gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Volatile Constituents from the Fruits of FourSyzygium Species Grown in Malaysia (1996)

The volatile constituents of five fruits from four Syzygium species from Malaysia were isolated by vacuum distillation with subsequent extraction of the distillates with dichloromethane. The concentrated extracts were analysed by capillary GC and GC-MS. Forty-three components were identified in roseapple (S. jambos Alston) volatiles, including 28 which have not been previously reported in this fruit. A total of 42, 39, 36 and 41 constituents were identified in water apple (S. aqueum Alston), wax jambu (S. samarangense Merr. & Perry) and two varieties of Malay apple (S. malaccense Merr. & Perry), respectively. The volatile compositions of these fruits were quite different. 3-Phenylpropan-1-ol, (E)-cinnamyl alcohol and other compounds with the C6-C3 skeleton constituted about 60% of roseapple volatiles, but were absent among the volatiles of the other Syzygium fruits. Water apple yielded the largest number and proportion (41.4%) of terpenoids, among which γ-terpinene was clearly dominant. The volatiles of wax jambu were characterized by the presence of a large number of C9 aldehydes and alcohols, and those of Malay apple by the very low terpenoid content (< 1.7%). The two varieties of Malay apple produced volatiles which showed much similarity regarding the number of compounds found in common, but differed widely in the proportions of some of the common constituents.
Neuronal Expression of β-Amyloid Precursor Protein Alzheimer Mutations Causes Intracellular Accumulation of a C-terminal Fragment Containing Both the Amyloid β and Cytoplasmic Domains (1997)

Five different Alzheimer mutations of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) were expressed in neurons via recombinant herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors, and the levels of APP metabolites were quantified. The predominant intracellular accumulation product was a C-terminal fragment of APP that co-migrated with the protein product of an HSV recombinant expressing the C-terminal 100 amino acids (C100) of APP, which is known to cause neurodegeneration. Fractionation studies revealed that the C-terminal fragment generated by expression of the Alzheimer mutations, like C100, partitioned into membrane fractions and was particularly enriched in synaptosomes. The processing abnormality caused by expression of the Alzheimer mutations occurs predominantly in neurons. Expression of these mutations or of C100 alone in neurons caused increased secretion of Abeta relative to that of neurons infected with wild type APP recombinant vectors. These data show that expression of APP mutations that cause familial Alzheimer's disease increases the intracellular accumulation of potentially amyloidogenic and neurotoxic C-terminal fragments of APP in neurons.
Pyropheophorbide A and c(RGDyK) Comodified Chitosan-Wrapped Upconversion Nanoparticle for Targeted Near-Infrared Photodynamic Therapy (2012)

Near-infrared (NIR)-to-visible upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP) has shown promising prospects in photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a drug carrier or energy donor. In this work, a photosensitizer pyropheophorbide a (Ppa) and RGD peptide c(RGDyK) comodified chitosan-wrapped NaYF(4):Yb/Er upconversion nanoparticle UCNP-Ppa-RGD was developed for targeted near-infrared photodynamic therapy. The properties of UCNP-Ppa-RGD, such as morphology, stability, optical spectroscopy and singlet oxygen generation efficiency, were investigated. The results show that covalently linked pyropheophorbide a molecule not only is stable but also retains its spectroscopic and functional properties. In vitro studies confirm a stronger targeting specificity of UCNP-Ppa-RGD to integrin α(v)β(3)-positive U87-MG cells compared with that in the corresponding negative group. The photosensitizer-attached nanostructure exhibited low dark toxicity and high phototoxicity against cancer cells upon 980 nm laser irradiation at an appropriate dosage. These results represent the first demonstration of a highly stable and efficient photosensitizer modified upconversion nanostructure for targeted near-infrared photodynamic therapy of cancer cells. The novel UCNP-Ppa-RGD nanoparticle may provide a powerful alternative for near-infrared photodynamic therapy with an improved tumor targeting specificity.
Achievable rates for multiple descriptions (1982)

Consider a sequence of independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X_{l},X_{2}, \cdots, X_{n}</tex> and a distortion measure <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d(X_{i},X̂_{i})</tex> on the estimates <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X̂_{i}</tex> of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X_{i}</tex> . Two descriptions <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i(X)\in \{1,2, \cdots ,2^{nR_{1}\}</tex> and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">j(X)\in \{1,2, \cdots,2^{nR_{2}\}</tex> are given of the sequence <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X=(X_{1}, X_{2}, \cdots ,X_{n})</tex> . From these two descriptions, three estimates <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(i(X)), X2(j(X))</tex> , and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\hat{X}_{O}(i(X),j(X))</tex> are formed, with resulting expected distortions <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">E \frac{1/n} \sum^{n}_{k=1} d(X_{k}, \hat{X}_{mk})=D_{m}, m=0,1,2.</tex> We find that the distortion constraints <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D_{0}, D_{1}, D_{2}</tex> are achievable if there exists a probability mass distribution <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p(x)p(\hat{x}_{1},\hat{x}_{2},\hat{x}_{0}|x)</tex> with <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Ed(X,\hat{x}_{m})\leq D_{m}</tex> such that <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R_{1}>I(X;\hat{X}_{1}),</tex> <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R_{2}>I(X;\hat{X}_{2}),</tex> where <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I(\cdot)</tex> denotes Shannon mutual information. These rates are shown to be optimal for deterministic distortion measures.
Two genes that encode ribosomal‐protein S6 kinase homologs are induced by cold or salinity stress in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (1995)

We have isolated two closely related cDNA clones (cATPK19 and cATPK6) with homology to protein-serine/threonine kinases from Arabidopsis thaliana using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The deduced amino acid sequences of the ATPK19 and ATPK6 contain all 11 conserved regions of the catalytic domain of protein kinases, and have homology to p70 ribosomal S6 kinases (52%). ATPK19 and ATPK6 have putative PEST regions in their N- and C-terminal regions, and these regions also contain putative phosphorylation sites that are recognized by casein kinases or proline-directed protein kinases such as cdc2, MAP kinase, and p54 MAP-2 kinase (SAPK). The transcription levels of the ATPK19 and ATPK6 genes rapidly and markedly increased when plants were subjected to cold or high-salt stresses. These observations suggest that ATPK19 and ATPK6 may function in the adaptation of plant cells to cold or high-salt conditions, providing an understanding of the role of protein phosphorylation in plant responses to environmental stresses.
A Proteomic Approach Provides New Insights into the Control of Soil-Borne Plant Pathogens by Bacillus Species (2013)

Beneficial microorganisms (also known as biopesticides) are considered to be one of the most promising methods for more rational and safe crop management practices. We used Bacillus strains EU07, QST713 and FZB24, and investigated their inhibitory effect on Fusarium. Bacterial cell cultures, cell-free supernatants and volatiles displayed varying degrees of suppressive effect. Proteomic analysis of secreted proteins from EU07 and FZB24 revealed the presence of lytic enzymes, cellulases, proteases, 1,4-β-glucanase and hydrolases, all of which contribute to degradation of the pathogen cell wall. Further proteomic investigations showed that proteins involved in metabolism, protein folding, protein degradation, translation, recognition and signal transduction cascade play an important role in the control of Fusarium oxysporum. Our findings provide new knowledge on the mechanism of action of Bacillus species and insight into biocontrol mechanisms.
Polymersomes with PEG Corona: Structural Changes and Controlled Release Induced by Temperature Variation (2013)

Thermoresponsive behavior of different kinds of polymersomes was studied using small angle neutron scattering (SANS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR). The polymersomes were made of block copolymers containing a 2000 Da polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a hydrophilic block and either a liquidlike polymer (e.g., PBA: polybutylacrylate), a solidlike polymer (PS: polystyrene), or a liquid crystalline (LC) polymer as a hydrophobic block. Structural changes in polymersomes are driven in all cases by the critical dehydration temperature of PEG corona, which is closely related to the chemical structure and chain mobility of the hydrophobic block. No structural changes occur upon heating from 25 to 75 °C in the liquidlike polymersomes where the critical dehydration temperature of PEG should be higher than 75 °C. In contrast, glassy PEG-b-PS polymersomes and LC polymersomes show structural changes around 55 °C, which corresponds to the critical dehydration temperature of PEG in those block copolymers. Furthermore, the structural changes depend on the properties of the hydrophobic layer. Glassy PEG-b-PS polymersomes aggregate together above 55 °C, but the bilayer membrane is robust enough to remain intact. This aggregation is reversible, and rather separate polymersomes are recovered upon cooling. However, LC polymersomes display drastic and irreversible structural changes when heated above ∼55 °C. These changes are dependent on the LC structures of the hydrophobic layer. Nematic LC polymersomes turn into thick-walled capsules, whereas smectic LC polymersomes collapse into dense aggregates. As these drastic and irreversible changes decrease or remove the inner compartment volume of the vesicle, LC polymersomes can be used for thermal-responsive controlled release, as shown by a study of calcein release. Finally, toxicity studies proved that LC polymersomes were noncytotoxic and had no effect on cell morphology.
A young man with a heavy heart (1999)

A 34 year old man presented with acute chest pain. His ECG was very abnormal but stable and he was treated with opiate analgesia. When his condition did not improve, chest radiography and cardiac ultrasound were performed. Both revealed metal dense deposits in the heart. On questioning, the patient revealed that he had self injected with mercury 15 years before. Self injection of elemental mercury is rare but well described and normally used by those who are suicidally depressed or who seek to improve sexual or athletic performance. Intravenous mercury may be deposited in the right heart and can result in ECG abnormalities, which may later be mistaken for changes due to coronary or other cardiac disease and result in inappropriate medication and hospitalisation.
Securities Law Fifth Circuit Symposium (1988)

The Fifth Circuit decided some important securities cases during the survey period and issued some interesting opinions. Although the court consistently claimed a conservative reliance on precedent and seldom acknowledged making new law, it interpreted some well-established doctrine in surprising ways. The past year's opinions in fraud cases provide guidance in the related areas of reliance, damages, and plaintiff's due diligence. The year also witnessed important developments in the law governing the relationship between brokerage firms and their clients. The most spectacular development in this area during the survey year was the October collapse in security prices. In light of the crash and increasing volatility in the securities markets, many have come to question the nature of the relationship between the price of securities and their value. In the spirit of the times, this survey starts with two opinions dealing with the relationship between price and value.
Design and prototype implementation of SMS based home automation system (2012)

This research aims to design and implement a cost effective but yet flexible, adaptable, and secure Home automation system. Paper presents design and prototype implementation of a basic home automation system based on SMS technology. The proposed system consists of two main components; the GSM modem, which is the communication interface between the home automation system and the user. GSM modem uses SMS technology to exchange data, and signaling between users and home automation system. The second module is the micro controller, which is the core of the home automation system, and acts as the bridge between the GSM network (the user) and sensors and actuators of home automation system. Sensors and actuators are directly connected to hardware micro controller through appropriate interface. System supports a wide range of home automation devices; power management components, security, multimedia applications, and telecommunication devices. System security based on user authentication of each SMS being exchange, as each SMS contains user name and password (beside comments). User can easily configure home automation system setting through RS232 protocol using a user friendly interface.
Hydrocarbon repellents isolated from Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). (1975)

Seven unsaturated hydrocarbons were isolated from the volatiles of two species of flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum, and identified as 1-pentadecene, 1-heptadecene, 1, 8-heptadecadiene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, 1, 6-pentadecadiene and heptadecatriene by GLC, GLC-MS, NMR, IR and micro-ozonolysis. This is the first report of the presence of these compounds in red flour beetles, and the last four compounds are also reported for the first time in confused flour beetles. These compounds are strong repellents for the same species or each other. The roles of these compounds are discussed.
Permeability Barrier to Rifampin in Mycobacteria (1977)

A strain of Mycobacterium intracellulare that exhibited natural resistance to rifampin was isolated. The ribonucleic acid polymerase was found to be susceptible to rifampin. Studies with Tween 80 suggested that a permeability barrier against rifampin was present in the intact organism. A type strain of Mycobacterium smegmatis, ATCC 607, considered resistant to rifampin also demonstrated a permeability barrier. The possibility that rifampin resistance in naturally occurring strains of mycobacteria and variable levels of resistance in strains of certain species of this organism are due to permeability barriers is discussed.
Spread Spectrum Orthogonal Frequency Coded SAW Tags and Sensors Using Harmonic Operation (2010)

This paper presents a preliminary investigation of orthogonal frequency coding (OFC) surface acoustic wave tags and sensors at a 500- and 900-MHz operational frequency range using conventional contact lithography techniques. The higher frequency devices are achieved using second harmonic operation; eliminating the need for advanced lithography techniques. The objective of this effort is to increase the technology readiness level of wideband OFC tags at higher frequencies. Measured device results are presented and compared with coupling of modes model predictions to demonstrate performance. The fundamental and harmonic device response is compared for devices designed for operation in the 900-MHz frequency band. The experimental correlation against an ideal matched filter is also presented.
Calcium Channel Blockers (2011)

KEY POINTS AND PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS: • Calcium channel blockers, which dilate arteries by reducing calcium flux into cells, effectively lower blood pressure, especially in combination with other drugs, and some formulations of agents of this class are approved for treating angina or cardiac dysrhythmias. • Calcium channel blockers reduce blood pressure across all patient groups, regardless of sex, race/ethnicity, age, and dietary sodium intake. • Nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are more negatively chronotropic and inotropic than the dihydropyridine subclass, which is important for patients with cardiac dysrhythmias or who need β-blockers. • Extensive experience in comparative randomized trials indicates that an initial calcium antagonist can prevent all major types of cardiovascular disease, except heart failure (for which a diuretic is superior). Initial dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers have not reduced the rate of progression of renal disease as well as inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, although members of the nondihydropyridine subclass can reduce albuminuria. • High doses of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers often cause edema, headache, flushing and tachycardia; high doses of verapamil can cause constipation. Diltiazem and verapamil have important drug interaction with digoxin and cyclosporine, among others.
Actuarial considerations on genetic testing (1997)

In the UK the majority of life insurers employ relatively liberal underwriting standards so that people can easily gain access to life assurance cover. Up to 95% of applicants are accepted at standard terms. If genetic testing becomes widespread then the buying habits of the public may change. Proportionately more people with a predisposition to major types of disease may take life assurance cover while people with no predisposition may take proportionately less. A model is used to show the possible effect. However, the time-scales are long and the mortality of assured people is steadily improving. The change in buying habits may result in the rate of improvement slowing down. In the whole population, the improvement in mortality is likely to continue and could improve faster if widespread genetic testing results in earlier diagnosis and treatment. Life insurers would not call for genetic tests and need not see the results of previous tests except for very large sums assured. In the UK, life insurers are unlikely to change their underwriting standards, and are extremely unlikely to bring in basic premium rating systems that give discounts on the premium or penalty points according to peoples genetic profile. The implications of widespread genetic testing on medical insurance and some health insurance covers may be more extreme.
Nanoscale investigation on adhesion of <i>E. coli</i> to surface modified silicone using atomic force microscopy (2006)

Bacterial adhesion on biomaterial surfaces is the initial step in establishing infections and leads to the formation of biofilms. In this study, silicone was modified with different biopolymers and silanes, including: heparin, hyaluronan, and self-assembled octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), and fluoroalkylsilane (FAS). The aim was to provide a stable and bacteria-resistant surface by varying the degree of hydrophobicity and the surface structure. The adhesion of Escherichia coli (JM 109) on different modified silicone surfaces was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mica, an ideal hydrophilic and smooth surface, was employed as a control specimen to study the effect of hydrophobicity and surfaces roughness on bacterial adhesion. AFM probes were coated with E. coli and the force measurements between the bacteria-immobilized tip and various materials surfaces were obtained while approaching to and retracting from the surfaces. A short-range repulsive force was observed between the FAS coated silicone and bacteria. The pull-off force of bacteria to FAS was the smallest among coated surfaces. On the other hand, heparin exhibited a long-range attractive force during approach and required a higher pull-off force in retraction. Both AFM and SEM results indicated that FAS reduced bacterial adhesion whereas heparin enhanced the adhesion compared to pure silicone. The work demonstrates that hydrophobicity cannot be used as a criterion to predict bacterial adhesion. Rather, both the native properties of the individual strain of bacteria and the specific functional structure of the surfaces determine the strength of force interaction, and thus the extent of adhesion.
Late-breaking abstract: Reduction in exacerbations with mepolizumab in severe eosinophilic asthma: MENSA study (2014)

Background: Previous studies showed that intravenous (IV) mepolizumab (anti-IL5 mAb) inhibits eosinophilic airway inflammation and significantly reduces exacerbations in severe eosinophilic asthma; whether similar efficacy is seen with subcutaneous (SC) administration is unknown. Objective: To compare the effect of mepolizumab administered SC or IV with placebo (Pbo) on the frequency of exacerbations in severe eosinophilic asthma, along with additional efficacy and safety parameters. Methods: A 32 week randomized, double-blind, double-dummy study with mepolizumab 100mg SC or 75mg IV or Pbo given every 4 weeks in 576 patients with severe asthma treated with optimal therapy, a history of exacerbations and evidence of eosinophilic inflammation. Primary outcome: rate of exacerbations. Other outcomes included pre-bronchodilator FEV 1 , SGRQ and ACQ-5. Results: Mepolizumab 100mg SC produced a 53% reduction (p<0.001), and 75mg IV a 47% reduction (p<0.001) in exacerbations versus Pbo. Hospitalization or ED visits were reduced by 61% in the SC group (p=0.015) and by 32% in the IV group (p=0.299). Improvements were observed in FEV 1 : difference from Pbo at week 32, SC (98mL, p=0.028) and IV (100mL, p=0.025). Compared to Pbo, SGRQ reduced by 7.0 and 6.4 and ACQ-5 by 0.44 and 0.42 after treatment with mepolizumab SC and IV, respectively (all p<0.001). Safety profile of mepolizumab was similar to Pbo. Conclusions: Mepolizumab, whether administered SC or IV, significantly reduced the frequency of exacerbations and improved lung function, quality of life and asthma control. The results support the use of mepolizumab as an add-on therapy in severe eosinophilic asthma. Funding: GSK (MEA115588; NCT01691521 ).
Closed-Loop Coadministration of Propofol and Remifentanil Guided by Bispectral Index (2011)

The controller allows the automated delivery of propofol and remifentanil and maintains BIS values in predetermined boundaries during general anesthesia better than manual administration.