gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Discovery of GAMA, a Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Micronemal Protein, as a Novel Blood-Stage Vaccine Candidate Antigen (2011)

One of the solutions for reducing the global mortality and morbidity due to malaria is multivalent vaccines comprising antigens of several life cycle stages of the malarial parasite. Hence, there is a need for supplementing the current set of malaria vaccine candidate antigens. Here, we aimed to characterize glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored micronemal antigen (GAMA) encoded by the PF08_0008 gene in Plasmodium falciparum. Antibodies were raised against recombinant GAMA synthesized by using a wheat germ cell-free system. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated for the first time that GAMA is a microneme protein of the merozoite. Erythrocyte binding assays revealed that GAMA possesses an erythrocyte binding epitope in the C-terminal region and it binds a nonsialylated protein receptor on human erythrocytes. Growth inhibition assays revealed that anti-GAMA antibodies can inhibit P. falciparum invasion in a dose-dependent manner and GAMA plays a role in the sialic acid (SA)-independent invasion pathway. Anti-GAMA antibodies in combination with anti-erythrocyte binding antigen 175 exhibited a significantly higher level of invasion inhibition, supporting the rationale that targeting of both SA-dependent and SA-independent ligands/pathways is better than targeting either of them alone. Human sera collected from areas of malaria endemicity in Mali and Thailand recognized GAMA. Since GAMA in P. falciparum is refractory to gene knockout attempts, it is essential to parasite invasion. Overall, our study indicates that GAMA is a novel blood-stage vaccine candidate antigen.
Use of the MS2 aptamer and coat protein for RNA localization in yeast: A response to “MS2 coat proteins bound to yeast mRNAs block 5′ to 3′ degradation and trap mRNA decay products: implications for the localization of mRNAs by MS2-MCP system” (2016)

The MS2 system has been extensively used to visualize single mRNA molecules in live cells and follow their localization and behavior. In their Letter to the Editor recently published, Garcia and Parker suggest that use of the MS2 system may yield erroneous mRNA localization results due to the accumulation of 3' decay products. Here we cite published works and provide new data which demonstrate that this is not a phenomenon general to endogenously expressed MS2-tagged transcripts, and that some of the results obtained in their study could have arisen from artifacts of gene expression.
Compositional Differences between Infant and Adult Human Corneal Basement Membranes (2007)

The distribution of laminin gamma3 chain, nidogen-2, netrin-4, matrilin-2, and matrilin-4 is described in the cornea for the first time. The observed differences between adult and infant corneal BMs may relate to changes in their mechanical strength, corneal cell adhesion and differentiation in the process of postnatal corneal maturation.
Mixed-Mode Simulation of High Voltage and Power IC (2000)

A unified net model of high voltage and power device is presented. Using the two\|level Newton algorithm a circuit\|device mixed\|model simulator of high voltage and power IC is developed based on SPICE3 and PISCES2B,with which the mixed\|mode simulation of high voltage LDMOS switcher is performed. It can directly probe the influence of the power device parameters on the circuits performance and facilitate the design of high voltage and power IC with this method.
Optical polarization division multiplexing at 4 Gb/s (1992)

An optical polarization multiplexing system using BPSK coherent heterodyne detection to transmit 4 Gb/s over a 45-km standard single-mode fiber optical link at a receiver sensitivity of -35 dBm is described. The 4-Gb/s system has a potential receiver sensitivity of -40 dBm while using 2-Gb/s baseband electronics.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The design of a PKM-type composite actuator for servo mechanical presses (2009)

Servo mechanical presses are widely applied in manufacturing. However, due to the limitation of strength of the ball screw and power of servomotor, the single degree of freedom (DOF) linkage mechanism driven by a servomotor is not suitable for the mechanical presses with a heavy duty capacity. For this reason, we propose a so-called parallel redundant actuation scheme for providing servo mechanical presses with large driving force. In addition, a dual screw transmission mechanism with two DOF is also presented. Comparing with the single screw transmission mechanism, the dual screw transmission mechanism is more powerful (driven by two servo motors), more reliable and feasible (2 DOF parallel mechanism permits differences between inputs), more safety (Even though one servomotor is failed, the other one may run the mechanism on the rails) and more spaces saving (without supporting guide way). Based on parallel mechanism and dual screw transmission mechanism, a PKM-type composite actuator can be constructed for servo mechanical presses.
Concatenated orthogonal/PN codes for DS-CDMA systems in a multi-user and multipath fading environment (2002)

The crosscorrelation and autocorrelation properties of the concatenated orthogonal/long PN sequence are analyzed. The results are used to evaluate the performance of this new spreading scheme for direct sequence spread spectrum CDMA in a multiuser/multipath fading environment. The channel is assumed to be Rayleigh or Rician faded. The analysis is carried out using two types of receiver: single correlation receiver and maximum ratio combiner.
Potential Anticancer Agents.<sup>1</sup> XXIV. Tetrahydroquinazoline Analogs of Tetrahydrofolic Acid. II. (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPotential Anticancer Agents.1 XXIV. Tetrahydroquinazoline Analogs of Tetrahydrofolic Acid. II.JOSEPH DeGRAW, LEON GOODMAN, RUTH KOEHLER, and B. R. BAKERCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1959, 24, 11, 1632–1640Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1959https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01093a004RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views178Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Peripheral whole blood FOXP3 TSDR methylation: a potential marker in severity assessment of autoimmune diseases and chronic infections (2014)

Immune dysregulation is a cardinal feature of autoimmune diseases and chronic microbial infections. In particular, regulatory T cells are downregulated in autoimmune diseases while upregulated in chronic microbial infections. FOXP3 is the master regulator of Treg development. Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR) is a highly conserved locus on the FOXP3 gene that is fully demethylated in natural Tregs but methylated in effector T cells. In our study, we used high resolution melt-polymerase chain reaction (HRM-PCR) to determine the FOXP3 TSDR methylation status in autoimmune diseases and chronic microbial infections. We found that FOXP3 TSDR to have the highest mean melting temperature (highly methylated) in active SLE patients compared to all the other groups (p < 0.001). The psoriasis group also had a significantly high mean melting temperature (78.62 ± 0.20) when compared with the inactive SLE group (78.49 ± 0.29, p < 0.05) and control group (78.44 ± 0.25, p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in melting temperature between inactive SLE and healthy controls. Disease activity in SLE was directly associated with methylation of the FOXP3 TSDR. On the other hand, patients with chronic microbial infections had significantly lower FOXP3 TSDR mean melting temperature (demethylated) when compared with healthy controls (78.28 ± 0.21 vs 78.44 ± 0.25, p < 0.05). Our results suggest that the use of HRM-PCR to detect FOXP3 TSDR methylation status is a reliable and easy method to predict natural regulatory T cell levels in peripheral blood in different disease conditions. Determining FOXP3 TSDR methylation status can be a useful tool in diagnosis, and monitoring the severity of autoimmune diseases and chronic microbial infections.
Hematopoietic stem cells proliferate until after birth and show a reversible phase-specific engraftment defect (2006)

The regulation of HSC proliferation and engraftment of the BM is an important but poorly understood process, particularly during ontogeny. Here we show that in mice, all HSCs are cycling until 3 weeks after birth. Then, within 1 week, most became quiescent. Prior to 4 weeks of age, the proliferating HSCs with long-term multilineage repopulating activity displayed an engraftment defect when transiting S/G 2 /M. During these cell cycle phases, their expression of CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12; also referred to as stromal cell-derived factor 1 [SDF-1]) transiently increased. The defective engrafting activity of HSCs in S/G 2 /M was reversed when cells were allowed to progress into G 1 prior to injection or when the hosts (but not the cells) were pretreated with a CXCL12 antagonist. Interestingly, the enhancing effect of CXCL12 antagonist pretreatment was exclusive to transplants of long-term multilineage repopulating HSCs in S/G 2 /M. These results demonstrate what we believe to be a new HSC regulatory checkpoint during development. They also suggest an ability of HSCs to express CXCL12 in a fashion that changes with cell cycle progression and is associated with a defective engraftment that can be overcome by in vivo administration of a CXCL12 antagonist.
Use of the Uricase-Inhibited Rat as an Animal Model in Toxicology (1978)

An accessible, reproducible, and inexpensive animal model for toxicologic evaluation of hyperuricemic conditions has been required for some time. A number of authors have tried to develop such a model by administering high doses of uric acid to various animal species (dog, rabbit, rat) but the potent liver uricase in these species prevented development of sustained hyperuricemia. Johnson et al. [4], Stavric et al. [5], and a number of other investigators [72, 75] successfully used potassium oxonate [63] to block the effect of hepatic uricase and to produce hyperuricemia in rats [4, 5, 68, 69, 72, 74, 76, 80], rabbits [66], mongrel dogs [67], mice [65], and pigs [64]. The oxonate-treated rat can serve as a useful animal model not only in investigation of the uric acid nephropathy, but also in a number of other toxicologic evaluations connected with uric acid. This model has been used to evaluate drugs that affect uric acid excretion, to determine which dietary factors affect serum urates, or to evaluate possible therapeutic agents in certain disorders associated with uric acid. The same model could also be used by behavioral scientists, for whom research on uric acid has become increasingly popular in recent years [33, 137]. The ideal uricase inhibitor for induction of hyperuricemia would be one which is irreversible, noncompetitive, and relatively nontoxic, so that its activity would be independent of high levels of uric acid, and effective inhibition could be attained at low dosage levels. Oxonic acid is not an ideal uricase inhibitor, because it is competitive and is eliminated from the body relatively rapidly. Although relatively nontoxic, oxonic acid and its salts are foreign substances that could interfere with some other metabolic systems. The possibility exists that an ideal, or at least a better inhibitor, could be developed by appropriate substitutions on the molecule of oxonic acid or by introducing different types of compounds such as derivatives of diazohypoxanthines, barbiturates, or similar substances. Until such improvements on the uricase-inhibited rat models are available, potassium oxonate, which is easily obtainable, can be used as an effective inhibitor of uricase in vivo.
HIV-1 Tat Interacts with and Regulates the Localization and Processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein (2013)

HIV-1 Tat protein plays various roles in virus proliferation and in the regulation of numerous host cell functions. Accumulating evidence suggests that HIV-1 Tat also plays an important role in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) by disrupting intracellular communication. Amyloid beta (Aβ) is generated from amyloid precursor protein (APP) and accumulates in the senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease patients. This study demonstrates that Tat interacts with APP both in vitro and in vivo, and increases the level of Aβ42 by recruiting APP into lipid rafts. Co-localization of Tat with APP in the cytosol was observed in U-87 MG cells that expressed high levels of Tat, and redistribution of APP into lipid rafts, a site of increased β- and γ-secretase activity, was demonstrated by discontinuous sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation in the presence of Tat. Furthermore, Tat enhanced the cleavage of APP by β-secretase in vitro, resulting in 5.5-fold higher levels of Aβ42. This was consistent with increased levels of β-C-terminal fragment (β-CTF) and reduced levels of α-CTF. Moreover, stereotaxic injection of a lentiviral Tat expression construct into the hippocampus of APP/presenilin-1 (PS1) transgenic mice resulted in increased Tat-mediated production and processing of Aβ in vivo. Increased levels of Aβ42, as well as an increase in the number and size of Aβ plaques, were observed in the hippocampus following injection of Tat virus compared with mock virus. These results suggest that HIV-1 Tat may contribute to HAND by interacting with and modifying APP processing, thereby increasing Aβ production.
CD38 expression on cryopreserved CD8+ T cells predicts HIV disease progression (1998)

Previous studies have revealed that the expression of CD38 on CD8+ T cells is a strong predictor of disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Those studies were performed using fresh patient samples over an extended trial period. After demonstrating the validity of assay results on cryopreserved cells, we performed a retrospective study using frozen cell samples to determine the predictive value of CD38 expression in patients with CD4 counts above 400 cells/μl. The CD38 expression as measured by antibody binding capacity and the CD38 median channel were shown to be associated with time to new opportunistic infection or death (both P < 0.001). These results suggest that CD38 expression on CD8+ T cells, whether fresh or frozen, provides a useful predictor of HIV disease progression. Cytometry 33:133–137, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Economic Aspects of the Black Internal Colony <sup/> (1973)

This paper is intended to clarify some questions that are essential to the black struggle for liberation. Its major aim is to suggest a more effective framework for the analysis of the historical and contemporary situation of black people in the United States. We have seen how the concept we are calling internal colonialism fits what we know to be the concrete historical experiences of black people and the relationship of these experiences to Third World underdevelopment and European (including Euro-American) development66. In discussing the newly emerging theory of internal colonialism we start from the assumption that theoretical knowledge, if it is to be useful, must reflect what is real in the world more deeply and thoroughly. It is therefore necessary for us to press beyond the point where the colonial analogy only looks and feels good to the essence of what really ails us in black communities across the United States. Ultimately, it is only when we meet with success in our continuing struggle to alter our present reality of oppression that we will really know if the theory of internal colonialism or any other knowledge was/is correct and of any merit. Since we dare not wait until then, it is to the important task of using what insights our analysis has already yielded and raising our struggle against oppression and exploitation to a higher level to which we should all turn.
Slow relaxation and electric field quenching of persistent conductivity in GaAs metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors with different buffer layer structures (1987)

Slow relaxation in photoconductivity and high transverse field effects have been investigated in GaAs metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors with undoped GaAs buffers and AlGaAs/GaAs superlattice buffers. Persistent photoconductivity (PPC) has been observed in both types of devices at 77 K. Complete electric field quenching of the PPC is possible in devices with a GaAs buffer. A high electric field resulted in more profound effects on the channel conductance of the superlattice buffered devices. The barrier established by the superlattice precludes complete elimination of the PPC and thermal quenching is necessary.
New Monocyclic, Bicyclic, and Tricyclic Ethynylcyanodienones as Activators of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE Pathway and Inhibitors of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (2015)

A monocyclic compound 3 (3-ethynyl-3-methyl-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-dienecarbonitrile) is a highly reactive Michael acceptor leading to reversible adducts with nucleophiles, which displays equal or greater potency than the pentacyclic triterpenoid CDDO in inflammation and carcinogenesis related assays. Recently, reversible covalent drugs, which bind with protein targets but not permanently, have been gaining attention because of their unique features. To explore such reversible covalent drugs, we have synthesized monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic compounds containing 3 as an electrophilic fragment and evaluated them as activators of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway and inhibitors of iNOS. Notably, these compounds maintain the unique features of the chemical reactivity and biological potency of 3. Among them, a monocyclic compound 5 is the most potent in these assays while a tricyclic compound 14 displays a more robust and specific activation profile compared to 5. In conclusion, we demonstrate that 3 is a useful electrophilic fragment for exploring reversible covalent drugs.
Stability of BaCe0.8Gd0.2 O 3 in a  H 2 O  ‐Containing Atmosphere at Intermediate Temperatures (1997)

Barium cerate‐based electrolytes have been extensively studied for intermediate‐temperature (600 to 800°C) solid‐state ionic devices because of their high ionic conductivities at these temperatures. However, the long‐term stability of these materials under the conditions of intended applications, such as in a water vapor‐containing atmosphere, has been controversial in recent literature. In this study, a gadolinium‐doped barium cerate, , has been tested in an atmosphere containing 50 volume percent water vapor at 600 and 700°C for 1000 h. X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, differential thermal analysis, and electrochemical measurements indicate that there is no creditable evidence to suggest an observable decomposition of to and under the testing conditions for up to 1000 h, further confirming the stability of the material under fuel cell conditions demonstrated by others.
Posttranslational side chain modification of a viral epitope results in diminished recognition by specific T cells (1992)

A stretch of 16 amino acid residues within the nominal phosphoprotein of rabies virus was shown to carry an immunodominant epitope for class I- and class II-restricted T cells. The nominal phosphoprotein of rabies virus is thought to be heterogeneously phosphorylated at multiple serine and threonine residues. The synthetic peptide that expressed the T-cell epitope contained a single serine residue corresponding to position 196 of the protein. Phosphorylation of this serine within the synthetic peptide caused a significant decrease of the antigenic potency of the peptide. A similar effect was seen if the serine was replaced by an alanine or if the peptide was glycosylated at its acidic residues. These data suggest that T-cell-mediated recognition of antigen presented by major histocompatibility complex class I- or II-positive cells is impaired not only by point mutations but also by posttranslational side chain modifications of residues within viral epitopes.
Transboundary Water Resource Management and Conflict Resolution: A Coasian Strategic Negotiations Approach (2006)

In September 2005 the United States and Mexico resolved a decade-old water allocation dispute. Under the Treaty of 1944, Mexico is required to annually release 350,000 acre-feet of water, the majority of which originates in Mexico’s Rio Conchos Basin (RCB), to the U.S. Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) by way of Rio Grande tributaries. Between 1992 and 2003, Mexico failed to fully comply with the annual treaty releases, amassing a cumulative water deficit of 1.5 million acre-feet (MAF) by 2003. After much negotiation, Mexico began repaying the cumulative deficit in late 2004 with complete repayment promised by September 2005. However, repayment schemes requiring water debts to be paid exclusively in water may not maximize the collective economic welfare of the countries involved. Alternative repayment schemes that allow the debt to be repaid over a longer repayment horizon and/or in a combination of dollars and water would have been mutually beneficial to both countries. This paper estimates the potential welfare gains to Mexico and the United States, if a Coasian-based repayment scheme that allowed Mexico to repay its cumulative deficit in dollars and/or water had been negotiated, relative to the negotiated settlement.
Development of Low Molecular Weight CXCR4 Antagonists by Exploratory Structural Tuning of Cyclic Tetra- and Pentapeptide-Scaffolds Towards the Treatment of HIV Infection, Cancer Metastasis and Rheumatoid Arthritis (2006)

The chemokine receptor, CXCR4, is a GPCR that transduces signals of its endogenous ligand, CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived factor-1, SDF-1). The CXCL12-CXCR4 system plays an important role in the migration of progenitors during embryologic development of the cardiovascular, hemopoietic, central nervous systems, etc. This system has recently been proven to be involved in several problematic diseases, including HIV infection, cancer cell metastasis, leukemia cell progression, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, CXCR4 is thought to be an important therapeutic target to overcome the above diseases. Fourteen-mer peptides, T140 and its analogs, were previously found to be specific CXCR4 antagonists that were characterized as HIV-entry inhibitors, anti-cancer-metastatic agents, anti-chronic lymphocytic/acute lymphoblastic leukemia agents and anti-RA agents. Based on our knowledge of pharmacophores of T140, CXCR4 antagonists, such as FC131, were previously found by the efficient utilization of cyclic pentapeptide libraries. This review article focuses on our recent research on the development of low molecular weight CXCR4 antagonists including FC131 analogs, in which structural tuning of the cyclic peptide ring and chemical modifications were performed for an increase in potency and a reduction of the peptide character.