gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Guanidine-selected mutants of poliovirus: mapping of point mutations to polypeptide 2C (1986)

Sequence analysis of the genomic RNA of interstrain guanidine-resistant and antibody-resistant variant recombinants of poliovirus type 1 mapped the resistance of mutants capable of growth in 2.0 mM guanidine hydrochloride to a region located 3' of nucleotide 4444. This region of the viral genome specifies the nonstructural protein 2C. The sequence of genomic RNA encoding 2C from six independently isolated mutants resistant to 2.0 mM guanidine was determined. All six isolates contained a mutation in 2C at the same position in all cases, resulting in two types of amino acid changes. Dependent mutants were examined and found to contain two amino acid changes each within 2C. Mutants resistant to 0.53 mM guanidine were isolated and found to lack the mutations seen in variants resistant to 2.0 mM guanidine. A comparison of the amino acid sequences of the 2C proteins of poliovirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, rhinovirus types 2 and 14, and encephalomyocarditis virus revealed a strong homology over regions totaling 115 residues. All of the mutations observed in guanidine-selected mutants were contained within this region. The amino acid region containing the mutations observed in poliovirus mutants resistant to 2.0 mM guanidine was compared with the homologous region in the other picornaviruses; a strong correlation was found between the amino acid present at this position and the sensitivity of the virus to 2.0 mM guanidine.
Assessing Compositional Changes of Nitrogen Compounds during Hydrotreating of Typical Diesel Range Gas Oils Using a Novel Preconcentration Technique Coupled with Gas Chromatography and Atomic Emission Detection (2000)

This paper describes the identification of nitrogen-containing compounds in a typical feed for diesel oil hydrotreating and how their individual concentrations change upon hydrotreating over a conventional sulfided CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst at commercial conditions. A preconcentration procedure followed by gas chromatographic (GC) analysis utilizing a highly sensitive nitrogen-specific detector (atomic emission detector) allowed the quantitative analysis of individual nitrogen-containing compounds (N compounds) at levels as low as 0.05 μg N/mL. The nitrogen compounds in the feed and products were identified by comparison with reference compounds as well as by high-resolution GC/mass spectrometric characterization. The relative reactivities of individual compounds in the diesel fuel feed were determined and the most refractory compounds identified. Alkyl-substituted carbazoles were found to be the major compound class in the feed and to be among the least reactive N compounds in the feed. Just as in the case of alkyldibenzothiophene hydrodesulfurization, carbazoles having alkyl substituents at positions adjacent to the nitrogen atom were found to be the least reactive N compounds in the diesel fuel feed for hydrodenitrogenation.
Point-of-care assay for drunken driving with Pd@Pt core-shell nanoparticles-decorated ploy(vinyl alcohol) aerogel assisted by portable pressure meter (2020)

Alcohol abuse causes health problems and security accidents. A reliable and sensitive detection system for alcohol has been an instinctive demand in law enforcement and forensic. More efforts are demanded in developing new sensing strategy preferably with portable and non-invasive traits for the pushforward of point-of-care (POC) device popularization. <b>Methods</b>: We developed a POC diagnosis system for alcohol assay with the aid of alcohol oxidase (AOX) pre-joining in the system as well as Pd@Pt core-shell nanoparticles (abbreviated to Pd@Pt) that were decorated on ploy(vinyl alcohol) aerogel with amphiphilicity. Biological samples like saliva and whole blood can be absorbed by the aerogel in a quick process, in which the analyte would go through a transformation from alcohol, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, to a final production of O<sub>2</sub>, causing an analyte dose-dependent signal change in the commercial portable pressure meter. The cascade reactions are readily catalyzed by AOX and Pd@Pt, of which the latter one possesses excellent peroxidase-like activity. <b>Results</b>: Our design has smartness embodied in the aerogel circumvents the interference from methanol which is more ready to be catalyzed by AOX. Under the optimal conditions, the limit of detection for alcohol was 0.50 mM in saliva, and is able to distinguish the driving under the influence (DUI) (1.74 mM in saliva) and driving while impaired (DWI) (6.95 mM in saliva) in the national standard of China. <b>Conclusion</b>: Our proof-of-concept study provides the possibility for the establishment of POC device for alcohol and other target detection, not only owing to the sensing qualification but also thanks to the architecture of such sensor that has great flexibility by replacing the AOX with glucose oxidase (GOX), thenceforth realizing the accurate detection of glucose in 0.5% whole blood sample. With the advantages of easy accessibility and anti-interference ability, our sensor exhibits great potential for quantitative diagnostics in biological system.
The design and synthesis of polymeric assemblies for materials applications : chemosensing, liquid crystal alignment and block copolymers (2012)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemistry, 2012.
Phosphonium Acesulfamate Based Ionic Liquids (2005)

Abstract We present a new class of solvents containing nonfluorous, well‐established, nontoxic organoanions that can be used as “green” alternatives to volatile organic solvents in a variety of applications such as solvent extraction, antielectrostatic agents, and as electrolytes in solar‐cell applications. The acesulfamate anion is an effective substitute for very expensive bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis of Oligosaccharide Structures from the Lipopolysaccharide of <i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i> (1996)

The synthesis of the octasaccharide [p-(trifluoroacetamido)phenyl]ethyl 4-O-[2-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-6-O-[2-O-[4-O-(4-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, representing the outer part of the lipooligosaccharide from Moraxella catarrhalis serotype A, is described, together with a hepta-, a hexa-, and a pentasaccaride, composing parts thereof with shorter oligosaccharide chains substituted in the 6-position of the central 3,4,6-branched glucose moiety. The versatility of the use of thioglycosides in oligosaccharide synthesis is shown, since throughout the synthesis thioglycosides are used as glycosyl donor precursors, either directly in dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium triflate (DMTST)-promoted coupling reactions or after conversion to the corresponding glycosyl bromide in silver triflate-promoted couplings. The effects of different protecting groups, anomeric leaving groups, and solvents used in the various coupling reactions are often substantial, which necessitates the use of easily convertible intermediates.
Coagulopathy in Cushing’s Syndrome (2010)

A hypercoagulable state and its consequent increased incidence of thromboembolic complications are reported in patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS). These alterations are related to cortisol excess that induces prothrombotic changes in blood by several and complex mechanisms including increased levels of clotting factors, mainly factor VIII and von Willebrand factor (VWF) and impaired fibrinolytic capacity. However, it has recently been observed that the increase in VWF levels is not a constant feature of CS and that VWF response to glucocorticoids is genetically determined and depends on the presence of particular polymorphisms in the VWF gene promoter. The risk of venous thromboembolism is moreover enhanced in patients with CS by additional endogenous and exogenous risk factors such as obesity, bed rest, surgery and invasive diagnostic procedures like inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) sampling. In line with all these data, patients with active CS should be treated as having a prothrombotic disorder and undergo antithrombotic prophylaxis during IPS sampling. Special care should be taken in the immediate perioperative period in order to avoid thromboembolic events. In the absence of prospective randomized trials, preventive antithrombotic treatment (best with heparin) during IPS sampling and low-dose heparin treatment early after surgery should be suggested.
Information management system using 2D barcodes and cell phone technology (2009)

One of the challenging problems of pervasive computing is to link a physical object with digital information because many of the pervasive computing applications require manual inputs or complex image processing to obtain information related to a real object. The use of 2D barcodes eliminates such excess processing to acquire the needed information. The 2D barcodes have high capacity to store data, are less prone to human input error and act as a tool to acquire information on site without network access. The currently available solutions use 1D barcodes to represent dynamic information residing in a database and use 2D barcodes to represent only static information that also encode only URLs. In all such applications, the source of information gets restricted to either a database or the static data encoded inside a 2D barcode. None of such solutions takes advantage of 2D barcode capabilities to collect information from different sources and attach it to the real world entity. Moreover, a 2D barcode can also represent and categorize complex text information. Our approach integrates the capabilities of 1D barcode into 2D barcode to represent and classify the complex digital information collected from different sources. We design and implement an information management system on a handheld device that has image processing and barcode decoding capabilities to address the above-mentioned problem. Our prototype provides a generic framework to decode either 1D or 2D barcode, parse the complex information (both dynamic and static) inside the 2D barcode, differentiate the complex information based on content types and classify the image based on the barcode format. It also assists users in decisionmaking and information analysis. An example system application can be deployed in grocery stores as a part of the enterprise information management system.
Control of Offshore Wind Turbines Connected to Diode-Rectifier-Based HVdc Systems (2020)

Diode-rectifier-based high voltage dc (DR-HVdc) systems can be a promising low-cost solution for exporting wind power from remote offshore wind farms to onshore power systems. Industrializing the offshore DR-HVdc requires technical maturation, achievable through in-depth studies and pilot experiments. Deployment of offshore DR-HVdc systems may entail a fundamental change of control philosophy in wind turbine (WT) converters from grid-following control to grid-forming. This article proposes a new grid-forming control for DR-connected offshore WT converters. The proposed controller uses two sequential control loops to regulate WTs' active power, and maintain the frequency and voltage of the offshore ac network. The first control regulates the active-power mismatch of each WT into a voltage angle deviation, which leads to a frequency change. The second control adjusts the WT's alternating voltage magnitude to counteract the frequency change. An internal current control loop is used to limit the fault current and eliminate high-frequency resonances in the system. The proposed control is verified by electromagnetic transient simulations, including fault-ride through, WTs power change, reactive power disturbance, and WTs outage.
Human growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 enhance the proliferation of human leukemic blasts. (1991)

As the number of long-term survivors of childhood leukemia increases, growth retardation has emerged as a significant complication. Treatment of these children with growth hormone (GH) has been suggested and sporadically implemented. We, therefore, studied the effect of human GH (hGH) and its by-product insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on the growth of leukemic cells in vitro. Under serum-free conditions hGH and IGF-1 induced a significant dose-dependent proliferative effect on promyelocytic leukemia (HL60) and Burkitt's lymphoma (Daudi) cell lines. Anti-hGH antibodies negated the stimulatory effect of hGH and anti-IGF-1 serum abrogated the growth-promoting effect enhanced by IGF-1. Similar statistically significant stimulatory properties were found when freshly obtained marrow cells from four of five acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) of childhood and four acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients were studied in ALL and AML blast-cell clonogenic assays. ALL colonies increased numerically by 72% (P less than .025) and AML colonies by 92% (P less than .01) in the presence of hGH at concentrations of 2.5 x 10(2) and 3.0 x 10(2) ng/mL, respectively. IGF-1 stimulated ALL and AML blast-colony growth at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 ng/mL by up to 105% (P less than .025) and 65% (P less than .03), respectively. Our in vitro data suggest that circulating hGH and IGF-1 may promote leukemic blast cell replication in vivo, and the supplemental administration of hGH to leukemia patients in remission must be carefully monitored for early relapse.
Resonance frequency, damping, and differential gain in 1.5 mu m multiple quantum-well lasers (1992)

A systematic investigation is presented into the intrinsic frequency response of quantum-well lasers, using parasitic-free relative intensity noise (RIN) measurements. There is shown to be a strong dependence of the resonance frequency on the number of quantum wells in the active region, originating from variations both in internal losses and in differential gain. The differential gain is found to have values higher than in corresponding bulk lasers, but only in devices with a large number of wells. The damping is also found to vary in a manner consonant with the changes in differential gain; however, comparison with bulk lasers indicates substantially stronger gain suppression in the quantum-well lasers studied.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dehydration of Bile Acids and their Derivatives. IX. Oxidation of Methyl 3α-Acetoxy-<i>Δ</i>7-cholenate with Selenium Dioxide (1962)

Abstract Carefully repeated experiments have shown that, contrary to Fieser’s report3), methyl 3α-acetoxy-Δ7-cholenate and some other un-saturated bile acids (5β) listed in Table I give positive results in the selenium dioxide test. This finding was substantiated by the fact that two oxidation products of methyl 3α-acetoxy-Δ7-cholenate were isolated, one of which was proved to be methyl 3α-acetoxy-7ξ, 15ξ-dihydroxy-Δ8(14)-cholenate. It is very interesting to note that, unlike the Δ7-steroids of the 5α-series, not only C7-H, but C15-H of the unsaturated bile acid mentioned above was oxidized with selenium dioxide to give hydroxyl groups, both of which remained without being acetylated under the experimental conditions described.
Silylierte Aminophosphonium‐Salze und Aminophosphonium‐methylide (1987)

Abstract Aus den Aminophosphonium‐methyliden (Et 2 N) 3 PCH 2 ,Me(Et 2 N) 2 PCH 2 , (Me 2 N) 3 PCH 2 oder Me(Me 2 N) 2 PCH 2 ( 1a–d ) entstehen bei der Reaktion mit den Chlorsilanen Me 3 SiCl bzw. ( t ‐Bu) 2 SiCl 2 die silylierten Phosphoniumsalze 2a–d (Schema 1). Durch die Einwirkung starker Basen (KH/THF) oder durch Umylidierung mit einem weiteren äquivalent Ylid 1a – d werden daraus die silylierten Ylide (Et 2 N) 3 PCHSiMe 3 , Me(Et 2 N) 2 PCHSi( t ‐Bu) 2 Cl und Me(Me 2 N) 2 PCHSi( t ‐Bu) 2 Cl ( 3a – c,c′,d ). Eine weitere Dehydrohalogenierung der beiden letzteren Ylide zu den kumulierten Systemen R 3 PC=SiR′ 2 gelingt nicht. Statt dessen wird bei der Einwirkung von t ‐BuLi/TMEDA auf 3d das cyclische Ylid ( 4 ) gebildet, dessen Struktur durch Einkristall‐Röntgenbeugung gesichert wurde. 4 ergibt mit HCl in Et 2 O das korrespondierende Phosphoniumsalz ( 5 ). – Zu Vergleichszwecken wurden aus Me 3 PCH 2 , ( i ‐Pr) 3 PCH 2 und Ph 3 PCH 2 ( 1e – g ) über die silylierten Phosphoniumsalze auch die Silyl‐Ylide Me 3 PCHSiR 3 , ( i ‐Pr) 3 PCHSiR 3 und Ph 3 PCHSiR 3 mit R 3 =( t ‐Bu) 2 Cl und ( t ‐Bu)MeCl ( 3e – g ) dargestellt. Aus 3f konnte mit t ‐BuLi/TMEDA wieder ein endocyclisches Ylid ( 6 ) erhalten werden. 3g ergibt beim Lagern in THF‐Lösung das Doppelylid [Ph 3 PC – Si( t ‐Bu) 2 ] 2 ( 7 ) mit exocyclischen Ylidfunktionen. Für alle neuen Ylide werden NMR‐spektroskopische Daten vorgelegt.
High-Energy Cathode Materials (Li<sub>2</sub>MnO<sub>3</sub>–LiMO<sub>2</sub>) for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2013)

Lithium-rich layered oxide materials xLi2MnO3·(1-x)LiMO2 (M = Mn, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, etc.) have attracted much attention for the use of cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries in recent years. However, there are many issues still unclear (the structure and reaction mechanism are ambiguous until now), and numerous scientific challenges (low initial Coulombic efficiency, poor rate capability, and voltage degradation during cycling) of these materials that must be overcome to realize their utilization in commercial lithium-ion batteries. This Perspective focuses on the challenges and prospects associated with the current researching results of these lithium-rich layered cathode materials. Specifically, their average/local structures, reaction mechanisms, and electrochemical properties are discussed.
Proton-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analyses of the Substrate Specificity of a β-Ketolase from Pseudomonas putida, Acetopyruvate Hydrolase (1999)

A revised purification of acetopyruvate hydrolase from orcinol-grown Pseudomonas putida ORC is described. This carbon-carbon bond hydrolase, which is the last inducible enzyme of the orcinol catabolic pathway, is monomeric with a molecular size of approximately 38 kDa; it hydrolyzes acetopyruvate to equimolar quantities of acetate and pyruvate. We have previously described the aqueous-solution structures of acetopyruvate at pH 7.5 and several synthesized analogues by (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-Fourier transform (FT) experiments. Three (1)H signals (2.2 to 2.4 ppm) of the methyl group are assigned unambiguously to the carboxylate anions of 2,4-diketo, 2-enol-4-keto, and 2-hydrate-4-keto forms (40:50:10). A (1)H-NMR assay for acetopyruvate hydrolase was used to study the kinetics and stoichiometries of reactions within a single reaction mixture (0.7 ml) by monitoring the three methyl-group signals of acetopyruvate and of the products acetate and pyruvate. Examination of 4-tert-butyl-2,4-diketobutanoate hydrolysis by the same method allowed the conclusion that it is the carboxylate 2-enol form(s) or carbanion(s) that is the actual substrate(s) of hydrolysis. Substrate analogues of 2,4-diketobutanoate with 4-phenyl or 4-benzyl groups are very poor substrates for the enzyme, whereas the 4-cyclohexyl analogue is readily hydrolyzed. In aqueous solution, the arene analogues do not form a stable 2-enol structure but exist principally as a delocalized pi-electron system in conjugation with the aromatic ring. The effects of several divalent metal ions on solution structures were studied, and a tentative conclusion that the enol forms are coordinated to Mg(2+) bound to the enzyme was made. (1)H-(2)H exchange reactions showed the complete, fast equilibration of (2)H into the C-3 of acetopyruvate chemically; this accounts for the appearance of (2)H in the product pyruvate. The C-3 of the product pyruvate was similarly labelled, but this exchange was only enzyme catalyzed; the methyl group of acetate did not undergo an exchange reaction. The unexpected preference for bulky 4-alkyl-group analogues is discussed in an evolutionary context for carbon-carbon bond hydrolases. Routine one-dimensional (1)H-NMR in normal (1)H(2)O is a new method for rapid, noninvasive assays of enzymic activities to obtain the kinetics and stoichiometries of reactions in single reaction mixtures. Assessments of the solution structures of both substrates and products are also shown.
Chinese consumer’s perceptions of beef (2006)

China has experienced rapid economic growth over the last 26 years. As per capita income has increased, household consumption has become greatly diversified, and many food new products have entered the market. Beef is slowly gaining ground relative to the more traditional pork products. This research examined factors affecting beef purchasing decisions in China. The effect of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, together with other influences on preferences, was analysed using probit regression analysis. Compared with other meats, the relatively high price of beef (34%) and consumers’ unfamiliarity with its cooking method (26%) are the main limitations for beef consumption. These are followed by ‘don’t like the taste and smell’ which shows that compared with pork, beef is still relatively new to Chinese consumers and some of them are not used to the flavour of beef products. Han Chinese are more ready to accept beef than Non-Han Chinese. The characteristics of target consumers who show a preference towards beef are: residents of urban areas, a small family or a family with more males over 16 years old, the young (below 45 years old) and well educated, possessing a good income and who considered safety, price and ease of preparation as important purchasing criteria.
Subword-based spoken term detection in audio course lectures (2010)

This paper investigates spoken term detection (STD) from audio recordings of course lectures obtained from an existing media repository. STD is performed from word lattices generated offline using an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system configured from a meetings domain. An efficient STD approach is presented where lattice paths which are likely to contain search terms are identified and an efficient phone based distance is used to detect the occurrence of search terms in phonetic expansions of promising lattice paths. STD and ASR results are reported for both in-vocabulary (IV) and out-of-vocabulary (OOV) search terms in this lecture speech domain.
1,3,8-Trisubstituted xanthines. Effects of substitution pattern upon adenosine receptor A1/A2 affinity (1991)

A series of 11 8-substituted xanthines having three different substitution patterns on the 1- and 3-positions [pattern a (R1 = R3 = CH2CH2CH3), b (R1 = CH2CH2CH3, R3 = CH3), and c (R1 = CH3, R3 = CH2CH2CH3)] was prepared. These compounds were assessed for affinity and selectivity in binding to adenosine A1 and A2 receptors. Compounds with greatest affinity at the A1 receptor had the 1,3-substitution pattern a. With one exception, compounds with pattern a also exhibited the most potent binding at the A2 receptor; however, several compounds with pattern c were equipotent at the A2 receptor with those having pattern a. Additionally, the substituents on the 1- and 3-positions of these 8-substituted xanthines were equally important for determining maximum affinity to the A1 receptor, while the substituent at the 3-position is more important than the substituent at the 1-position for potency at the A2 receptor. As a result of this, it is possible to maximize selectivity for the A1 receptor by choice of the 1- and 3-position substituents. However, the R1/R3 substitution pattern required for maximum A1 selectivity is also dependent upon the substituent in the 8-position in a manner which is not fully understood.
Importance des processus d'injection dans la formation de l'effet piézoélectrique du poly(fluorure de vinylidène) (1980)

La technique des courants thermiquement stimulés associée à un procédé de découpage en surface des échantillons montre la dissymétrie de polarisation d'échantillons de PVF2. En particulier l'importance du processus d'injection des charges à partir de l'électrode positive lors de la formation de l'effet piézoélectrique est mise en évidence.