gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Minimal influence of anaesthesia and abdominal surgery on computerized vectorcardiography recordings (1995)

Myocardial infarction still represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality following surgical procedures. Continuous computerized on-line vector-ECG has previously been shown to be useful in the detection of myocardial ischaemia, in acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris and for ischaemia monitoring after PTCA procedures. This method was presently tested for the possible influence of anaesthesia and surgery during cholecystectomy under general anaesthesia (n = 9), and during inguinal hernia repairs using a spinal block (n = 5). The patients had no history, symptoms or signs of ischaemic heart disease. Analyses of vectorcardiographic changes were made in relation to predefined standardized anaesthetic and surgical procedures, all of which potentially could influence the vector-ECG. Three vectorcardiographic trendparameters were studied: QRS-vector difference, ST-vector magnitude and ST-change vector magnitude. The overall vectorcardiographic changes were minimal and smaller than vectorcardiographic changes previously reported during myocardial ischaemia and infarction. Since anaesthetic and surgical procedures per se had only minor effects on the vector ECG recordings, it is concluded that continuous computerized on-line vectorcardiography will not be skewed by these procedures. Hence, vectorcardiography has the potential of becoming a new monitor for the detection of perioperative myocardial ischaemia.
The Commodity Market (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Historical Perspective Exchange-Traded Versus OTC Commodity Products Futures Contracts Risk Management with Commodity Futures/Options Commodity Swaps Commodity Options Financial Engineering in Commodities Markets Commodity Etfs Regulation of Commodity Markets A Financial Engineering Exercise: Synthesizing Barter Notes About the Authors
Order Parameter and Band Gap of ZnSnN2 (2018)

As the exploration for new solar absorbers continues, particularly those comprised largely of earth-abundant elements, heterovalent multinary compounds are often of interest. Such materials can be prepared in a variety of ways, but in high-quality crystalline layers, cation ordering can tend to replace unwanted secondary phases as a primary potential concern. Intriguingly, the ability to control the ordering of the cation sublattice introduces a new opportunity to adjust the band gap of such materials as we demonstrate in the case of ZnSnN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> . Consequently, this new semiconductor shows promise as a narrow-gap solar absorber.
Malaria Parasite Development in a <i>Drosophila</i> Model (2000)

Malaria is a devastating public health menace, killing over one million people every year and infecting about half a billion. Here it is shown that the protozoan Plasmodium gallinaceum, a close relative of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, can develop in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Plasmodium gallinaceum ookinetes injected into the fly developed into sporozoites infectious to the vertebrate host with similar kinetics as seen in the mosquito host Aedes aegypti. In the fly, a component of the insect's innate immune system, the macrophage, can destroy Plasmodia. These experiments suggest that Drosophila can be used as a surrogate mosquito for defining the genetic pathways involved in both vector competence and part of the parasite sexual cycle.
The EGF receptor is an actin-binding protein. (1992)

In a number of recent studies it has been shown that in vivo part of the EGF receptor (EGFR) population is associated to the actin filament system. In this paper we demonstrate that the purified EGFR can be cosedimented with purified filamentous actin (F-actin) indicating a direct association between EGFR and actin. A truncated EGFR, previously shown not to be associated to the cytoskeleton, was used as a control and this receptor did not cosediment with actin filaments. Determination of the actin-binding domain of the EGFR was done by measuring competition of either a polyclonal antibody or synthetic peptides on EGFR cosedimentation with F-actin. A synthetic peptide was made homologous to amino acid residues 984-996 (HL-33) of the EGFR which shows high homology with the actin-binding domain of Acanthamoeba profilin. A polyclonal antibody raised against HL-33 was found to prevent cosedimentation of EGFR with F-actin. This peptide HL-33 was shown to bind directly to actin in contrast with a synthetic peptide homologous to residues 1001-1013 (HL-34). During cosedimentation, HL-33 competed for actin binding of the EGFR and HL-34 did not, indicating that the EGFR contains one actin-binding site. These results demonstrate that the EGFR is an actin-binding protein which binds to actin via a domain containing amino acids residues 984-996.
Very long wavelength infrared type-II detectors operating at 80 K (2000)

We report a demonstration of very long wavelength infrared detectors based on InAs/GaSb superlattices operating at T=80 K. Detector structures with excellent material quality were grown on an optimized GaSb buffer layer on GaAs semi-insulating substrates. Photoconductive devices with 50% cutoff wavelength of λc=17 μm showed a peak responsivity of about 100 mA/W at T=80 K. Devices with 50% cutoff wavelengths up to λc=22 μm were demonstrated at this temperature. Good uniformity was obtained over large areas even for the devices with very long cutoff wavelengths.
Behavior-consistent specialization of object life cycles (2002)

Object-oriented design methodologies represent the behavior of instances of an object type not merely by a set of operations, but also by providing an overall description on how instances evolve over time. Such a description is often referred to as "object life cycle."Object-oriented systems organize object types in hierarchies in which subtypes inherit and specialize the structure and behavior of their supertypes. Past experience has shown that unrestricted use of inheritance mechanisms leads to system architectures that are hard to understand and to maintain, since arbitrary differences between supertype and subtype are possible. Evidently, this is not a desirable state of affairs and the behavior of a subtype should specialize the behavior of its supertype according to some clearly defined consistency criteria. Such criteria have been formulated in terms of type systems for semantic data models and object-oriented programming languages. But corresponding criteria for the specialization of object life cycles have so far not been thoroughly investigated.This paper defines such criteria in the realm of Object Behavior Diagrams, which have been originally developed for the design of object-oriented databases. Its main contributions are necessary and sufficient rules for checking behavior consistency between object life cycles of object types in specialization hierarchies with multiple inheritance.
Heterogeneous gap junction remodeling in reentrant circuits in the epicardial border zone of the healing canine infarct☆ (2006)

Gap junction conductance and distribution is heterogeneous in different regions of reentrant circuits. Lateralization of Cx43 gap junctions in CCP of reentrant circuits is associated with normal transverse conductance between cell pairs. In contrast, absence of lateralization in OP is associated with reduced transverse conductance. Despite normal anisotropic ratio, conduction velocity in CCP region remains slower than normal. This suggests that the effects of Cx43 remodeling in the infarcted heart should be interpreted in conjunction with other types of remodeling occurring in the EBZ (i.e. sarcolemmal ion channels).
Infrared optical constants of low‐temperature H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solutions representative of stratospheric sulfate aerosols (1998)

We have determined the infrared optical constants of sulfuric acid solutions at intervals of approximately 5 wt% between 45 and 80 wt% H 2 SO 4 at a temperature near 215 K. The optical constants were determined by first measuring the transmission of infrared light (7000 to 500 cm −1 ) through sulfuric acid films of varying thickness. An iterative Kramers‐Kronig technique was then used to determine the optical constants that yielded the best match between calculated and measured spectra. Finally, a fitting routine was used to create a method for interpolating between the sulfuric acid compositions where optical constants were measured. The optical constants determined here differ considerably from those measured at warmer temperatures using reflection techniques. For some frequencies and compositions, the imaginary refractive index is more than twice as large as was previously measured at 300 K. The change in optical constants has significant implications for retrievals of aerosol mass and composition from satellite measurements.
Minimizing artifact formation in magnetorheological finishing of chemical vapor deposition ZnS flats (2005)

The polishing performance of magnetorheological (MR) fluids prepared with a variety of magnetic and nonmagnetic ingredients was studied on four types of initial surface for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) ZnS flats from domestic and foreign sources. The results showed that it was possible to greatly improve smoothing performance of magnetorheological finishing (MRF) by altering the fluid composition, with the best results obtained for nanoalumina abrasive used with soft carbonyl iron and altered MR fluid chemistry. Surface roughness did not exceed 20 nm peak to valley and 2 nm rms after removal of 2 microm of material. The formation of orange peel and the exposure of a pebblelike structure inherent in ZnS from the CVD process were suppressed.
Antigenic and Molecular Characterization of Wild Type 1 Poliovirus Causing Outbreaks of Poliomyelitis in Albania and Neighboring Countries in 1996 (1998)

Mass vaccination has led poliomyelitis to become a rare disease in a large part of the world, including Western Europe. However, in the past 20 years wild polioviruses imported from countries where polio is endemic have been responsible for outbreaks in otherwise polio-free European countries. We report on the characterization of poliovirus isolates from a large outbreak of poliomyelitis that occurred in Albania in 1996 and that also spread to the neighboring countries of Yugoslavia and Greece. The epidemics involved 145 subjects, mostly young adults, and caused persisting paralysis in 87 individuals and 16 deaths. The agent responsible for the outbreak was isolated from 74 patients and was identified as wild type 1 poliovirus by both immunological and molecular methods. Sequence analysis of the genome demonstrated the involvement of a single virus strain throughout the epidemics, and genotyping analysis showed 95% homology of the strain with a wild type 1 poliovirus strain isolated in Pakistan in 1995. Neutralization assays with both human sera and monoclonal antibodies were performed to analyze the antigenic structure of the epidemic strain, suggesting its peculiar antigenic characteristics. The presented data underline the current risks of outbreaks due to imported wild poliovirus and emphasize the need to improve vaccination efforts and also the need to implement surveillance in countries free of indigenous wild poliovirus.
Concise Review: Bridging the Gap: Bone Regeneration Using Skeletal Stem Cell-Based Strategies—Where Are We Now? (2013)

Skeletal stem cells confer to bone its innate capacity for regeneration and repair. Bone regeneration strategies seek to harness and enhance this regenerative capacity for the replacement of tissue damaged or lost through congenital defects, trauma, functional/esthetic problems, and a broad range of diseases associated with an increasingly aged population. This review describes the state of the field and current steps to translate and apply skeletal stem cell biology in the clinic and the problems therein. Challenges are described along with key strategies including the isolation and ex vivo expansion of multipotential populations, the targeting/delivery of regenerative populations to sites of repair, and their differentiation toward bone lineages. Finally, preclinical models of bone repair are discussed along with their implications for clinical translation and the opportunities to harness that knowledge for musculoskeletal regeneration.
Linearly graded doping drift region: a novel lateral voltage-sustaining layer used for improvement of RESURF LDMOS transistor performances (2002)

A linearly graded doping drift region structure, a novel lateral voltage-sustained layer used for improvement of reduced surface field (RESURF) LDMOS transistor performance has been evaluated theoretically, numerically and experimentally in this paper for the first time. Due to the coupling effect of the two-dimensional (2D) electrical field, it is found from the theory developed here that the linearly graded drift region-doped profile can provide a high breakdown voltage while maintaining a high doping dose in the total drift region for minimizing the on-resistance R<sub>on</sub>. The characteristics of such an LDMOS have been demonstrated by the 2D semiconductor device simulator MEDICI and further verified by our experimental results. We have obtained a reduction of the on-resistance of 50% from 10.3 mΩ cm<sup>2</sup> to 5 mΩ cm<sup>2</sup> in the on-state, and an increase of the breakdown voltage by a factor of 2.5 from 90 V to 234 V in the off-state, compared to the values for conventional RESURF devices. The experimental results verify the performance improvement predicted by the simulation and theory.
Numerical Homogenization of the Absolute Permeability Tensor Around a Well (2001)

Summary This paper presents an extension of the classical homogenization method of upscaling around a well. The use of homogenization theory has been made possible by a transform of the cylindrical homogenization cell around a well to an "equivalent rectangular cell." First, it is shown by an introductory example for radial flow that direct use of the original homogenization cell leads to more than one coarse-scale permeability. This is at variance with the approach based on the transform to an equivalent rectangular cell, which yields one unique coarse-scale permeability that can be applied consistently both in Darcy's law and in the dissipation equation. The main body of the paper describes the extension of this transformational approach to general 3D permeability tensors, without assuming purely radial flow. The pressure equation is solved numerically; from this solution, classical homogenization algorithms compute the "transformed homogenized permeability tensor" in the equivalent rectangular cell. Finally, a back transform to the original homogenization cell leads to the coarse-scale permeability tensor. Validation examples compare the numerical homogenization with global upscaling.
Micromachining of thin glass plates with a femtosecond laser (2009)

We present a novel method for cutting thin borosilicate glass slides, as well as other results pertaining to laser welding related to an existing technique. Based on the concept of stealth dicing for semiconductor wafers, we have demonstrated that by giving our samples an initial stress and by creating optically induced defects inside the glass, it is possible to efficiently cut a thin glass substrate. The edges are sharp along the whole length of the cut and exempt from debris deposition and deformations. We have also perfected a femtosecond laser welding technique to join borosilicate glass samples with very distinct welded regions.
Adsorption of Cationic Dye (Methylene Blue) from Water Using Polyaniline Nanotubes Base (2010)

Polyaniline nanotubes (PANI NTs) base has been utilized as an adsorbent for the removal of cationic dyes such as methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. This observation was evidenced from the measurements of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and UV−visible spectroscopy. Experiments were conducted by varying parameters of initial concentration of MB and contact time. The percentage of color removal decreased with the increase of initial dye concentration. Adsorption equilibrium of the dye was reached after 120 min of contact time. Equilibrium data were fit to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Tempkin isotherms, and their constants were determined. The linear correlations coefficient showed that the Langmuir isotherm best fits the MB adsorption data on PANI NTs. The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and the intraparticle diffusion kinetic models were applied to the experimental data. It was observed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model described the adsorption process better than any other kinetic model. Results obtained indicate that PANI NTs could be employed as an efficient adsorbent much more than the conventional PANI powder for dye removal from water.
A Dual Surface Barrier Detector Unit for Beta-Sensitive Endoscopic Probes (2004)

The excellent targeting of positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals such as /sup 18/F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to cancer has inspired the development of a number of handheld beta probes to assist in surgeries. The use of these devices could potentially be expanded to utilization in minimally invasive techniques such as endoscopy. In this work, we describe the development and initial testing of a miniature beta-sensitive detector unit suitable for use in minimally invasive procedures. The detector consisted of two surface barrier detectors (active area=3 mm diameter and depletion layer depth=0.5 mm) mounted back-to-back in a PC board frame. This geometry allowed the rear detector to be shielded from the beta flux striking the front detector (most photons passed through the detector) so that its signal could be used to correct for photon contamination of the beta flux detected by the front detector. Initial testing of the system included measurement of the beta and photon detection sensitivities (1.87/spl plusmn/0.02 cps/nCi (0.05/spl plusmn/5.4/spl times/10/sup -4/ cps/Bq) and 1.2/spl times/10/sup -4//spl plusmn/9/spl times/10/sup -5/ cps/nCi (3.24/spl times/10/sup -6//spl plusmn/2.4/spl times/10/sup -6/ cps/Bq), respectively) and mapping of the two-dimensional point spread function. The spatial resolution of the system is 3.05 mm FWHM. The potential effectiveness of the detector in clinical use was investigated by surveying a simulated esophagus containing radiotracer-avid areas of cancer. The results from this test demonstrated the ability of the detection system to distinguish focal areas of increased FDG uptake from surrounding normal tissue in a realistic annihilation photon flux environment. These encouraging results indicate that this detector unit is suitable for incorporation into a new beta-sensitive endoscopic probe system currently under development.
Zero <scp>TE</scp><scp>MR</scp> bone imaging in the head (2015)

Purpose To investigate proton density (PD)‐weighted zero TE (ZT) imaging for morphological depiction and segmentation of cranial bone structures. Methods A rotating ultra‐fast imaging sequence (RUFIS) type ZT pulse sequence was developed and optimized for 1) efficient capture of short T 2 bone signals and 2) flat PD response for soft‐tissues. An inverse logarithmic image scaling (i.e., −log(image)) was used to highlight bone and differentiate it from surrounding soft‐tissue and air. Furthermore, a histogram‐based bias‐correction method was developed for subsequent threshold‐based air, soft‐tissue, and bone segmentation. Results PD‐weighted ZT imaging in combination with an inverse logarithmic scaling was found to provide excellent depiction of cranial bone structures. In combination with bias correction, also excellent segmentation results were achieved. A two‐dimensional histogram analysis demonstrates a strong, approximately linear correlation between inverse log‐scaled ZT and low‐dose CT for Hounsfield units (HU) between −300 HU and 1,500 HU (corresponding to soft‐tissue and bone). Conclusions PD‐weighted ZT imaging provides robust and efficient depiction of bone structures in the head, with an excellent contrast between air, soft‐tissue, and bone. Besides structural bone imaging, the presented method is expected to be of relevance for attenuation correction in positron emission tomography (PET)/MR and MR‐based radiation therapy planning. Magn Reson Med 75:107–114, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TML (2008)

Quality is a key property of modern software systems. In addition, to quality improvement strategies such as CMM or CMMI and manual checking approaches such as reviews or inspections, software testing is the major quality assurance activity in most projects. Literally speaking, software testing is nearly as essential as writing code itself. Due to its prominent role there are quite a number of commercial and open-source test tools available. However, the question remains if an organisation should rely on a single tool or if it should follow a more general strategy using several tools? Practical experience has shown that the latter strategy is more promising by covering multiple quality aspects that cannot be covered by a single tool, although it requires a means of communication between tools (i.e., a tool independent test language). This paper introduces a XML-based and test tool independent test modeling language that support creating general test cases. The language separates test logic from test tool specific code. Thus, a test case only has to be specified once and can then be executed by several test tools.
New Constant-Rheology Synthetic-Based Fluid Reduces Downhole Losses in Deepwater Environments (2007)

Abstract Drilling in deep water environments, such as the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), presents the potential for a variety of wellbore and operational problems. Wellbore stability, rates-of-penetration (ROP), hole cleaning, and pressure management are but a few of the key operational parameters affected by the choice of drilling fluid for a given well. Synthetic-base muds (SBM) provide excellent wellbore stability and maximum ROP, particularly in combination with PDC bits. Conversely, management of equivalent circulating density (ECD), pump initiation and surge pressures are more difficult to control with SBM due to the effects of temperature and pressure on rheological properties. The inability to effectively control these drilling parameters can result in catastrophic lost circulation events, which negatively impact operating costs arising from non-productive time (NPT), as well as the high unit cost of the SBM. This paper highlights the development and application of a new constant-rheology synthetic-based mud (CR-SBM), designed to overcome the problems associated with pressure management when using SBM in deepwater operations. Unlike conventional SBM, this new fluid exhibits a "constant rheology" profile under the conditions encountered in deepwater operations. With the fluid's constant rheology profile, downhole surge pressures and ECD are minimized, thus reducing the frequency and severity of lost circulation events. In addition, the CR-SBM has consistently facilitated delivery of hole cleaning and barite suspension objectives in directional wells. The CR-SBM presented in this paper is unique in the sense that the near constant profile of key rheological properties was achieved using organophilic clay and without the use of special emulsifiers. In general, the components of the CR-SBM are the same as conventional SBM. Case histories are presented that demonstrate the degree to which the new CR-SBM increases deepwater operational efficiency by reducing downhole mud losses and non-productive time.
ChemInform Abstract: THE ISOMERIC 4‐AMINO‐N‐METHYLPYRROLO(2,3‐D)PYRIMIDINES (1981)

Abstract Unter den Bedingungen der Phasentransferkatalyse wird das Chlorpyrimidin (I) mit MeI zum N‐7‐Methylderivat (II) umgesetzt, das nach Druckammonolyse das Aminoderivat (III) liefert.