gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The POWER2 processor (2002)

The IBM POWER2 is a second-generation, multi-chip superscalar RISC processor. It provides dual branch processing units, dual fixed-point units, dual floating-point units, and advanced superscalar techniques. It is capable of executing 6 instructions per cycle and 8 operations per cycle. The processor also provides large caches, long cache lines, and high bandwidth buses to memory and I/O.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A low phase noise monolithic VCO in SiGe BiCMOS (2002)

A fully integrated, low phase noise, dual-band voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) utilizing a novel tuning scheme is reported. Coarse digital tuning is achieved using MOSFETs and fine analog tuning utilizes PN varactors. The measured phase noise is -95 dBc/Hz max at 3 GHz+25 kHz over the whole tuning bandwidth (/spl plusmn/12.5%), and the power dissipated is 22.5 mW. To our knowledge, these are the best results published so far.
Interobserver reproducibility of The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology (2017)

Our findings indicated that the scheme recommended by the Paris System shows adequate precision for the category NHGUC, but the other categories demonstrated unacceptable interobserver variability. This low level of diagnostic precision may negatively impact the applicability of the Paris System for widespread clinical application.
The nature of O <sub>2</sub> activation by the ethylene-forming enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (2008)

Ethylene is a plant hormone important in many aspects of plant growth and development such as germination, fruit ripening, and senescence. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase (ACCO), an O2-activating ascorbate-dependent nonheme iron enzyme, catalyzes the last step in ethylene biosynthesis. The O2 activation process by ACCO was investigated using steady-state kinetics, solvent isotope effects (SIEs), and competitive oxygen kinetic isotope effects (18O KIEs) to provide insights into the nature of the activated oxygen species formed at the active-site iron center and its dependence on ascorbic acid. The observed large 18O KIE of 1.0215 +/- 0.0005 strongly supports a rate-determining step formation of an Fe(IV) O species, which acts as the reactive intermediate in substrate oxidation. The large SIE on kcat/Km(O2) of 5.0 +/- 0.9 suggests that formation of this Fe(IV) O species is linked to a rate-limiting proton or hydrogen atom transfer step. Based on the observed decrease in SIE and 18O KIE values for ACCO at limiting ascorbate concentrations, ascorbate is proposed to bind in a random manner, depending on its concentration. We conclude that ascorbate is not essential for initial O2 binding and activation but is required for rapid Fe(IV) O formation under catalytic turnover. Similar studies can be performed for other nonheme iron enzymes, with the 18O KIEs providing a kinetic probe into the chemical nature of Fe/O2 intermediates formed in the first irreversible step of the O2 activation.
A High-Throughput, Precipitating Colorimetric Sandwich ELISA Microarray for Shiga Toxins (2014)

Shiga toxins 1 and 2 (Stx1 and Stx2) from Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) bacteria were simultaneously detected with a newly developed, high-throughput antibody microarray platform. The proteinaceous toxins were immobilized and sandwiched between biorecognition elements (monoclonal antibodies) and pooled horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated monoclonal antibodies. Following the reaction of HRP with the precipitating chromogenic substrate (metal enhanced 3,3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride or DAB), the formation of a colored product was quantitatively measured with an inexpensive flatbed page scanner. The colorimetric ELISA microarray was demonstrated to detect Stx1 and Stx2 at levels as low as ~4.5 ng/mL within ~2 h of total assay time with a narrow linear dynamic range of ~1-2 orders of magnitude and saturation levels well above background. Stx1 and/or Stx2 produced by various strains of STEC were also detected following the treatment of cultured cells with mitomycin C (a toxin-inducing antibiotic) and/or B-PER (a cell-disrupting, protein extraction reagent). Semi-quantitative detection of Shiga toxins was demonstrated to be sporadic among various STEC strains following incubation with mitomycin C; however, further reaction with B-PER generally resulted in the detection of or increased detection of Stx1, relative to Stx2, produced by STECs inoculated into either axenic broth culture or culture broth containing ground beef.
A Percolation Model of Innovation in Complex Technology Spaces (2002)

Innovations are known to arrive more highly clustered than if they were purely random, and\ntheir rate of arrival has been increasing nearly exponentially for several centuries. Their\ndistribution of importance is highly skewed and appears to obey a power law or lognormal\ndistribution. Technological change has been seen by many scholars as following technological trajectories and being subject to ‘paradigm’ shifts from time to time.\nTo address these empirical observations, we introduce a complex technology space\nbased on percolation theory. This space is searched randomly in local neighborhoods of the current best-practice frontier. Numerical simulations demonstrate that with increasing radius of search, the probability of becoming deadlocked declines and the mean rate of innovation increases until a plateau is reached. The distribution of innovation sizes is highly skewed and heavy tailed. For percolation probabilities near the critical value, it seems to resemble an infinite-variance Pareto distribution in the tails. For higher values, the lognormal appears to be preferred.
Essential role for Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-unique cysteines in an intramolecular disulfide bond, proteolytic cleavage and RNA sensing (2013)

Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) an innate immune sensor for microbial RNA, erroneously responds to self-derived RNA. To avoid autoimmune responses, TLR7 is suggested to be silenced until the N-terminal half of the TLR7 ectodomain (TLR7N) is cleaved off. Resultant truncated TLR7 (TLR7C) is thought to signal microbial RNA. We here show that TLR7N remains associated with TLR7C through a disulfide bond. By N-terminal amino acid sequencing, TLR7C was found to start at 461E or 462A. The newly established monoclonal anti-TLR7N showed that endogenous TLR7 in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells was almost all cleaved and cleaved TLR7N remained in endolysosomes. TLR7N in endolysosomes was linked with TLR7C by a disulfide bond. In contrast, TLR9 did not have a disulfide bond between TLR9N and TLR9C fragments. Among the cysteines unique to the ectodomain of TLR7 but not TLR9 (Cys98, Cys445, Cys475 and Cys722), Cys98 in TLR7N and Cys475 in TLR7C were required for an intramolecular disulfide bond. These cysteines were also needed for proteolytic cleavage of and RNA sensing by TLR7, but not for TLR7 trafficking from endoplasmic reticulum to endosomes. No response was seen in TLR7 mutants lacking the proteolytic cleavage site or TLR7C alone. These results demonstrate requirement for proteolytic cleavage and TLR7N in TLR7 responses and indicate RNA sensing by TLR7N + TLR7C.
Jettison jargon and get back to basics (1993)

I must pick up on a point made by Geoffrey Hunt in a news item in the May 12 issue. I agree that the slavish trotting out of self-important jargon such as 'deontology, utilitarianism, beneficence, non-maleficence...' in teaching ethics should be avoided.
Enzymatic debridement with collagenase in wounds and ulcers: a systematic review and meta‐analysis (2017)

Enzymatic debridement with collagenase is a technique that is commonly used in clinical practice. This systematic review examines the effect of collagenase on all kinds of wounds, compared to an alternative therapy, on wound healing, wound bed characteristics, cost-effectiveness and the occurrence of adverse events. We conducted a systematic literature search on available literature in Cochrane databases, MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL. Two investigators independently assessed the titles and abstracts of all randomised controlled trials obtained involving collagenase of all kinds of wounds based on inclusion criteria. Of the 1411 citations retrieved, 22 studies reported outcomes with the use of collagenase either for wound healing or wound debridement. Results support the use of collagenase for enzymatic debridement in pressure ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers and in conjunction with topical antibiotics for burns. However, studies presented a high risk of bias. Risk ratio of developing an adverse event related to collagenase versus the alternative treatment was statistically significant (for 10 studies, RR: 1·79, 95% CI 1·24-2·59, I<sup>2</sup> =0%, P = 0·002). There is very limited data on the effect of collagenase as an enzymatic debridement technique on wounds. More independant research and adequate reporting of adverse events are warranted.
Enzyme-Catalyzed Preparation and Synthetic Applications of Optically Active Cyanohydrins (1999)

Chiral cyanohydrins are widespread in nature as cyanoglycosides, serving more than two thousand plants and many insects as antifeedant. Fast release of HCN from cyanohydrins in cells is catalyzed by hydroxynitrile lyases (HNLs). The importance of HNLs in organic syntheses is the enantioselectivity of cleavage as well as formation of cyanohydrins by these biocatalysts. For the preparation of (R)-cyanohydrins from aldehydes and HCN on a preparative scale, (R)-PaHNL from bitter almonds proves to be the best catalyst. For the synthesis of (S)-cyanohydrins, the recombinant HNLs from cassava (MeHNL) and rubber tree (HbHNL) are most suitable. In organic solvents or in biphasic systems, the chemical addition of HCN to the carbonyl compounds can be suppressed, resulting in high optical yields of the obtained cyanohydrins. Stereoselective follow-up reactions of (R)- and (S)-cyanohydrins lead to other important classes of compounds with stereogenic centers. Starting from (R)-cyanohydrins, (R)-2-hydroxy carboxylic acids, (R)-2-hydroxy aldehydes, (R)-2-hydroxy ketones, (1R)-2-amino alcohols, and (1R,2S)-2-amino alcohols are easily obtainable in high optical and chemical yields by transformation of the cyano group. Analogous transformations are possible starting from (S)-cyanohydrins. Sulfonylation of the OH function in cyanohydrins allows nucleophilic substitution of the sulfonate group with complete inversion of configuration. In this way, starting, e.g., from (R)-cyanohydrins, (S)-2-azido nitriles, (S)-2-amino nitriles, (S)-2-amino acids, (S)-1,2-diamines and (S)-2-sulfanyl nitriles are obtained in high optical yields.
Cell-free protein expression systems in microdroplets: Stabilization of interdroplet bilayers (2013)

Cell-free protein expression with bacterial lysates has been demonstrated to produce soluble proteins in microdroplets. However, droplet assays with expressed membrane proteins require the presence of a lipid bilayer. A bilayer can be formed in between lipid-coated aqueous droplets by bringing these into contact by electrokinetic manipulation in a continuous oil phase, but it is not known whether such interdroplet bilayers are compatible with high concentrations of biomolecules. In this study, we have characterized the lifetime and the structural integrity of interdroplet bilayers by measuring the bilayer current in the presence of three different commercial cell-free expression mixtures and their individual components. Samples of pure proteins and of a polymer were included for comparison. It is shown that complete expression mixtures reduce the bilayer lifetime to several minutes or less, and that this is mainly due to the lysate fraction itself. The fraction that contains the molecules for metabolic energy generation does not reduce the bilayer lifetime but does give rise to current steps that are indicative of lipid packing defects. Gel electrophoresis confirmed that proteins are only present at significant amounts in the lysate fractions and, when supplied separately, in the T7 enzyme mixture. Interestingly, it was also found that pure-protein and pure-polymer solutions perturb the interdroplet bilayer at higher concentrations; 10% (w/v) polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG 8000) and 3 mM lysozyme induce large bilayer currents without a reduction in bilayer lifetime, whereas 3 mM albumin causes rapid bilayer failure. It can, therefore, be concluded that the high protein content of the lysates and the presence of PEG polymer, a typical lysate supplement, compromise the structural integrity of interdroplet bilayers. However, we established that the addition of lipid vesicles to the cell-free expression mixture stabilizes the interdroplet bilayer, allowing the exposure of interdroplet bilayers to cell-free expression solutions. Given that cell-free expressed membrane proteins can insert in lipid bilayers, we envisage that microdroplet technology may be extended to the study of in situ expressed membrane receptors and ion channels.
Erratum: CO<sub>2</sub>‐blown nanocellular foams (2015)

[Article in J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 131, DOI: 10.1002/app.41293] In the published article cited above, the order of references 55 to 99 in the main text was incorrect. The references in the main text have now been correctly ordered. The publishers apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused.
BotGrep: finding P2P bots with structured graph analysis (2010)

A key feature that distinguishes modern botnets from earlier counterparts is their increasing use of structured overlay topologies. This lets them carry out sophisticated coordinated activities while being resilient to churn, but it can also be used as a point of detection. In this work, we devise techniques to localize botnet members based on the unique communication patterns arising from their overlay topologies used for command and control. Experimental results on synthetic topologies embedded within Internet traffic traces from an ISP’s backbone network indicate that our techniques (i) can localize the majority of bots with low false positive rate, and (ii) are resilient to incomplete visibility arising from partial deployment of monitoring systems and measurement inaccuracies from dynamics of background traffic. 1
A colicin A fragment containing the receptor binding domain can be directed to the periplasmic space in <i>E. coli</i> through gene fusion (1984)

The central region of the colicin A polypeptide chain has been fused to the N-terminal part of beta-lactamase through genetic recombination. This region comprising amino acid residues 70-335 confers on the hybrid protein the ability to protect sensitive cells from the lethal action of colicin A. Although colicin A belongs to the cytoplasmic compartment of E. coli, export of the hybrid protein to the periplasmic space was promoted by the signal peptide of beta-lactamase.
Auf das Zentralnervensystem wirkende Substanzen, XVI. Zur Chemie der 3.3‐disubstituierten Azetidine, II (1960)

Abstract Die Herstellung einiger N ‐[β‐Hydroxy‐äthyl]‐, N ‐[β‐Chlor‐äthyl]‐ und substituierter N ‐[β‐Amino‐äthyl]‐Derivate von 3‐Alkyl‐3‐aryl‐ und/oder 3.3‐Dialkyl‐azetidinen wird beschrieben. Von einigen pharmakologisch wichtigen Verbindungen (Adiphenin, Methanthelin, Promazin, Chlorpromazin, Nikethamide, Lidocain) wurden die Azetidin‐Analoga hergestellt. Es wird ferner über die Nitrosierung des 3‐Äthyl‐3‐phenyl‐azetidins und dessen Reduktion zum 1‐Amino‐3‐äthyl‐3‐phenyl‐azetidin berichtet.
Functional infrared imaging of the breast (2000)

In order to re-assess the potential contribution of infrared (IR) imaging as a first-line component of a multi-imaging strategy using currently available technology, we first review the history of its introduction and clinical application, including the results of the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Projects (BCDDP). We then discuss experiments with a new high-resolution, computerized IR station and software program acquired by the Ville Marie Breast Center to assess IR imaging's ability to complement clinical examination and mammography in the early detection of breast cancer. Our goal is to show that high-resolution IR imaging provides additional safe, practical, and objective information when produced and interpreted by sufficiently trained breast physicians.
Estimating Car Insurance Premia: a Case Study in High-Dimensional Data Inference (2001)

Estimating insurance premia from data is a di#cult regression problem for several reasons: the large number of variables, many of which are discrete, and the very peculiar shape of the noise distribution, asymmetric with fat tails, with a large majority zeros and a few unreliable and very large values. We introduce a methodology for estimating insurance premia that has been applied in the car insurance industry. It is based on mixtures of specialized neural networks, in order to reduce the e#ect of outliers on the estimation. Statistical comparisons with several di#erent alternatives, including decision trees and generalized linear models show that the proposed method is significantly more precise, allowing to identify the least and most risky contracts, and reducing the median premium by charging more to the most risky customers. 1
The Ferrety algorithm for the KDD Cup 2005 problem (2005)

In this paper, we present a general solution for the KDD Cup 2005 problem. It uses the Internet as source of knowledge and extends it to categorize very short (less than 5 words) documents with reasonable accuracy. Our approach consists of three main parts: i.) a central knowledge filter ii.) an on-demand web crawler and iii.) a very efficient categorizer system. Our solution obtained Creativity and Precision Runner-up Awards at the competition. The main idea of Ferrety Algorithm can be generalized for mapping one taxonomy to another if training documents are available.
Detection of Breast Cancer in Nipple Aspirate Fluid by CpG Island Hypermethylation (2004)

Promoter hypermethylation of important cancer genes is common in breast cancer and could be detected in matched aspirate DNAs from patients with ductal carcinoma in situ or stage I cancer. Promoter hypermethylation represents a promising marker, and larger studies may lead to its useful application in breast cancer diagnosis and management.
Wnt signaling pathways meet Rho GTPases (2009)

Wnt ligands and their receptors orchestrate many essential cellular and physiological processes. During development they control differentiation, proliferation, migration, and patterning, while in the adult, they regulate tissue homeostasis, primarily through their effects on stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Underpinning these diverse biological activities is a complex set of intracellular signaling pathways that are still poorly understood. Rho GTPases have emerged as key mediators of Wnt signals, most notably in the noncanonical pathways that involve polarized cell shape changes and migrations, but also more recently in the canonical pathway leading to beta-catenin-dependent transcription. It appears that Rho GTPases integrate Wnt-induced signals spatially and temporally to promote morphological and transcriptional changes affecting cell behavior.
Adiabatic nanofocusing of plasmons by a sharp metal wedge on a dielectric substrate (2007)

We demonstrate that efficient adiabatic nanofocusing of plasmons can be achieved using a sharp metal wedge (thin tapered film) on a dielectric substrate. It is shown that the quasisymmetric (with respect to the charge distribution across the wedge) plasmon mode can experience infinite adiabatic slowing down with both its phase and group velocities reducing to zero as the plasmon propagates towards the tip of the wedge. Conditions for strong local field enhancement near the tip are determined and analyzed. In particular, it is demonstrated that the electric field in the plasmon experiences much stronger local enhancement than the magnetic field. Two distinct asymptotic regimes with the electric field amplitude approaching either zero or infinity at the tip of the wedge (tapered film) are described. The results are compared to adiabatic nanofocusing of plasmons by metallic V grooves and sharp metal wedges in a uniform dielectric.
Development and validation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Inventory (GADI) (2007)

The psychometric tools used for the assessment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) either do not conform to the current concept of the condition or have important limitations. We aimed to develop and validate a new questionnaire for the assessment of symptom profile and severity of GAD. An original pool of potential scale items was subjected to a series of studies in non-clinical and clinical populations, in order to determine the final composition of the scale. The psychometric properties of the new scale, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Inventory (GADI), were evaluated using a factor analytic model suitable for ordinal data and the Graded Response Model. The precision of measurement of the GADI was quantified through the item information functions.A total of 197 outpatients and 522 non-clinical subjects participated in four studies and completed the GADI. The final 18-item scale was derived from an original pool of 30 potential items. The GADI showed good reliability, convergent and divergent validity. The scale comprises three factors, relating to cognitive, somatic and sleep symptoms. It accurately distinguished GAD patients from non-patient controls. The cognitive factor also distinguished GAD from other anxiety disorders and depression. The GADI is a useful tool in the assessment of the breadth of symptoms and the severity of generalized anxiety disorder in clinical settings.
Morphology of Cationic Liposome/DNA Complexes in Relation to Their Chemical Composition (1996)

AbstractElectron microscopy is used to show the morphology of liposome/DNA complexes as related to their cationic component, the molar ratio of the helper lipid (usually DOPE1), the nature of the DNA-component, as well as the composition of the media. Liposomes made of monovalent cationic amphiphiles adhere and fuse during interaction with negatively charged DNA thereby complexing the DNA. The size of the resulting complexes is depending upon charge neutralization and is smallest at a slightly positive net charge. At molar ratios of DOPE, to the cationic component of ≥ 1.5, hexagonal lipid tubules are formed, especially in media containing high salt concentrations, and even in the control lipid mixture, not interacting with any DNA or oligonucleotide. Complexes, made of plasmid-DNA, monovalent cationic amphiphiles, and DOPE at a lower molar ratio, show additionally to the semifused or fused liposomes a new structure, called spaghetti-like structure, representing a bilayer-coated, supercoiled DNA. Single-strand and short oligonucleotides seem not to form such structures during interaction with monovalent cationic liposomes. Neither fusion nor spaghetti formation is observed during interaction of DNA with liposomes made of polyvalent cationic amphiphiles. In general, small complexes consisting of some few semifused liposomes bearing the self-encapsulated nucleic acid and additionally the spaghetti-like structure, free or connected with these complexes, seem to be candidates for the transfectionactive structure rather than large extended HII1-lipid arrangements.