gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-Frequency Drill Bit Seismic While Drilling (2009)

Abstract A breakthrough has been discovered for controlling seismic sources to generate selectable low frequencies applicable to many seismic applications. All possible borehole pulsed sources, including hydraulically driven devices, explosives, and etc., by their very nature produce high frequencies. This is counter to the need for long transmission through rock. Specifically, we are reporting the application of an otherwise high frequency sparker source on the drill string for Drill Bit Seismic While Drilling (SWD). The low frequency source provides real-time imaging in deep (15,000 feet+) high-temperature (150°C) high-pressure (HTHP) wells ahead of the bit for accurate pore pressure determinations and geosteering, reservoir model verification, and near wellbore diagnostics. Furthermore, to have additional energy available at the drill bit can result in increased rates of penetration. Introduction It has been said, " The time is coming when we will not drill without looking ahead of the bit anymore than we would drive at night without headlights - occasionally shining a lamp to see what we hit.?? An alternative seismic source for the roller bit as it was being replaced by the PDC bit is something oil and service companies have sought since the early 1990's. A breakthrough has been discovered for controlling seismic sources to generate selectable low frequencies (&lt; 40 Hz) applicable to many seismic applications. All possible borehole pulsed sources, including hydraulically driven devices, sparkers, explosives, etc., by their very nature produce high frequencies. This is counter to the need for long distance transmission through rock. Specifically, we have demonstrated the application of an otherwise high frequency sparker source which can be encorporated into a drill bit for Drill Bit Seismic While Drilling (SWD). The low frequency source, capable of creating selectable mid-band frequencies of 1 to 20 Hz, provides a source to perform real-time imaging in deep (15,000 feet+), high-temperature (150 degrees C), high-pressure (HTHP) wells for (a) geosteering, (b) accurate seismic hole depth, (c) accurate pore pressure determinations ahead of the bit, (d) near wellbore diagnostics with a downhole receiver and wired drill pipe, and (e) reservoir model verification. Furthermore, to have additional energy available at the drill bit for rock desintergation can result in increased rates of penetration.
Real time glucose monitoring system based on enzymatic nanosensor (2013)

In the present study Microcontroller based system for glucose monitoring is developed. The output of the conductometric nanosensor is taken as input to the glucose monitoring system. The output of the sensor varies with respect to the variation in glucose concentration. The output of the sensor is amplified by using an amplifier designed using IC 741. Amplified signal is fed to the input port “PORT A” of PIC 16F877 microcontroller. Microcontroller processes and analyses the amplified voltage and the result will be displayed on 16×2 LCD interfaced to it. An LCD displays various glucose concentration based on the condition as LOW, NORMAL, and HIGH.
Identification of ganglio-N-tetraosylceramide as a new cell surface marker for murine natural killer (NK) cells. (1980)

The BCG-induced NK cell activity of murine peritoneal exudate cells was abolished by preincubation of effector cells with anti-ganglio-N-tetraosylceramide (anti-asialo GM1) and C but not with other anti-glycolipid antibodies, anti-ganglioside GM1, anti-globoside, and anti-ganglio-N-triosylceramide (anti-asialo GM2). In contrast, the cytotoxic activity of alloimmune T cells was not affected by treatment with anti-asialo GM1 antisera. These findings suggest that asialo GM1 display may be characteristic of NK cell populations and aid in the isolation of this population of cytotoxic cells.
Synthesis of novel 2‐substituted‐5‐oxycoumarans <i>via</i> A direct route to 2,3‐dihydro‐5‐hydroxy‐2‐benzofuranacetic acids (1993)

Abstract A number of novel 2‐substituted 2,3‐dihydro‐5‐benzofuranols optionally protected on 5‐OH group have been prepared via a simple two step route to racemic 2,3‐dihydro‐5‐hydroxy‐2‐benzofuranacetic acids from hydroquinones and 4‐bromocrotonates.
Ferroelectric polymers (1992)

Abstract In the early 1970s it became clear that the polymer polyvinylidene fluoride is ferroelectric. There have been extensive studies of its properties and of the properties of copolymers of vinylidene fluoride with tri- or tetra-fluoroethylene. This work has led to a fairly complete understanding of the ferroelectric and related properties of these materials. The emphasis in this review is on the studies of these materials that are oriented toward showing that the polymers are indeed ferroelectric, determining the mechanism of polarization reversal, and understanding the origins of the observed piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects. Very recently some odd nylons (nylons with an odd number of carbon atoms in the monomer unit) were recognized to be ferroelectric, and ferroelectric liquid-crystalline polymers have been prepared by attaching ferroelectric liquid-crystal molecules as side chains to polymer backbones. These new findings are included in the review.
Roles of Organic Anion Transporters in the Progression of Chronic Renal Failure (2007)

Renal proximal and distal tubules carry out specialized directional transport of various solutes. The family of organic anion transporters (OATs), which belongs to the major facilitator superfamily (SLC22A), are expressed in the renal epithelial cells to regulate the excretion and the reabsorption of endogenous and exogenous organic anions that include various kinds of drugs and their metabolites. In recent years, it is revealed that indoxyl sulfate, one of uremic toxins, is a novel physiological substrate for OAT family, and its accumulation within the renal tubules via OATs induces renal dysfunction. The OATs are also expressed in the blood-brain barrier, muscle cells, and bone osteoblasts, which hint at various pathogenic roles of OAT-mediated transport of uremic toxins. In this review, we introduce and discuss the function of OATs in the context of their roles in the progression of chronic renal disease.
Generalized convex set theoretic image recovery (2002)

In set theoretic image recovery, the constraints which do not yield convex sets in the chosen Hilbert solution space cannot be enforced. In some cases, however, such constraints may yield convex sets in other Hilbert spaces. We introduce a generalized product space formalism, through which constraints that are convex in different Hilbert spaces can be combined. A nonconvex problem with several sets is reduced to a convex problem with two sets in the product space, where it is solved via an alternating projection method. Applications are discussed.
Anti-p40 Antibodies Ustekinumab and Briakinumab: Blockade of Interleukin-12 and Interleukin-23 in the Treatment of Psoriasis (2010)

The choice of therapeutic agents for patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis has expanded significantly in the past decade. With new understanding of the immunologic basis of psoriasis, multiple new potential targets for therapy have been identified. It is likely that a series of new medications to focus on the newly identified pathways is on the horizon. The first pathway targeted by new medications focuses on the p40 subunit that is shared by interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23. Two human anti-p40 antibodies have been used therapeutically in psoriasis to date, ustekinumab (CNTO-1275, Stelara, Centocor, Horsham, PA) and briakinumab (ABT-874, Abbott, Abbott Park, IL). Ustekinumab was recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, making it the first medication approved in the United States to work by this pathway while briakinumab is currently in phase III clinical trials.
Excitation Energy Transfer among Chlorophyll a Molecules in Polystyrene: Concentration Dependence of Quantum Yield, Polarization and Lifetime of Fluorescence (1978)

Electronic excitation energy transfer was studied for chlorophyll a in a solid solution of poly­styrene by measuring the concentration quenching of quantum yield, polarization, and lifetime of fluorescence. The concentration quenching of the experimental fluorescence quantum yield is adequately described by Kelly and Porter’s empirical formula (Proc. Roy. Soc., Lond. A 315, 149, 1970), and of polarization of fluorescence by the Jablonski theory (Acta Phys. Pol., 14, 295, 1955). With increasing concentration of chlorophyll a, the fluorescence peak at 672 nm (mainly monomer) is red-shifted, the intensity of the emission peak at ∼730 nm (mainly aggregate) relative to that at the shorter wavelength is increased. The R̅ 0 values, calculated by using total concentrations, for the emission at 672 nm and 730 nm are 73 ± 2 Å and 45 ±1 Å, respectively. This may suggest that the chlorophyll monomers have a greater efficiency of energy transfer than the aggregates, which fluoresce at ∼ 730 nm.
Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications (1981)

Wood Chemistry, Fundamentals and Applications, Second Edition, examines the basic principles of wood chemistry and its potential applications to pulping and papermaking, wood and wood waste utilization, pulping by-products for production of chemicals and energy, and biomass conversion.
Validation of Breast Cancer Biomarkers Identified by Mass Spectrometry (2006)

Li et al. (1) should be congratulated for a valiant effort to validate 3 previously identified serum breast cancer biomarkers by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS).

Because there is considerable controversy on the value of this technology for cancer diagnostics (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11), it is important to comment on validation studies aiming to reproduce previously published data. Among 3 previously reported biomarkers, BC1, BC2, and BC3, one …
Chemiluminescence of asbestos-activated macrophages. (1984)

Chemiluminescence, a measure of reactive oxygen release by phagocytes, was compared in peritoneal exudate macrophages elicited with chrysotile asbestos, Corynebacterium parvum and saline. Chrysotile asbestos- and C. parvum-activated macrophages produced significantly more chemiluminescence than saline-elicited macrophages. In a second series of experiments the ability of opsonized chrysotile asbestos to act as a trigger for the release of chemiluminescence was tested. Opsonized chrysotile asbestos produced a dose-related release of chemiluminescence from activated macrophages except at the highest dose where chemiluminescence was reduced due, possibly, to a toxic effect of chrysotile during the assay. Opsonized latex also triggered a dose-related chemiluminescent response from activated macrophages. The potential role of toxic reactive oxygen species, released from macrophages, in the development of asbestos-related pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis are discussed.
The effect of prostacyclin (PGT2) on platelet behaviour. Thrombus formation in vivo and bleeding time. (1979)

Prostacyclin (PGI2) infused intravenously into anaesthetized rabbits inhibited electrically-induced thrombus formation in the carotid artery, increased bleeding time and inhibited ex vivo platelet aggregation induced by ADP or arachidonic acid. The increase in bleeding time and the inhibition of ex vivo platelet aggregation lasted for as long as the infusion of PGI2 was maintained but rapidly disappeared after infusion was stopped. Prostacyclin is a more potent inhibitor of platelet function, in vivo than prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) or prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). The effects of prostacyclin on all parameters studied except blood pressure were potentiated by the concomitant administration of theophylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
Enhancing the quantum efficiency of InGaN green light-emitting diodes by trimethylindium treatment (2008)

This work demonstrates the effectiveness of using trimethylindium (TMIn) treatment to improve the luminescence efficiency of InGaN∕GaN quantum wells grown by metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy. Photoluminescence, x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy indicate that the treatment leads to a smoother InGaN surface and InGaN∕GaN interface with substantial decrease in V-shape defects density, compared to the samples without treatment. Green light-emitting diodes prepared by this method exhibit higher output power than the control device. These improvements are attributed to the surface smoothing process in TMIn ambient, resulting in an abrupt InGaN∕GaN interface.
Endotoxin and Cytokine Removal in Sepsis (2002)

Sepsis, the leading cause of mortality in intensive care units, is a complex series of interrelated effects caused by the overproduction of multiple mediators and their unrestrained biological activity. Both proinflammatory and antiinflammatory mediators participate in the high complexity of sepsis and explain the failure of specific therapies to improve survival. Continuous extracorporeal therapies have been proposed as therapeutic options and as tools for blood purification in sepsis. Along these lines and in order to achieve higher clearances and mass removal rates, we studied the effects of plasmafiltration coupled with adsorption and provided in vitro and in vivo evidence that adsoprtion of multiple cytokines, activated complement components, and lipid mediators such as the platelet-activating factor occurs. We also showed that such treatment may lead to improved survival in a rabbit model of sepsis and to improved hemodynamics, reduced norepinephrine dose, and restoration of near-to-normal responsiveness of blood leukocytes to endotoxin in humans. It is anticipated that treatment of plasma, as a modular device to conventional hemofiltration, may pave the way to innovative approaches in the extracorporeal treatment of septic patients.
Formation control of multi-agent system based on potential function (2008)

Formation control of multi-agent system is a question with practical significance. A new control law based on potential function is presented, which can effectively make the agents with any initial position reach the desired formation and desired target. To make the system obtain the anticipation, proper potential functions related to the agents and the object are chosen. The stability analysis and simulation are made in the end.
Liposomes targeted to deliver antisecretory agents to jejunal mucosa. (1992)

The B subunit of cholera toxin has been covalently attached to the surface of liposomes made from a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Adenylate cyclase inhibitors and chloride conductance inhibitors were encapsulated within the liposomes. These "targeted" liposomes were used to study the combined effects of this novel delivery system, and a limited number of possible antisecretory agents, on net fluid flux into the pig jejunum. A state of net secretory fluid flux was induced in isolated jejunal loops in weanling pigs by adding theophylline or cholera toxin to the lumen of the isolated loops. There was no reduction in net fluid secretion when liposome suspensions without encapsulated secretory inhibitors were added to fluid in the lumen of loops treated with theophylline. There was also no reduction in net fluid secretion when miconazole, alpha-phenylcinnamate or 5 nitro-2-(3-phenethylamino)benzoate were encapsulated within targeted liposomes added to isolated jejunal loops. The net fluid flux induced by exposure of jejunal loops to theophylline was significantly reduced by adding targeted liposomes containing 2'-deoxy-3'-AMP. The reduction involved a reversal of net secretory fluid flux to an absorptive value. The net fluid secretory response to treatment of loops with cholera toxin was also inhibited by treating loops with targeted liposomes containing 2'-deoxy-3'-AMP. However, the reversal of secretion was less complete for secretion induced by cholera toxin than for secretion induced by theophylline. The reduced antisecretory efficacy versus cholera toxin was not improved by encapsulating higher concentrations of 2'-deoxy-3'-AMP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Modeling and querying possible repairs in duplicate detection (2009)

One of the most prominent data quality problems is the existence of duplicate records. Current duplicate elimination procedures usually produce one clean instance (repair) of the input data, by carefully choosing the parameters of the duplicate detection algorithms. Finding the right parameter settings can be hard, and in many cases, perfect settings do not exist. Furthermore, replacing the input dirty data with one possible clean instance may result in unrecoverable errors, for example, identification and merging of possible duplicate records in health care systems. In this paper, we treat duplicate detection procedures as data processing tasks with uncertain outcomes. We concentrate on a family of duplicate detection algorithms that are based on parameterized clustering. We propose a novel uncertainty model that compactly encodes the space of possible repairs corresponding to different parameter settings. We show how to efficiently support relational queries under our model, and to allow new types of queries on the set of possible repairs. We give an experimental study illustrating the scalability and the efficiency of our techniques in different configurations.
Release and Oxidation of Cell-Bound Saxitoxins during Chlorination of <i>Anabaena circinalis</i> Cells (2010)

Surface water sources are increasingly subject to proliferation of toxic cyanobacteria. Direct chlorination of source water containing toxic cyanobacterial cells for different treatment purposes might cause cell damage and toxin release. There is limited information available on chlorination of saxitoxins (STXs: saxitoxin, C-toxins, and gonyautoxins) produced by Anabaena circinalis. This work: (1) investigated the impact of chlorination on cell lysis and toxin/odor compound release in natural waters; (2) assessed the rates of chlorination of total STXs, and (3) estimated apparent rate constants for STX oxidation in ultrapure and natural waters. With a chlorine exposure (CT) value of 7.0 mg x min/L all cells lost viability causing toxin release. Cell-membrane damage occurred faster than released STXs oxidation. All saxitoxin and more than 95% of other STX analogues were subsequently oxidized. Kinetic analysis of the oxidation of STX analogues revealed significant differences in the susceptibility to chlorine, saxitoxin being the easiest to oxidize. Also, concentrations of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and N-nitrosodimethylamine as chlorination byproducts were respectively <50 μg/L and 11 ng/L even at the highest CT value (50.3 mg x min/L).
Constrained Trajectory Optimization Using Pseudospectral Methods (2008)

A constrained optimized trajectory is required to satisfy a hypersonic reentry vehicle's mission requirements and operating limitations. Specified initial and final conditions commonly define a two-point boundary value problem. Such problems have established solution techniques implemented in software packages developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Ad- ministration. Current research has demonstrated the use of pseudospectral methods to converge to constrained optimal reentry trajectories. Gauss Pseudospectral Optimal Control Software (GPOCS) 1-3 is used for this re- search, however, DIDO is another valid software package implementing pseudospectral methods. The research herein documents the implemen- tation of GPOCS and compares the results, and solution convergence, with those from the Program to Optimize Simulated Trajectories (POST II). This paper also addresses the robust ability of GPOCS to incorporate mul- tiple phases as well as phase-dependent constraints.
Microwave-Solvothermal Synthesis of Nanostructured Li<sub>2</sub>MSiO<sub>4</sub>/C (M = Mn and Fe) Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2010)

Nanostructured Li2FeSiO4 and Li2MnSiO4 cathodes have been synthesized by a facile microwave-solvothermal synthesis. To improve crystallinity and enhance electronic conductivity, the resulting samples have been mixed with sucrose and heated at 650 °C for 6 h in argon atmosphere. The Li2MSiO4/C nanocomposites, thus, obtained have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, electrochemical measurements, and differential scanning calorimetry. The Li2FeSiO4/C sample exhibits good rate capability and stable cycle life, with discharge capacities of 148 mAh/g at room temperature and 204 mAh/g at 55 °C. Although Li2MnSiO4/C shows higher discharge capacities of 210 mAh/g at room temperature and 250 mAh/g at 55 °C, it suffers from poor rate capability and drastic capacity fade. The disparity in the electrochemical performance and redox behavior between Li2FeSiO4/C and Li2MnSiO4/C can be attributed to the differences in the structural stability of the delithiated phases, Jahn−Teller distortion of Mn3+ ions, Mn dissolution, and electronic conductivity.
Zing Database: high-performance key-value store for large-scale storage service (2014)

Nowadays, key-value stores play an important role in cloud storage services and large-scale high-performance applications. This paper proposes a new approach in design key-value store and presents Zing Database (ZDB) which is a high-performance persistent key-value store designed for optimizing reading and writing operations. This key-value store supports sequential write, single disk seek random write and single disk seek for read operations. Key contributions of this paper are the principles in architecture, design and implementation of a high-performance persistent key-value store. This is achieved using a data file structure organized as commit log storage where every new data are appended to the end of the data file. An in-memory index is used for supporting random reading in the commit log. ZDB architecture optimizes the index of key-value store for auto-incremental integer keys which can be applied in storing many real-life data efficiently with minimize memory overhead and reduce the complexity for partitioning data.
Unionism, Community (2017)

The concept of community unionism dates back to the 1960s. It was adopted by geographers in the 1990s as they began to explore community union coalitions. There are a number of conceptual debates and issues around community unionism.