gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EMI/RFI SHIELDING MATERIALS -- CONSIDERING THE CHOICE (1983)

Typical equipment sensitive to electro-magnetic/radio-frequency interference includes microcomputer-controlled systems, digital computers, navigation and missile-guidance systems, and radio receivers. While many interference problems can be reduced at source, reduction to an acceptable level usually means that additional protective measures are needed. After briefly explaining the causes and effects of these interference phenomena, the article reviews the protective measures commercially available. These include various types of electrical filter, and a number of shielding measures and materials, including RFI-shielded equipment racks, treatment of plastic enclosures to make them conductive, shielded ventilation panels, shielded viewing-windows, conductive gaskets for access panels, and knitted wire mesh. The shielding characteristics of different fillers for elastomers, and the effect of vibration on conductive gaskets containing different fillers, are among the aspects discussed. A list of companies that may be con- tacted for information on products for use in shielding is included.
<title>Crystalline Infrared Fibers</title> (1981)

Since the development of the first polycrystalline infrared (IR) fiber waveguides by Hughes Research Laboratories, there has been an increasing effort to improve losses in waveguides fabricated from IR transmissive crystalline materials. The current fiber losses of 400 dB/km for KRS-5 (thallium bromoidide) fiber are three orders of magnitude above the intrinsic limit for this material at 10 pm and far above the ultimate projected loss near 10-3 dB/km for this and many other IR crystalline solids. Therefore, applications of present IR fibers in IR sensor systems are limited to lengths less than 2 to 3 m while future long-distance communication links await the development of the ultimate low-loss potential of these materials.
All-refractory Josephson logic circuits (1983)

A process for the fabrication of Josephson integrated circuits is described which uses only refractory materials. The Josephson devices are Nb-Si-Nb tunnel junctions which are formed in the initial phase of the process. After depositing a Nb-Si-Nb `trilayer' over the entire substrate, the individual devices are isolated by the selective niobium anodization process (SNAP). Other materials used are molybdenum for the normal resistors and bias-sputtered SiO/SUB 2/ for additional insulator layers. The process uses only five photolithographic steps to produce circuits of the direct-coupled isolation type. This simplicity is achieved by using some layers for multiple purposes and by fabricating components with different functional purposes in a single step. For example, the lower electrode of the Josephson devices also functions as the ground plane and the contacts to the ground plane are actually large-area Josephson junctions formed simultaneously with the active devices. Low capacitance junctions (~0.025 pF//spl mu/m/SUP 2/) are produced with good uniformity.
Diamond from fullerenes: Evidence from Raman measurements (1992)

We present the Raman characterization of transformed fullerene samples obtained by applying high (\ensuremath{\sim}20 GPa) nonhydrostatic pressures on ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ or ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$-${\mathrm{C}}_{70}$ powders. Only two clear features are observed. The first is a peak at 1330 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, signature of the existence of cubic diamond. The second is a broadband of unknown origin centered at approximately 1450 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. These results confirm previous crystallographic analysis that showed that our samples consist of polycrystalline diamond embedded in an amorphous matrix.
Exploring chaos in Chua's circuit via unstable periodic orbits (2002)

Unstable periodic orbits inherently embedded in strange attractors provide a useful characterization of chaotic behavior. The authors analyze unstable periodic orbits existing in chaotic orbits in Chua's circuit. Uncovering such orbits is feasible and numerically tractable. Specific algorithms and programs have been developed for this purpose. Unstable periodic orbits provide not only information about the attractor geometry but can be further used for calculation of metric descriptors such as dimension or Lyapunov exponents, and can be treated as a basis for controlling chaos.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Traction Control based on Slip Ratio Estimation Without Detecting Vehicle Speed for Electric Vehicle (2007)

In traction control systems, it is generally required to detect vehicle speed in order to obtain the slip ratio. However, it is very difficult to measure vehicle speed directly. In this paper, novel estimation method of slip ratio is proposed without detecting the vehicle speed. The simulations and experiments both of slip ratio estimation and control are carried out by an electric vehicle to verify the proposed algorithm.
In-Plane Resistivity Anisotropy in an Underdoped Iron Arsenide Superconductor (2010)

High-temperature superconductivity often emerges in the proximity of a symmetry-breaking ground state. For superconducting iron arsenides, in addition to the antiferromagnetic ground state, a small structural distortion breaks the crystal's C(4 )rotational symmetry in the underdoped part of the phase diagram. We reveal that the representative iron arsenide Ba(Fe(1)(-x)Co(x))(2)As(2) develops a large electronic anisotropy at this transition via measurements of the in-plane resistivity of detwinned single crystals, with the resistivity along the shorter b axis rho(b) being greater than rho(a). The anisotropy reaches a maximum value of ~2 for compositions in the neighborhood of the beginning of the superconducting dome. For temperatures well above the structural transition, uniaxial stress induces a resistivity anisotropy, indicating a substantial nematic susceptibility.
Causal relation extraction and network construction of web events (2019)

The explosive increase of news data on the web has created a mass of causal knowledge, which explains the causal relation between two events that effect event will occur following the occurrence of cause event. Analysis of causal knowledge has gain lots of attentions due to its widespread applications, such as question answering, event prediction, generating future scenarios, and commonsense causal reasoning. However, few researches are based on Chinese news corpus, and no effective causal template is proposed for extracting Chinese causal relationship. Therefore, the method for extracting causal relation and building network of causal events from Chinese news corpus is proposed. First, we propose a method to obtain complete cue phrases set and present four common causal patterns to extract causal relations. And then we merge the same events by similarity calculation of causal events. At last, a network of causal events is constructed. Experiments on the datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Design and properties of new 19F NMR Ca2+ indicators: modulation of the affinities of BAPTA derivatives via alkylation (1993)

The effects of alkyl substitution in the aminodiacetic groups of 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) have been examined systematically with the aim of increasing the affinity for Ca2+ of novel 19F NMR and fluorescent Ca2+ indicators based on the BAPTA structure into the range required to measure the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Single methylation on the β-carbon of each aminodiacetic acid group of BAPTA derivatives gave increases in the association constant for Ca2+[K(Ca2+)] of up to 22-fold, depending on the structure of the parent BAPTA derivative. This was shown to be the most effective alkylation for BAPTA derivatives to raise K(Ca2+) with a minimal increase in pKa and no loss of selectivity for Ca2+, so that the insensitivity of Ca2+ binding to pH and [Mg2+] over the physiological ranges was maintained.(1) Single methylation on the β-carbon of each aminodiacetic acid group of BAPTA derivatives symmetrically substituted with single fluorines at the 4-position (4FBAPTA) or at the 5-position (5FBAPTA) raised log K(Ca2+) from 5.61 to 6.81 and 6.12 to 7.47, respectively. The corresponding pKav values (average of the two highest pKa, values in the molecule) were increased from 4.50 to 6.02 and 5.85 to 6.59. The 19F NMR spectroscopic properties of the methylated derivatives were unchanged compared with the parent compounds except for slower exchange rates. These new methylated derivatives of 4FBAPTA and 5FBAPTA therefore extend the range of K(Ca2+) available for 19F NMR indicators of [Ca2]i.(2) Single methylation on the β-carbon of each aminodiacetic acid group of BAPTA derivatives symmetrically substituted at the 5-position on the aromatic rings with trifluoromethyl groups increased log K(Ca2+) from 4.83 to 6.14 and the pKav from 5.39 to 5.90, respectively. There is a Ca2+-induced chemical shift of the 19F NMR resonance of 0.81 ppm upfield with slow exchange at 376 MHz and 30 °C. This compound was selected as a prototype for 19F NMR indicators with enhanced sensitivity through the incorporation of two trifluoromethyl groups to replace the two single fluorine substituents in the current 19F NMR indicators.
Embrittlement of Steels (1990)

Abstract This article examines the embrittlement of iron and carbon steels. It describes compositional, processing, and service conditions that contribute to the problem and presents examples of how embrittlement influences mechanical properties. Embrittlement due to hydrogen is the most common form of embrittlement and influences the behavior and properties of nearly all ferrous alloys and many metals. The article explains why hydrogen embrittlement is so widespread and reviews the many types of damage it can cause. It also explores other forms of embrittlement, including metal-induced embrittlement, strain-age and aluminum nitride embrittlement, thermal embrittlement, quench cracking, 475 deg C and sigma phase embrittlement (in FeCr alloys), temper embrittlement, and embrittlement caused by neutron irradiation. In addition, the article covers stress-corrosion cracking along with properties and conditions that affect it, and the procedures to detect and evaluate it.
Semifluorinated Alkane Eye Drops for Treatment of Dry Eye Disease Due to Meibomian Gland Disease (2017)

In concordance with previous findings, 6-8 weeks of topical application of perfluorohexyloctane significantly improves clinical signs of Meibomian gland disease and associated mild to moderate DED.
A silicon micromachined infrared emitter based on SOI waf (2007)

An improved fabrication technique for silicon-based MEMS (MEMS: microelectromechanical systems) Infrared (IR) emitter is presented. The IR emitter was fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. The resistively heated polysilicon membrane fabricated by using deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) process on backside of SOI wafer has a low thermal mass structure, thus this IR-emitter can be modulated at high frequency. Additionally, the usage of the DRIE process instead of the wet etching process provides a more optimum design for the chip dimension. An appropriate boron (B) dope was used to realize the infrared absorption of silicon or infrared transparence of silicon for achieving self-heating or body emitting effect. By using the SOI wafer, the fabrication processes are simplified, and the production costs are decreased. The membrane temperature and emission spectrum of IR emitter were measured with thermal imaging system and spectroradiometer. The experimental results show that the IR emitter exhibits a strong emission in middle infrared range, and the modulation frequency can reach to 45Hz at 50% modulation depth. It is expected that this IR-emitter can be used in low cost sensing system.
Synthesis, n.m.r. spectra, and structure of macrocyclic compounds containing the ferrocene unit (1983)

The condensation of 1,1′-bis(chlorocarbonyl)ferrocene with diaza-18-crown-6 gives 1,1′-(1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclo-octadecane-7,16-diyldicarbonyl)ferrocene (5) together with its dimer 1,1″: 1′,1‴-bis-(1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclo-octadecane-7,16-diyldicarbonyl) bisferrocene (6) and the separation and isolation of these compounds are described. High resolution 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectra using homo- and hetero-nuclear decoupling techniques allow a complete assignment of the spectral data for (5) and (6) and lead to a proposal of a structure for (5) involving a trans-disposition of the amide carbonyl groups. Variable-temperature n.m.r. data on (6) reveal two distinct dynamic processes within the molecule involving rotation about the ferrocene-carbonyl bond (ΔG‡= 50 kJ mol–1, Tc=–10 °C) and rotation about the N–CO bond (ΔG‡= 67 kJ mol–1, Tc=+60 °C). The preparation, 1H and 13C n.m.r. data of monocyclic compounds containing the ferrocene unit (13a–c), (14) and (15) are also described and the details of the synthesis of an 15N-labelled analogue of (13c), the macrocycle (16), are reported.
Bioengineering Studies of Periodic External Compression as Prophylaxis Against Deep Vein Thrombosis—Part I: Numerical Studies (1982)

This paper presents the results of a numerical study of the technique of periodic external compression for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis. In the model the veins of the lower leg are portrayed as a continuous system rather than as discrete elements as in previous models. Consequently, we are able to explore the detailed effects of different modes of compression including (i) uniform compression, the simultaneous application of uniform pressure over the entire lower leg, (ii) graded compression, the application of nonuniform pressure, maximum at the ankle and minimum at the knee, and (iii) wavelike compression, a wave of compression proceeding from the ankle toward the knee. These numerical results indicate that the effectiveness of uniform compression is severely compromised by the formation of a flow-limiting throat at the proximal end of the compression cuff that reduces both the rate at which blood is discharged from the lower leg and the total blood volume removed. Both of these detrimental effects can be avoided by the use of either wavelike of graded compression. Both alternated methods are shown to produce more uniform augmentation of volume flow rate, flow velocity and shear stress, throughout the entire lower leg. In the companion paper, Part II [18] (see following article), these same compression modes are tested using a simple hydraulic model consisting of a single latex tube inside a foam cylinder as a highly simplified representation of a human leg.
Introduction (2013)

Abstract This introductory article first sets out the book’s main purpose, which is to display the importance of diplomacy along with its attendant capacity for adaptation. It then discusses the nature and meaning of diplomacy, its emerging patterns of practice, and its relevance for not only policy-makers but also a wider cast of actors and set of social interaction. The subject matter of diplomacy has expanded, from the high politics of war and peace to health, environment, development, science and technology, education, law, and the arts. Diplomats are engaged in an expanding range of functions, from negotiation, communication, consular, representation, and reporting to observation, merchandise trade and services promotion, cultural exchange, and public relations. At the same time, with more work has come a greater amount of ‘bureaucratization’, where routine, precedent, and standard operating procedures dominate the daily administrative tasks.
Imprudent linking weaves a tangled Web (1997)

Hypertext linking is often embraced uncritically by Web authors eager to explore the power of hypertext without first considering its effects on their readers' comprehension. Hypertext linking is not a substitute for thought-we think with ideas, not with dissociated snippets of raw information. Even the most germane bits of information cannot become ideas, regardless of how cleverly they are stacked, listed or linked. Ideas define relevance, provide context and establish patterns. With patterns, most concepts become intelligible, and we need continuity and stability of theme and context to recognize patterns. So, like most powerful technologies, hypertext links are a mixed blessing. Used improperly, they can be detrimental to Web sites. "Loose links" can drive away an audience, dilute the site's message, confuse the reader with irrelevant digressions and become a continuing maintenance headache for site authors and Webmasters.
Protein Degradation in Rumen and Amino Acid Absorption in Small Intestine of Lactating Dairy Cattle Fed Heat-Treated Whole Soybeans (1985)

Four lactating Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulae and T-type cannulae in proximal duodenum and terminal ileum were used to measure protein degradation in the rumen and amino acid flow and absorption in the small intestine. Soybean meal, whole soybeans, and whole soybeans extruded at 132 and 149 degrees C provided 50% of the protein in diets that contained 51% grain, 36% corn silage, and 13% alfalfa hay (dry matter). Spot samples of digesta were collected from duodenum and ileum during 96 h, and lanthanum was an indigestible marker to estimate flow and digestibility of nutrients. With diaminopimelic acid as a microbial marker, apparent degradations of dietary crude protein in the rumen were 73, 80, 66, and 60% for diets containing soybean meal, whole soybeans, and whole soybeans extruded at 132 and 149 degrees C. Because of the extensive degradation of protein with the raw soybean diet, less total amino acids reached the duodenum, and because of decrease of availability, absorption from the small intestine (g/day) was lowest with this diet. Feeding diets containing extruded whole soybeans increased availability of total essential amino acids in the small intestine compared with diets containing soybean meal and whole soybeans. Absorption from the small intestine (g/day and percent entering) of individual amino acids was generally higher for extruded whole soybean diets.
Fault Detection and Operation Mode Identification Based on Pattern Classification with Variable Selection (2004)

A novel method is proposed for fault detection and operation mode identification in processes with multimode operations. The proposed method employs the support vector machine as a classification tool together with an entropy-based variable selection method to deal with normal data clusters corresponding to multiple operational modes and abnormal data corresponding to faults. The use of the classification method in fault detection and operation mode identification allows us to build decision boundaries among the data clusters without the assumption of normal distribution. In addition, selection of variables by minimizing the total entropy of training data ensures superior generalization performance in classification. The performance of the proposed method is compared with that of the traditional PCA-based fault detection method using test data where class information is already known. While the existing method has produced considerable error rate (1.9% by T2 chart and 24.2% by Q chart) in detecting faults, the proposed method has shown no error in this example in either fault detection or operation mode identification. Despite these outstanding results, it should be noted that the performance of the proposed method depends critically on the quality of the training data.
ChemInform Abstract: A GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF 6H‐PYRIDO(4,3‐B)CARBAZOLE ALKALOIDS (1980)

Abstract Aus 3‐Brom‐p‐xylol (I) und 3‐Chlorpropionylchlorid (II) erhält man in Gegenwart von Aluminiumchlorid und Schwefelsäure das Indanon (III), das nach Reduktion zum Inden (IV) dehydratisiert wird.
Development of a macromolecular prodrug for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis: mechanisms involved in arthrotropism and sustained therapeutic efficacy (2010)

P-Dex provides superior and sustained amelioration of AA compared with an equivalent dose of free dexamethasone. The arthrotropism and local retention of P-Dex is attributed to the enhanced vascular permeability in arthritic joints and the internalization of P-Dex by synovial cells. The uptake and processing of P-Dex by macrophages and fibroblasts, and downregulation of proinflammatory mediators, provides an explanation for the sustained anti-inflammatory efficacy of P-Dex in this model of inflammatory arthritis.
Sensorless Operation of a Permanent-Magnet Generator for Aircraft (2008)

This paper considers the operation and control of a brushless AC prototype embedded aircraft generator that has been designed for use as an alternative to the emergency run air turbine. To meet the wide operating speed requirements, the generator utilizes a hybrid rotor construction comprising permanent magnet and variable reluctance sections. The constant current source characteristics of the design are exploited to derive the phase information required by the AC vector controller, thus avoiding the use of a shaft-mounted rotor position sensor. The methodology behind the controller operation is presented together with test results taken from a prototype generator system, and this is contrast with the results taken from the conventionally controlled machine with resolver position feedback.
LIBRARIES ON THE AGENDA – AN IMPORTANT POINT FOR THE CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY (2007)

The article is about the importance of placing libraries on the agenda of governments and decisionmaking bodies at different levels. It also discusses the roles libraries have for influencing decisions at the regional and national levels. At the national level, there is a better chance to place libraries on the agenda when libraries are linked to specific information society topics. The World Summit on the\nInformation Society (WSIS) process explained that access to information and knowledge is an important component of a truly inclusive Information Society and that libraries can play an important role in this process. Advocacy for libraries at the local level is the daily task for many library directors\nat local government level, at university level or inside an institution. There are often different University governing officials and bodies; and other boards, councils and authorities which have to be convinced of the importance and abilities of libraries, to help in achieving their own success.\nFocussing on the role libraries can play for the successful evaluation of a university can be an excellent way to place the library on the agenda. Another important element in placing libraries on the agenda in our society is the librarian himself. But one thing is certain: the higher the professional level of a librarian, the better the advocacy work can be done. It is also important to create pictures in the hearts of our politicians and administrators so that they can support funding of libraries.
Sound morphing by feature interpolation (2011)

The goal of sound morphing by feature interpolation is to obtain sounds whose values of features are intermediate between those of the source and target sounds. In order to do this, we should be able to resynthesize sounds that present a set of predefined feature values, a notoriously difficult problem. In this work, we present morphing techniques to obtain hybrid musical instrument sounds whose feature values correspond as close as possible to the ideal interpolated values. When the features capture perceptually relevant information, the morphed sound whose features are interpolated is perceptually intermediate. The features we use are acoustic correlates of salient timbre dimensions derived from perceptual studies, such that sounds whose feature values are intermediate between two would be placed between them in the underlying timbre space. We measure the perceptual impact of the morphed sounds directly by the feature values, using them as an objective measure with which to evaluate the results. Thus we consider that the morphed sounds change perceptually linearly when the corresponding feature values vary linearly.