gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Upregulation of Survivin in G2/M Cells and Inhibition of Caspase 9 Activity Enhances Resistance in Staurosporine-Induced Apoptosis (2004)

Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) gene family, plays an important role in both the regulation of cell cycle and the inhibition of apoptosis, and is frequently overexpressed in many tumor types. In neuroblastomas, the expression of survivin correlates with a more aggressive and histologically unfavorable disease. Survivin is predominantly a cytoplasmic protein that is expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner, increasing in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle followed by a rapid decline in the G1 phase. Recently, the role of survivin in resistance to chemotherapy has become an area of intensive investigation. In this study, we demonstrate a phase-specific resistance due to survivin in staurosporine (STS)-induced apoptosis in the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC. G2/M-arrested cultures show an upregulation of survivin expression and are more resistant, whereas G1-phase cells that show decreased levels of survivin are more sensitive to apoptosis. Localization studies revealed differences in the distribution of survivin in two synchronized populations, with G1 cells having weakly positive staining confined to the nucleus, in contrast to G2/M cells that depicted a more uniform and intense expression of survivin throughout the cell. In our experimental system, STS induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial-caspase 9-mediated pathway. Retention of survivin in G1 cells by inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway or inhibition of caspase 9 protected the cells against apoptosis. Our data suggest that survivin exerts its antiapoptotic effect by inhibiting caspase 9 activity, an important event in STS-mediated apoptosis. In context with cell cycle-dependent responses to chemotherapy, the data from this study suggest the possibility of exploiting the survivin pathway for inducing apoptosis in tumor cells.
Disrupting the Field (1999)

This article discusses the challenges involved in constructing a field of study when the social relations in question involve multiple locations, objects, and stories about them. This article argues that the geographical, social, technical, and conceptual uncertainties presented by virtual systems problematize conventional constructions of the field and fieldwork, and require a flexible and “multisited” methodological approach. The article draws on experiences researching virtual reality technologies, and outlines the multisited ethnographic methods used in response to the methodological challenges involved. It outlines strategies of following objects, following people, and following stories to construct a flexible and multiple field of research. Such strategies are consistent with theoretical developments in feminist poststructuralism and science and technology studies that seek to deconstruct the coherence of the research process. The article argues that it is crucial to develop such methodological approaches in order to make nuanced critique of technology development, production, and consumption into the next millennium.
Microstructure and electromechanical responses in semicrystalline ferroelectric relaxor polymer blends (2006)

Ferroelectric relaxor poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-1,1-chlorofluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)] terpolymer with VDF/TrFE/CFE composition of 59.2∕34.6∕7.2 (mole %) exhibits a high dielectric constant (∼50) around room temperature and strong electromechanical response. It can form miscible blends with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). This paper reports the results of a systematic investigation of the influence of PMMA on the microstructure and electromechanical responses of the terpolymer blends with PMMA content up to 10wt%. It was found that the crystallinity of the blends decreases nearly linearly with increased PMMA content. Since the dielectric constant and polarization response of P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) terpolymer are mainly from the crystalline region, these properties accordingly exhibit proportional reduction with increased PMMA concentration. Nevertheless, a small amount (∼5wt%, for instance) of PMMA can raise the elastic modulus of the blend quite markedly while the field-induced strain level is not affected very much. Consequently, the elastic energy density can be enhanced in the blends. As a result, the electromechanical efficiency of blends in the composition range investigated is also significantly improved. In addition, the mechanical loss factor is dramatically decreased at room temperature by blending with PMMA.
PREDICTION OF WATER ACTIVITY LOWERING ABILITY OF FOOD HUMECTANTS AT HIGH a <sub>w</sub> (1976)

ABSTRACT Equations for prediction of the a w lowering effect of humectants in a complex IMF food system were investigated in the range 0.98–0.81 water activity. Three equations have previously been used to predict a w lowering effect of simple solutes in solution, but have never been tested in an IMF system. In addition, two equations were derived, a linear slope method and a graphical procedure. Four commonly used food humectants were incorporated into a model IMF system and the resulting a w 's measured. The measured results were compared to the predicted values of these equations. The linear slope method was shown to be the most accurate of the five equations studied. It is simple and requires only the initial a w and moisture content of the system along with a predetermined slope value for the moisture sorption isotherm for each humectant. The Ross derivation also provides a relatively accurate method of predetermining the final a, in this range.
A 0.1-to-1.5GHz 4.2mW All-Digital DLL with Dual Duty-Cycle Correction Circuit and Update Gear Circuit for DRAM in 66nm CMOS Technology (2008)

We design a DLL that has a slew-rate controlled duty-cycle-correction (DCC) with a fully digital controlled duty-cycle-error detector and has the update gear circuit to shift update mode for low power consumption. The DLL is composed of a dual loop and two types of digital DCC, at the input and output, which have a higher DCC capability when combined. We also design a clock receiver that generates a robust clock from a poor clock source.
Sequential Application of Wilks's Multivariate Outlier Test (1992)

A generalization of Wilks's single‐outlier test suitable for application to the many‐outlier problem of detecting from 1 to k outliers in a multivariate data set is proposed and appropriate critical values determined. The method used follows that suggested by Rosner employing sequential application of the generalized extreme Studentized deviate to univariate samples of reducing size, in which the type I error is controlled both under the hypothesis of no outliers and under the alternative hypothesis of 1, 2,. . ., k outliers. It is shown that critical values for the sequential application of Wilks's test to detect many outliers depend only on those for a single outlier test which may be approximated by percentage points from the F‐distributions as tabulated by Wilks. Relationships between Wilks's test statistic, the Mahalanobis distance between the ‘outlier’ and the mean vector, and Hotelling's T2‐test between the outlier and the rest of the data, are used to reduce the amount of computation involved in applying the sequential procedure. Simulations are used to show that the method behaves well in detecting multiple outliers in samples larger than about 25. Finally, an example with three dimensions is used to illustrate how the method is applied.
Image classification using multimedia knowledge networks (2004)

This paper presents novel methods for classifying images based on knowledge discovered from annotated images using WordNet. The novelty of this work is the automatic class discovery and the classifier combination using the extracted knowledge. The extracted knowledge is a network of concepts (e.g., image clusters and word-senses) with associated image and text examples. Concepts that are similar statistically are merged to reduce the size of the concept network. Our knowledge classifier is constructed by training a meta-classifier to predict the presence of each concept in images. A Bayesian network is then learned using the meta-classifiers and the concept network. For a new image, the presence of concepts is first detected using the meta-classifiers and refined using Bayesian inference. Experiments have shown that combining classifiers using knowledge-based Bayesian networks results in superior (up to 15%) or comparable accuracy to individual classifiers and purely statistically learned classifier structures. Another contribution of this work is the analysis of the role of visual and text features in image classification. As text or joint text + visual features perform better in classifying images than visual features, we tried to predict text features for images without annotations; however, the accuracy of visual + predicted text features did not consistently improve over visual features.
Production of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Platelet Activation Antigens and Their Use in Evaluating Platelet Function (1990)

Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) were used to identify platelet membrane molecules that are expressed after platelet activation. Balb/C mice were immunized with fixed thrombin-activated human platelets and their spleen cells were fused with the murine myeloma cell line NS1-Ag4/1. The resulting hybridomas were screened for antibody production against fixed thrombin-activated platelets and fixed resting platelets by flow cytometry. Two MAbs 2C8 (an IgM) and 1E3 (an IgG2a) demonstrated significant binding to fixed thrombin-activated platelets while reacting minimally with fixed resting platelets. The reactivity of 2C8 and 1E3 were compared to MAb's S12 and AC1.2, both of which have known specificity for an alpha-granule membrane protein (GMP-140) expressed on the surface of activated platelets. In radioimmunoprecipitation studies, both 2C8 and 1E3 immunoprecipitated a protein of approximately 140 kDa similar to that precipitated by S12 and AC1.2. Immunodepletion studies, with S12, AC1.2, 1E3, and 2C8 confirm that they all react with the same antigen. 2C8 may recognize the same epitope as S12, whereas 1E3 appears to recognize a different epitope of the same molecule. The use of these MAbs to measure platelet activation in whole blood correlates well with the results of conventional platelet aggregometry.
Selective area solution growth of Ge and GaAs on Si (1989)

Ge and GaAs have been grown on Si substrates by selective area solution growth from saturated metal solutions. Prior to this work, the growth of GaAs on Si has been almost exclusively done by molecular-beam epitaxy or metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. A primary advantage of the solution growth process is the prospect for selective area growth where growth is limited solely to openings in a SiO2 mask. The selectively grown Ge and GaAs crystal compositions were determined by energy dispersive analysis by x ray with the GaAs material demonstrating stoichiometry without detectable Si or Ge incorporation. The GaAs crystals on Si were also fabricated into simple light-emitting diode structures that emitted infrared light at 0.7–0.8 V forward bias.
Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Kinase 2 Activation Is Essential for Progression through the G2/M Checkpoint Arrest in Cells Exposed to Ionizing Radiation (1999)

An increasing body of evidence suggests that mitogen-induced activation of the RAF/ERK signaling pathway is functionally separate from the stress-induced activation of the SEK/JNK/p38 signaling pathway. In general, stress stimuli strongly activate the p38s and the JNKs while only weakly activating ERK1 and ERK2. However, a number of independent groups have now shown that the RAF/ERK signaling pathway is strongly activated by ionizing radiation. In this work, we examine this paradox. We show that both mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) and MAP kinase kinase 2 (MEK2) are activated by ionizing radiation. Blockage of this activation through the use of dominant negative MEK2 increases sensitivity of the cell to ionizing radiation and decreases the ability of a cell to recover from the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint arrest. Blocking MEK2 activation does not affect double-strand DNA break repair, however. Although MEK1 is activated to a lesser extent by ionizing radiation, expression of a dominant negative MEK1 does not affect radiation sensitivity of the cell, the G2/M checkpoint of the cell, or double-strand break repair. Because ionizing radiation leads to a different cell cycle arrest (G2/M arrest) than that typically seen with other stress stimuli, and because we have shown that MEK2 can affect G2/M checkpoint kinetics, these results provide an explanation for the observation that the MEKs can be strongly activated by ionizing radiation and only weakly activated by other stressful stimuli.
The Reductive Aromatization of Steroidal Dienones. A New Method for the Preparation of Estrone (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Reductive Aromatization of Steroidal Dienones. A New Method for the Preparation of EstroneHugh L. Dryden, Gayle M. Webber, and Joseph J. WieczorekCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 4, 742–743Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01058a048https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01058a048research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views243Altmetric-Citations39LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Antimicrobial activity of substituted azoles and their nucleosides. (1999)

Four new 2'-deoxynucleosides of benzimidazole derivatives were prepared. Antimicrobial activity of many indazole, benzotriazole, benzimidazole derivatives and their nucleosides were tested by the agar diffusion method. Among the investigated compounds, dinitro- and trifluoromethyl-substituted benzimidazoles and their nucleosides were the most potent.
Degeneration at the insertion weakens the tensile strength of the supraspinatus tendon: A comparative mechanical and histologic study of the bone‐tendon complex (1997)

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship between the degree of degeneration at the supraspinatus insertion, the tensile strength, and the site of failure of this tendon. Thirty-three fresh cadaveric shoulders (average age: 62 years; range: 39-83 years) were examined. A tensile load to failure was applied at a constant crosshead speed of 25.4 mm/min to a 10 mm wide strip of the supraspinatus tendon that remained attached to the bone. Preexisting degenerative changes at the insertion were assessed and scored histologically and compared with the ultimate tensile stress. Twenty tendons failed at the insertion (the insertion group), and 11 failed in the midsubstance (the midsubstance group). The histologic score of degeneration for the insertion group was significantly higher than that for the midsubstance group (p = 0.0026). There was a negative correlation between the ultimate tensile stress at the insertion and the degeneration score for the insertion group (r = -0.60; p = 0.013). Histologic observations revealed that disruptions of tendon fibers were located mostly in the articular half of the tendon and that they enlarged during mechanical testing in 90% of the specimens of the insertion group. It seems that degenerative changes at the supraspinatus insertion reduce the tensile strength of the tendon and constitute a primary pathogenetic factor of rotator cuff tear.
Roles of Additives in Damascene Copper Electropolishing (2006)

This study explores how the dissolution of damascene Cu depends on accelerators of organic acids in alcohol-containing electropolishing electrolytes. Four two-additive electrolytes that contain different accelerators, acetic, citric, citrazinic, and benzoic acids, are evaluated. At the bottom of damascene features, an esterification reaction between alcohols and organic acids efficiently forms a highly resistive layer and reduces the acidity of the solution. Accordingly, outside the damascene features, the rate of removal of Cu is dominated by the acidity of electrolytes but, inside the features, it is also determined by the resistance of the viscous layer. For a weak acidic additive, acetic acid, an extremely high additive concentration is introduced to sustain the moderate acidity of the solution to initiate intense esterification. Therefore, acetic-acid-based two-additive electrolytes exhibit excellent Cu planarization capability.
Exceptional seed longevity and robust growth: ancient Sacred Lotus from China (1995)

A 1,288 ± 271‐yr‐old (1,350 ± 220 yr BP, radiocarbon age) seed of Sacred Lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) from an ancient lake bed at Pulantien, Liaoning Province, China, has been germinated and subsequently radiocarbon dated. This is the oldest demonstrably viable and directly dated seed ever reported, the preserved relict of one of the early crops of lotus cultivated by Buddhists at Pulantien after introduction of the religion into the region prior to 372 A.D. A small portion of the dry pericarp of a second lotus fruit from the same locale has been dated as being 332 ± 135‐yr‐old (270 ± 60 yr BP, radiocarbon age) by accelerator mass spectroscopy at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. This polycentenarian seed not only germinated but is still growing (since March, 1994). Of six old lotus fruits tested, two‐thirds germinated, almost all in fewer than 4 d, as rapidly as fruits harvested from the progeny of Pulantien Sacred Lotus plants (under cultivation by the National Park Service in Washington, DC), and more rapidly than fresh fruits of Yellow Lotus [ N. lutea (Willd.) Pers.]. Growth of the old lotus is robust: rhizome formation and leaf emergence at rhizome nodes are more rapid than those of the Pulantien progeny, although the leaf width is smaller. Activity of the protein‐repair enzyme L‐isoaspartyl methyltransferase in the old lotus seed is persistent during germination and is as robust as that in the progeny, and the degree of aspartyl racemization in proteins of the two groups of plants is minimal and essentially identical. The six dated ancient Sacred Lotus fruits range in age from 95 to 1,288 yr (with a mean age of 595 ± 380 yr), evidently reflecting their production, deposition, and preservation at varying times during the intervening millennium.
Characterization of radiation damage to DNA by reaction with borohydride (1981)

Irradiation of aqueous solutions of native calf thymus DNA with x-rays produced functional groups that reacted with sodium borohydride. The DNA was labeled with tritium from NaB3H4 to the extent of 2.0 x 10(-10) atom/dalton/rad. The presence of cysteamine or other radical scavengers, or saturation of the solution with nitrogen during irradiation decreased the labeling. After mild acid hydrolysis, the major tritium-containing moiety was identical with 2,3-dihydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in all chromatographic systems tested. The suggested mechanism of labeling involved reduction by borohydride of the potential aldehyde at carbon 6 of thymine glycol residues present in the irradiated DNA.
Maintenance of Multipotency in Human Dermal Fibroblasts Treated with <i>Xenopus laevis</i> Egg Extract Requires Exogenous Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (2014)

Direct reprogramming of a differentiated somatic cell into a developmentally more plastic cell would offer an alternative to applications in regenerative medicine that currently depend on either embryonic stem cells (ESCs), adult stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here we report the potential of select Xenopus laevis egg extract fractions, in combination with exogenous fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), to affect life span, morphology, gene expression, protein translation, and cellular localization of OCT4 and NANOG transcription factors, and the developmental potential of human dermal fibroblasts in vitro. A gradual change in morphology is accompanied by translation of embryonic transcription factors and their nuclear localization and a life span exceeding 60 population doublings. Cells acquire the ability to follow adipogenic, neuronal, and osteogenic differentiation under appropriate induction conditions in vitro. Analysis of active extract fractions reveals that Xenopus egg protein and RNAs as well as exogenously supplemented FGF2 are required and sufficient for induction and maintenance of this phenotypic change. Factors so far identified in the active fractions include FGF2 itself, transforming growth factor-β, maskin, and nucleoplasmin. Identification of critical factors needed for reprogramming may allow for nonviral, chemically defined derivation of human-induced multipotent cells that can be maintained by exogenous FGF2.
Induction of interleukin‐12 production in mouse macrophages by berberine, a benzodioxoloquinolizine alkaloid, deviates CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells from a Th2 to a Th1 response (2003)

In this study we investigated whether berberine-mediated induction of interleukin-12 (IL-12) production in antigen-presenting cells could regulate a cytokine profile of antigen-primed CD4+ T helper (Th) cells. Pretreatment with berberine induced IL-12 production in both macrophages and dendritic cells, and significantly increased the levels of IL-12 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages and in CD40 ligand-stimulated dendritic cells. Importantly, berberine pretreatment of macrophages increased their ability to induce interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and reduced their ability to induce IL-4 in antigen-primed CD4+ T cells. Berberine did not influence the macrophage cell surface expression of the class II major histocompatibility complex molecule, the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, and intracellular adhesion molecule-1. Addition of neutralizing anti-IL-12p40 monoclonal antibody to cultures of berberine-pretreated macrophages and CD4+ T cells restored IL-4 production in antigen-primed CD4+ T cells. The in vivo administration of berberine resulted in the enhanced induction of IL-12 production by macrophages when stimulated in vitro with lipopolysaccharide or heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes, leading to the inhibition of the Th type 2 cytokine profile (decreased IL-4 and increased IFN-gamma production) in antigen-primed CD4+ T cells. These findings may point to a possible therapeutic use of berberine or medicinal plants containing berberine in the Th type 2 cell-mediated immune diseases such as allergic diseases.
Vaginal prolapse: management with nonsurgical techniques. (1996)

Obvious genital prolapse should not be ignored. Undoubtedly, it will progress, lead to worsening symptoms and alterations in pelvic function, and become more difficult to treat. Conservative management approaches include pelvic floor (Kegel) exercises for mild prolapse and use of vaginal pessaries to mechanically support prolapsed tissues. Comprehensive evaluation of bladder and urethral function should be done before any surgical repair is undertaken. Reconstructive surgery provides definitive therapy if all anatomic defects are addressed and the necessary lifestyle changes (eg, avoidance of exertional activities) are instituted.