gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel Gaseous Ethylene Binding Inhibitor Prevents Ethylene Effects in Potted Flowering Plants (1994)

A 6-hour fumigation of flowering Begonia × elatior hybrida Fotsch. `Najada' and `Rosa', B. × tuberhybrida Voss. `Non-Stop', Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln. `Tropicana', and Rosa hybrida L. `Victory Parade' plants with 1-MCP, (formerly designated as SIS-X), a gaseous nonreversible ethylene binding inhibitor, strongly inhibited exogenous ethylene effects such as bud and flower drop, leaf abscission, and accelerated flower senescence. The inhibitory effects of 1-MCP increased linearly with concentration, and at 20 nl·liter -1 this compound gave equal protection to that afforded by spraying the plants with a 0.5 STS m m solution. Chemical names used: 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), silver thiosulfate (STS).
Evolving evidence implicates cytomegalovirus as a promoter of malignant glioma pathogenesis (2011)

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) was first reported to be strongly associated with human malignant gliomas in 2002. HCMV is a herpesvirus that causes congenital brain infection and multi-organ disease in immumocompromised individuals. Malignant gliomas are the most common and aggressive adult brain tumors and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the highest grade glioma, is associated with a life expectancy of less than two years. HCMV gene products encode for multiple proteins that can promote the various signaling pathways critical to tumor growth, including those involved in mitogenesis, mutagenesis, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, invasion and immuno-evasion. Several groups have now demonstrated that human malignant gliomas are universally infected with HCMV and express gene products that can promote key signaling pathways in glioma pathogenesis. In this review I discuss specific HCMV gene products that we and others have recently found to be expressed in GBM in vivo, including the HCMV IE1, US28, gB and IL-10 proteins. The roles these HCMV gene products play in dysregulating key pathways in glioma biology, including the PDGFR, AKT, STAT3, and monocyte/microglia function are discussed. Finally, I review emerging human clinical trials for GBM based on anti-HCMV strategies.
Broadband circularly-polarised microstrip antenna with switchable polarisation sense (2006)

A circularly-polarised microstrip antenna capable of switching polarisation sense is presented. The proposed microstrip antenna has a circular radiating patch and is excited by an open-loop microstrip line through the coupling of a ring slot in the ground plane. Two ends of the open-loop microstrip line can be taken for the input ports to excite right-hand and left-hand circular polarisations, respectively. A prototype using PIN diodes to electrically switch the input ports is implemented, and the measured results show the 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of more than 10% can be obtained at the two polarisation senses.
Overview of the TAC 2008 Update Summarization Task. (2008)

The summarization track at the Text Analysis Conference (TAC) is a direct continuation of the Document Understanding Conference (DUC) series of workshops, focused on providing common data and evaluation framework for research in automatic summarization. In the TAC 2008 summarization track, the main task was to produce two 100-word summaries from two related sets of 10 documents, where the second summary was an update summary. While all of the 71 submitted runs were automatically scored with the ROUGE and BE metrics, NIST assessors manually evaluated only 57 of the submitted runs for readability, content, and overall responsiveness. 1
Passive axial stabilization of a magnetic radial bearing by superconductors (1989)

Contactless bearings for high-speed operation can be constructed using passive magnet systems which inherently need a second active bearing for their stabilization. Completely passive bearings only can be obtained using diamagnetic materials. The axial stabilization of magnetic radial bearings using a permanent magnet/superconductor system is considered. Using finite-element calculations, it is shown that axial forces of up to 3000 N and stiffnesses of up to 400 N/mm can be achieved; good diamagnetic behavior ( mu /sub r/<10/sup -3/) of the superconductor is assumed. It remains to be clarified whether a 'real' superconductor allows reliable bearing operation and whether flux penetration and motion lead to degradation of bearing characteristics during operation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
In Silico and In Vivo Evaluation of Bacteriophage φEF24C, a Candidate for Treatment of <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> Infections (2008)

Along with the increasing threat of nosocomial infections by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophage (phage) therapy has been expected as an alternative therapy against infectious disease. Although genome information and proof of applicability are prerequisites for a modern therapeutic phage, E. faecalis phage has not been analyzed in terms of these aspects. Previously, we reported a novel virulent phage, phiEF24C, and its biology indicated its therapeutic potential against E. faecalis infection. In this study, the phiEF24C genome was analyzed and the in vivo therapeutic applicability of phiEF24C was also briefly assessed. Its complete genome (142,072 bp) was predicted to have 221 open reading frames (ORFs) and five tRNA genes. In our functional analysis of the ORFs by use of a public database, no proteins undesirable in phage therapy, such as pathogenic and integration-related proteins, were predicted. The noncompetitive directions of replication and transcription and the host-adapted translation of the phage were deduced bioinformatically. Its genomic features indicated that phiEF24C is a member of the SPO1-like phage genus and especially that it has a close relationship to the Listeria phage P100, which is authorized for prophylactic use. Thus, these bioinformatics analyses rationalized the therapeutic eligibility of phiEF24C. Moreover, the in vivo therapeutic potential of phiEF24C, which was effective at a low concentration and was not affected by host sensitivity to the phage, was proven by use of sepsis BALB/c mouse models. Furthermore, no change in mouse lethality was observed under either single or repeated phage exposures. Although further study is required, phiEF24C can be a promising therapeutic phage against E. faecalis infections.
Performance and Stability Analysis of a Shrouded-Fan Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (2006)

This paper deals with the estimation of the performance and stability for a shrouded-fan unmanned rotorcraft whose mission profile also prescribes the flight in ground effect. The not so simple estimation of the aerodynamic coefficients and of the thrust in the various situations makes the performance calculation and the stability analysis difficult tasks. This is because of the strong interaction between the fan flow and shroud that causes quite different flow structures about the airframe depending on flight conditions. A further difficulty is related to the ground effect which produces substantial modifications in the rotor thrust and aerodynamic coefficients. To evaluate performance and stability, two models have been developed. One determines the aerodynamic coefficients of the shroud, whereas the other one calculates thrust and moment of the rotors system. Both models take into account the mutual interference between fan flow and fuselage and ground effect. Performance and stability are then discussed with reference to significant flight conditions.
Weaker neural suppression in autism (2020)

Abnormal sensory processing has been observed in autism, including superior visual motion discrimination, but the neural basis for these sensory changes remains unknown. Leveraging well-characterized suppressive neural circuits in the visual system, we used behavioral and fMRI tasks to demonstrate a significant reduction in neural suppression in young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to neurotypical controls. MR spectroscopy measurements revealed no group differences in neurotransmitter signals. We show how a computational model that incorporates divisive normalization, as well as narrower top-down gain (that could result, for example, from a narrower window of attention), can explain our observations and divergent previous findings. Thus, weaker neural suppression is reflected in visual task performance and fMRI measures in ASD, and may be attributable to differences in top-down processing.
Phosphonic Ester Nucleic Acids (PHONAs): Oligonucleotide Analogues with an Achiral Phosphonic Acid Ester Backbone (1996)

The water-solubility of PHONAs and their ability to bind complementary DNA make them interesting potential therapeutics. The nucleobases are attached to an achiral, charged backbone through a methylenecarbonyl linker, as in the case of PNAs (see below). PHONAs are synthesized in solution by block condensation.
Soluble Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein in the Fully Cleaved, Pretriggered State Is Triggered by Exposure to Low-Molarity Buffer (2011)

The paramyxovirus fusion (F) glycoprotein is anchored in the virion membrane in a metastable, pretriggered form. Once triggered, the F protein undergoes a dramatic conformational extension that inserts its hydrophobic fusion peptide into the target cell membrane, then folds back on itself to bring the membranes together and initiate fusion. Unlike most other paramyxoviruses, the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F protein alone is sufficient to mediate membrane fusion and virus infection. To study the triggering mechanism of the RSV F protein, we have generated a soluble F (sF) protein by replacing the transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail domains with a 6His tag. The sF protein is secreted efficiently from 293T cells in a fully cleaved form. It is recognized by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, appears spherical by electron microscopic analysis, and is not aggregated, all consistent with a native, pretriggered trimer. The sF protein was purified on a Ni(+2) column and eluted with 50 mM phosphate buffer containing 500 mM NaCl and 250 mM imidazole. Dialysis against 10 mM buffer caused the sF protein to trigger, forming "hat pin"-shaped molecules that aggregated as rosettes, characteristic of the posttriggered form. Further dialysis experiments indicated that the efficiency of triggering correlated well with the reduction of buffer molarity. Reduction of buffer molarity by dilution also resulted in exposure of the fusion peptide, as detected by liposome association, confirming sF protein triggering. Mutation of the furin cleavage site adjacent to the fusion peptide prevented liposome association, further confirming that association is via the fusion peptide.
PCR Bias in Ecological Analysis: a Case Study for Quantitative <i>Taq</i> Nuclease Assays in Analyses of Microbial Communities (2000)

Succession of ecotypes, physiologically diverse strains with negligible rRNA sequence divergence, may explain the dominance of small, red-pigmented (phycoerythrin-rich) cyanobacteria in the autotrophic picoplankton of deep lakes (C. Postius and A. Ernst, Arch. Microbiol. 172:69-75, 1999). In order to test this hypothesis, it is necessary to determine the abundance of specific ecotypes or genotypes in a mixed background of phylogenetically similar organisms. In this study, we examined the performance of Taq nuclease assays (TNAs), PCR-based assays in which the amount of an amplicon is monitored by hydrolysis of a labeled oligonucleotide (TaqMan probe) when hybridized to the amplicon. High accuracy and a 7-order detection range made the real-time TNA superior to the corresponding end point technique. However, in samples containing mixtures of homologous target sequences, quantification can be biased due to limited specificity of PCR primers and probe oligonucleotides and due to accumulation of amplicons that are not detected by the TaqMan probe. A decrease in reaction efficiency, which can be recognized by direct monitoring of amplification, provides experimental evidence for the presence of such a problem and emphasizes the need for real-time technology in quantitative PCR. Use of specific primers and probes and control of amplification efficiency allow correct quantification of target DNA in the presence of an up to 10(4)-fold excess of phylogenetically similar DNA and of an up to 10(7)-fold excess of dissimilar DNA.
When Media Gets Wise (2006)

We present a mode where media (e.g.music files) are autonomous entities that carry their own individua information. Our goal is to turn such files into autonomous, rule-following agents capable of building their own identities from interactions with other agents and users. We are exploring how collaborative filtering-like behaviour could emerge out of large ensembles of interacting agents, which are distributed over mobile devices in socia networks. We have implemented a first version of the mode in the form of a music player application for mobile devices, called Push!Music. This system takes advantage of active recommendations as we as implicit user activity to build a profile for each media file.
Focused nanoparticle-beam deposition of patterned microstructures (2000)

A method was developed for fabricating nanocrystalline microstructures. This method involves synthesizing nanoparticles in a thermal plasma expanded through a nozzle, and then focusing the nanoparticles to a collimated beam by means of aerodynamic lenses. High-aspect-ratio structures of silicon carbide and titanium were deposited on stationary substrates, and lines and two-dimensional patterns were deposited on translated substrates. Linewidths equalled approximately 50 μm. This approach allows the use of much larger nozzles than in previously developed micronozzle methods, and also allows size selection of the particles that are deposited.
Subharmonic backscattering from ultrasound contrast agents (1999)

The ultrasonic contrast of blood in tissue, which is needed for ultrasonic estimation of tissue perfusion, can be increased by injecting the blood with bubbles or hollow microspheres. It has been shown that an even greater improvement in contrast can be obtained by using the subharmonic generated by irradiated microspheres. By obtaining analytical solutions to the modified RPNNP equation for a coated microbubble, the relationship between the physical parameters of the encapsulated bubble and the threshold pressure is established. The observed increase in the resonance frequency of a coated microsphere is explained by introducing the concept of "acoustic radius" of the encapsulated bubble. It is predicted that subharmonic generation in contrast agents requires a threshold insonifying pressure, and should be a minimum when microspheres are insonated at twice their resonance frequency. Experiments confirm the existence of this optimum incident frequency and of a reasonably low threshold pressure for the generation of the subharmonic. The existence of the low threshold pressures for subharmonic generation in contrast agents may prove to be very valuable in ultrasonic contrast imaging.
Digalactosylceramide is the receptor for staphylococcal enterotoxin-B in human kidney proximal tubular cells (1995)

We have characterized a glycosphingolipid (GSL) receptor for Staphylococcus enterotoxin-B (SEB) in cultured human kidney proximal tubular (PT) cells. Solid-phase binding of [125I]SEB to the GSL receptor was concentration dependent and was not displaceable by two structurally related toxins, such as staphylococcal enterotoxin-A and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1. Rat kidney cells did not bind [125I]SEB. However, when the rat kidney cells were pre-incubated with digalactosylceramide, there was a concentration-dependent binding of [125I]SEB. Trimethylsilyl derivatization of methyl glycosides, followed by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), revealed that galactose was the major sugar component of this putative receptor GSL. The sphingosines present in this GSL were d18:2, d22:2 and d23:0; the fatty acids present were palmitate, oleate and stearate. Permethylation of alditol acetates and GC-MS revealed two predominant sugars, namely 2, 3, 4 and 6 tetramethylgalactital and 2, 3 and 6 trimethylgalactital. The GSL receptor for SEB was sensitive to alpha-galactosidase, and resistant to beta-galactosidase and beta-glucosidase. Taken together, our studies reveal that the tentative structure of the receptor for SEB in human kidney PT cells is CerGal alpha 1-->4Gal. In summary, we have identified a GSL as one of the binding sites of SEB, a food-borne toxin. We believe that our finding may open up rational approaches for the therapy of SEB-induced glycopathology in man.
Platelet-Bound Prekallikrein Promotes Pro-Urokinase-Induced Clot Lysis: A Mechanism for Targeting the Factor XII Dependent Intrinsic Pathway of Fibrinolysis (1994)

Clots formed from platelet rich plasma were found to be lysed more readily by low concentrations of pro-urokinase (pro-UK) than clots formed from platelet poor plasma. This was not a non-specific effect since the reverse occurred with tissue plasminogen activator. A mechanical explanation due to platelet-mediated clot retraction was excluded by experiments in which retraction was inhibited with cytochalasin B. Therefore, a platelet-mediated enzymatic mechanism was postulated to explain the promotion of fibrinolysis. Casein autography of isolated platelets revealed a approximately 90 kDa band of activity which comigrated with plasma prekallikrein (PK)/kallikrein, a known activator of pro-UK. Furthermore, treatment of platelets with plasma PK activator (PPA), consisting essentially of factor XIIa, induced activation of pro-UK and of chromogenic substrate for kallikrein (S-2302). This activity corresponded to approximately 40-200 pM kallikrein per 10(8) washed and gel filtered platelets per ml. The activation of pro-UK by PPA-pretreated platelets was dose-dependent and inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor but not by bdellin, a specific inhibitor of plasmin, nor by the corn inhibitor of factor XIIa. Kinetic analysis of pro-UK activation by kallikrein showed promotion of the reaction by platelets. The KM of the reaction was reduced by platelets by approximately 7-fold, while the kcat was essentially unchanged. In conclusion, PK was shown to be tightly associated with platelets where it can be activated by factor XIIa during clotting. The activation of pro-UK by platelet-bound kallikrein provides an explanation for the observed platelet mediated promotion of pro-UK-induced clot lysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Activity and Heat Stability of Trehalase from the Mycelium and Ascospores of <i>Neurospora</i> (1973)

Trehalases from the ascospores of Neurospora tetrasperma and the mycelium of N. crassa were compared. Enzymes from both sources have identical electrophoretic mobilities, K(m)'s, responses to pH, immunological reactions, and activities in low-molarity buffers. Because both enzymes are so similar, conclusions about the properties of the ascospore enzyme may, be made by studying mycelial trehalase. Mycelial trehalase is most active and stable in low-molarity buffers. The enzyme exists in at least three species; the smallest has a molecular weight between 105,000 and 125,000 and is predominant in low-molarity buffers at 37 C. The stability of trehalase to heating at 65 C can be increased by increasing enzyme concentration and by the addition of polyols. Ascospores contain large amounts of trehalose, which protects trehalase from heat inactivation at 65 C. The importance of this phenomenon in vivo and its relationship to the localization of trehalase in ascospores is discussed.
An anoxia inducible endonuclease and enhanced DNA breakage as contributors to genomic instability in cancer. (1995)

Fischer rat embryo fibroblasts subjected to temporary anoxia followed by an aerobic recovery period show genomic instability in the form of highly elevated CAD gene amplification rates. As revealed by flow cytometric analysis this is associated with DNA breakage in vivo, followed by repair during the recovery period. Such genomic instability parallels expression of a M(r) 29,000/31,000 endonuclease; this enzyme requires no added divalent metal ion and has a pH optimum of about 6.5. The same endonuclease was found to be expressed within healing wounds and in four of ten human colorectal cancers but was not seen in eight normal colorectal tissue samples. Our results indicate that DNA breakage resulting from endogenous endonuclease activity can have a substantial effect in modulating genomic instability.
Noninvasive reflection spectra provide quantitative information about the spatial distribution of skin chromophores (2005)

In this work, a new method of analyzing noninvasive reflection spectra is presented. The approach explicitly models the inhomogeneity of chromophore distributions in living tissues and thus extracts not only apparent chromophore concentrations but also relative chromophore distributions in tissues. Furthermore, it works with spectra obtained with short source-detector separations where the diffusion theory of light transport through turbid media is not valid, and formerly presented methods thus fail. The effect of inhomogeneously distributed chromophores in a multicompartment model of tissues on measured reflection spectra is explained and an algorithm to deconvolute tissue spectra based on this model is presented. It is evaluated using simulated spectra and measurements on phantoms, which are made up of partially printed pieces of paper to simulate inhomogeneous dye distributions. Its applicability to real tissue is proven using reflection spectra obtained with 130 microm source-detector separation from a hemoperfusion stop experiment. The proposed model accurately determines apparent chromophore concentrations and corresponding distributions in simulated spectra and phantoms. Regarding real tissue spectra, the results correspond to former publications and the spectral reconstruction yields only minimal residuals, indicating a complete and accurate spectral deconvolution. In conclusion, the presented approach is a suitable extension and amendment to existing models of light transport through inhomogeneous samples.
Multidisciplinary Column: An interview with Max Mühlhäuser (2019)

No abstract available.
Alginate lyase: Review of major sources and classification, properties, structure-function analysis and applications (2015)

Alginate lyases catalyze the degradation of alginate, a complex copolymer of α-L-guluronate and its C5 epimer β-D-mannuronate. The enzymes have been isolated from various kinds of organisms with different substrate specificities, including algae, marine mollusks, marine and terrestrial bacteria, and some viruses and fungi. With the progress of structural biology, many kinds of alginate lyases of different polysaccharide lyases families have been characterized by obtaining crystal structures, and the catalytic mechanism has also been elucidated. Combined with various studies, we summarized the source, classification and properties of the alginate lyases from different polysaccharide lyases families. The relationship between substrate specificity and protein sequence was also investigated.