gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Palladium complexes of abnormal N-heterocyclic carbenes as precatalysts for the much preferred Cu-free and amine-free Sonogashira coupling in air in a mixed-aqueous medium (2009)

A series of new PEPPSI (Pyridine Enhanced Precatalyst Preparation Stabilization and Initiation) themed precatalysts of abnormal N-heterocyclic carbenes for the highly desirable Cu-free and amine-free Sonogashira coupling in air in a mixed-aqueous medium is reported. Specifically, the PEPPSI themed (NHC)PdI2(pyridine) type precatalysts, 1b-4b, efficiently carried out the highly convenient Cu-free and amine-free Sonogashira coupling of aryl bromides and iodides with terminal acetylenes in air in a mixed aqueous medium. Complexes, 1b-4b, were synthesized by the direct reaction of the corresponding imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinium iodide salts, 1a-4a, with PdCl2 in pyridine in the presence of K2CO3 as a base while the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinium iodide salts, 1a-4a, were in turn synthesized by the alkylation reactions of the respective imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives with alkyl iodides. The density functional theory (DFT) studies revealed that these imidazol-3-ylidene[1,2-a]pyridine derived abnormal carbenes are strongly sigma-donating and consequently significantly weaken the catalytically important labile trans pyridine ligand in 1b-4b.
<i>CDKN2A</i> mutations and melanoma risk in the Icelandic population (2008)

This population based study of Icelandic melanoma cases and controls showed a frequency of disease related CDKN2A mutant alleles ranging from 0.7% to 1.0%, thus expanding our knowledge about the frequency of CDKN2A mutations in different populations. In contrast to North America and Australia where a broad spectrum of mutations was observed at a similar frequency, in Iceland, functional CDKN2A mutations consist of only one or two different variants. Additional genetic and/or environmental factors are likely critical for explaining the high incidence rates for melanoma in Iceland. This study adds to the geographic regions for which population based estimates of CDKN2A mutation frequencies are available.
An Automatic Dispatching System (1959)

The factors involved in the design of an automatic dispatching system are discussed in detail in order to establish the background common to the dispatching operations of all-electric utility systems. It is the aim of this paper to review all the factors involved and to supply the systemplanning engineer with information to be used in arriving at an appropriate control for his specific system. An automatic dispatching system based on the principles outlined is shown in block diagram form and its operation is described. The description includes an account of dispatching procedures for an operation using the system shown in the block diagrams. A description of emergency measures and protective facilities is also included.
On the correctness of IBGP configuration (2002)

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) has two distinct modes of operation. External BGP (EBGP) exchanges reachability information between autonomous systems, while Internal BGP (IBGP) exchanges external reachability information within an autonomous system. We study several routing anomalies that are unique to IBGP because, unlike EBGP, forwarding paths and signaling paths are not always symmetric. In particular, we focus on anomalies that can cause the protocol to diverge, and those that can cause a router's chosen forwarding path to an egress point to be deflected by another router on that path. Deflections can greatly complicate the debugging of routing problems, and in the worst case multiple deflections can combine to form persistent forwarding loops. We define a correct IBGP configuration to be one that is anomaly free for every possible set of routes sent by neighboring autonomous systems. We show that determination of IBGP configuration correctness is NP-hard. However, we give simple sufficient conditions on network configurations that guarantee correctness.
Transforming growth factor-beta is a renin secretagogue at picomolar concentrations (1993)

Transforming growth factor-beta s (TGF-beta s), a family of peptides, have many actions including modulating cellular growth, differentiation, and influencing steroidogenesis. Because both TGF-beta and renin are present in renal juxtaglomerular cells, we have examined the effects of these peptides on renin secretion using static incubations of rat renal cortical slices. We report here an effect of both TGF-beta 1 and -beta 2 on renin secretion. At low concentrations, both TGF-beta 1 (4 x 10(-12) M) and -beta 2 (8 x 10(-12) M) stimulate basal renin secretion (control, 100 +/- 4%; TGF-beta 1, 123 +/- 4%; TGF-beta 2, 124 +/- 5%; both P < 0.02 compared with control). However, at higher concentrations (2 x 10(-10) M), both peptides do not alter basal renin release. Our previous studies show that both prostaglandins and lipoxygenase (LO) products of arachidonic acid play an important dual regulatory role in renin secretion; therefore, we have examined the effects of both cyclooxygenase (CO) and LO inhibition in TGF-beta action.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Automating the CAD/CAE dimensional reduction process (2003)

Dimensional reduction is a simplification technique that eliminates one or more dimensions from a boundary value problem. It results in significant computational savings with minimal loss in accuracy. Existing dimensional reduction methods rely on a lower-dimensional geometric entity called the mid-element that is unfortunately ill defined for irregular thin solids.The main objective of this paper is to propose a new theory of 'skeletal dimensional reduction' that is superior to existing mid-element based methods in that it unambiguous and can be easily automated. The proposed method is based on a popular skeletal representation of geometry that is well defined for all thin solids. By exploiting the unique properties of a skeletal representation it is shown how boundary value problems, specifically 2-D Laplacian problems, over complex 'beam-like' solids can be systematically reduced to lower-dimensional problems over the skeleton. Further, in the special case of a regular thin solid, the skeletal reduction simplifies, as expected, into a mid-element based dimensional reduction.
Defective Brain Development in Mice Lacking the <i>Hif-1</i>α Gene in Neural Cells (2003)

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) is essential for vascular development during embryogenesis and pathogenesis. However, little is known about its role in brain development. To investigate the function of HIF-1alpha in the central nervous system, a conditional knockout mouse was made with the Cre/LoxP system with a nestin promoter-driven Cre. Neural cell-specific HIF-1alpha-deficient mice exhibit hydrocephalus accompanied by a reduction in neural cells and an impairment of spatial memory. Apoptosis of neural cells coincided with vascular regression in the telencephalon of mutant embryos, and these embryonic defects were successfully restored by in vivo gene delivery of HIF-1alpha to the embryos. These results showed that expression of HIF-1alpha in neural cells was essential for normal development of the brain and established a mouse model that would be useful for the evaluation of therapeutic strategies for ischemia, including hypoxia-mediated hydrocephalus.
Vitamin D and Calcium Hormones in Pregnancy (1980)

There is no time of life, and there are few diseases, in which such massive shifts in calcium occur so regularly as during pregnancy. Fetal bone formation demands that 25 to 30 g of calcium be deposited in the fetal skeleton, almost all of it during the second half of gestation. To prepare for this process and for the losses of calcium that occur with lactation, maternal calcium accretion begins early in pregnancy. Well before the major fetal ossification of late pregnancy, intestinal absorption of calcium is enhanced in the mother and her bone mass increases, a unique event in . . .
Plant Hormone Interaction and Phenolic Metabolism in the Regulation of Russet Spotting in Iceberg Lettuce (1988)

Russet spotting (RS) is a physiological disorder induced in iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) by exposure to parts per million levels of ethylene at 5 +/- 2 degrees C. Ethylene induced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and ionically bound peroxidase activities that correlated with development of RS symptoms. The ethylene-treated tissue had significantly higher lignin content than air control tissue with lignification localized in walls of RS-affected cells. Ethylene also caused the accumulation of the flavonoids (+)catechin and (-)epicatechin and the chlorogenic acid derivatives 3-caffeoyl-quinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. These soluble phenolic compounds were readily oxidized to brown substances by polyphenol oxidase isolated from RS tissue. Ethylene substantially increased ionically bound indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) oxidase activity, while IAA application greatly reduced ethylene-induced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase, and IAA oxidase activities, soluble phenolic content, and RS development.
CGH-Plotter: MATLAB toolbox for CGH-data analysis (2003)

CGH-Plotter is a MATLAB toolbox with a graphical user interface for the analysis of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) microarray data. CGH-Plotter provides a tool for rapid visualization of CGH-data according to the locations of the genes along the genome. In addition, the CGH-Plotter identifies regions of amplifications and deletions, using k-means clustering and dynamic programming. The application offers a convenient way to analyze CGH-data and can also be applied for the analysis of cDNA microarray expression data. CGH-Plotter toolbox is platform independent and requires MATLAB 6.1 or higher to operate.
An Optimisation Model for Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (2003)

Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) can be very effective in the treatment of primary tumours. The challenge in therapy planning is to develop treatment plans that allow effective treatment of the tumour while at the same time limiting the radiation dose to surrounding tissue and organs at risk. We present a mathematical model of inverse planning for IMRT. The task of such a tool is to identify an optimal treatment plan, which consists of the irradiation directions and intensity profiles to achieve a high dose in the target volume (tumour) while at the same time protecting organs at risk from dangerous high doses. To optimise intensity profiles and beam directions we consider underdosing the tumour and overdosing any organ at risk as objectives to be minimised simultaneously. Our model allows the incorporation of optimisation of irradiation directions. This yields a multicriteria integer model of the problem. This model has a (possibly very large) set of efficient solutions, from which a representative subset is calculated and stored in a database. An efficient solution is one in which neither the results for the target volume nor for the organs at risk can be improved without deteriorating the results for another volume of interest. We propose an interactive tool that allows the online selection of a plan through the use of the pre-computed database of efficient solutions. The proposed model and methodology has considerable advantages over existing software packages and we expect it to improve quality of treatment plans while at the same time reducing planning time. We present some results from 2D-prototype software.
FDTD calculations of the SAR for a dipole closely coupled to the head at 900 MHz and 1.9 GHz (1993)

This paper presents finite-different time-domain (FDTD) calculations of the specific absorption rate (SAR) averaged over the mass of the eye, and over 1 g and 100 g of tissue in a realistic model of the head from a closely coupled half-wavelength dipole source. The SAR is predicted as a function of the separation between the vertical dipole and the surface of the eye. The feed point of the dipole is on the axis defined by the centre of the eye. Phantoms representing an adult and a one-year-old child have been considered for irradiation at 900 MHz and 1.9 GHz.
Risk Assessment of Virus in Drinking Water (1993)

The reevaluation of drinking water treatment practices in a desire to minimize the formation of disinfection byproducts while assuring minimum levels of public health protection against infectious organisms has caused it to become necessary to consider the problem of estimation of risks posed from exposure to low levels of microorganisms, such as virus or protozoans, found in treated drinking water. This paper outlines a methodology based on risk assessment principles to approach the problem. The methodology is validated by comparison with results obtained in a prospective epidemiological study. It is feasible to produce both point and interval estimates of infection, illness and perhaps mortality by this methodology. Areas of uncertainty which require future data are indicated.
Role of Physics in Engineering Education (1994)

This short paper initially deals with the explanation of the science as the attempt to investigate and understand the mystery of the nature as perceived by our senses and experience in replicable manner that corresponds to a logically uniform system of thought and engineering as the application of science in economically acceptable form. And, therefore, basic sciences have their own importance in the broad spectra of engineering education system. The history of physics and its relation with engineering have been discussed. Then our present engineering education system and the status provided to the subject physics have been discussed. The need is to frame the syllabus in proper way for various engineering courses with logical step-up. The author stresses on a multi-tier changes in the structure of current curricula to start constructive interaction between physicist and engineers of the future, right from degree level. From author's point of view, the coordination among physicists, engineers and educationists shall help the engineering students to go for higher studies which positively affect our technological development. Then,. the examples of material engineering, optoelectronics, cryogenics and superconductivity have been described and it is shown that in engineering education, the coordination between physicist and engineers is a must which results in a faster rate of development in technology for the betterment of mankind.
On Finite-Length Performance of Polar Codes: Stopping Sets, Error Floor, and Concatenated Design (2013)

This paper investigates properties of polar codes that can be potentially useful in real-world applications. We start with analyzing the performance of finite-length polar codes over the binary erasure channel (BEC), while assuming belief propagation as the decoding method. We provide a stopping set analysis for the factor graph of polar codes, where we find the size of the minimum stopping set. We also find the girth of the graph for polar codes. Our analysis along with bit error rate (BER) simulations demonstrate that finite-length polar codes show superior error floor performance compared to the conventional capacity-approaching coding techniques. In order to take advantage from this property while avoiding the shortcomings of polar codes, we consider the idea of combining polar codes with other coding schemes. We propose a polar code-based concatenated scheme to be used in Optical Transport Networks (OTNs) as a potential real-world application. Comparing against conventional concatenation techniques for OTNs, we show that the proposed scheme outperforms the existing methods by closing the gap to the capacity while avoiding error floor, and maintaining a low complexity at the same time.
The Selenoenzyme Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase Controls the Activity of the 15-Lipoxygenase with Complex Substrates and Preserves the Specificity of the Oxygenation Products (1996)

Mammalian 15-lipoxygenases have been suggested to be involved in cell differentiation and atherogenesis because of their capability of oxygenating polyenoic fatty acids esterified to biomembranes and lipoproteins. We investigated the interaction of the lipid-peroxidizing 15-lipoxygenase and the hydroperoxy lipid-reducing phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase during their reaction with biomembranes and lipoproteins and obtained the following results. 1) Lipoxygenase treatment of submitochondrial membranes led to the formation of hydroperoxyphosphatidylethanolamine and hydroperoxyphosphatidylcholine as indicated by high performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection. In 15-lipoxygenase-treated low density lipoprotein cholesteryl hydroperoxylinoleate was the major oxygenation product. 2) Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase was capable of reducing the hydroperoxy lipids formed by the 15-lipoxygenase to their corresponding alcohols. 3) Preincubation of low density lipoprotein and submitochondrial membranes with the phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase completely prevented the lipoxygenase reaction. However, addition of exogenous hydroperoxy lipids restored the oxygenase activity. 4) Short-term incubations of the complex substrates with the 15-lipoxygenase led to a specific pattern of oxidation products which was rendered more unspecific at long-term incubation or at high substrate concentrations. If the phosholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase was present during the reaction, the specific product pattern was preserved. These data indicate that the phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase is capable of reducing hydroperoxy ester lipids formed by a 15-lipoxygenase, and that it may down-regulate the 15-lipoxygenase pathways in mammalian cells. The specificity of 15-lipoxygenase-derived hydroperoxy lipids depends on their immediate reduction to the corresponding alcohols preventing postcatalytic isomerization.
Maxillofacial Anatomy: The Mandibular Symphysis (2010)

Placement of dental implants in the anterior mandible is considered by many clinicians to be a relatively low-risk procedure. However, hemorrhagic episodes following implant placement in the mandibular symphysis are regularly reported and can have serious consequences. The use of high-resolution focused cone beam scanners has given us the ability to visualize the intricate neurovascular network of the intraforaminal region without distortion and in greater detail. Knowledge of the arterial supply and navigated implant placement in the mandibular symphysis can help to avoid these potentially life-threatening emergencies.
Assessment of Hyperbolic Heat Transfer Equation in Theoretical Modeling for Radiofrequency Heating Techniques (2008)

Theoretical modeling is a technique widely used to study the electrical-thermal performance of different surgical procedures based on tissue heating by use of radiofrequency (RF) currents. Most models employ a parabolic heat transfer equation (PHTE) based on Fourier's theory, which assumes an infinite propagation speed of thermal energy. We recently proposed a one-dimensional model in which the electrical-thermal coupled problem was analytically solved by using a hyperbolic heat transfer equation (HHTE), i.e. by considering a non zero thermal relaxation time. In this study, we particularized this solution to three typical examples of RF heating of biological tissues: heating of the cornea for refractive surgery, cardiac ablation for eliminating arrhythmias, and hepatic ablation for destroying tumors. A comparison was made of the PHTE and HHTE solutions. The differences between their temperature profiles were found to be higher for lower times and shorter distances from the electrode surface. Our results therefore suggest that HHTE should be considered for RF heating of the cornea (which requires very small electrodes and a heating time of 0.6 s), and for rapid ablations in cardiac tissue (less than 30 s).
Structured sparse signal models and decomposition algorithm for super-resolution in sound field recording and reproduction (2015)

A method for achieving super-resolution of sound field recording and reproduction is proposed. To obtain driving signals of loudspeakers for reproduction from received signals of microphones, sparse signal decomposition makes it possible to reduce spatial aliasing artifacts when the number of microphones is less than that of loudspeakers. For more accurate and robust signal decomposition, we propose three types of group sparse signal model based on the physical properties of a sound field. In addition, a decomposition algorithm is derived to address these signal models as an extension of M-FOCUSS. In the simulation experiments, the accuracy of the sparse decomposition was significantly improved compared with that of M-FOCUSS. Furthermore, the accuracy of sound field reproduction using our proposed method was higher than that using current methods, especially at frequencies above the spatial Nyquist frequency.
Deferiprone for the treatment of Friedreich's ataxia (2013)

Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a neurological disease related to a deficiency of the protein frataxin involved in iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster biogenesis. This leads to an increased cellular iron uptake accumulating in mitochondria, and a subsequently disturbed iron homeostasis. The detailed mechanism of iron regulation of frataxin expression is yet unknown. Deferiprone, an iron chelator that may cross the blood-brain barrier, was shown to shuttle iron between subcellular compartments. It could also transfer iron from iron-overloaded cells to extracellular apotransferrin and pre-erythroid cells for heme synthesis. Here, clinical studies on Deferiprone are reviewed in the context of alternative agents such as desferoxamine, with specific regard to its mechanistic and clinical implications.
A Methodology for Assessing the Reusability of Recycled Organic Photoconductive Drums for Laser Printers (1996)

The toner cartridge manufacturing industry continues to grow at a rapid pace. This growth fuels the development of toner cartridge remanufacturing. While many remanufacturers of toner cartridges for laser printers replace the recycled organic photoconductive (OPC) drums with new aftermarket ones, others opt to reuse the recycled OPCs. The latter approach yields a savings to the remanufacturer in both material cost and waste, but since the condition of a used drum is unknown, tests must be performed on each individual OPC to determine its reusability. Typically, a recycled OPC is deemed reusable if it passes a visual inspection and/or yields an acceptable output in print testing. Unfortunately, neither of these methods produce quantitative measurements that can be used to objectively estimate the remaining life of the OPC. In this paper, a method based on a computerized OPC drum scanner for assessing the reusability of recycled OPCs is presented. The method, in conjunction with print testing, visual inspection, and historical data on the OPC type in consideration, has shown to be very effective in predicting the performance of recycled OPCs. Test results to support the validity of this method and its limitations will be discussed.
Multiphysics Modelling and Design of Shape Memory Alloy Wave Springs as Linear Actuators (2010)

This paper explores the merits of shape memory wave springs as powering elements of solid state actuators. Advantages and disadvantages of the wave construction in comparison to the traditional helical shape are presented and discussed by means of dimensionless functions. The main assets of the wave springs are the higher electrical resistance (leading to simpler electrical drives) and the lower cooling time (leading to enhanced working frequency). The wave geometry is also superior in purely mechanical terms to the helical counterpart when axial space is at a premium. A step-by-step design procedure is proposed, leading to the optimal wave spring meeting the multiphysics design specifications and constraints. A case study is finally reported, showing the application of shape memory wave springs to the design of a telescopic linear actuator.