gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effective Decontamination of Laboratory Animal Rooms with Vapour-phase (â€œVaporizedâ€) Hydrogen Peroxide and Peracetic Acid (2012)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the decontaminant effects of vapour-phase hydrogen peroxide (VHP) and peracetic acid (PAA) in laboratory animal rooms. Methodologically and microbiologically, both methods were evaluated as an alternative to traditional methods. In the VHP decontamination process, the cycle consisted of 4 phases (dehumidification, conditioning, decontamination and aeration). The residual vapour was catalytically decomposed into water and oxygen. The complete process of room decontamination with VHP took 14-15 hours. In PAA decontamination, the dry fog system produced very fine droplets of disinfectant that were dispersed throughout the laboratory animal rooms. The overall decontamination process by PAA mist took 3 hours, which was much faster than VHP decontamination. In both methods, no corrosion appeared on the material surfaces. The results of chemical and biological indicators showed complete decontamination after exposure to VHP and PAA fumigation. In the airborne microbiological examinations, total colony counts for the surface and environmental microorganisms were minimal. There were no significant differences between VHP and PAA fumigation. In laboratory facilities, conventional decontaminating methods will be gradually converted into VHP or PAA decontamination. This experiment confirmed that the VHP method is suitable for the decontamination of a relatively limited space whereas the PAA method is applicable to the rapid decontamination of spacious laboratory animal rooms. In conclusion, decontamination with VHP and PAA holds great promise as an effective alternative to currently used formaldehyde fumigation. Abbreviations ACC: peracetic acid, BIs: biological indicators, CFU: colony-forming units, CIs: chemical indicators, EPA: Environmental Protection Agency, PDACP: potato dextrose agar with chloramphenicol, SCD: soybean casein digest, SCDLP: soybean casein digest with lecithin and polysorbate 80, and VHP: vapour-phase hydrogen peroxide.
Anticytokine approaches in pulmonary fibrosis: bringing factors into focus (1997)

The prognosis of pulmonary fibrosis is poor and current therapies inadequate. Recent progress in understanding the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of this disease leads us to expect that inhibitors of cytokine and polypeptide growth factor will provide novel therapeutic agents. This paper outlines the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and concludes that there are compelling reasons to explore anticytokine therapeutic approaches. It also proposes criteria that will enable us to evaluate such agents in vivo and suggests approaches which might overcome the obstacles presented by control mechanisms which recruit a multiplicity of factors.
Detecting Selfish Exploitation of Carrier Sensing in 802.11 Networks (2009)

Recently, tuning the clear channel assessment (CCA) threshold in conjunction with power control has been considered for improving the performance of Wireless LANs. However, CCA tuning can be exploited by selfish nodes in order to obtain an unfair share of the available bandwidth. In particular, by increasing the CCA threshold, a selfish client can manipulate the carrier sensing mechanism to ignore the presence of other transmissions on the medium; consequently, it increases the probability of accessing the medium and therefore obtains a higher, unfair share of the available bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to detect this misbehavior in WLANs. A key insight that leads to our approach is that a misbehaving node that has increased its CCA is unlikely to recognize low power receptions as legitimate packets; by intelligently sending low power probe messages, an AP can detect a misbehaving node with high probability. In a nutshell, our contributions are as follows: (a) We are the first to quantify the impact of selfish CCA tuning via extensive experimentation (b) We propose a novel lightweight scheme for detecting selfish nodes that inappropriately increase their CCA thresholds; we call our scheme CMD (for carrier sensing misbehavior detection) (c) We perform extensive evaluations on an indoor 802.11 WLAN testbed to demonstrate that CMD detects misbehaving users with very high accuracy (approximately 95 % of the time). Furthermore, it only incurs a false positive rate of less than 5 %.
Establishing trust relationships in OppNets using Merkle trees (2016)

Opportunistic Networks (OppNets) are exposed to a variety of attacks, among them are packet dropping attacks. The security challenges in OppNets is to effectively and securely forward data and guarantee their delivery without any loss. Security and trust in OppNets have gained popularity in research because of their inherent features, including frequent partitions, long delays and intermittent connectivity. This paper presents an efficient malicious path and malicious node detection technique against selective packet dropping attacks. In our algorithm we have developed a solid detection mechanism using the Merkle tree hashing technique. The result of malicious path detection is used to build trust by destination nodes for each path, the built trust value of nodes is then used to detect malicious nodes. Simulation results show that the technique accurately detects malicious paths. The results also show that with the increase of simulation time, node detection accuracy also increases as intermediate nodes have more time to establish trust with destination nodes.
Flexible vector network analyzer calibration with accuracy bounds using an 8-term or a 16-term error correction model (1994)

A weighted nonlinear least squares method to solve the 8- or 16-term calibration problem for a 2-port vector network analyzer is given. The method handles the connection repeatability problem, provides a test to verify whether the calibration problem can be solved with the available data and generates "soft" bounds on the accuracy of the calibration. The computational issues to obtain a fast and accurate implementation are stressed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Biocompatibility studies on plasm polymerized interface materials encompassing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces (1992)

The biocompatibility of radiofrequency plasma polymerized films (less than 100 nm thick) deposited on biomedical polymer supports has been characterized by in vitro and in vivo methods. The polymer interface materials covered a wide range of elemental composition and surface properties, and were prepared from N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, gamma-butyrolactone, n-hexane, and hexamethyldisilazane (PPHMDSZ). The biocompatibility studies showed that the interface materials were noncytotoxic to mouse and human fibroblasts, as shown by morphologic evaluation, and by determination of extracellular LDH; and they did not stimulate interleukin-1-like production from human monocytes, as indicated by a thymocyte proliferation assay. The human fibroblast proliferation assay showed that three of the polymers supported cell growth at levels comparable to, or greater than, polymer controls, while the hydrophobic PPHMDSZ inhibited both cell attachment and proliferation. The response to subcutaneous implantation for all test materials was indicative of biocompatibility, with rapid resolution of the acute phase response and normal wound healing. The wide range of composition and surface properties for the plasma polymerized films evaluated in this study suggest that this general class of materials is likely to exhibit excellent biocompatibility.
The Presence of a New 3‐Oxoacyl‐CoA Thiolase in Rat Liver Peroxisomes (1980)

A novel 3-oxacyl-CoA thiolase was found in rat liver. This thiolase, mitochondrial general 3-oxacyl-CoA thiolase and acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase were purified from the rat liver after the induction of these activities by the administration to rats of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, which enhanced the peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity. The new 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase was distinguished from mitochondrial and cytoplasmic thiolases by the following: DEAE-cellulose chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, immunochemical titration, and substrate specificity. Subcellular fractionation of liver and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation of the light mitochondrial fraction revealed that the new thiolase was mainly in peroxisomes.
Functional interactions between the fusion protein and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase of human parainfluenza viruses (1992)

The fusion glycoprotein (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) genes of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (PI2) were molecularly cloned and expressed in HeLa-T4 cells by using the vaccinia virus-T7 transient expression system. Expression of the F and HN proteins was detected by using immunoprecipitation and surface immunofluorescence staining. Although the F protein was found to be cleaved into F1 and F2 and expressed on cell surfaces, no cell fusion was observed. However, cotransfection of the F-protein gene together with the P12 HN gene resulted in significant levels of cell fusion. Cell fusion was also observed when separate cell cultures were transfected with the HN and F genes and the F-expressing cells were mixed with the HN-expressing cells. Surprisingly, when the PI2 F protein was expressed together with the parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI3) HN protein, no fusion was detectable in the transfected cells. Similarly, no fusion was found upon coexpression of the PI2 HN and PI3 F proteins. However, coexpression of the PI3 F and HN proteins resulted in extensive cell fusion, which resembled the PI2 coexpression result. These results indicate that under the conditions used, the F protein is unable to cause fusion by itself and the HN protein provides a specific function in cell fusion which cannot be provided by another paramyxovirus attachment protein. Further, the results suggest that a type-specific functional interaction between the F and HN proteins is involved in mediating cell fusion.
Common-View LORAN-C as a Backup to GPS for Precise Time Recovery (2003)

The LORAN-C network is being recapitalized to serve as a backup to GPS for navigation and timing. LORAN-C is being investigated as a precision (sub 100 ns) time recovery system for use in the continental United States. Traditionally, LORAN-C time recovery has been limited by propagation effects (both spatial and temporal) to provide time recovery in the microsecond range. By employing common-view techniques long used in GPS, the potential exists to enhance time recovery performance by over an order of magnitude using LORAN-C. The LORAN-C Accuracy Panel (run by the US Coast Guard) has sponsored a research project to collect data and determine the performance level for time recovery using common-view LORAN-C. This paper presents the results of that work. This paper begins with a short overview of the LORAN-C recapitalization project, with an emphasis on timing enhancements at the transmitting stations. A description of the commonview LORAN-C test network follows. Data collected in Boulder will be corrected via commonview using a near field station and a far field station. Results will be analyzed to determine the dependence of time recovery precision on distance.
Somatic mutations in the VI transmembrane segment of the thyrotropin receptor constitutively activate cAMP signalling in thyroid hyperfunctioning adenomas. (1995)

We have discovered two somatic mutations in the VI transmembrane domain of the thyrotropin receptor gene in thyroid hyperfunctioning adenomas. The mutated amino acid residues are phenylalanine 631 (to cysteine) and threonine 632 (to isoleucine). Cloning and expression of the mutated versions of the receptor in COS cells increased significantly the basal and the TSH-induced cAMP levels compared to the wild type receptor. Moreover, the expression of a reporter gene under the control of the cAMP-inducible promoter, was likewise constitutively activated in cells expressing the 631 and 632 TSH receptor mutants relative to the wild type. These data indicate that the VI transmembrane segment in the TSH receptor and presumably in the other G-protein coupled receptors is a critical domain for the activation of G-protein signalling and that the mutations described here may be the cause of the thyroid hyperfunctioning adenoma.
Electroexcitation of giant resonances between 4 MeV and 48 MeV excitation energy in 140 Ce (1978)

Electroexcitation of 140 Ce was studied using 92 MeV electrons at scattering angles of 90 and 105 deg, and 80 MeV electrons at 90 deg. An analysis was made using DWBA calculations and the hydrodynamic model. The results agree with previous experiments in cerium and other nuclei and, generally, with the calculations of Bohr and Mottelson, Hamamoto, and Liu and Brown. The Delta T assignments were based on microscopic and macroscopic considerations
Control of lymphokine expression in T helper 2 cells. (1989)

In this report we present evidence that Con A-activated T helper 2 cells transcribe the interleukin 2 (IL-2) gene when cycloheximide is added 3 hr after stimulation. This IL-2 mRNA can be translated into functional protein. However, no steady-state mRNA for gamma-interferon can be detected under the same experimental conditions. Furthermore, when cycloheximide is administered at time 0 of activation, no IL-2 mRNA is seen. Nuclear run-on experiments indicate that IL-2 transcription in T helper 2 cells depends on the presence of cycloheximide. It is likely, therefore, that activation of T helper 2 cells leads to the production of a labile regulatory protein that represses the expression of the IL-2 gene. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanism that governs the differentiation of interleukin 4-producing T helper 2 cells from IL-2-producing precursor cells.
An Object Model for Flexible Distributed Systems (1995)

this paper we describe a new model for constructing operating systems and applications in an integrated fashion. Compared to current approaches we provide high-level primitives for supporting distributed and parallel applications. We also provide the flexibility to configure both applications and kernels to only include the functionality that is actually used. The model we describe is based on objects. Objects are used to structure both applications programs and operating system kernels. They also provide the application interface to the operating system kernel, and access to hardware devices for both kernels and applications. By providing structuring mechanisms for large (distributed) objects, we believe that applications will be are easier to build. At the same time we provide flexibility by allowing extensions of operating system kernels and applications with new objects at run time[8], and by providing a way to bind to objects dynamically. An important aspect of a distributed system is the scalability of the system [6]. A scalable system should not depend on centralized resources or on algorithms that need global information. At the same time, a flexible system can use different algorithms depending on the situation. For example, the use of broadcasting and multicasting on a local Ethernet can be quite effective but should be avoided on a world wide scale. In this paper we discuss an object model that provides two kinds of objects: local objects and distributed objects. In Section 2 we describe the nondistributed (local) objects, followed by distributed objects in Section 3. We compare our work to that of others in Section 4. 2 Local objects
Electrostatic discharge protection circuits in CMOS ICs using the lateral SCR devices: an overview (2002)

An overview on the electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuits by using the lateral SCR devices in CMOS ICs is presented. The history of the lateral SCR devices used for on-chip ESD protection is introduced. The practical problem of using the SCR devices in the ESD protection circuits of CMOS ICs is also discussed. Such SCR devices have been found to be accidentally triggered on by the noisy pulses when the ICs are in the normal operating conditions. To overcome this problem, two solutions are proposed to safely apply the SCR devices for effective ESD protection in the CMOS ICs.
Pharmacokinetics of Caroverine in the Inner Ear and Its Effects on Cochlear Function after Systemic and Local Administrations in Guinea Pigs (2003)

Caroverine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor antagonist, has been shown to protect the inner ear from excitotoxicity and to be effective in the treatment of cochlear synaptic tinnitus. Local administration of caroverine on the round window membrane (RWM) could be a more effective means of administration to avoid systemic side/adverse effects. The present study investigates the pharmacokinetics of caroverine in the perilymph, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma following intravenous and local applications at different dosages. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the drug concentrations. Our results show much higher caroverine concentrations in the perilymph with lower concentrations in CSF and plasma following local applications compared with systemic administration. Auditory brainstem responses were measured to evaluate the changes in auditory function. The effects on hearing were transient and fully reversible 24 h after local caroverine applications. The findings suggest that local application of caroverine on the RWM for the treatment of excitotoxicity-related inner ear diseases, such as tinnitus and noise-induced hearing loss, might be both safe and more efficacious while avoiding high blood and CSF caroverine levels seen with systemic administration.
Phosphorylation occurs in the amino terminus of the Raf-1 protein. (1992)

The ability of the Raf-1 protein to morphologically transform murine fibroblasts can be activated by amino-terminal deletions or substitutions. We have compared the phosphorylation states of full-length and representative transforming and non-transforming amino-terminal deletion mutants of the Raf-1 protein using phosphoamino acid analysis and tryptic phosphopeptide mapping. Several [32P]orthophosphate-labeled tryptic phosphopeptides that were present in the full-length Raf-1 protein were absent from the highly transforming 22W Raf-1 mutant (lacking 305 amino-terminal residues). Peptide-specific antisera localized Raf-1 phosphorylation sites to several amino-terminal cyanogen bromide and tryptic peptides that are deleted from the 22W protein. A major phosphorylated tryptic peptide of the Raf-1 protein was immunoprecipitated by antiserum directed against amino acid residues 257-275, a highly conserved region of the raf family. This tryptic peptide is entirely deleted from the highly transforming 22W protein. Subtractive Edman degradation and electrophoretic analysis of the immunoprecipitated tryptic peptide indicated that phosphorylation of the Raf-1 protein occurs at serine 259. Multiple phosphorylated tryptic peptide forms were immunoprecipitated by antiserum directed against Raf-1 residues 283-309. The majority of this tryptic peptide is also deleted from the highly transforming Raf-1 mutant 22W.
GibbsNet: Iterative Adversarial Inference for Deep Graphical Models (2017)

Directed latent variable models that formulate the joint distribution as $p(x,z) = p(z) p(x \mid z)$ have the advantage of fast and exact sampling. However, these models have the weakness of needing to specify $p(z)$, often with a simple fixed prior that limits the expressiveness of the model. Undirected latent variable models discard the requirement that $p(z)$ be specified with a prior, yet sampling from them generally requires an iterative procedure such as blocked Gibbs-sampling that may require many steps to draw samples from the joint distribution $p(x, z)$. We propose a novel approach to learning the joint distribution between the data and a latent code which uses an adversarially learned iterative procedure to gradually refine the joint distribution, $p(x, z)$, to better match with the data distribution on each step. GibbsNet is the best of both worlds both in theory and in practice. Achieving the speed and simplicity of a directed latent variable model, it is guaranteed (assuming the adversarial game reaches the virtual training criteria global minimum) to produce samples from $p(x, z)$ with only a few sampling iterations. Achieving the expressiveness and flexibility of an undirected latent variable model, GibbsNet does away with the need for an explicit $p(z)$ and has the ability to do attribute prediction, class-conditional generation, and joint image-attribute modeling in a single model which is not trained for any of these specific tasks. We show empirically that GibbsNet is able to learn a more complex $p(z)$ and show that this leads to improved inpainting and iterative refinement of $p(x, z)$ for dozens of steps and stable generation without collapse for thousands of steps, despite being trained on only a few steps.
MIMO Broadcasting for Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (2011)

This paper studies the performance limits of multi-antenna wireless broadcasting systems for simultaneous information and power (energy) transfer. For the purpose of exposition, a three-node network is investigated, in which one receiver harvests energy and another receiver decodes information separately from the signals broadcast by a common transmitter. Two scenarios are examined, where the information receiver and energy receiver are separated and see different channels from the transmitter, or co-located and see the same channel from the transmitter. For the case of separated receivers, we derive the optimal transmission strategies to achieve different tradeoffs for maximal information rate versus energy transfer, which are characterized by the boundary of a so-called rate-energy (R-E) region. For the case of co-located receivers, we show an outer bound for the achievable R-E region, due to the potential limitation that practical circuits for harvesting energy from radio signals are not yet able to decode the carried information at the same time. Under this constraint, we propose two practical receiver designs for the co-located receivers, namely, time switching and power splitting, and characterize their achievable R-E regions in comparison with the outer bound.
18.5% efficient first-generation MIS inversion-layer silicon solar cells (2002)

In this paper, progress in the development of high-efficiency metal-insulator-semiconductor inversion-layer (MIS-IL) silicon solar cells at ISFH is presented. We fabricated MIS-IL solar cells showing independently confirmed energy conversion efficiencies of up to 18.5%. This represents the highest value reported to date for MIS-IL silicon cells. The increase in cell efficiency has been possible by improvements along several lines: (i) reduced perimeter recombination losses, (ii) a reduced contact resistance of the MIS front grid, and (iii) reduced rear surface recombination losses. The cells are characterised in detail and design modifications for further improvements towards 20% efficiency are presented.