gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AN OVARIAN HORMONE (1923)

The fact that double ovariectomy abolishes the cyclic changes which normally occur in the genital tract of female mammals demonstrates that these changes are due to some influence from the ovaries. That this influence is hormonal in nature is indicated by the maintenance of cyclic changes by autotransplantation of the ovaries to other sites in the body.<sup>1</sup>Many attempts have been made to localize the seat of production of an internal secretion in definite ovarian structures. The follicles, the corpora lutea<sup>2</sup>developing in them after ovulation, and the interstitial tissue<sup>3</sup>have all been cited as possible sources, and many different ovarian preparations have been used clinically in the belief that therapeutic effects were being secured from accompanying hormones. But there appears to be no conclusive evidence of either a definite localization of the hypothetic hormone or of the specific effect claimed for the commercial ovarian extracts in
Halloysite Clay Nanotubes for Resveratrol Delivery to Cancer Cells (2012)

Halloysite is natural aluminosilicate clay with hollow tubular structure which allows loading with low soluble drugs using their saturated solutions in organic solvents. Resveratrol, a polyphenol known for having antioxidant and antineoplastic properties, is loaded inside these clay nanotubes lumens. Release time of 48 h is demonstrated. Spectroscopic and ζ-potential measurements are used to study the drug loading/release and for monitoring the nanotube layer-by-layer (LbL) coating with polyelectrolytes for further release control. Resveratrol-loaded clay nanotubes are added to breast cell cultures for toxicity tests. Halloysite functionalization with LbL polyelectrolyte multilayers remarkably decrease nanotube self-toxicity. MTT measurements performed with a neoplastic cell lines model system (MCF-7) as function of the resveratrol-loaded nanotubes concentration and incubation time indicate that drug-loaded halloysite strongly increase of cytotoxicity leading to cell apoptosis.
Two-photon excitation and stimulated emission depletion by a single wavelength (2011)

Super-resolved optical microscopy using stimulated emission depletion (STED) is now a mature method for imaging fluorescent samples at scales beyond the diffraction limit. Nevertheless the practical implementation of STED microscopy is complex and costly, especially since it requires laser beams with different wavelengths for excitation and depletion. In this paper, we propose using a single wavelength to induce both processes. We studied stimulated emission depletion of 4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-p-dimethylaminostyryl-4H-pyran (DCM) dye with a laser delivering a single wavelength in the near infrared. Fluorescence was excited by two photon absorption with a femtosecond pulse, then depleted by one photon stimulated emission with a stretched pulse. Time-resolved fluorescence decay measurements were performed to determine the depletion efficiency and to prove that fluorescence quenching is not affected by side effects. Numerical simulations show that this method can be applied to super-resolved microscopy.
Phosphorylation of the carboxyl-terminal region of dystrophin (1996)

Dystrophin is a protein product of the gene responsible for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy. The protein is localized to the inner surface of sarcolemma and is associated with a group of membrane (glyco)proteins. Dystrophin links cytoskeletal actins via the dystrophin-associated protein complex to extracellular matrix protein, laminin. This structural organization implicates the role of dystrophin in stabilizing the sarcolemma of muscle fibers. Precisely how dystrophin functions is far from clear. The presence of an array of isoforms of the C-terminal region of dystrophin suggests that dystrophin may have functions other than structural. In agreement, many potential phosphorylation sites are found in the C-terminal region of dystrophin, and the C-terminal region of dystrophin is phosphorylated both in vitro and in vivo by many protein kinases, including MAP kinase, p34cdc2 kinase, CaM kinase, and casein kinase, and is dephosphorylated by calcineurin. The C-terminal domain of dystrophin is also a substrate for hierarchical phosphorylation by casein kinase-2 and GSK-3. These observations, in accordance with the finding that the cysteine-rich region binds to Ca2+, Zn2+, and calmodulin, suggest an active involvement of dystrophin in transducing signals across muscle sarcolemma. Phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of the C-terminal region of dystrophin may play a role in regulating dystrophin-protein interactions and (or) transducing signal from the extracellular matrix via the dystrophin molecule to the cytoskeleton.
Characterization of humoral human anti‐porcine xenoreactivity (1993)

The presence and specificity of natural xenoreactive human anti‐pig antibodies was studied. Titers of cytotoxic antibodies reactive with porcine blood lymphocytes were similar in sera from healthy controls, patients with high titers of HLA alloantibodies, uremic patients, diabetic uremic patients, kidney allografted patients on maintenance immunosuppressive therapy, patients who had been splenectomized and in bone marrow transplanted patients 6 months after transplantation. Similar titers were also recorded in patients with various autoimmune disorders, such as SLE and RA; there was no correlation to autoantibody titers. Furthermore, we found no correlation to natural isohemagglutinins; absorption with adequate human red cells did not reduce activity. However, absorption with pig red blood cells reduced the titer significantly and absorption with pig platelets completely abolished reactivity. Finally, antibodies were also present in cord blood samples indicating an endogenous ligand as an activating substance for antibody production. Most sera contained only IgM cytotoxic antibodies, but some also had a weak non‐IgM cytotoxic titer. Fluorescence studies with pig blood lymphocytes indicated that even sera that did not contain non‐IgM cytotoxic antibodies had IgG and IgA antibodies reactive with pig cells. Direct immunofluorescence experiments were also carried out to demonstrate the presence of target structures for naturally reactive antibodies on fetal pig islet cells. Pig blood lymphocytes were sensitive to ADCC‐mediated killing by IgG natural antibodies, whereas fetal pig islet cells were resistant. However, using adequate positive controls, such as anti‐pig MHC class I antibodies, it was shown that fetal pig islet cells can be sensitive to ADCC‐mediated killing. Finally, lysostrip and fluorostrip experiments were performed to test whether pig MHC antigens contain target determinants, possibly as oligosaccharide side chains, for natural antibodies. We found that pig MHC class I antigens do not contain such determinants.
Radiological Society of North America Expert Consensus Document on Reporting Chest CT Findings Related to COVID-19: Endorsed by the Society of Thoracic Radiology, the American College of Radiology, and RSNA (2020)

Routine screening CT for the identification of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pneumonia is currently not recommended by most radiology societies. However, the number of CT examinations performed in persons under investigation for COVID-19 has increased. We also anticipate that some patients will have incidentally detected findings that could be attributable to COVID-19 pneumonia, requiring radiologists to decide whether or not to mention COVID-19 specifically as a differential diagnostic possibility. We aim to provide guidance to radiologists in reporting CT findings potentially attributable to COVID-19 pneumonia, including standardized language to reduce reporting variability when addressing the possibility of COVID-19. When typical or indeterminate features of COVID-19 pneumonia are present in endemic areas as an incidental finding, we recommend contacting the referring providers to discuss the likelihood of viral infection. These incidental findings do not necessarily need to be reported as COVID-19 pneumonia. In this setting, using the term viral pneumonia can be a reasonable and inclusive alternative. However, if one opts to use the term COVID-19 in the incidental setting, consider the provided standardized reporting language. In addition, practice patterns may vary, and this document is meant to serve as a guide. Consultation with clinical colleagues at each institution is suggested to establish a consensus reporting approach. The goal of this expert consensus is to help radiologists recognize findings of COVID-19 pneumonia and aid their communication with other health care providers, assisting management of patients during this pandemic. Published under a CC BY 4.0 license.
Is Botulinum Toxin A Effective for the Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis? (2012)

There is a need for larger, prospective, long-term, placebo-controlled studies to fully establish the role of BoNT-A for the treatment of plantar fasciitis.
Comparison of the first-pass metabolism of ethenzamide and salicylamide in rats. (1984)

The first-pass metabolism of ethenzamide (ETB), which is considered to be a pro-drug of salicylamide (SAM), was studied in rats in order to compare with that of SAM. The extent of first-pass metabolism after oral ETB estimated by oral and intravenous administration was as much as 82% and remaining 18% ETB entered into systemic circulation. Further, it has been confirmed that the first-pass metabolism of ETB is not due to the intestine but entirely due to the liver in which de-ethylation to SAM occurred at first, followed by exclusive conjugation with sulfuric acid and little SAM enters into systemic circulation. On the other hand, it was previously demonstrated in rats that per se administered SAM is subjected to first-pass metabolism both in the gut and liver as much as about 60% and the remaining 40% entered the systemic circulation. Thus, the behavior of SAM is considerably different depending upon whether it is per se administered or formed from ETB through metabolism. The fact that little SAM appears in the systemic circulation after oral administration of ETB suggests that the pharmacological activity of ETB comes from its own attributes but not from SAM.
First and final report of a phase II study of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, AG014699, in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma (MM) (2006)

8013 Background: Inhibition of PARP and thus Base Excision Repair has been shown to potentiate the cytotoxicity of DNA damaging agents preclinically. A Phase I study of AG014699 + TMZ reported at ASCO 2005 showed that a full dose of TMZ could be given in the presence of profound PARP inhibition. We report the results of a Phase II study of AG014699 12 mg/m 2 and TMZ 200 mg/m 2 5x daily q 4 weekly in patients with advanced MM. This Phase II study commenced in March 2005 and completed recruitment in December 2005. Methods: Patients with measurable MM who were chemotherapy naïve, performance status ≤ 2, and had standard blood indices for early trials were recruited. Patients with ocular melanoma or brain metastases were excluded. Treatment was given until progression, with repeat imaging every 2 cycles. A two stage phase II design was used, with the hypothesis to be tested that the response rate to TMZ would be increased to 25%. α and β error rates were set at 0.10. 27 patients were recruited into the first stage with continuation to 40 patients if ≥3 partial responses were observed. Results 40 patients who fulfilled the eligibility criteria were recruited and treated. The required 3 responses were seen at an early stage. More enhancement of TMZ associated myelosuppression by the addition of AG014699 has been observed compared to the phase I study (Grade 4 thrombocytopenia 12% cycles, grade 4 neutropenia 15% to date). There has been one toxic death in cycle 1 (febrile neutropenia), 3 further patients hospitalised with myelosuppression and 12 patients in total requiring dose reduction of TMZ to 150 mg/m 2 (1 to 100 mg/m 2 ). All of these patients continued treatment at the reduced dose. Other toxicities have been fatigue and mild nausea. Currently there are 4 confirmed partial responses, 4 prolonged disease stabilisations and 20 patients are too early to evaluate. Conclusions The combination of TMZ and AG014666 shows encouraging activity in MM. Myelosuppression is greater than would be expected with single agent TMZ. PARP expression and activity in blood cells and tumour will be correlated with the mature outcome data from the trial. [Table: see text]
Contribution of Redox Status to Hepatitis C Virus E2 Envelope Protein Function and Antigenicity (2008)

Disulfide bonding contributes to the function and antigenicity of many viral envelope glycoproteins. We assessed here its significance for the hepatitis C virus E2 envelope protein and a counterpart deleted for hypervariable region-1 (HVR1). All 18 cysteine residues of the antigens were involved in disulfides. Chemical reduction of up to half of these disulfides was compatible with anti-E2 monoclonal antibody reaction, CD81 receptor binding, and viral entry, whereas complete reduction abrogated these properties. The addition of 5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid had no effect on viral entry. Thus, E2 function is only weakly dependent on its redox status, and cell entry does not require redox catalysts, in contrast to a number of enveloped viruses. Because E2 is a major neutralizing antibody target, we examined the effect of disulfide bonding on E2 antigenicity. We show that reduction of three disulfides, as well as deletion of HVR1, improved antibody binding for half of the patient sera tested, whereas it had no effect on the remainder. Small scale immunization of mice with reduced E2 antigens greatly improved serum reactivity with reduced forms of E2 when compared with immunization using native E2, whereas deletion of HVR1 only marginally affected the ability of the serum to bind the redox intermediates. Immunization with reduced E2 also showed an improved neutralizing antibody response, suggesting that potential epitopes are masked on the disulfide-bonded antigen and that mild reduction may increase the breadth of the antibody response. Although E2 function is surprisingly independent of its redox status, its disulfide bonds mask antigenic domains. E2 redox manipulation may contribute to improved vaccine design.
Electrical characterization of BGA packages (2002)

For critical high speed applications, system designers budget electrical performance for each individual component within the integration. During the budgeting process, each component is treated as a black box, and is assigned target performance levels. Crosstalk and switching noise levels are specified and closely watched, since they can cause episodes of false switching. SPICE simulations are performed at the IC, package, and system level to track down any signal integrity problems or issues. Obtaining accurate package models, in particular for power and ground, are the key to overall simulation accuracy. Package power and ground inductance plays a major role in determining switching noise performance. Ball Grid Array (BGA) packages are constructed with laminate substrates that provide an efficient means for achieving minimal power and ground inductance implementation. A BGA that is strategically designed will yield further enhancements in crosstalk and switching noise performance. This is accomplished by optimal implementation and location of power, ground, and signal networks. By doing so, loop inductance created at critical locations in the BGA are reduced by mutual inductance. BGA packages use power and ground rings to provide low inductance access from Integrated Circuit (IC) bond pads to package planes. These connections are typically done using many bond wires equally distributed around the perimeter of the die. Rings are used in combination with via holes, planes, and solder balls to complete the power and ground network structures. Careful attention to how the currents flow in these structures in conjunction with signal traces will yield minimal effective inductance. This paper presents a characterization methodology for creating BGA electrical models. It addresses a class of BGAs that contain power and ground planes, and the Plastic BGA package is used as a vehicle. The measurements are performed in frequency domain using a vector network analyzer. Using these models, electrical performance of BGA packages is evaluated.
Different Gripping Intervals in Reproducibility of Force-Decreasing Curve and Muscle Oxygenation Kinetics during Sustained Maximal Gripping (2011)

The purpose was to examine the properties and reproducibility of the force-decreasing curve and muscle-oxygenation kinetics measured by near infrared spectroscopy in sustained isometric grip and rhythmic repeated grip measurements using various contraction intervals (2 to 5 sec.). 10 healthy young adults performed both grip tests for 6 min., during which muscle-oxygenation kinetics were measured. The intraclass correlation coefficients of the time to reach the minimum value for oxygenated hemoglobin and myoglobin tended to become lower with longer relaxation time, especially over a 3-sec. interval. Although blood-flow obstruction closely influences the initial decreasing grip force during both grip tests with a 2-sec. interval, the decreasing grip force during rhythmic repeated gripping with over a 3-sec. interval is low. Hence, the physiological mechanism related to rhythmic repeated grip with over a 3-sec. interval may differ from that related to sustained isometric grip and rhythmic repeated grip with a 2-sec. interval.
Evolution of the concept of a computer on a slice (1964)

Techniques have been developed for the interconnection of a large number of gates on an integrated-circuit wafer to achieve multiple-bit logic functions on a single slice of silicon. An analysis of popular logic types indicates that the transistor-transistor-logic (TTL) circuit is well suited for use in such arrays. The output of two representative production lines has been shown to provide an economic yield for arrays of 10 to 30 gates on each chip. Experimental results are presented for logic-array designs involving the interconnection of 47 and 108 gates on the wafer. Packaging, rather than yield, appears to be the remaining challenge in the develepment of the concept. Ultimately, the achievement of a significant portion of a computer arithmetic function on a single wafer appears entirely feasible.
Poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐based shape memory polymers with variable polydimethylsiloxane soft segment lengths (2010)

Thermoresponsive shape memory polymers (SMPs) are stimuli-responsive materials that return to their permanent shape from a temporary shape in response to heating. The design of new SMPs which obtain a broader range of properties including mechanical behavior is critical to realize their potential in biomedical as well as industrial and aerospace applications. To tailor the properties of SMPs, "AB networks" comprised of two distinct polymer components have been investigated but are overwhelmingly limited to those in which both components are organic. In this present work, we prepared inorganic-organic SMPs comprised of inorganic polydimethyl-siloxane (PDMS) segments of varying lengths and organic poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) segments. PDMS has a particularly low T(g) (-125 °C) which makes it a particularly effective soft segment to tailor the mechanical properties of PCL-based SMPs. The SMPs were prepared via the rapid photocure of solutions of diacrylated PCL(40)-block-PDMS(m)-block-PCL(40) macromers (m = 20, 37, 66 and 130). The resulting inorganic-organic SMP networks exhibited excellent shape fixity and recovery. By changing the PDMS segment length, the thermal, mechanical, and surface properties were systematically altered.
Effect of exogenous and endogenous nitric oxide on mitochondrial respiration of rat hepatocytes (1991)

Although nitric oxide (.N = O) biosynthesis is inducible in rat hepatocytes (HC), the physiological significance of .N = O production by these cells is unknown. Short exposure of HC to authentic .N = O led to a concentration-dependent inhibition of mitochondrial aconitase, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, and succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complexes I and II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain). Most susceptible to .N = O inhibition was mitochondrial aconitase, in which a reduction in enzyme activity to 20.2 +/- 1.6% of control was observed. In contrast to mitochondrial aconitase, cytosolic aconitase activity was not inhibited by .N = O. After exposure to a maximal inhibitory concentration of .N = O, mitochondrial aconitase activity recovered completely within 6 h. Complex I did not fully recover within this incubation period. Endogenous .N = O biosynthesis was induced in HC by a specific combination of cytokines and lipopolysaccharide. After 18 h of incubation with these stimuli, a significant inhibition of mitochondrial aconitase activity to 70.8 +/- 2.4% of controls was detected. However, this was due only in part to the action of .N = O. A non- .N = O-dependent inhibition of mitochondrial function appeared to be mediated by tumor necrosis factor.
Cloud Application Resource Mapping and Scaling Based on Monitoring of QoS Constraints. (2012)

Abstract—Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) clouds promise unlimited raw computing resources on-demand. However, the performance and granularity of these resources can vary widely between providers. Cloud computing users, such as Web de-velopers, can benefit from a service which automatically maps performance non-functional requirements to these resources. We propose a SOA API, in which users provide a cloud application model and get back possible resource allocations in an IaaS provider. The solution emphasizes the assurance of quality of service (QoS) metrics embedded in the application model. An initial mapping is done based on heuristics, and then the application performance is monitored to provide scaling sugges-tions. Underneath the API, the solution is designed to accept different resource usage prediction models and can map QoS constraints to resources from various IaaS providers. To validate our approach, we report on a regression-based prediction model that produces mappings for a CPU-bound cloud application running on Amazon EC2 resources with an average relative error of 17.49%. Index Terms—cloud computing; QoS; resource allocation.
Wireless user interface components for personal area networks (2002)

Wireless wearable systems allow new user interface components. We highlight two-TiltType, a wrist-mounted device for text I/O, and phicons, objects whose physical appearances are metaphors for their electronic capabilities. Artifacts like these can create smaller, simpler, easier wearable systems.
A review of “<i>Research in Production/Operations Management</i>”. Edited by C. VOSS. (Gower Publishing Co. Ltd, 1985.) [Pp.575.] Price £25. (1986)

SUMMARY
Low-rank Matrix Recovery via Iteratively Reweighted Least Squares Minimization (2011)

We present and analyze an efficient implementation of an iteratively reweighted least squares algorithm for recovering a matrix from a small number of linear measurements. The algorithm is designed for the simultaneous promotion of both a minimal nuclear norm and an approximately low-rank solution. Under the assumption that the linear measurements fulfill a suitable generalization of the null space property known in the context of compressed sensing, the algorithm is guaranteed to recover iteratively any matrix with an error of the order of the best k-rank approximation. In certain relevant cases, for instance, for the matrix completion problem, our version of this algorithm can take advantage of the Woodbury matrix identity, which allows us to expedite the solution of the least squares problems required at each iteration. We present numerical experiments which confirm the robustness of the algorithm for the solution of matrix completion problems, and we demonstrate its competitiveness with respect to other techniques proposed recently in the literature.