gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Postinjury Cyclosporin A Administration Limits Axonal Damage and Disconnection in Traumatic Brain Injury (1999)

Recent observations concerning presumed calcium-induced mitochondrial damage and focal intraaxonal proteolysis in the pathogenesis of traumatic axonal injury (TAI) have opened new perspectives for therapeutic intervention. Studies from our laboratory demonstrated that cyclosporin A (CsA), a potent inhibitor of Ca2+-induced mitochondrial damage, administered 30 min prior to traumatic brain injury preserved mitochondrial integrity in those axonal foci destined to undergo delayed disconnection. We attributed this neuroprotection to the inhibition by CsA of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). Additional experiments proved that CsA pretreatment also significantly reduced calcium-induced, calpain-mediated spectrin proteolysis (CMSP) and neurofilament compaction (NFC), pivotal events in the pathogenesis of axonal failure and disconnection. Given these provocative findings the goal of the current study was to evaluate the potential of CsA to inhibit calcium-induced axonal damage in a more clinically relevant postinjury treatment paradigm. To this end, cyclosporin A was administered intrathecally to Sprague Dawley rats 30 min following impact acceleration traumatic brain injury. The first group of animals were sacrificed 120 min postinjury and the density of CMSP and NFC immunoreactive damaged axonal segments of CsA-treated and vehicle-treated injured animals were quantitatively analyzed. A second group of CsA- versus vehicle-treated rats was sacrificed at 24 h postinjury to compare the density of damaged axons displaying beta amyloid precursor protein (APP) immunoreactivity, a signature protein of axonal perturbation and disconnection. Postinjury CsA administration resulted in a significant decrease (>60%) in CMSP/NFC immunoreactivity in corticospinal tracts and medial longitudinal fasciculi. A similar decrease was detected in the density of APP immunoreactive damaged axons, indicating an attenuation of axonal disconnection at 24 h postinjury in CsA-treated animals. These results once again suggest that the maintenance of the functional integrity of the mitochondria can prevent TAI, presumably via the preservation of the local energy homeostasis of the axon. Moreover and perhaps more importantly, these studies also demonstrate the efficacy of CsA administration when given in the early posttraumatic period. Collectively, our findings suggest that a therapeutic window exists for the use of drugs targeting mitochondria and energy regulation in traumatic brain injury.
GATA-4 and MEF2C transcription factors control the tissue-specific expression of the  T-catenin gene CTNNA3 (2004)

AlphaT-catenin is a recently identified member of the alpha-catenin family of cell-cell adhesion molecules. Its expression is restricted mainly to cardiomyocytes, although it is also expressed in skeletal muscle, testis and brain. Like other alpha-catenins, alphaT-catenin provides an indispensable link between a cadherin-based adhesion complex and the actin cytoskeleton, resulting in strong cell-cell adhesion. We show here that the tissue-specificity of alphaT-catenin expression is controlled by its promoter region. By in silico analysis, we found that the alphaT-catenin promoter contains several binding sites for cardiac and muscle-specific transcription factors. By co-transfection studies in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells, we demonstrated that MEF2C and GATA-4 each have an activating effect on the alphaT-catenin promoter. Transfections with wild-type and mutant promoter constructs in cardiac HL-1 cells indicated that one GATA box is absolutely required for high alphaT-catenin promoter activity in these cells. Furthermore, we showed that the GATA-4 transcription factor specifically binds and activates the alphaT-catenin promoter in vivo in cardiac HL-1 cells. In vivo promoter analysis in transgenic mice revealed that the isolated alphaT-catenin promoter region could direct the tissue-specific expression of a LacZ reporter gene in concordance with endogenous alphaT-catenin expression.
A Comparative Study of Single-Phase Modulated AC Choppers (1984)

With the increased availability of power MOSFET's and GTO's, a new generation of simple choppers for small and medium ac loads is foreseen. These new power semiconductors ease the use of forced commutation to improve the supply power factor even with highly reactive loads. Asymmetrically-and symmetrically modulated ac choppers designed to operate with reactive loads are described. The ability of the asymmetric chopper to hold a unity power displacement factor for a large range of reactive loads presents interest for induction machine controllers. On the other hand, the supply current produced by the symmetrical chopper has a less objectionable harmonic content than the asymmetrical chopper over a large range of operating conditions. Both choppers are compared to the common ac phase controller, with or without freewheeling switch. Experimental results confirm the analytical analysis. The practical limits of operation for the new choppers are also discussed.
A study of GST etching process for phase change memory application (2016)

GeSbTe (GST) is extensively researched due to its amazing phase changing property which can be widely employed in Phase Change Memory (PCRAM). GST etching is extremely critical process during the device fabrication. In this study, three different halogens or halides, including Cl-based, F-based and Br-based GST etching process were investigated. Results show Br-based etching process is nondestructive for GST. By changing the kinds of dilute gas, both vertical and tapered profiles can be achieved. Moreover, the loading between dense and isolated patterning were improved by inserting BT step before hard mask open (HMO), less than 300A dense/iso loading was received. Furthermore Fluoride based post etch treatment (PET) is effective for polymer residue removal.
Bottom Hole Pressure Management in a Highly Permeable and Narrow Margin MPD Operation (2016)

ABSTRACT Application of Managed pressure drilling (MPD) technology with other techniques to maintain constant Bottom Hole pressure (BHP) has been found to enhance drilling operations in applications where the margin between the pore pressure and fracture gradient is narrow and the reservoir permeability is high. Classic examples of such applications are deep water drilling, high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) regime and depleted reservoir environments. In the Niger Delta, HPHT reservoirs can be found in well depths up to 17000 ftss with a drilling window range of 0.4 to1.6ppg. Typical reservoir characteristics are formation permeability of 124 – 204mD and reservoir mobility of 112 – 1000mD/cp. Generally in this type of environment and essentially where there are high uncertainties in the reservoir pressures and formation characteristics, significant process safety incidents have been found to occur during pumps off events as a result of variations in BHP outside the allowable limits of pore pressure (lower limit) and fracture gradient (upper limit). The risks of exceeding the allowable limits are the possibility of taking significant influx volume if BHP falls below the pore pressure and loss of well bore integrity if the BHP exceeds the fracture pressure. Consequences of any of these events are high nonproductive time (NPT), well cost escalation and inability to achieve well objectives. This paper illustrates how in the recent HPHT exploration campaign carried out in Niger Delta, managing BHP was identified as a critical success factor. Hydrocarbon reserves of the exploratory objectives were successfully and safely unlocked by using MPD to maintain BHP within the allowable limits. The paper also illustrates how MPD application was enhanced by the use of high resolution pressure while drilling (PWD) technology.
The Manufacture of Citric Acid from Lemons. (1921)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Manufacture of Citric Acid from Lemons.C. P. WilsonCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1921, 13, 6, 554–558Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1921Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1921https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50138a027RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views141Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (685 KB) Get e-Alerts
Fetal Surgery in the 1990s (1989)

In the recent past, the first opportunity to visualize fetal structure and function occurred at birth. Two major contributions in the 1960s inaugurated the era of the fetus as a patient: (1) Prenatal diagnosis became possible using amniocentesis as a technique to evaluate fetal health by cytogenetic 1 and biochemical 2,3 analysis. (2) Prenatal treatment became possible using fetal transfusion to control rhesus factor erythroblastosis fetalis. 4 Intrauterine exchange transfusions through an abdomen and uterine incision were attempted and abandoned due to unacceptably high maternal morbidity associated with open procedures. 5 The development of less invasive techniques for percutaneous placement of catheters or needles for intraperitoneal transfusion permitted in utero exchange transfusion. 6 In the 1970s, the introduction of fetal ultrasonography allowed for accurate visualization of the structure and function of the fetus. 7 As skill and technology advanced, the list of fetal anomalies able to be diagnosed by
Docetaxel-loaded lipid microbubbles combined with ultrasound-triggered microbubble destruction for targeted tumor therapy in MHCC-H cells (2016)

DLLM + UTMD can increase the proportion of cells arrested in the G1 phase, decrease tumor cell proliferation, and induce MHCC-H cell apoptosis. The growth of solid tumors in mice was inhibited. These results could provide a novel targeted strategy against liver cancer.
41.4: An Autostereoscopic 3D Projector Based on Two Parallax Barriers (2009)

Abstract This paper proposed an autostereoscopic 3D projector composed of LCD projectors and two parallax barriers located beside the two sides of the projection screen. Parallax barrier 1 facing to the projectors acts as the function of collimating the images which have aberrations on the edge of the projection screen. Parallax barrier 2 facing to viewers acts as the functions of the parallax barrier in ordinary autostereoscopic 3D displays. The operation principle of the system and the calculation equations for the parallax barriers, the capture and correction of images were described in details. A 60‐inch autostereoscopic 3D projector prototype having four projectors was developed. The prototype has high resolution and sharp stereoscopic image presentation.
Color and color mixture: Scalar and vector fundamentals (1988)

Abstract This article explores the consequences of the Wyszecki hypothesis, that every color stimulus (radiometric function) comprises two parts, a fundamental and a residual. (Wyszecki's terms were fundamental color stimulus and metameric black.) The fundamental alone is processed by the visual system and evokes the color sensation. The residual is not processed and is without effect on color sensations. Metamers, color stimuli evoking the identical color sensation but with different radiometric functions, have the same fundamental but different residuals. Matrix R , an orthogonal projector, resolves any radiometric function into its fundamental and residual. Unlimited numbers of metamers may be generated by adding other residuals to the same fundamental. The color‐matching equation has historically been written with tristimulus values as coefficients, but so written, the equation balances only psychologically. When the stinuli of the color‐matching equation are replaced by the fundamentals processed by the visual system (after the residuals are ejected by matrix‐ R operations), the equation balances psychologically, physically, and mathematically. Wyszecki's fundamental has two representations, the scalar fundamental as conceived by Wyszecki and the vector fundamental as developed in this article. Vector fundamentals define a fixed, invariant, fundamental color space governed by Euclidean geometry. The properties of this space are explored. The article develops relationships between color‐matching functions, fundamentals, and orthonormal color functions. Two new specifications for color stimuli or sensations are introduced, tricolor values and tricolor coordinates. The article assumes knowledge of ordinary algebra and geometry, and procedures for computation of tristimulus values.
Solubility and <i>in vitro</i> drug permeation behavior of ethenzamide cocrystals regulated in physiological pH environments (2017)

Drug release behavior of few ethenzamide cocrystals was investigated at different pH buffers. Change in lipophilic behavior and conformational adjustment of drug along with supramolecular synthons were probed for their improved drug efficacy.
A finite element complementary energy formulation for plane elastoplastic stress analysis (1979)

The m.ethod of analysis presented herein parallels that of Ref (8) with two added major distingushing features. First, the present model consists of an eighteen degree of freedom self-equilibrating finite element model wherein the stress function is expressed by means of a complete set of quintic Hermitian polynomials. The function used, while allowing for selfequilibrating stresses that are continuous within the element, also enables the admission of all the second derivatives of the function as nodal parameters, thereby permitting the determination of nodal stress values directly without the need of additional computation. Second, the present work introduces an additional force parameter that is essential to satisfy complete static equilibrium of external forces constistent with the assumed stress function.
Eigenmode matching and propagation theory of square meander-type couplers (1992)

The coupling efficiency of square meander-type or grating-assisted codirectional couplers has been calculated so far by common coupled mode theory. The theory presented calculates coupling efficiency, period length, dispersion behavior, etc. on the basis of the propagation of both eigenmodes of the asymmetrical coupler, using mode matching at the boundaries, which can be described as a rotation between the two eigenmodes of the undisturbed waveguide. This method is very fast, simple, accurate and gives a good insight into the physical behavior. Some examples verified by BPM calculations show the significance of this new theory.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Studies on Chitin I. Enzymic Degradation of Chitin and Chitin Esters (1954)

A study has been made O'f the enzymic degradation of chitin and the sodium salt of chitin sulphuric acid by a chitinase prepared from the intestinal tract of the snail, Helix aspersa. It is shown that, in a citrate-phosphate buffer, the pH for optimum activity is 4.8 for both substrates. Chitin, prepared from both lobster cuticle and fly puparia, is broken down by snail chitinase to N-acetylo- glucosamine, although there is alsO' a trace O'f o-glucosamine. The sO'dium salt O'f chitin sulphuric acid alsO' breaks dO'wn to N-acetyl-D-glucO'samine and o-glucosamine. In both cases N-acetyl-D-glucO'samine was isolated. The chitinase is without action O'n chitin nitrate. Acid hydrolysis O'f both chitin nitrate and the sO'dium salt O'f chitin sulphuric acid leads to' the fO'rmation O'f o-glucosamine, which has been isolated as 2-hydrO'xynaphthylidene glucO'samine. All attempts to' phO'sphorylate chitin were unsuccessful. The structure O'f chitin is discussed.
Band alignment of SnS/Zn(O,S) heterojunctions in SnS thin film solar cells (2013)

Band alignment is critical to the performance of heterojunction thin film solar cells. In this letter, we report band alignment studies of SnS/Zn(O,S) heterojunctions with various compositions of Zn(O,S). Valence band offsets (VBOs) are measured by femtosecond laser pump/probe ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (fs-UPS) from which conduction band offsets (CBOs) are calculated by combining with band gaps obtained by optical transmission/reflection measurements. The SnS/Zn(O,S) heterojunctions with S/Zn ratios of 0.37 and 0.50 have desirable small positive CBOs, while a ratio of 0.64 produces an undesirable large positive CBO. The results are consistent with the device performance of SnS/Zn(O,S) solar cells.
Local anesthetics potently block a potential insensitive potassium channel in myelinated nerve. (1995)

Effects of some local anesthetics were studied in patch clamp experiments on enzymatically demyelinated peripheral amphibian nerve fibers. Micromolar concentrations of external bupivacaine depolarized the excised membrane considerably. The flicker K+ channel was found to be the most sensitive ion channel to local anesthetics in this preparation. Half-maximum inhibiting concentrations (IC50) for extracellular application of bupivacaine, ropivacaine, etidocaine, mepivacaine, lidocaine, and QX-314 were 0.21, 4.2, 8.6, 56, 220, and > 10,000 microM, respectively. The corresponding concentration-effect curves could be fitted under the assumption of a 1:1 reaction. Application from the axoplasmic side resulted in clearly lower potencies with IC50 values of 2.1, 6.6, 16, 300, 1,200, and 1,250 microM, respectively. The log(IC50)-values of the local anesthetics linearly depended on the logarithm of their octanol:buffer distribution coefficients with two regression lines for the piperidine derivatives and the standard amino-amides indicating an inherently higher potency of the cyclic piperidine series. Amide-linked local anesthetics did not impair the amplitude of the single-channel current but prolonged the time of the channel to be in the closed state derived as time constants tau c from closed-time histograms. With etidocaine and lidocaine tau c was 133 and 7.2 ms, and proved to be independent of concentration. With the most potent bupivacaine time constants of wash in and wash out were 1.8 and 5.2 s for 600 nM bupivacaine. After lowering the extracellular pH from 7.4 to 6.6, externally applied bupivacaine showed a reduced potency, whereas at higher pH of 8.2 the block was slightly enhanced. Intracellular pH of 6.4, 7.2, 8.0 had almost no effect on internal bupivacaine block. It is concluded that local anesthetics block the flicker K+ channel by impeding its gating but not its conductance. The slow blocker bupivacaine and the fast blocker lidocaine compete for the same receptor. Lipophilic interactions are of importance for blockade but besides a hydrophobic pathway, there exists also a hydrophilic pathway to the binding site which could only be reached from the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. Under physiological conditions, blockade of the flicker K+ channel which is more sensitive to bupivacaine than the Na+ channel might lead via membrane depolarization and the resulting sodium channel inactivation to a pronounced block of conduction in thin fibers.
<i>Shock and Vibration Handbook</i> (1962)

Professionals who want the most effective techniques for dealing with shock and
vibration in a mechanical system have depended on this highly popular Handbook
for over 25 years. It's the definitive reference for aerospace engineers, mechanical
engineers, civil engineers, acoustical engineers, electrical engineers, plant engineers,
product designers, and students.
Now completely revised and updated, this new Third Edition contains approximately
50% new or substantially revised material. There's new coverage of modal
analysis . . . shock and vibration instrumentation .. . vibration of structures induced
by ground motion . . . vibration of structure produced by fluid flow . . . types, characteristics,
and applications of isolators . . . condition monitoring of machinery . . .
vibration standards, data reduction, testing, and specifications . . . and more.
Copiously illustrated and written by 55 top experts in research and development,
this giant Handbook brings together in one place a wealth of detailed information
on all aspects of shock and vibration, including . . .
Shock and vibration fundamentals
Instrumentation and measurements
Data analysis and testing
Methods of control
Solutions to engineering problems
Equipment design and packaging
Effects of vibration on people
Matricellular proteins and biomaterials (2014)

Biomaterials are essential to modern medicine as components of reconstructive implants, implantable sensors, and vehicles for localized drug delivery. Advances in biomaterials have led to progression from simply making implants that are nontoxic to making implants that are specifically designed to elicit particular functions within the host. The interaction of implants and the extracellular matrix during the foreign body response is a growing area of concern for the field of biomaterials, because it can lead to implant failure. Expression of matricellular proteins is modulated during the foreign body response and these proteins interact with biomaterials. The design of biomaterials to specifically alter the levels of matricellular proteins surrounding implants provides a new avenue for the design and fabrication of biomimetic biomaterials.