gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Successful Xenografts of Second Trimester Human Fetal Brainand Retinal Tissue in the Anterior Chamber of the Eyeof Adult Immunosuppressed Rats (1992)

Successful xenografting of first trimester human fetal CNS tissue and retina has been reported in the literature. We wished to test the feasibility of using the anterior chamber of the rat eye to support the development of more mature human fetal xenografts. Here we report on the successful outcome of human brain and retinal transplants. Adult host rats immunosuppressed with cyclosporin A accepted these xenografts and supported their further development. Periodic examination of the host eyes using a direct ophthalmoscope or an ophthalmic slit lamp permitted direct visual monitoring of the health and growth of the transplants. Histologically it was possible to identify neuronal, macroglial, and microglial (macrophage) cell types within the grafts. Mitotic activity and histogenetic differentiation took place. Blood vessels filled with hematic cells were commonly present within the grafts. The walls of these vessels prevented the leakage of horseradish peroxidase, suggesting the presence of a functional brain-blood barrier in the graft. These results indicate that it is possible to use a small animal model to study normal and pathological phenomena on late fetal human neural tissues. Our group has already taken advantage of the model to achieve HIV infectivity of fetal human brain outside the human body.
Prognostic value of hedgehog signaling in cervical carcinoma. (2010)

e15522 Background: The hedgehog (Hh) pathway is an attractive therapeutic target. Dysregulation of the Hh pathway is implicated in carcinogenesis and tumor progression via maintenance of the cancer stem cell population and paracrine signalling. Hh ligands (SHH/IHH), PTCH1, SMO, Gli1, have little or no expression in normal cervical epithelium whereas increased expression is reported in cervical carcinomas. The tumor microenvironment influences disease progression and treatment response in cervical cancer, with tumor hypoxia and raised interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) associated with poor disease free survival (DFS). The aim of this study was to measure gene expression levels of Hh genes in cervical tumors and correlate these with clinicopathological variables, tumor pO2 (HP5), IFP and DFS. Methods: Frozen biopsies from 91 patients (> 70% tumor) with cervical carcinoma (25 pts stage IB; 2-IIA; 41-IIB; 22-IIIB; 1-IV) were examined for SHH, IHH, PTCH1/2, SMO, and Gli1 expression using quantitative RT-PCR. Prospectively collected clinicopathological, tumor pO2 and IFP data were available for all patients. Results: Heterogeneous gene expression of SHH, IHH, PTCH1/2, SMO and Gli was seen in the patient samples. There was no association between individual Hh gene expression levels nor between individual Hh and tumor size and age (Spearman correlation coefficients < 0.2). Nodal status was weakly associated with PTCH2 (p = 0.05) and FIGO stage with SMO (p = 0.06). There was no association between Hh genes and tumor hypoxia (pO2 and CAIX) or IFP (strongest correlation = 0.37) but SHH (p = 0.03) and Gli1 (p = 0.01) were associated with tumor stromal subclassification. There was a trend towards an association between positive nodal status and IHH (p = 0.07) but no association between Hh gene expression and DFS. Conclusions: Our data suggest that, although members of the Hh pathway are expressed in cervical cancer, there is limited correlation with tumor microenvironment and no correlation with DFS. Evaluation of Hh signalling is complex and may be cancer stage dependent, further investigation is required. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
γ‐Linolenic acid‐rich triacylglycerols derived from borage oil <i>via</i> lipase‐catalyzed reactions (1999)

Abstract γ‐Linolenic acid (GLA), a precursor of arachidonic acid, possesses physiological functions of modulating immune and inflammatory response. Highly purified GLA is desired both as a medicine and as an ingredient of cosmetics. In this work, urea fractionation and lipase‐catalyzed reactions were employed for the enrichment of GLA in borage oil. GLA content in free fatty acids from saponified borage oil can be increased from 23.6 to 94% by the method of urea fractionation. Partial hydrolysis of borage oil catalyzed by immobilized Candida rugosa lipase raises GLA content in the unhydrolyzed acylglycerols from 23.6 to 52.1%. The IM‐60 catalyzed acidolysis reaction between the GLA‐rich free fatty acid and the unhydrolyzed acylglycerols increases the GLA content in the acylglycerols from 52.1 to 75%. The acylglycerols in the reaction product contains ca. 90% triacylglycerol. The effects of temperature, water content, substrate weight ratio, and organic solvents on the GLA content in the acylglycerols were examined.
An implantable CMOS analog signal processor for multiplexed microelectrode recording arrays (1990)

A second-generation multichannel probe designed for measuring single-unit activity in neural structures is described. The probe includes CMOS circuitry for amplifying and multiplexing the recorded signals and for electronically positioning the recording sites with respect to the active neurons. The probe offers a typical AC gain of 150 (50 Hz to 10 kHz), a DC gain of 0.3, and an equivalent input noise of 13 mu V rms. Eight active recording sites are selected from among 32 on the probe shank using a static input channel selector. The probe implements channel selection, self-tuning data output, and initialization using a three-lead connection to the outside world. The probe is realized using 12 masks in a high-yield single-sided dissolved wafer process with a 3- mu m feature size for the circuitry and a 3- mu m pitch on the electrode shanks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Axial blanket fuel design and demonstration. Sixth progress report, April 1984-March 1985 (1985)

The goal of the program is to design and irradiate a core of axial blanket fuel assemblies in a commercial PWR. The axial blanket fuel design in this program can be used in operating PWRs and involves replacing the top and bottom of the enriched fuel column with low-enriched (<1.0 wt % U-235) uranium. This repositioning of the fissile inventory in the fuel rod leads to decreased neutron axial leakage and increased discharge burnups in the enriched fuel. The combination of these two phenomena yields savings in enrichment (separative work requirements), uranium ore, and fuel cycle costs without significantly affecting either fuel performance or plant safety. Two major milestones were attained during this reporting period. The first milestone was the irradiation of a batch of 40 axial blanket assemblies for their first cycle in the Rancho Seco cycle 6 core. The axial power characteristics of a fresh axial blanket assembly were monitored by a movable incore detector system. The measured powers obtained from this system and the on-line computer agreed well with those predicted by the physics models. The second milestone achieved during this reporting period was the licensing of 56 fresh axial blanket assemblies for insertion in the Ranchomore » Seco cycle 7 core. Thus, cycle 7 will be the first cycle to contain a core of 56% axial blanket assemblies.« less
Trends in lung cancer mortality in South Africa: 1995-2006 (2011)

The more recent declining lung cancer mortality rate in men is welcome but the increasing rate in women is a public health concern that warrants intervention. Smoking intervention policies and programmes need to be strengthened to further reduce lung cancer mortality in men and to address the increasing rates in women.
Shallow acceptors and <i>p</i>-type ZnSe (1979)

Shallow acceptors have been incorporated in ZnSe by liquid-phase epitaxy using Bi as a solvent. Epilayers with Li, Na, N, and P as dopants were proven to be p type by establishing the position of the Fermi level by photocapacitance and photoconductivity measurements, and by measuring the potential drop at biased Schottky barriers.
Coherent, Noncoherent, and Differentially Coherent Combining Techniques for Acquisition of New Composite GNSS Signals (2009)

The growing demand of location, navigation and positioning services is boosting the development of new signals and modulations that will be adopted by new global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), such as the European Galileo, the Chinese Compass and the modernized GPS. A common feature of these new modulations is the presence of two channels, the data and pilot components, that separately carry the navigation message and the ranging information. Three different techniques, noncoherent combining, coherent combining with sign recovery and differentially coherent combining, are analyzed for the joint acquisition of data and pilot signals. For each acquisition strategy the probabilities of detection and false alarm are provided. In particular closed-form expressions for the probabilities of coherent channel combining and of the differentially coherent integration strategy are derived. To the best of our knowledge these expressions are new. Monte Carlo simulations are used to support theoretical analysis demonstrating the accuracy of the proposed models.
Flexible intuitions of Euclidean geometry in an Amazonian indigene group (2011)

Kant argued that Euclidean geometry is synthesized on the basis of an a priori intuition of space. This proposal inspired much behavioral research probing whether spatial navigation in humans and animals conforms to the predictions of Euclidean geometry. However, Euclidean geometry also includes concepts that transcend the perceptible, such as objects that are infinitely small or infinitely large, or statements of necessity and impossibility. We tested the hypothesis that certain aspects of nonperceptible Euclidian geometry map onto intuitions of space that are present in all humans, even in the absence of formal mathematical education. Our tests probed intuitions of points, lines, and surfaces in participants from an indigene group in the Amazon, the Mundurucu, as well as adults and age-matched children controls from the United States and France and younger US children without education in geometry. The responses of Mundurucu adults and children converged with that of mathematically educated adults and children and revealed an intuitive understanding of essential properties of Euclidean geometry. For instance, on a surface described to them as perfectly planar, the Mundurucu's estimations of the internal angles of triangles added up to ~180 degrees, and when asked explicitly, they stated that there exists one single parallel line to any given line through a given point. These intuitions were also partially in place in the group of younger US participants. We conclude that, during childhood, humans develop geometrical intuitions that spontaneously accord with the principles of Euclidean geometry, even in the absence of training in mathematics.
Amyloid-β<sub>42</sub>signals tau hyperphosphorylation and compromises neuronal viability by disrupting alkylacylglycerophosphocholine metabolism (2009)

Perturbation of lipid second messenger networks is associated with the impairment of synaptic function in Alzheimer disease. Underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Here, we used an unbiased lipidomic approach to profile alkylacylglycerophosphocholine second messengers in diseased tissue. We found that specific isoforms defined by a palmitic acid (16:0) at the sn-1 position, namely 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C16:0 PAF) and 1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C16:0 lyso-PAF), were elevated in the temporal cortex of Alzheimer disease patients, transgenic mice expressing human familial disease-mutant amyloid precursor protein, and human neurons directly exposed to amyloid-beta(42) oligomers. Acute intraneuronal accumulation of C16:0 PAF but not C16:0 lyso-PAF initiated cyclin-dependent kinase 5-mediated hyperphosphorylation of tau on Alzheimer disease-specific epitopes. Chronic elevation caused a caspase 2 and 3/7-dependent cascade resulting in neuronal death. Pharmacological inhibition of C16:0 PAF signaling, or molecular strategies increasing hydrolysis of C16:0 PAF to C16:0 lyso-PAF, protected human neurons from amyloid-beta(42) toxicity. Together, these data provide mechanistic insight into how disruptions in lipid metabolism can determine neuronal response to accumulating oligomeric amyloid-beta(42).
Teaching mobile robots to cooperatively navigate in populated environments (2013)

Mobile service robots are envisioned to operate in environments that are populated by humans and therefore ought to navigate in a socially compliant way. Since the desired behavior of the robots highly depends on the application, we need flexible means for teaching a robot a certain navigation policy. We present an approach that allows a mobile robot to learn how to navigate in the presence of humans while it is being teleoperated in its designated environment. Our method applies feature-based maximum entropy learning to derive a navigation policy from the interactions with the humans. The resulting policy maintains a probability distribution over the trajectories of all the agents that allows the robot to cooperatively avoid collisions with humans. In particular, our method reasons about multiple homotopy classes of the agents' trajectories, i. e., on which sides the agents pass each other. We implemented our approach on a real mobile robot and demonstrate that it is able to successfully navigate in an office environment in the presence of humans relying only on on-board sensors.
The Markgraf Karl refutation procedure (1980)

The current state of a Theorem Proving System (The Markgraf Karl Refutation Procedure) at the University of Karlsruhe is presented. The goal of this project can be summarized by the following three claims: it is possible to program a theorem prover (TP) and augment it by appropriate heuristics and domain-specific knowledge such that

(i) it will display an 'active' and directed behaviour in its striving for a proof, rather than the 'passive' combinatorial search through very large search spaces, which was the characteristic behaviour of the TPs of the past. Consequently

(ii) it will not generate a search space of many thousands of irrelevant clauses, but will find a proof with comparatively few redundant derivation steps.

(iii) Such a TP will establish an unprecedented leap in performance over previous TPs expressed in terms of the difficulty of the theorems it can prove.

The results obtained thus far corroborate the first two claims.
Does your SEM really tell the truth? (2012)

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) has gone through a tremendous evolution to become a critical tool for many, diverse scientifi c and industrial applications. The high resolution of the SEM is especially useful for qualitative and quantitative applications for both nanotechnology and nanomanufacturing. It is likely that one of the fi rst questions asked when the fi rst scanning electron micrograph was ever taken was: "...how big is that?" The quality of that answer has improved a great deal over the past few years, especially since SEMs are being used as a primary tool on semiconductor processing lines to monitor the manufacturing processes. The needs of semiconductor production prompted a rapid evolution of the instrument and its capabilities. Over the past 20 years or so, instrument manufacturers, through this substantial semiconductor industry investment of research and development (R&D) money, have vastly improved the performance of these instruments. All users have benefi tted from this investment, especially where metrology with an SEM is concerned. But, how good are these data? This presentation will discuss a sub-set of the most important aspects and larger issues associated with imaging and metrology with the SEM. Every user should know, and understand these issues before any critical quantitative work is attempted.
Removing the obstacles to network technology adoption (2002)

The obstacles to adopting new network technologies that enable new applications and services are reviewed and discussed. Technologies such as client-server and interconnection mechanisms enable the realization of new applications which are "nice to have." Making these new technologies as easy as possible to exploit and use is a key in adopting them. Obstacles such as cost and complexity of managing the changes have been proven to be two of the barriers to adopting these technologies. Additionally, ignoring the importance of the legacy systems and their associated applications services, and infrastructures as well as introducing a set of new technologies which may not work well with the older systems impedes the acceptance of these new technologies. A set of migration technologies and strategies must be developed to remove the obstacles and to accelerate the adoption of these new network technologies.
Life on the inside: Probing <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> gene expression during infection (2000)

The identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes specifically expressed during infection is a key step in understanding mycobacterial pathogenesis. Such genes most likely encode products required for survival within the host and for progressive infection. Recent advances in mycobacterial genetics have permitted the development of new techniques and the adaptation of existing methods to analyse mycobacterial in vivo gene expression and virulence. This has revealed a subset of M. tuberculosis genes that are differentially expressed during infection and has demonstrated that a number of components contribute to the virulence of the organism. This information is expected to provide new strategies to prevent tuberculosis infection, new targets for antimicrobial therapy and new insights into the infectious process.
Antibiotics and azathioprine for the treatment of perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease (2003)

Antibiotics are useful to induce a short-term response in perianal Crohn's disease, and may provide a bridging strategy to azathioprine, which seems to be essential for the maintenance of fistula improvement.
At Mixed Odds, Racetrack Memory Charges From Gate (2008)

For more than a decade, physicists and engineers have been trying to replace the electronic memories that computers, cell phones, and other devices rely on. Now, on page 209, Stuart Parkin, a physicist at IBM's Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California, and colleagues demonstrate a memory that pushes magnetic bits around tiny nanoscale “racetracks.” Racetrack memory might someday replace the electronic memory that can store thousands of songs and pictures in an iPod, Parkin says. But skeptics doubt it can live up to its advance billing.
Selective Low-Temperature Syntheses of Facial and Meridional Tris-cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes (2007)

We have developed a selective low-temperature synthesis of fac and mer tris-cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes. The chloro-bridged dimers [Ir(CwedgeN)2Cl]2 (CwedgeN = cyclometalating ligand) are cleaved in coordinating solvents like acetonitrile to give neutral Ir(CwedgeN)2(NCCH3)Cl species which in turn are reacted with AgPF6 to give hexafluorophosphate salts of the bis-acetonitrile species [Ir(CwedgeN)2(NCCH3)2]PF6 for CwedgeN = 2,2'-thienylpyridine (thpy) and 2-phenylpyridine (ppy). These bis-acetonitrile complexes are excellent starting materials for the synthesis of tris-Ir(III) complexes. The complexes of the general formula fac-Ir(CwedgeN)3 were synthesized with the ligands thpy and ppy at 100 degrees C in o-dichlorobenzene from the corresponding [Ir(CwedgeN)2(NCCH3)2]PF6 complexes. The reaction of [Ir(CwedgeN)2(NCCH3)2]PF6 with thpy at room temperature did not give the expected tris complex but instead gave [Ir(thpy)2(N,S-thpy)]PF6, with the third chelating ligand complexed through the sulfur atom of the thiophene ring. [Ir(thpy)2Cl]2, [Ir(ppy)2Cl]2, Ir(thpy)2(NCCH3)Cl, [Ir(thpy)2(NCCH3)2]PF6, [Ir(ppy)2(NCCH3)2]PF6, and [Ir(thpy)2(N,S-thpy)]PF6 were structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. Additionally, hydroxy-bridged dimers, [Ir(CwedgeN)2(OH)]2, were synthesized as starting materials for the selective synthesis of mer-Ir(CwedgeN)3 complexes at 100 degrees C in o-dichlorobenzene. A mechanism is proposed that may account for the selectivity observed in the formation of the mer-Ir(CwedgeN)3 and fac-Ir(CwedgeN)3 isomers in previous studies and the studies presented here.
Certification support for automatically generated programs (2003)

Although autocoding techniques promise large gains in software development productivity, their "real-world" application has been limited, particularly in safety-critical domains. Often, the major impediment is the missing trustworthiness of these systems: demonstrating - let alone formally certifying - the trustworthiness of automatic code generators is extremely difficult due to their complexity and size. We develop an alternative product-oriented certification approach which is based on five principles: (1) trustworthiness of the generator is reduced to the safety of each individual generated program; (2) program safety is defined as adherence to an explicitly formulated safety policy; (3) the safety policy is formalized by a collection of logical program properties; (4) Hoare-style program verification is used to show that each generated program satisfies the required properties; (5) the code generator itself is extended to automatically produce the code annotations required for verification. The approach is feasible because the code generator has full knowledge about the program under construction and about the properties to be verified. It can thus generate all auxiliary code annotations a theorem prover needs to discharge all emerging verification obligations fully automatically. Here we report how this approach is used in a certification extension for AutoBayes, an automatic program synthesis system which generates data analysis programs (e.g., for clustering and time-series analysis) from declarative specifications. In particular, we describe how a variable-initialization-before-use safety policy can be encoded and certified.
Protein pattern of exhaled breath condensate and saliva (2002)

The proteins recovered in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) might be used to non-invasively monitor respiratory diseases. However, the range of proteins and their source are still unresolved and contamination by saliva or a similar protein pattern in the nasal and bronchial compartments may make interpretation of the data difficult. We studied nasal EBC (collected through a "free of touch" technique by negative pressure), oral tidal, and oral forced EBC (collected through a rebreathing valve as a saliva trap connected to tubing submerged into ice) and matched saliva samples from five healthy adult subjects. The protein samples were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and the silver stained gels were analyzed by Melanie 2 software. In both nasal and oral EBC, three spots (72 kDa/isoelectric point (pI) 6.6-7.0, 66 kDa/pI 5.9-6.7 and 45-48 kDa/pI 8.0-8.6) were consistently present in all subjects. Several other proteins were only sporadically detected. Despite improbable saliva contamination (no phosphorus contamination in the same oral and nasal EBC, no amylase activity in 10 pairs of nasal and oral EBC collected by the same technique), on average 63% and 71% of the spots identified in oral and nasal EBC were also found in the matched individual saliva samples. Compared to saliva, the range and amount of protein in all types of EBC was very small. Even when collected free of saliva contamination the majority of proteins present in EBC was also found in saliva, suggesting that these proteins are present in both compartments, e.g. saliva and secretions of the lower airspaces. The quantification and identification of specific proteins in the various compartments is warranted in future studies to determine the practical value of EBC.