gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Early Secreted Antigenic Target of 6-kDa Protein of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Primes Dendritic Cells To Stimulate Th17 and Inhibit Th1 Immune Responses (2012)

Early secreted antigenic target of 6 kDa (ESAT-6) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a T cell Ag that is a potential vaccine candidate, but it is also a virulence factor that mediates pathogenicity. To better understand the effects of ESAT-6 on the immune response, we studied the effect of ESAT-6 on human dendritic cells (DCs). Peripheral blood monocytes were treated with GM-CSF and IL-4 to yield immature DCs, which were matured by addition of LPS and CD40 ligand (CD40L), with or without ESAT-6. ESAT-6 inhibited LPS/CD40L-induced DC expression of costimulatory molecules, reduced DC-stimulated allogeneic T cell proliferation and IL-2 and IFN-γ production, and enhanced IL-17 production. ESAT-6-treated DCs also increased IL-17 and reduced IFN-γ production by M. tuberculosis-specific autologous T cells. ESAT-6 inhibited LPS/CD40L-induced DC production of IL-12 and enhanced that of IL-23 and IL-1β, without affecting secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, or IL-8 through specific interaction with immature DCs. The effects of ESAT-6 were not mediated through cAMP or p38 MAPK. Medium from ESAT-6-conditioned DCs increased IL-17 and reduced IFN-γ production by T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28, and ESAT-6-induced IL-17 production was blocked by neutralizing both IL-23 and IL-1β. ESAT-6 reduced LPS/CD40L-stimulated transcription of IL-12p35 and enhanced that of IL-23p19 through inhibition of IFN regulatory factor-1 and upregulation of activating transcription factor-2 and c-Jun, transcriptional regulators of IL-12p35 and IL-23p19, respectively. We conclude that ESAT-6 increases DC production of IL-23 and IL-1β while inhibiting that of IL-12, thus enhancing Th17 at the expense of protective Th1 responses.
ATS/ERS international multidisciplinary consensus classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: Table 1— (2002)

In the January issue of the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine the “ATS/ERS international multidisciplinary consensus classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias” 1 was published, and this certainly deserves an editorial comment in the European Respiratory Journal (ERJ). Previously, several classifications have been proposed, of which the most influential were the landmark histological classification of chronic interstitial pneumonias by Liebow and Carrington 2 and Liebow 3, and the recent updates of acute and chronic idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIP) by Katzenstein and Myers 4 and by Muller and Colby 5.

A correct histological classification is of utmost importance based on the fact that prognosis and survival vary largely depending on the subset of IIP 6–8. Pathology-based diagnoses are, however, only available in a minority of patients with IIP, since the majority do not undergo surgical lung biopsy. Conversely, it has been shown that high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scanning, in particular, but also other clinical features, may be of discriminative diagnostic value 5, 9–11. Therefore, integrated clinical, radiological and histological classifications and definitions are mandatory. In response to this, the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) recently published an international consensus statement focusing on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), with guidelines on diagnosis and …
Severe Paediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (PIMS) in a 23 months old baby post COVID-19 effectively managed with IVIG and pulse Steroid: Case report&nbsp; (2020)

Abstract Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in children largely causes mild disease. Some of these recovered children may present with delayed manifestations described as Hyperinflammatory syndrome resembling closely with Kawasaki disease (KD) or Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS). Timely identification, supportive treatment and treatment with immunomodulatory drugs make a significant difference in the outcome.
Towards Automatic Linkage of Knowledge Worker’s Claims with Associated Evidence from Screenshots (2017)

Knowledge workers are frequently subject to information overload. As a result, when looking to make analytic judgements, they may only have time to search for evidence that already matches their existing viewpoint, leading to confirmation bias. New computer systems are needed that can help users overcome this and other cognitive biases. As an enabling step towards such systems, the research community has developed instrumentation software that captures data to help better understand sensemaking processes and workflows. However, existing instrumentation approaches are limited by the need to write operating system-specific (and often application-specific) code to `see' what the user is doing inside different applications on their computer. This source code quickly becomes complex and brittle. Furthermore, this approach does not provide a holistic view of how the user is gleaning information from multiple applications at once. We propose an alternative approach to instrumentation based on automated analysis of desktop screenshots, and demonstrate this in the context of extraction of `claims' from reports that users are writing, and association of these claims with `evidence' obtained from web browsing. We evaluate our approach on a corpus of 121,000 screenshots obtained from a study of 150 participants carrying out a controlled analysis task. The topic of the task was previously unfamiliar to them (hence the need to search for evidence on the web). We report results from several variants of our approach using a human evaluation of extracted claim/evidence pairs, and find that a simple word matching metric (based on Jaccard similarity) can outperform more complex sentence similarity metrics. We also describe many of the difficulties inherent to screenshot analysis and our approaches to overcome them.
<i>Modus Operandi</i> of Protective and Anti-icing Mechanisms Underlying the Design of Longstanding Outdoor Icephobic Coatings (2019)

Atmospheric icing has become a global concern due to hazardous consequences of ice accretion on air, land, and sea transport and infrastructure. Icephobic surfaces due to their physicochemical properties facilitate a decrease in ice and snow accumulation under outdoor conditions. However, a serious problem of most superhydrophobic surfaces described in the literature is poor operational durability under harsh corrosive and abrasive loads characteristic of atmospheric operation. Here, we elucidate main surface phenomena determining the anti-icing behavior and show experimentally how different mechanisms contribute to long-term durability. For comprehensive exploitation of those mechanisms, we have applied a recently proposed strategy based on fine-tuning of both laser processing and protocols of deposition of the fluorooxysilanes onto the nanotextured surface. Prolonged outdoor tests evidence that a developed strategy for modification of materials on the nanolevel allows overcoming the main drawbacks of icephobic coatings reported so far and results in resistance to destroying atmospheric impacts.
Millimeter-wave Fermi tapered slot antennas on micromachined silicon substrates (2002)

This paper presents 90 GHz Fermi-type tapered slot antennas (TSA) on a micromachined 100 /spl mu/m thick silicon substrate (/spl epsiv//sub r/=11.7) and for comparison purposes, 90 GHz Fermi-type TSA on 150 /spl mu/m thick quartz substrate (/spl epsiv//sub r/=3.78). A 100 /spl mu/m thick wafer is chosen because it is compatible with 90-100 GHz low-noise amplifier circuits on GaAs-InP substrates. The effective thickness of the substrate was reduced by selectively micromachining holes in the silicon wafer using deep reactive ion etching (deep RIE). The radiation patterns of the micromachined antennas were significantly better than the nonmicromachined version and had similar radiation patterns to the quartz design. The etched hole diameter was changed from 300 to 750 /spl mu/m with minor effect on the radiation patterns. This shows that the predominant reason for the improved patterns lies in the reduced effective dielectric constant and not in substrate-mode suppression effects. This type of antenna is well suited for millimeter-wave imaging arrays.
Internal ballistics of a pneumatic potato cannon (2009)

Basic laws of thermodynamics and mechanics are used to analyse an air gun. Such devices are often employed in outdoor physics demonstrations to launch potatoes using compressed gas that is here assumed to expand reversibly and adiabatically. Reasonable agreement is found with reported muzzle speeds for such homebuilt cannons. The treatment is accessible to undergraduate students who have taken calculus-based introductory physics.
Engineering tropane biosynthetic pathway in <i>Hyoscyamus niger</i> hairy root cultures (2004)

Scopolamine is a pharmaceutically important tropane alkaloid extensively used as an anticholinergic agent. Here, we report the simultaneous introduction and overexpression of genes encoding the rate-limiting upstream enzyme putrescine N-methyltransferase (PMT) and the downstream enzyme hyoscyamine 6 beta-hydroxylase (H6H) of scopolamine biosynthesis in transgenic henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) hairy root cultures. Transgenic hairy root lines expressing both pmt and h6h produced significantly higher (P < 0.05) levels of scopolamine compared with the wild-type and transgenic lines harboring a single gene (pmt or h6h). The best line (T(3)) produced 411 mg/liter scopolamine, which was over nine times more than that in the wild type (43 mg/liter) and more than twice the amount in the highest scopolamine-producing h6h single-gene transgenic line H(11) (184 mg/liter). To our knowledge, this is the highest scopolamine content achieved through genetic engineering of a plant. We conclude that transgenic plants harboring both pmt and h6h possessed an increased flux in the tropane alkaloid biosynthetic pathway that enhanced scopolamine yield, which was more efficient than plants harboring only one of the two genes. It seems that the pulling force of the downstream enzyme (the faucet enzyme) H6H plays a more important role in stimulating scopolamine accumulation in H. niger whereas the functioning of the upstream enzyme PMT is increased proportionally. This study provides an effective approach for large-scale commercial production of scopolamine by using hairy root culture systems as bioreactors.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Gut Commensal and Laboratory Strain Enterococcus faecium 64/3 (2015)

The genome sequence of the commensal and widely used laboratory strain Enterococcus faecium 64/3 was resolved by means of PacificBioscience and Illumina whole-genome sequencing. The genome comprises 2,575,333 bp with 2,382 coding sequences as assigned by NCBI.
The Fate of Ultra-Low Viscosity<sup>14</sup>C-Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose in Rats Following Gavage Administration (1986)

The disposition of 14C-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) with a viscosity of 2.25 centipoise was studied in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats following a single 500 mg/kg body weight gavage dose, or five consecutive daily doses. Recoveries for the single dose were: feces, greater than 99%; urine, approximately 1%; carcass and tissues, approximately 0.2%; expired air, 0.07%; and bile, 0.05%. Plasma radioactivity had a monophasic excretion half-life of approximately 2 hours for either sex. The majority of the residual radioactivity in the tissues was found in the gastrointestinal tract. The absorbed radioactivity in the urine, based on thin layer chromatography (TLC) analyses, represented methyl ethers of glucose and oligomers; this amounted to 0.56% recovered in a study in which urine samples were isolated from possible contamination by radioactivity in the feces. The 0.56% correlated well with the 0.53% portion of the original dosing solution which consisted of cellulose units with an average molecular weight of less than 1000. Recovery of radioactivity in the feces of rats on the 5-day dosing regimen was 97% and 102% for males and females, respectively, without any evidence for accumulation in tissues. Approximately 1% was recovered in the urine. Thus, the results of this work show that ultra-low viscosity 2.25 centipoise HPMC was only minimally absorbed with essentially all of a single 500 mg/kg gavage dose, or 5 daily consecutive doses, being excreted unabsorbed in the feces.
Effect of caching on routing-table lookup in multimedia environment (1991)

An attempt is made to investigate the validity and effectiveness of caching for routing-table lookup in multimedia environments. Multimedia traffic, like voice, data and video, is characterized by the burstiness which is represented in terms of the coefficient of variation. The general expression obtained from an approximate analysis of the cache scheme proposed indicates that the burstiness of traffic has a significant impact on caching performance. If the coefficient of variation of traffic exceeds unity, the demonstrated advantages of caching are significant. The converse is true when the coefficient of traffic is less than unity. The results obtained from simulations show that in the case of data traffic, the demonstrated advantage of caching is dramatic, and in the case of voice traffic, the superiority of caching is moderate. For video traffic, however, caching has less gain due to the smooth nature of video traffic.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Single-image SVBRDF capture with a rendering-aware deep network (2018)

Texture, highlights, and shading are some of many visual cues that allow humans to perceive material appearance in single pictures. Yet, recovering spatially-varying bi-directional reflectance distribution functions (SVBRDFs) from a single image based on such cues has challenged researchers in computer graphics for decades. We tackle lightweight appearance capture by training a deep neural network to automatically extract and make sense of these visual cues. Once trained, our network is capable of recovering per-pixel normal, diffuse albedo, specular albedo and specular roughness from a single picture of a flat surface lit by a hand-held flash. We achieve this goal by introducing several innovations on training data acquisition and network design. For training, we leverage a large dataset of artist-created, procedural SVBRDFs which we sample and render under multiple lighting directions. We further amplify the data by material mixing to cover a wide diversity of shading effects, which allows our network to work across many material classes. Motivated by the observation that distant regions of a material sample often offer complementary visual cues, we design a network that combines an encoder-decoder convolutional track for local feature extraction with a fully-connected track for global feature extraction and propagation. Many important material effects are view-dependent, and as such ambiguous when observed in a single image. We tackle this challenge by defining the loss as a differentiable SVBRDF similarity metric that compares the renderings of the predicted maps against renderings of the ground truth from several lighting and viewing directions. Combined together, these novel ingredients bring clear improvement over state of the art methods for single-shot capture of spatially varying BRDFs.
Narrowband ultraviolet B versus psoralen plus ultraviolet A therapy for severe plaque psoriasis: an Indian perspective (2010)

There is a dearth of studies comparing the efficacy of psoralen ultraviolet A (PUVA) and narrowband (NB)-UVB in psoriasis in South Asian patients. Patients having plaque psoriasis with > 20% body surface area involvement were randomly assigned to one of two groups (group A: NB-UVB, group B: PUVA). The response to treatment was assessed by the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) at baseline and every 2 weeks thereafter. The maximum possible treatment duration was 16 weeks. In total, 43 patients (21 NB-UVB, 22 PUVA) completed the study. Marked improvement was seen in 80.9% of the patients in group A and 81.8% in group B (NS: P > 0.05). The mean ± SD time taken to achieve marked improvement was 9.9 ± 3.3 and 9.9 ± 3.5 weeks, respectively. In total, 29 patients were available for the analysis of the remission data at 6 months after treatment completion; 26.7% of the patients in group A and 42.8% in group B were in remission (NS: P > 0.05). Both methods seem to be equally effective in achieving clearance and maintaining remission of severe chronic plaque psoriasis in patients with Fitzpatrick skin type 4 and 5.
Acid Proteinases from Antarctic Krill, <i>Euphausia superb</i> : Partial Purification and Some Properties (1981)

ABSTRACT The presence of neutral and alkaline proteinases in the extract from Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba was confirmed. In addition to these enzymes, acid proteinases were found in the extract from E. superba and the two major acid proteinases, A and B, were purified 80–140 fold. The molecular weights of acid proteinases A and B were estimated by gel filtration on Sephadex G‐100 to be approximately 45,000 and 64,000, respectively. The optimal pH of enzymes A and B was 3.0 toward hemoglobin. They were partially inhibited by acid proteinase specific reagents: diazoacethyl‐DL‐norleucine methylester (DAN) and 1,2epoxy‐3‐( p ‐nitrophenoxy) propane (EPNP). However, enzyme B was less sensitive to pepstatin while enzyme A was inhibited by pepstatin like almost all other acid proteinases.
Atmospheric correction algorithm for hyperspectral remote sensing of ocean color from space (2000)

Existing atmospheric correction algorithms for multichannel remote sensing of ocean color from space were designed for retrieving water-leaving radiances in the visible over clear deep ocean areas and cannot easily be modified for retrievals over turbid coastal waters. We have developed an atmospheric correction algorithm for hyperspectral remote sensing of ocean color with the near-future Coastal Ocean Imaging Spectrometer. The algorithm uses look-up tables generated with a vector radiative transfer code. Aerosol parameters are determined by a spectrum-matching technique that uses channels located at wavelengths longer than 0.86 mum. The aerosol information is extracted back to the visible based on aerosol models during the retrieval of water-leaving radiances. Quite reasonable water-leaving radiances have been obtained when our algorithm was applied to process hyperspectral imaging data acquired with an airborne imaging spectrometer.
The Preparation and Reactions of Some Fluorine-containing Nitro Compounds (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation and Reactions of Some Fluorine-containing Nitro CompoundsD. J. Cook, O. R. Pierce, and E. T. McBeeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 1, 83–87Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01630a022https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01630a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views211Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Maximizing Profits From End-of-Life and Initial Sales With Heterogeneous Consumer Demand (2013)

Growing concerns from customers and the government about product disposal highlight the necessity of improving product take-back systems to retain the embedded values in disposed products. Progress has been made toward minimizing the cost of the end-of-life (EOL) processes. While some progress has been made in recovering end-of-life value through decision making in the early design stage, contradictive objectives make it difficult to simultaneously optimize initial sales profits and EOL value. In this paper, a mathematical model is developed to integrate end-of-life recovery value considerations with product design decisions. The improvement of component reuse value or recycling value is achieved by linking design decisions in the early design stage with end-of-life decisions in order to maximize total product value across the span of product life cycle. A matrix based representation that can group components into several end-of-life modules with the same end-of-life decisions is also presented. The results are discussed to compare different design alternatives to understand their influence on net present product lifecycle value. The original contribution here is the simultaneous consideration of profits from initial and returned product sales, resulting from consumer demand as a function of heterogeneous preferences for the product attribute set. In order to estimate consumer demand resulting from discrete choices made by individuals, a random coefficient, mixed logit model was employed. The proposed method is illustrated through a cell phone example of product design decisions and end-of-life strategies.
Tired of Meaning (2006)

The interrogation of critical architecture that has emerged in past few years has not, as some have claimed, been a collective assault on theory. Sarah Whiting and R. E. Somol's notion of a projective architecture is commonly grouped within postcritical camp, but it would be a mistake to call them antitheoretical.1 Theirs is partly a generational struggle.2 But there is more at stake in Whiting and Somol's struggle with Michael Hays and Peter Eisenman than an Oedipal complex. Underpinning work, or theory, of Hays and Eisenman is a presupposition that architecture is part of a signifying process, that it is about making and interpreting meaning. Whiting and Somol are tired of meaning. They advance a theory of architecture as delivery and presentation (not representation). Projective architecture, then, represents an attempt to come to terms with last three decades of architectural theory in US. This is a reorientation of architectural theory away from reading and signification and toward force, effects, and, ultimately, sensation. Hays and Eisenman are part of a generation of critics who endorse use of structuralist and poststructuralist theories in architectural discourse. The translation of literary theory into architectural discussions was not a homogeneous project. Yet, theorists from Charles Jencks to Mark Wigley have shared a reliance on linguistic analogies to structure their theories of architecture.* The importation of semiological theory into American architectural discourse in 1960s and 1970s both marked maturity of theoretical discussions and had a sustained influence. Semiological tools and concepts produced a discursive field in which meaning, or negation of meaning, was dominant form of theoretical engagement. The critical architecture of Hays and Eisenman is motivated by concept of index , a semiological term that describes a causal relationship between signifier and signified. According to Eisenman, in Le Corbusier's Maison Dom-ino, the sign is a record of an intervention.4 This is an architecture about architecture. Self-referentiality provides a disciplinary autonomy that allows Eisenman to turn Maison Dom-ino against history of architecture as a critical tool.