gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of phagolysosome biogenesis block by viable <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (2005)

Live Mycobacterium tuberculosis persists in macrophage phagosomes by interfering with phagolysosome biogenesis. Here, using four-dimensional microscopy and in vitro assays, we report the principal difference between phagosomes containing live and dead mycobacteria. Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), a membrane trafficking regulatory lipid essential for phagosomal acquisition of lysosomal constituents, is retained on phagosomes harboring dead mycobacteria but is continuously eliminated from phagosomes with live bacilli. We show that the exclusion of PI3P from live mycobacterial phagosomes can be only transiently reversed by Ca2+ fluxes, and that live M. tuberculosis secretes a lipid phosphatase, SapM, that hydrolyzes PI3P, inhibits phagosome-late endosome fusion in vitro, and contributes to inhibition of phagosomal maturation.
Stimulus Requirements for the Decoding of Myopic and Hyperopic Defocus under Single and Competing Defocus Conditions in the Chicken (2005)

Compensation to myopic defocus is critically dependent on the inclusion of middle to high spatial frequencies in the stimulus and has a spatial frequency-dependent threshold contrast requirement. With competing myopic and hyperopic defocus, the former transiently dominates the latter as a determinant of ocular growth, provided that the stimulus conditions include sufficient middle to high spatial frequency information and that accommodation cues are available.
A spot-defect to fault collapsing technique (2002)

A new technique is presented that is capable of collapsing defects to circuit faults by establishing a simple probabilistic model between them. This way of modeling supplies accurate results for ranking the failure probability of nodes and the probability of occurrence of faults. Since it is independent of the multilayer critical area extraction, the collapsing and its related applications can be done effectively in a rather short CPU time. By applying this technique, the likelihood of occurrence of faults, induced by defects, can be ranked accurately according to the conditions prevailing in the manufacturing line. The derivation of the weighted spectrums of nodes, or partial faults, can further be used for manufacturing debugging. The results of the analysis show that conventional testing methods concentrating on single stuck-at faults are insufficient and that, in particular, multiple faults need more careful treatment.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nonlinear Analysis of Frame Structures Subjected to Blast Overpressures (1977)

In modern day explosive manufacturing and LAP facilities, many of the structural steel buildings will be required to provide protection for personnel and/or equipment against the effects of HE-type explosions. Therefore, computer program entitled 'Dynamic Nonlinear Frame Analysis' (DYNFA) has been developed whereby the responses of frame structures subjected to blast loadings can be determined. This report contains the background for the development of DYNFA as well as the equations and procedures necessary for its use. The report also contains example problems illustrating the use of DYNFA for the design of blast- resistant frame structure. (Author)
An Operations Planning System for Asphalt Pavement Compaction (1996)

Asphalt density after compaction by the breakdown roller is a key factor influencing asphalt pavement performance. Among the several factors influencing asphalt pavement density, the number of passes required for a rolling operation is a critical factor and difficult to determine and measure appropriately. Furthermore, it is difficult to ensure that the roller will uniformly cover the entire length and width of the pavement mat. Without an efficient path planning system, errors in human judgment may cause variation in overlap areas and reduce compaction efficiency. The significance of achieving optimal asphalt density coupled with the problems associated with the present system of operation, motivates the search for a system that can more accurately decide coverage location, number of passes, and control the overlap area for the pavement compaction operation. Such a system could increase the operational efficiency, uniform compaction, and pavement performance.
Saline-Infused Bipolar Radiofrequency Ablation of High-Risk Spinal and Paraspinal Neoplasms (2006)

In our experience, the bipolar technique can reduce the risk of spinal cord damage in radiofrequency ablation of lesions within 1 cm of neural structures and involving paravertebral soft tissue.
Effect of compatibilizer and fillers on the properties of injection molded lignin‐based hybrid green composites (2012)

Abstract Composites were prepared from poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), lignin, and switchgrass using extrusion followed by injection molding techniques. The effects of the fillers (lignin and switchgrass) and polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (PMDI) compatibilizer on the physicomechanical and thermal properties of the composites were investigated. Use of hybrid filler (1 : 1 lignin : switchgrass) resulted in slight improvement in the flexural strength of the composites. Incorporation of 1% PMDI into the hybrid filler reinforced composites significantly enhanced properties compared with the neat PBS which accounts for improvements in the flexural strength, flexural modulus, and heat deflection temperature (HDT) by nearly 165%, 375%, and by 24°C respectively. Lignin exhibited some effects on the thermal properties of composites. However, switchgrass demonstrated a minor effect on the thermal behavior of the composites compared with the lignin. An improved interface was observed from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the compatibilized hybrid composites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
A General Method for the Direct α‐Arylation of Nitriles with Aryl Chlorides (2003)

The long-standing challenge of developing a general method for the title methodology is met for a broad range of aryl chlorides through the use of bicyclic P(iBuNCH2CH2)3N (1) as a bulky electron-rich ligand for palladium (see scheme, dba=dibenzylideneacetone).
Effects of gravity on proliferation and differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells. (2007)

Recent studies have demonstrated that culturing stem cells under altered gravity conditions modulates their proliferation and differentiation. In the current study we focused on osteogenesis. In an attempt to induce high proliferation rates and low differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (AT-MSCs), we exposed them to simulated microgravity (sim-microg) and hypergravity. We used the random positioning machine (RPM) to simulate microg and the medium sized centrifuge for acceleration research (MidiCAR) for hypergravity. AT-MSCs from different origin (human and goat) seeded in OptiCells were housed in the RPM and MidiCAR and compared with suitable controls cultured under static conditions (1 g). The experiments lasted 7 or 14 days. We report data on AT-MSCs proliferation as DNA content, and on the expression of specific osteogenic markers (cbfa-1, alkaline phosphatase activity and Van Kossa staining).
Type-safe linking and modular assembly language (1999)

Linking is a low-level task that is usually vaguely specified, if at all, by language definitions. However, the security of web browsers and other extensible systems depends crucially upon a set of checks that must be performed at link time. Building upon the simple, but elegant ideas of Cardelli, and module constructs from high-level languages, we present a formal model of typed object files and a set of inference rules that are sufficient to guarantee that type safety is preserved by the linking process.Whereas Cardelli's link calculus is built on top of the simply-typed lambda calculus, our object files are based upon typed assembly language so that we may model important low-level implementation issues. Furthermore, unlike Cardelli, we provide support for abstract types and higher-order type constructors-features critical for building extensible systems or modern programming languages such as ML.
Polarization independent grating coupler for silicon-on-insulator waveguides (2010)

A polarization independent grating coupler for coupling the light from an optical fiber into a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide with a coupling efficiency independent of the polarization of the incident light was proposed. Such a polarization independent grating coupler can be achieved by superimposing the grating couplers which were originally designed for coupling solely the TE and the TM modes. Furthermore, it may have the advantage of being fabricated by a single etching step.
L’étrangeté dionysiaque (2001)

L’enthousiasme dionysiaque, à savoir le fait d’être entheos, plein du dieu, c’est-à-dire possédé, à travers l’oreibasie, s’apparente à un rituel d’incarnation où l’adepte provoque puis subit une altération de sa personnalité. Ce phénomène pleinement religieux use de la folie divine, de la mania, comme d’un langage conventionnel. Dionysos prescrit à ses dévots tout un ensemble de conduites et de règles esthétiques afin de devenir possédés du délire bachique. Il les contraint à revêtir un co...
Lithium tri-sec-butylborohydride. New reagent for the reduction of cyclic and bicyclic ketones with super stereoselectivity. Remarkably simple and practical procedure for the conversion of ketones to alcohols in exceptionally high stereochemical purity (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLithium tri-sec-butylborohydride. New reagent for the reduction of cyclic and bicyclic ketones with super stereoselectivity. Remarkably simple and practical procedure for the conversion of ketones to alcohols in exceptionally high stereochemical purityHerbert C. Brown and S. KrishnamurthyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 20, 7159–7161Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00775a053https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00775a053research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2749Altmetric-Citations263LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Friction Stir Welding Studies on Mild Steel (2003)

The objective of this work was to demonstrate the feasibility of friction stir welding (FSW) for joining of mild steel. Defect-free welds were produced on 0.25-in. plates (6.3 mm) of hot-rolled AISI 1018 mild steel at travel speeds ranging from 1 to 4 in./min (0.42 to 1.68 mm/s) using molybdenum-based and tungsten-based alloy tools. Results for welds made at 1 in./min are reported here. Axial tool loads measured during FSW were approximately 4200 Ibf (18.7 kN), while measured torques were in the range of 500 in.-lb (55 N○m). Peak surface temperatures close to 1000°C (1832°F) were measured on the workpiece and tool during welding using thermocouples and an infrared camera system. Comparisons before and after welding combining both metallographic and metrology techniques suggest changes in tool dimensions stem from both rubbing wear and deformation of the tool. The greatest changes in tool dimensions occurred during the initial plunging stage. Microstructures of the welds were examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The weld region displayed several microstructurally distinct regions. Extrapolation of measured temperatures and microstructural evidence suggest peak temperatures of the stir zone exceeded 1100°C (2012°F) and likely surpassed 1200°C (2192°F). Transverse tensile properties of the welds were evaluated at room temperature. Welded samples failed in regions corresponding to the base metal and demonstrated yield and ultimate tensile strengths comparable to those of the base metal. Welded samples passed bend tests to ∼15% strain in the outer fiber. The results have demonstrated the feasibility of FSW of steel with acceptable tensile properties. Based on these results, FSW of transformation-hardenable steels, HSLA steels, and stainless steels appears feasible.
Equivalent capacity and its application to bandwidth allocation in high-speed networks (1991)

The authors propose a computationally simple approximate expression for the equivalent capacity or bandwidth requirement of both individual and multiplexed connections, based on their statistical characteristics and the desired grade-of-service (GOS). The purpose of such an expression is to provide a unified metric to represent the effective bandwidth used by connections and the corresponding effective load of network links. These link metrics can then be used for efficient bandwidth management, routing, and call control procedures aimed at optimizing network usage. While the methodology proposed can provide an exact approach to the computation of the equivalent capacity, the associated complexity makes it infeasible for real-time network traffic control applications. Hence, an approximation is required. The validity of the approximation developed is verified by comparison to both exact computations and simulation results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evidence that Growth factor independence 1b regulates dormancy and peripheral blood mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells (2010)

Donor-matched transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is widely used to treat hematologic malignancies but is associated with high mortality. The expansion of HSC numbers and their mobilization into the bloodstream could significantly improve therapy. We report here that adult mice conditionally deficient for the transcription Growth factor independence 1b (Gfi1b) show a significant expansion of functional HSCs in the bone marrow and blood. Despite this expansion, Gfi1b(ko/ko) HSCs retain their ability to self-renew and to initiate multilineage differentiation but are no longer quiescent and contain elevated levels of reactive oxygen species. Treatment of Gfi1b(ko/ko) mice with N-acetyl-cystein significantly reduced HSC numbers indicating that increased reactive oxygen species levels are at least partially responsible for the expansion of Gfi1b-deficient HSCs. Moreover, Gfi1b(-/-) HSCs show decreased expression of CXCR4 and Vascular cell adhesion protein-1, which are required to retain dormant HSCs in the endosteal niche, suggesting that Gfi1b regulates HSC dormancy and pool size without affecting their function. Finally, the additional deletion of the related Gfi1 gene in Gfi1b(ko/ko) HSCs is incompatible with the maintenance of HSCs, suggesting that Gfi1b and Gfi1 have partially overlapping functions but that at least one Gfi gene is essential for the generation of HSCs.
Phosphorylation, high ionic strength, and calmodulin reverse the binding of MARCKS to phospholipid vesicles. (1994)

The myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS) is a major cellular substrate of protein kinase C (PKC), and PKC phosphorylation produces translocation of MARCKS from membrane to cytoplasm in many cells. Our working hypothesis is that binding of MARCKS to biological membranes requires both hydrophobic insertion of its myristoyl chain into the lipid bilayer and electrostatic interaction of its basic domain with acidic lipids. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the binding of murine MARCKS to large unilamellar phospholipid vesicles (LUVs). We estimated the partition coefficient of the myristoyl moiety of MARCKS (KH) by measuring the binding of MARCKS to electrically neutral LUVs (KH = 3 x 10(3) M-1). We examined the effect of electrostatic interactions by measuring the binding of MARCKS to LUVs containing 20% acidic lipid and obtained four results. First, incorporating 20% acidic lipid into the LUVs increased binding of MARCKS about 100-fold. Second, PKC phosphorylation, which added 3 negatively charged phosphate groups to the basic domain, reduced 20-fold the binding of MARCKS to these negatively charged vesicles. Third, increasing the KCl concentration from 0.1 to 0.5 M reduced the binding 15-fold. Fourth, Ca(2+)-calmodulin reduced the binding 20-fold. We present a simple theoretical model that explains these results, which are all consistent with the working hypothesis.
<i>Ex Vivo</i> Expansion and Differentiation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (1992)

Hematopoietic stem cells are phenotypically very heterogeneous, probably reflecting the degree of activation and/or differentiation. This cell population is capable of high-level proliferative activity and multilineage differentiation. Despite its potential for self-renewal, the hematopoietic stem cell exists in a quiescent state for prolonged periods of time. The mechanism(s) involved in triggering these cells to enter the cell cycle is/are not totally clear; however, cytokines (both positive and negative regulators) are implicated. Most, if not all known cytokines that interact at the stem cell level do so not only by inducing proliferation but also differentiation. The ability to maintain a population of truly primitive stem cells for extended periods of time in vitro is currently under investigation by many research groups.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) reduces the density of stem cell factor receptors (c-kit oncogene product) on a GM-CSF-dependent human myeloid cell line. (1994)

By employing a monoclonal antibody against the stem cell factor receptor (SCF-R), c-kit oncogene product, we analysed in flow cytometric technique the density of SCF-R on GM/SO cells which were incubated under various culture conditions. These experiments revealed that there is an inverse correlation between the SCF-R density on the cells and the doses of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in culture medium; the lower the dose, the higher the density of SCF-R on the cells. More detailed analyses showed that, in contrast to SCF which rapidly downregulates its own receptor, GM-CSF does not alter the measurable level of SCF-R in an exposition period of 60 minutes, which suggests that the internalization or shedding of the receptor is not the mechanism of action. Since the most striking difference regarding density of SCF-R between GM-CSF-treated and untreated cells was observed on day 2, the modulation of c-kit oncogene protein by GM-CSF likely occur prior to expression of protein onto the cell surface. In order to exclude the possibility that altered cell viability due to insufficient GM-CSF content in culture medium might be responsible for the increased SCF-R densities on GM-CSF-dependent cells, we subsequently generated a GM-CSF-independent subclone which still responded to GM-CSF as well as the dependent did. The experiments carried out with this subclone confirmed the results presented above. Thus our data suggest that GM-CSF is directly involved in the regulation of SCF receptor density on GM/SO cells.
Electron emission from silicon tips coated with sol-gel (Ba0.67Sr0.33)TiO3 ferroelectric thin film (2001)

Electron emissions from arrays of silicon tips coated with barium strontium titanate (BST) (Ba0.67Sr0.33)TiO3 ferroelectric thin film have been investigated. Sol-gel technique was used to prepare the (Ba0.67Sr0.33)TiO3 ferroelectric solution. A conformal and stable (Ba0.67Sr0.33)TiO3 thin film coating of ∼30 nm on silicon tips was achieved by spin coating and thermal annealing. Silicon tips coated with BST ferroelectric film show considerable improvement in electron emission. The coated tips have low turn-on electric fields ranging from 4 to 10 V/μm, which are significantly lower than that of the uncoated silicon tips with turn-on electric field of ∼70 V/μm. Fowler–Nordheim (F–N) plots of the emission data confirm that the emission conformed to F–N emission behavior and indicate that the coated silicon tips have a lower work function than the uncoated silicon tips. Sol-gel ferroelectric thin film coating is an efficient and practical way to improve silicon tip emission behavior.
Precise synthesis of well‐defined dendrimer‐like star‐branched polymers by iterative methodology based on living anionic polymerization (2006)

Abstract Dendrimer‐like star‐branched polymers recently developed as a new class of hyperbranched polymers, which resemble well‐known dendrimers in branched architecture, but comprise polymer chains between junctions, are reviewed in this highlight article. In particular, we focus on the precise synthesis of various dendrimer‐like star‐branched polymers and block copolymers by the recently developed methodology based on iterative divergent approach using living anionic polymers and 1,1‐bis(3‐ tert ‐butyldimethylsilyloxymethylphenyl)ethylene. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6659–6687, 2006
Operating systems for reconfigurable embedded platforms: online scheduling of real-time tasks (2004)

Today's reconfigurable hardware devices have huge densities and are partially reconfigurable, allowing for the configuration and execution of hardware tasks in a true multitasking manner. This makes reconfigurable platforms an ideal target for many modern embedded systems that combine high computation demands with dynamic task sets. A rather new line of research is engaged in the construction of operating systems for reconfigurable embedded platforms. Such an operating system provides a minimal programming model and a runtime system. The runtime system performs online task and resource management. In this paper, we first discuss design issues for reconfigurable hardware operating systems. Then, we focus on a runtime system for guarantee-based scheduling of hard real-time tasks. We formulate the scheduling problem for the 1D and 2D resource models and present two heuristics, the horizon and the stuffing technique, to tackle it. Simulation experiments conducted with synthetic workloads evaluate the performance and the runtime efficiency of the proposed schedulers. The scheduling performance for the 1D resource model is strongly dependent on the aspect ratios of the tasks. Compared to the 1D model, the 2D resource model is clearly superior. Finally, the runtime overhead of the scheduling algorithms is shown to be acceptably low.