gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies of Fibrinogen Binding to Platelets by Flow Cytometry: An Improved Method for Studies of Platelet Activation (1992)

Platelet function is dependent upon membrane receptors and their interaction with other proteins. Platelet activation appears to cause a structural change of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex that exposes the fibrinogen binding site, which subsequently binds fibrinogen. Fluorescence-activated flow cytometry (FACS) is an efficient method for studying membrane proteins. Flow cytometry gives single-cell data, allowing the detection of only a small proportion of labelled platelets in whole blood without any washing steps. One problem with this method is that the labelled antibodies and the antigen, if present in plasma, form an immune complex, which may cause false positive reactions due to interaction between mammalian IgG and Fc gamma receptors on the platelets. We show that immune complexes with chicken IgG do not activate human platelets. We have developed a method for measuring platelet-bound fibrinogen in whole blood and platelet-rich plasma utilising fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated chicken antibodies directed towards human fibrinogen. As low as 1% activated platelets could be detected without interference from Fc-interactions.
The potential of endothelin antagonism as a therapeutic approach (2004)

Endothelin (ET) is a pivotal physiological regulator of blood pressure through its effects on blood vessels, heart, lung and kidneys, and the ET system can be overactive in disorders such as pulmonary hypertension, heart failure and renal disease. Such observations stimulated interest among scientists and pharmaceutical companies that have set up high-throughput screens to search for antagonists of ET receptors. The emerging compounds have been tested in animals with exciting results, leading to great hope that such inhibitors could be translated into human drugs with desirable therapeutic activities and few side effects. This review will describe the most relevant results obtained in experimental animals in a wide variety of disease conditions and focus on the data of selected compounds that have been employed in clinical trials.
Graceful adaptation of guaranteed performance service connections (2002)

Most of the solutions proposed to support guaranteed performance communication services in a packet-switching network adopt a connection-oriented and reservation-oriented approach. In this approach, the resource allocation and route selection decisions are made during connection establishment on the basis of the current resource availability and real-time network load, and are usually kept for the duration of the connection's life time. However, such an approach shows two major limitations: first, the communication service provided is usually fixed, with limited or no capability of adapting to dynamic changes in the clients' requirements; second, a low utilization of the network may be observed. In the paper, the authors present a flexible management scheme that allows graceful adaptation of guaranteed performance service connections. Mechanisms have been devised to allow changing of the trade and performance parameters of a real-time connection during its lifetime. These mechanisms, together with an adaptation policy, can make more efficient use of the network resources by performing cooperative, consenting, high-level multiplexing. the authors distinguish between two types of adaptation: client initiated adaptation and network initiated adaptation. They give examples for both types and present results from simulation experiments to show the effectiveness of the approach.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Expectation Propagation as Turbo Equalizer in ISI Channels (2016)

In probabilistic equalization of channels with intersymbol interference, the BCJR algorithm and its approximations become intractable for high-order modulations, even for moderate channel dispersions. In this paper, we introduce a novel soft equalizer to approximate the symbol a posteriori probabilities (APP), where the expectation propagation (EP) algorithm is used to provide an accurate estimation. This new soft equalizer is presented as a block solution, denoted as block-EP (BEP), where the structure of the matrices involved is exploited to reduce the complexity order to O(LN <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ), i.e., linear in the length of the channel, L, and quadratic in the frame length, N. The solution is presented in complex-valued formulation within a turbo equalization scheme. This algorithm can be cast as a linear minimum-mean-squared-error (LMMSE) turbo equalization with double feedback architecture, where constellations being discrete is a restriction exploited by the EP that provides a first refinement of the APP. In the experiments included, the BEP exhibits a robust performance, regardless of the channel response, with gains in the range 1.5-5 dB compared with the LMMSE equalization.
Inhibition of Several Strains of Influenza Virus <i>in Vitro</i> and Reduction of Symptoms by an Elderberry Extract ( <i>Sambucus nigra</i> L.) during an Outbreak of Influenza B Panama (1995)

A standardized elderberry extract, Sambucol (SAM), reduced hemagglutination and inhibited replication of human influenza viruses type A/Shangdong 9/93 (H3N2), A/Beijing 32/92 (H3N2), A/Texas 36/91 (H1N1), A/Singapore 6/86 (H1N1), type B/Panama 45/90, B/Yamagata 16/88, B/Ann Arbor 1/86, and of animal strains from Northern European swine and turkeys, A/Sw/Ger 2/81, A/Tur/Ger 3/91, and A/Sw/Ger 8533/91 in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. A placebo-controlled, double blind study was carried out on a group of individuals living in an agricultural community (kibbutz) during an outbreak of influenza B/Panama in 1993. Fever, feeling of improvement, and complete cure were recorded during 6 days. Sera obtained in the acute and convalescent phases were tested for the presence of antibodies to influenza A, B, respiratory syncytial, and adenoviruses. Convalescent phase serologies showed higher mean and mean geometric hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers to influenza B in the group treated with SAM than in the control group. A significant improvement of the symptoms, including fever, was seen in 93.3% of the cases in the SAM-treated group within 2 days, whereas in the control group 91.7% of the patients showed an improvement within 6 days (p < 0.001). A complete cure was achieved within 2 to 3 days in nearly 90% of the SAM-treated group and within at least 6 days in the placebo group (p < 0.001). No satisfactory medication to cure influenza type A and B is available. Considering the efficacy of the extract in vitro on all strains of influenza virus tested, the clinical results, its low cost, and absence of side-effects, this preparation could offer a possibility for safe treatment for influenza A and B.
Carrier concentration enhancement of p-type ZnSe and ZnS by codoping with active nitrogen and tellurium by using a δ-doping technique (1997)

We have studied the p-type doping of ZnSe and ZnS grown by molecular beam epitaxy using active nitrogen and tellurium. Highly conductive p-type ZnSe and ZnS films have been achieved by inserting heavily N-doped ZnTe layers into each layer. A hole concentration of 7×1018 cm−3 in a ZnSe/ZnTe:N δ-doped layer and a [Na-Nd] value of 5×1017 cm−3 in a ZnS/ZnTe:N δ-doped layer were obtained. Excitonic emission associated with the N acceptor at 2.792 eV in ZnSe was dominant in the photoluminescence spectra at 14 K and the emission related to the Te isoelectronic deep centers was negligibly weak. These results indicate that the incorporation of ZnTe:N single layers by this δ-doping method dramatically increases the hole concentration, and the optical properties are consistent with this improvement.
High Chemical Activity of Incomplete Combustion Products and a Method of Prechamber Torch Ignition for Avalanche Activation of Combustion in Internal Combustion Engines (1975)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Aside from the stable products of combustion (CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O) and some incomplete constituents (CO, H<sub>2</sub>, and others) in the flame front of a hydrocarbon-air mixture, there are also formed various concentrations of components of intermediate chemical reactions. Studies in cyclic and stationary flames of the kinetic formation, heat and temperature of catalytic recombination of these components, establish the unusually high concentration of ionized atoms and radicals (H, CH, C<sub>2</sub>, and others) in the branching chain reactions which can exceed the thermodynamic equilibrium by an order of two to four. These are formed in the flame of a rich mixture possessing a 30 to 60% insufficiency of air. The ionized atoms and radicals are short-lived but can initiate specific chemical activity during their life span of 5 to 10 ms. The concentrations of these reactive elements sharply diminish as the rich mixture is leaned toward stoichiometric.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">An analysis of the hydrodynamical structure in the combustion zone, which is initiated by the burned products of combustion fed from an auxiliary combustion chamber, led to the discovery of a means to develop turbulent vortex kernels in the wake of the prechamber torch to achieve rapid and efficient combustion. Optimization is achieved by employing a prechamber volume of 2 to 3% of the compressed combustion chamber volume, employing connecting channels with an area of 0.03 to 0.04 cm<sup>2</sup> per 1 cm<sup>3</sup> of the prechamber volume and employing channels with a length to diameter ratio of 1/2.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Out of this research work has evolved the “LAG-Process” of combustion which utilizes the high chemical activity of the products of incomplete combustion of a rich auxiliary mixture to produce fast, complete, and stable combustion in the working main mixture within the combustion chamber of various types of engines. The delay period of ignition of the main mixture is decreased by 5 to 7 times and the combustion duration is significantly decreased by 3 to 4 times in comparison to spark ignition. A 10% improvement in combustion efficiency is achieved and the overall combustion becomes exceptionally stable and reproducible.</div>
Studies on the mechanism of translational enhancement by the 5′‐leader sequence of tobacco mosaic virus RNA (1988)

Translation of foreign mRNAs is enhanced by a cis-acting derivative (omega') of the 5'-leader sequence (omega) of tobacco mosaic virus RNA (vulgare strain). To explain this effect we have conducted several experiments in vitro. 1. The presence of various 5'-terminal sequences, including omega', did not significantly increase the half-lives of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) or neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII) mRNAs in wheat-germ extract. Also, a long leader sequence, unrelated to omega', did not enhance expression of NPTII mRNA in vitro. 2. The ability of several leader sequences, including omega', to form multiple initiation complexes with 80S (wheat germ) ribosomes was examined using CAT or NPTII mRNAs incubated in the presence of sparsomycin. Formation of disome complexes was unrelated to the capacity of a 5'-leader sequence to enhance translation. 3. Expression of CAT mRNA in both wheat germ extract and messenger-dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysate was less susceptible to inhibition by increasing salt concentration when a 5'-proximal omega' sequence was present. This effect was less marked when the CAT mRNA was capped. Conversely at high salt concentrations, capping was less stimulatory for mRNA with a 5'-proximal omega' sequence. These data suggest that omega' and the cap enhance translation, at least in part, by a similar mechanism. We propose that both features reduce RNA secondary structure, thereby rendering the 5' terminus more accessible to scanning by 40S ribosomal subunits and/or interaction with associated initiation factors. This conclusion was supported by computer-based secondary-structure analyses of our SP6 RNA polymerase transcript sequences. The ability of 5' leader sequences from brome mosaic virus RNA 3, alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4, and the genomic RNAs of turnip yellow mosaic virus, Rous sarcoma virus or tobacco mosaic virus (tomato strain) to enhance mRNA translation in eukaryotic systems may also be correlated with their respective secondary structures. A different mechanism probably accounts for the omega'-dependent enhancement of mRNA expression in Escherichia coli or in E. coli cell-free systems.
Long-range magnetic ordering in the high-T_{c} superconductors RBa_{2}Cu_{3}O_{7-δ} (R=Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, and Er) (1988)

Low-teperature specific-heat C measurements have been made on the high-${T}_{c}$ superconductors R${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ (R=Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, and Er; \ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.1) for 0.5\ensuremath{\lesssim}T\ensuremath{\le}30 K. Features in the specific heat associated with magnetic ordering of the trivalent R ions were observed for all of these compounds. The values of the magnetic ordering temperature ${T}_{M}$, defined as the temperature of the peak of the specific-heat anomaly due to magnetic ordering, are 0.52, 0.61, 2.25, 0.90, and 0.60 K for the compounds with R=Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, and Er, respectively. Calculations of the magnetic entropy from the C vs T data suggest that the R ions in these compounds have doublet ground states, except for R=Gd, which has an eightfold degenerate ground state. The values of ${T}_{M}$ for the compounds with R=Nd, Sm, Dy, and Er are in reasonable agreement with the deGennes factor scaling of ${T}_{M}$ for the compound with R=Gd. The deGennes factor scaling of ${T}_{M}$ is consistent with expectations based on the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interaction, although the agreement may be fortuitous since recent specific-heat measurements by Dunlap et al. on metallic and semiconducting (oxygen-defiicient) ${\mathrm{GdBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ suggest that dipole-dipole interactions are responsible for the magnetic order in these materials.
Organic Synthesis in Water/Carbon Dioxide Emulsions (1999)

The synthetic reaction between a hydrophobe, benzyl chloride, and a hydrophilic nucleophile, KBr, is reported in water-in-carbon dioxide (w/c) and carbon dioxide-in-water (c/w) emulsions. Emulsions containing equal amounts of water and CO2 were formed with both anionic perfluoropolyether ammonium carboxylate (PFPE COO-NH4+) and nonionic poly(dimethylsiloxane)-g-poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(butylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) surfactants, without the need for any added cosolvent. Higher yields of benzyl bromide were obtained in w/c and c/w emulsions (41−47%) as compared to water-in-octane emulsions (33%). Yields were much higher than in a previous study of the same reaction in a w/c microemulsion (Jacobson et al. J. Org. Chem., following paper in this issue), since the much larger amount of water in the emulsion allowed for a greater excess of KBr.
A crystallographic analysis of C60(Buckminsterfullerene) (1991)

Crystallographic analysis of C60 grown from a hexane solution revealed a structure which is neither hexagonal nor cubic closest packed [space group P63/m, a= 33.54(1), c= 10.113(8)Å]; packing models which are consistent with the Patterson map are described.
An integrated Modelica environment for modeling, documentation and simulation (1998)

Modelica is a new object-oriented multi-domain modeling language based on algebraic and differential equations. In this paper we present an environment that integrates different phases of the Modelica development lifecycle. This is achieved by using the Mathematica environment and its structured documents, &quot;notebooks&quot;. Simulation models are represented in the form of structured documents, which integrate source code, documentation and code transformation specifications, as well as providing control over simulation and result visualization. Import and export of Modelica code between internal structured and external textual representation is supported. Mathematica is an interpreted language, which is suitable as a scripting language for controlling simulation and visualization. Mathematica also supports symbolic transformations on equations and algebraic expressions which is useful in building mathematical models. BACKGROUND Integrated simulation environments are advantageous i...
A new approach for computing higher-order moments on linear systolic arrays (1998)

The last few years have witnessed significant advances in the use of higher-order moments in various signal processing applications. As a result, the demand for efficient architectural designs for these functions is on the rise. In this paper we present a new formulation for implementing third- and fourth-order moments on linear systolic arrays. In the proposed approach the moments are computed as elements of a matrix which are obtained after a series of matrix multiplication operations. The resultant architecture is a simple linear array that can be implemented efficiently in VLSI.
A temperature-stabilized LiF line filter for the argon 106.7 nm resonance line (1997)

We present a temperature-stabilized LiF filter of 1 mm thickness which was used to isolate the Ar resonance line at 106.7 nm from adjacent Ar and emissions in the vacuum ultraviolet in electron-impact-induced photoemission experiments. Details of the construction of the filter and of its performance characteristics as a function of temperature are discussed.
Digital pattern generator: an electron-optical MEMS for massively parallel reflective electron beam lithography (2013)

The digital pattern generator (DPG) is a complex electron-optical MEMS that pixelates the electron beam in the reflective electron beam lithography (REBL) e-beam column. It potentially enables massively parallel printing, which could make REBL competitive with optical lithography. The development of the REBL DPG, from the CMOS architecture, through the lenslet modeling and design, to the fabrication of the MEMS device, is described in detail. The imaging and printing results are also shown, which validate the pentode lenslet concept and the fabrication process.
A Multi-Directional Power Converter for a Hybrid Renewable Energy Distributed Generation System with Battery Storage (2006)

Power electronics is the key technology for enabling renewable power generation and dispatching distributed generation (DG) with improved load-side efficiency. This paper presents a multi-directional power converter with a high-frequency isolation transformer for a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy DG system with battery storage. Full-bridge power converters are employed to realize bi-directional power flow among renewable generator, battery storage and load. Detailed analysis is provided for a four-directional power converter in a wind-photovoltaic distributed generation system. In addition, a two loop PI control scheme is proposed to achieve constant output voltage and exact power flow management. Theoretical analyses are verified by simulations in PSPICE and MATLAB
Remaking Slavery in a Free State: Masters and Slaves in Gold Rush California (2011)

Hundreds of white Southerners traveled to Gold Rush California with slaves. Long after California became a free state in 1850, these masters transplanted economic and social practices that sustained slavery in the American South to the goldfields. At the same time, enslaved people realized that Gold Rush conditions disrupted customary master-slave relationships and pressed for more personal autonomy, better working conditions, and greater economic reward. The result was a new regional version of slavery that was remarkably flexible and subject to negotiation. This fluidity diminished, however, as proslavery legislators passed laws that protected slaveholding rights and vitiated the state's antislavery constitution. California's struggle over bondage highlights the persistence of the slavery question in the Far West after the Compromise of 1850 and illuminates slavery's transformation as it moved onto free soil.
Study on Silver-Containing HA Coatings Prepared by Vacuum Plasma Spraying (2007)

Vacuum plasma sprayed (VPS) hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings with silver-loaded zirconium phosphate antimicrobial have been prepared on titanium substrate. Antibacterial effects of the coatings were studied by bacteria culturing using Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) as microorganisms. Simulated body fluid (SBF) test was carried out to evaluate the bioactivity of the coatings as well. The results obtained showed that the coatings exhibited a marked antibacterial effect against Pg, Fn and Aa when the content of antimicrobial was equal to or more than 5%. The antibacterial capability of the coatings decreased in the following order: Pg, Fn, Aa. Bone-like apatite layer was formed on the silver-containing HA coatings after immersed in SBF, suggesting that their bioactivities were not affected obviously by the addition of silver-zirconium phosphate antimicrobial. This study indicated that silver-containing VPS HA coating is a prospective candidate as dental material.
Measuring nanometer, three-dimensional motions with light microscopy (1997)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1997.
Discrete LQ Rate Control for MPEG2 Video Streaming System (2008)

In this paper, we propose a novel rate control system by applying the discrete linear quadratic rate control method (DLQ) to transmissions of MPEG2 streams in IP networks. We give out the detail deduction for disturbed-DLQ-regulator problem and the corresponding methods to implement the results into media streaming rate control. Study shows that DLQ is superior to conventional rate control schemes especially in client buffer utilization. Besides the basic DLQ method, we also investigate DLQ under heavy-traffic scenarios and provide improvements for this special case. The influences of delay, with respect to different mean values and variances, are discussed carefully.
Attractive and feeding stimulative effect of some fatty acids and related compounds on three species of cockroaches (1966)

Some fatty acids, their esters, and related alcohols were assayed by a filter paper method for the attractive and feeding stimulative effect on the three species of cockroaches, Periplaneta americana, P. fuliginosa, and Blattella germanica. The results suggest that the starved cockroaches are attracted to many kinds of fat soluble substances which include at least above mentioned three groups of compounds. There seems to be optimum ranges of molecular weights for attractiveness in homologous groups of the compounds. The most effective saturated free fatty acids in gathering the insects on the spots treated with them were n-caproic, n-caprylic, n-capric, and lauric acid. Oleic acid, one of unsaturated fatty acids, was also highly attractive. The most effective attractants in esters were methyl myristate, ethyl myristate, methyl palmitate, and ethyl palmitate. Saturated normal alcohols with 8 to 14 carbon atoms were also attractive especially for P. americana, and P. fuliginosa. Oleyl alcohol was especially attractive for B. germanica. A few of the attractive compounds also showed the feeding stimulative effect, but many others were less or not effective in eliciting feeding responses in the three species at a dose level of about 250μg per spot on the paper, despite of their long time exposure to the insects. The most effective feeding stimulants were n-caprylic acid and methyl myristate. Oleyl alcohol was especially stimulative for B. germanica, but not for the others. There observed a few species-specific responses to some compounds, though the lack of specificity of most of the attracting compounds and feeding stimulative ones among the three species was demonstrated.