gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Source Case Investigation for Children with TB Disease in Pune, India (2014)

Setting. Contact tracing is broadly encouraged for tuberculosis (TB) control. In many high-burden countries, however, little effort is made to identify contacts of newly diagnosed TB patients. This failure puts children, many of whom live in poor crowded communities, at special risk. Objectives. To perform source-case investigations for 50 pediatric TB cases in Pune, India. Design. A descriptive cross-sectional observational study of pediatric TB cases < 5 years of age. Information was collected about the index case and household contacts. Results. In 15 (30%) of the 50 pediatric index cases, the household contained known TB contacts, 14 (86%) of whom were adults. Prior to their own diagnosis of TB, only one of the 15 pediatric index cases who met criteria for isoniazid preventive therapy received it. The index cases with known household TB contacts had a longer delay in initiating TB treatment than those without TB contacts (17.5 versus 2 days; P = 0.03). Use of contact tracing identified 14 additional household TB suspects, 8 (57%) of whom were children. Conclusions. This study identified missed opportunities for TB prevention, as contact tracing is poorly implemented in resource-limited countries, like India. Further strategies to improve the implementation of TB prevention, especially in young children, are urgently needed.
Guess Again (and Again and Again): Measuring Password Strength by Simulating Password-Cracking Algorithms (2011)

Text-based passwords remain the dominant authentication method in computer systems, despite significant advancement in attackers' capabilities to perform password cracking.In response to this threat, password composition policies have grown increasingly complex.However, there is insufficient research defining metrics to characterize password strength and evaluating password-composition policies using these metrics.In this paper, we describe an analysis of 12,000 passwords collected under seven composition policies via an online study.We develop an efficient distributed method for calculating how effectively several heuristic password-guessing algorithms guess passwords.Leveraging this method, we investigate (a) the resistance of passwords created under different conditions to password guessing; (b) the performance of guessing algorithms under different training sets; (c) the relationship between passwords explicitly created under a given composition policy and other passwords that happen to meet the same requirements; and (d) the relationship between guessability, as measured with password-cracking algorithms, and entropy estimates.We believe our findings advance understanding of both password-composition policies and metrics for quantifying password security.
High-efficiency InGaN-based light-emitting diodes with nanoporous GaN:Mg structure (2006)

In this research nanoporous structures on p-type GaN:Mg and n-type GaN:Si surfaces were fabricated through a photoelectrochemical (PEC) oxidation and an oxide-removing process. The photoluminescence (PL) intensities of GaN and InGaN∕GaN multi-quantum-well (MQW) structures were enhanced by forming this nanoporous structure to increase light extraction efficiency. The PL emission peaks of an MQW active layer have a blueshift phenomenon from 465.5nm (standard) to 456.0nm (nanoporous) measured at 300K which was caused by partially releasing the compressive strain from the top GaN:Mg layers. The internal quantum efficiency could be increased by a partial strain release that induces a lower piezoelectric field in the active layer. The thermal activation energy of a nanoporous structure (85meV) is higher than the standard one (33meV) from a temperature dependent PL measurement. The internal quantum efficiency and light extraction efficiency of an InGaN∕GaN MQW active layer are significantly enhanced by this nanoporous GaN:Mg surface, and this PEC treated nanoporous structure is suitable for high-power lighting applications.
Conversion of uridine 2′,3′-carbonates to anhydrouridines (1969)

Uridine 2′,3′-carbonates are readily converted to 2,2′-anhydrouridines in hot dimethyl formamide with base catalysis. 3′,5′-Di-O-trityluridine is converted to 3′,5′-di-O-trityl-2,2′-anyhdro-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyluracil with diphenyl carbonate in the presence of sodium bicarbonate in hot dimethyl formamide.
Warburg effect mechanism as the target for theoretical substantiation of new possibility cancer disease treatment (2011)

Borrowing a method from the folk healers A. Omelchenko and R. Brois for the treatment of oncology patients, and having evaluated the positive results of their treatment method, the author explains and further substantiates this method using the concept of the Warburg effect. In addition, the effects on an organism of this treatment method were explored by the author on himself, and those outcomes are analyzed and described. Explanations of the mechanism of the presented method are provided from the points of view of biochemistry, physical chemistry, and biophysics, and also using the concept of the Warburg effect (most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis in the cytosol, rather than by a comparatively low rate of glycolysis followed by oxidation of pyruvate in mitochondria like most normal cells). The increase in lactic acid production is the necessary endoergonic mechanism for accumulation of energy required for huge anabolic processes in glycolysis metabolism and enormous consumption of energy for anabolic processes in cancer tissue, i.e. lactic acids accumulate energy for anabolic processes in cancer tissue metabolism (see section II). Prolonged medical starvation (42-45 days) for treatment of oncologic patients was used in the presented method. Following an explanation of the distinctions between the Warburg effect and other medical targets for treatment of cancer, the author substantiates theoretically the possibility of a new method of cancer disease treatment. The presented method of cancer treatment is also described in detail. Evaluations of the mechanisms of activity of some of the medical targets that are used in modern methods are given, also using the Warburg effect mechanism. In addition, the author suggests possible modes to integrate the presented method of treatment for cancer with modern cancer treatment methods, and encourages their pursuit following detailed clinical trials.
Antenatal steroids may reduce adverse neurological outcome following chorioamnionitis: Neurodevelopmental outcome and chorioamnionitis in premature infants (2005)

Risk of intraventricular haemorrhage or intraparenchymal echodensity and cerebral palsy was associated with in utero inflammation in the absence of a complete course of antenatal steroids. A complete course of antenatal steroids appeared to extinguish any association between in utero inflammation and adverse neurological outcome.
A tumor-cell-agglutinating lectin in snail mucus from Arion lusitanicus (MAB) and Arion empiricorum (Fér.). (1977)

A lectin which agglutinates Zajdela hepatoma cells; rat red cells and lymphocytes, but no normal rat liver cells, was detected in the mucus, yielded by simple saline extraction, of the two snail species Arion empiricorum (Fér.) and Arion lusitanicus (MAB). The agglutination spectrum involves also human erythrocytes and red cells of several animal species.
KINETICS OF SIMIAN VIRUS 40 AND LAMBDA INACTIVATION BY PHOTOADDITION OF PSORALEN DERIVATIVES (1982)

Abstract The kinetics of psora/en photoinactivation of two distinct DNA viruses, bacteriophage λ and the papovavirus SV40 were investigated. When λ is treated with near ultraviolet light (UVA, 320‐400 nm) and 4,5′,8‐trimethylpsoralen (TMP) at 1 μg/m/, the phage is rapidly inactivated. The survival curve exhibits a distinct shoulder indicating second or higher‐order kinetics. SV40, on the other hand, is much more resistant to psoralen photoinactivation and the survival curve is linear, reflecting first order or‘pseudo‐first order’kinetics. Two TMP derivatives with increased solubility in aqueous solutions, 4′‐aminomethyl‐TMP and 4′‐hydroxymethyl‐TMP, were similarly tested. In both virus systems, TMP was much more effective. In experiments designed to examine the role of psoralen cross‐link formation in virus inactivation, treated samples were irradiated a second time in the absence of drug. Since reirradiation causes a decline in λ infectivity as great as that observed in continuously irradiated samples, cross‐links are implicated as the primary lethal event. In the case of SV40, the results of such a protocol suggest that both monoadducts and cross‐links may be lethal or that monoadduct formation may be rate‐limiting.
A high performance FPGA implementation of DES (2002)

FPGAs have proven to be very effective and efficient devices on which to implement encryption algorithms. They perform at much faster data-rates and provide better security than equivalent software implementations. They also provide more flexibility than ASIC implementations. This paper presents a high performance silicon intellectual property (IP) core for the data encryption standard (DES) encryption algorithm. The 16-stage pipelined DES design runs at an encryption rate of 3.87 Gbits/s using Xilinx Virtex FPGA technology making this the fastest single-chip DES FPGA implementation reported to date. This result is a factor 28 times faster than software implementations.
An All-DC Offshore Wind Farm With Series-Connected Turbines: An Alternative to the Classical Parallel AC Model? (2012)

In this paper, the concept of an all-dc wind park with series-connected turbines is investigated as an alternative to the classical ac parallel or radial wind park. This paper presents a literature overview of all-dc wind park concepts with series connection. A three-phase conversion system with permanent magnet machine, ac-ac converter, high-frequency transformer, and diode bridge rectifier is suggested in this paper for the series connection of dc turbines. The dc series park with the suggested conversion system is compared in terms of losses, cost, and reliability to the state-of-the-art park configuration which is the ac radial park with HVDC transmission. It is found that the dc series park becomes comparable with the ac radial design for high ratings of the dc turbines. Furthermore, the comparison shows that emphasis must be put on reducing the losses in the conversion system of the dc turbine and, particularly, the ac-ac converter. Therefore, the efficiency of the ac-ac converter is compared for three different topologies: the direct matrix converter, the indirect matrix converter, and the conventional back-to-back converter. The direct matrix converter is found to be the most efficient, suitable for the suggested conversion system.
Object Tracking by Oversampling Local Features (2014)

In this paper, we present the ALIEN tracking method that exploits oversampling of local invariant representations to build a robust object/context discriminative classifier. To this end, we use multiple instances of scale invariant local features weakly aligned along the object template. This allows taking into account the 3D shape deviations from planarity and their interactions with shadows, occlusions, and sensor quantization for which no invariant representations can be defined. A non-parametric learning algorithm based on the transitive matching property discriminates the object from the context and prevents improper object template updating during occlusion. We show that our learning rule has asymptotic stability under mild conditions and confirms the drift-free capability of the method in long-term tracking. A real-time implementation of the ALIEN tracker has been evaluated in comparison with the state-of-the-art tracking systems on an extensive set of publicly available video sequences that represent most of the critical conditions occurring in real tracking environments. We have reported superior or equal performance in most of the cases and verified tracking with no drift in very long video sequences.
Intrinsic Response Time of Normally Off MESFET's of GaAs, Si, and InP (1980)

A response time of normally off MESFET's for high-speed Iogic circuits made of GaAs, Si, and InP was calculated using a two-dimensional numerical analysis. The results indicate that GaAs is the best material among them. The step response of the InP FET is not as fast as expected from v/E characteristics due to low electric field in the channel for low-power logic operation of a normally off FET.
Genomic characterization of the<i>Bacillus cereus</i>sensu lato species: Backdrop to the evolution of<i>Bacillus anthracis</i> (2012)

The key genes required for Bacillus anthracis to cause anthrax have been acquired recently by horizontal gene transfer. To understand the genetic background for the evolution of B. anthracis virulence, we obtained high-redundancy genome sequences of 45 strains of the Bacillus cereus sensu lato (s.l.) species that were chosen for their genetic diversity within the species based on the existing multilocus sequence typing scheme. From the resulting data, we called more than 324,000 new genes representing more than 12,333 new gene families for this group. The core genome size for the B. cereus s.l. group was ∼1750 genes, with another 2150 genes found in almost every genome constituting the extended core. There was a paucity of genes specific and conserved in any clade. We found no evidence of recent large-scale gene loss in B. anthracis or for unusual accumulation of nonsynonymous DNA substitutions in the chromosome; however, several B. cereus genomes isolated from soil and not previously associated with human disease were degraded to various degrees. Although B. anthracis has undergone an ecological shift within the species, its chromosome does not appear to be exceptional on a macroscopic scale compared with close relatives.
[Role of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B in the type 2 diabetes and obesity]. (2004)

PTP1B is a ubiquitously expressed intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatase. Several lines of evidence support an important role for protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B(PTP1B) in metabolism, and specially in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Overexpression of PTP1B protein has been observed in insulin-resistant states associated with obesity. PTP1B is a negative regulator of insulin and leptin signaling, PTP1B inhibitors might be efficacious in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity by increasing insulin and leptin sensitivity.
300 km-ultralong Raman fiber lasers using a distributed mirror for sensing applications (2011)

Several configurations of ultralong Raman fiber lasers (URFL) based on a distributed mirror combined with Bragg gratings or fiber loop mirrors are studied. Two continuous-wave URFL configurations, with single and cascaded cavities using fiber Bragg gratings as mirrors are explored for a 300 km long fiber. For optical sensing, the cavity length was optimized for 250 km using one of the gratings an intensity sensor. Another URFL configuration based in a fiber loop mirror is also reported. For optical sensing using a 300 km long fiber it is shown that the best choice is a hybrid configuration. The sensitivity of the FBG laser sensor range was from (76 ± 2) × 10⁻⁶ με⁻¹ (for lower strain) to (9.0 ± 0.4) × 10⁻⁶ με⁻¹ (for higher strain).
Characterization of Gentamicin‐Resistant Respiratory‐Deficient (<i>Res</i><sup>−</sup>) Variant Strains of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (1990)

Exposure of sensitive cells of Staphylococcus aureus to concentrations of gentamicin higher than the minimal inhibitory concentration, results in the recovery of low level resistant strains with a greatly altered phenotype (variants). Because the phenotypic alteration in these strains is so great the expected diagnostic characterization of these variants as S. aureus is obscured. Starting with a genetically-marked parent strain, a comprehensive cytological, physiological, morphological, genetic and biochemical analysis of the variants isolated from it was carried out. The genetic lineage of the variants to the parent was also established by DNA/DNA hybridization. Variants result from mutations in the hemin biosynthesis locus, the effect of which is to disrupt the synthesis of components of the electron transport system, lipid synthesis and selected nucleotide synthesis. Thus the strains are defective in aerobic and anaerobic respiration, (res-), in active transport of aminoglycosides (which confers low level resistance), export of characteristic exo-enzymes, and in cell wall composition and structure.
Development of an Immunoassay-Based Lateral Flow Dipstick for the Rapid Detection of Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> in Pig Feed (2005)

The aim of this work was to develop an immunoassay-based lateral flow dipstick for the rapid detection of aflatoxin B(1) in pig feed. The test consisted of three main components: conjugate pad, membrane, and absorbent pad. The membrane was coated with two capture reagents, that is, aflatoxin B(1)-bovine serum albumin conjugate and rabbit anti-mouse antibodies. The detector reagent consisted of colloidal gold particles coated with affinity-purified monoclonal anti-aflatoxin B(1) antibodies, which saturated the conjugate pad. A comparison of several extraction methods for the pig feed matrix is presented. A mixture of methanol/water (80:20, v/v) gave the best recoveries. After sample extraction and dilution, the dipstick was put in the sample solution at the conjugate pad side and developed for 10 min. Analyte present in the sample competed with the aflatoxin B(1) immobilized on the membrane for binding to the limited amount of antibodies in the detector reagent. Thus, the line color intensity of an aflatoxin B(1)-positive dipstick is visually distinguishable from that of an aflatoxin B(1)-negative sample. The visual detection limit for aflatoxin B(1) is 5 microg/kg. The major advantages of this one-step striptest are that results can be obtained within 10 min and that all reagents are immobilized on the lateral flow dipstick.
Novel Imidazolidine-Tetrazole Organocatalyst for Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Nitroalkanes (2005)

The Michael addition of nitroalkanes to alpha,beta-unsaturated enones catalyzed by a novel chiral imidazolidine-2-yltetrazole organocatalyst has been investigated. The new more soluble organocatalyst decreases reaction times and improves enantioselectivities compared to other catalysts. The Michael addition adducts were obtained with up to 92% ee. [reaction: see text]
PvuII polymorphic sites in the human insulin receptor gene INSR (1986)

to the poly A tract of the human insulin receptor gene (Ullrich et al., 1985).
Exploration of Dual Fuel Diesel Engine Operation with On-Board Fuel Reforming (2017)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Many dual fuel technologies have been proposed for diesel engines. Implementing dual fuel modes can lead to emissions reductions or increased efficiency through using partially premixed combustion and fuel reactivity control. All dual fuel systems have the practical disadvantage that a secondary fuel storage and delivery system must be included. Reforming the primary diesel to a less reactive vaporized fuel on-board has potential to overcome this key disadvantage. Most previous research regarding on-board fuel reforming has been focused on producing significant quantities of hydrogen. However, only partially reforming the primary fuel is sufficient to vaporize and create a less volatile fuel that can be fumigated into an engine intake. At lower conversion efficiency and higher equivalence ratio, reforming reactors retain higher percentage of the inlet fuel’s heating value thus allowing for greater overall engine system efficiency. The experimental work described in this paper successfully demonstrates that a thermally integrated reforming reactor using exhaust gas recirculation mixed with vaporized diesel fuel as reactants can effectively reform diesel fuel with high conversion efficiency. The engine was operated at two speed and load settings and achieved lower soot, but higher CO and THC emissions. Overall engine efficiency was decreased compared to conventional diesel combustion; loss of fuel heating value in the reforming reactor did not allow the engine to achieve efficiencies found for operation with no reforming. Additional work is required to improve diesel fuel vaporization prior to the reactor and to operate at higher reformer equivalence ratio, thereby increasing overall engine thermal efficiency.</div></div>
Graphical tools for rule development in the active DBMS SAMOS (1997)

Summary form only given. Active database management systems (active DBMS) support the definition, management and execution of event/condition/action rules specifying reactive application behavior. Although the advantages of active mechanisms are nowadays well known, there is still no wide use in practice. One main problem is that especially for large rule sets, defined by different persons at different points in time, potential conflicts and dependencies between rules are hard to predict and rule behavior is difficult to control. Therefore, tools are needed to assist the development and maintenance of rule bases. These tools should provide for graphical interfaces supporting both, "static" activities (performed during rule specification) such as rule editing, browsing, design, rule analysis, and "dynamic" activities (performed at runtime, during the execution of an application) such as testing, debugging and understanding of rule behavior. The aim of the article is to show the use of three of these tools, namely the rule editor, the browser and the termination analyzer in the process of developing applications for the active object oriented DBMS SAMOS.
Hyaluronan (HA) fragments induce chemokine gene expression in alveolar macrophages. The role of HA size and CD44. (1996)

Hyaluronan (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan constituent of extracellular matrix. In its native form HA exists as a high molecular weight polymer, but during inflammation lower molecular weight fragments accumulate. We have identified a collection of inflammatory genes induced in macrophages by HA fragments but not by high molecular weight HA. These include several members of the chemokine gene family: macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta, cytokine responsive gene-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted. HA fragments as small as hexamers are capable of inducing expression of these genes in a mouse alveolar macrophage cell line, and monoclonal antibody to the HA receptor CD44 completely blocks binding of fluorescein-labeled HA to these cells and significantly inhibits HA-induced gene expression. We also investigated the ability of HA fragments to induce chemokine gene expression in human alveolar macrophages from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and found that interleukin-8 mRNA is markedly induced. These data support the hypothesis that HA fragments generated during inflammation induce the expression of macrophage genes which are important in the development and maintenance of the inflammatory response.
Nebraska Red: a phosphinate-based near-infrared fluorophore scaffold for chemical biology applications (2016)

A series of novel phosphinate-based dyes displaying near-infrared fluorescence (NIR) are reported. These dyes exhibit remarkable photostability and brightness. The phosphinate functionality is leveraged as an additional reactive handle in order to tune cell permeability as well as provide a proof-of-principle for a self-reporting small molecule delivery vehicle.