gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Propofol-Block of SK Channels in Reticular Thalamic Neurons Enhances GABAergic Inhibition in Relay Neurons (2004)

The GABAergic reticular thalamic nucleus (RTN) is a major source of inhibition for thalamocortical neurons in the ventrobasal complex (VB). Thalamic circuits are thought to be an important anatomic target for general anesthetics. We investigated presynaptic actions of the intravenous anesthetic propofol in RTN neurons, using RTN-retained and RTN-removed brain slices. In RTN-retained slices, focal and bath application of propofol increased intrinsic excitability, temporal summation, and spike firing rate in RTN neurons. Propofol-induced activation was associated with suppression of medium afterhyperpolarization potentials. This activation was mimicked and completely occluded by the small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channel blocker apamin, indicating that propofol could enhance RTN excitability by blocking SK channels. Propofol increased GABAergic transmission at RTN-VB synapses, consistent with excitation of presynaptic RTN neurons. Stimulation of RTN resulted in synaptic inhibition in postsynaptic neurons in VB, and this inhibition was potentiated by propofol in a concentration-dependent manner. Removal of RTN resulted in a dramatic reduction of both spontaneous postsynaptic inhibitory current frequency and propofol-mediated inhibition of VB neurons. Thus the existence and activation of RTN input were essential for propofol to elicit thalamocortical suppression; such suppression resulted from shunting through the postsynaptic GABA(A) receptor-mediated chloride conductance. The results indicate that propofol enhancement of RTN-mediated inhibitory input via blockade of SK channels may play a critical role in "gating" spike firing in thalamocortical relay neurons.
Protein engineering of the relative specificity of glucoamylase from <i>Aspergillus awamori</i> based on sequence similarities between starch-degrading enzymes (1994)

Aspergillus glucoamylase catalyzes hydrolysis of D-glucose from non-reducing ends of starch with an approximately 300-fold (kcat/Km) preference for the alpha-1,4- over the alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkage determined using the substrates maltose and isomaltose. It is postulated that as most amylolytic enzymes act on either the alpha-1,4- or alpha-1,6-linkages, sequence comparison between active-site regions should enable the correlation of the substrate bond specificity with particular residues at key positions. Therefore, the already high bond-type selectivity in Aspergillus glucoamylase could theoretically be augmented further by three single mutations, Ser119-->Tyr, Gly183-->Lys and Ser184-->His, in two separate active-site regions. These mutants all had slight increases in activity as compared with the wild-type enzyme towards the alpha-1,4-linked maltose; this was due to lower Km values as well as small decreases in activity towards isomaltose. This latter decrease in activity was a result of higher Km values and a decrease in kcat for the Ser184-->His mutant. As a consequence, the selectivity of the three glucoamylase mutants for alpha-1,4- over alpha-1,6-linked disaccharides is enhanced 2.3- to 3.5-fold. In addition, the introduction of a cationic side chain in Gly183-->Lys and Ser184-->His glucoamylase, broadens the optimal pH range for activity towards acidic as well as alkaline conditions.
Current RNA-based Therapeutics in Clinical Trials (2019)

Long-term research on various types of RNAs has led to further understanding of diverse mechanisms, which eventually resulted in the rapid development of RNA-based therapeutics as powerful tools in clinical disease treatment. Some of the developing RNA drugs obey the antisense mechanisms including antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNAs, microRNAs, small activating RNAs, and ribozymes. These types of RNAs could be utilized to inhibit/activate gene expression or change splicing to provide functional proteins. In the meantime, some others based on different mechanisms like modified messenger RNAs could replace the dysfunctional endogenous genes to manage some genetic diseases, and aptamers with special three-dimensional structures could bind to specific targets in a high-affinity manner. In addition, the recent most popular CRISPR-Cas technology, consisting of a crucial single guide RNA, could edit DNA directly to generate therapeutic effects. The desired results from recent clinical trials indicated the great potential of RNA-based drugs in the treatment of various diseases, but further studies on improving delivery materials and RNA modifications are required for the novel RNA-based drugs to translate to the clinic. This review focused on the advances and clinical studies of current RNA-based therapeutics, analyzed their challenges and prospects.
Introducing numerical bounds to improve event-based neural network simulation (2008)

Although the spike-trains in neural networks are mainly constrained by the neural dynamics itself, global temporal constraints (refractoriness, time precision, propagation delays, ..) are also to be taken into account. These constraints are revisited in this paper in order to use them in event-based simulation paradigms. We first review these constraints, and discuss their consequences at the simulation level, showing how event-based simulation of time-constrained networks can be simplified in this context: the underlying data-structures are strongly simplified, while event-based and clock-based mechanisms can be easily mixed. These ideas are applied to punctual conductance-based generalized integrate-and-fire neural networks simulation, while spike-response model simulations are also revisited within this framework. As an outcome, a fast minimal complementary alternative with respect to existing simulation event-based methods, with the possibility to simulate interesting neuron models is implemented and experimented.
Combined microRNA and mRNA detection in mammalian retinas by in situ hybridization chain reaction (2020)

Improved in situ hybridization methods for mRNA detection in tissues have been developed based on the hybridization chain reaction (HCR). We show that in situ HCR methods can be used for the detection of microRNAs in tissue sections from mouse retinas. In situ HCR can be used for the detection of two microRNAs simultaneously or for the combined detection of microRNA and mRNA. In addition, miRNA in situ HCR can be combined with immunodetection of proteins. We use these methods to characterize cells expressing specific microRNAs in the mouse retina. We find that miR-181a is expressed in amacrine cells during development and in adult retinas, and it is present in both GABAergic and glycinergic amacrine cells. The detection of microRNAs with in situ HCR should facilitate studies of microRNA function and gene regulation in the retina and other tissues.
Expandable multiterminal DC systems based on voltage droop (1993)

This paper introduces a decentralized control scheme for the parallel connection of multiple rectifiers feeding a DC network with numerous inverters. The coordination of multiple HVDC power systems without explicit communication is accomplished by the use of DC-side voltages as a "droop" mechanism. The DC side voltage serves the role of frequency in an ordinary AC system. The approach is most suitable to superconducting DC systems and to DC systems that span small distances and where voltage is relatively uniform throughout the DC system. This paper presents the concept in the context of a high capacity superconducting 10 kV urban infeed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Quantitative Surface Characterisation Using Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (2011)

Quantitative surface characterisation is an essential and common practice in many applications. Two-dimensional surface measurement has been performed for over 50 years using traditional 2D surface roughness parameters including the arithmetic mean deviation (R a ), root mean squared deviation (R q ), surface skewness (R sk ) and surface kurtosis (R ku ), etc that are based on single line surface traces The technique has been popularly used to measure large surfaces in 2D. Standard 2D measurements are commonly performed using the stylus profiler that traces a diamond stylus tip over the specimen surface, recording vertical displacement over distance travelled The resolution of the system is governed by the stylus tip size selected for testing surfaces of specific material type and surface finish. However, in operation the stylus unfortunately subjects the surface to damage In addition, the minimum scan length for the stylus technique (ISO standards 4288, 1996) is not suited to small wear particle surfaces.
Macromol. Biosci. 3/2018 (2018)

Front Cover: Poly glutamate peptides containing neuron cue are prepared and fabricated into 3D scaffolds. They can stimulate the fast outgrowth of neurite and have potential application in nerve regeneration. This is reported by Zhen-Hua Wang, Yen-Yu Chang, Jhih-Guang Wu, Chia-Yu Lin, Hsiao-Lung An, Shyh-Chyang Luo, Tang K. Tang, and Wei-Fang Su, article number 1700251. The cover is prepared by Chia-Yu Lin and Wei-Fang Su.
Interaction of Antimalarial Agent Artemisinin with Cyclodextrins (2000)

To obtain an effective solution of the poorly water soluble antimalarial agent artemisinin, the use of several kinds of cyclodextrins (CDs) as solubilizers was examined. The following CDs were used in this study: alpha-CD, beta-CD, gamma-CD as parent CDs, 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-CD (HP-beta-CD), sulfobutyl ether beta-CD (SBE7-beta-CD), heptakis (2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-CD (DM-beta-CD), 2,3,6-partially methylated-beta-CD (PM-beta-CD) as modified CDs, and glucosyl-beta-CD (G1-beta-CD), and maltosyl-beta-CD (G2-beta-CD) as branched CDs. The solubility curves of artemisinin with CDs can all be classified as type AL. The apparent stability constants for artemisinin-parent CD complexes increased in the order of alpha- < gamma- < or = beta-CD. The constants for artemisinin-beta-CD derivative (and beta-CD) complexes increased in the order of G2-beta-CD approximately equal to G1-beta-CD approximately equal to PM-beta-CD approximately equal to beta-CD < HP-beta-CD < SBE7-beta-CD < DM-beta-CD. These results suggest that the addition of CDs enables the solubilization of artemisinin.
An Extended Immune-Based Model for Computer Forensics (2008)

An extended immune based model of network surveillance and dynamic computer forensics is presented. Two kinds of cells including lymphocyte and forensic cell are defined. The proper time for forensic cell to catch evidence is given out. And the digital watermark method of encapsulation and preservation for digital evidences is introduced. The experiments show that the model has the features of self-adaption, self-learning, distribution, and real time.
Evaluation of eutectic solder bump interconnect technology (2003)

This paper describes the electroplated solder bump process and provides results from evaluations of the reliability performance and mechanical integrity of the bump interconnect technology for direct chip attach applications. Evaluations include studying the effects of several variables, including (a) the solder bump volume (determined by bump height and diameter), (b) the integrated circuit bond pad configuration (using various passivation opening and under bump metallization diameters), (c) the UBM stud thickness and (d) the underfill material type. The analysis of each of these variables as main effects and, in most cases, interaction effects was achieved by performing mechanical and environmental testing, including solder bump and under bump metallization (UBM) shear strength, die tensile pull, air-to-air temperature cycling (AATC) at a range of -55/125/spl deg/C and cross-sectional analysis. The intent of this study was to determine the significance of the variables and demonstrate successful reliability performance.
EtheReal: a host-transparent real-time Fast Ethernet switch (2002)

Distributed multimedia applications require guaranteed quality of service (QoS) from the underlying networks. This paper describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of a real-time Fast Ethernet switch called EtheReal that provides bandwidth guarantees to real-time applications running on Ethernet without modification to the hardware and operating system on the host machines. At the heart of the EtheReal switch architecture is a novel real-time connection setup protocol that is completely transparent to the host machine's OS, and thus allows the switch to be deployed in a network of heterogeneous machines running different OS platforms. The only dependency of EtheReal on the hosts is their support for TCP/UDP/IP. In addition, the EtheReal switch uses an Ethernet address swapping technique for real-time packets, similar to ATM to avoid the complexity of maintaining a global connection ID space. Because of the inherent CRC support built into Ethernet hardware, this technique significantly reduces the total processing overhead compared to address swapping at higher network layers. The current EtheReal switch prototype is fully operational; and is built with off-the-shelf PC hardware. It is capable of supporting up to 640 Mbits/sec across 4 ports, and has a per-hop connection establishment overhead of 0.1-0.6 msec and a 10 /spl mu/s non-real-time packet latency.
Characterization of a Ferrocene-Containing Polyacrylamide-Based Redox Gel for Biosensor Use (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCharacterization of a Ferrocene-Containing Polyacrylamide-Based Redox Gel for Biosensor UseHai-zhi. Bu, Susan R. Mikkelsen, and Ann M. EnglishCite this: Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 22, 4071–4076Publication Date (Print):November 15, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 November 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00118a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00118a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views636Altmetric-Citations72LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Combinatorial digital logic using charge-coupled devices (1982)

Describes a new approach to circuit design that allows charge-coupled devices to perform combinatorial digital logic. These circuits use charge packets, floating gates, and conventional NMOS circuitry in a way that combines the low power, high packing density of CCDs with some of the high-speed combinatorial logic capabilities of conventional NMOS circuits. Since only a few transfers are involved in the operation of these circuits, charge transfer efficiency is not a critical parameter. A CCD ripple adder is described that has been designed, fabricated, and tested, and a charge control analysis has been used to estimate its ultimate speed capabilities. An arithmetic logic unit design is also described. The combinatorial CCD circuits are particularly well suited to previous digital CCD logic approaches in that they allow elimination of power and space-consuming storage registers. These circuits are most useful in applications requiring large, regular, pipelined architectures such as systolic arrays where the critical performance parameter is throughput per unit power.
Neural control of the female urethral and anal rhabdosphincters and pelvic floor muscles (2010)

The urethral rhabdosphincter and pelvic floor muscles are important in maintenance of urinary continence and in preventing descent of pelvic organs [i.e., pelvic organ prolapse (POP)]. Despite its clinical importance and complexity, a comprehensive review of neural control of the rhabdosphincter and pelvic floor muscles is lacking. The present review places historical and recent basic science findings on neural control into the context of functional anatomy of the pelvic muscles and their coordination with visceral function and correlates basic science findings with clinical findings when possible. This review briefly describes the striated muscles of the pelvis and then provides details on the peripheral innervation and, in particular, the contributions of the pudendal and levator ani nerves to the function of the various pelvic muscles. The locations and unique phenotypic characteristics of rhabdosphincter motor neurons located in Onuf's nucleus, and levator ani motor neurons located diffusely in the sacral ventral horn, are provided along with the locations and phenotypes of primary afferent neurons that convey sensory information from these muscles. Spinal and supraspinal pathways mediating excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the motor neurons are described; the relative contributions of the nerves to urethral function and their involvement in POP and incontinence are discussed. Finally, a detailed summary of the neurochemical anatomy of Onuf's nucleus and the pharmacological control of the rhabdosphincter are provided.
Temperature-Stable Polymeric Fluid-Loss Reducer Tolerant to High Electrolyte Contamination (1987)

Summary The suitability of a synthetic copolymer for drilling deep, hot wells was demonstrated through laboratory and field testing. The polymer provided fluid-loss control at 400°F [204°C] to clay-free saturated-salt laboratory muds and to low-solids, nondispersed field muds contaminated with drill solids and sodium and calcium salts. High-temperature/high-pressure (HTHP) filtrate was kept at ≤15 cm3/30 min after 400°F [204°C] heat-aging of a 19-lbm/gal [2277-kg/m3] saturated-salt mud. Weighted (&gt;18-lbm/gal [&gt;2157-kg/m3]) potassium muds treated with the polymer showed heat stability and solids and green-cement tolerance. The polymer was successfully field-tested in two offshore wells where bottomhole temperatures (BHT's) reached 400°F [204°C] and salt and calcium chloride flows were encountered.
Photonic-crystal-fiber-coupled photoluminescence interrogation of nitrogen vacancies in diamond nanoparticles (2011)

A photonic-crystal fiber is used to demonstrate a fully fiber-integrated optical interrogation of nitrogen vacancies in diamond nanoparticles, where both pump radiation and the photoluminescent response of nitrogen vacancies are coupled to the fiber modes. A properly designed fiber is shown to provide a high-contrast guided-mode-coupled zero-phonon-line photoluminescent response from nitrogen vacancies, which is at least an order of magnitude higher than the Raman background signal from the fiber.
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) is stored in Weibel-Palade bodies in human endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo (2002)

Vascular endothelial cells are thought to be the main source of plasma tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and von Willebrand factor (VWF). Previous studies have suggested that both t-PA and VWF are acutely released in response to the same stimuli, both in cultured endothelial cells and in vivo. However, the subcellular storage compartment in endothelial cells has not been definitively established. We tested the hypothesis that t-PA is localized in Weibel-Palade (WP) bodies, the specialized endothelial storage granules for VWF. In cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), t-PA was expressed in a minority of cells and found in WP bodies by immunofluorescence. After up-regulation of t-PA synthesis either by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and retinoic acid or by sodium butyrate, there was a large increase in t-PA-positive cells. t-PA was exclusively located to WP bodies, an observation confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy. Incubation with histamine, forskolin, and epinephrine induced the rapid, coordinate release of both t-PA and VWF, consistent with a single storage compartment. In native human skeletal muscle, t-PA was expressed in endothelial cells from arterioles and venules, along with VWF. The 2 proteins were found to be colocalized in WP bodies by immunoelectron microscopy. These data indicate that t-PA and VWF are colocalized in WP bodies, both in HUVECs and in vivo. Release of both t-PA and VWF from the same storage pool likely accounts for the coordinate increase in the plasma level of the 2 proteins in response to numerous stimuli, such as physical activity, beta-adrenergic agents, and 1-deamino-8d-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) among others.
Acidic properties of alumina-supported metal oxide catalysts: an infrared spectroscopy study (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAcidic properties of alumina-supported metal oxide catalysts: an infrared spectroscopy studyAndrzej M. Turek, Israel E. Wachs, and Elaine DeCanioCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 12, 5000–5007Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100191a050https://doi.org/10.1021/j100191a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2611Altmetric-Citations270LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Mis-splicing of the ABCC2 gene linked with Bt toxin resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (2014)

Toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are used widely for insect control in sprays and transgenic plants, but their efficacy is reduced when pests evolve resistance. Previous work showed that mutations in a gene encoding the transporter protein ABCC2 are linked with resistance to Bt toxins Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac or both in four species of Lepidoptera. Here we compared the ABCC2 gene of Helicoverpa armigera (HaABCC2) between susceptible strains and a laboratory-selected strain with >1,000-fold resistance to Cry1Ac relative its susceptible parent strain. We discovered a 73-base pair (bp) insertion in the cDNA of the resistant strain that generates a premature stop codon expected to yield a truncated ABCC2 protein. Sequencing of genomic DNA revealed that this insertion is an intron that is not spliced out because of a 6-bp deletion at its splicing site. Analysis of progeny from crosses revealed tight genetic linkage between HaABCC2 and resistance to Cry1Ac. These results provide the first evidence that mis-splicing of a gene encoding an ABCC2 protein confers resistance to a Bt toxin.