gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biochemical Studies on Liver Functions in Primary Cultured Hepatocytes of Adult Rats1 (1978)

Liver parenchymal cells were isolated from adult rats by digesting liver slices or perfusing liver with collagenase. The cell yields were 1.5 X 10(7) and 1.0 X 10(8) cells/g liver from slices and perfused liver, respectively, and in both cases the cell viabilities and attachment efficiencies were over 90% and 60%, respectively. The cells were viable for more than one week when cultured in Williams medium E with 10% fetal bovine serum, and addition of insulin and dexamethasone enhanced the maintenance of cell viability. Various biochemical functions or freshly isolated cells and cultured cells were compared in this medium. In freshly isolated cells, induction of tyrosine transaminase [EC 2.6.1.5] by dexamethasone was low and none of the hormones examined stimulated protein synthesis; but when the cells had been cultured for a few days, induction of tyrosine transaminase became prominent, and insulin and dexamethasone stimulated protein synthesis and glucagon inhibited their effect. About half the synthesized proteins were secreted into the medium and among these proteins, albumin, transferrin, fibrinogen, and lipoproteins were identified immunochemically and electrophoretically. It was also shown that the polysomes in freshly isolated cells were almost completely disaggregated, but that in cells after a few days culture they were reaggregated. These results showed that freshly isolated cells have impaired functions, but that after culture for a few days the cells recover various liver functions and thus become more suitable for use in biochemical studies on liver functions.
Reproducibility of registration-based measures of lung tissue expansion (2012)

Lung expansion, a surrogate for lung function, can be assessed using two or more respiratory-gated CT image acquisitions. The results show that good reproducibility can be obtained in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated animals, but variations in respiratory effort and breathing patterns reduce reproducibility in spontaneously-breathing humans. The global linear normalization can globally compensate for breathing effort differences, but a homogeneous scaling does not account for differences in regional lung expansion rates. Additional work is needed to develop compensation procedures or normalization schemes that can account for local variations in lung expansion during respiration.
Baseline Cocaine Use Predicts Outcome in Cocaine Treatment (1996)

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1996) 59, 210–210; doi: 10.1038/sj.clpt.1996.338
Flavonoids: A Review of Its Commercial Application Potential as Anti- Infective Agents (2003)

The aim of this review on the anti-infective properties of flavonoid compounds found in plants was to obtain a fresh perspective on the potential of these compounds to be developed into natural products with application potential in the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries. Flavonoids are the largest group of naturally occurring phenolic phytochemicals and more than 5000 have been described. Approximately 650 flavones and 1030 flavonols are known although most of these are glycosides of 200 flavonoid aglycones, in the case of flavones, and 300 in the case of flavonols. Small amounts of aglycones frequently are present and occasionally represent a sizable proportion of the total flavonoid compounds in or on the plant. It is estimated that about 2% of all carbon photosynthesized by plants, amounting to about 1 x 10 9 tons per annum, is converted into flavonoids or closely related compounds. In terms of the potential to develop flavonoids as natural products and to utilize it as anti-infective agents in either the agricultural, veterinarian or pharmaceutical industries, it can be said that the source of flavonoids, namely wild plants, is largely untapped. The potential of flavonoid compounds to be applied as anti-infective agents is reviewed instead of generalizing the vast other activities identified for this group of compounds. Antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties have been associated with individual or collective groups of flavonoids in the past. Some of the major advances, including the association of known flavonoids with the growth inhibition of specific microbes or viruses and the identification of novel flavonoids as well as the bioavailability and metabolism of flavonoids consumed by animals and man are discussed. Keywords: flavonoids, anti-infective agents, application potential, natural products, review
The chicken egg yolk plasma and granule proteomes (2007)

Using 1-D SDS-PAGE, LC-MS/MS, and MS(3), we identified 119 proteins from chicken egg yolk, 86 of which were not identified in yolk previously. Proteins were roughly quantitated by calculating their exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) to classify them as major or minor yolk components, and to estimate their distribution between yolk plasma and yolk granular fraction. The proteins with highest abundance were serum albumin, the vitellogenin cleavage products, apovitellenins, IgY, ovalbumin, and 12 kDa serum protein with cross-reactivity to beta2-microglobulin. In addition yolk contained many other serum and egg white proteins, the proteases nothepsin and thrombin, numerous protease inhibitors, and antioxidative enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Among the moderately abundant proteins were two alpha2-macroglobulin-like proteins different from egg white alpha2-macroglobulin, and the major biotin-binding protein of yolk. An unexpected identification was that of the eggshell matrix protein ovocleidin-116, which was previously thought to be eggshell-specific. The list of chicken egg yolk proteins provided in this report is by far the most comprehensive at present and may serve as a starting point for the characterization of less well-known yolk proteins.
Synthesis of (±)-pisiferin, (±)-pisiferol, and related compounds by intramolecular [4 + 2]cycloaddition (1990)

Thermolysis of the olefinic benzocyclobutene (17) afforded the tricyclic compounds (18a) and (18b), whose sequential reduction, via the aldehyde (19), gave rise to the pisiferol derivatives (20a) and (20b). Since (20a) was transformed into pisiferol (2), pisiferic acid (3), and methyl pisiferate (4), this synthesis constitutes their formal synthesis. Wolff–Kishner reduction of the hydrazone of (19b) yielded the known tricyclic compound (21), which has previously been transformed into xanthoperyl methyl ether (22). Furthermore, the predominantly cis used mixture of compound (18)(a/b= 1 : 4) was converted into the predominantly trans-fused mixture (a/b= 3 : 1) using catalytic hydrogenation of the enone (24) as a key reaction. Finally, a skeletal rearrangement of an abietane-type into a 9(10→20)abeo-abietane-type compound was demonstrated. Dehydration of the alcohol (20a) afforded the methyl ether (26) and its isomer (27) in the ratio of 3 : 1 as an inseparable mixture. Demethylation of the mixture (26) and (27) provided pisiferin (1) and compound (28). Interestingly, rearrangement of the cis-fused compound (20b) formed the methyl ether (27) as a sole product, which was converted into isopisiferin (29).
A PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF CEREBRO-SPINAL FLUID FROM PATIENTS WITH MIGRAINE (1967)

Journal Article A PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF CEREBRO-SPINAL FLUID FROM PATIENTS WITH MIGRAINE Get access MARGARET BARRIE, MARGARET BARRIE From the Department of Neurology, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson HospitalN.W.1 and the Department of Pharmacology, The London Hospital Medical CollegeE.1 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ALISON JOWETT ALISON JOWETT From the Department of Neurology, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson HospitalN.W.1 and the Department of Pharmacology, The London Hospital Medical CollegeE.1 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Brain, Volume 90, Issue 4, December 1967, Pages 785–794, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/90.4.785 Published: 01 December 1967
Scalable Equipment for Process Development (2012)

Abstract Das Hochskalieren von Prozessen ist die Erhöhung der Durchsatzmenge oder der Produktionskapazität eines chemischen Prozesses unter vergleichbaren Prozessbedingungen. Der Einsatz und die Scale‐up‐Strategie von kontinuierlich betriebenen mikrostrukturierten und konventionellen Rohrreaktoren werden beschrieben. Dimensionslose Kennzahlen zur Strömung und die Energiedissipation im Mischkanal bestimmen die Vermischung und den Wärmeübergang. Kinetische Parameter exothermer Reaktionen werden vorgestellt, die das sichere Hochskalieren mit verändertem Wärmeübergang beschreiben. Insgesamt wird das Hochskalieren durch modular aufgebaute Apparate erleichtert, die mithilfe der Plattformstrategie auf verschiedenen Niveaus des Durchsatzes oder anderer Prozessparameter konzipiert werden. Ein Beispiel erläutert das Hochskalieren eines pharmazeutischen Prozesses bis in den Tonnen‐Maßstab.
Evolving P450pyr hydroxylase for highly enantioselective hydroxylation at non-activated carbon atom (2012)

Directed evolution of a monooxygenase to achieve very high enantioselectivity for hydroxylation at non-activated carbon atoms is demonstrated for the first time, where a triple mutant of P450pyr hydroxylase is obtained via determination of enzyme structure, iterative saturation mutagenesis, and high-throughput screening with a MS-based ee assay to increase the product ee from 53% to 98% for the hydroxylation of N-benzyl pyrrolidine to (S)-N-benzyl 3-hydroxypyrrolidine.
A biomechanical study of median sternotomy closure techniques1 (1999)

We applied a mathematical model to calculate chest wall forces during coughing, in order to determine the force placed upon a sternotomy closure. We conclude that severe coughing may cause wires to untwist. We discuss potential applications of different wire closures based on their characteristics.
Bioengineered nanoparticles for <scp>siRNA</scp> delivery (2013)

Short interfering RNA (siRNA) has been an important laboratory tool in the last two decades and has allowed researchers to better understand the functions of nonprotein-coding genes through RNA interference (RNAi). Although RNAi holds great promise for this purpose as well as for treatment of many diseases, efforts at using siRNA have been hampered by the difficulty of safely and effectively introducing it into cells of interest, both in vitro and in vivo. To overcome this challenge, many biomaterials and nanoparticles (NPs) have been developed and optimized for siRNA delivery, often taking cues from the DNA delivery field, although different barriers exist for these two types of molecules. In this review, we discuss general properties of biomaterials and nanoparticles that are necessary for effective nucleic acid delivery. We also discuss specific examples of bioengineered materials, including lipid-based NPs, polymeric NPs, inorganic NPs, and RNA-based NPs, which clearly illustrate the problems and successes in siRNA delivery.
"Magic" Ionization Mass Spectrometry (2015)

The systematic study of the temperature and pressure dependence of matrix-assisted ionization (MAI) led us to the discovery of the seemingly impossible, initially explained by some reviewers as either sleight of hand or the misinterpretation by an overzealous young scientist of results reported many years before and having little utility. The “magic” that we were attempting to report was that with matrix assistance, molecules, at least as large as bovine serum albumin (66 kDa), are lifted into the gas phase as multiply charged ions simply by exposure of the matrix:analyte sample to the vacuum of a mass spectrometer. Applied heat, a laser, or voltages are not necessary to achieve charge states and ion abundances only previously observed with electrospray ionization (ESI). The fundamentals of how solid phase volatile or nonvolatile compounds are converted to gas-phase ions without added energy currently involves speculation providing a great opportunity to rethink mechanistic understanding of ionization processes used in mass spectrometry. Improved understanding of the mechanism(s) of these processes and their connection to ESI and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization may provide opportunities to further develop new ionization strategies for traditional and yet unforeseen applications of mass spectrometry. This Critical Insights article covers developments leading to the discovery of a seemingly magic ionization process that is simple to use, fast, sensitive, robust, and can be directly applied to surface characterization using portable or high performance mass spectrometers.
Investigation of Remote-Phosphor White Light-Emitting Diodes with Multi-Phosphor Layers (2010)

To understand how multiple phosphors in a mixture or stacked layers affect the performance of the remote-phosphor “scattered photon extraction (SPE)” white light-emitting diode (LED), a laboratory study was conducted with commercial yellow [quantum efficiency (QE)=0.91] and red (QE=0.59) phosphors in equal amounts. The highest light output was obtained when the longer-wavelength red phosphor was placed as the second layer. Experiments showed that when using two phosphors in an SPE package, several factors influence the performance: mixture or stacked layers; specific layer order; phosphor densities; phosphor external QE; overall spectral power distribution (SPD); phosphor excitation and emission spectra and efficiencies.
SPIN-Based Verification of Authentication Protocols in WiMAX Networks (2012)

The rise in the use of the Internet and other communication technologies like WiMAX which are vulnerable to network attacks has necessitated the implementation of security protocols. Developing secure protocols has proved to be a difficult task as is evident from the presence of flaws in published protocols such as the Needham-Schroeder public key authentication protocol. Security protocols can be validated with formal verification techniques, increasing confidence in their use. The Initial Network Entry procedure in an IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) network has security defects which can be exploited by the Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attack, requiring the implementation of a suitable security protocol. In this paper, we analyse a modification of the Diffie-Hellman (DH) key exchange protocol proposed to mitigate this MITM attack and model the protocol and an intruder process with MITM capabilities in PROMELA formalism. We then use Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) to define the attributes the protocol should satisfy and carry out verification by use of the Simple PROMELA INterpreter (SPIN) model checker.
A food‐derived synergist of NGF signaling: identification of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B as a key regulator of NGF receptor‐initiated signal transduction (2008)

Neurotrophins, such as the nerve growth factor (NGF), play an essential role in the growth, development, survival and functional maintenance of neurons in the central and peripheral systems. They also prevent neuronal cell death under various stressful conditions, such as ischemia and neurodegenerative disorders. NGF induces cell differentiation and neurite outgrowth by binding with and activating the NGF receptor tyrosine kinase followed by activation of a variety of signaling cascades. We have investigated the NGF-dependent neuritogenesis enhancer potential of a food-derived small molecule contained in Brassica vegetables and identified the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B as a key regulator of the NGF receptor-initiated signal transduction. Based on an extensive screening of Brassica vegetable extracts for the neuritogenic-promoting activity in the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12, we found the Japanese horseradish, wasabi (Wasabia japonica, syn. Eutrema wasabi), as the richest source and identified 6-methylsulfinylhexyl isothiocyanate (6-HITC), an analogue of sulforaphane isolated from broccoli, as one of the major neuritogenic enhancers in the wasabi. 6-HITC strongly enhanced the neurite outgrowth and neurofilament expression elicited by a low-concentration of NGF that alone was insufficient to induce neuronal differentiation. 6-HITC also facilitated the sustained-phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and the autophosphorylation of the NGF receptor TrkA. It was found that PTP1B act as a phosphatase capable of dephosphorylating Tyr-490 of TrkA and was inactivated by 6-HITC in a redox-dependent manner. The identification of PTP1B as a regulator of NGF signaling may provide new clues about the chemoprotective potential of food components, such as isothiocyanates.
Perfluorinated Oligo(<i>p</i>-Phenylene)s:  Efficient n-Type Semiconductors for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTPerfluorinated Oligo(p-Phenylene)s: Efficient n-Type Semiconductors for Organic Light-Emitting DiodesSophie B. Heidenhain, Youichi Sakamoto, Toshiyasu Suzuki, Atsushi Miura, Hisayoshi Fujikawa, Tomohiko Mori, Shizuo Tokito, and Yasunori TagaView Author Information Institute for Molecular Science Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan TOYOTA Central Research and Development Laboratories Inc. Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 41, 10240–10241Publication Date (Web):October 3, 2000Publication History Received27 June 2000Published online3 October 2000Published inissue 1 October 2000https://doi.org/10.1021/ja002309oCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views2545Altmetric-Citations156LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (42 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Aromatic compounds,Diodes,Layers,Oligomers,Semiconductors Get e-Alerts
Universal and Adapted Vocabularies for Generic Visual Categorization (2008)

Generic Visual Categorization (GVC) is the pattern classification problem which consists in assigning labels to an image based on its semantic content. This is a challenging task as one has to deal with inherent object/scene variations as well as changes in viewpoint, lighting and occlusion. Several state-of-the-art GVC systems use a vocabulary of visual terms to characterize images with a histogram of visual word counts. We propose a novel practical approach to GVC based on a universal vocabulary, which describes the content of all the considered classes of images, and class vocabularies obtained through the adaptation of the universal vocabulary using class-specific data. The main novelty is that an image is characterized by a set of histograms - one per class - where each histogram describes whether the image content is best modeled by the universal vocabulary or the corresponding class vocabulary. This framework is applied to two types of local image features: low-level descriptors such as the popular SIFT and high-level histograms of word co-occurrences in a spatial neighborhood. It is shown experimentally on two challenging datasets (an in-house database of 19 categories and the PASCAL VOC 2006 dataset) that the proposed approach exhibits state-of-the-art performance at a modest computational cost.
Metipranolol Blunts Nitric Oxide-Induced Lipid Peroxidation and Death of Retinal Photoreceptors: A Comparison with Other Anti-Glaucoma Drugs (2004)

Of all antiglaucoma drugs tested, only metipranolol was able to attenuate SNP-induced lipid peroxidation and activation of apoptosis in photoreceptors. Because oxidative injury has been implicated in the pathogenesis of certain ocular diseases, these findings could prove to be of clinical significance.
Polysulfones from Acetylenes and Sulfur Dioxide<sup>1</sup> (1936)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolysulfones from Acetylenes and Sulfur Dioxide1L. L. Ryden and C. S. MarvelCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1936, 58, 10, 2047–2050Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1936Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1936https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01301a065https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01301a065research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views43Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Efficient variable rate vector quantization using quadtree segmentation (1996)

In video and image compression, vector quantization can be fixed rate or variable rate depending on how the encoding codebook is structured. Previous variable rate vector quantization schemes using greedy tree growing algorithm partitions images into fixed size blocks and has not exploited the correlation in the low detail blocks. A new and efficient variable rate vector quantization scheme based on variable block size quadtree segmentation is proposed in this paper. Simulation results show that the proposed variable block size variable rate vector quantization scheme achieved better subjective image quality with higher PSNR at a reduced bit rate as compared with the fixed block size variable rate vector quantization scheme.