gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Aspects of the Spread of Asian Soybean Rust in the Southeastern United States, 2005 to 2006 (2007)

ABSTRACT The regional dynamics of soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, in six southeastern states (Florida, Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia) in 2005 and 2006 were analyzed based on disease records collected as part of U.S. Department of Agriculture's soybean rust surveillance and monitoring program. The season-long rate of temporal disease progress averaged approximately 0.5 new cases day(1) and was higher in nonsentinel soybean (Glycine max) plots than in sentinel soybean plots and kudzu (Pueraria lobata) plots. Despite the early detection of rust on kudzu in January and/or February each year (representing the final phase of the previous year's epidemic), the disease developed slowly during the spring and early summer on this host species and did not enter its exponential phase until late August, more than 1 month after it did so on soybean. On soybean, cases occurred very sporadically before the beginning of July, after which their number increased rapidly. Thus, while kudzu likely provides the initial inoculum for epidemics on soybean, the rapid increase in disease prevalence on kudzu toward the end of the season appears to be driven by inoculum produced on soybean. Of 112 soybean cases with growth stage data, only one occurred during vegetative crop development while approximately 75% occurred at stage R6 (full seed) or higher. The median nearest-neighbor distance of spread among cases was approximately 70 km in both years, with 10% of the distances each being below approximately 30 km and above approximately 200 km. Considering only the epidemic on soybean, the disease expanded at an average rate of 8.8 and 10.4 km day(1) in 2005 and 2006, respectively. These rates are at the lower range of those reported for the annual spread of tobacco blue mold from the Caribbean Basin through the southeastern United States. Regional spread of soybean rust may be limited by the slow disease progress on kudzu during the first half of the year combined with the short period available for disease establishment on soybean during the vulnerable phase of host reproductive development, although low inoculum availability in 2005 and dry conditions in 2006 also may have reduced epidemic potential.
Near vs. Far Field: Interference Aggregation in TV Whitespaces (2011)

We investigate the behavior of aggregate interference generated by cognitive radios. We find that a phase change occurs in the behavior of aggregate interference as the density of the white-space devices is increased for a fixed protection radius. For a deterministic grid model, the mean of the interference behaves differently depending on whether the problem is one of ``near field'' or ``far field''. For a more realistic Poisson-placement model, we show that the shape of the distribution of interference changes from a heavy-tailed distribution to something that is approximately Gaussian. Investigating models with random fading of signal at each transmitter, we show that fading can alter the boundary of near and far fields. These phase-changes suggest that in designing rules for whitespace devices, the FCC rules may have to be sensitive to whether the situation is one of near or far field. For Poisson placement of nodes, our results also suggest that central limit theorem-style arguments might help in obtaining a conceptually and computationally improved understanding of interference aggregation.
Genome Editing Using Mammalian Haploid Cells (2015)

Haploid cells are useful for studying gene functions because disruption of a single allele can cause loss-of-function phenotypes. Recent success in generating haploid embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in mice, rats, and monkeys provides a new platform for simple genetic manipulation of the mammalian genome. Use of haploid ESCs enhances the genome-editing potential of the CRISPR/Cas system. For example, CRISPR/Cas was used in haploid ESCs to generate multiple knockouts and large deletions at high efficiency. In addition, genome-wide screening is facilitated by haploid cell lines containing gene knockout libraries.
On the Relationship between knowledge Economy and the Development of Enterprise (2000)

21th century is the knowledge economy century.Because of the arrival of knowledge economy,inevitably leads the society of mankind arise a series deep layer changes ,however,enterprise as the cell of social economy,knowledge economy inevitably used directly for the development of enterprise,it will bring about great and profound influence for the development of enterprise.
Optimum Conditions for Adsorptive Storage (2006)

The storage of gases in porous adsorbents, such as activated carbon and carbon nanotubes, is examined here thermodynamically from a systems viewpoint, considering the entire adsorption-desorption cycle. The results provide concrete objective criteria to guide the search for the "Holy Grail" adsorbent, for which the adsorptive delivery is maximized. It is shown that, for ambient temperature storage of hydrogen and delivery between 30 and 1.5 bar pressure, for the optimum adsorbent the adsorption enthalpy change is 15.1 kJ/mol. For carbons, for which the average enthalpy change is typically 5.8 kJ/mol, an optimum operating temperature of about 115 K is predicted. For methane, an optimum enthalpy change of 18.8 kJ/mol is found, with the optimum temperature for carbons being 254 K. It is also demonstrated that for maximum delivery of the gas the optimum adsorbent must be homogeneous, and that introduction of heterogeneity, such as by ball milling, irradiation, and other means, can only provide small increases in physisorption-related delivery for hydrogen. For methane, heterogeneity is always detrimental, at any value of average adsorption enthalpy change. These results are confirmed with the help of experimental data from the literature, as well as extensive Monte Carlo simulations conducted here using slit pore models of activated carbons as well as atomistic models of carbon nanotubes. The simulations also demonstrate that carbon nanotubes offer little or no advantage over activated carbons in terms of enhanced delivery, when used as storage media for either hydrogen or methane.
Temperature dependence modeling for MOS VLSI circuit simulation (1989)

An accurate and efficient temperature modeling methodology for the semiempirical BSIM (Berkeley short-channel IGFET model) has been developed for MOS VLSI circuit simulation. A sensitive model parameter subset which has large effects on transistor output characteristics is determined from the sensitivity analysis. Updating of model parameter values for this sensitive subset is performed prior to circuit simulation at each given temperature. For a 1.2 mu m CMOS process, the sensitive subset for temperature effects consists of only eight out of the 67 BSIM parameters. Circuit simulation using this sensitive subset approach to predict temperature effects has shown good agreement with experimental data on transistor output characteristics, inverter transfer characteristics, and oscillation frequency of a 31-stage ring oscillator.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Identification of a Novel Isoform of Mouse Dentin Matrix Protein 1: Spatial Expression in Mineralized Tissues (1998)

Dentin matrix protein 1 (Dmp1) is an acidic phosphoprotein first identified by cDNA cloning from a rat tooth library. Northern blot hybridization of a variety of tissues detected Dmp1 mRNAs only in odontoblasts, suggesting that this protein was odontoblast specific. In situ hybridization studies showed expression of Dmp1 in odontoblasts with transient expression in secretory ameloblasts. The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize a mouse Dmp1 cDNA and determine its spatial expression pattern related to other mineralizing tissues. A mouse molar cDNA library was screened with a 32P-labeled Dmp1 polymerase chain reaction amplification product in order to isolate a full-length clone. DNA sequence analysis of the largest mouse Dmp1 cDNA (2802 base pairs [bp]) revealed an open reading frame of 1509 nucleotides encoding a 503 amino acid protein with a single polyadenylation signal. Comparison with rat and bovine Dmp1 sequence showed high homology and the identification of a 45 bp (15 amino acid) insert, representing an alternative spliced mRNA. This 45 bp segment was shown to represent a small exon by DNA analysis of a mouse genomic Dmp1 clone. In situ hybridization studies revealed a much broader Dmp1 tissue expression pattern than previously reported. Dmp1 transcripts were detected in the odontoblast and ameloblasts, osteoblasts, and cementoblasts. Our data indicate that Dmp1 is alternatively spliced, and the primary full-length transcript contains a 45 bp insert which is encoded by a small exon. Therefore, Dmp1 is not a tooth-specific protein but rather is expressed in a number of mineralizing tissues including enamel, bone, and cementum.
Electron and phonon transport in silicon nanowires: Atomistic approach to thermoelectric properties (2009)

We compute both electron and phonon transmissions in thin disordered silicon nanowires (SiNWs). Our atomistic approach is based on tight-binding and empirical potential descriptions of the electronic and phononic systems, respectively. Surface disorder is modeled by introducing surface silicon vacancies. It is shown that the average phonon and electron transmissions through long SiNWs containing many vacancies can be accurately estimated from the scattering properties of the isolated vacancies using a recently proposed averaging method [Markussen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 076803 (2007)]. We apply this averaging method to surface disordered SiNWs in the diameter range of 1--3 nm to compute the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT. It is found that the phonon transmission is affected more by the vacancies than the electronic transmission leading to an increased thermoelectric performance of disordered wires, in qualitative agreement with recent experiments. The largest $\text{ZT}>3$ is found in strongly disordered $⟨111⟩$-oriented wires with a diameter of 2 nm.
Rat-race based microstrip coupler with differential port to realize monostatic RF systems (2012)

In this work a rat-race based microstrip coupler, usable to realize monostatic RF systems, is presented. The coupler combines the two functions of separating the transmit (TX) and receive signal together with the conversion from a differential to a single-ended TX signal since two ports of the proposed five port coupler can be used as a differential port. The two functions are realized in a single microstrip structure, leading to decreased losses and a space-saving layout. Simulations and measurements at 79GHz confirm the function of the coupler.
Gas turbine integration reduces ethylene plant's energy needs (1992)

This paper reports on the use of gas turbines to produce power while using their hot, oxygen-poor exhaust gas as combustion air in the cracking furnaces which is an attractive means of reducing energy requirements per unit of ethylene production. At Osaka Petrochemical's (OPC) plant in Japan, ABB Lummus Crest Inc.'s turbine integration system was retrofitted. A Korean plant was newly constructed to utilize the system. The two plants have been operating successfully for approximately 2 years. Two new plants based on Lummus technology started up last year, one is scheduled for start-up in early 1992, and four are in various stages of design and construction.
Optimal placement of high-probability randomly retrieved blocks on CLV optical discs (1991)

Optimal data placement on a CLV (Constant Linear Velocity) format optical discs has an objective the minimization of the expected access cost of data retrievals from the disc when the probabilities of access of data items may be different. The problem of optimal data placement for optical discs is both important and more difficult than the corresponding problem on magnetic discs. A good data placement on optical discs is more important because data sets on optical discs such as WORM and CD ROM cannot be modified or moved once they are placed on disc. Currently, even rewritable optical discs are best suited for applications that are archival in nature. The problem of optimal data placement on CLV format optical discs is more difficult, mainly because the useful storage space is not uniformly distributed across the disc surface (along the radius). This leads to a complicated positional performance trade-off not present for magnetic disks. We present a model that encompasses all the important aspects of the placement problem on CLV format optical discs. The model takes into account the nonuniform distribution of useful storage, the dependency of the rotational delay on disc position, a parameterized seek cost function for optical discs, and the varying access probabilities of data items. We show that the optimal placement of high-probability blocks satisfies a unimodality property. Based on this observation, we solve the optimal placement problem. We then study the impact of the relative weights of the problem parameters and show that the optimal data placement may be very different from the optimal data placement on magnetic disks. We also validate our model and analysis and give an algorithm for computing the placement of disc sectors.
Some applications of ferrofluid magnetic colloids (1970)

Ferrofluids are colloidal dispersions of subdomain magnetic partiles ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\bar{D}< 150</tex> Å) that retain their liquid characteristics in the presence of a magnetic field. As a result, ferrofluids are unique liquid media in which it is possible to induce substantial magnetic forces which result in unusual fluid mechanical properties in the presence of an applied field. Magnetic properties may be conferred to a wide range of liquid such as hydrocarbons, water, glycerol, silicones, and even fluorocarbons. The magnetic properties of the ferrofluids can be controlled by varying the composition, size, and concentration of the magnetic particles. The existence of these magnetic fluids has resulted in a number of unique applications. Applications which have been reduced to practice include novel pumps and other energy conversion devices, viscous dampers for gravity gradient satellites, accelerometers, and gyroscope supports employing levitation bearings, specific gravity meters, seals, etc.
Antibiotic susceptibility test based on the dielectrophoretic behavior of elongated <i>Escherichia coli</i> with cephalexin treatment (2011)

This study reports the use of dielectrophoresis (DEP), which determined the crossover frequency (cof) of antibiotic-induced elongation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) with regard to the rapid antibiotic susceptibility test (AST). Different dielectric properties and elongation rates of E. coli are caused by various concentrations of cephalexin treatment. According to the authors' results, significant changes in the cof of bacteria treated with 32 μg∕ml antibiotic for 60 min can be found by using a quadruple electrode array, and the results of DEP-based AST correspond with that of agar dilution method. Utilizing this approach could greatly reduce the period of bacteria growth, and obtain the minimum inhibition concentration of E. coli to cephalexin.
Antimicrobial activity of a mixture of two isomeric phenylpropanoid glycosides from Arrabidaea harleyi A.H. Gentry (Bignoniaceae) (2003)

Arrabidaea harleyi A.H. Gentry (Bignoniaceae) is an ornamental plant found in some regions of the Atlantic forest in Brazil. From its bark a mixture of verbascoside and isoverbascoside was isolated. This mixture was shown to be active againstStaphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mycoides, Enterecoccus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcensisand Candida albicans. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was established by diffusion method.<br>Arrabidaea harleyi A.H. Gentry (Bignoniaceae) é uma planta ornamental, encontrada em algumas regiões da Mata Atlântica do Brasil. A partir das cascas do caule foi isolada a mistura dos isômeros verbascosídeo e isoverbascosídeo. A mistura mostrou-se ativa frente a Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mycoides, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcensis e Candida albicans. Foi estabelecida a concentração mínima inibitória (CMI) através do método de difusão em meio sólido.
IDENTIFICATION OF TWO SOUTH AMERICAN STRAINS OF EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS FROM MIGRANT BIRDS CAPTURED ON THE MISSISSIPPI DELTA1 (1971)

Calisher, C. H. (CDC, Atlanta, Ga. 30333), K. S. C. Maness, R. D. Lord and P. H. Coleman. Identification of two South American strains of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus from migrant birds captured on the Mississippi delta. Amer J Epidem 94: 172–178, 1971.—Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus isolates were obtained from two migrant birds, a blackpoll warbler and a woodthrush, captured at the time these species were migrating into southern Louisiana in 1966. Using a timed hemagglutination-inhibition technique, we cross-compared these isolates with four established and 11 recent EEE virus isolates from North, Central, and South Americas. In three replicate experiments the two isolates from the migrant birds captured in Louisiana were shown to be South American serotypes. Although a number of studies were performed to determine variances which might be due to time of incubation and/or antibody unitage, tests showing the antigenic relationships were reproducible. These findings constitute the first serologic evidence in support of trans-Gulf transport of EEE virus. Possible epidemiologic and ecologic implications of these findings are discussed.
The decomposition of nitrous oxide in the silent electric discharge. The variation of the current and of the power during the reaction, part III (1929)

S. S. Joshi, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1929, 25, 118 DOI: 10.1039/TF9292500118
Genetic analysis of factors for resistance to downy mildew ( <i>Bremia lactucae</i> ) in species of lettuce ( <i>Lactuca sativa</i> and <i>L. serriola</i> ) (1987)

Simultaneous genetic analysis of resistance in species of lettuce (Lactuca sativa and L. serriola) and a virulence in Bremia lactucae were made to characterize the genetic basis of resistance to downy mildew in 11 host cultivars and accessions. Four new downy mildew resistance genes (Dm13, Dm14, Dm15 and Dm16) were characterized. Other resistance phenotypes were conditioned by combinations of these or previously described Dm genes. New resistance genes, Dm 16 (from LSE/18), Dm14 (from Gelber Winterkonig) and Dm15 (from PIVT 1309), mapped to Dm linkage group I (Dm1, Dm2, Dm3 and Dm6) while Dm13 from Pennlake segregated independently of the three previously characterized linkage groups and therefore belongs to a fourth linkage group. Characterization of new resistance genes requires simultaneous consideration of host and pathogen genetics.
Involvement of calcium in pain and antinociception (2001)

Calcium ions are widely recognized to play a fundamental role in the regulation of several biological processes. Transient changes in cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration represent a key step for neurotransmitter release and the modulation of cell membrane excitability. Evidence has accumulated for the involvement of calcium ions also in nociception and antinociception, including the analgesic effects produced by opioids. The combination of opioids with drugs able to interfere with calcium ion functions in neurons has been pointed out as a useful alternative for safer clinical pain management. Alternatively, drugs that reduce the flux of calcium ions into neurons have been indicated as analgesic alternatives to opioids. This article reviews the manners by which calcium ions penetrate cell membranes and the changes in these mechanisms caused by opioids and calcium antagonists regarding nociceptive and antinociceptive events.
Epstein–Barr virus cause of multiple sclerosis (2012)

The contribution of EBV to the cause of MS is not yet established, but a relationship is clearly present.
Industrial applications of THz systems (2009)

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz TDS) holds high potential as a non-destructive, non-contact testing tool. We have identified a plethora of emerging industrial applications such as quality control of industrial processes and products in the plastics industry. Polymers are transparent to THz waves while additives show a significantly higher permittivity. This dielectric contrast allows for detecting the additive concentration and the degree of dispersion. We present a first inline configuration of a THz TDS spectrometer for monitoring polymeric compounding processes. To evaluate plastic components, non-destructive testing is strongly recommended. For instance, THz imaging is capable of inspecting plastic weld joints or revealing the orientation of fiber reinforcements. Water strongly absorbs THz radiation. However, this sensitivity to water can be employed in order to investigate the moisture absorption in plastics and the water content in plants. Furthermore, applications in food technology are discussed. Moreover, security scanning applications are addressed in terms of identifying liquid explosives. We present the vision and first components of a handheld security scanner. In addition, a new approach for parameter extraction of THz TDS data is presented. All in all, we give an overview how industry can benefit from THz TDS completing the tool box of non-destructive evaluation.
Egocentric Social Network Structure, Health, and Pro-Social Behaviors in a National Panel Study of Americans (2012)

Using a population-based, panel survey, we study how egocentric social networks change over time, and the relationship between egocentric network properties and health and pro-social behaviors. We find that the number of prosocial activities is strongly positively associated with having more friends, or an increase in degree, with approximately 0.04 more prosocial behaviors expected for every friend added. Moreover, having more friends is associated with an improvement in health, while being healthy and prosocial is associated with closer relationships. Specifically, a unit increase in health is associated with an expected 0.45 percentage-point increase in average closeness, while adding a prosocial activity is associated with a 0.46 percentage-point increase in the closeness of one's relationships. Furthermore, a tradeoff between degree and closeness of social contacts was observed. As the number of close social contacts increases by one, the estimated average closeness of each individual contact decreases by approximately three percentage-points. The increased awareness of the importance of spillover effects in health and health care makes the ascertainment of egocentric social networks a valuable complement to investigations of the relationship between socioeconomic factors and health.
A fast growing cascade neural network for BOD estimation (2015)

In this paper, a fast growing cascade neural network (FGCNN) is proposed, as a software sensor, to rapidly estimate the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Firstly, a novel method, based on the orthogonal least squares (OLS), is put forward to add input and hidden units to the existing network one by one. Every unit added to the network affords the maximal reduction of the sum of squared errors (SSE). Then, the FGCNN incrementally updates its output weights by iterations without gradients and generalized inverses, while the other weights remain unchanged during the growth of the network. The simple and effective training method make the FGCNN learn extremely fast. Finally, the proposed FGCNN is applied to estimate the BOD in WWTPs using other easy-to-measure or secondary variables. The experiment results show that the FGCNN has better performance on real-time estimation of BOD than other similar methods.