gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving Fermentation Performance of Recombinant Zymomonas in Acetic Acid-Containing Media (1998)

In the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass, the hydrolysis of the acetylated pentosans in hemicellulose during pretreatment produces acetic acid in the prehydrolysate. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is currently investigating a simultaneous saccharification and cofermentation (SSCF) process that uses a proprietary metabolically engineered strain of Zymomonas mobilis that can coferment glucose and xylose. Acetic acid toxicity represents a major limitation to bioconversion, and cost-effective means of reducing the inhibitory effects of acetic acid represent an opportunity for significant increased productivity and reduced cost of producing fermentation fuel ethanol from biomass. In this study, the fermentation performance of recombinant Z. mobilis 39676:pZB4L, using a synthetic hardwood prehydrolysate containing 1% (w/v) yeast extract, 0.2% KH2PO4, 4% (w/v) xylose, and 0.8% (w/v) glucose, with varying amounts of acetic acid was examine. To minimize the concentration of the inhibitory undissociated form of acetic acid, the pH was controlled at 6.0. The final cell mass concentration decreased linearly with increasing level of acetic acid over the range 0-0.75% (w/v), with a 50% reduction at about 0.5% (w/v) acetic acid. The conversion efficiency was relatively unaffected, decreasing from 98 to 92%. In the absence of acetic acid, batch fermentations were complete at 24 h. In a batch fermentation with 0.75% (w/v) acetic acid, about two-thirds of the xylose was not metabolized after 48 h. In batch fermentations with 0.75% (w/v) acetic acid, increasing the initial glucose concentration did not have an enhancing effect on the rate of xylose fermentation. However, nearly complete xylose fermentation was achieved in 48 h when the bioreactor was fed glucose. In the fed-batch system, the rate of glucose feeding (0.5 g/h) was designed to simulate the rate of cellulolytic digestion that had been observed in a modeled SSCF process with recombinant Zymomonas. In the absence of acetic acid, this rate of glucose feeding did not inhibit xylose utilization. It is concluded that the inhibitory effect of acetic acid on xylose utilization in the SSCF biomass-to-ethanol process will be partially ameliorated because of the simultaneous saccharification of the cellulose.
Inactivation of lipase and lipoxygenase in cereal bran, germ and soybean by microwave treatment. (1992)

The microwave treatment of rice bra11, wheat germ or soybean led to considerable inactivation of lipase and complete inactivation\nof lipoxygenase present in these materials. Tire persistence of about 30% lipase activi1y even after 4 min microwave treatment\nprobably reflects the presence of heat stable lipase. The storage studies on microwave treated rice bran show that the bran is\nstabilized as judged from the much lower increase in its free fatty acid content after one month as compared to the untreated samples.
Tapered Wet Etching Of Contacts Using A Trilayer Silox Structure (1987)

A new trilayer sandwich structure has been developed to achieve tapered contact sidewalls and improved metal step coverage. Following furnace reflow of the conventional bilayer sandwich, undoped oxide is deposited across the wafer. When contact holes are wet etched through this trilayer sandwich, the sidewalls become well tapered with significant improvements in metal step coverage throughout the contact cuts. Incorporation of an additional undensified oxide layer over the existing bilayer sandwich has reduced the etch rate at the oxide/photoresist interface, improving metal step coverage and extending the utility of our wet etch without any change in etchant bath concentration or temperature.
Hypersusceptibility of cystic fibrosis mice to chronic <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> oropharyngeal colonization and lung infection (2003)

No transgenic cystic fibrosis (CF) mouse model developed to date mimics the major clinical phenotype found in humans with CF, chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. In a transgenic CF transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr) mouse colony, we found WT, heterozygous, and homozygous CF mice housed in the same cage became chronically colonized in the oropharynx with environmental P. aeruginosa when the bacterium was present in drinking water. Elimination of P. aeruginosa from drinking water resulted in clearance in most WT and CF heterozygous, but not homozygous mice. For experimental evaluation, a combination of specific animal husbandry techniques and an oral infection route showed cftr(-/-) mice but not WT mice can be chronically colonized by P. aeruginosa with subsequent lung translocation, yielding a pathologic picture indicative of chronic lung infection. In some instances, mucoid isolates of P. aeruginosa were recovered from lungs, indicating conditions were present for conversion to mucoidy. Overexpression of human CFTR in the lungs of WT mice markedly accelerated the clearance rate of P. aeruginosa, demonstrating that lung levels of CFTR play an important role in defense against infection. P. aeruginosa mutants unable to express the surface polysaccharide alginate or the global regulator GacA were deficient in their ability to colonize the mice. CF mice made potent immune responses to P. aeruginosa outer membrane antigens. Overall, we found that under the proper conditions, transgenic CF mice are hypersusceptible to P. aeruginosa colonization and infection and can be used for evaluations of lung pathophysiology, bacterial virulence, and development of therapies aimed at treating CF lung disease.
Important Role of the Hall Effect Measurement System in a Modified Course of Materials in Electrical Engineering (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> The course “Materials in Electrical Engineering” is a core course in the Mechatronics curriculum at the Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Serbia. In the past, this course was comprehensive and mainly theory-based. Teaching methods used in this course had not been changed for many years, and were mainly based on a traditional approach. They were therefore often outdated, and boring for students. In addition, the lack of modern materials characterization equipment was a significant weakness of the course in its early stages. This paper presents the main aspects of the modified course, which features a greater inclusion of modern equipment in its teaching methodology; in particular it introduces the Hall effect measurement system as an indispensable characterization technique in education, research and in the semiconductor industry. This paper also describes how students can be taught to use the Hall effect measurement system to determine the structural and electrical characteristics of different materials. Finally, students' feedback and observations on the modified course and the applied teaching methodology are discussed. </para>
The adsorption of oxygen and other gases on copper (1953)

R. M. Dell, F. S. Stone and P. F. Tiley, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1953, 49, 195 DOI: 10.1039/TF9534900195
Sleep Enhances the Human Antibody Response to Hepatitis A Vaccination (2003)

Data suggest that sleep compared with sleep deprivation on the night after vaccination improves the formation of antigen-specific immune defense as reflected by antibody production in humans. Sleep presumably acts by inducing a hormonal environment in secondary lymphoid tissues, enhancing lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation and finally antibody synthesis. Results underscore the importance of sleep for immunocompetence.
Upregulation of H<sup>+</sup>-peptide cotransporter PEPT2 in rat remnant kidney (2001)

The progression of renal damage resulting from reduced nephron mass has been extensively studied in the 5/6 nephrectomized rat. However, reabsorption of small peptides and D-glucose across the renal proximal tubule in this model remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the alterations of H(+)-peptide cotransporters (PEPT1 and PEPT2) and Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporters (SGLT1 and SGLT2) in chronic renal failure. Two weeks after surgery, H(+)-dependent [(14)C]glycylsarcosine uptake by the renal brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from 5/6 nephrectomized rats was significantly increased compared with that from sham-operated controls. Kinetic analysis revealed that the maximum velocity value for [(14)C]glycylsarcosine uptake by the high-affinity-type of peptide transporter was increased threefold by 5/6 nephrectomy, without significant changes in the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant value. Competitive PCR analyses indicated that the expression of PEPT2 mRNA was markedly increased in the remnant kidney, but PEPT1, SGLT1, and SGLT2 mRNA levels showed no significant changes. These findings indicated that the high-affinity-type H(+)-peptide cotransport activity is upregulated by 5/6 nephrectomy, accompanied by the increased expression of PEPT2. The upregulation of PEPT2 expression would result in an increase in reabsorption of small peptides and peptide-like drugs across the brush-border membranes in chronic renal failure.
Possible mechanisms of diarrheal side effects associated with the use of a novel chemotherapeutic agent, flavopiridol. (2001)

The novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol has recently completed Phase I trials for the treatment of refractory neoplasms. The dose-limiting toxicity observed with this agent was severe diarrhea. Because the compound otherwise showed promise, the present study sought to determine possible mechanisms underlying the diarrheal side effects. Flavopiridol was tested for its ability to modify chloride secretory responses of the human colonic epithelial cell line, T84. Studies were conducted in vitro in modified Ussing chambers. High concentrations of flavopiridol (10(-4) M), above those likely to be clinically relevant, had a direct stimulatory effect on chloride secretion, probably ascribable to an increase in cyclic AMP. Lower, clinically relevant concentrations of flavopiridol (10(-6) M) had no effect on chloride secretion by themselves but potentiated responses to the calcium-dependent secretagogue, carbachol. The drug also potentiated responses to thapsigargin and taurodeoxycholate and reversed the inhibitory effects of carbachol and epidermal growth factor on calcium-dependent chloride secretion. Pretreatment with the cyclic AMP-dependent secretagogue, forskolin, potentiated responses to flavopiridol, but not vice versa. Thus, diarrheal side effects induced by flavopiridol are likely multifactorial in origin and may involve interactions with endogenous secretagogues such as acetylcholine and bile acids. A better understanding of the diarrhea induced by flavopiridol should allow optimization of therapy with this otherwise promising drug and/or the development of related agents with improved toxicity profiles.
Synthesis of 5-Substituted-1-[[2-Hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxy]methyl]cytosines (1983)

Abstract 5-Substituted cytosine analogues of 9-[[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxy]methyl]guanine (BIOLF-62) have been synthesized and tested against HSV-1.
Digital detection, grouping and classification of partial discharge signals at DC voltage (2008)

In this paper, a digital dc PD pulse detection system with bandwidth of 10 kHz - 40 MHz is introduced, which was developed using some artificial intelligence methodologies. Focus is made on digital detection, grouping and classification of random pulse signals generated by PD phenomena at dc voltage. Digital detection is developed only resorting to a band-pass filter, a high-speed digitizer (100 MS/s) and a PC with data processing software. Grouping is realized with feature extraction of pulse waveshapes using equivalent time-frequency method (ETFM), making the 2D parameters plane or 3D parameters space, then using the unsupervised clustering Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) method to achieve fast separation for pulse sequence. And classification resorts to least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) based on a fingerprint, which is derivate form 2D histograms of basic parameters, the discharge magnitude q and the time between discharges Deltat of each sub-group. Field application is made for typical defects of oil-paper insulation under dc voltage. At last, several methods to improve separability of the grouping technique are also given for some special cases, including threshold value grouping, marginal coordinates grouping based on 2D parameters plane and grouping using ETFM preprocessed by wavelet denosing. Experimental results show that the dc PD detection system developed with artificial intelligence methodologies is practical and effective.
Structures and cytotoxic activity relationship of casearins, new clerodane diterpenes from Caseariasylvestris Sw. (1991)

Casearins G-R, new cytotoxic clerodane diterpenes have been isolated from the leaves of Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Flacourtiaceae). Their structures have been elucidated by spectroscopic methods and chemical conversions, and their structure-activity relationships have been discussed.
A MODEL OF IMMIGRATION, INTEGRATION AND CULTURAL TRANSMISSION OF SOCIAL NORMS* (2006)

I present and study an evolutionary model of immigration and culturaltransmission of social norms\n in a set-up where agents are repeatedly matchedto play a one-shot interaction prisoner´s dilemma.\n Matching can be non-randomdue to limited integration (or population viscosity). The latter refers\n to atendency of individuals to have a higher rate of interaction with individuals oftheir type\n than with similar numbers of other agents. I derive a culturaltransmission mechanism in order to\n examine the influence of viscosity and ofother institutional characteristics of society on the\n evolutionary selection of prosocialnorms. The main findings are that strict norms, sustained by\n stronginternal punishment, need either viscosity or strong institutional pressures topersist,\n while norms of intermediate strength persist under a variety ofinstitutional characteristics.\n Endogenizing norm strength allows to identify twoscenarios in which pro-social norms survive: One\n of rigidity in whichseparation (high viscosity) leads to monomorphic equilibria with strict\n normsfor cooperation. And one of integration (low viscosity) where intermediatenorms persist in\n polymorphic equilibria. Furthermore, with endogenous norms,viscosity and cooperation are not\n linked in a monotone way.
Identification of Luminal Breast Cancers That Establish a Tumor-Supportive Macroenvironment Defined by Proangiogenic Platelets and Bone Marrow–Derived Cells (2012)

Currently, processes that mediate progression of otherwise indolent tumors are not well understood, making it difficult to accurately predict which cancer patients are likely to relapse. Our findings highlight the macroenvironment as an important component of disease progression that can be exploited to more accurately identify patients who would benefit from adjuvant therapy.
Identification of a Novel Co-regulator Interaction Surface on the Ligand Binding Domain of Nurr1 Using NMR Footprinting (2004)

The nuclear receptor Nurr1 is a transcription factor essential for the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in vertebrates. Recent crystal structures of the Nurr1 ligand binding domain (LBD) and the Drosophila orthologue dHR38 revealed that, although these receptors share the classical LBD architecture, they lack a ligand binding cavity. This volume is instead filled with bulky hydrophobic side chains. Furthermore the "canonical" non-polar co-regulator binding groove is filled with polar side chains; thus, the regulation of transcription by this sub-family of nuclear receptor LBDs may be mediated by some other interaction surface on the LBD. We report here the identification of a novel co-regulator interface on the LBD of Nurr1. We used an NMR footprinting strategy that facilitates the identification of an interaction surface without the need of a full assignment. We found that non-polar peptides derived from the co-repressors SMRT and NCoR bind to a hydrophobic patch on the LBD of Nurr1. This binding surface involves a groove between helices 11 and 12. Mutations in this site abolish activation by the Nurr1 LBD. These findings give insight into the unique mechanism of action of this class of nuclear receptors.
Molecular mechanism of inhibition of mammalian protein synthesis by some four‐chain agglutinins (1993)

The four chain agglutinins from Abrus precatorius, Viscum album and Ricinus communis promote depurination of the 28 S rRNA from rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes characteristic of the common ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs). These agglutinins inhibited mammalian protein synthesis at nanomolar concentrations but they do not affect plant protein synthesis under the same conditions. Therefore, they should also be considered as true RIPs but of a new class, the four-chain RIPs. An extended classification of RIPs is presented based on the former one from Stirpe et al. [Bio/technology 10 (1992) 405-412].
Elimination of Background in Fiber-Optic Raman Measurements (1990)

A Novel fiber-optic configuration with forward-scattering light collection is used to measure Raman spectra using long optical fibers with little background interference. This probe design allows control over the sample volume, and measurements can be made at considerable distances from the face of the optrode. The properties of this optical configuration are discussed, as well as its advantages and disadvantages. Normal Raman spectra were measured with this technique, with fibers as long as 100 m. The performance of the probe is not affected by highly scattering solutions. A similar technique was used to measure surface-enhanced Raman spectra on Ag electrodes with 250-m fibers.
USP49 deubiquitinates histone H2B and regulates cotranscriptional pre-mRNA splicing (2013)

Post-translational histone modifications play important roles in regulating chromatin structure and function. Histone H2B ubiquitination and deubiquitination have been implicated in transcriptional regulation, but the function of H2B deubiquitination is not well defined, particularly in higher eukaryotes. Here we report the purification of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 49 (USP49) as a histone H2B-specific deubiquitinase and demonstrate that H2B deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons. USP49 forms a complex with RuvB-like1 (RVB1) and SUG1 and specifically deubiquitinates histone H2B in vitro and in vivo. USP49 knockdown results in small changes in gene expression but affects the abundance of >9000 isoforms. Exons down-regulated in USP49 knockdown cells show both elevated levels of alternative splicing and a general decrease in splicing efficiency. Importantly, USP49 is relatively enriched at this set of exons. USP49 knockdown increased H2B ubiquitination (uH2B) levels at these exons as well as upstream 3' and downstream 5' intronic splicing elements. Change in H2B ubiquitination level, as modulated by USP49, regulates U1A and U2B association with chromatin and binding to nascent pre-mRNA. Although H3 levels are relatively stable after USP49 depletion, H2B levels at these exons are dramatically increased, suggesting that uH2B may enhance nucleosome stability. Therefore, this study identifies USP49 as a histone H2B-specific deubiquitinase and uncovers a critical role for H2B deubiquitination in cotranscriptional pre-mRNA processing events.
A Summary of Guidelines for Managing the Diabetic Foot (2005)

In Brief PURPOSE To familiarize the physician and registered professional nurse with an overview of updated guidelines for the prevention and/or management of pressure ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, and surgical site infections. TARGET AUDIENCE This continuing education activity is intended for physicians and nurses with an interest in learning about evidence-based prevention and management of wounds. OBJECTIVES After reading the article and taking the test, the participant should be able to: Discuss the origins and use of the updated guidelines presented. Describe patients at risk for incurring wounds and state preventive measures as identified in the guidelines. Identify techniques used to prevent and treat chronic or infected wounds as described in the guidelines. This 3-part continuing education activity presents an overview of the current guidelines for managing pressure ulcers and the diabetic foot and for preventing surgical site infections.
<title>Edge Linking Using Thresholding</title> (1980)

Edge detection followed by thinning produces a set of points which lie along edges in the original image. It is important to link together the pixels which lie along the same edge. The resulting associated groups can then be fitted with line segments. This paper presents a new technique for this edge point linking problem. Each edge point is linked to its appropriate neighbor on either side by considering those contours, produced by thresholding, which pass through the given edge point. For each such contour, the edge point nearest the given edge point along the contour (in, say, the clockwise direction) is recorded. The edge point occurring most often as an associate across the set of gray level thresholds, is chosen as the clockwise associate. A figure of merit based on path length and straightness is used to break any ties. The counterclockwise neighbor is chosen similarly. Two points which are mutual associates denote a symmetric link. If all non-symmetric links are deleted, the resulting structure is a set of linear chains of nodes called 'symchains' It is claimed that symchains provide a rich edge structure for further processing.
Paramagnetic Resonance and Optical Spectrum of Iron in Beryl (1960)

The paramagnetic resonance spectrum of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ in beryl was measured at 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 290\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. In addition to this spectrum many weak lines were observed and possible explanations of these lines are discussed.The optical spectrum shows a spectrum characteristic of trivalent iron. In the infrared region there are several groups of sharp lines whose origin is not yet known.
Interstitielle oder Zwischenzellen (1957)

Im Räume zwischen den einzelnen Muskelfasern des Herzens verlaufen Gefäße und liegen Zellen, von denen hier die Rede sein soll.
Eco-friendly synthesis of diverse and valuable 2-pyridones by catalyst- and solvent-free thermal multicomponent domino reaction (2015)

An eco-friendly protocol for diverse and functionalized 2-pyridone derivatives <italic>via</italic> a multicomponent reaction under catalyst- and solvent-free conditions has been developed.
Helical and Spiral Antennas (2003)

Abstract A normal‐mode helix radiates a linearly polarized wave in the direction normal to the antenna axis. As the number of helical turns increases, the gain of an axial‐mode helix, radiating a circularly polarized wave around the antenna axis, increases and reaches a maximum value. This maximum value of the gain depends on the pitch angle. A conical‐mode helix has a traveling‐wave current distribution and radiates a circularly polarized wave off the antenna axis. A spiral antenna with antiphase excitation radiates a circularly polarized wave in the direction normal to the antenna plane, with relatively constant input impedance over a wide frequency bandwidth. A spiral antenna with in‐phase excitation forms a circularly polarized conical beam.