gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Review of selective laser melting: Materials and applications (2015)

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a particular rapid prototyping, 3D printing, or Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique designed to use high power-density laser to melt and fuse metallic powders. A component is built by selectively melting and fusing powders within and between layers. The SLM technique is also commonly known as direct selective laser sintering, LaserCusing, and direct metal laser sintering, and this technique has been proven to produce near net-shape parts up to 99.9% relative density. This enables the process to build near full density functional parts and has viable economic benefits. Recent developments of fibre optics and high-power laser have also enabled SLM to process different metallic materials, such as copper, aluminium, and tungsten. Similarly, this has also opened up research opportunities in SLM of ceramic and composite materials. The review presents the SLM process and some of the common physical phenomena associated with this AM technology. It then focuses on the following areas: (a) applications of SLM materials and (b) mechanical properties of SLM parts achieved in research publications. The review is not meant to put a ceiling on the capabilities of the SLM process but to enable readers to have an overview on the material properties achieved by the SLM process so far. Trends in research of SLM are also elaborated in the last section.
Susceptibility of human melanoma cells to oxidative stress including UVA radiation (1996)

Ultraviolet radiation, and in particular UVA (320-400 nm), induces significant oxidative stress to human skin. Ferritin and glutathione have been shown to be among the more important molecules within human skin cells providing protection against this damage, the presence of lower levels of these anti-oxidants giving rise to increased cellular sensitivity to stress. We compared endogenous levels of ferritin and glutathione in human melanoma cells with normal human skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes, also the response of melanoma cells to oxidative stress with fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Ferritin levels were heterogenous in the untreated melanoma cell lines tested and remained the same following oxidative stress (UVA radiation) or hemin treatment. Epidermal keratinocytes were unaffected, as were the melanoma cell lines, but skin fibroblasts showed dose-dependent ferritin depletion. Similar results were seen for glutathione alterations resulting from UVA radiation: melanoma cell lines and epidermal skin keratinocytes remained unchanged following UVA radiation, while skin fibroblasts showed dose-dependent depletion. Our results show that human melanoma cells have low ferritin and glutathione levels, yet are resistant to oxidative stress.
New rotationally invariant trellis codes for 8PSK modulation (2003)

With the help of two-dimensional (2-D) symbol constellations, 8PSK (phase-shift keying) trellis codes are presented that are rotationally invariant to phase shifts by multiples of pi /4 without an increase in complexity over noninvariant codes. The use of 2-D symbol sets leads to the problem that an additional 2-D symbol synchronization is necessary. However, this can easily be achieved because each 2-D symbol comprises either two even or two odd 8PSK symbols, i.e. given the first 8PSK symbol of a 2-D symbol, the second one is chosen out of a 4PSK set, which can even be used to obtain better phase synchronization. Another advantage of applying 2-D codes is that Viterbi decoding has to be performed with only half the symbol rate, which can be desirable for high-speed applications. With the help of a novel arithmetic architecture, it is possible to design a 100-Mb/s Viterbi decoder. Two basic methods of deriving new codes are used: the application of multidimensional code symbols and the method of symbol-by-butterfly replacement.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Bradycardia Induces Angiogenesis, Increases Coronary Reserve, and Preserves Function of the Postinfarcted Heart (2004)

Pharmacologic induction of bradycardia enhances vascularity and coronary reserve, preserves function of surviving myocardium, and therefore, is a noninvasive, therapeutic avenue that provides an alternative to gene therapy.
Efficient and accurate interference detection for polynomial deformation (2002)

We present efficient and accurate algorithms for interference detection among objects undergoing polynomial deformation. The scope of our algorithms include physically-based models undergoing dynamic simulation subject to non-penetration constraints, variational models, deformable models used in soft object animation, geometric models including polygonal meshes, parametric surfaces such as Bezier patches and B-splines, and solid models defined by such surfaces. Our algorithms use axis aligned bounding boxes and convex hulls of the objects to identify the object pairs in close vicinity. They use subdivision, convex hull properties and linear programming to perform surface intersection tests and loop intersection tests. Frame-to-frame coherence is utilized to achieve incremental computations. The resulting algorithms have been implemented and work well in practice. In particular we are able to compute all contacts accurately and at interactive speeds for flexible bodies undergoing second-order polynomial deformations.
Über die Synthese von Pyridazino Pyridazion [3.2‐<i>b</i>] chinazolonen‐(10) (1964)

Abstract 3‐Halogen‐pyridazine reagieren mit Anthranilsäure oder Anthranilsäure‐äthyl‐ester zu Pyridazino[3.2‐ b ]chinazolonen‐(10), deren Eigenschaften beschrieben werden.
MONOCLONAL HMGB1 ANTIBODIES PROTECT AGAINST SEPSIS LETHALITY IN MICE (2004)

YANG, H.; QIN, S.; KUMAR, A.; OCHANI, M.; OCHANI, K.; AMELLA, C. A.; CZURA, C. J.; LAROSA, G.; TRACEY, K. J. Author Information
Natural Product Inhibitors of Hsp90: Potential Leads for Drug Discovery (2009)

Heat shock protein 90 has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes recent advancements towards the development of natural products as they pertain to the biological and chemical understanding of this molecular chaperone.
The Levels Courses in the Context of Research on School Music Education Provision in Australia and the Formation of Professional Standards for Teachers of Music (2004)

Key elements of the 2002 'Trends in School Music Education Provision in Australia' report and the 2004 publication of the Professional Standards for expert teachers of music are presented. The manner in which the Levels courses satisfy the criteria on music teaching as put forth by the reports is analysed.
Experimental Study of Water and Salt Fluxes through Reverse Osmosis Membranes (2005)

Water flux and salt rejection rate, which are the two most important parameters in evaluating the performance of a reverse osmosis membrane process, are desirable to be directly related to the membrane properties and operating conditions. However, the membrane transport theories in their general forms are unable to describe the membrane performance satisfactorily. In this study, water and salt fluxes through reverse osmosis membranes were carefully examined with a cross-flow filtration cell under various operating conditions. Experimental results showed that a notable permeate flux was detected when the driving pressure was smaller than the feed osmotic pressure. Water flux increased with the driving pressure nonlinearly before approaching a linear relation with the pressure. In addition, salt transport was highly dependent on both operating pressure and feed salt concentration. A power relationship between salt flux and concentration was correlated well with the experimental data. The equations for water and salt fluxes obtained from this work would provide a facile and accurate means for predicting the membrane performance in design and optimization of reverse osmosis processes.
Determination of Time since Death from Changes in Morphology of White Blood Cells in Ranchi, Jharkhand (2014)

Determination of ‘time elapsed since death’ (TSD) is one of the important content of the postmortem report. Irreversible changes occur in the WBCs in the internal environment due to non-availability of oxygen, accumulation of carbon dioxide, pH change and accumulation of toxic products. Although the changes in morphology of white blood cells are also variable, depending on different factors like other parameters used for the purpose of determination of time since death, but it is less variable as compared to others. The study sample comprised of 150 medico-legal autopsies conducted in the department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, during June 2006 to September 2007. Blood samples were collected from heart chambers and slides were prepared on spot at the time of autopsy. Slides were stained by Leishman's stain and examined under light microscope. In present study neutrophils were recognized up to 30 Hrs Lymphocytes up to 36 hrs, Eosinophils up to 20.30 hrs and monocytes up to 19.20 Hrs. In no case basophil was observed.
Transmission characteristics of a bidirectional transparent screen based on reflective microlenses (2013)

A microlens array (MLA) based see-through, front projection screen, which can be used in direct projection head-up displays (HUD), color teleprompters and bidirectional interactive smart windows, is evaluated for various performance metrics in transmission mode. The screen structure consists of a partially reflective coated MLA buried between refractive-index-matched layers of epoxy as reported in Ref [1]. The reflected light is expanded by the MLA to create an eyebox for the user. The brightness gain of the screen can be varied by changing the numerical aperture of the microlenses. Thus, using high gain designs, a low-power projector coupled with the screen can produce high-brightness and even 3D images as the polarization is maintained at the screen. The impact of the partially reflective coatings on the transmitted light in terms of resolution and modulation transfer function associated with the screen is studied. A condition similar to the Rayleigh criteria for diffraction-limited imaging is discussed for the microlens arrays and the associated coating layers. The optical path difference between the light transmitted from the center and the edges of each microlens caused by the reflective layer coatings should not exceed λ/4. Furthermore, the crosstalk between the front and rear projected images is found to be less than 1.3%.
Metabolic pathways and fermentative production of <scp>L</scp>‐aspartate family amino acids (2010)

The L-aspartate family amino acids (AFAAs), L-threonine, L-lysine, L-methionine and L-isoleucine have recently been of much interest due to their wide spectrum of applications including food additives, components of cosmetics and therapeutic agents, and animal feed additives. Among them, L-threonine, L-lysine and L-methionine are three major amino acids produced currently throughout the world. Recent advances in systems metabolic engineering, which combine various high-throughput omics technologies and computational analysis, are now facilitating development of microbial strains efficiently producing AFAAs. Thus, a thorough understanding of the metabolic and regulatory mechanisms of the biosynthesis of these amino acids is urgently needed for designing system-wide metabolic engineering strategies. Here we review the details of AFAA biosynthetic pathways, regulations involved, and export and transport systems, and provide general strategies for successful metabolic engineering along with relevant examples. Finally, perspectives of systems metabolic engineering for developing AFAA overproducers are suggested with selected exemplary studies.
Does Reform of Energy Sector Networks Improve Access for the Poor? (2000)

Unless energy can be produced and delivered more cheaply, it will stay beyond the reach of many of the poor. For energy delivered through networks, the costs that matter are not only the unit energy costs, but the costs of extending the network--into an urban slum, for example, or to a rural town. Extending a network can be very expensive--a major barrier to access for poor households and small or isolated communitieds. A central goal of the reform of electricity and gas networks, now occurring in an increasing number of developed and developing countries, is to provide incentives to reduce the costs of producing energy and getting it to consumers. New technologies in electricity are drastically reducing costs. But transmission costs are still a major hurdle to expanding networks in isolated or lightly populated areas. As a result it is the urban poor who stand the greatest chance of benefiting from network reform. For the rural poor, alternative solutions, including mini-grid and off-grid services, may be required.
Iron sulfide ink for the growth of pyrite crystals (2014)

Iron pyrite (FeS2, Fool's Gold) is a non-toxic, earth abundant semiconductor that exhibits promise for use in energy conversion and storage devices, such as the cathode material for batteries, thermoelectrics and optoelectronics. However, pyrite's potential as an energy-critical material is being curbed due to problems with controlling composition, stoichiometry and bulk and surface defects. To overcome these problems, simple and scalable methods to grow high quality crystalline pyrite for in-depth studies are necessary. In this study, we report a facile approach to create high quality, micron sized pyrite crystals from the FeS wire molecular ink. Growth of high quality pyrite crystals is examined and a model for growth and surface facet dependent activation energy is proposed. Unique thermal measurements are preformed that allow for insight into the pyrite's crystallinity and thermoconductive properties. It is shown that as made pyrite crystals exhibit high crystallinity which will be vital for future in-depth studies and device fabrication.
Hierarchical N-Doped Carbon as CO<sub>2</sub> Adsorbent with High CO<sub>2</sub> Selectivity from Rationally Designed Polypyrrole Precursor (2015)

Carbon capture and sequestration from point sources is an important component in the CO2 emission mitigation portfolio. In particular, sorbents with both high capacity and selectivity are required for reducing the cost of carbon capture. Although physisorbents have the advantage of low energy consumption for regeneration, it remains a challenge to obtain both high capacity and sufficient CO2/N2 selectivity at the same time. Here, we report the controlled synthesis of a novel N-doped hierarchical carbon that exhibits record-high Henry's law CO2/N2 selectivity among physisorptive carbons while having a high CO2 adsorption capacity. Specifically, our synthesis involves the rational design of a modified pyrrole molecule that can co-assemble with the soft Pluronic template via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions to give rise to mesopores followed by carbonization. The low-temperature carbonization and activation processes allow for the development of ultrasmall pores (d < 0.5 nm) and preservation of nitrogen moieties, essential for enhanced CO2 affinity. Furthermore, our described work provides a strategy to initiate developments of rationally designed porous conjugated polymer structures and carbon-based materials for various potential applications.
Gastric Carcinoma (1995)

Despite a marked decline in the incidence of gastric carcinoma in many industrialized nations, cancer of the stomach remains the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the world.1 In 1995, 22,800 Americans will be given a diagnosis of gastric carcinoma, and 14,700 will die of the disease.2 This review discusses recent developments in our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma, methods of diagnosis and staging, and approaches to treatment and palliation.Epidemiology and BiologyIncidenceIn 1930, gastric carcinoma was the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among American men and the third most common cause . . .
Capabilities of Dynamic Reconfiguration of Multiagent-Based Industrial Control Systems (2009)

This paper focuses on reconfiguration aspects of agent-based industrial control systems. Reconfiguration is the ability of the control system to modify its behavior to cope with unusual conditions and changes of the production environment like machine breakdowns, product innovations, rush orders, etc. This paper presents a multiagent system dedicated to material flow control-manufacturing agent simulation tool (MAST)-and discusses in detail how agents efficiently cope with the dynamic reconfiguration. Two scenarios are discussed: 1) the automatic reconfiguration of the transportation paths carried out by agents in case of failures and 2) the structural reconfiguration enabling online addition, removal, or reconnection of equipment or transportation paths on the factory floor. Two proof-of-concept applications of MAST in University of Cambridge's and Vienna University of Technology's testbeds are described.
Functional proteomics in histone research and epigenetics (2007)

Post-translational modifications of histones comprise an important part of epigenetic gene regulation. Mass spectrometry and immunochemical techniques are currently the methods of choice for identification and quantitation of known and novel histone modifications. While peptide-centric mass spectrometry is a well-established tool for identification and quantification of histone modifications, recent technological advances have allowed discrete modification patterns to be assessed on intact histones. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays (ChIP and ChIP-on-chip) are currently gaining tremendous popularity and are used to explore gene-specific patterns of histone modifications on a genomic scale. In this review, we introduce the basic concepts and recent developments of mass spectrometry, as well as immunochemical techniques and their applications in the analysis of histone modifications.
A Comparison of DNA Copy Number Profiling Platforms (2007)

The accurate mapping of recurring DNA copy number aberrations (CNAs), a hallmark feature of the cancer genome, has facilitated the discovery of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. Microarray-based assays designed to detect these chromosomal copy number alterations on a genome-wide and high-resolution scale have emerged as a cornerstone technology in the genomic era. The diversity of commercially available platforms prompted a systematic comparison of five copy number profiling assays for their ability to detect 2-fold copy number gain and loss (4n or 1n, respectively) as well as focal high-amplitude CNAs. Here, using a collection of established human melanoma cell lines, we defined the reproducibility, absolute signals, signal to noise, and false-positive and false-negative rates for each of the five assays against ground truth defined by spectral karyotyping, in addition to comparing the concordance of CNA detection by two high-resolution Agilent and Affymetrix microarray platforms. Our analyses concluded that the Agilent's 60-mer oligonucleotide microarray with probe design optimized for genomic hybridization offers the highest sensitivity and specificity (area under receiver operator characteristic curve >0.99), whereas Affymetrix's single nucleotide polymorphism microarray seems to offer better detection of CNAs in gene-poor regions. Availability of these comparison results should guide study design decisions and facilitate further computational development.
Amino acid transport in membrane vesicles of obligately anaerobic Veillonella alcalescens (1975)

Membrane vesicles of Veillonella alcalescens, grown in the presence of L-lactate and KNO-3, actively transport amino acids under anaerobic conditions in the presence of several electron donors and the electron acceptor nitrate. The highest initial rates of uptake are obtained with L-lactate, followed by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, glycerol-1-phosphate, formate, and L-malate.. The membrane vesicles contain the dehydrogenases for these electron donors, and these enzymes are coupled with nitrate reductase. In membrane vesicles from cells, grown in the presence of nitrate, the dehydrogenases are not coupled with fumarate reducatase, and anaerobic transport of amino acids does not occur with fumarate as electron acceptor. Under aerobic conditions none of the physiological electron donors can energize transport. However, a high rate of uptake is observed with the electron donor system ascorbate-phenazine metho-sulfate. This electron donor system also effectively energizes transport under anaerobicconditions in the presence of the electron acceptor nitrate.
Guide to Cyber Threat Information Sharing (DRAFT) (2014)

Infrastructure protection/Computer networks; Terrorism and threats/Cyberterrorism; Law and justice/Criminal justice; Politics and government/Foreign governments; Cyberspace and Cybersecurity
THE EFFICACY OF A SINGLE DOSE OF INTRAVENOUS FERRIC CARBOXYMALTOSE (FERINJECT<sup>®</sup>) ON ANAEMIA IN A PRE‐DIALYSIS POPULATION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS (2009)

Anaemia due to chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common and may be managed with erythropoiesis stimulating agents and/or iron preparations. Iron preparations may be administered orally, intravenously or by intramuscular injection. Oral preparations pose a significant tablet burden on patients who are often taking multiple medications and may have undesirable gastrointestinal side effects. The existing intravenous preparation Venofer requires multiple doses of drug (typically 100-200 mg) at multiple clinic visits. The preparation Cosmofer may be given as a single dose, but this requires four to six hours to administer. For these reasons, their use in pre-dialysis patients remains limited in practice. The new intravenous iron preparation Ferric Carboxymaltose (Ferinject) may be given as a single dose of up to 1000 mg (but not exceeding 15 mg/kg/week) as an infusion over 6-15 minutes. This offers a significant advance in the management of these patients. We describe our initial experience with using this drug in a non-dialysis patient population with chronic kidney disease.