gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A situation-driven adaptive pilot/vehicle interface (2002)

This paper describes an effort under way to develop a pilot/vehicle interface (PVI) that uses computational situation assessment models and pilot workload metrics to drive the content, format, and modality of cockpit displays. The goal of this research is to develop PVI concepts that support a tactical pilot's situation awareness and decision-making. The envisioned system is driven by two key information streams: a content path, driven by a tactical situation assessment module that uses avionics system outputs to determine the aircraft's current tactical situation and the pilot's information needs based on the situation; and a format path, which uses an estimate of the pilot's state (workload level attentional focus, etc.) to determine the most appropriate modality for conveying the required information to the pilot. The system will be integrated into the SIRE simulator at the Armstrong Laboratory.
Pathways for Intracellular Generation of Oxidants and Tyrosine Nitration by a Macrophage Cell Line (2007)

Two transformed murine macrophage cell lines (RAW 264.7 ATCC TIB-71 and CRL-2278) were examined for oxidant production at various times following activation by using a set of fluorescence and ESR-active probes. Stimulation with a soluble agonist or activation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide plus gamma-interferon caused only very small initial increases in O2 consumption above basal rates; however, at 2-4 h post-activation, respiration increased to 2-3-fold and remained at these elevated levels over the subsequent lifetime of the cell (20-30 h). Oxidation reactions were confined primarily within the cell, as was demonstrated by using phagocytosable dichlorodihydrofluorescein-conjugated latex beads and cyclic hydroxylamines with differing membrane permeabilities. From the intrinsic reactivities of these probes and the time course of their oxidations, one infers the induction of apparent peroxidase activity beginning at approximately 2 h post-activation coinciding with the increase in overall respiratory rate; this acquired capability was accompanied by accumulation of a stable horseradish peroxidase-reactive oxidant, presumably H2O2, in the extracellular medium. Nitrite ion rapidly accumulated in the extracellular medium over a period of 5-8 h post-activation in both cell lines, indicating the presence of active nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) during that period. Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase (COX-2) activity was detected at 15-20 h post-activation by the use of a sensitive peroxide assay in conjunction with a COX-2 specific inhibitor (DuP-697). Superoxide formation was detected by reaction with hydroethidine within the first hour following activation, but not thereafter. Consistent with the absence of significant respiratory stimulation, the amount of O2*- formed was very small; comparative reactions of cyclic hydroxylamine probes indicated that virtually none of the O2*- was discharged into the external medium. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was probed at various times post-activation by using fluorescein-conjugated polyacrylamide beads, which efficiently trap MPO-generated HOCl in neutrophils to give stable chlorofluorescein products. However, chlorination of the dye was not detected under any conditions in RAW cells, virtually precluding MPO involvement in their intracellular reactions. This same probe was used to determine changes in intraphagosomal pH, which increased slowly from approximately 6.5 to approximately 8.2 over a 20 h post-phagocytosis period. The cumulative data suggest that activation is followed by sequential induction of an endogenous peroxidase, iNOS, and COX-2, with NADPH oxidase-derived O2*- playing a minimal role in the direct generation of intracellular oxidants. To account for reported observations of intracellular tyrosine nitration late in the life cycles of macrophages, we propose a novel mechanism wherein iNOS-generated NO2- is used by COX-2 to produce NO2* as a terminal microbicidal oxidant and nitrating agent.
The Personal Assistant application, problem definition (2013)

The subject of the paper is a personal assistant design. The goal of personal assistant is a daily activities list planning. The personal assistant will assist the costumer (human operator) for planning an optimum succession of desired activities. The solution is based on objective and subjective information. The paper focus on problem definition, mathematical structure of the concepts which are involved and a first solution analyze.
Use of Petroleum Derived Spray Oils in Washington Grapevine Powdery Mildew Management Programs (2005)

The effects of petroleum-derived spray oils (PDSO) on powdery mildew control and selected berry characteristics were evaluated in vineyards in eastern Washington during 2001 and 2002. Up to seven PDSO applications were made during each growing season between the 15-to-30-cm shoot stage and veraison. The use of oil decreased total soluble solids (TSS) at harvest by 0.17% per application but had no significant effects on berry weight, pH, or titratable acidity. Because of their documented eradicant and antisporulant properties, PDSO were also utilized as the initial treatment in fungicide treatment sequences initiated upon the first visual detection of powdery mildew signs in the vineyard. When used in this fashion very early in powdery mildew epidemics, PDSO helped to reduce fungicide usage and input costs without compromising disease control. Accepted for publication 15 February 2005. Published 17 March 2005.
A novel blind source separation method with observation vector clustering (2005)

We propose a new method for separating sparse signals from their mixtures. Separation is achieved by clustering the normal-ized observation vectors and extracting each cluster as each sep-arated signal. We show the practical result of speech separation with non-linear sensor arrangements in both a determined and an underdetermined scenarios. We also consider the musical noise problem and show the listening test results. 1.
Learning appearance in virtual scenarios for pedestrian detection (2010)

Detecting pedestrians in images is a key functionality to avoid vehicle-to-pedestrian collisions. The most promising detectors rely on appearance-based pedestrian classifiers trained with labelled samples. This paper addresses the following question: can a pedestrian appearance model learnt in virtual scenarios work successfully for pedestrian detection in real images? (Fig. 1). Our experiments suggest a positive answer, which is a new and relevant conclusion for research in pedestrian detection. More specifically, we record training sequences in virtual scenarios and then appearance-based pedestrian classifiers are learnt using HOG and linear SVM. We test such classifiers in a publicly available dataset provided by Daimler AG for pedestrian detection benchmarking. This dataset contains real world images acquired from a moving car. The obtained result is compared with the one given by a classifier learnt using samples coming from real images. The comparison reveals that, although virtual samples were not specially selected, both virtual and real based training give rise to classifiers of similar performance.
The glucocorticoid receptor in GH1 cells. Evidence from dense amino acid labeling and whole cell studies for an equilibrium model explaining the influence of hormone on the intracellular distribution of receptor. (1983)

The glucocorticoid receptor in GH1 cells cultured without glucocorticoids and harvested in hypotonic buffer is primarily a cytosolic protein with a sedimentation coefficient of 10 S in low salt gradients. In gradients containing 0.4 M KCl, the receptor sediments at 3.5 S. Following incubation of cells for various times in culture medium containing dense amino acids, discrete peaks of newly synthesized dense receptor and normal density 3.5 S receptor are resolved in salt-containing gradients. The half-life of the 3.5 S receptor is 9.5 h. In contrast, the 10 S receptor gradually becomes more dense as the time of incubation of cells with dense medium increases and discrete normal and dense receptor peaks are not resolved in sucrose gradients. These results suggest that the 10 S receptor is an oligomer and is in a rapidly exchanging equilibrium in intact cells at 37 degrees C with its 3.5 S hormone-binding subunit. When GH1 cells are incubated for 1 h at 37 degrees C with various concentrations of [3H]9 alpha-fluoro-11 beta, 16 alpha, 17 alpha, 21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 16,17-acetonide ([3H]triamcinolone acetonide), receptor is found both in the cytosol and the nucleus. Sedimentation of the cytosol in low salt gradients reveals that a 4 S receptor form is present along with 10 S receptor. As the concentration of [3H]triamcinolone acetonide is increased, the amounts of both 4 S cytosolic receptor and nuclear receptor increase and the amount of 10 S cytosolic receptor decreases. Following removal of [3H]triamcinolone acetonide from cells, the amounts of both 4 S cytosolic receptor and nuclear receptor decrease and the amount of 10 S cytosolic receptor increases. Density labeling indicates that this increase in 10 S receptor is not due to new receptor synthesis. The 4 S receptor form, but not the 10 S form, binds to purified DNA. Resedimentation studies suggest that the 4 S receptor found in low salt gradients is identical with or derived from the 3.5 S form found in salt-containing gradients. A model for hormone-mediated receptor translocation to the nucleus is proposed in which binding of hormone shifts the equilibrium between the oligomeric 10 S receptor and its 4 S subunit toward the 4 S form. The 4 S form is in equilibrium with 4 S receptor bound to chromatin. The model provides a molecular explanation for many experimental findings concerning glucocorticoid and other steroid receptors.
Stress-driven formation of Si nanowires (2005)

We present an alternate mechanism for the growth of Si nanowires directly from a silicon substrate, without the use of a metal catalyst, silicon vapor or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) gasses. Since the silicon wires grow directly from the silicon substrate, they do not need to be manipulated or aligned for subsequent applications. Wires in the 20–50 nm diameter range with lengths over 80μm can be easily grown by this technique. The critical parameters in the growth of these nanowires are the surface treatment and the carrier gas used. A model is proposed involving stress-driven wire growth, which is enhanced by surface Si atom diffusion due to the presence of hydrogen gas.
A Proposal for Input of Hand-Drawn Information to a Digital System (1964)

Much progress has been made in speeding up communications between input-output digital equipment and the central processing unit. Faster and faster card readers, printers and tape drives have been developed to match the vastly increased internal processing speeds of modern digital computers. In contrast, direct man-machine communication still lags far behind machine-machine data exchange. Much work is being done to ease this communications bottleneck in such areas as character recognition and voice recognition, which are but two of the more well-known examples.
Manufacturing engineer's reference book (1994)

CONTENTS INCLUDE: Materials properties and selection Polymers and rubbers Metal casting and moulding processes Metal forming Large chip metal removal Non-chip metal removal Electronic manufacture Metal finishing processes Fabrication Electrical and electronic principles Microprocessors, instrumentation and control Machine tool control elements Communication and integration software Computer integrated manufacturing Manufacturing and operations management Computer aided production management Quality control Terotechnology Ergonomics.
Expression of functional hepatitis B virus polymerase in yeast reveals it to be the sole viral protein required for correct initiation of reverse transcription. (1993)

Replication of hepatitis B viruses proceeds by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate, a reaction catalyzed by the virus-encoded polymerase (P protein). The reaction product is a partially duplex DNA whose (-)-strand is covalently linked to the P protein. Efforts to understand the mechanism of the reaction have been severely retarded by an inability to express functional polymerase outside of viral particles. Here we report the successful expression of enzymatically active polymerase in yeast cells, by fusing the P gene to coding sequences of the retrotransposon Ty1. The enzyme initiates correctly on viral RNA in yeast cells in vivo, producing nascent DNA chains covalently linked to protein, exactly as found in virus-infected cells. Replication complexes isolated from these yeast are enzymatically active in vitro, synthesizing DNA in a reaction that is actinomycin D-resistant but sensitive to RNase pretreatment. These results indicate that P protein is the sole viral protein required for the correct priming of reverse transcription and establish a tractable system for the biochemical dissection of the reaction.
Characterization of Novel Hepatitis B Virus PreS/S-Gene Mutations in a Patient with Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection (2016)

The impact of hepatitis B virus (HBV) preS/S-gene mutations on occult HBV infection (OBI) is not fully understood. This study characterized multiple novel HBV preS/S-gene mutants obtained from an OBI patient.
Unique challenges in clinical trials in traumatic brain injury (2008)

Clinical trials in traumatic brain injury have shown little success in providing an evidence base for the introduction of successful new therapies into clinical practice. In addition to the problems that are common to all such studies in critical illness, trials in traumatic brain injury are complicated by the extremely short temporal window for intervention, failure of many candidate drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier, ethical and regulatory obstacles associated with research in subjects who cannot provide consent, the tendency to use small sample sizes in anticipation of unrealistic treatment benefits, and difficulty in translating experimental success into clinical practice. This article reviews the potential causes of these problems and suggests some solutions. These include the changes in regulatory frameworks that are making waived consent an acceptable strategy once more, and an increasing trend toward appropriately large trials. Other encouraging developments include the increasing use of human experimental medicine strategies before phase III trials to assess blood-brain barrier penetration and dose ranging, and provide proof of concept and proof of mechanism. Novel approaches to trial design, such as sliding dichotomy, coupled with robust outcome prediction models, can increase statistical power and improve trial design.
A Novel RNase 3/ECP Peptide for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Eradication That Combines Antimicrobial, Lipopolysaccharide Binding, and Cell-Agglutinating Activities (2016)

Eradication of established biofilm communities of pathogenic Gram-negative species is one of the pending challenges for the development of new antimicrobial agents. In particular, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the main dreaded nosocomial species, with a tendency to form organized microbial communities that offer an enhanced resistance to conventional antibiotics. We describe here an engineered antimicrobial peptide (AMP) which combines bactericidal activity with a high bacterial cell agglutination and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) affinity. The RN3(5-17P22-36) peptide is a 30-mer derived from the eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), a host defense RNase secreted by eosinophils upon infection, with a wide spectrum of antipathogen activity. The protein displays high biofilm eradication activity that is not dependent on its RNase catalytic activity, as evaluated by using an active site-defective mutant. On the other hand, the peptide encompasses both the LPS-binding and aggregation-prone regions from the parental protein, which provide the appropriate structural features for the peptide's attachment to the bacterial exopolysaccharide layer and further improved removal of established biofilms. Moreover, the peptide's high cationicity and amphipathicity promote the cell membrane destabilization action. The results are also compared side by side with other reported AMPs effective against either planktonic and/or biofilm forms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1. The ECP and its derived peptide are unique in combining high bactericidal potency and cell agglutination activity, achieving effective biofilm eradication at a low micromolar range. We conclude that the designed RN3(5-17P22-36) peptide is a promising lead candidate against Gram-negative biofilms.
Invasive fungal infections: a review of epidemiology and management options (2006)

Fungi are increasingly recognised as major pathogens in critically ill patients. Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. are the yeasts most frequently isolated in clinical practice. The most frequent filamentous fungi (moulds) isolated are Aspergillus spp., but Fusarium spp., Scedosporium spp., Penicillium spp., and Zygomycetes are increasingly seen. Several reasons have been proposed for the increase in invasive fungal infections, including the use of antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agents, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and prosthetic devices and grafts, and more aggressive surgery. Patients with burns, neutropenia, HIV infection and pancreatitis are also predisposed to fungal infection. The epidemiology and clinical features of fungal infections are reviewed, together with antifungal agents currently or soon to be available.
An automatic extrinsic parameter calibration method for camera-on-vehicle on structured road (2007)

This paper proposes a novel self-calibration method for getting the extrinsic parameters of the camera on the autonomous vehicle. Basing on the model of the highway and the extrinsic parameters of the camera, the lane marking can be described parametrically in the vehicle coordinate system. The position and headings of the vehicle can be measured by itself in real time. Thus the Extended Kalman Filter can be applied to the kinematical model of the vehicle. By this means, it is possible to refine the original rough extrinsic parameters of the camera with an iterative way. Experiment results show that this method has a good performance in the structural scenery on highway.
Istradefylline, a novel adenosine A<sub>2A</sub>receptor antagonist, for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (2005)

Dopamine replacement therapy effectively treats the early motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, its association with the development of motor complications limits its usefulness in late stages of the disease. Adenosine A(2A) receptors are localised to the indirect striatal output function and control motor behaviour. They are active in predictive experimental models of PD and appear to be promising as the first major non-dopaminergic therapy for PD. Istradefylline is a novel adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist currently in Phase III clinical trials for efficacy in patients with PD; results from Phase II clinical trials demonstrated that it provides a clinically meaningful reduction in 'off' time and an increased 'on' time with non-troublesome dyskinesia in levodopa-treated patients with established motor complications, and is safe and well tolerated.
<scp>Bits, dtts, and fdi flows: an overview</scp>  (2009)

There is a controversy about the extent to which bilateral investment treaties (and double taxation treaties) lead to increased FDI flows. This text – the overview chapter of a volume that brings together the literature on this subject – draws the conclusions for these various contributions.
Elevation of apolipoprotein E in the CSF of cattle affected by BSE (1997)

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients suffering from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) display two unique polypeptide chains by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE). In the absence of a well-defined ante-mortem diagnostic test for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), spinal fluid samples of eight normal cows and eight cows known to carry BSE by post-mortem histological analysis were investigated to verify if equivalent polypeptides were present. Proteins with similar migration to human CJD polypeptides were not detected. But surprisingly, a cluster of polypeptide spots that was faint or not detected in normal bovine CSF samples was found to be elevated or massively increased in BSE CSF samples (more than 10-fold increase). These elevated polypeptide chains were identified as apolipoprotein E.
<i>Bmp4</i> and Morphological Variation of Beaks in Darwin's Finches (2004)

Darwin's finches are a classic example of species diversification by natural selection. Their impressive variation in beak morphology is associated with the exploitation of a variety of ecological niches, but its developmental basis is unknown. We performed a comparative analysis of expression patterns of various growth factors in species comprising the genus Geospiza. We found that expression of Bmp4 in the mesenchyme of the upper beaks strongly correlated with deep and broad beak morphology. When misexpressed in chicken embryos, Bmp4 caused morphological transformations paralleling the beak morphology of the large ground finch G. magnirostris.
Optimum design of triode-like JFET's by two-dimensional computer simulation (1977)

Design criteria of triode-like JFET's are studied by fully utilizing two-dimensional numerical analysis. The current is caused by tlie carriers injected over a potential barrier in a depleted channel. In contrast to normal pentode-like FET'S, the drain field plays an important role reducing the barrier height and thus causing triode-like <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I-V</tex> characteristics. Triode-like characteristics depend strongly on device geometry. This operation can be realized only in short gate devices. The channel thickness <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</tex> is an essential parameter in determining the operational mode. The devices operate as triodes or pentodes corresponding to thin or thick channels, respectively. If applied to low-resistance load direct-drive circuits, the mixed characteristics situated between the triode- and pentode-like ones, are more desirable when compared to pure triode-like ones, This is because of their low on-resistance and high ac power efficiency. The gate-drain distance l <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gd</inf> is also essential in determining breakdown voltage. The design criteria are discussed and an optimum design specified on the N <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</inf> (channel doping)- <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</tex> and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N_{D} - l_{gd}</tex> planes with respect to triode-like characteristics, circuit application and breakdown phenomena. Calculated results are compared with experiments and good agreement is found without using any adjustable parameters. The present design criteria will be useful for designing triode-like JFET's.
Zur Analyse und Beurtheilung der Darrmalze (1902)

e r iind S c h m i d t m a n n iiber-