gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermal Cycling Reliability of Lead-Free Solders (SAC305 and Sn3.5Ag) for High-Temperature Applications (2011)

Applications with temperatures higher than the melting point of eutectic tin-lead solder (183°C) require high-melting-point solders. However, they are expensive and not widely available. With the adoption of lead-free legislation, first in Europe and then in many other countries, the electronics industry has transitioned from eutectic tin-lead to lead-free solders that have higher melting points. This higher melting point presents an opportunity for the manufacturers of high-temperature electronics to shift to mainstream lead-free solders. In this paper, ball grid arrays (BGAs), quad flat packages, and surface mount resistors assembled with SAC305 (96.5%Sn+3.0%Ag+0.5Cu) and Sn3.5Ag (96.5%Sn+3.5%Ag) solder pastes were subjected to thermal cycling from -40°C to 185°C. Commercially available electroless nickel immersion gold board finish was compared to custom Sn-based board finish designed for high temperatures. The data analysis showed that the type of solder paste and board finish used did not have an impact on the reliability of BGA solder joints. The failure analysis revealed the failure site to be on the package side of the solder joint. The evolution of intermetallic compounds after thermal cycling was analyzed.
Production and operations management : total quality and responsiveness (1995)

Positioning for quality managing for total quality - focusing on product, focusing on process, focusing on responsiveness a look backward, a look forward.
Climate Change and Africa (2005)

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, no environmental issue is of such truly global magnitude as the issue of climate change. The poorer, developing countries are the least equipped to adapt to the potential effects of climate change, although most of them have played an insignificant role in causing it. African countries are amongst the poorest of the developing countries. This book presents the issues of most relevance to Africa, such as past and present climate, desertification, biomass burning and its implications for atmospheric chemistry and climate, energy generation, sea-level rise, ENSO-induced drought and flood, adaptation, disaster risk reduction, the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol (especially the Clean Development Mechanism), capacity-building, and sustainable development. It provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of these and many other issues, with chapters by the leading experts from a range of disciplines. Climate Change and Africa will prove to be an invaluable reference for all researchers and policy makers with an interest in climate change and Africa.
Screening of functional and positional candidate genes in families with common variable immunodeficiency (2008)

We were unable to identify obvious disease causing mutations in the protein coding regions of the analyzed genes in the studied cohort.
Isolation of N-Methylcassine From Species of the Genus Prosopis (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIsolation of N-Methylcassine From Species of the Genus ProsopisI. B. Gianinetto, J. L. Cabrera, and H. R. JulianiCite this: J. Nat. Prod. 1980, 43, 5, 632–633Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 July 2004Published inissue 1 September 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np50011a017https://doi.org/10.1021/np50011a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views98Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Microbial Degradation of Acetamiprid by Ochrobactrum sp. D-12 Isolated from Contaminated Soil (2013)

Neonicotinoid insecticides are one of the most important commercial insecticides used worldwide. The potential toxicity of the residues present in environment to humans has received considerable attention. In this study, a novel Ochrobactrum sp. strain D-12 capable of using acetamiprid as the sole carbon source as well as energy, nitrogen source for growth was isolated and identified from polluted agricultural soil. Strain D-12 was able to completely degrade acetamiprid with initial concentrations of 0-3000 mg · L(-1) within 48 h. Haldane inhibition model was used to fit the special degradation rate at different initial concentrations, and the parameters q max, K s and K i were determined to be 0.6394 (6 h)(-1), 50.96 mg · L(-1) and 1879 mg · L(-1), respectively. The strain was found highly effective in degrading acetamiprid over a wide range of temperatures (25-35 °C) and pH (6-8). The effects of co-substrates on the degradation efficiency of acetamiprid were investigated. The results indicated that exogenously supplied glucose and ammonium chloride could slightly enhance the biodegradation efficiency, but even more addition of glucose or ammonium chloride delayed the biodegradation. In addition, one metabolic intermediate identified as N-methyl-(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methylamine formed during the degradation of acetamiprid mediated by strain D-12 was captured by LC-MS, allowing a degradation pathway for acetamiprid to be proposed. This study suggests the bacterium could be a promising candidate for remediation of environments affected by acetamiprid.
Ultrasmooth surface polishing based on the hydrodynamic effect (2013)

This study will examine the feasibility of applying the hydrodynamic effect to ultrasmooth surface polishing. Differing from conventional pad polishing, hydrodynamic effect polishing is noncontact, as the polishing wheel is floated on the workpiece under the hydrodynamic effect. The material removal mechanism and the removal contour are analyzed in detail. Dynamic pressure and shear stress distribution on the workpiece are numerically simulated in three dimensions under different clearances between the polishing wheel and the workpiece, showing that the dynamic pressure distribution and the magnitude of shear stress on the workpiece are greatly influenced by the clearance. It is clearly demonstrated from fixed-point polishing experiments that material removal rates and contours are determined by the combined action of dynamic pressure and shear stress. A material removal analytic model is presented with the hydrodynamic effect polishing method. Finally, a polishing experiment is conducted on a quartz glass and the plastic scratches, cracks, and bumpy structures on the initial surface are clearly removed. Moreover, the processed surface roughness is improved to 0.145 nm rms, 0.116 nm Ra.
Intelligent Transportation System Technology in a Shared Electric Vehicle Program (2000)

To be successful, shared vehicle systems must be responsive, convenient, and easy to manage. By applying a variety of intelligent transportation system (ITS) technologies (e.g., vehicle location and identification, dispatching, smart cards), these attributes can be achieved. Further, intelligent transportation technology is useful for collecting data on user behavior and vehicle usage. These data add to the understanding of shared vehicle systems and of how to design systems for the future. The University of California-Riverside (UC Riverside) and Honda Motor Company have implemented a shared electric vehicle system test bed named UCR IntelliShare, which consists of 15 shared electric vehicles, moving among three stations on and near the UC Riverside campus. The system, described here, uses highly developed ITS technology, including smart cards, touch-screen registration kiosks, vehicle monitoring and tracking hardware, and sophisticated management software. The system has operated since April 1999, and abundant data are collected every day. Preliminary results are provided, describing user behavior, vehicle operation, and many shared vehicle trip characteristics. These data are being used to study shared vehicle systems and to refine shared vehicle system simulation modeling tools. These tools can assist in designing other shared vehicle systems, greatly reducing the implementation risks and liabilities that may be associated with future, full-scale shared vehicle system implementations.
<title>Using raw MPEG motion vectors to determine global camera motion</title> (1998)

This paper presents a simple and effective method to determine global camera motion using raw MPEG-1 motion vectors information obtained straight form real MPEG-1 streams such as those of the new HITACHI MP-EG1A digital camcorder. The simple approach we have experimented with robustly fits a global affine optic flow model to the motion vectors. Other more robust methods are also proposed. In order to cope with the group-of-frames (GOF) discontinuity of the MPEG stream, B frames are used backward to determine the 'missing link' to a previous GOF thereby ensuring continuity of the motion estimation across a reasonable number of frames. As a tested, we have applied the method to the image mosaicing problem, for which interesting results have been obtained. Although several other methods exists to perform camera motion estimation, the approach presented here is particularly interesting because exploits 'free' information present in MPEG streams and bypass the highly expensive correlation process.
Neuroanatomy of the Pain System and of the Pathways That Modulate Pain (1997)

We review many of the recent findings concerning mechanisms and pathways for pain and its modulation, emphasizing sensitization and the modulation of nociceptors and of dorsal horn nociceptive neurons. We describe the organization of several ascending nociceptive pathways, including the spinothalamic, spinomesencephalic, spinoreticular, spinolimbic, spinocervical, and postsynaptic dorsal column pathways in some detail and discuss nociceptive processing in the thalamus and cerebral cortex. Structures involved in the descending analgesia systems, including the periaqueductal gray, locus ceruleus, and parabrachial area, nucleus raphe magnus, reticular formation, anterior pretectal nucleus, thalamus and cerebral cortex, and several components of the limbic system are described and the pathways and neurotransmitters utilized are mentioned. Finally, we speculate on possible fruitful lines of research that might lead to improvements in therapy for pain.
The 22q11.2 microdeletion: Fifteen years of insights into the genetic and neural complexity of psychiatric disorders (2010)

Over the last fifteen years it has become established that 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a true genetic risk factor for schizophrenia. Carriers of deletions in chromosome 22q11.2 develop schizophrenia at rate of 25-30% and such deletions account for as many as 1-2% of cases of sporadic schizophrenia in the general population. Access to a relatively homogeneous population of individuals that suffer from schizophrenia as the result of a shared etiological factor and the potential to generate etiologically valid mouse models provides an immense opportunity to better understand the pathobiology of this disease. In this review we survey the clinical literature associated with the 22q11.2 microdeletions with a focus on neuroanatomical changes. Then, we highlight results from work modeling this structural mutation in animals. The key biological pathways disrupted by the mutation are discussed and how these changes impact the structure and function of neural circuits is described.
Performance Evaluation of List Sequence MAP Decoding (2005)

List-sequence (LS) decoding has the potential to yield significant coding gain additional to that of conventional single-sequence decoding, and it can be implemented with full backward compatibility in systems where an error-detecting code is concatenated with an error-correcting code. LS maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding provides a list of estimated sequences in likelihood order. For convolutional codes, this list can be obtained with the serial list Viterbi algorithm (SLVA). Through modification of the metric increments of the SLVA, an LS maximum a posteriori (MAP) probability decoding algorithm is obtained that takes into account bitwise a priori probabilities and produces an ordered list of sequence MAP estimates. The performance of the resulting LS-MAP decoding algorithm is studied in this paper. Computer simulations and approximate analytical expressions, based on geometrical considerations of the decision domains of LS decoders, are presented. We focus on the frame-error performance of LS-MAP decoding, with genie-assisted error detection, on the additive white Gaussian noise channel. It is concluded that LS-MAP decoding exploits a priori information more efficiently, in order to achieve performance improvements, than does conventional single-sequence MAP decoding. Interestingly, LS-MAP decoding can provide significant improvements at low signal-to-noise ratios, compared with LS-ML decoding. In this environment, it is furthermore observed that feedback convolutional codes offer performance improvements over their feedforward counterparts. Since LS-MAP decoding can be implemented in existing systems at a modest complexity increase, it should have a wide area of applications, such as joint source-channel decoding and other kinds of iterative decoding.
Lithography Hotspot Detection (2017)

The lithography process for chip manufacturing has been playing a critical role in keeping Moor's law alive. Even though the wavelength used for the process is bigger than actual device feature size, which makes it difficult to transfer layout patterns from the mask to wafer, lithographers have developed a various technique such as Resolution Enhancement Techniques (RETs), Multi-patterning, and Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) to overcome the sub-wavelength lithography gap. However, as feature size in chip design scales down further to a point where manufacturing constraints must be applied to early design phase before generating physical design layout. Design for Manufacturing (DFM) is not optional anymore these days. In terms of the lithography process, circuit designer should consider making their design as litho-friendly as possible. Lithography hotspot is a place where it is susceptible to have fatal pinching (open circuit) or bridging (short circuit) error due to poor printability of certain patterns in a design layout. To avoid undesirable patterns in layout, it is mandatory to find hotspots in early design stage. One way to find hotspots is to run lithography simulation on a layout. However, lithography simulation is too computationally expensive for full-chip design. Therefore, there have been suggestions such as pattern matching and machine learning (ML) technique for an alternative and practical hotspot detection method. Pattern matching is fast and accurate. Large hotspot pattern library is utilized to find hotspots. Its drawback is that it can not detect hotspots that are unseen before. On contrast, ML is effective to find previously unseen hotspots, but it may produce false positives. This research presents a novel geometric pattern matching methodology using edge driven dissected rectangles and litho award machine learning for hotspot detection. 1. Edge Driven Dissected Rectangles (EDDR) based pattern matching EDDR pattern matching employs member concept inside a pattern bounding box. Unlike the previous pattern matching, the idea proposed in this thesis uses simple Design Rule Check (DRC) operations to create member rectangles for pattern matching. Our approach shows significant speedup against a state-of-art commercial pattern matching tool as well as other methods. Due to its simple DRC edge operation rules, it is flexible for fuzzy pattern match and partial pattern match, which enable us to check previously unseen hotspots as well as the exact pattern match. 2. Litho-aware Machine Learning A new methodology for machine learning (ML)-based hotspot detection harnesses lithography information to build SVM (Support Vector Machine)
Poststatin, a New Inhibitor of Prolyl Endopeptidase. III. Optical Resolution of 3-Amino-2-hydroxyvaleric Acid and Absolute Configuration of Poststatin. (1996)

3-Amino-2-hydroxyvaleric acid was prepared, and separated into its diastereomers. The relative stereochemistry was determined by 1H NMR in their oxazolidone derivatives. The threo-isomer was resolved by (S)-1-(1-naphthyl) ethylamine in the N-(p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl) derivative. The absolute configuration of (--)-threo-3-(p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl)amino-2-hydroxyvaleric acid was confirmed to be 2R, 3S. The absolute configuration of 3-amino-2- oxovaleric acid in poststatin was confirmed to be S by comparison of the four stereoisomers of methyl N, O-bis(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-3-amino-2-hydroxyvalerate derived from 3-amino-2-hydroxyvaleric acid and that derived from 3-amino-2-oxovaleryl moiety of poststatin by means of HPLC with chiral column.
Comparative study of the complement-activating and specific IgE-binding properties of ragweed pollen allergen (1997)

Previous reports have defined the capacity of ragweed pollen extract (RWA) to activate human complement (C) in fluid phase through the classical pathway and have ascertained a strong correlation between the extent of complement activation and the severity of symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis during the ragweed blooming season. In the present study the complement-activating and specific IgE-binding capacities of various ragweed allergen preparations were compared. Elimination of physically adsorbed (flavonoid) pigments from the allergenic proteins had no significant effect on their complement-consuming capacity, although the process strongly diminished specific IgE binding. Removal of an IgE-binding trypsin inhibitor from RWA significantly enhanced RWA-induced complement activation, whereas it did not change IgE binding. These findings indicate that neither the physically adsorbed pigments nor the trypsin inhibitor are involved in complement activation by ragweed pollen allergens, and suggest that complement activation and specific IgE binding are distinct molecular properties of ragweed pollen allergen.
Locality from Circuit Lower Bounds. (2011)

Abstract. We study the locality of an extension of first-order logic that captures graph queries computable in AC0, i.e., by families of polynomial-size constant-depth circuits. The extension con-siders first-order formulas over relational structures which may use arbitrary numerical predicates in such a way that their truth value is independent of the particular interpretation of the numerical predicates. We refer to such formulas as Arb-invariant first-order. We consider the two standard notions of locality, Gaifman and Hanf locality. Our main result gives a Gaifman locality theorem: An Arb-invariant first-order formula cannot distinguish between two tuples that have the same neigh-borhood up to distance (log n)c, where n represents the number of elements in the structure and c is a constant depending on the formula. When restricting attention to string structures, we achieve the same quantitative strength for Hanf locality. In both cases we show that our bounds are tight. We also present an application of our results to the study of regular languages. Our proof exploits the close connection between first-order formulas and the complexity class AC0 and hinges on the tight lower bounds for parity on constant-depth circuits.
Ultralow-Power Electronics for Biomedical Applications (2008)

The electronics of a general biomedical device consist of energy delivery, analog-to-digital conversion, signal processing, and communication subsystems. Each of these blocks must be designed for minimum energy consumption. Specific design techniques, such as aggressive voltage scaling, dynamic power-performance management, and energy-efficient signaling, must be employed to adhere to the stringent energy constraint. The constraint itself is set by the energy source, so energy harvesting holds tremendous promise toward enabling sophisticated systems without straining user lifestyle. Further, once harvested, efficient delivery of the low-energy levels, as well as robust operation in the aggressive low-power modes, requires careful understanding and treatment of the specific design limitations that dominate this realm. We outline the performance and power constraints of biomedical devices, and present circuit techniques to achieve complete systems operating down to power levels of microwatts. In all cases, approaches that leverage advanced technology trends are emphasized.
Estimating the Morphology of Soot Agglomerates by Measuring Their Scattering Matrix Elements (1997)

Abstract In this study, we introduce a novel approach to identify the structure of soot agglomerates in flames. The idea is based on the use of elliptically-polarized light scattering, which is quite sensitive to the morphology of the scattering particles. First, a numerical procedure is outlined to determine the scattering (Mueller) matrix elements of particles and agglomerates. Results for various fractal-like agglomerates are presented. Following this, an experimental procedure is described to measure the same elements. Then, normalized experimental and numerical results are compared to estimate the fractal morphology of soot agglomerates. The results show that this technique is quite versatile and can be employed effectively to identify the size and structure of soot agglomerates.
Identification of the novel canine CYP1A2 1117 C>T SNP causing protein deletion (2004)

The pharmacokinetics of YM-64227 (4-cyclohexyl-1-ethyl-7-methylpyrido[2,3-d]-pyrimidine-2-(1H)-one), a novel and selective phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor, was characterized in beagle dogs. Based on the plasma parent drug to major hydroxylated metabolite ratio, 21 dogs were phenotyped as 16 extensive metabolizers (EM) and five poor metabolizers (PM). Nucleotide sequences of CYPs 1A2, 2B11, 2C21, 2D15, 2E1 and 3A12 were investigated in the EM and PM dogs. A CYP1A2 1117 C>T single nucleotide polymorphism was found, which resulted in an amino acid change from an Arg codon to a stop codon at position 373. All dogs phenotyped as PM were T/T homozygous, whereas EMs were C/C homozygous and C/T heterozygous. In Western blotting of liver microsomes, CYP1A protein expression was detected in the C/C and C/T types, but not in the T/T type. Of 65 dogs genotyped using genome DNA, the frequencies of the C and T alleles were 0.61 and 0.39, respectively, suggesting approximately 15% of the dogs would not express the CYP1A2 protein. The findings provide a coherent explanation for the inter-individual variability in the pharmacokinetics of CYP1A2 substrate drugs in dogs.