gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Particle Size of Drug Substance and Product Content Uniformity—Theoretical Considerations (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Concept of Ideal Mixing Ideal Mixing Model Comparison with the Yalkowsky and Bolton Approach Experimental Support of Model Assumptions Analytical and Practical Considerations References
A dynamic load balancing strategy with adaptive threshold based approach (2012)

To meet the objective of minimizing the job execution time, parallel computing has to deal with a lot of issues which crop up while working with parallel code. These issues can result in bottleneck and restrict the behavior of parallel program in attaining an aforesaid speedup as suggested by Amdahl Gene. The most problematic issue that crops up is the distribution of workload in both the categories of parallel system viz. homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. This situation demands an effective load balancing strategy to be in place in order to ensure a uniform distribution of load across the board. The scheduling `m' jobs to `n' resources with the objective to optimize the QoS parameters while balancing the load has been proven to be NP-hard problem. Therefore, a heuristic approach can be used to design an effective load balancing strategy. In this paper, a centralized dynamic load balancing strategy using adaptive thresholds has been proposed for a parallel system consisting of multiprocessors. The scheduler continuously monitors the load on the system and takes corrective measures as the load changes. The threshold values considered are adaptive in nature and are readjusted to suite the changing load on the system. Therefore, the scheduler always ensures a uniform distribution of the load on the processing elements with dynamic load environment.
Enhancement of Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Turbulence Measurements by Cross Correlation (1967)

A novel method for the measurement of very low turbulence intensities in fluids, based on a dual heat-transfer transducer and a cross correlator, is described. The minimum measurable turbulence intensity is shown to vary with the square root of the minimum detectable cross-correlation coefficient ρ. The effects of finite additive noise correlation and finite lateral separation between the transducer halves are studied. Details are given of an instrument measuring the normalized cross-correlation coefficient between two time-dependent signals in the frequency range 2 Hz-300 kHz with an accuracy of ±0.05ρ ±0.01. The described correlator is particularly suitable for measurements of quasi-stationary processes. A variation of 10 percent in the level of either input signal results in a correlation error of less than 0.6 percent.
Germination-Induced Bioluminescence, a Route To Determine the Inhibitory Effect of a Combination Preservation Treatment on Bacterial Spores (2000)

In this work, we have used spores of Bacillus subtilis that specifically induce bioluminescence upon initiation of germination as a rapid, real-time monitor of the effects of preservative treatments on germination. Using this tool, we have demonstrated that the combination of mild acidity (pH 5.5 to 5.0), lactic acid (0. 5%), and a pasteurization step (90 degrees C for 5 min) results in enhanced inhibition of spore germination compared with the effects of the individual treatments alone. Inhibition by the combination treatment occurred as a result of both direct but reversible inhibition, entirely dependent on the physical presence of the preservative factors, and permanent, nonreversible damage to the L-alanine germination apparatus of the spore. However, we were able to restore germination of the preservative-damaged spores unable to germinate on L-alanine by supplementing the medium with the nonnutrient germinant calcium dipicolinic acid. The demonstration that simple combinations of preservative factors inhibit spore germination indicates that food preservation systems providing ambient stability could be designed which do not adhere to the strict limits set by commonly accepted processes and which are based on precise understanding of their inhibitory action.
56. Lactones of mannosaccharic acid. Part I. 2 : 5-Dimethyl Δ<sup>4</sup>-mannosaccharo-3 : 6-lactone 1-methyl ester, an analogue of ascorbic acid (1944)

W. N. Haworth, D. Heslop, E. Salt and F. Smith, J. Chem. Soc., 1944, 217 DOI: 10.1039/JR9440000217
Precautions for routine use of INT‐reductase activity for measuring biological activities in soil and sediments (1995)

Abstract To evaluate toxicity of xenobiotics on microflora of soils and sediments, reduction of tetrazolium dye [2‐p‐iodophenyl‐3‐p‐nitrophenyl‐5‐phenyltetrazolium chloride (INT) or 2,3,5 triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)] by dehydrogenase activities is commonly used, but many questions are posed about the biological relevance of this test. In this work, INT was chosen to evaluate the influence of some experimental factors on reductase activity. INT adsorption to soil, concentration of INT, and sterilization methods were tested on different soils and sediments to determine bioavailability of INT, saturation concentration, and intensity of chemical reduction. INT adsorption shown dramatic variations vs type of soil, from 0 to 100%, and was particularly linked with cation exchange capacity. Formaldehyde seems to be the best method with irradiation to determine abiotic reduction, particularly with sediments. However, it must be stressed that the tetrazolium reduction in microbial systems can be carried out by other enzymatic systems than malate dehydrogenase. INT is an excellent substrate of membrane hydrogenases found in numerous anaerobic bacteria. This was observed with experiments conducted with Rhodobacter capsulatus in our laboratory. © by John Wiley & Sons, Inc .
Gradient information-based image quality metric (2010)

In this paper, we propose a new image quality metric using the gradient information. When an image is degraded, the difference exists between the reference and distorted images. This difference is an important factor in image quality assessment. To assess the quality of an image, we use gradient information of the pixels having large differences between the reference and distorted images. In this paper, the Harris response (HR), a well-known feature, is used to obtain the gradient information for assessing the image quality. That is, HR values at pixels having the nonzero difference between the reference and distorted images are compared for evaluating the image quality. For detecting these pixels, we use a cross-projection tensor based edge suppression technique. Experimental results with the LIVE data set show the effectiveness of the proposed quality measure.
Fatigue of Composites—Fatigue Modulus Concept and Life Prediction (1986)

Fatigue behavior of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite materials has been studied analytically. A new concept called "fatigue modulus," which is defined as a slope of applied stress and resultant strain at a specific cycle is introduced. Fatigue modulus degradation is studied using an assumption that the fatigue modulus degrada tion rate follows a power function of fatigue cycle. Theoretical equation for predicting fatigue life is formulated using the fatigue modulus and its degradation rate. This rela tion is simplified by strain failure criterion for the practical application. It is proved that the final formula predicts the fatigue life of a glass fiber epoxy composite material better than S-N curve or Basquin's relation. An attempt is made to find the relation ship between fatigue modulus and elastic modulus by the geometric relation from stress-strain curve under the cyclic loading.
UDP-glucuronate Decarboxylase, a Key Enzyme in Proteoglycan Synthesis (2002)

UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase (UGD) catalyzes the formation of UDP-xylose from UDP-glucuronate. UDP-xylose is then used to initiate glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis on the core protein of proteoglycans. In a yeast two-hybrid screen with the protein kinase Akt (protein kinase B), we detected interactions with a novel sequence, which we cloned and expressed. The expressed protein displayed UGD activity but did not display the activities of homologous nucleotide sugar epimerases or dehydratases. We did not detect phosphorylation of UGD by Akt nor did we detect any influence of Akt on UGD activity. Effects of UGD on Akt kinase activity were also absent. Northern blot and Western blot analyses revealed the presence of UGD in multiple tissues and brain regions. Subcellular studies and histochemistry localized UGD protein to the perinuclear Golgi where xylosylation of proteoglycan core proteins is known to occur.
Defining melancholia by psychopathology (2006)

And the mind's canker in its savage mood,When the impatient thirst of light and airParches the heart; and the abhorred grate,Marring the sunbeams with its hideous shade,Works through the throbbing eyeball to the brainWith a hot sense of heaviness and pain
Analysis of Dicke narrowing in wall-coated and buffer-gas-filled atomic storage cells (1985)

Spectral lineshape narrowing of atomic vapour emission in a bufferless, wall-coated absorption cell has been analysed using the same formalism developed to describe sub-Doppler linewidths, Dicke narrowing, in a buffered cell. Within this formalism lineshapes are generated using Monte Carlo techniques. Dramatic linewidth reductions in the bufferless cell, compared with the buffered cell, occur because of the high probability that Doppler shifts before and after a particular wall collision will cancel each other. The formalism described allows more physical insight than the classic one-dimensional box model previously invoked to explain spectra narrowing in bufferless, wall-coated cells. Additionally, this formalism reveals a correlation between post-collision velocities and intercollision times in the buffered cell resulting in modifications of the standard Dicke analysis of these cells.
Anti-Phishing Phil (2007)

In this paper we describe the design and evaluation of Anti-Phishing Phil, an online game that teaches users good habits to help them avoid phishing attacks. We used learning science principles to design and iteratively refine the game. We evaluated the game through a user study: participants were tested on their ability to identify fraudulent web sites before and after spending 15 minutes engaged in one of three anti-phishing training activities (playing the game, reading an anti-phishing tutorial we created based on the game, or reading existing online training materials). We found that the participants who played the game were better able to identify fraudulent web sites compared to the participants in other conditions. We attribute these effects to both the content of the training messages presented in the game as well as the presentation of these materials in an interactive game format. Our results confirm that games can be an effective way of educating people about phishing and other security attacks.
Instrument to Evaluate Remaining Prestress in Damaged Prestressed Concrete Bridge Girders (1998)

The decision of whether to repair or replace a damaged prestressed concrete bridge girder can be very difficult when a reliable estimate of prestress remaining in the strands is not available. A prototype instrument has been developed to estimate stress levels in exposed prestressed strands in existing members. The stress level is determined by application of a lateral force to an exposed strand and measuring the resulting displacement. The instrument was calibrated for 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) diameter seven-wire strand with exposed lengths of 1.5 to 3.75 ft (0.46 to 1.14 m). It was tested to determine its accuracy, precision, and usefulness in the field. Strand forces were consistently estimated to within 10 percent of the actual load. The device was also utilized in the placement of strand splices and was found to be more reliable in checking induced strand tensions than the standard torque wrench method.
Analysis of Genotypic Diversity Data for Populations of Microorganisms (2003)

ABSTRACT Estimation of genotypic diversity is an important component of the analysis of the genetic structure of plant pathogen and microbial populations. Estimates of genotypic diversity are a function of both the number of genotypes observed in a sample (genotype richness) and the evenness of distribution of genotypes within the sample. Currently used measures of genotypic diversity have inherent problems that could lead to incorrect conclusions, particularly when diversity is low or sample sizes differ. The number of genotypes observed in a sample depends on the technique used to assay for genetic variation; each technique will affect the maximum number of genotypes that can be detected. We developed an approach to analysis of genotypic diversity in plant pathology that makes specific reference to the techniques used for identifying genotypes. Preferably, populations that are being compared should be very similar in sample size. In this case, the number of genotypes observed can be used directly for comparing richness. In most cases, sample sizes differ and use of the rarefaction method to calculate richness is more appropriate. In all cases, scaling either Stoddart and Taylor's G or Shannon and Wiener's H' by sample size should be avoided. Under those circumstances where it might be important to distinguish whether richness or evenness contribute more to diversity, a bootstrapping approach, where confidence intervals are calculated for indices of diversity and evenness, is recommended.
Condensation of organic vapours within nanoporous calixarene thin films (1999)

Adsorption of vapours of benzene, toluene, p-xylene, aniline, hexane and chloroform in LB films of two novel calix[4]resorcinarene derivatives was studied in situ using quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM), ellipsometry and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) techniques. Isotherms of adsorption obtained by both QCM and SPR show that the adsorption ability depends on the condensed vapour pressures of the adsorbates rather than on a structural coincidence between host cavities and guest molecules. The results were interpreted in terms of capillary condensation of organic vapours in the nanoporous matrix of calixarene LB films accompanied by film swelling. Ellipsometric measurements show changes of both the thickness and refractive index of the LB films caused by adsorption, and thus confirm condensation and further accumulation of liquid adsorbate within the film matrix. Unusual adsorption kinetics were observed only when the vapour injection technique was used and their occurrence is believed to be caused by initial vapour condensation on the film surface. This can be eliminated by measurements under constant vapour flow.
Decisions in condition monitoring-an examplar for data fusion architecture (2000)

This paper aims to demonstrate the strategy and structures involved in making decisions based on condition data, and to draw parallels with data fusion models. A new df model is demonstrated, and examples are drawn from condition monitoring applications. In particular, the work introduces a new framework for the application of data fusion solutions to the analysis of engineering problems. A review of frameworks used in data fusion applications is presented, along with important factors to consider in the layout of a robust process model, to host a coherent and effective data fusion problem-solving strategy. The main theme of the work focuses on the development of an intelligent multi-sensored engine. The partners involved in this research effort aim to develop a robust methodology for sensing and analysis under harsh environments, stressing its application to the fields of combustion and fault diagnostics analysis. The proposed process model will be used to facilitate the implementation of a common strategy to tackle these problems.
Benthic diatoms as indicators of biological quality and physical disturbance in Mediterranean watercourses: a case study of the Rio Mannu di Porto Torres basin, northwestern Sardinia, Italy (2013)

This study focused on expanding existing knowledge about benthic diatoms and their use as indicators of biological quality and physical disturbance in six Mediterranean watercourses within the Rio Mannu di Porto Torres basin in northwestern Sardinia, Italy. Benthic diatoms were collected from 11 stations during a 1-year cycle from summer 2010 to summer 2011. The Eutrophication/Pollution Index – Diatom-based (EPI-D) was used to evaluate biological quality, and the Navicula Nitzschia Surirella Index (NNS’) was used to estimate the degree of physical disturbance at each station. In addition, physico-chemical variables and Escherichia coli were measured and analyzed each month. In total, 193 diatom taxa were identified, of which 157 belonging to 57 genera were present in the counts and were used to calculate the diatom indices. Five taxa were recorded for the first time for Sardinian watercourses; of which, Amphora paraveneta Lange-Bertalot, Cavacini, Tagliaventi & Alfinito, Fallacia pygmaea ssp. subpygmaea Lange-Bertalot, Cavacini, Tagliaventi & Alfinito and Diploneis spec. (aff.?) modica Hustedt are biogeographically relevant, while Navicula kotschyi Grunow and Reimeria uniseriata Sala, Guerrero & Ferrario are of particular interest as exotic species with relatively restricted distribution. The EPI-D revealed mediocre and bad water quality for all the investigated stations, in agreement with the environmental variables and the heavy anthropogenic use of the study area. The EPI-D was effective at inferring the biological quality of the studied watercourses, although some of the species that were found (7% of the total) are not included in the method. We suggest including these species in the list to improve the performance of the index in Mediterranean rivers. A comparison between the results obtained by the EPI-D and seven other European diatom indices was made. Significant statistical correlations between the EPI-D and four of these indices were observed. The NNS’ was applied for the first time to Sardinian watercourses and it indicated a significant degree of physical disturbance at nearly all the stations, due to seasonal fluctuations in water flow, which are typical of the Mediterranean climate, combined with the effects of human activities.
Evolution of laser safety standards ANSI Z136.1s (1998)

The story of a dynamic safety standard must start with the historical need, and lead up to the pressures of today. Originally laboratories, both military and civilian were dreaming of new weapons, medical breakthroughs, industrial applications, and the possibility of optical communication. Today’s dreams are the same. Tremendous progress has been made since the early 1960s, and the need for safety standards is still increasing. ANSI Z136.1 “for the Safe Use of Lasers” is finalizing its fifth revision, and has six Z136.X in various stages—from recent issue to new draft proposals.
A service quality coordination model bridging QoS and QoE (2012)

Both of Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) are defined to specify the degree of service quality. Although they are dealt with in different layers in multi-layered models, collaboration of these is necessary to improve the user satisfaction for telecommunication services. In this paper, after sorting out the concepts and specification of QoS and QoE, a service quality coordination model combining these is proposed. The model is applied to a video-sharing service and its coordination model is derived based on subjective experiments. The structural equation modeling is used to compute the user satisfaction from QoS and QoE.
Diagnosis of Motor Faults Using Sound Signature Analysis (2015)

The objective of this paper is to present recent developments in the field of Induction motor fault signature analysis with particular regard to Sound signature analysis of induction motor of fan. The different types of fan faults that can be identified from the sound signature analysis (1) are, for example, rotor faults, bearing faults, unbalances wings etc. Corresponding to the above-mentioned faults, many types of machine fault signature analysis techniques (2) have been proposed for motor faults detection and diagnosis. These techniques include vibration monitoring, motor current signature analysis (MCSA) (3-6), electromagnetic field monitoring (7), chemical analysis, temperature measurability (8, 9), infrared measurement, acoustic noise analysis (10), and partial discharge measurement (11, 12). Among these methods, vibration analysis, current analysis and Sound signature analysis are the most popular due to their easy measurability, high accuracy, and reliability.
A Self-Heated Thermistor Technique to Measure Effective Thermal Properties From the Tissue Surface (1987)

A microcomputer based instrument to measure effective thermal conductivity and diffusivity at the surface of a tissue has been developed. Self-heated spherical thermistors, partially embedded in an insulator, are used to simultaneously heat tissue and measure the resulting temperature rise. The temperature increase of the thermistor for a given applied power is a function of the combined thermal properties of the insulator, the thermistor, and the tissue. Once the probe is calibrated, the instrument accurately measures the thermal properties of tissue. Conductivity measurements are accurate to 2 percent and diffusivity measurements are accurate to 4 percent. A simplified bioheat equation is used which assumes the effective tissue thermal conductivity is a linear function of perfusion. Since tissue blood flow strongly affects heat transfer, the surface thermistor probe is quite sensitive to perfusion.
A two-temperature technique for PECVD deposition of silicon dioxide (1991)

A new technique has been developed and analyzed for plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) silicon dioxide films, First, a thin cap layer is deposited at a low temperature and the film is subjected to an in-situ hydrogen plasma treatment. Then, the temperature is raised to the final value and the deposition continued to the desired thickness. It is shown that interrupting the deposition for in-situ sample treatment can be used to lower the interface trap density. Several variations are examined, and it is seen that a thin cap layer is best, along with a higher initial temperature. A variety of hydrogen treatments are shown to effectively reduce the trap density from that of a standard one-temperature deposition. The midgap trap densities obtained are among the best achieved with a direct PECVD system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
cDNA cloning, characterization and stable expression of novel human brain carboxylesterase (1999)

The DNA sequence encoding a novel human brain carboxylesterase (CES) has been determined. The protein is predicted to have 567 amino acids, including conserved motifs, such as GESAGG, GXXXXEFG, and GDHGD which comprise a catalytic triad, and the endoplasmic reticulum retention motif (HXEL-COOH) observed in CES families. Their gene products exhibited hydrolase activity towards temocapril, p-nitrophenyl-acetate and long-chain acyl-CoA. Since the molecular masses of these gene products are similar to those that exist in capillary endothelial cells of the human brain [Yamamda et al. (1994) Brain Res. 658, 163-167], these CES isozymes may function as a blood-brain barrier to protect the central nervous system from ester or amide compounds.