gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gamma‐vinyl GABA, an irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase, alters the acquisition and expression of cocaine‐induced sensitization in male rats (2002)

We examined the effect of (+/-)-gamma-vinyl GABA (GVG, Vigabatrin), an irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme GABA transaminase, on the acquisition and expression of cocaine-induced sensitization in albino male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals received a single injection of 1 ml/kg i.p. of 0.9% saline or 15 mg/kg i.p. of (-)-cocaine and locomotor activity was assessed using automated locomotor cages and stereotyped behaviors were scored using a 4-point rating scale (Day 1). Subsequently, animals were given 15 mg/kg i.p. of cocaine every 48 h in their home cage for 1 week (Days 3, 5, and 7) and then given no treatment for 1 week. A challenge injection of 15 mg/kg i.p. of cocaine, but not vehicle, produced a significant increase in locomotor activity and stereotyped behaviors on Day 15 compared to animals that received cocaine on Day 1. Administration of 75 mg/kg i.p. of GVG 2.5 h before the cocaine injections did not significantly alter the acquisition of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. However, 150 mg/kg i.p. of GVG significantly attenuated the acquisition of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. Administration of 150 mg/kg i.p. of GVG 2.5 h before the cocaine challenge injection on Day 15 significantly attenuated the expression of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. Acquisition and expression of cocaine-induced sensitization of stereotypy was also significantly attenuated by 150 mg/kg i.p. of GVG. Since sensitization may be one of the factors involved in relapse to drug use, the present results, in combination with previous findings that GVG blocks the rewarding and incentive motivating effects of cocaine, suggest that GVG might prove useful in the treatment of cocaine addiction.
An Ancestral Mutation Enhancing the Fitness and Increasing the Virulence of Haemophilus influenzae Type b (1993)

Capsulate Haemophilus influenzae is a major cause of septicemia and meningitis in children. Virtually all invasive strains have a type b polysaccharide capsule and belong to division I of the two phylogenetic divisions into which the H. influenzae population segregates. In this study 18 isolates, collected from all over the world and representative of the whole population of division I type b strains, have been shown to be the progeny of a common ancestor in which a founder mutation occurred, the deletion of one of two copies of the gene bexA. BexA is essential for exporting capsular polysaccharide to the bacterial surface, and a single copy of its gene lies at the center of an otherwise duplicated capsulation locus. Deletion of the other copy has had the paradoxical effect of enhancing pathogenicity, through increasing the potential for amplification of capsule biosynthetic genes and capsule production.
A 50-Å Separation of the Integrin αvβ3 Extracellular Domain C Termini Reveals an Intermediate Activation State (2004)

The integrin alpha(v)beta(3) has been shown to exist in low and high affinity conformations. Activation to the high affinity state is thought to depend on the "switchblade-like" opening, from a low affinity bent conformation with a closed headpiece to an extended form of the integrin with an open headpiece. Activation has been shown to depend on separation of the cytoplasmic domains. How cytoplasmic domain separation is related to separation of the transmembrane domains is unknown, and the distance of separation of the transmembrane domains required for activation has not been defined. A constrained secreted form of alpha(v)beta(3) was engineered that introduced a 50-A separation of the integrin C-terminal tails of the extracellular domains of the alpha(v) and beta(3) subunits. Receptor binding and recognition by ligand-induced binding state (LIBS) monoclonal antibodies demonstrated that the mutant receptor was locked into a low affinity state that was likely in a partially extended conformation but with a closed headpiece. In the presence of RGD peptide, the constrained receptor was able to fully extend, as determined by full exposure of LIBS epitopes. In the presence of the appropriate LIBS antibody, high affinity ligand binding of the constrained receptor was achieved. The results support the existence of transient intermediate activation states of secreted alpha(v)beta(3). Furthermore, these results with the secreted alpha(v)beta(3) receptor support a model for the full-length membrane-bound form of alpha(v)beta(3), whereby a 50-A lateral separation of the integrin alpha(v) and beta(3) transmembrane domains would be sufficient to enforce the switchblade-like opening to the extended conformation but insufficient for full receptor activation.
Synthesis of C-nucleosides. 17. s-Triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazines (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of C-nucleosides. 17. s-Triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazinesHuynh Dinh Tam, R. Simon Sarfati, Catherine Gouyette, Jean Igolen, Emile Bisagni, Jean Marc Lhoste, and Alain CivierCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 7, 1028–1035Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01321a002https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01321a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views391Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Modern concepts on the role of inflammation in pulmonary fibrosis. (2011)

Although cell death is central to pulmonary fibrosis, the proper cytokine environment leading to macrophage polarization is also critical. Evaluation of this environment is promising both for the development of disease biomarkers and for targets for therapeutic intervention.
Capillary Electrophoresis with Chiral Selectors: Optimization of Separation and Determination of Thermodynamic Parameters for Binding of Tioconazole Enantiomers to Cyclodextrins (1994)

A systematic approach is outlined for optimization of enantiomeric separations in free solution capillary electrophoresis using chiral mobile-phase additives. Maximum electrophoretic mobility difference between the enantiomers occurs when the concentration of free selector is equal to the reciprocal of the average binding constant. General equations and data analysis methods are presented to relate mobilities to equilibrium constants in simple and competitive binding equilibria and used to determine thermodynamic parameters for host-guest complexation of tioconazole enantiomers with a range of cyclodextrin selectors. Selectivities are found to be in the reverse order of binding constants in the series dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (K1 = 6.9 x 10(3) M-1, alpha = 1.10) to hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (K1 = 0.72 x 10(3) M-1, alpha = 1.29). For beta-cyclodextrin (K1 = 1.32 x 10(3)M-1, alpha = 1.20), delta H zero provides the dominant contribution to binding but delta delta H zero and T delta delta S zero terms give comparable contributions to the selectivity. Addition of alcohol does not affect the selectivity, but allows displacement of the optimum separation conditions to higher cyclodextrin concentration through either competitive binding (with cyclohexanol) or preferential solvation of reactants (with methanol).
Understanding Kombucha Tea Fermentation: A Review (2018)

Kombucha is a traditional fermented tea whose consumption has increased in the recent years due to its multiple functional properties such as anti-inflammatory potential and antioxidant activity. The microbiological composition of this beverage is quite complex and still more research is needed in order to fully understand its behavior. This study comprises the chemical and microbiological composition of the tea and the main factors that may affect its production.
VASCULAR DIALYSIS ACCESS FLOW MEASUREMENT: EARLY INTERVENTION THROUGH EARLY DETECTION (2009)

Thermodilution technique is a reliable and effective method of detecting poor dialysis access flow for patients with permanent vascular access, comparable with other techniques.
Temperature‐Enhanced Solvent Vapor Annealing of a <i>C</i><sub>3</sub> Symmetric Hexa‐<i>peri</i>‐Hexabenzocoronene: Controlling the Self‐Assembly from Nano‐ to Macroscale (2009)

Temperature-enhanced solvent vapor annealing (TESVA) is used to self-assemble functionalized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules into ordered macroscopic layers and crystals on solid surfaces. A novel C3 symmetric hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene functionalized with alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic side chains is used as a model system since its multivalent character can be expected to offer unique self-assembly properties and behavior in different solvents. TESVA promotes the molecule's long-range mobility, as proven by their diffusion on a Si/SiO(x) surface on a scale of hundreds of micrometers. This leads to self-assembly into large, ordered crystals featuring an edge-on columnar type of arrangement, which differs from the morphologies obtained using conventional solution-processing methods such as spin-coating or drop-casting. The temperature modulation in the TESVA makes it possible to achieve an additional control over the role of hydrodynamic forces in the self-assembly at surfaces, leading to a macroscopic self-healing within the adsorbed film notably improved as compared to conventional solvent vapor annealing. This surface re-organization can be monitored in real time by optical and atomic force microscopy.
Variation-Tolerant Write Completion Circuit for Variable-Energy Write STT-RAM Architecture (2015)

In this paper, we demonstrate an energy-reduction strategy that overcomes the stochastic switching characteristics of the spin-torque-transfer magnetic-RAM (STT-RAM) write operation and propose a write completion circuit needed for it. In contrast to the traditional worst case approach, which fixes the write duration for all cells, the proposed write technique terminates the write pulse after a write process finishes by monitoring the state of a cell. Since the average write duration is far shorter than the worst case duration, the average write energy is significantly reduced by the proposed architecture. We developed a write completion circuit for state change detection and bitline termination, and evaluated it using a compact STT-RAM model targeting an implementation in a 16-nm technology node. We also developed a variation-tolerant version of the design specifically suited for handling significant variation in process parameters for both FETs and magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), and the low value of tunnel magnetoresistance of practical MTJs. Analysis indicates that at the required write-error rate, the proposed architecture reduces write energy by 36%-97% compared with the conventional designs relying on the worst case approach.
Soft lithographic directed growth of wire grating arrays with optical resonances (2002)

We have demonstrated a method of fabricating long-range arrays of 2D metallic microstructures on glass surfaces and measured the optical resonances of those structures. Gold and silver stripes are fabricated using microcontact printing with PDMS gratings and electroless plating techniques without the use of resist masks or etching. Changing the blaze angle and periodicity of the gratings used to make the PDMS stamps varies the line widths. The optical response of these fabricated transmission gratings was evaluated by measuring the transmission spectra while varying the angle of the incident light.
Cloning of Amadoriase I Isoenzyme from <i>Aspergillus</i> <i>sp</i>.:  Evidence of FAD Covalently Linked to Cys342<sup>,</sup> (2000)

Amadoriases are a novel class of FAD enzymes which catalyze the oxidative deglycation of glycated amino acids to yield corresponding amino acids, glucosone, and H(2)O(2). We previously reported the purification and characterization of two amadoriase isoenzymes from Aspergillus fumigatus and the molecular cloning of amadoriase II. To identify the primary structure of amadoriase I, we prepared a cDNA library from Aspergillus fumigatus and isolated a clone using a probe amplified by polymerase chain reaction with primers designed according to the partial amino acid sequences from peptide mapping. The primary structure of the enzyme deduced from the nucleotide sequence comprises 445 amino acid residues. The enzyme contains 1 mol of FAD as a cofactor, which is covalently linked to Cys342, as determined by mutagenesis analysis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and electrospray ionization-collisional-activated dissociation tandem mass spectrometry. Sequence alignment studies show that amadoriase I has 22% homology with monomeric sarcosine oxidase in which FAD is also linked to a homologous Cys residue. Amadoriases are of potential importance as tools for uncoupling hyperglycemia and glycation reactions that are thought to play a role in diabetic complications.
Review of: Telegeoinformatics: Location-Based Computing and Services by Hassan A. Karimi and Amin Hammad (2004)

Review of: Telegeoinformatics: Location-Based Computing and Services by Hassan A. Karimi and Amin Hammad
Investigation of Effects of Anesthesia and Age on Aspiration in Mice through LacZ Gene Transfer by Recombinant E1-deleted Adenovirus Vectors (1998)

To examine the role of disturbed upper airway reflexes in aspiration, we administered 20 microliters of the adenovirus (Ad) vector Ad-CMV-LacZ or 20 microliters of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) intranasally to C57 black mice. We investigated expression of the LacZ gene by this Ad vector in the nostrils of each mouse, with or without anesthesia. Under anesthesia, LacZ gene expression was detected in the lungs of every mouse given the Ad vector. However, no LacZ gene expression was found in the trachea or lungs of mice given the Ad vector without anesthesia. In mice given PBS or wild-type adenovirus transnasally during anesthesia, there was no LacZ gene expression in the nostrils, trachea, or lungs, suggesting that with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal) staining, blue-stained cells indicated transferred LacZ gene expression. These results suggested that aspiration of intranasal solution into lower airways was caused by disturbed upper airway reflexes during anesthesia. This process can be analyzed by the distribution of LacZ gene expression in airways. We next examined the effect of age on anesthesia-induced aspiration. Twenty-six-mo-old mice exhibited more LacZ gene expression in their lungs than did 6-mo-old mice at a concentration of 0.5 to 4.0% halothane in 100% oxygen. This suggests that light anesthesia may depress upper airway reflexes and cause aspiration in older animals. This novel model of aspiration, generated with the Ad-CMV-LacZ vector, may be useful for elucidating the mechanism of development of aspiration pneumonia in relation to age-related impairment of upper airway reflexes.
Mainstream Smoke Gas Phase Filtration Performance of Adsorption Materials Evaluated With A Puff-by-Puff Multiplex GC-MS Method (2002)

Abstract The mainstream smoke filtration performance of activated carbon, silica gel and polymeric aromatic resins for gas-phase components was evaluated using a puff-by-puff multiplex gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis method (1). The sample 1R4F Kentucky reference cigarettes were modified by placing the adsorbents in a plug/space/plug filter configuration. Due to differences in surface area and structural characteristics, the adsorbent materials studied showed different levels of filtration activities for the twenty-six constituents monitored. Activated carbon had significant adsorption activity for all the gas-phase smoke constituents observed except ethane and carbon dioxide, while silica gel had significant activities for polar components such as aldehydes, acrolein, ketones, and diacetyl. XAD-16 polyaromatic resins showed varied levels of activity for aromatic compounds, cyclic dienes and ketones.
THE PEROXIDE EFFECT IN THE ADDITION OF REAGENTS TO UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS (1934)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE PEROXIDE EFFECT IN THE ADDITION OF REAGENTS TO UNSATURATED COMPOUNDSM. S. Kharasch and M. C. McNabCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1934, 56, 6, 1425Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1934Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1934https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01321a508https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01321a508research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views105Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Microbial Translocation Is Associated with Increased Monocyte Activation and Dementia in AIDS Patients (2008)

Elevated plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an indicator of microbial translocation from the gut, is a likely cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. LPS induces monocyte activation and trafficking into brain, which are key mechanisms in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated dementia (HAD). To determine whether high LPS levels are associated with increased monocyte activation and HAD, we obtained peripheral blood samples from AIDS patients and examined plasma LPS by Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay, peripheral blood monocytes by FACS, and soluble markers of monocyte activation by ELISA. Purified monocytes were isolated by FACS sorting, and HIV DNA and RNA levels were quantified by real time PCR. Circulating monocytes expressed high levels of the activation markers CD69 and HLA-DR, and harbored low levels of HIV compared to CD4(+) T-cells. High plasma LPS levels were associated with increased plasma sCD14 and LPS-binding protein (LBP) levels, and low endotoxin core antibody levels. LPS levels were higher in HAD patients compared to control groups, and were associated with HAD independently of plasma viral load and CD4 counts. LPS levels were higher in AIDS patients using intravenous heroin and/or ethanol, or with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection, compared to control groups. These results suggest a role for elevated LPS levels in driving monocyte activation in AIDS, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of HAD, and provide evidence that cofactors linked to substance abuse and HCV co-infection influence these processes.
Degradation of niclosamide (2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide) in sediment and water systems (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDegradation of niclosamide (2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide) in sediment and water systemsD. C. G. Muir and A. L. YarechewskiCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1982, 30, 6, 1028–1032Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00114a005https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00114a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views270Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Novel Asymmetric Raised Source/Drain Extension MOSFET (2006)

A novel asymmetric MOSFET structure is proposed which provides an excellent tradeoff between current drivability and manufacturability for planar MOSFET technology. To achieve this, the "corner effect" is utilized to suppress short channel effects, while degradation in current drivability caused by the corner effect is avoided by an asymmetric design. Using simulation, it is shown that this structure enlarges the tolerance for the junction depth of source/drain extensions by a factor of three, without sacrificing current drivability, compared to the optimal symmetric structure also found in this work. This asymmetric structure is a superior design strategy for planar MOSFETs and can be considered as one of the most promising candidates for 32nm-node MOSFETs
Increased cytotoxicity and bystander effect of 5-fluorouracil and 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine in human colorectal cancer cells transfected with thymidine phosphorylase (1999)

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR), a prodrug of 5-FU, are anticancer agents activated by thymidine phosphorylase (TP). Transfecting the human TP cDNA into cancer cells in order to sensitize them to these pyrimidine antimetabolites may be an important approach in human cancer gene therapy research. In this study, an expression vector containing the human TP cDNA (pcTP5) was transfected into LS174T human colon carcinoma cells. Eight stable transfectants were randomly selected and analysed. The cytotoxic effects of 5-FU and 5'-DFUR were higher in TP-transfected cells as compared to wild-type cells. The maximal decreases in the IC50 were 80-fold for 5-FU and 40-fold for 5'-DFUR. The increase in sensitivity to these pyrimidines of TP-transfected cells significantly correlated with the increase in both TP activity and TP expression. Transfected clone LS174T-c2 but not wild-type cells exhibited formation of [3H]FdUMP from [3H]5-FU. In addition the LS174T-c2 clone enhanced the cytotoxic effect of 5'-DFUR, but also that of 5-FU, towards co-cultured parental cells. For both anti-cancer agents, this bystander effect did not require cell-cell contact. These results show that both 5-FU or 5'-DFUR could be used together with a TP-suicide vector in cancer gene therapy.