gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mapping Genes for Polygenic Disorders: Considerations for Study Design in the Complex Trait of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (1999)

While the methodology for the mapping of Mendelian disorders is well established, the practical and theoretical steps required for successful gene identification in a complex trait are still difficult to predict. A number of analytical models and simulations based on repetitive drawings from predefined statistical distributions are available. To supplement these analytical models, we developed an integrated simulation approach by directly simulating entire populations under a disease model based on epidemiological data. Random mating, nonoverlapping populations and the absence of differential fitness were assumed. Samples were drawn from these homogeneous and heterogeneous populations and analyzed with established analysis tools. We investigated the properties of linkage and association studies in inflammatory bowel disease - modeled as a six-locus polygenic disorder - as an example of this approach. In nonparametric linkage studies, lod scores varied widely, with the median required sample size depending on the locus-specific relative sibling risk. A fine mapping resolution <4 cM was found to require nonparametric lod scores >10. Family-based association studies (TDT test) and case-control studies showed a similar sensitivity and can identify risk loci in populations with moderate levels of linkage disequilibrium in sample sizes of 500-800 triplets. Case-control association studies were prone to false-positive results if applied in heterogeneous populations, with the false-positive rate increasing with sample size because population heterogeneity is detected with increasing power.
Progressive motion vector resolution for HEVC (2013)

This paper proposes a progressive motion vector resolution (PMVR) method for High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). In the proposed scheme, high motion vector (MV) resolutions, e.g. 1/4 or 1/8 pixel resolution, are employed for MVs near to the motion vector predictor (MVP) and low MV resolutions are employed for MVs far from the MVP. The range of each MV resolution is indicated by a threshold parameter. And a new motion vector difference (MVD) derivation method is designed to encode MVD efficiently. Experimental results show that PMVR with 1/8 pixel motion search can achieve a BD-rate gain up to 16% with almost the same coding time with HM8.0, and for PMVR without 1/8 pixel motion search, up to 6.1% BD-rate gain can be achieved with 9% encoding time saving on average.
Energy/mass analyzer with two flat capacitors (1983)

The parameters of an energy/mass charged particle beam analyzer consisting of two flat capacitors are analyzed. The particle energy is analyzed under static conditions and the mass is determined in the time-of-flight regime. The time of flight is focused with respect to both the beam energy and divergence angle. Various operating conditions of the energy/mass analyzer are examined.
Investigating the Existence of Nonthermal/Specific Microwave Effects Using Silicon Carbide Heating Elements as Power Modulators (2008)

The use of passive heating elements made out of chemically inert sintered silicon carbide (SiC) allows microwave transparent or poorly absorbing reaction mixtures to be heated under microwave conditions. The cylindrical heating inserts efficiently absorb microwave energy and subsequently transfer the generated thermal energy via conduction phenomena to the reaction mixture. In the case of low to medium microwave absorbing reaction mixtures, the addition of SiC heating elements results in significant reductions (30-70%) in the required microwave power as compared to experiments performed without heating element at the same temperature. The method has been used to probe the influence of microwave power (electromagnetic field strength) on chemical reactions. Six diverse types of chemical transformations were performed in the presence or absence of a SiC heating element at the same reaction temperature but at different microwave power levels. In all six cases, the measured conversions/yields were similar regardless of whether a heating element was used or not. The applied microwave power had no influence on the reaction rate, and only the attained temperature governed the outcome of a specific chemical process under microwave conditions.
Current Applications of the Corneal Modeling System (1991)

The ability of the Corneal Modeling System to incorporate curvature and thickness data into a single mathematical construct of the cornea is an important achievement. As experience with this and similar instruments is gained, a number of important issues in corneal topography can be addressed. Snellen visual acuity, refraction, and keratometric changes do not fully reveal the effects of refractive surgical procedures. Detailed analysis of corneal topography will prove necessary to understanding the quality of vision resulting from surgery, as it can explain the disparity between uncorrected visual acuity and residual refractive error after radial keratotomy. Computer-assisted topographic measurement devices will undoubtedly play a particularly important role in the design and evaluation of current and future refractive procedures. Similarly, mild topographic changes (eg, subclinical keratoconus) can be detected that are not apparent with refraction, biomicroscopy, or keratometry. The author reviews his personal experience with one instrument.
Hierarchical Bayesian domain adaptation (2009)

Multi-task learning is the problem of maximizing the performance of a system across a number of related tasks. When applied to multiple domains for the same task, it is similar to domain adaptation, but symmetric, rather than limited to improving performance on a target domain. We present a more principled, better performing model for this problem, based on the use of a hierarchical Bayesian prior. Each domain has its own domain-specific parameter for each feature but, rather than a constant prior over these parameters, the model instead links them via a hierarchical Bayesian global prior. This prior encourages the features to have similar weights across domains, unless there is good evidence to the contrary. We show that the method of (Daumé III, 2007), which was presented as a simple "preprocessing step," is actually equivalent, except our representation explicitly separates hyperparameters which were tied in his work. We demonstrate that allowing different values for these hyperparameters significantly improves performance over both a strong baseline and (Daumé III, 2007) within both a conditional random field sequence model for named entity recognition and a discriminatively trained dependency parser.
Accelerated Isotope Fine Structure Calculation Using Pruned Transition Trees (2015)

A fast and memory-efficient calculation of theoretical isotope patterns is crucial for the routine interpretation of mass spectrometric data. For high-resolution experiments, calculations must procure the exact masses and probabilities of relevant isotopologues over a wide range of polyisotopic compounds, while pruning low-probable ones. Here, a novel albeit simple treelike structure is introduced to swiftly derive sets of relevant subisotopologues for each element in a molecule, which are then combined to the isotopologues of the full molecule. In contrast to existing approaches, transitions via single replacements of the most abundant isotope per element are used in separable tree branches to derive subisotopologues from each other. Moreover, the underlying transition trees prevent redundant replacements and permit the detection of the most probable isotopologue in a first phase. A relative threshold can then be exploited in a second parallelized phase for a precise prepruning of large fractions of the remaining subisotopologues. The gain in performance from such early pruning and the lower variation in the distortion of simulated data with use of relative rather than absolute thresholds were validated in a large-scale benchmark simulation, unprecedentedly comprising several thousand molecular formulas. Both the algorithm and a wealth of related features are freely available as R-package enviPat and as a user-friendly Web interface.
A Design Method of Dynamic Compensator for Magnetic Bearings of a Rigid Spinning Rotor. (1991)

A design method of a dynamic compensator for magnetic bearings levitating a spinning rigid rotor is proposed. The control strategy is to move the angular momentum vector to the spinning axis for nutation(short period mode) suppression and to move the vector to the central position of the stator for precession (long period mode) suppression. It is necessary to estimate the angular momentum vector. A simple estimation method is proposed here without using observer system or rate signals of attitude angles. Low pass filters are used to obtain low frequency compoments, which nearly equal the angular momentum vector, from the observed attitude signals. It is shown that phase lag effects of the filter can be compensated by cross-feedback, whose physical meaning is clarified by a block diagram of the total system including the dynamic compensator. Stability is discussed using root locus method. Several numerical simulation examples are given, showing effectiveness of the method.
Consent for all (2013)

Terms and conditions are central in acquiring user consent by service providers. Such documents are frequently highly complex and unreadable, placing doubts on the validity of so called 'informed consent'. While readability and web accessibility have been major themes for some time in HCI, the core principles have yet to be applied beyond webpage content and are absent from the underpinning terms and conditions. Our concern is that accessible web pages will encourage consent, masking the complexities of the terms of usage.
Effects of psoralens plus ultraviolet radiation on human lymphoid cells in vitro. (1984)

Photochemotherapy with oral 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) plus long wavelength UV radiation (UVA) has been shown to affect lymphoid cells circulating through the skin. An in vitro assay was developed to mimic some of the therapeutic parameters of 8-MOP concentration and UVA exposure estimated to impinge upon lymphoid cells. In vitro treatment with these presumed therapeutic levels of 8-MOP plus UVA induced a level of inhibition of lymphoid cell DNA synthesis similar to that observed in vivo. Furthermore, the DNA synthesis inhibition was associated with DNA interstrand cross-link induction, reduced cell survival, and impaired immune reactivity. This assay predicts that such effects would be induced in vivo. A lymphoblastoid cell line from a patient with Cockayne's syndrome was shown to be hypersensitive to killing by radiation (280-320 nm) from a fluorescent sunlamp (UVB) but to have normal survival after treatment with 8-MOP plus UVA. Thus there is at least one major UVB recovery pathway in human cells that is different from the recovery pathway for 8-MOP plus UVA damage and leads us to believe that combined treatment with UVB and 8-MOP plus UVA may have a greater effect than either treatment alone.
The 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Insights for the 21st Century (2007)

The 1918-1919 H1N1 influenza pandemic was among the most deadly events in recorded human history, killing an estimated 50-100 million persons. Because recent H5N1 avian epizootics have been associated with sporadic human fatalities, concern has been raised that a new pandemic, as fatal as the pandemic of 1918, or more so, could be developing. Understanding the events and experiences of 1918 is thus of great importance. However, despite the genetic sequencing of the entire genome of the 1918 virus, many questions about the 1918 pandemic remain. In this review we address several of these questions, concerning pandemic-virus origin, unusual epidemiologic features, and the causes and demographic patterns of fatality. That none of these questions can yet be fully answered points to the need for continued pandemic vigilance, basic and applied research, and pandemic preparedness planning that emphasizes prevention, containment, and treatment with antiviral medications and hospital-based intensive care.
Coacervation of Cationic Gemini Surfactant with Weakly Charged Anionic Polyacrylamide (2009)

Coacervation of cationic gemini surfactant hexamethylene-1,6-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium bromide) (C(12)C(6)C(12)Br(2)) with 10% hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PAM) has been observed and investigated by turbidity titration, isothermal titration calorimetry, dynamic light scattering and microscopy. Without any assistant additive, the coacervation takes place at very low surfactant concentration, and exists in a broad surfactant concentration range. The morphology of the coacervate sponge phase varies in pore size as a function of C(12)C(6)C(12)Br(2) concentration. The polymer/surfactant aggregates grow from soluble complexes with sizes smaller than 20 nm to micrometer during coacervation, and break up into soluble complexes of about 40 nm after coacervate redissolution.
Expression of bovine .beta.-casein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and characterization of the protein produced in vivo (1990)

Recombinant DNA technology offers numerous opportunities for engineering food proteins and for studying their structure-function relationship. As part of the study of structure-function of bovine caseins, it is necessary to produce mutant proteins in experimental amounts and correlate their new structure to their physiochemical characteristics. To this end, bovine β-casein was expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisia by a fusion to the HXK1 (hexokinase P1) gene. Casein was produced during late exponential/early stationary phase of growth on glucose as would be predicted for a gene under the control of the HXK1 promoter. Bovine β-casein was posttranslationally modified by yeast. Internal phosphorylated forms were observed as well as a high molecular weight form that appeared to be O-glycosylated and largely localized to the periplasmic space.
The Pathogenesis of Reactive Systemic Amyloidosis (1989)

The diagnosis of amyloidosis is based on the presence of extracellular tissue deposits of proteinaceous material that demonstrate a characteristic green color when stained with Congo red and viewed under polarized light. Several different proteins are amyloidogenic but, in domestic animals, spontaneously occurring systemic amyloidosis is reactive in nature and characterized by the presence of amyloid protein AA. This type of systemic amyloidosis may occur secondary to chronic inflammatory or neoplastic disease, but in many instances no predisposing disease is found. A sustained increase in the serum concentration of serum amyloid A protein (SAA) is necessary but not sufficient for the development of reactive amyloidosis. Other inherited and acquired host-related factors are likely to be important in the development of reactive amyloidosis because this condition develops in few patients with chronic inflammatory disease. The tissue tropism of amyloid deposits varies with the amyloid protein itself and species affected. The consequences of amyloidosis for the host depend upon the tissues involved and the response of these tissues to the presence of the amyloid deposits. In domestic animals, reactive systemic amyloidosis is nephropathic, leading to end-stage renal disease, and the clinical presentation is that of uremia.
Benzoxazine Miniemulsions Stabilized with Polymerizable Nonionic Benzoxazine Surfactants (2010)

For the first time, the concept of polymerizable nonionic benzoxazine surfactants is described. Different target structures with varying hydrophobic−lipophilic balance (HLB) values were synthesized and successfully tested for the miniemulsification of two N-aliphatic and N-aromatic benzoxazine resins. As a model system, the difunctional benzoxazine surfactant bis(3,4-dihydro-2H-3-(polypropyleneoxide-block-polyethyleneoxide-1,3-benzoxazinyl)isopropane (B2000) was analyzed in detail via FT-IR, 1H NMR, surface tension measurements, and thermal analysis such as DSC and TGA. Additional to the colloidal stability of the benzoxazine miniemulsions, investigations focused on the surfactant copolymerization behavior and compatibility with other resins. It was found that despite the observed slow homopolymerization the described surfactants easily undergo copolymerization with the model benzoxazine resins.
Optimization in dynamic allocation of network bandwidth campus based on Xen (2014)

With the development of cloud computing and virtualization technology, it has been widely used in the construction of the campus network. With the support of cloud computing and virtualization technology, it is no longer a single network bandwidth limitation, but allocates network bandwidth dynamically and join the considerations of virtual machine network weight, enabling rational use of network bandwidth resources. In this paper, a new solution for dynamic allocation of network bandwidth campus is presented. Implement allocating bandwidth on average dynamically according to the number of Xen virtual machines adding the number of virtual machines statistics and combining with allocation algorithm for Xen and Linux QoS. At the same time, in consideration of the assignment algorithm adding real-time bandwidth usage, bandwidth is allocated to achieve the flexible deployment. On this basis, the addition of a network bandwidth allocation algorithm base on virtual machine network weights. We extend virtual machine bandwidth guarantee model of the data center, and each virtual machine is given both a minimum bandwidth guaranteed and a maximum bandwidth. Weighting mechanism of each endpoint shared was added to obtain a better balance between determinism an efficiency. A combination of both makes optimal use of network bandwidth resources.
Quantum simulation of a spin polarization device in an electron microscope (2013)

A proposal for an electron-beam device that can act as an efficient spin-polarization filter has been recently put forward (Karimi et al 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 044801). It is based on combining the recently developed diffraction technology for imposing orbital angular momentum to the beam with a multipolar Wien filter inducing a sort of artificial non-relativistic spin–orbit coupling. Here we reconsider the proposed device with a fully quantum-mechanical simulation of the electron-beam propagation, based on the well-established multi-slice method, supplemented with a Pauli term for taking into account the spin degree of freedom. Using this upgraded numerical tool, we study the feasibility and practical limitations of the proposed method for spin\npolarizing a free electron beam.
Effect of osmolality on arginine vasopressin and renin release after hemorrhage (1980)

The effects of alterations of plasma osmolality on plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) and renin activity (PRA) following graded hemorrhage were studied in conscious dogs who were either euhydrated, dehydrated, water loaded, or infused with hypertonic saline. Base-line plasma osmolality and AVP were significantly different in the four treatment groups; however, following hemorrhage the increases in log AVP did not significantly differ. An unexpected finding was that water loading resulted in significant elevations in PRA and plasma aldosterone concentrations, whereas plasma osmolality and AVP were reduced. Prior to hemorrhage, PRA was significantly greater in the water-loaded and dehydrated groups than in the euhydrated or saline-infused groups; following hemorrhage the increases in log PRA were not significantly different in all four treatment groups. The data suggest that, although alterations in osmolality influence base-line levels of AVP, they have no effect on relative (logarithmic) rises in AVP following hemorrhage. Similarly, alterations in AVP may influence base-line PRA, but do not influence relative rises in PRA following hemorrhage.
First report of human rotavirus G8P[4] gastroenteritis in India: Evidence of ruminants‐to‐human zoonotic transmission (2012)

Group A rotaviruses are the major cause of childhood gastroenteritis worldwide. Due to close proximity of human and cattle in rural areas of developing countries like India, interspecies transmission or zoonotic transmission is a major source of rapid generation of reassortants and genetic or antigenic variants. Previously, many human group A rotaviruses were found with porcine or bovine characteristics from eastern and north-eastern India. In this study, four unusual human G8P[4] strains were identified which had artiodactyl-like origins. During an ongoing community based surveillance for epidemiological profiling of diarrheal pathogens, these unusual human group A rotavirus G8P[4] strains were detected from the stool samples of 3-14 months old children with acute diarrhea in Sonarpur, eastern India. Analysis of eleven complete and/or partial gene segments of these unusual G8P[4] strains were done by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) followed by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The VP7 nucleotide sequences revealed a close phylogenetic relationship to the G8P[7] porcine strain D-1 and bovine strain KJ59-2 from South Korea. Whereas the VP4 gene segments were also related closely to human rotavirus prototype strain DS-1. Other nine gene segments of these G8P[4] rotaviruses were related closely to either animal or animal-derived rotavirus members of the DS-1-like family. These results suggest that origin of these G8P[4] strains might have been resulted from multiple reassortment events between artiodactyls and ruminant-derived reassortant human rotaviruses. To date, this is the first report of G8P[4] rotavirus from India and the first genomic analysis of G8P[4] strains from Asian continent.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of 1,3‐Oxazin‐4‐ones and ‐6‐ones (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Ultrahigh surface area polypyrrole-based carbons with superior performance for hydrogen storage (2011)

Ultrahigh surface area carbons (3000–3500 m2 g−1) have been obtained via chemical activation of polypyrrole with KOH. The carbon materials exhibit large pore volumes (up to ∼2.6 cm3 g−1) and possess two pore systems: one of pores in the micropore range (∼1.2 nm) and the other in the small mesopore range (2.2–3.4 nm). Some carbons also possess a significant proportion of 0.6 nm pores. Tuning of the carbon textural properties was achieved through the control of the activation parameters (temperature and amount of KOH). The carbons achieve an excellent hydrogen storage capacity of up to 7.03 wt% at −196 °C and 20 bar, which is the highest ever reported for one-step activated carbons and amongst the best for any porous material. The gravimetric hydrogen uptake of the carbons translates to a very attractive volumetric density of up to 37 g H2 L−1 at 20 bar. These carbons exhibit excellent gravimetric and volumetric capacity due to the fact that their high porosity is not at the detriment of packing density.
Random error and burst correction by iterated codes (1972)

We give a decoding algorithm for iterated codes that can correct up to the number of errors guaranteed by the product minimum distance, rather than about half that number when the iterated codes are decoded independently. This result is achieved by adapting Forney's generalized minimum distance decoding for use with iterated codes. We derive results on the simultaneous burst- and random-error-correction capability of iterated codes that improve considerably on known results.