gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gear Contact Model and Loaded Tooth Contact Analysis of a Three-Dimensional, Thin-Rimmed Gear (2002)

This paper performs loaded tooth contact analysis of a three-dimensional, thin-rimmed gear (3DTRG) by presenting a method that combines the mathematical programming method with the three-dimensional, finite element method (3DFEM). Also, a face-contact and whole gear deformation model is used for the 3DTRG. 3DFEM programs for the contact analysis and strength calculation of the 3DTRG are developed successfully in a personal computer. By using this program, 3D tooth load distributions, tooth root strains and the tooth contact pattern of the 3DTRG are obtained. Calculation results are proved to be correct by experiments.
Fuzzy Based Stability Enhancement System for a Four-Motor-Wheel Electric Vehicle (2002)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The stability of a four motor-wheel drive electric vehicle is improved by independent control of wheel torques. An innovative Fuzzy Direct Yaw Control method together with a novel wheel slip controller is used to enhance the vehicle stability and safety. Also a new speed estimator is presented in this paper, which is used for slip estimation. The intrinsic robustness of fuzzy controllers allows the system to operate in different road conditions successfully. Moreover, the ease to implement fuzzy controllers gives a practical solution for vehicle stability enhancement.</div>
A new technique of cogging torque suppression in direct-drive permanent magnet brushless machines (2009)

In direct-drive electric propulsion systems, where there is no reduction gear to minimize and absorb the adverse effects due to cogging torque generated by the permanent magnet (PM) machine, minimization of cogging torque generation is of particular importance. In this paper, a novel axial magnet pole pairing method is proposed to minimize cogging torque generation in a special three-phase outer-rotor PM brushless machine, which uses uneven stator poles to enhance back EMF. Analytical formulas of the machine's cogging torque are first derived. The new technique is compared with conventional cogging torque suppression methods by means of analytical models and comprehensive two- and three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA). The FEA results show that the new method not only achieves effective cogging torque reduction, but also results in less magnet material with no compromise on machine performance. Finally, the validity of the FEA model is verified by experimental results from the prototype machine.
The neuropeptide cerebellin is a marker for two similar neuronal circuits in rat brain. (1987)

We report here that the neuropeptide cerebellin, a known marker of cerebellar Purkinje cells, has only one substantial extracerebellar location, the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCoN). By reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay, cerebellum and DCoN in rat were found to contain similar concentrations of this hexadecapeptide. Immunocytochemistry with our rabbit antiserum C1, raised against synthetic cerebellin, revealed that cerebellin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebellum is localized exclusively to Purkinje cells, while in the DCoN, it is found primarily in cartwheel cells and in the basal dendrites of pyramidal neurons. Some displaced Purkinje cells were also stained. Although cerebellum and DCoN receive their inputs from different brain regions, their organizations show several similarities, with many neuronal cell types present in one having their presumed homologue in the other. Cerebellin is present in Purkinje and cartwheel cells throughout the cerebellum and the DCoN without site predilection. This should be viewed together with recent data indicating that these two classes of neurons share a similar fate in several murine mutations ("nervous," "lurcher," "Purkinje cell degeneration," and "staggerer"). This situation leads us to conclude that cerebellin represents a marker for a small number of spatially related neuronal cell classes, and that it may play a role in an as yet unknown aspect of a circuit function worthy of further exploration.
Plastics Magnet Manufacturing Process: Mixing, Kneading, and Injection Molding (1991)

Abstract To manufacture anisotropic plastic magnets with higher magnetic power, the compounding of Strontium Ferrite powder / plastics binder and injection molding processes should be optimized. In this study, we have carried out the optimization of injection molding machine design, and the mechanism analysis of the compounding operation. As a result, to generate effective strong magnetic fields during injection molding, the coiling system, mold structure, and pole shape were very important elements. Better Ferrite powder dispersion accelerated the particle orientation, which lead to higher magnetic power of the molded product when strong magnetic fields were applied. And then, particle dispersion depended on specific energy of the compounding machine unless excessive shearing force degraded Ferrite and plastics binder.
Intracellular Survival of<i>Leishmania</i>Species That Cause Visceral Leishmaniasis Is Significantly Reduced by HIV‐1 Protease Inhibitors (2008)

Visceral leishmaniasis is now recognized as an opportunistic disease in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Although the usefulness of HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) in antiretroviral regimens is well documented, little is known about their potential impact in the setting of Leishmania/HIV-1 coinfections. We now report that, although selected PIs do not inhibit the growth of Leishmania infantum promastigotes alone in culture, these drugs significantly inhibit the intracellular survival of parasites in phorbol myristate acetate-differentiated THP-1 macrophages and human primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Furthermore, a field isolate of Leishmania donovani resistant to sodium stibogluconate (SbV), one of the drugs most commonly used to treat leishmaniasis, is equally susceptible to the tested PIs compared with a sensitive strain, thus suggesting that resistance to SbV does not result in cross-resistance to PIs. Importantly, the efficacy of PIs to reduce the intracellular growth of Leishmania parasites is also observed in MDMs coinfected with HIV-1.
Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Neem for the Control of Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) (1993)

Laboratory and field trials with formulated neem seed oil (NSO) and neem seed extract (NSE) demonstrated that these materials are effective aphicides. NSO sprays to intact plants in the laboratory resulted in significant reductions in numbers of green peach aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), on peppers and rutabagas; currant-lettuce aphids, Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley), on lettuce; and strawberry aphids, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell), on strawberry. NSO reduced aphid numbers in a dose-dependent manner, with estimated concentrations for a 50% reduction in aphid populations (EC50) ranging from 0.2 to 1.4%. Under field conditions, NSO and NSE treatments were as effective as the botanical insecticide pyrethrum for control of aphids on pepper and strawberry, but ineffective for the control of aphids on lettuce. The effectiveness of neem appears to be influenced by the host plant, the aphid species, and weather conditions.
X-ray structure and mechanism of RNA polymerase II stalled at an antineoplastic monofunctional platinum-DNA adduct (2010)

DNA is a major target of anticancer drugs. The resulting adducts interfere with key cellular processes, such as transcription, to trigger downstream events responsible for drug activity. cis-Diammine(pyridine)chloroplatinum(II), cDPCP or pyriplatin, is a monofunctional platinum(II) analogue of the widely used anticancer drug cisplatin having significant anticancer properties with a different spectrum of activity. Its novel structure-activity properties hold promise for overcoming drug resistance and improving the spectrum of treatable cancers over those responsive to cisplatin. However, the detailed molecular mechanism by which cells process DNA modified by pyriplatin and related monofunctional complexes is not at all understood. Here we report the structure of a transcribing RNA polymerase II (pol II) complex stalled at a site-specific monofunctional pyriplatin-DNA adduct in the active site. The results reveal a molecular mechanism of pol II transcription inhibition and drug action that is dramatically different from transcription inhibition by cisplatin and UV-induced 1,2-intrastrand cross-links. Our findings provide insight into structure-activity relationships that may apply to the entire family of monofunctional DNA-damaging agents and pave the way for rational improvement of monofunctional platinum anticancer drugs.
Call for a Dedicated European Legal Framework for Bacteriophage Therapy (2014)

The worldwide emergence of antibiotic resistances and the drying up of the antibiotic pipeline have spurred a search for alternative or complementary antibacterial therapies. Bacteriophages are bacterial viruses that have been used for almost a century to combat bacterial infections, particularly in Poland and the former Soviet Union. The antibiotic crisis has triggered a renewed clinical and agricultural interest in bacteriophages. This, combined with new scientific insights, has pushed bacteriophages to the forefront of the search for new approaches to fighting bacterial infections. But before bacteriophage therapy can be introduced into clinical practice in the European Union, several challenges must be overcome. One of these is the conceptualization and classification of bacteriophage therapy itself and the extent to which it constitutes a human medicinal product regulated under the European Human Code for Medicines (Directive 2001/83/EC). Can therapeutic products containing natural bacteriophages be categorized under the current European regulatory framework, or should this framework be adapted? Various actors in the field have discussed the need for an adapted (or entirely new) regulatory framework for the reintroduction of bacteriophage therapy in Europe. This led to the identification of several characteristics specific to natural bacteriophages that should be taken into consideration by regulators when evaluating bacteriophage therapy. One important consideration is whether bacteriophage therapy development occurs on an industrial scale or a hospital-based, patient-specific scale. More suitable regulatory standards may create opportunities to improve insights into this promising therapeutic approach. In light of this, we argue for the creation of a new, dedicated European regulatory framework for bacteriophage therapy.
Rule break up with compositional rule of inference (2003)

It is shown that complex rules can be broken up into simple rules when the rules are represented with any S-implication or any R-implication. It is emphasized that the Godel implication is the only meaningful implication function to be used with the max-min composition if the inferencing mechanism is to satisfy certain properties. It is also shown that the rule breakup with max-min composition and Godel implication provides a very efficient and meaningful inferencing mechanism.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Efficient medium arbitration of FSAN‐compliant GPONs (2005)

Abstract The steadily rising demand for multimedia and data services, the falling cost and omnipresence of Ethernet and the maturity of passive optical networks (PON) technology, promise to radically change the landscape in the local loop. The heart of a gigabit PON system (recently standardized by FSAN/ITU) is the medium access controller (MAC), which arbitrates access to the upstream link among users with fluctuating traffic demands and effects the multiplexing and concentration policy. At the same time, it has to safeguard the service quality and enforce the parameters agreed in the service level agreements (SLAs) between the users and the service provider. In this paper, a MAC protocol designed to serve any mix of services according to their quality of service (QoS) needs, employing four priority levels along with a high number of logically separate data queues is presented. The architecture and implementation in hardware of a MAC algorithm capable of allocating bandwidth down to a resolution of a byte with QoS differentiation is the focus of this paper. It employs the bandwidth arbitration tools of the FSAN/ITU G.984.3 standard and maps SLA parameters to GPON service parameters to create an efficient, fair and flexible residential access system. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phosphorylation Promotes Neurotoxicity in a<i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>Model of TDP-43 Proteinopathy (2010)

Neurodegenerative disorders characterized by neuronal and glial lesions containing aggregated pathological TDP-43 protein in the cytoplasm, nucleus, or neurites are collectively referred to as TDP-43 proteinopathies. Lesions containing aggregated TDP-43 protein are a hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitinated inclusions (FTLD-U). In addition, mutations in human TDP-43 cause ALS. We have developed a Caenorhabditis elegans model of TDP-43 proteinopathies to study the cellular, molecular, and genetic underpinnings of TDP-43-mediated neurotoxicity. Expression of normal human TDP-43 in all C. elegans neurons causes moderate motor defects, whereas ALS-mutant G290A, A315T, or M337V TDP-43 transgenes cause severe motor dysfunction. The model recapitulates some characteristic features of ALS and FTLD-U including age-induced decline in motor function, decreased life span, and degeneration of motor neurons accompanied by hyperphosphorylation, truncation, and ubiquitination of TDP-43 protein that accumulates in detergent-insoluble protein deposits. In C. elegans, TDP-43 neurotoxicity is independent of activity of the cell death caspase CED-3. Furthermore, phosphorylation of TDP-43 at serine residues 409/410 drives mutant TDP-43 toxicity. This model provides a tractable system for additional dissection of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying TDP-43 neuropathology.
Suppression of macrophage cytostatic activation by serum retinoids: a possible role for transglutaminase. (1987)

Mouse resident peritoneal macrophages, activated in vitro with murine recombinant interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide in the presence of sera from different sources, showed marked differences in their abilities to inhibit murine adenocarcinoma cell growth, and in induced activity of the enzyme, tissue transglutaminase. The extraction of lipids from the serum abolished its ability to induce tissue TGase activity and to inhibit cytostatic activity, but these capabilities were fully restored by readdition of all trans-retinol or all trans-retinoic acid at physiological concentrations. Addition of dansylcadaverine, a competitive inhibitor of TGase, resulted in complete recovery of macrophages from retinoid-induced suppression of cytostatic activity. These results suggest that endogenous retinoids play an important role in the regulation of macrophage-mediated cytostatic activity in a process that is independent of prostaglandin secretion but seems to involve the protein cross-linking enzyme, tissue transglutaminase.
NMR metabolic fingerprints of murine melanocyte and melanoma cell lines: application to biomarker discovery (2017)

Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer and efforts to improve the diagnosis of this neoplasia are largely based on the use of cell lines. Metabolomics is currently undergoing great advancements towards its use to screening for disease biomarkers. Although NMR metabolomics includes both 1D and 2D methodologies, there is a lack of data in the literature regarding heteronuclear 2D NMR assignments of the metabolome from eukaryotic cell lines. The present study applied NMR-based metabolomics strategies to characterize aqueous and lipid extracts from murine melanocytes and melanoma cell lines with distinct tumorigenic potential, successfully obtaining fingerprints of the metabolites from the extracts of the cell lines by means of 2D NMR HSQC correlation maps. Relative amounts of the identified metabolites were compared between the 4 cell lines. Multivariate analysis of <sup>1</sup>H NMR data was able not only to differentiate the melanocyte cell line from the tumorigenic ones but also distinguish among the 3 tumorigenic cell lines. We also investigated the effects of mitogenic agents, and found that they can markedly influence the metabolome of the melanocyte cell line, resembling the pattern of most proliferative cell lines.
Limb Salvage With Major Nerve Injury: Current Management and Future Directions (2011)

Major peripheral nerve injuries are often associated with devastating functional deficits. Current management techniques fail to achieve adequate functional neural regeneration, and the development of adjunct therapies is necessary to improve outcomes. Recent efforts at enhancing the regeneration rate of peripheral nerves and developing axonal guidance channels or conduits have had limited success. The neuromuscular junction serves as the interface between the peripheral nerves and muscle. This critical area undergoes significant changes following peripheral nerve injury and induces end-organ atrophy after denervation, which limits the chance of true functional regeneration. Stabilization of the neuromuscular junction may be an important adjunct in peripheral nerve repair and should be explored as a method of managing major nerve injuries.
Modification of refractive index in Ag/Na ion-exchanged glasses by vacuum-ultraviolet pulse laser irradiation (2001)

Laser-induced refractive index modification in Ag+ ion exchanged waveguides on glass substrates was observed. Waveguiding effects were measured, and an increase in refractive index of more than 2×10−3 was deduced. Refractive index profiles show that the maximum radiation-induced difference is attained 4–5 μm below the surface. Possible mechanisms for the material modification are discussed.
A revision of the system of nomenclature for influenza viruses: a WHO memorandum. (1980)

In February 1980, the World Health Organization convened a meeting to consider information relevant to the nomenclature of influenza viruses and to make definitive proposals for the revision of the system which has been in use since 1971. The WHO recommendations are based on data derived from double immunodiffusion reactions involving haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens. The revised system of nomenclature is similar to the 1971 system in that it consists of two parts: (a) a type and strain designation, and (b) for influenza A viruses, a description of the antigenic specificity (subtype) of the surface antigens (H and N). The strain designation for influenza virus types A, B, and C contains information on the antigenic type of the virus (based on the antigenic specificity of the nucleoprotein), the host of origin (for strains isolated from non-human sources), geographical origin, strain number, and year of isolation. For influenza A viruses, the antigenic description, in parentheses, follows the strain designation and comprises two indices describing the antigenic subtype of the haemagglutinin and of the neuraminidase antigens. For the influenza A viruses from all species, the H antigens are grouped into 12 subtypes, H1-H12, while the N antigens are divided into 9 subtypes, N1-N9. Reference strains of influenza viruses are maintained by the WHO Collaborating Centres for Reference and Research on Influenza and the WHO Centres for the Study of Influenza Ecology in Animals, and are made available upon request.There is no provision for describing distinct subtypes of influenza B and C viruses. The existence of antigenic variation among influenza B strains is well established but the available information shows that a division into subtypes is not warranted.This revised system of nomenclature should be used universally from the date of publication of this Memorandum.
Pathogenicity of a novel missense variant associated with choroideremia and its impact on gene replacement therapy (2017)

Choroideremia (CHM) is an inherited retinal dystrophy characterised by progressive degeneration of photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and underlying choroid. It is caused by loss-of-function mutations in CHM, which has an X-linked inheritance, and is thus an ideal candidate for gene replacement strategies. CHM encodes REP1, which plays a key role in the prenylation of Rab GTPases. We recently showed that an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSc)-derived RPE model for CHM is fully functional and reproduces the underlying prenylation defect. This criterion can thus be used for testing the pathogenic nature of novel variants. Until recently, missense variants were not associated with CHM. Currently, at least nine such variants have been reported but only two have been shown to be pathogenic. We report here the characterisation of the third pathogenic missense CHM variant, p.Leu457Pro. Clinically, the associated phenotype is indistinguishable from that of loss-of-function mutations. By contrast, this missense variant results in wild type CHM expression levels and detectable levels of mutant protein. The prenylation status of patient-specific fibroblasts and iPSc-derived RPE is within the range observed for loss-of-function mutations, consistent with the clinical phenotype. Lastly, considering the current climate of CHM gene therapy, we assayed whether the presence of mutant REP1 could interfere with a gene replacement strategy by testing the prenylation status of patient-specific iPSc-derived RPE following AAV-mediated gene transfer. Our results show that correction of the functional defect is possible and highlight the predictive value of these models for therapy screening prior to inclusion in clinical trials.
Problems and possibilities of monocot transformation (2011)

Biotechnological improvement of monocots is often hampered by the lack of efficient regeneration systems, requisite wound responses and low cell competence. Despite these limitations, the biolistic and Agrobacterium methods have been successfully used to produce several transgenic monocots by adjusting the parameters that govern efficient delivery and integration of transgene(s) into plant genome. It is now possible to transform even difficult monocots using tailor-made gene constructs and promoters, suitable A. tumefaciens strains and a proper understanding of the entire process. This success has been reviewed in the present article and a special emphasis was laid on the measures that were taken in overcoming the difficulties that arise due to the differential responses of monocots and dicots. This information is necessary for biotechnological improvement of still newer monocotyledonous plants that have been hitherto difficult to transform.