gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrolysis of histones by proteinases (1988)

Hydrolysis of histones by proteinases from rat liver, skin and other sources was studied by using a rat thymus histone preparation as the substrate and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and densitometric analysis as the methods to detect histone subtypes and their hydrolysis. The rat mast-cell proteinase I effectively hydrolysed histones except type H4. Thrombin hydrolysed effectively histones H1 and H2A, whereas plasmin hydrolysed all types of histones. Cathepsin D hydrolysed especially histone H2A. Cathepsins B and L hydrolysed all histones more slowly, and cathepsin H hydrolysed them extremely slowly. Epidermal aminoendopeptidase did not hydrolyse histones. Trypsin and chymotrypsin were used as reference enzymes, which hydrolysed all types of histones in very low concentrations. This study suggests that a variety of proteinases could play a role in histone hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of a specific subtype of histones, such as histone H2A at pH 6 by cathepsin D, may be directly involved in regulation of epidermal-cell differentiation.
Switching field variation in patterned submicron magnetic film elements (1997)

In this article, a micromagnetic study of magnetic switching properties on submicron scale single layer and multilayer thin film elements is presented. Even at deep submicron scale, there exist various edge domain configurations at the saturation remanent state. It is found that the switching field of these patterned film elements can strongly depend on these edge domain configurations. If the edge domains are not controlled, switching field of a patterned magnetic film element can vary significantly during repeated switching processes.
A Benchmark Comparison of Three Supercomputers: Fujitsu VP-200, Hitachi S810/120, and Cray X-MP/2 (1985)

The authors report on their opportunity to benchmark the VP-200 (benchmarked at the Fujitsu plant in Numazu, Japan in May 1984 and more recently in May 1985 at Amdahl); the Hitachi S810/20 (made available at the Large Scale Computation Center of Tokyo University in May 1984); and Cray Research provided time on an X-MP running COS and version 1.13 of their CFT compiler. Other X-MP benchmarks were conducted at Los Alamos. For the most part, the codes that were executed on the machines came from the Los Alamos benchmark set. The set is composed of programs that typify the Los Alamos workload. It was found that the VP-200 can be two to three times as fast as the X-MP/2 in vector mode for large vector lengths. Results from highly vectorized codes (rudimentary matrix operations and a linear equations solver) as well as the timings from basic vector operations support this conclusion. On the codes that are more indicative of the Los Alamos workload, the VP-200 and X-MP/2 are comparable. The times for BMK5 (0% vectorized) were virtually equivalent; BMK21 (0% vectorized) was executed on the VP-200 18% faster than on the X-MP; BMK1lb (62% vectorized) and BMK21a (18% vectorized) favored the VP-200 by 17% and 24%, respectively; and SIMPLE (93% vectorized) favored the X-MP by 25%. The authors suggest three reasons for the parity: (1) from the standpoint of Amdahl's Law, many of the codes are dominated by the equivalent scalar performance of the machines, (2) even in the cases of higher degrees of vectorization, vector lengths less than 100 perform equivalently, and (3) function calls prevented full vectorization on the VP-200 in some cases (for example, BMK1la). The Hitachi S810/20 does not perform as well as the other two on the benchmark codes, probably because its scalar performance and vector processor clock period are slower. Additionally, the benchmark codes could not make use of the large number of functional units in the S810/20.
Wave-front-dividing array interferometers without moving parts for real-time spectroscopy from the IR to the UV (1995)

Interferometers of the Michelson or Mach-Zehnder type are designed as array interferometers. The number of array channels is equal to the number of points needed for an interferogram for Fourier transformation. Similarly one may use an array of step gratings with each grating having a different step height and producing one point of the interferogram. These interferometers, which do not have moving parts, use all the incident light, and the interferogram is instantly produced for real-time spectroscopy.
Optical and electrical properties of sputter-deposited Mo-doped tin oxide thin films (1993)

Electrical resistivity and optical properties were studied for reactively RF-sputtered tin oxide films with and without molybdenum doping. In contrast with some earlier results, the authors were unable to find that the molybdenum contributed to a low resistivity.
Monooxygenase activity of human hemoglobin: role of quaternary structure in the preponderant activity of the .beta. subunits within the tetramer (1984)

Catalysis of para hydroxylation of aniline was measured for human ferrihemoglobin and various derivatives in a reconstituted system consisting of the appropriate hemoprotein (at 4 microM heme), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), cytochrome P-450 reductase, and aniline under atmospheric O2. The isolated subunits of hemoglobin (alpha 3+ and beta 3+4) were prepared by treatment with p-(hydroxymercuri)benzoate. Semihemoglobin (alpha heme2 beta 02) was prepared from ferrihemoglobin and apohemoglobin. Converse valency hybrids alpha 3+2(beta 2+-CO)2 and (alpha 2+-CO)2 beta 3+2 were prepared from appropriately ligated alpha and beta subunits. After chromatography, the hemoglobin derivatives were characterized by visible and 1H NMR spectroscopy and electrophoresis. At the same concentration of aniline, the alpha and beta subunits were much less active than the normal tetramer. alpha-Semihemoglobin and the alpha 3+2(beta 2+-CO)2 hybrid also displayed lower hydroxylase activity. The (alpha 2+-CO)2 beta 3+2 hybrid was about as active as normal alpha 3+2 beta 3+2. This result suggests that the activity of tetrameric hemoglobin primarily involves the beta subunits. Also transfer of the beta subunits from the beta 4 molecular environment to the alpha 2 beta 2 state enhances their monooxygenase activity approximately 15-fold. The hemoglobin derivatives were differently susceptible to substrate inhibition, the beta 4 species being most sensitive. Estimates of Vmax from the linear portions of the corresponding Lineweaver-Burk plots showed agreement within a factor of 2.5 for all of the hemoglobin derivatives, suggesting that the intrinsic O2-activating capacities of the derivatives are similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
In Utero Exposure to Bisphenol A Alters the Development and Tissue Organization of the Mouse Mammary Gland1 (2001)

Exposure to estrogens throughout a woman's life, including the period of intrauterine development, is a risk factor for the development of breast cancer. The increased incidence of breast cancer noted during the last 50 years may have been caused, in part, by exposure of women to estrogen-mimicking chemicals that are released into the environment. Here, we investigated the effects of fetal exposure to one such chemical, bisphenol A (BPA), on development of the mammary gland. CD-1 mice were exposed in utero to low, presumably environmentally relevant doses of BPA (25 and 250 microg/kg body weight), and their mammary glands were assessed at 10 days, 1 mo, and 6 mo of age. Mammary glands of BPA-exposed mice showed differences in the rate of ductal migration into the stroma at 1 mo of age and a significant increase in the percentage of ducts, terminal ducts, terminal end buds, and alveolar buds at 6 mo of age. The percentage of cells that incorporated BrdU was significantly decreased within the epithelium at 10 days of age and increased within the stroma at 6 mo of age. These changes in histoarchitecture, coupled with an increased presence of secretory product within alveoli, resemble those of early pregnancy, and they suggest a disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and/or misexpression of developmental genes. The altered relationship in DNA synthesis between the epithelium and stroma and the increase in terminal ducts and terminal end buds are striking, because these changes are associated with carcinogenesis in both rodents and humans.
A configurable SIMD architecture with explicit datapath for intelligent learning (2016)

The use of a wide Single-Instruction-Multiple-Data (SIMD) architecture is a promising approach to build energy-efficient high performance embedded processors. In this paper, based on our design framework for low-power SIMD processors, we propose a multiply-accumulate (MAC) unit with variable number of accumulator registers. The proposed MAC unit exploits both the merits of merged operation and register tiling. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a popular learning based algorithm due to its flexibility and high accuracy. However, a CNN-based application is often computationally intensive as it applies convolution operations extensively on a large data set. In this work, a CNN-based intelligent learning application is analyzed and mapped in the context of SIMD architectures. Experimental results show that the proposed architecture is efficient. In a 64-PE instance, the proposed SIMD processor with MAC4reg achieves an effective performance of 63.2 GOPS. Compared to the two baseline SIMD processors without MAC4reg, the proposed design brings 54.0% and 32.1% reduction in execution time, and 20.5% and 35.1% reduction in energy consumption respectively.
Measurement-Based Signaling Management Strategies for Cellular IoT (2017)

In the future, all devices that benefit from an Internet connection will be connected. Internet of Things technologies are key enablers of this vision by moving beyond basic connectivity machine-to-machine (M2M) communications brings to more intelligent interconnection of physical things on a massive scale. This anticipated growth is expected to challenge the planning and operation of cellular networks due to new diverse traffic models and high signaling loads. In this paper, we conduct a detailed experimental study using state-of-the-art drive testing equipment in order to measure, quantify, and analyze the signaling overhead of two classes of M2M services that resemble smart metering and vehicular applications. Two practical signaling reduction techniques are proposed and analyzed, with focus on aggregation as an efficient approach to overcome the resulting surge in signaling load. We complement the experimental results with an analytical evaluation to quantify the tradeoffs between M2M data transmission delay and the level of aggregation. Moreover, we present a novel case study to assess the potential negative impact of M2M signaling traffic on network planning and operation in 4G cellular networks.
Sentiment Analysis Using Learning Approaches Over Emojis for Turkish Tweets (2018)

With the rise of the usage and interest on social media platforms, emojis have become an increasingly important part of the written language and one of the most important signals for micro-blog sentiment analysis. In this paper, we employed and evaluated classification models using two different representations based on bag-of-words and fastText to address the problem of sentiment analysis over emojis/emoticons for Turkish positive, negative and neutral tweets. At first, the bagof-words approach is used as a simple and efficient baseline method for tweet representation, where the classifiers such as Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machines, Decision Trees have been applied to these tweets. Secondly, we utilized fastText to represent tweets as word n-grams for sentiment analysis problem. The results show that there is no significant difference between the two models. While fastText shows 79% and the Linear Regression classifier obtains 77% F1-score for binary classification, fastText performs 62% and Linear Regression has 58% F1-score for multi-class classification. This study is considered as the first study that contributes to the literature by applying different vector representations such as bag-of-words and fastText to predict Turkish tweets over emojis. This study can also be utilized to predict emojis on social media context in the future.
Single-dose desloratadine and montelukast and allergen-induced late airway responses (2009)

Montelukast and desloratadine synergistically inhibit the allergen-induced early asthmatic response. Montelukast also suppresses the allergen-induced late asthmatic response, but there are no reports on the effect of desloratadine or the combination on the allergen-induced late asthmatic response. Atopic asthmatics (n = 10) completed a multicentric randomised double-blind crossover study comparing single-dose placebo, 5 mg desloratadine, 10 mg montelukast and the combination administered 2 h prior to allergen inhalation challenge. Methacholine challenges were performed 24 h before and after allergen challenge. Exhaled nitric oxide measurements and sputum inflammatory cell counts were also carried out. All active treatments significantly decreased the late asthmatic response area under the curve. Combination therapy provided the greatest inhibition compared to desloratadine and montelukast. Montelukast was nonsignificantly better than desloratadine but not as effective as the combination. There was a trend towards a decrease in airway responsiveness following montelukast and combination. Montelukast, but not desloratadine or the combination, decreased exhaled NO levels 24 h after allergen. The allergen-induced increase in sputum eosinophil numbers was significantly suppressed at 7 h with desloratadine and combination therapy, and at 24 h with montelukast and combination therapy. Single-dose co-administration of desloratadine and montelukast 2 h prior to allergen inhalation clinically abolished the late asthmatic response and eosinophil recruitment.
Distribution and fate of energetics on DoD test and training ranges : interim report 5 (2006)

Sustainment of training to maintain the readiness of our armed forces requires stewardship of human health and the environment. The objective of this project, initiated in FYOO and planned for completion in FYO5, was to determine the potential for environmental contamination from residues of energetic materials on ranges. This report describes accomplishments for FYO2. A U.S. and a Canadian site were characterized for explosives residues resulting from live-fire soldier training: Fort Bliss, Texas, and Canadian Forces Base (CFB), Shilo, Manitoba. Results are also reported on tests to determine residues associated with open detonations and low-order detonations and tests to define environmental fate and transport process descriptors. Results of intensive sampling at Fort Bliss indicated that judgmental sampling targeting low-order residues and firing points is superior to grid sampling for identifying potential point sources of contamination over the typically large training range areas. Furthermore, composite sampling offers the best opportunity of capturing a realistic concentration under the conditions of extreme heterogeneity. Results of open detonations tests confirmed that the use of C4 generates significant explosives residuals. In low-order detonation tests, controlling the percent energy yield of artillery projectiles proved difficult. Adjustments in the variables from these results will improve control of future detonation tests. At CFB Shilo, energetic materials found in soils were associated with targets, and propellants were associated with firing points. The Shilo ranges exhibited relatively low levels of contamination not requiring immediate corrective action. Results of soil partitioning tests demonstrated that pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and tetryl are degraded in surface and aquifer soils. While adsorption is relatively limited and will not impede transport, degradation may be sufficient to reduce transport of these explosives.
Walking the Class Action Maze: Toward a More Functional Rule 23 (2013)

Over roughly the past fifteen years, the Supreme Court and lower federal courts have limited access to class actions. Many of the more restrictive decisions-such as Amchem Products, Inc. v. Windsor, Ortiz v. Fibreboard Corp., and Wal- Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes-are based on interpretations of Rule 23 and thus fall within the power of the Advisory Committee and rulemaking process to modify. This Article proposes revisions to Rule 23 designed to deal with some of these decisions and to make the class action a more pragmatic and functional device. It focuses on two areas: (1) the constraints imposed by fairness to absentees and due process, and (2) the problem of strategic abuse associated with frivolous and weak class action filings. Responding in large part to concerns about fairness, due process, and legitimacy, the Supreme Court has adopted a vague class "cohesion" requirement (Amchem), an interpretive principle tethering the class action to outdated precedent (Ortiz), and a strong indivisibility condition for (b)(2) certification (Wal-Mart). The problem is that none of these limitations is based on a clear understanding of what fairness to absentees requires or how the individual day-in-court right can be reconciled with representative litigation. As a result, the Court's decisions are poorly reasoned and its restrictions inadequately justified. The Advisory Committee should do what it can to correct these deficiencies, and this Article suggests a promising approach. Furthermore, in response to concerns about the strategic filing of frivolous and weak class action suits, federal judges have tightened the standard of proof for certification. But they have done so without general agreement on the normative stakes, and the result is a collection of inconsistent and relatively vague standards. The Advisory Committee should clarify the law in this area by specifying a standard of proof in the text of Rule 23 This Article suggests a useful framework for doing so. Finally, the Article briefly discusses some potential obstacles to Committee action, including the advisability of overruling recent Supreme Court decisions, potential constitutional problems, Rules Enabling Act constraints, transsubstantivity objections, and the ever-present risk of political controversy.
Optimized Use of a 50 μm Internal Diameter Secondary Column in a Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography System (2009)

The focus of the present research is directed toward the development of a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) method, characterized by a greatly increased separation power, if compared with GC x GC approaches using classical column combinations. The analytical objective was achieved by using a 0.05 mm internal diameter (i.d.) capillary as second dimension, a split-flow approach reported in previous research (Tranchida, P. Q., Casilli, A., Dugo, P., Dugo, G. and Mondello, L. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 2266-2275), and a twin-oven GC x GC instrument. The column combination employed was an orthogonal one: an apolar 30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. column was linked, by means of a Y-union, to a flame ionization detector (FID)-connected high-resolution 1 m x 0.05 mm i.d. polar one and to a 0.20 m x 0.05 mm i.d. uncoated capillary segment; the latter was connected to a manually operated split valve, located on top of the second GC. As previously shown, the generation of optimum gas linear velocities in both dimensions can be attained by splitting gas flows at the outlet of the first dimension (Tranchida, P. Q., Casilli, A., Dugo, P., Dugo, G. and Mondello, L. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 2266-2275). An optimized GC x GC method was developed and exploited for the analysis of a complex petrochemical sample. The satisfactory results attained were directly compared with those observed using the same instrumentation, equipped with what can be defined as a classical GC x GC split-flow column set: the same primary column was connected to an FID-linked 1 m x 0.10 mm i.d. polar one and to a 0.30 m x 0.10 mm i.d. uncoated capillary. It will be herein illustrated that there is still room for significant progress in the GC x GC field.
Methylmalonic Acid Inhibits Respiration in Rat Liver Mitochondria (1995)

Methylmalonic acid (MMA), which accumulates and is excreted in urine in mammals during vitamin B-12 deficiency, has been reported to inhibit succinate dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in rat liver. The enzyme inhibition by MMA may lead to various metabolic disorders as well as inhibition of mitochondrial energy generation in vitamin B-12-deficient mammals. To clarify the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase by MMA in intact rat liver mitochondria, the effect of MMA on mitochondrial respiration was studied. When 6 mmol/L MMA was added to the reaction mixture for measuring mitochondrial respiration with succinate as a substrate, MMA was taken up and accumulated by the mitochondria (34-53 mmol/L). The accumulation of mitochondrial MMA was stimulated by the addition of ADP. Methylmalonic acid competitively inhibited State 3 mitochondrial respiration, and the Ki for the acid was 4.2 +/- 0.4 mmol/L. Although the respiratory control ratio decreased with increasing MMA concentration, the acid did not affect the phosphorus/oxygen ratio. Mitochondrial MMA accumulation secondary to vitamin B-12 deficiency inhibits succinate dehydrogenase and may contribute to various metabolic disorders associated with vitamin B-12 deficiency.
Influence of Oxygen Concentration on the Performance of Ultra-Thin RF Magnetron Sputter Deposited Indium Tin Oxide Films as a Top Electrode for Photovoltaic Devices (2016)

The opportunity for substantial efficiency enhancements of thin film hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) solar photovoltaic (PV) cells using plasmonic absorbers requires ultra-thin transparent conducting oxide top electrodes with low resistivity and high transmittances in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Fabricating ultra-thin indium tin oxide (ITO) films (sub-50 nm) using conventional methods has presented a number of challenges; however, a novel method involving chemical shaving of thicker (greater than 80 nm) RF sputter deposited high-quality ITO films has been demonstrated. This study investigates the effect of oxygen concentration on the etch rates of RF sputter deposited ITO films to provide a detailed understanding of the interaction of all critical experimental parameters to help create even thinner layers to allow for more finely tune plasmonic resonances. ITO films were deposited on silicon substrates with a 98-nm, thermally grown oxide using RF magnetron sputtering with oxygen concentrations of 0, 0.4 and 1.0 sccm and annealed at 300 °C air ambient. Then the films were etched using a combination of water and hydrochloric and nitric acids for 1, 3, 5 and 8 min at room temperature. In-between each etching process cycle, the films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, 4-point probe (electrical conductivity), and variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry. All the films were polycrystalline in nature and highly oriented along the (222) reflection. Ultra-thin ITO films with record low resistivity values (as low as 5.83 × 10<sup>-4</sup> Ω·cm) were obtained and high optical transparency is exhibited in the 300-1000 nm wavelength region for all the ITO films. The etch rate, preferred crystal lattice growth plane, d-spacing and lattice distortion were also observed to be highly dependent on the nature of growth environment for RF sputter deposited ITO films. The structural, electrical, and optical properties of the ITO films are discussed with respect to the oxygen ambient nature and etching time in detail to provide guidance for plasmonic enhanced a-Si:H solar PV cell fabrication.