gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reactive ion etch process with highly controllable GaAs-to-AlGaAs selectivity using SF6 and SiCl4 (1987)

The use of a reactive ion etch process with high selectivity for etching GaAs layers and stopping on underlying AlGaAs layers is reported. A key feature is the high degree of control that can be maintained over the GaAs-to-AlGaAs selectivity by changing the SF6/SiCl4 ratio while keeping other etch parameters such as pressure, dc bias, or power constant. Values of the GaAs-to-AlGaAs selectivity can be varied from 1 to 500. Diluent gases such as helium can be added to reduce the etch rate, which is important to avoid damage to sensitive device structures and to the overhang profile of resist materials used for liftoff metallization. The application of this etch process for high electron mobility transistor fabrication is discussed.
Text-to-Speech Synthesis (1995)

This paper presents an overview of the problems that occur during text-to-speech (TTS) conversion and describes the particular solutions to these problems taken within the AT&T Bell Laboratories TTS system. In addition to discussing the linguistic and speech analysis issues that must be addressed in a high-quality TTS system, this paper also outlines the modular architecture of the AT&T Bell Laboratories TTS system and the advantages of its modular design.
Synthesis and Properties of Chiral Ammonium‐Based Ionic Liquids (2005)

New chiral ammonium-based ionic liquids containing the (1R,2S,5R)-(-)-menthyl group can be easily and efficiently prepared under ambient conditions. The preparation and characterization of trialkyl[(1R,2S,5R)-(-)-menthoxymethyl]ammonium salts is reported. The salts have been demonstrated to be air- and moisture-stable under ambient conditions and can be readily used in a variety of standard experimental procedures. The single-crystal X-ray structure of butyldimethyl[(1R,2S,5R)-(-)-menthoxymethyl]ammonium chloride has been determined. The chiral, room-temperature ionic liquids have been characterized by physical properties such as specific rotation, density, viscosity, thermal degradation, and glass transition temperature. Trialkyl[(1R,2S,5R)-(-)-menthoxymethyl]ammonium chloride prototype ionic liquids have also been found to exhibit strong antimicrobial and high antielectrostatic activities.
NMR Determination of Lysine p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> Values in the Pol λ Lyase Domain:  Mechanistic Implications (2006)

The base excision repair (BER) process requires removal of an abasic deoxyribose-5-phosphate group, a catalytic activity that has been demonstrated for the N-terminal 8 kDa domain of DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta), and for the homologous domain of DNA polymerase lambda (Pol lambda). Previous studies have demonstrated that this activity results from formation of a Schiff base adduct of the abasic deoxyribose C-1' with a lysine residue (K312 in the case of Pol lambda), followed by a beta-elimination reaction. To better understand the underlying chemistry, we have determined pKa values for the lysine residues in the Pol lambda lyase domain labeled with [epsilon-13C]lysine. At neutral pH, the H(epsilon) protons on 3 of the 10 lysine residues in this domain, K287, K291, and K312, exhibit chemical shift inequivalence that results from immobilization of the lysyl side chains. For K287 and K291, this results from the K287-E261 and K291-E298 salt bridge interactions, while for K312, immobilization apparently results from steric and hydrogen-bonding interactions that constrain the position of the lysine side chain. The pKa value of K312 is depressed to 9.58, a value indicating that at physiological pH K312 will exist predominantly in the protonated form. Titration of the domain with hairpin DNA containing a 5'-tetrahydrofuran terminus to model the abasic site produced shifts of the labeled lysine resonances that were in fast exchange but appeared to be complete at a stoichiometry of approximately 1:1.3, consistent with a dissociation constant of approximately 1 microM. The epsilon-proton shifts of K273 were the most sensitive to the addition of the DNA, apparently due to changes in the relative orientation between K273 and W274 in the DNA complex. The average pKa values increased by 0.55, consistent with the formation of some DNA-lysine salt bridges and with the general pH increase expected to result from a reduction in the net positive charge of the complex. A general increase in the Hill coefficients observed in the complex is consistent with the screening of the interacting lysine residues by the DNA. The pKa of K312 residue increased to 10.58 in the complex, probably due to salt bridge formation with the 5'-phosphate group of the DNA. The pKa values obtained for the lyase domain of Pol lambda in the present study are consistent with recent crystallographic studies of Pol beta complexed with 5-phosphorylated abasic sugar analogues in nicked DNA which reveal an open site with no obvious interactions that would significantly depress the pK value for the active site lysine residue. It is suggested that due to the heterogeneity of the damaged DNA substrates with which Pol lambda as well as other related polymerases may be required to bind, the unexpectedly poor optimization of the lyase catalytic site may reflect a compromise of flexibility with catalytic efficiency.
Surveillance detection in high bandwidth environments (2004)

In this paper, we describe System Detection's surveillance detection techniques for enclave environments (ESD) and peering center environments (PSD) and evaluate each technique over data gathered from two different network environments. ESD is evaluated over 74 hours of tcpdump packet traces (344 million packets) from a large enclave; PSD is evaluated over 5 hours of tcpdump packet traces (110 million packets) gathered from a peering center. Both surveillance detection modules were executed over the audit data offline to generate surveillance detection alerts, though the systems can be run in real-time as well. Our results show that both ESD and PSD accurately discover great quantities of surveillance activities (including long-lived and distributed scans) and can be tuned to reduce the volume of alerts. Furthermore, existing IDS technology may be blind to many activities discovered by ESD and PSD.
Spectroscopic Study of the Interaction of Catechin with .alpha.-, .beta.-, and .gamma.-Cyclodextrins (1994)

The inclusion complex of catechin with cyclodextrins (CDxs) is examined by the use of 1H NMR, UV, and circular dichroism spectroscopies. The UV measurements demonstrate the existence of additional absorbing species of catechin in the presence of β-CDx. The 1H NMR provides evidence for the formation of inclusional complexes between catechin and β- and γ-CDxs through changes in the chemical shifts of the proton resonances of catechin and that of the protons inside the CDx activity. The apparent formation constant is estimated by use of circular dichroism. © 1994 American Chemical Society.
Strategies for the Use of Epoetin Alfa in Breast Cancer Patients (1998)

Anemia is a common complication in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and its severity depends on both the type of antineoplastic drugs and the clinical status of the patient. Breast cancer patients undergoing standard chemotherapy develop clinically significant anemia in up to 25% of cases. This percentage, moreover, increases up to 63% when more intensive chemotherapy regimens are used. The therapeutic use of erythropoietin in anemic patients, i.e., in patients with hemoglobin levels below 9-10.5 g/dl, is able to correct the anemic status in nearly 40%-80% of such patients, but it does not completely eliminate the need of blood transfusions: 20%-40% of patients need to be transfused despite the erythropoietin treatment. An alternative strategy for optimizing the erythropoietin treatment is its use in the prevention of anemia, i.e., in patients with normal hemoglobin values but at high risk of becoming anemic. In a phase III study, we evaluated the role of erythropoietin in the prevention of anemia in breast cancer patients undergoing dose-intensive chemotherapy. Clinically significant anemia occurred in 52% (95% CI = 33-69) of control patients and in no patient (95% CI = 0-14) in the erythopoietin arm (p =.00001). After six cycles of chemotherapy the mean hemoglobin decrease was 3.05 g/dl (± 1.0, 95% CI = 2.6-3.5) in the control arm and 0.8 g/dl (± 1.4, 95% CI = 0.3-1.4) in the erythropoietin arm. Moreover, 6.4% of control patients needed blood transfusion compared to no patients in the erythropoietin arm. Erythropoietin is active in both the treatment and the prevention of anemia in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Due to its high economic cost, efforts should be made to identify subsets of patients in whom the preventive use could be cost-effective. Patients undergoing chemotherapy associated with a high risk of anemia could benefit from preventive use of erythropoietin in special circumstances, such as presence of risk of myocardial or cerebral ischemia, uncommon blood group, or religious beliefs hindering blood transfusions. Moreover, anemia prevention could be considered in patients at high risk of requiring blood transfusions, such as patients with low baseline value of hemoglobin or with a hemoglobin decrease of >/=2 g/dl after the first cycle of chemotherapy.
Effect of lurasidone dose on cognition in patients with schizophrenia: Post-hoc analysis of a long-term, double-blind continuation study (2015)

We previously reported that treatment with 160mg/d of lurasidone improved cognitive performance in a manner superior to placebo, quetiapine XR 600mg/d, and lurasidone 80mg/d, based on a 6-week randomized trial of patients with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia. The objective of this post-hoc analysis was to explore the cognitive and functional performance of patients whose final doses of lurasidone were 40/80mg/d, 120mg/d, and 160mg/d compared to quetiapine XR 200-800mg/d (QXR) during a 6-month, double-blind continuation study that followed a short-term trial. Subjects who received final doses of lurasidone 120mg/d (n=77) and 160mg/d (n=49) showed significantly greater improvement in overall cognitive performance compared to QXR (n=85) at week 32 (month 6 of the extension study), while those on last doses of 40/80mg/d (n=25) showed a trend towards significance at week 32. Mean changes in neurocognitive composite z-score from pre-treatment baseline were significant for the 3 lurasidone final dose groups at both weeks 19 and 32, with composite change scores of z=1.53, z=1.43, and z=1.34 for the lurasidone 40/80mg/d, 120mg/d, and 160mg/d, respectively, at week 32. In contrast, the composite change score was not statistically significant in the overall quetiapine group (z=0.46), with none of the individual quetiapine doses showing any significant improvement. Functional capacity scores improved in all treatment groups. Our findings indicate improved cognitive performance in patients treated with each of the flexible doses of lurasidone 40-160mg/d, compared to quetiapine XR 200-800mg/d. All doses of lurasidone were superior to all doses of quetiapine for cognitive performance.
Molecular Genetics of Pathogenicity Determinants of Pseudomonas Solanacearum with Special Emphasis on HRP Genes (1992)

Beneficial microbes in the microbiome of plant roots improve plant health. Induced systemic resistance (ISR) emerged as an important mechanism by which selected plant growth–promoting bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere prime the whole plant body for ...Read More
The activity, safety, and evolving role of brigatinib in patients with <em>ALK</em>-rearranged non-small cell lung cancers (2017)

Brigatinib (AP26113) is a dimethylphosphine oxide group-containing tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) constructed around a bisanilinopyrimidine scaffold with potent activity against the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and several other targets. Despite the activity of first- and second-generation ALK inhibitors in advanced <i>ALK</i>-rearranged lung cancers, the development of acquired resistance represents an ongoing challenge. Later generation ALK inhibitors such as brigatinib are important potential tools in the management of patients with acquired resistance characterized by continued dependency on ALK. Brigatinib is active in vitro against many <i>ALK</i> kinase domain mutations that may mediate acquired resistance to other ALK TKIs, with reported activity (IC<sub>50</sub> <50 nM) against <i>ALK</i> C1156Y, I1171S/T, V1180L, L1196M, L1152R/P, E1210K, and G1269A. In patients with <i>ALK</i>-rearranged lung cancers who receive brigatinib after crizotinib, substantial and durable responses and intracranial disease control can be achieved based on early-phase clinical trial data. The drug is also being explored in TKI-naïve patients. From a safety perspective, early pulmonary toxicity has been observed, prompting the decision to pursue lead-in dosing for the drug. Early data point to <i>ALK</i> G1202R and <i>ALK</i> E1210K as potential mechanisms of clinical resistance to brigatinib.
Size-dependent visible absorption and fast photoluminescence decay dynamics from freestanding strained silicon nanocrystals (2011)

Abstract In this article, we report on the visible absorption, photoluminescence (PL), and fast PL decay dynamics from freestanding Si nanocrystals (NCs) that are anisotropically strained. Direct evidence of strain-induced dislocations is shown from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images. Si NCs with sizes in the range of approximately 5-40 nm show size-dependent visible absorption in the range of 575-722 nm, while NCs of average size <10 nm exhibit strong PL emission at 580-585 nm. The PL decay shows an exponential decay in the nanosecond time scale. The Raman scattering studies show non-monotonic shift of the TO phonon modes as a function of size because of competing effect of strain and phonon confinement. Our studies rule out the influence of defects in the PL emission, and we propose that owing to the combined effect of strain and quantum confinement, the strained Si NCs exhibit direct band gap-like behavior.
Challenges and approaches for particle size analysis on micrographs of nanoparticles loaded onto textile surfaces (2017)

Strategy identified a Nanomaterial Measurement Infrastructure (NMI) as essential for sciencebased risk assessment and risk management of nanotechnology-enabled products as pertaining to human health, exposure, and the environment. NIST was identified as the
Optical networking by DLP-based switched blazed grating (2005)

All-optical modules are devices which process and transport optical signals without transforming to electronic signals. They get more attention as the optical communication network becomes more and more complicated. Among them, OADM (optical add drop module) is one of the most important devices in the optical DWDM (dense wavelength division multiplex) network. It plays the role of a node in network to upload/download signals or to route signals for optical performance monitoring. Applied broadly in projection display systems, DLP (Digital Light Processing) from Texas Instruments turns out to be a versatile device for optical signal processing. The working principle of DLP is based on so called switched-blazed-grating. Part of its micro-mirror array can be formed as a dynamic blazed grating with a period of 14 μm by tilting the micro-mirrors at an angle of ±12 degrees. It is expected to function as either a switch or an attenuator by directing total or part of the incident light between the 2<sup>nd</sup> and -2<sup>nd</sup> diffraction orders. In this paper, we investigate the optical characteristics of a switched-blazed-grating, its application as a re-configurable OADM, and the performance of such a device. Ray tracing and optical analysis of the OADM are made by using package software ASAP from Breault Research Organization. In conclusion, as a mature and reliable MEMS device, DLP-based switched-blazed-grating provides a very versatile platform for digital optical signal processing and can be used as a dynamic optical-networking device with good performance.
Tamoxifen and hydroxytamoxifen isomers versus estradiol effects on normal human breast cells in culture. (1988)

Estradiol and triphenylethylene antiestrogen actions have been studied extensively in breast cancer cell lines. However, their effects are still poorly understood on normal human breast cells. We have developed a culture system of normal human breast epithelial (HBE) cells. It has been shown previously that cultured HBE cells were hormone dependent and well adapted for the study of hormone/antihormone actions. However, until now, no data were available on estradiol receptor (ER) in HBE cells. In this study, the presence of ER was demonstrated by (a) whole-cell biochemical assay on breast cells after enzymatic tissue dissociation and (b) an immunocytochemical method using an anti-ER monoclonal antibody both on enzymatically dissociated cells and on 8-day cultured cells. Immunostaining was nuclear and cell positivity was heterogeneous. However, the percentage of positive cells and staining intensity were far greater in the presence of estradiol in the culture, indicating estradiol stimulation of ER. Moreover, HBE cells were used to study the action on cell growth of estradiol versus trans-tamoxifen (TAM), trans-4-hydroxytamoxifen (trans-4OHTAM), and cis-4-hydroxytamoxifen (cis-4OHTAM) alone or added to estradiol. Cell growth was estimated daily by a histometric method and by DNA assay at the end of the 7-day study. When the medium was minimally supplemented with human serum (1%), estradiol stimulated cell growth in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations varying from 10(-9) to 10(-7) M. TAM and trans-4OHTAM clearly inhibited mammary cell division when estradiol was added to the medium and, to a lesser extent, in the absence of estradiol. This inhibitory effect was dose dependent. trans-4OHTAM was 100 times more active than trans-TAM. cis-4OHTAM also clearly inhibited breast cell division at 10(-7) and 10(-6) M concentrations but was 3-fold less efficient than trans-4OHTAM. In conclusion, (a) the presence and estradiol dependence of ER have been demonstrated in HBE cells, which constitute a fruitful model for the study of hormone/antihormone actions, and (b) in these normal cells, estradiol stimulates growth, whereas TAM and the 4OHTAM isomers are potent inhibitors of cell multiplication, as they are in breast cancer cell lines in culture.
The convergence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in childhood (2011)

It seems likely that type 1 and type 2 diabetes lie at different points of the same spectrum, separated by the misunderstanding that one belongs to childhood and the other to adulthood. The spectrum is that of tempo – the rate at which beta cell function is lost over time. A combination of beta cell upߚregulation (insulin demand, largely determined by obesity) and the geneticallyߚdetermined immune response to it (‘autoimmunity’) determines tempo, ranging from slow to fast with every variant in between. There is good evidence that people who go on to develop type 1 (fast) diabetes are, like those who develop type 2 (slow diabetes), insulin resistant, and overwhelming evidence that body mass plays a key role. The prevention of type 1 diabetes may lie in weight restriction from an early age.
Wellington regional stadium site assessment (1995)

The Wellington Regional Stadium is one of a number of projects planned or under construction along Wellington's reclaimed waterfront. Each of these projects has had to consider ground stability with respect of liquefaction and lateral spreading, taking into account Wellington's relatively high seismic activity and the weak and variable nature of the reclaimed land. The proposed stadium site straddles two distinct areas of reclamation; one of hydraulic fill and the other of end tipped gravel fill. The potential for liquefaction and lateral spreading of the site has been assessed. A relatively high potential for liquefaction of the hydraulic fill sands has been concluded. On the basis of an approach proposed by Newmark, a potential for up to 1m of lateral movement of the site has been predicted under the design earthquake (600 to 800 year return period). Ground improvement options have been considered to mitigate these predicted movements. The formation of gravel columns by vibro-replacement has been concluded to be an appropriate form of ground improvement.
In-memory data management in the application tier (2000)

TimesTen Performance Software's Front-Tier product is an application-tier data cache. It enables data-intensive Internet computing systems to achieve breakthrough response times and throughput by: (1) caching frequently used subsets of the corporate database in the application tier (this improves response time by reducing network overhead to the database server, and increases throughput by reducing contention on the database server); (2) processing data management requests in the application tier in an in-memory relational database management systems (RDBMS) that can deliver unprecedently low response times and high throughput rates; (3) synchronizing updates to the cache with the corporate database to maintain data consistency.
Eliminating dielectric degradation of low-<i>k</i> organosilicate glass by trimethylchlorosilane treatment (2002)

The interaction between low-k organosilicate glass (OSG) and photoresist removal is investigated. O2 plasma ashing and chemical wet stripper are commonly performed to remove photoresist (PR) in integrated circuit fabrication. However, O2 plasma or wet stripper will attack function groups and cause Si–OH group formation in OSG film during PR removal processing. The Si–OH groups often lead to moisture uptake and consequently dielectric degradation will occur in OSG film. Trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) treatment can negate the damage in the OSG film after the PR removal process. In addition, chemical TMCS can react with Si–OH groups and reduces moisture uptake so that the dielectric characteristic of OSG can be maintained. Hence, TMCS treatment is a promising method for photoresist removal.
A linear time exact hidden surface algorithm (1980)

This paper presents a new hidden surface algorithm. Its output is the set of the visible pieces of edges and faces, and is as accurate as the arithmetic precision of the computer. Thus calculating the hidden surfaces for a higher resolution device takes no more time. If the faces are independently and identically distributed, then the execution time is linear in the number of faces. In particular, the execution time does not increase with the depth complexity.This algorithm overlays a grid on the screen whose fineness depends on the number and size of the faces. Edges and faces are sorted into grid cells. Only objects in the same cell can intersect or hide each other. Also, if a face completely covers a cell then nothing behind it in the cell is relevant.Three programs have tested this algorithm. The first verified the variable grid concept on 50,000 intersecting edges. The second verified the linear time, fast speed, and irrelevance of depth complexity for hidden lines on 10,000 spheres. This also tested depth complexities up to 30, and showed that perspective scenes with the farther objects smaller are even faster to calculate. The third verified this for hidden surfaces on 3000 squares.