gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design for static stiffness of hydrostatic bearings: single‐action variable compensations (2011)

Purpose This study aims to utilize the equations of flow equilibrium to determine the variations of film thickness or worktable displacement with respect to the recess pressure for both open‐ and closed‐type hydrostatic flat bearings. The static stiffness can be not only presented directly by these variations but also determined by the differentiation of flow equilibrium equations. Design/methodology/approach The single‐action variable compensations of three types including cylindrical‐spool, conical‐spool and membrane restrictors are taken into consideration in this study. Specifically, this study presents that membrane restrictor and both spool restrictors with or without preload whilst considering initial opening. Findings Consequently, the usage range of recess pressure and optimal parameters of appropriate compensation type can be obtained from maximum stiffness and also according to smallest gradient in variations of worktable displacement or film thickness. Originality/value This article studies the influences of single‐action variable compensations for its design varieties. The determination of stiffness comes from the differentiating recess pressure with respect to worktable displacement. The large and small positive stiffness correspond to a negative slope in steep and plain gradient, respectively; the negative stiffness and infinite stiffness are obtained by positive gradient and zero gradient, respectively, in the variations of film thickness. The finding results can be expressed further in the relationship between the static stiffness and the static load.
Data collection capabilities of a new non-invasive monitoring system for patients with advanced multiple sclerosis. (2013)

This paper reports on a data collection study in a clinical environment to evaluate a new non-invasive monitoring system for people with advanced Multiple Sclerosis (MS) who use powered wheelchairs. The proposed system can acquire respiration and heart activity from ballistocardiogram (BCG) signals, seat and back pressure changes, wheelchair tilt angle, ambient temperature and relative humidity. The data was collected at The Boston Home (TBH), a specialized care residence for adults with advanced MS. The collected data will be used to design algorithms to generate alarms and recommendations for residents and caregivers. These alarms and recommendations will be related to vital signs, low mobility problems and heat exposure. We present different cases where it is possible to illustrate the type of information acquired by our system and the possible alarms we will generate.
Energy-aware demand paging on NAND flash-based embedded storages (2004)

The ever-increasing requirement for high-performance and huge-capacity memories of emerging embedded applications has led to the widespread adoption of SDRAM and NAND flash memory as main and secondary memories, respectively. In particular, the use of energy consuming memory, SDRAM, has become burdensome in battery-powered embedded systems. Intuitively, though demand paging can be used to mitigate the increasing requirement of main memory size, its applicability should be deliberately elaborated since NAND flash memory has asymmetric operation characteristics in terms of performance and energy consumption.In this paper, we present energy-aware demand paging technique to lower the energy consumption of embedded systems considering the characteristics of interactive embedded applications with large memory footprints. We also propose a flash memory-aware page replacement policy that can reduce the number of write and erase operations in NAND flash memory. With real-life workloads, we show the system-wide Energy·Delay can be reduced by 15~30% compared to the traditional shadowing architecture.
Toward an Understanding of Polyglutamine Neurodegeneration (2000)

Polyglutamine expansion is now recognized to be a major cause of inherited human neurodegenerative disease. The polyglutamine expansion diseases identified so far are slowly progressive disorders in which distinct yet overlapping brain regions are selectively vulnerable to degeneration. Despite their clinical differences these diseases likely share a common pathogenic mechanism, occurring at the protein level and centered on an abnormal conformation of expanded polyglutamine in the respective disease proteins. Recently there has been remarkable progress in our understanding of polyglutamine disease, but still there are many unanswered questions. In this review, I first outline some of the shared features of polyglutamine diseases and then discuss several issues relevant to an understanding of pathogenesis, paying particular attention to possible mechanisms of neurotoxicity.
ROLE OF CEREBRAL INFLAMMATION AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: A REVISITED CONCEPT (2001)

Neuroinflammation occuring after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex phenomenon comprising distinct cellular and molecular events involving the injured as well as the healthy cerebral tissue. Although immunoactivation only represents a one of the many cascades initiated in the pathophysiology of TBI, the exact function of each mediator, activated cell types or pathophysiological mechanism, needs to be further elucidated. It is widely accepted that inflammatory events display dual and opposing roles promoting, on the one hand, the repair of the injured tissue and, on the other hand, causing additional brain damage mediated by the numerous neurotoxic substances released. Most of the data supporting these hypotheses derive from experimental work based on both animal models and cultured neuronal cells. More recently, evidence has been provided that a complete elimination of selected inflammatory mediators is rather detrimental as shown by the attenuation of neurological recovery. However, there are conflicting results reported on this issue which strongly depend on the experimental setting used. The history of immunoactivation in neurotrauma is the subject of this review article, giving particular emphasis to the comparison of clinical versus experimental studies performed over the last 10 years. These results also are evaluated with respect to other neuropathologies, which are years ahead as compared to the research in TBI. The possible reciprocal influence of peripheral and intrathecal activation of the immune system will also be discussed. To conclude, the future directions of research in the field of neurotrauma is considered.
[Effectiveness of thrice-weekly injection of romurutide for prophylaxis of leukocytopenia during radiation therapy]. (1994)

The effectiveness of thrice-weekly injection of Romurutide for leukocytopenia due to radiation therapy was analyzed. Twenty-two patients were randomly divided into two groups. Ten of group A cases were injected 3 times per week 10 times (3 weeks) and 12 of group B cases were injected 5 times per week 10 times (2 weeks). White blood cell counts and neutrophil numbers in group A were almost the same as in group B at day-3 and day-8, and those in group A were more than in group B at day-15 and day-22, although there were no statistical significances. Lymphocyte percentages, monocyte percentages and platelet cell counts between groups showed no differences. Injections were stopped in 3 cases due to fever (2 in group A, 1 in group B). The effects were recognized in nineteen cases (excluding above 3 cases). The effect of this thrice-weekly injection method during the injection period was the same or more than with 5 injections/week, and the period of the former was 50% longer. The 3 weekly injection method is more effective for prophylaxis of leukocytopenia.
Improved membrane filtration method incorporating catalase and sodium pyruvate for detection of chlorine-stressed coliform bacteria (1990)

In vitro pure culture studies were conducted on three different strains of Escherichia coli (K-12, EPA 00244, and SWEI) to determine the effect of chlorination on catalase activity. In each case, stationary-phase cells exhibited significant (P less than 0.001) reductions in enzyme activity following exposure to chlorine. Mean differences in activity between control and chlorine-stressed cells ranged from 8.8 to 20.3 U/mg of protein for E. coli SWEI and EPA 00244, respectively. Following initial enzyme studies, resuscitation experiments utilizing the membrane filtration technique were conducted on chlorinated sewage effluent. Five different amendments, including catalase (1,000 U per plate), heat-inactivated catalase (1,000-U per plate), sodium pyruvate (0.05%), a catalase-sodium pyruvate combination (1,500 U/0.01%), and acetic acid (0.05%), were tested for the ability to enhance detection of chlorine-stressed cells on M-fecal coliform (M-FC), mT7, M-Endo, and tryptone-glucose-yeast extract (TGY) media. Significant (P less than 0.001) increases in recovery of fecal coliforms on M-FC, total coliforms on mT7 and M-Endo, and total heterotrophs on TGY were obtained on plates containing catalase, pyruvate, or the combination of these compounds. Supplementation with heat-inactivated catalase and acetic acid did not improve recovery of chlorine-stressed cells compared with recovery on nonamended media. Subsequent analysis of colonies from plates containing compounds which enhanced recovery indicated coliform verification percentages of greater than 80% on M-FC, greater than 90% on mT7, and greater than 94% on M-Endo media. These data suggest that the addition of peroxide-degrading compounds to various standard recovery media may improve detection of both coliform and heterotrophic bacteria in chlorinated waters.
Model based approach to assist test case creation, execution, and maintenance for test automation (2011)

Applications, once developed, need to be maintained and tested as they undergo frequent changes. Test automation plays a significant role in testing activity, as it saves time and provides better utilization of resources. Test automation itself comes with many challenges such as mapping of user specifications to test-cases, test-case generation, maintenance of test-cases and test-scripts.In this paper, we propose a model-driven approach for test automation to provide end-to-end assistance in test case generation and automation, with focus on re-usability and maintainability. Functional specifications of system are mapped to test-cases for traceability which ensures better test automation process. Functional specifications of system are used as an input to design process models, which are used for automatic generation of test-cases. Process models consist of flows of different tasks in specified sequence. By recording the individual tasks, test-scripts for all the test-cases are generated. The test-cases and test-scripts can be modified and maintained using user friendly user-interface (UI) to provide better control to test designer and ease the load of tester. In this paper, we also present a case study performed on JBilling application [18] to evaluate our approach.
Physical and chemical aspects of stabilization of compounds in silk (2012)

The challenge of stabilization of small molecules and proteins has received considerable interest. The biological activity of small molecules can be lost as a consequence of chemical modifications, while protein activity may be lost due to chemical or structural degradation, such as a change in macromolecular conformation or aggregation. In these cases, stabilization is required to preserve therapeutic and bioactivity efficacy and safety. In addition to use in therapeutic applications, strategies to stabilize small molecules and proteins also have applications in industrial processes, diagnostics, and consumer products like food and cosmetics. Traditionally, therapeutic drug formulation efforts have focused on maintaining stability during product preparation and storage. However, with growing interest in the fields of encapsulation, tissue engineering, and controlled release drug delivery systems, new stabilization challenges are being addressed; the compounds or protein of interest must be stabilized during: (1) fabrication of the protein or small molecule-loaded carrier, (2) device storage, and (3) for the duration of intended release needs in vitro or in vivo. We review common mechanisms of compound degradation for small molecules and proteins during biomaterial preparation (including tissue engineering scaffolds and drug delivery systems), storage, and in vivo implantation. We also review the physical and chemical aspects of polymer-based stabilization approaches, with a particular focus on the stabilizing properties of silk fibroin biomaterials.
Reduced after‐hyperpolarization in rat piriform cortex pyramidal neurons is associated with increased learning capability during operant conditioning (1998)

Learning-related cellular modifications were studied in the rat piriform cortex. Water-deprived rats were divided to three groups: 'trained' rats were trained in a four-arm maze to discriminate positive cues in pairs of odours, 'control' rats were 'pseudo-trained' by random water rewarding, and 'naive' rats were water-deprived only. In one experimental paradigm, the trained group was exposed to extensive training with rats learning to discriminate between 35 and 50 pairs of odours. Piriform cortex pyramidal neurons from 'trained', 'control' and 'naive' rats did not differ in their passive membrane properties and single spike characteristics. However, the after-hyperpolarizations (AHPs) that follow six-spike trains were reduced after 'extensive training' by 43% and 36% compared with 'control' and 'naive', respectively. This effect was not observed in the piriform cortex of another group of rats, in which hyperexcitability was induced by chemical kindling. In another experimental paradigm rats were trained only until they demonstrated 'rule learning', usually after discriminating between one and two pairs of odours ('mild training'). In this experiment, a smaller, yet significant, reduction (20%) in AHPs was observed. AHP reduction was apparent in most of the sampled neurons. AHP remained reduced up to 3 days after the last training session. 5 days or more after the last training session, AHP amplitude recovered to pre-training value and did not differ between 'trained' rats and the others. Accordingly, training suspension for 5 days or more resulted in slower learning of novel odours. We suggest that increased neuronal excitability, manifested as reduced AHP, is related to the ability of the cortical network to enter a 'learning mode' which creates favourable conditions for enhanced learning capability.
Lewis Acid Induced Tandem Diels−Alder Reaction/Ring Expansion as an Equivalent of a [4 + 3] Cycloaddition (2004)

Aluminum chloride induced reaction between cyclopentadiene and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes results in the stereoselective formation of the products of a formal [4 + 3] cycloaddition. The reaction proceeds by a tandem Diels-Alder reaction/ring expansion.
Performance of Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication using IEEE 802.11p in Vehicular Ad-hoc Network Environment (2013)

Traffic safety applications using vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication is an emerging and promising area within the ITS environment. Many of these applications require real-time communication with high reliability. To meet a real-time deadline, timely and predictable access to the channel is paramount. The medium access method used in 802.11p, CSMA with collision avoidance, does not guarantee channel access before a finite deadline. The well-known property of CSMA is undesirable for critical communications scenarios. The simulation results reveal that a specific vehicle is forced to drop over 80% of its packets because no channel access was possible before the next message was generated. To overcome this problem, we propose to use STDMA for real-time data traffic between vehicles. The realtime properties of STDMA are investigated by means of the highway road simulation scenario, with promising results.
High power fiber lasers (2002)

High power fiber lasers are one of the hot topics in laser science and technology in recent years. The clad pumping of double clad fiber lasers was the key issue for high power performance in the last decade. The clad pumping scheme demonstrated more than 100 W from a single core fiber. A new concept of high power fiber lasers, a fiber disk laser, was developed in Japan in the middle of the 90s. The fabrication technique of fiber embedded disk was developed in a cooperation program supported by Japanese government. We report the concept of high power fiber lasers under development in Japan.
The cross-linking of tubulin with imidoesters (1982)

Tubulin was reacted with a monofunctional imidoester, ethyl acetimidate, and three bifunctional imidoesters ranging in extension from 5 to 10 A. Extensive cross-linking was found to occur with the three bifunctional reagents resulting in the formation of dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, and hexamers. In addition, a similar cross-linking patterns was observed with the monofunctional reagent. This type of cross-linking is rarely seen when proteins are reacted with imidoesters. Given that the cross-linking span of ethyl acetimidate is only 3 A it is reasonable to infer that there are nucleophilic groups in close proximity within the tubulin dimer. Amidinated tubulin is still capable of assembling into microtubules.
Monolithic crystal monochromators for synchrotron radiation with order sorting and polarizing properties (1980)

Two novel types of x-ray monochromators which eliminate unwanted higher orders usually present in crystal monochromatized synchrotron radiation beams have been used successfully in spectroscopic studies. The design of the monochromators is based on the refractive index correction’s dependence on wavelength and relative orientation of crystal surface to reflecting Bragg planes. In addition to the order sorting property, both types of monochromators can be used to decrease or increase the reflected beam cross section by Bragg focusing, and in one type, to determine the polarization state of the diffracted beam.
A platform‐based approach for peptide drug discovery: generating probes to understand and treat itch (1054.1) (2014)

There is an unmet medical need for novel strategies to treat pruritus (itch). Recently a family of Mas‐related G protein‐coupled receptors (Mrgprs) were cloned and shown to be expressed in primary sensory neurons. Activation of MrgprX1 by the endogenous peptide BAM8‐22 results in histamine independent itch. MrgprX1 is also the target of chloroquine induced itch, a major side effect of this frequently used antimalarial drug. Pharmacological modulators of MrgprX1 are needed as tools to dissect the role of this receptor in mediating pruritus and as candidate therapeutics to combat itch. To define new ligands for MrgprX1, we utilized membrane tethered ligand (MTL) technology. MTLs are recombinant proteins comprised of an extracellular peptide ligand, a linker sequence, and an anchoring transmembrane domain. As MTLs, both BAM8‐22 and γMSH (another peptide ligand of MrgprX1) showed agonist activity. Because of the recombinant nature of MTLs, peptide variants can be rapidly generated and functionally assessed. Using alanine scanning of the two MTLs, we defined specific amino acid positions critical for activity at MrgprX1. With the knowledge gained from these studies, we have begun designing MrgprX1 membrane tethered peptide antagonists. Prior success in converting optimized recombinant MTLs to synthetic lipid anchored peptides provides a roadmap for developing MrgprX1 antagonists as therapeutics for pruritus.
Measuring In Vivo Signaling Kinetics in a Mitogen-Activated Kinase Pathway Using Dynamic Input Stimulation (2011)

Determining the in vivo kinetics of a signaling pathway is a challenging task. We can measure a property we termed pathway bandwidth to put in vivo bounds on the kinetics of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPk) signaling cascade in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that responds to hyperosmotic stress [the High Osmolarity Glycerol (HOG) pathway]. Our method requires stimulating cells with square waves of oscillatory hyperosmotic input (1 M sorbitol) over a range of frequencies and measuring the activity of the HOG pathway in response to this oscillatory input. The input frequency at which the pathway's steady-state activity drops precipitously because the stimulus is changing too rapidly for the pathway to respond faithfully is defined as the pathway bandwidth. In this chapter, we provide details of the techniques required to measure pathway bandwidth in the HOG pathway. These methods are generally useful and can be applied to signaling pathways in S. cerevisiae and other organisms whenever a rapid reporter of pathway activity is available.
Trimetasphere Metallofullerene MRI Contrast Agents with High Molecular Relaxivity (2008)

MRI contrast agents derived from Gd3N@C80, termed Hydrochalarones, are described for the first time. Hydrochalarones offer the promise of high relaxivity and safety, and may be used as a platform technology for delivering targeted agents.
Genetic variation of world soybean maturity date and geographic distribution of maturity groups (2017)

The maturity date of soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merr.) is sensitive to photoperiod, which varies with latitude and growing seasons. The maturity group (MG) system, composed of 13 MGs, is a major approach in characterizing varieties' ecological properties and adaptable areas. A total of 512 world soybean varieties, including 48 MG checks, were tested at a major site (Nanjing, 32.04°N) with portions tested in supplementary sites (Heihe, 50.22°N; Mudanjiang, 44.60°N; Jining, 35.38°N and Nanning, 22.84°N) in China to explore the world-wide MG distribution. The maturity date of the world soybean varied greatly (75-201 d) in Nanjing. Along with soybeans disseminated to new areas, the MGs further expanded during the last 70 years from MG I-VII to the early MG 0-000 in the north continents and to the late MG VIII-X in the south continents with the growth period structure differentiated into two subgroups in each MG 0-VIII except V. The cluster analysis among MGs and subgroups using genome-wide markers validated the MG sequential emergence order and the subgroup differentiation in eight MGs. For future evaluation, in addition to one major site (Nanjing), one supplementary southern site (Nanning) and one supplementary northern site (Heihe) are sufficient.
An assessment of relativistic effects for low Earth orbiters: the GRACE satellites (2007)

The GRACE mission consists of two identical satellites orbiting the Earth at an altitude of ∼500 km. Dual-frequency carrier-phase Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers are flying on both satellites. They are used for precise orbit determination and to time-tag the K-band ranging system used to measure changes in the distances between the two satellites. The satellites are also flying ultra-stable oscillators (USOs) to achieve the mission's need for short-term (<1 s) oscillator stability. Because of the high quality of both the GPS receivers and the oscillators, relativistic effects in the GRACE GPS data can be examined. An expression is developed for relativistic effects that explicitly includes the effects of the Earth's oblateness (J2). Use of this expression significantly reduces the twice per orbital period energy in the GRACE clock solutions, indicating that the effect of J2 can be significant and should be modeled for satellite clocks in low Earth orbit. After relativistic effects have been removed, both GRACE USOs show large (2 ns to 3 ns) once per orbital period signatures that correlate with voltage variations on the spacecraft.
Allospecific CD154+ T-Cytotoxic Memory Cells Identify Recipients Experiencing Acute Cellular Rejection After Renal Transplantation (2011)

The strong association between ACR and allospecific CD154+TcM may be useful in minimizing protocol biopsies among recipients at reduced rejection risk.