gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Grid connection of offshore wind farm based DFIG with low frequency AC transmission system (2012)

This paper uses a simulation to investigate the feasibility of applying low frequency AC (LFAC) transmission technology to connect large offshore wind farms to the onshore power system. Compared to the conventional AC transmission system with a power frequency of 50 or 60 Hz, the LFAC system can transfer more power through longer distance and with lower investment costs than the HVDC solution. Firstly, the characteristics of power cable operation at low frequency are discussed. Then a grid connection of an offshore wind farm based on a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) through LFAC is studied. The simulation results show that there are no difficulties for the wind farm based DFIG when it operates at low frequency. Moreover, the reactive power control at the line side of DFIG can be applied to improve the operation of the cable.
Role of mexA-mexB-oprM in antibiotic efflux in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1995)

We have earlier described mexA-mexB-oprK, an operon involved in pyoverdine export in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and suggested that the products of these genes also contribute to the active efflux of several antibiotics (K. Poole, K. Krebes, C. McNally, and S. Neshat, J. Bacteriol. 175:7363-7372, 1993). Recently the outer membrane component of this efflux system was shown to be OprM, rather than OprK (N. Gotoh and K. Poole, unpublished results). In the present study, the conclusion concerning the efflux activity of this system was confirmed and extended by the measurement of drug accumulation in intact cells. Thus, the steady-state accumulation levels of tetracycline and norfloxacin were increased in mexA and oprM null mutants. mexA and oprM null mutants also showed an increase in susceptibility to a wide variety of beta-lactam antibiotics and an increase in the steady-state accumulation level of benzylpenicillin, indicating that the MexA-MexB-OprM pump also effluxes beta-lactams. Furthermore, deenergization of the cytoplasmic membrane with a proton conductor always produced a strong increase in the accumulation level. Finally, a single-step mutant over-producing MexAB-OprM accumulated less tetracycline and chloramphenicol than the parent strain and was more resistant to a wide range of antimicrobial compounds, including beta-lactams. These results support the notion that these proteins contribute to the intrinsic resistance of P. aeruginosa through the multidrug active efflux process.
All-optical fluorescence image recovery using modulated stimulated emission depletion (2011)

Fluorescence modulation for selective recovery of desired fluorescence signals has to date required careful fluorophore selection combined with repeated optical recovery from long-lived photoinduced dark states. Adapting an all-optical scheme, modulated Stimulated Emission Depletion generalizes such modulation schemes by eliminating the need for dark state residence by directly optically depopulating the emissive state at any externally applied frequency. Using two overlapped Gaussian laser spots with the depletion beam being intensity-modulated, fluorescence modulation is readily achieved with a depletion ratio governed by the intensity of the depleting laser. Selective image recovery of otherwise unmodulatable fluorophore signals is directly achieved through this all-optical modulation, and common STED-degrading multiphoton-excited background is readily discriminated against. Both beads and dyes in solution as well as fluorophores bound within fixed cells are readily imaged in this manner.
Cell cycle kinase inhibitor expression and hypoxia-induced cell cycle arrest in human cancer cell lines (2004)

Flow cytometric analysis of fibroblasts, normal breast epithelial cells and breast or other cancer cell lines identified variation in the abilities of cell lines to undergo cell cycle arrest as a response to hypoxia. Human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC), normal fibroblasts (Hs68 and WI38), HeLa cervical carcinoma and HTB-30 breast carcinoma cells arrest in G 1 /S in response to severe hypoxia. Hep3B hepatocellular carcinoma cells did not exhibit orderly G 1 /S arrest in response to severe hypoxia. We found a general decrease in p16 INK4a (p16) mRNA levels, with an associated decrease in p16 protein levels in both normal cells and in cancer cells, regardless of their cell cycle response to hypoxia. p27 protein levels did not correlate with the cell line's ability to enter a hypoxic G 1 /S arrest. Furthermore, cell lines that underwent G 1 /S arrest showed decreased expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1a) and at least one member of INK4 or Sdi cell cycle kinase inhibitors families after 12--24 h of hypoxia. Conversely, Hep3B, which did not exhibit orderly hypoxiaassociated G 1 /S arrest, also did not show decreased HIF-1a, INK4 or Sdi protein levels in hypoxia. Furthermore, Hep3B showed constitutive activating phosphorylation of Akt and inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK3b, which was the opposite pattern to that exhibited by the cell lines showing the G 1 /S arrest phenotype. Inhibition of GSK3b by lithium chloride treatment of HeLa cells converted the HIF-1a, p16 and p27 loss to levels unchanged by hypoxic exposure. Our results suggest that regulation of the cell cycle during hypoxia in either normal or cancer cells is not simply due to up-regulation of cell cycle kinase inhibitors. Furthermore, decreased protein expression of HIF-1a, p16 and p27 was associated with both a hypoxiainduced G 1 /S arrest phenotype and increased GSK3b activity.
A Real Implementation of DPI in 3G Network (2010)

In 3G mobile communication system, mobile broadband data services create great opportunities on revenue growth for network carriers. In the mean time, the dramatically increased subscribers make the access and core network more and more over-loaded everyday. Unfortunately, majority of wireless bandwidth is consumed by non revenue driven application traffic such as the P2P downloading, illegal VoIP and file sharing that launched by minority of subscribers. This phenomenon seriously affects the experience of normal users. From the perspective of network carriers, network performance and user behavior should be monitored to detect mis-conducts and abnormal utilization in real time so as to achieve utilization fairness and efficiency. In this paper, we implement the deep packet inspection (DPI) technology into the CDMA 1x EV DO mobile network packet switch (PS) domain and construct a DPI based network traffic monitoring, analysis and management system. With the system, subscriber, cell, base station, PCF and PDSN based traffic monitoring and control, and application based traffic management is enabled. As a result, network capacity has been fully utilized by setting the application rate threshold, customer satisfaction has been greatly improved by keeping fair bandwidth utilization.
High-performance dual-gate carbon nanotube FETs with 40-nm gate length (2005)

We report on a high-performance back-gated carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNFET) with a peak transconductance of 12.5 μS and a delay time per unit length of /spl tau//L=19 ps/μm. In order to minimize the parasitic capacitances and optimize the performance of scaled CNFETs, we have utilized a dual-gate design and have fabricated a 40-nm-gate CNFET possessing excellent subthreshold and output characteristics without exhibiting short-channel effects.
The bidirectional capacity of bacterial antigens to modulate allergy and asthma (2002)

In recent decades, the prevalence of allergic diseases including bronchial asthma, hay fever and atopic dermatitis, has risen steadily in high-income countries. The underlying mechanisms for this phenomenon remain largely unknown. Since the natural mutation rate is low, altered environmental and lifestyle conditions are thought to play an important role. Epidemiological and clinical studies have provided indirect evidence that infections may prevent the development of atopy and atopic disease. This is referred to as the "hygiene hypothesis". According to the hygiene hypothesis, viral and/or bacterial infections could inhibit the T-helper (Th)-2 immune response associated with atopic reactions by stimulating a Th-1 response involved in defence of bacterial infections and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. In particular, the prenatal period and early childhood are considered to be critical for the establishment and maintenance of a normal Th-1/Th-2 balance. On the other hand, several studies suggested that infections exacerbate established allergic diseases, e.g. bronchial asthma, airway hyperresponsiveness and atopic dermatitis. Therefore, viral and/or microbial infections and/or their products may have bidirectional effects on the development of allergy and asthma. This review will focus on recent findings related to the interaction between allergic disorders and infectious diseases, with the main emphasis on bacterial infections.
REMARKS ON THE AUDOUINELLA MICROSCOPICA (NÄG.) WOELKERLING COMPLEX, WITH A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE GENUS CHROMASTRUM PAPENFUSS (RHODOPHYTA, NEMALIALES) (1979)

Observations are presented on the life histories and morphological variability of Swedish material of Chromastrum moniliforme (Rosenvinge) Papenfuss and Chromastrum collopodum (Rosenvinge) Papenfuss. The life history of C. moniliforme fits in with the general pattern of the genus Chromastrum, showing a combination of a gametophyte with a unicellular base and a tetrasporophyte with a septately germinating spore and a multicellular base. The same holds true for C. collopodum, except that in the tetrasporophyte the germination is occasionally aseptate. It is concluded that the nature of variation between some members of the Audouinella microscopica (Näg.) Woelkerling complex is largely genotypic, and our work does not support the hypothesis of their conspecificity. In addition, a brief survey is given of the genus Chromastrum Papenfuss, with an evaluation of most morphotaxonomic characters. Some 60 described species are presently thought to belong to this genus. A considerable reduction of this number must be anticipated for two reasons: first, generations of one life history have usually been described as two different systematic entities; second, morphologically similar species may prove conspecific, in view of the variability of some characters in culture. The genus Chromastrum is cosmopolitan, with probably a maximum diversity in the North Atlantic Ocean, and a low representation in tropical seas.
Administration of IL-33 induces airway hyperresponsiveness and goblet cell hyperplasia in the lungs in the absence of adaptive immune system (2008)

Systemic administration of IL-18 induces polyclonal IgE responses by causing NKT cells to express CD40 ligand and to produce IL-4. Administration of IL-33 also induces IgE response, although the mechanism underlying IgE response is unclear. Here, we compared the effects of IL-18 and IL-33 on bone marrow-derived mast cells and basophils as well as non-polarized and T(h)2-polarized CD4(+) T cells in vitro. Basophils, comprising IL-18Ralpha(+) cells (14.2%) and IL-33Ralpha(+) cells (34.6%), and mast cells, comprising IL-18Ralpha(+) cells (2.0%) and IL-33Ralpha(+) cells (95.6%), produce IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and chemokines (RANTES, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and MCP-1), upon stimulation with IL-18 and/or IL-33 in the presence of IL-3. Only basophils strongly produce IL-4. Furthermore, compared with mast cells, basophils produce larger amounts of the above cytokines and chemokines in response to IL-33. Level of IL-33Rbeta-mRNA expression in basophils is higher than that in mast cells. Effect of IL-33 is dependent on ST2 binding, and its signal is transduced via MyD88 in vitro. We also found that IL-2 plus IL-18 or IL-33 alone stimulates non-polarized or T(h)2-polarized CD4(+) T cells to produce IL-4 and IL-13 or IL-5 and IL-13, respectively. We finally showed that administration of IL-33 into mice ST2/MyD88 dependently induces airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and goblet cell hyperplasia by induction of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in the lungs. Furthermore, same treatment of RAG-2(-/-) mice, lacking T and B cells, more strikingly induced AHR with marked goblet cell hyperplasia and eosinophilic infiltration in the lungs. Thus, IL-33 induces asthma-like symptom entirely independent of acquired immune system.
IL1RAP antibodies block IL-1–induced expansion of candidate CML stem cells and mediate cell killing in xenograft models (2016)

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is currently treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, but these do not effectively eliminate the CML stem cells. As a consequence, CML stem cells persist and cause relapse in most patients upon drug discontinuation. Furthermore, no effective therapy exists for the advanced stages of the disease. Interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP; IL1R3) is a coreceptor of interleukin-1 receptor type 1 and has been found upregulated on CML stem cells. Here, we show that primitive (CD34<sup>+</sup>CD38<sup>-</sup>) CML cells, in contrast to corresponding normal cells, express a functional interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor complex and respond with NF-κB activation and marked proliferation in response to IL-1. IL1RAP antibodies that inhibit IL-1 signaling could block these effects. In vivo administration of IL1RAP antibodies in mice transplanted with chronic and blast phase CML cells resulted in therapeutic effects mediated by murine effector cells. These results provide novel insights into the role of IL1RAP in CML and a strong rationale for the development of an IL1RAP antibody therapy to target residual CML stem cells.
Structural and thermodynamic analysis of the GFP:GFP‐nanobody complex (2010)

The green fluorescent protein (GFP)-nanobody is a single-chain VHH antibody domain developed with specific binding activity against GFP and is emerging as a powerful tool for isolation and cellular engineering of fluorescent protein fusions in many different fields of biological research. Using X-ray crystallography and isothermal titration calorimetry, we determine the molecular details of GFP:GFP-nanobody complex formation and explain the basis of high affinity and at the same time high specificity of protein binding. Although the GFP-nanobody can also bind YFP, it cannot bind the closely related CFP or other fluorescent proteins from the mFruit series. CFP differs from GFP only within the central chromophore and at one surface amino acid position, which lies in the binding interface. Using this information, we have engineered a CFP variant (I146N) that is also able to bind the GFP-nanobody with high affinity, thus extending the toolbox of genetically encoded fluorescent probes that can be isolated using the GFP-nanobody.
Reforming Welfare with Family Caps (2007)

Abstract This chapter presents an introduction to the Family Cap. The Family Cap or child exclusion attempted to reform welfare by targeting a woman’s decision to conceive and bring a baby to term while receiving benefits under the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program. Currently, twenty-three states have some form of Family Cap in place with most following the “gestation period” model first implemented by New Jersey in October 1992. Under this model, benefit caps apply to any child who is born ten or more months subsequent to the mother’s application for or receipt of TANF or AFDC. Since a woman must have given birth to a child (or children) in order to qualify for TANF/AFDC in the first place, Family Caps cannot be applied to a child (or children) born outside of welfare or to a child (or children) receiving benefits prior to a Cap’s implementation. Hence, Family Caps can only target subsequent births.
Synthesis, crystal structure, thermal and luminescence properties of CuX(2,3-dimethylpyrazine) (X = Cl, Br, I) coordination polymers (2007)

Three new coordination polymers based on CuI and 2,3-dimethylpyrazine (2,3-dmpyz) were prepared, structurally characterized and investigated for their thermal and luminescence properties. In the ligand rich 2:3 compound [(CuI)2(2,3-dmpyz)3] (CuI)2 dimers are found, which are connected by the N-donor ligands into chains, whereas in the structure of the 1:1 intermediate [(CuI)(2,3-dmpyz)] (CuI)4 tetramers are found, which are also connected into chains. The crystal structure of the ligand deficient 2:1 compound [(CuI)2(2,3-dmpyz)] is built up of CuI double chains, which are connected by the 2,3-dmpyz ligands into layers. Thermal decomposition of results in its direct transformation into the ligand deficient compound , without the formation of the 1:1 compound as an intermediate. A similar thermal reactivity is found for compound , which transforms into on heating. Stirring of a crystalline suspension of pure or in acetonitrile, always leads to a transformation into the ligand deficient compound indicating that compound is the most stable of all the coordination polymers, whereas compounds and are metastable. The luminescence properties of the CuCl and CuI coordination polymers were investigated at 298 and 77K. It was observed that the emission maxima strongly depends on the nature of the halide atom and the composition and structure of the coordination polymers. In addition, several of these compounds show luminescence thermochromism. These results are compared with those obtained for the previously reported CuCl and CuBr(2,3-dimethylpyrazine) coordination polymers.
Investigation into the Application of Winglets on Canards for Tip Vortex Position Improvement (2011)

The canard configuration offers a number of advantages over the conventional tail aft arrangement and has been successfully used since the earliest years of aeroplane flight. The canard configuration has a significant disadvantage in that the trailing tip vortices can interfere with the wing which is the main lifting surface of the aircraft. Winglets attached to the canards are a potential means of relocating the vortex to a more desirable position. The aim of this project was to visually investigate the tip vortex position improvement of the winglet on a canard. This was achieved through the use of wind tunnel testing of a model canard configuration and determining the relative change in position of the tip vortex with the addition of a winglet. The model design and development was supported by a thorough literature review of the aerodynamic benefits and design detail of winglets and the design requirements and issues on canards. Visualisation of the vortex position was achieved through the use of tuft visualisation methods. Testing of the model involved comparing the change in intensity of the canard tip vortex and downstream interference effects on the wing with the addition of winglets. The conclusion was drawn that the addition of winglets to a canard surface visibly decreased the canard tip vortex and repositioned it to the winglet tip.
Indexing and retrieval strategies for natural language fact retrieval (1983)

Researchers in artificial intelligence have recently become interested in natural language fact retrieval; currently, their research is at a point where it can begin contributing to the field of Information Retrieval. In this paper, strategies for a natural language fact retrieval system are mapped out, and approaches to many of the organization and retrieval problems are presented. The CYRUS system, which keeps track of important people and is queried in English, is presented and used to illustrate those solutions.
Rheological properties of polypropylenes with different molecular weight distribution characteristics (2002)

Abstract Relationships between the rheological properties and the molecular weight distribution of two polypropylene series with different molecular weight distribution characteristics were studied. The end correction coefficient in capillary flow is determined by the molecular weight M w and the molecular weight distribution M w /M n , and is higher as both characteristic values are larger. The die swell ratio at a constant shear rate depends on M w , M w /M n , and M z /M w , and is higher as the three characteristic values are larger. The critical shear rate at which a melt fracture begins to occurs depends on the molecular weight M w and the molecular weight distribution M z /M w , and is proportional to M z /M w 2 in a log–log plot. The critical shear stress does not depend on the molecular weight, and is higher as M z /M w is higher. The zero‐shear viscosity is determined by a molecular weight of slightly higher order than M w , and the characteristic relaxation time is determined by M z . The storage modulus at a constant loss modulus scarcely depends on the molecular weight, and is higher as the molecular weight distribution M w /M n is higher. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2128–2141, 2002
EnsNet: Ensconce Text in the Wild (2019)

A new method is proposed for removing text from natural images. The challenge is to first accurately localize text on the stroke-level and then replace it with a visually plausible background. Unlike previous methods that require image patches to erase scene text, our method, namely ensconce network (EnsNet), can operate end-to-end on a single image without any prior knowledge. The overall structure is an end-to-end trainable FCN-ResNet-18 network with a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN). The feature of the former is first enhanced by a novel lateral connection structure and then refined by four carefully designed losses: multiscale regression loss and content loss, which capture the global discrepancy of different level features; texture loss and total variation loss, which primarily target filling the text region and preserving the reality of the background. The latter is a novel local-sensitive GAN, which attentively assesses the local consistency of the text erased regions. Both qualitative and quantitative sensitivity experiments on synthetic images and the ICDAR 2013 dataset demonstrate that each component of the EnsNet is essential to achieve a good performance. Moreover, our EnsNet can significantly outperform previous state-of-the-art methods in terms of all metrics. In addition, a qualitative experiment conducted on the SBMNet dataset further demonstrates that the proposed method can also preform well on general object (such as pedestrians) removal tasks. EnsNet is extremely fast, which can preform at 333 fps on an i5-8600 CPU device.