gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
National Cancer Centre Singapore Consensus Guidelines for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2016)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the 6th most common cancer in the world, but the second most common cause of cancer death. There is no universally accepted consensus practice guidelines for HCC owing to rapid developments in new treatment modalities, the heterogeneous epidemiology and clinical presentation of HCC worldwide. However, a number of regional and national guidelines currently exist which reflect practice relevant to the epidemiology and collective experience of the consensus group. In 2014, clinicians at the multidisciplinary Comprehensive Liver Cancer Clinic (CLCC) at the National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS) reviewed the latest published scientific data and existing international and regional practice guidelines, such as those of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver, and modified them to reflect local practice. These would serve as a template by which treatment outcomes can be collated and benchmarked against international data. The NCCS Consensus Guidelines for HCC have been successfully implemented in the CLCC since their publication online on 26(th) September 2014, and the guidelines allow outcomes of treatment to be compared to international data. These guidelines will be reviewed periodically to incorporate new data.
Peptide fragmentation by keV ion-induced dissociation (2010)

We have studied multiple ionization and dissociation of a trapped protonated peptide (leucine enkephalin) as induced by keV singly and doubly charged ions (H(+), He(+, 2+)) to demonstrate the potential of keV ions as a future tool for peptide identification. In contrast to conventional excitation techniques, the fragmentation pattern exhibits very strong peaks due to loss of sidechains in addition to those due to backbone scission. The results can be understood on the basis of the energy deposited into the peptide via electronic stopping. A pronounced dependence of the fragmentation pattern on the electronic structure of the projectile ions can be attributed to different electron capture efficiencies from localized molecular orbitals.
Genetic transformation of the housefly <i>Musca domestica</i> with the lepidopteran derived transposon piggyBac (2001)

The piggyBac transposable element was successfully used for stable genetic transformation of the housefly Musca domestica. The construct contains the EGFP marker under the control of Pax-6 binding sites, which can drive eye-specific expression in insect species as distantly related as Drosophila melanogaster and Tribolium castaneum [Berghammer, A.J., Klingler, M. and Wimmer, E.A. (1999) Nature 402: 370-371]. We obtained seven independent integration events among 41 fertile G0 Musca flies. Most of the transformed lines contained two or more chromosomal insertions of the EGFP marker which were stably inherited over more than 15 generations. piggyBac-mediated transposition was verified by identifying the characteristic TTAA duplication at the insertion sites. This first report of stable transmission of a genetic marker in Musca confirms the use of this vector-marker system for effective gene transfer in a broad range of insect species.
709. The chemistry of extractives from hardwoods. Part III. Baikiain, an amino-acid present in Baikiaea plurijuga (1950)

F. E. King, T. J. King and A. J. Warwick, J. Chem. Soc., 1950, 3590 DOI: 10.1039/JR9500003590
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of 5‐Thio‐<scp>D</scp>‐xylopyranose (2006)

Abstract 5‐thio‐ D ‐xylopyranose, a synthon used for the preparation of drugs with antithrombotic activity, was synthesised by an enzymatic isomerisation from the corresponding ketose, 5‐thio‐ D ‐xylulofuranose, with glucose isomerase. This compound was obtained by two different chemoenzymatic routes, the key step being the stereospecific formation of a C–C bond, catalysed by transketolase or fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate aldolase. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Dinitrogen Tetroxide Complexes of Iron(III) and Copper(II) Nitrates as New Versatile Reagents for Organic Synthesis. Efficient and Selective Oxidation of Sulfides to their Corresponding Sulfoxides Under Mild Conditions. (1998)

Abstract Fe(NO3)3. 1.5 N2O4 and Cu(NO3)2.N2O4 are new, stable, and highly efficient reagents for the quantitative transformation of sulfides to sulfoxides in dichloromethane or in the absence of solvent at room temperature. Cu(NO3)2.N2O4 is highly selective for the oxidation of aryl sulfides.
Identification of Common Binding Sites for Calmodulin and Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors on the Carboxyl Termini of Trp Channels (2001)

Homologues of Drosophila Trp (transient receptor potential) form plasma membrane channels that mediate Ca(2+) entry following the activation of phospholipase C by cell surface receptors. Among the seven Trp homologous found in mammals, Trp3 has been shown to interact with and respond to IP(3) receptors (IP(3)Rs) for activation. Here we show that Trp4 and other Trp proteins also interact with IP(3)Rs. The IP(3)R-binding domain also interacts with calmodulin (CaM) in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner with affinities ranging from 10 nm for Trp2 to 290 nm for Trp6. In addition, other binding sites for CaM and IP(3)Rs are present in the alpha but not the beta isoform of Trp4. In the presence of Ca(2+), the Trp-IP(3)R interaction is inhibited by CaM. However, a synthetic peptide representing a Trp-binding domain of IP(3)Rs inhibited the binding of CaM to Trp3, -6, and -7 more effectively than that to Trp1, -2, -4, and -5. In inside-out membrane patches, Trp4 is activated strongly by calmidazolium, an antagonist of CaM, and a high (50 microm) but not a low (5 microm) concentration of the Trp-binding peptide of the IP(3)R. Our data support the view that both CaM and IP(3)Rs play important roles in controlling the gating of Trp-based channels. However, the sensitivity and responses to CaM and IP(3)Rs differ for each Trp.
Plasmin and the regulation of tissue-type plasminogen activator biosynthesis in human endothelial cells. (1992)

Plasmin inhibited the biosynthesis of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in a dose-dependent manner. The amount of tPA antigen found in the 24-h conditioned medium of cells treated with 100 nM plasmin for 1 h was 20-30% of that in the control group. However, in contrast to tPA, such treatment led to a 3-fold increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) activity, whereas the amount of PAI type 1 antigen was unchanged. The effects of plasmin on HUVEC were binding- and catalytic activity-dependent and were specifically blocked by epsilon-aminocaproic acid. Microplasmin, which has no kringle domains, was less effective in reducing tPA antigen biosynthesis or enhancing PAI activity in HUVEC. Kringle domains of plasmin affected neither tPA antigen nor PAI activity of the cells. Other proteases including chymotrypsin, trypsin, and collagenase at comparable concentrations did not have a significant effect on the biosynthesis of tPA antigen or PAI activity of HUVEC. Thrombin stimulated the biosynthesis of tPA and PAI-1 antigens by HUVEC. Thrombin also stimulated an increase in the protein kinase activity in HUVEC, whereas plasmin inhibited the protein kinase activity of the cells. It is possible that plasmin regulates the biosynthesis of tPA in HUVEC through the signal transduction pathway involving protein kinase.
Design and analysis of equal power divider using 4-branch waveguide (2005)

A numerical model of an equal power divider based on the 4-branch single-mode waveguide is proposed. This proposed design does not require extra fabrication process and supplementary structure modification compared to other typical multibranch waveguides. The condition of uniform output power distribution can be easily obtained by adjusting the branching angle between the inner and the outer branches without introducing excess scattering loss. Similar design procedures can also be used when other power dividing ratios or operating wavelengths are specified. In our study, all the four output ports' power is uniform for both TE and TM mode within a difference of less than 0.1 dB. The bandwidth with an output power dividing ratio variation value smaller than 0.3 dB is found to be nearly 350 /spl Aring/, which is sufficient for wavelength division multiplexing systems where erbium-doped fiber amplifiers are used.
Ultrathin Nanowires—A Materials Chemistry Perspective (2008)

Abstract The recent years have seen an explosive interest in one‐dimensional nanostructures, as testified by the number of citations this field has accrued; as customary, its blossoming was enabled by chemical breakthroughs that allowed the reproducible and affordable synthesis of such structures., The limitations of those syntheses was in the diameter of the nanowires that it could produce (hardly < 10 nm), and in the use of expensive and low‐yield techniques, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD). This paper attempts to summarize the very recent chemical breakthroughs that have allowed the production of ultrathin nanowires, often in solution, and often in gram‐scale quantities. By no means is this a comprehensive coverage of the field, which can in part be found in other excellent reviews, , but a selection of those contributions that we feel would most help put this emerging field in perspective. We will review the various synthetic strategies, their pros and cons, and we will give our best guesses as to the future directions of the field and what we can expect from it.
In-Place Treatment of Foundation Soils (1970)

The state-of-the-art of seven special methods for the treatment of soils for the support of structures is reviewed. Whereas vibroflotation, compaction piles, blasting and grouting are limited mainly to the treatment of cohesionless soils, electro-osmosis, thermal treatment, and treatment with additives find primary application in the treatment of cohesive soils. Although blasting is usually the fastest and least expensive, compared with vibroflotation and compaction piles, the results are the least certain. Installation of stone column piles by vibroflotation has extended the range of application of this method into cohesive soils. Recently developed chemical grouts are now approaching the ideal in terms of viscosity and control of setting time. Mixed-in-place intrusion grouting appears to be a promising technique for construction of soil-cement piles in place. Additive stabilization of foundation soils for structures is used mainly in connection with grouting and electro-osmosis, with additional application to the treatment of expansive soils to shallow depths.
Verbal Behaviour (1984)

There are three general types of change which one might expect to be brought about in verbal behaviour as a result of lithium treatment. To the extent that lithium produces dysfunctional effects in muscular control processes, it is reasonable to suppose that the production of sound might be disturbed, leading to slurring of speech or even total inability to articulate, and that these effects would be most noticeable in states of actual or incipient toxicity. Secondly, lithium may have effects upon linguistic productions by virtue of its influence upon higher cognitive processes; such effects would be manifested by disorganised utterances, the disorganisation being in terms of syntactical structure, linguistic complexity and coherence, and the like, rather than in the mechanics of sound production. Thirdly, in the case of patients, the psychiatric illness may have linguistic or speech production symptoms which become modified when the illness is alleviated, and such changes may be interpreted erroneously as resulting from primary influence of lithium upon linguistic control processes.
Transport behavior of atomic layer deposition precursors through polymer masking layers: Influence on area selective atomic layer deposition (2007)

Sorption and diffusion of precursors through polymer layers were considered as limitations to the successful implementation of a polymer film-based masking approach to area selective atomic layer deposition techniques (ASALDT). Quartz crystal microbalance studies were used to estimate solubility and diffusivity of ALD precursors through supported thin polymer films at elevated temperatures. Specifically, measurements have been performed to estimate the solubility of water in polyhydroxystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and hexafluoroisopropylalcohol polynorbornene. In addition, diffusion coefficients and solubilities of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) and titanium isopropoxide [Ti(ipr)4] through PMMA have also been determined. The results suggest that polymer films exhibit insignificant water uptake at high temperature (∼160°C) and, hence, sorption of water into polymer films does not pose limitations to polymer masking-based ASALDT. Diffusion coefficient measurements of metal precursors account for the role of precursor size in determining the minimum polymer masking layer thickness for a successful ASALDT process.
A new synthesis of 2‐deoxy‐2‐[<sup>18</sup>f]fluoro‐D‐galactose using [<sup>18</sup>f]fluoride ion (1988)

Abstract A nucleophilic radiofluorination of methyl 3,4‐0‐isopropylidene‐2‐0‐(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)‐6‐0‐trityl‐β‐D‐ talopyranoside ( 1 ) with aminopolyether (Kryptofix 2.2.2.) supported potassium [ 18 F]fluoride in acetonitrile gave methyl 2‐deoxy‐2‐( 18 F) fluoro‐3,4‐o‐isopropylidene‐6‐0‐trityl‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside ( 2 ). Hydrolysis of 2 with 6N HCl followed by passage through an ion retardation resin column and a neutral alumina column gave 2‐deoxy‐2‐[ 18 F]fluoro‐D‐galactose (2‐ 18 FDGal) in 36–39% overall radiochemical yield without correction for decay. The total preparation time was about 90 min from start of the radiofluorination.
Efficiency analysis in induction motor drives with discontinuous PWM and electrical loss minimization (2014)

This paper proposes an efficiency analysis on an inverter-fed induction motor drive integrating switching losses minimization by D-PWM (Discontinuous PWM) and an ELMT (Electric Loss Minimization Technique) for the motor, either separately or contemporary. This approach allows to benchmark the contribution of both the chosen PWM and ELMT strategies on the total losses. The aim is the development of highly efficient drive systems, able to both rapidly adjusting the motor operation on the basis of the load variation and to minimize the overall losses, at the same time.
Effects of Limited Aeration and of the ArcAB System on Intermediary Pyruvate Catabolism in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2000)

The capacity of Escherichia coli to adapt its catabolism to prevailing redox conditions resides mainly in three catabolic branch points involving (i) pyruvate formate-lyase (PFL) and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc), (ii) the exclusively fermentative enzymes and those of the Krebs cycle, and (iii) the alternative terminal cytochrome bd and cytochrome bo oxidases. A quantitative analysis of the relative catabolic fluxes through these pathways is presented for steady-state glucose-limited chemostat cultures with controlled oxygen availability ranging from full aerobiosis to complete anaerobiosis. Remarkably, PFL contributed significantly to the catabolic flux under microaerobic conditions and was found to be active simultaneously with PDHc and cytochrome bd oxidase-dependent respiration. The synthesis of PFL and cytochrome bd oxidase was found to be maximal in the lower microaerobic range but not in a delta ArcA mutant, and we conclude that the Arc system is more active with respect to regulation of these two positively regulated operons during microaerobiosis than during anaerobiosis.
Grab Cut Image Segmentation Based on Image Region (2018)

Grab Cut algorithm is one of the most popular method in the field of image segmentation. It uses texture information and boundary information of image, and achieves good segmentation results with a small number of user interaction. But there are two significant drawbacks about this algorithm. Firstly, If the background is complex or the background and the object are very similar, the segmentation will not be very good. On the other hand, the relatively slow speed and Complex iterative process of the algorithm are greatly limited its application. In this paper, to develop these aspects, we proposed an improved grab cut algorithm. This algorithm is the combination of grab cut and graph-based image segmentation [1]. After the experiment, the improved algorithm is applied to more complex situation.
Augmentation of acrylic bone cement with multiwall carbon nanotubes (2006)

Acrylic bone cement, based on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), is a proven polymer having important applications in medicine and dentistry, but this polymer continues to have less than ideal resistance to mechanical fatigue and impact. A variety of materials have been added to bone cement to augment its mechanical strength, but none of these augmentative materials has proven successful. Carbon nanotubes, a new hollow multiwalled tubular material 10-40 nm in diameter, 10-100 microm long, and 50-100 times the strength of steel at 1/6 the weight, have emerged as a viable augmentation candidate because of their large surface area to volume ratio. The objective of this study was to determine if the addition of multiwall carbon nanotubes to bone cement can alter its static or dynamic mechanical properties. Bar-shaped specimens made from six different (0-10% by weight) concentrations of multiwall carbon nanotubes were tested to failure in quasi-static 3-point bending and in 4-point bending fatigue (5 Hz). Analyses of variance and the 3-Parameter Weibull model were used to analyze the material performance data. The 2 wt % MWNT concentration enhanced flexural strength by 12.8% (p=0.003) and produced a 13.1% enhancement in yield stress (p=0.002). Bending modulus increased slightly with the smaller (<5 wt % MWNT) concentrations, but increased 24.1% (p<0.001) in response to the 10 wt % loading. While the 2 wt % loading produced slightly improved quasi-static test results, it was associated with clearly superior fatigue performance (3.3x increase in the Weibull mean fatigue life). Weibull minimum fatigue life (No), Weibull modulus (alpha), and characteristic fatigue life (beta) for bone cement augmented with carbon nanotubes were enhanced versus that observed in the control group. These data unambiguously showed that the bone cement-MWNT polymer system has an enhanced fatigue life compared to "control" bone cement (no added nanotubes). It is concluded that specific multiwall carbon nanotube loadings can favorably improve the mechanical performance of bone cement.
The effect of lentivirus-mediated expression of tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand and shRNA against Bcl-2 on the growth of lymphoma cells (2011)

It has been well established that tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) effectively induces apoptosis in tumor cells. However, tumor resistance to TRAIL, especially of hematological tumor cells, has become a major problem in the potential use of TRAIL in clinical practice. Among many factors that contribute to TRAIL resistance, overexpression of Bcl-2 is commonly seen in many kinds of tumors, particularly in lymphoma. In this study, we developed a lentivirus system that encodes recombinant human TRAIL cDNA for overexpression and Bcl-2 shRNA for down-regulation of Bcl-2 (lenti-TRAIL-shBcl-2) simultaneously. The efficiency of recombinant lentiviruses infecting different lymphoma cell lines was assessed by flow cytometric analysis and fluorescence microscopy. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assay were carried out to evaluate the expression of TRAIL and Bcl-2 in lymphoma cells after infection. We also examined the growth inhibition effect of recombinant lentivirus on lymphoma cell proliferation by CCK-8 (Cell Counting Kit-8) assay and its effect on bystander cells by flow cytometric analysis. The results showed that lymphoma cells were effectively infected by recombinant lentivirus and that TRAIL was exogenously expressed and Bcl-2 expression was down-regulated in lymphoma cells simultaneously. Results of this study demonstrated that lenti-TRAIL-shBcl-2 induced apoptosis in bystander cells as well as infected lymphoma cells and inhibited the growth of lymphoma cells.
A Wooden House Cluster Model for Earthquake Damage Estimation by Nonlinear Response Analyses (2009)

非線形地震応答解析による地震被害推定を目的とした日本の中で平均的な耐震性能をもつ木造建物群モデルの構築を行った。具体的には、建物の耐震性能の中で地震応答に大きな影響を与える建物の周期と耐力について、建物群の周期分布を実在建物の微動計測結果と建築年を基に作成し、周期と耐力の関係式から耐力分布を求めて建物群を構築した。この方法を用いれば、微動計測結果から建物耐力を推定することができ、数多くの建物耐力データを得ることができる。構築した建物群の妥当性を検証するために、建物群中の個々の建物を一自由度系にモデル化し、建物群モデルに既往の強震記録を入力して非線形地震応答解析を行って、地震応答解析で得られた被害率と、強震記録が得られた観測点周辺の実際の被害率を比較した。その結果、提案した木造建物群モデルは、被害率の誤差が平均2 ～3%程度という精度で実際の全壊率を推定できることを確認した。提案した木造建物群モデルは、大地震が発生して強震記録が得られたとき、あるいは、強震動シミュレーションにより予測波形が得られたとき、非線形地震応答解析を行うことにより、その波形が日本の中で平均的な耐震性能をもつ木造建物群にどの程度の被害を及ぼすものであるかを定量的に全壊率という形で推定することができる有効なツールとなる。
Break-induced replication: A review and an example in budding yeast (2001)

Break-induced replication (BIR) is a nonreciprocal recombination-dependent replication process that is an effective mechanism to repair a broken chromosome. We review key roles played by BIR in maintaining genome integrity, including restarting DNA replication at broken replication forks and maintaining telomeres in the absence of telomerase. Previous studies suggested that gene targeting does not occur by simple crossings-over between ends of the linearized transforming fragment and the target chromosome, but involves extensive new DNA synthesis resembling BIR. We examined gene targeting in Saccharomyces cerevisiae where only one end of the transformed DNA has homology to chromosomal sequences. Linearized, centromere-containing plasmid DNA with the 5' end of the LEU2 gene at one end was transformed into a strain in which the 5' end of LEU2 was replaced by ADE1, preventing simple homologous gene replacement to become Leu2(+). Ade1(+) Leu2(+) transformants were recovered in which the entire LEU2 gene and as much as 7 kb of additional sequences were found on the plasmid, joined by microhomologies characteristic of nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ). In other experiments, cells were transformed with DNA fragments lacking an ARS and homologous to only 50 bp of ADE2 added to the ends of a URA3 gene. Autonomously replicating circles were recovered, containing URA3 and as much as 8 kb of ADE2-adjacent sequences, including a nearby ARS, copied from chromosomal DNA. Thus, the end of a linearized DNA fragment can initiate new DNA synthesis by BIR in which the newly synthesized DNA is displaced and subsequently forms circles by NHEJ.