gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential Distribution of Sialic Acid in α2,3 and α2,6 Linkages in the Apical Membrane of Cultured Epithelial Cells and Tissues (2001)

We used lectin cytochemistry and confocal microscopy to examine the distribution of sialic acid in epithelial cells. Maackia amurensis lectin and Sambuccus nigra agglutinin were used to detect alpha2,3 and alpha2,6 sialic acid, respectively. In Caco-2, HT-29 5M12, and MCF-7 cells, which express sialic acid mainly in one type of linkage, the majority of the signal was observed in the apical membrane. In cells that bound both lectins, alpha2,3 sialic acid was distributed apically, whereas alpha2,6 sialic acid showed a broader distribution. In IMIM-PC-1 cultures, alpha2,3 sialic acid was detected mainly in the apical membrane, whereas alpha2,6 sialic acid was more abundant in the basolateral domain of polarized cells. In these cells, treatment with GalNAc-O-benzyl led to reduced alpha2,3 levels and to an increase and redistribution of alpha2,6 to the apical domain. Similarly, sialic acid was predominantly expressed apically in all epithelial tissues examined. In conclusion, (a) sialic acid is mainly distributed to the apical membrane of epithelial cells, (b) there is a hierarchy in the distribution of sialic acids in polarized epithelial cells, i.e., alpha2,3 is preferred to alpha2,6 in the apical membrane, and (c) IMIM-PC-1 cells are a good model in which to study the regulation of the levels and distribution of sialic acids.
The use of topical azelaic acid for common skin disorders other than inflammatory rosacea. (2006)

Topical azelaic acid (AzA) is approved for the treatment of acne vulgaris and inflammatory (papulopustular) rosacea. Because of diverse mechanisms of action that correlate with potential therapeutic benefit, AzA has been used to treat several common dermatoses including acne vulgaris, inflammatory rosacea, erythematotelangiectatic rosacea, perioral dermatitis, melasma, and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. This article reviews the therapeutic use of topical AzA for the treatment of common skin disorders other than the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved indications of acne vulgaris and inflammatory rosacea.
Studies on hydroxyethyl starch. Part II: Changes of the molecular weight distribution for hydroxyethyl starch types 450/0.7, 450/0.5, 450/0.3, 300/0.4, 200/0.7, 200/0.5, 200/0.3 and 200/0.1 after infusion in serum and urine of volunteers. (1985)

32 volunteers, none of whom showed any symptoms for kidney, liver or pancreas disease, were given by infusion 500 ml of various type of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) at a concentration of 6% (450/0.7, 450/0.5, 450/0.3, 300/0.4) as well as of 10% (200/0.7, 200/0.5, 200/0.3, 200/0.1) over a period of 30 min. After infusion both the Mw and the Mn diminished. The rate of elimination of HES from serum entirely depended on molar substitution and not on Mw. The quotient Mw/Mn decreased considerably over the entire test period. The lower molecular weight limit in serum remained relatively the same at 60,000 Daltons. Maximum molecular weight limit of urine, too, was 60,000 Daltons.
New octreotide derivatives for in vivo targeting of somatostatin receptor-positive tumors for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). (1993)

Two new modifications of the somatostatin analog octreotide, designed to hold the gallium isotopes 67Ga and 68Ga (DFO-SMS, Fig. 1a) and 99mTc (PnAO-SMS, Fig. 1b) have been synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo in tumor bearing rats. DFO-SMS can be labeled with 67Ga3+ and 68Ga3+ with high specific activity within less than 30 minutes in a "cold kit" type formulation. The labeled conjugate is stable under physiological conditions. Moreover the binding affinity to somatostatin receptors on rat brain cortex membranes was shown to be retained. In vivo fast tumor localization was demonstrated and the pharmacokinetics proved to be favourable as the main excretion route was via the kidneys. First PET studies with [68Ga]-DFO-SMS showed a rapid accumulation in the tumor and a residence half-life at the tumor site of about 6 hours. PnAO-SMS can be labeled with 99mTc with high radiochemical purity. In vivo the radiotracer accumulates well in the tumor but due to its high lipophilicity, its main excretion route is via the hepatobiliary system.
A Medical Mystery (1999)

Figure 1 A 79-year-old woman had had discoloration of her sclerae and skin for several months. What is the cause of the pigmentation? Figure 1 A 79-year-old woman had had discoloration of her sclerae and skin for several months. What is the cause of the pigmentation? Andrew McD. Johnston, M.B., Ch.B.Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, United Kingdom Aamir A. Memon, M.D.Southport and Formby District General Hospital, Southport PR8 6PN, United Kingdom
A simultaneous localization and tracking method for a worm tracking system (2014)

Abstract The idea of worm tracking refers to the path analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes and is an important tool in neurobiology which helps to describe their behavior. Knowledge about nematode behavior can be applied as a model to study the physiological addiction process or other nervous system processes in animals and humans. Tracking is performed by using a special manipulator positioning a microscope with a camera over a dish with an observed individual. In the paper, the accuracy of a nematode’s trajectory reconstruction is investigated. Special attention is paid to analyzing errors that occurred during the microscope displacements. Two sources of errors in the trajectory reconstruction are shown. One is due to the difficulty in accurately measuring the microscope shift, the other is due to a nematode displacement during the microscope movement. A new method that increases path reconstruction accuracy based only on the registered sequence of images is proposed. The method Simultaneously Localizes And Tracks (SLAT) the nematodes, and is robust to the positioning system displacement errors. The proposed method predicts the nematode position by using NonParametric Regression (NPR). In addition, two other methods of the SLAT problem are implemented to evaluate the NPR method. The first consists in ignoring the nematode displacement during microscope movement, and the second is based on a Kalman filter. The results suggest that the SLAT method based on nonparametric regression gives the most promising results and decreases the error of trajectory reconstruction by 25% compared with reconstruction based on data from the positioning system
Inhibition of squalene epoxidase by allylamine antimycotic compounds. A comparative study of the fungal and mammalian enzymes (1985)

The inhibition of squalene epoxidase by the allylamine antimycotic agents naftifine and compound SF 86-327 was investigated, with particulate enzyme preparations from the pathogenic yeasts Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis and from rat liver. Both naftifine and compound SF 86-327 were potent inhibitors of the Candida epoxidases and showed apparently non-competitive kinetics with respect to the substrate squalene. The Ki values for naftifine and compound SF 86-327 in the C. albicans system were 1.1 microM and 0.03 microM respectively. The C. parapsilosis enzyme was slightly more sensitive to inhibition. Varying the concentrations of cofactors or the soluble cytoplasmic fraction (S200) had no effect on the inhibition. The epoxidase from rat liver was much less sensitive (Ki for compound SF 86-327 was 77 microM). The inhibition was also qualitatively different from that in Candida, being competitive with respect to squalene and also with respect to the S200 fraction. S200 fraction derived from C. albicans also antagonized the inhibition of the epoxidase from liver, but the liver S200 fraction did not affect inhibition of the Candida enzyme by compound SF 86-327. There was no evidence for an irreversible or mechanism-based inhibition of either the fungal or the mammalian epoxidase. The selective inhibition of squalene epoxidase was sufficient to account for the known antimycotic action of the compounds.
Gene mutation profiling of primary glioblastoma through multiple tumor biopsy guided by 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. (2015)

Genetic mutation has served as the biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). However, intra-tumor heterogeneity may interfere with personalized treatment strategies based on mutation analysis. This study aimed to characterize somatic mutation profiling of GBM. We collected 33 samples from 7 patients with the primary GBM associated with different Choline (Cho) to N-acetylaspartate (NAA) index (CNI) through the frameless proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) guided biopsies and investigated multiple somatic mutations profi ling using the AmpliSeq cancer hotspot panel V2. We identifi ed 53 missense or nonsense mutations in 27 genes including some novel mutations such as APC and IDH2. The mutations in EGFR, TP53, PTEN, PIK3CA genes were presented with different frequency and the majority of the mutated gene was only shared by 1-2 samples from one patient. Moreover, we found the association of CNI with histological grade, but there was no signifi cant change of CNI in the presence of TP53, EGFR and PTEN mutations. These data suggest that gene mutations constitute a heterogeneous marker for primary GBM which may be independent of intra-tumor morphological phenotypes of GBM; therefore, gene mutation markers could not be determined from a small number of needle biopsies or only confi ned to the high-grade region.
Parenteral Nutrition in Acute Renal Failure (1985)

Editorials| October 24 2008 Parenteral Nutrition in Acute Renal Failure Subject Area: Nephrology Eben I. Feinstein Eben I. Feinstein Division of Ncphrology and Department of Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif, USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Am J Nephrol (1985) 5 (3): 145–149. https://doi.org/10.1159/000166924 Article history Published Online: October 24 2008 Content Tools Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Eben I. Feinstein; Parenteral Nutrition in Acute Renal Failure. Am J Nephrol 1 March 1985; 5 (3): 145–149. https://doi.org/10.1159/000166924 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsAmerican Journal of Nephrology Search Advanced Search Article PDF first page preview Close Modal This content is only available via PDF. 1985Copyright / Drug Dosage / DisclaimerCopyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. You do not currently have access to this content.
Neuropathic pain guidelines (2015)

europathic pain is defined as pain that originates due to a lesion, dysfunction or disease, e.g. diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus infection, herpes zoster, chemotherapy or surgery, and which affects the peripheral or central nervous system. This results in abnormal neural function, often presenting in an individual as sensory pain-related symptoms which are either positive, i.e. hyperaesthesia or hyperalgesia; or negative, i.e. hypoaesthesia or anaesthesia. Patients often describe neuropathic pain as numbness or as a shooting, stabbing, burning, electric, tingling or “pins and needles” sensation. The quality of life of patients with neuropathic pain is often compromised as many have difficulty sleeping, lack energy, and experience drowsiness and altered concentration, and this can potentially progress to a stage in which the patient is physically and psychologically distressed.
Generation and Characterization of Six Recombinant Botulinum Neurotoxins as Reference Material to Serve in an International Proficiency Test (2015)

The detection and identification of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) is complex due to the existence of seven serotypes, derived mosaic toxins and more than 40 subtypes. Expert laboratories currently use different technical approaches to detect, identify and quantify BoNT, but due to the lack of (certified) reference materials, analytical results can hardly be compared. In this study, the six BoNT/A1-F1 prototypes were successfully produced by recombinant techniques, facilitating handling, as well as improving purity, yield, reproducibility and biosafety. All six BoNTs were quantitatively nicked into active di-chain toxins linked by a disulfide bridge. The materials were thoroughly characterized with respect to purity, identity, protein concentration, catalytic and biological activities. For BoNT/A₁, B₁ and E₁, serotypes pathogenic to humans, the catalytic activity and the precise protein concentration were determined by Endopep-mass spectrometry and validated amino acid analysis, respectively. In addition, BoNT/A₁, B₁, E₁ and F₁ were successfully detected by immunological assays, unambiguously identified by mass spectrometric-based methods, and their specific activities were assigned by the mouse LD50 bioassay. The potencies of all six BoNT/A1-F1 were quantified by the ex vivo mouse phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm assay, allowing a direct comparison. In conclusion, highly pure recombinant BoNT reference materials were produced, thoroughly characterized and employed as spiking material in a worldwide BoNT proficiency test organized by the EQuATox consortium.
Reservoir Management of CO2 Injection: Pressure Control and Capacity Enhancement (2013)

The transition to large-scale CO2 storage as part of a low Carbon-fuels energy mix will require intelligent use of reservoir management methods, and can draw from many decades of experience from Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) projects. CO2 EOR is also proposed as an important CO2 storage option, but has not yet been optimized for CO2 storage. We focus here on the application of reservoir management methods for optimizing CO2 storage. In hydrocarbon production, high recovery factors normally relate to good volumetric sweep of the injected phase, as has been demonstrated by 4D seismic monitoring for a number of fields. The volumetric sweep in turn depends on the sweep efficiency at the pore scale as well as the macroscopic areal and vertical sweep. Flexible drainage strategies that can be adapted over time have also proven to be a key to successful enhanced recovery measures. In order to translate this reservoir management perspective to CO2 storage in saline aquifers, we simulate a number of cases using Sleipner-based and Snøhvit-based reservoir models. The Sleipner case involves CO2 injection close to the critical point in a high permeability sandstone reservoir while the Snøhvit case involves deeper, high- pressure injection into a moderate permeability fluvial reservoir. Our simulation results indicate that the sweep efficiency during the injection period has a critical effect on the long-term storage behavior. Therefore, the injection period is an important time-window where it is possible to actively design the injected phase composition, injection pressure and temperature, the injection strategy, and the flooding pattern in order to manage the CO2 plume development. Careful design of the injection wells is critical for successful delivery of the overall injection plan. For large-scale CO2 injection projects alternative well configurations are required to increase injectivity. Our simulated cases with long-reach and/or multilateral injection wells give significant improvements in injectivity. Such well designs combined with methods for enhancing the sweep efficiency result in increased overall storage efficiency and effective use of the available pore space.
Diet, nutrition and prostate cancer (1997)

Although much has been written, little is known about the causes of prostate cancer. Variations between populations in the incidence of invasive cancers, together with changes in the incidence of invasive cancers in migrants, have pointed to environmental (lifestyle) factors that might be amenable to intervention. Conversely, there is a lack of international variation in the prevalence of microscopic tumours, so the essential question is: what causes only some of the common microscopic tumours to become aggressive? Dietary factors hold the most promise in this regard and have been the subject of recent reviews. The strongest and most consistent effects are positive associations with animal products such as red meats, eggs and dairy foods, and possibly by implication, fat. Evidence of a protective effect of fruit and vegetables is weak and inconsistent, as is the relationship with vitamin A and carotenoids, such as beta-carotene. There are some interesting leads. Lycopene, the carotenoid found in tomatoes, has been reported to be protective; alpha-tocopherol supplementation has shown a protective effect in one intervention study; and vitamin D has been shown to be protective in a prospective study. Interest is also growing in phytoestrogens and the extent to which dietary manipulation with these and other phytochemicals might influence prostate cancer by modifying male sex hormone levels or actions. There is limited evidence of associations with obesity. It is not known whether these are related to a particular dietary pattern or to possible physiological effects on the male's hormonal milieu. Associations with lean body mass are likely to be related to the action of androgens during growth and development. Dietary and nutritional effects on prostate cancer do not appear to be strong, but they may be subtle and attenuated by measurement error. To explore these aspects further will require large prospective studies that include improved (repeated) dietary measurements and also blood sampling, so that genetic polymorphisms can be adequately investigated. Such studies are underway.
A New Immunological Test Strip Device for the Rapid, Qualitative Detection of Faecal Occult Blood (2002)

The new immunological test strip device is more sensitive than a guaiac test for the detection of faecal occult blood, whereas the specificity of both tests was comparable. However, the clinical validity of this new immunological faecal occult blood test strip device for colorectal cancer screening has to be established, yet.
Polykondensationen mit α‐aminocarbonsäureestern. V. Kondensation des <scp>L</scp>‐leucinäthylesters (1967)

Abstract Die mit SnCl 4 katalysierte Polykondensation des L‐Leucinäthylesters läft im Vergleich zur Kondensation des Glycinäthylesters langsamer ab und führt zu niedrigeren Polymerisationsgraden und Ausbeuten sowie zu weit höheren Dioxopiperazin‐Gehalten. Bei der Reaktion wird eine beträchtliche Racemisierung beobachtet. Intermediär gebildetes Dioxopiperazin wird durch SnCl 4 allein nicht, wohl aber mit α‐Aminocarbonsäureestern als Cokatalysatoren polymerisiert. Chloroform als Lösungsmittel hat einen starken Einfluß auf die Racemisierung, und die DOP‐Ausbeute. In Blindversuchen ohne Katalysator wurde nur Racemisierung, nicht aber die Bildung von Oligopeptiden oder Dioxopiperazin beobachtet. Für die katalysierte Polykondensation der α‐Aminocarbonsäureester, die Polymerisation der Dioxopiperazine und die Racemisierung werden Mechanismen vorgeschlagen.
Visualizing the global secondary structure of a viral RNA genome with cryo-electron microscopy (2015)

The lifecycle, and therefore the virulence, of single-stranded (ss)-RNA viruses is regulated not only by their particular protein gene products, but also by the secondary and tertiary structure of their genomes. The secondary structure of the entire genomic RNA of satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV) was recently determined by selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE). The SHAPE analysis suggested a single highly extended secondary structure with much less branching than occurs in the ensemble of structures predicted by purely thermodynamic algorithms. Here we examine the solution-equilibrated STMV genome by direct visualization with cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), using an RNA of similar length transcribed from the yeast genome as a control. The cryo-EM data reveal an ensemble of branching patterns that are collectively consistent with the SHAPE-derived secondary structure model. Thus, our results both elucidate the statistical nature of the secondary structure of large ss-RNAs and give visual support for modern RNA structure determination methods. Additionally, this work introduces cryo-EM as a means to distinguish between competing secondary structure models if the models differ significantly in terms of the number and/or length of branches. Furthermore, with the latest advances in cryo-EM technology, we suggest the possibility of developing methods that incorporate restraints from cryo-EM into the next generation of algorithms for the determination of RNA secondary and tertiary structures.
Serum ribonuclease in patients with lung carcinoma (1976)

Fifty-one previously untreated cases of lung carcinoma and 7 normal healthy controls were evaluated with respect to serum ribonuclease (S-RNase) levels. Cellular immunity was tested in 22 of these 51 cases by leukocyte migration inhibition test (MIT) using extract of culture cell line of lung carcinoma. S-RNase levels in lung carcinomas were significantly elevated. There appeared to be no difference in S-RNase levels by histological classification. More striking was high S-RNase level in disseminated versus localized cases. MIT results indicated impairment of cellular immunity in those cases of more elevated S-RNase. S-RNase may be implicated in blocking phenomenon associated with neoplastic disease.