gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Upstream Signal Transduction of NF-&#954;B Activation (2002)

NF-kappaB is a transcription factor governing the expression of genes involved in the immune response, embryo or cell lineage development, cell apoptosis, cell cycle progression, inflammation, and oncogenesis. During the past few years, considerable attention has been paid to the upstream signaling pathways that lead to the activation of NF-kappaB. Many of these signaling molecules can serve as potential pharmaceutical targets for the specific inhibition of NF-kappaB activation leading to interruption of disease processes. How these molecules interact with each other is however, still a debatable issue. Since many of the signal molecules in this pathway relay more than one of the upstream signals to downstream targets, it has been suggested that the transmission of signals involves a network, rather than a linear sequence in the activation of NF-kappaB. Thus, the detailed elucidation of the upstream signaling molecules involved with NF-kappaB activation will be important to the development of pharmaceutical inhibitors that specifically inhibit the activation of NF-kappaB. Such inhibitors would be predicted to have potent anti-inflammatory and/or anti-carcinogenic effects.
[Semi-synthesis of derivatives with C-3' and C-4' trans-configuration from (+)-praeruptorin A]. (2003)

All of the derivatives were new compounds. Bioactivity assay indicated that some new compounds with C-3', C-4' trans-configuration showed obvious calcium antagonist activity, but they are not as strong as (+)-praeruptorin A. The activity of some products was shown to be similar to that of the derivatives with C-3', C-4' cis-configuration for the first time.
Thematic Review Series: Sphingolipids. Role of ganglioside metabolism in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease—a review (2008)

Gangliosides are expressed in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of the cells of all vertebrates and are particularly abundant in the nervous system. Ganglioside metabolism is closely associated with the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD, the most common form of dementia, is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain characterized clinically by progressive loss of memory and cognitive function and eventually death. Neuropathologically, AD is characterized by amyloid deposits or "senile plaques," which consist mainly of aggregated variants of amyloid beta-protein (Abeta). Abeta undergoes a conformational transition from random coil to ordered structure rich in beta-sheets, especially after addition of lipid vesicles containing GM1 ganglioside. In AD brain, a complex of GM1 and Abeta, termed "GAbeta," has been found to accumulate. In recent years, Abeta and GM1 have been identified in microdomains or lipid rafts. The functional roles of these microdomains in cellular processes are now beginning to unfold. Several articles also have documented the involvement of these microdomains in the pathogenesis of certain neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. A pivotal neuroprotective role of gangliosides has been reported in in vivo and in vitro models of neuronal injury, Parkinsonism, and related diseases. Here we describe the possible involvement of gangliosides in the development of AD and the therapeutic potentials of gangliosides in this disorder.
Complement activation and white cell sequestration in postischemic skeletal muscle (1990)

After skeletal muscle ischemia, tissue damage is augmented during reperfusion. White blood cells (WBCs) and complement proteins may participate in the reperfusion injury. The purpose of this study was to define the kinetics of classical and alternative pathway complement activation and WBC sequestration by postischemic skeletal muscle during the first 48 h of reperfusion in vivo. The isolated canine gracilis muscle model was used. Systemic levels of the complement proteins factor B (alternative pathway) and C4 (classical pathway) were quantitated by hemolytic assay. WBC sequestration was measured by gracilis arterial-venous WBC differences and tissue myeloperoxidase activity. Reperfusion was associated with an 18% decrease in systemic factor B levels but no consistent change in systemic C4 levels. WBCs were sequestered during the first 4 h of reperfusion, and tissue myeloperoxidase activity was elevated 97-fold after 48 h of reperfusion. These results suggest that skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion stimulates 1) activation of the alternative but not the classical complement pathway and 2) an immediate and prolonged sequestration of WBCs.
Targeted CT Dose Reduction Using a Novel Dose Metric and the American College of Radiology Dose Index Registry: Application to Thoracic CT Angiography (2016)

Total exposure variance analysis can increase the usefulness of Dose Index Registry data by relating per-examination dose differences to the local examination frequency. This study exhibited reduction of dose metrics for two commonly performed examinations.
Effect of Homeopathic Dilutions on Subcellular Enzymatic Activity (1989)

The activity of various inhibitors on several subcellular enzymes was studied. First we determined the inhibitory concentration required to reduce maximum enzymatic activity by 50%, then the effect of various hahnemannian dilutions of the same inhibitory agent was tested. Seven inhibitory agents were tested in this way on seven different enzymatic systems. No effects of these hahnemannian dilutions were shown.
ON NITRO- AND AMINOPHENOXYACETIC ACIDS. (1917)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTON NITRO- AND AMINOPHENOXYACETIC ACIDS.Walter A. Jacobs and Michael HeidelbergerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1917, 39, 10, 2188–2224Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1917Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1917https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja02255a011https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02255a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views306Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Current-induced magnetization switching of synthetic antiferromagnetic free layer in magnetic tunnel junctions (2011)

Spin transport in a magnetic tunnel junction with a synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) free layer is investigated using the drift-diffusion model. Although the diffusive transport is inappropriate for the MgO tunnel barrier, the drift-diffusion model is found to capture the core features of in-plane spin-transfer torque (STT) through the tunnel barrier, and more importantly, it can describe non-negligible STT exerting on two ferromagnets in a SAF-free layer. STT in a SAF-free layer substantially changes the magnetization dynamics and induces a shift of the critical switching current. STT in a SAF-free layer suppresses current-induced parallel-to-antiparallel switching, whereas it encourages antiparallel-to-parallel switching.
pH jump: a relaxational approach (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTpH jump: a relaxational approachE. Pines and D. HuppertCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1983, 87, 22, 4471–4478Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100245a029https://doi.org/10.1021/j100245a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views539Altmetric-Citations88LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Aggregation of Antibody Drug Conjugates at Room Temperature: SAXS and Light Scattering Evidence for Colloidal Instability of a Specific Subpopulation (2016)

Coupling a hydrophobic drug onto monoclonal antibodies via lysine residues is a common route to prepare antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), a promising class of biotherapeutics. But a few chemical modifications on protein surface often increase aggregation propensity, without a clear understanding of the aggregation mechanisms at stake (loss of colloidal stability, self-assemblies, denaturation, etc.), and the statistical nature of conjugation introduces polydispersity in the ADC population, which raises questions on whether the whole ADC population becomes unstable. To characterize the average interactions between ADC, we monitored small-angle X-ray scattering in solutions of monoclonal IgG1 human antibody drug conjugate, with average degree of conjugation of 0, 2, or 3 drug molecules per protein. To characterize stability, we studied the kinetics of aggregation at room temperature. The intrinsic Fuchs stability ratio of the ADC was estimated from the variation over time of scattered light intensity and hydrodynamic radius, in buffers of varying pH, and at diverse sucrose (0% or 10%) and NaCl (0 or 100 mM) concentrations. We show that stable ADC stock solutions became unstable upon pH shift, well below the pH of maximum average attraction between IgGs. Data indicate that aggregation can be ascribed to a fraction of ADC population usually representing less than 30 mol % of the sample. In contrast to the case of (monodisperse) monoclonal antibodies, our results suggest that a poor correlation between stability and average interaction parameters should be expected as a corollary of dispersity of ADC conjugation. In practice, the most unstable fraction of the ADC population can be removed by filtration, which affects remarkably the apparent stability of the samples. Finally, the lack of correlation between the kinetic stability and variations of the average inter-ADC interactions is tentatively attributed to the uneven nature of charge distributions and the presence of patches on the drug-modified antibodies.
WASP: Workload Adaptive Energy-Latency Optimization in Server Farms Using Server Low-Power States (2017)

With the growing energy demands from server farms, it becomes necessary to understand the tradeoffs between energy consumption and application performance. Typically, server farms are provisioned for peak load even when they are mostly operating at low utilization levels. This results in wasteful energy consumption. At the same time, application workloads have Quality of Service (QoS) constraints that need to be satisfied. Optimizing server farm energy consumption with QoS constraints is a challenging task since the workload can have variabilities in job sizes, job arrival patterns and system utilization levels. In this paper, we present WASP, where we explore techniques that make smart use of the processor and system low-power states, and orchestrate their use with workload adaptivity for more effective energy management. We perform an extensive study of Energy-Latency tradeoffs with simulations, and evaluate WASP on a testbed with a cluster of servers. Our experiments on real systems show that WASP achieves up to 57% energy reduction over a naive policy that uses a shallow processor sleep state when there are no jobs to execute, and 39% over a delay timer based approach while maintaining the 90th percentile job service latency to be under 2x job execution time.
Clinical Evaluation of a Full-digital In-the-ear Hearing Instrument (1999)

In this study we measured the efficacy of a digital hearing aid with compression and noise reduction in a well-controlled clinical field trial in two independent centres. The experiments focused on a number of aspects of the application of the digital hearing aids. The study combines a field test of 2x4 weeks with laboratory experiments. We used objective measurements (speech perception tests in background noise, loudness scaling) and subjective assessments (questionnaires). The measurements were performed before and after the field test. The questionnaires were collected after each field test. The results of the digital hearing aids were compared to the results of similar tests with newly fitted analogue reference aids. The study involved 27 sensorineural hearing-impaired subjects, wearing new hearing aids. They comprised a representative sample of in-the-ear users. We used a crossover design in which the subjects used successively digital hearing aids and analogue reference aids in a randomized order. On average, the subjective data are more positive than the objective data. In the end, 20 out of 27 subjects had an overall preference for the digital hearing aid. The financial implications were not taken into consideration. However, objective data do not support this strong subjective preference. A reason could be that the method of analysis (short sentences in a short-duration background noise) is not suited for the digital hearing aid; the testing procedure does not allow the noise-reduction algorithm to adapt to the background noise. There was a striking difference between the results for the two centres. This difference can, to at least a certain extent, be attributed to the timing of speech relative to the background noise in the objective tests. This illustrates that the test conditions are critical in modern non-linear signal-processing hearing aids with long time constants. New evaluation techniques should be developed for this new generation of active non-linear hearing aids.
Prohexadione‐calcium induces sunflower (<i>Helianthus annuus</i>) resistance against the root parasitic weed <i>Orobanche cumana</i> (2007)

Summary Prohexadione‐calcium (PHDC) is a plant growth retardant that inhibits gibberellin biosynthesis and transiently alters the spectrum of flavonoids and their phenolic precursors. In this study, root chamber and pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of PHDC on Orobanche cumana seed germination and induction of sunflower resistance to this root parasitic weed. Root chamber experiments indicated that PHDC did not interfere with the progress of Orobanche seed germination, but retarded O. cumana tubercle formation and development. In pot experiments, control of O. cumana by PHDC depended on its dose, method of application and sunflower cultivar. In sunflower cv. HA89, PHDC at 10 mg LS −1 (litre soil) as two drenches or at 1 m m as two foliar sprays significantly reduced the total number and dry matter of O. cumana without influencing flower, leaf and root development. In sunflower cv. Albena, PHDC at 20 and 30 mg LS −1 , but not at 10 mg LS −1 , as two drenches significantly reduced O. cumana infection. Sunflower cv. HA89 was less susceptible to O. cumana and more inducible by PHDC than sunflower cv. Albena. The biochemical analysis of root extracts revealed a significantly higher accumulation of free phenolics in sunflower cv. HA89 after PHDC soil drench, but not in Albena. No significant lignification was observed after PHDC treatments. The results suggest that PHDC reduces O. cumana infection in sunflower by inducing host resistance, not by directly interfering with the parasite. Free phenolics play an important role in sunflower response to the parasite.
THE TRIPLE POINT OF OXYGEN IN SEALED TRANSPORTABLE CELLS (1986)

The triple points of oxygen samples sealed in miniature pressure cells were investigated by means of adiabatic calorimetry. The triple point of a 99.999 percent pure commercial oxygen sample was found to be 0.94<sub>0</sub> mK higher than that of an "ultra-pure" sample prepared by thermal decomposition of potassium permanganate (KMnO<sub>4</sub>). The higher value is attributed principally to argon impurity in the commercial oxygen. The results of eight sets of observations using six thermometers, calibrated on the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 as maintained at the National Bureau of Standards, and two sealed cells of the ultra-pure oxygen show a range of 0.17<sub>8</sub> mK. The capsule-type platinum resistance thermometers that have been used are shown to have outstanding stability and the multiple calibrations made on them at the National Bureau of Standards extending over six years are shown to be consistent to within 0.15 mK at 54.361 K. The results of measurements on an internationally circulated sealed cell of commercial oxygen show its temperature to be 0.58<sub>1</sub> mK higher than those of the ultra-pure oxygen.
Inhibition of Growth of a Graphium sp. on Gaseous n-Alkanes by Gaseous n-Alkynes and n-Alkenes (1996)

The growth of a filamentous fungus, a Graphium sp., on n-alkanes (C(inf2) to C(inf4)) was inhibited by low concentrations of acetylene, propyne, 1-butyne, ethylene, and propylene. Acetylene and other unsaturated hydrocarbons had no effect on the growth of the Graphium sp. on potato dextrose broth, ethanol, or acetate. Our results suggest that n-alkynes and n-alkenes are selective inhibitors of a nonspecific monooxygenase enzyme responsible for the initial oxidation of n-alkanes.
Training Multilayer Perceptrons with the Extended Kalman Algorithm (1988)

A large fraction of recent work in artificial neural nets uses multilayer perceptrons trained with the back-propagation algorithm described by Rumelhart et. al. This algorithm converges slowly for large or complex problems such as speech recognition, where thousands of iterations may be needed for convergence even with small data sets. In this paper, we show that training multilayer perceptrons is an identification problem for a nonlinear dynamic system which can be solved using the Extended Kalman Algorithm. Although computationally complex, the Kalman algorithm usually converges in a few iterations. We describe the algorithm and compare it with back-propagation using two-dimensional examples.
Phase I study of the investigational oral mTORC1/2 inhibitor sapanisertib (TAK-228): tolerability and food effects of a milled formulation in patients with advanced solid tumours (2018)

NCT02412722.
Library Construction, Selection and Modification Strategies to Generate Therapeutic Peptide-Based Modulators of Protein–Protein Interactions (2014)

In the modern age of proteomics, vast numbers of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are being identified as causative agents in pathogenesis, and are thus attractive therapeutic targets for intervention. Although traditionally regarded unfavorably as druggable agents relative to small molecules, peptides in recent years have gained considerable attention. Their previous dismissal had been largely due to the susceptibility of unmodified peptides to the barriers and pressures exerted by the circulation, immune system, proteases, membranes and other stresses. However, recent advances in high-throughput peptide isolation techniques, as well as a huge variety of direct modification options and approaches to allow targeted delivery, mean that peptides and their mimetics can now be designed to circumvent many of these traditional barriers. As a result, an increasing number of peptide-based drugs are reaching clinical trials and patients beyond.
In Vitro Development of Mouse Oocytes1 (1970)

Several aspects of the early in vitro development of the laboratory mouse were examined: oocyte nuclear maturation, fertilization, fertilization of oocytes matured in vitro, and fetal development of oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro. Initially, optimum conditions for both oocyte nuclear maturation and fertilization were established. Oocyte nuclear maturation was greatest (91.7%) when oocytes were cultured with cumulus cells. The reduction in maturation when oocytes were cultured without cumulus cells (to 59.2%) was significant (p < 0.02) only when serum was not present in the medium. Fertilization in vitro of oviducal oocytes, measured by the number of two-cell ova formed, was greatest (90.1%) when the medium contained 30 mg/ml protein and the oocytes were fertilized with adhering cumulus cells. The removal of the cumulus cells from the oocytes prior to fertilization reduced (p < 0.001) the number of two-cell ova formed (90.1% to 46.3%). Using the optimum conditions which produced 91.7% nuclear maturation and 90.1% fertilization, 37.5% of oocytes matured in vitro were fertilized in vitro. When serum was omitted from the maturation medium a significant drop (p < 0.01) to 22.5% fertilization occurred. When oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro were transferred into foster mothers, 3.2% developed into 15-day-old fetuses, thus demonstrating that normal oocyte maturation processes can occur in vitro.
Flocculating Agents (2005)

Abstract Applications Chemical Composition Mechanism of Flocculation Flocculant Performance and Selection Operating Parameters and Control Analysis Toxicology and Environmental Issues
The decomposition of nitrous oxide on cuprous oxide and other oxide catalysts (1953)

R. M. Dell, F. S. Stone and P. F. Tiley, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1953, 49, 201 DOI: 10.1039/TF9534900201
The Effects of Constant External Resistance Exercise and Isokinetic Exercise Training on Work-induced Hypertrophy (1988)

Six male subjects (26.0±3.1 years) performed an exercise regimen of repeated knee extension exercises in an attempt to induce size and strength changes in the quadriceps muscle (thigh). The left thigh was trained using a progressive constant external resistance exercise (CERE) lifting protocol and the right thigh was trained using an isokinetic (ISK) device. The total amount of torque produced by each protocol was the same. Knee extensions were performed at a velocity common to the CERE (120 deg/sec). Girth measurements, corrected for subcutaneous fat, and expressed as thigh volumes (cc), showed a significant hypertrophy of the posttrained CERE thigh (3300.67±526.67) compared to the pretrained CERE thigh (3044.13±448.50). No significant difference was found between pre- and posttrained ISK thigh volumes. The mean CERE (36.0±0.0) and ISK repetitions (64.54±13.61) necessary to produce equals work bouts (based on total torque produced) were significantly different. Strength gains as measured with the CERE and ISK device were specific to the training mode. The CERE thigh showed a significant strength (kg) gain when tested on a CERE device; the ISK thigh did not. However, the ISK thigh gained significant strength (kg.m) at all testing velocities (60, 180 and 240 deg/sec) while the CERE thigh did not. These data would indicate: 1) the suggested superiority of CERE training versus ISK training for producing hypertropby of the thigh at a training velocity common to CERE (120 deg/sec); 2) CERE training is more intense than ISK training for equal work bouts at a training velocity common to CERE; and 3) strength gains are specific to training and to the mode of testing.