gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Agmatine--a novel endogenous ligand of imidazoline receptors. (1998)

Agmatine (AGM) is decarboxylated arginine found in bovine brain which binds to imidazoline receptors. It differs substantially from earlier discovered clonidine displacing substance (CDS) and ir-CDS. AGM is synthetized in brain from arginine decarboxylase, and metabolized by diamine oxidase. It is widely and unequally distributed in peripheral tissues and in the brain. AGM interacts with both I-1 and I-2 imidazoline receptors as well as with alpha 2-adrenoreceptors. AGM can regulate cardiovascular functions and can modulate some processes in the central nervous system.
A Unix command line argument processor (2003)

The design and implementation of a package, cmdlineparse, for processing command-line arguments are presented. The package uses a definition of command line arguments that is subset of that used in the Unix Bourne shell. The package eliminates the need for traditional command-line argument processing and results in shorter, more consistent handling of arguments. Program correctness is improved as each argument is typed and validated. The package is written in C under Unix System V.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cross-coupling Reaction between Enol Phosphates and Organoaluminium Compounds in the Presence of Palladium(0) Catalyst (1984)

Abstract The title reaction in the presence of a catalytic amount of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) affords alkylative coupling products in good to excellent yields in 1,2-dichloroethane at room temperature. This coupling reaction under C(sp2)–O cleavage proceeds stereospecifically. The reaction does not affect a coexisting vinyl sulfide group. This feature enables 1,2- and 1,3-carbonyl transposition with or without alkylation via phenylthio-substituted enol phosphates.
GC-MS Description of the primary aroma structure of two Kadarka wines considered indigenous in Hungary (2013)

Two high quality Kadarka wines of the Great Plains of Hungary and Szekszard terroirs were thoroughly analysed by GC-MS measurements subsequent to a two step sample preparation method elaborated at our Department. The goal of the work was to describe the varietal relative aroma-picture of the Kadaraka species considered indigenous in Hungary. The relative aromagram construction method creates the possibility of studying the scent features by chemical classes separately. The data prove that the primary aromaspectra beside certain smaller similarity differ to a reasonable extent due to the habitats of origin. The Kadarka of the poorer sand soil of the Great Plains is more fragrant than that of the loess of Szekszard. The analytical results are supported by the organoleptic experience as well.
CCLIII.—Syntheses of glucosides. Part VIII. The synthesis of monotropitoside (gaultherin) (1931)

A. Robertson and R. B. Waters, J. Chem. Soc., 1931, 1881 DOI: 10.1039/JR9310001881
Testing priority address encoder faults of content addressable memories (2006)

Content addressable memory (CAM) is one key component in many digital systems. Although the CAM cell usually is implemented with RAM cell and comparison logic, the CAM testing is more difficult than the RAM testing. Also, the CAM testing is very different from the RAM testing. Most stuck-at faults (SAFs) in the RAM peripheral circuitry can be mapped to the RAM cell faults. This cannot be analogous to the testing of the priority encoder of CAMs. This paper presents a test algorithm for testing SAFs of the priority encoder in a CAM. The test algorithm only requires 3N - 2 Write operations and N + 2 compare operations to cover 100% stuck-at faults of the CMOS priority encoder of an N /spl times/ B-bit CAM. Compared with typical tests for CAM cell array faults, the fault coverage of SAFs in the priority encoder is increased from 90.2% or 60.5% to 100% for a CAM with 64 words.
Understanding the regulation of pattern recognition receptors in inflammatory diseases – a ‘Nod’ in the right direction (2016)

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) -like receptors (NLRs) are a family of 23 receptors known as pattern recognition receptors; they are expressed in many cell types and play a key role in the innate immune response. The NLRs are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which include structurally conserved molecules present on the surfaces of bacteria. The activation of these NLRs by pathogens results in the downstream activation of signalling kinases and transcription factors, culminating in the transcription of genes coding for pro-inflammatory factors. Expression of NLR is altered in many cellular, physiological and disease states. There is a lack of understanding of the mechanisms by which NLR expression is regulated, particularly in chronic inflammatory states. Genetic polymorphisms and protein interactions are included in such mechanisms. This review seeks to examine the current knowledge regarding the regulation of this family of receptors and their signalling pathways as well as how their expression changes in disease states with particular focus on NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammatory bowel diseases among others.
Rapid Progression to AIDS in HIV <sup>+</sup> Individuals with a Structural Variant of the Chemokine Receptor CX <sub>3</sub> CR1 (2000)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters cells in vitro via CD4 and a coreceptor. Which of 15 known coreceptors are important in vivo is poorly defined but may be inferred from disease-modifying mutations, as for CCR5. Here two single nucleotide polymorphisms are described in Caucasians in CX3CR1, an HIV coreceptor and leukocyte chemotactic/adhesion receptor for the chemokine fractalkine. HIV-infected patients homozygous for CX3CR1-I249 M280, a variant haplotype affecting two amino acids (isoleucine-249 and methionine-280), progressed to AIDS more rapidly than those with other haplotypes. Functional CX3CR1 analysis showed that fractalkine binding is reduced among patients homozygous for this particular haplotype. Thus, CX3CR1-I249 M280 is a recessive genetic risk factor in HIV/AIDS.
Molecular Identification of a Major Retinoic‐Acid‐Synthesizing Enzyme, a Retinaldehyde‐Specific Dehydrogenase (1996)

Retinoic acid, a developmental signal implicated in the formation of the neural axis, is present at high levels in the early embryonic trunk region, where it is synthesized by a novel dehydrogenase. Here we show that the same enzyme is inducible by retinoic acid in P19 teratocarcinoma cells, and we report the cloning from P19 cells of a cDNA encoding a novel dehydrogenase, named retinaldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (RALDH-2). Expression in COS cells shows RALDH-2 to be highly effective in oxidation of retinaldehyde, with no detectable activity on any other aldehyde tested. In situ hybridization histochemistry on the embryonic trunk reveals RALDH-2 mRNA both in mesoderm and neuroectoderm, with highest neuroectodermal expression in the ventral horn of the spinal cord at two restricted locations along the anteroposterior axis, presumably the subpopulation of motoneurons that innervate the limbs.
Intracrine androgen biosynthesis, metabolism and action revisited (2017)

Androgens play an important role in metabolic homeostasis and reproductive health in both men and women. Androgen signalling is dependent on androgen receptor activation, mostly by testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone. However, the intracellular or intracrine activation of C<sub>19</sub> androgen precursors to active androgens in peripheral target tissues of androgen action is of equal importance. Intracrine androgen synthesis is often not reflected by circulating androgens but rather by androgen metabolites and conjugates. In this review we provide an overview of human C<sub>19</sub> steroid biosynthesis including the production of 11-oxygenated androgens, their transport in circulation and uptake into peripheral tissues. We conceptualise the mechanisms of intracrinology and review the intracrine pathways of activation and inactivation in selected human tissues. The contribution of liver and kidney as organs driving androgen inactivation and renal excretion are also highlighted. Finally, the importance of quantifying androgen metabolites and conjugates to assess intracrine androgen production is discussed.
Development of lyophilization cycle and effect of excipients on the stability of catalase during lyophilization (2011)

In order to prevent loss of catalase activity during lyophilization of catalase, use of amino acids like alanine, glycine, lysine, serine and 4-hydroxy proline in optimum concentration is highly advisable.
The Nonequivalence of Physical Properties of Enantiomers in Optically Active Solvents. Differences in Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectra. II (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Nonequivalence of Physical Properties of Enantiomers in Optically Active Solvents. Differences in Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectra. IIT. G. Burlingame and W. H. PirkleCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 18, 4294Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1966https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00970a055RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views147Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (147 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
An Approach to Capturing Structure, Behavior, and Function of Artifacts in Computer-Aided Design (2001)

This paper presents an approach to computer-aided design (CAD) that unites ideas from design with three-dimensional layouts and knowledge engineering. Our goal is to capture the structure, behavior, and function of CAD artifacts. We describe a software tool based on this approach, the conceptual understanding and prototyping (CUP) environment, for capturing the design intent inherent in the design process and authoring design semantics in previously created artifacts. CUP records design ideas, based on functional, geometric, and knowledge-based relationships among components in an electromechanical assembly. This design knowledge is stored using ontologies defined in the XML. The goal of this work is to enable users to navigate intricate product data and design knowledge bases.
Development of low cost, carbon-supported carbon monoxide tolerant catalysts for phosphoric acid and proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems (2003)

Catalyst systems of carbon-supported noble metal oxide alloys which have the potential to be more CO tolerant than Pt have been identified and prepared. Testing of one of these systems under conditions similar to those at a phosphoric acid fuel cell anode has verified the tolerance to be as high as 70% CO. An extension of this work identifies CO-tolerant carbon-supported noble metal oxide alloys which can be used as anode catalysts in lower temperature (80 degrees C) proton exchange membrane fuel cells where gas cleanup requirements are more demanding.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Transport of colloids in saturated porous media: A pore‐scale observation of the size exclusion effect and colloid acceleration (2003)

We present experimental evidence of the effect of colloid exclusion from areas of small aperture sizes, using direct observations at the pore‐scale using a realistic micromodel of porous media. Four sizes of hydrophobic latex spheres in aqueous suspension, from 0.05 to 3 μm, were introduced into the micromodel at three different pressure gradients. We observed the frequency of occurrence of the size exclusion effect and the influence of relative size of pore throats and colloids (T/C ratio) and flow velocity. From our observations the smallest T/C ratio entered by these different colloids was 1.5. We also observed certain preferential pathways through the pore space for different colloid sizes, such that size exclusion eventually results in distinct pathways. These preferential paths become more important for larger colloids and for greater pressure gradients. Measured colloid velocities were 4–5.5 times greater than estimated pore water velocities. Acceleration factors (ratio of colloid to water velocity) increased for all colloid sizes with increasing pore‐scale Pe. Smaller particles appeared to travel along faster streamlines in pore throats, while larger particles travel along with a number of streamlines, thus at a slightly lower velocity than the small colloids. At larger scales the acceleration factor is decreased owing to Brownian motion, adsorption, colloid and straining filtration, and other factors, but these pore‐scale results shed light on the size exclusion effect and its role in determining early colloid breakthrough.
RIETVELD ANALYSIS AND MEM-BASED WHOLE-PATTERN FITTING UNDER PARTIAL PROFILE RELAXATION (2000)

Rietveld method [1] has been extensively used as a leading technique for refining structure parameters of a variety of metal and inorganic compounds. severe overlap of reflections in the highQ region (Q =Q = 2π/d; Q: scattering vector, d: lattice-plane spacing) in powder diffraction patterns limits the quality and amount of structural information extractable from them in comparison with singlecrystal data. However, advances in synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction [2] and time-of-flight (TOF) neutron powder diffraction in recent years have enhanced the resolution, ∆d/d, pronouncedly, enabling us to determine very complex structures whose analyses were formerly difficult with powder data. Five years have passed since a Rietveldanalysis program RIETAN [3] was introduced in the wellknown book entitled The Rietveld Method. RIETAN has two versions for angle-dispersive diffraction [3, 4] and TOF neutron diffraction [5]. It has been widely utilized, particularly in Japan, contributing to a large number of structural studies. For example, the structures of the first High-T. superconductors with fluorite and carbonate blocks were solved with RIETAN for TOF neutron diffraction [6]. This article reviews recent advances in RIETAN with a focus on our original technology: partial profile relaxation [7-9] and whole-pattern fitting based on a maximum-entropy method (MEM) [8, 10].
Online Feedback Exchange (2017)

To meet the demand for authentic, timely, and affordable feedback, researchers have explored technologies to connect designers with feedback providers online. While researchers have implemented mechanisms to improve the content of feedback, most systems for online feedback exchange do not support an end-to-end cycle, from help-seeking to sense-making to action. Building on extant literature in learning sciences, design, organizational behavior, and online communities, we propose a conceptual framework to highlight critical processes that affect online feedback exchange. We contribute research questions for future feedback systems and argue that online feedback systems must be able to support designers through five activities that happen before, during, and after the feedback exchange. Our framework suggests that systems should address broader socio-psychological factors, such as how intent should be communicated online, how dialogue can support the interpretation of feedback, and how to balance the tradeoffs of anonymizing feedback providers.
Critical issues in high bandwidth networking (1988)

At the request of Maj.Mark Pullen and Maj.Brian Boesch of DARPA, an ad-hoc working group was assembled to develop a set of recommendations on the research required to achieve a ubiquitous high-bandwidth network as discussed in the FCCSET recommendations for Phase III.This report outlines a set of research topics aimed at providing the technology base for an interconnected set of networks that can provide highbandwidth capabilities.The suggested research focus draws upon ongoing research and augments it with basic and applied components.The major activities are the development and demonstration of a gigabit backbone network, the development and demonstration of an interconnected set of networks with gigabit throughput and appropriate management techniques, and the development and demonstration of the required overall architecture that allows users to gain access to such high bandwidth.
Rapid Estimation of Citrus Peel Oil (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRapid Estimation of Citrus Peel OilE. M. Burdick and J. S. AllenCite this: Anal. Chem. 1948, 20, 6, 539–541Publication Date (Print):June 15, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 June 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60018a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60018a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views76Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Morphology, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells cultured on titanium, tantalum, and chromium surfaces (2007)

Metallic implants are widely used in orthopedic surgery and dentistry. Durable osseous fixation of an implant requires that osteoprogenitor cells attach and adhere to the implant, proliferate, differentiate into osteoblasts, and produce mineralized matrix. In the present study, we investigated the interactions between human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and smooth surfaces of titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), and chromium (Cr). Mean cellular area was quantified using fluorescence microscopy (4 h). Cellular proliferation was assessed by (3)H-thymidine incorporation and methylene blue cell counting assays (4 days). Osteogenic differentiation response was quantified by cell-specific alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) assay (4 days), expression analysis of bone-related genes (4 days), and mineralization assay (21 days). Undifferentiated and osteogenically stimulated MSCs cultured on the different surfaces showed the same tendencies for proliferation and differentiation. MSCs exposed to Ti surfaces demonstrated enhanced proliferation compared with Ta and Cr surfaces. Cultivation of MSCs on Ta surfaces resulted in significantly increased mean cellular area and cell-specific ALP activity compared with the other surfaces tested. Cells cultured on Cr demonstrated reduced spreading and proliferation. In conclusion, Ta metal, as an alternative for Ti, can be considered as a promising biocompatible material, whereas further studies are needed to fully understand the role of Cr and its alloys in bone implants.
Liquid-metal-mediated homoepitaxial film growth of Ge at low temperature (1991)

We demonstrate liquid-metal-mediated homoepitaxial crystal growth of Ge on Ge(111) at temperatures in the range of 400–450 °C. Crystal growth proceeds by diffusion of Ge through a liquid layer, followed by precipitation onto the substrate by the vapor-liquid-solid mechanism. The liquid-metal phase at the interface is a Au-Ge alloy formed by initial deposition of a thin Au layer above the eutectic temperature. Ge vapor is provided by a molecular-beam evaporator. The resulting films revealed high-crystalline quality by in situ high-energy ion scattering and channeling analysis and ex situ by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy.
EFAD transgenic mice as a human APOE relevant preclinical model of Alzheimerŉs disease (2017)

Identified in 1993, <i>APOE4</i> is the greatest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), increasing risk up to 15-fold compared with <i>APOE3</i>, with <i>APOE2</i> decreasing AD risk. However, the functional effects of <i>APOE4</i> on AD pathology remain unclear and, in some cases, controversial. In vivo progress to understand how the human (h)-<i>APOE</i> genotypes affect AD pathology has been limited by the lack of a tractable familial AD-transgenic (FAD-Tg) mouse model expressing h-<i>APOE</i> rather than mouse (m)-<i>APOE.</i> The disparity between m- and h-apoE is relevant for virtually every AD-relevant pathway, including amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and clearance, neuroinflammation, tau pathology, neural plasticity and cerebrovascular deficits. EFAD mice were designed as a temporally useful preclinical FAD-Tg-mouse model expressing the h-<i>APOE</i> genotypes for identifying mechanisms underlying <i>APOE</i>-modulated symptoms of AD pathology. From their first description in 2012, EFAD mice have enabled critical basic and therapeutic research. Here we review insights gleaned from the EFAD mice and summarize future directions.
Graphical constraints in CoDraw (2003)

Constraint based drawing programs require users to understand and manage relationships between drawing elements. By establishing constraint relationships among elements the user effectively programs the drawing's behavior. This programming task requires a more sophisticated visual interface than conventional drawing programs provide. Users must have available-in a convenient format-information about the structure of the constraints that determine the drawing's interactive edit behavior. This format must support editing and debugging. CoDraw is a constraint based drawing program that can be interactively extended by its users. This paper describes the CoDraw program and its programming interface.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evaluation of bispectral spectrophotometry for accurate colorimetry of printing materials (2000)

During recent years the need for accurate color measurements has been increasing. One of the most wide spread techniques to measure color is based on spectrophotometric measurements. However, when dealing with hardcopy materials (paper and inks) that contain fluorescent components, the color measurements become questionable. Conventional spectrophotometers measure total radiance factors of fluorescent materials for the light source within the instrument. Such measurements cannot be used to obtain accurate colorimetry for other illuminants or sources. On the other hand using bispectral methods, which measure reflected and fluorescent spectral radiance factors as a function of incident wavelength, produces illuminant independent data and thus more accurate colorimetric calculations. The main goal of the present work is to determine colorimetric errors created by conventional spectrophotometry compared to bispectral measurements for a collection of printed materials. Another point is to evaluate the significance of these errors in color reproduction applications.