gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scalable Synthesis of Graphene on Patterned Ni and Transfer (2010)

We present an approach to mass produce high-quality graphene on insulator substrate. Ni dots with single or few grains were achieved by annealing. Electron backscattered diffraction indicated that almost all of the Ni dots had (111) surface that is parallel to the substrate. Single-layer graphene with good crystalline quality has been grown on Ni dots. The patterned graphene films were transferred to insulating substrates by wafer bonding and etch back technique, which resulted in zero misalignment, low contamination, and high yield (>90%). Graphene-based field-effect transistors with self-aligned gate were fabricated with this method, which demonstrate the potential of this method as a candidate for mass production of graphene transistors.
Bioprinting of artificial blood vessels: current approaches towards a demanding goal (2014)

Free-form fabrication techniques, often referred to as '3D printing', are currently tested with regard to the processing of biological and biocompatible materials in general and for fabrication of vessel-like structures in particular. Such computer-controlled methods assemble 3D objects by layer-wise deposition or layer-wise cross-linking of materials. They use, for example, nozzle-based deposition of hydrogels and cells, drop-on-demand inkjet-printing of cell suspensions with subsequent cross-linking, layer-by-layer cross-linking of synthetic or biological polymers by selective irradiation with light and even laser-induced deposition of single cells. The need of vessel-like structures has become increasingly crucial for the supply of encapsulated cells for 3D tissue engineering, or even with regard to future application such as vascular grafts. The anticipated potential of providing tubes with tailored branching geometries made of biocompatible or biological materials pushes future visions of patient-specific vascularized tissue substitutions, tissue-engineered blood vessels and bio-based vascular grafts. We review here the early attempts of bringing together innovative free-form manufacturing processes with bio-based and biodegradable materials. The presented studies provide many important proofs of concepts such as the possibility to integrate viable cells into computer-controlled processes and the feasibility of supplying cells in a hydrogel matrix by generation of a network of perfused channels. Several impressive results in the generation of complex shapes and high-aspect-ratio tubular structures demonstrate the potential of additive assembly methods. Yet, it also becomes obvious that there remain major challenges to simultaneously match all material requirements in terms of biological functions (cell function supporting properties), physicochemical functions (mechanical properties of the printed material) and process-related (viscosity, cross-linkability) functions, towards the demanding goal of biofabricating artificial blood vessels.
Tetraacyl hydrazines and 3,3′-biquinazoline-4,4′-diones; synthesis, studies of rotational barriers and deracemisation (2000)

The barrier to rotation around the N–N bond in 3,3′-biquinazoline-4,4′-dione is estimated to be 96 kJ mol−1, significantly higher than in acyclic tetraacyl hydrazines (84 kJ mol−1). Both dynamic chiroptical and NMR studies of 3,3′-biquinazoline-4,4′-diones which have an additional ring bridging the 2,2′ positions indicate that these compounds have a significantly higher barrier to rotation than the parent 3,3′-biquinazoline-4,4′-dione. Deracemisation of certain 3,3′-biquinazoline-4,4′-diones is possible via treatment with chiral acids at high temperature.
Sensor selectivity and intelligent data fusion (2002)

The paper addresses the question of performance improvement as a result of multisensor data fusion and its ramifications on the design of a data fusion system. Sensor selectivity requires that data quality control and error detection capabilities be incorporated in the fusion design. Data quality control and error detection may not be feasible at the signal level requiring additional intelligence to be built in the fusion loop, prior to or after fusing the data. This leads to the notion of intelligent data fusion design which involves pre-fusion data quality control loops for error detection prior to fusion using data models and post-fusion data quality control loops based on meta-fusion level inference. Shortcomings in applying the optimal fusion rules in the presence of partial statistical knowledge and means to overcome them are discussed. The need of data validation and adaptive sensitivity control in the fusion design, when optimality conditions are not satisfied, is demonstrated and suggestions for designing the feedback loop are given. The design of an intelligent data fusion is discussed and a design for adaptive sensor sensitivity control presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Optimal algorithm for profile-based power gating: a compiler technique for reducing leakage on execution units in microprocessors (2010)

This paper proposes a compiler-based solution to the problem of inserting power gating instructions into code to control activation/deactivation (i.e., ON/OFF) of functional units in microprocessor during the code execution, so that the leakage power is maximally saved. Precisely, based on an execution profile of code containing conditional braches and/or loops, we propose a polynomial time optimal algorithm, called PG-instr, of inserting ON/OFF instructions into code with the objective of minimzing the expected total leakage power while considerig the power and delay overhead on power gating.
Nonlinear optics in photonic nanowires (2008)

We review recent research on nonlinear optical interactions in waveguides with sub-micron transverse dimensions, which are termed photonic nanowires. Such nanowaveguides, fabricated from glasses or semiconductors, provide the maximal confinement of light for index guiding structures enabling large enhancement of nonlinear interactions and group-velocity dispersion engineering. The combination of these two properties make photonic nanowires ideally suited for many nonlinear optical applications including the generation of single-cycle pulses and optical processing with sub-mW powers.
Large Spin Accumulation in a Permalloy-Silver Lateral Spin Valve (2007)

A large spin accumulation due to the electrical spin injection has been observed in Permalloy-silver lateral spin-valve structures. The observed resistance change is the largest among the reported metallic lateral spin valves with Ohmic junctions. The spin-diffusion length deduced from the experimental results is also found to be the longest among the normal metals reported so far. All the results can be quantitatively explained by the common spin-diffusion model without any discrepancies unlike the results of Godfrey and Johnson.
Methylamine Gas Based Synthesis and Healing Process Toward Upscaling of Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress and Perspective (2017)

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have aroused a wide range of interests in recent years due to their high power conversion efficiency. Traditional fabrication methods of perovskite layer such as one step spin coating, two step deposition and vapor deposition have been comprehensively studied for laboratory preparation. In this progress report, a rapidly developing methylamine (MA) gas based method is reviewed, which enables the large scale fabrication of high quality perovskite layer and extends the possibility of PSCs application in industrial preparation. The MA gas based method is related to solid-gas reactions, and the mechanisms of those special transformation processes of different solid-gas systems are discussed. Finally, a perspective of this promising PSCs fabrication method is given. However, as this method was only developed for a few years, there remain some unexplored areas for further investigation.
Clustering Seismic Datasets for Optimized Facies Analysis Using a SSCSOM Technique (2017)

Summary The derivation of seismic facies codes needs extensive knowledge and selection of seismic attributes. Seismic facies analysis is aimed to find the natural grouping in a data set based on the character of the recorded seismic response. In a common unsupervised facies analysis algorithm it is found that each group of seismic trace segments are related to a particular depositional environment. Most of the previous attempts in seismic facies analysis were in application of unsupervised algorithms like SOM.Control in unsupervised clustering results is limited by the number of final clusters (facies codes) that is mostly fixed by predefined and existing lithofacies codes or wavelet shapes. The idea is having user-intervention and interpretation in the per class posterior probability space. Unlike supervised methods in which the labeling is done in the input space by picking, semi-supervised methods are aiming to accept/reject clustering on the basis of interpretation in the near well space.
The doping of hydrogenated amorphous silicon and its impact on devices (1990)

Abstract Prior to the mid-1970s, most scientists believed that one could not dope amorphous semiconductors since the local environment would adjust to accommodate the normal valence requirements of the dopant atom. However, in 1974 Carlson1 started experiments on the doping of glow-discharge-deposited amorphous silicon that led to the development of amorphous Si solar cells.2 Independently, Spear and LeComber3 showed that glow-discharge-deposited amorphous Si could be doped either p-type or n-type using diborane (B2H6) or phosphine (PH3), respectively, as a dopant feedstock gas in a silane (SiH4) glow discharge.
Activation of human B lymphocytes. XI. Differential effects of azathioprine on B lymphocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations regulating B cell function. (1978)

Selective effects of in vitro azathioprine (AZ) on subpopulations of human lymphocytes involved in the pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced plaque forming cell (PFC) response against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) have been described. First, it was found that the responding B cell itself was very sensitive to AZ as concentrations as low as 0.01 µg/ml markedly suppressed the PWM-induced PFC responses of unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear (MN) cell suspensions. The fact that AZ suppresses the PFC response of B cells only when added at the beginning of the cultures suggests that the drug interferes with some early events involved in B cell triggering by PWM. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that higher concentrations of AZ, i.e., 1 and 10 µg/ml selectively eliminated certain regulatory subsets of cells known to act as suppressors of this polyclonally induced PFC response. Preincubation of a) T cell-enriched (TCE) suspensions of cells, b) concanavalin A (Con A)-generated suppressor cells, and c) naturally occurring suppressor cells from nonresponder individuals with 1 and 10 µg/ml of AZ before co-culturing them with fresh MN cells in the presence of PWM caused a differential suppression of suppressor cell function and a selection for a pure helper effect with a resulting increase in B cell responses. Finally, regulatory helper cells were quite resistant to the in vitro effects of this drug as they still expressed their helper activity after pretreatment with 10 µg/ml AZ. Thus, this study demonstrated that B cells are highly sensitive, suppressor cells are less sensitive, and helper T cells are quite resistant to the in vitro effects of AZ.
Enhanced Activity of Gold-Supported Cobalt Oxide for the Electrochemical Evolution of Oxygen (2011)

Scanning electron microscopy, linear sweep voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy were used to investigate the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) occurring on cobalt oxide films deposited on Au and other metal substrates. All experiments were carried out in 0.1 M KOH. A remarkable finding is that the turnover frequency for the OER exhibited by ∼0.4 ML of cobalt oxide deposited on Au is 40 times higher than that of bulk cobalt oxide. The activity of small amounts of cobalt oxide deposited on Pt, Pd, Cu, and Co decreased monotonically in the order Au > Pt > Pd > Cu > Co, paralleling the decreasing electronegativity of the substrate metal. Another notable finding is that the OER turnover frequency for ∼0.4 ML of cobalt oxide deposited on Au is nearly three times higher than that for bulk Ir. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the as-deposited cobalt oxide is present as Co(3)O(4) but undergoes progressive oxidation to CoO(OH) with increasing anodic potential. The higher OER activity of cobalt oxide deposited on Au is attributed to an increase in fraction of the Co sites present as Co(IV) cations, a state of cobalt believed to be essential for OER to occur. A hypothesis for how Co(IV) cations contribute to OER is proposed and discussed.
Contact‐Engineered and Void‐Involved Silicon/Carbon Nanohybrids as Lithium‐Ion‐Battery Anodes (2013)

A novel anode structure composed of silicon nanowires dwelling in graphitic tubes is developed. The thus-fabricated 1D/1D hybrid structure exhibits good rate capability and remarkable cycling stability, which mainly originates from their structural advantages including the built-in void spaces and the robust line-to-line contact mode between the components.
Synthesen von Carotinen mit ψ‐Endgruppen und (<i>Z</i>)‐Konfiguration an terminalen konjugierten Doppelbindungen (1985)

Syntheses of Carotenes with ψ‐End Groups and ( Z )‐Configuration at Terminal Conjugated Double Bonds Five carotenes bearing (5 Z )‐ψ‐end groups were synthesized and carefully characterized: (5 Z )‐lycopene ( 6 ), (5 Z 5′ Z )‐lycopene ( 7 ), (5′ Z )‐neurosporene ( 8 ), (5′ Z )‐β,ψ‐carotene ( 12 ), and (5′ Z )‐ε,ψ‐carotene ( 14 ).
Strategies for Improving the Midwest Work Force (2003)

Displaced workers; Labor mobility; Economic conditions - Middle West
Using Expanded Individualized Health Care Plans to Assist Teachers of Students With Complex Health Care Needs (2004)

As special education teachers have increasing numbers of students requiring health care procedures in their classrooms, school nurses need to help these teachers maintain a safe, healthy environment for their students. Part of this consists of having teachers know the steps to take should certain problems arise. This article examines the receptivity of using an expanded version of an individualized health care plan (IHP) to provide critical information to address health care problems, as well as having individualized education program (IEP) objectives for instructional targets identified in the IHP. The findings of this study indicate that a high percentage of school nurses and special education teachers were in favor of an expanded version of the IHP. There was also support for teaching students to independently or partially participate in performing their own health care procedures and having this instruction formalized as IEP objectives.
The mangrove mesocosm of Biosphere 2: Design, establishment and preliminary results (1996)

Biosphere 2 is a specially constructed, 1.25 ha, greenhouse in southern Arizona, USA that is atmospherically and materially isolated from Biosphere 1, the Earth. Housed inside are living recreations of five natural ecosystems and an agricultural zone. Techniques were developed for the transplantation, maintenance and establishment of a diverse neotropical estuarine ecosystem model (referred to here as the mangrove mesocosm). Technical systems were designed for the simulation and control of environmental conditions including rain (0–3 1 s−1), wind (0–11 km h−1), air (5–50°C) and water temperature (15–35°C), water circulation (0–20 1 s−1), salinity (0–45 ppt), relative humidity (10–85% RH) and nutrient removal (up to 20 g-N d−1). In or near the mangrove mesocosm permanent sensors monitored and recorded at 15-min intervals the following ranges: light above (5–35.5 E m−2 d−1 and 1600 μE m−2 s−1 maximum) and below (0.5–5 E m−2 d− 1) the mangrove canopy; air (18–42°C) and water (16–27°C) temperature; salinity (25–35 ppt); relative humidity (50–80% RH); pH (7.6–8.1); dissolved oxygen (3.8–5.5 mg 1−1); and several biogenic gasses including oxygen (20.5-14.5 ppm), CO2 (500–4500 ppm), methane (0–50 ppm), nitrous oxide (0–80 ppm) and hydrogen sulfide (0–0.1 ppm). From November 1990 to December 1993, mangrove height increased approximately 250%v for each of the three mangrove species: Rhizophora triangle (red mangrove), Avicennia germinans (black mangrove) and Laguncularia racemosa (white mangrove). The spreading mangrove average canopy area increased by 374, 533 and 647% for the red, black and white mangroves, respectively. The mangroves organized into a closed canopy, maturing forest under the unique set of conditions found inside of Biosphere 2. Concurrent litterfall and decomposition monitoring experiments were initiated in October 1992 in the mesocosm and at Florida-based analog research sites. Reproductive litterfall and total litter-fall approximated the seasonal patterns found at the field sites. Both total and reproductive litterfall production in the mesocosm exceeded field levels (except for white mangrove) but fall within reported rates for Southwest Florida. Total litterfall and total reproductive litterfall for the mesocosm red (1281.1 g m−2 yr−1; 178.3 g m−2 yr−1) and black (635.2 g m−2 y−1; 64.6 g m−2 yr−1) mangroves exceed the Florida field site red (948.3 g m−2 yr−1; 89.2 g m−2 yr−1) and black (461.7 g m−2 yr−1; 16.3 g m−2 yr−1) mangrove rates. The field white mangrove total litterfall and total reproductive litterfall (766.3 g m−2 yr−1; 215.9 g m−2 yr−1) rates were greater than that produced by the mesocosm white mangroves (654.8 g m−2 yr−1; 67.6 g m−2 yr−1). In addition to being a useful system for mangrove ecology, the mesocosm is on display for public education and awareness of the need to conserve wetland areas.
In situ labeling of DNA reveals interindividual variation in nuclear DNA breakdown in hair and may be useful to predict success of forensic genotyping of hair (2011)

Hair fibers are formed by keratinocytes of the hair follicle in a process that involves the breakdown of the nucleus including DNA. Accordingly, DNA can be isolated with high yield from the hair bulb which contains living keratinocytes, whereas it is difficult to prepare from the distal portions of hair fibers and from shed hair. Nevertheless, forensic investigations are successful in a fraction of shed hair samples found at crime scenes. Here, we report that interindividual differences in the completeness of DNA removal from hair corneocytes are major determinants of DNA content and success rates of forensic investigations of hair. Distal hair samples were permeabilized with ammonia and incubated with the DNA-specific dye Hoechst 33258 to label DNA in situ. Residual nuclear DNA was visualized under the fluorescence microscope. Hair from some donors did not contain any stainable nuclei, whereas hair of other donors contained a variable number of DNA-positive nuclear remnants. The number of DNA-containing nuclear remnants per millimeter of hair correlated with the amount of DNA that could be extracted and amplified by quantitative PCR. When individual hairs were investigated, only hairs in which DNA could be labeled in situ gave positive results in short tandem repeat typing. This study reveals that the completeness of DNA degradation during cornification of the hair is a polymorphic trait. Furthermore, our results suggest that in situ labeling of DNA in hair may be useful for predicting the probability of success of forensic analysis of nuclear DNA in shed hair.
Comparison of bicistronic retroviral vectors containing internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) using expression of human interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) as a readout (2000)

Background Many gene therapy applications require the co-ordinated delivery of more than one reading frame. We wished to systematically compare IRES in the context of a retroviral vector to determine which was the most effective for protein production and viral titre. To do this we monitored expression of IL-12, as co-ordinated expression of both p35 and p40 subunits is required for production of the active heterodimer. Methods Retroviral vectors were constructed to express human IL-12 in which an IRES initiates translation of the p40 subunit, with the IRES optimally aligned to the initiation codon of p40. Vectors containing an IRES from either polio virus (PV), encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) or murine leukaemia virus (MLV) were compared with a vector expressing IL-12 as a single protein (Flexi-12; in which the two IL-12 subunits are linked by a peptide). Results All vectors produced high titre virus and directed synthesis of IL-12 in target cells. The bicistronic vectors containing the IRES from EMCV and PV were the most effective in infected 3T3 cells, producing up to 40 ng IL-12/106 cells/48 h, similar to the 50 ng IL-12/106 cells/48 h obtained with Flexi-12. The IRES from PV was the most efficient in human melanoma cells. Conclusions Bicistronic retroviral vectors have been constructed that effectively transduce target cells and produce high levels of protein. Target cell specificity of IRES function was observed. The combination of Flexi-12 and the IRES from PV will be useful in the generation of vectors expressing IL-12 with a second protein such as IL-2 for transduction of melanoma cells. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A grouping principle and four applications (2003)

Wertheimer's theory suggests a general perception law according to which objects having a quality in common get perceptually grouped. The Helmholtz principle is a quantitative version of this general grouping law. It states that a grouping is perceptually "meaningful" if its number of occurrences would be very small in a random situation: geometric structures are then characterized as large deviations from randomness. In two previous works, we have applied this principle to the detection of orientation alignments and boundaries in a digital image. In this paper, we show that the method is fully general and can be extended to a grouping by any quality. We treat as an illustration the alignments of objects, their grouping by color and by size, and the vicinity gestalt (clusters). Collaboration of the gestalt grouping laws and their pyramidal structure are illustrated in a case study.
Pressure inhibition of the Koebner reaction by capillary occlusion (1982)

A 38-year-old male with extensive psoriasis received a linear experimental abrasion. Immediate pressure was applied for 24 hours to the central portion of the traumatized site. During a psoriatic relapse 5 weeks later, Koebnerization occurred in the abraded areas but spared the site where pressure had been previously applied. The mechanism is not known but may be due to a local suppressive effect of pressure on inflammation.
A Comparison of Minimum Distance and Maximum Likelihood Estimation of a Mixture Proportion (1984)

Abstract The estimation of mixing proportions in the mixture model is discussed, with emphasis on the mixture of two normal components with all five parameters unknown. Simulations are presented that compare minimum distance (MD) and maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of the parameters of this mixture-of-normals model. Some practical issues of implementation of these results are also discussed. Simulation results indicate that ML techniques are superior to MD when component distributions actually are normal, but MD techniques provide better estimates than ML under symmetric departures from component normality. Interestingly, an ad hoc starting value for the iterative procedures occasionally outperformed both the ML and MD techniques. Results are presented that establish strong consistency and asymptotic normality of the MD estimator under conditions that include the mixture-of-normals model. Asymptotic variances and relative efficiencies are obtained for further comparison of the MD and ML estimators.