gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relaxation methods applied to engineering problems XII. Fluid motions characterized by 'free' stream-lines (1946)

Abstract This paper deals with problems which are like the percolation problems of Part VII (Shaw & Southwell 1941) in that a double condition, imposed at a boundary initially unknown, replaces the more usual single condition at a specified boundary. They relate to ‘free’ stream-lines in the hydrodynamical theory of inviscid fluids. For plane two-dimensional (steady) motions, the device of conformal transformation has led in the hands of Helmholtz, Kirchhoff and Rayleigh to a variety of solutions; but up to the present it has not taken account of gravity, and it would not seem capable of extension to motions characterized by axial symmetry. Relaxation Methods, in virtue of their tentative approach, here deal successfully with some problems hitherto unsolved.
Review of epidemiologic studies of endometrial cancer and exogenous estrogen. (1979)

Epidemiologic literature on the association of exogenous estrogen and endometrial cancer is reviewed. Descriptive studies have documented fluctuations in the incidence of endometrial cancer, mainly of localized disease, associated with estrogen use. Etiologic studies have established an association between estrogen use during menopause and the occurrence of endometrial cancer. Although the association appears to be a valid one, several biases may have falsely increased the magnitude of this association. The association also appears to be strongest for local disease and weakest for the most invasive disease, which implies that the etiology for the more invasive endometrial cancers is largely unaccounted for by estrogen use. A need for a prospective study to define other potential risks and benefits of estrogen therapy is clear. However, appreciation of factors known to modify the risk of endometrial cancer from exogenous estrogen can help the clinician to use these preparations judiciously.
Silicon nanophotonic devices based on resonance enhancement (2010)

In recent years, silicon nanophotonic devices have attracted more and more attention due to their compactness, low power consumption, and easy integration with other functions. In addition to the higher index of silicon material providing stronger light confinement, the optical resonance associated with the novel structure design also enhances the performance of nanophotonic devices and offers stronger light-matter interaction. Silicon nanophotonic devices such as polarization beamsplitters, mirrors and reflectors, slow light waveguides, and microring sensors are studied, and all of them demonstrate much better performances due to the incorporated optical resonance enhancement.
Nervous system neoplasms and primary malignancies of other sites (1975)

To determine whether nervous system neoplasms are associated with primary malignancies elsewhere, we studied the frequency of multiple primary tumous in patients in whom at least one of the primary tumors was within the nervous system. The patients were Conneticut residents with tumors diagnosed between 1935 and 1964. Of 135 patients, 130 had two primary tumors, four had three primary tumors, and one had four primary tumors. Only with multiple primary tumors involving the brain and breast did the number of observed cases significantly exceed the number of expected cases; eight patients who had a meningioma associated with a breast cancer accounted for this excess. Patients with breast cancer presenting with signs or symptoms of an intracranial neoplasm should be carefully evaluated, for the intracranial lesion may be a potentially curable meningioma.
ISENTROPIC POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANALYSIS ON THE MESOSCALE CYCLONE DEVELOPMENT IN A TORRENTIAL RAIN PROCESS (2002)

The mesoscale model MM4 is used to simulate the torrential rain associated with Meiyu front occurring on 5-6 July.1991 in the Changjiang-Huaihe Basin.Based on the outputs of the model,the cause of the mesoscale cyclogenesis on the lower troposphere is investigated in terms of the potential vorticity principle.The results show that because of the favorable pattern of moist isentropic surface,the absolute vorticity increases when cold air with high moist potential vorticity value rapidly slides down southwards along the moist isentropic surface,and then causes the cyclonic vortex development.
Neurotoxicity and ototoxicity of cisplatin plus paclitaxel in comparison to cisplatin plus cyclophosphamide in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. (1997)

Up to nine courses of chemotherapy, the CC and CP schedules are similar in terms of severity of neurotoxicity and ototoxicity when patients are evaluated during and immediately after treatment. With the doses used in our study, these toxicities are not dose-limiting. Our results suggest that most of the toxic effects observed during the treatment were due to cisplatin.
SCTP based Handover Mechanism for VoIP over IEEE 802.11b Wireless LAN with Heterogeneous Transmission Rates (2006)

In this paper a transport layer handover mechanism for Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) in 802.11b using the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is proposed. The multi-homing feature of SCTP is used to allow connections to several 802.11b Access Points (AP's). Probing packets that model VoIP encoded data at various transmission rates are used to obtain quality metrics from each of the available networks. Handover decisions are made based on the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) calculated from the ITU-T E-Model for voice quality assessment using the obtained measurements. The handover mechanism is shown to operate in 802.11b networks with heterogeneous transmission rates using multiple VoIP codecs. The results show a high correlation between the MOS predicted by the proposed mechanism and the MOS experienced by a VoIP call present in the network. Results verify the accurate operation of the scheme using multiple VoIP codecs at various transmission rates. A simulation showing an SCTP endpoint handover between heterogeneous transmission rate AP's is presented.
Routes of Power (2014)

The fossil fuel revolution is usually a tale of advances in energy production. Christopher Jones tells a tale of advances in energy access--canals, pipelines, wires delivering cheap, abundant power to cities at a distance from production sites. Between 1820 and 1930 these new transportation networks set the U.S. on a path to fossil fuel dependence.
Comparison of reliabilities of direct genomic values (2010)

In some countries where direct genomic values (DGV) are currently used in the national evaluation, DGV are calculated by replacing a pedigree based relationship matrix by a genomic relationship matrix (G) (e.g. Berry et al., 2009; VanRaden, 2008). In other countries, methods are used where SNP effects are individually explicitly estimated and summed across the genome for each animal (e.g. De Roos et al., 2009).
Generalized bacterial genome editing using mobile group II introns and Cre‐ <i>lox</i> (2013)

Efficient bacterial genetic engineering approaches with broad-host applicability are rare. We combine two systems, mobile group II introns ('targetrons') and Cre/lox, which function efficiently in many different organisms, into a versatile platform we call GETR (Genome Editing via Targetrons and Recombinases). The introns deliver lox sites to specific genomic loci, enabling genomic manipulations. Efficiency is enhanced by adding flexibility to the RNA hairpins formed by the lox sites. We use the system for insertions, deletions, inversions, and one-step cut-and-paste operations. We demonstrate insertion of a 12-kb polyketide synthase operon into the lacZ gene of Escherichia coli, multiple simultaneous and sequential deletions of up to 120 kb in E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, inversions of up to 1.2 Mb in E. coli and Bacillus subtilis, and one-step cut-and-pastes for translocating 120 kb of genomic sequence to a site 1.5 Mb away. We also demonstrate the simultaneous delivery of lox sites into multiple loci in the Shewanella oneidensis genome. No selectable markers need to be placed in the genome, and the efficiency of Cre-mediated manipulations typically approaches 100%.
Recent Patents Review on Intranasal Administration for CNS Drug Delivery (2008)

The treatment of brain disorders is the greatest challenge because of a variety of formidable obstacles in effective drug delivery and maintaining therapeutic concentrations in the brain for a prolonged period. The brain is a delicate organ, and evolution built very efficient ways to protect it. The same mechanisms that protect it against intrusive chemicals can also frustrate therapeutic interventions. Approximately, 100% of large molecule drugs and >98% of small molecule drugs do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Many advanced and effective approaches to brain delivery of drugs have emerged in recent years. Intranasal drug delivery is one of the important delivery options for brain targeting, as the brain and nose compartments are connected to each other via the olfactory/trigeminal route and via peripheral circulation. Realization of nose to brain transport and the therapeutic viability of this route can be traced from the ancient times and has been investigated for rapid and effective transport in the last two decades. Many patents have been filed in recent past, claiming enhanced delivery of intranasally administered therapeutics to the brain via olfactory/trigeminal neural pathways, use of novel devices for targeted delivery to olfactory region etc. Various models have been designed and studied by scientists to establish the qualitative and quantitative transport through nasal mucosa to brain. The development of nasal drug products for brain targeting is still faced with enormous challenges. A better understanding in terms of properties of the drug candidate, nose to brain transport mechanism, and transport to and within the brain is of utmost importance. A critical review of recent patents claiming different approaches for enhanced brain delivery through the nasal route will help in determining the focus of this promising area of research.
Unbiased sampling techniques for image synthesis (1991)

We examine a class of adaptive sampling techniques employed in image synthesis and show that those commonly used for efficient anti-aliasing are statistically biased. This bias is dependent upon the image function being sampled as well as the strategy for determining the number of samples to use. It is most prominent in areas of high contrast and is attributable to early stages of sampling systematically favoring one extreme or the other. If the expected outcome of the entire adaptive sampling algorithm is considered, we find that the bias of the early decisions is still present in the final estimator. We propose an alternative strategy for performing adaptive sampling that is unbiased but potentially more costly. We conclude that it may not always be practical to mitigate this source of bias, but as a source of error it should be considered when high accuracy and image fidelity are a central concern.
Standardized Comparison of Processing Capacity and Efficiency of Five New-Generation Immunoassay Analyzers (2000)

The combination of a standardized workload protocol and determination of parameters for productivity and labor efficiency, especially the differentiated RPIs, made it possible to make an objective comparison of the organizational consequences of the use of these instruments. The described parameters allow for a scientifically based choice, given a certain workflow and a particular laboratory organization.
4′-Modification of carbocyclic nucleosides: synthesis of 4′-α-fluoro, 4′α-hydroxy and 4′,6′-unsaturated derivatives of the antiviral agent 2′-ara-fluoro carbocyclic guanosine (1990)

K. Biggadike and A. D. Borthwick, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1990, 1380 DOI: 10.1039/C39900001380
Glycosylhydrazine, 4. <i>1H</i>‐1,2,4‐Triazol‐nucleoside — Synthese von Virazol (1981)

Abstract Aus den Ribosehydrazonen 1a , b und den Oxalsäure‐Derivaten 2 und 13 wurden regio‐ und diastereoselektiv in wenigen Stufen Virazol ( 11 ) und das isomere 1‐β‐ D ‐Ribofuranosyl‐ 1H ‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐carboxamid ( 19 ) erhalten. Die hier verfolgte aufbauende Synthesemethode wurde auch zur Herstellung des unsubstituierten Triazol‐nucleosids 20 angewandt. Bei dieser Methode werden beim Triazolringschluß in einem Reaktionsschritt der erforderliche Furanosering und die β‐Konfiguration einheitlich gebildet.
Anywhere touchtyping (2010)

In this paper, touch typing enabled virtual keyboard system using depth sensing on arbitrary surface is proposed. Keystroke event detection is conducted using 3-dimensional hand appearance database matching combined with fingertip's surface touch sensing. Our prototype system acquired hand posture depth map by implementing phase shift algorithm for Digital Light Processor (DLP) fringe projection on arbitrary flat surface. The system robustly detects hand postures on the sensible surface with no requirement of hand position alignment on virtual keyboard frame. The keystroke feedback is the physical touch to the surface, thus no specific hardware must be worn. The system works real-time in average of 20 frames per second.
Very large vocabulary isolated utterance recognition: a comparison between one pass and two pass strategies (2003)

A system for recognizing isolated utterances belonging to a very large vocabulary is presented that follows a two-pass strategy. The first step, hypothesization, consists in the selection of a subset of word candidates, starting from the segmentation of speech into six broad phonetic classes. This module is implemented through a dynamic programming algorithm working in a three-dimensional space. The search is performed on a tree representing a coarse description of the lexicon. The second step is the search for the best N candidates according to a maximum-likelihood criterion. Each word candidate is represented by a graph of subword hidden Markov models, and a tree structure of the whole word subset is built on line for an efficient implementation of the Viterbi algorithm. A comparison with a direct approach that does not use the hypothesization module shows that the two-pass approach has the same performance with an 80% reduction in computational complexity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Self-attention Based Model for Punctuation Prediction Using Word and Speech Embeddings (2019)

This paper proposes to use self-attention based model to predict punctuation marks for word sequences. The model is trained using word and speech embedding features which are obtained from the pre-trained Word2Vec and Speech2Vec, respectively. Thus, the model can use any kind of textual data and speech data. Experiments are conducted on English IWSLT2011 datasets. The results show that the self-attention based model trained using word and speech embedding features outperforms the previous state-of-the-art single model by up to 7.8% absolute overall F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -score. The results also show that it obtains performance improvement by up to 4.7% absolute overall F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -score against the previous best ensemble model.
Atypical neuroleptics stimulate neurogenesis in adult rat brain (2002)

Schizophrenia has been treated effectively with atypical neuroleptics without serious side effects. We have shown previously that long-term treatment with atypical neuroleptics is correlated with an improvement of cognition in adult rats. We report here that atypical neuroleptics stimulate a 2- to 3-fold increase in newly divided cells in the subventricular zone in the rat and that some of these new cells in the subventricular zone and hippocampus also express a neuronal marker. We used bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to identify newly divided cells and confirmed the observation with antibody to a cell-cycle-specific, endogenous proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Identification of BrdU-positive cells in the anterior subventricular zone (SVZa) particularly in rats treated with the atypical neuroleptics but not in those in the haloperidol-treated and control rats, suggests increased rostral migratory stream (RMS) cell traffic to replenish neurons in the olfactory bulb. Expression of a neuronal marker, NeuN, in BrdU-positive cells in rats treated with atypical neuroleptics, also suggests that these compounds may modulate in vivo differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells even within a day of BrdU injection. Our results indicate that atypical neuroleptics have a mechanism of action other than the previously proposed mechanisms, which might explain their role in improved cognition in animal and in schizophrenic patients. If substantiated by future studies, our findings may lead to an expanded use of atypical neuroleptics in other neurodegenerative diseases to stimulate neuronal replacement and repair.
Georgia-Based Avondale May Close All Mills (2006)

Georgia-based Avondale Mills said it is considering closing all its plants because of increased foreign competition and a train wreck more than a year ago that released a cloud of corrosive chlorine gas just outside the gates of its Graniteville plant, killing nine people.
Highly Effective Non-Viral Gene Transfer into Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells of Cultured Resistance Arteries Demonstrated by Genetic Inhibition of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate-Induced Vasoconstriction (2003)

The linkage of vascular genes to specific functions will lead to a better understanding of cardiovascular pathophysiology. We developed an experimental model that enables the introduction of one or multiple gene(s) into vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of isolated resistance arteries. Exposure of the arteries to a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-encoding plasmid in combination with the transfectant Effectene((R)) for 20 h resulted in the expression of GFP in virtually all VSMCs in the arterial wall at fully preserved vascular function. For functional validation of the model, plasmids encoding the specific RhoA inhibitors C3 transferase or N19RhoA were transfected. In subsequent functional tests, inhibition of RhoA-dependent constriction induced by sphingosine-1-phosphate was similar to that in arteries treated with exogenous C3 transferase protein or the Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632. Responses to norepinephrine remained unaffected. This novel transfection technique enables gene function to be assessed in direct conjunction with signalling pathways in vascular tissue and provides, therefore, a new tool for microvascular proteomics.
Promone implants for heifers in the feedlot (1966)

Limited trials with Promone, a progesterone-like hormone, showed considerable promise for increasing weight gains and feed efficiency of heifers in the feedlot. The trial reported here tested the feedlot performance of heifers when implanted with 200 and 400 mg of Promone, as compared with stilbestrol implants and with a control group.
The Clot Accelerating Effect of Dilution on Blood and Plasma. Relation to the Mechanism of Coagulation of Normal and Hemophilic Blood (1951)

Abstract Dilution with physiologic saline solution and other fluids accelerates the coagulation of properly collected normal and hemophilic blood and plasma in silicone coated vessels, with or without the aid of activating agents such as platelets, thromboplastin, cephalin, glass particles or plasma euglobulin fractions. When normal plasma is diluted under a concentration of about 20 per cent, its rate of clotting is prolonged, principally because of diminution in prothrombin. Regardless of the activating agent used, the rate of coagulation of hemophilic plasma can be made equal to that of normal plasma by appropriate dilution. These findings speak against the existence in hemophilic blood or plasma of a deficiency in any procoagulant factor, and support the concept of the presence in excess of a stabilizing inhibitor which slows the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin by one or both of the following mechanisms: (1) reducing or inactivating the effect of released coagulants (antithromboplastin activity) (2) conjugation with a procoagulant thereby maintaining it in an inactive form (anti Ac-globulin activity).
A novel composite porous coating approach for bioactive titanium‐based orthopedic implants (2012)

Surface modification of titanium-based implants is considered a highly effective solution to enhance osseointegration. This study describes a novel Ti/hydroxyapatite (HA) composite porous coating produced using a cold spraying technique. Experimental results indicate desirable open-cell structure with 50-150 μm pore size and 60-65% macroporosity. In particular, the reinforced HA particles are exposed to the surface of the coating resulting in enhanced mineralization ability in simulated body fluid. None of the coatings displayed a cytotoxic response in SaOS-2 cells cultured in vitro for up to 48 h. The bond strength between the porous coating and the Ti substrate was found to be 20 MPa. These properties are comparative to or better than products currently on the market and thus this novel coating has potential use in orthopedics.
Protein kinase C: a target for anticancer drugs? (2003)

Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine/threonine kinases that is involved in the transduction of signals for cell proliferation and differentiation. The important role of PKC in processes relevant to neoplastic transformation, carcinogenesis and tumour cell invasion renders it a potentially suitable target for anticancer therapy. Furthermore, there is accumulating evidence that selective targeting of PKC may improve the therapeutic efficacy of established neoplastic agents and sensitise cells to ionising radiation. This article reviews the rationale for targeting PKC, focuses on its role in breast cancer and reviews the preclinical and clinical data available for the efficacy of PKC inhibition.
An on-demand secure routing protocol resilient to byzantine failures (2002)

An ad hoc wireless network is an autonomous self-organizing system ofmobile nodes connected by wireless links where nodes not in directrange can communicate via intermediate nodes. A common technique usedin routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks is to establish therouting paths on-demand, as opposed to continually maintaining acomplete routing table. A significant concern in routing is theability to function in the presence of byzantine failures whichinclude nodes that drop, modify, or mis-route packets in an attempt todisrupt the routing service.We propose an on-demand routing protocol for ad hoc wireless networks that provides resilience to byzantine failures caused by individual or colluding nodes. Our adaptive probing technique detects a malicious link after log n faults have occurred, where n is the length of the path. These links are then avoided by multiplicatively increasing their weights and by using an on-demand route discovery protocol that finds a least weight path to the destination.