gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bonding structure in nitrogen doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (2003)

The transport properties of diamond thin films are well known to be sensitive to the sp2/sp3-bonded carbon ratio, the presence of the grain boundaries and other defects, and to the presence of various impurities. In order to clarify the roles these factors play in the conduction mechanisms of nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD), Raman scattering, near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), soft x-ray fluorescence (SXF), and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) measurements were performed. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of nitrogen doped UNCD has previously indicated that the films are composed of crystalline diamond nano-grains with boundaries of amorphous carbon, and NEXAFS measurements reveal that the global amount of sp2-bonded carbon in these films increases slightly with nitrogen doping. The nitrogen content is quantified with high-resolution SIMS analysis, while NEXAFS and SXF indicates that the nitrogen exists primarily in tetrahedrally coordinated sites. These measurements indicate that the overall grain boundary volume of nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond is increasing, while the grains themselves remain pure diamond. This supports our previously reported hypothesis that grain boundary conduction is the mechanism for the observed increase in conductivity in ultrananocrystalline diamond with nitrogen doping.
GIS-Based Performance Prediction and Evaluation of Civilian Harbour Protection Systems (2007)

In this paper a simulation tool is proposed to assess the level of underwater security in civilian harbour installations. The tool is based on a geographical information system, and it allows to improve port security verifying the impact of both new sensors and modification in the sensors placement in the overall harbour protection system. The tool works under the Microsoft Windows Operating System and it is based on the ESRI MapObjects 2.3 library. It permits to load a geographical area with any kind of environmental information, add several type of underwater sensors and several type of intruders and verify what security level is guaranteed by the sensors configuration chosen against the particular intruder selected. Moreover the simulation tool is strictly connected with the Matlab environment to improve the tool flexibility when a new sensor or a new kind of intruder is added. Finally, a genetic algorithm, built in the Matlab environment, allows to find the optimal sensors configuration to obtain a desired security level in the area at the lowest cost.
Advances in Shader Lamps Avatars for telepresence (2012)

Since the introduction of the animatronic Shader Lamps Avatar in 2009, several aspects of the system's design have been improved to create a more effective telepresence experience. This includes an analysis of the tradeoffs between front and rear projection and bethardware deviceween rigidly aligning the projector with the display surface or needing to track it. A new control mode is implemented for the pan-tilt unit that enables the avatar head pose to better emulate real human motion and a new hardware device allows the motorized wheelchair that carries the avatar to be controlled by the remote inhabiter. With the recognition of the importance of high quality audio, the audio components for both the inhabiter and the avatar have also been updated. Finally, some preliminary live tests are presented and areas of continued research are discussed.
Oncolytic Adenovirus: Prospects for Cancer Immunotherapy (2021)

Immunotherapy has moved to the forefront of modern oncologic treatment in the past few decades. Various forms of immunotherapy currently are emerging, including oncolytic viruses. In this therapy, viruses are engineered to selectively propagate in tumor cells and reduce toxicity for non-neoplastic tissues. Adenovirus is one of the most frequently employed oncolytic viruses because of its capacity in tumor cell lysis and immune response stimulation. Upregulation of immunostimulatory signals induced by oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) might significantly remove local immune suppression and amplify antitumor immune responses. Existing genetic engineering technology allows us to design OAds with increasingly better tumor tropism, selectivity, and antitumor efficacy. Several promising strategies to modify the genome of OAds have been applied: capsid modifications, small deletions in the pivotal viral genes, insertion of tumor-specific promoters, and addition of immunostimulatory transgenes. OAds armed with tumor-associated antigen (TAA) transgenes as cancer vaccines provide additional therapeutic strategies to trigger tumor-specific immunity. Furthermore, the combination of OAds and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) increases clinical benefit as evidence shown in completed and ongoing clinical trials, especially in the combination of OAds with antiprogrammed death 1/programed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) therapy. Despite remarkable antitumor potency, oncolytic adenovirus immunotherapy is confronted with tough challenges such as antiviral immune response and obstruction of tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we focus on genomic modification strategies of oncolytic adenoviruses and applications of OAds in cancer immunotherapy.
Miniature semiconductor optical power splitterswith submicrometre wide aperture (1996)

The authors propose a miniature semiconductor optical power splitter with a submicrometre wide input aperture enhancing lightwave diffraction in a planar free-space region. They present its design and have demonstrated a GaInAs/GaAs quantum well laser with a miniature 1 × 20 power splitter inside the laser cavity.
Quantitative reflection contrast microscopy of living cells. (1979)

Mammalian cells in culture (BHK-21, PtK2, Friend, human flia, and glioma cells) have been observed by reflection contrast microscopy. Images of cells photographed at two different wavelengths (546 and 436 nm) or at two different angles of incidence allowed discrimination between reflected light and light that was both reflected and modulated by interference. Interference is involved when a change in reflected intensity (relative to glass/medium background reflected intensity) occurs on changing either the illumination wavelength or the reflection incidence angle. In cases where interference occurs, refractive indices can be determined at points where the optical path difference is known, by solving the given interference equation. Where cells are at least 50 nm distant from the glass substrate, intensities are also influenced by that distance as well as by the light's angle of incidence and wavelength. The reflected intensity at the glass/medium interface is used as a standard in calculating the refractive index of the cortical cytoplasm. Refractive indices were found to be higher (1.38--1.40) at points of focal contact, where stress fibers terminate, than in areas of close contact (1.354--1.368). In areas of the cortical cytoplasm, between focal contacts, not adherent to the glass substrate, refractive indices between 1.353 and 1.368 were found. This was thought to result from a microfilamentous network within the cortical cytoplasm. Intimate attachment of cells to their substrate is assumed to be characterized by a lack of an intermediate layer of culture medium.
Dynamic Sublists: Scaling Unmoderated Mailing Lists (2001)

Unmoderated electronic mailing lists suffer from the paradox that the more successful they are, the more difficult they are to use and administer because of the increasing number of users and discussions. Traditional solutions to this problem, such as creating static sublists or providing a Web interface, are not always desirable. We discuss the problems with traditional solutions and present dynamic sublists, an approach to scaling online communities that increases communication opportunities without overwhelming users or administrators. We have built a system, Javamlm, implementing dynamic sublists, and report on its implementation, use, and future.
An Efficient Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of a β<sup>2</sup>-Amino Acid on Multikilogram Scale (2013)

We describe herein a scalable catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation process for the multikilogram-scale production of a β2-amino acid. A short and efficient synthesis of the starting unsaturated N-Boc-protected β2-enamide was developed followed by extensive catalysis screening and optimization studies that identified a simple Ru-BINAP catalyst system to directly afford the (S) product in high enantiomeric excess and yield. The final process enabled the multikilogram production in >99% ee, to be used as a key component for one of our clinical candidates.
Induction of Long-Term Glycemic Control in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetic Patients by Transient Intensive Insulin Treatment (1997)

These findings suggest that in a significant proportion of type 2 diabetic patients who fail to respond to dietary measures, short-term intensive insulin treatment can effectively establish responsiveness, allowing long-term glycemic control without medication. Further studies are required to establish whether simpler treatment regimens could be equally effective. If the hypothesis offered here finds support, present approaches to the management of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes may need to be revised.
<i>Response</i> : The Meaning of Models (1994)

In the Random Sample "Venuses reappear" (18 Feb., p. 923), Patricia Rice of West Virginia University is incorrectly identified as "Patricia White." Randall White of New York University is the source of quotes attributed to "White."
Expanding proteostasis by membrane trafficking networks. (2013)

The folding biology common to all three kingdoms of life (Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya) is proteostasis. The proteostasis network (PN) functions as a cloud to generate, protect, and degrade the proteome. Whereas microbes (Bacteria, Archaea) have a single compartment, Eukarya have numerous subcellular compartments. We examine evidence that Eukarya compartments use coat, tether, and fusion (CTF) membrane components to form an evolutionarily advanced arm of the that we refer to as the trafficking PN (TPN). We suggest that the TPN builds compartments by generating a mosaic of integrated cargo-specific signatures (TRaCKS). TRaCKS control the temporal and spatial features of protein-folding biology based on the Anfinsen principle that the local environment plays a critical role in managing protein structure. TPN-generated endomembrane compartments apply a quinary level of structural control to modify the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures defined by the primary polypeptide-chain sequence. The development of Anfinsen compartments provides a unifying foundation for understanding the purpose of endomembrane biology and its capacity to drive extant Eukarya function and diversity.
The Cholinergic Innervation of the Human Nasal Mucosa (1970)

Cholinesterase activity of the human nasal mucosa was demonstrated with a histochemical technique according to <i>Karnovsky</i> and <i>Roots</i>. Rich cholinergic innervation was observed around the arteries and arterioles and a few cholinesterase-positive fibers were detected around the veins. Both serous and mucous glands were encapsulated by many nerve fibers presenting intense cholinesterase activity. The duct of the gland and the epithelial layer failed to show cholinesterase activity. The author’s conclusion is that these positive nerve fibers were peripheral parasympathetic nerve fibers which possibly play a major role in stimulating the secretion of the nasal glands and the dilatation of the blood vessels.
A systematic comprehensive longitudinal evaluation of dietary factors associated with acute myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease (2020)

Environmental factors, and in particular diet, are known to play a key role in the development of Coronary Heart Disease. Many of these factors were unveiled by detailed nutritional epidemiology studies, focusing on the role of a single nutrient or food at a time. Here, we apply an Environment-Wide Association Study approach to Nurses' Health Study data to explore comprehensively and agnostically the association of 257 nutrients and 117 foods with coronary heart disease risk (acute myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease). After accounting for multiple testing, we identify 16 food items and 37 nutrients that show statistically significant association - while adjusting for potential confounding and control variables such as physical activity, smoking, calorie intake, and medication use - among which 38 associations were validated in Nurses' Health Study II. Our implementation of Environment-Wide Association Study successfully reproduces prior knowledge of diet-coronary heart disease associations in the epidemiological literature, and helps us detect new associations that were only marginally studied, opening potential avenues for further extensive experimental validation. We also show that Environment-Wide Association Study allows us to identify a bipartite food-nutrient network, highlighting which foods drive the associations of specific nutrients with coronary heart disease risk.
Gender Identification Using Frontal Facial Images (2005)

Computer vision and pattern recognition systems play an important role in our lives by means of automated face detection, face and gesture recognition, and estimation of gender and age. This paper addresses the problem of gender classification using frontal facial images. We have developed gender classifiers with performance superior to existing gender classifiers. We experiment on 500 images (250 females and 250 males) randomly withdrawn from the FERET facial database. Independent component analysis (ICA) is used to represent each image as a feature vector in a low dimensional subspace. Different classifiers are studied in this lower dimensional space. Our experimental results show the superior performance of our approach to the existing gender classifiers. We get a 96% accuracy using support vector machine (SVM) in ICA space.
Automatic insertion of fault-tolerant structures at the RT level (2002)

Historically, there has been a lack of CAD tools for the design of on-line testable circuits. As a consequence, the design of on-line testable circuits is currently being made manually to a large extent. In this paper we propose a new tool for the automatic insertion of fault-tolerant structures in an HDL synthesizable description of the design. With this tool, a fault-tolerant version of the design can be automatically produced according to the user specifications. The resulting fault-tolerant design is also described in an HDL and can be simulated and synthesized with commercial tools. Examples are shown to demonstrate the capabilities of this approach.
Adaptive E-learning content generation based on semantic web technology (2005)

Individuals increasingly rely on social media to discuss health-related issues. One way to provide easier access to relevant in- formation is through sentiment analysis - classifying text into polarity classes such as positive and negative. In this paper, we generated freely available datasets of WebMD.com drug reviews and star ratings for <i>Common</i>, <i>Cancer</i>, <i>Depression</i>, <i>Diabetes</i>, and <i>Hypertension</i> drugs. We explored four supervised learning models: Naive Bayes, Random Forests, Support Vector Machines, and Convolutional Neural Networks for the purpose of determining the polarity of drug reviews. We conducted inter-domain and cross-domain evaluations. We found that SVM obtained the highest f-measure on average and that cross-domain training produced similar or higher results to models trained directly on their respective datasets.
Biomimetic fabrication of information-rich phenolic-chitosan films (2011)

Phenolics appear to be everywhere: they dominate the organic content of our landscape (humics and lignins); they impart color to plants and animals (flavonoids and melanins); they enable biology to harvest energy (quinone redox couples in respiration and photosynthesis); and they may enhance our health (dietary antioxidants). Biology enlists the diverse physicochemical properties of phenolics to perform a variety of functions that are not yet fully understood or appreciated. In this review, the synthesis, structures and functions of biological phenols is briefly sketched while an array of examples is provided to illustrate their diverse functions. The focus of this review however is recent studies which show that the biomimetic incorporation of phenolics into thin chitosan films can controllably impart mechanical, optical and redox properties. These studies demonstrate the potential for accessing nature's rich diversity of phenolics to impart functionality to soft matter.
Partially blind password-based signatures using elliptic curves. (2013)

Password-based signatures allow a user who can only remember a password to create digital signatures with the help of a server, without revealing the messages to be signed to the server. Certain applications require the ability to disclose part of the message to the server. We define partially blind password-based signatures and construct a scheme based that we prove secure, based on a novel computational problem related to computing discrete logarithms. Our scheme is based on Nyberg-Rueppel signatures. We give a variant of Nyberg-Rueppel signatures that we prove secure based on our novel computational problem. Unlike previous password-based signature schemes, our scheme can be instantiated using elliptic curve arithmetic over small prime fields. This is important for many applications.
Characterisation of avian adenoviruses associated with inclusion body hepatitis (1992)

Eleven avian adenoviruses were isolated in monolayer cultures of specific pathogen free chicken kidney cells which were inoculated with suspensions of liver, intestine or bursa obtained from 15 broiler flocks experiencing outbreaks of inclusion body hepatitis (10 isolates) and from five unaffected flocks (one isolate). Of the 11 isolates obtained, nine were identified by virus neutralisation tests as serotype 8, one as serotype 1 and one as serotype 12. Adeno-associated viruses were only observed in combination with adenoviral particles of the serotype 12 isolate which was derived from a relatively mild outbreak of inclusion body hepatitis. Only the serotype 1 isolate, obtained from the unaffected broiler flock, consistently caused the death of embryos with marked pathological changes. All of the isolates produced basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies surrounded by clear halos in chicken kidney cell cultures. DNA preparations, obtained from six strains of serotype 8 avian adenovirus (two New Zealand isolates, three Australian isolates and the reference strain HVI) after digestion with the restriction enzymes EcoRI and BamHI, gave electrophoretic patterns showing the New Zealand isolates to be similar to one another and to strain HVI, but quite distinct from the Australian isolates.
Water‐Soluble Nanoparticles from Random Copolymer and Oppositely Charged Surfactant, 3 (2005)

In this report, we investigate the nanoparticle formation between random copolymers (RCPs) of methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) monomethacrylate (MePEGMA) and (3-(methacryloylamino)propyl)trimethylammonium chloride (MAPTAC) and oppositely charged natural surfactants, sodium oleate and sodium laurate, using turbidimetric titration, steady-state fluorescence, dynamic light scattering, and electron microscopy. Though sodium oleate and sodium laurate are sparingly soluble in water, the nanoparticle complexes formed between the RCPs and these surfactants are soluble in the entire range of compositions studied here, including the stoichiometric electronetural complexes. The spherical nature of these nanoparticle complexes is revealed by electron microscopic (EM) analysis. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed that the average diameters of the nanoparticles are in the range 50 to 150 nm, which is supported by EM analysis. Pyrene fluorescence experiments suggested that these soluble nanoparticles have hydrophobic cores, which may solubilize hydrophobic drug molecules. The polarity index (I(1)/I(3)) obtained from the pyrene fluorescence spectra and the conductometric measurements showed that the critical concentration of fatty acid salts needed to obtain nanoparticles are in the order of 10(-4) M. Further, the complexation of such poorly water-soluble amphiphilic surfactants with polymers offers a useful method for the immobilization of hydrophobic compounds towards water-soluble drug carrier formulations. The formation of water-soluble nanoparticles by the self-assembly of fatty acid salts upon interacting with oppositely charged poly(ethylene glycol)-based polyions.
Diagnostic value of protein induced by vitamin K absence (PIVKAII) and hepatoma-specific band of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGTII) as hepatocellular carcinoma markers complementary to α-fetoprotein (2003)

Serum protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II (PIVKAII), hepatoma-specific band of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGTII), and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were determined in 120 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 90 patients with cirrhosis. The mean serum concentration of PIVKAII in HCC patients was higher than that in cirrhotic patients. A total of 53.3% of patients (64 out of 120) with HCC had PIVKAII levels above 40 mAU ml(-1). However, only 13 patients with cirrhosis had higher PIVKA II levels. Of 32 small HCC patients, 13 (40.6%) had PIVKAII values above 40 mAU ml(-1). An increased concentration of AFP (i.e. 20 ng ml(-1)) was observed in 70 out of 120 (58.3%) patients with HCC and in 33 out of 90 (36.7%) patients with cirrhosis. Positive GGTII was found in 74.0% (89 out of 120) cases of HCC (sensitivity), in 16 of 90 cases of cirrhosis, and 14 of 32 (43.8%) small HCC patients had GGTII positive. No significant correlation was found between serum levels of AFP and PIVKAII. Combining the information from PIVKAII, AFP, and GGTII significantly increases the sensitivity over AFP alone. PIVKAII and GGTII are useful tumour markers complementary to AFP for diagnosis of HCC.
Glucoweb: a case study of secure, remote biomonitoring and communication. (2000)

As the Internet begins to play a greater role in many healthcare processes, it is inevitable that remote monitoring of patients' physiological parameters over the Internet will become increasingly commonplace. Internet-based communication between patients and their healthcare providers has already become prevalent, and has gained significant attention in terms of confidentiality issues. However, transmission of data directly from patients' physiological biomonitoring devices over the Web has garnered significantly less focus, especially in the area of authentication and security. In this paper, we describe a prototype system called Glucoweb, which allows patients with diabetes mellitus to transmit their self-monitored blood glucose data directly from their personal glucometer device to their diabetes care provider over the Internet. No customized software is necessary on the patient's computer, only a Web browser and active Internet connection. We use this example to highlight key authentication and security measures that should be considered for devices that transmit healthcare data to remote locations.