gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A numerical model and semi-analytic equations for determining water table elevations and discharges in non-homogeneous subsurface drainage systems (2001)

A free water surface finite element model was developed. The method was implemented with the Galerkin approach to solve the Laplace equation in the saturated region. It was developed in the object oriented Visual C ++ computer language to permit easy update and drawing of the adaptive mesh. For each time step, the new water table position was calculated based on flux across the water table, a Brooks-Corey equation mass balance for the unsaturated region, and an equation that calculates water table position for the saturated region. An equation was developed to calculate a drainage transfer coefficient, alpha, based on percentage of perforated area in the drain tube wall. The drainage transfer coefficient was incorporated into the finite element model as a Fourier boundary condition. To validate the finite element model, its results were compared with the Kirkham equation results for steady state recharge of three subsurface drainage systems. The finite element model was used to calibrate a semi-analytical frozen stream tube model for subsurface drainage of heterogeneous soils. The first step in the calibration procedure is to run the finite element model for steady state recharge and calculate the water table height divided by recharge rate (the stream tube resistance to flow) as a function of distance between drains. Least squares regression is used to fit a polynomial logarithmic equation, called the resistance function, to the stream tube resistance to flow vs. distance from the drain curve. A differential equation based on the principle of conservation of mass and application of Darcy's law to the frozen stream tube was solved to obtain an equation that calculates stream tube flow rate and final water table elevation as a function of the resistance function and initial water table elevation. An example was developed for a non-homogeneous subsurface drainage system to illustrate the use of the semi-analytical model to predict water table fall and discharge.
Creation of Early Flowering Germplasm of Soybean by CRISPR/Cas9 Technology (2019)

Soybean is an important economic crop and a typical short-day crop, sensitive to photoperiod, and has narrow geographical adaptative region, which limit the creation of transgenic materials and reduce the breeding efficiency of new varieties. In addition, the genetic transformation efficiency of soybean is lower than that of many other crops, and the available receptor genotypes are limited. In this study, <i>Agrobacterium</i>-mediated transformation were used to introduce the CRISPR/Cas9 expression vector into soybean cultivar Jack and generated targeted mutants of <i>E1</i> gene controlling soybean flowering. We obtained two novel types of mutations, 11 bp and 40 bp deletion at <i>E1</i> coding region, respectively, and frameshift mutations produced premature translation termination codons and truncated E1 proteins, causing obvious early flowering under long day condition. In addition, no off-target effects were observed by predicting and analyzing the potential off-target sites of <i>E1</i> targets. Significant decreased <i>E1</i> gene expression of two novel mutants showed that the truncated E1 protein disinhibited <i>GmFT2a</i>/<i>5a</i> and increasing <i>GmFT2a</i>/<i>5a</i> gene expressions resulted obvious early flowering. Homozygous trans-clean mutants without T-DNA elements were also obtained and showed early flowering under long day condition. The photo-insensitive soybean transformation receptor we created laid a foundation for breeding excellent transgenic receptors suitable for high latitudes.
Effects of thrombopoietin on the proliferation and differentiation of primitive and mature haemopoietic progenitor cells in cord blood (1998)

Thrombopoietin (TPO) is considered to be the primary growth factor for regulating megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis. In this study we investigated the in vitro effect of TPO on relatively immature and mature CD34+ progenitor cells in cord blood. Cells were cultured in both liquid and semi-solid cultures containing 50 ng/ml TPO. The CD34+/CD45RA- and CD34+/CD38- subfractions in cord blood were both enriched for megakaryocyte progenitors as determined in a semisolid CFU-meg assay. Progenitor cells derived from the CD34+/CD45RA- and CD34+/CD38- subfractions showed high proliferative capacity in liquid cultures. We observed a mean 19-fold expansion of the total CD34+ cell fraction, whereas in the CD34+/CD45RA- and CD34+/CD38- subfractions the mean expansion was 23- and 50-fold respectively. The expansion of the immature progenitor cell subfractions resulted in a highly purified megakaryocyte suspension containing > 80% megakaryocytes after 14 d in culture. However, these expanded megakaryocytes remained in a diploid (2N) and tetraploid (4N) state. Maturation could not be further induced by low concentration of TPO (0.1 ng/ml). The majority of the cells were 2N (80%) and 4N (15%) and only 5% of the cells had a ploidy of more than 4N. These results indicate that megakaryocyte progenitor cells in cord blood residing in the immature stem cell fraction exhibit a high proliferative capacity when cultured in the presence of TPO as the single growth factor, without maturation to hyperploid megakaryocytes.
Properties of 2-Oxoglutarate:Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase from <i>Thauera aromatica</i> and Its Role in Enzymatic Reduction of the Aromatic Ring (2002)

Benzoyl coenzyme A (benzoyl-CoA) reductase is a key enzyme in the anaerobic metabolism of aromatic compounds catalyzing the ATP-driven reductive dearomatization of benzoyl-CoA. The enzyme from Thauera aromatica uses a reduced 2[4Fe-4S] ferredoxin as electron donor. In this work, we identified 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (KGOR) as the ferredoxin reducing enzyme. KGOR activity was increased 10- to 50-fold in T. aromatica cells grown under denitrifying conditions on an aromatic substrate compared to that of cells grown on nonaromatic substrates. The enzyme was purified from soluble extracts by a 60-fold enrichment with a specific activity of 4.8 micromol min(-1) mg(-1). The native enzyme had a molecular mass of 200 +/- 20 kDa (mean +/- standard deviation) and consisted of two subunits with molecular masses of 66 and 34 kDa, suggesting an (alphabeta)(2) composition. The UV/visible spectrum was characteristic for an iron-sulfur protein; the enzyme contained 8.3 +/- 0.5 mol of Fe, 7.2 +/- 0.5 mol of acid-labile sulfur, and 1.6 +/- 0.2 mol of thiamine diphosphate (TPP) per mol of protein. The high specificity for 2-oxoglutarate and the low K(m) for ferredoxin ( approximately 10 microM) indicated that both are the in vivo substrates of the enzyme. KGOR catalyzed the isotope exchange between (14)CO(2) and C(1) of 2-oxoglutarate, representing a typical reversible partial reaction of 2-oxoacid oxidoreductases. The two genes coding for the two subunits of KGOR were found adjacent to the gene cluster coding for enzymes and ferredoxin of the catabolic benzoyl-CoA pathway. Sequence comparisons with other 2-oxoacid oxidoreductases indicated that KGOR from T. aromatica belongs to the Halobacterium type of 2-oxoacid oxidoreductases, which lack a ferredoxin-like module which contains two additional [4Fe-4S](1+/2+) clusters/monomer. Using purified KGOR, ferredoxin, and benzoyl-CoA reductase, the 2-oxoglutarate-driven reduction of benzoyl-CoA was shown in vitro. This demonstrates that ferredoxin acts as an electron shuttle between the citric acid cycle and benzoyl-CoA reductase by coupling the oxidation of the end product of the benzoyl-CoA pathway, acetyl-CoA, to the reduction of the aromatic ring.
Adsorption of Metal Ions on Gallium(III)-Templated Oxine Type of Chemically Modified Chitosan (1996)

Abstract The oxine type of chemically modified chitosan was prepared by the template crosslinking method employing gallium(III) ion as a template ion. The functional groups of oxine were found to be incorporated into the polymer chain of chitosan at a oxine/glucosamine unit ratio of 1/3. This value agrees with that expected from molecular modeling computation by the molecular mechanics method. Adsorption of molybdenum(VI), vanadium(IV), indium(III), aluminum(III), zinc(II), iron(II), and cadmium(II) together with gallium(III) on this chemically modified chitosan from dilute sulfuric acid solution was compared with that on the original chitosan. It was found that the pH at which the adsorption of these metals takes place on this chemically modified chitosan shifted to a lower pH than that on the original chitosan. The shift was the greatest for gallium(III) among the metal ions examined, which might be attributable to the template effect of gallium(III) ion. The maximum adsorption capacity of gallium(III) was evaluated as 1.17 mol/kg-dry adsorbent. The selective adsorption of small amounts of gallium(III) and in-dium(III) from an excess amount of zinc(II) was confirmed from the breakthrough profile of separation using a column packed with this chemically modified chitosan. Key Words: AdsorptionMetal ionsChemically modified chitosanTemplate crosslinking methodMolecular modeling computation
Abuse potential of loperamide (1980)

Effects of the currently marketed form of loperamide (Imodium capsules) that might relate to abuse potential were examined. Study I was a double-blind "dose run-up" in adult male subjects with a history of illicit drug use but no history of opioid addiction. Subjective responses to doses of loperamide ranging from 12 to 60 mg were compared with responses to 120 mg codeine sulfate (96 mg base) and to placebo. Based on study I, loperamide (60 mg) was used in study II and its effects were compared with those of codeine (96 mg base) and placebo in an exaddict subject group. Study II subjects had had extensive opioid experience but were not actively addicted at the time of this double-blind, inpatient study. In study II, as in study I, unlike loperamide and placebo, codeine induced pupillary constriction. Loperamide (60 mg) induced a detectable subjective effect in somewhat over half the subjects, was "liked" little or not at all, and was identified as "dope" at a frequency less than that for a threshold dose of oral codeine. It was concluded that in its present form, i.e., capsules containing loperamide mixed with magnesium stearate, loperamide poses little threat of potential abuse.
Near optimal neural network estimator for spectral x-ray photon counting data with pileup (2017)

-Purpose: A neural network estimator to process x-ray spectral measurements from photon counting detectors with pileup. The estimator is used with an expansion of the attenuation coefficient as a linear combination of functions of energy multiplied by coefficients that depend on the material composition at points within the object [R.E. Alvarez and A. Macovski, Phys. Med. Biol., 1976, 733-744]. The estimator computes the line integrals of the coefficients from measurements with different spectra. Neural network estimators are trained with measurements of a calibration phantom with the clinical x-ray system. One estimator uses low noise training data and another network is trained with data computed by adding random noise to the low noise data. The performance of the estimators is compared to each other and to the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). Methods: The estimator performance is measured using a Monte Carlo simulation with an idealized model of a photon counting detector that includes only pileup and quantum noise. Transmitted x-ray spectra are computed for a calibration phantom. The transmitted spectra are used to compute random data for photon counting detectors with pileup. Detectors with small and large dead times are considered. Neural network training data with extremely low noise are computed by averaging the random detected data with pileup for a large numbers of exposures of the phantom. Each exposure is equivalent to a projection image or one projection of a computed tomography scan. Training data with high noise are computed by using data from one exposure. Finally, training data are computed by adding random data to the low noise data. The added random data are multivariate normal with zero mean and covariance equal to the sample covariance of data for an object with properly chosen attenuation. To test the estimators, random data are computed for different thicknesses of three test objects with different compositions. These are used as inputs to the neural network estimators. The mean squared errors (MSE), variance and square of the bias of the neural networks' outputs with the random object data are each compared to the CRLB. Results: The MSE for a network trained with low noise data and added noise is close to the CRLB for both the low and high pileup cases. Networks trained with very low noise data have low bias but large variance for both pileup cases. ralvarez@aprendtech.com Networks trained with high noise data have both large bias and large variance. Conclusion: With a properly chosen level of added training data noise, a neural network estimator for photon counting data with pileup can have variance close to the CRLB with negligible bias.
Multi-target detection in FMCW radar (2002)

With the increase in the bandwidth of FMCW radar signals, the wideband property and the required resolution results in conflict. Several methods to resolve these problems are presented. The strengths and weaknesses of each solution are discussed. The range-segment processing and mixed processing with coarse and precise processing are investigated. The mixed mode of coarse and precise processing shows its versatility over the range-segment processing (including the traditional range-segment processing and the new range-segment undersample processing). The combination of an analog spectrum analyzer and FFT is more suitable to wideband signal processing.
ON THE MECHANISM OF TISSUE RECONSTRUCTION BY DISSOCIATED CELLS, III. FREE ENERGY RELATIONS AND THE REORGANIZATION OF FUSED, HETERONOMIC TISSUE FRAGMENTS (1962)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
A new router for reducing "antenna effect" in ASIC design (2002)

In this paper, an efficient router for reducing "antenna effect" damage is reported. The antenna effect is a phenomenon of gate-oxide degradation by charge buildup on conductors in plasma-based manufacturing processes. It directly influences yield and reliability of VLSIs. The amount of the degradation is a direct function of interconnect geometry (e.g., amount of floating conductors connecting to the gate oxide during the processes). The proposed router combines a traditional router and a modification of wires for reducing the antenna effect damage using a rip-up and reroute method. It reduces the damage with only a small penalty of die size and performance. The effectiveness of the router, which is implemented in the layout system HGALOP, is demonstrated by experimental results on 3-4 level metal industrial sea-of-gates (SOG) circuits.
Induction of protective immunity against influenza virus in a macaque model: comparison of conventional and iscom vaccines. (1997)

Cynomolgus macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were immunized twice intramuscularly, either with a conventional non-adjuvanted subunit vaccine or with a candidate immune-stimulating complex (iscom) vaccine, each containing 10 micrograms envelope glycoprotein of a recent human influenza A(H3N2) virus (A/Netherlands/18/94). In contrast to the macaques vaccinated with the classical subunit vaccine, those immunized with the iscom vaccine developed high titres of specific IgM, IgA and IgG serum antibodies, as well as high titres of haemagglutination-inhibiting and virus-neutralizing serum antibodies. Also, specific proliferative T cell responses were only found in the iscom-vaccinated monkeys and their levels were similar to those found in monkeys experimentally infected with the homologous virus. Upon intratracheal challenge with the homologous virus, the iscom-vaccinated monkeys were completely protected from detectable virus replication in lungs, pharynx and nose, whereas those vaccinated with the classical subunit vaccines were not, or were only partially protected. The kinetics of specific serum antibody development in the iscom-vaccinated monkeys after challenge were quite similar to those of monkeys after secondary infection with the same virus. In contrast, the post-challenge kinetics of serum antibody development in the monkeys vaccinated with the classical subunit vaccines resembled those of naive monkeys, confirming that these vaccines only provided limited protection in such animals.
Study of the reactions of dyes of the alizarin green series with UO22+ ions in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium cation (1979)

The reactions of four dyes of the alizarin green series with UO 2 2+ ions in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium cation (CTA + , S) were studied. At lower tenside concentration than the critical micelle concentration (cmc), defined ternary UO 2 L 2 S 4 or UO 2 L 2 S 2 complexes are formed in the solution. The stability constants of the complexes formed were determined and a procedure for the photometric determination of uranium and cetyltrimethylammonium was proposed.
Rich chemistry of nitroso compounds (2005)

Nitrosobenzene or nitrosopyridine are found to be attractive electrophiles in catalytic enantioselective carbon-nitrogen and/or carbon-oxygen bond forming reactions. In the presence of designer Lewis or Brønsted acid catalysts, catalytic enantioselective O- and N-nitroso aldol reaction or nitroso Diels-Alder reaction proceed smoothly. The scope and limitation of new catalytic processes are described.
15nm HP patterning with EUV and SADP: key contributors for improvement of LWR, LER, and CDU (2013)

This paper discusses the approach for patterning 15nm Half Pitch (HP) structures using EUV lithography combined with Self-Aligned Double Patterning (SADP). A stack composed of a double hard mask, which allows decoupling photoresist transfer and trim, and an α-Si mandrel, which offers better mechanical properties during the mandrel and spacer patterning, is proposed. A break-down study with the patterning steps was performed to investigate the key contributors for improvement of LWR, LER and CDU, targeting integrated solutions with lithography, etch, thin film deposition, and wet cleans for selected applications. Based on the optimization of these key patterning contributors, optimum LWR, LER and CDU at 15nm HP are demonstrated.
Evidence that GLUT-2 mRNA and protein concentrations are decreased by hyperinsulinaemia and increased by hyperglycaemia in liver of diabetic rats (1992)

GLUT-2, glucokinase (GK) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) mRNA expression was studied in the liver of chronically catheterized diabetic rats during the 3 days after an intravenous injection of 65 mg of streptozotocin (STZ)/kg. At 6 h after the STZ injection, portal plasma insulin levels were 270 +/- 32 mu-units/ml and blood glucose was 1.4 +/- 0.4 mmol/l, owing to pancreatic beta-cell destruction. GLUT-2 and PEPCK mRNA concentrations were rapidly and dramatically decreased (> 90%), whereas GK mRNA was increased. After 30 h, plasma insulin concentrations were lower than 5 mu-units/ml and blood glucose was > 20 mmol/l. GLUT-2 and PEPCK mRNA concentrations increased 2-fold and GK mRNA disappeared progressively. In order to assess the relative roles of hyperglycaemia and insulinopenia, blood glucose was clamped at 6.4 +/- 0.5 mmol/l from 18 to 72 h after STZ injection by phlorizin infusion (0.5-2 g/day per kg) or at 6.6 +/- 0.3 mmol/l from 18 to 48 h after STZ injection by insulin infusion (0.25 unit/min per kg). GLUT-2 mRNA concentrations were 50% lower in phlorizin-infused than in untreated diabetic rats. The low levels of GK mRNA and the high levels of PEPCK mRNA were unaffected by normalization of hyperglycaemia in phlorizin-infused diabetic rats. In insulin-infused rats (portal plasma insulin levels of 40 mu-units/ml) GLUT-2 mRNA levels were 25% of those in untreated diabetic rats, and they increased rapidly 6 h after insulin infusion was stopped. Liver GLUT-2 protein concentration showed similar changes in response to STZ injection and to phlorizin or insulin treatment, but after a delay of several hours. From this work we conclude that GLUT-2 gene expression is dramatically and rapidly (< 6 h) decreased by portal hyperinsulinaemia and increased by hyperglycaemia.
Structure and Properties of the Condensed Phosphates. VII. Hydrolytic Degradation of Pyro- and Tripolyphosphate (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure and Properties of the Condensed Phosphates. VII. Hydrolytic Degradation of Pyro- and TripolyphosphateJ. R. Van Wazer, E. J. Griffith, and J. F. McCulloughCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 2, 287–291Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01607a011https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01607a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views821Altmetric-Citations75LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts