gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formation and Solubilization Property of Water-in-Oil Microemulsions of Alkyl Glucosides (2013)

The dependence of solubilization properties on the alkyl chain length of alkyl glucosides (AG) in AG/isooctane/ n-butanol/water system was investigated. The stable Winsor II system consisting of a water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsion phase and an aqueous phase was formed in AG/isooctane/n-butanol/water system. The apparent critical micelle concentration of AG reverse micelles in organic phases was markedly dependent upon the alkyl chain length of AG. The limiting amount of solubilized water increased with an increase in the alkyl chain length of AG. The solubilization capacity of methyl orange (MO) was superior to that of methylene blue (MB), and the solubilization capacities of MO and MB tended to increase with increasing the alkyl chain length of AG. Reverse micelles of dodecyl glucoside (AG12) exhibited the significant solubilization capacities of cytochrome c and lysozyme, while ribonuclease A was not solubilized by AG12 reverse micelles.
<i>LookinGood</i> (2018)

Motivated by augmented and virtual reality applications such as telepresence, there has been a recent focus in real-time performance capture of humans under motion. However, given the real-time constraint, these systems often suffer from artifacts in geometry and texture such as holes and noise in the final rendering, poor lighting, and low-resolution textures. We take the novel approach to augment such real-time performance capture systems with a deep architecture that takes a rendering from an arbitrary viewpoint, and jointly performs completion, super resolution, and denoising of the imagery in real-time. We call this approach neural (re-)rendering , and our live system "LookinGood". Our deep architecture is trained to produce high resolution and high quality images from a coarse rendering in real-time. First, we propose a self-supervised training method that does not require manual ground-truth annotation. We contribute a specialized reconstruction error that uses semantic information to focus on relevant parts of the subject, e.g. the face. We also introduce a salient reweighing scheme of the loss function that is able to discard outliers. We specifically design the system for virtual and augmented reality headsets where the consistency between the left and right eye plays a crucial role in the final user experience. Finally, we generate temporally stable results by explicitly minimizing the difference between two consecutive frames. We tested the proposed system in two different scenarios: one involving a single RGB-D sensor, and upper body reconstruction of an actor, the second consisting of full body 360° capture. Through extensive experimentation, we demonstrate how our system generalizes across unseen sequences and subjects.
Will Fault Localization Work for These Failures? An Automated Approach to Predict Effectiveness of Fault Localization Tools (2013)

Debugging is a crucial yet expensive activity to improve the reliability of software systems. To reduce debugging cost, various fault localization tools have been proposed. A spectrum-based fault localization tool often outputs an ordered list of program elements sorted based on their likelihood to be the root cause of a set of failures (i.e., their suspiciousness scores). Despite the many studies on fault localization, unfortunately, however, for many bugs, the root causes are often low in the ordered list. This potentially causes developers to distrust fault localization tools. Recently, Parnin and Orso highlight in their user study that many debuggers do not find fault localization useful if they do not find the root cause early in the list. To alleviate the above issue, we build an oracle that could predict whether the output of a fault localization tool can be trusted or not. If the output is not likely to be trusted, developers do not need to spend time going through the list of most suspicious program elements one by one. Rather, other conventional means of debugging could be performed. To construct the oracle, we extract the values of a number of features that are potentially related to the effectiveness of fault localization. Building upon advances in machine learning, we process these feature values to learn a discriminative model that is able to predict the effectiveness of a fault localization tool output. In this preliminary work, we consider an output of a fault localization tool to be effective if the root cause appears in the top 10 most suspicious program elements. We have experimented our proposed oracle on 200 faulty programs from Space, NanoXML, XML-Security, and the 7 programs in Siemens test suite. Our experiments demonstrate that we could predict the effectiveness of fault localization tool with a precision, recall, and F-measure (harmonic mean of precision and recall) of 54.36%, 95.29%, and 69.23%. The numbers indicate that many ineffective fault localization instances are identified correctly, while only very few effective ones are identified wrongly.
A comparison of the orthotic effect of the Odstock Dropped Foot Stimulator and the Walkaide functional electrical stimulation systems on energy cost and speed of walking in Multiple Sclerosis (2014)

Purpose: Functional electrical stimulation (FES), an assistive device used for foot drop, has been found to improve the speed and energy cost of walking in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). This study aims to compare the immediate orthotic effect on walking of two different devices; the Odstock Dropped Foot Stimulator (ODFS) and Walkaide (WA). Method: Twenty pwMS (10 female, 10 male, mean age 50.4 ± 7.3 years) currently using ODFS were recruited. Participants walked for 5 min around an elliptical 9.5 m course at their preferred walking speed; once with ODFS, once with WA and once without FES on the same day of testing. Gait speed, distance and energy cost were measured. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in walking speed for the ODFS (p = 0.043) and a near to significant increase for the WA (p = 0.06) in comparison to without FES. There were no differences between the ODFS and WA in terms of either walking speed (p = 0.596) or energy cost (p = 0.205). Conclusions: This is the first pilot study to compare the effects of two different FES devices on walking. Further research recruiting a larger cohort of FES naive participants is needed.Implications for RehabilitationFunctional electrical stimulation (FES) used for foot drop in multiple sclerosis (MS) is effective in improving the speed of walking.The Odstock Dropped Foot Stimulator and the Walkaide have similar orthotic effects on the speed and energy cost of walking in people with MS.Further research is urgently needed to compare FES devices, recruiting treatment of naive participants for a fully powered RCT.
MESL: Proposal for a Non-volatile Cascadable Magneto-Electric Spin Logic (2017)

In the quest for novel, scalable and energy-efficient computing technologies, many non-charge based logic devices are being explored. Recent advances in multi-ferroic materials have paved the way for electric field induced low energy and fast switching of nano-magnets using the magneto-electric (ME) effect. In this paper, we propose a voltage driven logic-device based on the ME induced switching of nano-magnets. We further demonstrate that the proposed logic-device, which exhibits decoupled read and write paths, can be used to construct a complete logic family including XNOR, NAND and NOR gates. The proposed logic family shows good scalability with a quadratic dependence of switching energy with respect to the switching voltage. Further, the proposed logic-device has better robustness against the effect of thermal noise as compared to the conventional current driven switching of nano-magnets. A device-to-circuit level coupled simulation framework, including magnetization dynamics and electron transport model, has been developed for analyzing the present proposal. Using our simulation framework, we present energy and delay results for the proposed Magneto-Electric Spin Logic (MESL) gates.
Genomic analysis of prostate cancer stem cells isolated from a highly metastatic cell line. (2009)

The proposed in vitro prostate CSC model allows for reliable isolation and propagation of highly tumorigenic cells. This study may contribute to the identification of novel targets for CSC-targeted prostate cancer treatment.
Modeling Online Browsing and Path Analysis Using Clickstream Data (2004)

Clickstream data provide information about the sequence of pages or the path viewed by users as they navigate a website. We show how path information can be categorized and modeled using a dynamic multinomial probit model of Web browsing. We estimate this model using data from a major online bookseller. Our results show that the memory component of the model is crucial in accurately predicting a path. In comparison, traditional multinomial probit and first-order Markov models predict paths poorly. These results suggest that paths may reflect a user's goals, which could be helpful in predicting future movements at a website. One potential application of our model is to predict purchase conversion. We find that after only six viewings purchasers can be predicted with more than 40% accuracy, which is much better than the benchmark 7% purchase conversion prediction rate made without path information. This technique could be used to personalize Web designs and product offerings based upon a user's path.
Integrated injection logic--A new approach to LSI (1972)

Multicollector transistors for bipolar LSI gates fed by carrier injection will be discussed. Typical results are: 100 gates/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and delay-power product 1 pJ per gate. Supply voltage may be less than 1 V.
<title>Architectures for optical TDM switching</title> (1992)

This paper describes some novel architectures for optical TDM switching, and an experimental system working at 720 Mb/s; this includes a complete BER characterization. The architectures are composed of 2 X 2 optical switches and delay lines. The trade-offs between the various factors affecting their design are explored, and a wide range of architectures are presented suitable for different applications.
A Study of the Effects of Electric Fields on Solid Propellant Burning Rates (1971)

Abstract : An experimental study, guided by theoretical considerations, was made on the effects of electric fields on burning rate of two metallized composite propellants. Mechanisms causing observed burning rate changes were sought. Experimental data include flame elctron number densities, electrical conductivities, electric field strengths, electric currents, combustion efficiencies, exhaust emissions spectra and continuous measurement of burning rates. Results show that burning rate increases are due to current heating of the nonburning propellant and that burning rate decreases involve flame electrons, causing inhibited combustion under proper voltage conditions. Non- collective reactional interference was inferred for this latter case.
The ins and outs of vaginal lubrication (2003)

Human female sexual activity, whether for reproduction or for pleasure, is discontinuous. One of the tasks of sexual arousal is to prepare the vagina for the possibility of coitus. When sexually at...
Variation of vector quantisation and speech waveform coding (1991)

A new idea for waveform coding using vector quantisation (VQ) is introduced. This idea makes it possible to deal with codevectors much larger than before for a fixed bit per sample rate. Also a solution to the matching problem (inherent in the present context) in the L∞-norm describing a measure of nearness is presented. The overall computational complexity of this solution is O(n3 log2n). Sample results are presented to demonstrate the advantage of using this technique in the context of coding of speech waveforms.
The action of the rectus femoris muscle following distal tendon transfer: does it generate knee flexion moment? (1997)

Rectus femoris transfer surgery involves detaching the rectus femoris from the patella and reattaching it posterior to the knee. While this procedure is thought to convert the rectus femoris from a knee extensor to a knee flexor, the moments generated by this muscle after transfer have never been measured. We used intramuscular electrodes to stimulate the rectus femoris in four subjects, two after transfer to the semitendinosus and two after transfer to the iliotibial band, while measuring the resultant knee moment. Electromyographic activity was monitored in the quadriceps, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius muscles to verify that the rectus femoris was the only muscle activated by the stimulus. We found that the rectus femoris generated a knee extension moment in all of the subjects tested. This finding suggests that transfer surgery does not convert the rectus femoris to a knee flexor, and that a mechanism exists which may transmit the force generated by the rectus femoris anterior to the knee joint center after distal tendon transfer.
A New Protein Engineering Approach Combining Chemistry and Biology, Part I; Site‐Specific Incorporation of 4‐Iodo‐<scp>L</scp>‐phenylalanine in vitro by Using Misacylated Suppressor tRNA<sup>Phe</sup> (2006)

An Escherichia coli suppressor tRNA(Phe) (tRNA(Phe) (CUA)) was misacylated with 4-iodo-L-phenylalanine by using the A294G phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase mutant (G294-PheRS) from E. coli at a high magnesium-ion concentration. The preacylated tRNA was added to an E. coli cell-free system and a Ras protein that contained the 4-iodo-L-phenylalanine residue at a specific target position was synthesized. Site-specific incorporation of 4-iodo-L-phenylalanine was confirmed by using LC-MS/MS. Free tRNA(Phe) (CUA) was not aminoacylated by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) present in the E. coli cell-free system. Our approach will find wide application in protein engineering since an aryl iodide tag on proteins can be used for site-specific functionalization of proteins.
Biometrics: privacy's foe or privacy's friend? (1997)

From the INS to ATM's, both the public and private sectors are making extensive use of biometrics for human recognition. As this technology becomes more economically viable and technically perfected, and thus more commonplace, the field of biometrics will spark legal and policy concerns. Critics inevitably compare biometrics to Big Brother and the loss of individual privacy. The probiometric lobby generally stresses the greater security and improved service that the technology provides. Is biometrics privacy's friend or privacy's foe? This paper explores the various arguments for and against biometrics and contends that while biometrics may pose legitimate privacy concerns, these issues can be adequately addressed. In the final analysis, biometrics emerges as privacy's friend.
AUREOCHROME, a photoreceptor required for photomorphogenesis in stramenopiles (2007)

A blue light (BL) receptor was discovered in stramenopile algae Vaucheria frigida (Xanthophyceae) and Fucus distichus (Phaeophyceae). Two homologs were identified in Vaucheria; each has one basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) domain and one light-oxygen-voltage (LOV)-sensing domain. We named these chromoproteins AUREOCHROMEs (AUREO1 and AUREO2). AUREO1 binds flavin mononucleotide via its LOV domain and forms a 390-nm-absorbing form, indicative of formation of a cysteinyl adduct to the C(4a) carbon of the flavin mononucleotide upon BL irradiation. The adduct decays to the ground state in approximately 5 min. Its bZIP domain binds the target sequence TGACGT. The AUREO1 target binding was strongly enhanced by BL treatment, implying that AUREO1 functions as a BL-regulated transcription factor. The function of AUREO1 as photoreceptor for BL-induced branching is elucidated through RNAi experiments. RNAi of AUREO2 unexpectedly induces sex organ primordia instead of branches, implicating AUREO2 as a subswitch to initiate development of a branch, but not a sex organ. AUREO sequences are also found in the genome of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (Bacillariophyceae), but are not present in green plants. AUREOCHROME therefore represents a BL receptor in photosynthetic stramenopiles.
Improving the Voltage Holdoff Performance of Alumina Insulators in Vacuum Through Quasimetallizing (1980)

Treatment of the surface of an alumina insulator with coatings incorporating varying amounts of Cr, Mn, and Ti can increase the vacuum voltage holdoff capability of the insulator significantly (up to 25%). During processing (quasimetallizing) the coating penetrates into the alumina, making it insensitive to mechanical damage. This quasimetallizing treatment is also compatible with subsequent metallizing and brazing of the alumina insulator. A 7/1 Mn/Ti mix performed very well, being found to be as effective on a 94% A12O3 alumina as on the previously investigated 95% A12O3, 1% Cr2O3 alumina. Mixes of 6/1/1 Mn/Ti/Cr and 6/3 Mn/Cr performed about as well as the 7/1 Mn/Ti mix, but no better. Quasimetallizing with pure Mn improved the voltage holdoff capability of alumina by about half as much as when using the 7/1 Mn/Ti mix. Mixes with relatively high titanium content (4/3 Mn/Ti and 3/3/2 Mn/Ti/Cr) significantly increased the voltage holdoff capability of the alumina, but unfortunately were much more prone than the 7/1 Mn/Ti mix (or plain alumina) to suffer severe and permanent damage when a breakdown did occur. Quasimetallizing with appropriate formulations. has been shown to change the surface characteristics of alumina in two ways: (1) it decreases the surface resistivity of the alumina, and (2) it decreases the secondary electron emission yield of the alumina. Each change improves the voltage holdoff characteristics of the alumina.
Design of a bitmapped multilingual workstation (1990)

Previous work in multilingual support is reviewed. Research to date has involved four basic issues: character-set standardization, text input, internal storage and manipulation and display systems. Each of these areas is discussed. A workstation that supports many character sets in a windows environment and provides display and data manipulation of multiple character sets is also described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Biochemical analysis of rabbit articular cartilage using an amino acid analyzer. (1980)

The automated amino acid analyzer has been used to provide a simple, rapid and accurate means of assaying the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen content, and collagen type of connective tissues. The analysis of rabbit articular cartilage using this method is reported. Cartilage slices taken from the tibial plateaus of rabbits were dried and weighed. A comparison study showed that oven-drying (110 degrees C for 24 hours) was more effective in dehydrating cartilage than vacuum dessication for 96 hours. This drying temperature could be maintained for 24 hours without destroying hexosamine. The dried samples were hydrolyzed for 4 hours in 4 N HCl at 100 degrees C; these conditions were shown to give virtually 100% release of galactosamine from purified chondroitin-6-sulphate with minimal degradation of the hexosamine. The 4-hour hydrolysates were assayed for galactosamine and glucosamine using the amino acid analyzer. From these values the amount of chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate were calculated. An aliquot of the 4-hour hydrolysate was hydrolyzed further in 6 N HCl for 24 hours. This destroyed hexosamine but permitted the quantitation of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine using the amino acid analyzer. Collagen content was calculated from the hydroxyproline value and the hydroxylysine to hydroxyproline ratio was used to determine the collagen type.
Image plane detector for the Dynamics Explorer Fabry-Perot interferometer (1983)

A compact twelve-channel photon-counting device based on existing Generation II imaging technology has been developed for use as the image-plane detector of the Dynamics Explorer Fabry-Perot interferometer. The device has an S-20 photocathode, three-microchannel plate electron multiplication stages, and an equal-area concentric-ring segmented anode whose geometry mimics that of the interference ring pattern produced by a plane etalon. The twelve channels sample equal and contiguous intervals in the spectrum. The purpose of the development has been to utilize the signal multiplex advantage of a multichannel detector in the measurement of Doppler shifts and line-broadening effects for naturally occurring atmospheric emission features of low intensity. The design, testing, calibration, and flight performance of the novel detector system are presented. In addition, measured emission line profiles at high resolution from the satellite instrument are presented to illustrate the operation of the device.
The Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation with and Without Creatine Monohydrate Combined with Resistance Training on Lean Tissue Mass and Muscle Strength (2001)

Our purpose was to assess muscular adaptations during 6 weeks of resistance training in 36 males randomly assigned to supplementation with whey protein (W; 1.2 g/kg/day), whey protein and creatine monohydrate (WC; 0.1 g/kg/day), or placebo (P; 1.2 g/kg/day maltodextrin). Measures included lean tissue mass by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, bench press and squat strength (1-repetition maximum), and knee extension/flexion peak torque. Lean tissue mass increased to a greater extent with training in WC compared to the other groups, and in the W compared to the P group (p < .05). Bench press strength increased to a greater extent for WC compared to W and P (p < .05). Knee extension peak torque increased with training for WC and W (p < .05), but not for P. All other measures increased to a similar extent across groups. Continued training without supplementation for an additional 6 weeks resulted in maintenance of strength and lean tissue mass in all groups. Males that supplemented with whey protein while resistance training demonstrated greater improvement in knee extension peak torque and lean tissue mass than males engaged in training alone. Males that supplemented with a combination of whey protein and creatine had greater increases in lean tissue mass and bench press than those who supplemented with only whey protein or placebo. However, not all strength measures were improved with supplementation, since subjects who supplemented with creatine and/or whey protein had similar increases in squat strength and knee flexion peak torque compared to subjects who received placebo.
Oxidative capacity and ageing in human muscle (2000)

This study determined the decline in oxidative capacity per volume of human vastus lateralis muscle between nine adult (mean age 38.8 years) and 40 elderly (mean age 68.8 years) human subjects (age range 25-80 years). We based our oxidative capacity estimates on the kinetics of changes in creatine phosphate content ([PCr]) during recovery from exercise as measured by (31)P magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy. A matched muscle biopsy sample permitted determination of mitochondrial volume density and the contribution of the loss of mitochondrial content to the decline in oxidative capacity with age. The maximal oxidative phosphorylation rate or oxidative capacity was estimated from the PCr recovery rate constant (k(PCr)) and the [PCr] in accordance with a simple electrical circuit model of mitochondrial respiratory control. Oxidative capacity was 50 % lower in the elderly vs. the adult group (0.61 +/- 0.04 vs. 1.16 +/- 0.147 mM ATP s(-1)). Mitochondrial volume density was significantly lower in elderly compared with adult muscle (2.9 +/- 0.15 vs. 3.6 +/- 0.11 %). In addition, the oxidative capacity per mitochondrial volume (0.22 +/- 0.042 vs. 0.32 +/- 0.015 mM ATP (s %)(-1)) was reduced in elderly vs. adult subjects. This study showed that elderly subjects had nearly 50 % lower oxidative capacity per volume of muscle than adult subjects. The cellular basis of this drop was a reduction in mitochondrial content, as well as a lower oxidative capacity of the mitochondria with age.