gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving decoder and code structure of parallel concatenated recursive systematic (turbo) codes (2002)

Recently, a coding scheme (turbo-codes) was proposed, that achieves almost reliable data communication at signal-to-noise ratios very close to the Shannon-limit. In this paper we show that the associated iterative decoder can be formulated in a simpler fashion by passing information from one decoder to the next using log-likelihood ratios as opposed to channel values that need to be normalized. This is in accordance with the MAP derivation of the component decoders. A drawback of the codes has been discovered: the BER curves show a flattening at higher signal-to-noise ratios, this is due to the small minimum distance of the whole code. By analyzing the interleaver used in the encoder we can calculate approximations to the BER at high SNRs. Finally, by careful interleaver manipulation the minimum distance of the code can be increased and the error-coefficient for the remaining small distance events can be further reduced. Furthermore, we have investigated the influence of the interleaver length on the SNR needed to achieve a certain BER; short lengths might be encountered in mobile and personal communications systems (e.g. voice transmission). Simulations confirm both the analytical approximation to the BER as well as the method for interleaver design which yields a marked improvement at higher SNR.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A SAP30 Complex Inhibits IFN-β Expression in Rift Valley Fever Virus Infected Cells (2008)

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) nonstructural protein NSs acts as the major determinant of virulence by antagonizing interferon beta (IFN-beta) gene expression. We demonstrate here that NSs interacts with the host protein SAP30, which belongs to Sin3A/NCoR/HDACs repressor complexes and interacts with the transcription factor YY1 that regulates IFN-beta gene expression. Using confocal microscopy and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show that SAP30, YY1, and Sin3A-associated corepressor factors strongly colocalize with nuclear NSs filaments and that NSs, SAP30 and Sin3A-associated factors are recruited on the IFN-beta promoter through YY1, inhibiting CBP recruitment, histone acetylation, and transcriptional activation. To ascertain the role of SAP30, we produced, by reverse genetics, a recombinant RVFV in which the interacting domain in NSs was deleted. The virus was unable to inhibit the IFN response and was avirulent for mice. We discuss here the strategy developed by the highly pathogenic RVFV to evade the host antiviral response, affecting nuclear organization and IFN-beta promoter chromatin structure.
Regularity patterns in heart rate variability signal: the approximate entropy approach (2002)

Recent approaches to the study of nonlinearity in biological systems have found a powerful tool in the approximate entropy (ApEn) estimation. ApEn is a family of statistic indices that measures different degrees of regularity in time series without any a priori hypothesis about the system structure generating them. In this paper we analyze its ability to distinguish, in the short period, different physiological conditions in which the cardiovascular control system can influence the heart rate variability signal (HRV). At the same time we show results confirming a significant separation in myocardial infarction populations on the basis of the ApEn index. The experimental work also discusses the choice of parameters for a correct ApEn index estimation and its link with the neural mechanisms controlling HRV signal.
Differential Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 (<i>MMP3</i>) in Preadipocytes/Stromal Vascular Cells From Nonobese Nondiabetic Versus Obese Nondiabetic Pima Indians (2006)

Prior microarray studies comparing global gene expression patterns in preadipocytes/stromal vascular cells isolated from nonobese nondiabetic versus obese nondiabetic Pima Indians showed that matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) is upregulated in obese subjects. The current study targeted analysis of nine additional MMP genes that cluster to a region on chromosome 11q22 that is linked to BMI and percent body fat. Differential-display PCR showed that MMP3 is downregulated in preadipocytes/stromal vascular cells from obese subjects, and real-time PCR showed that MMP3 expression levels are negatively correlated with percent body fat. To determine whether variants within MMP3 are responsible for its altered expression, MMP3 was sequenced, and seven representative variants were genotyped in 1,037 Pima subjects for association analyses. Two variants were associated with both BMI and type 2 diabetes, and two additional variants were associated with type 2 diabetes alone; however, none of these variants were associated with MMP3 expression levels. We propose that the MMP3 pathway is altered in human obesity, but this alteration may be the result of a combination of genetic variation within the MMP3 locus itself, as well as variation in additional factors, either primary or secondary to obesity, that regulate expression of the MMP3 gene.
Alteration of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Particles by a Soluble Form of HAV Cellular Receptor 1 Containing the Immunoglobulin- and Mucin-Like Regions (2003)

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infects African green monkey kidney cells via HAV cellular receptor 1 (havcr-1). The ectodomain of havcr-1 contains an N-terminal cysteine-rich immunoglobin-like region (D1), followed by a mucin-like region that extends D1 well above the cell surface. D1 is required for binding of HAV, and a soluble construct containing D1 fused to the hinge and Fc portions of human immunoglobin G1 (IgG1), D1-Fc, bound and neutralized HAV inefficiently. However, D1-Fc did not alter the virions. To determine whether additional regions of havcr-1 are required to trigger uncoating of HAV, we constructed D1muc-Fc containing D1 and two-thirds of the mucin-like region fused to the Fc and hinge portions of human IgG1. D1muc-Fc neutralized 10 times more HAV than did D1-Fc. Sedimentation analysis in sucrose gradients showed that treatment of HAV with 20 to 200 nM D1muc-Fc disrupted the majority of the virions, whereas treatment with 2 nM D1muc-Fc had no effect on the sedimentation of the particles. Treatment of HAV with 100 nM D1muc-Fc resulted in low-level accumulation of 100- to 125S particles. Negative-stain electron microscopy analysis revealed that the 100- to 125S particles had the characteristics of disrupted virions, such as internal staining and diffuse edges. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that the 100- to 125S particles contained viral RNA. These results indicate that D1 and the mucin-like region of havcr-1 are required to induce conformational changes leading to HAV uncoating.
Genomic imprinting and cancer. (1998)

Genomic imprinting is the phenomenon by which individual alleles of certain genes are expressed differentially according to their parent of origin. The alleles appear to be differentially marked during gametogenesis or during the early part of development. This mark is heritable but reversible from generation to generation, implying a stable epigenetic modification. Approximately 25 imprinted genes have been identified to date, and dysregulation of a number of these has been implicated in tumour development. The normal physiological role of many imprinted genes is in the control of cell proliferation and fetal growth, indicating potential mechanisms of action in tumour formation. Both dominant and recessive modes of action have been postulated for the role of imprinted genes in neoplasia, as a result of effective gene dosage alterations by epigenetic modification of the normal pattern of allele specific transcription. The aim of this review is to assess the importance of imprinted genes in generating tumours and to discuss the implications for novel mechanisms of transforming mutation.
Silver‐Catalyzed Incorporation of Carbon Dioxide into Propargylic Alcohols (2007)

Abstract The combined use of a catalytic amount of silver acetate and a stoichiometric amount of DBU efficiently catalyzed the incorporation of CO 2 under mild reaction conditions into a wide range of propargylic alcohols bearing a terminal or an internal triple bond to afford the corresponding cyclic carbonates in high‐to‐excellent yields. All the cyclic carbonates obtained from the reaction were found to be single isomers. The geometries were determined to be ( Z ) by X‐ray crystal structure analysis and NOE experiments.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Screening for colorectal cancer: reasons for refusal of faecal occult blood testing in a general practice in England. (1995)

To increase compliance, education and publicity must explain the concept of asymptomatic illness and allay people's fear of hospital investigation and treatment. The benefits of screening should be particularly emphasised to those who return kits so they may overcome their reservations.
Seamless and efficient stream switching of multi-perspective videos (2012)

According to Cisco study, mobile video already makes up 50% of mobile data traffic and is expected to reach 66% in 2015. Nowadays, the video watching experience is being made more interactive to enhance the user experience. One way that users can enjoy better watching experience is to be able to switch between different perspectives in one video. Such multi-perspective events require an efficient streaming scheme that is both cost-efficient and user-friendly. Based on three popular video streaming methods (RTP/RTSP, HTTP Progressive Download and DASH), we propose three different solutions for streaming multi-perspective videos. Architectures and principles of each solution are discussed and implemented on an Android-platform-based smartphone. To compare the performance of our solutions, we design a framework for evaluation. The metrics we use to evaluate our solutions include bandwidth consumption and Quality of Service (QoS) parameters, such as switch delay and switch rendering. Our comparison shows that all three solutions can achieve acceptable performance for perspective switching. However, the DASH-based solution outperforms the remaining solutions at it provides shortest delay and seamless switching of perspectives for a given bandwidth.
Forms of consciousness (2009)

It is customary to distinguish five forms of consciousness: agent consciousness (which is what we have in mind when we say of an agent that he is “losing consciousness” or “regaining consciousness”), propositional consciousness (which is expressed by the “conscious that” construction), introspective consciousness (which is what we have in mind when we say things like “His affection for me is fully conscious, but his hostility is not”), relational consciousness (which is expressed by the “conscious of” construction), and phenomenal consciousness (which is a property that mental states possess when they have a phenomenological dimension – that is, when they present us with such qualitative characteristics as pain and the taste of oranges).
Predicted genotypic resistance to the novel entry inhibitor, BMS-378806, among HIV-1 isolates of subtypes A to G (2004)

BMS-378806 targets virus entry by inhibiting the binding of HIV-1 gp120 to the CD4 receptor. Env sequences (n = 1226) of subtypes A-G were analysed to determine the frequency of mutations associated with resistance to BMS-378806. In line with reported sensitivity data, background genotypic resistance to BMS-378806 among non-B HIV-1 viruses was found to be higher than in subtype B. These data suggest that BMS-378806 may have reduced efficacy against non-B viruses.
Human gait recognition based on motion analysis (2005)

This paper proposes an automatic gait recognition approach for analyzing and classifying human gait by computer vision techniques. The approach attempts to incorporate knowledge of the static and dynamics of human gait into the feature extraction process. The width vectors of the binarized silhouette of a walking person contain the physical structure of the person, the motion of the limbs and other details of the body are chosen as the basic gait feature. Different from the model-based approaches, the limb angle information is extracted by analyzing the variation of silhouette width without needing the human body model. Discrete cosine analysis is used to analyze the shape and dynamic characteristic and reduce the gait features. And this paper uses the multi-class support vector machines to distinguish the different gaits of human. The performance of the proposed method is tested using different gait databases. Recognition results show this approach is efficient.
Reelin is preferentially expressed in neurons synthesizing γ-aminobutyric acid in cortex and hippocampus of adult rats (1998)

During embryonic development of brain laminated structures, the protein Reelin, secreted into the extracellular matrix of the cortex and hippocampus by Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells located in the marginal zone, contributes to the regulation of migration and positioning of cortical and hippocampal neurons that do not synthesize Reelin. Soon after birth, the CR cells decrease, and they virtually disappear during the following 3 weeks. Despite their disappearance, we can quantify Reelin mRNA (approximately 200 amol/ g of total RNA) and visualize it by in situ hybridization, and we detect the translated product of this mRNA by immunocytochemistry preferentially in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons of adult rat cortex and hippocampus. In adult rat cerebellum, Reelin is expressed in glutamatergic neurons (granule cells). The translated product of this mRNA is readily exported from the granule cell somata to the parallel fibers, where it has been detected by electron microscopy in axon terminals located presynaptically to Purkinje cell dendrites.
Effects of Diazoxide Administration on Plasma Glucose, Insulin, and Lipids in Von Gierke's Disease (1966)

A twelve-year old boy with proven type 1 glycogen storage disease and accompanying hypoglycemia and hyperlipemia was treated with diazoxide. Increase of 30 to 70 mg. per 100 ml. in postprandial plasma glucose levels and decrease in oral glucose tolerance occurred. Skin xanthomata disappeared during diazoxide treatment despite an increase of over 1,700 mg. per 100 ml. in plasma triglycerides. Treatment of the patient had to be discontinued after seventeen days because of a diffuse petechial eruption, presumably due to drug sensitivity. The mechanism(s) by which hyperglycemia is induced with diazoxide are not yet established. Glycogenolysis would appear to be excluded in this patient by virtue of the enzymatic deficiency present. Inhibition of plasma insulin response to glucose was demonstrated. Support for a third mechanism is presented, based on analysis of serial oral glucose tolerance tests. It is suggested that diazoxide, directly or indirectly, inhibits hepatic glucose uptake.
<i>Sun-Believable</i> Solar Paint. A Transformative One-Step Approach for Designing Nanocrystalline Solar Cells (2011)

A transformative approach is required to meet the demand of economically viable solar cell technology. By making use of recent advances in semiconductor nanocrystal research, we have now developed a one-coat solar paint for designing quantum dot solar cells. A binder-free paste consisting of CdS, CdSe, and TiO(2) semiconductor nanoparticles was prepared and applied to conducting glass surface and annealed at 473 K. The photoconversion behavior of these semiconductor film electrodes was evaluated in a photoelectrochemical cell consisting of graphene-Cu(2)S counter electrode and sulfide/polysulfide redox couple. Open-circuit voltage as high as 600 mV and short circuit current of 3.1 mA/cm(2) were obtained with CdS/TiO(2)-CdSe/TiO(2) electrodes. A power conversion efficiency exceeding 1% has been obtained for solar cells constructed using the simple conventional paint brush approach under ambient conditions. Whereas further improvements are necessary to develop strategies for large area, all solid state devices, this initial effort to prepare solar paint offers the advantages of simple design and economically viable next generation solar cells.
Stacked Generalization for Medical Concept Extraction from Clinical Notes (2015)

The goal of our research is to extract medical concepts from clinical notes containing patient information. Our research explores stacked generalization as a metalearning technique to exploit a diverse set of concept extraction models. First, we create multiple models for concept extraction using a variety of information extraction techniques, including knowledgebased, rule-based, and machine learning models. Next, we train a meta-classifier using stacked generalization with a feature set generated from the outputs of the individual classifiers. The meta-classifier learns to predict concepts based on information about the predictions of the component classifiers. Our results show that the stacked generalization learner performs better than the individual models and achieves state-of-the-art performance on the 2010 i2b2 data set.
A Latent Oxazoline Electrophile for N−O−C Bond Formation in Pseudomonine Biosynthesis (2008)

Nitrogen-heteroatom bonds figure prominently in the structural, chemical, and functional diversity of natural products. In the case of Pseudomonas siderophore pseudomonine, an N-O hydroxamate linkage is found uncommonly configured in an isoxazolidinone ring. In an effort to understand the biogenesis of this heterocycle, we have characterized the pseudomonine synthetase in vitro and reconstituted the complete biosynthetic pathway. Our results indicate that the isoxazolidinone of pseudomonine arises from spontaneous rearrangement of an oxazoline precursor. To the best of our knowledge, this is a previously uncharacterized mode of post-assembly line heterocyclization. Our results establish the oxygen of the ubiquitous siderophore hydroxamate functionality as a nucleophile and may be indicative of general strategy for N-O-C bond formation in nature.
Cronus: A Distributed Operating System. (1983)

Abstract : This report contains the preliminary system/subsystem specification for the Cronus Distributed Operating System. It also reports progress in the development of the underlying support system components, the measurement of local network performance, and the structuring of system messages. The object of this project is to define, design, implement and test an Advanced Development Model for a distributed operating system. The DOS controls the interactions among collections of computers interconnected via high-speed local area network technology. The overall function of the DOS is to integrate the various data processing subsystems into a coherent, responsive and reliable system. The system is to include the following functions: system monitoring, reliability and survivability, access control and authentication, and a uniform command language. In addition, the system is to provide support for the following system services: uniform file system, electronic mail message distribution, data translation, and interactive access to remote programs.
Na+-<scp>d</scp>-glucose Cotransporter SGLT1 is Pivotal for Intestinal Glucose Absorption and Glucose-Dependent Incretin Secretion (2011)

To clarify the physiological role of Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 in small intestine and kidney, Sglt1(-/-) mice were generated and characterized phenotypically. After gavage of d-glucose, small intestinal glucose absorption across the brush-border membrane (BBM) via SGLT1 and GLUT2 were analyzed. Glucose-induced secretion of insulinotropic hormone (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in wild-type and Sglt1(-/-) mice were compared. The impact of SGLT1 on renal glucose handling was investigated by micropuncture studies. It was observed that Sglt1(-/-) mice developed a glucose-galactose malabsorption syndrome but thrive normally when fed a glucose-galactose-free diet. In wild-type mice, passage of D-glucose across the intestinal BBM was predominantly mediated by SGLT1, independent the glucose load. High glucose concentrations increased the amounts of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in the BBM, and SGLT1 was required for upregulation of GLUT2. SGLT1 was located in luminal membranes of cells immunopositive for GIP and GLP-1, and Sglt1(-/-) mice exhibited reduced glucose-triggered GIP and GLP-1 levels. In the kidney, SGLT1 reabsorbed ∼3% of the filtered glucose under normoglycemic conditions. The data indicate that SGLT1 is 1) pivotal for intestinal mass absorption of d-glucose, 2) triggers the glucose-induced secretion of GIP and GLP-1, and 3) triggers the upregulation of GLUT2.
A distributed architecture for multimedia in dynamic wireless networks (2002)

The paper presents a self-organizing wireless mobile radio networking multimedia support. The proposed architecture is distributed and it has the capability of rapid deployment and dynamic reconfiguration. Without the need of base stations, this architecture can operate in areas without a wired backbone infrastructure. This architecture provides an instant infrastructure for real-time traffic transmission. Based on the instant infrastructure, a stable and loop-free routing protocol is implemented.
Intercellular Calcium Waves in HeLa Cells Expressing GFP-labeled Connexin 43, 32, or 26 (2000)

This study was undertaken to obtain direct evidence for the involvement of gap junctions in the propagation of intercellular Ca(2+) waves. Gap junction-deficient HeLa cells were transfected with plasmids encoding for green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to the cytoplasmic carboxyl termini of connexin 43 (Cx43), 32 (Cx32), or 26 (Cx26). The subsequently expressed GFP-labeled gap junctions rendered the cells dye- and electrically coupled and were detected at the plasma membranes at points of contact between adjacent cells. To correlate the distribution of gap junctions with the changes in [Ca(2+)](i) associated with Ca(2+) waves and the distribution of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), cells were loaded with fluorescent Ca(2+)-sensitive (fluo-3 and fura-2) and ER membrane (ER-Tracker) dyes. Digital high-speed microscopy was used to collect a series of image slices from which the three-dimensional distribution of the gap junctions and ER were reconstructed. Subsequently, intercellular Ca(2+) waves were induced in these cells by mechanical stimulation with or without extracellular apyrase, an ATP-degrading enzyme. In untransfected HeLa cells and in the absence of apyrase, cell-to-cell propagating [Ca(2+)](i) changes were characterized by initiating Ca(2+) puffs associated with the perinuclear ER. By contrast, in Cx-GFP-transfected cells and in the presence of apyrase, [Ca(2+)](i) changes were propagated without initiating perinuclear Ca(2+) puffs and were communicated between cells at the sites of the Cx-GFP gap junctions. The efficiency of Cx expression determined the extent of Ca(2+) wave propagation. These results demonstrate that intercellular Ca(2+) waves may be propagated simultaneously via an extracellular pathway and an intracellular pathway through gap junctions and that one form of communication may mask the other.