gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of "Granuloma Pouch" Technic in the Study of Antiphlogistic Corticoids (1953)

1. Using the “granuloma pouch” technic. it was possible to produce very large amounts oi inflammatory tissue and fluid (corresponding, in some cases, to as much as 25% of total body weight) in the rat, without interfering with the general well-being of the animal. 2. The introduction of small amounts of hydrocortisone, directly into the wall of the pouch, completely prevents the development of these inflammatory structures. 3. Introduction of the same amount of hydrocortisone into the lumen of the pouch, or into connective tissue at a distance of only about one mm from the pouch, is virtually ineffective. 4. The croton oil used to produce these granulonia pouches retained part of its irritating effects, even after a sojourn of 14 days, in hydrocortisone protected connective tissue. Although here it failed to cause inflammation, it still produced considerable damage, with hemorrhagic necrosis, when it was introduced into the unprotected connective tissue of other recipient animals.
Raman scattering in highly disordered amorphous phosphorus (1983)

Raman scattering measurements are presented on amorphous phosphorus ($a\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{P}$) films deposited by rf and dc sputtering under conditions that enhance structural disorder. This includes rf sputtering at increased substrate bias as well as dc sputtering employing in situ measurements on surfaces at 80 K. In addition, the influence of annealing on the Raman spectra has been studied. The experimental results indicate that substantial changes in the Raman spectra occur relative to more ordered rf sputtered $a\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{P}$ films prepared at high pressure. These changes, which are most noticeable in low-temperature dc sputtered films, are interpreted in terms of modifications of both intermediate- as well as short-range order. The results indicate that modifications of intermediate-range order are primarily manifest by changes in the Raman coupling parameters, whereas the most disordered films indicate broadening of the phonon density of states as well. The influence of changes in short-range order on the polarized Raman spectra is related to dynamical correlation effects.
Emerging Roles of Protein Kinase D1 in Cancer (2011)

Protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is a serine-threonine kinase that regulates various functions within the cell, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, and cell motility. In normal cells, this protein plays key roles in multiple signaling pathways by relaying information from the extracellular environment and/or upstream kinases and converting them into a regulated intracellular response. The aberrant expression of PKD1 is associated with enhanced cancer phenotypes, such as deregulated cell proliferation, survival, motility, and epithelial mesenchymal transition. In this review, we summarize the structural and functional aspects of PKD1 and highlight the pathobiological roles of this kinase in cancer.
Functional analysis of sabertooth cranial morphology (1980)

Elongate canines evolved independently at least four times among mammalian carnivores, and each time skulls were modified in similar ways. We have compared the cranial morphology of sabertooths to that of their non-sabertoothed relatives, living and extinct, and applied simple biomechanical models to elucidate the functional significance of the morphological differences. Our analysis suggests that (1) sabertooth morphology represents modification for wider gape with retention of a powerful bite force at the carnassial; (2) sabertooths probably used a throat or ventral neck slash to kill prey; and (3) elongate canines and retractile claws may have facilitated the exploitation of relatively larger prey by sabertooths compared to non-sabertooth carnivores.
Plasmodesmata during development: re-examination of the importance of primary, secondary, and branched plasmodesmata structure versus function (2010)

Plasmodesmata (PD) structure and function vary temporally and spatially during all stages of plant development. PD that originate during, or post, cell division are designated as primary or secondary according to classical terminology. PD structure may be simple, twinned, or branched. Studies of PD during leaf, root, and embryo development have lead to the generalization that cells in less mature tissues contain predominantly simple PD. New quantitative analyses reveal that twinned and branched PD also occur in immature tissues. New data also highlight the versatility of viral movement proteins as tags for labeling PD in immature tissues as well as PD in mature tissues. A summary of the formation and function of primary, secondary, and branched PD during leaf, trichome, embryo, apical meristem, vascular cambium, and root development underscores the remarkable and indispensible plant-specific intercellular communication system that is mediated by PD.
Joint Source and Relay Precoding Designs for MIMO Two-Way Relay Systems (2011)

We investigate the source and relay precoding based on the minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) criterion for amplify-and-forward (AF) MIMO two-way relay systems. This joint design problem is shown to be a highly nonconvex optimization problem. In this work, we present two efficient design algorithms. The first one aims to minimize the total MSE of two users by alternatively solving three trackable sub-problems and it is iterative in nature. Since the optimal solution for each sub-problem can be obtained, the convergence is thus ensured. The second design aims to compromise computational complexity and system performance and possesses a certain precoder structure. This structure is able to parallelize channels in the Multiple Access (MAC) and Broadcast (BC) phases of the two-way relaying. Based on such structure, the joint precoding design is simply reduced to the joint source and relay power allocation problem. The efficiency of both proposed algorithms is verified through simulation.
Narrowly Distributed Polyethylene via Reversible Chain Transfer to Aluminum by a Sterically Hindered Zirconocene/MAO (2009)

In this work, the reversible chain transfer to Al in ethene polymerization catalyzed by Cp*2ZrCl2/MAO was studied via comparison of the polymerization in the presence and absence of trimethylaluminum (TMA) contained in commercial MAO. It was found that the weight distributions of the products were narrower, in the presence of TMA, at low Al/Zr ratios taken in these experiments. PDIs of about 1.3 or lower were attainable at temperatures up to 70 °C. We propose that a fast to moderate reversible chain transfer between Cp*2ZrR+ and TMA (similar to a catalyzed chain growth mechanism) is the origin of the low polydispersity. Simulation of the polymerization with the proposed mechanism confirmed this hypothesis; the qualitative results are consistent with the experimental trends.
Operant Conditioning of Cortical Unit Activity (1969)

The activity of single neurons in precentral cortex of unanesthetized monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was conditioned by reinforcing high rates of neuronal discharge with delivery of a food pellet. Auditory or visual feedback of unit firing rates was usually provided in addition to food reinforcement. After several training sessions, monkeys could increase the activity of newly isolated cells by 50 to 500 percent above rates before reinforcement.
Subunits of a Yeast Oligomeric G Protein-coupled Receptor Are Activated Independently by Agonist but Function in Concert to Activate G Protein Heterotrimers (2004)

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) form dimeric or oligomeric complexes in vivo. However, the function of oligomerization in receptor-mediated G protein activation is unclear. Previous studies of the yeast alpha-factor receptor (STE2 gene product) have indicated that oligomerization promotes signaling. Here we have addressed the mechanism by which oligomerization facilitates G protein signaling by examining the ability of ligand binding- and G protein coupling-defective alpha-factor receptors to form complexes in vivo and to correct their signaling defects when co-expressed (trans complementation). Newly and previously identified receptor mutants indicated that ligand binding involves the exofacial end of transmembrane domain (TM) 4, whereas G protein coupling involves ic1, ic3, the C-terminal tail, and the intracellular ends of TM2 and TM3. Mutant receptors bearing substitutions in these domains formed homo-oligomeric or hetero-oligomeric complexes in vivo, as indicated by results of fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments. Co-expression of ligand binding- and G protein coupling-defective mutant receptors did not significantly improve signaling. In contrast, co-expression of ic1 and ic3 mutations in trans but not in cis significantly increased signaling efficiency. Therefore, we suggest that subunits of the alpha-factor receptor: 1) are activated independently rather than cooperatively by agonist, and 2) function in a concerted fashion to promote G protein activation, possibly by contacting different subunits or regions of the G protein heterotrimer.
Mutation Patterns and Structural Correlates in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease following Different Protease Inhibitor Treatments (2003)

Although many human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected persons are treated with multiple protease inhibitors in combination or in succession, mutation patterns of protease isolates from these persons have not been characterized. We collected and analyzed 2,244 subtype B HIV-1 isolates from 1,919 persons with different protease inhibitor experiences: 1,004 isolates from untreated persons, 637 isolates from persons who received one protease inhibitor, and 603 isolates from persons receiving two or more protease inhibitors. The median number of protease mutations per isolate increased from 4 in untreated persons to 12 in persons who had received four or more protease inhibitors. Mutations at 45 of the 99 amino acid positions in the protease-including 22 not previously associated with drug resistance-were significantly associated with protease inhibitor treatment. Mutations at 17 of the remaining 99 positions were polymorphic but not associated with drug treatment. Pairs and clusters of correlated (covarying) mutations were significantly more likely to occur in treated than in untreated persons: 115 versus 23 pairs and 30 versus 2 clusters, respectively. Of the 115 statistically significant pairs of covarying residues in the treated isolates, 59 were within 8 A of each other-many more than would be expected by chance. In summary, nearly one-half of HIV-1 protease positions are under selective drug pressure, including many residues not previously associated with drug resistance. Structural factors appear to be responsible for the high frequency of covariation among many of the protease residues. The presence of mutational clusters provides insight into the complex mutational patterns required for HIV-1 protease inhibitor resistance.
Single Dose of Glycoengineered Anti-CD19 Antibody (MEDI551) Disrupts Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Inhibiting Pathogenic Adaptive Immune Responses in the Bone Marrow and Spinal Cord while Preserving Peripheral Regulatory Mechanisms (2014)

Plasma cells and the autoreactive Abs they produce are suspected to contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, but recent attempts to target these components of humoral immunity have failed. MEDI551, an anti-CD19 Ab that depletes mature B cells including plasma cells may offer a compelling alternative that reduces pathogenic adaptive immune responses while sparing regulatory mechanisms. Indeed, our data demonstrate that a single dose of MEDI551, given before or during ongoing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, disrupts development of the disease. Leukocyte infiltration into the spinal cord is significantly reduced, as well as short-lived and long-lived autoreactive CD138(+) plasma cells in the spleen and bone marrow, respectively. In addition, potentially protective CD1d(hi)CD5(+) regulatory B cells show resistance to depletion, and myelin-specific Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells are expanded. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MEDI551 disrupts experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting multiple proinflammatory components whereas preserving regulatory populations.
Prepartum fatty acid supplementation in sheep. III. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid during finishing on performance, hypothalamus gene expression, and muscle fatty acids composition in lambs1 (2018)

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of feeding an enriched diet with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to finishing lambs born from ewes supplemented either with or without EPA and DHA during late gestation on productive performance, muscle fatty acid (FA), and hypothalamus mRNA concentration of metabolic genes and hormone receptors. Lambs born from dams fed during the last 50 d of gestation either with a control diet containing 0.39% Ca salts of palmitic fatty acid distillate (C) or Ca salts enriched with EPA and DHA (PFA) were used. After weaning lambs (n = 70) were blocked by weight (BW) and used in a 2 × 2 factorial into 2 finishing diets containing 1.5% of C or PFA. The 2 factors were the ewe diet and the finishing diet. Lambs (37.9 ± 0.4 kg) were weighed and blood sampled for glucose and NEFA measurements at days 1, 14, 28, and 42. Dry matter intake (DMI) was measured daily. At day 43, 14 females and 14 males were slaughtered, and hot carcass weight, body wall thickness, rib eye area, and FA composition of Longissumus thoracis muscle were evaluated. Female hypothalamuses were obtained and mRNA concentration of hormone receptors, neuropeptides, and their receptors was measured. Lambs born from PFA dams were heavier (P < 0.01). There was a time × finishing diet interaction for BW (P = 0.03), and lambs fed C had a greater BW. Lambs fed C had an increase in DMI (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in plasma glucose and NEFA concentration (P > 0.1). Lambs born from PFA dams had a greater concentration of C22:0 (P < 0.03). Lambs fed C had higher concentrations of C18:1c15 (P < 0.01), C17:0 (P < 0.09), C18:0 (P < 0.09), and n6/n3 (P < 0.01). Lambs fed PFA had greater concentration (P < 0.05) of C16:1, C22:1, C20:5, C22:5, C22:6, total n3 FA, and total EPA and DHA. There was a significant dam × finishing diet interaction (P ≤ 0.08) on mRNA concentration for MCR3, CCK-R, Cort-R, and CART. Lambs, which had the same treatment as their dams, showed lower overall mRNA concentration than those with different treatments between them and their dams. Lambs born from PFA ewes had lower concentration of MCR4 mRNA (P = 0.09) than C. Agouti-related peptides mRNA concentration was lower in lambs fed PFA (P = 0.06) than C. In conclusion, changes on lamb performance, muscle fatty acid composition, and metabolic neuropeptides depend not only on the lamb diet, but also on the dam diet during late gestation.
Dysferlin at transverse tubules regulates Ca2+ homeostasis in skeletal muscle (2014)

The class of muscular dystrophies linked to the genetic ablation or mutation of dysferlin, including Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy 2B (LGMD2B) and Miyoshi Myopathy (MM), are late-onset degenerative diseases. In lieu of a genetic cure, treatments to prevent or slow the progression of dysferlinopathy are of the utmost importance. Recent advances in the study of dysferlinopathy have highlighted the necessity for the maintenance of calcium handling in altering or slowing the progression of muscular degeneration resulting from the loss of dysferlin. This review highlights new evidence for a role for dysferlin at the transverse (t-) tubule of striated muscle, where it is involved in maintaining t-tubule structure and function.
Synthesis of Imidazole Derivatives Using 2-Unsubstituted 1H-Imidazole 3-Oxides (2000)

The reaction of 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1H-imidazole 3-oxides 1 with Ac2O in CH2Cl2 at 0 – 5° leads to the corresponding 1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-ones 4 in good yields. In refluxing Ac2O, the N-oxides 1 are transformed to N-acetylated 1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-ones 5. The proposed mechanisms for these reactions are analogous to those for N-oxides of 6-membered heterocycles (Scheme 2). A smooth synthesis of 1H-imidazole-2-carbonitriles 2 starting with 1 is achieved by treatment with trimethylsilanecarbonitrile (Me3SiCN) in CH2Cl2 at 0 – 5° (Scheme 3).
Hydrogen-on-Demand Using Metallic Alloy Nanoparticles in Water (2014)

Hydrogen production from water using Al particles could provide a renewable energy cycle. However, its practical application is hampered by the low reaction rate and poor yield. Here, large quantum molecular dynamics simulations involving up to 16,611 atoms show that orders-of-magnitude faster reactions with higher yields can be achieved by alloying Al particles with Li. A key nanostructural design is identified as the abundance of neighboring Lewis acid-base pairs, where water-dissociation and hydrogen-production require very small activation energies. These reactions are facilitated by charge pathways across Al atoms that collectively act as a "superanion" and a surprising autocatalytic behavior of bridging Li-O-Al products. Furthermore, dissolution of Li atoms into water produces a corrosive basic solution that inhibits the formation of a reaction-stopping oxide layer on the particle surface, thereby increasing the yield. These atomistic mechanisms not only explain recent experimental findings but also predict the scalability of this hydrogen-on-demand technology at industrial scales.
A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of probiotics in systemic sclerosis associated gastrointestinal disease (2019)

Clinicaltrials.gov; NCT01804959.
Behaviour of Water in Jet Fuel in a Simulated Fuel Tank (2011)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Experimental studies were performed to gain a better understanding of the behaviour of water in jet fuel at low temperatures. The transition of water in fuel from dissolved water to free water, and its subsequent precipitation behaviour when the fuel was cooled down, were investigated using a 20 litre glass-windowed aluminium tank. The effects of cooled internal surfaces were explored with chilled plates at the top and bottom of the aluminium tank. The tank was fitted with an array of thermocouples, which allowed horizontal and vertical temperature profiles to be measured. A laser visualisation system incorporating image processing software was used to capture images inside the simulated tank without interfering with the convective flow of the fuel.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Fuel will precipitate any excess dissolved water when cooled below the saturation temperature. The excess water may then appear in the form of fine water droplets or ice particles as a fine cloud (fog). The observed fog regimes were closely related to the cooling modes. Water/ice precipitation on a subcooled surface was also studied. The results show that water/ice deposition on the subcooled surface by the Bergeron process.</div></div>
Another Generation's Folk Art: Edward Duff Balken and His Collection of American Provincial Paintings and Drawings (1998)

Charlotte Emans Moore, Another Generation's Folk Art: Edward Duff Balken and His Collection of American Provincial Paintings and Drawings, Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University, Vol. 57, No. 1/2, A Window into Collecting American Folk Art: The Edward Duff Balken Collection at Princeton (1998), pp. 10-28
A multi-core signal processor for heterogeneous reconfigurable computing (2009)

Reconfigurable computing holds the promise of delivering ASIC-like performance while preserving run-time flexibility of processors. In many application domains, the use of FPGAs is limited by area, power, and timing overheads. Coarse-grained reconfigurable architectures offer higher computation density, but at the price of rather being domain specific. Programmability is also a major issue related to all of the described solutions. This paper describes a heterogeneous multi-core system-on-chip that exploits different flavours of reconfigurable computing, merged together in a high parallel on-chip and off-chip interconnect utilized for both data and configuration. The aim of this work is to deliver a single monolithic engine that capitalizes on the strong points of different reconfigurable fabrics, while providing a friendly programming interface. The user is ultimately able to manage a broad spectrum of different applications, exploiting the most efficient means of computation through utilization of each kernel, while retaining a software-oriented development environment as much as possible.
Naar een betrouwbare schatting van de chemische beschikbaarheid van fosfaat in de bodem (2009)

The aim of this case study was to (1) investigate differences in mechanical exposure (i.e. mechanical forces arising in the body of the operator) between two production strategies: long-cycle parallelised flow assembly (OLD) and conventional serial flow assembly (NEW), and (2) estimate potential changes in job exposure as a consequence of waste reduction when rationalising a line system. Data on postures, movements and whole body exposure were collected during an ordinary working shift, by means of video recordings synchronised to direct technical measurements of six professional operators. The results revealed the machine paced NEW system to have slower movements with less time spent in movements of high velocity compared to the self-paced OLD system. No significant differences were found between time-median posture levels. 'Disturbances' in the NEW system offered lower mechanical risk exposures compared to direct assembly work. Modelling the removal of wasteful 'disturbances' revealed both an increase in risk-implying fast movements and decrease in recovery-implying periods at low velocity - effectively isolating a work intensification. This study helps expose the complex relationship between rationalizations and mechanical exposure for system operators.
Texture Development in Titanium Nitride Films Grown by Low-Energy Ion Assisted Deposition (2000)

The development of the orientational order in thin titanium nitride films grown by low energy ion assisted titanium deposition at room temperature is studied. The preferred orientation and texture are measured in dependence on the ion energy, ion current density, angle of incidence and film thickness. The preferred orientation is changed from an {111} alignment of the TiN crystallites to the {100} orientation with increase of ion energy and ion current density. The film formation at ion bombardment under a specifically selected angle results in a totally fixed orientation or biaxial texture of the crystallites. The measurements show also that the {100} biaxial texture is changed to a {111} biaxial texture with increase of the film thickness. The texture evolution is discussed on the basis of the well-known models.