gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Politics-Reinforcing Political Question Doctrine (2016)

The modern political question doctrine has long been criticized for shielding the political branches from proper judicial scrutiny and allowing the courts to abdicate their responsibilities. Critics of the doctrine thus cheered when the Supreme Court, in Zivotofsky I, announced a narrowing of the doctrine. Their joy though may have been short-lived. Almost immediately, Zivotofsky II demonstrated the dark side of judicial review of the separation of powers between Congress and the President: deciding separations of powers cases may permanently cut one of the political branches out of certain debates. Judicial scrutiny in a particular case could eliminate political scrutiny in many future ones.A return to the old political question doctrine, with its obsequious deference to political branch decisions, is not the answer. Instead, what is needed is a politics-reinforcing political question doctrine that can balance the need for robust review with the desire for robust debate. The uncertain boundaries between the political branches' overlapping powers create space for political debate. Their overlapping powers allow different groups to access the political system and have a voice on policy. Deciding separation of powers questions once-and-for-all can shut off those access points, shutting down political debate. A politics-reinforcing political question doctrine preserves the space in the political system for those debates by turning the pre-Zivotofsky political question doctrine on its head. Whereas the pre-Zivotofsky political question suggested abstention when the branches were in agreement and scrutiny when they were opposed, a politics-reinforcing political question doctrine suggests the opposite, allowing live debates to continue while scrutinizing political settlements. In so doing, it brings pluralism and politics back into the political question analysis, encouraging democracy rather than deference.
Solution structure of pleckstrin homology domain of dynamin by heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. (1995)

The pleckstrin homology (PH) domain is a recognition motif thought to be involved in signal-transduction pathways controlled by a variety of cytoplasmic proteins. Assignments of nearly all 1H, 13C, and 15N resonances of the PH domain from dynamin have been obtained from homonuclear and heteronuclear NMR experiments. The secondary structure has been elucidated from the pattern of nuclear Overhauser enhancements, from 13C chemical shift deviations, and from observation of slowly exchanging amide hydrogens. The secondary structure contains one alpha-helix and eight beta-strands, seven of which are arranged in two contiguous, antiparallel beta-sheets. The structure is monomeric, in contrast to the well-defined intimate dimerization of the crystal structure of this molecule. Residues possibly involved in ligand binding are in apparently flexible loops. Steady-state 15N(1H) nuclear Overhauser effect measurements indicate unequivocally the boundaries of this PH domain, and the structured portion of the domain appears to be more extended to the C terminus than previously suggested for other PH domains.
KEEPING TRACK OF NETWORK FLOWS: AN INEXPENSIVE AND FLEXIBLE SOLUTION (2005)

Every organization should be able to deploy a lightweight, flexible, and easy to use network monitoring system.Yet no existing system possesses all these qualities.Among the reasons for this is the considerable volume and high granularity of the network traffic data -one border router of a medium-sized network can register a few million network flows per hour.Also, the applications such as intrusion detection have limited tolerance for delays -the system has to deliver results quickly while managing to avoid overloads.This thesis discusses how to overcome these challenges and build an efficient and inexpensive network monitoring system by using innovative approaches to data processing such as stream queries and dynamic query optimization.It covers more basic issues as well: how to acquire data about network traffic and what applications can use it as well as system architecture and performance issues.
Novel genetic variants in the chromosome 5p15.33 region associate with lung cancer risk (2011)

Chromosome 5p15.33 has been identified by genome-wide association studies as one of the regions that associate with lung cancer risk. A few single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and cleft lip and palate transmembrane 1-like (CLPTM1L) genes located in this region have shown consistent associations. We performed dense genotyping of SNPs in this region to refine the previously reported association signals for lung cancer risk. Two hundred and fifteen SNPs were genotyped on an Illumina iSelect panel, in a hospital-based case-control study of 1681 lung cancer cases and 1235 unaffected controls. Association was tested using unconditional logistic regression, while adjusting for age, sex and pack-years smoked. Furthermore, since many of the SNPs were in linkage disequilibrium (LD), haplotype blocks were constructed, from which tagging SNPs at an r(2) threshold of ≥0.95 were included in a stepwise forward selection logistic regression model. Of the 215 SNPs, 69 were significant at P < 0.05 in univariate analysis; of these, 35 SNPs meeting the r(2) threshold were included in the multiple logistic regression model. Two SNPs, rs370348 (odds ratio = 0.76, P = 1.6 × 10(-6)) and rs4975538 (odds ratio = 1.18, P = 0.005), significantly associated with risk in the overall sample. Among ever smokers, rs4975615 (odds ratio = 0.75, P = 1.2 × 10(-4)) and rs4975538 (odds ratio = 1.26, P = 0.002) were significant, whereas among never-smokers, rs451360 (odds ratio = 0.62, P = 7.6 × 10(-5)) was significant. We refined the consistent association signal in this region, allowing for the considerable LD between SNPs and identified four novel SNPs that were independently and significantly associated with lung cancer risk. Results of these analyses strongly suggest effects on risk from several loci in the TERT/CLPTM1L region.
Studies on Sugar-isomerizing Enzymes Effect of Borate on Glucose-fructose Isomerization Catalyzed by Glucose Isomerase (1971)

The effect of a borate on the isomerization reaction between glucose and fructose which is catalyzed by a glucose isomerase was investigated. The yield of fructose was dependent on both the ratio of sugar to the borate and pH. A maximum of 88 to 90% of glucose was converted into fructose when the isomerization reaction was carried out at around pH 7.5 and in the presence of an appropriate amount of the borate which forms α complex between one molecule of sugar and one molecle of boric acid.
Design and Laboratory Evaluation of a Breath Sampling Respirator for Organic Solvent Biological Monitoring (1988)

Abstract A modified half-face air purifying respirator was developed as a technique for large-scale monitoring that will be acceptable to workers, simple to apply, and relatively sensitive. Exhaled air was directed through the respirator exhaust port and then through a two-part cartridge. The first part contained four layers of activated charcoal cloth which adsorbed organic solvent vapors; the cloth was subsequently desorbed for standard gas chromatographic analysis. The second part contained 70 g of 8–12 mesh molecular sieve whose weight gain was proportional to the volume of air exhaled. The proportionality was determined by independent measurement of volume in subjects while at rest and while exercising. Controlled atmospheres containing toluene at relative humidities near saturation were passed through the cartridge at steady flows equal to resting human ventilatory rates. Toluene recovery was 70 percent for simulated breath concentrations of 0.75 mg/m3 to 60 mg/m3. Nine adult males volunteered to breathe toluene in air at 40 ppm for four hours (TLV = 100 ppm TWA). About 18 hours later, their breath was sampled to simulate a worksite measurement at the start of the next shift. Samples of at least 140 liters were taken from each subject, and the mean exhaled concentration was 344 μg/m3 (0.23% of exposure TWA), in good agreement with literature reports using more complicated methods not appropriate for field application. The device can be used to collect samples of up to 300 liters in 30 minutes, and its sensitivity and selectivity are then limited only by the desorption and analysis of the charcoal adsorbent. The lower limit of quantitation for toluene, with conventional GC analysis, was about 65 μg/m3 (18 ppb). The technique can be applied to most solvents capable of adsorption on charcoal and will permit sampling large numbers of workers with minimal job disruption.
Administration of recombinant IL-12 to normal mice enhances cytolytic lymphocyte activity and induces production of IFN-γ <i>in vivo</i> (1994)

IL-12 is a heterodimeric cytokine that has been shown to enhance natural killer (NK) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, and to induce IFN-gamma production in vitro. In this study, we have examined the effects in vivo of administering purified murine rIL-12 to normal mice. Daily injections of rIL-12 i.p. (1 ng to 10 micrograms/day) caused dose-dependent enhancement of NK cell lytic activity in the spleens and livers of treated mice. Histologic examination of the livers of IL-12-treated mice revealed focal mononuclear cell infiltrates, and flow cytometry studies indicated that the livers of IL-12-treated mice contained increased numbers of NK cells, CD8+ T cells, and monocytes. Liver and splenic lymphoid cells from IL-12-treated mice, unlike liver and splenic lymphoid cells from control mice, spontaneously secreted IFN-gamma in vitro, suggesting that they had been induced by IL-12 to produce IFN-gamma in vivo. Consistent with this, IFN-gamma could be detected in the serum of IL-12-treated mice. In mice which had been immunized by footpad injection of allogeneic splenocytes, daily administration of rIL-12 i.p. was shown to enhance the specific CTL response in the draining lymph nodes. Thus, these studies demonstrate that IL-12 can enhance NK and CTL activity and induce IFN-gamma production in vivo, as well as in vitro, and suggest possible mechanisms by which IL-12 may exert therapeutic effects in the treatment of some tumors and infectious diseases.
Functional characterization of the promoter for the mouse <i>SPTLC2</i> gene, which encodes subunit 2 of serine palmitoyltransferase (2006)

A series of luciferase reporter constructs was prepared from a 1035-bp fragment of mouse genomic DNA flanking the 5'-coding sequence for the SPTLC2 subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase, the initial enzyme of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis. The full-length DNA fragment promoted strong reporter gene expression in NIH3T3 cells while deletion and site-directed mutagenesis indicated that the proximal 335 bp contain initiator and downstream promoter elements, two proximal GC boxes that appear to stimulate transcription in a cooperative manner, and several additional elements whose activity cannot be accounted for by known factor binding sites. These findings provide insight into the control mechanisms for transcription of mammalian SPTLC2.
Stilbazulenyl nitrone, a novel azulenyl nitrone antioxidant, improved neurological deficit and reduced contusion size after traumatic brain injury in rats (2002)

Therapy with STAZN, a novel potent antioxidant, administered following traumatic brain injury, markedly improves neurological and histological outcomes. Azulenyl nitrones appear to represent a promising class of neuroprotective agents for combating this devastating condition.
The role for N-acetylcysteine in the management of COPD (2006)

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of COPD. Both reactive oxidant species from inhaled cigarette smoke and those endogenously formed by inflammatory cells constitute an increased intrapulmonary oxidant burden. Structural changes to essential components of the lung are caused by oxidative stress, contributing to irreversible damage of both parenchyma and airway walls. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a glutathione precursor, has been applied in these patients to reduce symptoms, exacerbations, and the accelerated lung function decline. This article reviews the available experimental and clinical data on the antioxidative effects of NAC in COPD, with emphasis on the role of exhaled biomarkers.
SER-7, a<i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>5-HT7-like Receptor, Is Essential for the 5-HT Stimulation of Pharyngeal Pumping and Egg Laying (2005)

Serotonin (5-HT) stimulates both pharyngeal pumping and egg laying in Caenorhabditis elegans. Four distinct 5-HT receptors have been partially characterized, but little is known about their function in vivo. SER-7 exhibits most sequence identity to the mammalian 5-HT7 receptors and couples to a stimulation of adenyl cyclase when expressed in COS-7 cells. However, many 5-HT7-specific agonists have low affinity for SER-7. 5-HT fails to stimulate pharyngeal pumping and the firing of the MC motorneurons in animals containing the putative ser-7(tm1325) and ser-7(tm1728) null alleles. In addition, although pumping on bacteria is upregulated in ser-7(tm1325) animals, pumping is more irregular. A similar failure to maintain "fast pumping" on bacteria also was observed in ser-1(ok345) and tph-1(mg280) animals that contain putative null alleles of a 5-HT2-like receptor and tryptophan hydroxylase, respectively, suggesting that serotonergic signaling, although not essential for the upregulation of pumping on bacteria, "fine tunes" the process. 5-HT also fails to stimulate egg laying in ser-7(tm1325), ser-1(ok345), and ser-7(tm1325) ser-1(ok345) animals, but only the ser-7 ser-1 double mutants exhibit an Egl phenotype. All of the SER-7 mutant phenotypes are rescued by the expression of full-length ser-7gfp translational fusions. ser-7gfp is expressed in several pharyngeal neurons, including the MC, M2, M3, M4, and M5, and in vulval muscle. Interestingly, 5-HT inhibits egg laying and pharyngeal pumping in ser-7 null mutants and the 5-HT inhibition of egg laying, but not pumping, is abolished in ser-7(tm1325);ser-4(ok512) double mutants. Taken together, these results suggest that SER-7 is essential for the 5-HT stimulation of both egg laying and pharyngeal pumping, but that other signaling pathways can probably fulfill similar roles in vivo.
Camera pose estimation from a stereo setup (2005)

This thesis addresses the problem of estimation of the camera poses with respect to a rigid object, which is equivalent to the problem of tridimensional registration of a moving rigid object before fixed cameras. Matching, tracking and 3D reconstruction of feature points by a stereoscopic vision setup allows the computation of the homogeneous transformation matrix linking two consecutive scene captures. Robustness to errors is provided by the scene rigidity constraint. Accumulation of error is compensated through loop detection in the calculated camera poses. Experimental results show the validity of the obtained camera poses.
Reflection removal for in-vehicle black box videos (2015)

The in-vehicle black box camera (dashboard camera) has become a popular device in many countries for security monitoring and event capturing. The readability of video content is the most critical matter, however, the content is often degraded due to the windscreen reflection of objects inside. In this paper, we propose a novel method to remove the reflection on the windscreen from in-vehicle black box videos. The method exploits the spatio-temporal coherence of reflection, which states that a vehicle is moving forward while the reflection of the internal objects remains static. The average image prior is proposed by imposing a heavy-tail distribution with a higher peak to remove the reflection. The two-layered scene composed of reflection and background layers is the basis of the separation model. A non-convex cost function is developed based on this property and optimized in a fast way in a half quadratic form. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach successfully separates the reflection layer in several real black box videos.
Biosynthetic Processing of Cathepsins and Lysosomal Degradation Are Abolished in Asparaginyl Endopeptidase-deficient Mice (2003)

Asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP)/legumain, an asparagine-specific cysteine proteinase in animals, is an ortholog of plant vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE), which processes the exposed asparagine residues of various vacuolar proteins. In search for its physiological role in mammals, here we generated and characterized AEP-deficient mice. Although their body weights were significantly reduced, they were normally born and fertile. In the wild-type kidney where the expression of AEP was exceedingly high among various organs, the localization of AEP was mainly found in the lamp-2-positive late endosomes in the apical region of the proximal tubule cells. In these cells of AEP-deficient mice, the lamp-2-positive membrane structures were found to be greatly enlarged. These aberrant lysosomes, merged with the late endosomes, accumulated electron-dense and membranous materials. Furthermore, the processing of the lysosomal proteases, cathepsins B, H, and L, from the single-chain forms into the two-chain forms was completely defected in the deficient mice. Thus, the AEP deficiency caused the accumulation of macromolecules in the lysosomes, highlighting a pivotal role of AEP in the endosomal/lysosomal degradation system.
Initial apoptosis is followed by increased proliferation of apoptosis‐resistant endothelial cells (2005)

We have demonstrated that VEGF receptor blockade in combination with chronic hypoxia causes in rats severe angioproliferative pulmonary hypertension (SAPH) associated with arterial occlusion by proliferating endothelial cells, and we postulate that the established, lumen-occluding lesions are the result of the emergence of apoptosis-resistant proliferating cells. To study the dependence of exuberant endothelial cell proliferation on initial apoptosis, we adapted the CELLMAX artificial capillary system to analyze the effects of a VEGF receptor antagonist (SU5416) on human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells under pulsatile shear stress. Immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3 and PCNA and flow cytometry for Annexin-V and BrdU supported our concept, since SU5416 caused initial apoptosis (35.8% at 24 h after the SU5416 addition and 4.8% in control cells) whereas the surviving cells became hyperproliferative (PCNA positive). Flow cytometry showed that apoptosis inhibition prevented the proliferation following the initial apoptosis. These lumen-filling endothelial cells were apoptosis resistant, grew without serum, and were phenotypically altered in that they express the tumor marker survivin. Hyperproliferative apoptosis-resistant cells were also generated by adding apoptosed cells instead of the VEGF receptor blocker to the CELLMAX system. In conclusion, endothelial cell death resulted in the selection of an apoptosis-resistant, proliferating phenotypically altered endothelial cell phenotype.
ChemInform Abstract: CAPPED CYCLODEXTRIN (1977)

Abstract Die Darstellung von β‐Cyclodextrinen (III), die durch hydrophobe Moleküleinheiten "bedeckt" sind und die dadurch (als "Wirtsmolekül") eine 11‐24mal höhere hydrophobe Bindung eines Einschlußmoleküls (IV) gegenüber dem "freien" Cyclodextrin (I) bewirken, aus den Komponenten (I) und (II) wird beschrieben.
Code fragment summarization (2013)

Current research in software engineering has mostly focused on the retrieval accuracy aspect but little on the presentation aspect of code examples, e.g., how code examples are presented in a result page. We investigate the feasibility of summarizing code examples for better presenting a code example. Our algorithm based on machine learning could approximate summaries in an oracle manually generated by humans with a precision of 0.71. This result is promising as summaries with this level of precision achieved the same level of agreement as human annotators with each other.
SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF CUTANEOUS PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS—IX. A SPIN TRAPPING STUDY OF THE PHOTOLYSIS OF AMIODARONE AND DESETHYLAMIODARONE (1987)

The photolysis of amiodarone (AM) and its major metabolite mono‐N‐desethylamiodarone (DEA), has been studied by absorption spectroscopy, electron spin resonance spectroscopy (spin trapping) and oxygraph measurements. Changes in the absorption spectrum of both AM and DEA upon UV irradiation indicate that both drugs undergo deiodination. Spin trapping experiments with 2‐methyl‐2‐nitrosopropane (MNP), α‐phenyl‐N‐ tert ‐butyl‐nitrone (PBN) and 5.5‐dimethyl‐1‐pyrroline‐N‐oxide (DMPO) suggest the formation of an aryl radical from AM during UV irradiation. Amiodarone also undergoes photoionization. Under aerobic conditions the photoelectron is scavenged by oxygen to give superoxide, which is trapped by DMPO. Oxygraph measurements further confirmed the consumption of oxygen and the generation of superoxide during the irradiation of aqueous solutions of AM. Deiodination, photoionization and superoxide formation were all observed at wavelengths as low as 335 nm, suggesting that some or all of these processes may be involved in AM‐induced photosensitivity. The aryl radical derived from AM during UV irradiation abstracted a hydrogen atom from suitable donors (ethanol, glutathione, cysteine, linoleic acid). Reaction of the dienyl radical derived from linoleic acid would yield the corresponding peroxy radical thereby initiating lipid peroxidation. This would explain the deposition of lipofuscin, a pigment formed from the products of lipid peroxidation, in the skin of patients receiving AM.
Long-Term Survival after Gamma Knife Radiosurgery in a Case of Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Case Report and Review of the Literature (2012)

The management of recurrent glioblastoma is highly challenging, and treatment outcomes remain uniformly poor. Glioblastoma is a highly infiltrative tumor, and complete surgical resection of all microscopic extensions cannot be achieved at the time of initial diagnosis, and hence local recurrence is observed in most patients. Gamma Knife radiosurgery has been used to treat these tumor recurrences for select cases and has been successful in prolonging the median survival by 8-12 months on average for select cases. We present the unique case of a 63-year-old male with multiple sequential recurrences of glioblastoma after initial standard treatment with surgery followed by concomitant external beam radiation therapy and chemotherapy (temozolomide). The patient was followed clinically as well as with surveillance MRI scans at every 2-3-month intervals. The patient underwent Gamma Knife radiosurgery three times for 3 separate tumor recurrences, and the patient survived for seven years following the initial diagnosis with this aggressive treatment. The median survival in patients with recurrent glioblastoma is usually 8-12 months after recurrence, and this unique case illustrates that aggressive local therapy can lead to long-term survivors in select situations. We advocate that each patient treatment at the time of recurrence should be tailored to each clinical situation and desire for quality of life and improved longevity.