat-treated flour samples of three cultivars of oats (Kapp, Mustang, and Svea) were stored at 23°C and 50% relative humidity for 0, 5, 18, and 42 weeks before analyses. Descriptive sensory analysis and analyses of total fatty acids (FA), free fatty acids (FFA) and volatile lipid oxidation products were performed after each storage period. Storage of raw flours for five weeks resulted in 66% FFA but stable levels of flavors and volatile compounds. After 18 weeks, the level of volatiles and FFA was higher, while the samples at 42 weeks had an intense paint flavor, high levels of several volatiles, and reduced levels of FA and FFA. The major volatiles in stored oat flours were hexanal and 2-pentyl-furan. The other carbonyls were mainly aldeCompared to wheat, the lipid content of oats is =5 times higher (Percheron and L6liger 1990) and the lipolytic enzymes are 10-15 times more active (Matlashewski et al 1982). Milling to flours allows lipids and enzymes to react and release free fatty acids (FFA), which are much more susceptible to lipid oxidation than the original lipids. Oats contain a variety of antioxidants, including tocopherols and phenolic acids (Kalbasi-Ashtari and Hammond 1977), and are thus considered to be fairly stable towards nonenzymatic oxidation (Percheron and Loliger 1990). However, high levels of unsaturated FFA and the presence of lipoxygenase favor lipid oxidation. High moisture levels may further enhance the enzymic oxidation, and exposure to heat, oxygen, catalysts, or light accelerates nonenzymic oxidation (Galliard 1994). While most oats for feed are enzyme-active, most commercially processed oats for human consumption are stabilized by heat-treatment. An adequate heat process inactivates lipolytic enzymes and develops the characteristic, pleasant flavor that is associated with highquality commercial oat products. Optimum stability is expected after a heat treatment strong enough to inactivate lipolytic enzymes but mild enough to protect the natural antioxidants in oats and prevent excessive oxygen exposure due to drying (Galliard 1994). The storage stability of cereals may be studied by sensory or chemical methods. Studies of milled, rolled and whole cereals by use of descriptive sensory analysis and chemical methods have been reported in rice (Paule and Powers 1989, Piggott et al 1991), pearl millet (Lai and Varriano-Marston 1980), and oats (Dahl et al 1989; Molteberg et al, in press). Oat oil stability has also been studied (Fors and Schlich 1989). Most of the studies investigated the effects of processing and storage conditions and related the sensory attributes related to various lipid oxidation products. In rice, removal of the bran and aleurone layer increased the storage stability and reduced the levels of FFA, hexanal, and carbonyls
Optimizing C–C Coupling on Oxide-Derived Copper Catalysts for Electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction (2017)

Copper electrodes, prepared by reduction of oxidized metallic copper, have been reported to exhibit higher activity for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 and better selectivity toward C2 and C3 (C2+) products than metallic copper that has not been preoxidized. We report here an investigation of the effects of four different preparations of oxide-derived electrocatalysts on their activity and selectivity for CO2 reduction, with particular attention given to the selectivity to C2+ products. All catalysts were tested for CO2 reduction in 0.1 M KHCO3 and 0.1 M CsHCO3 at applied voltages in the range from −0.7 to −1.0 V vs RHE. The best performing oxide-derived catalysts show up to ∼70% selectivity to C2+ products and only ∼3% selectivity to C1 products at −1.0 V vs RHE when CsHCO3 is used as the electrolyte. In contrast, the selectivity to C2+ products decreases to ∼56% for the same catalysts tested in KHCO3. By studying all catalysts under identical conditions, the key factors affecting product selectivity could be discerned. These efforts reveal that the surface area of the oxide-derived layer is a critical parameter affecting selectivity. A high selectivity to C2+ products is attained at an overpotential of −1 V vs RHE by operating at a current density sufficiently high to achieve a moderately high pH near the catalyst surface but not so high as to cause a significant reduction in the local concentration of CO2. On the basis of recent theoretical studies, a high pH suppresses the formation of C1 relative to C2+ products. At the same time, however, a high local CO2 concentration is necessary for the formation of C2+ products.
Pain: An unpleasant topic (1999)

This essay is an attempt to clarify the construct of unpleasantness in the context of the psychophysics of pain. The first critical point is that one aspect of unpleasantness is tightly coupled to stimulus intensity and is therefore a sensory discrimination. Pain has this quality, but so do other somatic sensations such as itch and dysesthesias that are not recognized as painful by most people. A corollary of this is that pain must have a quality other than unpleasantness that allows it to be unequivocally identified. I use the term algosity for that quality. In addition to stimulus bound (primary) unpleasantness, there is an unpleasant experience that reflects a higher level process which has a highly variable relationship to stimulus intensity and is largely determined by memories and contextual features. I have termed this experience secondary unpleasantness. I suggest that the sensory-discriminative/affective-motivational dichotomy has outlived its usefulness and is currently more of an impediment than a guide to neurobiological explanations of pain. In order to increase our understanding of pain we need psychophysical tools designed specifically to differentiate primary unpleasantness from both algosity and secondary unpleasantness. These tools can then be used to determine the neural mechanisms of pain.
A Compact Hybrid-Fed Microstrip Antenna for Harmonics-Based Radar and Sensor Systems (2018)

In this letter, we propose and experimentally validate a compact hybrid-fed microstrip antenna for the harmonics-based radar and sensor systems, which receive the fundamental tone and retransmit the modulated second harmonic. The proposed microstrip antenna is based on a simple single-layered and dual-feed structure, consisting of an inner circular patch operating in the TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">110</sub> mode (second harmonic; 6 GHz) and an outer split-ring patch operating in the higher order TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">210</sub> or TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">310</sub> mode (fundamental frequency; 3 GHz). By varying the feed position and the geometry of the split-ring patch, a specific higher order mode can be excited at the fundamental frequency. Moreover, analytical expressions were derived for calculating the antenna's resonant frequencies. Our measurement results show that the maximum realized gain is 1.17 dB at 3 GHz and is 3.33 dB at 6 GHz, with good impedance matching (|S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> | <; -15 dB) and high isolation (<; -20 dB).
A multi-path 2.5 dimensional convolutional neural network system for segmenting stroke lesions in brain MRI images (2019)

Automatic identification of brain lesions from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of stroke survivors would be a useful aid in patient diagnosis and treatment planning. We propose a multi-modal multi-path convolutional neural network system for automating stroke lesion segmentation. Our system has nine end-to-end UNets that take as input 2-dimensional (2D) slices and examines all three planes with three different normalizations. Outputs from these nine total paths are concatenated into a 3D volume that is then passed to a 3D convolutional neural network to output a final lesion mask. We trained and tested our method on datasets from three sources: Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW), Kessler Foundation (KF), and the publicly available Anatomical Tracings of Lesions After Stroke (ATLAS) dataset. Cross-study validation results (with independent training and validation datasets) were obtained to compare with previous methods based on naive Bayes, random forests, and three recently published convolutional neural networks. Model performance was quantified in terms of the Dice coefficient. Training on the KF and MCW images and testing on the ATLAS images yielded a mean Dice coefficient of 0.54. This was reliably better than the next best previous model, UNet, at 0.47. Reversing the train and test datasets yields a mean Dice of 0.47 on KF and MCW images, whereas the next best UNet reaches 0.45. With all three datasets combined, the current system compared to previous methods also attained a reliably higher cross-validation accuracy. It also achieved high Dice values for many smaller lesions that existing methods have difficulty identifying. Overall, our system is a clear improvement over previous methods for automating stroke lesion segmentation, bringing us an important step closer to the inter-rater accuracy level of human experts.
Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) by tryptophan containing dipeptides (2013)

Twenty seven Trp containing dipeptides were evaluated for their ability to inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), a key enzyme involved in incretin hormone processing. Novel DPP-IV inhibitors were identified comprising of three potent dipeptides (Trp-Arg, Trp-Lys and Trp-Leu) with half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50 values) <45 μM. With the exception of Leu-Trp which was approximately 20 times less potent than Trp-Leu, their reverse peptide did not inhibit DPP-IV. Trp-Asp was the only peptide studied herein with an N terminal Trp residue which was not a DPP-IV inhibitor. Phosphorylation resulted in an increase in DPP-IV IC50, giving values of 482.1 ± 12.9 and >11,000 μM for Trp-Thr and Trp-pThr, respectively. The mode of inhibition of these peptides was studied using Lineweaver and Burk kinetic analysis, which showed both competitive and non-competitive modes of inhibition depending on the peptide sequence. This suggested binding of the peptide inhibitors to different locations on DPP-IV. In silico analysis of the milk proteome revealed that some of the DPP-IV inhibitors identified herein may be released from milk proteins following enzymatic digestion. The results are relevant to understanding the mechanism(s) involved in DPP-IV inhibition by short peptides. This in turn may dictate a more targeted approach for the release of potent peptides from milk proteins with the view of developing biofunctional hydrolysates for the management of type 2 diabetes.
Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. (2006)

Neuroelectric and imaging studies of meditation are reviewed. Electroencephalographic measures indicate an overall slowing subsequent to meditation, with theta and alpha activation related to proficiency of practice. Sensory evoked potential assessment of concentrative meditation yields amplitude and latency changes for some components and practices. Cognitive event-related potential evaluation of meditation implies that practice changes attentional allocation. Neuroimaging studies indicate increased regional cerebral blood flow measures during meditation. Taken together, meditation appears to reflect changes in anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal areas. Neurophysiological meditative state and trait effects are variable but are beginning to demonstrate consistent outcomes for research and clinical applications. Psychological and clinical effects of meditation are summarized, integrated, and discussed with respect to neuroimaging data.
On Practical Network Coding for Wireless Environments (2006)

In this extended abstract, we briefly describe COPE, an opportunistic approach to network coding that provides orders of magnitudes improvement in the throughput of dense wireless mesh networks. COPE supports multiple unicast flows, deals with bursty and unknown demands, and is simple and easy to deploy. Our COPE prototype provides the first implementation of network coding in the wireless environment. It shows the supremacy of opportunistic network coding over current wireless implementations
The PEST Domain of IκBα Is Necessary and Sufficient forin Vitro Degradation by μ-Calpain (1999)

Polypeptide sequences enriched in proline (P), glutamate (E), serine (S), and threonine (T), dubbed PEST domains, are proposed to expedite the degradation of proteins. The proteolysis of one PEST-containing protein, IkappaBalpha, is prerequisite to the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Two mechanisms of IkappaBalpha degradation in vivo have been described, one well characterized through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, and another less characterized through calpain. In this report, a mutational analysis was done to identify any regions of IkappaBalpha that facilitate its recognition and proteolysis by calpain in vitro. These studies revealed that the PEST sequence of IkappaBalpha is critical for its calpain-dependent degradation. Furthermore, the IkappaBalpha-PEST domain binds to the calmodulin-like domain of the large subunit of mu-calpain (muCaMLD). Transfer of the IkappaBalpha-PEST domain to a protein incapable of either binding to or being degraded by mu-calpain allowed for the interaction of the chimeric protein with muCaMLD and resulted in its susceptibility to calpain proteolysis. Moreover, the muCaMLD of calpain acts as a competitive inhibitor of calpain-dependent IkappaBalpha degradation. Our data demonstrate that the IkappaBalpha-PEST sequence acts as a modular domain to promote the physical association with and subsequent degradation by mu-calpain and suggest a functional role for PEST sequences in other proteins as potential calpain-targeting units.
Key pathways in renal disease progression of experimental diabetes: Figure 1: (2015)

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the major microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus and the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease. Both diabetes and chronic kidney disease are risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and diabetic patients with renal involvement are three times more likely to eventually die of cardiovascular disease than diabetic patients without signs of renal failure. In type 2 diabetes, microalbuminuria is a marker of renal dysfunction and a crucial predictor of cardiovascular disease. Inhibitors of angiotensin II synthesis/activity, while preventing micro- or macroalbuminuria, also reduced cardiovascular events in diabetic patients. However, the effectiveness of renin angiotensin system blocking agents depends on the time when treatment is started, and imperfect renoprotection may occur if therapy begins at an advanced disease phase. This raises the need to identify novel multidrug approaches that simultaneously inhibit additional pathways other than angiotensin II for those diabetic patients who remain at high risk of both poor renal and cardiovascular outcomes. Studies in animal models of diabetes have contributed to defining relevant cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of DN that could represent possible targets for therapies. The pathogenesis of DN is multifactorial, involving a complex series of molecular processes. In this review, we report evidence obtained in experimental models of DN on some specific processes and pathways implicated in DN that may be crucial for managing this disease.
Effect of lactitol, lactic acid bacteria, or their combinations (synbiotic) on intestinal proteolysis in vitro, and on feed efficiency in weaned pigs (2005)

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate in vitro the intestinal microflora response to lactitol (LCT) as a non-digestible oligosaccharide (NDO) and/or to two swine lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates (Lactobacillus brevis and L. salivarius), and to select the most effective treatment to modulate intestinal fermentation in a subsequent growth study with weaning piglets. During a 24-h in vitro cecal fermentation, LCT alone or in combination with either bacteria isolate stimulated gas production rate (P < 0.05), while LAB isolates alone did not (P > 0.05). Both combinations of isolates with LCT reduced ammonia levels after 24 h by 26 and 31%, respectively (P < 0.05), while LCT alone was effective in keeping ammonia lower than the control only in the first 8 h (P < 0.05). All treatments increased (P < 0.05) the production of total volatile fatty acids. The most effective combination (LCT + L. salivarius) in vitro was selected to be used in a 49-d feeding experiment with weaned piglets (32 animals per group, eight piglets per cage, four cages per treatment). Feed efficiency was improved (13%) by LCT + L. salivarius (P < 0.05), while average daily gain and feed consumption were not affected (P > 0.05). These data substantiated the positive synergistic effect of the combination of an NDO with a LAB isolate as compared with the use of individual components in modulating the cecal microflora under in vitro conditions. This study showed that such combination may positively influence feed efficiency when fed to pigs. Key words: Swine, cecum, synbiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, lactitol, lactic acid bacteria
Notwendige Bezeichnung des Vertragsgegenstandes (2009)

Die Angabe der Einlagezahl und nicht auch sämtlicher Bestandteile des Grundbuchskörpers reichen als Inhalt der Titelurkunde für den Eigentumserwerb aus.
Plasma antigen levels of the lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor in patient samples (1991)

Abstract Human plasma contains an inhibitor of tissue factor-initiated coagulation known as the lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor (LACI) or also known as the extrinsic pathway inhibitor (EPI). A competitive fluorescent immunoassay was developed to measure the plasma concentration of LACI in samples from normal individuals and patients with a variety of diseases. The LACI concentration in an adult control population varied from 60% to 160% of the mean with a mean value corresponding to 89 ng/mL or 2.25 nmol/L. Plasma LACI levels were not decreased in patients with severe chronic hepatic failure, warfarin therapy, primary pulmonary hypertension, thrombosis, or the lupus anticoagulant. Plasma LACI antigen was decreased in some, but not all patients with gram-negative bacteremia and evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Plasma LACI levels were elevated in women undergoing the early stages of labor (29%), in patients receiving intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (45%), and in patients receiving intravenous heparin (375%). A radioligand blot of the pre- and post-heparin plasma samples shows the increase to be in a 40-Kd form of LACI. Very low levels of plasma LACI antigen were found in patients with homozygous abetalipoproteinemia and hypobetalipoproteinemia, diseases associated with low plasma levels of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins. Following the injection of heparin into one patient with homozygous abetalipoproteinemia, the plasma LACI antigen level increased to a level comparable with that in normal individuals after heparin treatment.
Adsorption and Desorption of Alachlor in Different Soils (2010)

Adsorption and desorption patterns of the herbicide alachlor in twelve soils having varying physico-chemical properties were studied. The laboratory experiments showed that herbicide adsorption and desorption in soils were predominantly influenced by the clay and organic carbon contents of the soil and hence a higher retention in these soils. Contribution of other soil parameters like pH, EC and CEC were insignificant on the adsorption and desorption phenomena of alachlor in soils.
How to build an effective global knowledge workforce (2006)

HR can play a significant role in implementing global workforce strategies, but needs to craft solutions to the novel problems of the global workforce, both in emerging markets and in their companies’ home countries.
Synthesis and biological properties of 1.BETA.-methyl-carbapenems with N-methylpyrrolidinylthio group at C-2 position. (1992)

A series of 1 beta-methylcarbapenem compounds, which have a 5'-substituted-N-methylpyrrolidin-3'-ylthio group as a C-2 side chain, have been prepared and their biological properties were investigated. Substitution with a methyl group on the nitrogen atom in the C-2 side chain effectively enhanced stability to renal dehydropeptidase-I as well as introduction of methylene spacer between the aminocarbonyl group and the pyrrolidine ring of the 5'-aminocarbonylpyrrolidin-3'-ylthio group.