gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antibody Responses to Capsular Polysaccharide Backbone and O-Acetate Side Groups of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Type 9V in Humans and Rhesus Macaques (1998)

Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for high rates of pneumococcal bacteremia, meningitis, pneumonia, and acute otitis media worldwide. Protection from disease is conferred by antibodies specific for the polysaccharide (Ps) capsule of the bacteria. Of the four types of group 9 pneumococci, types 9N and 9V cause the most disease, and both types are included in the polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine. The type 9V capsule consists of repeating pentasaccharide units linearly arranged, with an average of 1 to 2 mol of O-acetate side chains per mol of repeat units, added in a complex pattern in which not all repeat units are alike. alpha-GlcA residues may be O-acetylated in the 2 (17%) or 3 (25%) position and beta-ManNAc residues may be O-acetylated in the 4 (6%) or 6 (55%) position. Under certain conditions, the O-acetate side chains are subject to oxidation, which results in subsequent de-O-acetylation of a significant number of the repeat units. This de-O-acetylation could adversely affect the efficacy of a vaccine containing the 9V Ps. A study was undertaken to compare the relative contributions of O-acetate and Ps backbone epitopes in the immune response to S. pneumoniae 9V type-specific Ps. In both an infant rhesus monkey model and humans, antibodies against the non-O-acetylated 9V backbone as well as against O-acetylated 9V Ps were detected. Functional (opsonophagocytic) activity was observed in antisera in which the predominant species of antibody recognized de-O-acetylated 9V Ps. We concluded that the O-acetate side groups, while recognized, are not essential to the ability of the 9V Ps to induce functional antibody responses.
Shape optimization of BLDC motor using 3-D finite element method (2000)

A shape design sensitivity analysis for magnetostatic fields is developed using the 3-D finite element method. Until recently, the 2-D design sensitivity analysis for shape optimization was widely used due to the 2-D finite element method. The 3-D design sensitivity formulations are analytically derived using the continuum approach, the domain integration method, and the adjoint variable method. A magnetic sensitivity program, MAGSEN is developed using object orient programming and validated by applying it to the shape optimization of 8-pole 12-slot BLDC spindle motor.
Genetic Alterations within the DENND1A Gene in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) (2013)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disease among premenopausal women, is caused by both genes and environment. We and others previously reported association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the DENND1A gene and PCOS. We therefore sequenced the DENND1A gene in white patients with PCOS to identify possible alterations that may be implicated in the PCOS pathogenesis. Patients were referred with PCOS and/or hirsutism between 1998 and 2011 (n = 261). PCOS was diagnosed according to the Rotterdam criteria (n = 165). Sequence analysis was performed in 10 patients with PCOS. Additional patients (n = 251) and healthy female controls (n = 248) were included for SNP genotyping. Patients underwent clinical examination including Ferriman-Gallwey score (FG-score), biochemical analyses and transvaginal ultrasound. Mutation analysis was carried out by bidirectional sequencing. SNP genotyping was tested by allelic discrimination in real-time PCR in the additional patients and controls. Sequencing of the DENND1A gene identified eight SNPs; seven were not known to be associated with any diseases. One missense SNP was detected (rs189947178, A/C), potentially altering the structural conformation of the DENND1A protein. SNP genotyping of rs189947178 showed significantly more carriers among patients with PCOS and moderate hirsutism compared to controls. However, due to small sample size and lack of multiple regression analysis supporting an association between rs189947178 and FG-score or PCOS diagnosis, this could be a false positive finding. In conclusion, sequence analysis of the DENND1A gene of patients with PCOS did not identify alterations that alone could be responsible for the PCOS pathogenesis, but a missense SNP (rs189947178) was identified in one patient and significantly more carriers of rs189947178 were found among patients with PCOS and moderate hirsutism vs. controls. Additional studies with independent cohort are needed to confirm this due to the small sample size of this study.
Germline humanization of a murine Aβ antibody and crystal structure of the humanized recombinant Fab fragment (2009)

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, affecting 26 million people worldwide. The Abeta peptide (39-43 amino acids) derived from the proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein is one of the main constituents of amyloid plaques associated with disease pathogenesis and therefore a validated target for therapy. Recently, we characterized antibody fragments (Fab and scFvs) derived from the murine monoclonal antibody WO-2, which bind the immunodominant epitope ((3)EFRH(6)) in the Abeta peptide at the N-terminus. In vitro, these fragments are able to inhibit fibril formation, disaggregate preformed amyloid fibrils, and protect neuroblastoma cells against oligomer-mediated toxicity. In this study, we describe the humanization of WO-2 using complementary determining region loop grafting onto the human germline gene and the determination of the three-dimensional structure by X-ray crystallography. This humanized version retains a high affinity for the Abeta peptide and therefore is a potential candidate for passive immunotherapy of Alzheimer's disease.
Non-physician performance of lower and upper endoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2014)

Available studies suggest that when non-physicians perform endoscopic procedures, especially lower endoscopies, outcomes and adverse events are in line with those of physicians.
Integrated amorphous silicon color sensor on TFT LCD (2005)

In this paper, we present the feasibility of an optical color sensing feedback system for an LED (light emitting diode) backlight by integrating the amorphous silicon color sensor onto the LCD panel. To improve the photoconductivity degradation of amorphous silicon, a new LASER immersion treatment has been applied. The integrated color sensor optical feedback controlled LED backlighting system improved the color variation to less than 0.008 /spl Delta/u'v' (CIE1976) compared with 0.025 for an open loop system over the temperature range of 42/spl deg/C to 76/spl deg/C.
A novel three-level ZVS PWM inverter topology for high-voltage DC/DC conversion systems with balanced voltage sharing and wider load range (2002)

As the three-level (TL) ZVS PWM DC/DC converter operates like a full-bridge (FB) ZVS PWM DC/DC converter and the blocking voltage of each switching device is a half of the DC-link voltage, it is suitable for high input voltage applications. However, it has some problems as follows; the blocking voltage of each device is unbalanced and it causes the power loss of the inner switching devices to be increased. Also, it has a narrow load range so that the switching losses and the efficiency are reduced as it goes to the light load. This paper presents a novel TL ZVS PWM DC/DC converter, which can reduce the overvoltage of the outer switches, eliminates the unbalance of the voltage sharing between the switches at turn-off due to the stray inductances, and operate from no load to full load. The characteristics and the performances of the proposed TL ZVS PWM DC/DC converter are verified by simulation and experimental results.
PowerMatcher (2005)

Different driving forces push the electricity production towards decentralization. As a result, the current electricity infrastructure is expected to evolve into a network of networks, in which all system parts communicate with each other and influence each other. Multi-agent systems and electronic markets form an appropriate technology needed for control and coordination tasks in the future electricity network. We present the PowerMatcher, a market-based control concept for supply and demand matching (SDM) in electricity networks. In a presented simulation study is shown that the simultaneousness of electricity production and consumption can be raised substantially using this concept. Further, we present a field test with medium-sized electricity producing and consuming installations controlled via this concept, currently in preparation.
Proliferation and Differentiation of Unilocular Fat Cells in the Bone Marrow. (1999)

Fat cells contribute not only to systemic lipid metabolism, but also to osteogenesis and hemopoiesis in the bone marrow. The present study represents the first attempt to culture mature unilocular fat cells of the bone marrow. Two methods devised in our laboratory were employed: one is the "ceiling culture method" that utilizes the floating property of the cells; the other, a three-dimensional collagen gel matrix culture that captures unilocular fat cells in the gel matrix. Using these methods, the proliferation of unilocular fat cells from the bovine metacarpal bone marrow was demonstrated. First, we confirmed the proliferative ability of unilocular fat cells derived from the bone marrow, using autoradiography to study 3H-thymidine incorporation into the nuclei. The unilocular fat cells de-differentiated into fibroblast-like fat cells and then proceeded to proliferate. When they underwent a contact inhibition of growth, re-differentiation from fibroblast-like fat cells into unilocular fat cells occurred at a high rate. A specific enzymatic marker of the fat cell, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity related to lipogenesis, was then demonstrated in the cultured fat cells. We examined the functional reactivity of the fat cells by treatment with insulin and cyclic-AMP, and both lipogenesis and lipolysis were also confirmed in them. We concluded that unilocular fat cells from the bone marrow de-differentiated, proliferated and re-differentiated in culture. The present results may help to clarify the various functions of fat cells in the bone marrow.
Advances and impact of secure function evaluation (2009)

Secure function evaluation (SFE) is an area of cryptography concerned with the design of algorithms that allow mutually distrustful partners to evaluate desired functions on their inputs, while maximally preserving input privacy. With faster computers and networks, and continuous algorithm improvements, SFE has become within reach of practicality. The first large-scale industrial application of SFE—the result of over 20 years of relevant research—has been successfully completed in Denmark, where SFE was used to run a country-wide secure sugar beets auction. In this paper, we will provide a brief overview of SFE, the problem it solves, and its uses. We will describe several recent research advancements and argue that SFE is “the next big thing.”
Determination of fat content of burbot (Lota lota) liver with low field MR imaging (0.04 T) (1991)

A reconstructed separate fat image was used for studying the fat content of the liver of 12 dead and six living fasting burbots (Lota lota) in a 0.04 T magnetic field with olive oil as a reference. The correlation between the MR intensities and the results of the cytological, histological and chemical fat measurements, as well as chemically measured water, collagen and total protein contents were examined. The MR signal intensity in reconstructed fat images correlated well with the changes in fat content of the liver in living fish (r = 0.69, P = 0.0014). Also the contents of water (r = -0.66, P = 0.003) and total protein (r = -0.91, P = 0.013) correlated significantly with the MR signal intensity. The reconstructed fat image is thus a reliable method for following the changes in tissue fat content. The living burbot is an applicable test animal for studying the hepatic fat content with MR.
Analysis and simulation of the structure of nanoparticles that undergo a surface-driven \nstructural transformation (2004)

A room temperature solid-state structural transformation was observed in 3 nm ZnS nanoparticles in methanol following the addition of water (Zhang et al., Nature 424, 1025, 2003). Experimental wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS), x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy measurements show a large increase in crystallinity associated with water addition, in agreement with molecular dynamics (MD) predictions. Here we perform first-shell EXAFS and pair distribution function analysis and whole-nanoparticle calculations of WAXS, EXAFS and XANES to compare structural data with the MD predictions. The predicted WAXS patterns give excellent agreement with data, while the predicted EXAFS and XANES spectra give poor agreement. Relative to WAXS, XANES and EXAFS spectra contain additional structural information related to the distribution of disorder. The discrepancy between the x-ray diffraction and x-ray absorption results indicates that structural disorder is partitioned between interior and surface regions more strongly than predicted in the MD simulations.
Separation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, and other phospholipids by thin-layer chromatography (1962)

Thin-layer chromatography of phospholipids and cerebrosides was performed on Silica Gel G plates using a mixture of chloroform-methanol-acetic acid-water as development solvent. Two types of chromatoplates were used: “neutral” plates, prepared from Silica Gel G slurry made in water, and “basic” plates, prepared from Silica Gel G slurry made in 0.01 m sodium acetate or sodium carbonate solutions. Only chromatograms run on “basic” plates showed good and reproducible separations of phosphatidyl serine from other phospholipids, independent of the amount of phosphatidyl serine present in the sample. However, “neutral” plates gave better separation of cerebrosides from phospholipids. A practical method of applying these systems for separation of phospholipids extracted from rat liver and human serum is presented.
A Hindi Question Answering system for E-learning documents (2005)

To empower the general mass through access to information and knowledge, organized efforts are being made to develop relevant content in local languages and provide local language capabilities to utility software. We have developed a Question Answering (QA) System for Hindi documents that would be relevant for masses using Hindi as primary language of education. The user should be able to access information from E-learning documents in a user friendly way, that is by questioning the system in their native language Hindi and the system will return the intended answer (also in Hindi) by searching in context from the repository of Hindi documents. The language constructs, query structure, common words, etc. are completely different in Hindi as compared to English. A novel strategy, in addition to conventional search and NLP techniques, was used to construct the Hindi QA system. The focus is on context based retrieval of information. For this purpose we implemented a Hindi search engine that works on locality-based similarity heuristics to retrieve relevant passages from the collection. It also incorporates language analysis modules like stemmer and morphological analyzer as well as self constructed lexical database of synonyms. The experimental results over corpus of two important domains of agriculture and science show effectiveness of our approach.
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>Z</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>classification of quantum spin Hall systems: An approach using time-reversal invariance (2009)

We study the phases of Bloch insulators with time-reversal symmetry on the basis of the homotopy of the ground-state wave functions in momentum space and find that there are two topological classes characterized by a ${Z}_{2}$ invariant. The results are in agreement with a recent study based on counting the zeroes of a certain Pfaffian function related to the ground-state wave function. It is shown that there is a link between the formulation of the topological invariant presented here and the number of robust edge states. A formula is also provided which greatly simplifies the computation of the invariant in a large number of cases. The present study provides guidance for the search of systems which belong to the nontrivial topological class and also establishes a link between the quantum spin Hall effect and the integer quantum Hall effect.
Analysis Of Data Center Cooling Strategies And The Impact Of The Dynamic Thermal Management On The Data Center Efficiency (2010)

The power trend for Server systems continues to grow thereby making thermal management of Data centers a very challenging task. Although various configurations exist, the raised floor plenum with Computer Room Air Conditioners (CRACs) providing cold air is a popular operating strategy. The air cooling of data center however, may not address the situation where more energy is expended in cooling infrastructure than the thermal load of data center. Revised power trend projections by ASHRAE TC 9.9 predict heat load as high as 5000W per square feet of compute servers' equipment footprint by year 2010. These trend charts also indicate that heat load per product footprint has doubled for storage servers during 2000-2004. For the same period, heat load per product footprint for compute servers has tripled. Amongst the systems that are currently available and being shipped, many racks exceed 20kW. Such high heat loads have raised concerns over limits of air cooling of data centers similar to air cooling of microprocessors.The concept of "Dynamic Thermal Management" depends on sensing local data and actuates the cooling resources dynamically thereby improving thermodynamic efficiencies. This will result in potential energy savings. This research is aimed at developing the guidelines for a dynamic thermal management that will monitor the Rack Inlet Temperature (RIT) and provide feedback to control the cooling resources. Commercially available CFD tools are used to formulate data center models. The effect of various data center parameters on the temperature distribution and the flow field is studied. The parametric and optimization techniques are used to determine the optimal layouts for various cooling strategies. In the second phase, analytical models were identified which essentially captured the complexities of temperature distribution within data center and the inter-dependence of individual components on one another. Finally, experimental tests were carried out to collect the temperature data, use analytical models to decide the new set points for cooling resources and validate the guidelines of dynamic thermal management by realizing the energy savings.
Evolution of the T Cell Repertoire During Primary, Memory, and Recall Responses to Viral Infection (2000)

Many viral infections induce a broad repertoire of CD8(+) T cell responses that initiate recognition and elimination of infected cells by interaction of TCRs with viral peptides presented on infected cells by MHC class I proteins. Following clearance of the infection, >90% of activated CD8(+) T cells die, leaving behind a stable pool of memory CD8(+) T cells capable of responding to subsequent infections with enhanced kinetics. To probe the mechanisms involved in the generation of T cell memory, we compared primary, memory, and secondary challenge virus-specific T cell repertoires using a combination of costaining with MHC class I tetramers and a panel of anti-Vss Abs, as well as complementarity-determining region 3 length distribution analysis of TCR Vss transcripts from cells sorted according to tetramer binding. Following individual mice over time, we found identity between primary effector and memory TCR repertoires for each of three immunodominant epitopes from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. During secondary responses, we found quantitative changes in epitope-specific T cell hierarchies but little evidence for changes in Vss usage or complementarity-determining region 3 length distributions within epitope-specific populations. We conclude that 1) selection of memory T cell populations is stochastic and not determined by a distinct step of clonal selection necessary for survival from the acute responding population, and 2) maturation of the T cell repertoire during secondary lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection alters the relative magnitudes of epitope-specific responses but does not significantly modify the repertoire of T cells responding to a given epitope.
Rational Design, Pharmacomodulation, and Synthesis of Dual 5-Hydroxytryptamine 7 (5-HT<sub>7</sub>)/5-Hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT<sub>2A</sub>) Receptor Antagonists and Evaluation by [<sup>18</sup>F]-PET Imaging in a Primate Brain (2015)

We report the synthesis of 46 tertiary amine-bearing N-alkylated benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-ones, imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-ones, imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2(3H)-ones, benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-ones, oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-ones and N,N'-dialkylated benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-ones. These compounds were evaluated against 5-HT7R, 5-HT2AR, 5-HT1AR, and 5-HT6R as potent dual 5-HT7/5-HT2A serotonin receptors ligands. A thorough study of the structure-activity relationship of the aromatic rings and their substituents, the alkyl chain length and the tertiary amine was conducted. 1-(4-(4-(4-Fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl)butyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one (79) and 1-(6-(4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl)hexyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one (81) were identified as full antagonist ligands on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, KB = 4.9 and 5.9 nM, respectively) and inositol monophosphate (IP1, KB = 0.6 and 16 nM, respectively) signaling pathways of 5-HT7R and 5-HT2AR. Both antagonists crossed the blood-brain barrier as evaluated with [(18)F] radiolabeled compounds [(18)F]79 and [(18)F]81 in a primate's central nervous system using positron emission tomography. Both radioligands showed standard uptake values ranging from 0.8 to 1.1, a good plasmatic stability, and a distribution consistent with 5-HT7R and 5-HT2AR in the CNS.
Relay-assisted MIMO transmission with three-phase scheduling in cognitive radio networks (2010)

In this paper, we investigate a joint scheduling and transmitting scheme in cognitive radio networks. Three phases are considered in the proposed scheme(named scheme 1): l)in the first phase, N_t primary users(PUs) in the high-rate region are chosen to implement communication with primary base stati
A focused ion beam system for submicron lithography (1985)

A two-lens optical system for a focused ion beam system has been designed, using a four-electrode accelerating lens as the condenser lens and an Einzel lens as the objective lens. A 1 nA beam current in a 0.055–0.1 μm beam spot is obtained under the following conditions: 20 μA/sr angular current intensity, 10 eV beam energy spread, 30–60 kV acceleration voltage, and 4 mrad object side beam half angle. The chromatic aberration coefficient of the condenser lens is reduced by picking out the dominant design parameters and optimizing them under the design constraints. The four-electrode accelerating lens has an object-side chromatic aberration coefficient Cco=11 mm at the object side focal length fo=25 mm at infinite magnification for 30 kV acceleration voltage. The Einzel lens operating in the acceleration mode has an image-side chromatic aberration coefficient Cci=70 mm at the image-side focal length fi=50 mm. A focused ion beam system is developed using the designed lenses and a Ga ion source. A pattern as fine as 0.15 μm with excellent definition is obtained.