gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Searching for Opportunities of Refactoring Sequences: Reducing the Search Space (2008)

During software development and evolution activities, the developers focus the refactoring efforts on choosing and applying refactoring patterns (or sequences of patterns) that are likely to improve the software quality. Considering the search for opportunities of refactoring sequences,the main problem is the size of the search space (there are too many possible sequences to be evaluated). We propose an approach to narrow the number of refactoring sequences by discarding those that semantically does not make sense and avoiding those that lead to the same results. We provide a detailed example of the approach considering sequences for method manipulation, showing how the number of sequences can be significantly reduced.
Suppression of Tumor Growth and Enhancement of Immune Status With High Levels of Dietary Vitamin B6 in BALB/c Mice (1987)

Effects of dietary vitamin B6 at levels ranging from deficiency to megadoses on the development of herpes simplex virus type 2-transformed (H238) cell-induced tumors and on in vitro responses relating to cell-mediated immunity were examined. Male BALB/cByJ mice (n = 260), 5 weeks of age, were fed 20% casein diets containing pyridoxine (PN) at 0.2, 1.2 for the control diet, 7.7, or 74.3 mg/kg diet for 4-11 weeks. After 4 weeks of dietary treatment, 120 of the mice received an injection of H238 cells; mice without H238 injection served as controls. At 4, 8, and 11 weeks, animals from each group were euthanized and blood and spleen samples obtained. Mice fed 0.2 mg PN developed mild deficiency symptoms and gained significantly less weight than those fed 1.2-, 7.7-, and 74.3-mg PN diets. Thirteen to 16 days after tumor cell injection, primary tumor incidence was lowest in mice fed 74.3 mg PN; later, incidence among groups was similar. Mice fed 1.2 mg PN had the largest primary tumor volume, the highest incidence of lung metastases, and the greatest number of metastatic nodules per animal at 7 weeks post injection. Overall, lower tumor volumes were found in animals fed 7.7 and 74.3 mg PN (14 and 32% less than the tumor volume for those fed 1.2 mg PN, respectively); mice fed 0.2 mg PN had the lowest tumor volume. Blood and spleen lymphoproliferative response to stimulation by phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A generally tended to be higher in mice fed 7.7 and 74.3 mg PN as compared to that in animals fed either 0.2 or 1.2 mg PN. However, decreased mitogen-stimulated responsiveness was observed in all animals with progressive tumor growth. Tumor growth also resulted in splenomegaly and increased thymic atrophy. Significant negative relationships between tumor volume and tumor pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) concentrations were observed for 1.2-, 7.7-, and 74.3-mg PN diet groups. These data suggest that high dietary intake of vitamin B6 may have suppressed tumor development by either immune enhancement or PLP growth regulation of this tumor.
<title>Flexible workobject localization for CAD-based robotics</title> (2000)

In this paper a method to locate work objects with splined surfaces and estimate the spatial uncertainties of the estimated parameters is presented. The reference B-spline surface patch is selected from a work object CAD-model and is defined in the form of control vertices. The process includes the hang-eye calibration of the sensor, determination of the work object localization and surface treating, e.g. inspection. The hand-eye calibration and work object localization are carried out using the Bayesian form estimation with sensor fusion. Use of the recursive sensor fusion method makes calibration more flexible and accurate in handling large data sets. The spatial uncertainties in the form of eigenvalues in the direction of the eigenvectors are analyzed from the error covariance matrices of the estimated parameters.
Demonstration of a Simple Entangling Optical Gate and Its Use in Bell-State Analysis (2005)

We demonstrate a new architecture for an optical entangling gate that is significantly simpler than previous realizations, using partially polarizing beam splitters so that only a single optical mode-matching condition is required. We demonstrate operation of a controlled-z gate in both continuous-wave and pulsed regimes of operation, fully characterizing it in each case using quantum process tomography. We also demonstrate a fully resolving, nondeterministic optical Bell-state analyzer based on this controlled-z gate. This new architecture is ideally suited to guided optics implementations of optical gates.
Design Space exploration of FPGA-based accelerators with multi-level parallelism (2017)

Applications containing compute-intensive kernels with nested loops can effectively leverage FPGAs to exploit fine-and coarse-grained parallelism. HLS tools used to translate these kernels from high-level languages (e.g., C/C--), however, are inefficient in exploiting multiple levels of parallelism automatically, thereby producing sub-optimal accelerators. Moreover, the large design space resulting from the various combinations of fineand coarse-grained parallelism options makes exhaustive design space exploration prohibitively time-consuming with HLS tools. Hence, we propose a rapid estimation framework, MPSeeker, to evaluate performance/area metrics of various accelerator options for an application at an early design phase. Experimental results show that MPSeeker can rapidly (in minutes) explore the complex design space and accurately estimate performance/area of various design points to identify the near-optimal (95.7% performance of the optimal on average) combination of parallelism options.
Hybrid mesh ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol (2007)

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have recently gained increasing attention and have emerged as a technology with great potential for a wide range of applications. WMNs can be considered as a superset of traditional mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), where the network is comprised of mobile client devices (MESH CLIENTs). In addition to MESH CLIENTs, a WMN can also contain relatively static devices called mesh routers (MESH ROUTERs). Such hybrid WMNs are characterized by a high level of heterogeneity, since static MESH ROUTERs are typically much less resource constrained than mobile MESH CLIENTs, and are also often equipped with multiple radio interfaces. Traditional ad-hoc routing protocols do not differentiate between these types of nodes and therefore cannot achieve optimal performance in hybrid WMNs. In this paper, we propose simple extensions to the Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, which aim to take advantage of the heterogeneity in hybrid WMNs by preferentially routing packets via paths consisting of high capacity MESH ROUTERs. In addition, we implement a simple channel selection scheme that reduces interference and maximizes channel diversity in multi-radio WMNs. Our simulation results show that in hybrid WMNs, our extensions result in significant performance gains over the standard AODV protocol.
An evaluation of piroxicam, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. A multicentre trial. (1981)

A multicentre trial involving 1350 patients evaluated by 310 practitioners throughout South Africa was conducted to determine whether overseas studies relating to the efficacy and toleration of piroxicam (Feldene; Pfizer) would be confirmed in the local environment. Piroxicam, a member of a new class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, possesses a long plasma half-life permitting a once-a-day dosage regimen in osteo-arthrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute musculoskeletal disorders and acute gout. In this study it was found to provide significant relief of pain and stiffness and to have a relatively low side-effect profile, confirming that it is a useful addition to current non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy.
Protein import into mitochondria (1995)

SummaryThe key to the biogenesis of mitochondria is the import and sorting of cytosolically synthesized proteins to their final sub-mitochondrial destination. This review summarizes recent progress in our understanding of these processes and formulates some of the many questions to be answered in the field.
Audio-visual integration in multimodal communication (1998)

We review recent research that examines audio-visual integration in multimodal communication. The topics include bimodality in human speech, human and automated lip reading, facial animation, lip synchronization, joint audio-video coding, and bimodal speaker verification. We also study the enabling technologies for these research topics, including automatic facial-feature tracking and audio-to-visual mapping. Recent progress in audio-visual research shows that joint processing of audio and video provides advantages that are not available when the audio and video are processed independently.
First-principles calculations of the electronic structure and pressure-induced magnetic transition in siderite<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>FeCO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2008)

Rhombohedral siderite ${\text{FeCO}}_{3}$ has been studied by using density-functional theory with the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). In order to take into account the strong on-site Coulomb interaction $U$ present in ${\text{FeCO}}_{3}$, we also performed the $\text{GGA}+U$ calculations. We observe a pressure-induced magnetic transition $(\text{high}\text{ }\text{spin}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\text{low}\text{ }\text{spin})$ at pressures of 15 and 28 GPa, which are underestimated with respect to the experiment, for the GGA and $\text{GGA}+U$ calculations, respectively. This phase transition was with a volume collapse of 10% around, also accompanied by increases in bulk modulus, Young's modulus and sound velocity. The electronic density of states and charge-density calculations revealed that the magnetic transition was due to the pressure-induced $\text{Fe}\text{ }3d$ electron delocalization.
Bis(alkylthioethyl)amine Complexes of Molybdenum (2009)

Synthetic, structural, and catalytic studies of a series of molybdenum complexes with the tridentate “SNS” ligands bis(decylthioethyl)amine and bis(ethylthioethyl)amine are reported. Complexes with a range of molybdenum oxidation states {(0), (III), and (IV)} have been accessed synthetically in high yields from readily synthesized starting materials. The formation of an unexpected dimeric molybdenum(I) structure is also reported. Where possible, the complexes have been converted to salts of the weakly coordinating tetrakis(perfluoro-tert-butoxy)aluminate anion. The complexes have been screened for ethylene oligomerization activity with a number of aluminum cocatalysts.
DICOM Image Communication in Globus-Based Medical Grids (2008)

Grid computing, the collaboration of distributed resources across institutional borders, is an emerging technology to meet the rising demand on computing power and storage capacity in fields such as high-energy physics, climate modeling, or more recently, life sciences. A secure, reliable, and highly efficient data transport plays an integral role in such grid environments and even more so in medical grids. Unfortunately, many grid middleware distributions, such as the well-known Globus Toolkit, lack the integration of the world-wide medical image communication standard Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM). Currently, the DICOM protocol first needs to be converted to the file transfer protocol (FTP) that is offered by the grid middleware. This effectively reduces most of the advantages and security an integrated network of DICOM devices offers. In this paper, a solution is proposed that adapts the DICOM protocol to the Globus grid security infrastructure and utilizes routers to transparently route traffic to and from DICOM systems. Thus, all legacy DICOM devices can be seamlessly integrated into the grid without modifications. A prototype of the grid routers with the most important DICOM functionality has been developed and successfully tested in the MediGRID test bed, the German grid project for life sciences.
Prolactin receptors in human meningiomas: characterization and biological role (1997)

Sixty cerebral meningioma specimens obtained at surgery from 34 female and 26 male patients were examined for the presence of prolactin (PRL) receptors. These were compared with normal arachnoid tissue from which these tumours arise. PRL receptors were detected in 61.7% of meningiomas whereas no PRL binding was found in samples of normal arachnoid tissue. No relationship was found when sex or histological findings were compared with the presence of PRL receptors. Receptor-positive tumours had saturable and high-affinity (Kd, 4.8 +/- 0.5 ng/ml) receptors with hormonal specificity for human PRL (hPRL) resembling that of other target tissues of PRL in man. The biological role of these receptors was investigated in primary cell cultures derived from meningioma tissue characterized for PRL receptor. When human PRL was added to the culture medium, in doses ranging from 1 to 200 ng/ml, a dose-dependent stimulation of 3H-thymidine incorporation was observed only in PRL-receptor positive tumours. The PRL concentrations required to produce a half-maximal effect ranged from 11 to 20 ng/ml and were quite close to the dissociation constant (Kd) of binding of PRL to its receptors. PRL also caused an increase of cell number compared with control with a significant effect after 3 and 4 days of culture. In conclusion, these findings indicate that a large number of human meningiomas express specific and functional receptors for PRL which are involved in mediating its proliferative effects.
Self-supervised discriminative training of statistical language models (2009)

A novel self-supervised discriminative training method for estimating language models for automatic speech recognition (ASR) is proposed. Unlike traditional discriminative training methods that require transcribed speech, only untranscribed speech and a large text corpus is required. An exponential form is assumed for the language model, as done in maximum entropy estimation, but the model is trained from the text using a discriminative criterion that targets word confusions actually witnessed in first-pass ASR output lattices. Specifically, model parameters are estimated to maximize the likelihood ratio between words w in the text corpus and w's cohorts in the test speech, i.e. other words that w competes with in the test lattices. Empirical results are presented to demonstrate statistically significant improvements over a 4-gram language model on a large vocabulary ASR task.
Current vaccine updates for lung cancer (2010)

Current treatments for lung cancer are far from optimal. Several immunotherapeutic strategies involving vaccines incorporating different tumor-associated antigens to induce immune responses against tumors are being tested in clinical trials internationally. Although small, benefits have indeed been observed from the early studies of these vaccines, and the future is looking brighter for lung cancer patients as a handful of these immunotherapies reach Phase III trials. In addition, optimizing the induced immune response by these vaccines has become a priority, and a number of techniques are being considered, including addition of adjuvants and combining vaccines, which affect synergy based on their mechanism of action. This review is an update on the current vaccines in production, the benefits observed from their most recent studies, and the upcoming plans for improvements in these immunotherapies.
Low-temperature Pd bonding of III-V semiconductors (1995)

The authors have developed a low-temperature Pd bonding technique for integrating InP structures onto GaAs substrates. The solid phase reactions of Pd with both InP and GaAs allows Pd to be used as a sandwiched ohmic contact between two dissimilar materials. The InP-Pd-GaAs interfaces have been characterised by scanning electron microscopy, optical reflectance, and electrical transport measurement.
Design and Analysis of the Causation and Prediction Challenge (2008)

We organized for WCCI 2008 a challenge to evaluate causal modeling techniques, focusing on predicting the efiect of \interventions performed by an external agent. Examples of that problem are found in the medical domain to predict the efiect of a drug prior to administering it, or in econometrics to predict the efiect of a new policy prior to issuing it. We concentrate on a given target variable to be predicted (e.g., health status of a patient) from a number of candidate predictive variables or \features (e.g., risk factors in the medical domain). Under interventions, variable predictive power and causality are tied together. For instance, both smoking and coughing may be predictive of lung cancer (the target) in the absence of external intervention; however, prohibiting smoking (a possible cause) may prevent lung cancer, but administering a cough medicine to stop coughing (a possible consequence) would not. We propose four tasks from various application domains, each dataset including a training set drawn from a \natural distribution and three test sets: one from the same distribution as the training set and two corresponding to data drawn when an external agent is manipulating certain variables. The goal is to predict a binary target variable, whose values on test data are withheld. The participants were asked to provide predictions of the target variable on test data and the list of variables (features) used to make predictions. The challenge platform remains open for post-challenge submissions and the organization of other events is under way (see http://clopinet.com/causality).
The prevalent status and genetic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in China: a molecular epidemiological perspective (2018)

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been epidemic more than 30 years in America and 20 years in China. It is still one of the most important causative agents to the worldwide swine industry. Here, we systematically analyzed the prevalence status of PRRSV in China by a molecular epidemiological perspective. Now both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 are circulating and approximately more than 80% of pig farms are seropositive for PRRSV. For PRRSV-2, there are four lineages (lineage 1, lineage 3, lineage 5, lineage 8) circulating in the fields. Lineage 8 (CH-1a-like) and lineage 5 (BJ-4-like) appeared almost at the same time during 1995-1996. Notably, BJ-4 shares 99.6% and 99.8% identity with VR2332 and RespPRRS MLV, respectively. It means that lineage 5 is likely to be imported from America. Now highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) which was considered to be evolved from local diversity of lineage 8 strains is predominant with different variants. Lineage 3 appeared in 2010 which is mainly sporadic in south of China. Lineage 1, also known as NADC30-like strains in China, has been prevalent since 2013 and leads to PRRS pandemic again. For PRRSV-1, although sporadic at present, more than 9 provinces/regions have been reported. All the circulating strains belong to subtype I. It should be paid more attention since there are no vaccines available. Our analysis would help to deeply understand the prevalent status of PRRSV in China and provide useful information for prevention and control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS).
Image Noise Variance in 3D OSEM Reconstruction of Clinical Time-of-Flight PET (2006)

We have investigated image noise variance in 3D OSEM reconstruction of clinical time-of-flight (TOF) and conventional PET. Patient data were acquired on a biograph 16 PET/CT having 1.25 nsec TOF time resolution. Statistically independent replicate sinograms obtained from sampled listmode data were analyzed. We computed TOF and non-TOF image variance as a function of iteration number and scan time, extrapolated to convergence, and determined the dependence of both converged and post-smoothed image variances on scan duration. We have found that these image variances have an inverse power-law dependence on scan time, but with exponents < 1, likely due to the noise-dependent bias of OSEM. This means that scan time must be increased by more than a factor f in order to reduce image variance by 1/f, and hence that image variance is not inversely proportional to NEC. Image noise variance is found to be 38-48% higher for non-TOF compared to TOF, for equal scan time. For equal variance, conventional reconstruction requires 63-73% longer scan time than does TOF. This scan time advantage is similar to what we have observed in linear reconstruction, and indicates that TOF has a distinct benefit for clinical iterative reconstruction even with 1.25 nsec time resolution.
Bidirectional Heuristic Search Again (1983)

Extenswe modificaUons of a previously published bidirectional heuristic search algorithm are presented in order to preserve the property that shortest solutions are found under approprmte circumstances. Theoretical results encompass the generahzation of the unidirectional optimahty theorem Categories and Subject
A heterozygous activating mutation in the sulphonylurea receptor SUR1 (ABCC8) causes neonatal diabetes (2006)

Neonatal diabetes is a genetically heterogeneous disorder with nine different genetic aetiologies reported to date. Heterozygous activating mutations in the KCNJ11 gene encoding Kir6.2, the pore-forming subunit of the ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channel, are the most common cause of permanent neonatal diabetes. The sulphonylurea receptor (SUR) SUR1 serves as the regulatory subunit of the K(ATP) channel in pancreatic beta cells. We therefore hypothesized that activating mutations in the ABCC8 gene, which encodes SUR1, might cause neonatal diabetes. We identified a novel heterozygous mutation, F132L, in the ABCC8 gene of a patient with severe developmental delay, epilepsy and neonatal diabetes (DEND syndrome). This mutation had arisen de novo and was not present in 150 control chromosomes. Residue F132 shows evolutionary conservation across species and is located in the first set of transmembrane helices (TMD0) of SUR1, which is proposed to interact with Kir6.2. Functional studies of recombinant K(ATP) channels demonstrated that F132L markedly reduces the sensitivity of the K(ATP) channel to inhibition by MgATP and this increases the whole-cell K(ATP) current. The functional consequence of this ABCC8 mutation mirrors that of KCNJ11 mutations causing neonatal diabetes and provides new insights into the interaction of Kir6.2 and SUR1. As SUR1 is expressed in neurones as well as in beta cells, this mutation can account for both neonatal diabetes and the neurological phenotype. Our results demonstrate that SUR1 mutations constitute a new genetic aetiology for neonatal diabetes and that they act by reducing the K(ATP) channel's ATP sensitivity.