gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Degrees of saturation with respect to apatites in fruit juices and acidic drinks (1975)

Some fruit juices and carbonated acidic drinks, recognized as agents causing dental erosions, were analyzed for calcium, phosphate, fluoride and pH. Ionic activity/concentration products for hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite were calculated. It was found that all liquids analyzed were unsaturated with respect to both apatites, which explains their erosive effect.
Evaluation of streaming aggregation on parallel hardware architectures (2010)

We present a case study parallelizing streaming aggregation on three different parallel hardware architectures. Aggregation is a performance-critical operation for data summarization in stream computing, and is commonly found in sense-and-respond applications. Currently available commodity parallel hardware provides promise as accelerators for streaming aggregation. However, how streaming aggregation can map to the different parallel architectures is still an open question. Streaming aggregation is obviously data parallel, but in practice its performance relies more on efficient data movement than computation, as we will demonstrate. Furthermore, we used workloads such as stock market data, which introduces unique data distribution problems. The three parallel architectures we use in our study are an Intel Core 2 Quad processor, an Nvidia GTX 285 GPU and the IBM PowerXCell 8i, an enhanced version of the Cell Broadband Engine architecture. Our implementations use OpenMP, CUDA and Cellgen (a compiler for OpenMP-like support on Cell) respectively. We find that the Cell's programmable local storage, and its low latency, high bandwidth access to main memory are best suited for parallelizing streaming aggregation. GPUs in the future can overcome the latency and bandwidth limitations by being fully integrated in the system's memory hierarchy. In order to attain good performance on existing parallel architectures, we find that developers must characterize their problem in terms of communication versus computation costs; memory access patterns, including assessing whether their algorithms reuse data; and the granularity of data access patterns.
Theoretical Consideration of the External Donor of Heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta Catalysts Using Molecular Mechanics, Molecular Dynamics, and QSAR Analysis (2001)

In the previous paper we calculated the most stable structure of the catalyst and cocatalyst of metallocene catalyst systems using molecular dynamics and molecular mechanics. In this paper we postulate the active site of the heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalyst, and analyze it by the same methods to clarify the main factors that control the activity and molecular weight distribution of the heterogeneous catalyst systems. The roles of the external donor were also considered, and we found that the interaction energy between an external donor and the active site of the catalyst, as well as the structural factors of the external donor itself, are strongly related to both activity and molecular weight distribution. These results reveal that molecular dynamics and molecular mechanics calculations are also effective methods to screen the heterogeneous catalyst systems.
Discovering new glycine receptor modulators and their binding sites (2009)

The inhibitory glycine receptor (GlyR) is a member of the Cys-loop receptor family that mediates inhibitory neurotransmission in the central nervous system. These receptors are emerging as potential drug targets for inflammatory pain, immunomodulation, spasticity and epilepsy. Antagonists that specifically inhibit particular GlyR isoforms are also required as pharmacological probes for elucidating the roles of particular GlyR isoforms in health and disease. Although a substantial number of both positive and negative GlyR modulators have been identified, very few of these are specific for the GlyR over other receptor types. Thus, the potential of known compounds as either therapeutic leads or pharmacological probes is limited. It is therefore surprising that there have been few published studies describing attempts to discover novel GlyR isoform-specific modulators. The first aim of this review is to consider various methods for efficiently screening compounds against these receptors. We conclude that an anion sensitive yellow fluorescent protein is optimal for primary screening and that automated electrophysiology of cells stably expressing GlyRs is useful for confirming hits and quantitating the actions of identified compounds. The second aim of this review is to demonstrate how these techniques are used in our laboratory for the purpose of both discovering novel GlyR-active compounds and characterizing their binding sites. We also describe a reliable, cost effective method for transfecting HEK293 cells in single wells of a 384-well plate using nanogram quantities of plasmid DNA.
Multicore Fiber Sensors for Simultaneous Measurement of Force and Temperature (2015)

We demonstrate a force and temperature sensor consisting of a multicore fiber (MCF) spliced between two single-mode fibers. Increasing of the sensitivity to applied force is achieved through etching of the MCF cladding, with an overall increase of 7× compared with a 125-μm MCF device, and 12× compared with a standard fiber Bragg grating (FBG). Simultaneous decoupling of force and temperature with high accuracy is demonstrated using two MCF sections with different outer diameters. This device has robust operation up to 1000 °C, making it more suitable than FBGs for extreme environments.
Portable, Quantitative Detection of <i>Bacillus</i> Bacterial Spores Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (2013)

Portable rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus is highly desirable for safety in food manufacture and under the current heightened risk of biological terrorism. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is becoming the preferred analytical technique for bacterial detection, due to its speed of analysis and high sensitivity. However in seeking methods offering the lowest limits of detection, the current research has tended toward highly confocal, microscopy-based analysis, which requires somewhat bulky instrumentation and precisely synthesized SERS substrates. By contrast, in this study we have improved SERS for bacterial analyses using silver colloidal substrates, which are easily and cheaply synthesized in bulk, and which we shall demonstrate permit analysis using portable instrumentation. All analyses were conducted in triplicate to assess the reproducibility of this approach, which was excellent. We demonstrate that SERS is able to detect and quantify rapidly the dipicolinate (DPA) biomarker for Bacillus spores at 5 ppb (29.9 nM) levels which are significantly lower than those previously reported for SERS and well below the infective dose of 10(4)B. anthracis cells for inhalation anthrax. Finally we show the potential of multivariate data analysis to improve detection levels in complex DPA extracts from viable spores.
Stochastic Automata Models with Applications to Learning Systems (1973)

The performance of variable-structure stochastic automata in stationary random environments has been extensively studied for the case when the environment's response is 0 or 1 (P model). A method is suggested for extending the updating schemes known for the P model to the S model, where the environment's output can lie in the interval [0,1], and a class of optimal nonlinear schemes for the S model is derived. Computer simulations reveal the superior performance of the S model in multimodal search even when the bounds on the performance function are unknown.
Scintigraphic Detection of I-125 Seeds Migration After Permanent Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer (2009)

Radioactive seed implantation for the treatment of early-stage prostate cancer has become popular. Implanted I-125 seeds for brachytherapy are vulnerable to migration away from the prostate gland during dose delivery. It may result in altered dose distribution or unexpected seed embolization. Because of its small size (0.5 × 4.4 mm), the detection rate of migrated seeds using conventional x-rays is not satisfactory. We have developed a new scintigraphic method with 100% sensitivity, covering all low I-125 seed photopeaks. It may become the mainstream of monitoring seed migration instead of x-ray. We present some interesting cases, which were never expected without using scintigraphic detection.
Nonlinear Optical Properties and Femtosecond Laser Micromachining of Special Glasses (2015)

Materials specially designed for photonics have been at the vanguard of chemistry, physics and materials science, driven by the development of new technologies. One particular class of materials investigated in this context are glasses, that in principle should exhibit high third order optical nonlinearities and fast response time, whose optical properties can be tailored by compositional changes, such as, for instance, the incorporation of metallic nanoparticles to explore plasmon resonances. Simultaneously to the development of novel materials, and motivated by the need of device miniaturization, direct laser writing by femtosecond pulses has been used to advanced processing of glasses. Such method allows fabricating high resolution three-dimensional optical devices, as well as to produce spatially localized metal nanoparticles. This review paper initially presents results on the nonlinear optical characterization of special glasses, in addition to progresses on the use of femtosecond laser micromachining for producing waveguides and spatially confined metal nanoparticles.
Microphotonic Elements for Integration on the Silicon-on-Insulator Waveguide Platform (2006)

This paper presents an overview of our recent work on several fundamental optical elements and their integration on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide platform. Theory, design and experimental results are presented for monolithically integrated asymmetric graded-index waveguide couplers, as well as output couplers based on total internal reflection mirrors. Design strategies for dispersive elements on SOI, for example, ring resonators and arrayed waveguide gratings, are discussed with special emphasis on methods to eliminate the polarization sensitivity. Finally, the properties and applications of evanescent fields in SOI waveguides are reviewed
Heterocyclic imines and amines. Part 19. Isoquinoline and other products from α,o-dicyanostilbene and basic reagents (1983)

α,o-Dicyanostilbene (1) was cleaved by hydrazine or hydroxylamine under mildly acid conditions to o-cyanobenzyl cyanide (2) and benzaldehyde, isolated as derivatives. Sodamide with compound (1) gave 1-amino-4-cyano-3-phenylisoquinoline: alkoxides similarly gave the 1-alkoxy compounds, the presumed intermediate 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline from the methoxide reaction being isolated and separately dehydrogenated. Acid hydrolysis of the 1-ethoxy compound gave the known 4-cyano-3-phenylisoquinolin-1(2H)-one. With the anion of o-cyanobenzyl cyanide, compound (1) gave a 1-amino-4-cyano-3-(2-substituted phenyl)isoquinoline, which was oxidised to 1-amino-4-cyano-3-(2-carboxyphenyl)isoquinoline. The latter lost water at 210 °C to give yellow 12-cyano-5-iminoisoindolo[2,1-b]isoquinolin-7(5H)-one, closely related to known compounds.
STUDY ON CATIONIC RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION MECHANISM OF 3-ETHYL-3-HYDROXYMETHYL OXETANE (2002)

ABSTRACT Cationic ring-opening polymerization of 3-ethyl-3-hydroxylmethyl oxetane was carried out using BF3·O(C2H5)2 as initiator, and a branched polyether was formed. Typical SEC curves show that the polymer consists of two fractions: one has higher molecular weight (11.7×104∼ 9.2×104) and the other has lower molecular weight (3.8×103∼4.0×103). This probably resulted from the chain-tran sfer reaction of two propagating polymer chains. The structure of the polyEHMO formed was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectra. The degree of branching is mainly affected by the propagation mechanism. As the molar ratio of [I]0/[EHMO]0 in feed increased, the degree of branching also increased. Keywords: Cationic ring-opening polymerizationBranched polyetherOxetane derivatePolymerization mechanismDegree of branching ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China with Grant 50173025.
Porphyrins Bearing Stable <i>m</i><i>eso</i>-Alkylidenyl Double Bonds. A New Family of Nonplanar Porphyrinoids (2006)

[Structure: see text] Unique core-modified porphyrinoids, such as oxabenziporphyrins, oxapyriporphyrins, and thiapyriporphyrins, bearing exocyclic C-C double bonds at meso-positions, have been synthesized and characterized. The synthesis was accomplished by utilizing typical "3+1"-type condensation. Two different stable tautomeric forms were isolated, and the two tautomeric forms can be interconvertible upon treatment with base. In contrast, only the structure bearing an exocyclic double bond was isolated in the case of oxapyriporphyrin and oxabenziporphyrin.
Esmolol for the Control of Hypertension After Neurologic Surgery (1989)

We sought to evaluate the effectiveness of esmolol vs placebo in 40 patients emerging from general anesthesia for neurosurgery. Efficacy was defined as a decrease in systolic blood pressure to within 20% above average ward pressure. The need for additional antihypertensive agents to control blood pressure was also used to define efficacy. During the infusion period 20 of 21 (95%) of the esmolol-treated patients and two of 19 (11%) of the patients receiving placebo had return of systolic blood pressure to within 20% of average ward pressure (p < 0.001). One out of 21 (5%) esmolol-treated patients and 14 of 19 (74%) of the placebo group required intervention with additional antihypertensive medications (p < 0.001). Esmolol was found to be effective in controlling hypertension that develops on emergence from general anesthesia in patients undergoing neurosurgery.



Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1988) 44, 650–653; doi:10.1038/clpt.1988.207
The Development of Self-Balancing Controller for One-Wheeled Vehicles (2010)

The purpose of this study is to develop a self-balancing controller (SBC) for one-wheeled vehicles (OWVs). The composition of the OWV system includes: a DSP motion card, a wheel motor, and its driver. In addition, a tilt and a gyro, for sensing the angle and angular velocity of the body slope, are used to realize self-balancing controls. OWV, a kind of unicycle robot, can be dealt with as a mobile-inverted-pendulum system for its instability. However, for its possible applications in mobile carriers or robots, it is worth being further developed. In this study, first, the OWV system model will be derived. Next, through the simulations based on the mathematical model, the analysis of system stability and controllability can be evaluated. Last, a concise and realizable method, through system pole-placement and linear quadratic regulator (LQR), will be proposed to design the SBC. The effectiveness, reliability, and feasibility of the proposal will be con- firmed through simulation studies and experimenting on a physical OWV.
Review: Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes Probed by NMR Techniques (2012)

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligomers of glucopyranose units that play an important role as a host in inclusion complexes, where non-covalent interactions are involved. They have been extensively studied in supramolecular chemistry. Because of its biocompatibility, relatively non-toxicity and relatively low price, CDs have been widely employed for encapsulation of several substances, being used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is one of the most useful techniques to study interactions of cyclodextrins with guest compounds. It is relatively easy to apply, the experiments are fast and it is the only technique that provides information on the right orientation of the guest molecule inside the cavity and also on other important parameters related to the physico-chemical characteristics of the inclusion complexes. In this review, it will be discussed the study of inclusion complexes between drugs and cyclodextrins by different NMR techniques. Initially, a brief introduction of the properties of cyclodextrins, its importance as innovative drug carrier systems and its applicability is reviewed. Then different NMR techniques used for characterization of inclusion complexes are detailed, with examples studied in our group, which involves since simple measures of 1H-NMR spectrum to more sophisticated experiments, e.g. Diffusion Ordered SpectroscopY (DOSY), NOE methods (ROESY), T1 measure and solid NMR by 13C Cross-Polarization Magic Angle Spinning (CPMAS).
DNA damage-induced [Zn<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> transients: correlation with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in lymphoma cells (2002)

Reactive changes in free intracellular zinc cation concentration ([Zn(2+)](i)) were monitored, using the fluorescent probe Zinquin, in human lymphoma cells exposed to the DNA-damaging agent VP-16. Two-photon excitation microscopy showed that Zinquin-Zn(2+) forms complexes in cytoplasmic vesicles. [Zn(2+)](i) increased in both p53(wt) (wild type) and p53(mut) (mutant) cells after exposure to low drug doses. In p53(mut) cells noncompetent for DNA damage-induced apoptosis, elevated [Zn(2+)](i) was maintained at higher drug doses, unlike competent p53(wt) cells that showed a collapse of the transient before apoptosis. In p53(wt) cells, the [Zn(2+)](i) rise paralleled an increase in p53 and bax-to-bcl-2 ratio but preceded an increase in p21(WAF1), active cell cycle arrest in G(2), or nuclear fragmentation. Reducing [Zn(2+)](i), using N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine, caused rapid apoptosis in both p53(wt) and p53(mut) cells, although cotreatment with VP-16 exacerbated apoptosis only in p53(wt) cells. This may reflect changed thresholds for proapoptotic caspase-3 activation in competent cells. We conclude that the DNA damage-induced transient is p53-independent up to a damage threshold, beyond which competent cells reduce [Zn(2+)](i) before apoptosis. Early stress responses in p53(wt) cells take place in an environment of enhanced Zn(2+) availability.
Promotion of PEM Self-Humidifying Effect by Nanometer-Sized Sulfated Zirconia-Supported Pt Catalyst Hybrid with Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) (2007)

A self-humidifying membrane based on low-cost sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) hybrid with sulfated zirconia (SO4(2-)/ZrO2, SZ)-supported platinum catalyst (Pt-SZ catalyst) was investigated for fuel cell applications. The SZ particle, a solid-state superacid with hygroscopic and high proton conductivity properties, was employed as the catalyst support. The SPEEK/Pt-SZ self-humidifying membrane was characterized by TEM and SEM coupled with EDX. FT-IR was conducted to verify the effect of SPEEK/Pt-SZ membrane on catalytic combination of crossover hydrogen and oxygen. To display the advantages of Pt-SZ catalyst as the additive, the IEC, water uptake, proton conductivity, single-cell performance, and areal resistance measurements were compared between the plain SPEEK membrane, SPEEK/Pt-SiO2 membrane, and the SPEEK/Pt-SZ membrane. The SPEEK/Pt-SZ membrane exhibited the highest IEC value, proton conductivity, single-cell performance, and the lowest areal resistance relative to the plain SPEEK and SPEEK/Pt-SiO2 membranes. The SPEEK/Pt-SZ self-humidifying membrane exhibited peak power density of 1.0 W/cm2 under dry operation condition compared with 0.89 W/cm2 and 0.58 W/cm2 of SPEEK/Pt-SiO2 and plain SPEEK membranes, respectively. The incorporation of the catalytic, hygroscopic and proton conductive Pt-SZ catalyst in the SPEEK/Pt-SZ self-humidifying membrane facilitated water balance and proton conduction, and accordingly improved its single cell performance under dry operation. In addition, the enhanced OCV and the decreased areal ohmic resistance confirmed the promotion effect of Pt-SZ catalyst in the self-humidifying membrane on suppressing reactant crossover and the membrane self-humidification.
High performance stereo computation architecture (2005)

A simple and fast technique for depth estimation, based on phase measurement has been adopted for the implementation of a real-time stereo system with subpixel resolution on a FPGA device. The technique avoids the attendant problem of phase warping. The designed system takes full advantage of the inherent processing parallelism of FPGA devices to achieve a computation speed of 65 Megapixels per second that can be arranged with a customized frame grabber module to process 52 frames per second of 1280 /spl times/ 960 pixel resolution. The achieved processing speed is higher than existing approaches. This allows the system to extract real-time disparity values for very high resolution images or use several cameras to improve the system accuracy.
Studies on the metabolism and toxicological detection of the new designer drug N-benzylpiperazine in urine using gas (2002)

Studies are described on the metabolism and on the toxicological analysis of the piperazine-like designer drug N-benzylpiperazine (BZP, scene name ‘‘A2’’) in rat and human urine using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The identified metabolites indicated that BZP was hydroxylated at the aromatic ring and that the piperazine moiety is metabolically degraded. Our systematic toxicological analysis (STA) procedure using full-scan GC‐MS after acid hydrolysis, liquid‐liquid extraction and microwave-assisted acetylation allowed the detection of the parent compound as well as of the above mentioned metabolites in rat urine after single administration of a dose calculated from the doses commonly taken by drug users. It has also proved to be applicable in authentic clinical or forensic cases. However, it should be considered that BZP is also a metabolite of the medicament piberaline. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
MP3 Optimization Exploiting Processor Architecture and using Better Algorithms (2005)

For all applications, execution time depends on the executing processors architecture and clock frequency, the computational complexity (number of operations) of the algorithms used in the program, the compiler, and the programmer's skill. But how much influence do these factors exert on overall performance? In this article, we compare the performance of diverse MP3 decoder implementations that cover various levels and types of optimizations. Our goal is to illustrate the influence of these factors on performance.
Animal models of asthma (2009)

Studies in animal models form the basis for much of our current understanding of the pathophysiology of asthma, and are central to the preclinical development of drug therapies. No animal model completely recapitulates all features of the human disease, however. Research has focused primarily on ways to generate allergic inflammation by sensitizing and challenging animals with a variety of foreign proteins, leading to an increased understanding of the immunological factors that mediate the inflammatory response and its physiological expression in the form of airways hyperresponsiveness. Animal models of exaggerated airway narrowing are also lending support to the notion that asthma may represent an abnormality of the airway smooth muscle. The mouse is now the species of choice for asthma research involving animals. This presents practical challenges for physiological study because the mouse is so small, but modern imaging methodologies, coupled with the forced oscillation technique for measuring lung mechanics, have allowed the asthma phenotype in mice to be precisely characterized.