gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The hydrodynamic function of shark skin and two biomimetic applications (2012)

It has long been suspected that the denticles on shark skin reduce hydrodynamic drag during locomotion, and a number of man-made materials have been produced that purport to use shark-skin-like surface roughness to reduce drag during swimming. But no studies to date have tested these claims of drag reduction under dynamic and controlled conditions in which the swimming speed and hydrodynamics of shark skin and skin-like materials can be quantitatively compared with those of controls lacking surface ornamentation or with surfaces in different orientations. We use a flapping foil robotic device that allows accurate determination of the self-propelled swimming (SPS) speed of both rigid and flexible membrane-like foils made of shark skin and two biomimetic models of shark skin to measure locomotor performance. We studied the SPS speed of real shark skin, a silicone riblet material with evenly spaced ridges and a Speedo® 'shark skin-like' swimsuit fabric attached to rigid flat-plate foils and when made into flexible membrane-like foils. We found no consistent increase in swimming speed with Speedo® fabric, a 7.2% increase with riblet material, whereas shark skin membranes (but not rigid shark skin plates) showed a mean 12.3% increase in swimming speed compared with the same skin foils after removing the denticles. Deformation of the shark skin membrane is thus crucial to the drag-reducing effect of surface denticles. Digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) of the flow field surrounding moving shark skin foils shows that skin denticles promote enhanced leading-edge suction, which might have contributed to the observed increase in swimming speed. Shark skin denticles might thus enhance thrust, as well as reduce drag.
Ion implanted contacts to a-Si:H thin-film transistors (1986)

Fabrication steps to improve ion implanted source-drain contacts to hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin-film transistors (TFT's) have been determined. After establishing a contact performance baseline using devices made with Al/intrinsic a-Si:H contacts, improvements were made to the metal/a-Si:H contact scheme using unheated and heated implants, single- and double-level phosphorous implants, a buffered HF acid dip just prior to metal deposition, Al and Al-Si-Cu metallization schemes, and a post-metallization anneal.
Fracture toughness of Alloy 690 and EN52 weld in air and water (1999)

The effect of low and high temperature water with high hydrogen on the fracture toughness of Alloy 690 and its weld, EN52, was characterized using elastic-plastic J{sub IC} methodology. While both materials display excellent fracture resistance in air and elevated temperature (>93 C) water, a dramatic degradation in toughness is observed in 54 C water. The loss of toughness is associated with a hydrogen-induced intergranular cracking mechanism where hydrogen is picked up from the water. Comparison of the cracking behavior in low temperature water with that for hydrogen-precharged specimens tested in air indicates that the critical local hydrogen content required to cause low temperature embrittlement is on the order of 120 to 160 ppm. Loading rate studies show that the cracking resistance is significantly improved at rates above ca. 1000 MPa{radical}m/h because there is insufficient time to produce grain boundary embrittlement. Electron fractographic examinations were performed to correlate cracking behavior with microstructural features and operative fracture mechanics.
The Effect of Azathioprine on Serum Levels of Interleukin 6 and Soluble Interleukin 2 Receptor (1994)

Cytokine pathways are central to the perpetuation of synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Azathioprine (AZA) has disease modifying activity in RA. This study addressed the effect of AZA on serum IL-6 and soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) levels in RA. Over a 24 week period of therapy significant clinical improvement was observed. However, serum levels of both IL-6 and soluble IL-2R levels did not significantly change after AZA therapy. AZA therapy did not significantly alter the peripheral blood monocytes ability to produce IL-6 in vitro, either in the presence or absence of LPS. The mechanism by which AZA achieves clinical improvement in RA patients does not appear to be through IL-6 modulation or modification of synovial lymphocyte activation as assessed by serum sIL-2R levels.
Peristaltic pumps &#x2014; A review on working and control possibilities (2014)

Peristaltic pumps are positive replacement pumps, commonly used in fluid transports. These pump does not contaminate the transported fluid, they are undemanding and ideal for shear-sensitive and aggressive fluids. Through their wide spectrum of use, there are many variants of these pumps based on their special needs, such as high pressure need, long tubing lifetime or low pressure deviation. The object of this paper is to review and summarize the most important properties of these pumps and introduce some of the special solutions of these pumps focusing on control engineering possibilities.
Hexokinase mediates stomatal closure (2013)

Stomata, composed of two guard cells, are the gates whose controlled movement allows the plant to balance the demand for CO2 for photosynthesis with the loss of water through transpiration. Increased guard-cell osmolarity leads to the opening of the stomata and decreased osmolarity causes the stomata to close. The role of sugars in the regulation of stomata is not yet clear. In this study, we examined the role of hexokinase (HXK), a sugar-phosphorylating enzyme involved in sugar-sensing, in guard cells and its effect on stomatal aperture. We show here that increased expression of HXK in guard cells accelerates stomatal closure. We further show that this closure is induced by sugar and is mediated by abscisic acid. These findings support the existence of a feedback-inhibition mechanism that is mediated by a product of photosynthesis, namely sucrose. When the rate of sucrose production exceeds the rate at which sucrose is loaded into the phloem, the surplus sucrose is carried toward the stomata by the transpiration stream and stimulates stomatal closure via HXK, thereby preventing the loss of precious water.
A Preliminary Study of Ritonavir, an Inhibitor of HIV-1 Protease, to Treat HIV-1 Infection (1995)

The protease inhibitor ritonavir is well tolerated and has a potent antiviral effect, as shown by substantial decreases in plasma viremia and significant elevations in CD4 cell counts. Expanded clinical trials of ritonavir are warranted.
Laser resonators with self-imaging waveguides (1997)

Novel laser resonator concepts based on the self-imaging properties of multimode waveguides are proposed. These resonators have widely applicable designs and are predicted to produce TEM00 output with low round-trip loss and excellent mode discrimination.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Peruvian Andes: an epidemiological study of infection and immunity (1995)

A prospective longitudinal survey of cutaneous leishmaniasis (Leishmania peruviana) was carried out in Peru on a study population of 4716 persons living in 38 villages (Departments of Lima, Ancash and Piura). Demographic and clinical data were collected from all individuals, and a Montenegro skin test (MST) was carried out on 72% (3418) of the study population. Each household was revisited at 3-monthly intervals for up to 2 years to detect new leishmaniasis cases; 497 people received a second MST at the end of the study. Analysis of the epidemiological data indicated that (i) 17% (16/94) of all infections were subclinical, (ii) this percentage increased significantly with age, (iii) clinical infections led to 73.9% protective immunity (95% C.I. 53.0-85.5%) and relatively permanent MST responsiveness (recovery rate = 0.0098/year; 95% C.I. 0.000-0.020/year), (iv) sub-clinical infections led to protective immunity, which was positively correlated with their MST induration size (increasing by 17.9% per mm; P < 0.0001), and a mean MST recovery rate of 0.114/year (4/421 man-months), and (v) recurrent leishmaniasis was dominated by reactivations, not by reinfections.
Bone mineral content in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis. (1985)

The calcium content of the central one third of the skeleton was measured using neutron activation analysis in 109 patients with idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis. The bone mineral content (calcium bone index or CaBI, corrected for body size) was significantly decreased by 5.2% in 20- to 60-year-old patients with calcium nephrolithiasis (p less than 0.01). Under age 50 the decrease was more marked in 64 males (7.1%; p less than 0.02) than in 21 females (4.1%; p = NS). There was a significant negative correlation of CaBI with fasting urine calcium/creatinine ratio (r = 0.39; p less than 0.01), but no correlation with age or indices of parathyroid function. The decrease in bone mineral content did not appear to be progressive. The decrease in CaBI indicates negative calcium balance, either in the past or at present, in patients with calcium nephrolithiasis and does not favour increased intestinal absorption as a primary cause. The lack of correlation of CaBI with parameters of parathyroid function does not support a primary renal loss of calcium. The results suggest that increased bone turnover may be an important component of disordered calcium metabolism in patients with calcium nephrolithiasis.
Gene Expression of Proteases and Protease Inhibitors in the Human Ciliary Epithelium and ODM-2 Cells (1997)

Complementary DNAs (cDNAs), corresponding to the human proteinases cathepsins D and O and proteinase inhibitors alpha2-macroglobulin and PP5/TFPI-2, have recently been isolated and identified from a subtractive human ciliary body library. In the present study we determined: (i) their pattern of expression in the human eye; (ii) the ability of the ciliary body and/or ciliary epithelial cells to synthesize and secrete cathepsin D and alpha1-antitrypsin in vitro; and (iii) whether alpha1-antitrypsin expression in cultured ciliary epithelial cells is modulated by protein kinase C activation. Northern analysis demonstrated that the ciliary body expresses high levels of cathepsins D and O, alpha2-macroglobulin, alpha1-antitrypsin and PP5/TFPI-2 transcripts. Western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation experiments with cathepsin D and alpha1-antitrypsin antibodies indicated that metabolically labeled ciliary body explants and/or ciliary epithelial cells in vitro with 35S-methionine, synthesize and secrete these proteins. Cultured nonpigmented ciliary epithelial ODM-2 cells, in response to phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), but not to the non-protein kinase C binding phorbol ester 4 alpha-phorbol didecanoate (PDBu), elicited up-regulation (up to 5-fold) of transcription, synthesis and secretion of alpha1-antitrypsin. These results provide in vitro evidence that the ciliary epithelium synthesizes and secretes a selective group of proteinases and proteinase inhibitors detected also in aqueous humor. The expression of at least of one of the proteinase inhibitors, alpha1-antitrypsin, can be modulated in response to phorbol ester.
Measuring methods for groundwater – surface water interactions: a review (2006)

Abstract. Interactions between groundwater and surface water play a fundamental role in the functioning of riparian ecosystems. In the context of sustainable river basin management it is crucial to understand and quantify exchange processes between groundwater and surface water. Numerous well-known methods exist for parameter estimation and process identification in aquifers and surface waters. Only in recent years has the transition zone become a subject of major research interest; thus, the need has evolved for appropriate methods applicable in this zone. This article provides an overview of the methods that are currently applied and described in the literature for estimating fluxes at the groundwater – surface water interface. Considerations for choosing appropriate methods are given including spatial and temporal scales, uncertainties, and limitations in application. It is concluded that a multi-scale approach combining multiple measuring methods may considerably constrain estimates of fluxes between groundwater and surface water.
Syntheses, Structure, Electrochemistry, and Optical Properties of 1,3‐Diethyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1‐<i>H</i>‐1,3,2‐pyrido‐[4,5‐b]‐diazaboroles (2008)

Abstract Reaction of 2,5‐bis(dibromoboryl)thiophene ( 4 ) or 1,4‐bis(dibromoboryl)benzene ( 6 ) with two equivalents of N,N′ ‐dilithiated 2,3‐diaminopyridine ( 3 ) led to the generation of the pyridodiazaboroles 5 and 7 in which the two diazaborole rings are linked by 2,5‐thiophen‐diyl or 1,4‐phenylene units via the boron atom. The novel compounds were characterized by elemental analyses and spectroscopy ( 1 H‐, 11 B‐, 13 C‐NMR, MS, and UV‐VIS). The molecular structure of 5 was elucidated by X‐ray diffraction. Cyclovoltammograms of 5 and 7 show two irreversible oxidation waves at 0.76 and 0.73 V, respectively vs Fc/Fc + . The novel compounds display intense blue luminescence with Stokes shifts of 76 and 74 nm and relative quantum yields of 39 and 43 % vs Coumarin 120 (Φ = 50 %).
Parmenides 132c-133a and the Development of Plato's Thought (1979)

Examen de la position de G. E. L. Owen que l'un des arguments du Parmenide, a savoir la seconde version de l'argument du troisieme homme refuterait la doctrine des Formes comme paradigmes. Apres le Parmenide, Platon aurait ou bien considere les Formes comme des universaux immanents ou n'aurait pas donne d'interpretation de leur nature. D'ou l'argument que le Timee, ou les Formes sont construites comme des paradigmes, serait anterieur au Parmenide. L'A. refute ces conceptions de Owen.
Three-dimensional spatial compounding of ultrasound scans with incidence angle weighting (2003)

A three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging system has been used to study spatial compounding of images acquired with different scanhead positions and orientations. A compounding algorithm has been developed which assigns regional weights depending on the local incidence angle of the ultrasound beam. Compound scans were performed of bones in vitro and the shoulder rotator cuff in volunteer subjects. Border measurements (peak value and width) were compiled as a function of ultrasound beam incidence angle and compared for single views and for maximum, mean and weighted mean compounding techniques. The weighted mean produces less variability than that of the maximum and mean for both intensity and border width. The weighted method also demonstrates less blurring of borders than the maximum and mean methods. Surfaces derived from the weighted reconstructions exhibited fewer gaps and fewer spurious connections between surfaces, which could be of particular importance for automated image analysis.
ASIC implementation of the Lyon cochlea model (1992)

The design and development of an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) to implement the filtering and AGC sections of a new digital approximation to the Lyon/Mead analog cochlea model (1988, 1989) are described. The ASIC uses a fully synchronous bit-serial design methodology originally developed for MOS technologies by Denyer and Renshaw (1985) and adaptive subsequently for use with low cost standard cell design tools by Summerfield and Jabri (1989). The resulting device is an example of a new class of signal processing ASIC, referred to as an application-specific signal processor (ASSP). As well as presenting details of the filter and AGC structure of the new cochlea model, the paper describes the bit-serial design methodology used to implement the algorithm in real-time and in low cost ASIC form. The approach is a generic one and can be applied to a wide range of speech signal processing functions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
CT of pulmonary edema. (1989)

We describe our experience with CT of the chest in the diagnosis of pulmonary edema due to congestive heart failure, overhydration, renal failure, or increased capillary permeability. CT is able to detect acinar shadows and air-bronchograms more clearly than conventional radiography. Specific pattern of distribution of edema can be imaged in cross-section due to the elimination of superimposition of structures. In patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome, CT can detect microcystic transformation of the lung, which indicates a worse prognosis. Complications of ARDS, not always clearly visible on bedside chest radiographs, can be identified with CT.
The effect of the molecular size on the absorption spectra of macromolecules (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe effect of the molecular size on the absorption spectra of macromoleculesL. H. Garcia-RubioCite this: Macromolecules 1987, 20, 12, 3070–3075Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00178a022https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00178a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views329Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
C3e: An Acidic Fragment of Human C3 with Leukocytosis-Inducing Activity (1979)

Abstract We have isolated a leukocytosis-inducing peptide of degraded human C3 that has the electrophoretic behavior of prealbumin and a m.w. of 10,000 to 12,000. The peptide has been designated C3e. It was generated by two methods: Incubation of isolated C3 with 2% (w/w) trypsin for 120 min at 37°C, or incubation of serum at 37°C for 5 days under sterile conditions. C3e preparations obtained by the two methods were virtually indistinguishable with respect to molecular size, amino acid composition, and immunochemical properties. The electrophoretic mobility of C3e at pH 8.6 is -7.5 × 10-5 cm2 V-1 sec-1. Anti-C3e reacts with C3e, C3, C3b, and C3c, but not with C3a or C3d. Since the β-chain of C3 is not affected by the liberation of C3e, it is concluded that C3e arises from cleavage of the portion of the α-chain that is part of the C3c fragment. Purified C3e was found to mobilize leukocytes from bone marrow upon perfusion of isolated rat femur. Intravenous injection of C3e into rabbits caused a 2- to 3-fold increase in the number of circulating leukocytes after 60 min which lasted 2 hr. Leukocytosis was preceded by mild leukopenia. Leukocytosis-inducing activity was abrogated by treating C3e preparations with solid phase anti-C3. Incubation of heparinized rabbit blood with radioiodinated C3e resulted in preferential binding of C3e to polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Intradermal injection of C3e into rabbits evoked increased vascular permeability after 15 to 30 min. The evidence indicates that C3e is a fragment of C3 with biologic activity distinct from that of other C3 fragments.
Auricular Neuromodulation: The Emerging Concept beyond the Stimulation of Vagus and Trigeminal Nerves (2018)

Neuromodulation, thanks to intrinsic and extrinsic brain feedback loops, seems to be the best way to exploit brain plasticity for therapeutic purposes. In the past years, there has been tremendous advances in the field of non-pharmacological modulation of brain activity. This review of different neurostimulation techniques will focus on sites and mechanisms of both transcutaneous vagus and trigeminal nerve stimulation. These methods are scientifically validated non-invasive bottom-up brain modulation techniques, easily implemented from the outer ear. In the light of this, auricles could transpire to be the most affordable target for non-invasive manipulation of central nervous system functions.
GS15 Forms a SNARE Complex with Syntaxin 5, GS28, and Ykt6 and Is Implicated in Traffic in the Early Cisternae of the Golgi Apparatus (2002)

The subcellular localization, interacting partners, and function of GS15, a Golgi SNARE, remain to be established. In our present study, it is revealed that unlike proteins (Bet1 and the KDEL receptor) cycling between the Golgi and the intermediate compartment (IC, inclusive of the ER exit sites), GS15 is not redistributed into the IC upon incubation at 15 degrees C or when cells are treated with brefeldin A. Immuno-electron microscopy (immuno-EM) reveals that GS15 is mainly found in the medial-cisternae of the Golgi apparatus and adjacent tubulo-vesicular elements. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments suggest that GS15 exists in a distinct SNARE complex that contains SNAREs (syntaxin5, GS28, and Ykt6) that are implicated in both ER-to-Golgi and intra-Golgi transport but not with SNAREs involved exclusively in ER-to-Golgi traffic. Furthermore, components of COPI coat can be selectively coimmunoprecipitated with GS15 from Golgi extracts. Overexpression of mutant forms of GS15 affects the normal distribution of cis- and medial-Golgi proteins (GS28, syntaxin 5, and Golgi mannosidase II), whereas proteins of the trans-Golgi and TGN (Vti1-rp2/Vti1a and syntaxin 6) and Golgi matrix/scaffold (GM130 and p115) are less affected. When the level of GS15 is reduced by duplex 21-nt small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown approach, diverse markers of the Golgi apparatus are redistributed into small dotty and diffuse labeling, suggesting an essential role of GS15 in the Golgi apparatus.
Fully dry solid state artificial muscles exhibiting giant electromechanical effect (2001)

This paper deals with the discovery of giant low voltage electromechanical actuation and sensing effects in an electroactive polymer composite made with a composite of poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, and poly(ethylene glycol), PEG. The experimental observations and robust performance of the new solid-state polymer actuators and sensors in the form of a strip, which is suitably surface-electroded and cation- doped, are reported herein. Recent laboratory discovery shows that such solid-state actuators are polymeric materials capable of exhibiting large motion actuation capabilities (>2% strain) in a low electric field imposed across the strip ( 10MPa) and fast responses (>10Hz). Moreover, a stable operation over ten million's of cycles in air is achieved with nearly no performance degradation. Also, by bending the strip, a voltage is produced across the thickness of the strip showing direct mechanoelectric behaviors that can be used in polymeric sensors either dynamically or quasi- statically. It must be pointed out that effectively constructed solid-state polymer sensors and actuators overcome many inherent problems that other state-of-the-art polymer sensors and actuators have, such as rate limiting dopant intercalation of conducting polymers, high voltage requirement of ferroelectric polymers, favored wet conditions for ionic polymer metal composites, and poor mechanical properties of ionic polymeric gels. Therefore, the reported solid-state polymer actuators and sensors show a tremendous potential for use in biomimetic/medical, industrial, and domestic applications superior to any other polymer materials identified so far.