gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized studies. (1974)

A discussion of matching, randomization, random sampling, and other methods of controlling extraneous variation is presented. The objective is to specify the benefits of randomization in estimating causal effects of treatments. The basic conclusion is that randomization should be employed whenever possible but that the use of carefully controlled nonrandomized data to estimate causal effects is a reasonable and necessary procedure in many cases. Recent psychological and educational literature has included extensive criticism of the use of nonrandomized studies to estimate causal effects of treatments (e.g., Campbell & Erlebacher, 1970). The implication in much of this literature is that only properly randomized experiments can lead to useful estimates of causal effects. If taken as applying to all fields of study, this position is untenable. Since the extensive use of randomized experiments is limited to the last half century,8 and in fact is not used in much scientific investigation today,4 one is led to the conclusion that most scientific truths have been established without using randomized experiments. In addition, most of us successfully determine the causal effects of many of our everyday actions, even interpersonal behaviors, without the benefit of randomization. Even if the position that causal effects of treatments can only be well established from randomized experiments is taken as applying only to the social sciences in which
A highly stretchable, transparent, notch-insensitive self-healing elastomer for coating (2019)

To date, transparent polymeric elastomers with high mechanical toughness and excellent self-healing ability have shown attractive prospects in various fields.
207: Prostate Cancer Quality of Care: The American College of Surgeons Special Study (2006)

You have accessJournal of UrologyDiscussed Poster, Sunday, May 21, 2006, 9:00 am - 12:00 pm1 Apr 2006207: Prostate Cancer Quality of Care: The American College of Surgeons Special Study Benjamin A. Spencer, David C. Miller, Jamie Ritchey, Andrew K. Stewart, Mark S. Litwin, and John T. Wei Benjamin A. SpencerBenjamin A. Spencer More articles by this author , David C. MillerDavid C. Miller More articles by this author , Jamie RitcheyJamie Ritchey More articles by this author , Andrew K. StewartAndrew K. Stewart More articles by this author , Mark S. LitwinMark S. Litwin More articles by this author , and John T. WeiJohn T. Wei More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(18)32474-1AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "207: Prostate Cancer Quality of Care: The American College of Surgeons Special Study." The Journal of Urology, 175(4S), pp. 67–68 © 2016 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 175Issue 4SApril 2006Page: 67-68 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2016 by American Urological AssociationMetricsAuthor Information Benjamin A. Spencer More articles by this author David C. Miller More articles by this author Jamie Ritchey More articles by this author Andrew K. Stewart More articles by this author Mark S. Litwin More articles by this author John T. Wei More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
A simple and effective method to alleviate the rectifier reverse-recovery problem in continuous-current-mode boost converters (2001)

Rectifier reverse-recovery problems cause a significant efficiency reduction as well as severe electromagnetic interference (EMI) in continuous-current-mode (CCM) boost converters. To alleviate these problems, this paper presents a simple and effective solution that involves shifting the original rectifier current to a new branch, which consists of a rectifier and a coupled winding of the boost inductor. When the active switch turns on, the current through the original boost rectifier is zero and the current decrease rate di/dt in the new branch is controlled by the leakage inductor. Based on the operation analysis, design issues to guarantee complete current shift are also addressed. Applying the proposed concept to a 500 W CCM DC/DC boost converter and a 500 W CCM power factor correction (PFC) boost converter with universal-line input generates a 2% efficiency improvement. The same concept can be easily extended to other basic DC/DC and CCM PFC converters.
Light Scattering Studies on the Reaggregation and Deaggregation of Bovine α-Crystallin in the Presence of Calcium Ions (1980)

The concentration dependence of reduced scattering intensity of fractionated bovine lens alpha-crystallin was observed in the presence of various concentrations of calcium ions, using the usual angular light scattering technique. The intensity of scattered light at zero angle per unit concentration of alpha-crystallin increased sharply with increase of the calcium ion concentration, reaching a maximum at about 50-60 mM, and then decreasing rapidly at calcium levels above 60 mM. This indicates that reaggregation and deaggregation of alpha-crystallin occur in the presence of calcium ions. Application of light scattering analysis showed the inverse intensity of the scattered light to have a significant upward curvature with increasing alpha-crystallin concentration. The third virial coefficient determined from this upward curvature was very high at low calcium concentrations, and then decreased monotonously with increase of the calcium ion concentration. It was almost zero over the high concentration of 50 mM Ca2+.
Photopolymerization of N,N-dimethylaminobenzyl alcohol as amine co-initiator for light-cured dental resins (2007)

The DMOH/benzoyl peroxide redox system, has recently been proposed as a more biocompatible accelerator for the polymerization of bone cements based on poly(methyl methacrylate), because cytotoxity tests have demonstrated that DMOH possesses better biocompatibility properties compared with traditional tertiary amines. The results obtained in the present study reveal the suitability of the CQ/DMOH initiator system for the polymerization of light-cured dental composites.
Sams Teach Yourself Android Application Development in 24 Hours (2010)

Full Color! In just 24 sessions of one hour or less, learn how to build powerful applications for the worlds first complete, open, and free mobile platform: Android. Using this books straightforward, step-by-step approach, youll build a fully-featured Android application from the ground up and master the skills you need to design, develop, test, and publish powerful applications. Each lesson builds on what youve already learned, giving you a rock-solid foundation for real-world success! Step-by-step instructions carefully walk you through the most common Android development tasks. Quizzes and Exercises at the end of each chapter help you test your knowledge. By the Way notes present interesting information related to the discussion. Did You Know? tips offer advice or show you easier ways to perform tasks. Watch Out! cautions alert you to possible problems and give you advice on how to avoid them. Learn how to Develop Android applications quickly and successfully with Java Master Googles Android SDK and development tools Leverage the Eclipse programming environment to develop Android projects Understand the Android application lifecycle Build effective, user-friendly user interfaces Retrieve, store, and work with application data Develop powerful network applications Add popular social features and location-based services to your applications Take advantage of Android device hardware like the camera Internationalize, test, and publish your Android applications
Automatic transcription of conversational telephone speech: development of the CU-HTK 2002 system (2003)

This paper discusses the Cambridge University HTK (CU-HTK) system for the automatic transcription of conversational telephone speech. A detailed discussion of the most important techniques in front-end processing, acoustic modelling and model training, language and pronunciation modelling are presented. These include the use of conversation side based cepstral normalisation, vocal tract length normalisation, heteroscedastic linear discriminant analysis for feature projection, Minimum Phone Error Training and speaker adaptive training, latticebased model adaptation, confusion network based decoding and confidence score estimation, pronunciation selection, language model interpolation and class based language models.
Growth of Interorbital Distance and Skull Thickness as Observed in Roentgenographic Measurements (1966)

During the first two and one half decades of man's life a great many physical changes in size and shape occur. The growth of the head is one interesting facet of this overall development. This paper presents the group patterns of change through which two areas of the cranium-the thickness of the skull and the distance between the orbits-must pass to reach their adult size. In addition, the closure of the major cranial sutures will be discussed. Variations from the usual status of these three measurements are a part of certain pathological conditions. For example, skeletal variations are frequently associated with mental retardation, and the state of the cranial sutures with changes in intracranial pressure. Percentile standards based on the roentgenographic measurements of interorbital distance and skull thickness for a group of healthy children are presented as a reference of comparison with less healthy children. The progress of the healthy individual within the group is still to be determined. Although sampling shows that he may tend to hold the same position on the percentile standard this is not necessarily true. This project will be taken up in a subsequent publication. Material All the measurements are obtained from roentgenograms of the heads of healthy subjects from families of better-than-average economic circumstances in Denver. Radiographs of the skull and of the paranasal sinuses are used. The sinus films are taken on an angle board with nose and forehead touching the cassette and the roentgen-ray tube in the vertical position. The focal-film distance at the center of the cassette is 28 in. Skull films are obtained at a focal-film distance of 7 ft. in posteroanterior and lateral projections, with the child's head held immobile in a cephalostat as soon as he is old enough to tolerate it, usually by the three year-nine month visit. Lateral projections only, without the cephalostat, are taken of the infants and the younger preschool children. Sinus radiographs are obtained at six-month intervals, the skull radiographs, yearly. All measurements are determined and checked by the author with a Vernier caliper, and the scale is read to the nearest 0.01 cm. A number of reference points on the lateral projection of the skull have been used by earlier investigators to determine its thickness (1, 2). Lambda was chosen as the point most easily identified on films at all ages for the present study (Fig. 1). As is always true of skull roentgenograms, extraneous shadows cast by the normal irregularities of the inner surface of the skull may be a source of error. As nearly as it can be identified, the actual thickness of the skull in this area is recorded. As stated previously, these films are taken on a yearly basis between the half-birthday and the birthday, necessitating interpolation of the measurements to the desired ages for the purpose of setting up standards at six-month intervals.
Optical-Based Sensor Prototype for Continuous Monitoring of the Blood Pressure (2017)

In this paper, we report a prototype ring sensor device for continuous measurement of blood pressure with the use of our, previously developed, heart-rate monitoring ring device. An experiment is described where the heart-rate device provides the voltage output of the heart using the transmission photoplethysmography (PPG) method and predicts the blood pressure's value to ±5% of its true value. We report a novel potential non-invasive, low cost, continuous heart rate, and blood pressure monitoring device that uses transmission PPG instead of the traditional cuff method to observe the changes in volume of the pressure through the arteries of the finger. The continuous samples are averaged out constantly. We employed the PPG technique to optically determine the blood volume changes in the arteries of the finger. A Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient proved an r value of 0.86 showing strong linear correlation between the average voltage of the heart rate and the corresponding blood pressure. The proposed blood pressure ring sensor device was tested and benchmarked (against Nonin 2120 benchmark blood pressure device) four participants for a continuous period of 4 h, where the average mean arterial pressure (MAP) (using Nonin 2120) for 4 h was at 98.92 mmHg and the average predicted MAP was at 92.8 mmHg, which demonstrates an accuracy of 93.8%.The average real systolic pressure (using Nonin 2120) was at 144.25 mmHg and the predicted average systolic pressure was at 132.77 mmHg which shows an accuracy of 92%. The average real diastolic pressure (using Nonin 2120) was at 76.25 mmHg and the predicted diastolic pressure was 72.7 mmHg, showing an accuracy of 95.5%.
A Study on the Prediction of the Aptitude of Basketball Players (1974)

バスケットボール・プレーヤの適性を, 次の仮説を作業仮説として採用し, 予測を試みた. すなわち, 優秀選手は優秀でない選手より, そのスポーツにおいて適性を持っている. そこで, 高等学校男子バスケットボール部員の中で, 優秀選手群(25名), そうでない群(17名)を選び, まず, 両群の体力特性の検討及び文献研究から適性予測に役立つと考えられる7領域より64項目を選び測定を実施した. そしてこれらの結果に判別関数法を適用し, 両集団を最とも明確に判別するような判別関数, 及びその構造ベクトルを求め, それらの考察から適性予測に妥当性があると思われる13項目を選択した. 更に, この結果と判別関数値との間で重相関法を適用し, 実用化の為に項目数の縮小を試み, 適性予測のための組テストの作成を試みた. その結果, 論文に示されるように10項目からなる組テストが適当であることが分った.
Studies on the substrate specificity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase using diastereomeric peptides. (1991)

A set of six different diastereomeric hexapeptides RRASVA, each with a D-amino acid residue successively in the six positions, was synthesized and tested as substrates of protein kinase A. It was found that the peptide with D-Ser was neither a substrate, nor an inhibitor of the enzyme. The other five peptides were active as substrates with slightly lower kcat values than that of the all-L amino acid peptide. However, the apparent Km values increased by one to two orders of magnitude, especially when the second arginine or the alanine residue preceding the serine was substituted. The results are discussed.
SolidWorks For Dummies: For Dummies Computer/Tech (2007)

Whether it's your first venture into 3D technical drawing software or you're switching to SolidWorks from something else, you're probably excited about what this CAD program has to offer. Chances are, you figure it's going to take awhile to get the hang of it before you can begin cranking out those perfectly precise 3D designs. SolidWorks For Dummies, 2nd Edition, can help you dramatically shorten that get-acquainted period! SolidWorks For Dummies, 2nd Edition will help you get up and running quickly on the leading 3D technical drawing software. You'll see how to set up SolidWorks to create the type of drawings your industry requires and how to take full advantage of its legendary 3D features. You'll discover how to: *Work with virtual prototypes *Understand the user interface *Use templates and sketch, assemble, and create drawings *Automate the drawing process *Review drawings and collaborate with other team members *Define and edit sketches *Create dimensions and annotations *Print or plot your drawings *Leverage existing designs Sample files on the bonus CD-ROM show you how to apply the latest version of SolidWorks and accomplish specific tasks. Even if you're brand-new to CAD software, SolidWorks For Dummies, 2nd Edition will have you feeling like a pro in no time. You'll find you've entered a whole new dimension.
SOM with neighborhood step decay for motor current based diagnostics (2014)

Embedded self-learning is a desired capability that can enhance autonomy in different types of unmanned systems. Autonomous diagnostics is an area of opportunity to deploy this capability, which allows for vehicle failure awareness and enables for other advantageous schemes such as fault tolerant control. In this paper, we present one subsystem of an ensemble of schemes that form the Enhanced Autonomous Health Monitoring System (EAHMS) designed to support NASA's Robotics, Tele-Robotics and Autonomous Systems Roadmap. The EAHMS is aimed to provide an integral framework to determine the operational condition of on-board sensors (odometry), actuators, and power systems. Within the EAHMS context, this paper outlines a method for diagnostics of a robotic vehicle mechanical mobility subsystem by motor current and vibration signature analysis based upon Self Organizing Maps (SOM) using an enhanced neighborhood step decay algorithm. The learning algorithm was tested for different learning rate functions and was applied to different training set cases. The resulting algorithm was used for conducting failure diagnostics in a testbed, where three types of transmission/motor mechanical failures were considered: (a) damaged chain link; (b) motor gearbox damage; and (c) damaged sprocket. A core goal of this diagnostic approach is to enhance a novel methodology called the embedded Collaborative Learning Engine (eCLE), which combines supervised and unsupervised learning synergistically to process new emerging data signatures. This technique for system enhancement and application results are described in this paper.
Cross‐linkable polyester imides (1987)

Abstract Aromatic polyesters containing imide pendant groups have been prepared from diphenols and 5‐imidoisophthaloyl chlorides by the interfacial polycondensation method. Linear polyesters without substituents have also been synthesized by the same method for comparative purposes. The presence of side imide groups enhances the solubility of aromatic polyesters in organic solvents, and the thermal properties are greatly affected, with increases in the glass transition temperatures of up to 60°C, while the thermal resistance (t.g.a.) seems not to be so greatly affected. When the imide pendant groups are unsaturated, as derived from maleimide, nadimide and tetrahydrophthalimide, the polyesters can be converted into crosslinked materials by means of the appropriate thermal treatment, either as a polymeric powder or as films. Properties such as solubility, thermal resistance and mechanical strength were investigated before and after the cross‐linking reaction.
A closed-loop model of human gas exchange (2002)

We have developed a closed-loop gas exchange model of the human. In our previous model of the human cardiopulmonary system, only gas transport at lungs were included, and the inlet blood O/sub 2/ and CO/sub 2/ concentrations to the lungs were fixed at constant values. We now add a description of the tissue gas exchanger, and couple these gas exchangers via the circulatory loop in our human cardiopulmonary model. Thus, gas transport in the lungs and at the blood-tissue interface interact as part of a closed-loop system, where the output of one gas exchanger provides the input to the other. The model predicts physiological variables that agree well with typically observed data in human, and also the simulated response to induced asphyxia. The study suggests an important role for transport delay in maintaining the arterial O/sub 2/ tension and resisting hypercapnia during asphyxia. The simulation results also show the existence of diffusion limitation of O/sub 2/ in tissue.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Hydrobenzofuranones via Desymmetrization of Cyclohexadienones Using the Intramolecular Stetter Reaction (2006)

Dearomatization of phenols followed by oxidation affords cyclohexadienyloxyacetaldehydes, which produce hydrobenzofuranones via asymmetric intramolecular Stetter reaction in good to excellent yield. Quaternary as well as up to three contiguous stereocenters may be formed in good to excellent enantioselectivities and high diastereoselectivities.
Ulnar nerve lesions at the wrist (1980)

The forearm segment of the ulnar nerve is difficult to assess if the nerve has been injured severely at the wrist. A new, simple nerve conduction technique of recording from the sensory dorsal branch of the nerve localizes the lesion and enables easier evaluation of that segment than do other techniques.
Optimization of Well Oil Rate Allocations in Petroleum Fields (2004)

Currently, optimization of oil production operations in offshore fields is based mainly on heuristic rules and simulation-like tools with limited optimization features. In this work, we present a novel mixed-integer optimization formulation and an effective solution strategy for daily well operation and gas-lift allocation of integrated oil and gas production facilities in offshore fields considering the nonlinear reservoir behavior, the multiphase flow in pipelines, and surface capacity constraints. On the basis of (i) a degrees of freedom analysis, (ii) well oil rate upper and lower bounds, and (iii) the approximation of each well model with piecewise linear functions, an efficient approximate mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP) model is proposed. The resulting model is then solved as a sequence of MILP problems. The accuracy and robustness of the method is investigated by comparing the results of the exact and approximate models, while the performance of the algorithm is illustrated in a number of field examples. The results show that the proposed method achieves an increase in oil production up to 3% when compared with heuristic rules typically applied in practice.
The M*-OBJECT Organisation Model for Enterprise Modelling of Integrated Engineering Environments (1997)

Concurrent engineering and integrated manufacturing environments rely on the management of concurrent business processes sup ported by integrated information systems These business processes and the underlying information systems must be engineered in a systematic way to guarantee compliance with business requirements and overall system consistency and efficiency
On the Acoustics of Emotion in Audio: What Speech, Music, and Sound have in Common (2013)

WITHOUT DOUBT, THERE IS EMOTIONAL INFORMATION IN ALMOST ANY KIND OF SOUND RECEIVED BY HUMANS EVERY DAY: be it the affective state of a person transmitted by means of speech; the emotion intended by a composer while writing a musical piece, or conveyed by a musician while performing it; or the affective state connected to an acoustic event occurring in the environment, in the soundtrack of a movie, or in a radio play. In the field of affective computing, there is currently some loosely connected research concerning either of these phenomena, but a holistic computational model of affect in sound is still lacking. In turn, for tomorrow's pervasive technical systems, including affective companions and robots, it is expected to be highly beneficial to understand the affective dimensions of "the sound that something makes," in order to evaluate the system's auditory environment and its own audio output. This article aims at a first step toward a holistic computational model: starting from standard acoustic feature extraction schemes in the domains of speech, music, and sound analysis, we interpret the worth of individual features across these three domains, considering four audio databases with observer annotations in the arousal and valence dimensions. In the results, we find that by selection of appropriate descriptors, cross-domain arousal, and valence regression is feasible achieving significant correlations with the observer annotations of up to 0.78 for arousal (training on sound and testing on enacted speech) and 0.60 for valence (training on enacted speech and testing on music). The high degree of cross-domain consistency in encoding the two main dimensions of affect may be attributable to the co-evolution of speech and music from multimodal affect bursts, including the integration of nature sounds for expressive effects.