gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Impaired immunoregulation in systemic lupus erythematosus: defective adenosine-induced suppressor T lymphocyte generation. (1983)

It is currently unclear whether the suppressor cell dysfunction observed during active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) reflects a primary T cell disorder or one that results from immunologic modulation of suppressor T cell activity by autoantibodies. To determine whether the suppressor T cell dysfunction of active SLE is the result of a primary T cell disorder, the model of adenosine-induced immunosuppression was utilized to study the suppressor T cell functions of 12 patients with SLE (seven active SLE, five inactive SLE) and 12 matched healthy controls. T lymphocyte phenotyping was performed by utilizing monoclonal antibodies directed against T cell-specific determinants. Suppressor T cell functions were assessed by two assays in parallel. The first technique tested the capacity of two suppressor T cell subsets (spontaneous suppressors, Ts; adenosine-inducible suppressors, TRA) to inhibit pokeweed mitogen- (PWM) induced B cell differentiation. In the second technique, the ability of enriched T cell preparations to suppress mitogen- and alloantigen-induced proliferation was assayed. It was demonstrated that brief treatment of the control theophylline-resistant T lymphocyte (TR) subset possessing inducer/helper activity with adenosine (10(-5) M, 30 min, 37 degrees C) triggered a rapid shift in phenotype (RFC gamma -, T-4+ leads to RFC gamma +, T-8+) in a proportion of the subset, and the development of radioresistant suppressor function. By contrast, exposure of active SLE TR to adenosine failed to induce either the switch of phenotype or suppressor activity. When compared to controls, both the TS and TRA suppressors failed to inhibit B cell differentiation (TS, p less than 0.001; TRA, p less than 0.001). Moreover, enriched T cell preparations incompletely suppressed the proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin (p less than 0.003), PWM (p less than 0.0003), or alloantigens (p less than 0.01). During inactive SLE, the T cell responses were usually restored. Treatment of the TR subsets with adenosine induced a switch of phenotype in four of five patients and the subsequent expression of effective suppressor function. We conclude that a) during active SLE, there is impaired suppression of proliferation and B cell differentiation; b) the impaired suppression of B cell differentiation results from abnormal spontaneous (TS) and adenosine-inducible (TRA) suppressor functions; c) the defective generation of suppressor T cell function during active disease results, in part, from a block in the transition from inducer/helper to suppressor cell; and, d) the suppressor T cell dysfunction is reversible with disease remission. The investigation of immunopharmacologic events by using the adenosine-induced immuno-suppression model in T cells from normal donors and SLE patients may provide insights into the molecular basis of disordered immunoregulation in SLE.
The Chlamydia Germ and Sicknesses (1987)

The chlamydia germ is small in size and of two types, which lives, in the special skin inside some parts of the body such as eyes, sex parts, and children's nose, ears and lungs. The causes, symptoms, effects and treatment of this sickness are discussed and measured to control this infection.
3-D Modeling Project: 3rd report (1995)

The two geologic models (overthrust and salt dome) are now finalized, the acquisition phases are defined, and DOE laboratories have started the computations. Simulation for phase A is expected to be completed during the first quarter of 1995.
Characterization of Self-Assembled Monolayers of Porphyrins Bearing Multiple Thiol-Derivatized Rigid-Rod Tethers (2004)

A series of multithiol-functionalized zinc porphyrins has been prepared and characterized as self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au. The molecules, designated ZnPS(n) (n = 1-4), contain from one to four [(S-acetylthio)methyl]phenylethynylphenyl groups appended to the meso-position of the porphyrin; the other meso-substituents are phenyl groups. For the dithiol-functionalized molecules, both the cis- and the trans-appended structures were examined. The ZnPS(n) SAMs were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and various electrochemical methods. The studies reveal the following characteristics of the ZnPS(n) SAMs. (1) The ZnPS(n) molecules bind to the Au surface via a single thiol regardless of the number of thiol appendages that are available per molecular unit. (2) The porphyrins in the ZnPS(3) and ZnPS(4) SAMs bind to the surface in a more upright orientation than the porphyrins in the ZnPS(1), cis-ZnPS(2), and trans-ZnPS(2) SAMs. The porphyrins in the ZnPS(3) and ZnPS(4) SAMs are also more densely packed than those in the cis-ZnPS(2) and trans-ZnPS(2) SAMs. The packing density of the ZnPS(3) and ZnPS(4) SAMs is similar to that of the ZnPS(1) SAMs, despite the larger size of the molecules in the former SAMs. (3) The thermodynamics and kinetics of electron transfer are generally similar for all of the ZnPS(n) SAMs. The general similarities in the electron-transfer characteristics for all of the SAMs are attributed to the similar binding motif.
A novel Al-Sc (scandium) alloy for future LSI interconnection (2002)

A new aluminum alloy, Al-Sc (scandium), has been studied in comparison with a conventional Al-Si-Cu alloy for future LSI interconnection. It has been found that Sc addition into Al completely suppressed a failure caused by a stress-induced migration phenomenon (SM) in submicron lines and hillock generation, while showing superior electromigration (EM) performance to conventional Cu addition. The new impurity, Sc, precipitates and presumably acts as a sink site for vacancies, which are the origin of the degradation in reliability by SM and EM.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mutation-Tolerant Protein Identification by Mass Spectrometry (2000)

Database search in tandem mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for protein identification. High-throughput spectral acquisition raises the problem of dealing with genetic variation and peptide modifications within a population of related proteins. A method that cross-correlates and clusters related spectra in large collections of uncharacterized spectra (i.e., from normal and diseased individuals) would be very valuable in functional proteomics. This problem is far from being simple since very similar peptides may have very different spectra. We introduce a new notion of spectral similarity that allows one to identify related spectra even if the corresponding peptides have multiple modifications/mutations. Based on this notion, we developed a new algorithm for mutation-tolerant database search as well as a method for cross-correlating related uncharacterized spectra.
AMULET1: an asynchronous ARM microprocessor (1997)

An asynchronous implementation of the ARM microprocessor has been developed using an approach based on Sutherland's Micropipelines. The design allows considerable internal asynchronous concurrency. This paper presents the rationale for the work, the organization of the chip, and the characteristics of the prototype silicon. The design displays unusual properties such as nondeterministic (but bounded) prefetch depth beyond a branch instruction, a data dependent throughput, and employs a novel register locking mechanism. This work demonstrates the feasibility of building complex asynchronous systems and gives an indication of the costs and benefits of the Micropipeline approach.
A Model for Shock Sub Performance Qualification (1995)

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the influence of the interaction between a tricone bit and the drilled formation on the axial dynamic behaviour of the drill string, with the aim of qualifying shock sub performance. It presents a simple tricone bit model including both material removal and the non linearity of lift off, which makes no assumptions as to the form of the bottom hole pattern. The model generates a trilobe pattern and the associated phenomena typically found in field data from tricone bit drilling in hard formations: power spectral density peaks on the low frequency side of 3xRPM and 6xRPM etc during 'smooth' drilling, and the beating phenomenon.
Structure indices in FA chemistry. How relevant is the iodine value? (2002)

Abstract Most common analytical methods in FA chemistry can be categorized as yielding either structure or quality indices. Quality indices often describe components in fats and oils arising from processing, storage, and naturally occurring, nonfatty materials. Common structure indices are the iodine value (IV), the saponification value, and the hydroxyl value. Although modern analytical methods yield more detailed and reliable information, structure indices are still widely used. The IV, which indicates total unsaturation, has even been included in some standards for industrial products such as biodiesel. However, the IV index is too general to allow the correlation of physical and chemical properties with FA composition. The IV is treated in a theoretical fashion regarding biodiesel‐ and oxidative stability‐related issues. That the concept of IV as a structure index is unsatisfactory is shown by the development of a quaternary composition diagram (QCD). The QCD demonstrates the derivation of a specific IV from varying FA compositions. Improved correlations are possible among the structure indices. Alternative indices for the IV are developed. Possible alternatives are the allylic position equivalent (APE) and the bisallylic position equivalent (BAPE) which better relate structure and amount of common component FA in vegetable oils to observed properties. The APE and BAPE indices are based on the number of reactive positions in oxidation.
Monoclonal antibodies to HBsAg: a study of their specificities for eight different HBsAg subtypes. (1983)

Spleens from high responder Biozzi mice immunized with purified HBsAg of adw2, adw4 and ayw3 subtypes respectively were fused with N5-1 mouse myeloma cells. Over 30 clones with anti-alpha activity were obtained (principally from fusion adw2) as well as numerous clones with restrictive anti-HBs reactivity. The aim of this study was to characterize 9 different monoclonal antibodies with restrictive reactivity in comparison to a monoclonal anti-alpha antibody. Two different techniques were used: immunodiffusion and enzymoimmunoassay. Already known specificities or common reactivity between some subtypes were found, as w4, subdivision of ayw3 subtype, antigenic determinant common to w4 and adr, absence of the same determinant in adw2 and ayw1, the 2 subtypes having the highest capacity to absorb anti-alpha. Other monoclonal antibodies indicated the presence of previously unidentified subtype specificities: one of them recognized all HBsAg with d determinant but also ayw4, another recognized all HBsAg with y determinant but also adr, 2 others recognized determinants present completely or partially (spur formation) in many subtypes, another one recognized ayw4 and adw4 but also adw2. The combination of new tools such as monoclonal antibodies and synthetic peptides should facilitate the analysis of HBsAg.
<scp>TUT</scp> 7 controls the fate of precursor micro <scp>RNA</scp> s by using three different uridylation mechanisms (2015)

Terminal uridylyl transferases (TUTs) function as integral regulators of microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis. Using biochemistry, single-molecule, and deep sequencing techniques, we here investigate the mechanism by which human TUT7 (also known as ZCCHC6) recognizes and uridylates precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) in the absence of Lin28. We find that the overhang of a pre-miRNA is the key structural element that is recognized by TUT7 and its paralogues, TUT4 (ZCCHC11) and TUT2 (GLD2/PAPD4). For group II pre-miRNAs, which have a 1-nt 3' overhang, TUT7 restores the canonical end structure (2-nt 3' overhang) through mono-uridylation, thereby promoting miRNA biogenesis. For pre-miRNAs where the 3' end is further recessed into the stem (as in 3' trimmed pre-miRNAs), TUT7 generates an oligo-U tail that leads to degradation. In contrast to Lin28-stimulated oligo-uridylation, which is processive, a distributive mode is employed by TUT7 for both mono- and oligo-uridylation in the absence of Lin28. The overhang length dictates the frequency (but not duration) of the TUT7-RNA interaction, thus explaining how TUT7 differentiates pre-miRNA species with different overhangs. Our study reveals dual roles and mechanisms of uridylation in repair and removal of defective pre-miRNAs.
Optical phase conjugation in polycarbonate resin doped with Coumarin 314 dye (1993)

Optical phase conjugate wave generation in Coumarin 314-doped polycarbonate resin is investigated by using 488-nm light for writing the grating and 632.8-nm light for reading it. The observed oscillatory behavior of grating growth as a function of writing time is attributed to heating effects.
An Attribute Reduction Algorithm Based on Genetic Algorithm and Discernibility Matrix (2012)

In order to effectively solve the problem between genetic algorithm convergence and a local optimal solution, this paper presents an attribute reduction algorithm based on genetic algorithm with improved selection operator and discernibility matrix. In the algorithm, from the point of view of granular computing, rough set decision tables based on partition and covering are researched by measuring granularity again. The practical results show that the average convergence generation of modified algorithm is obviously superior to not modified algorithm, which is generally applicable in rough set decision tables based on partition and covering
Significance of tissue specific and tissue non specific autoimmune reactions of Graves' disease. (1996)

The relationship between the many immunologic abnormalities demonstrated in the peripheral blood of patients with Graves' disease (GD) and the broad spectrum of clinical features with which patients may present has not yet been addressed in detail. In this review we examine the evidence to support the notion that GD could be considered a multi-system autoimmune disorder in which tissue damage is restricted to the thyroid gland, connective tissue of the skin and orbit, extra-ocular and other skeletal muscles and, possibly, the lacrimal glands. Apart from the well recognized reactions of autoantibodies and sensitized T lymphocytes with epitopes on the thyroid specific TSH receptor, thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin, in patients with hyperthyroidism, there is also good evidence for autoantibody and, to a lesser extent, T lymphocyte reactivity with several eye muscle, other skeletal muscle and connective tissue, antigens in patients with ophthalmopathy, systemic myopathy, dermopathy and acropachy. There is also some evidence for immunoreactivity against lacrimal gland antigens in patients with ophthalmopathy associated with other features of GD. There are, in addition, a variety of organ non-specific reactions in GD; antinuclear antibodies are detected in serum from about one-third of patients with hyperthyroidism and ophthalmopathy, while from 5% to 10% have antibodies reactive with several other ubiquitous tissue proteins. Cloned proteins which are autoantigenic in some patients with hyperthyroidism or Hashimoto's thyroiditis and ophthalmopathy include collagen XIII, nebulin, the calcium binding protein calmitine, and the Mac-II antigen. All antibodies reactive with eye muscle antigens, except the 64 kDa protein which is also expressed in the thyroid, cross react with the same, or a related, protein in other skeletal muscle. Future research should focus on the underlying mechanisms for this broad loss of tolerance to self antigens and the effect of environmental factors such as stress, radioiodine and viral infection of the thyroid gland and other target tissues, in precipitating disease.
Effect of Alkali Cations on Aluminum Incorporation in Geopolymeric Gels (2005)

In geopolymeric gels, aluminum is known to have tetrahedral coordination and to be associated with an alkali cation to satisfy electronic neutrality. However, the mechanism of aluminum incorporation and the effects of different synthesis parameters are not well understood. 2H, 27Al, and 23Na MAS NMR techniques have been used to elucidate the structural properties and mechanism of aluminum incorporation in metakaolin-based geopolymers. Na+(aq) and Al(OH)4-(aq) species were detected in the pore solution of geopolymers with Si/Al ratios of ≤1.40 and found to be directly related to the concentration of soluble silicate in the activating solution used for synthesis. The relative concentration of Na+(aq) in sodium and mixed-alkali geopolymers indicated a preferential incorporation of potassium into geopolymeric gels during curing. This work demonstrates a direct link between the composition of the silicate activator and aluminum incorporation in geopolymeric gels.
Bovine serum albumin-doxorubicin conjugate overcomes multidrug resistance in a rat hepatoma. (1993)

A bovine serum albumin-conjugated doxorubicin via the glutaraldehyde bridge (BSA-DXR conjugate) showed potent dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth against daunorubicin-resistant AH66 (AH66DR) cells as well as parental AH66 (AH66P) cells in vitro as compared to treatment with DXR or BSA-glutaraldehyde conjugate without DXR (BSA-GA). In the culture of AH66DR with BSA-DXR conjugate, drug accumulation in the AH66DR cells increased as a function of time up to 24 h reaching approximately the same drug level as AH66P cells treated with DXR. The intracellular accumulation of the BSA-DXR conjugate was inhibited by the addition of ammonium chloride, while that of DXR alone was not inhibited. Intracellular DXR was effluxed rapidly from AH66DR cells, but BSA-DXR conjugate or pharmacologically active DXR adduct remained in the cells at a relatively high concentration over a 36-h time period. The life-prolonging effect of the conjugate was assessed using rats inoculated i.p. with AH66P or AH66DR. The rats were treated with the BSA-DXR conjugate, DXR, a mixture of DXR with BSA, or BSA-GA by either the i.p. or i.v. route. Treatment with DXR had no significant surviving effect as compared to that with saline in AH66P-bearing rats. By contrast, BSA-DXR conjugate showed a significant life-prolonging effect as compared with DXR alone in the same degree both in AH66P- and AH66DR-bearing rats. BSA-GA did not show any toxicity in vivo as well as in vitro. These results indicate that the BSA-DXR conjugate allows DXR to escape from the multidrug resistance mechanism.
Debugging and dynamic modification of embedded systems (1996)

The paper describes the debugging and dynamic modification facilities provided for real time distributed systems within the Testbed embedded systems environment. We exploit natural break-points present in a state machine programming model to perform monitoring and debugging actions. This technique can avoid the probe effect which is a major problem in debugging concurrent and real-time systems. We describe the background debugging technique in which debugging is partially automated to further reduce interference. Testbed also supports a dynamic modification technique that avoids re-starting the application, which may be inappropriate for embedded systems that run continuously without a notion of stopping time. Background debugging and dynamic modification complement each other in Testbed to provide a powerful alternative to traditional debugging methods.
CD25+CD4+ REGULATORY T CELLS GENERATED IN VIVO PREVENT ISLET ALLOGRAFT REJECTION BY BLOCKING THE RECRUITMENT OF EFFECTOR CELLS INTO THE GRAFT (2004)

O178* The concept of CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells (T-reg) is well established in various autoimmune and transplantation models and a growing body of evidence suggests that operational transplantation tolerance depends on active T cell regulation mediated by these T-regs. Previously, we have demonstrated that T-reg generated in vivo prior to transplant by pre-treatment with donor-specific blood transfusion (DST) plus anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody can regulate donor-specific allograft rejection in a CTLA-4 and IL-10 dependent manner. Aim: The aim of this study was to ask whether T-reg generated by the same protocol are capable of preventing the rejection of a life-sustaining islet allograft, and if so, explore the mechanisms involved. Methods: T cell depleted CBA (H-2k) recipients were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin (blood glucose >20 mmol/L). These mice were then reconstituted with 1x105 CD45RBhigh CD4+ effector cells from naïve mice with or without co-transfer of 4x105 CD25+CD4+ from cell donors tolerized with nondepleting anti-CD4 antibody on days –28 and –27 plus a C57BL/6 (H-2b) DST on day –27. The naïve CD45RBhigh CD4+ cells used as effectors in this model co-express human CD52 as a transgene which allows them to be distinguished phenotypically from putative T-regs following adoptive transfer. On day 0, reconstituted, diabetic animals were transplanted with 400 C57BL/6 islets under the kidney capsule. Graft function was assessed by daily blood glucose measurements and rejection was defined as a blood glucose level ≥14.5 mmol/L on two consecutive days. Cellular infiltration was quantified by immunofluorescence using anti-hCD52-FITC. Four separate planes were analysed with an average of 4 high power fields (hpf) examined per plane. Results and Conclusion: Mice reconstituted with CD45RBhigh CD4+ effector cells alone rejected their grafts acutely (MST=18, n=7). This was completely prevented by co-transfer of CD25+CD4+ T cells isolated from tolerized animals (MST>70, n=10). These animals remained normoglycemic (8-13 mmol/L, normal range 8-12 mmol/L). In the absence of CD25+CD4+ T cells, CD45RBhigh CD4+ effector cells rapidly infiltrated the graft site and accumulated until day 15. However, in the presence of CD25+CD4+ T cells, at day 5 there was a 7-fold decrease in the number of infiltrating effector cells (CD45RBhigh only 3.66 ± 0.33; CD45RBhighplus CD25+ 0.47 ± 0.15 cells/hpf, p<0.0001; syngeneic control 0.57 ± 0.2). To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that CD25+CD4+ T cells generated in vivo by immunomodulation can protect a life-sustaining, functional primary islet allograft. The effect of regulation on the recruitment of effector cells into the graft provides an insight into one of the mechanisms in which regulatory T cells can prevent allograft rejection and confirms that the generation of CD25+CD4+ regulatory cells should be considered as an important strategy for providing operational tolerance in clinical transplantation.
An Empirical Assessment of Factors that Influence the Effectiveness of SMS Advertising (2007)

Mobile advertising has emerged as one of the most popular applications in mobile commerce, particularly in the form of SMS advertising campaigns. However, looking at the process of mobile advertising scientific inquiry, one observes that little is known regarding the effectiveness of an SMS advertisement and the factors contributing to its success. This research investigates the significance of such factors via an experimental method based on a student sample. Several content and medium factors were manipulated and the key finding is that (1) incentive, (2) interactivity, (3) appeal, (4) product involvement, (5) acronyms usage and (6) attitude towards SMS advertising in general, exhibit main effects on attitudinal variables and purchase intentions