gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gene Structure and Expression of Human Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 in Respiratory Epithelial Cells (1995)

The human gene encoding thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), a homeodomain-containing nuclear transcription protein of the Nkx2 gene family, was isolated and characterized. Human TTF-1 was encoded by a single gene locus spanning approximately 3.3 kilobases and consisted of two exons and a single intron. The TTF-1 cDNA and polypeptide of 371 amino acids have been highly conserved, sharing 98% identity with the rat TTF-1 polypeptide. Human TTF-1 mRNA and polypeptide were selectively expressed in human and mouse pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell lines. In addition to its presence in thyroid gland epithelium, the human TTF-1 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry in human fetal lung as early as 11 weeks of gestation, being localized in the nuclei of epithelial cells of the developing airways. After birth, TTF-1 was selectively expressed in Type II epithelial cells in the alveoli and in subsets of bronchiolar epithelial cells in the conducting regions of the lung. The 5'-flanking region of the human TTF-1 gene directed transcription of luciferase cDNA in a lung epithelial cell-selective manner. The conservation and distribution of TTF-1 in the human respiratory tract support its role in the regulation of lung development and surfactant homeostasis.
Black Soybean Promotes the Formation of Active Components with Antihepatoma Activity in the Fermentation Product of <i>Agaricus blazei</i> (2008)

The antihepatoma activity and related active components in the fermentation products of Agaricus blazei (AB) cultured in the medium containing soybean (S) or black soybean (BS) were investigated. AB(BS)-pE and AB(S)-pE were the ethanolic extracts from the fermentation products of AB(BS) and AB(S), respectively. According to the IC 50 values, AB(BS)-pE (161.1 and 24.0 microg/mL for Hep 3B and Hep G2 cells, respectively) exhibited stronger cytotoxicities against hepatoma cells than AB(S)-pE (>200 and 99.9 microg/mL for Hep 3B and Hep G2 cells, respectively). AB(BS)-pE was separated by silica gel column chromatography and eluted with n-hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol gradient solvent system into 21 fractions. Fraction 3 [AB(BS)-pE-F3], eluted with n-hexane/ethyl acetate (97:3 and 19:1, v/v), was the most active fraction having inhibitory activity on the proliferation of Hep 3B and Hep G2 cells (IC 50 of 3.6 and 1.9 microg/mL, respectively). Three major compounds, compounds 1- 3, were further isolated from the AB(BS)-pE-F3 fraction by reversed-phase semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Compounds 2 and 3 gave better antihepatoma activity than that of compound 1. The IC 50 values of compounds 2 and 3 were 2.8 and 4.5 microg/mL for Hep 3B cells and 1.4 and 2.0 microg/mL for Hep G2 cells, respectively. The structures of compounds 2 and 3 were identified by UV, IR, electron impact mass spectrometry, and (1)H and (13)C NMR to be blazeispirols A and C, respectively. Blazeispirols A and C existed in the mycelia but not in the broth and were more in AB(BS)-pE (49.9 +/- 8.9 and 14.2 +/- 2.4 mg/g, respectively) than AB(S)-pE (15.9 +/- 1.7 and 3.9 +/- 0.6 mg/g, respectively). Additionally, the result shows that the production of blazeispirols A and C was increased after cultivation in the medium containing black soybean on day 6 and reached the maximum on day 12, and the contents of blazeispirols A and C were negatively correlated with Hep 3B and Hep G2 cell viabilities ( r = -0.84 to -0.93, P < 0.01). It suggests that blazeispirols A and C could be used as biomarkers to produce the fermentation product of A. blazei with antihepatoma activity.
Silver nitrate cauterization: characterization of a new model of corneal inflammation and hyperalgesia in rat (2003)

Chemical cauterization of the central cornea with silver nitrate was assessed as a superficial injury model of tissue sensitization accompanying acute inflammation. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with halothane gas, and the centers of their right corneas treated with a silver nitrate applicator stick (75% silver nitrate, 25% potassium nitrate) to produce a discrete lesion 1 mm in diameter. Edema of the corneal stroma and elevated immune cell counts became significant 4 h after cauterization, and were still evident after 48 h. Behavioral sensitization to chemical stimuli was determined by counting the number of blinks following application of 1 microM capsaicin directly to the corneal surface. A significant increase in stimulus-induced blinking was evident 2 h after cauterization. Chemical sensitization peaked at 6 h, and was no longer significant at 12 h. We conclude that silver nitrate cauterization produces acute corneal inflammation and hyperalgesia, and may prove a useful model for the study of primary afferent nociceptors.
Propargylation of 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds with 1,3-Diarylpropynes via Oxidative Cross-Coupling between sp<sup>3</sup> C−H and sp<sup>3</sup> C−H (2008)

A highly efficient oxidative-coupling reaction between diarylpropargylic sp(3) C-H and active methylenic sp(3) C-H was achieved with DDQ as oxidant. The reaction afforded a direct method for the propargylation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, thus providing a concise synthesis of the corresponding products.
Digital differential protection of a generating unit scheme and real-time test results (1977)

This paper presents an on-line digital computer technique used for differential protection of a synchronous generator. It provides fault detection and tripping well within half a cycle and is also capable of discriminating between internal and external faults. In the latter case, sufficient restraint signals are generated to overcome maloperation. Further, the scheme is highly reliable even with CT saturation due to heavy through faults on the generating unit. On-line tests using a laboratory synchronous generator show the results for different types of internal and external faults with varying fault incidence inception.
Effect of Gene Disruption of Trichodiene Synthase on the Virulence of<i>Gibberella pulicaris</i> (1992)

Gibberella pulicaris (anamorph: Fusarium sambucinum) accumulates the trichothecene, 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), a potent, host-nonspecific phytotoxin and eukaryotic protein synthesis inhibitor. To investigate the role of DAS in plant pathogenesis, we tested the virulence of five hygromycin-resistant (Hygr) transformants that carry a disrupted gene for trichodiene synthase (Tox5) and no longer produce DAS in vitro or in planta. Virulence levels of all five DAS- transformants were reduced on parsnip root slices, but high levels of virulence were retained on potato tuber slices. Tetrad analysis of one transformant, strain BC51, which carried a single copy of the transforming plasmid, resulted in either cosegregation of the Hygr DAS-, parsnip reduced-virulence phenotypes or in the simultaneous loss of all three traits. In contrast, all progeny from these tetrads, whether DAS+ or DAS-, were highly virulent on potato tubers. Moreover, the Hygr DAS- phenotype was recovered at high frequency from mixed populations after one 3-wk cycle in potato tubers, which suggested that loss of DAS production did not reduce competitiveness of the pathogen. We conclude that DAS accumulation increases the virulence of G. pulicaris on parsnip root but does not affect virulence on potato tubers. The apparent effect of the host on the importance of DAS in virulence is still unexplained, but it suggests that when assessing the role of trichothecenes in plant disease, one should be cautious in generalizing results from one plant species to another.
Uterine endothelial cell proliferation before and after embryo implantation in rats (1993)

Angiogenesis occurs rarely in normal adult tissues. The female reproductive tract, however, provides several exceptions, including the endometrium during early pregnancy. The aim of this study was to quantify endothelial cell proliferation (a component of angiogenesis) in the rat endometrium at about the time of implantation, using immunohistochemistry with a double staining technique. Proliferating cells were stained using an antibody against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA; clone PC10), and endothelial cells were stained with a lectin from Griffonia simplicifolia. Results showed that the endothelial cell proliferative index in the endometrium rose significantly from approximately 1% on the first 2 days of pregnancy to 13% on day 3; and continued to rise to 28% on day 5. After embryo implantation, the endometrial endothelial cell proliferative index rose further to 71% on day 7 at embryo sites only; but significantly decreased to basal values at intersites. The endothelial cell proliferative indices in the myometrium and mesometrial triangle remained at basal values during the first 5 days, but increased to approximately 22% at embryo sites only by day 7. We conclude that in the rat: (1) endometrial angiogenesis may be occurring before embryo implantation; (2) endometrial endothelial and stromal cell proliferation occurs concomitantly, except on day 3 when endothelial cell proliferation begins in advance of other stromal cell proliferation; and (3) there are two separate mechanisms controlling uterine endothelial cell proliferation during early pregnancy. The first mechanism is maternally controlled and is apparent throughout the entire endometrium from day 3; and the second mechanism is apparent after implantation in the vicinity of the embryo.
SDL-OPNET Co-Simulation Technique for the Development of Communication Protocols with an Integrated Approach to Functional Verification and Performance Evaluation (2010)

While both functional verification and performance evaluation of a system are necessary for the development of effective and reliable communication systems, they have been usually performed individually through functional modeling with formal language tools and performance modeling with professional network performance evaluation tools, respectively. However, separate and duplicated modeling of a system may cause increase of the cost and inconsistency between the models. In order to overcome this problem, this paper proposes an integrated design technique that estimates the performance of a communication protocol designed in SDL with SDL-OPNET co-simulation. The proposed technique presents how to design a co-simulation system with the environment functions of Tau and the external system module of OPNET. InRes protocol was used as an example to show the applicability and usefulness of the proposed technique.
Reactions Sequence of Leucine Activation Catalysed by Leucyl-RNA Synthetase. 2. Formation of Complexes between the Enzyme and Substrates (1968)

In order to obtain information on the sequence of reactions which participate in the activation of leucine, the formation of complexes between the leucyl-RNA synthetase and its substrates was examined. A leucyladenylate-enzyme complex able to transfer its leucine to the RNA was isolated. Likewise, an enzyme-ATP complex was separated; when re-incubated with leucine, it reacts to form the leucyladenylate-enzyme complex. The effect of leucinol, leucinol-AMP and 6-N-hydroxyethyl-ATP on the formation of these complexes was examined. The results indicate that during the activation of leucine, the leucyl-RNA synthetase first binds ATP and then reacts with leucine.
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) Induces NF-κB Activation and IL-8 Production in Human Neutrophils (1998)

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-15 exert similar biological actions, which largely reflect the fact that their receptors share common beta and gamma subunits; in contrast, distinct subunits are required for high-affinity binding of either cytokine to a heterotrimeric receptor complex. Human neutrophils are known to express both the beta and gamma subunits of the IL-2/IL-15 receptor complex, and we now report that they also constitutively express messenger RNA transcripts encoding the IL-15 receptor chain, suggesting that they possess functional, heterotrimeric IL-15 receptors. Accordingly, we show that in neutrophils, IL-15 elicits several functional responses. In particular, neutrophils synthesize and release IL-8 in response to IL-15, but not to IL-2. Moreover, a nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) DNA-binding activity was enhanced in nuclear extracts of IL-15-treated neutrophils, which could be supershifted by antibodies to p50 or RelA. Again, no detectable effect of IL-2 was observed on this response. In peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), however, both IL-2 and IL-15 were potent inducers of NF-kappaB activation. Conversely, neither IL-15 nor IL-2 elicited the formation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) DNA-binding complexes in neutrophils, even though both cytokines were found to activate these DNA-binding activities in PBL. Collectively, these observations establish neutrophils as a useful cellular model to discriminate between the actions of IL-15 and IL-2. More importantly, this is the first demonstration that IL-15 has the ability to induce NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation, which further emphasizes the potential relevance of this newly discovered cytokine to immune and inflammatory processes.
Development of a 2D SCR Catalyst on a Diesel Particulate Filter Model for Design and Control Applications to a Ultra Low NOx Aftertreatment System (2019)

This research focuses on modeling and control of PM and NOx in diesel engine exhaust using an SCR catalyst on a Diesel Particulate Filter (SCR-F). A 2D SCR-F model was developed that is capable of predicting internal states: 2D temperature, PM and NH3storage distributions and filtration efficiency, pressure drop, PM mass retained in the PM cake and substrate wall and outlet NO, NO2and NH3concentrations. The SCR-F model was used to simulate a DOC + SCR-F + DOC + SCR ultra-low NOx system that can achieve > 99.5% NOx conversion efficiency. The model was calibrated with experimental data from a Johnson Matthey SCRF® with a Cummins 2013 ISB engine. The impact of SCR reactions on passive PM oxidation rate and PM loading on SCR reactions was determined. A comparison of the experimental and model data for different ammonia to NOx ratios, PM loading, and passive oxidation conditions is presented. A 2D SCR-F state estimator was developed by combining a simplified version of the 2D SCR-F model with pressure drop, outlet thermocouple and NOx sensormeasurements using an Extended Kalman Filter. The temperature, PM mass retained and NH3coverage fraction states were predicted which can be used to develop fuel dosing and urea dosing strategies for the SCR-F. A 2D SCR-F + 1D SCR system model was used to simulate the experimental data collected on a SCR-F + SCR system from a Cummins 2013 ISB engine. The NO2/NOxratioat the SCR-F and SCR inlet was found to be limiting factor for NOx conversion efficiency of this system. An ultra-low NOxsystem was developed with a DOC downstream of the SCR-F that maintains an optimum NO2/NOxratio of 0.5 at the downstream SCR inlet by using 2 urea injectors. This system was simulated with a combination of 1D DOC, 2D SCR-F, and 1D SCR models and it was found to be capable of > 99.5% NOxconversion efficiency, a 90% increase in PM oxidation rate compared to an SCR-F + SCR system with 1 injector for typical engine operating conditions.
Inhibition of acetolactate synthase in susceptible and resistant biotypes of <i>Stellaria media</i> (1991)

Abstract Acetolactate synthase (ALS) from one susceptible and two chlorsulfuronresistant biotypes of Stellaria media (L.) Vill. was assayed in the presence of eight known ALS inhibitors. As expected, ALS from the chlorsulfuronresistant biotypes (R1 and R2) showed reduced sensitivity to chlorsulfuron and other sulfonylurea herbicides. The patterns of cross‐resistance varied, however, indicating that the alteration in ALS that confers chlorsulfuron resistance does not confer the same level of resistance to other sulfonylurea herbicides. The resistant biotypes were highly cross‐resistant to sulfometuron‐methyl and DPX‐A7H81, but less cross‐resistant to triasulfuron. Both R1 and R2 were highly cross‐resistant to DTPS ( N ‐[2,6‐dichlorophenyl]‐5,7‐dimethyl‐1,2,4‐iriazolo[1,5a]pyrimidine‐2‐siilfoiiamide), but only slightly cross‐resistant to imazamethahenz, an imidazolinone herbicide. The differences in the patterns of cross‐resistance observed presumably reflect differences in the binding affinity of the herbicides for the altered ALS. The data presented suggest, but do not confirm, that R1 and R2 contain the same ALS mutation.
MIMO performance evaluation for airborne wireless communication systems (2011)

This paper presents a characterization of the practical performance gains of a multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) system with respect to a traditional single-input/single-output (SISO) system in an air-to-ground environment. Analysis of these performance gains is based on actual data throughput and channel-state measurements of an airborne 4×4 MIMO-enabled orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. Practical realization of these performance gains with a coded-OFDM wideband system was accomplished through airborne field trials across multiple flight profiles. We show through experimental validation that average MIMO throughput gains in excess of 2× can be achieved relative to a SISO system. These field trials also indicate that MIMO processing can deliver a 1.6× increase in the range of the link. Additionally, if channel-state information (CSI) is available at the transmitter - which enables MIMO eigen beamforming - the average throughput gain can be further increased to 4.5× and the link range can be increased by as much as 3.6x. It is also shown that for a 4×4 MIMO system to deliver the same throughput performance as a conventional SISO system in an air-to-ground environment, a relative TX power savings of up to 21 dB can be realized.
Therapeutic effect of the endogenous fatty acid amide, palmitoylethanolamide, in rat acute inflammation: inhibition of nitric oxide and cyclo‐oxygenase systems (2002)

1. The anti-inflammatory activity of the endogenous fatty acid amide palmitoylethanolamide and its relationship to cyclo-oxygenase (COX) activity, nitric oxide (NO) and oxygen free radical production were investigated in the rat model of carrageenan-induced acute paw inflammation and compared with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin. 2. Palmitoylethanolamide (1, 3, 5, 10 mg kg(-1); p.o.) and indomethacin (5 mg kg(-1); p.o.) were administered daily after the onset of inflammation for three days and the paw oedema was measured daily; 24 h after the last dose (fourth day) the rats were killed and the COX activity and the content of nitrite/nitrate (NO(2)(-)/NO(3)(-)), malondialdehyde (MDA), endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase (eNOS and iNOS) were evaluated in the paw tissues. 3. Palmitoylethanolamide had a curative effect on inflammation, inhibiting the carrageenan-induced oedema in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This effect was not reversed by the selective CB(2) receptor antagonist (N-[(1S)-endo-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2yl]-5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)pyrazole-3 carboxamide) (SR144528), 3 mg kg(-1) p.o. On the fourth day after carrageenan injection, COX activity and the level of NO(2)(-)/NO(3)(-), eNOS and MDA were increased in the inflamed paw, but iNOS was not present. Palmitoylethanolamide (10 mg kg(-1)) and indomethacin markedly reduced these increases. 4. Our findings show, for the first time, that palmitoylethanolamide has a curative effect in a model of acute inflammation. The inhibition of COX activity and of NO and free radical production at the site of inflammation might account for this activity.
Polyphase speech recognition (2008)

We propose a model for speech recognition that consists of multiple semi-synchronized recognizers operating on a polyphase decomposition of standard speech features. Specifically, we consider multiple out-of-phase downsampled speech features as separate streams which are modeled separately at the lowest level, and are then integrated at the higher level (words) during first-pass decoding. Our model lessens the severity of the oversampling problem in many speech recognition systems - i.e., that speech modulation energy is most important below 25 Hz but a 100 Hz frame rate gives a modulation bandwidth of 50 Hz. Our polyphase approach moreover captures wider and more diverse dynamics within the speech signal. Our integrative network is high-level, namely it couples together and decodes word strings from different recognizers simultaneously and asynchronously. We provide preliminary results on the 10-word vocabulary version of the switchboard (small-vocabulary switchboard) task and show that our polyphase recognition system significantly outperforms an optimized baseline (HMM) approach.
Fiber Bragg grating monitoring for composites in the out-of-autoclave curing process (2018)

Temperature and strain are two of the most significant parameters in the curing process of composites. Fabrication of a strain-free temperature sensor has been completed by encapsulating a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in a capillary ceramic tube. The grating string composed of a bare grating and an encapsulated grating has been embedded in the composites. The temperature and strain of the out-of-autoclave curing process have been monitored. In addition, the accuracy of the temperature monitoring has been proved by comparing the temperature monitoring results with common gratings, high temperature-resistant gratings, and thermocouples. It is found that the high temperature-resistant gratings are more suitable for the composite curing process, especially for the monitoring of the out-of-autoclave curing process at an internal high temperature. This study provides a reference for multiparameter monitoring by using gratings in the out-of-autoclave curing process of composites.
The <i>htx</i> and <i>ptx</i> Operons of <i>Pseudomonas stutzeri</i> WM88 Are New Members of the Pho Regulon (2004)

The htx and ptx operons of Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88 allow for the use of the inorganic reduced phosphorus (P) compounds hypophosphite (P valence, +1) and phosphite (P valence, +3) as sole P sources. To support the proposed in vivo role for the htx and ptx operons, namely the use of phosphite and hypophosphite as alternative P sources, we used reporter gene fusions to examine their expression levels with respect to various P conditions. Expression of the htx and ptx operons was induced up to 17- and 22-fold, respectively, in cultures grown under phosphate starvation conditions relative to expression in medium with excess phosphate (Pi). However, the presence of the reduced P substrate hypophosphite, phosphite, or methylphosphonate, in addition to excess Pi, did not result in an increase in the expression of either operon. To provide further support for a role of the htx and ptx operons in Pi acquisition, we identified P. stutzeri phoBR homologs and constructed deletion mutants. Induction of the htx and ptx reporter gene fusions in response to growth on limiting Pi was abolished in DeltaphoB, DeltaphoR, and DeltaphoBR mutants, demonstrating that htx and ptx expression is phoBR dependent. The putative LysR-type regulator encoded by ptxE has no apparent role in the expression of the htx and ptx operons, as no effect was observed on the level of induction of either operon in a DeltaptxE mutant.