gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The legacy of gender-based violence and HIV/AIDS in the postgenocide era: Stories from women in Rwanda (2015)

Drawing on qualitative interviews with 22 Rwandan women, we describe the lived experiences of women survivors of gender-based violence (GBV) more than a decade and a half after the 1994 Genocide. We argue that the intersection between GBV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has long-term implications: the majority of women interviewed continue to endure trauma, stigma, social isolation, and economic hardship in the postgenocide era and are in need of expanded economic and mental health support. Our findings have implications for the importance of providing integrated psychosocial support to survivors of GBV postconflict contexts.
Parallel computing in the commercial marketplace: research and innovation at work (1999)

This is a good time for parallel computer development and research in both academia and industry. The performance improvements predicted by Moore's Law have proven to be quite accurate over many years. However, the doubling of processor performance every 18 months cannot keep up with the growing demand of many applications. The performance of database applications has been doubling every nine to ten months. At last, parallel computer technology has come to play an important role in the commercial marketplace. Multiprocessing has been an active research area for almost 40 years and commercial parallel computers have been available for more than 35 years. After getting off to a slow start, this area has now taken off. Shared memory multiprocessors have dominated this development. This is an area that has sprung out of tireless research and numerous published breakthrough results. The article analyzes some of the reasons for the sudden acceptance of the relatively old parallel computing field, outlines the key properties of a successful parallel computer of the 1990's, and identifies some important research areas and key technologies for the future.
Flow behaviour of rubber in capillary and injection moulding dies (2017)

This study is concerned with the flow behaviour of a rubber compound in capillary and injection moulding dies in the temperature range of 80–120°C. The injection moulding die designs had a tapered angle ranging from 40° up to 150°. The rheological characterisation of the rubber compound in the capillary dies showed that rubber slips at the wall, and this was modelled with an appropriate slip law. The pressure drops in the system were measured for all tapered dies. Numerical simulations were then carried out with a purely viscous (Carreau) model and a multimode viscoelastic (K-BKZ) model. The results showed a good agreement with the experiments for both the capillary and the injection moulding dies, provided that slip is included in the simulations as determined experimentally.
Whole-Genome Sequence of Vibrio alginolyticus Isolated from the Mucus of the Coral <i>Fungia danai</i> in the Andaman Sea, India (2016)

Vibrio alginolyticus, a halophilic Gram-negative bacterium, which is found in temperate marine and estuarine environments, is known to cause infections in humans and other organisms. We sequenced the genome of sulfamethoxazole-trimthoprim-positive V. alginolyticus strain 4-19 isolated from the mucus of the coral Fungia danai in the Andaman Sea, India.
Poly(I:C) Induces Antiviral Immune Responses in Japanese Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) That Require TLR3 and MDA5 and Is Negatively Regulated by Myd88 (2014)

Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) is a ligand of toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 that has been used as an immunostimulant in humans and mice against viral diseases based on its ability to enhance innate and adapt immunity. Antiviral effect of poly(I:C) has also been observed in teleost, however, the underling mechanism is not clear. In this study, we investigated the potential and signaling mechanism of poly(I:C) as an antiviral agent in a model of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) infected with megalocytivirus. We found that poly(I:C) exhibited strong antiviral activity and enhanced activation of head kidney macrophages and peripheral blood leukocytes. In vivo studies showed that (i) TLR3 as well as MDA5 knockdown reduced poly(I:C)-mediated immune response and antiviral activity to significant extents; (ii) when Myd88 was overexpressed in flounder, poly(I:C)-mediated antiviral activity was significantly decreased; (iii) when Myd88 was inactivated, the antiviral effect of poly(I:C) was significantly increased. Cellular study showed that (i) the NF-κB activity induced by poly(I:C) was upregulated in Myd88-overexpressing cells and unaffected in Myd88-inactivated cells; (ii) Myd88 overexpression inhibited and upregulated the expression of poly(I:C)-induced antiviral genes and inflammatory genes respectively; (iii) Myd88 inactivation enhanced the expression of the antiviral genes induced by poly(I:C). Taken together, these results indicate that poly(I:C) is an immunostimulant with antiviral potential, and that the immune response of poly(I:C) requires TLR3 and MDA5 and is negatively regulated by Myd88 in a manner not involving NK-κB. These results provide insights to the working mechanism of poly(I:C), TLR3, and Myd88 in fish.
Abscisic acid is an endogenous cytokine in human granulocytes with cyclic ADP-ribose as second messenger (2007)

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone involved in fundamental physiological processes of higher plants, such as response to abiotic stress (temperature, light, drought), regulation of seed dormancy and germination, and control of stomatal closure. Here, we provide evidence that ABA stimulates several functional activities [phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO) production, and chemotaxis] of human granulocytes through a signaling pathway sequentially involving a pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G protein/receptor complex, protein kinase A activation, ADP-ribosyl cyclase phosphorylation, and consequent cyclic-ADP-ribose overproduction, leading to an increase of the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. The increase of free intracellular ABA and its release by activated human granulocytes indicate that ABA should be considered as a new pro-inflammatory cytokine in humans. This discovery is an intriguing example of conservation of a hormone and its signaling pathway from plants to humans and provides insight into the molecular mechanisms of granulocyte activation, possibly leading to the development of new antiinflammatory drugs.
Molecular Mechanisms of the Inhibitory Effects of Bovine Lactoferrin on Lipopolysaccharide-mediated Osteoclastogenesis (2012)

Lactoferrin (LF) is an important modulator of the immune response and inflammation. It has also been implicated in the regulation of bone tissue. In our previous study we demonstrated that bovine LF (bLF) reduces LPS-induced bone resorption through a reduction of TNF-α production in vivo. However, it was not known how bLF inhibits LPS-mediated TNF-α and RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand) production in osteoblasts. In this study we show that bLF impairs LPS-mediated TNF-α and RANKL production. bLF inhibited LPS-mediated osteoclastogenesis via osteoblasts in a co-culture system. Furthermore, bLF pretreatment inhibited LPS-induced NFκB DNA binding activity as well as IκBα and IKKβ (IκB kinase β) phosphorylation. MAP kinase activation was also inhibited by bLF pretreatment. However, bLF pretreatment failed to block the degradation of IRAK1 (interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1), which is an essential event after its activation. Remarkably, we found that bLF pretreatment inhibited LPS-mediated Lys-63-linked polyubiquitination of TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). We also found that bLF is mainly endocytosed through LRP1 (lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1) and intracellular distributed bLF binds to endogenous TRAF6. In addition, bLF inhibited IL-1β- and flagellin-induced TRAF6-dependent activation of the NFκB signaling pathway. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that bLF inhibits NFκB and MAP kinase activation, which play critical roles in chronic inflammatory disease by interfering with the TRAF6 polyubiquitination process. Thus, bLF could be a potent therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases associated with bone destruction, such as periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Redes de proteccion basadas en alimentos y otros programas relacionados (2006)

Food-based safety net programs provide food, either directly, or through instruments (such as food stamps or coupons) that may be used to purchase food. More generally, these programs serve a variety of purposes and are designed to ensure livelihoods, to increase purchasing power, or to relieve deprivation and improve nutritional status, perhaps through the direct provision of food.
Technology assessment: environmental, health, and safety impacts associated with oil recovery from US tar-sand deposits (1981)

The tar-sand resources of the US have the potential to yield as much as 36 billion barrels (bbls) of oil. The tar-sand petroleum-extraction technologies now being considered for commercialization in the United States include both surface (above ground) systems and in situ (underground) procedures. The surface systems currently receiving the most attention include: (1) thermal decomposition processes (retorting); (2) suspension methods (solvent extraction); and (3) washing techniques (water separation). Underground bitumen extraction techniques now being field tested are: (1) in situ combustion; and (2) in situ steam-injection procedures. At this time, any commercial tar-sand facility in the US will have to comply with at least 7 major federal regulations in addition to state regulations; building, electrical, and fire codes; and petroleum-industry construction standards. Pollution-control methods needed by tar-sand technologies to comply with regulatory standards and to protect air, land, and water quality will probably be similar to those already proposed for commercial oil-shale systems. The costs of these systems could range from about $1.20 to $2.45 per barrel of oil produced. Estimates of potential pollution-emisson levels affecting land, air, and water were calculated from available data related to current surface and in situ tar-sand field experiments in the US. These data were then extrapolated to determine pollutant levels expected from conceptual commercial surface and in situ facilities producing 20,000 bbl/d. The likelihood-of-occurrence of these impacts was then assessed. Experience from other industries, including information concerning health and ecosystem damage from air pollutants, measurements of ground-water transport of organic pollutants, and the effectiveness of environmental-control technologies was used to make this assessment.
Mitochondrial coupling factor 6 as a potent endogenous vasoconstrictor (2001)

We demonstrated recently that coupling factor 6, an essential component of the energy-transducing stalk of mitochondrial ATP synthase, suppresses the synthesis of prostacyclin in vascular endothelial cells. Here, we tested the hypothesis that coupling factor 6 is present on the cell surface and is involved in the regulation of systemic circulation. This peptide is present on the surface of CRL-2222 vascular endothelial cells and is released by these cells into the medium. In vivo, the peptide circulates in the vascular system of the rat, and its gene expression and plasma concentration are higher in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) than in normotensive controls. Elevation of blood pressure with norepinephrine did not affect the plasma concentration of coupling factor 6. Intravenous injection of recombinant peptide increased blood pressure, apparently by suppressing prostacyclin synthesis, whereas a specific Ab to coupling factor 6 decreased systemic blood pressure concomitantly with an increase in plasma prostacyclin. Interestingly, the antibody's hypotensive effect could be abolished by treating with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. These findings indicate that mitochondrial coupling factor 6 functions as a potent endogenous vasoconstrictor in the fashion of a circulating hormone and may suggest a new mechanism for hypertension.
Microarray analysis during adipogenesis identifies new genes altered by antiretroviral drugs (2006)

This study identifies new genes modulated by PI and NRTI in differentiating adipocytes. Abnormal expression of these genes, which include master adipogenic transcription factors and genes involved in lipid metabolism and cell cycle control, could contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of HAART-associated lipodystrophy.
Nonlinear Optical Imaging to Evaluate the Impact of Obesity on Mammary Gland and Tumor Stroma (2007)

Obesity is an established risk factor for breast cancer incidence and mortality. However, the mechanism that links obesity to tumorigenesis is not well understood. Here we combined nonlinear optical imaging technologies with an early-onset diet-induced obesity breast cancer animal model to evaluate the impact of obesity on the composition of mammary gland and tumor stroma. Using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and second harmonic generation on the same platform, we simultaneously imaged mammary adipocytes, blood capillaries, collagen fibrils, and tumor cells without any labeling. We observed that obesity increases the size of lipid droplets of adipocytes in mammary gland and collagen content in mammary tumor stroma, respectively. Such impacts of obesity on mammary gland and tumor stroma could not be analyzed using standard two-dimensional histologic evaluation. Given the importance of mammary stroma to the growth and migration of tumor cells, our observation provides the first imaging evidence that supports the relationship between obesity and breast cancer risk.
Simple route to ferrocenylalkyl nucleobases. Antitumor activity <i>in vivo</i> (2009)

Abstract Ferrocenylalkyl nucleobases ( 1 – 14 ) were prepared via the reaction of the α‐(hydroxy)alkyl ferrocenes FcCHR(OH) (Fc = ferrocenyl; R = H, Me, Et, Ph) with thymine, cytosine, iodo‐cytosine and adenine in DMSO at 100 °C, yields being 50–80%. The antitumor activities of ferrocenylmethyl thymine ( 1 ) against solid tumor models, carcinoma 755 (Ca755) and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) were studied in vivo . Therapeutic synergism of antitumor activity against LLC was demonstrated in the case of combined application of compound 1 with anticancer drug cyclophosphamide. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Digital LPI Radar Detector (2001)

The function of a Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) radar is to prevent its interception by an Electronic Support (ES) receiver. This objective is generally achieved through the use of a radar waveform that is mismatched to those waveforms for which an ES receiver is tuned. This allows the radar to achieve a processing gain, with respect to the ES receiver, that is equal to the time-bandwidth product of the radar waveform. This processing gain allows the LPI radar to overcome the range-squared advantage of the ES receiver in conventional situations. Consequently, a conventional ES receiver can only detect an LPI radar at very short ranges (<3 nm). The focus of this thesis was to develop an ES receiver to detect LPI radar signals with the same sensitivity as conventional pulse signals. It implements a detector which employs a technique, known as "deramping," that forms an adaptive matched filter to the linear FMCW LPI radar signal in order to achieve the processing gain that is equal to the received signal's time-bandwidth product. An experimental transmitter was built to emulate the radar signal with FMCW characteristics and transmitted through a standard gain horn. The transmitted signal is then received via a receiver horn, mixed down to an intermediate frequency (IF), sampled by an AID convertor and digitally deramped using a Pentium II computer. It was demonstrated that the LPI radar signal can be extracted from the noise background by means of digital deramping.
Neurite outgrowth is significantly increased by the simultaneous presentation of Schwann cells and moderate exogenous electric fields (2011)

Axonal extension is influenced by a variety of external guidance cues; therefore, the development and optimization of a multi-faceted approach is probably necessary to address the intricacy of functional regeneration following nerve injury. In this study, primary dissociated neonatal rat dorsal root ganglia neurons and Schwann cells were examined in response to an 8 h dc electrical stimulation (0-100 mV mm(-1)). Stimulated samples were then fixed immediately, immunostained, imaged and analyzed to determine Schwann cell orientation and characterize neurite outgrowth relative to electric field strength and direction. Results indicate that Schwann cells are viable following electrical stimulation with 10-100 mV mm(-1), and retain a normal morphology relative to unstimulated cells; however, no directional bias is observed. Neurite outgrowth was significantly enhanced by twofold following exposure to either a 50 mV mm(-1) electric field (EF) or co-culture with unstimulated Schwann cells by comparison to neurons cultured alone. Neurite outgrowth was further increased in the presence of simultaneously applied cues (Schwann cells + 50 mV mm(-1) dc EF), exhibiting a 3.2-fold increase over unstimulated control neurons, and a 1.2-fold increase over either neurons cultured with unstimulated Schwann cells or the electrical stimulus alone. These results indicate that dc electric stimulation in combination with Schwann cells may provide synergistic guidance cues for improved axonal growth relevant to nerve injuries in the peripheral nervous system.
The effects of mitochondrial failure upon cholinergic toxicity in the nucleus basalis (1996)

Increased glutamate or acetylcholine receptor stimulation may interact with mitochondrial failure to increase the vulnerability of cholinergic neurons within the nucleus basalis. Understanding of the mechanisms that underlie this vulnerability may lead to a therapy to prevent the degeneration of these neurons in Alzheimer's disease. In the presence of a mitochondrial energy deficit, excess stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors was not required for cytotoxicity. Furthermore, stimulation of cholinergic receptors was cytotoxic to cholinergic neurons but this toxicity was not enhanced by NMDA stimulation. Chronic administration of NMDA antagonists, such as memantine, amantadine or MK-801, attenuated the effects of mitochondrial failure in the presence or absence of excessive cholinergic or NMDA receptor stimulation.
Repression of SV40 T oncoprotein expression by DMSO (1992)

SV40 large T oncoprotein-transformed murine mesenchymal 3T3 T stem cells (CSV3 cells) can be induced to growth arrest and then differentiate into adipocytes. When differentiation occurs, SV40 T oncoprotein expression is repressed (Estervig et al., J Virol 63:2718, 1989). To determine if repression of T oncoprotein expression can also be induced pharmacologically, the effect of a variety of agents that have been reported to effect differentiation in various cell types but not in 3T3 T or CSV3 cells was tested. This rationale suggests that if any of these agents repress T oncoprotein expression in CSV3 cells, then the results would establish that repression of T oncoprotein expression can be mediated by mechanisms independent of overt differentiation. The results show that dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is the only agent tested that represses T oncoprotein expression in CSV3 cells. Repression occurs in a dosage-dependent manner within 24-96 hours after exposure to DMSO. The effect of DMSO on T oncoprotein expression is mediated by posttranslational mechanisms that decrease the stability of the T oncoprotein. DMSO-induced repression of T oncoprotein expression is also associated with reversion of the transformed phenotype in CSV3 cells as demonstrated by the loss of responsiveness to a specific transformation-associated mitogen. These data support the conclusion that the pharmacological repression of T oncoprotein expression represents a form of cancer suppressor activity that can be mediated by a distinct molecular mechanism.
Hypogonadism in male patients with cancer (2006)

Patients with cancer had lower levels of biologically active testosterone. TT was not adequate for the evaluation of hypogonadism, because SHBG levels were increased. A reliable measurement of FT and/or BT should be used. LH was elevated in the patients with cancer, indicating that low FT levels were caused by primary testicular dysfunction. The authors postulated that high IL-6 or ghrelin levels inhibit testosterone synthesis, although a secondary effect at the hypothalamic-pituitary levels cannot be excluded.
The role of MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling in monophosphoryl lipid A-induced expansion and recruitment of innate immunocytes (2016)

Treatment with the TLR4 agonist MPLA augments innate resistance to common bacterial pathogens. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which MPLA augments innate immunocyte functions are not well characterized. This study examined the importance of MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling for leukocyte mobilization, recruitment, and activation following administration of MPLA. MPLA potently induced MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling. A single injection of MPLA caused rapid mobilization and recruitment of neutrophils, a response that was largely mediated by the chemokines CXCL1 and -2 and the hemopoietic factor G-CSF. Rapid neutrophil recruitment and chemokine production were regulated by both pathways although the MyD88-dependent pathway showed some predominance. In further studies, multiple injections of MPLA potently induced mobilization and recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes. Neutrophil recruitment after multiple injections of MPLA was reliant on MyD88-dependent signaling, but effective monocyte recruitment required activation of both pathways. MPLA treatment induced expansion of myeloid progenitors in bone marrow and upregulation of CD11b and shedding of L-selectin by neutrophils, all of which were attenuated in MyD88- and TRIF-deficient mice. These results show that MPLA-induced neutrophil and monocyte recruitment, expansion of bone marrow progenitors and augmentation of neutrophil adhesion molecule expression are regulated by both the MyD88- and TRIF-dependent pathways.
Non-tree routing (2002)

An implicit premise of existing routing methods is that the routing topology must correspond to a tree (i.e. it does not contain cycles). In this paper we investigate the consequences of abandoning this basic axiom, and instead allow routing topologies that correspond to arbitrary graphs (i.e. where cycles are admissible). We show that adding extra wires to an existing routing tree can often significantly improve signal propagation delay by exploiting a tradeoff between wire capacitance and resistance, and we propose a new routing algorithm based on this phenomenon. Using SPICE to determine the efficacy of our methods, we obtain dramatic results: for example, the judicious addition of a few extra wires to an existing Steiner routing reduces the signal propagation delay by an average of up to 62%, with relatively modest total wirelength increase, depending on net size and the technology parameters. Finally, we observe that non-tree routing also significantly reduces signal skew.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>