gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Applications of a Cartesian Mesh Boundary-Layer Approach for Complex Configurations (2006)

This paper examines the performance of a coupled Euler boundary-layer approach in simulating viscous flows around a variety of aerospace configurations. The method combines an established multilevel Cartesian-mesh Euler solver with a transpiration boundary condition to account for the boundary-layer displacement thickness. This boundary condition is set via a strip-wise solution of the 2D boundary-layer equations which uses the inviscid solution as a driver. The implementation uses local flow topology to establish attachment and separation and an elliptic solve on the surface triangulation to couple surface transpiration velocities back to the inviscid solver. While interacting boundary-layer (IBL) approaches are not necessarily new, the current approach is strongly focused on complex configurations and the implementation includes some novel techniques for coping with geometric complexity, markedly improving its utility, and removing the need for additional viscous corrections. The use of IBL solvers is well established for transport aircraft configurations, and the current work examines the success of the technique for such cases and explores its utility outside this class of problems. The investigations demonstrate the technique’s performance with both single-point and parametric studies on 2D supercritical airfoils, isolated wings, finned-missiles, and full-aircraft configurations. Results on the NACA RM-10 showed good agreement over a range of transonic and supersonic Mach numbers. Simulations on the DLR F-4 wing-body yielded aerodynamic force coefficients that agreed well with established results from the 1st AIAA Drag Prediction Workshop over a range of conditions. The discussion of these numerical results highlights regions of continued research.
The safety benefits of arc resistant metalclad medium voltage switchgear (2002)

One cause of serious injuries to electrical workers in the petrochemical industry is flash burns from arcing faults in medium voltage metalclad switchgear. First introduced in Europe, arc resistant switchgear designs are now being marketed in North America to eliminate this potential cause of injuries by containing the arc byproducts and venting the gases in a safe manner. This paper discusses current worker safety regulations, the arcing fault process, standards governing arc resistant switchgear, switchgear design, application and cost/benefit considerations. One manufacturer's experience testing a new arc resistant switchgear design is included.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pyrazinamide susceptibility and amidase activity of tubercle bacilli. (1967)

Pyrazinamide, an analogue of nicotinamide, has the unique property of sterilizing large populations of M. tuberculosis with regularity when they have undergone previous or concurrent exposure to isoniazid in vivo (1). In long-term studies of this sterilization phenomenon (2), the few failures appear to be chiefly or wholly attributable to the emergence of tubercle bacilli resistant to pyrazinamide. It seemed appropriate, therefore, to focus on the resistance or susceptibility of tubercle bacilli to pyrazinamide as one approach to the study of the sterilization phenomenon. Tubercle bacilli of human or bovine origin are not inhibited by pyrazinamide or nicotinamide when tested in vitro in a neutral environment (3). Bacilli of human origin, however, have the capacity to become susceptible to either drug in vitro, when growing in either an acidic environment (pH 5.6) (3) or within monocytes in culture (4). The human bacilli (M. tuberculosis) are likewise inhibited in vivo by either drug (5, 6). By contrast, tubercle bacilli of bovine origin (M. bovis) are not inhibited in vivo by either drug and they lack the capacity to become drugsusceptible in vitro in either the cell-free acidic medium (3) or the monocytes (4). The bovine bacilli also show only a very low level of the amidase activity that in human bacilli converts pyrazinamide to pyrazinoic acid and nicotinamide to nicotinic acid. Indeed, this difference in
Effects of Growth Hormone on Glucose, Lipid, and Protein Metabolism in Human Subjects (2009)

In evolutionary terms, GH and intracellular STAT 5 signaling is a very old regulatory system. Whereas insulin dominates periprandially, GH may be viewed as the primary anabolic hormone during stress and fasting. GH exerts anabolic effects directly and through stimulation of IGF-I, insulin, and free fatty acids (FFA). When subjects are well nourished, the GH-induced stimulation of IGF-I and insulin is important for anabolic storage and growth of lean body mass (LBM), adipose tissue, and glycogen reserves. During fasting and other catabolic states, GH predominantly stimulates the release and oxidation of FFA, which leads to decreased glucose and protein oxidation and preservation of LBM and glycogen stores. The most prominent metabolic effect of GH is a marked increase in lipolysis and FFA levels. In the basal state, the effects of GH on protein metabolism are modest and include increased protein synthesis and decreased breakdown at the whole body level and in muscle together with decreased amino acid degradation/oxidation and decreased hepatic urea formation. During fasting and stress, the effects of GH on protein metabolism become more pronounced; lack of GH during fasting increases protein loss and urea production rates by approximately 50%, with a similar increase in muscle protein breakdown. GH is a counterregulatory hormone that antagonizes the hepatic and peripheral effects of insulin on glucose metabolism via mechanisms involving the concomitant increase in FFA flux and uptake. This ability of GH to induce insulin resistance is significant for the defense against hypoglycemia, for the development of "stress" diabetes during fasting and inflammatory illness, and perhaps for the "Dawn" phenomenon (the increase in insulin requirements in the early morning hours). Adult patients with GH deficiency are insulin resistant-probably related to increased adiposity, reduced LBM, and impaired physical performance-which temporarily worsens when GH treatment is initiated. Conversely, despite increased LBM and decreased fat mass, patients with acromegaly are consistently insulin resistant and become more sensitive after appropriate treatment.
DETECTION OF CYTOKINE mRNA IN VIVO BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (1993)

The expression of cytokine mRNAs in murine sponge matrix graft infiltrates was studied using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In infiltrates of both C57B1/6 > C57B1/6 isografts and DBA/2 > C57B1/6 allografts, a similar pattern of cytokine expression was observed. On days 6, 8, and 10 postimplant, mRNAs encoding IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-gamma were detected. On days 8 and 10, mRNAs encoding IL-1 alpha, TNF, and lymphotoxin/TNF beta were also expressed. Surprisingly, no IL-2 mRNA was observed in isografts or allografts. Two modified PCR techniques were utilized to compare the level of expression of cytokine mRNAs in isografts versus allografts and to detect the expression of IL-2 mRNA in this system. A semiquantitative PCR protocol based on limiting cycles of amplification is described that was used to determine the amount of IL-4 mRNA expressed in isograft and allograft infiltrates relative to beta-actin mRNA. Using this method, no difference was found in the amount of IL-4 mRNA in infiltrates of day 8 isografts and allografts. The validation of this technique by analysis of samples with known relative mRNA levels is presented. A nested PCR protocol is described that provided greatly enhanced sensitivity over standard PCR analysis. Using this technique, IL-2 mRNA was detected in infiltrates from sponge allografts on all days tested, beginning on day 2 postimplant. No IL-2 mRNA was detected in isograft infiltrates or in peripheral blood from allograft-bearing animals. The pattern of cytokine mRNA expression observed in sponge matrix allografts is consistent with the presence of a weak alloreactive response superimposed upon an intense granulomatous process that occurs in both the isografts and allografts. This report demonstrates modified PCR techniques that can be used to resolve experimental problems associated with the analysis of cytokine mRNA expression in vivo.
The relationship of aging to histological changes in the conduction system of the normal human heart. (1983)

The effect of aging on histological changes of the conduction system was studied by serially sectioning 55 autopsied hearts weighing less than 300 Gm. None of the hearts showed evidence of cardiovascular disease nor were there any abnormalities in the clinical findings and ECG taken during the last 3 months of life. A reduction in the number of muscle cells and an increase in the number of collagen fibers were apparent in hearts taken from patients over 70 years of age. These findings were most evident in the S-A node and less so in A-V node, bundle of His, and left and right bundle branches. Deposition of amyloid substances was not observed in any portion of the conduction system.
<title>Fiber optic distributed temperature sensor using Raman backscattering</title> (1993)

A commercial instrument for distributed temperature measurements has been used with germanium doped silica optical fiber to investigate the technique and test the accuracy and precision of the technique. Slightly more than 1.2 km of fiber was used, 25 to 35 meters of which could be uniformly heated to approximately 550 degree(s)C in an oven. The ratio of the anti-Stokes to Stokes intensities was used to determine the temperature along the fiber length.
<title>Programmable Multifunction Processor</title> (1979)

A new two-dimensional DEFT sensor (for Direct Electronic Fourier Transform) for multi-processing will be described. Operating at a center frequency of 100 MHz, it is capable of resolving 1800 unique spatial Fourier image components in a random access mode. As a Fourier transformer it can identify vector spatial frecuencies, their amplitude and phase. By suitable change of input functions, the device can be operated as a spatial raster scanner, Hadamard transformer, matrix multiplier, or convolver. The device achieves this flexibility by virtue of producing the spatial integral of the product of two electronic signals with an optical signal.
Polyamine depletion arrests growth of IEC-6 and Caco-2 cells by different mechanisms (2001)

The polyamines spermidine and spermine and their precursor, putrescine, are required for the growth and proliferation of eukaryotic cells. This study compares and contrasts growth arrest caused by polyamine depletion in the untransformed IEC-6 cell line with that in the p53-mutated colon cancer Caco-2 cell line. Cells were grown in the presence or absence of alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a specific inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, the first rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of polyamines. Depletion of polyamines inhibited the growth of both cell lines equally and over the same time frame. However, whereas IEC-6 cells were arrested in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle, there was no accumulation of Caco-2 cells in any particular phase. In IEC-6 cells, growth arrest was accompanied by elevated levels of p53 and p21(Waf1/Cip1) (p21). There were no changes in p53 levels in Caco-2 cells. Levels of p21 increased in Caco-2 cells on day 2 without any effect on cell cycle progression. The amount of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)2 protein was unchanged by polyamine depletion in both cell lines. However, the activity of Cdk2 was significantly inhibited by DFMO in IEC-6 cells. These data suggest that in the untransformed IEC-6 cells the regulation of Cdk2 activity and progression through the cell cycle are p53- and p21 dependent. Growth arrest in the p53-mutated Caco-2 line after polyamine depletion occurs by a different, yet unknown, mechanism.
Complement Methods and Protocols (2000)

Although the complement system-a vital part of the body's defense against bacteria-was discovered more than a century ago, its study has undergone a renaissance with the identification of its regulatory molecules and the realization that these molecules can be used therapeutically. In Complement Methods and Protocols, B. Paul Morgan and a team of expert laboratorians present a comprehensive set of readily reproducible methods to study this critical system. These cutting-edge techniques are suitable both for the basic scientist interested in understanding complement's mechanisms of activation and for the clinical scientist wishing to quantify its activation, and range from the purification of its components to generating complement-deficient mice by gene deletion. Additional techniques presented include procedures for the analysis of complement function, for the study of its regulators, for detection of its activation in vivo, and for the identification of its autoantibodies. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, Complement Methods and Protocols offers today's basic and clinical investigators powerful tools for the analysis of the role of complement in human pathophysiology and disease, as well as its therapeutic regulation
Applications of charge-coupled device transversal filters to communication (1975)

The paper discusses the computational power of state-of-the-art charged-coupled device (CCD) transversal filters in communications applications. Some of the performance limitations of CCD transversal filters are discussed, with attention given to time delay and bandwidth, imperfect charge transfer efficiency, weighting coefficient error, noise, and linearity. The application of CCD transversal filters to matched filtering, spectral filtering, and Fourier analysis is examined. Techniques for making programmable transversal filters are briefly outlined.
Molecular Cloning and Expression of a Gene Encoding<i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i>Glycoproteins gp40 and gp15 (2000)

Cryptosporidium parvum is a significant cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. The specific molecules that mediate C. parvum-host cell interactions and the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cryptosporidiosis are unknown. In this study we have shown that gp40, a mucin-like glycoprotein, is localized to the surface and apical region of invasive stages of the parasite and is shed from its surface. gp40-specific antibodies neutralize infection in vitro, and native gp40 binds specifically to host cells, implicating this glycoprotein in C. parvum attachment to and invasion of host cells. We have cloned and sequenced a gene designated Cpgp40/15 that encodes gp40 as well as gp15, an antigenically distinct, surface glycoprotein also implicated in C. parvum-host cell interactions. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of the 981-bp Cpgp40/15 revealed the presence of an N-terminal signal peptide, a polyserine domain, multiple predicted O-glycosylation sites, a single potential N-glycosylation site, and a hydrophobic region at the C terminus, a finding consistent with what is required for the addition of a GPI anchor. There is a single copy of Cpgp40/15 in the C. parvum genome, and this gene does not contain introns. Our data indicate that the two Cpgp40/15-encoded proteins, gp40 and gp15, are products of proteolytic cleavage of a 49-kDa precursor protein which is expressed in intracellular stages of the parasite. The surface localization of gp40 and gp15 and their involvement in the host-parasite interaction suggest that either or both of these glycoproteins may serve as effective targets for specific preventive or therapeutic measures for cryptosporidiosis.
Lossy source compression of non-uniform binary sources using GQ-LDGM codes (2010)

In this paper, we study the use of GF(q)-quantized LDGM codes for binary source coding. By employing quantization, it is possible to obtain binary codewords with a non-uniform distribution. The obtained statistics is hence suitable for optimal, direct quantization of non-uniform Bernoulli sources. We employ a message-passing algorithm combined with a decimation procedure in order to perform compression. The experimental results based on GF(q)-LDGM codes with regular degree distributions yield performances quite close to the theoretical rate-distortion bounds.
Laser Pointers and the Human Eye<subtitle>A Clinicopathologic Study</subtitle> (2000)

We report the absence of photic retinal injury after exposing the retina to light from class 3A laser pointers for durations of up to 15 minutes. Three patients with uveal melanomas were scheduled to have an enucleation. Each agreed to have his or her retina exposed to laser light from a class 3A laser pointer prior to enucleation. Continuous exposure was directed to the fovea for 1 minute, to the retina 5 degrees below fixation for 5 minutes, and to the retina 5 degrees above fixation for 15 minutes. Ophthalmoscopic evaluation of the cornea, lens, and retina and fluorescein angiographic studies of the retina were conducted before, 24 hours after, and 11 days after laser exposure in the first case; before and 86 hours after exposure in the second case; and before, 96 hours after, and 15 days after exposure in the third case. Other than transient afterimages that lasted only a few minutes, we were unable to document any functional, ophthalmoscopic, fluorescein angiographic, or histologic evidence of damage to any structures of the eyes. Transmission electron microscopic studies of retinal sites targeted by the laser pointers in the second and third cases revealed ultrastructural abnormalities in the outer retina and the pigment epithelium that were similar to abnormalities seen in the retina approximately 8 mm away from the targeted sites. The risk to the human eye from transient exposure to light from commercially available class 3A laser pointers having powers of 1, 2, and 5 mW seems negligible.
Unusual Single-Stranded Polyribonucleotides as Potent Anti-HIV Agents (1995)

Polyribonucleotides (PTMG and PMTI) containing 1-methyl-6-thioguanosine or 1-methyl-6-thioinosine, respectively, as the sole nucleoside component are shown to be potent inhibitors of various strains of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in a number of human lymphocyte and macrophage cell lines in tissue culture as well as in fresh human peripheral blood lymphocytes and macrophages. PMTI and PMTG exhibit potencies in the range of 10(-7)-10(-8) M in these systems. The polynucleotides are active against virus strains resistant to AZT and pyridinone derivatives. Both PMTI and PMTG are synergistic with AZT and with ddI, and both inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase at nanomolar concentrations. The polymers show little or no toxicity in human cell lines at the highest doses tested (100 micrograms/mL, or about 0.2-1 microM). This class of compounds represents a new lead in AIDS therapeutic drug discovery.
Factors Influencing Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Torque Using Transcutaneous Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (1991)

Quadriceps femoris muscle torque was measured in 40 subjects during transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). Three different electrode types (carbonized rubber, sponge, and adhesive) were used on each subject, permitting determination of the factors that influenced the magnitude of quadriceps femoris muscle torque induced by NMES. This goal was accomplished by entering the various factors into a multiple-regression model. The electrodes differed significantly in their characteristics. The carbonized-rubber electrode delivered the greatest current with the lowest impedance, resulting in the highest knee extension torque. We found that the most important factor in determining torque generation level was the quadriceps femoris muscle's intrinsic ability to be activated (as opposed to electrode size, current, current density, or skin impedance). These data suggest that NMES efficacy is primarily determined by the intrinsic tissue properties of the individual (defined in this study as "efficiency") and is not dramatically changeable by using high stimulation currents or large electrode sizes. The precise physiological basis for interindividual differences in efficiency is not known.
Platinum compounds and paclitaxel in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. (1998)

Cisplatin is the most active agent currently employed in epithelial ovarian cancer. A meta-analysis of the Advanced Ovarian Cancer Trialists Group suggested that in terms of immediate survival platinum-based therapy was superior to nonplatinum regimens and that regimens including cisplatin were superior to single agent cisplatin given at the same doses. Intraperitoneal cisplatin seems to offer some clinical benefit when compared to systemic cisplatin in patients with minimal residual disease after initial surgery. An overview on the role of anthracyclines using data from the Advanced Ovarian Cancer Trialists Group and the Ovarian Cancer Meta-Analysis Project suggested that the addition of doxorubicin significantly improves survival and that the size of this benefit is of a similar magnitude to that of platinum. Carboplatin and cisplatin are equiactive, and the different spectrum of toxicities could offer an appropriate criterion for the choice of the platinum analogue to use in the individual patient. At present, there is no conclusive evidence that cisplatin dose intense regimens are beneficial, and the issue of dose intensity must still be considered experimental. The combination of cisplatin + paclitaxel is able to obtain a better progression-free survival and survival than the association cisplatin + cyclophosphamide. Phase I-II trials on regimens including platinum compounds, anthracyclines and paclitaxel are currently ongoing.
A computer-aided, spatially-selective protection technique for multichip module and chip-on-board devices (2003)

The use of a precise computer-controlled dispensing system to fashion medium-modulus, very thin silicone dams around the interconnection area of IC devices is described. The computer-controlled capability greatly facilitates changing circuit layouts and designs. An inner dam confines the gel to a desired area and to a sufficient height above the ICs. An outer dam confines the hard shell encapsulant while creating a structural wall of required width and height, permitting overcoating of the inner gel area. The flexible placement of dams eliminates the need for expensive molds and larger-cavity molded dams that are not optimum for the configuration. In addition, some data are presented to determine some of the parameters needed to provide adequate device protection. This technique of flexible dam positioning permits telecommunication circuit prototypes to be fabricated, such as a high-data-rate (155-Mb/s) circuit, on a single unit basis. This technique could find important applications in rapid prototyping.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Schmelzpunkte in einigen homologen Reihen langkettiger Verbindungen (1969)

Abstract Es werden Schmelzpunkte aus 31 homologen Reihen von Kohlenwasserstoffen (Abb. 1) und Estern (Tabb. 1–4) mitgeteilt. Von den Dipropylestern der Dicarbonsäuren schmelzen die Homologen mit ungeradzahliger Kette höher als die mit geradzahliger Kette. Alternierende Schmelzpunkte wurden auch in Reihen gefunden, deren Vertreter sämtlich geradzahlig oder sämtlich ungeradzahlig sind (Tab. 3).