gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Matrix metalloproteinases and collagen catabolism (2002)

The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)/matrixin family has been implicated in both normal tissue remodeling and a variety of diseases associated with abnormal turnover of extracellular matrix components. The mechanism by which MMPs catabolize collagen (collagenolysis) is still largely unknown. Substrate flexibility, MMP active sites, and MMP exosites all contribute to collagen degradation. It has recently been demonstrated that the ability to cleave a triple helix (triple-helical peptidase activity) can be distinguished from the ability to cleave collagen (collagenolytic activity). This suggests that the ability to cleave a triple helix is not the limiting factor for collagenolytic activity-the ability to properly orient and potentially destabilize collagen is. For the MMP family, the catalytic domain can unwind and cleave a triple-helical structure, while the C-terminal hemopexin-like domain appears to be responsible for properly orienting collagen and destabilizing it to some degree. It is also possible that exosites within the catalytic and/or C-terminal hemopexin-like domain may exclude some MMPs from cleaving collagen. Overall, it appears that many proteases of distinct mechanisms possess triple-helical peptidase activity, and that convergent evolution led to a few proteases possessing collagenolytic activity. Proper orientation and distortion of the triple helix may be the key factor for collagenolysis.
Δ<sup>7</sup>-Desoxymorphine (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTΔ7-DesoxymorphineHenry Rapoport and Robert M. BonnerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 11, 5485Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01155a552https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01155a552research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views186Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Changes in vitreous concentrations of human hepatocyte growth factor (hHGF) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: implications for intraocular hHGF production (1999)

We measured human hepatocyte growth factor (hHGF) concentrations in the original vitreous and in the artificial vitreous after vitrectomy in 13 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) undergoing repeated pars plana vitrectomy, in order to investigate whether the vitreous hHGF concentration is related to the recurrence of PDR after vitrectomy as well as to the original occurrence of PDR. We also examined the relationship between vitreous concentrations of hHGF and transforming growth factor-beta(2) (TGF-beta(2)), the predominant TGF-beta isoform in the vitreous, in 14 patients with PDR. For the original vitreous, mean hHGF concentrations were higher (P<0.05) in that from patients with severe PDR (vitreous haemorrhage, fibrovascular proliferation and tractional retinal detachment) than in that from patients with vitreous haemorrhage alone. In the artificial vitreous, mean vitreous hHGF concentrations were higher (P<0.05) in that from patients with severe PDR than in that from patients with vitreous haemorrhage alone or with vitreous haemorrhage plus fibrovascular proliferation. No correlation was found between the hHGF concentration in the artificial vitreous and time between vitrectomies. Vitreous hHGF concentrations were directly proportional to vitreous concentrations of latent TGF-beta(2) (r=0. 831; P=0.0002), but inversely proportional to vitreous concentrations of active TGF-beta(2) (r=0.495; P=0.072), which inhibits hHGF production. A decreased conversion of latent into active TGF-beta(2) in ocular disorders such as PDR is likely to result in an increased concentration of hHGF in the vitreous. Thus intraocular hHGF may be involved in pathological mechanisms causing not only the occurrence, but also the recurrence, of PDR.
The phototherapy light visor: more to it than meets the eye (1995)

There were no significant differences in therapeutic response between patients who were treated with red or white light. The results of this study suggest that the phototherapy light visor may function as an elaborate placebo. Alternative explanations, however, are considered.
Parameters affecting reproducibility in capillary electrophoresis (2000)

It is well known that poor quantitative reproducibility substantially limits the practical implementation of capillary electrophoresis (CE) separations in chemical analysis. The principal sources of variance in observed peak areas are irreproducible flow rate, which influences on-column detector response, and inconsistent injection volume or amount. An overview of studies by researchers to address the reproducibility issue will be presented. In addition, current efforts in our laboratory to assess sources of quantitative variance for separations of dansylated amino acids using an automated CE system are presented and related when appropriate to the body of existing knowledge on this important topic. A comparison of different injection methods (hydrostatic vs. electrokinetic) and approaches (e.g., high vs. low pressure), the effect of random changes in electroosmotic flow (EOF) due to air bubbles in the CE capillary, and choice of certain peak integration parameters in terms of peak area reproducibility are presented. Under optimum conditions relative standard deviation (RSD) values in raw peak area are typically 2.0%. With nonoptimum conditions (e.g., with air bubbles in capillary), RSD values can substantially degrade. However, normalizing with retention times, internal standards, or observed electrophoretic current produces RSD values in a range of 1.4-2.3%.
ATM local area networks using distributed switch architecture (2002)

To date, multimedia LAN proposals are based either on a centralized ATM-switch or on an advanced shared medium access protocol. The former uses the standardized ATM technology, but takes over the public switch architecture. The latter is evolved from the classical datagram networks. To overcome the disadvantages of both existing concepts and to combine their advantages, this paper presents a new ATM LAN concept which is based on a distributed ATM-switch architecture. In comparison with the centralized ATM-switches the distributed architecture better meets the customer requirements of local area multimedia communications. In comparison with the advanced shared medium access protocols it better supports virtual channel oriented resource and performance management which is essential for future multimedia applications.
Study of High Power AC Electronic Load (2006)

AC electronic load is used in testing of AC power source.In this paper an advanced high-power energy-feedback AC electronic load is studied,including its main circuit and control strategy.AC/DC/AC converter is adopted as the main topology structure,and the input and output converter all consists of voltage source PWM rectifier.The control strategies of input and output converter are given.To achieve good dynamic performance,hysteresis current control technology is adopted and the numerical algorithm is represented to calculate reference current.PSCAD/EMTDC is used to simulate the proposed electronic load and a prototype is researched and developed.Software simulation and experiment ALresults all show that the adopted algorithm and control strategy are effective.The fixed-impedance model of electronic load is implemented,in which model the input port of electronic load can accurately simulate the specified impedance and the testing energy can be fed back with unit power factor.
Enhanced CNN for image denoising (2019)

Owing to the flexible architectures of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are successfully used for image denoising. However, they suffer from the following drawbacks: (i) deep network architecture is very difficult to train. (ii) Deeper networks face the challenge of performance saturation. In this study, the authors propose a novel method called enhanced convolutional neural denoising network (ECNDNet). Specifically, they use residual learning and batch normalisation techniques to address the problem of training difficulties and accelerate the convergence of the network. In addition, dilated convolutions are used in the proposed network to enlarge the context information and reduce the computational cost. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the ECNDNet outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art methods for image denoising.
Sol−Gel-Processed SiO<sub>2</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub>/Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) Composite Materials for Optical Waveguides (1996)

SiO2/TiO2/poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) composite materials processed by the sol−gel technique were studied for optical waveguide applications. Change of refractive index through the range 1.39−1.65 at 633 nm (optical wavelength) was achieved by varying the ratio between the SiO2 and TiO2 concentrations. To produce low optical propagation loss in the waveguide, it was necessary to avoid the precipitation of TiO2 particles caused by the fast hydrolysis reaction of titanium alkoxide. By using titanium ethylhexoxide as a titanium alkoxide together with acetic acid and 2-propanol as the solvent, the precipitation of TiO2 was avoided in the TiO2 concentration range of up to 30 wt %, resulting in low optical propagation losses in the slab waveguide configuration. In the higher TiO2 concentration range, an additional measure, peptization was necessary. With this method, we could produce optical waveguides possessing optical propagation losses of 0.62 dB/cm or lower at 633 nm. Low optical propagation loss in all the TiO2 concentrations, from 0% TiO2/50% SiO2/50% PVP to 50% TiO2/0% SiO2/50% PVP was achieved. The reactions of the sol−gel precursors were also studied using UV−visible and FT-IR spectroscopy.
Spheromak Formation by Steady Inductive Helicity Injection (2006)

A spheromak is formed for the first time using a new steady state inductive helicity injection method. Using two inductive injectors with odd symmetry and oscillating at 5.8 kHz, a steady state spheromak with even symmetry is formed and sustained through nonlinear relaxation. A spheromak with about 13 kA of toroidal current is formed and sustained using about 3 MW of power. This is a much lower power threshold for spheromak production than required for electrode-based helicity injection. Internal magnetic probe data, including oscillations driven by the injectors, agree with the plasma being in the Taylor state. The agreement is remarkable considering the only fitting parameter is the amplitude of the spheromak component of the state.
Optimization of Spinel Li1 + x Mn2 − y  O 4 as a 4 V Li‐Cell Cathode in Terms of a Li‐Mn‐O Phase Diagram (1997)

A semiquantitative Li‐Mn‐O phase diagram is proposed to analyze the relationship between the capacity and rechargeability of spinel (−0.11 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.33, 0 ⩽ y ⩽ 0.33) as a 4 V cathode for lithium‐ion batteries. Each compound on the triangle can be prepared directly by solid‐solid reaction techniques. The chemical formula of each compound is expressed as (0.5 ⩽ n ⩽ 0.8, 3.5 ⩽ m ⩽ 4.0) through knowledge of the Li/Mn molar ratio, n, and the average Mn valence, m. Each compound has an initial capacity of 1184 × (4 −m)/(m + n) mAh/g. The capacity decreases with increases in both lithium content and vacancy rate along one sheet of the hyper‐boloid, while the rechargeability improves. The synthesis conditions for preparation of an optimal spinel with a large capacity and an ideal rechargeability can be estimated.
Smart Card Operating Systems: Past, Present and Future (2003)

Over the last twenty years, the software in smart cards has radically changed. This has happened for several reasons, smart card software was initially rigid and monolithic and has now become more flexible with a clear separation between ``operating system level&apos;&apos; and ``application level&apos;&apos; parts. What is more, application-level resources are now much more accessible (nearly to end user level). Nevertheless, smart cards have evolved separately from an ever more distributed ``outside world&apos;&apos;. This paper presents two contributions to next-generation smart card operating systems. The first, called CAMILLE, relies on the exo-kernel approach to obtain extensibility, without compromising security, raising making operating systems accessible to application designers. The second, called AWARE, reveals the mismatch between the smart card execution model and the role it is expected to play in distributed systems. We propose solutions that allow for multi-tasking and reactivity. Beyond these projects, there are a number of obstacles that need to be overcome before we can reach what might be the ultimate step in smart card operating system design. In conclusion, this paper presents current work around two related challenges, namely resource control and real-time operation.
Wearable and Implantable Wireless Sensor Network Solutions for Healthcare Monitoring (2011)

Wireless sensor network (WSN) technologies are considered one of the key research areas in computer science and the healthcare application industries for improving the quality of life. The purpose of this paper is to provide a snapshot of current developments and future direction of research on wearable and implantable body area network systems for continuous monitoring of patients. This paper explains the important role of body sensor networks in medicine to minimize the need for caregivers and help the chronically ill and elderly people live an independent life, besides providing people with quality care. The paper provides several examples of state of the art technology together with the design considerations like unobtrusiveness, scalability, energy efficiency, security and also provides a comprehensive analysis of the various benefits and drawbacks of these systems. Although offering significant benefits, the field of wearable and implantable body sensor networks still faces major challenges and open research problems which are investigated and covered, along with some proposed solutions, in this paper.
Apelin peptides linked to anti‐serum albumin domain antibodies retain affinity in vitro and are efficacious receptor agonists in vivo (2019)

The apelin receptor is a potential target in the treatment of heart failure and pulmonary arterial hypertension where levels of endogenous apelin peptides are reduced but significant receptor levels remain. Our aim was to characterise the pharmacology of a modified peptide agonist, MM202, designed to have high affinity for the apelin receptor and resistance to peptidase degradation and linked to an anti-serum albumin domain antibody (AlbudAb) to extend half-life in the blood. In competition, binding experiments in human heart MM202-AlbudAb (pK<sub>i</sub> = 9.39 ± 0.09) bound with similar high affinity as the endogenous peptides [Pyr<sup>1</sup> ]apelin-13 (pK<sub>i</sub> = 8.83 ± 0.06) and apelin-17 (pK<sub>i</sub> = 9.57 ± 0.08). [Pyr<sup>1</sup> ]apelin-13 was tenfold more potent in the cAMP (pD<sub>2</sub> = 9.52 ± 0.05) compared to the β-arrestin (pD<sub>2</sub> = 8.53 ± 0.03) assay, whereas apelin-17 (pD<sub>2</sub> = 10.31 ± 0.28; pD<sub>2</sub> = 10.15 ± 0.13, respectively) and MM202-AlbudAb (pD<sub>2</sub> = 9.15 ± 0.12; pD<sub>2</sub> = 9.26 ± 0.03, respectively) were equipotent in both assays, with MM202-AlbudAb tenfold less potent than apelin-17. MM202-AlbudAb bound to immobilised human serum albumin with high affinity (pK<sub>D</sub> = 9.02). In anaesthetised, male Sprague Dawley rats, MM202-AlbudAb (5 nmol, n = 15) significantly reduced left ventricular systolic pressure by 6.61 ± 1.46 mm Hg and systolic arterial pressure by 14.12 ± 3.35 mm Hg and significantly increased cardiac contractility by 533 ± 170 mm Hg/s, cardiac output by 1277 ± 190 RVU/min, stroke volume by 3.09 ± 0.47 RVU and heart rate by 4.64 ± 2.24 bpm. This study demonstrates that conjugating an apelin mimetic peptide to the AlbudAb structure retains receptor and in vivo activity and may be a new strategy for development of apelin peptides as therapeutic agents.
Evaluation of the therapeutic potential of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in two animal models of dystrophin deficient muscular dystrophy (2009)

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is an inherited muscle degeneration disease for which there is still no efficient treatment. However, compounds active on the disease may already exist among approved drugs but are difficult to identify in the absence of cellular models. We used the Caenorhabditis elegans animal model to screen a collection of 1000 already approved compounds. Two of the most active hits obtained were methazolamide and dichlorphenamide, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors widely used in human therapy. In C. elegans, these drugs were shown to interact with CAH-4, a putative carbonic anhydrase. The therapeutic efficacy of these compounds was further validated in long-term experiments on mdx mice, the mouse model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Mice were treated for 120 days with food containing methazolamide or dichlorphenamide at two doses each. Musculus tibialis anterior and diaphragm muscles were histologically analyzed and isometric muscle force was measured in M. extensor digitorum longus. Both substances increased the tetanic muscle force in the treated M. extensor digitorum longus muscle group, dichlorphenamide increased the force significantly by 30%, but both drugs failed to increase resistance of muscle fibres to eccentric contractions. Histological analysis revealed a reduction of centrally nucleated fibers in M. tibialis anterior and diaphragm in the treated groups. These studies further demonstrated that a C. elegans-based screen coupled with a mouse model validation strategy can lead to the identification of potential pharmacological agents for rare diseases.
Copper Chemistry of β-Diketiminate Ligands:  Monomer/Dimer Equilibria and a New Class of Bis(μ-oxo)dicopper Compounds (2002)

A series of Cu(I) and Cu(II) complexes of a variety of beta-diketiminate ligands (L(-)) with a range of substitution patterns were prepared and characterized by spectroscopic, electrochemical, and, in several cases, X-ray crystallographic methods. Specifically, complexes of the general formula [LCuCl](2) were structurally characterized and their magnetic properties assessed through EPR spectroscopy of solutions and, in one instance, by variable-temperature SQUID magnetization measurements on a powder sample. UV-vis spectra indicated reversible dissociation to 3-coordinate monomers LCuCl in solution at temperatures above -55 degrees C. The Cu(I) complexes LCu(MeCN) exhibited reversible Cu(I)/Cu(II) redox couples with E(1/2) values between +300 and +520 mV versus NHE (cyclic voltammetry, MeCN solutions). These complexes were highly reactive with O(2), yielding intermediates that were identified as rare examples of neutral bis(mu-oxo)dicopper complexes on the basis of their EPR silence, diagnostic UV-vis absorption data, and O-isotope-sensitive resonance Raman spectroscopic features. The structural features of the compounds [LCuCl](2) and LCu(MeCN) as well as the proclivity to form bis(mu-oxo)dicopper products upon oxygenation of the Cu(I) complexes are compared to data previously reported for complexes of more sterically hindered beta-diketiminate ligands (Aboelella, N. W.; Lewis, E. A.; Reynolds, A. M.; Brennessel, W. W.; Cramer, C. J.; Tolman, W. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10600. Spencer, D. J. E.; Aboelella, N. W.; Reynolds, A. M.; Holland, P. L.; Tolman, W. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 2108. Holland, P. L.; Tolman, W. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 7270). The observed structural and reactivity differences are rationalized by considering the steric influences of both the substituents on the flanking aromatic rings and those present on the beta-diketiminate backbone.
On improving the linguistic skill of students (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOn improving the linguistic skill of studentsJulius Sumner Miller Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1952, 29, 12, 610Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1952Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 December 1952Published inissue 1 December 1952https://doi.org/10.1021/ed029p610RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views36Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (560 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Two new von Kries based chromatic adaptation transforms found by numerical optimization (2010)

Abstract In this article, two new von Kries based chromatic adaptation transforms are proposed. The numerical optimization procedure adopted for deriving them simultaneously exploits the whole sets of data available and the existing chromatic adaptation transforms. Experimental results report several statistics to prove the effectiveness of our proposals with respect to the state‐of‐the‐art. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010
Analysis of Kinematic Viscosity for Liquids by Varying Temperature (2015)

Viscosity is a property of a liquid and is defined as the resistance of a liquid to flow. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the viscosity with varying temperature of the liquids. A redwood viscometer is used to measure the flow of eight different liquids including engine oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, glycerol, thermic fluid (Hytherm), coconut oil, water and ghee. Kinematic viscosity is determined by redwood viscometer with help of its constants. The viscosity of each liquid found at temperature 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75 and 80 o C. The liquid samples taken such a way in that some are highly sticky liquids, some are low sticky.