gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Online Vehicle Insurance System using Decision Tree Classifier and Baye's Classifier – A comparative Analysis (2014)

A classification technique (or classifier) is a systematic approach used in building classification models from an input data set. The model generated by the learning algorithm should fit both the input data well and correctly predict the class labels of records it has never seen before. Therefore, a key objective of the learning algorithm is to build models with good generalization capability i.e. models that accurately predict the class labels of previously unknown records. The accuracy or error rate computed from the test set can also be used to compare the relative performance of different classifiers on the same domain. However, the results obtained for accuracy is good and average error rate obtained is equally acceptable for the test records in which the class labels of the test records was not known, in both the classifiers. As computational complexity is concerned Bayes Classifier performs better than Decision Tree Classifier in our system. While the Decision Tree Classifier performed better than Bayes Classifier based on prediction in this system.
Legal issues arising from the armed conflict in Afghanistan (2004)

The article is an attempt to shed some light on the legal issues arising from the conflict that took place in Afghanistan in the aftermath of the September 11th 2001 terrorist as concerns non-state actors. The first two parts consider the right of self-defence as a possible justification of the US bombings. Can by non-state actors qualify as armed attacks under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter? Secondly the legal limits of the exercise of the right of self-defence are considered, with focus on the possible adversaries of the actions of the defending state. In the third part, the imprisonment of the captured Taliban and Al Qaeda fighters is considered. The legal status of the detainees, the possible legal bases of the detention and the relationship of the legal bases with the treatment of prisoners are discussed.
Can We Explain RNA-Mediated Virus Resistance by Homology-Dependent Gene Silencing? (1998)

The use of viral sequences to produce virus-resistant plants is now almost a standard technique. A variety of sequences from a large number of viruses have been used but the mechanisms remain largely unknown. There are probably at least two distinct types of mechanisms operating: one requiring the expression of the viral protein(s) and the other dependent only on the presence of transgene-derived RNA. In this review, we will discuss this RNA-mediated resistance and its similarities with cosuppression, a recently described phenomenon leading to suppression of transgene expression and homologous sequences. We present a critical view of the current models available to explain this type of resistance.
A 3.8-Gb/s CMOS Laser Driver with Automatic Power Control Using Thermistors (2007)

A 3.8-Gb/s laser driver with automatic power control (APC) using thermistors is presented. The chip was fabricated in 0.25μm 1P5M CMOS process. With a waveform shaping circuit, the driver could generate a 5mA to 60mA modulation current with its duty cycle maintained at 50%. A modified MUX circuit is also introduced to improve the jitter performance of both the direct and latched data output. And with a thermistor-APC compensation circuit, the laser power could be maintained within a temperature range from -30°C to 80°C without using any monitor photodiode. Measurements on mounted chips show clear electrical eye diagrams operating over 3.8-Gb/s data rate with typical rise/fall times (20% to 80%) of 104/109ps. Moreover, an optical eye diagram is also demonstrated by connecting the driver with a 2.5-Gb/s 1310nm laser diode.
CRISPR/Cas9 in Leishmania mexicana: A case study of LmxBTN1 (2018)

Leishmania parasites cause human cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Several studies proposed involvement of certain genes in infectivity of these parasites based on differential mRNA expression data. Due to unusual gene expression mechanism, functions of such genes must be further validated experimentally. Here, we investigated a role of one of the putative virulence factors, LmxM.22.0010-encoded BTN1 (a protein involved in Batten disease in humans), in L. mexicana infectivity. Due to the incredible plasticity of the L. mexicana genome, we failed to obtain a complete knock-out of LmxM.22.0010 using conventional recombination-based approach even after ablating four alleles of this gene. To overcome this, we established a modified CRISPR-Cas9 system with genomic expression of Cas9 nuclease and gRNA. Application of this system allowed us to establish a complete BTN1 KO strain of L. mexicana. The mutant strain did not show any difference in growth kinetics and differentiation in vitro, as well as in the infectivity for insect vectors and mice hosts. Based on the whole-transcriptome profiling, LmxM.22.0010-encoded BTN1 was considered a putative factor of virulence in Leishmania. Our study suggests that ablation of LmxM.22.0010 does not influence L. mexicana infectivity and further illustrates importance of experimental validation of in silico-predicted virulence factors. Here we also describe the whole genome sequencing of the widely used model isolate L. mexicana M379 and report a modified CRISPR/Cas9 system suitable for complete KO of multi-copy genes in organisms with flexible genomes.
On the Activation of Membrane Fusion by Influenza Haemagglutinin (2008)

We present data on haemagglutinin (HA) stability in relation to membrane fusion activation and activity. Membrane fusion activation occurs in two stages. Firstly, HA is primed for activation by cleavage of the primary product of HA mRNA translation, precursor HA0. Cleavage, which is essential for infectivity, occurs at arginine 329 or the equivalent residue in HA0 of fourteen of the sixteen antigenic subtypes of avian and human viruses, or at a furin recognition sequence, Arg-X-Arg/Lys-Arg, inserted at 329 in HA0 of highly pathogenic avian viruses of H5 and H7 subtypes. Secondly, the membrane fusion potential of cleaved HA is activated during infection in response to low pH, between pH 5 and pH6.5 depending on the strain of virus, in endosomes. As a consequence, the virus membrane is fused with the endosomal membrane resulting in the transfer of the genome-transcriptase core of the virus into the cell, and the initiation of virus replication. We have done experiments to compare the properties of uncleaved HA0 and cleaved HA with the objective of understanding more about the process of activation of membrane fusion. The results are in two sections concerning HA and HA0, respectively.
Uranium resources of the San Rafael district, Emery County, Utah - a regional synthesis (1957)

PLATE 2. Map of San Rafael district, Emery County, Utah, showing uranium deposits and ground underlain by the ore-bearing unit_______________________________________ In pocket FIGURE Bar graph showing percentage of the total amount of ore (total production through 1954 plus indicated and inferred reserves) in the San Rafael district that is contained in deposits of various size ranges.
Does SINE evolution preclude Alu function? (1998)

The evolution, mobility and deleterious genetic effects of human Alus are fairly well understood. The complexity of regulated transcriptional expression of Alus is becoming apparent and insight into the mechanism of retrotransposition is emerging. Unresolved questions concern why mobile, highly repetitive short interspersed elements (SINEs) have been tolerated throughout evolution and why and how families of such sequences are periodically replaced. Either certain SINEs are more successful genomic parasites or positive selection drives their relative success and genomic maintenance. A complete understanding of the evolutionary dynamics and significance of SINEs requires determining whether or not they have a function(s). Recent evidence suggests two possibilities, one concerning DNA and the other RNA. Dispersed Alus exhibit remarkable tissue-specific differences in the level of their 5-methylcytosine content. Differences in Alu methylation in the male and female germlines suggest that Alu DNA may be involved in either the unique chromatin organization of sperm or signaling events in the early embryo. Alu RNA is increased by cellular insults and stimulates protein synthesis by inhibiting PKR, the eIF2 kinase that is regulated by double-stranded RNA. PKR serves other roles potentially linking Alu RNA to a variety of vital cell functions. Since Alus have appeared only recently within the primate lineage, this proposal provokes the challenging question of how Alu RNA could have possibly assumed a significant role in cell physiology.
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO CRYSTALLOID RESUSCITATION OF SEVERE BURNS (1968)

S ummary The use of balanced salt solutions in the resuscitation of burn shock has been evaluated in experimental animals and clinical burns utilizing the maintenance of functional ECF volume and circulatory response as the criteria of effectiveness. In both animal and clinical burns restoration of the functional ECF required greater quantities administered at a faster rate than was anticipated. In the first 24–30 hr post‐burn, circulatory hemodynamics appear to be closely correlated with functional ECF volume maintenance. After this time, changes in the circulatory status seem to be unrelated to fluid administration.
Single-Shot Object Detection with Enriched Semantics (2017)

We propose a novel single shot object detection network named Detection with Enriched Semantics (DES). Our motivation is to enrich the semantics of object detection features within a typical deep detector, by a semantic segmentation branch and a global activation module. The segmentation branch is supervised by weak segmentation ground-truth, i.e., no extra annotation is required. In conjunction with that, we employ a global activation module which learns relationship between channels and object classes in a self-supervised manner. Comprehensive experimental results on both PASCAL VOC and MS COCO detection datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. In particular, with a VGG16 based DES, we achieve an mAP of 81.7 on VOC2007 test and an mAP of 32.8 on COCO test-dev with an inference speed of 31.5 milliseconds per image on a Titan Xp GPU. With a lower resolution version, we achieve an mAP of 79.7 on VOC2007 with an inference speed of 13.0 milliseconds per image.
Stereotactic brain surgery (1995)

Describes an integrated MINERVA system which meets demanding robotic requirements. The system incorporates a CT scanner and has 5 motorized axes equipped with nonreversible gears. The image processing facility operates on a SUN sparc workstation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Laparoscopic removal of dermoid cysts. (1989)

Nine reproductive-age women underwent removal of unilateral or bilateral dermoid cysts via laparoscopy. Over a follow-up period of 12-42 months, there were no immediate or long-term complications. Four patients have had repeat laparoscopy for evaluation of possible pelvic adhesion formation; one had mild periovarian adhesions and the pelvis appeared normal in the other three.
Injury in motor vehicle accidents during pregnancy: a pregnant issue (2010)

Trauma is the leading nonobstetric cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnancy; approximately one out of every 15 pregnancies is complicated by trauma. Motor vehicle accidents are a major cause of trauma during pregnancy. Severe injury occurs in approximately 10% of cases, a situation associated with high likelihood of preterm delivery, placental abruption, cesarean delivery and increased maternal and fetal mortality. Nevertheless, obstetric complications may also occur with less severe injuries. All pregnant trauma patients should be managed according to Advanced Trauma Life Support guidelines. In total, 2–6 h of observation with fetal monitoring are recommended for pregnant trauma patients who are not admitted. Poor maternal and fetal outcome can be predicted by the presence of several risk factors such as ejection from the vehicle, pedestrian or motorcycle injury, lack of seatbelt use, abdominal, pelvic or intracranial injury, loss of consciousness, maternal tachycardia, low Glasgow coma scales, hypotension and abnormal fetal heart rate. Treating the mother correctly is beneficial for the fetus, thus trauma guidelines should be adhered to, despite the need for multidisciplinary efforts and concern for the fetus. Approximately 2% of admitted pregnant trauma patients die; perimortem cesarean delivery should be considered when the fetus is viable (i.e., gestational age >24 weeks) within minutes of maternal death.
Reliability Prediction for Electronic Components (1990)

RELIABILITY is one of the most important criteria in modern electronic systems, with pressure quite rightly towards continual improvement. Much mystery surrounds such innocent letters as MTTF (mean time to failure) and many people fall into the trap of assuming that this means the average life of the component. In fact when a time equal to the MTTF is reached only 37% of the components are still surviving.
Feedforward synchronisation techniques for 16-QAM TDMA demodulators (2002)

A structure of a fully digital synchronisation unit for TDMA differentially encoded 16-QAM signal transmission, over cellular mobile radio channels, is considered. The feedforward non-decision-aided (NDA) synchronisation techniques used for symbol timing recovery and carrier recovery are described. A novel technique for carrier phase recovery is presented. The performance of the synchronisation parameters' estimators at the receiver are evaluated by computer simulation in a slow Rayleigh fading environment. The statistical properties of the algorithms developed are evaluated in terms of the bias and variance of the estimated errors and are compared to the Cramer-Rao lower bound.
<i>Bifidobacterium adolescentis</i> supplementation ameliorates visceral fat accumulation and insulin sensitivity in an experimental model of the metabolic syndrome (2011)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Bifidobacterium adolescentis (Bif) supplementation on visceral fat accumulation and insulin sensitivity of the metabolic syndrome in HF-diet-fed rats. Adult male Wistar rats (n 10 per group) were fed four different experimental diets for 12 weeks as follows: standard diet; high-fat (HF) diet; a mix of HF diet and Bif; a mix of standard diet and Bif. Liver, mesenteric fat, epididymal fat, retroperitoneal fat, and inguinal fat, pancreas and triceps surae in all four groups of the rats were weighed, while liver steatosis and insulin sensitivity were evaluated at the end point of the study. As the number of intestinal Bifidobacterium species decreased obviously, fat pad weight and body weight increased significantly in the HF group compared with in the other three groups (P <0·05). Addition of Bif led to a reduction in body weight and fat pad weight (P <0·05). With an increase in liver weight, more severe steatosis of hepatocytes was observed in the HF group compared with in the other three groups. A significant decrease of the glucose infusion rate and pancreas weight was found in the HF group (P <0·05). This deleterious effect was alleviated when Bif was added to the diets. Bifidobacterium supplementation ameliorated visceral fat accumulation and insulin sensitivity of the metabolic syndrome in HF-diet-fed rats.
Development of a 3D modeling algorithm for tunnel deformation monitoring based on terrestrial laser scanning (2017)

Deformation monitoring is vital for tunnel engineering. Traditional monitoring techniques measure only a few data points, which is insufficient to understand the deformation of the entire tunnel. Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) is a newly developed technique that can collect thousands of data points in a few minutes, with promising applications to tunnel deformation monitoring. The raw point cloud collected from TLS cannot display tunnel deformation; therefore, a new 3D modeling algorithm was developed for this purpose. The 3D modeling algorithm includes modules for preprocessing the point cloud, extracting the tunnel axis, performing coordinate transformations, performing noise reduction and generating the 3D model. Measurement results from TLS were compared to the results of total station and numerical simulation, confirming the reliability of TLS for tunnel deformation monitoring. Finally, a case study of the Shanghai West Changjiang Road tunnel is introduced, where TLS was applied to measure shield tunnel deformation over multiple sections. Settlement, segment dislocation and cross section convergence were measured and visualized using the proposed 3D modeling algorithm.
Applying PURE Translation for the Determination of an Optimal 2G12-binding Carbohydrate Cluster (2010)

This thesis investigates the application of P.U.R.E. system technology for translation of an unnatural peptide library for use in determining an optimal 2G12-binding carbohydrate cluster. The successful and detailed preparation of all translation components are described herein. This includes: growth, expression and purification of translation factors, amino-acyl tRNA synthetases, and ribosomes from E. coli; PCR amplification and purification of library DNA, followed by transcription and gel purification to obtain mRNA templates for peptide synthesis. Translation reactions were executed and pure peptide obtained. Yield was determined by incorporation of radioactive cysteine and results verified by MALDI-TOF.
piStream (2015)

Adaptive HTTP video streaming over LTE has been gaining popularity due to LTE's high capacity. Quality of adaptive streaming depends highly on the accuracy of client's estimation of end-to-end network bandwidth, which is challenging due to LTE link dynamics. In this paper, we present piStream, that allows a client to efficiently monitor the LTE basestation's PHY-layer resource allocation, and then map such information to an estimation of available bandwidth. Given the PHY-informed bandwidth estimation, piStream uses a probabilistic algorithm to balance video quality and the risk of stalling, taking into account the burstiness of LTE downlink traffic loads. We conduct a real-time implementation of piStream on a software-radio tethered to an LTE smartphone. Comparison with state-of-the-art adaptive streaming protocols demonstrates that piStream can effectively utilize the LTE bandwidth, achieving high video quality with minimal stalling rate.
Effect of Additional Elements on Glass Transition Behavior and Glass Formation Tendency of Zr&ndash;Al&ndash;Cu&ndash;Ni Alloys (1995)

The glass transition temperature (Tg) and crystallization temperature (Tx) of the Zr65Al10Cu15Ni10 base glassy alloys containing additional M (M=Ti, Hf, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, Fe, Co, Pd or Ag) elements were examined as a function of M elements, with the aim of finding an effective element for the increase in ΔTx (=Tx−Tg) and of confirming the appropriateness of the previous empirical rules for the appearance of large ΔTx. As the additional amount of the M elements except Hf increases, Tg increases gradually, whereas Tx decreases significantly and leads to the decrease in ΔTx. No effective M element leading to the increase in ΔTx is found. The ineffectiveness is attributed to the partial generation of repulsive bonding nature of Cu–M (M=V, Nb, Cr, Mo, Fe, Co, Pd or Ag) and Zr–M (M=Ti of Hf) pairs which does not satisfy the empirical rules. The area ratio of the glassy region in the arc-melted ingots with a maximum thickness of about 8 mm was found to increase from 67% for the Zr–Al–Cu–Ni alloy to about 90% for the Zr-based alloys containing 5%Ti, 2.5%Nb or 5%Pd, though ΔTx decreases significantly by the addition of these elements. The great effectiveness of the three elements on the glass-formation tendency in the arc-melted ingots is interpreted to originate from the suppression of the growth reaction of crystalline nulcei which pre-exist in the arc-melted alloy. Furthermore, the disagreement between the glass-formation tendency evaluated by ΔTx and the area ratio of the glassy region is thought to result from the difference in the dominant factors which are the crystalline nucleation and growth reactions for the ΔTx of the melt-spun glassy alloys and the growth reaction for the area ratio of the glassy region in the arc-melted ingot. The finding of the additional elements leading to the increase in the glass-formation tendency of the arc-melted alloys, regardless of the magnitude of ΔTx, seems to be a very encouraging event for future development of bulk glassy alloys.
The Frequency and Immunodominance of Islet-Specific CD8+ T-cell Responses Change after Type 1 Diabetes Diagnosis and Treatment (2008)

Shifts both in frequency and in immunodominance of CD8(+) T-cell responses occur more rapidly than do changes in aAb titers. These different kinetics may suggest complementary clinical applications for T-cell and aAb measurements.
T1ρ dispersion imaging of diseased muscle tissue (1993)

T1 rho dispersion, or the frequency dependence of T1 relaxation in the rotating frame, was used for in vivo muscle tissue characterization in 13 patients with primary skeletal muscle disease and in eight normal subjects for comparison. T1 rho dispersion measurements represent a new approach to magnetic resonance tissue characterization, possibly reflecting the macromolecular constituents of tissue. A definite, statistically significant, difference was found between the relative T1 rho dispersion values of normal and diseased muscle tissue. T1 rho dispersion measurements and images may increase the accuracy of identification of diseased muscles. Early identification of affected muscles is important for accurate diagnosis by muscle biopsy.
Is your commute driving you crazy? (2015)

Traffic is not only a source of frustration but also a leading cause of death for people under 35 years of age. Recent research has focused on how driver assistance technologies can be used to mitigate traffic fatalities and create more enjoyable commutes. In this work, we consider cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) or platooning, a driver assistance technology that controls the speed of vehicles and inter-vehicle spacing. CACC equipped cars use radar to fine tune inter-vehicle spacing and dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) to collaboratively accelerate and decelerate. Platooning can reduce fuel consumption by over 5% and increases the density of cars on a highway. Previous work on platooning has focused on proving string stability, which guarantees that the error between cars does not grow with the length of a platoon, but little work has considered the impact an attacker can have on a platoon. To design safe distributed controllers and networks it is essential to understand the possible attacks that could be mounted against platoons.