gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cellular mechanisms of direct-current electric field effects: galvanotaxis and metastatic disease (2004)

Endogenous direct-current electric fields (dcEFs) occur in vivo in the form of epithelial transcellular potentials or neuronal field potentials, and a variety of cells respond to dcEFs in vitro by directional movement. This is termed galvanotaxis. The passive influx of Ca(2+) on the anodal side should increase the local intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, whereas passive efflux and/or intracellular redistribution decrease the local intracellular Ca(2+) concentration on the cathodal side. These changes could give rise to 'push-pull' effects, causing net movement of cells towards the cathode. However, such effects would be complicated in cells that possess voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels and/or intracellular Ca(2+) stores. Moreover, voltage-gated Na(+) channels, protein kinases, growth factors, surface charge and electrophoresis of proteins have been found to be involved in galvanotaxis. Galvanotactic mechanisms might operate in both the short term (seconds to minutes) and the long term (minutes to hours), and recent work has shown that they might be involved in metastatic disease. The galvanotactic responses of strongly metastatic prostate and breast cancer cells are much more prominent, and the cells move in the opposite direction compared with corresponding weakly metastatic cells. This could have important implications for the metastatic process and has clinical implications. Galvanotaxis could thus play a significant role in both cellular physiology and pathophysiology.
Plasma versus Thermal Effects in Flue Gas NO<sub>x</sub> Reduction Using Ammonia Radical Injection (1995)

Abstract A plasma-assisted ammonia injection technique was previously demonstrated as having the potential to remove NOx from combustion flue gases at SCR-comparable levels without the use of catalysts. However, these demonstrations did not prove the advantage of plasma assistance because they did not explicitly account for enhanced radical production by bulk thermal heating. An experiment using hot ammonia injection was performed to separate this thermal effect from the effect of radical production via interaction with a plasma. Under excess air conditions, results show that a thermal effect does provide improved NOx reduction, but not to the level achieved with the use of a plasma source. However, heating the injection gases provides only a minor improvement in NOx reduction at NH3/NOx ratios and temperatures typical of commercial cold SNCR applications. The plasma effect in ammonia radical injection was also found to be significant, accounting for an additional 15% to 35% of absolute NOx reduction beyond any thermal benefit at typical excess air conditions. The ammonia radical injection technique continues to show promise as an effective NOx reduction alternative.
Efficient and scalable cache coherence schemes for shared memory hypercube multiprocessors (1994)

Large scale shared memory multiprocessors use directory based cache coherence scheme. The basic directory scheme, called full-map, is efficient but has a large memory overhead. Therefore, limited directory schemes have been proposed which limit the number of pointers in the directories. These schemes tradeoff smaller memory overhead for larger memory access latencies. In this paper, we propose a new limited directory scheme, which achieves lower memory overhead as well as smaller memory access latencies. The scheme uses ring embedding in a hypercube in conjunction with wormhole routing to reduce the invalidation delays. The proposed scheme performs as good as full-map for smaller degree of sharing and performs better than full-map for larger degree of sharing.
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4 (FGFR4) Deficiency Improves Insulin Resistance and Glucose Metabolism under Diet-induced Obesity Conditions (2014)

The role of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) in regulating bile acid synthesis has been well defined; however, its reported role on glucose and energy metabolism remains unresolved. Here, we show that FGFR4 deficiency in mice leads to improvement in glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and reduction in body weight under high fat conditions. Mechanism of action studies in FGFR4-deficient mice suggest that the effects are mediated in part by increased plasma levels of adiponectin and the endocrine FGF factors FGF21 and FGF15, the latter of which increase in response to an elevated bile acid pool. Direct actions of increased bile acids on bile acid receptors, and other potential indirect mechanisms, may also contribute to the observed metabolic changes. The results described herein suggest that FGFR4 antagonists alone, or in combination with other agents, could serve as a novel treatment for diabetes.
Over the air download for digital television receivers upgrade (2010)

Over the air download is an important feature for terrestrial digital television systems. It provides a cheaper option for DTV receiver manufacturers to provide bug fixes and quality improvements to their products, allowing a shorter time to the market. This paper presents a mechanism proposal of an over the air download software update for the Brazilian system. This mechanism was specified considering the Brazilian DTV over the air download specifications, but it was extended considering efficiency, reliability and user transparency as requirements for software update. A proof of concept was implemented on a Linux based set-top box. The mechanism is divided into five main functional parts: download schedule, packets download, packets authentication, installation and error robustness. Some analyses were conducted upon the implementation considering the following criteria: download robustness and maximum downloading rate.
A Survey on Deep Learning Architectures for Image-based Depth Reconstruction (2019)

Estimating depth from RGB images is a long-standing ill-posed problem, which has been explored for decades by the computer vision, graphics, and machine learning communities. In this article, we provide a comprehensive survey of the recent developments in this field. We will focus on the works which use deep learning techniques to estimate depth from one or multiple images. Deep learning, coupled with the availability of large training datasets, have revolutionized the way the depth reconstruction problem is being approached by the research community. In this article, we survey more than 100 key contributions that appeared in the past five years, summarize the most commonly used pipelines, and discuss their benefits and limitations. In retrospect of what has been achieved so far, we also conjecture what the future may hold for learning-based depth reconstruction research.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration Approval: Carfilzomib for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma (2013)

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) review leading to accelerated approval of carfilzomib is described. A single-arm trial enrolled 266 patients with multiple myeloma refractory to the most recent therapy who had received prior treatment with bortezomib and an immunomodulatory agent (IMID). Patients received carfilzomib by intravenous infusion over 2 to 10 minutes at a dose of 20 mg/m2 on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 of the 28 days of cycle 1, and at a dose of 27 mg/m2 on the same schedule in cycle 2 and subsequent cycles. The primary efficacy endpoint was overall response rate (ORR) as determined by an independent review committee using International Myeloma Working Group Uniform Response Criteria. The safety of carfilzomib was evaluated in 526 patients with multiple myeloma treated with various dosing regimens. The ORR was 23%. The median duration of response was 7.8 months. The most common adverse reactions associated with carfilzomib infusion were fatigue, anemia, nausea, thrombocytopenia, dyspnea, diarrhea, and fever. The most common serious adverse events were pneumonia, acute renal failure, fever, and congestive heart failure. Infusion reactions to carfilzomib could be reduced by pretreatment with dexamethasone and intravenous fluids. On July 20, 2012, the FDA granted accelerated approval of carfilzomib for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least two prior therapies including bortezomib and an IMID and who have shown disease progression while on therapy or within 60 days of completion of the last therapy.
Einführung (1995)

ZusammenfassungBei der Behandlung von Verfahren der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung sind immer die beiden hauptsächlichen Ziele im Auge zu behalten: Bestimmung von Fehlern möglichst nach Lage, Größe und Form Charakterisierung von Materialeigenschaften.
Alkaline Stability of Quaternary Ammonium Cations for Alkaline Fuel Cell Membranes and Ionic Liquids (2014)

The alkaline stability of 26 different quaternary ammonium groups (QA) is investigated for temperatures up to 160 °C and NaOH concentrations up to 10 mol L(-1) with the aim to provide a basis for the selection of functional groups for hydroxide exchange membranes in alkaline fuel cells and of ionic-liquid cations stable in basic conditions. Most QAs exhibit unexpectedly high alkaline stability with the exception of aromatic cations. β-Protons are found to be far less susceptible to nucleophilic attack than previously suggested, whereas the presence of benzyl groups, nearby hetero-atoms, or other electron-withdrawing species promote degradation reactions significantly. Cyclic QAs proved to be exceptionally stable, with the piperidine-based 6-azonia-spiro[5.5]undecane featuring the highest half-life at the chosen conditions. Absolute and relative stabilities presented herein stand in contrast to literature data, the differences being ascribed to solvent effects on degradation.
Recent Developments in Reflexivity Research: A Review (2009)

Team reflexivity, or the extent to which teams reflect upon and modify their functioning, has attracted much recent research attention. In the current paper, we identify several predictors as well as consequences of reflexivity by reviewing the last decade of literature on team reflexivity. It is observed that team characteristics such as trust and psychological safety among group members, a shared vision, and diversity as well as leadership style of the team’s supervisor influence the level of reflexivity. In addition, team reflexivity is related to a team’s output in terms of innovation, effectiveness, and creativity. Explanations for these effects are discussed and a model including all current findings is presented.
Dependence of the Ferromagnetic Resonance Line Width on the Shape of the Specimen (1957)

The dependence of line width of the ferromagnetic resonance on the shape of the sample is examined on phenomenological grounds. If a damping term of the Bloch-Bloembergen type is assumed in the equation of motion of the magnetization, the line width for an ellipsoidal sample is given by ΔH=[1+Ms2γ2(Nx−Ny)2/4ω2]−122/γT2. The Landau-Lifshitz form of damping leads to a line width which is independent of the shape of the specimen.
Non-keyboard QWERTY touch typing (1999)

Using traditional mobile input devices results in decreased effectiveness and efficiency. To improve usability issues a portable Non-Keyboard QWERTY touch-typing paradigm that supports the mobile touch-typing user is presented and investigated. It requires negligible training time. Pressure sensors strapped to the fingertips of gloves detect which finger is depressed. A language model based on lexical and syntactic knowledge transforms the depressed finger stroke sequence into real words and sentences. Different mobile input QWERTY paradigms (miniaturised, floating and Non-Keyboard) have been compared with full-size QWERTY. Among the mobile input paradigms, the Non-Keyboard fared significantly better, both regarding character error rate and subjective ratings.
Integration and Optimization of Renewables and Storages for Rural Electrification (2016)

The electricity access in Sub-Saharan African countries is below 10%; thus, introducing a microgrid for rural electrification can overcome the endemic lack of modern electricity access that hampers the provision of basic services such as education, healthcare, safety, economic and social growth for rural communities. This work studies different possible comparison methods considering variations such as land area required, location for the storage, efficiency, availability and reliability of energy resources, and technology cost variability (investment cost and levelized cost of electricity), which are among the major key parameters used to assess the best possible utilization of renewables and storage system, either using them in the form of integrated, hybrid or independent systems. The study is carried out largely with the help of the Micropower optimization modeling simulator called HOMER for Ethiopia. As a result, the study proposes the use of Photovoltaic (PV)–Wind–Hydro–Battery hybrid system model that concludes the optimal configuration of power systems at affordable price for underserved rural communities.
hst-1 transforming protein: expression in silkworm cells and characterization as a novel heparin-binding growth factor. (1988)

A protein encoded by an hst-1 transforming gene was expressed in silkworm-derived BmN cells and secreted into the culture medium using a recombinant baculovirus vector. The strong affinity for heparin of the secreted protein made it possible to purify the hst-1 protein to homogeneity in a two-step procedure. The purified hst-1 protein has a molecular weight of 18,000 and stimulates both DNA synthesis in NIH3T3 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cell proliferation. In addition, morphological changes and anchorage-independent growth of NIH3T3 cells are induced by this product. These results show that the hst-1 transforming protein is a novel heparin-binding growth factor as predicted by nucleotide sequence analysis.
Multiwavelength simultaneous monitoring circuitemploying wavelength crossover propertiesof arrayed-waveguide grating (1995)

The authors propose a novel multiwavelength simultaneous monitoring (MSM) circuit that uses the wavelength crossover properties of an arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG). The MSM circuit is locked to a reference wavelength and can achieve 10 MHz resolution and 30 MHz stability for 24 h. Multiwavelength simultaneous monitoring is successfully demonstrated using four tunable lasers.
Exploiting processor groups to extend scalability of the GA shared memory programming model (2005)

Exploiting processor groups is becoming increasingly important for programming next-generation high-end systems composed of tens or hundreds of thousands of processors. This paper discusses the requirements, functionality and development of multilevel-parallelism based on processor groups in the context of the Global Array (GA) shared memory programming model. The main effort involves management of shared data, rather than interprocessor communication. Experimental results for the NAS NPB Conjugate Gradient benchmark and a molecular dynamics (MD) application are presented for a Linux cluster with Myrinet and illustrate the value of the proposed approach for improving scalability. While the original GA version of the CG benchmark lagged MPI, the processor-group version outperforms MPI in all cases, except for a few points on the smallest problem size. Similarly, processor groups were very effective in improving scalability of a Molecular Dynamics application
Chronobiological Comparison of Sleep‐Wake Rhythm between Chronic Schizophrenia and Normal Control (1985)

Few studies on schizophrenia with respect to the circadian alteration of the sleep-wake rhythm have been reported. We made a comparative study of the sleep-wake rhythm between chronic inpatient schizophrenics with a relatively bed-prone daily life and normal subjects under the conditions of absolute bed-rest to elucidate the chronobiological features of schizophrenia. The sleep-wake rhythm of the schizophrenics differed from that of the normals in two points: A significant difference was observed in the decrease of Stage 4 during their nocturnal sleep compared with the normal subjects, becoming conspicuous with the increasing lapse of time during sleep. The distribution and amount of their REM sleep in the morning were markedly low and the latency of their REM sleep was also prolonged. These facts suggested that the smooth slide of the sleep-wake rhythm was somewhat disturbed in the schizophrenics and that they were, therefore, in a state of hyperarousal despite their bed-prone life.
Rapid Mapping of Conditional and Auxotrophic Mutations in <i>Escherichia coli</i> K-12 (1973)

The approximate genetic map locations of auxotrophic and conditional lethal mutations of Escherichia coli can be rapidly determined with replica plating techniques. A set of patches of 15 streptomycin-sensitive (Str(S)) Hfr strains with points of origin distributed around the map is replica plated onto a recombinant-selective plate with a lawn of Str(R) cells which carry an unmapped mutation. The map interval defined by the Hfr points of origin which are closest to the mutant locus is seen by the presence or absence of heavy patches of recombinants produced by transfer of early wild-type genes from the Hfrs. An alternative method is to replicate patches of different mutant strains (100 per plate) onto Hfr lawns; in this case more than 1,000 different mutants can be mapped in a single experiment in a few days. In this way, many types of mutations with similar phenotypes can be grouped as to approximate location on the genetic map. For ordering mutations within groups, the same replica plating methods can be used to cross F-prime derivatives of mutants with other mutants of the same group. Relative merits of these and other mapping methods of E. coli are discussed.
PKCγ in Vc and C1/C2 is Involved in Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain (2011)

The aim of the present study was to clarify the involvement of protein kinase Cγ (PKCγ) in the facial neuropathic pain following infraorbital nerve injury. We analyzed the change in PKCγ expression in the trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) and upper cervical spinal cord (C1/C2) following chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (ION-CCI). We also studied ION-CCI-mediated mechanical nocifensive behavior in rats. The mechanical head-withdrawal threshold significantly decreased 1 to 14 days after ION-CCI compared with that before ION-CCI and in sham rats. The expression of PKCγ was significantly larger in the ipsilateral Vc compared with the contralateral side in ION-CCI rats 3, 7, and 14 days after ION-CCI. Intrathecal (i.t.) administration of the PKCγ inhibitor chelerythrine prevented an increase in the PKCγ expression in the ipsilateral Vc. Moreover, i.t. administration of chelerythrine annulled ION-CCI-mediated reduction in the head-withdrawal threshold. Taken together, these findings suggest that PKCγ expression in the Vc played an important role in the mechanism of orofacial static mechanical allodynia following trigeminal nerve injury.
Construction of a Human Platelet Alloantigen-1a Epitope(s) Within Murine Glycoprotein IIIa: Identification of Residues Critical to the Conformation of the Antibody Binding Site(s) (1999)

The human platelet alloantigen 1 system (HPA-1) is determined by a polymorphism at position 33 in the N-terminus of human glycoprotein IIIa (GPIIIa). This naturally occurring substitution creates a conformation in the HPA-1a allelic form that can be antigenic when presented to an individual expressing the HPA-1b form. Anti-HPA-1a antibodies generated by this immune response can lead to the destruction of platelets, as seen in the clinical disorders, neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) and posttransfusion purpura (PTP). To understand better the structural requirements for recognition by these pathogenic antibodies, we investigated the N-terminal 66 amino acids from the HPA-1a form of human GPIIIa and the analogous amino acids from the nonimmunogenic murine homolog. Our objectives were to define further the boundaries of the HPA-1a epitope(s) in the N-terminus of human GPIIIa, to isolate the murine 5' nucleotide sequence and compare the deduced murine N-terminal sequence to that of human, and to mutate the murine sequence systematically to include an HPA-1a epitope(s). Murine amino acids that differed from human were changed by site-directed mutagenesis to the analogous residues in the HPA-1a form of human GPIIIa, starting and radiating from murine position 33 (site of human polymorphism). This systematic approach allowed us to pinpoint amino acids critical to a conformation recognized by anti-HPA-1a antibodies. Our results show that an HPA-1a epitope can be created within the N-terminus of murine GPIIIa and raise the possibility that murine models of HPA-1a sensitization can be developed.
Monoclonal immunoglobulin rescue from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (1979)

In order to test whether autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia was due to autoantibody production by the neoplastic clone, somatic cell hybrids were constructed between the patient's leukemic cells and a mouse myeloma line. Light-chain- restricted human immunoglobulin was secreted by 4 of 11 of the established hybrid lines. No binding of this immunoglobulin to red cell surface antigens could be detected. Thus, we conclude that the autoantibody in this patient represented a concomitant reactive response and was not the product of the malignant clone of B cells.
Adenine Nucleotide Analogues Locked in a Northern Methanocarba Conformation:  Enhanced Stability and Potency as P2Y<sub>1</sub> Receptor Agonists (2002)

Preference for the Northern (N) ring conformation of the ribose moiety of nucleotide 5'-triphosphate agonists at P2Y(1), P2Y(2), P2Y(4), and P2Y(11) receptors, but not P2Y(6) receptors, was established using a ring-constrained methanocarba (a 3.1.0-bicyclohexane) ring as a ribose substitute (Kim et al. J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 208-218.). We have now combined the ring-constrained (N)-methanocarba modification of adenine nucleotides with other functionalities known to enhance potency at P2 receptors. The potency of the newly synthesized analogues was determined in the stimulation of phospholipase C through activation of turkey erythrocyte P2Y(1) or human P2Y(1) and P2Y(2) receptors stably expressed in astrocytoma cells. An (N)-methanocarba-2-methylthio-ADP analogue displayed an EC(50) at the hP2Y(1) receptor of 0.40 nM and was 55-fold more potent than the corresponding triphosphate and 16-fold more potent than the riboside 5'-diphosphate. 2-Cl-(N)-methanocarba-ATP and its N(6)-Me analogue were also highly selective, full agonists at P2Y(1) receptors. The (N)-methanocarba-2-methylthio and 2-chloromonophosphate analogues were full agonists exhibiting micromolar potency at P2Y(1) receptors, while the corresponding ribosides were inactive. Although beta,gamma-methylene-ATP was inactive at P2Y receptors, beta,gamma-methylene-(N)-methanocarba-ATP was a potent hP2Y(1) receptor agonist with an EC(50) of 160 nM and was selective versus hP2Y(2) and hP2Y(4) receptors. The rates of hydrolysis of Northern (N) and Southern (S) methanocarba analogues of AMP by rat 5'-ectonucleotidase were negligible. The rates of hydrolysis of the corresponding triphosphates by recombinant rat NTPDase1 and 2 were studied. Both isomers were hydrolyzed by NTPDase 1 at about half the rate of ATP hydrolysis. The (N) isomer was hardly hydrolyzed by NTPDase 2, while the (S) isomer was hydrolyzed at one-third of the rate of ATP hydrolysis. This suggests that new, more stable and selective nucleotide agonists may be designed on the basis of the (N)-conformation, which greatly enhanced potency at P2Y(1) receptors.