gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PipeDream (2019)

DNN training is extremely time-consuming, necessitating efficient multi-accelerator parallelization. Current approaches to parallelizing training primarily use intra-batch parallelization, where a single iteration of training is split over the available workers, but suffer from diminishing returns at higher worker counts. We present PipeDream, a system that adds inter-batch pipelining to intra-batch parallelism to further improve parallel training throughput, helping to better overlap computation with communication and reduce the amount of communication when possible. Unlike traditional pipelining, DNN training is bi-directional, where a forward pass through the computation graph is followed by a backward pass that uses state and intermediate data computed during the forward pass. Naïve pipelining can thus result in mismatches in state versions used in the forward and backward passes, or excessive pipeline flushes and lower hardware efficiency. To address these challenges, PipeDream versions model parameters for numerically correct gradient computations, and schedules forward and backward passes of different minibatches concurrently on different workers with minimal pipeline stalls. PipeDream also automatically partitions DNN layers among workers to balance work and minimize communication. Extensive experimentation with a range of DNN tasks, models, and hardware configurations shows that PipeDream trains models to high accuracy up to 5.3X faster than commonly used intra-batch parallelism techniques.
INVESTIGATION OF AMMONIA ADSORPTION ON FLY ASH DUE TO INSTALLATION OF SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION SYSTEMS (2000)

This report summarizes an investigation of the potential impacts associated with the utilization of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems at coal-fired power plants. The study was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy Emission Control By-Products Consortium, Dominion Generation, the University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research and GAI Consultants, Inc. SCR systems are effective in reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions as required by the Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendments. However, there may be potential consequences associated with ammonia contamination of stack emissions and combustion by-products from these systems. Costs for air quality, landfill and pond environmental compliance may increase significantly and the marketability of ash may be seriously reduced, which, in turn, may also lead to increased disposal costs. The potential impacts to air, surface water, groundwater, ash disposal, ash utilization, health and safety, and environmental compliance can not be easily quantified based on the information presently available. The investigation included: (1) a review of information and data available from published and unpublished sources; (2) baseline ash characterization testing of ash samples produced from several central Appalachian high-volatile bituminous coals from plants that do not currently employ SCR systems in order to characterize the ash prior to ammonia exposure; (3) an investigation of ammonia release from fly ash, including leaching and thermal studies; and (4) an evaluation of the potential impacts on plant equipment, air quality, water quality, ash disposal operations, and ash marketing.
Long pulse CsI impregnated field emission cathodes (1990)

Intense pulsed electron beams are produced by applying a voltage between an anode and a cathode in a vacuum diode. The average field can be as low as 10 kV/cm, depending on the cathode material. This field is much less than predicted by the Fowler–Nordheim equation for field emission. The source for the electrons is a plasma that forms on the cathode which has a zero or very low work function. This plasma propagates into the anode–cathode gap and as a result lowers the impedance and eventually shorts the diode. The impregnation of the cathode surface with CsI was found to delay the onset of the diode impedance collapse. The time behavior of the impedance of a diode driven by 400-kV, 1-μs pulse was investigated. Three cathode materials with and without CsI were evaluated.
<scp>P</scp>reincubation in the <scp>P</scp>rothrombinase‐induced <scp>C</scp>lotting <scp>T</scp>ime test (<scp>P</scp>i<scp>CT</scp>) is necessary for <i>in vitro</i> evaluation of fondaparinux and to be avoided for the reversible, direct factor <scp>X</scp>a inhibitor, rivaroxaban (2012)

It is concluded that PiCT in its format with two steps is suitable for fondaparinux evaluation, while its format without preincubation (the one-addition format) is suitable for reversible inhibitors such as rivaroxaban. Unfortunately, both types of inhibitors cannot be compared in vitro in a single assay format.
Immunoglobulin G antibodies to moulds in school-children from moisture problem schools (2002)

Allergy was, but asthma was not, associated with IgG antibodies to the moulds that can be found in moisture damaged buildings. However, no association was found between IgG antibodies to moulds and exposure to moisture and moulds in school.
A Fast Decoding Algorithm for Non-orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Signals (2007)

A fast decoding algorithm based on Semidefinite relaxation combined with cutting plane is proposed for the detection of Non-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (NFDM) signals. It shows that maximum likelihood (ML) detection of NFDM signals can be transformed into a semidefinite programming problem by relaxing rank one constraint. In order to tighten the performance gap between the relaxed combinatorial optimization problem and the optimum ML detection one, adding cutting planes are necessary. Simulations show that the optimum ML performance can be approached by the proposed algorithm. The loss in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared with the ML detector is within ldB for the worst case. Moreover, the proposed algorithm's computational complexity is only proportional to a polynomial of the number of subcarriers rather than an exponential one of the optimum ML algorithm.
Oscillographic Observations on the Direction of Propagation and Fading of Short Waves (1928)

The short-wave transmission path is generally but not always located in the vertical plane through the transmission and receiving points. Direction finding depends upon determining the direction of the wave at the receiving point; it does not give accurate results when the twilight zone is in the way of the wave path. The angle between the earth and the direction of short-wave propagation varies continuously and the changes in this angle are much larger than the changes in angle of propagation in the horizontal plane. The observations are consistent with the view that the fading is mainly caused by wave interference.
Enantioselective Organocatalytic Hantzsch Synthesis of Polyhydroquinolines (2009)

The four-component Hantzsch reaction provides access to pharmaceutically important dihydropyridines. To expand the utility of this method, we have developed a route under organocatalytic conditions with good yields and excellent ee's. Through catalyst screening, we found that a BINOL-phosphoric acid allowed enantioselective synthesis of six-membered heterocycles with a variety of substitution patterns.
In-Situ Determination of the Strength of Marine Soils (1985)

Minor emphasis is placed on three topics: (1) marine soil properties, distribution, and state of stress; (2) in-situ testing methods, in which it is noted that only the cone penetrometer, piezocone, and field vane are routinely used by the offshore geotechnical industry; and (3) the drilling-wireline and the seabed deployment systems and their principal subsystems. Major emphasis is placed on two topics: (1) quality assurance of in-situ testing and (2) a discussion of test descriptions and test standardizations, particularly with respect to the field vane and cone penetrometer. Some of the more important findings are that the in-situ strength distribution, particularly in the horizontal plane, is not well known; industrial offshore in-situ testing is a complex system involving ships, operational stability, deployment equipment, drilling or seabed subsystems, and probes and sensors; and how in-situ strength may be degraded by drilling and in-situ testing procedures. In addition, the offshore geotechnical industry recommends that full test descriptions be provided, unless supplemented or replaced by recognized standards. Only the field vane and cone penetrometer tests are reasonably standardized. The principal conclusion is that in-situ strength testing usually involves fewer significant problems than sample collection and laboratory testing.
A Novel Oxidative Desulfurization System for Diesel Fuels with Molecular Oxygen in the Presence of Cobalt Catalysts and Aldehydes (2003)

Oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuels with molecular oxygen was examined by using cobalt salts and aldehydes as catalysts and sacrificial materials, respectively. At first, the authors conducted desulfurization of model oils consisting of benzene and dibenzothiophene. A mixture of benzene, dibenzothiophene, n-octanal, and an appropriate cobalt salt (acetate or chloride) was stirred at 40 °C under atmospheric pressure of oxygen to afford dibenzothiophene sulfone in almost quantitative yield within 15 min. Dibenzothiophene sulfone produced could be easily removed from the model oils by silica or alumina adsorption. Several organic sulfides including thioanisole, diphenyl sulfide, benzothiophene, and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene also could be converted to the corresponding sulfones in almost quantitative yields. Then, the authors examined ultra deep desulfurization of a commercial diesel fuel, which contains 193 wt ppm of sulfur. By using the system consisting of cobalt acetate, aldehyde, and molecular oxygen, sulfur-containing compounds in the diesel fuel were oxidized, and then removed by alumina adsorption and/or solvent extraction. The resulting oil contained less than 5 wt ppm of sulfur; this corresponds to the result that more than 97% of sulfur in the oil could be removed. These results may indicate that this brand-new oxidative desulfurization process has a potential to meet a future regulation of sulfur in the diesel fuel.
Sobre la masculinidad: nuevos aportes (1994)

Parece como si, de repente, el mundo de las publicaciones hubiera descubiertos a los hombres. Cada semana un nuevo titulo llama la atencion de los lectores. Iron John, de Robert Bly, encabezo la lista de los libros mas vendidos del New York Times por mas de veinte semanas, hasta que la biografia de Kitty Kelley sobre Nancy Reagan lo hizo caer de esa posicion. El objetivo de este ensayo no es otro que echar una mierada a la enorme variedad de esta produccion intelectual.
Probabilistic assembly of human protein interaction networks from label-free quantitative proteomics (2008)

Large-scale affinity purification and mass spectrometry studies have played important roles in the assembly and analysis of comprehensive protein interaction networks for lower eukaryotes. However, the development of such networks for human proteins has been slowed by the high cost and significant technical challenges associated with systematic studies of protein interactions. To address this challenge, we have developed a method for building local and focused networks. This approach couples vector algebra and statistical methods with normalized spectral counting (NSAF) derived from the analysis of affinity purifications via chromatography-based proteomics. After mathematical removal of contaminant proteins, the core components of multiprotein complexes are determined by singular value decomposition analysis and clustering. The probability of interactions within and between complexes is computed solely based upon NSAFs using Bayes' approach. To demonstrate the application of this method to small-scale datasets, we analyzed an expanded human TIP49a and TIP49b dataset. This dataset contained proteins affinity-purified with 27 different epitope-tagged components of the chromatin remodeling SRCAP, hINO80, and TRRAP/TIP60 complexes, and the nutrient sensing complex Uri/Prefoldin. Within a core network of 65 unique proteins, we captured all known components of these complexes and novel protein associations, especially in the Uri/Prefoldin complex. Finally, we constructed a probabilistic human interaction network composed of 557 protein pairs.
Long‐Ultraviolet‐Excited White‐Light Emission in Rare‐Earth‐Activated Yttrium‐Oxyorthosilicate (2007)

White‐light emission was achieved by activating yttrium oxyorthosilicate with two rare‐earth elements, (Y 1− m − n Ce m Tb n ) 2 SiO 5 . Ce 3+ strongly absorbs at λ ex =358 nm and produces a broad, mainly blue emission with a tail that extends out to 600 nm (orange), and transfers energy efficiently to Tb 3+ , which produces strong green‐line emissions at 550 nm and some red emission around 650 nm. At λ e x =358 nm, chromaticity coordinates of the optimally activated (Y 0.9625 Ce 0.0075 Tb 0.03 ) 2 SiO 5 were found to be x =0.266, y =0.365 with a color temperature 8512 K. Upon mixing in another red‐emitting phosphor, (Y 0.955 Bi 0.005 Eu 0.04 ) 2 O 3 , the chromaticity and color rendering index values were improved.
Rapid Determination of Glutamate Using HPLC Technology (2003)

Glutamate is an excitatory transmitter released from neurons. It communicates information rapidly by activating receptors in other neurons (1). Physiologic concentrations of glutamate are 1 μM extracellularly and several millimolar intracellularly. Higher extracellular levels lead to cytotoxicity in the neurons (2). Glutamate exerts its excitatory action via ligand-gated ion channels to enhance Na+/Ca++conductance. There are two types of glutamate receptors: ionotropic and metabotropic. The ionotropic receptors are comprised of three families with intrinsic cation permeable channels (Na+and K+): N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), 2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA), and kainate. The latter two families are known as the nonNMDA receptors (3,4). The metabotropic receptors, on the other hand, are G protein-coupled subunits, which release secondary messengers in the cytoplasm or influence ion channels through the release of G-protein subunits within the membrane (4). Vesicles in presynaptic terminals release glutamate via a calcium-dependent mechanism. Glutamate released from pre-synaptic structures is not enzymatically degraded. Instead, it is taken up by transporters, which directly regulate extracellular glutamate concentrations and limit excitotoxicity (5,6).
Wellbore Transmissibility from Afterflow-Dominated Pressure Buildup Data (1971)

Abstract This paper shows how pressure buildup data distorted by afterflow can beanalyzed directly to give a numerical value for effective wellboretransmissibility. Because such data are directly indicative of wellbore-limitedproductivity, the method is helpful in assessing productivity, the method ishelpful in assessing the need for and the effectiveness of a well stimulation. Alternatively, it is a method for interpreting that portion of a pressurebuildup curve not subject to Horner analysis. The method does not require any estimates of formation or wellboreproperties for the analysis. The procedure consists of first plotting pressurebuildup from flowing plotting pressure buildup from flowing pressure as afunction of shut-in time on a log-log pressure as a function of shut-in time ona log-log scale and, second, matching the data points to one of a set ofparametric type curves. From this match, a numerical value is calculated forwellbore transmissibility. Finally, the shape of the buildup curve indicateseither wellbore damage or stimulation. The paper describes the generation and use of type curves with computed dataillustrating the effects of wellbore damage or stimulation. A variety of fieldexamples demonstrate the practical utility of the method. practical utility of the method Introduction Afterflow, or afterproduction, is the continued influx of fluid from aformation into a wellbore after the well is shut in. The greater the storagecapacity of the wellbore, the longer the duration of afterflow. Such afterflowprecludes a conventional analysis of a pressure buildup curve so long as theafterflow rate is greater than a few percent of the production rate prior toshut in. Consequently, production rate prior to shut in. Consequently, afterflow has generally been regarded as a nuisance. Yet, it is reasonable tosuppose that such data contains valuable information. Certainly most of thepressure change occurs during afterflow provided it is present; hence, pressuremeasurements during afterflow should pressure measurements during afterflowshould be more accurate than at later times. Also, the pressure change in thewellbore during afterflow should reflect a sort of dynamic balance between twolimiting factors:the capacity of the wellbore to store fluid andtheease with which the formation supplies fluid to the wellbore. This secondfactor, which is indicative of wellbore transmissibility, is the one oftechnical importance since it determines productivity. However, most of thepublications dealing with afterflow are concerned either with estimating itsduration or with correcting pressure buildup data taken during its pressurebuildup data taken during its duration. Gladfelter, et al. gave a method forcorrecting pressure buildup data as early as 1955. Ramey has provided equationsto estimate the duration of afterflow.
Optical near-field aperture storage technology (ONFAST) for high-density high-performance data storage applications (1999)

Optical near-field aperture storage technique (ONFAST) is based on using a beam of light exiting a sub-wavelength size aperture (size d←λ) in an opaque screen to record on a media within its close proximity (<d/2).
Laser-Driven Proton Acceleration Enhancement by Nanostructured Foils (2012)

Nanostructured thin plastic foils have been used to enhance the mechanism of laser-driven proton beam acceleration. In particular, the presence of a monolayer of polystyrene nanospheres on the target front side has drastically enhanced the absorption of the incident 100 TW laser beam, leading to a consequent increase in the maximum proton energy and beam charge. The cutoff energy increased by about 60% for the optimal spheres' diameter of 535 nm in comparison to the planar foil. The total number of protons with energies higher than 1 MeV was increased approximately 5 times. To our knowledge this is the first experimental demonstration of such advanced target geometry. Experimental results are interpreted and discussed by means of 2(1/2)-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations.
A Fully Static Topologically-Compressed 21-Transistor Flip-Flop With 75% Power Saving (2014)

An extremely low-power flip-flop (FF) named topologically-compressed flip-flop (TCFF) is proposed. As compared with conventional FFs, the FF reduces power dissipation by 75% at 0% data activity. This power reduction ratio is the highest among FFs that have been reported so far. The reduction is achieved by applying topological compression method, merger of logically equivalent transistors to an unconventional latch structure. The very small number of transistors, only three, connected to clock signal reduces the power drastically, and the smaller total transistor count assures the same cell area as conventional FFs. In addition, fully static full-swing operation makes the cell tolerant of supply voltage and input slew variation. An experimental chip design with 40 nm CMOS technology shows that almost all conventional FFs are replaceable with proposed FF while preserving the same system performance and layout area.
Gut Microbiota and the Paradox of Cancer Immunotherapy (2014)

It is recently shown that beneficial environmental microbes stimulate integrated immune and neuroendocrine factors throughout the body, consequently modulating regulatory T-lymphocyte phenotypes, maintaining systemic immune balance, and determining the fate of preneoplastic lesions toward regression while sustaining whole body good health. Stimulated by a gut microbiota-centric systemic homeostasis hypothesis, we set out to explore the influence of the gut microbiome to explain the paradoxical roles of regulatory T-lymphocytes in cancer development and growth. This paradigm shift places cancer prevention and treatment into a new broader context of holobiont engineering to cultivate a tumor-suppressive macroenvironment.
Half Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide: A New Guided Wave Structure for Microwave and Millimeter Wave Application (2006)

In this paper, a new guided wave structure of half mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) for microwave and millimeter wave application is proposed for the first time. The principle of the HMSIW is described, and its propagation characteristics are simulated and measured. The measured results at microwave and millimeter wave bands show that the attenuation of it is less than that of conventional microstrip and even SIW, but its size is nearly half of a SIW. Thus, we can further compress the size of a microwave or millimeter wave integrated circuit based on this new guided wave structure.
Synthesis of Au@Ag Core–Shell Nanocubes Containing Varying Shaped Cores and Their Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances (2012)

We have synthesized Au@Ag core-shell nanocubes containing Au cores with varying shapes and sizes through modified seed-mediated methods. Bromide ions are found to be crucial in the epitaxial growth of Ag atoms onto Au cores and in the formation of the shell's cubic shape. The Au@Ag core-shell nanocubes exhibit very abundant and distinct localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties, which are core-shape and size-dependent. With the help of theoretical calculation, the physical origin and the resonance mode profile of each LSPR peak are identified and studied. The core-shell nanocrystals with varying shaped cores offer a new rich category for LSPR control through the plasmonic coupling effect between core and shell materials.
지식자산연구의 동향과 향후 과제 (2004)

본 연구는 지식기반경제(knowledge-based economy)의 도래에 따라 중요한 생산요소로 인식되고 있는 지식자산에 대한 지금까지의 연구동향을 검토하고, 향후 연구과제를 제안할 목적으로 수행되었다. 지금까지 이루어진 지식자산연구에 대한 동향을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 지식경영에 대한 연구는 먼저 개인지식을 조직지식으로 확대하는 학습조직의 관점으로 보는 방향으로 이루어져 왔거나 지식경영을 정보기술의 활용이라는 관점으로부터 이루어진 연구들이 있는데, 정보기술 활용을 통한 조직지식의 확보 방안 및 관련 주제에 초점이 맞추어졌다. 둘째, 지식자산의 측정과 공시에 관한 연구는 이해관계자들의 지식자산에 대한 인식을 조사하는 방법으로 주로 이루어져 왔다. 지식자산의 측정과 공시에 관한 연구는 외국보다는 국내에서 더 많이 이루어진 것으로 볼 수 있다. 특히 한국회계연구원에서 연구보고서로서 발표한 지식자산 연구보고서에서는 지식자산에 대한 측정방법과 공시방법 및 국내외의 사례를 소개한 후, 우리 나라 기업에 적용가능한 방안을 제시하고 있다는 점에서 후속연구에 많은 시사점을 제공하고 있다. 지식자산연구에 있어서 향후 과제를 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 지식경영에 대한 향후 연구과제로서 우선 지식경영의 성과를 객관적으로 파악할 수 있는 지표의 개발이 전제되어야 하며, 개발된 지표를 척도로 하여 구체적으로 지식경영의 전략별 성과를 비교할 수 있어야 한다. 지식경영전략을 수립하여 집행하는데 있어서는 기업의 내부와 외부의 영향을 받게 되므로 기업 내부와 외부의 파악가능한 모든 변수를 찾아내어 이들을 연구에 순차적으로 반영하면서 연구를 진행할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 지식자산의 측정과 공시에 관한 연구로서 우선 기업의 지식자산 관련 부서 담당실무자들이 참여한 가운데 실무적으로 측정가능한 방법을 이용하여 특정 기업을 대상으로 한 사례 연구가 필요하다. 이러한 사례연구는 업종별로 이루어짐으로써 보편타당한 측정방법의 개발이 가능할 것으로 보인다. 그리고 연구방법론의 측면에서 향후의 연구에서는 회계규제기관집단의 구성원까지 광범위하게 연구대상자를 선정하여 연구를 수행함으로써 지식자산의 공시문제에 대한 보다 현실적이고 정책대안으로 연결될 수 있는 연구로 발전시킬 필요가 있다. 이어서 과거와는 달리 향후에는 설문지법 이외에 실험방법 및 면접방법 등을 이용한 연구가 이루어져야 하며, 아울러 지식자산을 공시하는 기업의 사례와 비교할 필요가 있다.
Incidence of marine bdellovibrios lytic against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Chesapeake Bay (1980)

The incidence of marine bdellovibrios at selected sampling sites in the Chesapeake Bay during the months of June 1978 and 1979 was studied. Bdellovibrios were isolated from eight of nine sampling stations in the bay. Higher numbers than previously reported with sea or ocean water were recovered in the midregion of the bay.