gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Towards Making Unlabeled Data Never Hurt (2014)

It is usually expected that learning performance can be improved by exploiting unlabeled data, particularly when the number of labeled data is limited. However, it has been reported that, in some cases existing semi-supervised learning approaches perform even worse than supervised ones which only use labeled data. For this reason, it is desirable to develop safe semi-supervised learning approaches that will not significantly reduce learning performance when unlabeled data are used. This paper focuses on improving the safeness of semi-supervised support vector machines (S3VMs). First, the S3VM-us approach is proposed. It employs a conservative strategy and uses only the unlabeled instances that are very likely to be helpful, while avoiding the use of highly risky ones. This approach improves safeness but its performance improvement using unlabeled data is often much smaller than S3VMs. In order to develop a safe and well-performing approach, we examine the fundamental assumption of S3VMs, i.e., low-density separation. Based on the observation that multiple good candidate low-density separators may be identified from training data, safe semi-supervised support vector machines (S4VMs) are here proposed. This approach uses multiple low-density separators to approximate the ground-truth decision boundary and maximizes the improvement in performance of inductive SVMs for any candidate separator. Under the assumption employed by S3VMs, it is here shown that S4VMs are provably safe and that the performance improvement using unlabeled data can be maximized. An out-of-sample extension of S4VMs is also presented. This extension allows S4VMs to make predictions on unseen instances. Our empirical study on a broad range of data shows that the overall performance of S4VMs is highly competitive with S3VMs, whereas in contrast to S3VMs which hurt performance significantly in many cases, S4VMs rarely perform worse than inductive SVMs.
Hydrogenolysis of Methylcyclopentane by Supported Pt-Re Catalyst (1982)

目的: 白金触媒の表面構造に敏感であることが知られている反応によって, 作用状態にある白金-レニウムバイメタル触媒の特徴を検討する。方法: 常圧流通式反応装置により, γ-アルミナを担体としレニウム濃度を広範囲に変えたバイメタル触媒を用いてメチルシクロペンタンを水素化分解し, この反応に対する還元温度, レニウム濃度の影響を検討した。成果: 触媒性能に対するレニウムの添加効果は触媒を高温で還元した場合に顕著に認められた。この場合, 活性はレニウムの添加量にほぼ比例し, 選択性は白金単味, レニウム単味のいずれとも明らかに相違しており, 高温還元による白金とレニウムの合金形成が示唆された。
Complex Hydrogel Systems Composed of Polymers, Liposomes, and Cyclodextrins: Implications of Composition on Rheological Properties and Aging (2009)

Rheological properties of complex hydrogels containing different amounts of liposomes and/or cyclodextrin (CD) were evaluated. Sonicated unilamellar vesicles (SUV) were loaded in a hydrogel composed of Carbopol 974 NF and hydroxyethylcellulose (Natrosol 250 HX). Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and hydrogenated-PC (HPC) liposomes, both mixed with cholesterol in a 2:1 lipid/chol mol ratio, were used. In some cases, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin was also added (100 or 400 mg/mL). Gels were incubated at 40 °C/75% humidity for 7 days or 1 month to evaluate the effect of aging on their rheological properties. FTIR and DSC studies were performed to investigate possible interactions between the polymers and CD molecules at different CD concentrations. Static and dynamic rheological measurements were carried out. All gels had shear-thinning behavior (fitted well by the Cross model) with the exception of gels containing high concentrations of CD that were transformed into nonflowing elastic sticky solids, especially after aging. The more pronounced elastic behavior of gels containing 400 mg/mL CD is reflected by the higher values of relaxation strengths over all relaxation times. Complete interaction between polymers and CD, in the high-CD-content gels, as proven by FTIR and DSC studies, explains the dominating contribution of CD on gel characteristics. The addition of liposomes to such CD-containing gels has a substantial effect on their rheological properties, which are dependent on the liposome type (HPC/chol liposomes > PC/chol) and the lipid/CD ratio. This is explained by the “neutralization” of some CD molecules that prefer to interact with chol molecules that they extract from the lipid membranes. Gels with a high CD concentration (400 mg/mL) are almost insensitive to aging, whereas all other gels become slightly more elastic and less viscous as aging proceeds.
West Nile Virus in Nassau County, New York: The Long Island Experience (2000)

Klein, Natalie C.; Johnson, Diane H.; Cunha, Burke A.; Minnaganti, Venkat; Hansen, Eric Author Information
Cisplatin and platinum analogues (1992)

Cisplatin is a critically important antineoplastic agent employed in treating patients who have a broad spectrum of neoplasms. Resistance to this agent poses a serious clinical dilemma. The objective of this review is to summarize the principal mechanisms that contribute to cytotoxicity by this agent and underlie resistance. Knowledge of these processes provides a rational basis for developing therapeutic strategies to circumvent resistance.
Threshold-voltage anomaly in sub-0.2 μm DRAM buried-channel pFET devices (2002)

Measurements and simulation have been used to study threshold-voltage (V/sub t/) dependence on gate oxide thickness (t/sub ox/) for long-channel buried-channel (BC-) pFET devices in sub-0.2 /spl mu/m CMOS technologies. The combination of the dual gate oxide process using N/sub 2/ implantation to create the thinner gate oxide and well RTA results in the thinner t/sub ox/ devices having higher V/sub t/, contrary to expectation (V/sub t/-t/sub ox/ anomaly). Detailed analysis of doping profiles, depletion contours, and electric potential confirms this anomaly both in the enhancement and depletion modes of operation. These studies show that a balance of net doping between that near the surface and that around the BC-layer is a stringent requirement for the Vt control in BC-pFETS.
Randomized PWM for conductive EMI reduction in DC-DC choppers (2005)

In this paper, a comparative investigation of different random modulation schemes against the normal pulsewidth modulation (PWM) for the DC motor drive with step-down chopper (buck) and half-bridge configuration is presented. For this purpose, an experimental setup with DSP2 board has been developed. The board consists of the signal processor TMS320C32 which is suitable for verifying the different modulations strategies. The effectiveness of randomization on spreading the dominating frequencies that normally exist in constantfrequency PWM schemes is evaluated by the power spectral density (PSD) estimations in the low-frequency range. Finally, one universal demo board with two power converters configuration (driven by the micro controller PICF16F876) has been used in EMI measurements to comply with the CISPR 25 (or EN 55025) regulations.
Open learning, consumer culture and social exclusion (1996)

(1996). Open learning, consumer culture and social exclusion. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 54-58.
Evolution of highly active enzymes by homology-independent recombination (2005)

The theta-class GST enzymes hGSTT1-1 (human GSTTheta-1-1) and rGSTT2-2 (rat GSTTheta-2-2) share 54.3% amino acid identity and exhibit different substrate specificities. Homology-independent techniques [incremental truncation for the creation of hybrid enzymes (ITCHY) and SCRATCHY] and low-homology techniques (recombination-dependent exponential amplification PCR) were used to create libraries of chimeric enzymes containing crossovers (C/Os) at positions not accessible by DNA family shuffling. High-throughput flow cytometric screening using the fluorogenic rGSTT2-2-specific substrate 7-amino-4-chloromethyl coumarin led to the isolation of active variants with either one or two C/Os. One of these enzymes, SCR23 (83% identity to hGSTT1-1), was encoded by a gene that exchanged helices 4 and 5 of hGSTT1-1 with the corresponding sequence from rGSTT2-2. Compared with either parent, this variant was found to have an improved k(cat) with the selection substrate and also exhibited activity for the conjugation of glutathione to ethacrynic acid, a compound that is not recognized by either parental enzyme. These results highlight the power of combinatorial homology-independent and low-homology recombination methods for the generation of unique, highly active enzymes and also suggest a possible means of enzyme "humanization."
Production and Pathogenicity of Isolates of Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus with Different Numbers of RNA Components (1989)

SUMMARY Ten Japanese field isolates of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) were transmitted to Tetragonia expansa by inoculation with sap from rootlets of sugar-beet seedlings, to which the virus had been transmitted by the fungus Polymyxa betae. RNA extracted from BNYVV particles obtained from the T. expansa leaves was analysed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Some isolates contained RNA-1 (7·1 kb), RNA-2 (4·8 kb), RNA-3 (1·85 kb) and RNA-4 (1·5 kb) and the others contained, in addition, RNA-5 (1·4 kb). Further isolates, derived from single lesions produced by these isolates, had a variety of RNA compositions. Some contained only RNA-1 and RNA-2. Others contained, in addition, RNA-3, RNA-4, RNA-5 or RNA-6 (1·0 kb), or combinations of two or three of these components. Such isolates generally maintained their RNA composition on further subculture, and their particles had length distributions corresponding to their RNA components. Isolates containing RNA-1 + 2 + 3 caused yellow or strongly chlorotic local lesions in T. expansa, Beta vulgaris, B. macrocarpa and Chenopodium quinoa, and caused systemic stunting and yellow mosaic in B. macrocarpa and, occasionally, in B. vulgaris. In contrast, isolates containing RNA-1 + 2 + 4 or 1 + 2 + 5 induced chlorotic lesions, those containing RNA-1 + 2 + 6 or 1 + 2 induced faint chlorotic lesions, and none of these isolates easily infected B. macrocarpa systemically. Isolates containing different combinations of RNA-3,-4 and -5 induced more severe symptoms than those containing a single RNA. Such synergistic effects occurred between RNA-3 and RNA-4 or RNA-5, or between RNA-4 and RNA-5 or RNA-6, but not between RNA-3 and RNA-6, or between RNA-5 and RNA-6. These small RNA species therefore contain the genetic determinant(s) for lesion type and for ability to infect B. vulgaris and B. macrocarpa systemically. RNA-1 and RNA-2 are viral genome components. The other RNA components have some characteristics of viral satellite nucleic acids but they may not all be dispensable if the BNYVV isolates are to survive in nature.
Homonuclear 1H NMR and circular dichroism study of the HIV-1 Tat Eli variant (2008)

We show that active Tat variants share a similar folding pattern whatever their size, but mutations induce local structural changes.
<i>N</i>-Benzylpolyamines as Vectors of Boron and Fluorine for Cancer Therapy and Imaging:  Synthesis and Biological Evaluation (2001)

Cancer cells have high-affinity polyamine uptake systems with a low stringency for structural features. Putrescine, spermidine, and spermine have, therefore, been considered as potential vectors for the selective accumulation in tumors of therapeutically or diagnostically useful structures and elements. We envisaged N-benzyl derivatives of the polyamines as vectors of (10)B and (18)F for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) and tumor imaging by positron emission tomography (PET), respectively. In the present work, the synthesis, transport characteristics, DNA-binding properties, and cytotoxicity of several N-benzyl derivatives of putrescine and spermidine are described. The fluorinated spermidine derivative N-(3-[(4-aminobutyl)amino]propyl)[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]amine (N(1)-4-Fbz-spd) may be useful for PET because of its high accumulation in cancer cells via the polyamine transport system. Among the boron-containing benzyl polyamines, N-(4-aminobutyl)([4-(dihydroxyboryl)phenyl]methyl)amine (4-Bbz-put) and N-(3-[(4-aminobutyl)amino]propyl)([4-(dihydroxyboryl)phenyl]methyl)amine (N(1)-4-Bbz-spd) should be suitable for BNCT, because their accumulation in B16 melanoma cells was more efficient than that of borocaptate and borophenylalanine, two reference compounds used in BNCT.
Formation of an Epitaxial Si/Insulator/Si Structure by Vacuum Deposition of CaF<sub>2</sub> and Si (1982)

Heteroepitaxial CaF 2 /Si and Si/CaF 2 /Si structures have been formed by conventional vacuum deposition of CaF 2 and Si. Optimum conditions for obtaining good epitaxial films have been investigated by changing Si substrate orientations, film thicknesses, and substrate temperatures during film deposition. It has been found from Rutherford backscattering and channeling spectroscopy (RBS) that the crystalline quality of CaF 2 films grown on Si (111) and (110) substrates is excellent, but that the quality of the films on Si (100) is much worse. It has also been found from RBS and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) that single-crystalline Si films are formed on the CaF 2 /Si (111) structure at substrate temperature of 700°C. Finally, etching characteristics ofCaF 2 and Si films have been studied. It has been shown that the CaF 2 and Si films are selectively etched by the wet and dry plasma processes.
Two Journeys (2013)

This narrative symposium examines the relationship of bioethics practice to personal experiences of illness. A call for stories was developed by Tod Chambers, the symposium editor, and editorial staff and was sent to several commonly used bioethics listservs and posted on the Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics website. The call asked authors to relate a personal story of being ill or caring for a person who is ill, and to describe how this affected how they think about bioethical questions and the practice of medicine. Eighteen individuals were invited to submit full stories based on review of their proposals. Twelve stories are published in this symposium, and six supplemental stories are published online only through Project MUSE. Authors explore themes of vulnerability, suffering, communication, voluntariness, cultural barriers, and flaws in local healthcare systems through stories about their own illnesses or about caring for children, partners, parents and grandparents. Commentary articles by Arthur Frank, Bradley Lewis, and Carol Taylor follow the collection of personal narratives.
Synthesis and chemistry of acyl silanes (1990)

P. C. B. Page, S. S. Klair and S. Rosenthal, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1990, 19, 147 DOI: 10.1039/CS9901900147
T-3364366 Targets the Desaturase Domain of Delta-5 Desaturase with Nanomolar Potency and a Multihour Residence Time (2016)

Delta-5 desaturase (D5D) catalyzes the conversion from dihomo-gamma linoleic acid (DGLA) to arachidonic acid (AA). DGLA and AA are common precursors of anti- and pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, respectively, making D5D an attractive drug target for inflammatory-related diseases. Despite several reports on D5D inhibitors, their biochemical mechanisms of action (MOAs) remain poorly understood, primarily due to the difficulty in performing quantitative enzymatic analysis. Herein, we report a radioligand binding assay to overcome this challenge and characterized T-3364366, a thienopyrimidinone D5D inhibitor, by use of the assay. T-3364366 is a reversible, slow-binding inhibitor with a dissociation half-life in excess of 2.0 h. The long residence time was confirmed in cellular washout assays. Domain swapping experiments between D5D and D6D support [(3)H]T-3364366 binding to the desaturase domain of D5D. The present study is the first to demonstrate biochemical MOA of desaturase inhibitors, providing important insight into drug discovery of desaturase enzymes.
Fluid-resistive bending sensor having perfect compatibility with flexible pneumatic balloon actuator (2007)

This paper proposes a novel bending sensor for flexible micro structures, especially Pneumatic Balloon Actuator (PBA) made of PDMS (polydimethylsiloxan). Proposed sensor detects fluid resistance change depending on bending of fluidic structure. Structure of PBA with pneumatic channel is diverted to the fluid-resistive bending sensor without adding extra structure for sensor. Consequently, the proposed sensor has a perfect compatibility with PBA. A stiffness sensor is also designed by combining PBA and proposed bending sensor. 5 mm×10 mm×300 μm PDMS cantilever type stiffness sensor integrated with PBA and bending sensor could perform successfully. This paper describes the fluid-resistive bending sensor for flexible PBA and its application for stiffness sensor toward medical application.
Filnmentous phage assembly (1991)

Filamentous phages present a genetically well-defined system for studying the ordered membrane assembly of five different phage-encoded proteins around the circular single-stranded DNA phage genome. Assembly occurs at high efficiency in vivo, catalysed by two phage-encoded membrane proteins and at least one host protein, thioredoxin. This review presents a description of the virion and its cytoplasmic precursor and summarizes the results of genetic and biochemical experiments that are beginning to elucidate the role of the three morphogenetic proteins. The recent discovery of bacterial transport proteins with homology to a phage morphogenetic protein located in the outer membrane suggests the existence of a common mechanism for moving complex macromolecules across bacterial membranes.
Perturbation Waves in Proteins and Protein Networks: Applications of Percolation and Game Theories in Signaling and Drug Design (2009)

The network paradigm is increasingly used to describe the dynamics of complex systems. Here we review the current results and propose future development areas in the assessment of perturbation waves, i.e. propagating structural changes in amino acid networks building individual protein molecules and in protein-protein interaction networks (interactomes). We assess the possibilities and critically review the initial attempts for the application of game theory to the often rather complicated process, when two protein molecules approach each other, mutually adjust their conformations via multiple communication steps and finally, bind to each other. We also summarize available data on the application of percolation theory for the prediction of amino acid network- and interactome-dynamics. Furthermore, we give an overview of the dissection of signals and noise in the cellular context of various perturbations. Finally, we propose possible applications of the reviewed methodologies in drug design.
Health Behavior Theories in Diet Apps (2013)

iPhone apps are being used to promote healthier diets. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which diet apps' content was guided by health behavior theory in their design and user interface. This study consisted of 58 diet apps from iTunes' Health & Fitness category. Coders downloaded the apps and rated their inclusion of theory. Scores ranged from 0 to 26 on a 100-point scale. Most apps were theory deficient and provided just general information/assistance. An opportunity exists for health behavior change experts to partner with app developers to incorporate health behavior theories into the development of individually tailored apps.
First 3D-printed complex inorganic polycrystalline scintillator (2017)

Polycrystalline scintillator YAG:Ce was 3D-printed using stereophotolithography and sintered; it has shown light yield 60% higher than YAG:Ce single crystal.
Scale-Free Single Image Deraining Via Visibility-Enhanced Recurrent Wavelet Learning (2019)

In this paper, we address a rain removal problem from a single image, even in the presence of large rain streaks and rain streak accumulation (where individual streaks cannot be seen, and thus visually similar to mist or fog). For rain streak removal, the mismatch problem between different streak sizes in training and testing phases leads to a poor performance, especially when there are large streaks. To mitigate this problem, we embed a hierarchical representation of wavelet transform into a recurrent rain removal process: 1) rain removal on the low-frequency component; 2) recurrent detail recovery on highfrequency components under the guidance of the recovered lowfrequency component. Benefiting from the recurrent multi-scale modeling of wavelet transform-like design, the proposed network trained on streaks with one size can adapt to those with larger sizes, which significantly favors real rain streak removal. The dilated residual dense network is used as the basic model of the recurrent recovery process. The network includes multiple paths with different receptive fields, thus can make full use of multi-scale redundancy and utilize context information in large regions. Furthermore, to handle heavy rain cases where rain streak accumulation is presented, we construct a detail appearing rain accumulation removal to not only improve the visibility but also enhance the details in dark regions. The evaluation on both synthetic and real images, particularly on those containing large rain streaks and heavy accumulation, shows the effectiveness of our novel models, which significantly outperforms the state-ofthe- art methods.
Effect of chain extension on the properties of PLA/TPS blends (2011)

Abstract Multifunctional Epoxy‐based copolymers can be used as chain‐extender (CE) to increase the molecular weight and create branching in polylactides (PLA). In this study, the effect of a multifunctional epoxy‐acrylic‐styrene copolymer on the properties of PLA/Thermoplastic Starch (PLA/TPS) blends was investigated. The PLA/TPS blends were prepared by twin‐screw extrusion. The dry‐starch and plasticizers were mixed together in the first half of the extruder to complete starch gelatinization. Water was removed by devolatilization at midex‐truder and the PLA matrix was mixed with the water‐free TPS in the latter portion of the compounding process. The standard blends comprised 27% TPS in the PLA matrix. The TPS phase itself comprised 36% plasticizer in the form of glycerol or sorbitol. A maleic anhydride grafted PLA (PLAg) was also used in selected blends to examine the effect of interfacial modification on the morphology of chain‐extended blends. The blends were injection molded into standard test bars and their tensile properties were measured. Differential scanning calorimetry was carried out to examine the effect of chain extension on PLA's ability to crystallize. Oscillatory‐shear rheology was used to monitor changes in blend viscosity. Finally, scanning electron microscopy on microtomed and acid‐etched samples was carried out to assess the blend morphology. It was found that the combination of interfacial modification and chain‐extension strategies led to greatly improved ductility. The viscosity of the PLA/TPS blends was also dramatically increased by adding a small amount of epoxy‐based chain extender. This is of great interest for polymer processing techniques (such as foaming or film blowing) that require high melt strength. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Fluctuations and nonlinear irreversible processes (1979)

The paper reexamines the relationship between fluctuations and nonlinear irreversible processes. The deterministic equations for nonlinear irreversible processes are shown to be derivable from a minimum principle, which permits the introduction of a set of variables $\ensuremath{\eta}$ canonically conjugate to the macroscopic variables $a$. In terms of the action integral of the minimum principle and the conjugate variables $\ensuremath{\eta}$, we are able to construct a covariant expression for the conditional probability of the fluctuations for a small interval of time. The short-time conditional probability is used to construct the conditional probability for finite times as a path integral. This path integral is a generalization of a corresponding expression of Onsager and Machlup for the linear regime. An explanation for a difference with Graham's recent calculation is given. The conditional probability is shown to satisfy a Fokker-Planck equation, which has the form derived from statistical mechanics by one of us.